bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic process modeling and hybrid intelligent control of ethylene copolymerization in gas phase catalytic fluidized bed reactors
Authors: Abbasi Mohammad Reza , Shamiri Ahmad , Hussain Mohamed Azlan , Aghay Kaboli Seyed Hamidreza 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPolyethylene (PE) is the most extensively consumed plastic in the world, and gas phase‐based processes are widely used for its production owing to their flexibility. The sole type of reactor that can produce PE in the gas phase is the fluidized bed reactor (FBR), and effective modeling and control of FBRs are of great importance for design, scale‐up and simulation studies. This paper discusses these issues and suggests a novel advanced control structure for these systems.RESULTSA unified process modeling and control approach is introduced for ethylene copolymerization in FBRs. The results show that our previously developed two‐phase model is well confirmed using real industrial data and is exact enough to further develop different control strategies. It is also shown that, owing to high system nonlinearities, conventional controllers are not suitable for this system, so advanced controllers are needed. Melt flow index (MFI) and reactor temperature are chosen as vital variables, and intelligent controllers were able to sufficiently control them. Performance indicators show that advanced controllers have a superior performance in comparison with conventional controllers.CONCLUSIONBased on control performance indicators, the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller for MFI control and the hybrid ANFIS–proportional‐integral‐differential (PID) controller for temperature control perform better regarding disturbance rejection and setpoint tracking in comparison with conventional controllers. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Utilization of foliar cuticle morphology for the identification of weedy grasses
Authors: Khan Raees , Kiliç Ömer , Abidin Sheikh Zain Ul , Ullah Asad , Ullah Hadayat , Zafar Muhammad , Ahmad Mushtaq , Khan Shujaul Mulk 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFor the robust identification of weeds of taxonomically complex families like Poaceae, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) are of significant implications. In this study, SEM and LM methods were used by investigating 12 Pakistani weedy grass species as an example for foliar epidermal micromorphological characters for its role in the identification of grasses species. Qualitative and quantitative foliar micromorphological variations in stomatal type, number, guard cells, subsidiary cells, silica bodies and trichomes were studied. Significant variation was observed in both qualitative and quantitative features and based on this diversity in epidermal characters, a key was drawn to delimitate the species. Variations in stomata, silica bodies (SiO2·nH2O), macrohairs, microhairs, hooks, papillae, prickles, and other epidermal structures were used in establishing the taxonomic key. The data were also statistically evaluated by determining its mean, standard deviation, variance, the coefficient of variance, and standard error. Foliar epidermal characters such as silica bodies shape and trichomes were taxonomically more useful than stomatal types, subsidiary, and guard cells. SEM and LM micromorphological characters were of substantial importance in the delimitation of closely related species.
HIV‐1 exposure and immune activation enhance sexual transmission of Hepatitis C virus by primary Langerhans cells
Authors: Nijmeijer Bernadien M , Sarrami‐Forooshani Ramin , Steba Gaby S , Schreurs Renée RCE , Koekkoek Sylvie M , Molenkamp Richard , Schinkel Janke , Reiss Peter , Siegenbeek van Heukelom Matthijs L , van der Valk Marc , Ribeiro Carla MS , Geijtenbeek Teunis BH 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe significant rise in incidence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among men‐who‐have‐sex‐with‐men (MSM) living with HIV‐1 suggests that HCV under specific circumstances is transmitted via sexual contact. During sexual transmission HCV has to cross the epithelial barrier to either directly enter the blood stream or indirectly via mucosal immune cells. However, the mechanisms of sexual transmission of HCV remain unclear. We investigated the role of Langerhans cells (LCs) in HCV susceptibility during sexual contact as LCs are among the first cells in mucosal tissues to encounter invading viruses.MethodsWe investigated the phenotype of primary LCs in anal biopsies from MSM living with HIV‐1. To investigate the role of primary LCs in HCV infection and transmission, we have used both isolated primary skin LCs and the ex vivo tissue transmission model.ResultsOur data identified an important role for mucosal LCs in facilitating HCV transmission after HIV‐1 exposure or immune activation. LCs were detected within mucosal anal tissues obtained from HIV‐1 positive MSM biopsies. In order to perform functional studies, we used primary LCs from skin, which have a similar phenotype as mucosal LCs. Immature LCs were neither infected nor transmitted HCV to hepatocytes. Notably, exposure to HIV‐1 significantly increased HCV transmission by LCs in the ex vivo transmission model. HIV‐1 replication was crucial for the increased HCV transmission as HIV‐1 inhibitors significantly reduced HIV‐1‐induced HCV transmission. Moreover, tissue immune activation of LCs also increased HCV transmission to target cells.ConclusionsThus, our data strongly indicate that HIV‐1 or immune activation in MSM leads to capture of HCV by mucosal LCs, which might facilitate transmission to other cells or allow entry of HCV into the blood. This novel transmission mechanism by LCs also implicates that the activation state of LCs is an important cellular determinant for HCV susceptibility after sexual contact.
Toward understanding tissue‐specific symptoms in dolichol‐phosphate‐mannose synthesis disorders; insight from DPM3‐CDG
Authors: van Tol Walinka , Michelakakis Helen , Georgiadou Elissavet , van den Bergh Peter , Moraitou Marina , Papadimas George K. , Papadopoulos Constantinos , Huijben Karin , Alsady Mohammad , Willemsen Michèl A. , Lefeber Dirk J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are inborn errors of metabolism with a great genetic heterogeneity. Most CDG are caused by defects in the N‐glycan biosynthesis, leading to multisystem phenotypes. However, the occurrence of tissue‐restricted clinical symptoms in the various defects in dolichol‐phosphate‐mannose (DPM) synthesis remains unexplained. To deepen our understanding of the tissue‐specific characteristics of defects in the DPM synthesis pathway, we investigated N‐glycosylation and O‐mannosylation in skeletal muscle of three DPM3‐CDG patients presenting with muscle dystrophy and hypo‐N‐glycosylation of serum transferrin in only two of them. In the three patients, O‐mannosylation of alpha‐dystroglycan (αDG) was strongly reduced and western blot analysis of beta‐dystroglycan (βDG) N‐glycosylation revealed a consistent lack of one N‐glycan in skeletal muscle. Recently, defective N‐glycosylation of βDG has been reported in patients with mutations in guanosine‐diphosphate‐mannose pyrophosphorylase B (GMPPB). Thus, we suggest that aberrant O‐glycosylation of αDG and N‐glycosylation of βDG in skeletal muscle is indicative of a defect in the DPM synthesis pathway. Further studies should address to what extent hypo‐N‐glycosylation of βDG or other skeletal muscle proteins contribute to the phenotype of patients with defects in DPM synthesis. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the tissue‐restricted phenotype of DPM3‐CDG and other defects in the DPM synthesis pathway.
Ultrastructure and cuticle formation of the carapace in the myodocopan ostracod exemplified by Euphilomedes japonica (Crustacea: Ostracoda)
Authors: Yamada Shinnosuke 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe ultrastructure and formation of the cuticle of a myodocopan ostracod, Euphilomedes japonica, are investigated utilizing scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The outer lamella cuticle consists of four layers; epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle, and membranous layer like in the cuticle of other arthropods. The exocuticle and endocuticle are well‐calcified and the organic matrix develops within the both cuticles. The outermost layer of new cuticle (epicuticle) is secreted first and the inner layers (exocuticle, endocuticle and membranous layer) are added proximally in the pre‐, and postmoult stages. The calcification takes place in the whole area of carapace at the same time together with the synthesis of organic matrix within the endocuticle. This study demonstrates that the ultrastructure and formation of the cuticle in myodocopans are different from those in podocopans, and that the myodocopan carapaces have achieved a structural diversity for adaptation to different lifestyles.
Association of Glioma Grading With Inflow‐Based Vascular‐Space‐Occupancy MRI: A Preliminary Study at 3T
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Liao Shukun , Hua Jun , Guo Liuji , Wang Danni , Xiao Xiang , Zhou Jun , Liu Xiaomin , Tan Yuefa , Lu Lijun , Xu Yikai , Wu Yuankui 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundInflow‐based vascular‐space‐occupancy (iVASO) MRI is a noninvasive perfusion technique that does not require administration of exogenous contrast agents. Arteriolar cerebral blood volume (CBVa) obtained from iVASO MRI is hypothesized to be an indicator of tumor microvasculature.PurposeTo assess the diagnostic performance of iVASO MRI implemented at 3T in predicting histologic grades of cerebral gliomas.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsForty‐five patients (31 males) consisting of 14 WHO grade IV glioblastoma multiformes, 14 grade III, and 17 grade II gliomas.Field Strength/SequenceAt 3T we acquired CBVa data using an iVASO sequence.AssessmentThe maximum and mean CBVa (CBVa_max and CBVa_mean) values were calculated in the tumor and normalized to the contralateral thalamus (nCBVa_max and nCBVa_mean).Statistical TestsKruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney test, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were used for statistical analysis.ResultsBoth CBVa_max and nCBVa_max increased with tumor grade (P < 0.001). Grade II gliomas showed CBVa_max <0.78 ml / 100 ml in 10/17 cases and nCBVa_max <1.20 in 11/17 cases. Grade III gliomas showed both CBVa_max >0.78 ml / 100 ml and nCBVa_max >1.20 in 13/14 cases, and CBVa_max <2.06 ml / 100 ml in 13/14 cases and nCBVa_max <2.33 in 11/14 cases. Grade IV gliomas showed CBVa_max >2.06 ml / 100 ml in 9/14 cases and nCBVa_max >2.33 in 13/14 cases. The areas under the ROC curve, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.839 (P < 0.001), 92.9% (26/28), and 64.7% (11/17) for CBVa_max, and 0.883 (P < 0.001), 92.9% (26/28), and 70.6% (12/17) for nCBVa_max in the discrimination between grade II and high‐grade (grade III and grade IV) tumors, respectively.Data ConclusioniVASO MRI might be used to help determine and predict glioma grade.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1817–1823.
Synthesis and Characterization of A‐B‐A‐Type Nonionic Dimeric Dispersants for Pigment Dispersion
Authors: Acheampong Collins , Zhang Liping , Agbo Christiana , Liang Dong , Du Changsen , Fu Shaohai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn acid‐catalyzed esterification method was employed to synthesize five A‐B‐A‐type nonionic dimeric surfactants (XOP‐3, XOP‐4, XOP‐6, XOP‐9, and XOP‐10) comprising of octyl phenyl ether (OP‐10) and a homologous series of α, ω‐dicarboxylic acids (C3, C4, C6, C9, and C10) as the spacer molecules. The various surfactants produced were characterized based on Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, mass spectra (MS), and 1H NMR spectra. The newly synthesized series of surfactants were used for the dispersion of Hostaperm Pink E (Pigment Red 122) in an ultrasonic disruptor. Based on the selected pigment, the interfacial, colloidal, and rheological properties of the pigment dispersion were examined. The dispersion performances and properties of the surfactants produced differed based on the number of carbon atoms in hydrocarbon chains of the various spacer molecules. Due to this, surfactants created with short to moderate hydrocarbon chain spacer molecules exhibited a better dispersion performance than that of surfactants created with long hydrocarbon chain spacer molecules. The calculated cross‐sectional area values of the various surfactants synthesized confirmed their differences in dispersion performance and properties.
Hurtful Gifts? Trauma and Growth Transmission Among Local Clinicians in Postearthquake Haiti
Authors: Jaimes Annie , Hassan Ghayda , Rousseau Cécile 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough working with trauma survivors can be a source of both deleterious and positive transformations in mental health professionals, little is known about the experience of clinicians in shared traumatic contexts, particularly in the Global South, where most humanitarian crises occur. In collective disasters or armed conflicts, the personal and professional experiences of mental health staff inform each other, situating the clinical space at the intersection between singular and collective spheres. Drawing on an intersubjective and socioecological perspective, this qualitative study explored the ways in which working in a shared traumatic context affected mental health and psychosocial staff in postearthquake Haiti. We interviewed 22 local mental health workers in the capital, Port‐au‐Prince, 2.5 years after the 2010 disaster. We coded and thematically analyzed interviews using an iterative process, based on grounded theory principles. Thematic analysis uncovered four dynamic poles in clinicians’ narratives: balancing duty and desire to help, experiencing fragility and strength, negotiating separation and connection, and sharing hurt and hope. Our findings suggest clinicians considered their work mainly as a source of strength in the face of adversity, whereas experiences of trauma and growth transmissions were mutual and intimately intertwined. We discuss the complexities of clinical work in shared traumatic settings as well as the dynamic interplay between professionals’ experiences of suffering and growth. We conclude with recommendations on ways to involve local mental health clinicians in postdisaster contexts while addressing the special needs that they may have to process their own trauma.
Lengthening the nasoseptal flap pedicle with extended dissection into the pterygopalatine fossa
Authors: Shastri Karthik S. , Leonel Luciano Cesar P. C. , Patel Varun , Charles‐Pereira Marcelo , Kenning Tyler J. , Peris‐Celda Maria , Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. 
Published: April 2019

Objectives/HypothesisReleasing the nasoseptal flap (NSF) pedicle from the sphenopalatine artery (SPA) foramen may considerably improve flap reach and surface area. Our objectives were quantify increases in pedicle length and NSF reach through extended pedicle dissection into the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) through cadaveric dissections and present clinical applications.Study DesignAnatomical study and retrospective clinical cohort study.MethodsTwelve cadaveric dissections were performed. Following standard NSF harvest, the distance from the anterior edge of the flap to the anterior nasal spine while pulling the flap anteriorly was measured. As dissection into the SPA foramen and PPF continued, similar interval measurements were completed in four stages after release from the SPA foramen, release of the internal maxillary artery (IMAX), and transection of the descending palatine artery (DPA). The extended pedicle dissection technique was performed in seven consecutive patients for a variety of different pathologies.ResultsThe mean length of the NSF from the anterior nasal spine and maximum flap reach were 1.91 ± 0.40 cm/9.3 ± 0.39 cm following standard harvest, 2.52 ± 0.61 cm/9.75±1.06 cm following SPA foramen release, 4.93 ± 0.89 cm/12.16 ± 0.54 cm following full IMAX dissection, and 6.18 ± 0.68 cm/13.41 ± 0.75 cm following DPA transection. No flap dehiscence or necrosis was observed in all seven surgical patients.ConclusionsExtended pedicle dissection of the NSF to the SPA/IMAX markedly improves the potential length and reach of the flap. This technique may provide a feasible option for reconstruction of large anterior skull base and craniocervical junction defects. Seven successful cases are presented here, but further studies with larger series are warranted to validate findings in a clinical setting.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 130:18–24, 2020
Ig‐Nobelpreise: Fruchtfliegen im Wein und Spucke zum Putzen
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: April 2019

AbstractZum 28. Mal erhielten im September zehn Forscherteams den Satire‐Preis für Forschungserkenntnisse, die einen „erst lachen und dann nachdenken lassen“. Die Verleihung war wie immer Klamauk – aber die Forschung dahinter ist ernst gemeint.
Polymere: Von der Orangenschale zum Implantat
Authors: Süssmuth Lisa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIm Jahr 2016 produzierte die Industrie weltweit 335 Millionen Tonnen Kunststoff. Ein Großteil davon landet als Plastikmüll in unserer Umwelt und bleibt dort. Wissenschaftler forschen daher an besser abbaubaren Kunststoffen. Ein neuer Ansatz nutzt dafür Bioabfälle.
Bilanz 2018: BASF: Weniger Wasser, mehr Segmente
Authors: Bulmahn Maren 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIm vergangenen Jahr schwächelte die Automobilindustrie, die größte Kundenbranche der BASF, und so dezimierte sich auch das Konzernergebnis. Neue Strukturen und Investitionen in Asien sollen dieses verbessern.
Advances in Chemical Biology 2019
Authors: Vazquez Olalla , Böttcher Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEnde Januar fand im Dechema‐Haus in Frankfurt am Main die Tagung Advances in Chemical Biology der Fachgruppe Chemische Biologie statt. Zwei Tage lang standen für die mehr als 90 Teilnehmer die Entwicklungen an der Schnittstelle zwischen Chemie und Biologie im Zentrum der Veranstaltung. 18 Vorträge, 4 Keynote‐Lectures mit internationaler Besetzung und über 30 Poster bildeten die Facetten der chemischen Biologie ab.
TNF‐α Upregulates IKKε Expression via the Lin28B/let‐7a Pathway to Induce Catecholamine Resistance in Adipocytes
Authors: Li Min , Wang Min , Liu Yuesheng , Huang Shanlong , Yi Xiaoqing , Yin Chunyan , Wang Sisi , Zhang Meizhen , Yu Qiang , Li Peng , Xiao Yanfeng 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveOverexpression of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase subunit epsilon (IKKε) contributes to blunted catecholamine‐induced lipolysis. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) upregulates adipose IKKε expression to inhibit stimulated lipolysis, which can be reversed by IKKε inhibitors. This study investigated adipose IKKε expression in children with and without obesity and potential involvement of the Lin28B/let‐7a axis in posttranscriptional regulation of TNF‐α‐stimulated IKKε in adipocytes.MethodsAdipose IKKε was detected in children both with and without obesity. The effects of TNF‐α on IKKε expression of adipocytes were investigated. Inhibitor and mimics of microRNA let‐7a or short interfering RNA of protein lin‐28 homolog B (Lin28B) were used to determine the effect of the Lin28B/let‐7a axis on TNF‐α‐mediated IKKε upregulation. Reporter assays were performed to confirm that let‐7a targets the IKKε gene.ResultsAdipose IKKε expression in children with obesity was upregulated to a greater extent than that in children without obesity and was positively correlated with BMI. TNF‐α increased IKKε expression through activation of Lin28B/let‐7a and then inhibited isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes. Blocking the Lin28B /let‐7a axis rescued inhibition of isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis produced by TNF‐α by inhibiting IKKε expression. Reporter assays confirmed that IKKε is a target of let‐7a.ConclusionsAdipose IKKε expression in children with obesity is substantially elevated and positively correlated with BMI. TNF‐α induces catecholamine resistance via activation of the Lin28B/let‐7a/IKKε pathway.
Comparative and chemometric analysis of correlations between the chemical fingerprints and anti‐proliferative activities of ganoderic acids from three Ganoderma species
Authors: Zhang Chunyun , Fu Dan , Chen Guilin , Guo Mingquan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionInvestigation on ganoderic acids (GAs) from different cultivars and origins of Ganoderma species, regarding to their composition, contents and bioactivities, will be of great importance for the development and quality control of Ganoderma‐based healthcare products or drugs.ObjectiveComparative and chemometric analysis of different Ganoderma species were conducted to reveal the correlations between their chemical fingerprints and anti‐proliferative activities.MethodologySix Ganoderma samples with different origins and parts of fruiting body (pileus and stipe) were extracted with chloroform and enriched by a SPE‐C18 cartridge. The eluents were used for high‐performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐UV/ESI‐MS/MS) analysis and cytotoxicity assay with three cancer cell lines (SGC‐7901, HT‐29 and Hep G2). Chemometric analysis was applied to correlate their chemical compositions and corresponding bioactivities.ResultsSixteen peaks (accounting for 70% of the total peak areas) were identified as GAs, and their contents ranged from 0.368 to 10.8 μg/g in various Ganoderma species. The extracts from three Ganoderma species had significant anti‐proliferative activities (inhibitory rates ranged from 70.8% to 80.7%), and extracts from Lurongzhi showed remarkable inhibition to all three cancer cells (inhibitory rates range from 81.6% to 92.1%). Finally, chemometric analysis revealed that 3,7,12‐trihydroxy‐4,4,14‐trimethyl‐11,15‐dioxochol‐8‐en‐24‐oic acid and 12‐acetoxy‐15‐hydroxy‐4,4,14‐trimethyl‐3,7,11‐trioxochol‐8‐en‐24‐oic acid were the two compounds with most potential anti‐proliferative activity for SGC‐7901.ConclusionThe correlations between chemical fingerprints and anti‐proliferative activities of various Ganoderma species give remarkable insight into the true bioactive components of chemical markers for the quality assessment of the Ganoderma resources, and provide a good guidance for the study on the chemical spectrum–bioactivity relationship.