bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stream macrophytes increase invertebrate production and fish habitat utilization in a California stream
Authors: Lusardi Robert A. , Jeffres Carson A. , Moyle Peter B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStable flow and thermal regimes, coupled with geologically derived nutrients, are drivers of enhanced productivity in volcanic spring‐fed rivers. However, little information exists on biotic mechanisms or species interactions contributing to elevated productivity at higher trophic levels. In a California stream, juvenile steelhead trout were observed to preferentially select macrophyte habitat at a rate three times greater, on average, than five other habitat types. To understand the potential rearing benefits associated with macrophytes, we conducted a manipulative experiment to determine how macrophytes affect invertebrate prey availability and stream water velocity. Macrophytes supported up to nine times greater abundance of invertebrates than adjacent open gravel habitats. They also doubled invertebrate drift rates and reduced water velocity by up to 42‐fold. The results show that aquatic macrophytes are an important stream habitat feature that may be bioenergetically more favourable for rearing salmonids than more traditional lotic habitats. We suggest that macrophytes have the potential to enhance growth rates of juvenile salmonids when compared with other habitat types. Habitats that confer growth and size advantages may ultimately improve fitness and contribute to conservation of imperilled salmonids.
Highly Stable COF‐Supported Co/Co(OH)2 Nanoparticles Heterogeneous Catalyst for Reduction of Nitrile/Nitro Compounds under Mild Conditions
Authors: Mullangi Dinesh , Chakraborty Debanjan , Pradeep Anu , Koshti Vijay , Vinod Chathakudath P. , Panja Soumendranath , Nair Sunil , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOrdered nanoporosity in covalent organic framework (COF) offers excellent opportunity for property development. Loading nanoparticles (nPs) onto them is one approach to introducing tailor‐made properties into a COF. Here, a COF–Co/Co(OH)2 composite containing about 16 wt% of <6 nm sized Co/Co(OH)2 nPs is prepared on a N‐rich COF support that catalyzes the release of theoretical equivalence of H2 from readily available, safe, and cheap NaBH4. Furthermore, the released H2 is utilized for the hydrogenation of nitrile and nitro compounds to amines under ambient conditions in a facile one‐pot reaction. The COF “by choice” is built from “methoxy” functionalized dialdehydes which is crucial in enabling the complete retention of the COF structure under the conditions of the catalysis, where the regular Schiff bonds would have hydrolyzed. The N‐rich binding pockets in the COF ensure strong nP–COF interactions, which provides stability and enables catalyst recycling. Modeling studies reveal the crucial role played by the COF in exposing the active facets and thereby in controlling the activation of the reducing agent. Additionally, via density functional theory, we provide a rational explanation for how these COFs can stabilize nanoparticles which grow beyond the limiting pore size of the COF and yet result in a truly stable heterogeneous catalyst – a ubiquitous observation. The study underscores the versatility of COF as a heterogeneous support for developing cheap and highly active nonnoble metal catalysts.
An Electroactive and Transparent Haptic Interface Utilizing Soft Elastomer Actuators with Silver Nanowire Electrodes
Authors: Jun Kiwoo , Kim Jongnam , Oh Il‐Kwon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn electroactive and transparent haptic interface having a rectangular void pattern creates tunable surface textures by controlling the wavelength and amplitude of independent void‐lines. To make an active tactile surface, the transparent haptic interface employs a silver nanowire (AgNW) electrode to be compliant with the deformed elastomer surface. Here, the dielectric elastomer is newly blended with polydimethylsiloxane and Ecoflex prepolymer to simultaneously control the mechanical stiffness and transparency. The relative resistance of the AgNW electrode on a single void line is nearly unchanged under bending test, confirming the high stretchability and conductivity of the nanowire‐networked electrode. The optical transparencies are 92–85%, depending on the ratio of the Ecoflex solution. Transparency values decreas by 7 and 16% after coating with AgNWs at densities of 30 and 140 mg m−2, respectively. Using EP31, the void line is deformed by 90 µm under a field intensity of 13.0 V µm−1. The haptic surface is successfully controlled by applying voltage, which produces four different surface textures, from relatively smooth to rough feeling, depending on the distance between deformed void lines. This haptic interface can be applied to diverse display systems as an external add‐on screen and will help to realize programmable surface textures in the future.
Biofriendly, Stretchable, and Reusable Hydrogel Electronics as Wearable Force Sensors
Authors: Liu Hao , Li Moxiao , Ouyang Cheng , Lu Tian Jian , Li Fei , Xu Feng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe ever‐growing overlap between stretchable electronic devices and wearable healthcare applications is igniting the discovery of novel biocompatible and skin‐like materials for human‐friendly stretchable electronics fabrication. Amongst all potential candidates, hydrogels with excellent biocompatibility and mechanical features close to human tissues are constituting a promising troop for realizing healthcare‐oriented electronic functionalities. In this work, based on biocompatible and stretchable hydrogels, a simple paradigm to prototype stretchable electronics with an embedded three‐dimensional (3D) helical conductive layout is proposed. Thanks to the 3D helical structure, the hydrogel electronics present satisfactory mechanical and electrical robustness under stretch. In addition, reusability of stretchable electronics is realized with the proposed scenario benefiting from the swelling property of hydrogel. Although losing water would induce structure shrinkage of the hydrogel network and further undermine the function of hydrogel in various applications, the worn‐out hydrogel electronics can be reused by simply casting it in water. Through such a rehydration procedure, the dehydrated hydrogel can absorb water from the surrounding and then the hydrogel electronics can achieve resilience in mechanical stretchability and electronic functionality. Also, the ability to reflect pressure and strain changes has revealed the hydrogel electronics to be promising for advanced wearable sensing applications.
Novel Non‐Carbon Sulfur Hosts Based on Strong Chemisorption for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhu Yanfang , Wang Shun , Miao Zongcheng , Liu Yong , Chou Shu‐Lei 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as promising candidates for energy storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity and high energy density. The application of Li–S batteries is hindered by several obstacles, however, including the shuttle effect, poor electrical conductivity, and the severe volume expansion of sulfur. The traditional method is to integrate sulfur with carbon materials. But the interaction between polysulfide intermediates and carbon is only weak physical adsorption, which easily leads to the escape of species from the framework (shuttle effect) of the material causing capacity loss. Recently, however, there has been a trend for the introduction of novel non‐carbon materials as sulfur hosts based on the strong chemisorption. This review highlights recent research progress on novel non‐carbon sulfur hosts based on strong chemisorption, in Li–S batteries. In comparison with carbon‐based sulfur hosts, most non‐carbon sulfur hosts have been demonstrated to be polar host materials that could efficiently adsorb polysulfide via strong chemisorption, mitigating their dissolution. The intrinsic mechanism associated with the role of non‐carbon‐based host materials in improving the performance of Li–S batteries is discussed.
Metal Halide Perovskites: From Crystal Formations to Light‐Emitting‐Diode Applications
Authors: Kim Young‐Hoon , Kim Sungjin , Jo Seung Hyeon , Lee Tae‐Woo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetal halide perovskites (MHPs) are promising light emitters because they have high color purity, high charge‐carrier mobility, comparable energy levels with organic semiconductors, and the possibility of diverse crystal forms and various crystal formation methods. Since the first report of MHP light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) in 2014, many researchers have devoted efforts to increase the luminescence efficiencies of MHPs in various crystal forms, and achieved dramatically improved photoluminescence quantum efficiency of >90% in MHP emitters and external quantum efficiency of ≈14.36% in PeLEDs. Here, the recent progress regarding PeLEDs is reviewed by categorizing MHPs into three types: polycrystalline bulk films, colloidal nanocrystals, and single crystals. The main focus is on photophysical properties, crystallization methods, and mechanisms of various crystal formation, and applications to PeLEDs. Future research directions are also suggested and an outlook for MHP emitters and PeLEDs is given.
Investigation of the Enhanced Lithium Battery Storage in a Polyoxometalate Model: From Solid Spheres to Hollow Balls
Authors: Liu Wen‐Jing , Yu Ge , Zhang Mi , Li Run‐Han , Dong Long‐Zhang , Zhao Hui‐Si , Chen Yong‐Jun , Xin Zhi‐Feng , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMaterials with hollow structures are generally considered more conducive to lithium‐ion storage than solid materials, but there is no suitable crystal model system to illustrate it. Herein, it is successfully simulated by utilizing polyoxometalate models to compare the lithium‐ion battery performances. New crystals, EMI‐PMo12 (EMI: 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) with solid sphere and EMI‐Mo72V30 and EMI‐Mo132 with hollow structures, are synthesized. In order to increase their electronic conductivity, the composites EMI‐PMo12@rGO, EMI‐Mo72V30@rGO, and EMI‐Mo132@rGO (rGO: reduced graphene oxide) can be prepared by introducing rGO. The composite EMI‐Mo72V30@rGO delivers a reversible capacity of 1145 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, and the capacity retentions are nearly 100% at 2000 mA g−1 for over 500 cycles. This study not only provides a promising avenue toward manufacturing and developing new‐generation electrode materials in lithium‐ion storage but also proposes a mechanism toward comparing their performances at the molecular level.
Peer collaborative writing in the EAP classroom: Insights from a Canadian postsecondary context
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata Kumar , Hilman Brianna , Roy Sylvie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPeer collaborative second language (L2) writing has recently gained a lot of traction (Hu & Lam, 2009; Swain & Lapkin, 2013) as both instructors and students recognize its advantages. Although research on peer feedback in L2 contexts has a long history, peer collaborative L2 writing research has been sparse. This article reports on a study that investigated student perceptions on collaboration in an extended, take‐home writing assignment in an English for academic purposes context at a Canadian university. Data were collected from questionnaire surveys, student writing, and semistructured interviews. Findings suggest that although there are some challenges in peer collaborative writing, it also has certain benefits. The main challenges identified were participants’ unfamiliarity with peer collaboration, lack of clear instructions regarding the steps to be followed, unequal proficiency levels within groups, and group members’ different backgrounds, causing difficulty in communication among partners. The benefits include students’ critical awareness about the use of language in academic writing, which led to an improved understanding of the meaning‐making processes in text production. Drawing on these findings, the authors discuss implications for teaching and learning.
Multiline anchor force dynamics in floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Fontana Casey M. , Hallowell Spencer T. , Arwade Sanjay R. , DeGroot Don J. , Landon Melissa E. , Aubeny Charles P. , Diaz Brian , Myers Andrew T. , Ozmutlu Senol 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFloating offshore wind energy has seen significant progress, evidenced by multiple demonstration projects and the first floating wind farm (Hywind Scotland). However, the high capital cost associated with floating wind development remains one of the primary hurdles in the industry's growth. In efforts to lower this cost, this paper investigates a novel shared anchor concept to reduce the total number of anchors and installations. Two different multiline geometries are studied—a 3‐line anchor system and a 6‐line anchor system. Simulations of the anchor forces are generated using National Renewable Energy Laboratory's OC4‐DeepCwind semisubmersible floating system and 5‐MW wind turbine, and the anchor forces of the 2 different multiline geometries are compared to those of a conventional single‐line anchor geometry. Multiline anchor net force is calculated by vector summing the contributing tensions of the lines connected to the anchor. Results show that the behavior of the multiline anchor net force is governed by the connected line contributing the largest tension. Mean and maximum anchor forces are decreased in the 3‐line anchor system and increased in the 6‐line anchor system, relative to the single‐line system. The average direction of multiline anchor net force is aligned with environmental load direction, and a wider range of multiline anchor net force directions are exhibited for wave‐dominated load cases. Direction reversal of the multiline anchor net force under constant wind, wave, and current direction is small and infrequent. These force direction results reveal that a multiline anchor must have axisymmetric strength.
Improving the efficiency of wind farms via wake manipulation
Authors: Bader Shujaut H. , Inguva Venkatesh , Perot J. B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWind turbine farms suffer from wake losses, where the downstream turbines generate less power, and/or the leading turbines are throttled to reduce the downstream power losses. In this paper, we focus on possible external modifications that can enhance the wind turbines' performance when they are operating in a farm environment. In particular, this study is interested in enhancing the performance of the downstream turbines in wind farms. The idea is to move each turbine's wake down and away from subsequent turbines. This goal is achieved by using stationary external airfoils that are placed in proximity to the rotating blades. A number of different designs are tested and the design concepts are tested using Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes simulations of an aligned array of 2 wind turbines. The turbines are modeled as actuator disks with axial induction and are placed in a velocity field that is modeled as a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer. It is found that fixed external airfoils can enable partial or full power recovery at turbine separations of as small as 3 rotor diameters downstream. We will also demonstrate that some devices can also improve the performance of the upstream turbine. The physical reasons for these power recovery phenomena are discussed.
Improvement in bone marrow infiltration in patients with type I Gaucher disease treated with taliglucerase alfa
Authors: Zimran Ari , Dinur Tama , Revel‐Vilk Shoshana , Akkerman Eric M. , van Dussen Laura , Hollak Carla E. M. , Maayan Hannah , Altarescu Gheona , Chertkoff Raul , Maas Mario 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPreliminary data suggest a positive effect of taliglucerase alfa on the bone marrow infiltration of Gaucher cells. In this investigator‐initiated study, we report the impact of taliglucerase alfa on the bone marrow fat fraction (FF) in 26 patients assessed by quantitative chemical shift imaging (QCSI). Of 15 treatment‐naïve patients (median age 48 [range 24–68] years), eight had baseline FF ≤ 0.3, six of those with a FF ≤ 0.23 (‘bone at risk’). All significantly improved from a median baseline FF of 0.24 (0.15–0.32) to 1st year FF of 0.37 (0.25–0.54) and 2nd year FF of 0.42 (0.27–0.59) (p = 0.01). Among the 11 ‘switch‐over’ patients (median age 42 [range 33–69] years; median imiglucerase exposure 8 [range 1–17] years), eight had baseline FF ≤ 0.3, five of those with FF < 0.23. All, but one, significantly improved from a median baseline FF of 0.17 (0.08–0.28) to 1st year FF of 0.3 (0.05–0.34) and 2nd year FF of 0.34 (0.08–0.44) (p = 0.03). Two elderly female patients (age 43 and 58 years, with 17 years imiglucerase exposure) who remained at the same enzyme replacement therapy dose, increased from baseline FF of 0.13 and 0.19 to 0.26 at 1 year. Although the number of observations is small, we hypothesize that switching to taliglucerase may result in an improved bone marrow response. A larger study is needed to assess the early benefit of taliglucerase alfa in adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease on the bone marrow compartment.
Basic Science Research Trends in Orthopedic Surgery: An Analysis of the Top 100 Cited Articles
Authors: Nayar Suresh K. , Dein Eric J. , Bernard Johnathan A. , Zikria Bashir A. , Spiker Andrea M. 
Published: July 2018

Background Much of current clinical orthopedics traces its origin to basic science investigation of cellular and biochemical pathways, tissue engineering, and biomechanics of bone and joint physiology in animal and cadaveric models. Questions/Purposes We sought to describe research trends in highly cited basic science studies in orthopedics. Methods By searching Web of Science, we identified the 100 most cited basic science orthopedics articles and focused on author position and degree (PhD, MD, or MD/PhD), topic, type of study, country, institution, and citation trends. Results These articles were published from 1970 to 2008 (citation range, 330 to 2111), with the majority from the USA (78). While there was no correlation between years since publication and total citations, more recent articles had higher citation rates. There were 38 unique first authors represented, with Caplan, Harris, Mankin, Noyes, and Warren as primary authors or co-authors of four articles each. Twelve journals published these 100 articles, with the majority in Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (46) and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (18). Frequent topics included biomechanics (31), healing/regeneration (21), and cellular/molecular biology (13). The Hospital for Special Surgery/Cornell University (10) published the most, followed by the Hospital for Joint Diseases/New York University (6), and University of Pittsburgh (6). No difference was observed in total citations and average citation rate by author degree. Eight articles were contributed from privately owned institutions or industry, with the rest from academic hospitals. Conclusion This review may aid those seeking insight into landmark studies and future direction of basic science research in orthopedics.
Who Gets What in Foreign Affairs? Explaining the Allocation of Foreign Ministries in Coalition Governments
Authors: Oppermann Kai , Brummer Klaus 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn coalition governments, political parties are concerned not only with how many but also with which departments they control. The foreign ministry is among the most highly considered prizes in coalition negotiations. This article develops hypotheses to explain under which conditions the foreign ministry is likely to be allocated to a ‘junior coalition partner’. The factors that are hypothesized to affect the allocation are: the relative size of coalition parties; the proximity of their foreign policy positions; the party family of the junior coalition party; the salience of foreign policy to the coalition parties; and past allocations of the foreign ministry to junior coalition partners. Employing a crisp-set qualitative comparative analysis, the article demonstrates that although the conjunction of the junior partner being relatively large and it having led the foreign ministry in the past is not sufficient by itself, those two factors are very influential in the junior partner being allocated the foreign ministry.
Examining the association between hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection and multiple-bed room exposure: a case-control study
Authors: Vaisman Alon , Jula Michael , Wagner Jessica , Winston Lisa G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether assignment to a multiple-bed room increased the risk of hospital-onset C. difficile diarrhea (HO-CDI).DesignCase-control study.SettingSan Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center.PopulationAdult general medical and surgical inpatients.MethodsConsecutive cases of HO-CDI were identified between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015. To investigate the effect of multiple-bed room exposure both at admission and at the time of symptom onset, 2 sets of controls were selected from the general medical/surgical inpatient population using incidence density sampling. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between room assignment (single bed vs multiple beds) and the development of HO-CDI.ResultsIn total, 187 cases were identified and matched with 512 and 515 controls for the admission and at-diagnosis analyses, respectively. The adjusted rate ratio (RR) associated with the development HO-CDI associated with multiple-bed room exposure during the 7 and 14 days immediately prior to HO-CDI diagnosis were 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93–1.25; P=.31) and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93–1.18; P=.12), respectively. Furthermore, no significant association was detected in the analysis of the first 7 and 14 days after case admission or among patients with Charlson comorbidity scores ≥4 in either period.ConclusionAssignment of patients to multiple-bed rooms on general medical and surgical wards was not associated with an increased risk in the development of HO-CDI. Future investigation should be performed with larger cohorts in multiple sites to more definitively address the question because this issue could have implications for patient room assignment and hospital design.
Maximal heat transfer between two parallel plates
Authors: Motoki Shingo , Kawahara Genta , Shimizu Masaki 
Published: July 2018

The divergence-free time-independent velocity field has been determined so as to maximise heat transfer between two parallel plates with a constant temperature difference under the constraint of fixed total enstrophy. The present variational problem is the same as that first formulated by Hassanzadeh et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 751, 2014, pp. 627–662); however, the search range for optimal states has been extended to a three-dimensional velocity field. A scaling of the Nusselt number $Nu$ with the Péclet number $Pe$ (i.e., the square root of the non-dimensionalised enstrophy with thermal diffusion time scale), $Nu\sim Pe^{2/3}$, has been found in the three-dimensional optimal states, corresponding to the asymptotic scaling with the Rayleigh number $Ra$, $Nu\sim Ra^{1/2}$, expected to appear in an ultimate state, and thus to the Taylor energy dissipation law in high-Reynolds-number turbulence. At $Pe\sim 10^{0}$, a two-dimensional array of large-scale convection rolls provides maximal heat transfer. A three-dimensional optimal solution emerges from bifurcation on the two-dimensional solution branch at $Pe\sim 10^{1}$, and the three-dimensional solution branch has been tracked up to $Pe\sim 10^{4}$ (corresponding to $Ra\approx 2.7\times 10^{6}$). At $Pe\gtrsim 10^{3}$, the optimised velocity fields consist of convection cells with hierarchical self-similar vortical structures, and the temperature fields exhibit a logarithmic-like mean profile near the walls.