bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of Wood Formation Genes in Monocot Genomes
Authors: Roodt Danielle , Li Zhen , Van de Peer Yves , Mizrachi Eshchar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWoodiness (secondary xylem derived from vascular cambium) has been gained and lost multiple times in the angiosperms, but has been lost ancestrally in all monocots. Here, we investigate the conservation of genes involved in xylogenesis in fully sequenced angiosperm genomes, hypothesizing that monocots have lost some essential orthologs involved in this process. We analyzed the conservation of genes preferentially expressed in the developing secondary xylem of two eudicot trees in the sequenced genomes of 26 eudicot and seven monocot species, and the early diverging angiosperm Amborella trichopoda. We also reconstructed a regulatory model of early vascular cambial cell identity and differentiation and investigated the conservation of orthologs across the angiosperms. Additionally, we analyzed the genome of the aquatic seagrass Zostera marina for additional losses of genes otherwise essential to, especially, secondary cell wall formation. Despite almost complete conservation of orthology within the early cambial differentiation gene network, we show a clear pattern of loss of genes preferentially expressed in secondary xylem in the monocots that are highly conserved across eudicot species. Our study provides candidate genes that may have led to the loss of vascular cambium in the monocots, and, by comparing terrestrial angiosperms to an aquatic monocot, highlights genes essential to vasculature on land.
The Lure of Novelty: “Targeted Killing” and Its Older Terminological Siblings
Authors: Schweiger Elisabeth 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe concept “targeted killing” has been increasingly adopted in scholarship, policy, and media discourses, particularly in the context of US armed drone attacks. While “targeted killing” is often understood as something new, there are strong historical continuities with more traditional concepts such as “assassination” and “extra-judicial execution,” as well as with the colonial concept “police bombing.” This paper builds on an analysis of over nine hundred Security Council debates, Human Rights Council reports, legal papers, and policy documents. Tracing the conceptual continuities, I argue that the peculiar novelty of “targeted killing” does not mainly stem from the novelty of the practices and claims it describes but from the contradictory modes in which the term has been used, which has problematic repercussions for recent counterterrorism discourses. Posed as a new category that reacts to a new situation, the adoption of the concept “targeted killing” has, I argue, played an important role in the promotion of claims that were long considered unlawful and illegitimate. Demonstrating the importance of language in setting political struggles up in a particular way, the paper contributes to a growing body of critical work on counterterrorism use of force.
The dust content of the Crab Nebula
Authors: De Looze I , Barlow M J , Bandiera R , Bevan A , Bietenholz M F , Chawner H , Gomez H L , Matsuura M , Priestley F , Wesson R 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We have modelled the near-infrared to radio images of the Crab Nebula with a Bayesian SED model to simultaneously fit its synchrotron, interstellar (IS), and supernova dust emission. We infer an IS dust extinction map with an average AV = 1.08 ± 0.38 mag, consistent with a small contribution (${\lesssim }22{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) to the Crab’s overall infrared emission. The Crab’s supernova dust mass is estimated to be between 0.032 and 0.049 M⊙ (for amorphous carbon grains) with an average dust temperature Tdust = 41 ± 3 K, corresponding to a dust condensation efficiency of 8–12 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. This revised dust mass is up to an order of magnitude lower than some previous estimates, which can be attributed to our different IS dust corrections, lower SPIRE flux densities, and higher dust temperatures than were used in previous studies. The dust within the Crab is predominantly found in dense filaments south of the pulsar, with an average V-band dust extinction of AV = 0.20–0.39 mag, consistent with recent optical dust extinction studies. The modelled synchrotron power-law spectrum is consistent with a radio spectral index αradio = 0.297 ± 0.009 and an infrared spectral index αIR = 0.429 ± 0.021. We have identified a millimetre excess emission in the Crab’s central regions, and argue that it most likely results from two distinct populations of synchrotron emitting particles. We conclude that the Crab’s efficient dust condensation (8–12 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) provides further evidence for a scenario where supernovae can provide substantial contributions to the IS dust budgets in galaxies.
The DEAH-box RNA helicase Dhr1 contains a remarkable carboxyl terminal domain essential for small ribosomal subunit biogenesis
Authors: Roychowdhury Amlan , Joret Clément , Bourgeois Gabrielle , Heurgué-Hamard Valérie , Lafontaine Denis L J , Graille Marc 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is an essential process in all living cells, which entails countless highly sequential and dynamic structural reorganization events. These include formation of dozens RNA helices through Watson-Crick base-pairing within ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and between rRNAs and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), transient association of hundreds of proteinaceous assembly factors to nascent precursor (pre-)ribosomes, and stable assembly of ribosomal proteins. Unsurprisingly, the largest group of ribosome assembly factors are energy-consuming proteins (NTPases) including 25 RNA helicases in budding yeast. Among these, the DEAH-box Dhr1 is essential to displace the box C/D snoRNA U3 from the pre-rRNAs where it is bound in order to prevent premature formation of the central pseudoknot, a dramatic irreversible long-range interaction essential to the overall folding of the small ribosomal subunit. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Dhr1 helicase module, revealing the presence of a remarkable carboxyl-terminal domain essential for Dhr1 function in ribosome biogenesis in vivo and important for its interaction with its coactivator Utp14 in vitro. Furthermore, we report the functional consequences on ribosome biogenesis of DHX37 (human Dhr1) mutations found in patients suffering from microcephaly and other neurological diseases.
Mixotrophic protists and a new paradigm for marine ecology: where does plankton research go now?
Authors: Flynn Kevin J , Mitra Aditee , Anestis Konstantinos , Anschütz Anna A , Calbet Albert , Ferreira Guilherme Duarte , Gypens Nathalie , Hansen Per J , John Uwe , Martin Jon Lapeyra , Mansour Joost S , Maselli Maira , Medić Nikola , Norlin Andreas , Not Fabrice , Pitta Paraskevi , Romano Filomena , Saiz Enric , Schneider Lisa K , Stolte Willem , Traboni Claudia 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Many protist plankton are mixotrophs, combining phototrophy and phagotrophy. Their role in freshwater and marine ecology has emerged as a major developing feature of plankton research over recent decades. To better aid discussions, we suggest these organisms are termed “mixoplankton”, as “planktonic protist organisms that express, or have potential to express, phototrophy and phagotrophy”. The term “phytoplankton” then describes phototrophic organisms incapable of phagotrophy. “Protozooplankton” describes phagotrophic protists that do not engage in acquired phototrophy. The complexity of the changes to the conceptual base of the plankton trophic web caused by inclusion of mixoplanktonic activities are such that we suggest that the restructured description is termed the “mixoplankton paradigm”. Implications and opportunities for revision of survey and fieldwork, of laboratory experiments and of simulation modelling are considered. The main challenges are not only with taxonomic and functional identifications, and with measuring rates of potentially competing processes within single cells, but with decades of inertia built around the traditional paradigm that assumes a separation of trophic processes between different organisms. In keeping with the synergistic nature of cooperative photo- and phagotrophy in mixoplankton, a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach will be required to tackle the task ahead.
Physical Performance Predictors for Incident Dementia Among Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Doi Takehiko , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Nakakubo Sho , Kim Min-Ji , Kurita Satoshi , Hotta Ryo , Shimada Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Evaluating physical performance could facilitate dementia risk assessment. However, findings differ regarding which type of physical performance best predicts dementia.

Objective
The objective of this study was to examine the association between physical performance and incidence of dementia in Japanese community-dwelling older adults.

Design
This was a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults.

Methods
Of 14,313 invited individuals who were ≥ 65 years old, 5104 agreed to participate from 2011 to 2012, and 4086 (52% women; mean age = 72.0 years) met the criteria. Baseline assessments of the following physical performance indicators were obtained: grip strength, the Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test, and the Timed “Up & Go” Test. The physical performance level in each test was categorized as C1 (highest), C2 (middle–high), C3 (middle–low), or C4 (lowest) on the basis of sex-stratified quartile values. Incident dementia status was obtained from medical records that were updated monthly.

Results
During follow-up (mean duration = 42.9 months), there were 243 incident cases of dementia (5.9%). Log-rank test results indicated that a lower physical performance level constituted a significant risk factor for dementia. After adjustment for covariates, Cox proportional hazards models (reference: highest physical performance level [C1]) demonstrated that the Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test in the group with the lowest physical performance level (hazard ratio = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.10–2.59) was significantly associated with a risk of dementia. Likewise, the Timed “Up & Go” Test in the group with the lowest physical performance level (hazard ratio = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.01–2.35) was significantly associated with a risk of dementia. However, grip strength was not significantly associated with a risk of dementia.

Limitations
This study was limited by the use of medical record data.

Conclusions
A lower mobility-related physical performance level was associated with dementia risk. Dementia risk assessment should include an adequate evaluation of physical function.
Innovations in parental smoking cessation assistance delivered in the child healthcare setting
Authors: Nabi-Burza Emara , Winickoff Jonathan P , Drehmer Jeremy E , Gorzkowski Julie A , Klein Jonathan D , Levy Douglas E , Ossip Deborah J , Regan Susan , Rigotti Nancy A , Hipple Walters Bethany 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Addressing parental smoking in the child healthcare setting improves the health of all family members. Innovative approaches, such as mobilizing technology-based platforms, may streamline screening and motivate acceptance of behavioral health services to treat tobacco use and dependence. The obective of this study was to describe innovations added to the CEASE intervention and to track 2 year post-intervention implementation data on families who were screened for tobacco use. Child healthcare practices in five states (IN, NC, OH, TN, and VA) used an electronic tablet screener to identify tobacco use within families and deliver tobacco cessation assistance to smokers. Motivational/educational videos on cessation were displayed via the screener to enhance its utility. Five CEASE intervention practices screened 50,111 family members for tobacco use and identified 6,885 families with children exposed to tobacco smoke. The mean number of screeners per practice per month was 417; the mean number of households with smokers identified per month was 57. Of 2,764 smokers who were at visits and consented, 57% indicated that they wanted a prescription to reduce or quit smoking; 94% of these were given preprinted prescriptions. Of 41% who requested connection to the quitline, 93% were given enrollment forms. Electronic screening was used to routinely identify tobacco users, leading to increased potential for offering cessation assistance to all household members who smoke. Improved delivery of smoking cessation services to families may be achieved by integrating technological innovations into routine pediatric practice.
CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Trial Number NCT01882348
Optimal Trajectory and Length of S2 Alar Iliac Screws
Authors: Weisenthal Benjamin M. , Doss Derek J. , Henry Abigail L. , Stephens Byron F. 
Published: June 2019

Study Design:
A radiographic study of computed tomography scans of the pelvis converted to 3-dimensional imaging.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the optimal length and trajectory of S2 alar iliac (S2AI) screws.

Summary of Background Data:
Solid pelvic fixation is a necessary component in thoracolumbar deformity surgery to protect sacral fixation and promote arthrodesis. The S2AI technique has been promoted as a way to reduce hardware prominence and instrumentation issues associated with traditional iliac fixation.

Materials and Methods:
In total, 64 of 100 patients randomly selected from our institution’s spine registry were able to be converted to 3-dimensional imaging. Virtual screws were then placed in the optimal position for an S2AI screw on each side of the pelvis. The lateral and inferior angles were measured off-axial and sagittal planes, respectively. The distances from the notch and the remaining available screw length were also recorded.

Results:
The average patient age was 38±16 years. The average lateral angle was 42.5±2.0 degrees and the inferior angle was 18.2±1.8 degrees. The screws fit bilaterally in all 64 patients without cortical breach. The remaining available screw distance was measured in all patients and found to be 40.5±8.7 mm. The average distance from the sciatic notch was 13.8±4.1 mm. Men had significantly more potential screw length when compared with women.

Conclusions:
We found an average inferior angle of 18.2 degrees, which is less than the previously described angle range of 20–40 degrees. These findings suggest that an ideal trajectory may be significantly different than the previously described trajectory. We found that with the optimal trajectory, a 100 mm screw can fit in all patients without concern for cortical breach of the pelvis or violation of the hip joint.
Clinical Outcomes, Complications, and Cost-effectiveness in Surgically Treated Adult Spinal Deformity Over 70 Years
Authors: Yagi Mitsuru , Fujita Nobuyuki , Okada Eijiro , Tsuji Osahiko , Nagoshi Narihito , Asazuma Takashi , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Watanabe Kota 
Published: June 2019

Study Design:
This is a multicentered retrospective study.

Summary of Background Data:
Surgical correction for the adult spinal deformity (ASD) is effective but carries substantial risks for complications. The diverse pathologies of ASD make it difficult to determine the effect of advanced age on outcomes.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess how advanced age affects outcomes and cost-effectiveness for corrective surgery for ASD.

Materials and Methods:
We used data from a multicenter database to conduct propensity score–matched comparisons of 50 patients who were surgically treated for ASD when at least 50 years old and were followed for at least 2 years, to clarify whether advanced age is a risk factor for inferior health-related quality of life and cost-effectiveness. Patients were grouped by age, 50–65 years (M group: 59±4 y) or >70 years (O group: 74±3 y), and were propensity score–matched for sex, body mass index, upper and lower instrumented vertebrae, the use of pedicle-subtraction osteotomy, and sagittal alignment. Cost-effectiveness was determined by cost/quality-adjusted life years.

Results:
Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) pain and self-image at the 2-year follow-up were significantly inferior in the O group (Oswestry Disability Index: 32±9% vs. 25±13%, P=0.01; SRS-22 pain: 3.5±0.7 vs. 3.9±0.6, P=0.05; SRS-22 self-image: 3.5±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.9, P=0.03). The O group had more complications than the M group (55% vs. 29%). The odds ratios in the O group were 4.0 for postoperative complications (95% confidence interval: 1.1–12.3) and 4.9 for implant-related complications (95% confidence interval: 1.2–21.1). Cost-utility analysis at 2 years after surgery indicated that the surgery was less cost-effective in the O group (cost/quality-adjusted life year: O group: $211,636 vs. M group: 125,887, P=0.01).

Conclusions:
Outcomes for corrective surgery for ASD were inferior in geriatric patients compared with middle-aged patients, in whom the extent of spinal deformity and the operation type were adjusted similarly. Special attention is needed when considering surgical treatment for geriatric ASD patients.
Individual Airway Closure Characterized In Vivo by Phase-Contrast CT Imaging in Injured Rabbit Lung*
Authors: Broche Ludovic , Pisa Pauline , Porra Liisa , Degrugilliers Loïc , Bravin Alberto , Pellegrini Mariangela , Borges João Batista , Perchiazzi Gaetano , Larsson Anders , Hedenstierna Göran , Bayat Sam 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:
Airway closure is involved in adverse effects of mechanical ventilation under both general anesthesia and in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. However, direct evidence and characterization of individual airway closure is lacking. Here, we studied the same individual peripheral airways in intact lungs of anesthetized and mechanically ventilated rabbits, at baseline and following lung injury, using high-resolution synchrotron phase-contrast CT.

Design:
Laboratory animal investigation.

Setting:
European synchrotron radiation facility.

Subjects:
Six New-Zealand White rabbits.

Interventions:
The animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated in pressure-controlled mode (tidal volume, 6 mL/kg; respiratory rate, 40; Fio
2, 0.6; inspiratory:expiratory, 1:2; and positive end-expiratory pressure, 3 cm H2O) at baseline. Imaging was performed with a 47.5 × 47.5 × 47.5 μm voxel size, at positive end-expiratory pressure 12, 9, 6, 3, and 0 cm H2O. The imaging sequence was repeated after lung injury induced by whole-lung lavage and injurious ventilation in four rabbits. Cross-sections of the same individual airways were measured.

Measurements and Main Results:
The airways were measured at baseline (n = 48; radius, 1.7 to 0.21 mm) and after injury (n = 32). Closure was observed at 0 cm H2O in three of 48 airways (6.3%; radius, 0.35 ± 0.08 mm at positive end-expiratory pressure 12) at baseline and five of 32 (15.6%; radius, 0.28 ± 0.09 mm) airways after injury. Cross-section was significantly reduced at 3 and 0 cm H2O, after injury, with a significant relation between the relative change in cross-section and airway radius at 12 cm H2O in injured, but not in normal lung (R = 0.60; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Airway collapsibility increases in the injured lung with a significant dependence on airway caliber. We identify “compliant collapse” as the main mechanism of airway closure in initially patent airways, which can occur at more than one site in individual airways.
Impact of Telemonitoring of Critically Ill Emergency Department Patients Awaiting ICU Transfer*
Authors: Kadar Rachel B. , Amici David R. , Hesse Kathleen , Bonder Adam , Ries Michael 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:
Because of overcrowding and limited critical care resources, critically ill patients in the emergency department may spend hours to days awaiting transfer to the ICU. In these patients, often termed “ICU boarders,” delayed ICU transfer is associated with poor outcomes. We implemented an emergency department–based, electronic ICU monitoring system for ICU boarders. Our aim was to investigate the effect of this initiative on morbidity, mortality, and ICU usage.

Design:
Single-center, retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Nonprofit, tertiary care, teaching hospital with greater than 100,000 emergency department visits per year.

Patients:
Emergency department patients with admission orders for the medical ICU, who spent more than 2 hours boarding in the emergency department after being accepted for admission to the medical ICU, were included in the study.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
During the study period, a total of 314 patients were admitted to the medical ICU from the emergency department, 214 of whom were considered ICU boarders with a delay in medical ICU transfer over 2 hours. Of ICU boarders, 115 (53.7%) were enrolled in electronic ICU telemonitoring (electronic ICU care), and the rest received usual emergency department care (emergency department care). Age, mean illness severity (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IVa scores), and admitting diagnoses did not differ significantly between ICU boarders receiving electronic ICU care and emergency department care. Forty-one electronic ICU care patients (36%) were ultimately transitioned to a less intensive level of care in lieu of ICU admission while still in the emergency department, compared with zero patients in the emergency department care group. Among all ICU boarders transferred to the ICU, in-hospital mortality was lower in the electronic ICU care cohort when compared with the emergency department care cohort (5.4% vs 20.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.08).

Conclusions:
In critically ill patients awaiting transfer from the emergency department to the medical ICU, electronic ICU care was associated with decreased mortality and lower ICU resource utilization.
Does Co-administration of Antihypertensive Drugs and Statins Alter Their Efficacy and Safety? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Kanukula Raju , Esam Hariprasad , Sundström Johan , Rodgers Anthony , Salam Abdul 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
Antihypertensive drugs (AHTDs) and statins are frequently administered together, but there is uncertainty on whether the presence of one affects the main effects of the other. This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the effects of co-administered AHTDs and statins on blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and drug regulatory agency websites were searched, until January 2018. Twelve double-blind randomized controlled trials that allocated adults with or without hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia (n = 4434) to fixed doses of AHTD alone, statin alone and both drugs together, for ≥4 weeks, were included. BP lowering was similar with AHTD + statin compared with AHTD alone [systolic BP −0.1 mm Hg, 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.0 to 0.8, and diastolic BP −1.0 mm Hg, 95% CI, −2.3 to −0.2]. AHTD + statin compared with statin alone resulted in small reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−3.9 mg/dL, 95% CI, −6.1 to −1.7), and this effect was largely associated with co-administration of amlodipine and atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. There was no difference in safety outcomes. Overall, it can be concluded that there is no clinically important difference in the effects of AHTDs and statins whether used separately or together for reduction in BP and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.