bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measles and Rubella Viruses
Authors: Crooke Stephen N. , Coughlin Melissa M. , Perelygina Ludmila M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Measles virus is the prototypic member of the genus
Morbillivirus
in the family
Paramyxoviridae
, and it is the only member of the genus that causes human disease. Characteristic cytopathic effects of measles virus infection include giant multinucleated cells (Warthin‐Finkeldey giant cells) as well as intracytoplasmic and intranuclear cellular inclusions. Rubella virus was historically classified in the family
Togaviridae
as the sole member of the genus
Rubivirus
; however, in 2018, rubella virus (and the genus
Rubivirus
) was reclassified as the sole member the new family
Matonaviridae
. The present description of laboratory testing for rubella emphasizes identification of postnatal and congenital rubella cases. However, in the United States, much of the testing is for assessing immunity to rubella, since health care providers should test all pregnant women for immunity by a serum IgG test at the earliest prenatal visit.
Rabies Lyssavirus
Authors: Orciari Lillian A. , Yager Pamela A. , Satheshkumar P. S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

This chapter provides information on taxonomy, description of the agent, epidemiology and transmission, clinical significance, collection, transport, and storage of specimens, direct detection methods, isolation procedures, typing systems, serologic tests, and antiviral susceptibilities of Rabies Lyssavirus infection. There are numerous etiologic agents in the genus
Lyssavirus
that result in an acute, fatal viral encephalomyelitis known as rabies in both humans and animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease. All mammals are susceptible. The main route of transmission is introduction of saliva containing RABV into a wound via the bite of a rabid animal. Direct methods may be used to detect histopathological changes and viral antigen (inclusions) and to observe virion morphology. These methods include: microscopy, antigen detection, and nucleic acid detection. Identification of a
Lyssavirus
infection is made typically by direct examination of brain impressions and demonstration of specific viral inclusions by DFA testing.
Parvovirus B19V, Bocaviruses, and Other Human Parvoviruses
Authors: Söderlund‐Venermo Maria 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Parvoviruses are small, nonenveloped icosahedral viruses with a linear single‐stranded‐DNA (ssDNA) genome in the family
Parvoviridae
in the realm
Monodnaviria
. The family
Parvoviridae
is divided into three subfamilies,
Parvovirinae
,
Densovirinae
, and the new
Hamaparvovirinae
, on the basis of their ability to infect vertebrates, invertebrates, or both, respectively, and their NS1 amino acid sequences. The first human parvoviruses identified were the nonpathogenic adeno‐associated viruses of the genus
Dependoparvovirus
, which are increasingly used in gene therapy. Human bocavirus (HBoV1) has the typical structure of a member of the
Parvoviridae
. The most common test for diagnosis of HBoV1 infection is DNA detection by qualitative PCR. Parvoviruses are unable to induce cells to divide, so they require actively dividing cells for their replication.
Histoplasma
,
Blastomyces
,
Coccidioides
,
Paracoccidioides
and Other Dimorphic Fungi Causing Systemic Mycoses
Authors: Thompson George R. , Gomez Beatriz L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The dimorphic fungi causing systemic disease belong to the class
Eurotiomycetes
, order
Onygenales
. This chapter covers the dimorphic members of the families
Onygenaceae
and
Ajellomycetaceae
.
Ajellomycetaceae
contains the species
Ajellomyces dermatitidis
,
A. capsulatum
,
A. duboisii
, and
A. crescens
, the anamorphs of which have been placed in the genera
Blastomyces
and
Histoplasma
. DNA sequence data place
Paracoccidioides
in the family
Ajellomycetaceae
as well. However, it is important to appreciate that tissue‐form cells of
Histoplasma
and
Blastomyces
can appear similar to each other as well as to yeast cells of various Candida species,
Cryptococcus neoformans
,
Cryptococcus gattii
, and
Talaromyces marneffei
and to endospores of
Coccidioides
species.
The Dermatophytes and Their Relatives (
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
,
Epidermophyton
,
Arthroderma
,
Nannizzia
,
Paraphyton
, and
Lophophyton
) and Other Agents of Superficial Mycoses
Authors: Borman Andrew M. , Summerbell Richard C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

At present, a large number of primary studies related to rapid PCR of dermatological specimens for dermatophytosis and related mycoses have been published. Dermatophytes can in principle be tested for susceptibility to antifungal drugs using the standard CLSI M38‐A3 standard for moulds. For many years, the etiologic agents of dermatophytosis have been classified, along with some nonpathogenic relatives, in three genera:
Trichophyton
,
Microsporum
, and
Epidermophyton
, in the family
Arthrodermataceae
of the order
Onygenales
, phylum
Ascomycota
. Any dermatophytes capable of reproducing sexually, i.e., producing ascomata with asci and ascospores, also had historical teleomorph names in the genus
Arthroderma
or
Nannizzia
. Conversely, most geophilic species and those zoophilic organisms that rarely cause human disease are divided among
Arthroderma
,
Lophophyton
,
Paraphyton
, and
Nannizzia
.
Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma
Authors: van de Sande Wendy W. J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Eumycetoma was recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization in 2016. All fungi known to cause eumycetoma belong to the phylum Ascomycota.
Madurella mycetomatis
is the most common fungal causative agent of eumycetoma.
Medicopsis romeroi
is a coelomycetous anamorphic fungus. It might be misidentified as
Trematosphaeria grisea
when cultures lack pycnidia.
Neotestudina rosatii
has been isolated from soil from tropical countries; it is an ascomycete with spherical, deliquescent asci and rhomboid ascospores with one septum each. The genus
Scedosporium
comprises a small group of rather variable species. Magnetic resonance imaging and radiology are often used to identify the limits of the lesions and to determine if bone is affected. Antibody detection tests created in‐house have been used in some locations where eumycetoma is endemic.
Mycotoxins
Authors: Luciano‐Rosario Dianiris , Keller Nancy P. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by many different species of ubiquitous fungi that have adverse effects on humans and animals. This chapter reviews the most common mycotoxins and their relevance to sick building syndrome, bioterrorism, and food safety. It briefly addresses the impact of mycotoxins on animal and human health. The aflatoxin class of mycotoxins was the first to be discovered and studied. Citrinin is a simple, low‐molecular‐weight compound that crystallizes as light yellow needles. Cyclopiazonic acid is an indole‐tetramic acid mycotoxin produced by several species of
Penicillium
and
Aspergillus
. Fumonisins are among the most recently discovered mycotoxins. Zearalenone is a common contaminant of cereal crops worldwide and has been implicated in hyperestrogenism of farm animals as a result of digestion of moldy corn and grains.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Agents
Authors: Perlin David S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the epidemiologic, biological, and molecular nature of antifungal drug resistance. Antifungal drug action and the host immune system often must work synergistically to control and clear an infection. “Microbiological resistance” refers to decreased susceptibility of a fungal strain to an antifungal agent, which is reflected in standardized antifungal in vitro susceptibility testing relative to susceptible standard reference strains, as defined by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. The azole antifungal agents are the most prominent example of drug selection for less susceptible species. The polyene drug amphotericin is fungicidal, and resistance rarely occurs. Fungi encode numerous putative drug efflux transporters that have the potential to influence susceptibility to azole antifungal agents by reducing the effective cellular concentration of drugs below their inhibitory threshold. Biofilms are among the most prevalent forms of microbial growth in nature.
Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Parasitology
Authors: Garcia Lynne S. , Shimizu Robyn Y. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Routine diagnostic parasitology generally includes laboratory procedures designed to detect organisms within clinical specimens by using morphological criteria rather than culture, biochemical tools, and/or physical growth characteristics. Parasite identification is frequently based on bright‐field‐microscopic analysis of concentrated and/or stained preparations. The most common specimen submitted to the diagnostic laboratory is the stool specimen, and the most commonly performed procedure in parasitology is the ova and parasite examination, which is composed of three separate protocols: the direct wet mount, the concentration, and the permanent stained smear. The aspirates most commonly processed in the parasitology laboratory include fine needle and duodenal aspirates. Fine‐needle aspirates may be submitted for slide preparation, culture, and/or molecular analyses. Sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage or washings, and transtracheal secretions may be submitted for examination for parasites. Biopsy specimens are recommended for the microscopic detection of tissue parasites. Nucleic acid‐based diagnostic tests have been developed for almost all species of parasites.
Reagents, Stains, and Media: Parasitology
Authors: Potters Idzi , Linscott Andrea J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The evaluation of clinical specimens for ova and parasites in the clinical laboratory can involve the use of direct macroscopic examination of the specimen and microscopic examination of fresh and fixed specimens, as well as culture for some parasitic organisms. Formalin has been used in parasitology as an all‐purpose fixative for concentration procedures. A solution of iodine can be used for preparing direct or concentrated wet mounts for parasitological examination. Iodine stains can be purchased commercially for use in routine parasitology. Examination of blood films for parasites includes the use of two common stains, the Giemsa stain and Wright's stain, both derivatives of the original Romanowsky stain. Cultures can be performed for only a few parasitic organisms, including
Acanthamoeba
species,
Naegleria fowleri
,
Plasmodium
species, intestinal amebae,
Trichomonas vaginalis
,
Leishmania
species, and
Trypanosoma
species. Culture media used for parasite recovery are sometimes referred to as being either defined or undefined.
Cystoisospora
,
Cyclospora
, and
Sarcocystis
Authors: Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Arrowood Michael J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The parasites traditionally referred to as coccidia that develop in the intestines of humans—
Cystoisospora belli
,
Cyclospora cayetanensis
, and
Sarcocystis
spp.—are in the Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria supergroup in the current taxonomic scheme used by protozoologists. Oocysts of these coccidia are found in the feces of humans, and diagnosis is based ultimately on demonstrating oocysts in human stool samples. The use of molecular methods to evaluate the phylogenetics and genetic diversity of parasites has resulted in a revision of the coccidian parasites.
In vitro
culture of intestinal coccidian parasites is most often used as a tool to study developmental biology or to identify active chemotherapeutic agents. Differentiation of the intestinal coccidia to the subspecies/strain level—genotyping—can be important for epidemiologic reasons, for example to link cases in outbreak investigations or to better understand clinical outcome differences.
Cestodes
Authors: Cabada Miguel M. , Jimenez Juan , Garcia Hector H. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Adult cestode tapeworms have a flattened body composed of the scolex, bearing the fixation organs such as suckers, hooks, and bothria; the neck, where the cellular reproduction occurs; and the strobila, formed by numerous segments called proglottids. The fish tapeworm,
Dibiothriocephalus latus
, is the largest intestinal parasite of humans.
Taenia saginata
, the beef tapeworm, is endemic to most of the world. Humans are the only definitive host for this tapeworm, and infection carries minimal health risks.
Taenia solium
, the pork tapeworm, has an extensive geographic distribution and a large impact on human health due to its association with seizure disorders.
T. solium
neurocysticercosis is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in developing countries.
Hymenolepis nana
is the smallest of the intestinal tapeworms of humans and the most common tapeworm infection throughout the world. In its zoonotic cycle,
H. nana
is a parasite of mice, and beetles act as intermediate hosts.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antiparasitic Agents
Authors: Bradbury Richard S. , Talundzic Eldin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Parasitic diseases rank among the most prevalent and severe diseases worldwide. The danger of depending on drugs as one of the primary tools for control is compounded by the relatively limited number of antiparasitic agents available. The complex biologic interactions between parasites and their hosts (and, at times, their vectors) significantly influence the emergence and expression of drug resistance. The development of resistance to all antimalarial drugs poses the greatest challenge for malaria control and prevention globally. Praziquantel is the only drug currently being used for treatment of schistosomiasis. The widespread use of albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, and pyrantel in preventive chemotherapy programs to control soil‐transmitted helminth infections has raised concerns regarding the potential for the development of resistance in this group of intestinal nematodes. Public health interventions to correct these factors have not always been successful and would benefit from a better understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms used by parasites.
Susceptibility Test Methods: Parasites
Authors: CLAIN JÉRÔME , COJEAN SANDRINE , HOUZÉ SANDRINE 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Accurate methods for ascertaining responses of parasites to antiparasitic drugs can prove useful at several levels. Drug susceptibility tests can be separated into four broad categories:
in vivo
tests,
in vitro
tests, tests with experimental animals, and molecular tests. Most drug resistance tests in malaria focus on
Plasmodium falciparum
, the most prevalent and virulent species.
Trichomonas vaginalis
is one of the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infections in the United States and throughout the world; however, metronidazole and tinidazole are the only drugs currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat trichomoniasis. Treatment failure in leishmaniasis may result from either true drug resistance, innate differences in the
Leishmania
sp. sensitivity to drugs, or patient factors, such as immunodeficiencies, that preclude effective chemotherapeutic action. Drug resistance testing of schistosomes differs greatly from that of protozoan parasites in both purpose and methods.
Use of computed tomography to determine body surface area and K-constant in Atlantic Stingrays for chemotherapeutic dosing
Authors: Martinelli Laura , Nelson Nathan , Duke Elizabeth , Christiansen Emily F. , Westmoreland Lori S. , Harms Craig A. , Harrison Tara M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to use body surface area (BSA) obtained via computed tomography (CT) to calculate a species-specific shape constant (K) and provide a formula for BSA based on body weight (BW) in Atlantic Stingrays Hypanus sabina. Ultimately, this information can be used to more accurately calculate chemotherapeutic doses and other metabolic-related measures.

Methods
Six deceased Atlantic Stingrays of unknown age and with a range of sizes were collected during a natural mortality event and underwent CT scans. Following the scans, three-dimensional surface models were created from the imaging data to measure BSAs and derive a BSA formula based on BW. Nonlinear regression analysis of BSA versus thawed BW was performed, and a species-specific formula was derived.

Result
Body surface area (mean ± standard deviation) was 2015.01 ± 1115.02 cm2 (median = 1841.40 cm2; range = 844.2–4043.12 cm2). The calculated K-constant was 14.9 for the six Atlantic Stingrays, and the CT-derived BSA formula was as follows: BSA (cm2) = 14.9 × (BW, g)2/3.

Conclusion
These results provide a method for calculating BSA in Atlantic Stingrays. The CT-derived BSA formula can be used for allometric dosing of chemotherapeutic agents and other drugs in a clinical setting; in a broader sense, the formula can be applied to studies of nutrition, metabolic rate, and physiology.
Association of Changes in Hand Pain With BMI, Employment, and Mental Well‐Being Over Four Years in Patients With Hand Osteoarthritis
Authors: van der Meulen Coen , van de Stadt Lotte A. , Buck Saskia J. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Terpstra Sietse E. S. , Kloppenburg Margreet 
Published: December 2024

ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize patients with hand osteoarthritis (OA) with deteriorating or improving hand pain and to investigate patients achieving good clinical outcome after four years.MethodsWe used four‐year annual Australian/Canadian Hand Osteoarthritis Index (AUSCAN) pain subscale (range 0–20) measurements from the Hand OSTeoArthritis in Secondary Care cohort (patients with hand OA). Pain changes were categorized as deterioration, stable, and improvement using the Minimal Clinical Important Improvement. Good clinical outcome was categorized using the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS). Associations between baseline characteristics (patient and disease characteristics, coping styles, and illness perceptions) and outcomes were investigated using multinomial or binary logistic regression, adjusted for baseline pain, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).ResultsA total of 356 patients (83% female, mean age 60.6 years, mean AUSCAN score 9.1) were analyzed. Pain improved for 38% of patients, deteriorated for 30% of patients, and remained stable for 32% of patients over four years. Four‐year pain development followed annual trends. At baseline, 44% of patients reached PASS, and 49% of patients reached PASS at follow‐up. Higher BMI, coping through comforting cognitions, and illness comprehension were positively associated with pain deterioration. Higher AUSCAN function score, mental well‐being, and illness consequences were negatively associated with pain improvement. Employment (positive) and emotional representations (negative) were associated with both improvement and deterioration. Higher baseline AUSCAN function, tender joint count, and symptoms attributed to hand OA were associated negatively with PASS after four years.ConclusionThe pain course of patients with hand OA is variable, not inevitably worsening, and various factors may play a role. Whether modification of these risk factors can influence pain outcomes requires further investigation.
Soft and Integrable Multimodal Artificial Mechanoreceptors Toward Human Sensor of Skin
Authors: Seo Seunghwan , Na Hyun‐Min , Kim Jin‐Yup , Kim Dokyun , Kim Daekyum , Chun Kyoung‐Yong , Han Chang‐Soo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHerein, the development and characterization of three distinct artificial mechanoreceptor sensors meticulously engineered is reported to emulate human skin. By mimicking the morphology, structure, and response characteristics (including preferential sensitivity, adaptation profile, and frequency response) of biological mechanoreceptors, artificial Meissner, Merkel, and Ruffini sensors capable of detecting pressure, shear, and tensile deformations with high fidelity are successfully fabricated. In situ experiments, designed to mimic physiological conditions, demonstrate that the integrated sensor array, mimicking human fingertips, can accurately discriminate seven Braille characters, five distinct surface textures, a grating with ridges, and four‐step delivery stages of an object. Furthermore, a woolen glove incorporating 15 multimodal sensors are developed, which exhibits enhanced classification capabilities for eight objects of varying sizes and surface roughness. Notably, the trimodal sensor integration demonstrates superior recognition speed and precision compared to uni‐ or bimodal configurations, while also improving tactile identification intuition. This biomimetic mechanoreceptor sensor system demonstrates comprehensive and synergistic recognition of diverse stimuli and objects, potentially overcoming technological limitations in applications requiring human‐like tactile perception, such as advanced prosthetics, robotics, and immersive augmented and virtual reality interfaces.
Reversibly Switchable Magnetically Controlled Solid‐Liquid Triboelectric Nanogenerator Using Hierarchical Ecoflex/NdFeB Magnetic Polymer Surface
Authors: Tang Yuanbin , Yu Xijing , Qiu Jianlong , Guo Yanjie , Yang Lei , Jiang Kai 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDroplet‐driven triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with reversible switching capability has been widespread concerned; particularly magnetically controlled solid‐liquid TENG, due to its fast and highly reversible responses. Herein, a hierarchical composite structured magnetic polymer surface (HCSMPS) is developed using template method and magnetic field induction, and construct a HCSMPS‐based TENG (HCSMPS‐TENG). The HCSMPS‐TENG shows different states—fallen, upright, and no magnetic field—when applying different magnetic fields. The wetting properties of HCSMPS under three states vary significantly. The current output of the HCSMPS‐TENG driven by deionized water and potassium chloride (KCl) solution varies across these states due to changes in the droplet contact area. As KCl concentration increases, the current signals of the HCSMPS‐TENG initially rise due to the increased free charges but subsequently decrease due to a screening effect caused by ion adsorption. For practical application, a real‐time monitoring system is developed for KCl concentration based on the HCSMPS‐TENG, integrating a convolutional neural network. This system, equipped with a compact current collection circuit capable of remote data transmission and a user‐friendly interface developed with LabVIEW, achieves 98.64% recognition accuracy. The HCSMPS‐TENG is applied to intravenous potassium supplementation, demonstrating its potential for medical KCl concentration and infusion flow rate monitoring.