bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of compressive loading on first-year sea-ice permeability
Authors: RENSHAW CARL E. , MARCHENKO ALEKSEY , SCHULSON ERLAND M. , KARULIN EVGENY 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThe permeability of sea ice can strongly affect the dissipation of wave energy into the ice pack. Sea-ice permeability is known to be impacted by the brine volume fraction and the blockage of flow pathways by the freezing of infiltrating lower salinity water. Here we investigate another process impacting sea-ice permeability, namely, inelastic deformation. We report the results of a first-of-its-kind field-scale deformation experiment to investigate the impact of compressive loading on sea-ice permeability. We observed that deformation decreased permeability by four orders of magnitude or more in some locations, while elsewhere permeability was unaffected or possibly increased. We show that the observed changes in permeability are consistent with expected changes in stress state and, as a result, in the mechanisms of deformation.
The Fréchet Schwartz Algebra of Uniformly Convergent Dirichlet Series
Authors: Bonet José 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe algebra of all Dirichlet series that are uniformly convergent in the half-plane of complex numbers with positive real part is investigated. When it is endowed with its natural locally convex topology, it is a non-nuclear Fréchet Schwartz space with basis. Moreover, it is a locally multiplicative algebra but not aQ-algebra. Composition operators on this space are also studied.
A Dispositional Theory of Reputation Costs
Authors: Brutger Ryan , Kertzer Joshua D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPoliticians frequently turn to reputational arguments to bolster support for their proposed foreign policies. Yet despite the prevailing belief that domestic audiences care about reputation, there is very little direct evidence that publics care about reputation costs, and very little understanding of how. We propose a dispositional theory of reputation costs in which citizens facing ill-defined strategic situations turn to their core predispositions about foreign affairs in order to weigh competing reputational dimensions. Employing a diverse array of methodological tools—from vignette-based survey experiments to automated text analysis—we show that the mass public has a “taste” for reputation, but understands it in fundamentally different ways, with hawks concerned about the negative reputational consequences of inconsistency, and doves equally concerned with the negative reputational consequences of belligerence and interventionism. In illustrating how reputation costs are in our heads, our findings offer both good and bad news for theories of reputation in IR.
Neighborhood alcohol outlet density and genetic influences on alcohol use: evidence for gene–environment interaction
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Deutsch Arielle R. , Piasecki Thomas M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundGenetic influences on alcohol involvement are likely to vary as a function of the ‘alcohol environment,’ given that exposure to alcohol is a necessary precondition for genetic risk to be expressed. However, few gene–environment interaction studies of alcohol involvement have focused on characteristics of the community-level alcohol environment. The goal of this study was to examine whether living in a community with more alcohol outlets would facilitate the expression of the genetic propensity to drink in a genetically-informed national survey of United States young adults.MethodsThe participants were 2434 18–26-year-old twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs from Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Participants completed in-home interviews in which alcohol use was assessed. Alcohol outlet densities were extracted from state-level liquor license databases aggregated at the census tract level to derive the density of outlets.ResultsThere was evidence that the estimates of genetic and environmental influences on alcohol use varied as a function of the density of alcohol outlets in the community. For example, the heritability of the frequency of alcohol use for those residing in a neighborhood with ten or more outlets was 74% (95% confidence limits = 55–94%), compared with 16% (95% confidence limits = 0–34%) for those in a neighborhood with zero outlets. This moderating effect of alcohol outlet density was not explained by the state of residence, population density, or neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics.ConclusionsThe results suggest that living in a neighborhood with many alcohol outlets may be especially high-risk for those individuals who are genetically predisposed to frequently drink.
The late Heidegger and a post-theistic understanding of religion
Authors: GUTSCHMIDT RICO 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article explores Heidegger's later philosophy with regard to the problem of a philosophical interpretation of religious language. In what follows, I will draw upon the work of Wittgenstein and refer to the cosmological argument to read Heidegger in terms of a post-theistic understanding of religious language that avoids the shortcomings of both theistic realism and non-cognitivism. At the same time, I am proposing a new interpretation of Heidegger's later philosophy against this background. I will show that, in spite of its hermeticism, Heidegger's later philosophy has a specific relevance to philosophy of religion that still needs to be explored.
Sliding mode control of a shape memory alloy actuated active flexible needle
Authors: Maria Joseph Felix Orlando , Podder Tarun 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARYIn medical interventional procedures such as brachytherapy, biopsy and radio-frequency ablation, precise tracking through the preplanned desired trajectory is very essential. This important requirement is critical due to two major reasons: anatomical obstacle avoidance and accurate targeting for avoiding undesired radioactive dose exposure or damage to neighboring tissue and critical organs. Therefore, a precise control of the needling device in the unstructured environment in the presence of external disturbance is required to achieve accurate target reaching in clinical applications. In this paper, a shape memory alloy actuated active flexible needle controlled by an adaptive sliding mode controller is presented. The trajectory tracking performance of the needle is tested while having its actual movement in an artificial tissue phantom by giving various input reference trajectories such as multi-step and sinusoidal. Performance of the adaptive sliding mode controller is compared with that of the proportional, integral and derivative controller and is proved to be the effective method in the presence of the external disturbances.
Breaking with Austrian Consociationalism: How the Rise of Rightwing Populism and Party Competition Have Changed Austria's Islam Politics
Authors: Hafez Farid , Heinisch Reinhard 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper seeks to explain Austria's Islam-related politics by first suggesting that it can be best understood in terms of neo-institutionalist path-dependency and consociationalist policy-making. This is due to the fact that Austria gave Islam full legal recognition in 1912. Important institutional patterns and policies grew out of this law in the Second Republic, whose persistence we want to examine. The Islamic Religious Community constituted itself under public law as a neo-corporatist interest group for Muslims in Austria in 1979. More recently, the government's approach toward Islam has shifted. This change can be best accounted for by party competition in which the far-right Freedom Party of Austria has sought to monopolize this issue. Consequently, this paper explores the contradictions between, on the one hand, the long-established principle of state neutrality and evenhandedness when dealing with various legally recognized religious communities and, on the other hand, discriminatory Islam-related politics.
EM simulation assisted parameter extraction for transferred-substrate InP HBT modeling
Authors: Johansen Tom K. , Doerner Ralf , Weimann Nils , Hossain Maruf , Krozer Viktor , Heinrich Wolfgang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, an electromagnetic (EM) simulation assisted parameter extraction procedure is demonstrated for accurate modeling of down-scaled transferred-substrate InP HBTs. The external parasitic network associated with via transitions and device electrodes is carefully extracted from calibrated three-dimensional EM simulations up to 325 GHz. Following an on-wafer multi-line Through-Reflect-Line calibration procedure, the external parasitic network is de-embedded from the transistor measurements and the active device parameters are extracted in a reliable way. The small-signal model structure augmented with the distributed parasitic network provides accurate small-signal prediction up to 220 GHz.
Vegetation Control and Soil Moisture Depletion Related to Herbicide Treatments on Forest Plantations in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Cole Elizabeth , Lindsay Amanda , Newton Michael , Bailey John D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractReforestation in the Inland Northwest, including northeastern Oregon, USA, is often limited by a dry climate and soil moisture availability during the summer months. Reduction of competing vegetative cover in forest plantations is a common method for retaining available soil moisture. Several spring and summer site preparation (applied prior to planting) herbicide treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in reducing competing cover, thus retaining soil moisture, on three sites in northeastern Oregon. Results varied by site, year, and season of application. In general, sulfometuron (0.14 kg ai ha–1 alone and in various mixtures), imazapyr (0.42 ae kg ha–1), and hexazinone (1.68 kg ai ha–1) resulted in 3 to 17% cover of forbs and grasses in the first-year when applied in spring. Sulfometuron+glyphosate (2.2 kg ha–1) consistently reduced grasses and forbs for the first year when applied in summer, but forbs recovered in the second year on two of three sites. Aminopyralid (0.12 kg ae ha–1)+sulfometuron applied in summer also led to comparable control of forb cover. In the second year after treatment, forb cover in treated plots was similar to levels in nontreated plots, and some species of forbs had increased relative to nontreated plots. Imazapyr (0.21 and 0.42 kg ha–1) at either rate, spring or summer 2007, or at lower rate (0.14 kg ha–1) with glyphosate in summer, provided the best control of shrubs, of which snowberry was the dominant species. Total vegetative cover was similar across all treatments seven and eight years after application, and differences in vegetation were related to site rather than treatment. In the first year after treatment, rates of soil moisture depletion in the 0- to 23-cm depth were correlated with vegetative cover, particularly late season soil moisture, suggesting increased water availability for tree seedling growth.
Estuaries as Sources and Sinks of N2O Across a Land Use Gradient in Subtropical Australia
Authors: Wells Naomi S. , Maher Damien T. , Erler Dirk V. , Hipsey Matthew , Rosentreter Judith A. , Eyre Bradley D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntensifying agricultural production and coastal urbanization are increasing nitrogen (N) loads to estuaries, potentially increasing emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Here we present a first assessment of how changes in land use intensity affect estuarine N2O fluxes. We measured N2O concentrations over marine‐freshwater transects in the wet and dry seasons in eight subtropical estuaries selected for differences in land use intensity. Daily estuary N loads ranged from 0.5 ± 0.4 kg N km−2 d−1 (minimally impacted) to 51 ± 30 kg N km−2 d−1 (highly impacted), corresponding to higher concentrations of all inorganic N species (nitrate, ammonium, and N2O) in the highly impacted estuaries. Net N2O fluxes from the eight estuaries ranged from −20 μg N2O‐N m−2 d−1 (sink) to +300 μg N2O‐N m−2 d−1 (source). However, neither N concentrations nor N loads explained the variations in N2O fluxes. Instead, seasonal differences in freshwater flushing times increased either N2O uptake (minimally impacted systems) or N2O efflux (moderately impacted systems) relative to N load. The lack of relationship between freshwater flushing times (kinetics) and N2O fluxes from the highly impacted estuaries, combined with evidence for both low carbon quality and phosphorous limitation in those systems, suggests that N2O emissions from highly impacted estuaries were controlled by stoichiometry rather than kinetics. This study shows that estuaries can shift from net sinks to sources of N2O as land use intensity increases but that the magnitude of this switch cannot be predicted based on N loads alone.
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Impacts of Magnetosheath High‐Speed Jets on the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Measured by Optical Imaging and Satellite Observations
Authors: Wang Boyi , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Hietala Heli , Lyons Larry , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Plaschke Ferdinand , Ebihara Yusuke , Weatherwax Allan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMagnetosheath high‐speed jets (HSJs) are dayside upstream transient disturbances with enhanced flow velocity and dynamic pressure. They are associated with significant magnetopause perturbations, ultralow frequency waves in the dayside magnetosphere, and localized flow enhancements in the ionosphere. However, whether HSJs have corresponding dayside aurora signatures is still an open question. If auroral signatures are found, 2‐D structure and evolution of HSJ effects on the magnetosphere can be imaged in a much higher precision than possible by other means. In this study, eight HSJ events are identified by the THEMIS satellites located within ±1 MLT of the center of the field‐of‐view of the South Pole station all‐sky imager. In all of those cases, the HSJs are observed to have a nearly one‐to‐one relationship with individual localized discrete/diffuse auroral brightenings. The azimuthal size of HSJ‐related diffuse aurora signatures is ~800 km at 230‐km altitude in the ionosphere and ~3.7 Re in the magnetosphere, which is slightly larger but of the order of the cross‐sectional diameter of HSJs (~1 Re). Furthermore, most of those aurora signatures have azimuthal motion, whose magnitude and direction agree with magnetosheath background flows. This study for the first time shows high‐resolution, two‐dimensional observations of localized structure and fast propagation of precipitation due to magnetosheath HSJs. We conclude that magnetosheath HSJs can have substantial impacts on the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, causing localized magnetospheric compression and aurora brightening, in a similar manner to responses during interplanetary shocks except with a smaller scale size.
Combined Contribution of Solar Illumination, Solar Activity, and Convection to Ion Upflow Above the Polar Cap
Authors: Ma Yu‐Zhang , Zhang Qing‐He , Xing Zan‐Yang , Jayachandran P. T. , Moen J. , Heelis Roderick A. , Wang Yong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBy analyzing a five‐year period (2010–2014) of Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) plasma data, we investigated ion upflow occurrence, speed, density, and flux above the polar cap in the northern hemisphere under different solar zenith angle (SZA), solar activity (F10.7), and convection speed. Higher upflow occurrence rates in the dawn sector are associated with regions of higher convection speed, while higher upflow flux in the dusk sector is associated with higher density. The upflow occurrence increases with convection speed and solar activity but decreases with SZA. Upflow occurrence is the lowest when the SZA > 100° and the convection speeds are low. While, the upflow velocity and flux show a clear seasonal dependence with higher speed in the winter and higher flux in the summer during low convection conditions. However, they are detected for the first time to be both higher in summer during high convection conditions. These results suggest that ion upflow in the polar cap is controlled by the combination of convection, solar activity, and solar illumination.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty of a Long‐Term, High‐Resolution, Global, Terrestrial Sensible Heat Flux Data Set
Authors: Siemann Amanda L. , Chaney Nathaniel , Wood Eric F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSensible heat flux directly influences local and regional climate and can be estimated using remotely sensed satellite observations. Although significant efforts have been made to estimate sensitivity and uncertainty in energy flux estimates at the local and regional scales using both models and algorithms compatible with remotely sensed satellite data, few studies quantify the sensitivity or uncertainty at the global scale, enabling a global comparison among uncertainty drivers. This study uses the 10 percentile change from the mean value in the empirical cumulative distribution function for the distribution of each input data set to calculate the sensitivity of the unconstrained, terrestrial sensible heat flux to change in the input data sets and uses this sensitivity in a first‐order analysis of the uncertainty in the sensible heat flux. The largest sensitivities to the Zilitinkevich empirical constant (Czil) are in the Amazon, northern Australia, and the plains of North America, while the sensitivity of the sensible heat flux to the temperature gradient is largest in dry regions of shorter vegetation. The Czil contributes most to the uncertainty of over 50–100 W/m2 in the Amazon and Indonesia, while the temperature gradient contributes most to the uncertainty elsewhere, producing an overall global average uncertainty of 24.8 W/m2. Future work should reduce the uncertainties in the temperature gradient and the Czil to reduce the uncertainty in sensible heat flux estimates.
Atmospheric Conditions for Advection‐Radiation Fog Over the Western Yellow Sea
Authors: Yang Liu , Liu Jing‐Wu , Ren Zhao‐Peng , Xie Shang‐Ping , Zhang Su‐Ping , Gao Shan‐Hong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdvection fog occurs usually when warm and moist air flows over cold sea surface. It is occasionally reported that the fog air temperature falls below sea surface temperature (called here the sea fog with sea surface heating [ssH]) due to longwave radiation cooling at fog top. Using 8‐year buoy observations, this study reveals that about 33% of the time, the advection fog is with ssH in the western Yellow Sea. By synthesizing long‐term observations from meteorological stations, atmospheric soundings, and offshore buoys, this study further investigates the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) structure and atmospheric circulation associated with the ssH sea fog. Composite analysis shows that a local anomalous high pressure favors widespread formation of the ssH sea fog. The subsidence in the high pressure intensifies the thermal and moist stratification between the MABL and free atmosphere through adiabatic warming. The dry air above helps cool the fog layer by enhancing the longwave radiative cooling at the fog top and the vertical mixing beneath, causing air temperature to drop below sea surface temperature. The ratio of sea fog with ssH to total sea fog decreases from spring to summer as the descending motion and MABL stratification both weaken. This study highlights the importance of longwave radiative cooling at the advection fog top and suggests a way to improve sea fog forecast in the Yellow Sea.
Modeling Sedimentation Dynamics of Sediment‐Laden River Intrusions in a Rotationally‐Influenced, Stratified Lake
Authors: Scheu Kara R. , Fong Derek , Monismith Stephen G. , Fringer Oliver B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRiver inflows are often the dominant source of sediment into a lacustrine system and the extent of sediment transport can be an important indicator of the impact of introduced constituents on an ecosystem. Inflow intrusions, which intrude into the middle of the water column at a depth of neutral buoyancy, can be common in deep, stratified lakes and reservoirs. However, the dynamics and associated sediment transport of these flows have received less attention in the literature compared to surface or underflow plumes. A three‐dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was used to investigate sediment transport due to inflow intrusions in Pallanza Bay, an embayment within Lake Maggiore, Italy. The model was validated using field observations of inflow intrusions over varying conditions and was then used to simulate a range of realistic scenarios to evaluate sediment transport and deposition from inflow intrusions. The extent of sedimentation across the range of simulated scenarios can be estimated using a simple analytical expression with only a priori known parameters. The expression is a function of the intrusion plume speed and thickness, which are governed by the volume flow rate and the ambient stratification. We utilize the first‐mode wave speed to characterize the ambient stratification in the simplified expression, which eliminates the need to characterize near‐field mixing and entrainment to predict the intrusion depth. While the simple expression gives a reasonable estimate of the sedimentation extent, it does not capture lateral variability in the plume due to effects like lateral spreading and the earth's rotation.
Groundwater Withdrawals Under Drought: Reconciling GRACE and Land Surface Models in the United States High Plains Aquifer
Authors: Nie Wanshu , Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Rodell Matthew , Kumar Sujay V. , Anderson Martha C. , Hain Christopher 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdvanced Land Surface Models (LSM) offer a powerful tool for studying hydrological variability. Highly managed systems, however, present a challenge for these models, which typically have simplified or incomplete representations of human water use. Here we examine recent groundwater declines in the US High Plains Aquifer (HPA), a region that is heavily utilized for irrigation and that is also affected by episodic drought. To understand observed decline in groundwater and terrestrial water storage during a recent multiyear drought, we modify the Noah‐MP LSM to include a groundwater irrigation scheme. To account for seasonal and interannual variability in active irrigated area, we apply a monthly time‐varying greenness vegetation fraction (GVF) data set within the model. A set of five experiments were performed to study the impact of groundwater irrigation on the simulated hydrological cycle of the HPA and to assess the importance of time‐varying GVF when simulating drought conditions. The results show that including the groundwater irrigation scheme improves model agreement with ALEXI ET data, mascon‐based GRACE TWS data, and depth‐to‐groundwater measurements in the southern HPA, including Texas and Kansas, and that accounting for time‐varying GVF is important for model realism under drought. Results for the HPA in Nebraska are mixed, likely due to the model's weaknesses in representing subsurface hydrology in this region. This study highlights the value of GRACE data sets for model evaluation and development and the potential to advance the dynamic representations of the interactions between human water use and the hydrological cycle.