bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying deep‐sea predator–prey dynamics: Implications of biological heterogeneity for beaked whale conservation
Authors: Southall Brandon L. , Benoit‐Bird Kelly J. , Moline Mark A. , Moretti David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Prey distribution and density drive predator habitat usage and foraging behaviour. Understanding ecological relationships is necessary for effective management in any environment but can be challenging in certain contexts. While there has been substantial effort to quantify human disturbance for some protected, deep‐diving marine mammals, there are virtually no direct measurements of deep‐sea predator–prey dynamics.

We used recently developed techniques to measure deep‐water squid abundance, size and distribution within foraging habitat areas of deep‐diving Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) on and around a Navy training range where sonar is often used. Beaked whales are a management priority as both mortal strandings and sublethal disturbance have occurred in association with Navy mid‐frequency sonar.

We found large differences in prey (squid) abundance over small horizontal distances. Highest squid densities occurred within a commonly utilized foraging area on the range. Much lower prey abundance was measured in adjacent, bathymetrically similar areas less commonly used for foraging.

By combining prey densities with available behavioural and energetic data, we generate relativistic energetic assessments of foraging habitat quality. This provides a simple, yet quantitative means of evaluating fitness implications of spatial prey heterogeneity and associated consequences of disturbance.

Synthesis and applications. Given the challenges deep‐diving predators face with limited foraging time in extreme environments, small‐scale prey heterogeneity can have substantial implications for foraging success. Our results provide fine‐scale data within neighbouring beaked whale foraging habitat areas commonly disturbed by sonars. These results have direct management implications and inform population‐level models of disturbance consequences with empirical data on the foraging ecology of these protected species. These issues have been at the heart of recent debate and litigation over spatial management and proposed sonar exclusion zones, which have previously been based entirely on indirect assumptions regarding habitat quality. While limited in temporal and spatial scope, our novel results provide the first direct ecological data to inform such applied decisions. They also highlight broader regulatory implications of different disturbance consequences in nearby areas and demonstrate the value of empirical, biologically based approaches to spatial management of marine ecosystems generally.
Informality as Structure or Agency? Exploring Shed Housing in the UK as Informal Practice
Authors: Lombard Melanie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecent attention to the phenomenon of ‘beds in sheds’—outbuildings used illegally for residential accommodation—suggests that shelter informality is increasing in the UK. Reflecting concerns about its apparent proliferation, the issue has been increasingly prominent on government and media agendas, framed in terms of illegal immigration and rogue landlordism, with policy announcements accompanied by high‐profile police and border agency raids. While little firm evidence exists on the scale, nature and causes of this type of informal shelter provision, this paper takes as its starting point the discursive construction of informality in the specific context of the UK, exploring the role of key agentic and structural factors therein. It suggests that an emphasis on agency in government and media accounts may risk obscuring the structural factors (including state policies) involved in the production of informality, as well as the interaction between agency and structure. The case of shed housing demonstrates how informality is produced by a complex interplay of structural and agentic factors characteristic of many global Northern cities, captured by the notion of ‘informality as practice’ which derives from debates focusing on Southern cities. At the same time, it shows how discourses around informality may be mobilized in the service of specifically context‐driven ideological agendas, in this case relating to immigration and welfare.
Irregular Connections: Everyday Energy Politics in Catalonia
Authors: Angel James 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhile questions of energy and energy transition have become hotly contested, the abstract and fetishized conception of energy that dominates contemporary political debates occludes connections to everyday life. By tracing the activities of Catalan activist network Alianza contra la Pobreza Energética (Alliance against Energy Poverty or APE), this article seeks to excavate the political possibilities opened up by a more everyday energy politics. The article addresses the practice of illegal utilities connections among the urban poor of Catalonia, arguing that this constitutes a form of makeshift urbanism resonant of that conceptualized from within ‘Southern’ cities. These ‘irregular connections’ to urban infrastructure networks are then distinguished from the ‘irregular connections’ formed between people within the collectivized social infrastructure of APE. APE, I argue, translate ‘energy’ as social reproduction, framing their struggle for the right to energy around the right to sustain life with dignity. This, I suggest, is the starting point for a feminist praxis capable of creating new and unruly subjectivities, reconfiguring reproductive relations in more caring and collective directions, and ultimately challenging the violence of the commodity form.
High‐Amylose Starches to Bridge the “Fiber Gap”: Development, Structure, and Nutritional Functionality
Authors: Li Haiteng , Gidley Michael J. , Dhital Sushil 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlthough high‐amylose starches are not a recent innovation, their popularity in recent years has been increasing due to their unique functional properties and enhanced nutritional values in food applications. While high‐amylose maize, barley, and potato are commercially available, high‐amylose variants of other main crops such as wheat and rice have once been developed more recently and will be available commercially in the near future. This review summarizes the development, structure, and nutritional functionality of high‐amylose starches developed and reported so far. The range of biotechnological strategies utilized are reviewed, as are the consequent effects on structural properties at different length scales, as well as sensory aspects of foods containing high‐amylose starch (HAS). This review identifies the molecular and microstructural features contributing to digestive enzyme resistance not only in native HAS but also in forms of relevance to food processing. During heat treatment, HAS tends to retain or form dense molecular structures that resist amylase degradation through the retention of the granular structure as well as helices (type‐2 resistant starch [RS]), reassociation of glucan chains (type‐3 RS), and formation of lipid–amylose complexes (type‐5 RS). The review also identifies opportunities for food manufacturers and consumers to incorporate HAS in food products and diets for better nutritional outcomes.
Effects of flood disturbance on the cohort structure of the riverine mayfly Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) in the Han River in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Seok Sangwoo , Baek Min Jeong , Hwang Jeong Mi , Park Sung Hwan , Bae Yeon Jae 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the adaptation of coexisting Ephemera orientalis (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae) cohorts to flood timing. Larvae were collected from the Han River (Seoul, Korea) from 2012 to 2014, and their life history was assessed by measuring head capsule width and by comparing the emergence period of the insects in relation with the flood season. Two slow‐growing cohorts (S1 and S2) and one fast‐growing cohort (F) were identified. The S1 cohort was found to hatch in June or July and to emerge the following summer. Whereas, the S2 cohort was found to hatch in August or September and emerge the following August. Early‐hatching larvae from the S1 cohort became the F cohort through the process of cohort splitting and subsequently merged with the S2 cohort. The F cohort, however, was not observed when huge floods occurred or under low temperature conditions. Furthermore, floods that resulted from >80 mm precipitation significantly reduced larval abundance; therefore, flooding affects cohorts both directly and indirectly. Most cohorts emerged before and after the flood season (July 10 to August 10). The results of the present study indicate that the emergence period of E. orientalis has evolved to avoid the flood season.
Identification of Polyphenols, Glycoalkaloids, and Saponins in Solanum scabrum Berries Using HPLC‐UV/Vis‐MS
Authors: Yuan Bo , Byrnes David R. , Dinssa Fekadu F. , Simon James E. , Wu Qingli 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConsumption safety of Solanum scabrum berries is controversial in different cultural practices and evaluation of the toxicity as well as micronutrition value relies on relevant phytochemical study. Thus, this study aimed to systematically profile the phytochemicals in the berries from different genetic sources and maturity. Using a combination of three different and complementary methods of HPLC‐UV/Vis‐MS or MS/MS with acid‐assisted hydrolysis, a total of 54 phytochemicals were identified including polyphenols, saponins and toxic glycoalkaloids. Particularly, a broad range of glycoalkaloids of solasodine and its uncommon or potentially novel hydroxylated and methylated derivatives were reported, with the structure putatively identified based on the known scaffold‐fragmentation pattern. Other identified phytochemicals included phenolic acids of chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid, flavonol glycosides of quercetin and isorhamnetin, anthocyanins of petunidin, malvidin and delphinidin, and saponins of diosgenin and tigogenin.Practical ApplicationThis study provides solutions for identifying the phytochemicals of S. scabrum berries, and unveiled for the first time a wide range of toxic glycoalkaloids of solasodine and analogues in the berries from different genetic sources and maturation stages. This work laid the foundation for prospective quantitative determination of berry phytochemicals and future toxicity and nutrition evaluation, and could also apply to facilitate screening or breeding for glycoalkaloid‐deficient genotypes that can be used as new food supply.
Molecular Characterization and Toxin Profiles of Bacillus spp. Isolated from Retail Fish and Ground Beef
Authors: Özdemir Fatma , Arslan Seza 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBacillus species are common in the environment due to their spore‐forming ability and nutritional versatility and cause food contamination. Bacilli play a significant role in foodborne illnesses and food spoilage. In this study, 52 Bacillus isolates from retail fish and ground beef were identified and differentiated based on 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB gene sequencing. The presence of genes encoding emetic toxin (ces), hemolytic enterotoxin hemolysin BL (hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (nhe) and cytotoxin K (cytK1) was assessed in all Bacillus isolates. The ability of the Bacillus isolates to produce several extracellular enzymes that contribute to pathogenicity and food spoilage was investigated. The 16S rRNA, rpoB, and gyrB gene sequence similarities of the Bacillus isolates tested were 96.1%, 83.2%, and 77.5%, respectively. The gyrB gene demonstrated a higher degree of sequence variation than the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes. The prevalence of Bacillus isolates producing at least two of the genes of the HBL and NHE complexes was 23.1% and 15.4%, respectively. Of the B. cereus isolates, 10 (41.7%) possessed two or more enterotoxin genes. None of the isolates carried the ces and cytK1 genes. All isolates were positive for the production of enzymes such as protease, lipase, gelatinase, and DNase. However, only 92.3% of the tested isolates were positive for amylase. In conclusion, our results revealed that the presence of genes involved in toxin production and enzyme production in meat‐originated B. cereus and other Bacillus isolates may cause spoilage of food and pose a health risk for consumers.Practical ApplicationBacillus species can be found in various foods due to their ubiquitous nature. Bacillus spp., especially B. cereus, are associated with food poisoning and other infections in humans. Toxins and many extracellular enzymes produced by Bacillus spp. are the causative agents of foodborne outbreaks, food spoilage, and low‐quality food with significantly reduced edibility. This study highlights the characterization of Bacillus spp. and presence of potentially pathogenic Bacillus species in meats.
Clinical presentations, social functioning, and treatment receipt among individuals with comorbid life‐time PTSD and alcohol use disorders versus drug use disorders: findings from NESARC‐III
Authors: Simpson Tracy L. , Rise Peter , Browne Kendall C. , Lehavot Keren , Kaysen Debra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo compare individuals with comorbid life‐time post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorders [AUD; i.e. no drug use disorders (DUD)] with those with comorbid PTSD and DUD on past‐year prevalence of these disorders, social functioning, life‐time psychiatric comorbidities, and treatment receipt. The comorbid groups were also compared with their single diagnosis counterparts.Design and SettingCross‐sectional cohort study using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC‐III).ParticipantsThe total sample size was 36 309. Six groups were established: PTSD/AUD, PTSD/DUD, AUD, DUD, PTSD, and neither PTSD nor AUD/DUD. Life‐time prevalence of AUD among those with PTSD/DUD was 80.2% and among those with DUD was 73.8%.MeasurementsThe Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule‐DSM‐5 version assessed life‐time and past‐year psychiatric disorders and treatment receipt. Demographics and social stability indicators were queried. Group characteristics were summarized using weighted means. Prevalences and estimates for adjusted differences in means and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were derived from multiple linear regression and logistic regression models, respectively. Analyses were conducted in R and accounted for the NESARC‐III's complex survey design, clustering, and non‐response.FindingsCompared with those with life‐time PTSD/AUD, those with life‐time PTSD/DUD were significantly less likely to have neither disorder in the past year (PTSD/AUD = 16.1%; PTSD/DUD = 8.5%; aOR = 0.54), and were more likely to report worse social and psychiatric functioning, and to have received both addiction and mental health treatment (PTSD/AUD = 18.4%; PTSD/DUD = 43.2%; aOR = 3.88). Compared with their single disorder counterparts, those with PTSD/DUD reported greater impairment than both groups, whereas the comorbid PTSD/AUD group differed more from the AUD than the PTSD group.ConclusionsPeople with comorbid PTSD and drug use disorder have greater social and psychiatric impairment and may require different types and intensity of intervention than people with comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder.
Interpersonal and structural factors associated with receptive syringe‐sharing among a prospective cohort of female sex workers who inject drugs
Authors: Park Ju Nyeong , Footer Katherine H. A. , Decker Michele R. , Tomko Catherine , Allen Sean T. , Galai Noya , Sherman Susan G. 
Published: January 2019

AimsTo determine the interpersonal and structural factors associated with receptive syringe sharing (RSS) among female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW‐IDU), a group at high risk of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquisition.DesignSex workers And Police Promoting Health In Risky Environments (SAPPHIRE) study, a prospective cohort study.SettingBaltimore, MD, USAParticipantsOne hundred and eighty FSW‐IDU; mean age = 33 years, 77.1% white and 62.9% in a relationship/married.MeasurementsSurveys were conducted between April 2016 and February 2018. The main outcome was recent RSS (past 3 months). In addition to socio‐demographic characteristics and drug use behaviors, we assessed factors at the interpersonal level, including injection practices, intimate partner and client drug use and exposure to violence. Structural‐level factors included methods of syringe access.FindingsNearly all FSW‐IDU used heroin (97.1%) or crack cocaine (89.7%). Recent RSS was reported by 18.3%. Syringes were accessed from needle exchange programs (64.6%), pharmacies (29.7%), street sellers (30.3%) or personal networks (29.1%). Some FSW‐IDU had clients or intimate partners who injected drugs (26.3 and 26.9%, respectively). Longitudinal factors independently associated with RSS in the multi‐level mixed‐effects model were recent client violence [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–4.33], having an intimate partner who injected drugs (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 0.98–4.85), being injected by others (aOR = 4.95, 95% CI = 2.42–10.10) and obtaining syringes from a street seller (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI = 0.94–3.78) or from a member of their personal network (aOR = 4.43, 95% CI = 2.21–8.90).ConclusionsClient violence, intimate partner injection drug use, being injected by others and obtaining syringes from personal connections appear to increase parenteral HIV/HCV risk among female sex workers who inject drugs.
Association of APOBEC3 deletion with cancer risk: A meta‐analysis of 26 225 cases and 37 201 controls
Authors: Hashemi Mohammad , Moazeni‐Roodi Abdolkarim , Taheri Mohsen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrevious studies have found inconsistent results regarding gene deletion in APOBEC3 (apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing catalytic polypeptide‐like 3) and risk of cancer. We conducted a meta‐analysis of all eligible case–control studies to find out the associations between APOBEC3 deletion and cancer risk by pooling the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Overall, the findings from 20 studies (13 articles) involving of a total of 26 225 cases and 37 201 controls revealed that DD genotype was associated significantly with increased cancer risk compared to II genotype (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.01–1.56, P = 0.04). Stratified analysis from 10 studies including 14 757 cases and 17 930 controls revealed that I/D variant significantly increased the risk of breast cancer in heterozygous codominant (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.03–1.28, P = 0.02, ID vs II), dominant (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.31, P = 0.03, ID + DD vs II), overdominant (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.05–1.25, P < 0.0001, ID vs DD + II) and allele (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.13–1.25, P = 0.03, D vs I) inheritance models.In conclusion, the data propose that APOBEC3 deletion is significantly associated with increased susceptibility to cancer in overall and breast cancer. Our findings require well‐designed replication in a larger independent genetic association study with larger sample sizes in diverse ethnicities.
Acute circulatory complications in people with diabetes mellitus type 2: How admission varies between urban and rural Victoria
Authors: Gardiner Samantha , Robins Shalley , Terry Daniel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the extent to which rurality influences the admission and mortality rates for acute circulatory complications among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignRetrospective study.SettingAll Victorian hospitals.ParticipantsState‐wide hospital admissions from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2015 using the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset. Data included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diagnosis of acute cardiovascular events, acute cerebrovascular haemorrhage or infarction, acute peripheral vascular events or hypertensive diseases.Main outcome measureRates of admission and mortality were calculated for local government areas and Department of Health regions. Regression analysis identified the influence between admission rates and various predictor variables.ResultsIn total, 5785 emergency hospital admissions occurred during the study period, with the highest and lowest mortality and admission rates occurring in rural areas. Moderately high admission rates were identified in urban areas. Cardiovascular events far outnumbered other acute circulatory admissions. Regression analysis identified a number of significant socioeconomic variables, primarily for metropolitan residents. Socioeconomic disadvantage was the only significant factor in rural areas.ConclusionVictorian admission and mortality rates for acute circulatory complications are greatest in rural areas; yet, there is considerable heterogeneity in the admission rates within both rural and metropolitan areas. Furthermore, socioeconomic status is more influential than remoteness in determining emergency admissions. Further research needs to investigate the particular variables that lead to poorer outcomes rurally, investigate socioeconomic disadvantage in rural areas and have greater emphasis on peripheral vascular disease prevention.
Diabetes screening in pregnancy failing women in rural Western Australia: An audit of oral glucose tolerance test completion rates
Authors: Kirke Andrew B. , Atkinson David , Moore Sarah , Sterry Kylie , Singleton Sally , Roxburgh Carly , Parrish Kate , Porter Cindy , Marley Julia V. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo quantify screening rate for gestational diabetes mellitus and completion of oral glucose tolerance test in rural and remote Western Australia.Design and participantsRetrospective audit of 551 antenatal records from women of 16 years and older without pre‐existing diabetes and with singleton pregnancies delivered in 2013.Main outcome measuresNumber of women recorded screened for gestational diabetes mellitus in second or third trimester using oral glucose tolerance test or other tests; gestational diabetes mellitus rate.ResultsOnly 278 (50.5%) women were screened with oral glucose tolerance test; 113 (20.5%) had no record of any screening related to gestational diabetes mellitus. In a nested mixed‐effects logistic regression model, women with a previous gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis, two or more risk factors (excluding ethnicity) or high‐risk gestational diabetes mellitus ethnicity other than Australian Aboriginal were more likely to be screened, while Australian Aboriginal women were less likely to be screened with oral glucose tolerance test. Clinicians reported patient and clinician factors and logistical difficulties as reasons for the oral glucose tolerance test not being completed at their site. Of those screened with oral glucose tolerance test, a high rate of gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed (14.7% versus Western Australia state‐wide average of 7.4%).ConclusionAdherence to oral glucose tolerance test screening in rural Western Australia is inadequate for effective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Screening was not acceptable or available for a significant proportion of women at risk. Efforts to improve oral glucose tolerance test adherence and exploration of alternative gestational diabetes mellitus screening strategies are required.