bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leisure Time and Transportation Walking Among Adults With and Without Arthritis in the United States, 2010
Authors: Hootman Jennifer M. , Theis Kristina A. , Barbour Kamil E. , Paul Prabasaj , Carlson Susan A. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveWalking is a joint‐friendly activity for adults with arthritis. The aim of this study was to estimate, among adults with arthritis, the prevalence of leisure and transportation walking overall (by arthritis status and by sociodemographic and health characteristics), the number of total minutes walking per week in each domain, and the distributions of walking bout length (i.e., short periods of activity) in minutes.MethodsData were obtained from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. Prevalence estimates (percentages and 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) of leisure and transportation walking in the past 7 days and walking bout times were calculated (in minutes), as were multivariable Poisson regression models, which account for the complex sample design.ResultsPrevalence of leisure walking was 45.9% (95% CI 44.2–47.6) for adults with arthritis versus 51.9% (95% CI 50.9–52.9) for those without. Transportation walking prevalence was 23.0% (95% CI 21.7–24.4) for adults with arthritis versus 32.0% (95% CI 31.0–33.0) for those without. The total time of leisure walking per week did not differ in adults with arthritis compared to those without (77.3 versus 78.3 minutes, respectively; P = 0.62), while total time of transportation walking did differ (49.8 versus 58.1 minutes, respectively; P = 0.03). The most common walking bout length differed between leisure (26–40 minutes) and transportation (10–15 minutes) walking, but not by arthritis status. In separate adjusted multivariable models, obesity was consistently negatively associated with both walking outcomes, and being physically active was positively associated with both; lower extremity joint pain was not associated.ConclusionBy adding short bouts, leisure and transportation walking could be adopted by large proportions of adults with arthritis. Existing evidence‐based programs can help increase physical activity.
Superplasticity in Gold Nanowires through the Operation of Multiple Slip Systems
Authors: Cao Guang , Wang Jiangwei , Du Kui , Wang Xuelu , Li Jixue , Zhang Ze , Mao Scott X. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDislocation activity in metallic nanowires often causes shear localization and premature necking, resulting in an early fracture. Here, in situ nanomechanical testing reveals a strong orientation‐dependent dislocation‐mediated superplastic deformation in gold (Au) nanowires, with more than 100% uniform elongation achieved before the fracture of [111]‐oriented nanowires. Such superplastic deformability of [111]‐oriented Au nanowires originates from the close coordination of homogeneously activated dislocation events on the three equivalent slip planes, which effectively eliminates the dislocation‐induced deformation localization in Au nanowires with other orientations. This work sheds new light on the dislocation plasticity in metallic nanostructures, and is of technological importance for designing metallic nanostructures and nanodevices with high reliability.
Interfacial Contact is Required for Metal‐Assisted Plasma Etching of Silicon
Authors: Sun Julia B. , Almquist Benjamin D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor decades, fabrication of semiconductor devices has utilized well‐established etching techniques to create complex nanostructures in silicon. The most common dry process is reactive ion etching which fabricates nanostructures through the selective removal of unmasked silicon. Generalized enhancements of etching have been reported with mask‐enhanced etching with Al, Cr, Cu, and Ag masks, but there is a lack of reports exploring the ability of metallic films to catalytically enhance the local etching of silicon in plasmas. Here, metal‐assisted plasma etching (MAPE) is performed using patterned nanometers‐thick gold films to catalyze the etching of silicon in an SF6/O2 mixed plasma, selectively increasing the rate of etching by over 1000%. The catalytic enhancement of etching requires direct Si‐metal interfacial contact, similar to metal‐assisted chemical etching (MACE), but is different in terms of the etching mechanism. The mechanism of MAPE is explored by characterizing the degree of enhancement as a function of Au catalyst configuration and relative oxygen feed concentration, along with the catalytic activities of other common MACE metals including Ag, Pt, and Cu.
Photocurrent Engineering of Silicon Nanowire Field‐Effect Transistors by Ultrathin Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: In Chihun , Kim Daewon , Roh Young‐Geun , Kim Sang Won , Lee Hyangsook , Park Yeonsang , Kim Sangsig , Kim Un Jeong , Choi Hyunyong , Hwang Sung Woo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhotoresponse on the silicon nanowire (SiNW) and organic semiconductor interfaces embedding an insulating barrier is understood by a photogating effect associated with charge separations. Still elusive one is when the thickness of organic semiconductor is decreased down to a few molecular layers, where the photoresponse can be strongly altered by the spatial confinement of photoinduced carriers. In this work, the photoresponse modulation of SiNW field‐effect transistors coated with an ultrathin organic semiconductor poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported, where the P3HT layer thickness is changed by an order of magnitude. In the absence of laser illumination, the P3HT interface on SiNW slightly decreases the SiNW channel current, irrespective of the P3HT thickness. Upon the laser illumination, the thick case of P3HT layers (≈100 nm) supports the dissociation of photoinduced electrons and holes, hence the photogating effect largely decreases the SiNW channel current. When the P3HT layer thickness is decreased down to the P3HT hole diffusion length (≈8.5 nm), the photoinduced P3HT holes screen out the P3HT interface states, effectively increasing the SiNW channel current up to the intrinsic level. The method of engineering the organic semiconductor thickness suggests a complementary optoelectronic operation, verifying the controllable photoresponse within a compact nanodevice.
Conformal Physical Vapor Deposition Assisted by Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Application for Stretchable Conductors
Authors: Min Joong‐Hee , Chen Yi‐An , Chen I‐Te , Sun Tianlei , Lee Dennis T. , Li Chengjun , Zhu Yong , O'Connor Brendan T. , Parsons Gregory N. , Chang Chih‐Hao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhysical vapor deposition (PVD) is a versatile thin‐film coating technique that can deposit a wide selection of inorganic materials at low cost. However, the process is based on line‐of‐sight transfer, which can lead to shadowing effects and limit film uniformity over nonplanar topographies. This work describes improving conformal PVD coating on polymer nanostructures by increasing surface energy using a thin oxide interlayer deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The proposed ALD‐assisted PVD process allows conformal coating at low cost, and can be adopted for a wide variety of materials compatible with tradition PVD. Conformal gold films over nanostructures with 500 nm half‐pitch and aspect ratio up to 1.5 are demonstrated. The film uniformity is characterized using cross‐sectional electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electrical measurements, showing a clear improvement in coating uniformity with the oxide interlayer. This PVD process is then used to fabricate metallic nano‐accordion structures, which can be used for stretchable conductors. The demonstrated process can improve material selection and reduce process cost of conformal coating, which can find applications in integrated circuit manufacturing, stretchable electronics, and wearable sensors.
Flexible All‐Solid‐State Electrically Tunable Photonic Crystals
Authors: Chang Hyung‐Kwan , Park Jungyul 
Published: October 2018

AbstractElectrically tunable photonic crystals (ETPCs) are promising intelligent materials because of their precise and easy control, fast response time, and convenient implementation. However, the previously reported ETPCs require specific liquid cells that contain solvent, electrolytes, or liquid crystals. These features result in a long switching time, large hysteresis, long and complex fabrication process, and unstable operation with a short lifetime. Here, to address these issues, a new approach of ETPCs, that is, flexible all‐solid‐state ETPCs, is proposed through chemically induced polymer swelling and lattice control in photonic crystals using dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). The all‐solid‐state ETPCs show a wide range of color changes from red to blue‐green and long‐term stable operation with low hysteresis. The DEA coated with transparent compliant electrodes stretches the chemically swollen colloidal crystal‐polydimethylsiloxane composite (redshift) under an applied electric field; the swollen interlattice distance in the colloidal crystals decreases with the electrically induced stretching, causing a blueshift in the color. The conformable color change of the ETPCs on a 3D structure is successfully demonstrated owing to their unique flexibility by covering 3D surfaces with the developed ETPCs. The proposed flexible all‐solid‐state ETPCs are expected to be used as artificial camouflage skins in the future.
Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood
Authors: Vasileva Elena , Chen Hui , Li Yuanyuan , Sychugov Ilya , Yan Max , Berglund Lars , Popov Sergei 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTransparent wood (TW) is a biocomposite material with hierarchical structure, which exhibits high optical transmittance and anisotropic light scattering. Here, the relation between anisotropic scattering and the internal structure of transparent wood is experimentally studied and the dependence of scattering anisotropy on material thickness, which characterizes the fraction of ballistic photons in the propagating light, is shown. The limitations of the conventional haze, as it is implemented to isotropic materials, are discussed, and a modified characteristic parameter of light scattering—the degree of anisotropic scattering is defined. This parameter together with the transport mean free path value is more practical and convenient for characterization of the material scattering properties. It is believed that the generic routine described in this paper can be applied for scattering characterization and comparison of other TW materials of either different thickness, optical quality or based on various wood species.
Estimating seed and pollen dispersal kernels from genetic data demonstrates a high pollen dispersal capacity for an endangered palm species
Authors: Santos Jaqueline dos , Varassin Isabela Galarda , Muschner Valéria Cunha , Ovaskainen Otso 
Published: October 2018

Premise of the StudySeed and pollen dispersal are key processes shaping plant population dynamics and maintaining genetic diversity. The essence of these processes is the movement of propagules from a parental tree to the site of propagule establishment. The estimation of plant dispersal kernels has remained challenging due to the difficulty of making direct observations. We estimated the dispersal capacity of the endangered palm Euterpe edulis, whose seeds are dispersed by vertebrates and pollen by insects.MethodsWe used a hierarchical Bayesian model with genetic data from reproductive plants, juveniles, and embryos to estimate dispersal kernels. Our analyses account for genotyping error and uncertainty in parental assignment.Key ResultsWe found that seeds were dispersed at most a few hundred meters, but pollen was dispersed up to several kilometers. We hypothesize that this long‐distance pollen dispersal is generated mainly by euglossine bees, whereas the main dispersal vectors for short‐distance seed dispersal are thrushes. The long‐distance dispersal of pollen suggests a high level of gene flow that should maintain genetic diversity of E. edulis. Despite the relation between long‐distance dispersal and genetic diversity, we observed low genetic diversity and inbreeding within the local population, which are probably due to restricted gene flow due to the low density of this population and its aggregated spatial distribution.ConclusionsWe conclude that if conservation actions are able to restore the population density of E. edulis, the recovery of its genetic diversity will be facilitated because of its high dispersal capacity, especially with regard to pollen.
Intellectual disability due to monoallelic variant in GATAD2B and mosaicism in unaffected parent
Authors: Rabin Rachel , Millan Francisca , Cabrera‐Luque Juan , Pappas John 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe GATA zing finger domain‐containing protein 2B (GATAD2B) gene encodes the p66beta protein, a subunit of the MeCP1‐Mi2/ nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex, which is involved in transcription regulation and chromatin remodeling. Pathogenic variants in the GATAD2B gene have recently been associated with a recognizable neurodevelopmental syndrome, characterized by intellectual disability, limited speech, childhood hypotonia, and dysmorphic features. The majority of reported patients resulted from de novo loss of function (LOF) variants. We report a patient identified through whole exome sequencing analysis where a healthy mother was found to be low level mosaic for the pathogenic LOF variant found in her child, who is affected with GATAD2B‐associated neurodevelopmental disorder (GAND). This variant was only found with the use of next generation sequencing technology in the mother and confirmed by digital droplet PCR. We summarize additional patients with GATAD2B LOF variants from a literature review and with our patient we contribute to delineate the phenotypic spectrum of GAND. We highlight the importance of detailed genetic testing, testing method, and counseling for cases of somatic mosaicism in an unaffected parent of children with GAND. This inheritance may be underreported and has a direct impact on reproductive planning and prenatal diagnosis.
Effects of geometry and PVP addition on mechanical behavior of PEI membranes for use in wastewater treatment
Authors: Tufekci Mertol , Gunes‐Durak Sevgi , Ormanci‐Acar Turkan , Tufekci Nese 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the mechanical behavior and design of membrane filters that are used in water and wastewater treatment. The aim of this study is, after characterizing the mechanical behavior of the membrane materials, to find a better shape in terms of mechanical parameters. As the first step, uniaxial tensile testing is applied to the produced polymeric membranes with certain contents of poly(ether imide), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to get an understanding of the mechanical behavior of the membrane materials. The material data obtained from this experimental process are used as input to software where a finite element model of the membrane is built. Each geometry has the same boundary conditions and the same area, and the same pressure is applied to each geometry. Using these numerical models, the selected geometries are analyzed in terms of displacement, equivalent stress, and equivalent strain. The results are discussed based on these parameters. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47073.
A novel temperature‐tolerant foamed resin for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Hou Baofeng , He Hong , Jia Ruixiu , Fu Meilong , Cao Yanbin , He Shaoqun , Luo Liwen , Huang Youqing 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe synthesis and performance of a novel temperature‐tolerant foamed resin for enhanced oil recovery were investigated using various methods, including infrared, NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and displacement experiments. Polycondensation of furfuryl alcohol prepolymers was confirmed by the infrared and NMR results. The poor temperature tolerance of furfuryl alcohol prepolymers after gelation at high temperatures is mainly due to the fracture of furan rings. The addition of ester additives is an effective method of increasing the temperature tolerance of the prepared foamed resins and can effectively reduce the weight‐loss rate of the polycondensation products. The SEM results show that the skeleton structure of the foamed resin remains intact after high‐temperature treatment. Thus, the novel plugging agent system has excellent thermal stability and still has a high strength (>0.8 MPa) after high‐temperature aging treatment for 40 days, giving the prepared foamed resin a good plugging performance (plugging rate > 91%) at 250 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47161.
Solvothermally reduced graphene oxide/polyimide composites: Structures and thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Zhang Xin , Ma Yahui , Pei Yingjin , Zheng Shuojin , Fang Qinghong , Li Yao , Niu Yongan 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTSolvothermally reduced graphene oxide (SRGO)/polyimide (PI) composites were prepared by in situ polymerization. The structures and components were carefully investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Thermal properties were measured by thermogravimetry and dynamic thermomechanical analysis. Mechanical properties were carefully evaluated by tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy. The SRGO/PI composites exhibit extremely high tensile strength and elastic modulus, which is 30% higher than that of pure PI film. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of SRGO/PI composites also displays an obvious enhancement. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47164.
Feasibility of utilizing autism navigator® for primary care in South Africa
Authors: Chambers Nola J. , de Vries Petrus J. , Delehanty Abigail D. , Wetherby Amy M. 
Published: October 2018

There is a significant research‐to‐practice gap in early detection of young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) worldwide but particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) where expertise is limited and high‐quality training is difficult to access. Autism Navigator® for Primary Care is a web‐based course designed to increase awareness of red flags of ASD in the second year of life and thus promote earlier detection and referral for intervention. It contains extensive video illustrations that offer rapid access to multiple exemplars of ASD red flags. This study examined aspects of feasibility of the Autism Navigator® for Primary Care in one LMIC, South Africa. A mixed‐methods quasi‐experimental design was used to examine relevant professionals' implementation of the course and measure changes in their knowledge of red flags after training. Perceptions of the acceptability, demand, and practicality of the course were explored in focus groups. Sixty‐two providers completed the course online with a 94% completion rate. Built‐in learner assessment pass rates ranged from 88% to 100%. Second‐language English speakers took longer to complete the learner assessments, and professionals with less access to the Internet spent less time in the course. Participants' perceptions of the acceptability, demand, and practicality of the course were mostly positive with some suggestions made for local conditions. Results supported the feasibility of the course in this LMIC with some supports required pertaining to language and Internet access. We propose that this training has the potential to lower the age of detection of ASD in South Africa and other LMICs. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1511–1521. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryProfessionals in low‐ and middle‐income countries urgently need training to recognize red flags of autism in very young children. The feasibility of utilizing the Autism Navigator® for Primary Care course for this training was explored with 62 South African professionals. After training, professionals' knowledge of early red flags improved, and most reported the course important and needed in South Africa. They found the web‐based design mostly acceptable, practical, and culturally applicable. The course could help lower the age of autism detection.
Infant quantitative risk for autism spectrum disorder predicts executive function in early childhood
Authors: Stephens Rebecca L. , Watson Linda R. , Crais Elizabeth R. , Reznick J. Steven 
Published: October 2018

Much of the current research concerning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) focuses on early identification of behaviors that may indicate future deficits or higher risk for a later diagnosis. Additionally, there exists a strong claim regarding the dimensional nature of ASD, such that even among non‐diagnosed individuals, a continuous distribution of symptom severity can be observed. Executive function (EF) has been widely studied in children, adolescents, and adults with ASD, with a robust body of research supporting widespread EF deficits in diagnosed individuals. However, it remains unclear how the degree of ASD symptomatology, outside of the presence of a diagnosis, affects EF abilities in a community sample. The First Year Inventory 2.0 (FYI 2.0), a parent‐report measure, was designed to identify infants at 12 months who are at risk for an eventual ASD diagnosis. In the current study, a continuous scoring scale was used to examine risk (overall, Social‐Communication, and Sensory‐Regulatory) from a dimensional perspective. Parents also completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function‐Preschool Version and the Social Responsiveness Scale‐2nd edition when their children were 42 months (3.5 years) old. Each FYI 2.0 risk variable significantly predicted scores on an overall EF composite and specific EF subscales. When controlling for general ASD symptomatology, Sensory‐Regulatory risk still significantly predicted EF deficits. This research provides additional support for a quantitative consideration of risk for ASD and presents novel findings regarding the relation between infant behaviors indicative of ASD risk and EF in early childhood. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1532–1541. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have difficulty with executive function (EF) tasks that require a set of mental processes involved in goal‐directed behaviors. Studying children without ASD who may have symptoms affecting EF is also important. This study demonstrates that certain infant behaviors related to ASD are linked to early childhood EF difficulties. These results support looking at a range of ASD symptoms to better understand children who struggle with EF and potentially design tools to help them.