bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Hell was let loose on the country”: The Social History of Military Technology in the Republic of Biafra
Authors: Daly Samuel Fury Childs 
Published: July 2018

Abstract:The problem of armed crime in late twentieth-century Nigeria was closely connected to the events of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). Legal records from the secessionist Republic of Biafra reveal how violent crime emerged as part of the military confrontation between Biafra and Nigeria. The wide availability of firearms, the Biafran state’s diminishing ability to enforce the law, and the gradual collapse of Biafra’s economy under the pressure of a Nigerian blockade made Biafran soldiers and civilians reliant on their weapons to obtain food and fuel, make claims to property, and settle disputes with one another. Criminal legal records illustrate how military technologies shape interactions and relationships in the places where they are deployed, and how those dynamics can endure after the war comes to an end. This speaks to larger theoretical questions about the symbolic and functional meanings of guns during and after wartime.
Cost-effectiveness of three different strategies for the treatment of first recurrent Clostridium difficile infection diagnosed in a community setting
Authors: Lam Simon W. , Neuner Elizabeth A. , Fraser Thomas G. , Delgado David , Chalfin Donald B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveA significant portion of patients with Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) experience recurrence, and there is little consensus on its treatment. With the availability of newer agents for CDI and the added burdens of recurrent disease, a cost-effectiveness analysis may provide insight on the most efficient use of resources.DesignA decision-tree analysis was created to compare the cost-effectiveness of 3 possible treatments for patients with first CDI recurrence: oral vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or bezlotoxumab plus vancomycin. The model was performed from a payer’s perspective with direct cost inputs and a timeline of 1 year. A systematic review of literature was performed to identify clinical, utility, and cost data. Quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated. The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set at $100,000 per QALY gained. The robustness of the model was tested using one-way sensitivity analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsVancomycin had the lowest cost ($15,692) and was associated with a QALY gain of 0.8019 years. Bezlotoxumab plus vancomycin was a dominated strategy. Fidaxomicin led to a higher QALY compared to vancomycin, at an incremental cost of $500,975 per QALY gained. Based on our WTP threshold, vancomycin alone was the most cost-effective regimen for treating the first recurrence of CDI. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated the model’s robustness.ConclusionsVancomycin alone appears to be the most cost-effective regimen for the treatment of first recurrence of CDI. Fidaxomicin alone led to the highest QALY gained, but at a cost beyond what is considered cost-effective.
Glacier anomaly over the western Kunlun Mountains, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau, since the 1970s
Authors: WANG YETANG , HOU SHUGUI , HUAI BAOJUAN , AN WENLING , PANG HONGXI , LIU YAPING 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWestern Kunlun Mountain (WKM) glaciers show balanced or even slightly positive mass budgets in the early 21st century, and this is anomalous in a global context of glacier reduction. However, it is unknown whether the stability prevails at longer time scales because mass budgets have been unavailable before 2000. Here topographical maps, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and Landsat data are used to examine the area and surface elevation changes of glaciers on the WKM since the 1970s. Heterogeneous glacier behaviors are observed not only in the changes of length and area, but also in the spatial distribution of surface elevation changes. However, on average, glacier area and elevation changes are not significant. Glaciers reduce in the area by 0.07 ± 0.1% a−1 from the 1970s to 2016. Averaged glacier mass loss is −0.06 ± 0.13 m w.e. a−1 from the 1970s to 1999. These findings show that the WKM glacier anomaly extends back at least to the 1970s.
Modelling multi-state health transitions in China: a generalised linear model with time trends
Authors: Hanewald Katja , Li Han , Shao Adam W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRapid population ageing in China has urged the need to understand health transitions of older Chinese to assist the development of social security programmes and financial products aimed at funding long-term care. In this paper, we develop a new flexible approach to modelling health transitions in a multi-state Markov model that allows for age effects, time trends and age-time interactions. The model is implemented in the generalised linear modelling framework. We apply the model to evaluate health transitions of Chinese elderly using individual-level panel data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey for the period 1998–2012. Our results confirm that time trends and age–time interactions are important factors explaining health transitions in addition to the more commonly used age effects. We document that differences in disability and mortality rates continue to persist between urban and rural older Chinese. We also compute life expectancies and healthy life expectancies based on the proposed model as inputs for the development of aged care and financial services for older Chinese.
Seedbank Persistence of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) across Diverse Geographical Regions in the United States
Authors: Korres Nicholas E. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Young Bryan G. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Johnson William G. , Conley Shawn P. , Smeda Reid J. , Mueller Thomas C. , Spaunhorst Douglas J. , Gage Karla L. , Loux Mark , Kruger Greg R. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractKnowledge of the effects of burial depth and burial duration on seed viability and, consequently, seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) and waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] ecotypes can be used for the development of efficient weed management programs. This is of particular interest, given the great fecundity of both species and, consequently, their high seedbank replenishment potential. Seeds of both species collected from five different locations across the United States were investigated in seven states (sites) with different soil and climatic conditions. Seeds were placed at two depths (0 and 15 cm) for 3 yr. Each year, seeds were retrieved, and seed damage (shrunken, malformed, or broken) plus losses (deteriorated and futile germination) and viability were evaluated. Greater seed damage plus loss averaged across seed origin, burial depth, and year was recorded for lots tested at Illinois (51.3% and 51.8%) followed by Tennessee (40.5% and 45.1%) and Missouri (39.2% and 42%) forA. palmeriandA. tuberculatus, respectively. The site differences for seed persistence were probably due to higher volumetric water content at these sites. Rates of seed demise were directly proportional to burial depth (α=0.001), whereas the percentage of viable seeds recovered after 36 mo on the soil surface ranged from 4.1% to 4.3% compared with 5% to 5.3% at the 15-cm depth forA. palmeriandA. tuberculatus, respectively. Seed viability loss was greater in the seeds placed on the soil surface compared with the buried seeds. The greatest influences on seed viability were burial conditions and time and site-specific soil conditions, more so than geographical location. Thus, management of these weed species should focus on reducing seed shattering, enhancing seed removal from the soil surface, or adjusting tillage systems.
Temporal Variation of Solar Wind in Controlling Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Energy Budget
Authors: Liu Jing , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Binzheng , Huang Chaosong , Lin Dong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPeriodic oscillations associated with Alfven waves with periods ranging from several tens of minutes to several hours are commonly seen in the solar wind. It is not yet known how the solar wind oscillation frequency, and thus its temporal variation, regulates the energy flow through the coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Utilizing the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model driven by solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), we have analyzed the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system response to IMF Bz oscillations with periods of 10, 30, and 60 min from the perspective of energy budget. Our results indicate that the energy flow from the solar wind to geospace depends on the IMF Bz oscillation frequency. The energy coupling efficiency, defined as the ratio of the globally integrated joule heating to Akasofu's Epsilon function, is higher for lower frequency IMF Bz oscillations. Joule heating in the upper atmosphere depends not only on directly driven processes due to solar wind variability but also on the intrinsic dynamics of the magnetosphere (i.e., loading‐unloading process). This work highlights the critical role of solar wind and IMF temporal variation and the inductive inertia and resistance of coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system in controlling the energy transfer in the coupled solar wind‐geospace system, which has not been explored before.
Measuring the Dissipation Rate of Turbulent Kinetic Energy in Strongly Stratified, Low‐Energy Environments: A Case Study From the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Scheifele Benjamin , Waterman Stephanie , Merckelbach Lucas , Carpenter Jeffrey R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe compare estimates of the turbulent dissipation rate, ε, obtained independently from coincident measurements of shear and temperature microstructure in the southeastern Beaufort Sea, a strongly stratified, low‐energy environment. The measurements were collected over 10 days in 2015 by an ocean glider equipped with microstructure instrumentation; they yield 28,575 shear‐derived and 21,577 temperature‐derived ε estimates. We find agreement within a factor of 2 from the two types of estimates when ε exceeds 3 × 10−11 W/kg, a threshold we identify as the noise floor of the shear‐derived estimates. However, the temperature‐derived estimates suggest that the dissipation rate is lower than this threshold in 58% of our observations. Further, the noise floor of the shear measurements artificially skews the statistical distribution of ε below 10−10 W/kg, that is, in 70% of our observations. The shear measurements overestimate portions of the geometric mean vertical profile of ε by more than an order of magnitude and underestimate the overall variability of ε by at least 2 orders of magnitude. We further discuss uncertainties that arise in both temperature‐ and shear‐derived ε estimates in strongly stratified, weakly turbulent conditions, and we demonstrate how turbulence spectra are systematically modified by stratification under these conditions. Using evidence from the temperature‐gradient spectral shapes and from the observed ε distributions, we suggest that the temperature‐derived dissipation rates are reliable to values as small as 2 × 10−12 W/kg, making them preferable for characterizing the turbulent dissipation rates in the weakly turbulent environment of this study.
Evaluation of Warm‐Core Structure in Reanalysis and Satellite Data Sets Using HS3 Dropsonde Observations: A Case Study of Hurricane Edouard (2014)
Authors: Gao Si , Wang Delong , Hong Haixu , Wu Naigeng , Li Tim 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUsing National Aeronautics and Space Administration Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) dropsonde observations in the eye of Hurricane Edouard (2014), its warm‐core structure in reanalysis/analysis and satellite data sets are evaluated. All of the data sets generally underestimate the warm‐core strength of Edouard. Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A shows the smallest error in the upper troposphere but the largest error in the lower troposphere. Its successor, Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder, significantly improves the representation of low‐level warming while maintaining its performance in the middle and upper troposphere. Two versions of the Global Forecast System analysis at different resolutions and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis version 2 show better performance than the other reanalyses. Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application (MERRA)‐2, Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis, and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis could represent the vertical warm‐core structure, but they markedly underestimate the warm‐core strength. MERRA and North American Regional Reanalysis (especially North American Regional Reanalysis) have the worst skills when reproducing warm cores. MERRA‐2 considerably outperforms its predecessor, MERRA. The warm‐core evolution of Edouard in six reanalysis/analysis data sets is diagnosed and compared. Different physical processes such as diabatic heating and vertical and horizontal advection may be responsible for warm‐core generation at different stages during its lifetime. The inaccurate representation of these physical processes in the reanalyses/analyses results in errors in the warm‐core strength and height. It is suggested that vortex relocation/bogusing, assimilation of tropical cyclone (TC) observation data, and model parameterizations are important to adequately represent warm cores in terms of strength and three‐dimensional structure. This study can shed some light on the selection of suitable data sets for estimating the real‐time warm‐core strength or for TC‐related climate studies. The need for better observations of TCs and model improvements is also highlighted.
Creeping Along the Guanxian‐Anxian Fault of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake in the Longmen Shan, China
Authors: He X. L. , Li H. B. , Wang H. , Zhang L. , Xu Z. Q. , Si J. L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCrustal active faults can slip either steadily by aseismic creep, or abruptly by earthquake rupture. Creep can continuously relax the stress and reduce the magnitude of earthquakes. Identifying the slip behavior of active faults plays a crucial role in predicting and preventing earthquake disasters. Here we carried out multiscale structural analyses of fault rocks from the Guanxian‐Anxian fault zone (GAF) surface rupture of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake (Longmen Shan thrust belt, China), and from the 3rd pilot borehole of the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project (WFSD‐3P). Results revealed that distributed R1 shears, pressure solution seams, partly dissolved clasts and mineral grains (e.g., quartz and albite), and newly formed phyllosilicate minerals all prevail in the clay‐rich fault rocks at different depths. Microstructural observations combined with X‐ray diffraction analysis show that the majority of clay minerals in the fault gouges were newly formed by pressure solution. The growth of new phyllosilicates prevents soluble grains from coalescing, thereby maintaining fast diffusive paths along solution seams, which promotes the formation of pressure solution. Both weak phyllosilicate minerals and pressure solution can control aseismic creep. Therefore, the slip behavior of the GAF is dominated by long‐term aseismic creep due to the interplay between new phyllosilicate minerals and pressure solution. Based on P wave velocity and strata distribution, we propose a model in which the GAF is creeping at shallow depths and locked at greater depths, as a possible explanation for the Wenchuan earthquake rupture mechanism.
On the Anthropogenic Impact on Long‐Term Evolution of Noctilucent Clouds
Authors: Lübken Franz‐Josef , Berger Uwe , Baumgarten Gerd 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLittle is known about climate change effects in the transition region between the Earth's atmosphere and space, roughly at 80–120 km. Some of the earliest observations in this region come from noctilucent clouds (NLC) at ∼83‐km altitude. There is a long‐standing dispute whether NLC are indicators of climate change. We use model simulations for a time period of 138 years to study the impact of increasing CO2 and H2O on the development of NLC on centennial time scales. Since the beginning of industrialization the water vapor concentration mixing ratio at NLC heights has increased by ∼40% (1 ppmv) due to methane increase, whereas temperatures are nearly constant. The H2O increase has led to a large enhancement of NLC brightness. NLC presumably existed centuries earlier, but the chance to observe them by the naked eye was extremely small before the twentieth century, whereas it is likely to see several NLC per season in the modern era.
A Directional Crack Damage Memory Effect in Sandstone Under True Triaxial Loading
Authors: Browning John , Meredith Philip G. , Stuart Christopher , Harland Sophie , Healy David , Mitchell Thomas M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCrack damage leading to failure in rocks can be accumulated through cyclic stressing in the crust. However, the vast majority of experimental studies to investigate cyclic stressing apply conventional triaxial stress states (σ1 > σ2 = σ3), while in nature the state of stress in the crust is generally truly triaxial (σ1 > σ2 > σ3). Furthermore, the magnitude of these crustal stresses can vary over time and their orientations can also rotate over time, generating multiple crack populations and bulk anisotropic crack damage. We investigate the evolution of crack damage under both conventional and true triaxial stress conditions by sequentially and cyclically varying stresses in all three principal directions on cubic samples of dry sandstone using independently controlled stress paths. We have measured, simultaneously with stress, the bulk acoustic emission output, as a proxy for crack damage. We report a directionally controlled crack damage memory effect which has implications for the approach to failure in complex tectonic stress environments.
Characteristics of Radio Emissions Associated With Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Mailyan B. G. , Nag A. , Murphy M. J. , Briggs M. S. , Dwyer J. R. , Rison W. , Krehbiel P. R. , Boggs L. , Bozarth A. , Cramer E. S. , Roberts O. J. , Stanbro M. , Rassoul H. K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this study, we analyze 44 terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) detected by the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor (GBM) occurring in 2014–2016 in conjunction with data from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). We examine the characteristics of magnetic field waveforms measured by NLDN sensors for 61 pulses that occurred within 5 ms of the start‐time of the TGF photon flux. For 21 (out of 44) TGFs, the associated NLDN pulse occurred almost simultaneously with (that is, within 200 μs of) the TGF. One TGF had two NLDN pulses within 200 μs. The median absolute time interval between the beginning of these near‐simultaneous pulses and the TGF flux start‐time is 50 μs. We speculate that these RF pulses are signatures of either TGF‐associated relativistic electron avalanches or currents traveling in conducting paths “preconditioned” by TGF‐associated electron beams. Compared to pulses that were not simultaneous with TGFs (but within 5 ms of one), simultaneous pulses had higher median absolute peak current (26 kA versus 11 kA), longer median threshold‐to‐peak rise time (14 μs versus 2.8 μs), and longer median peak‐to‐zero time (15 μs versus 5.5 μs). A majority (77%) of our simultaneous RF pulses had NLDN‐estimated peak currents less than 50 kA indicating that TGF emissions can be associated with moderate‐peak‐amplitude processes. The lightning flash associated with one of the TGFs in our data set was observed by a Lightning Mapping Array, which reported a relatively high‐power source at an altitude of 25 km occurring 101 μs after the GBM‐reported TGF discovery‐bin start‐time.
Gas Transfer Velocities Evaluated Using Carbon Dioxide as a Tracer Show High Streamflow to Be a Major Driver of Total CO2 Evasion Flux for a Headwater Stream
Authors: McDowell Mollie J. , Johnson Mark S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEvasion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from headwater streams is a dominant process controlling the fate of terrestrially derived carbon in inland waters. However, limitations of sampling techniques inhibit efforts to accurately characterize CO2 evasion from streams, and particularly headwater streams with steep gradients, complex morphologies, and challenging terrain. CO2 source dynamics coupled with turbulence conditions control gas transfer velocities of CO2 (
) and therefore drive CO2 evasion. We present estimates of
and CO2 evasion from a steep, turbulent headwater stream in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, collected using an automated in situ CO2 tracer technique. Gas transfer velocities scaled positively with discharge, with a median
of 36.8 m/day and a range of 13.5 to 169 m/day. Gas transfer velocities were highest during high‐flow events, with 84% of all CO2 emissions occurring when discharge was higher than Q50, the median discharge (92.6 L/s). Widely used models overestimated gas transfer velocities with a mean relative error of 24% but underestimated k600 values above 165 m/day. Our determinations of gas transfer velocities for a range of streamflow suggest that CO2 evasion may be higher than previously estimated from direct measurements or models, particularly during high‐flow events. These findings illustrate the need for direct, frequent, in situ determinations of
to accurately characterize CO2 evasion dynamics in steep headwater streams.
Early Eocene Thermal Maximum 3: Biotic Response at Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Thomas Ellen , Boscolo‐Galazzo Flavia , Balestra Barbara , Monechi Simonetta , Donner Barbara , Röhl Ursula 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe combine stable isotope, calcareous nannoplankton, and benthic foraminiferal records for Ocean Drilling Program Sites 1262 (paleodepth ~3,500 m) and 1263 (paleodepth ~1,500 m) on Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic), to document the marine biotic response to Eocene Thermal Maximum 3, in the early part of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum, ~3.1 Myr after the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum. Bottom water warming may have decreased the vertical thermal gradient at both sites, but more at Site 1263 than at Site 1262. Floral and faunal changes were more muted at Site 1262 than at shallower Site 1263, indicating that carbonate dissolution was not the most important cause of biotic effects. Assemblage changes were more pronounced in benthos than in plankton. Calcareous nannofossils underwent minor ecological changes, possibly related to the presence of warmer waters, especially at Site 1263, and dissolution‐resistant taxa increased in abundance. Benthic foraminiferal diversity decreased at both sites, but benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates declined dramatically at Site 1263, remaining stable at Site 1262. Ocean circulation may have changed during ETM3, resulting in the presence of a warmer (intermediate) water mass at Site 1263. More pronounced warming may have caused enhanced remineralization of organic matter, so less food reached the benthos. The biotic response to the X‐event was less pronounced than that to earlier and more severe hyperthermal events, the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum and Eocene Thermal Maximum 2. The extent of the biotic response reflects the severity of the environmental disturbance but varies by location (e.g., paleodepth on Walvis Ridge).