bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update ESC-Leitlinie Synkope 2018
Authors: Clasen Lukas , Makimoto Hisaki , von Scheidt Wolfgang 
Published: July 2019

Was ist neu?
Initiale Abklärung und Risikostratifizierung Die neue Leitlinie bietet eine klare Anleitung zur sicheren und effizienten Abklärung und Therapie von Patienten mit Synkopen. Neue Konzepte beinhalten Strategien zur Risikostratifizierung, vernünftigen Entscheidung für den diagnostischen Pfad sowie restriktive Kriterien für eine stationäre Aufnahme.
Diagnostische Tests Aufwertung des EKG-Monitorings mittels implantierbarem Loop-Rekorder (ILR). Bewertung des Kipptisch-Tests als Bestätigungstest bei V. a. Reflexsynkope oder Nachweis einer unspezifischen Hypotonie-Neigung. Videoaufzeichnungen durch Smartphones werden einbezogen.
Vorgehen bei ungeklärter Synkope Empfehlung zu einem klaren diagnostischen Entscheidungspfad zum Asystolie-Nachweis für Patienten > 40 Jahre mit schweren, rezidivierenden und unvorhersehbaren (ohne Prodromi einsetzenden) Synkopen.
Therapie der Synkopen Geänderte Algorithmen zur Therapie von Reflexsynkopen inkl. der seltenen Indikationsstellung zur Schrittmachertherapie. Indikation zur Implantation eines ICD (implantierbarer Kardioverter-Defibrillator) bei hohem Risiko für den plötzlichen Herztod.
Organisatorische Aspekte Interdisziplinäre Synkopen-Einheiten werden empfohlen.
Neonatal Therapeutics: Considerations for Dosing
Authors: Zimmerman Kanecia O. , Benjamin Daniel K. , Becker Mara L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNeonates are a uniquely vulnerable population, compromised by immature physiology and critical illness if born premature. Furthermore, neonates have frequent exposures to drugs that lack adequate data on safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing in this population. Key physiologic differences between neonates and older children and adults affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Adequate understanding and consideration of these differences is essential to ensure optimal dosing of therapeutic agents in this vulnerable population. Moreover, direct study of neonates through appropriately designed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies can ensure the development of safe and effective therapeutics in our youngest populations of patients.
Post-trial Access in Maternal Vaccine Trials
Authors: Van Roessel I. M. A. A. , Mazur N. I. , Shah S. K. , Bont L. , Van Der Graaf R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProvisions for post-trial access (PTA) of the experimental intervention are required before the start of a clinical trial. Although there has been ample attention for PTA in the context of preventive vaccine research, discussions on PTA barely include maternal vaccine trials in which mother–infant pairs are exposed to the intervention. In maternal vaccination trials, specific PTA arrangements are required because pregnancy is transient and PTA may apply to the next pregnancy or the child. In this article, we examine the application and adherence to PTA in the context of maternal vaccine trials. We focused on differences between publications before and after 2000 when international ethical guidance documents formalized PTA requirements. Randomized maternal vaccine trials were included after a systematic search for clinical trials in phases II and III with a maternal vaccine as intervention. We used PTA as defined at the time of publication in the World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) or in the ethical guidelines of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). In addition, we investigated whether PTA was included in the trial design. Therefore, we contacted principal investigators (PI’s) of the publications found in the review to fill out a questionnaire regarding provisions for PTA. Before and after 2000, no trial articles examined in the systematic review described PTA in their trial publication (0/7, 0% and 0/17, 0%, respectively). In addition, more than half of the PI’s of the trials found were not familiar with PTA recommendations in international ethical guidelines. Most cases of PTA included making knowledge available by publishing the results of the trial. The revision of the DoH in 2002 and the CIOMS ethical guidelines in 2002 has not resulted in increased PTA provisions for maternal vaccination trials. PTA is a shared responsibility of various stakeholders including sponsors, Institutional Review Boards, regulators, political entities, and researchers. Inclusion of PTA provisions in trial protocols and publications on maternal vaccination trials is essential to increase transparency on the form and content of these provisions.
Update on Postnatal Corticosteroids to Prevent or Treat Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Filippone Marco , Nardo Daniel , Bonadies Luca , Salvadori Sabrina , Baraldi Eugenio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of premature birth that significantly affects mortality and long-term morbidity in numerous immature infants. Corticosteroids are particularly suitable for treating BPD, as lung inflammation is central to its pathogenesis. Corticosteroids have considerable, fast beneficial effects on lung function in premature infants with lung disease, but they are also associated with several serious adverse effects, which may have a detrimental impact on long-term outcome. Dexamethasone is the most often used corticosteroid for systemic administration. Despite its value in preventing and treating BPD, its use is associated with several alarming short-term effects and, worst of all, with an increased rate of cerebral palsy in the long term. Dexamethasone nonetheless remains an important therapeutic option for infants with severe lung disease beyond the second to third week of life. Hydrocortisone is an important alternative to dexamethasone, as its use does not appear to be associated with any neurotoxic effects. Its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of BPD has yet to be clearly demonstrated, however. Inhaled corticosteroids might reduce lung inflammation with fewer systemic adverse effects; however, a recent, large randomized trial showed that inhaled budesonide was associated with an excess mortality, despite its beneficial respiratory effects. In another study, instilling budesonide together with surfactant in the trachea of intubated infants with severe respiratory distress appeared safe and achieved a significant reduction in the rate of BPD at 36 postmenstrual weeks. This important finding needs to be confirmed in a larger trial currently underway.
Palatal Schwannoma: An Analysis of 45 Literature Reports and of an Illustrative Case
Authors: Dokania Vivek , Rajguru Anagha , Mayashankar Vishwakarma , Mukherjee Indranil , Jaipuria Bhagyashree , Shere Devika 
Published: July 2019

Introduction Schwannomas are benign tumors originating from differentiated Schwann cells. Being the least common intraoral neoplasm of neural origin, it is rarely seen in the palate. The literature lacks an extensive review of intraoral schwannoma confined to the palate.
Objective To review previously reported cases of palatal schwannoma along with an illustrative case, and to provide a better insight regarding clinicopathological and radiological features of this neural tumor in a rare intraoral site.
Data Synthesis We present a case of palatal schwannoma in a 16-year-old female. An additional 45 cases were identified in 2 medical database searches (PubMed and Google Scholar) published from the year 1985 onwards, and from 13 countries, in the 5 continents. The ages of the patients ranged from 3 to 84 years old. Palatal schwannoma showed a slight predilection to females, with a male/female ratio of ∼ 1:1.81. Hard palate involvement is almost twice greater than soft palate involvement. Surgical excision was employed in almost all of the cases, and recurrence was reported only once.
Conclusion Palatal schwannomas, although rare, have been reported both over the hard and the soft palate. They mostly present as a painless, firm, well-encapsulated, slow-growing solitary lesion over the lateral palatal aspect.Imaging can add to suspicion and can delineate a differential diagnosis, but the diagnosis is confirmed by pathological examination. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is almost always inconclusive. Immunohistochemistry can assist in confirming a diagnosis, but is more important to rule out close differentials. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, and recurrence or malignant transformation are extremely rare.
Resident Education in Complex Obstetric Procedures: Are We Adequately Preparing Tomorrow's Obstetricians?
Authors: Dotters-Katz Sarah K. , Gray Beverly , Heine Robert Phillips , Propst Katie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objectives The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones for obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residents include obstetrical technical skills. We sought to describe resident experience with surgical obstetrics and comfort performing procedures independently postgraduation.
Study Design An anonymous 27-question e-survey was sent to OB/GYN residents in United States in March 2018, using the Council of Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology coordinator listserv. Complex obstetric procedures included: forceps-assisted vaginal delivery (FAVD) and vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery (VAVD), cerclage, breech second twin, breech delivery, perineal repairs, and cesarean hysterectomy. Technical skill questions included experience as primary surgeon, comfort performing procedures independently, and for 4th year residents—comfort performing procedures postresidency. Demographic information was queried. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze responses.
Results A total of 417 residents completed the survey. Respondents were 88% female, 75% from academic programs, and 48% postgraduate year 3 and 4. Among all residents, many had been primary surgeon in operative vaginal deliveries (51% FAVD, 72% VAVD), fewer for breech vaginal delivery (21%), breech second twin (34%), cesarean hysterectomy (21%), and 4th degree repairs (37%). All 4th-year respondents stated that they would feel comfortable performing either VAVD or FAVD postresidency. Note that 17, 33, 28, and 74% would not feel comfortable performing a 4th degree repair, cesarean hysterectomy, breech second twin, and breech vaginal delivery, respectively, postresidency.
Conclusion Despite ACGME recommendations, data suggest that many graduating residents may not be comfortable with these complex procedures.
Intensive Care Management Following Endovascular Clot Retrieval for Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Ma Alice , Moynihan Gerard , Donaldson Lachlan H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere has been an increase in the number of patients requiring ICU care following endovascular clot retrieval (ECR) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The authors’ objective was to systematically assess the evidence surrounding postprocedural care of ECR patients in critical care areas. A systematic literature review was conducted examining the critical care management of adult patients following ECR. The preliminary search results were sorted manually by two authors and conflicts were settled by consensus with a third reviewer. References of key papers were also reviewed for studies meeting the inclusion criteria. In addition, the authors sought to identify all relevant practice guidelines from major neurological and critical care societies. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies. Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, Web of Science, and bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched. Studies were limited to human subjects and English language. Studies specific to the post ECR population were limited. In the initial Medline search, 3,882 papers were returned. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. There were also 10 practice guidelines from relevant scientific bodies. The level of evidence for postprocedural care was found to be variable and mostly based on expert opinion and data extrapolated from general stroke and postthrombolysis patients. There is limited evidence guiding the postprocedural care of ECR patients. Given the increase in both the availability and application of ECR, trials looking specifically at how best to care for this patient population are needed.
Main trends in the design of semi-synthetic antibiotics of a new generation
Authors: Olsufyeva Evgenia N. , Yankovskaya Valentina S. 
Published: July 2019

This review summarizes main advances achieved by Russian researchers in the synthesis and characterization of semi-synthetic antibiotics of a new generation in the period from 2004 to 2019. The following classes of compounds are considered as the basis for modification: polycyclic antibacterial glycopeptides of the vancomycin group, classical macrolides, antifungal polyene macrolides, the antitumour antibiotic olivomycin A, antitumour anthracyclines and broad-spectrum antibiotics, in particular, oligomycin A, heliomycin and some other. Main trends in the design of modern anti-infective and antitumour agents over this period are considered in relation to original natural antibiotics, which have been independently discovered by Russian researchers. It is shown that a new type of hybrid structures can, in principle, be synthesized based on glycopeptides, macrolides and other antibiotics, including heterodimers containing a new benzoxaborole pharmacophore. The review addresses the influence of the length of the spacer between two antibiotic molecules on the biological activity of hybrid structures. A combination of genetic engineering techniques and methods of organic synthesis is shown to be useful for the design of new potent antifungal antibiotics based on polyenes of the amphotericin B group. Many new semi-synthetic analogues exhibit important biological properties, such as a broad spectrum of activity and low toxicity. Emphasis is given to certain aspects related to investigation of a broad range of biological activity and mechanisms of action of new derivatives.The bibliography includes 101 references.
A rare glimpse into the Chinese novella
Authors: Hua Meng , Li Jun 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Chinese novella has been playing an important role in the evolution of modern Chinese literature. To provide
English readers with a rare glimpse into the heart of contemporary Chinese fictional writing, this paper introduces the content
and style of a book titled By the River: Seven Contemporary Chinese Novellas, and comments on its English
translation from perspectives of a reader. This book is a handsomely recommended production for readers who are interested in
Chinese literature or novellas.
Translating ‘Nation’
Authors: Tsuboi Mutsuko , Saito Mino 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the Japanese wordskokuminandminzoku, both of which are used to translate ‘nation’ into Japanese, and explores the dynamic aspects of translation practice in the process of Japan’s modernization in the mid-Meiji era (1868–1912). Thekanji(Chinese characters) compoundskokumin(國民) andminzoku(民族) were both coined during the late nineteenth century during the introduction of Western concepts into Japanese society.Kokuminfirst appeared as a translation word at the predawn of Japan’s modernization period and, by the mid-Meiji era, when the alternative translationminzokuemerged,kokuminwas relatively widespread. This paper analyzes texts written by leading intellectuals and journalists in Japan at the time and attempts to contextualize them within their sociocultural and historical background. The analysis indicates that the rise of nationalism around the mid-Meiji era, Japan’s achievement in establishing a modern state and its involvement in territorial expansion in East Asia beginning with the Sino-Japanese war (1894–1895), as well as its simultaneous struggle to unify the Japanese people askokumin, were crucial aspects in determining the use of the alternative translation,minzoku.
Processing implicit and explicit causality in Spanish
Authors: Nadal Laura , Recio Fernández Inés 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As a basic discourse relation, causality can be
made explicit by means of an argumentative connective, but it can
also be implicitly expressed. In the latter case, experimental
evidence shows that causality is highly predictable in discourse and
can be easily inferred. Therefore, the question arises as to the
actual contribution of causal connectives to utterance processing.
We addressed this issue in an eye tracking reading experiment, and
compared how the presence or absence of the Spanish causal
connective por tanto affects processing in its role
as procedural guide. The results suggest that making the connective
explicit in a consecutive relation already inferable from the
meaning of the lexical expressions in the utterances slows down
processing. In this sense, the nature of connectives as procedural
guides (Relevance Theory, see Blakemore 1987) might be nuanced, since the extent to
which a connective determines processing varies depending on the
type of discourse relation at issue.
The effects of reasoning demands on Chinese EFL learners’ oral performance and cognitive processes
Authors: Xing Jiaxin , Luo Shaoqian 
Published: July 2019

Despite their difference in approaches to explaining the accuracy-complexity relationship, the Limited Attention Capacity Hypothesis (Skehan, 1998, 2001, 2009a, 2014) and the Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2001, 2007, 2011) share the assumption that increased cognitive complexity will affect learners’ task performance. Although there has been much research related to the above hypotheses, the findings have not been consistent. In addition, most studies fail to provide empirical evidence of the effects of cognitive complexity on learners’ cognitive processes (Révész, 2014; Skehan, 2014). This chapter aims to explore the effects of reasoning demands on Chinese EFL learners’ oral performance and cognitive processes. Thirty-four participants were asked to complete two narrative tasks with different reasoning demands – one simple and one more complex, under the same planning conditions. Their performance was measured in terms of complexity, accuracy, lexis, and fluency (CALF). Ten participants also engaged in stimulated recall as a means of eliciting reports of their cognitive processes. Results reveal that: (a) reasoning demand does not have a significant effect on learners’ oral performance in terms of CALF; (b) learners show a slightly lower percentage of cognitive processes at the stage of conceptualization and formulation and a higher percentage linked to comprehension/monitoring in the complex task, which might indicate they allocate attention differently in the more demanding task; (c) learners’ fluency in oral performance is likely to be jointly affected by the cognitive processes at all the stages of speech production. Accuracy seems to be most enhanced by learners’ form monitoring at the comprehension stage.
Strategic planning and repetition as metacognitive processes in task performance
Authors: D’Ely Raquel , Mota Mailce Borges , Bygate Martin 
Published: July 2019

By manipulating strategic planning and repetition, we investigated the effects of four pre-task conditions – strategic planning, repetition, strategic planning plus repetition and strategic planning for repetition – on the oral production of 47 EFL learners performing a video-based narrative task. In general, Results of ANOVA show an intricate pattern of interaction between pre-task condition and the 4 dimensions of oral performance. The strategic planning for repetition condition exerted a positive and significant impact on learners’ accuracy, complexity, and lexical density at the expense of fluency. The repetition condition had a significant impact on fluency, lexical density, and accuracy, at the expense of complexity. The strategic planning plus repetition condition yielded significant gains only in lexical density. Crucially, the strategic planning condition did not have a significant impact on any of the dimensions of oral performance. Responses to the questionnaires show that learners’ approach to different experimental conditions is idiosyncratic and that a series of variables interact in different ways when learners perform orally in L2. These variables include the nature of the task, learners’ focus of attention during performance, and learners’ effectiveness in implementing and retrieving pre-planned ideas. Nevertheless, in general, the questionnaires show that participants saw strategic planning and repetition as beneficial to their oral performance. Together, our results add evidence to Peter Skehan’s Limited Attention Hypothesis (LAC) (1998) and highlight the importance of combining strategic planning repetition in the training of oral skills.
Optimization Of Recharge Well Functions In The Campus Complex Of Uny Yogyakarta
Authors: Purwantara S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The prevalent floods happened in Yogyakarta suburbs is not decreasing but growing every year. The same thing also happens in the campus complex of Yogyakarta State University (UNY) and its surroundings. Some parts of the campus and its surroundings having an area of 56,58 hectares are often flooded when rains occur with somewhat high intensity. This happens because the amount of run-off and drainage channels is imbalance. Also, many the recharge area spaces are diminishing since they have been converted into buildings. How large is the recharge area existing in the complex of UNY? How much is the volume of rainwater that is accommodated in this campus complex? How many recharge wells are needed?.This research aims at investigating the built-up areas and open spaces, rain water volume prediction, and the estimation of the optimal number of recharge wells needed. This research utilizes the rainfall data, built-up area data gathered using satellite imagery, infiltration data, permeability, and the number of recharge well data. The amount of discharge and the estimated volume of rainwater are calculated using a rational method Q = C.I.A. Based on the volume of rainwater, the method can be used to predict the number of recharge wells needed. To determine the depth of recharge wells, the DPU formula H = D.I.At - D.K.As / As + D.K.P is employed. The results show that the recharge area is only 37,80%.Thisnumber is quite small since a lot of space of land that is supposed to be a strategic open space such as parking lot or garden has been converted into concrete and cement construction. The maximum of the rainfall volume at 50 mm / hour is around 28,290 m3. Therefore, based on the calculation, 3,519 units of artificial recharge wells are needed. In fact, the recharge wells built by the campus are only 128 units.