bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motherhood, homeschooling, and mental health
Authors: Baker Erin E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHomeschooling fits neatly under the umbrella of intensive mothering, a prominent parenting style in the United States. Intensive mothering has been shown to increase the emotional distress of mothers, which may be exacerbated when mothers take on the additional burden of being responsible for the formal education of their children. Given that intensive mothering ideologies negatively impact maternal mental health, it makes sense to examine how homeschooling may exacerbate this outcome. In this paper, I examine the literature on intensive mothering, homeschooling, and mental health to demonstrate a need for further exploration to show how homeschooling mothers, encouraged by intensive mothering ideologies, may be putting their mental health, and more, at risk in their endeavors to be both “good mothers” as well as “good teachers.”
The impact of the Arab Spring on democracy and development in the MENA region
Authors: Khondker Habibul Haque 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn evaluating the consequences of the Arab Spring 8 years later, this paper not only focuses on the short‐term consequences of the uprisings that swept through a number of countries in the Middle East and North African region but also analyzes the long‐term prospects for democratization and development in the MENA region. The impact of the Arab Spring, despite its promises and the expectations of the rest of the world, has been dismal. While only Tunisia made a successful transition to a democratic polity with a constitution guaranteeing the basic rights of the people, the rest of the Arab Spring countries remain in the grip of the authoritarian rule, and countries such as Syria, Libya, and Yemen have been degenerated into bloody civil wars with dwindling hope of peace and freedom. On economic front, the growth has been tardy, showing little difference with countries that were unaffected by the Arab Spring. Yet, the paper concludes, echoing historian Eric Hobsbawm's view, that revolutionary outcomes need not be judged as failure too quickly as they are likely to be partial success in the long term. The impact may be observed in the area of social opening, newer class alliances, and the emergence of a less rapacious, reformed, hybrid authoritarianism.
The Troubled Families Programme: Learning about policy impact through realist case study research
Authors: Parr Sadie , Churchill Harriet 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article aims to critically explore how qualitative case study research that is founded on realist principles can fundamentally enhance social policy evaluation methodologies and, in turn, provide improved learning for policy makers and practitioners. We suggest that these methodological advantages are accrued through the careful construction of theory‐based explanations of “how” policy programmes work thereby addressing the limitations of quasi‐experimental methods—namely, a focus on and prioritisation of outcome measures. The paper situates this key argument within wider, long‐standing debates about evidence‐based policy making and what constitutes “evidence” of impact in social policy. It does so through reflection on the contentious and contradictory knowledge claims that surround the Troubled Families Programme and evaluative claims regarding its efficacy. In conclusion and looking forward, we suggest that there remains much scope to combine “intensive” qualitative case studies with “extensive” quantitative measures within local and national evaluations of complex, multidimensional social policies, such as the Troubled Families Programme.
Managing staged policy implementation: Balancing short‐term needs and long‐term goals
Authors: Carey Gemma , Nevile Ann , Kay Adrian , Malbon Eleanor 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study focuses on the agency of governments engaged in implementation processes that take place over a number of years and through multiple stages. The long timeframes associated with staged implementation leave reforms vulnerable to the institutional effects that may ultimately derail policy aspirations. Governments engaged in staged implementation need to be able to plan longitudinally (foresight capacity) and analyse whether implementation processes are creating endogenous sources of institutional change and the likely impact of such change (reflective capacity). In this paper, we argue that being able to exercise foresight capacity and reflective capacity is necessary but not sufficient, if long‐term policy goals are to be realised. Governments must also be able to navigate the inconsistent objectives that arise across the different stages of an implementation process by modifying implementation approaches in ways that reduce the likelihood of unwanted implementation effects occurring—what we have labelled “mitigation capacity.”
Single‐camera special stereo‐digital image correlation applied for accurate virtual fields method identification
Authors: Zhang Zhongya , Zhao Jiaqing , Chi Yuxi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA single‐camera special stereo‐DIC (SS‐DIC) is proposed for accurate virtual fields method (VFM) identification. The single‐camera SS‐DIC allows accurate surface 3D deformation measurements using a single colour camera and a specially designed colour separation device. It not only effectively eliminates the unavoidable out‐of‐plane movement/rotation due to unideal in‐plane loading but also delivers uniformly distributed measurement points that brings great simplicity and convenience for internal virtual work calculation in VFM. In addition, since only a single camera is used for stereovision, the proposed SS‐DIC system requires no complicated synchronisation devices. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method are evaluated by heterogeneous deformation experiments of a holed aluminium alloy and 304 stainless steel plate. Combined with a high‐speed colour camera, the proposed method is expected to be a simple and practical method for the calibration of material constitutive model under intermediate and high strain rate conditions using VFM.
Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)
Authors: Houck Emma L. , Cohen Eli B. , Womble Mandy , Lewbart Gregory A. , Petritz Olivia A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles (Terrapene carolina Carolina), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three‐view radiographic series (vertical beam dorsoventral, horizontal beam latero‐lateral, and horizontal beam rostrocaudal views) were acquired prior to contrast administration, and following contrast administration at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post administration, and every 24 h thereafter until all contrast was eliminated (15 mL/kg barium sulfate diluted to 30% weight per volume was administered via orogastric gavage). Vertical beam dorsoventral and horizontal beam latero‐lateral views were of excellent quality to identify gastrointestinal structures. The horizontal beam rostrocaudal view immediately postcontrast administration provided gastric and pyloric identification but had lesser diagnostic use at later time points due to anatomical superimposition. The gastrointestinal tract was composed of a tubular stomach, a pyloric sphincter near midline, a duodenum with a cranial flexure in the right cranial coelomic cavity, small intestines within the right coelom, a small cecal bulb, and a transverse and descending colon. Contrast media entered the large intestine by 24 h in all turtles, and a pyloro‐colic indentation was noted at the proximal descending colon. The large intestinal emptying was highly variable due to the interindividual variability of contrast sequestration within the cecal bulb. Findings from the current study serve as a reference on the gastrointestinal anatomy, transit, and emptying times in healthy eastern box turtles; and introduce a novel, horizontal beam, rostrocaudal view for gastrointestinal contrast studies in chelonians.
Geographical differentiation and cryptic diversity in the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia (Elapidae), from Thailand
Authors: Ratnarathorn Napat , Harnyuttanakorn Pongchai , Chanhome Lawan , Evans Susan E. , Day Julia J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSouth‐East Asia has an exceptionally high diversity of snakes, with more than 250 snake species currently recorded from Thailand. This diversity likely reflects the diverse range of geographical and climatic conditions under which they live, but the evolutionary history and population genetics of many snake species in South‐East Asia have been little investigated in comparison with morphological studies. Here, we investigated genetic variation in the monocled cobra, Naja kaouthia, Lesson, 1831, across its distribution range in Thailand using mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b, control region) for ~100 individuals and the nuclear DNA gene (C‐mos) for a small subset. Using population genetic and phylogenetic methods, we show high levels of genetic variation between regional populations of this non‐spitting cobra, including the north‐eastern, north‐central and southern regions, in addition to a population on Pha‐ngan Island, 150 km offshore from the southern peninsula. Moreover, inclusion of the north‐eastern population renders N. kaouthia paraphyletic in relation to other regional Naja species. The north‐eastern population is therefore probably specifically distinct. Given that these cobras are otherwise undifferentiated based on colour and general appearance to the “typical” cobra type of this region, they would represent a cryptic species. As has been shown in other animal groups from Thailand, it is likely that the geographical characteristics and/or tectonic alteration of these regions have facilitated high levels of population divergence of N. kaouthia in this region. Our study highlights the need for dense sampling of snake populations to reveal their systematics, plan conservation and facilitate anti‐snake venom development.
Decoupled Scalar Approach for Aircraft Angular Motion Estimation Using a Gyro-Free Inertial Measurement Unit
Authors: Dehghan Manshadi Ali , Saghafi Fariborz 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In-flight aircraft angular motion estimation based on an all-accelerometers inertial measurement unit (IMU) is investigated in this study. The relative acceleration equation as the representative of a rigid-body kinematics is manipulated to present the state and measurement equations of the aircraft dynamics. A decoupled scalar form (DSF) of the system equations, as a free-singularity problem, is derived. Mathematical modeling and simulation of an aircraft dynamics, equipped with an all-accelerometers IMU, are employed to prepare measurement data. Taking into account the modeling of accelerometer error, the measurement data have been simulated as a real condition. Three extended Kalman filters (EKFs) are used in parallel to estimate aircraft angular motion. Performance of the estimation algorithm is assessed by Monte Carlo analysis. As a result, the presented decoupled scalar approach using a gyro-free IMU (GF-IMU) provides an uncorrelated estimate of the in-flight aircraft motion components.
Investigation of Steam Turbine Warm-Keeping by Use of Air
Authors: Toebben Dennis , Luczynski Piotr , Wirsum Manfred , Mohr Wolfgang F. D. , Helbig Klaus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe changing energy landscape leads to a rising demand of more flexible power generation. A system for steam turbine (ST) warm-keeping provides the ability to shutdown conventional power plants during periods with a high share of renewable power. Simultaneously, these power plants are ready for grid stabilization on demand without an excessive consumption of lifetime during the start-up. One technical solution to keep a ST warm is the use of hot air, which is passed through the turbine. In addition, the air supply prevents corrosion during standstill and also enables the prewarming after maintenance or long outages. This paper investigates the warm-keeping process of an intermediate pressure (IP) ST (double-shell configuration) through the use of dynamic numerical finite element (FE) simulations. As a representative test case, warm-keeping calculations during a weekend shutdown (60 h) are conducted to investigate the temperatures, their distribution, and gradients within the rotor and the casing. For this purpose, an improved numerical calculation model is developed. This detailed three-dimensional FE model (including blades and vanes) uses heat transfer correlations conceived for warm-keeping with low air mass flows in gear mode operation. These analytical correlations take heat radiation, convection, and contact heat transfer at the blade roots into account. The thermal boundary conditions (BCs) at the outer walls of the rotor and casing are determined by use of experimental natural cool-down data. The calculation model is finally compared and verified with this dataset. The results offer valuable information about the thermal condition of the ST for a subsequent start-up procedure. The warm-keeping operation with air is able to preserve hot start conditions for any time period. Most of the heat is transferred close to the steam inlet of the turbine, which is caused by similar flow directions of air and steam. Thus, temperatures in the last stages and in the casing remain well below material limits. This allows higher temperatures at the first blade groove of the turbine, which is highly loaded during a turbine startup and thus crucial to the lifetime.
Orbital controls on Namib Desert hydroclimate over the past 50,000 years
Authors: Chase Brian M. , Niedermeyer Eva M. , Boom Arnoud , Carr Andrew S. , Chevalier Manuel , He Feng , Meadows Michael E. , Ogle Neil , Reimer Paula J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Despite being one of the world’s oldest deserts, and the subject of decades of research, evidence of past climate change in the Namib Desert is extremely limited. As such, there is significant debate regarding the nature and drivers of climate change in the low-latitude drylands of southwestern Africa. Here we present data from stratified accumulations of rock hyrax urine that provide the first continuous high-resolution terrestrial climate record for the Namib Desert spanning the past 50,000 yr. These data, spanning multiple sites, show remarkably coherent variability that is clearly linked to orbital cycles and the evolution and perturbation of global boundary conditions. Contrary to some previous predictions of southwestern African climate change, we show that orbital-scale cycles of hydroclimatic variability in the Namib Desert region are in phase with those of the northern tropics, with increased local summer insolation coinciding with periods of increased aridity. Supported by climate model simulations, our analyses link this to variations in position and intensity of atmospheric pressure cells modulated by hemispheric and land-sea temperature gradients. We conclude that hydroclimatic variability at orbital time scales is driven by the combined influence of direct low-latitude insolation forcing and the influence of remote controls on the South Atlantic anticyclone, with attendant impacts on upwelling and sea-surface temperature variations.
Citizen bystander–patient relationship and 1-month outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin from the All-Japan Utstein Registry: a prospective, nationwide, population-based, observational study
Authors: Suematsu Yasunori , Zhang Bo , Kuwano Takashi , Sako Hideto , Ogawa Masahiro , Yonemoto Naohiro , Nonogi Hiroshi , Kimura Takeshi , Nagao Ken , Yasunaga Shin’ichiro , Saku Keijiro , Miura Shin-ichiro 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesThe presence of a bystander witness is a crucial predictor of patient survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the differences in survival and neurological outcomes among different types of citizen bystanders are not well understood.DesignWe analysed data from the All-Japan Utstein Registry, a prospective, nationwide, population-based, observational study that was started in January 2005.SettingThe registry includes all patients with OHCA who were transported to the hospital by emergency medical service (EMS) in Japan. The type of citizen bystander was classified as family member, friend, colleague, passerby or other.ParticipantsWe analysed 210 642 patients in the registry who were 18 years or older and experienced OHCA of cardiac origin witnessed by a citizen bystander between 2005 and 2014.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe main outcomes were 1 month survival and 1 month survival with minimal neurological impairment.ResultsOf the citizen bystander-witnessed cases, 65.1% (137 147/210 642) were witnessed by a family member. However, among patients who survived to 1 month and who had a favourable 1 month neurological outcome, much lower proportions (53.9% (10 907/20 239) and 48.9% (5722/11 696)) were witnessed by a family member. Witness by a friend, colleague or passerby was associated with good 1 month neurological function, after controlling for the patient’s age, first recorded rhythm, gender, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), use of a public-access automated external defibrillator, dispatcher instructions, collapse-call time and response time compared with witness by a family member (friend: OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.46, colleague: OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.98, passerby: OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.84).ConclusionsOne-month survival and favourable1 month neurological outcome of patients with OHCA of cardiac origin witnessed by a family member were worse than those in cases witnessed by a friend, colleague or passerby, independent of the patient characteristics and the response of EMS.
Geographical and population disparities in timely access to prehospital and advanced level emergency care in New Zealand: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lilley Rebbecca , de Graaf Brandon , Kool Bridget , Davie Gabrielle , Reid Papaarangi , Dicker Bridget , Civil Ian , Ameratunga Shanthi , Branas Charles 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveRapid access to advanced emergency medical and trauma care has been shown to significantly reduce mortality and disability. This study aims to systematically examine geographical access to prehospital care provided by emergency medical services (EMS) and advanced-level hospital care, for the smallest geographical units used in New Zealand and explores national disparities in geographical access to these services.DesignObservational study involving geospatial analysis estimating population access to EMS and advanced-level hospital care.SettingPopulation access to advanced-level hospital care via road and air EMS across New Zealand.ParticipantsNew Zealand population usually resident within geographical census meshblocks.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe proportion of the resident population with calculated EMS access to advanced-level hospital care within 60 min was examined by age, sex, ethnicity, level of deprivation and population density to identify disparities in geographical access.ResultsAn estimated 16% of the New Zealand population does not have timely EMS access to advanced-level hospital care via road or air. The 700 000 New Zealanders without timely access lived mostly in areas of low-moderate population density. Indigenous Māori, New Zealand European and older New Zealanders were less likely to have timely access.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that in New Zealand, geographically marginalised groups which tend to be rural and remote communities with disproportionately more indigenous Māori and older adults have poorer EMS access to advanced-level hospitals. Addressing these inequities in rapid access to medical care may lead to improvements in survival that have been documented for people who experience medical or surgical emergencies.
Implementation of an algorithm for the identification of breast cancer deaths in German health insurance claims data: a validation study based on a record linkage with administrative mortality data
Authors: Langner Ingo , Ohlmeier Christoph , Haug Ulrike , Hense Hans Werner , Czwikla Jonas , Zeeb Hajo 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo adapt a Canadian algorithm for the identification of female cases of breast cancer (BC) deaths to German health insurance claims data and to test and validate the algorithm by comparing results with official cause of death (CoD) data on the individual and the population level.DesignValidation study, secondary data, medical claims.SettingClaims data of two statutory health insurance providers (SHIs) for inpatient and outpatient care, CoD added via record linkage with epidemiological cancer registry (ECR).ParticipantsAll women insured with the two SHIs and who deceased in the period 2006–2013, were residents of North Rhine Westphalia (NRW) and were linked with ECR data: n=22 413.Main outcome measuresBased on inpatient and outpatient diagnoses in the year before death, six algorithms were derived and the accordance of the algorithm-based CoD with the official CoD was evaluated calculating specificity, sensitivity, negative and positive predictive values (NPV, PPV). Furthermore, algorithm-based age-specific BC mortality rates covering several calendar years were calculated for the entire insured female population and compared with official national rates.ResultsOur final algorithm, derived from the NRW subsample, comprised codes indicating the presence of BC, metastases, a terminal illness phase and the absence of codes for other tumours. Overall, specificity, sensitivity, NPV and PPV of this algorithm were 97.4%, 91.3%, 98.9% and 81.7%, respectively. In the age range 40–80 years, sensitivity and PPV slightly decreased with increasing age. Algorithm-based age-specific BC mortality rates agreed well with official rates except for the age group 85 years and older.ConclusionsThe algorithm-based identification of BC deaths in German claims data is feasible and valid, except for higher ages. The algorithm to ascertain BC mortality rates in an epidemiological study seems applicable when information on the official CoD is not available in the original database.