bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate impact of minimum unit pricing on alcohol purchases in Scotland: controlled interrupted time series analysis for 2015-18
Authors: O’Donnell Amy , Anderson Peter , Jané-Llopis Eva , Manthey Jakob , Kaner Eileen , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess the immediate impact of the introduction of minimum unit pricing in Scotland on household alcohol purchases.

Design
Controlled interrupted time series analysis.

Setting
Purchase data from Kantar Worldpanel’s household shopping panel for 2015-18.

Participants
5325 Scottish households, 54 807 English households as controls, and 10 040 households in northern England to control for potential cross border effects.

Interventions
Introduction of a minimum price of 50p (€0.55; $0.61) per UK unit (6.25p per gram) for the sale of alcohol in Scotland on 1 May 2018.

Main outcome measures
Price per gram of alcohol, number of grams of alcohol purchased from off-trade by households, and weekly household expenditure on alcohol.

Results
The introduction of minimum unit pricing in Scotland was associated with an increase in purchase price of 0.64p per gram of alcohol (95% confidence interval 0.54 to 0.75), a reduction in weekly purchases of 9.5 g of alcohol per adult per household (5.1 to 13.9), and a non-significant increase in weekly expenditure on alcohol per household of 61p (−5 to 127). The increase in purchase price was higher in lower income households and in households that purchased the largest amount of alcohol. The reduction in purchased grams of alcohol was greater in lower income households and only occurred in the top fifth of households by income that purchased the greatest amount of alcohol, where the reduction was 15 g of alcohol per week (6 to 24). Changes in weekly expenditure were not systematically related to household income but increased with increasing household purchases.

Conclusions
In terms of immediate impact, the introduction of minimum unit pricing appears to have been successful in reducing the amount of alcohol purchased by households in Scotland. The action was targeted, in that reductions of purchased alcohol only occurred in the households that bought the most alcohol.
Graham Roberts Study protocol: first ‘trials within cohort study’ for bladder cancer
Authors: Wylie Harriet , Cahill Fidelma , Santaolalla Aida , Moss Charlotte Louise , Enting Deborah , Amery Suzanne , Chatterton Kathryn , Khan Muhammad Shamim , Bryan Richard T , Gillett Cheryl , Josephs Debra , Chowdhury Simon , Rudman Sarah , Hughes Simon , Relton Clare , Van Hemelrijck Mieke 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionGiven the need for more bladder cancer research and the recently observed advantages of introducing the trials within cohort (TwiCs) design, the set-up of the Graham Roberts Study (Roberts Study) will provide valuable infrastructure to answer a wide variety of research questions of a clinical, mechanistic, as well as supportive care nature in the area of bladder cancer.MethodsUsing the TwiCs design, we will recruit patients aged 18 or older who are willing and able to provide signed informed consent and have a diagnosis of new or recurrent bladder cancer into this prospective cohort study. All patients must have a basic understanding of the English language. The following questionnaires will be collected at baseline and every 12 months subsequently: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy for Bladder Cancer, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, the Patient Heath Questionnaire-9, the standardised instrument for a generic health status (EQ-5D-5L), a Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and the Hertfordshire Short Questionnaire to Assess Diet Quality.Ethics and disseminationDue to the nature of this study, we obtained full ethical clearance from the London—Fulham Research Ethics Committee (17/LO1975). All participants must provide full informed consent before recruitment onto the study. The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and data collected as part of the study will be made available to potential collaborators on an application basis.
Measuring open defecation in India using survey questions: evidence from a randomised survey experiment
Authors: Vyas Sangita , Srivastav Nikhil , Mary Divya , Goel Neeta , Srinivasan Sujatha , Tannirkulam Ajaykumar , Ban Radu , Spears Dean , Coffey Diane 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate differences in reported open defecation between a question about latrine use or open defecation for every household member and a household-level question.SettingRural India is home to most of the world’s open defecation. India’s Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 2015–2016 estimates that 54% of households in rural India defecate in the open. This measure is based on a question asking about the behaviour of all household members in one question. Yet, studies in rural India find substantial open defecation among individuals living in households with latrines, suggesting that household-level questions underestimate true open defecation.ParticipantsIn 2018, we randomly assigned latrine-owning households in rural parts of four Indian states to receive one of two survey modules measuring sanitation behaviour. 1215 households were asked about latrine use or open defecation individually for every household member. 1216 households were asked the household-level question used in India’s DHS: what type of facility do members of the household usually use?ResultsWe compare reported open defecation between households asked the individual-level questions and those asked the household-level question. Using two methods for comparing open defecation by question type, the individual-level question found 20–21 (95% CI 16 to 25 for both estimates) percentage points more open defecation than the household-level question, among all households, and 28–29 (95% CI 22 to 35 for both estimates) percentage points more open defecation among households that received assistance to construct their latrines.ConclusionsWe provide the first evidence that individual-level questions find more open defecation than household-level questions. Because reducing open defecation in India is essential to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, and exposure to open defecation has consequences for child mortality and development, it is essential to accurately monitor its progress.Trial registration numberRegistry for International Development Impact Evaluations (5b55458ca54d1).
PlWRKY70: a Paeonia lactiflora transcription factor that sensitively responds to low-temperature, salt, and waterlogging stresses
Authors: Han Caiyun , Li Junjie , Ma Yan , Guo Jing , Guo Xianfeng , Xu Jinguang 
Published: September 2019

The WRKY family is a specific super gene family in plants that plays a significant regulatory role in abiotic stress in plants. In this paper, the PlWRKY70 gene was cloned by RT-PCR from Paeonia lactiflora ‘Da Fugui’ buds (GenBank accession no. KU891819). The open reading frame of the gene was 936 bp in length, encoding 311 amino acids. The PlWRKY70 gene contained a WRKY domain in its coding region that belonged to the group III WRKY family and was evolutionarily the closest to Paeonia suffruticosa. PlWRKY70 was widely expressed and found at an extremely high level in buds. Moreover, the PlWRKY70 protein was mostly detected in the nucleus. The expression of PlWRKY70 was remarkably influenced by different abiotic stresses with completely different patterns. It could be significantly induced by low-temperature and salt stress, rapidly reaching peak levels after the initial 4 or 8 h of the stress treatment, whereas under waterlogging stress, it was considerably suppressed, dramatically dropping to minimum levels after 2 h of treatment. These profiles suggested that PlWRKY70 was sensitive to low-temperature, salt, and waterlogging stresses in P. lactiflora.
Dilaton black hole entropy from entropy function formalism
Authors: Velni Komeil Babaei , Jalali Ali , Khoshdelan Bahareh 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It has been shown that the entropy function formalism is an efficient way to calculate the entropy of black holes in string theory. We check this formalism for the extremal charged dilaton black hole. We find the general four-derivative correction on the black hole entropy from the value of the entropy function at its extremum point.
$$dS_4$$ vacua from matter-coupled 4D $$N=4$$ gauged supergravity
Authors: Dao H. L. , Karndumri Parinya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe study$$dS_4$$dS4vacua within matter-coupled$$N=4$$N=4gauged supergravity in the embedding tensor formalism. We derive a set of conditions for the existence of$$dS_4$$dS4solutions by using a simple ansatz for solving the extremization and positivity of the scalar potential. We find two classes of gauge groups that lead to$$dS_4$$dS4vacua. One of them consists of gauge groups of the form$$G_{\text {e}}\times G_{\text {m}}\times H$$Ge×Gm×HwithHbeing a compact group and$$G_{\text {e}}\times G_{\text {m}}$$Ge×Gma non-compact group with$$SO(3)\times SO(3)$$SO(3)×SO(3)subgroup and dyonically gauged. These gauge groups are the same as those giving rise to maximally supersymmetric$$AdS_4$$AdS4vacua. The$$dS_4$$dS4and$$AdS_4$$AdS4vacua arise from different coupling ratios between$$G_{\text {e}}$$Geand$$G_{\text {m}}$$Gmfactors. Another class of gauge groups is given by$$SO(2,1)_{\text {e}}\times SO(2,1)_{\text {m}}\times G_{\text {nc}}\times G'_{\text {nc}}\times H$$SO(2,1)e×SO(2,1)m×Gnc×Gnc′×HwithSO(2, 1),$$G_{\text {nc}}$$Gncand$$G'_{\text {nc}}$$Gnc′dyonically gauged. We explicitly check that all known$$dS_4$$dS4vacua in$$N=4$$N=4gauged supergravity satisfy the aforementioned conditions, hence the two classes of gauge groups can accommodate all the previous results on$$dS_4$$dS4vacua in a simple framework. Accordingly, the results provide a new approach for finding$$dS_4$$dS4vacua. In addition, relations between the embedding tensors for gauge groups admitting$$dS_4$$dS4and$$dS_5$$dS5vacua are studied, and a new gauge group,$$SO(2,1)\times SO(4,1)$$SO(2,1)×SO(4,1), with a$$dS_4$$dS4vacuum is found by applying these relations to$$SO(1,1)\times SO(4,1)$$SO(1,1)×SO(4,1)gauge group in five dimensions.
Dhole Cuon alpinus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) rediscovered in Bardia National Park, Nepal
Authors: Yadav Shailendra Kumar , Lamichhane Babu Ram , Subedi Naresh , Thapa Ramesh Kumar , Poudyal Laxman , Dahal Bhagawan Raj 
Published: September 2019

An increasing intensity of camera traps recorded the presence of poorly known and globally Endangered Asiatic Wild Dogs Cuon alpinus from different locations in recent years in Nepal. After 18 years since the previous report, we recorded 29 photos and a video of Dholes in four independent detections with an effort of 4,035 trap-nights during camera trap surveys targeted at tigers in the winter of 2016/2017. Solitary dholes were camera-trapped from four locations within 27.45km2 area in Bardia National Park. The evidence of a dead Dhole probably killed in retaliation shows the threat to the species. Dholes co-exist in Bardia with sympatric carnivores like Tiger Panthera tigris, Leopard Panthera pardus, and Jackal Canis aureus.
Seasonal vegetation shift and wetland dynamics in vulnerable granitic rocky outcrops of Palghat Gap of southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India
Authors: Arabhi Pathiyil , Nair Maya Chandrasekharan 
Published: September 2019

Low altitude granitic hillock systems prevalent in Palghat (Palakkad) Gap region of southern Western Ghats were analyzed for seasonal dynamics in wetland taxa associated with marshy ephemeral flush vegetation, small ephemeral pools and deep rock pools. Due to characteristic habitat features, such systems harbor a unique pattern of microhabitats and associated floristic components. Wet phase in rocky outcrops in the monsoon season establishes a hydro-geomorphic habitat that supports establishment of wetland taxa like Eriocaulon, Drosera, Utricularia, Dopatrium, and Rotala. Seasonal shift in the floral associations was evident in tune with wetland dynamics. Wet rocks support ephemeral flush vegetation which display some unique plant associations of species of Eriocaulon, Utricularia, Drosera, Cyanotis, Murdannia, and Lindernia. Small ephemeral pools displayed taxa like Rotala malampuzhensis R.V. Nair, Dopatrium junceum (Roxb.) Buch.-Ham. ex Benth., D. nudicaule (Willd.) Benth., Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C. Presl, and Cyperus iria L. Rocky pools are the habitats of aquatic angiosperms like Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f., Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H. Hara, Utricularia aurea Lour. and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. The study documented 121 plant taxa from 37 families during a wet phase from rocky outcrops of the study area. Gradual shift in vegetation is evident as water recedes from granitic hillocks. During the period from December to March, the rocky pools dry up which results in a shift in the vegetation pattern where Poaceae members form the dominant elements. As most of the rocky outcrops are exposed to extreme temperature and acute water shortage, the taxa inhabiting such ecosystems tend to evolve much faster than in other habitats. Moreover, the vicinity of these hillocks in the Palghat Gap region to human settlements, face threats like fire, grazing, quarrying, dumping of wastes etc. which may cause considerable loss to the very sensitive plant communities which are not yet fully documented.
Observations of Brown Mongoose Herpestes fuscus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Herpestidae) in the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Kamath Vignesh , Seshadri Kadaba Shamanna 
Published: September 2019

Brown Mongoose Herpestes fuscus is crepuscular in habit and rarely encountered. Information on its natural history and ecology is limited and consequently its conservation requirements are not well understood. We report observations of a Brown Mongoose feeding on a Nilgiri Langur Semnopithecus johnii carcass in the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, southern India. A camera trap was deployed over the Nilgiri Langur carcass over 10 nights during which, the mongoose visited the carcass on eight nights. Based on the images captured, the mongoose behaviour was broadly categorized as vigilance, feeding, walking and grooming. The mongoose was most active between 03.30–06.00 h and 19.00–00.00 h. Additionally, we report observations of a pair of Brown Mongoose foraging, and an incident of road mortality. These observations will add to the limited current understanding of the species, necessary for assessing its conservation status and identifying interventions.
Effects of Replacing Dietary Monounsaturated Fat With Carbohydrate on HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Protein Metabolism and Proteome Composition in Humans
Authors: Andraski Allison B. , Singh Sasha A. , Lee Lang Ho , Higashi Hideyuki , Smith Nathaniel , Zhang Bo , Aikawa Masanori , Sacks Frank M. 
Published: September 2019

Objective:
Clinical evidence has linked low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels with high cardiovascular disease risk; however, its significance as a therapeutic target remains unestablished. We hypothesize that HDLs functional heterogeneity is comprised of metabolically distinct proteins, each on distinct HDL sizes and that are affected by diet.

Approach and Results:
Twelve participants were placed on 2 healthful diets high in monounsaturated fat or carbohydrate. After 4 weeks on each diet, participants completed a metabolic tracer study. HDL was isolated by Apo (apolipoprotein) A1 immunopurification and separated into 5 sizes. Tracer enrichment and metabolic rates for 8 HDL proteins—ApoA1, ApoA2, ApoC3, ApoE, ApoJ, ApoL1, ApoM, and LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase)—were determined by parallel reaction monitoring and compartmental modeling, respectively. Each protein had a unique, size-specific distribution that was not altered by diet. However, carbohydrate, when replacing fat, increased the fractional catabolic rate of ApoA1 and ApoA2 on alpha3 HDL; ApoE on alpha3 and alpha1 HDL; and ApoM on alpha2 HDL. Additionally, carbohydrate increased the production of ApoC3 on alpha3 HDL and ApoJ and ApoL1 on the largest alpha0 HDL. LCAT was the only protein studied that diet did not affect. Finally, global proteomics showed that diet did not alter the distribution of the HDL proteome across HDL sizes.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that HDL in humans is composed of a complex system of proteins, each with its own unique size distribution, metabolism, and diet regulation. The carbohydrate-induced hypercatabolic state of HDL proteins may represent mechanisms by which carbohydrate alters the cardioprotective properties of HDL.
The Elusive Ark: Locus of Longing in Exile
Authors: Adelman Rachel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper compares the Babylonian and Palestinian talmudic traditions on the fate of the ark of the covenant—either lost before or during the Babylonian conquest, or buried in the Temple precincts (b. Yom’a 53b–54a; y. Sheqalim 6:1–2, 49c). In the Babylonian Talmud, the ark and the cherubim are described in highly erotic, feminized terms, blurring traditional gender categories of Israel and God. The feminization of the ark serves as a “survival strategy” to counter the defiling gaze of the gentile conqueror, but also preserves the sacred center as a locus of longing for Jews in diaspora.
Redescription of Paracrobeles laterellus Heyns, 1968 (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) from Botswana
Authors: Abolafia Joaquín , Ruiz-Cuenca Alba N. , Shokoohi Ebrahim , Du Preez Gerhard , Fourie Hendrika 
Published: September 2019

Summary
Paracrobeles laterellus is redescribed from the North-West District (Koanaka Hill), Botswana, which forms part of the Kalahari Desert. A scanning electron microscopy study of the species is presented for the first time. This population is characterised by its adult body length, lateral field with three longitudinal incisures, lips with three tines, the middle one being shorter, primary and secondary axils with two guard processes, labial probolae bifurcate with basal ridge and smooth prongs, pharynx with very swollen and elongate metacorpus, spermatheca swollen, post-vulval uterine sac well developed, vagina sigmoid, female and male tails conoid, and characters of the spicules and gubernaculum. Morphologically, P. laterellus is very similar to P. kelsodunensis and P. mojavicus according to the morphology of the lip region, i.e., with two guard processes at the primary axils and robust spicules.
Evaluation of the protective performance of hydrophobic coatings applied on carbon-fibre epoxy composites
Authors: O'Connor Heather , Dowling Denis P 
Published: September 2019

Carbon–fibre epoxy composites are widely used for high-performance structural applications, where they are often exposed to harsh environments. The result of moisture ingress has been extensively studied, causing significant deterioration in the mechanical properties of these composites. This study evaluates the performance of five commercial hydrophobic coatings as protective layers, to inhibit moisture ingress into the composite. The coatings evaluated were NeverWet, HydroBead, SHC, Aculon and LiquidGlass. These coatings were characterised and compared in terms of hydrophobicity, surface energy, roughness and chemical composition. This study also evaluated two atmospheric plasma pre-treatments as a means of enhancing the adhesion performance of these coatings. The pre-treatments involved the use of an air plasma for the activation of the epoxy, as well as the plasma deposition of a nanometre thick SiOx interlayer coating. The durability and protective performance of the coatings, with and without the pre-treatments were then compared using an abrasion test as well as a water immersion study. The use of both plasma pre-treatments was found to enhance the adhesion and the abrasion performance of four out of the five coatings. Of the coatings and pre-treatments investigated, the LiquidGlass in conjunction with a SiOx-coating interlayer was found to exhibit the highest abrasion resistance. This was followed by the composite, which was plasma activated prior to the application of the Aculon coating. Only minor differences were observed when comparing the total moisture ingress (M%) of the epoxy, coated with the different hydrophobic layers. The composite coated with the Aculon and SiOx interlayer exhibited the least amount of moisture ingress, at 0.90%, compared to 1.08% of the uncoated specimen. The shear strength of epoxy composite, coated with the LiquidGlass, NeverWet and the activated Aculon combination, were within the range of the uncoated specimens, therefore the moisture ingress was reversible upon heating and no permanent damage to the epoxy–fibre interface was observed. It is concluded that, of the five coatings investigated, both the Aculon coating and LiquidGlass in combination with a SiOx interlayer coating, exhibit the greatest potential as protective layers for carbon fibre epoxy composites.
Global public interest in systemic lupus erythematosus: an investigation based on internet search data
Authors: Wu G C , Cao F , Shen H H , Hu L Q , Hu Y , Sam N B 
Published: September 2019

Objective This study aims at investigating the global public interest in seeking information about systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) using Google Trends (GT). Methods An electronic search was performed using GT with the search term lupus as well as the option of disease from January 2004 to December 2018. Cosinor analysis was applied to detect the seasonality of SLE-related relative search volume (RSV). In addition, analysis on SLE-related topics including “hot topics” and “top rising topics” was also conducted. Results Overall, SLE-related RSV showed a decreasing trend from January 2004 to December 2013 and then demonstrated a slowly increasing trend from January 2014 to December 2018. Cosinor test showed no significant seasonal variation in SLE-related RSV ( p > .025). RSV peaked in May and reached the trough in November. The top seven rising topics were Selena Gomez, Sjögren syndrome, autoimmunity, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatology, antinuclear antibody and autoimmune disease. Conclusion The results from GT analysis showed slowly increasing internet searches for SLE in recent years. This trend was followed by a peak of RSV in May and reached its lowest level in November. However, globally, the results did not reveal a significant seasonal variation in GT for SLE. Additionally, the top fast-growing topics regarding SLE may be valuable for doctors and nurses to provide timely education of the disease to patients, as well as promote the development of public health.