bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double Detonations with Thin, Modestly Enriched Helium Layers can Make Normal Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Townsley Dean M. , Miles Broxton J. , Shen Ken J. , Kasen Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
It has been proposed that SNe Ia that are normal in their spectra and brightness can be explained by a double detonation that ignites first in a helium shell on the surface of the white dwarf (WD). This proposition is supported by the satisfactory match between simulated explosions of sub-Chandrasekhar-mass WDs with no surface He layer and observations of normal SNe Ia. However, previous calculations of He-ignited double detonations have required either the artificial removal of the He shell ashes or extreme enrichment of the surface He layer in order to obtain normal SNe Ia. Here we demonstrate, for the first time in multi-dimensional full-star simulations, that a thin, modestly enriched He layer will lead to a SN Ia that is normal in its brightness and spectra. This strengthens the case for double detonations as a major contributing channel to the population of normal SNe Ia.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Comparing Bevacizumab to Laser for Type 1 ROP
Authors: Rodriguez Sarah Hilkert , Peyton Colleen , Lewis Katherine , Andrews Bree , Greenwald Mark J. , Schreiber Michael D. , Msall Michael E. , Blair Michael P. 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants treated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at the authors' institution.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Before-and-after retrospective chart reviews identified 40 infants treated with laser and 46 treated with primary intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). Primary outcomes were death, hearing loss, bilateral visual impairment (BVI), and cerebral palsy (CP); odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine factors associated with CP. Secondary outcomes were mean Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) scores.

RESULTS:

Overall, there were no significant differences in primary outcome measures by treatment group. However, adjusted odds of BVI were significantly higher with laser compared to IVB (OR = 13.1;
P
= .038). Although IVB was not associated with CP, both hydrocephalus and BVI were strongly correlated with CP. Mean Bayley-III scores were similar when comparing nine laser-treated infants to 13 IVB-treated infants.

CONCLUSIONS:
Visual outcomes are an important aspect of neurodevelopment. IVB was not associated with severe developmental disabilities and may protect against vision loss in this analysis.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2019;50:337–343.]
Three-Year Findings on Intraocular Pressure Changes in The Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) Study
Authors: Patel Shriji N. , Kim Stephen J. , Lalezary Maziar , Shah Rohan , Kuchtey Rachel W. , Joos Karen M. , Kammer Jeffrey A. , Cherney Edward F. 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
This paper reports 3-year intraocular pressure (IOP) outcomes of the Prospective Retinal and Optic Nerve Vitrectomy Evaluation (PROVE) study.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
The prospective, controlled, observational study included 80 eyes of 40 participants undergoing routine pars plana vitrectomy. Study patients underwent preoperative evaluation and multimodal testing of the study (surgical) and fellow (control) eye. This testing was repeated at 3 months postoperatively and then annually for 3 years.

RESULTS:

Thirty-two of 40 patients (80%) completed 3-year follow-up. At 3 years postoperatively, there was no difference in IOP measurements in surgical eyes overall from baseline (
P
= .36). Subgroup analysis of pseudophakic eyes at baseline showed a significant elevation in IOP from 14.3 mm Hg ± 2.9 mm Hg at baseline to 16.8 mm Hg ± 3.2 mm Hg at 3-year follow-up (
P
< .029). Fellow eyes did not experience a significant change from baseline.

CONCLUSION:
The authors' 3-year results show that IOP is consistently and significantly elevated in pseudophakic eyes compared to baseline following routine vitrectomy.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2019;50:371–376.]
Práticas de resistência de alunos em uma escola pública: uma outra possiblidade de ver a indisciplina e a ‘defasagem’ de aprendizagem
Authors: Tedeschi Sirley Lizott , Pavan Ruth 
Published: June 2019

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar práticas de resistência que alunos/as desenvolvem contra os efeitos das relações de poder vigentes em uma escola pública. A análise toma como referência o campo teórico pós-estruturalista, entendendo-se com Foucault que, onde há relações de poder, há práticas de resistência e que estas nunca se encontram em relação de exterioridade ao poder; ao contrário, as práticas de resistência ocorrem ali mesmo onde há relações de poder. Nesta perspectiva, tanto as relações de poder quanto as práticas de resistência são produtivas e têm um potencial de criação e transformação. Por meio da análise de entrevistas com professores/as e da observação dos/as alunos/as, mostramos que aquilo que a escola entende como comportamento indisciplinado e como defasagem de aprendizagem dos conteúdos das propostas curriculares pode também ser visto como práticas de resistência de alunos/as à homogeneidade exigida na escola. Esses movimentos de resistência possibilitam criar espaços de tensão, de fissuras, de desestabilização e transformação nas relações de poder instituídas. Desse modo, entendemos o contexto escolar além dos dispositivos de controle e normalização, ou seja, a escola constitui-se como um espaço privilegiado de práticas de liberdade.
Formação continuada de professores e regionalização educativa: uma análise das políticas do setor educacional do MERCOSUL
Authors: Dri Wisllayne Ivellyze de Oliveira , Silva Luciana Leandro da 
Published: June 2019

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as políticas de formação continuada de professores em contexto de regionalização, especificamente identificar tais políticas nos planos de ação educativa do Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL. Para tanto considera-se que tal região está inserida em um intenso processo de internacionalização e de regionalização educativa, no qual, além da influência de organismos internacionais, destaca-se a atuação do Setor Educativo do MERCOSUL. Na América Latina, assim como em outros contextos, a constituição de blocos econômicos colocou ênfase no papel da educação como fator de integração, influenciando e direcionando as prioridades nesse campo. A metodologia utilizada privilegiou uma abordagem qualitativa, pois, segundo Lüdke (1986), a pesquisa qualitativa supõe o contato direto e prolongado do pesquisador com o objeto a ser investigado, isto é, um intenso trabalho de campo, no qual os problemas são estudados no ambiente natural em que eles ocorrem, como fontes diretas de obtenção de dados. Como resultado, observou-se uma oferta formativa de caráter prioritariamente técnico, sujeita às vicissitudes dos governos. Tal formação está em conformidade com uma agenda internacional neoliberal despreocupada com a valorização dos profissionais da educação, ainda que considere tal formação um instrumento importante para a implementação dessa mesma agenda.
The Impact of TCR Signal Strength on Resident Memory T Cell Formation during Influenza Virus Infection
Authors: Fiege Jessica K. , Stone Ian A. , Fay Elizabeth J. , Markman Matthew W. , Wijeyesinghe Sathi , Macchietto Marissa G. , Shen Steven , Masopust David , Langlois Ryan A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) in the lung are vital for heterologous protection against influenza A virus (IAV). Environmental factors are necessary to establish lung TRM; however, the role of T cell–intrinsic factors like TCR signal strength have not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the impact of TCR signal strength on the generation and maintenance of lung TRM after IAV infection. We inserted high- and low-affinity OT-I epitopes into IAV and infected mice after transfer of OT-I T cells. We uncovered a bias in TRM formation in the lung elicited by lower affinity TCR stimulation. TCR affinity did not impact the overall phenotype or long-term maintenance of lung TRM. Overall, these findings demonstrate that TRM formation is negatively correlated with increased TCR signal strength. Lower affinity cells may have an advantage in forming TRM to ensure diversity in the Ag-specific repertoire in tissues.
IL-36γ Promotes Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Macrophages via WNT5A-Induced Noncanonical WNT Signaling
Authors: Gao Yuchi , Wen Qian , Hu Shengfeng , Zhou Xinying , Xiong Wenjing , Du Xialin , Zhang Lijie , Fu Yuling , Yang Jiahui , Zhou Chaoying , Zhang Zelin , Li Yanfen , Liu Honglin , Huang Yulan , Ma Li 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily infects mononuclear phagocytes, remains the leading bacterial cause of enormous morbidity and mortality because of bacterial infections in humans throughout the world. The IL-1 family of cytokines is critical for host resistance to M. tuberculosis. As a newly discovered subgroup of the IL-1 family, although IL-36 cytokines have been proven to play roles in protection against M. tuberculosis infection, the antibacterial mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-36γ conferred to human monocyte-derived macrophages bacterial resistance through activation of autophagy as well as induction of WNT5A, a reported downstream effector of IL-1 involved in several inflammatory diseases. Further studies showed that WNT5A could enhance autophagy of monocyte-derived macrophages by inducing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and in turn decrease phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR via noncanonical WNT signaling. Consistently, the underlying molecular mechanisms of IL-36γ function are also mediated by the COX-2/AKT/mTOR signaling axis. Altogether, our findings reveal a novel activity for IL-36γ as an inducer of autophagy, which represents a critical inflammatory cytokine that control the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection in human macrophages.
IL-1β Induces the Rapid Secretion of the Antimicrobial Protein IL-26 from Th17 Cells
Authors: Weiss David I. , Ma Feiyang , Merleev Alexander A. , Maverakis Emanual , Gilliet Michel , Balin Samuel J. , Bryson Bryan D. , Ochoa Maria Teresa , Pellegrini Matteo , Bloom Barry R. , Modlin Robert L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Th17 cells play a critical role in the adaptive immune response against extracellular bacteria, and the possible mechanisms by which they can protect against infection are of particular interest. In this study, we describe, to our knowledge, a novel IL-1β dependent pathway for secretion of the antimicrobial peptide IL-26 from human Th17 cells that is independent of and more rapid than classical TCR activation. We find that IL-26 is secreted 3 hours after treating PBMCs with Mycobacterium leprae as compared with 48 hours for IFN-γ and IL-17A. IL-1β was required for microbial ligand induction of IL-26 and was sufficient to stimulate IL-26 release from Th17 cells. Only IL-1RI+ Th17 cells responded to IL-1β, inducing an NF-κB–regulated transcriptome. Finally, supernatants from IL-1β–treated memory T cells killed Escherichia coli in an IL-26–dependent manner. These results identify a mechanism by which human IL-1RI+ “antimicrobial Th17 cells” can be rapidly activated by IL-1β as part of the innate immune response to produce IL-26 to kill extracellular bacteria.
Exploring organisational diversity climate with associated antecedents and employee outcomes
Authors: McCallaghan Sean , Jackson Leon , Heyns Marita 
Published: June 2019

Orientation: Organisations are consistently changing and diversifying; therefore, researchers and practitioners are viewing diversity as an essential part of organisational behaviour literature and practice.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate a simple mediation model, with the diversity climate as the proposed mediator, transformational leadership as the model antecedent and organisational commitment as the outcome.Motivation for the study: The South African diversity climate research is limited, including mediation investigations. Increased organisational diversification requires constant and relevant information with regard to diversity management.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative approach using a cross-sectional design collected 230 responses from a convenience sample. Transformational leadership was considered through six key behaviours associated with transformational leadership. Organisational commitment was considered as per the Psycones questionnaire and the organisational diversity climate was determined using a single-dimension diversity climate instrument. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and a simple mediation model.Main findings: Correlation results revealed that both transformational leadership and a diversity climate demonstrated practical effects with organisational commitment. Results from a standardised regression coefficient confirmed that transformational leadership predicts the diversity climate significantly. Both transformational leadership and diversity climate predicted commitment. The simple mediation model revealed that the diversity climate can be considered a mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership and employee commitment.Practical/managerial implications: Organisations would benefit from leadership assessments for current and future employees, especially organisations that would like to prioritise a constructive diversity climate and employee commitment.Contribution/value-add: Contributions are made towards limited diversity climate investigations by providing empirical evidence of the mediating role of a diversity climate.
Nucleic acid amplification test
Authors: Datta Sanghamitra , Khillan Kamini , Ranjan Vivek , Wattal Chand 
Published: June 2019

Background & objectives:
Nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) in blood donor screening not only detects window period (WP) donors but also those with chronic occult infections which are negative by routine serological screening. This study was conducted to determine the time trend of NAT positivity and seroprevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) through a period of six years and evaluate the strength of NAT as a supplementary test in identifying the cryptic carriers in blood donor population.

Methods:
A total of 1,01,411 blood donations were screened between January 2011 and December 2016 by the ELISA and individual donor (ID) NAT Procleix Ultrio Plus Assay. Additional molecular and serological assays were done on the NAT yield samples to differentiate the type of cryptic carriers.

Results:
NAT yields comprised 0.05 per cent (50/101411) of the total samples tested with a yield rate of 1/2028. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) contributed to 80 per cent of the total NAT yields and the rest 20 per cent due to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Majority of HBV NAT yields (75%) were from chronic occult donors and 25 per cent were WP donors. Both HBV and HCV NAT yields had a wide range of viral count. There was no HIV NAT yield. A significant decline in the prevalence rate of TTIs through the study period of six years was observed.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The cryptic infections found in blood donors increase the risk of TTIs. Blood screening by both serology and NAT can reduce this threat.
Knockdown of human telomerase reverse transcriptase induces apoptosis in cervical cancer cell line
Authors: Nagapoosanam Anantha Lakshmi , Ganesan Nithya , Umapathy Devan , Moorthy Rajesh Kannan , Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni 
Published: June 2019

Background & objectives:
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the catalytic subunit of telomerase enzyme that maintains telomere ends by the addition of telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomal DNA, and that may generate immortal cancer cells. Hence, the activity of telomerase is raised in cancer cells including cervical cancer. The present study aimed to validate the unique siRNA loaded chitosan coated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle targeting hTERT mRNA to knock down the expression of hTERT in HeLa cells.

Methods:
The siRNA loaded chitosan coated polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized by double emulsion solvent diffusion method. The characterization of nano-formulation was done to determine efficient siRNA delivery. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to evaluate silencing efficiency of nano-formulation.

Results:
Size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles were 249.2 nm, 12.4 mV and 80.5 per cent, respectively. Sustained release of siRNA from prepared nanoparticle was studied for 72 h by ultraviolet method. Staining assays were performed to confirm senescence and apoptosis. Silencing of hTERT mRNA and protein expression were analyzed in HeLa cells by RT-PCR and Western blot.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The findings showed that biodegradable chitosan coated PLGA nanoparticles possessed an ability for efficient and successful siRNA delivery. The siRNA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Further studies need to be done with animal model.
Immunological detection assays for recombinant Shiga toxin & Shigella dysenteriae
Authors: Gupta Pallavi , Dhaked Ram Kumar 
Published: June 2019

Background & objectives:
Shiga toxin (Stx) is produced by Shigella dysenteriae, a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus that causes shigellosis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and Reiter's syndrome. The detection methods for shiga toxin needs to be rapid, accurate, reliable and must be extensively evaluated under field conditions. The aim of this study was to develop rapid, sensitive and specific detection method for Stx.

Methods:
Mice and rabbits were immunized with purified recombinant Shiga toxin B (rStxB). Using these antibodies dot ELISA, sandwich ELISA and flow through assay were developed.

Results:
The high-titre antibodies specifically reacted with purified rStxB. Dot-ELISA, sandwich ELISA and flow-through assay were developed and standardized that could detect StxB with limit of detection (LOD) of 9.75, 9.7 ng/ml and 0.46 μg/cassette, respectively.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The rStxB was used to produce antibodies to avoid handling of pathogen. The Flow through assay ‘developed was specific, rapid and field amenable.
Media-driven polarization. Evidence from the US
Authors: Melki Mickael , Sekeris Petros G. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The authors use US data on media coverage of politics and individual survey data to document that citizens exposed to more politicized newspapers have more extreme political preferences. This polarization effect of media is mainly driven by individuals who harbor liberal opinions reading more newspapers, as opposed to individuals endorsing rather conservative positions. More politicized media also reinforce other aspects of citizens’ political sophistication such as political knowledge. This enhanced political sophistication materializes in observable involvement in politics, measured by campaign contributions.
Effects of organic coating on the nitrate formation by suppressing the N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis: a case study during wintertime in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH)
Authors: Liu Lang , Wu Jiarui , Liu Suixin , Li Xia , Zhou Jiamao , Feng Tian , Qian Yang , Cao Junji , Tie Xuexi , Li Guohui 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Although stringent emission mitigation strategies have
been carried out since 2013 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China, heavy
haze with high levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) still
frequently engulfs the region during wintertime and the nitrate contribution
to PM2.5 mass has progressively increased. N2O5
heterogeneous hydrolysis is the most important pathway of nitrate
formation at nighttime. In the present study, the WRF-Chem model is applied
to simulate a heavy haze episode from 10 to 27 February 2014 in BTH to
evaluate contributions of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis to
nitrate formation and effects of organic coating. The model generally
performs reasonably well in simulating meteorological parameters, air
pollutants, and aerosol species against observations in BTH.
N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis with all the secondary organic
aerosol assumed to be involved in coating considerably improves the nitrate
simulations compared to the measurements in Beijing. On average, organic
coating decreases nitrate concentrations by 8.4 % in BTH during an
episode, and N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis with organic
coating contributes about 30.1 % of nitrate concentrations. Additionally,
the reaction also plays a considerable role in the heavy haze formation,
with a PM2.5 contribution of about 11.6 % in BTH. Sensitivity studies
also reveal that future studies need to be conducted to predict the organic
aerosol hygroscopicity for accurately representing the organic coating
effect on N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis.
Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide from vehicles and brick kilns and their impacts on air quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Zhong Min , Saikawa Eri , Avramov Alexander , Chen Chen , Sun Boya , Ye Wenlu , Keene William C. , Yokelson Robert J. , Jayarathne Thilina , Stone Elizabeth A. , Rupakheti Maheswar , Panday Arnico K. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Air pollution is one of the most pressing environmental issues in the Kathmandu Valley, where the capital city of Nepal is located. We estimated emissions from two of the major source types in the valley (vehicles and brick kilns) and analyzed the corresponding impacts on regional air quality. First, we estimated the on-road vehicle emissions in the valley using the International Vehicle Emissions (IVE) model with local emissions factors and the latest available data for vehicle registration. We also identified the locations of the brick kilns in the Kathmandu Valley and developed an emissions inventory for these kilns using emissions factors measured during the Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) field campaign in April 2015. Our results indicate that the commonly used global emissions inventory, the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP_v2.2), underestimates particulate matter emissions from vehicles in the Kathmandu Valley by a factor greater than 100. HTAP_v2.2 does not include the brick sector and we found that our sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions estimates from brick kilns are comparable to 70 % of the total SO2 emissions considered in HTAP_v2.2. Next, we simulated air quality using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) for April 2015 based on three different emissions scenarios: HTAP only, HTAP with updated vehicle emissions, and HTAP with both updated vehicle and brick kilns emissions. Comparisons between simulated results and observations indicate that the model underestimates observed surface elemental carbon (EC) and SO2 concentrations under all emissions scenarios. However, our updated estimates of vehicle emissions significantly reduced model bias for EC, while updated emissions from brick kilns improved model performance in simulating SO2. These results highlight the importance of improving local emissions estimates for air quality modeling. We further find that model overestimation of surface wind leads to underestimated air pollutant concentrations in the Kathmandu Valley. Future work should focus on improving local emissions estimates for other major and underrepresented sources (e.g., crop residue burning and garbage burning) with a high spatial resolution, as well as the model's boundary-layer representation, to capture strong spatial gradients of air pollutant concentrations.