bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The recognition of former melt flux through high‐strain zones
Authors: Stuart Catherine A. , Piazolo Sandra , Daczko Nathan R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHigh‐strain zones are potential pathways of melt migration through the crust. However, the identification of melt‐present high‐strain deformation is commonly limited to cases where the interpreted volume of melt “frozen” within the high‐strain zone is high (>10%). In this contribution, we examine high‐strain zones in the Pembroke Granulite, an otherwise low‐strain outcrop of volcanic arc lower crust exposed in Fiordland, New Zealand. These high‐strain zones display compositional layering, flaser‐shaped mineral grains, and closely spaced foliation planes indicative of high‐strain deformation. Asymmetric leucosome surrounding peritectic garnet grains suggest deformation was synchronous with minor amounts of in situ partial melting. High‐strain zones lack typical mylonite microstructures and instead display typical equilibrium microstructures, such as straight grain boundaries, 120° triple junctions, and subhedral grain shapes. We identify five key microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt within the high‐strain zones: (a) small dihedral angles of interstitial phases; (b) elongate interstitial grains; (c) small aggregates of quartz grains with xenomorphic plagioclase grains connected in three dimensions; (d) fine‐grained, K‐feldspar bearing, multiphase aggregates with or without augite rims; and (e) mm‐ to cm‐scale felsic dykelets. Preservation of key microstructures indicates that deformation ceased as conditions crossed the solidus, breaking the positive feedback loop between deformation and the presence of melt. We propose that microstructures indicative of the former presence of melt, such as the five identified above, may be used as a tool for recognising rocks formed during melt‐present high‐strain deformation where low (<5%) volumes of leucosome are “frozen” within the high‐strain zone.
Synaptic activity induces input‐specific rearrangements in a targeted synaptic protein interaction network
Authors: Lautz Jonathan D. , Brown Emily A. , Williams VanSchoiack Alison A. , Smith Stephen E. P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCells utilize dynamic, network‐level rearrangements in highly interconnected protein interaction networks to transmit and integrate information from distinct signaling inputs. Despite the importance of protein interaction network dynamics, the organizational logic underlying information flow through these networks is not well understood. Previously, we developed the quantitative multiplex co‐immunoprecipitation platform, which allows for the simultaneous and quantitative measurement of the amount of co‐association between large numbers of proteins in shared complexes. Here, we adapt quantitative multiplex co‐immunoprecipitation to define the activity‐dependent dynamics of an 18‐member protein interaction network in order to better understand the underlying principles governing glutamatergic signal transduction. We first establish that immunoprecipitation detected by flow cytometry can detect activity‐dependent changes in two known protein–protein interactions (Homer1‐mGluR5 and PSD‐95‐SynGAP). We next demonstrate that neuronal stimulation elicits a coordinated change in our targeted protein interaction network, characterized by the initial dissociation of Homer1 and SynGAP‐containing complexes followed by increased associations among glutamate receptors and PSD‐95. Finally, we show that stimulation of distinct glutamate receptor types results in different modular sets of protein interaction network rearrangements, and that cells activate both modules in order to integrate complex inputs. This analysis demonstrates that cells respond to distinct types of glutamatergic input by modulating different combinations of protein co‐associations among a targeted network of proteins. Our data support a model of synaptic plasticity in which synaptic stimulation elicits dissociation of pre‐existing multiprotein complexes, opening binding slots in scaffold proteins and allowing for the recruitment of additional glutamatergic receptors.Open PracticesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Reduced Aβ secretion by human neurons under conditions of strongly increased BACE activity
Authors: Scholz Diana , Chernyshova Yana , Ückert Anna‐Katharina , Leist Marcel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe initial step in the amyloidogenic cascade of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is catalyzed by beta‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme (BACE), and this protease has increased activities in affected areas of Alzheimer's disease brains. We hypothesized that altered APP processing, because of augmented BACE activity, would affect the actions of direct and indirect BACE inhibitors. We therefore compared post‐mitotic human neurons (LUHMES) with their BACE‐overexpressing counterparts (BLUHMES). Although β‐cleavage of APP was strongly increased in BLUHMES, they produced less full‐length and truncated amyloid beta (Aβ) than LUHMES. Moreover, low concentrations of BACE inhibitors decreased cellular BACE activity as expected, but increased Aβ1‐40 levels. Several other approaches to modulate BACE activity led to a similar, apparently paradoxical, behavior. For instance, reduction in intracellular acidification by bepridil increased Aβ production in parallel with decreased BACE activity. In contrast to BLUHMES, the respective control cells (LUHMES or BLUHMES with catalytically inactive BACE) showed conventional pharmacological responses. Other non‐canonical neurochemical responses (so‐called ‘rebound effects’) are well‐documented for the Aβ pathway, especially for γ‐secretase: a partial block of its activity leads to an increased Aβ secretion by some cell types. We therefore compared LUHMES and BLUHMES regarding rebound effects of γ‐secretase inhibitors and found an Aβ rise in LUHMES but not in BLUHMES. Thus, different cellular factors are responsible for the γ‐secretase‐ versus BACE‐related Aβ rebound. We conclude that increased BACE activity, possibly accompanied by an altered cellular localization pattern, can dramatically influence Aβ generation in human neurons and affect pharmacological responses to secretase inhibitors.Open PracticesOpen Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge.For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
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Mitochondria, lysosomes, and dysfunction: their meaning in neurodegeneration
Authors: Audano Matteo , Schneider Anja , Mitro Nico 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn the last decades, lysosomes and mitochondria were considered distinct and physically separated organelles involved in different cellular functions. While lysosomes were thought to exclusively be the rubbish dump of the cell involved in the degradation of proteins and other cell compartments, mitochondria were considered solely involved in the oxidation of energy substrate to get ATP, together with other minor duties. Nowadays, our view of these organelles is profoundly changed since studies demonstrated that mitochondria and lysosome are mutually functional, maintaining proper cell homeostasis. Furthermore, the onset of neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, lysosomal storage disorders, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is tightly linked to mutations in mitochondrial and lysosomal regulators. In this context, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to lysosomal impairment and buildup of autophagy by‐products, whereas lysosomal imperfections trigger functional and morphological mitochondrial defects. Here, we provide an updated overview covering recent findings about mitochondria and lysosomal interaction in physiology and pathophysiology, focusing the attention on the molecular mechanism that control their interdependence.
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Clinical implications of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponins
Authors: Holzmann M. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCardiac troponin assays have become more sensitive over the years leading to the clinical introduction of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin assays in 2010. Their use has revolutionized the assessment of patients with chest pain in the emergency department by allowing earlier rule‐in and rule‐out of myocardial infarction leading to shorter stays in the emergency department and reduced admissions for chest pain. The incidence of myocardial infarction has increased slightly, and patients with myocardial infarction diagnosed with high‐sensitivity cardiac troponins have been found to have a reduced risk of reinfarction, though without an impact on survival. High‐sensitivity cardiac troponins are powerful predictors of long‐term mortality and cardiovascular disease in the general population as well as in patients with chest pain with or without cardiovascular disease. The increase in risk for death and cardiovascular disease associated with high‐sensitivity cardiac troponins is graded and starts already at detectable levels, well below the upper normal level. The aim of this review was to describe the clinical use and consequences of the introduction of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponins. In addition, the importance of persistently elevated troponin levels for prognosis and what investigations may be appropriate to perform in patients with stable troponin elevations are discussed.
Association between seizure frequency and fatigue levels in children with epilepsy
Authors: Kanemura Hideaki , Sano Fumikazu , Ohyama Tetsuo , Sugita Kanji , Aihara Masao 
Published: May 2018

AimThe purpose of this study was to examine the association between seizure‐related features and fatigue levels in children with epilepsy.MethodsAll children were classified into three subgroups based on the state of their seizure control: well‐controlled epilepsy (WCE; seizure‐free), intermediate‐controlled epilepsy (ICE; seizure frequency < 1×/month) and uncontrolled epilepsy (UCE; seizure frequency > 1×/month). Participants were asked to rate on a 7‐point scale, from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), how often they felt the ways described by nine items on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). A higher score is suggestive of greater fatigue.ResultsThe study participants comprised 58 children with epilepsy and 15 children without seizures, who served as the healthy (non‐epilepsy) group. The mean FSS scores of the children with epilepsy were significantly higher than those of the healthy (non‐epilepsy) group (4.40 vs. 1.55, respectively; P < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that seizure frequency was the only characteristic significantly associated with fatigue (P < 0.0001). In the three epilepsy subgroups, the mean FSS scores for the WCE, intermediate‐controlled epilepsy and UCE groups were 2.30, 3.97 and 6.28, respectively. A higher seizure frequency was associated with more severe fatigue. In particular, children in the UCE group had significantly more severe fatigue than those in the WCE group (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe results suggest that seizure frequency is also associated with fatigue in children with epilepsy. Improved control of seizures may help reduce fatigue levels and improve the quality of life of children with epilepsy.
Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Lanfranco Luisa , Fiorilli Valentina , Gutjahr Caroline 
Published: May 2018

Contents

Summary
1031

I.
Introduction
1031

II.
Interkingdom communication enabling symbiosis
1032

III.
Nutritional and regulatory roles for key metabolites in the AM symbiosis
1035

IV.
The plant–fungus genotype combination determines the outcome of the symbiosis
1039

V.
Perspectives
1039

Acknowledgements
1041

References
1041

SummaryThe evolutionary and ecological success of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis relies on an efficient and multifactorial communication system for partner recognition, and on a fine‐tuned and reciprocal metabolic regulation of each symbiont to reach an optimal functional integration. Besides strigolactones, N‐acetylglucosamine‐derivatives released by the plant were recently suggested to trigger fungal reprogramming at the pre‐contact stage. Remarkably, N‐acetylglucosamine‐based diffusible molecules also are symbiotic signals produced by AM fungi (AMF) and clues on the mechanisms of their perception by the plant are emerging. AMF genomes and transcriptomes contain a battery of putative effector genes that may have conserved and AMF‐ or host plant‐specific functions. Nutrient exchange is the key feature of AM symbiosis. A mechanism of phosphate transport inside fungal hyphae has been suggested, and first insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root colonization in accordance with nutrient transfer and status were obtained. The recent discovery of the dependency of AMF on fatty acid transfer from the host has offered a convincing explanation for their obligate biotrophism. Novel studies highlighted the importance of plant and fungal genotypes for the outcome of the symbiosis. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AMF in agriculture.
Sex differences in brain responses to food stimuli: a meta‐analysis on neuroimaging studies
Authors: Yeung A. W. K. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThe aims of the current study were to update the inclusion list of relevant neuroimaging studies, meta‐analyse the neuroimaging data and thus synthesize a brain map showing locations with differential activations between men and women. Published studies to 2017 were retrieved and included into the analysis if they evaluated patients' brain responses to food or eating stimuli with functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography and reported activation differences between the sexes in the form of brain coordinates based on whole‐brain analysis. Eight studies that comprised a total of 231 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Men had larger neural responses to food stimuli than women in the anterior and middle cingulate, which are related to emotion regulation. Meanwhile, women had larger neural responses to food stimuli than men in the parahippocampus, the thalamus and the precuneus, which are collectively relevant in the context of promotion of eating. The differential brain responses to food or eating stimuli between men and women may shed light on the neurobiology to help explain the sex differences in eating behaviour.
Risk factors for competing non‐cancer mortality after definitive treatment for advanced‐stage head and neck cancer
Authors: Kim Yong Han , Roh Jong‐Lyel , Kim Sung‐Bae , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivePatients with head and neck cancer (HNC) can die of index tumor progression and second tumor or non‐cancer causes. Here, we investigated the risk factors for competing non‐cancer mortality (NCM) in a prospective cohort of patients with advanced‐stage HNC.Materials and MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted with 604 patients who underwent definitive treatment for advanced‐stage HNC between 2010 and 2015. Main outcomes were NCM and cancer mortality (CM) defined as death from non‐cancer causes and HNC or second cancers, respectively. Cumulative incidence and cause‐specific hazard functions were used to analyze the risk factors of NCM and CM.ResultsAge, smoking, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), performance status, body mass index, rural residence, education and hemoglobin level at diagnosis, and chemotherapy were significantly associated with NCM (all p < 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed that age, CCI, and hemoglobin were independent factors of NCM. Age (≥65 years), CCI (≥2), and hemoglobin (<11 g/dl) were related to 4.5‐, 3.2‐, and 2.7‐fold increased adjusted risk of NCM, respectively.ConclusionsOld age, comorbidity, and hemoglobin at diagnosis were independent predictors of NCM. The risk factors could be used to predict non‐cancer death after definitive treatment for advanced‐stage HNC.
Leptin/osteopontin axis contributes to enhanced T helper 17 type responses in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Zeng Qingxiang , Zhou Lifeng , Li Yan , Chen Yanqiu , Luo RenZhong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies suggest that T helper 17 (Th17) cell subset, a distinct pro‐inflammatory CD4 + T cell lineage, may play an important role in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the regulation of Th17 response in allergic disease is not well characterized.MethodsThirty AR and 30 healthy children were enrolled. Serum leptin and OPN levels were measured, and their correlation with IL‐17 expression was analyzed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Th17 cell differentiation and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs) stimulated by leptin and OPN and related inhibitors were analyzed by ELISA. AR mice models were also established to verify the effect of leptin and OPN on Th17 cell regulation. Immunoprecipitation was performed to explore the interaction between OPN and leptin in Th17 cells.ResultsOur results showed that elevated serum leptin and OPN in AR children were correlated with serum IL‐17 level (r = .53, P < .01). The recombinant leptin and OPN enhanced Th17 responses from PBMCs synergistically through nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and β3 integrin receptor. The AR mice showed as more severe Th17 responses and symptoms compared with control mice. Immunoprecipitation showed that OPN and leptin may interact with each other directly, and this process may be mediated by β3 integrin.ConclusionsOur data provide evidence that upregulation of leptin and OPN promotes Th17 responses in AR, and this process may be achieved through NF‐κB, MAPK, and JNK pathway and β3 integrin.
Evolution of jaw disparity in fishes
Authors: Hill Jennifer J. , Puttick Mark N. , Stubbs Thomas L. , Rayfield Emily J. , Donoghue Philip C. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe morphology of the vertebrate lower jaw has been used to infer feeding ecology, with transformations in mandibular shape and structure likely to have facilitated the emergence of different feeding behaviours in vertebrate evolution. Here we present elliptical Fourier shape and principal component analyses, characterizing and comparing the disparity of jaw shape in early gnathostomes and their modern primitively aquatic counterparts. 83% of shape variation is summarized on the first three principal component axes and all component clades of early gnathostomes exhibit overlapping morphological variation. Non‐tetrapodomorph Palaeozoic sarcopterygians are more disparate than their extant counterparts whereas extant chondrichthyans are more disparate than their Palaeozoic counterparts. More generally, extant jawed fishes are more disparate than their Palaeozoic relatives largely because of the extensive shape variation exhibited by mandibles of extant actinopterygians. Only some areas of shape space vacated by Palaeozoic gnathostomes have been convergently refilled by living taxa. Characterization of theoretical jaw morphologies demonstrates that fewer than half of all possible shapes are realized by the jawed fishes that comprise our empirical dataset; many of these morphologies are realized by unrepresented terrestrial tetrapods, implying environmental constraint. Our results are incompatible with the early burst model of clade evolution and contradict the hypothesis that maximum disparity is reached early in the evolutionary history of jawed fishes.
Sudden infant death syndrome: Knowledge and practise in parents of preterm infants
Authors: Rohana Jaafar , Ishak Shareena , Wan Nurulhuda Wan Md Zin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundPreterm infants are at higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) compared with term born infants and the risk is inversely proportional to the gestational age and birthweight. Parents of these infants should have adequate knowledge and practise the recommended SIDS risk reduction measures.MethodsA survey was conducted between December 2016 and August 2017 at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Parents of preterm infants ≤36 weeks’ gestation were invited to answer a self‐administered questionnaire to assess their knowledge and practise regarding SIDS risk reduction.ResultsForty‐nine (61.33%) of the 80 parents had heard of SIDS prior to the interview, with social media being the commonest source of information (67.3%). Only 35 (43.7%) correctly answered at least five of nine questions on knowledge of SIDS risk reduction (“good knowledge”). When compared with the group of parents who answered less than five questions correctly (“poor knowledge”), there was no significant difference in the demographic and infant characteristics between the groups. The majority (68.8%) of parents practised bed sharing with their infants, and this was significantly more common in the group of parents with poor knowledge (P = 0.01). Household smoking was also significantly more common in the group of parents with poor knowledge (P = 0.048).ConclusionKnowledge on SIDS risk reduction measures was generally poor among parents of preterm infants in this study. Cigarette smoking, bed sharing and non‐supine sleep positions, which are associated with increased risk of SIDS, were common practise among the present subjects.
Oral diatrizoate acid for meconium‐related ileus in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Michikata Kaori , Kodama Yuki , Kaneko Masatoki , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu , Machigashira Seiro , Mukai Motoi , Torikai Motofumi , Nakame Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal disorders are common in very low‐birthweight infants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of prophylactic oral Gastrografin® (diatrizoate acid) on meconium‐related ileus (MRI) in extremely preterm infants.MethodsThis was a retrospective case–control study of infants born extremely preterm at <28 weeks of gestation and treated with diatrizoate acid (prophylactic group) or not (control group) in the periods 2007–2014 and 2000–2009, respectively. In the 2007–2014 period, 120 infants received prophylactic diatrizoate acid solution. From the 165 infants in the control group, we selected 120 infants matched for gestational age. Cases of death before 72 h of life or congenital abnormalities were excluded. Intestinal disorders, time until full enteral feeding, duration of hospital stay, mortality rate, and neurodevelopmental outcome were compared.ResultsMRI occurred in six infants in the control group and in none of the infants in the prophylactic group (P = 0.039). Median time until full enteral feeding was 25 versus 22 days (P < 0.01), hospital stay was 142 versus 126 days (P < 0.01), and mortality rate for infants aged 24–27 weeks was 8.2% versus 0% (P = 0.021), respectively.ConclusionsProphylactic oral diatrizoate acid reduced MRI in extremely preterm infants without side‐effects and decreased the mortality rate of infants born at 24–27 weeks, and is thus beneficial in extremely preterm infants.