bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updates on HIV nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis
Authors: Koyama Atsuko , Middlebrooks Lauren , Bullock Adam 
Published: April 2019

Purpose of review
Adolescents and young adults continue to contribute to new HIV infections despite improved antiretroviral regimens and HIV preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). Knowledge about nonoccupational HIV PEP (nPEP) is relevant and important for all pediatricians as adolescents present under a variety of circumstances disclosing past sexual activity.

Recent findings
nPEP is effective in preventing HIV infection, and newer regimens have been shown to increase compliance amongst users, have less side effects, and lead to less HIV resistance. Yet, research on physician prescription practices shows a lack of knowledge regarding appropriate HIV nPEP medication regimens, dosing, and follow-up recommendations. Updated national guidelines are available to providers who may be unfamiliar with indications and drug regimens for nPEP. Studies also provide different strategies to increase nPEP use and compliance among patients as well as ways to increase provider awareness of appropriate nPEP prescription.

Summary
Research of HIV nPEP shows that it is effective when used correctly, but there needs to be increased education and awareness to increase provider prescription and patient use as well as institutional changes to help patients complete the full course of medication.
Hopelessness and Other Depressive Symptoms in Adults 70 Years and Older as Predictors of All-Cause Mortality Within 3 Months After Acute Hospitalization: The Hospital-ADL Study
Authors: Reichardt Lucienne A. , Nederveen Floor E. , van Seben Rosanne , Aarden Jesse J. , van der Schaaf Marike , Engelbert Raoul H. H. , van der Esch Martin , Henstra Marieke J. , Twisk Jos W.R. , Bosch Jos A. , Buurman Bianca M. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveDepression among older adults predicts mortality after acute hospitalization. Depression is highly heterogeneous in its presentation of symptoms, whereas individual symptoms may differ in predictive value. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of individual cognitive-affective depressive symptoms during acute hospitalization and investigate the predictive value of both overall and individual cognitive-affective depressive symptoms for mortality between admission up to 3-month postdischarge among older patients.MethodsA prospective multicenter cohort study enrolled 401 acutely hospitalized patients 70 years and older (Hospitalization-Associated Disability and impact on daily Life Study). The predictive value of depressive symptoms, assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale 15, during acute hospitalization on mortality was analyzed with multiple logistic regression.ResultsThe analytic sample included 398 patients (M (SD) = 79.6 (6.6) years; 51% men). Results showed that 9.3% of participants died within 3 months, with symptoms of apathy being most frequently reported. The depression total score during hospitalization was associated with increased mortality risk (admission: odds ratio [OR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–1.3; discharge: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.2–1.4). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses yielded the finding that feelings of hopelessness during acute hospitalization were a strong unique predictor of mortality (admission: OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.8–7.4; discharge: OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 2.5–13.1). These associations were robust to adjustment for demographic factors, somatic symptoms, and medical comorbidities.ConclusionsSymptoms of apathy were most frequently reported in response to acute hospitalization. However, feelings of hopelessness about their situation were the strongest cognitive-affective predictor of mortality. These results imply that this item is important in identifying patients who are in the last phase of their lives and for whom palliative care may be important.
Asymptomatic Prostate Cancer Brain Metastases on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT
Authors: Yin Charlotte , Ho Bao , Chan Lyn , Emmett Louise 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Brain metastases from prostate cancer are rare and occur at a late stage in the natural history of the disease. Men usually present with neurological manifestations. We present a 66-year-old asymptomatic man who had incidental brain metastases detected on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, which was later confirmed on biopsy to be prostate adenocarcinoma. With newer androgen deprivation agents and improved imaging capabilities increasing the mean survival and thus the incidence of brain metastases from prostate cancer, it is important to consider this important differential not only in men who display neurological symptoms but also in men who are asymptomatic.
EnsurePlus as an Alternative to the Standardized Egg Gastric-Emptying Meal
Authors: Solnes Lilja B. , Sheikhbahaei Sara , Ziessman Harvey A. 
Published: April 2019

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to establish normal gastric-emptying values for EnsurePlus in healthy subjects and to determine whether it is an acceptable alternative to the recommended standardized 99mTc–sulfur colloid egg meal.

Methods
Twenty-one healthy subjects underwent gastric-emptying scintigraphy with 111In-DTPA EnsurePlus. Normal gastric emptying values were established for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after meal ingestion. The gastric-emptying results were compared with another group of normal subjects (n = 18) who ingested the standardized egg meal.

Results
The mean (95% upper reference limit) percentages for gastric retention for EnsurePlus were as follows: 69.9% (87.1%) at 1 hour, 35.1% (64.3%) at 2 hours, 13.5% (23.2%) at 3, and 8.9% (13.5%) at 4 hours. There were time-related differences in the gastric emptying of the EnsurePlus compared with the egg meal. In the first and second hours, there were no difference between EnsurePlus and the egg meal in terms of percentage retention (P = 0.92 at 1 hour, P = 0.05 at 2 hours). However, at 3 and 4 hours after meal ingestion, the mean percentage gastric retention of the EnsurePlus was significantly higher than the egg meal (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
EnsurePlus is a good and acceptable alternative to the standardized egg meal.
Incidental Uptake in Benign Gynecomastia on 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT
Authors: Pandika Veska , Covington Matthew F. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A 54-year-old man with mesenteric carcinoid tumor metastatic to the liver completed staging 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT demonstrating uptake in multiple hepatic lesions consistent with liver metastases with additional asymmetric increased uptake in the right greater than the left breast. Subsequent bilateral diagnostic mammogram revealed benign right greater than left gynecomastia without suspicious underlying mass. With Food and Drug Administration approval of 68Ga-DOTATATE and the increased use of this analog in neuroendocrine tumor imaging, this case illustrates a relevant example of uptake that can potentially mimic malignancy.
Association between operating room access and mortality for life-threatening general surgery emergencies
Authors: Daniel Vijaya T. , Rushing Amy P. , Ingraham Angela M. , Ricci Kevin B. , Paredes Anghela Z. , Diaz Adrian , Ayturk M. Didem , Baselice Holly E. , Strassels Scott A. , Santry Heena P. 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND
Few diseases truly require emergency surgery today. We investigated the relationship between access to operating room (OR) and outcomes for patients with life-threatening emergency general surgery (LT-EGS) diseases at US hospitals.

METHODS
In 2015, we surveyed 2,811 US hospitals on EGS practices, including how OR access is assured (e.g., OR staffing, block time). There were 1,690 (60%) hospitals that responded. We anonymously linked survey data to 2015 Statewide Inpatient Sample data (17 states) using American Hospital Association identifiers. Adults admitted with life-threatening diagnoses (e.g., necrotizing fasciitis, perforated viscus) who underwent operative intervention the same calendar day as hospital admission were included. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses, clustered by treating hospital and adjusted for patient factors, were performed to examine hospital-level OR access variables.

RESULTS
Overall, 3,620 patients were admitted with LT-EGS diseases. The median age was 63 years (interquartile range, 51–75), with half having three or more comorbidities (50%). Thirty-four percent had one or more major systemic complication, and 5% died. The majority got care at hospitals with less than 1 day of EGS block time but with policies to ensure emergency access to the OR. After adjusting for age, sex, race, insurance status, comorbidities, systemic complications, and surgical complications, we found that less presence of an in-house EGS surgeon, compared with around the clock, was associated with increased mortality (rarely/never in-house surgeon: odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.1–5.3; sometimes in-house surgeon: odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.3). In addition, after controlling for other factors, on-call overnight recovery room nurse, compared with in-house, was associated with an increased mortality (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5–3.1).

CONCLUSION
Round-the-clock availability of personnel, specifically emergency general surgeons and recovery room nurses, is associated with decreased mortality. These findings have implications for the creation of EGS patient triage criteria and Acute Care Surgery Centers of Excellence.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, level III.
How much do calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies improve the quality of life in migraine? A patient's perspective
Authors: Torres-Ferrus Marta , Alpuente Alicia , Pozo-Rosich Patricia 
Published: April 2019

Purpose of review
Migraine is a prevalent and extremely disabling brain disorder, with an impact on the individual, family, workplace and society. This review focuses on describing Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies (CGRP-mABs) efficacy on improving the quality of life (QoL) and decreasing the disability and impact of migraine measured with patient related outcomes (PROs), on patients who participated in clinical trials with erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab and eptinezumab. The goal is to better reflect the effect of these preventive migraine treatments in the daily life of our patients.

Recent findings
CGRP-mABs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) as the first migraine specific treatment for the prevention of migraine. In clinical trials, CGRP-mABs have proven to achieve their primary endpoint which is to reduce the number of headache days, and also have shown to have an impact on disability, QoL and workplace productivity.

Summary
CGRP-mABs have an impact on the disability, QoL, workplace productivity and global impression of improvement of migraine, which will translate into changes in the real world of migraine patients who are treated with CGRP-mABs.
Age and the risks of high-efficacy disease modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Schweitzer Finja , Laurent Sarah , Fink Gereon R. , Barnett Michael H. , Reddel Stephen , Hartung Hans-Peter , Warnke Clemens 
Published: April 2019

Purpose of review
A variety of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are available for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). After evaluation and approval by regulatory agencies, DMTs are likely to be administered to patients whose characteristics differ from those enrolled in clinical trials. This may contribute to the emergence of unexpected adverse events observed in the real-world setting. Higher age may be a relevant factor that could change the benefit–risk balance of DMTs, as it may associate with lower efficiency and higher frequency of adverse events.

Recent findings
The absolute and relative number of patients with MS who reach the age of 55 and higher increases. Growing evidence demonstrates lower efficacy of DMTs in older persons with MS. Specific risks during DMTs for MS, such as the risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) or the outcome following PML, have been associated with age. It is hypothesized that age-related and therapy-induced alterations to the immune system may have (super)additive effects, resulting in an acceleration of physiological immunosenescence and inflamm-aging.

Summary
In this article, we review the risks of high-efficacy DMTs in MS with a specific focus on age-related efficacy and risks, including opportunistic infections, malignancies, and autoimmune reactions.
A dynamical model of the laminar BOLD response
Authors: Havlicek Martin , Uludag Kamil 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHigh-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using blood oxygenation dependent level-dependent (BOLD) signal is an increasingly popular tool to non-invasively examine neuronal processes at the mesoscopic level. However, as the BOLD signal stems from hemodynamic changes, its temporal and spatial properties do not match those of the underlying neuronal activity. In particular, the laminar BOLD response (LBR), commonly measured with gradient-echo (GE) MRI sequence, is confounded by non-local changes in deoxygenated hemoglobin and cerebral blood volume propagated within intracortical ascending veins, leading to a unidirectional blurring of the neuronal activity distribution towards the cortical surface. Here, we present a new cortical depth-dependent model of the BOLD response based on the principle of mass conservation, which takes the effect of ascending (and pial) veins on the cortical BOLD responses explicitly into account. It can be used to dynamically model cortical depth profiles of the BOLD signal as a function of various baseline- and activity-related physiological parameters for any spatiotemporal distribution of neuronal changes. We demonstrate that the commonly observed spatial increase of LBR is mainly due to baseline blood volume increase towards the surface. In contrast, an occasionally observed local maximum in the LBR (i.e. the so-called “bump”) is mainly due to spatially inhomogeneous neuronal changes rather than locally higher baseline blood volume. In addition, we show that the GE-BOLD signal laminar point-spread functions, representing the signal leakage towards the surface, depend on several physiological parameters and on the level of neuronal activity. Furthermore, even in the case of simultaneous neuronal changes at each depth, inter-laminar delays of LBR transients are present due to the ascending vein. In summary, the model provides a conceptual framework for the biophysical interpretation of common experimental observations in high-resolution fMRI data. In the future, the model will allow for deconvolution of the spatiotemporal hemodynamic bias of the LBR and provide an estimate of the underlying laminar excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity.
Identification of Gly/NMDAR Antagonist from Chromolaena odorata’s Derived Phytoconstituents using Induced Fit Docking Approach
Authors: David Temitope Israel , Omotuyi Olaposi Idowu. , Agboola Olalekan David , Okonkwo Dominic Chinedu , Adelakun Niyi Samuel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe ionotropic activation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) plays a significant role in different type of neurodegenerative disease, as it is a tetramer with two Glycine binding subunit and two glutamate subunits. NMDA receptor can be inhibited by either blocking of the glycine site or glutamate site. Previously reported inhibitors of NMDA receptor focus on the inhibition of the glutamate subunit, which was reported to be associated with side effects such as ataxia, memory deficits, neurotoxicity. Therefore, different compounds with antagonistic effect are been explored on Gly/NMDA site. Glide XP docking was employed in screening phyto-constituent of Chromolaena odorata against Gly/NMDA receptor for hit compounds with antagonistic properties. The hit compounds were further subjected to Induced fit docking (IFD) and lipinski rule of five. The final selection was based on Rigid XP docking score using co-crystallized ligand as threshold docking score, interaction with receptor site residues, and IFD score. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein recorded binding affinity of −8.752Kcal/mol, 10.004 Kcal/mol and - 9.096 Kcal/mol respectively, which is higher than the binding affinity of co-crystallized ligand. Induced fit score obtained were −614.38, −614.03 and −616.31 for ferulic acid, caffeic acid and scutellarein respectively. The Adme properties of the phyto-constituent indicated that the compounds are drug-like in nature.
Quantifying the individual auditory and visual brain response in 7- month-old infants watching a brief cartoon movie
Authors: Jessen Sarah , Fiedler Lorenz , Münte Thomas F. , Obleser Jonas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractElectroencephalography (EEG) continues to be the most popular method to investigate cognitive brain mechanisms in young children and infants. Most infant studies rely on the well-established and easy-to-use event-related brain potential (ERP). As a severe disadvantage, ERP computation requires a large number of repetitions of items from the same stimulus-category, compromising both ERPs’ reliability and their ecological validity in infant research. We here explore a way to investigate infant continuous EEG responses to an ongoing, engaging signal (i.e., “neural tracking”) by using multivariate temporal response functions (mTRFs), an approach increasingly popular in adult-EEG research. N=52 infants watched a 5-min episode of an age-appropriate cartoon while the EEG signal was recorded. We estimated and validated forward encoding models of auditory-envelope and visual-motion features. We compared individual and group-based (‘generic’) models of the infant brain response to comparison data from N=28 adults. The generic model yielded clearly defined response functions for both, the auditory and the motion regressor. Importantly, this response profile was present also on an individual level, albeit with lower precision of the estimate but above-chance predictive accuracy for the modelled individual brain responses. In sum, we demonstrate that mTRFs are a feasible way of analyzing continuous EEG responses in infants. We observe robust response estimates both across and within participants from only five minutes of recorded EEG signal. Our results open ways for incorporating more engaging and more ecologically valid stimulus materials when probing cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes in infants and young children.
Do low gasoline prices cause more traffic fatalities in the 50 states of the USA? The importance of other factors
Authors: Hammoudeh Shawkat , Yoon Seong-Min , Kutan Ali 
Published: April 2019

PurposeMotivated by the news media and a lack of comprehensive research on the USA, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between changes in road fatalities and gasoline prices, per capita disposable personal income, alcohol consumption per adult, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits and gender.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs both static and dynamic panel data models, making use of annual data over the 2000–2013 period collected from the 50 states of the USA and the consistent system GMM estimators of the parameters, to estimate the impact of these variables on fatalities per 100,000 persons and per 100,000 vehicles.FindingsThe results highlight the importance of gasoline prices in determining the level of road fatalities, underscoring that a 10 percent decrease in gasoline prices leads to a 248 increase in the total number of road fatalities, but with many more injuries. Increases in the female-to-total driver ratio have a greater significant positive impact on road fatalities where a 10 percent increase in this ratio increases road fatalities by 1,008 deaths. Increases in registered vehicles per capita also increase the number of fatalities. Other variables such as alcohol consumption per adult and BAC limits are not as important. Policy implications are also provided.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study highlight the importance of gasoline prices in determining the number of road fatalities. This factor can be an effective policy measure by which policymakers can offset increases in fatalities due to further drastic declines in future gasoline prices. But the effects of the gasoline prices in determining the number of road fatalities are not as strong as the media would lead us to believe. The media ignores the impact of other factors on fatalities, which results in an overestimation of the impact of gasoline prices.Originality/valueThis study uses the panel data of 50 US states and the dynamic panel data model. In addition to gasoline price effects on the road fatalities, this study also considers other factors such as gender, gasoline taxes, per capita disposable personal income, per capita alcohol consumption, BAC limits and number of registered vehicles.
Quality of life and its predictors in Thai patients following multiple trauma
Authors: Saengniam Wilaiwan , Jitpanya Chanokporn 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe the quality of life (QOL) and to examine factors predicting the QOL among the demographic characteristics, injury severity, effect on work, pain intensity, disability point, coping and resilience factors, in Thai patients following multiple injuries.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional research design was used. A total of multiple 106 trauma patients were obtained by simple random sampling. The patients were between 18 and 59 years of age, and had visited an outpatient clinic at one of three randomly selected tertiary hospitals in Metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand. Dependent variable was QOL measured by Trauma Outcome Profile (TOP) questionnaire. Independent variables were demographic and illness-related factors collected from patients’ medical records, coping measured by the Jalowiec Coping Scale, pain measured by the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire (CPGQ) and resilience measured by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis.

Findings
Except for satisfaction, the other nine dimensions of the QOL in patients following traumatic injuries were poor. Pain intensity was the most influential factor predicting the QOL, but the patient’s resilience, emotional coping and disability points were also able to predict the QOL.

Originality/value
The TOP, CPGQ and CD-RISC-10 were translated into Thai and used in the current study for the first time. The results of the study revealed that the pain intensity, and the patient’s resilience and coping influenced the QOL more than other factors, such as the demographic data and injury severity.