bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nudes are Forever: Judicial Interpretations of Digital Technology’s Impact on “Revenge Porn”
Authors: Dodge Alexa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article I explore judicial interpretations of the relationship between digital technology and non-consensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) (i.e., “revenge porn”). Drawing on my analysis of forty-nine Canadian cases of NCIID, I show that judicial interpretations of digital technology have important influences on how NCIID is understood and responded to in the law. I find that the majority of judges perceive digital technology as making NCIID easier to commit—with the simple “click of a mouse”—and as increasing the amount of harm caused by this act—as digital nude/sexual photos are seen as lasting “forever” and thus as resulting in ongoing and immeasurable harm to victims. These perceptions have substantive impacts on legal rationales and sentencing decisions, with the affordances of digital technology regularly being treated as justifying harsher sentences to denounce and deter this act.
Two procedures for training a novel second language phonetic contrast
Authors: Flege James Emil 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNative speakers of Mandarin who learn English as a second language (L2) frequently misidentify unreleased tokens of /t/ and /d/ in the final position of English words. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two training methods that might be used to increase Mandarin adults’ accuracy in identifying such stops. Subjects were assigned to receive training using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure or a categorical same/different discrimination procedure. Small but significant increases in the percentage of correct identifications of /t/ and /d/ tokens were obtained for both groups of native Mandarin subjects, although their gains did not differ significantly. These gains were still evident for both groups 2 months after completing the training. The effect of training for both groups generalized to words that were not used in training. Contrary to the hypothesis that identification training promotes more robust long-term memory representations than same/different training, the magnitude of generalization observed for the two groups did not differ significantly. However, subjects seemed to maintain the effects of the same/different training better than the effects of the identification training. Taken together, the results obtained here challenge the view that identification training is superior to same/different training as a means for training novel phonetic contrasts.
The New Barter Economy: An Appraisal of Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS)
Authors: Williams Colin C. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTA new form of barter economy is emerging in many industrial nations. People are exchanging goods and services through Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS). These are local associations whose members list their offers of, and requests for, goods and services in a directory and then exchange them priced in a local unit of currency. Using a United Kingdom case study of Totnes LETS, this paper presents a preliminary appraisal of their economic, social equity and community-building objectives. It finds that although LETS are fulfilling these objectives, achievements could be substantially improved with some alterations in public policy towards LETS.
Tuberculosis in the Workplace: OSHA's Compliance Experience
Authors: McDiarmid Melissa , Gamponia Melissa J. , Ryan Margaret A.K. , Hirshon Jon Mark , Gillen N.A. , Cox Maureen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Inspections of 272 facilities were performed between May 1992 and October 1994 to determine compliance with applicable Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements for prevention of tuberculosis (TB) transmission.Design:Retrospective record review of two data sources: (1) OSHA's Computerized Integrated Management Information System and (2) an inspector-completed questionnaire on inspection results.Setting/Participants:Inspections of five types of facilities: healthcare institutions, correctional facilities, homeless shelters, long-term–care facilities for the elderly, and others, including drug treatment centers that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified as having a higher than expected rate of TB.Methods:The OSHA Compliance Memorandum, based on the 1990 CDC Guidelines, which outlined elements of a TB prevention program, was used in performing 272 inspections of facilities between May 1992 and October 1994. Elements of compliance were recorded and reviewed from the IMIS database and inspectors' questionnaires.Results:Regulated facilities were not fully compliant with OSHA guidance. Generally, healthcare facilities performed better than other facilities. Most facilities (79%) were compliant with administrative elements of a comprehensive TB control program, such as early identification of known or suspected infectious TB patients and skin testing of workers. Only 29% of inspected facilities were found to have acceptable respiratory protection programs for the prevention of occupational TB.Conclusion:Facilities have not been fully compliant with the OSHA memorandum describing protection of workers from TB. Facility compliance was better with some traditionally recognized TB infection control elements, but was weaker in the area of respiratory protection programs. This may reflect a lack of familiarity with the latter type of hazard protection.
Staphylococcus aureusBacteremia: Factors Predicting Hospital Mortality
Authors: Mylotte Joseph M. , Aeschlimann Jeffrey R. , Rotella Denise L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmong 89 episodes ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia, factors identified as independent predictors of hospital mortality were Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score >60 (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence inter val [CI95], 1.7 to 5.9) and Lifestyle score >1 (OR, 2.1; CI95, 1.2 to 3.6). Future studies ofS aureusbacteremia should take into consideration acute severity of illness (as well as treatment and source of infection) when evaluating outcome.
Educational Needs and Opportunities for the Hospital Epidemiologist
Authors: Dembry Louise M. , Hierholzer Walter J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe role of the hospital epidemiologist has changed substantially over the last 30 years as medical care has become more complex. The hospital epidemiologist needs training in methods for sur veillance, prevention, and control of nosocomial infections. The hospital epidemiologist also must know how to apply these methods to other areas, including the epidemiology of noninfectious adverse out-comes of medical care. Training in hospital epidemiology should be a defined part of every infectious disease fellowship training program. Ancillary and additional training is available from several sources.
The Role of Colonization in the Pathogenesis of Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Bonten Marc J.M. , Weinstein Robert A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe close relationship between colonization and the development of nosocomial infections has been demonstrated. Patient-related factors, such as underlying illness for all major sites of infection and advanced age, and pathogen-related factors, such as the ability of bacteria to adhere to epithelial cells, play the major roles in the pathogenesis of colonization. However, exact mechanisms of colonization have not been elucidated, and modulation of bacterial adherence as a method of infection prevention remains experimental. Current methods of infection prevention, therefore, focus either on preventing growth of colonizing microorganisms or on preventing patient-pathogen contact. Topical antibiotics have been used as a method of colonization prevention. However, their effectiveness may be limited by increases in antibiotic resistance; moreover, the effects on patient outcome are controversial. Maintenance of the physiologic mucosal environment using nonantimicrobial agents seems a promising approach, but only a few studies demonstrating efficacy have been published. Prevention of colonization still must rely heavily on basic infection control measures to prevent contact between patient and pathogen.
Self‐Affine Fractal Spatial and Temporal Variability of the San Pedro River, Southern Arizona
Authors: Williams Z. C. , Pelletier J. D. , Meixner T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrevailing mathematical models of alluvial channel evolution generate smooth, idealized longitudinal profiles. Alluvial channel longitudinal profiles in nature, however, have substantial multiscale spatial and temporal variability. In this paper we quantify the spatial and temporal hydrologic and geomorphic variability of a 90‐km‐long reach of the San Pedro River (San Pedro River) in southeastern Arizona and compare that variability to numerical models designed specifically to honor the spatial and temporal variability of alluvial channel systems in nature. A key motivation of this work is the power law frequency size distribution of wet and dry reaches observed in the San Pedro River. We demonstrate that such a distribution is consistent with self‐affine fractal variations of the depth to bedrock and the channel longitudinal profile. At large spatial scales, spatial variations in depth to bedrock control the accommodation space for groundwater, which, in turn, controls spatial variations in surface water discharge. At small spatial scales, the longitudinal profile controls spatial variations in surface water discharge by changing the distance between the channel bed and the water table. These results underscore the complex spatiotemporal behavior of dryland alluvial rivers and the tight coupling that is possible between hydrologic and geomorphic processes in such systems.
Synthetic biology strategies for microbial biosynthesis of plant natural products
Authors: Cravens Aaron , Payne James , Smolke Christina D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMetabolic engineers endeavor to create a bio-based manufacturing industry using microbes to produce fuels, chemicals, and medicines. Plant natural products (PNPs) are historically challenging to produce and are ubiquitous in medicines, flavors, and fragrances. Engineering PNP pathways into new hosts requires finding or modifying a suitable host to accommodate the pathway, planning and implementing a biosynthetic route to the compound, and discovering or engineering enzymes for missing steps. In this review, we describe recent developments in metabolic engineering at the level of host, pathway, and enzyme, and discuss how the field is approaching ever more complex biosynthetic opportunities.
Collagen-rich airway smooth muscle cells are a metastatic niche for tumor colonization in the lung
Authors: Lee Yu-Cheng , Kurtova Antonina V. , Xiao Jing , Nikolos Fotis , Hayashi Kazukuni , Tramel Zoe , Jain Antrix , Chen Fengju , Chokshi Mithil , Lee Ciaran , Bao Gang , Zhang Xiang , Shen Jianjun , Mo Qianxing , Jung Sung Yun , Rowley David , Chan Keith Syson 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMetastases account for the majority of cancer deaths. While certain steps of the metastatic cascade are well characterized, identification of targets to block this process remains a challenge. Host factors determining metastatic colonization to secondary organs are particularly important for exploration, as those might be shared among different cancer types. Here, we showed that bladder tumor cells expressing the collagen receptor, CD167a, responded to collagen I stimulation at the primary tumor to promote local invasion and utilized the same receptor to preferentially colonize at airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs)—a rich source of collagen III in lung. Morphologically, COL3-CD167a-driven metastatic foci are uniquely distinct from typical lung alveolar metastatic lesions and exhibited activation of the CD167a-HSP90-Stat3 axis. Importantly, metastatic lung colonization could be abrogated using an investigational drug that attenuates Stat3 activity, implicating this seed-and-soil interaction as a therapeutic target for eliminating lung metastasis.
Highly sensitive CE-ESI-MS analysis of N-glycans from complex biological samples
Authors: Lageveen-Kammeijer Guinevere S. M. , de Haan Noortje , Mohaupt Pablo , Wagt Sander , Filius Mike , Nouta Jan , Falck David , Wuhrer Manfred 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe in-depth, high-sensitivity characterization of the glycome from complex biological samples, such as biofluids and tissues, is of utmost importance in basic biological research and biomarker discovery. Major challenges often arise from the vast structural diversity of glycans in combination with limited sample amounts. Here, we present a method for the highly sensitive characterization of released N-glycans by combining a capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) approach with linkage-specific derivatization of sialic acids and uniform cationic reducing end labelling of all glycans. This method allows the analysis of glycans at the attomole level, provides information on sialic acid isomers and enables the in-depth characterization of complex samples, even when available in minute amounts.
A RASSF1A-HIF1α loop drives Warburg effect in cancer and pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Dabral Swati , Muecke Christian , Valasarajan Chanil , Schmoranzer Mario , Wietelmann Astrid , Semenza Gregg L. , Meister Michael , Muley Thomas , Seeger-Nukpezah Tamina , Samakovlis Christos , Weissmann Norbert , Grimminger Friedrich , Seeger Werner , Savai Rajkumar , Pullamsetti Soni S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHypoxia signaling plays a major role in non-malignant and malignant hyperproliferative diseases. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a hypoxia-driven vascular disease, is characterized by a glycolytic switch similar to the Warburg effect in cancer. Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) is a scaffold protein that acts as a tumour suppressor. Here we show that hypoxia promotes stabilization of RASSF1A through NOX-1- and protein kinase C- dependent phosphorylation. In parallel, hypoxia inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) activates RASSF1A transcription via HIF-binding sites in the RASSF1A promoter region. Vice versa, RASSF1A binds to HIF-1α, blocks its prolyl-hydroxylation and proteasomal degradation, and thus enhances the activation of the glycolytic switch. We find that this mechanism operates in experimental hypoxia-induced PH, which is blocked in RASSF1A knockout mice, in human primary PH vascular cells, and in a subset of human lung cancer cells. We conclude that RASSF1A-HIF-1α forms a feedforward loop driving hypoxia signaling in PH and cancer.
Worldwide measurements of bioturbation intensity, ventilation rate, and the mixing depth of marine sediments
Authors: Solan Martin , Ward Ellie R. , White Ellen L. , Hibberd Elizabeth E. , Cassidy Camilla , Schuster Jasmin M. , Hale Rachel , Godbold Jasmin A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe activities of a diverse array of sediment-dwelling fauna are known to mediate carbon remineralisation, biogeochemical cycling and other important properties of marine ecosystems, but the contributions that different seabed communities make to the global inventory have not been established. Here we provide a comprehensive georeferenced database of measured values of bioturbation intensity (Db, n = 1281), burrow ventilation rate (q, n = 765, 47 species) and the mixing depth (L, n = 1780) of marine soft sediments compiled from the scientific literature (1864–2018). These data provide reference information that can be used to inform and parameterise global, habitat specific and/or species level biogeochemical models that will be of value within the fields of geochemistry, ecology, climate, and palaeobiology. We include metadata relating to the source, timing and location of each study, the methodology used, and environmental and experimental information. The dataset presents opportunity to interrogate current ecological theory, refine functional typologies, quantify uncertainty and/or test the relevance and robustness of models used to project ecosystem responses to change.
In utero infection of Zika virus leads to abnormal central nervous system development in mice
Authors: Zhang Wei , Tan Yong Wah , Yam Wan Keat , Tu Haitao , Qiu Lifeng , Tan Eng King , Chu Justin Jang Hann , Zeng Li 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe World Health Organization has declared ZIKA virus (ZIKV) a global public health emergency, prompted by the association of ZIKV infections with severe brain abnormalities in the human fetus. ZIKV preferentially targets human neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) in both monolayer and cortical brain organoid culture systems and stunts their growth. Although ZIKV is well recognized to cause microcephaly, there is no systematic analysis to demonstrate the effect of ZIKV on central nervous system (CNS) development, including brain malformations and spinal cord dysfunction. Here, we conducted a longitudinal analysis to show that a novel mouse model (infectedin uteroand monitored after birth until adulthood) recapitulates the effects of ZIKV infection affecting neural stem cells fate and leads to a thinner cortex and a smaller brain. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effect of ZIKV on spinal cord function. Specifically, we found significant reductions in neuron numbers in the anterior horn of grey matter of the spinal cord and muscle dystrophy with a significant decrease in forepaw grip strength in the ZIKV group. Thus, the established mouse model of ZIKV infection leading to abnormal CNS development will help to further advance our understanding of the disease pathogenesis.
Rational design, cognition and neuropathology evaluation of QTC-4-MeOBnE in a streptozotocin-induced mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Fronza Mariana G. , Baldinotti Rodolfo , Martins Maria Clara , Goldani Bruna , Dalberto Bianca Thaís , Kremer Frederico Schmitt , Begnini Karine , Pinto Luciano da Silva , Lenardão Eder João , Seixas Fabiana K. , Collares Tiago , Alves Diego , Savegnago Lucielli 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial pathology characterized by amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary formation, oxidative stress and cholinergic system dysfunction. In this sense, here we report the rational design of a multi-target directed ligand (MTDL) for AD based on virtual screening and bioinformatic analyses, exploring the molecular targets β-secretase (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). After this screening, the compound with higher molecular docking affinity was selected, the 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxamide(QTC-4-MeOBnE). To further our studies, the protective effect of QTC-4-MeOBnE (0.1 and 1 mg/kg for 20 days) on STZ-induced sporadic AD mice was determined. QTC-4-MeOBnE pretreatment attenuated cognitive and memory deficit induced by STZ in an object recognition test, Y-maze, social recognition test and step-down passive avoidance. The mechanisms underlying this action might be attributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation and reactive species formation in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice submitted to STZ. In addition, QTC-4-MeOBnE pretreatment abolished the up-regulation of AChE activity and the overexpression ofGSK3β and genes involved in amyloid cascade such as BACE-1, protein precursor amyloid, у-secretase, induced by STZ. Moreover, toxicological parameters were not modified by QTC-4-MeOBnE chronic treatment. This evidence suggests that QTC-4-MeOBnE exerts its therapeutic effect through multiple pathways involved in AD.
Characterization and health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 5 urban cities of Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Mo Zhe , Wang Zhifang , Mao Guangming , Pan Xuejiao , Wu Lizhi , Xu Peiwei , Chen Shuchang , Wang Aihong , Zhang Yongli , Luo Jinbin , Ye Xialiang , Wang Xiaofeng , Chen Zhijian , Lou Xiaoming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 2015, we measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected from 5 cities in Zhejiang Province. The mean toxic equivalent quotient (TEQ) values of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) ranged between 1.2–3.1 ng/m3. The BaP-TEQ displayed seasonal trends, such that winter > spring and autumn > summer. During the winter, the most abundant individual PAHs were 4–6ring PAHs (84.04–91.65%). The median daily intake of atmospheric PAHs ranged between 2.0–7.4 ng/day for all populations, with seasonal trends identical to that of BaP-TEQ. The 95th incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values induced by PM2.5-bound PAHs were far lower than 10−6 for all populations. The data suggested that the pollution levels in the 5 Zhejiang Province cities were higher than the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). In the future, relevant measures should be taken to control atmospheric PAHs, especially 4–6 ring PAHs. The data also revealed no obvious cancer risk for populations residing in these 5 cities of Zhejiang Province.
Activation of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) induces Interleukin-6 trans-signaling
Authors: Flynn Charlotte M. , Garbers Yvonne , Lokau Juliane , Wesch Daniela , Schulte Dominik M. , Laudes Matthias , Lieb Wolfgang , Aparicio-Siegmund Samadhi , Garbers Christoph 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSignaling of the pleiotropic cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) via its soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) has been termed trans-signaling and is thought to be responsible for the pro-inflammatory properties of IL-6. The sIL-6R can be generated by alternative mRNA splicing or proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound IL-6R. However, which stimuli induce sIL-6R release and which endogenous signaling pathways are required for this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and on the monocytic cell line THP-1 induces expression and secretion of IL-6 and the generation of sIL-6R. We show by flow cytometry that monocytes are a PBMC subset that expresses TLR2 in conjunction with the IL-6R and are the major cellular source for both IL-6 and sIL-6R. Mechanistically, we find that the metalloproteases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are responsible for cleavage of the IL-6R and therefore sIL-6R generation. Finally, we identify the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) cascade as a critical pathway that differentially regulates both IL-6 and sIL-6R generation in monocytes.
The activity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2 is enhanced by the interaction with membrane sphingomyelin but depressed by cholesterol
Authors: Verstraeten Sandrine L. , Deleu Magali , Janikowska-Sagan Maria , Claereboudt Emily J. S. , Lins Laurence , Tyteca Donatienne , Mingeot-Leclercq Marie-Paule 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe membrane activity of some saponins, such as digitonin or alpha-hederin, is usually attributed to their interaction with membrane cholesterol (Chol). This contrasts with our recent publication showing that Chol, contrary to sphingomyelin (SM), can delay the cytotoxicity of the saponin ginsenoside Rh2, challenging the usual view that most saponins mediate their membrane effects through interaction with Chol. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the respective importance of Chol and SM as compared to phosphatidylcholine (PC) species in the membrane-related effects of Rh2. On simple lipid monolayers, Rh2 interacted more favorably with eggSM and DOPC than with Chol and eggPC. Using Large Unilamellar Vesicles (LUVs) of binary or ternary lipid compositions, we showed that Rh2 increased vesicle size, decreased membrane fluidity and induced membrane permeability with the following preference: eggSM:eggPC > eggSM:eggPC:Chol > eggPC:Chol. On Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), we evidenced that Rh2 generated positive curvatures in eggSM-containing GUVs and small buds followed by intra-luminal vesicles in eggSM-free GUVs. Altogether, our data indicate that eggSM promotes and accelerates membrane-related effects induced by Rh2 whereas Chol slows down and depresses these effects. This study reconsiders the theory that Chol is the only responsible for the activity of saponins.