bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Inhibition and Excitation of Phrenic Motoneurons during Inspiration: Phase-Specific Control of Excitability
Authors: Parkis M. A. , Dong X.-W. , Feldman J. L. , Funk G. D. 
Published: April 2018

The movements that define behavior are controlled by motoneuron output, which depends on the excitability of motoneurons and the synaptic inputs they receive. Modulation of motoneuron excitability takes place over many time scales. To determine whether motoneuron excitability is specifically modulated during the active versus the quiescent phase of rhythmic behavior, we compared the input–output properties of phrenic motoneurons (PMNs) during inspiratory and expiratory phases of respiration.In neonatal rat brainstem–spinal cord preparations that generate rhythmic respiratory motor outflow, we blocked excitatory inspiratory synaptic drive to PMNs and then examined their phase-dependent responses to superthreshold current pulses. Pulses during inspiration elicited fewer action potentials compared with identical pulses during expiration. This reduced excitability arose from an inspiratory-phase inhibitory input that hyperpolarized PMNs in the absence of excitatory inspiratory inputs. Local application of bicuculline blocked this inhibition as well as the difference between inspiratory and expiratory firing. Correspondingly, bicuculline locally applied to the midcervical spinal cord enhanced fourth cervical nerve (C4) inspiratory burst amplitude. Strychnine had no effect on C4 output. Nicotinic receptor antagonists neither potentiated C4 output nor blocked its potentiation by bicuculline, further indicating that the inhibition is not from recurrent inhibitory pathways. We conclude that it is bulbospinal in origin.These data demonstrate that rapid changes in motoneuron excitability occur during behavior and suggest that integration of overlapping, opposing synaptic inputs to motoneurons is important in controlling motor outflow. Modulation of phasic inhibition may represent a means for regulating the transfer function of PMNs to suit behavioral demands.
Synchronized Paroxysmal Activity in the Developing Thalamocortical Network Mediated by Corticothalamic Projections and “Silent” Synapses
Authors: Golshani Peyman , Jones Edward G. 
Published: April 2018

In mouse thalamocortical slicesin vitro, the potassium channel blocker 4-AP and GABAAreceptor antagonist bicuculline together induced spontaneous prolonged depolarizations in layer VI neurons from postnatal day 2 (P2), in ventroposterior nucleus neurons (VP) from P7, and in reticular nucleus neurons (RTN) from P8. Dual whole-cell recordings revealed that prolonged bursts were synchronized in layer VI, VP, and RTN. Bursts were present in cortex isolated from thalamus, but not in thalamus isolated from cortex, indicating that bursts originated in cortex and propagated to thalamus. Prolonged bursts were synchronized in layer VI when vertical cuts extended from pia mater through layers IV or V, but were no longer synchronized when cuts extended through layer VI and white matter.In voltage-clamp recordings before P10, burst conductance of all three neuronal populations was dominated by the NMDA receptor-mediated conductance, and therefore synapses were “silent”. In cortex and RTN, after P10, bursts were associated with strong AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated conductances, and synapses had become “functional”; silent synapses persisted in a large proportion of VP cells after P10.Before P9, the NMDA receptor antagonist APV or the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX blocked the prolonged bursts. After P9, CNQX continued to block the prolonged bursts, but APV merely shortened their duration.Thus, NMDA receptor-based silent synapses are essential for paroxysmal corticothalamic activity during early postnatal development, and connections between layer VI neurons are sufficient for horizontal cortical synchronization.
Voltage-Activated Calcium Currents in Rat Retinal Ganglion CellsIn Situ: Changes during Prenatal and Postnatal Development
Authors: Schmid Susanne , Guenther Elke 
Published: April 2018

Voltage-activated calcium currents (ICa) are one way by which calcium influx into neurons is mediated. To investigate changes in kinetic properties ofICaduring neuronal development and to correlate possible kinetic changes with specific differentiation processes, theICaof retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was recorded with the perforated patch-clamp technique in rat retinal slices and in whole mounts at different prenatal and postnatal stages.ICadensity increased between embryonic day (E) 20 and the adult stage, paralleled by a shift in activation of the ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitiveICatoward more negative membrane potentials. Furthermore, developmental alterations were observed inICainactivation rate during a 120 msec test pulse and in steady-state inactivation ofICa. The most striking feature inICakinetics was a transient slowing of calcium current deactivation, which peaked at postnatal day (P)3–5 and affected allICasubtypes.Although the shift in activation and the decreased inactivation rate ofICacan be explained by differential regulation of distinct calcium channel subtypes, it is more likely that a more general alteration of the cells’ functional state was the underlying factor in alterations in steady-state inactivation and current deactivation ofICa.Alterations in the ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive and the toxin-resistant currents temporarily coincide with dendritic differentiation, and it is tempting to speculate about their role in network formation in the inner retina. In contrast, alterations in steady-state inactivation and current deactivation may be involved in the regulation of RGC survival, because they occur during the period of programmed cell death in the ganglion cell layer.In conclusion, distinct time windows of alterations in calcium channel properties were found, and this study has provided a basis for performing functional assays to clarify in detail the developmental process to which these alterations are related.
NK-1 Receptor Immunoreactivity in Distinct Morphological Types of Lamina I Neurons of the Primate Spinal Cord
Authors: Yu X. H. , Zhang E.-T. , Craig A. D. , Shigemoto R. , Ribeiro-da-Silva A. , De Koninck Y. 
Published: April 2018

In cat and monkey, lamina I cells can be classified into three basic morphological types (fusiform, pyramidal, and multipolar), and recent intracellular labeling evidence in the cat indicates that fusiform and multipolar lamina I cells are two different types of nociceptive cells, whereas pyramidal cells are innocuous thermoreceptive-specific. Because earlier observations indicated that only nociceptive dorsal horn neurons respond to substance P (SP), we examined which morphological types of lamina I neurons express receptors for SP (NK-1r).We categorized NK-1r-immunoreactive (IR) lamina I neurons in serial horizontal sections from the cervical and lumbar enlargements of four monkeys. Consistent results were obtained by two independent teams of observers. Nearly all NK-1r-IR cells were fusiform (42%) or multipolar (43%), but only 6% were pyramidal (with 9% unclassified). We obtained similar findings in three monkeys in which we used double-labeling immunocytochemistry to identify NK-1r-IR and spinothalamic lamina I neurons retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin subunit b from the thalamus; most NK-1r-IR lamina I spinothalamic neurons were fusiform (48%) or multipolar (33%), and only 10% were pyramidal. In contrast, most (∼75%) pyramidal and some (∼25%) fusiform and multipolar lamina I spinothalamic neurons did not display NK-1r immunoreactivity.These data indicate that most fusiform and multipolar lamina I neurons in the monkey can express NK-1r, consistent with the idea that both types are nociceptive, whereas only a small proportion of lamina I pyramidal cells express this receptor, consistent with the previous finding that they are non-nociceptive. However, these findings also indicate that not all nociceptive lamina I neurons express receptors for SP.
The Contribution of Color to Motion Processing in Macaque Middle Temporal Area
Authors: Thiele Alexander , Dobkins Karen R. , Albright Thomas D. 
Published: April 2018

The chromatic properties of an image yield strong cues for object boundaries and thus hold the potential to facilitate the detection of object motion. The extent to which cortical motion detectors exploit chromatic information, however, remains a matter of debate. To address this further, we quantified the strength of chromatic input to directionally selective neurons in the middle temporal area (MT) of macaque cerebral cortex using an equivalent luminance contrast (EqLC) paradigm. This paradigm, in which two sinusoidal gratings, one heterochromatic and the other achromatic, are superimposed and moved in opposite directions, allows the sensitivity of motion detectors to heterochromatic stimuli to be quantified and expressed relative to the benchmark of sensitivity for a luminance-defined stimulus.The results of these experiments demonstrate that the chromatic contrast in a moving red–green heterochromatic grating strongly influences directional responses in MT when the luminance contrast in that same grating is relatively low; for such stimuli, EqLC is at least 5%. When luminance contrast is added to the heterochromatic grating, however, EqLC wanes sharply and becomesnegative(−4%) when luminance contrast is sufficiently high (>17–23%). Thus, the chromatic properties of an object appear to confer little or no benefit to motion processing by MT neurons when sufficient luminance contrast concurrently exists. These data support a simple model in which chromatic motion processing in MT is almost exclusively determined by magnocellular input. Additionally, a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical data suggests that MT may not be the sole contributor to the perceptual experience elicited by motion of heterochromatic patterns, or that only a subset of MT neurons serve this function.
Regulation of the Subcellular Distribution of m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Striatal NeuronsIn Vivoby the Cholinergic Environment: Evidence for Regulation of Cell Surface Receptors by Endogenous and Exogenous Stimulation
Authors: Bernard Véronique , Levey Allan I. , Bloch Bertrand 
Published: April 2018

Our aim was to determine how the cholinergic environment influences,in vivo, the membrane abundance and the intracellular trafficking of the muscarinic receptor m4 (m4R). Immunohistochemistry at light and electron microscopic level was used to detect the subcellular localization of m4R in several populations of striatal cholinoceptive neurons, including cholinergic neurons and medium spiny neurons.(1) In control rats, in cholinergic neurons, m4R is mostly restricted to intracytoplasmic sites involved in its synthesis, especially endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, m4R is preferentially located at the plasma membrane in cell bodies and dendritic shafts and spines of medium spiny neurons. The density of m4R was greater at the membrane of perikarya in patches (striatal areas with low acetylcholine activity) than in matrix (striatal areas with high acetylcholine activity). (2) Stimulation of muscarinic receptor with oxotremorine provokes translocation of m4R from the membrane to endosomes in perikarya and dendrites of medium spiny neurons but has no influence on the localization of m4R in the cytoplasm of cholinergic cell bodies.Our results suggest that the intraneuronal trafficking and the abundance of membrane-bound m4Rin vivois under regulation of the cholinergic environment. The m4R subcellular compartmentalization depends on the phenotype of the cholinoceptive neuron and on its neurochemical environment. Such regulation, by modulating availability of receptor for endogenous and exogenous ligands, may play key roles in the response of target neurons.
Implications of All-or-None Synaptic Transmission and Short-Term Depression beyond Vesicle Depletion: A Computational Study
Authors: Matveev Victor , Wang Xiao-Jing 
Published: April 2018

The all-or-none character of transmission at central synapses is commonly viewed as evidence that only one vesicle can be released per action potential at a single release site. This interpretation is still a matter of debate; its resolution is important for our understanding of the nature of quantal response. In this work we explore observable consequences of the univesicular release hypothesis by studying a stochastic model of synaptic transmission. We investigated several alternative mechanisms for the all-or-none response: (1) the univesicular release constraint realized through lateral inhibition across presynaptic membrane, (2) the constraint of a single releasable vesicle per active zone, and (3) the postsynaptic receptor saturation.We show that both the univesicular release constraint and the postsynaptic receptor saturation lead to a limited amount of depression by vesicle depletion, so that depletion alone cannot account for the strong paired-pulse depression observed at some cortical synapses. Although depression can be rapid if there is only one releasable vesicle per active zone, this scenario leads to a limit on the transmission probability. We evaluate additional mechanisms beyond vesicle depletion, and our results suggest that the strong paired-pulse depression may be a result of activity-dependent inactivation of the exocytosis machinery.Furthermore, we found that the statistical analysis of release events, in response to a long stimulus train, might allow one to distinguish experimentally between univesicular and multivesicular release scenarios. We show that without the univesicular release constraint, the temporal correlation between release events is always negative, whereas it is typically positive with such a constraint if the vesicle fusion probability is sufficiently large.
Az első onkológiai ellátás időfaktorának szerepe a daganatos betegségek túlélési mutatóiban. Irodalmi áttekintés
Authors: Mangel László , Tornóczky Tamás , Zemplényi Antal , Boncz Imre 
Published: April 2018

Abstract: The aim of this study was to survey the effects of the waiting time for the first oncology treatment in cancer diseases. By the analysis of 67 retrospective studies and reviews the numerical effects of treatment initiation time on survival were assessed. The “time factor” has a leading role on cancer types with aggressive biological behaviour, like breast cancer in younger age, testicular cancers, or head and neck tumours. However, a few days and reasonable delay to the first oncology intervention has no negative impact in numerous cancer diseases. The course of the primary check-up could be modified by several medical and psychosocial factors, and many times the treatment of the most advanced cancers are privileged causing an inverse survival effect. The effectiveness of the cancer therapies is determined by the optimal treatment decision, however, further research is necessary for the determination of the exact role of the “time factor” in oncology. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(14): 535–546.
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERUBAHAN PENDAPATAN NELAYAN AKIBAT VARIABILITAS IKLIM
Authors: Azizi Azizi , Kumala Putri Eka Intan , Fahrudin Achmad 
Published: April 2018

Variabilitas iklim seperti curah hujan serta kondisi perairan dengan tinggi gelombang dan angin yang kuat mempengaruhi aktivitas nelayan di laut dalam melakukan operasional penangkapan. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan perubahan pendapatan dari para nelayan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Muara Kecamatan Blanakan Kabupaten Subang bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan pendapatan serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Jumlah responden penelitian 100 orang terdiri dari 70 orang nelayan lokal, 15 nelayan pendatang dari Brebes dan 15 nelayan pendatang dari Tuban. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis pendapatan dan regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata perubahan pendapatan nelayan lokal jaring insang Rp.1.753.681 (10,41%), nelayan lokal jaring payang sebesar Rp.14.321.631 (22,05%), nelayan andon Brebes Rp.11. 430.833 (23,56%) dan nelayan andon Tuban Rp.25.342.333 (22,24%). Sedangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan pendapatan nelayan adalah jarak menangkap, jumlah jam kerja di laut, dummy hujan dan dummy tinggi gelombang. Title: Analysis of The Factors Affecting The Change in Fisher’s Income Due To Climate Variability (Case: The Village of Muara, subdistrict of Blanakan, Subang District) Fish capture is heavily influenced by climate variability such as rainfall, water level and winds. Such conditions affect the fishers’ income. This research was conducted at Muara Village, Blanakan Sub-District, Subang Regency, and its purpose was to identify the change of income and factors contributing income changes. This research collected data from 100 respondents consist of 70 of local fishers, 15 of andon fishers from Brebes and 15 of andon fishers from Tuban. Method of the study was income analysis and a multiple linear regression. The research found that average number of local fishers’income with gills nets was IDR 1,753,681 (10.41%), local fishers with payang nets is IDR 14,321,631 (22.05%), andon fishers from Brebes was IDR 11,430,833 (23,56%), and andon fishers from Tuban was IDR 25,342,333 (22,24%). Factors that contribute to the income changes were distance of fishing area, sailing hours, rain dummy and wave height dummy.
Anadolu sığla ağacı (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.) beş yaşlı fidanlarında bazı kantitatif karakterlerin çeşitliliği
Authors: Alan Murat , Velioğlu Ercan , Ezen Turgay , Şıklar Sadi , Öztürk Hikmet 
Published: April 2018

Anadolu sığla ağacı yayılış alanının tamamında 18 populasyon örneklenmiş, bu populasyonlar moleküler belirteç yöntemi ile değerlendirilerek genetik çeşitliliği en yüksek dokuz adet populasyon (Bozdağ, Çetibeli, Değirmenyanı, Günlükbaşı, Günnücek, Kıyra, Köyceğiz, Yatağan, Yılanlı) belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu populasyonlardan örneklenen 16-27 arasında değişen ağaçtan tohumlar toplanmıştır. Toplanan tohumlarla yetiştirilen fidanlar kullanılarak tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde, tek ağaç parsel düzenlemesi ile 2009 yılında 25 bloklu bir deneme kurulmuştur. Her blokta toplam 223 aile yer almış; beşinci yaşta boy, göğüs çapı ve tepe tacı ölçülmüştür. Özelliklerin tamamında populasyonlar ve aileler arası farklılıklar istatistik olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Populasyonlar için farklı gruplara bakıldığında, genel olarak Bozdağ ile Yatağan populasyonları dışındaki populasyonlar bir grupta yer almışlardır. Ayrıca Bozdağ ve Yatağan populasyonları da birbirlerinden istatistik olarak farklılık göstermiştir. Populasyonlar arasında bulunan genetik mesafeler ve bu mesafelere göre oluşturulan benzerlik ağacında da Bozdağ ve Yatağan populasyonlarının farklı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Aile ortalamaları kalıtım dereceleri ve standart hataları, göğüs çapı, boy ve taç çapı için sırasıyla 0,54 ± 0,09; 0,62 ± 0,09 ve 0,40 ± 0,10 genetik varyasyon katsayıları aynı sırayla % 13,4; % 9,1 ve % 7,1 bulunmuştur. Bulgular gen koruma açısından değerlendirilmiştir.
IN-COUNTRY VALUE (ICV) – ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN THE COMPANIES OF OMAN
Authors: Shezawi Halima Ali Al , Khan Dr. M. Firdouse Rahman 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The objectives of the study are to analyze to the opportunities created for the new entrepreneurs through the In-Country Value (ICV) scheme; to analyze the benefits earned by the entrepreneurs through ICV in the selected companies of Oman and to critically analyze the impact of in-country value in the economic growth of Oman.
Design/methodology/approach
To carry out this research study, exploratory approach was adopted. Secondary data were obtained from seven selected companies in Oman, and the data was collected from the four perspectives of ICV, and the collected data was analyzed, and the conclusion was drawn.
Findings
The study reveals that ICV initiatives have brought a great change in the local economy through enhancement of human skills and exploration of the capabilities of human resources and the potentialities of SMEs and the ICV strategy opens opportunities to the new entrepreneurs from the local community to come up with self-employment and encourages local entrepreneurs.
Research limitations/Implications
The study reveals that the selected companies are following their own pattern of plans, programs, and strategies and there is no uniform pattern to adjudge their performances. The Ministries should define clear guidelines and periodic reports should be generated and should be publicized that will boost up the morale of the budding entrepreneurs and the local Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
Social implications
The study reveals that the ICV strategy adds value to the growth of local economy and thereby the national economy through the efforts of SMEs of Oman.
Originality/Value
No one has ever examined the effect of ICV strategy in the local and economic development of Oman, it is a first-hand study of its kind, and the results will be useful to streamline the strategies for ICV initiatives.
Yogis, Ayurveda, and Kayakalpa
Authors: Newcombe Suzanne 
Published: April 2018

How should we read claims about health and well-being which defy common sense? Are claims of extreme longevity to be viewed as fraudulent, or as pushing the boundaries of possibility for the human body? This article will consider the narrative and context around a particularly well-publicized incident of rejuvenation therapy, advertised as kāyakalpa (body transformation or rejuvenation), from 1938. In this year, the prominent Congress Activist and co-founder of Banaras Hindu University, Madan Mohan Malaviya (1861–1946), underwent an extreme – and very public – rejuvenation treatment under the care of a sadhu using the name of Shriman Tapasviji (c.1770?-1955). The first half of the article will explore the presentation of Malaviya’s treatment and how it inspired a focus on rejuvenation therapy within Indian medicine in the years immediately following. Exploring this mid-twentieth century incident highlight some of the themes and concerns of the historical period, just out of living memory, but in many ways similar to our own.
Two Revised Measures of Coping for Individuals With Late-Deafness
Authors: Meyer Jill M. , Kashubeck-West Susan , Portela Lindsay 
Published: April 2018

Two of the more commonly known measures of coping in rehabilitation and counseling are the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ; Folkman & Lazarus, 1988; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and the Brief COPE (BC; Carver, 1997).Purpose: The present study had two goals: (a) to examine the revised structures of these measures to determine the reliability and validity when used in a sample of individuals with latedeafness, and (b) to examine differences in coping style in individuals with late-deafness across race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), level of hearing loss, communication style, and employment.Methods: An online, quantitative survey was used to collect data from participants (N = 277) who completed the WCQ, the BC, measures of life satisfaction, and a demographic questionnaire.Results: The two revised factors from the WCQ correlated as expected with life satisfaction, demonstrating convergent validity. However, discriminant validity was not found with this measure. Four of the six revised factors of the BC correlated as expected with life satisfaction, indicating acceptable convergent validity. In addition, discriminant validity was found with this measure. A few differences in coping were found on the basis of age, SES, and gender.Conclusion: The results suggest that the BC, with the revised factors, is a solid measure of coping in individuals with late-deafness.