bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Recreational Runners’ Marathon Performance Time During Their Training Preparation
Authors: Esteve-Lanao Jonathan , Del Rosso Sebastián , Larumbe-Zabala Eneko , Cardona Claudia , Alcocer-Gamboa Alberto , Boullosa Daniel A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Esteve-Lanao, J, Del Rosso, S, Larumbe-Zabala, E, Cardona, C, Alcocer-Gamboa, A, and Boullosa, DA. Predicting marathon performance time throughout the training preparation in recreational runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3218–3224, 2021—The objective of this study was to predict marathon performance at different time points along the season using different speeds derived from ventilatory thresholds and running economy (RE). Sixteen recreational runners (8 women and 8 men) completed a 16-week marathon training macrocycle. Aerobic threshold (AeT), anaerobic threshold (AnT), and maximal oxygen uptake were assessed at the beginning of the season, whereas speeds eliciting training zones at AeT and AnT, and RE were evaluated at 5-time points during the season (M1–M5). Analyses of variance and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Training improved AeT and AnT speeds at M2 vs. M1 (p = 0.001) and remained significantly higher at M3, M4, and M5 (p = 0.001). There was a significant effect of time (p = 0.003) for RE, being higher at M4 and M5 compared with M1 and M3. Significant correlations were found between marathon performance and speeds at AeT and AnT at every time point (r = 0.81–0.94; p < 0.05). Speed at AnT represented the main influence (65.9 and 71.41%) in the final time prediction at M1 and M2, whereas speed at AeT took its place toward the end of the macrocycle (76.0, 80.4, and 85.0% for M3, M4, and M5, respectively). In conclusion, assessment of speeds at AeT and AnT permits for reasonable performance prediction during the training preparation, therefore avoiding maximal testing while monitoring 2 fundamental training speeds. Future research should verify if these findings are applicable to runners of different levels and other periodization models.
Functional Threshold Power Is Not Equivalent to Lactate Parameters in Trained Cyclists
Authors: Jeffries Owen , Simmons Richard , Patterson Stephen D. , Waldron Mark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Jeffries, O, Simmons, R, Patterson, SD, and Waldron, M. Functional threshold power is not equivalent to lactate parameters in trained cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2790–2794, 2021—Functional threshold power (FTP) is derived from a maximal self-paced 20-minute cycling time trial whereby the average power output is scaled by 95%. However, the physiological basis of the FTP concept is unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship of FTP with a range of laboratory-based blood lactate parameters derived from a submaximal threshold test. Twenty competitive male cyclists completed a maximal 20-minute time trial and an incremental exercise test to establish a range of blood lactate parameters. Functional threshold power (266 ± 42 W) was strongly correlated (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) with the power output associated with a fixed blood lactate concentration 4.0 mmol·L−1 (LT4.0) (268 ± 30 W) and not significantly different (p > 0.05). While mean bias was 2.9 ± 24.6 W, there were large limits of agreement (LOA) between FTP and LT4.0 (−45 to 51 W). All other lactate parameters, lactate threshold (LT) (236 ± 32 W), individual anaerobic threshold (244 ± 33 W), and LT thresholds determined using the Dmax method (221 ± 25 W) and modified Dmax method (238 ± 32 W) were significantly different from FTP (p < 0.05). While FTP strongly correlated with LT4.0, the large LOA refutes any equivalence as a measure with physiological basis. Therefore, we would encourage athletes and coaches to use alternative field-based methods to predict cycling performance.
Relationship Between the 20-m Multistage Fitness Test and 2.4-km Run in Law Enforcement Recruits
Authors: Lockie Robert G. , Dawes J. Jay , Moreno Matthew R. , Cesario Karly A. , Balfany Katherine , Stierli Michael , Dulla Joseph M. , Orr Robin M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Moreno, MR, Cesario, KA, Balfany, K, Stierli, M, Dulla, JM, and Orr, RM. Relationship between the 20-m multistage fitness test and 2.4-km run in law enforcement recruits. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2756–2761, 2021—In the United States, the 2.4-km run is arguably the most common law enforcement aerobic assessment. Potential limitations are that recruits use an internal pacing strategy, the test requires fewer direction changes, and less-fit recruits run for longer. The 20-m multistage fitness test (20MSFT) is commonly used internationally to assess aerobic fitness in law enforcement recruits and provides an external pacing strategy. This study documented sex differences between the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT in law enforcement recruits, and between-test relationships. Retrospective analysis on 8 academy classes (463 men and 87 women) from 1 agency was conducted. The 20MSFT was completed before academy and the 2.4-km run in the first week. Between-sex comparisons in the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT were conducted with independent-samples t-tests and effect sizes. Estimated V̇o
2max from the tests was compared with paired-samples t-tests. Correlations and linear regression calculated 2.4-km run and 20MSFT relationships. There were significant between-sex differences for the 2.4-km run and 20MSFT (p < 0.01), with moderate (d = 0.9) and small (d = 0.4) effects, respectively. Estimated 2.4-km run V̇o
2max was greater than that from the 20MSFT (p < 0.01). The 2.4-km run had significant relationships with the 20MSFT (r = −0.6), although the regression equations were low (r
2 = 0.30–0.37). Between-sex differences in the 20MSFT seemed less than for those in the 2.4-km run. Nonetheless, even with significant relationships between the tests, the 20MSFT induces a higher running intensity and direction changes. This may limit transferability with the 2.4-km run in law enforcement recruits.
Periodization of Plyometrics: Is There an Optimal Overload Principle?
Authors: Lievens Maarten , Bourgois Jan G. , Boone Jan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Lievens, M, Bourgois, JG, and Boone, J. Periodization of plyometrics: Is there an optimal overload principle? J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2669–2676, 2021—This study investigated the acute and chronic effects of 3 plyometric training (PT) programs with equal training loads (intensity × volume × frequency) on speed, agility, and jumping performance. Forty-four male recreational team sport athletes were either assigned to a program that increased training volume with exercises of mixed intensity (Mix), kept training volume equal and increased exercise intensity (LowHi), increased training volume and kept exercise intensity low (Low), or to a control group (Control). Subjects were trained twice a week for 8 weeks and were tested for 5- (5 m) and 10-m sprint (10 m), 5 × 10-m shuttle run (5 × 10 m), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump without and with arm swing, and standing broad jump. Five-, 10- and 5 × 10-m performance did not change (p > 0.05) after the PT program. Jumping performance, except for SJ (p = 0.114), improved significantly (p < 0.05) in the PT groups compared with the control group. However, no mutual differences (p < 0.05) were established between plyometric groups. In addition, it was shown that a PT of high intensity was more likely to affect performance and blood inflammation markers in the following days. To conclude, PT programs following a different overload pattern, i.e., different combination of volume and intensity, but equal training load showed similar performance effects in recreationally trained men. However, before competition, a PT of low intensity is preferred over a PT of high intensity to avoid a decline in performance.
Considerations for Velocity-Based Training: The Instruction to Move “As Fast As Possible” Is Less Effective Than a Target Velocity
Authors: Hirsch Steven M. , Frost David M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Hirsch, SM and Frost, DM. Considerations for velocity-based training: the instruction to move “as fast as possible” is less effective than a target velocity. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S89–S94, 2021—In addition to the potential benefits with monitoring training intensity with velocity-measuring tools during exercise, these devices also provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to provide feedback and instruction to performers in a new way. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of instructing athletes with a target velocity vs. instructing them to move “as fast as possible” during a free-weight bench press. In addition, the effects of each instruction on future repetition maximum (RM) test performance was compared. Thirteen male powerlifters were recruited and performed 4 sets of 5 repetitions with 45% 1RM while being instructed to attain a target velocity of 1.0 m·s−1 or to move as fast as possible. The maximum mean velocity attained in each set was compared with a repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. After these 4 sets of 5 repetitions, the number of repetitions performed during an RM test with 75% 1RM was compared with a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Participants moved faster when they received the target velocity instruction (0.84 ± 0.10 m·s−1) than when they received the “move as fast as possible” instruction (0.82 ± 0.09 m·s−1) (p < 0.001) with no differences in the number of repetitions performed in the following RM test between the 2 testing sessions (p = 0.43). An instruction to attain a challenging velocity target may be a more effective strategy to use when attempting to elicit maximum barbell velocities during training relative to the traditional instruction to move as fast as possible.
Early Sport Specialization in Elite Weightlifters: Weightlifting Injury Occurrence and Relevant Opinions
Authors: Bush Chelsea M. , Wilhelm Andrew J. , Lavallee Mark E. , Deitch John R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Bush, CM, Wilhelm, AJ, Lavallee, ME, and Deitch, JR. Early sport specialization in elite weightlifters: weightlifting injury occurrence and relevant opinions. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3260–3264, 2021—Sports specialization has been associated with increased injury and burnout. This study sought to determine the age, rate of injury, influence to specialize, and opinions surrounding the impact of sports specialization in attainment of elite-level weightlifting status. A link to an anonymous survey was distributed to the top 20 weightlifters in each weight class (8 male and 7 female weight classes). The survey questioned athletes about both age and motivation to specialize, previous injuries and/or surgeries, and level of competition. Injuries and surgeries were compared between those who specialized at the Youth level (≤age 16), Junior level (ages 17–20), and nonspecialized weightlifters. One hundred forty-one athletes (47.0%) completed the survey. Sixteen subjects (11.3%) specialized at the Youth level, 18 (12.8%) specialized at the Junior level, and the remaining 107 (75.9%) did not specialize before age 21. There was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of injury before age 21 between weightlifters specializing at the Youth level and those who did not specialize (Χ2(1) = 22.4, p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in serious injury after age 21 between groups. Weightlifters cited primarily themselves (45.4%) or coach (43.1%) as a driving influence to specialize. The majority of athletes (68.8%) felt that specializing during the Youth age group was not necessary to achieve elite status. Despite a relatively small sample size, injuries occurred more frequently in weightlifters specializing at younger ages, suggesting that risks associated with early sport specialization also apply to weightlifters. These risks should be considered before implementing an early specialization training regimen.
Load-Carriage Conditioning Elicits Task-Specific Physical and Psychophysical Improvements in Males
Authors: Wills Jodie A. , Saxby David J. , Glassbrook Daniel J. , Doyle Tim L.A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Wills, JA, Saxby, DJ, Glassbrook, DJ, and Doyle, TLA. Load-carriage conditioning elicits task-specific physical and psychophysical improvements in males. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2338–2343, 2019—Load carriage is a requirement of many military roles and is commonly used as an assessment of soldier physical readiness. Loaded, compared with unloaded, walking tasks elicit increased physical demands, particularly around the hip joint, which can exceed the initial capacity of military personnel. This study aimed to identify and characterize physical performance responses to a lower-limb focused physical training program targeted toward load-carriage task demands. Fifteen healthy male civilians (22.6 ± 1.5 years, 1.82 ± 0.06 m, and 84.1 ± 6.9 kg) completed a 10-week physical training program consisting of resistance training and weighted walking. A load-carriage task representing the Australian Army All Corps minimum standard (5 km at 5.5 km·h−1, wearing a 23-kg torso-borne vest) was completed before and on completion of the 10-week training program. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion measures were collected throughout the load-carriage task. The performance measures of countermovement and squat jumps, push-ups, sit-ups, and beep test were performed before, mid-way, and on completion (weeks 0, 6, and 11) of the 10-week training program. Psychophysical performance, as measured by rating of perceived exertion, significantly decreased (p < 0.05) during the load-carriage task after training, demonstrating improvements in psychophysical responses. The training program resulted in significant increases in squat jump maximal force, push-ups, sit-ups (p < 0.05), and estimated maximal oxygen uptake (p < 0.05). Physical performance improvements and positive physiological adaptations to a load-carriage task were elicited in males after completing a 10-week training program. Military organizations could use this evidence-based training program to efficiently train soldiers to improve their load-carriage capacity.
Fifteen-year nationwide trends in systemic glucocorticoid drug use in Denmark
Authors: Laugesen Kristina , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde , Petersen Irene , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: July 2019

Objective
Glucocorticoid treatment of inflammatory disorders is associated with significant adverse effects related to glucocorticoid excess as well as adrenal insufficiency. This necessitates awareness of its use. We therefore investigated trends in systemic glucocorticoid use as well as morbidity and comedications among users.

Design
Cross-sectional drug utilisation study.

Methods
We conducted a population-based study of 926,314 users of systemic glucocorticoids (oral and injectable formulations) from 1999 to 2014 using Danish nationwide registries. We computed annual prevalence and incidence of systemic glucocorticoid use and prevalence of comedications and morbidity. Further, we assessed the annual amount of disease-modifying drug use.

Results
Of the 926,314 users of systemic glucocorticoids, 54% were female and median age at first-time use was 55 years. The annual prevalence was ≈ 3%, while the incidence was ≈ 1.4/100 person years (p-y). Both figures remained constant from 1999 to 2014. In the elderly, the annual prevalence was 6.7–7.7% (60–79 years of age) and 9.7–11% (≥80 years of age). Incidence increased among persons aged ≥80 years from 3.0/100 p-y in 1999 to 3.6/100 p-y in 2014. Concomitantly, the annual amount of for example methotrexate, azathioprine and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha agents increased and new biological agents emerged. The most frequent comedications were antibiotics (49%), cardiovascular drugs (38%) and NSAIDs (37%).

Conclusions
Our findings confirm a widespread use of systemic glucocorticoids, especially in the elderly, which prevails despite increased use of disease-modifying drugs. The continuously prevalent use of glucocorticoid use constitutes a challenge for the endocrine community.
MANAJEMEN REKRUTMEN PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Risdianti Desi 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Ciparay yang mencakup latar alamiah berdirinya Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Ciparay, perencanaan pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, pengawasan, faktor penunjang dan penghambat dalam manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik serta mengetahui keberhasilan yang telah dicapai dalam pelaksanaan manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Ciparay. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi dan menyalin dokumen. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis dengan penafsiran deskriftif semata-mata. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Ciparay terdiri dari perencanaan (1) pembentukan panitia PPDB, (2) menentukan kebijakan, (3) sistem, (4) kriteria, dan (5) prosedur. Pengorganisasian (1) pembentukan struktur kepanitiaan (2) pembagian tugas masing-masing. Pelaksanaan (1) terlaksananya pembentukan PPDB, (2) pelaksanaan manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik dilakukan sesuai dengan perencanaan diawal dan dilakukannnya seleksi dan masa orientasi. Pengawasan (1) dilakukan secara kontinu dan inten, (2) evaluasi dan (3) pelaporan. Faktor penunjang (1) sarana prasarana, (2) dana/anggaran, (3) banyaknya pendaftar dan faktor penghambat (1) tidak stabilnya ekonomi masyarakat, (2) waktu. Serta keberhasilan manajemen rekrutmen peserta didik di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Ciparay (1) objektif, transparansi dan tidak diskriminasi, (2) manajemen yang baik dan kualitas madrasah (3) pendaftar mencapai 686 dan yang diterima hanya 261 peserta didik.
HISTORY LEARNING IN INDONESIA DURING THE NEW ORDER
Authors: Umasih - 
Published: July 2019

The three dominant components in the implementation of historical learning are teachers, students and curriculum. The Curriculum function as a teacher’s references to outline the learning and its implementation in the class. The initial is to develop a self-awareness in order that the students will embrace high-spirited nationalism that will be implied to their daily life as a national and global citizen. This article discuss on how the historical learning in High School implemented several curriculum in Indonesia. Thereforeurces data were obtained through research, observation, experince, and interview towards a number of history teachers from various of regions in Indonesia.
Aktivitas Fisik Olahraga untuk Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Siswa SD
Authors: Burhaein Erick 
Published: July 2019

Karya tulis ini merupakan kajian keilmuan teoritik dengan metode library research sebagai problem solving terhadap suatu permasalahan. Tujuan penulisan ini, untuk mengetahui aktivitas fisik olahraga untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan siswa sekolah dasar. Hal tersebut dikarenakan bahwa usia anak sekolah dasar merupakan lanjutan setelah masa emas (usia dini). Sehingga diperlukan konsep belajar atau aktivitas yang sesuai dengan usia tumbuh kembang nya. Berdasarkan karakteristik anak usia sekolah dasar yang senang bermain, bergerak, mengelompok, dan praktik langsung. Oleh karena itu, berkaitan dengan aktifitas tersebut disesuaikan dengan pertumbuhan fisiknya dan perkembangan emosional anak. Bentuk aktifitas fisik disesuaikan dengan jenjang umurnya: periode umur 7-8 tahun (SD kelas 1 dan 2), periode umur 9 tahun (SD kelas 3), periode umur 10-11 tahun (kelas 4 dan 5), dan periode umur 12-13 tahun (kelas 6). Sehingga, melalui aktifitas fisik yang tepat dan sesuai periode diharapkan akan berdampak pada pertumbuhan fisik dan perkembangan emosi optimal.
Media Puzzle Berbasis Tangram dalam Pembelajaran IPS
Authors: Permata Kharizma Kintan , WS Rustono , Lidinillah Dindin Abdul Muiz 
Published: July 2019

Pembelajran IPS di sekolah dasar mencakup konsep-konsep yang abstrak seperti waktu, perubahan, kesinambungan, ritual, arah mata angin, akulturasi, kekuasaan, demokras dan niai-nilai. Media merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mengkonkritkan materi dan konsep yang abstrak dalam pembelajaran. Namun faktanya darihasil studi pendahuan ke tiga sekolah dasar di Kota Tasikmalaya yaitu SDN 1 Urug, SDN Mugarsari dan SDN Citapen diperoleh informasi terkait penggunaan media yang hanya sebatas pada media praktis. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti bermaksud melakukan penelitian pengembangan yang pada akhirnya dihasilkan produk berupa media pembelajaran puzzle berbasis tangram dalam pembelajaran IPS tentang mengenal tokoh proklamasi dengan menggunakan metode penelitian design based research model reeves. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru dan peserta didik kelas V yang berjumlah 17 orang di SDN 1 Urug dan 19 orang di SDN Mugarsari. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik wawancara,observasi dan kuesioner. Rancangan produk dinyatakan layak diuji coba berdasarkan hasil validasi ahli.Kegiatan uji coba dilakukan sebanyak dua kali di sekolah yang berbeda. Uji coba yang pertama dilakukan di SDN 1 Urug dan uji coba dua di SDN Mugarsari. Hasil uji coba menunjukan bahwa media yang dikembangkan telah baik dan dapat menjadi solusi bagi guru dalam menyampaikan materi pembelajaran. Produk akhir berupa media pembelajaran puzzle puzzle berbasis tangram dalam pembelajaran IPS tentang mengenal tokoh proklamasi untuk kelas IV Sekolah Dasar yang dilengkapi dengan buku panduan penggunaan.
Nilai-Nilai Kesholehan Sosial pada Mata Kuliah Pembelajaran dan Aktivitas Senam Ritmik II dan Implikasinya terhadap Pendidikan Jasmani di SD
Authors: Aeni Ani Nur , Muhtar Tatang 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pentingnya pendidikan nilai pada pendidikan jasmani. Selama ini terkesan pendidikan jasmani kering dari nilai. Mahasiswa PGSD Penjas merupakan calon guru pendidikan jasmani di SD yang harus dibekali dengan nilai-nilai keshalehan sosial mengingat mereka adalah calon guru yang akan langsung mentransformasikan nilai kepada peserta didik di SD. Bekal ini diberikan melalui perkuliahan pembelajaran dan aktivitas senam dan ritmik II. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap nilai-nilai kesalehan sosial pada mata kuliah pembelajaran dan aktivitas senam ritmik II. Pendekatan dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman observasi dan angket. Berdasarkan analisis data diperolehan hasil bahwa 1) Mata kuliah pembelajaran dan aktivitas senam ritmik II telah menerapkan nilai-nilai kesalehan sosial dengan baik sekali berupa nilai disiplin, nilai religius, nilai tanggung jawab, nilai sportivitas, nilai saling menghargai, nilai kejujuran, nilai kerja keras, nilai kreatif, nilai kebersamaan, nilai komunikatif/bersahabat, nilai tidak mudah menyerah, dan nilai kemandirian, 2) Kinerja dosen pada mata kuliah pembelajaran dan aktivitas senam ritmik II adalah baik, 3) Keberhasilan proses perkuliahan bermuatan nilai kesalehan sosial ini berimplikasi pada terjadinya proses pembelajaran penjas di SD yang bermuatan nilai dan menghasilkan siswa SD yang bermuatan nilai kesalehan sosial.