bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Additives
Authors: Hu Bo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The food-based approaches are considered important sustainable strategies for preventing iron deficiency. The success of a food fortification program depends on the choice of food vehicles and the choice of iron fortificants, that is, iron sources. This article discusses iron sources, namely, elemental irons and iron compounds, used as fortificants. Common elemental iron powders such as plain pure iron powders, and common iron compounds such as ferrous sulfate used in food fortifications, are reviewed. The article contains tables that list the food chemical codex requirements and the physical and chemical properties of commercial food-grade elemental irons.
Metallic Foams
Authors: Baumeister J. , Weise J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cellular or foam structures can be described by means of two broader cases: foams in which the pores are all connected to each other and with the environment (open-pore foams) and foams in which every single pore is completely enclosed by the matrix (closed-pore foams). This article describes the four process groups for the production of open- and closed-pore metal foams. It discusses the principles of the foaminal process with the description of various foaming agents, solidified metal foam, and geometries and derived structures of metal foams. The use of syntactic metal foam in various fields is included. The article reviews the mechanical properties of closed-pore metal foams, details the machining and joining procedures of the metal foams, and presents the applications of the metal foam.
Properties and Selection of Powder Metallurgy Titanium and Its Alloys
Authors: El-Soudani Sami M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation properties, and processing-microstructure-property relationships of these alloys. The article also reviews five considerations for powder process selection.
Infiltration of Carbide Structures
Authors: Griffo Anthony , Bell Andrew 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides information on the infiltration mechanism of carbide structures. It reviews the basic techniques used for metal infiltration, including dip infiltration, contact filtration, gravity feed infiltration, and external-pressure infiltration. The article highlights various applications of contact infiltration in oil, gas, and blast-hole drilling such as fixed-cutter drill bits and diamond-impregnated coring bits. It also discusses the applications of infiltrated carbide material in erosion-resistant cladding.
Ferrous Powder Metallurgy Materials
Authors: James W. Brian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article summarizes the general classification, mechanical properties, and applications of ferrous powder metallurgy (PM) materials for parts production. It discusses four principal ferrous PM alloy types: admixed elemental alloys, diffusion alloys, prealloys, and hybrid alloys. The article reviews the benefits and disadvantages as well as the effect of processing on the properties and material microstructure of these alloys. It contains tables that list the mechanical properties of various iron-copper and copper steels.
Machinability of Powder Metallurgy Steels
Authors: Christopherson Denis 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Machinability is more important in extending the applications of powder metallurgy (PM). This article provides an overview of the machining process and machinability measurement of PM steels. It discusses various approaches to improve machinability, including the closure of porosity, green machining, presintering, microcleanliness improvement, free-machining additives, microstructure modification, and improvements in tool materials. The effects of free-machining agents on machinability and the sintered properties of PM steels are also reviewed.
Pressing and Sintering of Copper Powders
Authors: Daye Wayne K. , Pelletiers Thomas W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Development of the properties of copper powder metallurgy parts is affected by pressing and sintering processes used in the production of components, such as contacts, carbon brushes, and friction materials. This article briefly describes the powder properties of copper and discusses the roles of lubricant and compaction dies in pressing of copper powders. It explains the structural defects that originate during the compaction process of PM parts. The article also provides information on sintering, re-pressing, and re-sintering of copper PM parts.
Joining Powder Metallurgy Steel Components
Authors: Sokolowski Peter K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article characterizes the physical differences between powder metallurgy (PM) and wrought or cast materials, as they apply to joining. It discusses acceptable joining procedures and techniques, including welding and brazing and solid-state methods. Information on the weldability of various PM materials is presented. The article also describes the effects of porosity on several important properties that affect the welding characteristics.
Bulk Properties of Powders
Authors: Luk Sydney H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the methods for determining the flow rate of metal powders. It examines the factors affecting flow rate, apparent density, and angle of repose of metal powders. The article reviews the frictional properties, cohesive strength, frictional properties, tap density, and compressibility of metal powders. It explains the mechanisms of powder segregation. The article provides information on green strength and springback value of rectangular test bar. It concludes with a discussion on the chemical composition of metal powders.
Corrosion Resistance of Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels
Authors: Samal Prasan K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article reviews various test methods used for evaluating the corrosion resistance of powder metallurgy stainless steels. These include immersion testing, salt spray testing, and electrochemical testing. The article discusses the factors that affect corrosion resistance of sintered stainless steels: compaction-related factors, sintering-related factors, and effects of alloy composition. Corrosion resistance data for sintered stainless steels is provided.
Sintering Theory and Fundamentals
Authors: Rahaman Mohamed N. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Sintering is a thermal treatment process in which a powder or a porous material, already formed into the required shape, is converted into a useful article with the requisite microstructure. Sintering can be classified as solid-state, viscous, liquid-phase, and pressure-assisted (or pressure) sintering. This article provides information on the mechanisms and theoretical analysis of sintering and focuses on the types, mechanisms, process and microstructural variables, computer simulation, stages, and fundamentals of densification and grain growth of solid-state sintering and liquid-phase sintering. It describes the models for viscous sintering and the methods used in pressure-assisted sintering, namely, uniaxial hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, sinter forging, and spark plasma sintering.
Production of Refractory Metal Powders
Authors: Wolfe Thomas A. , Enneti Ravi K. , Leonhardt Todd , Johnson John L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Refractory metals are extracted from ore concentrates or scrap, processed into intermediate chemicals, and then reduced to metal, usually in powder form. This article discusses the raw materials needed and the processing steps for producing pure and alloyed refractory metal powders. The effects of processing conditions on the physical and chemical properties of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, and rhenium powders are reviewed.
Pressing and Sintering of Refractory Metal Powders
Authors: Leichtfried Gerhard , Shields John A. , Johnson John L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the pressing and sintering of various refractory metal powders for the production of intermediate products as well as special cases of finished products. The metal powders considered include tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium and their alloys, as well as rhenium.
Production of Copper and Copper Alloy Powders
Authors: Pelletiers Thomas W. , Daye Wayne K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the fundamentals of various techniques used for the production of copper and copper alloy powders. These include atomization (water, air, and gas), oxide reduction, and electrolysis. The article discusses the effects of electrolyte composition and operating conditions on the characteristics of copper and copper alloy powders.
Solidification Structures of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Stefanescu Doru M. , Ruxanda Roxana 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The most common aluminum alloy systems are aluminum-silicon, aluminum-copper, and aluminum-magnesium. This article focuses on the grain structure, eutectic microstructure, and dendritic microstructure of these systems. It provides information on microsegregation and its problems in casting of alloys. The article also illustrates the casting defects such as macroporosity, microshrinkage, and surface defects, associated with the alloys.
Solidification Structures of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Stefanescu Doru M. , Ruxanda Roxana 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the development of heat-resistant titanium-base alloys and their classification into several microstructure categories based on their strengthening mechanisms. It explains the phase transformation in titanium-aluminum-base alloys and two peritectic reactions that take place in the titanium-aluminum system. The article also describes two approaches for controlling the orientation of the high-temperature alpha phase to achieve the required lamellar orientation by directional solidification in order to improve the strength and ductility of titanium-aluminum alloys. One approach is by seeding the alpha phase in the alloys, and the other is without seeding, by controlling the solidification path of alloys through appropriate alloying. The article discusses the grain refinement technique used to improve the ductility of cast titanium-aluminum alloys to a level of above 1" at room temperature and reasonable room temperature ductility in the as-cast condition. Finally, it provides information on the microstructures produced through various near-net shape manufacturing processes.
Three-Dimensional Microscopy
Authors: Kral M.V. , Ice Gene , Miller M.K. , Uchic M.D. , Rosenberg R.O. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThree-dimensional microscopy can be used to reveal the shape, distribution, and connectivity of three-dimensional (3D) features that lie buried within an opaque material. This article discusses several experimental techniques that can be used to generate 3D images. These include serial sectioning, focused ion beam tomography, atom probe tomography, and X-ray microtomography. Nine case studies are presented that represent the work of the various research groups currently working on 3D microscopy using serial sectioning and illustrate the variants of the basic experimental techniques. The article also discusses the techniques for reconstruction and visualization of 3D microstructures with advanced computer software and hardware.
Metallography and Microstructures of Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys
Authors: Klarstrom D. , Crook P. , Wu J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the metallurgy and microstructure of high-performance cobalt-base alloys. It discusses metallographic preparation procedures, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, staining, and heat tinting. It examines the microstructure of cobalt alloys in cast, wrought, and powder metal forms, including magnetic alloys as well as several cobalt-base superalloys.
Metallography and Microstructures of Nickel and Nickel-Copper Alloys
Authors: Mankins William L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article explains how to prepare nickel-base alloys for metallographic examination and identifies related processing and imaging challenges. It describes sectioning, mounting, grinding, and polishing procedures along with alternative electropolishing processes. It also provides information on etching and examines the microstructure of Nickel 200, Nickel 270, Duranickel 301, Monel 400, Monel R-405, Monel K-500, and other nickel alloys.
Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
Authors: Danielson Paul E. , Sutherlin Richard C. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Microstructural Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Davis J.R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article reviews how process variations influence the characteristics of thermal spray coatings. It describes various specimen preparation techniques, which allow accurate microstructural analysis. These techniques include sectioning, cleaning, mounting, planar grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the problems associated with specimen preparation. It concludes with a discussion on the various methods of analysis for thermal spray coatings.
Metallography of Biomedical Orthopedic Alloys
Authors: Medlin D.J. , Compton R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Metallography plays a significant role in the quality control of metals and alloys used in the manufacture of implantable surgical devices. This article provides information and data on metallographic techniques along with images showing the microstructure of biomedical orthopedic alloys, including stainless steels, cobalt-base alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, porous coatings, and emerging materials.
Metallography of Archaeological Alloys
Authors: Wayman M.L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractArchaeometallurgists use metallography to reveal and interpret the microstructures of objects, in conjunction with the results of their chemical analyses and microanalyses. This article describes a number of special problems that occur while performing metallographic analyses on archaeological materials. It also presents case studies, with examples that illustrate situations where metallography has contributed to archaeometallurgical studies.
Corrosion of Organic Coated Steels
Authors: Tanabe Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the paint systems generally used to protect steel structures, steel sheet, and bridges from corrosion, and how they deter corrosion. It provides a discussion on the basic design criteria of steel structures for corrosion protection. The article also explains the differences between prepaint and postpaint, and the steps involved in prepaint processing of steel. It presents the selection guideline for paint system evaluation. The advantages of corrosion protection are also discussed.
Corrosion of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Kaufman J.G. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the various forms of corrosion that occur in the passive range of aluminum and its alloys. It discusses pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, deposition corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, exfoliation corrosion, corrosion fatigue, erosion-corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, filiform corrosion, and corrosion in water and soils. The article describes the effects of composition, microstructure, stress-intensity factor, and nonmetallic building materials on the corrosion behavior of aluminum and its alloys. It also provides information on the corrosion resistance of anodized aluminum in contact with foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.
Gallery of Corrosion Damage
Authors: Elliott Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is a pictorial guide to forms of corrosion that draws attention to common pitfalls or situations that have caused premature corrosion, sometimes with expensive consequences. The examples used are not exhaustive; they highlight the necessity to fully examine materials, conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article provides a categorization of the forms of corrosion. It also provides a reference to articles or sections of articles in Volume 13A that detail the particular corrosion form or mechanism. The second table is a guide listing the figures in this article by material and by the corrosion form or mechanism illustrated.
Die Wear
Authors: Shivpuri Rajiv , Babu Sailesh , Semiatin S.L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes die wear and failure mechanisms, including thermal fatigue, abrasive wear, and plastic deformation. It summarizes the important attributes required for dies and the properties of the various die materials that make them suitable for particular applications. Recommendations on the selection of the materials for hot forging, hot extrusion, cold heading, and cold extrusion are presented. The article discusses the methods of characterizing abrasive wear and factors affecting abrasive wear. It discusses various die coatings and surface treatments used to extend the lives of dies: alloying surface treatments, micropeening, and electroplating.
Hot Upset Forging
Authors: Douglas J. Richard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the operation of upset forging machines and selection of the machine size. It describes several types of upsetter heading tools and their materials. The article reviews the cold shearing and hot shearing methods for preparing blanks for hot upset forging. It deals with various upsetting processes: offset upsetting, double-end upsetting, upsetting with sliding dies, upsetting pipe and tubing, and electric upsetting. The article also provides information on hot forging and cold forging.
Ring Rolling
Authors: Bolin Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ring rolling is a process for creating seamless ring shaped components using specialized equipment and forming processes. This article provides information on the applications of ring rolling. It discusses the types of machines used for ring rolling, namely, vertical rolling machines, radial-axial horizontal rolling machines, four-mandrel mechanical table mills, three-mandrel table mills, and automatic radial-axial multiple-mandrel ring mills. The article provides a discussion on the process control technology and ancillary operations of ring rolling. It describes the methods of producing ring blanks and the various types of blanking and rolling tools used in ring rolling process. The article concludes with a discussion on rolled ring tolerances and machining allowances.
Forging of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Kuhlman G.W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article begins with discussion on forgeability and the factors affecting the forgeability of aluminum and aluminum alloys. It describes the types of forging methods and equipment and reviews critical elements in the overall aluminum forging process: die materials, die design, and die manufacture. The article discusses the critical aspects of various manufacturing elements of aluminum alloy forging, including the preparation of the forging stock, preheating stock, die heating, lubrication, trimming, forming and repair, cleaning, heat treatment, and inspection. It concludes with a discussion on the forging of advanced aluminum materials and aluminum alloy precision forgings.
Coextrusion
Authors: Srinivasan Raghavan , Hartley Craig S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCoextrusion is defined as the simultaneous extrusion of two or more metals to form an integral product that can be carried out using conventional extrusion or drawing equipment at a temperature appropriate to the metal system being formed. This article discusses the applications, billet configurations, and metal flow modes of coextrusion. It presents the analytical studies of coextrusion: deformation energy methods, lower-bound (slab) analyses, upper-bound analyses, and finite-element analyses. These studies are used to identify the regime of material properties and process variables for which sound extrusions can be obtained. The article concludes with a discussion on the state-of-the-art of coextrusion that assists in developing process models, which accurately describe both the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of a process.
Flow Forming
Authors: Ray George , Yilmaz Deniz , Fonte Matthew , Keele Richard P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A wide range of flow-formed open- and close-ended shapes are currently available in a variety of difficult-to-form materials, including titanium alloys and nickel-base super alloys. This article describes the two basic methods of flow forming that are characterized by the position of the rolls during the forming process. The flow forming methods include staggered-roll flow forming process and in-line flow-forming process. Typical mechanical properties of flow-formed materials in various conditions are summarized in a table. Proper process controls and subsequent product qualification tests are critical to assure optimal performance of the flow-formed tubular component. The article discusses the most commonly required process control parameters and the effects of forming speed and temperature in the flow forming process.
Evaluation of Workability for Bulk Forming Processes
Authors: Dieter George E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand before cracking or fracture occurs. It informs that workability depends on the local conditions of stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature in combination with material factors. The article discusses the common testing techniques and process variables for workability prediction. It illustrates the simple and most widely used fracture criterion proposed by Cockcroft and Latham and provides a workability analysis using the fracture limit line. The article describes various workability tests, such as the tension test, ring compression test, plane-strain compression test, bend test, indentation test, and forgeability test. It concludes with information on the role of the finite-element modeling software used in workability analysis.
Design Optimization for Dies and Preforms
Authors: Chaudhary Anil , Vaze Suhas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
For forming processes, optimization goals range from tuning the process parameters while keeping geometry unchanged to finding optimal geometry for intermediate dies in a multistage forming operation. This article commences with a description on the three salient steps of optimization procedures: defining the objective function, calculating the objective function, and searching an optimum design. It concludes with an example illustrating the optimization of conical-die extrusion.