bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservative versus surgical treatment of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures in dogs
Authors: Howe-Smith R. , Kapatkin A. , Shofer F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the outcome of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures treated conservatively versus surgically. Internal fixation of these fractures is recommended if there are: more than two metacarpal or metatarsal fractures in the same leg; two fractures of weight bearing bones; articular fractures; fractures with significant displacement; open fractures; and if the fractures occur in large breed, athletic, show, or working dogs. All 25 dogs fit the published criteria for surgical fixation to achieve a good outcome. Treatment (surgical versus conservative) was assigned based on owners’ decisions only. Follow-up was nine-68 months. Anything less than perfect in the categories used to evaluate outcome was considered a failure. Outcome was not statistically affected by surgery or conservative treatment, and no other factors significantly affected outcome. The present recommendations used in determining if surgery is necessary for these fractures were extrapolated from human literature and may have no scientific validity in our patients.Open reduction and fixation was compared with closed reduction and coaptation for the treatment of multiple fractures of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in 25 dogs.
Arthrodesis of the elbow in three cats
Authors: Lewis D. D. , Roe S. C. , de Haan J. J. , Moak P. C. 
Published: March 2018

SummarySevere disorders of the elbow in three cats were treated with arthrodesis. Fusion for two cats was achieved with bone plate application on the caudal aspect of the elbow. A modified trans-articular external skeletal fixator was used for arthrodesis of one elbow. All three elbows progressed to arthrodesis. One cat fractured the radius and ulna distal to the plate following arthrodesis; the forelimb was eventually amputated following additional complications. The remaining two cats were intermittently weight-bearing on the involved forelimb with marked circumduction of the limb during the swing phase of the stride, but the owners perceived their cats to be free of pain. Arthrodesis of the elbow is an alternative to amputation in order to achieve pain relief and limb salvage following severe elbow disorders in cats. However, limb function in these three cats was severely compromised.Arthrodesis has been described as a salvage procedure for orthopaedic disorders of the elbow in dogs. This report describes the indications, surgical techniques, and clinical results of elbow arthrodesis in three cats.
Effects of shoeing on forelimb swing phase kinetics of trotting horses
Authors: Singleton W. H. , Lanovaz J. L. , Prades M. , Clayton H. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe objective of this study was to compare swing phase phase kinetics in the equine forelimb under three shoeing conditions: unshod, flat shoes, eggbar shoes. Flat shoes and eggbar shoes were matched for weight. A 60 Hz video camera recorded a full trotting stride in the sagittal plane during three passes per horse for each shoeing condition. A general linear model ANOVA, treating the horse as a random variable was used to detect differences (p <0.05) between shoeing conditions. All of the joints showed significant differences in net joint moments and energy bursts, between the two shod conditions versus unshod, but differences were not evident between flat shoes and eggbar shoes. When the horses were shod the elbow flexors generated more energy in the early swing phase in order to overcome the increased inertia associated with the weight of the shoes; and the elbow extensors generated more energy in late swing phase to overcome the increased momentum of the shod hoof as it was swung forward. In the distal limb in the early swing phase, energy absorption increased on the extensor (dorsal) aspect, to control joint flexion, and in the late swing phase on the flexor (palmar) aspect to control forward motion and extension. It is concluded as a consequence of changing the inertial parameters of the hoof that the weight of the shoes altered the limb kinetics of trotting horses.
The meniscofemoral ligament
Authors: Jeevan D. , Bull A. M. J. , Amis A. A. , Gupte C. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA cadaveric study of ovine stifles was performed to examine the contribution of the meniscofemoral ligament to the cranio-caudal and internal-external rotatory laxity of this joint in sheep.Twenty ovine stifles were harvested, denuded of muscular attachments, and the femur and tibia fixed in bone pots. These were inserted into a four degree-of-freedom rig incorporated into a materials testing machine. Forces up to a maximum of 100N were applied in the cranial and caudal directions, and the resultant translations and coupled rotations measured. Tibial internal and external rotations in response to a 6Nm torque were also measured. These parameters were assessed at 30, 60, 90 and 110 degrees of flexion in twenty intact stifles. In ten stifles a small posterior arthrotomy was used to divide the caudal cruciate ligament (CCL), followed by division of the meniscofemoral ligament (MFL). The sequence of division was reversed for a further ten stifles. The effects of each intervention on the above parameters were evaluated.Division of the MFL resulted in an increase in caudal translation at all angles of flexion in both the intact and CCL deficient stifle. There was also an increase in internal rotation of the tibia after application of a 6Nm torque. This was significant at 30 and 110 degrees of flexion in the intact stifle and at all angles of flexion in the CCL-deficient stifle.These results indicate a secondary role for the MFL in the cranio-caudal and internal/external rotatory stability of the ovine stifle joint. This is the first study demonstrating a functional role for the MFL in any species, and may have a bearing on stifle injuries.
Measurement of bone surface strains on the sheep metacarpus in vivo and ex vivo
Authors: Steck R. , Gatzka C. , Schneider E. , Niederer P. , Tate M. L. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBone surface strains were measured on the dorsal ovine metacarpus during normal locomotion on a treadmill at different walking speeds to determine physiological strain levels. These measured strains were related to the strains measured in an ex vivo model of the sheep forelimb with two types of load application: loading by two Schanz-screws and loading via the radius. In vivo, the average surface strains were found to be dependent upon body weight as well as the walking speed. The orientation of the peak principal strain corresponded to the longitudinal axis of the bone. Ex vivo, loads applied via Schanz screws in the screw-loading model lead to strains on the dorsal metacarpus that corresponds to strains experienced in vivo during intermittent peak loads. Screw loading imparted primarily a bending load to the metacarpus, with the dorsal aspect in compression and the palmar aspect in tension. Loads, applied via the radius and the hoof in the radius-loading model, resulted in bone surface strains comparable to those measured during slow walking in vivo. In both ex vivo loading situations, peak strain orientation was parallel to the longitudinal axis of the sheep metacarpus. In conclusion, the results show that although the ex vivo loading models do not exactly replicate the load experienced in vivo, the magnitude and orientation of the principal strains on the dorsal metacarpus are within the range of strains occurring during normal physiological loading. These data validate the physiological significance of the ex vivo model and aid in understanding effects of mechanical loading on interstitial fluid flow and mass transport through bone.
Cranial cruciate disease: current status of diagnosis, surgery, and risk for disease
Authors: Lund E. M. , Lipowitz A. J. , Lampman T. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe hypothesis of this study is concerned with the age of onset of cranial cruciate disease (CCD). We believe that dogs are presenting with CCD at a much younger age. We also believe there are other predictable factors that influence whether a dog suffers CCD. In this study we used data from the national companion animal study (NCAS) to compare not only age but body condition score (BCS), sex, diet, and breed. A survey form was given to referral hospitals that also provided information on diagnostic tests, surgical procedures and extent of damage. By using this data we were better able to establish an age at time of diagnoses, BCS, type of injuries and repair methods as well as correlation to type of diet fed. This study found that the average age at diagnosis is slightly younger than previously thought. Most dogs that suffer CCD are of greater than ideal body condition. We were also able to show a relationship between diet and CCD. Spayed females are most affected by CCD followed by neutered males. Those dogs fed a premium or therapeutic diet have a higher incidence of CCD. We were also able to establish baseline information regarding extent of injuries and the current methods of diagnosis and repair. This paper now provides a baseline for the tracking of future data regarding CCD parameters such as age at onset, breed, sex, BCS, methods of diagnosis and repair as well as nutritional factors.
Gait evaluation in hip osteoarthritic and normal dogs using a serial force plate system
Authors: Kennedy S. , Lee D. V. , Bertram J. E. A. , Lust G. , Williams A. J. , Soderholm L. V. , Hamilton S. , Bliss S. P. , Dykes N. L. , Todhunter R. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe effect of canine hip osteoarthritis (OA) on vertical force distribution was studied using a serial force platform system. This system allows simultaneous measurement of vertical and horizontal force impulses from each limb of a trotting dog. Using these measurements and novel analysis techniques a complete and precise analysis of load distribution was performed. Load distribution was compared between a group of normal dogs and a group of dogs with radiographic evidence of hip OA. Results of this study indicate that trotting dogs with hip OA redistribute vertical force primarily by shifting force between trotting pairs (side-to-side compensation) rather than within trotting pairs (hind-to-fore compensation).
Evaluation of femoral head damage during canine total hip replacement
Authors: Powell H. , Kohm A. , Lannutti J. J. , Dyce J. , Wood I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThree types of hip skids and a Hohmann retractor technique were used to facilitate reduction of the prosthesis in cadaveric canine total hip replacement. The degree of damage to the femoral head was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry. Standard metal and ME-92 coated metal hip skids caused severe regional scratching of the femoral head. Morphologically similar scratch patterns were also identified on femoral heads retrieved from clinical patients. Use of a plastic coated skid or the Hohmann retractor technique had no perceptible effect on surface finish, and therefore either method is acceptable in clinical practice. The use of metal hip skids cannot be recommended for hip reduction as the resultant pattern of femoral head scratching is likely to be associated with early and severe polyethylene wear.
Der Riesenzelltumor des Knochens
Authors: Sanner B. , Kurth A. A. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDer Riesenzelltumor ist einer der häufigeren benignen Tumoren des Skelettsystems. Der Tumor ist sehr gut definiert anhand der konventionellen Radiologie, des histologischen Bilds, und der spezifischen anatomischen Lokalisationen in der Epiphyse langer Röhrenknochen. Trotz seiner histologischen benignen Morphologie hat er ein lokal aggressives destruierendes Verhalten mit einer hohen Lokalrezidivrate nach chirurgischer Therapie. In seltenen Fällen kommt es auch zu maligner Entartungen, die bis zum Tod führen kann. Die intraläsionale oder En-bloc-Resektion des Tumors ist die Standardtherapie. Neben dem konsequenten chirurgischen Vorgehen werden seit Neuestem auch systemische und tumorspezifische lokale Verfahren überprüft, um die Rezidivrate zu verringern.
The feline humerus
Authors: Straw M. , Langley-Hobbs S. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe humeri of eleven feline cadavers were dissected and safe anatomical areas for placing external skeletal fixator pins were determined. Relevant measurements taken of the humeral condyle enabled a determination of a safe pin diameter range of 1.5 to 2.2 mm for transcondylar pins. Further anatomical measurements allowed recommendations to be made to angle pins in the distal humerus in a distolateral proximomedial direction so that the ESF pin penetrates the far cortex at least 20 mm proximal to the medial epicondyle in order to avoid pin penetration of the supracondylar foramen. Cross sections taken of the distal humerus revealed that passage of an IM pin into the medial aspect of the humeral condyle was possible in less than half the cases.
The effect of pelvic osteotomy plate type on axial rotation of the acetabular segment in the triple pelvic osteotomy
Authors: Wallace L. J. , Pacchiana P. , Clark B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes in structural anatomy of cadaver pelves, with specific emphasis on axial rotation, resulting from the application of TPO plates differing by type, angle and orientation. Sample population: Nine cadaver pelves procedure: The degree of axial rotation was determined for three different pelvic osteotomy plate types, four different plate angles and two different orientations of the same plate. Results: The observed degree of axial rotation was significantly different than the degree of axial rotation predicted by the plate angle for each group except the Rooks pelvic osteotomy plate. Conclusions/ clinical relevance: In the triple pelvic osteotomy the final degree of axial rotation may be significantly different than the predetermined plate angle.
Bioartificial bone grafting:Tarsal joint fusion in a dog using a bioartificial composite bone graft consisting of β-tricalciumphosphate and platelet rich plasma – A case report
Authors: Merten H.-A. , Bader A. , Uhr G. , Deivick A. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Fehr M. , Hauschild G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryGrafting of large bone defects caused by trauma or tumor resection still remains a problem to solve. In experimental studies as well as in human dentistry, osteoconduction and biodegradation of the β-tricalciumphosphate Cerasorb® as well as osteoinductive capabilities of platelet rich plasma have been proven. In case of luxation of the right tarsal joint, including a compressive fracture of the forth tarsal bone, the recommended use of autologous cancellous bone to support osseous fusion was replaced by the use of a bioartificial bone graft. Biodegradation of the bone graft was proven clinically and radiographically. Complete osseous fusion of the intertarsal joint occurred. The use of the β-tricalciumphosphate Cerasorb in combination with platelet rich plasma to support a partial arthrodesis of the tarsal joint in a dog did not impede the healing process but led to full recovery of the patient, indicating that this concept of bioartificial bone grafting could support bone healing.
A biomechanical investigation of the static stabilisers of the glenohumeral joint in the dog
Authors: Lambrechts N. E. , Maritz N. G. J. , Joubert K. E. , Gray M. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe aim was to determine the relative contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments/joint capsule complex and the limited joint volume/adhesion-cohesion (LJV/AC) mechanisms to the static stability of the canine glenohumeral joint (GHJ). The GHJ of 32 complete cadaver specimens were manipulated to determine the presence of gross laxity (>2mm translation) at joint angles of 150°, 135° and 90°. Following the removal of the peri-articular muscles, laxity was measured by applying a 15N force to the scapula in a variety of directions whilst the humerus was fixed to a jig. This was repeated for the abovementioned angles in intact joints and after venting and flushing to eliminate the LJV/AC mechanisms. Results of clinical palpation and biomechanical studies were compared. Manipulation revealed a marked variation between joints although there was a tendency for progressive laxity as the joint was flexed. This finding was supported by the biomechanical study that also demonstrated no significant difference between intact and vented joints except in a cranio-caudal direction at 135° and 90°, and in a medial/lateral direction at 135°. Static stabilisers permitted a wide range of motion. Individual clinical palpations did not correlate well with biomechanical findings. Manipulation was difficult to perform and is unlikely to be a reliable method for determining subtle joint laxity. The static stabilisers do not appear to play a significant role in providing joint constraint during normal range of motion (except extension). Diagnoses of pathological laxity attributable to the static stabilisers should be made with caution and surgical treatments should take cognizance of the above-mentioned biomechanical features.
Fibrosarcoma over the tarsal groove of a 14-month-old Quarter horse
Authors: Story M. R. , Andrews G. A. , Balch S. , Gaughan E. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA 14-month-old male Quarter horse was presented for evaluation of a grade 3 out of 5 (grade 0=sound; grade 5=non-weight bearing) right rear lameness. A firm, 8 x 16 cm mass was palpable at the caudal medial aspect of the distal tibia and proximal tarsal region of the right hind limb. A percutaneous needle aspirate contained mesenchymal cells that were moderate to large in size with single, oblong nuclei. Differential diagnoses included fibrous hyperplasia, fibroma, or well-differentiated fibrosarcoma. Excisional biopsy for both definitive diagnosis and treatment was offered and selected by the owner. A fibrosarcoma was confirmed by histological examination of the mass. One and a half years after resection signs of lameness or evidence of regrowth of the mass were not evident.
Effect of starting distance on vertical ground reaction forces in the normal dog
Authors: DuLaney D. , Purinton T. , Dookwah H. , Budsberg S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of starting distance on the peak vertical force (PVF) and associated vertical impulses (VI) of normal dogs. Five dogs of similar weight and body type were trotted at a velocity of 1.6–2.2 m/s from each of three starting distances; 2, 4, and 6 m, from the first plate in a two plate test field. A total of ten trials were recorded from each starting distance, five left first contacts and five right first contacts. Each ground reaction force (GRF) of interest was evaluated both within and between the three starting distances using a complete block ANOVA. There was not any significant effect of distance found on peak vertical forces in our study. However, distance did affect VI. Forelimb VI generated at a 2 m trot was significantly less than VI generated at a 6 m trot. Neither extreme distance was found to be significantly different than the 4 m VI. The VI of the hind limb was not significantly affected.
Multiple cartilaginous exostosis in a Golden Retriever cross-bred puppy
Authors: Font J. , Ramis A. , Lafuente P. , Fontecha P. , Cairó J. , Franch J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMultiple cartilaginous exostosis was diagnosed in a sixmonth-old Golden Retriever cross-bred male with a history of forelimb lameness and isolated, but very painful, acute episodes. Physical examination revealed a right forelimb lameness with a firm, painful palpable mass on the cranial aspect of the forearm. The radiological examination showed the presence of bony masses at the humerus and radius as well as several masses in the ribs and spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae. Based on the history and radiographic findings, multiple cartilaginous exostosis was diagnosed. Treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was commenced for two weeks without any effect. Due to the lack of a response to the treatment as well as to the progressive physical deterioration of the animal, the owners requested euthanasia of the dog. Histology of the different exostoses demonstrated the presence of a hyaline cartilage cup surrounding a central area, formed mainly by bone and cartilage trabecullae. Signs of malignancy were not observed. Back-scattered scanning electron microscopy (BEI-SEM) study revealed well ordered and progressively calcified cartilage trabecullae present underneath the non-calcified cartilage cap. At a greater depth, those cartilage trabecullae became osteochondral trabecullae, and the innermost were formed exclusively by woven and lamellar bone. The histological and back-scattered electron scanning microscopy results conclude that it was a well-arranged normal endochondral ossification process that followed a centripetal pattern inside the bony mass, confirming the diagnoses of multiple cartilaginous exostoses.
Locking Compression Plate fixation of radial and tibial fractures in a young dog
Authors: Montavon P. M. , Schwandt C. S. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA six-month-old, male Bernese Mountain Dog in which radius-ulna and tibia-fibula concomitant fractures were treated each with a 3.5 mm Locking Compression Plate (LCP) is presented. Both fractures were approached and plated medially. The tibial fracture had to be revised with a 4.5 mm intramedullary nail and a new 3.5 mm LCP at the second post-operative day because of fixation breakdown. The follow-up radiographs taken at days 14 and 53 revealed uneventful healing of both fractures. Implants were removed 53 days after surgery.
Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass
Authors: Dorea H. C. , Cantwell H. D. , Read R. , Armbrust L. , Pool R. , Roush J. K. , Boyle C. , McLaughlin R. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass®, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.