bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Socio‐Economic Boundaries Shaping Young People's Lunchtime Food Practices on a School Day
Authors: Wills Wendy J. , Danesi Giada , Kapetanaki Ariadne B. , Hamilton Laura K. 
Published: April 2018

Not enough is known about the relationship between socio‐economic deprivation and places where young people purchase food at lunchtime on a school day. This paper draws on qualitative data from 600 + young people aged 13–15 years and illustrates that socioeconomic factors form boundaries that young people have a feeling for when buying food. This informs where they seek out lunch (at school or in local food outlets) and what products, service and prices they access and find acceptable. Such insights help to understand why inequalities in young people's health and eating practices prevail.
Eating with Friends, Family or Not at All: Young People's Experiences of Food Poverty in the UK
Authors: Knight Abigail , O'Connell Rebecca , Brannen Julia 
Published: April 2018

The paper draws on findings from a study called ‘Families and Food in Hard Times’, which is examining food poverty among children and families in three European countries. In the UK, qualitative interviews were carried out with 45 11–15 year olds and their parents or carers. Young people's narratives reveal food poverty as a multi‐dimensional experience, including hunger, poor quality food and social exclusion. Analysis suggests a limited degree of sharing of food between young people and how they contribute to the family's management of food practices in constrained circumstances. Generally young people contest the dominant discourses which blame food poverty on individuals and families.
Interprofessional education in dental education: An international perspective
Authors: Davis J. M. , Janczukowicz J. , Stewart J. , Quinn B. , Feldman C. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractInterprofessional collaborative care (IPC) is defined as working within and across healthcare disciplines and is considered essential to achieve a more inclusive, patient‐centred care, provide a means to support patient safety and address global healthcare provider shortages. Interprofessional education (IPE) provides the knowledge and experience students need to achieve these goals. ADEE/ADEA held a joint international meeting 8‐9 May 2017, with IPE being one of four topic areas discussed. The highly interactive workshop format, where “everyone was an expert,” supported discussion, sharing and creative problem‐solving of over seventy‐one participants from twenty‐nine countries. IPE participants broke out into five groups over a two‐day period discussing three main areas: challenges and barriers to implementing IPE within their institution or country; discussion of successful models of introducing and assessing IPE initiatives, and exploring best practices and next steps for implementation for each group member. A mind‐mapping model was used to graphically display participants’ thoughts and suggestions. Key themes, revealed through the visual mind maps and discussion, included the following: IPE should lead to and enhance patient‐centred care; student involvement is key to IPE success; faculty development and incentives can facilitate adoption and implementation of IPE; the role of a “champion” and leadership structure and commitment is important to move IPE forward; and IPE must be tailored to the unique issues found in each country. Overall, there was a high level of interest to continue both collaboration and discussion to learn from others beyond the London meeting.
(Re)shaping educational research through ‘programmification’: Institutional expansion, change, and translation in Norway
Authors: Zapp Mike , Helgetun Jo B. , Powell Justin J. W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEducational research in Norway has experienced unprecedented structural expansion and cognitive shifts over the last two decades because of greater state investments and the strategic use of extensive and multi‐year thematic programmes to fund research projects. Using a neo‐institutionalist framework, we examine institutionalisation dynamics in cultural‐cognitive, normative and regulative dimensions by means of interviews, research programme calls, policy documents and funding data. In the cultural‐cognitive dimension, we find references to the knowledge society, the perceived importance of evidence in policymaking and ideas of quality, excellence and relevance. In the normative dimension, we find the introduction of new professional and methodological standards, reflecting broader global patterns of academic and epistemic drift. In the regulative dimension, the strengthened role of both government and the Research Council of Norway is manifest in substantial growth in both funding and large‐scale, long‐term planning, including thematic choices—evidence of ‘programmification’. The importance of external models has grown in an era of internationalisation, yet translation occurs at every level of the governance of educational research. This results in a specific Norwegian research model, guided by a mode of governance of programmes that maintains social values that are traditionally strong in Nordic societies.
Director Networks and Credit Ratings
Authors: Benson Bradley W. , Iyer Subramanian Rama , Kemper Kristopher J. , Zhao Jing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe explore the effect of director social capital, directors with large and influential networks, on credit ratings. Using a sample of 11,172 firm‐year observations from 1999 to 2011, we find that larger board networks are associated with higher credit ratings than both firm financial data and probabilities of default predict. Near‐investment grade firms improve their forward‐looking ratings when their board is more connected. Last, we find that larger director networks are more beneficial during recessions, and times of increased financial uncertainty. Our results are robust to controls for endogeneity. Tests confirm that causality runs from connected boards to credit ratings.
Corporate Governance and Firm Survival
Authors: Goktan M. Sinan , Kieschnick Robert , Moussawi Rabih 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe explore how various aspects of corporate governance influence the likelihood of a public corporation surviving as a separate public entity, after addressing potential endogeneity that arises from competing corporate exit outcomes: acquisitions, going‐private transactions, and bankruptcies. We find that some corporate governance features are more important determinants of the form of a firm's exit than many economic factors that have figured prominently in prior research. We also find evidence that outsider‐dominated boards and lower restrictions on internal governance play major roles in the way firms exit public markets, particularly when a firm's industry suffers a negative shock. Overall, our results suggest that failure to recognize competing risks produces biased estimates, resulting in faulty inferences.
How I investigate Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities of undetermined significance
Authors: Tang G. , Medeiros L. J. , Wang S. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMyelodysplastic syndromes are a group of hematopoietic stem cell diseases characterized by cytopenia(s), morphological dysplasia, and clonal hematopoiesis. In some patients, the cause of cytopenia(s) is uncertain, even after thorough clinical and laboratory evaluation. Evidence of clonal hematopoiesis has been used to support a diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome in this setting. In patients with cytopenia(s), the presence of clonal cytogenetic abnormalities, except for +8, del(20q) and −Y, can serve as presumptive evidence of myelodysplastic syndrome. Recent advances in next‐generation sequencing have detected myeloid neoplasm‐related mutations in patients who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome. Various terms have been adopted to describe these cases, including clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and clonal cytopenia of undetermined significance (CCUS). Similarly, studies have shown that certain chromosomal abnormalities, including ones commonly detected in myelodysplastic syndrome, may not be associated necessarily with an underlying myelodysplastic syndrome. These clonal cytogenetic abnormalities of undetermined significance (CCAUS) are similar to CHIP and CCUS. Here, we review the features of CCAUS, distinguishing CCAUS from clonal cytogenetic abnormalities associated with myelodysplastic syndrome, and the potential impact of CCAUS on patient management.
Exposure to liquid sweetness in early childhood: artificially‐sweetened and sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption at 4–5 years and risk of overweight and obesity at 7–8 years
Authors: Macintyre A. K. , Marryat L. , Chambers S. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundA significant gap exists in longitudinal evidence on early exposure to artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and weight outcomes for paediatric populations.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to examine the relationship between ASB/sugar‐sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption at 4–5 years and risk of overweight and obesity at 7–8 years.MethodsData from a nationally representative cohort (n = 2986) in Scotland were analysed using logistic regression to evaluate the association between exposure to ASBs/SSBs at 4–5 years and risk of overweight and obesity at 7–8 years.ResultsThere were positive unadjusted associations between ASB consumption and risk of obesity, and following adjustment for confounders, ASB associations attenuated, and only the middle consumption category (1 to 6 times per week) remained significant (odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval {CI} 1.05–2.36). For SSB consumption, there were no significant unadjusted associations, and following adjustment for confounders, only the middle consumption category was significant (odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI 1.12–2.44). There were no significant associations for risk of overweight.ConclusionsLongitudinal analysis from 4–5 to 7–8 years demonstrated some evidence of associations between ASBs/SSB consumption and risk of obesity. However, non‐linear patterns and wide CIs suggest cautious interpretation and need for future studies with long‐term follow‐up.
Burden and epidemiology of influenza‐ and respiratory syncytial virus‐associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalization in Madagascar, 2011‐2016
Authors: Rabarison Joelinotahina H. , Tempia Stefano , Harimanana Aina , Guillebaud Julia , Razanajatovo Norosoa H. , Ratsitorahina Maherisoa , Heraud Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundInfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are responsible for substantial global morbidity and mortality in young children and elderly individuals. Estimates of the burden of influenza‐ and RSV‐associated hospitalization are limited in Africa.MethodsWe conducted hospital‐based surveillance for laboratory‐confirmed influenza‐ and RSV‐associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among patients of any age at one hospital and a retrospective review of SARI hospitalizations in five hospitals situated in Antananarivo during 2011‐2016. We estimated age‐specific rates (per 100 000 population) of influenza‐ and RSV‐associated SARI hospitalizations for the Antananarivo region and then extrapolated these rates to the national level.ResultsOverall, the mean annual national number of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations for all age groups was 6609 (95% CI: 5381‐7835‐rate: 30.0; 95% CI: 24.4‐35.6), 4468 (95% CI: 3796‐5102‐rate: 127.6; 95% CI: 108.4‐145.7), 2141 (95% CI: 1585‐2734‐rate: 11.6; 95% CI: 8.6‐14.8), and 339 (95% CI: 224‐459‐rate: 50.0; 95% CI: 36.3‐74.4) among individuals aged <5, ≥5, and ≥65 years, respectively. For these same age groups, the mean annual number of RSV‐associated SARI hospitalizations was 11 768 (95% CI: 10 553‐12 997‐rate: 53.4; 95% CI: 47.9‐59.0), 11 299 (95% CI: 10 350‐12 214‐rate: 322.7; 95% CI: 295.6‐348.8), 469 (95% CI: 203‐783‐rate: 2.5;95% CI: 1.1‐4.2), and 36 (95% CI: 0‐84‐rate: 5.8; 0.0‐13.5), respectively.ConclusionThe burden of influenza‐ and RSV‐associated SARI hospitalization was high among children aged <5 years. These first estimates for Madagascar will enable government to make informed evidence‐based decisions when allocating scarce resources and planning intervention strategies to limit the impact and spread of these viruses.
An actuarial balance sheet of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme
Authors: Metzger Christoph 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFollowing the recent update of the international System of National Accounts (2008 SNA), internationally comparable estimates of accrued‐to‐date pension liabilities (ADL) of unfunded social security pension schemes will soon be available in the supplementary table to the National Accounts. Against this background, this article analyzes the medium‐term sustainability of the Swiss old‐age pension scheme (Alters‐ und Hinterlassenenversicherung – AHV). This is achieved by estimating a “Swedish” actuarial balance sheet, which compares pension liabilities with the explicit and implicit assets of the pension scheme. Our results show that the current financing of the AHV is unsustainable, with about 30 per cent of the liabilities not backed by corresponding assets. In order to close this financing gap either the contribution rate should rise from 8.4 per cent to 12 per cent or all pension liabilities should be cut by about 38 per cent.
Proteinuria and risk of stroke in patients with hypertension: The Kailuan cohort study
Authors: Wang Anxin , Dai Liye , Su Zhaoping , Chen Shuohua , Li Junjuan , Wu Shouling , Wang Yongjun , Wang Yilong 
Published: April 2018

Proteinuria is associated with stroke, but the effects of changes in proteinuria on stroke risk are not well understood in the hypertensive population. This study examined whether proteinuria changes across 2‐year assessments were associated with incident stroke in individuals with hypertension. We used visit data from 24 300 participants with hypertension of the Kailuan study who were stroke free at baseline. Based on the baseline and 2‐year dipstick screening results, participants were classified as having no, remittent, incident, or persistent proteinuria. The relationship between proteinuria and stroke was analyzed using Cox proportional‐hazards models after adjusting for potential variables. During a median of 6.89‐year follow‐up, we identified 1197 people with stroke. Compared to those with no proteinuria, stroke risk was significantly increased in participants with incident (hazard ratio [HR] 1.41, 95% CI, 1.05‐1.77) and persistent proteinuria (HR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.25‐1.89) after adjustment for other factors, which was consistent in ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. No interaction was found between changes of proteinuria and diabetes mellitus in the hypertensive population. Changes in proteinuria exposure, particularly persistent proteinuria, play a role in reflecting the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension.
Commentary: Biological embedding of childhood adversity: where do we go from here? A reflection on Koss and Gunnar (2018)
Authors: Danese Andrea 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe review by Koss & Gunna provides a scholarly overview of the role of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in mediating the association between childhood adversity and psychopathology. Through their insightful observations, the authors craft a rich framework to critically appraise the current evidence and inform future research in this area. Overall, the review calls for a new generation of studies testing biological embedding hypotheses with greater attention to design, measurement, statistical models, and translational approaches. These new studies are much needed. By uncovering the causal pathways underlying the biological embedding of childhood adversity, we can gain important new tools to prevent the most impairing forms of psychopathology among the most vulnerable individuals in society.
Annual Research Review: The state of autism intervention science: progress, target psychological and biological mechanisms and future prospects
Authors: Green Jonathan , Garg Shruti 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThere has been recent systematic review of key evidence in psychosocial intervention in autism but little review of biological treatments.MethodsWe analyse the current literature from the perspective of intervention and mechanism targets across social and biological development.ResultsThe overall quality of trials evidence in autism intervention remains relatively low, despite some recent progress. Many treatments in common use have little or no evidence base. This is very concerning in such an important disorder. A variety of psychosocial interventions can show effect to improve some short‐term effects on children's immediate dyadic social interactions, for instance with caregivers. But showing true effectiveness in this developmental disorder requires generalisation of such effects into wider social contexts, on autism symptoms and in long‐term progress in development. Only a few interventions so far have begun to show this. A number of early phase interventions on biological targets have shown real promise, but none has yet progressed to larger scale effectiveness trials on behavioural or symptom outcomes.ConclusionsThere has been enough progress in psychosocial intervention research now to be able to begin to identify some evidence‐based practice in autism treatment. To consolidate and improve outcomes, the next phase of intervention research needs improved trial design, and an iterative approach building on success. It may also include the testing of potential synergies between promising biological and psychosocial interventions.
Commentary: Randomized controlled trials in autism spectrum disorder: state of the field and challenges for the future
Authors: Simonoff Emily 
Published: April 2018

This issue of the Journal includes two articles summarizing the evidence from clinical trials aimed at improving symptoms of autism. French and Kennedy (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2018, xx, xxxx) systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at an “early intervention” and focus on trials including children with or at risk of autism under age 6 years. Although no type of intervention were excluded from their review, none of the included 48 RCTs employed pharmacological modalities and the overwhelming majority tested psychological/behavioural interventions aimed at modifying aspects of observed behaviours that are abnormal in children with autism. Using the standard Cochrane tool for evaluating risk of bias, French and Kennedy conclude that many RCTs are of low quality, which throws into question the reliance that should be placed on the findings.
Do Macroforecasters Herd?
Authors: CLEMENTS MICHAEL P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe show that typical tests of whether forecasters herd will falsely indicate herding behavior for a variety of types of behavior and forecasting environments that give rise to disagreement among forecasters. We establish that forecasters will appear to herd if differences between them reflect noise as opposed to private information, or if they arise from informational rigidities. Noise can have a behavioral interpretation and if so will depend on the behavioral model under consideration. An application of the herding tests to U.S. quarterly survey forecasts of inflation and output growth data 1981–2013 does not support herding behavior.
Greenspan's Conundrum and the Fed's Ability to Affect Long‐Term Yields
Authors: THORNTON DANIEL L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn February 2005 Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan noticed that the 10‐year Treasury yields failed to increase despite a 150‐basis‐point increase in the federal funds rate and called it a “conundrum.” This paper investigates the historical relationship between the 10‐year Treasury yield and the federal funds rate and finds that the relationship changed dramatically in the late 1980s, well in advance of Greenspan's observation. The paper evaluates three competing hypotheses for the change. The evidence from a variety of sources supports the conclusion that the most plausible explanation is that the change occurred because the FOMC began using the federal funds rate as a policy instrument.
International Transmission Channels of U.S. Quantitative Easing: Evidence from Canada
Authors: DAHLHAUS TATJANA , HESS KRISTINA , REZA ABEER 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe U.S. Federal Reserve responded to the great recession by implementing quantitative easing, or large‐scale asset purchases, when its conventional policy rate reached the zero lower bound. We assess the international spillover effects of this quantitative easing program on the Canadian economy in a factor‐augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR) framework, by considering a counterfactual scenario in which the Federal Reserve's long‐term asset holdings do not rise in response to the recession. We find that U.S. quantitative easing boosted Canadian output, mainly through the financial channel.
Employees’ financial insecurity and health: The underlying role of stress and work–family conflict appraisals
Authors: Odle‐Dusseau Heather N. , Matthews Russell A. , Wayne Julie H. 
Published: April 2018

Data from two longitudinal samples were utilized to elucidate underlying mechanisms of the well‐established relationship between financial insecurity and health outcomes, stemming from the theoretical rationale of conservation of resources and cognitive appraisal theories. Study 1 (n = 80) consisted of low‐wage food manufacturing employees working full time, while Study 2 (n = 331) was consisted of a larger, heterogeneous sample of full‐time workers representing multiple occupations. Respondents were surveyed on financial insecurity, work‐to‐family conflict (WFC), stress, and health outcomes at two time periods, 3 months apart. Results across our studies provided support for the direct effects of financial insecurity on WFC and stress. In addition, appraisals of WFC and stress serve as significant mediators of the relationship between financial insecurity and health outcomes, including a significant overall lagged effect across time, and perceived stress accounting for the largest proportion of variance in the lagged relationship among Time 1 financial insecurity and Time 2 health outcomes. Besides support for conservation of resources and cognitive appraisal theories, practically, our studies suggest that workplace initiatives to reduce financial insecurity could positively influence employees’ work–family, stress, and health experiences.Practitioner points

When workers experience financial insecurity, it can have detrimental effects on their health.

The effect of financial insecurity on worker health appears to occur because of increased work–family conflict and stress associated with financial insecurity.

Direct interventions related to addressing financial insecurity may be challenging, but data suggest there may be a meaningful return‐on‐investment.