bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete genome sequencing of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacillus plantarum K25 provides genetic evidence for the probiotic functionality and cold endurance capacity of the strain
Authors: Jiang Yunyun , Zhang Jian , Zhao Xiao , Zhao Wen , Yu Zhijian , Chen Chao , Yang Zhennai 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) K25 is a probiotic strain isolated from Tibetan kefir. Previous studies showed that this exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain was antimicrobial active and cold tolerant. These functional traits were evidenced by complete genome sequencing of strain K25 with a circular 3,175,846-bp chromosome and six circular plasmids, encoding 3365 CDSs, 16 rRNA genes and 70 tRNA genes. Genomic analysis of L. plantarum K25 illustrates that this strain contains the previous reported mechanisms of probiotic functionality and cold tolerance, involving plantaricins, lysozyme, bile salt hydrolase, chaperone proteins, osmoprotectant, oxidoreductase, EPSs and terpenes. Interestingly, strain K25 harbors more genes that function in defense mechanisms, and lipid transport and metabolism, in comparison with other L. plantarum strains reported. The present study demonstrates the comprehensive analysis of genes related to probiotic functionalities of an EPS-producing L. plantarum strain based on whole genome sequencing.
Pre-menopausal triple-negative breast cancer at HAM hospital medan
Authors: Betty  , Laksmi L I , Siregar K B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are a type of breast cancer that does not have any or lack expression of the three receptors of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2). This cross-sectional study was performed on patients TNBC in HAM hospital Medan from 2013 to 2016 by immunohistochemistry stained. A total 60 invasive breast cancer samples with TNBC. The more frequent in TNBC group were 51-60 years (19 cases, 31.66%) and pre-menopause (34 cases, 57%). Tumor size T3 and T4 with staging IIIA and IIIB, histology sub-type IC-NOS and ILC with grade 2 and grade 3 of histologic was more common in TNBC.
Differences of serum interleukin-6 levels in normotensive and preeclampsia women
Authors: Lumbanraja S N , Junitasari R , Pasaribu H P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Red cell distribution width (RDW) has been shown higher with the increase of inflammatory activity. As CD4 count is not available in all cities in Indonesia, RDW was hoped to be the next promising marker to predict the progression of HIV infection. This study aims to find the association of RDW with aCD4 count in HIV-positive reproductive women in Indonesia. It was a prospective cross sectional study enrolled 37 consented outpatients HIV-positive reproductive women in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. A 10 mL blood was taken, separated into two tubes for complete blood count and CD4 count. Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 19.Mean CD4 absolute was lowest in >14.5% RDW group but without statistical significance. By classify CD4 absolute count, CD4 absolute ≤350/mm3 showed significantly higher RDW than CD4 absolute >350/mm3 (13.98±2.10% vs 12.79±0.88%; p=0.02). No correlation was between RDW and CD4 absolute, as well as, with CD4%.In conclusion, high RDW can be a promising marker to predict the low CD4 count in HIV-positive reproductive women within antiretroviral therapy.
Determinants of Glasgow outcome scale in patients with severe traumatic brain injury for better quality of life
Authors: Dharmajaya R , Sari D K , Ganie R A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Primary and secondary brain injury may occur with severe traumatic brain injury. Secondary traumatic brain injury results in a more severe effect compared to primary traumatic brain injury. Therefore, prevention of secondary traumatic brain injury is necessary to obtain maximum therapeutic results and accurate determination of prognosis and better quality of life. This study aimed to determine accurate and noninvasive prognostic factors in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. It was a cohort study on 16 subjects. Intracranial pressure was monitored within the first 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Examination of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and S100B protein were conducted four times. The severity of outcome was evaluated using Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) three months after traumatic brain injury. Intracranial pressure measurement performed 24 hours after traumatic brain injury, low S100B protein (<2μg/L) 120 hours after injury and increased BDNF (>6.16pg/ml) 48 hours after injury indicate good prognosis and were shown to be significant predictors (p<0.05) for determining the quality of GOS. The conclusion is patient with a moderate increase in intracranial pressure Intracranial pressure S100B protein, being inexpensive and non-invasive, can substitute BDNF and intracranial pressure measurements as a tool for determining prognosis 120 hours following traumatic brain injury.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the structure of this VSI. The first two chapters introduce viruses, their structure and diversity, how they live, and their effects. Then the constant battle between viruses and the immune system of the infected individual is outlined, followed by chapters about infection by emerging viruses, epidemic viruses, pandemic viruses, and those that persist in the body for a lifetime. Later chapters look at how our knowledge of viruses has advanced through the ages and how the recent molecular revolution has enhanced our ability to isolate new viruses and to diagnose and treat virus infections. The final chapter speculates about how humans and viruses might interact in the future.
Persistent viruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
‘Persistent viruses’ explains how some viruses have evolved strategies for overcoming immune mechanisms and survive inside their host for prolonged periods, even for a lifetime. Evasion strategies encompass three basic manoeuvres: finding a niche in which to hide from immune attack, manipulating immune processes to benefit the virus, and outwitting immune defences by mutating rapidly. Most persistent viruses have evolved to cause mild or even asymptomatic infections, since a life-threatening disease would not only be detrimental to the host, but would also deprive the virus of its home. The herpesvirus family, retrovirus family, HIV-1, and hepatitis viruses are described in detail.
Tumour viruses
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One in three people develop cancer during their lives and 10–20 per cent of human cancers are linked to viruses. ‘Tumour viruses’ shows how viral oncogenes have been instrumental in uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development. Tumours develop when a single cell in an organism is released from the usual constraints that regulate its growth and then replicates unchecked. This rogue cell then produces a mass of similar cells, forming a tumour (or cancer) that invades the surrounding tissues and may spread from its original site. The tumour-causing behaviour of oncogenic retroviruses, human T lymphotropic virus, herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, and papilloma viruses are all considered.
Bayesian inference for network meta-regression using multivariate random effects with applications to cholesterol lowering drugs
Authors: Li Hao , Chen Ming-Hui , Ibrahim Joseph G , Kim Sungduk , Shah Arvind K , Lin Jianxin , Tershakovec Andrew M 
Published: March 2018

SummaryLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been identified as a causative factor for atherosclerosis and related coronary heart disease, and as the main target for cholesterol- and lipid-lowering therapy. Statin drugs inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver and are typically the first line of therapy to lower elevated levels of LDL-C. On the other hand, a different drug, Ezetimibe, inhibits the absorption of cholesterol by the small intestine and provides a different mechanism of action. Many clinical trials have been carried out on safety and efficacy evaluation of cholesterol lowering drugs. To synthesize the results from different clinical trials, we examine treatment level (aggregate) network meta-data from 29 double-blind, randomized, active, or placebo-controlled statins +/$-$ Ezetimibe clinical trials on adult treatment-naïve patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. In this article, we propose a new approach to carry out Bayesian inference for arm-based network meta-regression. Specifically, we develop a new strategy of grouping the variances of random effects, in which we first formulate possible sets of the groups of the treatments based on their clinical mechanisms of action and then use Bayesian model comparison criteria to select the best set of groups. The proposed approach is especially useful when some treatment arms are involved in only a single trial. In addition, a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithm is developed to carry out the posterior computations. In particular, the correlation matrix is generated from its full conditional distribution via partial correlations. The proposed methodology is further applied to analyze the network meta-data from 29 trials with 11 treatment arms.
Urocortin-2 improves right ventricular function and attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Adão Rui , Mendes-Ferreira Pedro , Santos-Ribeiro Diana , Maia-Rocha Carolina , Pimentel Luís D , Monteiro-Pinto Cláudia , Mulvaney Eamon P , Reid Helen M , Kinsella B Therese , Potus François , Breuils-Bonnet Sandra , Rademaker Miriam T , Provencher Steeve , Bonnet Sébastien , Leite-Moreira Adelino F , Brás-Silva Carmen 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Aims
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease and treatment options are limited. Urocortin-2 (Ucn-2) has shown promising therapeutic effects in experimental and clinical left ventricular heart failure (HF). Our aim was to analyse the expression of Ucn-2 in human and experimental PAH, and to investigate the effects of human Ucn-2 (hUcn-2) administration in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods and results
Tissue samples were collected from patients with and without PAH and from rats with MCT-induced PH. hUcn-2 (5 μg/kg, bi-daily, i.p., for 10 days) or vehicle was administered to male wistar rats subjected to MCT injection or to pulmonary artery banding (PAB) to induce right ventricular (RV) overload without PAH. Expression of Ucn-2 and its receptor was increased in the RV of patients and rats with PAH. hUcn-2 treatment reduced PAH in MCT rats, resulting in decreased morbidity, improved exercise capacity and attenuated pulmonary arterial and RV remodelling and dysfunction. Additionally, RV gene expression of hypertrophy and failure signalling pathways were attenuated. hUcn-2 treatment also attenuated PAB-induced RV hypertrophy.

Conclusions
Ucn-2 levels are altered in human and experimental PAH. hUcn-2 treatment attenuates PAH and RV dysfunction in MCT-induced PH, has direct anti-remodelling effects on the pressure-overloaded RV, and improves pulmonary vascular function.
Technology use and preferences to support clinical practice guideline awareness and adherence in individuals with sickle cell disease
Authors: Utrankar Amol , Mayo-Gamble Tilicia L , Allen Whitney , Novak Laurie , Kassim Adetola A , Bonnet Kemberlee , Schlundt David , Murry Velma M , Jackson Gretchen Purcell , DeBaun Michael , Cronin Robert M 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveSickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic condition affecting over 100 000 individuals in the United States, predominantly from vulnerable populations. Clinical practice guidelines, written for providers, have low adherence. This study explored knowledge about guidelines; desire for guidelines; and how technology could support guideline awareness and adherence, examining current technology uses, and user preferences to inform design of a patient-centered guidelines application in a chronic disease.MethodsThis cross-sectional mixed-methods study involved semi-structured interviews, surveys, and focus groups of adolescents and adults with SCD. We evaluated interest, preferences, and anticipated benefits or barriers of a patient-centered adaptation of SCD practice guidelines; prospective technology uses for health; and barriers to technology utilization.ResultsForty-seven individuals completed surveys and interviews, and 39 participated in three separate focus groups. Most participants (91%) were unaware of SCD guidelines, but almost all (96%) expressed interest in a guidelines application, identifying benefits (knowledge, activation, individualization, and rewards), and barriers (poor information, low motivation, and resource limitations). Current technology health uses included information access, care coordination, and reminders about health-related actions. Prospective technology uses included informational messaging and timely alerts. Barriers to technology use included lack of interest, lack of utility, and preference for direct communication.ConclusionsThis study’s findings can inform the design of clinical practice guideline applications, suggesting a promising role for technology to engage patients, facilitate care decisions and actions, and improve outcomes.
Analysis of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Healthcare Costs via the Value-Driven Outcomes Tool
Authors: Reese Jared C , Karsy Michael , Twitchell Spencer , Bisson Erica F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Examining the costs of single- and multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is important for the identification of cost drivers and potentially reducing patient costs. A novel tool at our institution provides direct costs for the identification of potential drivers.

OBJECTIVE
To assess perioperative healthcare costs for patients undergoing an ACDF.

METHODS
Patients who underwent an elective ACDF between July 2011 and January 2017 were identified retrospectively. Factors adding to total cost were placed into subcategories to identify the most significant contributors, and potential drivers of total cost were evaluated using a multivariable linear regression model.

RESULTS
A total of 465 patients (mean, age 53 ± 12 yr, 54% male) met the inclusion criteria for this study. The distribution of total cost was broken down into supplies/implants (39%), facility utilization (37%), physician fees (14%), pharmacy (7%), imaging (2%), and laboratory studies (1%). A multivariable linear regression analysis showed that total cost was significantly affected by the number of levels operated on, operating room time, and length of stay. Costs also showed a narrow distribution with few outliers and did not vary significantly over time.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that facility utilization and supplies/implants are the predominant cost contributors, accounting for 76% of the total cost of ACDF procedures. Efforts at lowering costs within these categories should make the most impact on providing more cost-effective care.
Inner Worlds
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to consciousness, and explores how our subjective experiences change during a variety of altered states of consciousness. An overview of cognition is given, outlining the processes involved in the construction of our experiences within the ‘stream’ or ‘theatre of consciousness’. Next, the main varieties of altered states of consciousness are discussed: psychosis, psychedelic experience, dreaming, hypnagogic hallucinations, sensory deprivation, meditation, trance, and hypnosis. Using existing dimensional models, these can be understood not as discrete states, but as points on a continuum, which significantly diverge from ‘normal waking consciousness’. For the purposes of Inner Sound, these altered states of consciousness can be represented or induced with the aid of sound and music; here an initial outline of how this may occur is given.
Psychedelic Illusions
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores how music technologies and electronic studio processes relate to altered states of consciousness in popular music. First, an overview of audio technologies such as multi-tracking, echo, and reverb is given, in order to explore their illusory capabilities. In the rock ’n’ roll music of the 1950s, studio production techniques such as distortion provided a means through which to enhance the energetic and emotive properties of the music. Later, in surf rock, effects such as echo and reverb allowed the music to evoke conceptual visions of teenage surf culture. In the 1960s and 1970s, these approaches were developed in psychedelic rock music, and space rock/space jazz. Here, warped sounds and effects allowed the music to elicit impressions of psychedelic experiences, outer space voyages, and Afrofuturist mythologies. By exploring these areas, this chapter shows how sound design can communicate various forms of conceptual meaning, including the psychedelic experience.
Shamanic Diffusions
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores how electroacoustic music takes the listener on a journey through unreal, imaginary, or hallucinatory sound-worlds. The chapter commences with a general explanation of electroacoustic music, and how it may allow illusory representations of real and unreal sounds and spaces. Following this, various compositions of electroacoustic music are discussed, which are explicitly based on altered states of consciousness such as dreams, shamanic visions, and hallucinations. It is proposed that the typical listening experience of these compositions can be characterized as introspective or meditative in form. The analysis of these works is also used to inform a conceptual model, which defines possible approaches for sound design related to altered states of consciousness according to several dimensions. In particular, this model considers approaches through which sound may either ‘represent’ or ‘induce’ altered states of consciousness—functions that are considered as distinct, yet related.
Synaesthetic Overdrive
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses altered states of consciousness in audio-visual media, such as films, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances. First, some background theory is introduced, explaining the main categories of film sound, and what research tells us regarding the way in which sound influences the perception of visual images and vice versa. Following this background section, a tour is provided through various films that represent altered states of consciousness, including surrealist movies, ‘trance films’, and Hollywood feature films. These demonstrate a progression, where more recent movies are able to make use of digital audio and visual effects to represent the subjective experience of altered states with improved accuracy. Meanwhile, beyond the traditional confines of the cinema, ‘expanded cinema’ works such as visual music, psychedelic light shows, and VJ performances have provided increasingly sophisticated synaesthetic experiences, which are designed to transform the consciousness of their audience.
John Woolman and the Government of Christ
Authors: Kershner Jon R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This book discusses the theology of the colonial New Jersey Quaker tailor John Woolman (1720–1772). Woolman is recognized as an antislavery advocate and as a reformer among eighteenth-century Quakers. This book discusses the theological motivations for those reforms, and explores the way Woolman constructed theological meaning in an individualized way to address the issues of colonial America. Woolman took on the role of a “lay” theologian to innovate within his Quaker tradition. Woolman’s theology is best classified as apocalyptic because it was centered on a vision of Christ’s immediate presence governing all aspects of human affairs, and so was creating a new perfected world out of the old corrupted one. Woolman’s apocalypticism is analyzed in relation to five main theological themes: divine revelation, propheticism, eschatology, perfection, and divine judgment. These themes are evident in Woolman’s belief that (1) God intervened in world affairs to reveal God’s will for humanity on earth in a way unavailable to the senses and natural faculties; (2) God’s will made claims on society and God commissioned human agents to confront apostasy and be God’s spokespeople; (3) the faithful embodied the kingdom and pointed to the transformation of all things to establish the “government of Christ”; (4) the faithful were able to navigate the complexities of the British imperial world and maintain faithfulness because they could perfectly hear and obey God’s will for them; and (5) God’s will would inevitably be done and the faithful would be vindicated as God intervened in world events to enforce the divine will.
Introduction
Authors: Kershner Jon R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
John Woolman’s writings demonstrate a strong conceptual and theological coherence. This chapter describes the theological flexibility available to colonists and, especially, Quakers. Woolman was an esteemed member of his religious community, while disagreeing at times with both the reasons and the methods for their religious expression. It defines theology in a Quaker context, including a discussion of the “Quietist” category that has been applied to Woolman and skewed scholarly interpretations of his writings. Additionally, this chapter defines apocalypticism broadly to account for the variety of apocalyptic sentiments. Other approaches to Woolman and eighteenth-century Quakers, such as those by Kathryn Damiano, Geoffrey Plank, and Rufus Jones, are evaluated. The structure of the book is then explained, giving an overview of its contents.
Conclusion
Authors: Kershner Jon R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This conclusion examines the importance of Woolman’s theology for studies of eighteenth-century Quakerism and colonial theology. Woolman’s apocalypticism and his incorporation of spiritualist themes resulted in an inward spirituality that claimed ultimate authority over human affairs. The themes in Woolman’s theology show that at least some eighteenth-century Quakers maintained a dissenting identity that expected an imminent eschatological resolution to their social angst. Moreover, Woolman’s theology was similar to other colonial voices in its spiritualist emphasis, but the immediacy of Woolman’s theological vision made this-world the central theater for his vision, whereas theirs looked for a primary resolution in heaven. Woolman’s apocalypticism shows that lay religious figures took license to construct religious meaning. Woolman’s answer to the corruptions in the British imperial economy was a world under the direct authority and governance of Christ, where social and spiritual ills would be rectified in a transforming experience on earth.