bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological stoichiometry and nutrient partitioning in two insect herbivores responsible for large‐scale forest disturbance in the Fennoscandian subarctic
Authors: Metcalfe Daniel B. , Cherif Mehdi , Jepsen Jane U. , Vindstad Ole Petter L. , Kristensen Jeppe Å. , Belsing Ulrika 
Published: October 2018

1. Outbreaks of herbivorous insects can have large impacts on regional soil carbon (C) storage and nutrient cycling. In northernmost Europe, population outbreaks of several geometrid moth species regularly cause large‐scale defoliation in subarctic birch forests. An improved understanding is required of how leaf C and nutrients are processed after ingestion by herbivores and what this means for the quantity and quality of different materials produced (frass, bodies).2. In this study, larvae of two geometrid species responsible for major outbreaks (Epirrita autumnata and Operophtera brumata) were raised on exclusive diets of Betula pubescens var. czerepanovii (N. I. Orlova) Hämet Ahti and two other abundant understorey species (Betula nana, Vaccinium myrtillus). The quantities of C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) ingested and allocated to frass, bodies and (in the case of C) respired were recorded.3. Overall, 23%, 70% and 48% of ingested C, N and P were allocated to bodies, respectively, rather than frass and (in the case of C) respiration. Operophtera brumata consistently maintained more constant body stoichiometric ratios of C, N and P than did E. autumnata, across the wide variation in physico‐chemical properties of plant diet supplied.4. These observed differences and similarities on C and nutrient processing may improve researchers' ability to predict the amount and stoichiometry of frass and bodies generated after geometrid outbreaks.
The microbiome of the “sterile” pustules in palmoplantar pustulosis
Authors: Masuda‐Kuroki Kana , Murakami Masamoto , Tokunaga Naohito , Kishibe Mari , Mori Hideki , Utsunomiya Ryo , Tsuda Teruko , Shiraishi Ken , Tohyama Mikiko , Sayama Koji 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe skin microbiome influences skin pathophysiology. Palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) is a chronic skin disease characterized by infectious‐like pustules on the palms and soles. These pustules are thought to be sterile because bacterial cultures obtained from the pustules are negative. However, culture methods are limited in their ability to identify all bacteria on the skin. We hypothesized that the “sterile” pustules of PPP do not lack bacteria, but rather contain a microbiome. To test this hypothesis, we identified bacteria in “sterile” pustules using non‐culture methods. We conducted Sanger and 16S rRNA sequencing using primers specific to the V1‐V2 region in PPP‐pustulovesicles (PVs) (n = 43) and pompholyx vesicle fluids (n = 15). Sanger sequencing identified some Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus and Pyrinomonas species in PPP‐PVs but failed to identify any bacteria in most of the pompholyx vesicles. 16S rRNA sequencing of PPP‐PVs indicated the presence of a microbiome that included various phyla, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, smokers had higher levels of Staphylococcus in PPP‐PVs compared with non‐smokers. These results indicate that a microbiome exists in “sterile” pustules of PPP and that PPP smokers had higher levels of Staphylococcus in pustules. It is therefore necessary to reconsider the pathogenesis of PPP from the perspective of the microbiome.
Father–Daughter Bonds: A Comparison of Adolescent Daughters' Relationships With Resident Biological Fathers and Stepfathers
Authors: Campbell Cynthia G. , Winn Elizabeth J. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the interpersonal dynamics of closeness are different in stepfather–stepdaughter versus father–daughter relationships during adolescence.BackgroundEstablishing a general process model of the relational factors contributing to greater closeness between fathers and daughters is a preliminary step toward examining variations in such processes.MethodThe data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Respondents were female adolescents who were living with either a biological father (n = 1,881) or stepfather (n = 273) and reported on the availability and involvement of their (step)fathers, as well as the communication and closeness in their relationship with him.ResultsInvolvement and communication were predictors of closeness in both types of relationships, however, communication was a stronger predictor of closeness between stepfathers and stepdaughters. For adolescent girls living with a stepfather, greater involvement with their stepfathers was associated with greater closeness to their nonresident biological fathers. The length of the relationship between stepfathers and stepdaughters was not associated with levels of closeness.ConclusionsOverall, these findings suggest that stepfather–stepdaughter relationships reflect similar interpersonal dynamics as father–daughter relationships but that establishing and maintaining these relationships through meaningful communication may be particularly important for stepfathers and stepdaughters.ImplicationsPractitioners working to help stepfamilies build stronger relationships may want to stress that investing in shared activities and maintaining meaningful communication can be particularly important for establishing and maintaining positive relationships between stepfathers and stepdaughters.
Northward expansion of the bivoltine life cycle of the cricket over the last four decades
Authors: Matsuda Naoki , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Watari Yasuhiko , Shintani Yoshinori , Goto Shin G. , Nisimura Tomoyosi , Izumi Yohei , Numata Hideharu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent climate warming has affected some life‐history traits of insects, including voltinism and body size. The magnitude of changes in these traits may differ latitudinally within a species because of the differing lengths of season available for growth. The present study aims to estimate the change in voltinism of the lawn ground cricket, Polionemobius mikado (Shiraki) (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae), over the last four decades by comparing the body size between adults collected from a wide range of latitudes in Japan in recent years (2015–2017) and those collected four decades ago (1969–1976). The body size of adults collected in recent years showed a latitudinal saw‐tooth cline, in the same way as body size did four decades ago, and the cline shifted northward over the last four decades: In 2015–2017, the body size decreased slightly with increasing latitude from 31°N to 36°N, and then increased to 40°N, and again decreased from 40°N to 44°N. Comparison of the body size between recent years and four decades ago revealed that the body size has decreased significantly at the middle latitudes (36–40°N), suggesting that the proportion of smaller bivoltine individuals there has increased over the last four decades. The sum of effective temperatures for postdiapause embryonic development at around 36°N in recent years was comparable to that at 31–35°N four decades ago, at which P. mikado populations were bivoltine. Taken together, these findings suggested that the latitudinal range suitable for the bivoltine life cycle of P. mikado has expanded northward over the last four decades because of climate warming. This is the first report that shows that a decrease in body size can be caused by climate warming via an increase in voltinism.
Validation of the Spanish version of the Cancer Symptom Scale in Hispanic cancer patients
Authors: Gonzalez‐Mercado Velda Janet , Saligan Leorey N. , Rodriguez Carmen S. , Ortiz Desiree , Pedro Elsa , McMillan Susan C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo assess the validity of the translated Spanish Cancer Symptom Scale.BackgroundInstruments to facilitate comprehensive and objective assessments of the cancer symptom experience in underrepresented populations are essential.MethodsThe Cancer Symptom Scale was translated into Spanish, and a back translation was conducted. During June 2016, a sample of 121 Hispanic Puerto Rican patients with any cancer diagnosis, all undergoing cancer treatments, completed four paper surveys. A subgroup of 15 patients agreed to complete the Spanish Cancer Symptom Scale a second time after a short delay of 1 to 2 hours. Construct validity and reliability (internal consistency via Cronbach alpha and test‐retest reliability) was evaluated.ResultsAll the Intensity Items of the Spanish Cancer Symptom Scale correlated significantly with the matched items on the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. In a subgroup of 77 participants, each Cancer Symptom Scale subscale total of scores correlated significantly with the total scores from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General. Discriminant validity was demonstrated between those receiving chemotherapy and those from post treatment. The Spanish Cancer Symptom Scale internal consistency reliability was 0.98.ConclusionThe Spanish Cancer Symptom Scale has excellent evidence of validity and reliability for assessing cancer‐therapy‐related symptoms.
Trends in adverse drug reaction‐related hospitalisations over 13 years in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Zhang Hanwen , Du Wei , Gnjidic Danijela , Chong Shanley , Glasgow Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundAdverse drug reactions (ADR) are severe problems in global public health, and result in high mortality and morbidity. Various trends of ADR‐related hospitalisations have been studied in many countries, while estimates of the trends in Australia are limited.AimTo examine trends in ADR‐related hospitalisations in New South Wales (NSW).MethodsData were extracted from the Admitted Patient Data Collection, a census of hospital separations in NSW. We estimated age‐adjusted rates of ADR‐related hospitalisation between 1 July 2001 and 30 June 2014 and rates by patient characteristics, main therapeutic medication groups and clinical condition groups that warranted the hospitalisation. We used the percentage change annualised estimator to evaluate rates over time.ResultsA total of 315 274 NSW residents admitted for urgent care of ADR was identified. The age‐adjusted rates of ADR‐related hospitalisations nearly doubled and increased by 5.8% (95% CI: 5.0–6.6%) per annum, with an in‐hospital death rate increase of 2.4% (1.6–3.3%). Agranulocytosis (2.7%), nausea and vomiting (2.4%) and heart failure (2.4%) were the most common conditions that led to ADR‐related hospitalisations over 13 years, with acute renal failure (1.4%) recently emerging as the leading adverse condition. Participants aged between 65 and 84 years accounted for nearly half of ADR hospitalisations (45.6%), with age‐adjusted rate increasing from 103.9 in 2001–2002 to 189.0 per 100 000 NSW residents in 2013–2014. Anticoagulants (13.5%) were the most common medications contributing to ADR‐related hospitalisation, followed by opioid analgesics (9.6%).ConclusionADR‐related hospitalisation remains a population health burden, with significant increase over time. The findings call for continuing efforts to prevent ADR, especially among high‐risk populations, such as older people.
DNA prime‐protein boost vaccine encoding HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2 against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: He Jinlei , Huang Fan , Zhang Jianhui , Chen Han , Chen Qiwei , Zhang Junrong , Li Jiao , Zheng Zhiwan , Chen Dali , Chen Jianping 
Published: October 2018

SummaryVisceral leishmaniasis is a tropical and neglected disease with an estimated 200 000–400 000 cases and 60 000 deaths worldwide each year. Currently, no clinically valid vaccine is available for this disease. In this study, we formulated DNA and protein vaccines encoding HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2 against visceral leishmaniasis. We predicted the secondary and tertiary structures, surface properties, subcellular localization, potential binding sites and HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitopes of CaNA2. The best candidate CpG ODN (2395, M362, D‐SL03 or 685) was screened out as a DNA vaccine adjuvant. We also prepared Kmp‐11 and Kmp‐11/CaNA2 DNA and protein vaccines, respectively, for comparison. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA prime‐protein boost immunization strategy and challenged with a newly isolated Leishmania strain from an individual with visceral leishmaniasis. The IgG antibody titers showed that our vaccine had strong immunogenicity with a long duration, especially cellular immunity. The spleen parasite burden of each group demonstrated that the CaNA2 vaccine had a certain immune protective effect on visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice, and the amastigote reduction rate reached 76%. Preliminary safety tests confirmed the safety of the vaccine. Our work demonstrates that the HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐DR1 restricted epitope CaNA2 DNA prime‐protein boost vaccine may be a safe and effective epitope vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis.
Divergent melanism strategies in Andean butterfly communities structure diversity patterns and climate responses
Authors: Dufour Pauline C. , Willmott Keith R. , Padrón Pablo S. , Xing Shuang , Bonebrake Timothy C. , Scheffers Brett R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimGeographic distributions are driven by a combination of species sensitivity and exposure to climate. We quantified colour lightness, a trait that mediates the interaction between sensitivity and exposure, of diverse butterfly communities to test whether colour lightness is associated with community assembly across climate‐elevation gradients.LocationEcuadorian Andes.MethodsWe used a long‐term dataset of museum specimens for two of the most species‐rich genera of Pieridae butterflies in Ecuador, Catasticta and Leptophobia. Within a phylogenetic framework, we examined how communities assemble based on four traits across elevation: colour lightness, species‐specific heating rate, maximum temperature (under experimental solar exposure), and elevation breadth.ResultsWe found that colour lightness in both genera was related to elevation, but the two genera exhibited opposite patterns; Catasticta are darker and Leptophobia are lighter with increasing elevation. The two genera have opposite configurations of body and body + wings colour lightness but achieve comparable thermoregulation, assessed via their rates of heating under experimental solar exposure. Additionally, we found that the phylogenetic signal for colour lightness was strong, and that patterns between traits and elevation held after correction for phylogeny in Catasticta but not in Leptophobia.Main conclusionsThe two genera exhibit divergent relationships between elevational and colour lightness patterns, with evidence that these relationships evolved multiple times in Catasticta. Communities from these two genera have likely been shaped by selection on different traits, with Catasticta colour lightness more responsive to temperature than Leptophobia. The observed geographic patterns of colour lightness in both body + wings (Catasticta) and body (Leptophobia) correspond strikingly with the distribution of montane cloud forests. Habitat fragmentation and cloud lifting from climate change documented across the Andes may therefore significantly impact communities through increased exposure to solar radiation, highlighting the complexity of conserving these diverse montane communities.
Characteristics of non‐melanoma skin cancers of the cutaneous perioral and vermilion lip treated by Mohs micrographic surgery
Authors: Queen D. , Knackstedt T. , Polacco M.A. , Collins L.K. , Lee K. , Samie F.H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe lip and surrounding perioral region are susceptible to non‐melanoma skin cancer, but the distribution of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma on the cutaneous and vermilion lips has not been fully elucidated.ObjectiveTo investigate the distribution of cutaneous and vermilion lip non‐melanoma skin cancer and to better describe risk factors, anatomic location, treatment characteristics and oncologic outcomes.MethodsA retrospective comparative case series of patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) at a single academic centre for lip and perioral basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma was performed over a 5‐year period. Demographics, medical comorbidities, surgical characteristics and recurrence status were extracted.ResultsForty‐five vermilion and 116 cutaneous lip cancers were identified. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was more common in the cutaneous perioral region, while squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was more common on the vermilion lip (P < 0.001). BCCs were more common on the upper vermilion lip and SCCs were more common on the lower vermilion lip (P < 0.001). Within the cutaneous perioral region, both BCCs and SCCs were more common on the upper perioral surface (P = 0.002). Male gender was associated with lower lip SCC (P = 0.015). Smoking, immunosuppression, anticoagulant use and hydrochlorothiazide use were not associated with cancer type or location. Recurrences were rare, but more common in vermilion lip cancers (6.6%) compared to perioral cutaneous cancers (0.8%). Outcomes for all groups were similar; BCCs of the vermilion lip had significantly greater mean MMS stages (P < 0.001) as did SCCs (P = 0.05).ConclusionBasal cell carcinoma is more commonly encountered on the cutaneous lip, whereas SCC is more common on the vermilion lip. Within the vermilion lip, BCC favours the upper lip, while SCC favours the lower lip. Within the cutaneous perioral region, both BCC and SCC favour the upper cutaneous tissue. Early stage lip cancers are curable by Mohs micrographic surgery with rare recurrences.
New Species of Closely Related Endosymbiotic Dinoflagellates in the Greater Caribbean have Niches Corresponding to Host Coral Phylogeny
Authors: Lewis Allison M. , Chan Andrea N. , LaJeunesse Todd C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSymbiotic dinoflagellates in the genusBreviolum(formerlySymbiodiniumClade B) dominate coral communities in shallow waters across the Greater Caribbean. While some formally described species exist, mounting genetic, and ecological evidence indicate that numerous more comprise this genus, many of which are closely related. To test this, colonies of common reef‐building corals were sampled across a large geographical range. Phylogenetic and population genetic markers then used to examine evolutionary divergence and delineate boundaries of genetic recombination. Three new candidate species were distinguished by fixed differences in nucleotide sequences from nuclear and chloroplast DNA. Population connectivity was evident within each lineage over thousands of kilometers, however, substantial genetic structure persisted between lineages co‐occurring within sampling locations, signifying reproductive isolation. While geographically widespread with overlapping distributions, each species is ecologically distinct, exhibiting specific mutualisms with phylogenetically distinct coral hosts. Moreover, significant differences in mean cell sizes provide some morphological evidence substantiating formal species distinctions. In providing evidence that satisfies the biological, phylogenetic, ecological, and morphological species concepts, we classify and formally nameBreviolum faviinorumn. sp., primarily associated with Caribbean corals belonging to the Caribbean subfamily Faviinae;B. meandriniumn. sp., associated with corals belonging to the family Meandrinidae; andB. dendrogyrumn. sp., a symbiont harbored exclusively by the threatened coralDendrogyra cylindrus. These findings support the primary importance of niche diversification (i.e. host habitat) in the speciation of symbiotic dinoflagellates.
Seasonal impact and daily intake assessment of mycotoxins in flour, bread, and nixtamalized maize
Authors: Kanwal Rukhsana , Mehmood Asim , Saleem Shahzad , Randhawa Muhammad Atif , Ihsan Awais , Amir Rai Muhammad , Nadeem Muhammad , Sajid Muhammad Wasim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe temperature and conditions of moisture after harvesting have the most important impact on fungal growth and mycotoxin production. The present study was designed to assess the presence of different mycotoxins in grains of spring and autumn varieties of maize collected from Sahiwal, district Pakistan. A total of 234 samples of maize flour, bread, and nixtamalized flour were analyzed. All samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin and zearalenone while ochratoxin was not detected in any sample. Bread showed the reduction in mycotoxins level for autumn and spring season as (55 and 51%) for aflatoxins (AFs) and (84 and 63% for zearalenone (ZEA) for autumn and spring season's samples. Nixtamalization also showed the reduction in mycotoxins level for autumn and spring (73 and 60%) for AFs and (72.9 and 52%) for ZEA for autumn and spring seasons sample. The probable daily intake values for aflatoxin and zearalenone in autumn and spring seasons were in the range between 0.035–0.049 and 0.350–0.336 μg/kg b.w./day.Practical applicationsThe potential presence of mycotoxins in maize is a major health concern for the producers as well as consumers. Mycotoxins presence in food supply chain is result of poor storage condition favoring growth of mold. The mold produces secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. Mycotoxins once become part of maize will be carried out with supply chain. Therefore, monitoring of mycotoxins is necessary to assess their concentration so that food can be made safe for the consumer. Other than quantification of mycotoxins, analysis of mycotoxins behavior toward processing or heat have significant importance for the maize processing industry. This study provides quantification and fate of mycotoxins during processing of maize and nixtamalization. Mycotoxins behavior toward processing will provide relation to their presence and possible reduction.
Effect of Site‐Neutral Payment Policy on Long‐Term Acute Care Hospital Use
Authors: Makam Anil N. , Nguyen Oanh Kieu , Kirby Benjamin , Miller Michael E. , Xuan Lei , Halm Ethan A. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the projected effect of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services new site‐neutral payment policy, which aims to decrease unnecessary long‐term acute care hospital (LTACH) admissions by reducing reimbursements for less‐ill individuals by 2020.DesignObservational.SettingNational 5% Medicare data (2011–12).MeasurementsWe examined the proportion of site‐neutral LTACH admissions. Regional LTACH market supply was defined as LTACH beds per 100,000 residents, categorized according to tertile. We conducted a hospital‐level analysis to compare the projected effect of site‐neutral payment on “propensity score” matched high‐ and low‐LTACH‐use hospitals.ResultsForty‐one percent of LTACH admissions would be subjected to site‐neutral payment. The proportion of site‐neutral admissions was large, varied considerably according to LTACH (median 40%, interquartile range 22–60%), and was only modestly greater with greater market supply (Pearson correlation coefficient=0.23, p<.001; coefficient of determination=0.10). The site‐neutral payment policy would affect 47% of admissions from the highest‐supply regions, versus 30% from the lowest‐supply regions (p<.001); and 43% from high‐use hospitals versus 36% from propensity score‐matched low‐use hospitals (p<.001).ConclusionA considerable proportion of LTACH admissions will be subjected to lower site‐neutral payments. Although the policy will disproportionately affect high‐use regions and hospitals, it will also affect nearly one‐third of the current LTACH population from low‐use hospitals and regions. As such, the site‐neutral payment policy may limit LTACH access in existing LTAC‐scarce markets, with potential adverse implications for recovery of hospitalized older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2104–2111, 2018.