bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment Transport and Solute Variation In Meltwaters of Dokriani Glacier (Bamak), Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Hasnain Syed I. , Thayyen Renoj J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Suspended sediment transport and major cations and anions with discharge were monitored between 28 August and 20 September 1992 in Dokriani glacier (Bamak), Garhwal Himalaya. The hydrograph and chemograph exhibit diurnal variation reflecting the conditions of meltwater transferred to the portal through different hydrological pathways. The suspended sediment transport on diurnal time scale peaks before the discharge peak, indicating that sediment transport reacts quickly to discharge. During the observation period sediment concentration show decreasing trend with discharge.
Petrology of the Bhela-Rajna Alkaline Complex, Nuapara District, Orissa
Authors: Pattnaik Subodh K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A newly identified silica-oversaturated alkaline complex from the Bhela-Rajna area of the Nuapara District, Orissa, comprises three major rock types: (i) comenditic ignimbrite (ii) quartzporphyry (intrusive rhyolite) and (iii) riebeckite- granite, all of which were emplaced conformably within a linear, intra-cratonic (Bastar Craton) Proterozoic shear-zone and controlled by deep basement fractures. The complex is hosted by a batholithic biotite-granite (adamellitic) body, bordering the EGMB in the east and platforming the Chhatishgarh scdiments in the west.
The comenditic ignimbrite exhibits eutaxitic and rhyotaxitic textures; the quartz-porphyry, part of which forms fissure-feeders, displays rhyotaxitic and porphyritic textures: the riebeckite-granitc exhibits hypidiomorphic and rarely porphyritic textures. Riebeckite is the most abundant mafic mineral in all the major rock types and the accessory minerals are crystalline iron oxides, biotite. sphene, zircon and epidote. The major element chemistry indicates a strong fractionation from a magmatic melt, implying cogenetic and comagmatic nature of the rock-units. The field setting, structure and lack of metamorphic signatures indicate a late Proterozoic emplacement age for the complex.
Deformational and Metamorphic Imprint upon Lesser Himalayan Sulphide Ores: Examples from the Nepal-Sikkim Belt
Authors: Ghosh A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ore textures in the stratabound Zn-Pb deposit of Ganesh Himal (Nepal) and the Cu-Zn deposit of Dikchu (Sikkim, India) from amphibolite-facies environment of the Lesser Himalaya arc described and discussed in relation to deformation and metamorphism. Primary are depositional fabric is almost completely obliterated in the ores, except for the rare presence of some framboids and polyframboids at Ganesh Himal. Both deposits show features characteristic of intense deformation and high-grade metamorphism. A variety of fracture, overgrowth and rotational fabric followed by recrystallization textures are recorded. The majority of the fabric characteristics are syn- to post tectonic with respect to the strongest deformational episode and associated metamorphism related to the Tertiary Himalayan orogeny. However, the meta-carbonate hosted Zn-Pb ore of Ganesh Himal is strongly recrystallized, whereas the metapelite hosted Cu-Zn ore of Dikchu is characterised by a more noticeable deformational imprint. The textural characteristics of ores in the two deposits, with respect to the contrasting host lithologies, indicate that the variations in are compositions and in host rock rheologies in different tectonic settings of the deposits might have influenced the resultant ore textures.
Origin of Granites Adjoining Ramagiri Schist Belt, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Hanumanthu R. C. , Babaiah P. B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The tonalite-granodiorite suite adjoining the Ramagiri schist belt carry enclaves of amphibolites. The chemistry of this suite suggests that it is magmatic, metaluminous and calc-alkaline, and it is grouped under 'mixed' origin. Various lines of evidences show that this tonalite-granodiorite suite is a partial melt of the amphibolite of the Ramagiri schist belt which was recyled at the crust-mantle levels.
Macrofacies Architecture of the First Transgressive Suite Along the Southern Margin of the Kaladgi Basin
Authors: Kale Vivek S. , Ghunakikar Vaishali , Paul Thomas P. , Peshwa V. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The lowest sequence of the Lokapur Subgroup from the Bagalkot Group manifests the earliest transgression in the Meso-Neoproterozoic Kaladgi Basin. It is characterised by four sedimentary lithofacies namely, (i) sandstone facies (dominantly quartzose-arenites with minor interbedded conglomerates and gravel beds), (ii) argillite facies (including siltstones and shales), (iii) carbonate facies (primarily dolomites which are often cherty and stromatolitic) and, (iv) chertbreccia facies (poorly bedded and silicified).
These four macrofacies have been studied in the gently folded and faulted exposures along the southern margin of the Kaladgi Basin. An unfolded fence of their distribution and mutual dispositions is reconstructed so as to enable the visualization of their syndepositional architecture. Modifications of the existing classification of the examined sequence of the Lokapur Subgroup are suggested on the basis of this restoration and in context of process responsive lithostratigraphy.
The Kaladgi Basin is interpreted to have been initiated in an extensional tectonic regime. All the four recognised macrofacies were deposited more or less simultaneously during the earliest transgression in this basin and their architecture was governed by synsedimentary events of sagging of the uneven basin floor along an array of East-West trending growth faults with northern downthrows.
Biostratigraphy of the Post Kopili Sediments of Garo Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Mishra U. K. , Shankar K. , Patil R. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The lithounits of post Kopili sediments constitute the Simsang, Baghmara, Chengapara and Dupitila formations in that order of sequence. Based on the present study five biostratigraphic zones have been recognised in these rock stratigraphic units. The palyno-assemblage recovered from the Simsang formation consists of gemmate syncolpate grains, Spinospites acolporata, Schizeaesporites knoxi, Polypodisporites tuberculensis, Polypodeaceaesporites, Lycopodiumsporites sp., together with a host of angiospermic pollen grains. Since such an assemblage is indicative of Oligocene age, the Simsang formation is, therefore, considered as the time and rock stratigraphic equivalent to the Barail Group in Assam. From the Baghmara formation a palynozone of early Miocene age has been recorded, which is characterised by two winged conifer pollen, ribbed trilete spores referable to Striatriletes, Lycopodiumsporites, and frequent occurrence of fungal bodies and spores of Ascomycetae and Fungi Imperfectii. Two faunal biostratigraphic zones have been recognised in the fossiliferous beds occurring at the bottom of the Chengapara formation. The lower assemblage is characterised by the presence of Anadara, Cardium and Ostrea. The zone is unique for the occurrence of variety of pelecypods and gastropods. The upper assemblage zone is characterised by the frequent presence of Tellinaceans and the absence of most of the gastropods occurring on the lower assemblage. The lower and upper assemblage zones are of Aquitanian-Burdigalian age.
The fossiliferous horizon occurring well within the Chengapara formation is considered to represent probably the uppermost fossiliferous horizon in the Garo Hills. This horizon is characterised by the presence of elasmobranchs represented by Carcharadon carcharias and a few batoids. Carcharadon carcharias is not known to occur in the beds older to upper Burdigalian. Dupitila and Dihing formations have been found to be devoid of fossils.
Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of the Serpentinites from Boula-Nausahi Igneous Complex, Orissa
Authors: Mohanty J. K. , Sahoo R. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The ultramafic rocks of Boula-Nausahi igneous complex have undergone extensive alteration resulting in the development of serpentinites. Petrographic and mineralogical observations have led to the recognition of two stages of mineral formation. The first stage (retrograde metamorphism) is characterised by complete transformntion of magmatic olivine to lizardite and the second stage (prograde metamorphism) in the formation of antigorite and alteration of accessory chrome spinels. Mineral assemblages indicate serpentinization to be a low temperature oxidation phenomenon. Formation of magnetite, ferritchromit and sulphide minerals is controHed by oxygen and sulphur fugacities prevalent during the process of serpentinization. Mineralogy, chemistry and geological setting of the serpentinites indicate an isochemical nature of the serpentinization process.
A Lower Proterozoic Palaeosol at BGC-Aravalli Boundary in South-Central Rajasthan, India
Authors: Banerjee D. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A metamorphosed palaeosol surface separates the upper part of the Archaean Banded Gneissic complex from the basal Proterozoic Debari Formation of the Aravalli Supergroup. Mineralogical and petrological studies reflect presence of two mineralogical assemblages namely, quartz-feldspar-white mica-sericite-biotite-chlorite-calcite and quartz-kyanite-white mica-garnet. Geochemistry of the rocks collected along vertical profiles through the palaeosol units show high CIA indices in comparison to low CIA values of less altered basement gneisses. From bottom to the top, in the basement rocks as well as the palaeosol unit, a perceptible increase in Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2, contents could be seen. Iron shows gradual upward increment in the assemblage-I while assemblage-2 contains very little iron. Na2O shows upward decrease while K2O shows quantum jump in abundance. K-Al correlation is strong and significant. Another iron-rich palaeosol unit is described between the basement gneisses and the Matoon dolomites. Based on the identification and characterization of the palaeosol units, the geological conditions prevailing before the onset of Aravalli sedimentation has been discussed. Diagenetic and metamorphic imprints on the palaeosols, now occuring as metamorphosed rock units have been defined and interpreted. This study has been utilised for reflecting the atmospheric conditions dominating during the early Proterozoic time.
Palaeocurrent Pattern, Textures and Depositional Environment of Miliolitic Limestone of Diu, Western India
Authors: Mahender Kotha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present work deals with the palaeocurrent pattern and the textural attributes of the miliolitic limestone of Diu and their application for the interpretation of its origin and depositional mechanisms. The palaeocurrent pattern indicate a north to northeasterly direction of sediment transport which is similar to the present day wind pattern along Saurashtra coast. The limestone is fine to medium grained, moderate to better sorted, fine-skewed and leptokurtic to mesokurtic in nature. The study suggests a variable coastal marine beach to dune (eolian) environment of the limestone, representing the fluctuating sea levels of the Pleistocene Period. The constituent particles of the limestone. derived from the exposed beach and shallow-marine environments during lower sea levels, have been reworked by the prevailing wind and rain waters leading to limestone deposition.
Evaluation of REE Determination in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Rathi M. S. , Khanna P. P. , Mukherjee P. K. , Saini N. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rare earth elements were separated from ten intemational geological reference samples by the classical ion-exchange chromatographic technique. Concentrations of ten rare earth elements were measured by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Comparison with the conensus values show a fairly good accuracy (&lt;10%) for all the elements except for Lu. REE data for MB-H a metabasic reference sample and G-2, a granite reference sample have been compiled to determine the long term precision. A RSD value of 5-8% for La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er and Yb indicates good reproducibility of our values. RSD for Lu was found to be high and it reaches up to 22% in G-2. The high RSD and poor accuracy for Lu in some samples is mainly attributed to low abundance level of this element which is very close to its detection limit. Ce, Gd and Sm are preferred to be analysed against a separated REE fraction of a rock standard having similar matrix to avoid the interferences. However, rest of the REEs can be comfortably measured against a salt standard.
Intra-Crustal Structure Inferred from Aeromagnetics in a Part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton and its Significance in Kimberlite Exploration
Authors: Atchuta Rao D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Kimberlites, in addition to being the principal source of industrial and precious diamonds, also serve as windows into the earth's mantle. Therefore, their discovery has academic and economic importance. Power spectral analysis of the aeromagnetic data of a part of the Eastern Dharwar Craton, comprising the western part of the Cuddapah basin and the adjoining crystallines, has brought out upwarping (anticlise) and downwarping (syneclise) of intra-crustal magnetic interface. The known kimberlite diatremes at Wajrakarur and Chigicherla are principally concentrated in zones overlying the domal upwarps of the magnetic interface and these zones perhaps delineate two distinct kimberlite fields. Exploration in such zones (zones overlying upwarp of magnetic interface) is recommended for verifying the validity of the relationship and location of additional kimberlites.
Sedimentary Structures and Texture of the Warkalli Sandstone (Mio-Pliocene) at Cherunniyoor, Kerala
Authors: Padmalal D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Quarry at Cherunniyoor, 3 km east of the Varkala town exposes a section of Warkalli beds of Mio-Pliocence age. The Sedimentary structures like channel fills, cross bedding, lenticular bedding, convolute lamination, clay galls, water escape structure and trace fossils are noticed in the section. The Warkalli sandstone at Cherunniyoor is composed mainly of coarse to medium grained, poorly to moderately sorted, angular to subangular grains with platy-to-mcso-kurtosis and nearly symmetrical skewness. The sedimentary structures together with the textural characteristics as well as the fining upward nature of lithological units point to a fluvial (meandering river) origin for the sandstone and hence for the Warkalli beds at Cherunniyoor.
Biogeochemical Studies in Some Copper Rich Areas of Singhbhum Copper Belt, Bihar, India
Authors: Venu P. , Chand Gyan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Forty eight plant species (528 plant samples) from the Singhbhum copper belt were examined and their relationships with soil copper gradient were assessed. Syzygium cumini, Woodfordia fruticosa, Cleistanthus collinus and Buchanania lanzan are observed to grow in very high soil copper concentration maintaining remarkably moderate levels of copper in their bioparts. Results of Student's 't' test suggests that some species exhibit preferential concentration of copper in different bioparts. Copper levels estimated in Anogeissus latifolia, Butea frondosa, Cleistanthus collinus, Croton roxburghii, Syzygium cumini, Mitragyna parvifolia, Gardenia gummifera, Nyctanthes arbortristis. Shorea robusta and Terminalia crenulata showed significant relationships with that of soil copper. However, none of the plants examined can be graded as 'hyperaccumulators'or 'accumulators".
Influence of Geomorphometric Factors on Satellite Snow Covered Area vs Snowmelt Runoff Relationship in the Punjab Himalaya
Authors: Gupta R. P. , Sinha R. , Roohani M. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Himalayas, snowmelt runoff makes a dominant contribution to the total annllal stream flow. An early prediction of the amount of runoff to be derived from the snow pack is, therefore, of great importance for proper management of water resources. The area selected for the present investigation is the Punjab Himalayas comprising three major catchments of the Beas, Ravi, and Chenab rivers. Landsat imageries have been used to map snow cover in these three catchments. Data from a number of discharge gauging stations on the Beas, Ravi and Chenab rivers have been used to yield snowmelt runoff. Unique relationships between satellite snow cover and snowmelt runoff have been obtained for each of the sub-catchments. The studies show that geomorphometric parameters have a systematic influence on the relationship between snow cover area and subsequent runoff. The relationships are interpreted for their physical implications.
Chemistry of Clinopyroxenes from Subalkaline and Alkaline Rocks of Phenai Mata Igneous Complex, Baroda District, Gujarat, Western India
Authors: Kumar Santosh 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The predominant tholeiitic gabbro-microgranite/granophyre suite has been found in close association with subordinate alkali gabbro-syenite suite at Phenai Mata Igneous Complex (PMIC) (65 Ma). The pyroxene compositions from the selected tholeiitic and alkaline lithotypes of PMIC have been classified and compared to those from alkaline rocks of adjoining complexes. The results indicate that pyroxenes were crystallized in diverse tholeiitic and alkaline parental magmas undergoing differential oxygen fugacity (fO2) and silica activity (aSiO2). The fractionation trend of pyroxenes from tholeiitic rocks of PMIC follows the trend transitional between Ca-poor and Ca-rich augite-ferroaugite trends, though limited iron-enrichment, formed under low fO2. Whereas pyroxenes in alkaline rocks follow the Ca-rich salite-ferrosalite trend at relatively higher fO2 and can be related to those of volcanic and subvolcanic alkaline rocks of adjacent alkaline complex probably representing an analogous alkaline pulse. The pyroxenes of alkaline rocks of PMIC and adjoining area can also be distinguished from those of tholeiitic rocks, having higher Ti and Al contents. An early and strong partitioning of Cr in crystallizing diopside, magnetite and probably chromspinel of tholeiitic and alkaline parental magmas impoverished the pyroxenes (Mg/Mg+Fe1&lt;0.700) of microgranite and syenite in this element during the late stage of crystallization.
P-T Conditions of Metamorphism of Supracrustal Rocks in the Sandur Schist Belt, Dharwar Craton, Southern India
Authors: Hanuma Prasad M. , Krishna Rao B. , Vasudev V. N. , Basavalingu B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Compositions of co-existing mineral pairs, viz., (a) cordierite- gedrite- garnet- biotite, (b) staurolite-biotite-garnet-muscovite-chlorite and (c) andalusite-staurolite-biotite-gamet in metapelites, and (d) amphibole-plagioclase pair in metabasalts of the Sandur schist belt in the eastern block of the Dharwar craton, Southern India, yield metamorphic temperatures and pressures in the range of 550°-600° C and 4-5.2 kbar, respectively. Textural relationships of the minerals in the above mineral assemblages suggest the development of cordierite, gedrite, garnet, staurolite and biotite during the main-fabric forming event (regional metamorphism). Increase in the grade of metamorphism from greenschist to amphibolite facies associated with the main deformational event is observed from the central to the peripheral portions of the belt; this can be attributed to the steep thermal gradient produced by the syntectonic granitoids. Andalusite post-dates all the other metamorphic minerals and its development outlasts the main deformational episode in the belt. Andalu~ite is a product of thermal metamorphism, superimposed on regional metamorphism and its growth coincides with the upliftment of the terrain during the emplacement of Iate- to post-kinematic granitoids, which, under comparatively low pressure regime (~3.75 kbar), maintained earlier peak metamorphic temperatures.
Termite Mound as a Biogeochemical Tool for Mineral Exploration : An Example from the Mangampeta Barite Mining Area, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Raghu V. , Prasad E. A. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Mangampeta barite mining area, physical (organic matter and bulk density) and physico-chemical (pH and electrical conductivity) properties, and the concentration of trace elements viz., Ba, Sr, Cu, Zn, and Mn were determined for three types of termite mounds viz., barren (devoid of any vegetation), monophytic (colonised by a single plant species), and polyphytic (colonised by more than one plant species) and their adjoining ground surface soils.
A biogeochemical parameter called "Biological Absorption Coefficient" (BAC) [ratio of concentration of the element in the termite mound (C18) to that of its adjoining soils (C88)] of these mounds is computed which helps in the evaluatioo of the mounds in biogeochemical orientation surveys. These studies reveal that the mounds exhibit indicator characteristics for Ba, Cu, Zn, and Mn for use as tool in mineral exploration.
Insolubility and Volatilization of Elements in Biogeochemical Analysis of Soils and Termite Soils
Authors: Jayarama Gupta M. , Prasad E. A. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In order to study the biogeochemical interactions under the influence of organic matter, seven elements, namely Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Co, in termite soils and their adjoining ground surface soils of Ramagiri goldfield were analysed on both ash weight and dry weight bases.
A biogeochemical parameter, called "coefficient of apparent organic binding (CAOB)", is computed as the ratio of the concentration of an element in ignited sample and of the same element in dried sample. The variations in this parameter are due to insolubility of certain elements in the digested medium and volatilization of certain others on ashing.
The elemental concentration estimated on ash weight basis was converted into dry weight basis by recalculation taking organic matter into consideration. On this basis different degrees of insolubility or volatilization of different elements have been estimated.