bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diplomatic Knowledge on Display
Authors: Kiséry András 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Accounts of the early modern public sphere are characteristically focused on its critical, political functions—imagining it as a sphere of agonistic performativity, of rational-critical debate, or of public opinion being shaped in an effort to generate political pressure, for example. Politics in all these contexts is understood as an engagement with matters of common concern: what is public and what is political are not only inseparable but also close to being synonymous notions. But parallel with the rise of the early modern public sphere(s) and of the political universe implied by it, politics, political activity also began to emerge as a career path: statecraft, an avenue of political mobility through employment and office, which presupposed a body of knowledge, a competence acquired through training, rather than a mere entitlement by birth. This chapter explores the consequences of this development for diplomacy. From the late sixteenth century onwards, information about foreign polities—including both diplomatic writing and political news from abroad—was entering public circulation in manuscript as well as in print. Plays performed on the public stage were also clearly interested in foreign political developments. Such diplomatic knowledge in public circulation is best understood as a form of cultural capital, whose value is partly constituted by its association with activities and competences that were of considerable social prestige, and partly by the restrictions on its circulation.
Continuismo in Comparison
Authors: Baturo Alexander 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is continuismo—the practice of avoidance, extension, and outright removal of presidential term limits across the world. Drawing from original data on presidents who practiced continuismo from 1945 until 2017, the chapter builds a ten-point comprehensive typology and survey of practices that enable presidents to remain in office beyond their constitutionally allotted time, ranging from temporary extensions to presidency for life. This typology also includes cases wherein presidents do not violate term limits as such and depart formally from office while remaining influential behind the scenes and ruling through so-called “placeholders”. The chapter also discusses the consequences of continuismo and finds that “extenders,” on average, achieve their goals and serve longer than otherwise. Arguably, continuismo does not pay, since the majority of “extenders” suffer from a negative exit from office later on.
Presidential Term Limits in Togo
Authors: Heilbrunn John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Togo is a small authoritarian state. It has been an authoritarian state since independence. However, at various times in its history, constitutional articles have imposed term limits on the country’s executives. The insertion of term limits into several of its post-independence constitutions has failed to constrain its executive leadership. Only one president held power until just before the limit of two terms; he changed the constitution. The crucial impediment to Togo’s constitutional term limits has been the state’s capture by a single clan. State capture has contributed to stunted political institutions evident in a disorganized opposition and a centralized clan-based system. The chapter concludes that it is unlikely that the ruling clan can accept term limits and for the immediate future, Togo remains a ruthless dictatorship.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? Term Limits, Elections, and Political Change in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia
Authors: Cheeseman Nic 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Under what conditions are term limits challenged and upheld? This chapter draws on a comparative analysis of Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia to address this question. I argue that three of the factors that are most commonly cited in the wider literature—the presence of natural resources, the quality of democracy, and the position of the international community—cannot explain the fate of term limits. Instead, I investigate alternative structural and contingent factors, and identify two issues that played an important role in Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia but have often been overlooked, namely the extent of organized opposition and the ability of the president to enforce unity within the ruling party. Significantly, while these factors are shaped by the quality of democracy, they are not reducible to it. I also consider the consequences of term limits, demonstrating that they have the potential to facilitate transfers of power and foster new political norms when enforced.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Argentina
Authors: Llanos Mariana 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies presidential term limits in Argentina. It connects the term limit question to the context of regime instability that prevailed between 1930 and 1983 on the one hand, and to the expansive way in which democratically elected presidents have interpreted their constitutional powers on the other. The presidential term limit rule enshrined in the constitutional text of 1853—six-year terms with possible reelection after an interim period—remained unchanged for almost a century, until President Juan Perón’s constitutional reform of 1949 approved indefinite presidential reelection, which allowed Perón to become reelected immediately. However, the regime instability prevailing after 1930 de facto shortened the term of (elected and unelected) presidents until re-democratization in 1983. Regime stability was then recovered, though presidential instability persisted. The constitutional term limit rule—two consecutive (four-year) presidential terms, then an interim period—adopted by consensus in the constitutional reform of 1994, remains stable.
The Politics of Presidential Term Limits in Central America
Authors: Muñoz-Portillo Juan , Treminio Ilka 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies presidential term limits—understood as limits on presidential re-elections and term lengths—in four Central American electoral democracies: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Its contribution is threefold. First, it explains the evolution of these institutions as part of the political development process of these polities after independence from Spain. Second, the chapter conducts two emblematic case studies of the politics of recent term limits reforms in Latin America via constitutional reviews: Costa Rica (1999–2003) and Honduras (2009 and 2015). Finally, it examines the consequences of term limits for democracy and policymaking. In this regard, it argues that term lengths affect policymaking in Costa Rica and Honduras, and that the political institutions in these countries combined with the popularity of ex-presidents make presidential re-elections possible. In contrast, in El Salvador and Guatemala the influence of term limits is offset by formal and informal constraints.
Illuminating the Saint
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 establishes the relationship between Radegund’s foundations after her death. The abbesses engaged in the local community especially with their dependent canons at the church of Sainte-Radegonde. The nuns of Sainte-Croix cultivated friendships with Frankish monarchs and created an illuminated manuscript of Radegund’s vitae that presented the saint and her community as powerful, relevant, and well-connected. These illuminations emphasized that the foundress had willingly embraced claustration, a choice that positively reflected upon the monastic life and power of the nuns living in her community. They stressed Radegund’s ability to work miracles, and located that miraculous power with Sainte-Croix. This presentation of Radegund’s identity trumpeted the glory of Sainte-Croix and the power of a female monastic. Visible on the abbey church’s altar to the canons of Sainte-Radegonde and visiting patrons, the illuminations presented a powerful image of female authority at a time when the position of Sainte-Croix’s abbesses was threatened.
Disputing Privileges
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines disputes between the abbess of Sainte-Croix, canons of Sainte-Radegonde, and the bishop of Poitiers over jurisdiction and privileges between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries. Poitiers’ spatial, administrative, and mental orientation had shifted to give greater power to the Count and bishop, enhance Sainte-Radegonde’s canons’ status, and place new pressures on the nuns. When the canons resisted the abbess’s claims, she appealed to the papacy to defend their privileges. The pope supported Sainte-Croix’s abbesses’ authority, despite the supposed misogyny of the eleventh- and twelfth-century reform, and encouraged the bishop to intervene on the abbesses’ behalf. Poitiers’ bishop was also a rival to the abbess, however, complicating his response. Chapter 4 demonstrates that the gendering of authority in the high Middle Ages was complicated for both men and women, and that Sainte-Croix’s abbesses constantly sought ways to muster support from allies who were eager to demonstrate power.
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Jennifer C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Introduction sketches Superior Women’s argument that the abbesses of Sainte-Croix relied upon two complementary strategies in claiming and exercising their authority throughout the medieval period: relying first for support from a network of allies made up of male officials, and second on cultural artifacts related to the abbey’s founder Saint Radegund to engage new patrons and supporters. The chapter situates this argument in the existing scholarship on medieval women and gender and of medieval monasticism and hagiography, particularly examining existing narratives about monastic women and authority. The status of Sainte-Croix’s abbesses remained consistent across the millennium of this study, largely as a result of their consistent use of these two strategies.
Landscape Genetics
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Landscape genetics explores how the microevolutionary processes of gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection interact with environmental heterogeneity to shape population genetic structure. This chapter begins with a review of the various types of genetic data used in population and landscape genetics and discusses how these data are used to estimate genetic variation (heterozygosity) and gene flow among populations. From there, the chapter considers how population genetic structure can be assayed, which then segues into an analysis of the landscape correlates of population genetic structure, the identification of movement corridors and barriers to gene flow, and the relative effects of current versus historical landscape factors on population genetic structure. The chapter concludes with an overview of evolutionary landscape genetics, by considering the adaptive potential of populations in response to future landscape and climatic changes.
Introduction
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1, “Introduction: What is molecular population genetics?,” presents the motivations, applications, and historical context for molecular population genetics as a subdiscipline within biology. It describes how changes to DNA are inextricably woven into thinking about evolution and how molecular population genetics can be used to transport our thinking backward and forward through time. Key classic theoretical ideas summarizing allele frequency change, probability of fixation, and the time to fixation are encapsulated in brief vignettes. Both fundamental and applied uses of molecular population genetic perspectives are summarized in this survey of the historical, conceptual, and empirical development of the branch of science that we call population genetics and its integration with DNA sequences.
The origins of molecular diversity
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At its simplest, evolution is change in the relative abundance of alternative alleles, from one generation to the next. But where do these different alleles come from? As the ultimate origin of all genetic novelty, the input of new mutations into a population forms the critical first step for incorporating biological detail into how we conceive of genome evolution. Chapter 2, “The origins of molecular diversity,” summarizes the many mechanisms of mutation, the distribution of fitness effects, and how to characterize mutational processes themselves in conceptual models. It covers point mutations, indels, microsatellites, transposable elements, and other mutation types in the context of the genetic code and gene duplication, as well as the role of mutation accumulation experiments in understanding mutation rates and fitness effects. The infinite alleles, infinite sites, and stepwise mutation models are summarized, along with the concept of homoplasy and complexities to the mutation process in nature. These important extra pieces of biological realism connect more closely the mechanisms of evolution to show the path toward a deeper analysis of genomes.
Quantifying genetic variation at the molecular level
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Quantifying genetic variation at the molecular level,” introduces quantitative methods for measuring variation directly in DNA sequences to help decipher fundamental properties of populations and what they can tell us about evolution. It provides an overview of the evolutionary factors that contribute to genetic variation, like mutational input, effective population size, genetic drift, migration rate, and models of migration. This chapter surveys the principal ways to measure and summarize polymorphisms within a single population and across multiple populations of a species, including heterozygosity, nucleotide polymorphism estimators of θ, the site frequency spectrum, and FST, and by providing illustrative natural examples. Populations are where evolution starts, after mutations arise as the spark of population genetic variation, and Chapter 3 describes how to quantify the variation to connect observations to predictions about how much polymorphism there ought to be under different circumstances.
Natural selection and demography as causes of molecular non-randomness
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7, “Natural selection and demography as causes of molecular non-randomness,” outlines the predictable molecular evolutionary patterns that arise when the Neutral Theory has its assumptions violated. It summarizes predictions about genetic variation, the shape of genealogies, and the accumulation of divergence between lineages when natural selection and non-standard demographic scenarios occur in populations. This chapter provides an overview of the general, qualitative impacts on molecular population genetic data by positive selection, purifying selection, and balancing selection, as well as by demographic population growth, contraction, and subdivision. It covers the concepts of selective sweeps, genetic hitchhiking, and background selection, placed in a heuristic context of skews in polymorphism, genealogies, the site frequency spectrum, and distinct metrics of divergence. This chapter also summarizes the consequences of genetic linkage to sex chromosomes and plastid genomes. This overview builds up intuition about selection, demography, and genome organization as important molecular population genetic factors that motivate further analysis with quantitative tests of neutrality.
Molecular deviants
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8, “Molecular deviants: sequence signatures of selection and demography,” dives into the logic and mechanics of some of the most common tests of neutrality to show how and why data can reveal differences from the predictions of the standard neutral model. It introduces approaches based on skewed patterns of polymorphism alone, including Tajima’s D test, and on differentiation or divergence alone, like the Lewontin-Krakauer, Population Branch Statistic (PBS), and KA / KS relative-rates tests. Chapter 8 also covers tests of neutrality that integrate information from both within and between species, including the HKA-test and McDonald-Kreitman (MK) test. The logic for other tests of neutrality also is introduced, including ABBA-BABA, Composite Likelihood Ratio (CLR), Extended Haplotype Homozygosity (EHH), and other approaches. Practical implications of ancestral polymorphism and slightly deleterious polymorphisms are discussed, for example, in calculating and interpreting the neutrality index and fraction of positively selected sites (α). The goal of this chapter is to explain the logic of methods applied to molecular population genetic data to read the story of evolutionary history from the genome.
The Tripartite Model
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction and overview of the Tripartite Model of group duties. It opens by giving some real-world examples of attributions of duties to groups. It then provides an overview of the Tripartite Model, which is designed to assess and guide such attributions. This is the model that will be defended and detailed in later chapters. The chapter differentiates the issue of group duties from the issues of group causal responsibility and group moral retrospective responsibility. The three categories of the Tripartite Model—combinations, coalitions, and collectives—are described. Finally, the chapter elaborates on the book’s conception of duties and the range of questions that the Tripartite Model aims to answer.
Arguments for Combinations’ and Coalitions’ Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines six arguments in favour of the idea that combinations and coalitions are apt to bear duties. The first five arguments assert that combinations’ or coalitions’ duties are the best way to solve some problem: the problem of explaining individuals’ duties, of explaining intuitions about group responsibility, of capturing convictions, of distributing the duties correlative to human rights, or of avoiding overdemandingness. The sixth argument claims that some combinations or some coalitions are moral agents—and are, therefore, apt to bear duties by their very nature. Each of the six arguments is shown to be problematic. The result is a stalemate: we have no compelling arguments in favour of combinations’ and coalitions’ propensity to bear duties, yet we also have no arguments against that propensity.
Coordination Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Given that combinations and coalitions cannot have duties, how are we to charitably reconstruct attributions of duties to them? This chapter answers by using the notion of responsiveness: the notion of one agent acting upon one another with a view to the second agent being responsive to reasons. In cases where a morally important outcome could be produced by each of several agents being responsive, each agent incurs a duty to be responsive with a view to that outcome. These are ‘responsiveness duties’. In cases where a morally important outcome could be produced by a collective agent, where that collective agent could be produced by each of several agents being responsive, each agent incurs a duty to be responsive with a view to producing the collective agent. These are ‘collectivization duties’. Responsiveness duties and collectivization are two species of ‘coordination duty’. Coordination duties are held by singular agents and do not require the positing of any group duty.
Discrimination and Subordination
Authors: Moreau Sophia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops an original account of what unjust subordination consists in. It then uses this account to argue that both direct and indirect discrimination are often wrongful because of their contribution to unjust subordination. The chapter begins by arguing that we need to move away from individualistic conceptions of subordination and to consider subordination as something that happens to a person by virtue of her membership in social groups. It then lays out a set of four common and morally salient features of situations in which one social group is subordinated by others, and it uses these to help analyze cases of discrimination. In particular, the chapter calls attention to the role of “structural accommodations.” These are policies, practices, and physical structures that tacitly accommodate a more privileged group’s needs at the expense of subordinated groups. Structural accommodations help us understand how indirect discrimination, too, can be wrongfully subordinating.
Learning from East Asia
Authors: Poon Daniel , Kozul-Wright Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of China’s institutional and policy learning efforts to move from a centrally planned to a development-state model of structural transformation. What distinguishes China’s experience—as in the case of other East Asian countries—in successfully building and upgrading local sectors and firms lies not so much with a unique set of policy tools, as a willingness to experiment with those tools and to attach performance criteria that helped guide the behavior of firms towards wider national development objectives. While many other developing countries under structural adjustment programmes quickly adopted export promotion, China was closely studying East Asian countries in its transition by strategically blending an export push with selective import substitution. In short, Chinese policymakers had direct experience on how powerful industrial policies could be misused, but this did not stop them from actively trying to find better ways of using them. Doing so was a matter of political economy.
Meiji Japan
Authors: Ohno Kenichi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Japan transformed itself from an agro-based feudal society to one of the leading industrial nations of the world. This was attained by aggressive learning and local adaptations of Western technology. Meiji Japan’s learning began with simple methods such as book study and turnkey projects directed by foreign advisers, but in time progressed to the generation of a large number of proficient Japanese engineers, analysis and copy production of imported machinery, and selective acquisition of frontline technology through licensing, technical cooperation agreements, and joint ventures with foreign giants. In most cases, the Japanese side quickly mastered the technology offered and graduated from foreign help. Country ownership in technology transfer also increased over time. Private dynamism inherited from previous periods was the main driver of technology learning while policies of the Meiji government were mostly appropriate and supportive of private effort.