bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P: 71 Faecal Cytokine Profiling Provides Novel Insights Into Intestinal Barrier Disruption and Bacterial Translocation in Acute Decompensation of Cirrhosis
Authors: Gray Elizabeth H. , Riva Dr Antonio , Azarian Sarah , Williams Roger , Chokshi Shilpa , Patel Vishal C. , Edwards Lindsey A. 
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND:
Intestinal dysbiosis with gut barrier impairment (GBI) and bacterial translocation (BT) are recognised as central features of acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD) and propagating hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Gut mucosal function is technically challenging to investigate, with a difficulty in obtaining representative tissue in cirrhotics and a paucity of non-invasive techniques. A novel assay we developed was to quantify faecal cytokines (FC) as surrogate makers of intestinal inflammation, compared to GBI markers and systemic cytokines.

METHODS:
Protein was extracted from faeces of patients with stable cirrhosis (SC; n = 16), AD (n = 48), and healthy participants (HC; n = 31). A multiplex panel of 13 cytokines were quantified by electrochemiluminescence or ELISA in paired faecal lysates and plasma. Intestinal epithelium-associated fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) and intestinal-microbiota metabolite D-lactate, as markers of intestinal barrier disruption, were quantified by ELISA and colorimetric enzymatic assay, respectively.

RESULTS:
Median ages and MELD scores of AD vs SC patients were 61 (53–68) vs 55 (44–59) years and 18 (13–26) vs 8 (7.0–8.5), respectively. Male gender predominated (AD: 65%; SC: 75%) The causes of cirrhosis were alcohol, NAFLD and treated hepatitis C. Median venous ammonia levels were significantly higher in AD vs SC (51 [38–74] vs 36 [26–59], P = 0.027). Faecal IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-21, IL-17A/F and IL-22 were significantly different in AD vs SC on univariate comparison (q < 0.01 all comparisons). Along with IL-1β, faecal IL-23 was significantly elevated in AD vs HC (P = 0.0007), important in promoting deleterious Th17 cell effector function. Faecal FABP2 and D-lactate (P < 0.0001 for both) and plasma FABP2 and D-lactate (P = 0.0004; P = 0.011) were significantly elevated in AD vs SC and AD vs HC, respectively, consistent with GBI. FABP2 was the faecal marker that correlated most strongly with disease scores (Spearman's rho: Child-Pugh 0.466, P < 0.0001; MELD 0.488, P < 0.0001). With the exception of IL-8, IL-12 & IL-23, faecal cytokines and D-lactate were more discriminant than circulating equivalent molecules in discriminating AD from SC by Principal Component Analysis (Figure 1).

CONCLUSIONS:
FC profiling represents a novel targeted approach to localised measurement of the intestinal cytokine milieu in cirrhosis, and in conjunction with D-lactate, demonstrates that progression to AD from SC may be a intestinally initiated and mediated process. The AD gut micro-environment may skew T cell priming away from restorative Tregs and towards inflammatory Th1/Th17 profiles, promoting epithelial barrier damage and preventing repair. These data provide insights into intestinal mucosal injury and GBI, as a novel pathobiology in AD and HE.
Ketunggalan Titik Tetap Pada Pemetaan Kontraksi θ-ϕ di Ruang Metrik Parsial
Authors: Malahayati Malahayati 
Published: September 2019

Paper ini mempelajari kontraksi θ-ϕ dan kontraksi tipe Kannan θ-ϕ serta beberapa teorema ketunggalan titik tetap pada ruang metrik parsial. Selanjutnya membandingkan Teorema serupa yang telah dikemukakan oleh peneliti sebelumnya dan membahas contoh sebagai ilustrasi dari teorema yang dibahas.
[In this paper, we study the notions of θ-ϕ contraction and θ-ϕ Kannan Type contraction, and some fixed point theorem on partial metric spaces. The results presented in the paper study and consederation some previously results, we also give an example to illustrate our results.]
Aseksual Reproduction of Black Sea Cucumber from Jepara Waters
Authors: Hartati Retno , Zainuri Muhammad , Ambariyanto Ambariyanto , Redjeki Sri , Riniatsih Ita , Azizah Ria , Endrawati Hadi 
Published: September 2019

Black sea cucumber or Lollyfish are trade name for Holothuria atra, one species of family Holothuriidae abundance in Jepara waters, especially in Panjang Island. They inhabit on the seabed, in shallow waters on reefs and sand flats or in Seagrass meadows. Beside reproduce sexually, H. atra also do fission (biology), i.e. able to reproduce asexually by transverse fission. Monthly survey has been conducted for three months to determine frequency of fission among H. atra population in Panjang Island waters. In total 891 individu of H. atra inhabit in seagrass meadow mixed with rubble were examimed. In fissiparous sea cucumber, transverse fission are followed by regeneration and in this research identified from external observations. The fission state was divided into three category, i.e. closed wound (Category 1), little regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 2), moderate regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 3). The result showed that the fission frequency was highest during end of rainy season in April (13,21%) and decreased during May (4,61%) and June (4,86%). Body regeneration seem happened fast, since the new individu sea cucumber at category 1 was low but high as category 3. The regeneration were related with the condition of environment.
On unbounded commuting Jacobi operators and some related issues
Authors: Osipov Andrey 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We consider the situations, when two unbounded operators generated by infinite Jacobi matrices, are self-adjoint and commute. It is found that if two Jacobi matrices formally commute, then two corresponding operators are either self-adjoint and commute, or admit a commuting self-adjoint extensions. In the latter case such extensions are explicitly described. Also, some necessary and sufficient conditions for self-adjointness of Jacobi operators are studied.
Sex differences in infant body composition emerge in the first 5 months of life
Authors: Davis Shanlee M. , Kaar Jill L. , Ringham Brandy M. , Hockett Christine W. , Glueck Deborah H. , Dabelea Dana 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Sex differences in body composition are appreciated throughout the lifespan with probable contributions from sex steroids: testosterone and estrogen. The purpose of this longitudinal observational study was to determine if sex differences in body composition emerge during the first months of life in healthy infants, corresponding to the age at which male infants produce endogenous testosterone.

Methods
Linear growth and body composition parameters using air displacement plethysmography were obtained from 602 healthy infants after birth and again at 5 months of age. Rate of change in body composition parameters were compared between sexes.

Results
Sex differences in length, total mass, fat free mass (FFM), and percent fat mass (%FM) were present both at birth and at 5 months (p < 0.001 for all), with males having greater total mass and FFM but lower %FM. Gain in %FM over the first 5 months was significantly lower in males (p = 0.0004). This difference was secondary to a gain of 17 g/week more in FFM in males compared to females.

Conclusions
Sex differences in body composition emerge in the first months of life, with lower adiposity accumulation in males. Endogenous testosterone production in males ~1–4 months of age may account for findings and may have lifelong implications for sex differences in body composition.
Screening of monogenic autoimmune diabetes among children with type 1 diabetes and multiple autoimmune diseases: is it worth doing?
Authors: Strakova Veronika , Elblova Lenka , Johnson Matthew B. , Dusatkova Petra , Obermannova Barbora , Petruzelkova Lenka , Kolouskova Stanislava , Snajderova Marta , Fronkova Eva , Svaton Michael , Lebl Jan , Hattersley Andrew T. , Sumnik Zdenek , Pruhova Stepanka 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Paediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) and rare syndromes of monogenic multi-organ autoimmunity share basic features such as full insulin dependency and the presence of circulating beta-cell autoantibodies. However, the aetiopathogenesis, natural course and treatment of these conditions differ; therefore, monogenic multi-organ autoimmunity requires early recognition. We aimed to search for these monogenic conditions among a large cohort of children with T1D.

Methods
Of 519 children with T1D followed-up in a single centre, 18 had multiple additional autoimmune conditions – either autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and coeliac disease (CD) or at least one additional organ-specific autoimmune condition in addition to AITD or CD. These 18 children were tested by direct Sanger sequencing (four patients with a suggestive phenotype of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked [IPEX] or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3]- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 [CTLA4]-associated syndromes) or by whole-exome sequencing (WES) focused on autoimmune regulator (AIRE), forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), CTLA4, STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), lipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein (LRBA) and interleukin-2 receptor subunit α (IL2RA) genes. In addition, we assessed their T1D genetic risk score (T1D-GRS).

Results
We identified novel variants in FOXP3, STAT3 and CTLA4 in four cases. All patients had a severe phenotype suggestive of a single gene defect. No variants were identified in the remaining 14 patients. T1D-GRS varied among the entire cohort; four patients had scores below the 25th centile including two genetically confirmed cases.

Conclusions
A monogenic cause of autoimmune diabetes was confirmed only in four patients. Genetic screening for monogenic autoimmunity in children with a milder phenotype and a combination of AITD and CD is unlikely to identify a monogenic cause. In addition, the T1D-GRS varied among individual T1D patients.
Modeling Working Memory to Identify Computational Correlates of Consciousness
Authors: Reggia James A. , Katz Garrett E. , Davis Gregory P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRecent advances in philosophical thinking about consciousness, such as cognitive phenomenology and mereological analysis, provide a framework that facilitates using computational models to explore issues surrounding the nature of consciousness. Here we suggest that, in particular, studying the computational mechanisms of working memory and its cognitive control is highly likely to identify computational correlates of consciousness and thereby lead to a deeper understanding of the nature of consciousness. We describe our recent computational models of human working memory and propose that three computational correlates of consciousness follow from the results of this work: itinerant attractor sequences, top-down gating, and very fast weight changes. Our current investigation is focused on evaluating whether these three correlates are sufficient to create more complex working memory models that encompass compositionality and basic causal inference. We conclude that computational models of working memory are likely to be a fruitful approach to advancing our understanding of consciousness in general and in determining the long-term potential for development of an artificial consciousness specifically.
Fundamental physical and chemical concepts behind “drug-likeness” and “natural product-likeness”
Authors: Athar Mohd , Sona Alfred Ndeme , Bekono Boris Davy , Ntie-Kang Fidele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The discovery of a drug is known to be quite cumbersome, both in terms of the microscopic fundamental research behind it and the industrial scale manufacturing process. A major concern in drug discovery is the acceleration of the process and cost reduction. The fact that clinical trials cannot be accelerated, therefore, emphasizes the need to accelerate the strategies for identifying lead compounds at an early stage. We, herein, focus on the definition of what would be regarded as a “drug-like” molecule and a “lead-like” one. In particular, “drug-likeness” is referred to as resemblance to existing drugs, whereas “lead-likeness” is characterized by the similarity with structural and physicochemical properties of a “lead”compound, i.e. a reference compound or a starting point for further drug development. It is now well known that a huge proportion of the drug discovery is inspired or derived from natural products (NPs), which have larger complexity as well as size when compared with synthetic compounds. Therefore, similar definitions of “drug-likeness” and “lead-likeness” cannot be applied for the NP-likeness. Rather, there is the dire need to define and explain NP-likeness in regard to chemical structure. An attempt has been made here to give an overview of the general concepts associated with NP discovery, and to provide the foundational basis for defining a molecule as a “drug”, a “lead” or a “natural compound.”
Modified Calculations of Lateral Displacement and Soil Pressure of Pile Considering Pile–Soil Interaction under Cyclic Loads
Authors: Luo Xiaoye , Huang Fuyun , Zhuang Yizhou , Wu Suiwen , Qian Haimin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A reciprocating low-cycle pseudostatic loading test on four prestress high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe piles was performed to study their failure modes and seismic behaviors. The distributions of lateral deformation and soil pressure along the piles as well as their analysis methods were studied. The test results show that with an increase in the embedded depth of pile, the soil pressure around the piles initially increased up to the maximum and then decreased or even reversed slightly at a certain depth. The pressure at shallower soil increased rapidly, up to nearly the ultimate passive earth pressure, while the pressure at the deeper soil increased relatively slowly. The results further indicate that the strain transformation method and m method were only appropriate for calculating the lateral displacements of piles under linear and small deformation but not suitable to calculate lateral displacement of piles under large deformation. Moreover, although the p–y curve method took into account the nonlinearity of soil, the calculated lateral displacement and soil pressure of pile still showed a significant difference with the test results, especially under large deformation. Furthermore, modified calculations of lateral displacement and soil pressure of pile were proposed based on regression analysis on the test results and existing p–y curve methods, respectively, and calculated results showed a good agreement with the test results in terms of lateral displacements and soil pressures. Therefore, they were recommended for analyzing the soil–pile interaction for pile foundations in integral abutments jointless bridges (IAJBs).
Efecto del estrés calórico sobre la producción del ganado lechero en Costa Rica
Authors: Ruiz-Jaramillo Juan Ismael , Vargas-Leitón Bernardo , Abarca-Monge Sergio , Hidalgo Hugo G. 
Published: September 2019

Introducción. La producción lechera en zonas tropicales se caracteriza por una alta dependencia del recurso forrajero, lo que la hace sensible a las variables climáticas, de las cuales existe información limitada sobre su efecto en el rendimiento de razas lecheras especializadas. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre el índice de temperatura y humedad (ITH) y la producción diaria de leche (kgl) de vacas de razas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se efectuó en las regiones Norte y Central de Costa Rica, con datos recolectados entre 1990 y 2015. Los valores de ITH se obtuvieron mediante modelos predictivos lineales y modelos espaciales de autocorrelación, ajustados sobre 3547 registros mensuales de temperatura máxima y humedad relativa de diecisiete estaciones meteorológicas. Se analizaron 6 478 582 registros de kgl provenientes de 418 hatos lecheros, mediante un modelo lineal mixto generalizado (GLMM), que consideró los efectos fijos de la raza, el año y el mes calendario, número de parto, etapa de lactancia, raza×etapa de lactancia, ENOS (Efecto “El Niño”), ITH y raza×ITH, además del efecto aleatorio de la vaca. Resultados. Todos los factores presentaron efecto altamente significativo (p<0,0001) sobre la kgl. Para el rango de ITH entre 72-88 se estimaron reducciones lineales de 0,41 (r2=0,94), 0,36 (r2=0,95) y 0,29 (r2=0,82) kg día-1 para Holstein, Holstein×Jersey y Jersey, respectivamente. No se observaron tendencias significativas en los kgl para ITH <72. Las pérdidas económicas atribuibles a la mayor exposición al estrés en la región norte comparada con la región central se estimaron en $680, $587 y $477 por lactancia por vaca para Holstein, Holstein×Jersey y Jersey, respectivamente. Conclusión. Hubo relación inversa entre el índice de temperatura y humedad, y la producción de leche en vacas Holstein, Jersey y sus cruces, en esta región tropical.
Estrés calórico y conteo de dípteros hematófagos en sistemas silvopastoriles de estratos múltiples
Authors: Barragán-Hernández Wilson Andrés , Benavidez-Cruz Juan Carlos , Zúñiga-López Aldemar , Espitia-Pacheco Amado , Cardozo-Cerquera Jaime 
Published: September 2019

Introducción. Los sistemas silvopastoriles son esquemas de producción ganadera con potencial para mitigar el efecto negativo del ambiente en la productividad animal. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de sistemas silvopastoriles de estratos múltiples sobre el estrés calórico y la población de dípteros hematófagos en ganado de carne. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó entre mayo y octubre del 2014, en el centro de investigación Turipaná, Córdoba, Colombia, el comportamiento de animales Cebú Brahman y Romosinuano, en dos arreglos silvopastoriles (aSSP) con diversidad en su composición y estratificación vegetal (p-Arbust con dos estratos y p-Arbust-Arbor con tres estratos) y en una pradera sin árboles, con un diseño de bloques completos al azar. En cada tratamiento se evaluaron la temperatura ambiental (TA) y la humedad relativa (HR), y se construyó un índice de temperatura-humedad (ITH). En los animales se evaluó la temperatura de piel (TP) y la frecuencia respiratoria (FR) a dos horas del día (6:00 y 13:00), y se contaron los dípteros hematófagos (CDH) entre las 8:00 y 10:00 h. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de varianza para modelos mixtos en las variables TA, HR, TP e ITH y modelos mixtos generalizados para CDH y FR. Resultados. Las variables ambientales estuvieron influenciadas por múltiples factores, entre ellos, el cambio en los horarios de muestreo y el arreglo silvopastoril. La mayor carga ambiental (ITH) se observó durante la tarde, evaluación que influyó significativamente sobre la respuesta en FR con aumentos que alcanzaron 2,1 veces más en el tratamiento Pasto, contra 0,8 en p-Arbust-Arbor. Conclusiones. Los aSSP evaluados presentaron ventajas comparativas frente a la reducción del estrés calórico y el conteo de moscas hematófagas bajo condiciones del valle medio del río Sinú. El aSSP p-Arbust, logró mantener los conteos de moscas más bajos a través del tiempo.
Caracterización técnica y económica de la producción de carne ovina en Córdoba, Colombia
Authors: Mestra-Vargas Lorena Inés , Martínez-Reina Antonio María , Santana-Rodríguez Martha Oliva 
Published: September 2019

Introducción. El conocimiento de las variables biofísicas, tecnológicas y económicas de los sistemas ovinos, representan elementos de valor para la caracterización y el análisis productivo de la especie. Objetivo. Caracterizar técnica y económicamente, el sistema de producción de ovinos de carne en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, con el fin de generar una línea de base que permita comparar las opciones tecnológicas con la tecnología local. Materiales y métodos. La información se obtuvo del trabajo realizado en cuatro unidades productivas con 108 ovinos machos de manejo semi-intensivo. Los datos se obtuvieron entre enero y septiembre de 2018. Como instrumento de información se usó la encuesta estructurada, se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas como medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, para el análisis económico se usó un patrón de costos para cada unidad productiva y el cálculo de los indicadores de retorno como la tasa interna de retorno y valor presente neto. Los coeficientes técnicos se analizaron económicamente. Resultados. Las ganancias diarias de peso fueron de 80-132 g día-1, con peso promedio por animal de 31,7±3,2 kg. La producción de carne fue de 18 450 kg. Las mejores ganancias de peso diario (p<0,0001) y peso final, se observaron en la finca Campanario con 33,4±4,1 como respuesta al manejo técnico que generaron mayores unidades productivas y por ende, mayores ingresos. El costo unitario promedio fue de USD$1,059 kg-1 la rentabilidad de 28 %, y la tasa interna de retorno de 4,5 %. Conclusión. Los sistemas de producción evaluados fueron rentables con capacidad de recuperar la inversión. El análisis de los márgenes de comercialización mostró la inequidad en la participación del productor en el valor que paga el consumidor por el producto, ya que recibe solo dieciocho centavos por cada unidad monetaria pagada, el resto se capta en la intermediación.
UN ACERCAMIENTO A LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS EN COMUNIDADES RURALES EN EL OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO. ESTUDIO DE CASO EN LA COMUNIDAD “LA CALETA”, MUNICIPIO DE CABO CORRIENTES, JALISCO, MÉXICO
Authors: Saldaña  - Salazar Antonio , González  - Bueno Martha Alicia , Ramírez  -Jiménez Armando 
Published: September 2019

El turismo como una actividad dinámica, que promueve una diversidad de actividades económicas en su entorno, también es capaz de propiciar condiciones adversas al medio ambiente. Por las características de ubicación geográfica, litorales, condiciones hidrográficas, y demás elementos propios del relieve de nuestro país; México puede aprovechar mejor su potencial turístico. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, México ha perdido competitividad frente a destinos de países emergentes en donde se ha privilegiado la inclusión de las comunidades y la conservación de recursos naturales en la oferta turística del presente siglo: desarrollo de turismo comunitario desde el enfoque de la sustentabilidad. Por otra parte, las políticas sociales implementadas por el Estado, no han demostrado efectividad frente a las desgracias económicas que se viven en la mayoría de comunidades rurales (por ejemplo, cambios climáticos drásticos, falta de apoyo al campo, pérdidas de cosechas por plagas, migración hacia las ciudades, entre otras causas).
En este artículo se presenta un primer acercamiento a las políticas públicas empleadas en una comunidad rural a partir de un estudio de caso exploratorio, donde se evidencian algunos de los factores sociales que más impactan a una pequeña comunidad de pescadores, que se localiza en la región del pacifico mexicano, centro occidente del país, llamada playa “Las Caletas”. Se recuperan datos obtenidos de un estudio socio-económico aplicado en esta comunidad rural por los autores (Saldaña et al, 2017), con el propósito de analizarlos desde la perspectiva de las políticas públicas empleadas por los diferentes niveles de gobierno.
La metodología empleada en este estudio documental es de tipo exploratorio e interpretativo, de observación y recolección de testimonios de los residentes de la comunidad quienes son parte del contexto referencial y contextual del presente estudio de caso.
Con el análisis de los datos encontrados y testimonios presentados, se proponen algunas estrategias viables de desarrollo comunitario y medidas de gestión en concordancia con el aprovechamiento y conservación de los recursos naturales de la región, todo ello con el compromiso de los locales para mejorar la sostenibilidad del producto turístico