bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: first systematic meta-analysis report from Pakistan
Authors: Abrar Samyyia , Hussain Shahida , Khan Rehan Ahmad , Ul Ain Noor , Haider Hayat , Riaz Saba 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundSouth-Asia is known as a hub for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Unfortunately, proper surveillance and documentation of MDR pathogens is lacking in Pakistan. The alarming increase in the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producingEnterobacteriaceaeis a serious problem. From this perspective, we analysed published data regarding ESBL-producingEnterobacteriaceaein different regions of Pakistan.MethodsA meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producingEnterobacteriaceaein Pakistan. A Web-based search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus and PakMedi Net (for non-indexed Pakistani journals). Articles published (in either indexed or non-indexed journals) between January 2002 and July 2016 were included in the study. Relevant data were extracted, and statistical analysis was performed using theMetapropcommand of STATA version 14.1.ResultsA total of 68 studies were identified from the electronic data base search, and 55 of these studies met our inclusion criteria. Pakistan’s overall pooled proportion of ESBL-producers was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.34–0.47). The overall heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 99.75%,p < 0.001), and significant ES = 0 (Z = 18.41,p < 0.001) was found. OXA, SHV, TEM and CTX-M were the most commonly found gene variants for ESBLs in these studies.ConclusionThe prevalence of ESBL-producingEnterobacteriaceaeis high in Pakistan. Little is known about the annual frequency of ESBLs and their prevalence in different provinces of Pakistan. No data are available regarding ESBL frequency in Baluchistan. This underscores an urgent demand for regular surveillance to address this antimicrobial resistance problem. Surveillance to better understand the annual ESBL burden is crucial to improve national and regional guidelines.
Differentiating the structure of PtNi octahedral nanoparticles through combined ADF–EDX simulations
Authors: MacArthur Katherine E. , Heggen Marc , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAdvances in catalysis rely on the synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles that have tailored structures and compositions. Although energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy can be used to study local variations in the compositions of individual supported nanoparticles on the atomic-scale in the scanning transmission electron microscope, electron beam induced damage and contamination can preclude the use of long exposure times and tomographic approaches. Here, we perform simulations of EDX maps of seven different octahedral PtNi nanoparticles for a selection of crystallographic orientations and tilts, to evaluate which of them can be distinguished from elemental mapping performed in only one orientation.
Comparison of Natural Language Processing and Manual Coding for the Identification of Cross-Sectional Imaging Reports Suspicious for Lung Cancer
Authors: Wadia Roxanne , Akgun Kathleen , Brandt Cynthia , Fenton Brenda T. , Levin Woody , Marple Andrew H. , Garla Vijay , Rose Michal G. , Taddei Tamar , Taylor Caroline 
Published: February 2018

Purpose To compare the accuracy and reliability of a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm with manual coding by radiologists, and the combination of the two methods, for the identification of patients whose computed tomography (CT) reports raised the concern for lung cancer. Methods An NLP algorithm was developed using Clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (cTAKES) with the Yale cTAKES Extensions and trained to differentiate between language indicating benign lesions and lesions concerning for lung cancer. A random sample of 450 chest CT reports performed at Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System between January 2014 and July 2015 was selected. A reference standard was created by the manual review of reports to determine if the text stated that follow-up was needed for concern for cancer. The NLP algorithm was applied to all reports and compared with case identification using the manual coding by the radiologists. Results A total of 450 reports representing 428 patients were analyzed. NLP had higher sensitivity and lower specificity than manual coding (77.3% v 51.5% and 72.5% v 82.5%, respectively). NLP and manual coding had similar positive predictive values (88.4% v 88.9%), and NLP had a higher negative predictive value than manual coding (54% v 38.5%). When NLP and manual coding were combined, sensitivity increased to 92.3%, with a decrease in specificity to 62.85%. Combined NLP and manual coding had a positive predictive value of 87.0% and a negative predictive value of 75.2%. Conclusion Our NLP algorithm was more sensitive than manual coding of CT chest reports for the identification of patients who required follow-up for suspicion of lung cancer. The combination of NLP and manual coding is a sensitive way to identify patients who need further workup for lung cancer.
Structured Approach for Evaluating Strategies for Cancer Ascertainment Using Large-Scale Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Earles Ashley , Liu Lin , Bustamante Ranier , Coke Pat , Lynch Julie , Messer Karen , Martínez María Elena , Murphy James D. , Williams Christina D. , Fisher Deborah A. , Provenzale Dawn T. , Gawron Andrew J. , Kaltenbach Tonya , Gupta Samir 
Published: February 2018

Purpose Cancer ascertainment using large-scale electronic health records is a challenge. Our aim was to propose and apply a structured approach for evaluating multiple candidate approaches for cancer ascertainment using colorectal cancer (CRC) ascertainment within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) as a use case. Methods The proposed approach for evaluating cancer ascertainment strategies includes assessment of individual strategy performance, comparison of agreement across strategies, and review of discordant diagnoses. We applied this approach to compare three strategies for CRC ascertainment within the VA: administrative claims data consisting of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD9) diagnosis codes; the VA Central Cancer Registry (VACCR); and the newly accessible Oncology Domain, consisting of cases abstracted by local cancer registrars. The study sample consisted of 1,839,043 veterans with index colonoscopy performed from 1999 to 2014. Strategy-specific performance was estimated based on manual record review of 100 candidate CRC cases and 100 colonoscopy controls. Strategies were further compared using Cohen’s κ and focused review of discordant CRC diagnoses. Results A total of 92,197 individuals met at least one CRC definition. All three strategies had high sensitivity and specificity for incident CRC. However, the ICD9-based strategy demonstrated poor positive predictive value (58%). VACCR and Oncology Domain had almost perfect agreement with each other (κ, 0.87) but only moderate agreement with ICD9-based diagnoses (κ, 0.51 and 0.57, respectively). Among discordant cases reviewed, 15% of ICD9-positive but VACCR- or Oncology Domain–negative cases had incident CRC. Conclusion Evaluating novel strategies for identifying cancer requires a structured approach, including validation against manual record review, agreement among candidate strategies, and focused review of discordant findings. Without careful assessment of ascertainment methods, analyses may be subject to bias and limited in clinical impact.
Electrodeposition of Tungsten Oxide for Highly Sensitive Acetone Detection at Room Temperature
Authors: Wang Zu-Gang , Zhang Miao-Rong , Peng Hong-Dan , Jiang Qing-Mei , Hou Fei , Zhu Zhong-Li , Pan Ge-Bo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Tungsten oxide thin films were electrochemically deposited onto gallium nitride for the first time and directly used for the fabrication of an acetone sensor. This sensor could operate at room temperature and had high sensitivity, fast response, and long-term stability. Moreover, the detection limit of the sensor could reach 0.1 ppm, implying its potential application in non-invasive detection of diabetes.
Cross sectional study to determine chloroquine resistance among Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates from Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Abdulla Mohammed Walaa Salah , Yasin Kyakonye , Mahgoub N.S. , Abdel Hamid Muzamil Mahdi 
Published: February 2018

Background: Malaria continues to present a global health threat; the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 214 million cases of malaria by the year 2015 with a death rate of 438000. Sudan is endemic to malaria with over 95% of malaria cases due to Plasmodium falciparum. Chloroquine is a well-established drug in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria although its use has declined since its introduction as the drug of choice in treatment of malaria in Sudan. The mechanism of resistance has been attributed to mutations in P. falciparum Chloroquine resistance transporter gene coding for a key food vacuole proteins. In current study we aimed at verifying the genetic cause of resistance to Chloroquine in field isolates of P. falciparum. Methods: Twenty P. falciparum cases were diagnosed from East Nile hospital in Khartoum and recruited in the investigation. Nested PCR was conducted to isolate mutation region in the PfCRT gene and the amplicons were sequenced using Sanger sequencing technique (Macrogen, Soule Korea). Results: 16/20 (80%) of the field isolates contained base pair mutation of codon 76 in the pfcrt gene thus being resistant to chloroquine treatment and only 4/20 (20%) did not contain such mutation. Conclusions: High treatment failures associated with Chloroquine treatment is evident of the high prevalence of mutant strains of P. falciparum field isolates thus suggesting the reduced relevance of Chloroquine as a treatment choice in the management of P. falciparum malaria.
СИНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ШКОЛЫ
Authors: Tovarischeva Fekla Dmitrievna , Sofronov Rodion Pavlovich 
Published: February 2018

Цель: статья посвящена актуальной проблеме организации управления воспитательной системы школы в условиях новой социально-образовательной ситуации, требующей иных подходов к развитию образования. Предметом исследования выступает влияние процессов, происходящих на микроуровне, на развитие воспитательной системы школы. Предметом педагогического влияния в этом случае становится управление развитием личности.Методы и методология проведения работы: основу исследования образуют методы «широкого фронта» (К. Лоренц), дополнительности, герменевтический, антиномный (аналитический) методы. Методология в данной статье определяется как система принципов и способов организации и построения теоретической и практической воспитательной деятельности (принцип системности, синергетический принцип самоорганизации, гуманизации и т.д.).Результаты: выявлены основные объективные и субъективные условия, содействующие развитию управления воспитательной системой школы: теоретическое вооружение педагогов инновационными технологиями воспитательной деятельности; формирование стимулов для развития личности, то есть наличие организации воспитательной деятельности, условий и механизмов ее осуществления.Область применения результатов: результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере образования, специализирующимся по управлению образованием.
Ocorrência de Myxobolus sp. (MYXOZOA) em Thoracocharax stellatus (KNER, 1858) (CHARACIFORMES) em um Igarapé da Floresta Amazônica, Pará, Brasil
Authors: Araújo Rebeca Silva de , Corrêa Fabiano , Sousa Fabrício Barros de , Ramos Ana Beatriz Mendes Amaral , Sindeaux Neto José Ledamir , Matos Edilson Rodrigues 
Published: February 2018

Thoracocharax stellatus (KNER, 1858), pertencente a famíliaGasteropelecidae, é representada por peixes de pequeno porte, com grande importância econômica, pois é uma das 725 espécies de peixes nativos permitidos para explotação com finalidade ornamental.Os peixes foramcapturados com auxílio de tarrafas em uma área adjacente do Rio Guamá, com o comprimento total médio de 4,2±0,8 cm e peso total médio de 0,9±0,3 g.Fragmentosde brânquias foram coletadose analisados a fresco em microscópio de luz, onde foram observados a presença de cistos repletos de esporos de Myxobolus sp. com capsulas polares desiguais. Este estudorelatacomo primeiro registro ascaracterísticasmorfológicas de Myxobolus sp.encontradoem T. stellatus, provenientesde um rio tropical, Amazônia.Palavras-chave: Água doce, peixe ornamental, microparasitos.
Entry into motherhood during adolescence in France
Authors: Tomkinson John , Breton Didier , Mazuy Magali 
Published: February 2018

Résumé
En France métropolitaine, le niveau de fécondité des adolescentes (femmes de 18 ans et moins) varie d’une région à une autre. Cet article montre d’abord que les différences régionales ne résistent pas à une standardisation par des caractéristiques sociodémographiques de la population des adolescentes. L’autre résultat important est la mise en évidence de quatre profils de mères adolescentes, profils inégalement répartis dans les régions métropolitaines.
Abstract
In mainland France and Corsica, the level of teenage fertility (of women aged 18 and less) varies from one region to another. This article shows that these regional differences do not remain once standardizing for the sociodemographic characteristics of the female teenage population. The article then highlights from profiles of teenage mothers which are unequally distributed amongst the French regions.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: 18th International Symposium
Authors: Comstock Robert J. , Motta Arthur T. 
Published: February 2018

Description
Get 43 papers from global researchers on advancements in zirconium technology in the nuclear industry.
Learn more about the range of challenges for the nuclear community and how they are being addressed in top research presented by industry associates, national laboratories, and universities.
This publication includes three papers from the 2013, 2014, and 2015 recipients of the William J. Kroll Zirconium Medal. The Kroll Award recognizes outstanding achievement in the scientific, technological or commercial aspects of zirconium production and utilization.
Topics featured
Special focus areas include waterside corrosion of cladding; accident tolerant fuel cladding; the influence of irradiation on corrosion; characterization of the evolving microstructure at the oxide-metal interface; characterization of oxides formed on E110 and E635 in VVER-1000 reactors; dimensional stability of zirconium alloy components through creep and growth during service; high-temperature behavior of cladding; and accident-tolerant fuel.
These papers were presented at the 18th International Symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, sponsored by ASTM International Committee B10 on Reactive and Refractory Metals and Alloys. It took place May 15-19, 2016, in Hilton Head, South Carolina._x000D_
Effect of Alloying Elements, Cold Work, and Hydrogen on the Irradiation-Induced Growth Behavior of Zirconium Alloy Variants
Authors: Yagnik Suresh , Adamson Ronald , Kobylyansky Gennady , Chen Jen-Hung , Gilbon Didier , Ishimoto Shinji , Fukuda Takuji , Hallstadius Lars , Obukhov Alexander , Mahmood Sheikh 
Published: February 2018

In-reactor dimensional changes in zirconium-based alloys result from a complex interplay of many factors, such as (1) alloy type and composition, including the addition of elements such as niobium, iron, and tin; (2) fabrication process, including cold work, texture, and residual stresses; (3) irradiation temperature; and (4) hydrogen levels. In many cases, the observed dimensional changes in light water reactor fuel-assembly components—especially at high exposures—cannot be fully explained based on current growth and creep models. Therefore, a systematic approach was taken in this multiyear (2005–2011) Nuclear Fuel Industry Research Program investigation. The objective was to measure stress-free irradiation-induced growth (IIG) of specially fabricated alloys through irradiation under controlled conditions in the BOR-60 fast-flux test reactor up to a high fluence of approximately 2 × 1026 m−2 (E &gt; 1 MeV)—equivalent to maximum of approximately 37 dpa exposure—followed by postirradiation examinations (PIEs). Irradiation temperature was within a narrow temperature range (320 ± 10°C). The PIEs included dimensional-change and microhardness measurements, metallography and hydride etching, and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
All irradiation samples (typically flat rectangular coupons or curvilinear cutouts of cladding tubes sized 35 by 6.5 by 0.8 mm) were prefilmed to avoid the uptake of impurity hydrogen from sodium-cooled BOR-60. A wide variety of samples representing standard LWR cladding alloys with and without prehydriding (approximately 116 to approximately 718 ppm) as well as special compositions with iron contents (100 to 4,000 ppm) were irradiated. The irradiation in BOR-60 was done in five different stages (eight microcycles) and lasted approximately 18 months with interim and final growth measurements made using a high precision-length measurement device. Results of the extensive investigation include: significant effects of Fe, Nb, and hydrogen additions; quantification of growth rates from low to very high fluences (dpas); measurement of volume changes; and correlation of growth with &lt;c&gt;-component dislocation densities.
Preliminary Irradiation Effect on Corrosion Resistance of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Markelov Vladimir , Novikov Vladimir , Shevyakov Alexandr , Gusev Anatoly , Peregud Michael , Konkov Viktor , Eremin Sergey , Pokrovsky Alexander , Obukhov Alexander 
Published: February 2018

In order to improve the composition and structure of zirconium alloys, it is important to know how changes in their structure-phase state under irradiation affect various properties, including corrosion. In this work, autoclave corrosion tests were carried out on fuel cladding samples made of zirconium-niobium and zirconium-niobium-tin-iron alloy systems. All samples were preliminarily irradiated in a BOR-60 nuclear reactor at a fluence of 2 × 1026 m−2 (E &gt; 0.1 MeV). The autoclave tests of irradiated and unirradiated samples were performed at 350°C for 240 days in distilled water containing 10 ppm lithium and 1,600 ppm boron.
The irradiation of all alloys resulted in a significant change in their initial structure-phase state. The content of niobium in β-niobium–phase precipitates was reduced from 80 % to −90 % to 50 % to −60 %. Iron atoms from the Laves-phase particles were diffused into a matrix, and their lattice transformed from hexagonal close-packed to body-centered cubic. An average size of the transformed second-phase precipitates in the irradiated alloys increased relatively to an average size of the initial precipitates. Elongated radiation-induced precipitates (RIPs) with an average length up to 7 nm were formed in all alloys under irradiation. In comparison with the unirradiated state, irradiation reduced the corrosion of zirconium-niobium alloys, and this effect became more apparent with increased niobium content in the alloy.
For zirconium-niobium-tin-iron alloys, irradiation led to more severe corrosion, mostly because of increasing tin content. Niobium content increased up to 2.37 %, and iron content decreased up to 0.18 % in the alloys, contributing to higher corrosion resistance. An interconnection between the niobium/(tin + iron) alloying parameter, quantity of nanometric precipitates formed therein under irradiation, and their corrosion performance has been suggested.
Dynamic J-lntegral Toughness and Fractographic Studies of Fast Reactor Irradiated Type 321 Stainless Steel
Authors: Little Edward A. 
Published: February 2018

The dynamic J-lntegral toughness and associated strength changes in solution-treated Type 321 stainless steel have been characterized following fast reactor irradiation to displacement doses in the range 20 to 54 dpa (displacements per atom) at mean temperatures of ~230 and ~400°C, using instrumented impact test procedures.
Irradiation induces significant but not deleterious toughness degradation. Both the dose and test temperature dependence of the toughness changes are controlled by the irradiation temperature. Maximum toughness loss occurs at doses below 20 dpa for both irradiation temperatures; however, 400°C irradiation is associated with subsequent saturation of the toughness loss, whereas the 230°C irradiation condition exhibits further toughness degradation up to 54 dpa. The toughness response is consistent with fractographic observations that demonstrate that a predominantly ductile fracture mode is maintained after irradiation, but with significant changes in the scale of microvoid coalescence.
Fracture in Helium-Irradiated Type 316 Stainless Steel Microtensile Specimens
Authors: Gerke R. David , Jesser William A. 
Published: February 2018

In an attempt to clarify the role of helium in promoting high-temperature intergranular failure in irradiated materials, in situ tension experiments have been conducted in a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) on 40-μm-thick foil microtensile specimensof Type 316 stainless steel irradiated with 80 keV helium ions to a fluence of about 1 × 1021 ions/m2. It is found for irradiated austenitic stainless steel that when tension testing is performed above 700°C, intergranular failure occurs; but if the tension test is performed below 550°C, transgranular failure occurs. In order to better examine the role of temperature in causing intergranular failure, in situ tension testing was initiated at 700°C, briefly halted while the temperature was lowered to just below 550°C, and resumed at the lower temperature.
Specimens tested under these dual temperature tension test conditions exhibited intergranular failure at 700°C and, after the tension test was resumed at 550°C, changed to a transgranular failure mode. This result agrees with a growing body of data that supports the idea that when helium atoms are trapped in bubbles they are benign but if the helium atoms are released from their traps and can migrate to the grain boundary and reside there as lattice helium, that is, dissolved helium, then the role of helium is to reduce ductility and promote intergranular failure.