bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Efficacy of 10% Dextrose as an Alternative to High Concentration Glucose in the Treatment of Out-of-Hospital Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Nehme Ziad , Cudini Daniel 
Published: December 2018

Objectives Dextrose 50% is commonly accepted as the primary management of severe hypoglycaemia, however its position seems to be by default rather than clinical or research significance. The use of 10% dextrose by some prehospital care providers has demonstrated greater practical and physiological advantages, with less clinical implications than higher concentrations. The objective of this study was to review the literature into the efficacy of intravenous 10% dextrose in the management of out-of-hospital hypoglycaemia. Methods A review of select electronic databases was conducted from their commencement to the end of March 2008. Inclusion criteria was any article which evaluated the administration of intravenous glucose within any setting/discipline, or when compared to any alternative intervention. Exclusion criteria were articles pertaining to the administration of glucose other than in the emergency management of hypoglycaemia. Results The search yielded 3,651 potential articles, with 24 meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dextrose 10% has demonstrated equal time to restoration of conscious state at smaller doses, with reductions in post-treatment blood sugar levels than the higher 50% concentration. The risk of extravasation injuries and potential clinical ramifications in paediatrics are compelling reasons to consider a shift away from higher concentrations of glucose. The titration of 10% dextrose to patient conscious state has been utilised by other prehospital care providers in replacement of bolus doses of 50% preparations. Conclusion There is evidence to suggest that the titration of 10% dextrose to conscious state in severe hypoglycaemia is as efficacious as the administration of 50% dextrose, while reducing associated risks and producing better post-treatment outcomes.
From Stretcher-Bearer to Paramedic: The Australian Paramedics’ Move towards Professionalisation
Authors: Williams Brett , Onsman Andrys , Brown Ted 
Published: December 2018

Over the last one hundred and twenty years, the Australian paramedic sector has changed dramatically; influenced and informed by a range of social, health, economic, professional, and political forces. However, there has been little reflection of those changes in either the perception of the discipline as a profession or the manner in which its membership is trained, socialised, and educated. This paper explores the links between professionalisation and education in the paramedic field. Paramedics are currently at best seen as a „semi-profession‟ and a great deal of discussion about whether the discipline actually wants to achieve full professional status exists. Comparisons will be made with the professions of nursing and physiotherapy, outlining how and why they progressed from a semi-professional status to a fully recognised profession, culminating in a discussion about which characteristics the paramedics discipline as yet lacks. A review of common professional traits suggests three areas where the discipline falls short: 1) the delineation of its professional compass, especially in relation to extant recognised cognate (and competitive) professions, 2) National registration and regulation resulting in professional self-control and accreditation, and 3) Higher Education and the development of a unique body of professional knowledge. Finally it will be argued that the recognition and addressing of the gaps by the relevant policymakers, regulators, employers and academics will lead to the formulation of strategies that are most likely to result in professional status for paramedics in Australia.
Recovery from Bushfires: The Experience of the 2003 Canberra Bushfires three Years After
Authors: Camilleri Peter , Healy Christine , Macdonald Elspeth , Nicholls Susan , Sykes Jolyon , Winkworth Gail , Woodward Merrilyn 
Published: December 2018

Background and Aim The Canberra Bushfires were one of the largest single day natural disasters in Australian history. A group of researchers from across disciplines and sectors (Universities and Government) undertook a major project to study the experiences of people directly affected by the fires in the recovery process. The research team was interested in the longer term recovery experience (approximately three years following the event). The paper briefly outlines the research process, provides an overview of the findings on people's bushfire experiences, health and wellbeing, and views on what helped in individual and community recovery. Methods Sixteen hundred households that had been registered with the Bushfire Recovery Centre were surveyed. Five hundred questionnaires were returned and forty people interviewed. The survey consisted of 126 items. The survey took between 40 to 70 minutes to complete and the response rate was 32%. Results Many respondents experienced substantial property losses as a result of this bushfire (74% reported structural loss or damage to dwellings), and 78% of people recalled that they felt a threat of death or injury to themselves or significant others during the fires. The majority of respondents were positive about their health and wellbeing. A considerable number of individuals reported ongoing health and psychosocial problems related to the bushfires. Respondents commented on what helped in the recovery process. Conclusion With adequate support many people may not experience lasting negative outcomes for their health, mental health or wellbeing in the years following a bushfire disaster. However, continuing adverse effects on health and wellbeing are expected in the context of a high degree of loss, threat to life, and life stressors. Long term support is required for those experiencing ongoing health and psychosocial problems related to the bushfire. Given the diversity of experiences post-disaster a range of recovery responses are required over a period of years to support community and individual needs.
Disaster Experience in the Context of Life: Perspectives Five to Six Years after the 2003 Canberra Bushfire
Authors: Citraningtyas Theresia , Macdonald Elspeth , Raphael Beverley 
Published: December 2018

Objectives To gain deeper understanding of the long-term lived experiences of adults affected by the 2003 Canberra bushfire, approximately five to six years after the disaster. Methods We present an overview of themes that emerged from thematic analysis of transcripts of in-depth semi-structured interviews of 25 adults directly affected by the 2003 Canberra bushfire interviewed from April 2008 to March 2009. Coincidentally, six of these participants were interviewed following the 2009 Victorian Bushfires and, where relevant, this is noted. Results The overarching themes that emerged were sensory memory from the day of the fires, emotions, relationships, and other life events. Participants reported an extraordinary sensory experience. They also reported and demonstrated mixed emotions over five years after the incident, such as fear, grief and anger, intertwined with gratitude and a sense of achievement. The disaster experience bonded some relationships, strained others, and often simultaneously supported and caused difficulties in close relationships. In terms of other life events, participants gauged the impact of the fires in relation to other significant personal life events before or after the fire. A few reported a sense of having to face a series of hardships; however, others reported that experiencing other hardships put the bushfires in perspective. Those interviewed following the 2009 Victorian bushfires also presented an interplay between emotions relating to their own experience and their thoughts and feelings relating to the more recent bushfire in Victoria. Conclusion Findings highlighted how the subjective experiences, perceived supportive and unsupportive factors, and meaning-making of people affected by disaster are embedded in the context of their lives in a dynamic and multi-dimensional way. People's thoughts and feelings cannot be solely attributed to the disaster in question, and arguably it would not be relevant to do so, as disasters always occur in the context of people's lives. Other life events not only add to the disaster experience, but the various life events can become lenses in which other life events are perceived, experienced, and processed. Grief, loss, fear, anxiety, and guilt can be intertwined with, and thus balanced by, a sense of gratitude and achievement. The role of life events and other factors such as relationships, thus cannot be simply categorised as supportive or risk factors. Subsequent disasters act as painful reminders of one's own experiences, but can also provide an opportunity to work through and relate to them as one who has gone through a similar experience and survived several years down the track.
Machine Learning Applied to Star–Galaxy–QSO Classification and Stellar Effective Temperature Regression
Authors: Bai Yu , Liu JiFeng , Wang Song , Yang Fan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In modern astrophysics, machine learning has increasingly gained popularity with its incredibly powerful ability to make predictions or calculated suggestions for large amounts of data. We describe an application of the supervised machine-learning algorithm, random forests (RF), to the star/galaxy/QSO classification and the stellar effective temperature regression based on the combination of Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope and Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic data. This combination enables us to obtain reliable predictions with one of the largest training samples ever used. The training samples are built with a nine-color data set of about three million objects for the classification and a seven-color data set of over one million stars for the regression. The performance of the classification and regression is examined with validation and blind tests on the objects in the RAdial Velocity Extension, 6dFGS, UV-bright Quasar Survey and Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment surveys. We demonstrate that RF is an effective algorithm, with classification accuracies higher than 99% for stars and galaxies, and higher than 94% for QSOs. These accuracies are higher than machine-learning results in former studies. The total standard deviations of the regression are smaller than 200 K, which is similar to those of some spectrum-based methods. The machine-learning algorithm with the broad-band photometry provides us with a more efficient approach for dealing with massive amounts of astrophysical data than do traditional color cuts and spectral energy distribution fits.
Metal Mixing and Ejection in Dwarf Galaxies Are Dependent on Nucleosynthetic Source
Authors: Emerick Andrew , Bryan Greg L. , Low Mordecai-Mark Mac , Côté Benoit , Johnston Kathryn V. , O’Shea Brian W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Using a high-resolution simulation of an isolated dwarf galaxy, accounting for multichannel stellar feedback and chemical evolution on a star-by-star basis, we investigate how each of 15 metal species is distributed within our multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and ejected from our galaxy by galactic winds. For the first time, we demonstrate that the mass fraction probability distribution functions (PDFs) of individual metal species in the ISM are well described by a piecewise log-normal and power-law distribution. The PDF properties vary within each ISM phase. Hot gas is dominated by recent enrichment, with a significant power-law tail to high metal fractions, while cold gas is predominantly log-normal. In addition, elements dominated by asymptotic giant branch (AGB) wind enrichment (e.g., N and Ba) mix less efficiently than elements dominated by supernova enrichment (e.g., α elements and Fe). This result is driven by the differences in source energetics and source locations, particularly the higher chance compared to massive stars for AGB stars to eject material into cold gas. Nearly all of the produced metals are ejected from the galaxy (only 4% are retained), but over 20% of metals dominated by AGB enrichment are retained. In dwarf galaxies, therefore, elements synthesized predominantly through AGB winds should be both overabundant and have a larger spread compared to elements synthesized in either core-collapse or Type Ia supernovae. We discuss the observational implications of these results, their potential use in developing improved models of galactic chemical evolution, and their generalization to more massive galaxies.
How Robert Parker’s 90+ and Ann Noble’s Aroma Wheel Changed the Discourse of Wine Tasting Notes
Authors: James Andrew 
Published: December 2018

Cet article porte sur l’évolution du style et du contenu des notes de dégustation sous l’influence de Michael Broadbent, Robert Parker et Ann Noble. Après une brève introduction portant sur le développement du marché du vitivinicole aux États-Unis, l’auteur présente les styles et les objectifs contrastés des notes de dégustations de Robert Parker et Michael Broadbent. La deuxième partie de l’article expose ce que l’auteur perçoit comme étant les défauts des notes de dégustation aujourd’hui, qu’il lie à des facteurs aussi divers que l’hégémonie de Parker, la mérosmie, l’absence de connaissances, des descriptifs trop précis et le rôle de la mémoire. Dans une troisième partie, il prône un retour aux « classiques », notamment l’approche holistique défendue par Broadbent, avant de constater, avec regret, que les notes de dégustation sont écrites aujourd’hui essentiellement à des fins promotionnelles.
Hif-1α–Induced Expression of Il-1β Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish
Authors: Ogryzko Nikolay V. , Lewis Amy , Wilson Heather L. , Meijer Annemarie H. , Renshaw Stephen A. , Elks Philip M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDrug-resistant mycobacteria are a rising problem worldwide. There is an urgent need to understand the immune response to tuberculosis to identify host targets that, if targeted therapeutically, could be used to tackle these currently untreatable infections. In this study we use an Il-1β fluorescent transgenic line to show that there is an early innate immune proinflammatory response to well-established zebrafish models of inflammation and Mycobacterium marinum infection. We demonstrate that host-derived hypoxia signaling, mediated by the Hif-1α transcription factor, can prime macrophages with increased levels of Il-1β in the absence of infection, upregulating neutrophil antimicrobial NO production, leading to greater protection against infection. Our data link Hif-1α to proinflammatory macrophage Il-1β transcription in vivo during early mycobacterial infection and importantly highlight a host protective mechanism, via antimicrobial NO, that decreases disease outcomes and that could be targeted therapeutically to stimulate the innate immune response to better deal with infections.
Aging of Antiviral CD8+ Memory T Cells Fosters Increased Survival, Metabolic Adaptations, and Lymphoid Tissue Homing
Authors: Davenport Bennett , Eberlein Jens , van der Heide Verena , Jhun Kevin , Nguyen Tom T. , Victorino Francisco , Trotta Andrew , Chipuk Jerry , Yi Zhengzi , Zhang Weijia , Clambey Eric T. , Scott Donald K. , Homann Dirk 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Aging of established antiviral T cell memory can foster a series of progressive adaptations that paradoxically improve rather than compromise protective CD8+ T cell immunity. We now provide evidence that this gradual evolution, the pace of which is contingent on the precise context of the primary response, also impinges on the molecular mechanisms that regulate CD8+ memory T cell (TM) homeostasis. Over time, CD8+ TM generated in the wake of an acute infection with the natural murine pathogen lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus become more resistant to apoptosis and acquire enhanced cytokine responsiveness without adjusting their homeostatic proliferation rates; concurrent metabolic adaptations promote increased CD8+ TM quiescence and fitness but also impart the reacquisition of a partial effector-like metabolic profile; and a gradual redistribution of aging CD8+ TM from blood and nonlymphoid tissues to lymphatic organs results in CD8+ TM accumulations in bone marrow, splenic white pulp, and, particularly, lymph nodes. Altogether, these data demonstrate how temporal alterations of fundamental homeostatic determinants converge to render aged CD8+ TM poised for greater recall responses.
Radiative effect and climate impacts of brown carbon with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)
Authors: Brown Hunter , Liu Xiaohong , Feng Yan , Jiang Yiquan , Wu Mingxuan , Lu Zheng , Wu Chenglai , Murphy Shane , Pokhrel Rudra 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. A recent development in the representation of aerosols in climate models is
the realization that some components of organic aerosol (OA), emitted from
biomass and biofuel burning, can have a significant contribution to
shortwave radiation absorption in the atmosphere. The absorbing fraction of
OA is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). This study introduces one of the
first implementations of BrC into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5
(CAM5), using a parameterization for BrC absorptivity described in Saleh et
al. (2014). Nine-year experiments are run (2003–2011) with prescribed emissions
and sea surface temperatures to analyze the effect of BrC in the atmosphere.
Model validation is conducted via model comparison to single-scatter albedo
and aerosol optical depth from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This
comparison reveals a model underestimation of single scattering albedo (SSA) in biomass burning regions
for both default and BrC model runs, while a comparison between AERONET and
the model absorption Ångström exponent shows a marked improvement with BrC
implementation. Global annual average radiative effects are calculated due to
aerosol–radiation interaction (REari; 0.13±0.01 W m−2)
and aerosol–cloud interaction (REaci; 0.01±0.04 W m−2).
REari is similar to other studies' estimations of BrC direct radiative
effect, while REaci indicates a global reduction in low clouds due to the BrC
semi-direct effect. The mechanisms for these physical changes are
investigated and found to correspond with changes in global circulation
patterns. Comparisons of BrC implementation approaches find that this
implementation predicts a lower BrC REari in the Arctic regions than previous
studies with CAM5. Implementation of BrC bleaching effect shows a significant
reduction in REari (0.06±0.008 W m−2). Also, variations in
OA density can lead to differences in REari and REaci, indicating the
importance of specifying this property when estimating the BrC radiative
effects and when comparing similar studies.
The role of atmospheric rivers in compound events consisting of heavy precipitation and high storm surges along the Dutch coast
Authors: Ridder Nina , de Vries Hylke , Drijfhout Sybren 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric river (AR) systems play a significant role in the simultaneous
occurrence of high coastal water levels and heavy precipitation in the
Netherlands. Based on observed precipitation values (E-OBS) and the output of
a numerical storm surge model (WAQUA/DSCMv5) forced with ERA-Interim sea
level pressure and wind fields, we find that the majority of compound events
(CEs) between 1979 and 2015 have been accompanied by the presence of an AR
over the Netherlands. In detail, we show that CEs have a 3 to 4 times higher
chance of occurrence on days with an AR over the Netherlands compared to any
random day (i.e. days without knowledge on presence of an AR). In contrast,
the occurrence of a CE on a day without AR is 3 times less likely than on any
random day. Additionally, by isolating and assessing the prevailing sea level
pressure (SLP) and sea surface temperature (SST) conditions with and without
AR involvement up to 7 days before the events, we show that the presence of
ARs constitutes a specific type of forcing conditions that (i) resemble the
SLP anomaly patterns during the positive phase of the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO+) with a north–south pressure dipole over the North
Atlantic and (ii) cause a cooling of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and
eastern boundary upwelling zone while warming the western boundary of the
North Atlantic. These conditions are clearly distinguishable from those
during compound events without the influence of an AR which occur under SLP
conditions resembling the East Atlantic (EA) pattern with a west–east
pressure dipole over northern Europe and are accompanied by a cooling of the
West Atlantic. Thus, this study shows that ARs are a useful tool for the
early identification of possible harmful meteorological conditions over the
Netherlands and supports an effort for the establishment of an early warning
system.
The Mad Flapper: Socialization in Fitzgerald's “Bernice Bobs Her Hair”
Authors: Notea Ya'ara 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Fitzgerald's engagement (some even say obsession) with his era's changing attitudes toward youth and gender is prominent in much of his work. “Bernice Bobs Her Hair,” published in 1920, is no exception. Employing the theoretical framework of the female Bildungsroman—the female narrative of development—this article presents a contextualized reading of the story as an early study of flapperhood, of modern perceptions of youth and maturation, and of the process of female socialization, revealing Fitzgerald's complex relationship with the ideal he and his wife so helped to advance. Studying the story's engagement with the larger literary and ideological debates that this genre participates in offers a deeper understanding of Fitzgerald's depiction of the process of socialization that calls into question previous assumptions about both maturation and femininity. Moreover, this analysis engenders an alternative reading of the story's ending, which further problematizes Fitzgerald's portrayal of socialization into flapperhood.
Indexing It All
Authors: Day Ronald E. 
Published: December 2018

A critical history of the modern tradition of documentation, tracing the representation of individuals and groups in the form of documents, information, and data.
In this book, Ronald Day offers a critical history of the modern tradition of documentation. Focusing on the documentary index (understood as a mode of social positioning), and drawing on the work of the French documentalist Suzanne Briet, Day explores the understanding and uses of indexicality. He examines the transition as indexes went from being explicit professional structures that mediated users and documents to being implicit infrastructural devices used in everyday information and communication acts. Doing so, he also traces three epistemic eras in the representation of individuals and groups, first in the forms of documents, then information, then data.
Day investigates five cases from the modern tradition of documentation. He considers the socio-technical instrumentalism of Paul Otlet, “the father of European documentation” (contrasting it to the hermeneutic perspective of Martin Heidegger); the shift from documentation to information science and the accompanying transformation of persons and texts into users and information; social media's use of algorithms, further subsuming persons and texts; attempts to build android robots—to embody human agency within an information system that resembles a human being; and social “big data” as a technique of neoliberal governance that employs indexing and analytics for purposes of surveillance. Finally, Day considers the status of critique and judgment at a time when people and their rights of judgment are increasingly mediated, displaced, and replaced by modern documentary techniques.