bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TAFSIR MISOGINIS AYAT-AYAT IDDAH: Analisis Sosiologis Ayat-Ayat Iddah Menurut Mufassir dan Ahli Fiqh
Authors: Muttakin Khairul 
Published: May 2018

One issue that arises today is about the waiting period for women, either died or idda divorce waiting period. Because the prescribed period (of waiting) for women in a relatively long period of time. If that be the reason for the length of the prescribed period, one of which, is to determine about the possibility of the women were pregnant or not then with modern technology can already be known to women pregnant or not without having to wait for several months. This is the theme of the discussion in this article because the waiting period (iddah) for women under the spotlight from opponents who take the position of Islamic law (the issue of the prescribed period for women) tend to be unreasonable. In addition glare comes from the feminist questioning the prescribed period like women only, while the male is no such thing prescribed period and may not directly get married after the divorce. This will bring up the notion that the verses of the Koran that talk about issues iddah tend misogynistic and view women are lower than men's. By combining the approach of islamic law and the interpreter opinion of classical and modern would be associated with the formulation of Islamic law more reasonable and acceptable, especially for opponent.
Improving Observing Skills of High School Students through Guided Inquiry Model
Authors: Sahnaz Shafila , Harlita Harlita , Ramli Murni 
Published: May 2018

<div class="grammarly-disable-indicator"> </div><div class="grammarly-disable-indicator"> Observation skill is one of the fundamental science process skills should mastered by students in the primary level. In fact, due to the lack of experiences of observation, high school students in the observed class showed the low level of observations skills. This study was three cycles-collaborative action research aims to improve the observation skills of high school students in biology through the implementation of guided inquiry learning integrated with a series of observation activities. The participants were 30 students of grade 11 of one public high school in Karanganyar, Indonesia. Six indicators of observation skills were used to assess the performance of students. In the pre-cycle stage, students showed relatively moderate performance on two aspects, e.g., identifying the differences and similarities of objects (45.83), and using of multiple senses to observe (45.83). But, they performed low in uses the apparatus correctly (4.17). On the skills of classifying the differences or the similarities, they scored 25, and for collecting relevant data they got 29.17 in average. After three iterative cycles, all indicators have increased significantly. </div><div class="grammarly-disable-indicator"> </div>
A Fault Detection Method for Combinational Circuits
Authors: Zoraghchian AliAbbass , Didehban Moslem , Mehrabian Mohammad Reza 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As transistors become increasingly smaller and faster and noise margins become tighter, circuits and chip specially microprocessors tend to become more vulnerable to permanent and transient hardware faults. Most microprocessor designers focus on protecting memory elements among other parts of microprocessors against hardware faults through adding redundant error-correcting bits such as parity bits. How ever, the rate of soft errors in combinational parts of microprocessors is consider edas important as in sequential parts such as memory elements nowadays. The reason is that advances in scaling technology have led to reduced electrical masking .This paper proposes and evaluates a logic level fault-tolerant method based on parity for designing combinational circuits. Experimental results on a full adder circuit show that the proposed method makes the circuit fault-tolerant with less overhead in comparison with traditional methods. It will also be demonstrated that our proposed method enables the traditional TMR method to detect multiple faults in addition to single fault masking.
A Fast Optical Spectrum Data Acquisition Method Based on FPGA and DSP
Authors: Xu Liqun , Jiaming Gong 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a fast CCD optical spectrum data acquisition method based on FPGA, FIFO and DSP. Introduces a linear CCD timing sequence control signal generation and high speed ADC interface with FIFO and DSP in detail, publishes this design key parts FPGA logic schematic and VHDL source code, provides a general solution for universal high speed CCD optical spectrum data acquisition and analysis system.
A Disparateness-Aware Scheduling using K-Centroids Clustering and PSO Techniques in Hadoop Cluster
Authors: Lydia E. Laxmi , Swarup M.Ben 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Big data storage management is one of the most challenging issues for Hadoop cluster environments, since large amount of data intensive applications frequently involve a high degree of data access locality. In traditional approaches high-performance computing consists dedicated servers that are used to data storage and data replication. Therefore to solve the problems of Disparateness among the jobs and resources a “Disparateness-Aware Scheduling algorithm” is proposed in the cluster environment. In this research work we represent K-centroids clustering in big data mechanism for Hadoop cluster. This approach is mainly focused on the energy consumption in The Hadoop cluster, which helps to increase the system reliability. The Hadoop cluster consists of resources which are categorized for minimizing the scheduling delay in the Hadoop cluster using the K-Centroids clustering algorithm. A novel provisioning mechanism is introduced along with the consideration of load, energy, and network time. By integrating these three parameters, the optimized fitness function is employed for Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to select the computing node. Failure may occur after completion of the successful execution in the network. To improve the fault tolerance service, the migration of the cluster is focused on the particular failure node. This can recomputed the node by PSO and the corresponding optimal node is predicted. The experimental results exhibit better scheduling length, scheduling delay, speed up, failure ratio, energy consumption than the existing systems.
Aircraft Design Analysis, CFD and manufacturing
Authors: El-Sadi Haifa 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Aircraft design, manufacturing and CFD analysis as part of aerodynamic course, the students achieve sizing from a conceptual sketch, select the airfoil geometry and the tail geometry, calculate thrust to weight ratio and wing loading, use initial sizing and calculate the aerodynamic forces. The students design their aircraft based on the geometrical dimensions resulted from the calculations and use the model to build a prototype, test it in wind tunnel and achieve CFD analysis to be compared with the experimental results. The theory of aerodynamic is taught and applied as a project based. In this paper, the design process, aircraft manufacturing and CFD analysis are presented to show the effect of project based on student’s learning of aerodynamic course. This project based learning has improved and accelerated students understanding of aerodynamic concepts and involved students in a constructive exploration.
The analysis of the aircraft resulted in a study that revolved around the lift and drag generation of this particular aircraft. As to determine the lift and drag forces generated by this plane, a model was created in Solidworks a 3-D model-rendering program. After this model was created it was 3-D printed in a reduced scale, and subjected to wind tunnel testing. The results from the wind tunnel lab experiment were recorded. For accuracy, the same 3-D model was then simulated using CFD simulation software within Solidworks and compared with the results from the wind tunnel test. The values derived from both the simulation and the wind tunnel tests were then compared with the theoretical calculations for further proof of accuracy.
The Research of Direct Torque Control Based on Space Vector Modulation
Authors: Xiaohui Su , Guodong Chen , Shuping Xu 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In order to solve the conventional direct torque control contradiction between the dynamic and static performance ,a permanent magnet synchronous motor system direct torque control architecture is proposed based on space vector modulation strategy . In this method flux and torque are controlled through stator voltage components in stator fluxlinkage coordinate axes and space vector modulation is used to control inverters.The simulation verifies that SVM-DTCis capable of effectively improving the steady state performance and keeping the excellent dynamic performance of theconventional DTC system simultaneously and remain the switching frequency constant.
A DCT Domain Image Watermarking Method Based on Matlab
Authors: He-Jing Wu 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the text, A method of image watermarking based on DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) domain algorithm is proposed and verified in experiment by Matlab. The experimental result shows that the current method can achieve embedding with sound robustness and invisibility. From the experimental results, the quality of the watermarked image is almost no decline relative to the original.
Optimal Pricing Strategies for Resource Allocation in IaaS Cloud
Authors: Cai Zhengce , Li Xianwei 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In cloud computing environment, pricing is an effective method for resource allocation and it provides efficient incentive for cloud providers to provide cloud services. In this paper, we investigate two pricing schemes for the allocation of cloud resources in a monopoly cloud market subject to constrained capacity of the cloud provider. There are two main pricing schemes, on-demand and reserved pricing mechanisms adopted by leading cloud providers, i.e., Amazon and Gogrid. We analyze how cloud users make their choice decisions to subscribe to cloud resources under different pricing schemes.
Image Watermarking Encryption Scheme Based on Fractional Order Chaotic System
Authors: Ding Dawei , Li Zongzhi , Li Shujia 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Now the chaotic system and wavelet transform are more and more widely used in the watermarking technology. At the same time, the fractional order chaotic system has more complex dynamic characteristics than the integer order system. So a new image watermarking scheme based on the fractional order Chen chaotic system and discrete wavelet transform is proposed. Chaotic sequences generated by chaotic system are used to encrypt the watermark image, and the processed watermark information is embedded into the original image by the discrete wavelet transform. Finally, the security analysis of the proposed watermarking algorithm is presented. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme has high security, and it has stronger robustness and invisibility compared with the previous work.
Corn Residue Particle Size Affects Soil Surface Properties
Authors: Stetson Sarah J. , Lehman R. Michael , Osborne Shannon L. 
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas
Corn harvesting practices generate characteristic residue particle size distributions.
Corn residue particle size influences its composition and decomposition.
Residue particle composition and decomposition influence soil properties, i.e., soil C and N.
Mechanical harvesting operations affect soil properties via residue size distributions.
Field operations may differentially influence crop residue size distributions, altering residue decomposition rates and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics. In a laboratory microcosm study modeling corn residue distributions observed in a no‐till cropping system, microbial respiration was initially (first 30 d) inversely proportional to residue particle size across four size classes. Subsequently (30–60 d), respiration in the smallest particle size decreased in relation to the larger size classes. Residue particle size significantly increased soil C levels, with the smallest sizes producing the longest‐lasting effects (150 d). Smaller residue size classes initially (30 d) immobilized more soil N compared with larger size classes; however, at 150 d, the smaller size classes had mobilized increasing amounts of N while the larger size classes had progressively immobilized more N. We conclude that crop residue management operations changed characteristic residue size distributions that moderate decomposition activities and result in unique soil C and N dynamics, possibly influencing soil properties, including nutrient availability.
Nitrogen and Harvest Management Effects on Switchgrass and Mixed Perennial Biomass Production
Authors: Sawyer Anne , Rosen Carl , Lamb John , Sheaffer Craig 
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas
Switchgrass bred for energy production did not out‐perform well‐adapted switchgrass forage cultivars.
Yields from a low‐diversity grass mix were similar to those from the most productive switchgrass monocultures.
Harvest treatments were similar on loam; post‐frost yields were greater on loamy sand.
Maximum productivity was obtained with 56 kg N ha−1 yr−1 on loam and 112 kg N ha−1 on loamy sand.
Feedstocks containing annuals removed similar or greater N than grass‐only feedstocks.
Biofuel production using native perennials on marginal soils can reduce US dependence on foreign oil and curtail greenhouse gas emissions with minimal impact on food crop production. We quantified post‐establishment biomass yield and N removal as a function of harvest regime (anthesis and post‐frost) and N application rate (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha−1) at two marginal sites in Minnesota. We examined three switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) monocultures: ‘Shawnee’, ‘Sunburst’, and ‘Liberty’, a new bioenergy variety, and three polycultures: grass‐only, grass‐legume, and grass‐legume‐forb. On an excessively‐drained loamy sand soil, maximum productivity occurred in ‘Sunburst’ and ‘Shawnee’ switchgrass fertilized at 112 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the post‐frost harvest regime, with 3‐yr total yields of 11.0 Mg ha−1, while ‘Liberty’ produced 7.0 Mg ha−1. On an eroded loam soil, maximum post‐frost productivity in ‘Shawnee’, ‘Sunburst’, and ‘Liberty’ was similar at 56 and 112 kg N ha−1 yr−1, with total yields of 32.6, 29.8, and 23.5 Mg ha−1, respectively. Yields of the low‐diversity (LD) grass mix were similar to ‘Shawnee’ switchgrass at both locations, indicating that an LD grass mix or well‐adapted switchgrass monoculture are likely the most productive feedstocks for this region. Most feedstocks produced similar or greater yields and removed less N in the post‐frost relative to the anthesis harvest. While producers may have flexibility in harvest timing for some feedstocks in the first few years following establishment, a post‐frost harvest regime may promote stand longevity with less N fertilizer use over time.
Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Excreta on Shortgrass Steppe
Authors: Nichols Kristopher L. , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Derner Justin D. , Follett Ronald F. , Archibeque Shawn L. , Delgado Jorge A. , Paustian Keith H. 
Published: May 2018

Grazing cattle redistribute nitrogen (N) consumed in forage through urine and feces patches. The high concentration of N in these patches often exceeds the uptake demands of the local plant community, thereby providing ideal conditions for losses of reactive N. However, knowledge on nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from excretal patches on shortgrass steppe grassland is limited. We studied the effect of cattle urine (1002 kg N ha−1) and feces (1021 kg N ha−1) patches on N2O and NH3 emissions in two sites with contrasting vegetation: (i) cool‐season (C3) ‘Bozoisky‐Select’ Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], pasture (C3Past) and (ii) C4‐dominated native shortgrass steppe rangeland (C4SS). Nitrous oxide and NH3 were measured using semi‐static and semi‐open chambers, respectively. Cumulative N2O emissions were 217 and 173% greater and cumulative volatile NH3 emissions were 339 and 157% greater on C3Past compared with C4SS from the urine and feces treatments, respectively. Nitrous oxide emission factors were 0.20 and 0.05% for urine and 0.07 and 0.03% for feces on C3Past and C4SS, respectively. Our findings suggest that using the IPCC Tier 1 default emission factor (2%, 95% CI = 0.7–6%) to estimate N2O emissions from cattle excretal patches on shortgrass steppe grassland would result in a significant overestimation for these dryland systems. Ammonia emission factors were 35 and 10% for urine and 7 and 5% for feces on C3Past and C4SS, respectively. With the exception of the urine treatment on C3Past, observed NH3 emissions were consistent with the IPCC Tier 1 default assumption that 20% (95% CI = 5–50%) of excretal N is volatilized as NH3+NOx.Core Ideas
N2O emission factors from excreta (0.03–0.20%) were lower than the IPCC default (2%).
Substantial N2O emissions were not observed from excreta until a month after application.
NH3 emission factors from cattle excreta ranged from 5 to 30% on shortgrass steppe.
Elevated NH3 volatilization from excreta persisted 78 d after treatment application.
N2O and NH3 emissions from excreta were greater on C3 pasture compared with C4 rangeland.
Predicting the Campbell Soil Water Retention Function: Comparing Visible–Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy with Classical Pedotransfer Function
Authors: Pittaki-Chrysodonta Zampela , Moldrup Per , Knadel Maria , Iversen Bo V. , Hermansen Cecilie , Greve Mogens H. , de Jonge Lis Wollesen 
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas
The Campbell model was anchored at a soil water content of −1000 cm H2O matric potential.
The two model parameters were predicted using either soil fines or vis–NIR spectroscopy.
Both methods accurately predicted the soil water retention curve.
The soil water retention curve (SWRC) is essential for the modeling of water flow and chemical transport in the vadose zone. The Campbell function and its b (pore‐size distribution index) parameter fitted to measured data is a simple method to quantify retention under relatively moist conditions. Measuring soil water retention is time consuming, and a method to accurately predict the Campbell relation from either typically available soil parameters such as bulk density, clay‐size fraction, and organic matter content (soil fines) or from visible–near‐infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy may provide a fast and inexpensive alternative. However, the traditional Campbell model has a reference point at saturated water content, and this soil‐structure‐dependent water content will typically be poorly related to basic texture properties and thus be poorly predicted from vis–NIR spectra. In this study, we anchor the Campbell model at the water content at −1000 cm H2O matric potential [log(1000)= pF 3]. Agricultural soil samples with a wide textural range from across Denmark were used. Soil water retention was measured at a number of matric potentials between pF 1 and 3. The soil water content at pF 3 and Campbell b were both well predicted using either a soil‐fines‐based pedotransfer function or vis–NIR spectroscopy. The resulting Campbell function anchored at pF 3 compared closely to measured water retention data for a majority of soils. The ability of the two methods to also predict field average SWRC was evaluated for three fields. Field average, predicted SWRC compared well with field average measured data, with vis–NIR overall performing better.
Finger Flow Development in Layered Water‐Repellent Soils
Authors: Wang Yichen , Li Yi , Wang Xiaofang , Chau Henry Wai 
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas
The texture of the top layer controlled infiltration more than that of the sublayer.
Finger flow was more uniform in soils with gravel but irregular in layered water‐repellent soils.
Changes in cumulative infiltration and finger length were well correlated width wetting area.
Finger flow in water‐repellent (WR) soils significantly influences the transport of water and solutes in the soil, but the mechanics of finger flow occurrence in layered WR soils is not clear. Soil chamber infiltration experiments with a total of 20 treatments, including five different WR levels with four layer combinations, i.e., clay or sandy loam overlying sand or heavy gravel, were conducted to reveal the mechanics of finger flow occurrence in layered WR soils. The variations of the finger flow dynamics and infiltration parameters were investigated. The results showed: (i) the temporal variations of cumulative infiltration (CI) decreased with the increase of the WR level so that CI was generally larger when the top layer was sandy loam rather than clay loam and therefore the top layer soil texture controlled CI more than the sublayer; (ii) for the wettable treatments, finger flow was clearly and uniformly generated in layered soils with a sublayer of heavy gravel rather than sand, but for WR layered treatments, fingers developed irregularly with the WR levels and finger length, width, and velocity varied with the WR levels; (iii) there were good power function or linear correlations between CI and cumulative wetting area, and between CI and finger length; and (iv) water content in the top layer was higher than in the sublayer and generally decreased with the increase of WR level. Finger flow development in layered WR soils was generally irregular and showed a large degree of complexity.
Field and Laboratory Evaluation of the CS655 Soil Water Content Sensor
Authors: Caldwell Todd G. , Bongiovanni Tara , Cosh Michael H. , Halley Chelsea , Young Michael H. 
Published: May 2018

Core Ideas
The CS655 measures two‐way travel time and attenuation of a low‐frequency EM pulse to derive Ka, EC, and SWC.
Laboratory and field evaluations for five central Texas soils found the sensor robust but RMSE could be reduced by a soil‐ or site‐specific function.
The factory calibration has a cross‐over point at Ka ∼15, with low bias below and high bias above.
The TxSON network mean was unaffected by calibration but the variance was significantly reduced.
Soil moisture sensors infer volumetric soil water content (SWC) from other properties of the bulk porous media. The CS655 water content reflectometer is a relatively new, low‐frequency electromagnetic sensor that determines relative permittivity (Ka) using the two‐way travel period and voltage attenuation of the applied signal along two 12‐cm rods. This measured attenuation is quadratically related to bulk electrical conductivity (EC). Along with an onboard thermistor, the CS655 allows a more robust correction of propagation time and Ka, which its predecessors, the CS615 and CS616, lacked. However, with new sensors it is necessary to quantify their practical accuracy in the field. Here, we present an overview of the CS655 sensor and an evaluation under both laboratory and field conditions, using five surface soils (0–10‐cm depth) in the laboratory and gravimetric samples collected in the field. Overall, a site‐specific calibration using a two‐term linearization of the SWC–Ka function reduced the root mean square error (RMSE) of the factory‐derived SWC of 0.073 and 0.043 m3 m−3 during batch and infiltration experiments, respectively, to 0.025 and 0.028 m3 m−3. Results further indicate that a soil‐specific calibration additionally reduced the RMSE to <0.02 m3 m−3. Field evaluation across the Texas Soil Observation Network found that calibration reduced the variance across the network but did not affect the arithmetic mean or the RMSE against gravimetric sampling, which remained ∼0.05 m3 m−3 regardless of the SWC–Ka–EC function applied. At the regional scale, a global calibration is sufficient.