bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimisation of Syngas Composition for Emissions Minimisation and Cost Reduction through Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Gas Mixtures in a Gas Turbine
Authors: Jo-Han Ng , Xian Lim Zi , Yao Wong Kang , Tung Chong Cheng 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The fuel flexibility of a gas turbine allows it to operate on a large variety of fuels, with syngas gaining prominence in recent years due to its versatility to be produced from any hydrocarbon-based feedstock. The feedstock versatility also meant that the syngas produced could be hydrogen-rich or carbon monoxide-rich in its composition. In this experimental study, the emissions characteristics of syngas combustion in a gas turbine, and their associated cost to minimise emissions using the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method and gas mixtures were investigated. The syngas composition comprised of four gases, namely H2, CO, CO2 and CH4. The syngas mixture is combusted under an equivalence ratio (ER) range of 0.4-0.9. Using Design of Experiments (DOE) optimisation procedures for simultaneous NOx-CO reduction, the emission indices of the NOx and CO pollutants for the best H2-rich syngas (ER=0.5) were found to be 0.0189 g/kWh and 0.0028 g/kWh lower than that of the optimum CO-rich syngas (ER=0.5), respectively. This implies that H2-rich syngas has greater potential for emissions reduction. However, the general combined costs for an optimum H2-rich syngas mixture with the SCR post-treatment method is about six folds greater than the CO-rich syngas counterparts. The actual cost is even greater on a cost per mass reduction basis, with the NOx and CO emissions being 21.6 and 8.9 times more for the H2-rich mixture. It was also determined that the combined use of SCR method and optimum gas mixture is a more cost-effective emissions control measure than purely using direct gas mixture.
Welding current effect of welded joints of base metal st37 on characteristics: corrosion rate and hardness
Authors: Jannifar A , Ichsan T A , Nurdin Hamdani , Mukhtar Fakhriza , Wahyudi Wahdania 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of welding current on corrosion rate and hardness on welded joint, Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and base metal of steel grade st37. Welding is the process of metal attachment by dilution through heating. Due to the heat of the metal around the weld will undergo thermal cycles that cause metallurgical changes in microstructure, which will affect corrosion rate and the mechanical properties such as hardness. Weld joints are one of the critical parts of a structure. The weld joints that get excessive friction will be worn fast and corrosion rate higher than the base metal. The steel grade st37 strips are treated with welding current variations of 75, 85, and 95 Amperes. The method used for corrosion rate testing is ASTM G31-72 standard where this test is based on weight loss test and corrosion solution used NaCl solution with 3% concentration. The results showed that the highest average corrosion rate of 0.10516 mmpy occurred in the strip welded to the current of 95 Ampere, followed by 85 Ampere at 0.06772 mmpy, and the current of 75 Ampere was 0.06152 mmpy. Testing of material hardness at current 75, 85, and 95 Amperes shows that the highest hardness value occurs in weld metal area with 75 Ampere with average hardness at 74.00 HRC. Current selection to during welding process has shown a significant effect on corrosion rate and hardness on the welded joint (weld metal).
A Simple Clinical Application for Locating the Frontotemporal Branch of the Facial Nerve Using the Zygomatic Arch and the Tragus
Authors: Green Sanderson Kit , Conti Alyssa , Colussi Mariah , Connolly Cara 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), also known as the facial nerve, is an anatomically intricate structure the branches of which serve several physiologic functions. CN VII innervates the muscles of facial expression which are crucial for eye protection, oral competence, and social interaction. The temporal branch, clinically referred to as the frontotemporal branch (FTB), is the most superior of the 5 branches and is at risk during cutaneous surgery of the parotid gland and in the temporal region. Several methods for delineating the FTB trajectory exist, the most widely known being Pitanguy’s Line, which is defined as running from 0.5 cm below the tragus to 1.5 cm above the lateral eyebrow. However, variations in eyebrow location, often affected by modern-day cosmetic trends, complicate the accuracy of this approach.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to develop a surgical landmark to identify FTB location without relying on soft tissue structures.

Methods
To minimize variation, we chose landmarks that were both consistent and easy to locate based on simple surface anatomy. Twenty-one cadaver hemifaces were dissected in order to locate the FTB in relation to the inferior border of the zygomatic arch and the apex of the tragus.

Results
We found that the mean ± SEM distance from the apex of the tragus to the point where the FTB crossed the inferior border of the zygomatic arch was 3.21 ± 0.05 cm.

Conclusions
Through the use of this measurement, we aim to avoid the pitfalls of previous techniques by providing a widely applicable clinical tool based on landmarks easily found on any patient.

Level of Evidence: 4
Network control principles for identifying personalized driver genes in cancer
Authors: Guo Wei-Feng , Zhang Shao-Wu , Zeng Tao , Akutsu Tatsuya , Chen Luonan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To understand tumor heterogeneity in cancer, personalized driver genes (PDGs) need to be identified for unraveling the genotype–phenotype associations corresponding to particular patients. However, most of the existing driver-focus methods mainly pay attention on the cohort information rather than on individual information. Recent developing computational approaches based on network control principles are opening a new way to discover driver genes in cancer, particularly at an individual level. To provide comprehensive perspectives of network control methods on this timely topic, we first considered the cancer progression as a network control problem, in which the expected PDGs are altered genes by oncogene activation signals that can change the individual molecular network from one health state to the other disease state. Then, we reviewed the network reconstruction methods on single samples and introduced novel network control methods on single-sample networks to identify PDGs in cancer. Particularly, we gave a performance assessment of the network structure control-based PDGs identification methods on multiple cancer datasets from TCGA, for which the data and evaluation package also are publicly available. Finally, we discussed future directions for the application of network control methods to identify PDGs in cancer and diverse biological processes.
Entrepreneurial ecosystems and public policy in action: a critique of the latest industrial policy blockbuster
Authors: Brown Ross , Mawson Suzanne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEfforts to develop entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) have proliferated in recent years, marking it out as the latest industrial policy ‘blockbuster’. This article reports the findings from the first comprehensive empirical analysis of EE policy approaches. It posits a basic typology of different policy frameworks deployed under the ecosystem rubric. The findings suggest the concept is fraught with conceptual ambiguity and is predominantly (and rather crudely) used to promote ‘more’ entrepreneurship. The research suggests the concept is a ‘messy metaphor’, open to wide-ranging misinterpretation and misuse by policymakers. In terms of recommendations, eradicating network failures, avoiding crude policy isomorphism and tailoring bespoke interventions to the specific nature of EEs are viewed as key policy lessons.
A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes using the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method between direct bonding and indirect bonding techniques in adolescents: a single-centre, single-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Atilla Aykan Onur , Ozturk Taner , Eruz Mustafa Murat , Yagci Ahmet 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Introduction
The aim of this two-arm parallel trial was to evaluate enamel demineralization in fixed orthodontic treatment using an indirect bonding technique in comparison to a direct bonding technique by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method.

Design, settings and participants
Fifty-six patients who needed fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly separated into either the direct bonding group or the indirect bonding group. The presence and extent of lesions on the buccal surfaces of all teeth, except the molar teeth, were assessed. The percentage of fluorescence loss (ΔF and ΔFmax), the degree of demineralization (ΔQ) and lesion area (WS area) were determined using the system’s software. The data were analysed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U-tests (P &lt; 0.05).

Interventions
Treatment with a direct bonding or an indirect bonding technique.

Results
This study was completed with 25 patients in the indirect bonding group (12 females, 13 males; mean age: 15.42 ± 1.71 years) and 26 patients in the direct bonding group (12 females, 14 males; mean age: 14.73 ± 1.65 years). In the indirect bonding technique, a few teeth (especially mandibular left canine: 50.45 ± 93.48; 95% confidence interval: −12.35 and 113.26) were found to develop significant white spot lesion (WSL) formation (P &lt; 0.05). However, the number of teeth with demineralization was higher in the direct bonding group (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
The bonding procedures used in the indirect bonding technique contribute to reducing the degree of WSL formation. Further, the use of flowable composite adhesives in this bonding process is more effective at reducing the appearance of WSLs than in cases where conventional composite adhesives are used.

Limitations
The limitation of our trial may be the small sample size and the short follow-up time for the patients.

Harms
No harms were detected during the study.

Protocol
The protocol was not published before trial commencement.

Registration
This trial was registered post hoc at ‘Clinical Trials’ (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registration number (ID): NCT03738839.
Do parties make a difference? A review of partisan effects on health and the welfare state
Authors: Falkenbach Michelle , Bekker Marleen , Greer Scott L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Do political parties matter to health? Do they affect population health either directly or through welfare states’ social policies and the eligibility, affordability and quality of health systems? And if they do, how? These are crucial questions if we are to understand health politics or shape public health policy, particularly given the changing landscape of political parties, party dominance in the executive and the mediating influence of the legislature.

Methods
Using a systematic approach, this review examines 107 peer-reviewed articles and books published after 1978 focusing on high-income countries asking the overarching question: Do political parties matter to health and the welfare state?

Results
The literature relating parties to health directly was surprisingly thin, thus, the welfare state was used as a ‘proxy’ variable. An overwhelming majority of the literature sample suggests that Left parties are inclined to expand the welfare state without cutting benefits, while the Right does not expand and tends to reduce benefits. There was an inflection in the 1980s when Left parties shifted from expansion to maintaining the status quo.

Conclusion
Considering current health trends in the form of measles outbreaks, the ‘Deaths of Despair’, the rise of previous eradicated infectious diseases and the declining health expectancy rates in some Western countries as well as the rise of Populist Radical Right parties in office we question the current partisanship thesis that political parties matter less and less.
Association Between Adverse Childhood Events and Multimorbidity in a Racial and Ethnic Diverse Sample of Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Vásquez Elizabeth , Quiñones Ana , Ramirez Stephanie , Udo Tomoko 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Adverse childhood events (ACEs) have been associated with increased health risks later in life. However, it is unclear whether ACEs may be associated with multimorbidity among diverse racial/ethnic middle-aged and older adults. We evaluated whether there were racial and ethnic differences in the association between ACEs and the number of somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity in a sample of U.S. middle-aged and older adults.

Research Design and Methods
Data from the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 10,727; ≥55 years) were used to test whether the number of self-reported somatic conditions (i.e., heart disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, and chronic lung problems) as well as DSM-5 psychiatric disorders (i.e., depression) during the past 12 months differed by history of ACEs while stratifying by age (i.e., 55–64 or ≥65) and racial/ethnic group (i.e., non-Hispanic White [NHW; n = 7,457], non-Hispanic Black [NHB; n = 1,995], and Hispanic [n=1275]).

Results
The prevalence of reporting more than two somatic conditions and psychiatric disorders was 48.8% and 11.4% for those with a history of ACEs, and 41.1% and 3.3% for those without a history of ACEs. Adjusting for sociodemographic and other health risk factors, ACEs was significantly associated with greater numbers of somatic multimorbidity among racial and ethnic middle-aged adults but this was not the case for older adults.

Discussion and Implications
Our findings suggest that middle-aged adults with a history of ACEs are more likely to suffer from somatic and psychiatric multimorbidity, highlighting the importance of screening for ACEs in promoting healthy aging.
Determining the carbon footprint for a new earthen-based finish
Authors: Aranda-Jimenez Yolanda G , Suarez-Dominguez Edgardo J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the present work the carbon footprint for a material developed in the Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism of the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas (UAT) constituted by argillaceous earth, aloe juice and fiber of ixtle with utility like the inner coating of walls in buildings was determined. The objective of this paper is the calculation of the contribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the plant, considering the stoichiometry of CO2 absorption accompanied by the determination at the laboratory level.
It was found that the use of organic materials in mortar mixtures, when they are produced manually by the person who will use them, and that is common in cases of self-construction, can generate approximately −0.45 kg of CO2 equivalent for each kilogram of plant produced for the preparation of mixtures. In addition, the equivalent CO2 was calculated for the elaboration of a cubic meter of useful mixture as a wall covering obtaining a value below the equivalent 14 kg of CO2.
Protective Efficacy of Nucleic Acid Vaccines Against Transmission of Zika Virus During Pregnancy in Mice
Authors: Jagger Brett W , Dowd Kimberly A , Chen Rita E , Desai Pritesh , Foreman Bryant , Burgomaster Katherine E , Himansu Sunny , Kong Wing-Pui , Graham Barney S , Pierson Theodore C , Diamond Michael S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) caused an epidemic of congenital malformations in 2015–2016. Although many vaccine candidates have been generated, few have demonstrated efficacy against congenital ZIKV infection. Here, we evaluated lipid-encapsulated messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines and a DNA plasmid vaccine encoding the prM-E genes of ZIKV in mouse models of congenital infection. Although the DNA vaccine provided comparable efficacy against vertical transmission of ZIKV, the mRNA vaccines, including one that minimizes antibody-dependent enhancement of infection, elicited higher levels of antigen-specific long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. Despite the induction of robust neutralizing antibody titers by all vaccines, breakthrough seeding of the placenta and fetal head was observed in a small subset of type I interferon signaling–deficient immunocompromised dams. In comparison, evaluation of one of the mRNA vaccines in a human STAT2-knockin transgenic immunocompetent mouse showed complete protection against congenital ZIKV transmission. These data will inform ongoing human ZIKV vaccine development efforts and enhance our understanding of the correlates of vaccine-induced protection.
Effect of patient genetics on etonogestrel pharmacokinetics when combined with efavirenz or nevirapine ART
Authors: Neary Megan , Chappell Catherine A , Scarsi Kimberly K , Nakalema Shadia , Matovu Joshua , Achilles Sharon L , Chen Beatrice A , Siccardi Marco , Owen Andrew , Lamorde Mohammed 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe previously demonstrated that etonogestrel concentrations were 82% lower in women using etonogestrel contraceptive implants plus efavirenz-based ART compared with women not receiving ART.ObjectivesTo investigate the genetic contribution to this previously observed drug–drug interaction through studying SNPs in genes known to be involved in efavirenz, nevirapine or etonogestrel metabolism in the same group of women.Patients and methodsHere, we present a secondary analysis evaluating SNPs involved in efavirenz, nevirapine and etonogestrel metabolism and associated etonogestrel pharmacokinetics among 57 women, 19 not receiving ART (control group), 19 receiving efavirenz- (600 mg daily) based ART and 19 receiving nevirapine- (200 mg twice daily) based ART. Associations between patient genotype and etonogestrel pharmacokinetic parameters were determined through univariate and multivariate linear regression. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02082652).ResultsWithin the control group, CYP2B6 983 T>C was associated with 27% higher etonogestrel Cmax and 28% higher AUC0–24weeks. In the efavirenz group CYP2B6 516 G>T was associated with 43% lower etonogestrel Cmin and 34% lower AUC0–24weeks. For participants receiving nevirapine, NR1I2 63396 C>T was associated with 39% lower etonogestrel Cmin and 37% lower AUC0–24weeks.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the influence of pharmacogenetics on the extent of drug–drug interactions between etonogestrel and efavirenz- or nevirapine-based ART. Efavirenz plus the etonogestrel contraceptive implant results in a detrimental drug–drug interaction irrespective of patient genetics, which is worsened in women possessing variant alleles for these CYP2B6 SNPs.
A Factful Perspective on Capital Punishment
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSubstantial progress has been made towards worldwide abolition of capital punishment, and there are good reasons to believe that more progress is possible. Since 2000, the pace of abolition has slowed, but by several measures the number of executions in the world has continued to decline. Several causes help explain the decline, including political leadership from the front and an increased tendency to regard capital punishment as a human rights issue rather than as a matter of domestic criminal justice policy. There are significant obstacles in the movement to eliminate state killing in the world, but some strategies could contribute to additional decline in the years to come.
The Role of Periplaneta americana (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Modern Versus Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Zeng Chenjuan , Liao Qi , Hu Ye , Shen Yongmei , Geng Funeng , Chen Lijuan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this review is to elaborate the role of Periplaneta (P.) americana L. in modern and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and compare the use of the species in these two forms of medical treatments. From searches on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, studies were identified involving TCMs with P. americana, which have a history of use over several thousand years, and demonstrate how extracts from this insect play a role in the treatment of diseases through antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor activity, and enhancement of immune function. Extracts from P. americana have not been fully developed for clinical use because the active components have not been completely purified or their molecular mechanisms thoroughly understood. The development of extraction technology in modern Chinese medicine has revealed that many extracts from P. americana are able to play an important role in the control of diseases such as cancer. Drugs such as ‘Kangfuxin Solution’ and ‘Xinmailong Injection’ are now widely used for gastrointestinal ulcers and chronic heart failure, having achieved beneficial curative effects in clinical studies. Based on this, the information from studies of P. americana in TCM and modern medicine should be combined and their respective advantages applied. This review provides an overview of the role of P. americana in modern and TCM and thus contributes to identification of further applications and area requiring drug development.
Efficient fluorescence recovery using antifade reagents in correlative light and electron microscopy
Authors: Toyooka Kiminori , Shinozaki-Narikawa Naeko 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) enables ultrastructural-level analysis of fluorescence-labeled proteins by combining images obtained from both fluorescence and electron microscopies. A technical challenge with the CLEM method is the effective detection of fluorescence from samples embedded in resins, which generally cause fluorescence decay. To overcome this issue, we developed a method for fluorescence recovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in resin-embedded semi-thin sections using commercially available antifade reagents. By applying this method, we successfully obtained CLEM images using field-emission scanning electron microscopy with moderately enhanced GFP signals, demonstrating the efficacy of this simple fluorescence recovery method.
Culture
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Based on the assumptions that culture contributes to the maintenance of peace and that the protection of culture is a general interest of the international community as a whole, UNESCO has promoted the conclusion of a number of treaties of global application that follow a broad concept of “cultural heritage” as the expression of the spirituality and creativity of individuals and peoples. They relate to the protection of cultural heritage during conflict, the illicit movements of cultural properties, the tangible cultural heritage, the underwater cultural heritage, the intangible cultural heritage, and the diversity of cultural expressions. In other cases, such as the intentional destruction of cultural heritage, declarations have been adopted within the UNESCO framework. Despite some gaps and criticisms, the UNESCO action is an indispensable tool for the protection and enhancement of cultural heritage at the international level.
Health
Authors: Taylor Allyn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The evolution of United Nations treaties in the domain of public health over the last two decades is one of the most significant developments in public international law. Although public health is one of the earliest fields of international legal cooperation and one of the first domains in which an intergovernmental organization was created, the scope of international legal cooperation in public health was, until recently, highly limited. This chapter provides an overview of the contribution of United Nations treaties in the evolving field of international health law. It examines the historical origins and the factors contributing to its contemporary evolution. In addition, the chapter briefly reviews the contribution of UN organizations, especially the World Health Organization, to the codification efforts in this realm.