bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a Differential Method for Measuring Differences of Vapour Pressures of Liquids at one Temperature and at Different Temperatures
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. Apparatus for realising the proposed method is represented in the accompanying diagram. Two Woulffe's bottles, each having a vertical glass tube fitted air-tight into one of its necks, contain the liquids the difference of whose vapour pressures is to be measured. Second necks of the two bottles are connected by a bent metal (or glass) pipe, with a vertical branch provided with three (metal or glass) stopcocks, as indicated in the diagram. Each bottle has a third neck, projecting downwards through its bottom, stopped by a glass stopcock which can be opened for the purpose of introducing or withdrawing liquid. The upper ends of the glass tubes are also connected (by short india-rubber junctions or otherwise) with a bent metal pipe carrying a vertical branch for connection with a Toepler mercury air-pump. This vertical branch is provided with a metal stopcock. The vertical branch of the pipe fitted into necks of the two bottles is also connected to the air-pump as indicated in the drawings.§ 2. To introduce the liquids, bring open vessels containing them into such positions below the bottles that the necks project downwards into them. Close the glass stopcocks of these lower necks, open all the other six stopcocks, and produce a slight exhaustion by a few strokes of the air-pump. Then, opening the glass stopcocks very slightly, allow the desired quantities of the liquids to enter, and close them again.
On the Geometrical Investigation of the Circular Functions of 3θ and 5θ
Authors: Anglin A. H. 
Published: June 2019

1. Let the <PAB be θ, where P is a point on the arc of a semicircle described on AB of which O is the middle point. Then making<OPC = <OPA, the <PCB = 3θ.Since the triangles APC, OPC are similar, we haveWe shall express each of the ratios sin 3θ/sin θ, cos 3θ/cos θ, etc., as a function of AC/OC.
Notes on some Earthquakes in India
Authors: Inglis J. W. 
Published: June 2019

On 5th July we had the pleasure of listening to the paper on the “Calcutta Earthquake” of 12th June 1897, by Mr Heath, B.A.It occurred to me that the Royal Society might be pleased to have a narrative account from one of its Fellows, by following up the subject. There is nothing scientific in this paper, and it is brevity itself; at the same time it may be interesting, as the facts are from personal experience of some earthquakes during my residence in India of nigh quarter of a century.Mr Heath observed casually that a portion of the spire of the (Episcopal) Cathedral at Calcutta had fallen, and from the news papers I read that many of the public buildings, such as the High Court of Judicature, the Museum, and many others, were badly injured. If any one would like to see photographs of these buildings before injury took place, I thought it might be of interest to place my albums at the disposal of the President; so that, after the meeting is over, I could, if required, turn up the pages—But, to my subject.After the lapse of forty-one years, I read in a paper recently that the centre of the volcanic disturbance which has caused so much destruction in different parts of Bengal is definitely ascribed to a spot in the Bay of Bengal. I have always hoped that an experience which I had many years ago might some day be made clear: that pleasure, I think, I have at last attained.
Chairman's Opening Address
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

The President, on opening the Session, stated that—At the statutory meeting, held on 23rd November 1896, the President was appointed (with power to name a substitute) to represent the Society at the British Association Commission on a National Physical Laboratory.At a meeting of Council on 7th May last, the President and Dr Murray were appointed members of the Consultation Committee in connection with the proposed Catalogue of Scientific Literature.At a meeting on 21st May 1897, Dr Murray, Dr Traquair, and Mr Cadell of Grange were appointed to represent the Society at the International Russian Congress at St Petersburg, and Principal Talmage was subsequently added to the above-mentioned representatives.Professor D'Arcy Thompson, a member of our Council, was reappointed a Commissioner to report on the aspects of the Seal Fishery in Behring's Straits, and on its international relations.
On the Derivation of the Curves of Vowel Sounds by means of Microscopical Research of their Phonograms
Authors: Boeke J. D. 
Published: June 2019

For about seven years I have been, engaged upon the investigation of the impressions made by vowel sounds on phonograph cylinders.The close accordance of my results with those of Prof. L. Hermann of Königsberg and Dr Hugo Pipping of Helsingfors, though obtained by widely different methods, showed, 1st, that the method by which I obtained my results, although much simpler and easier to manage than those of the above-mentioned investigators, yields, nevertheless, very satisfactory results; and 2nd, that the same vowel sounds are formed almost exactly in the same manner by persons of different age, sex, and nationality.In the only scientific paper which, till now, I have published on this subject, in 1891, only the vowel a (as in hard) was treated in a somewhat elaborate manner, but since then I have applied my method to other vowels as well.As I have altered my method of research a little in the course of time, it may be useful to give a somewhat detailed description of my present mode of procedure.
On the Thermodynamics of Volta-contact Electricity
Authors: Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. Let X and Y be two metals, of which X is electrically positive to Y in the Volta-contact series for dry metals, and make an incomplete circuit of them as indicated in the diagram, with X and Y metallically connected at an interface J, and free surfaces II, KCC exposed, with ether or air, or any gas or insulating fluid, between them. Let CC be a movable slab of the Y-metal, resting frictionlessly on a fixed surface KK of the game metal. If left to itself the movable slab would, in virtue of electric attraction, as we shall see, oscillate on the two sides of the middle position in which the whole of its upper surface is opposite to II. We shall suppose it held by applied force F in any position, or moved, or allowed to move, from any one position to any other, at our pleasure.§ 2. Suppose now our apparatus to be given with no excess of either electricity above the other, and to be insulated in air or ether at a distance from all other bodies great in comparison with its own dimensions, and with no electrified body near enough to it to produce sensible electrification through influence. Every part of the X-surface will be found positively and every part of the Y-surface negatively electrified, provided each surface is of perfectly uniform Volta-quality throughout its extent; but the electric surface-densities of the opposite electrifications will be everywhere exceedingly small, except in and near the portions of II and CC closely opposed to one another.
On the Electrolysis of Ethyl Potassium Diethoxysuccinate
Authors: Brown Crum , Bolam H. W. 
Published: June 2019

The method of electrolytic synthesis of dibasic acids described by Crum Brown and Walker has hitherto been found to be applicable to dibasic acids of the formula CnH2n (COOH)2 whether normal or with side chains, and to camphoric acid, which is no doubt a saturated cyclic compound. In all other cases which have been tried the anion is oxidised and broken up.One of us long ago found that this was the case with tartaric acid, and in 1894 v. Miller and Hofer showed that when the salts of monobasic hydroxy-acids are electrolysed the anion is oxidised and broken up. They showed that this is the case also with methoxyacetic acid, so that it would appear that the replacement of H by ORʹ, where Rʹ is an alkyl, leads to the same destruction of the anion as does the replacement of H by OH. We examined ethoxysuccinic acid, and found that here also no ethereal layer is formed on the electrolysis of the ethyl potassium salt.
Note on the Passage of Water and other substances through Indiarubber Films
Authors: Lundie R. A. 
Published: June 2019

Indiarubber has come to be so nearly synonymous in popular language with waterproof that it seems almost as much of an impertinence to inquire whether it really is so, as it would be to ask whether lead is heavy or iron strong. The question, however, came before me in a practical shape; and I have made out some facts, in attempting to answer it, which may be of interest.A water-bed is simply a hollow indiarubber mattress, capable of being filled with water and secured by metal screws. Such beds are largely used in the treatment of paralysed and feeble patients; and it is well known to nurses and others who have much to do with them that they need every now and then to be filled up in order to keep them comfortable. I first became acquainted with this fact in the course of medical work at the Longmore Hospital, where there are always many of them in use. Every three months or so a considerable quantity of water needs to be added to each of them, because it becomes so slack that the patient sinks through the cushion of fluid and rests on the solid mattress below, at the points where pressure is greatest. It seemed to me that this circumstance was worth inquiring into. Is it simply due to stretching of the material, or is there an actual transudation through the indiarubber? As I could get no answer to the question from people or from books, I determined to interrogate Nature for myself.
On the Theory of Archimeric Segmentation and its bearing upon the Phyletic Classification of the Cœlomata
Authors: Masterman A. T. 
Published: June 2019

In a recent paper embodying the results of my work upon Actinotrocha, I was led to suggest a theory of the segmentation of cœlomate animals, the essential features of which were as follows:—1. There can be demonstrated, in the morphology of the Cœlomata, two distinct types of segmentation—(a) a primitive or archimeric type, having in its constitution certain evidences of a radial origin, and (b) a secondary or metameric segmentation, superposed upon the former and bearing evidence of a bilateral origin.2. A certain number of the Cœlomata retain, under varied disguise, the archimeric segmentation throughout life, together with a number of other primitive characters in common. These groups, being genetically allied, may be conveniently classified in one division, for which the name Archi-cœlomata is proposed.3. In the truly segmented animals, such as the Annelida, Arthropoda, and Eu-chorda, the bilateral or metameric segmentation ⟨of the posterior archimeric segment⟩ tends to completely replace the archimeric. In at least two of these groups there has been an independent evolution of metameric segmentation.In attempting to bring forward facts in support of this theory, one may approach the subject from three stand-points.(A.) Firstly, an attempt may be made, by general reasoning, to construct a hypothetical ancestor of the Cœlomata as a group. In this way may be obtained a schematic outline of an organism possessing each system of organs in its most archaic condition.
Symmetrical Solution of the Ellipse-Glissette Elimination Problem
Authors: McLaren Lord 
Published: June 2019

The publication of Mr Nanson's paper on the glissette elimination problem (Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxii. p. 158) has led me to make a further investigation of this interesting point, with the result that the general eliminant is expressed in the form of a single symmetrical bordered determinant. I shall first give the solution for the case where the tracing-point is on the axis of the ellipse, and then extend it to the general case.I. Case of the Tracing-point on the Elliptic Axis.The equations for the centre of the generating ellipse as tracing-point are—For a point in the line of the major axis, if r be the distance of the tracing-point from the centre, we havewhence, by squaring each side,By addition,
On Nernst's “Osmotic Experiment” and a Definition of Osmotic Pressure
Authors: Brown Crum 
Published: June 2019

In vol. vi. of the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (1890), pp. 16–36, Nernst demonstrates the relation between the osmotic pressure of a given solution of N in A and the difference of concentration of two solutions of A in B, the one made by shaking up B with A and the other by shaking up B with the solution of N in A; where A and B are two liquids miscible with each other, but not in all proportions, as, for instance, water and ether, and N a substance soluble in A but not in B. Immediately after this paper, Nernst describes (l.c., pp. 37–40) an osmotic experiment in which the “semipermeable membrane” is a layer of the liquid B held in its place by capillarity. Through this layer no N can pass, because N is insoluble in B, but A will pass from what we may call the A side, on account of the concentration gradient, the layer of B containing more A dissolved in it on the A side than on the solution side. At the same time a pressure is developed on the solution side equal to the osmotic pressure of the solution of N.So far as the diffusion of A through the layer of B from the A side to the solution side is concerned, Nernst's experiment can be shown without fixing the layer of B. In the form exhibited to the Society, A is water, B phenol, and N calcium nitrate.
The Multiplication of an Alternant by a Symmetric Function of the Variables
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

(1) As is well known, the simplest form of alternant isand the problem of multiplying it by any symmetric function of a, b, c, d, … has been in a manner fully solved.(2) When the symmetric function is linear in each of the variables—that is to say, when it takes any of the forms Σa, Σab, Σabc, ….—the result is an alternant got from the multiplicand by increasing the last index, the last two indices, the last three indices, …. respectively by 1. Thus, writing for shortness' sake five variables only, we haveThis was first established in 1825 by Schweins in his Theorie der Differenzen und Differentiale, p. 378; but it is also barely possible that it was known to Prony in 1795 (see Journ. de l'Ec. Polyt., i. pp. 264, 265), and Cauchy in 1812 (see Journ. de l'Ec. Polyt., x. pp. 49, 50).(3) When the symmetric function is non-linear, the result takes the form not of one alternant, but of an aggregate of alternants. These cannot be so readily specified, but the mode of obtaining them can be made clear without any difficulty. Let us take the case of the function Σa3b the multiplicand being ∣a0b1c2d3∣.
Note on a Persymmetric Eliminant
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2019

1. The fact that the eliminant of the set of five equationsis, as shown by Professor Schoute, the persymmetric determinantimplies a linear relation connecting every three consecutive s's. As a matter of fact it is not difficult to see that we haveand from these, by elimination of λ1λ2, λ1+λ2, we obtain the result just mentioned.
On the Linear and Vector Function
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

AbstractThree years ago I called the attention of the Society to the following theorem:—The resultant of two pure strains is a homogeneous strain which leaves three directions unchanged; and conversely.[It will be shown below that any strain which has three real roots can also be looked on (in an infinite number of ways) as the resultant of two others which have the same property.]As I was anxious to introduce this proposition in my advanced class, where I was not justified in employing the extremely simple quaternion proof, I gave a number of different modes of demonstration; of which the most elementary was geometrical, and was based upon the almost obvious fact thatIf there be two concentric ellipsoids, determinate in form and position, one of which remains of constant magnitude, while the other may swell or contract without limit; there are three stages at which they touch one another.[These are, of course, (1) and (2) when one is just wholly inside or just wholly outside the other (that is when their closed curves of intersection shrink into points), and (3) when their curves of intersection intersect one another. The whole matter may obviously be simplified by first inflicting a pure strain on the two ellipsoids, such as to make one of them into a sphere, next considering their conditions of touching, and finally inflicting the reciprocal strain.]But the normal at any point of an ellipsoid is the direction into which the radius-vector of that point is turned by a pure strain; so that for any two pure strains there are three directions which they alter alike. (These form, of course, the system of conjugate diameters common to the two ellipsoids.) This is the fundamental proposition of the paper referred to, and the theorem follows from it directly.
On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after Nerve Section
Authors: Kennedy Robert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is now well known that after reunion of a divided nerve by means of suture, function may return sooner or later, and that not only does this restoration of function imply simple return of sensation and of the capacity of making voluntary movements, but the re-establishment of complete localisation of sensation and of co-ordination of movements. When it is remembered that the individual nerve fibres are supposed to be paths between well-defined centres and peripheral endings, it is clear that so perfect a restoration of function is in many respects remarkable. Thus, in coapting a divided nerve, it is not likely that this can be effected with so great accuracy, that the corresponding ends of the divided nerve fibres can be brought into apposition. It is more likely that in coapting the nerve, most of the ends of the nerve fibres which are brought into contact are ends which do not correspond; and thus it would be expected that in the reunited nerve new paths for the nervous impulses would be established. And yet, despite this complexity of structure and of function, the reunited nerve seems to be as capable as before the division of subserving its functions.In suturing divided nerves, care is usually given to secure that the two segments are approximated as nearly as possible in their old relationship. Thus, the perfect recovery of localised and co-ordinated function might be due to a majority of the fibres being thus placed in a position for union as before the division to take place.
On the Anatomy of Prosthecocotyle torulosa (Linstow) and Prosthecocotyle heteroclita (Dies.)
Authors: Fuhrmann O 
Published: June 2019

In the Report on the Entozoa collected by H.M.S. “Challenger” Dr O. von Linstow described two new tapeworms, which he named Tetrabothrium torulosum and T. auriculatum. The resemblance of the head of T. auriculatum with that of Prosthecocotyle Forsteri described by Monticelli seemed to me to indicate that the Tetrabothrium described by Linstow probably belonged to the genus Prosthecocotyle.Through the kindness of Sir John Murray, I received from the British Museum the original specimens for inspection, for which I wish to express here my warmest thanks. The following lines give the results of my examination; but before entering upon the description, let me say something on the systematic position of these two animals. As I have already remarked, Prof. Monticelli has rightly erected a new genus named Prosthecocotyle for the tapeworm Tœnia Forsteri, Krefft. To this genus belongs, besides P. Forsteri, other parasites of birds which have been placed in the genera Tœnia, Tetrabothrium, Amphoterocotyle, Bothridiotœnia, Bothriocephalus. According to my researches the following species belong to the genus Prosthecocotyle:—1. P. Forsteri (Krefft), (syn. Tœnia Forsteri, Krefft), from Delphinus Forsteri (Gray) and Delphinus delphinus, L.2. P. Monticellii, Fuhrmann (syn. Tœnia erostris, ex parte, Bothridiotœnia erostris, var. minor, Lönnberg), from Fulmarus glacialis, L.3. P. umbrella, Fuhrmann, from Diomedea sp. (?).4. P. torulosa (Linstow), (syn. Tetrabothrium torulosum, Linstow), from Diomedea brachyura, Temm.
Dishonesty and the Jury: A Case Study in the Moral Content of Law
Authors: Tur Richard 
Published: June 2019

It must be considered that a man who only does what everyone of the society to which he belongs would do is not a dishonest man.A lack of confidence in the ability of a tribunal correctly to estimate evidence of states of mind and the like can never be sufficient ground for excluding from enquiry the most fundamental element in a rational and humane criminal code.
Philosophy, Language and the Reform of Public Worship
Authors: Warner Martin 
Published: June 2019

When I studied the Scriptures then I did not feel as I am writing about them now. They seemed to me unworthy of comparison with the grand style of Cicero (Augustine, III, 5).As for the absurdities which used to offend me in Scripture, … I now looked for their meanings in the depth of mystery (sacramentorum) (Augustine, VI, 5).
Diversification of a New Atlantic Clade of Scleractinian Reef Corals: Insights from Phylogenetic Analysis of Morphologic and Molecular Data
Authors: Budd Ann F. , Smith Nathan D. 
Published: June 2019

Recent molecular analyses of the traditional scleractinian suborder Faviina have revealed a new Atlantic clade of reef corals, which disagrees with traditional classification. The new clade contradicts long-held notions of Cenozoic diversification being concentrated in the Pacific, and of Atlantic species bearing close evolutionary relationships with Pacific species. In the present paper, we outline an approach for integrating molecular, morphologic, and fossil data, which will allow future examination of the timing and phylogenetic context of the divergence of the new Atlantic clade. Our analyses are preliminary and focus on 17 genetically characterized species within the new Atlantic clade. The molecular dataset consists of 630 base pairs from the COI gene and 1143 base pairs from the cytB gene. The morphologic dataset consists of 25 traditional morphologic characters (86 states) in 57 species (23 extant and 32 extinct). Phylogenetic analyses are first performed separately on the molecular and morphologic (extant taxa only) datasets. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses involve adding fossil taxa to the morphologic dataset and performing a combined analysis for extant taxa.The results of both molecular and morphologic phylogenetic analyses disagree with traditional classification. They also disagree with each other, indicating the two datasets provide different phylogenetic signals and are informative at different taxonomic levels. Molecular trees for the mitochondrial genes analyzed have higher bootstrap support for deeper nodes in the tree; morphologic trees have higher bootstrap support near branch tips. The addition of fossils to the morphologic dataset does not improve resolution within phylogenetic trees, but it does indicate that all of the major subclades within the new Atlantic clade originated prior to middle Eocene time. The pulse of origination associated with Plio-Pleistocene faunal turnover involved speciation within well-established clades. Examination of the geographic distributions of the taxa within each of the four resulting trees indicates that the origin of the Brazilian reef coral fauna involved more than one separate dispersal event or that the fauna may be descended from a larger Mio-Pliocene Atlantic (Caribbean to Brazil) species pool, portions of which have subsequently become extinct. Because of the complex nature of scleractinian evolution (involving possible hybridization), we advocate using a phylogenetic approach that compares multiple independent datasets, including datasets that are currently being developed for new microstructural characters.