bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards understanding the Nordic paradox: A review of qualitative interview studies on intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in Sweden
Authors: Wemrell Maria , Stjernlöf Sara , Aenishänslin Justine , Lila Marisol , Gracia Enrique , Ivert Anna‐Karin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a major public health problem in countries around the world, including the Nordic region. Contrary to what would be expected, as the Nordic countries are rated among the most gender equal in the world, survey data suggests that the lifetime prevalence rates of IPVAW in Sweden and neighboring Nordic countries are among the highest in the EU. This phenomenon, which has been termed the Nordic paradox, requires elucidation. The aim of this review is to explore what previous qualitative studies, based on interviews with or field observations of victims, perpetrators, or professionals working in the area, primarily in Sweden, have to teach us about the nature of this paradox. Three interrelated themes are discussed. The first is how gender equality is perceived and addressed as linked, or not, to IPVAW in Swedish research and practice. The second is how violence tends to be othered, for example, through assumptions that violence is perpetrated by foreign rather than Swedish men. The third is how causal mechanisms of IPVAW have been described, typically with reference to norms and dynamics of masculinity, femininity, and heterosexual interaction.
Radiogenic isotope chemostratigraphy reveals marine and nonmarine depositional environments in the late Mesoproterozoic Borden Basin, Arctic Canada
Authors: Gibson Timothy M. , Wörndle Sarah , Crockford Peter W. , Bui T. Hao , Creaser Robert A. , Halverson Galen P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The ca. 1050 Ma Bylot Supergroup in Arctic Canada is one of the best-preserved archives of late Mesoproterozoic geochemistry and biology and offers evidence that this period of Earth history may have been more biogeochemically dynamic than previously appreciated. The Bylot Supergroup was deposited in the Borden Basin and is the most thoroughly studied stratigraphic succession from a series of broadly contemporaneous late Mesoproterozoic intracratonic basins known as the Bylot basins. This ∼6-km-thick mixed carbonate-siliciclastic succession has undergone minimal postdepositional deformation and is now exposed on Baffin and Bylot Islands, Nunavut, Canada. Deep-water and tidally influenced carbonate facies, traditionally interpreted as marine, have yielded important insights into the evolution of Proterozoic seawater chemistry; however, more recent studies indicate that the Borden Basin was restricted marine or lacustrine for portions of its depositional history. Here, we present new multiproxy radiogenic isotope chemostratigraphic data spanning the Bylot Supergroup. A comparison of stratigraphic trends in radiogenic isotope data from hydrogenous (black shale 187Os/188Os and limestone 87Sr/86Sr) and detrital (whole-rock mudstone 143Nd/144Nd) sedimentary phases elucidates the complex hydrologic history of the Borden Basin and reconciles these disparate interpretations.
Episodic coupling and decoupling between the composition of basin waters (from Os and Sr isotopes) and the local weathering input to the basin (from Nd isotopes) indicate that depositional environments within the Borden Basin fluctuated between marine and nonmarine (i.e., lacustrine). Variations in basin hydrology controlled secular sedimentation patterns through changes in basin water chemistry. These interpretations help to characterize the environment in which the early red algal fossil Bangiomorpha pubescens evolved. Episodically restricted epeiric seaways, such as within the Borden Basin, were relatively widespread within Rodinia and may have exerted unique selective pressures on eukaryotic evolution in the Mesoproterozoic Era. Hydrogenous and detrital radiogenic isotope chemostratigraphy, as implemented in this study, may provide a useful paleoenvironmental framework for future paleontological studies aimed at testing the role of freshwater environments in eukaryotic evolution. In addition, 87Sr/86Sr compositions from 81 new middle Bylot Supergroup marine limestone samples, calibrated by recent Re-Os geochronology, contribute to the terminal Mesoproterozoic marine 87Sr/86Sr curve. These data display a rise from ∼0.705 to 0.706 that reflects weathering of the active Grenville orogenic belt and demonstrates a global increase in chemical weathering during the amalgamation of Rodinia.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review
Authors: Aron Cindy Miller , Harvey Sydney , Hainline Brian , Hitchcock Mary E , Reardon Claudia L 
Published: April 2019

This narrative review examines post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related disorders—mental health conditions with complex diagnosis and treatment considerations—in elite athletes. Athletes may exhibit greater rates of PTSD (up to 13%–25% in some athlete populations) and other trauma-related disorders relative to the general population. We describe common inciting events leading to symptoms of PTSD in elite athletes, including trauma incurred in sports participation through direct physical injury, secondary/witnessed traumatic events, or abusive dynamics within sports teams. Symptoms of PTSD may significantly impact athletes’ psychosocial and sport-related function through avoidance, hypervigilance and dissociative behaviours, which, in turn, may delay recovery from musculoskeletal injury.
While PTSD may be common among elite athletes, recognition by providers who do not routinely screen for trauma-related disorders may be challenging because of the tendency of athletes to mask symptoms of PTSD and other trauma-related disorders. Early identification of athletes suffering from trauma-related symptoms, including those of acute stress disorder, may prevent progression to PTSD, while treatment of athletes already meeting criteria for PTSD may improve life functioning and sports performance outcomes. Current evidence supports increasing awareness of PTSD in athletes and use of screening tools to identify athletes who may benefit from trauma-informed medical or psychotherapeutic interventions.
Effects of team-based quality improvement learning on two teams providing dementia care
Authors: Dixon Nancy , Wellsteed Lorna 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of a structured team-based learning approach to quality improvement (QI) on the performance 12 months later of two teams caring for patients with dementia.DesignBefore and after prospective study.SettingStaff working in two inpatient services in National Health Service Trusts in England, one providing orthopaedic surgery (Team A) and one caring for elderly people with mental health conditions, including dementia (Team B). Team A consisted of nurses; Team B included doctors, nurses, therapists, mental health support workers and administrators.MethodsQI training and support, assessment of the performance of teams and team coaching were provided to the two teams. QI training integrated tools for teamworking and a structured approach to QI. Team members completed the Aston Team Performance Inventory, a validated tool for assessing team performance, at the start of the QI work (time 1) and 1 year later (time 2).ResultsA year after the QI training and team QI project, Team A members perceived themselves as a high-performing team, reflected in improvement in 24 of 52 components measured in the Inventory; Team B was initially a poorly performing team and had improvements in 42 of 52 components a year later.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that a structured team-based learning approach to QI has effects a year later on the performance of teams in clinical settings, as measured by a validated team performance tool.
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors: From Epigenome to Bedside
Authors: Korfhage Justin , Lombard David B. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive sarcomas typically developing in the context of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). With the exception of surgical resection, these tumors are resistant to all current therapies, and unresectable, recurrent, or metastatic tumors are considered incurable. Preclinical studies have identified several novel candidate molecular targets for therapeutic intervention, but, to date, targeted therapies have proven ineffective. Recent studies have identified recurrent mutations in polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) core components, embryonic ectoderm development protein (EED) and suppressor of zeste 12 homolog (SUZ12), in MPNST. These mutations result in global loss of the histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation epigenetic mark, normally deposited by PRC2, and subsequent gain in acetylation at this residue. This altered chromatin state has been shown to promote MPNST malignancy; however, acetylation at this residue sensitizes MPNSTs to BRD4 and bromodomain and extra-terminal domain inhibition. Interestingly, the catalytic component of PRC2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), is not mutated in MPNST, hinting that a noncanonical, PRC2-independent function of EZH2 may play a role in this cancer. This review examines the pathobiology of MPNST, the contribution of PRC2 subunits to this process, and the prospects for PRC2-related therapies for this cancer.

Implications:
Identification of mutations in the PRC2 components EED and SUZ12 in the majority of MPNSTs may imply noncanonical oncogenic activities of the intact component, EZH2, and provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Routine Fractional Flow Reserve Measurement After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: van Bommel Rutger J. , Masdjedi Kaneshka , Diletti Roberto , Lemmert Miguel E. , van Zandvoort Laurens , Wilschut Jeroen , Zijlstra Felix , de Jaegere Peter , Daemen Joost , van Mieghem Nicolas M. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is the current gold standard to determine hemodynamic severity of angiographically intermediate coronary lesions. Much less is known about the prognostic effects of FFR measured directly after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aims of this study were to evaluate post-PCI FFR values, identify predictors for a low post-PCI FFR, and to investigate whether a relationship between postprocedural FFR and outcome during 30-day follow-up exists.

Methods and Results:

The FFR-SEARCH (Fractional Flow Reserve—Stent Evaluated at Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital) is a prospective registry in which FFR measurements were performed after PCI in 1000 consecutive patients. All FFR measurements were performed under maximum hyperemia with intravenous adenosine with the Navvus RXi system (ACIST Medical Systems, Eden Prairie, MN). The clinical end point was defined as a composite of death, target vessel revascularization, or nonfatal myocardial infarction at 30-day follow-up. Measurement of post-PCI FFR was successful in 959 patients (96%), and a total of 1165 lesions were assessed. There were no complications related to the microcatheter. A total of 322 ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction patients with 371 measured lesions were excluded leaving 637 patients with 794 measured lesions for the final analysis. Overall post-PCI FFR was 0.90±0.07. In 396 lesions (50%), post-PCI FFR was >0.90. A total of 357 patients (56%) had ≥1 lesion(s) with a post-PCI FFR ≤0.90, and 73 patients (11%) had ≥1 lesion(s) with a post-PCI FFR ≤0.80 with post-PCI FFR ≤0.80 in 78 lesions (9.8%). Complex lesion characteristics, use of multiple stents and smaller reference vessel diameter was associated with post-PCI FFR ≤0.90. During follow-up, 11 patients (1.8%) reached the clinical end point. There was no significant relationship between post-PCI FFR and the clinical end point at 30-day follow-up (
P
=0.636).

Conclusions:
Routine measurement of post-PCI FFR using a monorail microcatheter is safe and feasible. Several lesion and patient characteristics were associated with a low post-PCI FFR. Post-PCI FFR did not correlate with clinical events at 30 days.
Atorvastatin Has a Dose‐Dependent Beneficial Effect on Kidney Function and Associated Cardiovascular Outcomes: Post Hoc Analysis of 6 Double‐Blind Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Vogt Liffert , Bangalore Sripal , Fayyad Rana , Melamed Shari , Hovingh G. Kees , DeMicco David A. , Waters David D. 
Published: April 2019

Background
Kidney function decreases during the lifetime, and this decline is a powerful predictor of both kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. Statins lower cardiovascular risk, which may relate to beneficial effects on kidney function. We studied whether atorvastatin influences kidney function decline and assessed the association between individual kidney function slopes and cardiovascular outcome.

Methods and Results

Data were collected from 6 large atorvastatin cardiovascular outcome trials conducted in patients not selected for having kidney disease. Slopes of serum creatinine reciprocals representing measures of kidney function change ([mg/dL]
−1
/y), were analyzed in 30 621 patients. Based on treatment arms, patients were categorized into 3 groups: placebo (n=10 057), atorvastatin 10 mg daily (n=12 763), and 80 mg daily (n=7801). To assess slopes, mixed‐model analyses were performed for each treatment separately, including time in years and adjustment for study. These slopes displayed linear improvement over time in all 3 groups. Slope estimates for patients randomized to placebo or atorvastatin 10 mg and 80 mg were 0.009 (0.0008), 0.011 (0.0006), and 0.014 (0.0006) (mg/dL)
−1
/y, respectively. A head‐to‐head comparison of atorvastatin 10 and 80 mg based on data from 1 study (
TNT
[Treating to New Targets]; n=10 001) showed a statistically significant difference in slope between the 2 doses (
P
=0.0009). From a Cox proportional hazards model using slope as a predictor, a significant (
P
<0.0001) negative association between kidney function and cardiovascular outcomes was found.

Conclusions
In patients at risk of or with cardiovascular disease, atorvastatin improved kidney function over time in a dose‐dependent manner. In the 3 treatment groups, kidney function improvement was strongly associated with lower cardiovascular risk.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT
00327418;
NCT
00147602;
NCT
00327691.
Low‐Carbohydrate Diets and Risk of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Shaozhao , Zhuang Xiaodong , Lin Xiaoyu , Zhong Xiangbin , Zhou Huimin , Sun Xiuting , Xiong Zhenyu , Huang Yiquan , Fan Yongqiang , Guo Yue , Du Zhimin , Liao Xinxue 
Published: April 2019

Background

The influences of low‐carbohydrate diets in cardiovascular disease are controversial. Few studies have examined the relationship of carbohydrate intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation (
AF
). We aimed to evaluate the association between carbohydrate intake and the risk of incident
AF
in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study.

Methods and Results

We included 13 385 participants (age, 54.2±5.8 years; 45.1% men and 74.7% white) who completed a dietary questionnaire at baseline (1987–1989) in the
ARIC
Study. The primary outcome was incident
AF
, which was identified by ECG performed during study examinations, hospital discharge codes, and death certificates. We used multivariable Cox hazard regression models to assess the association between carbohydrate intake and incident
AF
. We further explored the effects of specific food source (animal versus plant based) used to replace carbohydrate intake in the low‐carbohydrate intake setting. During a median follow‐up of 22.4 years, 1808 cases (13.5%) of
AF
occurred. The hazard ratio for incident
AF
associated with a 1‐
SD
(9.4%) increase in carbohydrate intake as a percentage of energy intake was 0.82 (95%
CI
, 0.72–0.94), after adjustment for traditional
AF
risk factors and other diets factors. Results were similar when individuals were categorized by carbohydrate intake quartiles (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95%
CI
, 0.49–0.84; comparing extreme quartiles). No association was found between the type of protein or fat used to replace the carbohydrate and risk of incident
AF
.

Conclusions

Low‐carbohydrate diets were associated with increased risk of incident
AF
, regardless of the type of protein or fat used to replace the carbohydrate.
The Baptist Followers of Mani: Reframing the Cologne Mani Codex
Authors: Han Jae Hee 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFor decades, scholars of religious studies have questioned the anachronism of the category of “religion” for discussing the historical emergence of Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Beginning already with Wilfred Cantwell Smith in the 1960s, however, Manichaeism was heralded as an exception to this pattern, and Mani has been understood as perhaps the first to found a new “religion.” This article considers how this model shaped the interpretation of the Cologne Mani Codex (CMC) and offers a fresh reading of its rhetoric of differentiation and identification. It attends to how the CMC frames Mani as a reformer among the Baptists and in continuity with this Baptist past. It ultimately argues that the creators of the CMC did not think of “Manichaeism” as a distinct “religion.” Finally, it aims to recalibrate the study of the Cologne Mani Codex towards broader attempts at situating it within a Syro-Mesopotamian milieu.
Breaking the Rules: Considerations on Zoroastrian Terminology Related to the Idea of Heresy
Authors: Timuş Mihaela 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe present article is a part of a wider project devoted to the Zoroastrian Middle Persian terminology often translated in European languages as “heresy” or “heretic.” I offer here an analysis of the Middle Persian ahlomōγ according to only one text of the exegetical literature of this religious tradition, written down after the Arab conquest of Iran, namely Dēnkard 7. I propose a hypothesis according to which the majority of the contexts in which this term is used refers to Mazdak and the Mazdakites, suggesting that the author of Dēnkard 7 here draws a historical scheme of this sectarian movement. Other meanings, though not so many, can be found, such as “apostasy.” Among the methodological considerations, one finds that the same notion may have slightly changed meaning from one text to another, from one period to another. The Avestan ašǝmaoγa, for which the Middle Persian ahlomōγ is a translation, does not clearly lead to the idea of heresy, understood as schism or sect.
US Public Diplomacy and the Terrorism Challenge
Authors: Seib Philip 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Public diplomacy can be one element of multifaceted counter-terrorism strategy, but to be successful it must be used in timely fashion as a preventive tool. One key to reducing the threat posed by terrorism is to turn off terror groups’ recruiting faucets, and public diplomacy can play an important role in doing this. This article explores the vulnerability of certain populations and how they might be reached and strengthened in ways that undercut terrorist recruitment. This includes recognizing the importance of religion in terrorist recruiting and how it may be addressed constructively. Further, traditional pubic diplomacy programmes such as educational and cultural exchanges have been underestimated as a mean of counteracting the ‘othering’ that increases vulnerable populations’ susceptibility to terrorist recruitment.
Political Leaders and Public Diplomacy in the Contested Indo-Pacific
Authors: Byrne Caitlin 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Public diplomacy practice is intensifying across the Indo-Pacific as global actors compete to keep pace with the emerging geopolitical realities of a contested world order. China’s rise is the dominant feature. It comes as the United States retreats from global leadership, further heightening the sense of uncertainty in the region. Amid this strategic re-ordering, competition to influence narratives, set political agendas and frame the rules of a changing order is intense. The stakes for public diplomacy could not be higher and the implications for political leaders are significant. This article examines the role of Indo-Pacific political leaders through the lens of public diplomacy. While there are significant differences in approach, findings suggest that the imperative for political leaders to inform, engage and influence public audiences increasingly lies in the desire to shape the narrative and thus the nature of a regional order that will be favourable for their national interests.
Soft Power and Public Diplomacy Revisited
Authors: Nye Joseph S. 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Soft power is the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes one wants through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion or payment. A country’s soft power rests on its resources of culture, values and policies. A smart-power strategy combines hard- and soft-power resources. Public diplomacy has a long history as a means of promoting a country’s soft power, and soft power was essential in winning the Cold War. Smart public diplomacy requires an understanding of the roles of credibility, self-criticism and civil society in generating soft power. As authoritarian states today use new cyber technologies and other means to disrupt political processes in democracies, questions arise about the boundaries of soft power and the appropriate policies for public diplomacy.
From xylogenesis to tree rings: wood traits to investigate tree response to environmental changes
Authors: De Micco Veronica , Carrer Marco , Rathgeber Cyrille B.K. , Julio Camarero J. , Voltas Jordi , Cherubini Paolo , Battipaglia Giovanna 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIt is noteworthy that the largest part of global vegetation biomass depends on a thin layer of cells: the vascular cambium. Understanding the wood formation processes and relationships with environmental factors is a crucial and timely research question requiring interdisciplinary efforts, also to upscale the information gained and to evaluate implications for tree growth and forest productivity.We provide an overview of wood formation processes up to tree-ring development, bearing in mind that the combined action of intrinsic factors and environmental drivers determines the anatomical traits of a tree ring formed at a specific time and position within the tree’s architecture. After briefly reviewing intrinsic factors, we focus attention on environmental drivers highlighting how a correct interpretation of environmental signals in tree rings must be grounded in a deep knowledge of xylogenesis and consequent wood anatomical traits. We provide guidelines on novel methods and approaches recently developed to study xylem formation. We refer to existing literature on established techniques for retrospective analyses in tree-ring series of anatomical and isotopic traits, to assess long-term ecophysiological responses to environmental variations, also giving advice on possible bias because of interand within-tree variability.Finally, we highlight that, once the temporal axis of intra-annual tree-ring variability of xylem traits is established by xylogenesis analysis, a multidisciplinary approach linking classical dendro-ecology, wood functional traits (dendro-anatomy) and eco-physiology (here focusing on dendro-isotopes) allows a better interpretation of past environmental events hidden in tree rings, and more reliable forecasts of wood growth in response to climate change.
“Drafting,” “Copying,” and “Adding Notes”: On the Semantic Field of “Writing” as Reflected by Qin and Early Han Legal and Administrative Documents
Authors: Staack Thies 
Published: April 2019

The present paper investigates three terms that were all used to refer to acts of writing in the early imperial administration: shu 書, xie 寫, and shu 署. Based on an analysis of their usage in administrative and legal texts, it illustrates the semantic differences of these terms, which also bear implications for our understanding of the production and use of administrative documents.