bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the joint effect of clinical quality, meaningful use of HIT and patient–caregiver interaction on mortality rates in US acute care hospitals
Authors: Elsaleiby Aber 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Healthcare quality has long been defined and assessed using different theories that outline care delivery as a product of clinical and non-clinical aspects. The clinical aspect is medicinal in nature, while the non-clinical symbolizes social and technological aspects of care. To the best of our knowledge, the joint effect of the clinical, social, and technological aspects of care on outcome quality of care has not been investigated in the literature. The current study empirically investigates, using the joint effect of the clinical, social, and technological care quality dimensions on mortality rates through analyzing longitudinal data from 3081 US hospitals.

Methods
Six-year data from 3081 acute care hospitals are collected and analyzed using econometric analysis with two-stage least square instrumental variable regression models.

Results
Hospitals that jointly focus on clinical, social, and technological care dimensions realize lower mortality rates. Combining clinical quality (CM) with either patient–caregiver interaction (PCI) or meaningful use of health infomration technology (MUHIT) reduces mortality rates. The lowest mortality rate is realized when hospitals combine CM, PCI, and MUHIT.

Conclusion
Our study provides empirical evidence on the importance of combining clinical and non-clinical care measures to reduce mortality rates in hospitals. Our results indicate that hospitals that combine dual quality dimensions, clinical quality with either PCI or MUHIT, can also realize improvement in mortality rates. However, the best outcome can be realized by focusing on the triple quality dimensions (CM, PCI, and MUHIT). The study provides pointers to healthcare professionals and policymakers on the impact of non-clinical care on the clinical–mortality link in hospitals.
Tort Law In America
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Widely regarded as a standard in the field, G. Edward White’s Tort Law in America is a concise and accessible history of the way legal scholars and judges have conceptualized the subject of torts, the reasons why changes in certain rules and doctrines have occured, and the people who brought about these changes. Now in an expanded edition, Tort Law in America contains two new chapters - covering developments in American tort law over the past fifteen years - and a new preface. White approaches his subject from four perspectives: intellectual history, the sociology of knowledge, the phenomenon of professionalization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in America, and the recurrent concerns of tort law since its emergence as a discreet field. He puts the intellectual history of this unique branch of law into a general picture of philosophy, sociology, and literature in what is not only a major work of legal scholarship but a tour de force for anyone interested in American intellectual history.
The Intellectual Origins of Torts in America
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The emergence of Torts as an independent branch of law came strikingly late in American legal history. Although William Blackstone and his eighteenth-century contemporaries, in their efforts to classify law, identified a residual category of noncriminal wrongs not arising out of contract, Torts was not considered a discrete branch of law until the late nineteenth century. The first American treatise on Torts appeared in 1859; Torts was first taught as a separate law school subject in 1870; the first Torts casebook was published in 1874. A standard explanation for the emergence of an independent identity for Torts late in the nineteenth century is the affinity of tort doctrines, especially negligence, to the problems produced by industrialization. The process by which Torts emerged as a discrete branch of law was more complex, however, and less dictated by the demands of industrial enterprise than the standard account suggests. Changes associated with industrial enterprise did provide many more cases involving strangers, a phenomenon that played a part in the emergence of Torts as an independent branch of law. But even this new increase in cases in which the litigants had had no prior relationship would not have been sufficient had it not come at a time when legal scholars were prepared to question and discard old bases of legal classification. The emergence of Torts as a distinct branch of law owed as much to changes in jurisprudential thought as to the spread of industrialization.
The Impact of Legal Science on Tort Law, 1880-1910
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the early and middle years of the nineteenth century, the college student, particularly if he received his education at one of the traditional northern centers of higher learning, was exposed to philosophies of learning that increasingly appeared incongruous with the outside world. From 1820 to 1850, an education at one of the leading northern universities or colleges consisted of one’s learning basic rules of conduct, being exposed to classical literature and mathematics, developing one’s moral character, and preparing oneself to occupy a position of high status in a homogeneous, stable, stratified society.’ Yet while this process of education was taking place, primarily through formal lectures and recitations, American life seemed to be moving in different directions. Egalitarian political ideologies had begun to clash with extant status and occupational privileges, and those privileges had begun gradually and irregularly to crumble.” “Romantic” literature and popular folklore were celebrating the ability of the individual to transcend his social environment. The barriers to entry of professional guilds had become a subject of legislative attack.4 Advances in the technology of transportation held out the promise that Americans could change their lives simply by changing their locations.”
The Impact of Realism on Tort Law, 1910-1945
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The emergence of the Realist movement in American jurisprudence appears, in retrospect, to have been tinged with ironies. Leading participants in the movement disclaimed any striking theoretical unity or coherence in Realism and took pains to disassociate their own jurisprudential positions from those of purportedly Realist colleagues. Some self-styled Realists even went so far as to deny that Realism was a. jurisprudential theory at all, locating its essence in its methodology. Yet few of the specific methodological innovations associated with Realism gained widespread acceptance in legal education or jurisprudential scholarship, while others were conspicuously ridiculed. At the same time, the theoretical underpinnings of Realism did become staples of American jurisprudential thought, and by 1940 the acceptance of Realism in leading American law schools was so widespread that no competing jurisprudential attitude could have been said to occupy a position of comparable influence. Realists, for the most part, professed little interest in substantive legal doctrine, claiming that process and procedure constituted the gist of law making. Yet the significant doctrinal changes that occurred in tort law and other private law areas during the years of Realism’s hegemony can be seen to reflect the intellectual assumptions of the Realists.
The Twentieth Century Judge As Torts Theorist: Cardozo
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thus far the attention of this study has focused primarily on the contributions of academics. Preceding chapters have argued that legal scholars, influenced by intellectual assumptions comparable to those made by scholars in other disciplines, created a “subject” of Torts, attempted to shape its doctrinal superstructure to conform to a conception of law as a science, and then, having abandoned that conception, attempted to reshape tort doctrines to reflect the insights of early twentieth-century reformist thought. In each of the chapters judges and courts have been discussed, but not given central treatment, and where interactions between academic thought and judicial decisions have been examined, emphasis has been placed primarily on academic sources. The preceding chapters have indicated, however, that nineteenth and early twentieth-century tort law was not exclusively the product of academic thought. The corpus of tort law between 1850 and 1930, of course, primarily consisted of judicial decisions. The significance of academic thought in those years lay in its subtle, sometimes almost imperceptible, modification of judicial decisions through intellectual analysis and synthesis.
Entering the Twenty-First Century
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The history of tort law in America has revealed the multifaceted and elusive character of the subject. From its origins the field of torts has been defined by its residual status. It has been conceived as a field of civil actions, but not encompassing those arising out of contract; a field separate from criminal law, but often overlapping it. A field broad enough to encompass industrial accidents and slander suits, misrepresentations about the goodwill of a business, and suits by grandparents for the anguish caused by their fear for the safety of their grandchildren; but narrow enough to aspire to comprehensive principles of liability. A field in which class actions for damage brought by the release of toxic chemicals, with their extensive public policy implications, coexist with cases where a child slips on a patch of ice in a neighbor’s yard. A field, in short, combining cases that resemble the classic actions of private law-one plaintiff suing one defendant as a result of a single incident that caused harm and damage-with cases raising issues of risk distribution and allocation among multiple enterprises in an industrial society. An area of law that has periodically sought to determine whether its primary purpose should be admonitory, to deter and punish activity that creates substantial risks to others, or compensatory, to provide injured persons redress from their injuries.
Marginalia and the Reception of French Bibles
Authors: Holt Mack P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores readers’ markings in French vernacular Bibles published between 1530—the date of the first complete Bible published in French in Antwerp—and 1600. Using a data sample of nearly five hundred French Bibles, this research shows that Catholic readers were just as likely as Protestant readers to read Scripture in their own language rather than in Latin. Second, it shows that most readers of both confessions did not read the Bible in a linear fashion from Genesis to Revelation. Third, the distribution of readers’ marks suggest that readers were much less interested in theology and doctrine than in the human interaction with the divine. Finally, owning and reading the Bible in the vernacular was more a sign of belonging to a community of readers than a means of theological understanding. Thus, reading the Bible was as much about belonging as it was about believing.
The Ethiopic Bible and the Reformation in Europe
Authors: Daniels David D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Ethiopic or Ge’ez Bible was a significant version of the Bible that was printed during the Reformation era. As a text of antiquity, the Ethiopic Bible possessed authority as an ancient version of the sacred Scriptures and an ancient vernacular translation of Greek texts of the Bible. The Reformers debated the degree of authority it possessed. In that period, the Ethiopic Bible and its tradition of biblical interpretation was printed, translated, circulated, cited, and debated. Ethiopians participated as editors, co-editors, translators, and interpreters of the Ethiopic Bible during the Reformation in Europe. Rather than being nonexistent, inconsequential, or ancillary to the Reformation, the Ethiopic Bible and its tradition of biblical interpretation was prominent and contributed to the confessional debates of the era.
Humanist Textual Criticism and Lorenzo Valla’s Annotationes
Authors: den Haan Annet 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Annotationes Novi Testamenti, written by the Italian humanist Lorenzo Valla (1407–57), is a philological commentary on the Latin translation of the New Testament. It represents a new way of studying the text of the Bible, rooted in Renaissance Humanism. It is innovative in its use of Greek sources, its focus on correct Latin, and its approach to the authority of Scripture and its translations. This chapter will explore how Valla’s work can be seen as a milestone in the history of the Reformation and the history of biblical criticism as a scholarly discipline, particularly because of its influence on Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). At the same time, exploring the context in which Valla worked allows us to qualify the subversive nature of his scholarship, since it demonstrates that his approach to the Bible was shared by other scholars and supported at the highest level of the church.
Balthasar Hubmaier (1480–1528)
Authors: Eccher Stephen Brett 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Balthasar Hubmaier holds a fascinating place in the historiography of Anabaptist studies. As this chapter argues, Hubmaier’s unique vision for reform that emerged at Waldshut and Nikolsburg was shaped by the reformer’s Anabaptist biblicism. Although his Reformation journey began as a Catholic priest, the influence of Renaissance Humanism birthed in the reformer a commitment to the Bible’s authority (sola Scriptura) and led him to embrace an evangelical understanding of the gospel. The more he read the Bible though his emerging lens of biblicism, which was characterized by a simple, straightforward reading of the biblical text with a desire to reinstitute an apostolic church model, the more he believed deeper changes were needed. And while Hubmaier affirmed such reforms were required according to Scripture, those correctives eventually led to his execution in 1528.
Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560)
Authors: Wengert Timothy J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
No other sixteenth-century interpreter of Scripture had a more wide-ranging influence than Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560). His books on Greek grammar, on rhetoric, and on dialectics set the stage for scholarly discussion of texts. His commentaries demonstrated how this method might be employed. His many works on Romans, Colossians, and Proverbs helped to focus scholarly discussion and debate for both friend and foe. His Loci communes and other summaries of doctrine helped define for Lutherans and others the very center of the Bible. He influenced an entire generation of exegetes who followed him in Wittenberg. Far from neglecting Scripture and its meaning, Melanchthon may be said to have championed a new approach to the text, using the very latest tools from the humanities and the very central categories of the Reformation.
Predestination (Rom. 8–9; Eph. 1)
Authors: Rouwendal Pieter L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Predestination was a doctrine much debated among Protestants. Interpretations of Romans 8 and 9, for example, differed, and these differences were accompanied by dogmatic disputes, for in the sixteenth century the distinction between exegesis and dogmatics was not yet great. Thereby, it is difficult to ascertain whether the difference in interpretation determined the dogmatic dispute, or vice versa. This chapter offers an overview of the distinct positions within the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of the sixteenth century, in conjunction with related doctrines such as justification and atonement. Ongoing reflection by later Protestants on the problems raised by the doctrine of predestination led to more nuanced opinions. Scholasticism did not lead to a hardening of the doctrine, but on the contrary to a moderation.
Trinity (Heb. 1:3; John 1)
Authors: Woo Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines diverse exegetical approaches to the doctrine of the Trinity during the Reformation period, focusing on various interpretations of John 1 and Heb. 1:3. Protestant commitments to the authority of Scripture alone and to literal exegesis over against allegorical approaches produced new ways of articulating traditional Christian teaching. Anti-Trinitarian thinkers offered exegetical arguments that not only rejected traditional language of divine “persons,” “substance,” and “essence” as unbiblical, but further asserted the radical oneness of God, denying that Scripture teaches God’s triunity. Leading Lutheran and Reformed figures responded to anti-Trinitarian arguments by showing how patristic Trinitarian formulations, while not explicitly biblical, are nevertheless consistent with the literal sense of both the Old and New Testaments. This chapter highlights how such exegetical arguments also served the less obvious concern of reinforcing communal boundaries around a distinctive theological identity contrasted against not only Rome and Radicals, but also fellow Protestants.
Genetic diversity of the major cat allergen, Fel d 1
Authors: Cleveland Clifford W , Davis Brian W , Khatri Kriti , Pomés Anna , Chapman Martin D , Brackett Nicole F 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cat allergy affects ∼15% of the US population and can cause severe symptoms, including asthma. The major cat allergen, Fel d 1, drives IgE antibody responses. We conducted a comparative analysis of Fel d 1 genes, CH1 and CH2, and investigated structural features of Fel d 1 homologs across the family Felidae. The CH1 and CH2 domestic cat DNA references were used to identify homologous sequences in domestic and exotic cat genomes. Variability of these sequences within or across cat species was analyzed. Comprehensive alignments of Fel d 1 sequences and homologs from 276 domestic or exotic cats identified &gt;100 unique, dissimilar substitutions in the protein sequences across Felidae. Selective pressure analyses of 37 exotic cat species revealed that Fel d 1 experienced positive selection, or greater variability over time, in CH1 and CH2. Linear regression of the mean pairwise identities of Fel d 1 DNA or protein sequences indicated that the genes largely reflected the evolution of Felidae. The Fel d 1 genes are highly variable (41 and 58% of the amino acid residues encoded by CH1 and CH2, respectively), suggesting that the biological function of Fel d 1, which is currently unknown, may vary among cat species and/or that Fel d 1 may be nonessential for cats. This is supported by Fel d 1 homology to nonessential proteins and recent evidence of healthy cats with CRISPR-edited CH2 genes. Fel d 1 variability could confer an evolutionary advantage for cats by allowing the allergen to bind different physiological ligands.
Efficacy of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) as an Adjunct to Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) Enriched Solutions on Clinical Outcomes in ICU Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fawaz Ahmed Ahmed Aly , Abdelhakam Sara Mahmoud , Esmat Ibrahim Mamdouh , Mohamed Noha Refaat , Ashoor Tarek Mohamed , Ebrahim Elsayed Ahmed Elsayed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Hepatic encephalopathy or portosystemic encephalopathy is a syndrome describing a spectrum of potentially reversible neuropsychiatric abnormalities, occurring as a complication of severe acute or chronic liver insufficiency, large portal-systemic shunts, or both.

Aim of the Work
To assess the efficacy of LOLA as an adjunct to BCAA enriched solutions on reversal of HE or improvement of HE by two grades (according to West Havens Criteria) and mental state grade after 5 days of treatment in ICU patients.

Patients and Methods
This study is randomized Controlled Trial, the study was conducted on patients with grade III / IV hepatic encephalopathy who will be admitted to internal medicine ICU of Ain Shams university hospitals

Results
The need for vasopressor support with mean duration of therapy (11 (16.9%) in group I and 22 (33.3%) in group II), the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) during ICU stay (7 (10.8%) in group I and 17 (25.8%) in group II), length of hospital stay (19.4±3.0 24.8±4.1), and length of ICU stay (11.8±3.4 in group I and 17.2±3.9 in group II) were all assessed in our trial and found to be significantly lower in patients receiving LOLA infusion, in our trial, all these effects occurred more frequently in group I, suggesting that they might be related to LOLA (P &gt; 0.05), our clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of LOLA plus BCAA and conventional therapy in overt hepatic encephalopathy patients against BCAA and conventional therapy alone. Results support the efficacy of LOLA proven by its capability of the reversal of hepatic encephalopathy and better short-term survival rates.

Conclusion
The results of this prospective double-blind controlled trial demonstrate the efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) as an adjunct to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and conventional therapy in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Patients receiving LOLA showed significant improvements in neurological function, including higher Glasgow Coma Scale scores, and a remarkable reduction in HE grades, with almost 90% experiencing either improvement or resolution of HE.
Mirtazapine vs Sumatriptan in the Treatment of Postdural Puncture Headache Following Obstetric Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia
Authors: Gad Alla Raouf Ramzy , Esmat Ibrahim Mamdouh , Ashoor Tarek Mohamed , Hasseb Ahmad Mahmoud , MaherAbdel Kader Sadek Ahmed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a potential complication after spinal anesthesia caused by traction on pain-sensitive structures from low cerebrospinal fluid pressure (intracranial hypotension) following a leak of cerebrospinal fluid at the puncture site. Symptoms of this condition include a bilateral frontal or occipital headache that is worse in the upright position, along with nausea, neck pain, dizziness, visual changes, tinnitus, hearing loss, or radicular symptoms in the arms.

Objective
To compare the efficacy of mirtazapine with that of sumatriptan in the treatment of postdural puncture headache after obstetric surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Patients and Methods
This clinical study was carried out at Ain Shams University Hospitals from 15 November 2021 to 15 September 2023. 210 women were enrolled in the study and underwent obstetric surgery under spinal anesthesia.

Results
In this study, Mirtazapine and Sumatriptan significantly relieved PDPH and its associated symptoms. This improvement was evident after 72 hours of administration of the drugs in both groups. Clinically significant drop of VAS for headache to &lt; 4 was reached in both study groups; So, both treatments showed similar effectiveness from the sixth hour onwards.

Conclusion
The current study concluded that Mirtazapine was as effective as sumatriptan in treatment of postdural puncture headache after caesarean sections under spinal anesthesia with the superiority of Mirtazapine in its associated anti emetic effects.