bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The controversial role of the ductus venosus in hypoxic human fetuses
Authors: Ferrazzi Enrico , Lees Christoph , Acharya Ganesh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe ductus venosus plays a critical role in circulatory adaptation to hypoxia in fetal growth restriction but the mechanisms still remain controversial. Increased shunting of blood through the ductus venosus under hypoxic conditions has been shown in animal and human studies. The hemodynamic laws governing the accelerated flow in this vessel suggest that any dilation at its isthmus, which increases the blood flow shunting to the heart, is associated with a low, absent or reversed a‐wave and a high pulsatility index. Cardiac dysfunction associated with increased atrial pressure as well as reduced ventricular compliance might be predominant mechanisms determining the profile of ductus venosus velocity waveforms in severe fetal growth restriction with signs of hypoxic compromise. Understanding the pathophysiology of the ductus venosus will underpin translation of the hypotheses developed through biostatistics toward explaining with more confidence Doppler changes in the fetal circulation in predicting clinical outcomes.
Cabozantinib‐related cardiotoxicity: a prospective analysis in a real‐world cohort of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Iacovelli Roberto , Ciccarese Chiara , Fornarini Giuseppe , Massari Francesco , Bimbatti Davide , Mosillo Claudia , Rebuzzi Sara Elena , Di Nunno Vincenzo , Grassi Massimiliano , Fantinel Emanuela , Ardizzoni Andrea , Tortora Giampaolo 
Published: February 2019

AimsData regarding the cardiac toxicity of cabozantinib lacks. The aim of our study was to assess the risk of cabozantinib‐related cardiotoxicity in mRCC patients.MethodsWe performed a multicentre prospective study on mRCC patients treated with cabozantinib between October 2016 and November 2017. Transthoracic echocardiogram and plasma biomarkers assay were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months after cabozantinib initiation.ResultsThe study population included 22 mRCC patients. At baseline, 9.1% had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), but none had a left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Patients with baseline reduced LVEF did not show further significant LVEF modification after 3 months. After 6 months, only 1 had an LVEF decline >10% compared to baseline, resulting in LV systolic dysfunction. At baseline, 64.7% and 27.3% of patients had elevated precursor brain natriuretic peptide (proBNP) and high‐sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI), respectively. Among patients with basal normal proBNP and hsTnI, none had elevated values at 3 and 6 months. No correlation was found between basal elevated proBNP and basal reduced LVEF (P = .29), and between elevated proBNP and reduced LVEF after 6 months (P = .37). Similarly, we found no correlations between elevated hsTnI and reduced LVEF or elevated proBNP at baseline (P = .47; P = .38), at 3 (P = .059; P = .45) and after 6 months (P = .72; P = 1.0).ConclusionsThis prospective study revealed a modest risk of developing left ventricular systolic dysfunction related to cabozantinib. A lack of correlation between elevated cardiac biomarkers and reduced LVEF at different time‐points was detected. Assessments of the cardiac function should be reserved at the occurrence of clinical symptoms.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to predict exposure differences in healthy volunteers and subjects with renal impairment: Ceftazidime case study
Authors: Zhou Li , Tong Xiao , Sharma Pradeep , Xu Hongmei , Al‐Huniti Nidal , Zhou Diansong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCeftazidime is a widely used β‐lactam antibiotic and almost entirely excreted via glomerular filtration in kidney. The objective of this analysis was to assess the ability of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict ceftazidime exposure in healthy volunteers and subjects with renal impairment. A full PBPK model of ceftazidime was developed using physiochemical properties and clinical data. The total clearance of 115 mL/min and renal clearance of 100 mL/min were obtained from ceftazidime package insert. Healthy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations were applied for sampling of virtual subjects. The established PBPK model predicted mean plasma AUCinf were 138.5 ± 19.6, 230.7 ± 22.2, 369.3 ± 53.1 and 561.8 ± 92.4 h µg/mL in healthy, mild, moderate and severe renal impairment subjects, respectively, after administration of 1 g ceftazidime intravenous bolus dose. The predicted values were in close agreement with the weighted mean of the five reported clinical studies. The exposure was slightly under predicted in subjects with severely impaired renal function, but still within 1.5‐fold range. The concentration‐time profiles of ceftazidime were also well captured in healthy volunteers and subjects with renal impairment. The developed PBPK model along with systems pharmacokinetics (PK) (renal impaired populations) well predicted the ceftazidime exposure. PBPK models verified with clinical study in healthy volunteers could be potentially applied to predict PK and recommend dose adjustment for CKD patients.
What motivates academic dishonesty in students? A reinforcement sensitivity theory explanation
Authors: Bacon Alison M. , McDaid Chloe , Williams Natasha , Corr Philip J. 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundAcademic dishonesty (AD) is an increasing challenge for universities worldwide. The rise of the Internet has further increased opportunities for students to cheat.AimsIn this study, we investigate the role of personality traits defined within Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) as potential determinants of AD. RST defines behaviour as resulting from approach (Reward Interest/reactivity, goal‐drive, and Impulsivity) and avoidance (behavioural inhibition and Fight–Flight–Freeze) motivations. We further consider the role of deep, surface, or achieving study motivations in mediating/moderating the relationship between personality and AD.SampleA sample of UK undergraduates (N = 240).MethodAll participants completed the RST Personality Questionnaire, a short‐form version of the study process questionnaire and a measure of engagement in AD, its perceived prevalence, and seriousness.ResultsResults showed that RST traits account for additional variance in AD. Mediation analysis suggested that GDP predicted dishonesty indirectly via a surface study approach while the indirect effect via deep study processes suggested dishonesty was not likely. Likelihood of engagement in AD was positively associated with personality traits reflecting Impulsivity and Fight–Flight–Freeze behaviours. Surface study motivation moderated the Impulsivity effect and achieving motivation the FFFS effect such that cheating was even more likely when high levels of these processes were used.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that motivational personality traits defined within RST can explain variance in the likelihood of engaging in dishonest academic behaviours.
Clinical relevance of pulmonary vasculature involvement in sickle cell disease
Authors: Carstens German R. , Paulino Bianca B. A. , Katayama Edgard H. , Amato‐Lourenço Luis F. , Fonseca Guilherme H. , Souza Rogerio , Aiello Vera D. , Mauad Thais 
Published: February 2019

SummaryPulmonary complications are frequent in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but few studies have described lung pathology in SCD. We studied the lung tissue of 30 deceased SCD patients (1994–2012). Demographics, genotype, clinical characteristics, cause of death and associated conditions are presented. We quantified the presence of pulmonary arterial changes, thrombosis and venous thickening. Alveolar capillary abnormalities were demonstrated using CD34 expression and confocal microscopy. Autopsy and echocardiography reports were reviewed to classify heart abnormalities. Tissue expression of markers of endothelial activation (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor) was quantified in pulmonary vessels. Median age was 33 years; genotype was SS in 19, SC in 7 and Sβ in 4, and there were 18 males. Hypertensive arterial changes were present in 76% of the patients, recent thrombosis in 80% and old thrombosis in 43%. Venous thickening was present in 23% and pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis foci in 87%. Ten percent of the patients presented right ventricular hypertrophy. There was no increased expression of endothelial activation markers when compared to controls. SCD affects the whole pulmonary vascular tree and reflects the multiple burden on lung vasculature imposed by the disease upon time.
Environmental conditions in northwestern Russia during MIS 5 inferred from the pollen stratigraphy in a sediment core from Lake Ladoga
Authors: Andreev Andrei A. , Shumilovskikh Lyudmila S. , Savelieva Larisa A. , Gromig Raphael , Fedorov Grigory B. , Ludikova Anna , Wagner Bernd , Wennrich Volker , Brill Dominik , Melles Martin 
Published: February 2019

Lake Ladoga hosts preglacial sediments, although the Eurasian ice sheet overrode the area during the LGM. These sediments were first discovered by a seismic survey and are investigated using a 22.75‐m‐long core. Its upper 13.30 m comprise Holocene and Lateglacial sediments separated from the lower 11.45 m of preglacial sediments by a hiatus. They consist of highly terrigenous lacustrine sediments, which according to OSL dating, were deposited during an early stage of the last ice age (MIS 5). The palynological data allow a first reconstruction of the Early Weichselian environmental history for northwestern Russia. Birch and alder forests with broad‐leaved taxa dominated during MIS 5d (c. 118–113 ka), suggesting a climate more favourable than in the Holocene. A high content of well‐sorted sands and poorly preserved palynomorphs indicates a shallow‐water environment at least temporarily. More fine‐grained sediments and better preserved organic remains suggest deeper water environments at the core location during MIS 5c (c. 113–88 ka). Pine and spruce became dominant, while broad‐leaved taxa started to disappear, especially after c. 90 ka, pointing to a gradual climate cooling. An increase in open herb‐dominated habitats at the beginning of MIS 5b (c. 88–86 ka) reflects a colder and dryer climate. However, later (c. 86–82 ka) pine and spruce again became more common. Birch and alder forests dominated in the area c. 82–80 ka (beginning of MIS 5a). Although open treeless habitats also became more common at this time, a slight increase in hazel may point to somewhat warmer climate conditions coinciding with the beginning of MIS 5a. The studied sediments also contain numerous remains of freshwater algae and cysts of marine and brackish‐water dinoflagellates and acritarchs documenting that the present lake basin was part of a brackish‐water basin during the Early Weichselian, probably as a gulf of the Pre‐Baltic Sea.
Dynamic formation of preferential trade agreements: The role of flexibility
Authors: Lake James 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn practice, free trade agreements (FTAs) vastly outnumber customs unions (CUs). Nevertheless, the literature traditionally views CUs as optimal for members because CU members coordinate external tariffs. I show that a dynamic FTA flexibility benefit can help explain the prevalence of FTAs: individual FTA members have the flexibility to form their own future FTAs whereas CU members must jointly engage in future CU formation. I show how the relative prevalence of FTAs versus CUs depends on the structure of market size asymmetry across countries and use these predictions to shed some light on FTA versus CU formation in Europe and South America.
The influence of wound closure on graft stability: An in vitro comparison of different bone grafting techniques for the treatment of one‐wall horizontal bone defects
Authors: Mertens Christian , Braun Sebastian , Krisam Johannes , Hoffmann Jürgen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this preclinical study was to analyze and compare different grafting techniques with respect to volume stability after wound closure.Materials and MethodsFour different grafting techniques were evaluated in vitro for volume stability in a one‐wall horizontal defect configuration. Group 1: guided bone regeneration (GBR) with collagen membrane, particulated xenograft; group 2: GBR with collagen membrane, particulated xenograft, pins; group 3: GBR with titanium‐reinforced membrane, particulated xenograft, pins; group 4: autogenous block graft, particulated xenograft, collagen membrane. Cone beam computed tomography scans were performed before and after wound closure, and the horizontal bone dimensions were analyzed for stability at 0‐5 mm apical to the implant shoulder (H0‐H5).ResultsAt H0‐H2, wound closure induced a statistically significant change in bone dimensions in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, only the change in H0 was significant, and for group 4, only H2 was significant.ConclusionWound closure has a significant impact on graft stability in a one‐wall horizontal defect configuration. GBR with additional membrane fixation showed better results than without. Titanium‐reinforced membranes and autogenous blocks showed significantly greater volume stability than GBR with collagen membrane, especially in the coronal portion.
Preadmission use of antidepressants and risk of complications and death after colorectal cancer surgery: a nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lycke K. D. , Christiansen C. F. , Lund J. L. , Iversen L. H. , Nørgaard M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimFew studies have evaluated how preadmission use of antidepressants affects outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients after they have undergone surgery. Therefore, our aim is to examine whether preadmission use of antidepressants increased the risk of complications and death in patients who underwent CRC surgery.MethodUsing the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group Database we identified patients who underwent CRC surgery in Denmark from 2005 to 2012. We identified prescriptions for antidepressants redeemed within 1 year prior to surgery and categorized patients as current users (≤ 90 days), former users (91–365 days) and nonusers. All patients were followed from surgery to 30 days thereafter or to death. We calculated 30‐day rates of complications, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality and compared these between users and nonusers using logistic and Cox regression adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOf 27 374 patients, 8.9% were current users and 3.0% were former users. Antidepressant users were older and had more comorbidity but a similar cancer stage. Compared with nonusers, current users had a higher risk of postoperative reoperation [adjusted odds ratio (aORs) = 1.15 (95% CI 1.02–1.30)], medical complications [aORs = 1.41 (95% CI 1.25–1.60)] and increased ICU admission rate [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.32 (95% CI 1.21–1.45)]. The 30‐day mortality was 11.4% for current users, 9.1% for former users and 6.2% for nonusers [aHR = 1.34 (95% CI 1.17–1.53) for current vs nonusers].ConclusionPatients with preadmission use of antidepressants had a higher risk of complications and ICU admission, and higher 30‐day mortality following CRC surgery than nonusers.
A randomized controlled trial on the effect of topical phenytoin 2% on wound healing after anal fistulotomy
Authors: Sanad A. , Emile S. , Thabet W. , Ellaithy R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimLaying open fistulotomy is the standard treatment for simple anal fistula. However, healing of the resultant anal wound may be prolonged and may adversely affect a patient's lifestyle and work. This randomized trial aimed to assess the effect of topical phenytoin 2% powder spray on healing of the anal wound following fistulotomy.MethodAdult patients with simple anal fistula who underwent anal fistulotomy were divided into two equal groups: group I applied topical phenytoin 2% powder spray on the anal wound regularly with sitz baths until complete healing was confirmed clinically and group II had regular sitz baths only. The primary outcome of the study was time to complete wound healing. Secondary outcomes were postoperative pain, complications, time to return to work and impact on lifestyle.ResultsSixty patients (50 of whom were men) with a mean age of 41.4 ± 12.5 years were included. Both groups had comparable pain scores at 1 week after surgery (1 ± 0.83 vs 0.86 ± 0.81; P = 0.51). The duration to complete wound healing was 41.2 ± 2.4 days in group I and 42 ± 2.5 days in group II (mean ± SD, P = 0.21). The time to return to work was 13.5 ± 2.8 days in group I and 14.1 ± 2.6 days in group II (mean ± SD, P = 0.39). No significant differences were noted between the two groups with regard to postoperative complications or impact on lifestyle.ConclusionThe use of topical phenytoin 2% powder spray did not promote wound healing, relieve postoperative pain or accelerate patient recovery after anal fistulotomy for simple anal fistula.
Barriers and facilitators to switching from smoking to vaping: Advice from vapers
Authors: Morphett Kylie , Weier Megan , Borland Ron , Yong Hua‐Hie , Gartner Coral 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsInformation available to consumers about nicotine vaping products varies according to the regulatory environment. A common information source in Australia, where nicotine vaping products are highly regulated, is advice from vapers. The aim of this study was to report on what advice current vapers would give to someone new to vaping.Design and MethodsAustralian vapers were recruited in 2016 via the International Tobacco Control Four‐Country Smoking and Vaping survey of smokers and ex‐smokers, as well as a separate recruitment process that targeted vapers. A total of 384 of 559 eligible participants responded to an open‐ended question about barriers to switching from smoking to vaping, and what advice they would give to new vapers.ResultsWhile some participants reported switching from smoking to vaping easily, others described an adjustment period. Difficulties included learning about technical aspects of nicotine vaping products, finding the ‘right’ combination of device and liquid, and accessing nicotine liquid given that it cannot legally be sold. Many accounts of satisfaction with quitting smoking and improved health were provided.Discussion and conclusionsAdvice from current vapers is likely to be particularly influential in Australia, where information about vaping is not easily available from health organisations or official government sources. This research shows that advice to new vaper centres around experimentation with devices and flavours and finding trustworthy suppliers of nicotine liquid. It provides an insight into the initial challenges associated with switching from smoking to nicotine vaping products in environments where access to nicotine liquid is highly restricted.
Mental health literacy programs for school teachers: A systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Foo Jerome C. , Nishida Asuka , Ogawa Sayoko , Togo Fumiharu , Sasaki Tsukasa 
Published: February 2019

AimThe prevalence of mental disorders increases sharply during adolescence. Therefore, school teachers are in a good position to provide initial assistance to students with mental health problems. Although effects of a number of mental health literacy programs aimed at teachers have been reported, they have not yet been reviewed in a systematic manner. This study conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health literacy programs for teachers.MethodsPubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC, Web of Science and reference lists of included studies were searched in September 2018. Studies that quantitatively measured at least one of the main components of mental health literacy, including (a) knowledge of mental illnesses, (b) stigma towards mental illnesses, (c) confidence in helping students, and (d) behaviour of helping students, were included regardless of study design. Risk of bias was rated for each included study according to the Cochrane tool for randomized studies and the Cochrane tool, for raondomized studies, and the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS), for nonrandomized studies.ResultsSixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, including 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT), 2 cluster RCTs, 1 controlled before‐and‐after study and 12 case series. Most of the studies claimed significant improvement of knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and/or confidence. However, the overall quality for all outcomes was relatively low; 15 studies had high/unclear risk of bias due to lack of allocation concealment, not controlling for confounders, and/or inadequate analysis for attrition.ConclusionsMore high quality evidence is required before the effectiveness of mental health literacy programs for teachers can be established.
Lifelong learning and the continued participation of older Norwegian adults in employment
Authors: Midtsundstad Tove , Nielsen Roy A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe number of people aged 60 and over across the globe is expected to double by 2050, reaching a share of more than 20 percent of the population total. Governments are therefore taking more and more policy actions to encourage ageing workers to extend their working lives and their employers to retain them. According to the OECD lifelong learning opportunities and inclusive labour markets will be essential to ensuring that workers of all educational backgrounds have the possibility of extending their working lives. This article examines the relationship between adult education completed after age 40 and the subsequent active participation of older adults in employment, using individual register data from Statistics Norway.The results show a substantial effect of upgrading formal education on subsequent labour market participation. Overall effects are quite similar for males and females. Attaining a lower level tertiary degree has the largest impact on labour market participation both for males and females. Completing a secondary education has a strong, long term impact among males. The results suggest that facilitating access to formal education among older workers may be an important contribution to extending working lives.