bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten-Year Results of Tree Shelters on Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods
Authors: Ponder Felix 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The performance of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), with and without tree shelters, was evaluated 10 yr after planting. Northern red oak was planted in three harvested forest openings, and black walnut and green ash were planted in a cultivated field. Survival of northern red oak with tree shelters was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than northern red oak without shelters only for year 3. Survival differences between tree shelter treatments for black walnut and green ash were not significant. However, overall survival of green ash declined rapidly after year 5. Trees began to exit the 120-cm-tall shelters after 2 yr, but not in large numbers until the fourth year. Sheltered oaks were significantly taller than unsheltered oaks at year 10, and sheltered oaks had more height growth than unsheltered oaks at year 5, but not at year 10. Except for year 1, neither height nor height growth for black walnut was significantly different between tree shelter treatments. Green ash was taller and had more height growth with shelters than without shelters in year 1, but had more height growth without shelters than with shelters in year 5. Diameter growth at breast height did not differ between treatments for any of the three species. The greater height of sheltered northern red oaks compared to unsheltered northern red oaks could increase the opportunity of sheltered oaks to achieve dominant and codominant positions in the developing stands. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):104–108.
Use of Stand Density Index as an Alternative to Stocking Percent in Upland Hardwoods
Authors: Williams Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand Density Index (SDI) equations were developed and presented for upland hardwoods in southern Ohio. The relationship between SDI and stocking percent from upland hardwood stocking charts were developed, and a diagram displaying this relationship is presented. Critical stand density boundaries equivalent to stocking percent on stocking charts were defined: (1) the C-level of stocking (SDI < 125), (2) the B-level of stocking (125 ≤ SDI < 215), and (3) the A-level of stocking (215 ≤ SDI < 250). A fourth boundary—the region where competition-induced mortality begins—was determined through empirical evidence at an SDI = 175, or 81% stocking. How these boundaries can be utilized in various management strategies is presented. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):137–142.
Logging Sediment Control Act and Forestry Best Management Practices in West Virginia: A Review
Authors: Wang Jingxin , McNeel Joe , Milauskas Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Best management practices (BMP) for controlling soil erosion and sedimentation are the operational guidelines for logging in the state of West Virginia, which have been revised in 1989, 1995, 1996, 2001, and 2002. The West Virginia legislature passed the Logging Sediment Control Act (LSCA) in 1992. This Act specifically mandates logger licensing, logger certification, harvesting operation notification, and enforcement capability for activities causing erosion and sedimentation on logging sites. Since the first BMP assessment conducted in 1981, the West Virginia Division of Forestry has periodically evaluated compliance with BMP. The evaluations have taken place in 1986, 1991, and 1996 respectively. The state LSCA, BMP, and compliance evaluations were reviewed, and the results indicate a trend of increasing compliance with BMP in West Virginia.
Estimation of Volume Growth Using Zeide's Growth Types: An Updated Evaluation
Authors: Brooks John R. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Zeide's (1993) two-point method for projecting volume growth was used to compare the predicted volume to a current intensive inventory of an Appalachian hardwood forest in northern West Virginia. Results indicate that the calculated growth type was stable and that the 8-year predicted volume was within 2% of the inventory estimate. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):164–165.
Stand Structures and Height Growth Patterns in Northern White Cedar Stands on Wet Sites in Vermont
Authors: Hannah Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The structure and growth of northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) was studied in 16 stands on wet sites in Vermont. White cedar and associate species representing the range in diameter were felled for stem analysis. Height growth curves were constructed. Structure of white cedar stands on wet sites in Vermont is often even-aged with a relatively uniform canopy due to restocking of former agricultural land, or two-aged, or multiaged, depending on degree of harvesting and other disturbances. On bog and swamp sites, cedar may reach less than 25 ft in height in 50 years whereas on upland sites wet only a portion of the growing season, they may reach 50 ft or greater in height. On well-drained upland sites, height growth may be greater, but cedar most likely may be displaced by other conifers and hardwoods. Basal area in pure and well-stocked maturing stands may exceed 300 ft2, and volumes can exceed 12,000 ft3/ac. In high-density stands, there is usually little understory. Very small amounts of cedar regeneration were observed in the stands studied. Some of the stands had a distinct browse line, and deer are presumed to have a major impact on cedar regeneration. All cedar stands are recognized as being of great importance as deer wintering areas. On the low-quality swamp and bog sites, minimal and careful harvest of cedar should be done to maintain deer habitat, integrity of the tree canopy, and associated understory vegetation. On sites with less water restrictions than in swamps and bogs, harvesting practices to maintain wildlife habitat and assure regeneration and thinning and pruning to improve growth rate and value of harvested wood should be considered. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):173–179.
Simple Girdle Kills Small American Beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.)
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple girdle at waist height will kill small understory American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Either removing all the bark from within the girdle or cutting two rings into the wood around the circumference using a small saw will suffice. These methods would likely work on other hardwoods as well. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):220–221.
Early Growth Responses of Naturally Regenerated Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) to Partial Release from Juvenile Aspen and Pathological Pruning
Authors: Zenner Eric K. , Puettmann Klaus J. , Krueger Jerome A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height, breast height diameter, and basal diameter growth responses of 7- to 12-year-old naturally regenerated eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) to partial release from juvenile (15-year-old) trembling and bigtooth aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.) and pathological pruning were monitored over four growing seasons. Pathological pruning is the removal of disease-infected branches before the disease can reach the stem or the removal of lower branches that are most susceptible to infection. Results indicated that seedling growth responses to release and pruning depended strongly on the height stratum to which a seedling belonged. Whereas growth rates of small white pine up to 190 cm tall were significantly reduced by increasing aspen densities and by pruning, growth rates of white pine taller than 190 cm were not significantly affected by either aspen density or pruning. Effects of pruning on small white pine were restricted to the first 2 years after release, after which growth rates were similar between pruned and unpruned individuals. This likely was due to natural crown recession of unpruned white pine, which brought crown lengths and crown ratios closer to those of pruned individuals. Besides affecting natural crown recession rates and growth of small unpruned white pines, release intensity also affected upper stratum aspen, which responded vigorously to release. Findings of this study suggest that early release from upper stratum juvenile aspen should enable the conversion of an aspen cover type to a mixture of aspen and white pine, but may have to be followed up by repeated interventions into the upper canopy stratum. It is, however, questionable if the expense of pruning to prevent blister-rust infections under a partial canopy is warranted. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):27–34.
A Comparison of Autonomous, WAAS, Real-Time, and Post-Processed Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Accuracies in Northern Forests
Authors: Bolstad Paul , Jenks Andy , Berkin Jon , Horne Kevin , Reading William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We report on accuracy comparisons among a range of global positioning system (GPS) receivers and configurations when collecting data in the open and below northern forest canopies. We compared recreational receivers in Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) mode, and expensive receivers optimized for spatial data collection (GIS receivers) in autonomous, WAAS, real-time differential, and post-processed differential modes. Data were collected over accurately surveyed open and subcanopy locations. Individual position fixes were logged for varying time periods, and corrected using appropriate methods. Euclidian distance errors were calculated, and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's tests, and linear regression were used to identify significant factors and differences. There were significant differences in the mean positional error due to receiver type under forest canopies, but no statistically significant differences under open locations. There was no difference between differentially corrected and uncorrected data when using the GIS receivers. Recreational receiver accuracies were much less consistent than GIS receivers, with higher frequencies of large errors. Subcanopy tests indicate WAAS signals were available between 8 (moving) and 23 (stationary) % of the time for the recreational receivers, and between 22 (moving) and 33 (stationary) % of the time when using GIS receivers. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):5–11.
Effects of Small Patch Cutting on Sugar Maple Regeneration in New Hampshire Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In many northern hardwood stands in New Hampshire and New England, partial cutting or single-tree selection results in understories with a high proportion of beech and other species with low timber values. Patch cutting, using small openings of about 1/4-ac in size or larger coupled with sufficient logging disturbance, has proved to be an effective way to replace understories of beech and other less valuable species with a new stand containing a high proportion of yellow and paper birch in mixture with other deciduous species. Unless present as well-developed advanced regeneration, sugar maple is seldom common in the new stands produced by small patch cutting. However, when these early successional stands reach 40–50 years of age, understories dominated by sugar maple and with lesser proportions of beech frequently develop, possibly due to the rich leaf-fall, lower proportions of beech litter, and/or changed light conditions. Although small patch cutting may not immediately regenerate abundant sugar maple, it appears as though this technique may help over time to maintain sugar maple as a significant component of northern hardwood forests. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):68–70.
Interference to Hardwood Regeneration in Northeastern North America: Ecological Characteristics of American Beech, Striped Maple, and Hobblebush
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. , Bashant Amy L. , Bohn Kimberly K. , Verostek Jane M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several woody species may inhibit regeneration of desirable northern hardwoods. This includes a dense understory of American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that commonly occurs in stands infected with beech bark disease. Root injuries during logging and by natural causes alsopromote new suckers that, along with some stump sprouts, often maintain or increase the abundance of beech saplings. Additionally, browsing deer primarily bypass beech in favor of more palatable species. Where any of these factors has resulted in a dense understory of small beech, overstorycutting will promote its development, increase ground-level shading, and lead to a site conversion to beech. Similarly, striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum L.) often interferes with hardwood regeneration after overstory cutting. This species persists in heavy shade, grows rapidly afterrelease, and produces abundant seed. When dense, striped maple may interfere with the regeneration of other species. Hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium Marsh.), a shrub, reproduces by rhizomes to form thickets when damaged during overstory cutting. Heavy shade by these thickets may preventregeneration of trees. This review summarizes characteristics of these three species with respect to their interference with desirable hardwoods in northeastern North America. It highlights the limited information about striped maple and hobblebush, and the abundance of sources that deal withAmerican beech.
Landowner Satisfaction with Timber Harvesting on West Virginia Forest Stewardship Program Properties
Authors: McGill David W. , Pierskalla Chad D. , Jennings Brian M. , Grushecky Shawn T. , Lilly David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We conducted a survey of 3,092 private forest owners enrolled in the West Virginia Forest Stewardship Program to assess program outcomes during its first decade. A component of this assessment was a set of questions designed to bring to light the outcomes of timber harvesting experiences that these landowners may have encountered. Among the 1,672 questionnaires (63% response rate after removing undeliverable addresses) that were returned for our assessment of recommended forestry practices implementation, 445 (27%) respondents indicated that they had conducted a timber sale on their stewardship properties. This article looks at satisfaction ratings among these 445 respondents with regard to the results of their timber transactions. Factors closely associated with satisfaction in the condition of respective forest properties following timber harvesting were satisfaction with the amount of revenue generated from the harvest, whether or not a discussion of best management practices (BMP) took place, and whether a contract was present. This latter variable was negatively related to landowner satisfaction level, but this may be more of a numerical artifact than a finding that would encourage a change in recommendations for contracts.
An Evaluation of Big Basal Area Factor Sampling in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Brooks John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Big basal area factor (BAF) sampling techniques were investigated in a 70-year-old even-aged hardwood forest in northern West Virginia. Data collection procedures permitted the investigation of several small BAFs when employed with 12 big BAFs ranging from 55 to 300. Mean board foot volume per acre for sawtimber products was investigated along with a comparison of the resultant standard errors. The estimated mean volume per acre was quite stable. The same approximate mean volume per acre was obtained using big BAF values of 55 and 150 but with a 66% reduction in the number of sample trees needed for volume estimation. Sampling error increased with increasing big BAF, especially above values of 150. Sampling error within a single big BAF value was stable across the range of small BAFs sampled.
Wisconsin Private Sector Foresters’ Involvement in Nonindustrial Private Forestland Cross-boundary Forestry Practices
Authors: Rickenbach Mark , Jahnke Amy D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wisconsin private sector foresters (n = 92) were surveyed to learn their participation, experience, and/or interest in coordinating cross-boundary forestry practices by nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners. Survey response was 78%. Two-thirds reported coordinating cross-boundary practices in the last 2 years. Their most recent practice was typically a timber sale between 41 and 160 ac for two NIPF owners. Despite interest in future cross-boundary forestry practices, the scale of existing practices is still large in comparison to typical NIPF ownerships. Reducing transaction costs also presents a major challenge. Ideas for addressing these challenges are explored.
Optimal Nutrition and Diagnosis for Abies fraseri Christmas Trees in Michigan
Authors: Rothstein David E. , Lisuzzo Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) is a species with a highly restricted native range that is now planted widely for Christmas tree production throughout the eastern US. The southeastern US has a long history of research on nutritional demands of Fraser fir, but growers in the Upper Midwest have limited locally based nutrition research on which to draw. A survey of foliar nutrition and soil properties in Fraser fir Christmas tree plantations throughout the state of Michigan was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: 1) identify relationships between tree nutrition and tree performance, 2) identify relationship between soil properties and tree nutrition, and 3) develop Diagnosis and Recommendation Integration System (DRIS) norms for Fraser fir Christmas trees in Michigan. Foliar N, P, and K levels were all positively associated with tree performance. In contrast, Ca, Mg, and Fe levels in foliage were negatively associated with tree quality. DRIS analysis indicated nutrient imbalances resulting from excess Ca, Mg, and Fe in comparison to N, P, K, and S. High pH and base saturation of young, calcareous soils of Michigan appear to be the most important site factor limiting the production of Fraser fir in Michigan.
Effects of Wind Barrier Protection on Eleven-Year Growth of Black Walnut Seedlings
Authors: Heiligmann Randall B. , Schneider Gary , White Donald P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantings in exposed, open-field sites frequently result in poor seedling growth. The use of artificial wind barriers significantly improved tree growth on such a site in central Michigan on a sandy loam soil, a well-drained Arenic Hapludalfs. The use of a wooden lath (snow fencing) barrier for the first 4 years following planting provided a wind-protected microenvironment that improved the 11-year diameter growth by 60%, and the height growth by 70%, compared to trees grown without the barriers. Annual diameter growth of the protected trees was significantly greater throughout the study, indicating that the barrier effects on growth persisted at least 7 years after the barriers were removed. Trees growing behind the barriers had greater crown and leaf area than those in adjacent exposed plots. The use of existing natural barriers, such as forest edges, fence rows, topography, and tall natural herbaceous vegetation, should be considered when planting trees such as black walnut on exposed sites.
Influence of Markets and Forest Composition on Lumber Production in Pennsylvania
Authors: Luppold William G. , Bumgardner Matthew S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study, we examine regional differences in the hardwood timber resources of Pennsylvania and how the combined changes in inventory volume, forest composition, and lumber prices have influenced regional lumber production. Isolation of these relationships is important because shifts in lumber production reflect changes in harvesting activity. In turn, harvesting influences long-term forest composition and structure. We define three hardwood regions in Pennsylvania based on forest composition and present a chronology of regional changes in sawtimber volumes, sawtimber composition, and lumber production. Regional changes in hardwood lumber production were found to be positively related to changes in the price of No. 1 Common lumber adjusted for changes in forest composition between 1970 and 1999. This finding supports our contention that regional changes in lumber production are influenced by a combination of changes in interspecies lumber price and changes in species availability.
Effects of Crown Release on Growth and Quality of Even-Aged Red Maple Stands
Authors: Strong Terry F. , Hubbell Audra E. , Weise Adam H. , Erdmann Gayne G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of six crown-release treatments on growth and bole quality of 54 dominant, codominant, and intermediate red maples (Acer rubrum L.) were examined in an even-aged stand in upper Michigan. Treatments included an unreleased control, a single-tree and a two-tree crown release, and a full crown-to-crown release of 5, 10, and 15 ft. Twenty-two years after treatment, all trees showed a decrease in number of defects. Trees released to 15 ft lost twice as many defects as unreleased trees. Codominants and intermediates lost twice as many defects as dominants. Overgrown knots were the most common defects and showed the greatest decrease over time. The number of epicormic branches also declined; dominants had no epicormic branches after 22 years. Growth was greater for all released trees than for unreleased trees. Twice as much growth occurred in the 15-ft treatment as in the control, but this result was not significantly greater than those of the 5- or 10-ft crown release treatments. Dominant trees grew significantly more than the intermediate trees. Twenty-two years after treatment, dominants appeared to be least affected by crown-release but had the fewest defects and largest diameters. Crown-release treatment had the greatest effect on intermediates. To maximize growth and maintain bole quality, a crown release of between 5 and 10 ft is recommended for red maple pole-size trees in the Lake States.
Small-Diameter Timber Utilization in Wisconsin: A Case Study of Four Counties
Authors: Bowe Scott A. , Bumgardner Matthew S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The state of Wisconsin has numerous forest ownership types. These include national, state, and county forests, as well as privately owned industrial and nonindustrial forests. In addition to sawlog markets, portions of the state also have substantial pulpwood markets associated withpaper and panel mills. Combined, these attributes make Wisconsin a good location for studies of how different markets and ownerships influence small-diameter timber utilization in the Midwest. In the fall of 2003 and the spring of 2004, recent timber sales were examined in four selected countiesin Wisconsin. Data on harvest contracts, cut types, silvicultural practices, forester involvement, residual stand characteristics, and fiber utilization were gathered. These data were examined based on ownership types, proximity to pulpwood markets, and forest cover in the counties. Findingssuggested that each of these factors influenced harvest activities. Examining these factors will increase our understanding of the role small-diameter timber plays in forest management and expose opportunities resulting from its utilization. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):250 –256.