bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing is Believing
Authors: Rochow TG 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since the first century A.D., mankind has found ways to see better1. During the next twelve centuries, convex lenses were made from clear minerals for eyeglasses, in order to overcome far-sightedness. Then, in the 1300's, clear, artificial glass became available for the same purposs. By the sixteenth century, concave lenses were made for the near-sighted. It was not until the 17th century that a combination of lenses led to the sciences of astronomy and microscopy.
One of the earliest important microscopists was the Englishman Robert Hooke (1635-1703). He owned a compound microscope with an objective lens and an eyepiece, much like Galileo's telescope.
Collecting Material For Specimen Preparation
Authors: Sanderson JB 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most workers wishing to prepare material for microscopy will study a limited range of organisms, and already be familiar with raising, culturing or collecting the species in question because of their research interests or adopted field of study. For those new to microscopy who have not yet defined a field of interest, it is suggested that they read a practical introductory text such as that of Grave (1991).
The diversify and abundance of animal, plant and microbial life available for collection means that gathering material can be a relatively simple task. Nevertheless, a methodical approach ensures that specimens are less likely to suffer damage and full details of their natural habitat are known, which will place any serious study into scientific context.
Using the Atomic Force Microscope to Measure Roughness Characteristics of Acetabular Prosthetic Shells Used as Hip Socket Replacements
Authors: Jani Shilest , Williams Gary , Marchese-Ragona Silvio P , Briggs Christie  
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Total replacement of a diseased or traumatized hip joint is fast becoming one of the most common surgical procedures. The acetabular prosthetic shell is gaining widespread acceptance as a socket replacement for this procedure. Bio-materials research is providing a wealth of information regarding the life span, wear characteristics, and performance of these replacements, with a major clinical finding being the destruction of bone (osteolysis) at interfaces with the implants. Osteolysis is widely thought to be associated with the particulate wear debris released from articulation of the ball and socket. Formation and release of these particulates will depend not only on the relative motion occurring but also on the surface roughness of the replacement materials.
Molecular Microspectroscopy: Where are we and where are we going
Authors: Reffner John A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Molecular microspectroscopy is the application of infrared or Raman spectrascopy, combined with light microscopy, for chemical analysis on the microscopic scale. For over a decade infrared microspectroscopy (ISM) has been an expanding technology both scientifically and commercially. Micro- Raman spectroscopy has a long history of scientific accomplishments with limited commercial success. Both of these techniques give spectral data that can be related to the bonding, crystalline state, isotopic content and molecular orientation of a material, but not its elemental composition.
Mounting and Storage Specimens
Authors: Goodhew Peter J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Specimen support grids are now almost universally 3.05 mm in diameter, except for a few high resolution stages and some very old instruments. They are available in a vast range of materials and designs. One catalogue lists 86 types in a total of 10 materials. The reason for this proliferation is to enable one to control the following:
(a) the amount of support the specimen needs (unsupported areas range from 20 pm to 1 mm in extent); (b) the material of the grid, so that it neither interferes with X-ray analysis nor reacts with the specimen; (c) the labeling of specific regions of a specimen (many grids have identification marks for relocation of interesting fields).
The cheapest most widely used supports are copper grids at a spacing of 100 bars in"1. Most grids have a shiny side and a dull side. Opinions differ as to the best side on which to mount the specimen but if a consistent practice is adopted it is always known which way up in the microscope the specimen was mounted.
Sources and Remedies of Phototoxicity in Live Cell Microscopy
Authors: Hockberger Philip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During the past decade there has been remarkable progress in understanding the behavior and function of biological cells. Progress was accelerated by the development of microscopic imaging techniques and fluorescent dyes that allowed investigators to visualize dynamic processes within subcellular compartments in heterogenous populations of living cells. These capabilities led to exciting new discoveries in cellular and molecular studies of a wide variety of cell types.
Efforts to study living cells under microscopic conditions are not without problems, however. The most vexing problem is phototoxicity caused by either illumination alone (endogenous toxicity) or illumination of fluorescent dyes loaded into cells (exogenous toxicity). In this report I provide an overview of these general types of toxicity as well as describe recent results that may shed light on how to reduce them.
A Comment on Formalin Safety
Authors: Dapson Dick 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
For several months there have been recurring threads on microscopy-related internet listservers concerning health and safety issues that have troubled us greatly at Anatech Ltd. The general theme has been to make light of toxicity claims, provide anecdotal comments about having survived many decades of working in labs, and giving the impression that current health and safety regulations are at best a pain and probably are the cunning products of misguided governmental agencies.
The great hazard of formaldehyde is not its proven carcinogenicity. Anyone interested in formaldehyde's effects on humans should read the preamble to OSHA's Formaldehyde Standard (Federal Register 52(233):46168-46312; December 4, 1987). According to studies cited therein, formaldehyde has been directly implicated in causing tumors in the lungs, nasoand oro-pharynx and nasal passages of humans occupationally exposed to levels of formaldehyde not unlike conditions existing in histology laboratories a few decades ago. Repeated and prolonged exposure increases the risk.
More Than One Ever Wanted To Know About X-ray Detectors Part V: Wavelength - The "Other" Spectroscopy
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The use of x-ray spectrometry in electron microscopy has been a powerful market driver not only for electron microscopes but also for x-ray spectrometers. More x-ray spectrometers are sold with electron microscopes than in any other configuration. A general name for the combination is AEM, or analytical electron microscope, though in modern times AEM can include other instrumentation such as electron energy loss spectroscopy and visible light spectroscopy. In previous articies I have discussed energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS). These use semiconductor crystals to detect the x-rays and measure the energy deposited in the crystal. A second type of x-ray spectrometer measures the wavelength of the x-rays, and so is called "wavelength dispersive spectrometry" (WDS).
SEM Demonstrations for Younger Visitors
Authors: Lyman Charles , Repa Kathleen 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Each year we show hundreds of students and visitors magnified images of common objects in our SEM. the best samples to use in SEM demonstrations for children are those which have detail that can just barely be seen with the naked eye or with a light microscope. Ideally, the sample would be something with which the child is already familiar, and one which can be explored at several different magnifications.
The simplest specimen is a penny attached to a stub by carbon or silver dag. Mount the coin such that the back side, showing the Lincoln Memorial, faces upward As shown in Figure 1, the statue of Lincoln inside the memorial can be seen with the naked eye.
The Great Polarized Light Microscope and the Great Salt Lake
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Teaching on-site courses for the McCrone Research Institute has enabled me to see a lot of the USA. The van and I have been to all of the states except Hawaii and Alaska besides all of the Canadian provinces except Newfoundland and the Northwest Territories. Some parts of the USA have become nearly as familiar to me (and van) as the Outer Drive in Chicago, Rte. 1 down the California coast, Rtes. 80 and 90 to New York and New England, 55 and 65 South, 40 Southeast to Los Angeles and 80 to Salt Lake City and San Francisco, in particular. The latter route across the Great Salt Lake Desert is one of my favorites. That route is always different because of the Great Salt Lake. It's a large lake under normal conditions but conditions are never normal.
Out of this World!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If you have been hibernating for several weeks you may have missed the headlines and magazine covers exclaiming about “Life on Mars!” The basis for all of this excitement is an article in Science by Dr. David S. McKay of the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston and eight of his colleagues from several academic institutions. The reader of this column will not be surprised by the fact that microscopes were used to detect evidence of life on a meteorite from Mars.
The first consideration was whether or not the meteorite was in fact a fragment of the martian surface. The specimen, known as ALH84001, is from a class of meteorites that appear to have resulted from impacts on Mars, some of the specimens landing in Antarctica where this one was recovered. Trapped gases (in glass droplets and stringers) in several of the family of meteorites closely match the martian atmosphere for several gases over 8 orders of magnitude range in abundance. Whereas ALHB4001 did not contain such trapped atmospheric gases, its elemental and isotopic composition closely resemble the meteorites that do.
Success in Science Reflections of a Retired Scientist
Authors: Mollenhauer Hilton H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The recent note by J.D. Watson in Science (1993) is another of the periodical advice columns in which someone of renown gives his or her perspective of how to succeed in this most difficult of fields. And a very good article it is. I find no fault with any of the four rules presented which I quote as follows: 1) “To succeed in science you have to avoid dumb people.” 2) “To make a huge success, a scientist has to be prepared to get into deep trouble.” 3) “Be sure you always have someone up your sleeve who will save you when you find yourself in deep s—.” 4) “Never do anything that bores you.” Unfortunately, these four rules are directed to a level of scientist that clearly bypasses most of us irrespective of how many good intentions we may have. Therefore I feel obliged to submit a revised list of thoughts for us average beings who plow through the days in an average research environment.
SEM Image Sharpness Analysis
Authors: Postek MT , Vladar AE 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at IMIST. The fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.
The Colors of Silicon
Authors: McCaffrey John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When silicon samples are thinned and backlit, they display a series of colors; from deep red in the thicker (-5-10 μm) regions, to orange and yellow in thinner regions, to effectively transparent in the thinnest regions, This colorful effect can be used as a technique for monitoring the thickness of cross-sectional samples prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
As seen in Figure 1, a cross-sectional TEM sample of a thin, indium tin oxide (ITO) film on glass was being investigated, A sample was prepared for low-angle ion milling by the Barna method with the addition of an adjacent piece of silicon for a thickness indicator. The colors of silicon could then be monitored to indicate when the ITO/glass sample was thin enough for TEM examination. In the figure, the arrow indicates the region of interest on the ITO/glass sample. This figure was produced by photographing the entire TEM sample through an optical microscope, backlit with a standard quartzhalogen illuminator.
Quantitation in Immunohistochemistry: a Response
Authors: Allison Russ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I have read with great interest the considered article by Dr, Barry Rittman (Microscopy Today#98-8, October, pp 8-9). In describing the difficulties of quantitation in immunohistochemistry, Dr. Rittman has gone to great lengths to give an authoritatively balanced view. It is, therefore, with some trepidation that I raise a few issues which may remain unresolved.
Dr. Rittman provides a list of criteria to be considered before applying quantitative analysis to this method. I would place the question of relating color developed to the amount of substrate present higher than number 7 on the list. To the best of my knowledge, there is little evidence that immunocytochemistry is stoichiometric, i.e.,that there is a relationship between color developed and amount of substrate present, indeed many consider that it is not, which represents a serious drawback.
Combined Confocal Imaging Reveals Interesting Complimentary Information
Authors: Foster Barbara 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recently, a question surfaced on the Microscopy list server regarding preparation of insect eggs for EM evaluation. While the electron microscopy approach involved considerable sample preparation (mounting, coating, etc.), our experience indicated that, for some of these applications, a combination of reflected and fluorescent confocal microscopy provided valuable information with little or no sample preparation required, provided there are not other considerations such as the extended resolution provided by electron microscopy.
In the biological arena, most confocal work is done in fluorescence mode, There have been some forays into imaging silver-stained structures using reflected light confocal but those applications have not been very prevalent in the literature. With the judicious addition of a quarter wave plate (a polarizing accessory) in the light path, the disruptive artifact from the laser beam can be removed from the image, converting any confocal into a dual purpose instrument.
The Next Generation of TEMs
Authors: Williams D B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A selection of the more common questions arising during a typical lab course for materials majors learning to use a TEM is as follows
1) Why must I insert the objective aperture, which governs image contrast, in the diffraction plane? 2) Why must I insert the selected area diffraction aperture, which governs the diffraction pattern contrast in the image plane? 3) Why is the TEM relatively useless if both apertures are in at the same time or both are out? 4) Why is the contrast in my images always greatest when the beam is parallel - which makes the screen intensity so weak, I sometimes can't see the contrast anyhow? 5) Why, when I need to record a diffraction pattern, do I have to learn to estimate exposure time from the analog screen, rather than just push a button and get a correct exposure, as in most other optical instruments and cameras?
Perfect Eyes
Authors: Gardner Lynn MG 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is extremely difficult to remove artifacts common to eye tissue such as folds, shrinking raisin effect, and parched earth effect. By adjusting our fixation and processing procedures, we attempted to reduce or eliminate these artifacts. We tested the fixatives from various vendors to determine which of them is most compatible with eye tissue and which would eliminate artifacts. We found Pen-Fix (alcoholic formalin; Richard Allen, Richland, Ml) produced optimal fixation (well defined nuclear detail, without bubbling artifact). In similar testing, we found Peel-a-way (Shandon-Lipshaw, Pittsburgh, PA) to be the optimal paraffin for processing and embedding ocular tissues.
Air Tables Are Not Always Needed for Vibration Isolation
Authors: Moss Anthony G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most of the time an air table is not needed for vibration isolation of electrophysiological equipment and microscopes. In fact, an air table can be a liability in that it is likely to pick up air-borne vibrations. This is especially likefy if you have a solid enclosure, as is often used for the construction of Faraday cages used in electrophysiological investigations of vision research. Sound propagation can be particularly annoying, especially at the lower frequencies. Such important details are often forgotten in discussions of this topic.
A good damping table will help reduce the resonances, but still often can't overcome the difficulty posed by sound. One of the best solutions is proper placement of the entire rig: on the slab in the basement in a quiet place with no heavy vibrations from nearby heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) and other equipment.
Emission Myths
Authors: Schamber Fred 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Most electron microscopists appreciate that proper operation of the source is vital to the operation of the entire instrument. But because the gun involves a complex interplay of phenomena, few of which can be directly observed, some common misconceptions have gained currency. Typically these myths contain a kernel of truth, but they can also mislead when accepted uncritically. In this series of articles, we explore three areas of common misunderstanding relative to operation of the thermionic (tungsten filament or LaB6) gun. Field emitters are subject to very different considerations.
Measuring Electron Intensities from Film
Authors: Lamvik Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Measuring electron intensity is sometimes a useful thing to do as a part of an electron microscope study. The electron intensity recorded through a sample is one of the important pieces of information needed in determining the thickness of a thin film or the molecular weight of biological structures by electron scattering methods. Modern digital imaging systems in transmission electron microscopes allow relatively easy determination of electron intensities, but some labs don't have the expensive digital systems. Photographic film has been used traditionally to record electron microscope pictures, and film can record a very high density of spatial information.
The Tension Mounts: Will this be the Year for the First Commercial X-Ray Microcalorimeter?
Authors: Compton Bob 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With the upcoming Microscopy & Microanalysis Conference only a few weeks away, the question that is in the mind of many industry experts is: “Will this be the meeting where the first commercial x-ray microcalorimeter is introduced?” If it is, you can bet your bottom dollar that there will be a major upheaval in the high resolution x-ray EDS business because of the ten- to fifty-fold improvement in X-ray resolution promised by this extraordinary device.
Looking at Slow Axonal Transport
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W , Stephen Brimijoin W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Neurons are about as polarized as cells ever get. Their axonal process can extend a distance that is up to a million times the diameter of the nerve cell body. Axons have none of the ribosomal machinery responsible for protein synthesis, so all neuronal proteins and peptides must be manufactured near the nucleus and carried out to the periphery. This distribution involves at least two distinct mechanisms, fast axonal transport, moving at almost 500 mm per day, and slow axonal transport, moving only 0.1 to 3 mm per day. It turns out that proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton, along with many soluble cytosolic proteins, are transported exclusively by the slower process.
To Cheat or Not to Cheat
Authors: Levy Gabor B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There has been a recent uproar about falsified data in biomedical research. This occurs with some regularity, and even Congress has been aroused recently with the justification that the perpetrators and the universities where they worked had received public grant monies. The incidents may have been relatively few in numbers, but the fires have been fanned by the media. Less publicized, but perhaps more disturbing is the apparent conflict of interest spread by many new biotechnology companies. Researchers who develop and evaluate their products are frequently given substantial chunks of the companies whose products they are testing.
Site-Specific Cross-sectioning of IC Devices for Failure Analysis by SEM/TEM: Specimen Preparation Challenge and Approach
Authors: Shaapur Farhad 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cross-sectioning of microelectronic devices for the purpose of construction or failure analysis by SEM and/or TEM has always been considered a major challenge. The ever increasing complexity and shrinking dimensions of these devices have pushed the art and science of the related specimen preparation beyond their conventional limits. The need for SEM failure analysis of sub-micron elements of a failed device requires the capability of cross-sectioning the sample with a high spatial-resolution within a specific transverse piane. An image of the device structure obtained at sufficiently high magnification from the above specimen generally reveals the defect(s) responsible for the failure. If the imaging resolution and contrast offered by an SEM prove to be inadequate for the above purpose, device structure will be inspected via TEM. Analysis of such device by TEM imposes the additional requirement of back-thinning the above specimen to electron transparency at the site of failure.
How Did You Do that?
Authors: Soeldner Al 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Methods and results reported to our scientific, technical or law enforcement clients and/or presented in a court of law demand the assurance that all work can be duplicated precisely in every detail. The preparation of technical reports that meet high standards for accuracy and completeness are an ethical responsibility and professional obligation for managers of analytical laboratories.
As the extent or complexity of work increases, more methods and techniques may be employed, producing an array of results. The preparation of reports which accurately describe what was done, how it was done, and what was produced can become a significant challenge. The collection, handling, and analysis of physical evidence can seriously impact the search for the truth, as the O.J. Simpson trial has clearly illustrated.