bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and ultrastructure of the tropical sponge Cladocroce caelum (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae)
Authors: Da Hora Jéssica , Cavalcanti Fernanda Fernandes , Lanna Emilio 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe main characteristic of sponges (Porifera) is the presence of the aquiferous system—a system formed by canals and choanocyte chambers, in which the sponges carry out most of their physiological functions. Despite of the importance for the biology of the group, the knowledge about this structure is still incipient, even when morphological investigations are taken in account. Here, we investigated the anatomy and ultrastructure of the tropical demosponge Cladocroce caelum (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae) using light and electron microscopy. In the studied region, specimens of this species were repent or repent‐branched, possessing one to several oscula. A uniform and reduced atrium was found just below each osculum. There was a thin ectosome and the choanosome presented meager mesohyl, but a high number of choanocyte chambers. The choanocyte chambers were rounded, and, as in other haplosclerids, they are found separated from the mesohyl by endopinacocytes, “hanging” in the inhalant canals. Even though the utility of the general organization of the aquiferous system has been advocated as a possible tool to understand the phylogeny of the group, we found that these characters might not be as useful as expected. The size of the particles ingested by the sponge and the amount of bacteria to sustain their bodies are discussed. In addition, we found that the density of choanocyte chambers was reduced when the specimens were carrying out the spermatogenesis, indicating that the reproduction may impair the filtering activity of the sponge. Our findings consist in a first step to better comprehend the physiology, development, and adaptation to the environmental conditions where the species is found.
FRET‐based imaging of intracellular ATP in organotypic brain slices
Authors: Lerchundi Rodrigo , Kafitz Karl W. , Winkler Ulrike , Färfers Marcel , Hirrlinger Johannes , Rose Christine R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractActive neurons require a substantial amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to re‐establish ion gradients degraded by ion flux across their plasma membranes. Despite this fact, neurons, in contrast to astrocytes, do not contain any significant stores of energy substrates. Recent work has provided evidence for a neuro‐metabolic coupling between both cell types, in which increased glycolysis and lactate production in astrocytes support neuronal metabolism. Here, we established the cell type‐specific expression of the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) based nanosensor ATeam1.03YEMK (“Ateam”) for dynamic measurement of changes in intracellular ATP levels in organotypic brain tissue slices. To this end, adeno‐associated viral vectors coding for Ateam, driven by either the synapsin‐ or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter were employed for specific transduction of neurons or astrocytes, respectively. Chemical ischemia, induced by perfusion of tissue slices with metabolic inhibitors of cellular glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, resulted in a rapid decrease in the cellular Ateam signal to a new, low level, indicating nominal depletion of intracellular ATP. Increasing the extracellular potassium concentration to 8 mM, thereby mimicking the release of potassium from active neurons, did not alter ATP levels in neurons. It, however, caused in an increase in ATP levels in astrocytes, a result which was confirmed in acutely isolated tissue slices. In summary, our results demonstrate that organotypic cultured slices are a reliable tool for FRET‐based dynamic imaging of ATP in neurons and astrocytes. They moreover provide evidence for an increased ATP synthesis in astrocytes, but not neurons, during periods of elevated extracellular potassium concentrations.
Bio‐Based Hybrid Magnetic Latex Particles Containing Encapsulated γ ‐Fe2O3 by Miniemulsion Copolymerization of Soybean Oil‐Acrylated Methyl Ester and Styrene
Authors: Medeiros Anderson M. M. S. , Machado Fabricio , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie , Rubim Joel C. , McKenna Timothy F. L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis work reports the use of acrylated fatty acid methyl ester (AFAME) as a biomonomer for the synthesis of bio‐based hybrid magnetic particles poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME)/γ‐Fe2O3 produced by miniemulsion polymerization. Poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME)/γ‐Fe2O3 can be tailored for use in various fields by varying the content of AFAME. The strategy employed is to encapsulate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as γ‐Fe2O3 into a styrene/AFAME‐based copolymer matrix. Raman spectroscopy is employed to ensure the formation of the SPIONs (γ‐Fe2O3) obtained by a co‐precipitation technique followed by oxidation of Fe3O4. The functionalization of SPIONs with oleic acid (OA) is carried out to increase the SPIONs–monomer affinity. The presence of OA on the surface of γ‐Fe2O3 is certified by identification of main absorption bands by fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal analysis (differential thermogravimetry/differential thermo analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) results of poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME)/γ‐Fe2O3 show an increase in AFAME content leading to a lower copolymer glass transition temperature (T
g). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements result in poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME)/γ‐Fe2O3 particles with diameter in the range of 100–150 nm. It is also observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo‐TEM techniques that γ‐Fe2O3 particles are successfully encapsulated into the poly(styrene‐co‐AFAME) matrix.
E‐band Indium Phosphide double heterojunction bipolar transistor monolithic microwave‐integrated circuit power amplifier based on stacked transistors
Authors: Squartecchia Michele , Johansen Tom K. , Dupuy Jean‐Yves , Nodjiadjim Virginie , Midili Virginio , Riet Muriel , Konczykowska Agnieszka 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA monolithic microwave‐integrated circuit 2‐stage power amplifier (PA) realized in indium phosphide double heterojunction bipolar transistor technology is presented in this article. The 2‐ and 3‐stacked transistors are used in the driver and power stages, respectively. As a mean to increase the output power capabilities, 2‐ and 4‐way corporate power combiners are implemented in coplanar waveguide technology. The fabricated PA exhibits a small‐signal gain of 13.6 dB at 77 GHz and a 3‐dB bandwidth ranging from 74 to 86 GHz. At 78 GHz, the saturated output power is >19.6 dBm.
Energy dependence of a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter for HDR192Ir brachytherapy source
Authors: Hashimoto Shimpei , Nakajima Yujiro , Kadoya Noriyuki , Abe Kota , Karasawa Katsuyuki 
Published: December 2018

PurposeWe determined correction factors for absorbed dose energy dependence and intrinsic energy dependence for measurements of absorbed dose to water around an 192Ir source using a radiophotoluminescent glass dosimeter (RPLD) calibrated with a 4‐MV photon beam.MethodsThe ratio of the absorbed dose to the water and the average absorbed dose to RPLD for the 192Ir beam relative to the same ratio in a 4 MV photon beam defines the absorbed dose energy dependence and was determined at distances of 2–10 cm (at intervals of 1 cm) from the 192Ir source in a water phantom using the egs_chamber user code. The RPLD was calibrated to measure absorbed dose to water, Dw, in a 4 MV photon beam using an ionization chamber, which was also used to measure absorbed dose to water, Dw, in a water phantom using the 192Ir source. The detector response radiophotoluminescence (RPL signal per average absorbed dose in the detector) in the 192Ir beam relative to that in the 4 MV photon beam (the relative intrinsic efficiency) was determined experimentally. Finally, the beam quality correction factor was obtained as the quotient between the absorbed dose energy dependence and the relative intrinsic efficiency and corrects for the difference between the beam quality Q0 used at calibration and the beam quality Q used in the measurements.ResultsThe relative dose ratio of the average absorbed dose to water relative to RPLD ranged from 0.930 to 0.746, and the beam quality correction factor ranged from 0.999 to 0.794 for distances of 2–10 cm from the 192Ir source. The relative detector response to an 192Ir source and a 4‐MV photon beam was 0.930, and it did not vary significantly with distance.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that corrections for absorbed dose energy dependence and intrinsic energy dependence are required when using an RPLD to measure with sources different from the reference source providing the primary calibration.
Von der Jahrmarktattraktion zur Energiequelle: Kohlenstoffnitride
Authors: Schlomberg Hendrik , Podjaski Filip , Kroeger Julia , Lotsch Bettina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEin zweidimensionales Kohlenstoffnitrid speichert Sonnenenergie über viele Stunden. Es eignet sich für künstliche Photosynthese, denn Licht‐ und Dunkelreaktion lassen sich voneinander trennen. Das ermöglicht, Brennstoffe wie Wasserstoff zeitverzögert freizusetzen. Auf eine Elektrode aufgebracht wirkt das Material als solare Batterie.
Mit Schwefelsäure von Graphit zu Graphen
Authors: Eigler Siegfried 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBislang war unklar, wie Graphit Schwefelsäuremoleküle einschließt und zu Graphitsulfat reagiert. Dies haben Chemiker nun mit Ab‐initio‐Moleküldynamiksimulationen geklärt. Soll aus Graphitsulfat wieder Graphen entstehen, entscheiden Korngröße und Schichtfolge, ob und wie gut dies funktioniert.
Vom Reagenzglas in die Zelle
Authors: Ziener Ulrich , Barth Holger 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOligo‐ und Polythiophene sind selbstorganisierende Moleküle und eignen sich je nach Substituenten, Strukturänderungen etwa in DNA sichtbar zu machen. Sie sind ein Beispiel dafür, wie sich der Weg maßgeschneiderter Reportermoleküle in Zellen verfolgen lässt.
Beryllium – so giftig wie gedacht?
Authors: Buchner Magnus R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMit Beryllium arbeiten ist Tod auf Raten, so die landläufige Meinung von Chemikern. Aber das stimmt nicht: Selbst, wer Berylliumstäube inhaliert, erkrankt nicht zwangsläufig an Berylliose. Ausschlaggebend ist das jeweilige Immunsystem. Derzeit wird erforscht, was genau im Körper mit Berylliumverbindungen passiert.
Spannung im Dunkelfeld
Authors: Evers Mathies V. , Wonner Kevin , Tschulik Kristina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften werden Nanopartikel inzwischen in Alltagsprodukten eingesetzt. Dabei ist etwa bei Metallnanopartikeln unklar, wie sie sich chemisch verhalten und wie sie abgebaut werden – und das nicht nur in komplexen Systemen wie Blut oder Oberflächengewässern, sondern auch in einfacher chloridhaltiger Lösung.
Umweltanalytik: Smoke on the Water: Rußpartikel aus Schiffen
Authors: Czech Hendryk , Orasche Jürgen , Miersch Toni , Stengel Benjamin , Buchholz Bert , Streibel Thorsten , Zimmermann Ralf 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSchiffsemissionen tragen in Küstengebieten erheblich zur Luftverschmutzung bei. Neben Schwefeldioxid und Stickoxiden belasten Rußpartikel die Umwelt. Thermooptische Kohlenstoffanalyse gekoppelt mit Photoionisationsmassenspektrometrie trägt dazu bei, deren molekulare Zusammensetzung aufzuklären.
Pharmaindustrie: Die Lücke überbrücken
Authors: Lanthaler Werner 
Published: December 2018

AbstractArbeitsteilung steigert die Produktivität. In Forschung und Entwicklung teilen sich Hochschule und Industrie die Arbeit bisher aber kaum; das geistige Eigentum war den Unternehmern lange Zeit heilig. Das ändert sich, denn Innovation lässt sich nicht patentieren. Das Beispiel Medikamentenentwicklung.
Tatort Labor – eine chemische Spurensuche
Authors: Ruschewitz Uwe , Smets Daniel , Henneken Heike , van de Sand Markus 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChemische Reaktionen sind wichtige Werkzeuge für die Kriminologie, um Verbrechen und Straftaten aufzuklären – warum, zeigte im Juli 2018 die Sommerakademie des Departments für Chemie der Universität Köln. 10 Schülerinnen und 6 Schüler der Oberstufe, bewusst nicht nur aus Leistungskursen ausgewählt, hatten im zdi‐Schülerlabor1) der Universität Gelegenheit, eine Woche lang Reaktionen aus der Forensik nachzustellen und die Chemie dahinter zu verstehen. Zdi steht für Zukunft durch Innovation und ist eine Initiative für den Mint‐Nachwuchs in Nordrhein‐Westfalen.
27. Bioorganik‐Nachwuchssymposium in Bochum
Authors: Merten Christian , Apfel Ulf‐Peter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMitte September gastierte die 27. Ausgabe des jährlich stattfindenden Nachwuchswissenschaftler‐Symposiums Bioorganische Chemie an der Universität Bochum. Bei dem dreitägigen Treffen präsentierten 23 Nachwuchsgruppenleiter sowie drei Doktoranden ihre Arbeiten und erweiterten ihr wissenschaftliches Netzwerk. Organisiert hatten die Veranstaltung Ulf‐Peter Apfel und Christian Merten.
Photokatalyse: Für bessere Luft in der Stadt
Authors: Thüsing Anne , Hartmann Jens 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSind Fahrverbote die einzige Lösung für das Stickoxidproblem in Großstädten? Experten aus Wissenschaft, Bauwirtschaft, Verkehr und Städteplanung diskutieren über photokatalytisch aktive Baustoffe, die die Luft verbessern sollen.
Chemische Reaktionen mit der Wärmebildkamera betrachtet
Authors: Bohrmann‐Linde Claudia , Kleefeld Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDas menschliche Auge kann nicht direkt wahrnehmen, wie bei chemischen Reaktionen und physikalischen Prozessen die Wärme fließt. Sichtbar und damit anschaulich macht solche Vorgänge eine Wärmebildkamera, wie sie beispielsweise bei der Gebäudesanierung eingesetzt wird.
4. Internationale Tagung „Bimetallic Complexes“
Authors: Prosenc Marc Heinrich , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon , Kappes Manfred 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDer interdisziplinäre Sonderforschungsbereich Kooperative Effekte in homo‐ und heterometallischen Komplexen veranstaltete Mitte Oktober am Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) die vierte internationale Conference on Bimetallic Complexes. An der zweitägigen Veranstaltung beteiligten sich 120 Teilnehmer aus der ganzen Welt mit Vorträgen und Postern sowie anschließenden Diskussionen. Organisiert hatte die Konferenz der Cosprecher des Sonderforschungsbereichs, Manfred Kappes (KIT).
Is the S2N2ring a singlet diradical? Critical analysis of alternative valence bond descriptions
Authors: Penotti Fabio E. , Cooper David L. , Karadakov Peter B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRival valence bond (VB) descriptions are investigated for theπ‐electron systems of the sulfur‐nitrogen rings S2N2and S4N42+near equilibrium geometry. The lowest‐energy compact spin‐coupled generalized VB (SCGVB) descriptions are provided by variational optimization of two configurations that are found to be symmetry related to one another. Optimization instead of symmetry‐pure single‐configuration SCGVB wave functions introduces three‐center SNS or NSN orbitals, which seem to be an unnecessary complication. For neither system is much achieved by mixing competing solutions. Breathing orbital VB (BOVB) calculations for S2N2confirm NN singlet diradical character to be more important than SS singlet diradical character, but the largest contribution (ca. 60%) comes from the symmetry‐determined linear combination of four symmetry‐equivalent structures that lack any obvious diradical character. Much the same pattern was consistently found using a simple but robust projection of various SCGVB descriptions for S2N2onto the basis of BOVB structures (plus an orthogonal complement).
River Reach Restored by Dam Removal Offers Suitable Spawning Habitat for Endangered Shortnose Sturgeon
Authors: Johnston Catherine , Zydlewski Gayle Barbin , Smith Sean , Zydlewski Joseph , Kinnison Michael T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe lowermost dam on the Penobscot River, Maine, was removed in 2013, making new habitat available for migratory fish. There is no evidence that endangered Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum have spawned in the Penobscot River in recent years, but dam removal has facilitated access to potential freshwater habitat essential for spawning. Spawning success also depends on the quality of the available habitat. We sought to describe the distribution and amount of suitable spawning habitat in the first 5‐km reach upstream of the removed dam. Previously collected river elevation and bottom substrate data were used to create two‐dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the reach for spring discharge levels ranging from 310 to 1,480 m3/s using the program River2D. Simulations were validated and adjusted using field‐collected data. Suitable spawning habitat was predicted based on literature‐informed suitability curves of depth, velocity, and bottom substrate. Between 41% and 63% of the study area offered usable spawning habitat, depending on river discharge. Velocity was the most limiting characteristic to overall suitability at all modeled discharges. Embeddedness was minimal at suitable sites. Based on the habitat characteristics considered, the newly accessible reach of the Penobscot River could support Shortnose Sturgeon spawning, offering critical habitat for this endangered species.
Genome mining reveals uncommon alkylpyrones as type III PKS products from myxobacteria
Authors: Hug Joachim J , Panter Fabian , Krug Daniel , Müller Rolf 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) are comparatively small homodimeric enzymes affording natural products with diverse structures and functions. While type III PKS biosynthetic pathways have been studied thoroughly in plants, their counterparts from bacteria and fungi are to date scarcely characterized. This gap is exemplified by myxobacteria from which no type III PKS-derived small molecule has previously been isolated. In this study, we conducted a genomic survey of myxobacterial type III PKSs and report the identification of uncommon alkylpyrones as the products of type III PKS biosynthesis from the myxobacterial model strain Myxococcus xanthus DK1622 through a self-resistance-guided screening approach focusing on genes encoding pentapetide repeat proteins, proficient to confer resistance to topoisomerase inhibitors. Using promoter-induced gene expression in the native host as well as heterologous expression of biosynthetic type III PKS genes, sufficient amounts of material could be obtained for structural elucidation and bioactivity testing, revealing potent topoisomerase activity in vitro.
Estimation of Natural Radionuclides and Exhalation Rate in Surface Soils of Four Districts of Haryana, India
Authors: Panghal Amanjeet , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Suneel , Singh Joga , Singh Parminder , Bajwa B. S. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
A comprehensive study is conducted to determine the elemental concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K in surface soil samples collected from four well-populated districts of central part of Haryana, India. NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometer is used for measurement of 238U, 232Th and 40K in soil samples and SMART RnDuo is used for estimation of exhalation rate in soil samples. Average values of activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K are 27.9 ± 6.0 Bqkg−1, 34.0 ± 6.6 Bqkg−1 and 306.9 ± 15.9 Bqkg−1, respectively. Radium equivalent activity is lower than the recommended limits with an average value of 97.98 Bqkg−1. Absorbed dose rates in air outdoors, effective dose rates for indoor and outdoor, internal and external hazard index, radium equivalent activities and annual effective dose are measured in soil sample of the study area. A weak positive correlation is observed between radionuclides and exhalation rate.
Geology and Active Tectonics of the Lalmai Hills, Bangladesh – An Overview from Chittagong Tripura Fold Belt Perspective
Authors: Khan Md. Sharif Hossain , Hossain Md. Sakawat , Uddin Md. Azim 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
The Lalmai Hills is a low amplitude anticline with significant variations in landforms, situated along the western fringe of the Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt (CTFB) and immediate east of the Indo-Burmese deformation front. This fold belt of the Bengal Basin along with more easterly Indo-Burman Range (IBR) developed as a consequence of the oblique collision between Indian and Burmese plates. This neotectonic activity is still continuing and shaping the geomorphology of the area. This study is conducted based on the geomorphological observation of the topo maps and satellite images, and through reconnaissance field work. Stream length gradient index (SL Index) and Mountain front sinuosity (Smf) reveals the relative status of tectonic activity. Anomalous SL index values confirm the position of the sympathetic minor faults and also relate to the local stratigraphy. A 2D structural model based on the seismic section reveals thrusts controlled wedge-shape upliftment of the central part as pop-up anticlinal structure. The western thrust is the direct result of the collision of the Indian and Burmese plates, and the eastern one is the back thrust of the western fault. Low Smf value found in the western flank signifies recent tectonics and relatively high Smf value in the eastern flank indicates that weathering intensity is relatively greater compared to western flank. Finally, the findings not only enhanced the understanding of geomorphic evolution and active tectonics of the Lalmai Hills area but also the overall tectonic and geomorphic evolution of the western most folded part of the CTFB.
The Spatial Distribution of CBM Systems under the Control of Structure and Sedimentation: The Gujiao Block as an Example
Authors: Wang Gang , Qin Yong , Xie Yiwei , Shen Jian , Wang Boyang , Du Liqiang , Guo Jingwei 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT
A multilayer coal bed methane system with a complex superimposed relationship developed vertically in the Gujiao block. Taking the cumulative thickness of mudstone between neighbouring coal seams and open faults as object of research, the key strata for the division of different CBM systems was defined. The connection of an open fault for the fluid pressure system and the spatial distribution of the CBM system were analysed. The results showed that the porosity of compact mudstone is extremely low. When the mudstone thickness of the roof and floor increases, the gas content increases. Taking the Lijiashe and Wangzhimao faults as the boundary lines, the fluid pressure gradient between the Shanxi and Taiyuan formations is less than 0.08 MPa /100 m in the northern fracture zone, such as the Zhenchengdi, the Xiqu, the Tunlan, and the northern Dongqu well fields. The vertical gas units of different strata may belong to the same CBM system. The structure is simple in the southern Lijiashe fault. The vertical gas units in the southern Lijiashe fault belong to different CBM systems. Combined with the minimum thickness of the mudstone layer (2 m) and coal seam (0.5 m) standards, the spatial distribution of CBM systems was analysed.