bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schismatoglottis and Apoballis (Araceae: Schismatoglottideae): A new example for the significance of pollen morphology in Araceae systematics
Authors: Ulrich Silvia , Hesse Michael , Bröderbauer David , Wong Sin Yeng , Boyce Peter C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPollen characters in Araceae accord well with recent DNA–based phylogenies, and here we provide a new example of “compass needle” quality in Araceae on the basis of two closely related genera, Schismatoglottis and Apoballis. All investigated Schismatoglottis pollen is psilate (smooth pollen surface) with calcium crystals covering the pollen surface. By contrast, pollen of species transferred to recently resurrected Apoballis (Apoballis acuminatissima and A. mutata) is distinctively echinate (spiny). A unique layer covers the endexine of Schismatoglottis, and the whole pollen surface of Apoballis. Our findings strongly suggest that ““Schismatoglottis” species with echinate pollen fall into the genus Apoballis. Moreover, all schismatoglottid taxa perform spathe movements during anthesis to control the movement of pollinators. The spathe movements of Apoballis acuminatissima clearly differ from those known in Schismatoglottis species, and indeed are so far unique for the entire family. This, together with differences in floral odour is strongly suggestive of differences in pollination ecology between the genera Schismatoglottis and Apoballis.
Phylogeny and a revised classification of the Chinese species of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Wang Nian , Milne Richard I. , Jacques Frédéric M.B. , Sun Bao-Ling , Zhang Chang-Qin , Yang Jun-Bo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe taxonomy of Nyssa (Nyssaceae) in China is confused and uncertain due to differing views about how many species should be recognized, and a scarcity of good morphological differential characters. In the present study, we examined 52 morphological characters from up to fifty accessions each of six of the seven species recognized in the Flora of China: N. yunnanensis, N. javanica, N. sinensis, N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis. Based on both principal coordinate analysis and UPGMA cluster analysis, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica were both morphologically distinct. However, accessions of N. sinensis, N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis were intermixed in both analyses and could not be discriminated from each other. Sequence data from nuclear ITS and the chloroplast regions trnH-psbA, rps16r-f, trnL-rps32F, trnS-G and trnL-F were used to further analyze the Nyssa species listed above, together with N. aquatica and N. sylvatica from North America. All analyses of the DNA data using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods strongly supported the monophyly of Nyssa. Within Nyssa, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica were resolved as sister species, which were genetically distinct. The other four Chinese taxa were barely differentiated by molecular data, with only N. shangszeensis and N. wenshanensis weakly supported as monophyletic. Hence, based on morphological and molecular data, we recommend that N. shangszeensis, N. shweliensis and N. wenshanensis be reduced to synonyms of N. sinensis, and only N. sinensis, N. yunnanensis and N. javanica be recognized for Flora of China. The American N. aquatica and N. sylvatica were sister species in the cpDNA but not in the ITS analyses, indicating possible reticulate evolution.
A total evidence approach using palynological characters to infer the complex evolutionary history of the Asian Impatiens (Balsaminaceae)
Authors: Janssens Steven B. , Wilson Yi Song , Yuan Yong-Ming , Nagels Anne , Smets Erik F. , Huysmans Suzy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe present study contributes to a better understanding of major palynological trends in Impatiens, one of the largest genera in angiosperms, and evaluates the phylogenetic usefulness of pollen morphological characters in the genus. The pollen morphological diversity of 115 Asian species of the genus was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework using Bayesian inference and Bayesian posterior character mapping as well as parsimony character optimization. Despite the rather young age of Impatiens and its extremely rapid radiation, a striking palynological variability could be observed. The ancestral pollen type in Impatiens is a triangular, tri–aperturate pollen grain with reticulate sexine ornamentation, which subsequently evolved into the main Impatiens pollen type: a 4–aperturate, rectangular pollen grain with a reticulate sexine ornamentation. The most recently diversified Asian clades are characterized by several reversions from 4–aperturate to 3–aperturate and changes in sexine ornamentation from reticulate to microreticulate sexine ornamentation. Also differences in pollen view can be observed amongst the most recently diversified Asian lineages ranging from circular, quadrangular, elliptic to sub–elliptic and rectangular. Although some pollen morphological characters seem to be homoplasious, others help to improve the resolution of some phylogenetically problematic lineages in the genus.
A dated species–tree approach to the trans–Pacific disjunction of the genusJovellana(Calceolariaceae, Lamiales)
Authors: Nylinder Stephan , Swenson Ulf , Persson Claes , Janssens Steven B. , Oxelman Bengt 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe genusJovellanais the sister group to the larger genusCalceolaria,together composing the family Calceolariaceae. Four species are currently recognised, two in New Zealand(J. sinclairii, J. repens)and two in Chile(J. punctata, J. violacea).The distribution is disjunct across the Pacific Ocean and has long been believed to be a remnant of an ancient vicariance following the breakup of Gondwana. In this study we infer a species tree phylogeny of the genus using three chloroplast and four nuclear DNA sequences. By exploring three modes of estimating stem and crown ages of the family Calceolariaceae, aJovellanaspecies tree could be inferred and dated using a secondary calibration. With this approach we can demonstrate that genetic data, despite slightly different signals from unlinked and linked molecular markers, support the idea that the presence ofJovellanain New Zealand is the result of recent long distance dispersal across the Pacific Ocean from South America.
Systematics of the Austral–Pacific family Goodeniaceae: Establishing a taxonomic and evolutionary framework
Authors: Jabaily Rachel S. , Shepherd Kelly A. , Gustafsson Mats H.G. , Sage Leigh W. , Krauss Siegy L. , Howarth Dianella G. , Motley Timothy J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Goodeniaceae, close relatives of the Asteraceae, are a conspicuous part of the flora of Australia and many islands in the Pacific. A comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family using cpDNA regions trnL–F and matK is presented, including representatives of all genera and nearly half the species. The family resolves into the two large clades: ‘LAD’ (Lechenaultia, Anthotium, Dampiera) and ‘Core Goodeniaceae’ (Brunonia, Scaevola, Diaspasis, Coopernookia, Goodenia, Selliera, Velleia, Verreauxia, Pentaptilon), which are also supported by morphological characters. The former Brunoniaceae, comprising the single species Brunonia australis, is clearly placed within the Goodeniaceae as sister to the remainder of Core Goodeniaceae while possessing many autapomorphic characteristics. Current subgeneric taxonomic groups are partially supported as monophyletic within Goodenia and Dampiera, but are generally non–monophyletic within Lechenaultia and Scaevola. Fruit types and floral traits involved in pollination and adaptations to aridity have evolved in a highly convergent fashion within several major clades. Rates of molecular evolution and number of extant taxa differ at several points between sister clades, particularly between Brunonia and the rest of Core Goodeniaceae, and between Scaevola s.l. and Goodenia s.l. Future taxonomic changes will involve the synonymization of Selliera and monotypic Diaspasis and, pending more comprehensive taxon and molecular sampling, the large, paraphyletic genus Goodenia may be split into at least three genera.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the tribe Liabeae (Compositae subfamily Cichorioideae)
Authors: Funk Vicki A. , Kelloff Carol , Chan Raymund 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe tribe Liabeae (Compositae) contains ca. 175 species distributed in 18 genera and its members occupy a variety of habitats in the Andes of South America as well as in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. The tribe is recognizable by a combination of morphological characters. DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region and three chloroplast regions (trnL–F, 3’ end of ndhF, matK; a total of more than 5 kb of sequence data) were used to infer a phylogeny. The data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The results support the monophyly of the tribe and show a consistent placement for all genera except Cacosmia. Four well–supported clades are recovered in the remainder of the tribe, all recognized as subtribes. Liabineae (Ferreyranthus, Dillandia, Oligactis, Sampera, Liabum) are the sister group of the rest of the tribe. Sinclairineae (Sinclairiopsis and Sinclairia with segregates Liabellum and Megaliabum) are the sister group of Munnoziinae (Chrysactinium nested inside Munnozia s.l.) plus Paranepheliinae (Stephenbeckia,Microliabum, Pseudonoseris, Paranephelius, Chionopappus, Philoglossa, Erato). Cacosmia is placed as the sister group of either all the rest of the tribe or of subtribe Liabineae; morphologically its characters are either autapomorphic or plesiomorphic. Bishopanthus could not be confidently placed in any of the subtribes; it is only known from scraps of the type and a molecular study is not possible. The phylogeny slightly alters previous assumptions about the biogeography and it seems that Liabeae originated in the central and northern Andes and spread north and south with several independent introductions into Mexico and Central America and one into the Caribbean. With the exception of the Liabeae (Andes) and Moquineae (Brazil), all of the tribes in the subfamily Cichorioideae are either restricted to or have their basal grade in Africa.
Illogical etymology and the curious case of Ceramium
Authors: Huisman John M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe etymology of names is regarded as an important component of taxonomic literature, but the derivation of names described in older works is often misinterpreted. The reasons for this are several–fold, including failing to consult the original publication, misinterpreting the describing author’s intentions, or attempting to retrofit a name to accommodate the current circumscription of the taxon. An example of the latter is the name Ceramium Roth, derived from the Greek ceramion, meaning pitcher or vessel, but currently applied to a genus of red algae with no vessel–like structures. It is shown that the name was most likely derived from an earlier publication, wherein it was coined in reference to the reproductive structures in a red alga currently known as Gracilaria and unrelated to present–day Ceramium.
A revised family–level classification for eupolypod II ferns (Polypodiidae: Polypodiales)
Authors: Rothfels Carl J. , Sundue Michael A. , Kuo Li-Yaung , Larsson Anders , Kato Masahiro , Schuettpelz Eric , Pryer Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present a family–level classification for the eupolypod II clade of leptosporangiate ferns, one of the two major lineages within the Eupolypods, and one of the few parts of the fern tree of life where family–level relationships were not well understood at the time of publication of the 2006 fern classification by Smith & al. Comprising over 2500 species, the composition and particularly the relationships among the major clades of this group have historically been contentious and defied phylogenetic resolution until very recently. Our classification reflects the most current available data, largely derived from published molecular phylogenetic studies. In comparison with the five–family (Aspleniaceae, Blechnaceae, Onocleaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Woodsiaceae) treatment of Smith & al., we recognize 10 families within the eupolypod II clade. Of these, Aspleniaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Blechnaceae, and Onocleaceae have the same composition as treated by Smith & al. Woodsia–ceae, which Smith & al. acknowledged as possibly non–monophyletic in their treatment, is circumscribed here to include only Woodsia and its segregates; the other “woodsioid” taxa are divided among Athyriaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Diplaziopsidaceae, Rhachidosoraceae, and Hemidictyaceae. We provide circumscriptions for each family, which summarize their morphological, geographical, and ecological characters, as well as a dichotomous key to the eupolypod II families. Three of these families— Diplaziopsidaceae, Hemidictyaceae, and Rhachidosoraceae—were described in the past year based on molecular phylogenetic analyses; we provide here their first morphological treatment.
Phylogenetic placement of the Dominican Republic endemic genusSarcopilea(Urticaceae)
Authors: Jestrow Brett , Valdés James J. , Jiménez Rodríguez Francisco , Francisco-Ortega Javier 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSince the first collection in 1910, botanists have recognizedSarcopilea(Urticaceae) as a dramatic example of convergence with succulent woody members of Crassulaceae. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and thetrnL–Fnon–coding plastid DNA regions placeSarcopileain a Neotropical clade ofPilea. A study of the cystolith, pollen and achene morphology, and of hydathode, hydrenchyma, and stomata position was also performed, confirming the molecular results. Across Rosales, leaf succulence is restricted to the generaPileaandSarcopilea. Furthermore, all succulent species ofPileahave an abaxial water–storage hydrenchyma layer in their leaves, a condition unique to the genus. The conditions of adaxial stomata (epistomatic, hyperstomatic), as well as hydathodes restricted to the submarginal abaxial leaf surface, were found in all Neotropical leaf–succulent species. Carbon isotope–ratio mass spectroscopy showsSarcopileato have C3photosynthesis, therefore Crassulacean acid metabolism is still unknown in Rosales. The impact of molecular systematics of Caribbean endemic genera is discussed. In light of the new phylogenetic placement ofSarcopilea, a replacement name is provided (Pilea fairchildiana).
Phylogenetic placement of two enigmatic genera, Borthwickia and Stixis, based on molecular and pollen data, and the description of a new family of Brassicales, Borthwickiaceae
Authors: Su Jun-Xia , Wang Wei , Zhang Li-Bing , Chen Zhi-Duan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCapparaceae (Brassicales) as traditionally circumscribed is heterogeneous, and several genera have been segregated from it based on molecular and/or morphological data. However, Borthwickia and Stixis, two Southeast Asian endemic genera of Capparaceae with controversial positions, have not previously been evaluated in a molecular phylogenetic study. Here, we used four plastid DNA regions (matK, ndhF, rbcL, trnL–trnF) and pollen data to determine their phylogenetic relationships within core Brassicales. Our results showed that neither Borthwickia nor Stixis is a member of Capparaceae. The two genera, together with Forchhammeria, Gyrostemonaceae, Resedaceae, and Tirania, formed a clade with strong support. Stixis is closely related to Tirania, a relationship that is also supported by morphological characters, such as six sepals and three–or four–locular ovaries. Most interestingly, Borthwickia was resolved as sister to the Forchhammeria–Resedaceae–Stixis–Tirania clade with moderate to strong support. However, Borthwickia differs markedly from its sister group in having opposite leaves, one indistinct stigma, more than four carpels and locules, a linear ovary with ridges, and pollen grains with perforate exine sculpturing. Thus, we describe a new family, Borthwickiaceae, for the genus.
The nomenclature of the lycophyte species Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (Huperziaceae)
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Moore Gerry , Orchard Anthony E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn 1982, Ren Chang Ching twice described the same lycophyte species under the names Lycopodium mingcheense (published in April; the original “minchegense” spelling being a correctable error) and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching (published in May). Phlegmariurus mingcheensis cannot be taken as a combination based on Lycopodium mingcheense because in the original publication a different holotype was indicated and the name Lycopodium mingcheense was not mentioned. The correct names for this species in Huperzia, Lycopodium, and Phlegmariurus are Huperzia mingcheensis (Ching) Holub (basionym: Phlegmariurus mingcheensis), Lycopodium mingcheense Ching, and Phlegmariurus mingcheensis Ching, respectively. The recent lectotypification of the name Lycopodium mingcheense using P.S. Chiu 2069 (PE) was redundant since this specimen was clearly indicated as the holotype in Ching’s original publication. The recent new name Phlegmariurus mingjoui X.C. Zhang is an illegitimate superfluous name.
Disposition of the names published by A. Peter in Convolvulaceae
Authors: Staples G.W. , Austin Daniel F. , Simão-Bianchini Rosangela 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper accounts for all the names published by A. Peter in his account of Convolvulaceae for Engler and Prantl’s Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. In total, 31 Peter names in Convolvulaceae, 22 new species and 9 new combinations, are resolved in this paper. The taxonomy, nomenclature, and relevant literature are discussed for each name. Lectotypes or neotypes are chosen for some names that have not previously been typified.
Updating classifications to reflect monophyly: 10 to 20 percent of species names change in Poaceae
Authors: Vorontsova Maria S. , Simon Bryan K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe ongoing realignment of angiosperm classification to create monophyletic groups is associated with the publication of numerous new combinations to transfer species between genera. How many species names will change in total? We use Poaceae as a model group to estimate the total number of name changes. We compare the species names accepted by the traditional classification system in GrassBase with the species names accepted by the recent research results compiled in GrassWorld. We estimate that 10%–20% of Poaceae species will have moved to a different genus by the time the realignment is complete. This is the first published estimate for a number of name changes associated with classification realignment to monophyletic groups.
Phylogeny ofCurcuma(Zingiberaceae) based on plastid and nuclear sequences: Proposal of the new subgenusEcomata
Authors: Záveská Eliška , Fér Tomáš , Šída Otakar , Krak Karol , Marhold Karol , Leong-Škorničková Jana 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCurcumacomprises 120 species that occur throughout tropical and subtropical Asia. The taxonomy of the genus is haunted by polyploid speciation and homoploid hybridization, making it the most challenging genus in Zingibereae (Zingiberaceae).Curcumais best known for turmeric (C.longa),but numerous species are extensively used as medicinal plants, ornamentals, and sources of starch, among many other uses. The delimitation of the genus has been a matter of dispute since its establishment by Linnaeus (1753), and further conflict has arisen from recent molecular and morphological studies suggesting either paraphyly ofCurcumaor the necessity to broaden the genus to include four small genera(Laosanthus, Paracautleya, Stahlianthus, Smithatris)as well as several species currently placed inKaempferiaandHitchenia.All previous infrageneric classifications were based on limited material that did not include species from the Indochinese f loristic region, and these classifications are unable to unequivocally accommodate all currently known members of the genus. To test the monophyly and delimitation ofCurcumaand to gain more insight into infrageneric relationships, three plastid regions(trnL–trnF, psbA–trnH, matK)and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced. FiftyCurcumaspecies covering the morphological and geographic variation of the genus and 12 Curcuma–like species currently or previously treated as members of other genera were included in this study. In addition, four Zingibereae and three other Zingiberaceae species were used as outgroups. The results of maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses clearly support a broad generic boundary forCurcuma,with inclusion ofLaosanthus, Paracautleya, Stahlianthus, Smithatrisand some species ofKaempferiaandHitchenia (K. scaposa, K. candida, H. caulina, H. glauca).Four main groups inCurcumas.l. were detected, and their importance for classification at the subgenus level is discussed. A new infrageneric classification is proposed here with a formal description of a new subgenus. Cloning uncovered a broad range of variation of ITS sequences within individuals, particularly in the terminal ‘Curcuma’ group containing representatives of the nominal subgenusCurcuma.This ‘intra–individual ITS polymorphism’ increases with ploidy level and is coupled with preferred vegetative reproduction. Additional studies are needed to further uncover highly complex relationships in this subgenus.
Molecular phylogenetics and classification of Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Yang Ya , Riina Ricarda , Morawetz Jeffery J. , Haevermans Thomas , Aubriot Xavier , Berry Paul E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEuphorbia subg. Chamaesyce contains around 600 species and includes the largest New World radiation within the Old World–centered genus Euphorbia. It is one of the few plant lineages to include members with C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis, showing multiple adaptations to warm and dry habitats. The subgenus includes North American–centered groups that were previously treated at various taxonomic ranks under the names of “Agaloma,,, “Poinsettia”, and “Chamaesyce”. Here we provide a well–resolved phylogeny of Euphorbia subg. Chamaesyce using nuclear ribosomal ITS and chloroplast ndhF sequences, with substantially increased taxon sampling compared to previous studies. Based on the phylogeny, we discuss the Old World origin of the subgenus, the evolution of cyathial morphology and growth forms, and then provide a formal sectional classification, with descriptions and species lists for each section or subsection we recognize.