bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: Past, present, and future
Authors: Umezawa Shotaro , Higurashi Takuma , Komiya Yasuhiko , Arimoto Jun , Horita Nobuyuki , Kaneko Takeshi , Iwasaki Motoki , Nakagama Hitoshi , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChemoprevention began to be considered as a potential strategy for lowering the incidence of cancer and cancer‐related deaths in the 1970s. For clinical chemoprevention trials against cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC), well‐established biomarkers are necessary for use as reliable endpoints. Difficulty in establishing validated biomarkers has delayed the start of CRC chemoprevention development. Chemoprevention trials for CRC have only recently been initiated thanks to the identification of reliable biomarkers, such as colorectal adenomas and aberrant crypt foci. Some promising agents have been developed for the prevention of CRC. The chemopreventive effect of selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors has been shown, although these inhibitors are associated with cardiovascular toxicity as a crucial adverse effect. Aspirin, which is a unique agent among non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) showing minimal gastrointestinal toxicity and no cardiovascular risk, has prevented adenoma recurrence in some randomized controlled trials. More recently, metformin, which is a first‐line oral medicine for type 2 diabetes, has been shown to be safe and to prevent adenoma recurrence. A recommendation of the United States Preventive Services Task Force published in 2016 provides a Grade B recommendation for the use of aspirin for chronic prophylaxis against diseases, including CRC, in certain select populations. However, the roles of other agents have yet to be determined, and investigations to identify novel “post‐aspirin” agents are also needed. The combined use of multiple drugs, such as aspirin and metformin, is another option that may lead not only to stronger CRC prevention, but also to improvement of other obesity‐related diseases.
CXCL12 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is associated with metastasis and poor prognosis
Authors: Miyata Tatsunori , Yamashita Yo‐Ichi , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Shiraishi Masayuki , Ohta Masayuki , Eguchi Susumu , Aishima Shinichi , Fujioka Hikaru , Baba Hideo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignant biliary neoplasm that causes a poor prognosis even after curative hepatectomy. Liver metastasis is the major recurrence pattern of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; therefore, the prevention of liver metastasis is a desirable objective. The aim of this study is to identify gene(s) related to liver metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and to examine the inhibitory effects on metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by controlling such gene(s). We collected 3 pairs of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma frozen samples, and 36 pairs (primary and metastatic lesions) of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples, from patients who underwent surgical resection at hospitals related to the Kyushu Study Group of Liver Surgery between 2002 and 2016. We carried out cDNA microarray analyses and immunohistochemistry to identify candidate genes, and evaluated one of them as a therapeutic target using human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. We identified 4 genes related to liver metastasis using cDNA microarray, and found that CXCL12 was the only gene whose expression was significantly higher in liver metastasis than in primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry (P = .003). In prognosis, patients in the high CXCL12 group showed a significantly poor prognosis in disease‐free (P < .0001) and overall survival (P = .0004). By knockdown of CXCL12, we could significantly suppress the invasive and migratory capabilities of 2 human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Therefore, CXCL12 might be associated with metastasis and poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
“Helping teenagers in care flourish: What parenting research tells us about foster care”
Authors: Coleman John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, I review a range of theoretical and practical issues that are relevant to the foster care of teenagers. I argue that topics such as the recent research evidence from neuroscience regarding brain development in adolescence, as well as control, the promotion of autonomy, and resilience, all have major implications for the provision of appropriate care for teenagers. I outline some of the key conclusions reached by researchers on these pertinent topics and then go on to consider the implications from this evidence for the training of foster carers.
Teenagers in foster care: Issues, themes, and debates from and for practice and policy
Authors: Shuker Lucie , Sebba Judy , Höjer Ingrid 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe task of fostering adolescents is unique, requiring skills, qualities, and information that acknowledge each young person's particular needs. This editorial summarises a range of research in this special issue covering parenting styles, transitions out of care, child sexual exploitation, and the needs of LGBTQ and separated teenagers. Three themes emerging from the papers are discussed: autonomy and control; risk, resilience, and trauma; and relationships, identity, and stigma.
Providing a secure base for LGBTQ young people in foster care: The role of foster carers
Authors: Schofield Gillian , Cossar Jeanette , Ward Emma , Larsson Birgit , Belderson Pippa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer/questioning (LGBTQ) young people in care have been overlooked in England, in both policy and research. This paper reports on findings from the first study of LGBTQ young people in care in England and focuses on the nature of foster carers' experiences and perspectives on caring for LGBTQ young people. Qualitative interviews regarding the fostering role in caring for LGBTQ young people were conducted with a sample of foster carers (n = 26) and analysed thematically. Foster carers described the importance of offering LGBTQ young people not only the nurturing relationships that all children in care need but also availability, sensitivity and acceptance to help young people manage stigma and other challenges associated with minority sexual orientation and gender identity. The Secure Base caregiving model provided a framework for analysing the different dimensions of these relationships. Understanding caregiving roles and relationships for LGBTQ young people in care has important implications for recruiting, training, matching and supporting foster carers to care for LGBTQ young people effectively.
Flexible SVBRDF Capture with a Multi‐Image Deep Network
Authors: Deschaintre Valentin , Aittala Miika , Durand Fredo , Drettakis George , Bousseau Adrien 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEmpowered by deep learning, recent methods for material capture can estimate a spatially‐varying reflectance from a single photograph. Such lightweight capture is in stark contrast with the tens or hundreds of pictures required by traditional optimization‐based approaches. However, a single image is often simply not enough to observe the rich appearance of real‐world materials. We present a deep‐learning method capable of estimating material appearance from a variable number of uncalibrated and unordered pictures captured with a handheld camera and flash. Thanks to an order‐independent fusing layer, this architecture extracts the most useful information from each picture, while benefiting from strong priors learned from data. The method can handle both view and light direction variation without calibration. We show how our method improves its prediction with the number of input pictures, and reaches high quality reconstructions with as little as 1 to 10 images ‐ a sweet spot between existing single‐image and complex multi‐image approaches.
Glint Rendering based on a Multiple‐Scattering Patch BRDF
Authors: Chermain Xavier , Claux Frédéric , Mérillou Stéphane 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRendering materials such as metallic paints, scratched metals and rough plastics requires glint integrators that can capture all micro‐specular highlights falling into a pixel footprint, faithfully replicating surface appearance. Specular normal maps can be used to represent a wide range of arbitrary micro‐structures. The use of normal maps comes with important drawbacks though: the appearance is dark overall due to back‐facing normals and importance sampling is suboptimal, especially when the micro‐surface is very rough. We propose a new glint integrator relying on a multiple‐scattering patch‐based BRDF addressing these issues. To do so, our method uses a modified version of microfacet‐based normal mapping [SHHD17] designed for glint rendering, leveraging symmetric microfacets. To model multiple‐scattering, we re‐introduce the lost energy caused by a perfectly specular, single‐scattering formulation instead of using expensive random walks. This reflectance model is the basis of our patch‐based BRDF, enabling robust sampling and artifact‐free rendering with a natural appearance. Additional calculation costs amount to about 40% in the worst cases compared to previous methods [YHMR16, CCM18].
Scalable Virtual Ray Lights Rendering for Participating Media
Authors: Vibert N. , Gruson A. , Stokholm H. , Mortensen T , Jarosz W. , Hachisuka T. , Nowrouzezahrai D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVirtual ray lights (VRL) are a powerful representation for multiple‐scattered light transport in volumetric participating media. While efficient Monte Carlo estimators can importance sample the contribution of a VRL along an entire sensor subpath, render time still scales linearly in the number of VRLs. We present a new scalable hierarchial VRL method that preferentially samples VRLs according to their image contribution. Similar to Lightcuts‐based approaches, we derive a tight upper bound on the potential contribution of a VRL that is efficient to compute. Our bound takes into account the sampling probability densities used when estimating VRL contribution. Ours is the first such upper bound formulation, leading to an efficient and scalable rendering technique with only a few intuitive user parameters. We benchmark our approach in scenes with many VRLs, demonstrating improved scalability compared to existing state‐of‐the‐art techniques.
Global Illumination Shadow Layers
Authors: Desrichard François , Vanderhaeghe David , Paulin Mathias 
Published: July 2019

AbstractComputer graphics artists often resort to compositing to rework light effects in a synthetic image without requiring a new render. Shadows are primary subjects of artistic manipulation as they carry important stylistic information while our perception is tolerant with their editing. In this paper we formalize the notion of global shadow, generalizing direct shadow found in previous work to a global illumination context. We define an object's shadow layer as the difference between two altered renders of the scene. A shadow layer contains the radiance lost on the camera film because of a given object. We translate this definition in the theoretical framework of Monte‐Carlo integration, obtaining a concise expression of the shadow layer. Building on it, we propose a path tracing algorithm that renders both the original image and any number of shadow layers in a single pass: the user may choose to separate shadows on a per‐object and per‐light basis, enabling intuitive and decoupled edits.
The effects of board independence on busy directors and firm value: Evidence from regulatory changes in Sweden
Authors: Moursli Reda M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis paper examines the impact of changes in board independence on the market valuation of Swedish firms. I exploit an exogenous change to the rules of corporate governance in 2005, which requires large firms to have majority independent boards, as a quasi‐experimental setting.Research Findings/InsightsI use a regression discontinuity design and a difference‐in‐differences approach to capture the reaction of the market to the new governance rules, taking advantage of the fact that only large firms are required to comply with the code. The results indicate that (a) the market reacts negatively to the enactment of the new governance rules and (b) target firms that complied with the independence requirement witnessed larger decreases in their market valuation compared with the rest of the firms in the sample. The busyness of independent directors is a potential explanation for the estimated negative effect of the increased board independence on the market valuation of target firms. For instance, I find that independent directors in target firms experienced a larger increase in their busyness compared with their peers in nontarget firms. This increase in busyness is also more pronounced for independent directors of complying target firms.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThe findings of this paper are in line with theoretical models that find that imposing quotas on the number of independent directors might not be optimal for all firms.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis paper identifies board busyness as an important consequence of requiring board independence in the Swedish context. The results of the paper have implications for corporate governance policies that impose quotas on board independence without limiting board busyness, especially when the supply of directors is limited.
Expert Decisions
Authors: Dobra Matthew , Tombazos Christis G. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTNational Research Assessments are used by countries to improve their research quality. They rely on experts to evaluate research, and use their assessments to reward publications. It is widely assumed that experts bring to the process the kind of judgment and knowledge that transcends their observable characteristics. We show that, for the most part, they do not. Using a unique uncensored dataset of expert deliberations, we find that 90% of expert decisions can be inferred from publicly available information, notably experts’ CVs. We also find that about half of their decisions are driven by objective quality standards and the other half by cognitive biases.
Prospective multicenter study of the esophageal triamcinolone acetonide‐filling method in patients with subcircumferential esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Shibagaki Kotaro , Yuki Takafumi , Taniguchi Hideaki , Aimi Masahito , Miyaoka Yoichi , Yuki Mika , Ishimura Norihisa , Oshima Naoki , Mishiro Tsuyoshi , Tamagawa Yuji , Mikami Hironobu , Izumi Daisuke , Yamashita Noritsugu , Sato Shuichi , Ishihara Shunji , Kinoshita Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2019

Background and AimThe esophageal triamcinolone acetonide (TA)‐filling method is a novel local approach for stenosis prevention after extensive esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). We evaluated this method after subcircumferential ESD.MethodsWe enrolled 20 patients with esophageal cancer requiring subcircumferential ESD in a prospective multicenter study. Esophageal TA filling was carried out 1 day and 1 week after ESD, with follow‐up endoscopy every 2 weeks. We treated severe stenosis preventing endoscope passage with endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD) and additional TA filling, and mild stenosis allowing endoscope passage with additional TA filling only. Primary endpoint was incidence of severe stenosis; secondary endpoints were total number of EBD, rate of additional TA filling, time to stenosis and complete re‐epithelialization, dysphagia score, and adverse events. Horizontal resection grade was divided into grades 1 (≥ 9/12 and <10/12 of the circumference), 2 (≥ 10/12 and <11/12), and 3 (≥ 11/12 but not circumferential) and analyzed statistically for correlation with endpoints.ResultsIncidence of severe stenosis was 5.0% (1/20; 0.1–24.8%) and was treated with three EBD. Six patients showed mild stenosis. Additional TA filling was carried out in these seven patients: 0% (0/9) for grade 1 resection, 40% (2/5) for grade 2, and 83% (5/6) for grade 3 (P < 0.05). Median time to stenosis and re‐epithelialization was 3 and 7 weeks, respectively. Dysphagia score deteriorated in one patient. No adverse events occurred.ConclusionsThe esophageal TA‐filling method prevented stenosis after subcircumferential ESD. Grade ≥2 resection showed a high risk for stenosis, but additional TA filling for mild stenosis inhibited stenosis progression (UMIN000024384).
Establishment of knockout adult sea urchins by using a CRISPR‐Cas9 system
Authors: Liu Daming , Awazu Akinori , Sakuma Tetsushi , Yamamoto Takashi , Sakamoto Naoaki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSea urchins are used as a model organism for research on developmental biology and gene regulatory networks during early development. Gene knockdown by microinjection of morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MASO) has been used to analyze gene function in early sea urchin embryos. However, as the effect of MASO is not long lasting, it is impossible to perturb genes expressed during late development by MASO. Recent advances in genome editing technologies have enabled gene modification in various organisms. We previously reported genome editing in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus using zinc‐finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator‐like effector nuclease (TALEN); however, the efficiencies of these technologies were not satisfactory. Here, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)‐CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) technology to knock out the Pks1 gene in H. pulcherrimus. When sgRNAs targeting Pks1, which is required for the biosynthesis of larval pigment, were microinjected into fertilized eggs with SpCas9 mRNA, high‐efficiency mutagenesis was achieved within 24 hr post fertilization and SpCas9/sgRNA‐injected pluteus larvae had an albino phenotype. One of the sgRNAs yielded 100% mutagenesis efficiency, and no off‐target effect was detected. In addition, the albino phenotype was maintained in juvenile sea urchins after metamorphosis, and the knockout sea urchins survived for at least one year and grew to albino adult sea urchins. These findings suggest that knockout adult sea urchins were successfully established and the CRISPR‐Cas9 system is a feasible method for analyzing gene functions from late developmental to adult stage.
Does experimental evolution produce better biological control agents? A critical review of the evidence
Authors: Lirakis Manolis , Magalhães Sara 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiological control of crop pests is considered a good alternative or complement to the use of pesticides. However, legislation restricts the importation of natural enemies of pests. A potential way to circumvent this limitation is by using experimental evolution and/or artificial selection to improve native biological control agents. Here, we review studies that have used these methodologies and evaluate their success. Experimental evolution or artificial selection has been used on a wide range of traits, with most focusing on improving the performance of natural enemies in ecologically relevant environments, such as in the presence of pesticides or at different temperatures. Although most studies were poorly replicated, the selected traits generally improved following the selection process. However, correlated responses (often in the form of trade‐offs) with other traits of interest were common. We suggest that the selection procedure can be improved by increasing replication and performing experimental evolution under more semi‐natural environments, to ensure that the most useful traits are being selected.
Come to the dark side! The role of functional traits in shaping dark diversity patterns of south‐eastern European hoverflies
Authors: Miličić Marija , Popov Snežana , Vujić Ante , Ivošević Bojana , Cardoso Pedro 
Published: July 2019

1. Dark diversity represents the set of species that can potentially inhabit a given area under particular ecological conditions, but are currently ‘missing’ from a site. This concept allows characterisation of the mechanisms determining why species are sometimes absent from an area that seems ecologically suitable for them.2. The aim of this study was to determine the dark diversity of hoverflies in south‐eastern Europe and to discuss the role of different functional traits that might increase the likelihood of species contributing to dark diversity. Based on expert opinion, the Syrph the Net database and known occurrences of species, the study estimated species pools, and observed and dark diversities within each of 11 defined vegetation types for 564 hoverfly species registered in south‐eastern Europe. To detect the most important functional traits contributing to species being in dark diversity across different vegetation types, a random forest algorithm and respective statistics for variable importance were used.3. The highest dark diversity was found for southwest Balkan sub‐Mediterranean mixed oak forest type, whereas the lowest was in Mediterranean mixed forest type. Three larval feeding modes (saproxylic, and phytophagous on bulbs or roots) were found to be most important for determining the probability of a species contributing to hoverfly dark diversity, based on univariate correlations and random forest analysis.4. This study shows that studying dark diversity might provide important insights into what drives community assembly in south‐eastern European hoverflies, especially its missing components, and contributes to more precise conservation prioritisation of both hoverfly species and their habitats.
Faith and Order from Today into Tomorrow
Authors: Mateus Odair Pedroso 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article is an edited version of the director’s report given to the meeting of the World Council of Churches (WCC) Faith and Order Commission in Nanjing, China, 12 to 19 June 2019. After looking at the significance of meeting in China, and Chinese perspectives on ecumenism, the text reviews the work undertaken by three study groups set up following the WCC 10th Assembly in Busan, Korea, on ecclesiology, pilgrimage and ecclesial communion, and the understanding of disagreement on moral issues. It concludes by exploring a proposal to hold a World Conference on Faith and Order in 2025 to coincide with the 1700th anniversary of the first Ecumenical Council at Nicea.
“I Stand in the Middle of the Ocean”
Authors: Kaunda Chammah J. , Timon Tioti 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe challenge of climate change for the South Pacific Island of Kiribati demands a 21st‐century missional vision to help respond effectively to the hopes and fears of islanders. This article employs a “coconut theology” embedded within an Indigenous knowledge thought‐system and the daily cultural experiences of the Kiribati people. Using coconut theology as a qualitative method, this study views climate songs as a source of primary data. The songs are collected and analyzed through a thematic approach. The findings demonstrate that songs play a critical role in the Kiribati people’s culture, keeping their voice alive and helping them make sense of their experiences of climate change. Based on the findings, the article argues that climate change songs embody critical theologies that could help the church embrace Indigenous imagination in its search for contextual relevance and effective response to climate change.
Ownership ties, conflict of interest, and the tone of news
Authors: Bajo Emanuele , Bigelli Marco , Raimondo Carlo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the tone newspapers use in reporting information on a company that it is linked with through an ownership tie. Our empirical setting is Italy, a country characterized by dominant national industrial groups’ high ownership of newspapers. Based on a sample of about 123,000 articles, we document that newspapers’ coverage of firms in conflict of interest is greater, with significantly fewer negative and uncertain words. We also document that the slant increases with ownership stakes and decreases with the newspaper's reputation.