bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canopy Spectral Reflectance as a Predictor of Soil Water Potential in Rice
Authors: Panigrahi N. , Das B. S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSoil water potential (SWP) is a key parameter for characterizing water stress. Typically, a tensiometer is used to measure SWP. However, the measurement range for commercially available tensiometers is limited to −90 kPa and a tensiometer can only provide estimate of SWP at a single location. In this study, a new approach was developed for estimating SWP from spectral reflectance data of a standing rice crop over the visible to shortwave‐infrared region (wavelength: 350–2,500 nm). Five water stress treatments corresponding to targeted SWP of −30, −50, −70, −120, and −140 kPa were examined by withholding irrigation during the vegetative growth stage of three rice varieties. Tensiometers and mechanistic water flow model were used for monitoring SWP. Spectral models for SWP were developed using partial‐least‐squares regression (PLSR), support vector regression (SVR), and coupled PLSR and feature selection (PLSRFS) approaches. Results showed that the SVR approach was the best model for estimating SWP from spectral reflectance data with the coefficient of determination values of 0.71 and 0.55 for the calibration and validation data sets, respectively. Observed root‐mean‐squared residuals for the predicted SWPs were in the range of −7 to −19 kPa. A new spectral water stress index was also developed using the reflectance values at 745 and 2,002 nm, which showed strong correlation with relative water contents and electrolyte leakage. This new approach is rapid and noninvasive and may be used for estimating SWP over large areas.
Commentary: The Feasibility of Subduction and Implications for Plate Tectonics on Jupiter's Moon Europa
Authors: Kattenhorn Simon A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA new modeling‐based study by Johnson et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005370) lends support to the hypothesis that portions of Europa's surface may have been removed by the process of subduction, as suggested by Kattenhorn and Prockter (2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2245). Using a simple 1‐D model that tracks the thermal and density structure of a descending ice plate, Johnson et al. show that ice plates with 10% porosity and overall salt contents of ~5%, which differ in salt content by ~2.5% from the surrounding reference ice shell, are nonbuoyant and thus likely to sink through the underlying, convecting portion of the ice shell. The feasibility of subduction in an ice shell is critical to the existence of icy plate tectonics, which is hypothesized to exist at least locally on Europa, potentially making it the only other Solar System body other than Earth with a surface modified by plate tectonics.
Energy‐Dispersive,X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Albertini Valerio Rossi , Paci Barbara , Generosi Amanda 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEnergy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is an analytical method for qualitative, as well as quantitative, determination of elements in a sample, independent of their chemical form. It is built on the fact that elements that are irradiated with high‐energy X‐rays have a certain probability of emitting characteristic X‐rays, the energies of which are unique for each element. In the energy‐dispersive (ED) systems, the emitted X‐rays are collected, by discriminating them on the basis of their energies. The use of the EDXRF technique has accelerated since the 1960s as a result of the development of liquid nitrogen‐cooled solid‐state detectors, nuclear electronics, and small computers. Nowadays, compact light‐weight electrically cooled detectors are available, which, together with air‐cooled low‐power X‐ray tubes, are perfectly suited for handheld spectrometers. EDXRF is multielemental and nondestructive and can be applied to large, as well as small, samples of different composition and character. If conditions are optimized, the minimum detection limits can be below the nanogram absolute or micrograms per gram concentration level for small laboratory instruments and into the femtogram or nanograms per milliliter region for more advanced instrumentation (total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) and synchrotron radiation).EDXRF spectrometers exist at many degrees of sophistication, ranging from advanced laboratory instruments to small portable instruments for field observations. They can be designed for analysis of bulk materials or for scanning and elemental mapping of small areas. The use of X‐ray optics such as single or polycapillaries and curved mirrors in Kirkpatrick–Baez geometry leads to X‐ray spot sizes of micrometers and below ideally suited for micro‐XRF. Mapping with high spatial resolution is thus possible, opening investigations down to cell dimension.Typical applications for EDXRF are analysis of agricultural materials, medical samples, archeological and historical objects, painting and fine art objects, and environmental samples such as soil, ores, water, and aerosol particles.
Metal‐Enhanced Fluorescence and Its Applications
Authors: Sugawa Kosuke 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe fluorescence‐enhancement phenomenon of fluorophores positioned near metal nanostructures (metal‐enhanced fluorescence, MEF) is the result of the interaction between the fluorophores and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the nanostructures. This enhancement phenomenon can contribute to the development of novel sensors based on unprecedented mechanisms, as well as improving the sensitivity of existing biosensors and imaging techniques. In this article, the two main mechanisms for MEF are briefly explained: the light‐harvesting nanoantenna effect and the increase in the radiative decay rate. This is followed by an introduction to metal nanostructures and nanoparticles (substrate‐based platforms and solution‐dispersed colloidal nanoparticle‐based platforms), which can act as MEF platforms. In addition, the efficient suppression of fluorescence blinking and photobleaching induced by the interaction with LSPR are described, as these are secondary advantages for fluorescence‐based sensors. Subsequently, the generation of hot spots, which could be one of the key phenomena for significant fluorescence enhancement, is outlined. An examination of usability of MEF platforms consisting of Al and Cu (metal species other than Au and Ag) to further improve their applicability is also discussed. Finally, some recent applications such as the development of imaging techniques, nanoprobes, and biosensors utilizing the MEF phenomenon are briefly introduced.
Discovery of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
Authors: Orna Mary Virginia , Fontani Marco 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhen, in 1899, the close friend and colleague of Marie and Pierre Curie, André Louis Debierne, announced the discovery of actinium, he could not imagine that this element would become the first of a group of key elements for understanding atomic structure. A theoretical basis, an initially empirical periodic table, for the systematic study of the atom had been laid down many years earlier by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev in 1869. It turned out to be a tool that could be used to predict what Mendeleev discerned as “missing elements,” elegantly confirmed by the discoveries of gallium in 1875, scandium in 1879, and finally germanium in 1886. Over the course of the following 60 years, a series of discoveries were made that began to reveal the modern picture of the structure of the atom. In chronological order, these were cathode rays, emission spectra, canal rays (protons), X‐rays, radioactivity, the electron, α, β, and γ rays, Planck's law, the photoelectric effect, the atomic nucleus, isotopes, Bohr model of atomic structure, atomic number, and the neutron. It gradually became clear that the number of nuclear protons equaled the nuclear charge and conferred on each atom its unique identity. This allowed scientists to determine how many elements existed in nature, namely 92. It also allowed them to devise experiments to push the envelope beyond 92—to actually create new elements by bombarding and combining the existing atomic nuclei, thus expanding the original periodic table to 118 elements. The impact of these discoveries has changed the course of history. The story of Debierne's discovery, actinium, and the 29 elements that follow it are the subject of this article and this volume.
Design and development of a phantom for tomosynthesis with potential for automated analysis via the cloud
Authors: Goodenough David , Levy Josh , Olafsdottir Hildur , Olafsson Ingvi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper describes Development of a Phantom for Tomosynthesis with Potential for Automated Analysis via the Cloud. Several studies are underway to investigate the effectiveness of Tomosynthesis Mammographic Image Screening, including the large TMIST project as funded by the National Cancer Institute https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/nci-supported/tmist. The development of the phantom described in this paper follows initiatives from the FDA, the AAPM TG245 task group, and European Reference Organization (EUREF) for Quality Assured Breast Screening and Diagnostic Services Committee report noting, that no formal endorsement nor recommendation for use has been sought, or granted by any of these groups. This paper reports on the possibility of using this newly developed Tomosynthesis Phantom for Quality Assurance, field testing of image performance, including remote monitoring of DBT system performance, e.g., via transmission over the cloud. The phantom includes tests for: phantom positioning and alignment (important for remote analysis), scan geometry (x and y), chest wall offset, scan slice width and Slice Sensitivity Profile (SSP(z)) slice geometry (slice width), scan slice incrementation (z), z axis geometry bead, low contrast detectability using low contrast spheres, spatial resolution via Point Spread Function (PSF), Image uniformity, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR) via readings over an Aluminum square. The phantom is designed for use with automated analysis via transmission of images over the cloud and the analysis package includes test of positioning accuracy (roll, pitch, and yaw). Data are shown from several commercial Tomosynthesis Scanners including Fuji, GE, Hologic, IMS‐Giotti, and Siemens; however, the focus of this paper is on phantom design, and not in general aimed at direct commercial comparisons, and wherever possible the identity of the data is anonymized. Results of automated analysis of the phantom are shown, and it is demonstrated that reliable analysis of such a phantom can be achieved remotely, including transmission of data through the cloud.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for accelerator‐integrated cone‐beam systems for verification imaging
Authors: Bissonnette Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists, in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology. This article presents the quality control guideline accelerator‐integrated cone‐beam systems for verification imaging that has resulted from this process.
Microfluidic Production of Capsules‐in‐Capsules for Programed Release of Multiple Ingredients
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Lee Tae Yong , Amstad Esther , Kim Shin‐Hyun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCapsules with thin shells have a high‐loading capacity and are thus well‐suited containers for reagents that must be stored in confined volumes. Capsules contained in larger capsules, so‐called double capsules, allow the encapsulation of distinct reagents within small, defined, well‐separated volumes. Therefore, they offer possibilities to initiate reactions in confined volumes and to release distinct bioactives sequentially while minimizing the risk for cross contaminations. In this study, a new microfluidic capillary device is presented that enables the assembly of water‐oil‐water‐oil‐water (W/O/W/O/W) quadruple‐emulsion drops whose oil layers are ultra thin. These quadruple emulsions can be converted into double capsules with thin membranes through either evaporation‐induced consolidation of biodegradable polymers or photopolymerization of monomers. It is demonstrated that the membrane composition of the inner and outer capsules can be independently selected to enable programed release of distinct encapsulants. For example, biodegradable polymers with two different degradation rates are employed as the membrane materials that enable sequential release of two different encapsulants. In addition, the release of the encapsulants can be triggered by external stimuli such as osmotic pressure. This new class of double capsules provides new opportunities for drug delivery and screening assays that require sequential release of multiple water‐soluble ingredients.
pH‐Regulated Surface Plasmon Absorption from Ultrasmall Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Tan Yue , Liu Lulu , Wang Yaping , Liu Jinbin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLuminescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with ultrasmall sizes (2–3 nm) and few free electrons have attracted fundamental science and application research interests due to their robust emission properties, but discoveries on their fantastic plasmonic properties are limited. Herein, controllable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption (>520 nm) is reported from ultrasmall luminescent AuNPs (≈2.0 nm) coated with a small thiolate surface ligand, mercaptoimidazole (MIZ), through pH regulation. The 690 nm emitting MIZ‐AuNPs show SPR absorption and emission with a reversibly pH‐dependent response, i.e., a strong emission with no SPR band at high pH values (e.g., pH 5.0) and strong SPR absorption (570 nm) with weak emission at low pH values (e.g., pH 2.0). The MIZ surface coating, which has a low steric hindrance and high tendency to form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, is shown to play an important role in the creation of strong plasmon coupling and the emergence of plasmonic properties from ultrasmall MIZ‐AuNPs with 44% Au(I) species. The discovery of a plasmonic property in semiconducting luminescent MIZ‐AuNPs opens a new pathway for further understanding the optical properties of AuNPs and designing a new generation of optical AuNPs for various future applications.
Review of Electrolytes in Nonaqueous Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Guo Haipeng , Luo Wenbin , Chen Jun , Chou Shulei , Liu Huakun , Wang Jiazhao 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBased on an inexhaustible and ubiquitous source of oxygen, the lithium–oxygen batteries are currently the subject of much scientific investigation because of their potential for extremely high energy density. The electrocatalytic materials for them have been extensively researched during the past decade. Even though they are a key component in the lithium–oxygen batteries, however, the study of electrolytes is still in its primary stage. Electrolytes have an important influence on the electrochemical performance of lithium–oxygen batteries, especially on their cycling stability and rate capacity. Therefore, it is important to select an ideal electrolyte with excellent stability against attack by reaction intermediates, along with excellent oxygen solubility and diffusivity. In this review, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of organic electrolytes for lithium–oxygen batteries are discussed and compared. Furthermore, possible research directions are proposed for the development of an ideal electrolyte for enhanced electrochemical performance.
Organic/Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Optoelectronic Devices beyond Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Wu Jiang , Tong Xin , Lin Feng , Wang Yanan , Wang Zhiming M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractInvestigations of organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite materials have attracted extensive attention due to their excellent properties including bandgap tunability, long charge diffusion length, and outstanding optoelectronic merits. Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskites are demonstrated to be promising materials in a variety of optoelectronic applications including photodetection, energy harvesting, and light‐emitting devices. As perovskite solar cells are well studied in literature, here, the recent developments of organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite materials in optoelectronic devices beyond solar cells are summarized. The preparation of organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite films is introduced. Applications of organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite materials in light‐emitting diodes, photodetectors, and lasers are then highlighted. Finally, the recent advances in these optoelectronic applications based on organic–inorganic metal halide materials are summarized and the future perspectives are discussed.
Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Amines and Thioethers Directly from Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Wang Dan‐Yang , Peng Xiao‐Min , Wang Guang‐Zhu , Zhang Ya‐Juan , Guo Tao , Zhang Pan‐Ke 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA straightforward and efficient approach for the synthesis of allylic amines and thioethers has been developed by an iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction using diphosphite ligand. The reaction between allylic alcohols and amines/thiols gave allylic amine and thioester. The method is compatible with various functional groups, affording products with high yield and monoallylation selectivity.
An Iron Complex with a Bent, O‐Coordinated CO2 Ligand Discovered by Femtosecond Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Straub Steffen , Brünker Paul , Lindner Jörg , Vöhringer Peter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe activation of carbon dioxide by transition metals is widely recognized as a key step for utilizing this greenhouse gas as a renewable feedstock for the sustainable production of fine chemicals. However, the dynamics of CO2 binding and unbinding to and from the ligand sphere of a metal have never been observed in the time domain. The ferrioxalate anion is used in aqueous solution as a unique model system for these dynamics and femtosecond UV‐pump mid‐infrared‐probe spectroscopy is applied to explore its photoinduced primary processes in a time‐resolved fashion. Following optical excitation, a neutral CO2 molecule is expelled from the complex within about 500 fs to generate a highly intriguing pentacoordinate ferrous dioxalate that carries a bent carbon dioxide radical anion ligand, that is, a reductively activated form of CO2, which is end‐on‐coordinated to the metal center by one of its two oxygen atoms.
Electrochemical C−H Amination by Cobalt Catalysis in a Renewable Solvent
Authors: Sauermann Nicolas , Mei Ruhuai , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSyntheses of substituted anilines primarily rely on palladium‐catalyzed coupling chemistry with prefunctionalized aryl electrophiles. While oxidative aminations have emerged as powerful alternatives, they largely produce undesired metal‐containing by‐products in stoichiometric quantities. In contrast, described herein is the unprecedented electrochemical C−H amination by cobalt‐catalyzed C−H activation. The environmentally benign electrocatalysis avoids stoichiometric metal oxidants, can be conducted under ambient air, and employs a biomass‐derived, renewable solvent for sustainable aminations in an atom‐ and step‐economical manner with H2 as the sole byproduct.
Physicochemical Characterization and Fatty Acid Profiling of Different Philippine Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum, Engl.) Varieties
Authors: Millena Cristopher G. , Sagum Rosario S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCanarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study focused on the assessment of the physical, nutritional, and fatty acid profile of the pulp and kernel of Pili nut varieties. The study included 7 varieties that are cultivated in a single soil condition at the Albay Research and Development Center, Buang, Tabaco City, Philippines. Standard method Association of Official Analytical Chemist for nutritional analysis and DNA barcoding were used in the study. Molecular authentication through DNA barcoding shows that studied Pili nut varieties belong to genus C. ovatum. Split component of the fruit reveals that pulp is the major component (12.6–25.3%) of the fruit, followed by shell (5.97–12.3%), kernel (1.75–3.49%), and testa (0.17–0.34%). Lyophilized Pili nut kernel contains 67.2–74.1% fat, 11.5–13.2% protein, 3.43–9.97% dietary fiber, and 2.93–3.37% ash, and provides 704–749 cal 100 g−1 energy. Pili nut pulp contains 43.4–53.1% dietary fiber, 20.2–31.7% fat, 8.32–10.9% ash, and 4.53–6.32% protein, and provides 361–432 cal 100 g−1 energy. Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber. Prominent fatty acid is oleic acid (C18:1) for all varieties, which is higher in the pulp than in the kernel. Other major fatty acids include palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics measured depend significantly on the variety.
Characterization of brain anatomical patterns by comparing region intensity distributions: Applications to the description of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Giraldo Diana L. , García‐Arteaga Juan D. , Cárdenas‐Robledo Simón , Romero Eduardo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeThis work presents an automatic characterization of the Alzheimer's disease describing the illness as a multidirectional departure from a baseline defining the control state, being these directions determined by a distance between functional‐equivalent anatomical regions.MethodsAfter a brain parcellation, a region is described by its histogram of gray levels, and the Earth mover's distance establishes how close or far these regions are. The medoid of the control group is set as the reference and any brain is characterized by its set of distances to this medoid.EvaluationThis hypothesis was assessed by separating groups of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment from control subjects, using a subset of the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) database. An additional experiment evaluated the method generalization and consisted in training with the OASIS data and testing with the Minimal Interval Resonance Imaging in Alzheimer's disease (MIRIAD) database.ResultsClassification between controls and patients with AD resulted in an equal error rate of 0.1 (90% of sensitivity and specificity at the same time). The automatic ranking of regions resulting is in strong agreement with those regions described as important in clinical practice. Classification with different databases results in a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 91%.ConclusionsThis method automatically finds out a multidimensional expression of the AD, which is directly related to the anatomical changes in specific areas such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the planum temporale, and thalamus.