bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Georgia in the World Merchandise Trade: Main Trends and Problems of Development
Authors: Korganashvili Larisa 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Foreign trade is the main factor in the country's integration into the world economic system. It promotes the socio-economic development of states, especially developing countries. After the restoration of state independence, Georgia actively cooperates with different countries within the framework of bilateral and multilateral agreements. Its foreign trade activity is based on a high level of openness of the economy and liberal policy, features of the market economy and new vectors of development. Georgia has been a member of the World Trade Organization since 2000 and has one of the most liberal and competitive trade regimes across the world. Georgia's foreign trade turnover has a cyclical growth pattern with a combination of periods of its fall. Over the entire post-Soviet period, the country has a negative trade balance and a high dependence on imports. Export characterizes a high degree of concentration of geographical structure and low level of diversification. The article analyzes the current state of Georgia's foreign trade, shows the main indicators of the country's foreign trade for the period of 1994-2014, and examines the main trends in its development and the importance of export diversification to improve the efficiency of foreign trade.
Process of Formation of the Legal Environment for Marketing in Georgia
Authors: Mghebrishvili Babulia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The article emphasizes significance of the laws within the legal framework for performing marketing activities, timely solution of the problems and protection of the consumers’ interests. The author describes the process of development of the legal framework for business in Georgia and pays particular attention to the activities performed after signing and effectiveness of the Association Agreement with the European Union. With respect of protection of the consumers’ rights, the article provides analysis of Georgian laws: Code of Food Safety and Free Circulation, Code of Food/Animal Fodder Safety, Veterinary and Plants Protection, Georgian Law on Advertising, Technical Regulation on Additional Requirements to Labeling of Food Products, Technical Regulations on Providing Information on the Products to the Consumers. In the author’s opinion, significant weakness of the legislation affecting marketing is the fact that Georgian Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights suspended in 2012 has not been enacted yet while the draft law is ready and published. On the basis of analysis of legal framework the author concludes that the consumers’ rights, in general, are protected in the country by the effective legislation but the main thing is not only existence of the laws but rather their enforcement. For this purpose, states the article, Georgian government has adopted the resolution (2015) Food/Animal Fodder Safety State Control Rule, according to which the relevant state structures control the respective businesses and protect the consumers’ rights in this way. The process of improvement of the legal basis affecting marketing in Georgia is still in progress.
Impact of Private Equity in Colombian Companies: A Case Study
Authors: Maya Toro Lina Maria , Gallon Bedoya Manuela 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A private equity fund is an investment vehicle managed by a professional team, whose main objective is to provide a medium or long-term return to its investors through capital investments in companies that are not listed on the stock exchange. In Colombia the first professional managers of private equity funds arrived in 2005, Since that date, several companies have been formed dedicated to this, such as Valorar Futuro, an investment fund which bought Aderezos and Higietex. The aim of this research was to determine the impact of the leverage of a private capital fund on the economic growth of a company. Financial balances of the companies Aderezos and Higietex were obtained from 2013 to 2017 and analyzed. Finally, it was found that the private capital fund allowed growth in the companies Aderezos and Higietex.
Information of the Financial Statements Disclosures - Case of Albania
Authors: Ujkani Miti Mirela , Çika Nertila , Dhamo Sotiraq 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Since 2008 in Albania, financial reporting is carried out based on international standards and national accounting standards, which are in compliance with International financial reporting standards. In our paper, we want to focus on the "Financial Statements Disclosures" as one of the components of the full package of financial statements. Often there is an erroneous view or attitude that compiles disclosures is something simple and easy. But even for their preparation, the accounting principles and rules should be strictly followed. Through the literature review we will highlight the role and importance of preparing of the financial statements disclosures on financial reporting, the care that should be shown in their preparation and the importance they have for users of financial statements. This also for the fact that, as simple as it may seem in its preparation, this statement has a high level of significance, and may even serve as an "indicator" for detecting fraud, assisting decision-making processes, and so on. The objectives of our paper will be realized through comparative, descriptive and statistical analyzes, using primary and secondary data. Primary data will be provided by the questionnaire addressed to target groups: accountants-because they prepare disclosures; auditors and tax inspectors because they are the users of financial statements disclosures as they use these notes to understand the truth and credibility but also to discover frauds and mistakes. Secondary data will be gained from the literature review and the national accounting standards study of our country. The primary data analysis will serve first to understand the level of preparation of the financial statements disclosures and then to understand the role and importance of their information in the preparation of the full set of financial statements, with the purpose of giving the true and fair view of the activity of the entity, thus contributing to the increase of transparency. Secondary data analysis will serve to understand better the theoretical framework for the disclosures and the information that they carry. In the end, we will provide necessary recommendations regarding the disclosures and information they need to carry to ensure a higher quality of financial reporting.
Bitcoin and Blockchain: A Threat or Opportunity for the Financial System
Authors: Atıcı Gonca 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As world economy evolved over years, barter which is a primitive transaction system left its place to money system. Commodity and bimetallic systems of money resolved the problems, especially the requirement of double coincidence of wants and eased the trade within parties. Chronologically, paper system of money followed the commodity system and implemented via two methods. In the first method, convertible paper money is converted into gold and silver by the authority that issued paper money. In the second method that is still valid today, fiat money is accepted by parties because of its being a legal tender. Money supply definitions keep changing as new liquid assets emerge day by day. Especially after the post global financial crisis, central banks have a more critical function for the world economies. Keeping all these developments aside, surrounded by fintech trends, financial system has confronted with a new instrument bitcoin that is first introduced in 2009. Though there are still too many consideration about this new financial instrument, number of bitcoins has growing since 2009 and has reached almost 17 million as of September 2018. Some economists consider bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as a threat especially for central banks’ emission power. In this study we try to shed light to bitcoin, other cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology with regard to their evolvement and whether they pose a threat or provide an opportunity to the financial system.
Development of a Reciprocal Health Care Model for Determination of Safety Level in the Nursing Homes in Estonia
Authors: Sepp Jaana 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The aim of the current paper was to assess the care workers’ psychosocial and physical health; patient’s safety and examine the variations of care workers’ working conditions in the national nursing homes. The NOSACQ- 50 questionnaire was used as a research method. The majority of the care workers in nursing homes complain about physical pain, especially low back pain, and work-related stress. The study results show, that several specific features, such as management safety priority, commitment and ability, are found to influence the six dimensions of safety climate. Based on these results, the importance of good communication practices, management commitment and effective safety training to ensure a strong safety climate and safe behaviour among health care workers is highlighted. Mutual support from the employers to the care workers is needed to create safety as an organizational value. Thus, an effective assessment tool for the evaluation of safety level in nursing homes could be proposed based on the results of this study. The current paper presents a Reciprocal Health Care Model for determination the levers of safety improvement in nursing homes. The model refers to the importance of management safety priority and abilities as well as peer safety communication and trust in the safety ability.
Financing of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Supply-Side Approach Based on the Lending Decisions of Commercial Banks
Authors: Agha Jude Forbeneh , Penn Chi Collins , Adamou Ntieche 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to determine the primary issue causing commercial banks to lend to SMEs. Indeed, this paper focuses on the supply side approach to bridge the research gap in understanding the financing lacuna, which has often been overlooked due to the tendency to analyse financing gap from the demand side only. The paper discusses the nature of the decision-making process from interviews with bank loan officers utilising verbal protocol analysis to give insights into the decision making of bank loan officers in the processing of bank funding proposals. To achieve the objective of the study, we used a qualitative research approach characterised by the collection of information through semi-structured interviews with loan officers responsible for small and mediumsized enterprises of four (4) commercial banks in Cameroon. The information resulting from the transcription of interviews was analysed using content analysis. The result derived from the analysis revealed that confidence is the paramount issue urging commercial banks to grant loans to SMEs. Indeed, from existing embedded relationship overtime, commercial banks obtain valuable information about the behaviours of SMEs. Based on this information a certain degree of confidence and trust emerges causing banks to supply loans to SMEs. From the aforementioned analysis, we formulate: “The theory of confidence lending decisions of commercial banks.”
The Effect of Economic Variables on Banking Credits: An Empirical Study of Algeriancommercial Banks (1997-2017)
Authors: Fouzi Abderzag 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The study aimed to test the effect of deposits, real interest rate, population and economic reforms on the Banking credit from Algeriancommercial banks represented by the size of credit facilities. The study used annual data for the period from 1997 to 2017. Where the Multi regression model was estimated using a method of Ordinary Least Squares OLS. Results of the analysis showed that there is a positive relationship with a statistically significant between the credit facilities and the deposits and the variable of economicreforms, while the real interest rate and population size have been linked by significant negative relationship.
Production of Fish Feed and Fish Oil from Waste Biomass Using Microorganisms: Overview of Methods Analyzing Resource Availability
Authors: Spalvins Kriss , Blumberga Dagnija 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Aquaculture is currently the fastest growing food-producing sector in the world. The growth of this industry has been rapid for the last 25 years, however, aquaculture still relies heavily on feed input from wild capture fisheries. Landings in wild capture fisheries have been stagnant for the last two decades; therefore, new alternatives for conventional fish meal and fish oil need to be found. In this review, various alternatives are described and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated. Single cell oils (SCO) and single cell proteins (SCP) produced by microorganisms are recognized as the alternative with the most potential for replacing fish meal and fish oil in aquacultures. However, production costs of SCOs and SCPsare still higher than production costs of Omega-3 rich oils from other sources (wild capture, plant derived oils and genetically modified plants); therefore, currently used substrates need to be replaced with cheaper agriculture and industrial biomass residues applicable for microbial fermentation. In order to evaluate various biodegradable residues and find the most suitable ones for SCO and SCP production, methods analysing resource availability are reviewed.
The Significance of Building Design for the Climate
Authors: Albatayneh Aiman , Alterman Dariusz , Page Adrian , Moghtaderi Behdad 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Building design is important for saving energy and reducing GHG emissions by applying passive solar heating and cooling design principles and using the right materials and appropriate design tools. This will make the home healthier and more comfortable. The design of energy efficient and sustainable buildings is critical for the future. A key aspect of any design is the realistic and accurate prediction of the performance of the building under a wide range of weather conditions. This paper examines the effect of different climate zones in Australia (which are comparable to the world's major climates) on the thermal performance of a complete building and recommended design techniques to suit each climate zone to enhance the overall thermal performance. To examine the effect of the location (different climates) on the overall thermal performance and how a good design in one location may not be suitable at another location, AccuRate will be used to assess the thermal performance for the exact module in different climates zones to allow a fair comparison to find the appropriate design for the climate where the building is located. Also, in this research, each climate zone design requirements and techniques were addressed for various climate variables (including: solar radiation, rainfall, wind speed and direction and humidity) to design sustainable building which save great amount of energy while sustaining occupants thermal comfort.
A Convenient Method of Synthesis of 3-(4, 5-diphenyl-1H imidazole2-yl) From Benzil in Absence of Catalyst
Authors: L Ilavarasan  , A Ravi  , M Ganapathi  , R Sapthagiri  , K Mohanraj  , J Vinayagam  , Tamiloli Devendhiran  
Published: February 2019

In this study new imidazoles derivatives were synthesized.The first stage involved preparation of 3-(4,5-diphenyl-1Himidazole-2-yl)phenol(AA1)by reacting Benzil with Substituted benzaldehyde in presence of sodium cyanide catalyst .The second stage involved the synthesis of Synthesis of 3-(4, 5 - diphenyl-1H imidazole-2-yl) sulfonamide(AA2) using TEA in glacial acetic acid. Finally the compound were synthesized using the three component system (Compound AA2), Substituted benzaldehyde and ammonium acetate. The structure of all compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis ,NMR and IR data and by melting point. In conclusion this method give some advantages such as good yield, simple procedure , low cost of chemicals and easy work up.
Nivel de conocimientos sobre salud oral e índice de caries en adolescentes de una escuela de Pirayú, Paraguay
Authors: Morel Barrios Milner , Díaz Reissner Clarisse , Quintana Molinas María Elida 
Published: February 2019

Introducción: La caries dental continúa siendo un problema de salud pública en países subdesarrollados, siendo una de las causas más importantes de problemas buco dentales en la adolescencia. Tener conocimientos sobre medidas de cuidado de salud bucal se asoció con un mejor estado de salud bucal.
Objetivo: Relacionar el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud oral con el índice de caries dental en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años, matriculados en la Escuela Básica Nº80 “General José Eduvigis Díaz” de Pirayú (Paraguay), en el año 2016.
Material y Métodos: El diseño fue transversal. Se realizó una evaluación clínica utilizando el Índice CPO-Dy además 12 preguntas sobre conocimiento de salud oral. La escala de puntajes fue de 0 a 28, donde valores elevados indicaron mayor conocimiento y puntajes³60% se consideraron con conocimiento suficiente. Se aplicaron las pruebas t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney, con un nivel de confianza del 95%.
Resultados: Participaron 70 adolescentes, el 62,9% fueron varones y el 37,1% fueron mujeres. El índice CPO-D fue de 2,24y el índice de caries de 1,17. Presentaron al menos un diente perdido el 42,8% de los adolescentes. El 93,98% de pérdidas dentarias correspondió a primeros molares permanentes. El puntaje promedio de conocimiento fue 17,31 (DE=4,48). El 54,30% tuvieron nivel de conocimientos suficiente.
Conclusión: El nivel de conocimientos no presentó relación con el índice de caries ni con el índice CPO-D, el nivel de severidad de caries fue debajo riesgo, pero un poco menos de la mitad perdió al menos un diente permanente. El nivel de conocimientos sobre salud oral fue suficiente en un poco más de la mitad. Se deberían reforzar los programas de prevención primaria y secundaria, a fin de evitar pérdidas dentarias a temprana edad.
Correspondencia: Dra. Clarisse Díaz Reissner; Correo: cdiazr@odo.una.py
Conflicto de interés: Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses.
Recibido: 25/10/2018; Aceptado: 27/11/2018
Percepción materna del estado nutricional de sus hijos que acuden a un consultorio pediátrico, Asunción, 2018
Authors: Ramirez Pastore Leticia , Gotz Sylvia , Sequera Victor Guillermo , Riera Jacinto , Pastore Brunilde , Vera Norma , Castaño Liz 
Published: February 2019

Introducción: La percepción de la madre acerca del estado nutricional de su hijo es clave para el éxito o fracaso de las medidas preventivas o terapéuticas a implementar en relación a la obesidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la concordancia entre la percepción de las madres acerca del estado nutricional de sus hijos y su estado nutricional real.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo con componente analítico, trasversal. La percepción materna del estado nutricional del hijo fue comparada con el índice de masa corporal real. Los datos fueron expresados en porcentajes. La concordancia se determinó a través del coeficiente Kappa de Cohen (p£0,05). Para evaluar los factores asociados con la falla de la madre en percibir correctamente el estado nutricional de su hijo se realizó el análisis de regresión logística bivariada y mutivariado con los factores significativos.
Resultados: Fueron evaluados 636 pacientes, 54% masculinos, con edad media de 10 años. Se encontraban con peso adecuado 57%, bajo peso 9%, sobrepeso 22% y obesidad 11%. El 59,9% de las madres clasificaron correctamente el estado nutricional de su hijo, kappa 0,09 (p=0,0003). Los factores asociados significativamente con la falla de la madre en percibir correctamente el estado nutricional de su hijo fueron: el sexo masculino (OR 1,54), edad entre 4 a 9 años (OR 1,92), edad entre 9 a 14 años (OR 1,23) e Indice de Masa Corporal – Z score para edad y sexo (OR 2,04). El análisis multivariado mostró valores similares (p£0,001).
Conclusión: Aproximadamente el 60% de las madres clasifican el estado nutricional de sus hijos de manera correcta. Sin embargo, los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad son reconocidos por sus madres como tales sólo en un 31% de los casos. Se considera estos hallazgos como de gran importancia para el éxito de los programas de intervención en obesidad.

Correspondencia: Leticia Ramírez Pastore; Correo: letty.ramirez@hotmail.com
Conflicto de interés: Los autores declaran no poseer conflicto de interés
Recibido: 13/11/2018; Aceptado: 12/12/2018
Toxoplasmosis ocular: Frecuencia y características clínicas en un consultorio de oftalmología pediátrica.
Authors: Cardozo Olivia , Mesquita Mirta , Godoy Laura 
Published: February 2019

Introducción: La toxoplasmosis afecta frecuentemente la cámara posterior del ojo y puede producir pérdida de la visión. Objetivo: Describir la frecuencia y características clínicas de la Toxoplasmosis ocular en un consultorio de oftalmología pediátrica.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo retrospectivo Se analizaron las historias clínicas de pacientes de 0 a 18 años de edad, con toxoplasmosis ocular, atendidos en el consultorio de oftalmología pediátrica, desde enero 2011 a mayo de 2014. Variables: edad, sexo, forma de toxoplasmosis, tipo de lesión ocular, localización de la lesión, compromiso unilateral o bilateral, y complicaciones oculares. Los datos se analizaron con SPSSv21 utilizando estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. No fue necesario el consentimiento informado porque se trata de un estudio retrospectivo.
Resultados: Ingresaron 72 pacientes. La mediana de edad 48 meses, fueron neonatos el 6,9%. El 52,8% eran sexo femenino. El 80,5% presentaron toxoplasmosis adquirida y el 19, 4% congénita. Todos los pacientes tenían coriorretinitis. Y en el 7% se acompañaron de uveítis. La afectación fue bilateral en 52.8%. Las lesiones eran inactivas en 87,5 con localización central. Presentaron complicaciones en el 58,3% de los pacientes: estrabismo en 76% y en 24 % desprendimiento de retina.
Conclusión: La frecuencia de TO fue del 0,8%. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían más de 2 años de edad y el 19% tenía toxoplasmosis congénita. Todos tuvieron corioretinitis, con compromiso bilateral y localización central más frecuentemente. Hubo predominio de lesiones inactivas tanto en la toxoplasmosis congénita como en la adquirida. Las complicaciones fueron estrabismo y desprendimiento de retina.

Correspondencia: Mirta Mesquita Correo: mirtanmr@gmail.com
Conflicto de interés: Los autores declaran no poseer conflicto de interés
Recibido: 21/10/2018; Aceptado: 28/12/2018