bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical significance of IgM deposition in pediatric minimal change disease
Authors: Al Romaili Duaa M. , Al-Hussain Turki O. , Awad Hazem S. , Saadeh Sermin A. , Al-Hassoun Ibrahim A. , Al-Shareef Turki A. 
Published: September 2019

Background
Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) is a common pediatric disease. Minimal change disease (MCD) is the most common histopathological subtype and usually has good prognosis. However, in less common presentations, INS may have an unusual course that makes renal biopsy a necessity to identify its etiology. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) occasionally deposits in the mesangium and can be seen under immunofluorescence (IF). The role of IgM is controversial in MCD. It is likely associated with less favorable outcomes for MCD. This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of mesangial IgM deposits on the outcome of MCD in a pediatric population.

Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we obtained native kidney biopsy samples from 192 children who were diagnosed with MCD from 2003 to 2014. The samples were divided into groups according to the histopathological deposition of IgM in biopsies under IF. The group for which biopsies showed IgM was labeled as IgM + IF (n = 77), and the group for which biopsies were without IgM was labeled as IgM-IF (n = 115). We reviewed hypertension, hematuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at the time of presentation to our institute; response to steroid therapy (remission, dependence, frequent relapses, and resistance) and response after adjuvant immunosuppressive therapy (complete remission, partial remission, frequent relapses, and no response) when indicated; development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease during the course of the disease (ESRD).

Results
Our results showed that mesangial IgM deposition in MCD showed significant statistical association with hypertension at the time of presentation (P = .05). There was statistically significant association between the presence of IgM deposition and the development of steroid dependence (P = .05) and CKD during the course of the disease (P = .05).

Conclusions
Our study showed that IgM deposition in MCD showed statistical association with hypertension by the time the patient presented to our institute, development of steroid dependence, and CKD. IgM may play a role in MCD. However, we recommend a prospective study to verify the role of IgM in MCD outcomes.
The prevalence of viral infections in children with cystic fibrosis in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Banjar Hanaa , Chaballout Mohammad , Karkour Kawthar , Al-Ghamdi Hadeel , Al-Mogarri Ibrahim , Al-Haider Sami , Nizami Imran , Raja Rawia , AlNakhli Ali 
Published: September 2019

Introduction:
Studies have shown that pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are associated with respiratory viruses. The most common agent causing viral infections in patients with CF before the age of 3 years is respiratory syncytial virus.

Objectives:
To obtain the prevalence of the different types of viral infection in CF patients and to identify its relation with the type of bacterial infection, (CFTR) mutations and pulmonary function test (PFT).

Methodology:
A retrospective charts review of 387 patients with CF of all age groups who were screened for the detection of viruses during respiratory exacerbation from the period of January 1,1984 to June 1, 2016.

Results:
A total of 159 CF patients had pulmonary exacerbation and had viral PCR obtained. Fifty-eight patients (36%) had positive viral PCR. Males were more commonly infected in 30/58 patients (52%) compared to females in 28 patients (48%). Forty-five of 58 patients (78%) were alive and 13 patients (22%) died. Rhinovirus was the most frequently reported viral PCR in 33/74 sample (45%). Out of 74 viral PCR, 41 (55.4%) were during the colder seasons (October–February) and 33 (44.5%) during the warmer seasons (March–September). During viral infection and viral recurrence, there was an increase in bacterial colonization specifically of H. influenza and staphylococcus aureus. The most common CFTR mutation for the CF viral infection is: 3120+1G>A in Intron 16 in 11/57 patients (19%). The Eastern Province had the highest viral infection of 24 out of 57 patients (42%). Follow-up PFT post viral infection showed no significant difference in the type and the severity of PFT compared to the initial PFT during the viral illness.

Conclusion:
Viral infections contributed to the increase in morbidity and mortality of CF patients in our population, and rhinovirus was the most common causative agent. Viral infections and viral recurrence increased the prevalence of bacterial infection of specific pathogens such as H. in fluenza and S. aureus. Physicians should be aware to prevent progressive lung damage in CF patients by treating the concomitant viral and bacterial infections. Viral infection may be associated with some common CFTR mutations.
Interrelation Between Appearance Anxiety and Sexual Functions in Women: The Role of Surgical Scars, Morphologic Features, and Accompanying Depression
Authors: Cihan Ahmet , Cihan Esra 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe findings regarding the association between body mass index (BMI) and sexuality outcomes are mixed. Subjective body image has been found to be more salient in predicting sexual function than actual body size. Previous studies have demonstrated appearance anxiety to be particularly significant.AimTo evaluate the association between appearance anxiety and female sexual functions. Specific aims included the evaluation of body morphologic measurements with indicators other than BMI and determining the predictive role of surgical scars for appearance anxiety and female sexual function.MethodsSexually active women who had been in a stable heterosexual relationship for ≥6 months participated in this study. Demographic features, anthropometric measurements including BMI, skin-fold thickness (SFT) measurements from 3 regions of the body (triceps, scapula, and abdomen) and waist circumference (WC) were assessed. Finally, participants were asked to complete the Appearance Anxiety Inventory, Female Sexual Function Index, and Beck Depression Inventory. Multivariate path analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed.Main Outcome MeasuresThe correlations of age, BMI, presence of surgical scars, and measurements of BMI, WC, and SFT as independent variables with Beck Depression Inventory, Appearance Anxiety Inventory, and Female Sexual Function Index scores were the main outcomes of the study.ResultsThe data of 329 women were analyzed. The median age of the participants was 33 (19–52) years. The mean BMI was 24.5 (SD 3.5) kg/m2. The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction was 22.8%. Multivariate analyses revealed that increased appearance anxiety (−0.45), presence of surgical scars (−0.28), accompanying depression (−0.15), SFT abdomen measurement (−0.16), and age (−0.13) were significantly associated with sexual function. Appearance anxiety was found to be associated with accompanying depression (0.56), presence of surgical scar (0.38), and measurements of the WC (0.22), BMI (0.14), SFT-abdomen (0.12), and SFT-triceps (−0.31).Clinical ImplicationsClinicians should take the strong relationship between appearance anxiety and female sexual function into consideration. Body morphologic evaluation should not be limited to BMI; surgical scars and WC and SFT measurements may play a considerable role.Strengths & LimitationsA major limitation of this study was the lack of personal distress evaluation in the participants.ConclusionSexual complaints in middle-aged women revealed the strongest correlation with appearance anxiety. Further longitudinal studies are needed to reveal its underlying factors and implications for sexuality.
YouTube as a Source of Information About Premature Ejaculation Treatment
Authors: Gul Murat , Diri Mehmet Akif 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionAn increasing number of patients are seeking premature ejaculation (PE) therapy online. Although health care information on the Internet about PE is abundant, the quality of information about its treatment on YouTube, the most visited online video streaming service, is unknown.AimThe aim of this study was to assess the role of videos pertaining to the treatment of PE through YouTube.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed through YouTube using the keywords “cure premature ejaculation,” “end premature ejaculation,” “stop premature ejaculation,” or “premature ejaculation treatment.” The videos were sorted as reliable or nonreliable by 2 urologists as they may contain scientifically proven information or not. Nonrelevant, non-English, and silent videos were excluded. Video demographics were analyzed by the quality and source of the video.Main Outcome MeasuresA 5-point global quality scale, a 5-point modified reliability (DISCERN) tool, kappa statistic, the intraclass correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics in the form of proportions and percentages were used.ResultsOf the 800 videos, 668 were excluded because they were duplicates (n = 389), irrelevant (n = 49), not in English (n = 284), or had no audio (n = 51). Of the 132 videos, 93 (70%) were described as reliable and 39 (30%) as nonreliable. The kappa statistic for interobserver agreement was 0.832. In the reliable information group, the reliability (2.55 ± 1.03) and quality scores of the contents (2.74 ± 1.06) were statistically higher than those in the nonreliable information group (0.23 ± 0.53 and 1.15 ± 0.48, respectively; P &lt; .05). The majority of the nonreliable information group comprised medical advertisement/for-profit companies (51%) and individuals (41%). There was no significant difference between the reliable and nonreliable information groups in terms of average views (P = .873) and viewed videos per day (P = .538).Clinical ImplicationsEvaluating videos about the management of PE holds promise for understanding what men are exposed to.Strength & LimitationsThe study simultaneously investigated the quality and accuracy of YouTube videos by several aspects using validated instruments. As for limitations, there is no consensus in the literature regarding how to assess health care-related online videos, and the results were not derived from patients’ perceptions.ConclusionThe study highlights data about the treatment of PE on YouTube. Videos with reliable information outnumbered those with nonreliable information. This is the first study to demonstrate that YouTube is an important source of data on PE management. Physicians and health care providers should contribute reliable content, and YouTube should remove deceptive videos before patients watch them
The Relationship Between Gait Function and Erectile Dysfunction: Results from a Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Japan
Authors: Okamoto Teppei , Hatakeyama Shingo , Imai Atsushi , Konishi Sakae , Okita Kazutaka , Yamamoto Hayato , Tobisawa Yuki , Yoneyama Tohru , Mori Kazuyuki , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionAlthough physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of erectile dysfunction (ED), the association of ED with physical function remains unclear.AimTo investigate the relationship between gait function and ED in a community-dwelling population.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed 324 men who participated in the Iwaki Health Promotion Project in 2015 in Hirosaki, Japan. ED was assessed with the 5-Item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The participants were divided into 2 groups: low IIEF-5 score (≤16) and high IIEF-5 score (&gt;16). We evaluated physical function, including gait function and grip strength. Gait function was evaluated by 10-meter gait speed and 2-step score (the ratio of the maximum length of 2 strides to height). We assessed daily physical activity, comorbidities, mental status, and laboratory data. The association between physical function and a low IIEF-5 score was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.Main Outcome MeasureThe main outcome measure was to assess whether gait function was an independent indicator for erectile dysfunction.ResultsOf 324 men, 154 (48%) had a low IIEF-5 score. Grip strength, 2-step score, and 10-meter gait speed in the low IIEF-5 group were significantly inferior to those in the high IIEF-5 group. Multivariate analysis showed that the 2-step score (odds ratio = 0.08), age, and total testosterone were independently associated with a low IIEF-5.Clinical ImplicationsThis study may motivate clinicians to investigate predictive values of physical function for ED.Strengths & LimitationsThe strength of this study was the use of simple, objective, and feasible tests for gait function to assess its association with ED. The limitations of this study were selection bias, regional bias, and nature of the cross-sectional study.ConclusionsOf the gait functional tests, not the 10-meter gait speed but 2-step score was an independent indicator for the presence of ED.
The Legality of US Investment Sanctions against Iran before the ICJ: A Watershed Moment for the Essential Security and Necessity Exceptions
Authors: MENKES MARCIN J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInternational courts and tribunals so far have shown reluctance to delimit the normative scope of the essential security and necessity exceptions in international economic law. Legal scholars have also refrained from identifying the point of equilibrium between maintaining the core protections of international law and allowing for necessary flexibility in its application. This article argues that such stances are now untenable. The unilateral US withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, and the reintroduction of sanctions, has challenged the multilateral order. Although the sanctions resemble earlier measures, violation of the deal and of United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231(2015) has altered the normative context. The threat to the stability of the post-war multilateral order by a permanent member of the Security Council is unique. The author shows why Iran’s recourse to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in this context should become a landmark case for international economic law and how it traps the ICJ in a gilded cage.
The association between family dysfunction and admission to an acute mental health inpatient unit: a prospective study
Authors: Tan J. H. P. , Conlon C. , Tsamparli A. , O’Neill D. , Adamis D. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:With the shift from deinstitutionalization to community care in mental health services, relatives of persons with severe and enduring mental illnesses have had to take over the role as primary caregivers. Disturbed family dynamics have been observed within families with an ‘ill’ member. Although schizophrenia and related mental illnesses are biologically based disorders, environmental stress (including stress within family relationships) plays a major role in the onset and maintenance of symptoms. With this study, we assume that family dynamics play a central role in the course of severe psychiatric illness and hypothesized that dysfunction within family systems is a prognostic indicator of hospitalization in the course of schizophrenia/bipolar and schizoaffective disorders.Methods:Prospective, observational cohort study evaluating family functioning of 121 patients (schizophrenia/bipolar and schizoaffective disorder) from community at baseline and followed-up over 12-month period after recruitment. Measurements included demographics, diagnosis, Family Assessment Device – General Functioning, Perceived Criticism Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning and Social Support Questionnaire-6.Results:Significant differences found between patients admitted and not admitted during the 12-month time period for age (p= 0.003), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS;p= 0.026), Family Assessment Device – General Functioning (FAD-GF;p= 0.007) and Social Support Questionnaire total satisfaction level (p= 0.042) at baseline. Bivariate analysis showed that those admitted into hospital were younger with a higher BPRS score, less social satisfaction and disturbed family dynamics. FAD-GF (p= 0.006) and age (p= 0.022) were significant independent predictors for admission.Conclusion:This provides further evidence supporting importance of promoting better family functioning through modified family dynamics, integrating and involving family into the care of such patients.
Keepingculturalin cultural evolutionary psychology: Culture shapes indigenous psychologies in specific ecologies
Authors: McNamara Rita Anne , Neha Tia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInCognitive Gadgets, Heyes seeks to unite evolutionary psychology with cultural evolutionary theory. Although we applaud this unifying effort, we find it falls short of considering how culture itself evolves to produce indigenous psychologies fitted to particular environments. We focus on mentalizing and autobiographical memory as examples of how socialization practices embedded within culture build cognitive adaptations.
Instincts or gadgets? Not the debate we should be having
Authors: Sperber Dan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
I argue, with examples, that most human cognitive skills are neither instincts nor gadgets but mechanisms shaped both by evolved dispositions and by cultural inputs. This shaping can work either through evolved skills fulfilling their function with the help of cultural skills that they contribute to shape, or through cultural skills recruiting evolved skills and adjusting to them.
SMALL-WORLD EFFECT IN GEOGRAPHICAL ATTACHMENT NETWORKS
Authors: Feng Qunqiang , Wang Yongkang , Hu Zhishui 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work, we use rigorous probabilistic methods to study the asymptotic degree distribution, clustering coefficient, and diameter of geographical attachment networks. As a type of small-world network model, these networks were first proposed in the physical literature, where they were analyzed only with heuristic arguments and computational simulations.
Investigating vehicle interior designs using models that evaluate user sensory experience and perceived value
Authors: Liang Ching-Chien , Lee Ya-Hsueh , Ho Chun-Heng , Chen Kuo-Hsiang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis study adopted a Kansei engineering methodology to examine users’ Kansei values toward automotive interior designs by conducting experiments under two models: sensory experience and perceived value evaluation models. In the sensory experience model, 60 participants were recruited to experience using 27 vehicle samples and to assign scores to eight Kansei keywords. Hayashi's quantification theory type 1 was used to calculate the weight of 12 interior space items and 40 interior design categories. In the perceived value evaluation model, 60 participants completed a questionnaire on the influence levels of the Kansei keywords on their Kansei values from the perspectives of four consumer perceived value dimensions. The questionnaire scores were then evaluated using factor analysis to extract nine primary factors affecting participants’ perceptions. This study determined that the interesting and dynamic perceptions corresponded to five design items under the Excitement Quality factors, vigorous and recreational perceptions corresponded to four items under the Relaxation and Comfort factor, and technological and luxurious perceptions corresponded to six items under the Luxury and Splendor factor and the Esteemed Image factor. These findings can help designers and researchers in the relevant sectors create automotive interior designs that fulfill the expectations of users.
On being companions and strangers: Lawyers and the production of international climate law
Authors: Mason-Case Sarah 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInternational climate law is often represented as a set of rules and institutions that scholars have tracked for nearly 30 years, whether to document them, assess their effectiveness, or prescribe reforms. This article, in contrast, adopts a critical perspective to uncover the everyday life of international climate law. From this viewpoint, international climate law is a purposive endeavour that is grounded in the small places where people create and live out the law. ‘International climate lawyers’ are among those who produce the law within these sites, and they propagate international climate law across multiple institutions. Using legal-ethnographic description, the article shows how lawyers operationalize the law in the United Nations climate regime, World Bank, and international human rights system. In each case, lawyers effect some overlapping aspirations for the law as well as legal techniques, but they also adapt their practices to the places where they work. In the process, they simultaneously build and diversify their professional community. Both in their field and community then, lawyers generate heterogeneity and homogeneity through the proliferation of international climate law. They do so on multiple registers, in terms of diverging ethical commitments, multivalent legal forms, and relative authority to speak the law, notably between institutions and the Global North and Global South. If lawyers reproduce sameness and difference in international climate law, moreover, this article suggests they may reify analogous traits in the broader field of international law, including persisting power relations.
The oil palm wine economy of rural farmers in Nigeria: evidence from Enugu Ezike, south-eastern Nigeria
Authors: Apeh Apex A. , Opata Christian C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe study considers the economics of the oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) to rural farmers in a rural community in south-eastern Nigeria. It compares the economic benefits of all products of the oil palm industry – palm oil, palm kernel, timber, palm wine and brooms. It posits that the most important product of the oil palm to the Enugu Ezike farmer is oil palm wine. This contrasts with the view that holds palm oil and palm kernel as the chief products of the oil palm. In a study conducted in Enugu Ezike, findings reveal that annual revenue from palm wine surpasses the six-yearly income from palm oil, palm kernel and brooms together. The study employs an eclectic framework of data collection, involving oral interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation, and the use of secondary sources. The oil palm is by every standard the most economically important tree crop and proceeds from it have positively influenced the socio-economic life of the rural communities, and as a result it has improved their living conditions.
Checking the sea: geographies of authority on the East Norfolk Coast (1790–1932)
Authors: Matless David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article examines coastal defence in East Norfolk between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries. From 1802 until 1932 sea defence between Happisburgh and Winterton was the responsibility of the Commissioners of Sewers for the Eastern Hundreds of Norfolk, more commonly known as the Sea Breach Commission (SBC). This article explores the geographies of authority shaping sea defence, with the SBC a body whose relationship to the local and national state could be uneasy. The article outlines the SBC’s nineteenth-century roles and routines, and examines its relationship to outside expertise, including its early hiring of geologist William Smith. The article reviews challenges to the SBC’s authority following late nineteenth-century flood events, details its early twentieth-century routines, and examines disputes over development on the sandhills. The article details the SBC’s dealings with an emerging national ‘nature state’, around issues such as coastal erosion and land drainage, matters which led to the SBC’s demise following the 1930 Land Drainage Act. The article concludes by considering the SBC’s contemporary resonance in a time of challenges to the role of the nature state, and anxieties over coastal defence.