bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspective of Surfactant‐Free Colloidal Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Reichenberger Sven , Marzun Galina , Muhler Martin , Barcikowski Stephan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDue to material gaps and synthesis‐related cross‐correlations in heterogeneous catalysis, chemists and physicists are constantly motivated to develop novel catalyst preparation methods for independent control of morphology, size, and composition. Within this article, advances, opportunities, and the current limits of laser‐based catalyst preparation technique, as well as synergies with conventional methods will be reviewed in terms of purity, particle size, morphology, composition, and nanoparticle‐support interaction. It will be shown, that the surfactant‐free particles represent ideal model materials to validate kinetic models and conduct parametric activity studies by independent adjustment of functional properties like nanoparticle size, composition, and load. Consequently, the importance of transient plasma dynamics tailoring nanoparticle formation will be pointed out, comparing experimental studies with own calculations and novel simulations taken from literature. Finally, perspectives of surfactant‐free colloidal nanoparticles for unrevealing active sites in heterogeneous catalysts are presented.
Niobium carbide as a technology demonstrator of ultra‐high temperature ceramics for fully ceramic microencapsulated fuels
Authors: Ang Caen , Snead Lance , Benensky Kelsa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe consolidation of Fully Ceramic Microencapsulated (FCM) fuels has been extended from matrices based on SiC to ultra‐high temperature ceramics (UHTCs). Specifically, sintering conditions of NbC1‐x were compatible with hosting of microencapsulated fuel. NbC powder in as‐received, chemically treated, and composite forms was consolidated. Elemental analysis, shrinkage of powder compacts, contents of ejected vapor, density, microstructure, and NbC lattice constants were analyzed. As‐received NbC showed more shrinkage due to the presence of a liquid phase compared with the chemically treated powder. Removal of impurity metals was observed from chemical treatment and during sintering of as‐received powders. An increase in true density during sintering was attributed to removal of compounds with lower density than NbC. Chemically treated powder showed reduced densification rate and absence of a liquid phase after sintering. Smaller grain sizes were observed in the NbC composite. The implications for NbC and other binary carbides as matrices for FCM fuels are discussed.
IM‐SSO: Maximizing influence in social networks using social spider optimization
Authors: Singh Shashank Sheshar , Kumar Ajay , Singh Kuldeep , Biswas Bhaskar 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOnline social networks play a pivotal role in the propagation of information and influence as in the form of word‐of‐mouth spreading. The influence maximization (IM) problem is a fundamental problem to identify a small set of individuals, which have a maximal influence spread in the social network. Unfortunately, the IM problem is NP‐hard. It has been depicted that a hill‐climbing greedy approach gives a good approximation guarantee. However, it is inefficient to run on large‐scale social networks. In this paper, a global influence evaluation function is presented for the IM optimization problem. The global influence evaluation function provides a reliable expected diffusion value of influence spread under the traditional diffusion models. To optimize global influence evaluation function, an influence maximization algorithm based on social spider optimization (IM‐SSO) is presented. IM‐SSO redefines the representation and update rule of spider's vibration and performs random walk towards target vibration. The algorithm uses a jump away process to overcome the weakness of premature convergence. The experimental results on six real‐world social networks show that the proposed algorithm is more effective than the state‐of‐the‐art heuristics and more time‐efficient than CELF++, static greedy, and PSO with an approximate influence spread.
Detection and trace back of low and high volume of distributed denial‐of‐service attack based on statistical measures
Authors: Thangavel Subburaj , Kannan Suthendran 
Published: June 2019

SummaryDDoS attacks are rapidly growing bigger and upsetting online businesses than ever before. During 2012, DDoS attacks were performed on six US banks, viz, Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, US Bancorp, Citigroup, and PNC Bank. The attacker(s) bombarded their targets with crest traffic of more than 60 gigabits per second. In 2013, Spamhaus, an antispam organization, was the victim for a DDoS attack of 300 gigabits per second. CyberBunker, a Dutch company, outwardly performed this attack on Spamhaus and got blacklisted after it. During 2014, the security company named Cloudflare was struck by 400 gigabits per second of traffic. Initially, the attack was aimed at one of Cloudflare's customers, but it later spread to the Cloudflare's own network. In 2018, a record‐breaking attack was performed on GitHub, a popular code hosting website, with an impulsive blitz of traffic that marked the scales at 1.35 terabits per second. At this moment, from freelance websites to multinational banks, it sounds like nobody has enough online security. This paper presents a novel low and high–rate DDoS attack detection using statistical metrics. The NS3 simulation result shows that the proposed method detects the low and high volume of attacks in minimum time with reduced false positive and false negative than the existing method.
A Quantitative Metric for the Design of Selective Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Lithium from Geothermal Brine
Authors: Ruttinger Andrew W. , Pálsdóttir Arna , Tester Jefferson W. , Clancy Paulette 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs demand grows for lithium, its recovery from geothermal brines provides an attractive alternative to slow mining. One promising extraction method uses crown ethers as extractants in supercritical carbon dioxide with cation exchangers to facilitate extraction from brine. Molecular dynamics modeling is used to understand the mechanism of binding between lithium (or sodium) and combinations of 14‐crown‐4 ethers and cation exchangers, and the predictive capability of computational modeling to test lithium selectivity is established for four combinations of crown ethers [methylene‐14‐crown‐4 (M14C4) and a fluorinated 14‐crown‐4 (F14C4)] and cation exchangers [di(2‐ethyl‐hexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and tetraethylammonium perfluoro‐1‐octanesulfonate (TPFOS)]. Binding free energies (given in kcal mol−1) of lithium and sodium, respectively, to crown ether–cation exchangers are 85 and 71 for M14C4–HDEHP, 90 and 71 for F14C4–HDEHP, 93 and 80 for M14C4–TPFOS, and 104 and 93 for F14C4–TPFOS. Good agreement is found between computational predictions and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction experiments at 60 °C and 250 bar. Binding free energy gives a suitable metric to describe extraction efficiency. Differences in the binding free energies of sodium and lithium to crown ethers determine the extraction selectivity. Fluorine groups are found to exert a positive influence to optimize extraction efficiency. Of the systems studied, F14C4 with TPFOS offers the most selective and efficient extraction system.
Power domain cyclic spread multiple access: An interference‐resistant mixed NOMA strategy
Authors: Shalini R. Baby , Stuwart S. Lenty 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe next generation wireless access technology highly relies on nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. This paper proposes a novel power domain cyclic spread multiple access (PDCSMA) scheme for the design of NOMA system with power domain superposition coding (SC) and cyclic spreading at the transmitter concurrent with symbol level successive interference cancellation (SL‐SIC) at the receiver. Based on acceptable difference in channel gain, the users are grouped together to form PDCSMA clusters, and the unique power is allotted to each user in a cluster. The user with good channel condition is allotted less power, and the user with poor channel condition is allotted more power. Each PDCSMA cluster has its own spreading code, and the data of every user in a cluster are cyclic spread with the same code. Each cluster supports the number of multipath components equivalent to the length of the spreading code. The use of cyclic spreading makes the signal suffered by multipath fading less prone to intra cluster interference. The user signal is decoded by minimum mean square error‐frequency domain equalization (MMSE‐FDE) or maximal ratio combining (MRC)–based receiver in which weak user is detected with hard decision, and strong user is detected with SIC. Compared with conventional power domain NOMA (PDNOMA) and interleaved NOMA, the proposed PDCSMA achieves better bit error rate (BER) performance and assures guaranteed detection.
Rapid growth and defence evolution following multiple introductions
Authors: van Boheemen Lotte A. , Bou‐Assi Sarah , Uesugi Akane , Hodgins Kathryn A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRapid adaptation can aid invasive populations in their competitive success. Resource allocation trade‐off hypotheses predict higher resource availability or the lack of natural enemies in introduced ranges allow for increased growth and reproduction, thus contributing to invasive success. Evidence for such hypotheses is however equivocal and tests among multiple ranges over productivity gradients are required to provide a better understanding of the general applicability of these theories.Using common gardens, we investigated the adaptive divergence of various constitutive and inducible defence‐related traits between the native North American and introduced European and Australian ranges, while controlling for divergence due to latitudinal trait clines, individual resource budgets, and population differentiation, using >11,000 SNPs.Rapid, repeated clinal adaptation in defence‐related traits was apparent despite distinct demographic histories. We also identified divergence among ranges in some defence‐related traits, although differences in energy budgets among ranges may explain some, but not all, defence‐related trait divergence. We do not identify a general reduction in defence in concert with an increase in growth among the multiple introduced ranges as predicted trade‐off hypotheses.Synthesis: The rapid spread of invasive species is affected by a multitude of factors, likely including adaptation to climate and escape from natural enemies. Unravelling the mechanisms underlying invasives' success enhances understanding of eco‐evolutionary theory and is essential to inform management strategies in the face of ongoing climate change.OPEN RESEARCH BADGESThis article has been awarded Open Materials, Open Data, Preregistered Research Designs Badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework athttps://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8028875.v1,https://github.com/lotteanna/defence_adaptation,https://doi.org/10.1101/435271.
Current perspectives on the interleukin‐1 family as targets for inflammatory disease
Authors: Hernandez‐Santana Yasmina E. , Giannoudaki Eirini , Leon Gemma , Lucitt Margaret B. , Walsh Patrick T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSince the first description of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and the genesis of the field of cytokine biology, the understanding of how IL‐1 and related cytokines play central orchestrating roles in the inflammatory response has been an area of intense investigation. As a consequence of these endeavours, specific strategies have been developed to target the function of the IL‐1 family in human disease realizing significant impacts for patients. While the most significant advances to date have been associated with inhibition of the prototypical family members IL‐1α/β, approaches to target more recently identified family members such as IL‐18, IL‐33 and the IL‐36 subfamily are now beginning to come to fruition. This review summarizes current knowledge surrounding the roles of the IL‐1 family in human disease and describes the rationale and strategies which have been developed to target these cytokines to inhibit the pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases in which inflammation plays a centrally important role.
Mesothelial cell CSF1 sustains peritoneal macrophage proliferation
Authors: Ivanov Stoyan , Gallerand Alexandre , Gros Marilyn , Stunault Marion I. , Merlin Johanna , Vaillant Nathalie , Yvan‐Charvet Laurent , Guinamard Rodolphe R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMacrophages play a central role during infection, inflammation and tissue homeostasis maintenance. Macrophages have been identified in all organs and their core transcriptomic signature and functions differ from one tissue to another. Interestingly, macrophages have also been identified in the peritoneal cavity and these cells have been extensively used as a model for phagocytosis, efferocytosis and polarization. Peritoneal macrophages are involved in B‐cell IgA production, control of inflammation and wound healing following thermal‐induced liver surface injury. These cells presumably require and interact with the omentum, where milky spot stromal cells have been proposed to secrete CSF1 (colony stimulating factor 1). Peritoneal macrophages depend on CSF1 for their generation and survival, but the identity of CSF1 producing cells inside the large peritoneal cavity remains unknown. Here we investigated peritoneal macrophage localization and their interaction with mesothelial cells, the major cell type predicted to secrete CSF1. Our data revealed that mesothelial cells produce membrane bound and secreted CSF1 that both sustain peritoneal macrophage growth.
A Dicationic Bismuth(III) Lewis Acid: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Olefins
Authors: Balasubramaniam Selvakumar , Kumar Sandeep , Andrews Alex P. , Varghese Babu , Jemmis Eluvathingal D. , Venugopal Ajay 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is Ajay Venugopal from the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram. The cover image shows dication [TpMe2Bi]2+ catalyzing olefin hydrosilylation under mild conditions.
Modes of occurrence and removal of toxic elements from high‐uranium coals of Rongyang Mine by stepped release flotation
Authors: Duan Piaopiao , Wang Wenfeng , Sang Shuxun , Ma Mengya , Wang Jinxi , Zhang Wei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Rongyang coals from Guizhou, southwestern China, are significantly enriched with uranium (U) and other toxic elements, such as vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se). Therefore, it is necessary to remove these toxic elements from high‐U coals before combustion. Previous studies have shown that U cannot be effectively removed by flotation and gravity separation. In this study, the stepped release flotation and acid leaching tests were conducted for coals of the Longtan Formation from the Rongyang Mine. The results from these analyses are as follows: (a) Stepped release analyses revealed that a multistage cleaning process can help to separate toxic elements from cleaned coals; (b) The removal of toxic elements by stepped release and acid leaching is closely related to their mode of occurrence. Vanadium, Cr, Mo, and U were difficult to be removed by stepped release flotation, which due to a significant proportion of them occur in organic matter and fine‐grained minerals; (c) Compared to flotation, most elements were better to be removed by stepped release flotation. In comparison with gravity separation, U had a higher removability by stepped release flotation, while the removal effect of thiophilic element by gravity separation was greater than by flotation; (d) After stepped release flotation, toxic elements Sc, V, Cu, Se, Mo, Hg, and U are still enriched in cleaned coals, suggesting that these elements cannot be fully removed through stepped release flotation.
Sedimentary provenance of the Marília Formation (Bauru Basin), Southeast Brazil
Authors: Marques dos Santos Caio Augusto , Batezelli Alessandro , Nakasuga Wagner Massayuki , Resende Rosana Silveira , Tello Saenz Carlos Alberto , Nunes João Osvaldo Rodrigues 
Published: June 2019

The Marília Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit positioned at the top of the Bauru Group of Maastrichtian age. The present work presents a provenance study of the Marília Formation sandstones through the combined dating of the fission‐track method (FTM) and U–Pb, in which individual zircon grains are simultaneously dated by these two methods. Thirty‐one zircons were dated in the C5 sample and 26 in the C7 sample for a total of 57 grains. The data demonstrated a wide range of U–Pb ages, presenting maximum and minimum ages, respectively: 2,905 ± 11 and 128 ± 1 Ma for the C7 sample and 2,676 ± 10 and 455 ± 5 Ma for the C5 sample. Regarding the fission‐track (FT) ages, they have been grouped into three time intervals, which are associated to geological events relatively well recognized in the published literature: ages younger than 250 Ma (Wealdenian Reactivation); between 250 and 470 Ma (Palaeozoic orogenesis—Ocloyic, Precordilleran, Chanic, and Sanrafaelic); and older than 470 (Precambrian collisions—Brasiliano I, II, and III). There is a predominance of results of Precambrian age using the U–Pb dating, mainly in the Neopalaeoproterozoic, and with FT dating corresponding to the Ocloyic, Precordilleran, Chanic, and Sanrafaelic orogeneses. From the comparison of the results between the two dating methods, the age variations suggest that the zircons originated during the main south‐western orogenesis of Gondwana and were reworked during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic geological episodes. The ages associated to the Upper Cretaceous are related to the tectonic and magmatic activity of the Alto Paranaiba Uplift.
Stable isotopes of atmospheric water vapour and precipitation in the northeast Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu Huawu , Li Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Jianming , Li Jing , Liu Jinzhao , Tian Lihui , Fu Congsheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStable water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) are an important source signature for understanding the hydrological cycle and altered climate regimes. However, the mechanisms underlying atmospheric water vapour isotopes in the northeast Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau of central Asia remain poorly understood. This study initially investigated water vapour isotopic composition and its controls during the premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Isotopic compositions of water vapour and precipitation exhibited high variability across seasons, with the most negative average δ18O values of precipitation and the most positive δ18O values of water vapour found during the premonsoon periods. Temperature effect was significant during the premonsoon period but not the monsoon period. Both a higher slope and intercept of the local meteoric water line were found during the monsoon period as compared with in the premonsoon period, suggesting that raindrops have been experienced a greater kinetic fractionation process such as reevaporation below the cloud during the premonsoon periods. The δ2H and δ18O signatures in atmospheric water vapour tended to be depleted with the occurrence of precipitation events especially during the monsoon period and probably as a result of rainout processes. The monthly average contribution of evaporation from the lake to local precipitation was 35.2%. High d‐excess values of water vapour were influenced by the high proportion of local moisture mixing, as indicated by the gradually increasing relative humidity along westerly and Asian monsoon trajectories. The daily observation (observed ε) showed deviations from the equilibrium fractionation factors (calculated ε), implying that raindrops experienced substantial evaporative enrichment during their descent. The average fraction of raindrops reevaporation was estimated to be 16.4± 12.9%. These findings provide useful insights for understanding the interaction between water vapour and precipitation, moisture sources, and help in reconstructing the paleoclimate in the alpine regions.
Detection of mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro by laser‐induced autofluorescence
Authors: Raghushaker Chandavalli R. , Chandra Subhash , Chakrabarty Sanjiban , Kabekkodu Shama P. , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu , Mahato Krishna K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMitochondrion plays a significant role in a variety of biological functions. Because of their diverse character and location in the cellular systems, mitochondria commonly get exposed to various extrinsic and intrinsic cellular stresses. The present study reports a novel approach to detection of mitochondrial dysfunction based on tryptophan autofluorescence of its proteins in mouse liver, using laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) as a tool. Mitochondria, isolated from the mouse liver, were initially tested for purity and integrity using lactate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) assays. Mitochondrial stress was induced by treating the isolated mitochondria with heavy metals at 10 and 0.01 mM for sodium arsenite and mercuric chloride, respectively. Upon treatment with the heavy metal, tryptophan autofluorescence quenching was recorded at 281 nm excitation. The functional integrity of the mitochondria treated with heavy metals was evaluated by measuring SDH and cytochrome c oxidase activities at various concentrations of mitochondria, which showed impaired activity as compared to control upto a concentration of 6.25 μg. A significant shift was also observed in the autofluorescence of proteins upto the level below 1 μg, suggesting their conformational change and hence altered structural integrity of mitochondria. Circular dichroism spectroscopy data of the mitochondrial proteins treated with heavy metals further validates their conformational change as compared to untreated control. The present study clearly shows that the LIF can be a novel detection tool to detect altered structural integrity of cellular mitochondria upon stress, and it also possesses the potentiality to combine with other interdisciplinary modalities.
Trend analysis and change point detection of seasonal and annual precipitation in Iran
Authors: Salehi Somayeh , Dehghani Majid , Mortazavi Sayed M. , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse spatial and temporal homogeneity and trends in seasonal and annual precipitation and their fluctuations during 1957–2016 in Iran. For testing homogeneity, the Pettitt‐Whitney–Mann, the Standard Normal Homogeneity or Alexandersson's SNHT, Buishand's and the Von Neumann tests were used and for trend analysis, Mann‐Kendall and Sequential Mann‐Kendall tests were used. Homogeneity tests showed that most of the seasonal and annual precipitation time series were homogeneous and the change point was detected only at a few stations. Results indicated that in general, there was an upward trend during 1957–1986, followed by a significant downward trend during 1987–2016. The sequential Mann‐Kendall test detected several possible change points over time, although most of them were found statistically non‐significant at 95% confidence level. Upward and downward trends started in annual and seasonal precipitation after 1960 and 1990, respectively, at most stations, except in spring. In spring, an upward trend started after 1990 at some stations which showed a shift in precipitation from winter to spring. Also, the Sen's slope estimator indicated a higher downward trend in the northern parts of Iran. Two findings are worthy of note based on the results of this study. First, in general, a significant downward trend occurred in the whole country after1990. Second, a shift in precipitation from winter to spring was detected at some stations in different homogeneous regions.