bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐related differences in GABA levels are driven by bulk tissue changes
Authors: Maes Celine , Hermans Lize , Pauwels Lisa , Chalavi Sima , Leunissen Inge , Levin Oron , Cuypers Koen , Peeters Ronald , Sunaert Stefan , Mantini Dante , Puts Nicolaas A. J. , Edden Richard A. E. , Swinnen Stephan P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLevels of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, can be regionally quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Although GABA is crucial for efficient neuronal functioning, little is known about age‐related differences in GABA levels and their relationship with age‐related changes in brain structure. Here, we investigated the effect of age on GABA levels within the left sensorimotor cortex and the occipital cortex in a sample of 85 young and 85 older adults using the MEGA‐PRESS sequence. Because the distribution of GABA varies across different brain tissues, various correction methods are available to account for this variation. Considering that these correction methods are highly dependent on the tissue composition of the voxel of interest, we examined differences in voxel composition between age groups and the impact of these various correction methods on the identification of age‐related differences in GABA levels. Results indicated that, within both voxels of interest, older (as compared to young adults) exhibited smaller gray matter fraction accompanied by larger fraction of cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas uncorrected GABA levels were significantly lower in older as compared to young adults, this age effect was absent when GABA levels were corrected for voxel composition. These results suggest that age‐related differences in GABA levels are at least partly driven by the age‐related gray matter loss. However, as alterations in GABA levels might be region‐specific, further research should clarify to what extent gray matter changes may account for age‐related differences in GABA levels within other brain regions.
Three brain states in the hippocampus and cortex
Authors: Kay Kenneth , Frank Loren M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractContemporary brain research seeks to understand how cognition is reducible to neural activity. Crucially, much of this effort is guided by a scientific paradigm that views neural activity as essentially driven by external stimuli. In contrast, recent perspectives argue that this paradigm is by itself inadequate and that understanding patterns of activity intrinsic to the brain is needed to explain cognition. Yet, despite this critique, the stimulus‐driven paradigm still dominates—possibly because a convincing alternative has not been clear. Here, we review a series of findings suggesting such an alternative. These findings indicate that neural activity in the hippocampus occurs in one of three brain states that have radically different anatomical, physiological, representational, and behavioral correlates, together implying different functional roles in cognition. This three‐state framework also indicates that neural representations in the hippocampus follow a surprising pattern of organization at the timescale of ∼1 s or longer. Lastly, beyond the hippocampus, recent breakthroughs indicate three parallel states in the cortex, suggesting shared principles and brain‐wide organization of intrinsic neural activity.
Refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma after first‐line immuno‐CT: Treatment options and outcomes
Authors: Filliatre‐clement Lauriane , Maucort‐Boulch Delphine , Bourbon Estelle , Karlin Lionel , Safar Violaine , Bachy Emmanuel , Sesques Pierre , Ferrant Emmanuelle , Bouafia Fadela , Lazareth Anne , Ghergus Dana , Coiffier Bertrand , Traverse Glehen Alexandra , Salles Gilles , Ghesquieres Hervé , Sarkozy Clémentine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the rituximab era, one‐third of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients experience relapse/refractory disease after first‐line anthracycline‐based immunochemotherapy. Optimal management remains an unmet medical need. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of a cohort of refractory patients according to their patterns of refractoriness and the type of salvage option. We performed a retrospective analysis, which included 104 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients treated at Lyon Sud University Hospital (2002‐2017) who presented with refractory disease. Refractoriness was defined as progressive/stable disease during first‐line treatment (primary refractory, N = 47), a partial response after the end of first‐line treatment that required subsequent treatment (residual disease, N = 19), or relapse within 1 year of diagnosis after an initial complete response (CR) (early relapse, N = 38). The 2‐year overall survival (OS) rates for primary refractory, early relapse, and residual disease patients were 27%, 25%, and 52%, respectively, while the event‐free survival rates for those groups were 13%, 13%, and 42%, respectively. In a univariate analysis, lactate dehydrogenase level, Ann Arbor stage, poor performance status, high age‐adjusted International Prognostic Index score, and age > 65 years were associated with shorter OS. The use of rituximab and platinum‐based chemo during the first salvage treatment was associated with prolonged OS. In a multivariate analysis, age (HR:2.06) and rituximab use (HR:0.54) were associated with OS. Among patients <65 years who achieved a CR, autologous stem‐cell transplant was associated with higher 2‐year OS (90% vs 74%, P = 0.10). Patients who were treated with a targeted therapy in the context of a clinical trial after second‐line treatment had a higher 2‐year OS (34% vs 19%, P = 0.06). In conclusion, patients with primary refractory disease or early relapse have very poor outcomes but may benefit from rituximab retreatment during the first salvage treatment.
Mean platelet component and mean platelet volume as useful screening markers for myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Masutani Ryota , Ikemoto Toshiyuki , Maki Ayako , Tanada Hiroko , Iwatani Yoshinori , Watanabe Mikio , Takubo Takayuki , Okada Yoshikatsu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundHematologic disorders, including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), are difficult to identify in routine hematologic examinations using automated hematology analyzers. However, the practical uses of mean platelet component and mean platelet volume (MPV) measured by these analyzers as screening markers for MDS, remain unclear.MethodsMean platelet component and MPV values were measured in the peripheral blood of patients with MDS, aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and in healthy controls using an automated hematologic analyzer. Cutoff values for discriminating between the MDS group and healthy controls were determined by recursive partitioning analysis.ResultsMean platelet component was significantly lower in MDS patients compared with controls, while MPV was significantly higher. Combined cutoff values for MDS diagnosis of <25.3 g/dL for mean platelet component and >10.0 fL for MPV showed a specificity and positive predictive value of 99.9% and 99.1%, respectively. These cutoff values also differentiated between MDS and diagnoses of aplastic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and myeloproliferative neoplasms.ConclusionMean platelet component and MPV may, thus, be useful and convenient screening markers for MDS.
Transferability and within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibilities of EpiSensA for predicting skin sensitization potential in vitro: A ring study in three laboratories
Authors: Mizumachi Hideyuki , Sakuma Megumi , Ikezumi Mayu , Saito Kazutoshi , Takeyoshi Midori , Imai Noriyasu , Okutomi Hiroko , Umetsu Asami , Motohashi Hiroko , Watanabe Mika , Miyazawa Masaaki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) is an in vitro skin sensitization test method based on gene expression of four markers related to the induction of skin sensitization; the assay uses commercially available reconstructed human epidermis. EpiSensA has exhibited an accuracy of 90% for 72 chemicals, including lipophilic chemicals and pre−/pro‐haptens, when compared with the results of the murine local lymph node assay. In this work, a ring study was performed by one lead and two naive laboratories to evaluate the transferability, as well as within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibilities, of EpiSensA. Three non‐coded chemicals (two lipophilic sensitizers and one non‐sensitizer) were tested for the assessment of transferability and 10 coded chemicals (seven sensitizers and three non‐sensitizers, including four lipophilic chemicals) were tested for the assessment of reproducibility. In the transferability phase, the non‐coded chemicals (two sensitizers and one non‐sensitizer) were correctly classified at the two naive laboratories, indicating that the EpiSensA protocol was transferred successfully. For the within‐laboratory reproducibility, the data generated with three coded chemicals tested in three independent experiments in each laboratory gave consistent predictions within laboratories. For the between‐laboratory reproducibility, 9 of the 10 coded chemicals tested once in each laboratory provided consistent predictions among the three laboratories. These results suggested that EpiSensA has good transferability, as well as within‐ and between‐laboratory reproducibility.
Core Entrustable Professional Activities in Clinical Pharmacology for Entering Residency: Value of Interprofessional Health‐Care Teams in Medication Prescribing and Medication Error Prevention
Authors: Cohen Lawrence J. , Donnenberg Vera S. , Wiernik Peter H. , Newman William C. , Amankulor Nduka 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn recent years, health care has been increasingly delivered by interprofessional teams in the inpatient, outpatient, and transition‐of‐care arenas. For many reasons, effective communication between patient‐centered care teams and patients is critically important in order to optimize care, ensure patient safety, and prevent medical and medication misadventures. In rapid‐paced, high‐stress medical environments, it is especially important to carefully evaluate the causes of all misadventures in a manner that avoids assigning blame and identifies the root causes and, through team activity, leads to development of remedies that reduce the likelihood of future misadventures. Using a series of illustrative cases, this paper seeks to bring attention to these issues and provide insights regarding some tools developed to assist in improving patient safety and effective team communication.
Optimal‐size clique transversals in chordal graphs
Authors: Cooper Jacob W. , Grzesik Andrzej , Král' Daniel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe following question was raised by Tuza in 1990 and Erdős et al. in 1992: if every edge of an n‐vertex chordal graph G is contained in a clique of size at least four, does G have a clique transversal, i.e. a set of vertices meeting all nontrivial maximal cliques, of size at most ? We prove that every such graph G has a clique transversal of size at most if , which is the best possible bound.
Five year neurodevelopment outcomes of perinatally HIV‐infected children on early limited or deferred continuous antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Laughton Barbara , Cornell Morna , Kidd Martin , Springer Priscilla Estelle , Dobbels Els Françoise Marie‐Thérèse , Rensburg Anita Janse Van , Otwombe Kennedy , Babiker Abdel , Gibb Diana M , Violari Avy , Kruger Mariana , Cotton Mark Fredric 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionEarly antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved neurodevelopmental outcomes of HIV‐infected (HIV‐positive) children; however, little is known about the longer term outcomes in infants commencing early ART or whether temporary ART interruption might have long‐term consequences. In the children with HIV early antiretroviral treatment (CHER) trial, HIV‐infected infants ≤12 weeks of age with CD4 ≥25% were randomized to deferred ART (ART‐Def); immediate time‐limited ART for 40 weeks (ART‐40W) or 96 weeks (ART‐96W). ART was restarted in the time‐limited arms for immunologic/clinical progression. Our objective was to compare the neurodevelopmental profiles in all three arms of Cape Town CHER participants.MethodsA prospective, longitudinal observational study was used. The Griffiths mental development scales (GMDS), which includes six subscales and a global score, were performed at 11, 20, 30, 42 and 60 months, and the Beery‐Buktenica developmental tests for visual motor integration at 60 months. HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV‐unexposed (HU) children were enrolled for comparison. Mixed model repeated measures were used to compare groups over time, using quotients derived from standardized British norms.ResultsIn this study, 28 ART‐Def, 35 ART‐40W, 33 ART‐96W CHER children, and 34 HEU and 39 HU controls were enrolled. GMDS scores over five years were similar between the five groups in all subscales except locomotor and general Griffiths (interaction p < 0.001 and p = 0.02 respectively), driven by early lower scores in the ART‐Def arm. At 60 months, scores for all groups were similar in each GMDS scale. However, Beery visual perception scores were significantly lower in HIV‐infected children (mean standard scores: 75.8 ART‐Def, 79.8 ART‐40W, 75.9 ART‐96W) versus 84.4 in HEU and 90.5 in HU (p < 0.01)).ConclusionsEarly locomotor delay in the ART‐Def arm resolved by five years. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at five years in HIV‐infected children on early time‐limited ART were similar to uninfected controls, apart from visual perception where HIV‐infected children scored lower. Poorer visual perception performance warrants further investigation.
Simplified and robust one‐step radiosynthesis of [18F]DCFPyL via direct radiofluorination and cartridge‐based purification
Authors: Dornan Mark H. , Simard José‐Mathieu , Leblond Antoine , Juneau Daniel , Delouya Guila , Saad Fred , Ménard Cynthia , DaSilva Jean N. 
Published: May 2018

[18F]DCFPyL is a clinical‐stage PET radiotracer used to image prostate cancer. This report details the efficient production of [18F]DCFPyL using single‐step direct radiofluorination, without the use of carboxylic acid‐protecting groups. Radiolabeling reaction optimization studies revealed an inverse correlation between the amount of precursor used and the radiochemical yield. This simplified approach enabled automated preparation of [18F]DCFPyL within 28 minutes using HPLC purification (26% ± 6%, at EOS, n = 4), which was then scaled up for large‐batch production to generate 1.46 ± 0.23 Ci of [18F]DCFPyL at EOS (n = 7) in high molar activity (37 933 ± 4158 mCi/μmol, 1403 ± 153 GBq/μmol, at EOS, n = 7). Further, this work enabled the development of [18F]DCFPyL production in 21 minutes using an easy cartridge‐based purification (25% ± 9% radiochemical yield, at EOS, n = 3).
Suitability of fluorescence indices for the estimation of fruit maturity compounds in tomato fruits
Authors: Groher Tanja , Schmittgen Simone , Fiebig Antje , Noga Georg , Hunsche Mauricio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe examined the suitability of chlorophyll fluorescence‐based indices to monitor and predict concentrations of fruit maturity compounds during tomato ripening under different growing conditions in the greenhouse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chlorophyll concentration changes on fluorescence‐based indices and to exploit the relation between fluorescence and reflectance indices with the corresponding maturity compounds determined analytically.RESULTSFruits grown under water deficit matured faster than control fruits as recorded with fluorescence‐based indices. The SFR_R index correlated well with the analytical determination of chlorophyll content, whereas the single‐signal FRF_G correlated with lycopene content even if the sensor was unable to differentiate precisely between maturity stages 2 to 4. Neither the FLAV index nor the FLAV_UV index was suitable for flavonoid prediction in tomato fruits. Compared with fluorescence indices, the relation between the reflection index and pigment concentrations was lower for chlorophyll and higher for lycopene.CONCLUSIONChlorophyll and lycopene content in tomato fruits can be estimated by means of fluorescence indices during the pre‐harvest phase. Since the chlorophyll decrease during tomato ripening is the driving force affecting all fluorescence signals, the methods are not reliable for estimation of other maturity compounds in tomato fruits. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of shading intensity on morphological and color traits and on chemical components of new tea (Camellia sinensis L.) shoots under direct covering cultivation
Authors: Sano Tomohito , Horie Hideki , Matsunaga Akiko , Hirono Yuhei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDUse of covering cultivation to shade tea (Camellia sinensis L.) trees to produce high‐quality, high‐priced green tea has recently increased in Japan. Knowledge of shading effects on morphological and color traits and on chemical components of new tea shoots is important for product quality and productivity. We assessed these traits of tea shoots and their relationships under covering cultivation of various radiation intensities.RESULTSLeaf thickness, leaf mass per area, and leaf density of new tea leaves were smaller under covering culture than under open‐field culture. SPAD values and chlorophyll contents were larger under covering culture than under open culture. The derived exponential equation for estimating chlorophyll contents from SPAD values was improved by considering leaf thickness. Covering culture decreased epicatechin and epigallocatechin contents, and increased theanine and caffeine contents. Principal component analysis on shoot and leaf traits indicated that leaf mass per area, chlorophyll, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin contents were strongly associated with shading effects.CONCLUSIONThe morphological traits, color traits, and chemical components of new tea shoots and leaves varied depending on radiation intensity, shoot growth, and cropping season. These findings are useful for covering cultivation with high quality and high productivity in tea gardens. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Interpreting environmental changes from radionuclides and soil characteristics in different landform contexts of Elephant Island (maritime Antarctica)
Authors: Navas Ana , Serrano Enrique , López‐Martínez Jerónimo , Gaspar Leticia , Lizaga Ivan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSoils in ice‐free areas of Elephant Island (South Shetland Islands) have been forming since the last deglaciation following the glacial retreat that started in the area probably later than 9.7–5.5 ka. In paraglacial landscapes, landforms and processes in transition from glacial to nonglacial conditions are experiencing rapid environmental adjustments under conditions of climate change. Soils are highly sensitive and can be good descriptors of these transitional changes. A soil sampling campaign was undertaken for characterizing soils developed on moraines and marine platforms, underlain by metamorphic rocks and with distinctive periglacial features. Eight soil profiles were sampled to investigate the processes involved in their development and the relations with main landforms and processes of ice retreat. The stony Cryosols with mosses and lichens coverage are developed in permafrost environment with an active layer depth of 15–150 cm. Soil organic C content (0.16–1.6%) and large variations of P, K and N contents are related to ornithogenic activity. Soils on moraines and platforms show differences that reflect the more recent exposure of moraines that preserve most the characteristics of the parent material. More vegetated soils on platforms show 137Cs and 210Pbex activities (11 and 25 Bq kg−1, respectively) at the topsoil whereas absence of 137Cs and depleted levels of 210Pbex occurred in more recently exposed and less developed soils on moraines. Fallout radionuclides are good tracers for identifying characteristics of soil development and providing information on environmental changes of interest to understand the soil response to actual changes in unstable paraglacial environments.
Transience in cascading paraglacial systems
Authors: Knight Jasper , Harrison Stephan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo main ways in which the progress of deglaciation in mountains can be identified and monitored are through (a) meltwater loss over time as glaciers and permafrost melt and (b) enhanced sediment yield over time as loose sediments are released downslope. Conceptually, both these outcomes of glacier retreat can be considered through their relationship to models of paraglacial landscape evolution, which describe how volume fluxes of meltwater and sediments change over time in mountains that are becoming deglacierized, and the different landforms that exist during different stages of landscape evolution. This paper critically reconsiders paraglacial landscape evolution models with respect to the separate timings and magnitudes of meltwater and sediment fluxes, drawing from examples from past and present deglacierizing mountains worldwide. This analysis shows that constructions of paraglacial systems simply as sediment cascades cannot be uncritically supported and that paraglacial systems can be best considered as reflecting transient stages of evolution in which meltwater and sediment fluxes vary over time and space. These transient properties of paraglacial systems have important implications for the ways in which the dynamics of these systems are conceptualized and modelled, with respect to the paraglacial evolution of mountain landscapes and mountain geohazards, especially under conditions of global warming and glacier recession.
Centrosymmetric Thiophenemethyleneoxindole‐Based Donor–Acceptor Copolymers for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Deng Zhifeng , Li Leiquan , Ai Taotao , Hao Xiaoli , Bao Weiwei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo novel, donor–acceptor‐type π‐conjugated polymers (P1 and P2) with 3′‐(thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐2,5‐diylbis(methan‐1‐yl‐1‐ylidene))bis‐(indolin‐2‐one) (ITTI) as the acceptor and thiophene/bithiophene as the donor are designed and synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling. The optical and electrochemical properties of these polymers are characterized and further implemented into organic field‐effect transistors (OFET). Both polymers exhibit excellent thermal stability, broad UV–vis absorption, and high highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels. Thermal annealing induces a well‐ordered structure, a highly planar π‐system (oxygen–sulfur interaction), and a bathochromic shift in the polymers; furthermore, significant enhancement of the long wavelength intensity is also observed. Both polymers exhibit p‐type charge transport behavior, with hole mobilities up to 0.51 cm2 V−1 s−1 for P1 and 0.65 cm2 V−1 s−1 for P2. This work demonstrates that ITTI can be a promising building block for the construction of donor–acceptor polymers with high‐performance OFETs.