bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatoprotective effect of red ginger rhizome extract in deep frying oil-fed male wistar rats
Authors: Sunarti Sunarti , Fachrial Edy , Harahap Urip , Delyuzar Delyuzar , Widyawati Tri , Lubis Lokot Donna 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUNDNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease associated with increased free fatty acids, trans fatty acids and free radical compounds due to the consumption of deep frying oil (DFO). Ginger has hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties, and acts as an insulin sensitizer. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of an ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale Roxb var rubrum (EEZO) in DFO-fed male Wistar rats.METHODSA study of experimental design was conducted involving 24 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) male Wistar rats that were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group K1 (control) was given DFO-3 (3 times heated DFO) at a dose of 10 ìl/g BW/day. The treatment groups (P1, P2, P3) were given DFO-3 and red ginger rhizome extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW orally for 30 days. The histopathology examination assessed fatty degeneration, and degree of fibrosis. The data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-whitney test.RESULTS The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that fatty degeneration (steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning and NASH) were significantly different among the four groups (p<0.05). Mann-Whitney test proved that fatty degeneration was not significantly different between control and treatment groups (p>0.05).CONCLUSIONDeep frying oil increased fatty degeneration and NASH, and none of red ginger rhizome extract doses was able to inhibit fatty degeneration significantly. For the future research it is intended to prolong the induction time and the administration of red ginger rhizome extract.
Effect of triazavirine on the outcome of a lethal influenza infection and secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza in mice
Authors: Leneva Irina A. , Falynskova Irina N. , Makhmudova Nailya R. , Glubokova Ekaterina A. , Kartashova Nadezhda P. , Leonova Eugenia I. , Mikhailova Natalya A. , Shestakova Irina V. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Pneumonia often occurs as secondary infection post influenza disease and accounts for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. The antiviral drug triazavirine is licensed in Russia for the treatment and prophylaxis of acute respiratory infections, including influenza A and B viruses. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of triazavirine in a mouse model of secondary Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia following A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus infection. We also performed a study of the efficacy of triazavirine against the A/California/04/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 lethal influenza infection in mice. In this model, triazavirine at the dose of 25 mg/kg/day significantly enhanced the survival of animals (60% compared to 20%) and the mean survival time to death, prevented weight loss, and reduced viral titer in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus. At doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, triazavirine was highly effective in the treatment of the secondary bacterial pneumonia following influenza infection in mice. At these doses, triazavirine protected 67-75% of animals against death, increased the mean survival time to death by twofold, and reduced the virus titer by 2.2-3.0 log10TCID50/ml compared to the mice in the control group. These findings suggest the possible benefit of triazavirine treatment in reducing post influenza pneumonia incidence in humans.
The church as a social enterprise: A strategy for economic development
Authors: Mabwe Linda , Dimingu Caroline , Siyawamwaya Fairchild 
Published: March 2018

This article aims at establishing the role played by the church in sustainable development of Zimbabwe during a period of prolonged economic meltdown. It compares and contrasts the role of the missionaries’ church and the modern day church in Africa and whether the church has not deviated from its main reason of existence. The study recognises the role the church is playing in today’s economy and how the society and governments can optimise on its influence in various sectors. The article adopted the framework that was established by the European Economic and Social Committee in defining a social enterprise in their research on EESC recommendations on Social Enterprises (European Union: European Economic and Social Committee, 2014). A descriptive research design approach was used and both mainline and Pentecostal churches were used to draw on the conclusions. This research design heavily relied on secondary data gathered through literature review. The study concludes that churches are playing a significant role in developing the soicieties in which they are established hence contributing towards economic development. The study recommends the need for churches to identify areas of importance in the economy, such as the manufacturing industry, so that they channel resources towards establishing enterprises that improve the nation’s Gross Domestic Product. Furthermore, the Zimbabwean government should provide special incentives for church run establishments to promote their operations. The study did not cover all churches hence the findings must be viewed in context and the conclusions were derived from the evidence gathered.
Study the Acute & Sub Acute Toxicity of Ricinus cummunis Lnn. Ethanol Extract of Seed in Albino Mice
Authors: AL-Jborrey Manal H. , Altaie Muastafa A. K. , Al-Shahwany Ayyad W. 
Published: March 2018

Background: Toxicity still a global problem for the environment, agriculture and ultimately human health.
Objective: In this study attempt to investigate the toxicological profile of the ethanol, extract of Ricinus cummunis after acute and sub-chronic administration to mice.
Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single administration of the extract at doses of 1000,2000,3000,4000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively, was gave orally. Mice were observed for general behavioral changes, adverse effects and mortality up to 10 days post-treatment. In sub-acute toxicity studies, herbal extract was gave orally to mice at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg for 10 days.
Results: In the acute toxicity study, the mortality appeared in 2000 mg/kg and LD50 were calculated at 1100 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity the study show significant differences in body weight between the control and treated groups (p < 0.05). Histopathology of vital organ (liver & kidney) show morphological changes.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate the real toxic effect of the ethanolic extract after single dose. The LD50 value is 1100 mg/kg and research indicates that successive use of the seed at the dose above (2 g/kg in human) daily for long period may cause toxic signs.
Highlights: The Ricinus communis oil's has wide variety of industrial applications: as a drying oil for paints, varnishes, plastics and resins is an ingredient in numerous cosmetics. But it need to toxicity study as acute and sub-acute with observation of hematological and histopathological to be more safety for used.
Análisis didáctico de las intervenciones de los docentes en los foros de discusión en cursos de postgrado en modalidad a distancia
Authors: Mazzotti Wellington 
Published: March 2018

Este artículo refiere a un estudio sobre la participación de docentes y alumnos en foros de discusión en cursos de postgrado realizados en modalidad a distancia. Se analizaron las intervenciones de los docentes y alumnos en dos aspectos: a) cantidad y frecuencia de las intervenciones de los docentes y el impacto que éstas produjeron en la dinámica comunicacional del grupo virtual y b) modos de intervención de los docentes en los foros. De las observaciones realizadas se puede establecer que existe una relación directa entre la propuesta de intervención del docente que dirige el foro y el patrón comunicacional del grupo virtual. Un docente que despliega un abanico de estrategias de intervención y una activa participación en el foro provoca una gran interactividad entre los participantes del grupo virtual. Por el contrario, una pobre intervención en calidad y cantidad por parte del docente produce poca participación de los alumnos con aportes de escasa significación. Se describen aquí los modos de intervención, técnicas y estrategias utilizadas por los docentes para animar los foros de discusión.
Comunidad, organización y profesores. Estudio de un liceo rural
Authors: Ocaño Joni R. 
Published: March 2018

Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de caso que aborda las relaciones entre organización, profesores y comunidad circundante en un liceo rural que hunde sus raíces en la historia comunitaria. Allí las dinámicas de la organización -instituidas por los profesores más antiguos-, conforman el escenario donde se crean y recrean las prácticas y creencias de los docentes. Estas dinámicas generan una trama compleja de relaciones y de prácticas que se mantienen y desarrollan alrededor de "los guardianes", modalidad de trabajo que constituye el aspecto central del funcionamiento liceal. Las distintas ubicaciones de los profesores en ese contexto permiten proponer una clasificación primaria: "progenitores", "adoptantes" y "cohabitantes". Estas posiciones, las estructuras que prosperan con ellas, y sus consecuentes prácticas representan distintas racionalidades que se las ve en conflicto y a la vez como matriz del surgimiento de nuevas prácticas.
Affective professional commitment among teachers in Québec: Study of a theoretical model
Authors: Barroso da Costa Carla 
Published: March 2018

Résumé: La présente étude a pour objectif de vérifier un modèle explicatif d’engagement professionnel des enseignants québécois en prenant comme prédicteurs la fréquence de l’utilisation des nouvelles modalités d’évaluation des apprentissages, les expériences émotionnelles positives et le sentiment de compétence. Un échantillon de 1 205 enseignants québécois du primaire et du secondaire a été choisi à partir d’une base de données extraite d’une étude pancanadienne Les résultats des analyses de parcours ont indiqué que les expériences émotionnelles positives et la fréquence de l’utilisation des nouvelles modalités d’évaluation sont les facteurs qui contribuent le plus à la variabilité de l’engagement professionnel affectif des enseignants. En conclusion, les méthodes contemporaines d’évaluation, tels que la résolution de problèmes et les travaux développés à long terme ainsi que la qualité des interactions produites en classe auprès des élèves sont des aspects qui doivent être considérés par les enseignants et encouragés par les directions d’écoles.
Mots-clés: évaluation des apprentissages, expériences émotionnelles positives, engagement professionnel affectif, analyse de parcours
Standar Proses Pembelajaran Sebagai Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Internal di Sekolah
Authors: Puspitasari Heppy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract: The quality of the learning process is manifested into the achieving standards in learning. These standards will be guidelines for all the process of learning activities, namely, planning, implementing and monitoring / evaluation. SMPN 1 Geger is one of the formal educational institutions that run the learning process by applying internal quality assurance to certify that the learning process is guaranteed and in accordance with predetermined standards. The result of this research revealed that in ensuring the quality of learning process, SMPN 1 Geger has a policy refers to the applicable legislation and internal policies made by the institution. Policies in the learning process comprises planning, implementation, assessment and supervision of learning. Quality assurance mechanism of learning process is conducted in five stages, namely; Quality mapping, compiling of quality fulfillment plan, quality fulfillment, conducting evaluation / quality audit, and formulating standard above SNP. There are several excellent programs implemented at SMPN 1 Geger, including implementing IT / E-Learning learning, ICT Day, English Day, and Dinten Boso Jawi program, sister classes, GLS culture and teaching and learning system outside the class.Abstrak: Kualitas mutu proses pembelajaran dinyatakan dalam bentuk pencapaian standar-standar dalam pembelajaran. Standar-standar tersebut akan menjadi pedoman seluruh aktivitas proses pembelajaran, mulai dari perencanaan, pelaksanaan dan monotoring/evaluasi. SMPN 1 Geger merupakan salah satu lembaga pendidikan formal yang mengawal proses pembelajaran dengan menerapkan penjaminan mutu internal untuk memastikan bahwa proses pembelajaran terjamin dan sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan. Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa dalam menjamin mutu proses pembelajaran, SMPN 1 Geger memiliki kebijakan mengacu pada peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku serta kebijakan internal yang dibuat lembaga. Kebijakan dalam proses pembelajaran meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, penilaian dan pengawasan pembelajaran. Mekanisme penjaminan mutu proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan di SMPN 1 Geger dilakukan melalui lima tahapan, yakni; pemetaan mutu, penyusunan rencana pemenuhan mutu, pemenuhan mutu, evaluasi/audit mutu, dan penyusunan standar di atas SNP. Terdapat beberapa program unggulan yang diterapkan di SMPN 1 Geger, diantaranya adalah menerapkan pembelajaran berbasis IT / E-Learning, terdapat juga program ICT Day, English Day, dan Dinten Boso Jawi, serta membentuk kelas rujukan, budaya GLS dan menggerakkan sekolah lapang atau sistem belajar mengajar di luar bangku sekolah.
Leakage estimation in developing country water networks based on water balance, minimum night flow and component analysis methods
Authors: Amoatey P. K. , Minke R. , Steinmetz H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Estimating leakage in developing countries’ water networks is challenging as accurate records are needed. Three leakage estimation methods were compared to ascertain which was most suitable for such networks. The factors accounting for the differences in application of these methods to water networks were also ascertained. The water balance and component analysis methods were compared with the modified minimum night flow (MNF) method. The MNF method was modified to make it suitable for networks in developing countries. In the comparison, leakage was estimated at 10 and 18%, respectively, against 11% for the modified MNF. The latter is considered the most suitable for developing countries as all parameters are determined or estimated from field measurements. It was realized that burst flow rates and the infrastructure condition factor used in the water balance and component analysis methods affect the accuracy of leakage estimates. This has implications for further research, as well as policy and practice for developing countries’ water utilities.
Full scale optimisation of sludge dewatering and phosphate removal at Harnaschpolder wwtp (The Hague, NL)
Authors: Mulder M. , Appeldoorn K. , Weij P. , van Kempen R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
At Harnaschpolder wwtp phosphate removal from wastewater and sludge dewatering is optimised by dosing magnesium hydroxide to digested sludge. To optimise sludge dewatering and phosphate removal, a full-scale test has been executed since August 2015 using temporary equipment. In this test magnesium hydroxide is added to the digested sludge buffer. Significant positive results are achieved. An excellent quality of the reject water is obtained, through which the phosphorus load in this reject water returned to head of works is negligible. This decrease in combination with other optimisations are beneficial for the biological phosphorus removal process. In 2016 the phosphorus effluent quality remained constant, while 42% less iron chloride was added to meet the legal phosphorus effluent quality requirements (yearly moving average Ptotal &lt; 1.0 mg P/l). The polymer usage decreased by 25% and the year average dry matter content of the dewatered sludge increased from 22% in 2014 to 24% in 2016. Struvite scaling or blockage is avoided in piping, pumps or dewatering equipment, through optimised control of dosage of magnesium hydroxide. The full-scale test results prove that the addition of magnesium hydroxide to digested sludge leads to a significant cost reduction and major environmental benefits. In 2017 a permanent installation will be realised. The magnesium hydroxide dosage will be further optimised based on lessons learnt. Also an improved operation control of sludge dewatering is possible through additional in-line measurements for dry solids content of dewatered sludge. It is therefore expected that results will further improve concerning the use of iron chloride and polymers, dry solids content of dewatered sludge and phosphate effluent quality. Through this optimisation, the operating costs1 of Harnaschpolder wwtp are reduced by over 4%. The return on investment is estimated at 1.5 years.
Sodium chloride as a tracer for hydrodynamic characterization of a shallow maturation pond
Authors: Passos R. G. , Dias D. F. C. , Matos M. P. , von Sperling M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The results of tests with a sodium chloride tracer in a shallow maturation pond in Brazil are presented. The pond – a full-scale effluent treatment unit for around 250 p.e – was 0.80 m deep with a length/width ratio of 4.3:1, and had accumulated sludge for 12 years to about 40% of the total volume. The pond is subject to daily cycles of thermal stratification/destratification, as shown by vertical profiles of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and redox potential, and by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. Four tracer tests were undertaken. There was a tendency to complete mixing with high dispersion, and daily vertical cycles were evident in all tracer response curves, a distinctive feature of these studies. However, the reliability of the hydraulic retention time calculation, and the short-circuit and mixing indicators, is doubtful, primarily because of the liquor's high density. The study's results enabled practical consideration of the use of saline tracers in pond systems. Sodium chloride acquisition and semi-continuous sensor measurements of effluent concentrations (electrical conductivity) are both easy, but the large amount of salt required (around 300 kg for a 125 m3 pond) and solution density are limiting factors, and can yield unrepresentative results, making this tracer potentially impractical, especially for larger ponds. However, the diurnal cycles of effluent tracer concentration were important in this study and assisted in verification of hydraulic behavior in the liquid column, associated with the stratification and mixing patterns.
Quantification of leakage in batch biogas assays
Authors: Hafner Sasha D. , Rennuit Charlotte , Olsen Palle J. , Pedersen Johanna M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Avoiding leaks is essential for accurate measurement of biogas production by batch assays. Here we present a simple method for detecting leaks and correcting results, based on the change in bottle mass during incubation. Three experiments were carried out using pure chemicals, wastewater sludge, and other complex substrates to test and demonstrate the method, and leaks were detected in all three. The frequency and magnitude of leakage was related to headspace pressure and the number of times bottle septa had been punctured. Comparison to an independent estimate of leakage in two experiments showed that the proposed method is accurate. This mass-based approach can generally be used to detect leaks as small as 20% of total biogas or methane production, or lower when biogas production is high relative to the precision of mass measurements. Additional research is needed to improve the sensitivity of the method and to better understand the causes of leakage. Given the potential importance of leaks and the simplicity of leakage measurements, we recommend that this method is always used in batch biogas assays.
Role of membrane autopsy in enhancing reverse osmosis plant operation
Authors: Liu G. , Pattanayak S. , Navaneethakrishnan P. , Woodling R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) has successfully emerged as a broadly-used commercial water purification technology in recent decades. Nevertheless, RO membrane elements, the core component of this purification process, are frequently subjected to premature degradation and performance deterioration, adversely impacting RO plant operation & maintenance. Membrane autopsy is a well-proven yet under-valued procedure for effectively assessing the condition of membranes and determining the root-cause of performance loss. This paper aims to provide a general methodology utilized commercially to perform membrane autopsy and employ three case studies to explicitly demonstrate the value addition to operators and end-users when applying membrane autopsy in (1) failure analysis and trouble-shooting, (2) operation optimization and routine monitoring, and (3) asset management and maintenance enhancement.
FOG Waste receiving and processing facility design considerations
Authors: Williams Todd O. , Gabel Dale , Robillard Dan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) wastes and high-strength wastes (HSW) are frequently received at municipal water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) as trucked-in wastes. These wastes offer significant benefits in terms of revenue from tipping fees and feedstock for co-digestion in anaerobic digesters that produce biogas, which can be beneficially used as fuel. The number of treatment plants receiving and beneficially using trucked-in wastes currently in operation or under investigation is increasing rapidly across the North America as utilities strive to remove this material from normal wastewater to avoid sewer system clogging, maintenance and backups, avoid the oxygen demand of these wastes in secondary treatment systems, and to capture and beneficially reuse the energy that is contained within the material.
Historically, trucked-in wastes have been discharged to the head end of treatment plants or to an upstream manhole in the incoming interceptor sewer to enable the material to be mixed with raw wastewater prior to treatment through the liquid stream of the WRRF. However, this approach results in loss of material and degradation of the energy value of the FOG wastes and HSW and also creates collection and maintenance issues in the preliminary and primary treatment systems. To prevent degradation of the material and retain maximum energy for the CHP system, receiving stations are being constructed for direct off-loading of the wastes to processing and storage facilities prior to their transfer to anaerobic digesters at a relatively uniform rate to minimize the potential for digester upsets while at the same time to increase biogas production. This paper presents the key components and considerations in the design and operation of modern FOG waste receiving and processing facilities.
Use of dairy reject and fermented Aleo sp. Leaf Gel mixture in the biological Pre-treatment of landfill leachate
Authors: Mariam Kasmi , Lobna Elleuch , Haifa Abidi , Yassmine Cherni , Cyrine Hosni , Salma Nouioui , Sami Fattouch , Ismail Trabelsi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this study the biotreatability of Jebel Chakir landfill leachate (Tunisia) using a mixture of dairy industry reject (bactofugate) and Aloe sp. leaf gel was evaluated. The effect of Aloe gel fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strain was investigated against some selected bacterial and fungal strains. The inoculation size effect of the treatment mixtures (2, 6, 10 and 12%) in the treatment efficiency was also studied. The obtained results showed that when natural Aloe gel and bactofugate mixtures were used the recorded chemical oxygen demand removal rates exceeded 56% within 48 h of treatment. Whereas, the use of the fermented Aloe gel in the treatment mixtures has promoted the organic matter removal to reach 72%.