bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritualized Objects: How We Perceive and Respond to Causally Opaque and Goal Demoted Action
Authors: Kapitány Rohan , Nielsen Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRituals are able to transform ordinary objects into extraordinary objects. And while rituals typically do not cause physical changes, they may imbue objects with a particular specialness – a simple gold band may become a wedding ring, while an ordinary dessert may become a birthday cake. To treat such objects as if they were ordinary then becomes inappropriate. How does this transformation take place in the minds of observers, and how do we recognize it when we see it? Here, we suggest that two under-examined elements of ritual need deeper consideration within the context of ritual cognition. We propose a fully integrated operational definition in which these two critical ritual elements – causal opacity and goal demotion – are included. In a pre-registered experiment one-hundred and one adults, in a 2 × 2 mixed-within participants design observed actions performed upon profane objects. These actions were either ordinary (causally transparent and goal apparent) or ritualized (causally opaque and goal demoted), and were described as a blessing, a curse, or were not described at all. Contrary to established findings and pre-registered predictions, we found that ritualized actions alone are not enough to influence perceptions of, and attributions towards, objects, and that positive goal information (blessings) are more behaviorally persuasive than negative information. However, we found that participants recalled ritualized action in greater detail and with more specificity than ordinary actions. In effect, we demonstrate that causal opacity and goal information interact to allow us to recognize a ritual as a ritual.
Manless Women and the Sex–Desire–Procreation Link in Song Medicine
Authors: Cheng Hsiao-wen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article examines Chinese medical discussions about “manless women” (women without sexual contact with men) from the ancient period to the Song dynasty and whether, and how, such women were considered a medical problem. Through destabilizing the (hetero)sex–desire–procreation continuum seen in a number of historical sources and modern scholarship, I present a more complex picture of the medical developments in question during the Song. I observe that there was little medical discussion of female sexual desire in pre-Song sources except in “bedchamber” texts, which, in treating the ailments of manless women, gazed into women’s sexual desire and paid little attention to women’s generative or gestational body. Several Song medical writers, while consciously excluding bedchamber texts from what they considered orthodox medicine, shared with the bedchamber authors the medical gaze at female sexual desire. I further argue that Xu Shuwei and Chen Ziming were the first and only two Song medical writers to make explicit a (hetero)sex–desire–procreation link and to naturalize women’s sexual desire for men. Though anomalous in their time, their discussions tell us something about the heterogeneity of medical texts and the status of medical knowledge in Song society—two aspects often neglected in analyses of gender discourse in traditional Chinese medicine.
The 2017 Basham Medal Lectures
Authors: Messner Angelika C. , Samuel Geoffrey , Sakai Shizu , Farquhar Judith , Lo Vivienne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis report contains three lectures given during acceptance ceremonies by awardees of the International Association for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine’s prestigious Basham Award. While they concern episodes in the modern history of Japanese medicine, the contemporary medicine of the Yao national minority in China, and ancient Chinese self-cultivation practices, all three engage in deeper reflections on the craft and methods of the historian that will speak to all readers of Asian Medicine.
Indian Therapeutic Hierarchies and the Politics of Recognition
Authors: Lambert Helen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSocial science research on medicine in India has moved from village-based ethnographies to studies of the major medical traditions, and from a focus on indigenous folk practices to the influence of global biomedicine. This article shows how these academic trends have influenced the contemporary understanding of medical pluralism in India. The article then describes the socio-political structuring of medical plurality, by relating historical shifts in government policy on indigenous medicine to ethnographic material on “bone doctors” and other subaltern traditions in north India. It highlights the role of the state as constitutive of contemporary medical pluralism and suggests how current analytical frameworks for understanding the phenomenon of medical plurality might be reconceived to better characterise shifting relations of power among professional and vernacular therapeutic forms. It concludes that concerns over the decline of subaltern medical traditions, seen in government policies and vernacular explanations alike, can be understood as intracultural narratives that are replicated in academic scholarship.
Cumin, Capsules, and Colonialism
Authors: Nijhawan Shobna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe institutionalization of Western allopathic medicine in colonial India had significant implications for the cultural politics of the early twentieth century. The introduction of vaccinations, the establishment of hospitals and dispensaries, scientific discourses on hygiene, bacteriology, and nutrition, the emergence of obstetrics and gynecology as medical disciplines, and the commercialization of medicine—to name but a few aspects of the institutionalization or elements leading thereto—were all topics that also concerned the Hindi literary sphere. This essay investigates how the Hindi literary public tackled the colonial state’s promotion of allopathy and modern sciences while, within the same discourse, it (re)discovered, systemized, and modernized indigenous medical knowledge traditions—most notably Ayurveda but also homespun remedies and folk medicine—for the prevention, treatment, and cure of disease. Prose fiction and prose essays, alongside advertisements in Hindi periodicals, testify to a range of opinions on what constituted a “healthy” blend of diverse “Eastern” and diverse “Western” medical traditions. This essay argues that the Hindi discourse on medicine and colonial modernity was steered by gendered nationalist politics, modern Western sciences, and commercial interests in maintaining a healthy body and working toward a healthy nation.
A Reciprocal Relationship
Authors: Rageth Nina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article studies the interplay between Siddha medicine and Santhigiri, a Hindu guru organization in South India. Based on insights gained through ethnographic research in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, it analyzes how Santhigiri fashions itself as an indispensable actor in the restoration of Siddha medicine and valorizes its current Siddha medical activities. The article examines the dynamics that facilitate Santhigiri’s patronage of Siddha medicine and contribute to its continuing participation in the Siddha medical system. This social formation is conceptualized through the Bourdieusian framework of capital, arguing that Santhigiri’s appropriation of Siddha medicine bestows symbolic capital upon the organization, enabling it to secure and maintain a favorable position in the field of Hindu guru organizations. Furthermore, the article shows how, by adopting Siddha medicine, a religious organization such as Santhigiri with the necessary structural and financial means and a reputation for transcending economic interests extends the distribution of Siddha medicine beyond the Tamil community. Thus, the article emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between a religious organization and a medical system, arguing for the explanatory potential of conceiving of medicine as effective capital for religious organizations and, vice versa, of religious organizations as actors shaping the realm of medicine in India.
Snake Charmers on Parade
Authors: Lorea Carola Erika 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFestivals have often been described as ritual occasions in which members of a community get together and overcome internal divisions and conflicts. The festival of Jhāṃpān (or Jhāpān Melā) provides a different definition of festivals as mirrors of social dramas and hierarchical divisions.The Ojhās of Bengal are low-class rural healers specializing in curing snakebites. The Bedes (or Bedias) are tribal snake catchers who extract venom and sell it to private clinics. Both groups perform snake charming, a popular entertainment as well as a ritual practice, during particular religious festivals, such as the Jhāṃpān.The diffusion and government support of Western medicine and education have seriously compromised the indigenous knowledge of these groups and attacked it as irrational superstition. Some of the most popular Jhāṃpān celebrations have been coercively stopped, and yet the festival is still celebrated in several districts and practitioners have developed strategic narratives to protect their knowledge.This article analyzes the changing role of snake specialists in Bengali rural society through a historical and contextual study of the Jhāṃpān. The decline of this festival mirrors the crisis of the transmission of indigenous knowledge, which can be understood only by considering the intersections between healing, ritual, and entertainment.
Politicking Ayurvedic Education
Authors: Cerulli Anthony 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs the Indian population’s interest in biomedicine increased at the end of the nineteenth century, public confidence in India’s indigenous medicines flagged. Physicians of Ayurveda and officials of Indian medical organizations responded with discussions about and plans for reconfiguring the āyurveda (“life science”) of the Sanskrit medical classics of Caraka, Suśruta, and Vāgbhaṭa to be compatible with the anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological frameworks of biomedicine. This article considers some of the negotiations that shaped Ayurveda in late colonial and postcolonial India, paying special attention to how these debates affected the history of ayurvedic education. Reflecting on how the presence of biomedicine in India prompted ayurvedic practitioners to reimagine the history of their profession, it examines the revitalization of Ayurveda through the reinvention of ayurvedic education. It probes the historical move away from the gurukula as the seat of education and the institutionalization and standardization of education in the ayurvedic college. The historical record is expanded periodically with ethnographic data collected at gurukulas in South India to offer contemporary views on changes in ayurvedic education over the past 130 years.1
China’s External Energy Security: Energy Trade and Investment Along the ‘Belt and Road’
Authors: Boute Anatole 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
As the world’s largest energy consumer, China’s energy security policies have significant implications for global, regional and national energy governance. However, the legal dimension of China’s external energy security remains understudied, with most attention in the energy law literature focused on EU and US energy security. This Special Issue studies the legal aspects of Chinese external energy cooperation by focusing on energy trade and investment under the ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ – the Chinese foreign policy concept aiming to promote regional and global economic integration through infrastructure interconnectivity. Three research questions govern the Special Issue. How does China’s external energy policy rely on, and impact on, regional and global energy market governance? How does China seek to protect its foreign energy investments? How does China’s external energy policy impact on host countries’ energy and investment laws?
Energy Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for Global Energy Governance
Authors: Yu Kaho 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article discusses the implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on energy cooperation between China and other Eurasian countries and their ramifications for global energy governance. As a development framework with strong geopolitical and geo-economical dimensions, the BRI aims to promote interconnectivity and cooperation in the areas of infrastructure, policy, trade, finance, and culture between Eurasian countries. The implementation of the BRI is expected to involve large-scale investment, infrastructural construction, and industrial integration in the energy sector. The need for investment protection and the management of transnational projects can further promote multilateral cooperation (and therefore multilateral institutions) between China and its Eurasian neighbours. This article demonstrates that, although the attitudes of the Chinese authorities towards global energy governance are complex, the BRI could change China’s energy cooperation in Eurasia into more of a regional and multilateral engagement strategy than is currently the case.
The Function of the Transnational Chinese Contract
Authors: Lim C. L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article focusses on Chinese contractual practice in the energy sector and related sectors – principally in China’s inbound and outbound investments in the petroleum sector as well as in other energy-related financing and infrastructure construction contracts. Its concern is with the drafting of Belt and Road contracts, especially where this may lead to contract ‘internationalisation’. The article also discusses the interplay between Chinese contracts and treaties. It asks if there is Chinese receptiveness to international principles in seeking to protect the rights of Chinese as well as foreign parties. A preliminary finding is that there is an asymmetry between what Chinese upstream oil contracts do in protecting foreign ownership interests, even to the point of evincing Chinese acceptance of the ‘internationalisation’ of contracts, and the intergovernmental work done through negotiated treaty terms to protect Chinese investments abroad.
The Carbon Externality of Investments Financed by China’s Development Banks: The Case of Energy Investments in Central Asia
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Most Chinese overseas energy investments financed by China’s development banks flow into fossil fuel extraction and coal-fired plants. The carbon intensity of Chinese foreign energy investments imposes environmental and social costs on host states. Building on the literature related to the environmental reform of the World Bank, this article critically analyses the carbon-intensive projects backed by China’s development finance in Central Asia. It shows that China’s energy investments in the region will face increasing carbon-related regulatory risks. So far, the transition towards a more environmentally-driven development policy has been limited in China. However, the increasing importance of climate regulations in host countries is likely to induce fundamental changes to the project-screening process of China’s energy development finance.
The Emerging Eurasian Common Energy Market: What is Its Potential Impact on China’s Belt and Road Initiative?
Authors: Kembayev† Zhenis 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article examines the coordinated energy policy of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the regulatory framework of the emerging Eurasian Common Energy Market as applied to its three major components: the Common Electric Power Market, the Common Gas Market and the Common Market of Petroleum and Petroleum Products. It aims to explore the issue of the potential impact of the EAEU energy policy and its associated regulatory framework on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The article argues that the operation of the Eurasian Common Energy Market will have a positive impact on the BRI project by harmonization and/or unification of energy-related regulations across a significant part of the New Silk Road as well as by the liberalization of the energy markets of EAEU Member States, bringing greater competition and abolishing barriers to trade between EAEU Member States in energy and related equipment, technology and services.
Modernising the Energy Charter Treaty: An Opportunity to Enhance Legal Certainty in Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Authors: Verburg Cees 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Energy Charter Treaty is a multilateral trade and investment agreement that is currently the most often-invoked investment agreement worldwide. A review of the case law under the treaty shows that its provisions have been interpreted and applied inconsistently by arbitral tribunals and domestic courts. Considering the financial and reputational consequences of investment arbitration for both the investor and the State, a lack of ‘legal certainty’ adversely affects all parties involved. This article identifies various inconsistencies, some of the causes, and proposes solutions that could enhance legal certainty in investor-State dispute settlement under the treaty. This is a timely contribution as the Energy Charter Conference has recently taken the first steps to modernise the treaty by approving a list of topics for reform, and is now considering tools to implement future reform measures.
The Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Variations in the PBL during the Landfall of Tropical Cyclones across East China
Authors: Han Yong , Zhou Yiwen , Guo Jianping , Wu Yonghua , Wang Tijian , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Mengmeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe planetary boundary layer (PBL) controls the exchange of momentum and energy between the ground surface and the free troposphere, but few studies have been involved in the connection of the PBL with the development and extinction of tropical cyclones (TCs). Studies on the PBL usually need high-resolution soundings in the lowest troposphere that are otherwise quite rare with traditional technology. Here, 1-s resolution L-band radiosonde data are acquired to study the variations in PBL characteristics associated with the development of TCs in eastern China. The strong variations in the vertical profiles of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed in the PBL during the landfall of a TC are revealed. In addition, four typical methods, including the virtual potential temperature method, Holzworth method, bulk Richardson number method, and potential temperature gradient method, are applied to estimate the PBL height (PBLH). The results indicate that the PBLHs derived by these methods vary by several hundred meters, which may be related to their different definitions of kinetic or thermodynamic theories. Furthermore, the PBLH was found to display a slight upward tendency during the landfall of TC.
A Methodology for Fitting the Time Series of Snow Depth on the Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Wang Yuzhe , Pan Haidong , Wang Daosheng , Lv Xianqing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSnow depth is an important geophysical variable for investigating sea ice and climate change, which can be obtained from satellite data. However, there is a large number of missing data in satellite observations of snow depth. In this study, a methodology, the periodic functions fitting with varying parameter (PFF-VP), is presented to fit the time series of snow depth on Arctic sea ice obtained from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). The time-varying parameters are obtained by the independent point (IP) scheme and cubic spline interpolation. The PPF-VP is validated by experiments in which part of the observations are artificially removed and used to compare with the fitting results. Results indicate that the PPF-VP performs better than three traditional fitting methods, with its fitting results closer to observations and with smaller errors. In the practical experiments, the optimal number of IPs can be determined by only considering the fraction of missing data, particularly the length of the longest gaps in the snow-depth time series. All the experimental results indicate that the PPF-VP is a feasible and effective method to fit the time series of snow depth and can provide continuous data of snow depth for further study.
Gadolinium-based contrast agents: A clinically significant analytical interference in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry elemental analysis
Authors: Day Patrick , Erdahl Sarah , Eckdahl Steve , Bornhorst Joshua , Jannetto Paul J 
Published: May 2019

Background Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in magnetic resonance imaging for the past 30 years, where they have significantly improved the effectiveness of imaging studies. However, the increased usage of gadolinium in the medical community has also resulted in unexpected interferences in other laboratory assays. This has been particularly the case in clinical elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods By conducting ICP-MS interference experiments, we describe how gadolinium interferes with elemental analysis by space charge effect, double charge effect and the creation of polyatomic interferences. Additionally, by reviewing more than a year of reference laboratory data from our laboratory information system, we determined the number of elemental tests cancelled due to gadolinium interference. Results Interference experiments show that gadolinium normally found in GBCAs can interfere with heavy metals, platinum and selenium analysis of biological fluids using ICP-MS. Within one year, our institution’s metals laboratory had to cancel 42 selenium serum tests and 19 heavy metal urine panels due to potential interference caused by gadolinium. Conclusions GBCAs will continue to be utilized in hospitals around the world. However, clinical laboratories should be wary of potential interferences caused by GBCAs. Relevant interferences include space charge effect, double charge interference, and the formation of polyatomic interferences caused by gadolinium. These interferences can negatively affect patient care by resulting in cancelled laboratory tests and causing patients to have blood redrawn and analysed at a later date leading to delays in their diagnosis/treatment.
Writing Assignments in Epidemiology Courses: How Many and How Good?
Authors: August Ella , Burke Karen , Fleischer Cathy , Trostle James A. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Schools and programs of public health are concerned about poor student writing. We determined the proportion of epidemiology courses that required writing assignments and the presence of 6 characteristics of these assignments. Methods: We requested syllabi, writing assignments, and grading criteria from instructors of graduate and undergraduate epidemiology courses taught during 2016 or 2017. We assessed the extent to which these assignments incorporated 6 characteristics of effective writing assignments: (1) a description of the purpose of the writing or learning goals of the assignment, (2) a document type (eg, article, grant) used in public health, (3) an identified target audience, (4) incorporation of tasks that support the writing process (eg, revision), (5) a topic related to a public health problem that requires critical thinking (1-5 scale, 5 = most authentic), and (6) clear assignment expectations (1-5 scale, 5 = clearest). Results: We contacted 594 instructors from 58 institutions and received at least some evaluable materials from 59 courses at 28 institutions. Of these, 47 of 53 (89%) courses required some writing. The purpose was adequately described in 11 of 36 assignments, the required document type was appropriate in 19 of 43 assignments, an audience was identified in 6 of 37 assignments, and tasks that supported a writing process were incorporated in 19 of 40 assignments. Median (interquartile range) scores were 5 (1-5) for an authentic problem that required critical thinking and 4 (2-5) for clarity of expectations. Conclusions: The characteristics of writing assignments in public health programs do not reflect best practices in writing instruction and should be improved.