bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Co-Parental Divorce: Removing the Children from the Jurisdiction
Authors: Payne Julien D. , Overend Eileen 
Published: May 2019

The preservation of parenting rights in contested custody or access proceedings
arising on the dissolution of marriage necessitates a judicial reconciliation or balancing
of the competing interests of the children, the parents and members of any extended or
reconstituted families. In C. v. C., (unreported, March 7, 1984, Ont.
S.C.) the mother was held to the terms of a prior separation agreement and was ordered not
to remove the children from the Province of Ontario without the father's consent or a
further order of the court. In reaching this decision, the trial judge placed heavy reliance
on the evidence of a mediator who had unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the differences
between the parents and who was of the opinion that the children would be at risk if the
mother proceeded with her plans to remarry and establish a new home for herself and the
children in England.
C. v. C. raises diverse fundamental issues concerning the legal
resolution of parenting disputes on marriage breakdown or divorce. The following issues are
addressed in the commentary of this judgment (reproduced in annex):
1. What significance, if any, does, and should, a court give to the express terms
of a separation agreement?
2. If a mediator is retained, should the mediation process, including the
mediator's evaluation, be “open” (i.e. subject to disclosure to the court) or
“closed” (i.e. confidential and excluded from any evidence adduced in subsequent
judicial proceedings)?
3. How can the best interests of the children — the legal criterion to be applied
in the adjudication of parenting disputes — be reconciled with the best interests of other
concerned family members?
4. Could, and should, the court have addressed the possibility of some alternative
form of parenting arrangements that might accomodate the competing interests of all the
affected parties?
5. To what extent can the courts legally fetter the freedom of a custodial parent
to establish a new home for (i) herself (or himself) and (ii) the children?
Some of these issues are specifically addressed in the unreported reasons for
judgment. Others are ignored. The purpose of this commentary is to canvass these issues and
point to the need for a family-oriented approach to the resolution of parenting disputes,
rather than an individual rights approach, such as has been traditionally adhered to by the
courts in the adjudication of custody and access disputes.
Mitigation of Damage in the Context of Remedies for Breach of Contract
Authors: Michaud Anne 
Published: May 2019

When I began this article my main objective was to show why the concept of
mitigation of damage, which is so extensively used in common law, was apparently
non-existent in civil law. Right from the beginning, however, I found conclusive evidence
which proved that the concept of mitigation actually exists in civil law too; my purpose was
then transformed into explaining how this concept works in two systems of law that are so
different in their approaches and their methodologies.
In order to make this study manageable, I have focused on the links between the
concept of mitigation and the problem of pecuniary loss following a breach of contract.
Consequently, issues pertaining to tort, physical injuries to persons and things, and claims
to liquidate sums, as in debt, will be dealt with only incidentally. Regrettably, this
course of action will leave open many interesting questions related to mitigation, mainly in
tort but also in contract. Nevertheless, I trust that the present study will constitute a
useful basis for further analysis on this subject.
I have divided this work into two parts, devoted to the two phases of recovery
following a breach of contract. The first phase concerns the choice of which losses fall
under the protection of the law, among all those claimed by the plaintiff. I propose to call
this phase measuring the extent of the loss. The second phase involves the determination of
what the defendant will have to do in order to compensate the plaintiff; when this
compensation takes a pecuniary form it involves the assessment of the pecuniary value of the
loss.
The first of these phases primarily concerns the extent of losses and the question
of what damage counts for compensation; this particular aspect of the issue of mitigation is
the subject of Part I of this article. The connection between mitigation and the pecuniary
evaluation of a plaintiff's damages is examined in Part II where I focus on the effects of
inflation and other factors that influence the cost of compensation.
Finally, from a comparative point of view, one of the main interests of the present
study lies in observing that the concept of mitigation has achieved a different status in
civil law and in common law. The conclusion of this work explores this situation, and aims
at explaining the historical and juridical circumstances that may have caused common law to
attain higher levels of generality and of abstraction than civil law with regard to the
issue of mitigation.
Divorce Reform in Canada: New Perspectives; An Analytical Review of Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984
Authors: Payne Julien D. 
Published: May 2019

Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984 is entitled An Act to Amend the Divorce Act (R.S.C., 1970, c. 10). In reality, however, the fundamental character of some of the changes proposed therein constitutes a major reform of substantive divorce law and provides a limited foundation for radical changes in the adversarial legal process.
The concept of “no-fault” divorce that was proposed by the Law Reform Commission of Canada in its Working Papers and Report on Family Law constitutes the basis of Bill C-10 with regard to the freedom to divorce and the judicial determination of the right to and quantum of spousal maintenance. But Bill C-10 provides little by way of a framework for the implementation of the Law Commission's recommendations for new processes that would ameliorate the injurious effects of the adversarial legal process. For example, the use of mediation as an alternative to the litigation of disputed issues is endorsed in clauses 5 and 16 of Bill C-10, but these clauses, and particularly clause 5, are badly drafted and are unlikely to foster mediated settlements where either lawyer representing the parties is intent on a battle in open court.
Bill C-10 introduces much-needed policy objectives to assist the courts in determining whether spousal maintenance should be ordered on the dissolution of the marriage. Here again, however, the drafting is less precise than might be considered appropriate. The “best interests of the child” is declared to be the paramount criterion in applications for the maintenance, custody, care and upbringing of children, but no specific guidelines are provided with respect to the factors that might be relevant to a determination of a child's best interests. Joint custody orders and third party orders are expressly permitted, but not expressly encouraged, by clause 10 of Bill C-10.
The jurisdictional requirements of section 5 (1) of the Divorce Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. D-8 have been simplified by clause 3 of Bill C-10, which retains only the one year ordinary residence requirement. Corresponding adjustments have been made to section 6 of the Divorce Act, which governs the recognition of foreign divorce decrees.
Bill C-10 (Canada), 1984 thus constitutes a blending of the old and new. Whether this blend produces vintage wine or vinegar is a matter of opinion.
Le projet de réforme du droit des successions
Authors: Brière Germain 
Published: May 2019

Le projet de loi n° 107 portant réforme du droit des successions, qui devrait constituer à brève échéance le Livre troisième du Code civil du Québec, tend à modifier à maints égards le droit actuel, tant dans la présentation des règles que dans leur substance. L’auteur procède à l’analyse de ces modifications, en examinant successivement les six titres du projet de loi, dont quatre sont communs aux successions testamentaires et aux successions ab intestat.
Elever le niveau de formation des enseignants, est-ce élever le niveau de l’enseignement ? L’exemple du Brésil
Authors: Mamede Maïra 
Published: May 2019

Au Brésil, la massification de l’éducation a entraîné une forte demande d’enseignants. Issus majoritairement des classes sociales défavorisées, ils sont aujourd’hui la première génération à avoir suivi une scolarisation longue. Etant donné que la familiarité avec la culture écrite est directement corrélée à la performance scolaire, cette recherche s’est centrée sur la façon dont les enseignants se sont appropriées la culture écrite pour pouvoir en être les médiateurs. Nous avons analysé des textes écrits par des étudiants dans des institutions de formation enseignante. Notre analyse montre que l’insertion des (futurs) enseignants dans la littératie étendue est d’ordre formel ; en l’absence des usages élaboratifs de l’écriture, les pratiques mises en œuvre seraient proches d’un usage restreint de l’écrit. Cet usage restreint de pratiques littératiées peut être un obstacle pour la mise en œuvre de pratiques de littératie étendue dans leurs classes et donc à la démocratisation de l’éducation.
Catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic medication in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Manheimer Eric W , Mayer Martin , Alper Brian S 
Published: May 2019

The CABANA and CAPTAF trials report more data on the effects of catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic medication on quality of life for patients with atrial fibrillation than previously available systematic reviews. However, these publications do not report data for all-cause mortality and cardiac hospitalization in a form that can be integrated into recent meta-analyses.
Recent meta-analysis estimates for the effect of catheter ablation on all-cause mortality suggest a reduction in patients with comorbid heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (risk ratio [RR] 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.81, n=732, 5 trials) and an unclear effect in patients without comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29 to 2.61, n=710, 4 trials).
CABANA (n = 2,204) reported mortality for all patients combined (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.15), and subgroup analyses by presence or absence of HFrEF would be useful to determine consistency with other trials and, if consistent, increase precision of pooled effect estimates. CAPTAF (n = 155) (which included almost exclusively patients without comorbid heart failure) did not report the mortality outcome data.
Both trials collected data on cardiac hospitalization. A recent meta-analysis suggests a reduction in cardiac hospitalization in patients with comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.87, n=632, 3 trials) and in patients without comorbid HFrEF (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.45, n=629, 4 trials). Again, however, the CABANA and CAPTAF trials did not report these data in a way that would allow them to be integrated into existing meta-analyses or did not report these data at all. Reporting key clinical outcomes from these trials with subgrouping by comorbid HFrEF could provide substantially more data than the prior body of evidence and inform best current estimates for this comparison.
Development and evaluation of the Parenting to Reduce Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (PaRCADS): assessment of parental concordance with guidelines for the prevention of child anxiety and depression
Authors: Sim Wan Hua , Jorm Anthony F. , Lawrence Katherine A. , Yap Marie B.H. 
Published: May 2019

Background
Involving parents in the prevention of mental health problems in children is prudent given their fundamental role in supporting their child’s development. However, few measures encapsulate the range of risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression that parents can potentially modify. The Parenting to Reduce Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (PaRCADS) was developed as a criterion-referenced measure to assess parenting against a set of evidence-based parenting guidelines for the prevention of child anxiety and depressive disorders.

Methods
In Study 1, 355 parents of children 8–11 years old across Australia completed the PaRCADS and measures of parenting, general family functioning, child anxiety and depressive symptoms, and parent and child health-related quality of life. Their children completed measures of parenting, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life. In Study 2, six subject-experts independently evaluated the PaRCADS items for item-objective congruence and item-relevance. Item analysis was conducted by examining item-total point-biserial correlation, difficulty index, B-index, and expert-rated content validity indices. Reliability (or dependability) was assessed by agreement coefficients for single administration. Construct validity was examined by correlational analyses with other measures.

Results
Four items were removed to yield a 79-item, 10-subscale PaRCADS. Reliability estimates for the subscale and total score range from .74 to .94. Convergent validity was indicated by moderate to strong correlations with other parenting and family functioning measures, and discriminant validity was supported by small to moderate correlations with a measure of parents’ health-related quality of life. Higher scores on the PaRCADS were associated with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms and better health-related quality of life in the child. PaRCADS total score was associated with parental age, parent reported child’s history of mental health diagnosis and child’s current mental health problem.

Discussion
Results showed that the PaRCADS demonstrates adequate psychometric properties that provide initial support for its use as a measure of parenting risk and protective factors for child anxiety and depression. The scale may be used for intervention and evaluative purposes in preventive programs and research.
A hybrid discrete–continuous model of metastatic cancer cell migration through a remodeling extracellular matrix
Authors: Nguyen Edalgo Yen T. , Zornes Anya L. , Ford Versypt Ashlee N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA major cause of cancer mortality is metastasis of cancer cells from a localized tumor to other parts of the body. The interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment, particularly the extracellular matrix (ECM), are central to metastatic migration. During metastasis, enzymes are secreted to degrade and crosslink collagen fibers in the ECM, inducing structural alterations and changes in the properties of the ECM. The mechanism of how these changes facilitate the directional motility of cancer cells along the collagen fibers remains unclear. A hybrid discrete–continuous computational model is developed via the software CompuCell3D to simulate the migration of metastatic cancer cells through the ECM during chemical and physical remodeling. Cancer cells are treated as discrete agents, and ECM components (collagen fibers and remodeling enzymes) are modeled by partial differential equations. The computational model of cancer migration provides understanding of how ECM remodeling affects migration efficiency.
Efficient and Selective Methane Borylation Through Pore Size Tuning of Hybrid Porous Organic‐Polymer‐Based Iridium Catalysts
Authors: Chen Qi , Dong Anwang , Wang Dongxu , Qiu Lu , Ma Chunxin , Yuan Yihui , Zhao Yunpeng , Jia Na , Guo Zhanhu , Wang Ning 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs a new energy source that could replace petroleum, the global reserves of methane hydrate (combustible ice) are estimated to be approximately 20 000 trillion cubic meters. A large amount of methane hydrate has been found under the seabed, but the transportation and storage of methane gas far from coastlines are technically unfeasible and expensive. The direct conversion of methane into value‐added chemicals and liquid fuels is highly desirable but remains challenging. Herein, we prepare a series of iridium complexes based on porous polycarbazoles with high specific areas and good thermochemical stabilities. Through structure tuning we optimized their catalytic activities for the selective monoborylation of methane. One of these catalysts (CAL‐3‐Ir) can produce methyl boronic acid pinacol ester (CH3Bpin) in 29 % yield in 9 h with a turnover frequency (TOF) of approximately 14 h−1. Because its pore sizes favor monoborylated products, it has a high chemoselectivity for monoborylation (CH3Bpin:CH2(Bpin)2=16:1).
Single‐Molecule Imaging of Active Mitochondrial Nitroreductases Using a Photo‐Crosslinking Fluorescent Sensor
Authors: Thiel Zacharias , Rivera‐Fuentes Pablo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany biomacromolecules are known to cluster in microdomains with specific subcellular localization. In the case of enzymes, this clustering greatly defines their biological functions. Nitroreductases are enzymes capable of reducing nitro groups to amines, and play a role in detoxification and pro‐drug activation. Although nitroreductase activity has been detected in mammalian cells, the subcellular localization of this activity remains incompletely characterized. Here, we report a fluorescent probe that enables super‐resolved imaging of pools of nitroreductase activity within mitochondria. This probe is activated sequentially by nitroreductases and light to give a photo‐crosslinked adduct of active enzymes. In combination with a general photoactivatable marker of mitochondria, we performed two‐color, three‐dimensional, single‐molecule localization microscopy. These experiments allowed us to image the sub‐mitochondrial organization of microdomains of nitroreductase activity.
CO2‐Activated Reversible Transition between Polymersomes and Micelles with AIE Fluorescence
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Fan Yujiao , Chen Hui , Trépout Sylvain , Li Min‐Hui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFluorescent polymersomes with both aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and CO2‐responsive properties were developed from amphiphilic block copolymer PEG‐b‐P(DEAEMA‐co‐TPEMA) in which the hydrophobic block was a copolymer made of tetraphenylethene functionalized methacrylate (TPEMA) and 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) with unspecified sequence arrangement. Four block copolymers with different DEAEMA/TPEMA and hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratios were synthesized, and bright AIE polymersomes were prepared by nanoprecipitation in THF/water and dioxane/water systems. Polymersomes of PEG45‐b‐P(DEAEMA36‐co‐TPEMA6) were chosen to study the CO2‐responsive property. Upon CO2 bubbling vesicles transformed to small spherical micelles, and upon Ar bubbling micelles returned to vesicles with the presence of a few intermediate morphologies. These polymersomes might have promising applications as sensors, nanoreactors, or controlled release systems.
Electrospinning from a convex needle with multiple jet toward better controlling and enhanced production rate
Authors: Jahan Israt , Jadhav Amit , Wang Lijing , Wang Xin 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTMultiple jet was successfully generated from a convex needle spinneret based on a conventional electrospinning setup. A convex channel was created in the front part of the needle to generate a limited free surface in the electrospinning process. A high flow rate was implemented with more than one polymer jet being produced, resulting in the production rate 2–3 times higher than conventional electrospinning. Finer nanofibers were produced from the convex needle when the applied voltage was 19 kV. The electric field intensity distribution of this spinneret was analyzed and compared with conventional needle spinneret by Comsol Multiphysics modeling. The research work has demonstrated that scaling up the production rate of nanofibers from needle‐based free surface electrospinning is possible. It will benefit further development of electrospinning with enhanced throughput and more precise controlling. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48014.
Design and Synthesis of 2‐(5‐Phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole Derivatives with Antiproliferative Effects towards Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Cells by Activation of ROS‐Mediated Mitochondria Dysfunction
Authors: Wang Mengying , Wu Yusheng , Xu Cuifang , Zhao Rucheng , Huang Yanyu , Zeng Xiangchao , Chen Tianfeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBenzimidazole derivatives are widely studied because of their broad‐spectrum biological activity, such as antitumor properties and excellent fluorescence performance. Herein, two types of 2‐(5‐phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole derivatives (1 a–1 h and 2 a–2 e) were rationally designed and synthesized. When these compounds were investigated in vitro anti‐screening assays, we found that all of them possessed antitumor effect, in particular compound 1 b, which showed an outstanding antiproliferative effect on MDA‐MB‐231 cells (IC50≈2.6 μm). A study of the drug action mechanisms in cells showed that the antitumor activity of the compounds is proportional to their lipophilicity and cellular uptake; the tested compounds all entered the lysosome of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and caused changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and then caused mitochondrial damage. Apparent differences in the ROS levels for each compound suggest that the lethality of these compounds towards MDA‐MB‐231 cells is closely related to the ROS levels. Taken together, this study not only provides a theoretical basis for 2‐(5‐phenylindol‐3‐yl)benzimidazole anticarcinogens but also offers new thinking on the rational design of next‐generation antitumor benzimidazole derivatives.
Stability‐indicating HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of 14 impurities in excedrin tablet formulations and identification of new impurity by LC–MS in accelerated stability studies
Authors: Dongala Thirupathi , Katari Naresh Kumar , Palakurthi Ashok Kumar , Jonnalagadda Sreekantha B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe developed novel stability‐indicating HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of 14 impurities in excedrin tablet, a formulation with a combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. In addition, a new impurity that was generated through degradation of aspirin at high temperatures during the accelerated stability conditions was positively identified and confirmed, using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry technique. The HPLC method was optimized using the Inertsustain C18, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm column, employing simple gradient method. Forced degradation studies were performed under acidic, basic, oxidative and thermal conditions to prove the scope and stability‐indicating the nature of the method. The optimized method was validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The HPLC method showed linearity from LOQ concentration to 21 μg mL−1. Precision and intermediate precision values were <5% RSD. The validated HPLC method is currently applied for the routine testing of excedrin tablet formulations in quality control laboratories.