bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Absorptive Capacity in Korea
Authors: Lee Keun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Absorptive capacity (AC), defined by Cohen and Levinthal (1989, 1990) as a firm’s ability to identify, value, assimilate, and exploit knowledge from the environment, is a binding constraint for latecomer economies. Its origin is particularly relevant for latecomer countries where firms rely on imported technology. This chapter investigates how latecomer firms in Korea built absorptive capacity before being able to conduct in-house R&D, and generate innovation outcomes. Three forms of foreign technology acquisition are distinguished: know-how-only licensing, know-how-and-patent licensing, and patent-only licensing. Korean firms tend to use know-how licensing before starting in-house R&D, whereas patent licensing is not significantly linked to R&D. It seems that that the origin of AC in Korea is the learning process that follows licenced import of foreign technology, especially tacit knowledge in the form of know-how. A specific policy implication is that technology licensing contracts for a latecomer firm should include know-how transfer, and the potential substituting effect of foreign patent licensing must be considered because it may interfere with formation of in-house AC.
The Journey of Ethiopian Airlines
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Tesfachew Taffere 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite sceptics who believed Ethiopia lacked the comparative advantage to adopt the latest aviation technologies, Ethiopian Airlines (EAL) has in the past seven decades narrowed the gap between itself and leading global players in the aviation industry by upgrading its technological, organizational, and management capabilities. This chapter reviews EAL’s journey to build an internationally competitive airline, explores the challenges and complexities of learning for African firms, and examines implications for capability building and catch-up in late-latecomer countries. One key to EAL’s success was the partnership with a leading global player, TWA. Another was a strong commitment to ‘Ethiopianization’ from an early stage, which increased learning intensity and highlighted the industry’s narrow latitude for poor performance. In the early twenty-first century, EAL embarked on Vision 2025, at the heart of which are technological capability development, skills formation, aggressive new market development, and commitment to Pan-Africanism. The story shows that African firms can successfully move closer to the productivity frontier in a particularly challenging industry.
Learning to Catch up in South East Asia
Authors: Vu Khuong , Hartley Kris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The term ‘nation learning’ describes consistent and strategic cross-sector efforts to identify pathways towards economic catch-up. This chapter examines the global dynamics of national-level catch-up between 1995 and 2015 to gain insights into the relevance of nation-learning efforts. Over this period, most developing Asian countries made significant progress on catch-up. Focusing on their experience, the study finds capital accumulation and growth in total factor productivity to be crucial determinants of catch-up performance. However, some countries have lagged in promoting capital accumulation (Pakistan, Malaysia, and the Philippines) and total factor productivity (Vietnam, Indonesia, and Bangladesh). Focusing on these determinants, the chapter generates insights into relevant aspects of nation-learning efforts. Enablers of nation learning include pressures, leadership vision, and absorptive capacity; obstacles include the costs of learning and ‘status-quo bias’.
The Blockchain Paradox
Authors: Tasca Paolo , Piselli Riccardo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract This contribution deals with the problem of interoperability of blockchain technologies. Building on the framework offered by Lawrence Lessig, it will be argued that interoperability cannot be viewed as a simple matter of technological design. Blockchain technologies, in fact, give rise to complex ecosystems, which are shaped by both the architecture and social and market forces. The literature has mainly focused on the effects that the blockchain code has determined on the law of contracts. However, the action of the other modalities, in particular those of market and social forces and their interaction with the code has not been deeply investigated. By isolating the reciprocal effects of the different modalities of regulation—in particular, blockchain code and the law, blockchain code and the market, and blockchain code and social norms—this paper intends to fill this gap and sheds some more light on the internal dynamics of public blockchain. Finally, building on the insight so gained, we will explore the problem of interoperability between ledgers by analysing the pros and cons of the solution proposed so far.
Blockchain and Payment Systems
Authors: Janczuk-Gorywoda Agnieszka 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bitcoin—the first virtual currency based on blockchain technology—was born out of an anarcho-libertarian dream to create a monetary system that—by relying on ‘trustless trust’—would be completely independent of the state and established financial institutions. Today, there is no doubt that blockchain technology will transform payments, the financial industry, and many other areas. However, this chapter argues that in regard to payments, this transformation will be far from the libertarian ideal. Rather, blockchain (1) will enable the rise of new powerful intermediaries and (2) it will be embraced by established payment services providers, who will use blockchain to modernize their services. As a result, decentralized virtual currencies like Bitcoin will remain on the periphery of the mainstream payments landscape. Blockchain has focused too narrowly on providing a technological solution to the issue of scarcity and solving the double-spending problem. Yet, problems involved in monetary and payment systems are broader. In particular, payment systems provide for a broad range of mechanisms supporting circulation of money which, for the scale and complexity of a modern economy must be backed by the state. Money is a hybrid public–private institution and it seems naïve to think that technology alone could render the role of state institutions in monetary and payment systems obsolete.
Conclusion: The Iliad and the Odyssey
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion contrasts the Odyssey’s treatment of performance dynamics, which has been well studied, with that of the Iliad, the focus of the book. In doing so, it also sums up key phenomena that make the Iliad’s gods seem the ‘audience’ for a live event. They mostly view a limited geographical area, from the city to the ships. Divine viewing is only actually mentioned in the context of military or funerary spectacle, or both. This specificity is in line with the initial vision of the song of Achilles’ wrath as articulated in the proem: a song of death and corpses, as the realization of poetic and divine intentions. Divine viewing and divine decision-making come in the same passages, so that Zeus’ control of the ‘plot’, as it is often called, can be usefully described in terms of his staging and direction of the warfare. At the same time, the poet situates his gods in a setting, the daïs at Zeus’ house on Olympus, which he associates with the performance and enjoyment of poetry. In this way, the gods’ viewing develops a perspective from which the Iliad’s core subject matter is a live spectacle involving and joining actors and audiences from across time.
Summoning Knowledge in Plato's Republic
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book argues for four main theses: (1) The Republic is not just a work that has a lot to say about education; it is a book that depicts Socrates as attempting to engage his interlocutors in such a way as to help to educate them and also engages us, the readers, in a way that helps to educate us. (2) Plato does not suppose that education, properly understood, should have as its primary aim putting knowledge into souls that do not already have it. Instead, the education that Plato discusses, represents occurring between Socrates and his interlocutors, and hopes to achieve in his readers is one that aims to arouse the power of knowledge in us and then to begin to train that power always to engage with what is more real, rather than what is less real. (3) Plato’s conception of knowledge is not the one typically presented in contemporary epistemology. It is, rather, the power of conceptualization via exemplar representation. (4) Plato engages this power of knowledge in the Republic in a way he represents as only a kind of second-best way to engage knowledge—and not as the best way, which would be dialectic. Instead, Plato uses images that summon the power of knowledge to begin the process by which the power may become fully realized. The full realization of the power of knowledge, however, is not provided in the work, and could not be achieved by anything like reading a work of this sort.
The Cave
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains Plato’s famous image of the cave and the prisoners, who Plato claims are “like us.” Given the way the image of the cave is associated with the divided line, this has the effect of having the prisoners’ (and our own) initial educational condition being associated not just with opinion, but with the lowest subsegment of the divided line, associated with imaging. Scholars have found this association either implausible or unintended by Plato, but an argument is given here for how and why Plato would have accepted this association. Reviews the various stages the prisoners go through in this image of education. This chapter also provides a new explanation of what has been called “the happy philosopher problem”: the future rulers’ initial reluctance to return to the cave, in the terms of Plato’s epistemology argued in this book and also in the light of hints Plato provides in the cave image itself.
Working Verse in Victorian Scotland
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This monograph reassesses working-class poetry and poetics in Victorian Britain, using Scotland as a focus and with particular attention to the role of the popular press in fostering and disseminating working-class verse cultures. It studies a very wide variety of writers who are unknown to scholarship, and assesses the political, social and cultural work which their poetry performed. During the Victorian period, Scotland underwent unprecedented changes in terms of industrialization, the rise of the city, migration and emigration. This study shows how poets who defined themselves as part of a specifically Scottish tradition responded to these changes. It substantially revises our understanding of Scottish literature in this period, while contributing to wider investigations of the role of popular verse in national and international cultures.
Stands Scotland Where It Did?
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates the most popular genre of Victorian Scottish poetry, nostalgic pastoral in a sentimental mode. It argues that this kind of poetry should not be dismissed, because it intervenes in different ways in politicized arguments about land ownership and access. The chapter is divided into three subsections. The first shows how pastoral poetry in the newspaper press intervened directly in rights of way debates. Scotland experienced a number of significant legal cases in the nineteenth century over rights of way, and these were usually couched in terms of the poor versus the wealthy landowner or aristocrat. It shows that poetry played an important role in represented and commenting on these cases. The second section follows the debate about agricultural improvement in Victorian Scotland, and considers both poems that reject modern ‘improvements’ (e.g. the reclamation of wild land through draining and new agricultural techniques), and those that support it. The final part of the chapter turns to the ways in which emigrant poets represented Scotland’s landscape and figured the same questions about change, progress (or lack of), and land rights from positions outside Scotland.
The Measure of Industry
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the ways in which poets engaged with industrial cultures. It argues against a persistent narrative that Victorian Scottish writers ignored industrial change and developments, and shows that in relation to working-class writers, this is not the case. The first subsection studies poetic representations of industry in Lanarkshire, especially the heavily industrialized towns of Coatbridge and Airdrie. The second remains in the Glasgow/Lanarkshire area, but concentrates on miner-poets and the ways in which they discussed their work, with particular attention to poet David Wingate. The final section considers form and rhythm in industrial poetics, using Scottish railway poets Alexander Anderson and William Aitken as examples of the incorporation of industrial rhythms into poetry.
Literature and Political Intellection in Early Stuart England
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Drawing upon myriad literary and political texts, this book charts how some of the Stuart period’s major challenges to governance—the equivocation of recusant Catholics, the parsing of one’s civil and religious obligations, the composition and distribution of subversive texts, and the increasing assertiveness of Parliament—evoked much greater disputes about the mental processes by which monarchs and subjects imagined, understood, and effected political action. Rather than emphasizing particular forms of political thought such as republicanism or absolutism, the book investigates the more foundational question of political intellection, or the ways in which early modern individuals thought through the often uncertain political and religious environment they occupied, and how attention to such thinking in oneself or others could itself constitute a political position. Focusing on this immanence of cognitive processes in the literature of the Stuart era, the book examines how writers such as Francis Bacon, John Donne, John Milton, and other less familiar figures of the seventeenth century evidence a shared concern with the interrelationship between mental and political behavior. These analyses are combined with close readings of religious and political affairs that return our attention to how early Stuart writers understood the relationship between mental states and the forms of political engagement such as speech, debate, and letter-writing that expressed them. What results is a revised framework for early modern political subjectivity, one in which claims to liberty and sovereignty are tied not simply to what one can do but how—or even if—one can freely think.
Composition, Counsel, and the Prerogatives of Deliberation
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the Jacobean era, disputes over the cognitive processes structuring both manuscript and print helped establish and bound state authority. The chapter examines the collapse of the 1614 Addled Parliament and then a conflict between James I, Francis Bacon, and Sir Edward Coke that arose in the aftermath of the session upon the arrest of Edmund Peacham for a hostile but undelivered sermon. The ensuing debate centered on the nature of Peacham’s offense and the textual evidence that revealed it, as well as the king’s right to consult with his judges prior to trial. When read together, the debates over Peacham’s manuscript and subsequent disputes over Coke’s own Reports present an ideal case study in how early modern conflicts over the processes of writing—the distillation of thought, its production on the page, and its circulation—illumine the period’s much larger struggle over the mechanisms of individual and corporate thought.
Deliberation, Tyranny, and Time in Early Caroline England
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how, with growing royal demands for the expeditious provision of financial and military support, time increasingly became an index of power in Caroline England. It begins with how in 1625 and 1626 disputes over royal finances became increasingly subsumed into a structural conflict between king and the Commons over deliberative prerogatives. This political conflict is modeled in Philip Massinger’s The Roman Actor, which uses disputes over the temporal dimensions of political intellection to detail the limits of both theatrical efficacy and royal authority in Caroline England. The result is a play that rejects the immediacy of tyrannical authority in favor of a conceptualization of both theatrical and political power whose emphasis on delay yields a dynamic that is fundamentally collaborative rather than imperial.
Vergil's Green Thoughts
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid abound with plants, yet much Vergilian criticism underestimates their significance beyond attractive background detail or the occasional symbolic set-piece. This work joins the growing field of nature-centred studies of literature, looking head-on at Vergil’s plants and trees to reveal how fundamental they are to an understanding of the poet’s outlook on religion, culture, and mankind’s place within the world. The first half of the book explores the religious and more diffusely numinous aspects of Vergil’s plants, from awe–inspiring sacred groves to divinely promoted fields of corn, showing how both cultivated and uncultivated plants fit within and help to shape the complex landscape of Vergilian (and, more broadly, Roman) religious thought. In the second half, the focus moves to human interactions with plants from the perspectives of both cultivation and relaxation, exploring the love–hate relationship with vegetation which sometimes supports and sometimes contests the human self-image as the world’s dominant species. Combining a series of close readings of a wide range of passages with the identification of broader patterns of association, this book reveals and celebrates the complexity and variety of Vergilian flora.
Numinous Habitats
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the gods’ influence—whether as recognizable named divinities or vaguer numinous presences—on woodlands and on plants in cultivated settings. The first part moves through accounts of divinely connected trees and forests in the Eclogues to the evolution and variation of such ideas in the Georgics, with the most extended discussion reserved for the many numinous woods and groves of the Aeneid, both in the underworld and the world above. In the second part, the element of divine connection to agricultural plants in the Eclogues and Aeneid serves as preface to a longer examination of the gods of cultivated plants in the Georgics, especially Ceres and Bacchus. The section ends with discussion of the uses of divine metonymy as another mode of Vergilian illustration of the connections between gods and plants.
Gods’ Special Species
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following the exploration of the divine in wooded, arable, and other cultivated habitats in the first chapter, in this chapter the focus turns to the connections between individual gods and certain species: oak, poplar, pine, olive, laurel, myrtle, cypress, ivy, and a range of medicinal and magical plants. The wider difficulty of maintaining for long any stereotypical association between one particular plant and one god is made clear, and Vergil’s replications and variations of traditionally made connections are examined in detail, with links made to the themes of prophecy, tree-felling, poetic and political symbolism, as well as the blurred edges between ritual, superstition, and rational enquiry.
Tame Plants
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
With this chapter, the focus of the book moves from the the numinous and divine connections enjoyed by Vergil’s plants to explore the more pragmatic aspects of human relationships with cultivated and semi-cultivated plants. After an opening definition (and acknowledgement of the difficulty of definition) of ‘tame plants’, the chapter then falls into two parts. The first addresses ways in which Vergil suggests that it is possible for humans and plants to exist in a state of harmony and even mutual benefit. In the second part, by contrast, the poet’s consciousness of the opposite state is highlighted, where humans and plants are shown to be at odds, at times even at war.
Wild Plants
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The final chapter assesses Vergil’s portraits of wild plants, and his engagement with the problems of defining the wild. His flowers are revealed as more than pretty ornaments; rather, they offer complex reflections on the space between wildness and cultivation, and on the human tendency to assign moral worth to some plants rather than others. On similar lines, Vergil’s weeds emerge as particularly fascinating types of plant that can represent the harshest kinds of opposition between man and nature yet also stand for a nostalgic vision of lost innocence. The importance of Theophrastus’ influence on Vergil is felt throughout the chapter, even while other (often poetic) associations come to prominence in a variety of ways.
Representation
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the relationship between consciousness and mental representation. Section 2.1 argues for a version of representationalism, the thesis that consciousness is a kind of mental representation. Section 2.2 argues against the representational grounding thesis, which says that all unconscious mental representation is grounded in consciousness. Section 2.3 argues that the representational grounding thesis is not supported by failure of the program of naturalizing mental representation. Section 2.4 examines the conceptual grounding thesis, which says that all conceptual representation is grounded in consciousness. The role of consciousness in thought is best explained as a consequence of the epistemic role of consciousness together with epistemic constraints on conceptual thought. Section 2.5 presents the epistemic grounding thesis, which says that all mental representation that provides epistemic justification for belief is grounded in consciousness. This thesis sets the agenda for the rest of the book.
Mentalism
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 develops a theory of epistemic justification designed to capture the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness: namely, phenomenal mentalism. Section 6.1 defines epistemic justification within the framework of evidentialism. Section 6.2 defines mentalism about epistemic justification and explores its connection with evidentialism. Section 6.3 argues for phenomenal mentalism, the thesis that epistemic justification is determined solely by your phenomenally individuated mental states, by appealing to intuitions about clairvoyance, super-blindsight, and the new evil demon problem. Section 6.4 argues for a phenomenal conception of evidence, which says that your evidence is exhausted by facts about your current phenomenally individuated mental states, and defends it against Timothy Williamson’s arguments for the E = K thesis. Finally, section 6.5 outlines an explanatory challenge for phenomenal mentalism, which sets the agenda for the second part of the book.