bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Barricades
Authors: Ross Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Beyond the Barricades is an original study of government after the 1848–9 revolutions. It focuses on a number of conservative ministers in Prussia who sought to learn lessons from their experiences of upheaval and introduce a wave of reforming activity in the 1850s. Using extensive primary research, the work explores Prussia’s entry into the constitutional age, charting initiatives to recast criminal justice, agriculture, industry, communications, urban life, and press management. The reforms of the 1850s strengthened state contact with the Prussian population, making this a classic episode of state-building. But Beyond the Barricades seeks to go further. It makes a case for taking notice of government activity at this particular juncture because the measures endorsed by conservative statesmen in the 1850s were designed to remove the feudal intermediaries that had lingered so long, albeit in significantly weakened forms, into the nineteenth century. In other words, this book recasts the post-revolutionary period as one in which an old world is increasingly replaced with a new one, pivotal to the making of modern Prussia and, ultimately, modern Germany.
Agriculture, Industry, and Communications
Authors: Ross Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the efforts of the Brandenburg–Manteuffel and Manteuffel Ministries of State to reform agriculture, industry, and communications in the post-revolutionary decade. Throughout the 1850s, Manteuffel and the Trade Minister August von der Heydt sought to create economic growth in ways that had not been possible before the revolution. On a macro-scale, they implemented long-developed plans for peasant emancipation to make agriculture more profitable. They also looked to ease the effects of free trade. In Prussia’s industrial sectors, the Trade Ministry oversaw a programme of substantial direct and indirect interventions to stimulate growth, the likes of which were predominantly being borne by the business class before 1848. And, in communications, the state reached into the countryside with the construction of railways, roads, and telegraph lines. Prussia’s economic reforms were essential to the making of the modern Prussian state and, despite their domestic focus, did not preclude the possibility of national codification.
Cities and Urban Life
Authors: Ross Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the efforts of the Brandenburg–Manteuffel and Manteuffel Ministries of State, as well as the police, to reform local government in the 1850s. At the centre of this project stood the introduction of a statewide municipal ordinance developed according to the earlier templates of Baron Karl von und zum Stein. The Municipal Ordinance of 1850 was designed to energize urban activity by increasing the power of state supervision. In addition, the ordinance sought to replace corporate-based participation in local affairs with class affiliations, thus continuing to break down the last remnants of feudalism in Prussia. Realizing such a reform agenda was no easy task, but, when coupled with energetic policing, change was soon achieved. The police became an important element in this process of revitalization, overseeing a range of new programmes to develop towns and better to provide for the welfare of residents, particularly in Berlin.
In Defense of Extended Conciliar Christology
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This book examines the logical consistency and coherence of Extended Conciliar Christology—the Christological doctrine that results from conjoining Conciliar Christology, the Christology of the first seven ecumenical councils of the Christian Church, with five additional theses. These theses are: the claim that multiple incarnations are possible; the claim that Christ descended into hell during his three days of death; the claim that Christ’s human will was free; the claim that Christ was impeccable; and the claim that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. These five theses, while not found in the first seven ecumenical councils, are common in the Christian theological tradition. For just one example, St Thomas Aquinas affirmed all five extensions. The main question asked in this book is whether these five theses, when conjoined with Conciliar Christology, imply a contradiction. This book does not undertake to defend the truth of Extended Conciliar Christology. Rather, it shows that the extant philosophical objections to Extended Conciliar Christology fail.
Multiple Interpretations of “Multiple Incarnations”
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter asks the question: Are multiple incarnations possible? It then differentiates four ways of interpreting this question. It might mean to ask whether natures other than human natures could be assumed. It might mean to ask whether the other two divine persons, the Father and the Holy Spirit, could have become incarnate. It might mean to ask whether there could be more than one incarnation in the same creation. Finally, it might mean to ask whether more than one divine person could share one and the same human nature in an incarnation. After distinguishing these various questions, the chapter provides Thomistic answers to these four questions. The chapter concludes by sketching an ontological account of the full Thomistic view of multiple incarnations.
Objections to the Possibility of Multiple Incarnations
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers seven objections to the robust Thomistic understanding of multiple incarnations presented at the end of Chapter 2. It begins with an objection that focuses on the predicates that would have to be apt of a divine person, were that divine person to have two assumed natures. In such a case, the objector claims, the divine person would have incompatible predicates apt of him, given that the predicates from each assumed nature would communicate to the one divine person. Then it considers whether a case of multiple incarnations would imply too many thinkers. Next it considers two objections from Brian Hebblethwaite. The final three objections are from Eric Mascall, Michael Schmaus, and Kenneth Baker. The chapter concludes that none of these objections succeed in showing that the robust Thomistic understanding of multiple incarnations is false.
The Freedom of Christ
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
According to Conciliar Christology, Jesus Christ had two wills: one divine, and one human. A question arises: what relation did these wills bear to one another? Were they free? This chapter considers an extension to Conciliar Christology which says that Christ, by virtue of his assumed human will, was free. There is some reason to think that this extension is inconsistent with Conciliar Christology. For the sixth council, III Constantinople, includes a text that claims that the human will was subjugated to the divine will. Such subjugation, though, is sometimes viewed as evidence that the subjugated will is not free. This chapter considers this text and an argument based on it. The chapter concludes that the argument for the inconsistency of Conciliar Christology and Christ’s human freedom is unsound.
Christ’s Knowledge in Relation to our Wills
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the final extension to be considered in this book. That extension is the thesis that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. The chapter begins by providing evidence that Aquinas believed that Christ had such robust knowledge. It goes on to provide evidence that other traditional thinkers and Christian groups believed similarly. The chapter next asks the question of foreknowledge and creaturely freedom, but in this case with respect to Christ’s human knowledge, not God’s divine knowledge. That is, if the extension discussed in this chapter is true, then Christ, 2,000 years ago, knew everything you would be doing right now. But then, the question arises, how could you be free in your actions. This chapter presents a Thomistic response to the argument for the inconsistency of Conciliar Christology with this extension concerning Christ’s human knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This Introduction discusses and defines the five extensions to Conciliar Christology that the book considers: the claim that multiple incarnations are possible; the claim that Christ descended into hell during his three days of death; the claim that Christ’s human will was free; the claim that Christ was impeccable; and the claim that Christ, via his human intellect, knew all things past, present, and future. It next discusses some points on the method the book employs. These methodological points include: the assumption of Conciliar Christology for the sake of argument, the concept of mystery, the deference owed to the ecumenical councils, the cumulative assumption of the extensions throughout the book, the division of labor between philosophers and theologians, the types of philosophical objections the book will consider, and the book’s reliance on St Thomas Aquinas.
John Rainolds, Hamlet, and the Anti-Theatrical Aristotle
Authors: Leo Russ 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 demonstrates how the English Puritan John Rainolds followed the philosophical account of tragedy in the Poetics to the letter, mobilizing an anti-theatrical Aristotle against stage plays, an Aristotle for whom spectacle and histrionic performance are anathema to tragedy. In his heated exchanges with the Oxford jurist Alberico Gentili, Rainolds betrays his deep suspicion of spectacle and stage-playing as they relate to mendacia and other species of falsehood, offering a comprehensive defense of tragedy at the expense of histrionic performance, distinguishing licit recitative enactment from illicit modes of presentation that compromise the rhetorical and dialectical precision of tragedy. William Shakespeare, in turn, responded to Rainolds in Hamlet, defending the rich resources of spectacle and stage-playing available to the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, offering a forensic vision of tragedy in The Murder of Gonzago that counters Rainolds’ Aristotelian assumptions about tragedy.
Euroconstitutionalism and its Discontents
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This book addresses the question of social constitutionalism, especially with regard to its role in the contemporary European project. For reasons of history and democracy, Europeans share a deep commitment to social constitutionalism. But at the same time, Europeans are concerned about an overconstitutionalization and the balancing-away of less-favoured rights, leading to the entrenchment of the status quo and stifling of the living constitutionalism and democracy. The book challenges the common view that constitutionalization means de-politicization. Without claiming for themselves the final word, courts can exert a more indirect—forum-creative and agenda-setting—role in the process of an ongoing clarification of the meaning of a right. In exerting this role, courts rely less on a pre-existing consensus, but a potential consensus is sufficient: courts can induce debate and deliberation that leads to consensus in a non-hierarchical dialogue in which the conflicting parties, state actors, civil society organizations, and the diverse stakeholders themselves develop flexible substantive standards that interpret constitutional requirements, often over repeat litigation. The CJEU and the ECtHR—as courts beyond the nation state—in their constitutionalizing jurisprudence are able to constructively re-open and re-politicize controversies that are blocked at the national level, or which cannot be resolved at the domestic level. But, crucially, the understanding of constitutional framework-principles is itself subject to revision and reconsideration as the experience of dealing with the diverse national contexts of discovery and application accumulates. This democratic-experimentalist process lies at the heart of the distinctive model of contemporary Euroconstitutionalism.
Non-Finality and Dialogue in Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
By looking both at the European and contemporary US constitutional theory debates, this chapter proposes an analytic taxonomy of contemporary non-court centric approaches to constitutional interpretation: those that have concluded that the most promising response to persistent concerns about a democratic deficit is to shift the focus from courts as a forum of principle to the dialogue between courts and other actors, ranging from (other) courts to legislatures, administrative agencies, private actors, civil society stakeholders, and the wider public, in the jurisgenerative process. The goal is, by following the emergent literature on ‘weak’, proceduralist, and democratic-experimentalist forms of judicial review, to argue the virtues of the latter. Democratic experimentalism denotes a modality of judicial review that allows judges to enforce avowedly open-ended, fundamental, constitutional commitments in a way that institutionalizes—rather than excludes—continuing, social, and democratic determination and the progressive clarification of what constitutional commitments can and should come to mean in practice. Judicial review may deepen democracy rather than limit it by providing a focus and reason for public deliberation. The hope is to provide, by setting out contrasting positions, a foil for discussion and to show that the desirability of judicial review is not merely complacent assumption in contemporary constitutional and political thought, but can be supported on democratic grounds as deliberation-enhancing.
Prehistory and Early Chronology of the Cult of Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the framework which will be referred to throughout this book and begins with a presentation of the biblical ‘prehistory’ of the cult of relics. It demonstrates that the veneration of the martyrs in the pre-Constantinian period was clearly a distinct phenomenon from the cult of relics as it emerged in the mid-fourth century. The novelty of the latter phenomenon consisted in the belief in the miraculous power of relics and in the new, hitherto unknown practices it involved. Even though a few literary episodes found in late antique literature seem to attest that this belief and practices started to develop earlier, this chapter argues nevertheless that they cannot contradict its principal argument, namely that a profound change in the attitude toward saints’ bodies occurred no earlier than in the middle decades of the fourth century.
Defenders of Cities
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies early testimonies to the use of relics as efficient palladia and examines the sources of this phenomenon, which unlike exorcizing and healing had no parallels in the Bible: the prophets, Christ, and the Apostles were never portrayed as powerful protectors of cities. For this reason the Greek and Roman background of this phenomenon deserves a detailed study aimed at finding out if there was any connection between the saints’ relics and the guardian statues and amulets whose growing popularity is attested in the late antique sources. This chapter argues that the Christian belief in the protection provided by the saints ran in parallel with the widespread belief in the power of amulets and that despite evident interactions between Christian and non-Christian practices it cannot be seen as resulting directly from pagan beliefs.
Burials ad Sanctos
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Both textual and material evidence demonstrates that many Christians would go to great lengths to bury their kin ad sanctos, close to the tombs of saints. The beginnings of this practice are often dated to the late third century. This chapter argues that the basis for such an early dating is tenuous. It also deals with the character of physical proximity between the ordinary dead and the martyrs: how close were the bones of the former placed to those of the latter? Were the relics put inside their tombs? Also, this chapter seeks to explain the reasons why people buried their dead ad sanctos. While acknowledging their religious motivation it shows that some Christians simply desired to entomb their dead close to a famous hero rather than to the source of a beneficial power.
Finding Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
When the cult of relics developed in the mid-fourth century, very few tombs of saints whose remains were to be venerated in the centuries to come had been identified. This chapter presents the early history of the search for and finding of such graves, which started in the last decades of the fourth century. It seeks to explain the reasons which lay behind this process, focusing both on the needs of the congregation and the role of the discovery in church politics. It also analyses the sense of the literary pattern of inventio and tries to find out how much this pattern reflected reality. Finally, it presents a case study: a literary dossier of the discovery of the relics of Gervasius and Protasius by Bishop Ambrose of Milan in 386.
Displaying and Seeing Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In Late Antiquity most relics, even after they had been discovered, remained hidden: ordinary people rarely had an opportunity to see them. Visual contact with them, however, was not entirely impossible. This chapter studies various aspects of this contact, trying to answer the following questions: Where were the reliquaries stored and were they visible for visitors to churches? What did their iconography say about their contents? Were they constructed in a way which made it possible to peek inside? Also, it discusses some exceptional situations in which the very bones of martyrs were put on display and explains why this happened.
Introduction
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Introduction emphasizes both the novelty and importance of the cult of relics in late antique Christianity. It presents the state of the art, showing that while the early cult of relics attracts interest as an aspect of the cult of saints, it has hardly been hardly studied on its own. It also discusses the main research questions and the general plan of the book, in which the chapters are arranged according to a thematic order, but which also studies the diachronic development of the phenomenon. Finally, it discusses questions of terminology that are important for the cult of relics, and particularly presents its concise vocabulary in various languages of ancient Christianity.
It is time for an ethical, evidence-based approach to youth presenting to the ED with an opioid overdose
Authors: Warshawski Tom , Warf Curren 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Currently, there is a dangerous inconsistency between our current understanding of adolescent development and the effects of drugs on cognition when compared to our collective approach to youth who present in the emergency department with an opioid overdose. We call upon practitioners to embrace a new paradigm and we ask the Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS) to spearhead the development of guidelines to advise on best practices to manage youth who present to the emergency department with an illicit drug overdose.
Multidimensional Profiling of Drug-Treated Cells by Imaging Mass Cytometry
Authors: Bouzekri Alexandre , Esch Amanda , Ornatsky Olga 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn pharmaceutical research, high-content screening is an integral part of lead candidate development. Drug responsein vitroover 40 parameters including biomarkers, signaling molecules, cell morphological changes, proliferation indexes and toxicity in a single sample could significantly enhance discovery of new therapeutics. As a proof of concept, we present a workflow for multidimensional Imaging Mass Cytometry™ (IMC™) and data processing with open source computational tools. CellProfiler was used to identify single cells through establishing cellular boundaries, followed by histoCAT™ (histology topography cytometry analysis toolbox) for extracting single-cell quantitative information visualized as t-SNE plots and heatmaps. Human breast cancer-derived cell lines SKBR3, HCC1143 and MCF-7 were screened for expression of cellular markers to generate digital images with a resolution comparable to conventional fluorescence microscopy. Predicted pharmacodynamic effects were measured in MCF-7 cells dosed with three target-specific compounds: growth stimulatory EGF, microtubule depolymerization agent nocodazole and genotoxic chemotherapeutic drug etoposide. We show strong pairwise correlation between nuclear markers pHistone3S28, Ki-67 and p4E-BP1T37/T46in classified mitotic cells and anti-correlation with cell surface markers. Our study demonstrates that IMC data expands the number of measured parameters in single cells and brings higher-dimension analysis to the field of cell-based screening in early lead compound discovery.
Anti-Asialo GM1 treatment during secondaryToxoplasma gondiiinfection is lethal and depletes T cells
Authors: Ivanova Daria L. , Denton Steve L. , Gigley Jason P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUsing vaccine challenge model ofT. gondiiinfection, we found that treatments with two commonly used for NK cell depletion antibodies resulted in different survival outcomes during secondary infection. Anti-ASGM1 resulted in 100% death and greater parasite burden at the site of infection than anti-NK1.1. Anti-NK1.1 treatment resulted in increased parasite burdens, but animals did not die. Further we found that anti-ASGM1 treatment depleted T cells. CD8+ T cells were more susceptible that CD4+ T cells to the treatment. ASGM1 was expressed on a higher percentage of CD8+ T cells than CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. InT. gondii-immunized animals ASGM1 was enriched on effector memory (Tem) and central memory (Tcm) CD8+ T cells. However, Tem were more susceptible to the treatment. After secondary infection, Tem, Tcm, effector (Tef) and naïve (Tn) CD8+ T cells were positive for ASGM1. Anti-ASGM1 treatment during reinfection resulted in greater depletion of activated IFNγ+, Granzyme B+, Tem and Tef than Tcm and Tn CD8+ T cells. Anti-ASGM1 also depleted IFNγ+ CD4+ T cells. Recombinant IFNγ supplementation prolonged survival of anti-ASGM1 treated mice, demonstrating that this antibody eliminated IFNγ-producing T and NK cells important for control of the parasite. These results highlight that anti-ASGM1 antibody is not an optimal choice for targeting only NK cells and more precise approaches should be used. This study uncovers ASGM1 as a marker of activated effector T cells and the potential importance of changes in sialylation in lipid rafts for T cell activation duringT. gondiiinfection.