bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solution to reduce voltage stress of sub‐module in LCC–MMC transmission system at the condition of communication fault
Authors: Xing Dengjiang , Su Jianjun , Hu Dingwen , Sun Shumin , Chen Yan , Wang Xianwei , Zhang Jun , Yao Weizheng , Wu Jinlong 
Published: October 2018

Line commutate converter–modular multilevel converter (LCC–MMC) hybrid high voltage direct current (HVDC) system combines the advantages of both LCC‐HVDC and MMC‐HVDC, and will be wildly used in the future. The sub‐module will withstand a very high voltage if a fault occurs in MMC converter station. In order to reduce this voltage, the LCC converter must operate in inversion state through gate‐shift (GS) control strategy as quickly as possible. Normally, the fault signal was sent to LCC station through communication and GS control strategy was triggered due to this signal. At the condition of communication fault, LCC converter station cannot receive a fault signal, thus the control strategy will not change. In this way, the SM voltage will be as high as 4100 V which is beyond the maximum withstanding voltage of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). It will endanger the safety of devices. To solve the over voltage problem of IGBT, a new solution that designs a leakage thyristor valve between DC line and ground is proposed as well as the coordination control strategy. A simulation based on power systems computer aided design (PSCAD) is conducted to verify this method. The simulation results show that the proposed solution is valid.
Research on the fitting method to describe the mathematical expression of VFTO in GIS
Authors: Almenweer Reem A. , Yixin Su , Xixiu Wu 
Published: October 2018

Very fast transient over voltage (VFTO) is a unique electromagnetic transient phenomenon occurring in Gas Insulated Substation (GIS), which determines the insulation level of the GIS (above 330 kV). Unfortunately, up to the present, there is no standard VFTO waveform to test the high voltage equipment to ensure the safety of power grid. For this reason, this paper focuses on obtaining the standard VFTO waveform through finding a method to fit the curve of VFTO. Hence, a UHV disconnector operation experiment of GIS was carried out on the UHV GIS test platform. The representative waveform of VFTO generated by a single SF6 gas discharge was extracted from the measured data. Furthermore, The Fast Fourier Transformer is applied to analyze the frequency features of VFTO. As one of the switchgear operation voltage, VFTO can be concluded to be a superposition of the power‐frequency waveform with the non‐periodic impulse waveform. Thus, it is found that The Squares Method is convenient for fitting the expression of VFTO according to its transient characteristics. Then the standard VFTO waveform can be obtained from the fitting expression, which coincides well with the measured waveform. The simulation results using ATP‐EMTP software are compared with the calculation results and the measured results.
Konsens und Dissens im gemeinsamen Bestreben um Qualität
Authors: Singer Dominique 
Published: October 2018

Liebe Leserinnen und Leser,Schwangerschaft und Geburt als existentielle Erfahrungen im Leben einer Frau können nicht nur das meist antizipierte Gefühl von Glück und Vollendung oder die oft etwas unerwartete Neuordnung von Lebensplan und Partnerschaft nach sich ziehen, sie können sich in einzelnen Fällen auch psychisch traumatisierend auswirken.
Phytos im Aufwind: Der Medien-Hype und seine Folgen für die Phytotherapie
Authors: Brendieck-Worm Cäcilia 
Published: October 2018

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG25 Jahre Phytotherapie-Weiterbildung Tiermedizin – ein Vierteljahrhundert! Seit den Anfängen hat sich viel geändert. Sprach man vor 25 Jahren kaum über pflanzliche Heilmittel, begegnet man heute täglich Anpreisungen von Heilpflanzen, sei es in Lebens- und Genussmitteln, in Tiernahrung, Pflegemitteln oder Kosmetika. Es ist ein regelrechter Heilpflanzen-Hype entstanden. Pflanzen werden zu Wunderdrogen. Derartige Tendenzen gab es schon sehr viel früher, z. B. beim Theriak.
Statine als Therapie bei Lebererkrankungen?
Authors: Sauerbruch Tilman , Schierwagen Robert , Trebicka Jonel 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungStatine vermindern die Cholesterinkonzentration im Plasma und senken damit das Risiko der koronaren Herzerkrankung. Darüber hinaus haben sie weitere sogenannte pleiotrope Effekte. Es gibt Hinweise, dass sich dies bei verschiedenen Lebererkrankungen positiv auswirken könnte.
Bimodal Hearing in Individuals with Severe-to-Profound Hearing Loss: Benefits, Challenges, and Management
Authors: Dunbar M. , Warren Sarah 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBinaural hearing offers numerous advantages over monaural hearing. While bilateral implants are a successful treatment option for some patients, many individuals choose to achieve binaural hearing by using a cochlear implant with a contralateral hearing aid. Compared with monaural hearing, benefits of bimodal hearing include improved speech perception in quiet and in noise, improved localization, and more natural sound quality. Despite the advantages, there exist disadvantages to bimodal hearing, primarily related to binaural integration. Management of these devices can be challenging in that the hearing aid and cochlear implant may be managed by different clinicians. When fitting devices, strategies are recommended to optimize the integration of input from both devices. In managing bimodal devices, recommended outcomes measures include those that would reflect bimodal benefit, such as speech understanding in noise and spatial sound quality perception.
Fish Bone Foreign Body: The Role of Imaging
Authors: Klein Ayala , Ovnat-Tamir Sharon , Marom Tal , Gluck Ofer , Rabinovics Naomi , Shemesh Shay 
Published: October 2018

Introduction Fish bone foreign body (FFB) impaction in the upper aerodigestive tract is a common cause for emergency department referral. Its management varies in both diagnosis and treatment paradigms. Fish bone foreign bodies are more commonly found in the oropharynx in cases of patients < 40 years old, and in the esophagus in cases of patients > 40 years old. Symptoms are typically non-indicative for the location of the FFB, with the exception of foreign body sensation at/superior to the cervical esophagus. A lack of findings during the physical examination is routinely followed by imaging, with computed tomography (CT) being the preferred modality. In practice, many patients undergo unnecessary imaging studies, including CT scans.
Objectives To identify patients with suspected fish bone impaction who do not require CT imaging and can be safely discharged.
Data Synthesis We have searched the PubMed database for the following medical subject headings (MeSH) terms: fish bone, fish foreign body AND oropharynx, hypopharynx, esophagus, flexible esophagoscopy, and rigid esophagoscopy. Our search in the English language yielded 32 papers. Case reports were included, since they highlighted rare and serious complications.
Conclusion In patients > 40 years old suspected of fish bone impaction, non-contrast CT is recommended and should be urgently performed, even in the presence of ambiguous symptoms. However, in patients < 40 years old presenting within 24 hours from ingestion, imaging has little diagnostic value due to the low probability of esophageal fish bones. For this specific subgroup, in the absence of clinical findings, discharge without imaging studies may be considered safe.
Do-It-Yourself Microsuture from Human Hair for Basic Microsurgical Training
Authors: Luangjarmekorn Pobe , Kitidumrongsook Pravit , Honsawek Sittisak 
Published: October 2018

Background Microsuture is an essential material for basic microsurgical training. However, it is consumable, expensive, and sometimes unavailable in the microsurgical laboratory. To solve this problem, we developed a microsuture made from human hair and needle gauge.
Methods Do-It-Yourself (DIY) microsuture is made from human hair and needle gauge 32G (BD Ultra-Fine Pen Needles 4 mm × 32G). Methods are explained step by step. This DIY microsuture (labeled as “test microsuture”) and nylon 8–0 (Ethilon suture 8–0, labeled as “standard microsuture”) were used for teaching orthopaedic residents to perform arterial anastomosis in chicken thighs. All residents practiced without knowing that “test microsuture” was made from the DIY method. After completing the training, quality of both microsutures was evaluated by questionnaire in topics of (1) thread quality (size, strength, elasticity, handing, knot perform, and knot security), (2) needle quality (size, curve, shape, sharpness, handling, and strength), (3) needle–thread interface (size, strength, and smoothness), and (4) overall quality of microsuture. Each category was evaluated by Likert score (5 = excellent, 4 = good, 3 = fair, 2 = poor, and 1 = very poor).
Results The DIY microsuture was performed in three steps: (1) insert human hair into needle gauge by microforceps, (2) bend needle into smooth curve, and (3) disconnect needle and create needle–hair interface. The questionnaire was completed by 30 orthopaedic residents and showed that thread quality of DIY and standard microsuture had “good” and “good-to-excellent” quality (mean Likert score: 3.77–4.23 and 3.80–4.27, respectively, with no statistical difference). Thread–needle interface quality of DIY and standard microsuture also had “good” and “good-to-excellent” quality (Likert score: 3.73–4.20 and 4.07–4.33, respectively, with no statistical difference). Needle part of DIY microsuture had lower quality than standard suture (fair-to-good compared with good-to-excellence quality, score 3.30–3.67 vs. 4.20–4.27, respectively, with a statistically significant difference, p-value < 0.05). However, overall quality of DIY suture and standard microsuture had “good” and “good-to-excellent” (mean Likert score: 3.73 and 4.00, respectively, with no statistical difference).
Conclusion The DIY microsuture from human hair and needle gauge could be an alternative for basic microsurgical training with lower cost, easy production, and more availability for use in practice with acceptable quality compared with that of standard microsuture.
Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals folding steps associated with hormone binding and activation of the glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: Suren Thomas , Rutz Daniel , Mößmer Patrick , Merkel Ulrich , Buchner Johannes , Rief Matthias 
Published: October 2018

Significance
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important signaling protein and a prominent drug target. Cortisone, one of the drugs directed against the GR, is among the most prescribed drugs worldwide. Hormone binding leads to activation of the receptor, which is then transported into the nucleus, affecting gene transcription. Despite its importance, little is known about the structural prerequisites of hormone binding and the associated conformational changes. We used a mechanical single-molecule method that allowed us to observe in detail the steps of folding and hormone binding of GR. We identify a structural element that opens and closes upon hormone binding. Our results form the basis for understanding GR activation and its regulation by chaperone proteins.
Structural consequences of hereditary spastic paraplegia disease-related mutations in kinesin
Authors: Dutta Mandira , Diehl Michael R. , Onuchic José N. , Jana Biman 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Motor proteins are important biological machines responsible for cellular transport. Malfunctioning of them causes several neurodegenerative diseases. We searched for a molecular-level answer for malfunctioning kinesin, which causes hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) disease. Using explicit solvent simulation, the thermodynamic integration (TI) method, and bioinformatics analysis, we explored how four HSP mutants of kinesin perturb microtubule (MT) binding and motor dimerization. Taking these observations into account, we developed a coarse-grained structure-based model to reveal the effect of these mutations on kinesin’s order–disorder transition, which leads to the processivity and directionality of kinesin. Our study potentially uncovers a molecular-level picture of the role of some HSP mutants and its broad aspect in kinesin mechanochemistry.
The stiffness response of type IIa fibres after eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage is dependent on ACTN3 r577X polymorphism
Authors: Broos Siacia , Malisoux Laurent , Theisen Daniel , Van Thienen Ruud , Francaux Marc , Thomis Martine A. , Deldicque Louise 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of α‐actinin‐3 (ACTN3) deficiency (XX) on muscle damage induced by an eccentric exercise bout. In this purpose, 4 RR and 4 XX individuals performed an intensive eccentric knee flexion exercise on an isokinetic dynamometer. Muscle biopsies, blood and pain scores were taken before and after the exercise to determine the extent of the exercise‐induced damage and the effect of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism. Maximal isometric strength of the quadriceps and single fibre properties were compared before and after the exercise. The drop in maximal isometric strength of the quadriceps at 45° knee flexion following the eccentric exercise bout was on average 37% 24 h post‐exercise. The decrease in force was also apparent in isolated type IIa fibres (8%; P = 0.02), but not in type I fibres (P = 0.88). Creatine kinase and myoglobin plasma levels increased in all participants at least by 55% and 87%, respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, mRNA levels of markers for muscle regeneration and muscle remodelling increased after the eccentric exercise (P < 0.05), however, independently from ACTN3 R577X genotype. The mRNA level of nuclear factor of activated T‐cells 1 (NFATc1) decreased after the eccentric exercise only in XX genotypes (P < 0.05). The stiffness of type IIa, but not type I muscle fibres increased only in RR individuals after the eccentric exercise (P < 0.05). While no major effect of α‐actinin‐3 deficiency on susceptibility to muscle damage was found acutely, the increased stiffness response in fast RR fibres might be a protection mechanism from muscle damage during a subsequent eccentric exercise bout.
The influence of hip mobility and quadriceps fatigue on sagittal spinal posture and muscle activation in rugby scrum performance
Authors: Clayton Joshua D. , Kirkwood Renata N. , Gregory Diane E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRugby Union scrumming puts the spine under a high degree of loading. The aim of the current study was to determine how sagittal hip range of motion and quadriceps fatigue influence force output, spinal posture, and activation of the trunk and quadriceps muscles in rugby scrumming. Measures of sagittal hip flexion/extension range of motion were collected from 16 male varsity and club first XV level participants. Sagittal spine motion (electromagnetic motion capture), trunk and quadriceps activation (electromyography), and applied horizontal compressive force (force plate) were measured during individual machine scrumming. Participants performed a 5‐trial scrum block involving 5 s of contact with 1–2 min recovery between each trial. They then performed a fatiguing protocol (wall sit to failure) and immediately returned to the scrum machine to perform another five trials. Though there was no significant influence of fatigue on the horizontal compressive force applied during contact (P = .83), there was a 52% increase in cervical flexion (P < .001), as well as decreased (18–23% lower) abdominal and erector spinae muscle activation (P < .05). Furthermore, quadriceps activation decreased (12–25% lower) over the course of the initial scrum block but increased (13–15% higher) in the post fatigue block (P < .05). Although athletes were able to maintain force output following the fatiguing wall sit task, there is the potential that they may be at an increased risk of spinal injury due to the combination of increased flexion and high‐applied compressive force; a combination which has been shown to increase the likelihood of intervertebral disc herniation.
Quantitative measurement of contact area and electron transport across platinum nanocontacts for scanning probe microscopy and electrical nanodevices
Authors: Vishnubhotla Sai Bharadwaj , Chen Rimei , Khanal Subarna R , Li Jing , Stach Eric A , Martini Ashlie , Jacobs Tevis D B 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Conductive modes of atomic force microscopy are widely used to characterize the electronic properties of materials, and in such measurements, contact size is typically determined from current flow. Conversely, in nanodevice applications, the current flow is predicted from the estimated contact size. In both cases, it is very common to relate the contact size and current flow using well-established ballistic electron transport theory. Here we performed 19 electromechanical tests of platinum nanocontacts with in situ transmission electron microscopy to measure contact size and conductance. We also used molecular dynamics simulations of matched nanocontacts to investigate the nature of contact on the atomic scale. Together, these tests show that the ballistic transport equations under-predict the contact size by more than an order of magnitude. The measurements suggest that the low conductance of the contact cannot be explained by the scattering of electrons at defects nor by patchy contact due to surface roughness; instead, the lower-than-expected contact conductance is attributed to approximately a monolayer of insulating surface species on the platinum. Surprisingly, the low conductance persists throughout loading and even after significant sliding of the contact in vacuum. We apply tunneling theory and extract best-fit barrier parameters that describe the properties of this surface layer. The implications of this investigation are that electron transport in device-relevant platinum nanocontacts can be significantly limited by the presence and persistence of surface species, resulting in current flow that is better described by tunneling theory than ballistic electron transport, even for cleaned pure-platinum surfaces and even after loading and sliding in vacuum.
simGWAS: a fast method for simulation of large scale case–control GWAS summary statistics
Authors: Fortune Mary D , Wallace Chris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMotivationMethods for analysis of GWAS summary statistics have encouraged data sharing and democratized the analysis of different diseases. Ideal validation for such methods is application to simulated data, where some ‘truth’ is known. As GWAS increase in size, so does the computational complexity of such evaluations; standard practice repeatedly simulates and analyses genotype data for all individuals in an example study.ResultsWe have developed a novel method based on an alternative approach, directly simulating GWAS summary data, without individual data as an intermediate step. We mathematically derive the expected statistics for any set of causal variants and their effect sizes, conditional upon control haplotype frequencies (available from public reference datasets). Simulation of GWAS summary output can be conducted independently of sample size by simulating random variates about these expected values. Across a range of scenarios, our method, produces very similar output to that from simulating individual genotypes with a substantial gain in speed even for modest sample sizes. Fast simulation of GWAS summary statistics will enable more complete and rapid evaluation of summary statistic methods as well as opening new potential avenues of research in fine mapping and gene set enrichment analysis.Availability and implementationOur method is available under a GPL license as an R package from http://github.com/chr1swallace/simGWAS.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus From an Organ Donor to 3 Transplant Recipients
Authors: Pouch Stephanie M , Katugaha Shalika B , Shieh Wun-Ju , Annambhotla Pallavi , Walker William L , Basavaraju Sridhar V , Jones Jefferson , Huynh Thanhthao , Reagan-Steiner Sarah , Bhatnagar Julu , Grimm Kacie , Stramer Susan L , Gabel Julie , Lyon G Marshall , Mehta Aneesh K , Kandiah Prem , Neujahr David C , Javidfar Jeffrey , Subramanian Ram M , Parekh Samir M , Shah Palak , Cooper Lauren , Psotka Mitchell A , Radcliffe Rachel , Williams Carl , Zaki Sherif R , Staples J Erin , Fischer Marc , Panella Amanda J , Lanciotti Robert S , Laven Janeen J , Kosoy Olga , Rabe Ingrid B , Gould Carolyn V ,   Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Transplant Transmission Investigation Team
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn fall 2017, 3 solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients from a common donor developed encephalitis within 1 week of transplantation, prompting suspicion of transplant-transmitted infection. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection was identified during testing of endomyocardial tissue from the heart recipient.MethodsWe reviewed medical records of the organ donor and transplant recipients and tested serum, whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue from the donor and recipients for evidence of EEEV infection by multiple assays. We investigated blood transfusion as a possible source of organ donor infection by testing remaining components and serum specimens from blood donors. We reviewed data from the pretransplant organ donor evaluation and local EEEV surveillance.ResultsWe found laboratory evidence of recent EEEV infection in all organ recipients and the common donor. Serum collected from the organ donor upon hospital admission tested negative, but subsequent samples obtained prior to organ recovery were positive for EEEV RNA. There was no evidence of EEEV infection among donors of the 8 blood products transfused into the organ donor or in products derived from these donations. Veterinary and mosquito surveillance showed recent EEEV activity in counties nearby the organ donor’s county of residence. Neuroinvasive EEEV infection directly contributed to the death of 1 organ recipient and likely contributed to death in another.ConclusionsOur investigation demonstrated EEEV transmission through SOT. Mosquito-borne transmission of EEEV to the organ donor was the likely source of infection. Clinicians should be aware of EEEV as a cause of transplant-associated encephalitis.