bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Turn to Sabotage by The Congress Movement in South Africa*
Authors: Stevens Simon 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Why did leaders of the Congress movement in South Africa abandon their exclusive reliance on non-violent means in the struggle against apartheid, form an armed unit (Umkhonto we Sizwe), and launch a campaign of spectacular sabotage bombings of symbols of apartheid in 1961? None of the earlier violent struggles from which Congress leaders drew inspiration, and none of the contemporaneous insurgencies against white minority rule elsewhere in southern Africa, involved a similar distinct, preliminary and extended phase of non-lethal symbolic sabotage. Following the 1960 Sharpeville massacre, Congress leaders feared the social and political consequences of increased popular enthusiasm for using violence. Nelson Mandela, Joe Slovo, and the other founders of Umkhonto we Sizwe did not launch their sabotage campaign because they believed it would prompt a change of heart among white South Africans, nor because they believed urban sabotage bombings were a necessary prelude to the launch of rural guerrilla warfare. Rather, the sabotage campaign was a spectacular placeholder, a stopgap intended to advertise the Congress movement's abandonment of exclusive non-violence and thus to discourage opponents of apartheid, both inside and outside South Africa, from supporting rival groups or initiating uncontrolled violent action themselves.
Prevalence and cumulative incidence of cancer, and mortality in patients with Takotsubo syndrome with focus on the index event
Authors: Tornvall P , Collste O , Pettersson H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
It has been suggested that Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is associated with cancer but previous studies have limitations.

Aim
To make a comprehensive analysis of prevalence and cumulative incidence of cancer, and mortality among TS patients with focus on the index event.

Design
A register-based case–control study.

Methods
The first new cancer occurrences (International Classification of Diseases C00–C75, C81–C96) were compared between 505 patients with TS without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and four age- and gender-matched controls comprising patients with acute coronary syndrome with obstructive CAD (CAD controls), respectively, with chest-pain without obstructive CAD at coronary angiography (controls without CAD).

Results
The prevalence of cancer before the index event was non-significantly (P = 0.052) higher in TS patients (15.8%) than in CAD controls (11.5%), respectively, higher (P = 0.028) than in controls without CAD (11.1%). There were no differences between the groups in cumulative incidence of cancer after the index event but a higher mortality in TS patients who developed cancer when compared with controls without CAD that developed cancer after the index event (P = 0.018).

Conclusions
There is an increased prevalence of first diagnosed cancer in TS patients before the index event but no increased cumulative incidence of cancer after the index event. The results does not support investigation for the possibility of a malignancy specifically in TS patients but in the event of cancer this patient group might need special care. However, if there is lack of a clear stressor it could be of importance to investigate the possibility of a malignancy.
Clinical course of acute deep vein thrombosis of the legs in Behçet’s syndrome
Authors: Ozguler Yesim , Hatemi Gulen , Cetinkaya Firat , Tascilar Koray , Hamuryudan Vedat , Ugurlu Serdal , Seyahi Emire , Yazici Hasan , Melikoglu Melike 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (LEDVT) is a serious complication of Behçet’s syndrome. Management constitutes mainly of administration of immunosuppressives, but the predictors of relapse and the optimal choice of immunosuppressives remain unclear. In this prospective study, we aimed to detect the risk and predictors of relapse and treatment response to different modalities.

Methods
All Behçet’s syndrome patients who presented with a first episode of acute LEDVT between 2010 and 2014 were prospectively followed with a standard protocol. Acute LEDVT was confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography. Serial planned Doppler ultrasonography assessments were performed during follow-up and additionally repeated in case of clinical suspicion. Recanalization rate was assessed at each visit. Our first-line treatment strategy consisted of AZA and CSs. IFN-alpha was used in patients who were refractory to or could not tolerate AZA or had concomitant eye involvement requiring further treatment.

Results
Thirty-three patients with LEDVT (26 M/7 F) were prospectively followed for 40.7 ± 13.4 months. Among the 33 patients, 23 relapses were observed in 15 patients. Relapse rates were 29%, 37% and 45% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Among the possible predictors of relapse, poor recanalization was the only significant factor [hazard ratio 4.34 (95% CI 1.96, 10.0)]. Overall 29 patients were treated with AZA and 17 with IFN-alpha. The relapse rate was lower and recanalization rate was higher with IFN-alpha compared with AZA (12% vs 45% and 86% vs 45%).

Conclusion
The relapse rate for LEDVT in Behçet’s syndrome is high despite AZA treatment. IFN-alpha seems to be a promising agent for preventing LEDVT relapses and achieving good recanalization.
The trustee’s lien and the law of insolvency: the Twain Meet in the Australian High Court: a comment on Carter Holt Harvey Woodproducts Australia Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth
Authors: Nitikman Joel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As with many things trust, the equitable rules defining a trustee’s right to an indemnity for acting as a trustee are shrouded in mystery. In particular, the issue of whether that right confers on the trustee an actual proprietary, in rem, beneficial, interest in the trust’s assets or merely an equitable right to access those assets to pay the trust’s debts in priority to the beneficiaries receiving them, has never been addressed by the highest court in any Commonwealth country. In a recent decision involving a priority claim by two creditors over the remaining surplus arising from the insolvency of a trading trust, the High Court of Australia, by a slim majority of 4-3, has held that the trustee does have a proprietary right to the trust’s assets. Joel Nitikman suggests that the majority’s reasoning and the jurisprudential basis on which it rests is either weak or ambiguous; the minority’s reasoning, to the effect that the trustee has only a preferential claim to the assets, is to be preferred.
Benzophenone-3 Passes Through the Blood-Brain Barrier, Increases the Level of Extracellular Glutamate, and Induces Apoptotic Processes in the Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex of Rats
Authors: Pomierny Bartosz , Krzyżanowska Weronika , Broniowska Żaneta , Strach Beata , Bystrowska Beata , Starek-Świechowicz Beata , Maciejska Alicja , Skórkowska Alicja , Wesołowska Julita , Walczak Maria , Budziszewska Bogusława 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Benzophenone-3 is the most commonly used UV filter. It is well absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Its best-known side effect is the impact on the function of sex hormones. Little is known about the influence of BP-3 on the brain. The aim of this study was to show whether BP-3 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to determine whether it induces nerve cell damage in susceptible brain structures, and to identify the mechanism of its action in the central nervous system. BP-3 was administered dermally during the prenatal period and adulthood to rats. BP-3 effect on short-term and spatial memory was determined by novel object and novel location recognition tests. BP-3 concentrations were assayed in the brain and peripheral tissues. In brain structures, selected markers of brain damage were measured. The study showed that BP-3 is absorbed through the rat skin, passes through the BBB. BP-3 raised oxidative stress and induced apoptosis in the brain. BP-3 increased the concentration of extracellular glutamate in examined brain structures and changed the expression of glutamate transporters. BP-3 had no effect on short-term memory but impaired spatial memory. The present study showed that dermal BP-3 exposure may cause damage to neurons what might be associated with the increase in the level of extracellular glutamate, most likely evoked by changes in the expression of GLT-1 and xCT glutamate transporters. Thus, exposure to BP-3 may be one of the causes that increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
mRNA-Sequencing Identifies Liver as a Potential Target Organ for Triphenyl Phosphate in Embryonic Zebrafish
Authors: Reddam Aalekhya , Mitchell Constance A , Dasgupta Subham , Kirkwood Jay S , Vollaro Alyssa , Hur Manhoi , Volz David C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a commonly used organophosphate flame retardant and plasticizer in the United States. Using zebrafish as a model, the overall objective of this study was to identify potential organs that might be targeted by TPHP during embryonic development. Based on mRNA-sequencing, TPHP exposure from 24 to 30 h post fertilization (hpf) and 24 to 48 hpf significantly affected the abundance of 305 and 274 transcripts, respectively, relative to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) controls. In addition to minor effects on cardiotoxicity- and nephrotoxicity-related pathways, ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) of significantly affected transcripts within 30- and 48-hpf embryos revealed that hepatotoxicity-related pathways were strongly affected following exposure to TPHP-alone. Moreover, although pretreatment with fenretinide (a retinoic acid receptor agonist) mitigated TPHP-induced pericardial edema and liver enlargement at 72 and 128 hpf, respectively, IPA revealed that fenretinide was unable to block TPHP-induced effects on cardiotoxicity-, nephrotoxicity-, and hepatotoxicity-related pathways at 48 hpf, suggesting that TPHP-induced effects on the transcriptome were not associated with toxicity later in development. In addition, based on Oil Red O staining, we found that exposure to TPHP nearly abolished neutral lipids from the embryonic head and trunk and, based on metabolomics, significantly decreased the total abundance of metabolites—including betaine, a known osmoprotectant—at 48 and 72 hpf. Overall, our data suggest that, in addition to the heart, TPHP exposure during early development results in adverse effects on the liver, lipid utilization, and osmoregulation within embryonic zebrafish.
Jobs and Land Use within Cities: A Survey of Theory, Evidence, and Policy
Authors: Goswami Arti Grover , Lall Somik V 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOver the last century, the urban spatial structure of cities has transformed dramatically from a traditional monocentric configuration to varying forms of decentralized organization. This paper reviews theory and empirical evidence to understand the urban morphology of jobs and land use within a city. Our survey highlights four broad insights: (i) The evolution of monocentric to polycentric centers have been accompanied by structural changes within the city. (ii) The internal geography of a city is an outcome of the trade-off between the pull from agglomeration economies and the push from congestion. (iii) The presence of externalities implies that the equilibrium spatial organization achieved by profit-maximizing firms may not necessarily be optimal. This justifies the role of public policy in addressing associated market failures. (iv) The productive edge and competitiveness of a city can be enhanced by introducing policies that increase the overall connectivity to take advantage of economic opportunities across the metropolitan area. The survey also puts together a wide range of policy instruments useful in closing the gap between equilibrium urban spatial structures and the optimal outcome.
Technical and Nontechnical Skills in Surgery
Authors: Pfandler Michael , Stefan Philipp , Mehren Christoph , Lazarovici Marc , Weigl Matthias 
Published: July 2019

Study Design.
Observational simulation study.

Objective.
The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between technical and nontechnical skills (NTS) in a simulated surgical procedure.

Summary of Background Data.
Although surgeons’ technical and NTS during surgery are crucial determinants for clinical outcomes, little literature is available in spine surgery. Moreover, evidence regarding how surgeons’ technical and NTS are related is limited.

Methods.
A mixed-reality and full-scale simulated operating room environment was employed for the surgical team. Eleven surgeons performed the vertebroplasty procedure (VP). Technical skills (TS) were assessed using Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill scores and senior expert-evaluated VP outcome assessment. NTS were assessed with the Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery. Kendall-Tau-b tests were performed for correlations. We further controlled the influence of surgeons′ experience (based on professional tenure and number of previous VPs performed).

Result.
Surgeons’ NTS correlated significantly with their technical performance (τ = 0.63; P = 0.006) and surgical outcome scores (τ = 0.60; P = 0.007). This association was attenuated when controlling for surgeons’ experience.

Conclusion.
Our results suggest that spine surgeons with higher levels of TS also apply better communication, leadership, and coordination behaviors during the procedure. Yet, the role of surgeons′ experience needs further investigation for improving surgeons’ intraoperative performance during spine surgery.

Level of Evidence: 3
B-Mode Ultrasound Findings in a Patient With Suspected Pulmonary Gangrene
Authors: Echivard Mathieu , Lichtenstein Daniel A. , Lala Adrian , Sanchez Anais Perez , Girerd Nicolas 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
Lung ultrasound has shown increasing diagnostic value in many lung diseases and has become an efficient tool in the management of dyspnea. In the present case report, we describe a new ultrasound feature of potential interest.

Data Sources:
Clinical observation of a patient.

Study Selection:
Case report.

Data Extraction:
Data were extracted from medical records, after obtaining consent from the patient’s family. Illustrations were extracted from the imaging software and a video device.

Data Synthesis:
A 56-year-old man was admitted with pneumonia of adverse outcome. Lung ultrasound, a method increasingly considered as a bedside gold standard in critically ill patients due to its overwhelming advantages, was the only tool able to specify the lung injuries. We describe herein a distinctive sign unequivocally evoking a destructive process suggestive of pulmonary gangrene, a variant of the fractal sign combining a lung consolidation with an underlying heterogeneous free fluid.

Conclusions:
Lung ultrasound may help highlight pulmonary gangrene, a poorly-known disease, with this new ultrasonographic description. The next step will be to ascertain the relation between this new ultrasound feature and pulmonary gangrene and to assess how this bedside diagnosis could impact the prognosis of the disease.
Supply Chain Delays in Antimicrobial Administration After the Initial Clinician Order and Mortality in Patients With Sepsis*
Authors: Kashiouris Markos G. , Zemore Zachary , Kimball Zachary , Stefanou Christos , Fowler Alpha A. , Fisher Bernard , de Wit Marjolein , Pedram Sammy , Sessler Curtis N. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
There is mounting evidence that delays in appropriate antimicrobial administration are responsible for preventable deaths in patients with sepsis. Herein, we examine the association between potentially modifiable antimicrobial administration delays, measured by the time from the first order to the first administration (antimicrobial lead time), and death among people who present with new onset of sepsis.

Design:
Observational cohort and case-control study.

Setting:
The emergency department of an academic, tertiary referral center during a 3.5-year period.

Patients:
Adult patients with new onset of sepsis or septic shock.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We enrolled 4,429 consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with a new diagnosis of sepsis. We defined 0–1 hour as the gold standard antimicrobial lead time for comparison. Fifty percent of patients had an antimicrobial lead time of more than 1.3 hours. For an antimicrobial lead time of 1–2 hours, the adjusted odds ratio of death at 28 days was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.07–1.54; p = 0.007); for an antimicrobial lead time of 2–3 hours was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.85–1.36; p = 0.6); for an antimicrobial lead time of 3–6 hours was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.26–1.95; p < 0.001); for an antimicrobial lead time of 6–12 hours was 1.36 (95% CI, 0.99–1.86; p = 0.06); and for an antimicrobial lead time of more than 12 hours was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.29–2.65; p = 0.001).

Conclusions:
Delays in the first antimicrobial execution, after the initial clinician assessment and first antimicrobial order, are frequent and detrimental. Biases inherent to the retrospective nature of the study apply. Known biologic mechanisms support these findings, which also demonstrate a dose-response effect. In contrast to the elusive nature of sepsis onset and sepsis onset recognition, antimicrobial lead time is an objective, measurable, and modifiable process.
Efficacy, Patient-Reported Outcomes, and Safety in Male Subjects Treated With OnabotulinumtoxinA for Improvement of Moderate to Severe Horizontal Forehead Lines
Authors: Keaney Terrence C. , Cavallini Maurizio , Leys Christophe , Rossi Anthony , Drinkwater Adrienne , Manson Brown Stephanie , Garcia Julie K. , Mao Cheri 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND
Men represent a growing segment of the facial aesthetic market.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate investigator-assessed efficacy, patient-reported outcomes, and safety after onabotulinumtoxinA treatment of forehead lines (FHL) in men.

METHODS
Subjects with moderate to severe FHL received onabotulinumtoxinA (frontalis: 20 U; glabellar complex: 20 U, with/without 24 U in crow's feet regions) or placebo in 6-month, double-blind periods of 2 pivotal trials. Results for men were pooled.

RESULTS
Men comprised 12% (140/1,178) of subjects. Day 30 male responder rates for achieving at least 1-grade Facial Wrinkle Scale (FWS) improvement at maximum eyebrow elevation and at rest were 98.2% and 93.3%, respectively; a significant difference in responder rates was maintained versus placebo (p < .05) through Day 150. Despite men having proportionately more severe FHL at baseline, 81.8% and 79.8% achieved Day 30 FWS ratings of none or mild at maximum eyebrow elevation and at rest, respectively (p < .05); significance versus placebo was maintained through Day 120. Men reported high satisfaction rates and improved psychological impacts. No new safety signals were detected.

CONCLUSION
Standard dosing and administration of onabotulinumtoxinA significantly improved static and dynamic FHL appearance, despite men having proportionately more severe FHL at baseline. Men reported high satisfaction and appearance-related psychological impact improvements.
Autoantibodies produce pain in complex regional pain syndrome by sensitizing nociceptors
Authors: Cuhadar Ulku , Gentry Clive , Vastani Nisha , Sensi Serena , Bevan Stuart , Goebel Andreas , Andersson David A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a posttraumatic pain condition with an incompletely understood pathophysiological basis. Here, we have examined the cellular basis of pain in CRPS using behavioral and electrophysiological methods in mice treated with IgG from CRPS patients, in combination with a paw incision. Mice were subjected to a hind paw skin–muscle incision alone, or in combination with administration of IgG purified from either healthy control subjects or patients with persistent CRPS. Nociceptive function was examined behaviorally in vivo, and electrophysiologically in vitro using skin–nerve preparations to study the major classes of mechanosensitive single units. Administration of IgG from CRPS patients exacerbated and prolonged the postsurgical hypersensitivity to noxious mechanical, cold, and heat stimulation, but did not influence tactile sensitivity after a paw incision. Studies of IgG preparations pooled from patient cohorts (n = 26-27) show that pathological autoantibodies are present in the wider population of patients with persistent CRPS, and that patients with more severe pain have higher effective autoantibody titres than patients with moderate pain intensity. Electrophysiological investigation of skin–nerve preparations from mice treated with CRPS IgG from a single patient identified both a significantly increased evoked impulse activity in A and C nociceptors, and an increased spontaneous impulse rate in the intact saphenous nerve. Our results show that painful hypersensitivity in persistent CRPS is maintained by autoantibodies, which act by sensitizing A and C nociceptors.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: the role of circulating tumor DNA
Authors: Habib Joseph R. , Yin Lingdi , Yu Jun 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers in humans, and utilized treatments over the past decades have shown little evidence of improvement in survival. This lack of progress in PDAC treatment outcomes has largely been attributed to a variety of limitations in all phases of care. These limitations most notably include late diagnosis leading to limited treatment options and consequently poorer response to treatments and eventual outcomes. Clinical implications regarding the emergence of circulating tumor cells and DNA (ctDNA) have shown promise in augmenting each step in the management of PDAC. This paper will review the emergence of ctDNA and its value in detection of common PDAC DNA alterations, potential clinical implications and utility, followed by the current limitations and the next steps that need to be taken to translate its use into a standard of care.
Nonthyroidal illness in critically ill children
Authors: Jacobs An , Vanhorebeek Ilse , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of review
This review summarizes recent literature on nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTI) and outcome of pediatric critical illness, to provide insight in pathophysiology and therapeutic implications.

Recent findings
NTI is typically characterized by lowered triiodothyronine levels without compensatory TSH rise. Although NTI severity is associated with poor outcome of pediatric critical illness, it remains unclear whether this association reflects an adaptive protective response or contributes to poor outcome. Recently, two metabolic interventions that improved outcome also altered NTI in critically ill children. These studies shed new light on the topic, as the results suggested that the peripheral NTI component, with inactivation of thyroid hormone, may represent a beneficial adaptation, whereas the central component, with suppressed TSH-driven thyroid hormone secretion, may be maladaptive. There is currently insufficient evidence for treatment of NTI in children. However, the recent findings raised the hypothesis that reactivation of the central NTI component could offer benefit, which should be tested in RCTs.

Summary
NTI in critically ill children can be modified by metabolic interventions. The peripheral, but not the central, component of NTI may be a beneficial adaptive response. These findings open perspectives for the development of novel strategies to improve outcome of critical illness in children.