bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Evolution of Organic Matter and Clay Minerals in Shales with Increasing Thermal Maturity
Authors: GU Yuantao , LI Xiaoxia , YANG Shuguang , WAN Quan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs the two important components of shale, organic matter (OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang (T3y), Longmaxi (S1l) and Niutitang (Є1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and low‐pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore (2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The Є1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM‐clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity (T3y), are maximized at high maturity (S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over‐mature stage (Є1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.
Palaeodiet of Miocene Producers and Depositional Environments: Inferences from the First Evidence of Microcoprolites from India
Authors: KAPUR Vivesh V. , KUMAR Kamlesh , MORTHEKAI P. , CHADDHA Amritpal Singh 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper reviews research on coprolites from India, providing the first evidence of microcoprolites from the early Miocene (Aquitanian) Khari Nadi Formation sedimentary succession, exposed about 1.5 km northeast of the village of Kotada, Kachchh (Kutch) District, Gujarat State, western India. Morphometric and size comparisons (in a statistical framework) with known coprolites from the Mesozoic‐Cenozoic successions of India (including those recorded herein) and globally suggest that fishes were the likely producers of the Kotada coprolites. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the presence of fish dental remains within the coprolites, while both Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy (EDS) reveal the phosphatic nature of the microscopic coprolite specimens (recorded herein) hinting that the producer(s) were predominantly carnivorous (ichthyophagous) in their diet. Furthermore, X‐Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the host and associated lithologies allows us to deduce that the Kotada coprolites were deposited in a shallow marine environment, with possible aerial exposure of the host lithology occurring at some point after deposition. To the best of our knowledge, the present report is the first record of microscopic fish coprolites from India, as well as being the first from the Aquitanian of India and the oldest Neogene record from India.
Molecular Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Coal Gas Potential Evaluation of Mesozoic Coal Seams in the Western Great Khingan Mountains
Authors: QU Yue , SHAN Xuanlong , DU Tiantian , DU Xianli , ZHAO Rongsheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoal‐bearing strata are widespread in the western Great Khingan Mountains. Abundant coal resources have been found in the Jurassic Alatanheli Groups, the Cretaceous Bayanhua Groups, the Damoguaihe Formation and the Yimin Formation. The organic geochemical characteristics were analyzed in combination with hydrocarbon source rock evaluation and molecular organic geochemistry experiments, and the coal gas potential of coal seams was evaluated. The source rock evaluation results indicated that the Mesozoic coal samples have the characteristics of high organic matter abundance (TOC>30%), low maturity (Ro values of approximately 0.6%), and type III composition. The hydrocarbon generation potentials of the Alatanheli Groups and Bayanhua Groups are high, while the generation potentials of the Damoguaihe Formation and the Yimin Formation are low. The results of geochemistry show that the depositional environment of the coal seam was a lacustrine, oxidizing environment with a low salinity, and the source of the organic matter was mainly higher plants. Affected by weak degradation, the coal seams mainly formed low‐maturity gas of thermal catalytic origin. The Cretaceous coal seams contain a large amount of phytoplankton groups deposited in a low‐stability environment affected by a transgression event, and the potential range varied widely. For the Jurassic coal seams, the depositional environment was more stable, and the coal seams feature a higher coal‐forming gas potential.
Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity, Formation Factor and Cementation Index in Tight Sandstone
Authors: WU Feng , WEN Zhu , YAO Cong , WANG Xianhu , XI Yanping , CONG Linlin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTight sandstone, with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure, differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical parameters. In subsurface rock electrical experiments, various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed qualitatively. The lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight sandstone. Based on the 2D pore‐throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression, this paper presents 3D micro pore‐throat models for three types of tight sandstone. It proposes a finite element‐based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters, such as throat radius and throat tortuosity, on electrical parameters such as resistivity, formation factor, and cementation index quantitatively. The research revealed the following results: (1) Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and narrow. The lamellar throat used in the proposed pore‐throat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model. (2) The throat determines the conductivity of tight sandstone. The throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity, and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence. (3) In tight sandstone grades I to III, as the porosity decreases, the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases. (4) The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment, which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.
Tight Carbonate Microstructure and its Controls: A Case Study of Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member, Central Sichuan Basin
Authors: LI Bo , WANG Xingzhi , LIU Hongqi , WANG Yongjun , TIAN Jie , HUO Fei , GAO Zhaolong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCast thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐pressure mercury injection (HPMI), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to examine the microstructure of tight carbonate reservoirs in the Lower Jurassic Da'anzhai Member, the central Sichuan Basin. The pore space in the Da'anzhai Member is classified into 2 types and 17 subtypes, with nano‐scale pore throats of ‘O’, ‘S’, ‘Z’, and ‘I’ shapes. Poorly sorted pore throats vary greatly in diameter; thus, it is difficult for fluid flow to pass through these pore throats. There are three classes of pore throats in carbonate reservoirs, i.e. isolated pores, pores coexisting with fractures, and large pores and fractures. Isolated pores may provide some pore space, but the permeability is low. Pores and fractures coexisting in the reservoir may have a great impact on porosity and permeability; they are the major pore space in the reservoir. Large pores and fractures have a great impact on reservoir properties, but they only account for a limited proportion of total pore space. The microstructure of Da'anzhai reservoirs, which dominates fluid mobility, is dependent on sedimentary environment, diagenesis, and tectonic process. Pore structure is related to sedimentary environment. The occurrence of microfractures, which may improve reservoir properties, is dependent on tectonic process. Diageneses are of utmost importance to pore evolution, cementation and growth of minerals have played an important role in destroying reservoir microstructure.
Tooth wear and aging
Authors: Bartlett D , O'Toole S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn an ageing population, tooth wear is likely to increase. It is increasing in prevalence in the younger population and a greater number of patients are retaining their teeth into old age.MethodsThis paper is a narrative review of the clinical presentation, the epidemiology and the restorative intervention for erosive tooth wear. The dilemmas in managing this common condition with the aging dentition in mind are described. The paper discusses evidence‐based prevention methods and highlights how preventive intervention may be preferable over extensive restorative care and high maintenance needs. Patient wishes, expectations and commitment to treatment and maintenance require consideration during clinical decision making.ConclusionSuccessful management of erosive tooth wear in an ageing population depends on effective diagnosis, preventive intervention and holistic advice regarding restorative intervention.
Carcinogen‐induced tumors in SFN‐transgenic mice harbor a characteristic mutation spectrum of human lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kim Yunjung , Shiba‐Ishii Aya , Ramirez Karina , Muratani Masafumi , Sakamoto Noriaki , Iijima Tatsuo , Noguchi Masayuki 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe landscape of genetic alterations in disease models such as transgenic mice or mice with carcinogen‐induced tumors has provided a huge amount of information that has shed light on the process of tumorigenesis in human non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have previously identified stratifin (SFN) as a potent oncogene, and generated SFN‐transgenic (Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/−) mice, which express human SFN (hSFN) only in the lung. Here, we have found that carcinogen nicotine‐derived nitrosaminoketone (NNK)‐induced tumors developing in Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− mice show a similar histology to human lung adenocarcinoma and exhibit high hSFN expression. In order to compare the genetic characteristics of Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors and human lung adenocarcinoma, the former were subjected to whole‐exome sequencing. Interestingly, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors showed the distinct distribution of exonic mutations and high number of mutated genes and transversion. Moreover, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors showed 73 genes that were commonly detected in more than 2 tumors, mutations of which were also found in human lung adenocarcinoma. The expression levels of some of these genes were significantly associated with the clinical outcome of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Additionally, mutated genes in Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors were closely associated with key canonical pathways such as PI3K/AKT signaling and apoptosis signaling. These results suggest that SFN overexpression is a universal abnormality in human lung adenocarcinogenesis and Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− tumors recapitulate key features of major human lung adenocarcinoma. Therefore, Tg‐SPC‐SFN+/− mice provide a useful model for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying lung adenocarcinogenesis.
Clinical significance of the LacdiNAc‐glycosylated prostate‐specific antigen assay for prostate cancer detection
Authors: Yoneyama Tohru , Tobisawa Yuki , Kaneko Tomonori , Kaya Takatoshi , Hatakeyama Shingo , Mori Kazuyuki , Sutoh Yoneyama Mihoko , Okubo Teppei , Mitsuzuka Koji , Duivenvoorden Wilhelmina , Pinthus Jehonathan H. , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ito Akihiro , Koie Takuya , Suda Yoshihiko , Gardiner Robert A. , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies (Pbx), better discrimination is needed. To identify clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPC) we determined the performance of LacdiNAc‐glycosylated prostate‐specific antigen (LDN‐PSA) and LDN‐PSA normalized by prostate volume (LDN‐PSAD). We retrospectively measured LDN‐PSA, total PSA (tPSA), and free PSA/tPSA (F/T PSA) values in 718 men who underwent a Pbx in 3 academic urology clinics in Japan and Canada (Pbx cohort) and in 174 PC patients who subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy in Australia (preop‐PSA cohort). The assays were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and decision curve analyses to discriminate CSPC. In the Pbx cohort, LDN‐PSAD (AUC 0.860) provided significantly better clinical performance for discriminating CSPC compared with LDN‐PSA (AUC 0.827, P = 0.0024), PSAD (AUC 0.809, P < 0.0001), tPSA (AUC 0.712, P < 0.0001), and F/T PSA (AUC 0.661, P < 0.0001). The decision curve analysis showed that using a risk threshold of 20% and adding LDN‐PSA and LDN‐PSAD to the base model (age, digital rectal examination status, tPSA, and F/T PSA) permitted avoidance of even more biopsies without missing CSPC (9.89% and 18.11%, respectively vs 2.23% [base model]). In the preop‐PSA cohort, LDN‐PSA values positively correlated with tumor volume and tPSA and were significantly higher in pT3, pathological Gleason score ≥ 7. Limitations include limited sample size, retrospective nature, and no family history information prior to biopsy. LacdiNAc‐glycosylated PSA is significantly better than the conventional PSA test in identifying patients with CSPC. This study was approved by the ethics committee of each institution (“The Study about Carbohydrate Structure Change in Urological Disease”; approval no. 2014‐195).
Intestinal parasites including Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia, and Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica, Strongyloides, Schistosomiasis, and Echinococcus: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: La Hoz Ricardo M. , Morris Michele I. ,   on behalf of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: May 2019

AbstractThese updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of intestinal parasites in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. Intestinal parasites are prevalent in the developing regions of the world. With increasing travel to and from endemic regions, changing immigration patterns, and the expansion of transplant medicine in developing countries, they are increasingly recognized as a source of morbidity and mortality in solid‐organ transplant recipients. Parasitic infections may be acquired from the donor allograft, from reactivation, or from de novo acquisition post‐transplantation. Gastrointestinal multiplex assays have been developed; some of the panels include testing for Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia, and the performance is comparable to conventional methods. A polymerase chain reaction test, not yet widely available, has also been developed to detect Strongyloides in stool samples. New recommendations have been developed to minimize the risk of Strongyloides donor‐derived events. Deceased donors with epidemiological risk factors should be screened for Strongyloides and recipients treated if positive as soon as the results are available. New therapeutic agents and studies addressing the optimal treatment regimen for solid‐organ transplant recipients are unmet needs.
‘Something in the way you move’: Infants are sensitive to emotions conveyed in action kinematics
Authors: Addabbo Margaret , Vacaru Stefania V. , Meyer Marlene , Hunnius Sabine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBody movements, as well as faces, communicate emotions. Research in adults has shown that the perception of action kinematics has a crucial role in understanding others’ emotional experiences. Still, little is known about infants’ sensitivity to body emotional expressions, since most of the research in infancy focused on faces. While there is some first evidence that infants can recognize emotions conveyed in whole‐body postures, it is still an open question whether they can extract emotional information from action kinematics. We measured electromyographic (EMG) activity over the muscles involved in happy (zygomaticus major, ZM), angry (corrugator supercilii, CS) and fearful (frontalis, F) facial expressions, while 11‐month‐old infants observed the same action performed with either happy or angry kinematics. Results demonstrate that infants responded to angry and happy kinematics with matching facial reactions. In particular, ZM activity increased while CS activity decreased in response to happy kinematics and vice versa for angry kinematics. Our results show for the first time that infants can rely on kinematic information to pick up on the emotional content of an action. Thus, from very early in life, action kinematics represent a fundamental and powerful source of information in revealing others’ emotional state.
Triple therapy with low‐dose dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin versus dual therapy with each monocomponent, all added to metformin, in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Perl Shira , Johnsson Eva , García‐Sánchez Ricardo , Jacob Stephan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with low‐dose dapagliflozin plus saxagliptin added to metformin in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes.Materials and methodsThis 24‐week, double‐blind trial (NCT02681094) randomized 883 patients (glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c] 7.5‐10.0%) on metformin ≥1500 mg/d to add‐on dapagliflozin 5 mg/d plus saxagliptin 5 mg/d or to add‐on of either monocomponent. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline.ResultsBaseline mean ± SD patient characteristics were: age 56.7 ± 10.5 years; HbA1c 8.2 ± 0.9%; and diabetes duration 7.6 ± 6.1 years. Triple therapy significantly decreased HbA1c versus dual therapy (−1.03% vs. −0.63% [dapagliflozin] vs. −0.69% [saxagliptin]; P < .0001). More patients achieved HbA1c <7.0% with triple versus dual therapy (41.6% vs. 21.8% [dapagliflozin; P < .0001] vs. 29.8% [saxagliptin; P = .0018]). Triple therapy significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (−1.5 mmol/L vs. −1.1 mmol/L [dapagliflozin; P = .0135] vs. −0.7 mmol/L [saxagliptin; P < .0001]) and body weight (−2.0 kg vs. −0.4 kg [saxagliptin; P < .0001]), and β‐hydroxybutyrate levels were lower than with dapagliflozin plus metformin (mean difference −0.51; P = .0009). Urinary tract/genital infections and hypoglycaemia occurred in <5.0% and 5.8% of patients, respectively, with triple therapy.ConclusionsTriple therapy with once‐daily dapagliflozin 5 mg, saxagliptin 5 mg and metformin significantly improved glycaemic control versus dual therapy with either agent added to metformin in uncontrolled type 2 diabetes, and was generally well tolerated.
Postprandial hypoglycaemia after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and the effects of acarbose, sitagliptin, verapamil, liraglutide and pasireotide
Authors: Øhrstrøm Caroline Christfort , Worm Dorte , Højager Anna , Andersen Ditte , Holst Jens Juul , Kielgast Urd Lynge , Hansen Dorte Lindqvist 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the effects of acarbose, sitagliptin, verapamil, liraglutide and pasireotide on post‐bariatric hypoglycaemia (PBH) after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass.Materials and methodsIn a randomized crossover study, 11 women who had undergone Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass and had documented hypoglycaemia were each evaluated during a baseline period without treatment and during five treatment periods with the following interventions: acarbose 50 mg for 1 week, sitagliptin 100 mg for 1 week, verapamil 120 mg for 1 week, liraglutide 1.2 mg for 3 weeks and pasireotide 300 μg as a single dose. Treatment effects were evaluated by a mixed‐meal tolerance test (MMTT) and, for all treatment periods except pasireotide, by 6 days of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).ResultsTreatment with acarbose and treatment with pasireotide both significantly lifted nadir glucose levels (mean ± SEM 3.9 ± 0.2 and 7.9 ± 0.4 vs 3.4 ± 0.2; P < .03) and reduced time in hypoglycaemia during the MMTTs. Acarbose reduced peak glucose levels and time in hyperglycaemia, whereas pasireotide greatly increased both variables. Acarbose and pasireotide reduced insulin and C‐peptide levels, and pasireotide also diminished glucagon‐like peptide‐1 levels. Sitagliptin lowered nadir glucose values, while verapamil and liraglutide had no effect on hypoglycaemia. During the CGM periods, the treatments had no impact on hypoglycaemia, whereas acarbose and liraglutide reduced hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability.ConclusionsIn an experimental setting, treatment with acarbose and pasireotide reduced PBH. Acarbose appears to have an overall glucose‐stabilizing effect, whereas pasireotide leads to increased and sustained hyperglycaemia.