bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hazardous Substances in Waste Water
Authors: van Luin A. B. , van Starkenburg W. 
Published: May 2018

The Governmental Institute for Sewage and Waste Water Treatment has studied the presence of a number of hazardous substances, selected by the EEC-Commission, in sewage and industrial waste water. The influent, effluent and sludge of six municipal waste water treatment plants and the waste water of 59 industries were sampled and analysed.
Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in sewage originate mainly from industrial discharges. Chlorophenols, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) appear to be present at a low and constant background in municipal sewage and in many industrial waste waters. The removal in the municipal treatment plants amounts to:-volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons 50–90%-hexachlorobenzene 95%-hexachlorocyclohexanes 40–65%-chlorophenols 20–40%-PCB about 90%-PAH 85–95%
This study has given a survey of emissions of these hazardous substances. The total emission of the examined substances in the Netherlands has remained out of the scope of this investigation.
Biochemical Aspects of Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater
Authors: Hascoet M. C. , Florentz M. , Granger P. 
Published: May 2018

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal from wastewater by means of microorganisms found in activated sludge has for the past few years been the subject of much research and it is now commonly recognized that an activated sludge system must include alternating anaerobic-aerobic periods.
The present article covers biochemical aspects of this phenomenon using a phosphorus removing biomass obtained in a laboratory-scale pilot with alternating phases and a synthetic substrate feed. The percentage of phosphorus obtained in the pilot sludge was four times greater than that of a conventional sludge plant.
By exposing the same biomass to different conditions and using 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, we were able to accurately pin-point the various forms of phosphorus found within cells and follow their development during the course of alternating phases. The following results were obtained:the transformation of phosphorus in its inorganic to polyphosphate form depends on the medium's level of oxygenation,the presence of nitrates disturbs the anaerobic period but does not affect phosphorus uptake in the aerated period.Continuous nitrate addition alters biomass behaviour in the anaerobic phase, which loses the capacity to release phosphorus,copper at a concentration of over 1 mg Cu2+/1 inhibits phosphorus uptake in the aerated phase.
Various microbiological analyses made on the pilot biomass isolated conventional bacteria found in activated sludge.
An Aut-Ecological Study of Acinetobacter in Activated Sludge
Authors: Cloete T. E. , Steyn P. L. , Buchan L. 
Published: May 2018

Data are reported on the role of Acinetobacter in phosphate removal in activated sludge. The fluorescent antibody (FA) technique was applied in an autecological study of Acinetobacter in this habitat.
Results indicated that Acinetobacter was present in numbers exceeding 106 organisms per cm3 throughout all zones of the activated sludge process, with higher numbers occurring in the aeration zone. It was also found that Acinetobacter numbers did not vary regardless of whether phosphate was removed or not. Combined electron microscopy and electron dispersive micro-analysis of X-rays (EDAX) furthermore indicated that bacteria from phosphate removing activated sludge plants contained phosphate granules, whereas those from non-removing plants or where removal had stopped, did not contain phosphate granules at all.
Hence, it was concluded that no major population shifts of Acinetobacter occurred in activated sludge and that the process of phosphate accumulation is induced in Acinetobacter. However, Acinetobacter never occurred in numbers sufficiently large to account for phosphate removal to the extent sometimes observed in activated sludge.
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Oily Effluents
Authors: Roques H. , Aurelle Y. 
Published: May 2018

After reviewing the nature and importance of the environmental problems caused by oil spilled on seawater, several treatment possibilities have been listed based on STOKES Law.
The results recently obtained in three of these directions are discussed:-the increase of the drop-size (coalescence)-the increase in the differential density (flotation)-the use of a preferential wettability of some materials for recovering the' surface oil film.
In most cases, process efficiency of oil separation is the product of a collision probability between the oil drop and another drop (or bubble) and a collision efficiency characteristic of this kind of interaction.
The Control of Pollution from River Discharges in the Mediterranean
Authors: Mancy Khalil H. 
Published: May 2018

The pollution burden of river discharges in the Mediterranean far exceeds all other sources, e.g. land based sources. The main contributors are the Rhone, Po and Ebro. Contributions from the River Nile are expected to be much less than those from rivers in the European continent.
Recent Nile management schemes and irrigation projects in Egypt are posing direct impacts on the Mediterranean. This includes the erosion of the Nile Delta and off-shore pollution due to wastewater discharges. In view of the prevailing circulation patterns in the Mediterranean, these impacts are dominant in the South Levantin region.
Cutrent practices of river management do not necessarily include the protection of marine resources. Similarly, sea protection programs do not include pollution from sources in the river basin. Marine management programs are largely concerned with pollution loads at the points of river discharge.
In the case of a land-locked sea, such as the Mediterranean, it is particularly important to integrate river basin management schemes in the sea protection program. Under a suitable management plan, it could be possible to determine main sources of sea pollution within the river basin. This should serve as the basis for the implementation of control measures, since the problem is not exclusively within the river basin.
An Epidemiological Model of the Potential Health Risk Associated with Various Pathogens in Wastewater Irrigation
Authors: Shuval H. I. , Yekutiel P. , Fattal B. 
Published: May 2018

The primary goal of this study has been to carry out a rigorous, critical review and evaluation of all available documented epidemiological evidence with the aim of determining the significant, quantifiable, health effects on population groups directly or indirectly exposed to wastewater irrigation: through occupation; by residing in continguous communities or by consuming the sewage irrigated crops. Based on these findings, we have developed an epidemiological model predicting the degree of risk associated with various groups of pathogens.
Based on theoretical consideration of the model and confirmation by the empirical evidence collected and analyzed in this study, we have concluded that the risk of pathogen transmission by irrigation with raw wastewater for most developing countries is according to the following descending order: high - helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, Ankalostoma and Taenia), lower - bacteria (Typhoid and Cholera); and lowest - viruses.
In general, it can be stated that based on both the theoretical and empirical findings of this study, there appears to be a basis for relaxing the conventional effluent quality standards for unrestricted crop irrigation. A guideline of no helmiths in 1 liter and a log mean of 1000 fecal coliforms/100 ml is proposed.
Development, Testing and Intercalibration of Reference Methods for Pollution Studies in Coastal and Estuarine Waters
Authors: Aston S. R. 
Published: May 2018

Following the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) initiated a Regional Seas Programme in 1974. At present the Programme involves ten regions and has over 120 coastal states participating.
It is conceived as an action-orientated programme having concern not only for the consequences but also for the causes of environmental degradation and encompassing a comprehensive approach to combating environmental problems through the management of marine and coastal areas. Each regional action plan is formulated according to the needs of the region as perceived by the governments concerned. The overall strategy of the programmes was defined by UNEP's Governing Council as:Promotion of international and regional conventions, guidelines and actions for the control of marine pollution and for the protection of management of aquatic resources.Assessment of the state of marine pollution, of the sources and trends of this pollution, and of impact of the pollution on human health, marine ecosystems, and amenities.Co-ordination of the efforts with regard to the environmental aspects of the protection, development and management of marine and coastal resources.Support for education and training efforts to make possible the full participation of developing countries in the protection, development and management of marine and coastal resources.
One of the basic components of the regional action plans is the assessment of the state of marine pollution. For this purpose a set of Reference Methods for marine pollution studies is being developed. The paper describes the development of Reference Methods for use by participants in Regional Seas Programmes, where they are intended to ensure that the data can be compared on the world-wide basis and thus contribute to the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) of UNEP. Also, the basis for the Reference Methods as a basis by which countries can adopt comparable methods of assessing the extent of marine pollution in the event of inter-governmental disputes is explained.
The Reference Methods being developed cover a wide range of pollutants, e.g. trace metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum hydrocarbons, tar, bacteria, etc., as well as providing guidelines for sampling strategies, preparation of samples, toxicity tests, data handling and evaluation. In addition, they include information on how basic oceanographic parameters are to be assessed and used to supplement the data on marine pollution.
The paper draws on particular aspects of the development and testing of some individual Reference Methods to illustrate the problems and philosophy adopted for a project which represents a world-wide attempt to promote the detection, understanding and control of coastal and estuarine pollution. The scientific criteria for method selection and application emphasize the pragmatic approaches which are being adopted to fulfil this ambitious project.
Monitoring Effects of Catchment Management Practices on Phosphorus Loads into the Eutrophic Peel-Harvey Estuary, Western Australia
Authors: Birch P. B. , Forbes G. G. , Schofield N. J. 
Published: May 2018

Early results from monitoring runoff suggest that the programme to reduce application of superphosphate to farmlands in surrounding catchments has been successful in reducing input of phosphorus to the eutrophic Peel-Harvey estuary. In the estuary this phosphorus fertilizes algae which grow in abundance and accumulate and pollute once clean beaches.
The success of the programme has been judged from application of an empirical statistical model, which was derived from 6 years of data from the Harvey Estuary catchment prior to a major change in fertilizer practices in 1984. The model relates concentration of phosphorus with rate of flow and time of year. High phosphorus concentrations were associated with high flow rates and with flows early in the high runoff season (May-July). The model predicted that the distribution of flows in 1984 should have resulted in a flow-weighted concentration of phosphorus near the long-term average; the observed concentration was 25% below the long-term average. This means that the amount of phosphorus discharged into the Harvey Estuary could have been about 2 5% less than expected from the volume of runoff which occurred. However several more years of data are required to confirm this trend.
Molecular and Cellular Indices of Pollutant Effects and Their Use in Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Moore Michael N. , Lowe David M. , Livingstone David R. , Dixon David R. 
Published: May 2018

Marine and estuarine environments receive a wide variety of contaminant chemical (xenobiotic) inputs, which must now be regarded as constituents of the natural system; these xenobiotics tend to over-load the normal physiological mechanisms for their disposal. The credit for the continued survival of organisms must be accorded to the protective mechanisms of biotransfor-mation or detoxication present in cells. These include the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases, which metabolize toxic organic xenobiotics, metallothioneins which bind and detoxify many metals and lysosomal accumulation which sequesters many xenobiotics thus compartmentalizing them away from other cellular components.
This presentation considers the development of early-warning systems based on biological responses to cell injury at the molecular, subcellular and cellular levels of organization, with particular emphasis on the use of marine mussels and periwinkles as sentinel organisms for assessing pollutant effects. Responses discussed include those of the microsomal detoxication system to organic xenobiotics, functional and structural responses of lysosomes to organic and inorganic xenobiotics, quantitative structural alterations in the cells of the digestive and reproductive systems and finally genotoxicity measured using aneuploidy and sister chromatid exchange as indices of chromosomal damage. Where possible these indices are discussed in an integrated manner.
Sanitation Program Development for Rural Thailand in Relation to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade
Authors: Muttamara S. , P Ricarte H. 
Published: May 2018

The sanitation level in the villages of Thailand is still generally low despite the past efforts of the Sanitation Division of the Department of Health. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) is embarking on a national sanitation program with a view to minimizing the occurrence of excreta-related diseases in the rural communities, which will be implemented together with the rural water supply program, so as to produce the optimum effects on health. This dual program, otherwise known as the “Thailand Decade Plan,” will be initiated in 1985 and will continue until the end of 1991. The realization of this plan will serve as Thailand's commitment to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD).
With only 2.8 million pour-flush (PF) latrines installed up to the end of 1983, accounting for 44.3% of the total number of households, the plan calls for the provision of an additional 2.5 million PF latrines in order to achieve the target, which is to provide 75% of households with PF latrines by the end of 1991. Considering the attitudes and economic status of the Thai rural people, the proposed strategies for the implementation of the sanitation program will be the provision of material subsidies and/or “revolving funds,” with strong support from such activities as health education, especially for women and children, and the necessary training of personnel. Implementation of the plan will require an investment of approximately Baht 1,792.6 million (roughly U.S.$ 66.4 million).
Sanitation and Utilization of Night Soil in Rural Areas
Authors: Shin K. C. 
Published: May 2018

In the past the concentration of population in the big cities of Korea led to the neglect of the interests of the rural population. Of late even though living conditions have become visibly better, sanitary conditions have not been attended to and consequently have remained bad. In the course of a research programme, which took place between German and Korean institutes, not only the utilisation and treatment of nightsoil, but also model types of toilets, suitable for Korea, were examined. Based on the results of investigations of 4 different types of toilets, a new type (KISTLET) was developed, especially for rural areas with limited water supply and without sewage systems.
Up to 1975 about 29 000 simple biogas plants had been set up in Korea. In order to avoid the disadvantages of small plants a central plant with a digester capacity of 100 m was built. 19% of the gas produced was used for heating the digester, and warm water was prepared using solar energy. This plant was followed by a larger plant with a digester volume of 600 m. A rural household could save 32% of its energy expenses by using biogas.
The Characteristics of Community Wastewater Biological Treatment Processes in Taiwan
Authors: Ouyang C. F. , Wan T. J. 
Published: May 2018

This study investigated and compared the treatment characteristics of three different kinds of biological wastewater treatment plants (including rotating biological contactor, trickling filter and oxidation ditch) which are currently operated in Taiwan.
The field investigation of this study concentrated on the following items: the performance of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids (SS) removal; the sludge yield rate of BOD removal; the settleability of sludge solids; the properties of sludge thickening; the power consumption and land area requirement per unit volume of wastewater.
Finally, based on the results of the field investigation, a comparison of the treatment characteristics of the three different biological treatment processes was evaluated.
Subsurface Injection of Activated Sludge: Response of two Grass Species
Authors: Tedesco M. , Ligo M. , Gianello C. , Simon Z. 
Published: May 2018

Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated effluent treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), Triunfo, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average rates of 24 tons/year (dry basis). Until now no definite destination has been found for the hay, due to its poor commercial value.
With the purpose of investigating the behavior of more commercially valuable species under sludge application, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Soils Department of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). Oats (Avenastrigosa) and rye grass (Loliummultiflorum) were the first species to be tested. Sludge application rates varied from 0 to 6 times the recommended operational values. The following topics were studied to date: (a) uptake of mineral nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and S; (b) translocation of heavy metals Cd, Pb and Cr to shoots; (c) leaching of nutrients and metals. Initial results showed that:
(i) Sludge applied at rates up to 24 t/ha (dry basis) did not cause any phytotoxic effect. However, plant macronutrients released by sludge into soil did not reach the quantities required for proper agronomic management of the crops.
(ii) Nitrogen was the growth limiting nutrient and also phosphorus to a lesser extent. Potassium was supplied mainly by the soil.
(iii)Some constituents that appeared in leachate from chemically-treated pots did not leach from sludge-treated pots, showing an environmental benefit from sludge over mineral amendments in that respect.
(iv) Mineral nitrogen, mainly nitrate, was detected in leachate for about 45 days, decreasing with time.
(v) Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Cr did not appear in plant tops and leachate from sludge-treated pots in worrysome amounts.
The investigation proceeds with cultivation of pangola grass and millet.
Integrated Water Development Project of Gravataí River Basin, Brazil
Authors: Aoki Ricardo 
Published: May 2018

The integrated Water Resources Development Project of Gravataí River Basin was prepared by the National Drainage Works Department (DNOS) and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ). An attempt was made to use the capacity available in other departments and specialized institutes.
The objective is to provide information for the departments involved in water resources management so as to enable them to establish specific terms for each hydrographic basin to complement the Federal, state and municipal laws.
The basin problems were considered in this work including all aspects related to water resources development.
With these suggestions the specialized department would be able to define their plans for the future taking into account factors that are not within their field of competence, but which should be taken into account in other fields of work .
Conclusions were presented as to flow regulation, flood protection, domestic and industrial wastewater, water supply, irrigation, environmental conservation and navigation.
Towards Control of an Estuary
Authors: Saeijs Henk L. F. 
Published: May 2018

The Delta Project is in its final stage. In 1974 it was subjected to political reconsideration, but it is scheduled now for completion in 1987. The final touches are being put to the storm-surge barrier and two compartment dams that divide the Oosterschelde into three areas: one tidal, one with reduced tide, and one a freshwater lake. Compartmentalization will result in 13% of channels, 45% of intertidal flats and 59% of salt marshes being lost. There is a net gain of 7% of shallow-water areas.
Human interventions with large scale impacts are not new in the Oosterschelde but the large scale and short time in which these interventions are taking place are, as is the creation of a controlled tidal system. This article focusses on the area with reduced tide and compares resent day and expected characteristics. In this reduced tidal part salt marshes will extend by 30–70%; intertidal flats will erode to a lower level and at their edges, and the area of shallow water will increase by 47%. Biomass production on the intertidal flats will decrease, with consequences for crustaceans, fishes and birds. The maximum number of waders counted on one day and the number of ‘bird-days' will decrease drastically, with negative effects for the wader populations of western Europe. The net area with a hard substratum in the reduced tidal part has more than doubled. Channels will become shallower. Detritus import will not change significantly. Stratification and oxygen depletion will be rare and local.
The operation of the storm-surge barrier and the closure strategy chosen are very important for the ecosystem. Two optional closure strategies can be followed without any additional environmental consequences.
It was essential to determine a clearly defined plan of action for the whole area, and to make land-use choices from the outset. How this was done is briefly described.
Utilization of Water Hyacinth for Removal and Recovery of Silver from Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Pinto C L. R. , Caçonia A. , Souza M. M. 
Published: May 2018

The water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) was studied as a pollution monitor for accumulation of silver and subsequent recovery of the element from the plant tissues. After cultivation of the plants for 24 hours in silver solution containing 40 mg/l the plants were harvested, rinsed with tap water and dried at 110°C for 48 hours. The dried material was submitted to pyrolysis and chemical digestion and the silver absorbed by the plant was precipitated, calcinated and recovered in the metal form. The average concentration of silver was found to be 8,000 mg g−1 of dried plant material. An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was utilized for the analysis.
The average concentration of silver recovered from the dried plant material, was 70% of the initial silver concentration of the silver solutions and revealed a purity of 98%.
The water hyacinth has the potential of producing 873/ha/day of dried material and can be used for the production of biogas rich in methane (Wolverton, B.C.; McDonald, R.C.).
After the wastewater treatment, the harvested plants can be used for biogas production and the residual sludge may be utilized for recycling the valuable metal.