bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eusebius’ Canon Tables as a Paratext for Ordering Textual Knowledge
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter situates the Eusebian apparatus against the backdrop of the theory and history of paratexts and the theory and history of information visualization. It argues that Eusebius’ Canon Tables were a highly original paratext and a remarkably sophisticated instance of information visualization when compared to what preceded them. The closest formal analogue to the Canon Tables is shown to be the astronomical tables composed by Ptolemy in the second century. When seen in relation to the fourfold gospel, the Canon Tables are a paratext that orders the textual material of the gospels by organizing it into relational categories and providing the user with a navigational system when reading the corpus.
The Origins of Scholarship on the Fourfold Gospel
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In his Letter to Carpianus Eusebius refers to an earlier author named Ammonius of Alexandria who, he says, left to posterity the Diatessaron-Gospel. This chapter first identifies the Ammonius in question and proposes that he was a philosopher well-known for his philological scholarship. It also elucidates the title and significance of his work through a comparison with Origen’s Hexapla. The second half of the chapter turns to Eusebius’ adaptation of Ammonius’ composition and argues that it provided him with the ‘starting points’ that he reworked to produce his marginal apparatus. Eusebius’ experimentations with information visualization and textual organization in his Chronicle and Pinax for the Psalms provided him with the insights he needed to accomplish this reworking. Finally, this chapter argues that the ten Canon Tables possessed cosmological resonances in the light of Eusebius’ comments elsewhere about the theology of numbers and creation.
What Do Police Community Support Officers Do?
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents a detailed account of what Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) do in their daily work, and the skills seen as essential in these tasks. It begins with a discussion of a ‘typical’ day for a PCSO in terms of its overall structure. It then considers the types of activities in which PCSOs engaged during the research, such as crime control or enforcement-related tasks, community engagement tasks, administrative tasks, and finally emergency-related work. The chapter then moves to the skills which were the most important for PCSOs to master: communication and the development of local knowledge. These analyses identify the ideal PCSO ‘performance’ which PCSOs will learn upon joining the organization and present and defend to their police officer colleagues and to the community members with whom they interact. This discussion utilizes observations and interviews from the staff and officers of the six neighbourhood teams who participated in this study.
Police Family Dynamics
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes and analyses the day-to-day encounters between Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) and police officer colleagues. These encounters are important to consider in order to understand fully PCSOs’ occupational experiences. The pluralized public police in England and Wales are often described as a police ‘family’. However, just how functional and harmonious a family this is is shown to be variable between and within police forces. The chapter considers the reasons for this from within a dramaturgical framework, to appreciate fully the nature and organization of these face-to-face interactions. In particular, Goffman’s concepts of performances, teamwork, and regions will be used. The chapter argues that police officers and PCSOs operate as separate performance teams, rather than as one unified one, and that the relationships between these teams varies. In some areas, the teams worked in a complementary way, whereas in others, the relationship was competitive.
Police Community Support Officer Culture in a Pluralized Field
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This penultimate chapter of the book brings together the research described so far and analyses its significance for an understanding of the occupational culture of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) within the pluralized field of public policing. The two phenomena of institutional undermining and complementary/competitive teams discussed previously in the book are combined through a theoretical framework developed by Chan (1997) to analyse police officer and PCSO culture. This highlights the processes of developing and enacting an occupational culture through storytelling, and it highlights its artefacts (two distinct aspects of occupational culture which are often conflated). Both PCSOs and police officers experience these processes and generate cultural artefacts. The chapter explores how these processes and artefacts for the two groups, while at times appearing similar, have significant differences, which reveals a unique PCSO occupational culture.
Conceptualizing Peace
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Different conceptions of peace have different implications for devising strategies of peacebuilding and peace maintenance. What it takes to achieve a negative peace is very different from what is required to achieve a positive peace. This chapter explores how the conceptual distinctions discussed in the Introduction map onto actual practice, with reference to the principal relevant peacebuilding actors: the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the African Union, the World Bank, and leading non-governmental organizations. What are the primary features of these organizations’ approaches to peacebuilding? How do they differ, if at all, in their understandings of the characteristics of, and requirements for, a stable peace?
Introduction
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Countries that have suffered civil war are at high risk of conflict relapse. While the international community expends billions of dollars and deploys thousands of personnel each year to help build peace in countries emerging from violent conflict, these efforts are hampered by the lack of effective means of assessing progress towards the achievement of a consolidated peace. Better assessment can inform peacebuilding actors in the reconfiguration and reprioritization of their operations in cases where conditions on the ground have deteriorated (or improved). We cannot know with certainty that a peace is stable but it is possible to ascertain the quality of a peace, and the vulnerability of that peace to conflict relapse, with higher levels of confidence.
Law and Custom before 1066
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter prepares the ground by exploring the character of law and custom in England before the emergence of the common law. The so-called codes issued by some of the Anglo-Saxon kings, especially the great doom-book of King Alfred, were not comprehensive bodies of law. Disputes were settled by customary methods, mostly in local assemblies, in the county and hundred. There were no lawyers or juries. Disputes of fact were tried by putting a party on oath, and in the most serious cases requiring the oath to be supported by a physical ‘ordeal’. Some features of the common-law system were in place before 1066, particularly the concepts of royal and seignorial jurisdiction, the pleas of the Crown, the delegation of royal authority to sheriffs and franchise-holders, and the use of writing as an exercise of authority.
The Court of Chancery and Equity
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces the history of the Court of Chancery and equity. The equitable jurisdiction derived from the extraordinary jurisdiction of the king’s council. By 1400 the chancellor had his own court and was issuing decrees in his own name. It was not tied to law but could coerce the conscience of a defendant, for instance to desist from an unconscionable suit at law. Equity was not in conflict with the law, but there was a dispute between Coke and Ellesmere in 1615 over injunctions after judgment. Most equitable principles began with relief given on the facts of individual cases, but the multitude of suits generated common principles, many of which were elucidated by Lord Nottingham. The court’s initially informal procedure became unmanageably complex as more suitors resorted to it. The later Chancery was a byword for delay and despair; the chapter ends with an account of its reform.
Real Property
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces the origins of real property law in the context of feudal tenure. In the feudal world of the twelfth century much discretion rested in the lord and his court, guided by custom, but the promise of Henry II to redress the injustices which had occurred during the reign of Stephen led to the establishment of remedies in the king’s courts which altered the nature of seisin and inheritance. A brief account is given of the writ of right, the assizes of novel disseisin and mort d’ancestor, and writs of entry. The latter part of the chapter examines the incidents of tenure, especially wardship and marriage, and explains how they gained importance as feudal services dwindled in value. The statute Quia Emptores 1290 put an end to the creation of tenures in fee simple, but tenure retained its importance because of its valuable incidents.
Real Property
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the history of settlements of land, the means whereby landowners could control the devolution of their real property in the future. The fee tail seemed at first to allow land to be tied to a family so long as it lasted, but means were found of ‘barring the entail’ by common recovery or final concord. Much confusion was caused by the operation of the Statutes of Uses and Wills on future interests, but the principal outcomes were the ‘executory interest’ and the legal power. Equitable interests also resurfaced in the form of trusts. Conveyancers sought to use the new statutory magic to create perpetuities, but eventually the courts struck down perpetuity clauses as contrary to public policy. The resulting doctrines were utilized to fashion the strict settlement, employed in most landed families for three centuries; its workings are here described.
Other Interests in Land
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the history of interests in land not already dealt with. The term of years, or leasehold, began as a chattel interest but changed character when it was used as a substitute for subinfeudation after 1290. The 1499 decision that possession could be recovered in the action of ejectment turned it into a ‘chattel real’. Villein tenure, renamed ‘copyhold’ in the fourteenth century, existed beyond the common law, in that it was regulated and protected by manorial custom; but the availability of ejectment to copyholders brought it within the common-law scheme of estates in the sixteenth century. The trust also became an ‘equitable estate’ in land, with different purposes from the medieval use. Mortgages were of considerable practical importance, though not until modern times as a device for buying property; the various forms are here outlined.
Quasi-Contract
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces the history of what used to be called quasi-contract but is now part of the law of restitution. It was principally concerned with the receipt of money which belonged in justice to someone else. The earliest relevant action was account, at first limited to agents and then extended to all receivers of money; this was an impracticable action and went into disuse. Actions on the case came to the rescue, particularly the action for money had and received (a species of indebitatus assumpsit). The latter action was used not only in traditional cases of accountability but also where money was received by mistake or compulsion, where income from property was taken by an interloper, or where a party to a failed contract sought rescission. Much of the history is hidden from view by fictions, but Lord Mansfield declared a general principle based on the equity of the common law.
Nuisance
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the law of nuisance. The medieval assize of nuisance and the action quod permittat were not comprehensive, because minor complaints of nuisance were supposed to go to local courts. The central courts acquired a wider and more effective jurisdiction through the use of actions on the case. It became necessary to distinguish between the protection of easements and profits, which were property rights, and the protection of natural rights such as freedom from noise and smell, which depended on balancing interests and reasonable compromises. Case also lay for isolated escapes of harmful matter, though the older cases were misunderstood by the Lords in Rylands v. Fletcher (1868) to rest on strict liability. Another misunderstanding concerned public nuisance, which was not a cause of action but a bar to actions by plaintiffs who could not show special loss.
Persons
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter, after some initial remarks about the legal status of women, aliens, and monks, is concerned with the history of personal liberty. Early law recognized the unfree status of villeins, but numerous means of escape brought villeinage to a de facto end by 1600. The law relating to imprisonment became controversial with the development of habeas corpus, relying on Magna Carta, as a remedy against arbitrary imprisonment under the royal prerogative. The controversy culminated in the debates on the liberty of the subject in 1628 and the Petition of Right. Religious freedom is considered next, beginning with the intolerant medieval heresy jurisdiction and its virtual extinction under Elizabeth I. But freedom of thought was not the same as freedom of worship, political expression, or assembly, which were constrained in various ways. The final section examines how far the English courts accepted black slavery, and how slavery was eventually abolished.
A Stalled Revolution and the Gender-Egalitarian Policy Agenda
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the gendered division of labor, demonstrating that paid work and unpaid caregiving labor remain unequally distributed according to gender and that political interventions can be effective in inducing families to share work more equally. The main goal in this review of the empirical literature is to motivate the project. I then set out the menu of gender-egalitarian interventions that would be, if implemented, promising strategies for eroding the gendered division of labor. Finally, I explore political liberalism’s commitment to mutual respect, working to get more precise about what the gender-egalitarian interventions in question do, why they are appropriately regarded as subsidies for gender-egalitarian lifestyles, and why subsidizing gender egalitarianism seems, intuitively, to be at odds with mutual respect. The goal here is to build a rough understanding of the reciprocity considerations embedded in the ideal of mutual respect.
The Challenge of Liberal Legitimacy
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There are a few “easy fixes” or “work-arounds” that may appear to dispel the tension between the gender-egalitarian political agenda and a commitment to politically liberal legitimacy. First, we might argue that those who oppose gender egalitarianism are unreasonable, and thus fall outside the justificatory community that liberalism is committed to respecting. Second, we might argue that gender-norm-compliant choices are non-voluntary, and so need not be respected within liberal political institutions. Finally, we might argue that the gendered division of labor violates basic liberties, and so can be politically remediated on those grounds, even if the means of remediation are controversial. This chapter addresses each possibility and shows why they are not promising fixes. The main goals are to show that the problem is genuine and cannot be easily dispelled by some tempting quick fixes, and in so doing to clear the way for consideration of more promising solutions.
The Mal-Distribution Strategy
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter critiques the prevailing strategy for defending gender-egalitarian political interventions as legitimate exercises of political power compliant with the neutrality constraint. According to this strategy, the gendered division of labor constitutes or causes unjust distributions of goods, and gender-egalitarian interventions can be legitimate means to remedy those unjust distributions. This strategy is appealing because of its apparent promise of justifying gender-egalitarian policies without making any judgments as to the relative value of gender-egalitarian and gender-inegalitarian lifestyles. I argue that, despite its appeal, this strategy is inadequate. First, the distributional strategy is not compliant with the neutrality constraint in the way that its proponents have claimed; second, independently of liberal legitimacy, the injustice of the gendered division of labor is not best diagnosed as distributional.
The Family and the Basic Structure
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins the work of defending my own approach to justifying gender-egalitarian interventions. The first step is to defend against a line of thought according to which the interventions are categorically illegitimate due to the restriction of justice to institutions. The traditional liberal view holds that institutions and structural features of society are the primary subject matter of justice, and that principles of justice apply to individuals’ behavior only derivatively. Critics of this “basic structure” view maintain that it too narrowly construes the purview of justice, and that principles of justice can also apply directly to the behaviors of individual agents. If the basic structure view is vindicated, that would apparently condemn gender-egalitarian interventions as illegitimate on their face. I argue that some version of the restricted view is defensible, but that such a version will not categorically classify gender-egalitarian interventions as illegitimate.
Case functions
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNominative is the case of most subjects but not all subjects are nominative. So-called quirky subjects (as in dative absolutes) serve as binders for anaphors. There is no special case for topics, which are generally indicated by movement of some constituent to the left periphery. Although the vocative was largely lost as a morphological category, it remained syntactically distinct. The accusative is used for direct objects, cognate objects, secondary predicates, perlatives, and allatives. The genitive is plurifunctional. Adverbal and partitive genitives pattern together, as do adnominal and relational. The polyfunctional dative syncretizes the Indo-European dative, locative, ablative, and instrumental. Verbs with oblique case complements generally passivize with nominative subjects, but with double object verbs, the oblique case remains in passive structures.
Compounding
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGothic is rich in endocentric N+N compounds. Except for V+N, other kinds of nominal endocentrics are also plentiful. Less frequent are adjectival endocentrics. Most productive of the exocentric compounds is the adjectival type (bahuvrihis). Predominant among the synthetic type are those with -(j)an- and participial heads. Gothic has identificational compounds but possibly no dvandvas. These are difficult to identify due to uncertainties in the meaning of the constituents. Several compounding heads were grammaticalized as suffixes, most notably -laus (free from, deprived of) and -leiks ((a)like, -ly). A composition vowel is normal in endocentrics. Bahuvrihis with a non-n-stem adjectival first component have no juncture -a-, nor do compounds beginning with a P-word or indeclinable numeral. No compound types are shared exclusively by Gothic and North Germanic.
Linearization and typology
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the linear order of phrasal constituents. Subject pronouns preferentially precede the verb directly. Object pronouns generally follow the verb. Reflexives with few exceptions follow the verb and precede non-reflexives. D-words generally precede nouns and adjectives. Only prepositional phrases occur, from which non-deictic Ds are excluded. Attributive and possessive adjectives tend to follow the noun, quantifiers to precede. The default position for genitives is postnominal. Partitive genitives are nearly always postposed. Discourse particles belong to the left periphery. Some force their host to sentence-initial, especially V1, position. In native Gothic, verbs follow predicate adjectives and auxiliaries follow verbs, as is typical of verb-final languages. Imperatives raise to the left periphery. The negator ni forms a tight constituent with the verb. The chapter closes with a brief overview of Gothic in the context of Germanic word order typology.
Nietzsche on the Decadence and Flourishing of Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Nietzsche’s first book The Birth of Tragedy (1872), cultural renewal is paramount among his concerns. The standard story about Nietzsche’s philosophical development is that he soon becomes disillusioned with this project, and his mature philosophy undergoes a radical shift. Instead of reposing his hopes in a broader culture, he comes to occupy himself instead with the fate of a few great individuals, or, at the extreme, perhaps mainly with his own quasi-artistic self-cultivation. The book questions this individualist reading that has become prevalent, and develops an alternative reading of Nietzsche as a more social thinker, whose sees cultural excellence as no less important. Nietzsche, on this reading, does not think that great individuals are all that ultimately matter. What matter too are whole cultures, understood not just as sources of artistic stimulation or existential succor, but, like great individuals, as ends in themselves: namely, as the collective manifestation of powerful, beautiful, and admirable forms of human life. The best cultures, as Nietzsche will repeatedly suggest, are like great artworks. The book develops this analogy, one with a heritage in the German Romantics, and explores its philosophical implications. It uses Nietzsche’s perfectionistic ideal of a flourishing culture, and his diagnostics of cultural malaise, as a point of departure for reconsidering many of the central themes in his ethics and social philosophy, as well as for understanding the interconnections with the form of cultural criticism that was part and parcel of his distinctive philosophical enterprise.
The Uses and Disadvantages of Bildung for Culture
Authors: Huddleston Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses Nietzsche’s relationship to the Bildung tradition in German thought, a tradition running, in its heyday, from Weimar classicism through the German Romantics and beyond. The chapter investigates two texts primarily, Nietzsche’s “David Strauss” essay and his lectures “On the Future of Our Educational Institutions.” A key theme from the “David Strauss” essay, and elsewhere in the Untimely Meditations, is that true Bildung will not be a mere accumulation of cultural experiences, but rather will involve a kind of inner transformation. The chapter charts the way this ideal continues into Nietzsche’s later work as a model of self-shaping for individuals to undertake. Nietzsche, in “On the Future of Our Educational Institutions,” is pessimistic that such genuine Bildung is possible for most people.