bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial Preparations (Probiotics) for the Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of 6,851 Participants
Authors: Johnston Bradley C. , Lytvyn Lyubov , Lo Calvin Ka-Fung , Allen Stephen J. , Wang Duolao , Szajewska Hania , Miller Mark , Ehrhardt Stephan , Sampalis John , Duman Deniz G. , Pozzoni Pietro , Colli Agostino , Lönnermark Elisabet , Selinger Christian P. , Wong Samford , Plummer Susan , Hickson Mary , Pancheva Ruzha , Hirsch Sandra , Klarin Bengt , Goldenberg Joshua Z , Wang Li , Mbuagbauw Lawrence , Foster Gary , Maw Anna , Sadeghirad Behnam , Thabane Lehana , Mertz Dominik 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVETo determine whether probiotic prophylaxes reduce the odds ofClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in adults and children.DESIGNIndividual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), adjusting for risk factors.METHODSWe searched 6 databases and 11 grey literature sources from inception to April 2016. We identified 32 RCTs (n=8,713); among them, 18 RCTs provided IPD (n=6,851 participants) comparing probiotic prophylaxis to placebo or no treatment (standard care). One reviewer prepared the IPD, and 2 reviewers extracted data, rated study quality, and graded evidence quality.RESULTSProbiotics reduced CDI odds in the unadjusted model (n=6,645; odds ratio [OR] 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25–0.55) and the adjusted model (n=5,074; OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.23–0.55). Using 2 or more antibiotics increased the odds of CDI (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.11–4.37), whereas age, sex, hospitalization status, and high-risk antibiotic exposure did not. Adjusted subgroup analyses suggested that, compared to no probiotics, multispecies probiotics were more beneficial than single-species probiotics, as was using probiotics in clinical settings where the CDI risk is ≥5%. Of 18 studies, 14 reported adverse events. In 11 of these 14 studies, the adverse events were retained in the adjusted model. Odds for serious adverse events were similar for both groups in the unadjusted analyses (n=4,990; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89–1.26) and adjusted analyses (n=4,718; OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.89–1.28). Missing outcome data for CDI ranged from 0% to 25.8%. Our analyses were robust to a sensitivity analysis for missingness.CONCLUSIONSModerate quality (ie, certainty) evidence suggests that probiotic prophylaxis may be a useful and safe CDI prevention strategy, particularly among participants taking 2 or more antibiotics and in hospital settings where the risk of CDI is ≥5%.TRIAL REGISTRATIONPROSPERO 2015 identifier: CRD42015015701Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;771–781
Estimating the population size of migrating Tibetan antelopesPantholops hodgsoniiwith unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Hu Jianbo , Wu Xiaomin , Dai Mingxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractData on the distribution and population size of the Near Threatened Tibetan antelopePantholops hodgsoniiare necessary to protect this species. Ground-based count surveys are usually carried out from a long distance to avoid disturbing the sensitive animals, and on calving grounds or along migration routes where they are seasonally concentrated. This can result in underestimation of population sizes if terrain features obstruct the view and high concentrations of animals make estimating numbers difficult. Here we test the efficacy of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for gathering population data for the Tibetan antelope. We conducted the study south of a known calving ground, at the foot of Sewu Snow Mountain, in the Chang Tang National Nature Reserve, China. The UAV did not appear to disturb the animals and resulted in more accurate counts than ground-based observations. A total of 23,063 Tibetan antelopes were identified in twelve orthoimages derived from c. 4,000 aerial photographs. In the first flight area 7,671 females and 4,353 calves were identified (proportion of calves: 36.2%). In the second flight area 7,989 females and 3,050 calves were identified (proportion of calves: 27.6%). Two flights over the same area revealed the direction and speed of moving Tibetan antelope groups. Image resolution, which can be controlled with flight planning, was an important factor in determining the animals’ visibility in the photos. We found that UAV-based surveys outperformed ground-based surveys, and that larger UAVs are preferable for this application.
Immigrant Integration Through Volunteering: The Importance of Contextual Factors
Authors: GREENSPAN ITAY , WALK MARLENE , HANDY FEMIDA 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVolunteering is an under-studied yet potentially beneficial avenue for immigrant integration. Whereas past research has provided important insights into the benefits of immigrant volunteering, it has been frequently based on convenience samples. This paper contributes to the literature on immigrant volunteering on two levels. First, we test less explored questions: the differences between immigrant and native-born volunteers on several volunteer indicators, and the contextual factors (cultural, social, and organisational) associated with immigrants’ proclivity to volunteer. Second, we rely on a representative sample of the German population, and use propensity score matching to strengthen the robustness of our analysis. Findings suggest that, although native-born individuals display higher rates of volunteering than immigrants, they do not significantly differ on most indicators once immigrants become volunteers. Furthermore, time since migration, social networks and organisational membership are significant drivers of immigrant volunteering. Our findings are a signal for policymakers because social policies could better address contextual and organisational barriers.
Prime decomposition and the Iwasawa MU-invariant
Authors: HAJIR FARSHID , MAIRE CHRISTIAN 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor Γ = ℤp, Iwasawa was the first to construct Γ-extensions over number fields with arbitrarily large μ-invariants. In this work, we investigate other uniform pro-p groups which are realisable as Galois groups of towers of number fields with arbitrarily large μ-invariant. For instance, we prove that this is the case if p is a regular prime and Γ is a uniform pro-p group admitting a fixed-point-free automorphism of odd order dividing p−1. Both in Iwasawa's work, and in the present one, the size of the μ-invariant appears to be intimately related to the existence of primes that split completely in the tower.
Incidence of pneumonia in nursing home residents in Germany: results of a claims data analysis
Authors: Fassmer A. M. , Spreckelsen O. , Hoffmann F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPneumonia is one of the most common infectious diseases with a high mortality, especially in the elderly population. To date, there have been only a few population-based studies dealing with the incidence of pneumonia in nursing homes (NHs). We conducted a cohort study using data from a large German statutory health insurance fund. Between 2010 and 2014, 127 227 NH residents 65 years and older were analysed. For the calculation of incidences per 100 person-years (PY) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), we assessed the first diagnosis of pneumonia during the time in NH. We compared the rates between sexes, age groups, care levels, and comorbidities and we performed a multivariate Cox regression analysis. The mean age in the cohort was 84.0 years (74.6% female). A total of 19 183 incident cases led to an overall 5-year-incidence of 11.8 per 100 PY (95% CI 11.7–12.0). The incidence in men was substantially higher than in women. Rates were highest in the first month after NH placement. Our study revealed that the incidence of pneumonia is high in German NH residents and especially in males. Due to demographic changes, pneumonia will likely be increasingly relevant in the health care of the elderly and institutionalised population.
An examination of father vulnerability and coercive family process after the birth of a sibling: A spillover cascade model
Authors: Stevenson Matthew M. , Volling Brenda L. , Gonzalez Richard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFathers are a crucial source of support for children following the birth of an infant sibling. This study examined whether fathers were more vulnerable to the effects of interparental conflict than mothers, and whether there was a subsequent spillover cascade from interparental conflict to children's externalizing behavior problems. We followed 241 families after the birth of a second child. Mothers and fathers reported on interparental conflict and parental efficacy at 1 and 4 months postpartum and punitive discipline and firstborn children's externalizing behavior problems across a longitudinal investigation (prenatal and 4, 8, and 12 months postpartum). For both mothers and fathers, interparental conflict prenatally predicted decreased parental efficacy following the birth. Fathers’ lower parental efficacy was significantly associated with increased punitive discipline toward the older sibling at 4 months, whereas mothers’ lower parental efficacy was not. Coercive family processes were present between mothers’ and fathers’ punitive discipline and older siblings’ externalizing behavior problems. Results were inconsistent with the father vulnerability hypothesis in that both mothers and fathers were vulnerable to interparental conflict, which in turn spilled over to create coercive family processes that exacerbated children's externalizing behavior problems in the year following the birth of a second child.
Dispatcher CPR Instructions Across the Age Continuum
Authors: Weinmeister Kristi L. , Lerner E. Brooke , Guse Clare E. , Ateyyah Khalid A. , Pirrallo Ronald G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundSurvival rates following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) increase two to three times when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is started by bystanders, as compared to starting CPR when Emergency Medical Services (EMS) arrives. Municipalities that have implemented dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR programs have seen increased rates of bystander CPR. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions are given for victims of all ages, but it is unknown if offering instructions results in similar rates of EMS-documented bystander CPR across the age continuum in these municipalities.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine if there is a difference in EMS-documented bystander CPR rates based on the age group of the OHCA victim when dispatcher CPR instructions are available in the community.MethodsThis was a three-year, retrospective chart review of OHCA patients in two municipalities within a single county that provided dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions. Bystander CPR and patient age were determined based on EMS documentation. Age was stratified into three groups: child (0-12 years), adult (13-54 years), and geriatric (≥55 years). Chi square was used to compare the rate of bystander CPR in each age group.ResultsDuring the study period, 1,993 patients were identified as being in OHCA at the time of EMS arrival. The overall bystander CPR rate was 10%. The highest rate of bystander CPR was in the child age group (19%). The lowest rate of bystander CPR was in the geriatric age group (9%). There was a statistically significant difference between age groups (P≤.01).ConclusionsThe rate of EMS-documented bystander CPR was low, even though these municipalities provided dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions. The highest rates of bystander CPR were observed in children (0-12 years). Future investigations should determine why this occurs and if there are opportunities to modify dispatcher coaching based on patient age so that bystander CPR rates improve.WeinmeisterKL, LernerEB, GuseCE, AteyyahKA, PirralloRG. Dispatcher CPR instructions across the age continuum. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):342–345.
Gérard Grisey, Accordionist
Authors: GOLDMAN JONATHAN 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt is tolerably well known that Gérard Grisey's first instrument was the accordion, but little has been written about the influence the pioneering spectral composer's main instrument had on his compositional language. The decade of the 1960s was marked by the centrality of the accordion and saw the completion of his first youthful compositional essays, most of which were scored for the accordion. It was also the period in which he studied at a school devoted to the accordion, in Trossingen. Later, when studying with Messiaen in Paris, Grisey distanced himself from the accordion, writing in 1969 that ‘I am not playing accordion anymore. My way is another one.’ After establishing the chronology of Grisey's engagement with the accordion, this article assesses the extent to which the spectral composer's training on the accordion left traces in his mature compositions and raises questions about the standard historiographies (and geographies) of French spectral music.
Hygroscopicity of Organic Aerosols and Their Contributions to CCN Concentrations Over a Midlatitude Forest in Japan
Authors: Deng Yange , Kagami Sara , Ogawa Shuhei , Kawana Kaori , Nakayama Tomoki , Kubodera Ryo , Adachi Kouji , Hussein Tareq , Miyazaki Yuzo , Mochida Michihiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) in forest environments is potentially important to cloud formation via changes of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of aerosols. In this study, the CCN activation of submicrometer aerosols and their chemical compositions and size distributions were measured at a midlatitude forest site in Japan during the summer of 2014 to assess the hygroscopicity of the organic aerosols and their contributions to the local CCN concentrations. The mean number concentrations of the condensation nuclei and CCN at supersaturation (SS) conditions of 0.11–0.80% were 1,238 and 166–740 cm−3, respectively. Organic aerosols and sulfate dominated the submicrometer aerosol mass concentrations. The particle hygroscopicity increased with increases in particle diameters. The hygroscopicity parameter for the organics, κorg, was positively correlated with the atomic O to C ratio. The product of κorg and the volume fraction of OA was 0.12, accounting for 38% of the water uptake by aerosol particles. The hygroscopicity parameter of the locally formed fresh BSOA was estimated to be 0.09. The contribution of OA to the CCN number concentration, which was assessed by subtracting the CCN concentration of the hypothetical inorganic aerosols from that of the ambient aerosols, was 50–182 cm−3 for the SS range of 0.11–0.80%. The increase of the CCN number concentrations per 1‐μg/m3 increase of the BSOA was 23–299 cm−3 at 0.11–0.80% SS. The contribution of the BSOA to the CCN number concentration can be enhanced by new particle formation.
The 20–22 February 2016 Mineral Dust Event in Tehran, Iran: Numerical Modeling, Remote Sensing, and In Situ Measurements
Authors: Najafpour Nategheh , Afshin Hossein , Firoozabadi Bahar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWind erosion raises mineral dusts from dry and semidry lands and produces dust storms. Such dust masses have created numerous health and economic problems for the residents of southern, southwestern, and central parts of Iran. The main sources, movement, spread, and settlement of dust masses can be determined by solving the governing equations for aerosol transmission. Such information will be certainly useful in managerial decision‐making. In this study, the dust event in Tehran on 20–22 February 2016 was studied using numerical model, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data, and data of ground‐based stations. A comparison between the numerical results and in situ measurements as well as satellite data confirmed that present modeling can predict dust mass formation and its development toward Tehran. However, the values of dust concentration and aerosol optical depth were underpredicted with regard to in situ measurements and satellite data, respectively. The results indicated that a low‐pressure system was formed in the central Iran on 19–20 February, which led to atmosphere instability, an increase in wind speed, and an increase in the planetary boundary layer height up to a height of 5 km. On the other hand, this low‐pressure system led to the transportation of dust mass created in the eastern Syria and central Iraq from the southwestern borders and cities like Ahwaz to the central parts of Iran such as Tehran. The study of the radiative forcing indicated that due to the absorption and scattering of radiation flux by aerosols, the atmosphere became stable and the height of the boundary layer decreased.
Inverse Estimation of an Annual Cycle of California's Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Authors: Jeong Seongeun , Newman Sally , Zhang Jingsong , Andrews Arlyn E. , Bianco Laura , Dlugokencky Ed , Bagley Justin , Cui Xinguang , Priest Chad , Campos‐Pineda Mixtli , Fischer Marc L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent long‐lived greenhouse gas (GHG) and the strongest current emissions of global anthropogenic stratospheric ozone depletion weighted by its ozone depletion potential. In California, N2O is the third largest contributor to the state's anthropogenic GHG emission inventory, though no study has quantified its statewide annual emissions through top‐down inverse modeling. Here we present the first annual (2013–2014) statewide top‐down estimates of anthropogenic N2O emissions. Utilizing continuous N2O observations from six sites across California in a hierarchical Bayesian inversion, we estimate that annual anthropogenic emissions are 1.5–2.5 times (at 95% confidence) the state inventory (41 Gg N2O in 2014). Without mitigation, this estimate represents 4–7% of total GHG emissions assuming that other reported GHG emissions are reasonably correct. This suggests that control of N2O could be an important component in meeting California's emission reduction goals of 40% and 80% below 1990 levels of the total GHG emissions (in CO2equivalent) by 2030 and 2050, respectively. Our seasonality analysis suggests that emissions are similar across seasons within posterior uncertainties. Future work is needed to provide source attribution for subregions and further characterization of seasonal variability.
Spring Land Surface and Subsurface Temperature Anomalies and Subsequent Downstream Late Spring‐Summer Droughts/Floods in North America and East Asia
Authors: Xue Yongkang , Diallo Ismaila , Li Wenkai , David Neelin J. , Chu Peter C. , Vasic Ratko , Guo Weidong , Li Qian , Robinson David A. , Zhu Yuejian , Fu Congbin , Oaida Catalina M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) variability has been shown to have predictive value for land precipitation, although SSTs are unable to fully predict intraseasonal to interannual hydrologic extremes. The possible remote effects of large‐scale land surface temperature (LST) and subsurface temperature (SUBT) anomalies in geographical areas upstream and closer to the areas of drought/flood have largely been ignored. Here evidence from climate observations and model simulations addresses these effects. Evaluation of observational data using Maximum Covariance Analysis identifies significant correlations between springtime 2‐m air temperature (T2 m) cold (warm) anomalies in both the western U.S. and the Tibetan Plateau and downstream drought (flood) events in late spring/summer. To support these observational findings, climate models are used in sensitivity studies, in which initial LST/SUBT anomaly is imposed to produce observed T2 m anomaly, to demonstrate a causal relationship for two important cases: between spring warm T2 m/LST/SUBT anomalies in western U.S. and the extraordinary 2015 flood in Southern Great Plains and adjacent regions and between spring cold T2 m/LST/SUBT anomalies in the Tibetan Plateau and the severe 2003 drought south of the Yangtze River region. The LST/SUBT downstream effects in North America are associated with a large‐scale atmospheric stationary wave extending eastward from the LST/SUBT anomaly region. The effects of SST in these cases are also tested and compared with the LST/SUBT effects. These results suggest that consideration of LST/SUBT anomalies has the potential to add value to intraseasonal prediction of dry and wet conditions, especially extreme drought/flood events. The results suggest the importance of developing land data and models capable of preserving observed soil memory.
Tidewater Glacier Surges Initiated at the Terminus
Authors: Sevestre Heïdi , Benn Douglas I. , Luckman Adrian , Nuth Christopher , Kohler Jack , Lindbäck Katrin , Pettersson Rickard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThere have been numerous reports that surges of tidewater glaciers in Svalbard were initiated at the terminus and propagated up‐glacier, in contrast with downglacier‐propagating surges of land‐terminating glaciers. Most of these surges were poorly documented, and the cause of this behavior was unknown. We present detailed data on the recent surges of two tidewater glaciers, Aavatsmarkbreen and Wahlenbergbreen, in Svalbard. High‐resolution time series of glacier velocities and evolution of crevasse patterns show that both surges propagated up‐glacier in abrupt steps. Prior to the surges, both glaciers underwent retreat and steepening, and in the case of Aavatsmarkbreen, we demonstrate that this was accompanied by a large increase in driving stress in the terminal zone. The surges developed in response to two distinct processes. (1) During the late quiescent phase, internal thermodynamic processes and/or retreat from a pinning point caused acceleration of the glacier front, leading to the development of terminal crevasse fields. (2) Crevasses allowed surface meltwater and rainwater to access the bed, causing flow acceleration and development of new crevasses up‐glacier. Upward migration of the surge coincided with stepwise expansion of the crevasse field. Geometric changes near the terminus of these glaciers appear to have led to greater strain heating, water production, and storage at the glacier bed. Water routing via crevasses likely plays an important role in the evolution of surges. The distinction between internally triggered surges and externally triggered speedups may not be straightforward. The behavior of these glaciers can be understood in terms of the enthalpy cycle model.
Quantifying Debris Thickness of Debris‐Covered Glaciers in the Everest Region of Nepal Through Inversion of a Subdebris Melt Model
Authors: Rounce David R. , King Owen , McCarthy Michael , Shean David E. , Salerno Franco 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDebris‐covered glaciers are ubiquitous in the Himalaya, and supraglacial debris significantly alters how glaciers respond to climate forcing. Estimating debris thickness at the glacier scale, however, remains a challenge. This study inverts a subdebris melt model to estimate debris thickness for three glaciers in the Everest region from digital elevation model difference‐derived elevation change. Flux divergences are estimated from ice thickness and surface velocity data. Monte Carlo simulations are used to incorporate the uncertainties associated with debris properties, flux divergence, and elevation change. On Ngozumpa Glacier, surface lowering data from 2010 to 2012 and 2012 to 2014 are used to calibrate and validate the method, respectively. The debris thickness estimates are consistent with existing in situ measurements. The method performs well over both actively flowing and stagnant parts of the glacier and is able to accurately estimate thicker debris (>0.5 m). Uncertainties associated with the thermal conductivity and elevation change contribute the most to uncertainties of the debris thickness estimates. The surface lowering associated with ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds was found to significantly reduce debris thickness, especially for thicker debris. The method is also applied to Khumbu and Imja‐Lhotse Shar Glaciers to highlight its potential for regional application.