bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brokering International Education and (re)producing Class in Mumbai
Authors: Tuxen Nonie , Robertson Shanthi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the role that education brokers play in the decision‐making processes of international students in Mumbai, India. Drawing on 80 interviews with students and education brokers, the analysis reveals how the services that brokers provide, and who accesses them, are shaped by the class status of prospective international students within the localized and granular hierarchies of Mumbai's upper‐middle‐class. Brokers are divided into agents and counsellors, who offer different service models and draw their clientele from two distinct segments of the upper‐middle‐class: “South Mumbai elites” and “suburban strivers”. Within these subtly differentiated landscapes of brokerage, advice from brokers can make certain students vulnerable, or hierarchise specific study destinations and trajectories. This article argues that attending to granular class differentiation within international education brokerage illuminates inequalities that exist within student cohorts from the same locality. It also outlines the policy implications of these inequalities in both sending and receiving countries.
Race, Wealth and the Masking of Opposition to Immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Creighton Mathew J. , Schmidt Peter , Zavala‐Rojas Diana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis work uses a list experiment to directly test for differences in attitudes towards poor, racially different and racially similar immigrants to the Netherlands in terms of (1) overt support and (2) covert support and (3) the difference between the two (i.e., social desirability bias). Results show that the expression of opposition to immigrants is significantly masked, suggesting that anonymous acts (e.g., voting) could capture greater opposition. Racially similar immigrants are subject to greater opposition relative to racially different or poorer immigrants, but only when anonymity is offered to respondents. The implication is that overt estimates (i.e., openly expressed) are misleading as levels of support appear consistent across immigrant groups. Going forward, we suggest the utility of the list experiment to better account for observable downward bias in estimates at least on the aggregate level or in contexts with clear normative pressure to appear tolerant.
A Nobel Prize‐worthy pursuit: cancer immunology and harnessing immunity to tumour neoantigens
Authors: Altmann Daniel M. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe field of cancer immunology stepped into the limelight this year when James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. Among many exciting advances contributing to the coming of age of tumour immunology as a viable clinical specialty has been the ability to progress from the initial elucidation of tumour antigens, such as the melanoma antigen, MAGE‐1, to high‐throughput sequencing facilitating identification of T cell epitopes from diverse tumour neoantigens. This has resulted from the convergence of expertise in tumour biology, next‐generation sequencing, T cell and structural immunology, and predictive algorithms. Among many examples, immunotherapy for ovarian cancer has been one of the beneficiaries of these advances, leading to a number of recent and ongoing clinical trials.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome in countries with no to low medical opioid consumption: a scoping review
Authors: Marcellus L. 
Published: October 2018

AimTo describe the current state of evidence on the care of neonates with neonatal abstinence syndrome in countries with low to virtually no medical opioid analgesic consumption.BackgroundWhile access to opioids for medical use improves globally, misuse grows as a health concern. One unintended consequence has been an increase in the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Because most evidence is generated in countries with adequate opioid analgesic consumption, a picture of evidence in lower opioid‐consuming countries is not available.DesignA scoping review methodology was employed and augmented with principles of international development literature review. Electronic database searches (PubMed and CINAHL) located 1106 articles. Google was employed to access an additional 17 non‐indexed articles. From the total of 1123 articles located, 27 articles from 15 countries were included.ResultsMinimal evidence was produced in low to virtually no medical opioid‐consuming countries. Sources were primarily review articles, descriptive, comparative or case reports. Seventy‐one per cent of the articles identified at least one specific clinical practice related to the care of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome.ConclusionsAs opioid analgesic use increases globally, a subsequent increase in neonatal abstinence syndrome is likely. It will be beneficial for providers and policymakers to be proactive in considering implications for neonatal and maternal populations and collaborate with providers who have been gaining experience in this area. A number of these countries are heroin‐growing regions and already experiencing issues.Implications for nursing practice and health policyPolicymakers may use these findings to support data collection and reporting, context and resource relevant guideline development, and advocacy for inclusion of the maternal‐infant population in global opioid research priority setting. International collaboration for establishing gender and culturally appropriate practices globally is critical.
Reduction of cellular stress is essential for Fibroblast growth factor 1 treatment for diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Wu Yanqing , Li Yiyang , Jiang Ting , Yuan Yuan , Li Rui , Xu Zeping , Zhong Xingfeng , Jia Gaili , Liu Yanlong , Xie Ling , Xu Ke , Zhang Hongyu , Li Xiaokun , Xiao Jian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of general and common complication of diabetes, which severely affects the physical and mental health of diabetic patients. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), an effective control agent of blood glucose, plays an effective treatment role on diabetes‐induced renal injury. But the specific molecule mechanism underlying it is still unclear. Since induction of cellular stress is the main and common mechanism of diabetes‐induced complication, we hypothesized that reduction of cellular stress is also the molecular mechanism of FGF1 treatment for DN. Here, we have further confirmed that FGF1 significantly ameliorated the diabetes‐induced renal interstitial fibrosis and glomerular damage. The expression levels of collagen and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) also dramatically induced in kidney from db/db mice, but these effects were blocked by FGF1 administration. Our mechanistic investigation had further revealed that diabetes significantly induced oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with upregulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrotyrosine level, ER stress makers and downregulation of antioxidant capacity (AOC). FGF1 treatment significantly attenuated the effect of diabetes on cellular stress. We conclude that FGF1‐associated glucose decreases and subsequent reduction of cellular stress is the another potential molecule mechanism underlying FGF1 treatment for DN.
Sri Lankan clinical practice guidelines: A methodological quality assessment utilizing the AGREE II instrument
Authors: Talagala Ishanka Ayeshwari , Samarakoon Yasara , Senanayake Sameera , Abeysena Chrishantha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesClinical practice guidelines (CPG) play a major role in patient care in Sri Lanka. This study evaluates the methodological quality of the Sri Lankan CPGs developed in 2007.MethodsA total of 94 CPGs developed by several professional colleges in Sri Lanka in the year 2007 were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers using AGREE II instrument for their methodological quality. Item score being ≤3 points was defined as “poor quality”. Each domain score was calculated according to AGREE II. A guideline was labelled as “strongly recommended” if 4 or more domains scored above 60%, “recommended for use with certain modification” if only 3 domain scores were above 60% or if 4 or more domain scores were between 30% and 60%, and “not recommended” if 4 or more domains scored less than 30%.ResultsMost (22.3%) guidelines were developed by the College of Pathologists. Most of the guidelines (>55%) poorly reported on all the items, except for items 1, 2, and 22 of AGREE II. Median domain scores [range] and the proportion of the guidelines with domain score of <30% were as follows: domain on scope and purpose (33.3% [2.8%‐83.3%]; 42.6%), stakeholder involvement (14.9% [0.0%‐61.1%]; 81.9%), rigour of development (6.1% [0.0%‐49%]; 98.9%), clarity and presentation (30.5% [8.3%‐61.1%]; 46.8%), and applicability (8.3% [4.2%‐14.6%]; 100%). All CPGs scored 50% for “editorial independence”. Reviewers reported the overall quality was poor in 86 (91.5%). Based on the definitions used in the study, of 94 CPGs, 8 (8.5%) could be recommended to be used with modifications, while 86 (91.5%) could not be recommended for clinical practice.ConclusionsThe methodological quality of the CPGs was poor irrespective of the source of development. Major efforts are essential to update the CPGs according to the principles of evidence based medicine.
Establishment and characterization of a cell line from tilapia brain for detection of tilapia lake virus
Authors: Wang Yingying , Wang Qing , Zeng Weiwei , Yin Jiyuan , Li Yingying , Ren Yan , Shi Cunbin , Bergmann Sven M. , Zhu Xinping 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging disease threatening tilapia culture in many parts of the world. A cell line from the brain of tilapia, which was named TiB, was established, characterized and subcultured with more than 100 passages. The TiB cell line was optimally maintained at 27°C using medium 199 (M199) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS). Chromosome analysis revealed that 60% of TiB cells at passage 5 maintained the modal chromosome number 2n = 44, while at passage 60, there were 43% of TiB cells with the diploid chromosome number 2n = 50. A significant cytopathic effect was observed in TiB cells after infection with tilapia lake virus (TiLV‐2017A), and the viral replication in the cells was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence assays and viral titres, indicating the susceptibility of TiB cells to TiLV‐2017A. The viral titres of TiLV‐2017A in TiB cells reached 107.43 TCID50/ml within 10 days. The stable growth and susceptibility to fish viruses make TiB cells a useful tool for fish virus–host cell interaction and for immune response of fish.
Ethnic differences in body image perception in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Toselli S. , Gualdi‐Russo E. , Campa F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe present study compared the prevalence of obesity, fat distribution, body image perception and lifestyle among diabetic African and Albanian immigrants living in Italy, as well as diabetic Italians, aiming to identify health risks and their possible causes.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 200 diabetic subjects living in Italy. A questionnaire regarding socio‐demographic and lifestyle information was administered to participants, and anthropometric measurements and body image perception were assessed. Proper perception of weight status and the degree of dissatisfaction in body image perception were valued.ResultsItalians showed a higher health risk, both with regard to anthropometric characteristics and lifestyle, whereas African immigrants showed a lower one. All of the male groups underestimated their weight and Albanians were the most dissatisfied. Women perceived their current body image as heavier than their desired body image, showing a dissatisfaction toward their weight. Subjects of both sexes belonging to the overweight and obese categories generally underestimated themselves; this was particularly true in obese Africans. People with a higher body mass index were more likely to be dissatisfied than those with a lower one. Body image dissatisfaction increased when people estimated themselves as being overweight. Among lifestyle habits, being an ex‐smoker increased body image dissatisfaction.ConclusionsThe underestimation of weight detected in the present study requires attention. Nevertheless, the high percentage of overweight/obese people, coupled with the higher frequency of people dissatisfied with their high weight, suggests an awareness of the problem that could be more effective for weight loss.
Korean consumers’ acceptability of commercial food products and usage of the 9‐point hedonic scale
Authors: Yang Jiyun , Lee Jeehyun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this study, 32 food samples evaluated previously with the 9‐point hedonic scale were examined to determine: (a) Korean consumers’ acceptability of commercial food products; (b) differences in liking score and its distribution among the samples; and (c) the use of the 9‐point hedonic scale by Korean consumers. The results show the existence of hedonic asymmetry and central tendency, but not much evidence of avoiding extreme categories. Cluster analysis was utilized to group food products based on consumers’ 9‐point hedonic scale distribution and four clusters were found to show positive asymmetry, negative asymmetry, central tendency, or consumers’ opinion showing no trend.Practical applicationsMany consumer testing methods are used to evaluate consumer acceptability of food products and the 9‐point hedonic scale is the most frequently used scale. Many studies refer to the limitations of 9‐point hedonic scale and this problem can appear to be more severe in the case of Asian consumers. Because of the lack of consumer studies about scale usage, it is important to study how consumers use the 9‐point hedonic scale. This research is beneficial because we analyzed how Korean consumers use the 9‐point hedonic scale. Through this study, some previously reported tendencies, such as hedonic asymmetry and central tendency, were confirmed but the limitations regarding avoidance of extreme categories and negative responses by Asian consumers were not found for urban Korean consumers using the 9‐point hedonic scale. In the future, comparison with other groups in Korea and a cross‐cultural consumer study about scale usage to compare Korean consumers and those from other Asian countries would be helpful.
Ontogenetic analysis of siliceous cell wall formation in Triparma laevis f. inornata (Parmales, Stramenopiles)
Authors: Yamada Kazumasa , Katsura Hirotaka , Noël Mary‐Hélène , Ichinomiya Mutsuo , Kuwata Akira , Sato Shinya , Yoshikawa Shinya 
Published: October 2018

Triparma laevis f. inornata is a unicellular alga belonging to the Bolidophyceae, which is most closely related to diatoms. Like diatoms, T. laevis f. inornata has a siliceous cell wall. The cell wall of T. laevis f. inornata consists of four round plates (three shields and one ventral plate) and one dorsal and three girdle plates. But, unlike diatoms, T. laevis f. inornata cells can grow when concentrations of silica are depleted. We took advantage of this ability, using TEM to study the ontogeny of the siliceous plate, pattern center formation, and development. Two types of pattern centers (annulus and sternum) were observed in the early and middle stage of plate formation. During their formation, the annuli were initially crescent‐shaped but eventually their ends fused to make a ring. Only outward silica deposition of the branching ribs occurred on the growing annulus until it became a ring, resulting in an unfilled circle inside the annulus. The pattern center of the shield plate was always an annulus, but in ventral plates both annulus and sternum were observed. The annuli and sterna in T. laevis f. inornata round plates were very similar to the annuli and sterna in diatom valves. These results suggested that the round plates of Parmales are homologous to diatom valves. This information on the plate ontogeny of T. laevis f. inornata provides new insights into the evolution of the siliceous cell wall in the Parmales and diatoms.
Extent of portal vein tumour thrombosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: The more, the worse?
Authors: Mähringer‐Kunz Aline , Steinle Verena , Düber Christoph , Weinmann Arndt , Koch Sandra , Schmidtmann Irene , Schotten Sebastian , Hinrichs Jan B. , Graafen Dirk , Pinto dos Santos Daniel , Galle Peter R. , Kloeckner Roman 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsPortal vein tumour thrombosis (PVTT) has a significant impact on the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The degree of PVTT varies from sub‐/segmental invasion to complete occlusion of the main trunk. Aim of this study was to evaluate whether the degree of PVTT correlates with prognosis.MethodsA total of 1317 patients with HCC treated at our tertiary referral centre between January 2005 and December 2016 were included. PVTT was diagnosed by contrast‐enhanced computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The extent of PVTT was documented according to the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan classification: Vp0 = no PVTT, Vp1 = segmental portal vein invasion, Vp2 = right anterior/posterior portal vein, Vp3 = right/left portal vein and Vp4 = main trunk. Median overall survival (OS) was calculated for each group.ResultsPortal vein tumour thrombosis was present in 484 (36.8%) patients. Median OS without PVTT was 35.7 months, significantly longer than in patients with PVTT (7.2 months, P < 0.001). The patients with PVTT were subclassified as follows: 103 Vp1, 87 Vp2, 143 Vp3 and 151 Vp4. The corresponding median OS yielded 14.6, 9.4, 5.8 and 4.8 months for Vp1‐Vp4, respectively (P < 0.001).ConclusionsPortal vein tumour thrombosis in patients with HCC is associated with a dismal prognosis. The results indicate an association between the extent of PVTT and OS. However, the extent of PVTT is not that decisive, as even minor PVTT leads to a very poor prognosis. Therefore, meticulous evaluation of cross‐sectional imaging is crucial for the clinical management of patients with HCC.
Artificial destratification for reducing reservoir water evaporation: Is it effective?
Authors: Helfer Fernanda , Andutta Fernando P. , Louzada José A. , Zhang Hong , Lemckert Charles 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of artificial destratification by air‐bubble plumes in reducing evaporation from reservoirs. The model DYRESM was used to model the evaporation rates and thermodynamic behaviour of a temperate reservoir in Australia under a number of combinations of destratification designs and operating conditions, comprising various numbers of ports and air‐flow rates per port. The operating conditions involved continuous operation and various intermittent operating strategies. Three reservoir depths were considered, characterizing “shallow,” “medium” and “deep” reservoirs, respectively. The present study results indicated that, assuming thermal stratification develops in a reservoir (the case for the “medium” and “deep” reservoirs), artificial destratification is able to reduce surface temperatures and evaporation rates. As a result of the larger volume of cold water at the lake bottom, deeper reservoirs can derive greater benefit from the use of these systems. Being raised to the water surface by the air injected through the destratification system, the cold water from the bottom will help reduce surface temperatures. Conversely, because of their typical homothermous regime, shallow lakes are unlikely to benefit from these systems, since these reservoirs lack an abundant cold water source at the bottom. Even so, however, the reductions in evaporation from deep reservoirs are only modest, with the maximum reduction being only 2.9% for a deep lake (16.5 m) using an energy‐intensive destratification system. Based on the present study, it was concluded that using destratification systems for reducing reservoir evaporation was not warranted because of the modest water savings achieved.
Unaltered phenology but increased production of ectomycorrhizal roots of Pinus elliottii under 4 years of nitrogen addition
Authors: Kou Liang , Li Shenggong , Wang Huimin , Fu Xiaoli , Dai Xiaoqin 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Timing (phenology) and amount (production) are two integral facets of root growth, and their shifts have profound influences on below‐ground resource acquisition. However, the environmental control and the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on the production and phenology of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) roots remain unclear.

Using a 4 yr minirhizotron experiment, we explored the control of the production and three phenophases (initiation, peak, and cessation of growth) of ECM roots in two soil layers and investigated their dynamic responses to N addition in a seasonally dry subtropical Pinus elliottii forest.

We found a stronger control of water availability on the production and a stronger control of temperature on the phenology of ECM roots under ambient conditions. Temperature was correlated positively with initiation and negatively with cessation, especially in the shallow layer. N addition did not affect the phenology of ECM roots but increased their production by modifying N and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in the soil and foliage.

Our findings suggest a greater sensitivity of production than phenology of ECM roots to N addition. The increased production of ECM roots under N addition could be driven by N‐induced P limitation or some combination of below‐ground resources (P, N, water).
The readability, suitability, and content features of eczema action plans in the United States
Authors: Stringer Thomas , Yin H. Shonna , Gittler Julia , Curtiss Paul , Schneider Amanda , Oza Vikash S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesLittle is known about the reading grade level (readability), appropriateness of design (suitability), and content variability of written eczema action plans (EAPs), which can impact the effectiveness of these patient education tools. Here, we assess the readability, suitability, and content of EAPs currently used by pediatric dermatologists in the United States.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of EAPs submitted by members of the Society for Pediatric Dermatology (n = 26). Readability, suitability, and content of sampled plans were systematically assessed.ResultsMean (SD) reading grade level was 9.0 (2.1); one in five was written at the recommended level of 6th grade or lower. While the majority of EAPs were found to be adequately suitable, one in five was unsuitable and only two superior. Documents scored most poorly in layout/design and learning stimulation. Plans scored best in the categories of content and literacy demand. EAPs focused on similar content themes, though specific recommendations and descriptors of atopic dermatitis (AD) disease states varied considerably.ConclusionsThe health literacy burden of EAPs in the United States could be lowered by improving their readability, incorporating graphics, stimulating reader engagement, and developing standards for how AD flares are defined.