bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holding Strength of 4.5 mm Cortical Screws in Polymethylmethacrylate Filled Medullary Cavities of Canine Bone
Authors: Gustafson S. B. , Blackketter D. M. , Schwarz P. D. , Klause S. E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe technique of adding polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to the medullary cavities of canine bone significantly increases the screw pullout resistance by 3.6 times over bone without PMMA. This increased holding power per screw would be advantageous when due to the fracture configuration, a minimum number of screws must be used on one or both fracture sides. This would help resist bone shear loosening at the screw/ bone interface by adding the additional pullout strength of the PMMA. Each mm of PMMA filling the medullary cavity is equivalent to adding the pullout strength of an additional 1.0 mm of cortical bone (310.0 N/ mm).Paired femurs were used to evaluate the in vitro mechanical advantages of the holding strength of 4.5 mm orthopaedic bone screws on adult canine bone, with and without the medullary cavity filled with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Maximum cortical screw pullout force and holding strength were significantly greater for bones with the medullary cavity filled with PMMA than for bones without PMMA. Holding strength of PMMA was not different from the holding strength per mm of bone.
Traumatic Rectal Tear in a Dog Without Concurrent Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Pechman R. D. , Hosgood Giselle 
Published: March 2018

SummaryRectal tears are an uncommon but serious condition, most often reported in dogs with pelvic fractures. However, this report documents a traumatic rectal tear in a dog without pelvic fractures, and emphasizes the need for rectal examination in any dog suspected of sustaining blunt trauma, whether or not pelvic fractures are obvious.A traumatic rectal tear without pelvic fractures occurred in a dog after being hit by a car. Prompt treatment resulted in an uncomplicated recovery.
Bone and Cartilage Transplantation
Authors: Markel M. D. , Hanson P. D. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBone and cartilage transplantation have included autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic tissues. Non-vascular cortical bone grafts are incorporated through a process of resorption, vascular invasion, and new bone deposition. Cancellous grafts are incorporated through a process of bone deposition followed by resorption. A variety of proteins, enzymes and enzyme inhibitors, collectively termed osteogenins, have been identified to have osteo-inductive activity. The incorporation of cartilage grafts differs from that of bone in several ways, largely due to differences in nutrition of the graft and biology of the incorporation process. The completeness of allograft incorporation is restricted in part by the immune response due to genetic disparity between donor and recipient tissues. Effective methods of sterilizing the graft, to prevent transmission of pathogens from donor to recipient, are important. Veterinary applications of graft material are expanding. While autogenous cancellous grafts to augment fracture repair remain the area of greatest use, segmental allografts for repair of large fracture defects in small animals are also utilized. The application of cartilage and osteochondral grafts in horses represent another area of active research.The use of bone and cartilage transplantation in veterinary surgery continues to expand. What follows is a review of the biologic principles relating to graft incorporation, the effects different storage and handling techniques have on graft incorporation, and the clinical relevance of current research to veterinary application of bone and cartilage transplantation.
Use of the “Ilizarov” External Fixator in a Dog
Authors: Thommasini M. D. , Betts C. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe “Ilizarov” technique is a new exciting concept for bone repair using a dynamic external fixator. The apparatus has proved to be very useful and beneficial because of the stability afforded the fracture site from three-dimensional fixation while providing a mechanism for incremental spatial adjustment over time. The minimum invasion of bone and soft tissue necessary assures minimal disruptance of osseous blood supply. Small diameter pins (0.8–1.2 mm) make innumerable combinations of assembly possible. The system can be used for repair of simple and comminuted fractures, nonunions and osteomyelitis. It is truly unique in the versatility provided for repair of severe bone malformation, especially when the surrounding soft tissue can not immediately adjust to the desired change in bony alignment. It also has similar advantage when used for bone lengthening.
Aspirin Medication in Dogs
Authors: Peters I. O. M. , Willemsen A. , de Bruyne J. J. , Nap R. C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) is widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. Therapeutic plasma salicylate concentrations (PSCs) can be reached using enteric-coated ASA tablets, but a delay in the initial rise and large fluctuations in the PSCs have been reported. From experiments described previously, the authors concluded that the large type enteric-coated ASA tablets were not suitable for use in beagle dogs.In the first experiment described here, these large type tablets were administered to large mongrel dogs. Although the mean PSC reached therapeutic levels after 44 h, in individual dogs subtherapeutic concentrations were frequently recorded. In the second experiment microgranulated type enteric-coated ASA tablets were given to beagle dogs in a crossover design study. PSCs in all dogs exceeded minimal therapeutic levels 6 h after tablet administration. Stable therapeutic PSCs were found in both groups on different feeding regimens. In the third experiment the two types of enteric-coated ASA tablets were administered to fasting beagles. Comparable therapeutic PSCs were reached with both formulations.From the present studies it can be concluded that the large type enteric-coated ASA tablet is not suitable for use in large mongrel dogs. Secondly, it can be concluded that the microgranulated type enteric-coated ASA tablet is suitable for the use in beagle dogs. In the third experiment it was proven that fasting eliminated the differences in mean PSC curves between the two types of ASA medication.On the basis of canine gastric physiology the authors expect similar types of large enteric-coated tablets of other drugs to generate comparably poor plasma concentrations. The gastric evacuation of tablets is primarily related to the tablet dimensions and digestibility, and not to the drug contained by these tablets.
Evaluation von Programmen zur integrierten psychiatrischen Versorgung
Authors: Kilian R. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Diskussion über die positiven und negativen Auswirkungen von Programmen zur integrierten psychiatrischen Versorgung leidet in erheblichem Umfang unter der Tatsache, dass keine verallgemeinerungsfähigen Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Evaluationsstudien vorliegen. Die Gründe für das weitgehende Fehlen einschlägiger wissenschaftlicher Studien zur Wirksamkeit und Effizienz von IV-Programmen liegen dabei in dem komplexen Charakter der zu bewertenden Intervention. Komplexe Interventionen zur Gesundheitsversorgung zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass die von ihnen erwarteten Effekte erst durch das Zusammenwirken verschiedener Einflussfaktoren zustande kommen, die darüber hinaus in der Regel in hohem Maße durch Rahmenbedingungen beeinflusst werden unter denen die Intervention stattfindet. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden die spezifischen Merkmale komplexer Interventionen im Gesundheitswesen dargelegt und die sich ergebenden methodischen Anforderungen und Probleme für eine wissenschaftliche Evaluation erörtert. Auf der Grundlage dieser allgemeinen Ausführungen werden die spezifischen Komplexitätsmerkmale von Programmen zur integrierten psychiatrischen Versorgung herausgearbeitet und ein Konzept zur Planung und Durchführung einschlägiger Evaluationsstudien entworfen.
Profitinteressen passen nicht zu einer sozialen Psychiatrie
Authors: Elgeti H. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel: Der Beitrag beschreibt den Kontext, der den viel kritisierten Selektivvertrag der AOK-Niedersachsen zur integrierten Versorgung für Schizophrenie ermöglichte. Behandlungskonzept und Probleme bei der Umsetzung werden skizziert.Material und Methode: Die Darstellung stützt sich auf langjährige Begleitung der Reformbemühungen in Niedersachsen und eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den wenigen Protagonisten des Selektivvertrags aus der sozialpsychiatrischen Szene. Erfahrungsberichte der sozialpsychiatrischen Dienste wurden einbezogen.Ergebnisse: Selektivverträge sind kein geeigneter Weg zur Qualitätsentwicklung in der Psychiatrie. Außerhalb befristeter und regional eingegrenzter Modellerprobungen dienen sie vor allem der Reduktion von Kosten und Realisierung von Profiten bei Krankenkassen, Investoren und Hilfsanbietern.Schlussfolgerungen: Die Eroberung der Psychiatrie durch einen entzügelten Kapitalismus ist Folge mangelnder Verantwortung der Politik und der Kostenträger für eine flächendeckend bedarfsgerechte Versorgung. In dieser Situation ist es Aufgabe der Sozialpsychiatrie, weder zu resignieren noch den Verführungen des freien Marktes zu erliegen.
Schematherapie
Authors: Arntz A. , Jacob G. A. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungSchematherapie ist ein integrativer psychotherapeutischer Ansatz insbesondere zur Behandlung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen (PS) und Patienten mit chronischen und komplexen psychischen Störungen. Er kombiniert Konzepte der Verhaltenstherapie, der Tiefenpsychologie sowie humanistischer Ansätze, insbesondere der Gestalttherapie. Schwerpunkte liegen auf dem Einsatz der Therapiebeziehung als korrektiver Erfahrung (begrenztes Nachbeeltern) sowie auf emotionsfokussierten Methoden. Neben einem allgemeinen störungsübergreifenden Konzept wurden störungsspezifische Modelle für verschiedene PS entwickelt. Mehrere randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien wurden bei Patienten mit Borderline-PS durchgeführt. Eine randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie wurde zudem bei Patienten mit anderen PS abgeschlossen, eine weitere große Studie läuft bei forensischen Patienten. Alle Studien zeigen eine gute Wirksamkeit, wobei eine ausreichende Dauer der Behandlung ausschlaggebend zu sein scheint. In diesem Artikel wird das klinische Vorgehen und der aktuelle Stand der
Expositionsbasierte kognitive Therapie bei Depressionen
Authors: Krieger T. , Grosse Holtforth M. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDepressionen können erfolgreich behandelt werden, doch die Nachhaltigkeit psychotherapeutischer Effekte ist weiterhin eine Herausforderung. Expositionsbasierte Kognitive Therapie (EBCT) versucht, gleichzeitig Symptomatik und Depressionsvulnerabilität durch verstärkte kognitiv-emotionale Verarbeitung zu verändern. Die EBCT umfasst drei Behandlungsphasen: Aufbauphase zur Stabilisierung und Stärkung inklusive Achtsamkeitsübungen, Expositionsphase zur Bearbeitung depressionsrelevanter Selbstanteile mit emotionsfokussierten Methoden und Konsolidierungsphase zum Transfer erworbener Fertigkeiten und Erkenntnisse in den Alltag. In empirischen Studien konnten Belege für die Umsetzbarkeit der Methodenintegration sowie Akzeptabilität der Behandlung erbracht werden. In einer Vergleichsstudie zeigten sich große und der kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) vergleichbare Prä-Post-Effekte der EBCT. Die kognitiv-emotionale Verarbeitung erfolgte hauptsächlich in der Expositionsphase und sagte das Therapieergebnis vorher. Die EBCT ist ein Beispiel für die erfolgreiche Integration ursprünglich theoriefremder Interventionen in die KVT. Zukünftige Entwicklungen der Depressionstherapie werden diskutiert.
Neue Welle der Verhaltenstherapie
Authors: Fiedler P. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungIn den vergangenen Jahren sind eine Reihe neuer Therapieperspektiven in der Verhaltenstherapie diskutiert und teils als neuartige Konzepte eingeführt worden. Dieser Entwicklung entsprechend sind die Beiträge in diesem Themenheft ausgesucht und zusammengestellt worden. Nachfolgend sollen einige zentrale Gesichtspunkte dieser Entwicklung übergreifend kritisch beleuchtet werden. Die Konzepte dieser neuen Wellenbewegung in der Verhaltenstherapie zeichnen sich durch einige Gemeinsamkeiten aus, die als Fortschritt angesehen werden dürfen. Einerseits handelt es sich um die Wiederentdeckung des emotionalen Erlebens und unterbewusst angeregter emotionalen Prozesse und Handlungsroutinen. Andererseits erhält die Verhaltenstherapie auch mit dem Zulassen einer Psychodynamik der therapeutischen Beziehung ein neues Gesicht, weil die zwischen Therapeut und Patient aktivierten dysfunktionalen Handlungsroutinen ausdrücklicher als bisher üblich in die Reflexion zwischen Therapeut und Patient einbezogen werden. Damit finden nicht mehr nur das Störungsbild selbst, sondern auch die in der Übertragungsbeziehung aktualisierte Symptomatik und damit verknüpfte Kernbedürfnisse als therapeutischer Wegweiser ihre Berücksichtigung.
Evaluation of the Influence of Image Compression to the Automatic Discrimination of Histological Images of Skin Lesions
Authors: Gerger A. , Wagner C. , Bergthaler P. , Smolle J. , Wiltgen M. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Objectives:
Telemedicine offers the possibility to get the opinion of an expert within a short time. To reduce data transfer via a network image compression is recommended. The disadvantage of error-free compression is a low compression rate. On the other hand an increased compression rate affects the information content of the image. In this study we evaluated the influence of the compression rate on the automatic discrimination of histological skin lesions in dermatopathology.

Methods:
To be independent from subjective reviewing by a dermatopathologist we used tissue counter analysis (TCA) for automatic discrimination of skin tissue. TCA is based on the partition of the image into square elements where the features are calculated out of each square element. 40 cases of benign common nevi and 40 cases of malignant melanoma were used as the study set. First TCA was applied to the uncompressed images to check the discrimination power of the method. Then in the next steps the method was applied to the images with successively higher compression rates. For image compression the wavelet compression was used, where the compression rate was determined by neglecting wavelet coefficients with a magnitude below a given threshold. The number of remaining wavelet coefficients was used as criteria for the compression rate.

Results:
This study shows that TCA allows automated discrimination even at higher compression rates where only 6-18% of the wavelet coefficients are used for image reconstruction. The recognition rate at higher compression is better for malignant melanoma than for benign common nevi.

Conclusion:
The power of automated discrimination is not essential affected by wavelet image compression.
Abductive Network Committees for Improved Classification of Medical Data
Authors: Abdel-Aal R. E. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Objectives:
To introduce abductive network classifier committees as an ensemble method for improving classification accuracy in medical diagnosis. While neural networks allow many ways to introduce enough diversity among member models to improve performance when forming a committee, the self-organizing, automatic-stopping nature, and learning approach used by abductive networks are not very conducive for this purpose. We explore ways of overcoming this limitation and demonstrate improved classification on three standard medical datasets.

Methods:
Two standard 2-class medical datasets (Pima Indians Diabetes and Heart Disease) and a 6-class dataset (Dermatology) were used to investigate ways of training abductive networks with adequate independence, as well as methods of combining their outputs to form a network that improves performance beyond that of single models.

Results:
Two- or three-member committees of models trained on completely or partially different subsets of training data and using simple output combination methods achieve improvements between 2 and 5 percentage points in the classification accuracy over the best single model developed using the full training set.

Conclusions:
Varying model complexity alone gives abductive network models that are too correlated to ensure enough diversity for forming a useful committee. Diversity achieved through training member networks on independent subsets of the training data outweighs limitations of the smaller training set for each, resulting in net gain in committee performance. As such models train faster and can be trained in parallel, this can also speed up classifier development.
Automated Tissue Analysis – a Bioinformatics Perspective
Authors: Boyce K. , Kriete A. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Objectives:
Recent progress in automated tissue analysis (tissomics) provides reproducible phenotypical characterization of histological specimens. We introduce informatics tools to cluster and correlate quantitative tissue profiles with gene expression data. The great potential of synergies between tissue analysis and bioinformatics and its perspectives in medical research and computational diagnostics are discussed.

Methods:
Key enablers in microscopic imaging and machine vision are reviewed to perform a high-throughput tissue analysis. Methodologies are described and results are demonstrated that support a combined analysis of tissue with gene expression profiles whereby the consideration of individual responses is key.

Results:
Comprehensive histomorphometric profiles, extracted using machine vision, provide information regarding the components and heterogeneity of a tissue in a reproducible format amenable to data mining and analysis. Tissue quantitative information can be placed in synergetic context with bioinformatics data, such as gene expression profiles, for a more comprehensive stratification of individual responses. From a bioinformatics point of view tissue data are co-variants that support the identification of candidate genes relevant in tissue injury or disease.

Conclusions:
Progress in automated analytics enables the generation of quantitative data about tissue previously limited to visual histopathology. Such reproducible data sets can be statistically correlated and clustered throughout the continuum of bioinformatics. The combined approach supports a system-wide view of biology and has a potential to accelerate developments for a personalized computational diagnosis.
Selection of Predictor Variables for Pneumonia Using Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Gerber B. S. , Tape T. G. , Wigton R. S. , Heckerling P. S. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Background:
Artificial neural networks (ANN) can be used to select sets of predictor variable that incorporate nonlinear interactions between variables. We used a genetic algorithm, with selection based on maximizing network accuracy and minimizing network input-layer cardinality, to evolve parsimonious sets of variables for predicting community-acquired pneumonia among patients with respiratory complaints.

Methods:
ANN were trained on data from 1044 patients in a training cohort, and were applied to 116 patients in a testing cohort. Chromosomes with binary genes representing input-layer variables were operated on by crossover recombination, mutation, and probabilistic selection based on a fitness function incorporating both network accuracy and input-layer cardinality.

Results:
The genetic algorithm evolved best 10-variable sets that discriminated pneumonia in the training cohort (ROC areas, 0.838 for selection based on average cross entropy (ENT); 0.954 for selection based on ROC area (ROC)), and in the testing cohort (ROC areas, 0.847 for ENT selection; 0.963 for ROC selection), with no significant differences between cohorts. Best variable sets based on the genetic algorithm using ROC selection discriminated pneumonia more accurately than variable sets based on stepwise neural networks (ROC areas, 0.954 versus 0.879, p = 0.030), or stepwise logistic regression (ROC areas, 0.954 versus 0.830, p = 0.000). Variable sets of lower cardinalities were also evolved, which also accurately discriminated pneumonia.

Conclusion:
Variable sets derived using a genetic algorithm for neural networks accurately discriminated pneumonia from other respiratory conditions, and did so with greater accuracy than variables derived using stepwise neural networks or logistic regression in some cases.
In Vivo and Simulation Study of Artificial Ventilation Effects on Energetic Variables in Cardiosurgical Patients
Authors: Darowski M. , Wolski P. , Ferrari G. , Tosti G. , Pisanelli D. M. , De Lazzari C. 
Published: March 2018

Summary

Objectives:
The analysis of energetic ventricular variable changes during artificial ventilation, obtained by numerical simulation was done. Twenty-one sets of hemodynamic parameters for eight cardiosurgical patients were used to estimate left and right stroke work. The data were collected for three methods of ventilation: conventional, lung-protective (with minute ventilation diminished by half) and high frequency ventilation (with frequency 5, 10, or 15 Hz).

Methods:
The computer simulator (CARDIOSIM©) of the cardiovascular system, was used as a tool to calculate values of energetic ventricular variables for conditions that corresponded to these during in vivo measurements. Different methods of ventilation caused differences of intrathoracic pressure, haemodynamic and finally energetic ventricular variables. The trends of these variable changes were the same in in vivo and simulation studies, in the whole range of intrathoracic pressure changes (Pt = 1.5-3.5 mmHg).

Results:
As values of main hemodynamic variables like cardiac output or arterial, systemic and pulmonary pressures were very close in both studies. Cardiac index and left ventricular stroke work also differed less than 10% for all examined patients and computer simulation. In a case of right ventricular stroke work the difference between in vivo data and simulation was a bit greater than 10% for two of eight patients under study.

Conclusions:
Our comparative analysis proved that numerical simulation is a very useful tool to predict changes of main hemodynamic and energy-related ventricular variables caused by different levels of positive Pt. It means that it can help an anesthesiologist to choose an appropriate method of artificial ventilation for cardiosurgical patients.