bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Interpretability in Neuroimage Deep Learning: Saliency Approaches for Typical Aging and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Guo Kevin H. , Chaudhari Nikhil N. , Jafar Tamara , Chowdhury Nahian F. , Bogdan Paul , Irimia Andrei ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe black box nature of deep neural networks (DNNs) makes researchers and clinicians hesitant to rely on their findings. Saliency maps can enhance DNN explainability by suggesting the anatomic localization of relevant brain features. This study compares seven popular attribution-based saliency approaches to assign neuroanatomic interpretability to DNNs that estimate biological brain age (BA) from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitively normal (CN) adults (N = 13,394, 5,900 males; mean age: 65.82 ± 8.89 years) are included for DNN training, testing, validation, and saliency map generation to estimate BA. To study saliency robustness to the presence of anatomic deviations from normality, saliency maps are also generated for adults with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, $$N$$
N
= 214, 135 males; mean age: 55.3 ± 9.9 years). We assess saliency methods’ capacities to capture known anatomic features of brain aging and compare them to a surrogate ground truth whose anatomic saliency is known a priori. Anatomic aging features are identified most reliably by the integrated gradients method, which outperforms all others through its ability to localize relevant anatomic features. Gradient Shapley additive explanations, input × gradient, and masked gradient perform less consistently but still highlight ubiquitous neuroanatomic features of aging (ventricle dilation, hippocampal atrophy, sulcal widening). Saliency methods involving gradient saliency, guided backpropagation, and guided gradient-weight class attribution mapping localize saliency outside the brain, which is undesirable. Our research suggests the relative tradeoffs of saliency methods to interpret DNN findings during BA estimation in typical aging and after mTBI.
Seeking the first phylogenetic method–Edvard A. Vainio (1853–1929) and his troubled endeavour towards a natural lichen classification in the late nineteenth century Finland
Authors: Lehtonen Samuli 
Published: November 2024

AbstractEdvard August Vainio was a world-renowned Finnish lichenologist. In Finland, however, he was a controversial person due to his strong pro-Finnish political views. Equally disputed was his opinion that systematics should be based on evolutionary theory and phylogenetic thinking. Vainio was familiar with the ideas of the early German phylogeneticists—especially those of Carl Wilhelm von Nägeli – and, applying them, aimed to create an exact method for building a natural classification of lichens already at the end of the nineteenth century. In this respect, Vainio was a true pioneer, as no actual phylogenetic method had yet been developed. In the general spirit of the time, Vainio focused on finding the ancestors of species and other taxa by comparing primitive and derived features of homologous characters. However, Vainio already understood the concept of sister groups in 1880, the identification of which is the basis of all modern phylogenetic research. Nevertheless, the distinctive method developed by Vainio was not so much focused on the construction of a phylogenetic tree, but on revealing the origin of species through the differentiation and fixation of their polymorphic variation. Indeed, Vainio’s species concept is surprisingly similar to the phylogenetic species concepts presented a hundred years later. Although in many ways progressive, Vainio’s views did not influence the development of phylogenetics more widely, but his discussions are nevertheless a valuable source to understanding the early development of phylogenetic theory.
Beauty - the indispensable category explained, justified and critically employed
Authors: Schumacher Patrik 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBeauty as the manifestation of aesthetic responses and valuations is a human universal. All societies operate with (a version of) the category of beauty. We all navigate the world aesthetically. Architecture and the design disciplines together shape the outward appearance of the social world. Therefore, beauty as the engaged response to appearances should be an indispensable category of all design discourses, including architectural discourse. However, beauty is an increasingly embattled and by now nearly extinct category within a conscientious architectural discourse that is rightly aspiring to rational accountability and evidence-based propositions. Beauty has been eliminated from the discipline’s discourse because it is seen as subjective and irrational, as an irresponsible diversion or distraction from architecture’s societal tasks. However, beauty is clearly not being abandoned by the end-users of design. Nor are aesthetic choices absent from actual contemporary design practice. Beauty is just no longer being explicitly referred to.
The impact of replacing chemical nitrogen fertilizer with monosodium glutamate waste liquid residue on yield, quality, and carbon emission of rice production
Authors: Zhang Xinru , Zhang Sijia , Li Ao , Zhu Fengting , Zhao Yanting , Ma Dianrong , Meng Bo , Liu Mingda 
Published: November 2024

AbstractReplacing chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer with monosodium glutamate waste liquid residue (MSGWLR) is beneficial for achieving clean production in both the monosodium glutamate (MSG) industry and agriculture. However, the impact of this method on rice production and environment has not yet been clear. This study adopted field experiments to clarify the rice yield, quality and carbon emissions applying conventional application of chemical N fertilizer (CF), reduction of N fertilizer by 20% (N80%), based on reduction of chemical N fertilizer by 20% and replacing 50% chemical N fertilizer with MSGWLR (MSGWLR50%), and replacing 100% chemical N fertilizer (MSGWLR100%). The results showed that compared with CF treatment, MSGWLR100% showed no significant changes in rice yield, milling quality, fatty acid value, and taste quality. The chalkiness rate of rice significantly decreased, and the protein content significantly increased. On the other hand, the carbon emissions from rice production treated with MSGWLR100% were the lowest, with a 58.5% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) compared to CF treatment. This was mainly because MSGWLR100% treatment could provide rich and balanced nutrients for rice growth, and it did not promote greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy field. At the same time, it effectively reduced the indirect carbon emissions in chemical fertilizer production by reducing chemical N fertilizer. Therefore, the MSGWLR100% fertilization treatment is beneficial for cleaner production in the MSG industry and rice cultivation.
Graphical Abstract
Examining individual- versus population-level social determinants of health in a cluster randomized trial of health coaches for patients with multiple chronic conditions
Authors: Charlson Mary E. , Wells Martin T. , Hollenberg James , Ramos Rosio , Martinez Guillerma Maritza , Gerard Martin J. , Cassells Andrea , Lin T.J. , Mittleman Ilana , Eggleston Alice , Tobin Jonathan N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are an important contributor to health status and health outcomes. In this analysis, we compare SDOH measured both at the individual and population levels in patients with high comorbidity who receive primary care at Federally Qualified Health Centers in New York and Chicago and enrolled in the Tipping Points trial.

Methods:
We analyzed individual- and population-level measures of SDOH in 1,488 patients with high comorbidity (Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 4) enrolled in Tipping Points. At the individual level, we used a standardized patient-reported questionnaire. At the population level, we employed patient addresses to calculate the Social Deprivation Index (SDI) and Area Deprivation Index. Multivariable regressions were conducted in addition to qualitative feedback from stakeholders.

Results:
Individual-level SDOH are distinct from population-level measures. Significant component predictors of population SDI are being unhoused, unable to pay for utilities, and difficulty accessing medical transportation. Qualitative findings mirrored these results. High comorbidity patients report significant SDOH challenges at the individual level. Fitting a binomial generalized linear model, the comorbidity score is significantly predicted by the composite individual SDOH index (p < 0.0001) controlling for age and race/ethnicity.

Conclusions:
Individual- and population-level SDOH measures provide different risk assessments. The use of community-level SDI data is informative in the aggregate but should not be used to identify patients with individual unmet social needs. Health systems should implement a standardized individualized assessment of unmet SDOH needs and build strong, enduring partnerships with community-based organizations that can provide those services.
On level line fluctuations of SOS surfaces above a wall
Authors: Caddeo Patrizio , Kim Yujin H. , Lubetzky Eyal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the low-temperature

$(2+1)$

D solid-on-solid model on with zero boundary conditions and nonnegative heights (a floor at height

$0$

). Caputo et al. (2016) established that this random surface typically admits either

$\mathfrak h $

or

$\mathfrak h+1$

many nested macroscopic level line loops

$\{\mathcal L_i\}_{i\geq 0}$

for an explicit

$\mathfrak h\asymp \log L$

, and its top loop

$\mathcal L_0$

has cube-root fluctuations: For example, if

$\rho (x)$

is the vertical displacement of

$\mathcal L_0$

from the bottom boundary point

$(x,0)$

, then

$\max \rho (x) = L^{1/3+o(1)}$

over . It is believed that rescaling

$\rho $

by

$L^{1/3}$

and

$I_0$

by

$L^{2/3}$

would yield a limit law of a diffusion on

$[-1,1]$

. However, no nontrivial lower bound was known on

$\rho (x)$

for a fixed

$x\in I_0$

(e.g.,

$x=\frac L2$

), let alone on

$\min \rho (x)$

in

$I_0$

, to complement the bound on

$\max \rho (x)$

. Here, we show a lower bound of the predicted order

$L^{1/3}$

: For every

$\epsilon>0$

, there exists

$\delta>0$

such that

$\min _{x\in I_0} \rho (x) \geq \delta L^{1/3}$

with probability at least

$1-\epsilon $

. The proof relies on the Ornstein–Zernike machinery due to Campanino–Ioffe–Velenik and a result of Ioffe, Shlosman and Toninelli (2015) that rules out pinning in Ising polymers with modified interactions along the boundary. En route, we refine the latter result into a Brownian excursion limit law, which may be of independent interest. We further show that in a

$ K L^{2/3}\times K L^{2/3}$

box with boundary conditions

$\mathfrak h-1,\mathfrak h,\mathfrak h,\mathfrak h$

(i.e.,

$\mathfrak h-1$

on the bottom side and

$\mathfrak h$

elsewhere), the limit of

$\rho (x)$

as

$K,L\to \infty $

is a Ferrari–Spohn diffusion.
The shape of the corpus callosum is different in bipolar disorder
Authors: Namli Mustafa Nuray , Baykara Sema , Gul Ozlem , Baykara Murat 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective:
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a recurrent chronic disorder characterised by fluctuations in mood and energy disposition. Diseases could lead to degenerative alterations in brain structures such as corpus callosum (CC). Studies demonstrated that abnormalities in CC are associated with BD symptoms. The present study aims to analyse the CC of the patients with statistical shape analysis (SSA) and compare the findings with healthy controls.

Methods:
Forty-one BD patients and 41 healthy individuals in similar age groups, which included 23 female and 18 male subjects, participated in the study. CC was marked with landmarks on the mid-sagittal images of each individual. The mean ‘Procrustes’ point was calculated, and shape deformations were analysed with thin-plate spline analysis.

Results:
Significant differences were observed in the shape of CC between the two groups, where maximum CC deformation was observed in posterior region marks in BD patients. There was no significant difference between the CC area of the BD patients and controls.

Conclusions:
CC analysis conducted with SSA revealed significant differences between patients and healthy controls. The study findings emphasised the abnormal distribution of white matter in CC and the variable subregional nature of CC in BD patients. This study may enable the development of more targeted and effective treatment strategies by taking into account biological factors and understanding the differences in the brain regions of individuals with BD.
Insights into the synergistic effects of tectonics and climate from the formation and evolution of the Hongwen allochthonous deposit, southwestern China
Authors: Li Yuchao , Chen Jianping , Wang Qing , Li Zhihai , Zhang Yansong , Yan Jianhua 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe formation and evolution of large-scale deposits generated by mass movement are often closely related to tectonic and climatic conditions. Investigating deposits under the influence of complex geological conditions can aid in reconstructing paleoenvironmental characteristics and fluvial geomorphic evolution. The First Bend of the Yangtze River (FBYR), located in the Jinsha River basin in southwest China, represents a significant section characterized by abundant allochthonous deposits. We conducted a detailed investigation of the Hongwen allochthonous deposit (HAD) and the river sediments in the First Bend. Through terrain interpretation, dating, and paleoenvironmental analysis, the HAD was determined to be a complex deposit with multiple sources and stages (46.4–33.5 ka), formed under the combined influence of tectonic activity and climate. Three mass-movement events occurred during the interglacial stage of the last glacial period or its transitional period, coinciding with the rapid uplift stage of the Tibetan Plateau since the late Pleistocene. Prominent features of this period include significant rainfall and tectonic activities. By dating fluvial sediments and examining the evolution of the HAD, we revealed a river incision rate of 2.30 mm/yr for the Jinsha River, providing a basis for analyzing periodic river cutting and the development pattern of surface processes.
THE SHARP BOUND OF THE SECOND HANKEL DETERMINANT OF LOGARITHMIC COEFFICIENTS FOR STARLIKE AND CONVEX FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALLU VASUDEVARAO , SHAJI AMAL 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Let

$\mathcal {S}$

denote the class of univalent functions in the open unit disc

$\mathbb {D}:=\{z\in \mathbb {C}:\, |z|<1\}$

with the form

$f(z)= z+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }a_n z^n$

. The logarithmic coefficients

$\gamma _{n}$

of

$f\in \mathcal {S}$

are defined by

$F_{f}(z):= \log (f(z)/z)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\gamma _{n}z^{n}$

. The second Hankel determinant for logarithmic coefficients is defined by

$$ \begin{align*} H_{2,2}(F_f/2) = \begin{vmatrix} \gamma_2 & \gamma_3 \\ \gamma_3 & \gamma_4 \end{vmatrix} =\gamma_2\gamma_4 -\gamma_3^2. \end{align*} $$

We obtain sharp upper bounds of the second Hankel determinant of logarithmic coefficients for starlike and convex functions.
Associations between an energy-adjusted inflammatory diet index and incident depression: a cohort study
Authors: Zhai Yinghong , Hu Fangyuan , Yuan Lei , Wang Lei , Ye Xiaofei , Cao Yang , He Jia , Sun Jinhai , Xu Feng 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Growing evidence indicates a link between diet and depression risk. We aimed to examine the association between an inflammatory diet index and depression utilising extensive data from UK biobank cohort. The energy-adjusted dietary inflammation index (E-DII) was calculated to quantify the potential of daily diet, with twenty-seven food parameters utilised. The E-DII scores were classified into two categories (low v. high) based on median value. To mitigate bias and ensure comparability of participant characteristics, propensity score matching was employed. To ascertain the robustness of these associations, sensitivity analyses were conducted. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the consistency of these associations within different subpopulations. Totally, 152 853 participants entered the primary analyses with a mean age of 56·11 (sd 7·98) years. Employing both univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, adjustments were made for varying degrees of confounding factors (socio-demographics, lifestyle factors, common chronic medical conditions including type 2 diabetes and hypertension). Results consistently revealed a noteworthy positive correlation between E-DII and depression. In the context of propensity score matching, participants displaying higher E-DII scores exhibited an increased likelihood of experiencing incident depression (OR = 1·12, 95 % CI: 1·05, 1·19; P = 0·000316). Subgroup analysis results demonstrated variations in these associations across diverse subpopulations. The E-value for the point-estimate OR calculated from the propensity score matching dataset was 1·48. Excluding individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or hypertension, the findings consistently aligned with the positive association in the primary analysis. These findings suggested that consumption of a diet with higher pro-inflammatory potential might associated with an increase of future depression risk.
Development of a seat support mechanism for guiding users to an appropriate posture in a seated-style echocardiography robot
Authors: Shida Yuuki , Morita Mayu , Shiotani Tetsunori , Iwata Hiroyasu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a seat support mechanism to solve the problem of misalignment between the chest examination and probe scanning areas when the patient is bent in a seated-style echocardiography robot. To guide the patient to an appropriate body position where their chest is within the examination range of the chest examination unit while minimizing the physical load of the patient, the posture of the patient must satisfy the three following conditions. (i) The breech must be in contact with the seat surface, (ii) the legs must be vertical to the floor, and (iii) the chest and mechanism must be parallel while the probe scanning and chest examination ranges must match. The human body was modeled to derive a posture that satisfies the aforementioned conditions for the height of each individual, and a seat support mechanism with four degrees of freedom was installed to guide the user to the derived posture. By installing this mechanism, the body load of the left biceps brachii, right biceps brachii, left latissimus dorsi, and right latissimus dorsi was reduced to 64.7%, 52.7%, 86.4%, and 80.2%, respectively. The sharpness of the image contours was improved to 103.8%.
Gritty Philadelphia: Orientation to local ideology as a predictor of sound change
Authors: Sneller Betsy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Local orientation has been shown to influence speakers’ participation in local dialect norms and ongoing sound changes since the beginning of modern sociolinguistics (e.g., Labov, 1963). I argue here that local orientation is best understood as an orientation to the ideological imagined place, rather than to the actual physical hometown itself. Analysis of the effect of orientation to the imagined Philadelphia shows that speakers’ personal orientation impacts their adoption of an ongoing change. This change is best understood when orientation is considered alongside a major structural influence on young speakers—secondary school attendance—using a bipartite network analysis. The sound change under investigation, a change in the conditioning of a split in /æ/, is highly abstract and complex, making it an unlikely candidate for overt or intentional identity work. Nevertheless, a regression analysis finds strong effects of both structural influences and personal orientation on speakers’ advancement in this abstract change.
Dosimetry evaluation of 192Ir Flexisource using gafchromic EBT3 film
Authors: Oustous Aziz , Airouss Zouhair , EL Attaoui Yacine , Oustous Yassine , Khalis Mohammed , Sebihi Rajaa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Brachytherapy is a widely used cancer treatment technique requiring precise dose delivery for optimal outcomes. This study evaluates the dosimetric properties of the

${{\rm{\;}}^{192}}$

Ir Flexisource using Gafchromic EBT3 film, adhering to American Association of Physicists in Medicine guidelines.

Methods:
The EBT3 film was calibrated with a linear accelerator to establish the relationship between optical density and absorbed dose. Measurements were conducted in a water-equivalent solid phantom to simulate human tissue. The dosimetric properties measured included the dose rate constant, radial dose function and anisotropy function.

Results:
The results showed a close alignment with reference data: a maximum deviation of 3·1% for the dose rate constant, 2·3% for the radial dose function and 5·67% for the anisotropy function. These deviations are within acceptable limits, indicating high accuracy.

Conclusions:
Gafchromic EBT3 film demonstrates reliable dosimetric measurement in high-dose rate brachytherapy. The film’s accuracy in evaluating the

${{\rm{\;}}^{192}}$

Ir Flexisource ensures precise treatment delivery and enhances patient safety, supporting its continued use in clinical practice.
Gysel combiners with high-selectivity filtering characteristics: analysis and design
Authors: Fahmi Mohamed M. , Ruiz-Cruz Jorge A. , Mansour Raafat R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper provides the details of a novel systematic design methodology for two-way in-phase filtering Gysel splitter/combiner networks with high selectivity, which finds application in high power amplifier modules. It simultaneously realizes a filtering function and a two-way splitter/combiner function. The proposed five-port filtering device, based on the Gysel topology, is transformed into a ring of coupled resonators. A rigorous coupling matrix describing the network is used to synthesize the integrated filtering and combining functions. This general network can be implemented in any of the available filter technologies. In this paper, a few design examples are provided, and a six-pole prototype utilizing compact combline coaxial resonators is demonstrated. The proposed design provides an integrated dual function module, reducing component counts and system complexity. A design was fabricated and tested demonstrating good experimental results.
Metasurface loaded twin-port microstrip antenna with circular polarization features for UHF RFID applications
Authors: Bhalla Anand Vardhan , Mishra Agya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This communication designs and investigates a twin-port microstrip antenna loaded with a metasurface (MS). The proposed MS works in two ways: (i) artificial ground plane for radiator and (ii) as an ideal absorber of normal incoming waves at the same time. A stair shaped slot is loaded on rectangular patch for creating circularly polarized wave in between 835–894 MHz. Antenna port slots oriented in a mirror manner increase isolation by 25 dB. To act as a validation tool, the suggested antenna was built and its executions in individually operating modes evaluated by statistical and experimental analysis. It is shown that combining the patch and absorber results in a well-matched antenna in between 710–980 MHz with improved gain (more than 3.0 dBi). The proposed antenna design effectively used for UHF (Ultra High Frequency)radio-frequency identification (RFID) applications, which is due to its ability to mitigate multipath reflection issues and incorrectRFID reading.