bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Basis for Shifting from IM to PMM For ESPs - Pathway for Decarbonizing ESP Operations, Field Case from Oman
Authors: Al Hashar D. M. , Al Aulaqi T. , Vahgjipurwala M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bisat field located in north of Oman has completed ten years of oil field operation with a rising trend in energy intensity index. The OQ company has set a comprehensive energy efficiency program targeting the upstream business unit. The Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is one of the popular technologies for artificial lift systems in the oil industry, however their high energy intensity index necessitates exploration of alternative methods to reduce expenses and power consumption that can enhance overall Energy Efficiency. The Permanent Magnet Motor (PMM) stands out as an ESP technology that delivers superior energy efficiency and performance compared to conventional induction motors (IM).
Fig. 1 shows a comprehensive roadmap for ESP operations decarbonization starting with optimizing the operating condition of the ESP followed by technology upgrade towards PMM. The next step would be to consider alternative power options for ESPs, especially for cases where these are operated by diesel generators. This ESP energy efficiency roadmap would provide a pathway for optimizing ESP operations for OQ to achieve its decarbonization targets.
The paper will review the business case for technology pilot and implementation of PMM technology for ESPs in the industry to understand the potential savings in replacing conventional IM technology for ESPs. The paper reviews the studies and results reported in one of the upstream Omani field regarding comparison between PMM vs IM technology for ESPs to provide framework for retrofitting IM ESPs with PMM ESPs paving the way for reducing the field energy intensity index and decarbonizing upstream operations. Savings from implementing PMM ESPs have been evaluated under different scenarios. Four wells have been identified as ring fence pilot. The selection criteria for candidate wells for pilot implementation are discussed to qualify the energy savings and establish the acceptance success criteria for deployment.
There is considerable debate in the literature to substantiate the benefits and savings from PMM technology for ESPs with field testing done to confirm the savings under different scenarios. PMMs can generate two to four times the power of equivalent sized IMs. In addition, power losses with this type of motor are lower due to the zero-rotor loss and reduced iron friction/windage losses as the motors are smaller in size. This results in enhanced power efficiency exceeding 90% and can double the expected life cycle due to the high reliability and reduced mean time between failures (MTBF). PMM technology can enable reduction in energy intensity for ESP wells and enable decarbonization for ESP operations.
SGPD T&I Digitalization and Robotic Execution
Authors: Al-Kulaib Ibrahim , Al-Marzooq Alaa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In order to ensure the company's facilities working at the optimum operating mood with the best in class reliability, Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard mandates executing a turnaround for a gas and oil separation plant (GOSP) every seven years. The purpose of the turnaround is to inspect and enhance the integrity of the major equipment, such as pressure vessels, drums, tanks, pumps, compressors, motors and so on. The methodology of planning and executing a turnaround is very crucial. The traditional methodology is to do manual planning, inspection and execution through paper-based checklists and traditional labor-based activities. However, at South Ghawar Producing Department (SGPD), the turnaround tracking is smartly digitalized to instantly get the required information for the plan, cost and execution. Moreover, the inspection is done through UAV drones and crawler robots to give accurate readings of the equipment conditions. Furthermore, 4IR technologies are utilized to execute maintenance activities accurately, timely and without any direct exposure of toxic materials which is a great HSE enhancement. The planning and execution of turnaround projects is done through four gates:
The implementation was done though:
Empowering Leaders, Enhanced Continuous Improvement Coaching Program
Authors: Al Bulushi J. Y. , Ba Wazer I. G. , Al Khaburi A. Z. , Al Kindi N. K. , Al Salmi A. A. , Al Zaabi Y. S. 
Published: November 2024

Executive Summary
The Coaching Competency Framework developed for Continuous Improvement (CI) Coaches at Petroleum Development Oman aims to enhance leadership capabilities, foster problem-solving teams, and embed a mindset of ongoing performance improvement and organizational change.
Implemented over a two-year full-time program with clear KPIs and timelines, the framework achieved a minimum 70% competency rate among participants. In 2024, the program underwent significant enhancements aligned with PDO's strategic goals, integrating goal deployment, agile methodologies, change management techniques, and international coaching standards alongside the original framework. These updates enriched participant experiences, facilitating practical application in real-world scenarios.
Results from 2021 to mid-year 2024 demonstrate that PDO's Change and Continuous Improvement Department successfully developed over 40 coaches capable in driving business with a Continuous Improvement mindset, yielding substantial benefits including increased oil production, reduced deferment, cost savings, enhanced FTE efficiency, GHG reductions, and improved safety protocols. The collective value generated from these initiatives are very high.
Transitioning the program to an accelerated two-year format aims to further amplify organizational benefits in the future. The Continuous Improvement Coaching Program Framework indicates replicable potential for adoption across oil and gas sectors in the region, underscoring the strategic value of investing in people to develop leadership for sustainable growth and operational excellence.
Enhancing Waterflood Efficiency Through Integrated Workflows and Advanced Analytics
Authors: Gerges Nader , Ahmed Basma , Belayouni Nidhal , Franco Alba , Shaikh Iliyas , Ayoubi Reda , Gore Sonal , Ramatullayev Samat 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Optimizing waterfloods requires a comprehensive approach that combines production-centric solutions with a focus on the subsurface reservoir. Holistic waterflood management requires a broad framework to cover all decision-making situations: operational, tactical, and strategic. In this paper, we seek to demonstrate a solution that combines physics-based streamlines flow dynamics together with advanced analytics to optimize short-term operational and tactical decision making.
Our approach integrates physics-based streamline data with well production and injection rates to estimate fluid flow dynamics. This enables comprehensive analysis of well performance, facilitating identification of potential workover candidates for optimization. We create and manage workover strategies, estimating their effects for effective interventions. Utilizing opportunity screening logic, the solution identifies opportunities for production/injection adjustments or injector conversions. Automated history match analysis refines these opportunities, focusing on high-quality matches. Integration with reservoir management guidelines and an automated economics engine prioritizes actionable opportunities. Flexible data ingestion ensures updated insights for enhanced decision-making.
The solution underwent successful piloting in two large ADNOC reservoirs with extensive waterflooding and thousands of wells. It generated numerous opportunities, enhancing understanding of injection-production dynamics. Notably, it provided actionable insights for short-term optimization, including injection / production increase / decrease and well conversions / shutdown. Serving as a decision support model, it offered alternatives and recommendations, optimized for operational and tactical decisions via comprehensive dashboards incorporating business KPIs.
This hybrid model, combining physics-based results with data-driven analytics, maximizes dynamic reservoir model utilization for short-term optimization and robust decision-making. Integrated with traditional petroleum engineering insights, it streamlines workflows and bridges subsurface and surface integration gaps, facilitating more efficient operations and resource utilization.
This paper introduces a novel approach to waterflood optimization, merging physics-based streamlines with advanced analytics for short-term operational and tactical decision-making. By integrating production-centric solutions with subsurface reservoir focus, it offers a holistic framework to address operational and tactical decision-making scenarios. This innovative methodology enhances traditional waterflood management practices, providing practicing engineers with a comprehensive toolset to optimize reservoir performance efficiently.
Design One, Build Many (D1BM) Concepts in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC)
Authors: Mehta J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The "Design One, Build Many" concept in Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) refers to a strategy that involves designing a standard set of components that can be replicated in multiple projects. This approach allows for cost savings and improved efficiency by minimising design and engineering efforts and maximising the use of standard components.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Standardisation: The first step is to standardise the design of critical components or systems frequently used in EPC projects. This involves creating a set of standard specifications, drawings, and design guidelines that can be used across multiple projects.
Modularisation: The next step is to modularise the design of the standard components, breaking them down into smaller, interchangeable parts, increasing flexibility in the design and reducing the amount of customisation required.
Replication: Once the standard components are designed and modularised, they can be replicated across multiple projects. This allows for standardised equipment, materials, and labour, resulting in cost savings and improved efficiency.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Cost Savings: Using standardised components and designs results in cost savings through economies of scale. Reduced design and engineering efforts and increased standard components and labour use also contribute to cost savings.
Improved Efficiency: The Design One, Build Many approach reduces the time required for design and engineering efforts and improves project efficiency by standardising components and reducing the need for customisation.
Quality Control: Standardisation and replication help improve quality control by reducing the potential for errors and enhancing the predictability of project outcomes.
Improved Safety: Standardisation of components and processes enhances safety by reducing potential errors and inconsistencies in construction and operation.
Reduced Environmental Impact: Standardised components and designs also reduce the environmental impact of EPC projects by reducing waste and improving energy efficiency.

Novel/Additive Information
The Design One, Build Many approach is valuable for achieving cost savings and improved efficiency in EPC projects. This approach can be utilised for offshore oil and gas/renewable energy (HVAC or HVDC platform), green hydrogen/ammonia, and oil and gas onshore projects. E.g. One platform will be designed for the base case with all standard requirements, and an alternate platform will be provided with a base case plus additional platform-specific requirements such as changes in water depth level for jacket design/ sand removal unit/ wax mitigation arrangement/corrosion inhibitor/gas lift/derating using HIPPS.
Understanding Different Mineralization Near Faults and Exploring Far Field Fractures Network Using Full Logging Suite in Khuff formation- The Case Study from Offshore, UAE
Authors: Uluyuz S. , Bradley T. , Ibe E. , Prabantara A. , Menon P. , Swedan T. , Belova N. , Hu J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Khuff formation of the United Arab Emirates, is a deep-seated reservoir with temperature exceeding 300 degF and it is characterized as a very dense and fractured unconventional reservoir. Khuff formations exhibit a very complex mineralogy and stratigraphy along with various stages of diagenetic burial, making it challenging to confidently characterize. A detailed fracture characterization and evaluation of the mineralogy is required to determine the possible source and extent of its occurrence. This paper presents an integrated approach using multiple sources of data to effectively characterize this complex unconventional reservoir.Standard reservoir properties were determined by integration of conventional and advanced logs. Detailed mineralogy was characterized using advanced pulsed neutron elemental spectroscopy logs, in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of cuttings, to understand the occurrence of identified minerals seen in this well.In the highly fractured reservoir, it was observed that both natural and induced fractures are present over many intervals, so making fracture analysis challenging. Utilizing high-resolution resistivity borehole image data provided high confidence detailed feature and facies identification that helped in classifying these fractures. Furthermore, integrating high-resolution resistivity borehole image data with acoustic near wellbore reflection images, confidence of fracture strike was increased. This integration enabled confident interpretation of the fracture and fault hierarchy within the Khuff formation, extending our insights up to 80 ft away from the borehole. Additionally, when integrating this information with minerology analysis and core data, it was observed that different fault and fracture zones are associated with different mineralization. This improved the understanding of the relationship between fracturing and faulting and mineralization, by comparison of detailed facies analysis to tectonic events: in particular, it was observed that thick anhydrite deposits correspond with deformation on internal argillaceous carbonates during compaction.This case study demonstrates the synergistic integration of various log measurements and data sources to confidently characterize formation properties, including fault-fracture network, mineralogy, and facies of the Khuff formation. By doing so, we gain a clear understanding of the formation in this specific area of the field We propose that this methodology can be applied to other similar complex carbonate formations to aid in characterizing their properties.
Combining Ultra-Deep Resistivity for Landing and Horizontal Sections to Maximize Reservoir Exposure in Complex Clastic Reservoirs Utilizing High Definition 1D and 3D Inversions
Authors: Abdulmohsen Mustafa , Bikchandaev Eduard , Al-Zawad Ahmed , Fouda Mohamed 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Prior to drilling the horizontal reservoir section of any well, a landing section is usually drilled to place trajectory of the well in the target zone. Selective logging-while drilling (LWD) sensors such as gamma ray, resistivity, density and neutron porosity may be considered to be used while drilling the landing section. Conventional LWD sensors have a limited depth of investigation (DOI) when compared to LWD reservoir mapping sensors. This paper presents the advantages of utilizing ultra-deep resistivity (UDR) tools to improve the landing practices and improve the well placement efficiency in the following horizontal sections.
Prior to drilling landing section intensive and comprehensive pre-well analysis is performed in order to identify optimal ultra-deep resistivity tool setting and frequencies for the purposes of getting most informative 1D and 3D inversions. Azimuthal ultra-deep resistivity tools along with triple combo logs have been utilized while drilling landing sections for multiple wells in complex clastics environment. Intensive analysis of ultra-deep resistivity data has been done and showed the optimum settings of the tool frequencies and transmitter-receiver spacings to successfully map the target zone at the maximum possible distance. High definition 1D and 3D inversions were used and provided valuable information for optimizing the landing strategy as well the well placement of the lateral section.
Ultra-Deep resistivity tools were able to map target higher resistive zone at distances higher than 50ft TVD away from the wellbore starting 75deg wellbore inclination. In addition, advanced ultra-deep resistivity inversion algorithms allowed the mapping of 6 distinct laminated low and high resistivity zones of variable properties and thicknesses. Target zone structural dip angle and thickness was identified while drilling allowing the well trajectory to be optimally placed in the target zone with the optimum hole inclination and to prevent accidental reservoir exit or unnecessary excessive drilling footage. LWD log responses of the drilled intervals have also confirmed the ultra-deep resistivity inversion response. Intensive analysis for the 3D inversion data improved reservoir insight revealing structural displacements in the target zone. All of this information were then used to optimize the strategy for the lateral well placement and as a result both laterals has been successfully geosteered in target zones of complex clastics reservoir with high net-to-gross ratio (NTG).
This paper describes an improved horizontal well landing practices allowing to successfully map and place the wells in the target zones and optimizing the well placement of the horizontal sections.
A Novel Approach to Enhancing the CO2 Sequestration Volumetric Capacity for CCS Project by Re-Injection of Produced Brine
Authors: Akhtar M. , Patil P. , Sridhar G. , Ibrahim M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Reducing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is crucial for mitigating climate change. CO2 Capture and Sequestration (CCS) is considered one of the most promising options for carbon reduction. It involves the injection of CO2 into the structural reservoirs in deep, permeable geologic formations. The effectiveness of CCS relies heavily on the geological and petrophysical properties of the storage reservoir. It has been studied that some percentage of injected supercritical CO2 is securely trapped underground via two major trapping mechanisms: physical trapping, and geochemical trapping. Physical trapping mechanisms include structural (hydrostratigraphic) trapping, residual (capillary) trapping, and sorption trapping. The physical trapping is relatively fixed for a given storage reservoir due to its geological parameters. The geochemical trapping mechanism occurs through solubility trapping and mineral trapping. It is very well known that solubility trapping includes slow diffusion in the aqueous phase and convective processes. In the case of mineral trapping, the process is over a much longer period, and it is one of the slowest mechanisms.

Methods, Procedures, and Process
This study employed a novel approach to enhance CO2 sequestration rates by injecting CO2 and brine produced from the same reservoir simultaneously. The solubility trapping occurs because of the dissolution of CO2 in the brine, leading to dense CO2-saturated brine. The main rate-limiting step in solubility trapping is the CO2 migration in brine which happens through diffusion and is very well known to be a slow process. To address this, the study proposed enhancing the mixing between injected CO2 and brine during the injection phase while maintaining reservoir pressure.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
Utilizing a systematic numerical model, the study identified an optimal approach involving a combination of CO2 and brine injection with brine production based on reservoir pressure transients. This strategy significantly enhanced CO2 injection rates, leading to a potential increase in CO2 sequestration capacity throughout the injection and storage campaign. Thus, with this innovative approach and with the use of existing CCS reservoir and existing facilities we achieved 10% to 30% more CO2 sequestration capacity through enhanced solubility trapping as well as some increment in mineral trapping.

Novel/Additive Information
A novel approach was employed to enhance CO2 sequestration rates by injecting CO2 and brine produced from the same reservoir simultaneously. This simulation exercise provides guidelines on enhanced reservoir management to increase CO2 sequestration rates and therefore volumes in a reservoir by managing the production and disposal of water. These novel guidelines enable operators to increase the economic value and ROI (Return on Investment) on such CSS projects.
Development and Demonstration of In-House Design Green Hydrogen Production Technologies with Reduced CAPEX and OPEX
Authors: Panigrahy Bharati , Rao B. Ramachandra , Maheshwari Vipul Kumar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Design of highly efficient cost effective and self-supported bi-functional electrocatalyst for the production of green Hydrogen is significant for renewable and sustainable energy conversion to achieve future carbon neutral. Meanwhile, as we know that the overall water splitting is an uphill reaction requires 285.8 kJ of energy, corresponds to the HHV of hydrogen, state-of-the-art developments are necessary to greatly improve the efficiency by rationally designing non-precious metal-based robust bi-functional catalysts for promoting both the cathodic hydrogen evolution and anodic oxygen evolution reactions. The performance of metal phosphide towards hydrogen and oxygen evolution was examined under application relevant conditions in an alkaline and anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer cell stack. The in-house designed stacked electrolyzer exhibited stable performances with a hydrogen production rate of few Nm3 per hour without any decay, pave the path towards large scale application with substantial reduction in CAPEX and OPEX cost.
Key Words: Water splitting, Green Hydrogen, Electrolyzer, Electrolysis, HER, OER