bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additive-Manufactured Organic Interposers
Authors: Roshanghias A. , Krivec M. , Bardong J. , Binder A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The trend toward heterogeneous integration of optoelectronic, electronic, and micromechanical components favors three-dimensional (3D) integration in which the components are not arranged side-by-side but rather in vertical stacks. This presents a particular challenge due to the fact that the stacked components have different geometric dimensions, and their contact surfaces are also dissimilar. Therefore, an intermediate substrate, the so-called interposer, with different formats (i.e., flip-chip, wire-bond, and hybrid flip-chip/wire bond) comes into play. Currently, the interposers are mainly made of silicon or glass, which incur huge additional costs to the packaged components. In this study, the unique advantages of additive manufacturing (AM) are exploited to realize organic interposers. The proposed interposers provide easy signal probing and flexible die-to-board integration in lower costs without any lithography process, drilling, plating, or any waste. Accordingly, the two state-of-the-art 3D printers (i.e., a monomaterial 3D printer and a bimaterial 3D printer) were utilized for the manufacturing of the interposer parts. The complementary circuitry for vias and through-holes was facilitated by also additive technologies, i.e., 2D-inkjet printing and microdispensing. Moreover, and to manifest the unique possibilities within AM for the next generation of interposers, two examples for 3D-printed interposers with incorporated added-features, i.e., pillars for flip-chip bonding and cavities for face-up die-attachment were realized. The assemblies were consequently assessed by electrical examinations. Conclusively, the main opportunities and challenges toward the full implementation of AM technology for the fabrication of organic interposers with added-features such as integrated multipurpose vias were discussed. Based on the results obtained from this study, it was found that bimaterial 3D printer was more efficient and powerful for the construction of interposers.
Concussed athletes walk slower than non-concussed athletes during cognitive-motor dual-task assessments but not during single-task assessments 2 months after sports concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis using individual participant data
Authors: Büttner Fionn , Howell David R , Ardern Clare L , Doherty Cailbhe , Blake Catherine , Ryan John , Catena Robert , Chou Li-Shan , Fino Peter , Rochefort Coralie , Sveistrup Heidi , Parker Tonya , Delahunt Eamonn 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo determine whether individuals who sustained a sports concussion would exhibit persistent impairments in gait and quiet standing compared to non-injured controls during a dual-task assessment .DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis using individual participant data (IPD).Data sourcesThe search strategy was applied across seven electronic bibliographic and grey literature databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SportDISCUS, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and Web of Science, from database inception until June 2017.Eligibility criteria for study selectionStudies were included if; individuals with a sports concussion and non-injured controls were included as participants; a steady-state walking or static postural balance task was used as the primary motor task; dual-task performance was assessed with the addition of a secondary cognitive task; spatiotemporal, kinematic or kinetic outcome variables were reported, and; included studies comprised an observational study design with case–control matching.Data extraction and synthesisOur review is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses-IPD Statement. We implemented the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomised Studies to undertake an outcome-level risk of bias assessment using a domain-based tool. Study-level data were synthesised in one of three tiers depending on the availability and quality of data: (1) homogeneous IPD; (2) heterogeneous IPD and (3) aggregate data for inclusion in a descriptive synthesis. IPD were aggregated using a ‘one-stage’, random-effects model.Results26 studies were included. IPD were available for 20 included studies. Consistently high and unclear risk of bias was identified for selection, detection, attrition, and reporting biases across studies. Individuals with a recent sports concussion walked with slower average walking speed (χ2=51.7; df=4; p<0.001; mean difference=0.06 m/s; 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.11) and greater frontal plane centre of mass displacement (χ2=10.3; df=4; p=0.036; mean difference −0.0039 m; 95% CI: −0.0075 to −0.0004) than controls when evaluated using a dual-task assessment up to 2 months following concussion.Summary/conclusionsOur IPD evidence synthesis identifies that, when evaluated using a dual-task assessment, individuals who had incurred a sports concussion exhibited impairments in gait that persisted beyond reported standard clinical recovery timelines of 7–10 days. Dual-task assessment (with motion capture) may be a useful clinical assessment to evaluate recovery after sports concussion.Protocol pre-registrationThis systematic review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO CRD42017064861.
Predictive value of AZGP1 following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a cohort study and meta-analysis
Authors: Kristensen Gitte , Berg Kasper Drimer , Toft Birgitte Grønkær , Stroomberg Hein Vincent , Nolley Rosalie , Brooks James D , Brasso Klaus , Roder Martin Andreas 
Published: July 2019

AimsZinc-alpha 2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) is a promising tissue biomarker to predict outcomes in men undergoing treatment for localised prostate cancer (PCa). We aimed to examine the association between AZGP1 expression and the endpoints: risk of biochemical failure (BF), initiating castration-based treatment, developing castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) and PCa-specific mortality following radical prostatectomy (RP).MethodsThe study included a prospective cohort of 302 patients who underwent RP for PCa from 2002 to 2005. AZGP1 expression was analysed using immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray RP specimens and was scored semiquantitively as low or high expression. Risk of all endpoints was analysed using stratified cumulative incidences and cause-specific Cox regression, and validated with receiver operating curves, calibration and discrimination in competing-risk analyses. A meta-analysis was performed including previous studies investigating AZGP1 expression and risk of BF following RP.ResultsMedian time of follow-up was 14.0 years. The cumulative incidence of all endpoints was significantly higher in patients with low AZGP1 expression compared with patients with high AZGP1 expression (p<0.001). In a multivariate analysis, low AZGP1 expression increases the risk of BF (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.9 to 3.8; p<0.0001), castration-based treatment (HR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 4.2; p=0.01) and CRPC (HR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.0; p=0.03). Validation showed a low risk of prediction error and a high model performance for all endpoints. In a meta-analysis, low AZGP1 was associated with BF (HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.5).ConclusionsLow AZGP1 expression is associated with the risk of aggressive time-dependent outcomes in men undergoing RP for localised PCa.
Caseload management and outcome of patients with aortic stenosis in primary/secondary versus tertiary care settings—design of the IMPULSE enhanced registry
Authors: Rudolph Tanja K. , Messika-Zeitoun David , Frey Norbert , Lutz Matthias , Krapf Laura , Passefort Stephanie , Fryearson John , Simpson Helen , Mortensen Kai , Rehse Sebastian , Tiroke Andreas , Dodos Fotini , Mies Florian , Pohlmann Christiane , Kurucova Jana , Thoenes Martin , Bramlage Peter , Steeds Richard Paul 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundSevere aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common and most serious valve diseases. Without timely intervention with surgical aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve replacement, patients have an estimated survival of 2–3 years. Guidelines for the treatment of AS have been developed, but studies suggest that as many as 42% of patients with AS are not treated according to these recommendations.The aims of this registry are to delineate the caseload of patients with AS, outline the management of these patients and determine appropriateness of treatments in participating centres with and without onsite access to surgery and percutaneous treatments.Methods/designThe IMPULSE enhanced registry is an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort registry conducted at four central full access centres (tertiary care hospitals) and at least two satellite centres per hub (primary/secondary care hospitals). An estimated 800 patients will be enrolled in the registry and patient follow-up will last for 12 months.DiscussionIn addition to the primary aims determining the caseload management and outcome of patients with AS in primary, secondary and tertiary care settings, the registry will also determine a time course for the transition from asymptomatic to symptomatic status and the diagnostic steps, treatment decisions and the identification of decision-makers in tertiary versus primary/secondary care hospitals. The last patient will be enrolled in the registry in 2018 and results of the registry are anticipated in 2019.Registration numberNCT03112629.
Offshore legal surveys — datums and charts
Authors: Jones Harold E. , Gray David H. 
Published: July 2019

This review paper describes the role of the legal surveyor in the offshore and his increasing concern for survey accuracy and reliability. It sets out the interrelationships between legal and hydrographic surveys and their common concerns with datums. In the 1970s, offshore survey regulations under the Canada Lands Surveys Act defined the Grid Area boundaries based on approved North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27) coordinates of the original well. However, with satellite survey techniques and NAD83, it is possible to define the limit in terms of the Datum. Thus, there has been a shift of emphasis from monumentation to survey accuracy and reliability. Jurisdictional boundaries are often related to low water line on nautical charts. Such boundaries are dependent on the horizontal datum of the charts. Thus, it is important that charts be revised to NAD83 so that boundaries defined from them can be expressed in terms of NAD83 and shown on legal survey plans.
The real property report the early aftermath
Authors: Allred G.K. , Loeppky S.M. , Mattson N.R. 
Published: July 2019

On September 1,1987, the Alberta Land Surveyors’ Association implemented a codified standard for the certification of building locations relative to property boundaries, i.e., building location certificates. Despite considerable discussion on the subject between members of the surveying profession and mortgage lenders, development officers and lawyers over the last several years, the implementation of this standard received instant attention from all participants in real estate transactions. The reaction to the implementation of this standard for real estate surveys varied from outright hos¬tility on the part of some purchasers, who view the requirement for a surveyors’ certificate as an unneces¬sary and extra cost imposed by mortgage companies, to total acceptance of the standard as a bare mini¬mum by most solicitors, who fully comprehend the problems where the paper title does not agree with the physical attributes of the property on the ground. Meetings were held with various interested groups to discuss the requirements of the Real Property Report with regard to determination of “marketability of title” and in particular “extent of title.”
Road network extraction from spot panchromatic data
Authors: O’Brien Douglas 
Published: July 2019

The efficient revision of cartographic data bases using digital imagery implies some form of feature extraction. At present classification techniques can be used to extract certain area outlines, but the automatic detection of linear features such as roads is difficult. One possible method of extracting these features is through mathematical morphology. Mathematical morphology is a form of image treatment that has been applied to remote sensing in recent years. It is possible to extract a binary representation of the road network in an image using this approach, and then treat the results to remove extraneous features. The results demonstrate this process extracts, to a large extent, the information desired. Several caveats must be considered before viewing this as a practical solution. These include processing time, areas where it can be applied, and content of the results.
Information content of spot data for topographic mapping of the sherbrooke, quebec, test area
Authors: Thirlwall Stephen L. 
Published: July 2019

SPOT HRV images were evaluated for their content of thematic information in relation to specific geographical features required for 1:50 000 scale topographic maps. Information was extracted by visual methods from multispectral and panchromatic image transparencies using the PROCOM-2 system. Mapping experiments were carried out on the Sherbrooke, Quebec, test area by experienced interpreters who had limited background knowledge of the area. Excellent feature detection and identification were achieved with SPOT images, especially for linear cultural features (e.g., road, railway). Limitations to mapping related mostly to very small area or point form features (e.g., building, tower, junkyard). Results improve when both multispectral and panchromatic images are used for interpretation. BULK corrected images are very suitable for quick and accurate visual mapping. Stereo-analysis is not essential, but provides a good supplement to mapping. We conclude that SPOT images have a most encouraging potential for topographic mapping, particularly if supported by appropriate field verification.
Investigations of spot cartographic applications in the u.s. geological survey
Authors: Thormodsgard J.M. , Kelly G.G. , Spooner J.D. 
Published: July 2019

The U.S. Geological Survey has a longstanding commitment to the advancement of the technology and applications of remotely sensed data from civilian satellite systems. In the past, research based on satellite data was primarily directed toward natural resource and land use applications rather than cartographic applications. The availability of high-resolution, stereoscopic data from the sensors on the Système Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) satellite platform provides new opportunities for cartographic applications. The potential applications include production of satellite image and topographic maps, and generation of digital elevation data. Investigations into these applications of SPOT data were recently initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Planning gps surveys - using appropriate precision indicators
Authors: Merminod1 B. , Grant2 D.B. , Rizos C. 
Published: July 2019

In the planning of a GPS survey, one of the basic tasks is to answer these questions: Which satellites should I observe? How long should I observe for? What time of day should I schedule observations? To answer such questions it is necessary to have an objective measure of the precision attainable for position determination by GPS techniques. At present, the indicators of precision commonly available are based on notions of relative satellite geometry as borrowed from GPS navigation principles, and are only of limited use in GPS surveying. In particular, for short baselines, the reliable resolution of the carrier cycle ambiguities during the phase reduction stage is the key to precise relative GPS surveying. The authors have developed a number of precision indicators for GPS surveying which could be used to maximise the probability of resolving ambiguities. The computation of these proposed indicators will assist in satellite selection and estimating the appropriate observation session times and length for GPS surveying. The utility of these indicators has been supported by studies that have shown that not only is the internal precision of the coordinate results maximised, but the sensitivity to systematic errors is also to a large extent reduced. Strategies for the use of these indicators are suggested.
Education and training in geomatics in canada
Authors: Groot Richard 
Published: July 2019

Education and training in Geomatics must be demand-driven activities. This paper examines the impact of computer and communications technology on government institutions and private-sector organizations involved in Geomatics as the background for changing and new jobs requiring specific education and training. This new demand needs to be matched to an effective response from education institutions. To assist in making this match the paper proposes a model describing the functions and jobs with their linkages in these organizations, and it proposes an education/training model for Geomatics. The paper identifies a major need for ongoing Geomatics education for people now in the surveying and mapping workforce and suggests how this activity can be coordinated to make best use of scarce professional and facility resources in Canada. Finally, the paper emphasizes the need to address, in academic curricula, explicitly and deliberately the institutional and management issues involved in implementing spatial information technology into existing organizations.
THE USE OF POLYNOMIALS IN THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ADJUSTMENT OF TRIANGULATED STRIPS
Authors: Schut G. H. 
Published: July 2019

The treatment of this subject in recent publications is discussed. The procedure described by M. Perks in the present issue of THE CANADIAN SURVEYOR is found to be the most accurate, but it is more complicated than it need be. The procedure adopted at the National Research Council of Canada is then described. This makes use of a sequence of conformal transformations in two dimensions. It has the same accuracy as Perks’s procedure, but it is simpler in both formulation and use.
N. R. C. MONOCOMPARATOR
Authors: Smialowski A. J. 
Published: July 2019

In view of the increasing importance of monocular measurements and the corresponding demand for a precise monocular comparator, an instrument with the novel idea of a multiple measuring mark was originated at the National Research Council of Canada. The characteristic features of this instrument, called the N.R.C. Monocomparator, based on the multiple measuring mark system, are: built-in precision and dimensional stability, fast slewing motion, and very simple optical system.
THE FIRST LINE IN THE CARTOGRAPHY OF CANADA
Authors: Layng Theo E. 
Published: July 2019

The true pattern of the discovery of Canada is still a matter of controversy. Who followed the Norsemen — the Portuguese or the English? From what direction was the approach made to Canadian waters — northeast, east, or southeast? Against this uncertain background three of the earliest surviving maps to show any part of Canada are presented. Which one of them is most likely to have been drawn from the first primary sketches to be made of our coasts? The further question is involved whether the first line to be laid down on the map of Canada was on an east-west axis, or whether it trended north and south. When this question is solved there still remains the small matter of identifying the coasts of these maps with their modern counterparts.
The Subtense Bar — Its Use and Its Errors
Authors: Babbage G. 
Published: July 2019

This article is intended primarily for the cadastral surveyor or engineer who knows little about the subtense bar but would like to know more. It describes briefly the device and the basic measuring procedure, discusses significant errors inherent in subtense measurement, and concludes with some suggested uses for the bar. Those errors involving the transit have been treated at some length — in fact, they form the gist of what follows — mainly because they are apposite to all semi-precise small angle determinations and may help observers to get the best from their second-reading theodolites. In this electronic distance-measuring age, it may seem strange to some that a device as basically simple as the bar should warrant study. This attention is worth-while, however, because it allows accurate and rapid determination of short distances under certain conditions. Furthermore, at about $350, it is relatively cheap. Finally, it does not require two 50-pound batteries or a portable generator as inseparable companions.
Storage and Retrieval of Data
Authors: Robinson S. C. 
Published: July 2019

The most common method of recording surveying data is still the field notebook which, after its contents have been made use of or transferred to maps, is stored away. However, more efficient methods of recording and storing data must be considered when the volume of data reaches the point where it becomes economical to use modern methods of storage such as edge-punched cards, punched paper tape, magnetic tape and magnetic disc packs. The author deals with the various methods of recording data and discusses the factors affecting the choice of a given system.
Aerodist in Geodetic Surveying in Canada
Authors: Tuttle A. C. 
Published: July 2019

In 1962, the Topographical Survey Division of the Surveys and Mapping Branch, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, acquired an aerodist survey system for use in the rapid extension of horizontal control for mapping in Canada. The following year, with the cooperation of the Geodetic Survey Division, the system was tested on a geodetic net in the Ottawa area for possible application in extending first-order horizontal control. Aerodist length measurements were made using the line-crossing technique. The results were most encouraging and in 1965, federal topographers and geodesists used aerodist trilateration to span Hudson Strait and northern Hudson Bay. In 1966, they established an extensive aerodist network in western Canada, connecting two previously established geodetic nets and observed test data on the continuous trilateration method for future analysis. The paper describes the aerodist measurement procedure and the reduction of observed data, and discusses sources of error and the accuracy of aerodist measurements, based on analysis of work completed to date. The paper also outlines future developments, including incorporation of a small electronic computer as part of the aerodist airborne unit, employment of electronic circuitry for obtaining meteorological data in the aircraft and a computer program to adjust continuous trilateration data. General factors affecting future applications and proposed future work are also included.
COSMOS — A FORTRAN Program for the Computation of Survey Material on the Spheroid
Authors: Perks Michael 
Published: July 2019

A generalized description is given of the program COSMOS for the least squares adjustment of mixed survey data in terms of geographical coordinates. A comparison is made with GROOM, a program that COSMOS is designed to replace. Some limitations of the program, the form of input and output and the operations performed in each phase are described. Brief mention is made of a similar program designed for the adjustment of plane survey data in terms of rectangular coordinates.
Torrens Land Titles System
Authors: Rozovsky Lorne Elkin 
Published: July 2019

A proper land registration system, affording security of title at reasonable expense, is essential for the development of a dynamic and progressive economy. Such a system should indicate, quickly and cheaply, to interested persons what lands are being dealt with in any proposed transaction and what legal interests exist in those lands. The present registry system in Nova Scotia does not provide this information readily. The remedy appears to lie in adopting a Torrens system of land titles similar to that which has already proven itself in the western provinces of Canada. The basic advantages of the Torrens system over the registry system are enumerated.