bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining age‐related differences in functional domain impairment following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Cheng Chieh , Chi Nai‐Ching , Williams Ellita , Thompson Hilaire J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine differences in the functional recovery trajectories between younger and older adults with mild–moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the first year postinjury as well as health‐related quality of life.DesignObservational cohort.SettingLevel one trauma centre in the State of Washington.ParticipantsAdults with mild–moderate TBI (N = 34; younger adults, n = 19, and older adults, n = 15).InterventionsNone.Main Outcome MeasuresFunctional Status Examination (FSE) and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL; SF‐12v2).ResultsOlder adults consistently showed significantly worse functional performance than younger adults following TBI in the following FSE domains: mobility, ability to travel, home maintenance and overall functional status. For both groups, preinjury physical health was significantly correlated with ability to travel and social integration at 12‐month postinjury. Older participants’ preinjury physical and mental health had significant and negative correlation with their functional status.ConclusionsOur study provides insights and implications into adults’ specific functional impairments following TBI, and which domains have persistent deficits.Implications for PracticeEarly intervention and rehabilitation should focus on improving older adults’ physical functioning and mobility. Our study may also inform future research and design of post‐TBI interventions for older adults.
Does postcranial palaeoneurology provide insight into pterosaur behaviour and lifestyle? New data from the azhdarchoid Vectidraco and the ornithocheirids Coloborhynchus and Anhanguera
Authors: Martin‐Silverstone Elizabeth , Sykes Daniel , Naish Darren 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe postcranial palaeoneurology of fossil reptiles is understudied, and those studies that exist focus predominantly on crocodyliforms and dinosaurs. The intervertebral foramina of the spine house nerves that exit to innervate surrounding tissues and the extremities. In the heavily fused (and typically distorted or poorly preserved) pterosaurian sacrum, intervertebral foramina can be difficult to observe and are rarely identified. The Early Cretaceous azhdarchoid Vectidraco from the Isle of Wight, UK, exhibits large, paired foramina on each sacral vertebra, originally identified as pneumatic foramina. Micro‐computed tomography imaging reveals these communicate with the neural canal and are intervertebral foramina for sacral nerves. The sacral vertebrae of Vectidraco are fused, and intervertebral foramina occur dorsolaterally on the centra. We identified these structures in other pterosaur sacra, including those of the ornithocheiroids Anhanguera and Coloborhynchus. The sizes of the sacral and notarial neural canals are compared and considered within interpretations of palaeoecology and locomotion, following previous studies. The relatively large sacral neural canal of Vectidraco implies a sacral enlargement for innervation of the legs and lumbosacral plexus. When compared with Anhanguera, this supports indications that azhdarchoids were more hindlimb‐proficient than ornithocheiroids. Neural canal size in the Coloborhynchus notarium suggests that ornithocheirids spent less time on the ground, their brachial enlargement and small sacral region indicating enhanced innervation of the wings and poor innervation of the sacrum and legs. This is the first study focusing on pterosaur postcranial palaeoneurology; more studies on other taxa are needed to reveal patterns across Pterosauria as a whole.
The Weight‐Focused Forms of Self‐Criticising/Attacking and Self‐Reassuring Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and associations with control, loss of control of eating and weight in overweight and obese women
Authors: Duarte Cristiana , Stubbs James R. , Gilbert Paul , Stalker Carol , Catarino Francisca , Basran Jaskaran , Horgan Graham , Morris Liam 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesThe Weight‐Focused Forms of Self‐Criticising/Attacking and Self‐Reassuring Scale (WFSCRS) is based on the original Forms of Self‐Criticising/Attacking and Self‐Reassuring Scale (FSCSRS; Gilbert et al., 2004, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31) and assesses the inadequate and hated forms of self‐criticism and the ability to self‐reassure when coping with attempts to control body weight, shape, and eating. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure, consistency, and reliability of the WFSCRS in overweight and obese women.MethodsThe factorial structure of the WFSCRS was examined through a confirmatory factor analysis in 724 overweight and obese women participating in a commercial weight management programme. The scale's construct and convergent validity were also examined.ResultsThe WFSCRS had a three‐factor structure, similar to the FSCSRS, which fitted the data well. The WFSCRS had high internal reliability, construct, and discriminant validity. The scale was positively associated with measures of shame, body image, eating‐related difficulties, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress, and body mass index (BMI). The two forms of self‐criticism were significantly associated with higher BMI, and this effect was mediated by increased loss of control over eating (for both forms) and decreased flexible control over eating (for the hated self form).ConclusionsThe WFSCRS is a valid measure for assessing self‐reassurance and two denigratory forms (inadequate self and hated self) of self‐criticism in people who are overweight and obese.Practitioner Points

The WFSCRS was developed to measure weight/shape and eating‐related self‐criticism and self‐reassurance.

The WFSCRS was examined in a large sample of overweight and obese women attending a community‐based weight management programme.

The WFSCRS presented a three‐factor structure measuring two forms of self‐criticism (inadequate self and hated self) and the ability to be self‐reassuring.

The two forms of self‐criticism and self‐reassurance are differentially associated with BMI, through the mediating effect of loss of control over eating and flexible control over eating.
Gene regulatory networks for lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Authors: Rao Xiaolan , Chen Xin , Shen Hui , Ma Qin , Li Guifen , Tang Yuhong , Pena Maria , York William , Frazier Taylor P. , Lenaghan Scott , Xiao Xirong , Chen Fang , Dixon Richard A. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryCell wall recalcitrance is the major challenge to improving saccharification efficiency in converting lignocellulose into biofuels. However, information regarding the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall biogenesis remains poor in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), which has been selected as a biofuel crop in the United States. In this study, we present a combination of computational and experimental approaches to develop gene regulatory networks for lignin formation in switchgrass. To screen transcription factors (TFs) involved in lignin biosynthesis, we developed a modified method to perform co‐expression network analysis using 14 lignin biosynthesis genes as bait (target) genes. The switchgrass lignin co‐expression network was further extended by adding 14 TFs identified in this study, and seven TFs identified in previous studies, as bait genes. Six TFs (PvMYB58/63, PvMYB42/85, PvMYB4, PvWRKY12, PvSND2 and PvSWN2) were targeted to generate overexpressing and/or down‐regulated transgenic switchgrass lines. The alteration of lignin content, cell wall composition and/or plant growth in the transgenic plants supported the role of the TFs in controlling secondary wall formation. RNA‐seq analysis of four of the transgenic switchgrass lines revealed downstream target genes of the secondary wall‐related TFs and crosstalk with other biological pathways. In vitro transactivation assays further confirmed the regulation of specific lignin pathway genes by four of the TFs. Our meta‐analysis provides a hierarchical network of TFs and their potential target genes for future manipulation of secondary cell wall formation for lignin modification in switchgrass.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with rice black‐streaked dwarf virus disease and its insect vector in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Xu Tingting , Liu Yuqiang , Zhang Le , Liu Linglong , Wang Chunming , Hu Jinlong , Sun Zhiguang , Pan Gen , Xiao Shizhuo , He Jun , Huang Jie , Qiu Zeyu , Fan Dejia , Jiang Ling , Cheng Xianian , Zhai Huqu , Wan Jianmin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRice black‐streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD), transmitted by small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus), causes serious loss in rice production. Breeding resistant cultivars are one of the most effective strategies to control the virus disease and its vector. By both natural inoculations in the field and modified seedling‐box screening test in the glasshouse, an indica variety WR24 showed high resistance to RBSDVD and SBPH. An F2:3 population consisting of 153 lines derived from a cross between WR24 and a susceptible japonica variety Suyunuo was used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of RBSDVD and SBPH resistance. The linkage map consisting of 130 SSR markers was constructed with an average marker interval of 13.90 cM, spanning a total of 1890.9 cM. Totally, five QTLs for RBSDV resistance, viz. qRBSDV3WR24, qRBSDV6WR24, qRBSDV7WR24, qRBSDV9WR24 and qRBSDV11WR24, were detected on chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11, with LOD scores of 2.7, 3.08, 3.13, 5.28 and 3.7, respectively. Meanwhile, three QTLs for SBPH resistance, including qSBPH5WR24, qSBPH7WR24 and qSBPH10WR24, were mapped on chromosomes 5, 7 and 10, with LOD scores of 2.18, 3.5 and 3.57, respectively. All resistant alleles were from WR24. Among these QTLs, qRBSDV7WR24, qSBPH5WR24 and qSBPH10WR24 were newly reported, and qSBPH10WR24 showed major effect that explained 17.9% of total phenotypic variance. The RBSDVD and SBPH resistance QTLs and the tightly linked DNA markers can be utilized in RBSDV and SBPH resistance breeding in rice.
Ectopic expression of a pea apyrase enhances root system architecture and drought survival in Arabidopsis and soybean
Authors: Veerappa Roopadarshini , Slocum Robert D. , Siegenthaler Alexander , Wang Jing , Clark Greg , Roux Stanley J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEctoapyrases (ecto‐NTPDases) function to decrease levels of extracellular ATP and ADP in animals and plants. Prior studies showed that ectopic expression of a pea ectoapyrase, psNTP9, enhanced growth in Arabidopsis seedlings and that the overexpression of the two Arabidopsis apyrases most closely related to psNTP9 enhanced auxin transport and growth in Arabidopsis. These results predicted that ectopic expression of psNTP9 could promote a more extensive root system architecture (RSA) in Arabidopsis. We confirmed that transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings had longer primary roots, more lateral roots, and more and longer root hairs than wild‐type plants. Because RSA influences water uptake, we tested whether the transgenic plants could tolerate osmotic stress and water deprivation better than wild‐type plants, and we confirmed these properties. Transcriptomic analyses revealed gene expression changes in the transgenic plants that helped account for their enhanced RSA and improved drought tolerance. The effects of psNTP9 were not restricted to Arabidopsis, because its expression in soybeans improved the RSA, growth, and seed yield of this crop and supported higher survival in response to drought. Our results indicate that in both Arabidopsis and soybeans, the constitutive expression of psNTP9 results in a more extensive RSA and improved survival in drought stress conditions.
Non‐invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist versus nasal intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation in preterm infants born before 30 weeks’ gestation
Authors: Yonehara Kousuke , Ogawa Ryo , Kamei Yoshiya , Oda Arata , Kokubo Masayo , Hiroma Takehiko , Nakamura Tomohiko 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundNon‐invasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NIV‐NAVA), a mode of non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) controlled by diaphragmatic electrical activity, may be superior to other NIV as a respiratory support after extubation in preterm infants, but no report has compared NIV‐NAVA with other NIV methods. We evaluated the effectiveness and adverse effects of NIV‐NAVA after extubation in preterm infants <30 weeks of gestation.MethodsThis retrospective study involved patients who were born before 30 weeks of gestation. We mainly used NIV‐NAVA or nasal intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation (NIPPV) for preterm infants as the NIV after extubation and compared these two groups. The primary outcome was treatment failure. The secondary outcomes were extubation failure and adverse events. Treatment failure was defined as a change of NIV (NIPPV was switched to NIV‐NAVA, or NIV‐NAVA was switched to NIPPV) or reintubation ≤7 days after extubation.ResultsFifteen patients were in the NIV‐NAVA group, and 19 were in the NIPPV group. The gestational age of the NIV‐NAVA group was younger than that of the NIPPV group (25.7 ± 2.4 weeks vs 27.3 ± 1.8 weeks). Treatment failure occurred in six cases (40%) in the NIV‐NAVA group and in nine cases (47.4%) in the NIPPV group, and no significant difference was demonstrated. No significant difference in adverse events was noted.ConclusionsNIV‐NAVA has advantages compared with NIPPV as the NIV for premature infants after extubation. NIV‐NAVA can also be used safely without a significant difference in the rate of complications compared with NIPPV.
Vitamin D status and premature adrenarche
Authors: Akın Onur , Bideci Aysun , Döğer Esra , Demet Akbaş Emine , Kilinç Uğurlu Aylin , Yavuz Süleyman Tolga , Elbeğ Şehri , Çamurdan Orhun , Cinaz Peyami 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundVitamin D, an important factor in calcium‐phosphate homeostasis, has recently been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic conditions such as hyperandrogenism. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and premature adrenarche (PA).MethodsA total of 71 girls with PA and 52 healthy girls, as the control group, were recruited. Axillary and/or pubic hair development before the age of 8 years was defined as PA. Bone age and anthropometric measures including height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were obtained. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), fasting plasma glucose and insulin were measured. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as <20 ng/mL.ResultsThe PA patients had older bone age, higher BMI standard deviation score, homeostasis model of assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR), and androgen but lower 25(OH)D than the control group. HOMA‐IR and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were also higher in PA patients with vitamin D insufficiency compared with those with normal vitamin D. There was a negative correlation between 25(OH)D and HOMA‐IR.ConclusionLow vitamin D is associated with PA; and insulin resistance may be a factor in this association.
Risk factors of long hospital stay for immunoglobulin A vasculitis: Single‐center study
Authors: Uehara Erika , Nagata Chie , Masuda Hiroshi , Fujimori Kentaro , Kobayashi Shinobu , Kubota Mitsuru , Ishiguro Akira 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundImmunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis is a common, systemic childhood disease that occasionally interferes with oral intake of food and necessitates hospitalization. In Japan, there are no reports on the length of hospitalization or factors related to long‐term hospitalization in children with IgA vasculitis. In this study, we investigated the factors related to long‐term hospitalization.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of children aged ≤15 years with IgA vasculitis who were admitted to the National Center for Child Health and Development (Tokyo, Japan) between March 2008 and April 2017. We reviewed their gender, age, previous episodes, digestive symptoms, fever, laboratory data, urine analysis, ultrasound, and use of glucocorticoid on admission day. We compared the long‐stay (≥10 days) group (L) and the short‐stay (≤9 days) group (S) on logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf the 68 children included in the analysis, 34 were male, and the average age was 71.9 ± 26.4 months. The median period of hospitalization was 10.5 days (range, 0.5–75 days), and 36 children were allocated to group L. In the logistic regression model including age, gender, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and use of glucocorticoid, male sex (OR: 4.2; 95%CI: 1.3–13.5) and GI bleeding (OR: 7.6; 95%CI: 1.4–41.5) were significantly associated with hospitalization ≥10 days.ConclusionsIn children with IgA vasculitis, male patients and those with GI bleeding were more likely to have a hospital stay ≥10 days.
Optimizing Glioma Detection Using an EGFR‐Targeted Fluorescent Affibody
Authors: Ribeiro de Souza Ana Luiza , Marra Kayla , Gunn Jason , Samkoe Kimberley S. , Hull Sally , Paulsen Keith D. , Pogue Brian W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince many types of cancers overexpressEGFR, this surface receptor has been used as a target for therapy or diagnosis of malignant disease. Uptake kinetics ofEGFR‐targeted fluorescent Affibody (ABY‐029) were studied with a view toward optimizing efficacy of tumor detection in a glioma as a function of both delivered dose and concurrent administration of unlabeled cetuximab (anEGFRantagonist). U251 glioma cells were inoculated in brain of nude rats, and the fluorescence from each brain was analyzed after the administration ofABY‐029. Although cetuximab was able to systematically blockABY‐029 binding toEGFRin a dose‐dependent manner in cell culture, no influence on the tumor‐to‐normal brain contrast was seen when unlabeled cetuximab was administered prior toABY‐029.Ex vivoimaging ofABY‐029 fluorescence showed increasing values of the tumor‐to‐normal brain ratio with an increasing injected dose. A saturation value was obtained at a dose of 245 μg kg−1which represents a 10‐fold increase over a “microdose” value. According toFDA, the microdose of protein products is considered ≤30 nanomoles due to its difference in molecular weight as compared to synthetic drugs. This observation indicates that glioma detection will be optimal if theABY‐029 dose exceeds the “microdose” value.
Covalent vaccination with Trypanosoma cruzi Tc24 induces catalytic antibody production
Authors: Gunter Sarah M. , Versteeg Leroy , Jones Kathryn M. , Keegan Brian P. , Strych Ulrich , Bottazzi Maria Elena , Hotez Peter J. , Brown Eric L. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryTrypanosoma cruzi 24 (Tc24) is a recently described B‐cell superantigen (BC‐SAg) expressed by all developmental stages of T. cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. BC‐SAgs are immunoevasins that interfere with the catalytic response available to a subset of natural antibodies comprising the preimmune (innate) repertoire. Electrophilic modifications of BC‐SAgs facilitate the formation of highly energetic covalent reactions favouring B‐cell differentiation instead of B‐cell downregulation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to convert the inhibitory signals delivered to B‐cells with specificity for Tc24 into activating signals after conjugating electrophilic phosphonate groups to recombinant Tc24 (eTc24). Covalent immunization with eTc24 increased the binding affinity between eTc24 and naturally nucleophilic immunoglobulins with specificity for this BC‐SAg. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that eTc24 but not Tc24 or other electrophilically modified control proteins bound Tc24‐specific IgM+ B‐cells covalently. In addition, immunization of mice with eTc24 adjuvanted with ISA720 induced the production of catalytic responses specific for Tc24 compared to the abrogation of this response in mice immunized with Tc24/ISA720. eTc24‐immunized mice also produced IgMs that bound recombinant Tc24 compared to the binding observed for IgMs purified from non eTc24‐immunized controls. These data suggest that eTc24 immunization overrides the immunosuppressive properties of this BC‐SAg.
Control of Phytophthora species in plant stock for habitat restoration through best management practices
Authors: Sims L. , Tjosvold S. , Chambers D. , Garbelotto M. 
Published: August 2018

Emergent plant pathogens represent one of the most significant threats to biodiversity, and exotic Phytophthora species have recently emerged as a serious problem in restored habitats in California and in nurseries producing the plant stock. It is hypothesized that ‘best management practices’ prescribed through a Phytophthora Prevention Programme (PPP) could be useful in minimizing phytophthora disease incidence. To understand the magnitude of the problem and the efficacy of the PPP, plants in restoration nurseries were evaluated for (i) the Phytophthora species assemblage present in the absence of the PPP, and (ii) the effectiveness of the PPP to reduce them. Sampling included 203 plants grown in the absence of the PPP, and 294 grown implementing the PPP. Only samples collected in the absence of the PPP were Phytophthora‐positive, and cumulatively yielded 55 isolates from 13 different taxa, including 1 putative interspecific hybrid genotype. There were 21 novel Phytophthora–plant species combinations. The most common Phytophthora species was P. cactorum. Four plant species had the highest disease incidence, namely: Diplacus aurantiacus (50 ± 11.2%), Heteromeles arbutifolia (33 ± 9.6%), Ceanothus thyrsiflorus (30 ± 8.4%), and Frangula californica (30 ± 8.4%). Disease incidence in nurseries after the implementation of the PPP dropped to zero (P < 0.001), and was unaffected to any significant degree by nursery differences, or plant species tested. This study identifies a large number of novel ‘plant species × Phytophthora species’ combinations, and provides for the first time strong evidence that the PPP significantly reduced Phytophthora in plant stock for habitat restoration.
Selection and mutation of the avirulence gene AVR‐Pii of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Lu L. , Wang Q. , Jia Y. , Bi Y. Q. , Li C. Y. , Fan H. C. , Li J. B. 
Published: August 2018

Magnaporthe oryzae avirulence (AVR) genes are predicted to be involved in pathogen invasion and their virulence functions are restricted by the presence of the cognate resistance (R) genes. In this study, the distribution and variation of the avirulence (AVR‐Pii) gene of M. oryzae in Yunnan province, China were analysed to understand haplotype diversity of AVR‐Pii under field conditions. The presence of AVR‐Pii in 454 field isolates of M. oryzae collected in Yunnan province was examined using gene‐specific PCR markers. The results showed that 82 M. oryzae isolates carried AVR‐Pii. Among them, 39 (35.5%), 5 (15.2%), 4 (14.3%), 2 (13.3%), 25 (12.8%) and 7 (9.7%) of the M. oryzae isolates carried AVR‐Pii from central, southeastern, southwestern, northwestern, western and northeastern Yunnan province, respectively. Of these isolates, 55 were sequenced, while the remaining 27 isolates were not suitable for PCR‐based sequencing and were not used for further analysis. Moreover, three AVR‐Pii haplotypes were identified among the 55 isolates, in which H1 was identical with a previous sequence in GenBank (accession no. AB498874) and H2 and H3 were novel variants. All DNA sequence variations were found to occur in the protein‐coding region resulting in amino acid substitutions. One virulent haplotype of AVR‐Pii to Pii was identified among 55 field isolates, suggesting that the AVR‐Pii gene has lost avirulence function through base substitution. These findings suggest that AVR‐Pii is under positive selection and AVR‐Pii mutations are responsible for overcoming race‐specific resistance in nature.