bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overrepresentation of Injection Drug Use Route of Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Long-term Nonprogressors: A Nationwide, Retrospective Cohort Study in China, 1989–2016
Authors: Han Jing , Wu Zunyou , McGoogan Jennifer M , Mao Yurong , Tang Houlin , Li Jian , Zhao Yan , Jin Cong , Detels Roger , Brookmeyer Ron , Lima Viviane D , Montaner Julio S G 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Why some persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) progress quickly and others remain “healthy” for a decade or more without treatment remains a fundamental question of HIV pathology. We aimed to assess the epidemiological characteristics of HIV long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) based on a cohort of PLWH in China observed between 1989 and 2016.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide, retrospective cohort study among Chinese PLWH with HIV diagnosed before 1 January 2008. Records were extracted from China’s national HIV/AIDS database on 30 June 2016. LTNPs were defined as those with AIDS-free, antiretroviral therapy–naive survival, with CD4 cell counts consistently ≥500/μL for ≥8 years after diagnosis. Prevalence was calculated, characteristics were described, and determinants were assessed by means of logistic regression. Potential sources of bias were also investigated.

Results
Our cohort included 89 201 participants, of whom 1749 (2.0%) were categorized as LTNPs. The injection drug use (IDU) route of infection was reported by 70.7% of LTNPs, compared with only 37.1% of non-LTNPs. The odds of LTNP status were greater among those infected via IDU (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.28 [1.94–2.68]) and with HIV diagnosed in settings with large populations of persons who inject drugs (1.75 [1.51–2.02] for detention centers, 1.61 [1.39–1.87] for Yunnan, 1.94 [1.62–2.31] for Guangdong, and 2.90 [2.09–4.02] for Xinjiang).

Conclusions
Overrepresentation of the IDU route of infection among LTNPs is a surprising finding worthy of further study, and this newly defined cohort may be particularly well suited to exploration of the molecular biological mechanisms underlying HIV long-term nonprogression.
APPLICATION OF THE FOREST SHIELDING FACTOR TO THE MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD EXPECTATION MAXIMIZATION METHOD FOR AIRBORNE RADIATION MONITORING
Authors: Sasaki M , Sanada Y , Yamamoto A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The maximum-likelihood expectation maximization (ML-EM) method is expected to improve the accuracy of airborne radiation monitoring using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The accuracy of the ML-EM method depends on various parameters, including detector efficiency, attenuation factor, and shielding factor. In this study, we evaluate the shielding factor of trees based on several field radiation measurements. From the actual measurement, the shielding factors were well correlated with the heights of the trees. The evaluated shielding factors were applied to the ML-EM method in conjunction with the measured data obtained from above the Fukushima forest. Compared with the conventional methods used for calculating the dose rate, the proposed method is found to be more reliable.
Warm-season annual forages in forage-finishing beef systems: I. Forage yield and quality
Authors: Harmon Deidre D , Hancock Dennis W , Stewart Robert L , Lacey Jenna L , Mckee Robert W , Hale John D , Thomas Chevise L , Ford Elyse , Segers Jacob R , Teutsch Chris D , Stelzleni Alexander M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The demand for a year-round supply of fresh, locally grown, forage-finished beef products has created a need for forage-finishing strategies during the summer months in the southeast. A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate four warm-season annual forages in a southeastern forage-finishing beef production system. Treatments were four forage species and included brown-midrib sorghum × sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor var. bicolor*bicolor var. sudanense; BMR), sorghum × sudangrass (SS), pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.; PM], or pearl millet planted with crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.; PMCG]. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Pastures (0.81 ha, experimental unit) were assigned to one of four forage treatments, subdivided, and rotationally stocked with a variable stocking density. British-cross beef steers (n = 32; 3-yr average: 429 ± 22 kg) grazed for 70, 63, and 56 d in 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively. Put-and-take animals were used to maintain a forage allowance of 116 kg forage dry matter /100 kg body weight. Forage mass was measured by clipping a 4.3-m2 area in triplicate on d 0 and on 14-d intervals. Hand grab samples for forage nutritive value determination and quadrat clippings for species compositions were measured on d 0 and on 34-d intervals until termination of the trial. Forage mass was lowest (P &lt; 0.01) for PMCG at the initiation of the grazing trial, whereas BMR was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than SS at wk 6. Total digestible nutrients in 2014 were greater for SS compared to BMR and PM at the middle harvest (P &lt; 0.01) and BMR, PM, and PMCG at the final harvest (P &lt; 0.01). At the middle and final harvests in both 2015 and 2016, PM and PMCG contained greater (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of crude protein than SS. These results suggest that BMR, SS, PM, and PMCG may all be used in southeastern forage-finishing beef production systems, as long as the producer strategically accounts for the slight growth and nutritive value differences throughout the season.
The Trial of Convoy PQ17 and the Royal Navy in Post-War British Cultural Memory
Authors: Houghton Frances 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article explores the 1970 case of Broome v. Cassell & Co. in which an elderly wartime naval officer was awarded unprecedented damages for defamation in David Irving’s account of the sinking of wartime Allied convoy PQ17 in 1942. The article examines the discourses and images deployed in this landmark British libel action, as a means of analysing how cultural memories of convoy PQ17 and the wartime Royal Navy were shaped and transmitted in post-war Britain. It is argued here that the trial offers a prism through which to explore wider anxieties that the generation who fought the Second World War held during the late 1960s. It maps how contemporary generational tensions, fears of national decline, and concerns about distorted cultural representations of war in Britain were embedded into the trial. This libel case thus became invested with considerable cultural significance among an ageing community of wartime survivors who were intent upon safeguarding wider memories of ‘their’ war.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor in a Child with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Rare Association
Authors: Gupta Aman , Bhattarai Dharmagat , Thapa Bishnu Kumar , Parkhi Mayur , Vignesh Pandiarajan , Vasishta Rakesh K , Tripathi Manjul , Vyas Sameer , Gupta Anju 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are reported to have various malignancies, most common being Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Despite higher risk of malignancies, brain tumors are infrequently described in these children. We report Primitive Neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in a young boy with HIV infection. PNET has never been described in association with HIV infection. Though a causative association cannot be established, it does emphasize that with longer survivals on effective antiretroviral therapy, we may see a wide range of malignancies more frequently.
Why viruses sometimes disperse in groups†
Authors: Sanjuán Rafael , Thoulouze María-Isabel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany organisms disperse in groups, yet this process is understudied in viruses. Recent work, however, has uncovered different types of collective infectious units, all of which lead to the joint delivery of multiple viral genome copies to target cells, favoring co-infections. Collective spread of viruses can occur through widely different mechanisms, including virion aggregation driven by specific extracellular components, cloaking inside lipid vesicles, encasement in protein matrices, or binding to cell surfaces. Cell-to-cell viral spread, which allows the transmission of individual virions in a confined environment, is yet another mode of clustered virus dissemination. Nevertheless, the selective advantages of dispersing in groups remain poorly understood in most cases. Collective dispersal might have emerged as a means of sharing efficacious viral transmission vehicles. Alternatively, increasing the cellular multiplicity of infection may confer certain short-term benefits to viruses, such as overwhelming antiviral responses, avoiding early stochastic loss of viral components required for initiating infection, or complementing genetic defects present in different viral genomes. However, increasing infection multiplicity may also entail long-term costs, such as mutation accumulation and the evolution of defective particles or other types of cheater viruses. These costs and benefits, in turn, should depend on the genetic relatedness among collective infectious unit members. Establishing the genetic basis of collective viral dispersal and performing controlled experiments to pinpoint fitness effects at different spatial and temporal scales should help us clarify the implications of these spread modes for viral fitness, pathogenicity, and evolution.
The NIH Minimal Dataset for Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Dutmer Alisa L. , Reneman Michiel F. , Schiphorst Preuper Henrica R. , Wolff André P. , Speijer Bert L. , Soer Remko 
Published: May 2019

Study Design.
Prospective cohort study.

Objective.
To analyze responsiveness and minimal clinically important change (MCIC) of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) minimal dataset for chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Summary of Background Data.
The NIH minimal dataset is a 40-item questionnaire developed to increase use of standardized definitions and measures for CLBP. Longitudinal validity of the total minimal dataset and the subscale Impact Stratification are unknown.

Methods.
Total outcome scores on the NIH minimal dataset, Dutch Language Version, were calculated ranging from 0 to 100 points with higher scores representing worse functioning. Responsiveness and MCIC were determined with an anchor-based method, calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) and by determining the optimal cut-off point. Smallest detectable change (SDC) was calculated as a parameter of measurement error.

Results.
In total 223 patients with CLBP were included. Mean total score on the NIH minimal dataset was 44 ± 14 points at baseline. The total outcome score was responsive to change with an AUC of 0.84. MCIC was 14 points with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity 82%, and SDC was 23 points. Mean total score on Impact Stratification (scale 8–50) was 34.4 ± 7.4 points at baseline, with an AUC of 0.91, an MCIC of 7.5 with a sensitivity 96% of and specificity of 78%, and an SDC of 14 points.

Conclusion.
The longitudinal validity of the NIH minimal dataset is adequate. An improvement of 14 points in total outcome score and 7.5 points in Impact Stratification can be interpreted as clinically important in individual patients. However, MCIC depends on baseline values and the method that is chosen to determine the optimal cut-off point. Furthermore, measurement error is larger than the MCIC. This means that individual change scores should be interpreted with caution.

Level of Evidence: 2
Exploring Slow Release Oral Morphine (SROM) As a Transition Bridge for Medium to High Doses of Methadone Conversion to Buprenorphine/Naloxone Sublingual: A Calgary Concept and Approach
Authors: Ghosh S. Monty , Vezina Lydia , Yu Alvis , Jariwala Abhishek , Lim Ronald , Tanguay Robert 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTRésumé

Introduction:
Buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual (SL) has recently become the first-line treatment in the management of opioid use disorder. Due to a legacy effect, numerous individuals have been on methadone for an extended period of time, on high doses, and are hesitant to try buprenorphine/naloxone SL due to difficulties in getting into adequate withdrawal for induction due to methadone's prolonged half-life.

Case presentation:
We present 2 cases in which slow release oral morphine was utilized to help convert individuals successfully from methadone to buprenorphine/naloxone SL.

Management and outcomes:
Patients were successfully transitioned with minimal withdrawal concerns, cravings, and adverse effects.

Discussion:
The Calgary slow release oral morphine transition approach presented herein provides a novel, relevant, and reliable way to transition patients from high dose methadone to buprenorphine/naloxone SL in an outpatient setting.

Introduction:
La buprénorphine / naloxone sublinguale (SL) est récemment devenue le traitement de première ligne dans la gestion des troubles de la consommation d’opioïdes. En raison de l’effet de conséquence, de nombreuses personnes ayant pris de la méthadone pendant une période prolongée, à des doses élevées, hésitent à essayer la buprénorphine / naloxone SL en raison de la difficulté d’obtenir un sevrage adéquat pour l’induction en raison de l’effet d’une utilisation prolongée de la méthadone.

Présentation de cas:
Nous présentons deux cas dans lesquels la morphine orale à libération prolongée (SROM) a été utilisée pour aider à sevrer avec succès des individus de la méthadone en buprénorphine / naloxone SL.

Gestion et résultats:
Les patients ont réussi la transition avec des problèmes légers de sevrage, d’envies et autres effets indésirables minimes.

Discussion:
L’approche de transition SROM de Calgary ici présentée offre un moyen novateur, pertinent et fiable pour aider les patients à faire la transition de la méthadone à forte dose à la buprénorphine / naloxone SL en consultation externe.
Adult-Onset Still Disease Presenting With Dermatomyositis-Like Persistent Pruritic Lesions
Authors: Qiao Jianjun , Pan Yunlei , Li Sheng , Tang Shunli , Zheng Siting , Zhu Dingxian , Sun Chuanyin , Fang Hong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:
Adult-onset Still disease (AOSD) is a rare autoinflammatory condition. The presence of an evanescent, salmon-pink, nonpruritic rash is one of the major diagnostic criteria for the disease. The rash occurs with fever and subsides with defervescence. The presence of dyskeratotic keratinocytes in the upper one-third layer of the epidermis is a distinctive histopathological feature of persistent pruritic lesions associated with AOSD. Here, we report 2 cases of AOSD characterized by persistent pruritic lesions resembling those observed in dermatomyositis. Identifying the clinical and histopathological manifestation of the cutaneous lesions is essential for the early diagnosis of AOSD and for differentiating this condition from those presenting with dyskeratotic cells in the epidermis.
Promyelocytic Differentiation in Infiltrates of Prurigo Pigmentosa: An Analogy to Histiocytoid Sweet Syndrome
Authors: Pirrone Johanna , Böer-Auer Almut 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:
Prurigo pigmentosa (PP) is a rare inflammatory dermatosis of unknown etiology. Young women are affected most commonly. Clinically, heavily itchy papules erupt mainly on the trunk healing with residual reticulate pigmentation. Histopathologic descriptions of PP are somewhat controversial. First, PP was reported as lichenoid-interface dermatitis, and later, neutrophils were recognized as the characteristic feature, and the variation in histopathologic patterns was interpreted as a time-dependent phenomenon. Immunohistochemical studies on PP are rare. Biopsies of 5 patients with clinically typical PP were examined histopathologically, and infiltrates were characterized immunohistochemically: myeloperoxidase, CD11c, CD68, CD4, CD8, tryptase, and langerin. In all cases, myeloperoxidase-positive cells with band forms of nuclei and with histiocytoid cytomorphology were identified. They were seen in the epidermis (4/5) and in the dermal infiltrate (5/5). On staining with CD11c, myeloid dendritic cells could be demonstrated in the infiltrate (5/5). In conclusion, myeloid progenitor cells are part of the infiltrate in PP, and they may sometimes be more numerous than mature neutrophils, akin to the situation in histiocytoid Sweet syndrome. This supports the classification of PP as a “neutrophilic dermatosis.” In biopsies of suspected PP in which mature neutrophils are sparse, the section should be searched for neutrophilic band forms and histiocytoid promyelocytic cells. Immunohistochemical staining with myeloperoxidase helps to identify such cells and may enable a diagnosis of PP even when mature neutrophils are few.
Autologous Fat Grafting Restores Soft-tissue Contour Deformities after Vascular Anomaly Surgery
Authors: O Teresa Minjung , Chan Kimberly , Brennan Tara , Roden Dylan , Shamouelian David , Chung Ho Yun , Waner Milton 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Soft-tissue loss is expected after resection of large vascular lesions. Autologous fat transfer improves asymmetries; however, systematic outcomes are not previously described for vascular anomaly reconstruction.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review from 2012 to 2015 included patients receiving autologous fat transfers for soft-tissue defects during or following vascular anomaly surgery at a tertiary care center. Patients received dermal en bloc fat grafts, lipoaspirates, or both. Pre- and postoperative photographs were blindly reviewed by 3 facial plastic surgeons using a 5-point scale. Dermal abdominal en bloc fat grafts were placed immediately after excision of a vascular anomaly. Lipoaspirate fat grafting was performed using liposuction (modified Coleman technique) and centrifugation. The effectiveness of fat transfers was assessed using patients’ photographs. Final follow-up was 6 months to 5 years.

Results:
There were 35 autologous fat transfer surgeries in 27 patients. Fourteen patients received en bloc dermal fat grafts (14 total), 13 lipoaspirate transfers (21 total), and 3 both. Ages ranged from 2 to 69 years (mean = 25 years). Majority of patients (81%) had head and neck lesions. Average volume of fat injected was 16.5 mL (range 0.8–100 mL). The average observer rating score was 2.45 [1–5 (5-point scale)] in the en bloc fat graft group versus 3.83 in the lipoaspirate group (P < 0.0001) with acceptable inter-rater reliability between 3 observers (coefficient of concordance = 0.76). Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 5 years. There were 2 complications in the dermal fat graft group and none in the lipoaspirate group.

Conclusions:
Autologous fat transfer improves symmetry and scarring after surgical treatment of vascular anomalies. Fat grafting is permanent and reliable and creates a more symmetric soft-tissue contour compared with dermal fat grafts.
Bone Transport Distraction Osteogenesis in the Reconstruction of Pediatric Posttraumatic Calvarial Defects
Authors: Elbanoby Tarek , Aly Gaber M. , Abdelfattah Usama , Choi Jong-Woo , Power Hollie A. , Abd El Fattah Yasser A. 
Published: May 2019

Summary:
Reconstruction of posttraumatic calvarial bone defects in pediatric patients is a challenge due to the growing brain and limited autogenous bone supply. Traditional techniques such as split calvarial and particulate bone grafts are associated with prolonged operative time and significant blood loss, which is a major concern in children under the age of 3 years. Bone transport distraction osteogenesis has proven efficacy and safety in the reconstruction of other craniofacial deformities. This procedure is less invasive and requires shorter operative times and hospital stay. We report our experience with 2 cases of bone transport distraction osteogenesis for the reconstruction of large posttraumatic calvarial defects in pediatric patients.
Innovative Surgical Approaches and Selection Criteria of Large Acne Keloidalis Nuchae Lesions
Authors: Umar Sanusi , David Consuelo V. , Castillo Jason R. , Queller Jenna , Sandhu Sophia 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Acne keloidalis nuchae is a debilitating condition mainly affecting the occipital region or nape of the neck. Surgical approaches are limited in aesthetic outcomes. Three innovative surgical approaches based on selection criteria are presented for enhanced and more predictable wound healing and posterior hairline cosmesis.

Methods:
“Bat excision” and secondary intention healing are shown for 2 of 37 representative patients and confined to the area between the occipital protuberance superiorly and posterior hairline inferiorly. Lesions with ≤3 cm vertical width were required to be in the lower one-half portion of this zone. The same procedure was aided by the use of tension sutures for lesions with >3 cm vertical width area within the defined zone. It was also suitable for breaches of the 2 horizontal lines defined above but generally located in the nuchal area. Debridement of premature epithelizing granulation tissue is shown in 2 additional patients.

Results:
Use of these procedures with debridement in selected patients allowed fine control over the hairline shape and resulted in narrower scars. The mean maximum sagittal width of excised lesions was 5.4 cm. Excised lesion width ≥6.5 cm was highly predictive of >2.5 cm wide scar (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
Innovative procedures based on selection criteria can extend the approach of acne keloidalis nuchae excision with secondary intention healing to better control the final hairline shape and minimize scarring.
Plastic Surgery Medical Tourism in Colombia: A Review of 658 International Patients and 1,796 Cosmetic Surgery Procedures
Authors: Campbell Christopher Alexander , Restrepo Carolina , Navas Genesis , Vergara Ileyna , Peluffo Laura 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Cosmetic surgery is at the forefront of a $60 billion medical tourism industry. Patients are now able to research options globally through the internet, and increasing numbers are seeking improved service, quality, and value through surgery overseas. This study examines 658 consecutive patients receiving 1,796 cosmetic surgery procedures at a private plastic surgery practice in Cartagena, Colombia.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 658 consecutive international patients receiving cosmetic surgery at a private plastic surgery practice in Cartagena, Colombia.

Results:
Patients traveled to Colombia from 34 different countries spread across 6 continents. Ninety percent of patients came from North America. Patients from the United States represented 38 states and the District of Columbia, and Canadian patients represented 7 provinces. Eighty-three percent of patients were women and 90% were between the age of 20 and 54. The 658 patients in this study had a total of 1,796 cosmetic surgery procedures, involving 5,456 surgical sites. Seventy-two percent of patients received combination procedures with an average of 2.7 procedures per patient. Ninety-nine percent of cases were performed under general anesthesia and 100% were performed in an accredited hospital.

Conclusions:
Our data highlight trends defining plastic surgery medical tourism. Our data indicate that traveling for surgery is widely appealing, with women and men from diverse backgrounds traveling to Colombia from all over the world for a variety of procedures.