bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cancer on the Presidency
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter recounts the special prosecutor investigation that forced Richard Nixon to resign the presidency on August 8, 1974. On the surface, this outcome seems distinctly improbable. Nixon actually allowed himself to be forced from office by a special prosecutor he had the power to fire at any time. What can explain this result? The obvious answer is intense and sustained political pressure, which was made possible by the special prosecutor’s high public visibility. Never has the power of special prosecutors—or the dependence of that power on the vigilance of the American people—been clearer.
The World Watergate Made
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the aftermath of Richard Nixon’s resignation, public confidence in politicians and government institutions cratered. To address this crisis, Congress passed the Ethics in Government Act of 1978. The law’s most important provision created a new, more powerful type of special prosecutor, called the Independent Counsel. The direct result was President Bill Clinton’s impeachment for perjury and obstruction of justice concerning a consensual sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. At the end of this long and sordid saga, most legal experts—and most Americans—concluded that an unchecked special prosecutor was a cure worse than the disease. In the end, Congress allowed the Independent Counsel statute to die a quiet and unmourned death. Two decades later, this era is widely understood to illustrate an essential lesson: Politics is just as important a check on special prosecutors as it is on presidents.
Epilogue
Authors: Coan Andrew 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The history and law of special prosecutors teach a single overarching lesson. The rule of law is as strong as the American people choose to make it—and no stronger. In some sense, this is heartening. It is also a sobering reminder. The democratic institutions and traditions handed down by previous generations are not indestructible. Like any other inheritance, they can be squandered, and there are real reasons to fear we are doing just that. In these unsettled times, special prosecutors might serve as highly visible catalysts for democracy. Or they might be swept asunder by the floodtides of populism and political polarization. These large structural forces are central features of contemporary American politics, but scratch the surface and those forces comprise millions of individual citizens with minds of their own. The choices of those individuals—our choices—will determine the fate of constitutional democracy in America.
Optical phenomena in the time domain
Authors: Adams Charles S. , Hughes Ifan G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses a sum of many waves with different frequencies, resulting in wave forms with particular time dependence. The propagation of the time-dependent wave solution through free space, or media with a particular dispersion relation, are analysed. Interesting cases such as the effect of group velocity dispersion, slow light, and fast light are highlighted.
Complex Thought, Simple Talk
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
It is argued that to understand change in organizations better, we need to move away from a mechanistic imagery to embrace an ecological imagery, inspired by complexity thinking. An ecological imagery better reflects our common experience of change in organizations, especially if due attention is given to language. Drawing on Bakhtin and Wittgenstein, this chapter pays particular attention to dialogicality as a process of bringing about change from “within.” It describes the importance of moments of common reference created between interlocutors, which join individuals as co-participants in a situation and give their interactions a common orientation. Put simply, co-participants in a dialogue form both transitory understandings of where the discussion has got to so far and certain anticipations as to where it might go next. The change that may be brought about though re-orientation by simple, ordinary language is illustrated with a dialogue between a researcher and an IT manager.
Making Strategy
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that to appreciate what strategy-as-practice (SAP) has to offer strategy researchers, and to fully realize its potential, it needs to be grounded on an onto-epistemology that acknowledges the various ways through which strategies qua practices may develop, as well as the various modes of intentionality and language use that, crucially, underlie strategy-making. A fully developed Heideggerian onto-epistemological framework provides a coherent way for different types of strategy-making to be researched from a practice perspective. A Heideggerian lens on SAP first brings intentionality under scrutiny and shows how it is constructed in strategizing episodes through practitioners drawing upon particular sociomaterial practices. Secondly, it shows the “inherited background” from which practitioners engage in coherent practical coping, and explores how aspects of this “inherited background” are brought to explicit awareness in the face of breakdowns.
Strategic Decision Making and Knowledge
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Organizations undertake action even in the absence of decisions, and make decisions without necessarily following them through with actions. An outcome that may appear to an observer to be the product of a sequence of decisions, may not be so if approached from the perspective of the actor. How is that possible? A Heideggerian perspective enables us to accommodate most currently available theories of decision making into a new ontology. A lot of what ordinarily passes for “decision making” is nothing else but either practical coping or deliberate coping, both occurring in the midst of action, and a great deal of action routinely undertaken in organizations consists of either spontaneous responses to the circumstances at hand, or deliberate choices often made in an analogical manner. These points are illustrated with the Abu Ghraib prison scandal that was revealed by the award-winning journalist Seymour Hersh in 2004.
In Search of Phronesis
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the process through which people in organizations, especially those in leadership positions, arrive at judgment. The rationalist orientation of the (somewhat limited) literature on judgment in management studies prevents us (scholars and practitioners alike) from properly grasping important features of the hermeneutical-developmental process involved in coming to a judgment. In particular, the role of emotions, moral agency, and language use, and, especially, the selective and integrative nature of perceptual processes are too easily ignored. This chapter makes the case for a particular notion of judgment understood as Aristotelian “phronesis” (practical wisdom). Phronetic leaders are people who, in their search for a way out of their difficulties, have developed a refined capacity to intuitively grasp salient features of ambiguous situations and to constitute a “landscape” of possible paths of response. This chapter sheds light on how this is accomplished, by drawing on neo-Aristotelian, phenomenological, and Wittgensteinian philosophy.
Performing Phronesis
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Practical wisdom and judgment, rather than seen as “things” hidden inside the mind, are best talked of as emerging developmentally within an unceasing flow of activities in which practitioners are immersed. When practitioners (namely, individuals immersed in a practice, experiencing their tasks through the emotions, standards of excellence, and moral values the practice engenders) face a bewildering situation in which they do not know how to proceed, the judgment they exercise emerges out of seeking to establish a new orientation to their puzzling surroundings. They do so through actively trying to be in touch with their felt emotions and moral sensibilities, while attempting to articulate linguistically the feelings experienced, in order to get a clearer view of relevant aspects of the situation at hand. Coming to a judgment involves moving around within a landscape of possibilities, and in so doing, being spontaneously responsive to the consequences of each move.
The “Metaphor” Metaphor
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits Gareth Morgan’s seminal book Images of Organization and considers its main thesis—that organizations have no essence, but we can bring out their features through the metaphorical lenses we see them through—in the context of pragmatist-hermeneutical philosophy. Morgan’s “metaphor” metaphor approaches organizations as texts, inviting readers to become sophisticated readers of organizational life. Images of Organization, rather than providing ready-made answers, provides its readers with the resources to search for answers, thus enabling readers-practitioners to refine their ordinary practices of understanding, and become phronetic practitioners who must simultaneously maintain what Dewey called “a state of doubt” while searching for better candidates of belief.
Don’t Simplify, Complexify
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that, rather than theory development aiming at simplifying complex organizational phenomena, it should aim at complexifying theories—theoretical complexity is needed to account for organizational complexity. Defining the latter as “nontrivial” action, it explores a complex “system of picturing” of organizations as objects of study that provides an alternative to the dominant disjunctive style of thinking. Complex theorizing is conjunctive: it seeks to make connections between diverse elements of human experience through making those analytical distinctions that will enable the joining up of concepts normally compartmentalized. Insofar as conjunctive theorizing is driven by the need to preserve the “living forwards–understanding backwards” dialectic, it is better suited to grasping the logic of practice and doing justice to organizational complexity. This argument is illustrated with several examples from organizational and management research.
Personalizing the State
Authors: Koch Insa Lee 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Liberal democracy appears in crisis. From the rise of ‘law and order’ and ever tougher forms of means-testing under ‘austerity politics’ to the outcome of Britain’s referendum on leaving the EU, commentators have argued over why democracy has taken an illiberal turn. This book shifts the focus from the ‘why’ to the ‘how’ and the ‘what’: to how citizens experience government in the first place and what democracy means to them. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, it takes these questions to Britain's socially abandoned council estates, once built by local authorities to house the working classes. From the perspective of these citizens, punitive shifts in welfare, housing, and policing are part of a much longer history of classed state control that has acted on their homes and neighbourhoods. But this is only half of the story. Citizens also pursue their own understandings of grassroots politics and care that at times align with, but at others diverge from, official policies. An anthropology of state-citizen relations challenges narratives of exceptionalism that have portrayed the people as a threat to the democratic order. It also reveals the murky, sometimes contradictory desires for a personalised state that cannot easily be collapsed with popular support for authoritarian interventions. Above all, this book exposes the liberal state’s disavowal of its political and moral responsibilities at a time when mechanisms for voicing working class citizens’ demands have been silenced.
Dangerous Streets: Encounters with the Police
Authors: Koch Insa Lee 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks at how housing estate residents interact with the police in negotiating the dangers of ‘the street’. Government policies that go tough on ‘law and order’ have focused on young people’s involvement in street-based activities, invoking a language of ‘gang crime’ and ‘gang membership’. However, this language does not easily fit with residents’ own understanding of the dangers of the ‘streets’ that encompasses both the threat of daily victimization and the failures of the criminal justice system. This chapter argues that the daily threat of serious crime alongside mistrust in the police generates seemingly contradictory responses. Residents sometimes appropriate the police as personalized tools into everyday disputes with friends, kin, and neighbours. Meanwhile, in situations of more serious threat, they tend to fall back onto informal mechanisms of policing that the state outlaws as vigilante violence. It is precisely this gap between citizens’ expectations for support and the reality of police performance that is expressed when residents show support for harsher punishment in a system that has become ‘too liberal’ and ‘soft’.
Governance in the Holocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the late Holocene, humans and their social institutions came to endanger their planetary comfort zone. Holocene institutions have had their successes when it comes to economic prosperity and even (recently) limiting violent conflict. But change that could enable governance to grapple with Anthropocene conditions is blocked where it is most needed. Dominant institutions such as states and markets have found ways to organize feedback that confirms their own necessity. Financial institutions become “too big to fail,” capitalist markets punish governments that depart from neoliberal economic recipes, and global environmental negotiations absorb the energy of activists and civil society even when they are not producing much decisive action. At the same time governance fails to take signals from a changing Earth system seriously enough—let alone anticipate future crises. As a result, institutional and policy innovation is blocked, and dysfunctional institutions and practices constitute highly problematic—even pathological—path dependency.
Democratic Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The formative sphere is the sum of activity encompassing the creation, questioning, and development of principles for collective action. This sphere gives shape to the meaning of the Anthropocene and how its implications are taken up in collective decision-making. An effective formative sphere should operate as a deliberative and ecological democracy capable of questioning its own foundations. This chapter shows how the formative sphere can operate in interactions between experts and citizens, between the most vulnerable and their advocates, between advocates and discourse entrepreneurs, across local experiments, and across the human and non-human components of the Earth system. Contemplation of Anthropocene conditions shows that in addition to established arguments for ecological democracy, there is a new argument: the agents necessary to rethink core social values and principles to guide practice for the Anthropocene can only flourish under democratic conditions. Democracy itself is transformed in this new encounter.
Conclusion: a practical politics of the Anthropocene
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Pickering Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
How exactly might ecological reflexivity be established as a core priority of social, economic, and political institutions? Rather than think in terms of any model to aim for, it is better to begin with where we are now and figure out positive moves on many fronts. Living frameworks—embodied in institutions that are flexible enough to respond to changing social and ecological conditions but stable enough to provide a basis for long-term flourishing—can facilitate such efforts. A practical politics of the Anthropocene can involve dismantling aspects of lock-in to the carbon economy and other unsustainable practices, avoiding renewed lock-in that could arise through misguided efforts to solve ecological problems, and cultivating elements of reflexivity through institutional, legal, and cultural change. Introducing elements of reflexivity—and learning from them—can facilitate more effective rethinking of dominant institutions and their pathological path dependencies, and build momentum for transformative change.
The Pilgrim
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the transformation which expatriates deliberately sought. Building on the rich work on sacred space, it adds a temporal dimension. The static, the durable, and the territorial have long dominated the study of early modern Catholicism, even of pilgrimage. However, the journey, as well as the destination, was a constitutive part of spiritual travel. Mobility becomes particularly visible when we scrutinize the element of time. Short-term visits by individuals; the long-lasting impact on their lives of the distribution of relics and shrines; the carefully phased process of spiritual exercises; and the sense of a temporal retreat in preparation for the future alert us to a dynamic understanding of English Catholics’ mobility. Their deliberate decision to journey in order to change shows the formative role of the expatriate experience, in these cases characterized by vibrancy rather than victimhood.
A Question of Character
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on epistemic vices that are character traits and, in particular, on the epistemic vice of closed-mindedness. The nature and significance of this epistemic vice is explained by reference of the failure of Israeli intelligence to anticipate the 1973 Yom Kippur surprise attack on Israel. Closed-mindedness is a high-fidelity epistemic vice, that is, one that requires a high degree of behavioural consistency. It is underpinned in many cases by a high need for closure and a low tolerance for ambiguity. Character accounts of epistemic vice are not undermined by situationism but they do need to acknowledge the insights of structuralism since flawed epistemic conduct can have structural as well as personal explanations.
Vicious Thinking
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Judicial thinking in the Birmingham Six trials is used to illustrate the category of thinking vices, epistemically vicious ways of thinking that are distinct from character vices. Thinking that is epistemically vicious in some respect or other isn’t the exclusive preserve of thinkers with the corresponding character vice. There are vices of slow thinking and of fast thinking. Some vicious thinking, such as conspiracy thinking, is only conditionally vicious. A distinction is drawn between thinking vices proper and subject-specific thinking vices and it is argued that the extent to which a given piece of thinking is epistemically vicious is determined by the extent to which it displays thinking vices proper.
Vice and Knowledge
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the view, associated with David Hume and Saul Kripke, that the supposed epistemic vice of dogmatism can play a positive role in protecting our knowledge. It discusses Kripke’s dogmatism paradox and Kuhn’s view that dogmatism can play a positive role in normal science. This chapter argues that the supposed epistemic benefits of dogmatism have been greatly exaggerated and its epistemic drawbacks underestimated. The appropriate response to the claims of Holocaust deniers and other conspiracy theorists is not to avoid or ignore them but to rebut them. Knowers have responsibilities, including the responsibility not to dismiss challenges to their beliefs without good reason.
Vice and Responsibility
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains and defends the distinction between blame and criticism and makes the case that epistemic vices can merit criticism even if they aren’t blameworthy. We are blameworthy for our epistemic vices only if they are epistemically harmful and we are, in the relevant sense, responsible for them. A distinction is drawn between responsibility for acquiring a vice (‘acquisition responsibility’) and responsibility for having a vice that one can change or revise (‘revision responsibility’). Revision responsibility requires the ability to control or modify the vice in question and there are three different varieties of control: voluntary, evaluative, and managerial. To the extent that we have effective control over our character vices that control is managerial rather than voluntary or evaluative.
Stealthy Vices
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Stealthy vices, such as closed-mindedness, are epistemic vices that are inherently hard to detect because it is in their nature to block their own detection. This chapter defends the view that at least some epistemic vices are stealthy and some are stealthier than others. The stealthiness of stealthy vices is explained on the basis that such vices negate or nullify the epistemic virtues on which active critical reflection on one’s own vices depends. The stealthiness of stealthy vices is the vice epistemological analogue of the Dunning-Kruger effect, but traumatic experiences can sometimes open one’s eyes to one’s own epistemic vices. In such cases one acquires self-knowledge by transformational insight rather than by active critical reflection.
Renewable Energy: Policy Dynamics at the Macro-, Meso-, and Micro-Levels
Authors: Sewerin Sebastian , Schmidt Tobias S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Renewable energy is a distinct policy field encompassing both economic and environmental considerations. How these are balanced in the face of the 2007–8 economic crisis is an important question relating to the general stickiness of environmental policies. In this chapter, we investigate long-term policy dynamics across both EU and non-EU countries and across three levels of policy change. Using an Index of Policy Activity (IPA) dataset of 562 policies, we analyse the general direction of overall change in policy mixes (macro-level), the dynamics of policy instrument type use (meso-level), and change to policy design (micro-level). We find that, while the crisis marks a turning point in the speed of policy change, the direction of policy change alters only in Ireland and the UK—namely towards policy dismantling. However, we show that dismantling and expansion unfold differently at the policy meso- and micro-levels, adding further nuance to the empirical analysis of dynamics of policy change.
Environmental Policy and the Economic Crisis
Authors: Skovgaard Jakob , Hildingsson Roger , Johansson Bengt 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs qualitative analysis to apply the Index of Policy Activity (IPA) to climate policy in Sweden and Demark—two countries often identified as environmental leaders. It finds that the economic crisis that started in 2007–8 had substantial impacts in both states. However, Denmark, which was hit harder and for a much longer period of time than Sweden, witnessed more dismantling of its environmental policy. The analysis suggests that in both countries the political orientation of the government and changes of government proved to be key factors shaping policy ambition. Path dependence, manifested in an entrenched commitment to ecological modernization, helped to maintain support for progressive environmental policy. International pressure was also central in pushing Sweden in particular to express leadership and to promote ambitious climate policy.