bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diminishing Support for the Death Penalty
Authors: Hritz Amelia Courtney , Royer Caisa Elizabeth , Hans Valerie P. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents and analyzes the current state of law and research on the capital jury. First, it presents the legal framework for capital jury selection and research on the “death-qualified” jury, whose members are eligible to serve in a capital case. It also discusses research showing that the death-qualification process skews the composition of the capital jury so that it fails to represent the community and is more conviction-prone. Next, the chapter considers the contemporary death penalty in the United States, noting the challenge that comes from declining support for capital punishment and the need to select representative capital juries. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the current trends in support for the death penalty and research on capital juries.
How Does Jury Service Affect 21st-Century Jurors?
Authors: Trescher Sarah A. , Miller Monica K. , Bornstein Brian H. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The 21st century adds unique challenges to the juror experience. Jurors are now exposed to, and often expect, certain technologies during jury duty. This chapter addresses how advances in technology can exacerbate juror stress or increase juror satisfaction. A juror’s role has not changed drastically over time, but jurors are now exposed to more complex trials and evidence, have easy access to the Internet, and are exposed to crime television in popular culture; all of these can affect the juror experience. Often, technology can exacerbate stress. For instance, some jurors are exposed to advanced methods of presenting gruesome evidence. Alternatively, technology can enhance well-being. For instance, online information and check-in can reduce the uncertainty and inconvenience of serving. Empirical research on how 21st-century technology influences jurors’ stress and well-being is lacking. Therefore, this chapter issues a call to action for researchers to further investigate the juror experience.
Identifying Public Health Problems
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the use of epidemiology to identify the source of public health problems and inform policymaking. It uses a case study to illustrate how researchers, policymakers, and practitioners detect diseases, identify their sources, determine the extent of an outbreak, and prevent new infections. The chapter also defines key measures in epidemiology that can indicate public health priorities, including morbidity and mortality, years of potential life lost, and measures of lifetime impacts, including disability-adjusted life years and quality-adjusted life years. Finally, the chapter reviews epidemiological study designs, differentiating between experimental and observational studies, to show how to interpret data and identify limitations.
Using Evidence and Knowledge Critically in Policy Development
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter starts with the recognition that policymaking usually precedes evidence of what laws are effective in solving the problem at hand. That does not mean that policymaking cannot be guided by evidence. Policymakers can usually draw on extensive evidence defining the problem and evidence of analogous policy cases. This chapter identifies sources of policy recommendations and direct evidence of policy impact, including systematic reviews, narrative reviews, models, cost-benefit analysis, and individual studies. It reviews strategies for identifying bias and source credibility and tools for “educated guessing” about policy options in matters where evidence is scarce or incomplete, including causal mapping and the Haddon matrix. Finally, it introduces the Health in All Policies approach and the use of health impact assessments as tools to consider broader impact and cross-sectoral cooperation.
Administrative Challenges
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic elements of administrative law and some key related legal doctrines. It covers administrative procedures acts that govern how agencies make or promulgate regulations and the rights of the public to have input. It then addresses the law governing legal challenges to the validity of the rules that agencies succeed in issuing, such as the ultra vires doctrine, and how agencies defend their decisions through legal doctrines such as Chevron deference. Finally, the chapter discusses how people establish standing to challenge agency actions, both through administrative channels and via the writ of habeas corpus.
Public Health Advocacy
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn, and Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the basic components of the many ways that individuals and organizations introduce their policy preferences into law and practice. The chapter describes the basic steps in developing and implementing a program of advocacy, specifically comparing the Collective Impact Model and the Collaborating for Equity and Justice Framework. It also explores the fundamental debate about the public health advocacy process and reviews legal limitations on political advocacy by public employees and tax-exempt organizations, limitations that have important effects on how advocacy works in public health practice.
Dialogic Teaching and Translanguaging in Deaf Education
Authors: Swanwick Ruth 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter proposes a pedagogical framework for deaf education that builds on a sociocultural perspective and the role of interaction in learning. Pedagogical principles are argued that recognize the dialogic nature of learning and teaching and the role of language as “the tool of all tools” in this process. Building on established work on classroom talk in deaf education, the issues of dialogue in deaf education are extended to consider deaf children’s current learning contexts and their diverse and plural use of sign and spoken languages. Within this broad language context, the languaging and translanguaging practices of learners and teachers are explained as central to a pedagogical framework that is responsive to the diverse learning needs of deaf children. Within this pedagogical framework practical teaching strategies are suggested that draw on successful approaches in the wider field of language learning and take into account the particular learning experience and contexts of deaf children.
Effects of Family Variables on Spoken Language in Children with Cochlear Implants
Authors: Cejas Ivette , Quittner Alexandra L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the effects of family variables on spoken language in the largest, longitudinal multisite study of the effects of cochlear implants on young deaf children’s development. Data published to date on 188 deaf and 97 hearing children indicate that parents report high levels of context-specific parenting stress and less sensitivity during parent–child interactions and use fewer higher-level language techniques. Children’s language was related to higher rates of behavior problems, which were associated with higher parenting stress. After implantation, children made impressive gains in spoken language, and these were directly related to maternal sensitivity and use of facilitative language techniques. Our results indicated that cochlear implantation should be accompanied by parenting interventions that increase sensitivity and use of higher-level language strategies and foster a stronger parent–child relationship.
The Influence of Signs on Spoken Word Learning by Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: van Berkel-van Hoof Lian 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on factors that support word learning for both hearing and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. Vocabulary development is first discussed in hearing children and then DHH children. The chapter suggests several interventions for improving DHH children’s language skills and reviews studies on the efficacy of sign-supported speech for word learning. Sign-supported speech is frequently used in schools for the deaf in the Netherlands. Professionals working with DHH children indicate that this helps the children to better understand the spoken message; however, it is unclear whether this mode of communication aids spoken word learning. Implications for educational practice and future directions are discussed.
Many Ways to Reading Success
Authors: Miller Paul 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
On average deaf readers end up being poor readers. Their reading weakness has been claimed to reflect primary deficits in their ability to access and process the phonology of written words, but evidence from research with deaf Hebrew readers and deaf readers of other language backgrounds suggests that the role of phonology in explaining their poor reading comprehension has been overstated. To corroborate this conclusion, the author presents evidence from three sources. The first demonstrates the ability of a deaf youngster to acquire a language through reading and writing. The second presents evidence of deaf preschoolers’ ability to acquire effective word reading skills without phonological mediation. The third shows how deaf readers’ underdeveloped morpho-syntactic understanding improves when they are exposed to an interactive computerized learning environment that visually demonstrates how language rules operate. A paradigm shift in how reading skills should be developed in prelingually deaf individuals is discussed.
Parents Count
Authors: Wauters Loes , Dirks Evelien 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children are more at risk for mathematical difficulties than hearing children. The few studies that have focused on preschoolers showed that even at this age DHH children already lag behind their hearing peers. Early math skills are important for later mathematics performance and school success in general, so early stimulation of these skills is needed. Research has shown that the home environment plays an important role in the development of early math skills. Because parent–child math activities predict later achievement, it is important to increase parents’ awareness of the importance of math activities for young DHH children. This chapter focuses on early math skills in DHH children and describes how parents can enhance these skills in the home environment.
Neurocognitive Functioning in Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants
Authors: Kronenberger William G. , Pisoni David B. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Cochlear implantation restores some attributes of hearing and spoken language to prelingually deaf children. However, reduced access to auditory and spoken-language experiences for children with cochlear implants can alter the development of downstream neurocognitive functions such as sequential processing and self-regulatory language skills, which are critical building blocks for executive functioning. Executive functioning is the active regulation of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional processes in the service of planned, organized, controlled, goal-driven behavior. This chapter presents findings from two primary lines of research on the development of executive functioning in prelingually deaf, early implanted children with cochlear implants. The first is identification of specific executive function domains that are at risk for delay in children with cochlear implants compared to hearing children. The second is reciprocal influences of executive function and spoken-language skills throughout development in children and adolescents with cochlear implants.
Mental Health and Psychosocial Well-Being in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students
Authors: Dammeyer Jesper 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers two main explanations for the high prevalence of mental disorders among children with congenital deafness. The first is a medical explanation and focuses on the possibility of shared biologic causes for the hearing loss and the associated mental disorders. The second is multifactorial and focuses on interrelated psychological and social factors, in particular the psychosocial impact of a child’s delay in learning language. According to this account, hearing loss risks language delay, which in turn risks delays in social and cognitive development, which in turn increases the risk of mental disorders. The chapter goes on to discuss other risk and protective factors, including deaf identity, type of education, and cochlear implantation, as well as prevention and treatment services and programs.
Creating Tax-Compliant Citizens in Sweden
Authors: Jansson Jenny 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the twentieth century, Sweden developed into a high-tax-rate country with extraordinary tax compliance—a unique combination. The Social Democratic Party played a crucial role in this transformation and this chapter explores how the Social Democrats created and maintained the social contract in the postwar period. It is suggested that a precondition for tax compliance is the perception of being treated fairly by the state and fairness can take two forms: fairness in the tax collection procedure, and fairness in the redistribution of collected taxes. This chapter shows how the Social Democrats nurtured the perception of fairness both through the creation of a comprehensive welfare state and through gradually improving and simplifying the tax collection procedure.
Tax Evasion in Italy
Authors: Hien Josef 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The negative perception of Italians of their state has been formed by the deep conflict between Church and state that emerged during the Napoleonic occupation of Italy and reached its peak with Italian unification in the late nineteenth century. To the Vatican, territorial integration of the Italian nation state posed an existential threat, both at the political level (loss of territory) and at the spiritual level (diffusion of liberalism). From unification onwards the Vatican did all it could to harm the legitimacy of the Italian state. This chapter analyzes the Vatican strategy to delegitimize the Italian state and its right to tax. It shows how the willingness of Italians to pay their taxes still suffers today from the Church–state conflict.
Explaining Italian Tax Compliance
Authors: D’Attoma John 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
It is well known that tax compliance is low in Italy. Many scholars have examined Italian taxpayer behavior, mainly using experiments and surveys. However, little attention has been given to the historical circumstances that have shaped divergent taxpayer behavior in Italy. This chapter uses historical data from Italian unification through the Second Republic to assess the effects of Italy’s major formal institutions (the Church, state, and political parties) and informal institutions (clientelism) on Italian tax behavior. It argues that nineteenth-century unification and Fascism had significant repercussions for the Italian state and how Italians perceive the state. Because of this, Italians lack trust in their government and their fellow citizens, which inhibits a willingness to pay taxes. The implication then is a low-trust/low-compliance equilibrium that becomes increasingly difficult to reverse.
The Not-So-Infernal Revenue Service?
Authors: Huret Romain 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes the central issue of tax collection and the reasons why people still comply with the federal tax system in the United States. The current coercive model implies that fear and enforcement officers are the main vehicles of tax compliance in a country so attached to the idea of freedom against tyranny. However, rather than a coercive model of compliance, the chapter proposes a common ground model based upon three elements that explain why Americans have accepted and, generally speaking, still accept the expansion of fiscal power: (1) social legitimacy of the state and its actors; (2) a reach-out consensus on the definition and measurement of incomes and wealth; and (3) the ability of taxpayers and tax collectors to find room for negotiation. A historical outlook on different tax regimes demonstrates how institutional and social actors have searched continuously for common ground since the Early Republic.
Seeing Taxation in the Mid-Twentieth Century
Authors: Jones Carolyn C. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the important legitimacy of income tax, developments in social security, and the creation of a mass tax system in the US following the outbreak of World War II. From a federal concentration on the wealthy as a source of tax revenue, the chapter describes the creation of a social security system in 1935, the expansion of the federal income tax to a mass tax, and government propaganda which stressed the common goal of wartime victory to legitimize tax reform and expansion—one in which everyone was engaged. Also examined are the creation of a withholding system for income tax liability; tax alignment with postwar gender norms and the Cold War; and the unraveling of taxation, redistribution, and government itself, influenced by the growth of civil rights movements, the Vietnam War, and the secularization of American society.
Generalized Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary-Value Problems
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the generalized or weak interpretation of the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for general elliptic expressions is motivated and then the Lax–Milgram Theorem is used to set the problems in the framework of eigenvalue problems for operators acting in Hilbert space. Results on variational inequalities in Chapter IV are applied to establish Stampacchia’s weak maximum principle, and this leads to the notion of capacity.
Second-Order Differential Operators on Arbitrary Open Sets
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, three different methods are described for obtaining nice operators generated in some L2 space by second-order differential expressions and either Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The first is based on sesquilinear forms and the determination of m-sectorial operators by Kato’s First Representation Theorem; the second produces an m-accretive realization by a technique due to Kato using his distributional inequality; the third has its roots in the work of Levinson and Titchmarsh and gives operators T that are such that iT is m-accretive. The class of such operators includes the self-adjoint operators, even ones that are not bounded below. The essential self-adjointness of Schrödinger operators whose potentials have strong local singularities are considered, and the quantum-mechanical interpretation of essential self-adjointness is discussed.
Essential Spectra
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, various essential spectra are studied. For a closed operator in a Banach space, a number of different sets have been used for the essential spectrum, the sets being identical for a self-adjoint operator in a Hilbert space. As well as the essential spectra, the changes that occur when the operator is perturbed are discussed. Constant-coefficient differential operators are studied in detail.
Estimates for the Singular Values of −Δ + q when q is Complex
Authors: Edmunds D. E. , Evans W. D. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the Schrödinger operator −Δ + q with q complex. In this case the operator is not self-adjoint and so the analysis of Chapter XI does not apply. It is the distribution of the singular values that is now considered, the technique used being again the localization to cubes forming a covering of Ω, together with the Max–Min Principle. Some results are obtained concerning the sequence class lp to which the singular numbers and eigenvalues belong.
Introduction
Authors: Mačák Kubo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central aim of this book: to provide a comprehensive examination of the notion, process, and effects of internationalization of armed conflicts in international law. It presents a brief research overview, outlining the scope of the enquiry, the research methodology, and the structure of the book. It then lays out the conceptual and normative framework for the rest of the book. To that end, it first justifies the need for the present study by confirming the continuing distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts in international law. Then, it puts forward a conception of internationalization that expresses the legal transformation from a non-international to an international armed conflict.
Normative Underpinnings
Authors: Mačák Kubo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the normative underpinnings of the present-day regulation of combatancy. It argues that a wholesale denial of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts would be incongruous with the principles of distinction and equal application of the law. The chapter then considers specific objections against the extension of combatant status to non-state actors from the perspective of internationalized armed conflicts. It argues that although some of the objections carry certain weight in the context of traditional civil wars, their effect in internationalized armed conflicts is significantly weaker. The chapter thus shows that in principle, the availability of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts is in accordance with the normative underpinnings of International Humanitarian Law.
Normative Underpinnings
Authors: Mačák Kubo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the theoretical ramifications of extending the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts. It examines three logically connected assumptions that seemingly militate against its applicability to non-state actors. These could be summarized as claims that non-state actors lack the capacity to have rights and duties under the law of occupation; that they may not become subjects of the law of occupation due to their sovereignty deficit; and that in any event, they would be unable to comply with the rules of this body of law. The chapter argues that none of those obstacles is insurmountable in the context of internationalized armed conflicts. Overall, this chapter thus stands for the proposition that the law of belligerent occupation may in principle apply to those conflicts.
Practical Application
Authors: Mačák Kubo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses the practical application of the law of belligerent occupation in internationalized armed conflicts in its temporal, geographical, and personal dimensions. Firstly, from a temporal perspective, the law is shown to apply once one of the conflict parties consolidates its control over the enemy territory and substitutes its own authority for that of the displaced enemy. Secondly, the chapter assesses the geographical scope of the applicable law and draws specific guidelines for the determination of the territory subject to the law of occupation in various types of internationalized armed conflicts. Thirdly, the chapter endorses the allegiance-based approach to the designation of protected persons under the law of occupation and applies it to the reality of internationalized armed conflict. Overall, the chapter presents a workable toolkit for the application of the law of occupation to internationalized armed conflicts.