bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of the testing approaches for the susceptibility of high-strength fasteners to environmental hydrogen embrittlement (EHE)
Authors: Gosheva Olesya , Andersohn Georg , Oechsner Matthias 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Low-alloyed, high-strength steels with yield strength above 1200 MPa are frequently used in the automotive industry, in order to reduce the weight of the components. However, hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility is often a concern for this group of materials. Hydrogen can be produced on the metal surface, as a result of electrochemical corrosion reaction during service. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of the various loading procedures according to the existing technical specifications for environmental hydrogen embrittlement (EHE) testing. The hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of high strength fasteners (strength class 14.8) was tested according to the well-established testing specifications: DIN 50969-2, DIN EN ISO 7539, ASTM F1624-12 in 5 wt.-% sodium chloride solution acidified to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid. Open circuit potential measurements were carried out during the testing procedure to gain understanding of the damage process in each of the testing approaches. Under the chosen testing conditions, rising step load (RSL) testing approach, specified in ASTM F1624-12, appeared as the most sensitive method for the evaluation of the material's hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility.
Lightweight design of an automobile hinge component using glass fiber polyamide composites
Authors: Güler Taner , Demirci Emre , Yıldız Ali Rıza , Yavuz Uğur 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in lightweight vehicle design due to regulations about reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Lightweight design of vehicle components is one of the most important research topics in vehicle design. Developing the optimum structure in the early stages of design process is very important for minimizing the vehicle weight and production costs. In this paper, an automobile hinge component has been developed using PA66 GF60 glass fiber-reinforced polyamide composite materials instead of conventional steel. The automobile hinge component has been conceived using computer aided design software. Topology optimization was made under specific loadings subject to the constraints of finite element method analysis. As a result of this study, optimum dimensions of the component have been obtained and the weight of the component has been reduced via structural topology optimization techniques while satisfying displacement and stress conditions. The results show that composite materials are an important alterative in lightweight vehicle design.
Influence of a stepped feed rate on burr formation when drilling Al-5005
Authors: Bahce Erkan , Ozel Cihan 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In this study, the technique of drilling at stepped feed rate is suggested as a new method for reducing the burr size at the exit of a hole in Al-5005, without prolonging the drilling time. The hole was divided into two regions, which were drilled at different feed rates. As a reference for comparison analysis, Al-5005 was drilled at constant drilling parameters. The smallest burr size with constant drilling parameters was obtained at 140° point angle, 0.1 mm × rev−1 feed rate, and 400 rpm spindle speed. The parameters that mainly effect the burr size were determined to be point angle, feed rate and the spindle speed, respectively. The same material was drilled employing the method of stepped feed rate, where the first region of the hole was drilled at 140° point angle, feed rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm × rev−1, and spindle speeds of 400, 800, and 1200 rpm. The second region was drilled with a feed rate that was automatically adjusted by the CNC machine to be one tenth of the feed rate in the first region, without removing the drill bit from the hole. It was observed that, using the stepped feed rate method, the burr height and burr thickness were diminished by 35 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to constant drilling parameters.
Relationship between extrusion temperature and corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ61
Authors: Hu Hongjun , Ying Yulei , Zhang Dingfei 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The extrusion-shear (ES) process for magnesium alloys is a newly developed plastic deformation technique, which combines one step of direct extrusion and two steps of ECAP (equal channel angular pressing). Corrosion resistances of the AZ61 magnesium alloy fabricated by ES with different billet temperatures have been investigated and evaluated through immersion and electrochemical tests. Influences of Cl- concentrations, immersion times and pH values on the corrosion behaviors of samples have been evaluated by analyzing corrosion morphologies and compositions, and phase compositions of corrosive products by using SEM and X-ray diffraction. According to the experimental results, samples processed by ES at 440 °C billet temperature have a higher corrosion resistance than those prepared at a billet temperature of 400 °C, which might be attributed to the grain-size reduction and the redistribution of inter-metallic particles within microstructures.
Evaluation of Seeding Rate and Cultivar Effects on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeded in 76-cm Row Spacing
Authors: Plumblee M.T. , Tubbs R.S. , Prostko E.P. , Smith N.B. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Standard row spacing for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Georgia is 91-cm in a single-row pattern. Narrower row spacings are often used in crops grown in rotation with peanut. Therefore, converting peanut to narrower row spacing may be easier and beneficial to some growers if cultivars and seeding rates can be identified that can be grown in narrow rows without a reduction in yield and grade. Based on current University of Georgia recommendations, peanut is typically planted at 19 seed/m with a 91-cm row spacing. Using narrower row spacing and constant seeding rates, increased seed costs would be observed. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the influence of cultivars and seeding rate in peanut planted in 76-cm single rows on yield, grade, and tomato spotted wilt virus (tospovirus) (TSWV) incidence. Experiments were conducted in 2008, 2010, and 2014 in Tifton, GA and in 2014 at Camilla, GA. Treatments were comprised of three cultivars (varying each year) and three seeding rates (14, 17, and 19 seed/m). Results indicate that pod yield, grade, and TSWV incidence were not affected by seeding rate. Seeding rate significantly influenced plant density where 14, 17, and 19 seed/m seeding rates resulted in 12.1, 13.2, and 13.8 peanut plants/m, respectively equating to a 9% and subsequent 4% increase in plant density as seeding rate increased. Seeding rate did not affect the rate of canopy closure, but cv. Georgia-12Y and TUFRunner™ ‘511’ had faster canopy closure than Georgia-06G. Peanut grade (total sound mature kernels) was not influenced by seeding rate, but did differ between cultivars. From these results, it can be concluded that 76-cm single-row can provide adequate yield and grade across multiple seeding rates. In addition, this study confirms that cultivar selection is the primary means for reducing TSWV incidence and altering grade in 76-cm peanut production.
Recent progress in Lynch syndrome and other familial colorectal cancer syndromes
Authors: Boland Patrick M. , Yurgelun Matthew B. , Boland C. Richard 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe current understanding of familial colorectal cancer was limited to descriptions of affected pedigrees until the early 1990s. A series of landscape‐altering discoveries revealed that there were distinct forms of familial cancer, and most were related to genes previously not known to be involved in human disease. This review largely focuses on advances in our understanding of Lynch syndrome because of the unique relationship of this disease to defective DNA mismatch repair and the clinical implications this has for diagnostics, prevention, and therapy. Recent advances have occurred in our understanding of the epidemiology of this disease, and the advent of broad genetic panels has altered the approach to germline and somatic diagnoses for all of the familial colorectal cancer syndromes. Important advances have been made toward a more complete mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of neoplasia in the setting of Lynch syndrome, and these advances have important implications for prevention. Finally, paradigm‐shifting approaches to treatment of Lynch‐syndrome and related tumors have occurred through the development of immune checkpoint therapies for hypermutated cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:217–231. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
A Study of Two Dwarf Irregular Galaxies with AsymmetricalStar Formation Distributions
Authors: Hunter Deidre A. , Gallardo Samavarti , Zhang Hong-Xin , Adamo Angela , Cook David O. , Oh Se-Heon , Elmegreen Bruce G. , Kim Hwihyun , Kahre Lauren , Ubeda Leonardo , Bright Stacey N. , Ryon Jenna E. , Fumagalli Michele , Sacchi Elena , Kennicutt R. C. , Tosi Monica , Dale Daniel A. , Cignoni Michele , Messa Matteo , Grebel Eva K. , Gouliermis Dimitrios A. , Sabbi Elena , Grasha Kathryn , Gallagher John S. , Calzetti Daniela , Lee Janice C. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Two dwarf irregular galaxies, DDO 187 and NGC 3738, exhibit a striking pattern of star formation: intense star formation is taking place in a large region occupying roughly half of the inner part of the optical galaxy. We use data on the H i distribution and kinematics and stellar images and colors to examine the properties of the environment in the high star formation rate (HSF) halves of the galaxies in comparison with the low star formation rate halves. We find that the pressure and gas density are higher on the HSF sides by 30%–70%. In addition we find in both galaxies that the H i velocity fields exhibit significant deviations from ordered rotation and there are large regions of high-velocity dispersion and multiple velocity components in the gas beyond the inner regions of the galaxies. The conditions in the HSF regions are likely the result of large-scale external processes affecting the internal environment of the galaxies and enabling the current star formation there.
Land-use change may exacerbate climate change impacts on water resources in the Ganges basin
Authors: Tsarouchi Gina , Buytaert Wouter 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Quantifying how land-use change and climate change affect water resources is
a challenge in hydrological science. This work aims to quantify how future
projections of land-use and climate change might affect the hydrological
response of the Upper Ganges river basin in northern India, which experiences
monsoon flooding almost every year. Three different sets of modelling
experiments were run using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (LSM) and covering the
period 2000–2035: in the first set, only climate change is taken into
account, and JULES was driven by the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project Phase 5) outputs of 21 models, under two representative concentration
pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), whilst land use was held fixed at the year
2010. In the second set, only land-use change is taken into account, and
JULES was driven by a time series of 15 future land-use pathways, based on
Landsat satellite imagery and the Markov chain simulation, whilst the
meteorological boundary conditions were held fixed at years 2000–2005. In
the third set, both climate change and land-use change were taken into
consideration, as the CMIP5 model outputs were used in conjunction with the
15 future land-use pathways to force JULES. Variations in hydrological
variables (stream flow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture) are calculated
during the simulation period. Significant changes in the near-future (years 2030–2035) hydrologic fluxes
arise under future land-cover and climate change scenarios pointing towards a
severe increase in high extremes of flow: the multi-model mean of the 95th
percentile of streamflow (Q5) is projected to increase by 63 % under
the combined land-use and climate change high emissions scenario (RCP8.5).
The changes in all examined hydrological components are greater in the
combined land-use and climate change experiment. Results are further
presented in a water resources context, aiming to address potential
implications of climate change and land-use change from a water demand
perspective. We conclude that future water demands in the Upper Ganges region
for winter months may not be met.
Informing a hydrological model of the Ogooué with multi-mission remote sensing data
Authors: Kittel Cecile M. M. , Nielsen Karina , Tøttrup Christian , Bauer-Gottwein Peter 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Remote sensing provides a unique opportunity to inform and constrain a hydrological model and to increase its value as a decision-support tool. In this study, we applied a multi-mission approach to force, calibrate and validate a hydrological model of the ungauged Ogooué river basin in Africa with publicly available and free remote sensing observations. We used a rainfall–runoff model based on the Budyko framework coupled with a Muskingum routing approach. We parametrized the model using the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM) and forced it using precipitation from two satellite-based rainfall estimates, FEWS-RFE (Famine Early Warning System rainfall estimate) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 v.7, and temperature from ECMWF ERA-Interim. We combined three different datasets to calibrate the model using an aggregated objective function with contributions from (1) historical in situ discharge observations from the period 1953–1984 at six locations in the basin, (2) radar altimetry measurements of river stages by Envisat and Jason-2 at 12 locations in the basin and (3) GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) total water storage change (TWSC). Additionally, we extracted CryoSat-2 observations throughout the basin using a Sentinel-1 SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery water mask and used the observations for validation of the model. The use of new satellite missions, including Sentinel-1 and CryoSat-2, increased the spatial characterization of river stage. Throughout the basin, we achieved good agreement between observed and simulated discharge and the river stage, with an RMSD between simulated and observed water amplitudes at virtual stations of 0.74 m for the TRMM-forced model and 0.87 m for the FEWS-RFE-forced model. The hydrological model also captures overall total water storage change patterns, although the amplitude of storage change is generally underestimated. By combining hydrological modeling with multi-mission remote sensing from 10 different satellite missions, we obtain new information on an otherwise unstudied basin. The proposed model is the best current baseline characterization of hydrological conditions in the Ogooué in light of the available observations.
A randomized feasibility trial comparing four antimalarial drug regimens to induce Plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia in the controlled human malaria infection model
Authors: Reuling Isaie J , van de Schans Lisanne A , Coffeng Luc E , Lanke Kjerstin , Meerstein-Kessel Lisette , Graumans Wouter , van Gemert Geert-Jan , Teelen Karina , Siebelink-Stoter Rianne , van de Vegte-Bolmer Marga , de Mast Quirijn , van der Ven André J , Ivinson Karen , Hermsen Cornelus C , de Vlas Sake , Bradley John , Collins Katharine A , Ockenhouse Christian F , McCarthy James , Sauerwein Robert W , Bousema Teun 
Published: February 2018

Background:Malaria elimination strategies require a thorough understanding of parasite transmission from human to mosquito. A clinical model to induce gametocytes to understand their dynamics and evaluate transmission-blocking interventions (TBI) is currently unavailable. Here, we explore the use of the well-established Controlled Human Malaria Infection model (CHMI) to induce gametocyte carriage with different antimalarial drug regimens.Methods:In a single centre, open-label randomised trial, healthy malaria-naive participants (aged 18–35 years) were infected with Plasmodium falciparum by bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Participants were randomly allocated to four different treatment arms (n = 4 per arm) comprising low-dose (LD) piperaquine (PIP) or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), followed by a curative regimen upon recrudescence. Male and female gametocyte densities were determined by molecular assays.Results:Mature gametocytes were observed in all participants (16/16, 100%). Gametocytes appeared 8.5–12 days after the first detection of asexual parasites. Peak gametocyte densities and gametocyte burden was highest in the LD-PIP/SP arm, and associated with the preceding asexual parasite biomass (p=0.026). Male gametocytes had a mean estimated circulation time of 2.7 days (95% CI 1.5–3.9) compared to 5.1 days (95% CI 4.1–6.1) for female gametocytes. Exploratory mosquito feeding assays showed successful sporadic mosquito infections. There were no serious adverse events or significant differences in the occurrence and severity of adverse events between study arms (p=0.49 and p=0.28).Conclusions:The early appearance of gametocytes indicates gametocyte commitment during the first wave of asexual parasites emerging from the liver. Treatment by LD-PIP followed by a curative SP regimen, results in the highest gametocyte densities and the largest number of gametocyte-positive days. This model can be used to evaluate the effect of drugs and vaccines on gametocyte dynamics, and lays the foundation for fulfilling the critical unmet need to evaluate transmission-blocking interventions against falciparum malaria for downstream selection and clinical development.Funding:Funded by PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI).Clinical trial number:NCT02836002.
CAUSES: Diagnosis of the Summertime Warm Bias in CMIP5 Climate Models at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site
Authors: Zhang Chengzhu , Xie Shaocheng , Klein Stephen A. , Ma Hsi‐yen , Tang Shuaiqi , Van Weverberg Kwinten , Morcrette Cyril J. , Petch Jon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAll the weather and climate models participating in the Clouds Above the United States and Errors at the Surface project show a summertime surface air temperature (T2 m) warm bias in the region of the central United States. To understand the warm bias in long‐term climate simulations, we assess the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, with long‐term observations mainly from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program Southern Great Plains site. Quantities related to the surface energy and water budget, and large‐scale circulation are analyzed to identify possible factors and plausible links involved in the warm bias. The systematic warm season bias is characterized by an overestimation of T2 m and underestimation of surface humidity, precipitation, and precipitable water. Accompanying the warm bias is an overestimation of absorbed solar radiation at the surface, which is due to a combination of insufficient cloud reflection and clear‐sky shortwave absorption by water vapor and an underestimation in surface albedo. The bias in cloud is shown to contribute most to the radiation bias. The surface layer soil moisture impacts T2 m through its control on evaporative fraction. The error in evaporative fraction is another important contributor to T2 m. Similar sources of error are found in hindcast from other Clouds Above the United States and Errors at the Surface studies. In Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations, biases in meridional wind velocity associated with the low‐level jet and the 500 hPa vertical velocity may also relate to T2 m bias through their control on the surface energy and water budget.
Enzyme‐Responsive Supramolecular Nanoparticles Based on Carboxyl‐Modified Cyclodextrins for Dual Substrate Loading
Authors: Han Xu , Chen Yong , Sun He‐Lue , Liu Yu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEnzyme‐responsive supramolecular assemblies have recently attracted more and more attention in biomaterial fields because of their controlled drug release at specific sites where the target enzyme is located. In this work, an enzyme‐responsive nanoparticle (NP) was successfully constructed through the molecular‐induced aggregation of hepta‐carboxyl‐modified cyclodextrins (carboxyl‐CDs) towards the enzyme‐responsive small molecule myristoylcholine, and the resulting spherical NP from carboxyl‐CD and myristoylcholine was fully characterized. Significantly, this NP can load two different substrates, that is, amantadine and anionic dye HPTS, and disassemble when treated by butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme that can break the ester linkage of myristoylcholine chloride. Therefore, this NP may find applications in dual drug delivery.
Diagnosis and endoscopic endonasal management of nontraumatic pseudoaneurysms of the cranial base
Authors: Faden Daniel L. , Hughes Marion A. , Lavigne Philippe , Jankowitz Brian T. , Wang Eric W. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundNontraumatic pseudoaneurysms of the cranial base are rare and present unique diagnostic and treatment dilemmas compared with both true aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms outside of the cranial base. There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the management of these complicated lesions.MethodsNontraumatic pseudoaneurysms of the cranial base internal carotid artery (ICA) were retrospectively identified at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center through a key word search of cranial base cases from 2010 to 2017.ResultsThree cases were identified, demonstrating pseudoaneurysms of the cavernous and petrous ICA. Each patient underwent diagnostic work‐up with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography, followed by endovascular occlusion and endoscopic endonasal surgery, which resulted in relief of presenting complaints and ablation of the pseudoaneurysm.ConclusionSymptomatic cranial base pseudoaneurysms should undergo treatment to obliterate the aneurysm and relieve the mass effect. First, formal angiography is necessary for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Next, endovascular occlusion is performed, with a preference for coiling or endoluminal reconstruction with a flow diverter. Last, endoscopic intervention follows in cases where: (1) decompression of vital structures is indicated; (2) diagnosis of the pseudoaneurysm cannot be definitively confirmed with angiography; or (3) the etiology of the confirmed pseudoaneurysm requires further investigation.