bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpreting practices in a colonial context
Authors: Heijns Audrey 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the experience of Dutch interpreters of Chinese in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) from the mid-nineteenth century until Indonesia’s independence nearly a century later. In the colonial context, the task of interpreters went beyond orally translating speech. They also served as cultural mediators, who prevented conflicts and resolved misunderstandings. Based on theories of interpreting in colonial contexts, the cases in this study will probe the interpreters’ training, their allegiances, and their search for neutrality. The findings reveal that, in the period from 1860 to 1912, the interpreters tried to mediate for the government by resolving problems and misunderstandings, despite their limited authority. However, in the period from 1913 to 1949, the interpreters had less room to maneuver, as a result of changes in training as well as in the work environment of the Dutch East Indies.
Forces on hockey players: vectors, work, energy and angular momentum
Authors: Nässén Nina , Nässén Hans-Åke , Eriksson Urban , Pendrill Ann-Marie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Non-traditional examples can be very inspiring for students. This paper applies classical mechanics to different ways of skating in ice hockey. Skating blades glide easily along the ice in the direction of the blade. Horizontal forces on the skates are thus essentially perpendicular to the blade. Speed skaters glide long distances on each skate before pushing off for the next stride. A hockey player running for the puck may take a number quite short steps in a short explosive rush before shifting to longer strides, where the recurring need to change direction requires additional work by the skater. This paper investigates an alternative stride, with a longer gliding phase in a circular arc, where the centripetal force provided by the ice acting on the skates changes the direction of motion, without the need for additional energy. In addition, the conservation of angular momentum leads to increased speed as the centre of mass is shifted closer to the centre of the circular arc. Finally, we discuss an angular-momentum-based technique to reverse the direction of motion as fast as possible.
Influence of coupling agent on the microstructure and dielectric properties of free-standing ceramic-polymer composites
Authors: Tong Yang , Li Leyi , Liu Jiachen , Zhang Kewei , Jiang Yong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The influence of a commercial coupling agent on the dielectric properties and microstructure of ceramic-polymer nanocomposites are studied. Free-standing BaTiO3-P(VDF-CTFE) films were fabricated using a simple solution-casting process, and the good wettability between fillers and polymer matrix was obtained by using 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane as coupling agent. It is found that the coating of a small amount of coupling agent on the surface of BaTiO3 fillers results in an enhanced dielectric constant, a higher breakdown strength and a larger energy-storage efficiency. When an excessive amount of coupling agent was used, the non-attached coupling agent molecules participated in the complex reactions and result in the aggregation of fillers and the reduction of dielectric constant. It is also found that the surface modification of fillers has a complicated influence on its dielectric behavior which leads to an increase in the dielectric loss of the nanocomposites. When an appropriate amount of coupling agent is coated on fillers, the energy storage density of the nanocomposite is improved due to the enhanced dielectric constant and higher breakdown strength. A maximal discharged energy-storage density of about 4.0 J cm−3 was obtained from the nanocomposite film containing 15 vol% of surface modified BaTiO3 fillers with 1 wt% of KH550, which is about 3 times of that for the nanocomposite without coupling agent.
Differential Expression of Mucins in Murine Olfactory Versus Respiratory Epithelium
Authors: Kennel Christopher , Gould Elizabeth A , Larson Eric D , Salcedo Ernesto , Vickery Thad , Restrepo Diego , Ramakrishnan Vijay R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Mucins are a key component of the surface mucus overlying airway epithelium. Given the different functions of the olfactory and respiratory epithelia, we hypothesized that mucins would be differentially expressed between these 2 areas. Secondarily, we evaluated for potential changes in mucin expression with radiation exposure, given the clinical observations of nasal dryness, altered mucus rheology, and smell loss in radiated patients. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to evaluate expression of mucins 1, 2, 5AC, and 5B in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia of control mice and 1 week after exposure to 8 Gy of radiation. Mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B exhibited differential expression patterns between olfactory and respiratory epithelium (RE) while mucin 2 showed no difference. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), mucin 1 was located in a lattice-like pattern around gaps corresponding to dendritic knobs of olfactory sensory neurons, whereas in RE it was intermittently expressed by surface goblet cells. Mucin 5AC was expressed by subepithelial glands in both epithelial types but to a higher degree in the OE. Mucin 5B was expressed by submucosal glands in OE and by surface epithelial cells in RE. At 1-week after exposure to single-dose 8 Gy of radiation, no qualitative effects were seen on mucin expression. Our findings demonstrate that murine OE and RE express mucins differently, and characteristic patterns of mucins 1, 5AC, and 5B can be used to define the underlying epithelium. Radiation (8 Gy) does not appear to affect mucin expression at 1 week.

Level of Evidence
N/A (Basic Science Research).
IACUC-approved study [Protocol 200065].
A case report of atrial myxoma presenting with systemic embolization and myocardial infarction
Authors: Latifi Ahmad Nawid , Ibe Uzochukwu , Gnanaraj Joseph 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCardiac myxomas are the most common benign primary tumour of the heart. Clinical presentation is variable and ranges from constitutional symptoms to clinical features due to intracardiac obstruction, such as mitral stenosis, coronary embolization, or systemic embolization. Surgical resection is the only effective treatment to prevent its debilitating and catastrophic complication.Case summaryA 61-year-old woman presented with an-hour history of bilateral leg pain, numbness, lightheadedness, dyspnoea, and diaphoresis. Physical exam was remarkable for pale and cold lower extremities. Arterial pulse was not palpable in the right femoral, popliteal, and posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries bilaterally. Electrocardiogram demonstrated normal sinus rhythm with T-wave inversion in lead I, V2, V3, and V4. Laboratory investigations were remarkable for leucocytosis and elevated troponin. Computed tomography angiogram showed emboli with acute infarcts involving the spleen and kidneys, acute embolic occlusion of right external and internal iliac arteries, and left distal common femoral artery. She underwent emergent bilateral cut-down and femoral artery thrombectomies. Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated wall motion abnormalities. Computed tomography angiography of the chest revealed an atrial mass and transoesophageal echocardiography was obtained which confirmed an atrial myxoma. Coronary angiography demonstrated no significant coronary artery disease, raising the possibility of myxoma embolization to the coronary arteries as the cause of her troponin elevation and wall motion abnormality. Subsequently she underwent successful resection of the atrial myxoma.DiscussionThe majority of cardiac myxomas are sporadic and arise from the left atrium as an isolated lesion in middle-aged women. Echocardiography is the diagnostic procedure of choice. The long-term survival after surgical resection is excellent and recurrence is rare.
Gene therapy of hemoglobinopathies: progress and future challenges
Authors: Ikawa Yasuhiro , Miccio Annarita , Magrin Elisa , Kwiatkowski Janet L , Rivella Stefano , Cavazzana Marina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently, gene therapy clinical trials have been successfully applied to hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and β-thalassemia. Among the great discoveries that led to the design of genetic approaches to cure these disorders is the discovery of the β-globin locus control region and several associated transcription factors, which determine hemoglobin switching as well as high-level, erythroid-specific expression of genes at the ß-globin locus. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that lentiviral vectors are efficient tools to insert large DNA elements into nondividing hematopoietic stem cells, showing reassuring safe integration profiles. Alternatively, genome editing could restore expression of fetal hemoglobin or target specific mutations to restore expression of the wild-type β-globin gene. The most recent clinical trials for β-thalassemia and SCD are showing promising outcomes: patients were able to discontinue transfusions or had reduced transfusion requirements. However, toxic myeloablation and the high cost of current ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy platforms represent a barrier to a widespread application of these approaches. In this review, we summarize these gene therapy strategies and ongoing clinical trials. Finally, we discuss possible strategies to improve outcomes, reduce myeloablative regimens and future challenges to reduce the cost of gene therapy platform.
Risk factors for subarachnoid haemorrhage: a nationwide cohort of 950 000 adults
Authors: Sundström Johan , Söderholm Martin , Söderberg Stefan , Alfredsson Lars , Andersson Martin , Bellocco Rino , Björck Martin , Broberg Per , Eriksson Maria , Eriksson Marie , Forsberg Bertil , Fransson Eleonor I , Giedraitis Vilmantas , Theorell-Haglöw Jenny , Hallqvist Johan , Hansson Per-Olof , Heller Susanne , Håkansson Niclas , Ingelsson Martin , Janson Christer , Järvholm Bengt , Khalili Payam , Knutsson Anders , Lager Anton , Lagerros Ylva Trolle , Larsson Susanna C , Leander Karin , Leppert Jerzy , Lind Lars , Lindberg Eva , Magnusson Cecilia , Magnusson Patrik K E , Malfert Mauricio , Michaëlsson Karl , Nilsson Peter , Olsson Håkan , Pedersen Nancy L , Pennlert Johanna , Rosenblad Andreas , Rosengren Annika , Torén Kjell , Wanhainen Anders , Wolk Alicja , Engström Gunnar , Svennblad Bodil , Wiberg Bernice 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disease, with high mortality rate and substantial disability among survivors. Its causes are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate risk factors for SAH using a novel nationwide cohort consortium.

Methods
We obtained individual participant data of 949 683 persons (330 334 women) between 25 and 90 years old, with no history of SAH at baseline, from 21 population-based cohorts. Outcomes were obtained from the Swedish Patient and Causes of Death Registries.

Results
During 13 704 959 person-years of follow-up, 2659 cases of first-ever fatal or non-fatal SAH occurred, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 9.0 [95% confidence interval (CI) (7.4–10.6)/100 000 person-years] in men and 13.8 [(11.4–16.2)/100 000 person-years] in women. The incidence rate increased exponentially with higher age. In multivariable-adjusted Poisson models, marked sex interactions for current smoking and body mass index (BMI) were observed. Current smoking conferred a rate ratio (RR) of 2.24 (95% CI 1.95–2.57) in women and 1.62 (1.47–1.79) in men. One standard deviation higher BMI was associated with an RR of 0.86 (0.81–0.92) in women and 1.02 (0.96–1.08) in men. Higher blood pressure and lower education level were also associated with higher risk of SAH.

Conclusions
The risk of SAH is 45% higher in women than in men, with substantial sex differences in risk factor strengths. In particular, a markedly stronger adverse effect of smoking in women may motivate targeted public health initiatives.
Generalised BGP Reflection Functors via the Grothendieck Construction
Authors: Dyckerhoff Tobias , Jasso Gustavo , Walde Tashi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInspired by work of Ladkani and Groth–Šťovíček, we explain how to construct generalisations of the classical reflection functors of Bernšteĭn, Gel′fand, and Ponomarev by means of the Grothendieck construction.
HLA-I Associated Adaptation Dampens CD8 T-Cell Responses in HIV Ad5-Vectored Vaccine Recipients
Authors: Boppana Sushma , Sterrett Sarah , Files Jacob , Qin Kai , Fiore-Gartland Andrew , Cohen Kristen W , De Rosa Stephen C , Bansal Anju , Goepfert Paul A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHLA-I–associated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) adaptation is known to negatively affect disease progression and CD8 T-cell responses. We aimed to assess how HLA-I–associated adaptation affects HIV vaccine–induced CD8 T-cell responses in 2 past vaccine efficacy trials. We found that vaccine-encoded adapted epitopes were less immunogenic than vaccine-encoded nonadapted epitopes, and adapted epitope-specific responses were less polyfunctional than nonadapted epitope-specific responses. Along those lines, vaccine recipients with higher HLA-I adaptation to the Gag vaccine insert mounted less polyfunctional CD8 T-cell responses at the protein level. Breadth of response, which correlated with viral control in recipients who became infected, is also dampened by HLA-I adaptation. These findings suggest that HLA-I–associated adaptation is an important consideration for strategies aiming to induce robust CD8 T-cell responses.
Isolation and Lack of Potential Mates may Threaten an Endangered Arid-Zone Acacia
Authors: Forrest Cairo N , Roberts David G , Denham Andrew J , Ayre David J 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClonality may provide reproductive assurance for many threatened plants while limiting sexual reproductive success either through energetic tradeoffs or because clones are self-incompatible. Most stands of the Australian arid-zone plant Acacia carneorum, flower annually but low seed set and an absence of sexual recruitment now suggest that this species and other, important arid-zone ecosystem engineers may have low genotypic diversity. Indeed, our recent landscape-scale genetic study revealed that stands are typically monoclonal, with genets usually separated by kilometers. An inability to set sexually produced seed or a lack of genetically diverse mates may explain almost system-wide reproductive failure. Here, using microsatellite markers, we genotyped 100 seeds from a rare fruiting stand (Middle-Camp), together with all adult plants within it and its 4 neighboring stands (up to 5 km distant). As expected, all stands surveyed were monoclonal. However, the Middle-Camp seeds were generated sexually. Comparing seed genotypes with the single Middle-Camp genotype and those of genets from neighboring and other regional stands (n = 26), revealed that 73 seeds were sired by the Middle-Camp genet. Within these Middle-Camp seeds we detected 19 genotypes in proportions consistent with self-fertilization of that genet. For the remaining 27 seeds, comprising 8 different genotypes, paternity was assigned to the nearest neighboring stands Mallee and Mallee-West, approximately 1 km distant. Ironically, given this species’ vast geographic range, a small number of stands with reproductively compatible near neighbors may provide the only sources of novel genotypes.
Getting Tagged, Getting Involved with News? A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Effects and Motives of News-Related Tagging Activities on Social Network Sites
Authors: Kümpel Anna Sophie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Coming across news on social network sites (SNS) largely depends on news-related activities in one’s network. Although there are many different ways to stumble upon news, limited research has been conducted on how distinct news curation practices influence users’ intention to consume encountered content. In this mixed-methods investigation, using Facebook as an example, we first examine the results of an experiment (study 1, n = 524), showing that getting tagged in comments to news posts promotes news consumption the most. Based on this finding, we then focus on actively tagging users by investigating news tagging motives/practices with interactive qualitative interviews centered on participants’ Facebook activity logs (study 2, n = 13). Overall, the findings show how news tagging, albeit a strong catalyst for reading and interacting with news, mostly favors users already interested in news, thus challenging the optimistic assumption that SNS might foster incidental learning among less interested audiences.
Comparison of Electric Resistive Heating Pads and Forced-Air Warming for Pre-hospital Warming of Non-shivering Hypothermic Subjects
Authors: Hurrie Daryl M G , Hildebrand Emily , Arnould Scott M , Plett Jeremy , Bellan Daniel , Buchel Al , Giesbrecht Gordon G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Victims of severe hypothermia require external rewarming, as self-rewarming through shivering heat production is either minimal or absent. The US Military commonly uses forced-air warming in field hospitals, but these systems require significant power (600–800 W) and are not portable. This study compared the rewarming effectiveness of an electric resistive heating pad system (requiring 80 W) to forced-air rewarming on cold subjects in whom shivering was pharmacologically inhibited.

Materials and Methods
Shivering was inhibited by intravenous meperidine (1.5 mg/kg), administered during the last 10 min of cold-water immersion. Subjects then exited from the cold water, were dried and lay on a rescue bag for 120 min in one of the following conditions: spontaneous rewarming only (rescue bag closed); electric resistive heating pads (EHP) wrapped from the anterior to posterior torso (rescue bag closed); or, forced-air warming (FAW) over the anterior surface of the body (rescue bag left open and cotton blanket draped over warming blanket). Supplemental meperidine (to a maximum cumulative dose of 3.3 mg/kg) was administered as required during rewarming to suppress shivering.

Results
Six healthy subjects (3 m, 3 f) were cooled on three different occasions, each in 8°C water to an average nadir core temperature of 34.4 ± 0.6°C (including afterdrop). There were no significant differences between core rewarming rates (spontaneous; 0.6 ± 0.3, FAW; 0.7 ± 0.2, RHP; 0.6 ± 0.2°C/h) or post-cooling afterdrop (spontaneous; 1.9 ± 0.4, FAW; 1.9 ± 0.3, RHP; 1.6 ± 0.2°C) in any of the 3 conditions. There were also no significant differences between metabolic heat production (S; 74 ± 20, FAW; 66 ± 12, RHP; 63 ± 9 W). Total heat gain was greater with FAW (36 W gain) than EHP (13 W gain) and spontaneous (13 W loss) warming (p < 0.005).

Conclusions
Total heat gain was greater in FAW than both EHP, and spontaneous rewarming conditions, however, there were no observed differences found in rewarming rates, post-cooling afterdrop or metabolic heat production. The electric heat pad system provided similar rewarming performance to a forced-air warming system commonly used in US military field hospitals for hypothermic patients. A battery-powered version of this system would not only relieve pressure on the field hospital power supply but could also potentially allow extending use to locations closer to the field of operations and during transport. Such a system could be studied in larger groups in prospective trials on colder patients.
Finding binary star fractions in any distribution
Authors: Akter Suraiya , Goodwin Simon P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Candidate visual binary systems are often found by identifying two stars that are closer together than would be expected by chance. However, in regions with non-trivial density distributions, the ‘random’ distances between stars varies because of the background distribution, as well as the presence of binaries. We show that when no binaries are present, the distribution of the ratios of the distances to the nearest and tenth nearest neighbours, d1/d10, is always well approximated by a Gaussian with mean 0.2–0.3 and variance 0.16–0.19 for any underlying density distribution. The introduction of binaries causes some (or all) nearest neighbours to become closer than expected by random chance, introducing a component to the distribution where d1/d10 is much lower than expected. We show how a simple single or double Gaussian fit to the distribution of d1/d10 can be used to find the binary fraction in any underlying density distribution quickly and simply.
Soft excess in the quiescent Be/X-ray pulsar RX J0812.4–3114
Authors: Zhao Yue , Heinke Craig O , Tsygankov Sergey S , Ho Wynn C G , Potekhin Alexander Y , Shaw Aarran W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We report a 72 ks XMM–Newton observation of the Be/X-ray pulsar (BeXRP) RX J0812.4–3114 in quiescence ($L_X \approx 1.6\times 10^{33}\, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}$). Intriguingly, we find a two-component spectrum, with a hard power-law (Γ ≈ 1.5) and a soft blackbody-like excess below ≈1 keV. The blackbody component is consistent in kT with a prior quiescent Chandra observation reported by Tsygankov et al. and has an inferred blackbody radius of ≈10 km, consistent with emission from the entire neutron star (NS) surface. There is also mild evidence for an absorption line at $\approx 1$ and/or $\approx 1.4\, \mathrm{keV}$. The hard component shows pulsations at P ≈ 31.908 s (pulsed fraction 0.84 ± 0.10), agreeing with the pulse period seen previously in outbursts, but no pulsations were found in the soft excess (pulsed fraction $\lesssim \!31\, {\rm per\, cent}$). We conclude that the pulsed hard component suggests low-level accretion on to the NS poles, while the soft excess seems to originate from the entire NS surface. We speculate that, in quiescence, the source switches between a soft thermal-dominated state (when the propeller effect is at work) and a relatively hard state with low-level accretion, and use the propeller cut-off to estimate the magnetic field of the system to be $\lesssim\! 8.4\times 10^{11}\, \mathrm{G}$. We compare the quiescent thermal LX predicted by the standard deep crustal heating model to our observations and find that RX J0812.4–3114 has a high thermal LX, at or above the prediction for minimum cooling mechanisms. This suggests that RX J0812.4–3114 either contains a relatively low-mass NS with minimum cooling, or that the system may be young enough that the NS has not fully cooled from the supernova explosion.