bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Middle Ordovician Echinoderms from Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin
Authors: Kolata Dennis R. 
Published: May 2019

Echinoderms of the Middle Ordovician Platteville and lower Galena Groups of north-central Illinois and south-central Wisconsin are represented by at least seven classes including the Homoiostelea, Cystoidea, Crinoidea, Stelleroidea, Edrioasteroidea, Cyclocystoidea, Echinoidea, and possibly Holothuroidea. The most abundant and diverse echinoderms are monocyclic and dicyclic inadunate and camerate crinoids, of which the cupulocrinids and glyptocrinids are best represented. Thirteen new species and one new genus of crinoids are described:Cremacrinus guttenbergensis, Anulocrinus forrestonensis, Isotomocrinus minutus, Carabocrinus oogyi, Dendrocrinus? springeri, Merocrinus britonensis, Cupulocrinus plattevillensis, C. molanderi, Reteocrinus rocktonensis, R. spinosus, Traskocrinus mahlburgi(n. gen. et sp.),Rhaphanocrinus buckleyi, Glyptocrinus charltoni, andG. pustulosis.One new species of rhombiferan cystoid,Coronocystis durandensis, is also described. Echinoids of the family Bothriocidaridae (Bothriocidaris solemin. sp. andNeobothriocidaris templetonin. sp.) are reported for the first time from North America and appear to be the earliest recorded occurrence. Remains of a third bothriocidarid characterized by coalesced podial pores have also been discovered. Light and scanning electron microscopy of well preserved cyclocystoid specimens reveal a number of previously undescribed morphologic features of the central disc and submarginal ring that may shed some light on their functional morphology.Cupulocrinus gracilisRamsbottom from the Upper Drummuck Group Starfish Bed at Thraive Glen near Girvan, Scotland, is here reassigned toC. drummuckensisn. sp.Echinoderms are associated with an abundant and diverse fauna consisting largely of suspension feeders, primarily strophomenid and orthid brachiopods and trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans. Other common groups include corals, trilobites, sponges, and mollusks. Filamentous brown, foliose red and siphonaceous green algae are associated with the fauna at some localities.Carbonate rocks of both the limestone and dolostone facies of the Platteville (Briton, Walgreen and Forreston Members) and lower Galene Groups in the study area consist primarily of abundant shelly invertebrates occurring as whole and broken, unabraded, commonly articulated remains “floating” in a calcisiltite matrix that is highly bioturbated. Carbonate sediments appear to have been deposited in a near-to below wave base, highly stable, open marine environment characterized by low depositional slopes, good circulation and low terrigenous influx.
Nocturnal hatching in the monogenean skin parasiteEntobdella hippoglossifrom the halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Authors: Kearn Graham C. 
Published: May 2019

When eggs of the monogenean parasiteEntobdella hippoglossi, from the skin of the halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), are incubated at 7 °C in alternating 12 h periods of dim blue light (intensity about 3 nW/cm2) and darkness, free-swimming larvae are recovered mostly at the end of the first 2 h of the period of darkness. Larvae do not emerge in significant numbers when the eggs are mechanically disturbed during the light or dark periods, or when the eggs are placed in shadow for periods of 5–25 min during the illumination period. The treatment of fully developed eggs with washings from halibut or from sole or with halibut skin mucus failed to produce hatching.The free-swimming life of the larvae at 7 °C is in excess of 24 h and within 4 h of hatching at 4 °C some larvae are able to attach themselves to halibut skin and shed their ciliated epidermal cells.The relationship between the hatching pattern of the eggs of the parasite and the behaviour of the halibut is discussed.
LA DINAMICA POLITICA IN TRE ESPERIENZE AFRICANE
Authors: Gentili Anna Maria 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneTre studi pubblicati di recente offrono materia di riflessione sui problemi e gli indirizzi dello sviluppo politico in Africa. Etiopia, Kenya, Guinea-Bissau, anche se non possono essere considerati paradigmatici di tutti i sistemi politici africani — la cui diversità e complessità non è mai sufIicientemente sottolineata — sono tuttavia esempi significativi della loro varietà strutturale e dei diversi livelli di progresso economico e sociale e del processo di modernizzazione nel continente. Possono quindi essere assunti come case studies esemplari e per le caratteristiche del processo di sviluppo politico e per le forme e l'attualità delle crisi: crisi acuta in Etiopia, latente in Kenya, di transizione dalla fase di lotta rivoluzionaria alIa gestione diretta del potere da parte della leadership nazionalista in Guinea-Bissau.
IL CROLLO DELLA DEMOCRAZIA IN CILE
Authors: Valenzuela Arturo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa caratteristica che piú colpiva nel sistema politico cileno era la penetrazione della struttura partitica a tutti i livelli della società, dal Parlamento alle organizzazioni burocratiche fino alla struttura scolastica secondaria. Il sistema partitico era altamente competitivo. Nel 1970 contava cinque partiti principali e vari partiti minori, disseminati lungo tutto l'arco ideologico.
Attrition during pre-ART and ART time periods among adolescents enrolled in Integrated HIV Care Programme in Myanmar, 2005–2017
Authors: Htun T. , Kyaw K. W. Y. , Aung T. K. , Moe J. , Mon A. A. , Tun C. L. , Mon O. , Satyanarayana S. , Oo H. N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRetaining adolescents (aged 10–19 years), living with HIV (ALHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging. In Myanmar, 1269 ALHIV were under an Integrated HIV Care (IHC) Programme by June 2017 and their attrition (death and lost to follow-up) rates were not assessed before. We undertook a cohort study using routinely collected data of ALHIV enrolled into HIV care from July 2005 to June 2017 and assessed their attrition rates in June 2018 by time-to-event analysis. Of 1269 enrolled, 197(16%) and of 1054 initiated ART, 224 (21%) had an attrition defining event. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates were 21.8 (95% CI 19.0–25.1) and 6.4 (95% CI 5.6–7.3) per 100 person-years follow-up, respectively. The factors ‘at enrolment’ that were associated with higher hazards of attrition were: (1) WHO stage 3 or 4; (2) haemoglobin <10 gm/dl; (3) no documented CD4 cell counts, hepatitis B and C test results; and (4) injection drug use. Baseline hazards were high during the initial 1–2 years and after 5–6 years. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates in ALHIV were lower than those in Africa but higher than the children under IHC. This warrants designing and implementing additional care tailored to the needs of ALHIV under IHC.
Late-onset sepsis and mortality among neonates in a Brazilian Intensive Care Unit: a cohort study and survival analysis
Authors: Freitas F. T. M. , Araujo A. F. O. L. , Melo M. I. S. , Romero G. A. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA cohort study was performed from January 2014 to December 2016 in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit, including neonates with high risk for infection and death. We estimated bloodstream infection (BSI) incidence and conducted a survival analysis, considering the time to death and to the first episode of BSI as outcomes, comparing very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates with the remaining neonates. An extended Cox model was performed and the hazard ratio (HR) was calculated for different time periods. The study had 1560 neonates included, the incidence and the incidence density of BSI was 22% and 18.6 per 1000 central venous catheter-days, respectively. Considering VLBW neonates as the reference group, the HR for time to death was 4.06 (95% CI 2.75–6.00,P< 0.01) from day 0 to 60 and for time to the first episode of BSI was 1.76 (95% CI 1.31–2.36,P< 0.01) from day 0 to 36. Having the heavier neonates group as reference, the HR for time to the first episode of BSI was 2.94 (95% CI 1.92–4.34,P< 0.01) from day 37 to 90. Late-onset neonatal sepsis prevention measures should consider the differences in risk during time, according to neonates' birth weight.
Suspected spread of hepatitis A virus from a restaurant among adults in rural area of the Kerala state, India
Authors: Gurav Y. K. , Retheesh Babu G. , Vinu K. P. , Lole K. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIndia is experiencing a substantial decrease in early childhood exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV). Kerala has experienced several hepatitis A outbreaks in young adults/adults in the recent past. The current hepatitis outbreak occurred in Nellikuzhi, Kerala state, India in December 2016. Investigation was carried by preparing a line list of suspected hepatitis cases. The blood and stool samples collected from patients were tested for anti-HAV/anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin (IgM) antibodies and RNA respectively. A total of 562 suspected hepatitis cases were reported during the outbreak. Along with the first case (35 years, male), 86.1% (484/562) of the cases gave history of consuming food/water/cold drinks from one restaurant. Anti-HAV IgM positivity was 74.5% (73/98) in tested samples and amongst the positives, 81% were adults/young adults and adolescents. None of the samples tested positive for anti-HEV IgM. There were three HAV associated deaths without any co-morbidity. Sequence analysis of HAV RNA positive stool samples showed the presence of genotype IIIA HAV. The suspected source of the infection was a private well situated in the premise of a restaurant. Considering increasing HAV naive population in Kerala, there is a need to introduce hepatitis A vaccine in high-risk age groups.
Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer: feasibility experience from a Government cancer centre of Eastern India in a resource-constrained setting
Authors: Rangineni Srikrishnadevarayulu , Lahiri Debarshi , Misra Biplab , Maji Tapas , Roy Sanjoy , Ray Dilip Kumar , Banerjee Saptarshi , Das Subhadip , Pallath Ashwin Mohandas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurpose:Radiation therapy (RT), in combination with chemotherapy, is the mainstay in the treatment for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. We analysed the tumour response and the toxicity profiles in patients having locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers receiving hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy with Cisplatin investigating the feasibility and radiobiological efficacy of the regimen, along with its use as a resource-sparing alternative for a high-volume centre.Material and Methods:The records of 41 eligible patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx, registered from September 2015 to April 2017, treated with hypofractionated IMRT with concurrent Cisplatin, were analysed from the hospital database. Patients received concurrent chemo-radiation with 2 cycles of 3-weekly cisplatin on day 1 and day 22 along with hypofractionated IMRT, 55 Gy delivered in 20 fractions over 4 weeks. Patients were observed for any radiation reaction or chemotherapy toxicity at least once a week during the course of radiation therapy.Results:Twenty-nine patients (70·7%) achieved complete response and remaining 12 showed partial response. Acute grade 3 toxicity was observed mostly in the form of oral mucositis and radiation dermatitis. Both grade 3 oral mucositis and radiation dermatitis were seen in 15 patients (36·6%) and 7 patients (17%), respectively. The most common late toxicities were dysphagia and dry mouth. Twenty-five patients (61%) completed the overall treatment within 4 weeks’ duration.Conclusion:This hypofractionated regimen is feasible and was associated with tolerable acute and late morbidity and satisfactory locoregional response. Larger prospective, multi- institutional studies examining similar schedules may be undertaken to establish this as a standard practice, particularly for a high-volume centre.
Alpha Lipoic Acid Reduces Symptoms and Inflammation Biomarkers in Patients with Chronic Hemorrhoidal Illness
Authors: Šabanović Marizela , Jašić Midhat , Odobašić Amer , Aleksovska Emilija Spaseska , Pavljašević Suzana , Bajraktarević Amila , Čepo Dubravka Vitali 
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Oral dietary supplementation is becoming increasingly popular as an addition to classical approaches for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Aim: To examine the effect of orally administrated alpha lipoic acid (ALA), known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in the treatment of patients with permanent symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease. Methods: Patients with second- and third-degree hemorrhoids (n = 100) were enrolled into a randomized, open label, single-center trial. The study group (n = 50) was treated with 200 mg of orally administered ALA once a day during the 12-week period, the control group (n = 50) did not receive any treatment. Results: There were no significant differences in demographics, diagnosis, or exposure to major risk factors between the study and placebo group at baseline. ALA significantly improved subjective efficacy variables, such as pain and discomfort (p < 0.01) as well as objective signs of the disease, such as bleeding (p < 0.01), in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the 3-month treatment significantly reduced the number of patients with positive C-reactive protein (CRP) value (serum CRP > 5 mg/L) from 18% before to only 2% after the treatment (χ2 = 4.65; p < 0.01). Average leukocyte count has also been significantly reduced in the treatment group (p < 0.01) from 7.29 × 109/L before to 6.18 × 109/L after treatment. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that ALA is effective in the treatment of second- and third-degree hemorrhoids. Larger, double-blind controlled trials are needed to confirm the results and to investigate optimal treatment regimens.
Fission of Shoaling Internal Waves on the Northeastern Shelf of the South China Sea
Authors: Bai Xiaolin , Liu Zhiyu , Zheng Quanan , Hu Jianyu , Lamb Kevin G. , Cai Shuqun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing high‐resolution full‐water column velocity data at a site of 60‐m depth on the northeastern shelf of the South China Sea, we observed high‐frequency internal waves (HIWs) occurring continuously on the continental shelf during the 15‐hr observation on 13‐14 July 2011. This phenomenon is in contrast to the regular occurrence of internal solitary waves (ISWs) that are generally phase‐locked to the tides. We hypothesize that the continuously occurring HIWs are generated from shoaling ISWs via fission. Analysis of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) true‐color images supports this hypothesis. The mechanism of ISW fission is then investigated using an analytical model as well as a two‐layer weakly nonlinear numerical model based on the regularized long‐wave (RLW) equation. The results are also compared with those from a fully nonlinear continuously stratified numerical model. Simulation results are generally consistent with the field measurements, explaining the observations of the continuous occurrence of HIWs. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the role and effects of the initial wave amplitude, pycnocline depth and thickness, bathymetry, and viscosity on ISW fission. Although all these factors impact the properties of the shoaling ISWs, both the two‐layer and continuously stratified models suggest that fission mainly occurs near the critical point region, highlighting the importance of pycnocline depth. However, simulations using the two‐layer model suggest that fission occurs after ISWs pass through critical points, whereas the fission location predicted by the continuously stratified model is generally offshore of critical points. This points to the deficiency of the two‐layer model in simulating small‐amplitude short trailing waves, large‐amplitude ISWs, wave breaking, and higher‐mode waves.
Impacts of Local Convective Processes on Rain on the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico
Authors: Hosannah N. , González J. E. , Lunger C. , Niyogi D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study aims to determine the impacts of tropical island processes on local convective storms. An analysis of rain events on the island of Puerto Rico between 1 June 2015 and 31 July 2016 showed that local island‐enhanced western storms accounted for 89 of 322 storms. This period is of particular importance for the Caribbean as 2015 was one of the driest years on record. While large‐scale influences such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, African easterly waves, and Saharan dust transport modulate moisture conditions in the region, correlations between precipitation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (−0.14), North Atlantic Oscillation (−0.42), and Saharan dust (0.1) for 1980–2016 ranged from weak to moderate. Local data for the island of Puerto Rico from weather stations, the Convection, Aerosol, and Synoptic‐Effects in the Tropics field campaign, and the North American Mesoscale model support the initiation or enhancement of convective rain events due to local island processes. In particular, analysis of surface wind speed/direction, convective available potential energy, lifted index, and the bulk Richardson number substantiate local instability due to surface heating, orographic uplift, and sea breeze trade‐wind convergence. These convective forcings along with available precipitable water in excess of 50 mm ultimately led to intense storms despite severe rainfall‐mitigating dust episodes for which aerosol optical thickness exceeded 0.4. These results may have major implications for considering the impacts of local air‐sea‐land interactions on rainfall over other tropical islands.
Decay of Ultrarelativistic Remnant Belt Electrons Through Scattering by Plasmaspheric Hiss
Authors: Pinto V. A. , Mourenas D. , Bortnik J. , Zhang X.‐J. , Artemyev A. V. , Moya P. S. , Lyons L. R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUltrarelativistic electron remnant belts appear frequently following geomagnetic disturbances and are located in‐between the inner radiation belt and a reforming outer belt. As remnant belts are relatively stable, here we explore the importance of hiss and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in controlling the observed decay rates of remnant belt ultrarelativistic electrons in a statistical way. Using measurements from the Van Allen Probes inside the plasmasphere for 25 remnant belt events that occurred between 2012 and 2017 and that are located in the region 2.9<L<4.0, we demonstrate that, in general, the observed decay rates and their scaling with electron energy are in good agreement with theoretical lifetimes of ultrarelativistic electrons calculated for hiss‐induced loss based on recent statistics of hiss waves and plasmaspheric density. A slight variation of electron lifetimes with energy is noticed for several peculiar events. We show that this behavior is apparently unrelated to inward radial diffusion. Moreover, we show that simultaneously observed electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the hydrogen band, despite their very low time‐averaged intensity of about 9 pT, can sufficiently increase electron scattering at low pitch angles as compared with hiss alone to account for the observations.
Combined cellomics and proteomics analysis reveals shared neuronal morphology and molecular pathway phenotypes for multiple schizophrenia risk genes
Authors: Rosato Martina , Stringer Sven , Gebuis Titia , Paliukhovich Iryna , Li Ka Wan , Posthuma Danielle , Sullivan Patrick F. , Smit August B. , van Kesteren Ronald E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn enigma in studies of neuropsychiatric disorders is how to translate polygenic risk into disease biology. For schizophrenia, where > 145 significant GWAS loci have been identified and only a few genes directly implicated, addressing this issue is a particular challenge. We used a combined cellomics and proteomics approach to show that polygenic risk can be disentangled by searching for shared neuronal morphology and cellular pathway phenotypes of candidate schizophrenia risk genes. We first performed an automated high-content cellular screen to characterize neuronal morphology phenotypes of 41 candidate schizophrenia risk genes. The transcription factors Tcf4 and Tbr1 and the RNA topoisomerase Top3b shared a neuronal phenotype marked by an early and progressive reduction in synapse numbers upon knockdown in mouse primary neuronal cultures. Proteomics analysis subsequently showed that these three genes converge onto the syntaxin-mediated neurotransmitter release pathway, which was previously implicated in schizophrenia, but for which genetic evidence was weak. We show that dysregulation of multiple proteins in this pathway may be due to the combined effects of schizophrenia risk genes Tcf4, Tbr1, and Top3b. Together, our data provide new biological functions for schizophrenia risk genes and support the idea that polygenic risk is the result of multiple small impacts on common neuronal signaling pathways.
Mitochondrial ncRNA targeting induces cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through reduction of key cell cycle progression factors
Authors: Fitzpatrick Christopher , Bendek Maximiliano F. , Briones Macarena , Farfán Nicole , Silva Valeria A. , Nardocci Gino , Montecino Martín , Boland Anne , Deleuze Jean-François , Villegas Jaime , Villota Claudio , Silva Verónica , Lobos-Gonzalez Lorena , Borgna Vincenzo , Barrey Eric , Burzio Luis O. , Burzio Verónica A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe family of long noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNAs), comprising sense (SncmtRNA), and antisense (ASncmtRNA-1 and ASncmtRNA-2) members, are differentially expressed according to cell proliferative status; SncmtRNA is expressed in all proliferating cells, while ASncmtRNAs are expressed in normal proliferating cells, but is downregulated in tumor cells. ASncmtRNA knockdown with an antisense oligonucleotide induces massive apoptosis in tumor cell lines, without affecting healthy cells. Apoptotic death is preceded by proliferation blockage, suggesting that these transcripts are involved in cell cycle regulation. Here, we show that ASncmtRNA knockdown induces cell death preceded by proliferative blockage in three different human breast cancer cell lines. This effect is mediated by downregulation of the key cell cycle progression factors cyclin B1, cyclin D1, CDK1, CDK4, and survivin, the latter also constituting an essential inhibitor of apoptosis, underlying additionally the onset of apoptosis. The treatment also induces an increase in the microRNA hsa-miR-4485-3p, whose sequence maps to ASncmtRNA-2 and transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells with a mimic of this miRNA induces cyclin B1 and D1 downregulation. Other miRNAs that are upregulated include nuclear-encoded hsa-miR-5096 and hsa-miR-3609, whose mimics downregulate CDK1. Our results suggest that ASncmtRNA targeting blocks tumor cell proliferation through reduction of essential cell cycle proteins, mediated by mitochondrial and nuclear miRNAs. This work adds to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms behind cell cycle arrest preceding tumor cell apoptosis induced by ASncmtRNA knockdown. As proof-of-concept, we show that in vivo knockdown of ASncmtRNAs results in drastic inhibition of tumor growth in a xenograft model of MDA-MB-231 subcutaneous tumors, further supporting this approach for the development of new therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.