bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amine–Borane Dehydropolymerization: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Colebatch Annie L. , Weller Andrew S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe dehydropolymerization of amine–boranes, exemplified as H2RB⋅NR′H2, to produce polyaminoboranes (HRBNR′H)n that are inorganic analogues of polyolefins with alternating main‐chain B−N units, is an area with significant potential, stemming from both fundamental (mechanism, catalyst development, main‐group hetero‐cross‐coupling) and technological (new polymeric materials) opportunities. This Concept article outlines recent advances in the field, covering catalyst development and performance, current mechanistic models, and alternative non‐catalytic routes for polymer production. The substrate scope, polymer properties and applications of these exciting materials are also outlined. Challenges and opportunities in the field are suggested, as a way of providing focus for future investigations.
Rational Molecular Design Overcoming the Long Delayed Fluorescence Lifetime and Serious Efficiency Roll‐Off in Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Devices
Authors: Oh Chan Seok , Lee Ha Lim , Han Si Hyun , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBlue thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) devices with short excited‐state lifetime, high reverse intersystem crossing rate, and low‐efficiency roll‐off were developed by managing the molecular structure of donor–acceptor‐type blue emitters. Three isomers of blue TADF emitters with a diphenyltriazine acceptor and three carbazole donors were synthesized. The position of the donor moieties in the phenyl linker connecting the donor and acceptor moieties was controlled to devise compounds with a short delayed fluorescence lifetime. A blue TADF emitter with three carbazole donors at 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐ positions of a phenyl linker shortened the excited state lifetime to 4.1 μs, showed a high external quantum efficiency of 20.4 %, and low efficiency roll‐off of less than 10 % at 1000 cd m−2. Therefore, a molecular design distorting the donors by aligning them in a consecutive way is useful to resolve the issues of long delayed fluorescence lifetime and efficiency roll‐off of blue TADF devices.
The Genotype for DPYD Risk Variants in Patients With Colorectal Cancer and the Related Toxicity Management Costs in Clinical Practice
Authors: Toffoli Giuseppe , Innocenti Federico , Polesel Jerry , De Mattia Elena , Sartor Franca , Dalle Fratte Chiara , Ecca Fabrizio , Dreussi Eva , Palazzari Elisa , Guardascione Michela , Buonadonna Angela , Foltran Luisa , Garziera Marica , Bignucolo Alessia , Nobili Stefania , Mini Enrico , Favaretto Adolfo , Berretta Massimiliano , D'Andrea Mario , De Paoli Antonino , Roncato Rossana , Cecchin Erika 
Published: October 2018

Lack of information on the clinical utility of preemptive DPYD screening before fluoropyrimidine treatment is a major barrier preventing its use in clinical practice. This study aimed to define the association between DPYD variants and fluoropyrimidine‐related toxicity management costs. A cost analysis was conducted on the toxicities experienced by 550 patients with colorectal cancer treated with fluoropyrimidine‐based chemotherapy. Genotyping for DPYD*2A, DPYD*13, DPYDc. 2846A>T, DPYD‐HapB3, and UGT1A1*28 was done retrospectively and did not affect patients’ treatments. Carriers of at least one DPYD variant experienced higher toxicity management costs (€2,972; 95% confidence interval (CI), €2,456–€3,505) than noncarriers (€825; 95% CI, €785–€864) (P < 0.0001) and had a higher risk for toxicity requiring hospitalization (odds ratio, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.87–9.14). In patients receiving fluoropyrimidine/irinotecan, the incremental cost between DPYD variant and UGT1A1*28/*28 carriers and noncarriers was €2,975. This study suggests that the toxicity management costs during fluoropyrimidine‐based therapy are associated with DPYD and UGT1A1*28 variants and supports the utility of genotyping.
Nonpyrolyzed Fe−N Coordination‐Based Iron Triazolate Framework: An Efficient and Stable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Huang Zheng‐Hong , Xie Nan‐Hong , Zhang Min , Xu Bo‐Qing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPyrolyzed base‐metal‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with FeNx coordination are emerging as nonprecious metal catalysts for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, surprisingly, nonpyrolyzed MOFs involving Fe−N coordination have not been explored for the ORR. This study concerns the catalytic performance of a semiconducting nonpyrolyzed iron triazolate framework (FeTa2) for ORR in alkaline electrolyte. The FeTa2 catalyst is studied as composites with different amounts of conductive Ketjenblack carbon (KB). The performance of these FeTa2‐x KB (x denotes the KB/FeTa2 weight ratio) composites by onset and half‐wave potentials of ORR appears to be superior to most previously documented nonpyrolyzed MOFs. Characterization by elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry suggest that N−FeIII−OH− sites at the surface of FeTa2 function as the catalytic active sites. This FeTa2 also shows very stable activity during ORR, as supported by accelerated durability test of the FeTa2‐x KB sample (20 000 cycles, ca. 90 h). The framework structure of FeTa2 remains intact during the durability test, which would help to explain its excellent catalytic durability. This would be the first study demonstrating efficient and stable ORR catalysis by a nonpyrolyzed Fe−N coordination‐based MOF material.
Humins from Biorefineries as Thermoreactive Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Sangregorio Anna , Guigo Nathanael , van der Waal Jan C. , Sbirrazzuoli Nicolas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractConversion of lignocellulosic biomass often brings about the formation of several side products. Among these, a black and viscous coproduct known as humins is formed on acidic treatment of polysaccharides. To improve the efficiency of this process from an economical and environmental perspective, new solutions for humins valorization are urgently needed. This work focuses on the comprehensive understanding of humins with special emphasis on their structure/properties relationships. Humins were subjected to different thermal treatments and characterized by means of structural, thermoanalytical, and rheological investigations. The structure and composition of humins are very diverse and depend on the thermochemical conditions. On sufficient heating, humins change into a nonreversible and more branched furanic structure with a relatively high glass‐transition temperature (Tg>65 °C). Thus, humins can be easily processed for preparing thermoset‐like resins.
Solid Polymer Electrolyte‐Coated Macroporous Titania Nanotube Photoelectrode for Gas‐Phase Water Splitting
Authors: Amano Fumiaki , Mukohara Hyosuke , Shintani Ayami , Tsurui Kenyou 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water vapor splitting by using n‐type semiconductor electrodes with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) enabled pure hydrogen production from humidity in ambient air. We proved a design concept that the gas–electrolyte–semiconductor triple‐phase boundary on a nanostructured photoanode is important for the photoinduced gas‐phase reaction. A surface coating of solid‐polymer electrolyte on a macroporous titania‐nanotube array (TNTA) electrode markedly enhanced the incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency (IPCE) at the gas–solid interface. This indicates that proton‐coupled electron transfer is the rate‐determining step on the bare TNTA electrode for the gas‐phase PEC reaction. The perfluorosulfonate ionomer‐coated TNTA photoanode exhibited an IPCE of 26 % at an applied voltage of 1.2 V under 365 nm ultraviolet irradiation. The hydrogen production rate in a large PEM‐PEC cell (16 cm2) was 10 μmol min−1.
Secure color image encryption algorithm based on chaotic signals and its FPGA realization
Authors: Yang Cheng‐Hsiung , Huang Sih‐Jie 
Published: October 2018

SummaryIn this paper, we designed a three‐dimensional chaotic system (3D chaotic system). The continuous‐time chaotic system had already been transformed into discrete‐time (DT) chaotic system by Euler method. The phase portrait of DT chaotic system had been implemented on an oscilloscope via Altera field programmable gate array (FPGA) DE2‐115. A cryptographic system of RGB image security for 3D chaotic system was proposed. There are three features in the encryption system. First, we use the information of plaintext image to produce the initial conditions of chaotic system. Second, the image of the permutation process shuffles the position of pixels in the plaintext image among RGB channels separately. Third, in the diffusion process, the pixels information in the shuffled image had been concealed by the XOR operation. The 3D chaotic encryption system had been also implemented on Altera DE2‐115. Then, the cipher image can be obtained through the FPGA and simulated the image by Matlab code. In the security analysis, such as histogram analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, information entropy analysis, differential attack analysis (NPCR and UACI) have been performed in this paper. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has better security in comparison with other algorithms.
Effect of early‐life inflammation and magnesium sulfate on hyperthermia‐induced seizures in infant rats: Susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol‐induced seizures later in life
Authors: Saboory Ehsan , Ghadimkhani Maryam , Roshan‐Milani Shiva , Derafshpour Leila , Mohammadi Sedra , Dindarian Sina , Mohammadi Hozan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of inflammation and MgSO4 pretreatment on behaviors caused by hyperthermia (HT) and the effect of these interventions on PTZ‐induced seizure a week later. In this experimental study, rat pups experienced inflammation on postnatal day 10 (P10). On P18–19, the pups received either saline or MgSO4 then subjected to hyperthermia. On P25–26, PTZ‐induced seizure was initiated in the rats. Neonatal inflammation increased the susceptibility to HT‐induced seizure. Inflammation and HT increased the susceptibility to PTZ‐induced seizure. Pretreatment with MgSO4 before hyperthermia decreased the susceptibility to both HT‐ and PTZ‐induced seizure. Furthermore, calcium and magnesium blood levels significantly decreased compared to control rats. It can be concluded that neonatal inflammation potentiates while pretreatment with MgSO4 attenuates HT‐induced seizures. Also, neonatal inflammation and HT potentiate PTZ‐induced seizure initiated one week later.
Adipose tissue expression of CCL19 chemokine is positively associated with insulin resistance
Authors: Kochumon Shihab , Al‐Rashed Fatema , Abu‐Farha Mohamed , Devarajan Sriraman , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Ahmad Rasheed 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundChemokines produced by adipose tissue (AT) are involved in the development of chronic low‐grade inflammation in obese humans and rodents. AT CCL19 expression in obesity and its association with metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CCL19 gene expression on inflammatory markers in subcutaneous AT and insulin resistance.MethodsSubcutaneous adipose samples were collected from 56 non‐diabetic (26—obese, 21—overweight, and 9—lean) individuals. Expression of CCL19 and inflammatory markers was determined using real‐time RT‐PCR. Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA).ResultsCCL19 expression was significantly higher in obese compared with lean individuals (P < 0.034). The elevated expression of CCL19 associated positively with body mass index (r = 0.253; P = 0.049). CCL19 expression correlated positively with IL‐8 (r = 0.39; P = 0.006), IL‐12 (r = 0.43; P = 0.003), IP‐10 (r = 0.25; P = 0.07), CCL5 (r = 0.37; P = 0.011), CCR2 (r = 0.44; P = 0.001), and CCR5 (r = 0.35; P = 0.009). Additionally, CCL19 was positively correlated with triglycerides (TG: r = 0.41; P = 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG: r = 0.49; P < 0.0001), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c: r = 0.396; P = 0.001), and CRP (r = 0.387; P = 0.019) whereas it had negative association with HDL cholesterol (r = −0.282; P = 0.035) and adiponectin (−0.393; P = 0.019). Notably, HOMA‐IR correlated positively with CCL19 (r = 0.38; P = 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, CCL19 is an independent predictor of IL‐8 and IL‐12.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that increased AT expression of CCL19 in obesity may represent a molecular link between metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance.
The peripheral atherosclerotic profile in patients with type 1 diabetes warrants a thorough vascular assessment of asymptomatic patients
Authors: Nattero‐Chávez Lía , Redondo López Sandra , Alonso Díaz Sara , Garnica Ureña Marta , Fernández‐Durán Elena , Escobar‐Morreale Héctor F. , Luque‐Ramírez Manuel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsEpidemiological data on subclinical atherosclerotic disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) are scarce. We aimed to estimate the subclinical atherosclerosis profile of asymptomatic patients with DM1 and an abnormal ankle‐brachial index (ABI).Material and methodsIn a cross‐sectional design (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02910271), we estimated ABI in 289 consecutive asymptomatic patients with DM1. An abnormal ABI led to measurements of toe‐brachial index (TBI) and peripheral doppler ultrasound (DUS) to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD) and/or atherosclerotic carotid plaques (ACP).ResultsA reduced (≤0.9) or increased (>1.2) ABI was detected in 17 (6%) and 75 (26%) patients, respectively. PAD was confirmed by TBI and DUS in 9 (53%) patients with a reduced ABI and 28 (37%) patients with an increased ABI, resulting in a 12.8% (9.4‐17.2) prevalence of asymptomatic PAD. Fourteen patients with an abnormal ABI also exhibited ACP [4.8% (2.9‐7.9)], with 64% of these patients showing bilateral disease. Artery stenosis was mild or moderate in 21% and 29% of patients, respectively. Thus, 46 [16% (12‐21)] patients showed asymptomatic PAD, ACP, or both. According to our data, we would have to explore three asymptomatic patients with DM1 and normal pulses to unmask one case of PAD, and seven asymptomatic patients showing abnormal ABI values to detect one carotid disease.ConclusionsPeripheral artery disease is often undiagnosed in asymptomatic patients with DM1. However, its presence may change medical management in a substantial percentage of cases, highlighting the potential benefit of a thorough vascular assessment on these patients.
Cognitive impairment and postural control deficit in adults with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gorniak Stacey L. , Lu Fangmei Yoshimi , Lee Beom Chan , Massman Paul J. , Wang Jing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundDiseases induced by metabolic disorders, eg, Type 2 diabetes, has recently been linked to both sensory and motor deficit in the absence of a formal clinical diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy. Studies have demonstrated mild cognitive impairment in diabetic patients, which also plays a role in one's loss of ability to successfully perform basic motor activities. This project focused on evaluating cognitive function while maintaining balance. We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive and motor deficit would occur among adults with Type 2 diabetes versus healthy age‐ and sex‐matched control during a balance task.MethodsA sample of 10 Type 2 diabetes patients and 10 age‐matched and sex‐matched controls underwent a series of sensory, motor, cognitive, and cognitive‐motor evaluations. Blood pressure and A1c levels were assessed.ResultsSignificantly lower cognitive function scores, particularly in the domain of working memory, were exhibited in the diabetic group than controls. Balance in the diabetic group was overall poorer in both single‐ and dual‐tasks than controls. When diabetic patients were asked to verbally recall different words while maintaining their balance, their accuracy rate was significantly lower than controls. Some health state measures were found to co‐vary with motor function. Increased body mass index in the diabetic group did not account for motor function deficit.SignificanceOur data suggest that: (1) systemic deficit beyond tactile dysfunction and increased body mass index contribute to reduced motor function in diabetes, and (2) both balance and working memory functions are simultaneously impaired in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Self‐reported health and quality of life outcomes of heart failure patients in the aftermath of a national economic crisis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ketilsdottir Audur , Ingadottir Brynja , Jaarsma Tiny 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsThere are indications that economic crises can affect public health. The aim of this study was to describe characteristics, health status, and socio‐economic status of outpatient heart failure (HF) patients several years after a national economic crisis and to assess whether socio‐economic factors were associated with patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).Methods and resultsIn this cross‐sectional survey, PROMs were measured with seven validated instruments, as follows: self‐care (the 12‐item European Heart Failure Self‐Care Behaviour scale), HF‐related knowledge (Dutch Heart Failure Knowledge Scale), symptoms (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System), sense of security (Sense of Security in Care—‘Patients' evaluation’), health status (EQ‐5D visual analogue scale), health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Additional data were collected on access and use of health care, household income, demographics, and clinical status.The patients' (n = 124, mean age 73 ± 14.9, 69% male) self‐care was low for exercising (53%) and weight monitoring (50%) but optimal for taking medication (100%). HF‐specific knowledge was high (correct answers 12 out of 15), but only 38% knew what to do when symptoms worsened suddenly. Patients' sense of security was high (>70% had a mean score of 5 or 6, scale 1–6). The most common symptom was tiredness (82%); 12% reported symptoms of anxiety, and 18% had symptoms of depression. Patients rated their overall health (EQ‐5D) on average at 65.5 (scale 0–100), and 33% had poor or very bad HRQoL. The monthly income per household was <€3900 for 84% of the patients. A total of 22% had difficulties making appointments with a general practitioner (GP), and 5% had no GP. On average, patients paid for six health care‐related items, and >90% paid for medications, primary care, and visits to hospital and private clinics out of their own pocket. The cost of health care had changed for 71% of the patients since the 2008 economic crisis, and increased out‐of‐pocket costs were most often explained by a greater need for health care services and medication expenses. There was no significant difference in PROMs related to changes in out‐of‐pocket expenses after the crisis, income, or whether patients lived alone or with others.ConclusionsThis Icelandic patient population reported similar health‐related outcomes as have been previously reported in international studies. This study indicates that even after a financial crisis, most of the patients have managed to prioritize and protect their health even though a large proportion of patients have a low income, use many health care resources, and have insufficient access to care. It is imperative that access and affordable health care services are secured for this vulnerable patient population.
The wealth paradox: Prosperity and opposition to immigration
Authors: Jetten Jolanda 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe idea that economic downturns and economic deprivation provoke tensions and intergroup hostility is remarkably pervasive. These accounts often work from the premise that economic crises and poverty provide “fertile soil” for populist parties and leaders with an anti‐immigrant agenda. This may explain why we intuitively expect that “hard times” produce “harsh attitudes” towards minorities. However, there is also robust empirical evidence showing that intergroup hostility (and anti‐immigration sentiments more specifically) can (i) surge in times of economic prosperity, and (ii) be widespread among relatively affluent groups. In this article, I will review evidence showing that intergroup hostility (such as anti‐immigrant sentiments) can be equally prevalent in times of relative gratification as well as in times of relative deprivation (accounting for the “Wealth Paradox”). In the second part of this contribution, I will explore these processes through the lens of classic social identity theorising focusing on the way that status anxiety, status threat, and fear of falling among members of wealthier groups are shaped by the permeability of group boundaries and the security of wealth positions. I argue that social identity theorising, typically applied to explain the behaviour of low status groups, can provide a parsimonious and integrative account for why and when high status (i.e., as a result of affluence and prosperity) may be associated with hostility towards minorities rather than with greater tolerance.
The effect of traditional malting technology practiced by an ethnic community in northern Uganda on in‐vitro nutrient bioavailability and consumer sensory preference for locally formulated complementary food formulae
Authors: Alowo Docus , Muggaga Christopher , Ongeng Duncan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe occurrence of anti‐nutritional constituents in plants is an important factor that negatively affects bioavailability of nutrients and effectiveness of plant‐based foods in complementary feeding in rural areas in developing countries. However, proven methods that improve bioavailability of nutrients and tailored for application in processing complementary foods among rural communities are largely lacking. This study examined the efficacy of a traditional malting technology practiced by the Acholi ethnic community of northern Uganda to improve protein digestibility and bioavailability of iron and zinc from millet–sesame–soy composite containing 200, 300, and 550 kcal meant for complementary feeding of children aged 6–8, 9–12, and 13–23 years old, respectively. The technology involves washing and soaking of ingredients for 12 hr; malting ingredients individually for 48 hr with water changed after every 6 hr; and sun‐drying malted ingredients for 72 hr. Results showed that the level of anti‐nutritional factors significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except the content of total phenolics in 200, tannins in 300 and 550 kcal, composite formula, respectively. In vitro protein digestibility significantly improved (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except in the 200 kcal formula. Iron bioavailability significantly increased (p ≤ 0.05) in all the composite formulae except in the 550 kcal energy category. Improvement in zinc bioavailability was only observed in the 300 kcal formula. However, there were significant reductions (p ≤ 0.05) in the level of caregiver preferences for sensory properties and overall acceptability of the composites. These results demonstrate that the traditional malting technology has potential to improve nutrient bioavailability in plant‐based foods but requires improvement in order to increase its efficacy and mitigate negative effects on sensory appeal.