bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Demilitarization of Mount Scopus: A Regime That Was
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: June 2019

Under the armistice régime, now a matter of history, a peculiar legal situation prevailed in Jerusalem, for no less than four distinct régimes of demilitarization could be found in the city: the Mount Scopus régime, the régime of the Government House Area, the régime of no-man's-land, and the régime of the limitation of military forces and equipment on both sides of the demarcation lines. The object of this article is to examine one of these régimes, that which obtained on Mount Scopus.Today, the situation in Jerusalem is, of course, drastically changed, both with respect to the régime of the City as a whole, and with respect to Mount Scopus. The Jordanian attack of June 1967 resulted in a unification of this strife-torn city. Mount Scopus, for so long separated from Western Jerusalem, its humanitarian and cultural activities so long paralyzed, is slowly returning to life. The present study, which may be of interest to students of international law and relations, is of historical value only and does not relate to the current situation.The method followed will be that of a pragmatic case study. In view of the special circumstances surrounding the establishment of the Mount Scopus Demilitarized Zone, a comparative, deductive or theoretical approach would be of limited usefulness. A special effort has been made to use primary rather than secondary sources. The writer has had the opportunity to consult the diplomatic archives of the Government of Israel.
Unjust Enrichment in Israel Law
Authors: Elman Peter 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to collect the cases in which the principle of doctrine of unjust enrichment has been explicitly employed by the Israel courts, and to subject them to descriptive and part critical analysis. In so doing it will be possible to indicate the sources and the scope of the principle in its various applications.One may say immediately that neither the term “unjust enrichment” nor the various categories of which it is or may be the underlying or explanatory principle, such as “quasi-contract”, “constructive trust” or “equitable lien”, figure almost at all in the reports before the establishment of the State in 1948. That is not to say of course that during the period of the Mandate the courts provided no restitutionary remedies in the appropriate circumstances, but it is difficult to gather from the various instances in which rules of a restitutionary nature were applied any independent unifying principle, as some would have it, which might lead to the recognition of a generalized right, or, as others assert, any basic principle that would provide a link connecting the cases and solutions in this area of the law or the pattern into which these might be logically fitted.
Carriage of Goods by Containers
Authors: Gottschalk R. 
Published: June 2019

The transport of different items of cargo stored in one receptacle called a “container” is of recent origin and has been called the greatest development in transport since the introduction of the steam-engine.The advantages to be derived from the use of containers are so obvious as hardly to call for explanation. The cargoes sent for transport by different shippers are stored at the beginning of the transport by rail or lorry in a closed container, transferred to a ship and again unloaded on rail or lorry for transport to the place of ultimate destination, and only there is the container opened and the goods discharged. This manner of transport reduces the risk of shortage and damage. Packing material need not be as strong and as heavy as required in the usual way of transport outside a container, the costs of loading and discharging operations are considerably reduced, saving of storage space is possible, ships will be specially adapted for this kind of transport, the time required for the transport of cargo may be considerably shortened, insurance premiums may be calculated in accordance with the diminished risk, demurrage payments may be decreased and all concerned, including the consumer, might benefit from this revolutionary kind of transport. The container can bring the goods, as has been said, “from door to door”.
Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian Ptychaspid Biomere Wilberns Formation, Central Texas
Authors: Longacre Susan Ann 
Published: June 2019

Trilobites collected during the past 20 years from the Morgan Creek, Point Peak, and San Saba Members of the Wilberns Formation comprise 89 species assigned to 45 genera belonging to zones of the upper Franconian and Trempealeauan Stages of the Upper Cambrian Croixan Series. New zonal names are proposed in the interest of a regionally applicable nomenclature. Although none of the zonal nomenclature is identical to that of the 1944 Cambrian Correlation Chart of Howell et al., the four zones recognized in central Texas are equivalent to the eight highest zones on the Chart. Stratigraphically lowest is the Franconian Taenicephalus Zone, with a locally recognized Parabolinoides Subzone at its base; this zone is equivalent to the Conaspis Zone of the Correlation Chart. The Franconian Idahoia Zone, with a locally recognized Idahoia lirae Subzone at its base, is equivalent to the Ptychaspis Subzone of the Ptychaspis-Prosaukia Zone of the Correlation Chart. The sparsely fossiliferous Ellipsocephaloides Zone corresponds to the Prosaukia Subzone of the Ptychaspis-Prosaukia Zone on the Chart. Almost two-thirds of the trilobite species described occur in the Trempealeauan Saukia Zone, which corresponds to the five highest zones of the Correlation Chart; local subzones, in ascending order, are the Saukiella pyrene Subzone, the Saukiella junta Subzone, the Saukiella serotina Subzone, and the Corbinia apopsis Subzone.The succession of ptychoparioid trilobite faunas within these zones characterizes the Ptychaspid Biomere. The base of the biomere is at the base of the Taenicephalus Zone; the top coincides with the lowest occurrence of an Ordovician trilobite fauna. Trilobite families that characterize the Ptychaspid Biomere are the Ptychaspididae and the Parabolinoididae.Systematic descriptions include two new subfamilies, Drumaspidinae and Ptychaspidinae, and eight new species, Conaspis leptoholcis, Idiomesus infimus, Euptychaspis frontalis, Keithiella scapane, Saukiella serotina, Prosaukia remora, Calvinella prethoparia, and Westonaspis? texana.
Some aspects of colony development in corals
Authors: Oliver William A. 
Published: June 2019

Many peculiarities of growth and development in colonial metazoans are related to the fact that a true colony is a clone, composed of genetically identical individuals reproduced asexually from a single founding individual. In fossil colonies the close relationship of individuals may be difficult to prove, but it must be assumed for analysis to be meaningful.Intercolony variation is due to the interaction of genetic and environmental controls as in solitary organisms. Intracolony variation may be very limited because of the lack of genetic variation, but microenvironmental differences (situation within colony) may cause enough individual variation to mask the restrictive effect of genetic similarity.Study of the number of major septa in some Devonian solitary and colonial rugose corals shows significantly less variation within colonies than within “populations” or species of colonial or solitary forms. Greater variation within some colonies may result from either genetic or mechanical accidents. Septal number and diameter are closely correlated in populations and species, but analyses of individuals within colonies frequently show weak or no correlation. Available data suggest: 1) that septal-number variation may be genetically limited in rugose corals and 2) that the general assumption that number of septa is a function of diameter may be in error.
Some analytic methods in the study of ontogeny in fossils with accretionary skeletons
Authors: Rudwick M. J. S. 
Published: June 2019

Paleontological studies of organisms with accretionary skeletons should take full account of the implications of accretionary growth. These implications are discussed in this paper with examples from the Brachiopoda.Descriptions of morphology should recognize the ‘dynamic’ character of preserved structures as embodying a sequence of previous growth stages; ‘static’ descriptions can result in misleading morphological characters and spurious taxonomic distinctions. Analysis of ontogeny in dynamic terms, and particularly the topological comparison of structures of varied form, can help distinguish true from false homologies, and hence evaluate the probability of inferred phyletic pathways. Such analyses can also be used to infer the morphogenetic ‘rules’ that governed the development of particular structures and, hence, to locate major phyletic innovations and discontinuities in structure.Four distinct classes of functional interpretation are applicable to accretionary structures. Functional analysis of structures developing through ontogeny can help to discriminate between analogical and homological resemblances and to identify functional changes during ontogeny. Likewise, functional interpretation of postulated transformations of structure can be used to evaluate the phylogenies suggested; interpretation of structures that are functionally dependent on absolute size can also help to identify major adaptive innovations and discontinuities.
Biological and environmental rhythms reflected in molluscan shell growth
Authors: Pannella Giorgio , Macclintock Copeland 
Published: June 2019

Tidal cycles are reflected in daily growth-increment sequences in shells of many Recent and fossil mollusks. Living specimens of the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria were notched at the growing edge of the shell and planted intertidally in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Shells from two lots, killed at intervals of 368 and 723 days after planting, show the same number of small growth increments as there were days from notching to killing. Superimposed on daily growth record are effects of winter (thin daily increments) and tides (14-day cycles of thick and thin daily increments). Comparison of Barnstable tide record with the first year's growth shows that, for each 14-day cycle, thin daily increments form during neap tides and thicker daily increments form during spring tides. Although tidal patterns are present in subtidal Mercenaria shells, they are rarely as pronounced as in intertidal ones. Spawning patterns differ from winter patterns; they are expressed in the shell by an interruption of regular deposition followed by a series of thin daily increments. Continuous sequences of bidaily patterns, one thick daily increment followed by a relatively thin one, are common in M. mercenaria.The clearest 14-day cycles of deposition were seen in shells of the bivalve Tridacna squamosa. Each daily neap-tide increment is a simple layer consisting of a dark and light zone. Each daily spring-tide increment is a complex layer consisting of two light-dark alternations separated by a depositional break that is more pronounced than the breaks delimiting daily intervals. Preliminary results of growth-increment counts in fossils show a generally decreasing trend of the mean values of days per lunar month toward the Recent. The Pennsylvanian value is 30.07 ± 0.08, a figure that is in general agreement with those of Scrutton (1964), who counted 30.59 days per month on Devonian corals, and Barker (1966), who reported more than 30 days per month in Pennsylvanian bivalves.
Intracellular stages of Trypanosoma lewisi in fleas and attempts to find such stages in other trypanosome species
Authors: Molyneux David H. 
Published: June 2019

Intracellular forms of Trypanosoma lewisi have been found in the mid-gut cells of the flea, Nosopsyllus fasciatus. These stages have been found only infrequently, and in only two of the four strains of T. lewisi studied.Attempts to find similar stages in Trypanosoma nabiasi, evotomys and microti were not successful.The possible significance of these forms is discussed.The financial assistance of the Agricultural Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. The author is also indebted to Dr P. Tate for his enthusiasm, help and guidance throughout the course of the study.
Observations on the growth of Eimeria tenella in cultured cells from the parasitized chorioallantoic membranes of the developing chick embryo
Authors: Long P. L. 
Published: June 2019

Eimeria tenella infections were established in the chorioallantoic membranes CAM) of developing chick embryos. At different times after infection the CAM ells were cultured in vitro in modified 199 medium. Different types of schizont were grown, some similar to those occurring in infections of the usual in vivo site and others markedly different. In schizogony of one type the merozoites appeared to develop by growing out from the periphery of cellular masses; a process similar to that described by Hammond et al. (1966) for E. bovis.Gametocytes and infective oocysts were also grown by the tissue culture of CAM cells but only in cells infected 4–6 days previously in embryo; CAM cells infected for only 3 days before culture supported the growth of large numbers of schizonts of different types.The majority of the stages grown developed within densely populated areas of epithelial-like cells. A temperature of 41 °C was found to be necessary for the growth of the parasite. The nutritional requirements for the growth of E. tenella are fairly well provided by the medium used. The relatively simple procedure described should be of value for the observation of E. tenella at various stages of its growth and provide a means of in vitro testing of antiparasitic substances.I wish to thank Dr P. P. Levine for his interest and encouragement during the course of the work and Mr D. L'Amoreaux for technical assistance.
The regulation of egg output by Ostertagia ostertagi in calves infected once only
Authors: Michel J. F. 
Published: June 2019

Analysis of the egg counts of calves infected with one dose of larvae showed that they followed exactly the same course as those of calves infected daily, rising to a peak 25–30 days after infection and then decreasing logarithmically.An experiment in which calves were infected on a single occasion with different numbers of worms showed that faecal egg counts were not a reflection of worm numbers but were limited by a separate mechanism. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the number of eggs present in a female worm is not an entirely satisfactory measure of its rate of ovulation.
Observations on the faecal egg count of calves naturally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Michel J. F. 
Published: June 2019

The faecal egg counts of seven groups of calves exposed to infection with O. ostertagi on pastures were found to follow a similar course to those of calves experimentally infected on one occasion or of calves infected daily. They declined from an early peak according to an apparently logarithmic curve. It was concluded that faecal egg counts were largely independent of worm numbers and tended to follow a stereotyped pattern. Acute clinical ostertagiasis was as liable to lead to high egg counts as was poor thriving due to the other causes. The relevance of these findings to the epidemiology of ostertagiasis and to the use of faecal egg counts in the diagnosis of parasitic gastro-enteritis are discussed.The author thanks Miss C. N. Herbert for the calculations and curve fitting in this paper.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica.
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E. 
Published: June 2019

Foleyella confusa sp.nov. is described from Rana limnocharis on Luzon, near Manila. It differs from F. duboisi (Gedoelst) in arrangement and number of anal papillae, in spicule size in relation to length of body, and in overall size. Icosiella hoogstraali sp.nov. from Rana macrodon on Palawan differs from others in the genus in having a left spicule 1·955 mm long and a single preanal papilla. Gnathostoma spinigerum and Cosmocerca japonica are also reported.We thank Dr Roy C. Anderson, University of Guelph, for reading the manuscript and offering his comments on it.The authors wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit no. 2 for general assistance in obtaining and examining hosts.Initial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, Section 104 (c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005·20–0098, and by Contract No. NR 103–690/N0014–66-C 0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education.Final efforts were sponsored by Department of the Army, Contract No. DADA 17–68–C–8094.
The migration of Hymenolepis diminuta in the rat's intestine during normal development and following surgical transplantation
Authors: Bråten Trond , Hopkins C. Adrian 
Published: June 2019

The normal position of attachment of the scolex of H. diminuta from day 6 to day 27 in single worm infections in male Wistar rats was determined. A migration forward from a position of attachment 30–40% down the length of the small intestine to the 10–20% region during day 7 to day 14 was confirmed. A concomitant and slightly faster movement backwards of the posterior of the worm led to the mid-point of the strobila changing from 35 to 50% down the intestine. By day 18 the worms were mature and occupied the whole small intestine except the anterior 10% and the posterior 5–10%. The worms weighed approximately 350 mg dry weight (= 1550 mg fresh weight) at maturity, no significant weight increase occurred thereafter.6½ and 7½ day-old worms were transplanted from donor rats into the duodenum or posterior ileum. Nearly 100% recovery of the single worm transplants in recipient rats was obtained. Both anterior and posterior implanted worms returned to the region of the intestine from which they had been removed. Migration was measured over periods of 13–72 h and was found to be complete within 24 h. Worms transplanted into the duodenum continued to grow at nearly the normal rate but worm transplants into the posterior ileum lost nearly a day's growth. The significance of this point is discussed.Opium was found to prevent migration of the tapeworm, but ligation of the bile duct did not prevent the tapeworm migrating forward from a point of insertion near the ileo-caecal junction.The evidence confirms the concept that a tapeworm is a dynamic organism capable of recognizing a specific region of the intestine, of detecting when it is not in this region, of being able to interpret one or more stimuli to indicate direction and of having a motor system sufficiently coordinated to overcome peristalsis.We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Medical Research Council (London) and technical assistance from Miss Helen Stallard, B.Sc., Miss Pat Grant and Miss Gillian Moore. One of us (Trond Braten) wishes also to thank the University of Glasgow for the award of a Visiting Fellowship.
Some factors affecting the cultivationin vitroof the erythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Trigg P. I. 
Published: June 2019

A study was made of some of the factors which affect the growth ofPlasmodium knowlesiin blood diluted in the Harvard medium. Some slight enhancement of growth and re-invasion of new host cells was obtained whenP. knowlesiwas incubated in low oxygen tensions. Some growth but no re-invasion was obtained under anaerobic conditions. High oxygen tensions were also inhibitory.The lipids present in the plasma are important for the growth ofP. knowlesi in vitro.Stearic acid and cholesterol are required by the parasite but do not account for all the growth promoting properties of plasma. A requirement for vitamin B12was also demonstrated.I should like to thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for their advice and for reading through the manuscript, Mr T. J. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance, Dr K. Mervyn (Glaxo Research Ltd.) for samples of vitamin B12analogues and the Hachmeister Company (Pittsburgh) for a sample of TEM 4T. This work received financial assistance from the World Health Organization.
The use of proprietary tissue-culture media for the cultivationin vitroof the erythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Trigg P. I. 
Published: June 2019

An improved perfusion apparatus for the cultivation of malaria parasites is described. It consists of a sandwich of three chambers, of which the outer two contained medium and the inner contained the infected blood sample.Using this apparatus and rocker-dilution cultures it has been shown that medium ‘199’ and medium ‘NCTC 135’ are as good as the Harvard medium for the cultivation ofP. knowlesi in vitro.The asexual cycle ofP. knowlesitook slightly longerin vitrothanin vivo.The stage of development at which the parasite was inoculated into culture affected the amount of reinvasion of new host cells. Thus, a greater amount of re-invasion was obtained with an inoculum of schizonts than with one of ring stage parasites. The rate of multiplication of the parasite decreased at each successive subculture.I should like to thank Dr F. Hawking and Dr J. Williamson for their advice, Mr T. J. Scott-Finnigan for technical assistance, Mr F. R. Wanless and Mr C. D. Sutton for taking the photographs, and Mr F. A. New for drawing the figures. The perfusion apparatus was made by Mr T. Harding of the Engineering Division, National Institute for Medical Research. This work received financial assistance from the World Health Organization.
Studies on ascaridoid nematodes in pythons: speciation of Ophidascaris in the Oriental and Australian regions
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2019

Ophidascaris filaria sensu lato previously redefined in the wide sense is now subdivided into four species as follows: (1) O. filaria sensu stricto in Python molurus in India; (2) O. infundibulicola (Linstow, 1903 with emended definition) in P. reticulatus in Singapore, Malaya and Thailand; (3) O. baylisi Robinson, 1934, emend. in P. reticulatus in Malaya, Singapore and Thailand; (4) O. moreliae (new species) in Morelia spilotes variegatus and Aspidites melanocephalus in Australia. The four species are differentiated particularly by their colour, the pattern of the folds of the intestine, the relative length of the spicules and vagina, the eggs, and the extent of development of the larvae in mice.The writer gratefully acknowledges the cooperation of Professor A. G. Chabaud and his colleagues at the Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, in giving helpful suggestions and criticism and also for making Dujardin's specimens and drawings available. Thanks are also due to the following: Dr G. Hartwich, Zoological Museum of the Humboldt University of Berlin, for sending syntypes of Ascaris rubicunda; to Dr V. Zaman, Singapore, Dr Fred Dunn, Kuala Lumpur, Dr A. R. Omar, Ipoh, Dr Pradon Chatikavanij and Dr Suvajra Vajrasthira of Bangkok, Dr A. S. Dissanaike, Colombo, and Dr G. A. Schad, Calcutta, for help in obtaining specimens. Facilities to carry out this work were provided by the south-east Asian Ministers of Education Council at the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, through the Dean, Professor Chamlong Harinasuta, Bangkok. Acknowledgement is also made to the able technical assistance of Miss Marian Hollis. Financial assistance for this study was provided under grants from the Australian Research Grants Committee and the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare no. A 107023–02.