bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KOMPOSISI JENIS DAN UKURAN IKAN YANG DITANGKAP PADA RUMPON DENGAN PANCING ULUR DI SELAT MAKASSAR
Authors: Kantun Wayan , Darris Lukman , Arsana Wayan Suma 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe objective of the researcah is to analyze the species composition and size of fish caught at shallow and deep FAD at Makassar strait. In obtaining the data, the research is using survei method carried out for four months, starting April to July 2016 at Makassar strait. The data obtained was descriptively analyzed. The research result presented that the number of fish caught at shallow FAD 568 fish (45.92%), consisted of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (9.86%), Bullet tuna Auxis rochei (8.65%), Yellowfin Tuna Thunnus albacares (11.16%) and Indian Mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta (16.25%). While 669 fish (54.08%) caught at deep FAD consisted of Katsuwonus pelamis (11.80%), and Rastrelliger kanagurta (18.35%). The size spread of skipjack tuna (23-42 cm and 29-53 cm), Bullet Tuna (16.5-25.0 cm and 18.5-28.5 cm), Yellowfin Tuna (25-120 cm and 80-160 cm) and Indian mackerel (16-25 cm and 16-25 cm) for shallow and deep FAD respectively. The fish size distribution caught at shallow and deep FAD was skipjack tuna, whereas the Auxis rochei rochei and Thunnus albacares had bigger size distribution in deep sea FAD, while the Rastrelliger kanagurta had relatively similar size distribution in shallow or deep sea FAD. Keywords: fish size, fish species composition, hand-line, shallow and deep sea FADABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi jenis dan ukuran ikan yang ditangkap pada rumpon laut dangkal dan rumpon laut dalam di Selat Makassar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dalam pengambilan data dan dilakukan selama 4 bulan mulai April-Juli 2016 di Selat Makassar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang ditangkap pada rumpon laut dangkal berjumlah 568 ekor (45,92%), terdiri dari ikan cakalang 9,86%, tongkol lisong 8,65%, tuna madidihang 11,16% dan kembung lelaki 16,25%. Ikan yang ditangkap pada rumpon laut dalam berjumlah 669 ekor (54,08%), terdiri dari ikan cakalang 11,80%, tongkol lisong 12,21%, tuna madidihang 11,72% dan kembung lelaki 18,35%. Sebaran ukuran ikan cakalang berkisar 23-42 cm dan 29-53 cm, tongkol lisong 16,5-25,0 cm dan 18,5-28,5 cm, tuna madidihang berkisar 25-120 cm dan 80-160 cm serta ikan kembung lelaki berkisar 16-25 cm dan 16-25 cm masing-masing untuk rumpon laut dangkal dan rumpon laut dalam. Distribusi ukuran ikan yang ditangkap pada rumpon laut dangkal dan rumpon dalam dari jenis ikan cakalang, ikan tongkol lisong dan tuna madidihang memiliki distribusi ukuran lebih besar pada rumpon laut dalam, sedangkan ikan kembung lelaki baik pada rumpon dangkal dan dalam memiliki distribusi ukuran relatif sama.Kata kunci: ukuran ikan, komposisi jenis ikan, pancing ulur, rumpon dangkal dan dalam
RANCANG BANGUN DAN UJI COBA ALAT PEMANGGIL IKAN “PIKNET” UNTUK ALAT TANGKAP JARING INSANG
Authors: Rosana Nurul , Suryadhi . , Rifandi Safriudin 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTGillnet is one of the fishing gear used by Indonesian fishermen especially in East Java, with the target of small pelagic fish. The use of gillnet needs an innovation which can help fishermen to increase their catchment, namely by using Fish Aggregation Device (FAD). The objective of the research is to make a fish caller device model using sound waves that are operated on the gillnet and looking its effectiveness by conducting trials in the water. The fish caller is made using sound waves at the frequency between 500-1000 Hz, and named as Piknet (Pemanggil ikan gillnet). The Piknet dimension after waterproof packed is 20 cm long x 8.5 cm wide x 6.5 cm high. The type of fish caught in this research was chicken feathers (Thryssa setirostris) with an average weight of 27.6 kg/per trip in piknet trial while without using Piknet is 17.7 kg/trip. The result of paired t-test analysis presented that there was a significant value of 0.016. Keywords: sound, frequency, gillnet, piknetABSTRAKJaring insang adalah jenis alat tangkap ikan yang digunakan oleh nelayan di Indonesia dan Jawa Timur khususnya, dengan target tangkapan ikan pelagis kecil. Penggunaan alat tangkap jaring insang memerlukan inovasi yang dapat membantu nelayan untuk meningkatkan hasil tangkapan, yaitu dengan menggunakan alat bantu pengumpul ikan. Tujuan penelitian adalah membuat model alat pemanggil ikan berbasis gelombang bunyi yang dioperasikan pada jaring insang dan mengetahui efektivitasnya dengan melakukan uji coba di perairan. Alat pemanggil ikan dibuat dengan menggunakan gelombang bunyi berfrekuensi antara 500-1000 Hz, dan diberi nama Piknet (Pemanggil ikan gillnet). Dimensi Piknet setelah dikemas kedap air adalah memiliki panjang 20 cm x lebar 8,5 cm x tinggi 6,5 cm. Jenis ikan yang diperoleh pada uji coba ini adalah bulu ayam (Thryssa setirostris) dengan rata-rata jumlah hasil tangkapan 27,6 kg/trip, sedangkan tanpa menggunakan “Piknet” sebesar 17,7 kg/trip. Hasil analisis uji-t berpasangan diperoleh hasil nilai signifikansi sebesar 0.016..Kata kunci: bunyi, frekuensi, jaring insang, piknet
UJI TEKNIK PENGENDALIAN HAMA LALAT BIBIT (Ophiomyia phaseoli Try.) PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine Max L.)
Authors: Hasanah Uswatun , Tarmizi Tarmizi , Meidiwarman Meidiwarman 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan teknik pengendalian yang lebih baik, guna mengurangi serangan hama Lalat Bibit Ophiomyia phaseoli Try. pada tanaman kedelai. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 4 perlakuan, setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga didapatkan 12 petak perlakuan. Perlakuan-perlakuan yang digunakan adalah K0 (Tanpa pelakuan), K1 (Penutup tanah), K2 (Seed treatment), K3 (Pupuk Hayati). Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis menggunakan analisis of variance (Anova) pada taraf 5%. Apabila siginificant (berbeda nyata) dilakukan uji lanjut menggunakan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf 5%. Selanjutnya dilakukan regresi linier sederhana menggunakan Minitab 17. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pengendalian menggunakan seed treatment berpengaruh nyata terhadap populasi hama dan tingkat kerusakan tanaman. Populasi hama lalat bibit O. phaseoli Try. berpengaruh nyata terhadap tingkat kerusakan tanaman.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to compare better control techniquesin order to reduce pest attacks of bean fly Ophiomyia phaseoli Try. on soybean plants. This study used an experimental method. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times, so that 12 treatment plots were obtained. The treatments used are K0 (without treatment), K1 (ground cover), K2 (seed treatment), K3 (biological fertilizer). Result of data observation were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the level of 5%. Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Test at the level of 5% was carried out on significant results (significantly different). Furthermore, simple linear regression was performed using Minitab 17. The results of the study showed that the technical control using seed treatment had a significant effect on pest populations and plant attack rates. Population of bean fly O. phaseoli Try. were significantly affect the level of attack to plants.
geomIO: an open-source MATLAB toolbox to create the initial configuration of 2D/3D thermo-mechanical simulations from 2D vector drawings
Authors: Bauville Arthur , Baumann Tobias 
Published: February 2019

Creating the initial geometry and temperature configuration of 3D numerical simulations is a challenging task. Professional tools are expensive. They often have a steep learning curve and do mostly not interface with the numerical simulation software used by the geodynamics and tectonics academic community. There, we developed geomIO (geometry Input/Output), a MATLAB toolbox to create the initial configuration of geological models regarding model geometry and temperature structure. geomIO allows users to create a geo-referenced 3D volume by drawing multiple 2D cross-sections in a standard vector graphics editor. The volume is then used to assign material properties and set up initial temperature distribution on a set of vertices. In 2D mode, polygons can also be used to create a triangular mesh. In addition to the standard functionality, the gravity anomaly of any geometry created with geomIO can be calculated.	In this paper, we give an overview of the basic functionalities of geomIO. We illustrate the strength of our software with advanced tectonic and geodynamic applications that could not have been performed with currently available free software. Applications include the Himalayan orogen, the Japanese subduction zones, present-day salt diapirs, and small-scale tectonic structures. We describe algorithms and file formats in the supporting information.	The toolbox is user-friendly and flexible. Users can use custom pipelines or pre-set data processing pipelines, so most applications require only a few lines of code. geomIO is distributed under the GNU General Public License and includes an online wiki with tutorials and additional examples.
Kasus Porensefali pada Seorang Anak Laki-Laki Berusia 12 Tahun
Authors: Sinaga Nurcahaya 
Published: February 2019

Kista porensefali merupakan keadaan terdapatnya celah kavitas kistik pada otak atau lebih spesifik menunjukkan adanya area kistik fokal dari encephalomalasia yang berhubungan dengan ventrikel dan atau ruang subarachnoid. Manifestasi klinis dari kista porensefali sangatlah beragam, tergantung dari ukuran kista dan lokasi pada hemisfer otak. Bisa asimtomatik sampai pada sangat terganggu. Porensefali klinis harus dicurigai jika pasien menunjukkan hemiplegia spastik, makrosefali asimetris, transiluminasi tengkorak unilateral, atau terdapatnya supresi tegangan pada satu sisi pada EEG. Pada laporan kasus ini dilaporkan seorang anak laki-laki berusia 12 tahun dengan kista porensefali yang telah dilakukan drainase dan menunjukkan perbaikan klinis. Diagnosis porensefali dikonfirmasi dengan CT scan. Tatalaksana dan pathogenesis porensefali masih sedikit diketahui. Perlu penelitian dan evaluasi lanjut terhadap perkembangan kedepannya.
AN INVITRO COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTICANDIDAL HERBS (GINGER & TURMERIC) ON STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS
Authors: P Bafna Harshal , R Lunawat Sadhana , Jagdishchandra Vathar , Thanveer Kalantharakath , Singh Ricky Pal , Kalyan Pulkit , CG Ajith Krishnan 
Published: February 2019

Aim: To comparatively evaluate the antimicrobial effect of turmeric and ginger extracts on Streptococcus mutans in in-vitro conditions.
Material & Method: An in-vitro experimental study was conducted in a laboratory setting. Ethanolic extract of Ginger and Turmeric was prepared separately by cold masseration technique. The extract of each was then diluted with an inert solvent, Dimethyl Formamide, to obtain 5 different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) of each. 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and dimethyl formamide was used as negative control. The different extracts, along with controls, were then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which gave a wider zone of inhibition against streptococcus mutans. The zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters.
Results: Turmeric extracts presented the largest zone of inhibition 33mm at the concentration of 8%, while Ginger extract showed a zone of inhibition of 34mm at the concentration of 10%.
Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Turmeric demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Strptococcus Mutans at a lower concentration than that of Ginger.
Keywords: Ginger, Turmeric, Streptococcus Mutans.
“STUDY OF CLINICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND HEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE IN MALARIA PATIENTS”
Authors: Rawat Neha , Kukreti Sonia 
Published: February 2019

Points and destinations of current examination were to contemplate the clinical, biochemical and hematological profiles in smear positive jungle fever patients and its connection to prompt result of patient. To investigate the biochemical and hematological awkward nature and its connection with clinical introduction and kind of malarial parasites. To explain the connection of hematological and biochemical changes in kids contaminated with jungle fever and their effect on prompt result of patients. All patients conceded with a finding of intestinal sickness in branch of Pediatrics at Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand amid the examination time of 10 January 2018 to 12 December 2018. Test measure was 109 cases. The investigation was done in the wake of getting a definite history, complete general physical examination and fundamental examination. The patients were exposed to pertinent examinations. The information with respect to understanding points of interest, analysis and examinations is gathered in an uncommonly structured case recording structure and exchanged to an ace graph exposed to measurable techniques like mean, standard deviation, extent, rate computation and wherever fundamental chi square test for extent are utilized. Complete 106 patients were enlisted in study. Complexities of PF (N=32): Jaundice 17%, extreme pallor 22%, thrombocytopenia 28%, leukopenia in 24%, hyponatremia in 30 %, cerebral intestinal sickness in 17% and hyperkalemia in 16%. Intricacies of PV (N=66): Jaundice 21%, serious iron deficiency 21%, thrombocytopenia 19%, leukopenia in 12%, hyponatremia in 45.8%, hyperkalemia in 10%, cerebral intestinal sickness in 11.7% and hypoglycemia in 4.02%.
Key words: Malaria, Smear positive malaria, RFT, LFT, Hemogram
Aviturismo, alternativa de conservación de la avifauna de la comunidad Gualchán, provincia del Carchi
Authors: Chandi Yépeza Alonso Javier , Muñoz Carranco Yeseña Berenice 
Published: February 2019

La comunidad de Gualchán en los últimos años ha evidenciado la problemática ambiental generada por factores antrópicos, los ecosistemas y la vida natural de muchas de las especies animales que requieren de su hábitat para desarrollarse se han ido deteriorando generando de esta manera la migración y extinción de especies en particular de las aves, la investigación se sustenta en un trabajo de campo de carácter descriptivo en donde se parte de cuatro fases 1. Estudio de una línea base para conocer el estado actual de la cobertura vegetal del área de estudio como también para determinar la calidad de suelo 2. Diagnosticar la situación actual de la avifauna y categorías de conservación 3. Determinar las características de abundancia y riqueza de la avifauna y 4. Generar estrategias demanejo sostenible para las aves y conservación de hábitat. Luego de haber aplicado metodologías aplicadas a nivel de campo como inventarios de aves terrestres., estudios estadísticos, se encontró que él área de estudio presenta una cantidad importante de aves de 177 especies ubicadas en la categoría de conservación en preocupación menor (LC), éstas especies fueron registradas en cuatro senderos claramente definidos en los alrededores de la Comunidad de Gualchán, además presenta una riqueza y abundancia de especies importantes dentro de su ecosistema. Con base a este diagnóstico y análisis sobre la problemática ambiental y específicamente el recurso aves, el siguiente estudio propone estrategias de manejo sostenible para la conservación de la avifauna y preservación de hábitat importantes para las aves.
Preeklamptik Hastalarda Adenozin Deaminaz Gen Polimorfizmi
Authors: ORHAN Adnan , ATALAY Mehmet Aral , TÜFEKÇİ Mehpare , KASAPOĞLU İşıl , GÖRÜKMEZ Orhan 
Published: February 2019

Preeklampsi; hipertansiyon, proteinüri ve birçok
klinik manifestasyon ile karakterize multisistem bir hastalıktır. Etyopatogenezi
henüz tam olarak anlaşılamasa da azalmış plasental perfüzyonun genetik,
immünolojik ve inflamatuar faktörlerden etkilendiği bilinmektedir. Preeklampside
artan hücresel immünitenin temel mediatörlerinden adenozin deaminaz (ADA),
pürin nükleotidlerinin yıkımında yer alan ve Adenozin’in İnozin’e çevrimini
katalizleyen bir enzimdir. Preeklampside hücresel immünitenin artmasına bağlı
olarak ADA seviyelerindeki artış saptanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı preeklamptik
hastalarda ADA gen polimorfizmini değerlendirmektir. Çalışmaya 45
asemptomatik normal gebe ile 43 preeklampsili gebe alındı. Olgulardan alınan
maternal plazma örneklerinden PCR-RFLP (Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction fragment lenght polymorphism) tekniği ile 20. kromozom
uzun kolu üzerinde bulunan ADA geninin 8. kodon kısmındaki 22. nükleotidinin G
(Guanin)’den A (Adenin)’e dönmesi ile karakterize gen polimorfizmi incelendi.
Her iki gruptan elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizi Fisher exact test
ve Ki-kare testleri ile yapıldı. Her iki grup arasında psikososyokültürel ve
demografik özellikler açısından fark saptanmadı. Kontrol grubundaki
adenozin deaminaz gen polimorfizmi oranı %8,9 iken, preeklampsi grubundaki ADA
gen polimorfizmi oranı %4,5 olarak saptandı. Preeklampsi grubu ile kontrol
grubu arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark izlenmedi (p&gt;0.05, Odds
ratio: 0.9 [%95 confidence interval:0.485-1.693]). Çalışmanın sonucunda
preeklamptik hastalardaki immünolojik patogenetik süreçlerin bir mediatörü
olarak düşünülen ve pürin metabolizmasının en önemli enzimi olan adenozin
deaminazı üreten ADA genindeki polimorfizmin, preeklamptik hastalarda farklı
olmadığı görülmüştür. Maternal plazma ADA düzeyleri ile ilgili yapılan birçok
çalışma olmasına rağmen, literatürde preeklamptik hastalarda ADA gen
polimorfizmini ilk defa araştıran bu çalışma ile, preeklampsinin patogenezini
için yapılacak ileri dönem araştırmalara bir katkı sağlayabileceğimizi ümit
ediyoruz.
Vezikula Seminalis ve Duktus Deferens Yerleşimli Lokalize Amiloidozis Olgularının Retrospektif Analizi
Authors: ÖZŞEN Mine , AYTAÇ VURUŞKAN Berna , VURUŞKAN Hakan 
Published: February 2019

Amiloidoz, sistemik veya lokalize tutulum
gösterebilen, amiloid proteinin ekstraselüler matrikste birikimi ile karakterize heterojen bir hastalık
grubudur. Lokalize amiloidoz, amiloid birikiminin tek bir dokuya sınırlı
kalması sonucu gelişen ve lokalize bir kitle oluşturması nedeniyle de klinik
olarak maligniteleri taklit edebilen non-neoplastik bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada vezikula seminalis ve duktus
deferens yerleşimli lokalize amiloidoz serimizin sunulması ve bu tümörlerin
klinikopatolojik özelliklerinin literatür bilgileri eşliğinde sunulması
amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızda Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Patoloji
Anabilim Dalı arşivi taranarak 2013–2018 yılları arasında tanı almış vezikula
seminalis ve duktus deferens yerleşimli lokalize amiloidoz olguları incelendi. Sistoprostatektomi
prosedürü uygulanan 4 olguda sadece vezikula seminalislerde, prostatektomi
prosedürü uygulanan 6 olgunun 5'inde hem vezikula seminalis hem de duktus
deferenslerde ve 1 olguda ise sadece duktus deferenslerde lokalize amiloidoz
saptandı. Olguların tamamında subepitelyal yerleşimli, eozinofilik, amorf,
homojen madde şeklinde gözlenen birikimlere Kongo red boyaması uygulandı. Kongo
red histokimyasal boyaması ile bu alanlarda kiremit kırmızısı boyanma saptandı
ve polarize ışık mikroskobi bakısında elma yeşili refle verdiği tespit edildi. Sonuç
olarak, lokalize amiloidoz çok farklı lokalizasyonlarda saptanabilmekle
birlikte vezikula seminalis ve duktus deferens lokalizasyonunda nispeten
nadirdir. İnsidental saptanmaları nedeniyle biyopsi örnekleri
değerlendirilirken amiloid birikimi açısından da olguların değerlendirilmesi ve
gerekli görülen olgularda Kongo red boyamasının yapılması önem arz etmektedir.
Faktor-Faktor Pembangun Dan Penghambat Kompetensi Komunikasi Antar Budaya Masyarakat Pegunungan Muslim Walesi DI Kota jayapura
Authors: Nuryanti Dr. Tatik 
Published: February 2019

Sebagai Ibu kota propinsi, Jayapura dihuni oleh beragam suku baik dari sekita Papua maupun suku yang berasal dari luar Papua. Sejak lama masyarakat pegunungan mendapatkan stigma negatif dari ligkugan masyarakat sekitar Papua. Oleh karena itu sulit bagi masyarakat pegunungan untuk berbaur degan masyarakat lain di luar kelmpkya terutama ketika mereka harus meratau di kota Jayapura. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana masyarakat pegunungan muslim Walesi ketika mereka merantau di kota Jayapura.Penelitian ini merupaka penelitian kualitatif dengan subyek penelitiannya adalah masyarakat pegunungan muslim Walesi yang sudah minimal selama lima tahun tinggal di kota Jayapura. Teknik pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode indepth interview, observasi partisipan, dan studi literatur. Analisis data dengan menggunakan interactive model. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua faktor yang membentuk kompetensi komunikasi antarbudaya masyarakat pegunungan muslim Walesi yang meratau di Jayapura. Selain itu penelitian ini juga menemukan beberapa faktor yang menjadikann rendahnya kompetensi komunikasi antarbudaya masyarakat muslim pegunungan Walesi di kota Jayapura.

Kata Kunci: kompetensi komunikasi, kompetensi komunikasi antarbudaya, komunikasi antarbudaya.
Etika Komunikasi Netizen di Media Sosial
Authors: Febriyanti Syafrida Nurrachmi , Tutiasri Ririn Puspita 
Published: February 2019

Media sosial belakangan ini menjadi fenomena media baru yang digemari oleh masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya kaum remaja hingga dewasa. Hal tersebut menjadikan berita dan informasi menyebar dengan begitu cepatnya dan sangat mudah didapatkannya. Bukan hanya itu, masyarakat pun dapat segera memberikan opini dan reaksinya sesaat setelah kejadian tersebut berlangsung, baik opini positif maupun negatif. Peneliti tertarik untuk membahas etika berkomunikasi netizen dalam menerima berita dan informasi pada halaman facebook E100 Radio Suara Surabaya. Penelitian ini bersiat kualitatif dengan studi etnografi virtual. Tinjauan pustaka yang peneliti gunakan antara lain : Komunikasi dan internet, cyber media, khalayak di cyber media, hukum dan etika di cyber media dan etnografi virtual. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah netizen yang aktif memberikan komentar dalam akun Facebook E100 Radio Suara Surabaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan ada lima tipe netizen dalam memberikan komentar di akun Facebook E100 Radio Suara Surabaya, yakni tipe meminta informasi, menyampaikan informasi, menyampaikan argumentasi dengan baik, menyampaikan argumentasi dengan tidak baik, pemberi komentar dari komentator.

Kata Kunci : etnografi virtual, etika komunikasi, media sosial, netizen.
Governance and Financial Development: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa Region
Authors: Hechmy Badry 
Published: February 2019

Since the 1990s, the promotion of good governance has been a priority for major international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. This article aims to estimate the effect of institutional development on financial development in MENA countries during the period 1996 to 2013. Drawing on Demetriades and Luintel (1996) and Ito (2006), the econometric approach used is based on the GMM, the autocorrelation test for errors of Arellano and Bond (1991), and the over-identification test of Sargan for dynamic panel data. The results derived from this study show a considerable delay in financial development in MENA countries compared to several other emerging countries in Asia and Latin America. Furthermore, it shows a negative effect of institutional development on financial development. This unexpected relationship between these two variables has two explanations. First, the delusory level of institutional development of some countries in the region actually remains under the threshold beyond which it begins to positively affect the financial sector. Second, the political unrest experienced by the region during the study period has encouraged the informal financial sector to the detriment of the formal sector.