bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical re‐explorations and proxy survival following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism using Australian administrative data
Authors: Purkiss Shaun , Keegel Tessa , Vally Hassan , Wollersheim Dennis 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundAdministrative data may have utility in the impartial assessment of surgical outcomes and rare events. We have used a publicly available sample of the Australian pharmaceutical and health service provision (medical benefits scheme) databases to assess outcomes following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP).MethodsA cohort study using linked pharmaceutical and medical benefits schemes data was performed covering the period 1993–2014. Procedure codes identified participants undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHP and subsequent cervical re‐exploration surgery (CRX), and the last service date used as a proxy for survival. Time to CRX and survival were modelled using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Demographic data and the era of parathyroid surgery were managed as covariates for Cox regression survival analyses.ResultsA total of 2165 persons undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHP were identified. Median follow‐up was 5.3 years (range 0.2–22). The annual number of parathyroidectomies for PHP increased gradually; 72 individuals underwent CRX (3.3%). The median time to CRX was 152 days (confidence interval 0–396) in 2000–2004 reducing to 47 days (confidence interval 15–78) for the period 2010–2014 (log‐rank P = 0.027). The proportion of persons requiring CRX reduced over time from 6.1% in 1997 to 2.1% in 2012 (r2 = 0.5817, P = 0.023). Overall median survival (24.6 years) was poorer when compared with age matched controls (log‐rank P = 0.025) but was not associated with CRX or gender.ConclusionAdministrative data can be used for the assessment of surgical outcomes and may be useful for comparisons of surgical performance, and the appraisal of infrequent events. CRX rates following parathyroidectomy for PHP are improving in Australia.
The Role of Negative Information in Distributional Semantic Learning
Authors: Johns Brendan T. , Mewhort Douglas J. K. , Jones Michael N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDistributional models of semantics learn word meanings from contextual co‐occurrence patterns across a large sample of natural language. Early models, such as LSA and HAL (Landauer & Dumais, 1997; Lund & Burgess, 1996), counted co‐occurrence events; later models, such as BEAGLE (Jones & Mewhort, 2007), replaced counting co‐occurrences with vector accumulation. All of these models learned from positive information only: Words that occur together within a context become related to each other. A recent class of distributional models, referred to as neural embedding models, are based on a prediction process embedded in the functioning of a neural network: Such models predict words that should surround a target word in a given context (e.g., word2vec; Mikolov, Sutskever, Chen, Corrado, & Dean, 2013). An error signal derived from the prediction is used to update each word's representation via backpropagation. However, another key difference in predictive models is their use of negative information in addition to positive information to develop a semantic representation. The models use negative examples to predict words that should not surround a word in a given context. As before, an error signal derived from the prediction prompts an update of the word's representation, a procedure referred to as negative sampling. Standard uses of word2vec recommend a greater or equal ratio of negative to positive sampling. The use of negative information in developing a representation of semantic information is often thought to be intimately associated with word2vec's prediction process. We assess the role of negative information in developing a semantic representation and show that its power does not reflect the use of a prediction mechanism. Finally, we show how negative information can be efficiently integrated into classic count‐based semantic models using parameter‐free analytical transformations.
Effect of pigment colour on the printing performance of synthetic leather using a ultraviolet‐curable water‐borne polyurethane acrylate binder
Authors: Baysal Gülçin , Kalav Berdan , Kayaoğlu Burçak Karagüzel 
Published: May 2019

The effect of pigment colours, cyan (C), magenta (M) and yellow (Y), and a blend of these (CMYblend) on the printing performance of synthetic leather using a ultraviolet (UV)‐curable water‐borne polyurethane acrylate binder and two types of photoinitiators was investigated. The curing process was carried out at different radiation doses using gallium and mercuryUVlamps in combination. The performance of the prints was evaluated with abrasion resistance, crock fastness, gloss and hardness values andK/S. Chemical changes in the cured film structures due toUVcuring were analysed by Fourier Transform–infrared spectroscopy measurements. The highest hardness values for clear and pigmented cured films were obtained with a gallium and mercury lamp combination at the highest energy density (1529 mJ/cm2). The highestK/Swas obtained for the sample printed with the formulation including the C pigment and cured under a gallium and mercury lamp combination at low energy density (398mJ/cm2). The M‐pigmented film displayed the highest hardness and abrasion resistance, whereas lower values were obtained with films pigmented with Y and C, and CMY blend, successively. The highest dry and wet crock values were obtained with the formulation including the M pigment.CMY‐pigmented film showed the highest gloss values at all energy densities. The pigment colour affected the curing degree of printed films due to the different absorption/transmission intervals of each colour in theUVspectrum.
Are all urban green spaces a favourable habitat for pollinator communities? Bees, butterflies and hoverflies in different urban green areas
Authors: Dylewski Łukasz , Maćkowiak Łukasz , Banaszak‐Cibicka Weronika 
Published: May 2019

1. Urban ecosystems create suitable habitats for many plant and animal species, including pollinators. However, heterogenic habitats in city centres and suburban areas have various effects on pollinators due to variations in the composition of vegetation and in landscape management by humans.2. This study compared the abundance and species richness of three main groups of pollinators – wild bees, butterflies, and hoverflies – in Poznań, western Poland, and in three different types of urban green areas – urban grasslands, urban parks, and green infrastructure in housing estates.3. The total abundance of pollinators was higher in urban grasslands than in housing estates and urban parks. Species composition of pollinator communities differed between the three habitat types.4. The study results showed that species richness and abundance of butterflies varied between habitat types, whereas no such differences were found in the case of wild bees and hoverflies. Cover of green area, vegetation structure, and plant height were important for the pollinator community; however, these variables had different effects depending on habitat type.5. These findings revealed that not all urban green areas are equally valuable in terms of local biodiversity. High‐quality urban habitats such as urban grasslands are capable of supporting rich and abundant populations of pollinators. Therefore, it is important to protect high‐value urban green areas and simultaneously strive to improve intensively managed urban habitats through effective planning and new management practices.
Relative importance of drought, soil quality, and plant species in determining the strength of plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Kuglerová Marcela , Skuhrovec Jiří , Münzbergová Zuzana 
Published: May 2019

1. Although studies on plant–herbivore interactions comparing different plant species are common, little is known about the importance of environmental conditions in determining variation in herbivory within single plant species.2. This study assessed the effects of experimentally manipulated nutrient and water availability on plant palatability, and compared these differences with differences among species. The extent to which these patterns can be explained by leaf toughness and specific leaf area was also investigated. Six plant species from the subfamily Carduoideae and four free‐living leaf chewing invertebrates were used in the study.3. Herbivore preferences were significantly affected by soil nutrients and water regime and varied among plant as well as herbivore species. Generally, herbivores preferred watered plants and plants from nutrient‐poor soil. The effects of soil nutrients and water regime differed between the plant and herbivore species. The differences between the plant species were greater than those between the environmental treatments. Differences at both levels could be partly explained by leaf toughness and specific leaf area. Leaf toughness, in particular, turned to be an important predictor indicating that herbivores preferred species with softer leaves, and species from wetter conditions with reduced leaf toughness.4. The environmental conditions in which plants are growing have significant effects on plant palatability. Between‐species comparisons thus need to pay attention to this variation. Future studies may consider how the effects of current conditions interact with conditions of plant origin to predict possible effects of changes in environmental conditions on the intensity of plant–herbivore interactions.
Dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, chewing activity, and ruminal fermentation of raising Japanese Black steers fed diets containing whole crop corn silage at three levels
Authors: Hosoda Kenji , Ohmori Hideyuki , Kamiya Mitsuru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe effects of the inclusion level of corn silage (CS) in an ensiled total mixed ration (TMR) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, chewing activity, and ruminal fermentation were investigated. Six Japanese Black steers during the raising period were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with three dietary treatments: a diet containing 40.0%, 52.5%, or 65.0% CS on a dry matter (DM) basis. The three TMRs, in which the crude protein (CP) and DM levels were adjusted, were vacuum‐sealed and then stored for >30 days. Increasing the inclusion level of CS caused lower pH values and higher lactate production in the ensiled TMR. The DM intakes by the animals that received three dietary treatments were identical. The feeding of the TMR with the highest CS inclusion level resulted in slight decreases in total DM digestibility, and content and intake of total digestible nutrients, whereas the nutrient digestibilities (CP, non‐fibrous carbohydrate, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber) were not significantly different among the dietary treatments. The eating and ruminating times by the steers fed the TMRs were elongated concomitantly with the increase in the CS inclusion level. The feeding of TMRs with higher CS inclusion led to slower fermentation in the rumen. These findings suggest that a CS inclusion level up to approx. 50% in a TMR should be considered a reasonable level for Japanese Black steers during the raising period.
Is it Time to Phase Out UNDESA's Regional Criterion of Development?
Authors: Ingleby David , Singleton Ann , Wickramage Kolitha 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInternational migration to developing countries has attracted increasing attention because of its growing volume in absolute terms and its potential contribution to development. However, conclusions about what is happening in these countries depend crucially on the way migration and development are measured and analysed. This article shows that whether migrant stocks appear to be increasing or decreasing in developing countries depends on three factors: whether a regional or an economic criterion of “development” is used, whether volume is expressed in absolute numbers or as a percentage of total population, and whether the data include refugees and asylum seekers. The policy implications of these findings, which – due to the shortcomings of available data – can only be regarded as provisional, are then discussed. Better quality migration data and analysis informed by the limitations of the data are needed to provide a sound evidence base for current debates about migration policy.
Outstanding plant endemism levels strongly support the recognition ofcampo rupestreprovinces in mountaintops of eastern South America
Authors: Colli‐Silva Matheus , Vasconcelos Thais N. C. , Pirani José Rubens 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimThe Braziliancampo rupestreis a vegetation associated to ancient mountaintops in eastern South America, spread mainly over disjunct areas of the Espinhaço Range and the Chapada dos Veadeiros. These areas hold outstanding levels of plant diversity and endemism, but despite their uniqueness they have been neglected in recent bioregionalizations for the Neotropical region. Given their particular levels of species richness and endemism, we here test the recognition of these as distinct bioregions within the Chacoan dominion.LocationMountaintops of eastern South America.MethodsWe listed 1,748 angiosperm species endemic to thecampo rupestreof the Espinhaço Range and Chapada dos Veadeiros regions, based on the data gathered from the Brazilian Flora 2020 Project. We extracted all occurrence information available from GBIF (the Global Biodiversity Information Facility) for such list and also for a polygon gathering all the study area, including information from adjacent vegetations. Data went through standard cleaning procedures and a network clustering analysis was performed to delimitate the boundaries of the new bioregions.ResultsOur data strongly support the recognition of two distinct bioregions along the Espinhaço Range, but none in the Chapada dos Veadeiros. Given their high levels of endemism and singularity within the Chacoan dominion, we formalize two provinces associated tocampo rupestrein the Espinhaço Range, naming them as “Chapada Diamantina” and “Southern Espinhaço” provinces. Within the latter province, three districts are also recognized, based on this and previous studies: “Diamantina Plateau”, “Grão‐Mogol” and “Iron Quadrangle” districts.Main conclusionsThe formalization of new and previously described bioregions highlights thecampo rupestreas a vegetation harbouring outstanding levels of species richness and endemism in South America, contributing to a better understanding of biogeographical patterns in the Neotropics. Also, as we follow the International Code of Area Nomenclature as a device to standardize recognition of bioregions, this shall facilitate further biogeographical and conservation studies in these areas. Further assessments with new and revisited data are needed to enable minor scale bioregionalization within the Chacoan dominion.
Sexually selected sexual selection: Can evolutionary retribution explain female ornamental colour?
Authors: Méndez‐Janovitz Marcela , Gonzalez‐Voyer Alejandro , Macías Garcia Constantino 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBy preferring mates with increasingly costly ornaments or courtship displays, females cause an escalation of male reproductive costs. Such increased costs should promote male selectivity based on fecundity‐linked female attributes, leading to female ornamentation in species with traditional sex roles. Consequently, female ornamentation should evolve more frequently in taxa where male reproduction is costly than in comparable taxa where it is cheaper. We assessed the prevalence of female ornamental colouration in two clades of viviparous cyprinodontid fish: the Goodeinae, where stringent female choice imposes male mating costs, and the Poeciliinae, whose males can circumvent female mate choice. We found that although in the Poeciliinae female ornamental colour is a correlated, but paler version of male coloration, females of the Goodeinae often display vivid ornamental colours that are distinct from those of males. Thus, male and female ornaments are not (phylo)genetically correlated in the Goodeinae. Furthermore, phylogenetic signal on male and female colour is clearly detectable in the Poeciliinae, but absent in the Goodeinae, suggesting that ornamental colour of males and females in the latter may be the consequence of selection. Given that enforceable female choice has promoted male ornaments, we propose that evolutionary retribution has promoted distinct female ornaments in the Goodeinae.
Microneedling and PRP for acne scars: A new tool in our arsenal
Authors: Schoenberg Elizabeth , O’Connor Mackenzie , Wang Jordan V , Yang Sherry , Saedi Nazanin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA common complication of acne vulgaris is clinically significant scarring, which can greatly impact patient quality of life. While treatment options have included microneedling, the recent addition of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) to this regimen has led to an increased popularity of combination treatment. Here, we offer backgrounds on microneedling and PRP therapies and review the literature on combination treatment for acne scars.
The Enduring Effects of Mother–Child Interactions on Episodic Memory in Adulthood
Authors: Sharifian Neika , Zahodne Laura B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the enduring effects of retrospective reports of early‐life mother–child interactions on psychosocial and cognitive functioning later in life.Background: Mother–child interactions have been linked to cognitive outcomes in childhood, however, little work has examined whether early‐life mother–child interactions have far‐reaching effects on episodic memory in adulthood. Early‐life mother–child interactions may also influence cognitive functioning in adulthood indirectly through the development of academic competence (education attainment), social competence (marital satisfaction, social support, contact frequency) or depressive symptoms.Methods: Using longitudinal data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study sibling respondents (T1: 1993–1994, T2: 2004–2007, T3: 2011; baseline 29–79 years), we examined how retrospective positive mother–child interactions (PMCI) and negative mother–child interactions (NMCI) were independently associated with episodic memory. Structural equation modeling was used to model direct and indirect pathways from PMCI and NMCI to episodic memory and latent change in episodic memory.Results: More PMCI retrospectively reported at T1 were associated with higher T2 memory and less memory decline from T2 to T3 via higher education. In addition, more PMCI were associated with higher T2 memory through greater marital satisfaction. Independent of these indirect effects, more PMCI and NMCI were each associated with higher T2 memory, but not memory change.Conclusion: Mother–child interactions appeared to have an enduring effect on episodic memory in adulthood. These findings highlight the importance of taking an integrative and lifespan approach to assessing how early‐life experiences affect socioemotional and cognitive development.
Amphibians in Eurasian otterLutra lutradiet: osteological identification unveils hidden prey richness and male‐biased predation on anurans
Authors: Smiroldo Giorgio , Villa Andrea , Tremolada Paolo , Gariano Pasquale , Balestrieri Alessandro , Delfino Massimo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmphibians form a major component of the diet of the otterLutra lutrain several areas of its wide geographic range. Yet, amphibian remains are rarely identified to species level and therefore information on the diversity of this food resource is generally scarce.The aims of this study were: 1) to assess the overall pattern and trends in the use of amphibians as a resource by otters at the range scale, and 2) to highlight current knowledge on the diversity of amphibians taken as prey by otters. Additionally, we carried out osteological identification of amphibian remains in otter spraints (faeces) from southern Italy, with the aim of demonstrating how this method may improve our knowledge on predator–prey relationships.The frequency of occurrence of amphibians in 64 dietary studies averaged 12%. Predation of amphibians by otters increased with longitude and was the highest in the Alpine biogeographical region. Predation by otters was reported on 28 amphibian species (35% of European species). Peaks in their frequency of use were reported for all seasons, mostly in winter and spring. In southern Italy, we identified 355 individuals belonging to at least seven amphibian taxa (64% of available species;Rana italica,Rana dalmatina/italica, Pelophylaxkl.bergeri/hispanicus, Hyla intermedia, Bufo bufo, Bufotes balearicus, andLissotriton italicus), and pointed out male‐biased predation within the Order Anura (frogs).We conclude that the contribution of amphibians to the richness of the otter's prey community is far higher than commonly perceived, and that osteological analyses allow the detailed investigation of the feeding behaviour of this top predator of freshwater habitats.
The chlorine isotope composition of iron meteorites: Evidence for the Cl isotope composition of the solar nebula and implications for extensive devolatilization during planet formation
Authors: Gargano Anthony , Sharp Zachary 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe bulk chlorine concentrations and isotopic compositions of a suite of non‐carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) iron meteorites were measured using gas source mass spectrometry. The δ37Cl values of magmatic irons range from −7.2 to 18.0‰ versus standard mean ocean chloride and are unrelated to their chlorine concentrations, which range from 0.3 to 161 ppm. Nonmagmatic IAB irons are comparatively Cl‐rich containing >161 ppm with δ37Cl values ranging from −6.1 to −3.2‰. The anomalously high and low δ37Cl values are inconsistent with a terrestrial source, and as Cl contents in magmatic irons are largely consistent with derivation from a chondrite‐like silicate complement, we suggest that Cl is indigenous to iron meteorites. Two NC irons, Cape York and Gibeon, have high cooling rates with anomalously high δ37Cl values of 13.4 and 18.0‰. We interpret these high isotopic compositions to result from Cl degassing during the disruption of their parent bodies, consistent with their low volatile contents (Ga, Ge, Ag). As no relevant mechanisms in iron meteorite parent bodies are expected to decrease δ37Cl values, whereas volatilization is known to increase δ37Cl values by the preferential loss of light isotopes, we interpret the low isotope values of <−5‰ and down to −7.2‰ to most closely represent the primordial isotopic composition of Cl in the solar nebula. Similar conclusions have been derived from low δ37Cl values down to −6, and −3.8‰ measured in Martian and Vestan meteorites, respectively. These low δ37Cl values are in contrast to those of chondrites which average around 0‰ previously explained by the incorporation of isotopically heavy HCl clathrate into chondrite parent bodies. The poor retention of low δ37Cl values in many differentiated planetary materials suggest that extensive devolatilization occurred during planet formation, which can explain Earth's high δ37Cl value by the loss of approximately 60% of the initial Cl content.