bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organoruthenium Prodrugs as a New Class of Cholinesterase and Glutathione‐S‐Transferase Inhibitors
Authors: Ristovski Samuel , Uzelac Monika , Kljun Jakob , Lipec Tanja , Uršič Matija , Zemljič Jokhadar Špela , Žužek Monika C. , Trobec Tomaž , Frangež Robert , Sepčić Kristina , Turel Iztok 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA small library of 17 organoruthenium compounds with the general formula [RuII(fcl)(chel)(L)]n+ (in which fcl=face capping ligand, chel=chelating bidentate ligand, and L=monodentate ligand) were screened for inhibitory activity against cholinesterases and glutathione‐S‐transferases of human and animal origins. Compounds were selected to include different chelating ligands (i.e., N,N‐, N,O‐, O,O‐, S,O‐) and monodentate ligands that can modulate the aquation rate of the metal species. Compounds with a labile ruthenium chloride bond that provided rapid aquation were found to inhibit both sets of enzymes in reversible competitive modes and at pharmaceutically relevant concentrations. When applied at concentrations that completely abolish the activity of human acetylcholinesterase, the lead compound [(η6‐p‐cymene)Ru(pyrithionato)Cl] (C1 a) showed no undesirable physiological responses on the neuromuscular system. Finally, C1 a was not cytotoxic against non‐transformed cells at pharmaceutically relevant concentrations.
A novel method to generate dynamic boundary conditions for airway CFD by mapping upper airway movement with non‐rigid registration of dynamic and static MRI
Authors: Bates Alister J. , Schuh Andreas , McConnell Keith , Williams Brynne M. , Lanier J. Matthew , Willmering Matthew M. , Woods Jason C. , Fleck Robert J. , Dumoulin Charles L. , Amin Raouf S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow in the human airways have the potential to provide a great deal of information that can aid clinicians in case management and surgical decision making, such as airway resistance, energy expenditure, airflow distribution, heat and moisture transfer, and particle deposition, as well as the change in each of these due to surgical interventions. However, the clinical relevance of CFD simulations has been limited to date, as previous models either did not incorporate neuromuscular motion or any motion at all. Many common airway pathologies, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and tracheomalacia, involve large movements of the structures surrounding the airway, such as the tongue and soft palate. Airway wall motion may be due to many factors including neuromuscular motion, internal aerodynamic forces, and external forces such as gravity. Therefore, to realistically model these airway diseases, a method is required to derive the airway wall motion, whatever the cause, and apply it as a boundary condition to CFD simulations.This paper presents and validates a novel method of capturing in vivo motion of airway walls from magnetic resonance images with high spatiotemporal resolution, through a novel combination of non‐rigid image, surface, and surface‐normal‐vector registration. Coupled with image‐synchronous pneumotachography, this technique provides the necessary boundary conditions for dynamic CFD simulations of breathing, allowing the effect of the airway's complex motion to be calculated for the first time, in both normal subjects and those with conditions such as OSA.
Exciton Emission and Light‐Induced Charge Separation in Colloidal ZnO Nanocrystals
Authors: Kocsis Krisztina , Niedermaier Matthias , Schwab Thomas , Kasparek Vitek , Berger Thomas , Diwald Oliver 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAdsorption of organic molecules at ZnO nanoparticle surfaces enables the transfer of energy or charge across resulting organic–inorganic interfaces and, consequently, determines the optoelectronic performance of ZnO‐based hybrids. We investigated adsorption‐induced changes with photoluminescence (PL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on aqueous colloidal ZnO dispersions. Citrate and acetate ion adsorption increases or decreases radiative exciton annihilation at hν=3.3 eV and at room temperature, respectively. Searching for a correspondence between PL emission and the yield of trapped charge carriers originating from exciton separation (using photon energies of hν=4.6 eV and fluxes of ṄPh=1014 cm−2 s−1 for excitation), we found that there is a negligible fraction of paramagnetic products that originates from exciton separation. Upon polychromatic excitation with significantly higher photon fluxes (ṄPh=1016 cm−2 s−1), ZnO‐specific shallow defects trap unpaired electrons in citrate‐ and acetate‐functionalized samples. The adsorption‐dependent PL intensity changes and the excitation parameter dependent yield of separated charges (EPR) in colloidal ZnO nanoparticles underline that the distribution over the different exciton annihilation channels sensitively depends on interface composition and the intensity of the photoexcitation light.
Soil multifunctionality and drought resistance are determined by plant structural traits in restoring grassland
Authors: Fry Ellen L. , Savage Joanna , Hall Amy L. , Oakley Simon , Pritchard W. J. , Ostle Nicholas J. , Pywell Richard F. , Bullock James M. , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIt is increasingly recognized that belowground responses to vegetation change are closely linked to plant functional traits. However, our understanding is limited concerning the relative importance of different plant traits for soil functions and of the mechanisms by which traits influence soil properties in the real world. Here we test the hypothesis that taller species, or those with complex rooting structures, are associated with high rates of nutrient and carbon (C) cycling in grassland. We further hypothesized that communities dominated by species with deeper roots may be more resilient to drought. These hypotheses were tested in a 3‐yr grassland restoration experiment on degraded ex‐arable land in southern England. We sowed three trait‐based plant functional groups, assembled using database derived values of plant traits, and their combinations into bare soil. This formed a range of plant trait syndromes onto which we superimposed a simulated drought 2 yr after initial establishment. We found strong evidence that community weighted mean (CWM) of plant height is negatively associated with soil nitrogen cycling and availability and soil multifunctionality. We propose that this was due to an exploitative resource capture strategy that was inappropriate in shallow chalk soils. Further, complexity of root architecture was positively related to soil multifunctionality throughout the season, with fine fibrous roots being associated with greater rates of nutrient cycling. Drought resistance of soil functions including ecosystem respiration, mineralization, and nitrification were positively related to functional divergence of rooting depth, indicating that, in shallow chalk soils, a range of water capture strategies is necessary to maintain functions. Finally, after 3 yr of the experiment, we did not detect any links between the plant traits and microbial communities, supporting the finding that traits based on plant structure and resource foraging capacity are the main variables driving soil function in the early years of grassland conversion. We suggest that screening recently restored grassland communities for potential soil multifunctionality and drought resilience may be possible based on rooting architecture and plant height. These results indicate that informed assembly of plant communities based on plant traits could aid in the restoration of functioning in degraded soil.
Novel disturbance interactions between fire and an emerging disease impact survival and growth of resprouting trees
Authors: Simler Allison B. , Metz Margaret R. , Frangioso Kerri M. , Meentemeyer Ross K. , Rizzo David M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHuman‐altered ecological disturbances may challenge system resilience and disrupt biological legacies maintaining ecosystem recovery. Yet, the extent to which novel regimes challenge these legacies varies. This may be partially explained by differences in the vulnerability of life history strategies to disturbance characteristics. In the fire‐prone, resprouter‐dominated coast redwood forests of California, the introduced disease sudden oak death (SOD) alters fuel profiles, fire behavior, and aboveground tree mortality; however, this system is dominated by resprouting trees that are well‐adapted to aboveground damage, and belowground survival of individuals may represent the principal biological legacy connecting pre‐ and post‐fire communities. Much of the research exploring altered disturbances and forest recovery has focused on legacies determined by seed dispersal and aboveground survival of adults. In this work, we use pre‐ and post‐fire data from a long‐term monitoring network to assess the impacts of novel disturbance interactions between wildfire and SOD on the belowground survival and vegetative reproduction of resprouters. We found that increasing accumulation of coarse woody surface fuels from SOD‐killed hosts decreased the likelihood of belowground survival for resprouting tanoak trees, but not for redwoods. Tanoaks' belowground survival was negatively related to substrate burn severity, which increased with the volume of surface fuels from hosts, suggesting heat damage as a possible mechanism influencing altered patterns of resprouter mortality. These impacts increased with decreasing tree size. By contrast, redwood and tanoak trees that survived both disturbances resprouted more vigorously, regardless of post‐fire infection by P. ramorum, and generated similar recruitment at the stand level. Our results demonstrate that disease–fire interactions can narrow recruitment filters for resprouters, which could impact long‐term population and demographic structure; yet, compounded disturbance may also reduce stand density and disease pressure, allowing competitive release of survivors. Resprouters displayed vulnerabilities to altered disturbance, but our research suggests that legacies maintained by resprouting may be more resilient to certain compounded disturbances, compared to seed‐obligate species, because of high rates of individual survival under increasingly severe events. These trends have important implications for conservation of declining tree species in SOD‐impacted forests, as well as predictions of human impacts in other disturbance‐prone systems where resprouters are present.
Prioritization of 10 organic flame retardants using an avian hepatocyte toxicogenomic assay
Authors: Pagé-Larivière Florence , Chiu Suzanne , Jones Stephanie P. , Farhat Amani , Crump Doug , O'Brien Jason M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

As the number of chemicals developed and used by industry increases, the inherent limitations of traditional toxicology approaches become an unavoidable issue. To help meet the demand for toxicity evaluation, new methods, such as high-throughput toxicity screening, are currently being developed to permit rapid determination of toxic, molecular, and/or biochemical effects of a wide range of chemicals. In the present study, we demonstrate the utility of an avian in vitro toxicogenomics screening approach to determine the cytotoxic and transcriptomic effects of 10 organic flame retardants (OFRs) currently of international priority for ecological risk evaluation to prioritize and inform future toxicological studies. Hepatocytes from 2 avian species, chicken and double-crested cormorant, were prepared and exposed for 24 h to various concentrations (0–300 μM) of the following 10 OFRs: Chemical Abstracts Service registration numbers 29761-21-5, 56803-37-3 (p-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate [BPDP]), 65652-41-7, 68937-41-7 (phenol, isopropylated, phosphate [3:1] [IPPP]), 95906-11-9, 19186-97-1, 26040-51-7, 35948-25-5, 21850-44-2, and 25713-60-4. Cell viability, the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay, and transcriptomic analysis using species-specific ToxChip polymerase chain reaction arrays were performed to evaluate the in vitro effect of these OFRs. Of the 10 OFRs assessed, BPDP and IPPP elicited the strongest cytotoxic and transcriptomic responses in both chicken and double-crested cormorant hepatocytes and are therefore recommended as priority candidates for further wildlife toxicological investigations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3134–3144. © 2018 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Chicken and double-crested cormorant embryonic hepatocytes were exposed to 10 organic flame retardants to determine their in vitro adverse effects.
Alpha electroencephalographic activity during rapid eye movement sleep in the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi): An index of arousal during sleep?
Authors: Cruz‐Aguilar Manuel Alejandro , Hernández‐González Marisela , Guevara Miguel Angel , Hernández‐Arteaga Enrique , Hidalgo Aguirre Rosa María , Amezcua Gutiérrez Claudia del Carmen , Ramírez‐Salado Ignacio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is evidence that some animal species have developed physiological and behavioral mechanisms to monitor potential predatory threats during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Nevertheless, it has not been reported in arboreal primates. The present study analyzed the sleeping postures, as well as the electromyographic and electroencephalographic (EEG) activities during three conditions: REMS, non‐REMS (N‐REMS), and wakefulness in spider monkeys. The study included six monkeys, whose EEGs were recorded at the O1–O2, C3, C4, F3, and F4 derivations to analyze relative power (RP) and interhemispheric, intrahemispheric, frontoposterior, and central‐posterior coherence of frequency bands, which has been considered an index of arousal states. The bands analyzed were theta (4.0–7.0 Hz), alpha1 (8.0–10.5 Hz), alpha2 (11.0–13.5 Hz), and beta (14.0–30.0 Hz). Spider monkeys adopt a vertical posture during sleep, and in REMS a lack of muscular atonia was observed. The RP of the alpha bands at O1–O2 was higher during REMS than that during wakefulness, N‐REMS1, and N‐REMS2. At the C3 derivation, the RP of alpha1 was higher during REMS than that during N‐REMS2. The RP of both alpha bands at the F4 derivation was higher during REMS than that during wakefulness, whereas REMS was characterized by a higher coherence between the F3 and O1–O2 derivations of the alpha2 band. These prevalences and the higher coherence of alpha bands during REMS could represent a correlate of behavioral traits and activated cortical areas related to a possible arousal state in spider monkeys while sleeping.
How can additional secondary data analysis of observational data enhance the generalisability of meta‐analytic evidence for local public health decision making?
Authors: Kneale Dylan , Thomas James , O'Mara‐Eves Alison , Wiggins Richard 
Published: August 2018

This paper critically explores how survey and routinely collected data could aid in assessing the generalisability of public health evidence. We propose developing approaches that could be employed in understanding the relevance of public health evidence, and investigate ways of producing meta‐analytic estimates tailored to reflect local circumstances, based on analyses of secondary data.Currently, public health decision makers face challenges in interpreting global review evidence to assess its meaning in local contexts. A lack of clarity on the definition and scope of generalisability, and the absence of consensus on its measurement, has stunted methodological progress. The consequence of failing to tackle generalisability means that systematic review evidence often fails to fulfil its potential contribution in public health decision making.Three approaches to address these problems are considered and emerging challenges discussed: (1) purposeful exploration after a review has been conducted, and we present a framework of potential avenues of enquiry and a worked example; (2) recalibration of the results to weight studies differentially based on their similarity to conditions in an inference population, and we provide a worked example using UK Census data to understand potential differences in the effectiveness of community engagement interventions among sites in England and Wales; (3) purposeful exploration before starting a review to ensure that the findings are relevant to an inference population. The paper aims to demonstrate how a more nuanced treatment of context in reviews of public health interventions could be achieved through greater engagement with existing large sources of secondary data.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in the Head and Neck: An Evidence‐Based Approach
Authors: Mir Ahsan , Guys Nicholas , Arianpour Khashayar , Svider Peter F. , Rayess Hani , Zuliani Giancarlo , Raza S. Naweed , Lin Hosheng 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo perform an evidence‐based review with recommendations that evaluates the indications and utility of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in the head and neck.MethodsThe authors searched the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant literature. The primary outcome was successful intended use of NPWT, be it for granulation tissue formation, infection control, or complete wound closure. Patient demographics, etiology, and other clinical characteristics were explored. Meta‐analysis of observational studies was used to examine response rates and wound sizes.ResultsFifty‐seven articles encompassing 522 patients were included. The most common etiologies reported included: neoplasm (343 patients [65.7%]), oro‐/pharyngocutaneous fistula (9.8%), infection (10.5%), and trauma (9.6%). The majority of wounds treated were in the neck (61.6%). Potential risk factors that may compromise wound healing were noted in 217 of 522 patients (41.6%). Of these 217 patients, 135 had properly documented risk factors, with the most common being prior irradiation (63%). The overall mean response across studies was 85.7% (95% confidence interval: 0.806–0.896, P < 0.001, I2 = 0 %).ConclusionNegative pressure wound therapy is useful for the management of head and neck wounds and should be considered for patients in whom wound healing is progressing insufficiently, including those with a history of head and neck cancer, oro‐/pharyngocutaenous fistula, and trauma. Randomized controlled trials further comparing NPWT versus other modalities may be invaluable in further delineating its appropriate role. Laryngoscope, 129:671–683, 2019
Blockchain for research: Review
Authors: Hill Tom 
Published: August 2018

Key points
Digital Science's paper is one of the first looking at the application of blockchain technology in scholarly publishing.
Wholesale use of blockchain technologies is suggested as a possible replacement for scholarly publishers.
There remain questions around the adoption of blockchain technologies, including privacy, researcher support, and fraudulent use.
Blockchain technologies may provide a new means of understanding problems and customers' evolving expectations, but careful consideration is required of whether blockchain is the best solution.
Imaginaries of North American lifestyle migrants in Costa Rica
Authors: Morrissey Marietta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe world is currently experiencing an unprecedented wave of migration. Much scholarly and popular attention has been paid to refugees and migrants crossing borders for political and economic reasons. Of increasing interest to investigators is “lifestyle migration,” the movement of individuals from economically advantaged settings in search of improved quality of life. Costa Rica has a relatively large and fluid population of “lifestyle migrants” from the United States and Canada. This paper examines their generalised images and understandings of Costa Rica that combined with personal ones are referred to asimaginariesin the scholarly literature. I consider in particular how these imaginaries are expressed in the publicly available blogs, discussion forums, and Facebook posts of North American lifestyle migrants. Three critical points in the migrant experience are examined: preparation and arrival, the adaptation process, and reconciliation with a new cultural setting or departure.
A General and Simple Method of Preparing Molybdenum‐ Incorporated Silica Nanoparticles as Potential Catalysts for Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Shen Yirui , Jiang Pingping , Wang Ling , Bian Gang , Wai Phyu Thin , Zhang Pingbo , Dong Yuming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMolybdenum incorporated silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a general and simple method and developed as efficient catalysts for epoxidation of alkenes with high performance. The nanoparticles were prepared in mild conditions with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide as template, tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source and triethanolamine as mineralizing agent. Molybdenum precursor was added during the sol‐gel process and transferred to active sites MoO3 after calcination. Remarkably, the shape of silica nanoparticles gradually changed from raspberry to rose with the rising dosage of molybdenum precursor. The materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, inductively coupled plasma‐atom emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) and X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). To determine the reactivity of catalysts, epoxidation of cyclooctene was carried out as a model reaction. After 12 h reaction with H2O2 (50 wt%), above 92% conversion and 95% selectivity were reached. Furthermore, the catalyst still had high conversion (74%) and selectivity (97%) for 4 h epoxidation of cyclooctene even after being recycled for 6 runs.
Patterning Hydrophobic Surfaces by Negative Microcontact Printing and Its Applications
Authors: Wu Han , Wu Liang , Zhou Xiaohu , Liu Baishu , Zheng Bo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHere, a negative microcontact printing method is developed to form hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) patterns with micrometer resolution on hydrophobic including perfluorinated surfaces. In the process of the negative microcontact printing, a uniform PDA thin film is first formed on the hydrophobic surface. An activated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamp is then placed in contact with the PDA‐coated hydrophobic surface. Taking advantage of the difference in the surface energy between the hydrophobic surface and the stamp, PDA is removed from the contact area after the stamp release. As a result, a PDA pattern complementary to the stamp is obtained on the hydrophobic surface. By using the negative microcontact printing, arrays of liquid droplets and single cells are reliably formed on perfluorinated surfaces. Microlens array with tunable focal length for imaging studies is further created based on the droplet array. The negative microcontact printing method is expected to be widely applicable in high‐throughput chemical and biological screening and analysis.