bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient and Stable Planar n‐i‐p Perovskite Solar Cells with Negligible Hysteresis through Solution‐Processed Cu2O Nanocubes as a Low‐Cost Hole‐Transport Material
Authors: Elseman Ahmed Mourtada , Selim Mohamed S. , Luo Lie , Xu Cun Yun , Wang Gang , Jiang Yi , Liu De Bei , Liao Li Ping , Hao Zhifeng , Song Qun Liang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOrganic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached certified efficiencies of over 23 % with expensive organic hole‐transporting materials. However, the use of an inorganic hole‐transport layer (HTL) remains crucial as it would reduce cost combined with higher mobility and stability. In this direction, the application of Cu2O as the top layer in PSCs is still complicated owing to the difficulty of solution processing. Herein, a solution‐processing method is reported for preparing Cu2O nanocubes as a p‐type HTL in regular structure (n‐i‐p) PSCs. The controlled synthesis of Cu2O nanocubes in a size range of 60–80 nm is achieved without using any surfactants, which are usually toxic and tricky to remove. The new structure of these Cu2O nanocubes enhances the carrier mobility with preferable energy alignment to the perovskite layer and superb stability. The PSCs based on these Cu2O nanocubes HTMs could achieve an efficiency exceeding 17 % with high stability, whereas organic P3HT‐based PSCs display an efficiency of 15.59 % with a poorer running stability. This indicates that Cu2O nanocubes are a promising HTM for efficient and stable PSCs.
Performance analysis of nonorthogonal multiple access‐based underlay cognitive relay network
Authors: V. Aswathi , A.V. Babu 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper considers cooperative non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme in an underlay cognitive radio (CR) network. A single‐cell downlink cooperative NOMA system has been considered for the secondary network, consisting of a base station (BS) and two secondary users, ie, a far user and a near user. The BS employs NOMA signaling to send messages for the two secondary users where the near user is enabled to act as a half‐duplex decode‐and‐forward (DF) relay for the far user. We derive exact expressions for the outage probability experienced by both the users and the outage probability of the secondary system assuming the links to experience independent, nonidentically distributed Rayleigh fading. Further, we analyze the ergodic rates of both the users and the ergodic sum rate of the secondary network. The maximum transmit power constraint of the secondary nodes and the tolerable interference power constraint at the primary receiver are considered for the analysis. Further, the interference caused by the primary transmitter (PT) on the secondary network is also considered for the analysis. The performance of the proposed CR NOMA network has been observed to be significantly better than a CR network that uses conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme. The analytical results are validated by extensive simulation studies.
Energy harvesting, cooperative spectrum sensing, and data transmission improvement in energy‐efficient multichannel cognitive sensor networks
Authors: Najimi Maryam 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we investigate the energy harvesting capability in a multichannel wireless cognitive sensor networks for energy‐efficient cooperative spectrum sensing and data transmission. Spectrum sensors can cooperatively scan the spectrum for available channels, whereas data sensors transmit data to the fusion center (FC) over those channels. We select the sensing, data transmission, and harvesting sensors by setting the sensing time, data transmission time, and also harvesting time to maximize the network data transmission rate and improve the total energy consumption in the multichannel network under global probability of false alarm and global probability of detection constraints. We formulate our optimization problem and employ the convex optimization method to obtain the optimal times and nodes for spectrum sensing, data transmission, and harvesting energy in each subchannel for multiband cognitive sensor networks. Simulation results show that in our proposed algorithm, the network data transmission rate is improved while more energy is saved compared with the baseline methods with equal sensing time in all subchannels.
Rapid improvements in emotion regulation predict eating disorder psychopathology and functional impairment at 6‐month follow‐up in individuals with bulimia nervosa and purging disorder
Authors: MacDonald Danielle E. , Trottier Kathryn 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe previously demonstrated that early improvements in access to emotion regulation strategies during the first 4 weeks of intensive cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)‐based eating disorder (ED) treatment predicted a range of post‐treatment outcomes. This follow‐up article examines whether early improvements in access to emotion regulation strategies continue to predict good treatment outcomes at 6 months post‐treatment.MethodParticipants were 76 patients with bulimia nervosa or purging disorder who participated in the original study and the 6‐month follow‐up assessment. Hierarchical regression models were used to examine whether early improvements in emotion regulation strategies predicted 6‐month follow‐up outcomes.ResultsAfter controlling relevant covariates and rapid and substantial behavior change, greater early improvements in access to emotion regulation strategies during the first 4 weeks of intensive treatment predicted lower overall ED psychopathology and ED‐related functional impairment 6 months after treatment. They did not predict abstinence from binge, vomit, and laxative use behaviors during the follow‐up period.DiscussionIndividuals who learn early in treatment that they can use skills to more effectively regulate emotions have better treatment outcomes on some variables 6 months after treatment. Teaching emotion regulation skills in the first phase of CBT for ED may be beneficial, particularly for individuals with baseline difficulties.
Eating disorder symptoms across the weight spectrum in Australian adolescents
Authors: Hughes Elizabeth K. , Kerr Jessica A. , Patton George C. , Sawyer Susan M. , Wake Melissa , Le Grange Daniel , Azzopardi Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveDespite known associations between eating disorders and obesity, little is known about the current prevalence of symptoms of eating disorders across the weight spectrum. This study therefore aimed to estimate the population prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in relation to weight status in adolescents.MethodThe sample comprised 3,270 participants (14–15 years; 52% boys) drawn from Wave 6 of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) were assessed using self‐report on the Branched Eating Disorder Test. This measure identifies clinically significant symptoms in the past 3 months according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Using study‐derived cross‐sectional population weights, the prevalence of each symptom was estimated for the total population and by sex and weight status.ResultsThe estimated population prevalence was high (14.3–25.7%) for body image symptoms such as fear of weight gain and overvaluation of body weight but lower (0.5–3.7%) for behavioral symptoms such as binge eating and compensatory behaviors. Symptoms were more prevalent among adolescents with overweight or obesity. Although most symptoms tended to have higher prevalence among girls than boys, boys with obesity had higher prevalence of binge eating and excessive exercise than girls with obesity. The overall estimated population prevalence for AN and BN was 0.20% and 0.10%, respectively.DiscussionThe study highlights a need for clinicians to be cognizant of disordered eating behaviors regardless of weight status and has implications for both eating disorder and obesity prevention and intervention.
Convergent vegetation fog and dew water use in the Namib Desert
Authors: Wang Lixin , Kaseke Kudzai Farai , Ravi Sujith , Jiao Wenzhe , Mushi Roland , Shuuya Titus , Maggs‐Kölling Gillian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNonrainfall water inputs (e.g., fog and dew) are the least studied hydrological components in ecohydrology. The importance of nonrainfall waters on vegetation water status in arid ecosystems is receiving increasing attention. However, a clear understanding on how common plant water status benefits from nonrainfall waters, the impacts of different types of fog and dew events on vegetation water status, and the vegetation uptake mechanisms of nonrainfall waters is still lacking. In this study, we used concurrent leaf and soil water potential measurements from 3 years to investigate the species‐specific capacity to utilize moisture from fog and dew within the Namib Desert. Eight common plant species in the Namib Desert were selected. Our results showed that both fog and dew significantly increased soil water potential. Seven of the eight plant species studied responded to fog and dew events, although the magnitude of the response differed. Plants generally showed stronger responses to fog than to dew. Fog timing seemed to be an important factor determining vegetation response; for example, night fog did not affect plant water potential. We also found that Euclea pseudebenus and Faidherbia albida likely exploit fog moisture through foliar uptake. This study provides a first comprehensive assessment of the effects of nonrainfall waters on plant water status within the Namib Desert. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of concurrent leaf and soil water potential measurements to identify the pathways of nonrainfall water use by desert vegetation. Our results fill a knowledge gap in dryland ecohydrology and have important implications for other drylands.
On the incremental singular value decomposition method to support unsteady adjoint‐based optimization
Authors: Vezyris Christos , Papoutsis‐Kiachagias Evangelos , Giannakoglou Kyriakos 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes and evaluates an approximation model based on an incremental Singular Value Decomposition (iSVD) algorithm, for unsteady flow field reconstructions, needed for integrating the unsteady adjoint equations backward in time, within a gradient‐based optimization loop. Due to the iSVD algorithm, the computational cost of solving the unsteady adjoint equations is reduced considerably, without practically affecting the accuracy of the computed gradient. Approximations to the unsteady flow fields are constructed while solving the time‐varying flow equations (moving forward in time) and used to reconstruct these fields during the backward‐in‐time integration of the continuous adjoint equations. Optimization results obtained using the proposed method are compared to those computed using the binomial checkpointing technique, which acts as the reference method. Test cases for both flow control and shape optimization problems are presented.
A high‐order parallel Eulerian‐Lagrangian algorithm for advection‐diffusion problems on unstructured meshes
Authors: Tavelli Maurizio , Boscheri Walter 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we present a high‐order discontinuous Galerkin Eulerian‐Lagrangian method for the solution of advection‐diffusion problems onstaggered unstructured meshesin two and three space dimensions. The particle trajectories are tracked backward in time by means of ahigh‐orderrepresentation of the velocity field and a linear mapping from the physical to a reference system, hence obtaining a very simple and efficient strategy that permits to follow the Lagrangian trajectories throughout the computational domain. The use of an Eulerian‐Lagrangian discretization increases the overall computational efficiency of the scheme because it is the only explicit method for the discretization of convective terms that admits large time steps without imposing a Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy–type stability condition. This property is fully exploited in this work by relying on asemi‐implicitdiscretization of the incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations, in which the pressure is discretized implicitly; thus, the sound speed does not play any role in the restriction of the maximum admissible time step. The resulting mild Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy stability condition, which is based only on the fluid velocity, is here overcome by the adoption of the Eulerian‐Lagrangian method for the advection terms and an implicit scheme for the diffusive part of the governing equations. As a consequence, the novel algorithm is able to run simulation with a time step that is defined by the user, depending on the desired efficiency and time scale of the physical phenomena under consideration. Finally, a completeMessage Passing Interface parallelizationof the code is presented, showing that our approach can reach up to 96% of scaling efficiency.
Schwann cell plasticity‐roles in tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and disease
Authors: Stierli Salome , Imperatore Valerio , Lloyd Alison C 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHow tissues are maintained over a lifetime and repaired following injury are fundamental questions in biology with a disruption to these processes underlying pathologies such as cancer and degenerative disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that each tissue has a distinct mechanism to maintain homeostasis and respond to injury utilizing different types of stem/progenitor cell populations depending on the insult and/or with a contribution from more differentiated cells that are able to dedifferentiate to aid tissue regeneration. Peripheral nerves are highly quiescent yet show remarkable regenerative capabilities. Remarkably, there is no evidence for a classical stem cell population, rather all cell‐types within the nerve are able to proliferate to produce new nerve tissue. Co‐ordinating the regeneration of this tissue are Schwann cells (SCs), the main glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. SCs exist in architecturally stable structures that can persist for the lifetime of an animal, however, they are not postmitotic, in that following injury they are reprogrammed at high efficiency to a progenitor‐like state, with these cells acting to orchestrate the nerve regeneration process. During nerve regeneration, SCs show little plasticity, maintaining their identity in the repaired tissue. However, once free of the nerve environment they appear to exhibit increased plasticity with reported roles in the repair of other tissues. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying the homeostasis and regeneration of peripheral nerves and how reprogrammed progenitor‐like SCs have broader roles in the repair of other tissues with implications for pathologies such as cancer.
Sibling astrocytes share preferential coupling via gap junctions
Authors: Gutiérrez Yolanda , García‐Marques Jorge , Liu Xinhe , Fortes‐Marco Lluis , Sánchez‐González Rebeca , Giaume Christian , López‐Mascaraque Laura 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAstrocytes are organized as communicating cellular networks where each cell is connected to others via gap junctions. These connections are not pervasive and there is evidence for the existence of subgroups composed by preferentially connected cells. Despite being unclear how these are established, we hypothesized lineage might contribute to the establishment of these subgroups. To characterize the functional coupling of clonally related astrocytes, we performed intracellular dye injections in clones of astrocytes labeled with the StarTrack method. This methodology revealed sibling astrocytes are preferentially connected when compared to other surrounding astrocytes. These results suggest the role of the developmental origin in the organization of astrocytes as intercellular networks.
After the peak water: the increasing influence of rock glaciers on alpine river systems
Authors: Brighenti Stefano , Tolotti Monica , Bruno Maria Cristina , Engel Michael , Wharton Geraldene , Cerasino Leonardo , Mair Volkmar , Bertoldi Walter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman‐accelerated climate change is quickly leading to glacier‐free mountains, with consequences for the ecology and hydrology of alpine river systems. Water origin (i.e., glacier, snowmelt, precipitation, and groundwater) is a key control on multiple facets of alpine stream ecosystems, because it drives the physico‐chemical template of the habitat in which ecological communities reside and interact and ecosystem processes occur. Accordingly, distinct alpine stream types and associated communities have been identified. However, unlike streams fed by glaciers (i.e., kryal), groundwater (i.e., krenal), and snowmelt/precipitation (i.e., rhithral), those fed by rock glaciers are still poorly documented. We characterized the physical and chemical features of these streams and investigated the influence of rock glaciers on the habitat template of alpine river networks. We analysed two subcatchments in a deglaciating area of the Central European Alps, where rock glacier‐fed, groundwater‐fed, and glacier‐fed streams are all present. We monitored the spatial, seasonal, and diel variability of physical conditions (i.e., water temperature, turbidity, channel stability, and discharge) and chemical variables (electrical conductivity, major ions, and trace element concentrations) during the snowmelt, glacier ablation, and flow recession periods of two consecutive years. We observed distinct physical and chemical conditions and seasonal responses for the different stream types. Rock glacial streams were characterized by very low and constant water temperatures, stable channels, clear waters, and high concentrations of ions and trace elements that increased as summer progressed. Furthermore, one rock glacier strongly influenced the habitat template of downstream waters due to high solute export, especially in late summer under increased permafrost thaw. Given their unique set of environmental conditions, we suggest that streams fed by thawing rock glaciers are distinct river habitats that differ from those normally classified for alpine streams. Rock glaciers may become increasingly important in shaping the hydroecology of alpine river systems under continued deglaciation.
A review of health‐related outcomes from community pharmacist interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Barefield Kimberly L. , DeBellis Heather F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCurrently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death in the world and is predicted to be the third leading cause by the year 2020. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the expanding role of community pharmacists in the detection and management of patients with COPD. Pharmacists in the community setting can improve outcomes in patients with COPD by minimizing risk factors through smoking cessation interventions, prevention of disease by evaluating immunization history and early detection by providing spirometry. In addition, these pharmacists are well‐positioned for initiating medication therapy management (MTM) services, reducing noncompliance by counseling on proper medication use to ensure adherence and correct inhalation technique, as well as participating in transition of care. There is evidence that pharmacists can support other health care professionals with appropriate treatment recommendations, reducing overall direct and indirect health care costs. In summary, medications are an important tool in managing COPD, with adherence being critically important for these patients, and community pharmacists are an accessible health care professional able to perform needed medication and wellness related interventions that can improve patient outcomes.
Non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor levels among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants at the time of HIV PCR testing – findings from a tertiary healthcare facility in Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Mazanderani Ahmad Haeri , Murray Tanya Y , Sherman Gayle G , Snyman Tracy , George Jaya , Avenant Theunis , Goga Ameena E , Pepper Michael S , du Plessis Nicolette 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionTo date, very little programmatic data has been published regarding serial antiretroviral (ARV) levels in infants exposed to maternal treatment and/or infant prophylaxis during the first months of life. Such data provide the opportunity to describe the proportion of infants exposed to virologically suppressive levels of ARVs and to gauge adherence to the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme.MethodsFrom August 2014 to January 2016, HIV‐exposed infants born at Kalafong Provincial Tertiary Hospital in Pretoria, South Africa were enrolled as part of an observational cohort study. Plasma samples from HIV‐exposed uninfected infants were obtained at birth, 6‐weeks, 10‐weeks and 14‐weeks of age and quantitative efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP) drug level testing performed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, irrespective of maternal ARV regimen. Descriptive analysis of EFV and NVP levels in relation to self‐reported maternal and infant ARV exposure was performed. EFV levels >500 ng/mL and NVP levels >100 ng/mL were reported based on studies suggesting that trough levels above these thresholds are associated with virological suppression and PMTCT respectively.ResultsAmong 66 infants exposed to maternal EFVin utero, 29 (44%) had virologically suppressive plasma EFV levels at birth, with a median level of 1665 ng/mL (IQR: 1094 to 3673). Among infants who were exclusively breastfed at 6‐, 10‐ and 14 weeks, 13/48 (27%), 5/25 (25%) and 0/21 (0%) had virologically suppressive EFV levels. Among 64 infants whose mothers reported administering daily infant NVP at time of their 6‐week HIV PCR test, only 45 (70%) had NVP levels above the minimum prophylactic trough level.ConclusionsDuring the first 10‐weeks after delivery, a quarter of breastfed infants born to women on an EFV‐containing treatment regimen maintained virologically suppressive EFV plasma levels. This finding highlights the importance of both careful monitoring of ARV side effects and repeat HIV PCR after the first few months of life among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants. As 30% of infants had inadequate NVP plasma levels at 6‐weeks of age, adherence counselling to caregivers regarding infant prophylaxis needs to be enhanced to further reduce mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV.
Characterization of gelatinase produced by Antarctic Mrakia sp.
Authors: Yuivar Yassef , Alcaino Jennifer , Cifuentes Victor , Baeza Marcelo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the present study, 20 psychrotolerant yeast species isolated from the soils of King George Island in the sub‐Antarctic region were evaluated for the production of extracellular gelatinase, an enzyme with high potential for applications in diverse areas, such as food and medicine. The production of extracellular gelatinase was confirmed in the yeasts Metschnikowia sp., Leucosporidium fragarium, and Mrakia sp., the last one being the yeast in which the highest gelatinase activity was detected. The enzyme was purified from cultures of Mrakia sp., and the effect of different physical–chemical factors on its activity was determined. The gelatinase produced by Mrakia sp. would correspond to a protein of relative molecular weight (rMW) 37,000, which displayed the highest activity at 36°C, pH 7.0, 10 mM CaCl
2, and 5 mM ZnSO
4.