bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired low cholesterol: diagnosis and relevance to safety of low LDL therapeutic targets
Authors: Soran Handrean , Ho Jan Hoong , Durrington Paul N. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of reviewAcquired hypocholesterolaemia occurs more commonly than inherited hypocholesterolaemia but has received little attention in the literature. In this review, we discuss the causes and underlying mechanisms of acquired hypocholesterolaemia and its relevance to safety of therapeutically induced decreased LDL cholesterol levels.Recent findingsHypocholesterolaemia is increasingly identified as cholesterol testing becomes more widespread in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Lower therapeutic targets for LDL cholesterol are also being achieved more regularly with the introduction of more intensive cholesterol-lowering regimens. Acquired hypocholesterolaemia may be the presenting feature of treatable diseases. Understanding its mechanisms may also provide new treatment approaches for neoplastic disease, such as breast cancer, and infections, such as tuberculosis.SummaryWhen hypocholesterolaemia is discovered, it is important to identify its cause. Further research into the pathogenesis of hypocholesterolaemia may provide new therapies for primary diseases underlying it.
Blepharoptosis repair
Authors: Liu Catherine Y. , Chhadva Priyanka , Setabutr Pete 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
To review recent advances on the mechanisms and management of acquired aponeurotic blepharoptosis.

Recent findings
Recent advances over the past year have focused on refining well known methods of ptosis repair, expanding and modifying techniques to treat difficult and more severe conditions, and uncovering the biomechanical and neurostimulatory mechanisms of ptosis and its repair.

Summary
Innovations in ptosis repair are discussed in the context of current treatment paradigms.
Antibiotic use in facial plastic surgery
Authors: Shokri Tom , Lighthall Jessyka G. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to review and discuss recent literature regarding perioperative use of antibiotics in the context of facial plastic surgery.

Recent findings
Despite research efforts, there continues to be insufficient evidence in support of, or against, the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Summary
Current available evidence regarding antibiotic use in facial plastic surgery procedures fails to demonstrate routine benefit. Therefore, the advantages accompanying administration of preoperative antibiotics should be weighed against any potential complications on a case-by-case basis. Future large-scale prospective studies will be beneficial in developing standardized criteria directing appropriate antibiotic use.
Management of obstructive sleep apnoea: an update on the role of distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Leung Yiu Yan , Lai Karen Kar Yan 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
This article reviews the current literature on the use of distraction osteogenesis as a treatment for patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). We reviewed the indications, surgical protocols and outcomes for distraction osteogenesis in paediatric and adult OSA cases described in the literature.

Recent findings
There is evidence that distraction osteogenesis is effective in treating children with OSA as a result of underdevelopment of jaws such as those with craniofacial syndromes. Distraction osteogenesis appears to be the only available treatment that prevents tracheostomy in some of these cases, or allows decannulation after distraction. For adult OSA patients, distraction osteogenesis is reported to be reserved for challenging cases such as OSA as a consequence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. It is used where conventional orthognathic surgery is not feasible. The studies reported high success rate/cure rate of OSA after distraction osteogenesis. Technological advances such as three-dimensional printing assist the execution of an accurate distraction process.

Summary
Distraction osteogenesis appears to be an effective treatment for paediatric OSA patients with craniofacial anomalies, and is used in selected cases of adult with severe OSA. With the improvement in distraction device designs and computer technology, distraction osteogenesis may play a bigger role in the treatment of OSA.
Colourism: a global adolescent health concern
Authors: Craddock Nadia , Dlova Ncoza , Diedrichs Phillippa C. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of reviewColourism, a form of prejudice and discrimination based solely upon skin colour, stands to jeopardize the physical health, wellbeing and life chances of adolescents of colour, globally.Recent findingsResearch shows that adolescents can experience colourism at school and college, in the criminal justice system, at work and in the media they consume. It is therefore unsurprising that adolescents of colour often express a desire for lighter skin tones and/or are dissatisfied with their skin tone. Although research is scarce, some studies include older adolescents in their samples of skin-lightening product users. This is significant as the evidence is clear that the unmonitored use of skin-lightening products can be harmful to physical and psychological health, with evidence linking skin-lightening use to skin damage, kidney failure and depression.SummaryAlthough it is evident that colourism is central to the lives of adolescents of colour, more research is needed concerning the use of skin-lightening products among adolescents. Media literacy and critical race theory offer avenues in helping attenuate the harmful impact of colourism for adolescents of colour.
Prolonged QRS Widening After Aripiprazole Overdose
Authors: Mazer-Amirshahi Maryann , Porter Robert , Dewey Kayla 
Published: May 2018

Background
Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic with a long half-life. Overdose can result in protracted somnolence and cardiac disturbances, particularly QT interval prolongation.

Methods
This is a single case report of a 14-year-old boy who took an overdose of aripiprazole and developed QRS widening.

Case
A 14-year-old boy intentionally ingested 20 tablets of aripiprazole (5 mg). He was brought to the emergency department when his ingestion was discovered. The patient's vital signs were as follows: temperature, 37.7°C; heart rate, 108 beats/min; blood pressure, 138/98 mm Hg; and respirations, 16 breaths/min. Activated charcoal was administered within 90 minutes of ingestion. Initial electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus tachycardia, with a QRS of 138 ms and QT interval of 444 ms. QRS duration was 90 ms on an EKG performed 3 months earlier. A bolus of sodium bicarbonate was administered, and the patient was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Repeat EKG demonstrated a QRS of 156 ms, and a sodium bicarbonate infusion was initiated. The patient continued to have QRS prolongation for the next 8 days, reaching a peak of 172 ms 3 days postingestion. Despite aggressive treatment with sodium bicarbonate, there was persistent QRS prolongation; however, the patient did not have any dysrhythmias and remained hemodynamically stable. The patient was discharged 9 days postingestion when the QRS duration normalized to 82 ms. Genetic testing revealed that the patient was a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer.

Conclusions
This case suggests that aripiprazole toxicity may possibly be associated with QRS prolongation without associated dysrhythmias or cardiovascular compromise. In addition, toxicity may be prolonged in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.
First-in-human randomized clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of tanezumab for treatment of chronic knee osteoarthritis pain or acute bunionectomy pain
Authors: Walicke Patricia A. , Hefti Franz , Bales Roxanne , Lu Shiao-Ping , Ruckle Jon L. , Brown Mark T. , West Christine R. , Shelton David L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
The neurotrophin nerve growth factor has a demonstrated role in pain transduction and pathophysiology.

Objectives:
Two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 studies were conducted to evaluate safety, tolerability, and analgesic efficacy of single doses of tanezumab, a humanized anti–nerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, in chronic or acute pain.

Methods:
In the first study (CL001), patients with moderate to severe pain from osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee received a single intravenous infusion of tanezumab (3–1000 μg/kg) or placebo in a dose-escalation (part 1; N = 42) or parallel-arm (part 2; N = 79) study design. The second study (CL002) was a placebo-controlled dose-escalation (tanezumab 10–1000 μg/kg; N = 50) study in patients undergoing bunionectomy surgery.

Results:
Adverse event rates were generally similar across treatments. Most adverse events were generally mild to moderate in severity and no patients discontinued as a result of adverse events. Adverse events of abnormal peripheral sensation were more common with higher doses of tanezumab (≥100 μg/kg) than with placebo. These were generally mild to moderate in severity. Tanezumab provided up to 12 weeks of effective analgesia for OA knee pain, with statistically significant improvements at doses ≥100 μg/kg (P < 0.05). By contrast, no trend for analgesic activity was found when tanezumab was administered 8 to 16 hours before bunionectomy.

Conclusions:
The demonstration of a favorable safety profile and clinical efficacy in OA pain supports clinical development of tanezumab as a potential treatment for chronic pain conditions.
Role of letermovir for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Razonable Raymund R. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common opportunistic infection after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). CMV surveillance-preemptive therapy is the current preferred approach for preventing CMV disease after HSCT. In contrast, antiviral prophylaxis is not commonly used due to myelosuppressive effects of valganciclovir. In this article, the role of the newly approved antiviral compound, letermovir, is reviewed.

Recent findings
Letermovir inhibits CMV by interfering viral terminase complex. In a phase 3 randomized placebo-controlled clinical study that enrolled 495 CMV-seropositive HSCT recipients, the primary end point of clinically significant CMV infection was significantly reduced by letermovir prophylaxis. Letermovir was well tolerated without risk of myelotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Experimental in-vitro data suggest that letermovir may possess low genetic barrier to resistance. In prophylaxis trials, two breakthrough infections were reported due to selection of CMV UL56 V236M mutation.

Summary
Letermovir is an important addition to the current strategies for CMV prevention after allogeneic HSCT. Its favourable efficacy and safety profile re-opens door for antiviral prophylaxis another first-line option, similar to CMV surveillance-preemptive therapy, for preventing CMV in allogeneic HSCT recipients.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XXXIX
Authors: Harolds Jay A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Models to predict patient risk in undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been put forward by authors studying data from the CathPCI Registry. CathPCI data can be used to improve processes and decrease the rate of complications. Outcome data from the CathPCI Registry can be used to assess not only institutional performance but also the performance of the physicians performing the PCI. CathPCI data can also be used to assess the complication rate from various types of vascular closure devices.
Quality and Safety in Health Care, Part XXXVIII
Authors: Harolds Jay A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The CathPCI Registry was started in 1998 to improve health quality for those patients having a percutaneous coronary intervention or diagnostic cardiac catheterization. This registry studies complications, outcomes from placing coronary artery stents of different types, appropriateness of performing the procedures, special indications for performing the procedures, safety of devices, patient characteristics, possible relationships between volume of procedures and quality, models to adjust for patient risk, and so on. The registry encourages using the information to promote research and quality improvement and public reporting of the data.
Right Ureteral Carcinoma Suggested by 99mTc-DTPA Renography in a Patient With Left Pyelocaliceal Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Wei , Yuan Leilei , Kan Ying , Liu Jie , Yang Jigang 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Abdominal enhanced CT of a 72-year-old woman demonstrated 1 enhancing lesion in the left kidney, which suggested malignancy. No significant findings were reported in the right kidney and ureter. A 99mTc-DTPA renography was performed as part of the presurgical evaluation. However, the dynamics of urine elimination by the left kidney was normal, whereas elimination of the urine on the right one delayed, which was unexpected. The patient's CT images were further analyzed. An enhancing lesion in the right ureter was noted by further review, suggesting malignancy, which was subsequently pathologically proven as low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma.
18F-FDG PET/CT in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
Authors: Moubtakir Abdenasser , Dejust Sébastien , Godard François , Messaoud Leila , Morland David 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We report the case of a 28-year-old woman presenting behavior disorders of subacute onset. She was referred in our institution for a suspicion of limbic encephalitis. 18F-FDG PET/CT did not show any mesiotemporal abnormality but depicted a decreased uptake of bilateral parietal and occipital lobes. This atypical pattern was compatible with an anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis that was later confirmed.
Progression of Multiple Myeloma Detected on Cardiac Scintigraphy with 99mTc Sestamibi
Authors: Bulzan Jonathan , Revels Jonathan , Byun Kathy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It is important to understand normal and abnormal radiotracer biodistribution patterns in patients who undergo cardiac 99mTc-2-methoxyisobutyl-isonitrile (99mTc-sestamibi) scans to provide important clinical guidance. Our case describes a 75-year-old man with a history of multiple myeloma in remission, who presented to the emergency department for unrelated chest pain and shortness of breath. The patient underwent a nuclear cardiac stress test with 99mTc-sestamibi scintigraphy as part of his cardiac workup. The images demonstrated diffuse radiotracer uptake in the skeletal structures raising concern for progression of multiple myeloma, of which, subsequent biopsy confirmed the presence of recurrent disease.
Two Different Causes of Decreased Activity on Ipsilateral Iliac Artery in Renal Transplant Scintigraphy
Authors: Yazici Bulent , Oral Aylin , Yilmaz Mumtaz , Akgün Aysegül , Toz Huseyin 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In 2 patients, perfusion images of renal transplant scintigraphy showed similarly decreased activity on ipsilateral iliac artery. One's graft was photopenic because of arterial thrombosis. However, the other's graft had sufficient perfusion and no abnormality in iliac arteries, but he had femoral arteriovenous graft for hemodialysis on the contralateral side. So, in this patient, decreased activity on ipsilateral iliac artery was probably related to increased arterial flow of the contralateral side. It should be considered that decreased activity on ipsilateral iliac artery in perfusion images is not only due to ipsilateral problem; the cause could be on the contralateral side.
The Detection of Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroid) Calcifications on 18F-NaF PET/CT
Authors: Al-Zaghal Abdullah , Werner Thomas J. , Høilund-Carlsen Poul F. , Alavi Abass 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common type of uterine neoplasms in premenopausal women. Leiomyomas are estrogen dependent and tend to atrophy and shrink in size after menopause. Dystrophic calcification, cystic changes, and necrosis are among the changes that indicate uterine fibroid involution. We are presenting a calcified uterine leiomyoma in a 61-year-old woman as incidentally detected on 18F-NaF PET/CT scanning. Many previous publications have reported the accumulation of 18F-NaF in soft tissue calcifications; these findings further set new directions in the evaluation of the metabolic activity of macrocalcification and microcalcification using molecular imaging probes.
Solitary Breast Metastasis From Rhabdomyosarcoma Shown on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Bai Xia , Wang Xuemei 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma rarely metastasizes to breast. A 15-year-old adolescent girl underwent FDG PET/CT scan for staging a newly diagnosed alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The images showed not only the abnormal activity in the region of the right maxillary sinus, consistent with the known primary tumor, but also an intense focal activity in the right breast. The right breast lesion was excised, and the pathological results showed alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.
Capillary Hemangioma as an Unusual Cause of Doughnut Sign on Bone Scan
Authors: Samarah Omar Q. , Tayyem Mohammad I. , Abu shahin Nisreen , AlMuhaisen Ghadeer , Juweid Malik E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstracts
A 28-year-old woman presented with a mass in her right leg, which, on plain radiograph, appeared as a lytic lesion in the mid-shaft of the tibia with cortical thinning but without periosteal reaction. 99mTc-MDP 3-phase bone scan demonstrated intense uptake in the periphery of the mass with a photopenic center, the so-called doughnut sign. Histopathology revealed a capillary hemangioma. This case demonstrates that the doughnut sign on bone scan can be caused by capillary hemangioma in addition to other reported bone pathologies, including aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor, and telangiectatic osteosarcoma.
Lymphangioma on 68Ga-NOTA-Evans Blue PET/MRI
Authors: Hou Guozhu , Li Xiaoqing , Hou Bo , Zhou Weixun , Cheng Wuying 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A 17-year-old adolescent boy with a history of hypoproteinemia underwent 68Ga-NEB PET/MRI to evaluate possible lymphatic disorders suggested by FDG PET/CT imaging. The images revealed multiple lesions with increased 68Ga-NEB uptake and high signal on T2-weighted images, consistent with likely lymphatic disorder. Histopathological examination from biopsied specimen confirmed lymphangioma.
Dietary Cellulose Supplementation Modulates the Immune Response in a Murine Endotoxemia Model
Authors: Di Caro Valentina , Cummings Jessica L. , Alcamo Alicia M. , Piganelli Jon D. , Clark Robert S.B. , Morowitz Michael J. , Aneja Rajesh K. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
The role of dietary fiber in chronic inflammatory disorders has been explored, but very little is known about its benefits in acute inflammation. Previously, we have demonstrated that dietary cellulose supplementation confers protection in a murine model of sepsis by promoting the growth of the gut microbiota that are linked to metabolic health. The survival benefit is associated with a decrease in serum concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, reduced neutrophil infiltration in the lungs, and diminished hepatic inflammation. Here, we aim to understand if the benefit of manipulating the gut microbiome exerts a broader “systemic” influence on the immune system in a lethal murine endotoxemia model. We hypothesize that mice-fed high-fiber cellulose (HF) diet will demonstrate a reduction in activated macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) and a concomitant increase in the suppressive capacity of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) toward T cells responsiveness. We characterized the immunological profile and activation status of macrophages, DCs, and T cells in mice on HF diet that were then subjected to endotoxemia. Supplementation with HF diet decreased the number and activation of splenic macrophages and DCs in mice after LPS administration. Similarly, HF diet amplified the suppressive function of Tregs and induced anergy in T cells as compared with mice on a regular diet. Our data suggest that the use of HF diet can be a simple, yet effective tool that decreases the hepatic DNA-binding activity of NF-κB leading to a reduction in proinflammatory cytokine response in a murine endotoxemia model.
Female Veterans With Diagnoses of Both Chronic Pelvic Pain and Overactive Bladder; How Do They Compare to Women Diagnosed With Interstitial Cystitis?
Authors: Volpe Katherine A. , Cichowski Sara B. , Komesu Yuko K. , Rogers Rebecca G. , Murata Allison , Murata Glen 
Published: May 2018

Objective
The objective of this study was to compare women with a known diagnosis of interstitial cystitis (IC) to a population that might be at risk for the diagnosis of IC, women with diagnoses of both chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and overactive bladder (OAB).

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of data from the Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse. The cohort included all female veterans who had established care with a primary care provider from 1997 to present. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were used to identify women with a diagnosis of IC, CPP, and OAB. Demographic data and comorbidities were compared between groups.

Results
A total of 596,815 women were identified. Two thousand three hundred one women (0.4%) were diagnosed with IC; 4459 women (0.7%) were diagnosed with CPP and OAB. At baseline, women with OAB and CPP were more likely to identify as minority (P < 0.001). Anxiety (57.3% vs 49.5%), depression (39.0% vs 46.0%), and posttraumatic stress disorder (29.7 vs 26.4%) were all more common in the CPP and OAB group than in the IC group. In the multivariable model, women with CPP and OAB were more likely to identify as a minority, use tobacco, and carry a diagnosis of anxiety.

Conclusions
There were more patients diagnosed with CPP and OAB compared with patients diagnosed with IC in this population of female veterans. Given the high rate of comorbid anxiety and depression in both groups, further study is warranted to determine whether these women are misdiagnosed.
The changing landscape of motor neuron disease imaging: the transition from descriptive studies to precision clinical tools
Authors: Bede Peter , Querin Giorgia , Pradat Pierre-François 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
Neuroimaging in motor neuron disease (MND) has traditionally been seen as an academic tool with limited direct relevance to individualized patient care. This has changed radically in recent years as computational imaging has emerged as a viable clinical tool with true biomarker potential. This transition is not only fuelled by technological advances but also by important conceptual developments.

Recent findings
The natural history of MND is now evaluated by presymptomatic, postmortem and multi-timepoint longitudinal imaging studies. The anatomical spectrum of MND imaging has also been expanded from an overwhelmingly cerebral focus to innovative spinal and muscle applications. In contrast to the group-comparisons of previous studies, machine-learning and deep-learning approaches are increasingly utilized to model real-life diagnostic dilemmas and aid prognostic classification. The focus from evaluating focal structural changes has shifted to the appraisal of network integrity by connectivity-based approaches. The armamentarium of MND imaging has also been complemented by novel PET-ligands, spinal toolboxes and the availability of magnetoencephalography and high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging platforms.

Summary
In addition to the technological and conceptual advances, collaborative multicentre research efforts have also gained considerable momentum. This opinion-piece reviews emerging trends in MND imaging and their implications to clinical care and drug development.