bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Battle over Security Exceptions before the ICJ and WTO Panels: towards a Converging Posture?
Authors: Buscemi Martina 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In recent times, the ICJ as well as WTO Panels have been called upon to adjudicate disputes where the respondent has asserted the existence of essential security interests in order to dismiss the applicant’s claims. This article first examines how the international adjudicators have construed the justiciability and the nature of the essential security exception invoked by the respondent (Section 2). Subsequently, the attention turns to the standard of review exercised by the ICJ and by the WTO Panels on the merits, considering that security exceptions leave open different degrees of judicial control (Section 3). Ultimately, the study purports to understand to what extent the new litigation fronts have contributed to refining the contours of an elusive concept – that of national security – which resides on the brink of law (Section 4).
Mongolia
Authors: Javzandolgor Battogtokh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article evaluates the Korean participation in the international legal system. It considers that South Korea is an active player in both international and regional relations, which triggers the country to engage in international law in order to address the security issues and environmental crisis such as global warming. This article emphasizes the significance of international law education and awareness among future decision makers. It suggests that providing comprehensive understanding of international law is vital for Korea not only to prepare individuals to effectively navigate the intricacies of international law but also to make significant contributions to global efforts to address pressing challenges.
Taiwan
Authors: Wang Dustin Kuan-Hsiung 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article examines the complex maritime boundary disputes between North and South Korea, with a focus on the Northern Limit Line (NLL), a critical yet contentious maritime boundary established after the Korean War. It analyzes North Korea’s rejection of the NLL’s legitimacy, citing sovereignty infringement, economic impacts, and foreign intervention, contrasting it with South Korea’s assertion of the NLL as a pragmatic security buffer legitimized by estoppel and acquiescence in international law. The study further explores the principles of treaty effectiveness, acquiescence, and maritime delimitation, particularly the impact of small islands and proportionality. By scrutinizing these legal principles, this article aims to clarify the NLL’s status within international law and its implications for regional stability.
India
Authors: Ravindran Rajesh Babu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article evaluates South Korea’s evolving state practice of international law and explores the growing strategic partnership between South Korea and India. It highlights Korea’s constitutional approach to international law, direct application of treaties, and active engagement in global issues, including human rights, environment, and security. The analysis emphasizes the impact of Korea’s “New Southern Policy” and India’s “Act East Policy,” which have facilitated greater diplomatic, economic, and defense collaboration between the two nations. With strategic agreements like the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and Special Strategic Partnership, the bilateral relationship now encompasses defense, economic development, and regional stability within the Indo-Pacific framework. This convergence not only enhances bilateral ties but also aligns with broader regional dynamics, potentially strengthening the Quad’s security framework in the Indo-Pacific.
Refining Refugee Protection in Korea: Legislative Reforms and Judicial Interpretations of the Refugee Act
Authors: Lee Seryon 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Since the implementation of the Refugee Act in 2013, refugee issues have become a significant aspect of Korea’s social integration and human rights efforts. With over 109,000 applicants since 1994, challenges have arisen, particularly regarding the low recognition rates and the increasing number of appeals. The Ministry of Justice’s recent legislative proposals aim to enhance the Refugee Act by improving the refugee status determination (RSD) process and aligning it more closely with international standards. These amendments include provisions for eligibility reviews, revocation of refugee recognition under certain conditions, and expanded grounds for administrative restrictions. Additionally, the proposals address the need for professional training for RSD officers and better access to services for refugees. The paper also highlights key Korean court cases, offering insights into how Korean courts interpret and apply international standards on refugee protection. These developments reflect Korea’s commitment to balancing the need for protection with security concerns and its role in the global responsibility-sharing framework for refugee issues.
The role of arts-based methods in supporting safe and participatory research addressing sexual violence with young people
Authors: Warrington Camille , Langhoff Kristine , Warnock Becky 
Published: December 2024

Background: The use of participatory visual methods in humanities, health, education and social science research to study ‘sensitive’ subject matter with children and young people is growing. Such approaches have been widely – though sometimes uncritically – celebrated for contributing to safe data elicitation, promoting participant influence and strengthening research dissemination and impact. Some authors have pointed to their political contributions – challenging the traditional politics of representation and fostering critical consciousness and thinking. Methods: This article explores these claims, reflecting on a study using creative and participatory methods to explore the concept of ‘resistance’ among young people affected by sexual violence. It begins by outlining the background, rationale and use of creative methods in the project, moving from plans to utilise ‘Photovoice’ methods to a more diverse and responsive set of creative methods. Findings: The paper presents evidence for the contribution of such methods to creating safety and fostering participation while developing new conceptual thinking among researchers and participants. Conclusion: In this project, the success of creative methods is rooted in the dynamics of what we term spaciousness and playfulness which support dialogical practice. These dynamics are critical to enabling a safe participatory culture that bridges divides between stakeholders of different status, identity and ownership.
Causal association between glaucoma and risk of retinal vascular occlusion: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Wang Zixun , Xu Kaihua , Zhang Xiaoling , Wei Ruihua , Li Zhiqing 
Published: December 2024

Objective Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) leads to visual impairment, and risk factors may include glaucoma. Although some studies suggest a relationship between glaucoma and RVO, it is unknown whether this association is causal. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the causal contribution to RVO of five genetically predicted glaucoma conditions. Methods We conducted two-sample univariable MR analysis using inverse variance weighting, weighted median, and MR-Egger methods. We obtained publicly available datasets of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses for glaucoma as the exposure and a GWAS for RVO in the Finn Gen biobank study as the outcome. Results Genetically predicted glaucoma was causally associated with RVO risk (beta = 0.267, standard error [SE] = 0.052, odds ratio [OR] = 1.306, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.181–1.445). This association was supported by sensitivity analyses using weighted median (beta = 0.211, SE = 0.075, OR = 1.235, 95% CI: 1.067–1.429), weighted mode (beta = 0.491, SE = 0.132, OR = 1.633, 95% CI: 1.261–2.116), and MR-Egger (beta = 0.3900, SE = 0.138, OR = 1.476, 95% CI: 1.128–1.933) methods. MR analyses using the validation dataset obtained consistent results. Conclusion Our results indicated that glaucoma is likely causally associated with an increased risk of RVO. The current findings may help in determining the underlying mechanisms via which glaucoma affects the risk of RVO.
Gastrointestinal Escherichia coli in men who have sex with men: A systematic review
Authors: Frem Jim Abi , Russell Annie , Fitzpatrick Colin , Williams Deborah , Richardson Daniel 
Published: December 2024

Objective This systematic review aimed to explore any demographic, biological and behavioural characteristics of men who have sex with men (MSM) with diarrhoeagenic E.coli. Design/Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL for manuscripts published to March 2024. One author screened manuscript abstracts; two authors independently conducted a full text review. We only included primary data on gastrointestinal E.coli in MSM. Risk of bias was assessed independently by two authors using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. This review was registered on PROSPERO(CRD42023455321). Results Eleven manuscripts (cross-sectional studies ( n = 8), case-series ( n = 1), case-control study ( n = 1), longitudinal study ( n = 1)) from Europe ( n = 7) Australia ( n = 2), USA ( n = 2) including 983 MSM with gastrointestinal E.coli published between 2014–2023 were included in this review. Demographic factors (living with HIV, using HIV-PrEP, using dating apps and working as airline crew, group sex, non-regular (casual) sexual partners); behavioural factors (non-regular sexual partners, non-condom use, oro-anal sex, penile-anal sex, use of sex toys, insertive and receptive fisting, scat play); and infection factors (co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis including LGV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum, hepatitis C, other enteric pathogens [ Shigella spp. Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, hepatitis A and intestinal spirochaetosis]) were observed in MSM with E. coli. Antimicrobial resistance (extended spectrum beta-lactamase and quinolone resistance) was described in MSM with E.coli. Conclusion We have highlighted demographic, behavioral and infection factors observed in MSM with E.coli suggesting sexual transmissibility. These data provide insight for future clinical guidelines, public health control strategies and research.
The legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic on critical care research: A descriptive interview study
Authors: Pattison Natalie A. , O’Gara Geraldine , Cuthbertson Brian H , Rose Louise 
Published: December 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic challenged both research and clinical teams in critical care to collaborate on research solutions to new clinical problems. Although an effective, nationally coordinated response helped facilitate critical care research, reprioritisation of research efforts towards COVID-19 studies had significant consequences for existing and planned research activity in critical care. Aims: Our aim was to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic research prioritisation policies and practices on critical care research funded prior to the pandemic, the conduct of pandemic research, and implications for ongoing and future critical care research. Methods: We undertook a descriptive qualitative study recruiting research-active clinician researchers and research delivery team members working in critical care. We conducted digitally recorded, semi-structured interviews in 2021–2022. Framework Analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: We interviewed 22 participants comprising principal investigators, senior trial coordinators and research delivery nurses from across the UK. Six themes were identified: Unit, organisational and national factors; Study specific factors; Resources; Individual/clinician factors; Family/patient factors; Contextual factors. These themes explained how a nationally coordinated response during the pandemic affected individuals, studies and wider organisations in managing the research response in critical care, highlighting future implications for critical care research. Conclusion: Harnessing the collective response seen in the COVID-19 pandemic in critical care could better support integration of research activity into routine critical care activities. Future endeavours should focus on workforce preparations, contingency planning, strategies for study prioritisation and integration of research as part of the continuum of clinical care.
Artificial intelligence’s current involvement in urology and future implementation in clinical environments
Authors: Zhao Yi , Bolton Eva , Soomro Naeem , Rai Bhavan , Heer Rakesh 
Published: December 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a set of computational methods that interprets the data given, uncovers the underlying patterns associated with the complexity of data, and provides the prediction of outcomes that have become increasingly relevant in urology. The current application of AI in urology predominately focuses on disease diagnosis and risk factor analysis in urologic oncology and male infertility. While many candidate models have been proposed in the literature, efforts to construct clinically meaningful data by incorporating patient-specific and multidisciplinary approaches should be carried out to improve the clinical applicability of AI in driving personalised treatment planning and disease prognosis. Looking forward, AI has the potential to drive targeted training in urology, from surgical techniques to patient-specific surgical procedure simulation, in combination with other technologies such as augmented reality. In order to achieve this, patient involvement should be considered in the model development stage, which also addresses issues surrounding the ethical deployment of AI in the clinical environment. It is possible to see AI playing a collaborative role with surgeons in improving clinical efficiency in the future. Level of evidence: Not Applicable
Socioeconomic Position and Oral Health in Chinese Older Adults: A Life Course Approach
Authors: Hong J. , Watt R.G. , Tsakos G. , Heilmann A. 
Published: December 2024

Objectives: We investigated associations between socioeconomic position (SEP) across childhood, adulthood, and older age and number of teeth among Chinese older adults. Methods: Data came from 15,136 participants aged 65 to 105 y in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2018 wave). The outcome was number of teeth. Pathways and sensitive period models were tested simultaneously via structural equation modeling. Ordinal logistic regression assessed the accumulation of risk and social mobility models. Differences were examined across 4 birth cohorts. Results: Adult and older age SEP had direct effects on number of teeth in older age (adulthood, direct β = 0.182, P < 0.001; older age, direct β = 0.093, P = 0.005), supporting the sensitive period model. Childhood SEP had an indirect effect on number of teeth (indirect β = 0.130, P < 0.001) through adult and older age SEP, supporting the pathway/accumulation of risk and social mobility models. Effects of SEP on number of teeth were more pronounced in younger cohorts. Graded associations in the expected directions were found between the number of periods in which participants experienced disadvantaged SEP and number of teeth, as well as social mobility trajectories and number of teeth. Conclusion: Among Chinese older adults, the number of remaining teeth is subject to marked social inequalities. Our findings document the simultaneous applicability of life course models and a widening of oral health inequalities in China across generations. Interventions earlier in child and adult life are needed to address this problem and reduce oral health inequalities. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of this study suggest marked socioeconomic inequalities in oral health among Chinese older adults. These inequalities are generated throughout the life course and appear to have widened across cohorts. This study emphasizes that interventions are needed to address the social determinants of oral health at all life stages.
Genetic identification of undiagnosed benign ethnic neutropenia in patients receiving clozapine treatment
Authors: Aziri Helena , Vallianatou Kalliopi , Balgobin Bhirundra , Taylor David 
Published: December 2024

Background
Clozapine therapy presents a risk of agranulocytosis, necessitating monitoring of white blood cell count. The detection of benign ethnic neutropenia (BEN), in which neutropenia can be present without an increased risk of infection, is particularly important in preventing unnecessary withdrawal of clozapine. BEN is strongly linked to the CC homozygote of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2814778 in the atypical chemokine receptor-1 (ACKR1) gene.

Aims
We introduced voluntary genetic testing for BEN in one of our clozapine clinics, with the aim of assessing the prevalence of undiagnosed BEN in patients on clozapine.

Method
We offered genetic testing for BEN to patients undergoing medium- and long-term clozapine treatment, and conducted a comparative analysis of neutrophil counts across three identified groups: those previously diagnosed with BEN, those with newly discovered BEN and those confirmed by genetic testing not to have BEN.

Results
We conducted genetic testing for BEN on 108 patients. Of these, 16 were already registered as having BEN and had the CC homozygote. A further 26 patients (24% of the cohort) who were previously not diagnosed with BEN by standard haematological monitoring were found to have the CC homozygote on genetic testing. Unadjusted mean neutrophil counts were lowest for those with previously diagnosed BEN (2.5 × 109/L, 95% CI 2.2–2.8; P < 0.001 v. other groups), but those with newly discovered BEN had mean counts that were significantly lower (4.1 × 109/L, 95% CI 3.6–4.7) than those with TT and CT genotypes (5.1 × 109/L, 95% CI 4.7–5.4; P = 0.006).

Conclusions
Undiagnosed BEN was common in our naturalistic cohort. The integration of genetic testing into standard monitoring would enhance the management of clozapine therapy, potentially allowing for the safe reintroduction or continuation of clozapine in patients with hitherto unrecognised BEN. All current and prospective clozapine patients should be genetically tested for BEN.
Is There an Association Between Spine Surgeon Academic Productivity and Patient Satisfaction Ratings?
Authors: Lee Katriel E. , Alan Nima , Dholaria Nikhil , Giraldo Juan P. , Rabah Nicholas M. , O'Neill Luke K. , Pacult Mark A. , Leal Isaza Juan Pablo , Farber S. Harrison , Zhou James J. , Uribe Juan S. 
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Physician rating websites (PRWs) are increasingly used by patients to find health care providers. This study explores spine neurosurgeon PRW ratings and their relationship with academic productivity.

METHODS:
A retrospective study was conducted from November 2022 to May 2023 that included 1990 neurological surgeons listed in the American Association of Neurological Surgeons database with a subspecialty in spine. Neurosurgeons were excluded if they had no reviews on Healthgrades or if no citation data were available on Scopus or Google Scholar. Surgeon demographic data were collected. Ratings and the number of reviewers were collected for Healthgrades, Vitals, Google reviews, and physician institutional websites. The h-index, number of publications, and number of citations were found on Scopus or Google Scholar.

RESULTS:
A total of 1031 spine neurosurgeons met the inclusion criteria (mean age [range], 61 [34-94] years; male sex, 996 of 1031 [96.6%]). The mean (SD) Healthgrades, Vitals, Google reviews, and institutional ratings were 4.08 (0.70), 4.06 (0.65), 4.34 (0.79), and 4.70 (0.25), respectively. Median (IQR) h-index, number of publications, and number of citations were 5.0 (1.0), 8.0 (26), and 205 (684), respectively. For all PRWs, the average PRW rating decreased as age increased. Academic productivity as measured by h-index, number of publications, and number of citations were not significantly associated with PRW rating.

CONCLUSION:
Overall, spine neurosurgeon ratings on PRWs were favorable. Ratings were found to decrease with increasing surgeon age, and academic productivity was not correlated with better ratings.
Integrating Fitness Equipment in Persistent Traumatic Stress Environments for Reducing Drug Overdoses
Authors: Randall Eric J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
According to a 2024 report from the World Health Organization, substance use disorders have contributed to more than 3 million annual deaths worldwide. Combining outdoor fitness equipment in persistent traumatic stress environments can lead to a reduction of accidental drug overdoses. Individuals who experience complex post-traumatic stress disorders are susceptible to substance use disorders. Weight training has been shown to be effective at healing trauma. The development of self-efficacy from exercise can aid in abstinence from substance use and result in sustained remission.
Preparticipation and Sideline Evaluation of Athletes with Intellectual and Developmental Disability
Authors: Phillips Shawn F. , Galdieri Jayme , Haines Caitlyn , Palmer Jeremy 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disability face several barriers to participation in sports and physical activity. Fortunately, there are opportunities for athletes with intellectual and developmental disability to participate in sport. Special Olympics continues to be the most prominent opportunity. Unfortunately, many physicians and other health care providers may feel underprepared to evaluate and treat athletes with intellectual and developmental disability. While national and international events often have a large number of resources available, access to medical care for athletes at local, regional, and state events can be variable. This paper will review medical coverage for state and regional Special Olympics events, including preevent preparation, preparticipation examination, common medical conditions among athletes with intellectual and developmental disability, and common injuries evaluated at local and state events.
Youth Perceptions of Participation in Organized Sports and Mental Health
Authors: Carver Jessie , Baskin Amy , Summers Emma , Limbers Christine A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Organized sports are among one of the most widespread activities in youth. The purpose of this study was to assess the associations between youth perceptions of their participation in organized sports and mental health from the perspective of youth and their parents. Participants were 208 children ages 5 to 12 years. Children who endorsed elevated depressive symptoms scored significantly higher on the YES-S Negative Experiences Scale (mean = 19.00) compared to children who did not endorse elevated depressive symptoms (mean = 14.94; P < 0.01; d = 0.63). After controlling for the number of mental health diagnoses, there was a significant positive association between the YES-S Negative Experiences Scale and child self-reported depressive symptoms (standardized beta coefficient = 0.40; P < 0.001). Our findings underscore the importance of creating positive environments for organized youth sports and highlight the value of assessing both child and parent perspectives of child depressive symptoms in the context of organized sports participation.