bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Less Flexibility
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter maps a trend that, with increasing clarity, has been emerging at the level of case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union: on the one hand, the harmonizing force of EU copyright law—especially as interpreted by the Court—is greater than what individual EU Member States’ practices have suggested; on the other hand, and as a result of this, the freedom left to the various national legislatures (and courts) in areas harmonized by EU legislation is more limited than what has been believed to be the case in the past. A discussion and application of the emerging doctrine of EU preemption is provided in relation to selected areas (economic rights and exceptions and limitations).
Enforcement of Copyright
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers enforcement, showing how the legislative framework alone has limited relevance. What has been key to the creation an EU enforcement framework has been—instead—the role of the Court, which is particularly visible in respect of injunctions against intermediaries, costs and damages, and certain private international law aspects (applicable law and, more significantly, jurisdiction). The analysis focuses, first, on CJEU case law in relation to Article 8(3) of the InfoSoc Directive, and extracts a number of key standards for intermediary injunctions (including blocking and filtering, and general monitoring obligations) under EU law. Then, attention shifts to the technical aspects of copyright enforcement initiatives, notably costs and damages. Finally, the chapter considers online copyright infringement cases, with a special emphasis on determination of applicable law and jurisdictions in cases with an international dimension. Again, reliance on certain of the standards discussed in Chapter 2 has been decisive in shaping the resulting framework.
Remembrance of the Risen Jesus
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Why did the risen Jesus risk the communication of the truth of his Resurrection to the Church’s historical memory? The chapter examines this question by exploring scriptural and liturgical remembering. With regard to scriptural remembering, it draws especially upon the work of Richard Bauckham, who argues that the Gospels are based upon eyewitness testimony. The second mode of historical memory that connects later believers with Jesus and his disciples/apostles consists in liturgical remembrance. The chapter explores this remembrance by focusing upon what biblical scholars have to say about Luke 22:19’s reference to liturgical remembrance, in light of theological reflection upon the unity of word and sacrament. Here again, the passing of the generations need not produce a separation of later believers from the disciples’ communion with the risen Jesus. Through liturgical remembrance, which includes proclamation of Scripture, later believers share intimately in the disciples’ communion with the risen Jesus.
The Strangeness of Jesus’ Resurrection
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The strangeness of the New Testament testimony to Jesus’ Resurrection has led people to seek alternative explanations for this testimony than the explanation offered by the New Testament. This chapter first discusses contemporary ways of explaining away the New Testament’s claim that Jesus concretely manifested himself in his risen flesh to his disciples. Second, the chapter examines the intrinsic strangeness of the New Testament claim that Jesus’ corpse was raised from the dead to glorified life. Third, the chapter engages Thomas Aquinas’s theology of the Resurrection of Jesus. Aquinas rejects any spiritualizing of the raising of Jesus’ corpse to glorified life. His discussion draws upon John of Damascus’s On the Orthodox Faith as an important patristic witness to the bodiliness of the Resurrection of Jesus. Damascene is aware of Gnostic and Muslim perspectives that spiritualized Jesus’ death and Resurrection, and the chapter briefly surveys a number of these perspectives.
Introduction
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Introduction explains the basic outline of the book’s threefold argument for the credibility of Jesus’ Resurrection: historical evidence derived from the New Testament witness, the strangeness of the claim, and the revelation of supreme love in a manner that shows the unity of the Scriptures. Second, it explores “participatory” knowledge and the limits of historiography. Jesus is best learned about from within the Church. Third, the Introduction responds to Troeltsch’s influential claim that historical inquiry can only involve “normal” happenings; anything else belongs to the realm of “faith.” Fourth, the Introduction presents the plan of the book. Fifth, it reviews various reasons why scholars think that the enterprise of arguing for the reasonableness of Jesus’ Resurrection is an unnecessary or doomed enterprise. Sixth, it concludes by treating theological apologetics and human reason. Two exemplars are highlighted: Richard Swinburne and Gerald O’Collins.
Introduction
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
During recent decades, mobility of people and capital has increased dramatically, for reasons both political and technological. Common markets, open borders, air traffic, and the Internet have made it faster and less expensive to change places—and jurisdictions. As a result, law itself has increasingly become a good that is subject to the market mechanism. Not only is it easier to move; people are also given more and more opportunities to choose which legal rules shall apply to their company, their contract, their marriage, or their insolvency proceedings. States grant these opportunities, and they respond to them by competing with their legal products and services against other suppliers for the favour of demanders. This chapter introduces the term ‘regulatory competition’ and lays out the contours of the book as a whole as well as the contents of its individual chapters.
The Women of the Administration
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Many of the city’s women civic and political activists supported La Guardia during his many electoral campaigns. The women he appointed to his administration brought into his government the feminist and social justice ideals they had been espousing since the suffrage and progressive reform movements: an end to sex discrimination, an expansion of measures to benefit human welfare, and the achievement of pay equity and more career opportunities for women. They believed that they would carry out the mayor’s modernizing agendas as well as, if not better than, the men he had appointed as commissioners. This chapter highlights five women who made singular contributions to the success of the La Guardia administration: Rebecca Rankin, Eunice Hunton Carter, Jane Bolin, Elinore Herrick, and Anna Rosenberg.
Contemptuous Punishment
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends a constraint on punishment that is grounded in considerations of offender reform. It contends that punishment is unjustifiably contemptuous, and thus fails to treat offenders with respect as moral persons, if it tends to undermine the prospects of their reform. Restrictions on offenders’ access to basic goods such as housing, welfare, and in some cases employment tend to undermine offenders’ prospects for reform: first, such restrictions can undermine offenders’ motivation to engage in moral reflection and reassessment of their behavior; second, the bans tend to hinder their opportunities to make changes in their lives, to take the necessary steps to avoid repeating the bad choices they made in the past. Such restrictions reflect, and convey, contempt for offenders, and thus are inappropriate as modes of punishment.
Narratology
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book explores the extraordinary contribution that classical poetics has made to twentieth- and twenty-first-century theories of narrative. Its aim is not to argue that modern narratologies simply present ‘old wine in new wineskins’, but to identify the diachronic affinities shared between ancient and modern stories about storytelling, recognizing that modern narratologists bring particular expertise to bear upon ancient literary theory and offer valuable insights into the interpretation of some notoriously difficult texts. By interrogating ancient and modern narratologies through the mutually imbricating dynamics of their reception it aims to arrive at a better understanding of both. Each chapter selects a key moment in the history of narratology on which to focus, zooming in from an overview of significant phases to look at core theories and texts—from the Russian formalists, Chicago school neo-Aristotelians, through the prestructuralists, structuralists, and poststructuralists, to the latest unnatural and antimimetic narratologists. The reception history that thus unfolds offers some remarkable plot twists. It unmasks Plato as an unreliable narrator and theorist, and offers a rare glimpse of Aristotle putting narrative theory into practice in the role of storyteller in his work On Poets. In Horace’s Ars Poetica and in the works of ancient scholia critics and commentators it locates a rhetorically conceived poetics and a sophisticated reader-response-based narratology evincing a keen interest in audience affect and cognition—and anticipating the cognitive turn in narratology’s mot recent postclassical phase.
Ancient narrative theory after Aristotle—Horace
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is little evidence to show that Aristotle’s Poetics was influential to any significant degree in antiquity. Modern theorists and critics who insist upon seeing an Aristotelian influence on the proto-narratological precepts found in Horace’s Ars poetica have therefore produced somewhat skewed readings of the Ars poetica. This chapter focuses instead upon the distinctively Roman and rhetorical character of Horace’s ideas on narrative, and examines the marked affinities between Plato’s Socrates and Horace’s own narratological persona on the subjects of poetry and storytelling. It argues that Horace may even be the first literary critic formally to condense Plato’s (Socrates’) proto-narratological precepts into a narrower distinction between showing and telling.
Russian formalism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the reception of Aristotle’s Poetics by the Russian formalists (with case studies focusing on Shklovsky, Petrovsky, Tomashevsky, and Propp). It demonstrates that these Russian ‘neo-Aristotelians’ adopt and adapt their key narratological priorities and principles from the Poetics, especially their theories concerning fabula and syuzhet, the primacy of plot, of form synthesizing raw story content, and the importance of the experience and affect of narrative as it is cognitively processed by an audience. Aristotle’s Poetics is made strange in each new iteration of its reading and reception by the Russian ‘neo-Aristotelians’, with each (r)evolution itself configuring a self-conscious reaction of some kind to a contemporary theorist, no less than to Aristotle himself.
Neo-Aristotelianism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the rhetorically conceived poetics of narrative developed by the Chicago school neo-Aristotelians helps to demonstrate that Aristotle’s Poetics was, in several respects, always already a rhetorically oriented theory. Its concern with purposively shaping plots in order to realize a particular audience experience and affect shows an interest not only in ‘making form’ but in ‘making readers’, and an awareness of narratives not only as structures but as communicative acts. Ultimately, however, it is not Aristotle’s theory—either of poetics or rhetoric—that marks this neo-Aristotelian reception as such. It is, instead, Aristotle’s inductive, a posteriori methodology that stands out as the most valuable thing bequeathed and inherited across successive generations of Neo-Aristotelians.
Prestructuralism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that prestructuralist ideas about the form and function of key narratological phenomena such as plot, action, and character, mimesis and diegesis, showing and telling, not only make a significant contribution to the early twentieth-century (re)naissance of narrative theory in Europe and the US but also play a decisive role in the modern reception of ancient narrative theory. It argues that although James and Lubbock evince only broad Aristotelian affinities, their precepts help to establish an environment in which Aristotelian and Platonic (Socratic) theories find a ready and receptive audience. In similar ways, Forster, Friedman, and Stanzel open up a channel of communication between the ancient and modern worlds of narratology. What is more, their allusions to and appropriations of the classics help to shed new light on to some of the more controversial and complex aspects of both the Republic and Poetics.
Structuralism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex dynamics of appropriation and reception at work in and across the structuralist narratologies of Barthes, Todorov, Genette, and Bal. In its early phases, ancient theories and theorists are annexed (and altered) so as to provide an authoritative genealogy for the new structuralist science of narratology. Barthes looks for patronage from Aristotle, and Genette also assumes an inherited authority of this narratological ancestor. Genette even restages and re-interrogates the famous Homeric scene that Plato’s Socrates took as his foundational exemplum in the Republic, overturning the Platonic/Socratic and Aristotelian typologies of mimesis and diegesis. However, as structuralist narratology grows in stature and gathers its own authority, eventually taking on ‘classical’ status in its own right, we see a corresponding distance grow up between ancient and modern approaches, culminating in Genette’s revisionist disavowal of Plato’s diegesis, and Bal’s attempt to recast Aristotle as a structuralist semiotician.
Postclassicism
Authors: Liveley Genevieve 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that in the postclassical cognitive turn and the latest developments in natural and unnatural narratology pioneered by Fludernik, Herman, Richardson, Alber, and others, we are witnessing an important re-interrogation of the basic terms and frames of narratology’s earliest discussions. Developing the poststructuralists’ concerns with context, postclassical narratology is keenly interested in the part that readers and real-world experiences have to play in the co-poetic functioning of narrative and its narrativity—reconsidering the psychological and emotional iteractions between stories and audiences, and returning to the ancient debate between Plato’s Socrates and Aristotle regarding the status of narrative as mimesis.
Pain and Functional Outcomes After Sacroiliac Joint Injection with Anesthetic and Corticosteroid at Six Months, Stratified by Anesthetic Response and Physical Exam Maneuvers
Authors: Schneider Byron J , Ehsanian Reza , Huynh Lisa , Levin Josh , Zheng Patricia , Kennedy David J 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate sacroiliac joint (SIJ) injection outcomes with local anesthetic and corticosteroid.DesignProspective cohort.SettingSingle academic medical center.MethodsThirty-four patients referred for SIJ injection with a clinical diagnosis of SIJ pain underwent injections with 1:1 mixture of 2% lidocaine and triamcinolone 40 mg/mL. Pain provocation physical exam (PE) maneuvers were recorded immediately before and after injection. Outcome measures at two to four weeks and six months included pain numeric rating scale (NRS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).ResultsFor the analysis of outcomes by the overall group (not stratified by PE and/or anesthetic block), a 58.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = +/-16.5%) ≥2 NRS reduction, a 32.4% (95% CI = +/-15.7%) ≥50% NRS reduction, and a 38.2% (95% CI = +/-16.3%) ≥30% ODI reduction were observed at two to four weeks, with similar improvements at six months. Outcomes stratified based on pre-injection PE did not reveal significant differences at either time point. The stratification based on the presence of 100% postinjection anesthetic response demonstrated a significant difference at two to four weeks for ≥50% NRS improvement. The true positive/true negative group (TP/TN) stratification demonstrated a significant difference for ≥50% NRS improvement at two to four weeks, whereas six-month outcomes for TP/TN demonstrated significant differences for ≥50% NRS and ≥30% ODI improvement. An increased injection response was observed with stratification of patients more likely to have true SIJ pain (i.e., TP), with TP/TN stratification demonstrating a 75% (95% CI = +/-30.0%) ≥2 NRS improvement and a 62.5% (95% CI = +/-33.5%) improvement of ≥50% NRS and ≥30% ODI for the TP group at two to four weeks, with similar results at six months.ConclusionsSIJ steroid injection based on referral clinical diagnosis is unlikely to demonstrate true injection efficacy, and more specific selection criteria are warranted.
Investigating the Feasibility of a Modified Quantitative Sensory Testing Approach to Profile Sensory Function and Predict Pain Outcomes Following Intrathecal Baclofen Implant Surgery in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Barney Chantel C , Merbler Alyssa M , Simone Donald A , Walk David , Symons Frank J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pumps used to manage spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) also improve pain outcomes for some but not all patients. The purpose of this clinical feasibility study was to explore whether a quantitative sensory testing approach could a) be modified and used to subgroup individuals into sensory profiles and b) test whether the profiles were related to postimplant pain outcomes (i.e., pain responsive or pain persistent).

Subjects
A purposeful clinical sample of nine children with CP (mean age = 12.5 years, male = 56%) and complex communication needs participated.

Methods
A prospective within-subject design was used to measure proxy-reported pain before and after ITB implant. Pain response status was determined by proxy-reported pain intensity change (&gt;50% change in maximum rated intensity). A modified quantitative sensory testing (mQST) procedure was used to assess behavioral responsivity to an array of calibrated sensory (tactile/acute nociceptive) stimuli before surgery.

Results
Seven individuals with presurgical pain had mQST differentiated sensory profiles in relation to ITB pain outcomes and relative to the two individuals with no pain. Presurgically, the ITB pain responsive subgroup (N = 3, maximum rated pain intensity decreased &gt;50% after ITB implant) showed increased behavioral reactivity to an acute nociceptive stimulus and cold stimulus, whereas the ITB pain persistent subgroup (N = 4) showed reduced behavioral reactivity to cold and repeated von Frey stimulation relative to the no pain individuals.

Conclusion
Implications for patient selection criteria and stratification to presurgically identify individuals with CP “at risk” for persistent postprocedure pain are discussed.
Snail1-dependent cancer-associated fibroblasts induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer cells via exosomes
Authors: You J , Li M , Cao L M , Gu Q H , Deng P B , Tan Y , Hu C P 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential component of metastasis. Our previous study demonstrated that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) induce EMT in lung cancer cells. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated that CAFs induce metastasis and drug resistance in cancer cells via exosomes.

Aim
We sought to discover the mechanism underlying how CAFs induce EMT in lung cancer cells, unveiling the role of exosomes in lung cancer progression.

Design
We cultured lung cancer cell (i) with control medium, normal fibroblasts (NFs) or CAFs; (ii) with SNAI1-transfected or NC (negative control)-transfected CAFs; (iii) with exosomes extracted from NF- or CAF-conditioned medium; (iv) with exosomes released by SNAI1 or NC-transfected CAFs; (v) with CAF-conditioned medium or exosome-depleted CAF-conditioned medium.

Methods
qRT-PCR was conducted to examine the expression of CDH1 (gene of E-cadherin) and VIM (gene of Vimentin), western blotting was conducted to examine E-cadherin and vimentin levels in lung cancer cells.

Results
Exosomes released by CAFs-promoted EMT in lung cancer cells. Interestingly, SNAI1 levels in exosomes secreted from CAFs were correlated with SNAI1 expression in CAFs. Furthermore, the level of SNAI1 in exosomes was crucial for inducing EMT in lung cancer cells. Finally, treatment of CAFs with GW4869, an inhibitor of exosome release, noticeably inhibited their EMT-inducing effect on recipient epithelial cells.

Conclusions
The molecular mechanism underlying how CAFs induce EMT in cancer cells may be that CAFs deliver SNAI1 to recipient cancer cells via exosomes.
LOSS OF TLD SIGNAL DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Villanueva Andrew , Goddard Braden 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
While it is known that temperatures above 100°C have an effect on the reported dose of a TLD, it is less widely known what the susceptibility is to temperatures below 100°C, temperatures humans could reasonably expect to be exposed to. With the expanding nuclear industry in climates with more extreme temperatures, (e.g. United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia) the effect on a TLD if left on a dashboard of a car need to be evaluated. This research experimentally determined the extent of this thermal susceptibility by testing a range of high temperatures, 40°C – 90°C. The experimental results found that there is a statistically significant reduction in TLD-100H (natLiF:Mg,Cu,P) light output for TLDs there were exposed to temperatures as low as 40°C for 8 hour durations and 50°C for 2 hour durations. There is statistical difference in TLD-100H light output for elevated temperature durations of 8 hours compared to 24 hours.
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and the Black–White child poverty gap in the United States
Authors: Parolin Zachary 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBlack children in the USA are more than twice as likely as white children to live in poverty. While past research has primarily attributed this phenomenon to the family structure of black children, this article investigates how state-level heterogeneity in social assistance programs contributes to the black–white child poverty gap. I find that racial inequities in states’ administration of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program contributed to the impoverishment of approximately 256 000 black children per year from 2012–2014. State-year panel data demonstrates that states with larger percentages of black residents are less likely to prioritize the ‘provision of cash assistance’, but more likely to allocate funds toward the ‘discouragement of lone motherhood’. Neutralizing inequities in states’ TANF spending priorities would reduce the black–white child poverty gap by up to 15%—comparable to the reduction effect of moving all children in single-mother households to two-parent households.