bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A spontaneous Roller mutation in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle, 1970 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Tomalak Marek , Filipiak Anna 
Published: February 2019

Summary
The first spontaneous morphological/anatomical and behavioural mutation Bxy-rol(tom3) has been identified and characterised in the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The mutation is recessive to its wild-type counterpart. The mutant phenotype designated as Roller (Rol) is distinctive for the helical twist of the whole body around its longitudinal axis. The twist of the nematode body wall cuticle is followed by a similar twist of hypodermis, muscles and other organs and cuticular structures. These morphological and anatomical changes are responsible for the altered pattern of the nematode movement. Besides these changes, the Bxy-rol(tom3) mutation does not visibly affect any other essential character or function of B. xylophilus. Both wild-type and Rol nematodes present similar morphometrics, life cycle length, and reproductive potential. The Rol mutant easily cross-bred with individuals from any other tested strains/isolates of B. xylophilus and produced viable intra-specific hybrid offspring in vitro, on B. cinerea/potato dextrose agar plates. The mutants also seem to be well adapted to the nematode’s natural environment in pine wood. They dispersed inside pine seedlings, successfully mated, produced stable and fully viable offspring in this environment, and were as pathogenic to the host tree as the wild-type B. xylophilus. Potential of the characterised mutation as a marker for direct comparative study on strain/species reproductive compatibility, competition for space, food and vector insect, and for intra- and inter-specific hybridisation of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, is discussed.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of two species of Aporcella Andrássy, 2002 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae) from Iran, with new insights into the phylogeny of the genus
Authors: Naghavi Arezoo , Niknam Gholamreza , Vazifeh Nasir , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: February 2019

Summary
Two species, one new and another known, of Aporcella, isolated from the rhizosphere of fruit trees in East Azarbaijan, Iran, are described, including morphological data and D2-D3 rDNA LSU sequences. Aporcella malekimilanii sp. n. is characterised by its 1.9-2.7 mm long body, lateral chord bearing glandular bodies, lip region offset by weak constriction and 14-17 μm broad, odontostyle 13-15 μm long with aperture occupying 60% of its length, neck 476-619 μm long, pharyngeal expansion occupying 58-63% of total neck length, uterus simple and 91-100 μm long, V = 55-61, tail conical (44-56 μm, c = 41-58, c′ = 1.2-1.7) with finely rounded tip and a short terminal hyaline portion, and male unknown. New data are provided for A. vitrinus, whose Iranian material fits very well the known populations of the species. Molecular analyses reveal close evolutionary relationships of the two species with other representatives of the genus, supporting its monophyly, and confirm that they belong to a major clade with non-aporcelaimid taxa, the relationship with discolaims deserving further attention in the future.
Map is Not Territory, Menu is Not Meal
Authors: Frankenberry Nancy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article focuses on Jonathan Z. Smith’s 1978 essay, “Map is Not Territory,” in terms of its definition of religion, allegiance to anthropology and history, and avoidance of relativism. Updated to the author’s situation forty years later, it articulates the relation between map and territory as one of asymmetrical dependence governed by the rule that the concrete includes the abstract and exceeds it in value. Reading Smith’s essay in light of Donald Davidson’s “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme” provides a philosophical argument against radical relativism. Two brief aperçu about Smith frame this account.
Structure and History and X
Authors: Levene Nancy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In working to understand myths, rituals, and the human beings who craft and use them, Jonathan Z. Smith involved himself in a debate located primarily in anthropology. What is one to make of cultural and linguistic differences? How do differences come to matter? Are there barriers to understanding between one culture-group-tribe and another that surpass the power of translation? Smith’s stance in this debate was partly negative. It cannot be the case that there are differences between cultures that entail ranking some higher than others. More constructively, Smith posed the question of the relationship of two approaches that shape the debate: on one side, the approach of structuralism, which seeks to identify what all cultures share, and on the other, the approach of history, which looks for anomalies and outliers, specificities and accidents. One must commit to both, he claimed. The question is, how?
Courtship performance as function of body condition in an ‘ancient’ form of sperm transfer
Authors: Olivero Paola A. , Vrech David E. , Oviedo-Diego Mariela A. , Mattoni Camilo I. , Peretti Alfredo V. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In most animal species, body condition has a fundamental role in fitness. In males, sexual selection generally favors larger body size or greater weight. This may result in males with better condition performing more vigorous courtships, and biasing female preferences. The effects of body condition on mating performance have been extensively studied in different animal groups. Among arachnids, scorpions are an interesting group for evaluating the effects of these sexual traits on mating performance, since they exhibit an ancient mode of indirect sperm transfer. Scorpion males deposit a single spermatophore on the soil to transfer the sperm to the females, and therefore, the production of spermatophores involves a high cost for them. In this study, we use the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis as a model to evaluate different patterns of sexual behavior as a function of the body condition of both males and females. We found that males with a better body condition performed the mating dance stage more quickly than males with a lower condition. In addition, males performed the sexual sting behavior for a longer time with females in a better condition. Our results suggest that a better condition provides a mating advantage to males and represents an indicator of courtship performance. Given that female quality is usually correlated with fecundity, males mating with females with a better body condition probably have higher reproductive success.
Limiting Third States’ Military Activities in the EEZ: ‘Due Regard Obligations’ and the Law on the Use of Force Applied to Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Beaucillon Charlotte 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The aim of this article is to contribute to the general analysis of ‘due regard obligations’, through their articulation with branches of international law other than the law of the sea. More specifically, it focuses on the law of military activities at sea, as governed by international law on the use of force and nuclear weapons. It is argued here that the scope of the Law of the Sea Convention’s ‘due regard obligations’ cannot be examined in a vacuum, but should rather, to the extent possible, be interpreted in conformity with other related sources of international law. Reciprocally, this paper shows that some rules of jus ad bellum and jus in bello applicable to the use of nuclear weapons in a third state’s exclusive economic zone, fail to consider other simultaneously applicable obligations, which could well be grasped through the prism of ‘due regard’.
The Genesis of the ‘Due Regard’ Obligations in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Hamamoto Shotaro 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The obligation of the coastal state to have due regard to the rights and duties of other states (Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) Art 56(2)) did not suddenly appear with the LOSC. It was gradually formed corresponding to the increasing recognition of the rights of the coastal state in adjacent maritime zones. The practice prior to the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the travaux préparatoires of the LOSC indicate that this obligation requires something more than the negative obligation not to interfere with the exercise by the coastal State of its rights and competences, and that the ‘rights and duties’ to which due regard is to be paid are not limited to those explicitly listed in the LOSC, such as the freedoms of navigation, overflight and of laying of submarine cables and pipelines.
The European Union, Fisheries and ‘Due Regard’ in the EEZ: Some Reflections
Authors: Naert Frederik 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This contribution addresses some particular aspects of fisheries and some specificities of the European Union (EU) in this field. The first section explains how institutional settings in the framework of which all states concerned can discuss mutual rights and obligations, including the ‘due regard’ obligation in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), have been established in the field of fisheries. The second section presents two examples of situations in which the ‘due regard’ obligation has given rise to discussion: the negotiations on an Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean and discussions on Marine Protected Areas and other similar areas. In the third section, a few issues that are particular to the EU are identified, including the competences transferred to the EU and their external exercise by the EU and the impact of EU law on relations between Member States in their respective EEZs.
A Medieval English Astrolabe Now in Innsbruck, Linked to the Lancastrian Court and with a Chaucer Connection
Authors: Davis John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A medieval English astrolabe, in an Innsbruck museum and not previously published in detail, is described and discussed. It is probably dated to the late 14th century and is of a size and quality which shows it to have been produced for someone of high social standing. Features of its plates, the calendar of saints’ days, and astrological data are used to associate the astrolabe to the Duchy of Lancaster. Historical events of the period provide circumstantial evidence linking it to Henry of Lancaster (Henry Bolingbroke) and his court. It also provides a link between the “Chaucerian” astrolabes and concurrent “quatrefoil” or Gothic designs which together make up the majority of the corpus of English medieval astrolabes.
Celestial Globes and Popular Astronomy
Authors: Ampollini Ilaria 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This contribution aims to examine the scientific relationship between Giuseppe Toaldo and Jérôme Lalande, focusing on two works by the French astronomer which Toaldo translated into Italian. The first text is the Abregé d’ Astronomie (Compendio d’Astronomia, Padova: Stamperia del Seminario, 1777), addressed to students of astronomy; the second one is the Astronomie des Dames (Astronomia delle Dame, [Venezia]: Giacomo Storti, 1796), written for a female public to which Toaldo interestingly added the appendix Astronomia de’ Gentiluomini (Venezia, 1797). These works clearly testify Toaldo’s deep interest in the teaching and spreading of astronomy, an interest Toaldo shared with Lalande. The contacts between the two astronomers we will be displaying will also allow us to make some hypothesis about two splendid globes, a terrestrial and a celestial one. It is unknown how they arrived in the library of the Episcopal Seminar of Padova, where they are preserved today.
Neurophenomenology and Neoplatonism
Authors: MacLennan Bruce J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The worldview emerging from neurophenomenology is consistent with the phenomenological insights obtained by Neoplatonic theurgical operations. For example, gods and daimons are phenomenologically equivalent to the archetypes and complexes investigated in Jungian psychology and explicated by evolutionary psychology. Jung understood the unconscious mind and physical reality to have a common root in an unus mundus (with physical and psychical aspects). Parallel reductions in the phenomenological and neurological domain imply elementary constituents of consciousness associated with simple physical systems, that is, natural processes experienced both externally (objectively) and internally (subjectively). Analysis reveals they have both an eternal formal structure and a material substrate that allows the formal structure to evolve in time with both phenomenal and physical aspects. Since all physical processes fit this description, a form of panpsychism is implied. These developments can inform our understanding of the Forms, the World Soul, and individual souls in Neoplatonism.
The Coronation of the Early Sasanians, Ctesiphon, and the Great Diadem of Paikuli
Authors: Shenkar Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe article discusses the venue and the nature of the coronation ceremony of the Sasanian kings in the third century. It is argued that the coronation of the early Sasanians was a continuation of a Hellenistic ceremony, which was essentially the act of binding a diadem around one’s head. It seems that the common practice was for the king to bind the diadem himself in the presence of a select circle of courtiers or only in the presence of the gods. Furthermore, the article will demonstrate that Ctesiphon was neither the “capital” nor even the most important residence of the early Sasanians and no ceremony of coronation took place there in the third century.
How to Rule the World: Occult-Scientific Manuals of the Early Modern Persian Cosmopolis
Authors: Melvin-Koushki Matthew 
Published: February 2019

AbstractImperial grimoires—that is, manuals on various forms of magic and divination written for or commissioned by royal readers—proliferated across the early modern Persianate world, more than paralleling the (decidedly non-imperial) grimoire boom in Renaissance Europe; but only the latter has been studied to date. This programmatic essay diagnoses the colonialist-Orientalist causes for this wild imbalance in comparative early modern Western intellectual and imperial historiography and outlines a philological way forward. Far from being evidence for “the superstition of the Moslem natives,” such manuals are an indispensable aperture onto precisely those processes—common to Islamdom and Christendom alike—by which we define Western early modernity: textualization, canonization, standardization, confessionalization, centralization, imperialization, bureaucratization, democratization, and mathematization. Yet they also record the religio-cultural and institutional divergences that so distinguish the Islamicate and especially Persianate experience of early modernity from the Latin Christianate.
Renewal and Tradition in Devout Hebrew Poetry. The Case of the Early Modern Karaites in Poland-Lithuania
Authors: Tuori Riikka 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The article discusses the manifestations of religious renewal in devout Karaite Hebrew poetry written in Poland-Lithuania in the early modern period. While this type of Hebrew poetry is entrenched in tradition and derivative in nature, certain innovative elements appear both in the wordings and in the performance of Karaite Hebrew poetry during the early modern period. Alluding, for example, to new Sabbath rituals, the poems reflect the influence of popular mysticism on Karaite ideology. Hebrew poetry also indicates slight changes in the societal status of Karaite women as well as an increase in the use of the vernacular.
Muslims as Participants in Political and Legal Processes in the Russian Empire in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Pakhomova Elizabeth A. , Fomichev Maxim N. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The article considers the integration of Russian Muslims (including the Muslim elite of the Russian Empire) into the politic life of the country in the first part of the twentieth century. It discusses aspects of Russian Muslim in parliamentary election campaigns, explores the specifics of the involvement of Islamic modernism (Jadidism) in political processes and considers the influence of revolutionary processes on the polarization of Russian Muslims. The article also discusses positive experiences of a peaceful coexistence between different religious confessions in Russia.
Muslim–Christian Conversion in Modern Russia and the Idea of Russia as a Eurasian Islamo-Christian Space
Authors: Rubin Dominic 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article examines conversion between Islam and Russian Orthodoxy in contemporary Russia. The author tests the idea that Russia historically constituted an Islamo-Christian Eurasian space, and that this reality has now been revived in the hermeneutic self-perception of government rhetoric as well as in the self-understanding of converts from both religious communities. He concludes that this “hermeneutic space” is real (though not exclusive), and is expressed both in the syncretistic practice of individuals and within communities. However, instead of seeing the Eurasian space as essentialist, the author gives “Eurasianism” a philosophical reconstruction, viewing it as an inter-subjective mental hermeneutic that nonetheless has reality and causality in shaping individual and collective religious identity in Russia today.
Understanding International Economic Law in Unsettling Times: A Feminist Approach
Authors: Ruiz Fabri Hélène 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article aims at reflecting on the alleged ‘unsettling times’ of international economic law. To do so, it uses some methodological tools of feminist approaches to international law. With this particular perspective, it aims at voicing the criticisms addressed to this particular branch of international law: its mechanisms of domination, its biases and its unjust character. After an assessment of these problems, the article concludes that what a feminist deconstruction shows is the need for clearer, more transparent and better balanced rules shaping this field.
Functionalism, Fragmentation, and the Future of International (Trade) Law
Authors: Trachtman Joel P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
International law addresses the relationship between autarchic national public policy, including but not limited to national economic policy, and international cooperation. This address makes three related points. First, in order to achieve efficient levels and types of international cooperation, it will be necessary to overcome international legal fragmentation, both in international legislation and in international adjudication. Second, WTO dispute settlement has avoided making cross-sectoral trade-offs that would effectively overcome fragmentation, in part because it generally avoids evaluation of regulatory rationales, and in part because its mandate does not allow application of international law beyond the WTO covered agreements. Third, even if we overcame the fragmentation problem in legislation and adjudication, we would still need to move toward majority voting to reach an efficient level of international law-making.
Black Bodies/Libidinal Economies in Barry Unsworth’s Sacred Hunger
Authors: Jones Medine Carolyn , Loh Lucienne 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Barry Unsworth’s Booker Prize winning novel, Sacred Hunger (1992), explores the Middle Passage from the perspective of two central protagonists: Erasmus Kemp, the son of a slave ship builder and owner of the Liverpool Merchant, and Matthew Paris, his cousin and the ship’s doctor. The novel asserts that the “sacred hunger” of the slave trade is the desire for making money, at any cost. In this essay, we argue that one cost, the novel suggests, is the commodification of women’s bodies, particularly black captive women entering the trade. Exploring this libidinal economy, we examine the role of the ship’s doctor, in Paris, as the keeper of the gateway to slavery; the sexual exploitation of both black and white women, and Unsworth’s use of the trace—in this case, the elusive figure of the Paradise Nigger, or Luther Sawdust, who is Paris’ son, Kenke, conceived in a new settlement based on democracy undertaken in Florida and engaged in by both blacks and whites from the wrecked Liverpool Merchant. Capitalism, through human competition, enters that community, which, ultimately, is destroyed as Kemp discovers it and retakes his property. The Paradise Nigger represents a counter-memory and counter-force: a hope that the repetition of master-slave dichotomy in the libidinal economy can be interrupted by something “other” that suggests alternative shapes of human freedom.
<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>The shelled pteropods of the northeast Pacific Ocean (Mollusca: Heterobranchia, Pteropoda)</strong></p>
Authors: JANSSEN ARIE W. , BUSH STEPHANIE L. , BEDNARŠEK NINA 
Published: February 2019

An overview of shelled pteropod species of the northeast Pacific Ocean, roughly north of 25°N and east of 160°W is presented. For the 34 recognised species (Limacinidae 6, Creseidae 4, Creseidae ? 2, Cuvierinidae 3, Cliidae 6, Cavoliniidae 10, Peraclidae 2, Clionidae 1) a brief description is given enabling identification. Data are based on several museum collections and the existing literature. For all species the original description and most important synonyms are referenced. Locations of type specimens are recorded as far as is known. All species are illustrated, for many species images of living specimens are included. Cavolinia labiata (d’Orbigny, 1835) is designated type species of Orbignyia Adams, 1859.
The Observed Effects of Utility-Scale Photovoltaics on Near-Surface Air Temperature and Energy Balance
Authors: Broadbent Ashley M. , Krayenhoff E. Scott , Georgescu Matei , Sailor David J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUtility-scale solar power plants are a rapidly growing component of the renewable energy sector. While most agree that solar power can decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the effects of photovoltaic (PV) systems on surface energy exchanges and near-surface meteorology are not well understood. This study presents data from two eddy covariance observational towers, placed within and adjacent to a utility-scale PV array in southern Arizona. The observational period (October 2017–July 2018) includes the full range of annual temperature variation. Average daily maximum 1.5-m air temperature at the PV array was 1.3°C warmer than the reference (i.e., non-PV) site, whereas no significant difference in 1.5-m nocturnal air temperature was observed. PV modules captured the majority of solar radiation and were the primary energetically active surface during the day. Despite the removal of energy by electricity production, the modules increased daytime net radiation Q* available for partitioning by reducing surface albedo. The PV modules shift surface energy balance partitioning away from upward longwave radiation and heat storage and toward sensible heat flux QH because of their low emissivity, low heat capacity, and increased surface area and roughness, which facilitates more efficient QH from the surface. The PV modules significantly reduce ground heat flux QG storage and nocturnal release, as the soil beneath the modules is well shaded. Our work demonstrates the importance of targeted observational campaigns to inform process-based understanding associated with PV systems. It further establishes a basis for observationally based PV energy balance models that may be used to examine climatic effects due to large-scale deployment.