bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of plane of nutrition and forage:concentrate ratio on the performance and carcass composition of steers
Authors: Steen R.W.J. 
Published: June 2019

Consumer demand for leaner beef necessitates a reduction in the fat content of a major proportion of the beef carcasses currently produced. It is generally accepted that reducing the plane of nutrition of beef cattle reduces fat content. However the effects on growth rate and overall efficiency of production are also important. The effects of reducing energy intake on performance and carcass composition may be influenced by the nature of the change in energy intake. An experiment has been carried out to examine the effects of reducing energy intake, either by increasing forage: concentrate ratio (F:C) in the diet or reducing dry matter intake at constant F:C.Thirty-six Friesian (F), Limousin x F and Belgian Blue x F 12-month old steers which were initially 368 kg, and which had been reared under uniform management and nutrition were used. They were purchased from dairy farms during October and November at approximately 10 days old, were aritifically reared and were at pasture from April until October. After a three week acclimatization period they were divided into blocks according to breed and live weight and allocated to the three treatments at random with each block. The three treatments were a complete diet consisting of 0.67 grass silage (719 g digestible organic matter and 144 g crude protein/kg DM; 82 g ammonia N/kg total N) and 0.33 concentrates (0.9 rolled barley and 0.1 soyabean meal) offered (1) ad libitum or (2) at 0.8 of ad libitum intake.
The ability of growing sheep to select a diet that meets their protein requirements
Authors: Kyriazakis I , Oldham J D 
Published: June 2019

Whilst our previous work (Hou et al, 1991) has shown that sheep will make structured selections amongst pairs of feeds offered as a choice, we have not been able to relate these selections to the animals requirements as estimated by relative performance as single feeds. Also the nature of crude protein in diets offered as a choice has not been used as a variable.The objective of the experiment was to develop the proposition that growing sheep, when given a choice between a suitable pair of foods, will select a diet that meets their protein requirements by using pairs of foods to be given as a choice and also offering each food singly to sheep, in order to quantify the effects of the foods on performance. In order to address an aspect of the extent to which sheep may make selections between diets to satisfy digestive (rumen) function rather than metabolic needs we have also included urea supplementation of an otherwise low CP diet amongst the foods offered as a choice.
The effect of silage quality and frequency of feeding of supplementary concentrates on serum metabolite and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1) concentrations in the late pregnant ewe
Authors: Wylie A.R.G. , Chestnutt D.M.B 
Published: June 2019

Concentrates for pregnant ewes are often increased incrementally during the last 6-8 weeks to as much as 50% of dry matter intake. Commonly, they are given as a single daily feed. Increasing the number of meals in which a concentrate allowance is given to cattle minimises diurnal fluctuation in ruminal activity with beneficial effects on dry matter intake (DMI).The current study was undertaken to determine if more frequent feeding of concentrates to ewes in late pregnancy affects levels of nutritionally-dependent serum IGF-1 and serum metabolites and to associate these with changes in ewe DMI and performance.
The effect of the ingestion of food on performance of stereotypies in sows
Authors: Terlouw E.M.C. , Lawrence A.B. 
Published: June 2019

Previous work (Terlouw et al., 1991) has shown that confined sows only developed stereotypies when kept under food restriction. Furthermore, highest levels of stereotypies were found immediately after feeding. The present study tested the hypothesis that stereotypies in food restricted sows are specifically stimulated by food ingestion.Experiment 1. The experiment was conducted on 13 restrained and food restricted sows (parity: 2; Cotswold Pig Development Co. Ltd, UK), receiving 2.5 kg of a concentrated sow food (13 MJ/kg) at 0900 hrs and that had shown post-meal stereotypic chain manipulation (range 0-300 min/day) and excessive drinking (range 6-50 litres/day) for 7 months. Two treatments were given in the afternoon, when they were generally inactive; 1) novel sound (duration 10 min) 2) unexpected extra meal (approximate ingestion time 10 min). Each treatment was repeated twice, with two treatment days per week. Days preceding treatment days were used as controls. Chain manipulation and drinking were recorded continuously using an automatic logging system.
The effects of fermentation characteristics of grass silage on the eating behaviour of dairy cows
Authors: Elizalde H F , Mayne C S 
Published: June 2019

The total amount of feed eaten by ruminant animals in a given period of time depends on the number of meals eaten in that time, the duration of each meal and the rate of eating during each meal (Bines, 1976). It has been suggested that differences in the pattern of intake with differing silages may influence the rate of nutrient release within the rumen, and thereby alter the efficiency of use of ingested nutrients (Gill et al, 1988).An experiment was carried out to examine the eating behaviour of 48 lactating dairy cows offered 5 silages with contrasting fermentation characteristics, with silages produced using a range of silage additive treatments.The treatments consisted of five silages harvested between 2-6 July from a perennial ryegrass based sward which had previously been harvested between 18-19 May. Herbage was ensiled either untreated (C), treated with an inoculant (I), inoculant with enzymes (I + E), formic acid (FA) or high levels of mixed aliphatic carboxylic acids (A). Animals were allocated to a randomized block design with 9 animals/treatment on treatments I, I+E, FA and CA and 12 animals on treatment C. Eating behaviour was monitored using a system in which cows were identified from collar borne transponders as they ate from weighed blocks of silage (Forbes et al, 1987).
A comparison of distillers dark grains with proprietary concentrate for milk production
Authors: McKendrick E J , Hyslop J J 
Published: June 2019

In an attempt to increase the value of distillery by-products, in the 1970's many Scottish distilleries installed drying plants and dried distillers wet grains and pot-ale syrup together to produce dark grains. The feeding value of these dark grains for ruminant livestock has been well researched in America and researchers Firkins et al (1984) concluded that the protein component of dark grains is partially resistant to degradation in the rumen and this protein fraction can be more efficiently utilised by some classes of ruminant livestock than rumen degradable protein.The current trial considered replacement or partial replacement of proprietary concentrate with one of three types of dark grains. The dark grains were from cereal sources - either barley, wheat or maize.Twenty-one British Friesian cows in early lactation were used in an incomplete changeover design experiment consisting of four periods each of four weeks duration.
Effects of sodium fertilizer application to pasture, or its direct supplementation, on dairy cow production and grazing behaviour
Authors: Chiy P.C. , Phillips C.J.C 
Published: June 2019

The sodium (Na) requirement of dairy cows is dependent on the level of production and the physiological state of the animal (ARC, 1980). In a previous paper (Chiy and Phillips, 1991), it was shown that changes in pasture growth rate and composition following sodium (Na) fertilizer application in mid-season to a dairy cow perennial ryegrass pasture leads to increased grazing and ruminating times, milk yield and milk fat concentration. Adding Na to concentrate also increased ruminating time and milk fat concentration. The effects of different levels of Na fertilizer have not been reported. The aim of the present experiment was to compare the effects of 0 (Nil), 32 (Low) and 64 (High) Kg Na /ha/year appied as fertilizer, with ( + ) or without (-) a sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) buffer added to a concentrate supplement on cow production and ingestive behaviour during the grazing season.Fifty four cows in their second or later lactation, and with a mean calving date of 4 February 1990, were allocated to sextets. Within sextets, cows were allocated to one of six treatments in a split-split-plot design arranged in a 24 X 3 X 2 factorial: weeks 1 to 24 of experiment; 0 (Nil), 32 (Low) or 64 (High) Kg Na ha/year and with (+) or without (-) 100 g NaHC03included in 2 Kg maize gluten supplement/ cow/day.
Whole crop barley as a supplementary feed for grazing dairy cows
Authors: Hargreaves A. , Leaver J.D. 
Published: June 2019

It is not clear when the optimum time of harvesting the winter barley as whole crop for silage should be in terms of feeding value for dairy cows and yield of the crop. Little information is available using whole crop barley as a buffer feed. The aim of these experiments was to evaluate the feeding value of whole crop barley (WCB) silage harvested at three stages of growth as a supplementary feed for grazing dairy cows during the late season.Winter barley (var. Pipkin) was harvested at 4 stages of growth : T1:250, T2:350, T3:450 and T4:550 gDM/kg, at the following dates : 25/5, 19/6, 3/7 and 11/7/1991, respectively. The chopped material from T1-T4 was stored in minisilos and from T1-T3 in larger silos for animal studies.
The effect of extended photoperiod on performance, behaviour and prolactin levels of finishing dairy bred steers and heifers
Authors: Johnson P N , Forbes J M , Phillips C J C , Arab Talal Mustapha , Bettany S M 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have shown that bovine performance can be improved by manipulating photoperiod. This may be an acceptable alternative to the use of exogenous hormones but responses have been inconsistent. The objective of this trial was to determine the response of finishing cattle to extended photoperiod.Sixty-four Hereford x Friesian steers and 48 Charolais x Friesian heifers were finished in consecutive years over the winter housing period under either natural daylength (Control) or daylength extended to 16 hours (16 hour). Lights were installed to provide 16 hour animals with 400 lux at animal eye level. A photocell and timeswitch combination ensured that lights were switched on if natural light levels were below this level between 04.00 and 20.00 GMT. Animals were penned in groups of eight and silage was weighed in daily to each pen. Animals were weighed fortnightly and feed conversion ratios calculated. Prolactin assays were carried out on blood samples taken monthly from 10 animals per treatment. Steer and heifer behaviour was monitored over 24 hours on three occasions.
The effects of plane of nutrition and slaughter weight on performance and carcass composition of beef cattle
Authors: Steen R.W.J. 
Published: June 2019

Current consumer demand for leaner beef necessitates a reduction in the fat content of a major proportion of beef carcasses. Recent studies have shown that a greater reduction in carcass fat content can be achieved when plane of nutrition is reduced by reducing the quantity of food given rather than reducing the energy content of a diet given ad litibum. An experiment lias been carried out to examine the effects of restricting food intake during the finishing period on the performance and carcass composition of beef cattle.Two hundred and ten 12 month old Friesian (F), Limousen x F and Belgian Blue x F bulls, steers and heifers, which had been reared under uniform management and nutrition were used. They were purchased directly from dairy farms between mid October and mid December, at approximately two weeks of age, were artificially reared and were put to pasture from late April until early October.
Responses of Matebele goats of Zimbabwe to feeding level: Lactation
Authors: Majele Sibanda L. , Bryant M.J. , Ndlovu L.R. 
Published: June 2019

Under conventional husbandry conditions, kid mortality of Matabele goats is highest in the dry season when feed is scarce. The aim of this experiment was to determine maternal and kid responses to feeding levels during lactation.The work was carried out at the Thuli Breeding Station, in Matebeleland, south western Zimbabwe. Forty-two Matebele goats that were fed differentially (H, M and L levels) pre-partum, were fed at either HL (1 ME MJ/W0.75) or LL (0.60 ME MJ/W0.75) as from the second week of lactation until week 15. All the does had single kids. The allocation to lactation treatments was balanced for pre-partum feeding levels. Maize grain, lucerne hay and veld hay were offered at 0.2, 0.24 and 0.56 of the total ME per treatment. Drinking water and an iodized mineral lick were available to all goats ad libitum. Feed intake was measured daily. The does and kids were weighed weekly; does were also body condition scored (on a scale of 1-10) at each weighing. The does were hand-milked weekly after separation of the kids for 4 hours (0900-1300). The milk was weighed and a sub-sample preserved for subsequent chemical analysis.
Milk Production, vitamin and immunological status of cashmere does and kids differing in prepartum housing date and buck genotype
Authors: Galbraith H , Bell J , Scaife J R , Acamovic T , Macdonald D C , Roger L C 
Published: June 2019

There is considerable interest in the production of Cashmere fibre by goats in the UK. Cashmere is a fine fibre produced by goats of many genotypes and crossbreeding programmes involving animals imported from overseas countries and indigenous goats have recently been established.Further information is required on the production and physiological characteristics of goats produced in these programmes. The objective of the present study was to determine milk production, vitamin and immunological status of goats as affected by prepartum housing date and buck genotype.
Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: food intake, milk constituent output and live weight
Authors: Sutton J.D , Aston K. , Beever D.E , Fisher W.J. 
Published: June 2019

The importance of measuring partition between body and milk in dairy cows and identifying the factors underlying it has long been recognised. However accurate measurements of partition In the body are few because of the difficulty and expense of the techniques.The purpose of the present experiment was to measure the effects in autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum of amount of concentrate and stage of lactation on body composition by direct (Gibb et al 1992a, b) and Indirect (Kings et al 1992) techniques, adipose tissue metabolism (Walsh et al 1992) and milk production. In a related trial, energy balance was measured in other cows by Indirect calorimetry (Cammell et al 1992).This report covers silage Intake, milk production and live-weight change. Communications on the associated studies are given in the Proceedings of this Meeting.
Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: metabolic activityin vitroof subcutaneous adipose tissue
Authors: Walsh A. , Sutton J. D. , Beever D. E. 
Published: June 2019

In early lactation dairy cows use stored body fat to provide an additional source of energy to support milk production and these reserves are replaced when energy requirements for milk synthesis are reduced. The extent to which body fat is mobilized depends on the nutritional state of the animal and its genetic potential. These changes are accompanied by substantial alterations in the intermediary metabolism of adipose tissue. The aim of this work was to investigate the timing and magnitude of changes in synthetic and lipolytic pathways in adipose tissue from dairy cows during a lactation cycle and at three levels of energy intake.Fifty four cows were fed grass silagead libitumand a concentrate ration at 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg DM/day (Sutton et al 1992). An initial group of six cows was slaughtered at 2 to 4 dayspost partum(week 0) followed by two cows from each treatment at weeks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 19, 24 and 29.
The responses of lactating dairy cows to feeding of high molasses levels
Authors: Yan T. , Roberts D. J. 
Published: June 2019

Molasses has been fed to dairy cows for about a century. Extensive studies have shown that its energy value is worth from 75 to 100% that of maize when up to 10% of molasses is fed in a complete diet and high molasses inclusion in the diet can be detrimental to the responses of the animals. Nevertheless, the maximum inclusion rate of molasses in a diet that cows can tolerate has still been unclear. Few publications are available to describle the responses of cows to very high molasses feeding. This is a question, however, that both farmers and advisers are concious of. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the effects on milk yield and composition, feed intake, liveweight gain and health of lactating cows fed on very high levels of molasses, in comparision with those fed a relatively low level.Fifteen British Friesian late lactation cows (168 ± 6 days calved) all in second lactation or more were randomly allocated to a 3 x 3 changeover experiment with 21 day periods. The cattle were fed individually through Broadbent Calan Gates ad libitum on a complete diet of silage plus a liquid supplement including molaferm 20 (a mixture of 80% cane molasses with 20% condensed molasses solubles supplied by United Molasses Ltd.), soyabean meal and fish meal.
Effect of Protein Realimentation on Lactational Performance in Rats:
Authors: Pine A.P. , Jessop N.S. , Oldham J.D. 
Published: June 2019

Previous research in our laboratory has shown that lactating rats given low protein diets will readily mobilise approximately 20% of body protein to sustain lactational performance. However in such females lactational performance falls markedly around day 6 of lactation and remains at this low level for the remainder of lactation. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether this decline in lactational performance coincided with the exhaustion of labile protein reserves, and secondly whether such protein depleted females could reestablish effective lactation in mid lactation when given an increased supply of dietary protein.Sixty six multiparous Sprague-Dawley rats were mated individually with a proven male breeder, mating being confirmed through the presence of vaginal plugs, then transferred to solid bottomed plastic cages for the remainder of the experiment.
Influence of variety and site of cultivation on the nutritive value of rapeseed meal for growing pigs
Authors: Lambert R.J. , Ellis M. , Smithard R. , Davis M. 
Published: June 2019

Glucosinolate levels are thought to be the major factor limiting the use of rapeseed meals in pig diets. The greatest differences In glucoslnolate content between samples of rapeseed appear to be attributable to variety and site of cultivation. A growing pig feeding trial was set up to Investigate varietal and site differences in the nutritive value of different rapeseed meals.Rapeseed of the double low varieties Tapidor, Cobra, Libravo and Ariana were obtained from each of two sites (High Mowthorpe EHF, North Yorkshire and Bridgets EHF, Hampshire) where agronomic practices at both sites were very similar. These materials were solvent extracted to yield eight rapeseed meals of commercial type.
Enzyme supplementation of wheat, barley or sugar beet pulp based diets for early weaned piglets: effects on performance and faecal nutrient digestibility
Authors: Mellange J , Inborr J , Gill B P 
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study was to examine if enzyme supplementation could improve the performance of early weaned piglets by increasing nutrient digestibility of diets in which energy content was reduced by replacing wheat with barley or sugar beet pulp.The following diets were supplemented with (+) and without (-) stabilised multi-enzyme premixes (E1, E2 and E3 respectively): diet W containing 706g/kg wheat and formulated to supply 14 MJ DE/kg, diets B and SBP in which DE was reduced to 13.25 MJ/kg by completely replacing wheat with barley or 185g/kg sugar beet pulp respectively. All diets were formulated to provide 150g/kg of apparent ileally digestible ideal protein, giving a crude protein concentration of about 217g/kg. Soya bean (200g/kg) and fish meal (75g/kg) were added at equal levels to all diets. Main enzyme activities in E1 were xylanase (T . longibrachiatum), amylase (B. subtilis) and pectinase (A. niger), in E2 beta-glucanase (T. longibrachiatum), xylanase (T. longibrachiatum) and amylase (B.subtilis) and in E3 beta-glucanase (T. longibrachiatum), amylase (B. subtilis) and pectinase (A. niger). The feeds were pelleted (3mm).
The effect of dietary electrolyte balance on the performance of growing pigs
Authors: Cole D J A , Wiseman J , Davies Jenny , Partridge G , Reeve A 
Published: June 2019

The work was conducted to study the effect of varying the electrolyte balance in the diet on growth performance of post-weaning pigs. Dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) was calculated from:-dEB (mEq) = (Na +K-C1)The values for each element were calculated from:-A diet was designed to comprise barley 262.5, wheat 225.5, cooked maize 200, soya bean meal 66, white fish meal 125, dried slrim milk 100, mineral/vitamin/amino acid supplement 5 and electrolyte mixture 16g/kg. The dietary specifications were 14.27 MJ DE, 223g crude protein, 24.2 crude fibre, 24.4g oil (acid ether extract), 54.7g ash, 13.7g lysine, 3.7g methionine and 8.6g threonine/kg.The electrolyte mixture was initially solely anhydrous calcium chloride which was gradually replaced by sodium bicarbonate. Eight dietary treatments were calculated to contain dEB (mEq/kg) values of -114.5, -54.3, 14.5, 89.2, 155.1, 224.4, 296.1 and 365.0. Diets were offered an a scale calculated to be 0.85 of ad libitum.
Effect of added dietary nitrogen from different sources on intake and digestibility by pregnant gilts of diets containing unmolassed sugarbeet pulp
Authors: Abreu E , Brouns F , Edwards S A , Fowler V R , Smart R I 
Published: June 2019

Previous experiments indicated that protein level in the diet might affect intake and apparent digestibility of diets containing high levels of unmolassed sugarbeet pulp (SBP). As utilisation of dietary fibre depends on fermentation by the microflora in the gastro-intestinal tract, availability of nitrogen to the microflora could be important. It is generally assumed that most fermentation occurs in the hlndgut, although with SBP, fermentation does occur in the ileum. Therefore the source as well as level of dietary nitrogen might be important.Four maize based diets were formulated to contain the same amount (600g/kg) of SBP (Table 1). The control diet (C) contained no added nitrogen rich material (dietary N 15 g/kg). In the other diets the N concentration was doubled by adding either soyabean meal (S), white fishmeal (F), or urea (U).In a pre-trial period, voluntary food intake (VFI) of 17 individually housed gilts fed ad libitum on diet C was determined. The gilts were allocated to the treatments on the basis of this VFI, 5 gilts on diet C, 4 on each of S, F, and U. The diets were fed ad libitum from a hopper during a 3 week period in late gestation. After one week of adaptation, VFI was measured daily. On the last 5 days of the period, faecal samples were collected for overall apparent digestibility measurements using chromic oxide as inert marker (5 g/kg diet). Liveweight and backfat thickness of the gilts were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.