bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grasp of evidence: Problematizing and expanding the next generation science standards’ conceptualization of evidence
Authors: Duncan Ravit Golan , Chinn Clark A. , Barzilai Sarit 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPractices of generating, analyzing, and using evidence play a central role in the Framework for K‐12 Science Education and the NGSS. However, the construct of evidence remains largely underspecified in these documents, providing insufficient guidance on how to engage students with the broad and complex nature of evidentiary reasoning. This creates a risk of perfunctory and simplified implementation of evidence‐based practices that misses the intent of the standards and does little to prepare students for reasoning with the complex, varied, and contentious evidence encountered in popular media or in advanced education. To address these challenges, we propose a theoretical framework, which we callGrasp of Evidence, that complexifies the concept of evidence in ways that facilitate introducing more authentic forms of evidence and more sophisticated ways of engaging with evidence in science classrooms. Our approach focuses on promoting alaygrasp of evidence needed by competent outsiders as they engage with science in their everyday lives. The framework posits five dimensions. The first four dimensions capture what students should understand about how experts work with evidence: evidence analysis, evidence evaluation, evidence interpretation, and evidence integration. The fifth dimension focuses on how laypeople can use evidence reports themselves. Each of these dimensions of practice involves specific epistemic aims, epistemic ideals, and reliable epistemic processes for reasoning with and about evidence. We discuss these dimensions and their contribution to the conceptualization of evidence as well as provide some initial instructional implications and potential directions for future research.
Negotiating the meaning of Next Generation Science Standards in a secondary biology teacher professional learning community
Authors: Friedrichsen Patricia J. , Barnett Ellen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis instrumental case study examines how secondary biology teachers in a professional learning community (PLC) negotiated the meaning of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) in a year‐long process of redesigning their curriculum. The PLC consisted of six biology teachers, five females and one male, who co‐planned and taught a 10th grade biology course. The case is bounded by the PLC's first year adoption of NGSS as the teachers worked without the support of a facilitator, professional development, or curricular resources. The study is framed through the lens of Communities of Practice. Data sources included field notes and transcripts of the PLC meetings, teachers’ emails, two semi‐structured interviews per teacher, one focus group, and the original and redesigned curricula. The interpretations consist of the following five themes. (1) Members of the PLC negotiated specific, clearly defined, mutually agreed upon, and complementary roles as they worked to adopt NGSS. (2) The PLC developed two new tools: a road map (i.e., a year‐long plan of action that reified their meaning‐making and sustained the PLC's redesign efforts) and a unit template. (3) The PLC's use of a borrowed tool, the World Studies Skills Rubric, influenced their prioritization of NGSS practices focusing on obtaining, evaluating and communicating information, and reasoning with evidence (i.e., argumentation and constructing explanations). (4) The newly designed assessments did not reflect three‐dimensional learning. (5) The teachers’ experiences were marked by a central tension between content details and NGSS practices. Implications are given for professional development and research.
Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterien
Authors: Luber Claus , Scheffel Bert , Saager Stefan , Straach Steffen , Schiller Nicolas 
Published: August 2018

SummaryLithium‐Ion Batteries – Potential of vacuum thin film processes in productionIn modern societies, daily life would not be possible without lithium‐ion‐batteries. Their market share is expected to grow continuously throughout the next years. Nevertheless, from a technical point of view, there is still a large need for improvement and optimization of the cells and their production processes. Vacuum thin film processes can probably add a good share to this improvement. This article tries, without claiming to be exhaustive, to show the potential of vacuum processes in the field of lithium‐ion‐batteries, based on experience and examples projects Fraunhofer FEP worked on, pointing out possible starting points inside the battery cell. And by doing this, scalability to industrial scale processes is always kept in mind.
Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems in the Age of Global Change: Integrating Knowledge Across Scales
Authors: Barboza Francisco R. , Ito Maysa , Franz Markus 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe dramatic decline of biodiversity worldwide has raised a general concern on the impacts this process could have for the well-being of humanity. Human societies strongly depend on the benefits provided by natural ecosystems, which are the result of biogeochemical processes governed by species activities and their interaction with abiotic compartments. After decades of experimental research on the biodiversity-functioning relationship, a relative agreement has been reached on the mechanisms underlying the impacts that biodiversity loss can have on ecosystem processes. However, a general consensus is still missing. We suggest that the reason preventing an integration of existing knowledge is the scale discrepancy between observations on global change impacts and biodiversity-functioning experiments. The present chapter provides an overview of global change impacts on biodiversity across various ecological scales and its consequences for ecosystem functioning, highlighting what is known and where knowledge gaps still persist. Furthermore, the reader will be introduced to a set of tools that allow a multi-scale analysis of how global change drivers impact ecosystem functioning.
Swimming exercise before and during pregnancy: Promising preventive approach to impact offspring's health
Authors: Klein Caroline Peres , dos Santos Rodrigues Karoline , Hözer Régis Mateus , de Sá Couto‐Pereira Natividade , Saccomori André Brum , Dal Magro Bárbara Mariño , Crestani Mariana Scortegagna , Hoppe Juliana Bender , Salbego Christianne Gazzana , Dalmaz Carla , Matté Cristiane 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSeveral environmental factors affect child development, such as the intrauterine environment during the embryonic and fetal development and early postnatal environment provided by maternal behavior. Although mechanistic effects of maternal exercise on offspring health improvement are not yet completely understood, the number of reports published demonstrating the positive influence of maternal exercise have increase. Herein, we addressed issues related to early postnatal environment provided by maternal behavior and early developmental physical landmarks, sensorimotor reflexes, and motor movements ontogeny. In brief, adult female rats underwent involuntary swimming exercise, in a moderated intensity, one week before mating and throughout pregnancy, 30 min a day, 5 days a week. Maternal exercised dams have unchanged gestational outcomes compared to sedentary dams. We found no differences concerning the frequency of pup‐directed behavior displayed by dams. However, sedentary dams displayed a poorer pattern of maternal care quality during dark cycle than exercised dams. Physical landmarks and sensorimotor reflexes development of female and male littermates did not differ between maternal groups. Developmental motor parameters such as immobility, lateral head movements, head elevation, pivoting, rearing with forelimb support and crawling frequencies did not differ between groups. Pups born to exercised dams presented higher frequency of walking and rearing on the hind legs. These data suggest that female and male littermates of exercised group present a high frequency of exploratory behavior over sedentary littermates. Taken together, the present findings reinforce that maternal exercise throughout pregnancy represent a window of opportunity to improve offspring's postnatal health.
Hypomethylation of NANOG promoter in colonic mucosal cells of obese patients: a possible role of NF-κB
Authors: Sedaghat Fatemeh , Cheraghpour Makan , Hosseini Seyed Ahmad , Pourvali Katayoun , Teimoori-Toolabi Ladan , Mehrtash Amirhosein , Talaei Ramin , Zand Hamid 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObesity and particularly central obesity are the main risk factors of colon cancer. All intestinal cell populations including stem cells, their progenitors and differentiated colonocytes seem to be the origin of colorectal cancer. However, recent data support the role of differentiated cells as cancer origin especially during inflammation. Based on Yamanaka’s seminal work, re-expression of few transcription factors in terminally differentiated cells creates stemness properti'es. Although these transcription factors are involved in tumorigenesis, they are epigenetically repressed in adult tissues. We proposed that obesity might regulate methylation of stemness genes in colonocytes via inflammatory signalling. Obesity-associated inflammation was analysed using Western blot analysis of phospho-IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB). Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting analysis was performed on colonic mucosal samples of twenty obese and twenty normal-weight men to analyse promoter methylation of POU5F1 (OCT4), NANOG, MYC and CDKN2A. TNF-treated HT-29 cells were used to recapitulate the effect of NF-κB activation on stemness genes methylation. Our results showed that colonic phosphorylation of IκB, as a signal of NF-κB activation, was higher in obese subjects compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Moreover, promoter methylation of NANOG was likely to be lower in obese subjects and correlated with central obesity. HT-29 cells incubated by TNF-α showed hypomethylation of POU5F1 and MYC genes in addition to the NANOG. These results suggest that obesity-induced inflammation might be involved in the regulation of DNA methylation of oncogenic genes such as NANOG in differentiated colonocytes and thus predispose them to later oncogenic alterations.
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels showed strong seasonality but lacked association with vitamin D intake in 3-year-old Japanese children
Authors: Ando Emiko , Morisaki Naho , Asakura Keiko , Sasaki Satoshi , Fujiwara Takeo , Horikawa Reiko 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCurrent guidelines provide a universal recommendation on vitamin D intake to prevent insufficiency. However, the relative influence of food, UVB and other factors on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) insufficiency has been poorly investigated in preschool children. We assessed serum 25(OH)D quantities and their association with vitamin D intake using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire for children aged 3–6 years (BDHQ3y), outdoor playing time and background UVB radiation level among 574 36-month-old Japanese children living at latitude 35°N. The average serum 25(OH)D concentration was 23·5 (sd 6·1) ng/ml, and 170 (29·6 %) children had vitamin D insufficiency (<20 ng/ml) despite high consumption of fish. Multiple logistic regression adjusting for social factors showed that when background UVB radiation level was <15 kJ/m2 (monthly average), there was a 1·89 (95 % CI 1·31, 2·74) times higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency, to which vitamin D intake nor time spent outdoors were significantly associated. ANOVA showed that the contribution of the variability in vitamin D intake on the variability of serum 25(OH)D level was 1·8 % of that of UVB exposure. The correlation between vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D level was not stronger when limited to measurements in winter. We found that nearly 30 % of 3-year-old Japanese children had vitamin D insufficiency despite high consumption of fish and living at relatively low latitude. We failed to observe an association between vitamin D intake and the risk of vitamin D insufficiency. This may be due to the extremely limited access to vitamin D-fortified food and supplements for children in Japan.
Entamoeba histolyticainfection in humans, chimpanzees and baboons in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: Deere Jessica R. , Parsons Michele B. , Lonsdorf Elizabeth V. , Lipende Iddi , Kamenya Shadrack , Collins D. Anthony , Travis Dominic A. , Gillespie Thomas R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEntamoeba histolyticais an enteric parasite that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. AlthoughE. histolyticais a zoonotic parasite that has the potential to infect nonhuman primates, such transmission is poorly understood. Consequently, this study examined whetherE. histolyticais present among humans, chimpanzees and baboons living in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem (GGE), Tanzania. The primary aims were to determine patterns ofE. histolyticainfection in a system with human-nonhuman primate overlap and to test associations between infection status and potential risk factors of disease.Entamoebaspp. occurred in 60.3% of human, 65.6% of chimpanzee and 88.6% of baboon samples.Entamoeba histolyticaoccurred in 12.1% of human, 34.1% of chimpanzee and 10.9% of baboon samples. HumanE. histolyticainfection was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This was the first study to confirm the presence ofE. histolyticain the GGE. The high sample prevalence ofE. histolyticain three sympatric primates suggests that zoonotic transmission is possible and stresses the need for further phylogenetic studies. Interventions targeting better sanitation and hygiene practices for humans living in the GGE can help preventE. histolyticainfection in humans, while also protecting the endangered chimpanzees and other primates in this region.
Does evolutionary cognitive psychology crowd out the better angels of our nature?
Authors: Kam Cindy D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) target article provides an exciting framework for political communication studies of framing effects, I raise questions concerning the presumed importance of folk-economic beliefs, the relative utility of identifying such proximate (as opposed to more generalized) drivers of public opinion, and the extent to which their model can explain variability among individuals. I conclude with thoughts on the normative implications of the evolutionary cognitive model for democratic governance.
Comparison of in situ sequence type analysis of Legionella pneumophila in respiratory tract secretions and environmental samples of a hospital in East Jerusalem
Authors: Jaber Lina , Amro Mahmod , Tair Hadeel Abu , Bahader Shereen A. , Alalam Hanna , Butmeh Suha , Hilal Dalia Abu , Brettar Ingrid , Höfle Manfred G. , Bitar Dina M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLegionella pneumophila genotyping is important for epidemiological investigation of nosocomial and community-acquired outbreaks of legionellosis. The prevalence of legionellosis in pneumonia patients in the West Bank was monitored for the first time, and the sequence types (STs) from respiratory samples were compared with STs of environmental samples from different wards of the hospital. Sputum (n = 121) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (n = 74) specimens were cultured for L. pneumophila; genomic DNA was tested by 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Nested PCR sequence-based typing (NPSBT) was implemented on DNA of the respiratory and environmental PCR-positive samples. Only one respiratory specimen was positive for L. pneumophila by culture. BAL gave a higher percentage of L. pneumophila-positive samples, 35% (26/74) than sputum, 15% (18/121) by PCR. NPSBT revealed the following STs: ST 1 (29%, 7/24), ST 461 (21%, 5/24), ST 1037 (4%, 1/24) from respiratory samples, STs from environmental samples: ST 1 (28.5%, 4/14), ST 187 (21.4%, 3/14) and ST 2070, ST 461, ST 1482 (7.1%, 1/14) each. This study emphasises the advantage of PCR over culture for the detection of L. pneumophila in countries where antibiotics are indiscriminately used prior to hospital admission. ST 1 was the predominant ST in both respiratory and environmental samples.
A Comparison Between Differently Skilled Prehospital Emergency Care Providers in Major-Incident Triage in South Africa
Authors: Alenyo Annet Ngabirano , Smith Wayne P. , McCaul Michael , Van Hoving Daniel J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionMajor-incident triage ensures effective emergency care and utilization of resources. Prehospital emergency care providers are often the first medical professionals to arrive at any major incident and should be competent in primary triage. However, various factors (including level of training) influence their triage performance.Hypothesis/ProblemThe aim of this study was to determine the difference in major-incident triage performance between different training levels of prehospital emergency care providers in South Africa utilizing the Triage Sieve algorithm.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving differently trained prehospital providers: Advanced Life Support (ALS); Intermediate Life Support (ILS); and Basic Life Support (BLS). Participants wrote a validated 20-question pre-test before completing major-incident training. Two post-tests were also completed: a 20-question written test and a three-question face-to-face evaluation. Outcomes measured were triage accuracy and duration of triage. The effect of level of training, gender, age, previous major-incident training, and duration of service were determined.ResultsA total of 129 prehospital providers participated. The mean age was 33.4 years and 65 (50.4%) were male. Most (n=87; 67.4%) were BLS providers. The overall correct triage score pre-training was 53.9% (95% CI, 51.98 to 55.83), over-triage 31.4% (95% CI, 29.66 to 33.2), and under-triage 13.8% (95% CI, 12.55 to 12.22). Post-training, the overall correct triage score increased to 63.6% (95% CI, 61.72 to 65.44), over-triage decreased to 17.9% (95% CI, 16.47 to 19.43), and under-triage increased to 17.8% (95% CI, 16.40 to 19.36). The ALS providers had both the highest likelihood of a correct triage score post-training (odds ratio 1.21; 95% CI, 0.96-1.53) and the shortest duration of triage (median three seconds, interquartile range two to seven seconds; P=.034). Participants with prior major-incident training performed better (P=.001).ConclusionAccuracy of major-incident triage across all levels of prehospital providers in South Africa is less than optimal with non-significant differences post-major-incident training. Prior major-incident training played a significant role in triage accuracy indicating that training should be an ongoing process. Although ALS providers were the quickest to complete triage, this difference was not clinically significant. The BLS and ILS providers with major-incident training can thus be utilized for primary major-incident triage allowing ALS providers to focus on more clinical roles.AlenyoAN, SmithWP, McCaulM, Van HovingDJ. A comparison between differently skilled prehospital emergency care providers in major-incident triage in South Africa. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):575–580.
Perceptions of unfairness and a weak universal welfare state in South Korea
Authors: Lim Sijeong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince its democratization, South Korea has widened the population coverage of various social programs, yet the generosity of most programs remains shallow. Existing studies offer state/elite-centered explanations for this move toward a weak universalistic welfare state. I suggest that the move rather accurately reflects citizen attitudes as well: a majority of Koreans across economic classessupportwelfare state expansion, yet a large segment of the self-proclaimed supporters areunwilling to payfor the expansion. I argue that underlying such mixed attitudes is the perceived unfairness of the tax and transfer systems. More specifically, (1) the perception of unfair contribution vis-à-vis other taxpayers and (2) the perception of unfair fiscal exchange with the government significantly lower one's willingness to contribute to the welfare state. My analysis of a nation-wide survey lends support to my argument. My findings have important policy implications for the emerging economies where, despite a growing citizen demand for social protection, the fiscal support base for welfare state expansion is frail.
Fluid–Rock Interaction and Strain Localization in the Picacho Mountains Detachment Shear Zone, Arizona, USA
Authors: Gottardi Raphaël , Schaper Maxwell C. , Barnes Jaime D. , Heizler Matthew T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Picacho Mountains (SE Arizona, USA) are composed of a variety of Paleogene, Late Cretaceous, and Proterozoic granite and gneisses that were deformed and exhumed along the gently south to southwest dipping detachment shear zone associated with the Picacho metamorphic core complex. The detachment shear zone is divided into three sections that record a progressive deformation gradient, from protomylonites to ultramylonites, and breccia. New thermochronological data from mylonite across the footwall of the detachment shear zone associated with the Picacho metamorphic core complex suggest that the footwall was exhumed through about ~300°C between 22 and 18 Ma by progressive incisement of the footwall of the detachment shear zone. Combined geochronological and oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope data of metamorphic silicate minerals reveal that mylonite recrystallization occurred in the presence of a deep‐seated metamorphic/magmatic fluid, and experienced a late stage meteoric overprint during the development and exhumation of the detachment shear zone. Quartz‐biotite and quartz‐hornblende geothermometry from the base to the top of the detachment shear zone yield equilibrium temperatures ranging from 630 to 415°C, respectively. This temperature trend is attributed to an insulating effect caused by rapid slip and juxtaposition of cool hanging wall on top of a hot footwall. It is suggested that rapid cooling of the top of the detachment shear zone caused strain to migrate toward lower structural level by incisement of the footwall of the shear zone. Progressive strain front migration into the ductile footwall produced hydromechanical anisotropies parallel to the detachment shear zone, effectively saturating the footwall with magmatic/metamorphic fluids and preventing downward flow of meteoric fluids. The combined microstructural, geochronological, and stable isotope results presented in this study provide insight on the dynamic feedback between deformation and fluid flow during the evolution of a detachment shear zone.