bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote C–H Functionalization via Selective Hydrogen Atom Transfer
Authors: Nagib David , Stateman Leah , Nakafuku Kohki 
Published: February 2018

The selective functionalization of remote C–H bonds via intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is transformative for organic synthesis. This radical-mediated strategy provides access to novel reactivity that is complementary to closed-shell pathways. As modern methods for mild generation of radicals are continually developed, inherent selectivity paradigms of HAT mechanisms offer unparalleled opportunities for developing new strategies for C–H functionalization. This review outlines the history, recent advances, and mechanistic underpinnings of intramolecular HAT as a guide to addressing ongoing challenges in this arena.1	Introduction2	Nitrogen-Centered Radicals2.1	sp3 N-Radical Initiation2.2	sp2 N-Radical Initiation3	Oxygen-Centered Radicals3.1	Carbonyl Diradical Initiation3.2	Alkoxy Radical Initiation3.3	Non-alkoxy Radical Initiation4	Carbon-Centered Radicals4.1	sp2 C-Radical Initiation4.2	sp3 C-Radical Initiation5	Conclusion
Locking Dorsal Plate in Four-Bone Arthrodesis in SLAC and SNAC 3 Wrist
Authors: Querenghi Amos M. , Locatelli Francesco M. , Dacatra Ugo , Creta Elia , Tos Pierluigi , Odella Simona 
Published: February 2018

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of performing a four-bone arthrodesis (FBA) with dorsal locking plate in patients suffering from stage III scapholunate advanced collapse/scaphoid nonunion advance collapse (SLAC/SNAC) wrist.
Methods We evaluated retrospectively 20 patients surgically treated by a FBA with the use of locking dorsal plate. All the patients were clinically evaluated at follow-up for grip strength, range of motion, and pain (visual analog scale), and with the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score and the Mayo wrist score. Imaging evaluation was performed on standard X-rays.
Results The mean follow-up was 6 years (range: 1–11 years). During follow-up, the patients showed good clinical outcomes in terms of pain relief and grip strength. Revision surgery was necessary only in one case because of screws loosening. In all cases, a solid bone fusion was achieved except in one patient, who presented a healing of lunocapitate joint. This condition did not affect the clinical outcomes.
Conclusion FBA performed using a dorsal locking plate is a salvage procedure effective in treating stage III SLAC/SNAC wrist. In our study, this technique provided good clinical outcomes at mid-term follow-up with a very low complication rate.
Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Population Impact of Drug Interactions with Warfarin: A Real-World Data Approach
Authors: Martín-Pérez Mar , Gaist David , de Abajo Francisco , Rodríguez Luis 
Published: February 2018

Objective To investigate the population impact of previously reported interactions between warfarin and other drugs on international normalized ratio (INR) levels.
Methods Using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a United Kingdom primary care database, a cohort of warfarin users between 2005 and 2013 (N = 121,962) was followed until the first qualifying prescription for the potential interacting drugs was evaluated. Sixteen sub-cohorts, one for each study drug, and a control sub-cohort of warfarin were ascertained. Short-term changes in INR levels were assessed by comparing INR values measured before and after initiation of the interacting drug with paired Student's t-test. We also evaluated the proportion of patients with INR values outside the therapeutic range (INR: 2–3).
Results Miconazole use was associated with the highest mean increase in INR (+3.35), followed by amiodarone (+1.28), fluconazole (+0.79), metronidazole (+0.75) and nystatin (+0.65). After subtracting the natural INR variation observed in the control sub-cohort, supra-therapeutic levels (INR > 3) were found in 53.2% (miconazole), 45.5% (amiodarone), 23.3% (metronidazole), 23.2% (fluconazole) and 17.6% (nystatin) of patients initiating treatment with these drugs. Carbamazepine use was associated with a mean INR decrease of –0.63 and infra-therapeutic levels (INR < 2) were observed in 46.2% of patients initiating carbamazepine. For all other drugs, the change was small to moderate, in absolute INR units (+0.23 to +0.55) and in the proportion of patients with INR levels out of therapeutic range (<16%).
Conclusions Clinically potentially important interactions were observed in several study drugs. The majority of them, although confirmed, had little impact after adjusting for standard INR variability in the general population of warfarin users.
The Effect of Axial Loading on Ulnar Variance
Authors: Zhu Andy , Siljander Breana , Lawton Jeffrey , Waljee Jennifer , Ozer Kagan 
Published: February 2018

Background Forearm rotation results in change in ulnar variance. Axial loading of the wrist is required to maintain daily activities. Change in ulnar variance during axial loading has not been investigated previously.
Purpose To measure the change in ulnar variance on axially loaded wrists.
Patients and Methods We examined 21 asymptomatic individuals and 24 patients with unilateral ulnar-sided wrist pain. All patients underwent standard neutral posteroanterior wrist radiographs without load and under axial loading on bilateral wrists. Axial loading was standardized at 18.1 kgf using an analog weight scale. A magnetic resonance (MR) arthrogram was obtained only in patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain. Beighton flexibility score was recorded on healthy volunteers. Change in ulnar variance between 0 and 18.1 kgf was compared for each wrist among all subjects. A correlation was sought between the change in ulnar variance, MR arthrogram findings, and physical examination.
Results In individuals without wrist pain, on average, 0.4 mm increase in ulnar variance was measured between 0 and 18.1 kgf. There was no difference between the dominant and nondominant side. No correlation was found with increasing age. In contrast, patients with ulnar-sided wrist pain displayed an average increase of 0.8 mm in ulnar variance. Compared with the contralateral wrist, more than 1 mm increase in ulnar variance was correlated with intra-articular pathologies including dorsoulnar ligament disruption, central triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) perforation, and foveal detachment.
Conclusion Compared with contralateral side, more than 1 mm increase in ulnar variance is suggestive of longitudinal instability or TFCC pathology.
Level of Evidence Level II, diagnostic.
Diagnosenkodierung in deutschen Arztpraxen aus klassifikatorischer Sicht: Eine retrospektive Studie mit Routinedaten
Authors: Carnarius Sebastian , Heuer Joachim , Stausberg Jürgen 
Published: February 2018

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Niedergelassene Haus- und Fachärzte behandeln ein breites Spektrum an Erkrankungen. Das Kodieren von Diagnosen erfolgt mittels der jahresaktuellen Version der Internationalen statistischen Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitsprobleme, 10. Revision, German Modification (ICD-10-GM). Das Ziel dieser Studie war, die aktuelle Breite und Tiefe der Diagnosendokumentation in der vertragsärztlichen Versorgung zu beschreiben. Unter den gegebenen Rahmenbedingungen konnte diese in einer Nutzung unterschiedlichster aber vielfach nicht-terminaler ICD-10-GM-Kodes erwartet werden.
Methodik Der retrospektiven Studie lagen Abrechnungsdatensätze von 900 Praxen aus 13 Arztgruppen der KV-Regionen Brandenburg und Nordrhein aus dem Abrechnungszeitraum Oktober 2014 – September 2015 zu Grunde. Eingeschlossen wurden 22 287 583 Datensätze. Der normierte Gini-Koeffizient wurde als Maß zur Darstellung der Konzentration verwendet.
Ergebnisse Der Anteil terminaler ICD-10-GM-Kodes an der Gesamtheit der Datensätze lag bei 97,6 %. Hierbei verzeichneten die HNO-Ärzte den größten Anteil (99,6 %), den geringsten Anteil die Orthopäden und Kardiologen (jeweils 94,0 %). Die größte Breite an unterschiedlichen ICD-10-GM-Kodes zeigte sich bei den Hausärzten (71,1 % aller terminalen Kodes), die geringste Breite bei den Augenärzten (22,9 %). Die geringste Konzentration von ICD-10-GM-Kodes zeigte sich bei den Hausärzten (Gini-Koeffizient: 0,56), die größte Konzentration bei den Augenärzten (0,93).
Schlussfolgerung Die Fachärzte nutzten hauptsächlich ein umschriebenes Set an ICD-10-GM-Kodes. Hausärzte nutzten nicht nur eine sehr weite Palette von ICD-10-GM-Kodes sondern kodierten diese sehr häufig terminal. Dies spricht für eine hohe Kodierqualität.
Windowed Granger causal inference strategy improves discovery of gene regulatory networks
Authors: Finkle Justin D. , Wu Jia J. , Bagheri Neda 
Published: February 2018

SignificanceDiscovery of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is crucial for gaining insights into biological processes involved in development or disease. Although time-resolved, high-throughput data are increasingly available, many algorithms do not account for temporal delays underlying regulatory systems—such as protein synthesis and posttranslational modifications—leading to inaccurate network inference. To overcome this challenge, we introduce Sliding Window Inference for Network Generation (SWING), which uniquely accounts for temporal information. We validate SWING in both in silico and in vitro experimental systems, highlighting improved performance in identifying time-delayed edges and illuminating network structure. SWING performance is robust to user-defined parameters, enabling identification of regulatory mechanisms from time-series gene expression data.
Sex bias in MHC I-associated shaping of the adaptive immune system
Authors: Schneider-Hohendorf Tilman , Görlich Dennis , Savola Paula , Kelkka Tiina , Mustjoki Satu , Gross Catharina C. , Owens Geoffrey C. , Klotz Luisa , Dornmair Klaus , Wiendl Heinz , Schwab Nicholas 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Our analysis shows that sex can be associated with the degree to which HLA molecules propagate selection and expansion of T cells as characterized by their T cell receptor variable beta chain (TCRBV). Furthermore, CD8 T cells, especially in men with autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis, are capable of expanding in unison with other CD8 T cells, even without expressing TCRBVs with biochemical similarity in pivotal HLA-binding regions. Our findings add to the understanding of sex bias in diseases with immune system involvement: autoimmunity, infection, and cancer. These results also reveal pathology-associated TCRBVs of interest for future studies and support the argument for sex-separated analysis of HLA disease associations in general.
Monoterpenes are the largest source of summertime organic aerosol in the southeastern United States
Authors: Zhang Haofei , Yee Lindsay D. , Lee Ben H. , Curtis Michael P. , Worton David R. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel , Offenberg John H. , Lewandowski Michael , Kleindienst Tadeusz E. , Beaver Melinda R. , Holder Amara L. , Lonneman William A. , Docherty Kenneth S. , Jaoui Mohammed , Pye Havala O. T. , Hu Weiwei , Day Douglas A. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney J. , de Gouw Joost , Koss Abigail R. , Edgerton Eric S. , Brune William , Mohr Claudia , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Lutz Anna , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Spielman Steve R. , Hering Susanne V. , Wilson Kevin R. , Thornton Joel A. , Goldstein Allen H. 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Atmospheric fine organic aerosol impacts air quality, climate, and human health. Speciating and quantifying the sources of organic aerosol on the molecular level improves understanding of their formation chemistry and hence the resulting impacts. Such study, however, has not been possible due to the chemical complexity of atmospheric organic aerosol. Here, we provide comprehensive molecular characterization of atmospheric organic aerosol samples from the southeastern United States by combining state-of-the-art high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques. We find that monoterpene secondary organic aerosol accounts for approximately half of total fine organic aerosol. More importantly, the monoterpene secondary organic aerosol mass increases with enhanced nitrogen oxide processing, indicating anthropogenic influence on biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation.
T cell receptors for the HIV KK10 epitope from patients with differential immunologic control are functionally indistinguishable
Authors: Joglekar Alok V. , Liu Zhe , Weber Jeffrey K. , Ouyang Yong , Jeppson John D. , Noh Won Jun , Lamothe-Molina Pedro A. , Chen Huabiao , Kang Seung-gu , Bethune Michael T. , Zhou Ruhong , Walker Bruce D. , Baltimore David 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Success or failure of CD8+ T cell responses dictates whether an infected patient can control HIV durably. HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV controllers and chronic progressors were shown to differ in their antiviral function. Here, we investigated whether HIV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) can explain functional differences in CD8+ T cells from patients with differential immunologic control. Through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies, we found that HIV-specific TCRs were functionally equivalent. These results suggest that the factors that modulate the CD8+ T cell response to HIV are independent of their TCRs.
Female migration and its impact on language choice and use among Afro-Costa Rican women
Authors: Philip Lisbeth A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the socio-historical and linguistic impact of two separate historical migratory experiences on a group of 127 Afro-Costa Rican women whose ancestors were, in the vast majority of cases, Black West Indian Immigrants who settled in the province of Limón, Costa Rica. It provides a description of two female migrations, to Costa Rica and later to the United States, to understand their impact on the participants’ choice of language within the family and in the affective domains. These domains of language are used as variables for the sociolinguistic analysis of Language maintenance and language shift (LMLS) among the sample in question in Puerto Limón and Siquirres, the two main economic areas of the province of Limón.
Features of some ergative languages that impact on acquisition
Authors: Bavin Edith L. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Bybee’s (e.g., 2006, 2010, 2013) view is that grammar is the cognitive
organisation of one’s experience with the language. Evidence from the
language acquisition field supports this approach. A major task for the
child in acquiring a language is detecting distributional properties of the
language and the co-occurrence of features, that is, identifying the
form-function units in the language input. In this chapter, I briefly
discuss ergative alignment and present examples from research on the
acquisition of ergative languages to show that different cues to ergativity
are provided. The examples illustrate that children quickly attune to
contexts for ergative marking, identifying regularity and recurring patterns
as they construct a grammar.
know and understand in ASL
Authors: Janzen Terry 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Topic constructions in ASL are understood to be composed of information
identifiable to the addressee that serves as the reference point from which
to view the comment or comments immediately following it. This study
compares the instances of use in a corpus of conversational ASL of KNOW and
UNDERSTAND as lexical verbs and their grammaticalized form and function when
they appear as topic markers, and with know as a discourse marker.
Topic phrases introduced by know tend to have a wider domain as an
identifiable reference point rather than a specific entity or event within
the signer’s and addressee’s shared knowledge. Topic phrases introduced by
understand tend to introduce an idea that the signer wishes to
set as a reference point.
The company that word-boundary sounds keep
Authors: Brown Earl K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This paper analyzes the frequency with which words occur in phonological
contexts favorable to reduction, referred to here as “contextual ratio
frequency.” Duration and center of gravity of word-final /s/ are measured in
the speech of ten speakers of Mexican Spanish living in Salinas, California.
The 1,028 tokens are subjected to mixed effects linear regression, with
speaker and lexical item entered as random effects. The results suggest that
contextual ratio frequency is a better predictor of word-boundary sound
reduction than lexical frequency, and support the idea that words that occur
frequently in phonological contexts conducive to reduction are reduced more
often because words are represented mentally as malleable cognitive entities
that respond to usage-based factors.
Gradient conventionalization of the Spanish expression of ‘becoming’
quedar(se) + ADJ in seven centuries
Authors: Wilson Damián Vergara 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The present chapter focuses on the evolution of semantic categories in the
Spanish expression of ‘becoming’ quedar(se) + ADJ and
examines how this analogical extension is affected by the
conventionalization of prominent category members. To this end, this study
operationalizes conventionalization through examining factors such as
previous usage, widespread usage, and frequency in developing a gradient
index of conventionalization of specific verb + adjective combinations in a
diachronic corpus. Through developing an index that can be used to compare
the conventionalization of a specific combination from one century to the
next, we see that a robust centralized member will contribute to the ongoing
maintenance and productivity of a semantic category even in the face of
overall frequency reduction of the construction.
The evidence add ups
Authors: Beckner Clay 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In a usage-based model of the lexicon, linguistic elements that repeatedly
co-occur in sequence come to form a processing unit (Bybee 2002b). The present study supplements
previous psycholinguistic research finding that multiword sequences may form
a ‘prefabricated’ sequence. I describe a new experiment designed to elicit
‘affix shift’ speech errors (e.g., adds up →
add ups), which give evidence of holistic processing of
a multiword sequence. Analysis of the data indicates that affix positioning
errors are predicted by a confluence of factors – a high-frequency
stimulus sequence (settle down) in tandem with
low-frequency component words (settle,
down). These findings provide support for a usage-based
account, in which linguistic units are not fixed, but gradient and
changeable with experience.
An Opioid Overdose Curriculum for Medical Residents: Impact on Naloxone Prescribing, Knowledge, and Attitudes
Authors: Taylor Jessica L. , Rapoport Alison B. , Rowley Christopher F. , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Stead Wendy 
Published: February 2018

Background: Despite escalating opioid overdose death rates, addiction medicine is underrepresented in residency curricula. Providing naloxone to at-risk patients, relatives, and first responders reduces overdose deaths, but rates of naloxone prescribing remain low. The goal of this study is to examine the impact of a brief curricular intervention for internal medicine residents on naloxone prescribing rates, knowledge, and attitudes. Methods: Internal medicine residents ( N = 160) at an urban, tertiary care medical center received two 1-hour didactic sessions addressing overdose prevention, including intranasal naloxone. The number of naloxone prescriptions generated by residents was compared to faculty, who received no similar intervention, in the 3-month periods before and after the curriculum. Resident knowledge and attitudes, as assessed by pre- and post-intervention surveys, were compared. Results: The resident naloxone prescribing rate increased from 420 to 1270 per 100,000 inpatient discharges ( P = .01) and from 0 to 370 per 100,000 ambulatory visits ( P < .001) post-intervention. Similar increases were not observed among inpatient faculty, whose prescribing rate decreased from 1150 to 880 per 100,000 discharges ( P = .08), or among outpatient faculty, whose rate increased from 30 to 180 per 100,000 ambulatory visits ( P < .001) but was lower than the post-intervention resident rate ( P = .01). Residents demonstrated high baseline knowledge about naloxone, but just 13% agreed that they were adequately trained to prescribe pre-intervention. Post-intervention, residents were more likely to agree that they were adequately trained to prescribe (Likert mean 2.5 vs. 3.9, P < .001), to agree that treating addiction is rewarding (Likert mean 2.9 vs. 3.3, P = .03), and to attain a perfect score on the knowledge composite (57% vs. 33%, P = .05). Conclusions: A brief curricular intervention improved resident knowledge and attitudes regarding intranasal naloxone for opioid overdose reversal and significantly increased prescribing rates.
The Relationship between Drug use Settings, Roles in the Drug Economy, and Witnessing a Drug Overdose in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Latkin Carl A. , Edwards Catie , Davey-Rothwell Melissa A. , Yang Cui , Tobin Karin E. 
Published: February 2018

Background: There has been a dramatic increase in drug overdose deaths in the United States. In the current study, the authors examined factors associated with witnessing a drug overdose. Methods: A sample of 450 substance users in Baltimore, Maryland, were recruited for a behavioral intervention and were administered a survey. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to compare participants who never witnessed a drug overdose with those who witnessed one in the prior 6 months and those who witnessed an overdose over 6 months ago. Results: Most (58%) participants were male, 40% experienced homelessness in the prior 6 months, 63% reported a history of heroin injecting, 84% had snorted heroin, 75% reported witnessing a drug overdose, and 38% experienced an overdose. In multinomial logistic regression models, witnessing an overdose in the past 6 months was associated with number of different types of places where drugs were used (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.34), history of experiencing an overdose (aOR = 1.80), injecting heroin and/or speedball (aOR = 1.78), and snorting heroin (aOR = 1.54). Witnessing an overdose more than 6 months ago was associated with number of different places where drugs were used (aOR = 1.25), history of experiencing an overdose (aOR = 1.61), snorting heroin (aOR = 1.42), and injecting heroin or speedball (aOR = 1.47). Conclusions: These data suggest that people who engage in more public and frequent drug use, and hence are more likely to witness an overdose, should be targeted for interventions to prevent and treat drug overdose.