bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of the intranuclear microsporidian Enterospora nucleophila in gilthead sea bream by in situ hybridization
Authors: Ahmed Nahla Hossameldin , Caffara Monica , Sitjà‐Bobadilla Ariadna , Fioravanti Maria Letizia , Mazzone Angelica , Aboulezz Abbass Sayed , Metwally Asmaa Mohamed , Omar Mosaab Adl‐Eldin , Palenzuela Oswaldo R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEnterospora nucleophila is an intranuclear microsporidian responsible for emaciative microsporidiosis of gilthead sea bream (GSB). Its minute size and cryptic nature make it easily misdiagnosed. An in situ hybridization (ISH) technique based on antisense oligonucleotide probes specific for the parasite was developed and used in clinically infected GSB in combination with calcofluor white stain (CW) and other histopathological techniques. The ISH method was found to label very conspicuously the cells containing parasite stages, with the signal concentrating in merogonial and sporogonial plasmodia within the infected cell nuclei. Comparison with CW demonstrated limited ISH signal in cells containing mature spores, which was attributed mostly to the scarcity of probe targets present in these stages. Although spores were detected in other organs of the digestive system as well as in the peripheral blood, proliferative stages or parasite reservoirs were not found in this work outside the intestines. The study demonstrated a frequent disassociation between the presence of abundant spores and the intensity of the infections as determined by the parasite activity. The ISH allows confirmatory diagnosis of GSB microsporidiosis and estimation of infection intensity and will be a valuable tool for a more precise determination of parasite dissemination pathways and pathogeny mechanisms.
An assay of drug‐induced emesis in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Wooldridge Lisa M. , Kangas Brian D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundEmesis has significant evolutionary value as a defense mechanism against ingested toxins; however, it is also one of the most common adverse symptoms associated with both disease and medical treatments of disease. The development of improved antiemetic pharmacotherapies has been impeded by a shortage of animal models.MethodsThe present studies characterized the responses of the squirrel monkey to pharmacologically diverse emetic drugs. Subjects were administered nicotine (0.032‐0.56 mg/kg), lithium chloride (150‐250 mg/kg), arecoline (0.01‐0.32 mg/kg), or apomorphine (0.032‐0.32 mg/kg) and observed for emesis and prodromal hypersalivation.ResultsNicotine rapidly produced emesis and hypersalivation. Lithium chloride produced emesis with a longer time course without dose‐dependent hypersalivation. Arecoline produced hypersalivation but not emesis. Apomorphine failed to produce emesis or hypersalivation.ConclusionsThe squirrel monkey is sensitive to drug‐induced emesis by a variety of pharmacological mechanisms and is well‐positioned to examine antiemetic efficacy and clinically important side effects of candidate antiemetic pharmacotherapies.
Quick and brief review: Comparison between different in vivo SPF determination methods
Authors: Hedayat Kamand , Ahmad Nasrollahi Saman , Firooz Alireza 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe use of sunscreen products has grown considerably in the last few decades because sunscreen products considered as one of the most important ways of skin protection against UV rays by different mechanisms such as reflecting, absorbing, or scattering. Excess expose to UV causes sunburn, early skin aging, and skin cancers.ObjectiveThis review aimed to review and compare prominent in vivo sun protection factor (SPF) determination protocols and investigate their approach in test criteria. Finally, this can help skin care specialists to choose the comprehensive SPF determination protocol.MethodsFour current SPF determination protocols including ISO 24444, AS/NZS 2604:2012, CEN 2006, and FDA 2011 were selected and compared to each other.Results and conclusionsDespite the similarity of the test method among these protocols, there are some obvious differences in test criteria which results in a better performance in the individual steps of the test process for each of these methods.
Health needs and timeliness of assessment of Victorian children entering out‐of‐home care: An audit of a multidisciplinary assessment clinic
Authors: McLean Karen , Little Keriann , Hiscock Harriet , Scott Dorothy , Goldfeld Sharon 
Published: April 2019

AimTo describe the health needs identified in children attending a comprehensive health assessment at a tertiary hospital, multidisciplinary clinic for children following entry to out‐of‐home care and timeliness of referral and assessment compared with national recommendations.MethodsThis was a retrospective audit of all the children who attended the Pathway to Good Health clinic at The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne from May 2013 until 31 August 2016.ResultsA total of 119 children aged 0–12 years attended the clinic during the audit period. Of these children, 17% (including more than 30% of 0–2‐year‐olds) were not up‐to‐date with immunisations, and 87% had physical health concerns that were addressed on the day or needed further management. Over 50% had mental health concerns identified (76% of 7–12‐year‐olds). In children aged 3–6 years, 64% had behavioural problems and 77% had developmental problems identified.Only a third of the children was referred to the Pathway to Good Health clinic within the national standard of 30 days post‐entry to care, and 24% of children attended within 3 months of entry to care.ConclusionChildren in out‐of‐home care within Victoria have high rates of physical, mental and developmental health concerns, consistent with previous studies. Timeliness of attendance at the clinic was low compared with national recommendations, even within a programme designed to facilitate timely health checks. This is the second and largest Australian study exploring timeliness of health checks. Further research would establish whether these results are more systemic.
Removing melatonin receptor type 1 signaling leads to selective leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus
Authors: Buonfiglio Daniella , Tchio Cynthia , Furigo Isadora , Donato José , Baba Kenkichi , Cipolla‐Neto José , Tosini Gianluca 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent studies have highlighted the involvement of melatonin in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this study, we report that mice lacking melatonin receptor 1 (MT1KO) gained more weight, had a higher cumulative food intake, and were more hyperphagic after fasting compared to controls (WT). In response to a leptin injection, MT1KO mice showed a diminished reduction in body weight and food intake. To evaluate hypothalamic leptin signaling, we tested leptin‐induced phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Leptin failed to induce STAT3 phosphorylation in MT1KO mice beyond levels observed in mice injected with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). Furthermore, STAT3 phosphorylation within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) was decreased in MT1KO mice. Leptin receptor mRNA levels in the hypothalamus of MT1KO were significantly reduced (about 50%) compared to WT. This study shows that: (a) MT1 deficiency causes weight gain and increased food intake; (b) a lack of MT1 signaling induces leptin resistance; (c) leptin resistance is ARH region‐specific; and (d) leptin resistance is likely due to down‐regulation of the leptin receptor. Our data demonstrate that MT1 signaling is an important modulator of leptin signaling.
The key role of insomnia and sleep loss in the dysregulation of multiple systems involved in mood disorders: A proposed model
Authors: Palagini Laura , Bastien Celyne H. , Marazziti Donatella , Ellis Jason G. , Riemann Dieter 
Published: April 2019

SummaryMood disorders are amongst the most prevalent and severe disorders worldwide, with a tendency to be recurrent and disabling. Although multiple mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in their pathogenesis, just a few integrative theoretical frameworks have been proposed and have yet to integrate comprehensively all available findings. As such, a comprehensive framework would be quite useful from a clinical and therapeutic point of view in order to identify elements to evaluate and target in the clinical practice. Because conditions of sleep loss, which include reduced sleep duration and insomnia, are constant alterations in mood disorders, the aim of this paper was to review the literature on their potential role in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and to propose a novel theoretical model. According to this hypothesis, sleep should be considered the main regulator of several systems and processes whose dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. The model may help explain why sleep disturbances are so strikingly linked to mood disorders, and underscores the need to evaluate, assess and target sleep disturbances in clinical practice, as a priority, in order to prevent and treat mood disorders.
How Individual Differences Affect Learning of Translation‐Ambiguous Vocabulary
Authors: Degani Tamar , Goldberg Miri 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study examined interactions of word and learner characteristics during foreign vocabulary learning, focusing on translation ambiguity and individual differences in cognitive resources and linguistic background (language proficiency, multilingual experience). Fifty‐three native Hebrew speakers and Russian–Hebrew multilinguals learned the phonological form of target Arabic words along with their Hebrew translations and definitions. The mapping could be translation ambiguous, with a single Hebrew word translated into two Arabic words (one‐to‐many) or translation unambiguous (one‐to‐one mapping). Results from translation production and meaning recognition tests revealed that translation‐ambiguous words were more difficult to learn than translation‐unambiguous words. This disadvantage did not dissipate with time, and learners’ phonological short‐term memory was associated with increased translation ambiguity costs. Learners’ proficiency in the language through which learning took place (Hebrew), but not degree of multilingualism, modulated learning. Findings underscore the importance of item and learner interactions, clarifying the multilingualism effect in novel language learning.
Adaptation of a mental development assessment tool for the evaluation of the long‐term effect of a successful nutrition intervention in Ghana
Authors: Mohammed Husein , Aboud Frances 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study adapted a cognitive assessment tool to be used in evaluating nutrition interventions in developing countries and assessed its reliability and validity in Ghana. The tool was used to evaluate the long‐term effect of the Enhancing Child Nutrition through Animal Source Food Management (ENAM) project. The former ENAM participants' children were contacted (now 13 to 15 years old). The items in the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence‐II were adapted, pretested, refined, and pretested again. Cross‐sectional data collection was conducted with former ENAM participants (60 interventions and 51 comparison families) in one of ENAM's three sites (the Guinea Savanna zone). Data on participants' socio‐economic status and food insecurity were collected, along with their children's intellectual functioning, dietary intake, school attainment, anthropometry, and symptoms of depression. Alpha coefficient of the verbal subscale improved between the first and second pretest (from .34 to .80). After controlling for age, the intelligence scores of the children were associated with their grade (r = .35, p = .001) and academic performance (r = .26 to .33, p < .05). The verbal scale was associated with their anthropometry (r = .24 to .27, p < .05). The intervention children still recorded a better dietary diversity score than controls (6.8 vs 5.8, p = .0001); however, significance was lost after adjusting for confounders. There were no significant group differences in growth or intellectual functioning. The adapted Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence‐II tool performed well in evaluating adolescent intellectual functioning in rural Ghana, and there were no long‐term effects of ENAM intervention on child growth and development.
What principles should guide interactions between population health researchers and the food industry? Systematic scoping review of peer‐reviewed and grey literature
Authors: Cullerton Katherine , Adams Jean , Forouhi Nita , Francis Oliver , White Martin 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThere is no explicit consensus amongst population health researchers regarding what constitutes acceptable or effective interactions with the food industry. This has led to confusion and disagreements over conflicts of interest, which can undermine the integrity of science. To clarify this issue, we aimed to systematically identify the key principles developed by population health researchers to prevent or minimize conflicts of interest when interacting with the food industry. Databases of peer‐reviewed literature were searched. In addition, an advanced Google search, a request to experts seeking related documents, and hand searching of references were undertaken. Thematic analysis of the extracted data was undertaken. We examined 54 eligible documents describing guidelines for population health researchers when interacting with the food industry. Fifty‐six principles were identified and synthesized in five themes. There were high levels of agreement in themes relating to research governance, transparency, and publication but less agreement and guidance on how principles should be applied in relation to funding and risk assessment. There is agreement on some of the general principles for preventing and minimizing conflicts of interests for population health researchers when interacting with the food industry. However, for issues such as assessing the appropriateness of an industry partner, greater clarity and consensus are required.
Allergen‐specific immunotherapy enhances CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ regulatory T cells and decreases nasal nitric oxide
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Giien , Yang Kuender D. , Wen Yung‐Sung , Hung Chih‐Hsing , Chien Jien‐Wen , Lin Ching‐Yuang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground4‐1BB (CD137), a member of the inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family, is expressed on regulatory T (Treg) cells and regulates Treg cells to control allergic inflammation. Pam3CSK4, a synthetic TLR2 ligand that can expand CD8+ Treg function, is a promising adjuvant for allergen immunotherapy (IT). We examined whether Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) IT and Pam3CSK4 could enhance CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ Treg suppressive function to decrease nasal nitric oxide (nNO) levels.MethodsNasal symptom scores, nNO levels, PBMCs, and inferior turbinate biopsies were obtained from 40 mite‐sensitive perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) patients before and after one year of Der p IT and 30 non‐allergic control subjects. CD137 expression on CD8+ CD25+ T cells and suppressive function of CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ Tregs was measured using flow cytometry. Cytokine levels were analyzed by ELISA. Inducible nitric oxide synthase production by nasal epithelial cells after co‐culturing with CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ T cells was analyzed by Western blotting.ResultsDer p IT improved nasal symptom scores, decreased nNO levels, and increased CD137 expression on CD8+ T cells in PBMCs and nasal mucosa. Pam3CSK4 expanded the CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ population in PBMCs. Pam3CSK4‐stimulated CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ Tregs induced IL‐10 and TGF‐β and suppressed CD4+ CD25‐ T‐cell proliferation mainly by cell contact inhibition. CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ Tregs cultured with nasal epithelial cells suppressed Der p 2–induced iNOS production. Silencing CD137 in sorted CD8+ CD25+ T cells decreased Pam3CSK4‐activated Foxp3 expression.ConclusionDer p IT expanded CD8+ CD25+ CD137+ Tregs and decreased nNO levels. Induced CD137 expression on CD8+ CD25+ Tregs by Pam3CSK4 stimulation may help suppress allergic inflammation during IT.
Social anxiety and negative symptoms as the characteristics of patients with schizophrenia who show competence–performance discrepancy in social functioning
Authors: Nemoto Takahiro , Uchino Takashi , Aikawa Sayaka , Saito Junichi , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Funatogawa Tomoyuki , Yamaguchi Taiju , Katagiri Naoyuki , Tsujino Naohisa , Mizuno Masafumi 
Published: April 2019

AimAlthough competence and performance in relation to social functioning usually go hand in hand, it is not uncommon to observe a discrepancy between the two in patients with schizophrenia. The present study was aimed at examining the characteristics of patient groups showing such discrepancy.MethodsA total of 205 outpatients with schizophrenia aged ≤40 years old were enrolled. The symptomatology and social functioning were widely assessed. The patients were divided into four groups by the cut‐off scores for competence and performance in relation to social functioning calculated using a comprehensive dataset.ResultsThe subjects were divided according to their level of competence and performance as follows: high competence and high performance (CP) group, 108 (52.7%) patients; high competence, but low performance (Cp) group, 40 (19.5%) patients; low competence, but high performance (cP) group, 13 (6.3%) patients; low competence and low performance (cp) group, 44 (21.5%) patients. One‐way analysis of variance and post‐hoc comparisons revealed significantly worse negative symptoms, general psychopathology scores, global functioning, and quality of life in the Cp group than in the CP group, and significantly better social anxiety symptoms, global functioning, and quality of life in the cP group than in the cp group.ConclusionIn patients who are capable, but do not perform well, negative symptoms may be involved in the discrepancy. Patients who are able to maintain themselves well despite low social competence appear to have milder social anxiety symptoms as compared to patients who are neither competent nor perform well.
Causation Analysis of Risk Coupling of Gas Explosion Accident in Chinese Underground Coal Mines
Authors: Zhang Jinjia , Xu Kaili , You Greg , Wang Beibei , Zhao Lei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe coal mine production industry is a complex sociotechnical system with interactive relationships among several risk factors. Currently, causation analysis of gas explosion accidents is mainly focused on the aspects of human error and equipment fault, while neglecting the interactive relationships among risk factors. A new method is proposed through risk coupling. First, the meaning ofrisk coupling of a gas explosionis defined, and types of risk coupling are classified. Next, the coupled relationship and coupled effects among risk factors are explored through combining the interpretative structural modeling (ISM) and the NK model. Twenty‐eight representative risk factors and 16 coupled types of risk factors are obtained through analysis of 332 gas explosion accidents in coal mines in China. Through the application of the combined ISM–NK model, an eight‐level hierarchical model of risk coupling of a gas explosion accident is established, and the coupled degrees of different types of risk coupling are assessed. The hierarchical model reveals that two of the 28 risk factors, such as state policies, laws, and regulations, are the root risk factors for gas explosions; nine of the 28 risk factors, such as flame from blasting, electric spark, and local gas accumulation, are direct causes of gas explosions; whereas 17 of the risk factors, such as three‐violation actions, ventilation system, and safety management, are indirect ones. A quantitative analysis of the NK model shows that the probability of gas explosion increases with the increasing number of risk factors. Compared with subjective risk factors, objective risk factors have a higher probability of causing gas explosion because of risk coupling.
Sign here, please! On developing countries’ market access conditions in regional trade agreements
Authors: Stender Frederik 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHave regional trade agreements (RTAs) improved market access conditions for developing countries? Employing a measure expressing effective tariff margins and using disaggregated panel data for a sample of 45 developing country exporters, 60 export destinations, and the period between 1991 and 2015, it is shown that this question can generally be answered in the affirmative. Although the effect is estimated to be moderate, RTAs might thus be an important long‐run building block in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in order to increase developing countries’ participation in world trade. On closer inspection, however, for the countries included in the sample, there is considerable variation depending on the choice of integration partners and economic sectors. More specifically, market access improvements cannot be found for African economies in South–South agreements and developing countries engaging formally with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) or the Republic of Korea, while leading industrialized nations are reluctant to grant improved market access to developing countries in RTAs especially in capital‐intensive (high‐productivity) manufacturing sectors.
Joint Modelling of Competing Risks and Current Status Data: An Application to a Spontaneous Labour Study
Authors: Lee Youjin , Wang Mei-Cheng , Grantz Katherine L. , Sundaram Rajeshwari 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe second stage of labour begins when the cervix is fully dilated and pushing begins until the fetus is delivered. A Caesarean delivery (CD) or operative vaginal delivery (OVD) is typically encouraged after the recommended time set by ‘expert consensus’. This recommended time has been set out of concern for an increased chance of maternal and neonatal morbidities due to a prolonged second stage of labour, but without thorough consideration of heterogeneous risks for spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) and morbidities among women. To provide quantitative evidence for the recommendation, the first step is to compare the risks for SVD, CD or OVD, and the risks of maternal or neonatal morbidities simultaneously across the duration of the second stage of labour. To address such risk comparisons statistically, one needs to study the joint distribution for the time to delivery due to each mode and time to maternal or neonatal morbidity given information provided for each individual. We introduce a joint model which combines the competing risks data for delivery time and current status data for any type of maternal or neonatal morbidity given each woman's baseline characteristics. These two processes are assumed dependent through individual-specific frailty under the joint model. Our numerical studies include a simulation that reflects the structure of observed real data and a detailed real data analysis based on nearly 12000 spontaneous labours. Our finding indicates the necessity to incorporate maternal characteristic such as age or body mass index in assessing the probability for delivery due to SVD, CD or OVD and the onset of morbidities across the second stage of labour.