bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social-cultural capital in youth entrepreneurship ecosystem: Southeast Asia
Authors: Pillai Tharuma Rajan , Ahamat Amiruddin 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the contextual role of social-cultural capital in youth entrepreneurship between Malaysia and Lao PDR/Laos, comparing two different entrepreneurial ecosystems designed to identify emergent factors that stimulate and/or stifle the genesis of youth entrepreneurship while identifying similar and divergent entrepreneurial identities and traits among young people from these two sovereign contexts.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing qualitative-based case study design approach, data collections were garnered from 30 informants through in-depth personal interviews, focus group studies coupled with personal observation conducted via purposive cum snowball sampling.FindingsThematic analysis reveals a pattern-based outcome that discloses a variety of inter-related factors within the social network ecosystem that stimulate and sometimes stifle youth entrepreneurship, primarily through the active agency of social-cultural capital.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurial ecosystem contextual differences between Malaysia and Laos demonstrate the unifying factor of social-cultural capital through social network in stimulating youth entrepreneurship and unveiling practical similarities and differences that can be used to promote youth entrepreneurial endeavors among varying sovereign socio-economic contexts in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Countries).Originality/valueThis study specifically focuses on the unambiguous contextual differences of two sovereign entrepreneurship ecosystems. Contextual differences may not necessarily demarcate further the gulf of differences within and between two sovereign entrepreneurship ecosystems but, on the contrary, may close the gap through the dynamic role of social-cultural capital via social network ties in youth entrepreneurship.
It takes all kinds: understanding diverse entrepreneurial ecosystems
Authors: Cowell Margaret , Lyon-Hill Sarah , Tate Scott 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems with both rural and urban features, as well as the varied system requirements of differing types of entrepreneurs within such an ecosystem.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a mixed-methods case study approach, the study examined the Roanoke–Blacksburg region in western Virginia. Researchers conducted quantitative analysis of entrepreneurial metrics and network relationships, as well as qualitative analysis of data collected through entrepreneur surveys and stakeholder interviews.

Findings
Findings suggest entrepreneurs of different types faced disparate challenges and uneven access to resources and networks. Innovation-driven “gazelle” enterprises (IDEs) had numerous growth-related resource needs, including angel, venture and scale-up funding; prototyping equipment and facilities; and translational research by local universities. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) required more entrepreneurial education programming, subsidized main street office space and clearer pathways through the government regulatory system. A key finding was also concerned with the different ways by which IDEs and SMEs accessed key resources within the ecosystem, illustrated through social network analysis, and supported through qualitative feedback.

Research limitations/implications
Study findings were limited by a relatively low survey response rate from some entrepreneur demographic segments, particularly minorities.

Originality/value
The study represents an in-depth, multi-methods approach that offers insight into two under-researched areas in the ecosystem literature: the dynamics of urban – rural ecosystems and the varied system requirements of different entrepreneur types. The paper includes three overarching recommendations for policy and practice: improved collection and sharing of regional metrics; differentiated approaches to entrepreneurial support based on entrepreneur type; and enhanced efforts to advance inclusive entrepreneurship.
Technology and talent: capturing the role of universities in regional entrepreneurial ecosystems
Authors: Huang-Saad Aileen , Duval-Couetil Nathalie , Park Jongho 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
This paper describes the entrepreneurial ecosystems of three public research universities involved in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Midwest I-Corps TM (trademark symbol) Node. It presents a synthesis of programming, functional structure, commonly referenced university metrics and their limitations in measuring impact on commercialization and regional development.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on current literature, university data and discussions with entrepreneurship leaders at the University of Michigan/Ann Arbor, University of Illinois/Urbana Champaign and Purdue University, this paper provides an overview and analysis of entrepreneurial resources and education initiatives.

Findings
University contributions to entrepreneurial ecosystems can be described with respect to infrastructure and leadership, technology and talent and culture of innovation. Four main university entities are responsible for driving entrepreneurship initiatives. Identification of these entities, their respective activities and their outcomes allows us to propose a framework for analyzing and measuring university entrepreneurial ecosystem impact.

Practical implications
The paper describes the variety of university-based entrepreneurial initiatives believed to contribute to university entrepreneurial vibrancy and ultimately regional development. It identifies ecosystem stakeholders and provides a framework for examining their role and impact for continuous development.

Originality/value
The research complements prior reviews and empirical studies of university-wide entrepreneurial ecosystems by focusing on programming within and across institutions according to four dimensions (academic, research administration, technology transfer and community engagement) with respect to technology and talent development. It describes similarities across institutions and limitations associated with measuring impact. It provides a foundation for future empirical research related to the impact of NSF I-Corps and entrepreneurial programming in academic settings.
Gender bias in machine learning for sentiment analysis
Authors: Thelwall Mike 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether machine learning induces gender biases in the sense of results that are more accurate for male authors or for female authors. It also investigates whether training separate male and female variants could improve the accuracy of machine learning for sentiment analysis.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses ratings-balanced sets of reviews of restaurants and hotels (3 sets) to train algorithms with and without gender selection.FindingsAccuracy is higher on female-authored reviews than on male-authored reviews for all data sets, so applications of sentiment analysis using mixed gender data sets will over represent the opinions of women. Training on same gender data improves performance less than having additional data from both genders.Practical implicationsEnd users of sentiment analysis should be aware that its small gender biases can affect the conclusions drawn from it and apply correction factors when necessary. Users of systems that incorporate sentiment analysis should be aware that performance will vary by author gender. Developers do not need to create gender-specific algorithms unless they have more training data than their system can cope with.Originality/valueThis is the first demonstration of gender bias in machine learning sentiment analysis.
Open bibliometrics and undiscovered public knowledge
Authors: Stuart David 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to raise awareness of the potential of open bibliometrics, especially for the discovery of previously undiscovered public knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThe viewpoint considers the limitations of the most popular current bibliometric tools and the possibilities offered from more open tools. It is supported by analysis of the openness of keywords associated with bibliometric studies in 2016.FindingsThe paper finds that although tools are emerging that offer more open bibliometrics, bibliometric research nonetheless continues to make use of restricted services.Originality/valueThis viewpoint on the potential of open bibliometrics is supported by an analysis of the current openness of bibliometric keywords.
Insular woody daisies (Argyranthemum, Asteraceae) are more resistant to drought‐induced hydraulic failure than their herbaceous relatives
Authors: Dória Larissa C. , Podadera Diego S. , del Arco Marcelino , Chauvin Thibaud , Smets Erik , Delzon Sylvain , Lens Frederic 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Insular woodiness refers to the evolutionary transition from herbaceousness towards derived woodiness on (sub)tropical islands and leads to island floras that have a higher proportion of woody species compared to floras of nearby continents.

Several hypotheses have tried to explain insular woodiness since Darwin's original observations, but experimental evidence why plants became woody on islands is scarce at best.

Here, we combine experimental measurements of hydraulic failure in stems (as a proxy for drought stress resistance) with stem anatomical observations in the daisy lineage (Asteraceae), including insular woody Argyranthemum species from the Canary Islands and their herbaceous continental relatives.

Our results show that stems of insular woody daisies are more resistant to drought‐induced hydraulic failure than the stems of their herbaceous counterparts. The anatomical character that best predicts variation in embolism resistance is intervessel pit membrane thickness (TPM), which can be functionally linked with air bubble dynamics throughout the 3D vessel network. There is also a strong link between TPM vs. degree of woodiness and thickness of the xylem fibre wall vs. embolism resistance, resulting in an indirect link between lignification and resistance to embolism formation.

Thicker intervessel pit membranes in Argyranthemum functionally explain why this insular woody genus is more embolism resistant to drought‐induced failure compared to the herbaceous relatives from which it has evolved, but additional data are needed to confirm that palaeoclimatic drought conditions have triggered wood formation in this daisy lineage.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Reviewing research priorities in weed ecology, evolution and management: a horizon scan
Authors: Neve P , Barney J N , Buckley Y , Cousens R D , Graham S , Jordan N R , Lawton‐Rauh A , Liebman M , Mesgaran M B , Schut M , Shaw J , Storkey J , Baraibar B , Baucom R S , Chalak M , Childs D Z , Christensen S , Eizenberg H , Fernández‐Quintanilla C , French K , Harsch M , Heijting S , Harrison L , Loddo D , Macel M , Maczey N , Merotto A , Mortensen D , Necajeva J , Peltzer D A , Recasens J , Renton M , Riemens M , Sønderskov M , Williams M 
Published: March 2018

SummaryWeedy plants pose a major threat to food security, biodiversity, ecosystem services and consequently to human health and wellbeing. However, many currently used weed management approaches are increasingly unsustainable. To address this knowledge and practice gap, in June 2014, 35 weed and invasion ecologists, weed scientists, evolutionary biologists and social scientists convened a workshop to explore current and future perspectives and approaches in weed ecology and management. A horizon scanning exercise ranked a list of 124 pre‐submitted questions to identify a priority list of 30 questions. These questions are discussed under seven themed headings that represent areas for renewed and emerging focus for the disciplines of weed research and practice. The themed areas considered the need for transdisciplinarity, increased adoption of integrated weed management and agroecological approaches, better understanding of weed evolution, climate change, weed invasiveness and finally, disciplinary challenges for weed science. Almost all the challenges identified rested on the need for continued efforts to diversify and integrate agroecological, socio‐economic and technological approaches in weed management. These challenges are not newly conceived, though their continued prominence as research priorities highlights an ongoing intransigence that must be addressed through a more system‐oriented and transdisciplinary research agenda that seeks an embedded integration of public and private research approaches. This horizon scanning exercise thus set out the building blocks needed for future weed management research and practice; however, the challenge ahead is to identify effective ways in which sufficient research and implementation efforts can be directed towards these needs.
Overexpression of the Efflux Pumps SmeVWX and SmeDEF Is a Major Cause of Resistance to Co-trimoxazole in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Authors: Sánchez María Blanca , Martínez José Luis 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Co-trimoxazole is one of the antimicrobials of choice for treating
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
infections. Most works on the molecular epidemiology of the resistance to this drug combination are based on the analysis of
sul
genes. Nevertheless, the existence of clinical co-trimoxazole-resistant
S. maltophilia
isolates that do not harbor
sul
genes has been reported. To investigate potential mutations that can reduce the susceptibility of
S. maltophilia
to co-trimoxazole, spontaneous
S. maltophilia
co-trimoxazole-resistant mutants isolated under different co-trimoxazole concentrations were studied. All mutants presented phenotypes compatible with the overexpression of either SmeVWX (94.6%) or SmeDEF (5.4%). Indeed, the analysis of a selected set of strains showed that the overexpression of either of these efflux pumps, which was due to mutations in their regulators
smeRv
and
smeT
, respectively, was the cause of co-trimoxazole resistance. No other efflux pump was overexpressed in any of the studied mutants, indicating that they do not participate in the observed resistance phenotype. The analysis of mutants overexpressing or lacking SmeDEF or SmeVWX shows that SmeDEF contributes to the intrinsic and acquired resistance to co-trimoxazole in
S. maltophilia
, whereas SmeVWX only contributes to acquired resistance. It is important to highlight that all mutants were less susceptible to other antibiotics, including chloramphenicol and quinolones. Since both SmeVWX and SmeDEF are major determinants of quinolone resistance, the potential cross-selection of resistance to co-trimoxazole and quinolones, when either of the antimicrobials is used, is of particular concern for the treatment of
S. maltophilia
infections.
Identification and Characterization of Key Charged Residues in the Cofilin Protein Involved in Azole Susceptibility, Apoptosis, and Virulence of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Lu Zhongyi , Jia Xiaodong , Chen Yong , Han Xuelin , Chen Fangyan , Tian Shuguang , Su Xueting , Li Zongwei , Zhao Jingya , Zhang Xi , Hu Mandong , Huang Liuyu , Han Li 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Through some specific amino acid residues, cofilin, a ubiquitous actin depolymerization factor, can significantly affect mitochondrial function related to drug resistance and apoptosis in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
; however, this modulation in a major fungal pathogen,
Aspergillus fumigatus
, was still unclear. Hereby, it was found, first, that mutations on several charged residues in cofilin to alanine, D19A-R21A, E48A, and K36A, increased the formation of reactive oxygen species and induced apoptosis along with typical hallmarks, including mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, cytochrome
c
release, upregulation of metacaspases, and DNA cleavage, in
A. fumigatus
. Two of these mutations (D19A-R21A and K36A) increased acetyl coenzyme A and ATP concentrations by triggering fatty acid β-oxidation. The upregulated acetyl coenzyme A affected the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway, leading to overexpression of
cyp51A
and -
B
, while excess ATP fueled ATP-binding cassette transporters. Besides, both of these mutations reduced the susceptibility of
A. fumigatus
to azole drugs and enhanced the virulence of
A. fumigatus
in a
Galleria mellonella
infection model. Taken together, novel and key charged residues in cofilin were identified to be essential modules regulating the mitochondrial function involved in azole susceptibility, apoptosis, and virulence of
A. fumigatus
.
Complete Genome Sequencing of Eight Brucella abortus Biovar 1 Strains Isolated from Water Buffalo
Authors: Paradiso Rubina , Orsini Massimiliano , Riccardi Marita Georgia , Cecere Bianca , Cerrone Anna , Cammà Cesare , Chiusano Maria Luisa , Galiero Giorgio , Borriello Giorgia 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus
Brucella
. The disease is endemic in many areas, causing chronic infections responsible for reproductive disorders in infected animals. Here, we present eight complete genome assemblies of eight
Brucella abortus
strains isolated from water buffaloes farmed in the Campania region.
Phylogenetic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant Isolated from Food Animals in Japan Revealed Replacement of Major Epidemic Clones in the Last 4 Decades
Authors: Arai Nobuo , Sekizuka Tsuyoshi , Tamamura Yukino , Tanaka Kiyoshi , Barco Lisa , Izumiya Hidemasa , Kusumoto Masahiro , Hinenoya Atsushi , Yamasaki Shinji , Iwata Taketoshi , Watanabe Ayako , Kuroda Makoto , Uchida Ikuo , Akiba Masato 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium (
Salmonella
Typhimurium) and its monophasic variant (
Salmonella
4,[5],12:i:−) are the major causes of gastroenteritis in both humans and animals. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis have been used widely as subtyping methods for these pathogens in molecular epidemiological analyses, but the results do not precisely reflect phylogenetic information. In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of these serovars using whole-genome sequencing data and identified nine distinct genotypic clades. Then, we established an allele-specific PCR-based genotyping method detecting a clade-specific single nucleotide polymorphism to rapidly identify the clade of each isolate. Among a total of 815 isolates obtained from cattle in Japan between 1977 and 2017, clades 1, 7, and 9 contained 77% of isolates. Obvious replacement of the dominant clone was observed five times in this period, and clade 9, which mostly contains
Salmonella
4,[5],12:i:−, is currently dominant. Among 140 isolates obtained from swine in Japan between 1976 and 2017, clades 3 and 9 contained 64% of isolates. Clade 9 is the latest clone as is the case in cattle isolates. Clade 9 is similar to an epidemic clone from Europe, which is characterized by sequence type 34 (ST34), chromosomal
Salmonella
genomic island 3, and a composite transposon containing antimicrobial resistance genes. The increased prevalence of clade 9 among food animals in Japan might be a part of the pandemic of the European
Salmonella
4,[5],12:i:− clone.
Mechanisms of Host IFI16, PML, and Daxx Protein Restriction of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication
Authors: Merkl Philipp E. , Orzalli Megan H. , Knipe David M. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

The initial events after DNA virus infection involve a race between epigenetic silencing of the incoming viral DNA by host cell factors and expression of viral genes. Several host gene products, including the nuclear domain 10 (ND10) components PML (promyelocytic leukemia) and Daxx (death domain-associated protein 6), as well as IFI16 (interferon-inducible protein 16), have been shown to restrict herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication. Whether IFI16 and ND10 components work together or separately to restrict HSV-1 replication is not known. To determine the combinatorial effects of IFI16 and ND10 proteins on viral infection, we depleted Daxx or PML in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) in the presence or absence of IFI16. Daxx or IFI16 depletion resulted in higher
ICP0
mutant viral yields, and the effects were additive. Surprisingly, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of PML in the HFF cells led to decreased ICP0-null virus replication, while short hairpin RNA (shRNA) depletion led to increased ICP0-null virus replication, arguing that different PML isoforms or PML-related proteins may have restrictive or proviral functions. In normal human cells, viral DNA replication increases expression of all classes of HSV-1 genes. We observed that IFI16 repressed transcription from both parental and progeny DNA genomes. Taken together, our results show that the mechanisms of action of IFI16 and ND10 proteins are independent, at least in part, and that IFI16 exerts restrictive effects on both input and replicated viral genomes. These results raise the potential for distinct mechanisms of action of IFI16 on parental and progeny viral DNA molecules.

IMPORTANCE
Many human DNA viruses transcribe their genomes and replicate in the nucleus of a host cell, where they exploit the host cell nuclear machinery for their own replication. Host factors attempt to restrict viral replication by blocking such events, and viruses have evolved mechanisms to neutralize the host restriction factors. In this study, we provide information about the mechanisms of action of three host cell factors that restrict replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that these factors function independently and that one acts to restrict viral transcription from parental and progeny viral DNA genomes. These results provide new information about how cells counter DNA virus replication in the nucleus and provide possible approaches to enhance the ability of human cells to resist HSV infection.