bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carers’ experiences of timely access to and use of dementia care services in eight European countries
Authors: Jelley Hannah , Kerpershoek Liselot , Verhey Frans , Wolfs Claire , de Vugt Marjolein , Bieber Anja , Stephan Astrid , Meyer Gabriele , Michelet Mona , Selbaek Geir , Sjölund Britt-Marie , Sköldunger Anders , Hopper Louise , Irving Kate , Marques Maria , Balsinha Maria Conceição , Gonçalves-Pereira Manuel , Portolani Daniel Michael , Zanetti Orazio , Woods Bob ,   the Actifcare Consortium
Published: September 2019

AbstractTimely access to care services is crucial to support people with dementia and their family carers to live well. Carers of people with dementia (N = 390), recruited from eight countries, completed semi-structured interviews about their experiences of either accessing or not using formal care services over a 12-month period in the Access to Timely Formal Care (Actifcare) study. Participant responses were summarised using content analysis, categorised into clusters and frequencies were calculated. Less than half of the participants (42.3%) reported service use. Of those using services, 72.8 per cent reported timely access and of those not using services 67.2 per cent were satisfied with this situation. However, substantial minorities either reported access at the wrong time (27.2%), or feeling dissatisfied or mixed feelings about not accessing services (32.8%). Reasons for not using services included use not necessary yet, the carer provided support or refusal. Reasons given for using services included changes in the condition of the person with dementia, the service's ability to meet individual needs, not coping or the opportunity to access services arose. Facilitators and barriers to service use included whether participants experienced supportive professionals, the speed of the process, whether the general practitioner was helpful, participant's own proactive attitude and the quality of information received. To achieve timely support, simplified pathways to use of formal care services are needed.
Thermal resonance effect by a strong shock wave in D–T fuel side-on ignition by laser-driven block acceleration
Authors: Payun S. , Malekynia B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIgnition with the help of a shock wave is performed by the interaction of accelerated plasma block by a petawatt-picosecond (PW-ps) laser, with a solid-state density fuel that it is a new possibility for achieving controlled fusion by inertial confinement. The unexpected production of plasma blocks provides new access to the ignition of solid-state density fuel according to the Chu hydrodynamic model. When the produced plasma block by the PW-ps laser hits the main fuel due to the density differences between the plasma block and the main fuel of the shock wave, this progressive wave increases the density of solidified fuels and reduces the energy of the ignition threshold and increases the flammability. In this study, a new discovery of shock waves has been observed leading to the resonance phenomenon. Nuclear heat shock waves resonance in the side-on ignition of fuel in the internal layer of fuel at x ≠ 0 appears from the exact solution of the hydrodynamic equations with respect to the density profile. This important finding achieves the required ignition temperature for solid-state fuel deuterium–tritium (D–T) in certain energies, with a significant increase due to the resonance of thermonuclear waves. This discovery will facilitate practical experiments on the ignition of advanced solid-state fuels with the accelerated plasma blocks by a PW-ps laser at certain energies.
A method for choosing adapted life cycle assessment indicators as a driver of environmental learning: a French textile case study
Authors: Reyes Tatiana , Gouvinhas Reidson Pereira , Laratte Bertrand , Chevalier Bruno 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite alefforts for a sustainable production system, many companies are still struggling to implement environmental aspects in their daily product development processes. Among the evaluation and improvement methods, life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most popular tools to achieve this goal. Up to date, LCA has been applied to many products, services, and industrial systems to evaluate their environmental impact aspects. However, there is a wide range of indicators available to be applied for LCA, and choosing an inappropriate indicator may lead the product designer to achieve wrong and weak results. Therefore, this paper proposes to overcome this difficulty by developing a method that can be used as a knowledge transfer to product designers and LCA practitioners in order to help them to make the most appropriate choice of LCA indicators. This method should have some characteristics, such as (a) to be adaptable to a given context and (b) to be dynamic, scalable, and easy to learn. The purpose of this paper is to present the Evaluation Method for Choosing Indicator (EMCI) developed to facilitate the learning process of LCA methods and to quickly select their most appropriate indicators. To validate the EMCI method, a case study on a French textile industry has been implemented. The focus was to evaluate how LCA indicators and methods were chosen to be integrated into the suitable eco-design LCA tool.
Perturbation confusion in forward automatic differentiation of higher-order functions
Authors: MANZYUK OLEKSANDR , PEARLMUTTER BARAK A. , RADUL ALEXEY ANDREYEVICH , RUSH DAVID R. , SISKIND JEFFREY MARK 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAutomatic differentiation (AD) is a technique for augmenting computer programs to compute derivatives. The essence of AD in its forward accumulation mode is to attach perturbations to each number, and propagate these through the computation by overloading the arithmetic operators. When derivatives are nested, the distinct derivative calculations, and their associated perturbations, must be distinguished. This is typically accomplished by creating a unique tag for each derivative calculation and tagging the perturbations. We exhibit a subtle bug, present in fielded implementations which support derivatives of higher-order functions, in which perturbations are confuseddespitethe tagging machinery, leading to incorrect results. The essence of the bug is as follows: a unique tag is needed for each derivative calculation, but in existing implementations unique tags are created when taking the derivative of a function at a point. When taking derivatives of higher-order functions, these need not correspond! We exhibit a simple example: a higher-order functionfwhose derivative at a pointx, namelyf′(x), is itself a function which calculates a derivative. This situation arises naturally when taking derivatives of curried functions. Two potential solutions are presented, and their deficiencies discussed. One uses eta expansion to delay the creation of fresh tags in order to put them into one-to-one correspondence with derivative calculations. The other wraps outputs of derivative operators with tag substitution machinery. Both solutions seem very difficult to implement without violating the desirable complexity guarantees of forward AD.
The category of implicative algebras and realizability
Authors: Ferrer Santos Walter , Malherbe Octavio 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we continue with the algebraic study of Krivine’s realizability, completing and generalizing some of the authors’ previous constructions by introducing two categories with objects the abstract Krivine structures and the implicative algebras, respectively. These categories are related by an adjunction whose existence clarifies many aspects of the theory previously established. We also revisit, reinterpret, and generalize in categorical terms, some of the results of our previous work such as: the bullet construction, the equivalence of Krivine’s, Streicher’s, and bullet triposes and also the fact that these triposes can be obtained – up to equivalence – from implicative algebras or implicative ordered combinatory algebras.
Absence of Cultural Awareness Training in International Non-Governmental Organizations
Authors: Hart Alexander , Toma Mariana , Issa Fadi , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Cultural awareness can be defined as an understanding of the differences that exist between cultures. This understanding is a crucial first step towards the development of cultural sensitivity, a willingness to accept those differences as having equal merit, and becoming operationally effective when working within different cultures. The benefits of cultural awareness have become apparent in recent decades, including within governments, militaries, and corporations. Many organizations have developed cultural awareness training for their staffs to improve cross-cultural cooperation. However, there has not been a large movement toward cultural sensitivity training among non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who provide aid globally, across a number of countries and cultures. Cultural awareness can be a useful tool which enables an NGO to better serve the populations with which they engage.Problem:The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence of cultural awareness training for employees and volunteers working within international NGOs.Methods:Ten of the largest international NGOs were identified. Their websites were evaluated for any mention of training in cultural awareness available to their employees and volunteers. All ten were then contacted via their public email addresses to find out if they provide any form of cultural awareness training.Results:Of the ten NGOs identified, none had any publicly available cultural awareness training on their websites. One NGO dealt with cultural awareness by only hiring local staff, who were already a part of the prevalent culture of the area. None of the others who responded provided any cultural awareness training.Conclusion:Cultural awareness is a vital tool when working internationally. Large NGOs, which operate in a wide-range of cultures, have an obligation to act in a culturally aware and accepting manner. Most large NGOs currently lack a systematic, robust cultural awareness training for their employees and volunteers.
Design and analysis of a tri-band frequency selective surface with a second-order response
Authors: Gao Chunyan , Pu Hongbin , Gao Shan , Chen Chunlan , Yang Yong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a sandwiched type frequency selective surface (FSS) is designed and analyzed. The design procedure and operating principle is given based on the equivalent circuit model. The proposed FSS includes two identical layers of periodic metallic arrays, which are separated by a foam layer. In each layer of the periodic array, the unit cell is composed of a gridded-triple square loop structure. The FSS provides three pass-bands, in which a flat band response is presented. Three bands are separated by one or two transmission zeros, which leads to a sharp rejection on both sides of each pass-band. The central frequencies of the three pass-bands are 7.0, 10.9 and 14.0 GHz. To verify the simulated results, a prototype of the FSS is fabricated and measured. The simulated results agree well with the measured ones. This work can be used in area of a radar stealth or satellite communication system.
The SpanishMonte Pío Militar: Institutional protection for the widows and other relatives of naval officers, 1730–1900
Authors: Ortega-del-Cerro Pablo 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis work examines the creation and development of theMonte Pío Militar, a permanent public pension system that was established for the widows and other relatives of deceased naval officers who had been in the Spanish Navy. This system was not a mutualist experiment, but rather constitutes an innovative example of an institutional protective organization that was based on objective principles and supported by an impersonal agent: the state. The article is divided into three parts. The first section studies the formal organization of theMonte Pío Militarbetween 1761, when the system was instituted, and 1900, when the welfare state truly began to take shape in Spain. The second part focuses on the rudimentary protection system that the navy had operated during the previous period (c. 1730–61) and the first steps of theMonte Pío Militar(1761–1800); this section is particularly interesting, for it examines how the previous system was superseded by new measures, criteria, and values. The third part examines both how the pension system was applied and its impact on the families that benefited from it during the nineteenth century. This will illustrate how the families soon internalized the idea that pensions were a reflection of the state’s duty to protect them, while the legal principles behind the system and the bureaucratic protocol built around it were progressively consolidated.
Spectral Decomposition Reveals New Perspectives on CO2Concentration Patterns and Soil‐Stream Linkages
Authors: Riml J. , Campeau A. , Bishop K. , Wallin M.B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe rapid development of novel technologies to obtain high‐frequency observations has provided new possibilities to observe and understand carbon cycling in inland waters. This study investigates carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics along a boreal soil‐stream transect using a state‐of‐the‐art data set in combination with a spectral methodology to identify controls on stream CO2. The spectral decomposition of hourly observations revealed intermediate (multiday) to long‐term (monthly) patterns across the upslope‐riparian‐stream continuum, with similar power law increases in CO2concentration fluctuations with increasing period. High‐frequency CO2variabilities, specifically diel CO2concentration fluctuations, were also identified at all locations but were substantially amplified in the stream compared to in the riparian groundwater. Moreover, the spectral coherence between soil and stream CO2fluctuations was inconsistent and restricted to episodic events. In contrast, we found a strong and consistent spectral coherence between the riparian groundwater level and stream CO2concentration, indicating a hydrological control on stream CO2dynamics. However, during some time spans even these patterns were obscured, suggesting that additional processes, such as CO2evasion and in‐stream metabolism, modulated the influence from riparian sources. The scales and patterns of temporal coherences (or lack thereof) between CO2at different points in the catchment, as well as with other factors, for example, groundwater levels and Photosynthetically Active Radiation, provide new perspectives on the range of processes governing stream CO2dynamics. Thus, this study highlights the potential of using spectral decomposition of high‐resolution, spatially distributed data of different types to investigate biogeochemical transformations and pathways linking terrestrial and aquatic systems.
Rainfall Characteristics and Trends—and the Role of Congo Westerlies—in the Western Uganda Transition Zone of Equatorial Africa From 1983 to 2017
Authors: Diem Jeremy E. , Sung Hae Seung , Konecky Bronwen L. , Palace Michael W. , Salerno Jonathan , Hartter Joel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhile long‐term rainfall trends and related atmospheric dynamics have been researched over the past several decades across equatorial Africa, little is known about rainfall in western Uganda, a transition zone in the middle of the continent. Using satellite‐derived rainfall and reanalysis data from 1983 to 2017, this study examines atmospheric characteristics of seasons and multidecadal trends in rainfall. Most of the region has a biannual rainfall regime (i.e., the first rains within March–May and the second rains during August–November). Ascending (descending) air and increased (decreased) specific humidity are observed over western Uganda during the rainy (dry) seasons. Southeasterly air‐parcel back trajectories are common throughout western Uganda at all times except for the first dry season (i.e., December–February). For all seasons, wet days in western Uganda are characterized by increases in ascending air and specific humidity in addition to westerly flow anomalies. Wet days in most seasons also have a disproportionately high frequency of westerly back trajectories extending over the Congo Basin. These Congo westerlies are associated with more vertical ascent and a more humid middle troposphere compared to the other trajectories. Rainy seasons, especially the first rains, have gotten longer and wetter throughout western Uganda. The duration of the first rains increased by about 1 month over the 35 years; in turn, the rainfall total increased by approximately 70%. Rainfall also has increased for climatological seasons, with the exception being December–February. Increases in middle‐troposphere specific humidity and vertical ascent over time provide support for the wetting trends derived from the satellite‐derived rainfall data.
Land Use, Not Stream Order, Controls N2O Concentration and Flux in the Upper Mara River Basin, Kenya
Authors: Mwanake R.M. , Gettel G.M. , Aho K.S. , Namwaya D.W. , Masese F.O. , Butterbach‐Bahl K. , Raymond P.A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic activities have led to increases in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from river systems, but there are large uncertainties in estimates due to lack of data in tropical rivers and rapid increase in human activity. We assessed the effects of land use and river size on N2O flux and concentration in 46 stream sites in the Mara River, Kenya, during the transition from the wet (short rains) to dry season, November 2017 to January 2018. Flux estimates were similar to other studies in tropical and temperate systems, but in contrast to other studies, land use was more related to N2O concentration and flux than stream size. Agricultural stream sites had the highest fluxes (26.38 ± 5.37 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1) compared to both forest and livestock sites (5.66 ± 1.38 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1 and 6.95 ± 2.96 N2O‐N μg·m–2·hr–1, respectively). N2O concentrations in forest and agriculture streams were positively correlated to stream carbon dioxide (CO2‐C(aq)) but showed a negative correlation with dissolved organic carbon, and the dissolved organic carbon:dissolved inorganic nitrogen ratio. N2O concentration in the livestock sites had a negative relationship with CO2‐C(aq) and a higher number of negative fluxes. We concluded that in‐stream chemoautotrophic nitrification was likely the main biogeochemical process driving N2O production in agricultural and forest streams, whereas complete denitrification led to the consumption of N2O in the livestock stream sites. These results point to the need to better understand the relative importance of nitrification and denitrification in different habitats in producing N2O and for process‐based studies.
A Multilayer Reservoir Thermal Stratification Module for Earth System Models
Authors: Yigzaw Wondmagegn , Li Hong‐Yi , Fang Xing , Leung L. Ruby , Voisin Nathalie , Hejazi Mohamad I. , Demissie Yonas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThermal stratification in reservoirs is a critical process that regulates downstream riverine energy and biogeochemical cycling. Current stratification models either simplify vertical energy process, reservoir geometry or neglecting the effects of reservoir operation. Here we present a new multilayer reservoir stratification model that can be applied for reservoir and stream temperature simulation at regional or global scale. With a multilayer vertical discretization, we introduce a newly developed storage‐area‐depth dataset to improve parameterization of advection processes in and out of the reservoir. The new model better represents vertical temperature gradient and subsequently temperature of water released to downstream. The stratification model is applied to 1,400 reservoirs over the contiguous United States and validated against observed surface, profile, and outflow temperature data over 130 reservoirs subjected to various levels of regulation. The Nash‐Sutcliffe values are higher than 0.5 for about 77% of the validated reservoirs using surface temperature while the average values of root mean square error and bias are 3.6 °C and −1.1 °C, respectively. Using the new reservoir storage‐area‐depth dataset improves the simulation of surface temperature at over 69% of the validated reservoirs compared to using simplified reservoir geometry. The reservoir stratification model contributes to improving predictive understanding of anthropogenic impact on terrestrial hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical cycles.
Modeling the Translocation and Transformation of Chemicals in the Soil‐Plant Continuum: A Dynamic Plant Uptake Module for the HYDRUS Model
Authors: Brunetti Giuseppe , Kodešová Radka , Šimůnek Jiří 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFood contamination is responsible for thousands of deaths worldwide every year. Plants represent the most common pathway for chemicals into the human and animal food chain. Although existing dynamic plant uptake models for chemicals are crucial for the development of reliable mitigation strategies for food pollution, they nevertheless simplify the description of physicochemical processes in soil and plants, mass transfer processes between soil and plants and in plants, and transformation in plants. To fill this scientific gap, we couple a widely used hydrological model (HYDRUS) with a multicompartment dynamic plant uptake model, which accounts for differentiated multiple metabolization pathways in plant's tissues. The developed model is validated first theoretically and then experimentally against measured data from an experiment on the translocation and transformation of carbamazepine in three vegetables. The analysis is further enriched by performing a global sensitivity analysis on the soil‐plant model to identify factors driving the compound's accumulation in plants' shoots, as well as to elucidate the role and the importance of soil hydraulic properties on the plant uptake process. Results of the multilevel numerical analysis emphasize the model's flexibility and demonstrate its ability to accurately reproduce physicochemical processes involved in the dynamic plant uptake of chemicals from contaminated soils.