bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professional Team Sports in American Economic History
Authors: Engerman Stanley L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents several of the major issues of analysis in certain of the major spectator sports. It focuses, among the professional sports, on baseball, football, basketball, and ice hockey—particularly on baseball, which has a much longer history and a more substantial literature than do the other sports. While each of these sports leagues is operated as a separate entity, there is a great degree of similarity in their actions and activities. The chapter does not cover all economic aspects of sports, but focuses on those considered most significant. The four major economic issues to be discussed are (1) the economics of cartels; (2) the labor market (the institutions and the behavior of labor markets); (3) racial and gender discrimination in sports; and (4) government subsidies to teams to influence their location.
Two World Wars in American Economic History
Authors: Fishback Price V. , Jaworski Taylor A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence connecting World War II to US economic performance in the second half of the twentieth century. It emphasizes the substantial costs of mobilizing the economy for war and provides a brief discussion of the institutions created to manage the war effort. It then surveys four areas where research on the political economy of World War II has concentrated: (1) the rise of women’s labor participation, (2) the decrease in wage and wealth inequality, (3) the postwar growth miracle, and (4) the growth of government in American society. Economic historians and economists have provided important revisions in each area. Along the way, the chapter points in several directions for future research.
Lying and Deception
Authors: Gupta Swati , Ortony Andrew 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStandard approaches to analyzing what goes on when a speaker lies or engages in some other form of (intentional) verbal deception start with the idea that the speaker wants the addressee (hearer) to believe as true a proposition that the speaker believes is false. In this chapter, it is argued that in fact this is not usually the speaker’s primary motivation. Rather, in most cases, the underlying psychological motivation is to prevent the hearer from believing something the speaker believes to be true. Establishing or perpetuating a supposedly false belief or dismantling a true belief in the hearer is actually a communicative subgoal that a deceptive speaker establishes in the service of the underlying goal of preventing the addressee’s access to the truth. The relation between the various goals involved in lying and deception and some of the strategies that speakers use to attain them are discussed.
Lying and Omissions
Authors: Fallis Don 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWork in the philosophy of deception tends to focus on outright lying. However, saying something that you believe to be false is not the only way to intentionally cause people to have false beliefs. This chapter focuses on deceiving people by *not* saying things. Not speaking may constitute lying, in contexts where it can be construed as a communication. Deceptive omissions, such as half-truths and lies of omission, can be just as common, just as misleading, and just as dangerous at outright lies. Grice’s “first maxim of Quality” and “first maxim of Quantity” are used in directing the discussion. The chapter investigates the ontology, the epistemology, and the ethics of deceptive omissions.
Lying, Testimony, and Epistemic Vigilance
Authors: Michaelson Eliot 
Published: December 2018

AbstractKnowledge, it is commonly assumed, can be and often is transmitted via testimony. How exactly this takes place, however, is a matter of controversy. One common thought is that, in order to obtain knowledge via testimony, listeners need to live up to some minimum standard of epistemic conduct. This raises the question of just what this minimum standard might be. Some philosophers have recently attempted to make progress on this question by turning to the psychological literature on mechanisms of ‘epistemic vigilance’, or the methods that people routinely use to track the quality of the testimony they are hearing, to filter out liars and the uninformed. The present chapter briefly canvasses the state of this inquiry and lays out several challenges for it. It concludes with a broader challenge to the thought that there really is some minimal standard that listeners must live up to in order to acquire knowledge via testimony.
Selfless Assertions
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere are three central components to the phenomenon of selfless assertion: first, a subject, for purely non-epistemic reasons, does not believe that p; second, despite this lack of belief, the subject is aware that p is very well supported by all of the available evidence; and, third, because of this, the subject asserts that p without believing that p. In this piece, it is argued that selfless assertion sheds crucial light on how to understand the nature of lying. In particular, it is shown that only accounts of lying that secure a connection with deception deliver the correct verdict that cases of selfless assertion are importantly different from lies.
Bluffing
Authors: Perillo Jennifer T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe chapter focuses on bluffing and discusses the distinctions between bluffing, lying, and bullshitting. The general purpose of bluffing is to gain advantage in the interaction by manipulating the other individual’s expectations and subsequent behavior. This is a complex task, as it involves not only modeling behavior that will convince the other party something is true, but also simultaneously holding the knowledge of what is actually true. Bluffing is discussed with respect to different interactional settings, e.g., police interrogation, business negotiation, and poker playing. An important question is the morality of bluffing, e.g., whether lying is worse than bluffing.
White and Prosocial Lies
Authors: Dietz Simone 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhite and prosocial lies are lies with socially harmless or benevolent motives or consequences. In ethical debate, these types of lie are controversial as ambivalent or even paradox concepts. The discussion of white and prosocial lies is based on the definition of lying in general, the status of untruthfulness, and the intent to deceive in particular. Three positions are distinguished: First, the absolute-moralist position advanced by Augustine and Kant, according to which the possibility of white or prosocial lies is completely rejected. Second, the utilitarian position, holding that lying might be justified in some cases of conflicting obligations, rights, or interests or because of its overall better consequences. Third, a neutral position that views lying as a conventional and morally neutral speech act. These approaches are discussed with respect to a number of crucial cases, and a taxonomy of white and prosocial lies is proposed.
Lying and Discourse Analysis
Authors: Galasiński Dariusz 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe chapter is concerned with discourse-analytic perspectives on lying and deception. Starting with an assertion that lying is linguistically uninteresting—there are no linguistic markers of lying—the chapter argues for an ‘all-linguistic’ account of deception. Data consisting of an act of communication and a misrepresentational communication overcome the issue of ‘real-life’ corpora for deception research. A typology of acts deception based on this approach is offered: falsifications (stereotypical lies), distortions (assertions stronger or weaker than the original), and ‘taking words out of context’ (ascribing a different function to what was said). The chapter ends with an application of the typology in an analysis of clinical notes.
Lying and Assertion
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter considers the relationship between assertion and lying, focusing on how lying can be accounted for by theories of assertion that treat assertion as a fundamental notion conceptually prior to belief. Such theories cannot simply define lying as asserting without the requisite belief, nor as treating as true something which one believes to be false. The chapter begins by asking why one proponent of such a theory, Michael Dummett, ties the ability to assert so tightly to the ability to lie. It then goes on to consider how lying should be explained in Robert Brandom’s score-keeping approach to assertion. It concludes by relating the view of assertion and lying developed by these authors to work on the development of children’s sensitivity to lying.
Participation in a population-based screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal immunochemical test decreases mortality in 5 years
Authors: Idigoras Rubio Isabel , Arana-Arri Eunate , Portillo Villares Isabel , Bilbao Iturribarrria Isabel , Martínez-Indart Lorea , Imaz-Ayo Natale , de la Cruz Marta , de Castro Visitación , López de Munain Arantza , Torrejón Perez Idoia , Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea Iñaki 
Published: December 2018

Background
The steady increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) could be reversed through timely secondary prevention (screening) as a main strategy. The aims of this study were to determine the main features of CRC, survival rate and related factors for different types of identified CRCs in a population-based screening programme using the faecal immunochemical test (FIT).

Materials and methods
The CRCs in the susceptible population to be screened between 2009 and 2014 were identified and classified into four groups: (a) nonscreening-detected CRC (diagnosed before first screening invitation and nonparticipants), (b) screening-detected CRC, (c) interval cancer (IC) FIT (diagnosed between screening rounds after a negative FIT) and (d) IC colonoscopy (diagnosed before the colonoscopy surveillance, which is recommended after the screening colonoscopy). Patient demographics and epidemiological characteristics, tumour characteristics and survival were compared between the four groups.

Results
5909 individuals were diagnosed with a CRC. The median follow-up of survival was 4.6 years (range: 0–9 years). The study highlights a significant difference (P<0.0001) in the 5-year survival in the screening-detected CRC group compared with those who had nonscreening-detected CRCs (90.1 vs. 66.7%). Although ICs are not desirable events, the 5-year survival rate is significantly higher with respect to nonparticipants (P<0.0001) (76.3 vs. 60.5%), this being the group with the lowest survival rate.

Conclusion
The significantly higher 5-year survival rate of 23.4% of the participants in the screening programme suggests that incidence and mortality rates of CRC will decrease in the near future for participants in screening programmes. A high participation rate is essential to achieve health benefits, irrespective of the type of participation.
Rare variants imputation in admixed populations: Comparison across reference panels and bioinformatics tools
Authors: Sariya Sanjeev , Lee Joseph , Mayeux Richard , Vardarajan Badri N. , Reyes-Dumeyer Dolly , Manly Jennifer , Brickman Adam , Lantigua Rafael , Medrano Martin , Jimenez-Velazquez Ivonne Z. , Tosto Giuseppe 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundImputation has become a standard approach in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to infer in silico untyped markers. Although feasibility for common variants imputation is well established, we aimed to assess rare and ultra-rare variants’ imputation in an admixed Caribbean Hispanic population (CH).MethodsWe evaluated imputation accuracy in CH (N = 1,000), focusing on rare (0.1% ≤minor allele frequency (MAF) ≤ 1%) and ultra-rare (MAF < 0.1%) variants. We used two reference panels, the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC; N = 27,165) and 1000 Genome Project (1000G phase 3; N = 2,504) and multiple phasing (SHAPEIT, Eagle2) and imputation algorithms (IMPUTE2, MACH-Admix). To assess imputation quality, we reported: a) high-quality variant counts according to imputation tools’ internal indexes (e.g. IMPUTE2 “Info”≥80%). b) Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test comparing imputation quality for genotyped variants that were masked and imputed; c) Cohen’s kappa coefficient to test agreement between imputed and whole-exome sequencing (WES) variants; d) imputation of G206A mutation in the PSEN1 (ultra-rare in the general population an more frequent in CH) followed by confirmation genotyping. We also tested ancestry proportion (European, African and Native American) against WES-imputation mismatches in a Poisson regression fashion.ResultsSHAPEIT2 retrieved higher percentage of imputed high-quality variants than Eagle2 (rare: 51.02% vs. 48.60%; ultra-rare 0.66% vs 0.65%, Wilcoxon p-value < 0.001). SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 employing HRC outperformed 1000G (64.50% vs. 59.17%; 1.69% vs 0.75% for high-quality rare and ultra-rare variants, respectively; Wilcoxon p-value < 0.001). SHAPEIT-IMPUTE2 outperformed MaCH-Admix. Compared to 1000G, HRC-imputation retrieved a higher number of high-quality rare and ultra-rare variants, despite showing lower agreement between imputed and WES variants (e.g. rare: 98.86% for HRC vs. 99.02% for 1000G). High Kappa (K = 0.99) was observed for both reference panels. Twelve G206A mutation carriers were imputed and all validated by confirmation genotyping. African ancestry was associated with higher imputation errors for uncommon and rare variants (p-value < 1e-05).ConclusionReference panels with larger numbers of haplotypes can improve imputation quality for rare and ultra-rare variants in admixed populations such as CH. Ethnic composition is an important predictor of imputation accuracy, with higher African ancestry associated with poorer imputation accuracy.
Tissue distribution and tumor concentrations of hydroxychloroquine and quinacrine analogs in mice
Authors: Solitro Abigail R. , MacKeigan Jeffrey P. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline molecule used for the treatment of malaria, and more recently to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. In cancer, HCQ is being used in multiple cancer clinical trials as an inhibitor of autophagy, a cytosolic degradation process employing the lysosome. Importantly, more potent lysosomotropic agents are being developed as autophagy inhibitors. Additional studies revealed that acridine-based compounds such as quinacrine (QN) increased potency over the 4-aminoquinoline HCQ. In line with these initial discoveries, we performed chemical synthesis of acridine-based compounds and screened for potent autophagy inhibition. The novel compound VATG-027 increased potency and cytotoxicity over HCQ in osteosarcoma and melanoma cell lines, supporting further investigation in vivo. Here, we developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to investigate HCQ, QN, and VATG-027 compound concentrations across various tissue types in mice. This method detected compound concentrations in whole blood, lung, liver, kidney, and subcutaneous tumor tissues. Concentrations of HCQ, QN, and VATG-027 varied within and between tissue types, suggesting unique tissue distribution profiles for 4-aminoquinoline and acridine compounds.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Dengue Transmission Intensity in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: O’Driscoll Megan , Imai Natsuko , Ferguson Neil M. , Hadinegoro Sri Rezeki , Satari Hindra Irawan , Tam Clarence C. , Dorigatti Ilaria 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 70% of the global burden of dengue disease occurs on the Asian continent, where many large urban centres provide optimal environments for sustained endemic transmission and periodic epidemic cycles. Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is a densely populated megacity with hyperendemic dengue transmission. Characterization of the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue transmission intensity is of key importance for optimal implementation of novel control and prevention programmes, including vaccination. In this paper we use mathematical models to provide the first detailed description of spatial and temporal variability in dengue transmission in Jakarta.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe applied catalytic models in a Bayesian framework to age-stratified dengue case notification data to estimate dengue force of infection and reporting probabilities in 42 subdistricts of Jakarta. The model was fit to yearly and average annual data covering a 10- year period between 2008 and 2017. We estimated a long-term average annual transmission intensity of 13.0% (95%CrI: 12.9-13.1%) per year in Jakarta province, ranging from 9.0% (95%CrI: 7.7-10.3%) to 16.4% (95%CrI: 15.3-17.4%) across subdistricts. Annual average transmission intensity in Jakarta province during the 10-year period ranged from 1.2% (95%CrI: 1.1-1.3%) in 2017 to 12.4% (95%CrI: 12.1-12.8%) in 2016.Conclusions/SignificanceWhile the absolute number of dengue case notifications cannot be relied upon as a measure of endemicity, the age-distribution of reported dengue cases provides valuable insights into the underlying nature of transmission. Our estimates from yearly and average annual case notification data represent the first detailed estimates of dengue transmission intensity in Jakarta’s subdistricts, which will be important to consider when assessing the population-level impact and cost-effectiveness of potential control and prevention programmes in Jakarta province, such as the controlled release of Wolbachia-carrying mosquitoes and vaccination.
Integrated single-cell potency and expression landscape in mammary epithelium reveals novel bipotent-like cells associated with breast cancer risk
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. , Morabito Samuel J , Kessenbrock Kai , Meyer Kerstin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe identification of progenitor and stem like cells in epithelial tissues, as well as those that may serve as the cell of origin for epithelial cancers, is an outstanding challenge. Here we present a novel algorithm, called LandSCENT, which constructs a 3-dimensional integrated landscape of cell-states, encompassing cell-potency and expression subtypes, to facilitate the identification of progenitor and stem-like cells. Application to thousands of single-cell RNA-Seq profiles from the normal mammary epithelium reveals a rare 5% subpopulation of highly potent single-cells. The integrated landscape naturally predicts that these cells define a bi-potent-like state, a result not obtainable via standard methods or without invoking prior assumptions. The bi-potent-like cells are overrepresented within the basal compartment but also overlap with an immature luminal phenotype. We characterize the transcriptome of these cells and show that is enriched for a mammary stem-cell module. We further identifyYBX1, a regulator of breast cancer risk identified from GWAS, as the key transcription factor defining this candidate bi-potent cellular phenotype. We validate the putative bi-potency ofYBX1-marked cells using independent FACS-sorted bulk expression data. In addition,YBX1is overexpressed in basal breast cancer and correlates with clinical outcome. In summary, we here provide a novel computational framework which may serve to identify and prioritize candidate normal or cancer progenitor/stem-like single-cell phenotypes, for subsequent functional studies.
Collection development procedure adopted for acquisition of EIRs across agricultural libraries of northern India
Authors: Bhat Nazir Ahmad , Ganaie Shabir Ahmad 
Published: December 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the change(s) brought about by the advent of electronic information resources in the overall collection development process across agricultural libraries of northern India.

Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted in 2015 by using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. The investigator also interacted with the librarians through telephone and also availed the e-mail service for required correspondence.

FindingsThere is a major change in the identification, selection and acquisition procedures across agricultural libraries of northern India, as the majority of these libraries are seen to adhere to an onsite demo of products and services, as the publishers/vendors to set online trial for ample of time before any decision is taken. The libraries are also seen to take advantage of e-mail correspondence to identify, select and acquire best possible information products against utmost economical costs. The responsibility of identifying and selecting the required items devolves mainly with scientists/subject experts, whereas the requisitions of students and suggestions of library staff are comparatively taken as lesser cognisance, while executing this job Library advisory committee is the most prominent authority responsible for final approval of the purchase of e-resources, while “Heads of Divisions” also play a considerable role in this regard.

Research limitations/implicationsOnly seven agricultural libraries have been taken as a sample. Moreover, the work is confined to only four aspects, i.e. the identification, selection and acquisition procedures adopted and the authorities responsible for carrying out the job. Other aspects like that of adoption of proper collection development; policy and the criteria used for selection; and acquisition of information also need to be studied. Similar studies need to be conducted in other parts of India and also across libraries of other domains of knowledge.

Originality/valueThis is a first work of its nature in northern India with its domain as agricultural libraries. The findings will help the librarians and the library advisory committees to decide on logical grounds about the identification, selection and acquisition procedures adopted at present and look forward for bringing about the uniformity and improvement in the process and make changes in the policy to make room for efficient acquisition of information resources.
Can’t take the heat? Climate and foreign subsidiary locations
Authors: Budde-Sung Amanda , Peacock Tanya A. 
Published: December 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to build upon climato-economic theory to investigate the issue of climate’s effect on foreign expansion and location choice.Design/methodology/approachThis empirical paper looks at foreign subsidiary location through the lens of the climato-economic theory. To do this, the study uses a balanced data set, looking at foreign expansion before, during and after the global financial crisis of US multinational firms. A multilevel step-wise regression is used to look at climate, culture and economic effects on foreign location choice.FindingsThe findings suggest that US multinational enterprises tend to have fewer foreign subsidiaries in countries with extreme climates, and they prefer locations with warmer climates, avoiding locations with colder climates, although they gravitate toward locations with less sunshine. Climate emerges as an important factor in location choice, with greater weighting than other factors, including economic and cultural factors in times of economic calm, but the weightings of the factors change during times of economic crisis.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the global business literature by extending the climate-economic theory to macro levels affecting the firm. The paper is the first to look specifically at how climate affects foreign subsidiary location.