bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
التعاون الدولي في مواجهة جرائم الإنترنت
Authors: العكلة وسام الدين محمد 
Published: December 2018

في بداية الستينيات ظهرت شبكة الإنترنت لاستعمالها في أغراض غير تجارية ، ثم تطورت بشكل مذهل خلال السنوات الأخيرة، فبعد أن كانت مجرد شبكة صغيرة أصبحت الآن تضم ملايين المستخدمين حول العالم ، وتحولت من مجرد شبكة بحث أكاديمي إلى بيئة متكاملة للاستثمار والعمل والإنتاج والإعلام والحصول على المعلومات .
وفي بداية تأسيس الشبكة لم يكن ثمة اهتمام بمسائل الأمن بقدر ما كان الاهتمام ببنائها وتوسيع نشاطها إلا أنَّه بعد إتاحة الشبكة للعموم بدأ يظهر على الوجود ما يسمى بالجرائم المعلوماتية على الشبكة أو بواسطتها، وهي جرائم تتميز بحداثة الأسلوب وسرعة التنفيذ وسهولة الإخفاء والقدرة على محو آثارها وتعدد صورها وأشكالها، إضافة إلى اتصافها بالعالمية وعبورها للحدود . وقد صاحب تطور شبكة الإنترنت وانتشارها الواسع والسريع ظهور العديد من المشاكل القانونية ، فظهر على الساحة القانونية مصطلح جديد عرف باسم " الفراغ القانوني لشبكة الإنترنت "، وإزاء ذلك كان لابد من تكاتف جهود الدول من أجل مكافحة هذا النوع المستحدث من الجرائم التي لم تعد تتمركز في دولة معينة ولا توجه إلى مجتمع بعينه بل أصبحت تعبر الحدود لتلحق الضرر بعدة دول ومجتمعات مستغلة التطور الكبير للوسائل التقنية الحديثة في الاتصالات وتعزيز التعاون بين هذه الدول واتخاذ تدابير فعالة للحد منها والقضاء عليها ومعاقبة مرتكبيها .
ولمواجهة الصعوبات التي تواجه التعاون الدولي في مكافحة جرائم الإنترنت كان لا بد من اتخاذ إجراءات سريعة تتمثل في تحديث التشريعات الوطنية المتعلقة بالجرائم المعلوماتية وجرائم الإنترنت وإبرام اتفاقيات (دولية، إقليمية، ثنائية) لمواجهة القصور في التشريعات والقوانين الحالية ، ومعالجة حالات تنازع القوانين والاختصاص القضائي وتحديث الإجراءات التحقيقية الجنائية بما يتناسب مع التطور الكبير الذي تشهده تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات ، وتأهيل القائمين على أجهزة تنفيذ القانون لتطوير معلوماتهم حول هذا النوع المستحدث من الجرائم
حاضنات الأعمال: مدخل المنظمات للتحول نحو الأداء الريادي دراسة لآراء عدد من العاملين في منظمات هيئة التعليم التقني بالموصل
Authors: علي عبد الستار محمد , محمد اثمار عبد الرزاق 
Published: December 2018

يكتسب هذا البحث أهميته من أهمية أهدافه ، التي تتمحور حول سعي الباحثان نحو التحقق من إمكانية الاعتماد على حاضنات الأعمال كمدخل لتحول أداء المنظمات بما يجعله رياديا، على نحو قد يعزز الدور الريادي للمنظمات في بيئتها ، وذلك في إطار الأخذ بالحسبان آراء عينة من العاملين في هيئة التعليم التقني بالموصل.
وبعد أن حدد الباحثان منهجية بحثهما بما يفيد في بلوغ أهدافه من جهة، وبلورة إطار نظري مناسب للتعريف بماهية كل من مفهومي حاضنات الأعمال والأداء الريادي بأبعادهما المختلفة، واللذان يعدّان من المواضيع التي تفتقر اليها المكتبة العراقية بحسب اطلاع الباحثين، لاسيما الأداء الريادي، الذي يمكن أن تعدّ هذه المحاولة بوصفها الأولى بخصوصه من جهة أخرى، عمدا في إلاطار الميداني لبحثهما الى تحليل جملة البيانات حول متغيري بحثهما ، والتي تم جمعها بواسطة استمارة استبيان خماسية المقياس .
وقد توصلا في ختام تحليلاتهما الى ما يساعد على اعتبار حاضنات الأعمال مدخل مهم في بلوغ الأداء الريادي للمنظمات.
وفي ضوء جملة ما توصلا إليه ، قدم الباحثان توصياتهما ، ولعل من أهمها التوصية الموجهة للمنظمات المبحوثة بصورة خاصة والمنظمات العراقية بصورة عامة لايلاء حاضنات الأعمال الاهتمام المناسب ، من خلال العمل على تأسيس حاضنات على النحو الذي أشارا إليه في إطار بحثهما النظري ، لعلها تسهم من خلال خدماتها في الارتقاء بالمنظمات العراقية بما يجعلها ريادية ليس في أسواقها المحلية فقط ، وإنما في الأسواق الأوسع من ذلك كالأسواق العربية والإسلامية ونحوها أيضا.
Use some probability amputated models to study the characteristics of health payments in the Iraqi Insurance Company
Authors: خماس قيس سبع , عبد الله ثائرة نجم 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Due to the lack of previous statistical study of the behavior of payments, specifically health insurance, which represents the largest proportion of payments in the general insurance companies in Iraq, this study was selected and applied in the Iraqi insurance company.
In order to find the convenient model representing the health insurance payments, we initially detected two probability models by using (Easy Fit) software:
First, a single Lognormal for the whole sample and the other is a Compound Weibull for the two Sub samples (small payments and large payments), and we focused on the compound model in some detail in terms of drafting and its importance. With the application of the state of amputation in both the fact that the specific health payments from the top by two million diners in this company.
Both models Parameters were estimated using the maximum likelihood method (MLE) and the use of style (Newton - Raphson) to find these estimates. And then compare between models using standard (MSE). Was reached in general that the compound model is better than a single model in the representation of payments.
ANALISIS DAN EVALUASI SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS PARIWISATA PROPINSI PAPUA
Authors: Widiastono Ari , Angriani Liza 
Published: December 2018

Propinsi Papua mempunyai banyak sekali obyek wisata antara lain obyek wisata alam, wisata sejarah, wisata budaya, wisata minat khusus, wisata kuliner, wisata olah raga, wisata belanja, dan wisata bahari. Namun kurangnya informasi menyebabkan wisatawan tidak mengetahui adanya tempat-tempat wisata yang menarik dan indah. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, salah satunya dapat menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) untuk mengetahui titik lokasi obyek dan daya tarik wisata di Propinsi Papua. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah Kuesioner. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Website Dinas Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Propinsi Papua sudah cukup memadai tetapi masih ada kekurangan yang perlu diperbaiki dalam pengembangan sebuah website yang interaktif. struktur menu pada website perlu diperbaharui karena kurangnya menu utama website ini berupa menu wisata yang terdiri dari wisata bahari, wisata alam, wisata budaya, wisata kuliner, dan wisata sejarah serta Tempat/Objek Wisata favorit untuk dipajang di Website untuk memberikan banyak informasi pada masyarakat tentang pariwisata di Propinsi Papua.
Magnetic helicity and prospects for its observation in the interstellar medium
Authors: Stepanov R A , Sokoloff D D 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Magnetic helicity is one of the integrals of nonviscous flows in magnetohydrodynamics that determines the number of linkages of magnetic field lines in a medium. It is among a number of helicities that characterize the degree of mirror asymmetry of velocity and magnetic fields. The helicities play a crucial role in driving the generation of large-scale magnetic fields in stars and spiral galaxies. Until recently, measurements of various helicities were based on astronomical observations of the Sun’s active regions, but not in the Sun’s deep layers where the solar dynamo is operative. Galaxies are transparent to some extent and are therefore very attractive in this sense for observing the helicity of its magnetic field. Theoretical advances and the first successful attempts at such observations are reviewed.
Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging: new frontiers and possibilities in human imaging
Authors: Zubkov M A , Andreychenko A E , Kretov E I , Solomakha G A , Melchakova I V , Fokin V A , Simovski C R , Belov P A , Slobozhanyuk A P 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Increasing the strength of the static magnetic field is the main trend in modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of humans. Performing MRI in ultrahigh fields (7 T or more) involves many effects both enhancing and diminishing the image quality, and some effects previously unobservable in weaker fields. We review the main impacts of using ultrahigh fields in human MRI, including new challenges and the solutions proposed. We also discuss new magnetic-resonance scan methods that were unavailable with lower field strength (below 7 T).
Worldwide research productivity in nuclear medicine literature
Authors: Lei Jixiao , Yu Peng , Xu Baixuan , Wang Ruimin , Shen Zhihui , Jia Zhiwei , Tian Jiahe 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Aim: This study aimed to assess the quantity and quality of papers published in subspecialty nuclear medicine journals and provide an overview of worldwide research activity carried out in the field of nuclear medicine. Methods: Papers published in subspecialty nuclear medicine journals between 2008 and 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The number of papers and citations were used to evaluate the quantity and quality of the articles. The correlation between the research productivity of different countries and their population size and gross domestic product (GDP) were analyzed. Results: There were 12,861 articles published in these journals between 2008 and 2017. A rapidly increasing trend was observed in the number of articles published per year (p < 0.001). The United States published the largest proportion of papers (23.22 %) followed by Germany (9.94 %), Japan (9.46 %), Italy (6.53 %), and China (6.36 %). The United States had the highest number of total citations. The number of articles from different countries had a significant correlation with their population size and GDP (p < 0.01). Switzerland had the highest mean citations (23.66) followed by the Netherlands (23.54), and Germany (22.77). However, the Netherlands was first (42.43) followed by Denmark (32.89) and Switzerland (31.79) when adjustments for population size were made. When adjustments for GDP were made, the Netherlands was again the leader (82.91) followed by Denmark (69.49) and Greece (61.77). Conclusions: There has been a significant increase in nuclear medicine research over the last decade. The United States is the leader of worldwide research productivity. However, when population and GDP are taken into consideration, certain smaller countries in Europe exhibit performed better.
Monitoring AGNs with Hβ Asymmetry. I. First Results: Velocity-resolved Reverberation Mapping
Authors: Du Pu , Brotherton Michael S. , Wang Kai , Huang Zheng-Peng , Hu Chen , Kasper David H. , Chick William T. , Nguyen My L. , Maithil Jaya , Hand Derek , Li Yan-Rong , Ho Luis C. , Bai Jin-Ming , Bian Wei-Hao , Wang Jian-Min ,   (MAHA Collaboration)
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We have started a long-term reverberation mapping (RM) project using the Wyoming Infrared Observatory 2.3 m telescope titled “Monitoring AGNs with Hβ Asymmetry” (MAHA). The motivations of the project are to explore the geometry and kinematics of the gas responsible for complex Hβ emission-line profiles, ideally leading to an understanding of the structures and origins of the broad-line region (BLR). Furthermore, such a project provides the opportunity to search for evidence of close binary supermassive black holes. We describe MAHA and report initial results from our first campaign, from 2016 December to 2017 May, highlighting velocity-resolved time lags for four active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with asymmetric Hβ lines. We find that 3C 120, Ark 120, and Mrk 6 display complex features different from the simple signatures expected for pure outflow, inflow, or a Keplerian disk. While three of the objects have been previously reverberation mapped, including velocity-resolved time lags in the cases of 3C 120 and Mrk 6, we report a time lag and corresponding black hole mass measurement for SBS 1518+593 for the first time. Furthermore, SBS 1518+593, the least asymmetric of the four, does show velocity-resolved time lags characteristic of a Keplerian disk or virialized motion more generally. Also, the velocity-resolved time lags of 3C 120 have significantly changed since previously observed, indicating an evolution of its BLR structure. Future analyses of the data for these objects and others in MAHA will explore the full diversity of Hβ lines and the physics of AGN BLRs.
zfourge: Extreme 5007 Å Emission May Be a Common Early-lifetime Phase for Star-forming Galaxies at z > 2.5
Authors: Cohn Jonathan H. , Leja Joel , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Forrest Ben , Johnson Benjamin D. , Tillman Megan , Alcorn Leo , Conroy Charlie , Glazebrook Karl , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Kelson Daniel D. , Nanayakkara Themiya , Papovich Casey , van Dokkum Pieter G. , Yuan Tiantian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Using the Prospector spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code, we analyze the properties of 19 extreme emission-line galaxies (EELGs) identified in the bluest composite SED in the zfourge survey at 2.5 ≤ z ≤ 4. Prospector includes a physical model for nebular emission and returns probability distributions for stellar mass, stellar metallicity, dust attenuation, and nonparametric star formation history (SFH). The EELGs show evidence of a starburst in the most recent 50 Myr, with the median EELG having a specific star formation rate (sSFR) of 4.6 Gyr−1 and forming 15% of its mass in this short time. For a sample of more typical star-forming galaxies (SFGs) at the same redshifts, the median SFG has an sSFR of 1.1 Gyr−1 and forms only 4% of its mass in the last 50 Myr. We find that virtually all of our EELGs have rising SFHs, while most of our SFGs do not. From our analysis, we hypothesize that many, if not most, SFGs at z ≥ 2.5 undergo an extreme Hβ+[O iii] emission-line phase early in their lifetimes. In a companion paper, we obtain spectroscopic confirmation of the EELGs as part of our MOSEL survey. In the future, explorations of uncertainties in modeling the UV slope for galaxies at z > 2 are needed to better constrain their properties, e.g., stellar metallicities.
Double-degenerate Carbon–Oxygen and Oxygen–Neon White Dwarf Mergers: A New Mechanism for Faint and Rapid Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Kashyap Rahul , Haque Tazkera , Lorén-Aguilar Pablo , García-Berro Enrique , Fisher Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) originate from the thermonuclear explosion of carbon–oxygen white dwarfs (CO WDs), giving rise to luminous optical transients. A relatively common variety of subluminous SNe Ia events, referred to as SNe Iax, are believed to arise from the failed detonation of a CO WD. In this paper, we explore failed detonation SNe Ia in the context of the double-degenerate channel of merging WDs. In particular, we have carried out the first fully three-dimensional simulation of the merger of a ONe WD with a CO WD. While the hot, tidally disrupted carbon-rich disk material originating from the CO WD secondary is readily susceptible to detonation in such a merger, the ONe WD primary core is not. This merger yields a failed detonation, resulting in the ejection of a small amount of mass, and leaving behind a kicked, super-Chandrasekhar ONe WD remnant enriched by the fallback of the products of nuclear burning. The resulting outburst is a rapidly fading optical transient with a small amount of radioactive 56Ni powering the light curve. Consequently, the ONe-CO WD merger naturally produces a very faint and rapidly fading transient, fainter even than the faintest Type Iax events observed to date, such as SN 2008 ha and SN 2010ae. More massive ONe primaries than considered here may produce brighter and longer-duration transients.
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Study of nearby Seyfert Galaxies: Implications for a Population of “Missed” Seyferts at High-z
Authors: Xia Junjie , Malkan Matthew A. , Ross Nathaniel R. , Ancheta Agnes J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present mosaicked long-slit spectral maps of 18 nearby Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), 2 LINERs, and 4 star-forming galaxies. With the resulting data cubes taken using the Kast dual spectrograph on the 3 m Shane telescope of the Lick Observatory, we measure the aperture effects on the spectroscopic classification of AGNs. With more starlight included in a larger aperture, the nuclear spectrum that is Seyfert-like may become contaminated. We generated standard spectroscopic classification diagrams in different observing apertures. These show quantitatively how the ensemble of Seyferts migrates toward the H ii region classification when being observed with increasing aperture sizes. But the effect ranges widely in individual active galaxies. Some of the less luminous Seyferts shift by a large amount, while some others barely move or even shift in different directions. We find that those Seyfert galaxies with the fraction of nuclear Hα emission lower than 0.2 of the host galaxy, 2–10 keV hard X-ray luminosity lower than 1043 erg s−1, and the observed nuclear [O iii] luminosity lower than 1040.5 erg s−1, are more likely to change activity classification type when the entire host galaxy is included. Overall, 4 of our 24 galaxies (18 Seyferts) change their spectral activity classification type when observed with a very large aperture.
Estimate of the Accretion Disk Size in the Gravitationally Lensed Quasar HE 0435–1223 Using Microlensing Magnification Statistics
Authors: Fian C. , Mediavilla E. , Jiménez-Vicente J. , Muñoz J. A. , Hanslmeier A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present a measurement of the accretion disk size of the quadruple lensed quasar HE 0435–1223 from well-sampled 13-year COSMOGRAIL optical light curves. Using accurate time delays for the images A, B, C, and D, we modeled and removed the intrinsic quasar variability, and found microlensing events of amplitude up to 0.6, 0.4, and 0.5 mag in the images A, C, and D, respectively. From the statistics of microlensing magnifications in these images we use Bayesian methods to estimate the size of the quasar accretion disk. We have inferred the half-light radius for the accretion disk using two different methods,

lt-days (histogram product) and

lt-days (χ
2 criterion). The results are self-consistent and in good agreement with the continuum size predicted by single-epoch spectroscopy and previous studies making use of narrowband photometry of HE 0435–1223.
The Massive and Distant Clusters of WISE Survey. IV. The Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei in Galaxy Clusters at z ∼ 1
Authors: Mo Wenli , Gonzalez Anthony , Stern Daniel , Brodwin Mark , Decker Bandon , Eisenhardt Peter , Moravec Emily , Stanford S. A. , Wylezalek Dominika 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present an analysis of the radial distribution of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in 2300 galaxy clusters from the Massive and Distant Clusters of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Survey (MaDCoWS). MaDCoWS provides the largest coverage of the extragalactic sky for a cluster sample at z ∼ 1. We use literature catalogs of AGNs selected via optical, midinfrared (MIR), and radio data, and by optical-to-MIR (OIR) color. Stacking the radial distribution of AGNs within the 6′ of the centers of MaDCoWS galaxy clusters, we find a distinct overdensity of AGNs within 1′ of the galaxy cluster center for AGNs of all selection methods. The fraction of red galaxies that host AGNs as a function of clustercentric distance is, however, dependent on the AGN selection. The fraction of red galaxies in cluster environments that host AGNs selected by optical signatures or blue OIR color is at a deficit compared to the field, whereas MIR-selected and red OIR color AGNs are enhanced in the centers of clusters when compared to field levels. The radio-selected AGN fraction is more than 2.5 times that of the field, implying that the centers of clusters are conducive to the triggering of radio emission in AGNs. We do not find a statistically significant change in the AGN fraction as a function of cluster richness. We also investigate the correlation of central radio activity with other AGNs in galaxy clusters. Clusters with radio activity have more central AGNs than do radio-inactive clusters, implying that central cluster radio activity and AGN triggering may be linked.
Gaia-DR2 Confirms VLBA Parallaxes in Ophiuchus, Serpens, and Aquila
Authors: Ortiz-León Gisela N. , Loinard Laurent , Dzib Sergio A. , Kounkel Marina , Galli Phillip A. B. , Tobin John J. , II Neal J. Evans , Hartmann Lee , Rodríguez Luis F. , Briceño Cesar , Torres Rosa M. , Mioduszewski Amy J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present Gaia-DR2 astrometry of a sample of YSO candidates in Ophiuchus, Serpens Main, and Serpens South/W40 in the Aquila Rift, which had been mainly identified by their infrared excess with Spitzer. We compare the Gaia-DR2 parallaxes against published and new parallaxes obtained from our Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) program Gould’s Belt Distances Survey. We obtain consistent results between Gaia and the VLBA for the mean parallaxes in each of the regions analyzed here. We see small offsets, when comparing mean values, of a few tens of microarcseconds in the parallaxes, which are either introduced by the Gaia zero-point error or due to a selection effect by Gaia toward the brightest, less obscured stars. Gaia-DR2 data alone conclusively places Serpens Main and Serpens South at the same distance, as we first inferred from VLBA data alone in a previous publication. Thus, Serpens Main, Serpens South, and W40 are all part of the same complex of molecular clouds, located at a mean distance of 436 ± 9 pc. In Ophiuchus, both Gaia and VLBA suggest a small parallax gradient across the cloud, and the distance changes from 144.2 ± 1.3 to 138.4 ± 2.6 pc when going from L1689 to L1688.
Fermer Caen sous Henri IV et Louis XIII : les fortifications des Petits Prés
Authors: Faisant Étienne 
Published: December 2018

Telle qu’elle avait été fortifiée au milieu du xiv e siècle, Caen était formée de deux ensembles seulement reliés par un pont et entre lesquels s’avançait la prairie. La conservation de cette ville étant essentielle face à la Ligue, Henri IV ordonna en 1592 la construction de nouvelles défenses remédiant à cette faille qui la rendait particulièrement vulnérable. Le roi approuva un premier projet visant à construire une courtine et trois grands bastions pour mettre en sécurité son côté occidental. La décision des échevins de ne pas dépenser plus que les nouvelles recettes que leur avait accordées le souverain imposa toutefois de limiter les constructions, qui étaient loin d’être terminées lorsque survint la paix. Repris en 1608, les travaux se poursuivirent jusqu’en 1620, notamment sous l’impulsion du maréchal d’Ancre. Si le troisième bastion prévu fut très vite abandonné et si le projet initial fut modifié, fut ainsi élevé un grand ensemble bastionné dont subsistent quelques vestiges et qui a conditionné le développement ultérieur de la ville.
La lutte contre le duel en Normandie sous l’Ancien Régime
Authors: Ygouf Ivan 
Published: December 2018

Le duel, à son apogée au xvii e siècle, est la cible d’interdictions dès le règne d’Henri III. La province de Normandie le proscrit en 1583, néanmoins, les faits de duel sont rares dans les archives judiciaires : le parlement de Rouen comme les bailliages de son ressort n’en ont que rarement connaissance. Le duel n’est pourtant pas absent des écrits du for privé ou des interrogatoires relatifs au privilège de Saint-Romain, qui permettent d’entrevoir la difficulté à traiter judiciairement du duel, un crime aisé à maquiller et à taire. Coincée entre de fréquentes rémissions et des peines trop lourdes pour être appliquées, la répression du duel est vaine et peu dissuasive. Face à cette situation, la Normandie apparaît comme un des terreaux du mouvement abolitionniste : clercs et laïcs s’organisent pour faire cesser le duel du point d’honneur. Organisés en confréries, en mission dans toute la province, religieux et gentilshommes font jurer des serments anti-duel dans les campagnes. Ces initiatives essaiment ensuite dans le reste du royaume de manière réticulaire, autour des individus les plus impliqués dans la Réforme catholique au Grand Siècle, dont Gaston de Renty et Jean Eudes.