bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten-Year Results of a Ponderosa Pine Progeny Test in the Black Hills
Authors: Shepperd Wayne D. , McElderry Sue E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ten-year survival and growth of seedlings from 77 parent trees from throughout the Black Hills were compared, using a cluster-analysis technique. Five clusters were identified that account for most of the variability in survival and growth of the open-pollinated families. One cluster, containing 6 families, exhibited exceptional survival and growth. Another, containing 12 families, exhibited poor survival and growth. The performance of families in these two groups appears to be related to location and elevation of parent trees. West. J. Appl. For. 1:79-83, July 1986.
Analysis of Stumpage Rate Adjustment Policy on Western National Forests
Authors: Schuster Ervin G. , Niccolucci Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of USDA Forest Service stumpage rate adjustment (SRA) on timber revenues and initial stumpage bids. SRAs adjust harvest prices up or down from initial bid prices, based on subsequent product market indices. Revenue generation was addressed by simulating harvest revenues from 600 timber sales from the western United States during the 1980s and early 1990s. The current 50/100 policy (50% of price index increases and 100% of price index decreases) performed poorly, and the 100/50 option performed best. The effect of SRA policy on initial bid prices was analyzed with statistical models constructed from 1813 timber sales. In Region 6, stumpage prices received from flat rate sales exceeded those from SRA sales by about 3%, but in the aggregate of other western Regions (Regions 1-5), stumpage prices for SRA sales exceeded those of flat rate sales by about 12%. West. J. Appl. For. 10(2):53-58
Long-Term Response of Old-Growth Stands to Varying Levels of Partial Cutting in the Eastside Pine Type
Authors: Dolph K. Leroy , Mori Sylvia R. , Oliver William W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An experiment was started in 1938 to compare methods of harvest cutting in the eastside pine type of northeastern California. The study was designed as a randomized block experiment that included 10 blocks with four to six plots per block. Each plot on which a single treatment was applied is 20 ac. Treatments removed approximately 16, 54, 74, and 95% of the original volume. One uncut control plot was established in each block. The plots were remeasured 5, 10, and 20 yr after establishment and again in 1990-1991. During the last 30 yr growth period, net growth of the sawtimber component increased with the intensity of cut and ranged from -6 ft³/ac/yr in the controls to 28 ft³/ac/yr in the 95% removal plots. Net yield during the 50 yr period was highest in the 74% removal plots and averaged 5351 ft³/ac. The number of stems in the small diameter classes has increased four to five times in all treatment plots. We theorize that this influx of small trees has increased the competitive stress and resulting mortality of the old-growth trees. West. J. Appl. For. 10(3):101-108.
Foliar Fertilization During Bud Initiation Improves Container-Grown Ponderosa Pine Seedling Viability
Authors: Montville Mark E. , Wenny David L. , Dumroese R. Kasten 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to determine if avoiding nutrient stress during bud initiation of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa vat. ponderosa) grown in a container nursery would enhance seedling viability. Nitrogen stress was avoided by applying foliar fertilizer at rates between 324 and 972 ppm N to greenhouse-grown seedlings. Foliar fertilization maintained higher seedling nitrogen levels and increased root collar diameter by 45%. Height was slightly increased, cold-hardiness slightly reduced, and root growth potential unaffected by foliar fertilizer applications. Nursery managers can improve seedling viability by adding foliar fertilizer applications to their growing regimes. West. J. Appl. For. 11(4):114-119.
Root Volume and Growth of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Seedlings: A Summary of Eight Growing Seasons
Authors: Rose R. , Haase D. L. , Kroiher F. , Sabin T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This is the final summary of two studies on the relationship between root volume and seedling growth; early results were published previously. Survival, growth, and stem volume were determined for 2+0 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings after 8 growing seasons. For each species, seedlings from three seedlots were assigned to one of three root-volume categories [<4.5 cm3 (RV1), 4.5-7 cm3 (RV2), and >7 cm3 (RV3) for ponderosa pine; <9 cm3 (RV1), 9-13 cm3 (RV2), and >13 cm3 (RV3) for Douglas-fir]. On a dry harsh ponderosa pine site on the eastern slopes of Mt. Hood in Oregon, where gopher and cattle damage decreased the number of seedlings, more seedlings in the highest root-volume category survived (70%) than in the smaller root-volume categories (62% and 50%). Douglas-fir on a good site in the Coast Range of Oregon showed significantly greater height and stem volume for the largest root-volume category, whereas annual shoot growth and survival did not differ. Root volume is one of several potentially useful criteria for predicting long-term growth and survival after outplanting. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):69-73.
Ten-Year Survival and Growth of Planted Douglas-Fir and Western Redcedar After Seven Site-Preparation Treatments
Authors: Stein William I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were planted together after applying seven site-preparation methods at one site in the Oregon Coast Ranges. Survival and growth of cedar were markedly less than Douglas-fir on this favorable site where both species were components of the original stand. Repeated browsing severely impeded the cedar. Site preparation by broadcast burning generally yielded the best results, but sowing grass after broadcast burning produced Douglas-fir responses similar to those for no site preparation. Where grass was sown, herbaceous cover was more abundant and taller, salmonberry differed little in density but was slightly taller, and development of red alder (Alnus rubra) was delayed. Red alder is currently overtopping conifers in all treatments, and release is needed to ensure sufficient conifer survival. This single example illustrates that much more effort than just planting a mix of species is required to establish a desired mixed stand. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):74-80.
Soil Changes and Tree Seedling Response Associated with Site Preparation in Northern Idaho
Authors: Page-Dumroese Deborah S. , Jurgensen Martin F. , Harvey Alan E. , Graham Russell T. , Tonn Jonalea R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conifer regeneration in western North America is often hampered by low soil moisture, poor soil nutrient status, and competing vegetation. Three site preparation techniques were evaluated at two different elevations in northern Idaho as potential remedies for these problems: (1) soil mounds without control of competing vegetation, (2) soil mounds with herbicidal control of competing vegetation, and (3) scalping (removal of soil surface organic horizons and mineral topsoil). Treatments were evaluated for effects on soil nutrient levels, soil physical properties, and the growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) seedlings. Both species generally grew best when planted in the mounded treatment with competing vegetation removed and worst after scalping. Mounding with herbicide application resulted in the lowest bulk density, best seedling growth, and increased water availability. Mounding may be a viable site preparation method in the Inland Northwest on less productive sites that have severe competition. Scalping, especially when competition was not a problem, generally did not produce favorable seedling growth responses. Scalping may also reduce longer term seedling growth by removing surface organic matter. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):81-88.
Fall Rate of Lodgepole Pine Killed by the Mountain Pine Beetle in Central Oregon
Authors: Mitchell Russel G. , Preisler Haiganoush K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The fall rate of nearly 600 lodgepole pines(Pinus contorta)killed by the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in central Oregon was investigated in thinned and unthinned stands. Estimates were obtained by fitting a complementary log-log model to the conditional probabilities of trees falling within a given year. Snags began falling 3 yr after death in thinned stands and 5 yr in unthinned stands. Small trees fell slightly faster than large trees in thinned stands, but tree size was not a factor in the fall rate in unthinned stands. In thinned stands, 50% were down in 8 yr and 90% were down in 12 yr. In unthinned stands, 50% were down in 9 yr and 90% were down in 14 yr. No particular calendar year had tree fall that was significantly greater than average. All beetle-killed trees broke off at the ground when they fell. The rate that trees fall in different environments may be related to the speed of bole decay at the ground level. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):23-26.
Effects of Planting Density on Early Growth of Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
Authors: Heald Robert C. , Barrett Tara M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Almost no information exists for stocking and growth of young giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) plantations. This study measured 2,086 giant sequoia seedlings, planted at true spacings of 7 to 20 ft, over a period of 7 yr. Compared to other species that have been studied, giant sequoia shows remarkably early and extensive effects of intertree competition. Unlike results for other species, spacing substantially affects early height growth of sequoia. A general least squares model showed that crown width, stem diameter, and height increased linearly with the natural log of spacing distance at 4, 5, and 7 yr after planting (all P-values < 0.0001). By 7yr, trees at wide spacing (14-20 ft) were showing 45-78% wider annual diameter growth and 29-67% higher annual height growth than trees at one-half each respective spacing (7-10 ft). Results indicate that for close initial planting densities (7-12 ft spacings), early precommercial thinning (before 7 yr after planting) may be required to avoid intertree competition. West. J. Appl. For. 14(2):65-72.
Ecoregion-Based Individual Tree Height-Diameter Models for Lodgepole Pine in Alberta
Authors: Huang Shongming 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using the felled tree data, ecoregion-based height-diameter models were developed for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in Alberta. A large number of height-diameter functions were evaluated, and the Chapman-Richards function was found to produce some of the most satisfactory fits. Residual analysis was conducted to identify the error structure of the models. A weighting factor of wi = 1/Di was found appropriate for achieving the equal error variance assumption. Differences of the height-diameter models among different ecoregions were examined and tested using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method. Most height-diameter relationships were found to be different among different ecoregions. Ecoregions of similar height-diameter relationships were combined to provide a composite model to facilitate the practical use of such relationships. West. J. Appl. For. 14(4):186-193.
Dwarf Mistletoe Pruning May Induce Douglas-Fir Beetle Attacks
Authors: Hadfield James S. , Flanagan Paul T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fresh attacks of Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) by Douglas-fir beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) were found in a campground that had trees pruned to remove Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) infections. All Douglas-firs with a diameter at breast height (dbh) of at least 12.7 cm were examined. Beetle attacks were found on 41% of the pruned trees and 5% of the unpruned trees. Among pruned trees, both the average number of branches pruned and the average dbh were greater in trees attacked by Douglas-fir beetles than in unattacked trees. West. J. Appl. For. 15(1):34-36.
A Novel Approach to Managing Fuelwood Harvest Using Bark Beetle Pheromones
Authors: Vandygriff J.C. , Rasmussen L.A. , Rineholt J.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A multiyear study of synthesized mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) pheromones was conducted within lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands on the Sawtooth National Recreation Area to demonstrate their potential use as a management tool for fuelwood harvest. The use of mountain pine beetle aggregant baits was shown to be highly effective in relocating beetles into designated bait blocks, dramatically increasing the amount of beetle-related tree mortality. Treatment of blocks with antiaggregant verbenone capsules appeared to provide little or no additional protection when compared with associated control blocks. Given defined objectives and appropriate stand and insect population conditions, pheromone baits can be used to improve management of fuelwood harvest and potentially improve stand health. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):183–188.
Estimating Large-Root Biomass from Breast-Height Diameters for Ponderosa Pine in Northern New Mexico
Authors: Omdal Daniel W. , Jacobi William R. , Shaw Charles G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An important component of forest ecosystems in the southern Rocky Mountains is the belowground biomass associated with mature stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Information on root biomass is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of ecological systems and designing studies of those systems. Ponderosa pine trees from a stand in northern New Mexico were cut and their root systems excavated. Biomass of all roots > 0.6 cm in diameter and the belowground portion of the stump was determined on a dry-weight basis. A regression model was constructed using data on breast-height diameter and belowground stump and coarse-root biomass from 42 trees in the stand. Diameter at breast height ranged from 18.3 to 67.6 cm, and belowground biomass ranged from 3 to 576 kg. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):18–21.
The Role of Postfire Coarse Woody Debris in Aspen Regeneration
Authors: Ripple W.J. , Larsen E.J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The paucity of aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration in the western United States and on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) northern range has been of concern to managers and scientists for much of the 20th century, with the effects of ungulate browsing, climate fluctuation, and fire suppression being vigorously debated. We analyzed the interaction of fire and elk (Cervus elaphus) browsing in YNP, specifically the role of coarse woody debris as a mechanism for assisting aspen regeneration. We hypothesized that fallen conifers killed in the 1988 YNP fires would provide refugia, allowing a limited amount of aspen regeneration under the current levels of heavy ungulate browsing. We located burned sites on YNP's northern range and searched for “jackstraw piles,” where fallen conifers provided aspen refugia from ungulate browsing. We discovered that aspen suckers protected by fallen conifer barriers were on average over two times the height of adjacent unprotected suckers. Paired t-tests showed a highly significant difference between the aspen heights within the protected jackstraw sites (>0.8 m high) and those in the open that were subjected to elk browsing (P = 0.000). These results illustrate the role that fallen conifers can play in aspen regeneration as well as the interaction of the ecological processes of wildfire, ungulate browsing, and seral stage development. West. J. Appl. For. 16(2):61–64.
Fall Fertilization with N and K: Effects on Douglas-Fir Seedling Quality and Performance
Authors: Birchler Todd M. , Rose Robin , Haase Diane L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) 1+1 seedlings were fertilized with two fertilizers [NH4NO3+K2SO4 and (NH4)2SO4+KCl] at four rates (0, 80, 160, 320 kg N and K/ha) split over three application dates (September 19, October 13, November 1, 1996). Fertilizer type did not affect total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) levels on any of the sampling dates. By January 10, TKN concentrations had increased 16, 30, and 34%, and chloride concentrations had increased 57, 77, and 112% relative to the unfertilized seedlings for the 80, 160, and 320 kg N+K/ha treatments, respectively. Nitrate levels increased briefly after the first application of NH4NO3+K2SO4. Potassium levels remained relatively unchanged. Levels of most other nutrients, as well as foliar dry weight, increased between September 16 and January 10, but these increases were generally unrelated to the fertilizer treatments. Root growth potential and cold hardiness did not differ among treatments. Seedlings that received 160 or 320 kg N/ha broke bud an average of 3 days earlier than did the unfertilized seedlings. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of fertilized seedlings was consistently higher than that of unfertilized seedlings on November 13 and December 30. These treatment differences were not reflected in seedling outplanting performance after one growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 16(2):71–79.
Dwarf Mistletoe-Induced Mortality in Northwest Ponderosa Pine Growing Stock
Authors: Roth Lewis F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After the careful removal of a ponderosa pine overstory infested with western dwarf mistletoe, the development of small poles and saplings in the infested residual thickets was followed in 48 plots over a period of 27 yr. The high incidence of mortality caused by mistletoe, which has not been previously reported to occur in significant amounts in Northwest ponderosa pine growing stock, was surprising and is important to management of the species. Death of 73, 38, 24 and 17% of the trees, respectively, occurred in the unthinned plots and those thinned to 500, 250, and 125 trees/ac. West. J. Appl. For. 16(3):136–141.
Damage to Residual Trees by Four Mechanized Harvest Systems Operating in Small-Diameter, Mixed-Conifer Forests on Steep Slopes in Northeastern Washington: A Case Study
Authors: Camp Ann 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dense stands of small-diameter timber present unique challenges for land managers. In the inland West, trees in high-density stands often grow slowly and may be at risk to insects, diseases, and catastrophic fires. In 1996, the U.S. Congress recognized a need to address forest health issues and stimulate local resource-based economies in northeastern Washington. Funds were provided for “implementation and evaluation of controlled silvicultural treatment in designated, fire-generated, overstocked, small-diameter stands” (U.S. Congress House Report 104-625).
As part of this Congressionally mandated research effort, four harvest units, each thinned to a 20 ft spacing using different harvesting technologies, were surveyed for damage prior to and following commercial thinning. Comparisons were made among the systems tested to assess damage to the residual stand. Overall incidence of wounds, incidence of wounds in different size and severity classes, and wound locations were compared. Each system performed better when judged by some criteria than by others. In general, cut-to-length processing caused less damage to the residual stand than whole-tree harvest; skyline yarding was less damaging than forwarder yarding. Some of the damage may have been a function of the silvicultural prescription and season of harvest. Appropriate silvicultural prescriptions and harvesting technologies can reduce wounding to acceptable levels. West. J. Appl. For. 17(1):14–22.
Growth of Young Douglas-Fir Plantations Across a Gradient in Swiss Needle Cast Severity
Authors: Maguire Douglas A. , Kanaskie Alan , Voelker William , Johnson Randy , Johnson Greg 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the past decade, Swiss needle cast (SNC) damage has intensified in many Douglas-fir plantations in the Coast Range of Oregon, particularly along the immediate north coast. In plantations with severe symptoms, growth losses and reduced tree vigor are evident, but the magnitude of growth losses associated with varying intensities of damage is not known. A growth impact study was conducted in 1997 to quantify retrospectively the relationship between growth losses and visual symptoms in 10- to 30-yr-old Douglas-fir plantations in coastal northwestern Oregon, a population totaling 75,700 ha. A random sample of 70 Douglas-fir plantations was selected from the population and evaluated for Swiss needle cast severity. One 0.02 ha plot was destructively sampled in each plantation to reconstruct past height and basal area growth trends and to characterize foliage loss and distribution. The SNC “effect” was assessed by comparing growth of plantations with varying degrees of Swiss needle cast to growth of those that retained maximal amounts of foliage, after correcting for initial stand density, Douglas-fir growing stock, age, and site index. Of numerous possible SNC indices, mean needle retention (yr) explained the largest amount of variation in both basal area and top height growth. Prior to 1990, top height growth was similar across all plantations after correcting for site quality and plantation age; but, by 1992, top height growth losses appeared and were proportional to apparent foliage losses. In 1996, top height growth was reduced by up to 25% relative to plantations with little or no SNC. Basal area growth reductions began to appear around 1990, and in 1996 basal area growth of the most heavily damaged plantations was 35% less than the growth that would be expected in absence of SNC damage. The inferred volume growth loss for 1996 averaged 23% for the 75,700 ha target population, but this loss averaged as high as 52% for the most severely impacted plantations. West. J. Appl. For. 17(2):86ߝ95.
Site Preparation Effects on 20 Year Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and on Selected Soil Properties
Authors: Harrington C.A. , Piatek K.B. , DeBell D.S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Long-term effects of site preparation on tree performance and soil properties are not well known. Five site preparation treatments were evaluated to determine how they affected survival and growth of Douglas-fir 3, 10, and 20 yr after planting, and soil bulk density, C, N, P, and organic matter concentrations at 0 to 20 cm soil depth 21 yr after planting. The site preparation treatments were imposed following logging of three harvest units of old-growth forest on a volcanic soil in southwestern Washington; the units were logged to leave 17, 38, and 53 ton/ha of woody residue. The site preparation treatments were hand-pile-and-burn, machine-pile-and-burn, scarification, broadcast burn, and control. Mean survival ranged from 86% at age 3 to 70% at age 20, and average tree heights at 3, 10, and 20 yr were 0.6, 4.1, and 11.7 m. The scarification treatment had the best growth; at age 20, its average tree was 21% taller, 26% larger in diameter, and 82% greater in volume than the control. The hand-pile-and-burn treatment did not differ from the control in tree growth; the machine-pile-and-burn and broadcast burn treatments were intermediate in their growth response. Average soil bulk density was 0.74 g/cm3, organic matter concentration was 118 g/kg, and C, N, and P concentrations were 49, 1.6, and 0.7 g/kg with no significant treatment effects. Site preparation may have benefited growth of the trees on these units by decreasing competition from invading and regrowing vegetation, increasing nutrient availability, or increasing soil temperature. West. J. Appl. For. 18(1):44–51.