bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photopheresis at onset of type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial
Authors: Ludvigsson J , Samuelsson U , Ernerudh J , Johansson C , Stenhammar L , Berlin G 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDIn recent years photopheresis, an extracorporeal form of photochemotherapy using psoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation of leucocytes, has been claimed to be an effective form of immunomodulation.AIMTo evaluate its effect in type 1 diabetes we performed a double blind, controlled study using placebo tablets and sham pheresis in the control group.METHODSA total of 49 children, aged 10–18 years of age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes were included; 40 fulfilled the study and were followed for three years (19 received active treatment with photopheresis and 21 placebo treatment).RESULTSThe actively treated children secreted significantly more C peptide in urine during follow up than control children. C peptide values in serum showed corresponding differences between the two groups. The insulin dose/kg body weight needed to achieve satisfactory HbA1c values was always lower in the photopheresis group; there was no difference between the groups regarding HbA1c values during follow up. The treatment was well accepted except for nausea (n = 3) and urticaria (n = 1) in the actively treated group. There were no differences regarding weight or height, or episodes of infection between the two groups during follow up.CONCLUSIONPhotopheresis does have an effect in addition to its possible placebo effect, shown as a weak but significant effect on the disease process at the onset of type 1 diabetes, an effect still noted after three years of follow up.
Effects of one year of resistance training on the relation between muscular strength and bone density in elderly women
Authors: Rhodes E C , Martin A D , Taunton J E , Donnelly M , Warren J , Elliot J 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—There is a paucity of long term studies on exercise training in elderly women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of one year of progressive resistance exercise (PRE) on dynamic muscular strength and the relations to bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly women.Methods—Forty four healthy sedentary women (mean age 68.8 years) volunteered for this study and were randomly assigned to either an exercise group or a control group. The exercise group were involved in three one hour sessions a week for 52 weeks of supervised PRE to strengthen the large muscle groups of the body, while the control group were instructed to continue their normal lifestyle. The exercise circuit included three sets of eight repetitions at 75% of one repetition maximum focused on the large muscle groups. BMD was measured by dual energyxray absoptiometry (Lunar DPX) at the lumbar spine and at three sites in the proximal femur. Other selected parameters of physical fitness were also measured.Results—Statistical analyses (analysis of covariance) showed significant strength gains (p<0.01) in bilateral bench press (>29%), bilateral leg press (>19%), and unilateral biceps curl (>20%). No significant difference between groups was evident in body weight, grip strength, flexibility, waist to hip ratio, or the sum of eight skinfolds. Significant relations (p<0.05) were recorded between dynamic leg strength and the BMD of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and the lumbar spine.Conclusions—Significant strength changes, after one year of PRE, were evident in elderly women, and the muscle increases may parallel changes in BMD; however, correlation coefficients were moderate.
Red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes: a comparative analysis
Authors: Boyadjiev N , Taralov Z 
Published: July 2002

Background—A suboptimal haematological status has often been recorded in athletes involved in intensive physical activity. There have even been reports of “sports anaemia” associated with intensive physical exercise. However, studies on the effect of different types of exercise practiced over a long period of time on the red blood cell variables in pubescent athletes are very few.Aim—To assess the basic red blood cell variables in highly trained pubescent athletes from different sports and to compare the results with those for a control untrained group. Sex related differences in these variables were also assessed.Methods—876 highly trained athletes (559 boys and 317 girls) were included in the study. Their mean (SEM) age, weight, and duration of training were: 14.01 (0.06) years, 56.24 (0.52) kg, and 3.52 (0.07) years respectively. The control group consisted of 357 untrained subjects (171 boys and 186 girls) with mean (SEM) age and weight of 14.58 (0.09) years and 57.75 (0.67) kg. The group of athletes was divided into seven subgroups according to the sport practiced: athletics (105), swimming (107), rowing (230), wrestling (225), weight lifting (47), various team sports (92), and other sports (67). Venous blood samples were drawn from the cubital vein, and the red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume were measured. Statistical indices were computed for each group and for each variable, and analysis of variance factorial analysis was performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the differences detected.Results—The highly trained group was found to have lower red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin concentration (p<0.001) than the control untrained group (4.61 (0.01) × 1012/1v4.75 (0.02) × 1012/l, 0.389 (0.001)v0.404 (0.002) l/l, and 133.01 (0.38)v139.9 (0.62) g/l respectively). These variables were lower for the boys of the trained group than for the boys of the control group (p<0.001), and similarly for the girls (p<0.001). The lowest red blood cell count, packed cell volume, and haemoglobin concentration were measured in blood samples from the boys of the swimming subgroup (4.54 (0.06) × 1012/l, 0.386 (0.006) l/l, and 129.38 (1.80) g/1 respectively) and the rowing subgroup (4.66 (0.03) × 1012/l, 0.400 (0.003) l/l, and 136.21 (0.94) respectively). The same distribution was found for the girls: lowest in the rowing subgroup (4.32 (0.04) × 1012/1, 0.314 (0.003) l/l, and 124.27 (0.93) g/1) and the swimming subgroup (4.40 (0.05) × 1012/l, 0.375 (0.005) l/l, and 125.90 (1.30) g/1). No differences were found in the mean corpuscular volume.Conclusions—Continuous (more than one year) high intensity sports training (twice a day/five days a week) results in a decrease in the basic red blood cell variables in pubescent boys and girls, this being most pronounced in the submaximal sports.
Ratings of perceived exertion in braille: validity and reliability in production mode
Authors: Buckley John P , Eston Roger G , Sim Julius 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—(a) To assess the validity and reliability of producing and reproducing a given exercise intensity during cycle ergometry using a braille version of Borg's standard 6–20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, and (b) to determine whether the exercise responses of blind participants, at a given produced RPE, were similar to those reported in recognised guidelines for sighted subjects.Methods—Ten healthy registered blind volunteer participants (four women, six men; mean (SD) age 23.2 (9.0) years) performed an initial graded exercise cycle test to determine maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max). Three trials of three exercise bouts at RPEs 9, 11, and 13 were then performed in random order on three separate days of the same week, with expired air and heart rate measured continuously. Each exercise bout was followed by 10 minutes of rest. The validity of the scale as a means of producing different exercise intensities was assessed using a two factor (RPE × trial) repeated measures analysis of variance. Intertrial reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the bias ±95% limits of agreement (95%LoA) procedure.Results—Participants reported no difficulty in using the braille RPE scale. When asked to produce exercise intensities equating to RPE 9, 11, and 13, they elicited mean %Vo2maxvalues of 47%, 53%, and 63% respectively. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in either %HRmaxor %Vo2maxbetween trials at each of the three RPEs, but there was a significant difference (p<0.001) in both %HRmaxand %Vo2maxbetween the three RPE levels. All pairwise comparisons of the three different RPEs were significantly different (p<0.016). The ICC between the second and third trial for %HRmaxwas significant (p <0.05) for all three RPEs. Similarly for %Vo2max, the ICC was significant for RPE 9 and 11 but not 13. The 95%LoA decreased for both %HRmaxand %Vo2maxwith each successive trial.Conclusions—Blind participants were successful in using a braille RPE scale to differentiate exercise intensity on a cycle ergometer. In every trial at RPE 13, all participants achieved %HRmaxand %Vo2maxlevels, which fell within the recommended range for developing cardiorespiratory fitness. Using %HRmaxas a judge of intertrial reliability, the participants were able to repeat similar exercise intensities after two trials at each of the three RPEs (9, 11,13). The same was true for RPE 9 and 11, when %Vo2maxwas used as a judge, but further trials were required to achieve similar reliability at RPE 13. A braille RPE scale can be used by healthy blind people during cycle ergometry, with similar effect to the visual analogue scale recommended for use in healthy sighted people.
Validation of an instrument for injury data collection in rugby union
Authors: McManus Alexandra 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To provide the basis for collecting rugby union injury data using a rigorously validated injury report form.Methods—Seven stages were used to assess face, content, and criterion validity of the rugby union injury report form. A 22 member panel plus four sporting bodies assessed the form for face validity, and an expert panel assessed it for content and criterion validity. Panel members were consulted until consensus was reached. A yardstick developed by an expert panel using the Delphi technique was used to assess the reliability of the form. An independent panel of 10 viewed a series of five videotaped injuries, three times over a five week period to assess inter-rater and intrarater reliability. The form was then trialed by 40 people in situ during four games.Results—The rugby union injury report form for games and training was developed, and the face, content, and criterion validity successfully assessed. A seven step protocol to create a yardstick was also developed to assist in the validation process. Both inter-rater and intrarater reliability results indicated a 98% agreement. The 40 trialists who completed forms in situ during four games were found to have an inter-rater reliability agreement of 98% for nine injuries.Conclusions—A measurement instrument for injury data collection in rugby union was successfully developed and validated, providing researchers with a basis for future studies in this area. A procedure to develop future injury data collection instruments in other sports was also developed.
Medical supervision of sport diving in Scotland: reassessing the need for routine medical examinations
Authors: Glen Stephen , White Steven , Douglas James 
Published: July 2002

Background—The value of diving medicals in preventing incidents is uncertain and there has been only limited evaluation of the fitness to dive guidelines in a sport diving population.Objective—To examine the need for routine diving medical examinations in the Scottish Sub-Aqua Club (SSAC) between 1991 and 1998.Methods—A medical examination of all SSAC divers is performed at entry and then every one to five years based on their age and medical condition This information was analysed in terms of questionnaire findings and examination abnormalities.Results—There were 2962 medical forms available for analysis. Examination abnormalities were found in 174 subjects (5.9% of the population), with obesity affecting 75 subjects (2.5%). There was a linear increase in mean body mass index (r2= 0.92), and a significant difference between 1991 and 1998 (mean (SD) of 24.1 (3.07) and 25.02 (3.4) respectively, p = 0.002) which was not related to age or sex distribution. There was also a significant increase in the prevalence of smokers (χ2= 4.02, p = 0.045). The most common specialist referral was for evaluation of asthma, with hypertension and obesity as the next most common reasons. Most subjects were allowed to dive, with only 43 (25%) being failed outright. Overall, no examination abnormality alone caused a subject to be classified unfit to dive, and referrals were prompted by the answers in the questionnaire.Conclusions—No significant unexpected abnormalities were found on clinical examination in this population of sport divers. Conditions that prevented subjects from diving were detected by the questionnaire, and this prompted referral for further assessment by the medical advisors. Routine medical examinations were of little value.
Fishing penetration injuries
Authors: Dudkiewicz I , Salai M , Blankstein A , Chechik A 
Published: July 2002

Background—Fishing involves millions of people throughout the world and is considered a pleasant and harmless sport. However, many kinds of injury can occur. Penetrating injuries to the extremities by fishing equipment such as hooks and harpoons, and even by scales, or infection from penetration of scales etc are relatively common although hardly ever reported in the literature.Methods—Illustrative cases of penetrating fishing injuries are presented and discussed, with suggestions for the recommended management of these types of injury.Results—Most of these objects are designed to catch and hold resisting fish, so are usually sharp and narrow in the front and wider in the rear with or without spurs. Because of their very irregular shape, simple extraction by pulling is not recommended, because further damage may occur.Conclusions—The use of the appropriate imaging modalities, a full knowledge of the contours of the object, and careful preplanning of the method of treatment are very important.
Incidence of pubic bone marrow oedema in Australian rules football players: relation to groin pain
Authors: Verrall G M , Slavotinek J P , Fon G T 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To examine the relation between the clinical features of groin pain and groin magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances in a group largely comprising elite Australian Rules football players. The incidence of bone marrow oedema and other MRI findings in the pubic symphysis region was noted. The relation between a past history of groin pain and these other MRI findings was also examined.Method—In a prospective study, 116 male subjects (89 footballers, 17 umpires, 10 sedentary men) were examined before history taking and groin MRI. The clinical history was not known to the examiner (GMV) and radiologists (JPS, GTF). Clinical evidence of groin pain and examination findings were correlated with the presence of increased signal intensity within the pubic bone marrow. A past history of groin pain was correlated with the presence of other MRI findings such as cyst formation, fluid signal within the pubic symphysis disc, and irregularity of the pubic symphysis.Results—Fifty two athletes (47 footballers, five umpires) had clinical features of groin pain with pubic symphysis and/or superior pubic ramus tenderness. A high incidence of increased signal intensity (77%) within the pubic bone marrow was identified in this group. There was an association between this group of athletes and the MRI finding of increased signal intensity (p<0.01). There was also an association between a past history of groin pain and the presence of other MRI findings (p<0.01).Conclusions—Athletes with groin pain and tenderness of the pubic symphysis and/or superior pubic ramus have clinical features consistent with the diagnosis of osteitis pubis. The increased signal intensity seen on MRI is due to pubic bone marrow oedema. An association exists between the clinical features of osteitis pubis and the MRI finding of pubic bone marrow oedema. A high incidence of pubic bone marrow oedema was also noted. Degenerative features visualised by MRI, such as subchondral cyst formation, were associated with a past history of groin pain. A stress injury to the pubic bone is the most likely explanation for these MRI findings and may be the cause of the clinical entity osteitis pubis.
Ankle injuries in basketball: injury rate and risk factors
Authors: McKay G D , Goldie P A , Payne W R , Oakes B W 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine the rate of ankle injury and examine risk factors of ankle injuries in mainly recreational basketball players.Methods—Injury observers sat courtside to determine the occurrence of ankle injuries in basketball. Ankle injured players and a group of non-injured basketball players completed a questionnaire.Results—A total of 10 393 basketball participations were observed and 40 ankle injuries documented. A group of non-injured players formed the control group (n = 360). The rate of ankle injury was 3.85 per 1000 participations, with almost half (45.9%) missing one week or more of competition and the most common mechanism being landing (45%). Over half (56.8%) of the ankle injured basketball players did not seek professional treatment. Three risk factors for ankle injury were identified: (1) players with a history of ankle injury were almost five times more likely to sustain an ankle injury (odds ratio (OR) 4.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95 to 12.48); (2) players wearing shoes with air cells in the heel were 4.3 times more likely to injure an ankle than those wearing shoes without air cells (OR 4.34, 95% CI 1.51 to 12.40); (3) players who did not stretch before the game were 2.6 times more likely to injure an ankle than players who did (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.01 to 6.34). There was also a trend toward ankle tape decreasing the risk of ankle injury in players with a history of ankle injury (p = 0.06).Conclusions—Ankle injuries occurred at a rate of 3.85 per 1000 participations. The three identified risk factors, and landing, should all be considered when preventive strategies for ankle injuries in basketball are being formulated.
Effect of immersion, submersion, and scuba diving on heart rate variability: Figure 1
Authors: Schipke J D , Pelzer M 
Published: July 2002

Background—Heart rate variability (HRV) describes the cyclic variations in heart rate and offers a non-invasive tool for investigating the modulatory effects of neural mechanisms elicited by the autonomic nervous system on intrinsic heart rate.Objective—To introduce the HRV concept to healthy volunteers under control conditions and during scuba diving. In contrast with more established manoeuvres, diving probably activates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system through various stimuli—for example, through cardiac stretch receptors, respiration pattern, psychological stress, and diving reflex. A further aim of the study was to introduce a measure for determining a candidate's ability to scuba dive by providing (a) standard values for HRV measures (three from the time domain and three from the frequency domain) and (b) physiological responses to a strenuous manoeuvre such as scuba diving.Methods—Twenty five trained scuba divers were investigated while diving under pool conditions (27°C) after the effects of head out immersion and submersion on HRV had been studied.Results and conclusions—(a) Immersion under pool conditions is a powerful stimulus for both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (b) As neither the heart rate nor the HRV changed on going from immersion to submersion, the parasympathetic activation was probably due to haemodynamic alterations. (c) All HRV measures showed an increase in the parasympathetic activity. (d) If a physiological HRV is a mechanism for providing adaptability and flexibility, diving should not provoke circulatory problems in healthy subjects. (e) Either a lower than normal HRV under control conditions or a reduction in HRV induced by diving would be unphysiological, and a scuba diving candidate showing such characteristics should be further investigated.
Soccer specific aerobic endurance training
Authors: Hoff J , Wisløff U , Engen L C , Kemi O J , Helgerud J 
Published: July 2002

Background:In professional soccer, a significant amount of training time is used to improve players' aerobic capacity. However, it is not known whether soccer specific training fulfils the criterion of effective endurance training to improve maximal oxygen uptake, namely an exercise intensity of 90–95% of maximal heart rate in periods of three to eight minutes.Objective:To determine whether ball dribbling and small group play are appropriate activities for interval training, and whether heart rate in soccer specific training is a valid measure of actual work intensity.Methods:Six well trained first division soccer players took part in the study. To test whether soccer specific training was effective interval training, players ran in a specially designed dribbling track, as well as participating in small group play (five a side). Laboratory tests were carried out to establish the relation between heart rate and oxygen uptake while running on a treadmill. Corresponding measurements were made on the soccer field using a portable system for measuring oxygen uptake.Results:Exercise intensity during small group play was 91.3% of maximal heart rate or 84.5% of maximal oxygen uptake. Corresponding values using a dribbling track were 93.5% and 91.7%. No higher heart rate was observed during soccer training.Conclusions:Soccer specific exercise using ball dribbling or small group play may be performed as aerobic interval training. Heart rate monitoring during soccer specific exercise is a valid indicator of actual exercise intensity.
Variable phenotypic presentation of iron overload in H63D homozygotes: are genetic modifiers the cause?
Authors: Aguilar-Martinez P , Bismuth M , Picot M C , Thelcide C , Pageaux G-P , Blanc F , Blanc P , Schved J-F , Larrey D 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDFirst considered as a polymorphism of the HFEgene, the H63D mutation is now widely recognised as a haemochromatosis associated allele. But few H63D homozygotes with clinical manifestations of hereditary haemochromatosis (HH) have been reported. Concurrently, an increasing number of genes have been shown to interact with HFE in iron metabolism.AIMSTo describe the clinical expression of iron overload (IO) associated with H63D homozygosity, and search for potential genetic modifiers (within theHFE or other genes) that could explain the variability of the phenotypes.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively analysed the clinical phenotype of 56 H63D homozygotes referred for a personal or family history of IO. For each subject we examined intragenicHFE haplotypes and transferrin receptor (TfR) gene polymorphisms and searched for the Y250X mutation on the TFR2 gene. Additionally, we sequenced theHFE gene of H63D homozygotes with HH.RESULTSFifty of 56 subjects had biological and/or clinical abnormalities of iron metabolism. Up to two thirds of patients (n=34) had no acquired cause of IO. Among these, 12 had a phenotypic diagnosis of HH. In the iron loaded group there was a strong prevalence of male patients. No correlation was found between the potential genetic modifiers and phenotypes. No additional mutation of HFEwas identified.CONCLUSIONThe variable phenotypes associated with H63D homozygosity do not appear to be linked to other HFE mutations, to the TFR2 Y250X mutation, or to HFE or TfR gene intragenic polymorphisms. The exact role of H63D homozygosity in IO and HH needs to be further investigated in unselected populations.