bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicomponent Reactions in the Synthesis of γ-Lactams
Authors: Vicario Javier , Palacios Francisco , Martinez de Marigorta Edorta , de los Santos Jesús , Ochoa de Retana Ana 
Published: October 2018

This review summarizes the synthesis of γ-lactam ring using multicomponent reactions.1	Introduction2	Pyrrolidin-2-ones3	Pyrrolin-2-ones (Dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones)4	Final Remarks
Ethical Issues in Vascular Neurology
Authors: Wheeler Natalie , Murali Sadhana , Sattin Justin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere are ethical aspects to each of the three phases of cerebrovascular disease: hyperacute management, acute prognostication and management of early complications, and long-term recovery and reintegration with the community. This article addresses ethical concerns pertinent to each phase. First, we discuss ethical issues regarding consent for thrombolysis and endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke, including a review of considerations regarding the provision of acute stroke treatment advice over the telephone. Next, we discuss capacity for consent and prognostication after ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, with a focus on the problems of the self-fulfilling prophecy. Finally, we discuss residual disability and patients' return to driving. Consideration of these ethical dimensions of cerebrovascular disease will assist neurologists in caring for patients and families suffering from this complex condition.
Progressive Devascularization: A Novel Surgical Approach for Placenta Previa
Authors: Saad Antonio , Kirsch Nathan , Saade George , Hankins Gary 
Published: October 2018

Background The gold standard for antenatal diagnosis of placenta previa is the transvaginal ultrasonography. In placenta previa cases, separation of placental and uterine tissues is challenging even for the most experienced surgeons. Life-threatening obstetrical complications from cesarean deliveries with placenta previa include peripartum hemorrhage, coagulopathy, blood transfusion, peripartum hysterectomy, and multiple organ failure.
Cases We detailed the 3 cases of placenta previa that underwent bilateral uterine artery ligation; if hemostasis was not achieved, horizontal mattress sutures were placed in the lower uterine segment. All patients were discharged with minimal morbidity.
Conclusion For patients with placenta previa and low risk for placenta creta, counseling should include the risk for maternal morbidity and criteria for pursuing peripartum hysterectomy. Our devascularization, a stepwise surgical approach, shows promising outcomes in placenta previa cases.
Précis We propose a novel surgical approach, using a progressive devascularization surgical technique, for management of women with placenta previa, undergoing cesarean delivery.
Retrosigmoid Craniectomy for Vestibular Schwannoma with Hearing Preservation
Authors: Tolisano Anthony M. , Patel Ankur R. , Barnett Samuel L. , Isaacson Brandon 
Published: October 2018

Objectives To describe a retrosigmoid craniectomy, hearing-preservation approach for resection of vestibular schwannoma.
Design/Setting/Participants A video of a single patient undergoing the above approach at a tertiary care skull base surgery program.
Results This video demonstrates a retrosigmoid craniectomy approach for resection of an enlarging intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma in a patient with normal hearing. The video highlights the pertinent surgical anatomy and outlines in a step-by-step fashion the surgical steps. The patient obtained a gross total resection with preservation of hearing.
Conclusion A retrosigmoid craniectomy approach for vestibular schwannoma offers a potentially hearing preservation approach for selected tumors.The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/VM663XztRZw.
Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web
Authors: Lister Bradford C. , Garcia Andres 
Published: October 2018

SignificanceArthropods, invertebrates including insects that have external skeletons, are declining at an alarming rate. While the tropics harbor the majority of arthropod species, little is known about trends in their abundance. We compared arthropod biomass in Puerto Rico’s Luquillo rainforest with data taken during the 1970s and found that biomass had fallen 10 to 60 times. Our analyses revealed synchronous declines in the lizards, frogs, and birds that eat arthropods. Over the past 30 years, forest temperatures have risen 2.0 °C, and our study indicates that climate warming is the driving force behind the collapse of the forest’s food web. If supported by further research, the impact of climate change on tropical ecosystems may be much greater than currently anticipated.
Density-dependent adult recruitment in a low-density tropical tree
Authors: Kellner James R. , Hubbell Stephen P. 
Published: October 2018

Significance
An important class of negative feedbacks in population dynamics is the activity of host-specific enemies that disproportionately kill individuals in locations where they are common. This mechanism, called the Janzen–Connell hypothesis, has been proposed as a determinant of the large number of species in tropical forests. A critical but untested assumption of the hypothesis is that density-dependent mortality among juvenile trees reduces the probability of adult recruitment. Here, we show that adult recruitment is negatively density dependent in a low-density tree population using time series from high-resolution remote sensing. However, this density dependence was not strong enough to stabilize the size of the adult population, which increased significantly in size.
Potential downside of high initial visual acuity
Authors: Vogelsang Lukas , Gilad-Gutnick Sharon , Ehrenberg Evan , Yonas Albert , Diamond Sidney , Held Richard , Sinha Pawan 
Published: October 2018

Significance
As newborns, we start with poor visual acuity, attributable to retinal and cortical immaturities. This has been considered to be a limitation of early visual processing. We propose that initially poor retinal acuity may, in fact, have adaptive value. It may help set up processing strategies and receptive fields in the cortex that facilitate spatial analysis over extended areas. Observations from children who started their visual journeys with abnormally high visual acuity, and computational simulations with deep neural networks trained on high-resolution or blurred images, corroborate this proposal. The results have implications for understanding normal visual development; identifying causal roots of, and interventions for, important visual processing impairments; and creating better training procedures for computational vision systems.
Facebook language predicts depression in medical records
Authors: Eichstaedt Johannes C. , Smith Robert J. , Merchant Raina M. , Ungar Lyle H. , Crutchley Patrick , Preoţiuc-Pietro Daniel , Asch David A. , Schwartz H. Andrew 
Published: October 2018

SignificanceDepression is disabling and treatable, but underdiagnosed. In this study, we show that the content shared by consenting users on Facebook can predict a future occurrence of depression in their medical records. Language predictive of depression includes references to typical symptoms, including sadness, loneliness, hostility, rumination, and increased self-reference. This study suggests that an analysis of social media data could be used to screen consenting individuals for depression. Further, social media content may point clinicians to specific symptoms of depression.
Color opponency with a single kind of bistable opsin in the zebrafish pineal organ
Authors: Wada Seiji , Shen Baoguo , Kawano-Yamashita Emi , Nagata Takashi , Hibi Masahiko , Tamotsu Satoshi , Koyanagi Mitsumasa , Terakita Akihisa 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Color discrimination in animals is considered to require opponent processing of signals from two or more opsins sensitive to different parts of the spectrum. We previously reported that lower vertebrate pineal organs, which discriminate between UV and visible light, employ a bistable opsin called parapinopsin that has two stable photointerconvertible states, a signaling-inactive state maximally sensitive to UV and a visible light-sensitive signaling-active photoproduct. Here, we present evidence that the photoequilibrium between these two states in the zebrafish pineal organ is dependent on the spectral composition of incident light, setting the opsin’s signaling activity according to color to allow parapinopsin alone to generate color opponency between UV and visible light at the level of single pineal photoreceptor cells.
Pathological transitions in myelin membranes driven by environmental and multiple sclerosis conditions
Authors: Shaharabani Rona , Ram-On Maor , Talmon Yeshayahu , Beck Roy 
Published: October 2018

Significance
In demyelination diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, the structure of the axons’ protective sheaths is disrupted. Due to the proximity of cytoplasmic myelin membrane to structural phase transition, minor alterations in the local environmental conditions can have devastating results. Using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we show that drastic structural reorganization and instabilities of myelin membrane are linked to specific environmental conditions and molecular composition in healthy and diseased states. These instabilities involve phase transition from the healthy lamellar membranes to pathological inverted hexagonal phase. These results highlight that local environmental conditions are critical for myelin function and should be considered as alternative routes for early pathology and as a means to avoid the initiation of demyelination.
Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis
Authors: Davis Matt , Faurby Søren , Svenning Jens-Christian 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Biodiversity is more than the number of species on Earth. It is also the amount of unique evolutionary history in the tree of life. We find that losses of this phylogenetic diversity (PD) are disproportionally large in mammals compared with the number of species that have recently gone extinct. This lost PD can only be restored with time as lineages evolve and create new evolutionary history. Without coordinated conservation, it will likely take millions of years for mammals to naturally recover from the biodiversity losses they are predicted to endure over the next 50 y. However, by prioritizing PD in conservation, we could potentially save billions of years of unique evolutionary history and the important ecological functions they may represent.
Prevalent reliance of bacterioplankton on exogenous vitamin B1 and precursor availability
Authors: Paerl Ryan W. , Sundh John , Tan Demeng , Svenningsen Sine L. , Hylander Samuel , Pinhassi Jarone , Andersson Anders F. , Riemann Lasse 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Virtually all organisms require vitamin B1, including bacterioplankton that impact nutrient cycling and productivity in aquatic systems and Earth’s climate. Here, we show that B1 auxotrophy, the need for exogenous B1 or precursors for survival, is widespread among wild bacterioplankton. Genetic analyses of wild bacterioplankton revealed that most are B1 auxotrophs and the abundance of several B1-related genotypes changes temporally at an estuarine monitoring station, suggesting that B1/precursor availability influences bacterioplankton succession. Complementarily, in-field nutrient-amendment experiments and bioassays indicate that B1/precursor bioavailability periodically limits bulk growth of bacterioplankton. Together the presented data highlight the prevalent reliance of bacterioplankton upon exogenous B1/precursors and suggest a hitherto overlooked influence of B1/precursor availability on aquatic biochemical cycling.
Lawful tracking of visual motion in humans, macaques, and marmosets in a naturalistic, continuous, and untrained behavioral context
Authors: Knöll Jonas , Pillow Jonathan W. , Huk Alexander C. 
Published: October 2018

Significance
We characterize spatiotemporal integration of naturalistic, continuous visual motion of three primate species (humans, macaques, and marmosets). All three species volitionally, but naturally, track the center of expansion of a dynamic optic flow field. Detailed analysis of this flow-tracking behavior reveals lawful and repeatable dependencies of the behavior on nuances in the stimulus, revealing that even unconstrained and continuous behavior can exhibit the sort of precise dependencies typically studied only in artificial and constrained tasks.
Frequent monoallelic or skewed expression for developmental genes in CNS-derived cells and evidence for balancing selection
Authors: Branciamore Sergio , Valo Zuzana , Li Min , Wang Jinhui , Riggs Arthur D. , Singer-Sam Judith 
Published: October 2018

Significance
While most mammalian genes are expressed from both chromosomal copies, many autosomal genes randomly express only one allele in a given cell, resulting in somatic cellular mosaicism. To better understand the mechanisms, developmental aspects, and evolution of autosomal monoallelic expression (MAE), we used nucleotide polymorphism differences between hybrid mice to analyze MAE of clonal neural stem cell lines as they differentiated to astrocytes. We found that genes showing MAE are highly enriched among developmental stage-specific genes. Genes showing strong skewed expression are similarly enriched. We also found evidence suggestive of balancing selection not just for genes with MAE but also, for developmental stage-specific genes.
Birth delivery mode alters perinatal cell death in the mouse brain
Authors: Castillo-Ruiz Alexandra , Mosley Morgan , Jacobs Andrew J. , Hoffiz Yarely C. , Forger Nancy G. 
Published: October 2018

Significance
The rate of cesarean section (C-section) delivery worldwide far exceeds the World Health Organization’s recommended rate. C-section delivery has been linked to behavioral effects in the offspring. This suggests effects on the brain, but human studies are confounded by the medical complications, altered birth timing, and maternal factors associated with C-section delivery. We addressed these limitations in a carefully controlled study in mice. Vaginally-born offspring exhibited an acute decrease in cell death across the brain that was absent in C-section–born mice. C-section delivery also was associated with softer vocalizations, as well as with a reduction in at least one neuronal cell type and increased body weight at weaning. Thus, birth mode has acute effects on neurodevelopment that may lead to lasting changes in the brain and behavior.
Herpesvirus trigger accelerates neuroinflammation in a nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Leibovitch Emily C. , Caruso Breanna , Ha Seung Kwon , Schindler Matthew K. , Lee Nathanael J. , Luciano Nicholas J. , Billioux Bridgette J. , Guy Joseph R. , Yen Cecil , Sati Pascal , Silva Afonso C. , Reich Daniel S. , Jacobson Steven 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Inflammatory processes drive the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). However, what triggers this inflammation remains unknown. Several herpesviruses (HHVs), such as HHV-6 typically acquired during childhood, are associated with MS. The temporal separation between HHV-6 acquisition and MS development complicates its study as a disease trigger. Because rodents are not susceptible to HHV-6 infection, we utilized nonhuman primates to examine the impact of HHV-6 infection on an experimental MS-like disease. The viral infections were asymptomatic; however, the MS-like disease was significantly accelerated in all virally inoculated animals. Our data support the hypothesis that viruses may act as triggers to lower the threshold for autoimmunity, and warrant trials of antiviral interventions in early disease stages.
A relational account of intellectual autonomy
Authors: Elzinga Benjamin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccording to relational views of autonomy, some social relations or forms of dependence are necessary for autonomous agency. Recent relational theorists have primarily focused on autonomy of action or practical autonomy, and the result has been a shift away from individualistic conceptions of autonomy in the practical realm. Despite these trends, individualistic conceptions are still the default when it comes to autonomy of belief or intellectual autonomy. In this paper, I argue for a relational account of intellectual autonomy. Specifically, I claim that intellectual autonomy requires a sense of one’s standing as an equal member of the epistemic community.
Circularly polarized thermal emission from chiral metasurface in the absence of magnetic field
Authors: Dyakov S.A. , Ignatov A.V. , Tikhodeev S.G. , Gippius N.A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We report on the thermal radiation source which emits circularly polarized thermal radiation in the absence of an external magnetic field. The geometry of thermal source includes a photonic crystal slab waveguide with chiral morphology. We show that due to the absence of a mirror symmetry of such metasurface, the thermally generated electromagnetic waves are circularly polarized with the circular polarization degree of 0.87. Using the Fourier modal method we study the structure eigenmodes and analyze the field distributions in them.
On pro-𝑝-Iwahori invariants of 𝑅-representations of reductive 𝑝-adic groups
Authors: Abe N. , Henniart G. , Vignéras M.-F. 
Published: October 2018

Let

F
F

be a locally compact field with residue characteristic

p
p

, and let

G

\mathbf {G}

be a connected reductive

F
F

-group. Let

U

\mathcal {U}

be a pro-

p
p

Iwahori subgroup of

G
=

G

(
F
)

G = \mathbf {G}(F)

. Fix a commutative ring

R
R

. If

π
\pi

is a smooth

R
[
G
]

R[G]

-representation, the space of invariants

π

U

\pi ^{\mathcal {U}}

is a right module over the Hecke algebra

H

\mathcal {H}

of

U

\mathcal {U}

in

G
G

.

Let

P
P

be a parabolic subgroup of

G
G

with a Levi decomposition

P
=
M
N

P = MN

adapted to

U

\mathcal {U}

. We complement a previous investigation of Ollivier-Vignéras on the relation between taking

U

\mathcal {U}

-invariants and various functor like

Ind
P
G

\operatorname {Ind}_P^G

and right and left adjoints. More precisely the authors’ previous work with Herzig introduced representations

I
G

(
P
,
σ
,
Q
)

I_G(P,\sigma ,Q)

where

σ
\sigma

is a smooth representation of

M
M

extending, trivially on

N
N

, to a larger parabolic subgroup

P
(
σ
)

P(\sigma )

, and

Q
Q

is a parabolic subgroup between

P
P

and

P
(
σ
)

P(\sigma )

. Here we relate

I
G

(
P
,
σ
,
Q

)

U

I_G(P,\sigma ,Q)^{\mathcal {U}}

to an analogously defined

H

\mathcal {H}

-module

I

H

(
P
,

σ

U

M

,
Q
)

I_\mathcal {H}(P,\sigma ^{\mathcal {U}_M},Q)

, where

U

M

=

U

∩
M

\mathcal {U}_M = \mathcal {U}\cap M

and

σ

U

M

\sigma ^{\mathcal {U}_M}

is seen as a module over the Hecke algebra

H

M

\mathcal {H}_M

of

U

M

\mathcal {U}_M

in

M
M

. In the reverse direction, if

V

\mathcal {V}

is a right

H

M

\mathcal {H}_M

-module, we relate

I

H

(
P
,

V

,
Q
)
⊗

c
-
I
n
d

U

G

⁡

1

I_\mathcal {H}(P,\mathcal {V},Q)\otimes \operatorname {c-Ind}_\mathcal {U}^G\mathbf {1}

to

I
G

(
P
,

V

⊗

H

M

c
-
I
n
d

U

M

M

⁡

1

,
Q
)

I_G(P,\mathcal {V}\otimes _{\mathcal {H}_M}\operatorname {c-Ind}_{\mathcal {U}_M}^M\mathbf {1},Q)

. As an application we prove that if

R
R

is an algebraically closed field of characteristic

p
p

, and

π
\pi

is an irreducible admissible representation of

G
G

, then the contragredient of

π
\pi

is

0
0

unless

π
\pi

has finite dimension.
Evaluation of Exposure Assessment Tools under REACH: Part I—Tier 1 Tools
Authors: Lee Eun Gyung , Lamb Judith , Savic Nenad , Basinas Ioannis , Gasic Bojan , Jung Christian , Kashon Michael L , Kim Jongwoon , Tischer Martin , van Tongeren Martie , Vernez David , Harper Martin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Tier 1 occupational exposure assessment tools recommended for use under the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction of CHemicals (REACH) were evaluated using newly collected measurement data. Evaluated tools included the ECETOC TRAv2 and TRAv3, MEASEv1.02.01, and EMKG-EXPO-TOOL. Fifty-three exposure situations (ESs) based on tasks/chemicals were developed from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health field surveys. During the field surveys, high quality contextual information required for evaluating the tools was also collected. For each ES, applicable tools were then used to generate exposure estimates using a consensus approach. Among 53 ESs, only those related to an exposure category of liquids with vapor pressure (VP) &gt; 10 Pa had sufficient numbers of exposure measurements (42 ESs with n = 251 for TRAv2 and TRAv3 and 40 ESs with n = 243 for EMKG-EXPO-TOOL) to be considered in detail. The results for other exposure categories (aqueous solutions, liquids with VP ≤ 10 Pa, metal processing, powders, and solid objects) had insufficient measurement to allow detailed analyses (results listed in the Supplementary File). Overall, EMKG-EXPO-TOOL generated more conservative results than TRAv2 and TRAv3 for liquids with high VP. This finding is at least partly due to the fact that the EMKG-EXPO-TOOL only considers pure substances and not mixtures of chemical agents. For 34 out of 40 ESs available for chemicals with VP &gt; 10 Pa, the liquid was a mixture rather than a pure substance. TRAv3 was less conservative than TRAv2, probably due to additional refinement of some input parameters. The percentages of exposure measurement results exceeding the corresponding tool estimates for liquids with VP &gt; 10 Pa by process category and by input parameters were always higher for TRAv3 compared to those for TRAv2. Although the conclusions of this study are limited to liquids with VP &gt; 10 Pa and few process categories, this study utilized the most transparent contextual information compared to previous studies, reducing uncertainty from assumptions for unknown input parameters. A further validation is recommended by collecting sufficient exposure data covering other exposure categories and all process categories under REACH.