bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of sea cucumbers in relation to sediment characteristics in coral reef lagoons and adjacent waters around Ishigaki Island, southern Japan
Authors: Tanita Iwao , Yamada Hideaki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo elucidate which environmental factors affect lagoonal‐scale sea cucumber distributions in Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, intertidal and subtidal areas of three coral reef lagoons were classified into several ground divisions by bottom characteristics, and sea cucumber densities therein were compared with the composition of sediment cover, grain size and organic content, and coverage of macroalgae, seagrass, and massive corals. Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Stichopus chloronotus, and Synapta maculata had highest densities in the nearshore areas but were rare in reef flats, probably because of wave disturbance and low areal cover of sand sediment as potential feeding environments. No relationship was observed between sea cucumber densities and sediment organic content or grain size. Thus, even if these sea cucumbers have selectivity for habitats with a high sediment organic content, the effect of such selectivity on the distribution seems to be limited to relatively small areas. The sea cucumber distributions can be classified by bottom sediment/biota composition into bedrock (H. leucospilota), sand (H. atra), and lagoonal types (St. chloronotus and Sy. maculata). These habitat selections were possibly related to various aspects of sea cucumber ecology such as refuge from predators or turbulence, or settlement and nursery place, which have implications for importance of the complexity of lagoonal‐scale topography and sediment/biota conditions for the coexistence of various holothurian species.
Overseas recruitment activities of NHS Trusts 2015–2018: Findings from FOI requests to 19 Acute NHS Trusts in England
Authors: Gillin Nicola , Smith David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMigrant nurses form an increasing proportion of the nursing workforce, with the United Kingdom (UK) being the third most popular destination for overseas nurses in the world. The migrant nurse workforce is highly susceptible to policy changes at the macro or professional level of the donor and recipient countries. Freedom of information requests were issued to 19 National Health Service [NHS] Trusts in England to determine their involvement in overseas nurse recruitment activity from 1998 onwards. These indicate a notable shift away from active European Union (EU) recruitment and towards overseas countries particularly the Philippines and India. Reasons given were as follows: diminishing returns from EU sources, high attrition among EU nurses and the introduction of English language tests for EU nurses in July 2016. This led to Trusts revisiting their recruitment strategies by increasing more direct/less resource‐intensive methods and expanding their focus outside of the EU. Trusts frequently utilised private recruitment companies for their recruitment drives, including consulting and influencing the Trusts’ workforce strategies. Policy adjustments have numerous influences on the composition of the overseas nursing workforce. While the NHS continues its efforts in expanding its international nursing workforce, this should not be at the expense of ethical and sustainable recruitment practices, which may be compromised indirectly as a result.
The role of resilience in healthcare transitions among adolescent kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Quinn Sheila M. , Fernandez Hilda , McCorkle Taylor , Rogers Rachel , Hussain Saarah , Ford Carol A. , Barg Frances K. , Ginsburg Kenneth R. , Amaral Sandra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeAYAs with KTs experience high rates of premature allograft loss during the HCT. There is a critical need to identify protective factors associated with stable HCT. Resilience—the ability to adapt and thrive in the setting of adversity—has known positive impact on health outcomes. This study explored the novel role of resilience constructs as protective factors in securing stable HCT among AYA with KT.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured interviews of adolescents and young adults who transitioned from a single pediatric transplant center to multiple adult nephrology centers between 2010 and 2017. Interviews explored the role of key resilience constructs in participants' lives around the time of HCT. Participants were stratified into stable or unstable HCT groups based on biological markers of allograft function and clinical data from chart review. Content analyses of interview transcripts were reviewed and compared among HCT groups.ResultsThirty‐two participants enrolled (17 stable; 15 unstable). Key resilience constructs more salient in the stable versus unstable HCT group were confidence in and connection to one's healthcare team. Reports of healthcare self‐management competencies were similar across both HCT groups.ConclusionsConfidence in and connection to one's healthcare team appear to be linked with a stable HCT among AYA with KT. This suggests that interdependence, the ability to foster connections with and elicit support from healthcare providers, as opposed to complete independence or autonomy, which is often advised in the HCT process, is a critical component of resilience linked to stable HCT.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate are Involved in the Control of Shark Bioluminescence
Authors: Duchatelet Laurent , Delroisse Jérôme , Pinte Nicolas , Sato Keiichi , Ho Hsuan‐Ching , Mallefet Jérôme 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAmong Etmopteridae and Dalatiidae, luminous species use hormonal control to regulate bioluminescence. Melatonin (MT) triggers light emission and, conversely, alpha melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) actively reduces ongoing luminescence. Prolactin (PRL) acts differentially, triggering light emission in Etmopteridae and inhibiting it in Dalatiidae. Interestingly, these hormones are also known as regulators of skin pigment movements in vertebrates. One other hormone, the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also members of the skin pigmentation regulators, is here pharmacologically tested on the light emission. Results show that ACTH inhibits luminescence in both families. Moreover, as MT and α‐MSH/ACTH receptors are members of the G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, we investigated the effect of hormonal treatments on the cAMP level of photophores through specific cAMP assays. Our results highlight the involvement of ACTH and cAMP in the control of light emission in sharks and suggest a functional similarity between skin pigment migration and luminescence control, this latter being mediated by pigment movements in the light organ‐associated iris‐like structure cells.
‘What Drives Commuter Behaviour?’: A Bayesian Clustering Approach for Understanding Opposing Behaviours in Social Surveys
Authors: Dawkins Laura C. , Williamson Daniel B. , Barr Stewart W. , Lampkin Sally R. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe city of Exeter, UK, is experiencing unprecedented growth, putting pressure on traffic infrastructure. As well as traffic network management, understanding and influencing commuter behaviour is important for reducing congestion. Information about current commuter behaviour has been gathered through a large on-line survey, and similar individuals have been grouped to explore distinct behaviour profiles to inform intervention design to reduce commuter congestion. Statistical analysis within societal applications benefit from incorporating available social scientist expert knowledge. Current clustering approaches for the analysis of social surveys assume that the number of groups and the within-group narratives are unknown a priori. Here, however, informed by valuable expert knowledge, we develop a novel Bayesian approach for creating a clear opposing transport mode group narrative within survey respondents, simplifying communication with project partners and the general public. Our methodology establishes groups characterizing opposing behaviours based on a key multinomial survey question by constraining parts of our prior judgement within a Bayesian finite mixture model. Drivers of group membership and within-group behavioural differences are modelled hierarchically by using further information from the survey. In applying the methodology we demonstrate how it can be used to understand the key drivers of opposing behaviours in any wider application.
Doing Black Christianity: Reframing Black Church scholarship
Authors: Allen Shaonta' E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Black Church is the oldest social institution in the Black community and has played a significant role in the Black American experience by offering a space to develop Black oppositional consciousness. Despite the strong Black Christian tradition, a comprehensive review of the sociological literature on Black Christianity has yet to be conducted. The present article surveys extant literature and finds that two major frames are utilized when analyzing Black Christianity: (a) the Institutional‐level frame, which focuses on the Black Church as a social and cultural space, and (b) the Ideological‐level frame, which sees Black Christianity as a set of racialized attitudes, values, and beliefs. I rely on Avishai's concept of “Doing Religion” to argue the case for a new approach in framing this research and propose the use of an Individual‐level frame, which considers the agency of Black Christian actors by examining how they construct identity and embody faith. To illustrate the usefulness of the new frame, I provide an exemplar of Black Christian activist Bree Newsome Bass, highlighting the ways her faith informs her activism. By shifting the focus away from the Black Church as an institution and Black Christianity as an ideology, and instead centering the mechanisms Black Christian actors use to incorporate their faith into their everyday lives, sociological research on Black Christianity will be better equipped to provide insights into how religion informs racialized experiences in society.
Rap music, race, and perceptions of crime
Authors: Dunbar Adam 
Published: August 2019

AbstractScholars who study rap music have long expressed concerns that criticism of the genre is inextricably linked to stereotypes of young Black men in the United States. Yet minimal research has empirically examined how rap music is linked to race in ways that legitimize and maintain anti‐Black attitudes, particularly attitudes related to crime. This article reviews how scholars have typically challenged seemingly racialized concerns about rap music before surveying the handful of studies that empirically examine attitudes related to rap music, race, and crime. In so doing, this essay highlights a growing need for broader conceptualizations of race/ethnicity and social control.
Perspective‐taking and gift‐giving in Chinese preschool children
Authors: Guan Yao , Deák Gedeon O. , Huangfu Baihui , Xu Zhan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study explored Chinese preschool children's perspective‐taking via a gift‐giving paradigm. Unlike findings with North American children (Atance et al. in, Dev Psychol 46:1505–1513, 2010), the results from two experiments (NExp. 1 = 329; NExp. 2 = 112) showed that allowing Chinese children to first choose a desired object for themselves did not enhance their subsequent perspective‐taking performance in gift selection or gift justifications. This was true regardless of gift type (consumable or recreational items) or of recipient (mom, teacher, experimenter, or friend). In addition, children's perspective‐taking did not correlate with their performances in behavioral inhibition and delay of gratification tasks. These results suggest the possibility that the prior desire fulfillment effect varies with children's socio‐cultural experiences. Finally, Chinese children showed better perspective‐taking in choosing consumable gifts (e.g., drinks, snacks) than recreational gifts (e.g., toys, magazines), although this effect was not found for gift selection in Experiment 2. One interpretation of these results is that children's capacity for prosocial perspective‐taking is influenced by socio‐cultural experiences and social knowledge about individuals' preferences for different kinds of objects.
Evaluation of leukocyte counts and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio as predictors of local recurrence of feline injection site sarcoma after curative intent surgery
Authors: Chiti L. E. , Martano M. , Ferrari R. , Boracchi P. , Giordano A. , Grieco V. , Buracco P. , Iussich S. , Giudice C. , Miniscalco B. , Zani D. D. , Proverbio D. , Morello E. , Stefanello D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLocal recurrence (LR) is the major concern in the treatment of feline injection‐site sarcoma (FISS). Pretreatment leukocyte counts and ratios have been reported as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers in human and canine oncology. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the prognostic impact on LR and overall survival time (OST) of pretreatment neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophil count (NC) and lymphocyte count (LC) in cats with surgically excised FISS. Eighty‐two cats with histologically confirmed FISS at first presentation, without distant metastases, and with available pretreatment haematological analyses were retrospectively enrolled. The correlation of NLR, WBCC, NC, LC with tumour variables and patient variables was explored. NLR was correlated with tumour size (P= .004), histological pattern of tumour growth (P= .024) and histotype (P= .029), while WBCC and NC were associated with ulceration (P= .007,P= .011) and pattern of growth (P= .028,P= .004). No significant relationships emerged between LC and any of the considered variables. The impact of NLR, WBCC, NC, LC on LR and OST was then estimated in univariate and multivariate analysis. In univariate analysis, NLR, WBCC and NC were significant prognostic factors for both LR and OST. NLR, WBCC and NC remained prognostic in multivariate analysis for LR but not for OST. When NLR, WBCC and NC were jointly analysed, WBCC was the marker with the greater impact on LR. Preoperative NLR, WBCC and NC may aid in identifying cats at higher risk of LR.
In vitro antibacterial activity of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) crude extract against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma
Authors: Larsuprom Lawan , Rungroj Nutchaphon , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Pruksakorn Chantima , Kongkiatpaiboon Sumet , Chen Charles , Sukatta Udomlak 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundStaphylococcus pseudintermedius, commonly involved in canine pyoderma, can be classified as meticillin‐susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) or meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). MRSP infections may be difficult to treat due to broad β‐lactam resistance of MRSP and typically additional multidrug‐resistance. Topical antibacterial treatment is the preferred treatment modality for surface and superficial skin infections.Hypothesis⁄objectivesMangosteen crude extract containing the antibacterial compound α‐mangostin will have in vitro activity against MSSP and MRSP isolated from canine pyoderma.Bacterial isolatesTwenty‐three samples, MSSP (n = 12) and MRSP (n = 11), isolated from canine pyoderma.Methods and materialsMinimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for mangosteen crude extract by broth microdilution. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the amount of α‐mangostin in mangosteen crude extract. A time‐kill assay was performed at 30 min and 2 h after exposure to a high concentration of crude extract (100× MIC). Antibacterial activity for α‐mangostin was calculated according to HPLC results.ResultsThe concentration of α‐mangostin was 17.72 ± 1.42% w/w. The mean MIC of α‐mangostin towards MSSP was 0.53 ± 0.35 μg/mL, whereas the mean value for MRSP was 0.47 ± 0.27 μg/mL. There was no difference between the mean MIC of MRSP and MSSP (P = 0.84). After a 30 min exposure to 100× MIC of the crude extract, a 95% reduction in colony forming units was found.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe results showed that α‐mangostin in mangosteen crude extract was effective in inhibiting S. pseudintermedius (both MRSP and MSSP). Clinical studies are needed to investigate this effectiveness further in vivo.
Comparison of three clinical scoring systems for Culicoides hypersensitivity in a herd of Icelandic horses
Authors: Miller Julia E. , Mann Sabine , Fettelschoss‐Gabriel Antonia , Wagner Bettina 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundCulicoides hypersensitivity (CH), an intensely pruritic and seasonal allergic dermatitis, is a common allergic disease affecting horses worldwide. Currently, there is no validated clinical scoring system for the quantification of clinical signs associated with CH.ObjectivesTo (i) determine the best cut‐off point of three scoring systems, (ii) test the accuracy of each system when compared to the clinical diagnosis of an experienced veterinarian and (iii) assess agreement between systems.AnimalsIcelandic horses (n = 20); eight with CH and 12 unaffected, from a research herd receiving no treatments for allergic dermatitis.Methods and materialsLesion scores were recorded biweekly from April until September with three clinical scoring systems (A, B and C) by a single observer initially blinded to CH status. Separate logistic regression analyses for each time point were used to determine appropriate cut‐offs for CH classification. Spearman's rho and Cohen's kappa were calculated to analyze correlation of scores and agreement of CH categorization between systems, respectively.ResultsThe best allergic cut‐off scores for system A, B and C were determined to be three, eight and 12, respectively. For each system median areas under the curve (>0.85) were excellent and discriminatory ability for correctly classifying CH status was strong. Excellent correlation between scores for each system (Spearman's rho > 0.96) and excellent intersystem agreement for CH categorization (kappa ≥ 0.73) were found across scoring time points.Conclusion and clinical importanceResults support the use of these scoring systems as templates for the future standardization of a CH clinical scoring system.
Evaluation of D‐dimer levels in aqueous humor of rabbit eyes with and without induced intraocular fibrin and fibrinolytic treatment
Authors: Voelter Katrin , Tappeiner Christoph , Riond Barbara , Nuss Katja , Bruetsch Deborah , Pot Simon A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze D‐dimer concentrations in aqueous humor (AH) of rabbit eyes under physiological conditions, after induction of fibrin clots, and following fibrinolytic therapy.Animals studiedProspective study measuring D‐dimers in aqueous humor of rabbit eyes with induced fibrin clots (n = 44).ProceduresRabbits were purchased in two groups, which led to two temporally separated experimentation groups. Different treatment protocols were compared for their efficacy in fibrin reduction (slit‐lamp examination, high‐resolution ultrasound). AH was taken from left eyes before clot induction (baseline, day 1), 24 hours later after clot establishment/prior to drug administration (post‐induction, day 2) and 48 hours after clot induction (post‐treatment, day 3). An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure intraocular D‐dimer concentrationsResultsD‐dimer concentrations were measurable in all samples. There were no differences in D‐dimer levels across time points or treatments within the arrival groups. However, a significant difference in mean D‐dimer levels was observed between the two arrival groups (group 1:3.1 µg/mL; group 2:6.1 µg/mL;P < .0001), which made a direct comparison of treatment groups impossible. Clinically, all eyes displayed fibrin clots in the anterior chamber and different treatment types led to significant differences in clot resolution (clot size reduction after intracameral treatment: 98%, topical treatment: 60%, no treatment: 40%).ConclusionD‐dimers were identified in all AH samples of rabbits with large variability between samples. D‐dimer levels were neither predictive for differences in induced fibrin formation nor for drug efficacy.
Custom acetabular prosthesis for total hip replacement: A case report in a dog with acetabular bone loss after femoral head and neck ostectomy
Authors: Castelli Emanuele , Schmierer Philipp A. , Pozzi Antonio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the application of a custom acetabular prosthesis (CAP) for total hip replacement (THR) in a dog 20 months after femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHNO).Study designCase report.AnimalA 10‐year‐old, male, castrated, Labrador retriever with progressive lameness and pain after FHNO.MethodsAcetabular bone stock was assessed as insufficient for conventional THR, so a biflanged CAP was designed and three‐dimensionally printed in titanium to bridge the bone defect. The CAP had a porous surface for long‐term biologic fixation on the backside and was anchored to the ilium and ischium with screws. A polyethylene cup was cemented into the CAP, and a bolted cementless femoral stem was inserted.ResultsThe loss of the conventional anatomic landmarks complicated intraoperative orientation and led to eccentric reaming and 5‐mm malalignment of the CAP. Reduction of the prosthetic joint was difficult because of periarticular fibrosis, loss of functional muscle length, and thickness of the CAP, and intraoperative shortening of the stem neck was required. Postoperative complications included sciatic neurapraxia, which resolved with time and conservative management. Absence of pain and improvement of range of motion were observed at clinical examination 12 months after surgery; however, moderate hind limb lameness persisted due to muscle tension. No evidence of implant loosening was noted on radiographs acquired 24 months after surgery.ConclusionFemoral head and neck ostectomy with poor functional outcome was ameliorated by using a CAP in this dog.Clinical significanceUse of a CAP can be considered to treat acetabular defects in dogs.
Regulation of
Listeria monocytogenes
Virulence
Authors: Johansson Jörgen , Freitag Nancy E. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

Whereas obligate human and animal bacterial pathogens may be able to depend upon the warmth and relative stability of their chosen replication niche, environmental bacteria such as
Listeria monocytogenes
that harbor the ability to replicate both within animal cells and in the outside environment must maintain the capability to manage life under a variety of disparate conditions. Bacterial life in the outside environment requires adaptation to wide ranges of temperature, available nutrients, and physical stresses such as changes in pH and osmolarity as well as desiccation. Following ingestion by a susceptible animal host, the bacterium must adapt to similar changes during transit through the gastrointestinal tract and overcome a variety of barriers associated with host innate immune responses. Rapid alteration of patterns of gene expression and protein synthesis represent one strategy for quickly adapting to a dynamic host landscape. Here, we provide an overview of the impressive variety of strategies employed by the soil-dwelling, foodborne, mammalian pathogen
L. monocytogenes
to straddle diverse environments and optimize bacterial fitness both inside and outside host cells.