bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthworms and Phosphate‐Solubilizing Bacteria Stimulate Nitrogen Storage and Cycling in a Manured Arid Soil
Authors: Cheng Xiong , Zhang Yu-Long , Li Wen-Yan , Wang Li-Ying , Zhang Hai-Chun , Lu Wei-Sheng , Chen Xiao-Yang , Li Yong-Tao , Xu Hui-Juan 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
Earthworm and PSB improved chemical properties of manure‐amended soils.
Earthworm and PSB enhanced the increase of soil organic nitrogen pools by pig manure.
Earthworm and PSB accelerated soil mineralization and nitrifier‐ denitrification.
Improper reuse of manure could not only lead to low nitrogen‐use efficiency but also result in environmental pollution. Therefore, we studied the effect of manure amendment with or without organisms (earthworm and bacteria) on soil nitrogen cycling, aiming to develop a more scientific way to reuse manure. In this study, six treatments, including control (CK), manure (M), manure + slurry (MS), manure + slurry + earthworm (MSE), manure + slurry + bacteria (MSB), and manure + slurry + earthworm + bacteria (MSEB) were divided into two groups to study the effect of manure and the effect of organism on the soil nitrogen pools and nitrogen cycling, respectively. The results showed that manure amendment coupled with organisms increased total nitrogen from 0.538 ± 0.06 to 1.380 ± 0.22 g kg 1, and available nitrogen from 67.28 ± 5.22 to 113.11 ± 12.21 mg kg−1, and improved soil organic nitrogen pool by increasing acid‐hydrolyzable nitrogen (AHN) from 404 ± 39 to 974 ± 94 mg kg−1 and non‐acid‐hydrolyzable nitrogen (NAHN) from 133 ± 26 to 406 ± 155 mg kg−1. Based on the results of soil inorganic nitrogen and soil enzyme activities, we further found that earthworms and bacteria accelerated soil nitrogen cycling by stimulating soil mineralization (ammonification and nitrification) and nitrifier‐denitrification, providing more available nitrogen to plants. Thus, we conclude that manure coupled with organisms would be a more efficient way to reuse manure via increasing soil nitrogen storage and availability simultaneously.
Wetting Patterns and Relative Water‐Uptake Rates from a Ring‐Shaped Water Source
Authors: Friedman Shmulik P. , Gamliel Alon 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
A solution for infiltration from a horizontal ring‐shaped source is formulated.
Effects of source and sink attributes, potential evaporation and the soil heterogeneity on water uptake were analyzed.
Relative water‐uptake rate is suggested as a design criterion for ring‐emitter radius and depth.
A solution of the quasi‐linear flow equation for steady and unsteady infiltration from a horizontal ring‐shaped source with evaporation at the surface of a vertically heterogeneous soil is derived. A coupled source–sink approach enables analyzing the effects of geometrical source and sink attributes, potential evaporation rate and soil heterogeneity on wetting patterns and water‐uptake rates. Ring emitters significantly smaller than the soil's capillary length behave like a point source and substantially larger rings behave like a line source. For ring source radii comparable to the soil's capillary length, water uptake depends on the ring radius and on the size of the root zone in a complex manner. At the stage of root development toward a ring emitter, water uptake is low, and it increases as the radius of the ring (torus)‐shaped root system increases. Deepening a subsurface ring emitter decreases water uptake in the absence of evaporation from the soil surface and increases water uptake in the presence of evaporation. It is suggested that the evaluated relative water‐uptake rate be used as a design criterion for determining the desired radius and depth of the ring emitter with respect to root‐zone geometry, soil properties and atmospheric evaporation demand.
Corn Nitrogen Management Following Daikon Radish and Forage Oat Cover Crops
Authors: Rutan J. , Steinke K. 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
Daikon radish and forage oat cover crops following winter wheat sequestered residual autumn soil NO3–N levels.
Nitrogen availability to the ensuing corn crop may be reduced when preceded by radish or oat cover crops.
When using radish or oat cover crops, increased 5×5 starter rates (> 45 kg N ha‐1) may be required if full SD is delayed until V11.
Radish and oat cover crops preceding corn did not provide a subsequent N fertilizer replacement value but may still be effectively utilized as soil conservation tools.
Cover crops (CC) preceding corn (Zea mays L.) may influence subsequent nitrogen (N) availability, but it is not clear whether N strategies require adjustment. Field studies conducted in 2015 to 2016 evaluated the effects of a daikon radish [Raphanus sativus (L.)], forage oat [Avena sativa (L.)], and no CC following winter wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] on soil chemical properties, corn growth, grain yield, and profitability. Nitrogen management strategies were equalized to 179 kg N ha–1 and included pre‐plant incorporated (PPI) N, poultry litter (PL) PPI (61 kg N ha–1) plus sidedress (SD) N V11, starter N (45 kg N ha–1) subsurface banded (5 cm below and 5 cm beside the seed, 5×5) followed by V4, V11, or V4 plus V11 SD, and a zero N control. Cover crops reduced autumn soil NO3–N levels 78 to 84% relative to no CC but occasionally reduced N during critical corn uptake periods. Cover crops did not increase soil base cation availability to the ensuing corn crop. When 5×5 starter was followed by full SD at V11, CCs reduced yield 3.2 to 3.9% and profitability 11.8 to 13.2% compared with no CC indicating reduced efficacy and possibly greater 5×5 requirements to maintain yield potential until SD time. In the zero N control, CCs reduced grain yield 11.8 to 14.2% and increased yield response to N 63 to 79% suggesting reduced N availability. Radish and oat CCs provided a trap crop for autumn residual N, but N management strategies may need to account for reduced N availability.
Modeling Sorptive Fractionation of Organic Matter at the Mineral‐Water Interface
Authors: Liang Yuzhen , Ding Yang , Wang Pei , Lu Guining , Dang Zhi , Shi Zhenqing 
Published: February 2019

Core IdeasOM fractionation is studied for six minerals and more than 180 OM moieties.Mineral surface variability is explained by the pp‐LFER system parameters.OM functionality variability is quantified by the Abraham parameters.Factors governing fractionation are polarity, H‐bonding, dispersion, and cavitation.A link is developed between sorption and OM moiety molecular characteristics.Sorptive fractionation of organic matter (OM) at mineral–water interfaces alters the composition of OM and therefore affects the fate, transport, and bioavailability of nutrients and contaminants in terrestrial and aquatic environments. It is essential to identify the fractions of OM that are selectively sorbed on minerals and to elucidate the mechanisms of sorptive fractionation. In this study, the partition between mineral and water for a large set of organic molecules covering the most relevant OM functional groups and building blocks were predicted using the mechanistic Polyparameter Linear Free Energy Relationships (pp‐LFERs). The results were used to infer the sorptive fractionation tendency of OM moieties. It is found that for a OM moiety belonging to the chemical classes of alkanes, alkenes, or benzenes, its sorption to bentonite is the strongest, followed by kaolinite, talc or hematite, and Al2O3or quartz, relative to water. For a moiety with either double bond, or –OH, or –COOH, or R–COO–R′, or R–O–R′, or R–COH, or R–CO–R′, or –NH2, its partition to water is enhanced as compared to the respective alkane moiety. Opposite is found for thiols and sulfides. Meanwhile, a correlation is developed, that is, as the double bond equivalence decreases and the number of C atoms increases, the degree of sorption increases. Overall, the key factors controlling the sorptive fractionation are polarity, H‐bonding, van de Waals dispersion, and the energy for cavity formation. This work provides insights into the OM sorption at the mineral and water interface at the molecular level.
Heat‐Generating Nuclear Waste in Salt: Field Testing and Simulation
Authors: Johnson Peter J. , Otto Shawn , Weaver Douglas J. , Dozier Brian , Miller Terry A. , Jordan Amy B. , Hayes-Rich Nathan G. , Stauffer Philip H. 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
A field‐scale experiment and numerical simulations confirm salt backfill behavior.
Simulations closely match temperature around and under the piled salt backfill.
Results indicate limited dissolution–precipitation reactions around the heat source.
Alteration of backfill is unlikely if the drift is allowed to dry before emplacement.
Investigations relating to in‐drift disposal of heat‐generating nuclear waste in salt have raised questions about heat–brine interactions in the unsaturated run‐of‐mine (RoM) salt pile used as backfill. These interactions have the potential to change the structure of the RoM salt surrounding the canister, possibly altering long‐term containment of the source. An experiment is in progress at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), New Mexico, in which a heated canister was placed on the floor of an open drift, covered in a pile of RoM salt, and energized with 1000 W. Temperature in the RoM salt pile had stabilized after about 15 d, allowing evaluation of the heat‐up period of the ongoing experiment. Using a multiphase porous flow simulator that has been modified to handle salt‐specific coupled processes, we examined coupled thermal–hydrological–chemical behavior in the RoM salt pile. Our simulations suggest that for the relatively dry cases examined, porosity changes within RoM salt in a generic salt repository are likely to be minor in the period between waste emplacement and plastic closure of the drift. The primary sensitivity for porosity change is to the early moisture content of the RoM salt used to cover the canister. Secondary influences include moisture availability from the disturbed rock zone (DRZ) surrounding the drift and the capillary pressure ratio between the DRZ and the RoM salt. Early changes in porosity and permeability may be affected by moisture content, but this was not observed in the test. Such changes would be most likely to occur when using damp RoM salt or if waste is emplaced in a drift immediately following opening of the drift before evaporative dewatering of the drift walls occurs.
Fuzzy reliability-based optimization of a hydropower reservoir
Authors: Nair Sukanya J. , Sasikumar K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Reservoir operation modeling and optimization are inevitable components of water resources planning and management. Determination of reservoir operating policy is a multi-stage decision-making problem characterized by uncertainty. Uncertainty in inflows and power demands lead to varying degrees of the working of a reservoir from one period to another. This transition, being ambiguous in nature, can be addressed in a fuzzy framework. The different working states of the reservoir are described as fuzzy states. Based on the degree of success in meeting the power demand and randomness associated with inflows, hydropower production is considered as a random fuzzy event. This paper examines the scope of profust reliability theory, a theory used in the reliability analysis of manufactured systems, in the performance optimization of a hydropower reservoir system. The operating policy derived from a profust reliability-based optimization model is compared with a simulation model. The model is then used to derive the optimal operation policy for a hypothetical reservoir fed by normally distributed inflow, for a period of five years. The results show that the model is useful in deriving optimal operating policies with improved reliabilities in hydropower production.
Xenobiotic Metabolising Enzymes: Impact on Pathologic Conditions, Drug Interactions and Drug Design
Authors: Rekka Eleni A. , Kourounakis Panos N. , Pantelidou Maria 
Published: February 2019

Background:
The biotransformation of xenobiotics is a homeostatic defensive response of the
body against bioactive invaders. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, important for the metabolism,
elimination and detoxification of exogenous agents, are found in most tissues and organs and are distinguished
into phase I and phase II enzymes, as well as phase III transporters. The cytochrome P450 superfamily
of enzymes plays a major role in the biotransformation of most xenobiotics as well as in the
metabolism of important endogenous substrates such as steroids and fatty acids. The activity and the
potential toxicity of numerous drugs are strongly influenced by their biotransformation, mainly accomplished
by the cytochrome P450 enzymes, one of the most versatile enzyme systems.

Objective:
In this review, considering the importance of drug metabolising enzymes in health and disease,
some of our previous research results are presented, which, combined with newer findings, may
assist in the elucidation of xenobiotic metabolism and in the development of more efficient drugs.

Conclusion:
Study of drug metabolism is of major importance for the development of drugs and provides
insight into the control of human health. This review is an effort towards this direction and may
find useful applications in related medical interventions or help in the development of more efficient
drugs.
3D Pharmacophore-based Ligand Alignment, Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking Protocols Towards the Discovery of 2-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1- yl)methyl) Derivatives as Antifungal Inhibitors
Authors: Badawy Mohamed E. I. , El-Zemity Saad R. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
1,2,4-Triazoles are important five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds due to their
extensive biological activities. These products have been an area of growing interest to many
researchers around the world as of their diverse biological activities including antifungal and
antibacterial activity against broad spectrum of microbial pathogens.

Methods:
A series of 2-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl) derivatives was designed, synthesized and evaluated
as antifungal agents against five plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria tennis, Botryodiplodia
theobromae, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum and Helminthosporium turcicum) to meet the
urgent need of new antifungal agents with improved activity and broader spectrum. In silico studies
including pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening, drug-likeness analysis and ADMET prediction
were examined. In addition, the elucidation of the activity is based on the molecular docking to the active
site of the Sterol 14α-Demethylase Cytochrome P450 (CYP51) was investigated.

Results:
The results of antifungal activity indicated that the compounds containing tert or sec-butyl as
hydrophobic substituents on a phenyl ring significantly increased the activity (compounds 4, 5 and 6)
with EC50 in the range of 8-84 mg/L of all tested fungi. The pharmacophore modeling produced an
accurate projecting model (Hypo 1) from these derivatives. The superlative Hypo1 consists of three
features counting two hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and one hydrophobic (HYD). The docking
results showed approximately a similar binding degree at the active sites of the fungal enzyme (CYP51)
as a standard fungicide penconazole.

Conclusion:
According to data obtained, some derivatives, especially those with tert or sec-butyl substituents
on the phenyl ring, were more potent against phytopathogenic fungi. These compounds (e.g., 4,
5, and 6) should develop into new potential fungicides as a desirable activity.
Impact of Ondansetron on Withdrawal Signs, Fentanyl Requirement and Pain Relief in Opioid-addicted Patients under General Anesthesia
Authors: Mahikhan Farzaneh , Hashemian Morteza , Dehesh Tania , Jafari Elham , Jafari Mandana , Rahimi Hamid-Reza 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists such as ondansetron have been investigated
to attenuate opioid withdrawal signs in studies.

Objective:
Therefore, we designed a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial to evaluate
this effect on opioid-addicted patients who were admitted to the orthopedic department for surgery
due to bone fractures.

Methods:
Male adults who were addicted to opioids, aged 18 to 79 years were enrolled (n=96) and
randomized into intravenous doses (4 & 8 mg) of ondansetron (n=32) and placebo (n=32). The vital
signs, withdrawal symptoms and the frequency requirement of fentanyl were recorded during anesthesia,
and opioid (pethidine) analgesic was received during the recovery period. Outcome parameters
were analyzed for reduction of withdrawal symptoms in addicted adults.

Results:
We indicated that ondansetron demonstrated significant differences with few vital outcomes
including systolic blood pressure (SBP) 20 (SBP3) and 50 min (SBP4) after injection of
ondansetron during the period of surgery. Ondansetron could also significantly reduce the frequency
requirement of fentanyl at 20 min (dose 3) in general anesthesia. Furthermore, requirement
for further administration of opioid analgesic drugs such as pethidine was significantly reduced in
the ondansetron groups. Objective opioid withdrawal scale (OOWS) results indicated that few clinical
parameters including tremor, hot and cold flushes and anxiety were significantly attenuated in
addicted patients who received ondansetron.

Conclusion:
This study demonstrated supporting evidence for the beneficial treatment of ondansetron
for the control of withdrawal symptoms and pain in addicted patients, and more clinical studies
are suggested in this regard.
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Involved in Male Sexual and Emotional Behavior
Authors: Iovino Michele , Messana Tullio , Iovino Emanuela , De Pergola Giovanni , Guastamacchia Edoardo , Giagulli Vito Angelo , Triggiani Vincenzo 
Published: February 2019

Objective:The aim of this narrative review was to analyze the role played by brain areas, neurohormones and neurotransmitters in the regulation of emotional and sexual behavior in the male.Methods:We analyzed the currently available literature dealing with brain structures, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of emotional and sexual behavior in the male.Results:A common brain pathway is involved in these two aspects. The Hippocampus seems to control the signals coming from the external environment, while the amygdala and the hypothalamus control the response to social stimuli. Stimulation of amygdala in the animal models increases sexual performance, while it triggers violent emotional responses. Stimulation of the hypothalamus causes reactions of violent anger and increases sexual activity. Catecholaminergic stimulation of the amygdala and hypothalamus increases emotional and sexual behavior, while serotonin plays an inhibitory role. Cholinergic inhibition leads to a suppression of copulatory activity, while the animal becomes hyperemotive. Opioids, such as β-endorphin and met-enkephalin, reduce copulatory activity and induce impotence. Gonadal steroid hormones, such as estrogen in female and testosterone in male, which play a major role in the control of sexual behavior and gender difference have been highlighted in this review. Vasopressin, oxytocin and their receptors are expressed in high density in the “social behavior neural network” and play a role as signal system controlling social behavior. Finally, the neuropeptide kisspeptin and its receptors, located in the limbic structures, mediate olfactory control of the gonadotropic axis.Conclusion:Further studies are needed to evaluate possible implications in the treatment of psychosexual and reproductive disorders.
Quality of Service in Wireless Sensor Networks: Imperatives and Challenges
Authors: Kumar Jitendra , Rishiwal Vinay , Ansari Mohammad Izharul 
Published: February 2019

:
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an effective sensing technology that is used to replicate
the human capability of sensing, collecting, computing, processing and transmitting the data
that is collected from a very large area. In recent past, sensor technology has shown tremendous development
in the field of environment & health monitoring, military surveillance, vehicle tracking,
and detection. The participating sensor nodes are prone to failure because of limited resources. The
topology of the networks is highly dynamic in nature because of frequent failure of the sensor nodes.
The Quality of Service support to highly dynamic networks is one of the challenging tasks. The dynamic
nature, unpredictable topology, the demand of miniature size of the devices, tiny size of sensors
and limited resources attract the researchers towards the designing of QoS aware protocols. This
paper has discussed the architecture, applications, life cycle and types of WSN. Further, various QoS
protocols, their limitations, and challenges have also been discussed. Further, this paper presents the
most important open issues and challenges in providing QoSs provisioning to the WSN as QoS routing,
energy consumption, bandwidth utilization, security, and mobility. This comprehensive review
surely helps the researchers to find the new existing challenges and also help them to design new research
problems for their future work.
EVALUASI PROGRAM PEMBERDAYAAN USAHA GARAM RAKYAT DI KECAMATAN PANGENAN, KABUPATEN CIREBON, JAWA BARAT
Authors: Deliarnoor Nandang A. , Buchari Rd. Ahmad , Felfina Liiklai K. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe issue of salt production in Indonesia and to fulfill the increasing demand of salt every year through salt import, is the basis of the study. To increase productivity and quality, and the welfare of salt formers, Indonesian government has intervened through enactment of People Salt Business Empowerment Program (PUGAR) in 2011. Even with implementation of the program, problems of national salt still continue, hence there is a need to evaluate the program. The title of the study is Evaluation of PUGAR Program in Pangenan Sub-district, Cirebon District, West Java.The methodology in this study used qualitative hybrid approach, with primary data collection from direct interviews, field observation and secondary data from documents and literature on PUGAR. Evaluation of PUGAR program used evaluation goal-based and logic model, and used William Dunn’s evaluation criteria of effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness and appropriateness as evaluation tool. The study result shows that evaluation of PUGAR program in Pangenen Sub-district, Cirebon District has been implemented in accordance to the applied standard and guidelines, but it has not met the aspect of effectiveness in its organization and forming of people salt , efficiency of Community Direct Aid (BLM) policy to help salt farmers, responsiveness in the use of technology and appropriateness to the policies on Spatial Planning of Cirebon District and on salt import, Further in-depth study on the program is still needed.
Resistance of ten common medicinal plants to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Ansari S. , Charehgani H. , Ghaderi R. 
Published: February 2019

Summary
A preliminary survey indicated that the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica is widely distributed in the rhizosphere of medicinal plants in Boyer-Ahmad region (Iran). Host suitability of ten species of medicinal plants to M. javanica was examined in a pot experiment under controlled greenhouse conditions: alkakengy (Physalis alkekengi L.), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), English plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), garden anchusa (Anchusa italica Retz.), horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.), lovage (Levisticum officinale L.), sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), thistle (Echinops adenocaulos Boiss.) and woundwort (Stachys pilifera Benth.). According to the scheme of Canto-Saenz, seven species, namely garden anchusa, fennel, horehound, alkakengy, English plantain, woundwort and sorrel can be considered susceptible hosts with gall index (GI) > 2 and reproduction factor (RF) > 1, and thistle, lovage and chamomile, can be considered as hyper-susceptible with GI > 2 and RF ≤ 1.