bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of a Mill Policy to Discourage Overweight Log Trucks
Authors: Conradie Ian P. , Greene W. Dale , Clutter Michael L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Jan. 2002, Rayonier adopted a new truck weight policy at their Georgia mills to discourage gross overloading of trucks. Under this policy, logging contractors were paid a minimal amount per ton for weights exceeding 44 tons. To evaluate the effectiveness of this policy, we compared the weights of all trucks delivering wood to three company mills in Jan. 2001 (before the new policy) with the weights of all trucks delivering to the same three mills in Jan. 2002 (the first month the policy was used). This policy was very effective in a short amount of time. The percentage of trucks with gross vehicle weights exceeding 44 tons dropped from 5.56 to 3.01% after the new policy took effect and this improvement was seen within a week. We also observed other improvements in trucking performance. The percentage of loads within 5% of the legal limit increased from 45.8 to 57.4% through dramatic reductions in the percentage of underloaded trucks. In fact, after the new policy took effect, average gross vehicle weight and the average truck payload both increased due to this reduction in the percentage of underloaded trucks. South. J. Appl. For. 28(3):132–136.
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria May Reduce Fusiform Rust Infection in Nursery-Grown Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Enebak S.A. , Carey W.A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusiform rust caused by Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme (Hedg. & Hunt ex Cumm.) is the most damaging stem disease of Pinus spp. in the southern United States. Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have induced systemic resistance in many host-pathogen systems. To determine whether rhizobacteria could induce systemic resistance to fusiform rust infection, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were evaluated for rust resistance following preemergence seed and post emergence foliar sprays with three bacterial strains. Treated seed was sown in one bare root nursery in Alabama and one in Georgia, and seedlings were examined for size differences and rust galls at the end of one season. Treatment with bacteria at the time of sowing did not affect rust galls or seedling growth at the Alabama nursery but reduced galls and increased seedling growth at the Georgia nursery. Bacterial treatment T4 resulted in significantly fewer galls and strains T4 and SE34 resulted in larger seedlings compared to nontreated controls. This is the first report of a reduction in fusiform rust by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and although nursery × treatment interactions exist, the current findings suggest that induced systemic resistance is possible. South. J. Appl. For. 28(4):185–188.
The Future of Tree Improvement in the Southeastern United States: Alternative Visions for the Next Decade
Authors: Byram T.D. , Mullin T.J. , White T.L. , van Buijtenen J.P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The tree improvement programs founded in the southeastern United States 50 years ago have been the prototype for many silvicultural research programs around the world. During that time, they have been directly or indirectly responsible for much of the remarkable progress in forest productivity seen in the southeastern United States. They have also exported plant material, ideas, and trained professionals to many other parts of the world. These programs, models for collaborative research and development, are now entering a critical period fraught with both promise and peril. Extraordinary progress in both forest genetics and tree improvement is achievable during the next 10 years. Advances in physiology, genomics, and molecular biology provide tools to make rapid improvements in vegetative propagation, selection efficiencies, deployment strategies, and the possibility of creating crop trees with novel characteristics. This article discusses four main areas of concern that influence the future of tree improvement: economics, societal expectations, rate of scientific advancement, and organizational infrastructure. Key to the economic concerns are the restraints that arise from the fact that wood and fiber products are temporarily abundant in the global market. Under these conditions, tree improvement is restrained to adding value either by lowering production costs or by making qualitative changes capable of transforming the output into higher value specialty products. Key to the societal expectations is how tree improvement practitioners address the limits set by society on acceptable technology. We have a responsibility to shape public and corporate policies by helping evaluate the risks and benefits of alternative technologies. We have more control of the advancement of science and its silvicultural application. Nevertheless, advances in science occur at irregular intervals and are impossible to predict. The one area of our future that we collectively control is the infrastructure by which we organize our efforts. Criteria for successful infrastructure will be those that support continuity of effort, maximize return from limited resources, and foster cooperative research while simultaneously promoting the development of proprietary intellectual property. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):88–95.
Effects of Dazomet, Metam Sodium, and Oxamyl on Longidorus Populations and Loblolly Pine Seedling Production
Authors: Fraedrich Stephen W. , Dwinell L. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dazomet, metam sodium, and oxamyl were evaluated for nematode control and production of loblolly pine seedlings in a field infested by a Longidorus sp. Fumigation with dazomet or metam sodium reduced population densities of Longidorus to nondetectable levels early in the growing season but population densities subsequently increased to levels found in untreated control plots by the end of the growing season. Oxamyl had no effect on Longidorus population densities. Seedlings in dazomet-treated plots had significantly greater root and shoot weights than seedlings in control and oxamyl-treated plots within 6 weeks of seed sowing. At the end of the growing season, seedlings in the control and oxamyl plots were very stunted with poorly developed root systems. Seedling shoot length and root collar diameter in dazomet-treated plots averaged 27.4 cm and 4.0 mm, respectively, but in nonfumigated control plots these variables averaged 10.5 and 2.5 mm, respectively. Although dazomet and metam sodium were effective in reducing Longidorus populations for the first seedling crop after fumigation, production of a second crop without additional treatment would be inadvisable based on the increased population of Longidorus by the end of the first growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):117–122.
Identifying Intensively Managed Pine Plantation Acreage in the South
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , McCullough S. Derek , Dubois Mark R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Long-term timber supply projections are a function of many factors including the intensively managed southern pine plantation area. A survey of southern forestry herbicide distributors was developed to determine the acreage of southern pine plantations that included herbicide applications in the management regime. Survey techniques are discussed and herbicide-treated pine plantation acres are reported by subregion, type of sale (turnkey or direct), and type of treatment (site preparation, pine release, or herbaceous weed control) for 2001 and 2002. The survey methodology produced technically acceptable results; however, the marketing and competitive aspects of the data proved to limit survey participation. A usable survey method is described with a potential for future timber supply modeling application. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):163–166.
Survival and Growth of Seed Trees 20 Years after a Natural Regeneration Cut in the Piedmont of Georgia
Authors: Logan Stephen R. , Boyd Edwards M. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An experiment was installed in 1982 to compare six methods of natural regeneration in the Piedmont of Georgia. These methods include (1) clearcut with seed in place; (2) clearcut with seed in place and preharvest burn; (3) seed tree; (4) seed tree with preharvest burn; (5) shelterwood; and (6) shelterwood with preharvest burn. Because of endangered species regulations in the years after establishment of the study, no seed trees were cut and the seed tree and shelterwood plots have grown into two-story stands. Individual tree and stand characteristics were analyzed to determine the effects of burning and regeneration method on the remaining seed trees after 20 years. Diameter at breast height (dbh) growth was greater on seed tree plots than on shelterwood plots, but burned plots had increased dbh growth on shelterwood plots and decreased dbh growth on seed tree plots. Total height growth also exhibited an interaction between the burning and regeneration method but with an opposite effect. Total height growth decreased on burned shelterwood plots but increased on burned seed tree plots. Shelterwood plots had approximately double the basal area and merchantable green weight of the seed tree plots. The economic analysis indicates the seed tree method leads to greater financial returns and is less sensitive to discount rate variations than the shelterwood method. South. J. Appl. For. 29(4):173–178.
Germination Temperatures For Container Culture Of Southern Pines
Authors: Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Peak germination of unstratified longleaf, short-leaf, loblolly, and slash pine seeds occurred at 75° F. Longleaf seeds germinated better at lower temperatures and less successfully at higher temperatures than those of slash, loblolly, and shortleaf pine. Stratification broadened the range at which slash, loblolly, and shortleaf germinated satisfactorily. Improvement in germination was greater at temperatures below 75° than above 75° Temperatures of 95° resulted in low germination under all conditions.
Cold-Hardiness of Containerized Loblolly Pine Seedlings: Its Effect on Field Survival and Growth
Authors: Mexal John G. , Timmis Roger , Morris William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine seedlings grown in the greenhouse for 92 days in 64 ml Leach cells were hardened outdoors for 0, 14, 28, or 42 days. Those seedlings outplanted in November after cold-hardening for 14 days did not survive temperatures below -4°C (25°F). Seedlings cold-hardened for 42 days were hardier and their survival and height growth better the following season than trees hardened for 14 days or less. Seedlings kept in the greenhouse under an 8-hour photoperiod survived as well as seedlings hardened outdoors during a 42-days period. But seedlings held in the greenhouse under the natural photoperiod (∼11.5 hours) were unable to survive temperatures below -6°C (21°F). Results suggest that a short photoperiod may be substituted for cold temperatures to induce hardiness. For a successful fall planting of containerized seedlings, seedlings must be cold-hardened for at least 42 days, either outdoors or under shortened photoperiod.
Wildlife Food Plants Following Preparation of Longleaf Pine Sites in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Buckner James L. , Landers J. Larry , Barker James A. , Perkins Carroll J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Frequency of herbaceous wildlife food plants was evaluated on clearcut longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) sites in southwestern Georgia for three years following no treatment, single- or double-chopping, prescribed burning, and combinations of chopping and burning. Legumes (Fabaceae) were reduced following chopping, but increased after prescribed burning. Composites (Asteraceae) were favored by chopping and further increased when burning preceded chopping. Frequency of grasses (Poaceae) on chopped sites was low the first year after treatment but comparable to that on untreated sites by the third year. Species composition of grasses was significantly altered by chopping but not by burning. As a group, herbaceous food plants responded best on chopped plots, especially on those previously burned.
The Federal Estate Tax: A Potential Problem for Private Nonindustrial Forest Owners in the South
Authors: Tedder Philip L. , Sutherland Charles F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As land and timber prices continue to escalate due to inflation and real cost increases, the federal estate tax could ultimately change forestland ownership patterns of the southern United States. In some cases, only a fraction of the original tract may be passed to a surviving family member, with the balance sold to pay the estate tax. However, sound management of financial and forest resources could offset this problem. Alternatives to harvesting timber to fund the tax are presented.
Conifer Plantation Grazing and Fire Hazard Implications
Authors: Wilson Carl C. , Collins Edwin H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire losses occur in young conifer plantations in the southern United States each year primarily because of the hazardous grass and weeds surrounding the trees. Yet, the usual hazard-reduction technique of prescribed fire can't be used safely until the pine plantations reach at least six to eight feet in height. Cattle grazing will not only lessen the fuel hazard, but will also provide desirable forage without damaging the young trees if the livestock are well-managed.
Location of Full-Tree Centers of Gravity for Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Oderwald R. G. , Stuart W. B. , Ford E. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Center-of-gravity locations and whole-tree weights are useful parameters in both machine design and application. Information on the location of the center of gravity for Appalachian hardwood species is provided for both winter and summer condtions.
Growth and Yield to Age 37 in North Mississippi Loblolly Plantations
Authors: Williston H. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine plantations on site 80 and site 90 (base age 50) were thinned three times at five-year intervals to basal areas of 70 and 100 square feet per acre beginning at age 17. Total production per acre after 20 years of management was: site 90, 70 ft.2—5,274 cubic feet or 16,925 board feet (International 1/4-inch rule); site 90, 100 ft.2—6,215 cubic feet or 18,910 board feet; site 80, 70 ft.2—4,390 cubic feet or 10,643 board feet; and site 80, 100 ft.2—4,692 cubic feet or 9,230 board feet. Heavy thinning reduced cordwood yield 15 percent on site 90 and 6 percent on site 80.
Comparison of Height-Accumulation Volumes Using the Spiegel Relaskop and Wheeler Pentaprism
Authors: Hansen Gerald D. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height-accumulation data were collected using the Spiegel Relaskop and the Wheeler Pentaprism. Mean tree volumes calculated for the instruments mounted on a tripod were not significantly different. When the instruments were held by hand, however, mean Pentaprism and mean Relaskop volumes differed significantly. Mean volumes for tripod-mounted and hand-held Relaskops differed significantly as well. Volumes of individual trees varied widely with the different instrument-support combinations. Time was saved with the Relaskop.
Young Sweetgum Responds to Early Merchantable Thinning
Authors: McGarity R. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thinnings to 45 and 66 square feet of merchantable basal area were imposed on a 13-year-old natural sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) stand having 90 square feet of merchantable basal area. Twelve years later, volume growth per surviving residual tree is significantly better in both thinning treatments than in the control.
Release of Young Yellow-Poplar and Black Cherry—10-Year Results
Authors: Smith H. Clay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seedling-origin crop trees were released seven years after clearcutting. Ten years after the release, height and diameter growth, clear bole length, survival, crown class, and potential as a crop tree, were evaluated for released and unreleased trees. Based on this evaluation, the selection and releasing of young crop trees to a dominant crown-class position using the methods described here, is not recommended at this time. Because grapevines caused considerable tree damage, early treatment of grapevines is recommended.
Container Type and Volume Influences Adventitious Rooting and Subsequent Field Growth of Stem Cuttings of Loblolly Pine
Authors: LeBude Anthony V. , Goldfarb Barry , Blazich Frank A. , Wright Jeff A. , Cazell Ben , Wise Farrell C. , Frampton John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Container type and size can influence rooting success, development, and subsequent field growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings. To evaluate differences between containers, a series of two experiments were conducted comparing rooting in commercially available Jiffy forestry peat pelletsof various sizes to a rigid plastic container system considered to represent a commercially obtainable optimum. A third experiment was conducted to compare the effect of three volumes of Ray Leach Cone-tainers on rooting percentage and root system quality. The same three families were usedin experiments 1 and 2 where dormant and succulent cuttings were rooted, respectively. Succulent cuttings from a different set of three families were used in experiment 3. Rooted cuttings from experiments 2 and 3 also were field planted and evaluated for the effect of container type and sizeon 1st-year growth. In the first two experiments, rooting percentages of the best treatments (Jiffy pellets, 25–65, 30–65, 36–65, 36–75, and 42–65 mm) were equal to the controls, indicating that the peat pellets offer a practical alternative to rooting in rigidcontainers. Rooting percentages, however, declined in larger Jiffy pellets (42–80 mm and 50–95 mm pellets), but root masses of rooted cuttings were quite large. In the smaller Jiffy pellets, roots tended to grow into adjacent pellets resulting in lower root mass after the pelletswere harvested for planting. Lower root mass at preplanting equated to less root mass after 1 year in the field, despite the fact that the root systems were more horizontally developed than those produced in rigid containers. Rooting percentages and morphology were under genetic control andthere were statistically significant family × container interactions. Because these interactions were caused primarily by changes in magnitude rather than changes in ranks, a few of the containers could be used to optimize production for the limited number of genotypes tested here. Alternativemethods of producing rooted cuttings in Jiffy pellets are compared briefly with production systems in rigid containers and some important considerations are discussed. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.
The Importance of Scale in Using Hierarchical Census Data to Identify the Wildland–Urban Interface
Authors: Zhang Yangjian , Wimberly Michael C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Census data in combination with GIS are increasingly being used to analyze urban expansion and develop models for identifying landscape change in the urban fringe. Census data are aggregated along the large-to-small-unit gradient of county, tract, census block group (CBG), and census block. The multiple scale availability often confounds the selection of an appropriate level of data in research pertinent to using census data. This study addressed the modifiable areal unit problem of census data through comparing spatial pattern and area of wildland-urban interface (WUI) determined at different levels of census aggregation (county, census tract, CBG, and census block). Total WUI area in each single year decreased along the shrinking census unit gradient from county to census block. Area converted from wildland to WUI between 1990 and 2000 decreased along the census gradient of the tract, CBG, census block, county level. The number of WUI patches decreased, and area of WUI patches increased along the decreasing census gradient of county, tract, CBG, block. In contrast to 60% of WUI blocks falling inside WUI CBGs or tracts, more than 80% of WUI tracts fell inside WUI counties, and 76.8% of WUI CBGs fell inside WUI tracts. WUI at the block level showed a different spatial pattern from those at the tract and CBG levels in that it represented more spatial detail. County-level data tended to overestimate WUI area while underestimating area converted to WUI. The study concluded that coarse sale data, such as those at the county level, were suitable for detecting a regional pattern. Fine-scale data, such as those at the census block level, need to be used in addressing issues at a landscape pattern.
A New Tree Classification System for Southern Hardwoods
Authors: Meadows James S. , Skojac Daniel A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new tree classification system for southern hardwoods is described. The new system is based on the Putnam tree classification system, originally developed by Putnam et al., 1960, Management and inventory of southern hardwoods, Agriculture Handbook 181, US For. Serv., Washington, C, which consists of four tree classes: (1) preferred growing stock, (2) reserve growing stock, (3) cutting stock, and (4) cull stock. Tree classes under the Putnam system are used as a basis for planning partial cuttings and for developing marking rules in southern hardwood forests. However, there are critical problems associated with field use of this system: (1) the reserve growing stock class is too broad and poorly defined; (2) in most partial cutting operations, the timber marker must decide which reserve growing stock trees to cut and which ones to leave; (3) the timber marker must try to mark the stand to some prescribed, quantitative level of residual density; and (4) the timber marker often is forced to either leave low-quality trees or cut high-quality trees to maintain the target residual density uniformly across the stand. Overall stand quality often is compromised through use of the Putnam tree classification system and through strict adherence to the concept of stand density management. Our new tree classification system consists of five classes used only for sawtimber-sized trees: (1) preferred growing stock, (2) desirable growing stock, (3) acceptable growing stock, (4) cutting stock, and (5) cull stock; and two classes used only for poletimber-sized trees: (1) superior poletimber stock and (2) inferior poletimber stock. Data from one of our hardwood thinning studies are used to illustrate differences between the Putnam and the new tree classification systems. Potential uses and adaptations of the new tree classification system are described also.