bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Thermodynamics for Heat Conduction Systems
Authors: Nakagawa Naoko , Sasa Shin-ichi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We propose the concept of global temperature for spatially non-uniform heat conduction systems. With this novel quantity, we present an extended framework of thermodynamics for the whole system such that the fundamental relation of thermodynamics holds, which we call “global thermodynamics” for heat conduction systems. Associated with this global thermodynamics, we formulate a variational principle for determining thermodynamic properties of the liquid-gas phase coexistence in heat conduction, which corresponds to the natural extension of the Maxwell construction for equilibrium systems. We quantitatively predict that the temperature of the liquid–gas interface deviates from the equilibrium transition temperature. This result indicates that a super-cooled gas stably appears near the interface.
Wie verbindlich ist das Wissen vom Gene Editing? Ethische Reflexionen zu einem aktuellen Normierungsprozess
Authors: Kiewitt-Straßburg Stefanie 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Aktuelle Untersuchungen zum Gene Editing an menschlichen Embryonen zeigen große Erfolge bei der Korrektur vererbbarer Krankheiten und treiben die Grundlagenforschung sowie die Präimplantations-Gendiagnostik enorm voran. Was von Forschungen dieser Art aus ethischer Sicht zu halten ist, ist dagegen weniger eindeutig. Ein Blick auf den aktuellen Diskurs zeigt, dass diese Entwicklungen sehr kontrovers diskutiert werden und eine Einigung darüber, ob sie vorangebracht werden sollen oder nicht, keineswegs in Sicht ist. Zum Zweck der Orientierung und auch besseren Positionierung in der aktuellen Debatte befasst sich die vorliegende Untersuchung zum einen mit der Art des Wissens vom Gene Editing sowie dessen epistemischen Grundlage und zum anderen mit den ethisch-normativen Überzeugungen, an die die Befürworter und Gegner in der ethischen Bewertung des Gene Editing jeweils appellieren. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die Überzeugungen, auf die sich die Befürworter stützen, der speziellen Art dieses Wissens und seiner epistemischen Grundlage stärker Rechnung tragen, während das von den Überzeugungen, auf die sich die Gegner berufen, gerade nicht zu erwarten ist. Diese Einsicht in die Struktur der Debatte erlaubt es, die verschiedenen Argumentationsweisen in Beziehung zu setzen, ihre jeweiligen Perspektiven einzunehmen und auch ihre blinden Flecken aufzudecken.
Latent class analysis identifies functional decline with Amsterdam IADL in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Villeneuve Sarah‐Christine , Houot Marion , Cacciamani Federica , Verrijp Merike , Dubois Bruno , Sikkes Sietske , Epelbaum Stéphane ,   MEMENTO study group and the INSIGHT‐preAD study group, Bakardjian Hovagim , Benali Habib , Bertin Hugo , LaurieBoukadida Joel Bonheur , Boukerrou Nadia , Cavedo Enrica , Chiesa Patrizia , Colliot Olivier , Dubois Bruno , Dubois Marion , Epelbaum Stéphane , Gagliardi Geoffroy , Genthon Remy , Habert Marie‐Odile , Hampel Harald , Houot Marion , Kas Aurélie , Lamari Foudil , Levy Marcel , Lista Simone , Metzinger Christiane , Mochel Fanny , Nyasse Francis , Poisson Catherine , Potier Marie‐Claude , Revillon Marie , Santos Antonio , Andrade Katia Santos , Sole Marine , Surtee Mohmed , Thiebaud de Schotten Michel , Vergallo Andrea , Younsi Nadjia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionTrials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) now include participants at the earliest stages to prevent further decline. However, the lack of tools sensitive to subtle functional changes in early‐stage AD hinders the development of new therapies as it is difficult to prove their clinical relevance.MethodsWe assessed functional changes over three years in 289 elderly memory complainers from the Investigation of Alzheimer's Predictors in subjective memory complainers cohort using the Amsterdam Instrumental‐Activities‐of‐Daily‐Living questionnaire (A‐IADL‐Q).ResultsNo overall functional decline related to AD imaging markers was evidenced. However, five distinct classes of A‐IADL‐Q trajectories were identified. The largest class (212 [73.4%]) had stable A‐IADL‐Q scores over 3 years. A second group (23 [8.0%]) showed a persistent functional decline, higher amyloid load (P = .0005), and lower education (P = .0392).DiscussionThe A‐IADL‐Q identified a subtle functional decline in asymptomatic at‐risk AD individuals. This could have important implications in the field of early intervention in AD.
GROUPS WHOSE NONNORMAL SUBGROUPS ARE METAHAMILTONIAN
Authors: ESPOSITO DARIO , DE GIOVANNI FRANCESCO , TROMBETTI MARCO 
Published: October 2019

If $\mathfrak{X}$ is a class of groups, we define a sequence $\mathfrak{X}_{1},\mathfrak{X}_{2},\ldots ,\mathfrak{X}_{k},\ldots$ of group classes by putting $\mathfrak{X}_{1}=\mathfrak{X}$ and choosing $\mathfrak{X}_{k+1}$ as the class of all groups whose nonnormal subgroups belong to $\mathfrak{X}_{k}$. In particular, if $\mathfrak{A}$ is the class of abelian groups, $\mathfrak{A}_{2}$ is the class of metahamiltonian groups, that is, groups whose nonnormal subgroups are abelian. The aim of this paper is to study the structure of $\mathfrak{X}_{k}$-groups, with special emphasis on the case $\mathfrak{X}=\mathfrak{A}$. Among other results, it will be proved that a group has a finite commutator subgroup if and only if it is locally graded and belongs to $\mathfrak{A}_{k}$ for some positive integer $k$.
An Early Cretaceous stratigraphic marker fossil in the High Arctic: the belemnite Arctoteuthis bluethgeni
Authors: Alsen Peter , Jelby Mads E. , Śliwińska Kasia K. , Mutterlose Jörg 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe original description of the large and characteristic belemnite species Arctoteuthis bluethgeni Doyle was based on fragmentary material from a relatively uncertain stratigraphic interval in Kong Karls Land, Svalbard. Recent collection of a belemnite assemblage in the Lower Cretaceous Rurikfjellet Formation on Spitsbergen include numerous complete specimens, allowing a detailed description of the species. With the exception of a specimen reported from Arctic Canada, its distribution is restricted to Svalbard. Its stratigraphic range appears to be restricted to the upper Valanginian – lower Hauterivian from ages obtained from palynostratigraphy. A. bluethgeni is therefore considered to be a useful Lower Cretaceous guide fossil in the Boreal High Arctic.
Malnutrition in all its forms and social inequalities in Brazil
Authors: Canella Daniela Silva , Duran Ana Clara , Claro Rafael Moreira 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjective:To describe malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by income, education and race/ethnicity in the Brazilian population.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Brazil.Participants:Children aged <5 years (n 14 580), adolescents aged 11–19 years (n 31 892) and adults aged 20–49 years (n 84 660).Results:Among children, prevalence of excess weight, wasting and stunting was 16·9, 2·8 and 6·0 %, respectively. Differences related to income, education and race/ethnicity were verified, except for prevalence of wasting by education level. Girls and boys presented 18·4 and 20·5 % of excess weight, 2·8 and 3·7 % of underweight and 5·5 and 7·3 % of stunting, respectively. Prevalence of excess weight was lower among poorer, lower-educated (only for boys) and white adolescents, while stunting was lower among higher-income, higher-educated and white adolescents. Over three-quarters of women and almost half of men presented excess weight. Among adults, 3·9 % of women and 1·7 % of men were underweight, and 5·7 % of women and 0·2 % of men presented short stature. Prevalence of excess weight for women was higher among lower education and black, while for men it was higher among higher income and education and white. Short stature was more prevalent among black and mixed-race, low-educated and low-income women. Underweight prevalence was higher among low-educated, black and mixed-race women.Conclusions:In Brazil, the prevalence of excess weight was at least threefold higher than that of undernutrition for children and adolescents and at least sevenfold higher for adults. Social inequalities were observed in the distribution of malnutrition across the lifespan and by gender.
In situ analysis of catalyst composition during gold catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth
Authors: Maliakkal Carina B. , Jacobsson Daniel , Tornberg Marcus , Persson Axel R. , Johansson Jonas , Wallenberg Reine , Dick Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSemiconductor nanowires offer the opportunity to incorporate novel structures and functionality into electronic and optoelectronic devices. A clear understanding of the nanowire growth mechanism is essential for well-controlled growth of structures with desired properties, but the understanding is currently limited by a lack of empirical measurements of important parameters during growth, such as catalyst particle composition. However, this is difficult to accurately determine by investigating post-growth. We report direct in situ measurement of the catalyst composition during nanowire growth for the first time. We study Au-seeded GaAs nanowires inside an electron microscope as they grow and measure the catalyst composition using X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The Ga content in the catalyst during growth increases with both temperature and Ga precursor flux.
Transcriptional landscape and clinical utility of enhancer RNAs for eRNA-targeted therapy in cancer
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Lee Joo-Hyung , Ruan Hang , Ye Youqiong , Krakowiak Joanna , Hu Qingsong , Xiang Yu , Gong Jing , Zhou Bingying , Wang Li , Lin Chunru , Diao Lixia , Mills Gordon B. , Li Wenbo , Han Leng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEnhancer RNA (eRNA) is a type of noncoding RNA transcribed from the enhancer. Although critical roles of eRNA in gene transcription control have been increasingly realized, the systemic landscape and potential function of eRNAs in cancer remains largely unexplored. Here, we report the integration of multi-omics and pharmacogenomics data across large-scale patient samples and cancer cell lines. We observe a cancer-/lineage-specificity of eRNAs, which may be largely driven by tissue-specific TFs. eRNAs are involved in multiple cancer signaling pathways through putatively regulating their target genes, including clinically actionable genes and immune checkpoints. They may also affect drug response by within-pathway or cross-pathway means. We characterize the oncogenic potential and therapeutic liability of one eRNA, NET1e, supporting the clinical feasibility of eRNA-targeted therapy. We identify a panel of clinically relevant eRNAs and developed a user-friendly data portal. Our study reveals the transcriptional landscape and clinical utility of eRNAs in cancer.
SCALE method for single-cell ATAC-seq analysis via latent feature extraction
Authors: Xiong Lei , Xu Kui , Tian Kang , Shao Yanqiu , Tang Lei , Gao Ge , Zhang Michael , Jiang Tao , Zhang Qiangfeng Cliff 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSingle-cell ATAC-seq (scATAC-seq) profiles the chromatin accessibility landscape at single cell level, thus revealing cell-to-cell variability in gene regulation. However, the high dimensionality and sparsity of scATAC-seq data often complicate the analysis. Here, we introduce a method for analyzing scATAC-seq data, called Single-Cell ATAC-seq analysis via Latent feature Extraction (SCALE). SCALE combines a deep generative framework and a probabilistic Gaussian Mixture Model to learn latent features that accurately characterize scATAC-seq data. We validate SCALE on datasets generated on different platforms with different protocols, and having different overall data qualities. SCALE substantially outperforms the other tools in all aspects of scATAC-seq data analysis, including visualization, clustering, and denoising and imputation. Importantly, SCALE also generates interpretable features that directly link to cell populations, and can potentially reveal batch effects in scATAC-seq experiments.
Sites of persistence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus: a paradigm shift in understanding the epidemiology of footrot in sheep
Authors: Clifton Rachel , Giebel Katharina , Liu Nicola L. B. H. , Purdy Kevin J. , Green Laura E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSites of persistence of bacterial pathogens contribute to disease dynamics of bacterial diseases. Footrot is a globally important bacterial disease that reduces health and productivity of sheep. It is caused byDichelobacter nodosus, a pathogen apparently highly specialised for feet, whileFusobacterium necrophorum, a secondary pathogen in footrot is reportedly ubiquitous on pasture. Two prospective longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate the persistence ofD. nodosusandF. necrophorumin sheep feet, mouths and faeces, and in soil. Molecular tools were used to detect species, strains and communities. In contrast to the existing paradigm,F. necrophorumpersisted on footrot diseased feet, and in mouths and faeces; different strains were detected in feet and mouths.D. nodosuspersisted in soil and on diseased, but not healthy, feet; similar strains were detected on both healthy and diseased feet of diseased sheep. We conclude thatD. nodosusandF. necrophorumdepend on sheep for persistence but use different strategies to persist and spread between sheep within and between flocks. Elimination ofF. necrophorumwould be challenging due to faecal shedding. In contrastD. nodosuscould be eliminated if all footrot-affected sheep were removed and fade out ofD. nodosusoccurred in the environment before re-infection of a foot.
Synthesis of sparse planar arrays in the whole field by compressed sensing
Authors: Zhao Dongdong , Chen Peng , Hu Yingtian , Liang Ronghua , Wang Haixia , Guo Xinxin 
Published: October 2019

A method for designing sparse large planar arrays in whole field with a minimum number of elements is proposed in this Letter. The method is developed by compressed sensing algorithms and a new composite beam pattern covering both far‐ and near‐field information. The experimental results demonstrate that the sparse planar array achieves a 95.3% element thinning compared to the fully sampled planar array and the side lobe peaks in near‐field conditions are at least 3.4 dB lower than those in previous studies.
Optically transparent sea‐water monopole antenna with high radiation efficiency for WLAN applications
Authors: Phan D.T. , Jung C.W. 
Published: October 2019

A high efficiency and transparent sea‐water monopole antenna operating at 2.4 GHz for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed in this Letter. The antenna has high transparency (>85%) achieved by using sea‐water as its conductive medium contained within a clear acrylic tube. To improve the radiation efficiency of the antenna, a short metal tube with a metal disk at the base was loaded into a feeding probe to achieve greater excitation. The antenna is simulated and its properties are verified through this experiment. Measurement results show a −10 dB bandwidth of 1.1 GHz (2.1–3.2 GHz) and a high radiation efficiency (>71%) over the entire WLAN band (2.4–2.5 GHz). These results demonstrate the proposed antenna as an attractive alternative to conventional metal monopoles for WLAN applications.
5‐GHz integer‐N PLL with spur reduction sampler
Authors: Biswas D. , Javed G.S. , Reddy K.S.S. 
Published: October 2019

In this work, a 5‐GHz current‐controlled ring oscillator based integer PLL is implemented with a spur reduction sampler to reduce the reference spurs. The sampler can have taps with each tap sampling the oscillator's control voltage at offsets of the reference phase. The sampler introduces bandstop notches at the frequencies where the spurs appear. The samplers are capable of reducing the spurs from to , a reduction by 50 dB, as evident from simulation results performed in 28 nm technology.
Planar patch antenna system with high isolation for full‐duplex applications
Authors: Nguyen T. , Karacolak T. 
Published: October 2019

In this Letter, a differential‐fed planar antenna system is presented with large isolation between transmission and reception ports for full‐duplex applications. The proposed system contains two antenna pairs, each of which is composed of two identical single‐ended microstrip patch antennas operating at 12 GHz. Each element in the array is fed 180° out‐of‐phase by utilising rat‐race hybrid couplers making the whole system differential‐fed. The patch antenna array and the hybrid ring couplers are designed on two separate substrate materials with the ground plane in between. Simulation results show high isolation through the entire band of interest while measured results approach in a reflective environment. The design also exhibits good impedance matching, reasonable gain values, and high efficiency.
0.8‐V 1.4‐nW multi‐decade frequency range true RMS to DC converter based on two‐quadrant current squarer circuit
Authors: Maryan Mohammad Moradinezhad , Azhari Seyed Javad , Ayatollahi Ahmad , Sajadinia Hamed 
Published: October 2019

A low‐voltage ultra‐low‐power two‐quadrant current squarer based‐true RMS to DC converter circuit is presented in this study. The proposed current squarer is based on two translinear loops with matched NMOS transistors operating in the weak inversion region. Ultra‐low‐power dissipation of 1.4 nW, multi‐decade frequency range of 0.5 Hz–55 kHz and large input dynamic range of 72 pA–1 nA (with error <3%) are the main achievements of the proposed design while constructed of only ten transistors. Post‐layout simulations with 0.8‐V supply voltage using HSPICE software in 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS process (level‐49 parameters) verified the good functionality of the proposed circuit. Moreover, Monte Carlo analysis is performed to validate the satisfactory PVT robustness and reliability of the design's performance.
High‐speed moving target detection and tracking method based on speed estimation
Authors: Zhang Jinquan , Li Jingwen , Ma Haizhong , Wang Ye 
Published: October 2019

During the detection and tracking of high‐speed moving target by radar, the coherent accumulation and the energy accumulation of target echo signal are poor. In order to solve this problem, this study discusses speed estimation based on the Hough transform, correction across distance of radar echo signal and pre‐tracking detection method based on dynamic programming. The authors propose an energy accumulation method of target echo based on speed estimation. Using this method, speed estimation accuracy reaches 98.87%, signal‐to‐noise ratio increases by 10 dB and the goal amplitude is 4.81 times more than the original amplitude. Simulation results show that this method can improve the energy accumulation effectiveness and improve detection and tracking ability of high‐speed moving target by radar.
Physical properties of terrestrial planets and water delivery in the habitable zone using N-body simulations with fragmentation
Authors: Dugaro A. , de Elía G. C. , Darriba L. A. 
Published: October 2019

Aims. The goal of this research is to study how the fragmentation of planetary embryos can affect the physical and dynamical properties of terrestrial planets around solar-type stars. Our study focuses on the formation and evolution of planets and water delivery in the habitable zone (HZ). We distinguish class A and class B HZ planets, which have an accretion seed initially located inside and beyond the snow line, respectively.
Methods. We developed an N-body integrator that incorporates fragmentation and hit-and-run collisions, which is called D3 N-body code. From this, we performed 46 numerical simulations of planetary accretion in systems that host two gaseous giants similar to Jupiter and Saturn. We compared two sets of 23 N-body simulations, one of which includes a realistic collisional treatment and the other one models all impacts as perfect mergers.
Results. The final masses of the HZ planets formed in runs with fragmentation are about 15–20% lower than those obtained without fragmentation. As for the class A HZ planets, those formed in simulations without fragmentation experience very significant increases in mass with respect to their initial values, while the growth of those produced in runs with fragmentation is less relevant. We remark that the fragments play a secondary role in the masses of the class A HZ planets, providing less than 30% of their final values. In runs without fragmentation, the final fraction of water of the class A HZ planets keeps the initial value since they do not accrete water-rich embryos. In runs with fragmentation, the final fraction of water of such planets strongly depends on the model used to distribute the water after each collision. The class B HZ planets do not show significant differences concerning their final water contents in runs with and without fragmentation. From this, we find that the collisional fragmentation is not a barrier to the survival of water worlds in the HZ.
An examination of the effect of the TESS extended mission on southern hemisphere monotransits
Authors: Cooke Benjamin F. , Pollacco Don , Bayliss Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Context. NASA recently announced an extended mission for TESS. As a result it is expected that the southern ecliptic hemisphere will be re-observed approximately two years after the initial survey.
Aims. We aim to explore how TESS re-observing the southern ecliptic hemisphere will impact the number and distribution of monotransits discovered during the first year of observations. This simulation will be able to be scaled to any future TESS re-observations.
Methods. We carry out an updated simulation of TESS detections in the southern ecliptic hemisphere. This simulation includes realistic Sector window-functions based on the first 11 sectors of SPOC 2 min SAP lightcurves. We then extend this simulation to cover the expected Year 4 of the mission when TESS will re-observe the southern ecliptic fields. For recovered monotransits we also look at the possibility of predicting the period based on the coverage in the TESS data.
Results. We find an updated prediction of 339 monotransits from the TESS Year 1 southern ecliptic hemisphere, and that approximately 80% of these systems (266/339) will transit again in the Year 4 observations. The Year 4 observations will also contribute new monotransits not seen in Year 1, resulting in a total of 149 monotransits from the combined Year 1 and Year 4 data sets. We find that 75% (189/266) of recovered Year 1 monotransits will only transit once in the Year 4 data set. For these systems we will be able to constrain possible periods, but period aliasing due to the large time gap between Year 1 and Year 4 observations means that the true period will remain unknown without further spectroscopic or photometric follow-up.