bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galaxy Mergers up to Z < 2.5. I. The Star Formation Properties of Merging Galaxies at Separations of 3–15 kpc
Authors: Silva Andrea , Marchesini Danilo , Silverman John D. , Skelton Rosalind , Iono Daisuke , Martis Nicholas , Marsan Z. Cemile , Tadaki Ken-ichi , Brammer Gabriel , kartaltepe Jeyhan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We present a study of the influence of galaxy mergers on star formation at 0.3 < z < 2.5. Major mergers are selected from the CANDELS/3D-HST catalog using a peak-finding algorithm. Mergers have projected galaxy nucleus separation of their members between 3 and 15 kpc. We compare the star formation activity in merging and nonmerging galaxies and find no significant differences. We find that only 12% of the galaxies in major mergers (in which both galaxies have

) are starbursting (i.e., with star formation rate (SFR) above the main sequence of star-forming galaxies by >0.5 dex). Merging galaxies, which include galaxies with lower masses, show a higher fraction of starbursting galaxies (20%). The low fraction of starbursting merging galaxies in this sample suggests that at galaxy nucleus separations of 3–15 kpc merging galaxies are still in an early stage and are yet to reach the maximum level of star formation activity. Furthermore, the level of star formation enhancement and its duration could be arguably reduced compared to local mergers, as shown by simulations of high-z mergers, and might also depend on the physical properties (such as stellar mass and gas fraction) of the merging galaxies. Finally, we compare the specific SFR between merging galaxies. Our results suggest that, as the mass of the merging galaxies increases, the star formation activity in the less massive member in the merger suffers a more dramatic impact than its companion galaxy.
Generation of Inverted Heliospheric Magnetic Flux by Coronal Loop Opening and Slow Solar Wind Release
Authors: Owens Mathew J. , Lockwood Mike , Barnard Luke A. , MacNeil Allan R. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In situ spacecraft observations provide much-needed constraints on theories of solar wind formation and release, particularly the highly variable slow solar wind, which dominates near-Earth space. Previous studies have shown an association between local inversions in the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF) and solar wind released from the vicinity of magnetically closed coronal structures. We here show that in situ properties of inverted HMF are consistent with the same hot coronal source regions as the slow solar wind. We propose that inverted HMF is produced by solar wind speed shear, which results from interchange reconnection between a coronal loop and open flux tube, and introduces a pattern of fast–slow–fast wind along a given HMF flux tube. This same loop-opening process is thought to be central to slow solar wind formation. The upcoming Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions provide a unique opportunity to directly observe these processes and thus determine the origin of the slow solar wind.
Galactic Panspermia
Authors: Ginsburg Idan , Lingam Manasvi , Loeb Abraham 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We present an analytic model to estimate the total number of rocky or icy objects that could be captured by planetary systems within the Milky Way Galaxy and result in panspermia should they harbor life. We estimate the capture rate of objects ejected from planetary systems over the entire phase space as well as time. Our final expression for the capture rate depends upon the velocity dispersion as well as the characteristic biological survival time and the size of the captured object. We further take into account the number of stars that an interstellar object traverses, as well as the scale height and length of the Milky Way’s disk. The likelihood of Galactic panspermia is strongly dependent upon the survival lifetime of the putative organisms as well as the velocity of the transporter. Velocities between 10–100 km s−1 result in the highest probabilities. However, given large enough survival lifetimes, even hypervelocity objects traveling at over 1000 km s−1 have a significant chance of capture, thereby increasing the likelihood of panspermia. Thus, we show that panspermia is not exclusively relegated to solar system-sized scales, and the entire Milky Way could potentially be exchanging biotic components across vast distances.
Postoperative Stereopsis in Adult Patients With Horizontal Comitant Strabismus With Normal Vision Who Are Stereoblind
Authors: Yan Xiaohe , Lin Xiaoming 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
To examine stereopsis in patients with comitant horizontal strabismus who had normal vision and were stereoblind following the strabismus surgery.

Methods:
Twenty patients with primary comitant horizontal strabismus and normal corrected visual acuity were included in this study. The stereoacuity was quantitatively measured by the random dot butterfly stereotest, the Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test (Stereo Optical, Inc., Chicago, IL), and synoptophore.

Results:

Twenty patients with comitant strabismus (14 exotropia and 6 esotropia) with normal corrected visual acuity but without stereopsis were included. The average prism deviation was 63.55 ± 18.52 prism diopters (PD) (range: 30 to 90 PD). The mean duration of strabismus was 17.93 ± 7.0 years (range: 5 to 30 years). At 3 days postoperatively, 22.2% (4 of 18) of the patients had improved stereopsis and the mean stereoacuity was 60 ± 28.28 seconds of arc by random dot butterfly stereotest and 150 ± 57.74 seconds of arc by Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test (
P
< .05). For the fusion and stereopsis at far measured by the synoptophore, 11.1% (2 of 18) of the patients demonstrated recovery of fusion and substantial recovery of stereopsis. The mean stereoacuity (at far) was 200 seconds of arc. At the last follow-up visit (3 to 12 months, average 6.55 ± 3.46 months), 45% (9 of 20) of the patients demonstrated substantial near stereopsis recovery and the median stereoacuity was 53.33 ± 33.17 seconds of arc by random dot butterfly stereotest and 95.56 ± 63.07 seconds of arc by the Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test (
P
< .01). A total of 25% (5 of 20) of the patients demonstrated recovery of fusion and 15% (3 of 20) of the patients showed substantial recovery of stereopsis at far. The median stereoacuity (at far) was 193.33 ± 179.26 seconds of arc.

Conclusions:
The results demonstrated that adult patients with comitant strabismus who had good vision and were stereoblind benefited from strabismus surgery and the stereopsis improved. Near stereopsis was easier to regain than far stereopsis.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55(6):407–411.]
Refractive Trend of Stage 3 Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Padidam Sneha , Le Kim , Lin Xihui 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
To analyze the yearly refractive trend in patients with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) over a 7-year time period.

Methods:
This was a retrospective review of 70 eyes of 35 patients with stage 3 ROP.

Results:

Of the 70 eyes, 46 received laser ablation and 24 did not. There was a similar distribution between zone II and zone III disease in both groups (
P
= .87). The average final refraction in the laser group was −0.83 diopters (D) in comparison to +1.61 D in the no laser group. The final refractive change was −3.55 D in the laser group and −0.25 D in the no laser group. A greater myopic shift was observed in the first 2 years of life than between years 2 and 7 in both groups.

Conclusions:
Infants who underwent laser treatment for stage 3 ROP tended to have higher myopia than those with stage 3 ROP who did not require treatment.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2018;55(6):403–406.]
IL-17 in Renal Immunity and Autoimmunity
Authors: Biswas Partha S. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The kidney is an organ particularly susceptible to damage caused by infections and autoimmune conditions. Renal inflammation confers protection against microbial infections. However, if unchecked, unresolved inflammation may lead to kidney damage. Although proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 is required for immunity against extracellular pathogens, dysregulated IL-17 response is also linked to autoimmunity. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of IL-17 activity in the kidney in context to renal immunity and autoimmunity and raise the intriguing question to what extent neutralization of IL-17 is beneficial or harmful to renal inflammation.
A Comparison of High School Boys' and Girls' Lacrosse Injuries: Academic Years 2008–2009 Through 2015–2016
Authors: Warner Keegan , Savage Jennifer , Kuenze Christopher M. , Erkenbeck Alexandria , Comstock R. Dawn , Covassin Tracey 
Published: November 2018

Context
The sex-based differences in the structure and rules of boys' and girls' lacrosse result in very different styles of play, which may have significant implications for the rates and patterns of injuries.

Objective
To compare the epidemiology of injuries sustained by boys' and girls' lacrosse players.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Web-based online surveillance system.

Patients or Other Participants
The High School Reporting Information Online database was used to analyze injuries reported by certified athletic trainers from 2008–2009 through 2015–2016.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Practice and competition injury rates, body site, diagnosis, and mechanism.

Results
Boys had a higher injury rate than girls (20.9 versus 15.7 per 10 000 athlete-exposures, respectively; rate ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.2, 1.4). The most commonly injured body sites for boys and girls, respectively, were the lower extremities (38.0%, 56.4%) and the head/neck (28.3%, 29.8%). More specifically, the most frequently diagnosed injuries for both boys and girls, respectively, in competitions were concussions (23.1%, 25.6%), ankle ligament sprains (7.8%, 15.3%), upper leg strains (4.8%, 6.7%), and knee ligament sprains (4.2%, 6.7%). The most cited mechanism of injury overall was contact with another player (22.0%); among boys, it was contact with a stick (14.8%) and among girls, the most frequent mechanisms were overuse (25.0%) and contact with a stick (14.7%).

Conclusions
Injury rates and mechanisms of injuries differed between high school boys' and girls' lacrosse players. Boys had a higher rate of injury, with the most common mechanism of injury being contact with another player compared with overuse in girls. However, similarities were seen between sexes for the most frequently injured body sites and injury diagnoses. Future authors should continue to compare differences in injury rates, equipment upgrades, and rule changes in boys' and girls' lacrosse.
An Exact Method for Power Calculation for a Three-arm Clinical Endpoint Bioequivalence Study
Authors: Yang Aotian , Sun Wanjie 
Published: November 2018

A clinical endpoint bioequivalence (BE) study aims to establish BE between a generic drug (TEST) and an innovator drug (REF). A placebo (PLB) is usually included to demonstrate the sensitivity of the study. BE is established if TEST is shown to be superior to PLB, REF superior to PLB, and TEST equivalent to REF. Therefore, an overall BE test for a clinical endpoint BE study is composed of two superiority tests (TEST vs. PLB and REF vs. PLB) and one equivalence test (TEST vs. REF).
Previously, Chang et al (2014) calculated the sample size and power for an overall BE test based on one superiority test (TEST vs. PLB) and an equivalence test (TEST vs. REF) using the joint distribution of sample means and sample variances because &rsquo;it is not easy to derive the sample size based on the multivariate t-distribution&rsquo; (we call this a ZChiSquare method). In this paper, we propose an exact method to calculate the power and sample size for an overall BE test based on two superiority tests (TEST vs. PLB, REF vs. PLB) and one equivalence test (TEST vs. REF) using a multivariate non-central t distribution directly, which we call an Exact-t method. We also extended the Z-ChiSquare method to an overall BE test with two superiority tests and one equivalence test, rather than one superiority and one equivalence test as in Chang et al&rsquo;s paper.
Simulation shows that our proposed Exact-t method is computationally more efficient than the Z-ChiSquare method without self-writing codes to numerically calculate the conditional expectation of a multivariate normal distribution conditional upon a truncated Chi-Square distribution. When sample size is small, the Exact-t method generates more accurate results than the Z-ChiSquare method.
The Exact-t method is recommended when calculating power and determining sample size for a three-arm clinical endpoint BE study.
3-Dimensional fasciectomy: A highly efficacious common ground approach to Dupuytren’s surgery
Authors: Miranda Benjamin H , Elliott Charlotte , Kearsey Christopher C , Haughton David N , Webb Mark R , Harvey Ian , Fahmy Fahmy S 
Published: November 2018

Background Numerous Dupuytren’s fasciectomy techniques have been described, each associated with unique surgical challenges, complications and recurrence rates. We describe a common ground surgical approach to Dupuytren’s disease; 3-dimensional fasciectomy (3DF). 3DF aims to address the potential contributors to the high recurrence rate of Dupuytren’s disease and unite current limited fasciectomy practice that varies considerably between surgeons.
Methods We describe the 3DF principles; raising thin skin flaps (addressing dermal involvement), excising diseased palmar fascia with a 3−5 mm clearance margin (treating highly locally recurrent conditions) and excising the vertical septae of Legueu and Juvara (providing deep clearance, hence addressing all potentially involved pathological tissue). The surgical outcomes between traditional limited fasciectomy (LF) and 3DF are compared.
Results From the 786 operations included (n=585), postoperative recurrence rates were significantly lower for the 3DF group (2/145, 1.4%) than the LF group (72/641, 11.2%) (P=0.001), and the time to recurrence was significantly longer (5.0±0 years vs. 4.0±0.2 years; P<0.0001). With recurrence excluded, there were no differences between the postoperative complication rates for 3DF (5/145, 3.5%) and LF (41/641, 6.4%) (P=0.4).
Conclusions Our results suggest that 3DF leads to lower recurrence rates and a longer disease-free period for patients, without increasing complications. 3DF provides a safe, efficacious, common ground surgical approach in the treatment of Dupuytren’s flexion deformity.
Oral propranolol therapy in 23 infants with infantile hemangioma
Authors: Kim Jaeyoon , Hong Jong Won , Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won Jai 
Published: November 2018

Background Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a common vascular tumor in pediatric patients, and is commonly treated with propranolol. We describe our experiences with dosage, response to treatment, and side effects in 23 IH patients treated with propranolol.
Methods For this nonrandomized comparative cohort study, the authors enrolled 23 patients treated with propranolol. Photographs were taken before propranolol administration and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. Treatment responses were objectively analyzed with a computer program.
Results There were three male and 20 female patients. Common tumor locations were the head and neck (13 cases, 56.5%), trunk (four cases, 17.4%), extremities (three cases, 13.0%), and combined locations (three cases, 13.0%). The response to propranolol was significantly lower in patients with two or more lesions than in patients with a single lesion in terms of both color fading (P<0.001) and size reduction (P<0.001). In male patients (42.2±3.9), the change in a-values, indicating coloration, was higher than in female patients (19.8 ±13.8)(P<0.001). In patients who started treatment before 6 months after birth, the size reduction was greater than in their counterparts (62.3%; range, 3.0%–93.0% vs. 15.8%; range, 1.0%–79.0%; P<0.001).
Conclusions Propranolol is an efficacious treatment with a good safety profile. In patients with a single lesion, the response to treatment was better in terms of color fading and size reduction. Furthermore, male patients responded better to propranolol treatment in terms of color fading than female patients, and starting treatment before 6 months after birth was more advantageous for size reduction.
Lower facial contouring surgery using a novel method: M-genioplasty
Authors: Lee June Bok , Han Jin Woo , Park Jun Hyung , Min Kyung Hee 
Published: November 2018

Background Mandibular contouring surgery to produce a more slender and small face has become popular, especially in East Asia. Narrowing genioplasty should be simultaneously performed with mandibular angle resection to achieve satisfactory results. In Korea, T-genioplasty has been frequently performed for chin narrowing. The authors developed a new, safe, and reliable method, termed M-genioplasty, that can provide a more slender and attractive lower face.
Methods From June 2013 to December 2017, 36 patients underwent M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection for lower facial contouring. Horizontal and vertical osteotomies were performed obliquely. The resected bone segments were wedge-shaped. The remaining two bone segments were rotated and approximated centrally. The lateral mandible bony stepoff was trimmed off for mandibular angle resection.
Results In all patients, the facial contour sufficiently improved, and most patients were satisfied with the outcome. No severe complications took place during postoperative follow-up.
Conclusions M-genioplasty can provide more mandibular angle resection and can create a more acute chin angle without bone resorption than other methods, including T-genioplasty. M-genioplasty with mandibular angle resection is a safer, more accurate, and more reliable method for lower facial contouring.
Wound healing effects of paste type acellular dermal matrix subcutaneous injection
Authors: Lee Jin Ho , Kim Jae-Won , Lee Jun-Ho , Chung Kyu Jin , Kim Tae Gon , Kim Yong-Ha , Kim Keuk-Jun 
Published: November 2018

Background Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) helps wound healing by stimulating angiogenesis, acting as a chemoattractant for endothelial cells, providing growth factors, and permitting a substrate for fibroblasts to attach. The current standard for using paste-type ADM (CG Paste) in wound healing is direct application over the wounds. The major concerns regarding this method are unpredictable separation from the wounds and absorption into negative-pressure wound therapy devices. This study aimed to investigate the effects of subcutaneous injection of paste-type ADM on wound healing in rats.
Methods Full-thickness skin defects were created on the dorsal skin of rats. Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups and treated using different wound coverage methods: group A, with a saline dressing; group B, standard application of CG Paste; and group C, injection of CG Paste. On postoperative days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14, the wound areas were analyzed morphologically. Histological and immunohistochemical tissue analyses were performed on postoperative days 3 and 7.
Results Groups B and C had significantly less raw surface than group A on postoperative days 10 and 14. Collagen fiber deposition and microvessel density were significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B on postoperative days 3 and 7.
Conclusions This study showed comparable effectiveness between subcutaneous injection and the conventional dressing method of paste-type ADM. Moreover, the injection of CG Paste led to improved wound healing quality through the accumulation of collagen fibers and an increase in microvessel density.
Exploratory investigation of region level risk factors of Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa
Authors: Levy Benjamin , Odoi Agricola 
Published: November 2018

Background
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a highly infectious disease that has produced over 25,000 cases in the past 50 years. While many past outbreaks resulted in relatively few cases, the 2014 outbreak in West Africa was the most deadly occurrence of EVD to date, producing over 15,000 confirmed cases.

Objective
In this study, we investigated population level predictors of EVD risk at the regional level in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea.

Methods
Spatial and descriptive analyses were conducted to assess distribution of EVD cases. Choropleth maps showing the spatial distribution of EVD risk across the study area were generated in ArcGIS. Poisson and negative binomial models were then used to investigate population and regional predictors of EVD risk.

Results
Results indicated that the risk of EVD was significantly lower in areas with higher proportions of: (a) the population living in urban areas, (b) households with a low quality or no toilets, and (c) married men working in blue collar jobs. However, risk of EVD was significantly higher in areas with high mean years of education.

Conclusions
The identified significant predictors of high risk were associated with areas with higher levels of urbanization. This may be due to higher population densities in the more urban centers and hence higher potential of infectious contact. However, there is need to better understand the role of urbanization and individual contact structure in an Ebola outbreak. We discuss shortcomings in available data and emphasize the need to consider spatial scale in future data collection and epidemiological studies.
N
atronomonas
Authors: Minegishi Hiroaki , Kamekura Masahiro 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Na.tro.no.mo'nas. N.L. n.
natron
(arbitrarily derived from the Arabic n.
natrun
or
natron
) soda, sodium carbonate; N.L. pref.
natrono
‐, pertaining to soda; L. fem. n.
monas
, monad, unit; N.L. fem. n.
Natronomonas
, the soda unit.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales / Haloarculaceae / Natronomonas

Natronomonas
species are rods or pleomorphic shaped (including short rods, flat shapes, tetragons, and cocci), which stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are pigmented red. Chemoorganotrophic, aerobic, and halophilic, requiring at least 2.0 M NaCl. Alkaliphilic or neutrophilic. Alkaliphilic species (
Natronomonas pharaonis
) grow between pH 8.0 and 11.0, with optimum growth at pH 8.5–9.0, while neutrophilic species (
Natronomonas moolapensis
and
Natronomonas gomsonensis
) grow at pH 5.5–8.5, with optimum growth at pH 7.0–7.5. Membrane polar lipids are glycerol diether analogs of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerophosphate methyl ester, and phosphatidic acid. Phytanyl‐sesterterpanyl moieties (C
20
C
25
) are present. Unknown phospholipids or glycolipid may exist.
Nmn. pharaonis
possesses no membrane glycolipids, while
Nnm. moolapensis
and
Nmn. gomsonensis
possess an unidentified glycolipid. The structure of the glycolipid observed in
Nmn. moolapensis
was determined as 1‐(6‐sulfo‐
d
‐glcp/galf‐β1,2‐glycero)‐phospho‐2,3‐diphytanylglycerol.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 61.8–64.3.

Type species
:
Natronomonas pharaonis
(Soliman and Trüper 1982) Kamekura, Dyall‐Smith, Upasani, Ventosa and Kates 1997, 856
VP
(
Halobacterium pharaonis
Soliman and Trüper 1982, 327;
Natronobacterium pharaonis
Tindall, Ross and Grant 1984, 355), emend. Burns, Janssen, Itoh, Minegishi, Usami, Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 2010, 1175.