bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Roughness Analysis of Stainless Steel Counterface (AISI-304) Subjected to Treated Betelnut Fiber–Reinforced Polyester (T-BFRP) Composites Aged in Different Solutions with Different Kinematic Viscosity
Authors: Nirmal Umar , Hashim Jamil , Megat Ahmad M. M. H. , Yuhazri M. Y. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The current research aims to study the surface roughness (Ra) analysis of stainless steel counterface type AISI-304 subjected to Treated Betelnut Fiber–Reinforced Polyester (T-BFRP) composites that are aged for a period of 3 years in different solutions with different kinematic viscosity. The test was conducted with a pin-on-disk wear test rig, which was designed and fabricated in-house according to ASTM G99-05, Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus (Superseded). Different sliding distances (0–3.36 km) at a fixed applied normal load of 30 N subjected to a smooth stainless steel (60 HB) counterface at a sliding velocity of 2.83 m/s were used as the experimental parameters. Different orientations (O) of the betelnut fiber mats with respect to the sliding direction of the counterface were investigated, i.e., antiparallel (AP) and parallel (P) directions. The worn surface morphology was studied using a metallurgical microscope. Results revealed that the aged T-BFRP composite in a R134a solution demonstrated the lowest Ra values after the sliding wear test and after the counterface was cleaned. This result is due to the lowest absorption rate (i.e., highest kinematic viscosity) incurred by the aged AP and P test specimens as compared to the other types of aging solutions. As such, the improvement in Ra values of the samples aged in R134a solution were 87.8 and 99.9 % for the aged AP and P test samples, respectively, as compared to the aged neat polyester (NP) samples. It was also noted that the fibers had low absorption rates when they were aged in solutions with high kinematic viscosity; in other words, the aged T-BFRP composite demonstrated the lowest absorption rate (≈0.0085 %) when it was aged in the R134a solution. Aged NP did not show any remarkable absorption into the test samples mainly because of the absence of fibers. All in all, this work reveals a possible method that can be used to lower the damage on abrasiveness to processing equipment by means of aging the composite in various solutions with different kinematic viscosities.
Using a Beta (β) Correction to Improve the Life Predictions of Cold-Expanded Holes in 2024-T3 & 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Carlson Scott , Pilarczyk Robert T. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Fastener holes represent the most common fatigue details found in airframe structures. In order to minimize the impact fastener holes have on the fatigue behavior of critical aircraft components, many are processed by cold expansion (Cx). Cx imposes a residual compressive stress field around a hole that retards fatigue crack growth (FCG) and increases the fatigue life of the component. In order to take analytical advantage of the Cx process, a “one size fits all” method of reducing the initial flaw size to a minimum of a 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) symmetric corner crack is often employed. This approach leads to predictions that do not represent the physics of crack growth behavior within materials that have been processed using Cx. A physics-based approach was investigated to take analytical advantage of the Cx process. The authors developed an empirical-based factor (β) to characterize the effect of Cx on the FCG behavior within 2024-T351 and 7075-T651 aluminum alloys. This method takes into account the interaction of the fatigue crack and the residual stress field. This β can be used in FCG analysis to provide an accurate model of the crack growth behavior at Cx holes. In order to develop accurate da/dN versus ΔK plots for the Cx configuration, finite element modeling was used to calculate stress intensities along the crack front. By using the fracture-mechanics-based similitude principle, the nonCx and Cx da/dN versus ΔK data were compared and β corrections representing the residual stress field in the body were calculated.
Limited Mutation-Rate Variation Within the Paramecium aurelia Species Complex
Authors: Long Hongan , Doak Thomas G , Lynch Michael 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Mutation is one of the most fundamental evolutionary forces. Studying variation in the mutation rate within and among closely-related species can help reveal mechanisms of genome divergence, but such variation is unstudied in the vast majority of organisms. Previous studies on ciliated protozoa have found extremely low mutation rates. In this study, using mutation-accumulation techniques combined with deep whole-genome sequencing, we explore the germline base-substitution mutation-rate variation of three cryptic species in the Paramecium aurelia species complex—P. biaurelia, P. sexaurelia, and P. tetraurelia. We find that there is extremely limited variation of the mutation rate and spectrum in the three species and confirm the extremely low mutation rate of ciliates.
Repeated Selection of Alternatively Adapted Haplotypes Creates Sweeping Genomic Remodeling in Stickleback
Authors: Bassham Susan , Catchen Julian , Lescak Emily , von Hippel Frank A , Cresko William A 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAfter the catastrophic 1964 Alaskan earthquake, marine stickleback colonized newly created ponds on seismically uplifted islands. Bassham and Catchen et al. show that, in replicate populations, as much as a quarter...Heterogeneous genetic divergence can accumulate across the genome when populations adapt to different habitats while still exchanging alleles. How long does diversification take and how much of the genome is affected? When divergence occurs in parallel from standing genetic variation, how often are the same haplotypes involved? We explore these questions using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing genotyping data and show that broad-scale genomic repatterning, fueled by copious standing variation, can emerge in just dozens of generations in replicate natural populations of threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). After the catastrophic 1964 Alaskan earthquake, marine stickleback colonized newly created ponds on seismically uplifted islands. We find that freshwater fish in these young ponds differ from their marine ancestors across the same genomic segments previously shown to have diverged in much older lake populations. Outside of these core divergent regions the genome shows no population structure across the ocean–freshwater divide, consistent with strong local selection acting in alternative environments on stickleback populations still connected by significant gene flow. Reinforcing this inference, a majority of divergent haplotypes that are at high frequency in ponds are detectable in the sea, even across great geographic distances. Building upon previous population genomics work in this model species, our data suggest that a long history of divergent selection and gene flow among stickleback populations in oceanic and freshwater habitats has maintained polymorphisms of alternatively adapted DNA sequences that facilitate parallel evolution.
Surgical outcomes for lumbar spinal canal stenosis in elderly patients
Authors: Mirzashahi Babak , Aghajani Mohammad , Mirbazegh Fatemeh , Zebardast Jayran , Ghasemi Elham 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of the study: To understand surgical outcomes, based on standardized tools, after surgery of lumbar spinal canal stenosis in patients aged 65 years and older.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 58 elderly patients before and after surgery. Demographic data, procedures, perioperative comorbidities, preoperative and postoperative pain intensity, primary activities of daily living, quality of life, and fear avoidance were collected at baseline. All patients were followed up to 6 and 12 months after operation.
Results: Following surgery, there was a significant reduction in the VAS scale (for pain severity) and fear avoidance beliefs (FAB) questionnaire scale (P<0.001), and a significant increase in the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) index and the Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living (ADL), which assesses functional independence) (P<0.001).
Implication: The present study suggests that surgery in elderly patients is effective for the treatment of spinal stenosis, in those patients who did not respond well to conservative treatment.
Znaczenie rozsądku i umiaru w życiu jednostki i społeczeństwa
Authors: Żardecka Magdalena 
Published: May 2018

Artykuł rozpoczyna się od rozważań natury ogólnej na temat pojęcia cnoty oraz etyki cnót. Następnie omówione są dwie podstawowe cnoty etyczne – umiar i rozsądek – w wersjach typowych dla filozofii antycznej oraz myśli chrześcijańskiej. W kolejnej odsłonie ukazany jest rozsądek jako mądrość tragiczna, o której poucza nas antyczna tragedia, po czym prezentowana jest współczesność jako okresu kryzysu etyki cnót. Wskazuje się na kilka możliwych źródeł tego kryzysu. Skutkiem kryzysu jest triumf kultury konsumpcyjnej. Można powiedzieć, że zatomizowane, schorowane społeczeństwo i osamotniona, infantylna jednostka cierpią na chroniczny brak rozsądku i umiaru. W zakończeniu formułuje się wniosek, że remedium na tę dolegliwość może być sztuka, która porusza umysły i serca i dociera do licznych odbiorców, w szczególności zaś poezja, która jest w stanie skutecznie doprowadzić do konwersji naszego spojrzenia na życie.
Umiar i rozsądek jako cnoty efektywnego altruisty
Authors: Synowiec Jakub 
Published: May 2018

W artykule została podjęta próba zrekonstruowania znaczenia cnót umiarkowania i rozsądku dla powstania ruchu filozoficzno­‑społecznego: Efektywnego Altruizmu i praktyki życia efektywnych altruistów w oparciu o publikacje jego kluczowych przedstawicieli: Petera Singera i Williama MacAskilla. W pierwszej części artykułu krótko referuję genezę i filozoficzne podstawy Efektywnego Altruizmu. Następnie staram się określić rolę rozsądku i umiarkowania w teoretycznych rozważaniach nad efektywnym altruizmem oraz w praktyce życia osób utożsamiających się z ruchem, w odniesieniu do rozumienia tych cnót zaprezentowanego przez Arystotelesa. Przedstawione rozumowanie wspiera tezę, że cnoty te mają kluczowe znaczenie dla praktyki codziennego życia efektywnych altruistów. Ostatnia część koncentruje się wokół spostrzeżenia, że Efektywny Altruizm może być w pewnym sensie alternatywą dla postawy konsumpcjonistycznej i przyczynić się do rehabilitacji tytułowych cnót w życiu publicznym.
Reasoning and Moderation as Principles of International Humanitarian Law (Part 1)
Authors: Baran Magdalena M. 
Published: May 2018

Myślenie o wojnie oznacza stawianie czoła ideom i teoriom znacznie odmiennym od tych, które napotykamy w codziennym życiu. Nawet dobrze znane koncepcje wymagają redefinicji. Pośród idei, które możemy uznać za intelektualne narzędzia wojny, należy wskazać dwie zasadnicze, towarzyszące każdemu rozważaniu o wojnie jako takiej. Są to umiar i rozsądek. Obie powinny być obecne w myśleniu o wojnie, niezależnie od tego, czy analizie poddawany jest jej polityczny, prawny, etyczny czy ludzki wymiar; i z drugiej strony niezależnie od tego, czy rozważamy jej znaczenie dla całej wspólnoty czy dla życia/losu jednostki. Przedłożona tu pierwsza część artykułu skupia się na teoretycznych rozważaniach, podczas gdy dalsze analizy będą wskazywały na konsekwencje, jakie myślenie w duchu umiaru i rozsądku wnosi do prawa dotyczącego konfliktów zbrojnych.
Reactions of cyclochlorotriphosphazatriene with 1-amino-2-propanol. Calorimetric and spectroscopic investigations of the derived products
Authors: Tuna Murat , Türe Sedat , Gurbanov Rafig 
Published: May 2018

Reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazatriene, N3P3Cl6 (1) with 1-amino-2-propanol (2), in (1:1:2, 1:2:4 and 1:3:6) mole ratios, in excess of NaH, in THF and acetonitril solutions yield a total of 6 novel products:one mono-open chain, N3P3Cl5[HN-CH2-CH(CH3)-OH] (3); one monospiro, N3P3Cl4[O-CH(CH3)-CH2-NH] (4); one trans bis-open chain, N3P3Cl4[HN-CH2CH(CH3)-OH]2 (5); one dispiro, N3P3Cl2[O-HC(CH3)-CH2-NH]2 (7); one tri-open chain, N3P3Cl3[HN-CH2CH(CH3)-OH]3 (6); and one tri-spiro, N3P3[O-HC(CH3)-CH2-NH]3(8) derivatives.These compounds have interesting structural aspects as well as physical properties. Their structures were established by elemental analysis, TL-MS, 31P and 1H NMR spectral data. Stability constants were determined using a simple potentiometric titration. For evaluation of melting behavior and purity of derivatives (7) and (8), thermal transition peaks and their corresponding enthalpies were determined via DSC technique. Spectroscopic data, product types and relative yields are compared with those of the previously investigated derivatives of N3P3Cl6 (1) with aliphatic difunctional reagents.
A new socially parasitic <i>Braunsapis</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae: Allodapini) from Vietnam, with a key to female socially parasitic <i>Braunsapis</i> in Asia
Authors: Packer Laurence 
Published: May 2018

Braunsapis scorpius Packer, new species, from Vietnam, is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. In addition to adaptations commonly associated with related social parasites (i.e., reduced metatibial hairs, short mouthparts, and absence of a basitibial plate), it has a remarkably recurved metasomal apex. It is compared to other socially parasitic members of its genus from Asia and a key to females of these social parasites is provided.
THE USAGE OF DIGITAL RESOURCES IN TEACHING AND RESEARCHING (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE UNIVERSITY PROJECTS)
Authors: Tvaltvadze Darejan , Gvelesiani Irina 
Published: May 2018

The 21st century shifted the world communities to an “electronic” stage of evolution. Drastic changes can be visualized in literature, linguistics and other humanitarian sciences. The greatest attention is paid to the promotion of linguistic researches, which are oriented towards electronic documenting of the language as well as on the intensive usage of digital methodologies and modern technologies. The reliance on these “technics” enables contemporary Georgian scientists to achieve principally new results and verify different models or hypotheses. Despite these circumstances, a lot must be done in the sphere of Kartvelology. The paper presents the university projects, which are oriented towards: involvement of students in researching activities dealing with the corpus-building;promotion of the development of digital Kartvelology; facilitation of creation of Georgian and foreign scholars’ digital library and text-corpus;development of Georgian scientific meta-language, etc. Therefore, promotion of digitalization, development of scientific meta-language, facilitation of the preservation of well-known scholars’ works, creation of digital libraries and establishment of modern methods crucial for the promotion of up-to-date teaching processes – these are the main issues of our paper and integral problems of today’s educational world. The methodology of research includes observation, analysis and evaluation of ongoing projects and their already-achieved/future outcomes. Certain prospects are visualised.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN TOURISM: STUDENT TRAVEL PLANNING BY USING THE INTERNET
Authors: Ochoa Siguencia Luis , Marzano Gilberto , Herman Damian 
Published: May 2018

The increasing competitiveness in the global tourism market and the use of ubiquitous mobile connection to the Internet by young customers encourage tourism operators to invest more in e-promotion and e-resources, in order to increase their business. Accordingly, it is useful to analyse students' expectations to understand their preferences as a potential customer group. This paper presents the first step of an ongoing investigation that focuses on the tourist preferences of university students. We report and discuss the result of a survey conducted involving the students of Sport and Tourism management at the Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki in Katowice.For our survey, we used “Google form tool” and “Statistica 13” software suite. The χ2 test was used for data analysis. From our research, it emerged that the preferred means of communicating is email for female students whilst telephone for male students; for both Booking.com resulted to be the most popular tourism platform.
EDUCATION AND ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES IN LITHUANIAN SPECIAL SCHOOLS
Authors: Kaffemaniene Irena , Meliene Rita , Milteniene Lina , Geleziniene Renata , Kairiene Daiva , Tomeniene Laima 
Published: May 2018

The strategic aims of Lithuanian education orientate towards the development of inclusive education. However, in addition to mainstream schools, special schools still exist as well. In this context, future perspectives of special schools and their role in the inclusive education system has become a particularly relevant problem; therefore, it is important to analyse experiences of education in special schools.The aim of the study presented in the article is to analyse teachers’ opinion regarding special education and assessment of outcomes. The study was conducted in special schools of Lithuania, using a questionnaire method. Based on the data of the analysis of scientific literature sources, the ranking scale of variables (statements describing various dimensions of education and assessment of outcomes) was drawn up (respondents marked answers from 1 – strongly disagree to 5 – strongly agree).The results of the study show that teachers of special schools understand priorities of contemporary education. This is demonstrated by strong approval of statements about fostering of self-esteem, development of communication and problem-solving abilities of special school students; search for non-traditional forms of education; involvement of school community in education. Nevertheless, in the opinion of a considerable share of special school teachers, individual teaching and a traditional lesson are more effective compared with the variety of learning methods. In the opinion of many special school teachers, the purpose of special education is to cope with students’ disorders, and only specialized educational institutions can ensure quality individualised education. Respondents also noted certain shortcomings of education at special schools.
PRESCHOOL CHILD’S MOTHER’S PARENTING PRACTICES AND ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT WITH CHILD’S DIGITALLY-BASED ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO CHILD’S PROSOCIAL OR PROBLEMATIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: Miltuze Anika , Sebre Sandra Beatrice , Vedeņejeva Veronika 
Published: May 2018

The aim of this research was to examine preschool children’s prosocial behavior as well as internalizing and externalizing problems in relation to their mothers’ parenting practices and active involvement with their child in the use of various digital technologies (television, computer, telephone, play stations), time spent and content of the child’s activities. Participating in the research were the mothers of 120 preschool children, aged 5 – 6 years old, 50 girls and 70 boys. Mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach Rescorla, 2000), prosocial behavior scale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997), Block‘s Child Rearing Practices Report (Block, 1981), as adapted by Aunolo and Nurmi (Aunola Nurmi, 2004) and also answered questions regarding the child’s time spent with digital technologies, the content of their activity (drawing, puzzles, games, etc.), and the mother’s degree of active involvement with her child during these activities. Results showed that mother’s active involvement with child’s digitally-based activity was associated with emotionally warm parenting, as well as with higher child’s prosocial behavior ratings. Regression analysis showed that lover mother’s involvement and punishment orientation in parenting was predictive of externalizing behavior ratings for boys. Results are discussed in relation to practical implications for parent-child relationships.
DEPENDENCE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGERS OF GENERAL EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON CAREER STAGES
Authors: Koshevenko Svetlana 
Published: May 2018

The article examines the problem concerning the effectiveness of managers of general education organizations. There is no universal methodology for the assessment of effectiveness of activity of managers of general education organizations and no determined factors affecting any effectiveness indicator. The aim of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of managers of a general education organization at different stages of their careers. The main methods of this research are the system analysis, the questionnaire survey and the factor analysis. The author analyses the dependence of the effectiveness indicators of managers of general education organizations on the career stages. The effectiveness evaluation was carried out according to the author's methodology and was based on the data of general education organizations in the Smolensk region.Managers of general education organizations at the establishment stage of a career haven't sufficiently formed public relations and developed educational activities. Managers at the advancement stage do not pay enough attention to building the career of employees of the educational organization. Transfer of experience to youth, their adaptation in the team, support in research work, assistance in building a career are not sufficiently typical for school managers at the maintenance stage of careers. Managers at the withdrawal stage of a career have a low level of information culture, lack motivation to use new technologies and progressive ideas.
THE ANALYSIS OF CONTEXTS OF STRESS EXPERIENCED BY SOCIAL WELFARE PROFESSIONALS: EXPERIENCE OF LITHUANIA, LATVIA AND GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Alifanoviene Daiva , Sapelyte Odeta , Rudytė Kristina , Orska Rita 
Published: May 2018

The article deals with stress experienced by social welfare professionals in different sociocultural context. The comparison of inter-professional stressogenity shows that the greatest stress is experienced by the representatives of social sphere professions (as social workers, pedagogues). The main aim of the article is to disclose the contexts of stress experienced by social welfare professionals in Baltic countries (Lithuania and Latvia) and Great Britain. Profesionals' experiences were analysed employing the qualitative approach (semi-structured written interview was used). Reconstructing the context of the stress experienced by specialists of social welfare professions of these countries, certain differences showed up.
FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER CHOICE AMONG NURSING STUDENTS
Authors: Kuzņecova Jeļena , Šverina Vija 
Published: May 2018

Choosing a career is a complex and multi-factorial decision-making process that is based on several personal, situational and organizational factors. The purpose of this study is a literature review to determine factors influencing career choice among nursing students. The literature review displays that nursing students make their career decisions from a combination of personal interests in health care and their desire to help others. From the beginning of the studies students may have strong career preferences. Before they graduate and eventually decide about the future workplace, their career choices undergo several transitions. Career choices are influenced both by the students inclination before starting medical school as well as any exposure during training in medical school. Experiences in chosen specialties during training as well as the social environment of the medical school, the teaching programme and clinical staff role models can influence career preferences.