bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood‐brain barrier breakdown, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline in older adults
Authors: Bowman Gene L. , Dayon Loïc , Kirkland Richard , Wojcik Jérôme , Peyratout Gwendoline , Severin India C. , Henry Hugues , Oikonomidi Aikaterini , Migliavacca Eugenia , Bacher Michael , Popp Julius 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionBlood‐brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is observed in older versus younger adults and in late‐onset Alzheimer's disease versus age‐matched controls, but its causes and consequences in aging are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that BBB breakdown is associated with cognitive decline and inflammation in nondemented elders.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid and serum inflammatory markers were measured using sandwich immunoassays in 120 subjects. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator‐logistic regression selected cerebrospinal fluid and serum signatures that best classified BBB impairment defined by the cerebrospinal fluid albumin index ≥9. Linear regression examined changes in Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes as a function of BBB integrity at baseline.ResultsMean age was 70 years, mean Mini–Mental State Examination was 27, and BBB impairment was recorded in 13.5%. BBB breakdown was associated with cognitive decline (P = .015). Cerebrospinal fluid intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin‐8, serum amyloid A, macrophage derived chemokine, and gender generated an area under the curve of 0.95 for BBB impairment, and serum IL‐16, VEGF‐D, IL‐15, and other variables generated an AUC of 0.92 for BBB impairment.DiscussionBBB breakdown is associated with more rapid cognitive decline. Inflammatory mechanisms, including cell adhesion, neutrophil migration, lipid metabolism, and angiogenesis may be implicated.
Public and private sector nudgers can learn from each other
Authors: CALDWELL LEIGH 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe application of behavioural insights to public policy has been a success story of recent years, in academia and in the civil service. Alongside this, a parallel group of practitioners has emerged, using the same underlying research to pursue commercial and marketing goals. Although the objectives are mostly different, many of the approaches are similar. This article contrasts public and private sector approaches and highlights lessons each group can learn from the other.
The epidemiological impact and significance of carbapenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infections: a matched case–case-control analysis
Authors: Aviv Tzach , Lazarovitch Tsillia , Katz David , Zaidenstein Ronit , Dadon Mor , Daniel Chen , Tal-Jasper Ruthy , Kaye Keith S. , Marchaim Dror 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA case–case-control investigation (N = 255 patients) explored the epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA). Recent exposure to carbapenems and a rapidly fatal condition should prompt practitioners to shorten delays in initiating appropriate therapy, which can adversely impact CRPA outcomes, as opposed to the isolated impact of the carbapenem resistance determinant.
CLIMATE CHANGE, THE PARIS AGREEMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Boyle Alan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change is relevant to human rights law, not for what it says about human rights— which is next to nothing—but for what it says about the need to address the risk of climate change taking global temperatures above 1.5 or 2 °C. The Agreement could work, or it could fail by a large margin, but those who want to influence the outcome can still do so. That includes the human rights community. Since climate change is plainly a threat to human rights, how should the UN human rights institutions respond? Should they use their existing powers of oversight to focus attention on how States parties implement (or fail to implement) commitments made in the Paris Agreement? Or should they recognize a right to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment? Either choice would represent a significant contribution to the debate on human rights and climate change, giving humanity as a whole a voice that at present is scarcely heard.
The Fast and the Robust: Trade‐Offs Between Optimization Robustness and Cost in the Calibration of Environmental Models
Authors: Kavetski Dmitri , Qin Youwei , Kuczera George 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEnvironmental modelers using optimization algorithms for model calibration face an ambivalent choice. Some algorithms, for example, Newton‐type methods, are fast but struggle to consistently find global parameter optima; other algorithms, for example, evolutionary methods, boast better global convergence but at much higher cost (e.g., requiring more objective function calls). Trade‐offs between accuracy/robustness versus cost are ubiquitous in numerical computation, yet environmental modeling studies have lacked a systematic framework for quantifying these trade‐offs. This study develops a framework for benchmarking stochastic optimization algorithms in the context of environmental model calibration, where multiple algorithm invocations are typically necessary. We define reliability as the probability of finding the desired (global or tolerable) optimum from random initial points and estimate the number of invocations to find the desired optimum with prescribed confidence (here 95%). A robust algorithm should achieve consistently high reliability across many problems. A characteristic efficiency metric for algorithm benchmarking is defined as the total cost (objective function calls over multiple invocations) to find the desired optimum with prescribed confidence. This approach avoids the pitfalls of existing approaches that compare costs without controlling the confidence in algorithm success. A case study illustrates the framework by benchmarking the Levenberg‐Marquardt and Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE) algorithms over three catchments and four hydrological models. In 8 of 12 scenarios, Levenberg‐Marquardt is more efficient than SCE—by sacrificing some of its speed advantage to match SCE reliability through more invocations. The proposed framework is easy to apply and can help guide algorithm selection in environmental model calibration.
Autonomous Biogeochemical Floats Detect Significant Carbon Dioxide Outgassing in the High‐Latitude Southern Ocean
Authors: Gray Alison R. , Johnson Kenneth S. , Bushinsky Seth M. , Riser Stephen C. , Russell Joellen L. , Talley Lynne D. , Wanninkhof Rik , Williams Nancy L. , Sarmiento Jorge L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough the Southern Ocean is thought to account for a significant portion of the contemporary oceanic uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2), flux estimates in this region are based on sparse observations that are strongly biased toward summer. Here we present new estimates of Southern Ocean air‐sea CO2 fluxes calculated with measurements from biogeochemical profiling floats deployed by the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project during 2014–2017. Compared to ship‐based CO2 flux estimates, the float‐based fluxes find significantly stronger outgassing in the zone around Antarctica where carbon‐rich deep waters upwell to the surface ocean. Although interannual variability contributes, this difference principally stems from the lack of autumn and winter ship‐based observations in this high‐latitude region. These results suggest that our current understanding of the distribution of oceanic CO2 sources and sinks may need revision and underscore the need for sustained year‐round biogeochemical observations in the Southern Ocean.
Observational Evidence of Subsurface Chlorophyll Response to Mesoscale Eddies in the North Pacific
Authors: Huang Jie , Xu Fanghua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOcean eddies were widely reported to strongly impact near‐surface chlorophyll (CHL), but most of previous studies are confined to the ocean surface. Based on large‐scale historical cruise observations with ocean mesoscale eddies detected by altimeters in the North Pacific, we show that the depth‐integrated nitrate and chlorophyll anomalies in the euphotic layer of eddies are less than ±90% for nitrate and ±10% for chlorophyll. These eddy‐driven variations decline from ocean boundaries to the open ocean, due to a combination effect of eddy activity and subsurface nitrate distribution. In the oligotrophic Pacific, CHL anomalies in both cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic eddies negatively correlate with near sea surface temperature anomalies. In contrast, an opposite correlation occurs beneath the subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer (SCML). The integrated CHL results and CHL variability at each sampling depth suggest that the vertical displacement of SCML plays an important role in the near‐surface CHL response to eddies.
A Train‐Like Extreme Multiple Tropical Cyclogenesis Event in the Northwest Pacific in 2004
Authors: Hu Kaiming , Chan Johnny C. L. , Huang Gang , Chen Guanghua , Mei Wei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing observed data sets, an unprecedented multiple tropical cyclogenesis event over the northwest Pacific is identified, with seven tropical cyclones forming in sequence from 6 August to 10 September 2004. In this event, the preexisting tropical cyclones (TCs) generated the alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic disturbances in their wake region by exciting Rossby waves. The cyclonic disturbances subsequently intensified into new TCs within the monsoon trough, which was likely enhanced by anomalous warming in the tropical central Pacific and cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean, so that it lasted long enough to allow seven TCs to develop consecutively. An analysis of the historical records during 1979–2014 substantiates such linkage of the occurrence of this extreme multiple tropical cyclogenesis event to the anomalous sea surface temperature pattern and the monsoon trough. This result has important implications regarding the prediction of the multiple cyclogenesis events.
Contrasting Fates of Petrogenic and Biospheric Carbon in the South China Sea
Authors: Blattmann T. M. , Zhang Y. , Zhao Y. , Wen K. , Lin S. , Li J. , Wacker L. , Haghipour N. , Plötze M. , Liu Z. , Eglinton T. I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA synthesis of published and newly acquired stable and radiocarbon isotope data from soil, river, and marine particulate organic carbon (OC) from the South China Sea drainage and sedimentary basin reveals that OC derived from bedrock‐erosion (petrogenic OC) and marine productivity comprises the major contributors to bulk OC in particulate matter reaching abyssal depths, while soil‐derived OC appears negligible. Aluminum‐radiocarbon relationships of sediments suggest that soil OC initially associated with detrital terrestrial minerals is lost and replaced by marine OC during transport beyond the continental shelf. We estimate that petrogenic OC sinking to a ~30,000 km2 region of the deep northeastern South China Sea accounts for 0.6% of global petrogenic OC burial. The basin‐wide OC isotope patterns coupled with sediment trap observations highlight both the spatial variabilities of OC components as they propagate from source to sedimentary sink and the significance of petrogenic OC to deep ocean sediments.
Terrestriality and bacterial transfer: a comparative study of gut microbiomes in sympatric Malagasy mammals
Authors: Perofsky Amanda C , Lewis Rebecca J , Meyers Lauren Ancel 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The gut microbiomes of mammals appear to mirror their hosts’ phylogeny, suggesting host-driven microbial community assembly. Yet, much of this evidence stems from comparative studies of distinct wild or captive populations that lack data for disentangling the relative influences of shared phylogeny and environment. Here, we present phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of gut microbiomes from six sympatric (i.e., co-occurring) mammal species inhabiting a 1-km2 area in western Madagascar—three lemur and three non-primate species—that consider genetic, dietary, and ecological predictors of microbiome functionality and composition. Host evolutionary history, indeed, appears to shape gut microbial patterns among both closely and distantly related species. However, we also find that diet—reliance on leaves versus fruit—is the best predictor of microbiome similarity among closely related lemur species, and that host substrate use—ground versus tree—constrains horizontal transmission via incidental contact with feces, with arboreal species harboring far more distinct communities than those of their terrestrial and semi-terrestrial counterparts.
Predicting soil thickness on soil mantled hillslopes
Authors: Patton Nicholas R. , Lohse Kathleen A. , Godsey Sarah E. , Crosby Benjamin T. , Seyfried Mark S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSoil thickness is a fundamental variable in many earth science disciplines due to its critical role in many hydrological and ecological processes, but it is difficult to predict. Here we show a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.19 m) between soil thickness and hillslope curvature across both convergent and divergent parts of the landscape at a field site in Idaho. We find similar linear relationships across diverse landscapes (n = 6) with the slopes of these relationships varying as a function of the standard deviation in catchment curvatures. This soil thickness-curvature approach is significantly more efficient and just as accurate as kriging-based methods, but requires only high-resolution elevation data and as few as one soil profile. Efficiently attained, spatially continuous soil thickness datasets enable improved models for soil carbon, hydrology, weathering, and landscape evolution.
Monolayer surface chemistry enables 2-colour single molecule localisation microscopy of adhesive ligands and adhesion proteins
Authors: Lu Xun , Nicovich Philip R. , Zhao Manchen , Nieves Daniel J. , Mollazade Mahdie , Vivekchand S. R. C. , Gaus Katharina , Gooding J. Justin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNanofabricated and nanopatterned surfaces have revealed the sensitivity of cell adhesion to nanoscale variations in the spacing of adhesive ligands such as the tripeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD). To date, surface characterisation and cell adhesion are often examined in two separate experiments so that the localisation of ligands and adhesion proteins cannot be combined in the same image. Here we developed self-assembled monolayer chemistry for indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces for single molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM). Cell adhesion and spreading were sensitive to average RGD spacing. At low average RGD spacing, a threshold exists of 0.8 RGD peptides per µm2that tether cells to the substratum but this does not enable formation of focal adhesions. These findings suggest that cells can sense and engage single adhesive ligands but ligand clustering is required for cell spreading. Thus, our data reveal subtle differences in adhesion biology that may be obscured in ensemble measurements.
A chemical, crystallographic and magnetic characterisation of individual iron-oxide grains in Hawaiian lavas
Authors: ter Maat Geertje W. , Pennock Gillian M. , de Groot Lennart V. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOur knowledge on the behaviour of the geomagnetic field through time critically depends on how information of the past state of the field is recorded by, and stored in iron-bearing minerals such as magnetite. For small, single domain grains these processes are described by classical Néel theory, but the magnetic behaviour of larger, pseudo-single domain or multidomain grains, still is enigmatic. Here we present a chemical, crystallographic and magnetic characterisation of three to six individual, large (~3–10 μm) iron-oxide grains from eleven different flows sampled on the Big Island of Hawai’i. These grains were all subjected to a Magnetic Force Microscopy study to characterise their magnetic domain structure; a Microprobe analyses to assess their chemical composition; and a Scanning Electron Microscopy study to identify phases and crystallographic orientations. This comprehensive dataset enables systematic analyses of their magnetic behaviour as function of chemistry and forms the basis for future micromagnetic modelling studies eventually contributing to the development of a fundamental theory of magnetic behaviour in large iron-oxide grains.
Photonic approach for on‐board and ground radars in automotive applications
Authors: Serafino Giovanni , Amato Francesco , Maresca Salvatore , Lembo Leonardo , Ghelfi Paolo , Bogoni Antonella 
Published: August 2018

While automotive radars are driving the development of high‐performance technologies for remote sensing, pushing radiofrequency systems to higher frequencies, photonics is gradually changing the approach to micro‐ and millimetre wave RF generation and distribution. With its unique features, photonics can extend the potential of radars, in particular for ground‐based traffic surveillance and on‐board automotive applications, enhancing traffic safety and enabling the deployment of smart driver‐less vehicles. In fact, microwave photonics offers unprecedented flexibility and stability, such as −113 dBc/Hz (at 100 kHz offset frequency) at 80 GHz, with the capability of generating an extremely broad range of carrier frequencies. Moreover, it can employ signals which span up to several GHz of bandwidth, thus allowing higher precision in target detection and discrimination. This study compares photonic and electronic technologies, and it demonstrates, through simulation results, the benefits of a multiple input, multiple output photonic radar when applied to automotive case‐study scenarios.
Temperature‐dependent surface charge and discharge behaviour of converter transformer oil–paper insulation under DC voltage
Authors: Du Boxue , Chang Rui , Zhu Wenbo , Li Jin , Jiang Jinpeng 
Published: August 2018

Ambient temperature has significant influence on properties of oil–paper insulation, which makes surface discharge process complex. This paper aims at revealing the influence mechanism of ambient temperature on surface charge and discharge behaviours under DC voltage. The oil–paper with thickness of 0.08 mm was used and the ambient temperature varies from 20 to 80°C in this paper. The results of surface potential decay (SPD) experiments show that the initial surface potential declines and the process of SPD is accelerated with increasing temperature because of higher carrier mobility. Additionally, both shallow and deep trap energy level become deeper, the shallow trap density is enlarged while the deep trap density is shrunken at higher temperature. The surface discharge tests were performed and Weibull results indicate that it is prone to occurring surface discharge at higher ambient temperature. The possibility of surface discharge under negative voltage is larger than that under positive voltage because of polarity effect. It is concluded that more carriers escape from deep traps to participate in the procedure of surface discharge at higher temperature, which declines the surface discharge voltage.
Effects of electron distribution anisotropy in spectroscopic diagnostics of solar flares
Authors: Dzifčáková E. , Karlický M. 
Published: August 2018

Aims. We analyzed effects of the bi-Maxwellian electron distribution representing electron temperature anisotropy along and across the magnetic field on the ionization and excitation equilibrium with consequences on the temperature diagnostics of the flare plasma.
Methods. The bi-Maxwellian energy distributions were calculated numerically. Synthetic X-ray line spectra of the bi-Maxwellian distributions were calculated using non-Maxwellian ionization, recombination, excitation and de-excitation rates.
Results. We found that the anisotropic bi-Maxwellian velocity distributions transform to the nonthermal energy distributions with a high-energy tail. Their maximum is shifted to lower energies and contains a higher number of the low-energy particles in comparison with the Maxwellian one. Increasing the deviation of the parameter p = T∥/T⊥ from 1, changes the shape of bi-Maxwellian distributions and ionization equilibrium, and relative line intensities also increase. The effects are more significant for the bi-Maxwellian distribution with T∥ > T⊥. Moreover, considering different acceleration mechanisms and collisional isotropization it is possible that the bi-Maxwellian distributions with high deviations from the Maxwellian distribution are more probable for those with p >  1 than for those with p <  1. Therefore, distributions with p >  1 can be much more easily diagnosed than those with p <  1. Furthermore, we compared the effects of the bi-Maxwellian distributions on the ionization equilibrium and temperature diagnostics with those for the κ-distributions obtained previously. We found that they are similar and at the present state it is difficult to distinguish between the bi-Maxwellian and κ-distributions from the line ratios.
Palliativmedizin
Authors: Nauck Friedemann , Jansky Maximiliane 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungEine flächendeckende Umsetzung qualitativ hochwertiger Palliativversorgung setzt die Weiterentwicklung der Strukturen für die allgemeine und spezialisierte
Palliativmedizin, aber auch von Forschung und Lehre voraus, um die umfassende Behandlung und Begleitung von Patienten mit inkurablen und fortschreitenden
Grunderkrankungen auch zukünftig leisten zu können. Neben der Expertise in medizinischen, pflegerischen, psychosozialen, ethischen und rechtlichen
Fragestellungen bedarf es einer spezifischen Haltung. Das Zusammenspiel von klinischer Versorgung – in der die intensive Betreuung und Begleitung der Patienten
und ihrer Angehörigen überhaupt erst möglich wird – und Förderung der Strukturen für den Wissenserwerb (Forschung) und für die Wissensvermittlung (Lehre), ist
die Grundvoraussetzung für eine weitere Entwicklung der Hospizarbeit und Palliativmedizin in Deutschland.Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den aktuellen Stand der Palliativversorgung aus klinischer Sicht anhand der ambulanten und stationären Strukturen, sowie der
aktuellen Gesetzgebung und den Stand der derzeitigen palliativmedizinischen Forschung und Lehre.
The Invention of New Methodologies: An Opportunity for Dating Natural Products
Authors: Fensterbank Louis , Barbazanges Marion 
Published: August 2018

This Account surveys almost two decades of methodological developments and their straightforward applications to the total synthesis of simple natural products. The main directions covered include radical chemistry and cascades, electrophilic catalysis based on coinage metals, and asymmetric synthesis based on bis(sulfoxides) auxiliaries.1	Introduction2	Radical Cascades2.1	N-Cyanamides2.2	Homolytic Substitution at Sulfur Atom to Give Sultines3	Electrophilic Catalysis Based on Platinum(II) and Gold(I) Complexes4	From Alkylydene Bis(sulfoxides) to Chiral Carboxylic Acids5	Conclusion and Perspectives
Structure of the mammalian TRPM7, a magnesium channel required during embryonic development
Authors: Duan Jingjing , Li Zongli , Li Jian , Hulse Raymond E. , Santa-Cruz Ana , Valinsky William C. , Abiria Sunday A. , Krapivinsky Grigory , Zhang Jin , Clapham David E. 
Published: August 2018

Significance
Ion channels are pore-forming proteins spanning biological membranes. Transient receptor potential ion channels are a subclass of ion channel proteins, characterized by nonselective permeability to cations such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and little voltage sensitivity; their gating is still an area of active investigation. TRPM6 and TRPM7 are ubiquitously expressed with prominent roles in early embryonic development. Uniquely, these channels also include an active kinase domain. The functions of TRPM6 and TRPM7 are correlated with proteolytic cleavage of the kinase domain, which is then translocated to the nucleus to phosphorylate histones and regulate gene expression. Here we describe the structure of the TRPM7 transmembrane regions and compare its features to other ion channels.