bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Biochip system in detecting drug resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis using sputum collected from multiple clinical settings in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Xu Kaijin , Wang Shuting , Wu Jie , Liu Zhengwei , Ji Zhongkang , Zheng Lin , Jin Xiuyuan , Ren Jingjing , Yang Shigui , Li Zhaoxia , Yuan Jing , Zhao Yanlin , Li Lanjuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to conduct a multicentre, prospective evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the Biochip system for the detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis using smear-positive sputum specimens. This prospective study evaluated the diagnostic performance of this new platform for drug resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) using 1491 smear-positive sputum specimens collected from multiple clinical settings. Using conventional culture-based culturing and drug-susceptibility testing as reference standards, the biochip system had a sensitivity of 86.08% and a specificity of 97.7% for rifampicin (RIF) detection, in detecting isoniazid (INH) resistance, it had a sensitivity of 79.36% and a specificity of 98.71%. With respect to MDR-TB detection, the sensitivity was 78.01% and the specificity was 98.86%. The performance only varies among different sites for RIF resistance, and there are no other statistically difference in diagnostic performance for other variables considered. The Biochip system shows favourable sensitivity and specificity for RIF and INH resistance, along with MDR-TB detection, directly using clinical smear-positive sputum samples. It is an alternative to conventional drug-susceptibility testing (DST) for detecting drug resistance or MDR-TB and is a method worth expanding to clinical settings in China.
Both air-sea components are crucial for El Niño forecast from boreal spring
Authors: Fang Xiang-Hui , Mu Mu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe spring predictability barrier severely limits our ability to forecast the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) from and across the boreal spring. Our observational analysis shows that the spring predictability barrier (SPB) can be largely reduced when information from both the ocean and atmosphere are effectively taken into account during the boreal spring. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed sea surface temperature anomalies over the equatorial central–eastern Pacific determined by a simple quaternary linear regression model is >0.81 for the period 1980–2016. The frame structure of the ENSO evolution is mostly controlled by variations in the oceanic heat content along the equatorial Pacific and the zonal wind stress over the tropical western Pacific during the boreal spring. These results indicate that to predict ENSO events with a long lead time, i.e., largely reducing the SPB, variations in both the ocean and atmosphere during the boreal spring should be well predicted first. While the oceanic information is mainly located in the equatorial Pacific and well characterized by the delayed oscillator and recharging oscillator models, variations in the atmosphere may contain information beyond this area and are more difficult to deal with.
Cerebrovascular Injury After Serial Exposure to Chronic Stress and Abstinence from Methamphetamine Self-Administration
Authors: Natarajan Reka , Mitchell Carmen M. , Harless Nicole , Yamamoto Bryan K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCerebrovascular damage caused by either exposure to stress or the widely abused drug, methamphetamine (Meth) is known but stress and drug abuse frequently occur in tandem that may impact their individual cerebrovascular effects. This study examined their co-morbid cerebrovascular effects during abstinence from self-administered Meth after the exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Exposure to CUS prior to unrestricted Meth self-administration had no effect on Meth intake in rats; however, the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the breakdown of cell-matrix adhesion protein β-dystroglycan in isolated cerebral cortical capillaries were increased after 3 days of abstinence and persisted for 7 days. These changes preceded decreases in occludin, a key structural protein component of the blood-brain barrier. The decrease in occludin was blocked by the COX-2 specific inhibitor nimesulide treatment during abstinence from Meth. The changes in COX-2, β-dystroglycan, and occludin were only evident following the serial exposure to stress and Meth but not after either one alone. These results suggest that stress and voluntary Meth intake can synergize and disrupt cerebrovasculature in a time-dependent manner during abstinence from chronic stress and Meth. Furthermore, COX-2 inhibition may be a viable pharmacological intervention to block vascular changes after Meth exposure.
Channel dispersed Fourier transform spectrometer
Authors: Hong Brandon , Monifi Faraz , Fainman Yeshaiahu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe high signal throughput of Fourier transform spectroscopy has proved a boon to overcoming the difficulties of otherwise overwhelming detector noise in chemical infrared spectroscopy and near-infrared Raman spectroscopy, and is desirable for in situ measurement. Here we introduce a stationary channel dispersed Fourier transform (CDFT) spectrometer that efficiently utilizes two-dimensional imagers to obtain high-resolution input spectra in low-pixel-density imagers. By angularly dispersing a vertical one-dimensional interference pattern along a horizontal axis, an array of bandlimited interferogram channels is measured with reduced sampling constraints in each channel. CDFT spectrometers can use existing imagers to measure spectra with 0.0025 cm−1resolution over an 800 cm−1bandwidth. Moreover, this approach reduces the quantization noise present in low dynamic range imagers significantly. To demonstrate the utility of CDFT spectroscopy, broadband spectral domain optical coherence and multicolor quantum dot photoluminescence are measured in low-pixel-density imagers.
Naturalistic Speech-Generating Device Interventions for Children With Complex Communication Needs: A Systematic Review of Single-Subject Studies
Authors: Gevarter Cindy , Zamora Claudia 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
This article presents a systematic review that aimed to synthesize single-subject–design studies that have examined naturalistic interventions for teaching the expressive use of speech-generating devices (SGDs) to children with complex communication needs. Specifically, this review describes what intervention strategies are most commonly applied in studies with positive effects and minimal methodological flaws and examines the populations and outcomes for which these strategies have been effective.

Method
A systematic approach was used to qualitatively code variables of interest to this review. Results were summarized via both visual analysis and effect size methods, and a certainty of evidence methodology was adopted to describe the quality of the evidence.

Results
Thirty-two unique studies met inclusion criteria, with 19 having consistent positive results and meeting minimum requirements for certainty of evidence. Although studies used a variety of titles to describe intervention packages (e.g., milieu teaching, interaction strategies), certain strategies were common across studies. These included (a) creating and capturing communication opportunities via methods such as time delay and questioning; (b) providing feedback via methods such as reinforcement of requests, praise, or expansions; (c) prompting (verbal, physical, gestural); (d) modeling; and (e) training communication partners.

Conclusions
Findings regarding these intervention components help to provide practical guidelines for naturalistic SGD intervention. Limitations of the current body of research (e.g., need to include more home-based studies and more intermediate to advanced SGDs, need to critically analyze the most critical intervention components) provide suggestions for future research.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6615332
Maternal Responsiveness to Gestures in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Lorang Emily , Sterling Audra , Schroeder Bianca 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
This study compared gesture use in young children with Down syndrome (DS) and typical development (TD) as well as how mothers respond to child gestures based on child age and diagnosis.

Method
Twenty-two mother–child dyads with DS and 22 mother–child dyads with TD participated. The child participants were between 22 and 63 months and were matched on chronological age. We coded child gesture use and whether mothers recoded child gestures (i.e., provided a verbal translation) during naturalistic interactions.

Results
The children with DS used more gestures than peers with TD. After controlling for expressive language ability, the two groups were not significantly different on child gesture use. Regardless of child diagnosis, mothers recoded approximately the same percentage of child gestures. There was a significant interaction between child diagnosis and child age when predicting the percentage of maternal gesture recodes; mothers of children with DS did not demonstrate differences in the percentage of maternal gesture recodes based on child age, but there was a negative relationship between the percentage of maternal gesture recodes and child age for the children with TD.

Conclusions
Young children with DS gesture more than chronological age–matched children with TD, therefore providing numerous opportunities for caregivers to recode child gestures and support language development. Early intervention should focus on increasing parent responsiveness to child gestures earlier in life in order to provide additional word-learning opportunities for children with DS.
The Reciprocal Influences of Working Memory and Linguistic Knowledge on Language Performance: Considerations for the Assessment of Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Archibald Lisa M. D. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
This article considers how the language performance of school-age children with language impairments, such as developmental language disorder, is influenced by the reciprocal relationship of existing linguistic knowledge and working memory resources and the resultant implications for assessment.

Method
A viewpoint is provided by reviewing working memory theory, empirical evidence of the reciprocal relationship between working memory and existing language knowledge, and critically evaluating available standardized and nonstandardized tools designed to assess working memory or linguistic skills.

Conclusions
Speech-language pathologists with an excellent understanding of the reciprocal relationship between working memory and linguistic knowledge will need to examine performance across tasks and contexts varying in these demands in order to achieve an accurate clinical profile of relevant strengths and weaknesses for individual children.
Math Difficulties and Working Memory Growth in English Language Learner Children: Does Bilingual Proficiency Play a Significant Role?
Authors: Swanson H. Lee , Kong Jennifer , Petcu Stefania 
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine those components of working memory (WM) that play a significant role in predicting math growth in children who are English language learners (
N
= 157) with serious math difficulties (MD).

Method
A battery of tests was administered in English and Spanish that assessed computation, reading, vocabulary, inhibition, and components of WM in Grade 1 children with follow-up testing in Grades 2 and 3.

Results
The results indicated that growth in the executive component of WM was related to growth in math performance. Proficient bilingual children (proficient in both Spanish and English vocabulary) with MD outperformed less proficient bilingual children with MD on measures of math calculation, fluid intelligence, reading, and Spanish WM at Grade 3.

Conclusion
Growth in the executive component of WM is significantly related to growth in math computation, and increased bilingual proficiency across testing waves yielded positive gains in both math and cognitive performance in children with MD.
Pull the Andon Rope on Working Memory Capacity Interventions Until We Know More
Authors: Gillam Sandra , Holbrook Sarai , Mecham Jamie , Weller Daylene 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to discuss the current state of interventions for improving working memory (WM) capacity language and academic skills and to provide suggestions for speech-language pathologists working with students who have WM capacity limitations.MethodMeta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and nonrandomized comparison studies investigating the role of WM interventions for improving WM capacity language and academic skills are reviewed. Strategies for improving WM are discussed.ResultsThe use of interventions designed to improve WM capacity and other cognitive skills is currently not supported by the research. Direct WM interventions should be considered to be experimental at this time. Such interventions require further investigation before they are used regularly for children with developmental language disorders.DiscussionClinicians and practitioners should look to already established interventions for improving how students with developmental language disorders utilize organizational strategies and other well-researched methods for improving their cognitive and academic functioning in functional contexts.
A New Assay Based on Thrombin Generation Inhibition to Detect Both Protein C and Protein S Deficiencies in Plasma
Authors: Duchemin Jérôme , Pittet Jean-Louis , Tartary Michel , Béguin Suzette , Gaussem Pascale , Alhenc-Gelas Martine , Aiach Martine 
Published: July 2018

SummaryActivated protein C reduces thrombin generation by inactivating factors V and VIII in the presence of protein S. This prompted us to develop an assay which would allow specific exploration of this reaction. The total amount of thrombin formed in plasma after activation by tissue factor and phospholipids was reduced by adding thrombomodulin. This addition allowed protein C to be activated by endogenous thrombin. The inhibition of thrombin generation (ITG) due to protein C activation could be measured by comparing thrombin formation in the presence and in the absence of thrombomodulin. ITG increased with both protein C and protein S concentrations. Normal values of ITG expressed as a percentage were between 40 and 65% and were not influenced by age or sex. ITG increased in patients under heparin therapy, decreased in patients under oral anticoagulant therapy and was decreased in women using oral contraceptives. This method could be used for screening patients for protein C and protein S deficiencies.
Inhibition of the Metastasis of Lewis Lung Carcinoma by Antibody Against Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator in the Experimental and Spontaneous Metastasis Model
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroshi , Gotoh Junko , Shinohara Hiromitsu , Moniwa Nobuhiko , Terao Toshihiko 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA selective inhibitory antibody, raised against human high molecular weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator (HMW-uPA), was examined to determine whether it would inhibit production of experimental and spontaneous lung metastasis by murine Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells. Polyclonal antibody to human uPA cross-reads with the murine uPA and inhibits murine uPA activity. When examined with an in vitro assay system using a modified Boyden chamber, the anti-catalytic IgG to uPA suppressed the invasion of tumor cells through Matrigel. Anti-uPA IgG inhibited neither the cell proliferation nor the binding of tumor cells to Matrigel, and showed no significant suppression of chemotactic migration of tumor cells to tibronectin. In an in vivo spontaneous metastasis assay, multiple subcutaneous (s. c.) injections of anti-uPA IgG (up to a concentration of 200 pg [ 500 inhibitory unit/mousc/day]) for 7 days immediately after s. c. tumor cell inoculation significantly inhibited the formation of lung metastasis in C57BL/6 mice in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of lung metastasis was not due to direct antitumor effects of anti-uPA IgG. In an in vivo experimental metastasis assay, multiple s. c. injections of anti-uPA IgG for 7 days after intravenous (i. v.) tumor cell inoculation did not reduce the number of lung tumor colonies. These results suggest that uPA more efficiently regulates the mechanism involved in the entry into vascular circulation of tumor cells (intravasation) than in extravasation, during the metastatic process.
Defibrotide Stimulates Expression of Thrombomodulin in Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Zhou Quansheng , Chu Xiaohong , Ruan Changgeng 
Published: July 2018

SummaryCultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with defibrotide at concentrations of 0, 5, 50 and 500 jxg/ml for 4 and 24 h respectively. Thrombomodulin activity and molecules on the surface of the cells were determined by chromogenic assay and radioimmunoassay, thrombomodulin antigen in endothelial cells and in conditioned medium of the cells was measured by immunoradioassay. Thrombomodulin mRNA within the cells was analysed by slot blot. After 24 h of incubation, the activity and molecules of thrombomodulin on the surface of endothelial cells, as well as the antigen and mRNA of thrombomodulin in the cells were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner. However, the level of thrombomodulin antigen in conditioned medium was about equal to that of the control. Our data indicate that defibrotide stimulates expression of thrombomodulin in human endothelial cells. These beneficial effects may play a role in antithrombotic activity of defibrotide.
Fibrinogen Plasma Levels as a Marker of Thrombin Activation: New Insights on the Role of Fibrinogen as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Authors: Ceriello Antonio , Pirisi Mario , Giacomello Roberta , Stel Giuliana , Falleti Edmondo , Motz Enrico , Lizzio Sebastiano , Gonano Fabio , Bartoli Ettore 
Published: July 2018

SummaryFibrinogen has recently emerged as a major risk factor for athero- thrombosis. However, the pathophysiologic mechanism linking high fibrinogen concentration to cardiovascular disease is unclear.In this study 136 subjects (75 males, 61 females, age 51.7 ± 14.4 years, mean ± standard deviation, range 17-82) were tested for total and HDL-cholesterol, total triglycerides, apolipoprotein AI, apolipo- protein B, fibrinogen, prothrombin fragment and D-dimer. Moreover, 5 subjects who had hyperfibrinogenemia (range 450 to 950 mg/dl) for at least 6 months by repeated measurements, were treated with a short 7-day course of heparin 12,500 U/day subcutaneously. The effect of heparin on all the above mentioned parameters was observed at the end of treatment and after 7 days of wash-out. Simple regression analysis detected a positive correlation between fibrinogen and age, prothrombin fragment and D-dimer, and a negative correlation between fibrinogen and HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI. A direct correlation between age and both prothrombin fragment and D-dimer was also demonstrated. Multivariate analysis showed a persistent correlation between fibrinogen and prothrombin fragment, D-dimer and age, that was not influenced by sex, smoking habit and body mass index. In the 5 hyperfibrinogenemic subjects, heparin administration significantly reduced fibrinogen (625.4 ± 211.1 vs 455.2 ± 112.3 mg/dl, p <0.03), prothrombin fragment (0.97 ± 0.1 vs 0.63 ± 0.2 nM, p <0.002) and D-dimer (336 ± 101.8 vs 275.2 ± 78.5 ng/ml, p <0.03). All these parameters returned to baseline after 7 days of wash-out (fibrinogen 632.5 ± 198.2 mg/dl, prothrombin fragment 0.96 ± 0.2 nM, D-dimer 325.8 ±98.65 ng/ml).These data indicate that fibrinogen plasma levels are strongly correlated to parameters of thrombin activation in plasma and suggest that high fibrinogen plasma levels might be a risk marker for cardiovascular disease because expression of an existing thrombophilia.
Reversible Inhibition of Human Platelet Activation by Hypothermia In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Michelson Alan D , MacGregor Hollace , Barnard Marc R , Kestin Anita S , Rohrer Michael J , Robert Valeri C 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA hypothermia-induced hemorrhagic diathesis is associated with cardiopulmonary bypass, major surgery, and multiple trauma, but its pathophysiological basis is not well understood. We examined the hypothesis that hypothermia reversibly inhibits human platelet activation in vitro and in vivo. Platelet activation was studied in normal volunteers by whole blood flow cytometric analysis of modulation of platelet surface GMP-140 and the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex in: a) shed blood emerging from a standardized in vivo bleeding time wound; b) peripheral blood activated in vitro with either thrombin (in the presence of gly-pro-arg-pro, an inhibitor of fibrin polymerization) or the stable thromboxane (TX) A2 analogue U46619. Platelets in peripheral whole blood were activated at temperatures between 22° C and 37° C. the forearm skin temperature was maintained at temperatures between 22° C and 37° C prior to and during the bleeding time incision. Platelet aggregation was studied in shed blood by flow cytometry and in peripheral blood by aggregometry. Generation of TXB 2 (the stable metabolite of TXA 2) was determined by radioimmunoassay. In vitro, hypothermia inhibited both thrombin- and U46619-induced upregulation of GMP-140, downregulation of the GPIb-IX complex, platelet aggregation, and TXB2 generation. These inhibitory effects of hypothermia were all completely reversed by rewarming the blood to 37° C. In vivo, platelet activation was inhibited by hypothermia as shown by 5 independent assays of shed blood: upregulation of GMP-140, downregulation of the GPIb-IX complex, platelet aggregate formation, TXB 2
ggeneration, and the bleeding time. In summary, by a combination of immunologic, biochemical, and functional assays, we demonstrate that hypothermia inhibits human platelet activation in whole blood in vitro and in vivo. Rewarming hypothermic blood completely reverses the activation defect. These results suggest that maintaining normothermia or rewarming a hypothermic bleeding patient may reduce the need for platelet transfusions.
Inherited Diseases of Platelet Glycoproteins: Considerations for Rapid Molecular Characterization
Authors: Bray Paul F 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe characterization of inherited diseases of platelets has provided valuable information about platelet physiology and platelet protein function. Genetic studies on patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia, the Bemard-Soulier syndrome, and platelet-type von Willebrand disease have been confined to abnormalities of the GPIIb-IIIa and GPIb-IX receptor complexes. The primary molecular technique used in these analyses has been the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified PCR products are either directly sequenced, or used to screen for abnormal regions of the genes which are then sequenced. This review examines the known mutations in GPIIb-IIIa and GPIb-IX, focusing on those genetic issues which should dictate decisions regarding the approach to identifying molecular defects. The techniques for characterizing mutant alleles in Glanzmann thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome are described and a general strategy is offered. Because mutations resulting in reduced levels of transcripts can be missed when screening RNA, an argument is made for using genomic DNA as the primary material for mutation detection.