bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , García‐Martín Elena , Agúndez José AG 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The high frequency of positive family history of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients diagnosed with this disease, the higher concordance rates in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins, and the presence of genetic anticipation suggest an important role of genetic factors in RLS. Inheritance RLS patterns, genetic anticipation, the frequency of positive family history of RLS, twin studies, linkage studies in familial RLS, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), exome sequencing studies, and case–control association studies on candidate genes in RLS, have been the aim of this article. Some variants of several genes have been associated with RLS risk (most of them through GWAS), being the strongest candidates variants of
BTBD9, MEIS1
, and
PTPRD
genes. A recent meta‐analysis confirmed these associations and identified 13 new susceptibility loci related to neurodevelopment‐neurogenesis, cell‐junction organisation, axon guidance, locomotor behaviour and DNA repair and maintenance. Results of several recent case–control association studies suggesting a possible contribution of
haem‐oxygenase (HMOX1)
rs2071746,
vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)
rs731236,
alcohol‐dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B)
rs1229984, and
GABA receptor rho3
(
GABRR3
) rs832032 variants, or the presence of allele 2 of the complex microsatellite repeat Rep1 within the
α‐synuclein
(
SNCA
) gene promoter in modifying the risk for RLS, need a replication by further studies. However, the causative gene(s) for RLS has(ve) not been definitively identified.

Key Concepts

The role of genetic factors in the aetiology of RLS is suggested by a substantial reported evidence. It is most likely a genetically complex disorder.

Although autosomal dominant is the most frequent inheritance pattern of RLS, there have been reported families with autosomal recessive and with non‐Mendelian patterns. This, together with the presence of phenocopies, suggests a role of epigenetic factors.

Linkage studies have identified at least 8 genes/loci, most of them in families with apparently autosomal dominant RLS.

Classical genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have shown association of certain variants of
PTPRD
,
BTBD9
,
MEIS1
,
MAP2K5
/
SKOR1
and
TOX3
genes with RLS (some of them showed association with PLMs in patients with and without RLS).

A recent meta‐analysis of GWAS have confirmed the 6 risk loci found in classical GWAS and described 13 additional genes/loci, most of them related with neurodevelopment‐neurogenesis, cell‐junction organisation, axon guidance, locomotor behaviour and DNA repair and maintenance.

An exome sequencing studies have shown a strong association of the
BTBD
rs9357271 variant with RLS risk has been shown in an exome sequencing study. Other exome sequencing studies in families showed a possible role of
PCDHA3
and
TRAPPC6B
genes on
RLS
risk, but they need replication.

The short size of the series and the lack of replication studies make that the results of candidate genes should be still limited.
Social Construction of Reality
Authors: Miller Gale , Nowacek David 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe social construction of reality stands for the proposition that human interactions with the world and with each other are mediated to an extent found nowhere else in nature. This mediation, especially through language, is what makes reality socially constructed, and those constructions are contextually variable and of great practical consequence. Although the proposition that reality is socially constructed is not unique to sociology, sociologists have contributed greatly to the theoretical development of this proposition and to its empirical utilization. This entry traces the several theoretical traditions (classical, pragmatist, and Foucauldian) that have contributed to the sociological development of constructionism (classical, pragmatist, and Foucauldian). It also describes the broad range of topics and scale of sociological constructionist scholarship. Finally, although constructionism is widely accepted and arguably at the heart of the sociological enterprise, there are still lingering challenges for constructionist sociologists that we aim to identify.
Gourmet Restaurants/Foods
Authors: Martin Nina 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The study of gourmet restaurants and foods is part of the emerging field of food studies, which brings together scholars across a range of disciplines. Eating is perhaps the most basic and universal human experience, and yet what we eat, where we eat, and how we eat vary across society's fissures, including nationality, ethnicity, geography, class, and gender. Food is a social construction that is used to express identity, religious beliefs, national belonging, and ethnic pride. Within this context, gourmet food and restaurants display a class status of high distinction while also signaling consumers and producers who are curious, tolerant, and inclusive in their pursuit of authentic cuisine. The social space of the restaurant can be carefully analyzed to see how images and discourses of distinction are created. Further, “gourmet” is a geographic concept where particular places are invoked (legally and in the imaginary) to designate food as authentic and high quality.
A
ddams,
J
ane (1860–1935)
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Jane Addams was a charismatic world leader with an innovative intellectual legacy in sociology. She is one of the most important female sociologists who has ever lived. Her combined thought and practice is called “feminist pragmatism”: an American theory uniting liberal values and a belief in a rational public with a cooperative, nurturing, and liberating model of the self, the other, and the community. Addams's intellectual legacy as a feminist pragmatist articulated radical changes in US life and politics, altering the possibilities for human growth and action for the poor, the working class, immigrants, people of color, youth, the aged, and women.
Pareto,Vilfredo (1848–1923)
Authors: Freidman Travis 
Published: December 2018

AbstractVilfredo Pareto was an important late nineteenth‐century thinker, economist, and sociologist. Pareto is better known for his contributions to mathematical economics, less (if not nothing at all) is known about his contribution to sociology, which culminated in a four‐volume work entitledTrattato Di Sociologia Generale. This entry explores his life, his work in both fields, and covers the basic topics of theTrattato.
Static and dynamic seductive illustration effects on text‐and‐graphic learning processes, perceptions, and outcomes: Evidence from eye tracking
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Jung , Wu An‐Hsuan , Chen Yuping 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThis study aimed to examine how different forms (still pictures vs. animations) of seductive illustrations impact text‐and‐graphic learning processes, perceptions, and outcomes. An eye‐tracking experiment of three groups (static, dynamic, and control) was conducted with 60 college and graduate students while learning with PowerPoint slides about infant motor development milestones. Prior knowledge, learning performance, learning perception, and visual attention were assessed by achievement tests, self‐rated scales, and eye‐tracking measures. Analysis of variance and t test results showed that, under a low task‐load condition, no seductive details effect was found for learning achievement but was found for learning process and perception. Decreased attention was found in the relevant pictures in both experimental groups. With more deeply and intensively processing on the seductive animations, the dynamic group perceived more distractions than the static group. Lag sequential analysis results revealed different visual transitional patterns for the groups, providing deep understandings about the process of seductive details effects.
Materials in Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioelectronic Applications: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Moser Maximilian , Ponder James F. , Wadsworth Andrew , Giovannitti Alexander , McCulloch Iain 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOrganic electrochemical transistors are bioelectronic devices that exploit the coupled nature of ionic and electronic fluxes to achieve superior transducing abilities compared to conventional organic field effect transistors. In particular, the operation of organic electrochemical transistors relies on a channel material capable of conducting both ionic and electronic charge carriers to ensure bulk electrochemical doping. This review explores the various types of organic semiconductors that are employed as channel materials, with a particular focus on the past 5 years, during which the transducing abilities of organic electrochemical transistors have witnessed an almost tenfold increase. Specifically, the structure–property relationships of the various channel materials employed are investigated, highlighting how device performance can be related to functionality at the molecular level. Finally, an outlook on the field is provided, in particular toward the design guidelines of future materials and the challenges ahead in the field.
Hole‐Transporting Materials Incorporating Carbazole into Spiro‐Core for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐Dong , Ma Xing‐Juan , Wang Ya‐Kun , Li Yun , Gao Chun‐Hong , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHole‐transporting materials (HTMs) play a significant role in hole transport and extraction for perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). As an important type of HTMs, the spiro‐architecture‐based material is widely used as small organic HTM in PeSCs with good photovoltaic performances. The skeletal modification of spiro‐based HTMs is a critical way of modifying energy level and hole mobility. Thus, many spiro alternatives are developed to optimize the spiro‐type HTMs. Herein, a novel carbazole‐based single‐spiro‐HTM named SCZF‐5 is designed and prepared for efficient PeSCs. In addition, another single‐spiro HTM SAF‐5 with reported 10‐phenyl‐10H‐spiro[acridine‐9,9′‐fluorene] (SAF) core is also synthesized for comparison. Through varying from SAF core to SCZF core as well as comparing with the classic 9,9′‐spiro‐bifluorene, it is found that the new HTM SCZF‐5 exhibits more impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.10% than SAF‐5 (13.93%) and the commercial HTM spiro‐OMeTAD (19.11%). On the other hand, the SCZF‐5‐based device also has better durability in lifetime testing, indicating the newly designed SCZF by integrating carbazole into the spiro concept has good potential for developing effective HTMs.
General Method for Determining Light Scattering and Absorption of Nanoparticle Composites
Authors: Wang Junxin , Xu Changgang , Nilsson Annica M. , Fernandes Daniel L. A. , Strömberg Mattias , Wang Jianfang , Niklasson Gunnar A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractScattering and absorption from nanoparticles are of major importance in optical research as well as in a range of applications. The Kubelka–Munk two‐flux radiative transfer model gives a simple description of light scattering in nanoparticle composite materials, but inversion of experimental transmittance and reflectance data to obtain backscattering and absorption coefficients remains challenging. Here, a general method for evaluating these parameters from transmittance and reflectance spectra, combined with spectral angle resolved light scattering measurements is developed. The angular dependence is approximated by an extension of the empirical Reynolds–McCormick phase function, which is fitted to the experimental angle resolved light scattering data. This approach is verified by measurements on three typical nanoparticle/polymer composites containing plasmonic Au, ferromagnetic Fe3O4, and dielectric TiO2 particles. An approximation to the angular scattering pattern is further demonstrated, which can be applied to obtain the optical parameters using only reflectance and transmittance data, in cases where angle‐resolved measurements are not available. These results can be extended to a wide range of isotropic, anisotropic, and multiple scattering systems, and will be highly useful in the fields of light scattering coatings/metamaterials, UV‐shielding films, displays, absorption/scattering layers in solar cells and biological scatterers.
Inducing Favorable Cation Antisite by Doping Halogen in Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode with Ultrahigh Stability
Authors: Li Chunli , Kan Wang Hay , Xie Huilin , Jiang Ying , Zhao Zhikun , Zhu Chenyou , Xia Yuanhua , Zhang Jie , Xu Kang , Mu Daobin , Wu Feng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe cation antisite is the most recognizable intrinsic defect type in nickel‐rich layered and olivine‐type cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, and important for electrochemical/thermal performance. While how to generate the favorable antisite has not been put forward, herein, by combining first‐principles calculation with neutron powder diffraction (NPD) study, a defect inducing the favorable antisite mechanism is proposed to improve cathode stability, that is, halogen substitution facilitates the neighboring Li and Ni atoms to exchange their sites, forming a more stable local octahedron of halide (LOSH). According to the mechanism, it is demonstrated by NPD that F‐doping not only induces the antisite formation in layered LiNi0.85Co0.075Mn0.075O2 (LNCM), but also increases the antisite concentration linearly. F substitution (1%) induces 5.7% antisite, and it displays an excellent capacity retention of 94% at 1 C for 200 cycles under 25 °C, outstanding high temperature cyclability (153.4 mAh·g–1 at 1 C for 120 cycles under 55 °C). The onset decomposition temperature increases by 48 °C. The ultrahigh cycling/thermal stability is attributed to the stronger LOSH, and it keeps the structural integrity after long cycling and develops an electrostatic repulsion force between oxygen layers to increase the lattice parameter c, which benefits Li‐ion migration.
Organization of Particle Islands through Light‐Powered Fluid Pumping
Authors: Tansi Benjamin M. , Peris Matthew L. , Shklyaev Oleg E. , Balazs Anna C. , Sen Ayusman 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe field of active matter holds promise for applications in particle assembly, cargo and drug delivery, and sensing. In pursuit of these capabilities, researchers have produced a suite of nanomotors, fluid pumps, and particle assembly strategies. Although promising, there are many challenges, especially for mechanisms that rely on chemical propulsion. One way to circumvent these issues is by the use of external energy sources. Herein, we propose a method of using freely suspended nanoparticles to generate fluid pumping towards desired point sources. The pumping rates are dependent on particle concentration and light intensity, making it highly controllable. Using these directed flows, we further demonstrate the ability to reversibly construct and move colloidal crystals.
Transparent Ta3N5 Photoanodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution toward the Development of Tandem Cells
Authors: Higashi Tomohiro , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Suzuki Yohichi , Sasaki Yutaka , Hisatomi Takashi , Katayama Masao , Minegishi Tsutomu , Seki Kazuhiko , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical water splitting is regarded as a promising approach to the production of hydrogen, and the development of efficient photoelectrodes is one aspect of realizing practical systems. In this work, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes were fabricated on n‐type GaN/sapphire substrates to promote O2 evolution in tandem with a photocathode, to realize overall water splitting. Following the incorporation of an underlying GaN layer, a photocurrent of 6.3 mA cm−2 was achieved at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. The transparency of Ta3N5 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS), which absorbs up to 1100 nm. A stand‐alone tandem cell with a serially‐connected dual‐CIS unit terminated with a Pt/Ni electrode was thus constructed for H2 evolution. This tandem cell exhibited a solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency greater than 7 % at the initial stage of the reaction.
Hoch regioselektive Fernlithiierung von funktionalisierten 1,3‐bissilylierten Arenen
Authors: Bellan Andreas B. , Knochel Paul 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSubstituierte Arene flankiert von zwei sterisch anspruchsvollen Triethylsilylgruppen werden regiospezifisch, mithilfe von nBuLi⋅PMDTA bei 25 °C, in 5‐Position lithiiert. Die erzeugten Aryllithium Reagenzien reagieren mit einer Vielzahl von Elektrophilen, wie zum Beispiel Ketonen, Isocyanaten, Weinreb‐Amiden, Allylbromiden oder CO2 bei 25 °C. Die so gebildeten bissilylierten Arene wurden mittels kurzer Reaktionssequenzen in unsilylierte, tetrasubstituierte Arene überführt. Diese Fernmetallierung konnte sowohl auf 2,6‐Bis(triethylsilyl)pyridine als auch auf 3,3′‐Bis(triethylsilyl)biphenyl erweitert werden.
Alkali Metal Covalent Bonding in Nickel Carbonyl Complexes ENi(CO)3−
Authors: Chi Chaoxian , Pan Sudip , Meng Luyan , Luo Mingbiao , Zhao Lili , Zhou Mingfei , Frenking Gernot 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe alkali metal‐nickel carbonyl anions ENi(CO)3−with E=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs have been produced and characterized by mass‐selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the gas phase. The molecules are the first examples of 18‐electron transition metal complexes with alkali atoms as covalently bonded ligands. The calculated equilibrium structures possessC3vgeometry, where the alkali atom is located above a nearly planar Ni(CO)3−fragment. The analysis of the electronic structure reveals a peculiar bonding situation where the alkali atom is covalently bonded not only to Ni but also to the carbon atoms.
A Concise Total Synthesis of (±)‐Vibralactone
Authors: Nistanaki Sepand K. , Boralsky Luke A. , Pan Roy D. , Nelson Hosea M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDisclosed is a five‐step synthesis of (±)‐vibralactone, a biologically active terpenoid natural product. A key photochemical valence isomerization of 3‐prenyl‐pyran‐2‐one produces both the all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter and the β‐lactone at an early stage. Cyclopropanation of the resulting bicyclic β‐lactone produces a strained housane structure that is converted to the natural product through a sequential ring expansion and reduction strategy. This concise and modular route to the natural product provides the shortest total synthesis of (±)‐vibralactone reported to date.
Highly Regioselective Remote Lithiation of Functionalized 1,3‐bis‐Silylated Arenes
Authors: Bellan Andreas B. , Knochel Paul 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSubstituted arenes flanked by two bulky triethylsilyl groups were regiospecifically lithiated at the 5‐position with nBuLi⋅PMDTA at 25 °C. The resulting aryllithiums reacted with a broad range of electrophiles such as ketones, isocyanates, Weinreb amides, allyl bromides, and CO2 at 25 °C. These bis‐silylated arenes were then converted in simple reaction sequences into silyl‐free tetrasubstituted arenes. This remote lithiation was extended to 2,6‐bis(triethylsilyl)pyridine as well as 3,3′‐bis(triethylsilyl)biphenyl.
Novel method for fabrication of PP/HDPE/PP trilayer microporous membrane with a highly orientated structure
Authors: Chen W. , Wu G. , Chu J. , Zhang Y. , Yang M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIn this work, a highly orientated polopropelene/high‐density polyethylene/polopropelene (PP/HDPE/PP) trilayer cast film was obtained from viscous encapsulation of HDPE and PP which involved of controlling the molecular factors and processing conditions. Consequently, a stable stratified flow was obtained as a result of phase‐segregation through a single screw extruder under a high draw ratio (DR). Microporous HDPE, PP monolayer films as well as PP/HDPE/PP trilayer film have been successfully fabricated after a proper cold and hot stretching. The influence of DR and annealing process on crystalline structure and orientation of monolayer and trilayer membrane was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Both crystallinity and crystalline orientation increased with DR and annealing process. Additionally, the crystallinity in PP/HDPE/PP was lower than it in monolayer films but the orientation of PP/HDPE/PP was higher compared to monolayer films. The lamellae structure of HDPE, PP, and PP/HDPE/PP cast films prepared at different DR values and the influence of annealing process was also studied. The lamellae parameters, the long period (Lp), the thickness of crystalline region (Lc) and the thickness of amorphous region (La) were obtained via 2D‐small angle X‐ray scattering. The long period (Lp) of PP was 35% smaller than HDPE implying tight stacking in PP. The scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the membrane surface morphology and cross‐section obtained from the cold and hot stretching of 30% and 150%, respectively. The results showed that the pore size of HDPE was greater than PP. Besides, the pore number and regularity of PP/HDPE/PP at DR = 90, which had a porosity of 0.48, was the best among all samples. The cross‐section of PP/HDPE/PP trilayer membrane was found to be a multilayer structure. However, the majority of HDPE phase was in the middle of film while PP phase was absolutely at the edge of the film. The current work may open an entirely novel and simple way to fabricate PP/HDPE/PP trilayer microporous films. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47249.
Synthesis of polyamides from sugar derived d‐glucaric acid and xylylenediamines
Authors: Wu Yuxin , Enomoto Yukiko , Masaki Hisaharu , Iwata Tadahisa 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTd‐Glucaric acid (GA) is the one of aldaric acids and is an important bio‐based building block for polymers. In this study, poly(m‐xylylene‐acetyl glucaramide) and poly(p‐xylylene‐acetyl glucaramide) were synthesized from GA acetate and two kind of aromatic diamines by solution polymerization. The chemical structures of the polyamides were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The weight‐average molecular weights ranged from 3.3 × 103 to 1.15 × 104 with a polydispersity of 1.6–1.9, depending on monomer ratio or monomer concentration in solution. The 10% decomposition temperature of the polymers was about 210 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the polyamides exhibited no peaks attributed to crystallization or melting point, which indicated that the polyamides were amorphous. No crystalline pattern was observed in the X‐ray diffractograms, supporting this result. Polarized optical microscopy observation revealed that the polyamides exhibited melting‐like behavior at above 150 °C, which was attributed to glass‐transition behavior. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47255.