bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Exploration of Text Difficulty and Knowledge Support on Adolescents' Comprehension
Authors: Lupo Sarah M. , Tortorelli Laura , Invernizzi Marcia , Ryoo Ji Hoon , Strong John Z. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to determine whether easy or challenging versions of texts, when accompanied by different types of instructional support, improved adolescents' reading comprehension, particularly for students with below‐average reading comprehension. The authors examined 293 ninth‐grade students' reading comprehension of 24 leveled texts over a 12‐week intervention in which teachers were randomly assigned to one of two instructional strategies prior to reading: K‐W‐L or Listen‐Read‐Discuss. Students were randomly assigned within classes to read either easy or challenging versions of the texts, and students' text comprehension was assessed after each lesson. General comprehension was assessed before and after the intervention using the Gates–MacGinitie Reading Comprehension subtest. The authors analyzed the texts using Lexile Analyzer, Coh‐Metrix Text Easability Assessor, and TextEvaluator to compare aspects of concreteness, formality of language, cohesion, and familiarity across versions. Findings revealed that comprehension of the easy and challenging versions was similar for most students, but students in the K‐W‐L classrooms outperformed students in the Listen‐Read‐Discuss classrooms. Only a small subset of students who read significantly below average, many of whom were identified as English learners, benefited from reading the easier versions. The Coh‐Metrix and TextEvaluator tools indicated that the easier texts had more familiar vocabulary, greater lexical cohesion, fewer academic vocabulary words, and a more conversational tone, but similar grammatical cohesion and concreteness of words. The results suggest that most students, even if struggling with comprehension, can read challenging versions of texts when accompanied by instructional support.
The use and misuse of curve fitting in the analysis of core X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic data
Authors: Sherwood Peter M.A. 
Published: March 2019

Core X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) data often contain overlapping chemically shifted peaks that differ in their width, peak shape, and intensity. The spectra may be complicated by the presence of satellite and multiplet splitting features as well as from the X‐ray satellites that arise when achromatic X‐radiation is used. Curve fitting has been extensively used for more than the past 50 years as a means of extracting chemical information from the overlapping features in core XPS. Our understanding of the key components of this approach, such as the fitting function and the spectral background, has improved substantially over the years. XPS is now the most widely used surface analytical method, and many users often have their principal expertise in other areas. While the associated computer software in most XPS instruments has powerful data analysis techniques, including curve fitting, provided by the manufacturer or by a separate commercial source, the application of these techniques may not always be appropriately applied. This perspective article gives the author's view of the main issues that impact the use of curve fitting, together with a description of some approaches that misuse curve fitting leading to erroneous conclusions about the surface chemistry. The article is illustrated by examples showing the fitting of various types of spectra using true Voigt functions.
Transparency and replicability in qualitative research: The case of interviews with elite informants
Authors: Aguinis Herman , Solarino Angelo M. 
Published: March 2019

Research SummaryWe used interviews with elite informants as a case study to illustrate the need to expand the discussion of transparency and replicability to qualitative methodology. An analysis of 52 articles published in Strategic Management Journal revealed that none of them were sufficiently transparent to allow for exact replication, empirical replication, or conceptual replication. We offer 12 transparency criteria, and behaviorally‐anchored ratings scales to measure them, that can be used by authors as they plan and conduct qualitative research as well as by journal reviewers and editors when they evaluate the transparency of submitted manuscripts. We hope our article will serve as a catalyst for improving the degree of transparency and replicability of future qualitative research.Managerial SummaryIf organizations implement practices based on published research, will they produce results consistent with those reported in the articles? To answer this question, it is critical that published articles be transparent in terms of what has been done, why, and how. We investigated 52 articles published in Strategic Management Journal that reported interviewing elite informants (e.g., members of the top management team) and found that none of the articles were sufficiently transparent. These results lead to thorny questions about the trustworthiness of published research, but also important opportunities for future improvements about research transparency and replicability. We offer recommendations on 12 transparency criteria, and how to measure them, that can be used to evaluate past as well as future research using qualitative methods.
In Situ Observations of Shell Growth and Oxidative Etching Behaviors of Pd Nanoparticles in Solutions by Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Su Ting , Wang Zhong Lin , Wang Zhiwei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIt is demonstrated that the redox reaction behaviors of Pd nanoparticles in HAuCl4 solutions can be substantially modified by the introduction of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) agents through systematic liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) investigations. The gradual dissolution of Pd nanoparticles is observed when HAuCl4 solution is pumped into liquid flow cells, the etching characteristics of which are depended on both HAuCl4 concentrations and incident electron doses. In comparison, with the presence of CTAB agents, the dominated phenomenon appears to be the precipitation of Au species and incorporation onto the surface of Pd seeds. It is also observed that the rapid growth of Au on Pd seeds occurs by loading Pd and HAuCl4 solutions into static liquid cells. The resultant Au shells exhibit rather sparse structural configurations and are formed possibly by homogeneous nucleation/coalescence of Au species as well as monomer attachments. The observed Au‐shell growth instead of Pd dissolution is attributed to the presence of the residual regents, which may be also responsible for the initially already existing small Au adsorptions at the corner/edge sites of Pd seeds. The study provides a useful reference for the convenient fabrication of complex nanostructures and functional nanomaterials in a controllable way.
Do we really need rotor equivalent wind speed?
Authors: Van Sark Wilfried G.J.H.M. , Van der Velde Henrik C. , Coelingh Jan P. , Bierbooms Wim A.A.M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe use of the rotor equivalent wind speed for determination of power curves and annual energy production for wind turbines is advocated in the second edition of the IEC 61400‐12‐1 standard. This requires the measurements of wind speeds at different heights, for which remote sensing equipment is recommended in addition to meteorological masts. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis that shows that the relevance of the rotor equivalent wind speed method depends on turbine dimensions and wind shear regime. For situations where the ratio of rotor diameter and hub height is smaller than 1.8, the rotor equivalent wind speed method is not needed if the wind shear coefficient at the location of the wind turbine has a constant value between −0.05 and 0.4: in these cases, the rotor equivalent wind speed and the wind speed at hub height are within 1%. For complex terrains with high wind shear deviations are larger. The effect of non‐constant wind shear exponent, ie, different wind shear coefficients for lower and upper half of the rotor swept area especially at offshore conditions is limited to also about 1%.
Influence of three microalgal‐based cultivation technologies on different domestic wastewater and biogas purification in photobioreactor
Authors: Sun Shiqing , Hu Changwei , Gao Shumei , Zhao Yongjun , Xu Jie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo investigate the effects of different microalgae and culture methods on the purification of domestic wastewater and biogas, Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were selected. Three different culture methods (monoculture, microalgal–fungi cocultivation, and microalgal‐activated sludge cocultivation) were used to remove nutrients from four different domestic wastewaters and remove CO2 from raw biogas in a photobioreactor. The results show that the effluent from the centrate of pretreated urban wastewater (WW4) achieved the highest nutrient and CO2 removal efficiency. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and activated sludge achieved the highest COD, TP, and CO2 removal efficiencies of 79.27%, 81.25%, and 60.39% with WW4, respectively. Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi achieved the highest TN removal efficiency of 78.46% with WW4. The contents of C, N, and P in the microalgal‐activated sludge symbiont after treatment exceeded 50%, 8%, and 0.8%, respectively. Highly economically efficient energy consumption was achieved with WW4 for both C. vulgaris and S. obliquus. Microalgal‐activated sludge cocultivation was identified as the optimal option for the simultaneous purification of wastewater and biogas based on its high pollution and CO2 removal efficiency. This provides a reference for the microalgal‐based purification of actual domestic wastewater and raw biogas.Practitioner points

Nutrient and CO2 were efficiently removed by C. vulgaris with activated sludge.

CO2 was removed up to 60.4% and was economically viable.

Cocultivation of C. vulgaris and fungi could achieve the highest TN removal with WW4.
The design and operation of subsurface wastewater infiltration systems for domestic wastewater
Authors: Li Dan , Wang Xinze , Chi Lina , Wang Jie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThroughout rural regions, large amounts of domestic wastewater are discharged into natural bodies of water without treatment. A well‐designed subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) system is an effective wastewater pollution removal strategy for small and remote communities due to its low energy consumption, low operational cost, and good performance. This paper describes the types of structures and purification mechanisms of SWI systems, focusing on the design of substrate materials and the optimization of different operation modes including the hydraulic loading rate, pollutant loading rate, intermittent operation, aeration, and shunting distribution. The challenges and trends in the development of SWI systems are also discussed.Practitioner points

The construction and purification mechanisms of SWI system are described.

The design of substrates and the optimization of operation modes are focused.

The challenges and the development trends for the system are further introduced.
Failure to detect an association between self‐reported traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and dementia
Authors: Sugarman Michael A. , McKee Ann C. , Stein Thor D. , Tripodis Yorghos , Besser Lilah M. , Martin Brett , Palmisano Joseph N. , Steinberg Eric G. , O'Connor Maureen K. , Au Rhoda , McClean Michael , Killiany Ronald , Mez Jesse , Weiner Michael W. , Kowall Neil W. , Stern Robert A. , Alosco Michael L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionRecent research with neuropathologic or biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) casts doubt on traumatic brain injury (TBI) as a risk factor for AD. We leveraged the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center to examine the association between self‐reported TBI with loss of consciousness and AD neuropathologic changes, and with baseline and longitudinal clinical status.MethodsThe sample included 4761 autopsy participants (453 with remote TBI with loss of consciousness; 2822 with AD neuropathologic changes) from National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center.ResultsSelf‐reported TBI did not predict AD neuropathologic changes (P > .10). Reported TBI was not associated with baseline or change in dementia severity or cognitive function in participants with or without autopsy‐confirmed AD.DiscussionSelf‐reported TBI with loss of consciousness may not be an independent risk factor for clinical or pathological AD. Research that evaluates number and severity of TBIs is needed to clarify the neuropathological links between TBI and dementia documented in other large clinical databases.
Does Pregnancy Play a Role? Association of Body Dissatisfaction, Body Appearance Cognitive Distraction, and Sexual Distress
Authors: Pascoal Patrícia M. , Rosa Pedro J. , Coelho Soraia 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pregnancy is characterized by physical, hormonal, and psychological changes that can affect women’s sexuality, and, for those who are in a dyadic relationship, it also affects the couple’s sexual relationship. On the other hand, the pregnancy state can function as a protective factor for body dissatisfaction as women embrace a new phase of the life cycle when body changes, namely more body volume, are expected.

Aim
To examine whether the effect of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress is mediated by cognitive distraction with the appearance of the body and to test a moderated mediation model of the impact of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress, with pregnancy used as the moderating factor.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 87 cisgender heterosexual women (50.6% pregnant; n = 44), aged between 25 and 40 years old (mean = 31.93; SD = 3.46) involved in an exclusive and committed dyadic relationship completed a web-based questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures
Validated measures consisted of a validated general measure of body dissatisfaction (global body dissatisfaction scale), sexual distress (adapted from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles), and cognitive distraction based on body appearance during sexual activity (body appearance cognitive distraction scale).

Results
Results indicated that body dissatisfaction and sexual distress are related, but they are fully mediated by cognitive distraction. The mediation effect of cognitive distraction did not differ significantly by pregnancy status, after controlling for the trimester of pregnancy.

Clinical Implications
This study advances our understanding of sexuality during pregnancy by evaluating sexual distress and establishing that it is a clinically relevant variable related to body dissatisfaction that deserves attention from healthcare providers.

Strength & Limitations
This preliminary study uses a robust method of data analysis to test a theory-based cognitive model of sexual distress in pregnant women; however, no causality can be established.

Conclusion
The data highlights that pregnancy may not be a protective factor for the impact of body dissatisfaction on sexual distress.
Transition to practice: Evaluating the need for formal training in supervision and assessment among senior emergency medicine residents and new to practice emergency physicians
Authors: Kilbertus Sarah , Pardhan Kaif , Zaheer Juveria , Bandiera Glen 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectivesEmergency medicine residents may be transitioning to practice with minimal training on how to supervise and assess trainees. Our study sought to examine: 1) physician comfort with supervision and assessment, 2) what the current training gaps are within these competencies, and 3) what barriers or enablers might exist in implementing curricular improvements.MethodsQualitative data were collected in two phases through individual interviews from September 2016 to November 2017, at the University of Toronto and McMaster University after receiving ethics approval from both sites. Eligible participants were final year emergency medicine residents, residents pursuing an enhanced skills program in emergency medicine, and attendings within their first 3 years of practice. A semi-structured interview guide was developed and refined after phase one, to reflect content identified in the first set of interviews. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and collapsed into themes. Data analysis was guided by constructivist grounded theory.ResultsA thematic analysis revealed five themes: 1) Supervision and assessment skills were acquired passively through modelling, 2) the training available in these areas is variably used, creating a diversity of comfort levels, 3) competing priorities in the emergency department represent significant barriers to improving supervision and assessment; 4) providing negative feedback is difficult and often avoided; and 5) competence by design will act as an impetus for formal curriculum development in these areas.ConclusionsAs programs transition to competence by design, there will be a need for formal training in supervision and assessment, with a focus on negative feedback, to achieve a standardized level of competence among emergency physicians.
After the Storm: Short-term and Long-term Health Effects Following Superstorm Sandy among the Elderly
Authors: Lawrence Wayne R. , Lin Ziqiang , Lipton Emily A. , Birkhead Guthrie , Primeau Michael , Dong Guang-Hui , Lin Shao 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveInvestigate short- and long-term effects of Superstorm Sandy on multiple morbidities among the elderly.MethodsWe examined emergency department visits; outpatient visits; and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, and injury among residents residing in 8 affected counties immediately, 4 months, and 12 months following Superstorm Sandy. Control groups were defined as visits/admissions during the identical time window in the 5 years before (2007-2011) and 1 year after (2013-2014) the storm in affected and nonaffected counties in New York. We performed Poisson regression to test whether there was an association of increased visits/admissions for periods following Superstorm Sandy while controlling for covariates.ResultsWe found that the risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury visits/admissions was more than twice as high immediately, 4 months, and 12 months after the storm than it was in the control periods. Women were at greater risk at all time periods for CVD (risk ratio [RR], 2.04) and respiratory disease (RRs: 1.89 to 1.92). Whites had higher risk for CVD, respiratory disease, and injury than other racial groups during each period.ConclusionWe observed increases in CVD, respiratory disease, and injury up to a year following Superstorm Sandy. Findings demonstrate the need to incorporate short- and long-term health effects into public health recovery. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:28-32)
Before the Storm: Stressors Associated with the Hurricane Irma Evacuation Process for Families
Authors: La Greca Annette M. , Brodar Kaitlyn E. , Danzi BreAnne A. , Tarlow Naomi , Silva Karina , Comer Jonathan S. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveParents and children are vulnerable populations following hurricanes, and evacuation is an important safety strategy. Yet, little is known about “before the storm” stressors, particularly the surrounding evacuation, affecting families. Thus, following Hurricane Irma, we evaluated both stressful and positive aspects of the evacuation process for families, and we compared perceived safety and stress before, during, and after the hurricane across evacuating and non-evacuating families.MethodsSouth Florida parents of children under age 18 years (N=554; 97% mothers) completed an online survey in the months following Hurricane Irma, assessing perceptions of stress, safety, and evacuation experiences. Quantitative data and open-ended responses were gathered.ResultsMost families (82%) residing in mandatory evacuation zones evacuated, although many not in mandatory zones (46%) also evacuated. Parents who evacuated felt significantly safer during the storm, but more stressed before and during the storm, than non-evacuees. Evacuation-related travel and multiple family issues were rated as most stressful, although some positive aspects of evacuation were offered.ConclusionFindings have implications for emergency planners (eg, pre-/post-storm traffic flow needs, emotional needs of parents arriving at shelters) and for families (eg, importance of developing family disaster plans, controlling media exposure) to reduce evacuation stress for future storms. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:63-73)
Development of the British Antarctic Survey Rapid Access Isotope Drill
Authors: RIX JULIUS , MULVANEY ROBERT , HONG JIALIN , ASHURST DAN 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe British Antarctic Survey Rapid Access Isotope Drill is an innovative new class of electromechanical ice drill, which has recently been used to drill the deepest dry hole drilled by an electromechanical auger drill. The record-breaking depth of 461.58 m was drilled in just over 104 hours at Little Dome C. The drill collects ice chippings, for water stable isotope analysis, rather than an ice core. By not collecting a core the winch can be geared for speed rather than core breaking and is lightweight. Furthermore, emptying of the chippings is performed by simply reversing the drill motor on the surface reducing the overall drilling time significantly. The borehole is then available for instrumentation. We describe the drill in its current state including modifications carried out since it was last deployed. Test seasons and the lessons learned from each are outlined. Finally, future developments for this class of drill are discussed.
Combating Special Educator Attrition: Mentor Teachers’ Perceptions of Job Satisfaction, Resiliency, and Retention
Authors: Mrstik Samantha , Pearl Cynthia , Hopkins Rebecca , Vasquez III Eleazar , Marino Matthew T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSpecial educator attrition is a major problem in the United States (US) and in many countries worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the experiences of 5 highly successful special education teachers serving students with autism spectrum disorder in the central Florida area of the US with particular attention to factors associated with teacher retention. A phenomenological research design was employed to identify factors leading participants to persevere where others have not. A representative sample was included of multiple teachers in classrooms of varying grade levels and school districts across central Florida as part of a funded project by the Office of Special Education Services and the U.S. Department of Education. Findings include that teachers of students with ASD who are involved in extracurricular activities may show a lowered burnout rate.