bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐intensive care unit intubation and subsequent delayed intensive care unit admission is independently associated with increased occurrence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia
Authors: Tsakiridou Eirini , Mega Anna‐Maria , Zakynthinos Epameinondas , Melissopoulou Theodora , Stamos George , Argyriou Konstantinos , Pangrati Stamatoula , Deliolanis Ioannis , Floros Ioannis 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionCritically ill intubated patients are at risk for ventilator‐associated pneumonia. However, intubation may not occur in intensive care unit (ICU) and subsequent ICU admission may be delayed.ObjectivesTo evaluate whether intubation >24 h prior ICU admission and delay in ICU admission is associated with ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) in non‐trauma critically ill patients.Materials and methodsProspective observational study conducted in a medical‐surgical ICU of a tertiary hospital. Consecutive patients with >48 h of invasive mechanical ventilation and >72 h hospitalization, were recruited in the study. Pre‐ICU intubation and delay in ICU admission, demographical, clinical, microbiological data and ICU interventions were assessed as risk factors for VAP and ICU mortality.Results100 patients were included in the study. Pre‐ICU intubation and delayed (>24 h) ICU admission (PDA patients) (P = 0.014, OR = 3.294, confidence interval 1.268‐8.557) and SOFA score on ICU admission (P = 0.045, OR = 1.154, confidence interval 1.003‐1.328) were independent risk factors for VAP in ICU care setting. Yet, PDA patients, presented significantly increased incidence of VAP due to MDR bacteria, mainly from Acinetobacter baumannii. Acinetobacter baumannii infection was the only independent risk factor for ICU mortality (P = 0.049, OR = 3.253, confidence interval 1.006‐10.521). SOFA score on ICU admission, presented a fair prognostic accuracy of overall ICU mortality (SOFA ≥ 8.5, AUC = 0.850, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPre‐ICU intubation and delayed ICU admission was independent risk factor for VAP Acinetobacter baumannii infection and a high SOFA score on ICU admission were predictors of increased ICU mortality.
Economic Benefits and Environmental Costs of China's Exports: A Comparison with the USA Based on Network Analysis
Authors: Liu Ya , Zhao Yuhuan , Li Hao , Wang Song , Zhang Yongfeng , Cao Ye 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper decomposes economic benefits (value‐added) and environmental costs (CO2) of exports according to their sources, and maps the global value network (GVN) and the global emissions network (GEN) for China's exports during 1995–2009 from national, sectoral and national–sectoral perspectives. A comparison is conducted between China and the USA. National GVN and GEN show that shares of value‐added and CO2 emissions from China in its GVN and GEN both decreased first then increased after 2006, while shares from the USA in its GVN and GEN generally decreased. Sectoral GVN and GEN show that among China's exports, “electrical and optical equipment” and “electricity, gas and water supply” were, respectively, the sectors that obtained the most value‐added and emitted the most CO2. National–sectoral GVN and GEN for China exhibited reciprocal and disassortative patterns, and in‐strengths and out‐strengths of GVN and GEN for China's exports were mainly captured by several domestic country–sector pairs.
Managing hyperglycaemia during antenatal steroid administration, labour and birth in pregnant women with diabetes
Authors: Dashora U. , Murphy H. R. , Temple R. C. , Stanley K. P. , Castro E. , George S. , Dhatariya K. , Haq M. , Sampson M. ,   the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care
Published: July 2018

AbstractOptimal glycaemic control before and during pregnancy improves both maternal and fetal outcomes. This article summarizes the recently published guidelines on the management of glycaemic control in pregnant women with diabetes on obstetric wards and delivery units produced by the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care and available in full at www.diabetes.org.uk/joint-british-diabetes-society and https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group. Hyperglycaemia following steroid administration can be managed by variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in women who are willing and able to safely self‐manage insulin dose adjustment. All women with diabetes should have capillary blood glucose (CBG) measured hourly once they are in established labour. Those who are found to be higher than 7 mmol/l on two consecutive occasions should be started on VRIII. If general anaesthesia is used, CBG should be monitored every 30 min in the theatre. Both the VRIII and CSII rate should be reduced by at least 50% once the placenta is delivered. The insulin dose needed after delivery in insulin‐treated Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes is usually 25% less than the doses needed at the end of first trimester. Additional snacks may be needed after delivery especially if breastfeeding. Stop all anti‐diabetes medications after delivery in gestational diabetes. Continue to monitor CBG before and 1 h after meals for up to 24 h after delivery to pick up any pre‐existing diabetes or new‐onset diabetes in pregnancy. Women with Type 2 diabetes on oral treatment can continue to take metformin after birth.
Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticoid) therapy: a guideline from the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care group
Authors: Roberts A. , James J. , Dhatariya K. ,   the Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care
Published: July 2018

AbstractGlucocorticoids (steroids) are widely used across many medical specialities for their anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, one of their major side effects is the development of hyperglycaemia. It is well recognized that high glucose levels in people with diabetes in hospital are associated with harm and increased lengths of hospital stay. The use of glucocorticoid (steroid) treatment in people with pre‐existing diabetes will undoubtedly result in worsening glucose control, and this may be termed ‘steroid‐induced hyperglycaemia’, and will warrant temporary additional, and more active, glycaemic management. A rise in glucose may occur in people without a known diagnosis of diabetes, and this may be termed ‘steroid‐induced diabetes’. There is a lack of evidence to guide how people with hyperglycaemia should be managed, and much of the guidance given here is a consensus based on best practice collated from around the United Kingdom. Where evidence is available, this is referenced. These guidelines on the management of people with diabetes treated with steroids has been adapted specifically for Diabetic Medicine. The full version of the guidelines can be found on line at: www.diabetes.org.uk/joint-british-diabetes-society or https://abcd.care/joint-british-diabetes-societies-jbds-inpatient-care-group.
Moral responsibility for concepts
Authors: Fredericks Rachel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractI argue that we are sometimes morally responsible for having and using (or not using) our concepts, despite the fact that we generally do not choose to have them or have full or direct voluntary control over how we use them. I do so by extending an argument of Angela Smith's; the same features that she says make us morally responsible for some of our attitudes also make us morally responsible for some of our concepts. Specifically, like attitudes, concepts can be (a) conceptually and rationally connected to our evaluative judgments, (b) in principle subject to rational revision (reasons‐responsive), and (c) the basis for actual and potential moral assessments of people that we have good reasons to endorse. Thus, we areopento moral appraisal on the basis of having and using (or not using) our concepts when they reflect our evaluative judgments, though even then it is not always appropriate to praise or blame us on that basis.
Unsustainable trajectories of domestic information technology use in Australia: Exploring diversity and the life course
Authors: Lane Ruth , Follett Kaye , Lindsay Jo 
Published: July 2018

Current trajectories of the proliferation and use of information technology (IT) in households present an example of rapid socio‐technical change in an unsustainable direction. We document patterns in the proliferation, use and accumulation of IT in households in Australia, drawing on data from an online national survey (N = 1,475) and qualitative interviews conducted during 2015 and 2016 (N = 36, with participants from three cities and one regional town). We identified cohorts of IT users who shared specific use practices and found that age, life course and income were important for defining and understanding these cohorts. IT practices change with life course transitions, such as children moving through the education system. Practices may be linked with changes in residence and income, and provide opportunities for interventions at such times when both technology and its use are changing anyway. The most concerning development was the use of multiple devices simultaneously, particularly when this included live streaming of high‐resolution video and audio. This practice is increasing in households with teenagers and young adults, and is likely, if unchecked, to become a significant driver of energy demand. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of our findings for (1) influencing current unsustainable trajectories of IT use into the future and (2) conceptualising the agency of householders in socio‐technical change involving fast‐changing technologies. There is an increasing research focus on the multiplicity of transition pathways, but a focus on the life course can, we argue, bring a new and important dimension to this understanding.
Demographic transition and asset prices: Evidence from developing countries
Authors: Singh Bhupal 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of demography on asset prices in developing countries, which has remained largely an unexplored area. Using panel data estimators for 25 countries, we find evidence of significant positive impact of working age population on real housing and stock prices, buttressing the intuition of the life cycle theory. Contrary to the evidence for advanced countries, we do not find support for negative housing wealth effect of ageing due to factors such as lack of state‐funded health and old age safety nets, reliance on family for social insurance, and strong bequeath motives rooted in the social configuration. Results also suggest that as developing countries attain a peak workforce participation rate over the next two decades, real stock and housing prices would cumulatively increase 4–7 percentage points, with concomitant implications for domestic savings, consumption, aggregate demand and, thus, for the conduct of macroeconomic policies in developing countries.
From individuals to communities: How singleton invasive pine saplings lead to biodiversity change in the Brazilian Cerrado hotspot
Authors: Kortz Alessandra R. , Silva Matos Dalva M. , Magurran Anne E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractQuestionsHow do newly established species interact with existing assemblage members to alter local biodiversity? This question is especially topical given growing concerns about increased temporal turnover levels relative to background rates. Pine (Pinus spp.), a major invasive taxon in the Southern Hemisphere, is progressively dominating remaining fragments of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), a biodiversity hotspot. Because the Cerrado's diversity is linked to habitat heterogeneity we argue that the impact of these invasive singleton pines will be mediated by differences in local habitat structure. Here we use isolated invasive pines (Pinus elliottii) in the Cerrado as a study system to test the prediction that changes in the diversity of native communities, in the presence of newly established exotic individuals, will be greatest in the dominant vegetation layer of a habitat.LocationItirapina Ecological Station, southeast of Brazil.MethodsWe used a stratified random survey in 5 m × 5 m pairs of plots invaded by a single pine individual, each matched by control uninvaded plots; both shrub and grass vegetation layers were sampled in both habitats. In total, 300 plots were sampled, 114 in the shrub‐dominated campo sujo and 186 in the grass‐dominated campo úmido.ResultsOver 400 plant species were recorded. In both habitats, we detect marked shifts in species richness of the dominant vegetation layer. In line with our prediction, the nature of these changes is mediated by local habitat structure. We find significantly reduced species richness in the shrub layer of the shrub‐dominated habitat, but elevated species richness in the grass layer of the grass‐dominated habitat in invaded sites (vs. control). In the grass layer of campo úmido, pine initially decreases dominance thus allowing more species to colonize the plots.ConclusionsThe shape of the diversity vs. establishment time relationship is layer‐dependent, with a significant relationship between dominance/evenness and pine size in the grass layer but no relationship in the shrub layer. Our results show that, although complex, the consequences for local biodiversity of non‐native species establishment are not haphazard and thus contribute to the understanding of species co‐existence.
Stuck in the Clinic: Vernacular Healing and Medical Anthropology in Contemporary sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Scherz China 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWhile vernacular therapeutics had long been a topic of interest to many writing about medicine and healing in Africa, with a few exceptions most recent anthropological writings on medicine in Africa are focused on biomedicine. In this article, I trace this shift back to the turn of the millennium and the convergence of three events: the emergence of global health, the accession of the occult economies paradigm, and critiques of culturalism in medical anthropology. I argue that these three shifts led to research projects and priorities that looked different from those defined and undertaken as late as the late 1990s. While seeking to avoid the errors that could come with writing about vernacular therapeutic traditions in Africa as bounded comprehensive systems, I argue that there are empirical, political, and practical reasons why medical anthropologists may want to reconsider our collective research priorities.
Choreographing Death: A Social Phenomenology of Medical Aid‐in‐dying in the United States
Authors: Buchbinder Mara 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article draws on ethnographic research on the implementation of Vermont's 2013 medical aid‐in‐dying (AID) law to explore a fundamental paradox: While public discourse characterizes AID as a mechanism for achieving an individually controlled autonomous death, the medico–legal framework that organizes it enlists social support and cultivates dependencies. Therefore, while patients pursuing AID may avoid certain types of dependency—such as those involved in bodily care—the process requires them to affirm and strengthen other bureaucratic, material, and affective forms. By tracing the social phenomenology of several AID deaths, I illustrate how AID results in distinctive forms of sociality and dependency that require terminally ill people and caregivers to embrace a collaborative stance toward choreographing death. I argue that assisted dying offers an opportunity to resist dominant U.S. cultural narratives that view dependency in purely negative terms and reimagine the relationships between disability, dependency, and care at the end of life.
Wittgenstein on Essence
Authors: Ring Merrill 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the Investigations, #s 371 and 373, Wittgenstein said: “Essence is expressed by grammar” and “Grammar tells what kind of object anything is …”. Those passages, which commit Wittgenstein to holding that things have essences and which offer an account of what essences consist in, have been ignored by commentators, chiefly because it is thought that in #65ff (family resemblances) Wittgenstein rejected essentialism. The aim of this paper is to straighten out the story of Wittgenstein's thought on the subject of essence and to show that he produced (somewhat following in Kant's footsteps) a major change in the conception of an essence.
Regulating Islamic banks in authoritarian settings: Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates in comparative perspective
Authors: Apaydin Fulya 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUntil recently, most empirical support for theories on regulatory governance has been derived from democratizing and democratic settings. The assumption behind the selection of these cases relies on an understanding that non‐democratic systems will not nurture independent and autonomous regulatory practices. This paper closely examines this claim by problematizing variations in the regulation of the Islamic banking and finance industry based on recent findings from Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. Combining historical data with field interviews, the findings reveal that historical legacies and regime institutions that frame political competition play a more nuanced role in the contemporary governance of market exchanges in non‐democratic settings. In particular, the type of political competition in authoritarian regimes influences the resulting configuration of regulatory institutions that govern Islamic banking and finance, which accommodate varying degrees of autonomy.
Impact of venous leg ulceration on health‐related quality of life: A synthesis of data from randomized controlled trials compared to population norms
Authors: Jull Andrew , Muchoney Sara , Parag Varsha , Wadham Angela , Bullen Chris , Waters Jill 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVenous insufficiency is the most common cause of leg ulceration, but the impact of venous leg ulceration on health‐related quality of life has not been adequately assessed. This study compared data from randomized controlled trials to population norms obtained from a large national population survey. We combined the baseline Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) version 1 data from two New Zealand randomized controlled trials that recruited participants with VLU and compared the pooled data to the population scores obtained from the New Zealand Health Survey using general linear regression to adjust for age, sex, and ethnicity differences between the cohorts. Baseline SF‐36 scores obtained from 618 trial participants were compared to the SF‐36 scores obtained from the 12,529 participants in the New Zealand Health Survey. Participants with VLU had significantly lower crude SF‐36 scores across all eight SF‐36 domains, but there was interaction between age and group. Adjusted mean differences for participants aged 65 years or younger were −25.8, −32.1, −21.2, −9.6, −7.6, −23.9, −21.5, and −9.3, respectively, for Physical Functioning, Role Physical, Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Functioning, Role Emotional, and Mental Health whereas the adjusted mean differences for older participants were −15.7, −23.8, −13.8, −0.3 (nonsignificant), −4.6, −15.3, −21.2, and −6.6. This study is the first to compare a VLU population to norms from a general population survey and the first to show VLU interacts with age creating stronger impact in younger patients compared their age cohort. Younger patients may have need of more pastoral care as a consequence.
MntC-Dependent Manganese Transport Is Essential for
Staphylococcus aureus
Oxidative Stress Resistance and Virulence
Authors: Handke Luke D. , Gribenko Alexey V. , Timofeyeva Yekaterina , Scully Ingrid L. , Anderson Annaliesa S. 
Published: July 2018

Work outlined in this report demonstrated that MntC-dependent manganese transport is required for
S. aureus
virulence. These study results support the model that MntC-specific antibodies elicited by a vaccine have the potential to disrupt
S. aureus
manganese transport and thus abrogate to its virulence.
Escherichia coli
Sequence Type 410 Is Causing New International High-Risk Clones
Authors: Roer Louise , Overballe-Petersen Søren , Hansen Frank , Schønning Kristian , Wang Mikala , Røder Bent L. , Hansen Dennis S. , Justesen Ulrik S. , Andersen Leif P. , Fulgsang-Damgaard David , Hopkins Katie L. , Woodford Neil , Falgenhauer Linda , Chakraborty Trinad , Samuelsen Ørjan , Sjöström Karin , Johannesen Thor B. , Ng Kim , Nielsen Jens , Ethelberg Steen , Stegger Marc , Hammerum Anette M. , Hasman Henrik 
Published: July 2018

Extraintestinal pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(ExPEC) is the main cause of urinary tract infections and septicemia. Significant attention has been given to the ExPEC sequence type ST131, which has been categorized as a “high-risk” clone. High-risk clones are globally distributed clones associated with various antimicrobial resistance determinants, ease of transmission, persistence in hosts, and effective transmission between hosts. The high-risk clones have enhanced pathogenicity and cause severe and/or recurrent infections. We show that clones of the
E. coli
ST410 lineage persist and/or cause recurrent infections in humans, including bloodstream infections. We found evidence of ST410 being a highly resistant globally distributed lineage, capable of patient-to-patient transmission causing hospital outbreaks. Our analysis suggests that the ST410 lineage should be classified with the potential to cause new high-risk clones. Thus, with the clonal expansion over the past decades and increased antimicrobial resistance to last-resort treatment options, ST410 needs to be monitored prospectively.
Cost-effectiveness and economies of scale of a mass radio campaign to promote household life-saving practices in Burkina Faso
Authors: Kasteng Frida , Murray Joanna , Cousens Simon , Sarrassat Sophie , Steel Jennifer , Meda Nicolas , Ouedraogo Moctar , Head Roy , Borghi Josephine 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionChild health promotion through mass media has not been rigorously evaluated for cost-effectiveness in low-income and middle-income countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of a mass radio campaign on health-seeking behaviours for child survival within a trial in Burkina Faso and at national scale.MethodsWe collected provider cost data prospectively alongside a 35-month cluster randomised trial in rural Burkina Faso in 2012–2015. Out-of-pocket costs of care-seeking were estimated through a household survey. We modelled intervention effects on child survival based on increased care-seeking and estimated the intervention’s incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted versus current practice. Model uncertainty was gauged using one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We projected the ICER of national-scale implementation in five sub-Saharan countries with differing media structures. All costs are in 2015 USD.ResultsThe provider cost of the campaign was $7 749 128 ($9 146 101 including household costs). The campaign broadcast radio spots 74 480 times and 4610 2-hour shows through seven local radio stations, reaching approximately 2.4 million people including 620 000 direct beneficiaries (pregnant women and children under five). It resulted in an average estimated 24% increase in care-seeking for children under five and a 7% reduction in child mortality per year. The ICER was estimated at $94 ($111 including household costs (95% CI −38 to 320)). The projected provider cost per DALY averted of a national level campaign in Burkina Faso, Burundi, Malawi, Mozambique and Niger in 2018–2020, varied between $7 in Malawi to $27 in Burundi.ConclusionThis study suggests that mass-media campaigns can be very cost-effective in improving child survival in areas with high media penetration and can potentially benefit from considerable economies of scale.Trial registration numberNCT01517230; Results.