bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships of retained energy and retained protein that influence the determination of cattle requirements of energy and protein using the California Net Energy System
Authors: Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Interrelationships between retained energy (RE) and retained protein (RP) that are essential in determining the efficiency of use of feeds and the assessment of energy and protein requirements of growing cattle were analyzed. Two concerns were identified. The first concern was the conundrum of a satisfactory correlation between observed and predicted RE (r = 0.93) or between observed and predicted RP when using predicted RE to estimate RP (r = 0.939), but a much lower correlation between observed and predicted RP when using observed RE to estimate RP (r = 0.679). The higher correlation when using predicted vs. observed RE is a concern because it indicates an interdependency between predicted RP and predicted RE that is needed to predict RP with a higher precision. These internal offsetting errors create an apparent overall adequacy of nutrition modeling that is elusive, thus potentially destabilizing the predictability of nutrition models when submodels are changed independently. In part, the unsatisfactory prediction of RP from observed RE might be related to the fact that body fat has a caloric value that is 1.65 times greater than body protein and the body deposition of fat increases exponentially as an animal matures, whereas body deposition of protein tends to plateau. Thus, body fat is more influential than body protein in determining RE, and inaccuracies in measuring body protein will be reflected in the RP comparison but suppressed in the RE calculation. The second concern is related to the disconnection when predicting partial efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for growth (kG) using the proportion of RE deposited as protein—carcass approach—vs. using the concentration of metabolizable energy of the diet—diet approach. The culprit of this disconnection might be related to how energy losses that are associated with supporting energy-expending processes (HiEv) are allocated between these approaches. When computing kG, the diet approach likely assigns the HiEv to the RE pool, whereas the carcass approach ignores the HiEV, assigning it to the overall heat production that is used to support the tissue metabolism. Opportunities exist for improving the California Net Energy System regarding the relationships of RE and RP in computing the requirements for energy and protein by growing cattle, but procedural changes might be needed such as increased accuracy in the determination of body composition and better partitioning of energy.
Differences in Performance on Developmental Tasks in Young Children Across Digital and Paper-Based Modalities: A Feasibility Trial
Authors: Dempsey Allison G. , Barton Amy K. , Duncan Andrea F. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To determine whether use of digital-based screening is a feasible approach to monitoring child development, it is necessary to assess young children's abilities to interface with touch screen technology. The primary objectives of this exploratory feasibility study with a randomized experimental design were to determine (1) whether young children respond differently to developmental tasks on paper versus tablet device and (2) whether responses to items presented digitally differed according to hours of weekly exposure to touch screen technology in the home.

Methods:
Eighty children attending 18-, 24-, 36-, or 48-month pediatrician well-child checks were randomly assigned to complete a series of 70 examiner-facilitated, developmental tasks across 7 domains (receptive language, expressive language, early literacy, early numeracy, social emotional, cognition, and fine motor) presented either digitally or on paper. Parents provided information about use of technology in the home. A series of t tests assessed for main effects of presentation modality (digital vs paper) on each of the domains.

Results:
Raw scores across the 7 domains did not differ by presentation modality. Hours of technology use per week was not related to raw scores among children in the digital condition.

Conclusion:
Young children do not respond differentially to items when presented in a digital format in comparison to a paper-based format. Use of manipulatives for assessing developmental skills may be needed for children 2 years and younger, as they displayed a limited range of responses to items in both conditions at these age groups.
Implementation of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin: Challenges From the International Experience
Authors: Howell Stacey J. , Amsterdam Ezra A. , Mumma Bryn E. , López Javier E. , Tran Nam K. 
Published: November 2018

Objective:
Implementation of the newly approved high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) in the United States presents a challenge for clinical practice. Sex-specific cutoffs, clinical protocols, and workflows will likely require modifications before implementation.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional survey of international physicians and laboratorians already utilizing hs-cTn for the evaluation of acute myocardial infarction.

Results:
Twenty-two of 54 (41%) eligible participants completed the survey, representing 9 countries and 18 hospitals. All reported successful hs-cTn implementation and diagnostic utility (mean 8.6 + 1.2 out of 10 for best implementation). The major perceived benefit was more rapid evaluation of acute myocardial infarction (14/19, 74%), and the most frequently cited limitation was an increase in the number of measurable hs-cTn values that required further evaluation (8/18, 44%). Institutions using the hs-cTnI assay favored sex-specific cutoffs (5/6, 83%), whereas institutions employing the hs-cTnT assay favored a combined cutoff (12/12, 100%). Timing of serial hs-cTn measurements varied, with 0–3 hours (8/17, 47%) most frequent, followed by 0–2 hours (4/17, 24%), 0–1 hour (3/17, 18%), and other (2/17, 12%).

Conclusions:
Our survey of hs-cTn implementation at international institutions reveals satisfaction with new assays but reflects important variations in clinical practice. The use of sex-specific vs. combined cutoffs and timing of serial hs-cTn measurements varies across institutions and are subjects that United States centers must define without consensus from international practices.
Spatiotemporal Analysis and Epidemiology of Kawasaki Disease in Western New York
Authors: Chang Arthur , Delmerico Alan M. , Hicar Mark D. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Kawasaki disease (KD) is one of the leading causes of acquired heart disease in children in developed nations. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that KD is related to an infectious agent; however, the cause remains unknown. Yearly incidence in Japan has been steadily increasing, but few long-term databases of KD cases from North America have been reviewed.

Methods:
We reviewed the epidemiology of local cases over a 16-year period to study incidence with time and temporal and geographic clustering of cases in a representative cohort in North America.

Results:
The yearly incidence in cases per population <5 years old per 100,000 was 20.2 and 15.9, using International Classification of Disease, ninth revision and detailed chart review, respectively. Using International Classification of Disease, ninth revision alone overestimates our incidence by 27%. We show a distinct seasonality of cases with winter predominance. Applying Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic revealed no significant clustering of cases with either purely spatial or space-time analyses. On purely nonconstrained temporal SaTScan analysis, there was a significant clustering of cases in a 67- to 68-week period in 2000–2001.

Conclusions:
Our analysis reveals an apparent outbreak of KD in our region in 2000–2001. In contrast to Japan, for the last 14 years, the incidence in our region has been stable.
Effect of β-Lactam Plus Macrolide Versus Fluoroquinolone on 30-Day Readmissions for Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Gilbert Travis T. , Arfstrom Rachel J. , Mihalovic Scott W. , Dababneh Ala S. , Varatharaj Palraj Bharath Raj , Dierkhising Ross A. , Mara Kristin C. , Lessard Sarah R. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Antibiotic therapy with a macrolide and β-lactam or a fluoroquinolone for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in an inpatient non–intensive care setting is recommended per guidelines. Studies show that these treatments have similar outcomes, including death, adverse effects, and bacterial eradication. However, a comparison of 30-day readmission rates between these treatments is limited.

Study Question:
To determine whether 30-day readmissions for patients treated for CAP in a regional hospital differed between a fluoroquinolone monotherapy and a β-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy.

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥18 years with a CAP diagnosis who were admitted to the same regional hospital from December 1, 2011, through December 1, 2016.

Measures and Outcomes:
Patients receiving a third-generation cephalosporin plus macrolide were compared with those receiving a respiratory fluoroquinolone. Exclusion criteria were concurrent or recent use of the study antibiotics; death, transfer, or transition to hospice; and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia or health care–associated pneumonia. The collected data were 30-day readmission rates, antibiotic regimens, demographic characteristics, and pneumonia severity index and comorbidity scores. Association between treatment group and readmissions was assessed with logistic regression. Association between readmissions and individual data points between the 2 treatment groups was calculated with multivariate regression and odds ratio (95% confidence interval).

Results:
Of 432 patients, 171 met inclusion criteria (fluoroquinolone group, n = 101; β-lactam plus macrolide group, n = 70). Thirty-day readmissions were not significantly different between the fluoroquinolone group and β-lactam plus macrolide group (P = 0.58). Increased 30-day readmissions were independently associated with male sex and hospital length of stay (P < 0.05). Length of stay was approximately 3 days and did not differ between treatment groups.

Conclusions:
No difference was seen in 30-day readmissions between CAP patients who received fluoroquinolone monotherapy and those who received β-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy.
A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction in Pediatric Critical Care Physicians in the United States*
Authors: Gribben Jeanie L. , Kase Samuel M. , Waldman Elisha D. , Weintraub Andrea S. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:
To determine the prevalence of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction and identify potential personal and professional predictors of these phenomena in pediatric critical care providers.

Design:
Cross-sectional, online survey.

Setting:
Pediatric critical care practices in the United States.

Subjects:
Pediatric critical care fellows and attending physicians.

Interventions:
None.

Measurement and Main Results:
A modified Compassion Fatigue and Satisfaction Self-Test for Helpers and a questionnaire of personal and professional characteristics were distributed electronically to pediatric critical care physicians nationally. Prevalence of these phenomena was calculated. Hierarchical linear regression models for compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction as a function of potential risk factors were constructed. The survey response rate was 35.7%. The prevalence of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction was 25.7%, 23.2%, 16.8%, respectively. Burnout score, emotional depletion, and distress about a patient and/or the physical work environment were each significant determinants of higher Compassion Fatigue scores. Preparing for didactics, Compassion Fatigue score, distress about administrative issues and/or coworkers, and “self-care is not a priority” were each significant determinants of higher burnout scores, whereas female sex, Compassion Satisfaction score, and distress about the physical work environment were each significant determinants of lower burnout scores. Prayer/meditation, talking with colleagues, senior faculty level, and student and/or chaplain involvement when delivering bad news were each significant predictors of higher Compassion Satisfaction scores, whereas female sex, burnout score, emotional depletion, and distress about coworkers were each significant predictors of lower Compassion Satisfaction scores.

Conclusions:
In our population, chronic exposure to distress in patients and families puts pediatric critical care physicians at risk for compassion fatigue and low compassion satisfaction. Awareness of compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction and their predictors may benefit providers both personally and professionally by allowing them to proactively manage their distress.
Two Cases of 188Re Microspheres for Inoperable Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Shukla Jaya , Kalra Naveen , Kumar Rajender , Bhusari Priya , Chhabra Anupriya , Parmar Madan , Vatsa Rakhee , Singh Harmandeep , Duseja Ajay , Mittal B. R. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Often, patients present with inoperable and advanced disease. Selective internal radionuclide therapy offers prolonged survival and improved quality of life by delivering high radiation dose to the tumor with minimal complications. We report 2 inoperable cases of HCC treated with therapeutic dose of indigenously developed 188Re microspheres delivered to the hepatic lesions by transarterial catheterization. Follow-up CT revealed necrosis within the lesion, suggesting response to selective internal radionuclide therapy. 188Re microspheres may be a potential treatment option for inoperable HCC with or without portal vein thrombosis.
The role of optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of compressive optic neuropathies
Authors: Micieli Jonathan A. , Newman Nancy J. , Biousse Valérie 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive imaging tool routinely used in ophthalmology that provides cross-sectional images of the retina. Compression of the anterior visual pathways results in progressive thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and this review will highlight the utility of OCT in evaluating patients with this condition.

Recent findings
The RNFL and macular GCC have been found to highly correlate with visual function in patients with compressive optic neuropathies. Preoperative RNFL and macular GCC thickness have emerged as the most reliable and consistent prognostic factors for visual recovery after surgery. Patients with an otherwise normal neuroophthalmic examination, including automated perimetry, may have macular GCC or RNFL thinning as the only manifestation of compression, enabling compressive optic neuropathies to be diagnosed at an earlier stage and managed accordingly.

Summary
Recent findings indicate that OCT is an important tool in the evaluation of patients with compressive optic neuropathies, particularly for prognosis in patients with visual field defects and diagnosis in patients with preserved or mildly reduced visual function. Anatomical changes detected by OCT may precede visual loss and allow for earlier diagnosis and presumably better visual outcomes.
Methods to Assess Ocular Motor Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sheehy Christy K. , Beaudry-Richard Alexandra , Bensinger Ethan , Theis Jacqueline , Green Ari J. 
Published: November 2018

From the Section Editor: The JNO “Disease of the Year: Multiple Sclerosis” series concludes with a focus on cutting edge techniques used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate ocular motility abnormalities. In their article, “Methods to Assess Ocular Motor Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis,” Sheehy and colleagues expand on the earlier works published by Lee et al, and Nerrant et al, which provide an elegant overview of extra-ocular movement findings associated with brainstem disorders, and multiple sclerosis, respectively. The tools highlighted by Sheehy and colleagues add to our understanding of structure-function relationships in multiple sclerosis, and further expand the role of visual system models in multiple sclerosis research and clinical trials. In the series finale, “The International Multiple Sclerosis Visual System Consortium: Advancing Visual System Research in Multiple Sclerosis,” Balcer and colleagues chronicle the inception, development, and achievements of IMSVISUAL, a consortium created by clinicians and researchers committed to advancing the role of visual outcomes in the care of multiple sclerosis patients. The ingenuity and accomplishments of IMSVISUAL will serve to inspire other international collaborations, and further advance scientific discovery in the field of neuro-ophthalmology.

Background:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system causing the immune-mediated demyelination of the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord and resulting in ultimate axonal loss and permanent neurological disability. Ocular motor dysfunction is commonly observed in MS but can be frequently overlooked or underappreciated by nonspecialists. Therefore, detailed and quantitative assessment of eye movement function has significant potential for optimization of patient care, especially for clinicians interested in treating visual symptoms or tracking disease progression.

Methods:
A brief history of eye tracking technology followed by a contextualized review of the methods that can be used to assess ocular motor dysfunction in MS—including a discussion of each method's strengths and limitations. We discuss the rationale for interest in this area and describe new tools capable of tracking eye movements as a possible means of monitoring disease.

Results/Conclusions:
This overview should inform clinicians working with patients with MS of how ocular motor deficits can best be assessed and monitored in this population. It also provides a rationale for interest in this field with insights regarding which techniques should be used for studying which classes of eye movements and related dysfunction in the disease.
Quantitative EEG After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Predicts Long-Term Functional Outcome
Authors: Gollwitzer Stephanie , Müller Tamara M. , Hopfengärtner Rüdiger , Rampp Stephan , Merkel Jasmin , Hagge Mareike , Jukic Jelena , Lang Johannes , Madžar Dominik , Onugoren Müjgan Dogan , Huttner Hagen B. , Schwab Stefan , Hamer Hajo M. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
Delayed cerebral ischemia is a major complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our previous study showed that alpha power reduction in continuous quantitative EEG predicts delayed cerebral ischemia. In this prospective cohort, we aimed to determine the prognostic value of alpha power in quantitative EEG for the long-term outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods:
Adult patients with nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage were included if admitted early enough for EEG to start within 72 hours after symptom onset. Continuous six-channel EEG was applied. Unselected EEG signals underwent automated artifact rejection, power spectral analysis, and detrending. Alpha power decline of ≥40% for ≥5 hours was defined as critical EEG event based on previous findings. Six-month outcome was obtained using the modified Rankin scale.

Results:
Twenty-two patients were included (14 male; mean age, 59 years; Hunt and Hess grade I–IV; duration of EEG monitoring, median 14 days). Poor outcome (modified Rankin scale, 2–5) was noted in 11 of 16 patients (69%) with critical EEG events. All six patients (100%) without EEG events achieved an excellent outcome (modified Rankin scale 0, 1) (P = 0.0062; sensitivity 100%, specificity 54.5%). Vasospasm detected with transcranial Doppler/Duplex sonography appeared 1.5 days after EEG events and showed weaker association with outcome (P = 0.035; sensitivity 100%, specificity 45.5%). There was no significant association between EEG events and ischemic lesions on imaging (P = 0.1). Also, no association between ischemic lesions and outcome was seen (P = 0.64).

Conclusions:
Stable alpha power in quantitative EEG reflects successful therapy and predicts good functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical alpha power reduction indicates an increased risk of poor functional outcome.
On the possibility of spontaneous chemomechanical oscillations in adsorptive porous media
Authors: Bullara D. , De Decker Y. , Epstein I. R. 
Published: November 2018

We derive general conditions for the emergence of sustained chemomechanical oscillations from a non-oscillatory adsorption/desorption reaction in a gas/solid porous medium. The oscillations arise from the nonlinear response of the solid matrix to the loading of the adsorbed species. More particularly, we prove that, in order for oscillations to occur, adsorption of the gas must in general cause a swelling of the solid matrix. We also investigate the prototypical case of Langmuir kinetics both numerically and analytically.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.
Stabilizing a homoclinic stripe
Authors: Kolokolnikov Theodore , Ward Michael , Tzou Justin , Wei Juncheng 
Published: November 2018

For a large class of reaction–diffusion systems with large diffusivity ratio, it is well known that a two-dimensional stripe (whose cross-section is a one-dimensional homoclinic spike) is unstable and breaks up into spots. Here, we study two effects that can stabilize such a homoclinic stripe. First, we consider the addition of anisotropy to the model. For the Schnakenberg model, we show that (an infinite) stripe can be stabilized if the fast-diffusing variable (substrate) is sufficiently anisotropic. Two types of instability thresholds are derived: zigzag (or bending) and break-up instabilities. The instability boundaries subdivide parameter space into three distinct zones: stable stripe, unstable stripe due to bending and unstable due to break-up instability. Numerical experiments indicate that the break-up instability is supercritical leading to a ‘spotted-stripe’ solution. Finally, we perform a similar analysis for the Klausmeier model of vegetation patterns on a steep hill, and examine transition from spots to stripes.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.