bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain as an Indicator for Stress Fractures in Racehorses
Authors: Soysa Ramesha I. , Munro Deborah 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The horse racing industry, despite its financial significance, grapples with significant welfare issues, particularly stress fractures in racehorses due to rigorous training and competition. Third metacarpal (MC3) bone fractures, constituting about one-third of all limb fractures, severely impact horse health, performance, and welfare. The frequent occurrence of condylar fractures in the MC3, often resulting in bone comminution and complex fragmentation, poses high risks—sometimes necessitating euthanasia, and complicates the management and recovery processes for the rest. There is a lack of comprehensive methods for quantitatively determining fracture risks in horses, with strain measurements on the MC3 bone during racing conditions showing promise as an indicator of high loads and potential fracture risks. The primary long-term objective of this research is to develop implantable sensing technologies that can identify early indicators of potential failure, allowing for proactive management of horse health and minimizing fracture risks. This study investigated the mechanical properties of MC3 bones under high compressive loads using a fixture that secured the bone and mimicked natural conditions. Six MC3 bones from euthanized horses were instrumented with 350 Ω strain gauge rosettes at four key locations: Lateral Condyle (CondL), Medial Condyle (CondM), Dorsal DistoLateral (DisL), and Dorsal DistoMedial (DisM). Each bone underwent a preloading phase and five cycles of 12 kN sinusoidal loading to replicate galloping forces. Strain patterns were observed before and after introducing an artificial slot in the lateral condylar groove to simulate a fatigue crack. A strong correlation was found between load and minimum principal strain in both intact and fatigue crack-induced (FCI) bones, with R-squared values over 0.99. Post-FCI, 83% of bones exhibited an increase in the minimum principal strain-load response slope, indicating uniform changes in material behavior. Additionally, a rise in post-FCI y-intercept values across MC3 locations indicated higher initial strain and possible changes in bone properties.
Research on Optimizing the Propagation Path Search of Individualized Products With Multi-Source Design Changes
Authors: Yang Qin , Ke Dandan , Liu Jiahui , Zheng Jiufeng , Yu Daoyang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The individualization and diversification of customer requirements are gradually affecting the product design and manufacturing process, and the production mode of enterprises is evolving toward customer-oriented mass individualized customization. The change in customer requirements is inevitable in the process of individualized product design, which is the key factor leading to the change in product design. This paper establishes the correlation matrix of individualized product parts and components by mining correlation rules and constructs a correlation network model of these parts based on complex network theory. By comprehensively considering the influence of part nodes and their association relationships within the complex network, the intensity of change propagation is calculated using node importance and the probability of change propagation. The search for multi-source design change propagation paths is conducted through an improved ant colony algorithm, and the impact of customer requirement changes is evaluated using the network change rate as an index. This approach helps enterprises make informed decisions regarding customer requirements.
A Proposed Extension to the Functional Basis for AI/ML-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Valmyr Doreen , Valencia-Romero Ambrosio , McComb Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Modern engineering projects increasingly require designers to use tools to manage complexity. One such tool, functional decomposition, uses the functional basis to aid designers in developing a structured and consistent description of a product or system in terms of functional requirements and desired behavior. However, cyber-physical systems (CPS) that increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) cannot be represented with the necessary degree of nuance and flexibility through the current functional basis. This is an inconvenience to designers especially in an age where the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence is becoming widespread. This paper proposes an extension to the functional basis that includes new flows and functions to better describe the intricacies of AI/ML systems. While this extension provides a significant advancement in representing AI/ML systems within the functional basis, the rapidly evolving nature of AI/ML technologies presents opportunities for further enhancements and expansions of this framework in the future. By creating a more comprehensive representation of cyber-physical systems with AI/ML capabilities, designers can better conceptualize and design these complex systems, facilitating a more consistent, structured, and descriptive functional model.
Reliability Analysis of SAC Solder Under Thermal Fatigue for Encapsulated GaN Packages
Authors: Gandikota Ibaad , Bharamgonda Aniket , Dasgupta Abhijit , McCluskey Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A single-stage dual-active-bridge DC-AC microinverter prototype board with Gallium Nitride (GaN) primary switching devices was designed and assembled for environmental reliability testing. An unpowered temperature cycling test was conducted with an amplitude ranging from −40 to 105°C at a ramp rate of 5°C/min. The electrical testing revealed a failure in the board between 800 and 1000 hours, which was located at the primary devices. Non-destructive failure analysis was performed on the board to determine the failure modes and mechanisms. Using a Confocal Scanning Acoustic Microscope (C-SAM) with a 75MHz transducer, it was determined that failure was located at the solder bumps, and the scans revealed that two of four primary devices, EPC2001C, experienced a solder bump delamination at the gate, source, and drain pads. Hence, it is concluded that the delamination occurred due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between substrate and die.
To understand the failure mechanism and predict the fatigue life of the assembled GaNFET, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation was performed using ANSYS structural models, where the sub-modeling feature was used to track the location of the GaN device on the board, and a total of five temperature cycles were simulated to determine the average strain energy of the critical solder joint. The Garofalo creep model was used to capture the creep deformation during thermal cycling. Syed’s Energy-based fatigue model for SAC305 solder was used to determine the life of the land grid array package assembly of the EPC2001C, and the model constants were calibrated using the experimental failure time. Furthermore, this study was extended to examine the effects of encapsulation materials on the life of the primary switching devices. The encapsulation materials were studied in three distinct configurations: solely potting, solely underfill, and a hybrid combination of potting and underfill. The results reveal that the encapsulation materials significantly increase the fatigue life of the GaNFET.
Mitigation of Boiling-Induced Thermal Degradation Using Microporous Nickel Inverse Opal (NiIOs) Structures
Authors: Jiang Kaiying , Kong Daeyoung , Narumanchi Sreekant , Palko James , Dede Ercan M. , Ahn Chulmin , Lee Hyoungsoon , Asheghi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Engineered microporous structures have received much attention in high-heat-flux electronics cooling due to their high thermal conductivity and permeability, and large surface area for heat transfer, but are susceptible to boiling-induced thermal degradation. This study investigates the efficacy of nickel inverse opals (NiIOs) in mitigating structural degradation caused by corrosion-assisted erosion during pool boiling with water as working fluids. First, we compared the reliability of NiIOs to copper inverse opals (CuIOs), for a 3-day pool boiling test at constant heat flux. The NiIOs demonstrated superior resistance to thermal degradation due to their inherent corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Only partial oxidation was observed on NiIOs surface while CuIOs structures were completely diminished after 3 days. Subsequently, we conducted a more controlled experiment to show the effect of heat flux and bubble dynamics on the degradation of the NiIOs. To exclude the effect of temperature variations, pool boiling reliability tests of 20-μm-thickness NiIOs covering ∼10 × 10 mm2 with a 2.5 × 2.5 mm2 heater at the center were conducted at heat flux levels of 20%, 40%, and 60% of the critical heat flux (CHF) for 3 days. The NiIOs subjected to heat flux levels of 20% and 40% CHF showed minimal degradation while the top surface of the NiIOs subjected to 60% CHF underwent some erosion, possibly due to a higher bubble formation and departure rate. These results show the potential of NiIOs as a promising solution for long-term thermal management in high-power electronic devices, although design considerations for maximum allowable heat flux are necessary for reliable operation. The next step is to repeat the reliability tests for &gt; 30 days while monitoring the changes in surface temperature, NiIOs structure, and bubble dynamics over a longer period.
Water-Based Inks and Low-Temperature Interconnects for Direct-Write Fabrication of Flexible Electronics Under Thermal Cycling
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Musa Fatahi , Miller Scott 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The utilization of water-based silver ink in flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) holds significant potential as a viable approach to fostering environmental sustainability. The ink has ecologically friendly characteristics, offers cost-effectiveness, and demonstrates exceptional electrical conductivity properties. A gap exists in the holistic evaluation and development of bonding materials that are compatible with the broad range of substrates and conductive materials used in flexible hybrid electronics, ensuring optimal performance across all necessary parameters. While existing studies have showcased various properties and applications of bonding materials, there is a absence of detailed comparative assessments that specifically address the performance distinctions between high and low ECAs in the context of their mechanical stability, electrical conductivity, and compatibility with different substrate materials and component types used in flexible hybrid electronics. An additional and significant gap lies in the scarcity of comprehensive performance and reliability testing of these bonding materials, particularly in terms of their long-term durability when subjected to aging and thermal cycling conditions. Such stressors include repeated bending, temperature fluctuations, and prolonged exposure to environmental conditions, all of which could potentially degrade the electrical and mechanical integrity of the bonds over time.
Draft genome sequences of multi-drug-resistant
Escherichia coli
strains isolated from ulcerative colitis patients
Authors: Yadav Asha , Shinde Pratik Balwant , Dhar Mahesh S. , Ponnusamy Kalaiarasan , Marwal Robin , VS RadhaKrishnan , Kedia Saurabh , Ahuja Vineet , Sharma Krishna Kant 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The whole-genome sequences of four multi-drug-resistant
Escherichia coli
strains, namely, DAK02, DAK03, DAK05, and DAK10, are reported here. The
E. coli
strains were isolated from fecal samples of ulcerative colitis patients from Northern India. The size of the draft genome sequence ranged from 4,809 to 5,000 kb.
Draft genome sequences of six multidrug-resistant
Escherichia coli
isolates from pigeons in Bangladesh
Authors: Gupta Mukta Das , Shaha Mishuk , Das Ashutosh 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Household pigeons are a potential source of multidrug-resistant (
Escherichia coli
(
E. coli
) and act as a transmission vehicle of this bacterium to humans. Here, we characterized the antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular properties of the whole genome sequences of six
E. coli
strains from household pigeons.
Exploring the genomic basis of Mpox virus-host transmission and pathogenesis
Authors: Young Brayden , Seifert Stephanie N. , Lawson Crystal , Koehler Heather 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Mpox disease, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), was recently classified as a public health emergency of international concern due to its high lethality and pandemic potential. MPXV is a zoonotic disease that emerged and is primarily spread by small rodents. Historically, it was considered mainly zoonotic and not likely to sustain human-to-human transmission. However, the worldwide outbreak of Clade IIb MPXV from 2020 to 2022 and ongoing Clade I MPXV epidemics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and surrounding areas are a warning that human-adapted MPXVs will continually arise. Understanding the viral genetic determinants of host range, pathogenesis, and immune evasion is imperative for developing control strategies and predicting the future of Mpox. Here, we delve into the MPXV genome to detail genes involved in host immune evasion strategies for this zoonotic rodent-borne and human-circulating virus. We compare MPXV gene content to related Orthopoxviruses, which have narrow host ranges, to identify potential genes involved in species-specific pathogenesis and host tropism. In addition, we cover the key virulence factor differences that distinguish the MPXV clade lineages. Finally, we dissect how genomic reduction of Orthopoxviruses, through various molecular mechanisms, is contributing to the generation of novel MPXV lineages with increased human adaptation. This review aims to highlight gene content that defines the MPXV species, MPXV clades, and novel MPXV lineages that have culminated in this virus being elevated to a public health emergency of national concern.
Functional insights of novel Bathyarchaeia reveal metabolic versatility in their role in peatlands of the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Pavia Michael J. , Garber Arkadiy I. , Avalle Sarah , Macedo-Tafur Franco , Tello-Espinoza Rodil , Cadillo-Quiroz Hinsby 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

The decomposition of soil organic carbon within tropical peatlands is influenced by the functional composition of the microbial community. In this study, building upon our previous work, we recovered a total of 28 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) classified as Bathyarchaeia from the tropical peatlands of the Pastaza-Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in the Amazon. Using phylogenomic analyses, we identified nine genus-level clades to have representatives from the PMFB, with four forming a putative novel family (“
Candidatus
Paludivitaceae”) endemic to peatlands. We focus on the
Ca
. Paludivitaceae MAGs due to the novelty of this group and the limited understanding of their role within tropical peatlands. Functional analysis of these MAGs reveals that this putative family comprises facultative anaerobes, possessing the genetic potential for oxygen, sulfide, or nitrogen oxidation. This metabolic versatility can be coupled to the fermentation of acetoin, propanol, or proline. The other clades outside
Ca
. Paludivitaceae are putatively capable of acetogenesis and
de novo
amino acid biosynthesis and encode a high amount of Fe
3+
transporters. Crucially, the
Ca
. Paludivitaceae are predicted to be carboxydotrophic, capable of utilizing CO for energy generation or biomass production. Through this metabolism, they could detoxify the environment from CO, a byproduct of methanogenesis, or produce methanogenic substrates like CO
2
and H
2
. Overall, our results show the complex metabolism and various lineages of Bathyarchaeia within tropical peatlands pointing to the need to further evaluate their role in these ecosystems.

IMPORTANCE

With the expansion of the
Candidatus
Paludivitaceae family by the assembly of 28 new metagenome assembled genomes, this study provides novel insights into their metabolic diversity and ecological significance in peatland ecosystems. From a comprehensive phylogenic and functional analysis, we have elucidated their putative unique facultative anaerobic capabilities and CO detoxification potential. This research highlights their crucial role in carbon cycling and greenhouse gas regulation. These findings are essential for resolving the microbial processes affecting peat soil stability, offering new perspectives on the ecological roles of previously underexplored and underrepresented archaeal populations.
Throw distribution across the Dabbahu–Manda Hararo dike-induced fault array: Implications for rifting and faulting
Authors: Hofmann Barbara , Magee Craig , Wright Tim J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dike intrusion and formation of overlying dike-induced normal faults facilitate plate extension. The kinematics of these dike-induced normal faults provide an accessible record of subsurface diking. Here, we use high-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data to explore how strain was distributed across a preexisting dike-induced fault array during diking events in the Dabbahu–Manda Hararo magmatic segment (Afar, Ethiopia) in 2008 and 2010. By analyzing throw of the dike-induced normal faults, we show that only a small number of faults were reactivated during each diking event; the distribution of this reactivation likely reflects dike depth, opening, and inclination, as well as fault orientation. We also show fault throw favorably accrued toward fault centers, away from areas of soft- or hard-linkage. Our high-resolution data sets demonstrate the importance of reactivation to rifting, as it means extension can occur at lower extensional forces, and that fault slip (and seismic hazard) may not localize at sites of fault linkage.
Simulation with Monte Carlo methods to focus quality improvement efforts on interventions with the greatest potential for reducing PACU length of stay: a cross-sectional observational study
Authors: Jones James Harvey , Fleming Neal 
Published: November 2024

BackgroundTime and money are limited resources to pursue quality improvement (QI) goals. Computer simulation using Monte Carlo methods may help focus resources towards the most efficacious interventions to pursue.MethodsThis observational, cross-sectional study analysed the length of stay (LOS) for adult American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1–3 patients in the postanaesthesia care unit (PACU) at a major academic medical centre. Data were collected retrospectively from 1 April 2023 to 31 March 2024. Statistical analysis with Monte Carlo methods simulated the per cent reduction in PACU LOS following the elimination of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), hypothermia (initial temperature<36°C), severe pain (pain score≥7) or moderate opioid use (≥ 50 mcg fentanyl or≥0.4 mg hydromorphone).ResultsThe PACU LOS of 7345 patients were included in this study. PONV was experienced by 10.29% of patients and was associated with a mean PACU LOS of 96.64 min (±33.98 min). Hypothermia was the least frequent complication, experienced by 8.93% of patients and was associated with a mean PACU LOS of 83.55 min (±35.99 min). Severe pain and moderate opioid use were seen in 34.05% and 40.83% of patients, respectively and were associated with PACU LOS that were shorter than those experienced by patients with PONV. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that the greatest impact on PACU LOS (12.5% (95% CI 12.0% to 13.0%)) would result from the elimination of moderate opioid use.DiscussionAlthough PONV was associated with the longest PACU LOS, statistical simulation with Monte Carlo methods demonstrated the greatest per cent reduction in PACU LOS would result from the elimination of moderate opioid use, thus indicating the most efficacious project to pursue.ConclusionStatistical simulation with Monte Carlo methods can help guide QI teams to the most efficacious project or intervention to pursue.
Hearing loss in newborn infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: protocol for a case–control study
Authors: Pereira Sujith , D'costa Milton , Aladangady Narendra 
Published: November 2024

IntroductionHypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), a condition where the brain does not receive enough oxygen and/or blood flow around the time of birth, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic circulation may be affected due to poor myocardial function. The cochlear hair cells are vulnerable to changes in microcirculation, which may occur in HIE predisposing to hearing loss. Therefore, all infants with HIE undergo neurodevelopmental surveillance after discharge to monitor for adverse neurodevelopment including speech and hearing problems. This study will examine the incidence of confirmed hearing loss in newborn infants with any stage of HIE (cases) and compare them with controls.Methods and analysisAll infants diagnosed with any stage of HIE (cases) over a 12-year period (January 2010 to December 2021) will be examined. Controls were newborn infants without HIE who were admitted to the neonatal unit and received intensive care including antibiotics (control group 1) and stable infants in the postnatal ward who received antibiotics (eg, gentamicin) (control group 2). Controls matched for gestation, gender and birth weight will be selected from a similar time period. Infant details and hearing screening data will be gathered from prospectively entered BadgerNet and S4H system databases, respectively. Categorical data will be analysed using the χ2test. Predictors for hearing loss will be performed using binary logistic regression analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by the Health and Care Research Wales (HCRW) Research Ethics Committee and the Health Research Authority (HRA) (reference 21/HRA/4506). The study findings will be presented at national/international conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.