bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HyTEM Demonstrator: Design and Analysis of a Morphing Trailing Edge Demonstrator Using Hyperelastic Adhesive
Authors: Tikalsky Jan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The biggest challenge of our time is the transition of aviation to climate neutrality and the move away from fossil fuels. Alternative fuels and energy storage systems go hand in hand with lower energy densities. This directly leads to higher fuel or system masses for the same range. The quotient of payload to required energy is dropping.
As a result, aerodynamic efficiency is the focus of future aircraft designs. One way of achieving this goal is to use morphing trailing edges that improve L/D, especially in off-design conditions.
However, the deformation of a morphing trailing edge changes the circumferential length of the airfoil section. This problem was often solved by slitting the pressure side of the wing, which cause a gap on a local section of the wing. Elastomers or sliding mechanisms are used to close this gap. Both lead to a deviation from the target shape and higher maintenance effort.
Pressurized solutions for camber morphing are in equilibrium between aerodynamic loads and internal forces. Therefore, additional measurement devices are required to determine the position of those systems.
In this work, a new approach is pursued by avoiding the slitting of the aerodynamically effective surfaces and using a compliant mechanism in the trailing edge. A conventional kinematic is introduced to drive the lower skin directly. Actuator moments are limited by use of non-linear transmission ratio of the kinematics.
The design and pre-dimensioning by analytical and finite element method (FEM) approach are presented. Based on this, a demonstrator was derived on the basis of the unmanned aerial system (UAS) PROTEUS from German Aerospace Center. PROTEUS has a span of 2950mm, a root chord of 595mm, an aspect ratio of 6 and Vd of 300 km/h. The demonstrator represents a 100 mm span morphing trailing edge section. To evaluate the prediction methods, drive forces and moments were calculated and compared using finite element method (FEM) as well as analytical methods.
In the comparison of both analysis methods, a very good correlation with a deviation of 0.5% was found for the actuator loads. The rod forces deviated from each other by approx. 5%.
Based on these results the prescribed demonstrator will be build and measurements on the kinematical loads and fatigue will be carried out to verify this concept for the implementation on PROTEUS.
Additionally, the wing demonstrator will be designed to determine internal loads performing spanwise differential deflections.
The UAS PROTEUS will then undergo flight tests determine L/D improvements using morphing trailing edges.
Utilizing FBG for Stability and Failure Monitoring of Power Line Transmission Towers Subjected to Hurricane Loads
Authors: Zabihollah Abolghassem , Vuddandam Rajesh , Abu-Ghazaleh Haitham , Sandoval Raul 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on investigating the efficacy of embedding FBG sensors within power transmission towers to measure, collect, and store temperature and strain changes at critical points on the structure. Given that tower strain changes are influenced by various factors such as temperature, humidity, icing, wind, and ground subsidence, the implementation of a suitable failure estimation algorithm is essential for generating warning reports or estimating structural reliability. A finite element model is used for structural stress analysis to identify critical points when the structure is exposed to strong wind. A proof-of-the concept experimental setup validates the system’s performance and functionality. The prototype tower is placed in a wind tunnel to simulate the strong winds. The speed of air is controlled by changing the speed of the fan from 50 mph to 100 mph. Strain and temperature data are collected, using surface-bounded FBG sensors attached at the selected elements, and transmitted to the processing unit via a low-powered micro FBG Interrogator. The FBG signals are also used to estimate the induced stress at critical points. The results can be transmitted to a processing unit to estimate the reliability and possibility of failure of the tower.
Temperature-Dependent Acoustic Properties of Magnetostrictive Iron-Gallium Alloys
Authors: Belsher Aidan , Deng Zhangxian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The precise and continuous measurement of reactor core temperature is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of light water reactors. Current sensor technologies are limited in their capabilities for continuous monitoring, linearity, and multilocation detection. Magnetostrictive materials, which deform in response to magnetic fields or exhibit magnetization variation when stressed, offer a promising solution through ultrasonic waveguide thermometers. This study prototyped a high-temperature and radiation-tolerant UT consisting of a solenoid and a Galfenol waveguide, and quantified its performance as a thermometer up to 300 °C. The impact of waveguide diameter, ambient temperature, and thermal treatment on UT performance was then thoroughly assessed. Galfenol waveguides with diameters of 0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, and 1.0 mm showed uniform temperature-dependent behavior with minimal hysteresis error when cycled between RT and 300 °C. The acoustic attenuation coefficient decreased with increasing wire diameter, likely due to the combined effects of eddy currents and magneto-mechanical energy conversion. Although thermal annealing at 900 °C for an hour in a nitrogen environment caused significant surface damage to the waveguides, it effectively relieved internal stress, thus minimizing the nonlinearity in the acoustic attenuation coefficient.
Piezoelectric Transducers, Coating and Ice Accretion Geometry: A Study on Their Influence on the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Ice Protection System
Authors: Ameduri Salvatore , Mangiacrapa Luigi , Piscitelli Filomena , Rehfeld Nadine , Becker Denis , Mingione Giuseppe , Concilio Antonio 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The present work focuses on a trade-off on piezoelectric transducers, used for an ice protection system. The system is conceived for an airfoil segment that will be tested in the wind tunnel facility of IFAM. The scope of the abovementioned actuators is to drive ultrasound waves within the skin of the model and produce de-icing actions at the interface with accretions located on the leading-edge zone. A superhydrophobic coating is also used to vividly reduce the adhesion strength of the ice on the skin and, thus, increase the effectiveness of the system. The performance of the actuators was estimated considering their capability of producing shear actions at the interface with the ice and a potential crossing of the adhesion threshold. Different types of piezoelectric patches were evaluated on the basis of the thickness, the mechanical features of the material and the bonding layer. A finite element model was used to this scope, implementing a transient analysis and simulating the effect of a wavelet waveform excitation within the frequency bandwidth of interest. The results quantified the capability of the transducers to detach the ice, crossing its adhesion strength at specific frequency peaks, also highlighting the impact of certain design parameters.
3D Printed Flexible Tactile Sensor for Rehabilitation
Authors: Moreno-Rueda David , Narvaez Diana , McCarthy Evelyn , McCormack Liam , Newell Brittany 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Wearable devices that provide sensory feedback and function as sensors have applications in areas such as robotics, virtual reality, and rehabilitation. The progress and development of these devices has been supported by advancements in technologies such as soft actuators, flexible sensors and wireless acquisition devices. Some of the features desired for wearables are ergonomic design, low-cost, lightweight, and high accuracy. 3D printing allows for design of complex geometries, customization, and implementation of various materials at a low-cost, including in this work ultraflexible and flexible conductive materials. This study focuses on a glove prototype with 3D printed flexible sensors attached to the finger sections of the glove. The sensors were produced with Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing using a Lulzbot Taz 6 3D printer. The prototype takes advantage of resistance-based sensors made of a custom conductive, flexible 3D printed filament and the insulating effects of standard commercial thermoplastic polyurethane. The sensors were printed and placed on the index finger of the glove for reading finger movements as the finger bends. The sensors were connected to a Wheatstone bridge circuit to monitor the changing resistance. As the sensors on the glove bend, the resistance and in turn voltage values change proportionally to the deformation of the actuator. The rotation angle and radius of the actuator were measured using deformation tracking software. The data from these tests was collected and analyzed. There are multiple applications of this technology. The first application of this technology is to help with rehabilitation efforts. These flexible sensors can be applied to multiple parts of the body and give real time data on a patient’s movement. This can be beneficial to patients who have lost their mobility. The data from these sensors can be used by medical professionals to assess the progress the patient is making in their mobility and to adjust their treatments. Another application of this research is in the virtual reality space to be used as virtual reality gloves. The sensor data can be used by virtual reality developers to progress the game to increase user precision as well as realism.
Development of an Acoustics-Based Gas Leakage Sensing Approach
Authors: Wang Zhide , Bo Luyu , Li Jiali , Li Teng , Shen Liang , Du Yingshan , Qiu Chongpeng , Tian Zhenhua 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study presents an acoustics-based method for helium leakage detection and validates the method by measuring the acoustic wave transmission time in a mixture of helium and air. As acoustic waves have different speeds in helium and air, the helium/air ratio in a mixture should affect the traveling time of waves transmitting through the mixture. To understand the sensing mechanism, we theoretically investigated the relation between the acoustic wave traveling time and the helium/air ratio using two different models, where helium and air are assumed to be unmixed and well-mixed, respectively. Moreover, experiments are performed to validate the theoretical prediction for the model of the unmixed case. The experimental setup consists of a U-shaped waveguide, an acoustic transmitter with 20 kHz resonant frequency, and an acoustic receiver. The acoustic waveguide was filled with a mixture of helium and air as the carrier medium for acoustic wave propagation. The experimental result reveals a monotonic trend between the wave traveling time and the helium/air ratio. Furthermore, the trend observed from the experimental result is consistent with the theoretical prediction. We expect that this study can inspire future research for developing acoustics-based helium leakage detection methods.
Nozzle Pressure Defect Detection in Extrusion-Based Bio 3D Printing Using Video-Based Motion Estimation
Authors: Rahman Md Anisur , Khan Md Asif Hasan , Kim Jinki 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The emergence of bio-additive manufacturing marks a crucial advancement in the field of biomedical engineering. For successful biomedical applications including bioprinted organ transplants, ensuring the quality of printed structures poses a significant challenge. Among the major challenges encountered in ensuring the structural integrity of bioprinting, nozzle clogging stands out as one of the frequent concerns in the process. It disrupts the uniform distribution of extrusion pressure, leading to the formation of defective structures. This study focused on detecting defects arising from the irregularities in extrusion pressure. To address this concern, a video-based motion estimation technique, which emerged as a novel non-contact and non-destructive technique for assessing bio 3D printed structures, is employed in this research. While other advancements, including contact-based and laser-based approaches, may offer limited performance due to the soft, lightweight, and translucent nature of bioconstructs. In this study, defective and non-defective ear models are additively manufactured by an extrusion-based bioprinter with pneumatic dispensing. Extrusion pressure was strategically controlled to introduce defective bioprints similar to those caused by nozzle malfunctions. The vibration characteristics of the ear structures are captured by a high-speed camera and analyzed using phase-based motion estimation approaches. In addition to ambient excitations from the printing process, acoustic excitations from a subwoofer are employed to assess its impact on print quality. The increase in extrusion pressure, simulating clogged nozzle issues, resulted in significant changes in the vibration characteristics, including shifts in the resonance frequencies. By monitoring these modal property changes, defective bioconstructs could be reliably determined. These findings suggest that the proposed approach could effectively verify the structural integrity of additively manufactured bioconstructs. Implementing this method along with the real time defect detection technique will significantly enhance the structural integrity of additively manufactured bioconstructs and ultimately improve the production of healthy artificial organs, potentially saving countless lives.
A Modular Soft Swimming Robot to Teach the Concepts of Bio-Inspired Propulsion
Authors: Yates Trevor , Musgrave Patrick 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The relationships governing the kinematics of undulatory swimming are extensively studied, but not well-communicated to the general public and students. This study develops a soft modular bio-inspired undulatory propulsor as a tool for teaching the effects of various design parameters on the kinematics of an undulatory swimmer. The propulsor is designed with interchangeable modules to allow for the control of certain design parameters, including body stiffness, tail length, and actuator position on the body. Through the measurement of a freely-swimming propulsor’s average velocity with different body thicknesses, the effects of bending stiffness on the average velocity of the propulsor are observed, and the process for a student to replicate these observations is demonstrated. The efficacy of the propulsor as an educational tool is then evaluated through comparison of the observed relationship with existing results from studies on undulatory propulsion, and this relationship is explained in the context of the governing kinetics and kinematics.
Exploring the Relationship Between Cost Function of Hybrid Traveling Waves and Structural Reflection Coefficient Adapted From Acoustics
Authors: Gupta Samikhshak , Malladi Vijaya V. N. Sriram 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Basilar Membrane (BM) is the structural component of the mammalian cochlea that transmits auditory information as traveling structural waves, and inner hair cells transduce acoustic waves into electrical impulses in the inner ear. These waves go up towards the cochlea’s apex from its base. The primary structure at the apex of the cochlea that keeps waves from returning to the base is the helicotrema. People can hear continuous sound waves without acoustic reflection or overlap because of this property of the BM. Our research is motivated by this biological phenomenon and aims to comprehend and passively reproduce it in engineering structures. By studying the dynamics of a uniform beam linked to a spring-damper system as a passive absorber, we can use this characteristic of the inner ear to explain some of the observed phenomenological behaviors of the basilar membrane. The spring-damper system’s position separates the beam into two dynamic regions: one with standing waves and the other with non-reflecting traveling waves. This study presents the computational realization of traveling waves co-existing with standing waves in the two different zones of the structure. Moreover, this study aims to establish a correlation between two approaches to analyze the characteristics of the wave profiles: (i) the absorption coefficient approach and (ii) the cost function based on the wave envelope. The Basilar Membrane (BM) serves as the crucial structural conduit for transmitting auditory information through traveling structural waves, with inner hair cells in the inner ear transducing these waves into electrical impulses. These waves ascend from the cochlea’s base towards its apex, and the helicotrema, positioned at the cochlear apex, plays a pivotal role in preventing wave reflection and overlap, thereby facilitating the perception of continuous sound waves. The intrinsic characteristics of the Basilar Membrane (BM) inspire our research as we seek to comprehend and passively replicate this phenomenon in simplified forms. The investigation involves the exploration of the dynamics exhibited by a uniform beam connected to a spring-damper system acting as a passive absorber. This chosen system allows us to take advantage of the unique property of the inner ear, shedding light on some of the observed phenomenological behaviors of the basilar membrane. The positioning of the spring-damper system engenders two distinct dynamic regions within the beam: one characterized by standing waves and the other by non-reflecting traveling waves. The comprehensive analysis incorporates analytical and computational aspects, providing a holistic understanding of the coexistence of traveling and standing waves within these two dynamic zones.
Multifractal Analysis of Physical Reservoir Computer Structures
Authors: Carvajal Mario A. , Pahari Basanta R. , Oates William S. , He Shan , Musgrave Patrick F. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Physical reservoir computers combine sensing physical inputs and information processing in one single component to reduce the delay caused by data transmission. Physical reservoir computing uses the nonlinear dynamics of physical systems to process information and acts as a neural network for machine learning, allowing for prediction of target signals in real-time. This method significantly reduces the amount of computing and time required for the control system to respond to stimuli. The geometry and physical properties of the physical reservoir structure govern the overall performance. The structure must have enough complexity and nonlinearity when stimulated while not descending into unpredictable chaos to maximize its performance. This work investigates the utilization of fractal structures in the physical reservoir computing framework. Fractal structures exhibit self-similarity at different scales and can be characterized using a measure called the fractal dimension. Random fractal structures (multifractals) yield a range of fractal dimensions at different length scales. The multifractal spectrum is a measure used to quantify this variability in fractal dimension. This work aims to tune the physical reservoir computer using the multifractal spectrum to find the optimal range that maximizes the information processing potential of the system.
Biocompatible Energy Harvester for Smart Knee Implants
Authors: Abdalla Osama , Salman Emre , Stanacevic Milutin , Willing Ryan , Towfighian Shahrzad 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Although total knee replacements (TKR) are generally considered highly successful, patient satisfaction may not always be sustained over time. Monitoring the performance of the replaced knee can lead to improved surgical outcomes. Triboelectric Nano Generator (TENG) can generate electrical energy to power a load sensor, enabling continuous monitoring of the total knee replacement and more specifically monitoring imbalance over time. The objective of this study is to create a TENG capable of handling body forces and generating enough electrical energy to power the sensors. This is achieved through the energy harvester, which generates electric power by utilizing the contact separation resulting from cyclic compressive loads. To enhance the electrical properties of the energy harvester, a keystroke shape was used as a TENG structure. Moreover, the favorable characteristics of biocompatibility of the materials used in this study carry significant importance, particularly in applications where compatibility with biological systems is essential. This makes them particularly well-suited for integration into total knee implants. The experiment was conducted in this study and showed that the keystroke TENG structure could generate around 20 V peak voltage 2 kN axial force was applied to the TENG at 1 Hz. Expanding this to an array design enables measuring pressure distribution across TKR.
Supplemental Material: Diverse intrusion modes during the construction of a high-silica magma reservoir: Evidence from La Obra–Cerro Blanco intrusive suite (central Chile)
Authors: Payacán Ítalo , al. et 
Published: October 2024

<p>Table S1: Whole-rock geochemistry for samples from the La Obra–Cerro Blanco suite (ICP-MS-ES data) and standards. Table S2: Procedure for LA-ICP-MS analysis of zircon, U-Pb dating and trace element in zircon results, and Hf data and corresponding reference material. Table S3: Fe-Ti oxides compositions determined by using SEM-EDS. Table S4: Results of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility from La Obra–Cerro Blanco intrusive suite. Table S5: Geochemical modeling of trace element partitioning. Text S1: Contains additional trace element plots of the rocks of La Obra–Cerro Blanco suite. </p>
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Wick Katherine D , Ware Lorraine B , Matthay Michael A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The understanding of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has evolved greatly since it was first described in a 1967 case series, with several subsequent updates to the definition of the syndrome. Basic science advances and clinical trials have provided insight into the mechanisms of lung injury in ARDS and led to reduced mortality through comprehensive critical care interventions. This review summarizes the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of ARDS. Key highlights include a recommended new global definition of ARDS and updated guidelines for managing ARDS on a backbone of established interventions such as low tidal volume ventilation, prone positioning, and a conservative fluid strategy. Future priorities for investigation of ARDS are also highlighted.
Effects of functional amino acid blend dietary supplementation with different feeding regimens on growth performance and protein utilization in weaned pigs
Authors: Koo Bonjin , Yang Chengbo , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: October 2024

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of functional amino acid (AA) blend dietary supplementation with different feeding regimens on growth performance and protein utilization in weaned pigs. Pigs were fed either a standard (STD) diet or a supplemental (SUP) diet, which included an additional AA blend in the STD diet. Ninety-six piglets (6.51 ± 0.34 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four feeding regimens: a STD diet throughout the experiment, or a SUP diet for phase I (SUP7), until phase II (SUP21), or until phase III (SUP35). During phase I, pigs fed an SUP diet exhibited a greater ( P < 0.05) average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) than those fed the STD diet. Pigs in the SUP35 group had a higher ( P < 0.05) G:F than those in the SUP7 group. Pigs in the SUP21 and SUP35 groups had greater ( P < 0.05) digestibility of N than those in the SUP7 group. Pigs in the SUP35 group had upregulated ( P < 0.05) mRNA encoding mammalian targets of rapamycin and cationic AA transporter1 in longissimus dorsi than those in the SUP21 group. Feeding the SUP diet throughout the 5-week nursery phase is recommended to achieve optimal growth performance and protein metabolism.