bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number of Segments Within Musculoskeletal Foot Models Influences Ankle Kinematics and Strains of Ligaments and Muscles
Authors: Kim Hoon , Kipp Kristof 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTMulti‐segment foot models (MFMs) are becoming a common tool in musculoskeletal research on the ankle‐foot complex. The purpose of this study was to compare ankle joint kinematics as well as ligament and muscle strains that result from MFM with a different number of segments during vertical hopping. Ten participants were recruited and performed double‐limb vertical hops. Marker positions and ground reaction forces were collected. Two‐segment (2MFM), three‐segment (3MFM), and five‐segment MFM (5MFM) were used to calculate ankle kinematics and the strains of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments and of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Ranges of motion and peak strains were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc tests, whereas the time‐series of the ankle kinematics and ligament and muscle strains were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping. There were significant main effects for MFM in the talocrural joint range of motion and peak strains of ligaments and muscles. In addition, there were significant main effects for MFM in time‐series data of the talocrural joint angle as well as for ligament and muscle strains. In all cases, the post hoc analyses showed that the 2MFM consistently overestimated the range of motion and tissue strains compared to the 3MFM and 5MFM, while 3MFM and 5MFM did not differ from each other in the most variables. This study showed that the number of segments in MFM significantly affects the biomechanical estimates of joint kinematics and tissue strains during hopping. Clinical significance: MFM that combine all foot structures beyond the talus into one segment likely overestimate ankle joint biomechanics. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2231–2240, 2019
Detectability of degradable organic matter in agricultural soils by thermogravimetry
Authors: Tokarski David , Šimečková Jana , Kučerík Jiří , Kalbitz Karsten , Demyan Michael Scott , Merbach Ines , Barkusky Dietmar , Ruehlmann Joerg , Siewert Christian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSustainable agricultural land use requires an assessment of degradable soil organic matter (SOM) because of its key function for soil fertility and plant nutrition. Such an assessment for practical land use should consider transformation processes of SOM and its sources of different origin. In this study, we combined a 120‐day incubation experiment with thermal decay dynamics of agricultural soils altered by added organic amendments. The aim was to determine the abilities and limits of thermal analysis as a rapid approach revealing differences in the degradability of SOM. The carried out experiments based on two independent sampling sets. The first sample set consisted of soil samples taken from non‐fertilized plots of three German long‐term agricultural field experiments (LTAEs), then artificially mixed with straw, farmyard manure, sheep faeces, and charcoal equal to 60 Mg ha−1 under laboratory conditions. The second sample set based on soil samples of different treatments (e.g., crop type, fertilization, cultivation) in LTAEs at Bad Lauchstädt and Müncheberg, Germany. Before and after the incubation experiment, thermal mass losses (TML) at selected temperatures were determined by thermogravimetry indicating the degradability of organic amendments mixed in soils. The results confirmed different microbial degradability of organic amendments and SOM under laboratory conditions. Thermal decay dynamics revealed incubation‐induced changes in the artificial soil mixtures primarily at TML around 300°C in the case of applied straw and sheep faeces, whereas farmyard manure showed mainly changes in TML around 450°C. Charcoal did not show significant degradation during incubation, which was confirmed by TML. Detailed analyses of the artificial soil mixtures revealed close correlations between CO2‐C evolution during incubation and changes in TML at 300°C with R2 > 0.96. Results of the soils from LTAEs showed similar incubation‐induced changes in thermal decay dynamics for fresh plant residues and farmyard manure. We conclude that the practical assessment of SOM could be facilitated by thermal decay dynamics if modified sample preparation and evaluation algorithms are used beyond traditional peak analysis.
Release of phytosiderophores from roots of wheat and triticale under nickel‐deficient conditions
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Fatemeh , Khoshgoftarmanesh Amir Hossein 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDespite numerous studies on phytosiderophores (PS) there is still an open question whether nickel (Ni) deficiency induces release of PS from graminaceous plant roots. Seedlings of two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Kavir) and a triticale cultivar (X. triticosecale) were grown in Ni‐free nutrient solution (Ni‐deficient, Ni–) and with 10 µM NiSO4 (Ni‐sufficient, Ni+, control). Root exudates were collected weekly for 4 weeks and the amount of PS in the root exudates was measured. The response to Ni deficiency on the release of PS differed between species. Roots of Rushan and triticale exuded higher PS in response to Ni‐deficient conditions. Nickel deficiency significantly enhanced shoot Fe and Zn concentrations in wheat, while it decreased shoot Fe and Zn concentrations in triticale. In Kavir, PS exudation was decreased by Ni deficiency at weeks 3 and 4 and the reduced release of PS from roots of Kavir was accompanied by lower concentrations of Fe and Zn in plant roots but higher Fe and Zn concentrations in shoot tissue. The PS release by Kavir was triggered by a Ni‐induced Zn deficiency particularly in the shoots. According to the results, it is suggested that in the studies concerning the phytosiderophore release under Ni deficiency, special attention should be given to different responses among and within cereals and to the plant Zn or Fe nutritional status.
Cost–benefit analysis of tomato in soilless culture systems with saline water under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Cámara‐Zapata José M , Brotons‐Martínez José M , Simón‐Grao Silvia , Martinez‐Nicolás Juan J , García‐Sánchez Francisco 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current need to produce food for a growing population, from diminishing natural resources, such as water and energy, and with minimum environmental degradation, demands the optimization of production. We compare the economic feasibility of tomato production in an open system with a perlite substrate, a closed system with the nutrient film technique (NFT), and a hydroponic crop (deep flow technique, DFT) using three levels of salinity that are found within the normal range for irrigation water quality in southeastern Spain.RESULTSProduction with DFT resulted in an increase in the cost of phytosanitary treatments and the cost of maintenance. Production with perlite resulted in an increase in the cost of irrigation water and fertilization, and the use of NFT resulted in an increase in energy costs. The point of price equilibrium was exceeded in the three soilless systems when using low salinity water, and in perlite, with intermediate salinity water.CONCLUSIONProfitability was reduced in the following order: perlite > NFT > DFT. There were positive results when using irrigation water with low salinity, and in the case of perlite, with intermediate salinity. In every case, salinity reduced the profitability of the operation, and this was greater when NFT was employed. The analysis of these soilless systems should be continued to determine the possibility of reducing cultivation costs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Nitrogen‐Rich Porous Organic Polyamines for Stabilization of Highly Dispersed Metal Nanoparticles and Catalytic Application
Authors: Yang Dong , Hou Yinglai , Zhuang Qiang , Liu Pei , Kong Jie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNitrogen‐rich triazine‐based porous organic polyamines (POPa) synthesized via a one‐step polycondensation of melamine and 4,4′,4′′‐(1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐triyl)tribenzaldehyde is employed to synthesize Au and Pd nanoparticles well‐dispersed on POPa. The as‐prepared POPa‐supported Au NPs and Pd NPs (AuNPs@POPa, PdNPs@POPa) with a narrow size distribution show remarkable catalytic activity for the reduction of nitrobenzene compounds and organic dyes and the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction, respectively. Benefitting from POPa the AuNPs@POPa and PdNPs@POPa catalysts can be readily recovered and reused almost without loss of activity. The nitrogen‐rich porous organic polyamines provide great opportunities to prepare functional metal nanocatalysts with potential in the heterogeneous catalysis field.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of effects of failures on the tensile endurance of elevator ropes
Authors: Onur Y.A. , Aycan O. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractElevators have an important place in human life just after uprising demands in high rise buildings, skyscraper and luxury residence concepts have surged. Steel wire ropes provide permanent working safety and reliability in the elevator installations. Due to this reason steel wire ropes are one of the vital components of elevators. In this study, effects of discard criteria such as wire breaks, abrasive wear and corrosion where extents of those failures are defined by ISO 4344 standard on the tensile endurance of 6×19 Seale and 8×19 Warrington elevator ropes have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Tensile endurances of rope samples that have different extents of failure have been determined by using tensile testing machine and comparison is made by undamaged samples for each rope separately. In addition, stress and strain values occurred on the elevator ropes investigated have also been presented. The most critical failure type has been found to be 24 wire breaks for 6×19 Seale rope with fiber core where lifting capacity reduced by 25.99 %. The most critical failure type has been found to be abrasive wear which is 0.1 mm in depth along 100 mm length for 8×19 Warrington rope with independent wire rope core where lifting capacity reduced by 7.93 %.
Effect of hot extrusion parameters on microhardness and microstructure in direct recycling of aluminium chips
Authors: Rady M.H. , Mustapa M.S. , Harimon M.A. , Ibrahim M.R. , Shamsudin S. , Lajis M.A. , Wagiman A. , Msebawi M.S. , Yusof F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDirect hot extrusion is an alternative process for recycling aluminium without melting the scrap. It utilizes low energy and is environmental friendly. This paper reports the microhardness and microstructure of aluminium alloy chips when subjected to various settings of preheating temperature and preheating time in hot extrusion process. Three values of preheating temperature are taken as 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C. On the other hand, three values of preheating time were chosen (1 h, 2 h, 3 h). The influences of the process parameters (preheating temperature and time) are analyzed using design of experiments approach whereby full factorial design with center point analysis are adopted. The total runs are 11 and they comprise of two factors of full factorial design with 3 center points. The responses are microhardness and microstructure. The results show that microhardness increases with the decrease of the preheating temperature. The results also show that the preheating temperature is more important to be controlled rather than the preheating time in microhardness analyses. The profile extrudes at 450 °C and 1 hour has gained the optimum microhardness and it can be concluded that setting temperature at 550 °C for 3 hours results in the highest responses for average grain sizes in analysis of microstructure.
Improvement of wear resistance behaviour of laser metal deposited Ti6Al4V/Mo composites
Authors: Akinlabi S.A. , Kumpaty S. , Fatoba O.S. , Akinlabi E.T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTitanium and its alloys are materials found to exhibit wonderful properties such as its lightweight and, excellent mechanical properties – tensile strength and toughness even at elevated temperatures, extraordinary corrosion resistance behaviour and ability to withstand high temperatures. These unique properties have made Ti6Al4V attractive for a range of industrial applications. Some of the successful applications include medical implants and prosthesis, connecting rods for automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, sports equipment, gas turbine engines and space crafts. However, the high cost and poor wear resistance of Ti6Al4V limits its use for specific applications. This study investigates the wear resistance of the laser deposited Ti6Al4V composite and its enhancement with molybdenum. In this study, the Ti6Al4V/Mo composites were produced, the effect of influencing process parameter was investigated, and the produced Ti6Al4V‐Mo composites were further examined through various tests. The results revealed that the Ti6Al4V/Mo composite produced at varying laser powers had improved wear resistant when compared to the Ti6Al4V substrate. A direct correlation between the wear resistance and hardness was also observed.
Enhancement of the residual stresses of cold full‐forward extruded parts by application of an active counter punch
Authors: Hoche H. , Balser A. , Oechsner M. , Franceschi A. , Groche P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDer Einsatz eines gesteuerten Gegenstempels als aktives Element kann die Qualität und die Beanspruchbarkeit kaltfließgepresster Produkte signifikant verbessern. Durch konventionelle Prozessführung mittels Voll‐Vorwärts‐Fließpressen hergestellte Bauteile weisen hohe Zugeigenspannungen an der Oberfläche sowie einen steilen Spannungsgradienten auf. Neben der Gefahr des Verzugs beeinträchtigt dieser ungünstige Eigenspannungszustand das Ermüdungsverhalten. Von den Autoren wurde ein System entwickelt, das während des Fließpressvorgangs mit einem aktiv eingesetzten Gegenstempel eine Druckkraft auf das zu umzuformende Bauteil ausübt und eine signifikante Verbesserung des Spannungszustands des Endprodukts bewirkt. Der positive Effekt wird durch eine Homogenisierung der Deformationen im Bauteil während des Fließpressens bewirkt. Zur Prozesssimulation wurde ein Finite‐Elemente‐Modell in Simufact Forming® entwickelt. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, wie sich die durch den aktiven Gegenstempel aufgebrachte Kraft auf den endgültigen Spannungszustand auswirkt. Die Validierung der Simulationsergebnisse erfolgte anhand von Versuchen mit den beiden austenitischen Stählen 1.4307 und 1.4404. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt bildet die Entwicklung geeigneter Messstrategien zur röntgenographischen Eigenspannungsanalyse mit dem sin2Ψ‐Verfahren, um trotz grobkörniger und anisotroper Werkstoffzustände die Qualität der Messergebnisse sicherzustellen. Die Ergebnisse aus Simulation und Experiment belegen das Potenzial der entwickelten Umformstrategie. Die Produktqualität lässt sich ohne Änderung der Prozesszeit erhöhen.
Design of a 16‐element array antenna with a planar L‐shaped probe for a direction of arrival estimation of the unidentified broadband signal
Authors: Jang Doyoung , Yoo Sungjun , Wang Jinchun , Choo Hosung 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article proposes the design of a 16‐element array antenna with a planar L‐shaped probe for a direction of arrival (DoA) estimation of an unidentified broadband signal. The individual element of the proposed antenna consists of a shorted radiating patch and the planar L‐shaped probe for obtaining the broad matching characteristic, wide beamwidth, and miniaturization. The developed individual elements are adopted to implement a planar 4 × 4 array antenna and to verify beam scanning properties. To obtain the improved signal detection performance of the proposed array antenna, the optimal array spacing of the proposed antenna is determined by calculating a root mean square error (RMSE) and the side lobe level. The results demonstrate that the proposed 4 × 4 array antenna with the optimal array spacing is suitable for detecting the unidentified signals with low RMSEs in a given signal detection environment.
Paired cycle‐GAN‐based image correction for quantitative cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Harms Joseph , Lei Yang , Wang Tonghe , Zhang Rongxiao , Zhou Jun , Tang Xiangyang , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThe incorporation of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) has allowed for enhanced image‐guided radiation therapy. While CBCT allows for daily 3D imaging, images suffer from severe artifacts, limiting the clinical potential of CBCT. In this work, a deep learning‐based method for generating high quality corrected CBCT (CCBCT) images is proposed.MethodsThe proposed method integrates a residual block concept into a cycle‐consistent adversarial network (cycle‐GAN) framework, called res‐cycle GAN, to learn a mapping between CBCT images and paired planning CT images. Compared with a GAN, a cycle‐GAN includes an inverse transformation from CBCT to CT images, which constrains the model by forcing calculation of both a CCBCT and a synthetic CBCT. A fully convolution neural network with residual blocks is used in the generator to enable end‐to‐end CBCT‐to‐CT transformations. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using 24 sets of patient data in the brain and 20 sets of patient data in the pelvis. The mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), normalized cross‐correlation (NCC) indices, and spatial non‐uniformity (SNU) were used to quantify the correction accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The proposed method is compared to both a conventional scatter correction and another machine learning‐based CBCT correction method.ResultsOverall, the MAE, PSNR, NCC, and SNU were 13.0 HU, 37.5 dB, 0.99, and 0.05 in the brain, 16.1 HU, 30.7 dB, 0.98, and 0.09 in the pelvis for the proposed method, improvements of 45%, 16%, 1%, and 93% in the brain, and 71%, 38%, 2%, and 65% in the pelvis, over the CBCT image. The proposed method showed superior image quality as compared to the scatter correction method, reducing noise and artifact severity. The proposed method produced images with less noise and artifacts than the comparison machine learning‐based method.ConclusionsThe authors have developed a novel deep learning‐based method to generate high‐quality corrected CBCT images. The proposed method increases onboard CBCT image quality, making it comparable to that of the planning CT. With further evaluation and clinical implementation, this method could lead to quantitative adaptive radiation therapy.
Experimental study of humidity effect on charge measurement of reference ionization chambers in clinical high‐energy photon beams
Authors: Sato Yuuki , Shimizu Morihito , Morishita Yuichiro , Sato Masanori , Hoshina Masao 
Published: June 2019

PurposeIn the practice code of dosimetry, humidity effect is assumed to be constant as far as the measurements are performed in the relative humidity (RH) range of (20–80)%; thus, the humidity effect can be ignored with a dose uncertainty of 0.15%. This assumption is based on the previous experimental results by Niatel and Guiho. Rogers and Ross calculated the stopping power ratio of humid air and dry air for high‐energy electron beams by using a Monte Carlo code. They demonstrate that the W value, the mean energy required to create an ion pair in air, is independent of the beam quality when the air is dry, and that the traditional humidity correction can be used also for high‐energy photon and electron beams; however, this was only a computational study. In the present study, we measured the humidity correction of Farmer‐type ionization chambers in high‐energy photon beams and determined the W values of humid air using the calculated energy deposition of humid air with a Monte Carlo code. Furthermore, we proposed an analytical expression to determine a practical humidity correction for an ionization chamber as a function of absolute humidity.MethodExperiments were carried out using a clinical linear accelerator (linac, Elekta Precise) at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ). A shield box was constructed downstream of the linac and connected to an air processor, which maintained the temperature around 22°C and controlled the humidity in the range of (10–70)% inside the box. We prepared two Farmer‐type ionization chambers: PTW 30013 and Exradin A19. Each ionization chamber was placed inside the box and irradiated with 6‐, 10‐, and 15‐MV high‐energy photon beams from the clinical linac. The energy deposition to the humid air inside the ionization chamber was calculated using the Electron Gamma Shower Version 5 (EGS5) code system.ResultsStabilization for the humidity of the ionization chamber was completed within 3 h. The polarity and ion recombination corrections did not show any change in the humidity range studied. The measured humidity correction and the evaluated W values of humid air in high‐energy photon beams were in good agreement with those by Rogers in TG‐21 and by Niatel in the range of RH (10–70)%.ConclusionHumidity correction of ionization chambers in high‐energy photon beams from the clinical linac was determined experimentally. Using the analytical expression for the energy depositions by EGS5, the analytical expression for the W values was also derived.
Exploring associations between older adults’ demographic characteristics and their perceptions of self‐care actions for communicating with healthcare professionals in southern United States
Authors: Tzeng Huey‐Ming , Okpalauwaekwe Udoka , Feng Cindy , Jansen Sandra Lynn , Barker Anne , Yin Chang‐Yi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimsThis study examined associations between older adults’ demographic factors and their perceived importance of, desire to and ability to perform seven self‐care behaviours for communicating with healthcare professionals.DesignThis cross‐sectional survey study analysed subset data of 123 older adults 65 years and older, living in southern United States.MethodsThe Patient Action Inventory for Self‐Care (57 items, grouped into 11 categories) was used to collect self‐reported self‐care data. Demographic characteristics were also collected. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were used to tests for relationships between the variables relevant to the research objective.ResultsRegression findings showed that separated older adults felt less able to share ideas about their healthcare experiences compared to married older adults. Male older adults reported less desire to list issues to discuss and less desire to share ideas about their care experience with their healthcare professionals compared to their female counterparts.
Phase 3 empowerment zones: The case of Tucson
Authors: Andonoska Ljubinka 
Published: June 2019

The empowerment zones were the leading federal program for community revitalization and economic recovery during the period from 1993 to 2013. Implemented in three rounds, this program changed its benefits, with the final round offering only tax‐based incentives. Using a case study design, this paper looks closely at the round 3 empowerment zone in Tucson, Arizona. Utilizing qualitative data, this scholarship finds that the only performance indicator controlled by the administration was input oriented, that is, the marketing of program incentives to attract new businesses. Tucson program administrators did not know how well the program was performing. The program, although defined as comprehensive, in the case of Tucson, was concerned only with economic development and job creation.This study is the only known study comprehensively examining round 3 empowerment zones.