bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arbitrary reference, numbers, and propositions
Authors: Palmira Michele 
Published: June 2018

AbstractReductionist realist accounts of certain entities, such as the natural numbers and propositions, have been taken to be fatally undermined by what we may call the problem of arbitrary identification. The problem is that there are multiple and equally adequate reductions of the natural numbers to sets (see Benacerraf, 1965), as well as of propositions to unstructured or structured entities (see, e.g., Bealer, 1998; King, Soames, & Speaks, 2014; Melia, 1992). This paper sets out to solve the problem by canvassing what we may call the arbitrary reference strategy. The main claims of such strategy are 2. First, we do not know which objects are the referents of proposition and numerical terms since their reference is fixed arbitrarily. Second, our ignorance of which object is picked out as the referent does not entail that no object is referred to by the relevant expression. Different articulations of the strategy are assessed, and a new one is defended.
Identification of architectural distortions in mammograms using local binary patterns and radial lengths through an exhaustive evaluation framework
Authors: Chatzistergos Sevastianos E. , Andreadis Ioannis , Nikita Konstantina S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA method based on the combination of Local Binary Pattern operator and radial lengths is presented aiming at the identification of Architectural Distortions (ADs) in mammograms. Local Binary Pattern operator, a number of its variants, and radial lengths are combined together producing a high‐dimensional feature space. A process, based on the combination of Principal Component Analysis and ttest, is used to effectively transform feature space and reveal the most descriptive features. The classification step is performed using a Support Vector Machine classifier. Open access databases (Mammographic Image Analysis Society and Digital Database for Screening Mammography) are used through an exhaustive evaluation framework that aims at eliminating both mammogram selection bias and limited subtlety variation, thus enabling a fair and complete comparison procedure. Furthermore, in order to provide a test bed for future comparisons, a dataset is constructed from all the available AD Regions Of Interest in Digital Database for Screening Mammography (163 AD vs 375 Regions Of Interest from specific normal cases) and is used to further evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The method performed flawlessly and classified correctly all cases.
Carbon emissions from South‐East Asian peatlands will increase despite emission‐reduction schemes
Authors: Wijedasa Lahiru S. , Sloan Sean , Page Susan E. , Clements Gopalasamy R. , Lupascu Massimo , Evans Theodore A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCarbon emissions from drained peatlands converted to agriculture in South‐East Asia (i.e., Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo) are globally significant and increasing. Here, we map the growth of South‐East Asian peatland agriculture and estimate CO2 emissions due to peat drainage in relation to official land‐use plans with a focus on the reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+)‐related Indonesian moratorium on granting new concession licences for industrial agriculture and logging. We find that, prior to 2010, 35% of South‐East Asian peatlands had been converted to agriculture, principally by smallholder farmers (15% of original peat extent) and industrial oil palm plantations (14%). These conversions resulted in 1.46–6.43 GtCO2 of emissions between 1990 and 2010. This legacy of historical clearances on deep‐peat areas will contribute 51% (4.43–11.45 GtCO2) of projected future peatland CO2 emissions over the period 2010–2130. In Indonesia, which hosts most of the region's peatland and where concession maps are publicly available, 70% of peatland conversion to agriculture occurred outside of known concessions for industrial plantation development, with smallholders accounting for 60% and industrial oil palm accounting for 34%. Of the remaining Indonesian peat swamp forest (PSF), 45% is not protected, and its conversion would amount to CO2 emissions equivalent to 0.7%–2.3% (5.14–14.93 Gt) of global fossil fuel and cement emissions released between 1990 and 2010. Of the peatland extent included in the moratorium, 48% was no longer forested, and of the PSF included, 40%–48% is likely to be affected by drainage impacts from agricultural areas and will emit CO2 over time. We suggest that recent legislation and policy in Indonesia could provide a means of meaningful emission reductions if focused on revised land‐use planning, PSF conservation both inside and outside agricultural concessions, and the development of agricultural practices based on rehabilitating peatland hydrological function.
Synthesis of CuInTe2 nanowires: A polycrystalline‐to‐single‐crystalline transformation process
Authors: Shi Liang , Wan Songming , Ding Jia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA facile solvothermal synthetic route has been developed to prepare CuInTe2 nanowires with the template aiding of anodic aluminum oxide. Microstructure analysis reveals that the as‐prepared single crystalline CuInTe2 nanowires have a [112] direction preferential growth. Oriented attachment mechanism has been proposed to explain the anisotropic growth of CuInTe2 nanowires during a polycrystalline‐to‐single‐crystalline transformation process. CuInTe2 nanowires have strong absorption in the visible region based on UV‐Vis absorption spectra measurement, confirming its suitability as a light absorbing material in solar cells.
Upconverting YbPO4:RE monospheres (RE=Ho, Er, Tm)
Authors: Li Ji‐Guang , Wang Zhihao , Zhu Qi , Xu Zhixin , Wang Xuejiao , Kim Byung‐Nam , Li Xiaodong , Sun Xudong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUniform spheres of (Yb0.98RE0.02)PO4 orthophosphate (RE=Ho, Er, and Tm, respectively) were synthesized via a homogeneous precipitation procedure mediated by SO42− anions. The as‐precipitated and 1100°C calcined products were determined via laser‐diffraction particle sizing to have the average diameters of ~2.04 ± 0.67 and 1.80 ± 0.93 μm, respectively. The upconversion luminescence of RE3+ under sensitization by the host Yb3+ was studied for the calcination products under 978 nm laser excitation, and it was found that the emissions are dominated by a red band at ~650 nm for Ho3+ (5F5 → 5I8 transition), similarly strong green (~515‐565 nm, 2H11/2/4S3/2 → 4I15/2 transition) and red (~640‐680 nm, 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transition) bands for Er3+, and a near‐infrared band at ~800 nm for Tm3+ (3H4 → 3H6 transition). The number of laser photons needed to populate the emitting state was determined by varying the excitation power, and the possible photon reactions leading to the observed upconversion were discussed.
Is the humoral immunity dispensable for the pathogenesis of psoriasis?
Authors: Thomas J. , Küpper M. , Batra R. , Jargosch M. , Atenhan A. , Baghin V. , Krause L. , Lauffer F. , Biedermann T. , Theis F.J. , Eyerich K. , Eyerich S. , Garzorz‐Stark N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundImbalances of T‐cell subsets are hallmarks of disease‐specific inflammation in psoriasis. However, the relevance of B cells for psoriasis remains poorly investigated.ObjectiveTo analyse the role of B cells and immunoglobulins for the disease‐specific immunology of psoriasis.MethodsWe characterized B‐cell subsets and immunoglobulin levels in untreated psoriasis patients (n = 37) and compared them to healthy controls (n = 20) as well as to psoriasis patients under disease‐controlling systemic treatment (n = 28). B‐cell subsets were analysed following the flow cytometric gating strategy based on the surface markers CD24, CD38 and CD138. Moreover, immunofluorescence stainings were used to detect IgA in psoriatic skin.ResultsWe found significantly increased levels of IgA in the serum of treatment‐naïve psoriasis patients correlating with disease score. However, IgA was only observed in dermal vessels of skin sections. Concerning B‐cell subsets, we only found a moderately positive correlation of CD138+ plasma cells with IgA levels and disease score in treatment‐naïve psoriasis patients. Confirming our hypothesis that psoriasis can develop in the absence of functional humoral immunity, we investigated a patient who suffered concomitantly from both psoriasis and a hereditary common variable immune defect (CVID) characterized by a lack of B cells and immunoglobulins. We detected variants in three of the 13 described genes of CVID and a so far undescribed variant in the ligand of the TNFRSF13B receptor leading to disturbed B‐cell maturation and antibody production. However, this patient showed typical psoriasis regarding clinical presentation, histology or T‐cell infiltrate. Finally, in a group of psoriasis patients under systemic treatment, neither did IgA levels drop nor did plasma cells correlate with IgA levels and disease score.ConclusionB‐cell alterations might rather be an epiphenomenal finding in psoriasis with a clear dominance of T cells over shifts in B‐cell subsets.
A New Interpretation of Augmented Subscores and Their Added Value in Terms of Parallel Forms
Authors: Sinharay Sandip 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe value‐added method of Haberman is arguably one of the most popular methods to evaluate the quality of subscores. The method is based on the classical test theory and deems a subscore to be of added value if the subscore predicts the corresponding true subscore better than does the total score. Sinharay provided an interpretation of the added value of subscores in terms of scores and subscores on parallel forms. This article extends the results of Sinharay and considers the prediction of a subscore on a parallel form from both the subscore and the total raw score on the original form. The resulting predictor essentially becomes the augmented subscore suggested by Haberman. The proportional reduction in mean squared error of the resulting predictor is interpreted as a squared multiple correlation coefficient. The practical usefulness of the derived results is demonstrated using an operational data set.
Exploring the Influence of Range Restrictions on Connectivity in Sparse Assessment Networks: An Illustration and Exploration Within the Context of Classroom Observations
Authors: Wind Stefanie A. , Jones Eli 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRange restrictions, or raters’ tendency to limit their ratings to a subset of available rating scale categories, are well documented in large‐scale teacher evaluation systems based on principal observations. When these restrictions occur, the ratings observed during operational teacher evaluations are limited to a subset of the available categories. However, range restrictions are less common within teacher performances that are used to establish links (anchor ratings) in otherwise disconnected assessment systems. As a result, principals’ category use may be different between anchor ratings and operational ratings. The purpose of this study is to explore the consequences of discrepancies in rating scale category use across operational and anchor ratings within the context of teacher evaluation systems based on principal observations. First, we used real data to illustrate the presence of range restriction in operational ratings, and the effect of this restriction on connectivity. Then, we used simulated data to explore these effects using experimental manipulation. Results suggested that discrepancies in range restriction between anchor and operational ratings do not systematically impact the precision of teacher, principal, and teaching practice estimates. We discuss the implications of these results in terms of research and practice for teacher evaluation systems.
A Top‐Down Approach to Designing the Computerized Adaptive Multistage Test
Authors: Luo Xiao , Kim Doyoung 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe top‐down approach to designing a multistage test is relatively understudied in the literature and underused in research and practice. This study introduced a route‐based top‐down design approach that directly sets design parameters at the test level and utilizes the advanced automated test assembly algorithm seeking global optimality. The design process in this approach consists of five sub‐processes: (1) route mapping, (2) setting objectives, (3) setting constraints, (4) routing error control, and (5) test assembly. Results from a simulation study confirmed that the assembly, measurement and routing results of the top‐down design eclipsed those of the bottom‐up design. Additionally, the top‐down design approach provided unique insights into design decisions that could be used to refine the test. Regardless of these advantages, it is recommended applying both top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in a complementary manner in practice.
Parameter Invariance and Skill Attribute Continuity in the DINA Model
Authors: Bolt Daniel M. , Kim Jee‐Seon 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) typically assume skill attributes with discrete (often binary) levels of skill mastery, making the existence of skill continuity an anticipated form of model misspecification. In this article, misspecification due to skill continuity is argued to be of particular concern for several CDM applications due to the lack of invariance it yields in CDM skill attribute metrics, or what in this article are viewed as the “thresholds” applied to continuous attributes in distinguishing masters from nonmasters. Using the deterministic input noisy and (DINA) model as an illustration, the effects observed in real data are found to be systematic, with higher thresholds for mastery tending to emerge in higher ability populations. The results are shown to have significant implications for applications of CDMs that rely heavily upon the parameter invariance properties of the models, including, for example, applications toward the measurement of growth and differential item functioning analyses.
When Juveniles Commit Sexual Offenses: Considerations and Recommendations for Judges
Authors: Russell Kristan N. , Marsh Shawn C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractConsidering sexual offenders’ impact on victims, families, and communities, one cannot understate the importance of utilizing evidence‐based dispositions with juvenile offenders adjudicated for sexual offenses. This proves difficult, however, as the body of literature regarding juvenile sexual offenders is complex and often misunderstood. Research on how juvenile sexual offenders experience – broadly construed – the juvenile justice process is particularly sparse. The research that is available about juvenile sexual offender treatment, recidivism, and outcomes in general tends to be mixed as to the best way to deal with this distinctly stigmatized population. Thus, the purpose of this review article is primarily educational in that we summarize the highlights of current research and thinking in regards to juvenile sexual offenders with which judges should be familiar, and subsequently offer practice recommendations. The ultimate goal in offering and applying these recommendations in juvenile court settings is to help alleviate potential collateral consequences, increase positive long‐term outcomes for juveniles, and increase public safety.
Platelet rich plasma for photodamaged skin: A pilot study
Authors: Lee Z‐Hye , Sinno Sammy , Poudrier Grace , Motosko Catherine C , Chiodo Michael , Saia Whitney , Gothard David , Thomson Jennifer E , Hazen Alexes 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIntroductionDespite increasing popularity of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) in treating aging facial skin, the quality of evidence supporting its use is poor due to the lack of consistent methods of its preparation and application.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction with a single PRP treatment prepared with a simplified preparation and application technique.MethodsFour millilitre of PRP were injected into 6 standardized points on each side of the face. Outcomes were assessed by independent physician evaluation of pretreatment and posttreatment photographs using the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). In addition, patient‐reported outcomes were evaluated using the FACE‐Q.ResultsThirty‐one participants ranging from 27 to 71 years of age (median, 38; IQR 32‐58) were recruited for this study. Posttreatment WSRS scores improved in only 1 patient; the GAIS scores of 14 patients indicated aesthetic improvement. Analysis of FACE‐Q scores revealed statistically significant increases in participant satisfaction with overall facial appearance and cheeks. The most frequently reported adverse effects were tenderness (23.4%; 7 of 31), facial tightness (20.0%; 6 of 31), and swelling (20.0%; 6 of 31).ConclusionsA simple method of PRP preparation offers modest benefit in treating the effects of skin aging and photodamage. Future research studies should alter our methods using a stepwise approach to optimize the treatment of aging facial skin with PRP.
Prevention and Management of Cheek and/or Tongue Biting Related to Posterior Implant‐Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses (ISFDPs)
Authors: Afrashtehfar Kelvin I. , Belser Urs C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAfter the loss of several adjacent posterior teeth, bone resorption occurs that can lead to a marked occlusal discrepancy between arches. This discrepancy may originate from the more pronounced resorption at the facial portion of the alveolar bone crest, often resulting in a more palatal implant position. Therefore, establishing normal overbite and cusp‐fossa relation may become difficult, namely causing inappropriate crown contours and emergence profiles. This manuscript describes a technique in which a different occlusal configuration is given to solve some problems that edge‐to‐edge occlusal configuration produces. For instance, patients may suffer from cheek and/or tongue biting after the delivery of a maxillary posterior implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis resulting in an edge‐to‐edge occlusal configuration. In instances of severe maxillary resorption in the posterior buccal zone, it is recommended to consider a distinct cross‐bite occlusion and by this prevent the well‐known discomfort and clinical signs associated with both an edge‐to‐edge interarch relationship or a so‐called “stretched” transversal overbite.
Use of (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan for diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Farhour Zahra , Mehraj Vikram , Chen Jun , Ramendra Rayoun , Lu Hongzhou , Routy Jean‐Pierre 
Published: June 2018

SummaryPeople living with HIV (PLHIV) are highly vulnerable to invasive fungal infections (IFIs) due to their immune dysfunction. Diagnosis and treatment of IFIs remain challenging due to the requirement of deep tissue sampling to visualise and culture fungi before initiating treatment. Such techniques are less practical in resource‐limited settings due to their cost and requirement of relatively invasive procedures. Hence, identification of surrogate markers for the early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs is required. Recent studies have shown that (1→3)‐β‐d‐glucan (BDG), a major fungal cell wall antigen, represents a promising soluble marker for the presumptive diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of IFIs in HIV‐infected patients. Herein, we review findings on the merits of BDG assays in the diagnosis of IFIs and monitoring of antifungal therapies for PLHIV. Conversely to other types of immunocompromised patients, HIV infection is associated with gut damage and subsequent bacterial and fungal translocation leading to elevated BDG plasma levels.
Gastrointestinal mucormycosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts—A review
Authors: Kaur Harsimran , Ghosh Anup , Rudramurthy Shivaprakash M. , Chakrabarti Arunaloke 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) mucormycosis is always a challenge due to its non‐specific clinical presentations and often diagnosed at autopsy. Recently increased number ofGImucormycosis has been reported in immunocompetent hosts and during 1948 through 2017, 200 cases ofGImucormycosis are available in literature. We could review 176 cases where case details were available. Majority (50.6%) of the cases were reported from Asia. The disease is nearly equally recorded in adults and paediatric population. The infection commonly affected the intestine (64.2%) followed by stomach (33%). A significant improvement in antemortem diagnosis was noted since 2001.Rhizopusspecies were the predominant (67.5%) aetiological agents. Amphotericin B was the most commonly used drug (93.4%). Despite improvement of antemortem diagnosis and therapy, the mortality was 60.5% and 67.5% in adults and children respectively. Combined medical and surgical therapy (reported in 47.8% patients) had significantly better survival rate than those receiving either of them. Analysing the clinical presentations, we propose to suspectGImucormycosis in a malnourished/ dehydrated child (especially premature neonate) with history of exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics or formula/spoon feeding and presenting with mass in abdomen, abdominal distension or bilious vomiting; and an adult presenting with abdominal distension, fever orGIbleed with underlying risk factors for mucormycosis.
Microbiota‐gut‐brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers
Authors: Bhattarai Y. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe gastrointestinal barrier and the blood brain barrier represent an important line of defense to protect the underlying structures against harmful external stimuli. These host barriers are composed of epithelial and endothelial cells interconnected by tight junction proteins along with several other supporting structures. Disruption in host barrier structures has therefore been implicated in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. While there are several factors that influence host barrier, recently there is an increasing appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in regulating barrier integrity. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Marungruang et al. describe the effect of gastrointestinal barrier maturation on gut microbiota and the blood brain barrier adding to the growing evidence of microbiota‐barrier interactions. In this mini‐review I will discuss the effect of gut microbiota on host epithelial barriers and its implications for diseases associated with disrupted gut‐brain axis.