bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational and Modeling Study of Ice Hydrometeor Radar Dual-Wavelength Ratios
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Maahn Maximilian , de Boer Gijs 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe influence of ice hydrometeor shape on the dual-wavelength ratio (DWR) of radar reflectivities at millimeter-wavelength frequencies is studied theoretically and on the basis of observations. Data from dual-frequency (Ka–W bands) radar show that, for vertically pointing measurements, DWR increasing trends with reflectivity Ze are very pronounced when Ka-band Ze is greater than about 0 dBZ and that DWR and Ze values are usually well correlated. This correlation is explained by strong relations between hydrometeor characteristic size and both of these radar variables. The observed DWR variability for a given level of reflectivity is as large as 8 dB, which is in part due to changes in mean hydrometeor shape as expressed in terms of the particle aspect ratio. Hydrometeors with a higher degree of nonsphericity exhibit lower DWR values when compared with quasi-spherical particles because of near-zenith reflectivity enhancements for particles outside the Rayleigh-scattering regime. When particle mass–size relations do not change significantly (e.g., for low-rime conditions), DWR can be used to differentiate between quasi-spherical and highly nonspherical hydrometeors because (for a given reflectivity value) DWR tends to increase as particles become more spherical. Another approach for differentiating among different degrees of nonsphericity for larger scatterers is based on analyzing DWR changes as a function of radar elevation angle. These changes are more pronounced for highly nonspherical particles and can exceed 10 dB. Measurements of snowfall spatiotemporally collocated with spaceborne CloudSat W-band radar and ground-based S-band operational weather radars also indicate that DWR values are generally smaller for ice hydrometeors with higher degrees of nonsphericity, which, for the same level of S-band reflectivity, exhibit greater differential reflectivity values.
Surveillance of Patients with Head and Neck Cancer with an Intensive Clinical and Radiologic Follow‐up
Authors: Imbimbo Martina , Alfieri Salvatore , Botta Laura , Bergamini Cristiana , Gloghini Annunziata , Calareso Giuseppina , Orlandi Ester , Iacovelli Nicola Alessandro , Guzzo Marco , Granata Roberta , Resteghini Carlo , Locati Laura , Volpi Chiara Costanza , Licitra Lisa , Bossi Paolo 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveThere is no consensus on the follow‐up modalities in patients with head and neck cancer. This study aims to describe the pattern and survival outcomes of recurrences/second primary cancers in patients undergoing an intensive radiologic and clinical follow‐up.Study DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingSingle academic tertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsAll patients with stage III‐IV head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy at our institution between 1998 and 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Persistent/recurrent disease within 6 months since the curative treatment and second primary cancers outside the upper aerodigestive tract were excluded. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Surveillance was planned every 3 months in the first year, then with increasing intervals till the fifth year.ResultsA total of 326 patients were included. Out of all detected cancer recurrences (n = 106, 32%), 38 (36%) were locoregional, 44 (41%) were distant, and 24 (23%) were second primary cancers. Approximately 70% of recurrences were clinically and/or radiologically discovered, while 30% were diagnosed due to the patients’ symptoms. Of all clinically and/or radiologically discovered recurrences/second primary cancers (n = 74), 26 (35%) were curatively treated, with respect to 9 of the 32 (28%) diagnosed by symptoms. Median overall survival of recurrent curable cases did not significantly differ according to the detection modality (89 months by clinical/radiologic examination vs 85 by symptoms).ConclusionsClinical and radiologic follow‐up identified more recurrences/second primary cancers than the symptom‐driven monitoring, but the curability of cancer recurrence was similar regardless of detection modality. Prospective trials are needed to define the most effective follow‐up strategy in head and neck cancer.
Blood disease–causing and –suppressing transcriptional enhancers: general principles and GATA2 mechanisms
Authors: Bresnick Emery H. , Johnson Kirby D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntensive scrutiny of human genomes has unveiled considerable genetic variation in coding and noncoding regions. In cancers, including those of the hematopoietic system, genomic instability amplifies the complexity and functional consequences of variation. Although elucidating how variation impacts the protein-coding sequence is highly tractable, deciphering the functional consequences of variation in noncoding regions (genome reading), including potential transcriptional-regulatory sequences, remains challenging. A crux of this problem is the sheer abundance of gene-regulatory sequence motifs (cis elements) mediating protein-DNA interactions that are intermixed in the genome with thousands of look-alike sequences lacking the capacity to mediate functional interactions with proteins in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptional enhancers harbor clustered cis elements, and how altering a single cis element within a cluster impacts enhancer function is unpredictable. Strategies to discover functional enhancers have been innovated, and human genetics can provide vital clues to achieve this goal. Germline or acquired mutations in functionally critical (essential) enhancers, for example at the GATA2 locus encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, have been linked to human pathologies. Given the human interindividual genetic variation and complex genetic landscapes of hematologic malignancies, enhancer corruption, creation, and expropriation by new genes may not be exceedingly rare mechanisms underlying disease predisposition and etiology. Paradigms arising from dissecting essential enhancer mechanisms can guide genome-reading strategies to advance fundamental knowledge and precision medicine applications. In this review, we provide our perspective of general principles governing the function of blood disease–linked enhancers and GATA2-centric mechanisms.
Ten-year employment patterns of patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: comparison of early intervention and standard care services
Authors: Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Pang Herbert H. , Yan Kang K. , Hui Christy Lai Ming , Suen Yi Nam , Chang Wing Chung , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Sham Pak , Chen Eric Yu Hai 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundLittle is known about long-term employment outcomes for patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum (FES) disorders who received early intervention services.AimsWe compared the 10-year employment trajectory of patients with FES who received early intervention services with those who received standard care. Factors differentiating the employment trajectories were explored.MethodPatients with FES (N= 145) who received early intervention services in Hong Kong between 1 July 2001 and 30 June 2002 were matched with those who entered standard care 1 year previously. We used hierarchical clustering analysis to explore the 10-year employment clusters for both groups. We used the mixed model test to compare cluster memberships and piecewise regression analysis to compare the employment trajectories of the two groups.ResultsThere were significantly more patients who received the early intervention service in the good employment cluster (early intervention:N= 98 [67.6%]; standard care:N= 76 [52.4%];P= 0.009). In the poor employment cluster, there was a significant difference in the longitudinal pattern between early intervention and standard care for years 1–5 (P< 0.0001). The number of relapses during the first 3 years, months of full-time employment during the first year and years of education were significant in differentiating the clusters of the early intervention group.ConclusionsResults suggest there was an overall long-term benefit of early intervention services on employment. However, the benefit was not sustained for all patients. Personalisation of the duration of the early intervention service with a focus on relapse prevention and early vocational reintegration should be considered for service enhancement.
Metal artifact reduction techniques for single energy CT and dual-energy CT with various metal materials
Authors: Kawahara Daisuke , Ozawa Shuichi , Yokomachi Kazushi , Higaki Toru , Shiinoki Takehiro , Saito Akito , Kimura Tomoki , Nishibuchi Ikuno , Takahashi Ippei , Takeuchi Yuuki , Imano Nobuki , Kubo Katsumaro , Mori Masayoshi , Ohno Yoshimi , Murakami Yuji , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: July 2019

Objective: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of reduction metal artifacts using kV-CT image with the single-energy based metal artefact reduction (SEMAR) technique by single-energy reconstruction, monochromatic CT and rED reconstructed by dual-energy reconstruction. Methods: Seven different metal materials (brass, aluminum, copper, stainless, steel, lead and titanium) were placed inside the water-based PMMA phantom. After DECT-based scan, the artefact index (AI) were evaluated with the kV-CT images with and without SEMAR by single-energy reconstruction, and raw-data based electron density (rED), monochromatic CT images by dual-energy reconstruction. Moreover, the AI with evaluated with rED and the converted ED images from the kV-CT and monochromatic CT images. Results: The minimum average value of the AI with all-metal inserts was approximately 80 keV. The AI without SEMAR was larger than that with SEMAR for the 80 kV and 135 kV CT images. In the comparison of the AI for the rED and ED images that were converted from 80 kV and 135 kV CT images with and without SEMAR, the monochromatic CT images of the PMMA phantom with inserted metal materials at 80 keV revealed that the kV-CT with SEMAR reduced the metal artefact substantially. Conclusion: The converted ED from the kV-CT and monochromatic CT images could be useful for a comparison of the AI using the same contrast scale. The kV-CT image with SEMAR by single-energy reconstruction was found to substantially reduce metal artefact. Advances in knowledge: The effectiveness of reduction of metal artifacts using single-energy based metal artefact reduction (SEMAR) technique and dual-energy CT (DECT) was evaluated the electron density conversion techniques.
Pediatric diabetes inpatient care: can medical staff knowledge be improved?
Authors: Barash Galia , Lavy Gila , Landau Zohar , Tokatly Latzer Itay , Rachmiel Marianna 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to assess the benefit of a short workshop addressing knowledge and confidence of inpatient caregivers (physicians and nurses) treating pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients.

Methods
Questionnaires to determine familiarity with T1DM management and confidence in care were distributed at three university-affiliated medical centers. A 5-h practical-skills workshop was conducted at one center. Same questionnaires were filled out immediately after the workshop and 3 months later. Evaluation of knowledge was based on 16 multiple-choice questions, and confidence based on 10 categorical questions.

Results
Nurses and physicians (total 135, 106 women, 85 nurses) completed the questionnaires. The median knowledge score was 53.33 (40–66) and 46.7 (26.7–66.7) for nurses and physicians, respectively (p = 0.76). The confidence scores were 1.44 (1.1–1.9) and 1.56 (1.2–1.8), respectively (p = 0.7). More experience among nurses (>10 years) was associated with higher confidence scores (p = 0.04). Twenty-one physicians and 52 nurses, 66 women, attended the workshop. The median knowledge grade improved from 60 (47–67) to 81 (69–81), p < 0.001, immediately after, and to 69 (63–81), p < 0.001, 3 months post-workshop. The median confidence score improved from 1.8 (1.6–2) to 2.4 (2.1–2.6), p < 0.001, and to 2.2 (2–2.6), p < 0.001, respectively. There was no association with profession or seniority.

Conclusions
Knowledge and confidence in care of medical staff treating inpatient T1DM pediatric patients are lacking. Both improved significantly after the workshop, independent of seniority or profession.
Computer Modeling in Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Shults F. LeRon 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
How might philosophy of religion be impacted by developments in computational modeling and social simulation? After briefly describing some of the content and context biases that have shaped traditional philosophy of religion, this article provides examples of computational models that illustrate the explanatory power of conceptually clear and empirically validated causal architectures informed by the bio-cultural sciences. It also outlines some of the material implications of these developments for broader metaphysical and metaethical discussions in philosophy. Computer modeling and simulation can contribute to the reformation of the philosophy of religion in at least three ways: by facilitating conceptual clarity about the role of biases in the emergence and maintenance of phenomena commonly deemed “religious,” by supplying tools that enhance our capacity to link philosophical analysis and synthesis to empirical data in the psychological and social sciences, and by providing material insights for metaphysical hypotheses and metaethical proposals that rely solely on immanent resources.
Valence-Dependent Coupling of Prefrontal-Amygdala Effective Connectivity during Facial Affect Processing
Authors: Willinger David , Karipidis Iliana I. , Beltrani Selina , Di Pietro Sarah V. , Sladky Ronald , Walitza Susanne , Stämpfli Philipp , Brem Silvia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDespite the importance of the prefrontal-amygdala (AMY) network for emotion processing, valence-dependent coupling within this network remains elusive. In this study, we assessed the effect of emotional valence on brain activity and effective connectivity. We tested which functional pathways within the prefrontal-AMY network are specifically engaged during the processing of emotional valence. Thirty-three healthy adults were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a dynamic faces and dynamic shapes matching task. The valence of the facial expressions varied systematically between positive, negative, and neutral across the task. Functional contrasts determined core areas of the emotion processing circuitry, comprising the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), the right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), the AMY, and the right fusiform face area (FFA). Dynamic causal modelling demonstrated that the bidirectional coupling within the prefrontal-AMY circuitry is modulated by emotional valence. Additionally, Bayesian model averaging showed significant bottom-up connectivity from the AMY to the MPFC during negative and neutral, but not positive, valence. Thus, our study provides strong evidence for alterations of bottom-up coupling within the prefrontal-AMY network as a function of emotional valence. Thereby our results not only advance the understanding of the human prefrontal-AMY circuitry in varying valence context, but, moreover, provide a model to examine mechanisms of valence-sensitive emotional dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Genome Sequencing of Pleurozium schreberi: The Assembled and Annotated Draft Genome of a Pleurocarpous Feather Moss
Authors: Pederson Eric R A , Warshan Denis , Rasmussen Ulla 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The pleurocarpous feather moss Pleurozium schreberi is a ubiquitous moss species which plays a fundamental role in many terrestrial ecosystems, for instance within the boreal forest, the Earth’s largest terrestrial biome, this species plays a significant role in driving ecosystem nitrogen and carbon inputs and fluxes. By hosting dinitrogen (N2)-fixing cyanobacteria, the moss-cyanobacteria symbiosis constitutes the main nitrogen input into the ecosystem and by the high productivity and the low decomposability of the moss litter, P. schreberi contributes significantly to build-up soil organic matter, and therefore long-term C sequestration. Knowledge on P. schreberi genome will facilitate the development of ‘omics’ and system’s biology approaches to gain a more complete understanding of the physiology and ecological adaptation of the moss and the mechanisms underpinning the establishment of the symbiosis. Here we present the de novo assembly and annotation of P. schreberi genome that will help investigating these questions. The sequencing was performed using the HiSeq X platform with Illumina paired-end and mate-pair libraries prepared with CTAB extracted DNA. In total, the assembled genome was approximately 318 Mb, while repetitive elements account for 28.42% of the genome and 15,992 protein-coding genes were predicted from the genome, of which 84.23% have been functionally annotated. We anticipate that the genomic data generated will constitute a significant resource to study ecological and evolutionary genomics of P. schreberi, and will be valuable for evo-devo investigations as well as our understanding of the evolution of land plants by providing the genome of a pleurocarpous moss.
Insights into the Role of P-Bodies and Stress Granules in Protein Quality Control
Authors: Nostramo Regina , Xing Siyuan , Zhang Bo , Herman Paul K 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNostramo et al. identify a potential role for two novel RNA-protein granules, the P-body and stress granule, in the maintenance of normal protein homeostasis. These cytoplasmic granules are members of an ever-growing family of membraneless organelles in eukaryotic cells...The eukaryotic cell is highly compartmentalized, and contains a variety of both membrane-bound and membraneless organelles. The latter include the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, known as the processing body (P-body) and the stress granule. These RNP structures are thought to be involved in the storage of particular mRNAs during periods of stress. Here, we find that a mutant lacking both P-bodies and stress granules exhibits phenotypes suggesting that these structures also have a role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis. In particular, there was an increased occurrence of specific protein quality control (PQC) compartments in this mutant, an observation that is consistent with there being an elevated level of protein misfolding. These compartments normally house soluble misfolded proteins and allow the cell to sequester these polypeptides away from the remaining cellular milieu. Moreover, specific proteins that are normally targeted to both P-bodies and stress granules were found to instead associate with these PQC compartments in this granuleless mutant. This observation is interesting as our data indicate that this association occurs specifically in cells that have been subjected to an elevated level of proteotoxic stress. Altogether, the results here are consistent with P-bodies and stress granules having a role in normal protein homeostasis in eukaryotic cells.
The Relationship Between Haplotype-BasedFSTand Haplotype Length
Authors: Mehta Rohan S , Feder Alison F , Boca Simina M , Rosenberg Noah A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractF ST is a statistic that is frequently used to analyze population structure. Recent work has shown that FST depends strongly on the underlying genetic diversity of a locus from which it is computed...The population-genetic statistic FST is used widely to describe allele frequency distributions in subdivided populations. The increasing availability of DNA sequence data has recently enabled computations of FST from sequence-based “haplotype loci.” At the same time, theoretical work has revealed that FST has a strong dependence on the underlying genetic diversity of a locus from which it is computed, with high diversity constraining values of FST to be low. In the case of haplotype loci, for which two haplotypes that are distinct over a specified length along a chromosome are treated as distinct alleles, genetic diversity is influenced by haplotype length: longer haplotype loci have the potential for greater genetic diversity. Here, we study the dependence of FST on haplotype length. Using a model in which a haplotype locus is sequentially incremented by one biallelic locus at a time, we show that increasing the length of the haplotype locus can either increase or decrease the value of FST, and usually decreases it. We compute FST on haplotype loci in human populations, finding a close correspondence between the observed values and our theoretical predictions. We conclude that effects of haplotype length are valuable to consider when interpreting FST calculated on haplotypic data.
Hiệu chỉnh công thức tính độ sâu tổn thất ban đầu trong phương pháp SCS bằng thực nghiệm số cho lưu vực sông Tả Trạch (trạm Thượng Nhật)
Authors: Sơn Nguyễn Thanh 
Published: July 2019

Calibration of initial head loss formula in the SCS method using numerical experiments for the Ta Trach River basin, Thuong Nhat Station
FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT AFTER PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY IN THE SOLITARY KIDNEY PATIENTS
Authors: Ahmed Hthayyim , Hassan Mohammed , Mahmood Sarwar , Aghaways Ismaeel , Ghareeb Rawa , Khurshid Dlshad 
Published: July 2019

Background
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is regarded as the treatment of choice for large and complex renal stones. Despite of its safety and efficacy, it remains a crucial challenge for endourologist in soiltary kidney patients
Objectives
To assess the effect of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) on renal function measured by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in solitary kidney patients
Materials and Methods
The records of 25 patients with age range of (18-66) years with a solitary functioning kidney that had undergone PNL from September 2015 October 2017 in Sulaymani Teaching Hospital were prospectively analyzed. Serum creatinine was measured preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively. Preoperative, operative and postoperative details were analyzed for each patient with respect to change in eGFR between pre and postoperative period. Multivariate analysis was done to find relations between variable, p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results
There was a significant increase in the mean postoperative eGFR in (P-value <0.001). Age, gender, BMI, DM, history of ipsilateral renal surgery, grade of hydronephrosis, stone complexity and location have no considerable impact on postoperative renal function impairment (p-value >0.05). Operative time, the number of working tracts and the size of amplatz sheath also have no impact on the deterioration of renal function. Hypertension caused a significant decrease in the postoperative eGFR (p-value 0.01) and blood loss more than average (Hb drop >1.072gm/dl) caused either stable or decrease in the postoperative eGFR (P-value 0.03).
Conclusion
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is safe in solitary kidney patients and early renal function improvement is anticipated. History of hypertension and bleeding are the two blamed risk factors that cause acute postoperative renal function deterioration.