bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene–environment interactions in humans across multiple units of analyses:
Authors: Vrshek-Schallhorn Suzanne , Avery Bradley M , Sapuram Vaibhav 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gene–environment interaction (G×E) research in humans seeks to answer how specific genetic variation contributes to marked individual differences in responding to life experiences, primarily in regard to psychological functioning. In this chapter, we highlight theoretical models underlying G×E research, aspects of its history and controversies, the current state of G×E knowledge, and emerging and future directions for G×E research. Throughout this discussion, we show how this work has emerged across multiple units or levels of analyses, ranging from those closer to the biological functioning of the genes involved, such as neural activity in functional imaging, to more distal outcomes such as diagnoses of psychopathology. Important future directions for G×E research are transitioning from single variant to multiple variant approaches, and more carefully conceptualizing and measuring risk environments while also boosting sample sizes. Ultimately, by attending to these issues, G×E research can not only contribute to early detection of individuals with risky genetic and environmental profiles, but can also aid in revealing etiological pathways, thereby elucidating novel treatment approaches to mental illnesses.
Genome-wide association studies
Authors: Mühleisen Thomas W , Cichon Sven 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved over the past ten years into a very successful tool for investigating the genetic architecture of multifactorial human traits and disorders. One major advantage of GWAS is that they do not require any a priori knowledge about the biological mechanisms underlying the traits and disorders under study. This chapter describes the scientific and technological developments that made GWAS possible and the underlying basic concept of these studies. The chapter considers what has been learned from GWAS in psychiatric research so far, what are the limitations, and looks forward to the future of GWAS.
Emotional action control:
Authors: Volman Inge , Den Ouden Hanneke , Roelofs Karin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Adequate control over emotions and emotional actions is essential for adaptive responding in social and emotional situations, and is critically impaired in various forms of human psychopathology. Variations of the serotonergic system have been associated with variations in action control during emotional and valence specific situations. The present chapter reviews effects of those (genetic) variations on two important aspects of emotional action control: inhibition of action and overriding emotional action tendencies with another action. The chapter discusses literature with regards to emotion action control in general as well as its relation to the serotonergic system, including genetic vulnerability for psychopathologies associated with altered emotional action control. Based on the human literature in this chapter, it is hypothesized that the serotonergic system is critically involved in behavioral flexibility by facilitating inhibition of emotionally driven responses. In order to advance this emerging field of emotional action control, the chapter ends with a research agenda.
Genetics of emotion regulation:
Authors: Miu Andrei C , Bîlc Mirela I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Research in the last decades has extensively supported the widespread involvement of emotion regulation (i.e. the processes by which one attempts to modulate the experience and expression of affect) in emotion–cognition interactions, social functioning and behavior, and health. In particular, recent work has argued that emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism in psychopathology and could thus contribute to symptoms that characterize multiple mental disorders and explain some of the genetic overlap between these disorders. Therefore, an emerging literature has started to investigate the genetic underpinnings of emotion regulation and their commonality with psychopathology. After describing the process model, which has guided much of the recent research on emotion regulation, and its implications for psychopathology, the present chapter provides a systematic review of twin and candidate gene studies on the four emotion regulation strategies that have been examined to date: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, rumination, and expressive suppression. Several potential avenues for future research, suggested by recent advances in emotion regulation research and human genetics, are outlined in the final section of this chapter.
The genetics of personality/psychopathology:
Authors: Bouchard Thomas J , Johnson Wendy , Gottesman Irving I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The chapter argues that the best evidence supports the contention that psychiatric “conditions” are not discrete “disorders” but rather dimensional and part of the personality sphere. The personality traits that imply dysfunction are positively correlated, implying a general “p” factor analogous to the “g” factor in the domain of mental ability. There are very many personality traits that can be defined in multiple ways and all are influenced by many genes of very small effect. These facts suggest that the biological causes of variation in personality and psychopathology are likely varied and heterogeneous. We note the seldom discussed fact that the brain is a “kludgy” organ due to the way it evolved. It is likely that explanations of psychopathology will also be “kludgy.” Nevertheless, current research suggests that we are making sure but slow progress.
Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder:
Authors: Heltzel Lisa , Homberg Judith R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Fear learning and memory allows organisms to respond adaptively to cues and contexts that are associated with danger upon a future encounter. Sometimes fear responses go awry, leading to an intrusive fear memory failing to extinguish, eliciting an intense, distressing, and persisting response. These are core symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are substantial individual differences in fear learning and memory, such that some are resilient and other are vulnerable to PTSD. In this chapter we set-out the methods to measure fear learning and memory in rodents, discuss their translational value, and present currently available behavioural methods to measure resilience versus vulnerability. Regarding vulnerability factors we focus on biological factors (e.g. altered function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis), genotype (e.g. serotonin transporter, BDNF), age (pre-adolescence, adolescence, adulthood), and gender. This chapter provides a snapshot of the state-of-the-art of animal and behavioural models to investigate individual differences in vulnerability to PTSD.
Genetics of obsessive–compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome
Authors: Zilhão Nuno R , Boomsma Dorret I , Smit Dirk JA , Cath Danielle C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette Syndrome (TS) are two common psychiatric disorders affecting approximately 1–3% of the population. Over the years, considerable progress has been made in conceptualizing these disorders, both clinically and genetically, from simple manifestations of psychological disturbances to highly polygenic, heritable disorders. Family and twin studies have shown that both disorders are familial, and partly influenced by genetic factors. Heritability estimates range between 0.26 and 0.60 for OCD, and 0.25 and 0.54 for TS, but despite this steady progress, results remain inconclusive regarding specific etiological genetic causes. Currently, a remarkable increase in international collaborative efforts within psychiatric genetics has opened new research possibilities, with larger datasets and multiple sources of genetic information available. This chapter provides a broad and updated overview of the genetics of OCD and TS and their genetic association. Historical evidence from past literature and recent results in light of current research are summarized.
The role of pharmacogenetics in the treatment of depression
Authors: Chan Airiss R , Gorbovskaya Ilona , Müller Daniel J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Antidepressants are the primary form of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety, however they have been known to vary widely in response and cause undesirable adverse effects among patients. As antidepressant response has been proven to have a genetic basis, pharmacogenetics may hold the key to unlocking personalized medicine, which can greatly benefit patients, physicians, and the healthcare system. This chapter addresses the current stance in psychiatric pharmacogenetics, and discusses the outlook for the field. Within depression and anxiety, variants within the cytochrome P450 enzymes, the serotonin transporter, and the norepinephrine transporter genes have yielded the strongest findings. With respect to clinical applicability, there is wide consensus for use of pharmacokinetic genes to inform treatment and to mitigate adverse events, while recommendations to include pharmacodynamic genes remain inconclusive. This testifies to the need for further research and to test genetically based algorithms.
‘The Diversity of Agreement among the Four Evangelists’
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One of Augustine’s most influential treatises on the later western tradition was his De consensu evangelistarum, in which he analysed seemingly all the possible contradictions within the fourfold gospel canon. Some previous scholars have raised the possibility that Augustine might have depended upon Eusebius’ Canon Tables to accomplish this task, while others have argued that he did not. This chapter undertakes an exhaustive investigation of the treatise and concludes that Augustine was dependent upon the Canon Tables throughout, indeed, that he could not have performed such a thorough analysis apart from some such information device. The final section of this chapter argues that on the basis of the insights he gained from the Canon Tables Augustine formulated the first ever theory of gospel composition in the history of Christianity, relying on the rhetorical practice of memoria rerum.
Canon Tables 2.0
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Eusebian Canon Tables seem to have been introduced into the Syriac world through their incorporation in the new translation known as the Peshitta in the late fourth or early fifth century, since many Peshitta tetraevangelia contain the apparatus. However, the Peshitta carries a revised version of the apparatus which was accomplished by subdividing many of the original Eusebian sections and creating many more parallels amongst the gospels. This chapter compares the Peshitta translation of the Letter to Carpianus with the Greek original. Then it examines the origins of the marginal tabular concordances that usually occur in Peshitta gospelbooks. Finally, it compares the new parallels created in the Peshitta version with the Eusebian originals in order to highlight the principles by which this revision was accomplished. The conclusion is that the Peshitta Canon Tables represent a complete overhaul of the original in order to more closely align text and paratext.
Conclusion
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the areas of paratextuality and information visualization introduced at the beginning of the book. It argues that the Eusebian apparatus participated in a wider ‘information technology revolution’ that occurred from the fourth century onwards and exemplifies the late antique view of knowledge as a perception of the structural order underlying an object of study. With respect to paratextuality, the conclusion proposes that the shift in attitudes towards paratexts in the sources covered in this book is tied to the emergence of the book as an object of significance and study in itself, rather than merely being the necessary equipment for an oral performance. Finally, the conclusion proposes that although notions of textual and cosmological harmony have shifted since late antiquity, the Eusebian apparatus remains effective as a means for mapping the polyphonous conversation that is the fourfold gospel.
Police Community Support Officers
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Police Community Support Officers: Cultures and Identities within Pluralized Policing presents the first in-depth ethnographic study of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) since the creation of the role in 2002. Situated within the tradition of police ethnographies, this text examines the working worlds of uniformed patrol support staff in two English police forces. Based on over 350 hours of direct observation and thirty-three interviews with PCSOs and police constables in both urban and rural contexts, the book offers a detailed analysis of the operational and cultural realities of pluralized policing from within. Using a dramaturgic framework, the author finds that PCSOs have been undermined by their own organizations from the beginning, which has left a lasting legacy in terms of their relationships and interactions with police officer colleagues. The implications of this for police cultures, community policing approaches, and the success of pluralization are examined. The author argues that while PCSOs can have similar occupational experiences to those of constables, their particular circumstances have led to a unique occupational culture, one which has implications for existing police culture theories. The book considers these findings in light of budget reductions and police reforms occurring across the sector, processes in which PCSOs are particularly vulnerable.
From Conception to Practice
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Different conceptions of peace have different implications for devising strategies of peacebuilding and peace maintenance. What it takes to achieve a negative peace is very different from what is required to achieve a positive peace. This chapter explores how the conceptual distinctions discussed in Chapter 1 map onto actual practice, with reference to the principal relevant peacebuilding actors: the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the African Union, the World Bank, and leading non-governmental organizations. What are the primary features of these organizations’ approaches to peacebuilding? How do they differ, if at all, in their understandings of the characteristics of, and requirements for, a stable peace?
Factors of Post-Conflict Peace Stabilization
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter (co-written with Anke Hoeffler) seeks to identify factors that contribute to post-conflict peace stabilization based on a quantitative analysis using duration (survival) analysis and a qualitative analysis examining the peace consolidation process in six conflict-affected countries. Duration analysis, a statistical method, allows us to analyse the duration of peace. The hazard rate—the rate at which peace ends—can be modelled as a function of various co-variates, such as economic growth, aid, elections, military personnel and expenditure, regional autonomy, etc. The country case studies provide more detailed information on how some countries achieved lasting peace while others failed. The country cases that are included in this analysis are: Burundi, El Salvador, Liberia, Nepal, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste (East Timor).
Measuring Peace Consolidation
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications of the analysis in the foregoing chapters for international policy. What does this analysis tell us about whether it may be possible, and if so how, to assess the quality of peace? How can monitoring and assessment be improved? The chapter argues for an ‘ethnographic approach’ to strategic assessment that favours increased reliance on knowledge of local culture, local history, and especially, the specific conflict dynamics at work in a given conflict situation, particularly at the micro level. From this approach it derives a number of recommended practices, including early and continuous conflict analysis, the adoption of more precise measures of post-conflict peace, and the incorporation of local perspectives into strategic assessment. The chapter closes with a discussion of the obstacles to good practice (e.g., politicization of reporting) and how these obstacles can be overcome.
The Common Law of England
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces the origins of the common law of England and explains its boundaries. It was brought into being through the machinery of royal justice as developed in the twelfth century; this was sometimes peripatetic (eyres and assizes), sometimes stationary in the royal palace at Westminster, and sometimes local (justices of the peace). Attention is drawn to alternative forms of justice outside the common law, particularly local custom, mediation, and arbitration. The second part of the chapter explores the boundaries of the common law in relation to the sea, the king’s possessions in France, and the law in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.
The Conciliar Courts
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the courts associated with the king’s council and the residuary prerogative jurisdiction of the Crown. Such courts were not supposed to meddle with the law of property, or with matters of life and death, since they did not follow the ‘due process’ required by Magna Carta and its progeny, but they nevertheless developed extensive jurisdictions alongside the courts of law. Their procedure was close to that of the Chancery. The principal conciliar courts were the Star Chamber and the Court of Requests, at Westminster, but there were provincial counterparts in the Marches of Wales and in the North. The extraterritorial jurisdictions of the admiralty and the constable and marshal were similarly derived from the royal prerogative and operated outside the common law. The King’s Bench watched all these jurisdictions carefully and checked excesses by means of prohibition and habeas corpus.
Real Property
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of estates in land. It considers the effect of free alienation on the concept of the fee simple, which is contrasted with the life estate and the special life estates called dower and curtesy. The common-law canons of inheritance are explained. Marriage-gifts and conditional gifts, by varying the feudal arrangements, caused some conundrums which led to a sweeping legislative reform in the statute De Donis 1285. The statute gave rise to a new kind of fee, the fee tail, which threatened to become inalienable. The recognition of ‘particular’ estates (for life or in tail) necessitated a doctrine of future estates. The reversion was a natural feudal estate, in effect an escheat, but the remainder gave more legal difficulty, and especially problematic was the contingent remainder.
Contract
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of the action of assumpsit, a species of trespass on the case used to enforce informal contracts. The earliest examples were of ‘misfeasance’ causing physical damage; they belong as much to the history of tort as of contract. There were intellectual obstacles to extending the trespassory remedy to mere ‘nonfeasance’, but they were overcome by drawing (inter alia) on the concepts of deceit, reliance, and (in Doige’s Case) on the mutual force of bargains. The competing principles were brought together in the Tudor doctrine of consideration, which also accommodated the binding force of mutual executory promises. The use of assumpsit to recover debts, and thereby avoid wager of law, caused a prolonged controversy between the King’s Bench and Common Pleas, which was ended by Slade’s Case (1602). The action was soon afterwards held to lie against executors.
Pleas of the Crown
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of criminal procedure. The early ‘appeal’ of felony gave way to the indictment, a written presentment approved by a grand jury. Until Georgian times there were few safeguards for the accused other than whatever care was taken by judge and jury. Counsel were rarely involved, except in treason cases; trials were brief; and there were no appeals. The capital punishment imposed on all convicted felons was adjusted in practice by the mechanisms of sanctuary, benefit of clergy, ‘pious perjury’ by jurors, and pardons. Benefit of clergy was originally a privilege of ordained clergy, but the judges contrived to extend it to any man who could read, and Parliament perfected the fiction by extending it to women and the illiterate. Pardons were widely available underlay both the system of transportation and a form of criminal appeal.
Citizenship and Gender Hierarchies in Political Liberalism
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of liberal feminists Christie Hartley and Lori Watson. Hartley and Watson argue that political liberalism can approve gender-egalitarian interventions on the grounds that gender inequality threatens citizenship. I agree with Hartley and Watson that the liberal concept of citizenship is the key to justifying progressive gender-egalitarian political interventions. I argue, however, that their argument establishes only that a hierarchal gendered division of labor threatens citizenship. This is problematic because the gendered division of labor is not essentially hierarchal, and morally objectionable harms inhere in its non-hierarchal components. Moreover, the policy initiatives licensed by a hierarchal diagnosis of the gendered division of labor could exacerbate the harms that inhere in its non-hierarchal features. Hartley and Watson’s argument may offer a partial reconciliation of liberalism and feminism, but on its own it could further entrench the injustice of the gendered division of labor.
A Neutral Case for Autonomy Promotion
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter elucidates the notion of citizenship that rightly informs the neutrality constraint and the criterion of reciprocity: On the basis of citizenship interests, neutrality limits coercive political intervention; and through the criterion of reciprocity, citizenship interests also positively demand certain coercive political interventions. Political liberalism’s characterization of citizenship attributes to citizens certain fundamental interests. When those interests are jeopardized, and when they can be protected without jeopardizing stronger interests of citizenship, exercises of political power to protect those interests are demanded by the criterion of reciprocity. This can have surprising implications. A fundamental commitment of political liberalism is that, while political institutions should be ordered by liberal values, individuals should be substantially free to reject those values within their own lives. But under some circumstances, essential citizenship interests demand political interventions to promote enactments of substantive autonomy; as such, those interventions can be required by the criterion of reciprocity.