bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cache-aware load balancing of data center applications
Authors: Archer Aaron , Aydin Kevin , Bateni Mohammad Hossein , Mirrokni Vahab , Schild Aaron , Yang Ray , Zhuang Richard 
Published: March 2019

Our deployment of cache-aware load balancing in the Google web search backend reduced cache misses by ~0.5x, contributing to a double-digit percentage increase in the throughput of our serving clusters by relieving a bottleneck. This innovation has benefited all production workloads since 2015, serving billions of queries daily.
A load balancer forwards each query to one of several identical serving replicas. The replica pulls each term's postings list into RAM from flash, either locally or over the network. Flash bandwidth is a critical bottleneck, motivating an application-directed RAM cache on each replica. Sending the same term reliably to the same replica would increase the chance it hits cache, and avoid polluting the other replicas' caches. However, most queries contain multiple terms and we have to send the whole query to one replica, so it is not possible to achieve a perfect partitioning of terms to replicas.
We solve this via a voting scheme, whereby the load balancer conducts a weighted vote by the terms in each query, and sends the query to the winning replica. We develop a multi-stage scalable algorithm to learn these weights. We first construct a large-scale term-query graph from logs and apply a distributed balanced graph partitioning algorithm to cluster each term to a preferred replica. This yields a good but simplistic initial voting table, which we then iteratively refine via cache simulation to capture feedback effects.
Benefits and harms of wellness initiatives
Authors: Fiala Clare , Taher Jennifer , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Wellness projects are large scale studies of healthy individuals through extensive laboratory and other testing. The “Hundred Person Wellness Study”, was one of the first to report results and lessons from its approach and these lessons can be applied to other wellness projects which are being undertaken by major companies and other organizations. In the “Hundred Person Wellness Study”, investigators from the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) sequenced the genome, and analyzed the blood, saliva, urine and microbiome of 108 healthy participants every 3 months, for 9 months, to look for subtle changes signifying the transition to disease. We discuss some of the possible shortcomings of this approach; questioning the need to “improve” biomarker levels, excessive testing leading to over-diagnosis and over-treatment, expected results and improvements, selection of tests, problems with whole genome sequencing and speculations on therapeutic measures. We hope this discussion will lead to a continued evaluation of wellness interventions, leading to strategies that truly benefit patients within the constraint of limited health care resources.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of cigarette smoking among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia
Authors: Nurmansyah Mochamad Iqbal , Umniyatun Yuyun , Jannah Miftahul , Syiroj Agung Taufiqurrokhman , Hidayat Didin Nuruddin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Smoking behavior is primarily initiated and established during adolescence. Understanding the social context of smoking behavior among young people is required for developing strategies in preventing first tobacco use.

Objective
This study aimed at exploring the determinants of smoking behavior among senior secondary school students in Depok, Indonesia by identifying knowledge regarding smoking-related adverse outcomes, perception and attitude toward smoking behavior and tobacco control policy.

Methods
This study employed a cross-sectional design method. A total of 587 students from six senior secondary schools in Depok, Indonesia participated in this study. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to determine associations between cigarette smoking and independent variables.

Results
Respondents ranged from 14 to 19 years old students. The proportion of current cigarette smokers were 99 students (17.0%) where the majority of the smokers were male (35.5%). The majority of the students, both smokers and non-smokers, were aware that cigarette smoking causes health problems. The present study found that attitudes that may lead to smoking behavior, in most cases, have been found to be significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. The perception of smoking behavior of smokers and non-smokers, such as smoking makes one more confident, cool, makes it easier to make friends, can relieve stress, symbolizes adulthood and masculinity, was statistically significant to smoking behavior.

Conclusion
The study highlights the importance of changing youths’ image of cigarette smoking than merely educating students regarding the health hazards of smoking when they already possessed a good knowledge about those issues.
Evaluation of inductive effects of different concentrations of cyclosporine A on MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in fetal and adult human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Nazemisalman Bahareh , Sajedinejad Neda , Darvish Shayan , Vahabi Surena , Gudarzi Hoda 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
The etiology of gingival overgrowth due to cyclosporine A (CsA) is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the possible role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) on extra-cellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis when treated with different levels of CsA and its difference between fetal and adult human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).

Methods
Each group of cells (adult and fetal) was cultured in 40 wells that consisted of four different CsA treatment concentrations. Every 10 wells were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 ng/mL of CsA which makes a total of 80 wells. Supernatants of every well were used to determine the concentration of MMPs and TIMPs using the Elisa kits from Boster, CA, USA.

Results
MMP-1 level increased with the treatment of CsA when treated with 50 and 150 ng/mL of CsA (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04) as TIMP-1 decreased (p < 0.0001) in adult group; while in the fetal group, TIMP-1 level increased with treatment of 150 ng/mL (p < 0.0001). MMP-2 level increased in both adult and fetal groups (p < 0.0001). MMP-3 level decreased in adult group (p < 0.0001) but went up in fetal HGFs (p = 0.01) when treated with 150 ng/mL CsA. TIMP-2 level increased in all wells significantly when treated with CsA (p < 0.0001). The study showed that CsA affects secretion of MMPs and TIMPs. MMP-1 increment and TIMP-1 decrement were observed, which indicate more degradation of ECM. This may be due to single donor use in this study. TIMP-2 and MMP-2 were both more active when treated with CsA which may be due to the gelatinase activity of them and that in CsA gingival overgrowth. There was more inflammation rather than fibrosis.
A characterization of the degree of weak and strong links in doubles sports
Authors: Gill Paramjit S. , Swartz Tim B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper proposes a model that characterizes the degree to which a doubles sport (i.e. two team members) is a weak or a strong link game. The model is applied to the sport of pickleball where interest is focused on the doubles version of the sport. As a byproduct of the analysis, individual player rankings are obtained.
Crystal structure of the fluorescent fipronil derivative 5,5′-(methylenebis(azanediyl))bis(1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile), C25H6N8O2Cl4F12S2
Authors: Du Yanting , Zhou Quan , Huang Yufeng , Chen Lianqing 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
C25H6N8O2Cl4F12S2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 20.0584(9) Å, b = 16.1373(7) Å, c = 10.6232(5) Å, β = 93.238(4)°, V = 3433.1(3) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0543, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1427, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of cyclo-[octaaqua-tetrakis(μ2-5,5′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyl)bis(tetrazol-2-ido)-κ4
N,N′,N′′,N′′′)tetramagnesium(II)], C20H24N40O8Mg4
Authors: Zhang Nan , Hou Shao Gang 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
C10H12N20O4Mg2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 7.4934(3) Å, b = 16.1409(5) Å, c = 16.1522(5) Å, β = 101.827(3)°, Z = 2, V = 1912.14(12) Å3, Rgt
(F) = 0.0577, wR
ref (F
2) = 0.1726, T = 293(2) K.
Privacy as Protection of the Incomputable Self: From Agnostic to Agonistic Machine Learning
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This Article takes the perspective of law and philosophy, integrating insights from computer science. First, I will argue that in the era of big data analytics we need an understanding of privacy that is capable of protecting what is uncountable, incalculable or incomputable about individual persons. To instigate this new dimension of the right to privacy, I expand previous work on the relational nature of privacy, and the productive indeterminacy of human identity it implies, into an ecological understanding of privacy, taking into account the technological environment that mediates the constitution of human identity. Second, I will investigate how machine learning actually works, detecting a series of design choices that inform the accuracy of the outcome, each entailing trade-offs that determine the relevance, validity and reliability of the algorithm’s accuracy for real life problems. I argue that incomputability does not call for a rejection of machine learning per se but calls for a research design that enables those who will be affected by the algorithms to become involved and to learn how machines learn — resulting in a better understanding of their potential and limitations. A better understanding of the limitations that are inherent in machine learning will deflate some of the eschatological expectations, and provide for better decision-making about whether and if so how to implement machine learning in specific domains or contexts. I will highlight how a reliable research design aligns with purpose limitation as core to its methodological integrity. This Article, then, advocates a practice of “agonistic machine learning” that will contribute to responsible decisions about the integration of data-driven applications into our environments while simultaneously bringing them under the Rule of Law. This should also provide the best means to achieve effective protection against overdetermination of individuals by machine inferences.
Privacy and Manipulation in the Digital Age
Authors: Zarsky Tal Z. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The digital age brings with it novel forms of data flow. As a result, individuals are constantly being monitored while consuming products, services and content. These abilities have given rise to a variety of concerns, which are most often framed using “privacy” and “data protection”-related paradigms. An important, oft-noted yet undertheorized concern is that these dynamics might facilitate the manipulation of subjects; a process in which firms strive to motivate and influence individuals to take specific steps and make particular decisions in a manner considered to be socially unacceptable. That it is important and imperative to battle manipulation carries with it a strong intuitive appeal. Intuition, however, does not always indicate the existence of a sound justification or policy option. For that, a deeper analytic and academic discussion is called for.
This Article begins by emphasizing the importance of addressing the manipulation-based argument, which derives from several crucial problems and flaws in the legal and policy setting currently striving to meet the challenges of the digital age. Next, the Article examines whether the manipulation-based concerns are sustainable, or are merely a visceral response to changing technologies which cannot be provided with substantial analytical backing. Here the Article details the reasons for striving to block manipulative conduct and, on the other hand, reasons why legal intervention should be, in the best case, limited. The Article concludes with some general implications of this discussion for the broader themes and future directions of privacy law, while trying to ascertain whether the rise of the manipulation-based discourse will lead to information privacy’s expansion or perhaps its demise.
The crystal structure of cubic C-type samarium sesquioxide, Sm2O3
Authors: Kohlmann Holger 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Cubic C-type samarium sesquioxide, Sm2O3, was prepared by thermal decomposition of samarium carbonate. Its crystal structure was refined based on neutron powder diffraction data [space group Ia3̅, a = 1092.77(6) pm] in order to accurately determine the oxygen atom positions. Isotopically enriched 154Sm2O3 was used for the neutron diffraction work because of the enormous absorption cross section of the natural isotopic mixtures for thermal neutrons. Crystal structure refinements by the Rietveld technique confirm the cubic bixbyite type and yield structure data of high accuracy. Interatomic distances between Sm1 (Wyckoff site 8a) and oxygen are 6 × 235.0(2) pm, and between Sm2 (Wyckoff site 24d) and oxygen 2 × 231.6(2) pm, 2 × 233.7(2) pm, 2 × 240.2(2) pm with a weighted average of d̅(Sm–O) = 235.1(2) pm.
A Survey on the Division of Therapeutic Interventions Between Physical and Occupational Therapists in Skilled Nursing and Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Marangoni Allen , Blanks Annemarie , Gillespie Dominique , Lartz Kelly 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:
The literature remains unclear as to what the distinct roles of physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) are in the rehabilitation setting. The goal of this study was to determine whether doctor of physical therapy (DPT) students found a division of therapeutic interventions of the upper and lower extremities during their clinical rotations in skilled nursing and long-term care facilities.

Methods:
A quantitative observational study surveyed 162 previous or current DPT students from the graduating classes of 2015 to 2018 who completed 1 or more clinical rotations in a skilled nursing and/or long-term care facility. A survey was provided via school e-mail, which asked whether participants observed a division of care between OT and PT based upon extremity while attending their clinical rotations.

Results:
Surveys indicated that a division of care was present in 94.2% (n = 49) of the facilities. Results confirmed that OT was responsible for the examination and treatment of upper extremity pathologies, while PT was responsible for the examination and treatment of lower extremity pathologies almost exclusively. Chi-square analyses determined that there was no difference in frequency between the division of care and the year in which the rotation was completed (χ2 = 4.34, P = .34), the division of care and the state in which the facility was located (χ2 = 1.55, P = .99), or the division of care and type of facility (χ2 = 2.53, P = .11).

Conclusion:
The present study suggests that the responsibility for upper extremity care was delegated to OT, while lower extremity care was delegated to PT in both skilled nursing and long-term care facilities in the geographic area included in the study. The reason for this division remains unclear.
Outcomes of a Physical Therapist-Led, Statewide, Community-Based Fall Risk Screening
Authors: Karlsson Lee , Doe Kelsey , Gerry Meghan , Moore Brooke , Wingood Mariana , Renfro Mindy , Gell Nancy 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:Falls aretheleading cause of morbidity and mortality among US older adults and result in considerable medical and social consequences. Community-based screenings are a type of intervention that provides accessible fall risk screening and education at no cost to the participants. However, little is known about whether or how participants change behavior after screening events. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify and characterize participant risk-reducing behaviors after community-based fall risk screenings.Methods:Participants were recruited during 22 community-based fall risk screening events in 2017 led by physical therapists. The screenings were conducted using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (CDC STEADI) toolkit. Screenings included risk reduction education via group format and individual recommendations tailored to fall risk classification based on the screening outcomes. For the study, questionnaires were used at baseline to collect demographics and screening results and at 1-month and 5-month follow-up to assess risk reduction behavior change. Descriptive statistics characterized behavior change and assessed outcome differences by baseline fall risk level. Logistic regression analyses examined factors impacting behavior change after screening.Results and Discussion:At baseline, 123 participants enrolled and 104 (84.6%) responded at 1- and 5-month follow-up. By 1 month, 50.0% of participants had adopted at least 1 fall risk–reducing behavior, which increased to 64.9% by 5 months. Moderate or high fall risk was significantly associated with adopting a new behavior change by 5 months compared with those with low fall risk (P= .04). The odds of adopting a fall risk reduction strategy by 5 months increased with higher education (odds ratio: 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.0-6.0) and moderate/high fall risk (odds ratio: 3.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-7.2) in a logistic regression model adjusted by age and sex.Conclusions:Screening and education using the STEADI toolkit during community-based screenings result in short- and long-term behavior change to reduce fall risk among older adults, particularly those with moderate to high fall risk. Further research is needed to identify barriers and incentives among participants who do not make fall-related behavioral changes after screening.
One-Year Change in the Physical Functioning of Older People According to the International Classification of Functioning Domains
Authors: Kahraman Turhan , Çekok Fatma Kübra , Üğüt Birön Onur , Keskinoğlu Pembe , Genç Arzu 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:
It is important to determine physical functioning declines in older people according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework, given its advantages. This study was performed to investigate 1-year changes in the physical functioning of older people using the ICF framework.

Methods:
Eighty older people were enrolled and completed baseline measures in this longitudinal, single-group study while 33 of these participants were reassessed at 1 year. Reliable and valid methods commonly used in geriatric rehabilitation settings for determining physical functioning were applied to evaluate ICF domains including Body Functions, Activities (capacity), and Activities and Participation (performance). Body Functions were assessed by measuring lower extremity muscle strength and exercise tolerance test performance. The Activities (capacity) measures included walking, balance, mobility, sit-to-stand, and upper extremity functional performance. The Activities and Participation (performance) domain included the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, Modified Barthel Index, and Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity scale.

Results:
There were significant decreases in muscle strength in both hip abductors and knee extensors (P < .001, d > 0.80) at 1 year versus baseline, but there were no significant changes in exercise tolerance test parameters (P > .05, d = 0.44-0.71), with the exception of diastolic blood pressure (P = .019, d = 0.90). Significant deterioration was observed in all Activities (capacity) measures (P < .05, d > 0.80). No significant changes were observed in the Falls Efficacy Scale—International (P = .051, d = 0.72), Modified Barthel Index (P = .107, d = 0.59), or Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity-Flexibility and Strength subscale (P = .763, d = 0.11).

Conclusions:
Significant declines were seen in lower extremity muscle strength, walking capacity, speed, mobility, sit-to-stand performance, upper extremity function, and balance performance at 1 year. On the contrary, no significant changes were observed in the levels of participation in activities of daily living, activities related to balance, or physical activity. According to the ICF framework, during 1 year, our sample of older people showed declines in the Body Functions and Activities (capacity) domains, but the Activities and Participation (performance) domain remained stable.
Physical Activity of Older Women Living in Retirement Communities: Capturing the Whole Picture Through an Ecological Approach
Authors: Bjornsdottir Gudfinna , Arnadottir Solveig A. , Halldorsdottir Sigridur 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:
Interventions to increase physical activity among older populations may prevent or delay disability in activities of daily living and premature death. In our research, we focused on older women living independently in retirement communities, who commonly experience declining health. The purpose was to identify factors influencing physical activity in older women and to create a practical checklist to guide physical therapists in physical activity interventions within retirement communities.

Methods:
The study was qualitative and guided by the Vancouver School of Doing Phenomenology. The data set comprised 12 in-depth interviews with 10 women, as 2 of the women were interviewed twice to deepen the understanding of their experience. They were aged 72 to 97 years (median = 84 years, interquartile range = 11 years) and lived in 7 different apartment buildings in the same urban area. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to identify factors influencing the physical activity behavior of the women. We then linked these factors to the Bronfenbrenner's ecological model and finally constructed a checklist for mapping the influencing factors.

Results:
The physical activity experience of the older women reflected both facilitating and hindering factors from all layers of the ecological model. The largest part of the women's description was constructed around personal factors and the immediate physical and social environment. Yet, important influencing factors were expressed reflecting community, society, and the lifespan. Finally, the practical checklist created to guide physical activity interventions included 40 questions reflecting 24 influencing factors covering important layers of the ecological model.

Conclusion:
To deal with the epidemic of a sedentary lifestyle in older populations, physical therapists must join forces with health authorities and work with the complexities of physical activity promotion at appropriate levels. Our results and the checklist are a potential resource to aid in identifying physical activity influencing factors that are appropriate for physical therapy intervention, within retirement communities. Moreover, this checklist may be used to recognize factors that are more suitable for public health interventions at the community or national levels.