bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a 200kV Atomic Resolution Analytical Electron Microscope
Authors: Isabell T , Brink J , Kawasaki M , Armbruster B , Ishikawa I , Okunishi E , Sawada H , Okura Y , Yamazaki K , Ishikawa T , Kawazu M , Hori M , Terao M , Kanno M , Tanba S , Kondo Y 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Few electron optical inventions have revolutionized the TEM/ STEM as profoundly as the spherical aberration (Cs) corrector has. Characterization of technologically important materials increasingly needs to be done at the atomic or even sub-atomic level. This characterization includes determination of atomic structure as well as structural chemistry. With Cs correctors, the sub-Angstrom imaging barrier has been passed, and fast atomic scale spectroscopy is possible. In addition to improvements in resolution, Cs correctors offer a number of other significant improvements and benefits.
Low Energy, Low Angle, Large Area Ion Polishing for Improved EBSD Indexing
Authors: Walck SD , Porter JR , Yang H-W , Dheda SS 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Good sample preparation is essential for acquiring successful electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) patterns in the SEM. Mechanical polishing to obtain the required surface quality with minimal sub-surface defects and deformation that does not interfere with the quality of the diffraction data is, more often than not, an art form. Special polishing techniques, such as low force lapping fixtures, electrochemical-mechanical polishing, and vibratory polishing, have been used to minimize the sub-surface damage, but have not eliminated it. Ion polishing has been used to reduce the damage layer further. However, the commercially available ion systems suffer several drawbacks, including: 1) small area treatment (≤ 1 cm) 2) decreasing beam current density with accelerating voltages, and 3) the inability to process non-conducting samples. Barna and Pecz have shown that at 3 keV with an incident angle of 5° relative to the surface, approximately 25 nm of ion damage occurs in Si and GaAs, but at 250 eV, there is less than 1 nm of amorphization of the surface. They also showed that a glancing angle across the surface is essential for removing topographic features. The ion guns that have been available for ion polishing and ion etching of SEM samples typically cannot operate effectively below 3 keV because of the low current density.
Toward Robust High Resolution Chemical Imaging
Authors: Barrios Carlos A , Malkovskiy Andrey V , Kisliuk Alexander , Sokolov Alexei P , Foster Mark D 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Resonant plasmon excitations at the surface of noble metals can localize and amplify an electromagnetic field in a very small volume and are the enabling element of surface enhanced optical microscopies. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) combines scanning probe microscopy (SPM) with Raman spectroscopy, taking advantage of this enhancing mechanism. So far a 20 nm lateral resolution in chemical imaging of a surface has been achieved. So far a 20 nm lateral resolution in chemical imaging of a surface has been achieved.
Pioneers in Optics: Alhazen and Roger Bacon
Authors: Davidson Michael W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Born in Iraq as Abu Ali Hasan Ibn al–Haitham, the great Arab physicist is more often known by the Latinized version of his first name, Alhazen. Although he was to eventually become a profound intellectual specializing in mathematics and optics, Alhazen's early education was geared towards religion and prepared him for a career as a minister. However, apparently unhappy in his religious pursuits, Alhazen later decided to devote himself to the study of science and became particularly intrigued by Aristotle.
On the Sub-Nanometer Resolution of Scanning Electron and Helium Ion Microscopes
Authors: Vladár András E , Postek Michael T , Ming Bin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAll forms of microscopy are being pushed to the limit by nanotechnology. This is especially true for high-resolution scanning electron and helium ion microscopes, which are proving to be extremely useful for nanometer-scale imaging, characterization, and dimensional measurements. Excellent resolution is essential for imaging nanomaterials. Hence, there is a relentless quest to achieve better and better resolution with various electron and ion microscopes and to monitor and maintain these instruments to achieve the best possible performance levels.The ability to resolve fine details with a microscope has greatly improved over the past 20 years. The resolution achievable with the newest scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) can now be at or below 0.4 nm and for the scanning helium ion microscope (HeIM), 0.24 nm has been reported. To put this into perspective, the {111} crystal plane in silicon (Si) has 0.32 nm lattice spacing, so one cubic nanometer in the Si crystal contains only a few atoms. Therefore, an instrument must be performing at the highest level possible to resolve routinely the finest structures. Clearly, the instrument operator must also be functioning at a high level as well to achieve the best resolution and to prove that the instrument is capable of doing the work.
Dip Pen Nanolithography: A Desktop Nanofabrication Approach Using High-Throughput Flexible Nanopatterning
Authors: Haaheim Jason , Nafday Omkar A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe lithography technique where an atomic force microscope tip is used to transfer molecules to a surface via a solvent meniscus. This technique allows surface patterning on scales of under 100 nanometres. DPN is the nanotechnology analog of the dip pen (also called the quill pen), where the tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever acts as a “pen,” which is coated with a chemical compound or mixture acting as an “ink,” and put in contact with a substrate, the “paper.”
DPN enables direct deposition of nanoscale materials onto a substrate in a flexible manner. The vehicle for deposition can include pyramidal scanning probe microscope tips, hollow tips, and even tips on thermally actuated cantilevers. Recent advances have demonstrated massively parallel patterning using two-dimensional arrays of 55,000 tips, depicted below. Applications of this technology currently range through chemistry, materials science, and the life sciences, and include such work as ultra high density biological nanoarrays, additive photomask repair, and brand protection for pharmaceuticals.
Manufacturer Training of Electron Microscopy and Analysis Techniques
Authors: Rowlands Neil 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Training by an instrument manufacturer is provided at various levels, ranging from basic operation requirements of instrumentation to high level courses for specific advanced level applications and integrated solutions.
Initial training usually is in the form of an initial familiarization performed by the installation engineer, and subsequent training is given at training courses at the instrument company laboratory or, in some instances, at the customer site. Manufacturer training can be required on different levels from initiation to basic techniques and operation of the instrumentation to advanced courses for specific applications. Although basic theory is present at the start of a course, the overall aim is to provide practical expertise on an operational level. It is encouraged that customers who are new to the techniques presented may avail themselves of more theoretically orientated courses available at universities and other private institutes.
SEM Short Courses for Industry: the Lehigh Microscopy School as an example
Authors: Lyman Charles E 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Short courses in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can quickly sharpen practical skills for industrial microscopists. The SEM and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) together constitute one of the most powerful and versatile instruments available for solving industrial problems, but interpreting images and spectra is not quite as simple as acquiring them. Applications of SEM span many disciplines, and each application may require knowledge of different aspects of the microscope, and of the industrial problem at hand, to successfully interpret the images and data obtained. Regardless of the problem, whether transistors or trachea cells, the interpretation of SEM images relies upon the microscopist's understanding the fundamentals of image formation as well as the practical aspects of specimen preparation and microscope operation. Many people using SEMs today have not taken any courses beyond the on-site and demo-lab instruction provided by SEM vendors. Equipment manufacturers provide excellent training on how to use the knobs and menus on the SEM to produce useful images and data via the embedded software functions. Since there are many options and setup procedures, these instrument-specific courses are valuable for the novice and expert alike.
THE LOGIC OF RESOURCES AND CAPABILITIES
Authors: BÍLKOVÁ MARTA , GRECO GIUSEPPE , PALMIGIANO ALESSANDRA , TZIMOULIS APOSTOLOS , WIJNBERG NACHOEM 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe introduce the logic LRC, designed to describe and reason about agents’ abilities and capabilities in using resources. The proposed framework bridges two—up to now—mutually independent strands of literature: the one on logics of abilities and capabilities, developed within the theory of agency, and the one on logics of resources, motivated by program semantics. The logic LRC is suitable to describe and reason about key aspects of social behaviour in organizations. We prove a number of properties enjoyed by LRC (soundness, completeness, canonicity, and disjunction property) and its associated analytic calculus (conservativity, cut elimination, and subformula property). These results lay at the intersection of the algebraic theory of unified correspondence and the theory of multitype calculi in structural proof theory. Case studies are discussed which showcase several ways in which this framework can be extended and enriched while retaining its basic properties, so as to model an array of issues, both practically and theoretically relevant, spanning from planning problems to the logical foundations of the theory of organizations.
Specificities and challenges of responding to internal displacement in urban settings
Authors: Cotroneo Angela 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe world is rapidly urbanizing, and so is internal displacement. However, knowledge about the specific situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in urban settings and how it differs from, and impacts on, their host communities is still limited, and responses continue to be inadequate. This article analyzes the particular needs of urban IDPs by taking into account how the various contexts and patterns of urban internal displacement contribute to shaping people's experience. It discusses three key challenges that humanitarian actors are faced with in developing effective responses: identifying and reaching IDPs in urban settings, addressing their urgent protection concerns, and supporting their local integration. It concludes by pointing out the need for methodological and operational guidance on how to bring together area-based approaches that account for the impact of displacement on entire urban communities, and tailored approaches addressing IDPs’ specific needs in urban settings. The need for stocktaking exercises and more effective sharing of experiences among practitioners, municipal authorities and policy-makers is also underlined.
Obligations of transit countries under refugee law: A Western Balkans case study
Authors: Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA significant increase in the number of arrivals of refugees and migrants in Europe along the Western Balkans route brought several Balkan countries into the spotlight of international refugee protection in 2015 and 2016. Out of hundreds of thousands of refugees and migrants recorded entering the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Serbia, only a handful remained to seek asylum from their authorities. Under the circumstances, the applicability of the 1951 Refugee Convention with respect to refugees refraining from seeking asylum was brought into question, as well as the extent of transit countries’ legal obligations under refugee law. Based on the Western Balkans experience, the present article seeks to re-examine the relationship between the concept of asylum and the regime of the 1951 Refugee Convention, the Convention's scope of application in “transit countries”, and minimal standards stemming from positive law regarding the treatment of refugees and migrants in a transit context.
Seasonal Variability of the Midlatitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From Wallops Island, VA, Dynasonde Data: Evidence of a Semiannual Variation
Authors: Negrea Catalin , Zabotin Nikolay , Bullett Terence 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe investigate the ionospheric variability due to traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) over Wallops Island, VA, using Dynasonde‐derived measurements of ionospheric tilts and vertical Doppler speed between May 2013 and August 2016, covering the bottomside ionospheric F layer. The mean power spectral density is determined separately for each month for both ionospheric tilts and for the Doppler speed, with a 2 km resolution in a broad altitude range. This is accomplished using a spectral analysis technique based on the Lomb‐Scargle and Welch methods, with an added filtering criterion. The analysis is performed separately for the daytime and nighttime data. By investigating the seasonal variability of the power spectral density integral, a semiannual variation is highlighted in the overall level of daytime TID activity, with increased activity during summer and winter seasons in the northern hemisphere. This result provides a more complete picture than other recent publications that only highlighted a winter peak in the same geographical sector. Finally, the relative amplitude of the two peaks in TID activity is shown to vary significantly during the three years investigated and also as a function of the altitude.
Multiple Exhumation Phases in the Central Pontides (N Turkey): New Temporal Constraints on Major Geodynamic Changes Associated With the Closure of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean
Authors: Ballato P. , Parra M. , Schildgen T. F. , Dunkl I. , Yıldırım C. , Özsayın E. , Sobel E. R. , Echtler H. , Strecker M. R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Central Pontides of N Turkey represents a mobile orogenic belt of the southern Eurasian margin that experienced several phases of exhumation associated with the consumption of different branches of the Neo‐Tethys Ocean and the amalgamation of continental domains. Our new low‐temperature thermochronology data help to constrain the timing of these episodes, providing new insights into associated geodynamic processes. In particular, our data suggest that exhumation occurred at (1) ~110 to 90 Ma, most likely during tectonic accretion and exhumation of metamorphic rocks from the subduction zone; (2) from ~60 to 40 Ma, during the collision of the Kirşehir and Anatolide‐Tauride microcontinental domains with the Eurasian margin; (3) from ~40 to 25 Ma, either during the early stages of the Arabia‐Eurasia collision (soft collision) when the Arabian passive margin reached the trench, implying 70 to 530 km of subduction of the Arabian passive margin, or during a phase of trench advance predating hard collision at ~20 Ma; and (4) ~11 Ma to the present, during transpression associated with the westward motion of Anatolia. Our findings document the punctuated nature of fault‐related exhumation, with episodes of fast cooling followed by periods of slow cooling or subsidence, the role of inverted normal faults in controlling the Paleogene exhumation pattern, and of the North Anatolian Fault in dictating the most recent pattern of exhumation.
Changing Seasonal Rainfall Distribution With Climate Directs Contrasting Impacts at Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in the Western Mediterranean Region
Authors: Montaldo Nicola , Oren Ram 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOver the past century, climate change has been reflected in altered precipitation regimes worldwide. Because evapotranspiration is sensitive to both water availability and atmospheric demand for water vapor, it is essential to assess the likely consequences of future changes of these climate variables to evapotranspiration and, thus, runoff. We propose a simplified approach for annual evapotranspiration predictions, based on seasonal evapotranspiration estimates, accounting for the strong seasonality of meteorological conditions typical of Mediterranean climate, still holding the steady state assumption of basin water balance at mean annual scale. Sardinian runoff decreased over the 1975–2010 period by more than 40% compared to the preceding 1922–1974 period. Most of annual runoff in Sardinian basins is produced by winter precipitation, a wet season with relatively high evaporation rates. We derived linear seasonal evapotranspiration responses to seasonal precipitation, and, in turn, a relationship between the parameters of the linear functions and the seasonal vapor pressure deficit (D), accounting for residuals with basin properties. We then used these relationships to predict evapotranspiration and runoff using future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate scenarios, considering changing precipitation and D seasonality. We show that evapotranspiration is insensitive to D scenario changes. Although both evapotranspiration and runoff are sensitive to precipitation seasonality, future changes in runoff are related only to changes of winter precipitation, while evapotranspiration changes are related to those of spring and summer precipitation. Future scenario predicting further runoff decline is particularly alarming for the Sardinian water resources system, requiring new strategies and designs in water resources planning and management.
Cold Dense Ion Outflow Observed in the Martian‐Induced Magnetotail by MAVEN
Authors: Inui S. , Seki K. , Namekawa T. , Sakai S. , Brain D. A. , Hara T. , McFadden J. P. , Halekas J. S. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , DiBraccio G. A. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCold ion outflow is one of the candidate processes to cause significant atmospheric escape from Mars. We here report on the cold dense heavy ion outflow event observed in Martian‐induced magnetotail by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) on 4 December 2014. In the outflow event, the cold dense heavy ion outflow was observed only in south dusk downward convection electric field (E) lobe. During the event, the strong crustal magnetic field was located on dayside of Mars. It suggests that combination of minimagnetosphere and downward E facilitates the cold dense heavy ion outflow. In order to estimate the CO2+ density, we adopted a fitting method of log‐normal distribution to the O2+ time of flight distributions to eliminate O2+ contamination in the CO2+ time of flight data. Contribution of O2+, O+, and CO2+ to the total heavy ions (~134 cm−3) is about 71%, 26%, and 3%, respectively. Average heavy ion flux was ~5.4 × 107 cm−2s−1, assuming the escape velocity at 2,000‐km altitude.
Predictions and Observations for the Oceanic Lithosphere FromS‐to‐PReceiver Functions andSSPrecursors
Authors: Rychert Catherine A. , Harmon Nick 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe ocean lithosphere is classically described by the thermal half‐space cooling (HSC) or the plate models, both characterized by a gradual transition to the asthenosphere beneath. Scattered waves find sharp seismic discontinuities beneath the oceans, possibly from the base of the plate. Active source studies suggest sharp discontinuities from a melt channel. We calculate syntheticS‐to‐Preceiver functions andSSprecursors for the HSC and plate models and also for channels. We find that the HSC and plate model velocity gradients are too gradual to create interpretable scattered waves from the base of the plate. Subtle phases are predicted to follow a similar trend as observations, flattening at older ages. Therefore, the seismic discontinuities are probably caused by a thermally controlled process that can also explain their amplitude, such as melting. Melt may coalesce in channels, although channels >10 km thick should be resolvable by scattered wave imaging.
Why Do Aftershocks Occur Within the Rupture Area of a Large Earthquake?
Authors: Yabe Suguru , Ide Satoshi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe mainshock‐aftershock sequence is one of the fundamental characteristics of seismogenesis, yet the physical mechanism of aftershock generation remains poorly understood. The simple explanation that aftershocks are caused by the mainshock's redistribution of strain energy is not always applicable, especially for aftershocks within the mainshock slip area, where strain energy is released. Here we show that the genesis of aftershocks can be modeled using a frictionally heterogeneous fault system. We conducted quasi‐dynamic numerical simulations of fault rupture cycles on a finite fault governed by a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. Aftershocks are observed around and within the mainshock rupture area when the frictional heterogeneity varies significantly along the fault. On the other hand, aftershocks are not produced when along‐fault variations in the frictional heterogeneity are small, which mimics the observed lack of aftershocks for repeating earthquakes.
Heliospheric Conditions at Saturn During Cassini's Ring‐Grazing and Proximal Orbits
Authors: Roussos E. , Krupp N. , Paranicas C. , Kollmann P. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Palmaerts B. , Dialynas K. , Jackman C. M 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe surveyed energetic charged particle measurements by Cassini between 2016 and the end of the mission in order to identify transients of solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays. Such transients offer hints about the state of the heliosphere and valuable context for interpreting space weather phenomena in Saturn's magnetosphere. The period studied includes the mission's Ring‐Grazing and Proximal orbits, which due to their week‐long periods are ideal for capturing short timescale dynamics in the planet's magnetosphere, including solar periodicities. We find that Saturn was exposed to corotating interaction regions for nearly all the 21 final months of Cassini and encountered just two interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Several independent studies report solar periodicities and storm‐time conditions in the magnetosphere at times, which coincide with the transients that we identify here.