bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the geometric accuracy of computed tomography and microcomputed tomography of the articular surface of the distal portion of the radius of cats
Authors: Webster Caroline E. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Koballa Erin M. , Stallrich Jonathan W. , Harrysson Ola L. A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate accuracy of articular surfaces determined by use of 2 perpendicular CT orientations, micro-CT, and laser scanning.

SAMPLE
23 cat cadavers.

PROCEDURES
Images of antebrachia were obtained by use of CT (voxel size, 0.6 mm) in longitudinal orientation (CTLO images) and transverse orientation (CTTO images) and by use of micro-CT (voxel size, 0.024 mm) in a longitudinal orientation. Images were reconstructed. Craniocaudal and mediolateral length, radius of curvature, and deviation of the articular surface of the distal portion of the radius of 3-D renderings for CTLO, CTTO, and micro-CT images were compared with results of 3-D renderings acquired with a laser scanner (resolution, 0.025 mm).

RESULTS
Measurement of CTLO and CTTO images overestimated craniocaudal and mediolateral length of the articular surface by 4% to 10%. Measurement of micro-CT images underestimated craniocaudal and mediolateral length by 1%. Measurement of CTLO and CTTO images underestimated mediolateral radius of curvature by 15% and overestimated craniocaudal radius of curvature by > 100%; use of micro-CT images underestimated them by 3% and 5%, respectively. Mean ± SD surface deviation was 0.26 ± 0.09 mm for CTLO images, 0.30 ± 0.28 mm for CTTO images, and 0.04 ± 0.02 mm for micro-CT images.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Articular surface models derived from CT images had dimensional errors that approximately matched the voxel size. Thus, CT cannot be used to plan conforming arthroplasties in small joints and could lack precision when used to plan the correction of a limb deformity or repair of a fracture.
Trends of Turkish foreign policy in the era of the Justice and Development Party and its implications for Turkish-Gulf relations
Authors: Khazar Fahad Mezban 
Published: September 2019

Turkey sought with the arrival of the Islamic-oriented Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2002 to adopt an effective foreign policy based on several principles: the right balance between freedom and security, the problems with neighboring countries, the influence on the internal and external regions of neighboring countries, Multidimensional, and harmonious diplomacy. Turkey has emerged as a regional power and a pivotal player in its regional environment and has sought to develop bilateral relations with countries in the Middle East, including the Middle East, The GCC, which has become one of the important dialogue circles in Turkey's foreign policy.
The aim of the research is to review the principles of the new Turkish foreign policy in the era of the AKP government first, and then to explain the motives for the development of Turkey's relations with the GCC countries and their obstacles. Secondly, the analysis of the economic indicators that give a more accurate picture of the course of Turkish- "Finally," the future of the Turkish-Gulf relations in the light of the geopolitical realities and the developments of the internal and external environment (regional and international).
Kuwaiti Foreign Policy Towards Iraq: A Future Analytical Study
Authors: Rashid Salman Saddam Abdul Sattar 
Published: September 2019

It is well known that the study of foreign policy of any country in the world is undoubtedly one of the important topics in the international political affairs and the reason for this is that the state and at the level of domestic policy is a reflection of its foreign policy in light of a complex international environment. As Iraq has undergone several chronic and chronic crises, it must have an ambitious and efficient foreign policy towards the international and regional environment in particular as it directly influences it.
In this study, we will focus on one of Iraq's regional crises with neighboring countries, namely, Kuwait's foreign policy towards Iraq. Countries and countries, according to international dealing standards and influential international effectiveness, are no longer measured by their geopolitical, demographic or military size, but by their political effectiveness and political weight based on how these are adapted. Relations between the Gulf and the Gulf region, as Iraq has gone through several crises and Kuwait was one of them, it must be a prospective study describing the nature of the relationship that may take several possibilities or future scenes and h Insulting the nature of international and regional changes that are characterized by tension and attraction from time to time.
The reason for choosing the future of Kuwaiti-Iraqi relations comes from the nature of the State of Kuwait itself. It is not a state of institutions that meet all the specifications of a democratic state according to the Western liberal vision. It is a hereditary state based on the transfer of power by succession. Making the Emir, government institutions and social figures under the title of tribal and religious identities and local leaders as inputs that no decision maker can transcend in understanding the mechanism of making foreign or domestic policy in them. Kuwait has the privileges of staying the status of Kuwait away, even if ostensibly and not involved in regional events and at the same time open regionally, so Kuwait was more inclined to diplomatic means at the level of foreign policy, except in the case of Iraq has tended to create an international and regional environment hostile to Iraq after 1990, which is still Suffers from the effects of that policy to this day.
Conflict of international and regional strategies and the future of wars in the Arab region "Political stability or political chaos"
Authors: Jassim Dawood Ahmed Fadel 
Published: September 2019

The Arab region is of great importance as an important part of the Middle East for both international and regional powers.This importance has placed it and its peoples in the suffering of international and regional interventions and has placed it in a state of permanent instability as it witnessed international and regional competition that increased significantly after the US intervention in Iraq in 2003. Accordingly, the research aims to shed light on the strategic directions of the global and regional powers by knowing their objectives separately, such as American, Russian, Turkish, Israeli and Iranian. The course aims at determining the future of this region in terms of political stability and lack thereof. Therefore, the hypothesis of the research comes from [that the different strategic visions and political and economic interests between the international and regional powers have exacerbated the conflicts between those forces and their alliances within the Arab region.. The third deals with the future of the Arab region in light of the conflict of these strategies.
Accordingly, the research reached a number of conclusions confirming the continuation of international and regional competition within the Arab region, as well as the continuation of the state of conflict, tension, instability and chaos in the near term, as a result of the inability of Arab countries to overcome their political differences on the one hand and also their inability to advance their Arab reality. In the face of external challenges on the other.
Iraq's future status within the Middle East Axis Strategy
Authors: Matar Thafar Abd 
Published: September 2019

The broader middle east has great importance in the American politics, it lays out future strategies for several considerations, the most important economic geography and enormous wealth, and to Iraq within that region , the lion 's share in the future roles of the agenda, and had a new pivotal role by virtue of its strategic position , Iraq is an international centre of gravity and attraction for many strategic, geographic, cultural and religious considerations, the history of Iraq 's witness a lot of variables, that were the result of overlap and complexity of regional and international interests . It is an important figure in the domination and influence of international accounts , and who dominates this country, controlled by international means, and navigational passages transmitted through the great powers funds to paint a picture of the future of their economies . The American vision towards Iraq took a new direction, especially after the events of September 11 , 2001 . The US strategic interests in the broader middle east has not changed much in decades , despite it different methods , adopted a policy depending on the circumstances volatile , it did not need direct domination of the region , but it also wanted no one else to do so . The best way to achieve American goals was to follow the policy of balancing political forces by dividing the region into divided states with close security ties and interests with the United States of America . The US strategy toward the middle east is based on the two pillars , the first : making the most realistic decision and approaching the highest American interests , and second : out of constants whose main purpose is to serve US interests regardless of the interests of the countries of the region . Iraq is the key driver of American strategy in the region in times of peace and war , even in times of negotiation with neighboring countries such as Iran , Iraq's future status is still drawing and planning within the scenes of the world political theater .
WUJUD DAN MAKNA PRAGMATIK BAHASA NONVERBAL DALAM KOMUNIKASI MASYARAKAT JAWA: KAJIAN ETNOPRAGMATIK
Authors: Pranowo Pranowo Pranowo 
Published: September 2019

Tidak semua gerakan nonverbal dapat disebut bahasa nonverbal. Gerakan yang disebut bahasa nonverbal adalah gerakan yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan makna pragmatik penutur. Bahasa nonverbal dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu bahasa nonverbal dinamis dan bahasa nonverbal statis. Bahasa nonverbal dinamis adalah gerakan tubuh beserta bagian-bagiannya atau anggota tubuh lain yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan makna pragmatik penutur. Bahasa nonverbal statis adalah bahasa nonverbal yang tidak digerakkan untuk mengungkapkan makna pragmatik penutur tetapi dapat dipersepsi oleh mitra tutur sebagai bagian dari bahasa nonverbal. Artikel ini mengkaji wujud dan makna pragmatik bahasa nonverbal menggunakan pendekatan etnopragmatik. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dengan nara sumber, dan observasi pengalaman hidup sehari-hari sebagai bagian dari warga masyarakat Indonesia. Data yang ditemukan kemudian dideskripsikan berdasarkan wujud dan makna pragmatik pemakaian bahasa nonverbal dalam komunikasi. Kata kunci: bahasa nonverbal, etnopragmatik, wujud, dan makna pragmatik. AbstractNot all nonverbal movements can be called nonverbal languages. Movement called nonverbal language is a movement that is used to express the meaning of pragmatic speakers. Nonverbal languages are divided into two, namely dynamic nonverbal language and static nonverbal language. Dynamic nonverbal language is the movement of the body along with its parts or other members of the body that are used to express the meaning of the speaker's pragmatics. Static nonverbal language is a nonverbal language that is not moved to express the meaning of the pragmatic speaker but can be perceived by the speech partner as part of nonverbal language. This article examines the form and meaning of nonverbal pragmatics using the ethnopragmatic approach. Data is collected through observation of daily life experiences as part of Indonesian citizens. The data found is then described based on the form and meaning of the pragmatic use of nonverbal language in communication.
COHESIVE MARKERS IN SOCIAL MEDIA DISCOURSE: CASE IN INDONESIAN FACEBOOK CONVERSATIONS
Authors: Muttaqien M Zainal 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe emergence of social media as a new channel of communication has produced a new form discourse which has different characteristics compared to the formerly established conventional discourses. These differences do not only lie in how the messages are delivered but also in their structural components which contribute to the unity of the text, namely cohesion and coherence. Cohesion, as the marker of coherence, is realized by language units (words, phrases, or clauses) known as cohesive markers which indicate the relationship between parts of discourse either grammatically or lexically. This article aims at describing the composition and distribution of cohesive markers within the Facebook conversations along with their roles in determining the characteristics of the discourse. The results show that the cohesive system of Facebook conversations are dominated by references, ellipses, repetitions, and conjunctions. The frequent appearances of certain referential cohesivemarkers indicate Facebook conversations as typical of interactive discourse whereas numerous ellipses and particular conjunctionsreflectthe informal mode of communication carried out through the social media.On the other hand, various repetitions show the existence of topical cohesionwithin the conversations.
Developing the Statutory Obligation of Good Faith in Employment Law: What Might Human Resource Management Contribute?
Authors: Anderson Gordon , Bryson Jane 
Published: September 2019

The Employment Relations Act 2000 has strengthened individual employee rights in two ways. First, it provides that the parties to an employment relationship must deal with each other in good faith. Secondly, it has made it clear that the standard by which an unjustifiable action is to be judged is an objective one. It is suggested that applying these new provisions will require some realignment of the judicial mindset which has tended to resist interventions into an employer's management of its employees. This article will first discuss the nature and extent of the good faith obligation in the management of the day-to-day individual employment relationship as well as the nature of the changes to the test of justification. It will then go on to consider whether disciplines such as organisational psychology and human resource management good practice provide a potential source of reliable evidence which can contribute to the legal development and re-evaluation of concepts such as good faith and justification. The ability to make such a contribution is dependent on whether the disciplines are sufficiently developed and their principles and practices sufficiently accepted, and also on whether the courts are prepared to accept and give adequate weight to expert evidence that may be adduced.
Rebus Sic Stantibus and the Treaty of Waitangi?
Authors: Bennett Mark , Roughan Nicole 
Published: September 2019

The question of the continuing significance of the Treaty of Waitangi is one to which neither legal practice nor scholarship has offered a definitive answer. The question is often regarded as less legal than political; a question of intercultural justice to be contested in the political realm. From within the law, however, the suggestion that the Treaty ought to be reassessed in light of modern circumstances was revived in 2005 when Jeremy Waldron, then University Professor at Columbia University, offered the international law doctrine of rebus sic stantibus as a possible tool for analysis. This article responds to Professor Waldron's suggestion that the Treaty might be considered overridden by a fundamental change in political circumstances. It first argues that the structuring logic which Professor Waldron advocates is a misreading of the "signpost" which international law offers towards the role of treaties in problems of intercultural justice. The article then presents a comparative assessment of United States practice relating to treaties, before examining tikanga Māori to consider how its core values might offer guidance on the continuing relevance of the Treaty. Finally, the article looks to contributions from political philosophy relating to the political morality of Treaty-based intercultural justice.
Four Dimensions of Diamond T: Combination Trade Marks of Colours And Shapes
Authors: McGowan Michael 
Published: September 2019

This article examines the relatively new fields of colour and shape trade marks. It was initially feared by some academics that the new marks would encroach on the realms of patent and copyright. However, the traditional requirements of trade mark law, such as functionality and descriptiveness, have meant that trade marks in colour and shape are extremely hard to acquire if they do not have factual distinctiveness. As colour and shape trade marks have no special restrictions, it is proposed that the combination trade mark theory and analysis from the Diamond T case should be used as a way to make them more accessible. The combination analysis can be easily applied because every product has a three dimensional shape and a fourth dimension of colour.
International Law and the Legitimate Determination of Risk: Is Democratising Expertise the Answer?
Authors: Peel Jacqueline 
Published: September 2019

As technological risks become a matter of increasing concern around the world, standard science-based approaches for risk assessment are coming under increasing pressure to be responsive not only to expert views, but also broader public perspectives on risks and concerns over possible uncertainties. International fora in which national risk regulations are reviewed for their scientific adequacy, such as WTO dispute processes under the SPS Agreement, have become the focus for debates over whether such processes allow adequate scope for “democratic” risk concerns as well as scientific views. This article assesses the scope for democratising expertise in international risk determination, using reforms suggested in the context of WTO SPS disputes as a case study. It contends that the institutional ramifications for international law of “democratising expertise” are far from clear, especially given the obstacles encountered in establishing democratic procedures for transparency and participation at the global level. This is not a reason to abandon efforts for greater democratisation of supranational risk determination but points to the need for more nuanced approaches for balancing scientific and political concerns in risk decision-making in order to ensure outcomes which are broadly acceptable.
Discarding Relics of the Past: Patriation of Laws in the South Pacific
Authors: Corrin Jennifer 
Published: September 2019

Drawing on Professor Angelo’s work in relation to the patriation of law in Niue and Tokelau as an exemplar of best possible practice, Associate Professor Corrin argues in this article that the time has come for other small island jurisdictions to complete their own promised patriation projects. In her article Dr Corrin reviews the issues facing former British dependencies in assessing whether English law applies in their jurisdiction. Dr Corrin concludes that the situation is problematic and that the interests of the rule of law would be better fulfilled by the introduction or the completion of patriation programmes. She reviews case law from a wide range of former dependencies which demonstrate the complexities of applying the reception rule and that of the confusion that can result.
Optimasi Siklus Kalina KCS34 Pada Pemanfaatan Sumber Air Panas (Natural Hot Spring) Sebagai Pembangkit Listrik
Authors: Pramuda N.S Muhammad , Ridwan Muhammad , Iqbal Maulana Iqbal 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRAK Indonesia memiliki potensi panas bumi yang besar. Daerah potensi panas bumi seperti di daerah Cimanggu, Provinsi Jawa Barat umumnya memiliki sumber air panas. Sumber air panas selain dimanfaatkan untuk pariwisata, dapat pula dimanfaatkan sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik. Temperatur sumber air panas yang relatif rendah antara 60° - 90°C membutuhkan teknologi khusus agar dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik. Siklus Kalina KCS34 merupakan siklus yang memanfaatkan campuran ammonia-air sebagai fluida kerja untuk menyerap energi kalor dari sumber panas bertemperatur rendah karena sifat dari campuran ammonia-air yang memiliki titik didih yang rendah. Fraksi campuran ammonia-air dan tekanan kondensor dapat mempengaruhi daya turbin dan efisiensi dari siklus Kalina KCS34. Simulasi optimasi fraksi campuran ammonia-air dan tekanan kondensor dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya fraksi campuran ammonia-air dan tekanan kondensor yang sesuai untuk digunakan sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik di daerah Cimanngu, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, untuk mendapatkan kondisi pembangkit yang optimum di lokasi tersebut diperlukan fraksi campuran ammonia-air sebesar 87% dengan tekanan kondensor 7.6 bar sehingga akan dihasilkan daya turbin sebesar 73.57 kW dengan efisiensi sistem 14.85%. Kata kunci: Siklus Kalina, optimasi, campuran ammonia-air. ABSTRACT Indonesia have a large potential of geothermal resources. Geothermal resource area such as Cimanggu area, West Java Province has natural hot spring resources. These natural hot spring resource can be utilized for eco tourism and electric power plant. Natural hot spring have relatively low water temperature between 60° - 90°C and it need special technology to be utilized as electric power plant. Kalina cycle KCS34 is a cycle that utilize ammonia-water mixture to absorb energy from low temperature natural hot spring source because of the properties of ammonia-water mixture that can boiled at low temperature. The fraction of ammonia-water mixture and the condensor pressure of the Kalina cycle KCS34 can affect the turbine output power and system efficiency. Optimization simulation was held to discover the required fraction of ammonia-water mixture and condenser pressure that suitable for generating electricity on Cimanggu area, West Java Province. According to the simulation results, the optimum fraction of ammonia-water mixture is 87% and the condensor pressure at 7.6 bar which will generate 73.57 kW of turbine power with 14.85% system efficiency. Keywords: Kalina cycle, optimization, ammonia-water mixture.