bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TAHARRÎ, TAHKÎK, TESEBBÜT KAVRAMLARI VE SAHÂBE DÖNEMİNDEKİ UYGULAMALARI
Authors: YILDIZ Abdullah 
Published: July 2018

Bu çalışmada; hadisin doğuş safhası da denilen
sahâbe döneminde hadislerin ilk tespit ve nakliyle ilgili olarak “taharrî”, “tahkîk” ve “tesebbüt” kavramlarının
hadis usûlü ve dinî kavramlar üzerine yazılmış ilk dönem eserlerde doğrudan yer
alıp almadığı, söz konusu kavramlar hakkında kitap veya makale şeklinde
müstakil bir çalışmanın bulunup bulunmadığı ele alınmış; bazı meşhur hadis
usûlü ve hadis ıstılahları eserlerinde ilgili terimlerin nasıl yorumlandığı ve
aralarındaki anlam ilişkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışmamızda; anlam
itibariyle birbirlerine yakın olup bazen iç içe girseler, bazı okuyucular nezdinde
kavram kargaşasına sebep olsalar bile, ilk dönem hadis tespitinde hayatî önemi hâiz
olan bu kavramların farklı olduklarını ortaya koyma ve anlamlarını netleştirme düşünülmüştür.
Araştırmamızda; sahâbe ve tabiînin hadis rivayetinde ihtiyatlı ve tedbirsel
uygulamalarıyla ilişkili olarak -ciddi ve titiz araştırma yolunun birer parçası
olması ve kendi aralarında organik bir bağ bulunmasına rağmen- bahse konu
kavramlardan“taharrî” kavramının, tanım ve taallükü itibariyle birbirleriyle eş
anlamlı olan “tahkîk” ve “tesebbüt” den tamamen farklı olduğu Arapça sözlük ve
erken dönem hadis usûlü eserlerindeki ta’rif ve örnekler incelenerek ortaya
konulmuştur. Üzerlerinde müstakil bir çalışma bulunmayan, hadis tarihi ve hadis
usûlü eserlerinde iç içe girmiş ve birbirine karışmış, anlamları henüz netleşmemiş
olan bu kelimelerin tanımları netleştirilmeye ve kavramlar arasındaki kargaşa
problemi çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır.
A LOOK TO THE DYNAMICS OF NOBLE NATION REVIVAL AND RESISTANCE AGAINST MULTINATIONAL CHALLENGE
Authors: Bulut Mehmet 
Published: July 2018

The people and states living in the territory of Turkey, where Anatolia, located geographically at the intersection of civilizations, has an inheritance of a thousand years as a continuation of the Seljuk and Ottoman Empires, experiences several internal and external threats and attacks. According to the level of danger until present times, gathering together the nation with its young and old, men and women eliminated the threats and attacks on national unity. This happened in Çanakkale in 1915. What happened on July 15, 2016 is no different. The main difference is that, the enemies in front of the Dardanelles attacked openly and from the outside a hundred years ago. On July 15, 2016, the attackers were traitors in the interior of the inner forces hidden in the state in collaboration with the support of multinational powers from outside. This paper aims to reveal the certain major dynamics of the epic written by the “Noble Nation” in July 15, integration behind his leader in a very short period of time, recognizing the threat of him and the national unity and integrity of Great Turkey based on historical heritage.
HUMANISTIC POSSIBILITY OF OPPOSING TO COUP: CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL BODY AND MAKING FRIEND WITH IT
Authors: Kala Muhammed Enes 
Published: July 2018

Dostluk, kişinin diğerini iradi, bilinçli ve çıkarsız sevmesi ve onun tarafından sevilmesini taşıyan bir anlamdır. Dostluk yoluyla yaşama daha sıkıca tutunabilen insan diğer kişilerle ortak sevinç ve üzüntülerde buluşabilir. İradi, bilinçli, çıkarsız ve meşakkatli bir sevme-sevilme ilişkisine vurgu yapan dostluk, sadece bireyler arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamlandırmaz. Kişinin sevgiyle yöneldiği her şeyle dostluk ilişkisine girebileceği de söylenmiştir. İnsanların, ortak ufukta, hikmet ve adalet ekseninde bir araya gelerek inşa ettikleri organik bütüne sosyal bünye denebilir. Böylesi bir bünyeyle de dostluk ilişkisi -belki de en ideal anlamda- kurulabilir. İnsanın fazilet merkezinde, ortak iyiyi artırmak gayesiyle oluşturduğu sosyal bünyeyle kurduğu dostluk, ona zarar verici içeriden ve dışarıdan tüm müdahaleleri olumsuzlama yetkinliğine sahip olabilir. Meşru halk iradesinin gaspı olarak anlaşılan darbelere kafa tutmanın bu anlamda en insani ve geçerli yolu, böylesi bir sosyal bünyeyi inşa etmek ve ona dost olabilmekten geçmektedir.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CASH WAQFS AT OTTOMAN MACEDONIA UNDER THE LIGHT OF WAQFIYYAS (1506-1912)
Authors: Altay Bora , Bulut Mehmet 
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study is to carry out a socio-economic analysis of cash waqfs by using the registers of waqfs (establishment contracts of cash waqfs), which were active in Macedonia during the Ottoman period. 83 cash waqfs were established between 1506 and 1912. In line with the data obtained from registers of waqfs, the demographical characteristics of the founders and their capital amounts, rates of profit shares and returns have been analyzed in relation to the wages. As a result of these analyzes, it has been found out that the returns obtained from cash waqfs were transferred to the investment and expenditure on a large scale and excess money was given as wages. It has been discovered that only half of the wages were allocated to the members of the family as wages and that cash waqfs operated in accordance with the purpose of their establishment.
AN EVALUATION ON MONEY OPERATIONS METHODS OF CASH WAQFS
Authors: KUDAT Aydın 
Published: July 2018

Real estate waqfs which operated insitutions such as madrasahs, souphouses, hans, mosques, and hospitals had been active in the fields of education, religion and charity. These waqfs which tried to meet institutional needs of the society generally consisted of real estates. In close connection with these waqfs, there were their sections, which contributed to the emergence of cash (nukud) waqfs to meet educational, religious, social and economical needs of the society and to ensure the maintenance of waqfs by providing their supplies. The waqfs other than real estate waqfs were generally established to serve the second aim. The cash waqfs which had many different functions constituted the majority of these waqfs which provided indirect services. These waqfs had been more active in meeting minimum needs of the society in accordance with its social situation and in producing goods and services for this purpose. The waqfs were the part of charity works within Islamic civilization and helped to fulfill financial requirements of Islam. They had a unique composition and a unique method of operation. Nevertheless, a rich theoretical and practical corpus was created around this organization, beginning from the codification period of the fiqh. Waqfs were non-profit instiutions; they were not supposed to create any financial gain for their founders. They would work only to meet the needs of the society. Especially, with the widespread use of cash waqfs, waqfs had an important place in economic life to realize this aim. Within this rich cultural heritage, it is possible to find money operation methods in cash waqfs similar to those in other financial institutions. In this article, money operating methods of cash waqfs will be studied.
PLACE OF CASH WAQFS IN THE BALKAN HERITAGE OF THE OTTOMAN STATE: PRIZREN EXAMPLE
Authors: DEMİR Ahmet 
Published: July 2018

Osmanlı Devleti XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Balkanlarda fetihler yapmaya başlamıştır. Fetihlerin akabinde takip ettiği iskân politikasıyla birlikte stratejiler geliştirmiştir. Bu çerçevede devlet, fetih sonrasında burasının içerisinde bulunduğu sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel şartları kendi idarî yapısına uygun hale getirebilmek için pragmatik bir politika takip etmiştir. Balkanlarda tesis ettiği yapıyı güçlendirmek için birçok enstrüman kullanmıştır. Vakıf müessesesi de bunların en önemlilerinden birisi olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Osmanlı Devleti’nin önem verdiği bölgelerden Kosova’nın önemli bir şehri olan Prizren seçilmiştir. Uzun bir dönem boyunca Rumeli Beylerbeyliği’nin merkezi olan şehrin Osmanlı Devleti’nin Orta Avrupa’ya açılma düşüncesinde önemli bir rol oynadığı düşünülürse yapılan seçimin ne denli haklı olduğu anlaşılacaktır. Şehrin gelişmesini sürekli destekleyen Osmanlı devlet adamları ve vakıf kuran hayırseverler, kurdukları vakıflarla Prizren’de sağlam bir yapı oluşturmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu vakıflar arasında para vakıfları da önemli bir yere sahip olup, bölgenin imar ve ihyasına, hayrın ve hayratın sürekliliğine katkı sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü’nün Kültür Tescil Dairesi Başkanlığı Arşivi’nde bulunan Prizren’e ait para vakıfları ele alınmış, genel bir değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuştur.
The Reactivation and Nucleus Characterization of Main-belt Comet 358P/PANSTARRS (P/2012 T1)
Authors: Hsieh Henry H. , Ishiguro Masateru , Knight Matthew M. , Micheli Marco , Moskovitz Nicholas A. , Sheppard Scott S. , Trujillo Chadwick A. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We present observations of main-belt comet (MBC) 358P/PANSTARRS (P/2012 T1) obtained using the Gemini South telescope from 2017 July to December, as the object approached perihelion for the first time since its discovery. We find best-fit IAU phase function parameters of H

R
= 19.5 ± 0.2 mag and G

R
= −0.22 ± 0.13 for the nucleus, corresponding to an effective radius of r

N
= 0.32 ± 0.03 km (assuming an albedo of p

R
= 0.05). The object appears significantly brighter (by ≥1 mag) than expected starting in 2017 November, while a faint dust tail oriented approximately in the antisolar direction is also observed on 2017 December 18. We conclude that 358P has become active again for the first time since its previously observed active period in 2012–2013. These observations make 358P the seventh MBC candidate confirmed to exhibit recurrent activity near perihelion with intervening inactivity away from perihelion, strongly indicating that its activity is sublimation-driven. Fitting a linear function to the ejected dust masses inferred for 358P in 2017 when it is apparently active, we find an average net dust production rate of

kg s−1 (assuming a mean effective particle radius of

mm) and an estimated activity start date of 2017 November 8 ± 4 when the object was at a true anomaly of ν = 316° ± 1° and a heliocentric distance of R = 2.54 au. Insufficient data is currently available to ascertain whether activity strength has changed between the object’s 2012–2013 and 2017 active periods. Further observations are therefore highly encouraged during the object’s upcoming observing window (2018 August through 2019 May).
Photochemical Haze Formation in the Atmospheres of Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes
Authors: He Chao , Hörst Sarah M. , Lewis Nikole K. , Yu Xinting , Moses Julianne I. , Kempton Eliza M.-R. , Marley Mark S. , McGuiggan Patricia , Morley Caroline V. , Valenti Jeff A. , Vuitton Véronique 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
UV radiation can induce photochemical processes in exoplanet atmospheres and produce haze particles. Recent observations suggest that haze and/or cloud layers could be present in the upper atmospheres of exoplanets. Haze particles play an important role in planetary atmospheres and may provide a source of organic material to the surface that may impact the origin or evolution of life. However, very little information is known about photochemical processes in cool, high-metallicity exoplanetary atmospheres. Previously, we investigated haze formation and particle size distribution in laboratory atmosphere simulation experiments using AC plasma as the energy source. Here, we use UV photons to initiate the chemistry rather than the AC plasma, as photochemistry driven by UV radiation is important for understanding exoplanet atmospheres. We present photochemical haze formation in current UV experiments; we investigated a range of atmospheric metallicities (100×, 1000×, and 10000× solar metallicity) at three temperatures (300, 400, and 600 K). We find that photochemical hazes are generated in all simulated atmospheres with temperature-dependent production rates: the particles produced in each metallicity group decrease as the temperature increases. The images taken with atomic force microscopy show the particle size (15–190 nm) varies with temperature and metallicity. Our laboratory experimental results provide new insight into the formation and properties of photochemical haze, which could guide exoplanet atmosphere modeling and help to analyze and interpret current and future observations of exoplanets.
Li in Open Clusters: Cool Dwarfs in the Young, Subsolar-metallicity Cluster M35 (NGC 2168)*
Authors: Anthony-Twarog Barbara J. , Deliyannis Constantine P. , Harmer Dianne , Lee-Brown Donald B. , Steinhauer Aaron , Sun Qinghui , Twarog Bruce A. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Hydra spectra of 85 G–K dwarfs in the young cluster M35 near the Li 6708 Å line region are analyzed. From velocities and Gaia astrometry, 78 are likely single-star members that, combined with previous work, produce 108 members with T
eff ranging from 6150 to 4000 K as defined by multicolor, broadband photometry, E(B − V) = 0.20, and [Fe/H] = −0.15, though there are indications the metallicity may be closer to solar. The Lithium abundance A(Li) follows a well-delineated decline from 3.15 for the hottest stars to upper limits ≤1.0 among the coolest dwarfs. Contrary to earlier work, M35 includes single stars at systematically higher A(Li) than the mean cluster relation. This subset exhibits higher V
ROT than the more Li-depleted sample and, from photometric rotation periods, is dominated by stars classed as convective (C); all others are interface (I) stars. The cool, high-Li rapid rotators (RRs) are consistent with models that simultaneously consider rapid rotation and radius inflation; RRs hotter than the Sun exhibit excess Li depletion, as predicted by the models. The A(Li) distribution with color and rotation period, when compared to the Hyades/Praesepe and the Pleiades, is consistent with gyrochronological analysis placing M35's age between the older M34 and younger Pleiades. However, the Pleiades display a more excessive range in A(Li) and rotation period than M35 on the low-Li, slow-rotation side of the distribution, with supposedly younger stars at a given T
eff in the Pleiades spinning slower, with A(Li) reduced by more than a factor of four compared to M35.
Identifying Typical Mg ii Flare Spectra Using Machine Learning
Authors: Panos Brandon , Kleint Lucia , Huwyler Cedric , Krucker Säm , Melchior Martin , Ullmann Denis , Voloshynovskiy Sviatoslav 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) performs solar observations over a large range of atmospheric heights, including the chromosphere where the majority of flare energy is dissipated. The strong Mg ii h&k spectral lines are capable of providing excellent atmospheric diagnostics, but have not been fully utilized for flaring atmospheres. We aim to investigate whether the physics of the chromosphere is identical for all flare observations by analyzing if there are certain spectra that occur in all flares. To achieve this, we automatically analyze hundreds of thousands of Mg ii h&k-line profiles from a set of 33 flares and use a machine learning technique, which we call supervised hierarchical k-means, to cluster all profile shapes. We identify a single peaked Mg ii profile, in contrast to the double-peaked quiet Sun profiles, appearing in every flare. Additionally, we find extremely broad profiles with characteristic blueshifted central reversals appearing at the front of fast-moving flare ribbons. These profiles occur during the impulsive phase of the flare, and we present results of their temporal and spatial correlation with non-thermal hard X-ray signatures, suggesting that flare-accelerated electrons play an important role in the formation of these profiles. The ratio of the integrated Mg ii h&k lines can also serve as an opacity diagnostic, and we find higher opacities during each flare maximum. Our study shows that machine learning is a powerful tool for large scale statistical solar analyses.
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). IV. Discovery of 41 Quasars and Luminous Galaxies at 5.7 ≤ z ≤ 6.9
Authors: Matsuoka Yoshiki , Iwasawa Kazushi , Onoue Masafusa , Kashikawa Nobunari , Strauss Michael A. , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Imanishi Masatoshi , Nagao Tohru , Akiyama Masayuki , Asami Naoko , Bosch James , Furusawa Hisanori , Goto Tomotsugu , Gunn James E. , Harikane Yuichi , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Izumi Takuma , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kato Nanako , Kikuta Satoshi , Kohno Kotaro , Komiyama Yutaka , Lupton Robert H. , Minezaki Takeo , Miyazaki Satoshi , Morokuma Tomoki , Murayama Hitoshi , Niida Mana , Nishizawa Atsushi J. , Oguri Masamune , Ono Yoshiaki , Ouchi Masami , Price Paul A. , Sameshima Hiroaki , Schulze Andreas , Shirakata Hikari , Silverman John D. , Sugiyama Naoshi , Tait Philip J. , Takada Masahiro , Takata Tadafumi , Tanaka Masayuki , Tang Ji-Jia , Toba Yoshiki , Utsumi Yousuke , Wang Shiang-Yu , Yamashita Takuji 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We report the discovery of 41 new high-z quasars and luminous galaxies that were spectroscopically identified at 5.7 ≤ z ≤ 6.9. This is the fourth in a series of papers from the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, based on the deep multi-band imaging data collected by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. We selected the photometric candidates using a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm and then carried out follow-up spectroscopy with the Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Subaru Telescope. Combined with the sample presented in the previous papers, we have now spectroscopically identified 137 extremely red HSC sources over about 650 deg2, which includes 64 high-z quasars, 24 high-z luminous galaxies, 6 [O iii] emitters at z ∼ 0.8, and 43 Galactic cool dwarfs (low-mass stars and brown dwarfs). The new quasars span in luminosity range from M
1450 ∼ −26 to −22 mag, and continue to populate luminosities a few magnitudes lower than have been probed by previous wide-field surveys. In a companion paper, we derive the quasar luminosity function at z ∼ 6 over an unprecedentedly wide range of M
1450 ∼ −28 to −21 mag, exploiting the SHELLQs and other survey outcomes.
The Difference in Abundance between N-bearing and O-bearing Species in High-mass Star-forming Regions
Authors: Suzuki Taiki , Ohishi Masatoshi , Saito Masao , Hirota Tomoya , Majumdar Liton , Wakelam Valentine 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The different spatial distributions of N-bearing and O-bearing species, as are well known toward Orion KL, is a longstanding mystery. We conducted a survey observation and chemical modeling study to investigate if the different distributions of O- and N-bearing species are widely recognized in general star-forming regions. First, we report our observational results of complex organic molecules (COMs) with the 45 m radio telescope at the Nobeyama Radio Observatory toward eight star-forming regions. Through our spectral survey ranging from 80 to 108 GHz, we detected CH3OH, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, (CH3)2CO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CN, CH2CHCN, and NH2CHO. Their molecular abundances were derived via the rotation diagram and the least squares methods. We found that N-bearing molecules tend to show stronger correlations with other N-bearing molecules rather than O-bearing molecules. While G10.47+0.03 showed high fractional abundances of N-bearing species, those in NGC 6334F were not so rich, being less than 0.01 compared to CH3OH. Then the molecular abundances toward these sources were evaluated by chemical modeling with the NAUTILUS three-phase gas-grain chemical code. Based on the simulations of time evolution for the abundance of COMs, we suggest that the observed correlations of fractional abundances between COMs can be explained by a combination of different temperature structures inside the hot cores and the different evolutionary phases. Since our modeling could not fully explain the observed excitation temperatures, it is important to investigate the efficiency of grain surface reactions and their activation barriers and the binding energy of COMs to further promote our understanding.
Generalized, Energy-conserving Numerical Simulations of Particles in General Relativity. I. Time-like and Null Geodesics
Authors: Bacchini F. , Ripperda B. , Chen A. Y. , Sironi L. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The numerical integration of particle trajectories in curved spacetimes is fundamental for obtaining realistic models of the particle dynamics around massive compact objects such as black holes and neutron stars. Generalized algorithms capable of handling generic metrics are required for studies of both standard (Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics) and nonstandard (e.g., Schwarzschild metric plus nonclassical perturbations or multiple black hole metrics) spacetimes. The most commonly employed explicit numerical schemes (e.g., Runge–Kutta) are incapable of producing highly accurate results at critical points, e.g., in the regions close to the event horizon where gravity causes extreme curvature of the spacetime, at an acceptable computational cost. Here we describe a generalized algorithm for the numerical integration of time-like (massive particles) and null (photons) geodesics in any given 3 + 1 split spacetime. We introduce a new, exactly energy-conserving implicit integration scheme based on the preservation of the underlying Hamiltonian, and we compare its properties with a standard fourth-order Runge–Kutta explicit scheme and an implicit midpoint scheme. We test the numerical performance of the three schemes against analytic solutions of particle and photon orbits in Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes. We also prove the versatility of our framework in handling more exotic metrics, such as Morris–Thorne wormholes and quantum-perturbed Schwarzschild black holes. The generalized approach is also discussed in the perspective of future extensions to more complex particle dynamics, e.g., the addition of the Lorentz force acting on charged particles, which allows for test particle diagnostics in GRMHD simulations.
Establishing a New Framework for Paleontological Data Through an Evaluation of Current Data Sharing Practices
Authors: Little Holly 
Published: July 2018

The long-term lifecycle management of natural history data requires careful planning. Elements that have a significant impact on this planning include data quality, domain-specific requirements, and data interoperability. Standards like Darwin Core Wieczorek et al. 2012 are built to be flexible, allowing institutions to share data quickly without extensive modification of internal information management processes. However, there is often limited consensus on the exact meanings and use of key terms by various domains. If we want to increase the quality, interoperability, and long-term health of collections data, we must reassess how we record specimen data, paying special attention to the terms we use and how we use them.
Here we share results from efforts to evaluate current data sharing practices for data from paleontology collections. By analysing the use of terms in Darwin Core, we are constructing a framework for how paleontological data is shared, how terms are used across many institutions, and where there are inconsistencies or lack of terms to support a fully robust record. We have also used data quality assessment and validation tools developed by organizations like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to provide insight and testing for term-specific requirements addressing quality on a more global scale than might be the focus of any more locally driven data quality assessment.
These assessments can guide the development of a new framework for sharing paleontological data, enabling the community to collaborate and find solutions to increase quality and interoperability. Additionally, individual institutions can utilize the framework to enhance long-term care of digital assets with global participation in mind.