bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in the Plant‐Mediated Green Synthesis of Ag‐Based Nanoparticles for Environmental and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Nasrollahzadeh Mahmoud , Mahmoudi‐Gom Yek Samaneh , Motahharifar Narjes , Ghafori Gorab Mostafa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAmong different metallic nanoparticles, sliver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are one of the most essential and fascinating nanomaterials. Importantly, among the metal based nanoparticles, Ag NPs play a key role in various fields such as biomedicine, biosensors, catalysis, pharmaceuticals, nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly in nanomedicine. A main concern about the chemical synthesis of Ag NPs is the production of hazardous chemicals and toxic wastes. To overcome this problem, many research studies have been carried out on the green synthesis of Ag NPs using green sources such as plant extracts, microorganisms and some biopolymers without formation of hazardous wastes. Among green sources, plants could be remarkably valuable to exploring the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. In this review, the green synthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts such as Ag NPs, AgPd NPs, Au−Ag NPs, Ag/AgPd NPs, Ag/Cu NPs, Ag@AgCl NPs, Au−Ag@AgCl nanocomposite, Ag−Cr‐AC nanocomposite and Ag NPs immobilized on various supports such as Natrolite zeolite, bone, ZnO, seashell, hazelnut shell, almond shell, SnO2, perlite, ZrO2, TiO2, α‐Al2O3, CeO2, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), h‐Fe2O3@SiO2, and Fe3O4 using numerous plant extracts as reducing and stabilizing agents in the absence of hazardous surfactant and capping agents has been focused. This work describes the state of the art and future challenges in the biosynthesis of Ag‐based nanocatalysts. The fact about the application of living plants in metal nanoparticle (MNPs) industry is that it is a more economical and efficient biosynthesis biosynthetic procedure. In addition, the catalytic activities of the synthesized, Ag‐based recyclable nanocatalysts using various plant extracts in several chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction, coupling, cycloaddition, cyanation, epoxidation, hydration, degradation and hydrogenation reactions have bben extensively discussed.
Different flavors of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics
Authors: Agostini Federica , Curchod Basile F. E. 
Published: April 2019

The Born‐Oppenheimer approximation constitutes a cornerstone of our understanding of molecules and their reactivity, partly because it introduces a somewhat simplified representation of the molecular wavefunction. However, when a molecule absorbs light containing enough energy to trigger an electronic transition, the simplistic nature of the molecular wavefunction offered by the Born‐Oppenheimer approximation breaks down as a result of the now non‐negligible coupling between nuclear and electronic motion, often coined nonadiabatic couplings. Hence, the description of nonadiabatic processes implies a change in our representation of the molecular wavefunction, leading eventually to the design of new theoretical tools to describe the fate of an electronically‐excited molecule. This Overview focuses on this quantity—the total molecular wavefunction—and the different approaches proposed to describe theoretically this complicated object in non‐Born‐Oppenheimer conditions, namely the Born‐Huang and Exact‐Factorization representations. The way each representation depicts the appearance of nonadiabatic effects is then revealed by using a model of a coupled proton–electron transfer reaction. Applying approximations to the formally exact equations of motion obtained within each representation leads to the derivation, or proposition, of different strategies to simulate the nonadiabatic dynamics of molecules. Approaches like quantum dynamics with fixed and time‐dependent grids, traveling basis functions, or mixed quantum/classical like surface hopping, Ehrenfest dynamics, or coupled‐trajectory schemes are described in this Overview.This article is categorized under:
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics
Software > Simulation Methods
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Predicting enhancer‐promoter interaction from genomic sequence with deep neural networks
Authors: Singh Shashank , Yang Yang , Póczos Barnabás , Ma Jian 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundIn the human genome, distal enhancers are involved in regulating target genes through proximal promoters by forming enhancer‐promoter interactions. Although recently developed high‐throughput experimental approaches have allowed us to recognize potential enhancer‐promoter interactions genome‐wide, it is still largely unclear to what extent the sequence‐level information encoded in our genome help guide such interactions.MethodsHere we report a new computational method (named “SPEID”) using deep learning models to predict enhancer‐promoter interactions based on sequence‐based features only, when the locations of putative enhancers and promoters in a particular cell type are given.ResultsOur results across six different cell types demonstrate that SPEID is effective in predicting enhancer‐promoter interactions as compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods that only use information from a single cell type. As a proof‐of‐principle, we also applied SPEID to identify somatic non‐coding mutations in melanoma samples that may have reduced enhancer‐promoter interactions in tumor genomes.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates that deep learning models can help reveal that sequence‐based features alone are sufficient to reliably predict enhancer‐promoter interactions genome‐wide.
Current challenges and solutions of de novo assembly
Authors: Liao Xingyu , Li Min , Zou You , Wu Fang‐Xiang , Yi‐Pan  , Wang Jianxin 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have fostered an unprecedented proliferation of high‐throughput sequencing projects and a concomitant development of novel algorithms for the assembly of short reads. However, numerous technical or computational challenges in de novo assembly still remain, although many new ideas and solutions have been suggested to tackle the challenges in both experimental and computational settings.ResultsIn this review, we first briefly introduce some of the major challenges faced by NGS sequence assembly. Then, we analyze the characteristics of various sequencing platforms and their impact on assembly results. After that, we classify de novo assemblers according to their frameworks (overlap graph‐based, de Bruijn graph‐based and string graph‐based), and introduce the characteristics of each assembly tool and their adaptation scene. Next, we introduce in detail the solutions to the main challenges of de novo assembly of next generation sequencing data, single‐cell sequencing data and single molecule sequencing data. At last, we discuss the application of SMS long reads in solving problems encountered in NGS assembly.ConclusionsThis review not only gives an overview of the latest methods and developments in assembly algorithms, but also provides guidelines to determine the optimal assembly algorithm for a given input sequencing data type.
Quantifying blood‐brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: Review and consensus recommendations
Authors: Thrippleton Michael J. , Backes Walter H. , Sourbron Steven , Ingrisch Michael , van Osch Matthias J.P. , Dichgans Martin , Fazekas Franz , Ropele Stefan , Frayne Richard , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Smith Eric E. , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) comprises pathological processes of the small vessels in the brain that may manifest clinically as stroke, cognitive impairment, dementia, or gait disturbance. It is generally accepted that endothelial dysfunction, including blood‐brain barrier (BBB) failure, is pivotal in the pathophysiology. Recent years have seen increasing use of imaging, primarily dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, to assess BBB leakage, but there is considerable variability in the approaches and findings reported in the literature. Although dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is well established, challenges emerge in cSVD because of the subtle nature of BBB impairment. The purpose of this work, authored by members of the HARNESS Initiative, is to provide an in‐depth review and position statement on magnetic resonance imaging measurement of subtle BBB leakage in clinical research studies, with aspects requiring further research identified. We further aim to provide information and consensus recommendations for new investigators wishing to study BBB failure in cSVD and dementia.
Crack wave resonances within the basal water layer
Authors: Gräff Dominik , Walter Fabian , Lipovsky Bradley P. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTHydraulic processes within and beneath glacial bodies exert a far-reaching control on ice flow through their influence on basal sliding. Within the subglacial system, rapid changes in these processes may excite resonances whose interpretation requires an understanding of the underlying wave mechanics. Here, we explore these mechanics using observations from a kHz-sampled pressure sensor installed in a borehole directly above the hard granite bedrock of a temperate mountain glacier in Switzerland. We apply a previously established theory of wave propagation along thin, water-filled structures such as water-filled voids, basal water layers, or hydraulic fractures. Within such structures, short-wavelength waves experience restoring forces due to compressibility and are composed of sound waves. Long-wavelength resonances, in contrast, experience restoring forces due to elasticity and are composed of anomalously dispersed crack waves or Krauklis waves. Our borehole observations confirm the occurrence of both sound and crack waves within the basal water layer. Using both the resonance frequencies and attenuation of recorded crack waves we estimate thickness, aperture and length of the resonating basal water layer patch into which we drilled. We demonstrate that high-frequency observations of subglacial hydraulic processes provide new insights into this evolving dynamic system.
The transnational drivers of populist backlash in Europe: The role of courts
Authors: Pin Andrea 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis Article explores whether and how contemporary constitutionalism may have triggered or facilitated populism and its illiberal agenda. In particular, it focuses on some of the legal doctrines that have characterized the growth of transnational and supranational judicial fora, contrasting them with populism in Europe. The Article first sketches the role of courts in shaping contemporary transnationalism and supranationalism in Europe. Then, it analyzes the role that the ideals of progress and equality have played in the judicialization of pan-European legal culture. Finally, it ponders the consequences of the constitutionalization process of European law for the role of democratically accountable institutions.
The two faces of populism: Between authoritarian and democratic populism
Authors: Bugaric Bojan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPopulism is Janus-faced; simultaneously facing different directions. There is not a single form of populism, but rather a variety of different forms, each with profoundly different political consequences. Despite the current hegemony of authoritarian populism, a much different sort of populism is also possible: Democratic and anti-establishment populism, which combines elements of liberal and democratic convictions. Without understanding the political economy of the populist revolt, it is difficult to understand the true roots of populism, and consequently, to devise an appropriate democratic alternative to populism.
The role of electronic health record and “add-on” clinical decision support systems to enhance antimicrobial stewardship programs
Authors: Kuper Kristi M. , Nagel Jerod L. , Kile Jarrod W. , May Larissa S. , Lee Francesca M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIncreasingly, demands are placed on healthcare systems to meet antimicrobial stewardship standards and reporting requirements. This trend, combined with reduced financial and personnel resources, has created a need to adopt information technology (IT) to help ease these burdens and facilitate action. The incorporation of IT into an antimicrobial stewardship program can help improve stewardship intervention efficiencies and facilitate the tracking and reporting of key metrics, including outcomes. This paper provides a review of the stewardship-related functionality within these IT systems, describes how these platforms can be used to improve antimicrobial use, and identifies how they can support current and potential future antimicrobial stewardship regulatory and accreditation standards. Finally, recommendations to help close the gaps in existing systems are provided and suggestions for future areas of development within these programs are delineated.
Subharmonic resonant interaction of a gravity–capillary progressive axially symmetric wave with a radial cross-wave
Authors: Shen Meng , Liu Yuming 
Published: April 2019

We theoretically investigate the problem of subharmonic resonant interaction of a progressive (axially symmetric) ring wave with a radial cross-wave in the context of the potential-flow formulation for gravity-capillary waves. The objective is to understand the nonlinear mechanism governing energy transfer from a progressive ring wave to its subharmonic cross-waves through triadic resonant interactions. We first show that for an arbitrary three-dimensional body floating in an unbounded free surface, there exists a set of homogeneous solutions at any frequency in the gravity-capillary wave context. The homogeneous solution depends solely on the mean free-surface slope at the waterline of the body and physically represents a progressive radial cross-wave. Unlike standing cross-waves, a progressive cross-wave loses energy during propagation by overcoming the work done by surface tension at the waterline and through wave radiation. We then consider the subharmonic interaction of a progressive ring wave, which is forced by a radial swelling–contraction deformation of a vertical circular cylinder, with subharmonic cross-waves. We derive the nonlinear spatial–temporal evolution equation governing the motion of the cross-wave by use of the average Lagrangian method. In addition to energy-input terms from the interaction with the forced ring wave, the evolution equation contains a damping term associated with energy loss in cross-wave propagation. We show that the presence of the damping term leads to a non-trivial threshold value of the ring wave steepness (or amplitude) beyond which the cross-wave becomes unstable and grows with time by taking energy from the ring wave. Finally, we extend this analysis to the experimental case of Tatsuno et al. (Rep. Res. Inst. Appl. Mech. Kyushu University, vol. 17, 1969, pp. 195–215) in which asymmetric wave patterns are observed during high-frequency vertical oscillations of a surface-piercing sphere. The theoretical prediction of the threshold value of oscillation amplitude and characteristic features of generated radial cross-waves agrees reasonably well with experimental observations.
Multicores-periphery structure in networks
Authors: Yan Bowen , Luo Jianxi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany real-world networks exhibit a multicores-periphery structure, with densely connected vertices in multiple cores surrounded by a general periphery of sparsely connected vertices. Identification of the multicores-periphery structure can provide a new lens to understand the structures and functions of various real-world networks. This paper defines the multicores-periphery structure and introduces an algorithm to identify the optimal partition of multiple cores and the periphery in general networks. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm by applying it to a well-known social network and a patent technology network, which are best characterized by the multicores-periphery structure. The analyses also reveal the differences between our multicores-periphery detection algorithm and two state-of-the-art algorithms for detecting the single core-periphery structure and community structure.
Randomized optimal transport on a graph: framework and new distance measures
Authors: Guex Guillaume , Kivimäki Ilkka , Saerens Marco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe recently developed bag-of-paths (BoP) framework consists in setting a Gibbs–Boltzmann distribution on all feasible paths of a graph. This probability distribution favors short paths over long ones, with a free parameter (the temperatureT) controlling the entropic level of the distribution. This formalism enables the computation of new distances or dissimilarities, interpolating between the shortest-path and the resistance distance, which have been shown to perform well in clustering and classification tasks. In this work, the bag-of-paths formalism is extended by adding two independent equality constraints fixing starting and ending nodes distributions of paths (margins).When the temperature is low, this formalism is shown to be equivalent to a relaxation of the optimal transport problem on a network where paths carry a flow between two discrete distributions on nodes. The randomization is achieved by considering free energy minimization instead of traditional cost minimization. Algorithms computing the optimal free energy solution are developed for two types of paths: hitting (or absorbing) paths and non-hitting, regular, paths and require the inversion of ann×nmatrix withnbeing the number of nodes. Interestingly, for regular paths on an undirected graph, the resulting optimal policy interpolates between the deterministic optimal transport policy (T→ 0+) and the solution to the corresponding electrical circuit (T→ ∞). Two distance measures between nodes and a dissimilarity between groups of nodes, both integrating weights on nodes, are derived from this framework.
Party Constituency Associations and the Service, Policy and Symbolic Responsiveness of Canadian Members of Parliament
Authors: Koop Royce 
Published: April 2019

Abstract.Effective representation requires that representatives learn of the needs and preferences of their constituents and communicate their representative accomplishments back to those constituents. This article demonstrates how Canadian political parties, specifically their constituency associations in the ridings, assist MPs in their representative functions by facilitating communication between MPs and constituents. Representatives of local “sectors” on constituency association executives provide a means for focused communication between MPs and constituents. The result is that constituency associations enhance the service, policy and symbolic responsiveness of many MPs in their ridings. This article therefore elucidates the largely unrecognized role of Canadian parties' constituency organizations as important democratic and representational actors in the ridings.Résumé.Pour être efficace, il faut que les élus (1) comprennent les besoins et les préférences de leurs électeurs et (2) communiquent leurs activités en tant que parlementaires. Cet article montre à quel point les partis politiques canadiens, surtout les comités au niveau des comtés individuels, sont importants comme instrument pour réaliser ces tâches. Les comités organisent la communication entre un député et les groupes locaux qui s'intéressent au sujet en question. Pour résumer, les comités de militants fournit un element crucial au succès d'un politicien dans son comté. C'est une dimension de l'activité que les politiologues ont tendance à ignorer.
Earlier age at menarche as a transdiagnostic mechanism linking childhood trauma with multiple forms of psychopathology in adolescent girls
Authors: Colich Natalie L. , Platt Jonathan M. , Keyes Katherine M. , Sumner Jennifer A. , Allen Nicholas B. , McLaughlin Katie A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough early life adversity (ELA) increases risk for psychopathology, mechanisms linking ELA with the onset of psychopathology remain poorly understood. Conceptual models have argued that ELA accelerates development. It is unknown whether all forms of ELA are associated with accelerated development or whether early maturation is a potential mechanism linking ELA with psychopathology. We examine whether two distinct dimensions of ELA – threat and deprivation – have differential associations with pubertal timing in girls, and evaluate whether accelerated pubertal timing is a mechanism linking ELA with the onset of adolescent psychopathology.MethodsData were drawn from a large, nationally representative sample of 4937 adolescent girls. Multiple forms of ELA characterized by threat and deprivation were assessed along with age at menarche (AAM) and the onset of DSM-IV fear, distress, externalizing, and eating disorders.ResultsGreater exposure to threat was associated with earlier AAM (B = −0.1, p = 0.001). Each 1-year increase in AAM was associated with reduced odds of fear, distress, and externalizing disorders post-menarche (ORs = 0.74–0.85). Earlier AAM significantly mediated the association between exposure to threat and post-menarche onset of distress (proportion mediated = 6.2%), fear (proportion mediated = 16.3%), and externalizing disorders (proportion mediated = 2.9%).ConclusionsAccelerated pubertal development in girls may be one transdiagnostic pathway through which threat-related experiences confer risk for the adolescent onset of mental disorders. Early pubertal maturation is a marker that could be used in both medical and mental health settings to identify trauma-exposed youth that are at risk for developing a mental disorder during adolescence in order to better target early interventions.
Oxidation State of Arc Mantle Revealed by Partitioning of V, Sc, and Ti Between Mantle Minerals and Basaltic Melts
Authors: Wang Jintuan , Xiong Xiaolin , Takahashi Eiichi , Zhang Le , Li Li , Liu Xingcheng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhether arc mantle is more oxidized than oceanic mantle is persistently debated. The behavior of multivalent vanadium (V) is oxygen fugacity (fO2) sensitive, and the ratios of V to a homovalent element (e.g., Sc, Ti, or Yb) in basalts were commonly used as fO2 proxies. Similar ratios, such as V/Sc, between arc basalts and mid‐ocean ridge basalts were previously taken as evidence for similar fO2s in their mantle sources. However, this claim may be problematic because elemental ratios are primarily controlled by partition coefficients (D values), which are further affected by various factors. Here we determined D values of V and other transition elements between mantle minerals and basaltic melts at typical arc T–P‐H2O conditions and variable fO2s. Combining experimental results with published data, the effects of fO2, T, P, and phase compositions on DV, DSc, and DTi for olivine, orthopyroxene (opx), clinopyroxene (cpx), and spinel were evaluated using multiple linear regressions. The results show that DV values for these four minerals all increase with decreasing fO2 and temperature, leading to higher DV/DSc and DV/DTi ratios at low temperatures than those at high temperatures given a certain fO2. Thus, similar V/Sc and V/Ti ratios between arc basalts and mid‐ocean ridge basalts reflect a relatively oxidized arc mantle due to its lower melting temperatures. In light of the highly incompatible behavior of Ti during mantle melting, V‐Ti systematics are regarded to be more superior than V‐Sc systematics in the fO2 estimation. Partial melting modelling results using V‐Ti systematics reveal that arc mantle is, on average, ~0.9 log units higher in fO2 than oceanic mantle.