bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Impact of Vadose Zone Sources on Groundwater to Support Performance Assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction
Authors: Oostrom M. , Truex M.J. , Rice A.K. , Johnson C.D. , Carroll K.C. , Becker D.J. , Simon M.A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSoil vapor extraction (SVE) is a prevalent remediation remedy for volatile organic compound (VOC) contaminants in the vadose zone. To support selection of an appropriate condition at which SVE may be terminated for site closure or for transition to another remedy, an evaluation is needed to determine whether vadose zone VOC contamination has been diminished sufficiently to keep groundwater concentrations below threshold values. A conceptual model for this evaluation was developed for VOC fate and transport from a vadose zone source to groundwater when vapor‐phase diffusive transport is the dominant transport process. A numerical analysis showed that, for these conditions, the groundwater concentration is controlled by a limited set of parameters, including site‐specific dimensions, vadose zone properties, and source characteristics. On the basis of these findings, a procedure was then developed for estimating groundwater concentrations using results from the three‐dimensional multiphase transport simulations for a matrix of parameter value combinations and covering a range of potential site conditions. Interpolation and scaling processes are applied to estimate groundwater concentrations at compliance (monitoring) wells for specific site conditions of interest using the data from the simulation results. The interpolation and scaling methodology using these simulation results provides a far less computationally intensive alternative to site‐specific three‐dimensional multiphase site modeling, while still allowing for parameter sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. With iterative application, the approach can be used to consider the effect of a diminishing vadose zone source over time on future groundwater concentrations. This novel approach and related simulation results have been incorporated into a user‐friendly Microsoft® Excel®‐based spreadsheet tool entitled SVEET (Soil Vapor Extraction Endstate Tool), which has been made available to the public.
Factors Controlling In Situ Biogeochemical Transformation of Trichloroethene: Column Study
Authors: Evans Patrick J. , Nguyen Dung , Chappell Rick W. , Whiting Kent , Gillette John , Bodour Adria , Wilson John T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn situ biogeochemical transformation involves biological formation of reactive minerals in an aquifer that can destroy chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethene (TCE) without accumulation of intermediates such as vinyl chloride. There is uncertainty regarding the materials and geochemical conditions that are required to promote biogeochemical transformation. The objective of this study was to identify amendments and biogeochemical conditions that promote in situ biogeochemical transformation. Laboratory columns constructed with plant mulch were supplemented with different amendments and were operated under varying conditions of water chemistry and hydraulic residence time. Four patterns of TCE removal were observed: (1) no removal, (2) biotic transformation of TCE to cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cis‐1,2‐DCE), (3) biogeochemical transformation of TCE without accumulation of reductive dechlorination products, and (4) mixed behavior where a combination of patterns was observed either simultaneously or over time. Principal coordinates analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified factors that promoted biogeochemical transformation: (1) high influent sulfate concentration, (2) relatively high hydraulic retention time, (3) supplementation of mulch with vegetable oil, and (4) addition of hematite or magnetite. The combination of the first three factors promoted complete sulfate reduction and a high volumetric sulfate consumption rate. The fourth factor provided a source of ferrous iron and/or a surface to which sulfide could react to form reactive iron sulfides. Many columns demonstrated either no TCE removal or a biotic TCE transformation pattern. Modification of column operation to include all four factors identified above promoted biogeochemical transformation in these columns. These results support the importance of the factors in biogeochemical transformation.
Development and Testing of a Field Screening Method Based on Bubbling Extraction and Photoionization Detection for Measurement of Benzene and Total VOCs
Authors: Devine Catalina Espino , Bennett Peter , Synowiec Karen , Nelson Sheldon , Mohler Rachel , Einarson Murray 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA field screening method was developed for rapid measurement of benzene and gasoline range total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHg) concentrations in groundwater. The method is based on collecting photoionization detector (PID) measurements from vapor samples. The vapor samples are collected by bubbling air through groundwater samples (air sparging) with a constant volume, temperature and sparging rate. The level of accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and statistical significance of the estimated concentrations, derived from the screening method, are comparable to conventional laboratory analytical results at concentrations equal to or greater than 150 µg/L for benzene and greater than 50 µg/L for TPHg. The method's concentration estimations can assist in making real‐time decisions regarding location of dissolved plumes and light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) source zones at many fuel release sites. The screening method was tested in the laboratory and in the field with 208 and 107 samples, respectively. The study concludes that the screening method can be used as a tool to aid in completing a site conceptual model as well as analyzing groundwater from monitoring wells.
Assessment of Density‐Induced Tracer Movement in Groundwater Velocity Measurements with Point Velocity Probes (PVPs)
Authors: Schillig P.C. , Devlin J.F. , McElwee C.D. , Walter K. , Gibson B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe concept of equivalent freshwater head was adapted to predict the conditions under which density‐driven flow would adversely impact measured groundwater velocities using point velocity probes (PVPs). Theoretically, vertical flow will result from any density contrast between the PVP tracer and the groundwater. However, laboratory testing of tracers with salinities ranging from 0 to 2000 mg NaCl/L showed that horizontal velocities could be determined with good accuracy with up to 60% of the total flow being vertical due to density effects in a gravel medium. The available data suggest that density effects are less likely to be pronounced in sandy sediments. The relative amount of vertical flow due to tracer density can be estimated from vertical and horizontal velocities measured with PVPs, or from the ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic gradients. The equivalent freshwater gradient produced from a given tracer salinity at 10 °C (a typical groundwater temperature at moderate latitudes) can be estimated from 7.80 × 10−7 × (MNaCl), where MNaCl is the mass of NaCl added, in mg, to 1 L of site groundwater in the mixing of the tracer. Equations for other temperatures were also determined.
Activation of Persulfate by Surfactants under Acidic and Basic Conditions
Authors: Elloy Farah C. , Teel Amy L. , Watts Richard J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractActivated persulfate is a commonly used oxidant source used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for remediation of subsurface contamination. Surfactants are sometimes used in ISCO to desorb contaminants and dissolve nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). The potential activation of persulfate by such surfactants was investigated, and the reactive oxygen species generated by persulfate in the presence of anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants were determined. Twenty surfactants were screened; most activated persulfate to generate reductants + nucleophiles at acidic and basic pH. The most reactive anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants (Lankropol 4500, polyethylene glycol 400, and Ethoduomeen T/25) were investigated in more detail. All three surfactants activated persulfate; however, the cationic surfactant showed the most potential for persulfate activation with high fluxes of hydroxyl radical and reductants + nucleophiles. The results of this research demonstrate that surfactants added to ISCO systems often activate persulfate to generate reductants at both acidic and basic pH, and hydroxyl radical at basic pH. These findings provide a new paradigm for persulfate activation in surfactant in situ chemical oxidation (SISCO) systems; pH regimes >11 may not be necessary for persulfate activation resulting in cost savings and potentially more effective activation of persulfate.
The effectiveness of various irrigation protocols on organic tissue removal from simulated internal resorption defects
Authors: Ulusoy Ö. İ. , Savur İ. G. , Alaçam T. , Çelik B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effectiveness of NaOCl, NaOCl‐EDTA and NaOCl + HEBP activated by ultrasonics and XP‐endo Finisher on organic tissue removal from simulated internal root resorption cavities.MethodologyThe root canals of 144 single‐rooted teeth were instrumented. The teeth were split longitudinally, and semicircular cavities were prepared in the canal walls on each half of the roots. Samples obtained from ground bovine muscle tissue were weighed and adapted into the semicircular cavities. The root fragments were reassembled and cemented to create a circular simulated resorption cavity within the canal. Teeth were divided into twelve groups (n = 12) according to the irrigation protocols: group 1: NaOCl, no activation; group 2: NaOCl, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); group 3: NaOCl, XP‐endo Finisher; group 4: NaOCl‐EDTA, no activation; group 5: NaOCl‐EDTA, PUI; group 6: NaOCl‐EDTA, XP‐endo Finisher; group 7: NaOCl + HEBP, no activation; group 8: NaOCl + HEBP, PUI; group 9: NaOCl + HEBP, XP‐endo Finisher; group 10: distilled water, no activation; group 11: distilled water, PUI; and group 12: distilled water, XP‐endo Finisher. The teeth were disassembled, and the tissue remaining inside the resorption cavities were weighed. The data were analysed statistically using two‐way anova and Fisher's LSD tests with a significance level of 0.05.ResultsThe use of XP‐endo Finisher with the experimental solutions resulted in the greatest tissue weight loss compared to the other activation protocols (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between NaOCl and NaOCl + HEBP in terms of tissue removal.ConclusionThe use of a NaOCl + HEBP mixture activated with XP‐endo Finisher was an effective irrigation regimen for removing simulated organic tissues from artificial internal root resorption cavities in the straight root canals of single‐rooted teeth.
MEDICAID AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF SINGLE MOTHERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE REFORM
Authors: Pohl R. Vincent 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre‐ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects.
THE OUTPUT AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING SHOCKS OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE
Authors: Sims Eric , Wolff Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article studies the output and welfare effects of shocks to government spending in a medium‐scale DSGE model. Our model considers both government consumption and investment and allows for a variety of fiscal financing mechanisms. We use the model to address several questions pertaining to the magnitude and state dependence of both the output and welfare effects of changes in government spending. Countercyclical government spending is undesirable as a general policy prescription, but we highlight situations (such as when monetary policy is passive or when government investment is particularly productive) in which it might be beneficial.
Microencapsulation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) essential oil by complex coacervation: formation, rheological property, oxidative stability and odour attenuation effect
Authors: Yuan Yang , Li Meng‐Fan , Chen Wan‐Shi , Zeng Qing‐Zhu , Su Dong‐Xiao , Tian Bin , He Shan 
Published: March 2018

SummaryComplex coacervation of gelatin (GE) with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the microencapsulation of shiitake essential oil (SEO) using the GE‐CMC coacervate were investigated. The ζ‐potential and coacervate yield data showed that the optimal complexation pH and CMC/GE ratio were 4.0 and 0.15 g g−1, respectively. At this condition, the coacervate yield was 85.35 ± 4.89% and ζ‐potential was almost zero. The SEO contained microcapsules fabricated by the GE‐CMC coacervate were also electrostatic inducted formation, and the highest encapsulation efficiency was shown to be 85.75 ± 2.89%. The rheological measurement indicated that the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules had a viscoelastic solid behaviour (G’ > G”) which was resulted mainly from the interactions between GE molecules and CMC chains. The improved oxidative stability and odour attenuation effect of the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules were believed to be attributed to the increased protection against oxidation and flavour release by providing a physical barrier after complex coacervation.
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human intermediate monocytes based on HLA‐DR expression
Authors: Connaughton Eanna P , Naicker Serika , Hanley Shirley A , Slevin Stephanie M , Eykelenboom John K , Lowndes Noel F , O'Brien Timothy , Ceredig Rhodri , Griffin Matthew D , Dennedy Michael C 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHuman blood monocytes are subclassified as classical, intermediate and nonclassical. In this study, it was shown that conventionally defined human intermediate monocytes can be divided into two distinct subpopulations with mid‐ and high‐level surface expression of HLA‐DR (referred to as DRmid and DRhi intermediate monocytes). These IM subpopulations were phenotypically and functionally characterized in healthy adult blood by flow cytometry, migration assays and lipoprotein uptake assays. Their absolute numbers and proportions were then compared in blood samples from obese and nonobese adults. DRmid and DRhi intermediate monocytes differentially expressed several proteins including CD62L, CD11a, CX3CR1 and CCR2. Overall, the DRmid intermediate monocytes surface profile more closely resembled that of classical monocytes while DRhi intermediate monocytes were more similar to nonclassical. However, in contrast to classical monocytes, DRmid intermediate monocytes migrated weakly to CCL2, had reduced intracellular calcium flux following CCR2 ligation and favored adherence to TNFα‐activated endothelium over transmigration. In lipid uptake assays, DRmid intermediate monocytes demonstrated greater internalization of oxidized and acetylated low‐density lipoprotein than DRhi intermediate monocytes. In obese compared to nonobese adults, proportions and absolute numbers of DRmid, but not DRhi intermediate monocytes, were increased in blood. The results are consistent with phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within the intermediate monocytes subset that may be of specific relevance to lipoprotein scavenging and metabolic health.
Feasibility of an emotional health curriculum for elementary school students in an underserved Hispanic community
Authors: Guo Yuqing , Rousseau Julie , Renno Patricia , Kehoe Priscilla , Daviss Monique , Flores Sara , Saunders Kathleen , Phillips Susanne , Chin Mindy , Evangelista Lorraine S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractProblemHispanic children have greater mental health challenges but fewer received mental health services than other ethnic groups. A classroom‐based Emotional Health Curriculum (EHC) was developed to address mental health disparities in an underserved Hispanic community.MethodsA quasi‐experimental design with one group pre‐ and post‐intervention was used to test the feasibility of an 8‐week EHC for one hundred 3rd and 4th grade children in a dual‐immersion Spanish–English elementary school. Limited efficacy was measured by changes in depression and anxiety scores reported by children and teachers. Acceptance was evaluated by a child‐reported satisfaction survey and a focus group in which the four teachers shared their experiences. Implementation was measured by participation, retention, and fidelity rates.FindingsThe child‐reported depression and anxiety and teacher‐reported depression were significantly decreased in at‐risk children with the effect size ranging from 0.60 to 1.16 (ps < 0.05). The majority of children (89.7%) enjoyed the EHC and teachers observed that children had acquired skills to manage their emotional distress. The participation, retention, and fidelity rates were 98%, 94%, and 99.13%, respectively.ConclusionsThe results provide promising evidence that the EHC has the potential to improve depression and anxiety symptoms in at‐risk children.
Embryonic and larval development and fatty‐acid profile of Epinephelus marginatus spawned in captivity: tools applied to captive rearing
Authors: Mello P. H. , Araújo B. C. , Campos M. F. , Rodrigues‐Filho J. A. , Garcia C. E. O. , Moreira R. G. 
Published: March 2018

Development, ontogeny of the digestive system and the fatty‐acid (FA) profile, were analysed during development of Epinephelus marginatus. Larvae were analysed 7 and 17 days post fertilization (dpf) to evaluate fatty‐acid profile and morphological variables, respectively. Epinephelus marginatus larvae have relatively slow development of digestive structures, but were able to capture, ingest and digest prey by 5 dpf. Eggs were composed of high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipids. The percentage of n3 PUFAs was higher than n6, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which exhibited higher levels compared with other marine species during the first 3 days of development, both in terms of phospholipids and triglycerides. The larvae present a high content of docosahexaenoic acid–eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA–EPA) and, during this phase, live food of small size was required (copepods or SS‐strain Brachionus rotundiformes), enriched with DHA–EPA. These results may guide future studies on the contribution of FAs required during this stage of the life cycle of E. marginatus, to advance knowledge of the use of these FAs throughout ontogeny and contribute to the culture of this species commercial production or restocking.
A single‐center clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a tripeptide/hexapeptide antiaging regimen
Authors: Widgerow Alan D , Jiang Lily I , Calame Antoanella 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIntroductionAn antiaging regimen that aids in clearing the matrix of waste products and stimulating neocollagenesis and neoelastogenesis was tested among a group of subjects over the course of 12 weeks to assess its efficacy in women with mild to moderate wrinkles and skin sagging on the face.Materials and methodsThe efficacy of the product regimen was tested in 22 subjects using investigator clinical grading measurements, raking light imaging, 3D imaging, biopsies, and self‐assessment questionnaires at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12.ResultsClinical grading indicated that use of the antiaging regimen for 12 weeks produced a statistically significant improvement in scores for all evaluated parameters; the raking light image analysis demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in values for length, width, and area of wrinkles when compared with baseline values as did 3D imaging. Biopsy results in the 5 patients tested showed improvement in solar elastosis, collagen stimulation, and improvement in cornified layers in all 5 patients. Elastin stimulation was evident in 3 of 5 patients. Results from the self‐assessment questionnaire analysis indicated favorable responses in a statistically significant proportion of subjects after 12 weeks of use for all inquiries.ConclusionUse of this facial antiaging regimen was effective in improving visual facial photoaging conditions and well‐perceived when used by women with mild to moderate wrinkles and skin sagging on the face under the conditions of this study.
Treating the tear trough: A new classification system, a 6‐step evaluation procedure, hyaluronic acid injection algorithm, and treatment sequences
Authors: Peng Peter Hsien‐Li , Peng Jui‐Hui 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIntroductionThe tear trough deformity is commonly requested for correction, most often by filler injections. However, the tear trough remains difficult to treat due to its complex anatomy, a variety of other concurrent deformities, and the high risk of complications.ObjectivesTo create a standardized categorization, evaluation, and treatment protocol for the management of tear troughs with fillers.Methods(1) Patient deformity profiles are determined using three categories of traits: A (Atrophy), B (Bulging), L (Laxity). (2) A 6‐step evaluation process (Tilt, Snap, Smile, Squint, Pull, Push) aids in ABL determination. (3) Treatment is simplified into a comprehensive protocol for each category (with 6 major injection points and a variety of injection depths and volumes).ResultsThe author has achieved satisfactory results using the presented protocols, with photographic examples.ConclusionThe author proposes a comprehensive categorization system that takes into account both the tear trough and other concurrent deformities. The author also presents 6 tests to aid in categorization, and simple protocols with injection sequences, amounts, and depth.
Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions
Authors: West C. P. , Dyrbye L. N. , Shanafelt T. D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhysician burnout, a work‐related syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment, is prevalent internationally. Rates of burnout symptoms that have been associated with adverse effects on patients, the healthcare workforce, costs and physician health exceed 50% in studies of both physicians‐in‐training and practicing physicians. This problem represents a public health crisis with negative impacts on individual physicians, patients and healthcare organizations and systems. Drivers of this epidemic are largely rooted within healthcare organizations and systems and include excessive workloads, inefficient work processes, clerical burdens, work–home conflicts, lack of input or control for physicians with respect to issues affecting their work lives, organizational support structures and leadership culture. Individual physician‐level factors also play a role, with higher rates of burnout commonly reported in female and younger physicians. Effective solutions align with these drivers. For example, organizational efforts such as locally developed practice modifications and increased support for clinical work have demonstrated benefits in reducing burnout. Individually focused solutions such as mindfulness‐based stress reduction and small‐group programmes to promote community, connectedness and meaning have also been shown to be effective. Regardless of the specific approach taken, the problem of physician burnout is best addressed when viewed as a shared responsibility of both healthcare systems and individual physicians. Although our understanding of physician burnout has advanced considerably in recent years, many gaps in our knowledge remain. Longitudinal studies of burnout's effects and the impact of interventions on both burnout and its effects are needed, as are studies of effective solutions implemented in combination. For medicine to fulfil its mission for patients and for public health, all stakeholders in healthcare delivery must work together to develop and implement effective remedies for physician burnout.