bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kofi Awoonor's Prison
Authors: Tucker Martin 
Published: September 2018

Kofi Awoonor's novels, poems, and literary criticism have been acclaimed in many countries. Nevertheless, he is probably best known in the United States for the harassment and imprisonment he suffered in his native country of Ghana three years ago.Awoonor was arrested on December 31, 1975, in Cape Coast, Ghana, and held without charges for several months. A number of human rights organizations issued strong protests. Amnesty International, International P.E.N., P.E.N. American Center (Bernard Malamud, Jerzy Kosinski, Muriel Rukeyser, Allen Ginsberg, Alfred Kazin, and Thomas Fleming were among those who spoke out on his behalf), and the Committee to Free Kofi Awoonor, based at Stony Brook on Long Island, were some of the more vocal protestors.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
Authors: Gessert Robert A. 
Published: September 2018

Can security in the NATO/Warsaw Pact area be achieved without nuclear-weapons, or with significantly reduced reliance on them?" Many religious leaders and other concerned citizens in Europe and America are asking this question while NATO political and military authorities are deliberating about how NATO should improve its nuclear posture in Europe (the so-called theater nuclear posture).No one can be smug or even satisfied about depending on nuclear weapons for security. One hardly need recount the destructive power of individual nuclear weapons (up to twenty-five or fifty times the explosive power of the bombs dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki) or count the thousands of warheads in current nuclear inventories on both sides.
Israel: Between Conflict and Peace
Authors: Eban Abba 
Published: September 2018

The keynote of Jewish history is not unity. The keynote of Jewish history is fragmentation, dispersion, and diversity. And to achieve a consensus out of this disruptive tradition is not the easiest of tasks.Our starting point in recent days has been the certainty that there will be a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. I've had talks recently with the heads of the Israeli and Egyptian delegations and emerged convinced that a peace treaty will emerge despite some complex issues that remain to be solved. And thus we stand in the revolutionary era that begins, not in November, 1978, but in November, 1977, with Anwar el-Sadat's voyage to Jerusalem. What he achieved was to make a breach in the wall both of Arab rejection and of Israeli suspicion.Now let us be frank with each other. Underneath the outer surface of Israeli life there has ilways been something choked and strangled, something cut off from expression, a terrible sense of insolubility, deadlock without end. The sense of being totally excluded from any affirmative contact with the neighboring world has been much more deeply at work on the morale and consciousness of the Israeli people than we might have wished to admit. And now all of a sudden the windows are open and the air comes rushing in.
Civil Defense—the New Debate
Authors: Downey Thomas J. 
Published: September 2018

Anyone who believes that the Soviet Union, because of its civil defense program, is better able to survive a nuclear war than the United States is totally misguided. And anyone willing to accept such a foolish argument is blind to three basic facts.First, the massive urban evacuation program would have limited effectiveness in reducing the disastrous effects of a nuclear attack on the general population, even supposing that such a scheme could be effectively carried out on a national scale. Second, targeting for population destruction is not in any case a primary goal of our current strategic planning. Third, if Soviet strategic planners are contemplating a first-strike scenario against the United States (as many American hawks state in their arguments for an American civil defense evacuation scheme), they would be unable to employ their urban evacuation plan, because to do so would obviously destroy the element of surprise needed for any first strike to succeed.
Ahead to '81: A Greater U.S.-Israel Storm
Authors: Bruzonsky Mark A. 
Published: September 2018

Another presidential election looms—and American Middle East policy is again subordinated for about a year to the political circus mandated by American-style democracy.For Israel this American election is more crucial than ever. Economically desperate, Israel relies on an American umbilical cord, now weakening. The Jewish state's political isolation could become psychologically unbearable if U.S. Government attitudes begin shifting even as far as have those of Western Europe—which, for the first time, is a real possibility. Israel's strategic/military position, with or without the West Bank, is largely a function of American arms and perceived American determination. And most crucially, in the longer run, basic American public attitudes toward Israel will bp heavily influenced by the tone and content of the incoming administration.
Effects of human sperm cryopreservation on apoptotic markers in normozoospermic and non-normozoospermic patients
Authors: Karabulut Seda , Demiroğlu-Zergeroğlu Asuman , Yılmaz Elif , Kutlu Pelin , Keskin İlknur 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe negative effects of cryopreservation on sperm parameters are well documented but little information is known about molecular basis of the process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of sperm cryopreservation on main apoptotic signs including DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation and to determine if these effects vary according to sperm parameters. Sperm samples of 72 patients were cryopreserved. The patients were sub-grouped as normozoospermic or non-normozoospermic patients according to their semen parameters. DNA fragmentation rates and caspase-3 activation levels were analyzed before and after cryopreservation in both groups. Mean DNA fragmentation rate was increased significantly from 23.98% in neat semen samples to 27.34% after cryopreservation (P= 0.03). DNA fragmentation rates were slightly higher in non-normozoospermic patients compared with the normozoospermic patients in both the neat semen and after cryopreservation (23.25 and 24.71% vs. 26.32 and 28.36%, respectively) although the difference obtained were not statistically significant. An increasing trend for caspase-3 activations (0.093 vs. 0.116) was observed after cryopreservation but the differences were not statistically significant. Caspase-3 activation was found to be slightly higher in non-normozoospermic patients both in the neat semen and after cryopreservation compared with the normozoospermic patients but the differences were not statistically significant. Caspase-3 expression was also shown using immunocytochemistry in both fresh ejaculated sperm and thawed sperm after cryopreservation but at different localizations. The cryopreservation process had detrimental effects on sperm quality but the quality of the sperm samples was not adversely effective for the apoptotic markers including DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activation patterns. In fact, it was the cryopreservation process itself that adversely effected the above apoptotic markers and apoptosis. It was concluded therefore that sperm cell cryopreservation triggers apoptosis after thawing and this process adversely affects semen parameters.
Wisdom of the Crowd in Saving Lives: The Life Guardians App
Authors: Jaffe Eli , Dadon Ziv , Alpert Evan Avraham 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMulti-casualty incidents (MCIs) continue to occur throughout the world, whether they be mass shootings or natural disasters. Prehospital emergency services have done a professional job at stabilizing and transporting the victims to local hospitals. When there are multiple casualties, there may not be enough professional responders to care for the injured. Bystanders and organized volunteer first responders have often helped in extricating the victims, stopping the bleeding, and aiding in the evacuation of the victims. Magen David Adom (MDA translated as “Red Shield of David”), the national Emergency Medical Services (EMS) provider for Israel, has successfully introduced a program for volunteer first responders that includes both a mobile-phone-based application and appropriate life-saving equipment. Most of the responders, known as Life Guardians, are already medical professionals such as physicians, nurses, or off-duty medics. They are notified by a global positioning system application if there is a nearby life-threatening incident such as respiratory or cardiac arrest, major trauma, or an MCI. They are given a kit that includes a bag-valve mask device, oropharyngeal airways, tourniquets, and bandages. There are currently 17,000 Life Guardians, and in the first-half of 2017, they responded to 253 events.The Life Guardians are essentially an out-of-hospital manpower multiplier using a simple crowdsourcing application who have the necessary skills and equipment to treat those in cardiopulmonary arrest, or victims of trauma, including MCIs. Such a model can be integrated into other systems throughout the world to save lives.JaffeE, DadonZ, AlpertEA. Wisdom of the crowd in saving lives: the Life Guardians app. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(5):550–552.
The Significance of Heat Transport by Shallow Fluid Flow at an Active Plate Boundary: The Southern Alps, New Zealand
Authors: Coussens Jamie , Woodman Nicholas , Upton Phaedra , Menzies Catriona D. , Janku‐Capova Lucie , Sutherland Rupert , Teagle Damon A. H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFluid flow can influence fault behavior. Here we quantify the role of groundwater heat advection in establishing the thermal structure of the Alpine Fault, a major tectonic boundary in southern New Zealand that accommodates most of the motion between the Australian and Pacific Plates. Convergence on the Alpine Fault has rapidly uplifted the Southern Alps, resulting in high geothermal gradients and a thin seismogenic zone. A new equilibrium temperature profile from the 818‐m‐deep Deep Fault Drilling Project 2B borehole has been interrogated using one‐dimensional analytical models of fluid and rock advection. Models indicate a total heat flux of 720‐mW m−2 results from groundwater flow with Darcy velocities approximating to 7.8 × 10−10 m s−1. Groundwaters advect significantly more heat than rock advection in the shallow orogen (<6‐km depth) and are the major control on the subsurface temperature field.
Impact of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on Baltic Sea Variability
Authors: Börgel Florian , Frauen Claudia , Neumann Thomas , Schimanke Semjon , Meier H. E. Markus 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is a natural mode of variability of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature. The AMO can be used to describe the complex interaction of the coupled atmosphere‐ocean system of the North Atlantic. By analyzing a preindustrial period of 850 years with a regional climate model, we show that the AMO influences the Baltic Sea. AMO‐related changes of the atmospheric circulation affect precipitation over the Baltic Sea region, which leads to altered river runoff influencing the salinity of the Baltic Sea. A wavelet coherence analysis reveals a persistent coherence between AMO and salinity for the whole period of 850 years. This suggests that the Baltic Sea is under the constant influence of the AMO. Our results provide strong evidence for long‐term changes in the Baltic Sea as a result of changing AMO phases.
Stratosphere Perturbed by the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku Earthquake
Authors: Yan Xiangxiang , Sun Yangyi , Yu Tao , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Qi Yifan , Xia Chunliang , Zuo Xiaomin , Yang Na 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study examined the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC radio occultation soundings of total electron content in the ionosphere (from 150 to 550 km) and refractivity index in the lower atmosphere (from 0 to 60 km) after/during the 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake/tsunami. The refractivity index observations show the first evidence of the Tohoku earthquake/tsunami‐induced vertical oscillations in the lower atmosphere. The atmospheric oscillations with vertical wavelength ranging from 0.5 to 8 km and from 10 to 40 km, respectively, appear in the stratosphere and ionosphere after the earthquake onset. The short vertical wavelengths suggest that the oscillations are the atmospheric oscillatory tail due to the wavefront of the earthquake/tsunami. The radio occultation technique is a tool for detecting the atmospheric waves induced by earthquake or some other sources.
MESSENGER Observations of Fast Plasma Flows in Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Dewey Ryan M. , Raines Jim M. , Sun Weijie , Slavin James A. , Poh Gangkai 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe present the first observation of fast plasma flows in Mercury's magnetotail. Mercury experiences substorm activity phenomenologically similar to Earth's; however, field‐of‐view limitations of the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) prevent the instrument from detecting fast flows in the plasma sheet. Although FIPS measures incomplete plasma distributions, subsonic flows impart an asymmetry on the partial plasma distribution, even if the flow directions are outside the field of view. We combine FIPS observations from 387 intervals containing magnetic field dipolarizations to mitigate these instrument limitations. By taking advantage of variations in spacecraft pointing during these intervals, we construct composite plasma distributions from which mean flows are determined. We find that dipolarizations at Mercury are embedded within fast sunward flows with an averaged speed of ~300 km/s compared to a typical background flow of ~50 km/s.
Globally Significant CO2 Emissions From Katla, a Subglacial Volcano in Iceland
Authors: Ilyinskaya Evgenia , Mobbs Stephen , Burton Ralph , Burton Mike , Pardini Federica , Pfeffer Melissa Anne , Purvis Ruth , Lee James , Bauguitte Stéphane , Brooks Barbara , Colfescu Ioana , Petersen Gudrun Nina , Wellpott Axel , Bergsson Baldur 
Published: September 2018

AbstractVolcanoes are a key natural source of CO2, but global estimates of volcanic CO2 flux are predominantly based on measurements from a fraction of world's actively degassing volcanoes. We combine high‐precision airborne measurements from 2016 and 2017 with atmospheric dispersion modeling to quantify CO2 emissions from Katla, a major subglacial volcanic caldera in Iceland that last erupted 100 years ago but has been undergoing significant unrest in recent decades. Katla's sustained CO2 flux, 12–24 kt/d, is up to an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates of total CO2 release from Iceland's natural sources. Katla is one of the largest volcanic sources of CO2 on the planet, contributing up to 4% of global emissions from nonerupting volcanoes. Further measurements on subglacial volcanoes worldwide are urgently required to establish if Katla is exceptional, or if there is a significant previously unrecognized contribution to global CO2 emissions from natural sources.
Spatial Distribution of Halogen Oxides in the Plume of Mount Pagan Volcano, Mariana Islands
Authors: Kern Christoph , Lyons John J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHalogens are emitted from volcanoes primarily as hydrogen halides (HCl, HF, HBr, and HI). Upon mixing with the atmosphere, chlorine and bromine species are partially converted to the halogen oxides OClO and BrO. Here we report on the spatial distribution of BrO and OClO in the gas plume emitted from Mount Pagan volcano, Northern Mariana Islands. We found enhanced BrO/SO2 ratios near the plume edges and a lack of OClO in the plume's core. Our results highlight the importance of in‐mixing of atmospheric oxidants for halogen oxide formation. They indicate that OClO can only be formed after most bromide dissolved in plume aerosols has been released to the gas phase. We conclude that Mount Pagan's gas emissions originated from a shallow magma body and were transported to the surface along dry degassing pathways and that the volcano's halogen emissions likely had significant impact on the oxidation capacity of the downwind atmosphere.
Detecting and Locating Precursory Signals During the 2011 El Hierro, Canary Islands, Submarine Eruption
Authors: Sánchez‐Pastor Pilar , Obermann Anne , Schimmel Martin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractForecasting and monitoring submarine volcanic eruptions represent a particular challenge due to the lack of direct surface observations. In the present study, we investigate the dynamics of the 2011 El Hierro submarine eruption using phase autocorrelation and cross‐correlation from 2 years of continuous seismic records. Time evolution analysis of the waveform similarity allows us to clearly identify different preeruptive phases of this new volcano, as well as three magmatic intrusions that occurred in 2012. We use probabilistic sensitivity kernels to locate the places of the highest dynamics within the magmatic accumulation zone and the extinct volcanic area of Tiñor that might have acted as stress barriers, guiding the magma from the North of El Hierro Island to the final eruption site at the South. Our results highlight the potential of ambient noise methods to monitor volcanic hazard and unrest even with sparse data sets and limited knowledge of the region.
Improved Tropical Cyclone Intensity Forecasts by Assimilating Coastal Surface Currents in an Idealized Study
Authors: Li Yi , Toumi Ralf 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHigh‐frequency (HF) radars can provide high‐resolution and frequent ocean surface currents observations during tropical cyclone (TC) landfall. We describe the first assimilation of such potential observations using idealized twin experiments with and without these observations. The data assimilation system consists of the Ensemble Adjustment Kalman Filter and a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. In this system, synthetic HF radar‐observed coastal currents are assimilated, and the 24‐, 48‐ and 72‐hr forecast performances are examined for TCs with various intensities, sizes, and translation speeds. Assimilating coastal surface currents improves the intensity forecast. The errors of the maximum wind speed reduce by 2.7 (33%) and 1.9 m/s (60%) in the 72‐hr forecast and 2.8 (40%) and 1.4 m/s (62%) in the 48‐hr forecast, for Category 4 and 2 cyclones, respectively. These improvements are similar to the current operational TC forecast errors, so that assimilating HF radar observations could be a substantial benefit.
MAVEN Case Studies of Plasma Dynamics in Low‐Altitude Crustal Magnetic Field at Mars 1: Dayside Ion Spikes Associated With Radial Crustal Magnetic Fields
Authors: Soobiah Y. I. J. , Espley Jared R. , Connerney John E. P. , Gruesbeck Jacob R. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Halekas Jasper , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher M. , Lillis Robert J. , Mitchell David L. , Mazelle Christian , Harada Yuki , Hara Takuya , Collinson Glyn , Brain David , Xu Shaosui , Curry Shannon M. , Mcfadden James P. , Benna Mehdi , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe report for the first time, simultaneous ion, electron, magnetic field vector and electric field wave measurements made possible by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN, during ion energy flux spikes in low‐altitude radial crustal magnetic fields on the Mars dayside. Observations show energetic electrons and ions (E > 25 eV) precipitating on magnetic field lines assumed as closed. Ions (E < 1.4 keV) display broad velocity distributions toward Mars, showing ions flowing from higher altitude possibly after magnetic reconnection or loss cone filling from pitch angle scattering effects. Precipitating ions (E < 1.4 keV) show nonadiabatic features depending on ion mass and energy and returning ions (E < 1.4 keV) show evidence of conserving the first adiabatic invariant in a mirror field. We observe magnetic field perturbations up to 60 nT, electric field wave amplitudes up to 38 mV/m, and brief periods of peaked electron spectra. At ∼175 km and at times Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN is below the mirroring altitude of electrons, we observe mirroring and transverse heating of H+ ions alongside increased electric field wave amplitude fluctuations. It suggests field aligned potential drops result from different mirror altitudes of ions and electrons. Ions E > 1.4 keV (O+) occur as injected accelerated ion beams and ions heated after energization or deceleration. Energy dispersed kilo‐electron‐volt ions suggest a selection effect in radial magnetic fields for lower‐energy Marsward ions, compared to reflection of higher‐energy anti‐Sunward ions. Precipitating kilo‐electron‐volt ions show energy deposition rates of 3.6 ×10−6 W/m2 and sputtering escape rates from precipitating O+ ions of 1.5 ×105/(cm2.s) and 2.1 ×106/(cm2.s) are calculated.
Measurements and Modeling of the Water Budget in Semiarid High‐Altitude Qinghai Lake Basin, Northeast Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Ma Yu‐Jun , Li Xiao‐Yan , Liu Lei , Huang Yong‐Mei , Li Zhou , Hu Xia , Wu Xiu‐Chen , Yang Xiao‐Fan , Wang Pei , Zhao Shao‐Jie , Zhang Guang‐Hui , Liu Bao‐Yuan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWater budget plays an important role in ecological functions and biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, the key factors that govern the water budget across spatiotemporal scales in natural conditions are poorly understood, especially in the alpine region. To advance our understanding of how and why the water budget varies at the ecosystem and catchment scales, this study measured and modeled the main water budget components in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB) and further investigated the key factors for evapotranspiration and streamflow. The results showed that most monthly precipitation from June to September was greater than the corresponding evapotranspiration from the high‐altitude Kobresia meadow (KMd.) and Potentilla fruticosa shrub (PFSh.) ecosystem, and vice versa for the low‐altitude Achnatherum splendens steppe (ASSt.) ecosystem. The mean annual proportions of evapotranspiration of precipitation for the KMd., PFSh., and ASSt. ecosystems were 0.83, 1.06, and 1.02, respectively, from 2014 to 2015. The study highlights that the high‐altitude KMd. ecosystem is the main contributing area for runoff generation in the QLB. From ASSt. to PFSh. and then to the KMd. ecosystem, the key factors for evapotranspiration switched from water conditions to temperature conditions with the increase in elevation. The future scenario of climate warming and precipitation increase may cause a rise in evapotranspiration and streamflow in the QLB. Moreover, the increasing precipitation may be consumed mainly by evapotranspiration in the high altitude with low slope and by transfer into streamflow in the area with high slope.