bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase: Increased Efficiency of the Carboxylation Reaction
Authors: Soute Berry A M , Ulrich Magda M W , Vermeer Cees 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe in vitro vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of peptide- or protein-bound glutamate residues is generally studied in detergent-solubilized microsomes from rat or cow liver. Under the conditions usually employed, the efficiency of the carboxylation reaction is low (less than 1% of the carboxylatable residues is converted into gammacarboxyglutamate). Here we describe that this efficiency may be raised to 30% by carrying out the following adaptations: 1) carboxylase was purified about 100-fold from the solubilized microsomes, so that the enzyme was obtained in a highly concentrated form and could be added in excess; 2) the HCO-
3 concentration in the reaction mixtures was raised to 50 mM and 3) a substrate was selected (decarboxylated osteocalcin from bovine bone) the Km of which had been shown to be low (10 pM) and it was added in rate-limiting amounts. Besides the fact that under these conditions the carboxylation reaction occurred with a higher efficiency than before, the adaptations also enabled us to express the carboxylation activity in terms of moles CO2 incorporated per mole of substrate.
Formation of Activated Protein C and Inactivation of Cell-Bound Thrombin by Antithrombin III at the Surface of Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells - A Comparative Study of Two Anticoagulant Mechanisms
Authors: Delvos Ulrich , Meusel Petra , Preissner Klaus T , Müller-Berghaus Gert 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIntact vascular endothelium provides several anticoagulant mechanisms for the maintenance of blood fluidity and the prevention of thrombosis. High-affinity binding of proteolytic active thrombin to thrombomodulin at the cell surface effectively facilitates the activation of the potent anticoagulant protein C (PC). Rapid inactivation of cell-bound thrombin by antithrombin III (AT III) accelerated by heparin-like structures represents another anticoagulant mechanism. In the present investigation the interference of these two events has been studied. Inhibition of thrombin bound to cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) by AT III and the effect of the inhibitor on the activation of PC has been studied using purified components of bovine origin. Exposure of thrombin (45 nM) with prewashed confluent BAEC-monolayers for 10 min resulted in the binding of 12% thrombin. The subsequent incubation with various concentrations (0.3-2.4 μM) of ATIII revealed no acceleration of the inhibition of thrombin by ATIII at the endothelial cell surface when compared with the uncatalyzed fluid phase reaction. However, heparin added to the reaction mixture substantially increased the inactivation of cell-bound thrombin. Modified ATIII that did not possess heparin cofactor activity presented a comparable inactivation pattern for endothelial cell bound-thrombin as native ATIII indicating that heparin-like structures did not accelerate the interaction. When PC (32 nM) and ATIII (1.8 μM) competed for thrombin bound to BAEC, activation of PC was demonstrated within the initial 6 min of the incubation amounting to 62% of the activated PC formation in the absence of ATIII. Preincubation of BAEC with blocking antibodies against ATIII excluded a possible influence of BAEC-bound ATIII on the capacity of cell-bound thrombin to activate PC. The results suggest that an enhancing mechanism for the inactivation of thrombin by ATIII was not operative at the surfaces of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, but instead, appreciable amounts of activated PC become generated in the presence of an excess of ATIII.
Effects of an Enzymatically Depolymerized Heparin as Compared with Conventional Heparin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Mätzsch Thomas , Bergqvist David , Hedner Ulla , Østergaard Per 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA low molecular weight heparin (LMW-heparin) with a mean molecular weight of 4900 dalton was prepared by controlled enzymatic depolymerization of conventional porcine mucosal heparin. The effects of 2,500, 5,000 and 10,000 U (Xal; 29,58 and 116 mg) on factor Xa inhibition (Xal), factor Ila inhibition (Hal), APTT, AT III and platelet count were compared to those of 5,000 U (Xal; 26 mg) of conventional heparin given s. c. to 6 healthy volunteers. 5,000 U (Xal; 58 mg) of LMW-heparin was given i. v. A dose related response with regard to the Xal and the Ila-inhibitory activities with peak values at 4 hours after the s. c. injections was obtained. An increase of the Xal/IIal ratio over the time after injection was seen only after i. v. administration of the LMW-heparin. The APTT was only slightly prolonged and remained within normal range after s. c. injection. AT III and platelet counts were unaffected. The biological half life of the LMW-heparin was 111 minutes if assayed by Xa inhibition, 76 minutes if assayed by Ila inhibition and 40 minutes if assayed by APTT. A strong correlation between the Xal activities obtained and body weight was seen, indicating that LMW-heparin should be administered individually according to body weight.
Significant Reduction in the Binding of a Monoclonal Antibody (LYP 18) Directed Against the IIb/IIIa Glycoprotein Complex to Platelets of Patients Having Undergone Extracorporeal Circulation
Authors: Dechavanne M , Ffrench M , Pages J , Ffrench P , Boukerche H , Bryon P A , McGregor J L 
Published: July 2018

SummaryExtracorporeal circulation (ECC) used in open heart surgery gives rise to several hemostatic defects. This work investigates the effect of ECC on patient platelets membrane glycoproteins II b/ IIIa. A monoclonal antibody (LYP 18) directed against the IIb/ IIIa complex was used on patient platelets in binding and flow cytometry studies, before and at the end of ECC. An antithrombospondin (LYP 8) monoclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody (LYP 7) directed against an a-granule glycoprotein of 136 kdaltons, present on the platelet surface after secretion, were used in binding studies together with electron microscopy to assess the release of α-granules.Results obtained in 7 patients show a significant reduction (p <0.02) in the number of LYP 18 monoclonal antibody binding to platelets having undergone ECC (n = 49,725 ± 16,275) compared to platelets drawn before ECC (n = 72,671 ± 13,302). Flow cytometry studies indicate a decrease (p <0.02) in the percentage of platelets bearing the LYP 18 determinant following ECC (75 ± 12% vs 66 ± 14%). Binding of monoclonal antibodies LYP 8 and LYP 7 and electron microscopy studies of patient platelets having undergone ECC do not show degranulation. These results suggest possible cleavage of the IIb/IIIa complex following ECC but no release of α-granules.
Breastfeeding and the Benefits of Lactation for Women's Health
Authors: Del Ciampo Ieda Regina Lopes , Del Ciampo Luiz Antonio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe offer of the maternal breast to the baby is an unquestionable right of mothers and their children, and all efforts should be made to promote, follow and maintain exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and supplement it until the child completes 2 years of age. Many publications are available in the literature about the qualities of breast milk, its benefits and health repercussions, stimulating the practice of breastfeeding and supporting campaigns for its implementation. However, although it is widely known that breastfeeding is an important step in the reproductive process of women and its practice offers benefits to both mother and child, most of the available information highlights the benefits of breast milk for children, while mention of the effects of breastfeeding on the health of the mother is usually neglected. Thus, the objective of the present study is to highlight the multiple benefits of breastfeeding for the physical and emotional health of the nursing mother. The authors consulted articles published in the databases PubMed, Virtual Health Library and Web of Science using the keywords breastfeeding, breast milk, lactation and maternal health.
Can Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predict Intraoperative Autograft Size for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction? A Systematic Review
Authors: Agarwal Suhail , de SA Darren , Peterson Devin C. , Parmar Daniel , Simunovic Nicole , Ogilvie Rick , Musahl Volker , Ayeni Olufemi R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis systematic review explored the utility of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool for predicting intraoperative graft size for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Three databases (EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE) were searched in November 2017 for English-language studies of all levels of evidence that aimed to correlate preoperative MRI measurements of common primary ACL autograft sources to intraoperative measurements of the harvested graft. Two reviewers applied predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria to independently complete title, abstract, and full-text review of eligible studies. Data abstraction, quality assessment, and descriptive statistics are presented. A systematic screen of 930 titles resulted in 14 studies satisfying inclusion/exclusion criteria. These studies examined 762 patients of mean age 28.6 (9–67) years, with 37.3% females. Comparing the correlation of preoperative MRI measurements to intraoperative harvested measures, the strength was very highly positive for quadriceps tendon (QT) (one study, 29 patients, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.96), highly positive for patellar tendon (two studies, 28 patients, ICC: 0.77–0.87), negligible-highly positive for semitendinosus-only tendon (eight studies, 439 patients, r: 0.16–0.81), and negligible-moderately positive for gracilis-only tendon (four studies, 143 patients, r: 0.29–0.59). When combined semitendinosus–gracilis tendon grafts were considered, the correlation ranged from low-very highly positive (10 studies, 517 patients, r: 0.42–0.93). Preoperative MRI assessment of both QT and bone–patellar tendon–bone autografts most highly correlates with intraoperative measurements of autograft diameter. Considerable variability exists when viewing hamstring tendons either individually or together, where most studies indicate at least a moderate correlation. This highlights the advantage of MRI during the preoperative planning process in equipping the surgeon with a better ability to ensure the diameter of the intended autograft will suffice. This is a Level IV study, systematic review of Levels II to IV studies.
Great pretenders
Authors: Kirner-Ludwig Monika 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper deals with the contradictory phenomenon of fake profiles within the blogosphere, i.e. blogger profiles that are overtly fictional in specific. We encounter these in the medieval weblog Geoffrey Chaucer Hath a Blog, launched in 2006 by Brantley Bryant, then Associate Professor of Medieval Literature at Sonoma State University. During the interaction with other users within the boundaries of this blog, Bryant impersonates the late 14th century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer and creates pseudo-personal narratives that blend in both pieces of his real-life professional self as well as his pseudo-self (henceforth LeVostreGC). The main tool employed by himself and other users in playing the roles of (fictional) historical personae so as to uphold the fictional sphere and roleplay is the shared language code of pseudo-archaic English.
This paper discusses how the co-bloggers form a community of practice (CoP), while they enjoy both the privacy and the secrecy of the medieval blog. The fact that participants need very specific, historio-linguistic knowledge in order to access this community (and ‘play the game’) contributes immensely to the makeup and behavior within it: the community reinforces its members’ identities as medievalists and values their command of knowledge generally perceived as arcane outside the community. As shall be argued, the language code(s) employed in the blog are the key to entering and acting within this CoP.1
Code-switching and identity construction in WhatsApp
Authors: Wentker Michael 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper examines how the use of WhatsApp promotes the linguistic construction of group identity and social meaning in a close-knit community of practice of six German university students. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a private WhatsApp group chat, supported by the findings from a group-specific questionnaire, suggests that code-switching between English and German proves a powerful resource of group identity construction. The code-switches fulfil a variety of functions and are shown to be the overall unmarked choice in the group. Governed by the technical and social factors of WhatsApp as a multi-modal digital discourse mode, the CofP members draw on various verbal strategies and linguistic structures in order to negotiate social relationships and facets of group identity online.
Finnish evidential adverbs in argumentative texts
Authors: Jaakola Minna 
Published: July 2018

The analysis concerns three meaning types that denote the interlocutors’ epistemic access and epistemic authority to knowledge: expectedness, shared access, and individual access. The different accesses lead to different interactional and textual functions of evidential adverbs. The most relevant features concern the rhetoric patterns (concession, contrast, adding, etc.) connected with argumentation and the type of knowledge occurring in the scope of an adverb (generic – specific, conventionalized – non-conventionalized, irrefutable – negotiable). The study focuses on Finnish adverbs derived from the verb tietää ‘know’, and their usage in reader comments in newspaper online sites.
The French future
Authors: Mari Alda 
Published: July 2018

We propose a new analysis for the French future, which treats it as a modal-evidential, articulating two perspectival points – a conjectural and a ratificational one. Considering that future also contributes a relative tense, we explain a variety of uses covering previously unexplained cases, including those in which the speaker knows that the prejacent is true. Finally, our account sheds some light on cross-linguistic facts and most notably on the relation between the ratificational French future and the conjectural future in Italian (akin to an epistemic modal), paving the way for a typological distinction between two types of languages: ‘conjectural future type’ languages and ‘ratificational future type’ ones.
Treasures and wondrous objects in Gothic Toledo and Muslim Medieval culture
Authors: Gómez de Caso Zuriaga Jaime 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The aim of the present contribution is twofold. On the one hand we shall discuss the background of some Islamic legends about places and
wondrous objects – holy relics of the past – that had once been in the possession of the Gothic monarchy by inheritance, but were
subsequently lost or looted out of al-Andalus by the Muslim leaders. On the other hand our study is concerned with the relationship between
the content of the legends in question and the “loss of Spain” in a more general sense, i.e. not only the loss of these objects by the
Christian Goths subsequent to their loss of power in Spain, but also their disappearance from Muslim ownership. Besides, the legends possess
a moral core, which is interesting in its own right: the way in which they are viewed in the Muslim sources, the locations and objects they
describe, and their relationship to the Gothic monarchy may provide the modern reader with an insight into the striking vision of the past
held by the invading Muslim culture.
Nursery words and hypocorisms among Germanic kinship terms
Authors: Hansen Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBy using Jakobson’s (1960: 127–130) criteria for determining the nursery-word status of a given lexeme, I argue in this article that, even if we should no longer regard PG *aiþīn-/-ōn-‘mother’ (Goth.aiþei), *aiþma-‘daughter’s husband’ and *faþōn-‘father’s sister’ as nursery words or hypocorisms (Hansen 2017: 207–220), we should certainly still do so for PG *ammōn-‘parent’s mother; wet nurse’, *attan-‘father’ (Goth.atta), *basōn-‘father’s sister’ and *mōnōn-/mōmōn-‘mother; mother’s sister’.
The relevance of certain Semiticisms in the Gothic New Testament
Authors: Wolfe Brendan N. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIt is worth emphasizing that it is not the generic Greek language which exerts Hellenizing influence on Gothic, but rather the Greek New Testament specifically. This is demonstrated by the consideration of unGreek features of the Greek New Testament, such as Semiticisms. This approach also resolves an anomalous usage of Gothicjabai, generally unexplained in grammars and dictionaries, and highlights a departure from the sense of the Greek in one passage.
On the dynamicity of evidential scales
Authors: Estellés Maria , Albelda Marta 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Based on examples from academic papers and parliamentary debates in Spain, the present paper studies a particular phenomenon within evidentiality, which is called ‘pragmatic indirectness’ in this work. This phenomenon involves examples in which evidentiality is expressed formally in a certain way (for instance, it is presented as reporting someone else’s words), but where the meaning conveys a different kind of evidentiality (for example, it is actually obtained through a process of reasoning). The existence of this phenomenon can be explained by the facts that

Evidentials are organised according to scales: some evidentials are considered more preferable than are others, as the degrees of preference are changeable and determined contextually; and

Speakers accommodate their discourse to these scales (more or less) strategically, depending on their intentions and goals, as well as on the expectations raised by the context; and they do so by

Choosing the evidence best ranked in a particular context and, if not available,

By concealing the (less preferable) evidence they have available in the guise of evidentials located higher in the ranking.

Special attention will be paid to the role of discursive genres in the use and values of pragmatic indirectness in evidentiality.
Exploring evidentiality in Spanish Biology articles (1850–1920)
Authors: Kotwica Dorota 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article examines the expression of evidentiality in scientific articles taking as a starting point the concept of access to the evidence, which is closely related to, albeit not equal with, intersubjectivity. Combining data from the existing theoretical background and corpus analysis, I classify the criteria for distinguishing shared from non-shared evidences within the traditional typology of evidential meanings. The analysis of a corpus of Spanish Biology articles (1850–1920) reveals the relevance of shared evidential constructions in this type of discourse and shows that the accessibility is especially linked to indirect evidential constructions.
Performing the self in illness narratives
Authors: Figueras Bates Carolina 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Narrating the personal experience of a chronic illness poses the challenge of reflecting on epistemic states and sources of evidence that shape the person´s past, present and future selves. To explore the role of evidentials in different illness stories, 32 unsolicited narratives of eating disorders (ED), 28 accounts of borderline personality disorder (BPD), and 29 testimonies of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were selected from the Internet. The analysis revealed that, in ED narratives, the enactment of the self was realized via visual perception, and the body was construed as self. In BPD narratives, inner emotional states were adopted as the source of evidence, and the mood was defined as self. In CFS narratives, the evidence informing the self came from embodied perception, and sensations were understood as self. Evidentials, therefore, are genre-sensitive and develop particular discursive functions in different illness narratives.
Evidentiality, deonticity and intensification in Internet forum language
Authors: Miche Elisabeth 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We analyze the Spanish verbal periphrases tienes que + infinitive and debes + infini-tive [you have to + infinitive and you should + infinitive], with a deontic meaning, in an Internet forum. These verbal forms are used to give advice to other Internet users. After analyzing their functions, we reached the conclusion that such periphrases, with deontic value, function as epistemic modals: on the part of the speaker, they imply an axiological evaluation of his or her advice in terms of it being essential and necessary. Its evidential value (in the sense of information validation rather than as a source) derives from two factors. From a pragmatic inference: when a speaker expresses a high degree of certainty, to the extent of presenting an act as a requirement or obligation, he or she must have compelling evidence in order to believe that. And from an argumentative strategy: in order to justify their exhortations, the speakers draw on their personal experience and present themselves as witnesses who guarantee the validity of their recommendations.
según along time
Authors: Maldonado Ricardo , De la Mora Gutiérrez Juliana 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper attempts to show that según has developed not only evidential reportative functions, but also a set of meanings that move towards the dominion of epistemicity. Diachronic analysis, shows that the original meaning of según (Lat. secundare ‘to second, to follow’) gradually moves towards evidential domains. A synchronic analysis of written and oral contemporary Spanish, shows an increase on reportative uses in both registers. Epistemic meanings are considerably more frequent in oral data, and some of these meanings (i.e. questioning the trustworthiness of a proposition) are only found in this register. It is proposed that as some properties of the core meaning are lost – particularly the link with the source of information – the degree of subjective evaluation of the event increases (Langacker 1990). It is also claimed that según functions as a space builder (Fauconnier 1985), becoming an evidential-epistemic marker such that the assertion is never located in the space of reference and only shows up in an alternative space where veracity is restricted to the conceptualizer’s domain. Thus, while third person uses are mostly epistemic, first and second person subjects impose an attenuative reading.
Metacommenting in English and French
Authors: Beeching Kate 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Metacommenters allow speakers to take some distance from a particular lexical selection, or enter into a negotiation with their interlocutors. A variational pragmatics approach is taken to the investigation of metacommenting in English and French, in Europe and Canada/the US, drawing on a range of time-dated corpora.
English and French draw pragmatically on similar linguistic resources for their pool of metacommenters, subjectivity being expressed through sort of/kind of and like in English, and genre, comme and post-posed quoi in French, while intersubjectivity is inherent in the personal pronouns in if you like/if you will in English and si tu veux/si vous voulez in French.
The linguistic forms used for the purpose of metacommenting arise from items with similar core meanings in the two languages, but develop, increase and decrease in frequency at different rates across national varieties, giving rise to regional differences and indexicalities.