bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik und Therapie bei krebskranken Kindern mit Fieber und Neutropenie – Vergleich zweier aktueller Leitlinien
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Groll Andreas , Agyeman Philipp , Ammann Roland , Attarbaschi Andishe , Behrends Uta , Berger Christoph , Hamprecht Axel , Hufnagel Markus , Laws Hans-Jürgen , Scheler Max , Temme Christian , Vieth Simon , Simon Arne 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungKrebskranke Kinder und Jugendliche haben aufgrund der Beeinträchtigung ihres Immunsystems ein erhöhtes Risiko für Infektionen. Die Neutropenie ist der wichtigste Risikofaktor für infektiöse Komplikationen, und Fieber in der Neutropenie stellt einen pädiatrischen Notfall dar. Während für Erwachsene mit Fieber in der Neutropenie bereits seit langem Leitlinien existieren, finden sich eigene Leitlinien für Kinder und Jugendliche erst seit wenigen Jahren. Sie sind von Bedeutung, da pädiatrische Patienten sich von Erwachsenen in vielen Punkten wie Grunderkrankung, Komorbidität sowie verfügbare Arzneimittel unterscheiden. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die wichtigsten Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede der jüngst erschienenen interdisziplinären Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI) und Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) sowie einer Leitlinie eines internationalen Expertenpanels für Kinder mit Fieber und Neutropenie herausgearbeitet und diskutiert.
Olive leaf extract prevents cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis of STR/ort mice
Authors: Takuma Maruyama , Haruka Kamihama , Mutsuto Watanabe , Toshiki Matsuo , Kenshiro Matsuda , Akane Tanaka , Hiroshi Matsuda , Yoshihiro Nomura 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The chondroprotective effect of olive leaf extract (OLE) on knee osteoarthritis (OA) was studied with STR/ort mice (n = 5). OLE was administrated with a dosage of 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks and the OA severity score of hind limb knee joints was then measured. The Mankin scores of the knee joints of the non-OA control group, OA control group and OLE-treated group were 3.50, 11.13 and 7.20, respectively. This suggests that oral OLE supplements help prevent cartilage degeneration in STR/ort mice. In vitro, the synthesis of high molecular weight hyaluronan in synovial cells (HIG-82) was increased by OLE stimulation. This suggests that OLE modulates hyaluronan metabolism in synovial cells and improves OA symptoms. Our findings indicate that OLE intake inhibits cartilage destruction by increasing high molecular weight hyaluronan and thus preventing OA progress.
Two approaches to 14,15-secoergostane intermediates for the synthesis of strophasterols
Authors: Fukuda Yuki , Sato Shuntaro , Ogura Yusuke , Kuwahara Shigefumi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Two protected 14,15-secoergostane derivatives suitable as pivotal intermediates for the synthesis of strophasterols A and B, anti-MRSA and neuronal cell-protecting natural products bearing a recently discovered strophastane skeleton, have been synthesized by two different routes. The first approach employed an oxidative cleavage of an α-hydroxy ketone intermediate with the Jones reagent as the key step to reach the targeted secoergostane from ergosterol in ten steps. In the second approach, an unprecedented reaction cascade composed of four reactions enabled us to obtain the secoergostane more efficiently in six steps.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil With Pyrethroids, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fourteen treatments were applied 28 Jul for control of second generation ABW at the Rutland Country Club, Rutland, VT. The target life stage was adults and young larvae. Plots were 3.5 X 6 ft separated by a 1 ft buffer. Sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 1000 ft2. Granules were applied with a salt shaker. Plots were rated 22 Aug by removing 3 (0.1 ft2) plugs per plot and counting live larvae and pupae in the laboratory. Counts were converted to larvae per ft2. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 79.2°F; wind, calm; sky, haze; soil temperature 77.1°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch; soil pH, 5.4; slope, 2%; soil texture, sandy loam, sand 67%, silt 30%, clay 3%; soil moisture, 24.9%; post treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch, daily irrigation.
AGORA: organellar genome annotation from the amino acid and nucleotide references
Authors: Jung Jaehee , Kim Jong Im , Jeong Young-Sik , Yi Gangman 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Summary
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have led to the accumulation of high-throughput sequence data from various organisms in biology. To apply gene annotation of organellar genomes for various organisms, more optimized tools for functional gene annotation are required. Almost all gene annotation tools are mainly focused on the chloroplast genome of land plants or the mitochondrial genome of animals. We have developed a web application AGORA for the fast, user-friendly and improved annotations of organellar genomes. Annotator for Genes of Organelle from the Reference sequence Analysis (AGORA) annotates genes based on a basic local alignment search tool (BLAST)-based homology search and clustering with selected reference sequences from the NCBI database or user-defined uploaded data. AGORA can annotate the functional genes in almost all mitochondrion and plastid genomes of eukaryotes. The gene annotation of a genome with an exon–intron structure within a gene or inverted repeat region is also available. It provides information of start and end positions of each gene, BLAST results compared with the reference sequence and visualization of gene map by OGDRAW.

Availability and implementation
Users can freely use the software, and the accessible URL is https://bigdata.dongguk.edu/gene_project/AGORA/. The main module of the tool is implemented by the python and php, and the web page is built by the HTML and CSS to support all browsers.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Length of Local Cohomology in Positive Characteristic and Ordinarity
Authors: Bitoun Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Let D be the ring of Grothendieck differential operators of the ring R of polynomials in d ≥ 3 variables with coefficients in a perfect field of characteristic p. We compute the D-module length of the 1st local cohomology module ${H^{1}_{f}}(R)$ with respect to a polynomial f with an isolated singularity, for p large enough. The expression we give is in terms of the Frobenius action on the top coherent cohomology of the exceptional fibre of a resolution of the singularity. Our proof rests on a tight closure computation of Hara. Since the above length is quite different from that of the corresponding local cohomology module in characteristic zero, we also consider a characteristic zero D-module whose length is expected to equal that above, for ordinary primes.
Automatic recognition of self-acknowledged limitations in clinical research literature
Authors: Kilicoglu Halil , Rosemblat Graciela , Malički Mario , ter Riet Gerben 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Objective
To automatically recognize self-acknowledged limitations in clinical research publications to support efforts in improving research transparency.

Methods
To develop our recognition methods, we used a set of 8431 sentences from 1197 PubMed Central articles. A subset of these sentences was manually annotated for training/testing, and inter-annotator agreement was calculated. We cast the recognition problem as a binary classification task, in which we determine whether a given sentence from a publication discusses self-acknowledged limitations or not. We experimented with three methods: a rule-based approach based on document structure, supervised machine learning, and a semi-supervised method that uses self-training to expand the training set in order to improve classification performance. The machine learning algorithms used were logistic regression (LR) and support vector machines (SVM).

Results
Annotators had good agreement in labeling limitation sentences (Krippendorff’s α = 0.781). Of the three methods used, the rule-based method yielded the best performance with 91.5% accuracy (95% CI [90.1-92.9]), while self-training with SVM led to a small improvement over fully supervised learning (89.9%, 95% CI [88.4-91.4] vs 89.6%, 95% CI [88.1-91.1]).

Conclusions
The approach presented can be incorporated into the workflows of stakeholders focusing on research transparency to improve reporting of limitations in clinical studies.
Medical Students Have Limited Awareness, Knowledge, Beliefs, and Experiences of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention
Authors: Imp Brandon , Allen Elaine , Volk Jonathan , Bhowmick Tanaya ,   PrEP Medical Student Research Group
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
While studies of healthcare professionals have shown increasing awareness, knowledge, positive beliefs, and prescribing practices of emtricitabine/tenofovir pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention, PrEP is still underutilized in clinical practice. PrEP knowledge is associated with increased prescription so early education of healthcare professionals is recommended, but the extent of PrEP education in medical school is unknown. In this analysis, we describe medical students’ awareness, knowledge, beliefs, and experiences regarding PrEP.

Methods
Medical students at 18 US allopathic medical schools completed a survey on knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of PrEP in May–June 2016. Knowledge was assessed with a 10-question quiz on PrEP facts. No incentives to complete the survey were offered. Data were summarized by frequency (%) for categorical variables and with means (SD) for continuous variables. Chi-squared tests were used to examine differences between knowledge of PREP and other categorical variables.

Results
The study population (N = 1588) included women (53%), non-Caucasians (27%), and non-heterosexuals (15%). Median age was 25 (range 21–53). Forty-eight home states, including D.C., and 21 home countries were represented. 18% of fourth-year students were never taught about PrEP in medical school, compared with 40% of first-year students (P &lt; 0.001). Overall, 28% of students were unaware of PrEP. Those unaware believed patients without HIV will not adhere to PrEP (P &lt; 0.001). Awareness was associated with knowing someone with HIV besides a patient and experience caring for HIV-infected, intravenous drug-using, and LGBTQ people (P &lt; 0.001). Higher knowledge scores were associated with confidence in determining a patient’s candidacy for PrEP and, for third- and fourth-year students, having recommended PrEP in the clinical setting (P &lt; 0.001). Overally, 57% believed that behavioral intervention should be tried before prescribing PrEP, 45% believed that patients would not adhere to PrEP, and 22% worried that PrEP is not effective.

Conclusion
We show in an 18-site study that medical students have limited awareness, knowledge, positive beliefs, and experiences of PrEP. Given these findings and the underutilization of PrEP by current practitioners, we recommend increasing the inclusion of PrEP in medical student education.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative bacilli Prosthetic Joint Infection: A Worrisome Scenario
Authors: Ribeiro Taiana , Klautau Giselle , Salles Mauro ,   Infectology Santa Casa-SP
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
The spectrum of the microbial etiology of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) is changing, with a higher occurrence of Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) nowadays. In Latine America, GNB infections are usually caused by strains that produce multiple resistance mechanisms, making antimicrobial treatment increasingly difficult, especially for these biofilm-associated infections. We aimed to demonstrate the higher frequency of PJIs caused by GNB.

Methods
We performed a retrospective observational study with adult patients with a diagnosis of knee and hip PJIs. Patients included were submitted to an exchange of total hip and knee prostheses between September 2010 and December 2016, in two brazilian hospitals. It was included only patients with microbial diagnosis performed using either sonication fluid cultures of retrieved implant and conventional tissue cultures of periprosthetic tissues. The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) definition was used to establish the diagnosis of PJIs. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms were defined as acquired resistance to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories.

Results
Were included 130 adult patients with a median age of 65.5 years, in which 60% were female. Infected hip arthroplasty was more frequent than knee infections (69% vs. 31%) and 61% were classified as late infection according to Zimmerli’s classification. One hundred twenty-three microorganisms were isolated on the tissue and sonication fluid culture. Despite the Coagulase-negative Staphylococci was the predominant microorganism (35%), Gram-negative bacilli had an expressive frequency of 30% of positivity on culture. Amongst them, 23% showed resistance to carbapenens and 38% were MDR-bacteria. The predominant microorganism was Pseudomonas spp., followed by Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp. and Serratia marcescens. There was no statistical difference on the resistance profile of the GNB isolated on tissue and sonicate fluid culture.

Conclusion
We have shown an alarming high frequency of MDR-Gram-negative bacilli PJIs in two Brazilian centers, performing microbial diagnosis using sonication and tissue cultures.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatits C Virus Coinfection in Spain: Elimination Is Feasible, but the Burden of Residual Cirrhosis Will Be Significant
Authors: Berenguer Juan , Jarrín Inmaculada , Pérez-Latorre Leire , Hontañón Víctor , Vivancos María J , Navarro Jordi , Téllez María J , Guardiola Josep M , Iribarren José A , Rivero-Juárez Antonio , Márquez Manuel , Artero Arturo , Morano Luis , Santos Ignacio , Moreno Javier , Fariñas María C , Galindo María J , Hernando María A , Montero Marta , Cifuentes Carmen , Domingo Pere , Sanz José , Domíngez Lourdes , Ferrero Oscar L , De la Fuente Belén , Rodríguez Carmen , Reus Sergio , Hernández-Quero José , Gaspar Gabriel , Pérez-Martínez Laura , García Coral , Force Lluis , Veloso Sergio , Losa Juan E , Vilaró Josep , Bernal Enrique , Arponen Sari , Ortí Amat J , Chocarro Ángel , Teira Ramón , Alonso Gerardo , Silvariño Rafael , Vegas Ana , Geijo Paloma , Bisbe Josep , Esteban Herminia , González-García Juan ,   GeSIDA 8514 Study Group
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
We assessed the prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV-Abs) and active HCV infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Spain in 2016 and compared the results with those of similar studies performed in 2002, 2009, and 2015.

Methods
The study was performed in 43 centers during October–November 2016. The sample was estimated for an accuracy of 2% and selected by proportional allocation and simple random sampling. During 2016, criteria for therapy based on direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) were at least significant liver fibrosis, severe extrahepatic manifestations of HCV, and high risk of HCV transmissibility.

Results
The reference population and the sample size were 38904 and 1588 patients, respectively. The prevalence of HCV-Abs in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 60.8%, 50.2%, 37.7%, and 34.6%, respectively (P trend &lt;.001, from 2002 to 2015). The prevalence of active HCV in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 54.0%, 34.0%, 22.1%, and 11.7%, respectively (P trend &lt;.001). The anti-HCV treatment uptake in 2002, 2009, 2015, and 2016 was 23.0%, 48.0%, 59.3%, and 74.7%, respectively (P trend &lt;.001). In 2016, HCV-related cirrhosis was present in 7.6% of all HIV-infected individuals, 15.0% of patients with active HCV, and 31.5% of patients who cleared HCV after anti-HCV therapy.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that with universal access to DAA-based therapy and continued efforts in prevention and screening, it will be possible to eliminate active HCV among HIV-infected individuals in Spain in the short term. However, the burden of HCV-related cirrhosis will continue to be significant among HIV-infected individuals.
Williams and Morrone misunderstand and inadvertently support my argument: Mexico’s SNI systematically steers ecological research
Authors: Neff Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My recent publication highlighting the unintended steering influences of publication incentives on the research agenda of Mexican ecological scientists elicited a vehement critique from two renowned Mexican ecologists, Williams and Morrone. The argument I advance is that Mexico’s National System of Researchers (SNI) unintentionally steers ecological researchers away from the knowledge needs of local, national, and regional users of scientific knowledge and relinquishes research priority-setting to individuals and institutions disconnected from Mexico’s knowledge needs. Rather than engaging with the substance of argument, these critics focus on what they believe to be factual errors. In their response, Williams and Morrone effectively but unintentionally confirm the premise, mechanism, and indeed the key factual claims in my article. I stand behind my analysis as published.
A young man with visual disturbances and a mild headache
Authors: Walker Jerimiah D. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Headaches are common presenting complaints in EDs throughout the United States. Most are benign and should be treated symptomatically. Certain historical risk factors and physical examination findings increase the likelihood of a secondary cause of headache and warrant further investigation with neuroimaging. Gross visual field testing is a critical component of the physical examination and should not be overlooked as a potential manifestation of a neurologic deficit. This article describes a patient whose headache and unilateral vision loss prompted neuroimaging that uncovered a pilocytic astrocytoma.
The Tanzanian assistant medical officer
Authors: Rick Tara J. , Moshi Doreen D. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Tanzania, in East Africa, has one of the lowest numbers of physician per population in the world, especially in rural areas where most people live. To address this shortage, assistant medical officers (AMOs) were developed in the 1960s. AMOs are trained in an abbreviated medical school program, work independently, remain the highest-trained practitioners in rural practice, and provide most emergency surgical obstetric care in nonurban settings. Although information on AMOs is limited, no evidence has emerged that their patient care outcomes differ from physicians. These healthcare professionals, similar to physician assistants, have expanded access to care in severely underserved areas of the country. With a growing demand for contemporary healthcare and stretched service delivery, more research is needed on the ameliorating effect AMOs have on Tanzanian healthcare, especially as the country considers converting AMO training programs to medical school programs.
The Importance and Quantification of Plutonium Binding in Human Lungs
Authors: Birchall Alan , Puncher Matthew , Hodgson Alan , Tolmachev Sergei Y. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that the main risk arising from exposure to plutonium aerosols is lung cancer, with other detrimental effects in the bone and liver. A realistic assessment of these risks, in turn, depends on the accuracy of the dosimetric models used to calculate doses in such studies. A state-of-the-art biokinetic model for plutonium, based on the current International Commission on Radiological Protection biokinetic model, has been developed for this purpose in an epidemiological study involving the plutonium exposure of Mayak workers in Ozersk, Russia. One important consequence of this model is that the lung dose is extremely sensitive to the fraction (f
b) of plutonium, which becomes bound to lung tissue after it dissolves. It has been shown that if just 1% of the material becomes bound in the bronchial region, this will double the lung dose. Furthermore, f
b is very difficult to quantify from experimental measurements. This paper summarizes the work carried out thus far to quantify f
b. Bayesian techniques have been used to analyze data from different sources, including both humans and dogs, and the results suggest a small, but nonzero, fraction of < 1%. A Bayesian analysis of 20 Mayak workers exposed to plutonium nitrate suggests an f
b between 0 and 0.3%. Based on this work, the International Commission on Radiological Protection is currently considering the adoption of a value of 0.2% for the default bound fraction for all actinides in its forthcoming recommendations on internal dosimetry. In an attempt to corroborate these findings, further experimental work has been carried out by the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries. This work has involved direct measurements of plutonium in the respiratory tract tissues of workers who have been exposed to soluble plutonium nitrate. Without binding, one would not expect to see any activity remaining in the lungs at long times after exposure since it would have been cleared by the natural process of mucociliary clearance. Further supportive study of workers exposed to plutonium oxide is planned. This paper ascertains the extent to which these results corroborate previous inferences concerning the bound fraction.
A Review of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam for the Treatment of Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens
Authors: Sebaaly Jamielynn , Woods Joseph Andrew , Wargo Kurt A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacterial infection is a serious and growing public health threat, in part due to limited treatment options. A novel cephalosporin and β-lactamase inhibitor, ceftolozane/tazobactam, has a broad spectrum of activity against MDR pathogens and is approved for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in combination with metronidazole and complicated urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. This article reviews published data on the clinical pharmacology, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and safety, and dosing and administration of ceftolozane/tazobactam. Searches of MEDLINE from January 2000 to April 2017 were conducted using the following keywords: ceftolozane, tazobactam, and ceftolozane tazobactam. Additional references were identified from a review of the retrieved articles' citations. Ceftolozane is active against organisms producing AmpC β-lactamases and MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The addition of tazobactam enhances activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing organisms. Data from phase III trials using ceftolozane/tazobactam for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infection and complicated urinary tract infections have yielded positive results. Ceftolozane/tazobactam has demonstrated noninferior or superior efficacy to comparators in clinical trials. It has a favorable safety profile and few drug-drug interactions. This novel combination agent has a role in treating MDR infections, particularly P. aeruginosa, although its use should be reserved for patients without other treatment options to limit the risk of resistance. Although case reports of successful treatment have been reported, further investigation is needed into the utility of ceftolozane/tazobactam for the treatment of bacteremia and pneumonia caused by MDR pathogens.