bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Portal Hypertension in the Pediatric Population: A Primer for the Interventional Radiologist
Authors: Rajeswaran Shankar , Young Victoria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInterventional radiology's role in the management of portal hypertension in the pediatric population differs from the management of adult portal hypertension. In the pediatric population, portal hypertension is frequently secondary to thrombosis and cavernous transformation of the extrahepatic portion of the portal vein. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can be utilized to manage portal hypertension in children with intrinsic liver disease that results in cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and is often used as a bridge to transplant. While technically feasible in extrahepatic portal vein occlusion, the sequelae of portosystemic shunting are less desirable in a child. The Meso-Rex bypass procedure, which represents the mainstay of management for pediatric portal hypertension, provides surgical relief of extrahepatic portal vein obstruction and restores mesenteric venous blood flow to the liver. This article aims to review management of portal hypertension in children as it pertains to the interventional radiologist, including preoperative assessment, postoperative evaluation, and the management of complications of the Meso-Rex bypass.
Preoperative Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement for Extrahepatic Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Philip Michelle , Thornburg Bartley 
Published: August 2018

AbstractExtrahepatic abdominal surgery in patients with portal hypertension is associated with a high rate of perioperative complications and death due to the increased risk of liver failure, perioperative bleeding, and ascites. One proposed method to facilitate surgery in these patients is with preoperative placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). By decompressing the portal circulation, this presurgical measure would theoretically decrease the potential for bleeding and improve the ability to control ascites in the perioperative and postoperative period. This article reviews the use of TIPS prior to abdominal surgery in patients with portal hypertension.
Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Placement for Refractory Ascites: Review and Update of the Literature
Authors: Burgos Ana , Thornburg Bartley 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAscites is the most common complication of cirrhosis, impairs quality of life, and carries a poor prognosis. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a well-validated therapy for refractory ascites and is superior at reducing the accumulation of fluid compared with paracentesis. More recent evidence has shown that TIPS also provides an improved transplant-free survival compared with paracentesis. To maximize the clinical efficacy and survival advantage, proper patient selection is crucial. While current guidelines recommend that elective TIPS for ascites should be performed only in patients with MELD ≤ 18, recent literature suggests that elective TIPS safely and effectively controls ascites and potentially provides a survival advantage in patients with higher MELD scores (≤ 24). The evolution of these findings likely represents the combination of improved medical management of cirrhotic patients, improved devices, and a better knowledge of selection criteria for potential TIPS patients. This article will review the pathophysiology and management of ascites, with a focus on the evidence supporting TIPS placement for refractory ascites.
Reference Echocardiographic Measurements in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants
Authors: Collins C. , Drew S. , Holberton J. , Calado C. 
Published: August 2018

Background Echocardiography is an important technique in neonatal care. The heart of a premature baby is known to be different from that of a term baby, and there is a paucity of literature regarding reference cardiac measurements for this population, especially for the very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Objective We aimed to present reference values for echocardiography in VLBW preterm infants.
Study Design This was a retrospective observational study taking place over an 11-year period. We collected data from the reports of echocardiographic examinations performed in a population of preterm infants born with gestational age ≤ 32 weeks and birth weight (BW) ≤ 1,500 g in the first week of life.
Results Our study population included 1,244 preterm infants. We found BW to be an adequate and practical variable to use in relation to the cardiac measurements. We propose reference values for seven cardiac measurements presented in tables for each 100 g weight subgroup.
Conclusion Our study, to the best of our knowledge, has the largest sample of VLBW preterm infants and provides easy-to-use information on cardiac measurements by echocardiography for both pediatric cardiologists and neonatologists.
Dynamic redox balance directs the oocyte-to-embryo transition via developmentally controlled reactive cysteine changes
Authors: Petrova Boryana , Liu Keke , Tian Caiping , Kitaoka Maiko , Freinkman Elizaveta , Yang Jing , Orr-Weaver Terry L. 
Published: August 2018

Significance
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase with age and have been shown to negatively impact age-related diseases. However, the physiological roles they might play in development have not been extensively characterized. Here, we show that ROS have essential functions as oocytes complete meiosis, the specialized cell division that generates haploid eggs, and transition to embryonic development. Meiotic progression and early embryonic divisions are defective when ROS is misregulated. Furthermore, we document the effects of ROS on specific proteins. Our identification of proteins altered in redox state as the oocyte transitions to an embryo provides a valuable resource to guide future exploration of ROS functions in early development. The regulatory system described here has important implications for female fertility.
Insights into the origin of carbonaceous chondrite organics from their triple oxygen isotope composition
Authors: Tartèse Romain , Chaussidon Marc , Gurenko Andrey , Delarue Frédéric , Robert François 
Published: August 2018

Significance
Refractory organic matter found in volatile-rich asteroidal materials essentially comprise the elements C, H, O, N, and S, which are thought to be important building blocks for life. Characterizing the origin(s) of these organics thus constitutes a key step to constrain the origin of life on Earth and appraise the habitability potential of other worlds. However, how and where these organics formed are still highly debated. In this study, we have determined the oxygen isotope composition of refractory organics from two families of carbonaceous chondrites. These data suggest that these organics formed in the nascent Solar System, possibly through chemical reactions occurring in the disk surrounding the young Sun.
Examining the Effectiveness of Support for UK Wave Energy Innovation since 2000. Lost at Sea or a New Wave of Innovation?
Authors: Kingston William 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
This report, funded by UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the International Public Policy Institute, has the great merit of being a study of innovation failure, rather than success, and the number of useful lessons it contains is consequently all the greater. From a massive database, it estimates that, between 2000 and 2017, the UK provided close to half a billion pounds of public sector funding to encourage the private sector to try to capture offshore wave energy. Investment by firms must have been even more. There was nothing tangible to show for all this in the end, primarily because of inadequacies ‘in government and industrial strategy to support wave energy innovation in the UK, most notably a premature emphasis on commercialisation and a lack of knowledge exchange.’ Public funding only partially covered R&D costs, so that developers tried to reach the stage where their equipment could actually produce saleable energy, without enough testing for faults. This attempt to ‘go too far too quickly’ was compounded by government’s investing heavily in test facilities without providing support for developers to use them. Also, reliance on patent protection caused developers to avoid sharing their information. The public sector did learn some lessons. Wave Energy Scotland was established to carry on the work in a much more modest way, but able to offer 100% funding and to insist that research results were shared among developers. In addition, the European Community introduced the Marinet initiative to fund access by developers to test facilities.
(Re)examining the Insurance Model of Judicial Independence across Democracies
Authors: Epperly Brad 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite being a dominant explanation of judicial independence in democracies for over a decade, the “insurance” model has received little systematic attention. I argue that how we conceptualize democracy is especially important for analyses of judicial independence employing this insurance framework, demanding more careful attention from scholars. I illustrate that empirical results are contingent on specific conceptualizations by replicating the single existing study examining the insurance model across democracies globally. In doing so, I demonstrate that existing findings are largely driven by classifying electoral authoritarian regimes like Kazakhstan and Russia as democracies.
Effect of Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists on Isolated Rat Atria
Authors: Maggo Simran , Ashton John C. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract:
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonists are under investigation for clinical use. At the same time, synthetic cannabinoids have been implicated in a number of deaths. One cause of death is thought to be cardiac arrest subsequent to extreme tachycardia. Central mechanisms are thought to play a role in this, with CB1 but not CB2 receptors thought to mediate central effects. However, the direct effects of cannabinoids on the heart are less well understood. We therefore tested the effects of cannabinoids on isolated rat atria to test whether activation of myocardial CB1 and CB2 receptors could contribute to tachycardia. Although we found a moderate effect that can be attributed to CB1 receptors, we did not find any evidence for chronotropic effects by a CB2 receptor activation. Our results indicate that cannabinoid cardiotoxicity may partially involve CB1 receptors in the myocardium, and that CB2 receptor agonists are unlikely to have significant effects on the heart.
A Preliminary Study of Early-Onset Dementia of Former Professional Football and Hockey Players
Authors: Willer Barry S. , Zivadinov Robert , Haider Mohammad N. , Miecznikowski Jeffrey C. , Leddy John J. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To provide an overview of 3 studies of the same population of retired professional contact sport athletes compared with age-matched noncontact sport athlete controls on cognition, executive function, behavior, and advanced brain imaging.

Setting:
University Concussion Management Clinic.

Participants:
Twenty-two retired professional hockey and football athletes (average age 56 years) and 21 age-matched noncontact sport athlete controls.

Design:
Case control.

Main Measures:
Participants were assessed on a broad range of neuropsychological measures that are associated with identification of mild cognitive impairment and executive function. Athletes were also assessed using self-report measures of executive function and personality. Advanced structural and functional imaging techniques were utilized as well.

Results:
The former National Football League and National Hockey League athletes perceived themselves to have impaired executive function, but this was not confirmed by objective neurocognitive assessment. No significant differences were found when comparing contact-sport athletes with controls on the presence of mild cognitive impairment or brain structural and functional tissue injury. Contact sport athletes were more anxious and more likely to report unusual beliefs and experiences.

Conclusion:
None of the retired contact sport athletes qualified as having early-onset dementia consistent with chronic traumatic encephalopathy. There were no remarkable differences in imaging, cognition, behavior, or executive function from noncontact sport athletes. The results underscore an apparent disconnect between public perceptions and evidence-based conclusions about the inevitability of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and the potential neurodegenerative effect on former athletes from contact sports.
Evaluation of Executive Function and Mental Health in Retired Contact Sport Athletes
Authors: Willer Barry S. , Tiso Michael R. , Haider Mohammad N. , Hinds Andrea L. , Baker John G. , Miecznikowski Jeffery C. , Leddy John J. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To compare retired professional contact sport athletes with age-matched noncontact sport athletes on measures of executive function and mental health.

Setting:
The University Concussion Management Clinic.

Participants:
Twenty-one retired National Football League (NFL) and National Hockey League (NHL) players (mean age 56 years) and 21 age-matched noncontact sport athlete controls.

Designs:
Case control.

Main Measure:
The self- and informant-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult form (BRIEF-A); Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; Trail Making Part A and B; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; List Learning; Controlled Oral Word Association Test; Beck Depression Inventory; Beck Anxiety Inventory; and Personality Inventory of the DSM-5.

Results:
Former NFL and NHL players perceived themselves to have some impairment in 2 of the 9 domains of executive function on the BRIEF-A; however, their informants reported no difference when compared with informants of noncontact athletes. No significant differences were found when comparing contact sport athletes with noncontact athletes on objective neuropsychological testing. Contact sport athletes qualified as clinically anxious and had more “unusual beliefs and experiences,” although they remained within with age-based norms.

Conclusion:
Participation in contact sports at the professional level may not lead to later-life executive dysfunction, as the popular media and some research currently suggest.
OUTER RETINAL INJURY SECONDARY TO MEMBRANE PEELING WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FORCEPS
Authors: Date Rishabh C. , Chang Emmanuel Y. , Shah Veeral S. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To present a case of visually significant retinal injury due to internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling using ILM forceps alone.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 60-year-old woman who underwent ILM peeling for an epiretinal membrane presented with linear central scotomata. Peeling had been initiated and performed with ILM forceps alone, without the use of other surgical instruments. Fundus examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging confirmed the presence of several discrete areas of inner and outer retinal injury in the macula, which corresponded to her scotomata.

Conclusion:
This is a case of visually significant retinal injury due to ILM peeling that was performed with ILM forceps alone. Improper peeling technique can transmit injurious forces to the retina. Surgeons must be mindful of the biomechanical forces involved in ILM peeling to minimize traction on the retina.
Comparative Analysis of Adverse Events From a Series of Proof-of-Principle Extended Wear Studies
Authors: Ozkan Jerome , Lazon de la Jara Percy , Willcox Mark 
Published: August 2018

Aim:
A series of proof-of-principle extended wear (EW) contact lens studies were conducted to assess what effect different interventions had on adverse events (AEs). Comparative analysis of AEs across studies was conducted to determine whether some interventions were more effective at reducing inflammatory AEs.

Method:
Multiple logistic regression analysis of AEs from 30-day EW studies each with a different intervention including (1) nightly replacement (NR) of lenses, (2) morning replacement (MR) of lenses, (3) instillation of prophylactic antibiotic drops (AB) each morning/evening, (4) daily lens cleaning (LC) each morning. All studies conducted at the same site using same lens type (lotrafilcon A) and EW schedule.

Results:
Comparison of the different interventions to the individual control groups showed no difference in significant corneal infiltrative event (CIE) or mechanical events. Replacing lenses nightly, during an EW schedule, had the highest incidence of significant CIEs (4.9% [NR] vs. 2.5% [MR] vs. 1.8% [AB] vs. 0% [LC]); however, adjusted logistic regression analysis of the combined control data compared with the individual interventions showed no difference in significant CIEs (P=0.086) or mechanical AEs (P=0.140).

Conclusions:
Replacing lenses each night seemed to be inferior compared with the other interventions of replacing lenses each morning, daily lens cleaning, and daily antibiotic drop instillation during EW. The results of the collective studies and additional analysis suggest that overnight wear of contact lenses seems to create an adverse environment that remains, despite the various interventions intended to improve this adverse environment.
“It Had Only Been a Matter of Time Before I Had Relapsed Into Crime”: Aspects of Care and Personal Recovery in Forensic Mental Health
Authors: Pollak Charlotte , Palmstierna Tom , Kald Magnus , Ekstrand Per 
Published: August 2018

Introduction
Forensic psychiatry has the dual task of focusing on the prevention of reoffending as well as maintaining psychiatric rehabilitation. No previous studies addressing the patients' own views on reducing their risk of serious reoffending were found.

Aim
This study describes forensic psychiatric inpatients' own views on what aspects of care and personal recovery are important in reducing their risk of serious reoffending.

Methods
A structured qualitative approach was used. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and analyzed with a systematic qualitative content analysis.

Results
The results highlight aspects of care and personal recovery. Four themes emerged: “time: opportunity for change,” “trust: creating a context with meaningful relations,” “hope: to reach a future goal,” and “toolbox: tools needed for recovery.”

Discussion
The themes present with a continuum. At one end, there are patients who appreciated possibilities to participate actively in care and treatment. At the other end, patients felt they had no use for their care. Interestingly, although patients in our study were asked for their opinion on how they could reduce their dangerousness, all themes fit into established personal recovery processes found in general psychiatric populations. The theme “time: opportunity for change” seems to have an overarching importance.

Implications for Practice
By understanding the specific content along these themes, relevant to the individual patient, carers may be able to better support their personal recovery journey. Because time spent as inpatients in forensic psychiatry is an overarching issue, carers need to be persistent over time.
Incidence for Tip Foldover During Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Gabrielpillai Jennis , Burck Iris , Baumann Uwe , Stöver Timo , Helbig Silke 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
Incidence and clinical presentation of tip foldover during cochlear implantation (CI).

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral university hospital.

Patients:
One thousand three hundred twenty CI recipients who underwent postoperative Stenvers view, digital computed tomography (CT), or digital volume tomography (DVT).

Main Outcome Measure:
Tip foldover rates were evaluated with regard to perimodiolar (PM), lateral wall (LW), and mid-scalar (MS) electrode carriers; the electrode insertion angle was estimated and postoperative complications and the necessity for revisions were described.

Results:
One thousand three hundred twenty CI recipients (1,722 ears) had detailed surgery reports and postoperative imaging available for review. Tip foldover occurred in 15 ears (0.87%) with the highest rate (1.67%) for PM electrodes. In three patients tip foldover was accompanied by costimulation of the facial nerve and one patient reported vertigo. Eleven patients underwent revision surgery. In two of them revision was performed in the same surgical intervention due to abnormality in spread of excitation measurement. In four patients no revision was conducted due to uncompromised aided speech perception.

Conclusion:
In a large academic center with experienced surgeons, tip foldover verified by CT/DVT arose at a rate of 0.87%. PM electrode carriers inherited the highest risk for this electrode malposition. Revision surgery was feasible in these cases.
Hearing Preservation With Standard Length Electrodes in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Manjaly Joseph G. , Nash Robert , Ellis Wayne , Britz Anzel , Lavy Jeremy A. , Shaida Azhar , Saeed Shakeel R. , Khalil Sherif S. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
Preserving low frequencies following cochlear implantation improves outcomes and allows patients to use a combination of electrical and acoustic stimulation. This importance has been reflected in advances in electrode design and refined surgical techniques. Full insertion of standard length electrodes may be advantageous over shortened electrodes because more electrodes can be activated over time if low frequency hearing loss progresses. Surgeons must counsel patients over this choice but data is lacking regarding the degree and likelihood of hearing preservation achievable with standard length electrodes in children. We report our experience using standard length cochlear implant arrays for hearing preservation in children.

Methods:
Retrospective case series. Inclusion criteria: preoperative hearing ≤85 dB HL at 250 Hz and aged ≤18 years. Hearing preservation percentages are calculated using the HEARRING group formula.

JOURNAL/otneu/04.03/00129492-201810000-00008/inline-graphic1/v/2023-08-21T201615Z/r/image-tiff

Preservation of > 75% was considered complete, 25 to 75% partial, and 1 to 25% minimal. Patients were implanted with either MED-EL FLEX28 or Cochlear Nucleus CI522. Standardized operative technique with facial recess approach, posterior tympanotomy and minimally traumatic round window insertion.

Results:
Fifty-two implantations in 27 pediatric patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at implantation: 9.8 years. Average latest audiogram: 8 months. Mean total pre- and postoperative pure-tone averages were 82.8 and 92.6 dB. Seventeen (33%) ears demonstrated complete hearing preservation, 22 (42%) ears partial hearing preservation, 7 (13%) minimal hearing preservation, and 6 (12%) exhibited no acoustic hearing postoperatively. Mean hearing preservation was 55.5%.

Conclusion:
Hearing preservation is achievable to varying degrees in pediatric cochlear implantation using standard length electrodes though it is difficult to predict preoperatively which children may benefit. This study is among the largest additions to the knowledge base for this patient group.