bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of citizenship status, Latino ethnicity, and household language on health insurance coverage for U.S. adolescents, 2007‐2016
Authors: Knipper Sarah H. , Rivers Wesley , Goodman Julia M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective/Study QuestionTo examine changes in uninsurance rates among U.S. adolescents ages 12‐17 and assess whether trends over time differed by citizenship status, Latino ethnicity, and household language.Data Sources/Study Setting2007‐2016 National Health Insurance Survey (NHIS).Study DesignMultivariable logistic regression and postestimation marginal effects were used to assess changes in the current uninsured rate. Logistic regression models were used to determine significant trends over time for each demographic group and compare them to trends in the broader adolescent population. Marginal effects were employed to calculate adjusted outcome probabilities for each year.Principal FindingsAcross all 12‐ to 17‐year‐olds, the unadjusted uninsured rate dropped significantly between 2007 and 2016, from 10.2 percent to 6.0 percent. For noncitizen youth, the probability of being uninsured increased from 26.6 percent in 2007 to 28.4 percent in 2016, after controlling for covariates. Latino youth and those in Spanish‐speaking households saw declines in their adjusted uninsurance rate that was proportional to non‐Latino and English‐speaking youth.ConclusionsMost adolescents saw significant improvements in health insurance coverage between 2007 and 2016; however, disparities remain among Spanish‐speaking and Latino adolescents and no improvements were seen among noncitizen youth. This suggests a need for equity‐focused eligibility, outreach, and enrollment policies that expand insurance options for these populations.
Incidental hepatic steatosis in radiology reports: a survey of emergency department clinicians’ perspectives and current practice
Authors: Kutaiba Numan , Rotella Joe‐Anthony , Ardalan Zaid , Testro Adam 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionHepatic steatosis is a relatively common incidental finding on computed tomography (CT) studies performed for patients in the emergency department (ED). The aim of our survey was to explore the preferences and perspectives of emergency physicians regarding reporting of incidental findings with a focus on hepatic steatosis.MethodsA prospective web‐based questionnaire was conducted and distributed electronically to emergency clinicians with anonymous collection of responses.ResultsA total of 236 responses were received. The true response rate could not be determined due to different methods of electronic distribution. However, there was an estimated representation of 8.3% for ED physicians and 2.5% for trainees. The median time spent on the survey was less than 3 minutes. Seventy‐seven per cent answered yes to giving an incidental finding more significance if mentioned in the conclusion section. More than half of respondents (60.2%) reported that they would like hepatic steatosis to be mentioned in a CT report while 30% reported that it was irrelevant in the emergency setting and 10% reported that they did not want it mentioned in the report. The majority (83.1%) reported that they would include this finding in the discharge summary for GP follow‐up and less than half (44.1%) would mention it to patients.ConclusionOur survey highlights the importance of clear communication between radiologists and ED physicians when incidental findings are encountered. Radiologists play an important role in alerting ED physicians and clinicians who have access to patients’ radiology reports to the presence of incidental findings including hepatic steatosis.
Central Nervous System Correlates of “Objective” Neuropathy in Alcohol Use Disorder
Authors: Zahr Natalie M. , Pohl Kilian M. , Pfefferbaum Adolf , Sullivan Edith V. 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundAmong the neurological consequences of alcoholism is peripheral neuropathy. Relative to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or diabetes‐related neuropathies, neuropathy associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) is understudied. In both the diabetes and HIV literature, emerging evidence supports a central nervous system (CNS) component to peripheral neuropathy.MethodsIn seeking a central substrate for AUD‐related neuropathy, the current study was conducted in 154 individuals with AUD (43 women, age 21 to 74 years) and 99 healthy controls (41 women, age 21 to 77 years) and explored subjective symptoms (self‐report) and objective signs (perception of vibration, deep tendon ankle reflex, position sense, 2‐point discrimination) of neuropathy separately. In addition to regional brain volumes, risk factors for AUD‐related neuropathy, including age, sex, total lifetime ethanol consumed, nutritional indices (i.e., thiamine, folate), and measures of liver integrity (i.e., γ‐glutamyltransferase), were evaluated.ResultsThe AUD group described more subjective symptoms of neuropathy and was more frequently impaired on bilateral perception of vibration. From 5 correlates, the number of AUD‐related seizures was most significantly associated with subjective symptoms of neuropathy. There were 15 correlates of impaired perception of vibration among the AUD participants: Of these, age and volume of frontal precentral cortex were the most robust predictors.ConclusionsThis study supports CNS involvement in objective signs of neuropathy in AUD.
Distribution of the spider community in the olive grove agroecosystem (Portugal): potential bioindicators
Authors: Benhadi‐Marín Jacinto , Pereira José A. , Sousa José P. , Santos Sónia A.P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Spiders are successful natural enemies in different crops. Research on the role of spiders as natural enemies within agroecosystems needs to address the distribution of their communities across different spatial scales, as well as the dominant species.
We studied the spatial distribution of the community of spiders of the olive agroecosystem in Northeastern Portugal and investigated potential species that could be used as bioindicators of agricultural management in the olive grove.
We found nine functional groups (ambushers, foliage runner hunters, ground hunters, orb‐web builders, sheet web builders, sensing web‐builders, space web builders, stalkers and wandering sheet/tangle weavers) encompassing a community that changed significantly across the horizontal and vertical gradient.
We propose Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870 as potential bioindicator for the ground of the olive grove central area and Ozyptila pauxilla (Simon, 1870) for the ground of the olive grove peripheral area.
Adjacent shrubland areas could play an important role in biological control of pests, allowing the exchange of species and individuals with the olive crop. The role of agrobiont species as indicators of agricultural managements deserves further investigation towards the enhancement of the effectiveness of spiders within low‐impact crop management in arable landscapes.
Inferring the population structure of the Maghreb sheep breeds using a medium‐density SNP chip
Authors: Ben Jemaa S. , Kdidi S. , Gdura A. M. , Dayhum A. S. , Eldaghayes I. M. , Boussaha M. , Rebours E. , Yahyaoui M. H. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryNorth Africa has a great diversity of indigenous sheep breeds whose origin is linked to its environmental characteristics and to certain historical events that took place in the region. To date, few genome‐wide studies have been conducted to investigate the population structure of North African indigenous sheep. The objective of the present study was to provide a detailed assessment of the genetic structure and admixture patterns of six Maghreb sheep populations using the Illumina 50K Ovine BeadChip and comparisons with 22 global populations of sheep and mouflon. Regardless of the method of analysis used, patterns of multiple hybridization events were observed within all North African populations, leading to a heterogeneous genetic architecture that varies according to the breed. The Barbarine population showed the lowest genetic heterogeneity and major southwest Asian ancestry, providing additional support to the Asian origin of the North African fat‐tailed sheep. All other breeds presented substantial Merino introgression ranging from 15% for D'man to 31% for Black Thibar. We highlighted several signals of ancestral introgression between North African and southern European sheep. In addition, we identified two opposite gradients of ancestry, southwest Asian and central European, occurring between North Africa and central Europe. Our results provide further evidence of the weak global population structure of sheep resulting from high levels of gene flow among breeds occurring worldwide. At the regional level, signs of recent admixture among North African populations, resulting in a change of the original genomic architecture of minority breeds, were also detected.
Associations of Th2, Th17, Treg cells, and IgA+ memory B cells with atopic disease in children: The Generation R Study
Authors: Looman Kirsten I. M. , van Meel Evelien R. , Grosserichter‐Wagener Christina , Vissers Floor J. M. , Klingenberg Janice H. , de Jong Nicolette W. , de Jongste Johan C. , Pasmans Suzanne G. M. A. , Duijts Liesbeth , van Zelm Menno C. , Moll Henriëtte A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundNew insights into immune cells could contribute to treatment and monitoring of atopic disease. Because nongenetic factors shape the human immune system, we here studied these immune cells in a large cohort with atopic children with adjustment for prenatal and postnatal confounders.MethodsInformation on atopic dermatitis, inhalant‐ and food‐allergic sensitization, asthma lung function scores was obtained from 855 10‐year‐old children within the Generation R cohort. 11‐color flow cytometry was performed to determine CD27+ and CD27−IgG+, IgE+ and IgA+ memory B cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg‐memory cells from venous blood. Associations between any atopic disease, the individual atopic diseases, and immune cell numbers were determined.ResultsChildren with any atopic disease had higher Th2, Treg, Treg‐memory, and CD27+IgA+ memory B‐cell numbers compared to children without atopic disease. When studying the individual diseases compared to children without the individual diseases, children with atopic dermatitis, inhalant‐, and food‐allergic sensitization had higher memory Treg cell numbers 12.3% (95% CI 4.2; 21.0), (11.1% (95% CI 3.0; 19.8), (23.7% (95% CI 7.9; 41.8), respectively. Children with food‐allergic sensitization had higher total B and CD27+IgA+ memory B‐cell numbers (15.2% [95% CI 3.2; 28.7], 22.5% [95% CI 3.9; 44.3], respectively). No associations were observed between asthma and B‐ or T‐cell numbers.ConclusionChildren with any atopic disease and children with inhalant‐ and food‐allergic sensitization or atopic dermatitis had higher circulating memory Treg cells, but not higher IgE+B‐cell numbers. The associations of higher Treg and CD27+IgA+ B‐cell numbers in children with food‐allergic sensitization are suggestive of TGF‐β‐mediated compensation for chronic inflammation.
Comparison of tensile properties of xenopericardium from three animal species and finite element analysis for bioprosthetic heart valve tissue
Authors: Rassoli Aisa , Fatouraee Nasser , Guidoin Robert , Zhang Ze 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBioprosthetic heart valves still have poor long‐term durability due to calcification and mechanical failure. The function and performance of bioprostheses is known to depend on the collagen architecture and mechanical behavior of the target tissue. So it is necessary to select an appropriate tissue for such prostheses. In this study, porcine, equine, and bovine pericardia were compared histologically and mechanically. The specimens were analyzed under light microscopy. The planar biaxial tests were performed on the tissue samples by applying synchronic loads along the axial (fiber direction) and perpendicular directions. The measured biaxial data were then fitted into both the modified Mooney‐Rivlin model and the anisotropic four parameter Fung‐type model. The modified Mooney‐Rivlin model was applied to the modeling of the bovine, equine, and porcine pericardia using finite element analysis. The equine pericardium illustrated a wavy collagen bundle architecture similar to bovine pericardium, whereas the collagen bundles in the porcine pericardium were thinner and structured. Wavy pericardia may be preferable candidates for transcutaneous aortic valves because they are less likely to be delaminated during crimping. Based on the biaxial tensile test, the specimens indicated some degree of anisotropy; the anisotropy rates of the equine specimens were almost identical, and higher than the other two specimens. In general, porcine pericardium appeared stiffer, based on the greater strain energy magnitude and the average slope of the stress–stretch curves. Moreover, it was less distensible (due to lower areal strain) than the other two pericardial tissues. Furthermore, the porcine model induced localized high stress regions during the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. However, increased mechanical stress on the bioprosthetic leaflets may cause tissue degeneration and reduce the long‐term durability of the valve. Based on our observations, the pericardial specimens behaved as anisotropic and nonlinear tissues—well‐characterized by both the modified Mooney‐Rivlin and the Fung‐type models. The results indicate that, compared to bovine pericardium, equine tissue is mechanically and histologically more appropriate for manufacturing heart valve prostheses. The results of this study can be used in the design and manufacture of bioprosthetic heart valves.
Subfoveal choroidal thickness at age 9 years in relation to clinical and perinatal characteristics in the population‐based Generation R Study
Authors: Biyik Kevser Zehra , Tideman Jan Willem L. , Polling Jan Roelof , Buitendijk Gabriëlle H. S. , Jaddoe Vincent V. W. , Larsen Michael , Klaver Caroline C. W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo assess the association between clinical and perinatal characteristics and subfoveal choroidal thickness in 9‐year‐old children.MethodsThe study included data from the population‐based Generation R cohort, whose participants underwent cycloplegic refractometry, ocular biometry, height, weight and subfoveal choroidal thickness measurements using a swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) instrument. Birth parameters were obtained using medical records. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariate regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity and sex.ResultsA total of 1018 children (52.5% girls, 47.5% boys) with a mean age of 9.9 ± 0.3 years and a mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction of 0.80 ± 1.1 D in boys and 0.81 ± 1.4 in girls were eligible for analysis. The subfoveal choroid was 17 μm thicker in girls (298 ± 60.6 μm) than in boys (281 ± 55.0 μm; p < 0.001), a difference of 9.1 μm persisting after adjustment for age, ethnicity and axial length (p = 0.017). Subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased with increasing ocular axial length (−16.2 μm/mm, 95% CI −21.2 to −12.4, p < 0.001) and with increasing myopic refraction (−10.0 μm/D, 95% CI 6.8–13.1; p < 0.001, adjusted for age, ethnicity, axial length and sex) while it increased with increasing body height (1.3 μm/cm, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.9, p < 0.001). Additionally, choroidal thickness increased with increasing birthweight (13.0 μm/kg; 95% CI 0.006–0.020; p < 0.001) and increasing size for gestational age (8.2 μm/kg; 95% CI 4.6–11.8; p < 0.001). Smoking up until the time that pregnancy became known was associated with a thinner choroid (p = 0.016). There was no detectable effect of alcohol consumption. The distributions of axial length, refraction and choroidal thickness were narrower than in older populations.ConclusionThe subfoveal choroid was thicker in girls than in boys, and higher body height, higher birthweight and larger size for gestational age were associated with a thicker subfoveal choroid. The implications of these findings for myopia development need further evaluation in longitudinal studies.
Extraperitoneal single‐port robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: initial experience and description of technique
Authors: Kaouk Jihad , Valero Rair , Sawczyn Guilherme , Garisto Juan 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo describe our technique of extraperitoneal single‐port (SP) robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and present our clinical experience with the first 10 cases.Patients and MethodsIn all, 10 consecutive patients diagnosed with localised prostate cancer underwent extraperitoneal SP‐RARP using the da Vinci SP® Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Exclusion criteria included previous surgery through an infra‐umbilical midline incision, prostate size >100 g, or preoperative evidence of extraprostatic disease. All surgeries were performed by a single surgeon with previous experience of >3000 cases in robotic surgery. Demographics and perioperative information were collected including: operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), complications, length of stay, and days with Foley catheter. The extraperitoneal SP‐RARP is performed as follows. Firstly, a 3‐cm incision ~2 cm below the umbilicus is made. Dissection of the extraperitoneal space is achieved using a kidney shaped Spacemaker™ balloon (Covidien, Dublin, Ireland), placed through the infra‐umbilical incision caudally reaching the retropubic space. Thereafter, the balloon is deployed; the space is created and verified under direct vision with a laparoscopic endoscope. A GelPOINT® mini advanced access platform (Applied Medical, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA) is inserted and a dedicated 25‐mm multichannel port is placed with a 12‐mm accessory laparoscopic port through the gel‐seal cap into the same incision. The da Vinci SP surgical platform robot is docked with the patient in a supine position. RARP is performed replicating the technique previously described for multi‐arm platforms or transperitoneal SP‐RARP. No drain and no additional assistant ports were utilised.ResultsThe patient's ages ranged between 48 and 70 years, and the mean preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level was 9 ng/mL. No conversions or intraoperative complications were recorded. The median (interquartile range) operative time was 197.5 (185.5–229.7) min. EBL ranged between 50 and 400 mL, six patients were discharged on the same day as the surgery and the median time with a Foley catheter after surgery was 8 days.ConclusionsExtraperitoneal SP‐RARP is a feasible and safe surgical option to treat localised prostate cancer. In our early experience, promising results and possible advantages were found such as: a small single incision, no additional ports, no Trendelenburg positioning, minimal postoperative pain and use of opioids, and same day discharge. Further investigations need to be done to validate these advantages.
Family Welfare Effort, Total Fertility, and In Vitro Fertilization: Explaining the Israeli Anomaly
Authors: Shenhav‐Goldberg Rachel , Brym Robert , Lenton‐Brym Talia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe theory of family welfare effort is a leading macro‐sociological explanation of variation in human fertility. It holds that states which provide universally available, inexpensive, high‐quality day care, generous parental leave, and flexible work schedules lower the opportunity cost of motherhood. They thus enable women, especially those in lower socioeconomic strata, to have the number of babies they want. A considerable body of research supports this theory. However, it is based almost exclusively on analyses of Western European and North American countries. This paper examines the Israeli case because Israel's total fertility rate is anomalously high given its family welfare effort. Based on a review of the relevant literature and a reanalysis of data from various published sources, it explains the country's unusually high total fertility rate as the product of (1) religious and nationalistic sentiment that is heightened by the Jewish population's perception of a demographic threat in the form of a burgeoning Palestinian population and (2) the state's resulting support for pro‐natal policies, including the world's most extensive in vitro fertilization (IVF) system. The paper also suggests that Israel's IVF policy may not be in harmony with the interests of many women insofar as even women with an extremely low likelihood of becoming pregnant are encouraged to undergo the often lengthy, emotionally and physically painful, and risky process of IVF.
FoxP3 in Treg cell biology: a molecular and structural perspective
Authors: Deng G , Song X , Greene M I 
Published: August 2019

SummaryRegulatory T cells (Tregs) are specialized in immune suppression and play a dominant role in peripheral immune tolerance. Treg cell lineage development and function maintenance is determined by the forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) transcriptional factor, whose activity is fine-tuned by its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and interaction partners. In this review, we summarize current studies in the crystal structures, the PTMs and interaction partners of FoxP3 protein, and discuss how these insights may provide a roadmap for new approaches to modulate Treg suppression, and new therapies to enhance immune tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
Environmental solutions sparked by environmental history
Authors: McAfee Dominic , Alleway Heidi K. , Connell Sean D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnvironmental solutions require a decision‐making process that is ultimately political, in that they involve decisions with uncertain outcomes and stakeholders with conflicting viewpoints. If this process seeks broad alignment between the government and public, then reconciling conflicting viewpoints is a key to the legitimacy of these decisions. We show that ecological baselines can be particularly powerful tools for creating a common understanding for public support (legitimacy) and conformity to new rules or regulations (legality) that enable the solution. They are powerful because they move the discussion of solutions from the abstract to the concrete by providing a conceptual model for a common expectation (e.g., restoring habitat). They provide narratives of the past (ecological histories) that readjust the future expectations of individuals on how to perceive and respond to new policy. While ecological baselines offer scientists benchmarks for reinstating ecological functions, they also normalize public and government discussion of solutions. This social normalization of public issues may assist government policy and influence social views, practices, and behaviors that adopt the policy. For science to more effectively inform conservation, we encourage interdisciplinary thinking (science‐ and human‐centered) because it can provide public support and government legitimacy for investing in environmental solutions.