bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound imaging for sarcopenia, spasticity and painful muscle syndromes
Authors: Özçakar Levent , Ata Ayşe Merve , Kaymak Bayram , Kara Murat , Kumbhare Dinesh 
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review
On the basis of its various advantages and the relevant awareness of physicians, ultrasound imaging has overwhelmingly taken its place in the scientific arena. This is true both from the side of daily clinical applications and also from the side of research. Yet, ultrasound provides real-time (diagnostic) imaging and (interventional) guidance for a wide spectrum of muscle disorders. In this regard, this review aims to discuss the potential/actual utility of ultrasound imaging in particular muscle disorders, that is, sarcopenia, spasticity and fibromyalgia/myofascial pain syndrome.

Recent findings
Due to the aging population worldwide and the importance of functionality in the older population, mounting interest has been given to the diagnosis and management of sarcopenia in the recent literature. Likewise, several articles started to report that ultrasound imaging can be used conveniently and effectively in the early diagnosis and quantification of sarcopenia.
For spasticity, aside from ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin injections, intriguing attention has been paid to sonographic evaluation of muscle architecture, echogenicity and elasticity in the follow-up of these chronic conditions.
As regards painful muscle syndromes, quantitative ultrasound techniques have been shown to detect statistically significant differences between healthy controls and patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

Summary
Ultrasound imaging seems to be a promising tool that indisputably deserves further research in the management of a wide range of muscle disorders.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COSPC/A17.
Impact of a ketogenic diet intervention during radiotherapy on body composition: III. An interim analysis of the KETOCOMP study
Authors: Klement Rainer J. , Schäfert Gabriele , Sweeney Reinhart A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundKetogenic therapy (KT) in the form of ketogenic diets (KDs) and/or supplements that induce nutritional ketosis have gained interest as a complementary treatment for cancer patients. Besides putative anti-tumor effects, preclinical and preliminary clinical data indicate that KT could induce favorable changes in body composition of the tumor bearing host. Here we present first results of our ongoing KETOCOMP study (NCT02516501) study concerning body composition changes among rectal, breast and head & neck cancer (HNC) patients who underwent concurrent KT during standard-of-care radiotherapy (RT).MethodsEligible patients were assigned to one of three groups: (i) a standard diet group; (ii) a ketogenic breakfast group taking 50-250 ml of a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) drink plus 10 g essential amino acids in the morning of RT days; (iii) a complete KD group supplemented with 10 g essential amino acids on RT days. Body composition was to be measured prior to and weekly during RT using 8-electrode bioimpedance analysis. Longitudinal data were analyzed using mixed effects linear regression.ResultsA total of 17 patients underwent KT during RT thus far (rectal cancer: n=6; HNC: n=6; breast cancer: n=5). All patients consuming a KD (n=14) reached nutritional ketosis and finished the study protocol with only minor problems reported. Compared to control subjects, the ketogenic intervention in rectal and breast cancer patients was significantly associated with a decline in fat mass over time (−0.3 and −0.5 kg/week, respectively), with no significant changes in skeletal muscle mass. In HNC patients, concurrent chemotherapy was the strongest predictor of body weight, fat free and skeletal muscle mass decline during radiotherapy, while KT showed significant opposite associations. Rectal cancer patients who underwent KT during neoadjuvant RT had significantly better tumor response at the time of surgery as assessed by the Dworak regression grade (median 3 versus 2, p=0.04483).ConclusionsWhile sample sizes are still small our results already indicate some significant favorable effects of KT on body composition. These as well as a putative radiosensitizing effect on rectal tumor cells need to be confirmed once the final analysis of our study becomes possible.
Getting more from heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data in a high immigration country: estimation of incidence and undiagnosed population size using multiple biomarkers
Authors: Giardina Federica , Romero-Severson Ethan , Axelsson Maria , Svedhem Veronica , Leitner Thomas , Britton Tom , Albert Jan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundMost HIV infections originate from individuals who are undiagnosed and unaware of their infection. Estimation of this quantity from surveillance data is hard because there is incomplete knowledge abouti)the time between infection and diagnosis (TI) for the general population andii)the time between immigration and diagnosis for foreign-born persons.DevelopmentWe developed a new statistical method for estimating the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV (PLHIV) and the incidence of HIV-1 based on dynamic modeling of heterogenous HIV-1 surveillance data. We formulated a Bayesian non-linear mixed effects model using multiple biomarkers to estimate TI accounting for biomarker correlation and individual heterogeneities. We explicitly model the probability that an HIV-1 infected foreign-born person was infected either before or after immigration to distinguish between endogenous and exogeneous incidence. The incidence estimator allows for direct calculation of the number of undiagnosed persons.ApplicationThe model was applied to surveillance data in Sweden. The dynamic biomarker model was trained on longitudinal data from 31 treatment-naïve patients with well-defined TI, using CD4 counts, BED serology, polymorphisms in HIV-1polsequences, and testing history. The multiple-biomarker model was more accurate than single biomarkers (mean absolute error 1.01 vs ≥ 1.95). We estimate that 813 (95% CI 780-862) PLHIV were undiagnosed in 2015, representing a proportion of 10.8% (95% CI 10.4-11.3%) of all PLHIV.ConclusionsThe proposed methodology will enhance the utility of standard surveillance data streams and will be useful to monitor progress towards and compliance with the 90-90-90 UNAIDS target.Key messagesCombined heterogeneous HIV-1 surveillance data and biomarker data can be used to estimate both local incidence and the number of undiagnosed people living with HIV.Explicit modeling of the dynamics, heterogeneity, and correlation of multiple biomarkers over time improved estimation of time between infection and diagnosis.Explicit modeling of the probability that foreign-born persons were infected before or after immigration improves accuracy of estimates of endogenous incidence and undiagnosed persons living with HIV.The endogenous incidence of HIV-1 in Sweden is declining, despite continued immigration of HIV-1 infected persons.The proportion of undiagnosed PLHIV decreased over 2010-2015 and was estimated to be 10.8% (95% CI, 10.4-11.3%) in 2015.
Joint inference of species histories and gene flow
Authors: Müller Nicola F. , Ogilvie Huw A. , Zhang Chi , Fontaine Michael C. , Amaya-Romero Jorge E. , Drummond Alexei J. , Stadler Tanja 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhen populations become isolated, members of these populations can diverge genetically over time. This leads to genetic differences between these populations that increase over time if the isolation persists. This process can be counteracted by gene flow, i.e. when genes are exchanged between populations. In order to study the speciation processes when gene flow is present, isolation-with-migration methods have been developed. These methods typically assume that the ranked topology of the species history is already known. However, this is often not the case and the species tree is therefore of interest itself. For the inference of species trees, it is in turn often necessary to assume that there is no gene flow between co-existing species. This assumption, however, can lead to wrongly inferred speciation times and species tree topologies. We here introduce a new method that allows inference of the species tree while explicitly modelling the flow of genes between coexisting species. By using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling, we co-infer the species tree alongside evolutionary parameters of interest. By using simulations, we show that our newly introduced approach is able to reliably infer the species trees and parameters of the isolation-with-migration model from genetic sequence data. We then use this approach to infer the species history of the mosquitoes from theAnopheles gambiaespecies complex. Accounting for gene flow when inferring the species history suggests a slightly different speciation order and gene flow than previously suggested.
Game theory of vaccination and depopulation for managing avian influenza on poultry farms
Authors: Delabouglise Alexis , Boni Maciej F 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHighly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic in domestic poultry populations in East and South Asia and is a major threat to human health, animal health, and the poultry production industry. The behavioral response of farmers to the disease and its epidemiological effects are still poorly understood. We considered a symmetric game in a region with widespread smallholder poultry production, where the players are broiler poultry farmers and between-farm disease transmission is both environmental (local) and mediated by the trade of infected birds. Three types of farmer behaviors were modelled: vaccination, depopulation, and cessation of poultry farming. We found that the transmission level of avian influenza through trade networks had strong qualitative effects on the system’s epidemiological-economic equilibria. In the case of low trade-based transmission, when the monetary cost of infection is sufficiently high, depopulation behavior persists and maintains a disease-free equilibrium. In the case of high trade-based transmission, depopulation behavior has perverse epidemiological effects - as it accelerates the spread of disease via poultry traders - but has a high enough payoff to farmers that it persists at the system’s game theoretic equilibrium. In this situation, state interventions should focus on making effective vaccination technologies available at a low price rather than penalizing infected farms. Our results emphasize the need in endemic countries to further investigate the commercial circuits through which birds from infected farms are traded.
MobiSeq: De Novo SNP discovery in model and non-model species through sequencing the flanking region of transposable elements
Authors: Rey-Iglesia Alba , Gopalakrishan Shyam , Carøe Christian , Alquezar-Planas David E. , Nielsen Anne Ahlmann , Röder Timo , Pedersen Lene Bruhn , Næsborg-Nielsen Christina , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S. , Rath Martin Fredensborf , Li Zhipeng , Petersen Bent , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Bunce Michael , Mourier Tobias , Hansen Anders Johannes 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn recent years, the availability of reduced representation library (RRL) methods has catalysed an expansion of genome-scale studies to characterize both model and non-model organisms. Most of these methods rely on the use of restriction enzymes to obtain DNA sequences at a genome-wide level. These approaches have been widely used to sequence thousands of markers across individuals for many organisms at a reasonable cost, revolutionizing the field of population genomics. However, there are still some limitations associated with these methods, in particular, the high molecular weight DNA required as starting material, the reduced number of common loci among investigated samples, and the short length of the sequenced site-associated DNA. Here, we present MobiSeq, a RRL protocol exploiting simple laboratory techniques, that generates genomic data based on PCR targeted-enrichment of transposable elements and the sequencing of the associated flanking region. We validate its performance across 103 DNA extracts derived from three mammalian species: grey wolf (Canis lupus), red deer complex (Cervus sp.), and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). MobiSeq enables the sequencing of hundreds of thousands loci across the genome, and performs SNP discovery with relatively low rates of clonality. Given the ease and flexibility of MobiSeq protocol, the method has the potential to be implemented for marker discovery and population genomics across a wide range of organisms – enabling the exploration of diverse evolutionary and conservation questions.
Dietary protein and nutritional supplements in conventional hemodialysis
Authors: Sabatino Alice , Piotti Giovanni , Cosola Carmela , Gandolfini Ilaria , Kooman Jeroen P. , Fiaccadori Enrico 
Published: June 2018

AbstractProtein energy wasting (PEW) is a condition commonly occurring among patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. PEW is characterized by depletion of protein and energy stores and is caused by multiple factors related to chronic kidney disease, acute and chronic comorbidities and by renal replacement therapy itself. Anorexia is central in the pathogenesis of PEW; it is frequently observed in these patients whose protein and energy intakes are typically lower than guidelines recommendations. If untreated, PEW invariably leads to major complications, and may activate a vicious circle with further worsening of nutritional status. Dietary counseling and nutritional status monitoring play a key role in the prevention and treatment of PEW, since they allow an early identification of high risk patients, as well as the assessment of the response to nutritional intervention. Different nutritional approaches can be implemented following thorough nutritional counseling. These are chosen on the basis of patients’ spontaneous dietary intake, severity of PEW and acute comorbidities. Initially, regular encounters with the dietitian allow patients to clarify doubts and strengthen basic concepts on nutrition to improve dietary intake and prevent PEW. When PEW is present or the patient is at high risk, the clinician may opt for the administration of oral intradialytic or daily supplements, aiming at increasing energy and protein intake, while in selected cases intradialytic parenteral nutrition may be used. This review addresses the main issues of nutritional status in ESRD patients on hemodialysis—its evaluation and monitoring, as well as at describing the available nutritional interventions.
President Barack Obama’s response to the painfully familiar pattern of violence against African Americans
Authors: Stӑlniceanu Mӑdӑlina 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article examines President Obama’s public responses to three specific incidents that received national attention and sustained media coverage: the shooting of Trayvon Martin in February 2012 that was shortly followed by a series of tragic encounters between African Americans and police officers that made headlines during Obama’s second term; the shooting of Michael Brown in August 2014 that led to massive protests across the country; and the proliferation of racially motivated attacks such as the mass shooting at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, in June 2015. The article also analyses the policy-oriented or privately funded initiatives that President Obama has launched in response to these tragedies: My Brother’s Keeper, following the shooting of Trayvon Martin, and a plan to strengthen the relationship between police officers and the communities they serve following the incidents in Ferguson, Missouri, and the brutal response of the Ferguson Police Department.
Conflict then; trauma now: Reading Vietnam across the decades in American comics
Authors: Earle Harriet 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article will consider the shift in representations of the Vietnam War in American comics, concentrating specifically on the shift from gung-ho violence and patriotism to nuanced personal narratives of trauma and the psychological impact of conflict. I will compare and contrast three comics series: The ‘Nam, a Marvel series that ran from 1986 to 1993; The Punisher Invades the ‘Nam, a cross-over series that comprises two arcs over five issues in 1990 and 1992; and Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson’s The Punisher: Born ([2003] 2007), an origin story that positions trauma as a survival tool within theatre. Vietnam as a conflict event and a cultural touchstone has affected the way we view violence in the twenty-first century. I discuss how comics has measured and represented the shift in positioning of violence and conflict from earlier wars through Vietnam to the present day. I close by asking to what extent our tools and tropes for representation of violence have changed and ask if there remain some last strands of continuity from pre-Vietnam violence texts.
Structural design and wear properties of TIG arc brazing tin-based babbit to mild steel
Authors: Zhou F.M. , Zhang Q.Y. , Shi M.X. , Li H. , Guo J.W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe tin-based babbit with different layer thickness was bonded to mild steel via TIG arc brazing. The microstructure, microhardness, wear properties and phase formation mechanism near the interface of the arc brazed layer were investigated by the optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high temperature friction and wear testing machine (HTFWT), laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersion spectrum (EDS). It can be found that in the arc brazing seam region, the thinner layer made it possible to form larger size SbSn monotectic phase that connected together and some Fe-Sn IMCs were formed near the interface. So that when the layer thickness was 0.5 mm, the microhardness of arc brazing tin-based babbit layer was the largest and the antifriction property was the best. Moreover, on the brazing tin-based babbit interface, Fe elements were transited and diffused from mild steel into the brazing seam region. Element concentration of Fe was high near the steel interface and formed concentration gradient in the liquid metal layer, which was helpful to promote the metallurgical reaction. Phase constituents of the brazed joint interface were Fe, Fe3Sn, FeSn and FeSn2, formed in the metallurgy of Fe from mild steel and the Sn from tin-based babbit.
Crystal structure of 2-amino-4-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3-cyano-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo-pyran, C18H16N4O6
Authors: Cui Li-Jing , Zhang Bin , Liu Chun-Yan , Bian Ming 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
C18H16N4O6, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 28.3976(19) Å, b = 10.5649(7) Å, c = 12.1155(10) Å, β = 97.662(7)°, V = 3602.4(5) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0470, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1247, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of 1,4-bis(2-azidoethyl)piperazine-1,4-diium dichloride, C8H18N8Cl2
Authors: Gao Fu Lei , Wang Ying Lei , Chen Bing , Liu Wei Xiao , Liu Ya Jing 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
C8H18N8Cl2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 6.5246(3) Å, b = 7.7090(4) Å, c = 13.9243(6) Å, β = 101.240(3)°, V = 686.93(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0320, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0878, T = 302(2) K.
Гаражники: дым промежуточной техники и зеркала социологических концепций
Authors: Хаустов Дмитрий Сергеевич 
Published: June 2018

Дмитрий Сергеевич Хаустов – кандидат экономических наук, доцент, кафедра «Финансы и бухгалтерский учет», ФГБОУ ВО «Иркутский государственный университет путей сообщения». Адрес: 664074, Иркутск, ул. Чернышевского, д. 15. E-mail: dmitry.khaustov1982@mail.ru
Цитирование: Хаустов Д.С. (2018) Гаражники: дым промежуточной техники и зеркала социологических концепций // Мир России. Т. 27. № 3. С. 198–210. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-3-198-210

В последнее время в фокусе государственного, общественного и научного внимания оказались так называемые неформальная экономика и неформальная занятость. И если интерес государства объясняется фискальными соображениями, то широкая публика и научное сообщество пытаются ответить на вопрос «Какова Россия за пределами МКАД?». Один из возможных вариантов ответа дает монография С.С. Селеева и А.Б. Павлова «Гаражники», посвященная неформальным хозяйственным отношениям в гаражно-строительных кооперативах. Авторы книги проводили многочисленные полевые исследования гаражной экономики в ряде городов европейской части России, применяя по преимуществу методы социальной антропологии. В небольшой по объему книге А.Б. Павлова «Демон перемен» в публицистическом ключе рассмотрены проблемы неформализованного знания о том, как на самом деле функционируют низовые хозяйственные практики, демонстрирующие тенденцию к самодостаточности, к которым вплотную примыкает, сливаясь с ней, гаражная экономика. «Демон», вынесенный в заголовок, – это процесс воздействия государства на общество в попытке создать подходящую виртуальную социальную реальность, взаимодействовать с которой комфортнее, чем с гаражной экономикой.
В рецензии автор сфокусировал свое внимание на параллельном анализе концепций «гаражная экономика» и «промежуточная (подходящая) техника». Сделан вывод, что гаражная экономика является источником автохтонного аналога промежуточной техники Э. Шумахера. В целом можно сказать, что в российской экономике на протяжении достаточно продолжительного времени устойчиво функционирует ремесленно-промысловый уклад, примером которого является гаражная экономика.
Realisasi dan Pengujian Antena Mikrostrip Array 4 Elemen dengan Polarisasi Melingkar untuk Aplikasi 4G/LTE
Authors: WIYANTO EDDY , ALAM SYAH , HARSONO BUDI 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengusulkan desain antena mikrostrip array empat elemen dengan polarisasi melingkar pada frekuensi kerja 2300 MHz untuk aplikasi 4G/LTE. Antena telah dirancang dan dipabrikasi menggunakan substrat jenis FR-4 Epoxy dengan nilai konstanta dielektrik (Ɛr) = 4.3, ketebalan substrat (h) = 1.6 mm dan loss tangen (tan δ) = 0.0265 dengan pencatu microstrip line. Polarisasi melingkar dengan axial ratio ≤ 3 dB dihasilkan dengan menggunakan metode truncated corner sedangkan untuk meningkatkan nilai gain digunakan metode array empat elemen. Dari hasil proses pengukuran diperoleh nilai koefisien refleksi sebesar -16.52 dB, VSWR sebesar 1.37 pada frekuensi kerja 2300 MHz dengan bandwidth yang diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran adalah 400 MHz (2050 MHz - 2450 MHz). Metode truncated corner berhasil menghasilkan polarisasi melingkar dengan nilai axial ratio 1.745 dB dan berhasil menghasilkan nilai gain sebesar 9.04 dB pada frekuensi kerja 2300 MHz untuk aplikasi LTE.Kata kunci: Antena, mikrostrip, koefisien refleksi, array, truncated corner ABSTRACTThis research proposed a four-element microstrip array antenna design withcircular polarization at a working frequency of 2300 MHz for 4G / LTEapplications. The antenna has been designed and fabricated using a FR-4 Epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant value (Ɛr) = 4.3, substrate thickness (h) = 1.6 mm and tangent loss (tan δ) = 0.0265 with microstrip line feeding. The circular polarization with axial ratio ≤3 dB was generated using the truncated corner method while for increasing the gain value used the four element array method. From the result of the measurement process, the reflection coefficient value is obtained -16.52 dB, VSWR of 1.37 at 2300 MHz working frequency with bandwidth obtained from the measurement result is 400 MHz (2050 MHz - 2450 MHz). The truncated corner method succeeded in generating a circular polarization with the axial ratio of 1.745 dB and succeeded to obtain the gain of 9.04 dB at work frequency of 2300 MHz for LTE application. Keywords: Antena, microstrip, reflection coefficient, array, truncated corner