bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable isotope fractionation of strontium in coccolithophore calcite: Influence of temperature and carbonate chemistry
Authors: Müller M. N. , Krabbenhöft A. , Vollstaedt H. , Brandini F. P. , Eisenhauer A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMarine calcifying eukaryotic phytoplankton (coccolithophores) is a major contributor to the pelagic production of CaCO3 and plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of C, Ca and other divalent cations present in the crystal structure of calcite. The geochemical signature of coccolithophore calcite is used as palaeoproxy to reconstruct past environmental conditions and to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms (vital effects) and precipitation kinetics. Here, we present the stable Sr isotope fractionation between seawater and calcite (Δ88/86Sr) of laboratory cultured coccolithophores in individual dependence of temperature and seawater carbonate chemistry. Coccolithophores were cultured within a temperature and a pCO2 range from 10 to 25°C and from 175 to 1,240 μatm, respectively. Both environmental drivers induced a significant linear increase in coccolith stable Sr isotope fractionation. The temperature correlation at constant pCO2 for Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus braarudii is expressed as Δ88/86Sr = −7.611 × 10−3 T + 0.0061. The relation of Δ88/86Sr to pCO2 was tested in Emiliania huxleyi at 10 and 20°C and resulted in Δ88/86Sr = −5.394 × 10−5 pCO2 – 0.0920 and Δ88/86Sr = −5.742 × 10−5 pCO2 – 0.1351, respectively. No consistent relationship was found between coccolith Δ88/86Sr and cellular physiology impeding a direct application of fossil coccolith Δ88/86Sr as coccolithophore productivity proxy. An overall significant correlation was detected between the elemental distribution coefficient (DSr) and Δ88/86Sr similar to inorganic calcite with a physiologically induced offset. Our observations indicate (i) that temperature and pCO2 induce specific effects on coccolith Δ88/86Sr values and (ii) that strontium elemental ratios and stable isotope fractionation are mainly controlled by precipitation kinetics when embedded into the crystal lattice and subject to vital effects during the transmembrane transport from seawater to the site of calcification. These results provide an important step to develop a coccolith Δ88/86Sr palaeoproxy complementing the existing toolbox of palaeoceanography.
Modeling Dewatered Domains in Multilayer Analytic Element Models
Authors: Fitts Charles R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis proposed technique allows sensible and numerically stable behavior in multilayer analytic element models when layers dewater. When saturated thickness approaches zero in an unconfined or fresh/salt interface domain, the domain transitions to a very thin confined domain with a minimum saturated thickness M. M is an adjustable input parameter, so you can make the horizontal flow in dewatered domains negligibly small by making the minimum saturated thickness very small. Vertical flows can pass through a dewatered domain, whether it is near the surface or at depth. For example, recharge may pass through a shallow dewatered layer to a deeper layer that is not dewatered. This approach is examined in detail in an example multilayer model of mine dewatering.
Effect of inulin on rheological properties of soft and strong wheat dough
Authors: Luo Denglin , Kou Xuerui , Zhang Tian , Nie Ying , Xu Baocheng , Li Peiyan , Li Xuan , Han Sihai , Liu Jianxue 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe influence of inulin with different degrees of polymerisation (DP) on the farinograph characteristics, extensograph parameters and fermentation rheological properties of soft and strong wheat dough was explored. The results showed that the addition of inulin can reduce the water absorption of doughs, and inulin with lower DP had more significant effect and the influence on the soft dough was stronger than the strong dough. Inulin can enhance mechanical properties of the gluten network and improve the resistance to mixing of soft dough. The extensibility of doughs decreased with increasing inulin. Inulin increased the resistance to extension of soft dough; however, it is reverse for strong dough. Adding inulin significantly increased the volume of gas production and the maximum expansion height of doughs, and the effect of inulin with lower DP was more prominent. Additionally, the gas‐holding capacity of doughs was enhanced by inulin.
Changing the threshold—Signals and mechanisms of mast cell priming
Authors: Halova Ivana , Rönnberg Elin , Draberova Lubica , Vliagoftis Harissios , Nilsson Gunnar P. , Draber Petr 
Published: February 2018

SummaryMast cells play a key role in allergy and other inflammatory diseases involving engagement of multivalent antigen with IgE bound to high‐affinity IgE receptors (FcεRIs). Aggregation of FcεRIs on mast cells initiates a cascade of signaling events that eventually lead to degranulation, secretion of leukotrienes and prostaglandins, and cytokine and chemokine production contributing to the inflammatory response. Exposure to pro‐inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, bacterial and viral products, as well as some other biological products and drugs, induces mast cell transition from the basal state into a primed one, which leads to enhanced response to IgE‐antigen complexes. Mast cell priming changes the threshold for antigen‐mediated activation by various mechanisms, depending on the priming agent used, which alone usually do not induce mast cell degranulation. In this review, we describe the priming processes induced in mast cells by various cytokines (stem cell factor, interleukins‐4, ‐6 and ‐33), chemokines, other agents acting through G protein‐coupled receptors (adenosine, prostaglandin E2, sphingosine‐1‐phosphate, and β‐2‐adrenergic receptor agonists), toll‐like receptors, and various drugs affecting the cytoskeleton. We will review the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms behind priming of mast cells leading to degranulation and cytokine production and discuss the biological effects of mast cell priming induced by several cytokines.
The role and relevance of mast cells in urticaria
Authors: Church Martin K. , Kolkhir Pavel , Metz Martin , Maurer Marcus 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThis review presents evidence that the skin mast cell, in particular the MCTC subtype, is the primary effector cell in urticaria. Mast cells are located in the upper dermis, the ideal situation for wheal formation and sensory nerve stimulation. Increased numbers of mast cells are found in both lesional and non‐lesional skin in CSU and inducible urticaria. Mast cell degranulation in the area of wheals has been demonstrated repeatedly by light and electron microscopy. Histamine, PGD2 and tryptase are found in the venous blood draining wheal formation. The last 2 are specific for mast cells rather than basophils. Mast cell reactivity is increased in active urticaria by local inflammatory cytokines and neuropeptides. Mast cell cytokines and neuropeptides, particularly nerve growth factor, induce a Th2 type inflammation that is particularly obvious at the sites of whealing. In conclusion, autoimmunity, either of Type 1 viz. IgE antibodies to local autoallergens, or Type 2b, viz. IgG autoantibodies to IgE or its receptor, are considered to be the most frequent causes of CSU. In both cases, the mast cell is likely to be the axial cell in producing the wheals.
Mast cells as sources of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors
Authors: Mukai Kaori , Tsai Mindy , Saito Hirohisa , Galli Stephen J. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryMast cells are hematopoietic cells that reside in virtually all vascularized tissues and that represent potential sources of a wide variety of biologically active secreted products, including diverse cytokines and growth factors. There is strong evidence for important non‐redundant roles of mast cells in many types of innate or adaptive immune responses, including making important contributions to immediate and chronic IgE‐associated allergic disorders and enhancing host resistance to certain venoms and parasites. However, mast cells have been proposed to influence many other biological processes, including responses to bacteria and virus, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, and cancer. The potential functions of mast cells in many of these settings is thought to reflect their ability to secrete, upon appropriate activation by a range of immune or non‐immune stimuli, a broad spectrum of cytokines (including many chemokines) and growth factors, with potential autocrine, paracrine, local, and systemic effects. In this review, we summarize the evidence indicating which cytokines and growth factors can be produced by various populations of rodent and human mast cells in response to particular immune or non‐immune stimuli, and comment on the proven or potential roles of such mast cell products in health and disease.
Fish biogeography in the “Lost World” of the Guiana Shield: Phylogeography of the weakly electric knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Teleostei: Gymnotidae)
Authors: Lehmberg Emma S. , Elbassiouny Ahmed A. , Bloom Devin D. , López‐Fernández Hernán , Crampton William G.R. , Lovejoy Nathan R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThe Guiana Shield region exhibits extraordinary topography that includes sheer, flat‐topped mountains (tepuis) atop an upland platform. Rivers of the eastern Pakaraima Mountains descend to Atlantic coastal lowlands, often traversing spectacular rapids and waterfalls. For fish species distributed in both uplands and lowlands, it is unclear whether these rapids and waterfalls present population or biogeographical boundaries. We sought to test this using the geographically widespread banded‐electric knifefish (Gymnotus carapo) as a model.LocationThe Guiana Shield region of South America.MethodsWe sampled 60 Gymnotus carapo specimens from the Guiana Shield region, and 75 G. carapo and closely related species from other parts of South America. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and an intron from the nuclear S7 ribosomal protein gene, and used maximum likelihood and Bayesian tree‐building approaches to generate phylogenetic trees of haplotypes.ResultsHaplotype sharing is minimal between populations separated by elevational barriers. We found evidence for two main haplotype clades in the Guiana Shield: one distributed in Atlantic coastal regions that includes most lowland samples, and one inland that includes most upland samples. Inland Guiana samples are more closely related to samples from the Amazon basin than to those of Atlantic coastal regions. A single sample from Tafelberg tepui in Suriname was most closely related to the Atlantic coastal lineages.Main conclusionsRiverine barriers that result from steep elevational gradients in the Guiana Shield inhibit gene flow between uplands and lowlands, even for a widely distributed species. Biogeographical relationships of Guiana Shield G. carapo are complex, with most upland lineages showing affinities to the Amazon basin, rather than to nearby lowland drainages of the Atlantic coast.
Overdenture Prostheses with Metal Copings: A Retrospective Analysis of Survival and Prosthodontic Complications
Authors: Chhabra Anuj , Chhabra Nidhi , Jain Anurag , Kabi Debipada 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeTo retrospectively evaluate complications associated with overdentures and abutment teeth restored with metal copings, including post‐procedural and prosthetic problems; also to analyze the frequency and influencing factors associated with these problems.Materials and MethodsA total of 80 subjects (48 females, 32 males, mean age 62 years) wearing root‐supported overdentures were enrolled in the study. All participants were thoroughly examined by a single examiner, and appropriate maintenance care was performed. The 80 subjects had 270 abutments, which were endodontically treated teeth. All 80 subjects were carefully interviewed, inspected, and evaluated for post‐procedural and clinical problems with their overdentures for an observation period of up to 5 years.ResultsOf the post‐procedural problems evaluated, the most common problems were gingival inflammation (69%) and root caries (36%) because of poor oral hygiene (41%) and loss of metal copings (34%), followed by overdenture base fracture over abutment teeth (34%). Other post‐procedural problems reported were loss of overdenture stability (23%), incidence of overdenture repair (20%), poor retention (18%), incidental finding of root fragments (unplanned) in the jaws (15%), and up to two grade net change in the mobility of overdenture abutments (8%). All prostheses were in use at the time of data collection and observation up to 5 years.ConclusionsOverdenture therapy was satisfactory; however, post‐procedural and prosthetic complications and aftercare maintenance must not be underestimated.
“It's Just a Lot of Work”: Adolescents’ Self‐Presentation Norms and Practices on Facebook and Instagram
Authors: Yau Joanna C. , Reich Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2018

We explored adolescents’ (12‐ to 18‐year‐olds; n = 51) awareness of their audience and subsequent self‐presentation practices on Facebook and Instagram through focus group discussions. Findings suggest that teens, who are developmentally able to perceive a situation from the third‐person perspective and who value peer approval, purposefully share content to appear interesting, well liked, and attractive. Some teens invested great effort into posting by these norms, even asking their friends to help; however, this was more common among girls. Older teens especially discussed taking the perspective of their audience when deciding what to post, which is consistent with the finding that perspective taking continues to develop throughout adolescence. These findings suggest that perspective taking skills and need for peer approval influence self‐presentation online.
Defining Primary Care Shortage Areas: Do GIS‐based Measures Yield Different Results?
Authors: Daly Michael R. , Mellor Jennifer M. , Millones Marco 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeTo examine whether geographic information systems (GIS)‐based physician‐to‐population ratios (PPRs) yield determinations of geographic primary care shortage areas that differ from those based on bounded‐area PPRs like those used in the Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) designation process.MethodsWe used geocoded data on primary care physician (PCP) locations and census block population counts from 1 US state to construct 2 shortage area indicators. The first is a bounded‐area shortage indicator defined without GIS methods; the second is a GIS‐based measure that measures the populations’ spatial proximity to PCP locations. We examined agreement and disagreement between bounded shortage areas and GIS‐based shortage areas.FindingsBounded shortage area indicators and GIS‐based shortage area indicators agree for the census blocks where the vast majority of our study populations reside. Specifically, 95% and 98% of the populations in our full and urban samples, respectively, reside in census blocks where the 2 indicators agree. Although agreement is generally high in rural areas (ie, 87% of the rural population reside in census blocks where the 2 indicators agree), agreement is significantly lower compared to urban areas. One source of disagreement suggests that bounded‐area measures may “overlook” some shortages in rural areas; however, other aspects of the HPSA designation process likely mitigate this concern. Another source of disagreement arises from the border‐crossing problem, and it is more prevalent.ConclusionsThe GIS‐based PPRs we employed would yield shortage area determinations that are similar to those based on bounded‐area PPRs defined for Primary Care Service Areas. Disagreement rates were lower than previous studies have found.
Comparison of milk and plasma pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in postpartum versus mid‐lactation Holstein cows
Authors: Gorden P. J. , Burchard M. , Ydstie J. A. , Kleinhenz M. D. , Wulf L. W. , Rajewski S. J. , Wang C. , Gehring R. , Mochel J. P. , Coetzee J. F. 
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study reported here was determine whether differences occurred in meloxicam pharmacokinetics between postpartum cows and mid‐lactation cows. Preliminary data from a separate study (P. J. Gorden, unpublished data) in postpartum cows demonstrated elevated plasma and milk concentration profiles compared to previously published data (Malreddy, Coetzee, KuKanich, & Gehring, ). Two different groups were enrolled, each with 10 cows. The treatment group (TRT) was postpartum cows treated with meloxicam, and the positive control (PC) group was cows in mid‐lactation treated with meloxicam. Plasma and milk meloxicam concentrations between the TRT and PC group were compared. Significant differences in meloxicam concentration in plasma were determined at all time points from 8 hr to 120 hr post‐treatment. In milk, there was a treatment (p = .003), time (p < .001), and treatment by time interaction (p < .001). Significant differences in milk meloxicam concentration were determined at all time points from 8 hr to 96 hr post‐treatment, except for the 16‐hr time point. The time needed for meloxicam to no longer be detected in milk of the TRT group was longer compared to the PC group, indicating that a longer milk withdrawal is needed. These data suggest higher bioavailability as the underlying mechanism. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms underlying differences this outcome.
Endogenous norms in wage and price setting and hysteresis in the real exchange rate
Authors: Libman Emiliano 
Published: February 2018

AbstractReal exchange rates are often ‘disconnected’ from fundamentals. Mean reversion toward equilibrium operates at a slow pace (if it operates at all), and when inflation is low the real exchange rate tracks closely the nominal exchange rate for prolonged periods of time. Using a simple open economy model, we show that including endogenous norms in wage and price setting in an open economy set‐up can lead to hysteresis in the real exchange rate. For a given set of fundamentals, the real exchange rate may settle down at different equilibria and exchange rate policies are not necessarily neutral in the long‐run.
Renal fungus ball in a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis: Unique complication in a rare disease
Authors: Alobaid Khaled , Faty Mostafa , El‐Nahas Ahmed , Al‐Terki Abdullatif , Khan Zia 
Published: February 2018

SummaryCandida fungus ball is a rare presentation of urinary tract infections among adult patients and is associated with considerable morbidity. Because clinical signs are not specific, diagnosis is often delayed. Furthermore, treatment is occasionally difficult, and the approach to such cases varies widely among different centers. In this report, we describe a patient with retroperitoneal fibrosis who developed a renal fungus ball. Management of this challenging case is discussed, and review of the literature is presented.
Deciphering drought‐induced metabolic responses and regulation in developing maize kernels
Authors: Yang Liming , Fountain Jake C. , Ji Pingsheng , Ni Xinzhi , Chen Sixue , Lee Robert D. , Kemerait Robert C. , Guo Baozhu 
Published: February 2018

SummaryDrought stress conditions decrease maize growth and yield, and aggravate preharvest aflatoxin contamination. While several studies have been performed on mature kernels responding to drought stress, the metabolic profiles of developing kernels are not as well characterized, particularly in germplasm with contrasting resistance to both drought and mycotoxin contamination. Here, following screening for drought tolerance, a drought‐sensitive line, B73, and a drought‐tolerant line, Lo964, were selected and stressed beginning at 14 days after pollination. Developing kernels were sampled 7 and 14 days after drought induction (DAI) from both stressed and irrigated plants. Comparative biochemical and metabolomic analyses profiled 409 differentially accumulated metabolites. Multivariate statistics and pathway analyses showed that drought stress induced an accumulation of simple sugars and polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease in amines, polyamines and dipeptides in B73. Conversely, sphingolipid, sterol, phenylpropanoid and dipeptide metabolites accumulated in Lo964 under drought stress. Drought stress also resulted in the greater accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aflatoxin in kernels of B73 in comparison with Lo964 implying a correlation in their production. Overall, field drought treatments disordered a cascade of normal metabolic programming during development of maize kernels and subsequently caused oxidative stress. The glutathione and urea cycles along with the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids for osmoprotection, membrane maintenance and antioxidant protection were central among the drought stress responses observed in developing kernels. These results also provide novel targets to enhance host drought tolerance and disease resistance through the use of biotechnologies such as transgenics and genome editing.
DNA methylation analyses of the candidate genes identified by a methylome‐wide association study revealed common epigenetic alterations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Sugawara Hiroko , Murata Yui , Ikegame Tempei , Sawamura Rie , Shimanaga Shota , Takeoka Yusuke , Saito Takeo , Ikeda Masashi , Yoshikawa Akane , Nishimura Fumichika , Kawamura Yoshiya , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Sasaki Tsukasa , Iwata Nakao , Hashimoto Mamoru , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Tadafumi , Bundo Miki , Iwamoto Kazuya 
Published: February 2018

AimSchizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have been known to share genetic and environmental risk factors, and complex gene–environmental interactions may contribute to their pathophysiology. In contrast to high genetic overlap between SZ and BD, as revealed by genome‐wide association studies, the extent of epigenetic overlap remains largely unknown. In the present study, we explored whether SZ and BD share epigenetic risk factors in the same manner as they share genetic components.MethodsWe performed DNA methylation analyses of the CpG sites in the top five candidate regions (FAM63B, ARHGAP26, CTAGE11P, TBC1D22A, and intergenic region [IR] on chromosome 16) reported in a previous methylome‐wide association study (MWAS) of SZ, using whole blood samples from subjects with BD and controls.ResultsAmong the five candidate regions, the CpG sites in FAM63B and IR on chromosome 16 were significantly hypomethylated in the samples from subjects with BD as well as those from subjects with SZ. On the other hand, the CpG sites in TBC1D22A were hypermethylated in the samples from subjects with BD, in contrast to hypomethylation in the samples from subjects with SZ.ConclusionHypomethylation of FAM63B and IR on chromosome 16 could be common epigenetic risk factors for SZ and BD. Further comprehensive epigenetic studies for BD, such as MWAS, will uncover the extent of similarity and uniqueness of epigenetic alterations.