bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphometry of the nulliparous pelvic floor
Authors: Nesbitt‐Hawes E. M. , Dietz H. P. , Abbott J. A. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo describe morphometry of the pelvic floor in a large population of nulliparous women, comparing those with and those without pelvic pain. We also aimed to assess its association with characteristics such as age and body mass index (BMI).MethodsThis was a prospective study performed between January 2013 and November 2015 in non‐pregnant nulliparous women attending a general gynecology clinic. Following collection of demographic data, women were examined using translabial four‐dimensional (4D) ultrasound. Dynamic volumes of pelvic floor muscle were obtained at rest, on maximal contraction and on Valsalva maneuver, and analyzed at a later date by an assessor blinded to demographic details. Standard measurements for each volume included levator hiatal area and anteroposterior and transverse diameters, and pubovisceral muscle length and width. Subanalysis was performed comparing women with and those without pelvic pain. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between characteristics, including age and BMI, and levator hiatal area at rest.ResultsThree hundred and sixty eight nulliparous women were examined using translabial 4D ultrasound. Median levator hiatal area was 10.62 cm2 at rest, 11.95 cm2 on Valsalva maneuver and 8.18 cm2 on maximal contraction. There was no difference between women with and those without pelvic pain when comparing biometric measurements of the pelvic floor musculature, except for in pubovisceral muscle width during the contraction phase. Regression analysis demonstrated that higher age and BMI were associated with increased levator hiatal area measurement.ConclusionsPelvic floor morphometry in nulliparous women is unchanged by pelvic pain, but levator hiatal area is increased in women with higher BMI and age. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Intraspecific variability may not compensate for increasing climatic volatility
Authors: Malanson George P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe role of intraspecific variability is being examined to improve predictions of responses to climate change or invasions and in research on diversity. Simultaneously, the probability and implications of increased high‐frequency climate variability have been raised. An agent based model simulated two species on an environmental gradient representing an alpine treeline; a trend in its volatility was added. The species have different levels of variability, and each individual has further unique heterogeneity. Environmental volatility and individual heterogeneity were based on tree ring data from Pinus albicaulis. Simulations show that increasing volatility leads to population declines, including extinctions, and to sharper ecotones, and this impact is only slightly lessened by higher heterogeneity. Some simulation runs reveal an unanticipated selection for greater individual variability when volatility creates strong negative anomalies that fall short of extinction events. Increasing volatility can have significant ecological impacts because negative anomalies are not balanced by positive ones.
Context and clinical reasoning: Understanding the medical student perspective
Authors: McBee Elexis , Ratcliffe Temple , Schuwirth Lambert , O’Neill Daniel , Meyer Holly , Madden Shelby J. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction Studies have shown that a physician’s clinical reasoning performance can be influenced by contextual factors. We explored how the clinical reasoning performance of medical students was impacted by contextual factors in order to expand upon previous findings in resident and board certified physicians. Using situated cognition as the theoretical framework, our aim was to evaluate the verbalized clinical reasoning processes of medical students in order to describe what impact the presence of contextual factors has on their reasoning performance.
Methods Seventeen medical student participants viewed three video recordings of clinical encounters portraying straightforward diagnostic cases in internal medicine with explicit contextual factors inserted. Participants completed a computerized post-encounter form as well as a think-aloud protocol. Three authors analyzed verbatim transcripts from the think-aloud protocols using a constant comparative approach. After iterative coding, utterances were analyzed and grouped into categories and themes.
Results Six categories and ten associated themes emerged, which demonstrated overlap with findings from previous studies in resident and attending physicians. Four overlapping categories included emotional disturbances, behavioural inferences about the patient, doctor-patient relationship, and difficulty with closure. Two new categories emerged to include anchoring and misinterpretation of data.
Discussion The presence of contextual factors appeared to impact clinical reasoning performance in medical students. The data suggest that a contextual factor can be innate to the clinical scenario, consistent with situated cognition theory. These findings build upon our understanding of clinical reasoning performance from both a theoretical and practical perspective.
How are competency frameworks perceived and taught?: An exploratory study in the context of pharmacy education
Authors: Paradis Elise , Zhao Rebecca , Kellar Jamie , Thompson Alison 
Published: April 2018

Introduction Faculties of Pharmacy worldwide have to adapt their curriculum to accreditation criteria. The present study explored how the Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada’s (AFPC’s) 2010 Educational Outcomes are perceived and taught at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy (LDFP). These outcomes were adapted from the CanMeds Physician Competency Framework which describes both medical expert and non-expert roles.
Methods We wondered if pharmacy would struggle, as medicine has, to integrate these roles into curricula in meaningful ways, given the absence of previous studies from Pharmacy. We conducted an exploratory interview study with 10 core faculty members in charge of courses where non-expert roles were taught. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.
Results Faculty members understood that the AFPC Outcomes are important for students, patients, and the profession of pharmacy, and some saw the roles as knowledge-based and teachable using content from academic disciplines. However, most saw them as skills taught informally or through clinical experience. They used the roles as a framing device to legitimize their course content and relied on informal role modelling to do most of the teaching. The few faculty members who taught content related to these roles had postgraduate education in a social science or humanities discipline.
Discussion Similar to studies of Faculties of Medicine, our study highlights the difficulty of translating a role-based, competency framework into concrete, integrated curricula for students. Competency development should be explicitly embedded into the curriculum and cannot be left to individual instructors.
Structural Insights into N
6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Modification in the Transcriptome
Authors: Huang Jinbo , Yin Ping 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
More than 100 types of chemical modifications in RNA have been well documented. Recently, several modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), have been detected in mRNA, opening the window into the realm of epitranscriptomics. The m6A modification is the most abundant modification in mRNA and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). At the molecular level, m6A affects almost all aspects of mRNA metabolism, including splicing, translation, and stability, as well as microRNA (miRNA) maturation, playing essential roles in a range of cellular processes. The m6A modification is regulated by three classes of proteins generally referred to as the “writer” (adenosine methyltransferase), “eraser” (m6A demethylating enzyme), and “reader” (m6A-binding protein). The m6A modification is reversibly installed and removed by writers and erasers, respectively. Readers, which are members of the YT521-B homology (YTH) family proteins, selectively bind to RNA and affect its fate in an m6A-dependent manner. In this review, we summarize the structures of the functional proteins that modulate the m6A modification, and provide our insights into the m6A-mediated gene regulation.
On the transition between turbulence regimes in particle-laden channel flows
Authors: Capecelatro Jesse , Desjardins Olivier , Fox Rodney O. 
Published: April 2018

Turbulent wall-bounded flows exhibit a wide range of regimes with significant interaction between scales. The fluid dynamics associated with single-phase channel flows is predominantly characterized by the Reynolds number. Meanwhile, vastly different behaviour exists in particle-laden channel flows, even at a fixed Reynolds number. Vertical turbulent channel flows seeded with a low concentration of inertial particles are known to exhibit segregation in the particle distribution without significant modification to the underlying turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). At moderate (but still low) concentrations, enhancement or attenuation of fluid-phase TKE results from increased dissipation and wakes past individual particles. Recent studies have shown that denser suspensions significantly alter the two-phase dynamics, where the majority of TKE is generated by interphase coupling (i.e. drag) between the carrier gas and clusters of particles that fall near the channel wall. In the present study, a series of simulations of vertical particle-laden channel flows with increasing mass loading is conducted to analyse the transition from the dilute limit where classical mean-shear production is primarily responsible for generating fluid-phase TKE to high-mass-loading suspensions dominated by drag production. Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations are performed for a wide range of particle loadings at two values of the Stokes number, and the corresponding two-phase energy balances are reported to identify the mechanisms responsible for the observed transition.
The Emergence of Pressure Knapping Microblade Technology in Northeast Asia
Authors: Gómez Coutouly Yan Axel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article is a critical review of published data from the earliest evidence of pressure knapped microblade technology from various regions in Northeast Asia (Siberia, Korea, China, Mongolia, Japan, Sakhalin, and Russian Far East), including discussions not only on published dates, but also on published artifacts (drawings and photos) relating to these assemblages. The issue concerning the geographical and chronological origin of microblade technology in Northeast Asia remains a widely debated concern, not only as new data emerge, but also due to researchers having different definitions of the term “microblade” and “microblade core”. In this case, by microblade technology, I refer to the systematic production of microblades using the pressure knapping technique. I therefore review the data in light of this defining feature and conclude that, based on the present state of research, pressure knapping microblade technology probably emerged in the Far East (China, Korea, or Japan) around 30,000–25,000 cal BP, in spite of most authors considering that microblade technology emerged in southern Siberia 40,000–35,000 years ago. In the discussion section, I argue about the potential role of obsidian in the emergence of pressure knapped microblade technology.
The Accuracy of Al and Cu Film Thickness Determinations and the Implications for Electron Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Matthews Mike B. , Kearns Stuart L. , Buse Ben 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe accuracy to which Cu and Al coatings can be determined, and the effect this has on the quantification of the substrate, is investigated. Cu and Al coatings of nominally 5, 10, 15, and 20 nm were sputter coated onto polished Bi using two configurations of coater: One with the film thickness monitor (FTM) sensor colocated with the samples, and one where the sensor is located to one side. The FTM thicknesses are compared against those calculated from measured Cu Lαand Al Kα k-ratios using PENEPMA, GMRFilm, and DTSA-II. Selected samples were also cross-sectioned using focused ion beam. Both systems produced repeatable coatings, the thickest coating being approximately four times the thinnest coating. The side-located FTM sensor indicated thicknesses less than half those of the software modeled results, propagating on to 70% errors in substrate quantification at 5 kV. The colocated FTM sensor produced errors in film thickness and substrate quantification of 10–20%. Over the range of film thicknesses and accelerating voltages modeled both the substrate and coatingk-ratios can be approximated by linear trends as functions of film thickness. The Al films were found to have a reduced density of ~2 g/cm2.
Towards an equitable and sustainable points system. A proposal for pension reform in Belgium
Authors: SCHOKKAERT ERIK , DEVOLDER PIERRE , HINDRIKS JEAN , VANDENBROUCKE FRANK 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe describe the points system as proposed by the Belgian Commission for Pension Reform 2020–2040. Intragenerational equity can be realised through the allocation of points within a cohort. The intergenerational distribution is determined by fixing the value of a point for the newly retired and a sustainability parameter for the actual retirees. The value of the point links pensions to the average living standard of the employed population. We propose an automatic adjustment mechanism, in which a key role is played by the career length. This mechanism induces a balanced distribution of the burden of demographic and economic shocks over the different cohorts.
FAQ zu Open Data und Open Science in der Sportpsychologie
Authors: Schönbrodt Felix D. , Scheel Anne 
Published: April 2018

Präambel: Viele Diskussionspunkte um Open Data lassen sich grob in zwei Perspektiven einteilen. (A) die Qualitätsperspektive, bzw. die Gemeinwohlperspektive: Wie können wir gute Wissenschaft machen und echtes Wissen generieren? Was können wir aus der aktuellen Replikationskrise lernen und in Zukunft besser machen? Die andere Perspektive könnte man als (B) individuell-strategische Perspektive bezeichnen: Was bedeuten die neuen Forschungspraktiken und -anforderungen für die individuellen Karrieren von Forscherinnen und Forschern, insbesondere aus dem Nachwuchs? Wo liegen strategische Vor- oder Nachteile? Gibt es „free rider“ oder „research parasites“ ( Longo & Drazen, 2016 ; McNutt, 2016 ), die mich ausnutzen? Wie kann ich mich in einem hart umkämpften Arbeitsmarkt gegen die Konkurrenz durchsetzen? Die aktuell vorliegenden Fragen beziehen sich zu einem großen Teil auf die zweite Perspektive. Das ist bei Nachwuchsforschenden legitim und nachvollziehbar. Uns ist es aber wichtig, bei allen Karriereunsicherheiten die übergeordnete Frage nicht zu vergessen: Wie können wir gute Wissenschaft umsetzen? Wie können wir dazu beitragen, dass echtes Wissen generiert wird? Das sollte uns als Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern das wichtigste Anliegen sein. Und entsprechend sollten wir als Fachgemeinschaft auch Karriereanreize so organisieren, dass sie dieses Ziel unterstützen.
Physical Controls on Oxygen Distribution and Denitrification Potential in the North West Arabian Sea
Authors: Queste Bastien Y. , Vic Clément , Heywood Karen J. , Piontkovski Sergey A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAt suboxic oxygen concentrations, key biogeochemical cycles change and denitrification becomes the dominant remineralization pathway. Earth system models predict oxygen loss across most ocean basins in the next century; oxygen minimum zones near suboxia may become suboxic and therefore denitrifying. Using an ocean glider survey and historical data, we show oxygen loss in the Gulf of Oman (from 6–12 to <2 μmol kg−1) not represented in climatologies. Because of the nonlinearity between denitrification and oxygen concentration, resolutions of current Earth system models are too coarse to accurately estimate denitrification. We develop a novel physical proxy for oxygen from the glider data and use a high‐resolution physical model to show eddy stirring of oxygen across the Gulf of Oman. We use the model to investigate spatial and seasonal differences in the ratio of oxic and suboxic water across the Gulf of Oman and waters exported to the wider Arabian Sea.
The Impact and Solar Wind Proxy of the 2017 September ICME Event at Mars
Authors: Ma Yingjuan , Fang Xiaohua , Halekas Jasper S. , Xu Shaosui , Russell Christopher T. , Luhmann Janet G. , Nagy Andrew F. , Toth Gabor , Lee Christina O. , Dong Chuanfei , Espley Jared R. , McFadden James P. , Mitchell David L. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe study a large interplanetary coronal mass ejection event impacting Mars in mid‐September 2017 numerically. During this time period, MAVEN remained inside the Martian bow shock and therefore could not measure the solar wind directly. We first simulate the event using three steady state cases with estimated solar wind conditions and find that these cases were able to reproduce the general features observed by MAVEN. However, these time‐stationary runs cannot capture the response of the system to large variations in the solar wind associated with the event. To address this problem, we derive a solar wind proxy based on MAVEN observations in the sheath region and their comparison with steady state magnetohydrodynamic model results. The derived solar wind proxy is then used to drive a time‐dependent magnetohydrodynamic model, and we find that the data‐model comparison is greatly improved, especially in the magnetosheath. We are able to reproduce some detailed structures observed by MAVEN during the period, despite the lack of a direct measurement of the solar wind, indicating that the derived solar wind conditions are reliable. Finally, we examine in detail the impact of the event on the Martian system: including variations of the three typical plasma boundaries and the ion loss rates. Our results show that these plasma boundary locations varied drastically during the event, and the total ion loss rate was enhanced by more than an order of magnitude.
Effectiveness of prosthodontic interventions and survival of remaining teeth in adult patients with shortened dental arches—Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: McLister Conor , Donnelly Michael , Cardwell Christopher , Moore Ciaran , McKenna Gerald 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Aims/Objectives:
To evaluate studies of the effectiveness of different tooth replacement strategies in adult patients with shortened dental arches (SDA). Specifically, the objectives of the proposed review are to determine the survival rates of different prosthodontic interventions; the risk of tooth loss with and without different prosthodontic interventions; and the impact of different tooth replacement strategies on oral-health related quality of life (OHRQoL).

Materials and methods:
The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), and was developed in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). Studies will be selected according to outlined eligibility criteria including types of studies, participants, interventions, comparators and outcomes. Specific search strategies will be created and data collection and analysis will be undertaken by two independent reviewers.

Discussion:
The review will assess the body of evidence for clinical decision making in patients with SDA and reduced dentitions, by comparing the effectiveness of different tooth replacement strategies. In addition, it will assess the influence of patients in this decision making, help to inform subsequent cost-effectiveness analyses, identify areas of further research and hopefully inform future healthcare policy.
Oral health-related quality of life in patients with upper gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders in Pakistan: validation of the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 in the Urdu language
Authors: Warsi Ibrahim , Younus Anjum , Rasheed Abdur , Ahmed Javeria , Mahida Hafsa , Hashmi Rimsha , Qureshi Ambrina 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Introduction
The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) has been used extensively to measure the impact of oral disease on oral health-related quality of life (HRQoL) but has not been validated in the Urdu language or tested in gastroenterology.

Aims
To validate the OHIP-14 for use in Pakistan and its ability to assess oral health in patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) and hepatic disorders.

Design
Multicentre, cross-sectional.

Setting
Four major tertiary care hospitals.

Methods
The OHIP-14 was tested for reliability and validity in 700 patients referred for oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopic (OGD) investigation of the symptoms of upper GI or hepatic disease. Socio-demographic details and oral examination findings (for oral lesions and DMFT) were recorded.

Results
The mean (±standard deviation) total OHIP-14 score (range 0–56) was estimated to be 23.38 ± 10.47, indicating a significant impact of upper gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders on oral health. The reliability coefficient of the OHIP-14 was above 0.7 threshold, and the tool had good internal consistency (α = 0.83). When associated with worsening DMFT (decayed, missed, and filled teeth) index value, the highest correlations (p < 0.01) were detected with functional limitation (rs = 0.234), physical disability (rs = 0.230), and psychological discomfort (rs = 0.221).

Conclusion
The OHIP-14 is a precise and valid instrument for assessing oral-HRQoL in a gastroenterological setting amongst Pakistani population.
G3BP1 promotes tumor progression and metastasis through IL-6/G3BP1/STAT3 signaling axis in renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Wang Yong , Fu Donghe , Chen Yajing , Su Jing , Wang Yiting , Li Xin , Zhai Wei , Niu Yuanjie , Yue Dan , Geng Hua 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe chronic inflammatory microenvironment within or surrounding the primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) site promotes oncogenic transformation as well as contributes to the development of metastasis. G3BP stress granule assembly factor 1 (G3BP1) was found to be involved in the regulation of multiple cellular functions. However, its functions in RCC have not been previously explored. Here, we first showed that the expression of G3BP1 is elevated in human RCC and correlates with RCC progression. In cultured RCC cells, knockdown of G3BP1 results in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, consistently with the alteration of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell proliferative markers, including Cadherins, Vimentin, Snail, Slug, c-Myc, and cyclin D1. Remarkably, knockdown of G3BP1 dramatically impaired the signaling connection of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 stimulation and downstream STAT3 activation in RCC, thus eventually contributing to the disruption of IL-6-elicited RCC migration and metastasis. In addition, in vivo orthotopic tumor xenografts results confirmed that knockdown of G3BP1 suppressed RCC tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Collectively, our findings support the notion that G3BP1 promotes tumor progression and metastasis through IL-6/G3BP1/STAT3 signaling axis in RCC.