bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plenitude of Nature and Sovereignty
Authors: Antonello Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the foundational tension of Antarctic geopolitics over sovereignty and territory fared in the context of discussions on mineral and marine living resources in the 1970s. It investigates how the Antarctic Treaty parties fought off concerted interests from forums and states outside the treaty, including the Non-Aligned Movement within the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea and the Food and Agriculture Organization, and growing international environmentalist organizations. It also investigates how the Antarctic Treaty parties tried to shift the balance of power among themselves, especially between the claimant and nonclaimant states. In the end, the Antarctic Treaty parties as a whole secured the treaty from outside forces, and the claimant states successfully perpetuated their ideas about sovereignty and territory in the changing context of the UN Law of the Sea against the acquiescent nonclaimants.
Introduction
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The introduction outlines the core focus of the book, the Kolonialdeutsche (Colonial Germans): officials and settlers who had invested substantial time and money in German imperialism. The book will examine the difficulties this diverse group of men and women encountered adjusting to their new circumstances, in Weimar Germany or in the new mandates, as they situated their notions of group identity between colonizers and colonial subjects in a world of empires that were not their own. The introduction outlines the temporal scope of the book, starting with the Treaty of Versailles and ending the in-depth analysis in 1933. The epilogue looks into the Nazi era and beyond. The author highlights the importance of Colonial German involvement in such diplomatic flashpoints as the Naturalization Controversy in South African-administered Southwest Africa, and German participation in the Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) from 1927 to 1933, and the participation of one of Germany’s former colonial governors in the League of Nations’ commission sent to assess the Manchurian Crisis between China and Japan. The introduction also illustrates the contributions this book makes: revising standard historical portrayals of the League of Nations’ form of international governance, German participation in the League, the role of interest groups in international diplomacy, and liberal imperialism. In analyzing Colonial German investment and participation in interwar internationalism, the book also challenges the idea of a direct continuity between Germany’s colonial period and the Nazi era.
From Unfit Imperialists to Fellow Civilizers
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During the tenure of the League’s mandates system, several former German colonial officials rose to prominence in the League of Nations as “imperial experts.” The involvement of German colonial officials in League agencies and events suggests that although no longer part of an imperial power and officially ostracized from the “work of civilization,” Germans remained adaptive contributors to international discourses on empire. In order to determine how individual Germans and lobbying interests were able to make use of the spirit of internationalism to minimize their association with “unfit imperialists” and re-establish themselves as “fellow civilizers,” this chapter focuses on the interwar careers and interactions of two colonial officials, Dr. Ludwig Kastl and Dr. Julius Ruppel—former bureaucrats who had served in the African colonies, each of whom became German members on the PMC.
Handling Ultra-Radicals
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Ideology is a strong weapon, but it could work against the group itself. Adopting strict rules grounded in ideology could help screen out undedicated people from a group, but it could not control the upper bar of dedication. Therefore, a group that portrays itself as ideological could be attractive to recruits more interested in the ideology than in the actual goal of the group. In other words, these recruits may be more radical than the group wants its fighters to be. Counterintuitively, this represents a major vulnerability for a group that claims to be ideological. In fact, it is even more dangerous for the group than not controlling the lower bar and letting undedicated members in. Such recruits waste a group’s resources (they draw a paycheck but are not interested in fighting) and could lead to internal conflicts.
Policy Implications
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Although today’s civil conflicts are very different from those of previous generations, it is not a foregone conclusion that today’s Western-affiliated rebel groups will suffer defeat. While with any new conflict the task becomes more and more difficult, it is still possible to outcompete other groups in the rebel bloc, at least right now. On the other hand, it is hard to imagine a victory of a Western-oriented, startup armed group without significant outside support, because they lack experience and resources. At the same time, international actors with a different agenda also don’t want to miss a chance to use their money, experience, and knowledge to increase their sphere of influence through proxy groups in war-torn countries. That, in sum, makes this generation’s civil wars a highly competitive market for outside supporters. I this chapter the author discusses how this knowledge can be used to terminate a conflict more quickly by making foreign government intervention more effective—in particular, how a foreign actor could (1) choose a group in the rebel bloc to support; (2) persuade the group to accept support; and (3) provide the proper help at the right time in order to empower one group at the expense of others within the rebel camp.
Career Paths that Twist and Turn
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 moves beyond workplace flexibility to consider career flexibility, which refers to the varied career choices working mothers make as they pursue their work/life path. We begin by introducing a more expansive view of career beyond the traditional career ladder. This holistic career model encompasses work, family, and community interests and activity. This career metaphor more accurately fits the reality of today’s workplace for men and women. It also gives working mothers authority to consider something beyond the next promotion as they construct their careers. We then go into more depth on two of the more prominent twists working mothers make: taking time off from paid work and starting their own business. We focus on the tactics working mothers can use to ensure that these options fit with their work/family interests.
Twofold Righteousness in Early Lutheranism
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains justification and the two kinds of righteousness among early Lutherans. The Lutheran Confessions speak of justification as both forensic and regenerative. Forgiveness on account of Christ is proclaimed to hearers, and in that proclamation faith is created to receive the forgiveness as it is announced. Faith is no power or quality in itself, but receives the merits of Christ. Thus, Christ himself gives form to faith. Christ’s merits forgive through imputation and regenerate to new spiritual life. In this new life and its accompanying qualities, a Christian is empowered to act righteously. This imputed and imparted righteousness is commonly called the two kinds of righteousness, taught by Luther at various points both early and later in his career. This conception of two kinds of righteousness suggests that ethical progress—the growth of the regenerate life—develops out of forensic justification, and is compatible with it
The Oxford Gothic Grammar
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis reference grammar of Gothic includes much history along with a description of Gothic grammar. Apart from runic inscriptions, Gothic is the earliest attested language of the Germanic family in Indo-European. Specifically, it is East Germanic. Most of the extant Gothic corpus is a 4th-century translation of the Bible, traditionally ascribed to Wulfila. This translation is historically important because it antedates Jerome’s Latin Vulgate. Gothic inflectional categories include nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Nouns are inflected for three genders, two numbers, and four cases. Adjectives also have weak and strong forms, as do verbs. Verbs are inflected for three persons and numbers, indicative and nonindicative mood (here called optative), past and nonpast tense, and voice. The mediopassive survives as a synthetic passive and syntactically in innovated periphrastic formations. Middle and anticausative functions were taken over by simple reflexive structures. Nonfinite are the infinitive, the imperative, and two participles. Gothic was a null subject language. Aspect was effected primarily by prefixes, relativization by relative pronouns built on demonstratives plus a complementizer. Complementizers were the norm with subordinated verbs in the indicative or optative. Switch to the optative was triggered by irrealis (the unreal), matrix verbs that do not permit a full range of subordinate tenses (e.g. hopes, wishes), potentiality, and alternate worlds. Many of these are also relevant to matrix clauses (independent optatives). Essentials of linearization include prepositional phrases, default postposed genitives and possessive adjectives, and preposed demonstratives. Verb-object order predominates, but there is considerable variation. Verb-auxiliary order is native Gothic.
Digesting Decolonization
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how and when the Irish Free State went from partial to full political decolonization. It argues that Collins’s stepping-stone theory of the Treaty of 1921 would be proved correct, but that de Valéra and Childers and their allies also correctly observed the deficiencies of that treaty. The fate of southern Protestants is examined. The wilder allegations of genocide and ethnic expulsion are demonstrated to be without merit; their twentieth-century story is mostly one of integration and assimilation. Fianna Fáil’s program of constitutional transformation is traced and its significance for Northern Ireland evaluated. The Irish Free State’s state-building and consolidation of its sovereignty were diplomatic accomplishments of both Cumann na nGaedheal and Fianna Fáil governments. The program of Irish state-building clashed with the aspirations behind all-Ireland nation-building. The “economic war” of the 1930s and the Anglo-Irish Agreements of 1938 are surveyed, before the decisions of de Valéra’s cabinet regarding neutrality in the Second World War and the supposed British offer of reunification are interpreted for their long-run significance for Northern Ireland.
Metaphysical Rationalism
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning of Spinoza’s Principle of Sufficient Reason (the PSR) and the role it plays in his system. Some commentators have argued that Spinoza’s PSR applies to every truth and that Spinoza relies on it in deriving a great deal of his system. Against such interpretations, this chapter argues that Spinoza’s PSR is restricted to existential truths and is applied only once by Spinoza, to the case of the existence of God. In making this case, it considers Spinoza’s arguments for necessitarianism, causal and conceptual dependence, and the identity of indiscernibles, and it concludes that none of them rely on the PSR. It further argues that the limited scope of Spinoza’s PSR is a philosophical advantage because a fully unrestricted PSR is an unattractive doctrine that creates demands for explanation that cannot be met.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Baikalodrilus species flock (Annelida: Clitellata: Naididae), an endemic genus to Lake Baikal (Russia)
Authors: Martin Patrick , Sonet Gontran , Smitz Nathalie , Backeljau Thierry 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLake Baikal is populated by an endemic genus of oligochaetes (Baikalodrilus), which currently comprises 24 morphospecies. The genus can be considered as a ‘species flock’. However, the validity of many species is questionable: the great similarity in their description and the lack of unequivocal diagnostic characters often lead species identification to an impasse. In order to clarify the systematics of this genus, we analysed two nuclear and two mitochondrial DNA markers of 40 Baikalodrilus specimens. DNA and morphological approaches are mostly congruent in suggesting ten candidate species, although two additional species are suspected. A reassessment of the taxonomic value of the morphological characteristics of Baikalodrilus suggests that there are few that can be used as distinctive, specific criteria in the genus. The association between candidate and nominal species remains problematic, except for three species identified prior to molecular analyses. Baikalodrilus trituberculum sp. nov. is described. Phylogenetic inferences suggests that the earliest split in Baikalodrilus and the time of divergence of most lineages corresponding to species are consistent with the hypothesis of a general rearrangement of the Baikal fauna, following major environmental changes due to a general cooling in the Early Pleistocene.
Measuring Tensile Strength to Better Establish Protective Capacity of Sacral Prophylactic Dressings Over 7 Days of Laboratory Aging
Authors: Burton Joshua N. , Fredrickson Abigail G. , Capunay Cassidee , Tanner Laurel , Oberg Craig , Santamaria Nick , Gefen Amit , Call Evan 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Results from large-scale randomized clinical trials support the application of prophylactic dressings to provide protection from body-weight force-induced deformations known to damage skin and underlying tissues, which often result in pressure injuries (pressure ulcers). This laboratory study using a new method for aging dressings in simulated use followed by tensile testing was conducted to further understand the protective effect of sacral prophylactic dressings (SPDs) in alleviating tissue deformations in the sacral region through the course of typical application. Specifically, four SPDs were exposed to a simulation of the clinical environment incorporating saline solution absorption, mechanical loading, and repetitive sliding-induced shear. After aging, the protective endurance of the SPDs was measured through tensile testing to determine their effectiveness against tissue-damaging forces over time.
This study uses the concepts of axial stiffness, protective endurance, and elastic limit to describe more accurately the protective aspects of SPDs under dry and moist conditions and how they interact with the skin and underlying tissues over the life of the dressing. The authors propose two primary features in SPD effectiveness in preventing pressure injuries: high conformability (ie, low flexural stiffness) and protective endurance (the dressing’s capacity to maintain biomechanical performance when moist).
USTUR Special Session Roundtable—US Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR): A Five-decade Follow-up of Plutonium and Uranium Workers
Authors: Tolmachev Sergei Y. , Swint Margery J. , Bistline Robert W. , McClellan Roger O. , McInroy James F. , Kathren Ronald L. , Filipy Ronald E. , Toohey Richard E. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The US Transuranium and Uranium Registries is a human tissue program that collects tissues posthumously from former nuclear workers and radiochemically analyzes them for actinides such as plutonium, americium, and uranium. It was established in 1968 with the goal of advancing science and improving the safety of future workers. Roundtable participants recalled various aspects of this multidisciplinary research program, from establishing consistent autopsy protocols to comparing the registries’ findings to those of other programs, such as the historical beagle dog studies and the Russian Radiobiological Human Tissue Repository. The importance of meeting ethical and legal requirements, including written consent forms, was emphasized, as was the need to know whether workers were exposed to nonradiological hazards such as beryllium or asbestos. At Rocky Flats, a bioassay program was established to follow workers after they terminated employment. The resulting data continue to help researchers to improve the biokinetic models that are used to estimate intakes and radiation doses. After 50 y, the US Transuranium and Uranium Registries continues to contribute to our understanding of actinides in humans, which is a testament to the vision of its founders, the generosity of its tissue donors, and the many dedicated scientists who have worked together to achieve a common goal.
Posterior Segment Complications and Impact on Long-Term Visual Outcomes in Eyes With a Type 1 Boston Keratoprosthesis
Authors: Moshiri Ala , Safi Mustafa , Morse Lawrence S. , Tang Vincent Duong , Yiu Glenn , Park Susanna S. , Schwab Ivan , Li Jennifer , Mannis Mark J. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose:
To determine the spectrum of retinal complications (RCs) in a cohort of eyes with a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro).

Methods:
All patients (36 eyes of 31 patients) who received a type 1 Boston KPro from January 2004 to December 2015 at the University of California, Davis, were included. Electronic medical records were reviewed for relevant clinical data. Demographic information, initial corneal diagnosis, postoperative course, posterior segment complications, preoperative and final visual acuity were tabulated and analyzed.

Results:
Posterior segment complications after type 1 Boston KPro were identified in 56% of eyes (n = 20). They included retinal detachment (n = 11; 31%), retroprosthetic membrane (n = 10; 28%), endophthalmitis (n = 7; 19%), cystoid macular edema (n = 5; 14%), epiretinal membrane (n = 4; 11%), vitreous hemorrhage (n = 2; 6%), choroidal detachment (n = 2; 6%), retinal vein occlusion (n = 1; 3%), and macular hole (n = 1; 3%). During the average follow-up period of 53.8 months (median, 57.1 months; range, 1.8–108.7 months) after type 1 Boston KPro, final best-corrected visual acuity improved by a mean of 0.12 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) units (range, −2.26 to +2.26) overall. The proportion of eyes with final best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/200 was 2 of 20 (10%) in the group with RCs, in contrast to 7 of 16 eyes (44%) noted among eyes without RCs.

Conclusions:
Long-term visual outcomes in eyes after type 1 Boston KPro may depend, in part, on maintaining a healthy posterior pole. Retinal detachment, in particular, may represent a threat to ultimate visual functioning. Regular examination of the peripheral fundus is recommended.
A Case of Intermittent Exercise–Induced Foot Drop in a Recreational Runner
Authors: Sheridan Craig J. , Bowditch Mark 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
Foot drop is a reduction in ankle dorsiflexion during the swing phase of gait. We report a case of a 51-year-old recreational runner and cyclist who presented with intermittent left foot drop initially triggered by running distances in excess of 10 km. The patient was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine and leg, nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and compartment pressure testing, which were all normal. Surgical release of fascia, which was restricting the common peroneal (fibular) nerve, failed to resolve her symptoms. Subsequent brain MRI revealed demyelination. This case describes the unusual case of a recreational runner presenting with exercise-induced foot drop secondary to multiple sclerosis (MS). Motor fatigability is a common feature of MS, and this case highlights the need to remain cognizant of central and peripheral causes of exertional lower limb pathology, particularly in the absence of pain.
Improving Quality of Chest Computed Tomography for Evaluation of Pediatric Malignancies
Authors: Mansfield Sara A. , Dykes Michael , Adler Brent , Uffman Joshua C. , Sales Stephen , Ranalli Mark , Kenney Brian D. , Aldrink Jennifer H. 
Published: June 2019

Introduction:Atelectasis is a problem in sedated pediatric patients undergoing cross-sectional imaging, impairing the ability to accurately interpret chest computed tomography (CT) imaging for the presence of malignancy, often leading to additional maneuvers and/or repeat imaging with additional radiation exposure.Methods:A quality improvement team established a best-practice protocol to improve the quality of thoracic CT imaging in young patients with suspected primary or metastatic pulmonary malignancy. The specific aim was to increase the percentage of chest CT scans obtained for the evaluation of pulmonary nodules with acceptable atelectasis scores (0–1) in patients aged 0–5 years with malignancy, from a baseline of 45% to a goal of 75%.Results:A retrospective cohort consisted of 94 patients undergoing chest CT between February 2014 and January 2015 before protocol implementation. The prospective cohort included 195 patients imaged between February 2015 and April 2018. The baseline percentage of CT scans that were scored 0 or 1 on the atelectasis scale was 44.7%, which improved to 75% with protocol implementation. The mean atelectasis score improved from 1.79 (±0.14) to 0.7 (±0.09). Sedation incidence decreased substantially from 73.2% to 26.5% during the study period.Conclusions:Using quality improvement methodology including standardization of care, the percentage of children with atelectasis scores of 0–1 undergoing cross-sectional thoracic imaging improved from 45% to 75%. Also, eliminating the need for sedation in these patients has further improved image quality, potentially allowing for optimal detection of smaller nodules, and minimizing morbidity.
Health Disparities Among Hispanics With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Riad Mariam , Dunham Daniel P. , Chua Jacquelin R. , Shakoor Najia , Hassan Sobia , Everakes Sarah , Block Joel A. , Castrejon Isabel 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate referral and treatment delays by ethnicity/race in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated at an academic rheumatology center.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of all RA patients evaluated at an outpatient clinic between 2011 and 2016 to identify newly diagnosed and naive-to-treatment patients. We determined the durations between symptom onset and first rheumatology visit and time to initiate treatment. Data extraction included referral source, demographics, treatment, and laboratory tests. Routine use of a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire allowed us to calculate baseline RAPID3 (routine assessment of patient index data 3) scores. Comparisons between self-reported ethnicity/race groups were performed. We used logistic regression models to analyze associations between baseline variables and early referral.ResultsData from 152 disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naive RA patients were included in the study; 35% were white, 37% black, 20% Hispanic, and 8% other. The range in median time to first rheumatology visit was 6 to 8 months for all patient groups, except Hispanic. This group had a median time of 22.7 months (p= 0.01). The referral pattern was considerably variable between-groups; 40% of Hispanic patients were self-referred (p= 0.01). There were no statistically significant between-group differences for time to treatment initiation according to ethnicity/race. RAPID3 scores (p= 0.04) and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (p= 0.01) were significantly higher in the black and Hispanic groups. A high C-reactive protein value at baseline was associated with earlier referral.ConclusionsThere is significant delay in initial presentation to a rheumatologist that was associated with a higher disease severity at presentation, especially for Hispanic patients.