bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Change in Social Networks among Borana Women in Northern Kenya
Authors: Khalif Zeinabu Kabale , Oba Gufu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

This work explores informal
marro
reciprocity networks and formal women's groups among Waso Borana women in northern Kenya, across four variables: livelihood types, wealth ranks, age ranges and literacy levels.
Marro
exchanges rely on household resources, while women's groups are attractive due to financial benefits available from external sources. We found that all women in our study participate in the informal
marro
social networks, over-half registered as group members. Women's groups are more popular among the very poor, sedentary households and peri-urban households as opposed to pastoral households. In the
marro
networks, the use of labour appears to be popular, as opposed to sharing food and cash. The frequency of participation varies with the needs and opportunities of the women. Farming households participate more rarely in exchanges, compared to groups with other livelihood types - an indication of their poverty and the scarcity of resources. The introduction of cash loans turns out to be a challenge and a strength for both networks. The role played by food aid in informal
marro
networks prompted mixed responses from women. Although the majority of peri-urban and farming households reported that food aid has no adverse impact on
marro
, the agro-pastoral households perceive that it has a positive impact, while pastoral households reported a negative impact. The growth of women's groups is linked to the attraction of socio-economic opportunities through collective income-generating activities. Membership of a group affords women the chance to start income-generating activities, as well as becoming more aware of their rights at the domestic level.
A Condensed History of the Public Administration of Pastoralism in Mongolia
Authors: Ahearn Ariell 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article provides a historical overview of the administration of mobile pastoralism in Mongolia, with a focus on the period from 1924 to the early 2010s. The historical links between pastoralist land use and governance administrative structures provides a context in which to better understand changing legal frameworks in Mongolia today. Common development discourses and research on contemporary pastoralism tend to overlook the many ways in which herders participate in local governance institutions. An aim of the article is to demonstrate that both environmental and political conditions have shaped the organisation of pastoralism over time. The legacy of these histories and how they are enacted today should be a consideration in the planning and design of rural development projects.
Disaster, Mobility, and the Moral Economy of Exchange in Mongolian Pastoralism
Authors: Murphy Daniel 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Mongolian pastoralists attempt to reduce
dzud
(disaster) risk and mitigate its impacts through a variety of strategies including cross-boundary movement. This article explores a case study of cross-boundary movement among Mongolia pastoralists during a dzud disaster event in 2008, and how these movements were accomplished through negotiated formal 'winter
otor
contracts' as well as informal exchanges with administrators. Moreover, case studies of contract negotiation and exchange are discussed by situating them within local and scholarly debates about corruption in Mongolia. In doing so, the analysis highlights how both tensions between reciprocal ethics of mutual aid and hierarchical tendencies toward patronage shape the outcomes of movement in terms of herd loss and future pastoral viability.
Motorcycles on the Steppe: Skill, Social Change, and New Technologies in Postsocialist Northern Mongolia
Authors: Fraser Richard 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

In this paper, I explore the use of motorcycles among herding households in Mongolia, which are fast becoming ubiquitous features of everyday life. First, I outline the position of technology in academic debates and the tendency to envision technological change in teleological and revolutionary terms. Approached from a revised perspective of skilled practice, I argue against such accounts, emphasising the polydirectional ways in which people experience technological change. I present ethnographic material describing how herding households use motorcycles in the postsocialist era, including their impact on herding strategies, the everyday practices around the
ger
(yurt), and their connection to subsidiary technologies such as mobile phones. I show that technological change is not experienced as a transition from 'tradition' to 'modernity', as bringing about singular improvements, or as replacing pre-existing technologies in a unilinear way. Instead, they are experienced as affording improvements and limitations, generating new skills and deskillment, leading to variations between different kinds of household, and blurring the distinctions between the traditional and the modern, the socialist and the postsocialist, and the nomadic and the sedentary.
Occurrence of surgical affections in zoo herbivores: a retrospective study
Authors: Hoda Nazmul , Talukder Zaied , Mishra Pravin , Jaman Md Mehedi , Alam Md Mahmudul 
Published: September 2018

Correction: On 21st September 2018, the author 'Pravin Kumar Mishra' was changed to 'Pravin Mishra' - Editorial Board. The study has been directed to find out the occurrence of surgical affections in herbivorous zoo animals in National Zoological Garden, Dhaka, Bangladesh predicated on record books from 2012 to 2016. A total of 330 surgically affected animals were recorded. The overall occurrence of surgical affections was higher in Bovidae (34.85%) followed by Cervidae (25.45%), Equidae (13.94%), Cercopithecidae (10.61%), Giraffidae (4.85%), Elephantidae (4.55%) Hippopotamidae (4%), Rhinocerotidae (1.52%) and Macropodidae (0.61%). In this study, it is found a higher occurrence of surgically affected are male than female animals. The overall occurrence in male was 56.36% and those in female, it was 43.64%. In terms of different affections, the highest occurrence was wound (13.03% male, 16.67% female) and followed by lameness (14.55% in male, 11.82% in female), skin lesions (9.39% in male, 6.67% in female), myiasis (5.76% in male, 3.33% in female), Horn fracture 3.33% (Only in male), arthritis (2.42% male, 1.52% female), hoof injury (1.82% male, 1% female), abscess (1.52% male, 1.21% female), sore (0.61% male, 2.12% female), Fracture (1.21% male, 0.3% female), Paralysis (0.61% male, 0.3% female) and Corneal opacity (0.61% male, 0.3% female). This report may help to develop control strategies against major surgical affections reported in this study.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 209-214, August 2018
Assessment of shelf life and quality aspect of market salted and laboratory prepared salted hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha)
Authors: Tabassum Khandaker Sadia , Islam Md Tariqul , Chakraborty Subhash Chandra , Rana Md Masud 
Published: September 2018

Correction: On 20th September 2018, Figure 8 was inserted onto page 255 of the PDF of the article. It had been omitted in error - Editorial Board. This study was conducted to compare different qualities of laboratory prepared salted hilsa and salted hilsa from different markets of Bangladesh. There were five treatment namely T1 = Fresh hilsa, T2=Laboratory prepared salted hilsa, T3 = Salted hilsa from Boro Bazar, Rajshahi, T4 = Salted hilsa from Mechoya bazar, Mymensingh, and T5= Salted hilsa from Kewatkhali, Mymensingh.All samples were evaluated by studying proximate composition, TVBN value, salt concentration and total microbial load. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash content of fresh hilsa were 60.98%, 19.92%, 17.51% and 1.18% respectively while moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash content of laboratory salted hilsa were 42.92%,25.55%,21.23% and 10.21% respectively. Moisture was significantly higher in fresh hilsa than salted hilsa and the crude protein, crude lipid and ash were significantly higher in salted hilsa than fresh hilsa due to dehydration of salted hilsa. TVB-N content of fresh, laboratory prepared, Rajshahi market, Mechoya bazar and Kewatkhali market sated hilsa were 2.26, 3.74, 4.65, 5.04 and 5.29 mg/100g respectively which showed the best quality product was laboratory prepared salted hilsa. Similarly, salt content of fresh, laboratory prepared, Rajshahi market, Mechoya bazar and Kewatkhali market sated hilsa were 10.26, 15.61, 23.65, 25.04, and 28.31 % respectively which resulted excess salt content of market samples. The total Bacterial Load (CFU/g) of fresh, laboratory prepared, Rajshahi market, Mechoya bazar and Kewatkhali market sated hilsa were 1.75×106, 2.37×102, 1.83×104, 3.26×104, and 2.55×105, respectively.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 249-257, August 2018
Epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates in an Intensive Care Unit in Kazakhstan
Authors: BİSSENOVA Nelya , YERGALİYEVA Aigerim 
Published: September 2018

&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;ABSTRACT

Objective: Objectives: Acinetobacter
baumannii is an important pathogen of infections in many hospitals,
especially in intensive care unit patients, conditioned difficulty to control
spread and treatment. The objective of the present study is to report the
prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates of A. baumannii strains in ICU patients during a five-year period in a
tertiary care hospital in Kazakhstan.

Methods: Consecutive,
non – duplicate isolates of A. baumannii
were collected and processed during the course of routine diagnostic work up
from adult patients hospitalized in ICU. Identification of isolates and
antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed by Vitek 2 automated system.

Results: In
total 325 A. baumannii strains were
evaluated. The most frequent of strains were from tracheostomy tubes (67
isolates, 22.1%), followed by tracheal aspirates (58 isolates, 19.1%) and
urinary tract (47, 15.5%). The prevalence of A. baumannii strains in ICU was significantly increased from 6.9%
in 2011 to 34.1% to 2015 (p=0.002). Most of testing isolates were 96.7% and
higher resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenems, quinolones. Lower resistance
50% and highest was obtained to aminoglycosides.

Conclusion: we report for the first time in Central Kazakhstan the
prevalence and resistance rates of A.
baumannii in ICU in a single tertiary hospital. The present report is
alarming because the increasing resistance can lead to no alternative situation
on the choice of drugs for the casual treatment of infections caused by
extremely resistant A. baumannii
strains. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(3):83-88.
Nuclear Matrix Protein 22 and Cytological Findings in Urine of Residents of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in an Endemic Community
Authors: ETUK Ukeme Gideon , INYANG-ETOH Paul Columba , UDONKANG Mfonisa İniobong , Japhet Emmanuel Monday , Opara-Osuoha Uloma 
Published: September 2018

Objective: Urogenital schistosomiasis has continued to cause
severe morbidity among residents of Adim community. The aim of the study was to
screen both adults and children residents of this community for urine tumour
markers and to stain cytologically for epithelial changes which indicate the
risk of them being predispose to bladder cancer.

Methods: Terminal
urine samples were collected by simple random sampling method from 350 subjects
(300 children and 50 adults) in Adim Community for microscopy using standard
parasitological methods, urinalysis, ELISA-based Nuclear Matrix Protein 22
(NMP22), and Papanicolaou- and Alcian blue-stained cytological analysis.

Results: S. haematobium infection was observed in 18 (5.1%), proteinuria 21
(6.0%) and hematuria 30 (8.6%). Age group 25-31 years had the highest level of
NMP22 values (1692.3 ± 46.4) among the adults and children. The difference was
statistically significant (P=0.001). In general male subjects had higher NMP22
values (1214.6+ 487.1) than females (1198.9+ 472.9) (P=0.389). The cytological
findings showed abnormal epithelial cells in Papanicolaou stain 2 (0.57%) and
hyaluronic acid 1 (0.29%). Cytological findings with Papanicolaou stain
revealed metaplasia 1 (0.3%), mild dysplasia 1 (0.3%), inflammation 6 (1.7%),
and hyaluronic acid positive cells 1 (0.29%).

Conclusion: The study showed S.
haematobium prevalence of 5.1% but NMP 22 values were not positive for
bladder cancer. The cytological findings revealed metaplasia, mild dysplasia
and hyaluronic acid positive epithelial changes which are indicators for
bladder cancer. J Microbiol Infect Dis
2018; 8(3):89-96
Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in the Indoor Air and Floors of Surgical Wards in a University Hospital
Authors: OLOWO-OKERE Ahmed , IBRAHİM Yke , BABANDİNA M. , OLAYİNKA Bo 
Published: September 2018

Objective: The hospital environment is a major source of
nosocomial pathogens. These pathogens could contaminate and colonize surgical
wounds leading to infections. This study evaluated the bacteriological quality
of air and floors of surgical wards of a University Teaching Hospital in Abuja,
Nigeria.

Methods: Bacteriological
quality of air and floor of surgical wards of the hospital was evaluated using
passive air sampling and swabbing methods respectively. The isolates were
characterized using rapid test kits and antibiotic susceptibility was
determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.

Results: A
total of 121 bacterial isolates comprising eleven species were isolated. In the
air and floor of all the surgical wards, Staphylococcus
spp. (&gt;42%) was the most prevalent Gram-positive bacterium followed by
Bacillus subtilis (20.4%). Among the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.0%) and Proteus mirabilis (9.0%) were the most
prevalent in the air and floor, with occasional detection of Acinetobacter baumannii and other
members of the Enterobacteriaceae
family. The bacterial isolates exhibited diverse degrees of susceptibility to
the commonly prescribed antibiotics. The isolated bacteria were mostly
sensitive to fluoroquinolones.

Conclusion: This study documented the diverse environmental
microbiota of the surgical wards of the hospital. The high resistance of the
isolated bacteria to the commonly prescribed antibiotics in the hospital
highlighted the need for improved infection control and patient safety
protocols in the hospital so as to mitigate the spread of nosocomial infections
in the surgical wards of the hospital. J
Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(3):108-113
Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated in A General Hospital
Authors: EBONGUE Cecile Okalla , MENGUE Roane Nkodo , MEFO’O Jean-pierre Nda , TEMFACK Elvis , MENGUE Emmanuel Roddy , ADİOGO Dieudonne 
Published: September 2018

Objective: The antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae is a worldwide preoccupation, and misuse
antibiotics of beta-lactam group allowed the development of bacteria producing
extended spectrum beta-lactamase and cephalosporinase AmpC enzymes type
resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of these
enzymes among strains isolated at the General Hospital in Douala, Cameroon.

Methods: We
conducted a cross-sectional study. For phenotypic detection of resistance
enzymes, MASTDISCS™ test impregnated third and fourth generation
cephalosporin’s was used by diffusion on Mueller Hinton agar. Measuring the
inhibition areas and comparing the inhibition diameters determined the nature
of the resistance mechanism.

Results: This
study included 195 strains of Enterobacteriaceae.
The most frequent species were Escherichia
coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae,
with a frequency of 49.2% and 31.3% respectively. After determination of
resistance phenotypes, 101 (51.8%) isolates were found to be producing
resistance enzymes. The frequency of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was 19.5%; AmpC producing was 14.3% and both
enzymes (AmpC + ESBL) 17.9%. E. coli
and K. pneumoniae resistance rates
were 90% and 83.7% for Cotrimoxazole, 82.5% and 78.3% for ciprofloxacin, 20%
and 13.5% for Amikacin, respectively. Imipenem, Amikacin and Fosfomycin were
the most active molecules with 4.9%, 19.8% and 33.6%, out of 101 resistant
strains, respectively.

Conclusion: This study showed a high frequency of resistance
enzyme producing strains. This situation leads to resistance to antibiotics
most commonly used. This finding justifies a change in prescription habits for
protection of molecules that are still active. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(3):113-119
Development of Simplex-PCR assays for Accurate Identification of Nine Staphylococcal Species at Genus and Species Levels
Authors: SHOME Bibek Ranjan , NATESAN Krithiga , MİTRA Susweta Das , VENUGOPAL Nimita , MANİ Bhuvana , GANAİE Feroze , SHOME Rajeswari , RAHMAN Habibur 
Published: September 2018

Objective: Species identification of Staphylococcus is the prerequisite for precise assessment of
microbial dynamics including their transmission and pathogenic significance in
the dairy herd environment. The present study aimed to develop simplex PCR
assays for rapid and specific identification of nine different Staphylococcus species.

Methods: Specific
primers targeting sodA gene for S. aureus, S. chromogenes, S. hominis,
S. haemolyticus, S. hyicus; gap gene for S. sciuri, S. auricularis, S. simulans;
and rdr gene for S. epidermidis were designed. The PCR assays were evaluated against
28 ATCC reference strains and 209 composite milk samples. Partial 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to
reconfirm the results.

Results: The
PCR assays allowed species level identification of 348 staphylococcal field
isolates recovered from 209 milk samples. The identification pattern was S. aureus (n=101), S. chromogenes (n=89), S.
epidermidis (n=57), S. sciuri
(n=43), S. haemolyticus (n=34), S. hyicus (n=13), S. hominis (n=5), S.
auricularis (n=3) and S. simulans (n=3). The PCR based species
identification was in 100% concordance with the partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach.

Conclusion: The simplex PCR assays can be used as a precise tool
for routine identification of Staphylococcus
species from bovine milk as Staphylococcus
species including coagulase-negative staphylococci is recognized a major cause
of bovine mastitis in different parts of the world including India. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(3):120-127
A Severe Autoimmune-like Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-induced Liver Injury: Case Report and Review
Authors: MOSQUEİRA Jorge R. , ANİCAMA Sue , DE LOS RÍOS Jorge 
Published: September 2018

Drug-induced
liver injury is one of the most significant adverse drugs reactions and, in
severe cases, could be a potentially life-threatening condition. It can be
classified in intrinsic and idiosyncratic reactions and, anti-tuberculous drugs
are known to induce the later one. In some cases, it might develop some
autoimmune features which represent a challenge for both diagnosis and
treatment. We report a 37-year-old woman who was admitted to our hospital with
signs of severe acute liver injury. She was diagnosed with autoimmune-like
drug-induced liver injury by anti-tuberculous drugs and was treated with
corticosteroids, N-Acetylcysteine and Ursodesoxycholic acid. Indeed, based on
this case a review of the literature is presented. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 8(3):128-134
Latest Insights and Methods in Analyzing Liquid Dense Clusters and Crystal Nucleation
Authors: Falke Sven , Brognaro Hevila , Betzel Christian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLiquid dense clusters (LDCs) are distinct membrane‐less microcompartments of molecules in aqueous solution, which arise in the process of liquid–liquid phase separation. LDC formation is observed most frequently in vivo during cell development, in neurodegenerative diseases and stress signaling, as well as in vitro, in liquid–solid phase transition. LDCs emerge spaciotemporally depending on the physicochemical environment, surface properties, and conformational flexibility of the molecules involved. Knowledge about structural and dynamic properties of growth and division of different macromolecule LDCs and other clustering phenomena, such as gels and fibers, is till now incomplete and only simplified thermodynamic models are available to predict some aspects of clustering so far. For example, for crystal growth a multistep mechanism is today most commonly accepted, starting with the early formation of LDCs, followed by a self‐organization within this LDCs and initial nucleation of an ordered crystal lattice. Therefore, insights about the LDCs formation and stability will also support directed optimization of macromolecule crystallization and will shed light on physiological LDC processes as well. Furthermore, it will support the establishment of new sample preparation and imaging techniques in structural biology utilizing latest and upcoming X‐ray imaging methods at high‐intensity radiation sources.
Silica Nanofibrous Membranes for the Separation of Heterogeneous Azeotropes
Authors: Loccufier Eva , Geltmeyer Jozefien , Daelemans Lode , D'hooge Dagmar R. , De Buysser Klaartje , De Clerck Karen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNanofibrous materials produced through electrospinning are characterized by a high porosity, large specific surface area, and high pore interconnectivity and, therefore, show potential for, e.g., separation and filtration. The development of more inert nanofibers with higher thermal and chemical resistance extends the application field to high‐end purification. Silica nanofibrous membranes produced by direct electrospinning of a sol–gel solution without a sacrificing carrier, starting from tetraethoxysilane, meet these challenging requirements. After electrospinning the membrane is highly hydrophobic. Storage under dry conditions preserves this property. Oppositely, a superhydrophilic membrane is obtained by storage under high humidity (month scale). This switch is caused by the reaction of ethoxy groups, present due to incomplete hydrolysis of the precursor, with moisture in the air, resulting in an increased amount of silanol groups. This transition can be accelerated to hour scale by applying a heat treatment, with the additional increase in cross‐linking density for temperatures above 400 °C, enabling applications that make use of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes by tuning the functionalization. It is showcased that upon designing the water repellent or absorbing nature of the silica material, fast gravity‐driven membrane separation of heterogeneous azeotropes can be achieved.
Biomimetic Cilia‐Patterned Rubber Electrode Using Ultra Conductive Polydimethylsiloxane
Authors: Jin Gyeong J. , Uddin M. Jalal , Shim Joon S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a biomimetic cilia‐patterned flexible electrode using ultra conductive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented. Due to the flexibility and cilia patterns, the developed electrode can have conformal contact with the human skin without interruptions of hair and rough skin. The conductive PDMS is prepared by mixing PDMS prepolymer and curing agent with Ag particles at different ratios. The performance of the best composite‐made ciliated electrode is evaluated under different skin‐like physical environments, and compared to the nonciliated flat electrode. For a typical flat electrode, hair and rough surface of the human skin disturb electrical contact, increasing contact impedance, whereas flexible ciliary structures of the proposed electrode show significantly improved conductivity passing through the furs to penetrate well into the gap on the alloyed skin, thus increasing the contact areas. Furthermore, bio‐signal measurement using rigid metal electrodes suffers from motion artifacts causing signal errors due to bodily movement, which is remarkably addressed by ciliated flexible electrode. Therefore, the proposed electrode is applied to recording electrocardiography signal and compared with signal measured with conventional metal electrode, which showed about 20% enhancement than that of metal counterpart in identifying electrical activity of heart muscle of a person, as point‐of‐care clinical applications.