bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing local projects to reduce the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Warner Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis editorial describes strategies used and the lessons learned in implementing two local anti-stigma projects. The WPA Programme to Reduce Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia established projects to fight stigma in 20 countries, using social-marketing techniques to enhance their effectiveness. First steps at each site were to establish an action committee and conduct a survey of perceived stigma. Based on survey results, the action committees selected a few homogeneous and accessible target groups, such as employers, and criminal justice personnel. Messages and media were selected, tested, and refined. Guidelines are provided for setting up a consumer (service-user) speakers' bureau and for establishing a media-watch organization, which can lobby news and entertainment media to exclude negative portrayals of people with mental illness. Improvements in knowledge about mental illness were effected in high school students and criminal justice personnel. Positive changes in attitude towards people with mental illness were achieved with high school students, but were more difficult to achieve with police officers. Local antistigma projects can be effective in reducing stigma and relatively inexpensive. The involvement of consumers is important in working with police officers. Project organizers should be on the lookout for useful changes that can become permanent.
Does HIV serostatus affect outcomes of dually diagnosed opiate dependents in residential treatment?
Authors: Carrà Giuseppe , Montomoli Cristina , Monti Maria Cristina , Clerici Massimo 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBackgroung– Little is known about specific treatment needs of mentally ill clients abusing substances and infected by HIV. The major gap concerns residential programmes.Aims– To explore differences in outcomes between seropositive and seronegative dually diagnosed opiate dependent clients who participated in a residential therapy programme.Methods– Data were gathered on 154 clients treated in a therapeutic community in Milan between October 1999 and September 2004. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to study the association between HIV serostatus and outcome.Results– At 12-month follow-up, seropositive clients were more likely to relapse.Conclusions– The impact of HIV seropositivity on behavioural outcomes should be taken into consideration when planning residential programmes for the HIV (+) dually diagnosed population. Further research could test the need of incorporating dedicated treatments into existing programmes.Declaration of interest: None.
New Evidences on Anomalous Phenomenon of Buildings in Regulating Urban Climate From Observations in Beijing, China
Authors: Kuang Wenhui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUrban buildings and parks play an important role in regulating urban climate and ecosystem services. Diurnal air temperature range (DTRa) of rocklike buildings is commonsensically regarded as higher due to no latent heat from evapotranspiration and its smaller thermal inertia compared to wet soil. Therefore, the building DTRa is supposed to be higher than that of parks due to its building fabric. However, we found an opposite phenomenon (smaller building DTRa than that of parks), and the underlying mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear. Here we conducted, in Beijing (China), a long‐term observational campaign of standard meteorological variables and radiation/energy fluxes to provide a new valuable evidence (a part of external energy) to explain this phenomenon. The observations indicated external heat energies from horizontal advection and anthropogenic heat sources. We found a significantly lower building DTRa than that of parks (ΔDTRa =2.53±1.93 °C), with a maximum difference of 3.54±1.96 °C in autumn; which was mainly attributed to higher daily minimum air temperature. We also found the large differences in air temperature contribution between the buildings and the parks happened mainly at night. The external heat sources of the building contributed 16.71% to the nighttime air temperature, which was higher than that of the parks (8.39%). The more indoor and outdoor anthropogenic heat sources in the building footprints were the major cause of the slower decrease in Tmin. The comparison between buildings and parks can be extensively applied to analyzing the effects of urbanization on climate.
How Do Modeling Decisions Affect the Spread Among Hydrologic Climate Change Projections? Exploring a Large Ensemble of Simulations Across a Diversity of Hydroclimates
Authors: Chegwidden Oriana S. , Nijssen Bart , Rupp David E. , Arnold Jeffrey R. , Clark Martyn P. , Hamman Joseph J. , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Mao Yixin , Mizukami Naoki , Mote Philip W. , Pan Ming , Pytlak Erik , Xiao Mu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMethodological choices can have strong effects on projections of climate change impacts on hydrology. In this study, we investigate the ways in which four different steps in the modeling chain influence the spread in projected changes of different aspects of hydrology. To form the basis of these analyses, we constructed an ensemble of 160 simulations from permutations of two Representative Concentration Pathways, 10 global climate models, two downscaling methods, and four hydrologic model implementations. The study is situated in the Pacific Northwest of North America, which has relevance to a diverse, multinational cast of stakeholders. We analyze the effects of each modeling decision on changes in gridded hydrologic variables of snow water equivalent and runoff, as well as streamflow at point locations. Results show that the choice of representative concentration pathway or global climate model is the driving contributor to the spread in annual streamflow volume and timing. On the other hand, hydrologic model implementation explains most of the spread in changes in low flows. Finally, by grouping the results by climate region the results have the potential to be generalized beyond the Pacific Northwest. Future hydrologic impact assessments can use these results to better tailor their modeling efforts.
Exposing the Distributions and Elemental Associations of Scavenged Particulate Phases in the Ocean Using Basin‐Scale Multi‐Element Data Sets
Authors: Ohnemus Daniel C. , Torrie Renee , Twining Benjamin S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe GEOTRACES program has greatly increased basin‐scale concentration measurements for a large number of elements in the ocean, both constraining external sources and internal sinks and exposing complex internal cycles of trace elements. Our conceptual frameworks for marine trace element cycling, however, often remain simplified as the production and remineralization of phytoplankton biomass. Despite their complexity, or perhaps because of it, trace element cycles are often predominantly considered as an extension of traditional Redfield macronutrient ratios to C or P. Here we utilize extensive data sets of particulate trace element concentrations from GEOTRACES section cruises in the South Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans to look for evidence of the internal cycles of multiple trace elements without requiring normalization to phytoplankton biomass. Using both traditional and expanded power law regression analyses and multi‐element factor analysis, we expose the internal distributions of six authigenic, biogenic, and lithogenic particulate phases and their multi‐element associations. Critically, no particulate trace element is observed to behave identically to P. Observations include a scavenged Fe phase with a slight surface maximum, which increases linearly with depth below ~ 300 m and which appears to co‐scavenge Cu, V, and La. Particulate Co is found to be associated with phytoplankton, Mn‐biooxides just below the mixed layer, and with a putative heterotrophic phase observed in the surface and at depth. We present an expanded conceptual framework for particulate trace element cycling that has explicit roles for these multiple particulate phases.
The Influence of Phenocrysts on Degassing in Crystal‐Bearing Magmas With Rhyolitic Groundmass Melts
Authors: deGraffenried R. L. , Larsen J. F. , Graham N. A. , Cashman K. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe porosity at which a magma becomes permeable (i.e., the percolation threshold; ϕc) is important for magma degassing; it is also poorly constrained in crystal‐bearing systems. To address this, we conduct high pressure‐temperature decompression experiments on water‐saturated rhyolitic melts with variable crystal contents. We find that crystal‐bearing run products become permeable at ~55‐vol.% vesicularity (crystal free), a value that is similar to that found in decompression‐crystallization experiments using basaltic andesite compositions. Our results provide insight into controls on the eruption styles of hydrous, crystal‐bearing magmas in general and controls on pulsatory Vulcanian behavior, in particular.
Localized Ionization Hypothesis for Transient Ionospheric Layers
Authors: Crismani M. M. J. , Deighan J. , Schneider N. M. , Plane J. M. C. , Withers P. , Halekas J. , Chaffin M. , Jain S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe persistent two‐peaked vertical structure of the Martian ionosphere is created by extreme and far ultraviolet radiation whose energies, respectively, determine their ionization altitude. A third low‐altitude transient layer (previously referred to as M3 or Mm) has been observed by radio occultation techniques and attributed to meteor ablation. However, recent remote sensing and in situ observations disfavor a meteoric origin. Here we propose an alternative hypothesis for these apparent layers associated with impact ionization from penetrating solar wind ions, previously observed as proton aurora. Localized ionization, occurring nonglobally at a given altitude range, breaks the symmetry assumed by the radio occultation technique, and creates electron layers apparently lower in the ionosphere than their true altitude. This may occur when the upstream bow shock is altered by a radial interplanetary magnetic field configuration, which allows the solar wind to penetrate directly into the thermosphere. This localized ionization hypothesis provides an explanation for apparent layers' wide variation in heights and their transient behavior. Moreover, this hypothesis is testable with new observations by the Mars Atmospheric and Volatile EvolutioN Radio Occultation Science Experiment in future Mars years. This hypothesis has implications for the ionospheres of Venus and Titan, where similar transient layers have been observed.
The Effect of Oxygen on the Limiting H+ Flux in the Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Naval Research Laboratory Sami2 is Another Model of the Ionosphere (SAMI2) ionosphere/plasmasphere code is used to examine the physics of ionosphere outflow from the topside ionosphere during poststorm plasmasphere refilling. We find that refilling rates increase with increasing oxygen density for low solar activity (F10.7<150). At high solar activity (F10.7 > 180) refilling rates decrease slightly with increasing nO because O‐O+ collisions limit the density of O+ that is the source of the H+ outflow. Modeled outflows agree closely with the Richards and Torr (1985) analytic expression for the limiting H+ escape flux. Results show that refilling is sensitive to the O density, a factor that is not explicit in the Richards and Torr (1985) formula.
Interplate Coupling Distribution Along the Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan Estimated From the Block Motion Model Based on Onshore GNSS and Seafloor GNSS/A Observations
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Tadokoro Keiichi , Ito Takeo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlong the Nankai Trough of southwest Japan, large‐magnitude interplate earthquakes (M > 8) have occurred repeatedly, with recurrence intervals of approximately 100 years. It is essential to estimate more precisely the spatial distribution of interplate coupling; that is, along‐strike and along‐dip heterogeneity of the coupling ratio defined as the slip deficit rate divided by the plate convergence rate, for understanding the mechanisms and/or assessing the potential of future mega interplate earthquakes in this region. Recently, the seafloor Global Navigation Satellite System‐Acoustic (GNSS/A) combination technique observation network has been extended, and we can now obtain crustal displacement fields for both onshore and offshore regions. In this study, we estimate interplate coupling distribution along the Nankai Trough using both seafloor GNSS/A and onshore GNSS data with the block motion model, minimizing the spatial variations of modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates. Seafloor GNSS/A data depict very strong coupling near the trough axis off of Tokai, as well as trough‐parallel heterogeneity in interplate coupling at the shallow plate interface. Using the block motion model confirmed that observed crustal deformation above the deep plate interface in SW Japan is dominated by rigid block motion rather than elastic response to slip deficit on the deep plate interface of the subducting Philippine Sea plate. The minimization of spatial variations for the modeling uncertainties of coupling estimates helps us to estimate the coupling distribution with nearly homogeneous uncertainties between offshore and onshore regions, which is useful for evaluation of interplate earthquakes and/or tsunamis hazards.
Does In Situ State of Stress Affect Fracture Flow in Crystalline Settings?
Authors: Mattila Jussi , Follin Sven 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhether in situ state of stress affects fracture flow in approximately 1‐km‐deep crystalline rock setting is investigated by analyzing a unique fracture database, consisting of 193,698 discrete fractures out of which 6,223 were detected as flowing during steady state pumping. The database is based on fracture data acquired in deep surface‐based holes drilled during the site investigations for underground high‐level spent nuclear fuel repositories in Finland and Sweden. By computing effective normal and shear stress magnitudes on the planes of all identified fractures, we show that the probability for critically stressed fractures to be flowing is low and low normal stress values provide a slightly better indicator for fracture flow. Our results further show that at shallow settings, fracture criticality is driven by low normal stresses as the distributions of shear stress values for flowing and nonflowing fractures are very similar. The results also show that the effect of in situ stress on fracture flow is relatively low and in situ stress or its associated derivatives (shear and normal stresses) cannot be used directly in a deterministic manner for the prediction of fracture flow. As a consequence, if hydromechanical concepts are invoked for modeling fracture flow, a probabilistic approach is needed. In such an approach, we emphasize the role of low normal stresses over the concept of critically stressed fractures, as the use of normal stresses does not require the selection of a certain friction coefficient value, defining the boundary between critical and noncritical fractures.
Speleoseismological Constraints on Ground Shaking Threshold and Seismogenic Sources in the Pollino Range (Calabria, Southern Italy)
Authors: Ferranti Luigi , Pace Bruno , Valentini Alessandro , Montagna Paolo , Pons‐Branchu Edwige , Tisnérat‐Laborde Nadine , Maschio Laura 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSpeleoseismological research carried out in the Pollino Range (Calabria, southern Italy), an area of alleged seismic gap in the active extensional belt running along the Southern Apennines, has placed constraints on the recurrence of M > 6 earthquakes, on the expected ground shaking threshold and on definition of seismogenic sources in the region. Radiometric (U‐Th, AMS‐14C, and bulk‐14C) dating of before and after deformation layers from collapsed or tilted cave speleothems indicates that six speleoseismic events have occurred in the area during the last ~42 ka, with a mean recurrence of ~5.6 ka. Based on the in situ measured geometry and laboratory determined mechanical properties of speleothems and using an ad hoc seismogenic source model for northern Calabria, which involved both normal and strike‐slip faults, we evaluate the seismic hazard at the cave sites. The numerical models to compute the ground horizontal acceleration threshold for speleothem failure was tested against intact and currently growing stalactites. The inferred age of these stalactites calibrated using established average speleothem growth rates of 0.3–1.2 cm/ka, ranges from ~0.7 to ~10 ka, with most of them younger than ~5.6 ka. Results show that the ~0.8‐ to 1.0‐g peak ground acceleration threshold estimated for collapsed speleothems every 5.6 ka was achieved during strong (M > 6) and close (epicentral distance < 12 km) earthquakes. Considering a mean speleoseismic event recurrence of 5.6 ka and that no speleoseismic shaking has occurred in the last 5.5 ka, the probability of occurrence of an M > 6 event in the area in the next few centuries is quite high.
Makassar Strait Throughflow Seasonal and Interannual Variability: An Overview
Authors: Gordon Arnold L. , Napitu Asmi , Huber Bruce A. , Gruenburg Laura K. , Pujiana Kandaga , Agustiadi Teguh , Kuswardani Anastasia , Mbay Nurman , Setiawan Agus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Makassar Strait throughflow of ~12–13 Sv, representing ~77% of the total Indonesian Throughflow, displays fluctuations over a broad range of time scales, from intraseasonal to seasonal (monsoonal) and interannual scales. We now have 13.3 years of Makassar throughflow observations: November 1996 to early July 1998; January 2004 to August 2011; and August 2013 to August 2017. Strong southward transport is evident during boreal summer, modulated by an ENSO interannual signal, with weaker southward flow and a deeper subsurface velocity maximum during El Niño; stronger southward flow with a shallower velocity maximum during La Niña. Accordingly, the southward heat flux, a product of the along‐channel current and temperature profiles, is significantly larger in summer and slightly larger during La Niña. The southward flow relaxed in 2014 and more so in 2015/2016, similar though not as extreme as during the strong El Niño event of 1997. In 2017, the throughflow increased to ~20 Sv. Since 2016, the deep layer, 300‐ to 760‐m southward transport increases, almost doubling to ~7.5 Sv. From mid‐2016 into early 2017, the transports above 300 m and below 300 m are about equal, whereas previously, the ratio was about 2.7:1. Near zero or northward flow occurs in the upper 100 m during boreal winter, albeit with interannual variability. Particularly strong winter reversals were observed in 2014/2015 and 2016/2017, the latter being the strongest winter reversal revealed in the entire Makassar time series.
Evolution of Sea Surface Salinity Anomalies in the Southwestern Tropical Indian Ocean During 2010–2011 Influenced by a Negative IOD Event
Authors: Sun Qiwei , Du Yan , Zhang Yuhong , Feng Ming , Chowdary Jasti S. , Chi Jianwei , Qiu Shuang , Yu Weidong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing Argo observations and Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean data sets, this study investigates the sea surface salinity (SSS) variability and its relationship with ocean dynamics in the southwestern tropical Indian Ocean (SWTIO) associated with the 2010 negative Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event. The results show that the ocean circulation in the tropical southern Indian Ocean (IO) significantly contributes to the SSS anomalies during the evolution of the negative IOD event. The anomalous eastward current advected the high‐salinity water into the eastern equatorial IO during July–October 2010. Then the positive SSS anomalies expanded southward to 6–8°S due to the southeastward mean seasonal currents in the eastern equatorial IO during November–December 2010. A salinity budget analysis has been used to identify key processes in contributing to the SSS variations in the SWTIO. The decreased precipitation in the western and central equatorial IO leads to high SSS anomalies from January to April 2011. Then the anomalous southwestward currents transport the higher SSS water from the eastern equatorial IO to the SWTIO until May–June 2011. At the same time, the upwelling Rossby waves shoal the thermocline and mixed layer depth, bringing high‐salinity subsurface water to the surface layer and cooling the sea surface temperature, which further depresses local precipitation to provide a positive feedback for the SSS increase.
Variations in Rates of Biological Production in the Beaufort Gyre as the Arctic Changes: Rates From 2011 to 2016
Authors: Ji Brenda Y. , Sandwith Zoe O. , Williams William J. , Diaconescu Oana , Ji Rubao , Li Yun , Van Scoy Emma , Yamamoto‐Kawai Michiyo , Zimmermann Sarah , Stanley Rachel H. R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean is experiencing profound environmental changes as the climate warms. Understanding how these changes will affect Arctic biological productivity is key for predicting future Arctic ecosystems and the global CO2balance. Here we use in situ gas measurements to quantify rates of gross oxygen production (GOP, total photosynthesis) and net community production (NCP, net CO2drawdown by the biological pump) in the mixed layer in summer or fall from 2011 to 2016 in the Beaufort Gyre. NCP and GOP show spatial and temporal variations with higher values linked with lower concentrations of sea ice and increased upper ocean stratification. Mean rates of GOP range from 8 ± 1 to 54 ± 9 mmol O2·m−2·d−1with the highest mean rates occurring in summer of 2012. Mean rates of NCP ranged from 1.3 ± 0.2 to 2.9 ± 0.5 mmol O2·m−2·d−1. The mean ratio of NCP/GOP, a measure of how efficiently the ecosystem is recycling its nutrients, ranged from 0.04 to 0.17, similar to ratios observed at lower latitudes. Additionally, a large increase in total photosynthesis that occurred in 2012, a year of historically low sea ice coverage, persisted for many years. Taken together, these data provide one of the most complete characterizations of interannual variations of biological productivity in this climatically important region, can serve as a baseline for future changes in rates of production, and give an intriguing glimpse of how this region of the Arctic may respond to future lack of sea ice.
Revised Global Wave Number Spectra From Recent Altimeter Observations
Authors: Vergara Oscar , Morrow Rosemary , Pujol Isabelle , Dibarboure Gérald , Ubelmann Clément 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlobal sea surface height wave number spectra are revisited using the most recent, lower‐noise satellite altimeter missions from Saral/AltiKa and Sentinel‐3 and compared to Jason‐2 wave number spectra. Spectral preprocessing is configured to minimize the spectral slope distortion in the mesoscale wavelength range. A geographically variable wavelength range is used to calculate the spectral slopes, taking into account the regional eddy length scales based on the local Rossby radius. This dynamical wavelength range increases the spectral slope by 0.5 in middle to high latitudes, compared to a fixed wavelength range, and by ‐1.0 to 1.0 in different regions of the intertropical band. Using this dynamical wavelength range, mean sea surface height wave number spectra for these lower‐noise missions exhibit low slope values (k‐2) in the intertropical band, values of k‐11/3 in the midlatitudes, and reaches k‐5 in the subpolar regions and the Antarctic circumpolar current. An important seasonality is also revealed, with mesoscale spectral slope amplitudes decreasing in winter by 0.5 to 1.5 compared to summer, for the middle‐ to high‐energy regions. A phase‐locked internal tide correction is tested but has only a small impact on the spectral slope estimates when using the dynamical wavelength range.