bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving antibacterial prescribing safety in the management of COPD exacerbations: systematic review of observational and clinical studies on potential drug interactions associated with frequently prescribed antibacterials among COPD patients
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Bahar Muh Akbar , Jansen Anouk M E , Kocks Janwillem W H , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C , Hak Eelko , Wilffert Bob , Borgsteede Sander D 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines advise the use of antibacterials (ABs) in the management of COPD exacerbations. COPD patients often have multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases, leading to polypharmacy. Consequently, drug–drug interactions (DDIs) may frequently occur, and may cause serious adverse events and treatment failure.Objectives(i) To review DDIs related to frequently prescribed ABs among COPD patients from observational and clinical studies. (ii) To improve AB prescribing safety in clinical practice by structuring DDIs according to comorbidities of COPD.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed and Embase up to 8 February 2018 for clinical trials, cohort and case–control studies reporting DDIs of ABs used for COPD. Study design, subjects, sample size, pharmacological mechanism of DDI and effect of interaction were extracted. We evaluated levels of DDIs and quality of evidence according to established criteria and structured the data by possible comorbidities.ResultsIn all, 318 articles were eligible for review, describing a wide range of drugs used for comorbidities and their potential DDIs with ABs. DDIs between ABs and co-administered drugs could be subdivided into: (i) co-administered drugs altering the pharmacokinetics of ABs; and (ii) ABs interfering with the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. The DDIs could lead to therapeutic failures or toxicities.ConclusionsDDIs related to ABs with clinical significance may involve a wide range of indicated drugs to treat comorbidities in COPD. The evidence presented can support (computer-supported) decision-making by health practitioners when prescribing ABs during COPD exacerbations in the case of co-medication.
Global production network dis/articulations in Zanzibar: practices and conjunctures of exclusionary development in the tourism industry
Authors: Murphy James T 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Recent assessments of economic geographers’ work on global production stress the need for improved understandings of the immanent, structural and contingent drivers of disarticulations—uneven and exclusionary development outcomes that often occur when places become connected to global production networks (GPN). Some argue that a productive approach is to view the places or regions linked to GPN as ‘conjunctures’ of context-specific and multi-scalar processes, social formations, power relations, histories and structures that shape the quality of GPN couplings and help to produce disarticulations. This article argues that an epistemological focus on the practices of firms connected to GPN can yield insights into industry-specific processes (e.g. value creation, upgrading) and region- or place-specific conjunctural factors that produce disarticulations. The approach is elaborated on and applied illustratively to the case of Zanzibar’s (Tanzania) tourism industry, a sector that has grown rapidly but in a manner that has excluded many of the archipelago’s residents from the benefits of increasing integration into GPN. The practices of Zanzibari enterprises and foreign-owned resorts show how local enterprises are increasingly marginal in tourism GPN, while large-scale resorts and non-local firms capture and subsequently offshore much of the value generated by the industry. A qualitative analysis of these practices highlights how they are shaped in part by the conjuncture of several structural factors and processes—political, economic, racial and technological—that help to produce disarticulations in Zanzibar.
A prospective evaluation of liquid biopsy for detecting MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma patients
Authors: Iehara Tomoko , Yagyu Shigeki , Gotoh Takahiro , Ouchi Kazutaka , Yoshida Hideki , Miyachi Mitsuru , Kikuchi Ken , Sugimoto Tohru , Hosoi Hajime 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Our previous study reported a method for determining MYCN gene amplification (MNA) status using cell-free DNA in serum. We prospectively analyzed the serum MNA status using sera obtained before the initial diagnosis from patients with neuroblastoma and evaluated the utility of this method.

Methods
Eighty patients were enrolled in the study. The serum MYCN/NAGK ratio was assessed for all cases.

Results
Fifteen cases showed serum MNA, while 65 did not. Of the 80 total patients, tumor samples for a genetic analysis were not obtained from 27 due to the patients’ condition or other reasons. For the 43 of 80 cases that had both serum and tumor samples analyzed, the serum-based MNA status matched to tumor-based MNA status (P < 0.001). The sensitivity and the specificity were 100%, respectively. Seven of 15 cases who diagnosed as MNA by serum-based MNA status were <18 months of age, and tumor samples were not obtained from 4 of these cases. Based on the serum MNA status, these cases were able to start treatment immediately. The 4-year event-free survival rates of cases with and without MNA in sera were 37.5% and 84.8%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
The serum-based MNA status was useful for precisely predicting the MNA status in tumor and it has clinical benefits for predicting risk stratification in patients for whom obtaining tumor samples is difficult.
Histochemical examination on principal collagen fibers in periodontal ligaments of ascorbic acid-deficient ODS-od/od rats
Authors: Hasegawa Tomoka , Miyamoto-Takasaki Yukina , Abe Miki , Qiu Zixuan , Yamamoto Tomomaya , Yimin  , Yoshida Taiji , Yoshino Hirona , Hongo Hiromi , Yokoyama Ayako , Sasaki Muneteru , Kuroshima Shinichiro , Hara Kuniko , Kobayashi Masatoshi , Akiyama Yasuhiro , Maeda Takeyasu , Luiz de Freitas Paulo Henrique , Li Minqi , Amizuka Norio 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of ascorbic acid in collagen synthesis in periodontal ligaments using osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS)/ShiJcl-od/od rats lacking L-gulonolactone oxidase. These rats cannot synthesize ascorbic acid in vivo. Eight-week-old ODS/ShiJcl-od/od male rats were administered ascorbic acid solution at a concentration of 200 mg/dL (control group, n = 6) or ascorbic acid solution at concentration of 0.3 mg/dL (insufficient group, n = 12). Six rats of the insufficient group were then given with ascorbic acid solution at concentration of 200 mg/dL for additional 3 weeks (rescued group, n = 6), and then, their mandibles were histochemically examined. Consequently, the insufficient group specimens were seen to possess fewer collagen fibers, and silver impregnation revealed numerous fine, reticular fiber-like fibrils branching off from collagen in the periodontal ligaments. In control group, faint immunoreactivities for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and cathepsin H were seen in the periphery of blood vessels and throughout the ligament, respectively. In contrast, in the insufficient group, intense MMP2-immunoreactivity was observed to be associated with collagen fibrils in the periodontal ligaments, and cathepsin H-immunopositivity was seen in ligamentous cells. The rescued group showed abundant collagen fibers filling the periodontal ligament space. Under transmission electron microscopy, ligamentous fibroblasts incorporated collagen fibrils into tubular endosomes/lysosomes while simultaneously synthesizing collagen fibril bundles. Thus, ascorbic acid insufficiency affected the immunolocalization of cathepsin H and MMP2; however, ligamentous fibroblasts appear to possess the potential to synthesize collagen fibers when supplied with ascorbic acid.
Image Content Analysis of US Natural Resources-Related Professional Society Websites with Respect to Gender and Racial/Ethnic Diversity
Authors: Bal Tara L , Sharik Terry L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 2018, a web image content analysis was conducted to assess the perceived gender and race/ethnicity diversity and representativeness of 11 natural resources-related, professional society websites. Results highlight the lack of inclusivity of women and minorities in images most frequently seen at the top of these organizations’ home webpages. More gender and race/ethnicity diversity is present on the main landing page or home page for these organizations, but much less diversity is found on other webpages within the websites. Women and minorities are also less likely to be portrayed in images in the field, or actively engaging with natural resources (more likely to be included in posed, passive images indoors). Representative diversity in images is important to influence the perceived fit and consequential decisionmaking for potential students and professionals entering natural resource-related fields.
Determinants of Viral Resuppression or Persistent Virologic Failure After Initial Failure With Second-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Among Asian Children and Adolescents With HIV
Authors: Teeraananchai Sirinya , Kerr Stephen J , Gandhi Monica , Do Viet Chau , Van Nguyen Lam , Tran Dan Ngoc Hanh , Kosalaraksa Pope , Singtoroj Thida , Thammajaruk Narukjaporn , Jupimai Thidarat , Sohn Annette H 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Of 56 children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had been prescribed second-line protease inhibitor–based antiretroviral therapy and had ≥1 previous episode of viral failure (HIV RNA, ≥1000 copies/mL), 46% had ≥1, 34% had ≥2, and 23% had ≥3 consecutive episodes of viral failure during the 2 years of follow-up. Two of these children experienced a major protease inhibitor mutation.
Does Rotavirus Vaccination Affect Longer-Term Intussusception Risk in US Infants?
Authors: Burke Rachel M , Tate Jacqueline E , Dahl Rebecca M , Aliabadi Negar , Parashar Umesh D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Rotavirus vaccination has been associated with a short-term increased risk of intussusception. Our analysis of insurance claims for 1 858 827 US children with 544 recorded cases of intussusception found a nonsignificant decrease in intussusception (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% confidence interval, 0.57–1.09]) in fully rotavirus-vaccinated children followed up to the age of 2 years.
The fixed point property and a technique to harness double fixed point combinators
Authors: Manzonetto Giulio , Polonsky Andrew , Saurin Alexis , Simonsen Jakob Grue 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe ${\lambda }$-calculus enjoys the property that each ${\lambda }$-term has at least one fixed point, which is due to the existence of a fixed point combinator. It is unknown whether it enjoys the ‘fixed point property’ stating that each ${\lambda }$-term has either one or infinitely many pairwise distinct fixed points. We show that the fixed point property holds when considering possibly open fixed points. The problem of counting fixed points in the closed setting remains open, but we provide sufficient conditions for a ${\lambda }$-term to have either one or infinitely many fixed points. In the main result of this paper we prove that in every sensible ${\lambda }$-theory there exists a ${\lambda }$-term that violates the fixed point property.We then study the open problem concerning the existence of a double fixed point combinator and propose a proof technique that could lead towards a negative solution. We consider interpretations of the ${\lambda } {\mathtt{Y}}$-calculus into the ${\lambda }$-calculus together with two reduction extension properties, whose validity would entail the non-existence of any double fixed point combinators. We conjecture that both properties hold when typed ${\lambda } {\mathtt{Y}}$-terms are interpreted by arbitrary fixed point combinators. We prove reduction extension property I for a large class of fixed point combinators.Finally, we prove that the ${\lambda }{\mathtt{Y}}$-theory generated by the equation characterizing double fixed point combinators is a conservative extension of the ${\lambda }$-calculus.
Aortic Valve Surgery
Authors: Reed Heather , Lombaard Stefan , Arzillo Samantha 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is the most common primary valvular disease today. The natural history of aortic valve stenosis is most commonly described as a long latent period without symptoms as the disease progresses from mild to severe, followed by a shorter period with symptoms; ultimately, death will result if the stenosis is left untreated. Today, severe aortic stenosis is a class 1 indication for surgery. Classic symptoms include dyspnea, syncope, and angina. Diagnostic options include echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography is necessary for preoperative and postoperative assessment of the patient who has severe aortic stenosis.
Robotic CABG
Authors: Dhawan Richa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Technological advances and increased experience in robotic coronary artery bypass surgery in the last 15 years have expanded and changed the field. Totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery has become more prevalent and innovative. These cardiac cases require proficiency in skills such as management of one-lung ventilation, insertion of specialized catheters, intraoperative monitoring, and transesophageal echocardiography. Anesthesiologists must be familiar with different methods of lung isolation, including management of episodes of hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and sequelae of increased pulmonary vascular resistance during lung isolation. Procedures with arrested heart on cardiopulmonary bypass require expertise in insertion of a percutaneous coronary sinus catheter for administration of retrograde cardioplegia, in addition to insertion of a pulmonary artery vent for left ventricular decompression. Transesophageal echocardiography is essential for placement of specialized cannulas for cardiopulmonary bypass, such as the endoaortic occlusion balloon clamp and remote access perfusion lines. In certain cases, anesthetic technique should facilitate intraoperative extubation and management of postoperative pain.
Aortic Stenosis in Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Perkins Blake , Dupont Frank 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular lesion in patients older than 65 years, occurring in 2%–9% of patients. It is estimated that the number of patients with aortic stenosis who will need surgery will increase dramatically as the world’s population ages. Treatment of aortic stenosis includes surgical aortic valve replacement, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, balloon valvuloplasty, or medical management. Aortic stenosis is associated with significant perioperative risk in noncardiac surgery. Hemodynamic changes from anesthesia medications and the surgical procedure can result in decreased coronary perfusion, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, heart failure, or even death. General or regional anesthesia can be administered safely to asymptomatic patients with significant aortic stenosis if hemodynamics are maintained in the perioperative period.
Anesthetic Management for Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Kleiman Amanda M. , Spencer Christopher , Huffmyer Julie L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of chronic heart failure is increasing in the United States, and end-stage heart failure is associated with high mortality. While medical management is often the first-line treatment of heart failure, mechanical circulatory support and ventricular assist device therapies are being increasingly employed to improve symptoms and end-organ dysfunction from heart failure. Patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are not only surviving with their disease, but also thriving as a result of LVAD support, and many return to normal activities of daily life. Thus, these patients present to hospitals for noncardiac surgeries, both elective and urgent, with increasing frequency. This chapter explores some commonly used ventricular assist devices, the altered physiology that accompanies LVAD therapy with continuous flow devices, as well as some of the anesthetic considerations that are vital for patients presenting for both elective and urgent surgeries.
The Dreaded Bring Backs
Authors: Zaky Ahmed 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The postoperative care of the cardiac surgical patient continues to be an ongoing challenge. An aging population coupled with increasing comorbidities results in sicker patients now undergoing open-heart surgery. Moreover, those patients with high operative risk are undergoing minimally invasive cardiac procedures that are associated with their own newly recognized inherent risks. Anesthesiologists and intensivists caring for cardiac surgical patients should be aware of the challenges imposed by the population and by the procedures. Their scope of skills should expand to encompass fluency in bedside echocardiography, electrophysiology, and bedside extracorporeal and balloon pump insertion techniques. In so doing, cardiac anesthesiologists/intensivists not only will be able to make critical abstract plans that are implemented by other personnel, but also will be able to pursue lifesaving prompt diagnostic and therapeutic procedures frequently needed in this acutely critically ill patient population. This chapter discusses some of the frequently encountered life-threatening complications that occur in the postoperative cardiac surgical patient that may lead to surgical reexploration. The chapter focus is on the definitive and supportive management of these complications and their underlying mechanisms with more specific attention on postoperative bleeding and coagulopathy.
Electrophysiology Procedures
Authors: Disque Andrew , Patel Komal 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a common cause of patient morbidity and mortality. Modern electrophysiology (EP) procedures, including placement of permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias, have been shown to reduce mortality and improve quality of life and symptoms. These procedures can also reduce the need for antiarrhythmic medications and hence reduce side effects related to these medicines. The procedures performed in the EP laboratory can be protracted and painful and therefore frequently require the assistance of an anesthesia team for patient comfort. Additionally, this patient population often presents with complicated comorbid conditions and hemodynamic instability. Frequently, the anesthetic management can be complicated and difficult, requiring a thorough understanding of these patients and the procedures they choose to undergo.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Lowe Michael E. , Roberts Joseph D. , Chaney Mark A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Percutaneous mechanical devices are used in the treatment of severe cardiac or respiratory disease. These devices include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, intra-aortic balloon pump, TandemHeart™, and Impella®. The use of these devices has increased over time as their clinical efficacy has been established and technological advancements have made their use more practical and accessible. Technological advancements have helped improve the morbidity of ECMO. Two of the major improvements have been to the oxygenator and to the pump system. As these devices become more commonplace, it is important to have a thorough understanding of how each device works, their indications, and potential complications.
Aortic Arch Repair (Circulatory Arrest)
Authors: Asher Shyamal 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Aortic arch repair is a technically challenging surgery that requires collaboration between the anesthesiology, cardiac surgery, and perfusion teams. To accomplish a total aortic arch repair, blood flow to the brain and the rest of the body has to be interrupted. The most common aortic arch pathologies encountered for surgery are aortic arch aneurysms followed by aortic dissections. The need for hypothermia and circulatory arrest during aortic arch surgeries leads to unique implications for anesthetic management. Therefore, adequate knowledge of the planned surgery and specific surgical and nonsurgical cerebral protection techniques are necessary. Furthermore, an understanding of intraoperative neurophysiologic and temperature monitoring at deep hypothermia as well as postbypass coagulopathy management are needed in these challenging cases.
Mediastinal Mass Excision
Authors: Schurle Alan , Nizamuddin Junaid 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Mediastinal masses are rare tumors of the thoracic cavity. Although not all types require surgical intervention, resection of these masses provides a clinical challenge for the anesthesiologist due to both local mass effects, such as airway and vascular compression, and systemic effects, including paraneoplastic syndromes. A common example includes myasthenia gravis associated with thymoma. Preoperative assessment includes viewing imaging, obtaining a thorough history, performing a focused physical examination, and reviewing laboratory values. Medically optimizing comorbid conditions prior to excision, if possible, may reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. Intraoperative considerations include planning for postoperative analgesia, establishing an airway, selection of invasive and noninvasive monitors, choosing intravenous access sites commensurate with tumor size and location, judicious fluid administration, and ventilator management. Postoperative considerations include intensive care unit transport, analgesia, and airway maintenance.
Evaluation and Anesthetic Management for Patients With Cardiac Trauma
Authors: Smith Daniel , Ness Eric , Kleiman Amanda M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cardiac trauma, either blunt or penetrating, is a life-threatening condition often requiring immediate intervention. Cardiac trauma causes varied hemodynamic effects, from stable arrhythmia to cardiovascular collapse. The diagnosis of cardiac trauma relies on a high level of clinical suspicion paired with imaging, including transthoracic echocardiography. Anesthetic management for cardiac trauma focuses primarily on maintenance of preload and cardiac function while optimizing operating conditions for surgical repair. Depending on the injuries involved, support that includes inotropes, vasopressors, and potentially mechanical support may be required. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology and presentation of cardiac trauma and explores the intricate anesthetic management of these complex patients.
ICU Management of the Cardiac Patient
Authors: Patel Vijal , Nizamuddin Junaid 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Management of the cardiac surgery patient continues in the intensive care unit, necessitating an understanding of the underlying disease process, operative procedure, and potential complications. Complications in cardiac surgery patients span virtually every organ system and manifest at different times in the postoperative period. As such, successful outcomes in cardiac surgery require a multidisciplinary approach, with postoperative care tailored to the pathophysiology present. This chapter discusses the commonly encountered postoperative concerns and overarching management pearls, beginning from intensive care unit handoff to weaning circulatory support and extubation. Also discussed are the postoperative implications of specific interventions utilized in cardiac surgery.