bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connectivity of the ventral visual cortex is necessary for object recognition in patients
Authors: Li Ye , Fang Yuxing , Wang Xiaoying , Song Luping , Huang Ruiwang , Han Zaizhu , Gong Gaolang , Bi Yanchao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe functional profiles of regions in the ventral occipital‐temporal cortex (VTC), a critical region for object visual recognition, are associated with the VTC connectivity patterns to nonvisual regions relevant to the corresponding object domain. However, whether and how whole‐brain connections affect recognition behavior remains untested. We directly examined the necessity of VTC connectivity in object recognition behavior by testing 82 patients whose lesion spared relevant VTC regions but affected various white matter (WM) tracts and other regions. In these patients, we extracted the whole‐brain anatomical connections of two VTC domain‐selective (large manmade objects and animals) clusters with probabilistic tractography, and examined whether such connectivity pattern can predict recognition performance of the corresponding domains with support vector regression (SVR) analysis. We found that the whole‐brain anatomical connectivity of large manmade object‐specific cluster successfully predicted patients’ large object recognition performance but not animal recognition or control tasks, even after we excluded connections with early visual regions. The contributing connections to large object recognition included tracts between VTC‐large object cluster and distributed regions both within and beyond the visual cortex (e.g., putamen, superior, and middle temporal gyrus). These results provide causal evidence that the VTC whole‐brain anatomical connectivity is necessary for at least certain domains of object recognition behavior.
Cortical depth profiles of luminance contrast responses in human V1 and V2 using 7 T fMRI
Authors: Marquardt Ingo , Schneider Marian , Gulban Omer Faruk , Ivanov Dimo , Uludağ Kâmil 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNeural activity in early visual cortex is modulated by luminance contrast. Cortical depth (i.e., laminar) contrast responses have been studied in monkey early visual cortex, but not in humans. In addition to the high spatial resolution needed and the ensuing low signal‐to‐noise ratio, laminar studies in humans using fMRI are hampered by the strong venous vascular weighting of the fMRI signal. In this study, we measured luminance contrast responses in human V1 and V2 with high‐resolution fMRI at 7 T. To account for the effect of intracortical ascending veins, we applied a novel spatial deconvolution model to the fMRI depth profiles. Before spatial deconvolution, the contrast response in V1 showed a slight local maximum at mid cortical depth, whereas V2 exhibited a monotonic signal increase toward the cortical surface. After applying the deconvolution, both V1 and V2 showed a pronounced local maximum at mid cortical depth, with an additional peak in deep grey matter, especially in V1. Moreover, we found a difference in contrast sensitivity between V1 and V2, but no evidence for variations in contrast sensitivity as a function of cortical depth. These findings are in agreement with results obtained in nonhuman primates, but further research will be needed to validate the spatial deconvolution approach.
Separate neural representations of prediction error valence and surprise: Evidence from an fMRI meta‐analysis
Authors: Fouragnan Elsa , Retzler Chris , Philiastides Marios G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLearning occurs when an outcome differs from expectations, generating a reward prediction error signal (RPE). The RPE signal has been hypothesized to simultaneously embody the valence of an outcome (better or worse than expected) and its surprise (how far from expectations). Nonetheless, growing evidence suggests that separate representations of the two RPE components exist in the human brain. Meta‐analyses provide an opportunity to test this hypothesis and directly probe the extent to which the valence and surprise of the error signal are encoded in separate or overlapping networks. We carried out several meta‐analyses on a large set of fMRI studies investigating the neural basis of RPE, locked at decision outcome. We identified two valence learning systems by pooling studies searching for differential neural activity in response to categorical positive‐versus‐negative outcomes. The first valence network (negative > positive) involved areas regulating alertness and switching behaviours such as the midcingulate cortex, the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex whereas the second valence network (positive > negative) encompassed regions of the human reward circuitry such as the ventral striatum and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We also found evidence of a largely distinct surprise‐encoding network including the anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula and dorsal striatum. Together with recent animal and electrophysiological evidence this meta‐analysis points to a sequential and distributed encoding of different components of the RPE signal, with potentially distinct functional roles.
Degrees of functional connectome abnormality in disorders of consciousness
Authors: Sinitsyn Dmitry O. , Legostaeva Liudmila A. , Kremneva Elena I. , Morozova Sofya N. , Poydasheva Alexandra G. , Mochalova Elizaveta G. , Chervyakova Oksana G. , Ryabinkina Julia V. , Suponeva Natalia A. , Piradov Michael A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the neuronal basis of disorders of consciousness can help improve the accuracy of their diagnosis, indicate potential targets for therapeutic interventions, and provide insights into the organization of normal conscious information processing. Measurements of brain activity have been used to find associations of the levels of consciousness with brain complexity, topological features of functional connectomes, and disruption of resting‐state networks. However, obtainment of a detailed picture of activity patterns underlying the vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and the minimally conscious state remains a work in progress. We here aimed at finding the aspects of fMRI‐based functional connectivity that differentiate these states from each other and from the normal condition. A group of 22 patients was studied (9 minimally conscious state and 13 vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome). Patients were shown to have reduced connectivity in most resting‐state networks and disrupted patterns of relative connection strengths as compared to healthy subjects. Differences between the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome and the minimally conscious state were found in the patterns formed by a relatively small number of strongest positive correlations selected by thresholding. These differences were captured by measures of functional connectivity disruption that integrate area‐specific abnormalities over the whole brain. The results suggest that the strong positive correlations between the functional activities of specific brain areas observed in healthy individuals may be critical for consciousness and be an important target of disruption in disorders of consciousness.
Cortical microstructure in young onset Alzheimer's disease using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging
Authors: Parker Thomas D. , Slattery Catherine F. , Zhang Jiaying , Nicholas Jennifer M. , Paterson Ross W. , Foulkes Alexander J.M. , Malone Ian B. , Thomas David L. , Modat Marc , Cash David M. , Crutch Sebastian J. , Alexander Daniel C. , Ourselin Sebastien , Fox Nick C. , Zhang Hui , Schott Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with extensive alterations in grey matter microstructure, but our ability to quantify this in vivo is limited. Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) is a multi‐shell diffusion MRI technique that estimates neuritic microstructure in the form of orientation dispersion and neurite density indices (ODI/NDI). Mean values for cortical thickness, ODI, and NDI were extracted from predefined regions of interest in the cortical grey matter of 38 patients with young onset AD and 22 healthy controls. Five cortical regions associated with early atrophy in AD (entorhinal cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and precuneus) and one region relatively spared from atrophy in AD (precentral gyrus) were investigated. ODI, NDI, and cortical thickness values were compared between controls and patients for each region, and their associations with MMSE score were assessed. NDI values of all regions were significantly lower in patients. Cortical thickness measurements were significantly lower in patients in regions associated with early atrophy in AD, but not in the precentral gyrus. Decreased ODI was evident in patients in the inferior and middle temporal gyri, fusiform gyrus, and precuneus. The majority of AD‐related decreases in cortical ODI and NDI persisted following adjustment for cortical thickness, as well as each other. There was evidence in the patient group that cortical NDI was associated with MMSE performance. These data suggest distinct differences in cortical NDI and ODI occur in AD and these metrics provide pathologically relevant information beyond that of cortical thinning.
Enhancement of teaching outcome through neural prediction of the students' knowledge state
Authors: Zheng Lifen , Chen Chuansheng , Liu Wenda , Long Yuhang , Zhao Hui , Bai Xialu , Zhang Zhanjun , Han Zaizhu , Liu Li , Guo Taomei , Chen Baoguo , Ding Guosheng , Lu Chunming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe neural mechanism for the dyadic process of teaching is poorly understood. Although theories about teaching have proposed that before any teaching takes place, the teacher will predict the knowledge state of the student(s) to enhance the teaching outcome, this theoretical Prediction‐Transmission hypothesis has not been tested with any neuroimaging studies. Using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy‐based hyperscanning, this study measured brain activities of the teacher–student pairs simultaneously. Results showed that better teaching outcome was associated with higher time‐lagged interpersonal neural synchronization (INS) between right temporal‐parietal junction (TPJ) of the teacher and anterior superior temporal cortex (aSTC) of the student, when the teacher's brain activity preceded that of the student. Moreover, time course analyses suggested that such INS could mark the quality of the teaching outcome at an early stage of the teaching process. These results provided key neural evidence for the Prediction‐Transmission hypothesis about teaching, and suggested that the INS plays an important role in the successful teaching.
Quality of head and neck radiotherapy reporting in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tseng Michelle , Tan Teng Hwee , Zheng Huili , Soon Yu Yang , Tey Jeremy 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this clinical review was to determine the quality reporting of radiotherapy (RT) in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of head and neck cancer and its impact on reporting of the trial primary efficacy and toxicity outcomes.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE for eligible RCTs published between 1994 and 2015. We assessed the quality of RT reporting and bias in the reporting of trial outcomes using published criteria.ResultsWe found 67 eligible trial reports. There was significant variability in the quality of RT treatment reporting among the included trials. Thirty‐two trials had adequate quality RT reporting. Cooperative group trials were more likely to have adequate quality reporting (odds ratio [OR] 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04‐9.85). The quality of RT reporting did not influence the bias in the reporting of trial outcomes.ConclusionThe quality of head and neck RT reporting in RCTs is variable and did not impact on bias in reporting of trial outcomes.
Differential expression and prognostic value of long non‐coding RNA in HPV‐negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Haque Sulsal‐Ul , Niu Liang , Kuhnell Damaris , Hendershot Jacob , Biesiada Jacek , Niu Wen , Hagan Matthew C. , Kelsey Karl T. , Casper Keith A. , Wise‐Draper Trisha M. , Medvedovic Mario , Langevin Scott M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundLong non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) has emerged as a new avenue of interest due to its various biological functions in cancer. Abnormal expression of lncRNA has been reported in other malignancies but has been understudied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).MethodsThe lncRNA expression was interrogated via quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) array for 19 human papillomavirus (HPV)‐negative HNSCC tumor‐normal pairs. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to validate these results. The association between differentially expressed lncRNA and survival outcomes was analyzed.ResultsDifferential expression was validated for 5 lncRNA (SPRY4‐IT1,HEIH,LUCAT1,LINC00152, andHAND2‐AS1). There was also an inverse association betweenMEG3expression (not significantly differentially expressed in TCGA tumors but highly variable expression) and 3‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS).ConclusionWe identified and validated differential expression of 5 lncRNA in HPV‐negative HNSCC. LowMEG3expression was associated with favorable 3‐year RFS, although the significance of this finding remains unclear.
Unique application of awake tracheoscopy and endobronchial ultrasound in the management of tracheal mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Rehman Saad , Lovvorn Harold N. , Rickman Otis B. , Wootten Christopher T. , Chinnadurai Sivakumar 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundMucoepidermoid carcinoma of the trachea is a rare pediatric malignancy that presents unique challenges in diagnosis, operative management, and surveillance.Methods and ResultsWe present a 17‐year‐old girl with primary tracheal mucoepidermoid carcinoma presenting in acute respiratory distress due to near‐total occlusion of the tracheal airway. An algorithmic approach to preoperative planning was developed to evaluate and remove the tumor endoscopically without compromising oxygenation. After initial palliative resection, endobronchial ultrasound was uniquely applied to evaluate depth of tumor invasion, and subsequent tracheal resection with primary anastomosis was performed as curative treatment.ConclusionRemoval of distal tracheal masses can be performed safely with the implementation of an algorithmic approach to tumor visualization and resection. Endobronchial ultrasound can be used to evaluate the extent of tumor invasion and plan for definitive resection.
Shifting patterns of polyribosome accumulation at synapses over the course of hippocampal long‐term potentiation
Authors: Ostroff Linnaea E. , Watson Deborah J. , Cao Guan , Parker Patrick H. , Smith Heather , Harris Kristen M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHippocampal long‐term potentiation (LTP) is a cellular memory mechanism. For LTP to endure, new protein synthesis is required immediately after induction and some of these proteins must be delivered to specific, presumably potentiated, synapses. Local synthesis in dendrites could rapidly provide new proteins to synapses, but the spatial distribution of translation following induction of LTP is not known. Here, we quantified polyribosomes, the sites of local protein synthesis, in CA1 stratum radiatum dendrites and spines from postnatal day 15 rats. Hippocampal slices were rapidly fixed at 5, 30, or 120 min after LTP induction by theta‐burst stimulation (TBS). Dendrites were reconstructed through serial section electron microscopy from comparable regions near the TBS or control electrodes in the same slice, and in unstimulated hippocampus that was perfusion‐fixed in vivo. At 5 min after induction of LTP, polyribosomes were elevated in dendritic shafts and spines, especially near spine bases and in spine heads. At 30 min, polyribosomes remained elevated only in spine bases. At 120 min, both spine bases and spine necks had elevated polyribosomes. Polyribosomes accumulated in spines with larger synapses at 5 and 30 min, but not at 120 min. Small spines, meanwhile, proliferated dramatically by 120 min, but these largely lacked polyribosomes. The number of ribosomes per polyribosome is variable and may reflect differences in translation regulation. In dendritic spines, but not shafts, there were fewer ribosomes per polyribosome in the slice conditions relative to in vivo, but this recovered transiently in the 5 min LTP condition. Overall, our data show that LTP induces a rapid, transient upregulation of large polyribosomes in larger spines, and a persistent upregulation of small polyribosomes in the bases and necks of small spines. This is consistent with local translation supporting enlargement of potentiated synapses within minutes of LTP induction.
On the Structure of [K(crypt‐222)]+
Authors: Harlow Richard L. , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Miloserdov Fedor M. , Konovalov Andrey I. , Marshall William J. , Escudero‐Adán Eduardo C. , Martin Eddy , Lishchynskyi Anton , Grushin Vladimir V. 
Published: March 2018

Due to disorder, [K(crypt‐222)]+ (1) is crystallographically indistinguishable from its isomer, a 1:1 fluoroform clathrate of deprotonated [K(crypt‐222)]+, [K(crypt‐222{‐H+})]·CHF3 (2). In our preceding publications, 1 was characterized on the basis of combined X‐ray diffraction, NMR, reactivity, labeling, acid‐base, and DFT studies. Herein we report that neither incorporation of deuterium nor any other transformation of [K(crypt‐222)]+ is observed in the presence of CD3OD/CD3OK at 70 °C or CD3S(O)CD2K/(D6)DMSO at 23 °C over hours and even days. Since fluoroform is easily and quickly deprotonated under such conditions, the demonstrated greater acidity of CHF3 relative to [K(crypt‐222)]+ provides additional evidence in favor of 1 and against 2. Likewise, crystal packing analysis and DFT calculations support 1, which has now been refined in the ultimately correct space group R32. Our previously drawn conclusions regarding [K(crypt‐222)]+ and the existence of a ‘naked’ trifluoromethyl anion in a condensed phase remain valid. The recent alternative refinement (Becker and Müller, Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 7081 – 7086) of our raw diffraction data has been improperly performed in the wrong space group to yield a non‐charge‐balanced model [K(crypt‐222)]+·CHF3, which is hereby repudiated. Becker and Müller's attempts to resolve the charge balance issue have produced models that are inadequate from the perspective of both crystallography and chemistry.
Decomposing inequality in financial protection situation in Iran after implementing the health reform plan: What does the evidence show based on national survey of households' budget?
Authors: Moradi Tayebeh , Naghdi Seyran , Brown Heather , Ghiasvand Hesam , Mobinizadeh Mohammadreza 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundLack of well‐designed healthcare financing mechanisms and high level of out‐of‐pocket payments in Iran over the last decades led to implementing Health Transformation Plan, in 2014. This study aims to decompose inequality in financial protection of Iranian households after the implementation of the Health Transformation Plan.MethodsThe data of Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) Survey on Rural and Urban Households Income‐Expenditure in 2015 to 2016 were used. The headcount ratio of catastrophic health expenditures was calculated. The corrected concentration index was estimated. The role of contributors on inequality in the exposure to catastrophic health expenditures among poor and nonpoor households was calculated using Farelie's model.ResultsThe headcount ratio of the exposure to catastrophic health expenditures in urban and rural households was 2.5% (2.43% ‐ 2.64%) and 3.6% (3.48% ‐ 3.76%), respectively. The difference in households' income levels was the main contributor in explaining the inequality in facing catastrophic health expenditures between poor and nonpoor households. [Correction added on 02 June 2018, after first online publication: The “Results” section of the Abstract of the published article has been correctly updated on this version.]ConclusionEven after implementing the HTP, the headcount ratios of catastrophic health expenditure are still considerable. The results show that income is the greatest determinant of inequality in facing catastrophic health expenditure and in urban households.
Assessment of transmission loss in a Mediterranean karstic watershed (Wadi Natuf, West Bank)
Authors: Messerschmid Clemens , Lange Jens , Sauter Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRun‐off transmission loss into karstified consolidated aquifer bedrock below ephemeral streams (wadis) has rarely been described nor quantified. This study presents unique data of long‐term high‐resolution field measurements and field observations in a semiarid to subhumid Mediterranean carbonatic mountainshed. The catchment with a 103 km2 surface area is subdivided into 5 subcatchments. Coupled run‐off measurements were made in the different stream sections (reaches), and transmission loss calculated from differences in discharge. Rainfall and run‐off observations from 9 automated precipitation gauging stations and 5 pressure transducers for automatic water level recording are complemented by manual measurements during 34 run‐off events covering a total measurement period of 8 consecutive years. Run‐off generation is strongly event based depending on rainfall intensities and depths. Both, run‐off generation and transmission losses are related to spatial patterns of bedrock lithologies (and hydrostratigraphy). Transmission losses range between 62% and 80% of generated run‐off, with most of the smaller events showing 100% transmission loss. Therefore, although event run‐off coefficients in the mountains can reach up to 22%, only 0.11% of total annual precipitation leaves the catchment as run‐off. Most run‐off infiltrates directly into the regional karst aquifers (Upper Cretaceous carbonate series), with transmission loss intensities of up to 40 mm/h below the stream channels. The factors determining run‐off—such as geology, pedology, vegetation cover and land use, relief and morphology, the semiarid to subhumid Mediterranean climate with a strong elevation gradient, and the patchiness of individual storm events distributed over the winter seasons—as well as the lithology and epikarst features of the bedrock are all characteristic for larger areas in the Mediterranean region. Therefore, we expect that our findings can be generalized to a large extent.