bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Lu Xixuan , Sun Jing , Liu Tingting , Zhang Hao , Shan Zhongyan , Teng Weiping 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThe precise pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is yet to be fully elucidated. The role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of HT has scarcely been addressed. Tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) is generally regarded as a marker of gene activation. The aim of this study was to explore genome-wide H3K4me3 patterns and global protein levels in primary thyrocytes and thyroids from HT patients.Material and methodsChromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to analyze genome-wide H3K4me3 patterns in primary cultured thyrocytes from three HT females and three age-matched female control subjects. Western blotting was used to analyze global H3K4me3 levels in thyrocytes and thyroid tissues. Gene expression was determined using RT-PCR. Mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) protein levels were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemistry.ResultsNine genes – TG, CXCL8, CCL2, CXCL10, FASLG, ICAM1, ITGA4, IL18 and TRAIL – showed increased H3K4me3 enrichment in promoter regions around the transcriptional start sites, and gene expression of ICAM1, CCL2 and CXCL8 was consistently increased (p < 0.05). KEGG pathway analysis suggested that differential peak-related genes were markedly associated with autoimmune thyroid disease< 0.05).ConclusionsThis first investigation of genome-wide H3K4me3 distribution in thyroid follicular cells suggested that genes associated with autoimmune thyroiditis showed differential H3K4me3 enrichment, which was partly related to gene expression. Global H3K4me3 changes and increased MLL1 expression were found in thyroid tissues from HT patients.
Regulation strategies and their impact on subsequent response inhibition: the moderating role of the self-control trait
Authors: Wójcik Natalia , Nęcka Edward 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundMuch research has shown that effortful acts of self-control temporarily impair its subsequent exertion. The aim of our experi-ment was to examine whether this effect, called ego depletion, is influenced by application of certain strategies that help people to overcome impulses. Another purpose of our research was to investigate the role of self-control as a trait in this area. We fo-cused on amusement regulation because of its importance in everyday life.Participants and procedureParticipants (N = 90) completed the Self-Control Scale (NAS-50) and were then asked to rate humorous cartoons (Task 1) while inducing the following self-regulatory strategies suggested by the instructions: cognitive change, response inhibition, or none (between-subjects manipulation). Subsequently, participants performed the Stop Signal Task (Task 2).ResultsThe results indicate that the depletion effect is absent unless trait self-control is included in the analysis. We observed the interac-tion between the self-control trait and the effectiveness of the adopted self-regulatory strategy. Participants with poor self-control did not differ in their performance in Task 2, regardless of the adopted strategy. With the increase in the self-control trait, we observed differences in Task 2 that indicated that the cognitive change strategy guarded against depletion in participants with a medium level of self-control. Participants with a high self-control trait level obtained better scores in both regulatory groups, compared to the condition without any strategy.ConclusionsWe discuss these findings in terms of the competing explanations of the ‘ego depletion’ effect, as well as in terms of the trait versus state approach to self-control.
Unassisted establishment of biological soil crusts on dryland road slopes
Authors: Concostrina-Zubiri Laura , Arenas Juan M. , Martínez Isabel , Escudero Adrián 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Understanding patterns of habitat natural recovery after
human-made disturbances is critical for the conservation of ecosystems under
high environmental stress, such as drylands. In particular, the unassisted
establishment of nonvascular plants such as biological soil crusts or
biocrust communities (e.g., soil lichens, mosses and cyanobacteria) in newly
formed habitats is not yet fully understood. However, the potential of
biocrusts to improve soil structure and function at the early stages of
succession and promote ecosystem recovery is enormous. In this study, we
evaluated the capacity of lichen biocrusts to spontaneously establish and
develop on road slopes in a Mediterranean shrubland. We also compared
taxonomic and functional diversity of biocrusts between road slopes and
natural habitats in the surroundings. Biocrust richness and cover, species
composition, and functional structure were measured in 17 road slopes (nine
roadcuts and eight embankments) along a 13 km highway stretch. Topography, soil
properties and vascular plant communities of road slopes were also
characterized. We used Kruskal–Wallis tests and applied redundancy analysis
(RDA) to test the effect of environmental scenario (road slopes vs. natural
habitat) and other local factors on biocrust features. We found that
biocrusts were common in road slopes after ∼20 years of
construction with no human assistance needed. However, species richness and
cover were still lower than in natural remnants. Also, functional structure
was quite similar between roadcuts (i.e., after soil excavation) and natural
remnants, and topography and soil properties influenced species composition
while environmental scenario type and vascular plant cover did not. These
findings further support the idea of biocrusts as promising restoration
tools in drylands and confirm the critical role of edaphic factors in
biocrust establishment and development in land-use change scenarios.
Shadows and deception: from Borelli's
Theoricae to the Saggi of the Cimento
Authors: MELI DOMENICO BERTOLONI 
Published: July 2002

‘Poor Borelli!’ exclaimed Alexandre Koyre at the end
of his wonderful and by now classic
study of Borelli's ‘celestial mechanics’. Koyre frankly
admitted that Borelli lacked Newton's genius and intellectual audacity.
However, in his story Borelli deserved a place
between Kepler and Newton for his ‘imperfect but decisive’
unification of terrestrial and
celestial physics. This framework finds a powerful justification in Borelli's
extensive usage
of Keplerian astronomy and in Newton's references to Borelli's
work on the Medicean
planets, Theoricae mediceorum planetarum (Florence, 1666), both
in his correspondence
with Edmond Halley, with regard to a controversy with Robert Hooke, and
in
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (London, 1687). Newton's
own copy of
Borelli's work with signs of his reading – the famous
dog-earings – is preserved in the
library of Trinity College, Cambridge. The magnitude of Newton's achievement
has
haunted Borelli's work ever since Principia mathematica appeared
in print. For example,
although Christiaan Huygens was sent a copy of Borelli's book by Prince
Leopold in 1666,
his marginal annotations in his own copy of the book were written after
he had read
Newton's masterpiece, as if Huygens had felt the need to read the
book again after 1687.
From then onwards Borelli's work has almost inevitably appeared in
a new light that has
coloured its subsequent readings.My ambition in this paper is to provide a fresh reading of Borelli's
work by
reconstructing its circumstances of composition, establishing a comparison
with a relevant
strictly contemporary source, and attending to the immediate reception
of Theoricae.
Borelli's work was written with an eye to a composite audience including
Roman Jesuits,
Sicilian intellectual circles and Leopold de' Medici's correspondents
across the Alps, such
as the Copernican astronomer Ismael Boulliau in Paris. Borelli was aware
that his Sicilian
readers were likely to have different concerns from those of Roman Jesuits
or the Medici.
Thus the task of charting the reception of his work is a formidable one.
For a variety of
reasons, including availability of sources, limitations of space, taste
and competence, my
analysis of Borelli's work on the Medicean planets is limited to a
few themes and is not only
no less partial than Koyre's, but in many respects it relies on it.
If readers feel stimulated
to re-read Koyre's text, one of the aims of this paper will have been
fulfilled.
War of words: the public science of the British
scientific community and the origins of the
Department of Scientific and Industrial
Research, 1914–16
Authors: HULL ANDREW 
Published: July 2002

In late 1916 the British Government finally bowed to pressure from scientists and
sympathetic elements of the public to organize and fund science centrally and established
the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). Since just before the turn of
the century state funding for science had steadily increased: the National Physical
Laboratory was established in 1899, the Development Commission in 1909 and the Medical
Research Committee in 1913. The establishment of the DSIR marked an end to piecemeal
support and it was therefore a watershed when the statefinally accepted its responsibility to fund science properly, to
develop a coherent science policy
and thus recognise that science and scientists were crucial components of modern national life;
not just in wartime, but in the development of the peacetime economy as well.At least this is how the history of the DSIR is currently still represented. The following
analysis is more sensitive than previous treatments as it points out that the state's
organization of a centrally planned and funded national policy for science began before the
DSIR, and that this new body (in its support of pure research) reflected priorities
established before the outbreak of the war. In previous accounts the DSIR was presented
as a total break with the laissez-faire past. So, as historians we no longer follow the
special pleading of the contemporary science lobby in arguing that the state was deaf to the
needs of modern science. However, I want to argue that we are still deaf to the wider concerns
of this contemporary pro-science rhetoric, which argued not only for centrally planned and
funded science, but also often that scientists themselves should make policy for science.
Rethinking Domestic Service
Authors: Saptari Ratna 
Published: July 2002

HILL, BRIDGET. Servants. English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1996. vii, 278 pp. £35.00.ROMANO, DENNIS. Housecraft and Statecraft. Domestic Service in Renaissance Venice, 1400–1600. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore [etc.] 1996. xxvi, 333 pp. Ill. $54.00.Over the last two decades, our understanding of domestic service, its changes throughout history and its links to larger political and economical transformations, has been enriched by feminist and historical scholarship. A first step towards a better understanding of domestic work was made when feminists challenged the dominant theoretical bias that formerly had concentrated exclusively on the production process, and argued that the separation of the domestic and the public which occurred with the emergence of capitalism became the root cause of women's subordination. This separation resulted in a situation where anything associated with the domestic became hidden, undervalued and perceived as unimportant. In later debates this dichotomizing framework has been further developed into discussions on the ways in which “the domestic” may shift in content and form; how it may be associated with not only what is conducted within the home, but also with the type of work (domestic work) and the type of people (women) considered as belonging in the home. Although the boundaries separating the domestic and public spheres may perpetually experience shifts, the implications of this separation are considered to be more or less clear, namely the devaluation of women's work and women's identity.
Influence of number and timing of fungicide applications on the yield and quality of early and later-sown spring malting barley grown in the south-east of Ireland
Authors: CONRY M. J. , DUNNE B. 
Published: July 2002

Eighteen experiments were carried out over a 6-year period (1989–94) on three different soil types to compare the effects of a broad-spectrum fungicide, applied as 1-, 2- or 3-spray programmes at different growth stages, to control foliar diseases on early and later-sown Blenheim malting barley. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe graminis (Blumeria graminis) f. sp. hordei, was the dominant disease in all 6 years. Sowing date had a major effect on grain yield and ex-farm quality of the malting barley. The earlier-sown treatments gave significantly greater yield than the later-sown in 13 of the experiments, and significantly lower grain N concentrations and screenings (small grains <2·2mm) in 14 and 16 of them, respectively.Early and more frequent fungicide applications improved grain yield and reduced grain screenings but had no significant effect on grain N. Early-applied fungicide (i.e. before GS 33) was generally the most effective in controlling disease, increasing yield and reducing screenings. The magnitude of the response depended on disease severity. In those years when disease was low on the early-sown crops (1989,1991 and 1994), the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes increased grain yields by relatively small amounts in both early and late-sown crops. In the other 3 years (1990,1992 and 1993), when disease severity was greater, the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes gave much greater grain yield increments on both early and late sowings. The 3-spray fungicide programme gave the greatest yields in most of the experiments but they were not significantly greater than the best of all the other treatments. Grain screenings were reduced by fungicide applications in both early and late-sown crops, but the early-applied 1-spray programme and 2-spray programmes were generally the most effective in reducing screenings.
Cell wall thickness and cell dimensions in plant parts
of eight forage species
Authors: REZVANI MOGHADDAM P. , WILMAN D. 
Published: July 2002

To appreciate more clearly some of the physical characteristics

of forages which may be important
in relation to digestibility and structural integrity, different
parts of eight plant species were examined
for the proportion of thick-walled, thin-walled and epidermal cells,
the thickness of the cell walls and
the diameter, length and volume of the cells. The eight species were:
Trifolium repens L., Medicago
sativa L., Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb., Lolium perenne
L.,
Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Chloris
gayana Kunth, Cenchrus ciliaris L. and Zea mays
L.
Early harvesting was compared with later
harvesting in each of two years. The plants were grown in a heated
glasshouse in spring–summer.The plant parts with the lowest proportion of thick-walled cells
(3–6% of cross-sectional area) were
the legume leaflets and those with the highest proportion (47–57%)

were the leaf blades and stems
of C. ciliaris. The plant parts with the highest proportion of

thin-walled cells were the legume leaflets
and petioles and the Z. mays stems and leaf sheaths. The walls

of the cells categorized as thick-walled
were thinnest (0·9 μm) in L. perenne leaf blades and

T. repens leaflets and thickest (2·0–2·3 μm)
in the
leaf blade midribs, leaf sheaths and stems of Z. mays and in
the stems and petioles of T. repens. The
thinnest outer walls of epidermal cells (0·9 μm) were
recorded for the leaf blades of L. perenne.The largest cells within the categories and plant parts examined
(1 100000 μm3) were thin-walled
cells in the stems of Z. mays. The longest cells recorded (180
μm)
were thin-walled cells in the petioles
of T. repens. The thick-walled cells were particularly small
(1800–2600 μm3) in L. perenne leaf blades

and sheaths and in T. repens leaflets. The largest thick-walled

cells in the study were in the stems and
petioles of T. repens. The epidermal cells of D. intortum

leaflets, petioles and stems were particularly
small (2000–3000 μm3).
Productivity and botanical composition of
Mediterranean grassland in relation to residual
phosphate
Authors: OSMAN A. E. , SALKINI A. K. , GHASSALI F. 
Published: July 2002

The effects of residual phosphate (P) fertilizer were monitored for six seasons on Mediterranean
grassland. The phosphate fertilizer was originally applied annually at three rates (0, 25 and 60 kg
P2O5/ha) for 7 years (1984–1990) to phosphate-deficient grassland at Tel Hadya, northern Syria. The
herbage biomass productivity, botanical composition and the seed bank in the soil were monitored
for six seasons (1991/92–1996/97). The experiment was grazed at two annual stocking rates
(1·1 sheep/ha (low) and 2·3 sheep/ha (high)). The experimental site was typical of native grassland
within the cereal zone of west Asia, where cropping is not possible because of shallow, stony soils and
steep slopes.Available soil phosphorus in May 1991 was 6·5, 20·8 and 40·1 mg P/kg under the 0, 25 and
60 kg P2O5/ha treatments and 6·6, 13·4 and 14·8 mg P/kg respectively, in May 1997. Yields of both
legumes and total herbage (legume+grass+other species) were significantly influenced by the
residual phosphate. Legume yields were between 6- and 7-times the control yield in the first two years
of the study. This decreased with time but was still in the range of 1·5 to 1·9 times the yield of the
control in 1997, six years later. Total herbage yield was consistently higher on the plots previously
fertilized with P, which ranged between 1·5- and 2·5-times the control. Both legume seed and grass
seeds were significantly larger with residual P, which ranged between 5·4- and 2·0-times the control
for the legume and 2·5- and 1·4-times for the grasses. All these factors have practical implications for
the use of P fertilizer on grassland which could help control soil erosion and improve livestock
production on marginal lands on which farming communities largely depend.
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Preparative-scale fractionation of bovine, caprine and ovine whey
proteins by gel permeation chromatography
Authors: FELIPE XAVIER , LAW ANDREW J. R. 
Published: July 2002

The whey proteins of the cow, goat and sheep have
previously been fractionated
on an analytical scale by reversed-phase HPLC (De Frutos et al. 1992),
anion-exchange FPLC (Andrews et al. 1985; Manji et al. 1985;
Laezza et al. 1991) and gel
permeation FPLC (Andrews et al. 1985; Hill & Kakuda, 1990).
Anion-exchange and
gel permeation FPLC can readily be scaled up for laboratory preparation of whey
protein fractions. There is some indication, however, that anion-exchange FPLC
does not give complete separation of β-lactoglobulin and
α-lactalbumin from the
other minor whey protein fractions (Girardet et al. 1989).In previous work it has been shown that gel permeation FPLC gives a satisfactory
fractionation of the whey proteins of the cow (Law et al.
1993), goat (Law & Brown,
1994) and sheep (Law, 1995). In this paper we describe a scaled-up method of gel
permeation that can be used for fairly rapid preparation or
purification of four main
whey protein fractions from the milks of these species.
On the boundary layer arising in the spin-up of a

stratified fluid in a container with sloping walls
Authors: DUCK P. W. , FOSTER M. R. , HEWITT R. E. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the boundary layer that forms on the
sloping

walls of a

rotating container (notably a conical container), filled with a stratified
fluid,

when flow conditions are changed abruptly from some initial (uniform) state.
The

structure of the solution valid away from the cone apex is derived, and
it is

shown that a

similarity-type solution is appropriate. This system, which is inherently
nonlinear

in nature, is solved numerically for several flow regimes, and the results
reveal

a number of interesting and diverse features.In one case, a steady state is attained at large times inside the boundary
layer.

In a second case, a finite-time singularity occurs, which is fully analysed.
A third

scenario involves a double boundary-layer structure developing at large
times, most

significantly including an outer region that grows in thickness as the
square-root of

time.We also consider directly the nonlinear fully steady solutions to the
problem, and

map out in parameter space the likely ultimate flow behaviour. Intriguingly,
we find

cases where, when the rotation rate of the container is equal to that of
the main

body of the fluid, an alternative nonlinear state is preferred, rather
than the

trivial (uniform) solution.Finally, utilizing Laplace transforms, we re-investigate the linear

initial-value problem for small differential spin-up studied by MacCready

& Rhines (1991), recovering

the growing-layer solution they found. However, in contrast to earlier
work, we

find a critical value of the buoyancy parameter beyond which the solution
grows

exponentially in time, consistent with our nonlinear results.
Viscous dissipation in steep capillary–gravity waves
Authors: LONGUET-HIGGINS MICHAEL S. 
Published: July 2002

Some simple but exact general expressions are derived for

the viscous stresses required

at the surface of irrotational capillary–gravity waves of

periodic or solitary type on

deep water in order to maintain them in steady motion. These expressions
are applied

to nonlinear capillary waves, and to capillary–gravity waves

of solitary type on deep

water. In the case of pure capillary waves some algebraic expressions are
found for

the work done by the surface stresses, from which it is possible to infer
the viscous

rate of decay of free, nonlinear capillary waves.Similar calculations are carried out for capillary–gravity

waves of solitary type on

deep water. It is shown that the limiting rate of decay of a solitary wave
at low

amplitudes is just twice that for linear, periodic waves. This is

due to the spreading

out of the wave envelope at low wave steepnesses. At large wave steepnesses
the

dissipation increases by an order of magnitude, owing to the sharply increased

curvature in the wave troughs. The calculated rates of decay are in agreement
with

recent observations.