bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Married Life in the Middle Ages, 900-1300
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book contains an analysis of the experience of married life by men and women in Christian medieval Europe c. 900–1300. The focus will be on the social and emotional life of the married couple rather than on the institutional history of marriage. The book consists of three parts: the first part (Getting Married) is devoted to the process of getting married and wedding celebrations, the second part (Married Life) discusses the married life of lay couples and clergy, their sexuality, and any remarriage, while the third part (Alternative Living) explores concubinage and polygyny as well as the single life in contrast to monogamous sexual unions. Four main themes are central to the book. First, the tension between patriarchal family strategies and the individual family member’s freedom of choice to marry and, if so, to what partner; second, the role played by the married priesthood in their quest to have individual agency and self-determination accepted in their own lives in the face of the growing imposition of clerical celibacy; third, the role played by women in helping society accept some degree of gender equality and self-determination to marry and in shaping the norms for married life incorporating these principles; fourth, the role played by emotion in the establishment of marriage and in married life at a time when sexual and spiritual love feature prominently in medieval literature.
Making of Marriage
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the process of who arranged marriages and how they were planned, with particular attention to the role of parents and kin, kings and lords, and initiatives of the couples themselves. In the period under discussion, marital arrangements were made by parents, kin, and lords with minimal input from the couple. In fact, the legality of marriage was subject to parental consent, not the couple’s. In the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries evidence emerged that suggests a development in thinking amongst the laity and clergy about what established a valid union. In narrative sources, such as chronicles, hagiography, and fiction, demands of young men and women for self-determination with respect to marriage were recorded. There seems to have been a gendered aspect to these emerging voices with more women than men, mostly from elite or well-to-do backgrounds, demanding a say in the choice of marriage partner.
Wedding Celebrations
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ceremonial aspect of wedding celebrations of elite weddings, lower-status weddings, so-called ‘mantle’ ceremonies, and wedding rings. Actual wedding celebrations often stretched out over a number of days of feasting, dancing, and jousting. Most accounts centre on the couple and their kin and friends, sometimes lords, with exceptionally little detail of any active involvement of the clergy. Although clergymen are often described as being present, and images reveal them as present, what they actually did at the ceremonies is either deemed so self-explanatory that none of the reporters (whether in fictional or historical narratives) felt it necessary to describe their role, or else it is a sign that their role was still ill defined. Despite the existence of medieval liturgical literature with its detail on what should happen, most of the accounts concentrate on the secular and domestic aspect of the celebrations.
Authority and Collaboration
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses topics such as husbands’ authority and wifely advice, marital violence and collaboration, and shared responsibilities. Once married the husband became the head of the household and the wife fell under his authority. Patriarchal society was based on this inbuilt inequality that consisted often in a precarious balance between the husband, having to show that he was up to his authoritarian role, and the wife understanding her submissive position. A mutual sense of responsibility for their life together was often the glue that kept a couple together. This sense of mutual responsibility was naturally stronger the more affective the relationship was. Both men and women had a role in marriage, and increasingly society recognized that durable indissoluble unions had more chance of success if the couple were compatible, attracted to each other, and prepared to give the relationship a chance.
Living with One or More Partners
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the phenomenon of elite polygyny. It also contains a section on living together in arrangements that were not deemed formal marriages, and there is a brief discussion on Jewish and Muslim relations. Gradual acceptance of emotional ties of love and affection as a binding force in relationships may have helped to reduce the elite polygyny. Elite women supported by clergy raised concerns about elite polygyny. Below the level of the elite it remains extraordinarily difficult to identify who was formally married, in the sense of having been through a process of contract, exchange of wealth, and potentially a blessing. There are glimpses of ‘living together’ arrangements, which to all intents and purposes were stable monogamous sexual relationships even though they were never recognized as marriage by canon law.
Single Life
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the single life. First it contains a section devoted to the issue of consent: who gives consent for the entry into monastic life, parents or the child? This section is followed by a discussion on single women in monastic and lay environments. The final section is devoted to single men in lay and monastic environments. The majority of single men and women were held hostage by economic circumstances rather than their own agency or choice. The relatively small group of religious young men and women entered their future destination by a combination of parental choice and their own agency. The increase in texts charting the generational battle for consent should be seen firmly in the wider context of a demand for choice amongst young people, especially women.
Between Geneva and Ottawa
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The interwar years marked the completion of attempts to establish a system of preferential trade within the British Empire, and the newly formed Imperial Economic Committee sought to present a modern vision of empire, in cooperation with the League of Nations. However, while Britannic sentiment remained strong in the Dominions, there was a new sense of scepticism regarding the British World’s cohesion and its future economic prospects. The League of Nations also provided new opportunities to challenge Britain’s economic leadership. Understandings of preferential trade were reshaped during the First World War and its aftermath, with increased attention focused on imperial modernization through ‘scientific’ management and the value of grading tariffs to aid relations with ‘friendly’ nations. During the 1930s it became increasingly clear that imperial cooperation could do little to solve key economic problems connected to production and food supplies, which needed to be tackled through broader international agreements.
‘What Are We Doing to Earn Dollars?’
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Dominions, with the key exception of Canada, were members of the Sterling Area, which meant they continued to be connected to an economic system centred on London after 1945. However, this system was challenged by the disastrous economic effects of world war on the British economy, waves of decolonization, the development of trade liberalization with the emergence of GATT, and the declining importance of intra-Commonwealth trade. Chapter 4 focuses on how existing networks such as the Congresses of Chambers of the Commonwealth and Commonwealth Prime Ministers’ Conferences tried to move away from their earlier focus on ‘British World’ links to include Asians and Africans in policymaking. Such efforts had little success, and business associations increasingly focused on promoting regional rather than imperial trade, fuelled by the growing influence of the EEC and UN regional commissions.
We’re All Backing Britain?
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the role that Britannic loyalism played in various facets of everyday life in the UK and the Dominions, exploring developments in the fields of advertising and market research, attempts to promote Commonwealth collaboration in non-fiction film production and distribution, and the politics of post-war patriotic trade campaigns. The dismantling of import controls in the late 1950s and early 1960s led to a revival in patriotic trade campaigns. However, such campaigns increasingly came to be seen as outmoded during these years, jeopardizing trade with growing foreign markets. Moreover, changes in the advertising and marketing industries, and the growth of market research, discouraged businesses from making undifferentiated appeals to national markets. Earlier ideas that consumers across the British World had broadly similar interests and tastes were comprehensively challenged with the expansion of segmented marketing.
Coda. 1886–1932–1973–2016
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The outcome of the 2016 EU referendum fits into a wider pattern of historical change. At various points since the 1880s, hopes placed in the economic future of regional blocs have reshaped Britain’s identity as a trading nation. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many people in the UK and its settler colonies argued that it was essential to invest resources into British World cooperation. The British World trade system slowly unravelled after 1945 as it became increasingly difficult to see the Commonwealth as a coherent and attractive economic bloc with a bright future. The triumph of the Leave campaign in 2016 resulted from their ability to overhaul this earlier perception that European Community membership was vital to Britain’s economic future, and to revitalize earlier narratives which presented the UK’s global trade role as key to its economic prosperity.
Credibility
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
“Credibility” focuses on all the things that will help to clear the path for the reader. Even a well-structured piece can be alienating if written if an illogical, confusing, or noncredible way. This chapter goes over some basic rules for making an argument convincing and ensuring the readers remain favorable. These include presenting the right kind of evidence, being honest, ensuring accuracy, writing (or speaking) with an authoritative voice, and preparing for common objections to a given argument. It also discusses ways to make an article easy to read, from breaking the text up into digestible paragraphs and sections, to providing topic sentences and subheadings, to signposting where the argument is heading, to avoiding repetition, to using the active voice. Finally, it discusses how to make the most of a very important set of readers: those being asked for feedback.
Interperspectival Content
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Peter Ludlow argues that perspectival content, or what some call indexical content, is ineliminable and ubiquitous, running through our accounts of human action and emotions, perception, normative behavior, and even our theories of computation and information. While such content may be ineliminable, it also gives rise to philosophical puzzles—particularly those involving reporting these contents from different perspectival positions. Such puzzles have led some to try and abandon perspectival content, and others to despair of communication across perspectival positions. Ludlow argues that communication across diverse perspectival positions is not only possible, but routine, and develops a theory of interperspectival content to explain how it is accomplished.
Why We Need Interperspectival Content
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Perspectival content, or what is sometimes called indexical content, is critical to the proper understanding of human action and emotion, perception, consciousness, normative behavior and attitudes, and even linguistic rule following. Recent attempts to eliminate such contents are shown to be unsuccessful. Philosophers have disagreed about whether perspectival content is really a feature of the world, and they have disagreed about whether it is eliminable, but they have more or less been on the same page about one thing: Perspectival content, at least understood in a very weak sense of ‘content’ that includes narrow psychological states, is necessary for the explanation of human action, emotion, etc.
Interperspectival Content and Physical Theory
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The book has made the case that linguistic tense and other perspectival language are used to express interperspectival contents and that such contents are needed to explain and understand a number of phenomena, ranging from human action and emotion, to perception, consciousness, normative behavior (understood broadly enough to include the behavior of computers), etc. The fact that physics may not need perspectival contents does not undermine the case for such contents. Indeed, as this chapter argues, perspectival content is critical to the practice of scientific investigation (particularly in the context of scientific experimentation), and may well need to be a component in our base-level descriptions of the world. It is further argued that perspectival contents like tense are compatible with the Special Theory of Relativity, given our theory of the expression of interperspectival contents.
World Hunger, the Global Food System, and (International) Law
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain why it is that in spite of long-standing and concerted interventions to address world hunger the efforts of the international community have consistently fallen short. The chapter begins by locating the origins of the contemporary global food system in the period of European colonialism, and it then explores the place of law in creating conditions of food insecurity through the establishment of new market relations between colonial powers and colonized peoples. Particular attention is paid to the special role of public international law in enabling the perpetuation of colonial dynamics even after the period of decolonization through neocolonial practices of ‘economic development’. After examining the operations of regimes of international economic law and their interaction with private law norms, the chapter concludes that international law has been a key mechanism whereby the food security of populations of the Global South has been subordinated to the economic interests of wealthier market actors in the Global North.
Neoliberalism and the Financialization of Agriculture
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the progressive financialization of the food system since the 1980s and relates this phenomenon to the Neoliberal policy agenda. In addition, the chapter carries out some important theoretical work that informs the analysis throughout the remainder of the book. The author argues that the financialization of the food system can only be understood in the context of broader trends in the financialization of the global economy, which has to be linked to the Neoliberal policy agenda and its relationship to Neoclassical economic theory in order to be fully appreciated. The chapter analyses three additional developments that, together with practices of food commodity speculation, are significant in the financialization of agriculture: the growing importance of finance in shaping the operations of global value chains; the global land grab that has seen financial investors gaining control over large tracts of agricultural land; and the rise of microcredit as a mechanism that is incorporating populations in the Global South into the logics of financial markets.
Regulation
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses the new regulations introduced in the US and in the EU to respond to ‘excessive’ levels of speculation in commodity derivative markets. First, the chapter recalls the events of the global financial crisis and relates how concerns about the role that derivatives played in bringing it about have motivated reform. The chapter then outlines the new US and European regulations for over-the-counter derivatives focusing on those provisions with the potential to address concerns about food commodity speculation. After discussing a number of challenges that threaten the regulatory project, the author exposes a number of deeper, structural limitations of the Dodd Frank Act and EMIR-MiFID II reforms. The regulations are revealed to be predicated on a problematic ‘Neoliberal-Neoclassical’ understanding of how financial markets function that fundamentally fails to account for dynamics of price formation in contemporary markets.
Bandage Wallahs and St John’s Men
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys the formation and reformation of the British Army Medical Services in the period from the Crimean War to the outbreak of the First World War. It locates the social and political debates around the nature and make-up of the unit in the context of wider reforms to the military and the medical profession. It further identifies the ways in which these debates were shaped by the development of the humanitarian voluntary-aid movement in Europe. It argues that the reforms to both the military and medicine as gender-demarcated professions constructed medical caregiving in the context of military conflict as a socially and culturally ambiguous role for men to undertake.
From No Man’s Land to Auxiliary Hospital
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits the chain of evacuation from the perspective of how RAMC Other Ranks’ work was influenced by strategic and technological changes in practice, both military and medical, as they developed over the course of the war. By exploring how such change over time affected the working practices of the men of the RAMC, it interrogates the question of whether the war was good for medicine from the perspective of the non-professional male medical care provider. In doing so, it contributes to wider debates over the relationship between war, medicine, and modernity, suggesting that many of the aspects of change associated with progression had a more ambiguous impact on the lived experiences of the men whose practice they shaped. This ambiguity was reflected in the impact that such developments had on the status of the ranks of the RAMC as both care providers and servicemen throughout the war.
Introduction
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets up three main arguments that are developed in the book: first, that the debate on war origins and war guilt in the First World War nearly destroyed the Ligue des droits de l’homme well before the Second World War; secondly, that this debate lay at the heart of a dissenting, new style of pacifism which emerged in France near the end of the 1920s; and thirdly, that both of these phenomena catalysed the emergence of pro-Vichy sentiments during the Second World War. This latter development was not the result of philo-fascism but rather of an overriding commitment to peace which had its origin in the belief that the Great War had been fought by France under false pretences.
Turning the Page?
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The years immediately following the signature of the Locarno treaties in October 1925 are usually seen as an era of détente in European, particularly Franco-German, politics. There seemed to be a lull in the Ligue’s fixation on the problem of war origins, but it was only an appearance. Other issues briefly took centre stage, but even they were discussed in terms redolent of concerns from the Great War. Some members of the minority began to publish in a new journal, Evolution. An event of signal importance was the publication of a book by René Gerin and Raymond Poincaré on war responsibilities. There was huge debate over the Pierre Renouvin/Camille Bloch thesis which sought to limit the importance of Article 231. On the eve of the Nazi seizure of power, the Ligue devoted its 1932 Congress to the controversy over the peace treaties of 1919. It was too little, too late.
In the Shadow of the Swastika
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Nazi seizure of power in January 1933 caught the Ligue des droits de l’homme by surprise. The Ligue debate on how to respond to Nazism breathed new life into the war guilt debate. Increasingly, the Ligue’s gaze was directed forward to how to deal with Nazism, rather than backwards to a debate on the Great War, but its political analysis continued to be inspired by a reading of the meaning of the Great War. Both minority and majority initially failed to understand the sea change that Nazism represented, but the minority was transfixed by the idea that resistance to Nazism was going to require a new Union sacrée and the division of Europe into antagonistic blocs. Much of the minority’s opposition to this was the belief that France was complicit in the rise of Nazism. The threat of domestic French fascism was also a major preoccupation.
Once More with Feeling?
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Ligue des droits de l’homme went into freefall after 1937. It was not the Nazis who killed the Ligue, but rather the crisis which came to a head in 1937. In 1938 and 1939, the Ligue underwent a financial and membership crisis. The last two pre-war Congresses were rather tired affairs. The Munich crisis, the invasion of Prague, the question of Danzig, and the fall of France did not change the political/historical analysis of the minority which continued to explain the crises of 1938–40 through the lens of the Great War. The collaboration of some members of the minority during the Second World War was due to their dissenting position on the origins of the Great War. The Ligue’s papers were seized by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg shortly after the Germans reached Paris in June 1940, eventually to be transported back to Berlin for analysis.
When All Is Said and Done …
Authors: Ingram Norman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book has been about the decline and fall of a great French republican institution, the Ligue des droits de l’homme (LDH). The LDH was torn apart by the war guilt question over the course of the entire period from 1914 to the fall of France in 1940. This debate was the catalyst for the emergence of a new style of pacifism in France which was hardly like its ‘placid’ interwar British cousin. The war guilt question was also the progenitor of a uniquely French suspicion, first of Russian, and ultimately of Soviet intentions. This led under Vichy to the appearance of collaboration and philo-fascism, but it was more a case of peace becoming an ‘ethic of ultimate ends’ for the minority within the LDH.
Introduction
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The economic and financial fallout of the Great Recession upended the belief that advanced economies enjoyed some kind of superior inoculation against deep crises. It presented EU states with the unanticipated and unprecedented challenge of coordinating fiscal crisis responses. The EU crisis framework laid out in the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) represented an attempt to coordinate not fiscal constraint but, for the first time, fiscal expansion. This chapter places this study within two intertwined crises, the international economic and financial crises and the European Debt Crisis, before going on to present the main empirical puzzle and research questions of the book.