bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suspended particulate matter and its management system surrounding opencast coal mines
Authors: Yadav Akhilesh Kumar , Jamal Aarif 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe development of effective strategies for the management and control of air pollution is a key environmental challenge that society faces today. The most visible impact of mining on the environment is on air quality. Mining activities continuously degrade the quality of air by contributing suspended particulate matter (SPM). The impact of mining on the environment and on the quality of air, in particular, influences not only the health of mining professionals, but the health of nearby populations. Furthermore, suspended solids in the form of particulate matter affect mining production and the condition of the mining machinery. SPM management in surface or opencast mines is an issue that must be monitored and controlled at every mine. The present study examines SPM pollution in mines and in areas surrounding various mining operations. It also discusses the management of particulate matter.
Genome re-sequencing reveals the evolutionary history of peach fruit edibility
Authors: Yu Yang , Fu Jun , Xu Yaoguang , Zhang Jiewei , Ren Fei , Zhao Hongwei , Tian Shilin , Guo Wei , Tu Xiaolong , Zhao Jing , Jiang Dawei , Zhao Jianbo , Wu Weiying , Wang Gaochao , Ma Rongcai , Jiang Quan , Wei Jianhua , Xie Hua 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPeach (Prunus persica) is an economically important fruit crop and a well-characterized model for studying Prunus species. Here we explore the evolutionary history of peach using a large-scale SNP data set generated from 58 high-coverage genomes of cultivated peach and closely related relatives, including 44 newly re-sequenced accessions and 14 accessions from a previous study. Our analyses suggest that peach originated about 2.47 Mya in southwest China in glacial refugia generated by the uplift of the Tibetan plateau. Our exploration of genomic selection signatures and demographic history supports the hypothesis that frugivore-mediated selection occurred several million years before the eventual human-mediated domestication of peach. We also identify a large set of SNPs and/or CNVs, and candidate genes associated with fruit texture, taste, size, and skin color, with implications for genomic-selection breeding in peach. Collectively, this study provides valuable information for understanding the evolution and domestication of perennial fruit tree crops.
Dissection of genetic variation and evidence for pleiotropy in male pattern baldness
Authors: Yap Chloe X. , Sidorenko Julia , Wu Yang , Kemper Kathryn E. , Yang Jian , Wray Naomi R. , Robinson Matthew R. , Visscher Peter M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMale pattern baldness (MPB) is a sex-limited, age-related, complex trait. We study MPB genetics in 205,327 European males from the UK Biobank. Here we show that MPB is strongly heritable and polygenic, with pedigree-heritability of 0.62 (SE = 0.03) estimated from close relatives, and SNP-heritability of 0.39 (SE = 0.01) from conventionally-unrelated males. We detect 624 near-independent genome-wide loci, contributing SNP-heritability of 0.25 (SE = 0.01), of which 26 X-chromosome loci explain 11.6%. Autosomal genetic variance is enriched for common variants and regions of lower linkage disequilibrium. We identify plausible genetic correlations between MPB and multiple sex-limited markers of earlier puberty, increased bone mineral density (rg = 0.15) and pancreatic β-cell function (rg = 0.12). Correlations with reproductive traits imply an effect on fitness, consistent with an estimated linear selection gradient of -0.018 per MPB standard deviation. Overall, we provide genetic insights into MPB: a phenotype of interest in its own right, with value as a model sex-limited, complex trait.
Efficacy of a T Cell-Biased Adenovirus Vector as a Zika Virus Vaccine
Authors: Bullard Brianna L. , Corder Brigette N. , Gorman Matthew J. , Diamond Michael S. , Weaver Eric A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern due to the risk of congenital Zika syndrome in developing fetuses and Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. Currently, there are no approved vaccines available to protect against infection. Adenoviruses are safe and highly immunogenic vaccine vectors capable of inducing lasting humoral and cellular immune responses. Here, we developed two Adenovirus (Ad) vectored Zika virus vaccines by inserting a ZIKV prM-E gene expression cassette into human Ad types 4 (Ad4-prM-E) and 5 (Ad5-prM-E). Immune correlates indicate that Ad5-prM-E vaccination induces both an anti-ZIKV antibody and T-cell responses whereas Ad4-prM-E vaccination only induces a T-cell response. In a highly lethal challenge in an interferon α/β receptor knockout mice, 80% of Ad5 vaccinated animals and 33% of Ad4 vaccinated animals survived a lethal ZIKV challenge, whereas no animals in the sham vaccinated group survived. In an infection model utilizing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice that were immunized and then treated with a blocking anti-IFNAR-1 antibody immediately before ZIKV challenge, 100% of Ad4-prM-E and Ad5-prM-E vaccinated mice survived. This indicates that Ad4-prM-E vaccination is protective without the development of detectable anti-ZIKV antibodies. The protection seen in these highly lethal mouse models demonstrate the efficacy of Ad vectored vaccines for use against ZIKV.
Hollow-core fibres for temperature-insensitive fibre optics and its demonstration in an Optoelectronic oscillator
Authors: Mutugala U. S. , Numkam Fokoua E. R. , Chen Y. , Bradley T. , Sandoghchi S. R. , Jasion G. T. , Curtis R. , Petrovich M. N. , Poletti F. , Richardson D. J. , Slavík R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMany scientific and practical applications require the propagation time through cables to be well defined and known, e.g., an error in the evaluation of signal propagation time in the OPERA experiment in 2011 initially erroneously concluded that Neutrinos are faster than light. In fact, there are many other physical infrastructures such as synchrotrons, particle accelerators, telescope arrays and phase arrayed antennae that also rely on precise time synchronization. Time synchronization is also of importance in new practical applications like autonomous manufacturing (e.g., synchronization of assembly line robots) and upcoming 5G networks. Even when the propagation time through a coaxial cable or optical fibre is carefully calibrated, it is affected by changes in the ambient temperature, posing a serious technological challenge. We show how hollow-core optical fibres can address this issue.
Enhanced growth and cardenolides production in Digitalis purpurea under the influence of different LED exposures in the plant factory
Authors: Verma Sandeep Kumar , Gantait Saikat , Jeong Byoung Ryong , Hwang Seung Jae 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this report, we have investigated the influence of different light qualities on Digitalis purpurea under a controlled environment. For this purpose, red (R), blue (B), fluorescent lamp (FL, control), along with combined red and blue (R:B) LEDs were used. Interestingly, the plant growth parameters such as number of leaf, longest root, width of leaf, width of stomata, width of trichome, leaf area, leaf or root fresh weight (FW), weight (DW) as well as length of trichome were maximum under R:B (8:2), and significantly larger than control plants. The stomatal conductance or anthocyanin was maximum under B LED than those under FL, however the photosynthesis rate was greater under FL. RuBisCO activity was maximum under R:B (1:1) LEDs while the quantity of the UV absorbing substances was highest under R LED than under FL. The maximum amount of cardenolides were obtained from leaf tissue under R:B (2:8) LED than those under FL. The R:B LEDs light was suitable for Digitalis plant growth, development, micro- and macro-elements, as well as cardenolides accumulation in the plant factory system. The adaptation of the growth strategy developed in this study would be useful for the production of optimized secondary metabolites in Digitalis spp.
Interactions of Functionalized Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes with Giant Phospholipid Vesicles as Model Cellular Membrane System
Authors: Pérez-Luna Verónica , Moreno-Aguilar Carlos , Arauz-Lara José Luis , Aranda-Espinoza Said , Quintana Mildred 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are considered alternative materials for the design of advanced drug and gene delivery vectors. However, the mechanism responsible for the cellular membrane intake of CNTs is not well understood. In the present study, we show how multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) owning different surface properties, interact with giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), a simple model system for cellular membranes. In particular, we want to address the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions between MWCNTs and lipid membranes and the subsequent mechanical properties changes of the systems. In order to elucidate this interaction, we made the following chemical modifications on MWCNTs: oxidized MWCNTs (ox-MWCNTs) displaying reduced hydrophobic surface character, pristine MWCNTs (p-MWCNTs), and alkyl functionalized MWCNTs (alk-MWCNTs) exhibiting enhanced hydrophobic surface properties, were put in contact with GUVs and observed by confocal microscopy. Our observations revealed that the interaction between the CNTs and GUVs depends on the type of chemical functionalization: ox-MWCNTs remain at the membrane interacting with the polar head of the phospholipids, p-MWCNTs internalize GUVs spontaneously, and alk-MWCNTs persist inside the membrane. The mechanical properties of MWCNTs@GUVs systems were measured using the electrodeformation method, which shows an increased bending stiffness (κ) of the GUVs as MWCNTs concentration increases. High concentrations of p-MWCNTs and alk-MWCNTs induced vesicle adhesion; p-MWCNTs produced a considerable reduction in the average size of the GUVs, while alk-MWCNTs form complex stable structures inside the membrane. The statistical analyses of the experimental results are compared with available computer simulations. The picture emerging from our results is that the interaction between GUVs and MWCNTs is due mainly to hydrophobicity.
Three-dimensional information modeling in the preservation of objects of cultural heritage
Authors: Tsitman Tatiana , Proshunina Kseniia 
Published: December 2018

Currently, the project process is actively introducing a new approach to BIМ technologies, implying comprehensive design. The advantage of BIM technologies allows monitoring the object at all steps of the design process. To conduct and compile cartograms of defects in complex scientific research it is necessary to use modern BIM technologies. The construction of a three-dimensional model helps to track defects and deformities in the process and makes it possible to carry out repair and restoration measures with greater efficiency. Restoration activities with BIM design involves the sequential implementation of activities that include: comprehensive scientific research, field surveys, engineering and geological research, and much more.
Full automation of information about the object under study will make it easier to work on the restoration of the monument and will provide an opportunity for making accurate and competent decisions. To do this, it is necessary to structure the information, highlighting the most reliable data for the periods of exploitation, materials, design features of the cultural heritage site.
The practice of building an information system for managing the operation of an industrial facility
Authors: Chelyshkov Pavel , Aralkin Kirill 
Published: December 2018

This work is of interest to engineers engaged in the information modeling, management and operation of the building.
The subject of the study is the software product EcoDomus, where a study was conducted on the implementation and management of industrial buildings.
The purpose of the work is to consider the information management system using information modeling technologies, the advantages and disadvantages of software for managing building information systems, problems and opportunities for implementation.
We used methods for analyzing the literature and technical documentation, analyzing the use of the information modeling method, analyzing the monitored parameters of the software, project structuring method, analyzing graphical models.
Studies have been conducted on the implementation and management of an industrial facility. Conclusions have been made about the relevance of the use of these technologies for the management of the facility, the shortcomings of these technologies, as well as solutions for implementation.
Fehlervermeidung und Komplikationsmanagement nach proximaler Femurfraktur
Authors: Klopfer Tim , Hemmann Philipp , Schreiner Anna , Stuby Fabian , Stöckle Ulrich , Bahrs Christian 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die proximale Femurfraktur gehört zu den häufigsten Frakturen vor allem des älteren Menschen. In den meisten Fällen muss diese operativ versorgt werden, entsprechend hoch sind die Fallzahlen. Die Rate der Komplikationen ist mit über 20% hoch und somit ein relevantes Problem. Dabei sind die Komplikationen zum einen der Biologie geschuldet, aber nicht selten auch Folge operativer Fehler.
Methode Auf Grundlage der Literatur sowie der eigenen Erfahrungswerte werden die Standardversorgung der proximalen Femurfrakturen erläutert, auf die häufigsten Komplikationen hingewiesen und ein Überblick sowie Lösungsansätze zur Versorgung dieser Komplikationen dargestellt.
Schlussfolgerung Aufgrund der alternden Bevölkerung und zunehmenden Morbidität wird sich die unfallchirurgische Versorgung von proximalen Femurfrakturen weiter erschweren und verdichten. Erfahrung, eine exakte Analyse der Fraktur und Kenntnisse über die individuelle Problematik des Patienten einschließlich der Komorbiditäten werden immer wichtiger, um die vielfältigen Komplikationen zu vermeiden. Kommt es dennoch zu Zwischenfällen, sind eine ausführliche Komplikationsanalyse und weiterführende Diagnostik erforderlich. Zwischen einer großen Fülle an möglichen Revisionsverfahren gilt es, sich zu entscheiden. Zumeist muss dies auf Grundlage der eigenen Erfahrung geschehen. Studien mit großen Fallzahlen zur Komplikationsversorgung gibt es aufgrund der vielfältigen und sehr unterschiedlich ausgeprägten Komplikationen bisher leider nicht.
Biotechnology.
Authors: Botella J. R. , Hamill S. , Ko HianLien Ko HianLien , Matsumoto T. , Souza F. V. D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses tissue culture, including topics on micropropagation, organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, in vitro production of metabolites, cultivar improvement, beneficial microorganisms, somaclonal variation, and in vitro germplasm conservation of pineapple. Anther and ovule culture; protoplast isolation and fusion; genes and genetic resources, genomes, genetic engineering and molecular markers are also described.
Determinants of Writing Style on the United States Circuit Courts of Appeals
Authors: Budziak Jeffrey , Hitt Matthew P. , Lempert Daniel 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA rapidly burgeoning literature in judicial politics concerns the variation in elements of writing style such as reading difficulty, cognitive complexity, affective language, and informality in judicial opinions. Some of these studies argue that judges strategically alter their writing style in anticipation of reactions from other actors. Others indicate that writing style is a function of judge characteristics as well as case-related factors. We investigate the correlates of writing style in US Circuit Courts of Appeals by analyzing a stratified random sample consisting of 11,771 opinions. Construing style broadly to encompass several dimensions suggested by prior work, we find that case and judge characteristics explain substantially more variance in writing style than do strategic considerations.
The Capitalist State and State Power
Authors: Jessop Bob 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Marx planned a book on the state as part of his larger project to critique the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. Nonetheless Marx analyzed the state over some forty years of critical engagement with bourgeois society and provided at least seven types of analysis of the state and state power. Overall, he highlighted the significance of the institutional separation of the economic and political in capitalist social formations, explored the normal form of the capitalist type of state and some of its exceptional forms (notably Bonapartism), and related state power to specific state forms and the changing balance of forces. This article surveys the development of Marx’s work on the capitalist state, the range of approaches that he adopted in specific contexts, his form analysis of the state, his conjunctural analyses, and his eventual discovery of the adequate form of a democratic socialist state in the Paris Commune. It builds on this analysis of Marx’s work to comment on subsequent Marxist analyses of the state and state power, including capital-, class- and state-theoretical work and emphasizes the importance of a relational approach to the capitalist state.
Transgender and Gender Expansive Students
Authors: Eckes Suzanne E. , Lewis Maria M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Controversies over school policies that impact transgender students have garnered increased attention in recent years. For example, some transgender students have been prohibited from using the restroom that aligns with their gender identity, and others have not been addressed by their preferred names. Thus, in this chapter, we focus on cutting-edge issues that relate specifically to transgender students. In doing so we explore the legal landscape related to transgender student inclusion. We will begin with an overview of relevant research, followed by a presentation of the legal framework and finishing with a discussion of important legal issues, including topics such as access to facilities, privacy, pronouns and student records, athletics, and dress codes. As this chapter will demonstrate, unprecedented efforts in research have revealed alarming inequities experienced by transgender individuals. Concurrently, with some limitations or exceptions, there is a growing body of legal authority that has been successfully relied upon to protect the rights of transgender students. To be certain, the law impacting transgender individuals is multifaceted and evolving. Of notable significance, transgender students who have initiated legal claims against school districts for their discriminatory practices have all ended in favorable outcomes for the students.
The Constitutionally Anomalous Right to Education
Authors: Weishart Joshua E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the nature of right to education in the United States. It analyzes the constitutional text and judicial decisions from the past half-century to identify the right’s form, function, and scope. These interrelated, constitutive parts reveal (i) the duties and freedoms conferred by the right, (ii) the purpose and content of those educational entitlements, (iii) the conditions by which the right can be vindicated in courts, and (iv) the range of potential remedies.
Fiscal Compliance Rules for Federal Funding of Elementary and Secondary Education
Authors: Gordon Nora , Pasachoff Eloise 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Fiscal compliance rules—technical rules governing how states and school districts may use their federal money and how they must document that use—are pervasive throughout federal education law. The purpose of these rules is to hold state and local educational agencies accountable for their spending choices under federal law. Yet, as this chapter demonstrates, the multilayered bureaucratic system in which the rules are embedded actually works against the public accountability they were designed to promote. The chapter describes the institutional system of federal grants administration and how it oversees and enforces fiscal rules. After explaining the importance of these rules to state and local educational agencies, the chapter argues that the fiscal compliance rules would be more valuable in promoting accountability—and thereby would better serve students—if the system as a whole provided clearer and more accessible rules and required documented reason-giving under these rules in publicly available fora.
Capital, Income Growth, in American Economic History
Authors: Rhode Paul W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The role of capital accumulation in the process of long-run income growth has been the subject of great debate. The classical and early neoclassical economists viewed capital accumulation as the fundamental driver of growth. Economists informed by the Solow growth model (and its successors) and by twentieth-century growth accounting exercises assign capital accumulation a much more marginal role. This now standard view takes certain constancies for granted: the rate of capital formation (i.e., the saving rate), the capital-output ratio, capital’s share of income, and the rate of return on capital (i.e., the interest rate). This chapter documents the historical evolution of capital in the American economy and challenges the conventional thinking. It shows that the role of capital accumulation in economic growth is dynamic and has changed dramatically over the past three centuries.
The Civil War in American Economic History
Authors: Ransom Roger 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the following questions: How did the institution of slavery pose an insurmountable obstacle to sectional compromise? What were the “economic costs” of the war to the North and the South? How did the emancipation of four million slaves impact the American economy? What was the economic legacy of the war? The chapter argues that the war was indeed what Charles and Mary Beard termed a “Second American Revolution.” The presence of the “slave power” defeated all efforts at compromise. The wartime expenditures and loss of 750,000 men placed an economic burden that lasted into the twentieth century. Emancipation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 were the enduring accomplishments of the war.
Trade Policy in American Economic History
Authors: Irwin Doug 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evolution of US foreign trade and trade policy from the colonial period to the present. International trade has been a small but important part of the US economy throughout the country’s history. The Constitution gives Congress the authority to levy import duties. The use of this power has been extremely controversial ever since, with the political debate revolving over whether tariffs on imports should be high or low. This debate has pitted export-oriented producers against domestic producers facing foreign competition. After the Smoot Hawley tariff of 1930, which coincided with the Great Depression, protectionism was given a bad name and the United States began to turn to reciprocal trade agreements with other countries. The led to the formation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 and later agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993.