bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accuracy of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Evaluating Bone Density and Cortical Bone Thickness at the Implant Site: Micro-Computed Tomography and Histologic Analysis
Authors: Suttapreyasri Srisurang , Suapear Pradipat , Leepong Narit 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for determining cortical thickness and the gray value, investigating its correlation with micro-computed tomography (CT) and histology analysis. Sixty-two bone samples from 4 anatomic regions of the jaw were analyzed. A radiographic surgical stent was used during CBCT and bone sample harvesting. The cortical thickness and gray value of the planned implant were evaluated by CBCT. Bone volumetric fractions, bone mineral density, and % porosity assessed by micro-CT and mineralized material by histology analysis from harvested bone samples were analyzed and assessed for the association with the CBCT using Pearson correlation. A correlation between cortical thickness measured from the CBCT and Micro-CT (r = 0.933, P < 0.01) was identified. There was no difference between gray values measured from the CBCT among regions, while bone density parameters from micro-CT and histologic analysis showed significant difference (P < 0.01) among regions. Bone density parameters from micro-CT and histologic analysis showed correlation with cortical thickness but not with the gray value. In conclusion, CBCT is highly accurate in linear measurements and demonstrated correlation with genuine bone density. However, the gray value could not demonstrate the true bone density according to a low correlation to bone density variable measured from micro-CT and histologic analysis.
One-Year Relapse of Mandibular Distraction for Hemifacial Microsomia Using Masseteric Botulinum Toxin Type A Injections
Authors: Yin Hong-Yu , Wang Chuan , Zhang Zhi-Yong , Shi Lei , Yin Lin , Liu Wei , Feng Shi , Cao Yi-Lin , Tang Xiao-Jun 
Published: June 2018

Background:
The relapse of hemifacial microsomia was thought to be highly related to the soft tissue envelope around the mandible angle mainly composed by masseter and medial pterygoid. According to the reason, we tried to apply masseter injection of type A botulinum toxin to weaken the soft envelope tension on the early stage post mandible distraction in adult HFM patients.

Methods:
Eight patients diagnosed with HFM were studied and randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Patients in the experimental group were treated with DO, orthognathic surgeries, autologous fat grafting, and bilateral masseter muscle injection with type A botulinum toxin. The patients in control group were treated with the same procedures as the patients in experimental group except for masseter muscle injection with type A botulinum toxin. The recurrence rates of both groups were evaluated and analyzed after nearly 1 year of follow-up.

Results:
The mean recurrence rate was 26.30% ± 11.84% (range 7.62%–37.27%) in the 8 patients after 1-year follow-up. The relapse rate was 16.32% ± 7.78% (7.62%–26.22%) in the experimental group and 36.28% ± 1.03% (34.84%–37.27%) in the control group. There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) between the experimental group and the control group.

Conclusions:
The combination of DO, orthognathic surgeries, autologous fat particle transplantation, and masseter muscle type A botulinum toxin injection technique could be a comprehensive treatment plan for adult patients of HFM. Furthermore, masseter injection of type A botulinum toxin might be an alternative method to reduce the early recurrence rate of postoperative adult patients of HFM.
ACTH Gel in Resistant Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Alhamad Tarek , Manllo Dieck John , Younus Usman , Matar Dany , Alasfar Sami , Vujjini Vikas , Wall Devin , Kanawati Bilal , Reiser Jochen , Brennan Daniel C. , Alachkar Nada 
Published: June 2018

Background
Treatment of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) after kidney transplantation is challenging with unpredictable outcomes. The objective was to investigate the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) analogue gel in kidney transplant recipients with de novo or recurrent FSGS resistant to therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and/or rituximab.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of cases of de novo or recurrent resistant FSGS at 2 large US transplant centers between April 2012 and December 2016. Proteinuria was measured by urine protein to creatinine ratio.

Results
We identified 20 cases of posttransplant recurrent and de novo FSGS resistant to conventional therapy with TPE and rituximab. Mean ± SD age was 49 ± 15.5 years, 14 (70%) were male, 13 (65%) were whites, and 8 (38%) had previous kidney transplants. Median (interquartile range) of recurrent and de novo FSGS was 3 (0.75-7.5) months posttransplant. The majority of patients, 15 (75%), received TPE as a treatment at the time of diagnosis and 10 (50%) received rituximab, which was started before the use of ACTH gel. There was a significant improvement of urine protein to creatinine ratio from a mean ± SD of 8.6 ± 7.6 g/g before ACTH gel to 3.3 ± 2.3 g/g after the use of ACTH gel (P = 0.004). Ten (50%) patients achieved complete or partial remission.

Conclusions
Although, the response varied among the recipients, ACTH gel might be an effective therapy for posttransplant resistant FSGS cases that fail to respond to TPE and rituximab.
Will the Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) survive in Arkansas? A case study of a secretive species In need of protection
Authors: McCallum Malcolm , Trauth Stanley E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe range of the Illinois chorus frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) in Arkansas is restricted to the eastern quarter of Clay County. Nearly 100% of this species’ native sand-prairie habitat has been converted to agricultural fields. The original range of the Illinois chorus frog encompassed at least 9,982 ha. Although two new localities were identified in 2002, the current range is only 4,399 ha in 2002. This represents a 56% range contraction since 1992. Calling was heard in only 44.5% of its original range. This species may be experiencing a severe range contraction. Decay models predict the extirpation of the Illinois chorus frog in Arkansas within 17.5 to 101 yr. Suggested factors contributing to this range contraction may include drought, pesticide use, changes in surface water hydrology, U.S. E.P.A. Best management practices, and this species’ limited ability to recolonize extirpated sites.
Five Breaks Synchrony While Six Keeps Synchrony: Individual Difference in the Coordinated Pattern of Five- and Six-armed Brittle Stars
Authors: Wakita Daiki , Hayase Yumino , Aonuma Hitoshi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPhysiological experiments and mathematical models have supported that neuronal activity is crucial for coordinating rhythmic movements in animals. On the other hand, robotics studies have suggested the importance of physical properties made by body structure, i.e. morphology. However, it remains unclear how morphology affects movement coordination in animals, independent of neuronal activity. To begin to understand this issue, our study reports a rhythmic movement in the green brittle star. We found this animal moved five radially symmetric parts in a well-ordered unsynchronized pattern. We built a phenomenological model where internal fluid flows between the five body parts to explain the coordinated pattern without considering neuronal activity. Changing the number of the body parts from five to six, we simulated a synchronized pattern, which was demonstrated also by an individual with six symmetric parts. Our model suggests a different number in morphology makes a different fluid flow, leading to a different synchronization pattern in the animal.
A central component of the N1 event-related brain potential could index the early and automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects
Authors: Touzel Molly , Snidal Christine , Segal Julia , Renoult Louis , Debruille J. Bruno 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStimuli of the environment, like objects, systematically activate the actions they are associated to. These activations occur extremely fast. Nevertheless, behavioural data reveal that, in most cases, these activations are then automatically inhibited, around 100 ms after the occurrence of the stimulus. We thus tested whether this early inhibition could be indexed by a central component of the N1 event-related brain potential (ERP). To achieve that goal, we looked at whether this ERP component is greater in tasks that could increase the inhibition and in trials where reaction times happen to be long. The illumination of a real space bar of a keyboard out of the dark was used as a stimulus. To maximize the modulation of the inhibition, the task participants had to performed was manipulated across blocks. A look-only task and a count task were used to increase inhibition and an immediate press task was used to decrease it. ERPs of the two block-conditions where presses had to be prevented and where the largest central N1s were predicted were compared to those elicited in the press task, differentiating the ERPs to the third of the trials where presses were the slowest from the ERPs to the third of the trials with the fastest presses. Despite larger negativities due to motor potentials and despite greater attention likely in immediate press-trials, central N1s were found to be minimal for the fastest presses, intermediate for the slowest ones and maximal for the two no-press conditions. These results thus provide a strong support for the idea that the central N1 indexes an early and short lasting automatic inhibition of the actions systematically activated by objects. They also confirm that the strength of this automatic inhibition spontaneously fluctuates across trials and tasks. On the other hand, just before N1s, parietal P1s were found greater for fastest presses. They might thus index the initial activation of these actions. Finally, consistent with the idea that N300s index late inhibition processes, that occur preferentially when the task requires them, these ERPs were quasi absent for fast presses trials and much larger in the three other conditions.HighlightsEvent-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by a real objectSmaller parietal P1s and greater central N1s for slowest than for fastest motor responsesEven greater central N1s for tasks without such responsesCentral N1s may index early inhibition of stimulus-activated actionsN300s could index late inhibition of stimulus-activated actions
Genes associated with neuropsychiatric disease increase vulnerability to abnormal deep grey matter development
Authors: Cullen Harriet , Krishnan Michelle L , Selzam Saskia , Ball Gareth , Visconti Alessia , Saxena Alka , Counsell Serena J , Hajnal Jo , Breen Gerome , Plomin Robert , Edwards A David 
Published: June 2018

1.AbstractBackgroundNeuropsychiatric disease has polygenic determinants but is often precipitated by environmental pressures, including adverse perinatal events. However, the way in which genetic vulnerability and early-life adversity interact remains obscure. Preterm birth is associated with abnormal brain development and psychiatric disease. We hypothesised that the extreme environmental stress of premature extra-uterine life could contribute to neuroanatomic abnormality in genetically vulnerable individuals.MethodsWe combined Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from 194 infants, born before 33 weeks of gestation, to test the prediction that: the characteristic deep grey matter abnormalities seen in preterm infants are associated with polygenic risk for psychiatric illness. Summary statistics from a meta-analysis of SNP data for five psychiatric disorders were used to compute individual polygenic risk scores (PRS). The variance explained by the PRS in the relative volumes of four deep grey matter structures (caudate nucleus, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus and lentiform nucleus) was estimated using linear regression both for the full, mixed-ancestral, cohort and a subsample of European infants.ResultsThe PRS was negatively associated with: lentiform volume in the full cohort (β=−0.24, p=8×10−4) and the European subsample (β=−0.24, p=8×10−3); and with subthalamic nuclear volume in the full cohort (β=−0.18, p=0.01) and the European subsample (β=−0.26, p=3×10−3).ConclusionsGenetic variants associated with neuropsychiatric disease increase vulnerability to abnormal deep grey matter development and are associated with neuroanatomic changes in the perinatal period. This suggests a mechanism by which perinatal adversity leads to later neuropsychiatric disease in genetically predisposed individuals.
Resting state fMRI based target selection for personalized rTMS: stimulation over the left DLPFC temporarily alters the default mode network in healthy subjects
Authors: Singh Aditya , Erwin-Grabner Tracy , Sutcliffe Grant , Antal Andrea , Paulus Walter , Goya-Maldonado Roberto 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh frequency repetitive TMS (HF-rTMS) to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is an approved option for the treatment of depression, but there is also much variability in the resulting antidepressant response. This variability is believed to arise from various factors, an important one of which being the method by which rTMS is targeted to the optimal stimulation site in the left DLPFC. To more accurately target HF-rTMS at left DLPFC, we present a new method for target selection based on individual RS-fMRI data. We show in 23 healthy subjects that the new proposed method of target selection is reproducible and yields left DLPFC targets whose functional connectivity correlates more negatively with subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) than targets based on standard MNI coordinates. Since previous work has highlighted higher negative connectivity with the sgACC as an important feature of targets for higher antidepressant effect of HF-rTMS, the targets selected by the new method can be expected to lead to a higher therapeutic response. Additionally, the mechanism of action of an entire single session of HF-rTMS (3000 pulses) in healthy subjects has not been reported. We show significant decreases in functional connectivity of the default mode network in sgACC and ventral striatum (vStr) regions, peaking at 27-32 minutes after stimulation. Also, we report a negative correlation between the magnitude of this decrease in the right sgACC and the harm avoidance domain measure from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). This finding points towards the possibility of using the harm avoidance measure as a predictor of HF-rTMS response. In addition, the decreased functional connectivity of the default mode network in right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) correlates with a short-term decrease in self-rated negative emotions from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) i.e. the lower the functional connectivity of right NAcc with the default mode network, the lower the reported perception of negative mood by the subjects. This suggests a mechanism by which changes induced by rTMS influence the perception of negative mood in recipients.
A biophysical regulator of inhibitory integration and learning in mesolimbic dopamine neurons
Authors: Costa Kauê M. , Hammer Niklas , Knowlton Christopher , Schwenk Jochen , Müller Tamara , Schulte Dorothea , Fakler Bernd , Canavier Carmen C. , Roeper Jochen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMidbrain dopamine neurons are essential for flexible control of adaptive behaviors. DA neurons that project to different target regions have unique biophysical properties, and it is thought that this diversity reflects functional specialization. This assumption implies the presence of specific genetic determinants with precise impacts on behavior. We tested this general hypothesis by homing in on one particular biophysical mechanism, Kv4 channel inactivation, using a combination of molecular, proteomic, electrophysiological, computational, and behavioral approaches. We demonstrate that KChIP4a, a singular Kv4 β-subunit splice variant, prolongs hyperpolarization-rebound delays selectively in dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens core, shifts the integration of inhibitory inputs and, in turn, selectively regulates learning from negative prediction-errors. Our results reveal a highly specialized, gene-to-behavior mechanistic chain that is only operative in a particular dopaminergic subsystem, illuminating how molecularly defined biophysical switches are employed for neuron subtype-specific information processing in the brain.Graphical abstract
Template-assisted synthesis of adenine-mutagenized cDNA by a retroelement protein complex
Authors: Handa Sumit , Jiang Yong , Tao Sijia , Foreman Robert , Schinazi Raymond F. , Miller Jeff F. , Ghosh Partho 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTDiversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) create unparalleled levels of protein sequence variation through mutagenic retrohoming. Sequence information is transferred from an invariant template region (TR), through an RNA intermediate, to a protein-coding variable region. Selective infidelity at adenines during transfer is a hallmark of DGRs from disparate bacteria, archaea, and microbial viruses. We recapitulated selective infidelityin vitrofor the prototypicalBordetellabacteriophage DGR. A complex of the DGR reverse transcriptase bRT and pentameric accessory variability determinant (Avd) protein along with DGR RNA were necessary and sufficient for synthesis of template-primed, covalently linked RNA-cDNA molecules, as observedin vivo. We identified RNAcDNA molecules to be branched and most plausibly linked through 2′-5′ phosphodiester bonds. Adenine-mutagenesis was intrinsic to the bRT-Avd complex, which displayed unprecedented promiscuity while reverse transcribing adenines of either DGR or non-DGR RNA templates. In contrast, bRT-Avd processivity was strictly dependent on the template, occurring only for the DGR RNA. This restriction was mainly due to a noncoding segment downstream ofTR, which specifically bound Avd and created a privileged site for processive polymerization. Restriction to DGR RNA may protect the host genome from damage. These results define the early steps in a novel pathway for massive sequence diversification.
Designing Minimal Genomes Using Whole-Cell Models
Authors: Rees Joshua , Chalkley Oliver , Landon Sophie , Purcell Oliver , Marucci Lucia , Grierson Claire 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the future, entire genomes tailored to specific functions and environments could be designed using computational tools. However, computational tools for genome design are currently scarce. Here we present algorithms that enable the use of design-simulate-test cycles for genome design, using genome minimisation as a proof-of-concept. Minimal genomes are ideal for this purpose as they have a simple functional assay, the cell either replicates or not. We used the first (and currently only published) whole-cell model, for the bacteriumMycoplasma genitalium. Our computational design-simulate-test cycles discovered novelin-silicominimal genomes smaller thanJCVI-Syn3.0, a bacteria with, currently, the smallest genome that can be grown in pure culture. In the process, we identified 10 low essentiality genes, 18 high essentiality genes, and produced evidence for at least twoMycoplasma genitalium in-silicominimal genomes. This work brings combined computational and laboratory genome engineering a step closer.
Maelstrom Represses Canonical Polymerase II Transcription within Bi-Directional piRNA Clusters inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chang Timothy H. , Mattei Eugenio , Gainetdinov Ildar , Weng Zhiping , Zamore Phillip D. 
Published: June 2018

SUMMARYInDrosophila, 23–30 nt long PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) direct the protein Piwi to silence germline transposon transcription. Most germline piRNAs derive from dual-strand piRNA clusters, heterochromatic transposon graveyards that are transcribed from both genomic strands. These piRNA sources are marked by the Heterochromatin Protein 1 homolog, Rhino (Rhi), which facilitates their promoter-independent transcription, suppresses splicing, and inhibits transcriptional termination. Here, we report that the protein Maelstrom (Mael) represses canonical, promoter-dependent transcription in dual-strand clusters, allowing Rhi to initiate piRNA precursor transcription. In addition to Mael, the piRNA biogenesis factors Armitage and Piwi, but not Rhi, are required to repress canonical transcription in dual-strand clusters. We propose that Armitage, Piwi, and Mael collaborate to repress potentially dangerous transcription of individual transposon mRNAs within clusters, while Rhi allows non-canonical transcription of the clusters into piRNA precursors without generating transposase-encoding mRNAs.
Estimating the benefit of quarantine: eradicating invasive cane toads from islands
Authors: Smart Adam S , Tingley Reid , Phillips Ben L 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIslands are increasingly used to protect endangered populations from the negative impacts of invasive species. Quarantine efforts are particularly likely to be undervalued in circumstances where a failure incurs non-economic costs. One approach to ascribe value to such efforts is by modeling the expense of restoring a system to its former state.Using field-based removal experiments on two very different islands off northern Australia separated by > 400 km, we estimate cane toad densities, detection probabilities, and the resulting effort needed to eradicate toads from an island, and use these estimates to examine the financial benefit of cane toad quarantine across offshore islands prioritized for conversation management by the Australian federal government.We calculate density as animals per km of freshwater shoreline, and find striking concordance of density across our two island study sites: a mean density of 353 [286, 446] individual toads per kilometer on one island, and a density of 366 [319, 343] on the second. Detection probability differed between the two islands.Using a removal model and the financial costs incurred during toad removal, we estimate that eradicating cane toads would, on average, cost between $9444 (based on Horan Island; high detectability) and $18093 AUD (Indian Island; low detectability) per km of available freshwater shoreline.Across islands that have been prioritized for conservation benefit within the toads’ predicted range, we provide an estimate of the value of toad quarantine on each island, and estimate the net value of quarantine efforts to be between $27.25 – $52.20 Million AUD. We explore a proposed mainland cane toad containment strategy – to prevent the spread of cane toads into the Pilbara Bioregion, and estimate its potential value to be between $33.79 – $64.74 M AUD.Synthesis and applications. We present a modelling framework that can be used to estimate the value of preventative management, via estimating the length and cost of an eradication program. Our analyses suggest that there is substantial economic value in cane toad quarantine efforts across Australian offshore islands and a proposed mainland toad containment strategy.