bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species–area relationships and biodiversity loss in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Chisholm Ryan A. , Lim Felix , Yeoh Yi Shuen , Seah Wei Wei , Condit Richard , Rosindell James 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTo estimate species loss from habitat destruction, ecologists typically use species–area relationships, but this approach neglects the spatial pattern of habitat fragmentation. Here, we provide new, easily applied, analytical methods that place upper and lower bounds on immediate species loss at any spatial scale and for any spatial pattern of habitat loss. Our formulas are expressed in terms of what we name the ‘Preston function’, which describes triphasic species–area relationships for contiguous regions. We apply our method to case studies of deforestation and tropical tree species loss at three different scales: a 50 ha forest plot in Panama, the tropical city‐state of Singapore and the Brazilian Amazon. Our results show that immediate species loss is somewhat insensitive to fragmentation pattern at small scales but highly sensitive at larger scales: predicted species loss in the Amazon varies by a factor of 16 across different spatial structures of habitat loss.
Radiosurgery versus open surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: The randomized, controlled ROSE trial
Authors: Barbaro Nicholas M. , Quigg Mark , Ward Mariann M. , Chang Edward F. , Broshek Donna K. , Langfitt John T. , Yan Guofen , Laxer Kenneth D. , Cole Andrew J. , Sneed Penny K. , Hess Christopher P. , Yu Wei , Tripathi Manjari , Heck Christianne N. , Miller John W. , Garcia Paul A. , McEvoy Andrew , Fountain Nathan B. , Salanova Vincenta , Knowlton Robert C. , Bagić Anto , Henry Thomas , Kapoor Siddharth , McKhann Guy , Palade Adriana E. , Reuber Markus , Tecoma Evelyn 
Published: March 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo compare stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) versus anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) for patients with pharmacoresistant unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).MethodsThis randomized, single‐blinded, controlled trial recruited adults eligible for open surgery among 14 centers in the USA, UK, and India. Treatment was either SRS at 24 Gy to the 50% isodose targeting mesial structures, or standardized ATL. Outcomes were seizure remission (absence of disabling seizures between 25 and 36 months), verbal memory (VM), and quality of life (QOL) at 36‐month follow‐up.ResultsA total of 58 patients (31 in SRS, 27 in ATL) were treated. Sixteen (52%) SRS and 21 (78%) ATL patients achieved seizure remission (difference between ATL and SRS = 26%, upper 1‐sided 95% confidence interval = 46%, P value at the 15% noninferiority margin = .82). Mean VM changes from baseline for 21 English‐speaking, dominant‐hemisphere patients did not differ between groups; consistent worsening occurred in 36% of SRS and 57% of ATL patients. QOL improved with seizure remission. Adverse events were anticipated cerebral edema and related symptoms for some SRS patients, and cerebritis, subdural hematoma, and others for ATL patients.SignificanceThese data suggest that ATL has an advantage over SRS in terms of proportion of seizure remission, and both SRS and ATL appear to have effectiveness and reasonable safety as treatments for MTLE. SRS is an alternative to ATL for patients with contraindications for or with reluctance to undergo open surgery.
Improving health literacy in a Japanese community population—A pilot study to develop an educational programme
Authors: Ishikawa Hirono , Yamaguchi Ikuko , Nutbeam Don , Kato Mio , Okuhara Tsuyoshi , Okada Masafumi , Kiuchi Takahiro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveAlthough a growing number of interventional studies on health literacy have been conducted recently, the majority were designed in clinical settings, focusing mainly on functional health literacy. This study evaluated a programme designed to improve health literacy in a community population, with a scope of going beyond functional health literacy.MethodsIn collaboration with an Approved Specified Nonprofit organization (NPO), we evaluated a five‐session programme designed to provide basic knowledge on health‐care policy and systems, current issues in health care in Japan, patient roles and relationships with health‐care providers and interpersonal skills. In total, 67 of 81 programme participants agreed to participate in the study, and 54 returned the completed questionnaires at baseline and at follow‐up. Health literacy and trust in the medical profession were measured at baseline and at follow‐up. Participants’ learning through the programme was qualitatively analysed by thematic analysis.ResultsQuantitative examinations of the changes in health literacy and degree of trust in medical professionals between the baseline and follow‐up suggested that health literacy significantly improved after implementing the programme. The thematic analysis of participants’ learning throughout the programme suggested that they not only acquired knowledge and skills but also experienced a shift in their beliefs and behaviours.DiscussionProviding individuals who are motivated to learn about health‐care systems and collaborate with health‐care providers with the necessary knowledge and skills may improve their health literacy, which could enable them to maintain and promote their health and that of their family and other people around them.
What, where and when? Using Google Trends and Google to investigate patient needs and inform pharmacy practice
Authors: Hanna Alan , Hanna Lezley-Anne 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to provide a comprehensive overview (using pertinent examples) of the various ways that Google Trends and Google data could inform pharmacy practice. The objectives were to: examine what type of information people search for in relation to a common class of medicines; ascertain where people are directed to (websites) following an initial search for a medicine or medical condition; and establish information about when they search.

Methods
The methodology differed depending on whether Google Trends or Google was being interrogated, but the search domain was always limited to the United Kingdom. Google Trends was queried, typically for a 5-year time frame, and data downloaded for many search inputs relating to medical conditions (self-treatable and non-self-treatable) and medicines (bought over-the-counter and prescribed). Google was queried and data collected for searches related to ‘antibiotics’.

Key findings
Google Trends revealed a previously unknown seasonality pattern for irritable bowel syndrome. Related searches for ‘antibiotics’ revealed a high level of interest in the appropriateness of concomitant alcohol consumption and queries about what antibiotics are. Largely, people were being directed to reputable websites following their initial search input about a prescription-only medicine. However, searches for over-the-counter medicines were more likely to lead to commercial domains.

Conclusions
This is one of the first studies to investigate use of Google Trends and Google in a pharmacy-specific context. It is relevant for practice as it could inform marketing strategies, public health policy and help tailor patient advice and counselling.
Quality spillover, tariff, and multinational firms' local sourcing strategies
Authors: Niu Baozhuang , Mu Zihao , Chen Kanglin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt is prevalent for multinational firms (MNFs) to enter a market by importing products of superior quality, and then engage in local competition with domestic manufacturers (DMs). Alternatively, many MNFs voluntarily expose themselves to the risk of quality spillover by strategically sourcing from DMs to avoid the tariff burden. In this paper, we consider a DM and an MNF that strategically choose whether to source from the DM, and characterize the tradeoff between the tariff burden and the potential loss due to quality spillover. We analyze the supply chain parties' preferences over the MNF's sourcing strategies and the impact of the government's tariff regulation. We show that the MNF prefers domestic sourcing (DS) when the risk of quality spillover is low, while the manufacturer usually sees an opposite preference. However, we find that there exists a win‐win zone where both MNF and DM prefer the MNF's domestic sourcing simultaneously. From the government's perspective, DS always results in more output of high‐quality products, and more social welfare when quality spillover is sufficiently valuable. Interestingly, we find that, even if the quality spillover is limited, more social welfare can be obtained under DS, if the tariff rate is either low or high. The government is hence able to facilitate the incentive alignment between the MNF and the DM by adjusting the tariff regulation, which improves product quality and social welfare in the domestic market, although there exist some danger zones where the regulation is inefficient.
Studies on the effects of LPS, ß‐glucan and metabolic inhibitors on the respiratory burst and gene expression in Atlantic salmon macrophages
Authors: Ulvestad J S , Kumari J , Seternes T , Chi H , Dalmo R A 
Published: March 2018

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) production in macrophage‐like cells is induced as an antimicrobial defence against invading pathogens. In this study, we have explored how different stimuli and metabolic inhibitors affect the level of respiratory burst in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) head kidney macrophage‐like cells. Cells stimulated in vitro by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ß‐glucan showed increased production of ROS compared to unstimulated cells. Both stimulation and costimulation by curdlan (ß‐glucan) induced a higher production of ROS compared to stimulation and costimulation by LPS. Metabolic inhibitors co‐incubated with the stimulants did not, in most cases, perturb the level of ROS generation in the salmon macrophage‐like cells. The NAD+ content as well as the NAD+/NADH ratio increased in curdlan and LPS + curdlan‐stimulated cells compared to control cells, which indicated increased metabolic activity in the stimulated cells. Supporting these findings, gene analysis using real‐time quantitative PCR showed that arginase‐1 and IL‐1ß genes were highly expressed in the stimulated cells.
Syncope, Hypotension, and Falls in the Treatment of Hypertension: Results from the Randomized Clinical Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial
Authors: Sink Kaycee M. , Evans Gregory W. , Shorr Ronald I. , Bates Jeffrey T. , Berlowitz Dan , Conroy Molly B. , Felton Deborah M. , Gure Tanya , Johnson Karen C. , Kitzman Dalane , Lyles Mary F. , Servilla Karen , Supiano Mark A. , Whittle Jeff , Wiggers Alan , Fine Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo determine predictors of serious adverse events (SAEs) involving syncope, hypotension, and falls, with particular attention to age, in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.DesignRandomized clinical trial.SettingAcademic and private practices across the United States (N = 102).ParticipantsAdults aged 50 and older with a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 130 to 180 mmHg at high risk of cardiovascular disease events, but without diabetes, history of stroke, symptomatic heart failure or ejection fraction less than 35%, dementia, or standing SBP less than 110 mmHg (N = 9,361).InterventionTreatment of SBP to a goal of less than 120 mmHg or 140 mmHg.MeasurementsOutcomes were SAEs involving syncope, hypotension, and falls. Predictors were treatment assignment, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, baseline measurements, and baseline use of cardiovascular medications.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐two (1.8%) participants had SAEs involving syncope, 155 (1.6%) hypotension, and 203 (2.2%) falls. Randomization to intensive SBP control was associated with greater risk of an SAE involving hypotension (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21–2.32, P = .002), and possibly syncope (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.98–1.79, P = .07), but not falls (HR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.75–1.29, P = .90). Risk of all three outcomes was higher for participants with chronic kidney disease or frailty. Older age was also associated with greater risk of syncope, hypotension, and falls, but there was no age‐by‐treatment interaction for any of the SAE outcomes.ConclusionsParticipants randomized to intensive SBP control had greater risk of hypotension and possibly syncope, but not falls. The greater risk of developing these events associated with intensive treatment did not vary according to age.
Treatment of canine sinonasal aspergillosis with clotrimazole infusion in patients with cribriform plate lysis
Authors: Stanton J. A. , Miller M. L. , Johnson P. , Davignon D. L. , Barr S. C. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo describe the treatment of sinonasal aspergillosis with topical 1% clotrimazole solution in dogs with cribriform plate lysis.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study includes data retrieval from medical records of dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis and cribriform plate lysis that underwent topical treatment with 1% clotrimazole solution.ResultsFive dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis, cribriform plate lysis diagnosed on CT scans, and normal neurologic examinations were treated with a single (n=3) or multiple (n=2) infusions of clotrimazole solution. No dogs developed clinical neurologic disease after therapy.Clinical SignificanceIn this study, a topical clotrimazole solution was not associated with adverse neurologic effects in neurologically normal dogs with sinonasal aspergillosis and cribriform plate lysis.
Incidence of and associated factors for bacterial colonization of intravenous catheters removed from dogs in response to clinical complications
Authors: Guzmán Ramos Pedro Jose , Fernández Pérez Cristina , Ayllón Santiago Tania , Baquero Artigao M. Rosario , Ortiz‐Díez Gustavo 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundInfection rate associated with intravenous (IV) catheter placement is emerging as an important issue in small animal veterinary medicine, mostly because of the economic costs associated with these infections. Identification of possible associated factors may provide useful information for the surveillance and prevention of such infections.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of positive bacterial cultures obtained from IV catheters used in dogs hospitalized for at least 48 hours and removed because of clinical complication. To identify the bacteria involved and factors associated with bacterial colonization.AnimalsOne‐hundred eighty‐two dogs that underwent IV catheterization from January 2015 to July 2015 at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Alfonso X el Sabio University of Madrid were enrolled in the study.ResultsThe bacterial colonization rate of all IV catheters removed in response to clinical complications was 39.6%, the cumulative proportion of catheters that remained in place at 24, 48, and 72 hours after placement was 89.5, 78, and 59.4%, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression indicated significant associations for staff who performed catheterization (junior, P = .002; student, P = .034) and use of steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (P = .036). The most frequently isolated bacterium was Acinetobacter spp. (21.7%).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe bacterial colonization incidence related to IV catheter placement was slightly higher than the incidence described in other veterinary studies. Associated factors not previously described in veterinary medicine were found. The most frequently isolated organism was Acinetobacter spp., indicating its importance as an emerging pathogen in catheter colonization.
Plant Products in Compounded Diets Are Effectively Utilized by American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
Authors: Reigh Robert C. , Williams Millie B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGrowth performance of American alligators fed a plant‐based diet was measured in a 10‐mo feeding trial. Hatchling alligators (192 in total) received one of three dietary treatments: a 56% crude protein (CP) commercial diet fed for 3 mo followed by a 50% CP commercial diet fed for 7 mo (56/50); a 56% CP diet fed for 3 mo followed by an experimental 45% digestible‐protein (DP), plant‐based diet fed for 7 mo (56/45); or a 45% DP diet fed for 10 mo (45/45). Final mean length and weight (L/W) of alligators fed 45/45 were lower (P < 0.05) than L/W of animals fed 56/50, but L/W of alligators fed 56/45 was not different (P > 0.05) from L/W of alligators fed 56/50 or 45/45. Also, the range of growth responses among animals in all treatment groups showed that some better‐performing individuals fed 45/45 or 56/45 grew as large as animals fed 56/50. Results indicated that the American alligator can effectively utilize plant products in a compounded diet, and additional research on optimizing the use of selected plant products in alligator feeds is warranted.
Hyper‐immunoglobulin D syndrome with novel mutations in an afebrile infant
Authors: Cadmus Simi D. , Green Reid , Carrasco Ruy , Levy Moise L. , Diaz Lucia Z. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHyper‐immunoglobulin D syndrome is a rare autosomal‐recessive autoinflammatory syndrome in which a mevalonate kinase deficiency results due to mutations of the mevalonate kinase gene. We report a case of an Asian male infant who was found to have hyper‐immunoglobulin D syndrome in the absence of fever. His skin manifestations included cephalic pustulosis as well recurrent transient and fixed pink plaques and nodules on the face and extremities. Subsequent examination revealed hyper‐immunoglobulin D syndrome with two novel allelic mutations in the mevalonate kinase gene: c.895G > A (p.D299N) and c.1168C > T (p.Q390). It is important for dermatologists to recognize the varied cutaneous presentations of hyper‐immunoglobulin D syndrome because rapid diagnosis and treatment can significantly affect outcomes.
Contractualism for Us As We Are
Authors: Southwood Nicholas 
Published: March 2018

A difficult problem for contractualists is how to provide an interpretation of the contractual situation that is both subject to appropriately stringent constraints and yet also appropriately sensitive to certain features of us as we actually are. My suggestion is that we should embrace a model of contractualism that is structurally analogous to the “advice model” of the ideal observer theory famously proposed by Michael Smith (1994, 1995). An advice model of contractualism is appealing since it promises to deliver a straightforward solution to the so‐called “conditional fallacy.” But it faces some formidable challenges. On the face of it, it seems to be straightforwardly conceptually incoherent. And it seems to deliver a solution to the conditional fallacy at the cost of being vulnerable to what I shall call “the concessional fallacy.” I shall consider how, if at all, these challenges are to be met. I shall then conclude by considering what this might mean for the so‐called “ideal/non‐ideal theory” issue.
Hand distance modulates the electrophysiological correlates of target selection during a tactile search task
Authors: Ambron Elisabetta , Mas‐Casadesús Anna , Gherri Elena 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study investigated whether the N140cc ERP component, described as a possible electrophysiological marker of target selection in touch, was modulated by body posture. Participants performed a tactile search task in which they had to localize a tactile target, presented to the left or right hand, while a simultaneous distractor was delivered to the opposite hand. Importantly, the distance between target and distractor (hands separation) was manipulated in different experimental conditions (near vs. far hands). Results showed reduced errors and enhanced amplitudes of the late N140cc when the hands were far apart than in close proximity. This suggests that the competition between target and distractor is stronger when the hands are close together in the near condition, resulting in a degraded selection process. These findings confirm that the N140cc reflects target selection during the simultaneous presentation of competing stimuli and demonstrate for the first time that the attentional mechanisms indexed by this ERP component are based at least in part on postural representations of the body.
Alcohol hangover impacts learning and reward processing within the medial‐frontal cortex
Authors: Howse Ashley D. , Hassall Cameron D. , Williams Chad C. , Hajcak Greg , Krigolson Olave E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt is common knowledge that alcohol intoxication impairs motor coordination, judgment, and decision making. Indeed, an abundance of literature links intoxication to impaired cognitive control that leads to accidents and injury. A broadening body of research, however, suggests that the impact of alcohol may continue beyond the point of intoxication and into the period of alcohol hangover. Here, we examined differences in the amplitude of reward positivity—a component of the human ERP associated with learning—between control and hangover participants. During performance of a learnable gambling task, we found a reduction in the reward positivity during alcohol hangover. Additionally, participants experiencing alcohol hangover demonstrated reduced performance in the experimental task in comparison to their nonhangover counterparts. Our results suggest that the neural systems that underlie performance monitoring and reward‐based learning are impaired during alcohol hangover.
An Integrated Scenario Ensemble‐Based Framework for Hurricane Evacuation Modeling: Part 1—Decision Support System
Authors: Davidson Rachel A. , Nozick Linda K. , Wachtendorf Tricia , Blanton Brian , Colle Brian , Kolar Randall L. , DeYoung Sarah , Dresback Kendra M. , Yi Wenqi , Yang Kun , Leonardo Nicholas 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article introduces a new integrated scenario‐based evacuation (ISE) framework to support hurricane evacuation decision making. It explicitly captures the dynamics, uncertainty, and human–natural system interactions that are fundamental to the challenge of hurricane evacuation, but have not been fully captured in previous formal evacuation models. The hazard is represented with an ensemble of probabilistic scenarios, population behavior with a dynamic decision model, and traffic with a dynamic user equilibrium model. The components are integrated in a multistage stochastic programming model that minimizes risk and travel times to provide a tree of evacuation order recommendations and an evaluation of the risk and travel time performance for that solution. The ISE framework recommendations offer an advance in the state of the art because they: (1) are based on an integrated hazard assessment (designed to ultimately include inland flooding), (2) explicitly balance the sometimes competing objectives of minimizing risk and minimizing travel time, (3) offer a well‐hedged solution that is robust under the range of ways the hurricane might evolve, and (4) leverage the substantial value of increasing information (or decreasing degree of uncertainty) over the course of a hurricane event. A case study for Hurricane Isabel (2003) in eastern North Carolina is presented to demonstrate how the framework is applied, the type of results it can provide, and how it compares to available methods of a single scenario deterministic analysis and a two‐stage stochastic program.