bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Enterprise-Wide Information Retrieval through RAG Systems Techniques, Evaluation, and Scalable Deployment
Authors: Palaniappan Somasundaram , Mali Rohit , Cuomo Luca , Vitale Mauro , Youssef Ali , Madathil Athira Puthanveetil , Murugesan Malathi , Bettini Alessandro , De Magistris Giovanni , Veneri Giacomo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Organizations in the Oil and Gas Industry deal with a vast repository of knowledge dispersed across various structured and unstructured data sources. The process of retrieving information for a particular task can be time-consuming and necessitates the involvement of multiple subject matter experts. Large Language Models (LLMs) supported by Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems can help expedite information retrieval and processing. However, Enterprise-scale LLM implementation faces challenges, that include confidentiality, scalability, handling hallucinations, handling domain data, feedback, and model improvement.
In this technical paper, we describe an optimized RAG system using LLMs for accelerated information retrieval from vast, highly confidential sources. We present the software architecture, the data flow that facilitates the application's ability to gather feedback for model fine-tuning and the techniques used to optimize our solution for accuracy, scalability, throughput. In the proposed architecture, the LLM-as-a-service component generated an average throughput of 989 tokens per second for summarization tasks involving up to 2500 tokens per request when run on A100 GPUs (40 GB). In the Oil & Gas Industry, the application allows Field Service Engineers to directly retrieve technical details about machinery, details from maintenance manuals etc and helps design teams to speed up information retrieval. This has resulted in an estimated improved productivity in the range of 20% and a positive impact on Customer Relationship, Time to Serve and Cost of Quality.
Harnessing Generative AI for Interactive System Failure Diagnostics: A User-Centric Approach to Streamlined Problem Solving and Maintenance
Authors: Vitale M. , Youssef A. , Mishra P. , Shetty S. , Sharma M. , Vanzo G. , Veneri G. , Vieri L. , Bettini A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Industrial machinery, including gas turbines and compressors, plays a critical role in driving key industries such as energy, fertilizer, and refineries. However, unplanned events can have far-reaching consequences, resulting in substantial production losses, increased emissions, and significant financial burdens. This work introduces a novel framework that leverages generative artificial intelligence for automated Root Cause Analysis (RCA) in turbomachinery. Facing the challenges of traditional RCA, which is expert-intensive and time-consuming, our work adopts a Large Language Model (LLMs) and information retrieval methods to translate natural language descriptions of failures into structured insights. A comprehensive knowledge base, populated with operational log data and expert- validated solutions, empowers the LLM to perform in-context learning and iterative diagnosis. By employing a hybrid search mechanism, our work identifies the most probable failure symptom and guides the user through a series of questions to pinpoint the root cause. Ultimately, the system generates a comprehensive troubleshooting report containing the root cause, mitigation strategies, and relevant references, enabling efficient and informed corrective actions. This approach promises to significantly reduce reliance on domain experts given the limited expertise available in the industry and address the entry-level gab, and improve the speed and accuracy of RCA, leading to enhanced operational efficiency and cost savings in industries reliant on high-performance turbomachinery.
Optimizing Indonesia PSC Framework Strategies for Renewable Energy Initiatives
Authors: Putra Iswahyudi Sondi , Hariandy Pityt Puty 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Renewable energy initiatives are of utmost importance on a worldwide level, as they address environmental concerns and promote sustainable development. Customizing these activities to the unique characteristics of each country is crucial for attaining success. Developed nations place a higher importance on technological advancements and the integration of power grids, whereas undeveloped countries prioritize making electricity accessible to all and implementing decentralized energy systems. The importance lies in the reduction of carbon emissions, ensuring energy independence, and fostering economic growth. Countries should use their unique resources, such as solar, wind, or hydropower, in order to maximize their impact. The implementation of various renewable energy solutions demonstrates the growing international collaboration and demonstrates a shared commitment to a greener and more resilient future.
Indonesia, adopting a fiscal framework known as a Production Sharing Contract, aims to achieve net zero emissions by the year 2060. The energy sector, which is responsible for the highest level of emissions, including those from oil and gas, has implemented a program aimed at reducing these emissions. The government entity responsible for managing the PSC contract, SKK Migas, has a program focused on renewable energy efforts and low-carbon initiatives. This program is coordinated with oil and gas companies. The approval of the program and budget for low-carbon initiatives provided by SKK Migas provides a positive signal for investment by oil and gas companies, where they receive certainty that the low-carbon initiatives program will be reimbursed by the Indonesian government through a cost recovery mechanism.
Feasibility of Steel Lazy Wave Riser System Configuration in Deepwater Using CRA Clad Steel Pipes
Authors: Enppi T. Eldesouky 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The application of steel lazy wave risers (SLWRs) is relatively a novel solution in subsea industry. Compared with free hanging steel catenary risers (SCRs), the targeted provision of custom designed buoyant section in SLWR results in decoupling the vertical displacement at hang-off point (HOP) driven by floater production unit (FPU) motion from the rest of the riser, hence limiting fatigue loading at the critical touchdown point (TDP) and reducing top tension and bending stresses. However, due to the highly corrosive nature of some hydrocarbon reservoirs, the wall thickness that must be added to account for corrosion along the design life can increase riser system loading, hence limits the pipe diameter that can be used for the target water depth. Therefore, and as a viable alternative solution, the application of steel pipes internally clad with a limited thickness of corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) was analyzed for deepwater SLWR application. In this work, configuration/shape analysis with basic catenary method was conducted for one of the existing twin 10-inch, grade X65 production SLWRs, as case study in Mediterranean Sea, with spread moored FPSO at 1700 meters water depth. Then after, one of SLWRs planned for project future expansion was designed according to API STD 2RD code, while adopting the analyzed shape. A wide range of commercially available steel grades for CRA Clad pipes, including X70, X65, X60 and X52 were covered in the design. Moreover, different alternatives of pipe diameters including 10, 12 and 14-inch were considered. The static and dynamic analysis for combined loading code check, as well as bending stress range for fatigue life calculations were performed using finite element analysis (FEA) software OrcaFlex version 11.2b. Although the result for design of the new SLWR concluded that all combination of steel grades and pipe sizes are safe for all extreme load cases, when it comes to fatigue, it was found that the 10-inch grade X65 is the only case that can achieve minimum service life of 20 years based on the input design parameters. This result suggests that further detailed analysis for SLWR is needed to optimize the shape parameters and obtain the best configuration that results in minimum payload on the FPSO and stresses on the riser system, sufficient length of the flowline until the anchor point or PLET, and reduced CAPEX by using minimum number of buoys for the buoyant section. All that besides achieving the targeted fatigue and service life. Throughout this study, a comprehensive background about CRA Clad pipes and SLWR is covered. Moreover, the feasibility of their combined application for the first time in the Mediterranean Sea is introduced.
Understanding Talus Formation from Analysis of Wells Data and Conventional Core Descriptions in a Pinnacle Carbonate Reservoir, Central Luconia, Sarawak
Authors: Bakar M. Abu , Ling K. , Leong L. Chee 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Talus formations hold potential for hydrocarbon reserves, yet drilling and assessment in these areas are not commonly favoured. Central Luconia's carbonate fields have seen limited talus appraisal. The field of study (Field-X) is one of few fields in here drilled and appraised talus as part of its development drilling campaign. Insights derived from this campaign offer valuable data to address and mitigate various uncertainties on depositional concept, and assess future regional potential.
Six wells were drilled during the development campaign in the study area, with two specifically targeting the appraisal of the talus zone. These wells underwent comprehensive logging programs and conventional coring. Pressure data and fluid sampling were conducted to ascertain connectivity between the talus and reef pinnacle, essential for volumetric reserve estimations. Biostratigraphic descriptions of the cores offer valuable evidence for identifying the origin of talus materials, aiding in concluding the depositional concept. Additionally, correlations between field data and regional events, such as sea level variations and wind direction, was studied to strengthen the depositional model.
The conventional core biostratigraphy analysis reinforces the depositional theory of talus formation. Core features provide compelling evidence supporting this theory. Talus zones are primarily characterized by skeletal packstone and skeletal wackestone lithofacies, with prominent allochems such as skeletal fragments dominated by red algae, forams, echinoderms, occasional mollusc fragments, and bryozoans. Bryozoa and coral fragments are exceedingly rare, with occasional presence of dark pyritised grains. Physical structures like solution seams and stylolites indicate chemical compaction, leading to decreased porosity. Solution seams often accompany organic cumulates and occasionally clay lenses. Talus originates from eroded carbonate fragments and reef debris, deposited at flanks in deeper waters. Its composition includes non-skeletal particles (carbonate grains, mud, and clasts) alongside erosional skeletal particles (mollusc, foram, algae, echinoderm, coral fragments). Talus generally exhibits lower reservoir quality due to poor sorting and chemical compaction. Absence of sub-aerial exposure limits diagenesis processes altering porosity.
Through this appraisal campaign, the presence of hydrocarbon potential in talus formations has been proven. With limited wells drilled for talus appraisal in Central Luconia, this paper serves as a valuable reference for other fields where talus occurs. Offering essential insights and lessons learned, this study provides critical information applicable to all carbonate fields featuring talus. Understanding talus formation is crucial for fostering confidence in future appraisal programs, and optimizing development and production strategies effectively.
Oil Recovery Optimisation in High Watercut Heterogeneous Confined Channel Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Dzarake B. A. , Essilfie S. , Asigbi G. K. , Adu M. K. , Addae E. Y. A. , Addae-Afoakwa K. , Duodu-Turkson K. M. , Brobbey O. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper delves into an examination of reservoir management and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) strategies for optimising oil recovery in highly heterogenous confined channel reservoirs characterized by high watercut evolution. It includes the identification of reservoir performance challenges and their root causes while evaluating dynamic reservoir simulation options for selected EOR techniques. The Enyenra Oil field, located offshore Ghana, serves as the case study for this research.
The study focuses on the optimisation of sweep efficiency in such reservoirs, using diagnostic plots to identify root causes of high watercut evolution. Analogue field studies were conducted to benchmark potential techniques for improving oil recovery. Two EOR methods (polymer flooding and surfactant flooding) emerged as the most suitable options from the benchmarking. Subsequently, dynamic reservoir simulation was employed to determine the optimal EOR technique and implementation strategies for mitigating aggressive watercut evolution and enhancing oil recovery.
Results suggest that poor reservoir sweep efficiency and potentially poor recovery factor may be mitigated by avoiding preferential flooding of high permeability streaks by the injected water, thereby improving oil recovery in low permeability streaks. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of these chemical-based EOR techniques over other methods. Simulation outcomes show that cyclic surfactant flooding notably increased the recovery factor by 3% and reduced watercut by 12%. However, cyclic polymer flooding increased the recovery factor by 1.8% and reduced the watercut by 4%. An economic evaluation of the improved profiles revealed a marginal gain in cyclic polymer flooding compared to cyclic surfactant flooding.
Findings from the study offer practical strategies for reservoir management in highly heterogenous sandstone reservoirs and provide valuable guidance for practising Engineers seeking to optimise sweep and production efficiency and sustain operations in similar challenging reservoirs. The workflow employed in this study could be applied to evaluate similar problems in existing fields.
Automated Remote Metering Monitoring
Authors: Caulier Renaud. 
Published: November 2024

TotalEnergies was one of the first companies to implement remote metering monitoring technology 15 years ago to assist its affiliates in tracking the performance and accuracy of subsea multiphase flow meters (MPFM). These complex devices are essential for measuring the production rates of oil, water and gas by well and for providing reliable forecasts for future operations.
Since the initial stages, which involved extracting data from a historian into Excel, significant advancements have been made in both the methodology and tools employed to monitor the MPFM. These improvements were driven by the evolution of our knowledge and by the increasing number of MPFM installed in various fields.
Today, the monitoring scope has been extended to include all critical flow meters: the flow meters that are used to report daily production figures to the authorities and stakeholders. In parallel, more and more assets have been added to the monitoring system, which means that today we have 250 MPFMs and 600 other flow meters under our supervision. This global monitoring allows us to perform many comparisons and checks, such as verifying the consistency between the sum of the MPFMs and the total oil, water and gas production. The validated daily production figures are then used for production allocation per well.
20/20 Vision of Your Operations – Creating an Operational Twin of Completions Operations
Authors: Thomas T. , Zhou Y. , Fairley R. , Boyd T. , Segovia A. , Scherer K. , Fatheree K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The industry has seen an increase in the need for digitally connected completions operations, pushing for companies to sensor, aggregate, and stream data to remote operation centers (ROC). While sensoring critical parameters is vital to monitoring operations, the most important element is generally excluded from the ROC – the contextual perspective only provided by personnel. This innovative approach provides clarity to remote operations by integrating human context, engineering, and sensors, aligning operations with engineering and management.
Prioritizing real-time data aggregation and the integration of sensor and contextual data must be a cornerstone of a remote monitoring solution. This approach outlines creating a digital twin by combining and aggregating the three elements into one digital context. The method outlined leverages a tri-directional sync from the operational controls, remote platform, and phone application that allows users to include operational states and human-sensored elements, such as return rate, viscosity, valve position, and rig-up geometry, that are used to align the pre-job modeling and actual operations once the job starts, providing a single source of truth for all users.
Pre-job modeling and procedures provide a roadmap for the operations to follow, but when the human context is excluded once the operation has started, the model becomes invalid. At this point, the variability introduced due to the lack of context can result in undesirable outcomes. When simulated, pre-job modeling uses the best available information, but often, the operation has elements that need to be adjusted once on location.
By including a multi-directional sync, onsite personnel can provide updated information, including rig-up geometry, fluid metrics, and mechanical deviations from models, that are used to update the simulation and keep the operations on track and aligned for the best outcome. Human senses are the best sensors, as these are used to track very difficult-to-sensor elements, such as return rate. These are, in turn, used to derive complex equations such as annular velocity and fluid carrying capacity that are critical to successful completion operations. The incorporation of human context with engineering and sensor data provides an extension of the operation to be viewed remotely, as opposed to an aggregation of sensors that rely on data analytics and engineering deduction. This operational twin enables full engagement in the field and in the office.
Creating a digital, interconnected workspace that aligns sensor data with operational context brings the completions engineer back into the operation. This integration empowers the industry to work toward one goal—completing wells more efficiently and safely and reducing avoidable non-productive time (NPT)—by removing the logistical barrier when developing an ROC.
Navigating the Future: Pioneering Autonomous and Remote Operations with IoT Technologies
Authors: Paraschiv A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The evolution of autonomous and remote operations is significantly impacted by advancements in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, among which IoT wave radars have emerged as a pivotal tool. By integrating wave radar technologies with IoT frameworks, industries can achieve unprecedented levels of automation and remote monitoring capabilities. This paper explores how the wave radars, equipped with IoT capabilities, offer a unique advantage by transmitting accurate real-time data regarding ocean state conditions which plays a critical role in the dynamic assessment of environmental conditions as well as the potential challenges and solutions in deploying these systems.
Surfactant-Chelating Agent Based Formulations for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Deng X. , AlOtaibi M. , Fahmi M. , Israr M. , Hussain S. M. Shakil , Patil S. , Mahmoud M. , Kamal M. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The presence of salts in reservoir brines and seawater can negatively impact surfactant performance. To address this challenge, chelating agents have been investigated as additives to stabilize surfactants. This study evaluates the stability, wettability alteration, and interfacial tension reduction performance of different types of surfactants, combined with chelating agent EDTA, in salt water for carbonate reservoirs. Tested surfactants include anionic, cationic, and nonionic, to cover different situations. A locally synthesized cationic gemini surfactant was also tested. The spinning drop method and sessile drop method were adopted to measure the IFT values. Static contact angle measurements were conducted to assess wettability changes induced by these EOR materials. Stability tests were conducted by monitoring the precipitations in the fluids in glass vials at varying temperatures in the oven.
The application of EDTA requires a moderate pH condition. A low pH (3~5) causes EDTA precipitation while a high pH causes seawater instability. On the other hand, water with high pH can react with oil components to generate surfactants, thus reducing the interfacial tension. While surfactants with other ion types showed a synergic effect with EDTA in changing rock wettability, anionic surfactant (SDS) showed a negative impact that largely inhibited the wettability alteration induced by EDTA. Combinations between EDTA and commercial surfactants such as DTAB and Triton X100 can form stable EOR formulations that are efficient in both IFT reduction and wettability alteration at a proper pH condition. For surfactants largely impacted by salts in stability (SDS) or wettability alteration (GS), a combination with the chelating agent can significantly improve their performance at lifted salinity. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of the combinations between chelating agents and surfactants as EOR materials. The findings highlight the importance of considering reservoir conditions (pH, temperature, salinity) and the synergistic effects of surfactant-chelating agent mixtures for optimizing oil recovery strategies in carbonate reservoirs.