bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information conveyed by electrical diaphragmatic activity during unstressed, stressed and assisted spontaneous breathing: a physiological study
Authors: Piquilloud Lise , Beloncle François , Richard Jean-Christophe M. , Mancebo Jordi , Mercat Alain , Brochard Laurent 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background
The electrical activity of the crural diaphragm (Eadi), a surrogate of respiratory drive, can now be measured at the bedside in mechanically ventilated patients with a specific catheter. The expected range of Eadi values under stressed or assisted spontaneous breathing is unknown. This study explored Eadi values in healthy subjects during unstressed (baseline), stressed (with a resistance) and assisted spontaneous breathing. The relation between Eadi and inspiratory effort was analyzed.

Methods
Thirteen healthy male volunteers were included in this randomized crossover study. Eadi and esophageal pressure (Peso) were recorded during unstressed and stressed spontaneous breathing and under assisted ventilation delivered in pressure support (PS) at low and high assist levels and in neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA). Overall eight different situations were assessed in each participant (randomized order). Peak, mean and integral of Eadi, breathing pattern, esophageal pressure–time product (PTPeso) and work of breathing (WOB) were calculated offline.

Results
Median [interquartile range] peak Eadi at baseline was 17 [13–22] μV and was above 10 μV in 92% of the cases. Eadimax defined as Eadi measured at maximal inspiratory capacity reached 90 [63 to 99] μV. Median peak Eadi/Eadimax ratio was 16.8 [15.6–27.9]%. Compared to baseline, respiratory rate and minute ventilation were decreased during stressed non-assisted breathing, whereas peak Eadi and PTPeso were increased. During unstressed assisted breathing, peak Eadi decreased during high-level PS compared to unstressed non-assisted breathing and to NAVA (p = 0.047). During stressed breathing, peak Eadi was lower during all assisted ventilation modalities compared to stressed non-assisted breathing. During assisted ventilation, across the different conditions, peak Eadi changed significantly, whereas PTPeso and WOB/min were not significantly modified. Finally, Eadi signal was still present even when Peso signal was suppressed due to high assist levels.

Conclusion
Eadi analysis provides complementary information compared to respiratory pattern and to Peso monitoring, particularly in the presence of high assist levels.
Trial registration The study was registered as NCT01818219 in clinicaltrial.gov. Registered 28 February 2013
The UK Government should withdraw from the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Gosney Paul , Bartlett Peter 
Published: August 2019

SummaryMany psychiatrists in the UK may be surprised to find that the Government ratified a convention ten years ago that suggests compulsory mental health treatment be prohibited. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is arguably the most important legal instrument that no one in psychiatry ever discusses, but if moved from ratification to enforcement it would have enormous effect on day-to-day practice. Here, Dr Paul Gosney argues that the convention if enforced would be damaging for the people it aims to protect, whereas Professor Peter Bartlett defends it as a necessary challenge to the inequalities in our current system.
PTH Immunoassay Interference Due to Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies in a Subject With Obesity With Normal Parathyroid Function
Authors: Laudes Matthias , Frohnert Janosch , Ivanova Kamelia , Wandinger Klaus-Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Context
Immunoassay interference has been most often found with prolactin measurement. However, only few data exist on immunoassay interference for other hormones.

Case Description
A 36-year-old woman with obesity (body mass index, 31 kg/m2) had regularly attended our endocrine unit for type 2 diabetes therapy. When she was included as a control subject in a study for obesity management, detailed laboratory testing was performed, including PTH. In the absence of clinical symptoms, she presented with normal calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels. However, the PTH levels were >5000 ng/L. These results were obtained using the Roche Elecsys electrochemiluminescence assay. Repeated measurements with this assay (mouse antibody) led to the same findings. However, using an Euroimmun assay (goat antibody), the exact PTH values were measured at 18.0 ng/L. After pretreatment with a heterophilic antibody blocking reagent, the results of the Roche assay had decreased to a normal level. This phenomenon was explained by the detection of human anti-mouse antibodies in the proband’s serum.

Conclusions
In cases of prolactin immunoassay interference, endogenous antibodies will bind to the hormone in vivo, resulting in complexes of a high molecular weight that are less efficiently cleared by the kidneys and, thus, accumulate in the blood. In contrast, the PTH values >5000 ng/L detected in our subject most likely had resulted from the specific interference of the human anti-mouse antibodies present in the proband’s serum with the assay antibody, resulting in artificial stimulation of the Roche assay detection system ex vivo.
Keeping Candida commensal: how lactobacilli antagonize pathogenicity of Candida albicans in an in vitro gut model
Authors: Graf Katja , Last Antonia , Gratz Rena , Allert Stefanie , Linde Susanne , Westermann Martin , Gröger Marko , Mosig Alexander S. , Gresnigt Mark S. , Hube Bernhard 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The intestine is the primary reservoir of Candida albicans that can cause systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. In this reservoir, the fungus exists as a harmless commensal. However, antibiotic treatment can disturb the bacterial microbiota, facilitating fungal overgrowth and favoring pathogenicity. The current in vitro gut models that are used to study the pathogenesis of C. albicans investigate the state in which C. albicans behaves as a pathogen rather than as a commensal. We present a novel in vitro gut model in which the fungal pathogenicity is reduced to a minimum by increasing the biological complexity. In this model, enterocytes represent the epithelial barrier and goblet cells limit C. albicans adhesion and invasion. Significant protection against C. albicans-induced necrotic damage was achieved by the introduction of a microbiota of antagonistic lactobacilli. We demonstrated a time-, dose- and species-dependent protective effect against C. albicans-induced cytotoxicity. This required bacterial growth, which relied on the presence of host cells, but was not dependent on the competition for adhesion sites. Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced hyphal elongation, a key virulence attribute. Furthermore, bacterial-driven shedding of hyphae from the epithelial surface, associated with apoptotic epithelial cells, was identified as a main and novel mechanism of damage protection. However, host cell apoptosis was not the driving mechanism behind shedding. Collectively, we established an in vitro gut model that can be used to experimentally dissect commensal-like interactions of C. albicans with a bacterial microbiota and the host epithelial barrier. We also discovered fungal shedding as a novel mechanism by which bacteria contribute to the protection of epithelial surfaces.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
Derivation and internal validation of a data-driven prediction model to guide frontline health workers in triaging children under-five in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Mawji Alishah , Akech Samuel , Mwaniki Paul , Dunsmuir Dustin , Bone Jeffrey , Wiens Matthew O. , Görges Matthias , Kimutai David , Kissoon Niranjan , English Mike , Ansermino Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Background: Many hospitalized children in developing countries die from infectious diseases. Early recognition of those who are critically ill coupled with timely treatment can prevent many deaths. A data-driven, electronic triage system to assist frontline health workers in categorizing illness severity is lacking. This study aimed to develop a data-driven parsimonious triage algorithm for children under five years of age. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of children under-five years of age presenting to the outpatient department of Mbagathi Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya between January and June 2018. A study nurse examined participants and recorded history and clinical signs and symptoms using a mobile device with an attached low-cost pulse oximeter sensor. The need for hospital admission was determined independently by the facility clinician and used as the primary outcome in a logistic predictive model. We focused on the selection of variables that could be quickly and easily assessed by low skilled health workers. Results: The admission rate (for more than 24 hours) was 12% (N=138/1,132). We identified an eight-predictor logistic regression model including continuous variables of weight, mid-upper arm circumference, temperature, pulse rate, and transformed oxygen saturation, combined with dichotomous signs of difficulty breathing, lethargy, and inability to drink or breastfeed. This model predicts overnight hospital admission with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 (95% CI 0.82 to 0.94). Low- and high-risk thresholds of 5% and 25%, respectively were selected to categorize participants into three triage groups for implementation. Conclusion: A logistic regression model comprised of eight easily understood variables may be useful for triage of children under the age of five based on the probability of need for admission. This model could be used by frontline workers with limited skills in assessing children. External validation is needed before adoption in clinical practice.
Effect of Diode Laser Irradiation of Bonding Agents Before Curing Versus Standard Bonding Protocol on the Shear Bond Strength Between Resin Cement and Dentin
Authors: El-Hakim Nada Maged , Mokhtar Ashraf , Hamza Tamer 
Published: August 2019

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diode laser irradiation (970 nm) of a one-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil S3Bond/CS3B) and of the bonding agent of a two-step self-etch adhesive (Clearfil Liner Bond F/CLBF) placed on dentin before polymerization on the shear bond strength.Material and methods: Forty sound premolars were sectioned buccally to obtain flat dentin surfaces. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=10): Group (OS) – CS3B + polymerization. Group (OS-L) – CS3B + laser + polymerization. Group (TS) – CLBF (bonding agent only) + polymerization. Group (TS-L) – CLBF (bonding agent only) + laser + polymerization. The diode laser was irradiated through an 8 mm bleaching tip for 10 seconds, (0.4 W, 10 Hz, 4 J). All samples were cemented to composite blocks submitted to 4000 thermal cycles. The samples were tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine. Data obtained was analyzed using Two-way (ANOVA) (P ? 0.05) and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Representative samples from each group were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: GroupTS-L– (7.43 MPa) displayed statistically significant higher shear bond strength in comparison to that of group TS – (5.13 MPa). No statistically significant difference was found between group OS-L – (6.49 MPa) and group OS – (7.28 MPa). Group TS-L exhibited the highest resin penetration beyond the hybrid layer under SEM. Conclusions: Diode laser irradiation of a bonding agent placed on dentin without prior priming increased the bond strength to dentin and is promising as a new dentin adhesion protocol.
E se o Ativismo chegar às Cortes Supranacionais?
Authors: De Almeida Rosa Marina , De Menezes Beber Augusto Carlos 
Published: August 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo estudar as possibilidades de uma teoria da decisão judicial no âmbito das cortes internacionais. Para tanto, o trabalho questiona em que medida seria possível aplicar a Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito às decisões proferidas pelos tribunais tomando como base para exame o recente julgamento da Corte Interamericana no caso Lagos del Campo vs. Perú. A partir da teoria de Lenio Streck, observou-se que a jurisdição internacional tem se aproximado de um ativismo judicial, o que se evidenciou a partir do caso estudado, mostrando-se, assim, relevante a instituição de um paradigma que permita o constrangimento epistemológico das decisões das cortes internacionais. Com isso, concluiu-se que, a partir da Crítica Hermenêutica do Direito, mesmo em termos de Direito Internacional Público, não é qualquer decisão que pode ser tomada, dado que a definição da norma jurídica não está disposta ao alvedrio do julgador.
Effect of Helical Winding Angle on External Pressure based Buckling of Partially Filled Thin Composite Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Dash A P , Velmurugan R , Prasad M S R 
Published: August 2019

Effect of helical winding angle on buckling load of thin composite tubes is investigated in this work. Experiments are conducted on both empty and partially filled S2 glass tubes to estimate contribution of strength to the tubes by the filler material. Chosen filler material mechanically simulates behavior of typical solid propellant used in aerospace application. FE analysis with non-linear effect correlates well with the experimental data. Three series of experiments are conducted to quantify effect of helical winding angle and increase in volumetric loading fraction(VLF). Results confirm appreciable improvement in strength of filled tubes for higher VLF. For the chosen pattern of winding, lower winding angle provides more strength to the tubes against external pressure buckling.
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta): convergent evolution and its implications in the infrageneric classification
Authors: de Jesus Priscila Barreto , Nauer Fabio , Lyra Goia de Mattos , de Araújo Valter Loureiro , de Carvalho Igor Araújo Santos , de Castro Nunes José Marcos , Cassano Valéria , Oliveira Mariana Cabral , Schnadelbach Alessandra Selbach 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Hypnea is a monophyletic genus with a complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history, and is an important commercial source of carrageenan. Phylogenies of this genus have been accessed based primarily on Asian species; however, recent studies performed in South America revealed a great diversity of species, for which phylogenetic relationships need to be evaluated. Three infrageneric sections are recognized in the genus: Pulvinatae, Spinuligerae, and Virgatae; however, morphological and molecular circumscriptions within each section lack clarity. In this study, we analyzed three distinct markers to establish phylogenetic relationships among Hypnea species. To assign each species to the correct section, morphological data were obtained from original descriptions, reference literature, and comparisons with type/topotype and herbaria specimens. Our analyses recovered robust phylogenies for the genus and provided new insights on the taxonomic status and relationships among and within Hypnea species. The combination of three genetic markers increased the resolution and support, resulting in the largest and best-resolved phylogeny of the genus to date. Single and combined analyses revealed that the three sections of the genus Hypnea are taxonomically irrelevant, as currently recognized. Morphological differences are not associated with monophyletic groups and similarities among clades could be better explained by convergent evolution in thallus habit.
Mukai’s program (reconstructing a K3 surface from a curve) via wall-crossing
Authors: Feyzbakhsh Soheyla 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLetCbe a curve of genusg=11{g=11}org≥13{g\geq 13}on a K3 surface whose Picard group is generated by the curve class[C]{[C]}. We use wall-crossing with respect to Bridgeland stability conditions to generalise Mukai’s program to this situation: we show how to reconstruct the K3 surface containing the curveCas a Fourier–Mukai transform of a Brill–Noether locus of vector bundles onC.
Regularity of Lagrangian flows over RCD*(K, N) spaces
Authors: Brué Elia , Semola Daniele 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The aim of this note is to provide regularity results for Regular Lagrangian flows of Sobolev vector fields over compact metric measure spaces verifying the Riemannian curvature dimension condition.
We first prove, borrowing some ideas already present in the literature, that flows generated by vector fields with bounded symmetric derivative are Lipschitz, providing the natural extension of the standard Cauchy–Lipschitz theorem to this setting. Then we prove a Lusin-type regularity result in the Sobolev case (under the additional assumption that the m.m.s. is Ahlfors regular) therefore extending the already known Euclidean result.
On the bounded approximation property on subspaces of ℓ
p
when 0 < p < 1 and related issues
Authors: Cabello Sánchez Félix , Castillo Jesús M. F. , Moreno Yolanda 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the bounded approximation property (BAP) in quasi-Banach spaces.
In the first part of the paper, we show that the kernel of any surjective operator

ℓ
p

→
X

{\ell_{p}\to X}

has the BAP when X has it and

0
<
p
≤
1

{0<p\leq 1}

, which is an analogue of the corresponding result of Lusky for Banach spaces.
We then obtain and study nonlocally convex versions of the Kadec–Pełczyński–Wojtaszczyk complementably universal spaces for Banach spaces with the BAP.
Automorphism groups of mono-unary algebras and CH
Authors: Kipiani Archil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A characterization of all cardinal numbers that are cardinals of automorphism groups of mono-unary algebras is given. Some connections are also established between the notion of an automorphism of mono-unary algebras and the continuum hypothesis. Close connections of the obtained results with one problem of Ulam are also considered.
Microwave drying of nickel-containing residue: dielectric properties, kinetics, and energy aspects
Authors: Guo Zhanyong , Li Fachuang , Su Guang , Zhai Demei , Liu Chenhui 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nickel-containing residue (NCR) is a hazardous solid waste from battery production lines. Recently, the interest in recovering valuable metals from NCR has increased because sustainable utilization of resources is more and more valued. Drying is a key part of the recovery process. In this study, we measured the dielectric properties of the NCR for different moisture contents and temperatures using the cavity perturbation method at 2.45 GHz. The microwave absorption characteristics of NCR had a positive correlation with the moisture content, while it was less efficient in the 20-180°C temperature range. Then found that the microwave drying data at different microwave powers (400-700 W) and for different sample weights (60-120 g) have a better fit with the Midilli-Kucuk model. The activation energy (Ea) was received as 9.76 W/g using an exponential expression based on the Arrhenius equation. Finally, the energy consumption reduce 110 W·h/kg than that of drying with a single microwave power by optimizing the microwave drying process.
Simple and convenient two step synthesis of 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone
Authors: Qiu Yong-Fu , Lu Bin , Yan Yi-Yu , Zhou Jin , Wang Jin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone 3, a key intermediate for preparing coenzyme Q compounds, was readily synthesized in two steps by a reaction sequence starting from the commercially available 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene 1 via bromination and oxidation reactions. Persulfate salts were first employed as oxidants to synthesize 1,4-benzoquinone, the overall yield of title compound 3 was 65%.
Dynamic Behavior of an SIR Epidemic Model along with Time Delay; Crowley–Martin Type Incidence Rate and Holling Type II Treatment Rate
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Nilam  
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this article, we propose and analyze a time-delayed susceptible–infected–recovered (SIR) mathematical model with nonlinear incidence rate and nonlinear treatment rate for the control of infectious diseases and epidemics. The incidence rate of infection is considered as Crowley–Martin functional type and the treatment rate is considered as Holling functional type II. The stability of the model is investigated for the disease-free equilibrium (DFE) and endemic equilibrium (EE) points. From the mathematical analysis of the model, we prove that the model is locally asymptotically stable for DFE when the basic reproduction number

R
0

{R_0}

is less than unity

(

R
0

<
1
)

({R_0} \lt 1)

and unstable when

R
0

{R_0}

is greater than unity

(

R
0

>
1
)

({R_0} \gt 1)

for time lag

τ
≥
0

\tau \ge 0

. The stability behavior of the model for DFE at

R
0

=
1

{R_0} = 1

is investigated using Castillo-Chavez and Song theorem, which shows that the model exhibits forward bifurcation at

R
0

=
1

{R_0} = 1

. We investigate the stability of the EE for time lag

τ
≥
0

\tau \ge 0

. We also discussed the Hopf bifurcation of EE numerically. Global stability of the model equilibria is also discussed. Furthermore, the model has been simulated numerically to exemplify analytical studies.
Identification of an unknown shear force in a cantilever Euler–Bernoulli beam from measured boundary bending moment
Authors: Hasanov Alemdar , Baysal Onur , Itou Hiromichi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An inverse problem of identifying an unknown shear force

g
⁢

(
t
)

{g(t)}

on the inaccessible boundary

x
=
l

{x=l}

in a system governed by the general form Euler–Bernoulli beam equation

ρ
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u

t
⁢
t

+

μ
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u
t

+

(

r
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

)

x
⁢
x

=
0

,

(
x
,
t
)

∈

(
0
,
l
)

×

(
0
,
T
)

\rho(x)u_{tt}+\mu(x)u_{t}+(r(x)u_{xx})_{xx}=0,\quad(x,t)\in(0,l)\times(0,T)

subject to the boundary conditions

u
⁢

(
0
,
t
)

=

u
x

⁢

(
0
,
t
)

=
0

,

u

x
⁢
x

⁢

(
l
,
t
)

|

x
=
l

=
0

,

-

(

r
⁢

(
x
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

⁢

(
x
,
t
)

)

x

|

x
=
l

=

g
⁢

(
t
)

,

u(0,t)=u_{x}(0,t)=0,\quad u_{xx}(l,t)|_{x=l}=0,\quad-(r(x)u_{xx}(x,t))_{x}|_{x%
=l}=g(t),

is studied.
The bending moment

𝙼
⁢

(
t
)

:-

-

r
⁢

(
0
)

⁢

u

x
⁢
x

⁢

(
0
,
t
)

{\mathtt{M}(t)\coloneq-r(0)u_{xx}(0,t)}

given at the accessible boundary

x
=
0

{x=0}

is assumed to be a measured output.
The Neumann-to-Neumann operator

Φ

[
⋅
]

:
𝒢
⊂

H
p

(
0
,
l
)

↦

L
2

(
0
,
T
)

,

(
Φ
g
)

(
t
)

:-
-
r

(
0
)

u

x
⁢
x

(
0
,

t
g

)

\Phi[\,{\cdot}\,]\colon\mathcal{G}\subset H^{p}(0,l)\mapsto L^{2}(0,T),\quad(%
\Phi g)(t)\coloneq-r(0)u_{xx}(0,t_{g})

corresponding to this inverse problem is shown to be compact (

p
=
3

{p=3}

) and Lipschitz continuous (

p
=
2

{p=2}

).
These properties allow us to prove the existence of a solution of the minimization problem for the Tikhonov functional

J
⁢

(
g
)

:-

∥

Φ
⁢
g

-
𝙼

∥

L
2

⁢

(
0
,
T
)

2

{J(g)\coloneq\lVert\Phi g-\mathtt{M}\rVert^{2}_{L^{2}(0,T)}}

.
It is proved that this functional is Fréchet differentiable.
Furthermore, an explicit formula for the Fréchet gradient of this functional is derived by making use of the unique solution to corresponding adjoint problem.
A numerical method based on Hermitian finite elements and conjugate gradient algorithm is developed for the solution of the inverse boundary value problem.
Numerical examples with random noisy measured outputs are presented to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach.