bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of grazing exclusion on soil–vegetation relationships in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Ren Guohua , Wang Caixia , Dong Kuanhu , Zhu Huisen , Wang Yongcui , Zhao Xiang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGrazing exclusion (GE) is regarded as an effective practice to restore degraded grasslands. However, the patterns of vegetation recovery and related regulating factors in response to fencing have not been fully recognized. Hence, quantitative analysis of vegetation–soil relationships in response to GE was conducted in a semiarid grassland located on the Loess Plateau, North China. The results revealed that enclosure establishment significantly increased vegetation cover, height, and productivity but reduced plant diversity. Soil bulk density (0–20 cm) and pH (0–50 cm) clearly decreased after GE, whereas soil water (0–20 cm), organic matter (0–10 cm and 30–40 cm), and nutrient concentration (0–20 cm) increased significantly. Redundancy analysis of vegetation and environmental variables suggested that edaphic properties, including soil water, soil pH, total N, bulk density, and organic matter, was associated with plant community composition. Subsequent canonical correlation analysis indicated that soil bulk density, organic matter, and total N played an important role in shaping vegetation patterns in response to fencing whereas variations in soil pH and total N were the major contributors to variations in grazing rangeland. This work emphasized that fencing is a positive grassland management approach and suitable changes in grazing stock and soil variability are required to quantify vegetation recovery in response to grazing exclusion.
The level of safety standards in implementing therapeutic and caring procedures by emergency department personnel
Authors: Musavi Ghahfarokhi Motahareh , Masoudiyekta Leila , Khajeali Nasrin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to determine the level of applying safety standards in treatment and therapy processes.DesignIn the present descriptive study, 120 cases of nasogastric intubation, bladder catheterization and intramuscular and intravenous injections done by emergency staff were randomly selected.MethodsThe data were collected by a two‐section checklist including demographic features and four sheets of observation. Then, the data were analysed based on descriptive statistics.ResultThe results indicated that the level of compliance with safety standards was 63.3% in intramuscular injection, 86.7% for intravenous injection, 90% for bladder catheterization and 80% for nasogastric intubation. In addition, no statistically significant difference was observed between these processes and the variables such as ages, education and experience and work shift.
Redundancy implies robustness for bang‐bang strategies
Authors: Olivier Antoine , Haberkorn Thomas , Trélat Emmanuel , Bourgeois Éric , Handschuh David‐Alexis 
Published: September 2018

SummaryWe develop in this paper a method ensuring robustness properties of bang‐bang strategies, for general nonlinear control systems. Our main idea is to add bang arcs in the form of needle‐like variations of the control. With such bang‐bang controls having additional degrees of freedom, steering the control system to some given target amounts to solving an overdetermined nonlinear shooting problem, what we do by developing a least‐square approach. In turn, we design a criterion to measure the quality of robustness of the bang‐bang strategy, based on the singular values of the end‐point mapping, and which we optimize. Our approach thus shows that redundancy implies robustness, and we show how to achieve some compromises in practice, by applying it to the attitude control of a 3d rigid body.
Comparison of gas chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight and quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry in anti‐doping analysis: I. Detection of anabolic‐androgenic steroids
Authors: Abushareeda Wadha , Tienstra Marc , Lommen Arjen , Blokland Marco , Sterk Saskia , Kraiem Suhail , Horvatovich Peter , Nielen Michel , Al‐Maadheed Muhammad , Georgakopoulos Costas 
Published: September 2018

RationaleThe World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug‐testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full‐scan high‐resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti‐doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool.MethodsThe AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid–liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. The extracted urine was analyzed by GC/Q‐TOF and GC/Q‐Orbitrap to compare the performance of the two instrument types for the detection of 46 AAS in human urine. The quantitation of endogenous anabolic steroids and the ability of the two analytical platforms to comply with the requirements for testing as part of the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were also assessed.ResultsThe data presented show that the analytical performance for both instruments complies with the WADA specifications. The limits of detection (LODs) for both instruments are well below the WADA 50% Minimum Required Performance Levels. The mass errors in the current study for the GC/Q‐Orbitrap platform are lower than those obtained for the GC/Q‐TOF instrument.ConclusionsThe data presented herein proved that both molecular profiling platforms can be used for antidoping screening. The mass accuracies are excellent in both instruments; however, the GC/Q‐Orbitrap performs better as it provides higher resolution than the GC/Q‐TOF platform.
Enhanced microbial lipid production by Cryptococcus albidus in the high-cell-density continuous cultivation with membrane cell recycling and two-stage nutrient limitation
Authors: Fu Rongzhan , Fei Qiang , Shang Longan , Brigham Christopher J , Chang Ho Nam 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
As a potential feedstock for biofuel production, a high-cell-density continuous culture for the lipid production by Cryptococcus albidus was investigated in this study. The influences of dilution rates in the single-stage continuous cultures were explored first. To reach a high-cell-density culture, a single-stage continuous culture coupled with a membrane cell recycling system was carried out at a constant dilution rate of 0.36/h with varied bleeding ratios. The maximum lipid productivity of 0.69 g/L/h was achieved with the highest bleeding ratio of 0.4. To reach a better lipid yield and content, a two-stage continuous cultivation was performed by adjusting the C/N ratio in two different stages. Finally, a lipid yield of 0.32 g/g and lipid content of 56.4% were obtained. This two-stage continuous cultivation, which provided a higher lipid production performance, shows a great potential for an industrial-scale biotechnological production of microbial lipids and biofuel production.
Can flexible intramedullary nails provide proper fixation of long bone fractures in patients weighing over 100 pounds?
Authors: Frumberg David B. , Van Lanen-Wanek Devan J. , Jauregui Julio J. , Nadarajah Vidushan , Illical Emmanuel M. 
Published: September 2018

Purpose: Length stable diaphyseal femur and tibial shaft fractures in paediatric patients may be fixed with flexible intramedullary nails (FINs) in selected paediatric patients. Previous studies based on biomechanical models have suggested that the forces of gait may overcome the stability of this construct in patients weighing more than 45 kg. Surgeons occasionally use FINs for fixation in patients outside this limit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether FINs could be used in paediatric patients weighing over 45 kg without increasing the rate of complications. Methods: A retrospective cohort review was performed for 12 patients weighing over 45 kg with femoral or tibial fractures treated with FINs, matched 1:2 for gender and bone type with 24 patients weighing less than 45 kg; also with femoral or tibial fractures treated with FINs over the same period. Results: There was no significant differences in rate of major complication or increases in angulation between the study and control group. The study group had major complication (8.3%) of hypertrophic nonunion in the tibia, and the control group had one major complication (4.2%) of increased anterior bowing in the femur. The odds ratio of developing a major complication in the study group was 2:1 which was not significant (p = 0.06). Conclusions: FINs can be considered as a treatment option for fixation of femoral and tibial fractures in a select group of paediatric patients weighing more than 45 kg. Clinical and functional outcomes measurements in larger sample sizes are needed before making any definitive conclusions.
The impact of preexisting disease on outcomes of simple orthopaedic trauma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Quested Rachele , Wiltshire Danielle , Sommerville Scott , Lutz Michael 
Published: September 2018

Background: This article describes a prospective cohort study trial which aims to determine what risk factors might be associated with increased levels of pain, disability and psychological distress following simple orthopaedic trauma. Methods: Patients were recruited from two large tertiary referral hospitals. Outcome measures were return to work, measurement of the visual analogue scale for pain and the SF 12 physical component score (PCS) and mental health component score. Results: Fifty-five participants were recruited. Overall, participants had significant improvement in their levels of pain, and all who were working before the injury returned to work. Those with a preexisting disease had a significantly lower ( p = 0.007) initial PCS with no significant changes in either mental health component score or PCS. Conclusions: Differences in outcomes were observed in patients with and without preexisting disease.
High-K basaltic trachyandesite xenoliths in pyroclastic deposits from the Bezymianny volcano (Kamchatka)
Authors: Davydova V.O. , Plechov P.Yu. , Shcherbakov V.D. , Perepelov A.B. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Bezymianny is an active andesitic volcano of the Klyuchevskaya group, and its eruptive products are xenolith- and enclave-bearing basaltic andesites and dacites. Here we report the first occurrence of clinopyroxene-plagioclase high-potassium basaltic trachyandesite xenoliths (51.84–53.00 wt.% SiO2, 0.45–1.95 wt.% K2O) crystallized in the temperature range 1120–840 °C in products of modern eruptions (2007, 2011, 2012). Basaltic trachyandesite differ systematically in petrologic and geochemical characteristics from all previously studied rocks from the Bezymianny volcano. They correspond to the clinopyroxene–plagioclase porphyry rocks from the foot of the Tolbachik volcanoes.
A generalized image and boundaries of the Bazhenov Formation: constraints from well log data for Salym-type sections (West Siberia)
Authors: Lapkovsky V.V. , Kontorovich V.A. , Shmelev N.E. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A technique akin to Galton’s composite portraiture is suggested for creating a generalized image of a stratigraphic unit based on well log data from a group of well sections. The procedure begins with superimposing stratigraphically equivalent section points according to pairwise correlation models followed by weighted summation of similar logs. The superimposition highlights persistent common features of the sections, while their minor individual details become suppressed. A generalized model of the Bazhenov Formation in the Salym area has been constructed from gamma-ray, apparent resistivity, and self-potential logs. Radioactivity and resistivity anomalies, which are often used as constraints on the Bazhenov Formation boundaries, show a significant spatial discrepancy. According to the correlation, the formation volume in each well depends on the depth interval corresponding to the hypostratotype. The results were used to map the Bazhenov Formation thickness and its standard deviation, as well as average values of different logs.
Identification of the genetic heterogeneity of Tatarstan oils based on the composition of alkyl-substituted aromatic compounds
Authors: Smirnov M.B. , Fadeeva N.P. , Poludetkina E.N. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This study presents data on concentrations of n-alkylbenzenes, n-alkylnaphthalenes, phytanylnaphthalene, and methylphytanylnaphthalene in representative crude oils of Tatarstan. The results of the study reveal the elevated concentrations of C19, C21, and C23 homologues of n-alkylbenzenes and n-alkylnaphthalenes, which can be considered as biomarkers. The proposed procedure for comprehensive quantification of this group of biomarkers can be used as an efficient tool to study oils from the major petroleum basins of Russia. Based on the results of the study, four genetic groups of oils in Tatarstan have been distinguished: (1) oils from the north and northwest (Bir saddle, Lower Kama system of linear faults, and Saraily saddle), (2) oils from Devonian terrigenous reservoirs within the South Tatar arch and Melekes depression, (3) oils from Carboniferous reservoirs, and (4) oils from Devonian carbonate reservoirs. All these oils belong to the same genetic macrotype. Based on the results of this study, the sedimentary sections of the Melekes depression cannot be regarded as potential source rocks. It is assumed that oil has migrated to the northern part of the region from the north or east. Some of the possible migration routes for oils from the remaining part of Tatarstan are from the southeast and/or south.
Paleomagnetism of traps of the Franz Josef Land Archipelago
Authors: Abashev V.V. , Metelkin D.V. , Mikhaltsov N.E. , Vernikovsky V.A. , Bragin V.Yu. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The paper presents results of paleomagnetic studies of traps of the Franz Josef Land (FJL) Archipelago. This area is considered to be part of the Barents Sea Large Igneous Province (LIP) and is usually associated with the Early Cretaceous stage of plume activity, by analogy with other manifestations of late Mesozoic trap magmatism in the High Arctic. Recent isotope-geochemical studies, however, suggest a much longer history of basaltoid magmatism in the FJL area, from Early Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, with three pulses at 190, 155, and ≈ 125 Ma. Given a significant difference in age, paleomagnetic directions and corresponding virtual geomagnetic poles are supposed to form discrete groups near the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles of Eastern Europe. However, the calculated virtual geomagnetic poles, on the contrary, show a single “cloud” distribution, with its center being shifted to the Early Cretaceous paleomagnetic poles of Siberia. The performed analysis demonstrates that the significant variance is caused mostly by the high-latitude position of the FJL and secular variations of the geomagnetic field during the formation of the traps. Products of the Early Cretaceous magmatism evidently prevail in the data sample. The coincidence of the average paleomagnetic pole of the FJL traps with the Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma) interval of the apparent polar wander path of Siberia rather than Eastern Europe confirms the hypothesis of the Mesozoic strike-slip activity within the Eurasian continent. This activity might be a natural result of the evolution of the Arctic Ocean.
Prediction of psychosis in prodrome: development and validation of a simple, personalized risk calculator
Authors: Zhang TianHong , Xu LiHua , Tang YingYing , Li HuiJun , Tang XiaoChen , Cui HuiRu , Wei YanYan , Wang Yan , Hu Qiang , Liu XiaoHua , Li ChunBo , Lu Zheng , McCarley Robert W. , Seidman Larry J. , Wang JiJun ,   on behalf of the SHARP (ShangHai At Risk for Psychosis) Study Group
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study aim to derive and validate a simple and well-performing risk calculator (RC) for predicting psychosis in individual patients at clinical high risk (CHR).MethodsFrom the ongoing ShangHai-At-Risk-for-Psychosis (SHARP) program, 417 CHR cases were identified based on the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SIPS), of whom 349 had at least 1-year follow-up assessment. Of these 349 cases, 83 converted to psychosis. Logistic regression was used to build a multivariate model to predict conversion. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to test the effectiveness of the SIPS-RC. Second, an independent sample of 100 CHR subjects was recruited based on an identical baseline and follow-up procedures to validate the performance of the SIPS-RC.ResultsFour predictors (each based on a subset of SIPS-based items) were used to construct the SIPS-RC: (1) functional decline; (2) positive symptoms (unusual thoughts, suspiciousness); (3) negative symptoms (social anhedonia, expression of emotion, ideational richness); and (4) general symptoms (dysphoric mood). The SIPS-RC showed moderate discrimination of subsequent transition to psychosis with an AUC of 0.744 (p < 0.001). A risk estimate of 25% or higher had around 75% accuracy for predicting psychosis. The personalized risk generated by the SIPS-RC provided a solid estimate of conversion outcomes in the independent validation sample, with an AUC of 0.804 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.662–0.951].ConclusionThe SIPS-RC, which is simple and easy to use, can perform in the same manner as the NAPLS-2 RC in the Chinese clinical population. Such a tool may be used by clinicians to counsel appropriately their patients about clinical monitor v. potential treatment options.
Psalm 74:8 and November 1938: rereading Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Kristallnacht annotation in its interpretive context
Authors: Clark David A. R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFollowing Kristallnacht, Dietrich Bonhoeffer marked the date of the pogrom beside Psalm 74:8 in his personal Bible. This annotation has been frequently cited; however, though scholars have recognised historical implications of associating this psalm text with Kristallnacht, the discourse has yet to examine this annotation thoroughly in the context of Bonhoeffer's figural interpretation of the Psalms during this period. This article will establish the context of Bonhoeffer's figural approach to the Psalter in order to address this question: by connecting Psalm 74:8 with Kristallnacht, what theological claim might Bonhoeffer have been making about the events of November 1938?
Tradition and its ‘use’: the ethics of theological retrieval
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article argues for the importance of attending to the subjective dynamics involved in retrieval of past theological traditions for contemporary purposes. Building on a close analysis of Martin Luther's distinction between the ‘substance’ of a thing and its ‘use’, the article makes a theological case for the importance of attending not just to what we retrieve from tradition, but also to how and why we retrieve it. Analysis of Luther's distinction suggests (1) that the meaning of theological claims remains unexpectedly fluid until such claims have been located within the ethical drama of ‘use’, and (2) that one of the best ways to get theological traction on the dynamics of ‘use’ is to attend to the affective economies in which theological reasoning is always located. It concludes by drawing attention to specific areas in contemporary ethics where new light can be shed through attention to the dynamics of ‘use’.
John Macmurray's influence on Thomas F. Torrance
Authors: Folsom Marty 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe study of Thomas Torrance is undergoing a revival, but has neglected to highlight one significant influence: the insights of the Scottish philosopher John Macmurray. This article focuses on three respects in which Torrance affirmed Macmurray's work: in overcoming dualism, in creating an integrated realist philosophy and in expounding the form of the personal. This study will bring to light Macmurray's contributions to Torrance's thought, surveying the works of Torrance to reveal where Macmurray contributed key epistemic and systemic points to Torrance's developing scientific theology. This brief summary intends to reveal both Torrance's overt acknowledgement of Macmurray and the need for more exploration of their connections in order to enrich the study of both scholars.
Livestock Effects on Genetic Variation of Creosote Bushes in Patagonian Rangelands
Authors: Souto Cintia P. , Tadey Mariana 
Published: September 2018

SummaryGenetic diversity is the raw material for species’ persistence over time, providing the potential to survive stochastic events, as well as climate and/or human-induced environmental changes. Biodiversity in dry rangelands is decreasing due to intensification of livestock production, but its effects on the genetic diversity of the consumed biota have seldom been assessed. We examined livestock effects on the genetic diversity of two dominant creosote species of the Patagonian Monte Desert,Larrea divaricataandLarrea cuneifolia. We deployed competing hierarchical regression models to assess the relationship between genetic variation within natural populations as a function of increasing stocking rates on ten arid rangelands. These species exhibit similar levels and patterns of genetic structure, with high levels of both inbreeding and divergence among locations. We found that increased stocking reduces genetic variation and increases genetic subdivision between populations. Our results indicate that grazing pressures are impoverishing the gene pool of these dominant native species of the Monte Desert, decreasing the evolutionary potential of the primary plant producers and increasing the desertification risk for a vulnerable habitat. We highlight the importance of considering livestock as a major driver of genetic losses in dry rangelands under overgrazing pressure, especially given current forecasts of climate change.
A Numerical Model for Twin Nucleation in Shocked Zircon and Comparison With Natural Samples
Authors: Jones Giancarlo , Moser Desmond E. , Shieh Sean R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTwins in zircon are increasingly being used as an indicator of shock metamorphism on Earth and other planetary bodies, yet the conditions of their formation have not been quantified. We modeled the shear stress involved with homogeneous nucleation of the most common zircon twin
. This stress is between 1.7 to 2.6 GPa for the range of crystal sizes common to the crust, stresses that are restricted to impact deformation regimes as opposed to tectonism. The twin nucleation stress is largely pressure independent, and it is likely that twins can form over a much larger range of shock pressures than is currently appreciated. This prediction is validated by the occurrence of twins in shocked zircon from distal regions of the 2.02 Ga Vredefort impact structure.