bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
129 The effect of Activo Liquid supplemented via the water against Mecadox 50 on nursery pig’s growth performance and survival
Authors: Cabrera Rafael A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare Activo Liquid supplemented via the water agaisnt Mecadox 50 on nursery pigs’ growth performance and survival. Activo Liquid is a combination of secondary plant compounds plus organic acid (antimicrobial) supplemented in the water to support gut health and improve performance. The study design of this trial was a Split Plot with 36 replicates (9 replicates/treatment) with 10 pigs/pen. Pigs were allotted by a Randomized Complete Block Design by weight at weaning. Pigs were around 5.7 kg and 19 days of age average on body weight and weaning age, respectively. The nursery houses were not washed for two turns to expose the animals to serious pathogens. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance with pen as the experimental unit. Significant differences were established by P < 0.05. Treatments were Control with 50g/ton of Mecadox for all nursery phases and three Activo Liquid treatments (6 oz per 128 gallon of drinking water administered either for 3, 5 or 7 days post-weaning). A typical nursery feeding program was followed: Phase 1 from d 0 to d 7, Phase2 from d 8 to d 21 and Phase 3 from d 22 to d4 2. They contain 23%, 21% and 19% crude protein respectively. The results showed no significant difference on final body weight among the treatments. All Activo treatments had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion (Feed:Gain) when compared with the medicated treatment. Activo Liquid 5d treatment post-weaning had numerically lower mortality when compared with all the other treatments. In conclusion, the results of this trial showed that the supplementation of Activo Liquid for 5 d post-weaning at 6 oz/128 gallon of water can safely replace Mecadox 50 g/ton. More research is needed to validate the repeatability of these results and understand Activo Liquid’s mode of action as a powerful antimicrobial.
136 The impact of Swine Awake® on commercial nursery flows from a PRRSV positive source
Authors: Sugg Emily , Jones Randy , Holck Tyler , Heintzelman Scott , Weiland Sarah A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Swine Awake® (SA; NutriQuest, Mason City, IA) on commercial nursery pigs from a single-source positive for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV). This study included 16 nursery rooms located on 3 farms. Rooms were alternately assigned between Control and SA treatment for a total of 8 rooms per treatment, with both treatments equally represented at each farm. Control and SA treatment rooms averaged 1,144 and 1,125 pigs placed for 47.4 and 48.3 days on trial, respectively. Swine Awake was administered via water for 21 d post-placement. Serum samples were collected from 30 pigs in each room at placement before MLV PRRSV vaccination and pooled in groups of 5 within room. Pooled serum samples along with oral fluid samples pulled the last days of trial were sent for PRRSV quantification by PCR. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Farm, start BW, and days on trial were used as covariates in the model when significant (P < 0.05). Twenty-seven of 96 pooled serum samples and 29 of 30 oral fluid samples tested positive for PRRSV with CT values ranging from 26.2 to < 37, suggesting pigs were viremic at placement with virus present throughout the study. End BW, ADG, and G/F did not significantly differ between treatments (P > 0.10); however, a numerical improvement of 0.27 kg for end BW and a 1.9% improvement in G/F were observed for pigs given SA compared with Control. Reduced percentage of dead or euthanized pigs was observed for pigs given SA compared with Control (4.1 vs. 5.9%, P = 0.06). Overall, nursery growth performance in pigs coming from a PRRSV positive flow was not different between treatments, but total mortality was decreased by 31% in barns where SA was administered.
142 Effects of antibiotics on blood profiles in weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Jinno Cynthia , Yang Seijoo , Song Minho , Ji Peng , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of antibiotics on blood profiles and serum inflammatory mediators of weaned pigs experimentally infected with F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). Twenty-six pigs (6.88 ± 1.03 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of three treatments with 8–12 replicate pigs per treatment. The three dietary treatments were control diet and 2 additional diets supplemented with 0.5 or 50 mg/kg carbadox, respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d (7 d before and 11 d after first inoculation [d 0]). F18 E. coli inoculum was daily and orally as 1010 cfu/3 mL for 3 d. Blood samples were collected before E. coli inoculation and on d 2, 5, 8, and 11 post-inoculation (PI). Total and differential blood cell count were analyzed by CBC test. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS. Supplementation of low-dose antibiotics had greatest (P < 0.05) neutrophils but lowest (P < 0.05) monocytes on d 2 PI, compared with control and high-dose antibiotics groups. Pigs in the low-dose antibiotics group still had higher (P < 0.05) white blood cell counts and lymphocytes than pigs in the other groups on d 11 PI. In consistent with CBC results, pigs supplemented with low-dose antibiotics had greatest (P < 0.05) serum C-reactive protein on d 2 and 5 PI and serum TNF-α on d 5 PI, compared with pigs in the control and high-dose antibiotics groups. No differences were observed in the red blood cell profiles between pigs in control and low-dose antibiotics groups, whereas supplementation of high-dose antibiotics had lowest (P < 0.05) packed cell volume but highest (P < 0.05) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration among three treatments. In conclusion, low-dose antibiotic supplementation may exacerbate systemic inflammation caused by F18 E. coli infection.
138 Evaluation of different combinations of medium chain fatty acids and monolaurin as a dietary additive for nursery pigs
Authors: Thomas Lori L , Hartman Ashley , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M , McKilligan Denny , Jones Aaron 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 360 pigs (DNA 400×200, initial BW=6.8 kg) were used a 35-d trial to evaluate the effects of adding MCFA and monolaurin blends to the diet on growth performance of nursery pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomized to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (12 pens per treatment). Treatments consisted of a basal diet containing no MCFA (control), the control diet with 1.0% added MCFA (a 1:1:1 blend of C6, C8, and C10; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), or a 1.0% inclusion of 4 different blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin (1, 2, 3, and 4). The 4 blends consisted of 50% C6, 20% lactic acid and increasing levels of monolaurin (0, 10, 20, and 30%) at the expense of C12 (30, 20, 10, and 0%). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend had increased (P = 0.037) ADG compared to the control group. Pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend and the mean of the 4 blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin had improved (P < 0.037) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. From d 14 to 35, ADFI and subsequently ADG increased (P < 0.057) for pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend compared with the control group. Overall, pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend had increased (P < 0.034) ADFI and ADG, resulting in 0.9 kg greater final BW (P = 0.014) compared with the control group. There was no evidence for differences between the mean of pigs fed blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin compared with the control. In summary, the addition of a 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend resulted in improved ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with pigs fed a control diet.
141 Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified fecal microbiota of weaning pigs experimentally infected with pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , Kim Kwangwook , Song Minho , Ji Peng , Maga Elizabeth , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of Bacillus subtilis supplements on fecal microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with F-18 E. coli. Forty-eight pigs (6.73 ± 0.77 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four treatments with 12 replicate pigs per treatment. Four treatments included negative control (NC), positive control (PC), single dose probiotics, and double dose probiotics. Pigs in the NC and PC groups were fed with basal diet but without or with E. coli challenge, respectively. Pigs in the probiotics groups were fed the diets either supplemented with 1.28 × 109 CFU or 2.56 × 109 CFU Bacillus subtilis/kg feed and challenged with E. coli. The experiment lasted 18 d with 7 d before and 11 d after the first E. coli inoculation (d 0). Fecal samples were collected on d 5 and d 12 post inoculation (PI) and fecal microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region and compositional data was analyzed using QIIME2 (2016.6). Pigs in the NC group had less (P < 0.05) Shannon diversity index than pigs in the other groups on d 5 PI, but no difference was observed in Shannon diversity among all treatment groups on d 12 PI. Bray Curtis PCoA analysis displayed that pigs in both probiotics group were separately clustered from the NC and PC groups on d 5 PI. Supplementation of single or double dose probiotics reduced (P < 0.05) the abundance of fecal Firmicutes compared with NC and PC. Within this phylum, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae was increased (P < 0.05), but the abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae was decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis could modify gut microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with F18 E. coli.
147 Effects of added dietary Zn and Cu or an essential oils blend in a nursery feeding program
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Knopf Brandon , Greiner Laura , Bergstrom Jon R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Approximately 1,200 weaned pigs (8.8 ± 1 kg; Camborough×337, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used to evaluate the effects of a blend of essential oils compared to therapeutic programs [negative control (NC), Carbodox (NC + 55 ppm Mecadox, Phibro, Teaneck, NJ; MX), added ZnO and CuSO4 (NC + 2,000 ppm Zn and 150 ppm Cu in P1 and 150 ppm Cu in P2; ZnCu), and essential oils blend (NC + 0.4% Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ; VL)]. Pigs were allotted to the treatments 10 d after weaning. Treatments occurred over 2 phases: 14 d (P1) and 21 d (P2). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed efficiency (F:G) were evaluated. Data were analyzed as a CRD using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and treatment as main effect. During P1, pigs fed MX or ZnCu had increased ADG compared with NC (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) and VL (P = 0.007 and P = 0.018, respectively). Pigs fed MX, VL, or ZnCu had improved F:G compared to NC (P < 0.0001, P = 0.04, and P = 0.001, respectively). In P2, ZnCu or MX increased ADG compared to VL (P = 0.03, P = 0.06, respectively) and ZnCu tended to increase ADG compared to NC (P = 0.07). Overall (d 0 to 35), VL tended to decrease the percent removals compared with NC (P = 0.07). In conclusion, feeding MX or ZnCu improved ADG and F:G and diets with VL resulted in the least removals.
148 Effects of inclusion of a peptide based commercial product on the growth performance and fecal bacterial composition of nursery piglets
Authors: Poudel Prakash , Levesque Crystal L , Samuel Ryan S , St- Pierre Benoit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
While a number of approaches have been developed to counter intestinal dysfunction and reduced growth during the early post-weaning period, there is a need for improvement or development of new feed additives. A trial was performed to evaluate the impact of dietary inclusion of a peptide-based commercial product (Peptiva, Vitech Biochem Corp) on the growth and fecal microbiome of nursery pigs. A total of 746 weaned pigs (5.9 ± 0.1 kg) divided between 15 control (standard nursery diet) and 15 treatment pens (control diet with Peptiva at 1, 0.5, and 0.3%, for each respective phase) received their assigned diets for 6 wks (Phase I: d0 – 7; Phase II, d8 – 21; Phase III, d22 – 42). No significant difference in body weight, daily gain, daily feed intake or gain:feed was observed between control and treatment animals (P > 0.05). Microbiome analysis was conducted using 10 fecal samples collected at the end of Phase II and 10 samples at the end of Phase III. Bacterial composition was assessed by Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) clustering of sequence data generated from PCR amplicons targeting the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Eleven OTUs were found to vary in abundance between Control Phase II and Control Phase III (P < 0.05), indicating a base diet effect on bacterial composition. Three OTUs were in lower abundance in Peptiva Phase II samples compared to Control Phase II (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the abundance of these three OTUs when comparing Peptiva Phase II to Control Phase III (P > 0.05). No OTUs differed in abundance between Peptiva Phase III and Control Phase III samples. These results suggest that Peptiva can modulate the composition of the swine microbiome during a specific window of the nursery stage, potentially by accelerating its maturation.
154 Digestibility of amino acids, fiber, and energy, and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in conventional and extruded yellow dent corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs
Authors: Rodriguez Diego A , Lee Su A , Muckey Mary B , Jones Cassandra K , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of extrusion on energy and nutrient digestibility in corn, wheat, and sorghum fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 6 diets based on raw or extruded sources of each grain and an N-free diet were formulated. Seven barrows (14.2 ± 0.9 kg) had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum and were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. Results indicated that extruded grains had greater (P < 0.001) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch than non-extruded grains. Extrusion increased standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all AA except Pro in corn, but SID of AA in wheat and sorghum was not affected by extrusion (Table 1). In Exp. 2, 48 barrows (15.1 ± 3.7 kg) were allotted to 6 diets based on each of the 6 grains. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 d after 5 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE increased by extrusion of corn or sorghum, but that was not the case for wheat (interaction, P < 0.001). The ATTD of NDF was reduced by extrusion of wheat, but not of corn or sorghum (interaction, P < 0.001). Extrusion reduced (P < 0.05) the ATTD of ADF in all grains. Values for ME were greater in extruded corn and sorghum compared with non-extruded grains, but ME in wheat was not affected by extrusion (interaction, P < 0.001). In conclusion, extrusion of corn, wheat, and sorghum increased AID of starch and SID of all indispensable AA. The ME in corn and sorghum was also increased.
159 Impact of dietary fiber and carbohydrases on intestinal gene transcription in enterotoxigenic E. coli challenged pigs
Authors: Li Qingyun , Burrough Eric R , Gabler Nicholas K , Gould Stacie A , Loving Crystal L , Tuggle Christopher K , Sahin Orhan , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate if soluble (10% sugar beet pulp) or insoluble dietary fiber (15% corn DDGS) with or without exogenous carbohydrases protect piglets against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)-induced changes in gene transcription of markers of intestinal inflammation and barrier integrity. Sixty newly-weaned piglets (BW=6.9 ± 0.1 kg; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by initial BW, preselected for F18 ETEC sensitivity and placed in individual pens. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 treatments (n = 10/trt): non-challenged (NC), ETEC-challenged (PC), PC-fed a soluble fiber diet without (SF-) or with (SF+) carbohydrases (xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase), or PC fed an insoluble fiber diet without (IF-) or with carbohydrases (IF+). Pigs were orally inoculated with ETEC or PBS on d 7 post-weaning. Intestinal tissues were collected on d 14 or 15. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4); treatment was a fixed effect and block a random effect. The NC decreased interleukin (IL)-8 and increased claudin-1 (CLDN1; 2.32 vs. 0.96) mRNA abundance in the ileum compared to PC (P < 0.05). The SF- increased ileal CLDN1 mRNA compared to PC (P < 0.05). A trend (P < 0.10) for lower levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and greater occludin (OCLN) mRNA in the ileum was observed in SF+ compared with PC. The IF+ decreased ileal cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) mRNA abundance compared to PC (P < 0.05). Greater colonic abundance of zonula occludens (ZO-1) mRNA was observed in NC than PC (P < 0.05). Pigs fed SF+ tended (P = 0.051) to have greater ZO-1 and greater OCLN mRNA abundance than pigs on PC (P < 0.05). Collectively, these data suggest that an ETEC challenge increased markers of gut inflammation and reduced mRNA levels of tight junction proteins. Soluble fiber, regardless of enzyme supplementation, may help improve gut barrier integrity during such a challenge.
168 Effects of proportion of pigs per feeder hole and stocking density on growth performance and tail and ear biting in the nursery
Authors: Laskoski Fernanda , Faccin Jamil E G , De Conti Elisa Rigo , Mellagi Ana Paula , Ulguim Rafael , Bortolozzo Fernando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different numbers of pigs per feeder hole and stocking densities on growth performance and incidence of tail and ear biting in the nursery. A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough, initial BW 6.1 ± 0.3 kg; weaning age 21.5 ± 0.7 d) were used in a 42-d study. Each pen contained a semi-automatic feeder with 2, 4, 6, or 8 holes of 16 cm wide by 14 cm deep each. At allotment, 20 pigs were placed per pen. The experiment was designed in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement with nine replicates per treatment, comparing four different number of pigs per feeder hole (PFH) (10; 5; 3.3 and 2.5), and three stocking densities (SD) (0.15; 0.25 and 0.35 m2/pig). Pen was the experimental unit for data analysis. For final weight and ADG, a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for PFH and linear effect (P = 0.001) for SD. For ADFI, low stocking density increased ADFI (linear, P = 0.002). For G:F, a quadratic effect was observed for PFH (P = 0.037). No significant effects were observed for mortality (P > 0.464). The percentage of removals was affected by the interaction between PFH and SD (P = 0.039), indicating that increasing feeder space may reduce the percentage of removals at high stocking densities (0.15 and 0.25 m2/pig). For tail and ear biting, a quadratic effect was observed for PFH and SD (P = 0.031). These results suggest that both feeder space and stocking density affect performance and incidence of tail and ear biting, most of the times as quadratic and linear effects, respectively, and the factors may work together to influence pig removal rate in the nursery phase.
177 Influence of the level of dietary digestible Ca on growth performance, bone ash, plasma Ca, and abundance of genes involved in Ca absorption in 11- to 25-kg pigs fed different levels of digestible P
Authors: Lagos Vanessa , Walk Carrie L , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A 21-d experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that the Ca requirement to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible (STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:1. The second hypothesis was that increasing dietary Ca increases plasma Ca and downregulates abundance of genes related to Ca absorption (TRPV6 and S100G) and tight junction proteins (OCLN, CLDN1, and ZO1). Twenty corn-soybean meal diets were formulated using a 4 5 factorial design (0.16, 0.33, 0.42, or 0.50% STTD P and 0.14, 0.29, 0.44, 0.59, or 0.74% STTD Ca), and 640 pigs (11.1 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to the 20 diets in a randomized complete block design. On d 21, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded and blood, duodenal tissue, ileal mucosa, and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Abundance of mRNA was determined in duodenum and ileum via quantitative RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a response surface model by removing the terms in the model that were not significant. Interactions (P < 0.01) between dietary Ca and P for average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and bone ash were observed (Table 1). The predicted maximum ADG (614 g), G:F (0.65), and bone ash (11.68 g) at 0.33% STTD P was obtained at STTD Ca:STTD P ratios of 1.39:1, 1.25:1, and 1.66:1, respectively. There was a linear negative effect (P < 0.05) of Ca on the abundance of S100G, TRPV6, OCLN, and Z01 in the duodenum and on CLDN and ZO1 in the ileum. In conclusion, the STTD Ca:STTD P ratio needed to maximize growth performance of 11- to 25-kg pigs is less than 1.40:1, if P is at the requirement. Increasing dietary Ca reduces transcellular but increases paracellular absorption of Ca.
171 Standardized total tract digestible phosphorus requirement of 6- to 13-kg pigs fed diets with or without phytase
Authors: Wu Fangzhou , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 1,080 pigs (initially 5.9 kg) were used to determine the standardized-total-tract-digestible (STTD) P requirements in diets without and with 2,000 units of phytase. Pens (10 pigs/pen, 9 pens/treatment) were balanced for weights and allotted to 12 treatments in two 6-level dose-titrations.The STTD P levels were expressed as percentage of the NRC (2012) requirement (0.45 and 0.40% for phases 1 [d 0–11] and 2 [d 11–25], respectively) and were: 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, and 140% of NRC in diets without phytase and 100, 110, 125, 140, 155, and 170% of NRC in diets with 2,000 units of phytase (assuming 0.158% STTD P released). On d 25, radius samples from 1 gilt/pen were collected for bone ash analysis. Linear and quadratic responses to increasing STTD P were tested using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and modeled separately for each dose-titration. Increasing STTD P increased ADG (quadratic, P < 0.05), G:F (linear, P < 0.01), and percentage bone ash (linear, P < 0.01) regardless of phytase addition (Table 1). Estimated STTD P requirement in diets without phytase was 117 and 91% of NRC for maximum ADG according to quadratic polynomial (QP) and broken-line linear (BLL) models, respectively, and ranged from 102 to > 140% of NRC for G:F using BLL, broken-line quadratic, and linear models. Estimated P requirement in diets containing phytase was 138% for ADG (QP) and was 147% (QP) and 116% (BLL) of NRC for G:F. Comparing diets containing the same STTD P levels, phytase increased (P < 0.01) ADG and G:F. In conclusion, estimated P requirements varied depending on the response criteria and statistical models. Phytase promoted pig growth and improved the P dose responses for ADG and G:F.