bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Decomposition of CuO Film on Ignition of Organic Explosives by a Laser Pulse
Authors: Khaneft Alexander , Mitrofanov Anatoly , Zverev Anton 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis work presents experimental results of the PETN ignition in a three‐layer system: glass – copper oxide (
) – explosive materials (EM) and results of numerical simulations of the ignition of PETN, RDX, HMX, and TATB with a
film heated by a YLS‐150 fiber laser with a pulse duration of
. In the numerical simulations, the endothermic reaction of decomposition of the
film and decomposition reaction of EM were taken into account. It has been established that the endothermic effect of the
decomposition reaction increases the dynamic ignition delay time of EM. The expression for an estimation of width of a reaction layer in EM at heating by a constant heat stream is obtained. Calculations have shown that the dynamic threshold of ignition of organic explosives by laser pulse in a three‐layer system (glass –
– EM) has a minimum for the thickness of the copper oxide film of
. The density of the critical ignition energy of an explosive laser pulse increases in the sequence of PETN, RDX, HMX, and TATB. The calculated dependence of the PETN dynamic ignition delay time on the thickness of the
film is consistent with the experimental data.
Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts suppress LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory responses through NF‐кB, MAPK, and PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways in alveolar epithelial type II cells
Authors: Feng Tian , Zhou Liying , Gai Shouchang , Zhai Yumeng , Gou Nan , Wang Xingchen , Zhang Xinyu , Cui Minxuan , Wang Libin , Wang Siwang 
Published: September 2019

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd (ACW) and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) are one of the most famous couplet Chinese medicines, widely used for treating infantile cough, phlegm, and fever caused by pulmonary infection. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of their anti‐inflammatory activity has not been determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of this couplet Chinese medicines (ACW‐SBG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammatory responses in acute lung injury (ALI) model of rats and the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for anti‐inflammatory activities in alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC‐II). Standardization of the 70% ethanol extract of ACW and SBG was performed by using a validated reversed‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography method. Rats were pretreated with ACW‐SBG for 7 days prior to LPS challenge. We assessed the effects of ACW‐SBG on the LPS‐induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The wet‐to‐dry weight ratio was calculated, and hematoxylin and eosin staining of lung tissue was performed. Cell viability of AEC‐II was measured by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was carried out to quantify the relative gene expression of TNF‐α and IL‐1β in AEC‐II. The western blotting analysis was executed to elucidate the expression of mediators linked to nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase‐protein kinase B (PI3K‐Akt) signaling pathways. ACW‐SBG significantly decreased lung wet‐to‐dry weight ratio, ameliorated LPS‐induced lung histopathological changes, and reduced the release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF‐α and IL‐1β in BALF. In AEC‐II, we found that the expression of TNF‐α mRNA was also inhibited by ACW‐SBG. ACW‐SBG blocked NF‐κB activation by preventing the phosphorylation of NF‐κB (p65) as well as the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of kappa B kinase. ACW‐SBG extracts also inhibited the phosphorylation of respective MAPKs (c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and p38) as well as Akt. The present study demonstrated that ACW‐SBG played a potent anti‐inflammatory role in LPS‐induced ALI in rats. The potential molecular mechanism was involved in attenuating the NF‐κB, MAPKs, and PI3K‐Akt signaling pathways in LPS‐induced AEC‐II.
Political ideology of the board and CEO dismissal following financial misconduct
Authors: Park U. David , Boeker Warren , Gomulya David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryWhy do some boards refuse to take serious action against CEOs who have committed financial misconduct? Past work has directed attention to the antecedents of misconduct while largely overlooking this question. The relatively few studies that examined it have typically revolved around agency arguments. This study instead examines how the beliefs and values held by board members can influence their actions following financial misconduct. Focusing on political ideology, we argue that politically conservative boards are more likely to respond by dismissing the CEO than are liberal boards as the result of ideo‐attribution and threat management tendencies. Using data from S&P 1500 firms that were involved with financial misconduct, we find support for our arguments while addressing sample‐induced endogeneity and alternative explanations with additional analyses.Managerial SummaryDespite criticism from stakeholders, the public, media, and policy makers, many firms do not take serious action against CEOs who have committed financial misconduct. Past studies have suggested that this is due to board structures (e.g., lack of board independence) or situations surrounding misconduct (e.g., severity of misconduct). We propose that political ideology, a set of beliefs and values, held by board members, influences whether firms dismiss their CEOs following financial misconduct. Examining S&P 1500 firms that were involved in financial misconduct, we find that politically conservative boards tend to dismiss their CEOs more often than do liberal boards, offering practical implications for how the ideology of board members can influence critical actions that they take.A video abstract is available at https://youtu.be/P7ew1aJjsdY.
Anisotropy Control–Induced Unique Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance in the n‐Type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 Thin Films
Authors: Tan Ming , Liu Wei‐Di , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Gao Han , Li Hui , Li Cong , Liu Xiao‐Biao , Deng Yuan , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAnisotropic Bi2Te3‐based thermoelectric materials have drawn extensive interest in the past decades. Here, n‐type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 films with superhigh figure of merit are developed through anisotropy control via tuning an external electric field and deposition anisotropy. It is found that the angle of interplanar grain boundaries between (0 1 5) and (0 1 11) planes can be tuned by the applied external electric field, which leads to the strengthened anisotropy of electron mobility and simultaneously maintains low lattice thermal conductivity. Dominated by the unique change in the anisotropy of both lattice thermal conductivity and electron mobility, a record‐high zT value of ≈1.6 at room temperature can be achieved in the as‐deposited n‐type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 film under 20 V external electric field. This work indicates that the electric field–induced deposition anisotropy control can be used to develop high‐performance Bi2Te3‐based thermoelectric films.
Dynamic modeling of an early warning system for natural disasters
Authors: da Silva Glayse Ferreira Perroni , Pegetti Ana Lúcia , Piacesi Maria Teresa , Belderrain Mischel Carmen Neyra , Bergiante Níssia Carvalho Rosa 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNatural disasters have many consequences in terms of human lives, material, economic, and/or environmental damages. Among preventive and mitigation measures, it is recognized that early warning systems (EWS) are an effective and essential tool to minimize damages caused by natural disasters. Using the experience of CEMADEN (National Early Warning and Monitoring Centre of Natural Disasters) in Brazil, this paper aims to investigate, through a systems approach, what factors may interfere with the effectiveness of EWSs. A case study was developed based on interviews with experts from CEMADEN. Those interviews generated cognitive maps that translated the perceptions of the experts and were used to structure the problem and to support the construction of a systemic model. The model allowed the analysis of the EWS, identifying behaviors, as reinforcement and balancing loops, not always intuitive, to support better management and planning decisions to improve the system effectiveness.
Development of Chemical Probes for Functional Analysis of Anticancer Saponin OSW‐1
Authors: Komatsu Rina , Sakurai Kaori 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChemical probe‐based approaches have proven powerful in recent years in the target identification studies of natural products. OSW‐1 is a saponin class of natural products with highly potent and selective cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. Understanding its mechanism of action is important for the development of anticancer drugs with potentially novel target pathways. This account reviews recent progress in the development of OSW‐1 derived probes for exploring the mechanism of its action. The key to the probe development is a judicious choice of functionalization sites and a selective functionalization strategy. The types of probes include fluorescent probes for cellular imaging analysis and affinity probes for target identification analysis.
Overexpression of diacylglycerol acetyltransferase from Euonymus europaeus in Yarrowia lipolytica leads to the production of single‐cell oil enriched with 3‐acetyl‐1,2‐diacylglycerols
Authors: Gajdoš Peter , Hambalko Jaroslav , Nicaud Jean‐Marc , Čertík Milan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe 3‐acetyl‐1,2‐diacylglycerols (acTAGs) are the molecules that are structurally similar to triacylglycerols (TAGs). They are naturally produced by plants of the family Celastraceae and animals such as Cervus nippon and Eurosta solidaginis. The presence of acetate in the sn–3 position of the glycerol backbone confers advantages to these compounds, for example, lower viscosity and calorific value compared to classical TAGs. In this work, the gene EeDAcT, which encodes diacylglycerol acetyltransferase in a species of bush (Euonymus europaeus), was overexpressed in strains Po1d (capable of accumulating storage lipids) and JMY1877 (incapable of accumulating storage lipids) of Yarrowia lipolytica, to test the activity of the gene EeDAcT and the production of acTAGs in oleaginous and nonoleaginous genetic backgrounds. It was observed that both the strains containing the gene EeDAcT (YL33 and YL35 for Po1d and JMY1877 strains, respectively) produced acTAGs. The strain YL33 accumulated up to 20% intracellular lipids, 20% of which was acTAGs, and 40% was TAGs. On the other hand, the strain YL35, which showed interrupted TAGs accumulation, produced up to 10% acTAGs as the only storage lipid. Unfortunately, the quantity of acTAGs produced in YL35 was insignificant, as the overall lipid accumulated in the strain was not more than 4% of the biomass. The fatty acid profile of acTAGs produced by the YL33 strain was remarkably similar to TAGs, and both of these structures were rich in oleic (45%) and palmitic (25%) acids.
Index-like theorems from line defect vevs
Authors: Brennan T. Daniel , Moore Gregory W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the relation between complexified Fenchel-Nielsen coordinates and spectral network coordinates on Seiberg-Witten moduli space. The main technique is the comparison of exact expressions for the expectation value of ’t Hooft defects in certain 4D SU(2)$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 gauge theories. We derive an index-like theorem for a class of Dirac operators on singular monopole moduli spaces. Our expression determines the indices of Dirac operators on singular monopole moduli spaces in terms of characteristic numbers for vector bundles over certain Kronheimer-Nakajima quiver varieties.
In-vitro-Exposition humaner Nasenschleimhautzellen und Lymphozyten mit Schnupftabak
Authors: Bunk S. , Übelacker L. , Scherzad A. , Hochstöger J. , Poier N. , Hackenberg S. , Kleinsasser N. 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Die Studienlage zu Kautabak und Zigarettenrauch ist eindeutig und zeigt karzinogenes Potenzial. Über Schnupftabak ist hingegen wenig bekannt, v. a. auf zellulärer Ebene gibt es keine ausreichenden wissenschaftlichen Publikationen. Somit lässt sich die eventuell mutagene Wirkung von Schnupftabak nur schwer einschätzen. In Konsequenz stützt sich die WHO in ihrer Einstufung des Schnupftabaks als nicht karzinogen auf eine sehr eingeschränkte Datenlage.

Ziel
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Schnupftabak auf mögliche zyto- und genotoxische Effekte auf humane Lymphozyten und Nasenschleimhautzellen zu untersuchen um ggf. tumorinitiierende Effekte darzustellen.

Material und Methoden
Eingesetzt wurden eine Schnupftabaksorte ohne Menthol und eine Sorte mit Mentholzusatz. Die benötigten Nasenschleimhautzellen und Lymphozyten wurden von 10 Probanden gewonnen und eine Stunde lang mit einem Schnupftabak-DMSO-Gemisch (2000 µg/ml bis 0,01 µg/ml) inkubiert. Zur Analyse wurde der Trypanblau-Test, der Comet-Assay und der Mikrokerntest verwendet.

Ergebnis
Der Trypanblau-Test zeigte keinen Abfall der Vitalität. Beim Comet-Assay ergab sich bei Lymphozyten ein signifikanter Anstieg der DNA-Fragmentierung ab 100 µg/ml, bei Nasenschleimhautzellen ab 1000 µg/ml. Der Mikrokerntest wies keine signifikante Zunahme der Mikrokerne auf. Es konnte kein Unterschied zwischen den beiden Tabaksorten aufgezeigt werden.

Diskussion
Es zeigte sich eine Schädigung der Erbsubstanz im Comet-Assay, die möglicherweise reparabel ist. Irreparable DNA-Schäden im Sinne von Mikrokernen wurden nicht gefunden. Nach diesen Ergebnissen muss die Einstufung der WHO in Zweifel gezogen werden. Untersuchungen mit weiteren Endpunkten der Genotoxizität sind somit gerechtfertigt, um zu einer fundierten Beurteilung des Risikopotenzials von Schnupftabak zu gelangen.
Intersexual conflict influences female reproductive success in a female-dispersing primate
Authors: Manguette Marie L. , Robbins Andrew M. , Breuer Thomas , Stokes Emma J. , Parnell Richard J. , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn group-living mammals, individual efforts to maximize reproductive success result in conflicts and compromises between the sexes. Females utilize counterstrategies to minimize the costs of sexual coercion by males, but few studies have examined the effect of such behaviors on female reproductive success. Secondary dispersal by females is rare among group-living mammals, but in western gorillas, it is believed to be a mate choice strategy to minimize infanticide risk and infant mortality. Previous research suggested that females choose males that are good protectors. However, how much female reproductive success varies depending on male competitive ability and whether female secondary dispersal leads to reproductive costs or benefits has not been examined. We used data on 100 females and 229 infants in 36 breeding groups from a 20-year long-term study of wild western lowland gorillas to investigate whether male tenure duration and female transfer rate had an effect on interbirth interval, female birth rates, and offspring mortality. We found that offspring mortality was higher near the end of males’ tenures, even after excluding potential infanticide when those males died, suggesting that females suffer a reproductive cost by being with males nearing the end of their tenures. Females experience a delay in breeding when they dispersed, having a notable effect on birth rates of surviving offspring per female if females transfer multiple times in their lives. This study exemplifies that female counterstrategies to mitigate the effects of male-male competition and sexual coercion may not be sufficient to overcome the negative consequences of male behavior.SignificanceIndividual reproductive success is maximized through conflicts and compromises between the sexes in social mammals. In species with high dimorphism, females can experience sexual coercion by males and develop counterstrategies to reduce these costs. We studied this link in western lowland gorillas, which exhibit female secondary dispersal, a strategy that is believed to reflect female choice for the protective abilities of males. We found that females are faced with the dilemma of staying with a silverback at the end of his tenure and risk higher infant mortality versus dispersing and suffering reproductive delays and lower birth rates. This study shows that female reproductive strategies, namely dispersal, used to counter the effects of sexual coercion by males are not sufficient to overcome the negative consequences of male behavior.
Biochemical Profile Affects IOPTH Kinetics and Cure Rate in Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Graves Claire E. , McManus Catherine M. , Chabot John A. , Lee James A. , Kuo Jennifer H. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecently, normocalcemic (NC) and normohormonal (NH) variants of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) have been described, with distinct biochemical profiles from the typical high serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Here, we investigate whether biochemical profile affects cure rate, as well as the kinetics of intraoperative PTH (IOPTH).MethodsThis is a single‐center, retrospective study of pHPT patients undergoing parathyroidectomy. Patients were grouped based on preoperative calcium and PTH levels into typical, NC (normal calcium, elevated PTH, no evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism), and NH (elevated calcium, unsuppressed PTH) biochemical profiles. All patients had IOPTH monitoring and ≥6‐month post‐op serum studies to confirm surgical cure. Patient variables were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test and Chi‐square analysis. IOPTH kinetic curves were analyzed using a linear mixed model.ResultsFrom June 2006 to October 2014, 646 patients met inclusion criteria. Biochemical profile was typical in 460 patients (71%), NC in 101 (16%), and NH in 85 (13%). IOPTH levels were higher at all time points in typical patients, p < 0.001. Surgical cure rates were significantly lower for NC patients (90.1%) than for typical (98.5%) or NH patients (97.7%), p < 0.001, although a stricter criteria for cure was used in this group (normal calcium AND normal PTH). In a multivariable linear mixed model, NC patients had a significantly slower rate of IOPTH decline (p < 0.001 at 10 min).ConclusionsHere, we better characterize the atypical variants of pHPT. Using a stricter definition of cure in the NC variant, these patients have a lower surgical cure rate than typical or NH variants in pHPT. The IOPTH curve is affected by biochemical profile, with both NC and NH patients having lower absolute values and NC patients having a slower decline.
Sex‐Based Differences in Inpatient Burn Mortality
Authors: Williams Felicia N. , Strassle Paula D. , Knowlin Laquanda , Napravnik Sonia , van Duin David , Charles Anthony , Nizamani Rabia , Jones Samuel W. , Cairns Bruce A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAmong burn patients, research is conflicted, but may suggest that females are at increased risk of mortality, despite the opposite being true in non‐burn trauma. Our objective was to determine whether sex‐based differences in burn mortality exist, and assess whether patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and injury characteristics explain said differences.MethodsAdult patients admitted with burn injury—including inhalation injury only—between 2004 and 2013 were included. Inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW) and inverse probability of censor weights (IPCW) were calculated using admit year, patient demographics, comorbid conditions, and injury characteristics to adjust for potential confounding and informative censoring. Standardized Kaplan–Meier survival curves, weighted by both IPTW and IPCW, were used to estimate the 30‐day and 60‐day risk of inpatient mortality across sex.ResultsFemales were older (median age 44 vs. 41 years old, p < 0.0001) and more likely to be Black (32% vs. 25%, p < 0.0001), have diabetes (14% vs. 10%, p < 0.0001), pulmonary disease (14% vs. 7%, p < 0.0001), heart failure (4% vs. 2%, p = 0.001), scald burns (45% vs. 26%, p < 0.0001), and inhalational injuries (10% vs. 8%, p = 0.04). Even after weighting, females were still over twice as likely to die after 60 days (RR 2.87, 95% CI 1.09, 7.51).ConclusionFemale burn patients have a significantly higher risk of 60‐day mortality, even after accounting for demographics, comorbid conditions, burn size, and inhalational injury. Future research efforts and treatments to attenuate mortality should account for these sex‐based differences. The project was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Grant Number UL1TR001111.
Enabling Community Health Worker Recognition and Referral of Surgical Diseases: Pilot Study Results of a Pictorial Guide
Authors: Gualy Sebastian , Herrera Christopher , Warden Clara , Valle Tyron , Barnum Jeanie , Colman Bessy , Siu Armando , Swanson Jordan W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAccess to surgical care is a pressing challenge, particularly for vulnerable populations. Informal and formal community health workers (CHWs), including lay people, increasingly function in pivotal roles in primary care, however, remain disconnected from surgical care in most environments. This study examined the degree to which CHW understanding of surgical conditions could be improved through the use of a pictorially based manual.MethodsA manual and associated situational problem‐solving questionnaire instrument were developed and contextualized through focus groups in Central America. A baseline assessment was obtained. In the program implementation, cohorts of formal and informal CHWs were introduced and trained to use the manual through a short curriculum. Assessment was repeated in program implementation, first with access to relevant manual content only, and then after the teaching session. Participants were also surveyed about manual scheme, usability, and utility.ResultsA total of 100 subjects (67% female) participated in baseline assessment, and 403 subjects (68% female) were assessed through the program implementation. Baseline problem‐solving averaged 11.8 (SD 2.46) out of a possible 20 points. Mean score increased to 15.4 (SD 3.10) when participants had access to relevant surgical manual content and again to 15.9 (SD 3.09, p < 0.0001) following participation with an instructive curriculum. Participant score while utilizing the manual correlated with amount of education completed (r = 0.26), but baseline score did not. High readability 389 (96%) and high self‐reported willingness for use 398 (96%) were noted.ConclusionBaseline familiarity with surgically treatable conditions appears modest among rural Central American populations, and improves with access to a contextualized, pictorial manual focused on recognizing and appropriately referring surgical conditions.