bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of flap reconstruction vs the laying open technique or excision and direct suture for pilonidal sinus disease: A meta‐analysis of randomised studies
Authors: Berthier Charline , Bérard Emilie , Meresse Thomas , Grolleau Jean‐Louis , Herlin Christian , Chaput Benoit 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany treatments have been described for pilonidal disease, but recurrence cannot be completely eliminated. The aim of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis of randomised, controlled trials comparing flap repair vs the laying open technique and/or excision and direct closure techniques in the treatment of chronic pilonidal sinus disease. The primary outcome measure was the recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes were complete wound‐healing time, duration of the incapacity to work, quality of life and patient satisfaction, postoperative pain, wound infection, bleeding or haematoma, skin wound complications, and duration of hospital stay. Seventeen studies were included. The meta‐analysis demonstrated a lower risk of recurrence, a shorter duration of incapacity to work, a lower risk of wound infections, a lower risk of skin wound complications, and a shorter duration of hospitalisation in favour of flap vs direct closure. A shorter time to complete wound healing and a shorter duration of incapacity to work for flap vs the laying open technique were observed.Superiority of flap repair vs direct closure in pilonidal sinus treatment was demonstrated in this meta‐analysis. These results suggest avoiding primary direct closure in clinical practice. Compared with the laying open technique, flaps result in faster healing and a shorter time to return to activities.
Propagation of the contact‐driven reduction of Mn2O3 during reactive flash sintering
Authors: Murray Shannon E. , Jensen Tyler J. , Sulekar Soumitra S. , Lin Yu‐Ying , Perry Nicola H. , Shoemaker Daniel P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs the field of flash sintering expands, more diverse flash processes are emerging that exhibit complex mechanisms and kinetics. Reactive flash sintering studies have been performed using precursor oxides and have yet to explore redox reactions. We show that Mn2O3 transforms into Mn3O4 during stage III of flash sintering via a moving reaction front, propagating from an electrode if sufficient energy is supplied. The power density and sample temperature increases as the transformation progresses due to the lower resistivity of Mn2O3 vs Mn3O4, a secondary thermal runaway effect, further confirming the presence of a transformation front. Additionally, in many studies, the contact resistance is accounted for, but not utilized. The energy for the transformation may either be supplied by the contact resistance–induced Joule heating or the furnace. Room‐temperature impedance measurements demonstrate that Pt electrodes provide substantial contact resistance while Ag electrodes do not. The impedance study demonstrates that it is critical to select the appropriate electrode material to maximize or minimize contact resistance. The contact resistance may be used to create a hot spot and propagate a transformation front in any endothermic reduction reaction that occurs below 950°C in electronic conductors.
Mixed reactions: Glass durability and the mixed‐alkali effect
Authors: Rodrigues Alexandra , Fearn Sarah , Vilarigues Márcia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMultiple‐component oxide silicate glasses possess a complex network backbone, which results in manifolded composition property relationships. The relation between the chemical composition and durability of silicate glasses is not linear, however, this relation has always been considered somewhat relevant. Several contradicting observations on the mixed‐alkali effect and its relation with their chemical alteration have been reported. Here, laboratory results and historical evidence show that the often good state of preservation of aged mixed modifier glasses is in good agreement with the influence of a mixed‐modifier cation effect (MMCE) such as had been observed for other mobility‐ and bulk‐related properties. This concordance supports the proposals made through this work concerning pore closure and lower diffusivity of mobile species under the MMCE.
The Turnover Intention–Behaviour Link: A Culture‐Moderated Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wong Kin Fai Ellick , Cheng Cecilia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTurnover intention is widely regarded as a direct antecedent to and proxy for actual voluntary turnover behaviour. However, previous studies have found the turnover intention‐behaviour link to be highly heterogeneous and not necessarily strong. This study adopts a cross‐cultural perspective, examining how the link varies as a function of Hofstede’s four work‐related cultural dimensions. Data from 152 independent samples were meta‐analysed, representing the testing of 216,093 employees from 18 nations across 9 geographical regions. The multilevel meta‐analytic results reveal significantly stronger turnover intention‐behaviour links for countries higher in power distance, higher in individualism, and lower in masculinity.
How Reasoning Aims at Truth
Authors: Horst David 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany hold that theoretical reasoning aims at truth. In this paper, I ask what it is for reasoning to be thus aim‐directed. Standard answers to this question explain reasoning's aim‐directedness in terms of intentions, dispositions, or rule‐following. I argue that, while these views contain important insights, they are not satisfactory. As an alternative, I introduce and defend a novel account: reasoning aims at truth in virtue of being the exercise of a distinctive kind of cognitive power, one that, unlike ordinary dispositions, is capable of fully explaining its own exercises. I argue that this account is able to avoid the difficulties plaguing standard accounts of the relevant sort of mental teleology.
Identification of oxidosqualene cyclases from the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata: a step toward discovering preponderant α‐amyrin‐producing activity
Authors: Srisawat Pisanee , Fukushima Ery Odette , Yasumoto Shuhei , Robertlee Jekson , Suzuki Hideyuki , Seki Hikaru , Muranaka Toshiya 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Triterpenoids are widely distributed among plants of the legume family. However, most studies have focused on triterpenoids and their biosynthetic enzymes in model legumes.

We evaluated the triterpenoid aglycones profile of the medicinal legume tree Bauhinia forficata by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Through transcriptome analyses, homology‐based cloning, and heterologous expression, we discovered four oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) which are responsible for the diversity of triterpenols in B. forficata. We also investigated the effects of the unique motif TLCYCR on α‐amyrin synthase activity.

B. forficata highly accumulated α‐amyrin. We discovered an OSC with a preponderant α‐amyrin‐producing activity, which accounted for at least 95% of the total triterpenols. We also discovered three other functional OSCs (BfOSC1, BfOSC2, and BfOSC4) that produce β‐amyrin, germanicol, and cycloartenol. Furthermore, by replacing the unique motif TLCYCR from BfOSC3 with the MWCYCR motif, we altered the function of BfOSC3 such that it no longer produced α‐amyrin.

Our results provide new insights into OSC cyclization, which is responsible for the diversity of triterpenoid metabolites in B. forficata, a non‐model legume plant.
Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology
Authors: Chomicki Guillaume , Schaefer Hanno , Renner Susanne S. 
Published: June 2019

SummarySome of the World's most valuable crops, including watermelon, honey melon, cucumber, squash, zucchini and pumpkin, belong to the family Cucurbitaceae. We review insights on their domestication from new phylogenies, archaeology and genomic studies. Ancestral state estimation on the most complete Cucurbitaceae phylogeny to date suggests that an annual life cycle may have contributed to domestication. Domestication started c. 11 000 years ago in the New World and Asia, and apparently more recently in Africa. Some cucurbit crops were domesticated only once, others multiple times (e.g. melon from different Asian and African populations). Most wild cucurbit fruits are bitter and nonpalatable to humans, and nonbitterness of the pulp apparently was a trait favoured early during domestication, with genomic data showing how bitterness loss was achieved convergently. The genetic pathways underlying lycopene accumulation, red or orange pulp colour, and fruit size and shape are only just beginning to be understood. The study of cucurbit domestication in recent years has benefitted from the increasing integration of archaeological and genomic data with insights from herbarium collections, the most efficient way to understand species’ natural geographic ranges and climate adaptations.
Differential regulation of auxin and cytokinin during the secondary vascular tissue regeneration inPopulustrees
Authors: Chen Jia‐Jia , Wang Ling‐Yan , Immanen Juha , Nieminen Kaisa , Spicer Rachel , Helariutta Ykä , Zhang Jing , He Xin‐Qiang 
Published: June 2019

SummaryTissue regeneration upon wounding in plants highlights the developmental plasticity of plants. Previous studies have described the morphological and molecular changes of secondary vascular tissue (SVT) regeneration after large‐scale bark girdling in trees. However, how phytohormones regulateSVTregeneration is still unknown.Here, we established a novelin vitroSVTregeneration system in the hybrid aspen (Populus tremula×Populus tremuloides) clone T89 to bypass the limitation of using field‐grown trees. The effects of phytohormones onSVTregeneration were investigated by applying exogenous hormones and utilizing various transgenic trees. Vascular tissue‐specific markers and hormonal response factors were also examined duringSVTregeneration.Using thisin vitroregeneration system, we demonstrated that auxin and cytokinin differentially regulate phloem and cambium regeneration. Whereas auxin is sufficient to induce regeneration of phloem prior to continuous cambium restoration, cytokinin only promotes the formation of new phloem, not cambium. The positive role of cytokinin on phloem regeneration was further confirmed in cytokinin overexpression trees. Analysis of aDR5 reporter transgenic line further suggested that cytokinin blocks the re‐establishment of auxin gradients, which is required for the cambium formation. Investigation on the auxin and cytokinin signalling genes indicated these two hormones interact to regulateSVTregeneration.Taken together, thein vitroSVTregeneration system allows us to make use of various molecular and genetic tools to investigateSVTregeneration. Our results confirmed that complementary auxin and cytokinin domains are required for phloem and cambium reconstruction.
What can be learned by scanning the genome for molecular convergence in wild populations?
Authors: Fraser Bonnie A. , Whiting James R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractConvergent evolution, where independent lineages evolve similar phenotypes in response to similar challenges, can provide valuable insight into how selection operates and the limitations it encounters. However, it has only recently become possible to explore how convergent evolution is reflected at the genomic level. The overlapping outlier approach (OOA), where genome scans of multiple independent lineages are used to find outliers that overlap and therefore identify convergently evolving loci, is becoming popular. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of 34 studies that used this approach across many sampling designs, taxa, and sampling intensities. We found that OOA studies with increased biological sampling power within replicates have increased likelihood of finding overlapping, “convergent” signals of adaptation between them. When identifying convergent loci as overlapping outliers, it is tempting to assume that any false‐positive outliers derived from individual scans will fail to overlap across replicates, but this cannot be guaranteed. We highlight how population demographics and genomic context can contribute toward both true convergence and false positives in OOA studies. We finish with an exploration of emerging methods that couple genome scans with phenotype and environmental measures, leveraging added information from genome data to more directly test hypotheses of the likelihood of convergent evolution.
Biomechanical analysis for total mesialization of the mandibular dentition: A finite element study
Authors: Kawamura Jun , Park Jae Hyun , Kojima Yukio , Kook Yoon‐Ah , Kyung Hee‐Moon , Chae Jong‐Moon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo clarify the mechanics of tooth movement in mesialization of the whole mandibular dentition when changing the force angulation.SettingA finite element method was used to simulate long‐term movements of the whole mandibular dentition.Material and methodsTooth movement was simulated by accumulating the initial displacement, which was produced by elastic deformation of the periodontal ligament. Mesial forces of 3 N were applied to the second molar bracket at −30°, −15°, 0°, 15° and 30° to the occlusal plane.ResultsThe whole dentition and occlusal plane were rotated depending on the direction of the force with respect to the centre of resistance (CR). At a force angulation of −30°, the line of action of the force passed near the CR, and the whole dentition translated without rotation of the occlusal plane. The second molar tipped buccally due to a clearance gap between the archwire and bracket slot. When increasing a force angulation from −30°, the line of action of the force passed above the CR, and thereby, the occlusal plane rotated clockwise. This rotation of the whole dentition induced tipping of the individual teeth. Buccal tipping of the molar due to an elastic deformation of the archwire was prevented by using a lingually pre‐bent archwire.ConclusionsCareful selection of force angulation and biomechanics is essential to obtain proper tooth movement in total mesialization of the mandibular dentition.
The Aftermath of the Demographic Transition in the Developed World: Interpreting Enduring Disparities in Reproductive Behavior
Authors: Reher David S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDisparities in reproductive behavior visible in the developed world are a long‐term implication of the demographic transition. While present at the very outset of the transition, their effects are most visible once childhood mortality loses its relevance as a key constraint on reproduction. These disparities are rooted in the type of society that emerged as the result of the way the historical role of the family and individual in society interacted with social and economic modernization processes characterizing the entire century, but especially visible during the rapid acceleration of social and cultural changes after mid‐century. The way these new societies function provides a necessary backdrop for understanding fertility in a world of individual reproductive choice and competing goals. The result is that traditionally individualistic societies tend to fare better than societies where family loyalties are and have always been a cornerstone of society. Disparities in fertility are rooted in the incentives and disincentives for reproduction present in society, are unlikely to disappear anytime soon and are leading to very different rates of aging in the developed world.
Correlates of intention to discontinue female genital mutilation in Osun State, Nigeria: Implication for women well‐being
Authors: Agbede Catherine , Kio Janet , Adeyemo Oluwadare 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the level of knowledge, perception, and subjective norm as correlates for risk reduction in female genital mutilation (FGM) in Osun State, Nigeria.Design and MeasurementData were collected from 376 respondents who were conveniently selected from 4 wards in Ede South LGA with structured questionnaire (75% reliability) and focus group discussion (FGD) guide. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools and hypotheses set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsParticipants mean age was 38.5 ± 1.29, 79.3% were women, 82.9% were Muslims, and only 34.6% had up to secondary education. Over 38% had at least one of their daughters circumcised, and 54.8% were not aware of the health risks associated with FGM. Majority knew that FGM is prohibited in Nigeria yet 31.9% supported the practice. There were significant correlations (at p < 0.05) between knowledge level (R = 0.348), perception (R = 0.432), subjective norm (R = −0.475), and intention to discontinue FGM. However, these factors are still relatively low. Also, FGDs showed that majority of the respondents were not aware of any health risks associated with FGM but only supported the discontinuation because of public perception in Nigeria.ConclusionThe study recommended aggressive public health education drive and awareness campaign focusing on the negative health implications of FGM.
Cardiorespiratory fitness modulates the proportions of monocytes and T helper subsets in lean and obese men
Authors: Dorneles Gilson P. , da Silva Igor , Boeira Maria Carolina , Valentini Diandra , Fonseca Simone Gonçalves , Dal Lago Pedro , Peres Alessandra , Romão Pedro R. T. 
Published: June 2019

This study investigated the peripheral frequency of monocytes, CD4 + T cell subsets and the systemic levels of cytokines in lean and obese men with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Mononuclear cells were obtained from 45 lean and 45 obese men who were assigned into six groups according to their body mass index and CRF (low, moderate, or high VO2Peak) to analyze the frequency of monocyte subsets and subpopulations of CD4 + T cells (Treg cells, CD4 + CD25highCD127low; mTeff, CD4 + CD25‐CD39+; mTreg, CD4 + CD25+CD39+). The systemic levels of interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17a, IL‐33, leptin, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were also evaluated. Seven sedentary obese men performed one week of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT, 3 sessions/week), and blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the last session for phenotypic analysis of T cells and monocytes. Obese individuals presented an inflammatory profile characterized by lower frequencies of Treg and mTreg cells and higher proportions of proinflammatory monocytes. However, higher CRF status increased the frequencies of Treg cells and mTreg cells and decreased the percentage of CD4 + mTeff cells and intermediate and non‐classical monocytes in the peripheral blood from lean and obese men. Systemic lower levels of proinflammatory (IL‐6 and TNF‐) cytokines and higher concentrations of IL‐10 and IL‐33 were observed in moderate and higher CRF in all subjects. HIIT increased the proportions of circulating mTreg and Treg cells in sedentary obese individuals. The immunoregulatory role of CRF contributes to the maintenance of low levels of inflammatory mediators.
Making direction a first‐class citizen of Tobler's first law of geography
Authors: Zhu Rui , Janowicz Krzysztof , Mai Gengchen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWaldo Tobler frequently reminded us that the law named after him was nothing more than calling for exceptions. This article discusses one of these exceptions. Spatial relations between points are frequently modeled as vectors in which both distance and direction are of equal prominence. However, in Tobler's first law of geography, such a relation is described only from the perspective of distance by relating the decreasing similarity of observations in some attribute space to their increasing distance in geographic space. Although anisotropic versions of many geographic analysis techniques, such as directional semivariograms, anisotropy clustering, and anisotropic point pattern analysis, have been developed over the years, direction remains on the level of an afterthought. We argue that, compared to distance, directional information is still under‐explored and anisotropic techniques are substantially less frequently applied in everyday GIS analysis. Commonly, when classical spatial autocorrelation indicators, such as Moran'sI, are used to understand a spatial pattern, the weight matrix is only built from distance, without direction being considered. Similarly, GIS operations, such as buffering, do not take direction into account either, with distance in all directions being treated equally. In reality, meanwhile, particularly in urban structures and when processes are driven by the underlying physical geography, direction plays an essential role. In this article we ask whether the development of early GIS, data (sample) sparsity, and Tobler's law lead to a theory‐induced blindness for the role of direction. If so, is it possible to envision direction becoming a first‐class citizen of equal importance to distance instead of being an afterthought only considered when the deviation from a perfect circle becomes too obvious to be ignored?
Teachers' Perspectives Towards Equipping Pupils with Phonological Awareness to Improve English Proficiency
Authors: Ahmad Apandi Nor Ain , Mohamad Nor Faizah 
Published: June 2019

The implementation of LINUS 2.0 LBI (Linus Bahasa Inggeris) programme saw the rise of phonological awareness in the Malaysian education system. Many researchers are of the view that phonological awareness helps young pupils to improve their English proficiency. However, there are also educators who do not adhere to this belief. Therefore, this article aims to discover teachers’ perspectives towards equipping young pupils with phonological awareness to improve their English performance. It focuses on teachers’ readiness to teach phonological awareness and conducting the LINUS 2.0 LBI programme, the effect of phonological awareness on pupils’ English proficiency, the challenges that are encountered by teaachers while implementing phonological awareness and conducting the LINUS 2.0 LBI programme, and the views of English Language teachers towards phonological awareness skills. In order to collect the data, a mixed method research design was used. 38 teachers answered an online questionnaire in order to discover their readiness to teach phonological awareness. The official LINUS 2.0 LBI results from the year 2015 until 2017 of one of the schools in Johor Bahru area were also collected in order to gauge the effectiveness of phonological awareness instruction while interviews were conducted with one foreign and seven local teachers in order to discover their views regarding phonological awareness and the challenges while implementing it in class. The findings revealed that the teachers were fully prepared to teach the skill and were able to produce positive outcomes despite the challenges they faced when implementing it.