bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in mental health and substance use disorders and related healthcare services utilization
Authors: Brand Evelyn , Rodriguez‐Monguio Rosa , Volberg Rachel 
Published: December 2018

Background and ObjectivesPathological gambling often co‐occurs with other psychiatric disorders. Gender differences in treatment‐seeking behaviors among patients with pathological gambling diagnosis remain poorly understood. This study assessed gender differences in healthcare services utilization in patients seeking treatment for pathological gambling, substance use, and mental health co‐occurring conditions.MethodsStudy data were derived from a representative sample of the Massachusetts All Payers Claims Database for the period 2009–2013. Descriptive analyses were performed by gender using group t‐tests and Pearson's chi‐square tests. Bootstrap analysis was used to account for skewed distribution of healthcare services utilization data. Multiple linear regressions were used to evaluate the association between healthcare services utilization and gender while controlling for patient's age, county, and ICD‐9‐CM diagnosis codes.ResultsOver two‐thirds of the patients were males. Moreover, two in five patients seeking treatment had pathological gambling as principal or primary diagnosis. Females had a significantly greater number of three or more co‐occurring psychiatric conditions than males. Having a diagnosis of episodic mood disorder, neurotic disorder, or adjustment reaction significantly increased the utilization of healthcare services for both genders. Females had a greater utilization of healthcare services than males for the same psychiatric diagnosis.Discussion and ConclusionsHealthcare services utilization significantly varies by gender and type of mental health and substance use diagnosis. There are significant differences by gender in the utilization of healthcare services for the same psychiatric disorders.Scientific SignificanceThere is a need to address gender differences in psychiatric conditions and their related healthcare needs. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1–7)
Leucine regulates slow‐twitch muscle fibers expression and mitochondrial function by Sirt1/AMPK signaling in porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells
Authors: Chen Xiaoling , Xiang Lu , Jia Gang , Liu Guangmang , Zhao Hua , Huang Zhiqing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA previous study demonstrated that leucine upregulates the slow myosin heavy chain mRNA expression in C2C12 cells. However, the role of leucine in slow‐twitch muscle fibers expression and mitochondrial function of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells as well as its mechanism remain unclear. In this study, porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells cultured in differentiation medium were treated with 2 mM leucine for 3 days. Sirt1 inhibitor EX527, AMPK inhibitor compound C, and AMPKα1 siRNA were used to examine its underlying mechanism. Here we showed that leucine increased slow‐twitch muscle fibers and mitochondrial function‐related gene expression, as well as increased succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities. Moreover, leucine increased the protein levels of Sirt1 and phospho‐AMPK. We also found that AMPKα1 siRNA, AMPK inhibitor compound C, or Sirt1 inhibitor EX527 attenuated the positive effect of leucine on slow‐twitch muscle fibers and mitochondrial function‐related gene expression. Finally, we showed that Sirt1 was required for leucine‐induced AMPK activation. Our results provide, for the first time, evidence that leucine induces slow‐twitch muscle fibers expression and improves mitochondrial function through Sirt1/AMPK signaling pathway in porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells.
Intangibles Disclosure on Entrepreneurial Small Businesses’ Websites to Influence Stakeholders’ Impressions
Authors: Abeysekera Indra 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study examines the ways in which entrepreneurs influence stakeholders to form perceptions using intangibles disclosed on business websites. Interviews were conducted with 10 entrepreneurs, each representing an entrepreneurial business, and 17 intangible capabilities disclosed to impress three stakeholder groups using five impression‐management tactics were uncovered. The study uses an entrepreneurship perspective to investigate entrepreneurs’ motivation to share their beliefs with stakeholders, and resource‐based theory to posit that intangibles combined with business capabilities are competencies for such communication, in addition to stakeholder theory for targeting specific stakeholders.
Distance‐based multicriteria group decision‐making approach with probabilistic linguistic term sets
Authors: Wang Xiaokang , Wang Jianqiang , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProbabilistic linguistic term sets (PLTSs) are an important expression for hesitant linguistic preference information under group decision‐making circumstances. This study investigates problems of multicriteria group decision making (MCGDM) with PLTSs. A novel and rational comparison method is first proposed, and two distance measures for PLTSs are defined. The weight of each criterion is then obtained via maximum deviation method. Subsequently, extended Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) ‐ VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje a Serbian name (VIKOR) and TODIM (an acronym in Portuguese of interactive and multiple attribute decision making) methods are developed as decision support models to handle MCGDM problems. An illustrative example is also analysed to demonstrate the rationality and feasibility of the proposed methods.
Structural and mechanistic insights into polymyxin resistance mediated by EptC originating from Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhao Yanqun , Meng Qiang , Lai Yujie , Wang Li , Zhou Dan , Dou Chao , Gu Yijun , Nie Chunlai , Wei Yuquan , Cheng Wei 
Published: December 2018

Gram‐negative bacteria defend against the toxicity of polymyxins by modifying their outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This modification mainly occurs through the addition of cationic molecules such as phosphoethanolamine (PEA). EcEptC is a PEA transferase from Escherichia coli (E. coli). However, unlike its homologs CjEptC (Campylobacter jejuni) and MCR‐1, EcEptC is unable to mediate polymyxin resistance when overexpressed in E. coli. Here, we report crystal structures of the C‐terminal putative catalytic domain (EcEptCΔN, 205–577 aa) of EcEptC in apo and Zn2+‐bound states at 2.10 and 2.60 Å, respectively. EcEptCΔN is arranged into an α‐β‐α fold and equipped with the zinc ion in a conserved mode. Coupled with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) data, we provide insights into the mechanism by which EcEptC recognizes Zn2+. Furthermore, structure comparison analysis indicated that disulfide bonds, which play a key role in polymyxin resistance, were absent in EcEptCΔN. Supported by structural and biochemical evidence, we reveal mechanistic implications for disulfide bonds in PEA transferase‐mediated polymyxin resistance. Significantly, because the structural effects exhibited by disulfide bonds are absent in EcEptC, it is impossible for this protein to participate in polymyxin resistance in E. coli.DatabaseStructural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 6A82 and 6A83.Enzyme
EC 2.7.8.43
Factorial Designs in Small Blocks Derived from Orthogonal Latin Squares
Authors: Thompson H. R. , Dick I. D. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
From a basic p × q design in blocks of q plots (q &lt; p, p a prime or power thereof) three factor designs with the same block size are obtained, the number of levels being p, q or factors of q.
When multifactorial experiments are used in the field they often need too many plots per block for ordinary randomized blocks to be used, so that a design in which there is a degree of confounding is necessary to control the experimental error. In certain other applications the block size may be limited naturally to a very small number of plots and a further degree of confounding is required. Particular instances occur in pig nutrition experiments where litters form the blocks, and in plant inoculation work where there may be only a small number of leaves per plant on which to place treatments. Designs to suit such cases are derived in this note, the block size in every case being equal to or less than the number of levels in the leading factor.
Change-Over Trials
Authors: Patterson H. D. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A number of designs for experiments in which sequences of treatments are applied to experimental units are considered. These experiments are described as change-over trials. The arrangements are such that estimates can be obtained of direct and first residual effects of treatments. The total number of units is kept as low as possible consistent with a neat analysis.
It is found that confounding in factorial arrangements and incomplete block designs can be introduced by an adaptation of the methods of single period experiments. Only 3 and 4 period designs are included, but the extension to larger numbers of periods where this is practicable presents little difficulty.
The statistical analysis of data from change-over trials is discussed. The ordinary method based on a straightforward application of the least squares principle is subjected to some criticism and a modification suggested.
The Statistical Theory of Bacterial Populations Subject to Mutation
Authors: Armitage P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This paper is a study of the growth of a mixed bacterial population composed of two types of organisms, and subject to mutation from one type to the other, in one or both directions. The bacteria divide by binary fission, but the rates of division for the two types may differ. The paper is intended as a unified and critical presentation of statistical results previously published by other authors, together with a number of new results.
The first part presents a mathematical theory, from both the deterministic and the stochastic viewpoints. The definition of a mutation rate is discussed in some detail. Particular attention is directed to the situation in which the proportion of organisms of one type remains negligible throughout the period of growth (so-called short-term experiments); the effects of delayed phenotypic expression and of the sampling of replicate cultures are considered. For the more general situations, approximate expressions are obtained for the first few cumulants of the joint distribution of the numbers of organisms of each type present at any time.
The second part is concerned with methods of estimation of the parameters of a mutation process. In particular I examine the suitability of various methods of estimating the mutation rate in short-term experiments, when phenotypic delay is present. Methods based on the upper portion of the distribution of the number of mutants in replicate cultures, such as the upper quartile, are preferable.
The verification of the theory by certain data published by other authors is considered in the third part. An attempt is made to fit some observed distributions of the number of mutants in replicate cultures, using a particular model for phenotypic delay; the fit is unsatisfactory, the fitted distributions having too high a frequency of cultures with two or three mutants.
A Study of Queues and Appointment Systems in Hospital Out-Patient Departments, with Special Reference to Waiting-Times
Authors: Bailey Norman T. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
An investigation, based on the use of random numbers, has been made into the kind of queueing process occurring in hospital out-patient departments. Special attention has been paid to the patients’ waiting time and also to the time which a consultant may waste waiting for the next patient. As compared with many appointment systems at present in use, it is concluded that by suitable choice of the system to be adopted a substantial amount of the patients’ waiting time may be eliminated without appreciably affecting the consultant. A recommended procedure is to give patients appointments at regular intervals, each equal to the average consultation time; the consultant commencing work when the second patient arrives. The effect of variations in the appointment interval, the number of patients attending the clinics, and the distribution of queue-size are discussed. The precision of the results obtained is also considered.
On the “Transition Probabilities” Corresponding to any Accident Distribution
Authors: Irwin J. O. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
From any known distribution of accidents in a fixed exposure time T, the expected number of other accidents sustained by a person who has x accidents is obtained. It is the ratio of the x + 1th to the xth factorial moment of the distribution. its limiting value when the exposure time tends to zero gives the transition probabilities.
Grading with a Gauge Subject to Random Output Fluctuations
Authors: Mandel L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A study is made of the errors arising in grading a normal population into classes with a gauge subject to output fluctuations. This involves evaluating the bivariate normal integral when the correlation coefficient is close to unity and series for this are developed. Curves are derived showing the dependence of the errors on the population variance and on the instrumental noise level. Means of reducing some errors by small adjustments of the gauging limits are also examined. The results have a direct bearing on the industrial applications of β-ray thickness gauges.
The Analysis of a Factorial Experiment (with Confounding) on an Electronic Calculator
Authors: Rowell J. G. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
(a) The analysis of a 24 factorial experiment confounded into blocks of two carried out on an electronic computer (the EDSAC) is described. Treatment effects were calculated in the factorial analysis and summarized. The factorial analysis, which would have taken 10 or 12 weeks with a desk machine, was carried out in about 13 days. The summary represented a greater saving of time, being carried out in 3 days.
(b) Three-quarters of the time needed for the computation of the factorial analysis was used in punching the data tapes; calculators capable of reading from punched cards are available and may be more suited to statistical calculations of this type. No data tape had to be punched for the summary analysis since the input for this was the output of the factorial analysis.
(c) The total machine time needed for the factorial analysis was about four hours.
(d) About 450 orders were used in each part of the analysis leaving storage space for about 190 numbers of 10 decimal digits.
Some Distribution and Moment Formulae for the Markov Chain
Authors: Whittle P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
An exact formula (8) is derived for the probability distribution of an observed set of transition totals. This expression furnishes asymptotic expressions for the likelihood (24), for the covariances of transition totals (27), and for the distribution of Bartlett’s goodness-of-fit statistic (31). Formulae are also derived for the expectations of some sample functions related to the factorial moments of the transition totals (34) and for the lower moments of the estimated transition probabilities (42), (44). It is shown that the Markov chain has properties similar to those of a. set of independent multinomial distributions.
A Note on Equalising the Mean Waiting Times of Successive Customers in a Finite Queue
Authors: Bailey Norman T. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The type of appointment system recommended in a previous paper (Bailey, 1952) for hospital out-patient departments suffered the disadvantage that a patient’s average waiting time was much longer at the end of the queue than at the beginning. It is shown here that a slight modification of the appointment system results in the patient’s average waiting time being nearly independent of his position in the queue.
Generalizations of Tchebycheff’s Inequalities
Authors: Mallows C. L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
We may often obtain the lower moments of a sampling distribution when the distribution itself is intractable. Tchebycheff’s celebrated inequalities for the cumulative distribution function are of very little use in practice, being “much too wide”. The present work obtains generalizations of these inequalities by restricting the distribution function to be “smooth” in two senses: firstly, by restricting the number of changes of sign of some derivative, and secondly by also restricting the size of this derivative. These conditions lead to certain “extremal” distributions, and hence to the required inequalities. These have been proved correct only in the simpler cases, but are conjectured to hold in general. In Part I some of the simpler results are given explicitly.
Some Methods of Estimating the Parameters of Discrete Heterogeneous Populations
Authors: Freund John E. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Methods of estimation are suggested and illustrated for estimating the distribution of a parameter within a heterogeneous population. If a parameter assumes a discrete set of values θj, estimators are obtained for the probabilities f(θj). It is assumed that certain values xi are observed with frequencies ni in a sample from the entire heterogeneous population and that the conditional probabilities f(xi | θj) are known.
Some Experimental Designs of Use in Changing from One Set of Treatments to Another: Part II. Existence of the Designs
Authors: Freeman G. H. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Necessary conditions are given for the construction from two block designs of row and column designs, i.e., three-way classifications two of whose classifications are orthogonal. For all designs considered except those partially balanced both ways (type O:PP) the conditions for existence appear to be that the block designs exist separately. For O:PP designs, however, further conditions are necessary, these leading in practice to the exclusion of (i) certain singular group-divisible designs, (ii) all designs formed from unextended disconnected group-divisible designs and (iii) a small design not fitting into either of these categories. There may be other types of row and column design that are apparently possible but do not in fact exist, but none is known.
The Continuous Time Solution of the Equations of the Single Channel Queue with a General Class of Service-Time Distributions by the Method of Generating Functions
Authors: Luchak George 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
Equations describing a single channel queue with random arrivals and a general class of service-times are solved for time-dependent state probabilities. Solutions for a Pearson type III service-time and a “double” Pearson type III service-time are given in terms of the Ik n function. Corresponding results for the distribution of busy periods are also obtained.
Renewal Theory and its Ramifications
Authors: Smith Walter L. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This is an expository article on the theoretical and some computational aspects of renewal theory. §1 describes basic theory, including Blackwell’s theorem; renewal density theorem; cumulants and asymptotic normality of the number of renewals in (0, t); and the integral equations of renewal theory. §2 is concerned with asymptotic behaviour of processes having an embedded renewal process: regenerative stochastic processes; semi-Markov processes; cumulative processes. §3 discusses infinite sums and products connected with a renewal process which arise out of the study of electronic particle counters, and an integral equation connected with the infinite products. §4 describes some generalizations of renewal theory that have been proposed by different writers, and also “infinitesimal” renewal processes. Illustrative examples are drawn from biology and from the theories of queues, dams, and electronic counters; a table summarizing some of the papers on the last subject is given.
The Logistic Process: Tables of the Stochastic Epidemic Curve and Applications
Authors: Mansfield Edwin , Hensley Carlton 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The logistic process is a simple stochastic process often used to represent the spread of an epidemic. Some recent studies (Bailey, 1950; Haskey, 1954) provided information regarding the stochastic epidemic curve for this process. In this paper, we present much more extensive tables of this epidemic curve, and we note some potential uses for the logistic process in the behavioural sciences.
Consistency in Statistical Inference and Decision
Authors: Smith Cedric A. B. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
It is suggested that the strength of a person’s beliefs may be tested by finding at what odds he is prepared to bet on them. This leads to a system of numerical “medial personal probabilities” obeying the classical laws of probability. However, these do not have precisely defined values, but are contained within specified intervals. The appropriate method of inference is Bayes’s Theorem. This leads to generally accepted statistical procedures in large samples, except that the “weight of evidence” and not significance level is the measure of conviction in a significance test. Under very general conditions decisions are made by maximizing expected utility.
The Solution of Queueing and Inventory Models by Semi-Markov Processes
Authors: Fabens Augustus J. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
In this paper we set forth an approach to queueing and inventory problems which is based on the theory of semi-Markov processes. The method is applicable to a wide variety of models in continuous or discrete time. After developing two basic theorems, we illustrate the method by determining the limiting distribution of a “batch service” queue, in which K customers are always served at a time. The batch service queue is also shown to be equivalent to a classical single-server queue with gamma interarrival distribution and general service distribution, and to an inventory model of the popular “s, S” type. Waiting-time distributions and expected lengths of busy periods are shown for the queues, and the application of the method to finite queues is indicated.
The Asymptotic Efficiency of Daniels’s Generalized Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Farlie D. J. G. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The asymptotic efficiency of the generalized correlation coefficient devised by Daniels, used as a test of association in the bivariate function
H(x, y) = F(x) G(y) {1 + αA(x) B(y)},
is shown to depend in a simple way on the score-matrices used to define the coefficient. Two coefficients for which the corresponding row sums of the two score-matrices, written in a standard form, are proportional are shown to have the same asymptotic efficiency. In particular, this is shown to be true for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Kendall’s alternative coefficient, τ. For alternatives of the above type, maximum efficiency can be obtained within Daniels’s family of coefficients; for a more general class of alternatives a weighted combination of Daniels’s coefficients is necessary to attain maximum asymptotic efficiency.
A Bulk-Service Queueing Problem with Variable Capacity
Authors: Jaiswal N. K. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
The bulk-service queueing problem solved by Bailey (1954) has been extended to the case in which the maximum number of units to be taken for service is not constant, but depends upon the number of units already present with the server as well as upon the capacity. This extension has been made to study queues at lifts, bus stops, etc. The problem is first solved by applying the phase method used by Jaiswal (1960a) to solve Bailey’s problem, and then by the imbedded Markov chain technique. A comparison of the two methods has been made at the end.