bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politik Pork Barrel di Indonesia: Kasus Hibah dan Bantuan Sosial di Provinsi Banten tahun 2011
Authors: Saragintan Antonius , Hidayat Syahrul 
Published: February 2018

Program-program pemerintah yang bersifat populis memiliki peluang untuk digunakan incumbent atau petahana sebagai bentuk strategi untuk menaikkan tingkat keterpilihan atau mempertahankan suara dalam pemilihan kepala daerah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pola yang sama terjadi juga dalam alokasi hibah dan bantuan sosial (bansos) di Provinsi Banten pada tahun 2011. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menjawab pertanyaan: apakah alokasi hibah dan bansos yang dilakukan oleh incumbent pada tahun 2011 di Provinsi Banten merupakan bentuk politik distributif yang termasuk pork barrel? Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif terutama wawancara, pengamatan di lapangan serta penelusuran dokumen-dokumen tertulis, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengemukakan kecenderungan digunakannya alokasi hibah dan bansos sebagai strategi politik yang lebih bersifat pork barrel dengan menargetkan wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi basis suara calon petahana serta kelompok-kelompok keagamaan tertentu yang berpengaruh. Penelitian ini juga menegaskan bahwa konsep pork barrel dapat dikembangkan dari konsep awalnya untuk mencakup kebijakan yang diinisiasi oleh eksekutif dan dapat terjadi di tingkat lokal.
Maritime NOx Emissions Over Chinese Seas Derived From Satellite Observations
Authors: Ding J. , van der A R. J. , Mijling B. , Jalkanen J.‐P. , Johansson L. , Levelt P. F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBy applying an inversion algorithm to NOx satellite observations from Ozone Monitoring Instrument, monthly NOx emissions for a 10 year period (2007 to 2016) over Chinese seas are presented for the first time. No effective regulations on NOx emissions have been implemented for ships in China, which is reflected in the trend analysis of maritime emissions. The maritime emissions display a continuous increase rate of about 20% per year until 2012 and slow down to 3% after that. The seasonal cycle of shipping emissions has regional variations, but all regions show lower emissions during winter. Simulations by an atmospheric chemistry transport model show a notable influence of maritime emissions on air pollution over coastal areas, especially in summer. The satellite‐derived spatial distribution and the magnitude of maritime emissions over Chinese seas are in good agreement with bottom‐up studies based on the Automatic Identification System of ships.
Declining Radial Growth Response of Coastal Forests to Hurricanes and Nor'easters
Authors: Fernandes Arnold , Rollinson Christine R. , Kearney William S. , Dietze Michael C. , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Mid‐Atlantic coastal forests in Virginia are stressed by episodic disturbance from hurricanes and nor'easters. Using annual tree ring data, we adopt a dendroclimatic and statistical modeling approach to understand the response and resilience of a coastal pine forest to extreme storm events, over the past few decades. Results indicate that radial growth of trees in the study area is influenced by age, regional climate trends, and individual tree effects but dominated periodically by growth disturbance due to storms. We evaluated seven local extreme storm events to understand the effect of nor'easters and hurricanes on radial growth. A general decline in radial growth was observed in the year of the extreme storm and 3 years following it, after which the radial growth started recovering. The decline in radial growth showed a statistically significant correlation with the magnitude of the extreme storm (storm surge height and wind speed). This study contributes to understanding declining tree growth response and resilience of coastal forests to past disturbances. Given the potential increase in hurricanes and storm surge severity in the region, this can help predict vegetation response patterns to similar disturbances in the future.
A simple technique to improve calculated skin dose accuracy in a commercial treatment planning system
Authors: Wang Lilie , Cmelak Anthony J. , Ding George X. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRadiation dermatitis during radiotherapy is correlated with skin dose and is a common clinical problem for head and neck and thoracic cancer patients. Therefore, accurate prediction of skin dose during treatment planning is clinically important. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of skin dose calculated by a commercial treatment planning system (TPS). We evaluated the accuracy of skin dose calculations by the anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) implemented in Varian Eclipse (V.11) system. Skin dose is calculated as mean dose to a contoured structure of 0.5 cm thickness from the surface. The EGSnrc Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are utilized for the evaluation. The 6, 10 and 15 MV photon beams investigated are from a Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator. The accuracy of the MC dose calculations was validated by phantom measurements with optically stimulated luminescence detectors. The calculation accuracy of patient skin doses is studied by using CT based radiotherapy treatment plans including 3D conformal, static gantry IMRT, and VMAT treatment techniques. Results show the Varian Eclipse system underestimates skin doses by up to 14% of prescription dose for the patients studied when external body contour starts at the patient's skin. The external body contour is used in a treatment planning system to calculate dose distributions. The calculation accuracy of skin dose with Eclipse can be considerably improved to within 4% of target dose by extending the external body contour by 1 to 2 cm from the patient's skin. Dose delivered to deeper target volumes or organs at risk are not affected. Although Eclipse treatment planning system has its limitations in predicting patient skin dose, this study shows the calculation accuracy can be considerably improved to an acceptable level by extending the external body contour without affecting the dose calculation accuracy to the treatment target and internal organs at risk. This is achieved by moving the calculation entry point away from the skin.
Three‐dimensional printing CT‐derived objects with controllable radiopacity
Authors: Hamedani Borhan Alhosseini , Melvin Alexa , Vaheesan Kirubahara , Gadani Sameer , Pereira Keith , Hall Andrew F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeThe goal of this work was to develop phantoms for the optimization of pre‐operative computed tomography (CT) scans of the prostate artery, which are used for embolization planning.MethodsAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pellets were doped with barium sulfate and extruded into filaments suitable for 3D printing on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer. Cylinder phantoms were created to evaluate radiopacity as a function of doping percentage. Small‐diameter tree phantoms were created to assess their composition and dimensional accuracy. A half‐pelvis phantom was created using clinical CT images, to assess the printer's control over cortical bone thickness and cancellous bone attenuation. CT‐derived prostate artery phantoms were created to simulate complex, contrast‐filled arteries.ResultsA linear relationship (R = 0.998) was observed between barium sulfate added (0%–10% by weight), and radiopacity (−31 to 1454 Hounsfield Units [HU]). Micro‐CT scans showed even distribution of the particles, with air pockets comprising 0.36% by volume. The small vessels were found to be oversized by a consistent amount of 0.08 mm. Micro‐CT scans revealed that the phantoms' interiors were completely filled in. The maximum HU values of cortical bone in the phantom were lower than that of the filament, a result of CT image reconstruction. Creation of cancellous bone regions with lower HU values, using the printer's infill parameter, was successful. Direct volume renderings of the pelvis and prostate artery were similar to the clinical CT, with the exception that the surfaces of the phantom objects were not as smooth.ConclusionsIt is possible to reliably create FDM 3D printer filaments with predictable radiopacity in a wide range of attenuation values, which can be used to print dimensionally accurate radiopaque objects derived from CT data. Phantoms of this type can be quickly and inexpensively developed to assess and optimize CT protocols for specific clinical applications.
Single‐photon quantum filtering with multiple measurements
Authors: Dong Zhiyuan , Zhang Guofeng , Amini Nina H. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe single‐photon quantum filtering problems have been investigated recently with applications in quantum computing. In practice, the detector responds with a quantum efficiency of less than unity since there exists some mode mismatch between the detector and the system and the single‐photon signal may be corrupted by quantum white noise. Consequently, quantum filters based on multiple measurements are designed in this paper to improve estimation performance. More specifically, the filtering equations for a 2‐level quantum system driven by a single‐photon input state and under multiple measurements are presented in this paper. Four scenarios, ie, (1) 2 diffusive measurements with Q‐P quadrature form, (2) 2 diffusive measurements with Q‐Q quadrature form, (3) diffusive plus Poissonian measurements, and (4) 2 Poissonian measurements, are considered. It is natural to compare the filtering results, ie, measuring a single channel or both channels, which one is better? By the simulation where we use a single photon to excite an atom, it seems that multiple measurements enable us to excite the atom with higher probability than only measuring a single channel. In addition, a measurement back‐action phenomenon is revealed by the simulation results.
Synergistically Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis by Subsurface Atoms in Ternary PdCuNi Alloy Catalysts
Authors: Wang Huawei , Luo Wenjia , Zhu Lujun , Zhao Zipeng , E Bin , Tu Wenzhe , Ke Xiaoxing , Sui Manling , Chen Changfeng , Chen Qi , Li Yujing , Huang Yu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFor Pd‐based alloy catalysts, the selection of metallic alloying elements and the construction of composition‐gradient surface and subsurface layers are critical in achieving superior electrocatalytic activities in, e.g., the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Based on the Pd‐containing alloy, highly monodispersed PdCuNi ternary alloy nanocrystals are prepared through a wet‐chemical approach, and a solution‐based oxidative surface treatment protocol is utilized to activate the surface of the nanocrystals. A drastically enhanced ORR activity can be achieved by removing the surface Ni and Cu atoms through the surface treatment protocol. The treated catalyst demonstrates a mass activity of 0.45 A mgPd−1 in alkaline medium, 5 and 2.4 times those of commercial Pt/C and Pd/C, respectively. The first‐principle calculation result suggests the critical roles of the coexistence of Ni and Cu atoms and their synergistic interaction beneath the outmost pure Pd layer in optimizing the oxygen binding energy for ORR. The calculation also suggests that the optimal binding energy of oxygen requires an appropriate Ni/Cu ratio in the subsurface layer. This work demonstrates a class of high‐performance Pt‐free ternary alloy ORR catalysts and may provide a general guideline for the structural design of Pd‐based ternary alloy catalysts.
Progress toward Catalytic Micro‐ and Nanomotors for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
Authors: Safdar Muhammad , Khan Shahid Ullah , Jänis Janne 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSynthetic micro‐ and nanomotors (MNMs) are tiny objects that can autonomously move under the influence of an appropriate source of energy, such as a chemical fuel, magnetic field, ultrasound, or light. Chemically driven MNMs are composed of or contain certain reactive material(s) that convert chemical energy of a fuel into kinetic energy (motion) of the particles. Several different materials have been explored over the last decade for the preparation of a wide variety of MNMs. Here, the discovery of materials and approaches to enhance the efficiency of chemically driven MNMs are reviewed. Several prominent applications of the MNMs, especially in the fields of biomedicine and environmental science, are also discussed, as well as the limitations of existing materials and future research directions.
Near‐Infrared Excitation/Emission and Multiphoton‐Induced Fluorescence of Carbon Dots
Authors: Li Di , Jing Pengtao , Sun Lihuan , An Yang , Shan Xinyan , Lu Xinghua , Zhou Ding , Han Dong , Shen Dezhen , Zhai Yuechen , Qu Songnan , Zbořil Radek , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) have significant potential for use in various fields including biomedicine, bioimaging, and optoelectronics. However, inefficient excitation and emission of CDs in both near‐infrared (NIR‐I and NIR‐II) windows remains an issue. Solving this problem would yield significant improvement in the tissue‐penetration depth for in vivo bioimaging with CDs. Here, an NIR absorption band and enhanced NIR fluorescence are both realized through the surface engineering of CDs, exploiting electron‐acceptor groups, namely molecules or polymers rich in sulfoxide/carbonyl groups. These groups, which are bound to the outer layers and the edges of the CDs, influence the optical bandgap and promote electron transitions under NIR excitation. NIR‐imaging information encryption and in vivo NIR fluorescence imaging of the stomach of a living mouse using CDs modified with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in aqueous solution are demonstrated. In addition, excitation by a 1400 nm femtosecond laser yields simultaneous two‐photon‐induced NIR emission and three‐photon‐induced red emission of CDs in dimethyl sulfoxide. This study represents the realization of both NIR‐I excitation and emission as well as two‐photon‐ and three‐photon‐induced fluorescence of CDs excited in an NIR‐II window, and provides a rational design approach for construction and clinical applications of CD‐based NIR imaging agents.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Difluoropropargylation Reaction with Benzothiazoline as a Reductant
Authors: Chen Jingzhi , Huang Wenhao , Li Ying , Cheng Xu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe difluoropropargyl group is a useful moiety for biological applications such as in vivo click chemistry for molecular imaging techniques. Silyl‐protected bromodifluoropropyne is an important difluoropropargylation reagent with previously unexplored radical reactivity. Herein, we report visible‐light‐induced thiyl‐radical‐catalyzed hydrodifluoropropargylation reactions between silyl‐protected bromodifluoropropyne and alkenes in the presence of benzothiazoline as a critical reductant.magnified image
Personal Finance Education for Residents: A Qualitative Study of Resident Perspectives
Authors: Shappell Eric , Ahn James , Ahmed Nadia , Harris Ilene , Park Yoon Soo , Tekian Ara 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionPersonal finance has been linked to wellness and resiliency; however, the level of financial literacy among residents is low. Development of a personal finance curriculum could improve the financial well‐being of trainees. The first step in this process is understanding residents’ educational needs.ObjectiveThe objective was to describe the financial knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents to inform the design of a personal finance curriculum.MethodsA qualitative approach using semistructured interviews was used to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of residents in the realm of personal finance. Twelve residents completed interviews: one male and one female resident from the first and third years of training in the specialties of emergency medicine, internal medicine, and pediatrics.ResultsThree themes were formulated and analyzed through the existing frameworks: 1) daily finances, 2) financial knowledge and experiences, and 3) approach to financial planning. Prominent subthemes included a lack of knowledge and desire for personal finance education, debt‐related anxiety, and uncertainty where to find reliable financial advice.ConclusionsResidents report a low level of financial literacy and high interest in financial education. The framework provided in this study can inform the design of education interventions to promote financial wellness in trainees.
Sex‐specific patterns in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure in the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, South Africa
Authors: Beresheim Amy C. , Pfeiffer Susan K. , Grynpas Marc D. , Alblas Amanda 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to provide bone histomorphometric reference data for South Africans of the Western Cape who likely dealt with health issues under the apartheid regime.MethodsThe 206 adult individuals (nfemale = 75, nmale = 131, mean = 47.9 ± 15.8 years) from the Kirsten Skeletal Collection, U. Stellenbosch, lived in the Cape Town metropole from the late 1960s to the mid‐1990s. To study age‐related changes in cortical and trabecular bone microstructure, photomontages of mid‐thoracic rib cross‐sections were quantitatively examined. Variables include relative cortical area (Rt.Ct.Ar), osteon population density (OPD), osteon area (On.Ar), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp).ResultsAll cortical variables demonstrated significant relationships with age in both sexes, with women showing stronger overall age associations. Peak bone mass was compromised in some men, possibly reflecting poor nutritional quality and/or substance abuse issues throughout adolescence and early adulthood. In women, greater predicted decrements in On.Ar and Rt.Ct.Ar suggest a structural disadvantage with age, consistent with postmenopausal bone loss. Age‐related patterns in trabecular bone microarchitecture are variable and difficult to explain. Except for Tb.Th, there are no statistically significant relationships with age in women. Men demonstrate significant negative correlations between BV/TV, Tb.N, and age, and a significant positive correlation between Tb.Sp and age.ConclusionsThis research highlights sex‐specific differences in patterns of age‐related bone loss, and provides context for discussion of contemporary South African bone health. While the study sample demonstrates indicators of poor bone quality, osteoporosis research continues to be under‐prioritized in South Africa.
Occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma: Association or progression?
Authors: Balogun Rahmat A. , Siracusa Andrea , Shusterman Dennis 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundOccupational asthma is the most frequently reported occupational respiratory disease in registries, and is often co‐diagnosed with occupational rhinitis. We undertook a systematic review of the English‐language epidemiologic literature linking these two conditions, with emphasis on progression from occupational rhinitis to occupational asthma.MethodsPubMed and Embase were queried in a series of structured searches designed to identify studies comparing occupational asthma and occupational rhinitis incidence or prevalence in occupationally exposed individuals.ResultsThe searches yielded a total of 109 unique citations, 15 of which yielded inferential data on the occupational rhinitis‐asthma relationship. Nine of fifteen studies showed statistically significant associations between the occurrence of occupational rhinitis and occupational asthma among individual workers.ConclusionsLimited data support the notion that occupational rhinitis precedes the development of occupational asthma, particularly when high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) agents are involved. The relationship between the two conditions could not be evaluated in many relevant studies due to a lack of cross‐tabulation of individual cases.
Regioselective Cyclotrimerization of Terminal Alkynes Using a Digermyne
Authors: Sugahara Tomohiro , Guo Jing‐Dong , Sasamori Takahiro , Nagase Shigeru , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe catalytic activation of small neutral molecules followed by the formation of C−C bonds is a highly important method to increase the complexity and/or value of simple starting materials. Reported is an isolable digermyne, a compound with a Ge≡Ge bond, which acts as a precatalyst for the cyclotrimerization of terminal arylacetylenes to afford the corresponding 1,2,4‐triarylbenzenes with absolute regioselectivity. The results demonstrate that bespoke main‐group‐element compounds can catalytically activate and transform small neutral organic molecules and induce the formation of C−C bonds.
Experimental study and thermodynamic model for respective solubilities of CO2 and ethanol for CO2‐ethanol‐polystyrene ternary system at elevated pressure and temperature
Authors: Qian Ying‐Hui , Cao Jun‐Ming , Li Xue‐Kun , Cao Gui‐Ping , Wang Chang‐Chun , Shi Yun‐Hai 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTFoamed non‐Fickian diffusion (FNFD) model for a ternary system was proposed for the first time to regress the desorption data obtained by the gravimetric method. Results showed that FNFD model could accurately describe the diffusion behavior of CO2 and ethanol out of foamed polystyrene (PS) and well predict total solubilities of CO2 and ethanol in foamed PS. Meanwhile, Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (S–L EoS) was adopted to calculate the respective solubilities (solubility of CO2 in PS or solubility of ethanol in PS) and total solubilities of CO2 and ethanol in PS for CO2‐ethanol‐PS ternary system. Results showed that the total solubility of CO2 and ethanol obtained from S–L EoS agreed well with values obtained by FNFD model. Furthermore, the respective and total solubilities of CO2 and ethanol at 313.15, 338.15, and 343.15 K were calculated by S–L EoS. Results indicated that in the dissolving process, ethanol would be accelerated by CO2 to dissolve into PS, and ethanol would compete with CO2 to dissolve into PS, simultaneously. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46281.
An efficient recycling process of glycolysis of PET in the presence of a sustainable nanocatalyst
Authors: Guo Zengwei , Lindqvist Karin , de la Motte Hanna 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate that the catalyst Perkalite F100 efficiently works as a nanocatalyst in the depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). After depolymerization of PET in the presence of ethylene glycol and the Perkalite nanocatalyst, the main product obtained was bis(2‐hydroxylethyl) terephthalate (BHET) with high purity, as confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NMR. The BHET monomers could serve directly as starting materials in a further polymerization into PET with a virgin quality and contribute to a solution for the disposal of PET polymers. Compared with the direct glycolysis of PET, the addition of a predegradation step was shown to reduce the reaction time needed to reach the depolymerization equilibrium. The addition of the predegradation step also allowed lower reaction temperatures. Therefore, the strategy to include a predegradation step before depolymerization is suitable for increasing the efficiency of the glycolysis reaction of PET into BHET monomers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46285.