bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chalk and talk versus flipped learning: A case study
Authors: Maycock Keith W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe case study was carried out at a third‐level college in Ireland to investigate the performance of a student population completing a first year computer architecture module using a flipped learning approach against a traditional chalk and talk approach. The study was completed over a 2‐year period with the same lecturer delivering both approaches to two independent groups. The Kruskal–Wallis H test was performed to understand whether the terminal exam and continuous assessment performance, measured on a continuous scale from 0 to 100, differed based on pedagogy design. The dependent variable was selected as the assessment component, whereas the independent variable was the pedagogy design, with two distinct groups: flipped learning and chalk and talk. The study found that the chalk and talk cohort outperformed the flipped learning cohort in the terminal examination, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05), but observed a small effect size of 3.6% over the population. It was also found that the reverse was true for the continuous assessment instrument, whereby the flipped learning cohort outperformed the chalk and talk cohort. This difference was also found to be statistically significant (p < 0.0005) with a small effect size of 9.6%.
Connecting the brain cholesterol and renin–angiotensin systems: potential role of statins and RAS‐modifying medications in dementia
Authors: Petek B. , Villa‐Lopez M. , Loera‐Valencia R. , Gerenu G. , Winblad B. , Kramberger M. G. , Ismail M.‐A.‐M. , Eriksdotter M. , Garcia‐Ptacek S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMillions of people worldwide receive agents targeting the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) to treat hypertension or statins to lower cholesterol. The RAS and cholesterol metabolic pathways in the brain are autonomous from their systemic counterparts and are interrelated through the cholesterol metabolite 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27‐OHC). These systems contribute to memory and dementia pathogenesis through interference in the amyloid‐beta cascade, vascular mechanisms, glucose metabolism, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Previous studies examining the relationship between these treatments and cognition and dementia risk have produced inconsistent results. Defining the blood–brain barrier penetration of these medications has been challenging, and the mechanisms of action on cognition are not clearly established. Potential biases are apparent in epidemiological and clinical studies, such as reverse epidemiology, indication bias, problems defining medication exposure, uncertain and changing doses, and inappropriate grouping of outcomes and medications. This review summarizes current knowledge of the brain cholesterol and RAS metabolism and the mechanisms by which these pathways affect neurodegeneration. The putative mechanisms of action of statins and medications inhibiting the RAS will be examined, together with prior clinical and animal studies on their effects on cognition. We review prior epidemiological studies, analysing their strengths and biases, and identify areas for future research. Understanding the pathophysiology of the brain cholesterol system and RAS and their links to neurodegeneration has enormous potential. In future, well‐designed epidemiological studies could identify potential treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) amongst medications that are already in use for other indications.
Effectiveness of an infant mortality prevention home‐visiting program on high‐risk births in Ohio
Authors: Swoboda Christine M. , Benedict Jason A. , Hade Erinn , McAlearney Ann Scheck , Huerta Timothy R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe Ohio Infant Mortality Reduction Initiative (OIMRI) is a home‐visiting program that aims to reduce infant mortality among infants of high‐risk black women. This study examined birth outcomes among OIMRI participants and compared program participants to matched non‐OIMRI women.DesignProgram data were linked to birth records, death records, and Medicaid claims data. Propensity score matching was used to match program participants with like women in Ohio.SampleThe sample consisted of 2,837 black mothers from 14 counties in Ohio.MeasurementsInfant mortality, causes of death, and birth weight were examined.ResultsThere were 25 deaths among 2,837 OIMRI participants from 2010 to 2015, for an infant mortality rate of 8.8 deaths per 1,000 live births (95% CI 5.4–12.2). Among those women who participated in OIMRI, three fewer deaths per 1,000 births within the first year of life were estimated compared to those not in OIMRI; however, this was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe number of infant deaths among women enrolled in the OIMRI program was not significantly different from those who did not participate in OIMRI. Programs like OIMRI cannot singlehandedly address the infant mortality disparity but may help prevent some infant mortality risks.
A mobile video intervention for women’s health of North Korean defectors
Authors: Lee Min Kyeong , Shin Gisoo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of North Korean female defectors is increasing in South Korea. Women who leave North Korea are exposed to sexual harassments, abuse, and other threats to their survival, which can have a devastating effect on their health.AimsIn this study, a mobile video intervention program about selected aspects of women`s health was developed specifically for North Korean female defectors; its impact on behavioral change was evaluated.MethodsA one group pre/posttest design was used with 61 female defectors who participated in the mobile video intervention. The program consisted of eight sessions focusing on the prevention and management of vaginitis and cervical cancer.ResultsThe study results showed that knowledge and behavioral confidence on vaginitis and cervical cancer increased significantly among the participants following the intervention.ConclusionsThis mobile video intervention program was effective in improving specific health knowledge and behavioral confidence of the participants. The program can be used to improve women`s health in this population.
Transcriptomics and single‐cell RNA‐sequencing
Authors: Chambers Daniel C. , Carew Alan M. , Lukowski Samuel W. , Powell Joseph E. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe past four decades have yielded advances in molecular biology allowing detailed characterization of the cellular genome and the transcriptome: the complete set of RNA species transcribed by a cell or tissue. Through transcriptomics and next‐generation sequencing, we can now attain an unprecedented level of detail in understanding cellular phenotypes through examining the genes expressed in specific physiological and pathological states. In this review, we provide an overview of transcriptomics and RNA‐sequencing in the analysis of whole tissue and single cells. We describe the techniques and pitfalls involved in the isolation and sequencing of single cells, and what additional benefits this application can provide. Finally, we look to how these technologies are being applied in pulmonary research, and how they may translate in the near future into clinical practice.
Does the reliability of institutions affect public good contributions? Evidence from a laboratory experiment
Authors: Fochmann Martin , Jahnke Björn , Wagener Andreas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractReliable institutions, i.e., institutions that live up to the norms that agents expect them to keep foster cooperative behavior. We experimentally confirm this hypothesis in a public goods game with a salient norm that cooperation was socially demanded and corruption ought not to occur. When nevertheless corruption attempts came up, groups that were told that ‘the system’ had fended off the attempts made considerably higher contributions to the public good than groups that learned that attempts only did not affect their payoffs or that were not exposed to corruption at all.
Handover training in the workplace: having a CHAT
Authors: Moore Malcolm , Roberts Chris 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundClinical handover is a core skill that needs to be learned by students and junior clinical staff to improve patient safety. Despite this, training is frequently lacking and of poor quality. A user‐friendly assessment tool can assist clinicians to provide training and feedback.ContextThis tool was developed in the context of medical students on short placements in remote health services, supervised by registered nurses, in outback Australia. Students make telephone handover calls to the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS), which provides generalist and aeromedical retrieval services to its communities.MethodsDoctors in the RFDS at Broken Hill used a clinical handover assessment tool (CHAT), based on the introduction, situation, background, assessment and recommendation (ISBAR) handover mnemonic, for assessment and training on telephone handovers given by medical students in this remote setting. Medical students were invited to complete surveys and doctors completed interviews about their experience of giving or receiving handovers. Students highly valued the experience of learning handovers in a clinical setting. Doctors in the RFDS found the tool helpful for assessment and for giving feedback in their routine work. We identified no concerns about the safety of patients or students.
…we explored the acceptability and educational impact of doctors giving immediate feedback on medical students’ handover skills using CHATConclusionsWe suggest that work‐based handover assessment and feedback provided by clinicians are feasible and should be developed further. Students can learn to give handovers safely even in a remote setting. Clinicians may find CHAT helpful in the learning and teaching of structured handovers in other clinical settings.
Impact of changes to donor hemoglobin criteria on the rate of donor deferral
Authors: Perez Gabriela E. , Gammon Richard R. , Whitaker Barbee I. , Vassallo Ralph R. , Stubbs James R. 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUNDThe Food and Drug Administration's requirements for “Blood and Blood Components Intended for Transfusion or Further Manufacturing Use” (Final Rule) effective May 2016 changed eligibility criteria for blood donors. A multivariate analysis was performed to measure its impact on donor deferral rates.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSFour blood centers submitted data for similar 6‐month periods before and after implementation of the Final Rule. Data included presenting donors, units collected, deferrals, intended products from deferred donors, deferral reasons, presenting donor demographics, donor hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (HCT), pulse, blood pressure (BP), temperature, and other reasons for deferral. Data were aggregated and periods compared.RESULTSAfter Final Rule implementation, successful donations decreased by 1.3% (83.1%‐81.9%), despite a 0.2% increase in presenting donors. The rate of Hgb/HCT, pulse, and deferrals increased, while deferrals for other reasons decreased. Male Hgb/HCT deferral rates increased 1.2% (4213 total). Black male donors' Hgb/HCT deferral rate increased (2.7%‐5.2%) but was counterbalanced by an overall 3.7% decrease in black female Hgb/HCT deferrals. While Hgb/HCT deferrals of black donors remained stable overall (17.0% vs. 16.2%), this trend was not observed by all centers. Deferrals for pulse increased (0.2%), as did BP deferrals (0.2%).CONCLUSIONAlthough there was a small increase in presenting donors after implementation of the Final Rule, there was a decrease in successful donations. While it appeared that deferral in black donors was unchanged, this trend was not observed across all centers. Pulse and BP deferrals rose dissimilarly among centers, according to individual procedures.
Factors impairing cell proliferation in the granulation tissue of pressure ulcers: Impact of bacterial burden
Authors: Sato Tomoya , Abe Takahiro , Ichioka Shigeru 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe authors aimed to assess the factors that impair cell proliferation in the granulation tissue of pressure ulcers using immunohistochemistry for the cell proliferation marker Ki‐67. This was a single center, cross‐sectional study. The study included 86 patients with stage III or IV pressure ulcers. Two granulation tissue biopsy specimens were obtained from 86 patients. The specimens were used for histological examination, Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry, and bacterial count assessment. The % of Ki‐67‐stained cells was considered as the Ki‐67 index. Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the relationship between the Ki‐67 index and other quantitative variables, including age, body mass index, bacterial count (Log10 CFU/g), serum albumin level, hemoglobin level, white blood cell count, and C‐reactive protein level. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the mean Ki‐67 index according to gender, diabetes, smoking status, and wound culture. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between the Ki‐67 index and other parameters. The Mann–Whitney U test revealed that the bacteria‐positive group had a lower Ki‐67 index (p = 0.045). Bacterial count demonstrated a significant negative correlation with the Ki‐67 index (r = −0.325, p = 0.002). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that bacterial count was a significant predictor of the Ki‐67 index. The adjusted β‐coefficient was −1.34 (95% confidence interval, −2.01 to −0.66, p < 0.001). Among the isolated bacteria, Corynebacterium spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were significantly associated with a low Ki‐67 index, but Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not. These results suggest a negative relationship between bacterial count and cell proliferation in pressure ulcer granulation tissue, as indicated by the Ki‐67 index. Granulation tissue formation in pressure ulcers may be accelerated if high bacterial load is treated appropriately.
Elite Academy Soccer Players’ Perceptions Towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Wilkins Luke , Sweeney Jen , Zaborski Zoella , Nelson Carl , Tweddle Simon , Beukes Eldre , Allen Peter 
Published: September 2018

The purpose of the present study was to address perceptions towards Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in soccer. Twenty-four male, elite academy soccer players (Mage = 20.04) completed a custom-made questionnaire which included education on CBT. The results found that: i) initially, only 8% of players had heard of CBT whilst only 4% of players knew what CBT was, ii) players strongly agreed that CBT should be offered to all players, iii) not knowing how/where to seek help was identified as the main barrier to CBT, iv) players indicated a preference for one-to-one and face-to-face CBT, as opposed to small-group or online-CBT, and v) players perceived they would receive most support from family/friends, and least support from teammates, if they were to undertake CBT. These findings demonstrate that whilst initial awareness and knowledge of CBT is low, general perceptions towards CBT are positive once athletes are educated on the area.
Exploration of ‘perception of self’ as medical leader: does perception of self require a paradigm shift from clinician to clinical leader?
Authors: Moen Charlotte , Brown Jeremy , Kaehne Axel 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundClinical leadership is key to quality improvement; however, there is limited research regarding doctors’ perceptions of clinical leadership.AimTo investigate senior trainees’ perception of self as medical leader and explore what influenced their perception.MethodsA questionnaire with open and closed questions was distributed before and after a medical leadership module. Twelve trainees were then interviewed.ResultsOne hundred and fifty-six questionnaires were completed (95.7 % response rate). A significant number of senior trainees did not consider themselves to be a leader; however, there was a statistically significant shift in their self-perception during the programme. Themes identified during the interviews includeda lack of understanding of the leadership concept,a lack of clarity of the medical leader’s roleandvehicles for perspective transformation.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first study to explore senior trainees’ perception of self as medical leader. Findings suggest, following a paradigm shift from clinician to clinical leader, senior trainees are a potential, valuable resource for quality improvement. To aid understanding of the leadership self-development process, a conceptual model is offered. The significance of the model is its focus on the individual’s leadership paradigm, as the starting point for self-exploration. This model could inform leadership development programmes.
Study on the growth and optical properties of ZnO thin films fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Yang Weiguang , Yang Zhen , Li Ding , Zhang Xiaoying , Zhou Ziliang , Tian Song , Tong Yanqiu , Xia Chuanhui , Liu Miao , Li Li , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2018

In this paper, ZnO nanofilms are prepared on quartz substrate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) technology. The effects of substrate temperature and deposition time on the micro-structural, morphological and optical properties of ZnO thin films are investigated in detail. Measurements indicate that the growth process of the film is as follows: Micro grains accumulation [Formula: see text] grains’ expansion [Formula: see text] grow into certain nanostructures under different temperature. Nanostructures of the film are as follows: Irregular broken hexagonal-like structure ([Formula: see text]C); coexisting of broken hexagonal- and sheet-like structure (450–500[Formula: see text]C); regular closed packed sheets-like structure ([Formula: see text]C). In addition, all results show that RMS roughness of the films is less than 20 nm. Moreover, the visible transmittance of these samples is higher than 90%. Which display that ZnO films with low roughness and excellent optical properties can be also fabricated by low-cost USP method.
THE EFFECTS OF SCOLIOSIS ON SPINAL MUSCLES LENGTH AND JOINT CONTACT FORCES
Authors: NADI AZADEH , KARIMI MOHAMMAD TAGHI , FATOYE FRANCIS , JAFARI AZADEH 
Published: September 2018

Background: Although there are a few studies on kinetic and kinematic parameters of scoliotic subjects, it is still controversial whether gait performance of scoliotic subjects differs from that of normal subjects or not. Moreover, there is lack of information regarding joint contact force of scoliotic on convex and concave sides. Therefore, this study examined these issues. Method: Two groups of children (healthy and children with scoliosis, each group consisting of 5 subjects) participated in this study. The force applied on leg and motions of body parts were evaluated using a Kistler force plate and motion analysis system, respectively. Joint contact forces, muscles length were evaluated in both groups and on both sides (in scoliotic subjects) with OpenSim software. The difference in the parameters between healthy children and scoliotic subjects, and also concave and convex sides, was determined using the independent [Formula: see text] test. [Formula: see text] value was set at [Formula: see text]. Results: The results of this study showed that there was no difference between the forces applied on the leg, range of motions of the joints (hip, knee, ankle, pelvic and trunk), muscles length and joint contact force, neither between normal and children with scoliosis, nor between concave and convex sides [Formula: see text]. Conclusion: The findings revealed that scoliosis deformity with curve less than [Formula: see text] does not have any significant effect on joint contact force, kinetic and kinematic parameters.
You, the Web, and Your Device
Authors: Vassio Luca , Drago Idilio , Mellia Marco , Houidi Zied Ben , Lamali Mohamed Lamine 
Published: September 2018

Understanding how people interact with the web is key for a variety of applications, e.g., from the design of effective web pages to the definition of successful online marketing campaigns. Browsing behavior has been traditionally represented and studied by means of
clickstreams
, i.e., graphs whose vertices are web pages, and edges are the paths followed by users. Obtaining large and representative data to extract clickstreams is, however, challenging.

The evolution of the web questions whether browsing behavior is changing and, by consequence, whether properties of clickstreams are changing. This article presents a longitudinal study of clickstreams from 2013 to 2016. We evaluate an anonymized dataset of HTTP traces captured in a large ISP, where thousands of households are connected. We first propose a methodology to identify actual URLs requested by users from the massive set of requests automatically fired by browsers when rendering web pages. Then, we characterize web usage patterns and clickstreams, taking into account both the temporal evolution and the impact of the device used to explore the web. Our analyses precisely quantify various aspects of clickstreams and uncover interesting patterns, such as the typical short paths followed by people while navigating the web, the fast increasing trend in browsing from mobile devices, and the different roles of search engines and social networks in promoting content.
Finally, we contribute a dataset of anonymized clickstreams to the community to foster new studies.<sup;>1</sup;>
H2S mediates the vasodilator effect of endothelin-1 in the cerebral circulation
Authors: Patel Shalinkumar , Fedinec Alexander L. , Liu Jiangxiong , Weiss Max A. , Pourcyrous Massroor , Harsono Mimily , Parfenova Helena , Leffler Charles W. 
Published: September 2018

H2S is an endogenous gasotransmitter that increases cerebral blood flow. In the cerebral vascular endothelium, H2S is produced by cystathionine δ-lyase (CSE). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has constrictor and dilator influences on the cerebral circulation. The mechanism of the vasodilation caused by ET-1 may involve endothelium-derived factors. We hypothesize that ET-1-elicited dilation of pial arterioles requires an elevation of H2S production in the cerebral vascular endothelium. We investigated the effects of ET-1 on CSE-catalyzed brain H2S production and pial arteriolar diameter using cranial windows in newborn pigs in vivo. H2S was measured in periarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid. ET-1 (10−12–10−8 M) caused an elevation of H2S that was reduced by the CSE inhibitors propargylglycine (PPG) and β-cyano-l-alanine (BCA). Low doses of ET-1 (10−12–10−11 M) produced vasodilation of pial arterioles that was blocked PPG and BCA, suggesting the importance of H2S influences. The vasodilator effects of H2S may require activation of smooth muscle cell membrane ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The KATP inhibitor glibenclamide and the BK inhibitor paxilline blocked CSE/H2S-dependent dilation of pial arterioles to ET-1. In contrast, the vasoconstrictor response of pial arterioles to 10−8 M ET-1 was not modulated by PPG, BCA, glibenclamide, or paxilline and, therefore, was independent of CSE/H2S influences. Pial arteriolar constriction response to higher levels of ET-1 was independent of CSE/H2S and KATP/BKCa channel activation. These data suggest that H2S is an endothelium-derived factor that mediates the vasodilator effects of ET-1 in the cerebral circulation via a mechanism that involves activation of KATP and BK channels in vascular smooth muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Disorders of the cerebral circulation in newborn infants may lead to lifelong neurological disabilities. We report that vasoactive peptide endothelin-1 exhibits vasodilator properties in the neonatal cerebral circulation by stimulating production of H2S, an endothelium-derived messenger with vasodilator properties. The ability of endothelin-1 to stimulate brain production of H2S may counteract the reduction in cerebral blood flow and prevent the cerebral vascular dysfunction caused by stroke, asphyxia, cerebral hypoxia, ischemia, and vasospasm.