bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
اللغة العربية ومتطلبات تدريسها الاجتماعية والثقافية "قراءة تحليلية للغة في السياق المعرفي لسوسيولوجية اللغة والتعليم"
Authors: عرعور مليكة محمد 
Published: September 2019

The problem of the study revolves around the most important tool in building human knowledge, and the most important means of understanding and friction among the members of the society to practice life or knowledge in all fields of social life and to meet their needs and determine how to satisfy them. The question on which this study is based is: How to link Arabic language education to its social and cultural dimensions?
The importance of the topic lies in uncovering the profound historical and social links of the language to achieve an integrated, dynamic and dynamic social and cultural structure that will add to the teaching of the Arabic language associated with the teaching of Arabic culture.This research was based on the descriptive descriptive approach,The study reached the following results:The need to learn Arabic language interspersed with the culture of society ,Linking the linguistic studies of the Arabic language studies Socio-anthropological
تقويم متعلمي اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها في ضوء الكفايات المطلوبة منهم
Authors: السلمي ميمون بن أحمد 
Published: September 2019

The improvement of Non native Arabic learners and the required adequacies needed for improvement are linked, also with the outcomes and previously stated adequacies; hence the effect of these adeqaucies or ineffect are built upon the improvement of the learners.
The outcome of this study is to famaliarise ourselves with the required adeqaucies needed to ground a Non native Arabic speaker in the language, the methods used for improvement in the light if these adequacies, for this a descriptive method of research was used.
The research concluded: The goal of teaching the Arabic Language to Non native speakers was grounding them in the adequacies of linguistics, communication, culture, with a concordance between learner improvement according to the previously mentioned three adequacies, language activities playing a role in appraisals and enhancement of the adequacies, and examinations of all kinds being a part of learner improvement and not the only method used in development.
PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR SINTAKSIS ARAB 2 (NAHWU 2) DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL BUDAYA LOKAL BERBASIS WISATA NUSANTARA PADA PERGURUAN TINGGI
Authors: Ch Hendrawanto , Susilowati Indri 
Published: September 2019

Pendidikan karakter mestinya berbasis pada budaya sendiri, yaitu berupa penggalian nilai-nilai luhur yang ada dalam kearifan lokal. Nilai-nilai karakter yang di intenalisasikan melali karakter sebaiknya diambil melalui nilai luhur dan budaya lokal sebagai dasar dan basis pendidikan karakter. Hal ini sejalan dengan rekomendasi UNESCO tahu 2009.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriftif kuantitatif penelti hendak memaparkan hasil penelitian pengembangan bahan ajar Sintaksis Arab 2 (nahwu 2) dengan pendekatan kontekstual budaya local yang bertemakan Wisata Nusantara untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berbahasa Arab pada mahasiswa prodi Pendidikan bahasa Arab UNJ.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan pada pengembangan bahan ajar ini maka terdapat beberapa aspek penilaian dari para penguji ahli dengan penilaian sebagai berikut: penilaian dari ahli materi 82, 8 Ùª, ahli bahasa 85,8 Ùª, ahli media 83,85 Ùª. Dari ketiga ahli tersebut didapatkan nilai rata-rata 84, 15 Ùªyang berarti bahan ajar sintaksis Arab 2 dengan pendekatan kontekstual budaya local yang bertemakan Wisata Nusantara mendapatkan nilai dengan kriteria baik dan layak digunakan dalam pengajaran sistaksis arab 2 di perguruan tinggi.
The Effect of Intonation Diagram on Results of Reading Aloud Learning for Students of Arabic Educational Language, Universitas Negeri Jakarta.
Authors: Ch Hendrawanto , Fauziah Siti Ulfa 
Published: September 2019

The aim of this research is to know the effect of intonation diagram on results of learning reading aloud for students of Arabic Educational Language Study Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
The used method for this research is an experimental method, and the samples were taken from the students of Arabic Educational Language 2018 from class A, B, C, and D. The population were 108 students, 56 students in an experimental group, while 52 students in control group
The researcher found a positive effect after doing the research of the learning results on reading aloud on students of Arabic Educational Language with intonation diagram. The conclusion of this research based on this final data: The test results show that the value of T calculated obtain from 0,05 is (3,3) and the value of the T table (1,685) for the degree of freedom (dk=106). Because of the obtained T calculated bigger than the value of the T table, then the hypothesis is 0 (H0) rejected and the research hypothesis (H1) accepted.
Based on the data, it shows that the effect of intonation diagram on reading aloud learning has a positive effect on Arabic Educational Language Study Program, which is one of the learning media that can improve the reading aloud learning of Arabic Educational Language Study Program students.
اللغة العربية لغة تواصل مشترك بين الشعوب: ( التواصل الأدبي والنقدي أنموذجا).
Authors: بن أحمد السبت عبد الرحمن 
Published: September 2019

تمثل اللغة العربية مكانة كبيرة بين اللغات العالمية، فهي إحدى اللغات الست التي خصصت لها منظمة اليونسكو يوما عالميا للاحتفاء بها، مما يزيد من أهميتها، ووجوب الاعتناء بها، وإقبال الشعوب على تعلمها، وجعلها حلقة وصل فيما بينها.

مشكلة البحث: يعالج البحث مشكلة التواصل اللغوي بين الشعوب، ومن أجل إيجاد وسائل فعّالة في تعليم اللغة العربية وتنميتها لدى المتلقين، وخاصة عند الناطقين بغيرها.
الهدف من البحث: يهدف البحث إلى ذكر أهم الأساليب والطرق التي تساعد على التواصل اللغوي المشترك بين الشعوب، وخاصة في مجال الأدب والنقد، سعيا إلى نشر لغة القرآن الكريم بين شعوب العالم.
منهج البحث: اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي، وذلك من خلال وصف أبرز الأساليب التي تساعد على نشر اللغة العربية بين شعوب العالم.

وقد خلص البحث إلى وجود أساليب وطرق متنوعة عديدة منها المباشر، ومنها غير المباشر، ومن المملكن أن تستثمر في سبيل نشر اللغة العربية بين شعوب العالم باعتبار عالمية هذه اللغة، ومن أهمها ما يلي:
الأمسيات الشعرية التي تثري اللغة لدى المتلقي، وتجعله بصيرا بتذوق لغة عالية المستوى، وكذلك اللقاءات الثقافية العامة، وخاصة التي تتركز على اللغة العربية؛ ليتداول الحضور الموضوعات اللغوية من نواحي متعددة، كما أن للمؤتمرات والندوات الأدبية أثرا بالغا في تواصل أبناء الشعوب وإفادة بعضهم من بعض للحفاظ على العربية، بالإضافة إلى المعارض الدولية التي تقيمها الجهات الحكومية، والمؤسسات الخاصة، وخاصة معارض الكتب الدولية، وما فيها من لقاءات تثري الملكة اللغوية، وتنميها، وتحافظ عليها، أما فيما يتعلق بشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي، وما يطرح فيها من مسائل لغوية أدبية، فهي وسيلة فعالة سريعة التأثير لدى المتلقين.
Ù…ÙØµÙ’Ø·ÙŽÙ„ÙŽØ­Ù‹" Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙØªÙ’Ø±Ùƒ " Ø¹ÙÙ†Ù’Ø¯ÙŽ Ø§Ù„Ø¥ÙÙ…ÙŽØ§Ù…Ù Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽ Ù‚ÙØ·Ù’Ù†ÙÙŠ Ø¯ÙØ±ÙŽØ§Ø³Ø©Ù‹ ÙˆØªÙŽØ·Ù’Ø¨ÙÙŠÙ’Ù‚Ø§Ù‹
Authors: Ahmed Altahfi Ahmed Eid 
Published: September 2019

ØªÙ†Ø§ÙˆÙ„Øª ÙÙŠ Ù‡Ø°Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø©ØŒ Ù…ØµØ·Ù„Ø­ " Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙØªÙ’Ø±Ùƒ " Ø¹Ù†Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ù‘ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽÙ‚Ø·Ù†ÙŠÙ‘ØŒ Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© ØªØ·Ø¨ÙŠÙ‚ÙŠØ©ØŒ ÙˆØªØ¹Ø±Ø¶Øª ÙÙŠÙ‡Ø§ØŒ Ù„ØªØ±Ø¬Ù…Ø© Ù…ÙˆØ¬Ø²Ø© Ù„Ù„Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ù‘ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽÙ‚Ø·Ù†ÙŠÙ‘ØŒ ÙˆØ¨ÙŠÙ†Øª Ù…Ø±Ø§Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ù… Ù…Ù† Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ù…ØµØ·Ù„Ø­ØŒ Ù…Ù† Ø®Ù„Ø§Ù„ ØªÙØ³ÙŠØ± Ø§Ù„Ø£Ø¦Ù…Ø© Ù…Ù† Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ù‡ØŒ Ù…Ø¹ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‚Ø§Ø±Ù†Ø© Ø¨Ø£Ù‚ÙˆØ§Ù„ Ø§Ù„Ù†Ù‚Ø§Ø¯ ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙŠØŒ ÙˆØ¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© Ù†Ù…ÙˆØ°Ø¬ Ù…Ù† Ù…Ø±ÙˆÙŠØ§ØªÙ‡ Ø¹Ù†Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø­Ø§Ø¬Ø©ØŒ ÙˆÙˆØµÙ„Øª Ø¥Ù„Ù‰ Ø­ÙƒÙ… ÙˆØ§Ø¶Ø­ ÙÙŠÙ‡ Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ø³Ø© Ø§Ù„Ù†Ù‚Ø¯ÙŠØ© Ù„ÙƒÙ„ Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙØŒ ÙˆÙ‚Ø¯ ØªØ¨ÙŠÙ† Ø£Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø¥Ù…Ø§Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ù‘ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽÙ‚Ø·Ù†ÙŠÙ‘ØŒ ÙŠØ·Ù„Ù‚ Ù‡Ø°Ø§ Ø§Ù„Ù…ØµØ·Ù„Ø­ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø°ÙŠ ÙŠØ¹ØªØ¨Ø± Ø¨Ø­Ø¯ÙŠØ«Ù‡ØŒ ÙˆÙ‡Ù… Ù…ØªÙØ§ÙˆØªÙˆÙ† ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø§Ø¹ØªØ¨Ø§Ø± Ø¨ÙŠÙ† Ù…Ø±Ø§ØªØ¨Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ø«Ù„Ø§Ø«Ø©ØŒ ÙÙ…Ù†Ù‡Ù… ØµØ§Ù„Ø­ Ø§Ù„Ø­Ø¯ÙŠØ« ÙÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ø¬Ù…Ù„Ø©ØŒ ÙˆÙ…Ù†Ù‡Ù… Ù…Ù† ÙÙŠ Ø­Ø¯ÙŠØ«Ù‡ Ù„ÙŠÙ†ØŒ ÙˆÙ…Ù†Ù‡Ù… Ø§Ù„Ø¶Ø¹ÙŠÙ Ø¶Ø¹ÙÙ‹Ø§ Ù…Ø­ØªÙ…Ù„Ù‹Ø§ Ø¨Ø³Ø¨Ø¨ Ø§Ù„Ø®Ø·Ø£ØŒ Ø£Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù‡ÙˆØŒ Ø£Ùˆ ØºÙŠØ±Ù‡Ù…Ø§ Ù…Ù…Ø§ Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙØªÙ’Ø±Ùƒ Ø­Ø¯ÙŠØ« Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙŠ Ø¨Ø§Ù„ÙƒÙ„ÙŠØ© Ø¨Ø³Ø¨Ø¨Ù‡ØŒ ÙˆÙÙŠ Ù…Ø¹Ø±ÙØ© Ù…Ø±ØªØ¨Ø© ÙƒÙ„ Ø±Ø§Ùˆ ÙØ§Ø¦Ø¯Ø© Ø¬Ù„ÙŠÙ„Ø© Ø¹Ù†Ø¯ Ø§Ù„ØªØ±Ø¬ÙŠØ­ Ø¨ÙŠÙ† Ù…Ø§ Ø¸Ø§Ù‡Ø±Ù‡ Ø§Ù„ØªØ¹Ø§Ø±Ø¶ Ù…Ù† Ø§Ù„Ø±ÙˆØ§ÙŠØ§Øª ØŒÙˆØ¬Ù…ÙŠØ¹Ù‡Ù… Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙ‚Ø¨Ù„ Ù…Ù†Ù‡Ù… Ø§Ù„ØªÙØ±Ø¯ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ø®Ø§Ù„Ù Ù…Ù† Ù‡Ùˆ Ø£ÙˆÙ„Ù‰ Ù…Ù†Ù‡ØŒ ÙˆÙ‚Ø¯ Ø£Ø´Ø§Ø± Ø§Ù„Ø­Ø§ÙØ¸ Ø§Ù„Ø¯Ù‘ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽÙ‚Ø·Ù†ÙŠÙ‘ Ø¥Ù„Ù‰ Ø°Ù„Ùƒ Ø¨Ø¥Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© ÙˆØµÙ Ù„Ù„Ø±Ø§ÙˆÙŠ Ù…Ø¹ Ù‚ÙˆÙ„Ù‡ " Ù„Ø§ÙŠÙØªÙ’Ø±Ùƒ " ÙŠØ¯Ù„ Ø¹Ù„Ù‰ Ø­Ø§Ù„Ù‡.
ÙƒÙ„Ù…Ø§Øª Ø§Ù„Ø±Ø¦ÙŠØ³ÙŠØ© : Ù…ÙØµÙ’Ø·ÙŽÙ„ÙŽØ­Ù‹" Ù„Ø§ ÙŠÙØªÙ’Ø±Ùƒ "ØŒ Ø§Ù„Ø¥ÙÙ…ÙŽØ§Ù…Ù Ø§Ù„Ø¯ÙŽØ§Ø±ÙŽ Ù‚ÙØ·Ù’Ù†ÙÙŠØŒ Ø¯ÙØ±ÙŽØ§Ø³Ø©Ù‹ ÙˆØªÙŽØ·Ù’Ø¨ÙÙŠÙ’Ù‚Ø§Ù‹
Abstract
This study displayed a biography of Imam Al-Daraqutni, and through the explanation of scholars after him, with comparing the words of the critics on the narrator, this research studying an example of his narrations after the critical study for each narrators. Imam Al-Daraqutni calls this term on the narrator who is considered by his narration. They are three different ranks in consideration; some of them have a valid narration in general, some are weak who have possible weakness because of error or mission or other things that their narration isn't abandoned totally for those reasons. There is great benefit in cognition ranks of consideration when outbalancing the apparent discordance of narrations. And exclusivity is not accepted from all of them if they contradicted the narrators who have priority over them. Al-Hafiz Al-Daraqutni has mentioned a description of the narrator in addition to his saying "is not left" indicating his status.
Keywords: Imam Al-Daraqutni, Aplication Study, Hadits
Paradigma Pendidikan Agama Islam di Era Globalisasi Menuju Pendidik Profesional
Authors: Lubis Zulkifli , Anggraeni Dewi 
Published: September 2019

Islamic Education in the globalization eras makes an opportunity to fill the moral and spiritual emptiness of modern humans in another side has a challenge when its inability to respond to various crises and discussions. The era of globalization with all the elements, encourage variety of new paradigms in Islamic religious education through various types of educational components, so that Islamic education can provide the right answers to various challenges in accordance with the times. The method used in this study is a literature review, with primary sources of Islamic Education; Tradition and Modernization in the Middle of the Challenge of Millennium III. As well as Law No. 14, 2005 concerning teachers and lecturers. The results of this study conclude that to face the challenges of globalization of Islamic education requires human resources who have quality, through professional educators and have a work ethic and high commitment, have leadership spirit, become role models, motivators, broad-minded, creative and democratic. Which is illustrated through professionalism in design and learning models, planning and evaluation of learning.
Keywords: Islamic Education, Professional educators, Globalization eras.
Abstrak
Pendidikan Agama Islam di era globalisasi menjadikan peluang untuk mengisi kekosongan moral dan spiritual manusia modern disatu sisi sebagai tantangan ketika ketidak mampuannya menjawab berbagai krisis serta pembahruan yang dihadapi. Era globalisasi dengan segala unsur yang ada di dalamnya, melahirkan berbagai paradigma baru dalam pendidikan agama Islam melaui berbabagai macam kompenen pendidikan, sehingga pendidikan Agama Islam bisa memberikan jawaban yang tepat atas berbagai tantangan sesuai dengan zamannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kajian pustaka (litelatur research), dengan sumber primer Pendidikan Islam; Tradisi dan Modernisasi di Tengah Tantangan Milenium III. Serta UU No.14 Tahun 2005 mengenai guru dan dosen. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa untuk menghadapi tantangan globalisasi pendidikan Agama Islam membutuhkan SDM yang hadal dan berkualitas, lewat pendidik yang professional serta memiliki etos kerja dan komitmen yang tinggi, memiliki jiwa kepemimpinan, menjadi teladan, motivatoris, berwawasan luas, kreatif dan demokratis. Yang tergambar melaui profesionalitas dalam desain serta model pembelajara, perencanaan serta evaluasi pemeblajaran.
Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Agama Islam, Pendidik profesional, Era globalisasi
Comparison of Lanczos Decomposition Method LDM and Conventional Implicit Time-Stepping Method ITSM for Numerical Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Yilmaz Koray , Calisgan Tugce , Dilsiz Melike 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reservoir simulations constitute a cornerstone to predict the flow of fluids through porous media. Various numerical models called simulators are developed to simulate the performance of hydrocarbon reservoirs. These models are used in field development since production forecasts are necessary to make investment decisions. Nowadays, numerical simulators are widely used by reservoir engineers.
In recent times, machine learning applications have garnered the interest of the oil and gas industry due their unorthodox approach to creating complex models. The more historical data that can be provided in the training phase of the computation, the more accurate the predictions utilizing less time and computational power required by the alternative. The alternative, reservoir simulation applications, require more robust hardware for processing large amounts of data in sophisticated ways. This will require several iterations and may require long computation to validate the model. Running time for a simulation is dependent on software, which can be dependent on hardware. This creates a matrix of time and resources needed to complete simple to complicated simulations.
A few studies have proposed the use of the Lanczos decomposition method in reservoir simulation studies. The attractiveness of this method appears to be the avoidance of time stepping in simulation and allows the computation of reservoir pressures at any given time directly.
In this study, two new simulators were developed using Lanczos Decomposition Method (LDM) and Conventional Implicit Time-Stepping Method (ITSM). The study focuses on 2-D flow for slightly compressible fluid of constant viscosity with multiple wells. Derivation of the model equations was performed using the continuity equation for both methods through the use of MATLAB. The simulators were written using the MATLAB programming language. The simulators developed in this study are capable of assigning uniform and non-uniform gridblock distribution; porosity and permeability distributions, as well as developing various production and injection scenarios for single or multiple wells depending on different areas of application. Validity and accuracy of the 2D flow simulator were examined by comparing simulation results with that obtained from the commercial software called ECRIN. The results of the simulator were almost identical with the results obtained from the commercial software. During the model runs, the CPU time of the two simulators were compared. A special case was also studied for a single well with variable rate history using both ITSM and LDM written with FORTRAN.
To date, in petroleum engineering literature, there is no work published that compares the performances (in terms of computational aspects as well as CPU times) of the Lanczos method and the conventional implicit-time stepping method.
Application of Geochemical and Isotopic Tracers for Characterization of SAGD Waters in the Alberta Oil-Sand Region
Authors: Ciszkowski Christine , Ouled Ameur Zied , Forsyth Jeffrey P. J. , Nightingale Mike , Shevalier Maurice , Mayer Bernhard 
Published: September 2019

Summary
Mineral precipitation (scale) can significantly hinder production in petroleum reservoirs. This includes steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) operations used for bitumen recovery in the Athabasca oil-sand region (AOSR) of northeastern Alberta, Canada. We explored whether select geochemical and isotope tracers (δ2H, δ18O, δ11B, δ34S, δ13C, 87Sr/86Sr) in SAGD-water sources can help to improve the understanding of the dynamics of reservoir fluids and their mixing in SAGD operations that might contribute toward scale precipitation. Pore water, bottom-formation water, steam condensate, and returned emulsions (produced bitumen and water) were sampled from an SAGD reservoir in northeastern Alberta and analyzed for geochemical and isotopic parameters. The results obtained indicate distinct Na and Cl concentrations and δ18O and δ2H values for these fluid sources. Significant differences in δ13CDIC, δ11B, and δ34S values and 87Sr/86Sr ratios were observed between bottom-formation water, steam condensate, and returned-water samples and hence constitute excellent tracers for bottomwater (BW) influx.
Transcriptomic profiling identifies candidate genes involved in salt tolerance of the xerophyte Pugionium cornutum
Authors: Cui Yan-Nong , Wang Fang-Zhen , Yang Cheng-Hang , Yuan Jian-Zhen , Guo Huan , Zhang Jin-Lin , Wang Suo-Min , Ma Qing 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Pugionium cornutum is a xerophytic plant that primarily adapts to salt stress by accumulating inorganic ions (e.g., Cl-) for osmoregulation, improving its reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging ability and maintaining high photosynthetic carbon assimilation efficiency, but the associated molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. Results: Here, we present an analysis of gene responses to salt stress based on the transcriptome of P. cornutum exposed to 50 mM NaCl treatment. The data revealed that, after NaCl treatment for 6 or 24 h, the transcript levels of multiple genes encoding proteins facilitating Cl- accumulation and NO3- homeostasis such as SLAH1, CLCg, CCC1, and NPF6.4, as well as the transport of other major inorganic osmoticums were significantly upregulated in roots and shoots, which should be favorable to enhancing osmotic adjustment capacity and maintaining the plant uptake and transport of nutrient elements; a large number of genes related to ROS-scavenging pathways were also significantly upregulated, which should be beneficial for mitigating salt-induced oxidative damage to the cell metabolism. Meanwhile, many genes encoding components of the photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation enzymes were significantly upregulated in shoots after salt treatment, possibly resulting in a high carbon assimilation efficiency in P. cornutum. Additionally, numerous salt-inducible transcription factor genes probably regulating the abovementioned processes were found. Conclusion: Candidate genes involved in salt tolerance of P. cornutum were identified, which lays a preliminary foundation for clarifying the molecular mechanism of the xerophytes adapting to harsh environments.
Effects of Calcium on the Interactions of Acinetobacter baumannii with Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chen Yi , Shao Tingjun , Fang Sanhua , Pan Ping , Jiang Jiahui , Cheng Tongtong , Wan Haitong , Yu Daojun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Investigating the factors that influence Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) adhesion/invasion into host cells is important to understand its pathogenicity. Metal cations have been shown to play an important role in regulating the biofilm formation and increasing the virulence of Ab; however, the effects of calcium on host-bacterial interactions have yet to be clarified. Here, the dynamic process of the interactions between Ab and human respiratory epithelial cells and the effects of calcium on host-bacterial interactions were explored using the technologies of microscopic imaging, quantitative PCR and real time cellular analysis (RTCA).Results The concentration of calcium, multiplicity of infection and co-culture time were demonstrated to have effects on host-bacterial interactions. A unique "double peak" phenomenon changed to a sharp "single peak" phenomenon during the process of Ab infection under the effects of calcium were determined based on the time-dependent cell response profiles. Moreover, calcium can increase Ab adhesion/invasion of epithelial cells by regulating the expression of Ab-related genes ( ompA , bfmRS , abaI ).Conclusions Effective control of calcium concentrations can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of multi-drug resistant Ab.
Idiosyncratic response of yeasts, recovered from oropharyngeal lesions of HIV patients, to prophylactic antifungal agents, in South Western Uganda
Authors: Agwu Ezera - 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Although cutting edge technologies have advanced overall knowledge of microbial infections, what microorganisms will do when challenged with surface active agents is incompletely understood and understanding the characteristic uniqueness of an organism when challenged with antimicrobial agents derails antibiotic stewardship programs in resource limited settings.
T his study was therefore designed to determine the idiosyncratic in-vitro response of yeast strains, challenged with selected routine antifungal agents used for routine prophylactic management of HIV infected
Methods: A total of 304 (235 females and 69 males) patients with different conditions were recruited. The analysis performed included: cultivation on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, Corn Meal Agar, Potato Dextrose Agar, germ-tube test, chlamydospore production, test for ability to grow at 45 o C. For further morphologic identification, yeasts were grown on CHROMagar Candida medium at 37 + 2 0 C for 24-48 hours and sub-cultured on Pal’s agar. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolates were determined by the E-test stable agar gradient method (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden)
Results: The 304 (235 females and 69 males) recruited patients with different oral lesions consented to this study and 304 sample surveyed was guided by the upper limit required to give 95% level of confidence at an expected prevalence of about 74% (Agwu et al, 2008) using : Sample size (N) = Z 2 P (100-P)/D2 giving 296 samples, (Epi-info version 3.2 data-base; 1995), where Z is a constant given as (1.96), P is expected prevalence (74%), and D is acceptable error (5%). Informed consent was sought and obtained from the following: Uganda National Council of Science and Technology, Kampala International University Research and Ethics Committee, HIV patients of The AIDS Support Organizations,.
Conclusion : Candida albicans remain significantly susceptible to tested antifungal agents. Emerging dose dependent susceptibility in non albicans oropharyngeal yeast strains is interesting in this era of increasing treatment failures due to drug resistance. Pattern of resistance recorded may suggest significant contribution of yeast in the recurrent or delayed oropharyngeal lesions of HIV population studied. Sustained surveillance with MIC which impacts treatment outcome is recommended