Abstract 2777: LOXL4-expressing neutrophils are found in colorectal cancer liver metastases resistant to anti-angiogenic therapy
Authors: Palmieri Vincent , Lazaris Anthoula , Petrillo Stephanie , Alamri Hussam , Amri Abdellatif , Park Woong-Yang , Gao Zu-hua , Metrakos Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three different histopathological growth patterns (HGP) have been identified in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) resected from patients: the desmoplastic HGP, the pushing HGP, and the replacement HGP. Evidence suggests that the predominant growth pattern with which a CRCLM presents has clinically relevant prognostic implications. We have shown that patients with replacement HGP lesions who received bevacizumab plus chemotherapy had a worse pathological response and five-year overall survival than those with desmoplastic HGP lesions receiving the same treatment. We have also demonstrated that CRCLM with the replacement HGP promote vessel co-option for vascularization, rather than sprouting angiogenesis as seen in desmoplastic HGP metastases. These findings point to the growth patterns in CRCLM possibly serving as predictive biomarkers of response to anti-angiogenic therapy, when no such biomarker has been validated to date. However, HGP scoring is performed on resected liver metastatic tissue, implying that preoperative treatment precedes growth pattern assessment. Therefore, surrogate markers for the HGPs that can be appraised prior to surgery would be helpful to inform clinical decision-making about whether a patient with CRCLM may benefit from anti-angiogenic treatment.
This project aims to identify genes that are differentially expressed between CRCLM presenting with either the replacement or desmoplastic HGP. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of these distinct CRCLM. A gene expression signature was generated from the RNA-Seq data to include genes that were upregulated in the replacement HGP liver metastases. Immunostaining of select genes from this signature was performed to validate these findings on human tumor tissue.
Initial analysis of our RNA-Seq data identified 525 genes that are differentially expressed between the replacement and desmoplastic HGP CRCLM, of which 53 genes met the criteria for the gene expression signature. Pathway analysis of these genes identified pathways involved in the immune system and extracellular matrix (ECM) to be upregulated in the replacement HGP lesions. Subsequent immunostaining revealed the expression pattern of lysyl oxidase like-4 (LOXL4) protein to be distinct between the HGPs - significantly greater quantities of LOXL4-expressing neutrophils were detected in the replacement HGP tumor microenvironment.
Characterizing differences in gene expression between replacement and desmoplastic HGP CRCLM is expected to provide some insight into the mechanisms responsible for generating these distinct growth patterns. Our findings suggest that further investigations into the role of tumor-associated leukocytes and ECM remodelling may ultimately lead to the development of biomarkers and new therapeutic targets for replacement HGP CRCLM.
Citation Format: Vincent Palmieri, Anthoula Lazaris, Stephanie Petrillo, Hussam Alamri, Abdellatif Amri, Woong-Yang Park, Zu-hua Gao, Peter Metrakos. LOXL4-expressing neutrophils are found in colorectal cancer liver metastases resistant to anti-angiogenic therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2777.