bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum principle for optimal control of McKean‐Vlasov FBSDEs with Lévy process via the differentiability with respect to probability law
Authors: Meherrem Shahlar , Hafayed Mokhtar 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we study stochastic optimal control problem for general McKean‐Vlasov–type forward‐backward differential equations driven by Teugels martingales, associated with some Lévy process having moments of all orders, and an independent Brownian motion. The coefficients of the system depend on the state of the solution process as well as of its probability law and the control variable. We establish a set of necessary conditions in the form of Pontryagin maximum principle for the optimal control. We also give additional conditions, under which the necessary optimality conditions turn out to be sufficient. The proof of our main result is based on the differentiability with respect to probability law and a corresponding Itô formula.
Frustration mit erstaunlicher Wirkung
Authors: Tsirlin Alexander A. , Gegenwart Philipp 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungQuantenspinflüssigkeiten können sich in frustrierten Magneten bilden. Dort verhindern konkurrierende magnetische Wechselwirkungen die üblicherweise auftretende magnetische Ordnung. Trotzdem fluktuieren die Spins korreliert, was Spinflüssigkeiten auszeichnet. Quanteneffekte dominieren die Eigenschaften von Quantenspinflüssigkeiten, etwa die gegenseitige Verschränkung von benachbarten Spins. Die Anregungen von Quantenspinflüssigkeiten unterscheiden sich fundamental von normalen Spinwellen. Sie gelten als aussichtsreich für zukünftige Anwendungen in der Quanteninformations‐Technologie. Materialien mit starker Spin‐Bahn‐Wechselwirkung bieten neue Ansätze für eine Realisierung von Quantenspinflüssigkeits‐Verhalten.
Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Lee Woo-Suk , Kim Hwan Jin , Kim Kang-Il , Kim Gi Beom , Jin Wook 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the focus of an emerging treatment for osteoarthritis. However, few studies reported about outcomes of an intra-articular injection of autologous adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of a single intra-articular injection of AD-MSCs for patients with knee osteoarthritis. It was a prospective double-blinded, randomized controlled, phase IIb clinical trial. AD-MSCs were administered for 12 patients (MSC group), and the group was compared with 12 knees with injection of normal saline (control group) up to 6 months. All procedures were performed in the outpatient clinic. Primary outcome measure was the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index (WOMAC) score. Secondary outcome measure included various clinical and radiologic examination, and safety after injection. Change of cartilage defect after injection was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Single injection of AD-MSCs led to a significant improvement of the WOMAC score at 6 months. In the control group, there was no significant change in the WOMAC score at 6 months. No serious adverse events were observed in both groups during the follow-up period. In MRI, there was no significant change of cartilage defect at 6 months in MSC group whereas the defect in the control group was increased. An intra-articular injection of autologous AD-MSCs provided satisfactory functional improvement and pain relief for patients with knee osteoarthritis in the outpatient setting, without causing adverse events at 6 months’ follow-up. Larger sample size and long-term follow-up are required. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:504–511
Effect of the shear layer on the etching behavior of 6060 aluminum extrusion alloys
Authors: Lutz Alexander , Lapeire Linsey , Nguyen‐Minh Tuan , Verbeken Kim , Terryn Herman , De Graeve Iris 
Published: March 2019

The occurrence of preferential grain etching (PGE) during alkaline etching of aluminum extrusion alloys from the 6XXX series is often linked to the presence of certain impurity elements such as zinc, causing an undesired etching appearance. In the presented work, an additional culprit in this context is identified, which has not been investigated yet. A clear relation between PGE and the presence of a subsurface shear layer is identified for extruded Al 6060 alloys containing 0.02 and 0.06 wt% Zn. This shear layer can be distinguished from the bulk of the metal by its difference in crystallographic texture as visualized by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). For the Zn enriched alloy, the <111>//ND grains are etched away faster than grains with other orientations, resulting in the grainy appearance typical for PGE. Independent of the Zn content in the alloy, once the shear layer is removed and <111>//ND grains are practically absent on the new surface, the depths variations caused by preferential etching disappear. Instead, the surface of the alloy is attacked uniformly by the caustic etch bath.
Dual Activities of Nano Silver Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Clove Leaf Extracts: Hg2+ Sensing and Catalytic Degradation
Authors: Sahu Deepak , Sahoo Gyanaranjan , Mohapatra Priyaranjan , Swain Sarat K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSilver nanoparticles embedded reduced graphene oxide (rGO−Ag) nanocomposites are synthesized by green technique using clove leaf aqueous extract as reducing agent. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) at 410 nm in rGO−Ag nanocomposites is analysed by UV–visible spectroscopy. The intensity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of Ag NPs in rGO−Ag nanocomposites is decreased with addition of Hg2+ ion at small interval of time. This is due to the occurrence of redox reaction between Ag(0) and Hg2+ and also for the formation Ag/Hg amalgam. The lower limit of detection (LOD) of rGO−Ag nanocomposites for Hg2+ ion is found to be 9.5 nM. Moreover, the rGO−Ag nanocomposites may be used as catalyst for degradation of methylene blue (MB) by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at ambient temperature. The adsorption efficiency of methylene blue is increased due to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction along with π–π stacking between the catalyst and the dye molecules. The methylene blue is degraded within a small time due to large surface area and more number of active sites of rGO−Ag nanocomposites. The as‐synthesized nanocomposite is a potential hybrid material having dual activity as Hg2+ sensing and catalytic behaviour in degradation of methylene blue.
Glycerol Esterification to Glyceryl Diacetate over SO42−/W‐Zr Complex Solid Super Acid Catalysts
Authors: Lei Qifeng , Li Duo , Li Ji‐Fan , Liu Chun‐Ling , Xu Chunli , Dong Wen‐Sheng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA series of SO42−/W−Zr catalysts with different W/Zr mole ratios were synthesized by solvent evaporation self‐assembly followed by impregnation of sulfuric acid. The catalysts were examined in the glycerol esterification with acetic acid, and fully characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XPS, NH3‐TPD, H2O‐TPD and pyridine adsorption infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that W/Zr mole ratio and calcination temperature significantly affected the structure, acidity and catalytic performance of the catalysts. SO42−/W−Zr(1:1)‐500 (with a W/Zr mole ratio of 1:1, calcined at 500 °C) exhibited the highest catalytic activity, which is mainly due to the fact that the catalyst had more acidic sites and good water tolerance. In addition, the catalyst also showed excellent recyclability, in five repeated runs the conversion of glycerol and yields of products remained stable.
Stereo‐Defined Synthetic Route to (E)‐ and (Z)‐Tamoxifen Derived from(E)‐1‐Bromo‐2‐iodoalkenes.
Authors: Fujii Yoshino , Tamura Yuka , Hashimoto Nako , Endo Naoki , Iwasawa Tetsuo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStraightforwardly stereo‐defined syntheses of (E)‐ and (Z)‐Tamoxifens were described, including a description of chemo‐selective activation of (E)‐1‐bromo‐2‐iodoalkenes. The (E)‐1‐bromo‐2‐iodoalkenes were employed as starting materials; first, the vinylic iodine was transformed into a phenyl group with employing CuTC and PhSnBu3 reagents. Then the resultant vinylic bromine undertook Suzuki reaction to afford an all‐carbon tetrasubstituted olefin; finally, the phenol‐protective group was converted into the corresponding amino‐moiety. The stereochemistry of the initial (E)‐1‐bromo‐2‐iodoalkenes was fully retained throughout. Thus, it would provide us a new entry for preparation of Tamoxifens and its related compounds.
Sicherheit, Robustheit, Duktilität, Ermüdungssicherheit und Dauerhaftigkeit der Tragwerke – eine Grundsatzdiskussion
Authors: Geißler Karsten 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHerrn Prof. Dr.‐Ing. habil. Wolfgang Graße zur Vollendung des 80. Lebensjahres gewidmetWissenschaftler und Ingenieure bauen immer auf Wissen und Erfahrungen vorheriger Generationen auf. Deshalb ist es ein großes Glück, wenn man ein wichtiges Stück auf dem oft schwierigen Weg der Erkenntnis geführt wurde. Dies verpflichtet zu großem Dank.Robustheit, Duktilität und Dauerhaftigkeit sollte der Ingenieur neben der Zuverlässigkeit immer im Hinterkopf haben, wenn er ein Tragwerk entwirft. Deshalb werden die Grundlagen des Sicherheitskonzepts für Tragwerke in Verbindung mit diesen wichtigen Einflussgrößen werkstoffübergreifend diskutiert. Hauptziel des Aufsatzes ist, die im Titel angesprochenen und oft unabhängig voneinander diskutierten Aspekte qualitativ aus Sicht des Bauingenieurs darzustellen und quantitative Verknüpfungen herauszuarbeiten.Es wird erläutert, wie die erforderliche Bauteil‐Zuverlässigkeit – als Zielwert der Bemessung sowie aktuell häufig auch der Nachrechnung – innerhalb eines Tragsystems, abhängig von dessen Redundanzen und der Duktilität der Bauteile, ohne Minderung der Ziel‐Zuverlässigkeit des Tragwerks rechnerisch modifiziert werden kann. Die Theorie zur Berechnung der Wahrscheinlichkeit der vorhandenen Duktilität eines Bauteils wird für den allgemeinen Fall hybrider Bauteile angegeben und damit die Grundlage beschrieben, wie duktiles Verhalten gegenüber verformungsarmem Verhalten hinsichtlich der erforderlichen Sicherheitsbeiwerte abzustufen ist. Weiterhin wird dargelegt, wie ausreichende Duktilität der Bauteile als notwendige Bedingung für die Ausnutzung von Umlagerungsvermögen innerhalb des Tragsystems direkt in die Berechnung der Versagenswahrscheinlichkeit des Tragsystems einfließen kann.
2019 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Authors:   Alzheimer's Association
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report examines the use of brief cognitive assessments by primary care physicians as a tool for improving early detection of dementia. An estimated 5.8 million Americans have Alzheimer's dementia. By mid‐century, the number of people living with Alzheimer's dementia in the United States may grow to 13.8 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. In 2017, official death certificates recorded 121,404 deaths from AD, making AD the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age ≥65 years. Between 2000 and 2017, deaths resulting from stroke, heart disease, and prostate cancer decreased, whereas reported deaths from AD increased 145%. In 2018, more than 16 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.5 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias. This care is valued at nearly $234 billion, but its costs extend to family caregivers' increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age ≥65 years with Alzheimer's or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions. Total payments in 2019 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age ≥65 years with dementia are estimated to be $290 billion. Early detection of Alzheimer's offers numerous medical, emotional and financial benefits—benefits that accrue to affected individuals and their families as well as to society at large. Alzheimer's Association surveys regarding brief cognitive assessments for detection of dementia found that while a large majority of seniors and primary care physicians say the assessments are important, only half of seniors have received an assessment, and only 16 percent of seniors receive regular cognitive assessments. Many educational opportunities exist to facilitate increased use of brief cognitive assessments in the primary care setting.
Databases for Specialized Audiences: An Exploration of Online Access to the Nontextual Features of Greek New Testament Manuscripts
Authors: Toumpouri Marina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSince the beginning of the century, the digitization of medieval manuscripts has been a major concern of institutions in the possession of such material. This has led to the massive production of digital surrogates for online display. Preservation condition and temporal and spatial limitations are no longer restrictions for accessing these objects, making them easily available to a potentially larger public than before. The databases created for hosting the surrogates are designed for different categories of audience, with various standards in mind and different levels of technical sophistication. Although primarily accessed for the texts they bear, the digital surrogates of manuscripts are also the object of study of a specialized group of users interested in their physical features. This review will discuss whether databases that comprise digital surrogates of Greek New Testament manuscripts built by different types of institutions are efficient in addressing the needs of this admittedly small audience. I examine questions of content, interface, organization, and rationales behind the choices of their creators.
Characterisation and correlates of stunting among Malaysian children and adolescents aged 6–19 years
Authors: Partap Uttara , Young Elizabeth H. , Allotey Pascale , Sandhu Manjinder S. , Reidpath Daniel D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite emerging evidence regarding the reversibility of stunting at older ages, most stunting research continues to focus on children below 5 years of age. We aimed to assess stunting prevalence and examine the sociodemographic distribution of stunting risk among older children and adolescents in a Malaysian population.MethodsWe used cross-sectional data on 6759 children and adolescents aged 6–19 years living in Segamat, Malaysia. We compared prevalence estimates for stunting defined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) references, using Cohen's κ coefficient. Associations between sociodemographic indices and stunting risk were examined using mixed-effects Poisson regression with robust standard errors.ResultsThe classification of children and adolescents as stunted or normal height differed considerably between the two references (CDC v. WHO; κ for agreement: 0.73), but prevalence of stunting was high regardless of reference (crude prevalence: CDC 29.2%; WHO: 19.1%). Stunting risk was approximately 19% higher among underweight v. normal weight children and adolescents (p = 0.030) and 21% lower among overweight children and adolescents (p = 0.001), and decreased strongly with improved household drinking water sources [risk ratio (RR) for water piped into house: 0.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.30–0.41, p < 0.001). Protective effects were also observed for improved sanitation facilities (RR for flush toilet: 0.41, 95% CI 0.19–0.88, p = 0.023). Associations were not materially affected in multiple sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsOur findings justify a framework for strategies addressing stunting across childhood, and highlight the need for consensus on a single definition of stunting in older children and adolescents to streamline monitoring efforts.
Mixing hot and cold with sound
Authors: Nama Nitesh 
Published: March 2019

An acoustically forced fluid system is known to generate a time-averaged mean, or streaming, flow that evolves on a slow time scale compared to the acoustic-wave period. Classical acoustic streaming in a homogeneous fluid is typically associated with a one-way coupled system wherein the oscillatory acoustic fields inform the streaming mean flow, without any appreciable feedback. In contrast, Michel & Chini (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 858, 2019, pp. 536–564) investigate acoustic streaming in a stratified fluid and demonstrate that the streaming is sufficiently strong to induce significant rearrangements of the background temperature and density fields, resulting in a strong coupling between the acoustic waves and mean flow. This new class of streaming, referred to as baroclinic acoustic streaming, is shown to result in altered streaming patterns with enhanced heat transport that makes possible a range of new applications.
Profitable inefficiency: the politics of port infrastructure in Mombasa, Kenya
Authors: Lamarque Hugh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article examines the distribution of power among public, private and criminal interests invested in Mombasa port. It approaches Kenya as a gatekeeper state, in which national elites compete to control the country's points of interaction with the rest of the world. Mombasa's controversial private dry ports are used to highlight (1) how the opportunity to profit from inefficiencies in container storage has been distributed among the political elite, and (2) how the development of the country's principal seaport not only reflects Kenya's underlying political settlements, but is one of the key sites in which those settlements are tested and reshaped. The case exposes a dynamic interaction between Kenya's shifting political settlement on the one hand, and the gate itself – Mombasa port's physical infrastructure and regulations – on the other.
Politics or management? Analysing differences in local implementation performance of the EU Ambient Air Quality directive
Authors: Bondarouk Elena , Liefferink Duncan , Mastenbroek Ellen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAs far as local governments are responsible for the practical implementation of many European Union (EU) policies, they codetermine member states’ EU compliance records and the fate of EU legislation. Yet, they do so in remarkably different ways, as exemplified by the variegated implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC by Dutch municipalities. Taking guidance from the literature on EU compliance, in this article we explain the differences in local implementation performance based on the political and managerial approaches. Understanding which of the two approaches drives different local responses to EU policy bears consequences for the appropriate remedy for nonimplementation. Four municipalities were purposefully selected along with the two-by-two implementation performance scoring matrix in the realm of air quality. A comparative within-case analysis specifies how political explanations outweigh managerial explanations in accounting for variation in implementation performance and distils ‘policy saliency’ as the driving causal mechanism.
Assisted living facilities as sites of encounter: implications for older adults’ experiences of inclusion and exclusion
Authors: Herron Rachel V. , Funk L. M. , Spencer D. , Wrathall M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMost of the existing literature on inclusion and exclusion among older adults focuses on community-dwelling individuals. In this article, we draw on the results of a comparative case study to explore how older adults in two assisted living settings experience inclusion and exclusion. One site was a low-income facility and the other a higher-end facility in a mid-sized Canadian city. Bridging together geographies of encounter and gerontological approaches on social inclusion, we analyse interviews with tenants and key informants to explore when, where and in what ways these groups experience inclusion and exclusion in these particular settings. Tenants’ narratives reveal how their encounters, and in turn their experiences of exclusion and inclusion are shaped by experiences throughout their lifecourse, the organisation of assisted living spaces, communities beyond the facility, and pervasive discourses of ageism and ‘dementiaism’. We argue that addressing experiences of exclusion for older adults within these settings involves making more time and space for positive encounters and addressing pervasive discourses around ageism and ‘dementiaism’ among tenants and staff.
Speech development in preschool children: evaluating the contribution of phonological short-term and phonological working memory
Authors: WARING Rebecca , RICKARD LIOW Susan , EADIE Patricia , DODD Barbara 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests domain-general processes, including working memory, may contribute to reduced speech production skills in young children. This study compared the phonological short-term (pSTM) and phonological working memory (pWM) abilities of 50 monolingual English-speaking children between 3;6 and 5;11 with typical speech production skills and percentage consonant correct (PCC) standard scores of 12 and above (n = 22) and typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11 (n = 28). A multiple hierarchical regression was also conducted to determine whether pSTM and/or pWM could predict PCC. Children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of 12 and above had better pWM abilities than children with typical speech production skills and PCC standard scores of between 8 and 11. pSTM ability was similar in both groups. pWM accounted for 5.3% variance in overall phonological accuracy. Implications of phonological working memory in speech development are discussed.
What are the effects of vitamin C on sperm functional properties during direct swim-up procedure?
Authors: Raad Georges , Mansour Joyce , Ibrahim Rim , Azoury Jessica , Azoury Joan , Mourad Youmna , Fakih Chadi , Azoury Joseph 
Published: March 2019

SummaryDirect swim-up procedure is widely used to separate the motile competent spermatozoa from the antioxidant-rich semen. Subsequently, spermatozoa become more vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their cytological characteristics. The effect of vitamin C, a highly concentrated antioxidant in the semen, on direct swim-up-enriched sperm population is not fully investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of vitamin C on sperm functional properties during direct swim-up procedure. Semen samples were collected from 22 participants. Each semen sample was divided into several aliquots. The first portion was overlaid with sperm medium without ascorbic acid (0 µM AA). The second and third fractions were overlaid with sperm medium supplemented with 300 µM and 600 µM AA; respectively. After 1 h of incubation, basic sperm parameters, intracellular ROS levels, acrosome reaction, chromatin integrity, and glucose uptake were assessed. Swim-up without AA significantly increased the percentage of ROS(+) spermatozoa compared with the raw semen (P&lt;0.01). Interestingly, swim-up with 300 µM AA did not increase the percentage of ROS(+) sperm compared with the raw semen. In parallel, the percentage of sperm with altered chromatin integrity was significantly lower in the 300 µM AA group compared with that in the raw semen (P&lt;0.05). These findings suggest that supplementation of vitamin C to sperm medium could be beneficial for direct swim-up-derived spermatozoa.