bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharyngeal distensibility during expiration is an independent predictor of the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Chen Ning‐Hung , Lin Shih‐Wei , Chuang Li‐Pang , Cistulli Peter A. , Hsieh Meng‐Jer , Kao Kuo‐Chin , Liao Yu‐Fang , Li Li‐Fu , Yang Cheng‐Ta 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectivePharyngeal distensibility and collapsibility reflect the passive properties of tissue in the airway, are an indicator of the ease with which an airway can be deformed and are related to the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). During normal tidal respiration, the collapsibility of the pharynx during expiration is passive without confounding by neuromuscular activation that occurs during inspiration. We evaluated the distensibility and collapsibility of the upper airway in subjects with OSA during wakefulness using sophisticated dynamic computed tomography (CT) imaging. We hypothesized that the dynamic changes of the upper airway during expiration would be related to the severity of OSA.MethodsTwenty‐three patients with OSA and eight normal subjects underwent simultaneous measurement of respiratory flow and airway calibre using ultrafast CT. The change in pharyngeal cross‐sectional area divided by the change in concomitant flow (as distensibility or collapsibility) was measured and compared across different severities of OSA.ResultsThe slope of this relationship between delta area and delta flow during expiration was significantly higher in severe OSA when compared with normal controls and mild–moderate OSA. Differences in airway distensibility or collapsibility between severity groups were significant in expiration but not in inspiration. Distensibility or collapsibility contributed most to the apnoea–hypopnoea index in regression modelling. Age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were not significant independent predictors.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that airway distensibility during the expiratory phase of awake respiration is correlated with the severity of OSA.
Focus Licensing at the Left Periphery in Japanese Right Dislocation
Authors: Abe Jun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that there is a designated focus position in theCPlayer in Japanese and that this position is activated only in limited contexts, such as ellipsis contexts. I argue that in fact one of the best cases for such a designated focus position involves Japanese right dislocation. Assuming the biclausal analysis of this construction, which involves ellipsis, I argue that the postverbal phrase occupies the position in theCPlayer designated for a focused phrase. Finally, addressing the question of whether Focus projections can be activated only in root clauses, I investigate what may be called massively pied‐piped cases of Japanese sluicing and demonstrate that Focus projections can be activated by the same types of embedded clauses as Topic projections.
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of blood cells in black‐shouldered, Brahminy, and black kites
Authors: Salakij Chaleow , Kasorndorkbua Chaiyan , Pornpanom Pornchai , Salakij Jarernsak , Jakthong Pattarapong 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundBlack‐shouldered kites (BSK, Elanus caeruleus), Brahminy kites (BrK, Haliastur indus), and black kites (BK, Milvus migrans govinda) are medium‐sized hawks found in Thailand, and little is known about the hematology of these three kite species.ObjectiveThis study reports basic hematologic values and describes the light microscopic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in these kites.MethodsBlood samples were collected from 113 healthy kites (50 BSKs, 53 BrKs, and 10 BKs) from January 2012 to December 2017. Complete blood cell counts, cytochemical staining (Sudan black B, peroxidase [PO], periodic acid‐Schiff, α‐naphthyl acetate esterase, and β‐glucuronidase), and transmission electron microscopy were performed using standard methods.ResultsHematology, morphometry, and cytochemical staining patterns of blood cells were tabulated. BSK erythrocytes were smaller than BrK and BK erythrocytes. Heterophils, the largest granulocytes, were the most prevalent leukocytes in all kites. Cytochemical reactions in blood cells from these three kite species were the same, except that heterophils from BrKs were the only cells positive for PO. The ultrastructure of heterophil and eosinophil granules from the BSKs were similar in their homogeneous electron densities but differed in shape. The eosinophil granules from BrKs and BKs revealed heterogeneous electron densities with central pallor in some granules. Basophils had different granular electron densities, and some granules were electron‐lucent.ConclusionThe 23 baseline hematologic values and morphologic, cytochemical, and ultrastructural characteristics of all blood cell types in this study provide reference data for future kite healthcare.
Simulated shift work disrupts maternal circadian rhythms and metabolism, and increases gestation length in sheep
Authors: Gatford Kathryn L. , Kennaway David J. , Liu Hong , Kleemann David O. , Kuchel Timothy R , Varcoe Tamara J. 
Published: January 2019

Key points
Shift work impairs metabolic health, although its effects during pregnancy are not well understood
We evaluated the effects of a simulated shift work protocol for one‐third, two‐thirds or all of pregnancy on maternal and pregnancy outcomes in sheep.
Simulated shift work changed the timing of activity, disrupted hormonal and cellular rhythms, and impaired maternal glucose tolerance during early pregnancy.
Gestation length was increased in twin pregnancies, whereas singleton lambs were lighter at a given gestational age if mothers were subjected to shift work conditions in the first one‐third of pregnancy.
Exposure to rotating night and day shifts, even if only in early pregnancy, may adversely affect maternal metabolic and pregnancy outcomes.
AbstractShift workers are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity; however, the impact during pregnancy on maternal metabolism is unknown. Using a large animal model, we assessed the impact of simulated shift work (SSW) exposure during pregnancy on maternal circadian rhythms, glucose tolerance and pregnancy outcomes. Following mating, ewes were randomly allocated to a control photoperiod (CON 12 h light, 12 h dark) or to SSW, where the timing of light exposure and food presentation was reversed twice each week for one‐third, two‐thirds or all of pregnancy. Maternal behaviour followed SSW cycles with increased activity during light exposure and feeding. Melatonin rhythms resynchronized within 2 days of the photoperiod shift, whereas peripheral circadian rhythms were arrhythmic. SSW impaired glucose tolerance (+29%, P = 0.019) and increased glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (+32%, P = 0.018) in ewes with a singleton fetus in early but not late gestation. SSW exposure did not alter rates of miscarriage or stillbirth, although it extended gestation length in twin pregnancies (+2.4 days, P = 0.032). Relative to gestational age, birth weight was lower in singleton progeny of SSW than CON ewes (–476 g, P = 0.016). These results have implications for the large number of women currently engaged in shift work, and further studies are required to determine progeny health impacts.
Strength and Ductility Loss of CPVC Pipe Due to Exposure to Primer
Authors: Chen Bingjun , Ben Jar P.-Y. , Mertiny Pierre , Prybysh Robert 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of primer on mechanical properties and fracture behavior for ring specimens, prepared from the commercial chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe. After immersing the specimens in primer for 30 min, the specimens were dried for eight different periods, ranging from half day to 113 days, and then fractured in tension along the hoop direction. The results suggest that the longer the drying time, the higher the recovered strength. After the longest drying time of 113 days, the primer-affected-zone showed strength recovery up to 63% of the strength for the virgin pipe. However, such a level of recovery cannot be achieved for ductility. The examination of specimens indicated that the exposure to primer created a core–shell structure on the cross section, of which the area ratio was independent of the drying time. It is believed that exposure to primer caused swelling and formed the shell region. The presence of the shell region has two roles in the ductility reduction. One is to provide multiple sites along the border between the shell and the core regions for crack initiation and the other to enhance stress concentration at the crack tip. This paper concludes that exposure to primer in the solvent welding process may reduce ductility of the CPVC pipe, thus affecting its resistance to slow crack growth in long-term applications.
The Effect of Self-Paced and Prescribed Interset Rest Strategies on Performance in Strength Training
Authors: Ibbott Peter , Ball Nick , Welvaert Marijke , Thompson Kevin G. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To assess pacing strategies using prescribed and self-selected interset rest periods and their influence on performance in strength-trained athletes. Methods: A total of 16 strength-trained male athletes completed 3 randomized heavy strength-training sessions (5 sets and 5 repetitions) with different interset rest periods. The interset rest periods were 3 min (3MIN), 5 min (5MIN), and self-selected (SS). Mechanical (power, velocity, work, and displacement), surface electromyography (sEMG), and subjective (rating of perceived exertion) and readiness-to-lift data were recorded for each set. Results: SS-condition interset rest periods increased from sets 1 to 4 (from 207.52 to 277.71 s; P = .01). No differences in mechanical performance were shown between the different interset rest-period conditions. Power output (210 W; 8.03%) and velocity (0.03 m·s−1; 6.73%) decreased as sets progressed for all conditions (P < .001) from set 1 to set 5. No differences in sEMG activity between conditions were shown; however, vastus medialis sEMG decreased as the sets progressed for each condition (1.75%; P = .005). All conditions showed increases in rating of perceived exertion as sets progressed (set 1 = 6.1, set 5 = 7.9; P < .001). Participants reported greater readiness to lift in the 5MIN condition (7.81) than in the 3MIN (7.09) and SS (7.20) conditions (P < .001). Conclusions: Self-selecting interset rest periods does not significantly change performance compared with 3MIN and 5MIN conditions. Given the opportunity, athletes will vary their interset rest periods to complete multiple sets of heavy strength training. Self-selection of interset rest periods may be a feasible alternative to prescribed interset rest periods.
High Match Load’s Relation to Decreased Well-Being During an Elite Women’s Rugby Sevens Tournament
Authors: Doeven Steven H. , Brink Michel S. , Huijgen Barbara C.H. , de Jong Johan , Lemmink Koen A.P.M. 
Published: January 2019

During rugby sevens tournaments, it is crucial to balance match load and recovery to strive for optimal performance. Purpose: To determine changes in well-being, recovery, and neuromuscular performance during and after an elite women’s rugby sevens tournament and assess the influence of match-load indicators. Methods: Twelve elite women rugby sevens players (age = 25.3 [4.1]y, height = 169.0 [4.0] cm, weight = 63.9 [4.9] kg, and body fat = 18.6% [2.7%]) performed 5 matches during a 2-d tournament of the Women’s Rugby Sevens World Series. Perceived well-being (fatigue, sleep quality, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood), total quality of recovery, and countermovement-jump flight time were measured on match days 1 and 2, 1 d posttournament, and 2 d posttournament. Total distance; low-, moderate-, and high-intensity running; and physical contacts during matches were derived from global positioning system–based time–motion analysis and video-based notational analysis, respectively. Internal match load was calculated by session rating of perceived exertion and playing time (rating of perceived exertion × duration). Results: Well-being (P < .001), fatigue (P < .001), general muscle soreness (P < .001), stress levels (P < .001), mood (P = .005), and total quality of recovery (P < .001) were significantly impaired after match day 1 and did not return to baseline values until 2 d posttournament. More high-intensity running was related to more fatigue (r = −.60, P = .049) and a larger number of physical contacts with more general muscle soreness (r = −.69, P = .013). Conclusion: Perceived well-being and total quality of recovery were already impaired after match day 1, although performance was maintained. High-intensity running and physical contacts were predominantly related to fatigue and general muscle soreness, respectively.
Factors Affecting the Anthropometric and Physical Characteristics of Elite Academy Rugby League Players: A Multiclub Study
Authors: Dobbin Nick , Highton Jamie , Moss Samantha Louise , Twist Craig 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To investigate the factors affecting the anthropometric and physical characteristics of elite academy rugby league players. Methods: One hundred ninety-seven elite academy rugby league players (age = 17.3 [1.0] y) from 5 Super League clubs completed measures of anthropometric and physical characteristics during a competitive season. The interaction between and influence of contextual factors on characteristics was assessed using linear mixed modeling. Results: All physical characteristics improved during preseason and continued to improve until midseason, whereafter 10-m sprint (η2 = .20 cf .25), countermovement jump (CMJ) (η2 = .28 cf .30), and prone Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery (Yo-Yo IR) test (η2 = .22 cf .54) performance declined. Second (η2 = .17) and third (η2 = .16) -year players were heavier than first-years, whereas third-years had slower 10-m sprint times (η2 = .22). Large positional variability was observed for body mass, 20-m sprint time, medicine-ball throw, CMJ, and prone Yo-Yo IR1. Compared with bottom-ranked teams, top-ranked teams demonstrated superior 20-m (η2 = −.22) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 (η2 = .26) performance, whereas middle-ranked teams reported higher CMJ height (η2 = .26) and prone Yo-Yo IR1 distance (η2 = .20) but slower 20-m sprint times (η2 = .20). Conclusion: These findings offer practitioners who design training programs for academy rugby league players insight into the relationships between anthropometric and physical characteristics and how they are influenced by playing year, league ranking, position, and season phase.
Monitoring Workload in Elite Female Basketball Players During the In-Season Phase: Weekly Fluctuations and Effect of Playing Time
Authors: Paulauskas Henrikas , Kreivyte Rasa , Scanlan Aaron T. , Moreira Alexandre , Siupsinskas Laimonas , Conte Daniele 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: To assess the weekly fluctuations in workload and differences in workload according to playing time in elite female basketball players. Methods: A total of 29 female basketball players (mean [SD] age 21 [5] y, stature 181 [7] cm, body mass 71 [7] kg, playing experience 12 [5] y) belonging to the 7 women’s basketball teams competing in the first-division Lithuanian Women’s Basketball League were recruited. Individualized training loads (TLs) and game loads (GLs) were assessed using the session rating of perceived exertion after each training session and game during the entire in-season phase (24 wk). Percentage changes in total weekly TL (weekly TL + GL), weekly TL, weekly GL, chronic workload, acute:chronic workload ratio, training monotony, and training strain were calculated. Mixed linear models were used to assess differences for each dependent variable, with playing time (low vs high) used as fixed factor and subject, week, and team as random factors. Results: The highest changes in total weekly TL, weekly TL, and acute:chronic workload ratio were evident in week 13 (47%, 120%, and 49%, respectively). Chronic workload showed weekly changes ≤10%, whereas monotony and training strain registered highest fluctuations in weeks 17 (34%) and 15 (59%), respectively. A statistically significant difference in GL was evident between players completing low and high playing times (P = .026, moderate), whereas no significant differences (P > .05) were found for all other dependent variables. Conclusions: Coaches of elite women’s basketball teams should monitor weekly changes in workload during the in-season phase to identify weeks that may predispose players to unwanted spikes and adjust player workload according to playing time.
Effects of Protein Intake Beyond Habitual Intakes Associated With Resistance Training on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters, Isokinetic Strength, and Body Composition in Older Women
Authors: Nabuco Hellen C.G. , Tomeleri Crisieli M. , Fernandes Rodrigo R. , Sugihara Junior Paulo , Cavalcante Edilaine F. , Venturini Danielle , Barbosa Décio S. , Silva Analiza M. , Sardinha Luís B. , Cyrino Edilson S. 
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of protein intake beyond habitual intakes associated with resistance training on metabolic syndrome (MetS)-related parameters, isokinetic strength, and body composition in health older women. A total of 30 older women (68.8 ± 4.3 years) participated in this investigation and were assigned to receive 35 g of whey protein or placebo combined with resistance training, over 12-weeks, three times per week. Blood samples, blood pressure, dietary intake, strength, and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention period. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was applied for comparisons. Both groups improved the skeletal muscle mass, muscular strength, waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, resistance, reactance, and MetS Z-score risk. However, the improvements in skeletal muscle mass, waist circumference, and MetS Z-score risk were significantly greater in protein group when compared with control group. Moreover, protein group significantly decreased %body fat when compared with control group. Higher protein intake combined with resistance training promoted greater improvements in skeletal muscle mass, %body fat, waist circumference, and MetS Z-score risk in older women.
Exploring Early Sport Specialization: Associations With Psychosocial Outcomes
Authors: Waldron Shelby , DeFreese J.D. , Pietrosimone Brian , Register-Mihalik Johna , Barczak Nikki 
Published: January 2019

Sport specialization has been linked to multiple negative health related outcomes including increased injury risk and sport attrition, yet a gap remains in our understanding of potential psychological outcomes of early specialization (≤ age 12). The current study evaluated the associations between retrospective athlete reports of sport specialization and both retroactive and current psychological health outcomes. Early specializers reported significantly higher levels of multiple maladaptive psychological outcomes (e.g., global athlete burnout, emotional and physical exhaustion, sport devaluation, amotivation). Overall, findings suggest that specialization environment factors, in addition to the age of specialization, are potentially critical factors in determining health and well-being outcomes. Findings support prominent position statements suggesting early specialization may be associated with increased health risks. Study findings may also inform the development of guidelines and recommendations to aid parents, coaches, and athletes in positively impacting athlete psychosocial outcomes.
High-Risk Lower-Extremity Biomechanics Evaluated in Simulated Soccer-Specific Virtual Environments
Authors: DiCesare Christopher A. , Kiefer Adam W. , Bonnette Scott , Myer Gregory D. 
Published: January 2019

Context: Laboratory-based biomechanical analyses of sport-relevant movements such as landing and cutting have classically been used to quantify kinematic and kinetic factors in the context of injury risk, which are then used to inform targeted interventions designed to improve risky movement patterns during sport. However, the noncontextual nature of standard assessments presents challenges for assessing sport-relevant skill transfer. Objective: To examine injury-risk biomechanical differences exhibited by athletes during a jump-landing task performed as part of both a standard biomechanical assessment and a simulated, sport-specific virtual reality (VR)-based assessment. Design: Observational study. Setting: Medical center laboratory. Participants: Twenty-two female adolescent soccer athletes (age = 16.0 [1.4] y, height = 165.6 [4.9] cm, and weight = 60.2 [11.4] kg). Interventions: The landing performance was analyzed for a drop vertical jump task and a VR-based, soccer-specific corner-kick scenario in which the athletes were required to jump to head a virtual soccer ball and land. Main Outcome Measures: Hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematic differences in the frontal and sagittal planes. Results: Athletes exhibited reduced hip and ankle flexion, hip abduction, and frontal plane ankle excursion during landing in realistic sport scenario compared with the standard drop vertical jump task. Conclusion: VR-based assessments can provide a sport-specific context in which to assess biomechanical deficits that predispose athletes for lower-extremity injury and offer a promising approach to better evaluate skill transfer to sport that can guide future injury prevention efforts.
Modulation of cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor and PGC-1α with regular postexercise cold-water immersion of rats
Authors: Al-horani Ramzi A. , Al-Trad Bahaa , Haifawi Saja 
Published: January 2019

Myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis and vascular angiogenesis biomarker responses to postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) have not been reported. Therefore, to determine those cardiac adaptations, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: postexercise CWI (CWI; n = 13), exercise only (Ex; n = 12), and untreated control (CON; n = 10). CWI and Ex were trained for 10 wk, 5 sessions/wk, 30–60 min/session. CWI rats were immersed after each session in cold water (15 min at ~12°C). CON remained sedentary. Left ventricle tissue was obtained 48 h after the last exercise session and analyzed for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and heat shock protein 70 kDa (Hsp70) protein content and mRNA expression levels. In addition, superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA and malondialdehyde levels were evaluated. Ex and CWI induced higher PGC-1α protein content compared with CON (1.8 ± 0.6-fold, P < 0.001), which was significantly higher in CWI than Ex rats ( P = 0.01). VEGF protein (4.3 ± 3.7-fold) and mRNA (10.1 ± 1.1-fold) were markedly increased only in CWI ( P < 0.001) relative to CON. CWI and Ex augmented cardiac Hsp70 protein to a similar level relative to CON ( P < 0.05); however, Hsp70 mRNA increased only in Ex ( P = 0.002). No further differences were observed between groups. These results suggest that postexercise CWI may further enhance cardiac oxidative capacity by increasing the angiogenic and mitochondrial biogenic factors. In addition, CWI does not seem to worsen exercise-induced cardioprotection and oxidative stress. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A regular postexercise cold-water immersion for 10 wk of endurance training augmented the myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis and vascular angiogenesis coactivators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor, respectively. In addition, postexercise cold-water immersion did not attenuate the exercise-induced increase in the cardioprotective biomarker heat shock protein 70 kDa or increase exercise-induced oxidative stress.