bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eschatological Turn in German Philosophy
Authors: Wolfe Judith 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article argues that modern European philosophy was significantly shaped by the transposition of eschatology from a theological into a philosophical register. By ‘eschatology’, I here mean thought about the ‘last things’ as they relate to present systems of life and action; and about those systems as determined, at least in part, by their end. I take as my starting point the claim that the scepticism regarding revelation that was such a central characteristic of the Enlightenment did not eradicate the importance of eschatology as a structuring frame of historical and moral thought, but merely changed it. Modern theologians and philosophers tended to shift the ground of eschatology from revelation to the inner logic of a system; eschatology was seen as legitimated by, and in turn legitimating, the shape of a given philosophical account of history. The questions and challenges arising from this shift were important drivers of early twentieth‐century European philosophy. This article works out this claim through indicative accounts of several large debates of early twentieth‐century philosophies of history and of politics as contestations about the meaning of eschatology: the crisis of historicism, the rise of existentialism, and the surge of political religions. It concludes with a discussion of Martin Heidegger’s eschatological thought of the 1930s, illuminated by the recent publication of his Black Notebooks.
Cost‐effective production of tag‐less recombinant protein in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Islam Md Reyazul , Kwak Ju‐Won , Lee Jeon‐soo , Hong Sung‐Wook , Khan Md Rezaul Islam , Lee Yongjik , Lee Yoontae , Lee Seung‐Woo , Hwang Inhwan 
Published: November 2018

SummaryPlants have recently received a great deal of attention as a means of producing recombinant proteins. Despite this, a limited number of recombinant proteins are currently on the market and, if plants are to be more widely used, a cost‐effective and efficient purification method is urgently needed. Although affinity tags are convenient tools for protein purification, the presence of a tag on the recombinant protein is undesirable for many applications. A cost‐effective method of purification using an affinity tag and the removal of the tag after purification has been developed. The family 3 cellulose‐binding domain (CBM3), which binds to microcrystalline cellulose, served as the affinity tag and the small ubiquitin‐related modifier (SUMO) and SUMO‐specific protease were used to remove it. This method, together with size‐exclusion chromatography, enabled purification of human interleukin‐6 (hIL6) with a yield of 18.49 mg/kg fresh weight from leaf extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression. Plant‐produced hIL6 (P‐hIL6) contained less than 0.2 EU/μg (0.02 ng/mL) endotoxin. P‐hIL6 activated the Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcriptional pathways in human LNCaP cells, and induced expression of IL‐21 in activated mouse CD4+ T cells. This approach is thus a powerful method for producing recombinant proteins in plants.
Stacking three late blight resistance genes from wild species directly into African highland potato varieties confers complete field resistance to local blight races
Authors: Ghislain Marc , Byarugaba Arinaitwe Abel , Magembe Eric , Njoroge Anne , Rivera Cristina , Román María Lupe , Tovar José Carlos , Gamboa Soledad , Forbes Gregory A. , Kreuze Jan F. , Barekye Alex , Kiggundu Andrew 
Published: November 2018

SummaryConsidered responsible for one million deaths in Ireland and widespread famine in the European continent during the 1840s, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, remains the most devastating disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with about 15%–30% annual yield loss in sub‐Saharan Africa, affecting mainly smallholder farmers. We show here that the transfer of three resistance (R) genes from wild relatives [RB, Rpi‐blb2 from Solanum bulbocastanum and Rpi‐vnt1.1 from S. venturii] into potato provided complete resistance in the field over several seasons. We observed that the stacking of the three R genes produced a high frequency of transgenic events with resistance to late blight. In the field, 13 resistant transgenic events with the 3R‐gene stack from the potato varieties ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grew normally without showing pathogen damage and without any fungicide spray, whereas their non‐transgenic equivalent varieties were rapidly killed. Characteristics of the local pathogen population suggest that the resistance to late blight may be long‐lasting because it has low diversity, and essentially consists of the single lineage, 2_A1, which expresses the cognate avirulence effector genes. Yields of two transgenic events from ‘Desiree’ and ‘Victoria’ grown without fungicide to reflect small‐scale farm holders were estimated to be 29 and 45 t/ha respectively. This represents a three to four‐fold increase over the national average. Thus, these late blight resistant potato varieties, which are the farmers’ preferred varieties, could be rapidly adopted and bring significant income to smallholder farmers in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Genes regulating gland development in the cotton plant
Authors: Janga Madhusudhana R. , Pandeya Devendra , Campbell LeAnne M. , Konganti Kranti , Villafuerte Stephany Toinga , Puckhaber Lorraine , Pepper Alan , Stipanovic Robert D. , Scheffler Jodi A. , Rathore Keerti S. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryIn seeds and other parts of cultivated, tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), multicellular groups of cells lysigenously form dark glands containing toxic terpenoids such as gossypol that defend the plant against pests and pathogens. Using RNA‐seq analysis of embryos from near‐isogenic glanded (Gl2Gl2Gl3Gl3) versus glandless (gl2gl2gl3gl3) plants, we identified 33 genes that expressed exclusively or at higher levels in embryos just prior to gland formation in glanded plants. Virus‐induced gene silencing against three gene pairs led to significant reductions in the number of glands in the leaves, and significantly lower levels of gossypol and related terpenoids. These genes encode transcription factors and have been designated the ‘Cotton Gland Formation’ (CGF) genes. No sequence differences were found between glanded and glandless cotton for CGF1 and CGF2 gene pairs. The glandless cotton has a transposon insertion within the coding sequence of the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene of the A subgenome and extensive mutations in the promoter of D subgenome homeolog. Overexpression of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) led to a dramatic increase in gossypol and related terpenoids in cultured cells, whereas CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of GoPGF (synonym CGF3) genes resulted in glandless phenotype. Taken collectively, the results show that the GoPGF (synonym CGF3) gene plays a critical role in the formation of glands in the cotton plant. Seed‐specific silencing of CGF genes, either individually or in combination, could eliminate glands, thus gossypol, from the cottonseed to render it safe as food or feed for monogastrics.
Characterization of novel β‐1,3‐glucan recognition proteins from a Tibetan Plateau ghost moth Thitarodes pui (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae)
Authors: Sun Zixuan , Wu Wenjing , Zhang Guren 
Published: November 2018

Abstractβ‐1,3‐glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs) function as pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune response against invading pathogens. In the present study, we obtain full‐length cDNA clones for two novel putative βGRPs: TpβGRPc and TpβGRPd from the ghost moth Thitarodes pui (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae). Phylogenetic analysis shows a small distinct lineage, βGRP clade 4, consisting of T. pui βGRPs including TpβGRPa and TpβGRPb that have been identified previously. TpβGRPc and TpβGRPd, comprising 488 and 229 amino acids, have calculated molecular masses of 52 596 and 24 589 Da, respectively. TpβGRPc is 85.52% identical in sequence to TpβGRPa. TpβGRPb and TpβGRPd share the same deletion start site located at the conserved residue Pro 43, although TpβGRPd exhibits a much larger deletion of up to approximately 270 residues covering both the N‐ and C‐terminal regions. Affinity purification, associated with subsequent peptide sequencing, confirms the constitutive occurrence of TpβGRPa and TpβGRPc of similar size (approximately 65 kDa) in sixth‐instar larval haemolymph. These two βGRPs show clear binding affinities to curdlan, an insoluble β‐1,3‐glucan. A quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis reveals the high‐level constitutive expression of TpβGRPc and TpβGRPd in the fat body of mid‐instar larvae, which are found to be susceptible to fungal pathogens in field investigations. Remarkable induction of both TpβGRPs occurs in response to haemocoelic challenge with entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. The results of the present study suggest that TpβGRPs may contribute to the detection and control of fungal infections.
Manipulating the ecosystem enables management of soilborne pathogen complexes in annual legume forage systems
Authors: You M. P. , Barbetti M. J. 
Published: November 2018

Studies were undertaken to examine the potential for manipulating the ecosystem by altering forage species composition, intensity of grazing or by adding Rhizobium, to enhance productivity of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) forages affected by the soilborne pathogens Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani. Levels of tap and lateral root disease on clover and its productivity were differentially and significantly affected by the relative proportions of clover to annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). In the presence of P. irregulare, both tap and lateral root disease decreased as percentage clover composition increased (R2 = 0.58, 0.59, respectively); there was no such significant effect in the presence of R. solani (R2 = 0.08, 0.18, respectively). Increasing and maintaining high clover content in forage offers a means to both reduce root disease and increase productivity and forage legume stand persistence. With simulated grazing studies, continuous (i.e. intensive) grazing in the presence of P. irregulare resulted in the most severe tap and lateral root disease, poorest nodulation and smallest roots and shoots compared with intermittent grazing. Hence, reducing grazing intensity also offers potential for significantly increasing productivity of root‐rot‐affected clover forage. For Rhizobium studies, nodulation was reduced in the presence of P. irregulare or R. solani; the extent of this was dependent upon which pathogen and the clover variety. Overall, these different studies highlight significant potential for manipulating the ecosystem to better manage soilborne pathogen complexes and improve productivity and persistence in annual legume forage systems adversely affected by soilborne oomycete and fungal pathogens.
The International Corpus of English project: A progress report
Authors: Kirk John , Nelson Gerald 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article begins by introducing the International Corpus of English project and proceeds to summarize the findings and outcomes of an extensive review by written questionnaire conducted by the present authors (Kirk & Nelson, 2017). Although critically concerned with practice hitherto, the review also discusses possible second generation components, and the issues in need of addressing before they should begin. The report contains many comments from a questionnaire that respondents complete, giving a flavour of the importance with which the corpus is valued. Respondents also raise a number of fundamental questions about the nature of L2 varieties of English in multilingual contexts. An Appendix sets out a prospectus for a possible component of electronic texts. Other Appendices list the corpus's text categories and their quantities as well as the 27 national components and their directors.
An elephant-sized Late Triassic synapsid with erect limbs
Authors: Sulej Tomasz , Niedźwiedzki Grzegorz 
Published: November 2018

A proto-mammalian giant
Early terrestrial amniotes evolved into two groups: the sauropsids, which led to the bird and dinosaur lineages, and the synapsids, which led to mammals. Synapsids were diverse during the Permian but were greatly reduced after the end-Permian extinction (about 252 million years ago). The few groups that survived into the Triassic were mostly small and retained a sprawling gait. Sulej and Niedźwiedzki, however, describe a dicynodont from the Late Triassic of Poland that is as large as some coexisting dinosaurs and appears to have had an erect gait—like modern mammals. Thus, megaherbivores in the Triassic were not only dinosaurs.

Science
, this issue p.
78
Evaluation of a deep learning image assessment system for detecting severe retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Redd Travis K , Campbell John Peter , Brown James M , Kim Sang Jin , Ostmo Susan , Chan Robison Vernon Paul , Dy Jennifer , Erdogmus Deniz , Ioannidis Stratis , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree , Chiang Michael F 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPrior work has demonstrated the near-perfect accuracy of a deep learning retinal image analysis system for diagnosing plus disease in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Here we assess the screening potential of this scoring system by determining its ability to detect all components of ROP diagnosis.MethodsClinical examination and fundus photography were performed at seven participating centres. A deep learning system was trained to detect plus disease, generating a quantitative assessment of retinal vascular abnormality (the i-ROP plus score) on a 1–9 scale. Overall ROP disease category was established using a consensus reference standard diagnosis combining clinical and image-based diagnosis. Experts then ranked ordered a second data set of 100 posterior images according to overall ROP severity.Results4861 examinations from 870 infants were analysed. 155 examinations (3%) had a reference standard diagnosis of type 1 ROP. The i-ROP deep learning (DL) vascular severity score had an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.960 for detecting type 1 ROP. Establishing a threshold i-ROP DL score of 3 conferred 94% sensitivity, 79% specificity, 13% positive predictive value and 99.7% negative predictive value for type 1 ROP. There was strong correlation between expert rank ordering of overall ROP severity and the i-ROP DL vascular severity score (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.93; p<0.0001).ConclusionThe i-ROP DL system accurately identifies diagnostic categories and overall disease severity in an automated fashion, after being trained only on posterior pole vascular morphology. These data provide proof of concept that a deep learning screening platform could improve objectivity of ROP diagnosis and accessibility of screening.
Potentially serious incidental findings on brain and body magnetic resonance imaging of apparently asymptomatic adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gibson Lorna M , Paul Laura , Chappell Francesca M , Macleod Malcolm , Whiteley William N , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Wardlaw Joanna M , Sudlow Cathie L M 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objectives
To determine prevalence and types of potentially serious incidental findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in apparently asymptomatic adults, describe factors associated with potentially serious incidental findings, and summarise information on follow-up and final diagnoses.

Design
Systematic review and meta-analyses.

Data sources
Citation searches of relevant articles and authors’ files in Medline and Embase (from inception to 25 April 2017).

Review methods

Eligible studies included prevalence and types of incidental findings detected among apparently asymptomatic adults undergoing MRI of the brain, thorax, abdomen, or brain and body. Data on study population and methods, prevalence and types of incidental findings, and final diagnoses were extracted. Pooled prevalence was estimated by random effects meta-analysis, and heterogeneity by τ
2
statistics.

Main outcome measures
Prevalence of potentially serious incidental findings on MRI of the brain, thorax, abdomen, and brain and body.

Results
Of 5905 retrieved studies, 32 (0.5%) met the inclusion criteria (n=27 643 participants). Pooled prevalence of potentially serious incidental findings was 3.9% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 27.1%) on brain and body MRI, 1.4% (1.0% to 2.1%) on brain MRI, 1.3% (0.2% to 8.1%) on thoracic MRI, and 1.9% (0.3% to 12.0%) on abdominal MRI. Pooled prevalence rose after including incidental findings of uncertain potential seriousness (12.8% (3.9% to 34.3%), 1.7% (1.1% to 2.6%), 3.0% (0.8% to 11.3%), and 4.5% (1.5% to 12.9%), respectively). There was generally substantial heterogeneity among included studies. About half the potentially serious incidental findings were suspected malignancies (brain, 0.6% (95% confidence interval 0.4% to 0.9%); thorax, 0.6% (0.1% to 3.1%); abdomen, 1.3% (0.2% to 9.3%); brain and body, 2.3% (0.3% to 15.4%)). There were few informative data on potential sources of between-study variation or factors associated with potentially serious incidental findings. Limited data suggested that relatively few potentially serious incidental findings had serious final diagnoses (48/234, 20.5%).

Conclusions
A substantial proportion of apparently asymptomatic adults will have potentially serious incidental findings on MRI, but little is known of their health consequences. Systematic, long term follow-up studies are needed to better inform on these consequences and the implications for policies on feedback of potentially serious incidental findings.

Systematic review registration
Prospero CRD42016029472.
Comparison of the use of lung ultrasound and chest radiography in the diagnosis of rib fractures: a systematic review
Authors: Battle Ceri , Hayward Simon , Eggert Sabine , Evans Phillip Adrian 
Published: November 2018

IntroductionIt is well-recognised that the detection of rib fractures is unreliable using chest radiograph. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether the use of lung ultrasound is superior in accuracy to chest radiography, in the diagnosis of rib fractures following blunt chest wall trauma.MethodsThe search filter was used for international online electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane and ScienceDirect, with no imposed time or language limitations. Grey literature was searched. Two review authors completed study selection, data extraction and data synthesis/analysis process. Quality assessment using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies Tool (QUADAS-2) was completed.Results13 studies were included. Overall, study results demonstrated that the use of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of rib fractures in blunt chest wall trauma patients appears superior compared with chest radiograph. All studies were small, single centre and considered to be at risk of bias on quality assessment. Meta-analysis was not possible due to high levels of heterogeneity, lack of appropriate reference standard and poor study quality.DiscussionThe results demonstrate that lung ultrasound may be superior to chest radiography, but the low quality of the studies means that no definitive statement can be made.
Prospective impact of individual, family and community youth assets on adolescent suicide ideation
Authors: Lensch Taylor , Clements-Nolle Kristen , Oman Roy F , Lu Minggen , Dominguez Amanda 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundStudies have found that youth assets have a protective influence on many risk behaviours. However, the relationship between youth assets and adolescent suicide ideation is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if youth assets were prospectively associated with suicide ideation.MethodsFour waves of data were collected from 1111 youth and their parents living in randomly sampled census tracts that were stratified by income and race/ethnicity using census data. Computer-assisted, in-person data collection methods were used to measure assets at the individual (6 assets), family (4 assets) and community (6 assets) levels. Generalised linear mixed models were used to prospectively assess the relationship between the number of individual-level, family-level and community-level assets and suicide ideation, while controlling for known confounders.ResultsAbout half of the sample was female (53%). Participants were racially/ethnically diverse (white (41%), Hispanic (29%) and black (24%)). Eleven of the 16 assets were associated with reduced odds of suicide ideation. In addition, there was a graded relationship between the number of assets at each level (individual, family and community) and the odds of suicide ideation. For example, compared with youth with 0–2 family assets, those with 3 (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.90) or 4 (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.51) family assets had lower odds of suicide ideation.ConclusionsThis prospective analysis showed a protective relationship between youth assets and suicide ideation, with the greatest protection among youth with the most assets. Interventions designed to build youth assets may be a useful strategy for reducing adolescent suicide ideation.
Host galaxy effects in the SUSY model for Supernovae Ia
Authors: Clavelli L. 
Published: November 2018

For more than 40 years virtually all work on the theory of type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia) has assumed that these explosions were due to the transfer of mass to a degenerate star from a partner in a binary system. In these binary models, when the mass of one partner closely approaches the Chandrasekhar maximum for a stable degenerate system, fusion can be initiated and the star explodes. However, a number of long-standing nagging problems and the inability of any specific binary model to fit any significant fraction of SN Ia events suggest that fusion could instead be triggered by a phase transition in a sub-Chandrasekhar white dwarf star. It is possible that remarkable host galaxy effects not considered in previous work on phase transition models could point to a specific source of the supernova trigger. Performing a least [Formula: see text] fit to the delay time distribution to fix parameters, we give predictions from the SUSY phase transition model for the host galaxy effects. In addition we discuss a SUSY insight into the Phillips relation which is basic to the cosmological importance of the type Ia supernovae.
Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations: Radio Frequency Interference Measurements and Telescope Site Selection
Authors: Peel M. W. , Wuensche C. A. , Abdalla E. , Antón S. , Barosi L. , Browne I. W. A. , Caldas M. , Dickinson C. , Fornazier K. S. F. , Monstein C. , Strauss C. , Tancredi G. , Villela T. 
Published: November 2018

The Baryon acoustic oscillations from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations (BINGO) telescope is a new 40[Formula: see text]m class radio telescope to measure the large-angular-scale intensity of H i emission at 980–1260[Formula: see text]MHz to constrain dark energy parameters. As it needs to measure faint cosmological signals at the milliKelvin level, it requires a site that has very low radio frequency interference (RFI) at frequencies around 1[Formula: see text]GHz. We report on measurement campaigns across Uruguay and Brazil to find a suitable site, which looked at the strength of the mobile phone signals and other radio transmissions, the location of wind turbines, and also included mapping airplane flight paths. The site chosen for the BINGO telescope is a valley at Serra do Urubu, a remote part of Paraíba in North-East Brazil, which has sheltering terrain. During our measurements with a portable receiver, we did not detect any RFI in or near the BINGO band, given the sensitivity of the equipment. A radio quiet zone around the selected site has been requested from the Brazilian authorities ahead of the telescope construction.