bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioacoustic monitoring reveals shifts in breeding songbird populations and singing behaviour with selective logging in tropical forests
Authors: Pillay Rajeev , Fletcher Robert J. , Sieving Kathryn E. , Udell Bradley J. , Bernard Henry 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Selective logging is the primary cause of tropical forest degradation and is rapidly expanding worldwide. While the impacts of logging on species diversity and distributions are well understood, little is known about the effects of logging on animal behaviours central to individual fitness and population persistence.

The song rate of breeding songbirds is a behavioural trait that is often positively associated with male density and used by conspecific females as an indicator of territory and male quality. Thus, contrasting logging‐induced adjustments in song rates of individual birds with population shifts may illuminate potential mechanisms underlying population distributions.

We present a novel application of bioacoustic monitoring, integrating counts of individuals, songs and duets from single automated recording units (ARUs) with N‐mixture models, to estimate shifts in population parameters (occupancy, abundance) and singing behaviours (per‐capita song rates, per‐pair duet rates) of 32 Bornean songbird species with logging. We tested hypotheses on the relationships between adjustments in behavioural and population parameters with logging, and further tested the extent to which species traits predicted behavioural and population shifts.

Adjustments to singing behaviour in 59 and 53% of species (57% of duetting species) were concordant with differences in occupancy and abundance respectively, such that species showing reduced populations with logging also produced fewer songs per‐capita, and vice versa. Species known to prefer undisturbed habitats and large‐bodied species showed the most negative effects of logging on singing behaviour and population distributions. Species known to exploit degraded habitats exhibited the opposite pattern. Subdued singing in logged forests by species of conservation concern suggests limited competition between territorial males in small populations and may also signal low‐quality territories.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that bioacoustic monitoring can be used to not only estimate important population parameters of occupancy and abundance across a diverse tropical songbird community, but also enables quantification of behaviours considered relevant to individual fitness, yet unobtainable with conventional methods (e.g. point counts). Bioacoustics provides a viable approach to reliable automated large‐scale monitoring of hyperdiverse tropical forest systems under logging operations and other land‐use pressures.
Childhood Vaccination Mandates: Scope, Sanctions, Severity, Selectivity, and Salience
Authors: ATTWELL KATIE , C. NAVIN MARK 
Published: September 2019

Policy PointsWe offer the first systematic conceptual framework for analyzing the operation of mandatory vaccination policies.Our multicomponent framework facilitates synthesis judgments on single issues of pressing concern to policymakers, in particular, how mandatory vaccination policies motivate people to vaccinate.We consider the impact of each component of our framework on persons who remain unvaccinated for different reasons, including complacency, social disadvantage, and more or less committed forms of refusal.ContextIn response to outbreaks of vaccine‐preventable disease and increasing rates of vaccine refusal, some political communities have recently implemented coercive childhood immunization programs, or they have made existing childhood immunization programs more coercive. Many other political communities possess coercive vaccination policies, and others are considering developing them. Scholars and policymakers generally refer to coercive immunization policies as “vaccine mandates.” However, mandatory vaccination is not a unitary concept. Rather, coercive childhood immunization policies are complex, context‐specific instruments. Their legally and morally significant features often differ, and they are imposed by political communities in varying circumstances and upon diverse populations.MethodsIn this paper, we introduce a taxonomy for classifying real‐world and theoretical mandatory childhood vaccination policies, according to theirscope(which vaccines to require),sanctionsandseverity(which kind of penalty to impose on vaccine refusers, and how much of that penalty to impose), andselectivity(how to enforce or exempt people from vaccine mandates).FindingsA full understanding of the operation of a vaccine mandate policy (real or potential) requires attention to the separate components of that policy. However, we can synthesize information about a policy's scope, sanctions, severity, and selectivity to identify a further attribute—salience—which identifies the magnitude of the burdens the state imposes on those who are not vaccinated.ConclusionOur taxonomy provides a framework for forensic examination of current and potential mandatory vaccination policies, by focusing attention on those features of vaccine mandates that are most relevant for comparative judgments.
The association of prenatal alcohol exposure on the cognitive abilities and behaviour profiles of 4‐year‐old children: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Cluver CA , Charles W , van der Merwe C , Bezuidenhout H , Nel D , Groenewald C , Brink L , Hesselman S , Bergman L , Odendaal H 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo examine the association of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on cognitive abilities and behaviour profiles of 4‐year‐old children.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCape Town, South Africa.PopulationA cohort of 500 children.MethodsChildren from the Safe Passage Study, which prospectively collected PAE, were included. Cognition and behavioural profiles were assessed. Children with and without PAE were compared. Mean scores were compared, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results were adjusted for confounding factors.Main outcome measuresThe Kaufman Assessment Battery for children measured intellectual and mental ability; the NEPSY‐II instrument assessed neurocognitive performance. The caregiver completed the Preschool Child Behaviour checklist to rate the child’s problem behaviours and competencies.ResultsTwo hundred children had no PAE, 117 children had mild to moderate PAE (with no binge episodes), 113 children had heavy PAE (with one or two binge episodes), and 70 children had very heavy PAE (with three or more binge episodes). Women who binge drank had significantly higher rates of smoking, marijuana use, and methamphetamine use. Low to moderate PAE had no effect on cognitive ability and behaviour. Very heavy PAE was associated with problems performing simultaneous as well as sequential functions, lower scores in the language and sensorimotor domain, and more attention and pervasive developmental problems.ConclusionsLow to moderate PAE was not associated with cognitive processing or developmental problems. Women who had many binge drinking episodes during pregnancy were the most at risk for cognitive processing, neurocognitive, and behaviour problems in their children at 4 years of age.Tweetable abstractLow to moderate prenatal alcohol use was not associated with cognitive or behavioural problems in 4‐year‐olds.
Review on the Stability Mechanism and Application of Water‐in‐Oil Emulsions Encapsulating Various Additives
Authors: Zhu Qiaomei , Pan Yijun , Jia Xin , Li Jinlong , Zhang Min , Yin Lijun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWater‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions can be used to encapsulate and control the release of bioactive compounds for nutrition fortification in fat‐based food products. However, long‐term stabilization of W/O emulsions remains a challenging task in food science and thereby limits their potential application in the food industry. To develop high‐quality emulsion‐based food products, it is essential to better understand the factors that affect the emulsions’ stability. In real food system, the stability situation of W/O emulsions is more complicated by the fact that various additives are contained in the products, such as NaCl, sugar, and other large molecular additives. The potential stability issues of W/O emulsions caused by these encapsulated additives are a current concern, and special attention should be given to the relevant theoretical knowledge. This article presents several commonly used methods for the preparation of W/O emulsions, and the roles of different additives (water‐ and oil‐soluble types) in stabilizing W/O emulsions are mainly discussed and illustrated to gain new insights into the stability mechanism of emulsion systems. In addition, the review provides a comprehensive and state‐of‐art overview of the potential applications of W/O emulsions in food systems, for example, as fat replacers, controlled‐release platforms of nutrients, and delivery carrier systems of water‐soluble bioactive compounds. The information may be useful for optimizing the formulation of W/O emulsions for utilization in commercial functional food products.
A Comparison of Coronary Artery Stenosis Estimates Made by Forensic Pathologists and Medical Students
Authors: Messner Mitchell , Meyers Sarah E. , Kemp Walter L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious studies suggest cardiovascular pathologists are less accurate than noncardiovascular pathologists (e.g., clinical pathologists) in estimating the degree of coronary artery stenosis. To further investigate the effect of training on accurate estimation of coronary artery stenosis, we designed a study to compare the accuracy of estimates made by forensic pathologists versus medical students. Six forensic pathologists and twelve medical students each independently examined 24 images of coronary artery cross sections and gave an estimate of the degree of stenosis. When comparing all 24 images, the forensic pathologists had a median difference between the estimated percentage of stenosis and actual percentage of stenosis of −12.380 and the medical students had a median difference of −16.50 (p‐value of 0.08542). In estimating the percentage of stenosis, training in forensic pathology does not guarantee significantly improved accuracy compared with medical students. Our study showed no consistent statistically significant difference between estimates given by forensic pathologists and by medical students.
Long‐term survival after intensive care: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kristinsdottir Eyrun A. , Long Thorir E. , Sigvaldason Kristinn , Karason Sigurbergur , Sigurdsson Gisli H. , Sigurdsson Martin I. 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundLimited data exist on long‐term survival of patients requiring admission to intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to investigate long‐term survival of ICU patients in Iceland and assess changes over a 15‐year period.MethodsData were collected on age, gender, admission cause, length of stay, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation and survival of patients 18 years and older admitted to the ICUs in Landspitali during 2002‐2016. Long‐term survival of patients surviving more than 30 days from admission was estimated and its predictors assessed with Cox regression analysis. Long‐term survival was compared to the survival of an age‐ and gender‐matched reference group from the general population.ResultsOf 15 832 ICU admissions, 55% was medical, 38% was surgical and 7% was due to trauma. The 5‐year survival of medical, surgical and trauma patients was 66%, 76% and 92% respectively. Significant survival differences were found between admission subgroups. Higher age and comorbidity burden was related to decreased survival in all patient groups. After correcting for age, gender, comorbidities, length of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation, patient survival improved during the study period only for patients admitted for infections. There was a high variability in the estimated time point where the ICU admission had no residual effect on survival.ConclusionsLong‐term survival of ICU patients is substantially decreased compared to the general population, but varies based on admission causes. Improved long‐term survival of patients admitted with infections could be explained by earlier detection and improved treatment of septic shock.
APACHE II score validation in emergency abdominal surgery. A post hoc analysis of the InCare trial
Authors: Hansted Anna K. , Møller Morten H. , Møller Ann M. , Vester‐Andersen Morten 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundPatients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery are at high risk of morbidity and mortality. Accurate identification of high‐risk patients is important. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score needs to be validated in a larger heterogeneous population before implementation. We aimed to assess the predictive value of the APACHE II score in emergency abdominal surgical patients. Furthermore, we compared the APACHE II score with the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).MethodsWe included adult patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery screened for enrolment in the InCare trial from October 2010 to November 2012. The APACHE II score was evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) statistics. The primary outcome was 30‐day mortality. Secondary outcomes included 90‐day mortality and admission to the intensive care unit.ResultsWe included a total of 885 patients. All‐cause 30‐day mortality was 5.0%, 90‐day mortality was 8.9%, and a total of 7.9% of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. The AUROC (95% confidence interval) of the APACHE II score was 0.72 (0.65‐0.80) for 30‐day mortality, 0.70 (0.64‐0.76) for 90‐day mortality and 0.65 (0.59‐0.71) for admission to the intensive care unit. The CCI performed better in prediction of 90‐day mortality (P = .04). All other results for the ASA score and CCI were comparable with the APACHE II score.ConclusionThe APACHE II score predicted mortality moderately and admission to intensive care unit poorly in emergency abdominal surgical patients.
Effects of high neuromuscular blocking agent dose on post‐operative respiratory complications in infants and children
Authors: Scheffenbichler Flora T. , Rudolph Maíra I. , Friedrich Sabine , Althoff Friederike C. , Xu Xinling , Spicer Aaron C. , Patrocínio Maria , Ng Pauline Y. , Deng Hao , Anderson Thomas A. , Eikermann Matthias 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the association between neuromuscular blocking agent dose and post‐operative respiratory complications in infants and children.MethodsData from 6507 general anaesthetics provided to children aged 0‐10 years undergoing surgery were analysed to examine the effects of neuromuscular blocking agent dose on post‐operative respiratory complications (primary endpoint) and secondary endpoints. Confounder‐adjusted analyses addressed age, surgical duration, and comorbidity burden.ResultsIn confounder‐adjusted analyses, high doses of neuromuscular blocking agents were associated with higher risk of post‐operative respiratory complications (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.12‐4.59; P = .022). The effect was modified by age (P‐for‐interaction = .016) towards a more substantial risk in infants ≤1 year (OR 3.84; 95% CI 1.35‐10.94; P = .012), by duration of surgery (P‐for‐interaction = .006) towards a higher difference in odds for surgeries <90 minutes (OR 4.25; 95% CI 1.19‐15.18; P = .026), and by ASA physical status (P‐for‐interaction = .015) with a greater effect among patients with higher operative risk (ASA >1: OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.43‐7.04; P = .005). Neostigmine reversal did not modify the association between neuromuscular blocking agents and post‐operative respiratory complications (P‐for‐interaction = .38). Instrumental variable analysis confirmed that high doses of neuromuscular blocking agents were associated with post‐operative respiratory complications (probit coefficient 0.25; 95% CI 0.04‐0.46; P = .022), demonstrating robust results regarding concerns of unobserved confounding.ConclusionsHigh dose of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with post‐operative respiratory complications. We have identified subcohorts of paediatric patients who are particularly vulnerable to the respiratory side‐effects of neuromuscular blocking agents: infants, paediatric patients undergoing surgeries of short duration, and those with a high ASA risk score.
Morphometric Biomarkers of Adolescents With Familial Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Maksimovskiy Arkadiy L. , Oot Emily N. , Seraikas Anna M. , Rieselbach Maya , Caine Carolyn , Sneider Jennifer T. , Cohen‐Gilbert Julia E. , Harris Sion K. , Nickerson Lisa D. , Rohan Michael L. , Silveri Marisa M. 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundWhile many adolescents exhibit risky behavior, teenagers with a family history (FH+) of an alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at a heightened risk for earlier initiation of alcohol use, a more rapid escalation in frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption and developing a subsequent AUD in comparison with youth without such family history (FH−). Neuroanatomically, developmentally normative risk‐taking behavior parallels an imbalance between more protracted development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and earlier development of limbic regions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐derived volumetric properties were obtained for these structures in FH+ and FH− adolescents.MethodsForty‐two substance‐naïve adolescents (13‐ to 14‐year‐olds), stratified into FH+ (N = 19, 13 girls) and FH− (N = 23, 11 girls) age/handedness‐matched groups, completed MRI scanning at 3.0T, as well as cognitive and clinical testing. T1 images were processed using FreeSurfer to measure PFC and hippocampi/amygdalae subfields/nuclei volumes.ResultsFH+ status was associated with larger hippocampal/amygdala volumes (p < 0.05), relative to FH− adolescents, with right amygdala results appearing to be driven by FH+ boys. Volumetric differences also were positively associated with family history density (p < 0.05) of having an AUD. Larger subfields/nuclei volumes were associated with higher anxiety levels and worse auditory verbal learning performance (p < 0.05).ConclusionsFH+ risk for AUD is detectable via neuromorphometric characteristics, which precede alcohol use onset and the potential onset of a later AUD, that are associated with emotional and cognitive measures. It is plausible that the development of limbic regions might be altered in FH+ youth, even prior to the onset of alcohol use, which could increase later risk. Thus, targeted preventative measures are warranted that serve to delay the onset of alcohol use in youth, particularly in those who are FH+ for an AUD.
A Bayesian approach to joint modeling of matrix‐valued imaging data and treatment outcome with applications to depression studies
Authors: Jiang Bei , Petkova Eva , Tarpey Thaddeus , Ogden R. Todd 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a unified Bayesian joint modeling framework for studying association between a binary treatment outcome and a baseline matrix‐valued predictor. Specifically, a joint modeling approach relating an outcome to a matrix‐valued predictor through a probabilistic formulation of multilinear principal component analysis is developed. This framework establishes a theoretical relationship between the outcome and the matrix‐valued predictor, although the predictor is not explicitly expressed in the model. Simulation studies are provided showing that the proposed method is superior or competitive to other methods, such as a two‐stage approach and a classical principal component regression in terms of both prediction accuracy and estimation of association; its advantage is most notable when the sample size is small and the dimensionality in the imaging covariate is large. Finally, our proposed joint modeling approach is shown to be a very promising tool in an application exploring the association between baseline electroencephalography data and a favorable response to treatment in a depression treatment study by achieving a substantial improvement in prediction accuracy in comparison to competing methods.
Agriculture trade restrictiveness in Canada: How important are the cross effects?
Authors: Surry Yves , Rude James 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA trade restrictiveness index (TRI) aggregates an entire protection structure into a single uniform measure that is consistent with trade theory and reflects the extent of policy interventions on trade or welfare. Although there are several variants of a TRI, all approaches aggregate protective measures using weights that depend on import demand and export supply elasticities; some studies ignore cross‐price effects while others account for them. This study measures the degree of bias introduced by ignoring cross effects. It provides a practical approach to account for demand‐ and supply‐side cross‐price effects in a multi‐commodity TRI setting. This approach is illustrated with a case study of distortions in the Canadian crop and livestock sector. Domestic demand and supply cross effects are approximated using a “constant differences of elasticities of substitution” functional form. On average, over the period 1996–2016, we find that cross‐price effects do make a difference, and that including them makes the TRI 27% higher than an approach which ignores them. Furthermore, both TRI approaches produce indices that are higher and more variable than the OECD's percentage Producer Support Estimate (PSE) that measures policy transfers as a share of gross farm receipts. The fundamental differences between a TRI and PSE% is driven by market price support for milk.
Adverse wind conditions during northward Sahara crossings increase the in‐flight mortality of Black‐tailed Godwits
Authors: Loonstra A. H. Jelle , Verhoeven Mo A. , Senner Nathan R. , Both Christiaan , Piersma Theunis 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLong‐distance migratory flights are predicted to be associated with higher mortality rates when individuals encounter adverse weather conditions. However, directly connecting environmental conditions experienced in‐flight with the survival of migrants has proven difficult. We studied how the in‐flight mortality of 53 satellite‐tagged Black‐tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa limosa) during 132 crossings of the Sahara Desert, a major geographical barrier along their migration route between The Netherlands and sub‐Saharan Africa, is correlated with the experienced wind conditions and departure date during both southward and northward migration. We show that godwits experienced higher wind assistance during southward crossings, which seems to reflect local prevailing trade winds. Critically, we found that fatal northward crossings (15 deaths during 61 crossings) were associated with adverse wind conditions. Wind conditions during migration can thus directly influence vital rates. Changing wind conditions associated with global change may thus profoundly influence the costs of long‐distance migration in the future.