bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monazite as a monitor for melt‐rock interaction during cooling and exhumation
Authors: Prent Alexander M. , Beinlich Andreas , Morrissey Laura J. , Raimondo Tom , Clark Chris , Putnis Andrew 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGranulite facies cordierite–garnet–biotite gneisses from the southeastern Reynolds Range, central Australia, contain both orthopyroxene‐bearing and orthopyroxene‐free quartzofeldspathic leucosomes. Mineral reaction microstructures at the interface of gneiss and leucosome observed in outcrop and petrographically, reflect melt‐rock interaction during crystallization. Accessory monazite, susceptible to fluid alteration, dissolution and recrystallization at high temperature, is tested for its applicability to constrain the chemical and P–T–time evolution of melt‐rock reactions during crystallization upon cooling. Bulk rock geochemistry and phase equilibria modelling constrain peak pressure and temperature conditions to 6.5–7.5 kbar and ~850°C, and U–Pb geochronology constrains the timing of monazite crystallization to 1.55 Ga, coeval with the Chewings Orogeny. Modelling predicts the presence of up to 15 vol.% melt at peak metamorphic conditions. Upon cooling below 800°C, melt extraction and in situ crystallization of melt decrease the melt volume to less than 7%, at which time it becomes entrapped and melt pockets induce replacement reactions in the adjacent host rock. Replacement reactions of garnet, orthopyroxene and K‐feldspar liberate Y, REE, Eu and U in addition to Mg, Fe, Al, Si and K.We demonstrate that distinguishing between monazite varieties solely on the basis of U–Pb ages cannot solve the chronological order of events in this study, nor does it tie monazite to the evolution of melt or stability of rock‐forming minerals. Rather, we argue that analyses of various internal monazite textures, their composition and overprinting relations allow us to identify the chronology of events following the metamorphic peak. We infer that retrograde reactions involving garnet, orthopyroxene and K‐feldspar can be attributed to melt‐rock interaction subsequent to partial melting, which is reflected in the development of compositionally distinct monazite textural domains. Internal monazite textures and their composition are consistent with dissolution and precipitation reactions induced by a high‐T melt. Monazite rims enriched in Y, HREE, Eu and U indicate an increased availability of these elements, consistent with the breakdown of orthopyroxene, garnet and K‐feldspar observed petrographically. Our study indicates that compositional and textural analysis of monazite in relation to major rock‐forming minerals can be used to infer the post‐peak chemical evolution of partial melts during high‐ to ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism.
The timing of migmatization in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield: Evidence for a juvenile sedimentary component in collision‐related batholiths
Authors: Elisha Bar , Katzir Yaron , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. , Golan Tzahi , Coble Matthew A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCollision‐related granitoid batholiths, like those of the Hercynian and Himalayan orogens, are mostly fed by magma derived from metasedimentary sources. However, in the late Neoproterozoic calcalkaline (CA) batholiths of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS), which constitutes the northern half of the East African orogen, any sedimentary contribution is obscured by the juvenile character of the crust and the scarcity of migmatites. Here, we use paired in situ LASS‐ICP‐MS measurements of U–Th–Pb isotope ratios and REE contents of monazite and xenotime and SHRIMP‐RG analyses of separated zircon to demonstrate direct linkage between migmatites and granites in the northernmost ANS. Our results indicate a single prolonged period of monazite growth at 640–600 Ma, in metapelites, migmatites and peraluminous granites of three metamorphic suites: Abu‐Barqa (SW Jordan), Roded (S Israel) and Taba–Nuweiba (Sinai, Egypt). The distribution of monazite dates and age zoning in single monazite grains in migmatites suggest that peak thermal conditions, involving partial melting, prevailed for c. 10 Ma, from 620 to 610 Ma. REE abundances in monazite are well correlated with age, recording garnet growth and garnet breakdown in association with the prograde and retrograde stages of the melting reactions, respectively. Xenotime dates cluster at 600–580 Ma, recording retrogression to greenschist facies conditions as garnet continued to destabilize. Phase equilibrium modelling and mineral thermobarometry yield P–T conditions of ~650–680°C and 5–7 kbar, consistent with either water‐fluxed or muscovite‐breakdown melting. The expected melt production is 8–10 vol.%, allowing a melt connectivity network to form leading to melt segregation and extraction. U–Pb ages of zircon rims from leucosomes indicate crystallization of melt at 610 ± 10 Ma, coinciding with the emplacement of a vast volume of CA granites throughout the northern ANS, which were previously considered post‐collisional. Similar monazite ages (c. 620 Ma) retrieved from the amphibolite facies Elat schist indicate that migmatites are the result of widespread regional rather than local contact metamorphism, representing the climax of the East African orogenesis.
Treating osteoporosis to prevent fractures: current concepts and future developments
Authors: Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAntiresorptive drugs, such as the bisphosphonates and the RANKL inhibitor denosumab, are currently the most widely used osteoporosis medications. These drugs increase bone mineral density (BMD) and reduce the risk of vertebral (by 40–70%), nonvertebral (by 25–40%) and hip fractures (by 40–53%) in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Due to the risk of rare side‐effects, the use of bisphosphonates has been limited to up to 10 years with oral bisphosphonates and 6 years with intravenous zoledronic acid. Despite their well‐proven efficacy and safety, few women at high risk of fracture are started on treatment. Case finding strategies, such as fracture risk‐based screening in primary care using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) and Fracture Liaison Services, have proved effective in increasing treatment rates and reducing fracture rates. Recently, anabolic therapy with teriparatide was demonstrated to be superior to the bisphosphonate risedronate in preventing vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women with vertebral fracture. Treatment with the sclerostin antibody romosozumab increases BMD more profoundly and rapidly than alendronate and is also superior to alendronate in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. For patients with severe osteoporosis and high fracture risk, bisphosphonates alone are unlikely to be able to provide long‐term protection against fracture and restore BMD. For those patients, sequential treatment, starting with a bone‐building drug (e.g. teriparatide), followed by an antiresorptive, will likely provide better long‐term fracture prevention and should be the golden standard of future osteoporosis treatment.
Marginal Discrepancies of Monolithic Zirconia Crowns: The Influence of Preparation Designs and Sintering Techniques
Authors: Ahmed Walaa Magdy , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , McCullagh Anthony P. , Wyatt Chris C.L. , Troczynski Tom , Carvalho Ricardo M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeThe marginal fit is an essential component for the clinical success of prosthodontic restorations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different abutment finish line widths and crown thicknesses on the marginal fit of zirconia crowns fabricated using either standard or fast sintering protocols.Materials and MethodsSix titanium abutments were fabricated for receiving zirconia molar crowns. Crowns were designed virtually and milled from partially sintered zirconia blanks and divided into 12 groups (n = 10/group). Crowns in groups 1 to 6 were sintered by standard sintering, while those in groups 7 to 12 were sintered by fast sintering. Groups were further categorized according to abutment finish line and crown thickness: G1/G7 (0.5 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G2/G8 (0.5 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick); G3/G9 (1.0 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G4/10 (1.0 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick); G5/G11 (1.2 mm chamfer, 0.8 mm thick); G6/G12 (1.2 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick). The marginal gaps were assessed at 8 locations using digital microscopy. The linear mixed effect model analysis was performed at a significance level of 0.05.ResultsAll vertical marginal gaps were within the clinically acceptable range (∼11‐52 μm). G8 (FS, 0.5 mm chamfer, 1.5 mm thick) demonstrated the largest gaps (47.95 μm, 95% CI: 44.57‐51.23), whereas G3 (SS, 1.0 mm chamfer, 0.8 thick) had the smallest marginal gap (14.43 μm, 95% CI: 11.15‐17.71). A linear mixed effect models showed significant differences for the interaction between finish line × crown thickness × sintering (F = 18.96, p < 0.001). The lingual surfaces showed the largest gaps in both sintering protocols, while the mesial and mesiobuccal surfaces demonstrated the smallest gaps.ConclusionsThere was a significant interaction between finish line widths, crown thickness, and sintering protocol on the marginal gaps in both sintering protocols; 1.0 mm finish line preparations with either 0.8 mm or 1.5 mm occlusal reduction had better marginal fit in both sintering protocols compared to 0.5 mm or 1.2 mm finish lines. Smaller marginal discrepancies were observed for standard sintering crowns with a 0.5 mm finish line and 1.5 mm occlusal reduction. Conservative occlusal reduction should be accompanied with a 1.2 mm finish line to obtain better marginal fit for full‐contoured zirconia crowns.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tramadol in Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata domestica)
Authors: Bailey Ryan S. , Sheldon Julie D. , Allender Matthew C. , Papich Mark G. , Chinnadurai Sathya K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study documents the pharmacokinetics of oral tramadol in Muscovy ducks. Six ducks received a single 30 mg/kg dose of tramadol, orally by stomach tube, with blood collection prior to and up to 24 hr after tramadol administration. Plasma tramadol, and metabolites O‐desmethyltramadol (M1), and N,O‐didesmethyltramadol (M5) concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a one‐compartment model with first‐order input. No adverse effects were noted after oral administration. All ducks achieved plasma concentrations of tramadol above 0.10 μg/ml and maintained those concentrations for at least 12 hr. Elimination half‐life was 3.95 hr for tramadol in ducks, which is similar to other avian species. All ducks in this study produced the M1 metabolite and maintained plasma concentrations above 0.1 μg/ml for at least 24 hr.
Storytelling in troubled times: what is the role for educators in the deep crises of the 21st century?
Authors: Facer Keri 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis essay examines the role of educators in the tangled economic, social, environmental and technological crises of the present time. It argues that a central purpose of education in this period is to support students to imagine and make liveable futures on their own terms. To do this, the paper proposes that the colonizing, optimizing and catastrophic stories that dominate accounts of the relationship between education and the future should be replaced by a recognition of students and worlds as co‐emerging. It introduces resources from the fields of anticipation, temporality and decolonial studies that gesture towards a new educational practice. It concludes by arguing that supporting students to make, tell and listen to stories has a critical role to play in enabling students to identify and articulate desires, hopes, fears and dreams for the future and to engage with the rich complexities of the present.
Is research on professional identity formation biased? Early insights from a scoping review and metasynthesis
Authors: Volpe Rebecca L , Hopkins Margaret , Haidet Paul , Wolpaw Daniel R , Adams Nancy E 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveDespite a recent surge in literature identifying professional identity formation (PIF) as a key process in physician development, the empiric study of PIF in medicine remains in its infancy. To gain insight about PIF, the authors examined the medical literature and that of two other helping professions.MethodsThe authors conducted a scoping review and qualitative metasynthesis of PIF in medicine, nursing and counselling/psychology. For the scoping review, four databases were searched using a combination of keywords to identify empiric studies on PIF in trainees. After a two‐step screening process, thematic analysis was used to conduct the metasynthesis on screened articles.ResultsA total of 7451 titles and abstracts were screened; 92 studies were included in the scoping review. Saturation was reached in the qualitative metasynthesis after reviewing 29 articles.ConclusionThe metasynthesis revealed three inter‐related PIF themes across the helping professions: the importance of clinical experience, the role of trainees’ expectations of what a helping professional is or should be, and the impact of broader professional culture and systems on PIF. Upon reflection, most striking was that only 10 of the 92 articles examined trainee's sociocultural data, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age and socio‐economic status, in a robust way and included them in their analysis and interpretation. This raises the question of whether conceptions of PIF suffer from sociocultural bias, thereby disadvantaging trainees from diverse populations and preserving the status quo of an historically white, male medical culture.
Food fortification and biofortification as potential strategies for prevention of vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Guo J. , Lovegrove J. A. , Givens D. I. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHypovitaminosis D (vitamin D deficiency) is widespread throughout the world. The cutaneous production of vitamin D through sunlight can be limited by several factors (e.g. skin pigmentation, sunscreen usage and, increasingly, indoor lifestyle). Thus, diet has become an important strategy to increase vitamin D intake and status {blood 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]}. However, there are a limited number of foods that naturally contain vitamin D, and concentrations can vary significantly between and within species. The need for vitamin D‐fortified foods (including via direct fortification and biofortification) to support the adequacy of vitamin D status is a corollary of several limitations to synthesise vitamin D from sunlight. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) can be found in some mushrooms and animal‐derived foods, respectively. Evidence has shown vitamin D3 is more effective than vitamin D2 at raising 25(OH)D blood concentrations. The vitamin D metabolite, 25(OH)D3, is present in animal‐derived foods (e.g. meat, eggs and fish), and several intervention trials have shown 25(OH)D3 to be more effective at raising blood 25(OH)D concentrations than vitamin D3. In addition, 25(OH)D3 supplements may prove to be preferable to vitamin D3 for patients with certain clinical conditions. However, there is limited evidence on the effects of 25(OH)D3‐fortified foods on human vitamin D status and health, both in the general population and patients with certain conditions, and long‐term randomised controlled trials are needed in this area.
A humanism for nursing?
Authors: McCaffrey Graham 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHumanism has appeared intermittently in the nursing literature as a concept that can be used in understanding nursing. I return to the concept in response to noticing the term appearing in the context of health humanities, where it is loosely associated both with humanities and being humane. I review the usage and critiques of humanism in both nursing and medical literature and then re‐evaluate what the idea of humanism might hold for nursing, trying to avoid the traps of an over‐determination of the human subject, or dichotomizing nursing as art or science, technology or caring. I draw on writings on humanism primarily from Emmanuel Levinas and Edward Said to emphasize strands in humanism of obligation towards others and of critical discernment within history and culture directed towards democratic practices. I discuss in passing the strong association in the UK particularly between humanism and scientism as a note of caution about the plurality of the term humanism. I conclude that humanism is a tradition that does offer productive ways of thinking about nursing with the proviso that it ought to be treated carefully as a problematic tradition and not as a new essence for nursing.
General and abdominal obesity in relation to the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Akhondi Negin , Memar Montazerin Sahar , Soltani Sanaz , Saneei Parvane , Hassanzadeh Keshteli Ammar , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Adibi Peyman 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundEarlier studies on the obesity‐IBS association have mostly been reported from Western nations, and limited data are available in this regard from developing countries. This study was performed to examine the association of general and abdominal obesity with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in a Middle Eastern population.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 4763 Iranian adults participated. Data on self‐reported anthropometric measurements were collected, and BMI was calculated. Overweight and obesity were defined as 25 ≤ BMI < 30 and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, respectively. Also, we used WC measurements to define the three categories of normal (<94 cm in men <80 cm in women), abdominal overweight (94 ≤ WC < 102 in men and 80 ≤ WC < 88 in women), and abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 102 cm in men and WC ≥ 88 cm in women). Assessment of different GI symptoms including those related to IBS was done using a validated Persian version of the Rome III questionnaire. IBS was defined as the presence of recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least sometimes in the last 3 months associated with 2 or more of the following features: improvement with defecation, pain onset associated with a change in frequency of stool, and pain onset associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool.Key resultsIrritable bowel syndrome was more prevalent among individuals with abdominal obesity compared with normal subjects (23.8% vs 19%). Neither in crude nor in adjusted models, we found any significant association between overweight and obesity and IBS [for overweight: OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.66‐1.36 and for obesity: OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85‐1.31]. We observed a significant positive association between abdominally overweight and IBS in crude model (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.09‐1.60); however, this association became non‐significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.82‐1.44). Across BMI categories, neither in crude nor in adjusted models, we did not find any significant association between overweight (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.62‐1.27), obesity (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.58‐1.87), and abdominal pain severity. Abdominal overweight (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.65‐1.40) and obesity (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 0.67‐1.63) were not associated with abdominal pain severity.Conclusions and inferencesIt is concluded that general or abdominal obesity was not associated with odds of IBS. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the association between obesity and IBS.
Effects of masticatory muscle function affected by BTX on maxillofacial bone growth through the sutural modification
Authors: Tsai Chi Yang , Wang Chun‐Wei , Chang Chiung‐Wen 
Published: January 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX)‐induced masticatory muscle hypofunction on the maxillofacial suture bone growth of growing rats.Setting and Sample PopulationDepartment of Orthodontics at Taipei Medical University. Forty‐eight male 4‐week‐old Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The N group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles. The M group received injections of normal saline into each of the temporalis muscle and injections of BTX into each of the masseter muscle. The T group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter muscle and injections of BTX into each of the temporalis muscle. The MT group received injections of BTX into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles.Material & MethodsRats were sacrificed after 42 days of growth. Changes in body and muscle weight were measured. Anthropometric measurements of the maxillary arch, sutural bone mineral density and sutural bone deposition distances were recorded. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance.ResultsNo significant change in body weight was found across groups. However, significant decreases were observed in muscle weight, anthropometric measurements, sutural bone mineral density and bone apposition distance in the BTX‐injected group.ConclusionsReduced masticatory muscle function in growing rats can affect maxillofacial suture bone growth.
The microbiome in preadolescent acne: Assessment and prospective analysis of the influence of benzoyl peroxide
Authors: Ahluwalia Jusleen , Borok Jenna , Haddock Ellen S. , Ahluwalia Rahul S. , Schwartz Eveie W. , Hosseini Dana , Amini Sasan , Eichenfield Lawrence F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThe pathogenesis of preadolescent acne has not been well studied, and it is uncertain if Cutibacterium acnes is a predominant organism in the microbiome in this age group. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbiome of preadolescent females and to assess whether benzoyl peroxide impacts the microbiome.MethodsThe study enrolled girls, aged 7‐12 years, with evidence of at least six acne lesions who had not been previously treated. Participants’ skin surface of forehead, cheeks, nose, chin, left retroauricular crease, and extruded contents of a comedonal lesion were sampled at baseline. Participants used benzoyl peroxide 4% wash for 6‐8 weeks and returned for skin surface sampling and extraction collection. Microbiome analysis was performed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing on all swab and lesional extraction samples.ResultsFifty‐one participants were enrolled with a median IGA score of 2 (mild). Changes in microbiome diversity were associated with increasing age and number of acne lesions (P = 0.001). C. acnes had higher abundances on forehead and nose, as opposed to cheeks and chin (P = 0.009). Bacterial diversity (alpha diversity) of the skin microbiome was comparable between preadolescent at baseline and after treatment with benzoyl peroxide.ConclusionThis is the first large assessment characterizing female acne microbiome in early and late preadolescence. Results show that preadolescent acne can vary in its microbial profile, reflecting surrounding changes associated with the onset of puberty. Although benzoyl peroxide use was associated with decreased acne counts, its effect on microbial diversity was not demonstrated in our study.
The impact of metacognitive practice and teacher feedback on academic achievement in mathematics
Authors: Baliram Nalline , Ellis Arthur K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine the effects of metacognitive strategies and content‐specific feedback on student achievement in high school mathematics. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of students in honors geometry. An analysis of variance with repeated measures was employed to address the research questions. For both the posttest and retention test, students in the experimental group significantly outperformed the students in the comparison group. However, students scored lower in the retention test than the posttest. The findings of this study offer a modest contribution to the body of empirical research on the impact of metacognitive practice and content‐specific feedback on academic achievement at the high school level.