bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does aggressive management of solitary pulmonary nodules pay off?
Authors: Elia Stefano , Loprete Serafina , De Stefano Alessandro , Hardavella Georgia 
Published: March 2019

Indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), measuring up to 3 cm in diameter, are incidental radiological findings. The ever-growing use of modern imaging has increased their detection. The majority of those nodules are benign; however, the possibility of diagnosing early-stage lung cancer still stands. Guidelines for the management of SPNs have never been validated in prospective comparative studies.Positron emission tomography (PET) is a useful tool to provide functional information on SPNs. However, overall sensitivity and specificity of PET in detecting malignant SPNs of at least 10 mm in diameter are about 90% and false-negative results are reported.The development of video-assisted thoracic surgery has provided minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of SPNs. In our series, 105 patients underwent surgery based on combined increased18F-labelled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) uptake on PET computed tomography and radiological features (morphology and density) without prior histological confirmation. We detected 26 false negatives (24.8%) and only nine false positives (8.57%). Therefore, our minimally invasive surgical approach prevented 25% of patients with lung cancer from a delayed treatmentversusonly 9% undergoing “overtreatment”.In our monocentric cohort, patients with SPNs with large diameter, irregular outline, no calcifications, central location, increased FDG uptake and/or subsolid aspect benefited from a primary surgical resection.
Under- and over-diagnosis of COPD: a global perspective
Authors: Ho Terence , Cusack Ruth P. , Chaudhary Nagendra , Satia Imran , Kurmi Om P. 
Published: March 2019

Globally, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth major cause of mortality and morbidity and projected to rise to third within a decade as our efforts to prevent, identify, diagnose and treat patients at a global population level have been insufficient. The European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society, along with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) strategy document, have highlighted key pathological risk factors and suggested clinical treatment strategies in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with COPD. This review focuses solely on issues related to the under- and over-diagnosis of COPD across the main geographical regions of the world and highlights some of the associated risk factors. Prevalence of COPD obtained mainly from epidemiological studies varies greatly depending on the clinical and spirometric criteria used to diagnose COPD,i.e.forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity ratio <0.7 or 5% below the lower limit of normal, and this subsequently affects the rates of under- and over-diagnosis. Although under-utilisation of spirometry is the major reason, additional factors such as exposure to airborne pollutants, educational level, age of patients and language barriers have been widely identified as other potential risk factors. Co-existent diseases, such as asthma, bronchiectasis, heart failure and previously treated tuberculosis, are reported to be the other determinants of under- and over-diagnosis of COPD.Key pointsGlobally, there is large variation in the prevalence of COPD, with 10–95% under-diagnosis and 5–60% over-diagnosis (table 1) due to differences in the definition of diagnosis used, and the unavailability of spirometry in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries where the prevalence of COPD is likely to be high.In order to be diagnosed with COPD, patients must have a combination of symptoms with irreversible airflow obstruction defined by a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio of <0.7 or below the fifth centile of the lower limit of normal (LLN), and with a history of significant exposure to a risk factor. Repeat spirometry is recommended if the ratio is between 0.6 and 0.8.Not performing spirometry is the strongest predictor for an incorrect diagnosis of COPD; however, additional factors, such as age, gender, ethnicity, self-perception of symptoms, co-existent asthma, and educational awareness of risk factor by patients and their physician, are also important.COPD can be associated with inhalation of noxious particles other than smoking tobacco.Educational aimsTo summarise the global prevalence of over- and under-diagnosis of COPD.To highlight the risk factors associated with the under- and over-diagnosis of COPD.To update readers on the key changes in the recent progress made regarding the correct diagnosis of COPD.
Care Transitions Program for High‐Risk Frail Older Adults is Most Beneficial for Patients with Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Thorsteinsdottir Bjorg , Peterson Stephanie M , Naessens James M , McCoy Rozalina G , Hanson Gregory J , Hickson LaTonya J , Chen Christina YY , Rahman Parvez A , Shah Nilay D , Borkenhagen Lynn , Chandra Anupam , Havyer Rachel , Leppin Aaron , Takahashi Paul Y 
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUNDAlthough posthospitalization care transitions programs (CTP) are highly diverse, their overall program thoroughness is most predictive of their success.OBJECTIVETo identify components of a successful homebased CTP and patient characteristics that are most predictive of reduced 30‐day readmissions.DESIGNRetrospective cohort.PATIENTSA total of 315 community‐dwelling, hospitalized, older adults (≥60 years) at high risk for readmission (Elder Risk Assessment score ≥16), discharged home over the period of January 1, 2011 to June 30, 2013.SETTINGMidwest primary care practice in an integrated health system.INTERVENTIONEnrollment in a CTP during acute hospitalization.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcome was all‐cause readmission within 30 days of the first CTP evaluation. Logistic regression was used to examine independent variables, including patient demographics, comorbidities, number of medications, completion, and timing of program fidelity measures, and prior utilization of healthcare.RESULTSThe overall 30‐day readmission rate was 17.1%. The intensity of follow‐up varied among patients, with 17.1% and 50.8% of the patients requiring one and ≥3 home visits, respectively, within 30 days. More than half (54.6%) required visits beyond 30 days. Compared with patients who were not readmitted, readmitted patients were less likely to exhibit cognitive impairment (29.6% vs 46.0%; P = .03) and were more likely to have high medication use (59.3% vs 44.4%; P = .047), more emergency department (ED; 0.8 vs 0.4; P = .03) and primary care visits (4.0 vs 3.0; P = .018), and longer cumulative time in the hospital (4.6 vs 2.5 days; P = .03) within 180 days of the index hospitalization. Multivariable analysis indicated that only cognitive impairment and previous ED visits were important predictors of readmission.CONCLUSIONSNo single CTP component reliably predicted reduced readmission risk. Patients with cognitive impairment and polypharmacy derived the most benefit from the program.
Preventing Hypoglycemia Following Treatment of Hyperkalemia in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Boughton Charlotte K , Dixon Danielle , Goble Emma , Burridge Alice , Cox Alison , Noble‐Bell Georgia , Bell Charlotte , Fidler Ben , Chudley James , Anderson Caroline , Cavell Gillian , Mustafa Omar G 
Published: March 2019

Hypoglycemia is a serious complication following treatment of hyperkalemia with intravenous insulin. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of hypoglycemia (≤3.9 mmol/l, 70 mg/dL) and severe hypoglycemia (<3.0 mmol/l, 54 mg/dL) in noncritical care inpatients following treatment of hyperkalemia and to establish the risk factors predisposing to this complication. This was a single‐center observational study reviewing the Electronic Patient Records of hyperkalemia treatment with intravenous insulin on the general wards of a large UK teaching hospital. A total of 662 episodes of hyperkalemia treated with insulin/dextrose were included. Among these episodes, 116 treatments (17.5%) resulted in hypoglycemia and 47 (7.1%) resulted in severe hypoglycemia. Lower pretreatment capillary blood glucose level, older age, and lower bodyweight were associated with a higher risk of posttreatment hypoglycemia. The incidence of hypoglycemia following hyperkalemia treatment in hospitalized patients is unacceptably high. Identifying individuals at high risk of hypoglycemia and adjusting prescriptions may reduce the incidence.
Treatment of Acute Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Pipemidic Acid
Authors: Kosnadi Lydia , Widayat Rochmanadji , Wastoro Dwi , Yunanto Ari , Gunawan Ristitiati 
Published: March 2019

Urinary tract infection in children is still an important problem in uronephrology. The disease.tends to develop recurrently and results in chronic progressive renal disease in the future.
Pipemidic acid is a bactericidal quinolone derivate, with a wide spectrum against gram positive and negative bacteria. Compared with nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid proves to be more effective against Pseudomonas, E. coli, Alkali genes and Salmonella.
Thirty one cases with acute urinary tract infection had been studied descriptively. The etiology revealed as follows: E. coli (45.2%), Alkaligenes (16.2%), Enterobacter (9.6%), Staphylococcus (9.6%), Pseudomonas (9.6%), Paracolon (6,5%), and Proteus (3.3%).
Pipemidic acid was administered orally to these patients, 15-20 mg/kg/day divided in 2 equal doses for 10 days. Bacteriological examinations was repeated on the 6th day and 11th day treatment. The result revealed that on the 6th day of treatment, in 27 patients (87, 09%) there was no bacteriuria while on the 11th day the urine of 29 patients (93.54%) were sterile.
In conclusion, a 5 day treatment of acute urinary tract infection in children with pipemidic acid is quite effective.
Captopril Treatment in Rheumatic Heart Disease with Congestive Heart Failure A Preliminary Report
Authors: Sastrosubroto Hardiman , Soeroso Santosa , Indrasanto Eriyati 
Published: March 2019

A small scale controlled trial of captopril (ACE inhibitor) was conducted in 8 children with congestive heart failure due to rheumatic mitral regurgitation with or without mild mitral stenosis. The age of the patient ranged from 5.5 to 13 years (mean 9,3 years). Four children, served as control group, received digitalis and diuretics as standard treatment; while the other 4 children also received 2 x 12,5 mg of captopril in addition to standard treatment. The effect of both regimens were measured by usingchanges of left ventricular function as seen on the echocardiogram performed before treatment, and then 3, 7 and 14 days thereafter.
Definite conclusion cannot be made because of the small number of patients; but it is apparent that some improvements of left ventricular functions in the captopril group were more evident when compared with that of the control group of standard treatment.Side effects of captopri/ were not found.
MODEL PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM MASYARAKAT JEPANG
Authors: Mulyadi Budi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract This research entitled The Model of Character Education in Japanese society. The main goal of this research is to know how the model of character education in Japanase society is done. This research is combination between field and library research. Main methods are observation, interview, intepretation. There are unique character in Japanese society in which couldn’t be found in other nations. Spirit of Bushido (discipline, honest, tough, work hard) is foundations of Japanese character. This such a character building is deserve to become an example to Indonesia. Japan shows us, they build character successfully. Japan become a developed modern nation without losing their core values and cultural. Key word: Charakter Building, Japanese Society and culture, Bushido
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP HUBUNGAN SOSIAL ANAK DALAM NOVEL TOTTO-CHAN KARYA TETSUKO KUROYANAGI
Authors: Hastuti Nur 
Published: March 2019

chan by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi.The object research is Novel Madogiwa No Tottochan by Tetsuko Kuroyanagi that is published in 1981. This research has aim to get description of education values and the effects toward children social relationship in the novel of Totto-chan. The approach method to answer both problems is literary sociology approach. Litetature has relation with people in the society, the effort of people to addapt and change society. Sociology is objective and scientific study about human in society, study about institution and social process. The difference between literature and sociology is sociology does scientific and objective analysis. In other hand, literature infiltrates and penetrates social life and shows human ways to comprehend society with their feeling.The teaching result of education values and the effects for the children social relationship are:1. Want to listen what the students tell. We must respect each other and appreciate to the others. It happens when people is speaking to us, so we must pay attention and listen well. The social relationship with everyone created by communication can run well. 2. Give self confidence.When we give trust to the others to do their tasks, so we must believe that person can responsible for their task, so that that person can be success in their task. When we give believe to the other person to overcome their problem, so we have to be sure that they can do it well. The trust between one and others create harmonious social relationship. 3. Delete unpretentious feeling in disable children.Whoever our frien, we must love them eventhough they have lack (disable). Teacher Kobayashi also teach that children or students can not underestimate those disable person. This case makes children in Tomoe love each other, so that social relationship like friendship will create well without underestimate each other.
Mamki – najemne karmicielki w świetle literatury poradnikowej z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku
Authors: Nawrot-Borowska Monika 
Published: March 2019

Wet nurses, i.e. hired breast-feeders of babies, were the subject matter of this research. It aims to systematize the advice that was formulated on the pages of “how-to” books regarding the search for, recruitment, and treatment of wet nurses in the homes of one’s charges. The specific duties of wet nurses that were especially expected of them are determined, as well as the errors most frequently committed in their performance, which the authors of how-to books described at length, in order to warn mothers against the incompetence of paid breast-feeders. A comparison of the views of authors of “how-to” books over nearly 70 years will allow us to determine a possible evolution of views regarding wet nursing. The “how-to” books on health, hygiene, and education from the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century (the period approximately from 1850-1918), published in Polish areas and addressed mainly at families, especially mothers, form the source material for the research. The use of this type of literature will allow us to reconstruct the promulgated image of wet nursing without broader reference to providing help for them, which is worth confronting with the “how-to” recommendations, attempting to determine whether, and to what extent, they were reflected in everyday life (e.g. using epistolary or archival sources, and memoirs). Nevertheless, the authors of “how-to” books also referred to the practice of tending infants and young children, criticizing inappropriate behaviour of wet nurses, while the recommendations formulated by them were to remedy inappropriate behaviour occurring in reality. The issue of wet nursing has not hitherto been analysed in detail in Polish historiography. In recent years, though, a few texts or papers in which one can find more or less extensive information (the less extensive ones predominate) related to breastfeeding by wet nurses in the Polish areas in the Middle Ages, the period of Old Poland, or the partition period, have been published. Thus, it seems even more reasonable to explore this issue, which will help to fill a gap in the development of the history of breastfeeding, nursing, and tending infants and small children.
Determination of the Metastable Zone and Induction Period of Urea Phosphate Solution
Authors: Zhang Li , Wang Baoming , Tang Jianwei , Liu Yong , Hua Quanxian , Liu Li 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Determination of the metastable zone width and induction period of urea phosphate. The effects of saturation temperature, cooling rate, stirring rate, and impurity ions on the width of metastable region of urea phosphate crystals and the effect of supersaturation on its induction period were studied. The results show that the width of the crystallization metastable zone narrows with the increase of the saturation temperature, the stirring rate, and the decrease of the cooling rate. The apparent nucleation series m is calculated to be 1.021. The crystallization induction period becomes shorter as the increasing supersaturation S. Impurity ions increase the width of the metastable zone of phosphoric acid. F- has the most significant effect on the width of the metastable zone, and the effect of SO42- is relatively weakest.
Study of the Correction of Effects Chromatic Dispersion and Attenuation to Evaluate the Optical Transmission
Authors: Kheris Saliha , Bouabdallah Badra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we have presented a global study of simple bonds, focusing on the main limitations introduced by different optical components as laser source, fiber, optical amplifier, and optical detector. The construction of a long-distance link requires the compensation of attenuation and chromatic dispersion phenomena. Thus, it is well known that the attenuations cause the drop of the signal intensity, whereas the pulse spreading, due to the dispersion, causes the increase of the Bit Error Rate (BER) and consequently the reduction of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). In this purpose, we have calculated the quality factor (Q) issues from the noisy signal’s simulations. We have found a Q of 7.02 to a BER of 0.8 e−12. The founding results match well with fixes norms in telecommunication field.
Preparation of graphene-based compounds with improved dispersion by a two-stage production process
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Adamy Maximilian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Graphene can be used as a functional filler in thermoplastics in order to improve the mechanical and electrical properties, among other things. In the case of high exfoliation and dispersion state, disproportionate increases in compound properties can be achieved even with the lowest filler content. Accordingly, dispersion plays a decisive role here. Up to now, it has not been possible to achieve sufficient dispersion under near-industrial conditions on a twin-screw extruder due to the achievable shear energy input and short residence times. Therefore, this study presents a two-stage compounding process with the aim of improving graphene dispersion. First of all, a predispersion step is carried out in a solvent with the aid of ultrasonic treatment. The predispersed graphene solution is then added to the twin-screw extruder for incorporation. The solvent is removed by a multi-stage degassing process. The results show an improved dispersion compared to conventional addition of the graphene in powder form. In particular, the elongation at break of graphene-based composites can be increased from 13.6% to 57.1% by the increased dispersion.
Impact of N-(2-aminoethyl) Glycine Unit on Watson-Crick Base Pairs
Authors: Karunakaran Indumathi , Angamuthu Abiram , Gopalan Praveena 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We aim to understand the structure and stability of the backbone tailored Watson-Crick base pairs, Guanine-Cytosine (GC), Adenine-Thymine (AT) and Adenine-Uracil (AU) by incorporating N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine units (linked by amide bonds) at the purine and pyrimidine sites of the nucleobases. Density functional theory (DFT) is employed in which B3LYP/6-311++G∗
∗ level of theory has been used to optimize all the structures. The peptide attached base pairs are compared with the natural deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic acid (RNA) base pairs and the calculations are carried out in both the gas and solution phases. The structural propensities of the optimized base pairs are analyzed using base pair geometries, hydrogen bond distances and stabilization energies and, compared with the standard reference data. The structural parameters were found to correlate well with the available data. The addition of peptide chain at the back bone of the DNA/RNA base pairs results only with a minimal distortion and hence does not alter the structural configuration of the base pairs. Also enhanced stability of the base pairs is spotted while adding peptidic chain at the purine site rather than the pyrimidine site of the nucleobases. The stability of the complexes is further interpreted by considering the hydrogen bonded N–H stretching frequencies of the respective base pairs. The discrimination in the interaction energies observed in both gas and solution phases are resulted due to the existence of distinct lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) in the solution phase. The reactivity of the base pairs is also analyzed through the in-depth examinations on the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-LUMO orbitals.
A Novel Root-Knot Nematode Resistance QTL on Chromosome Vu01 in Cowpea
Authors: Ndeve Arsenio D , Santos Jansen R P , Matthews William C , Huynh Bao L , Guo Yi-Ning , Lo Sassoum , Muñoz-Amatriaín Maria , Roberts Philip A 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe root-knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica cause substantial root system damage and suppress yield of susceptible cowpea cultivars. The narrow-based genetic resistance conferred by the Rk gene, present in some commercial cultivars, is not effective against Rk-virulent populations found in several cowpea production areas. The dynamics of virulence within RKN populations require a broadening of the genetic base of resistance in elite cowpea cultivars. As part of this goal, F1 and F2 populations from the cross CB46-Null (susceptible) x FN-2-9-04 (resistant) were phenotyped for M. javanica induced root-galling (RG) and egg-mass production (EM) in controlled growth chamber and greenhouse infection assays. In addition, F2:3 families of the same cross were phenotyped for RG on field sites infested with Rk-avirulent M. incognita and M. javanica. The response of F1 to RG and EM indicated that resistance to RKN in FN-2-9-04 is partially dominant, as supported by the degree of dominance in the F2 and F2:3 populations. Two QTL associated with both RG and EM resistance were detected on chromosomes Vu01 and Vu04. The QTL on Vu01 was most effective against aggressive M. javanica, whereas both QTL were effective against avirulent M. incognita. Allelism tests with CB46 x FN-2-9-04 progeny indicated that these parents share the same RKN resistance locus on Vu04, but the strong, broad-based resistance in FN-2-9-04 is conferred by the additive effect of the novel resistance QTL on Vu01. This novel resistance in FN-2-9-04 is an important resource for broadening RKN resistance in elite cowpea cultivars.