bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tree Shelters on Northern Red Oak Seedlings Planted in Harvested Forest Openings
Authors: Minter William F. , Myers Richard K. , Fischer Burnell C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Planting has been considered to be one solution to the problem of inadequate natural oak regeneration following harvesting in the Central Hardwood Region. Two types of tree shelters were used in two separate 3-year studies to determine their effects on the growth and survival of northern red oak seedlings planted in recently harvested forest openings, and to characterize shelter influence on microenvironmental factors. Sheltered seedlings planted in both trials exhibited significantly greater 3-year height growth as compared to the controls. There were no significant differences in survival rates. Relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentrations were increased significantly inside both types of shelters, while there were no differences between shelter exterior and interior daytime temperatures. Interior light intensities differed for the two shelter types and varied according to vertical location within shelters. Recommendations are given for using tree shelters as a possible means for improving oak planting success in recently harvested forest openings. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):58-63.
What Is the Sustainable Harvest of Red Pine in Michigan?
Authors: Marty Robert , Potter-Witter Karen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Red pine harvests have been increasing rapidly in Michigan, to a current level of 17 million ft³ per year. How large an annual harvest can the Michigan red pine resource sustain? Three different estimates indicate that, if all red pine on commercial forestland were available for harvest, then an annual harvest of 30 million ft³ could be sustained during the near term. And even larger harvests can be supported 10 or 20 years hence, when larger acreages of pine will mature. However, the actual planned harvests on public forests, and the harvests likely to be available from other lands, appear to be significantly less than the potential harvest and less than current utilization levels. This results from the fact that some red pine has been reserved from harvest, both on private and public land. Although increasing harvests of red pine will be available in Michigan for the next 3 or 4 decades, the planting of red pine has declined drastically over the last 20 years. Planting must be significantly increased or management intensified if the resource base is to be maintained. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):94-97.
Cutting Activity on West Virginia Timberlands
Authors: Birch Thomas W. , Gansner David A. , Arner Stanford L. , Widmann Richard H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A recently completed forest inventory and woodland owner survey have given us insight into contemporary cutting activities in West Virginia. About one-third of the private woodland owners have harvested timber from their holdings at some time in the past and they control two-thirds of the private timberland. Although timber harvesting has increased in recent years, it remains a concentrated activity. Remeasured plot data show that only 24% of the timberland had cutting disturbance between the last two inventories. Four-fifths of the cutting took place on one-tenth of the timberland. The timber resource is ripe for more cutting, landowner attitudes have changed to favor increased harvesting, and recent government initiatives support a climate for timber development. There is no denying that physical supplies of timber and landowner intentions reveal a potential opportunity for significant expansion in wood use. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):146-148.
Optimal Bucking of Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Pickens James B. , Lee Andrew , Lyon Gary W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the development and application of a bucking (cross-cutting) optimization modal developed for use with northern hardwood species The modal evaluates feasible bucking solutions using computer log grading and scaling procedures that closely reflect industry-established rules. Optimal solutions are found using dynamic programming. A study of 166 trees bucked in Michigan indicates that the gross delivered values of optimal solutions are 39-55% higher than those chosen by the buckers. Possible approaches to improve value recovery during bucking are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):149-152.
Lipid Transfer Proteins (AaLTP3 and AaLTP4) Are Involved in Sesquiterpene Lactone Secretion from Glandular Trichomes in Artemisia annua
Authors: Adhikari Prakash Babu , Han Jung Yeon , Ahn Chang Ho , Choi Yong Eui 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Artemisia annua plants, glandular trichomes (GTs) are responsible for the biosynthesis and secretion of sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin/arteannuin B. Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) in plants bind and carry lipid molecules across the cell membrane and are also known as secretary proteins. Interestingly, the transcripts of LTP genes are exceptionally abundant in the GTs of A. annua. In the present study, we isolated two trichome-specific LTP genes (AaLTP3 and AaLTP4) from a Korean ecotype of A. annua. AaLTP3 was expressed abundantly in shoots, whereas AaLTP4 was expressed in flowers. The GUS signal driven by the AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 promoter in transgenic A. annua plants revealed that the AaLTP3 promoter was active on hair-like non-GTs and that the AaLTP4 promoter was active on GTs. Analysis of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) fluorescence fused with the AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 protein in transgenic tobacco revealed that ECFP florescence was very bright on secreted lipids of long GTs. Moreover, the florescence was also bright on the head cells of short trichomes and their secreted granules. Immunoblotting analysis of GT exudates in petioles of A. annua revealed a strong positive signal against the AaLTP4 antibody. Overexpression of AaLTP3 or AaLTP4 in transgenic A. annua plants resulted in enhanced production of sesquiterpene lactones (arteannuin B, artemisinin, dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid) compared with those of wild type. The present study shows that LTP genes (AaLTP3 or AaLTP4) play important roles in the sequestration and secretion of lipids in GTs of A. annua, which is useful for the enhanced production of sesquiterpene lactones by genetic engineering.
Comparison of Juday and WP2 nets used in joint Norwegian–Russian monitoring of zooplankton in the Barents Sea
Authors: Skjoldal Hein Rune , Prokopchuk Irina , Bagøien Espen , Dalpadado Padmini , Nesterova Valentina , Rønning Jon , Knutsen Tor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Zooplankton in the Barents Sea has been monitored in a joint program by Norway and Russia using Juday (37 cm) and WP2 (56 cm) vertical plankton nets. We have compared the nets in two studies (2007 and 2013) with the Juday and WP2 nets mounted side by side on a common frame. WP2 collected consistently more zooplankton biomass than Juday, by 15–20% for both studies. Higher catch for small and medium size fractions as well as total biomass suggest that the difference was not due to extrusion or escape of organisms through the meshes, but rather that the amounts of flow and filtration of water through the two nets were different from the estimated volumes. Results for two hauling speeds (0.5 and 1.0 m s−1) in the 2013 study were not conclusive due to apparent changes in plankton composition at the sampling station during the study. The Juday and WP2 biomasses were highly correlated and the two nets showed very similar species composition with the pairwise design. The two nets would therefore give comparable spatial and temporal patterns of zooplankton distribution in the joint monitoring program.
Estimating Logging Residue Weights from Standing Slash Pine for Prescribed Burns
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W. , McNab W. Henry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The weight of logging slash per unit area must be known before the slash can be safely burned. In open stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) the weight of this crown material can be quickly estimated from data normally gathered in timber cruises: cordwood volume and average tree diameter.
Cubic-Foot Volume of Loblolly Pine to Any Merchantable Top Limit
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foresters commonly wish to predict tree volume for various top diameters. However, tree volume equations are generally restricted to specific top limits. Further, volume equations for various top limits often cross illogically. This study was conducted with the objective of developing logically related cubic-foot volume estimates for any desired top diameter limit. The approach taken was to predict total stem volume and to convert total volume to merchantable volumes by applying predicted ratios. Results reported here enable users to employ relatively simple equations to obtain cubic-foot volume to any top diameter limit. Volume between any two specified diameters on the stem can be obtained by subtraction.
Geographic Variation in Disease Susceptibility of American Sycamore
Authors: Cooper D. T. , Filer T. H. , Wells O. O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Leaf scorch, top dieback, and lethal bole cankers were found in two progeny tests of sycamore in Mississippi. Both tests indicated that southern seed sources are more disease resistant than northern seed sources and that some progenies within seed source have even greater resistance. Although eight organisms associated with one or more of the disease symptoms were identified, determination of the primary organism causing lethal cankers will require further research.
Brush Dams Reduce Sediment Production and Create Favorable Planting Sites
Authors: Rains Micheal T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To study the utility of cedar brush dams in establishing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings for erosion control in north Mississippi, 155 1/2-acre plots were inventoried. Only 10 percent of the plots with brush dams had to be replanted. In comparison, 61 percent of plots without dams had to be replanted one or more times to ensure an adequate stand of trees. Seedlings planted behind dams grew 27 percent more through the first eight years than trees planted on surrounding slopes. Estimated sediment delivered to streams or functioning channels, five years after planting, was 2.6 times greater from plots without brush dams. The cost of brush dams ranged from $45 to $135 per acre.
Triadimefon Controls Fusiform Rust in Young Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Rowan S. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Triadimefon (Bayleton®) effectively controlled fusiform rust in a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantation when three or more foliar sprays containing 600 ppm a.i. were applied annually (March to June) to runoff. Fewer foliar sprays and a top-dip applied at planting did not provide effective control of the disease. From the spray volumes applied over a five-year period, an estimated maximum of 505 mg a.i. triadimefon accumulated per tree. This amount did not reduce tree growth or survival.
South. J. Appl. For. 10:112-114, May 1986.
Rotation Age and Establishment Density for Planted Slash and Loblolly Pines
Authors: Bailey R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The basic relationships between initial numbers of trees established, rotation age and subsequent stand yields, product volumes, and tree sizes are reviewed. Choice of planting density should be made jointly with choice of rotation age in order to maximize some financial criterion (net present value or internal rate of return) subject to any appropriate constraints associated with product and yield objectives. The use of isopleth charts in making the decisions is illustrated. Examples are given for slash pine on prepared sites in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and Florida and for loblolly pine in the West Gulf region on cutover, unprepared sites. Isopleth charts are also used to analyze the cost effectiveness of increasing initial survival at higher per-acre establishment costs. South J. Appl. For. 10:162-68. Aug. 1986.
A Comparison of the Effects of One-Step and Two-Step Pruning on Loblolly Pine Stem Form
Authors: Valenti Michael A. , Cao Quang V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of one-step and two-step pruning treatments on tree taper of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were compared in this study. Girard form class and a segmented taper equation were used as two measures of stem form. There was a significant difference in stem form between trees subjected to one-step and two-step pruning treatments at the 5% probability level. Trees pruned at ages 6 and 11 tapered less and yielded about 4% more cubic-foot volume and 9% more board-foot volume than trees pruned at age 11 of comparable diameters and heights. South. J. Appl. For. 10:251-253, Nov. 1986.
Thinning Increases Loblolly Pine Vigor and Resistance to Bark Beetles¹
Authors: Brown² M. W. , Nebeker T. E. , Honea C. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-seven 1-ac plots were thinned to a basal area of 70, 100, or 130 ft²/ac, and 9 plots were left unthinned to be used as a control. Changes in diameter growth, height growth, and oleoresin exudation pressure (OEP) are presented for the first 3 years following thinning. Height growth was lower in the thinned plots, but diameter growth in plots thinned to 70 and 100 ft²/ac was significantly greater than the unthinned plots and those thinned to 130 ft²/ac. OEP was also greater in thinned plots in the first two years; the difference was not significant in the third year. Introductions of southern pine beetles into the plots resulted in a significantly lower proportion of successful attacks in thinned plots in the first two years following thinning. It was concluded that increased tree vigor along with the increase in tree spacing following thinning does reduce susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack when stands are thinned to a basal area of 100ft²/ac or less. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):28-31
Regeneration Following Harvest on Nonindusrial Private Pine Sites in the South: A Diffusion of Innovations Perspective
Authors: Doolittle Larry , Straka Thomas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The "diffusion of innovations" model is used to explain differences between nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners who regenerated their pine stands following harvest and those who did not. It describes how new technologies and practices (regeneration in this case) are adopted by members of a social system. Differences between regenerators and nonregenerators are explained in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, personality variables, and communication behavior. The mass media are the most efficient means to reach NIPF owners, but foresters may have to employ personal contacts or individual mailings to affect NIPF regeneration decisions. Noneconomic models of NIPF landowner behavior can expand our understanding of the forces that shape NIPF timberland management practices. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):37-41.
Regenerating Wet Sites with Bare-Root and Containerized Loblolly Pine Seedlings¹
Authors: Yeiser J. L. , Paschke J. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedling survival on a 1983 planted test site with a perched water table was 99% for both containerized and bare-root seedlings planted in May after the perched water table receded and 15% for seedlings planted in February while soils were saturated. Also, differences in survival forMay 1984 plantings on an upland flatwoods site, a terrace along an ephemeral stream, and a river floodplain site, indicate that each site possesses inherent properties uniquely influencing seedling survival. After the perched water table had receded, first-year mean survival of containerized seedlings was 19% higher than for bare-root seedlings. Some families showed tolerance to excessive soil moisture and are probably well suited for general planting on wet sites. The higher cost of containerized seedlings can be justified if a replant or marginal survival can be avoided. SouthJ. Appl. For. 11(1): 52-56.
Nursery Seedbed Density Is Determined by Short-Term or Long-Term Objectives¹
Authors: Caulfield Jon P. , South David B. , Boyer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Lowering nursery seedbed density can increase the proportion of high-quality (grade 1 and 2) seedlings relative to cull (grade 3) seedlings. Outplanting higher grade seedlings can increase survival and volume production. Lowering seedbed density from present levels may therefore increasestand value at rotation age. The relationship between four seedbed density levels (60, 90, 120, and 150 seedlings/lineal bed foot) is evaluated for slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine, and the impact of grade on growth performance is projected. An economic analysisdemonstrates how to determine the present value of the expenditure justified to alter seedbed density to obtain a projected future change in out-planting performance. Potential economic gains ranging from - $4.13 to $2 7.58 per thousand seedlings were derived by altering seedbeddensity from a base-level density of 120 seedlings/lineal bed foot. Positive values were associated with decreases in density and negative values with density increases. Site quality of outplanted areas plays a major role in determining the amount of the justifiable expenditure. South. J.Appl. For. 11(1):9-14.
County Logging and Tree Protection Ordinances in Georgia
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Raney Kevin P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fourteen counties in Georgia have considered or enacted ordinances in the 1980s that regulate logging or trucking activities or that protect large trees from removal. The reasons for enactment of county ordinances are examined, the contents of the ordinances reviewed and summarized,and the implications discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):76-82.
Third-Year Growth Response of Loblolly Pine to Eight Levels of Competition Control
Authors: Bacon Catherine G. , Zedaker Shepard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The growth response of young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to different amounts of competition control was studied in plantations of three ages in the Virginia Piedmont. Eight competition control treatments involved the removal of all, two-thirds, one-third, or none of the hardwoodstems either with or without herbaceous weed control. Results after three growing seasons showed a significant increase in pine diameter and volume growth with competition control. Treatments combining woody and herbaceous control resulted in better pine growth than the same treatments withoutherbaceous control, in the two youngest stands. The best response, obtained with the two-thirds woody plus herbaceous control treatment, resulted in: a 100% increase in volume growth over the check plots in seedlings treated at the beginning of their second growing season in the field; a 93% increase in one-year-old seedlings; and a 53% increase in the growth of seedlings treated before the third growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):91-95.
Combining Inventory Data for Improved Estimates of Forest Resources
Authors: Thomas Charles E. , Rennie John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Foresters occasionally have two or more estimates of the same volume, basal area, or other quantities of interest from independent inventories. A variety of statistical techniques for combining such estimates recently have begun to receive attention in surveys of census characteristics,agriculture, and forestry. Results from two independent timber resource inventories in Wayne County, Tennessee, are reported along with their respective sampling errors. Methods for combining estimates along with example calculations are presented and discussed. Suggestions are made for theapplication of this procedure to other sampling problems. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):168-171.
Timber Prices in the U.S. South: Past Trends and Outlook for the Future
Authors: Binkley Clark S. , Vincent Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prior to World War II, prices of southern pine stumpage rose at a real rate of 4.6%/yr, and since that time they have risen at a real rate of 3.1%/yr. Prices for timber sold from private lands have apparently risen more rapidly than have prices for public timber. Seven forecasts of future price trends which use very different projection methods are reviewed. For the next two decades, these studies indicate an average annual rate of real price appreciation equal to 2.5%/yr. For the period between 1990 and 2010, the median estimate among these studies is 1.9%/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):15-18.
Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results
Authors: Lamson Neil I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.
Response of Newly Planted Loblolly Pines to Herbicide and Nitrogen
Authors: McKee William H. , Wilhite Larry P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In three separate studies on the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain, sites were sheared, root-raked, and bedded, and phosphorus was applied. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were planted, and nitrogen fertilizer and preemergence herbicide were applied at several different times.
In all three studies, loblolly pine responded positively in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass to herbicide applied in the spring following planting. Responses to nitrogen application were inconsistent. A pronounced increase in growth was found in only one study. There, a nitrogen and a herbicide treatment interacted to give a three-fold increase in aboveground seedling biomass after one growing season. The lack of response to nitrogen in the other two studies may be attributable to low rainfall in the spring after planting and mineralization of native nitrogen from soil organic matter. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):33-36.
Timing of Disturbance after Herbicide Applications for Chemical Site Preparation
Authors: Burch Patrick L. , Zedaker Shepard M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four herbicide combinations were screened for efficacy on selected hardwoods relative to four timings of postapplication disturbance. Garlon 4®, Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99®, Garlon 4 plus Tordon 101®, and Garlon 4 plus Tordon K® were applied in the spring to Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites in a replicated experiment. The best hardwood control was achieved when the disturbance occurred at least six to eight weeks after application. Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) control was successfully predicted on the basis of leaf tissue moisture content and environmental data. Only Garlon 4 plus Esteron 99 failed to give good overall control of hardwood brush. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):124-127.