bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences between ecological niches in northern and southern populations of Angolan black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatusandColobus angolensis sharpei) throughout Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: McDonald Monica M. , Johnson Scott M. , Henry Edward R. , Cunneyworth Pamela M. K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEcological niche models can be useful for clarifying relationships between environmental factors and a species’ geographic distribution. In this study, we use presence‐only data and environmental layers to create an ecological niche model to better understand the distribution of the East African Angolan black and white colobus monkey,Colobus angolensis palliatus, and to assess whether the model supports considering the population as two separate subspecies,Colobus angolensis sharpeiandC. a. palliatus. We found the range of the predicted distribution for suitable habitat ofC. a. palliatusas currently classified to be only 12.4% of that shown in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List range map and to be fragmented. AsC. angolensisis considered a “Least Concern” species, this difference suggests that generalized maps may lead to understating the species’ extinction risk. When presence points were divided into two previously proposed subspecies —C. a. palliatus(Kenya and Northern Tanzania) andC. a. sharpei(Southern Tanzania)—we found significant environmental differences between the distributions. The most important ecological variable forC. a. palliatuswas predominantly precipitation of the driest month (69.1%) whereas forC. a. sharpeiannual precipitation (44.8%) and land cover (normalized difference vegetation index, 16.4%) were the most important. When comparing suitable ranges for the separate distributions, we found only a 1.2% geographical overlap. These differences are consistent with previous subspecies delineations ofC. a. palliatusandC. a. sharpeibased upon morphology, pelage, and genetics. Our study suggests that extirpation ofC. a. palliatusin suitable habitat areas and occurrence of this subspecies in anthropogenic environments, warrant further consideration for conservation actions.
Long‐range dipole–dipole energy transfer enhancement via addition of SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite in PFO/MEH‐PPV hybrid thin films
Authors: Al‐Asbahi Bandar Ali , Qaid Saif M. H. , Hj. Jumali Mohammad Hafizuddin , AlSalhi Mohamad Saleh , Aldwayyan Abdullah S. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTDifferent weight ratios of poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl) (PFO)/poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH‐PPV) hybrid thin films, with and without a SiO2/TiO2 nanocomposite (NC), were successfully prepared using a solution blending method. All samples were deposited onto glass substrates by a spin coating technique to produce homogeneous thin films. The effect of the SiO2/TiO2 NC on the enhancement of the energy transfer mechanism in the PFO/MEH‐PPV hybrids was investigated. The energy transfer parameters were calculated on the basis of the absorption and emission measurements. The long‐range dipole–dipole energy transfer (Förster type) between the acceptor and donor molecules was enhanced in the presence of the SiO2/TiO2 NC in the hybrid thin films. The addition of the SiO2/TiO2 NC in the PFO/MEH‐PPV hybrids reduced the distance between the donor and acceptor molecules more than the individual addition of SiO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, the direct relationships between the acceptor contents and energy transfer parameters, such as the energy transfer radius (RDA), energy transfer efficiency (η), and energy transfer probability (PDA), were estimated using theoretical fittings. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47845.
Environmental usefulness of PLA/PEG blends for controlled‐release systems of soil‐applied herbicides
Authors: Rychter Piotr , Lewicka Kamila , Rogacz Diana 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTBlends consisting of biodegradable polylactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were investigated for their usefulness as an environmentally friendly herbicide formulation with prolonged activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the release rate of selected soil‐applied herbicides from the PLA/PEG blend containing PEG of various molecular weights and to assess the phytotoxicity of the PEGs according to OECD 208 guidelines. The release rate of immobilized herbicides was correlated with degradation of the blends used. The progress of PLA/PEG blend degradation in water, soil, and activated sludge was estimated by sample weight loss, changes in blend composition, and microscopic observations of the blend surfaces during the experiment. The proposed formulation of the immobilized herbicide in a blend consisting of slowly biodegradable PLA and water‐soluble PEG provides the possibility to release the herbicides for a relatively long time, for approximately six months, which is a demand of weed management. The effect of PEGs on plant growth and development was dependent on both their concentration and molecular weight. With a higher concentration in soil and a higher molecular weight of PEG, a more harmful effect on plants was noticed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47856.
Selected acculturation factors and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011
Authors: Hoyt Adrienne T. , Shumate Charlie J. , Canfield Mark A. , Le Mimi , Ramadhani Tunu , Scheuerle Angela E. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: April 2019

BackgroundAcculturation has been examined with respect to various pregnancy adverse outcomes, including birth defects. Given the mixed and limited findings on the association between nativity and birth defects, we sought to further explore parental nativity and years lived in the U.S. across a range of defects.MethodsData from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were used for this analysis. Infants with one of 46 major isolated birth defects (30 noncardiac/16 cardiac conditions) and infants without birth defects (controls) born during 1997–2011 were included. We examined parental nativity (foreign‐born mothers, fathers, and both parents combined compared to a referent of both U.S.‐born parents) and the number of years lived in the U.S. (≤5/6+ years). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate crude/adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsCompared to U.S.‐born mothers, foreign‐born mothers tended to be older (25+ years), of Hispanic or Other race/ethnicity and were less likely to have reported drinking, smoking, illicit drug use, or having taken folic acid. In the adjusted analysis, seven findings among both parents reporting a foreign‐birth were significant, including an increased association with spina bifida, anotia/microtia, and diaphragmatic hernia (aORs range: 1.3–1.7), and a reduced association with craniosynostosis and gastroschisis (aORs = 0.7). A generally protective effect was observed among foreign‐born subjects living in the U.S. ≤5 years.ConclusionsWe found that nativity was associated with some selected isolated defects, although the direction of effect varied by phenotype and by a number of years residing in the U.S.
Network meta‐analysis of multicomponent interventions
Authors: Rücker Gerta , Petropoulou Maria , Schwarzer Guido 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn network meta‐analysis (NMA), treatments can be complex interventions, for example, some treatments may be combinations of others or of common components. In standard NMA, all existing (single or combined) treatments are different nodes in the network. However, sometimes an alternative model is of interest that utilizes the information that some treatments are combinations of common components, called component network meta‐analysis (CNMA) model. The additive CNMA model assumes that the effect of a treatment combined of two components A and B is the sum of the effects of A and B, which is easily extended to treatments composed of more than two components. This implies that in comparisons equal components cancel out. Interaction CNMA models also allow interactions between the components. Bayesian analyses have been suggested. We report an implementation of CNMA models in the frequentist R package netmeta. All parameters are estimated using weighted least squares regression. We illustrate the application of CNMA models using an NMA of treatments for depression in primary care. Moreover, we show that these models can even be applied to disconnected networks, if the composite treatments in the subnetworks contain common components.
Association between surgeon special interest and mortality after emergency laparotomy
Authors: Boyd-Carson H , Doleman B , Herrod P J J , Anderson I D , Williams J P , Lund J N , Tierney G M , Murray D , Hare S , Lockwood S , Oliver C M , Spurling L J , Poulton T , Johnston C , Cromwell D , Kuryba A , Martin P , Lourtie J , Goodwin J , Mooesinghe R , Eugene N , Catrin-Cook S , Anderson I 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 30 000 emergency laparotomies are performed each year in England and Wales. Patients with pathology of the gastrointestinal tract requiring emergency laparotomy are managed by general surgeons with an elective special interest focused on either the upper or lower gastrointestinal tract. This study investigated the impact of special interest on mortality after emergency laparotomy.MethodsAdult patients having emergency laparotomy with either colorectal or gastroduodenal pathology were identified from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit database and grouped according to operative procedure. Outcomes included all-cause 30-day mortality, length of hospital stay and return to theatre. Logistic and Poisson regression were used to analyse the association between consultant special interest and the three outcomes.ResultsA total of 33 819 patients (28 546 colorectal, 5273 upper gastrointestinal (UGI)) were included. Patients who had colorectal procedures performed by a consultant without a special interest in colorectal surgery had an increased adjusted 30-day mortality risk (odds ratio (OR) 1·23, 95 per cent c.i. 1·13 to 1·33). Return to theatre also increased in this group (OR 1·13, 1·05 to 1·20). UGI procedures performed by non-UGI special interest surgeons carried an increased adjusted risk of 30-day mortality (OR 1·24, 1·02 to 1·53). The risk of return to theatre was not increased (OR 0·89, 0·70 to 1·12).ConclusionEmergency laparotomy performed by a surgeon whose special interest is not in the area of the pathology carries an increased risk of death at 30 days. This finding potentially has significant implications for emergency service configuration, training and workforce provision, and should stimulate discussion among all stakeholders.
Intra‐aortic balloon pump counterpulsation in extensive myocardial infarction with persistent ischemia: The SEMPER FI pilot study
Authors: van Nunen Lokien X. , van ’t Veer Marcel , Zimmermann Frederik M. , Wijnbergen Inge , Brueren Guus R. G. , Tonino Pim A. L. , Aarnoudse Wilbert A. , Pijls Nico H. J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to prospectively investigate intra‐aortic balloon pump counterpulsation (IABP) support in large myocardial infarction complicated by persistent ischemia after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).BackgroundUse of IABP is suggested to be effective by increasing diastolic aortic pressure, thereby improving coronary blood flow. This can only be expected with exhausted coronary autoregulation, typical in acute myocardial infarction complicated by persistent ischemia. In this situation, augmented diastolic pressure is expected to increase myocardial oxygenation.MethodsOne hundred patients with large STEMI complicated by persistent ischemia after primary PCI were randomized to treatment with or without IABP therapy on top of standard care. IABP support was initiated following primary PCI, immediately after inclusion. Primary end point was all‐cause mortality, need for (additional) mechanical hemodynamic support, or readmission for heart failure within 6 months.ResultsMean age was 63 ± 10 years, 76% were male. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure were 120 ± 25 mmHg and 73 ± 17 mmHg. Mean heart rate was 75 ± 18 mmHg. Before PCI, mean summed ST‐deviation was 21 ± 8 mm with only minimal ST‐resolution after PCI. One patient in the IABP group reached the primary end point versus four patients in the control group (2% vs. 8%; p = 0.16). After primary PCI, resolution of ST‐deviation was significantly more pronounced in the IABP group (73 ± 17%) compared to the control group (56 ± 26%; p < 0.01).ConclusionsIn this pilot study, in patients with large STEMI and persistent ischemia after primary PCI, use of IABP showed a nonsignificant decrease in mortality, necessity for (additional) mechanical hemodynamic support or readmission for heart failure at 6 months, and resulted in more rapid ST‐resolution.
How Mixing and Light Heterogeneity Impact the Overall Growth Rate in Photobioreactors
Authors: Gernigon Vincent , Chekroun Mohammed A. , Cockx Arnaud , Guiraud Pascal , Morchain Jérôme 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe microalgae growth rate in photobioreactors responds with inertia to light stimuli. Here, light variations experienced by the algae are accessed through a coupling of an irradiance field calculation and a Lagrangian particle tracking. The response of algae to fluctuating light is then described by a relaxation model involving a single time constant, the value of which is identified from published data. The overall growth rate is calculated as the sum of individual growth rates of all particles. Instantaneous adaptation and full integration asymptotic behaviors are recovered whilst a finite time constant reveals that the overall growth rate is dependent both on mixing and light distribution. This methodology thus quantitatively relates the design parameters to the photobioreactor performance.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Halovinylbenziodoxoles by Hydro‐ and Iodochlorination of Ethynylbenziodoxoles
Authors: Wu Junliang , Deng Xiaozhou , Yoshikai Naohiko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe report herein the synthesis of highly substituted and stereochemically well‐defined vinylbenziodoxole (VBX) derivatives through hydrochlorination and iodochlorination of ethynylbenziodoxoles. The hydrochlorination is achieved using pyridine hydrochloride as an HCl source in an anti‐fashion under mild, open‐air conditions to afford a 2‐chlorinated VBX product, which serves as a useful building block for the stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted alkenes. Meanwhile, iodochlorination with iodine monochloride proceeds in an unusual syn‐pathway, stereoselectively affording a tetrasubstituted VBX derivative.
Energy‐Efficient Gas‐Phase Electrolysis of Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Bechtel Simon , Vidaković‐Koch Tanja , Sundmacher Kai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHydrogen chloride is a by‐product in important processes like the polyurethane production. The currently most efficient electrochemical process for recycling it to chlorine is based on a liquid‐phase reactor, utilizing aqueous hydrochloric acid as a feedstock. Recent investigations showed that employing a gas‐phase reactor and according novel strategies for product purification leads to significant exergetic savings. This article aims to discuss the efficient electrolysis of gaseous HCl on the reactor level but also on the overall process level in comparison to the current state of the art.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the mouse celiac ganglion: An integrative relay station of the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Kaestner Charlotte L. , Smith Elizabeth H. , Peirce Stanley G. , Hoover Donald B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCeliac ganglia are important sites of signal integration and transduction. Their complex neurochemical anatomy has been studied extensively in guinea pigs but not in mice. The goal of this study was to provide detailed neurochemical characterization of mouse celiac ganglia and noradrenergic nerves in two target tissues, spleen and stomach. A vast majority of mouse celiac neurons express a noradrenergic phenotype, which includes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vesicular monoamine transporter 2, and the norepinephrine transporter. Over 80% of these neuron also express neuropeptide Y (NPY), and this coexpression is maintained by dissociated neurons in culture. Likewise, TH and NPY were colocalized in noradrenergic nerves throughout the spleen and in stomach blood vessels. Somatostatin was not detected in principal neurons but did occur in small, TH‐negative cells presumed to be interneurons and in a few varicose nerve fibers. Cholinergic nerves provided the most abundant input to the ganglia, and small percentages of these also contained nitric oxide synthase or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. A low‐to‐moderate density of nerves also stained separately for the latter markers. Additionally, nerve bundles and varicose nerve fibers containing the sensory neuropeptides, calcitonin gene‐related polypeptide, and substance P, occurred at variable density throughout the ganglia. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that principal neurons of mouse celiac ganglia have less neurochemical diversity than reported for guinea pig and other species but receive input from nerves expressing an array of neurochemical markers. This profile suggests celiac neurons integrate input from many sources to influence target tissues by releasing primarily norepinephrine and NPY.
Rapid Fabrication of Ni/NiO@CoFe Layered Double Hydroxide Hierarchical Nanostructures by Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Electrodeposition for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Wu Haofei , Yin Kai , Qi Weihong , Zhou Xinfeng , He Jieting , Li Jinming , Liu Yanyu , He Jun , Gong Shen , Li Yejun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe development of simple and effective methods for the rapid preparation of electrocatalysts for overall water splitting from earth‐abundant elements is an important and challenging task. A facile and ultrafast two‐step method was developed to prepare a Ni/NiO@CoFe layered double hydroxide hierarchical nanostructure (NCF) within a few minutes by femtosecond laser ablation and electrodeposition. In 1 m KOH solution, the optimized NCF catalysts show a low overpotential of 230 mV for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a low Tafel slope of 34.3 mV dec−1, indicating fast and efficient OER kinetics. Owing to the synergistic effect between NiO and CoFe layered double hydroxide, the hydrogen evolution reaction performance of the NCF was also improved. The synthesized electrocatalysts were further utilized in overall water splitting with a potential of only 1.56 V at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and excellent durability, better than that of the commercial RuO2(+)//Pt/C(−) system. The present work provides new insights on the rapid and facile preparation of efficient electrocatalysts for overall water splitting on a large scale.
Place‐based management can reduce human impacts on coral reefs in a changing climate
Authors: Delevaux Jade M. S. , Stamoulis Kostantinos A. , Whittier Robert , Jupiter Stacy D. , Bremer Leah L. , Friedlander Alan , Kurashima Natalie , Giddens Jonatha , Winter Kawika B. , Blaich‐Vaughan Mehana , Burnett Kimberly M. , Geslani Cheryl , Ticktin Tamara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDeclining natural resources have contributed to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge‐to‐reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. We applied a linked land–sea modeling framework based on remote sensing and empirical data, which couples groundwater nutrient export and coral reef models at fine spatial resolution. This spatially explicit (60 × 60 m) framework simultaneously tracks changes in multiple benthic and fish indicators as a function of community‐led marine closures, land‐use and climate change scenarios. We applied this framework in Hā‘ena and Ka‘ūpūlehu, located at opposite ends of the Hawaiian Archipelago to investigate the effects of coastal development and marine closures on coral reefs in the face of climate change. Our results indicated that projected coastal development and bleaching can result in a significant decrease in benthic habitat quality and community‐led marine closures can result in a significant increase in fish biomass. In general, Ka‘ūpūlehu is more vulnerable to land‐based nutrients and coral bleaching than Hā‘ena due to high coral cover and limited dilution and mixing from low rainfall and wave power, except for the shallow and wave‐sheltered back‐reef areas of Hā‘ena, which support high coral cover and act as nursery habitat for fishes. By coupling spatially explicit land–sea models with scenario planning, we identified priority areas on land where upgrading cesspools can reduce human impacts on coral reefs in the face of projected climate change impacts.
Forest structure and climate mediate drought‐induced tree mortality in forests of the Sierra Nevada,USA
Authors: Restaino Christina , Young Derek J. N. , Estes Becky , Gross Shana , Wuenschel Amarina , Meyer Marc , Safford Hugh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExtreme drought stress and associated bark beetle population growth contributed to an extensive tree mortality event in California,USA, resulting in more than 129 million trees dying between 2012 and 2016. Although drought is an important driver of this mortality event, past and ongoing fire suppression and the consequent densification of forests may have contributed. In some areas, land management agencies have worked to reduce stand density through mechanical treatments and prescribed fire to restore forests to less dense, more open conditions that are presumably more resilient to disturbance and changing climate. Here, we evaluate if stand structural conditions associated with treated (e.g., thinned and prescribed burned) forests in the Sierra Nevada of California conferred more resistance to the bark beetle epidemic and drought event of 2012–2016. We found that, compared to untreated units, treated units had lower stand densities, larger average tree diameters, and greater dominance of pines (Pinus), the historically dominant trees. For all tree species studied, mortality was substantially greater in climatically drier areas (i.e., lower elevations and latitudes). Both pine species studied (ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa] and sugar pine [Pinus lambertiana]) had greater mortality in areas where their diameters were larger, suggesting a size preference for their insect mortality agents. For ponderosa pine, the tree species experiencing greatest mortality, individual‐tree mortality probability (for a given tree diameter) was significantly lower in treated stands. Ponderosa pine mortality was also positively related to density of medium‐ to large‐sized conspecific trees, especially in areas with lower precipitation, suggesting that abundance of nearby host trees for insect mortality agents was an important determinant of pine mortality. Mortality of incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) and white fir (Abies concolor) was positively associated with basal area, suggesting sensitivity to competition during drought, but overall mortality was lower, likely because the most prevalent and effective mortality agents (the bark beetlesDendroctonus brevicomisandD. ponderosae) are associated specifically with pine species within our study region. Our findings suggest that forest thinning treatments are effective in reducing drought‐related tree mortality in forests, and they underscore the important interaction between water and forest density in mediating bark beetle‐caused mortality.