bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face and construct validity of a novel mechanical ERCP simulator
Authors: van der Wiel Sophia , Koch Arjun , Bruno Marco 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims Simulation-based training has become an important pillar in competence-based medicine. However, limited data are available on use of simulators in training for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We aimed to determine the face and construct validity of the Boškoski-Costamagna mechanical ERCP Trainer, and to assess its didactic value, as judged by experts.
Methods Participants were divided into four groups based on ERCP lifetime experience: novices, intermediate, experienced, and experts. Participants performed several standardized assignments on the simulator. Outcome parameters included times to complete the procedure, ability to cannulate both ducts, number of attempts to cannulate the common bile duct and pancreatic duct, number of inadvertent pancreatic duct cannulations, successful stent placement, and successful stone extraction. All experts filled out a questionnaire on the simulator’s realism and didactic value.
Results Novices (n = 11) completed the total procedure in 21:09 (min:sec), intermediates (n = 5) in 10:58, experienced (n = 8) in 06:42 and experts (n = 22) in 06:05. Experts were significantly faster than novices (Kruskal-Wallis test P < 0.000). Experts rated the realism of the simulator 7.12 on a 10-point Likert scale. The simulator’s potential as a tool for training novices was rated 3.91 on a four-point Likert scale, and there was a high agreement among experts to include the simulator in the training of novice endoscopists (3.86 on a four-point Likert scale).
Conclusions The novel Boškoski-Costamagna ERCP simulator demonstrates good face and construct validity. ERCP experts highly agree on the didactic value and added value of this simulator in the training curriculum for novice endoscopists.
Motivations and Mental Models Associated with Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Use of Quality Seed Potato in Kenya
Authors: Okello Julius , Zhou Yuan , Barker Ian , Schulte-Geldermann Elmar 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPotato is a major food staple that makes a significant contribution to food security, having potential to smooth the volatility in food prices resulting from recent episodes of global food price increases. Despite its importance, most potato growers continue to use poor-quality seed, normally obtained from local/community sources. This study uses means-end chain theory to examine the drivers of use of quality seed potato, and the mental models associated with quality seed potato use. It finds that the decision to purchase and use quality seed is driven by deep-seated life goals that farmers pursue, and that profit-making is merely a means to these end/life goals. It further finds that the structure of mental models differs by the gender of the adopter and between adopters and nonadopters. The study concludes that the structure and content of farmers’ mental models differ by farmer type. The implications of the study findings for policy are discussed.
Individuality and slow dynamics in bacterial growth homeostasis
Authors: Susman Lee , Kohram Maryam , Vashistha Harsh , Nechleba Jeffrey T. , Salman Hanna , Brenner Naama 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Microbial cells go through repeated cycles of growth and division. These cycles are not perfect: the time and size at division can fluctuate from one cycle to the next. Still, cell size is kept tightly controlled, and fluctuations do not accumulate to large deviations. How this control is implemented in single cells is still not fully understood. We performed experiments that follow individual bacteria in microfluidic traps for hundreds of generations. This enables us to identify distinct individual dynamic properties that are maintained over many cycles of growth and division. Surprisingly, we find that each cell suppresses fluctuations with a different strength; this variability defines an “individual” behavior for each cell, which is inherited along many generations.
Automatically identifying, counting, and describing wild animals in camera-trap images with deep learning
Authors: Norouzzadeh Mohammad Sadegh , Nguyen Anh , Kosmala Margaret , Swanson Alexandra , Palmer Meredith S. , Packer Craig , Clune Jeff 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Motion-sensor cameras in natural habitats offer the opportunity to inexpensively and unobtrusively gather vast amounts of data on animals in the wild. A key obstacle to harnessing their potential is the great cost of having humans analyze each image. Here, we demonstrate that a cutting-edge type of artificial intelligence called deep neural networks can automatically extract such invaluable information. For example, we show deep learning can automate animal identification for 99.3% of the 3.2 million-image Snapshot Serengeti dataset while performing at the same 96.6% accuracy of crowdsourced teams of human volunteers. Automatically, accurately, and inexpensively collecting such data could help catalyze the transformation of many fields of ecology, wildlife biology, zoology, conservation biology, and animal behavior into “big data” sciences.
Cell-intrinsic regulation of murine epidermal Langerhans cells by protein S
Authors: Tabib Yaara , Jaber Nora S. , Nassar Maria , Capucha Tal , Mizraji Gabriel , Nir Tsipora , Koren Noam , Aizenbud Itay , Maimon Avraham , Eli-Berchoer Luba , Wilensky Asaf , Burstyn-Cohen Tal , Hovav Avi-Hai 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Langerhans cells (LCs) are the exclusive antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis, capable of mounting immunity and tolerance. LCs maintain themselves locally by self-renewing throughout life, a process that is regulated by both LCs and keratinocytes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying this process are not clearly understood. Using targeted genetic ablation, we demonstrate that lack of protein S (PROS1) in keratinocytes, but not in LCs, results in reduced numbers of terminally developed LCs. This is due to increased apoptosis of LCs and associated with altered expression of cytokines involved in tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, PROS1 also down-regulates LC differentiation from bone marrow precursors. Together, these identify PROS1 as a regulator of LC development and homeostasis.
Directed evolution of multiple genomic loci allows the prediction of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Nyerges Ákos , Csörgő Bálint , Draskovits Gábor , Kintses Bálint , Szili Petra , Ferenc Györgyi , Révész Tamás , Ari Eszter , Nagy István , Bálint Balázs , Vásárhelyi Bálint Márk , Bihari Péter , Számel Mónika , Balogh Dávid , Papp Henrietta , Kalapis Dorottya , Papp Balázs , Pál Csaba 
Published: June 2018

SignificanceAntibiotic development is frequently plagued by the rapid emergence of drug resistance. However, assessing the risk of resistance development in the preclinical stage is difficult. By building on multiplex automated genome engineering, we developed a method that enables precise mutagenesis of multiple, long genomic segments in multiple species without off-target modifications. Thereby, it enables the exploration of vast numbers of combinatorial genetic alterations in their native genomic context. This method is especially well-suited to screen the resistance profiles of antibiotic compounds. It allowed us to predict the evolution of resistance against antibiotics currently in clinical trials. We anticipate that it will be a useful tool to identify resistance-proof antibiotics at an early stage of drug development.
Cellulose synthase complexes display distinct dynamic behaviors during xylem transdifferentiation
Authors: Watanabe Yoichiro , Schneider Rene , Barkwill Sarah , Gonzales-Vigil Eliana , Hill Joseph L. , Samuels A. Lacey , Persson Staffan , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, is the major constituent of plant cell walls and is ubiquitously used by industry. This biopolymer is made by plasma membrane-localized CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) enzymes. To transit from deposition of a growing primary cell wall to a strong secondary cell wall, xylem cells must remodel the CESA machinery to express a new set of CESA isoforms specific to secondary cell wall synthesis. We outline a detailed framework for how this change in cellulose synthesis occurs. Our work provides the principles for how plants change their capacity to produce cellulose and therefore plant biomass.
Synthesis of trilobatin from naringin via prunin as the key intermediate: acidic hydrolysis of the α-rhamnosidic linkage in naringin under improved conditions
Authors: Kurahayashi Kazuki , Hanaya Kengo , Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sugai Takeshi 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Trilobatin [4ʹ-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2ʹ,4”,6ʹ-trihydroxydihydrochalcone] was synthesized from commercially available naringin in three steps with an overall yield of 30%. The key step was the acid-catalyzed site-selective hydrolysis of terminal α-rhamnopyranosidic linkage in neohesperidose involved in naringin under controlled conditions, by applying a high-pressure steam sterilizer.
Microstructure Noise and Realized Variance in the Live Cattle Futures Market
Authors: Couleau Anabelle , Serra Teresa , Garcia Philip 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRecently, U.S. live cattle futures prices have experienced high levels of intraday price variance, which have raised concerns about the possible impact of microstructure noise from high frequency trading on market instability. This article identifies both the magnitude and the duration of the bias caused by market microstructure noise in measuring efficient price variance in the live cattle futures market from 2011 to 2016, with emphasis on price variance behavior in recent years. Market microstructure noise increases observed price variance, but its effects are not large and do not last more than three to four minutes in response to changing information. Intraday price variance has increased in recent years, but the findings provide little evidence that high frequency traders were responsible for economically meaningful market noise. Informatively, steps taken by the CME and cattle producers to mitigate noise have not been fruitful to date, and signal that the magnitude of noise will likely vary with the magnitude of changes in demand and cyclical supply.
Mental Imagery Follows Similar Cortical Reorganization as Perception: Intra-Modal and Cross-Modal Plasticity in Congenitally Blind
Authors: de Borst A W , de Gelder B 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCortical plasticity in congenitally blind individuals leads to cross-modal activation of the visual cortex and may lead to superior perceptual processing in the intact sensory domains. Although mental imagery is often defined as a quasi-perceptual experience, it is unknown whether it follows similar cortical reorganization as perception in blind individuals. In this study, we show that auditory versus tactile perception evokes similar intra-modal discriminative patterns in congenitally blind compared with sighted participants. These results indicate that cortical plasticity following visual deprivation does not influence broad intra-modal organization of auditory and tactile perception as measured by our task. Furthermore, not only the blind, but also the sighted participants showed cross-modal discriminative patterns for perception modality in the visual cortex. During mental imagery, both groups showed similar decoding accuracies for imagery modality in the intra-modal primary sensory cortices. However, no cross-modal discriminative information for imagery modality was found in early visual cortex of blind participants, in contrast to the sighted participants. We did find evidence of cross-modal activation of higher visual areas in blind participants, including the representation of specific-imagined auditory features in visual area V4.
Keystone Virus Isolated From a Florida Teenager With Rash and Subjective Fever: Another Endemic Arbovirus in the Southeastern United States?
Authors: Lednicky John A , White Sarah K , Stephenson Caroline J , Cherabuddi Kartikeya , Loeb Julia C , Moussatche Nissin , Lednicky Andrew , Morris J Glenn 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Keystone virus, a California-serogroup orthobunyavirus, was first isolated in 1964 from mosquitoes in Keystone, Florida. There were no prior reports of isolation from humans, despite studies suggesting that ~20% of persons living in the region are seropositive. We report virus isolation from a Florida teenager with a rash and fever.
Singular value decomposition versus sparse grids: refined complexity estimates
Authors: Griebel Michael , Harbrecht Helmut 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We compare the cost complexities of two approximation schemes for functions that live on the product domain $\varOmega _1\times \varOmega _2$ of sufficiently smooth domains $\varOmega _1\subset \mathbb{R}^{n_1}$ and $\varOmega _2\subset \mathbb{R}^{n_2}$, namely the singular value / Karhunen–Lòeve decomposition and the sparse grid representation. We assume that appropriate finite element methods with associated orders $r_1$ and $r_2$ of accuracy are given on the domains $\varOmega _1$ and $\varOmega _2$, respectively. This setting reflects practical needs, since often black-box solvers are used in numerical simulation, which restrict the freedom in the choice of the underlying discretization. We compare the cost complexities of the associated singular value decomposition and the associated sparse grid approximation. It turns out that, in this situation, the approximation by the sparse grid is always equal or superior to the approximation by the singular value decomposition. The results in this article improve and generalize those from the study by Griebel & Harbrecht (2014, Approximation of bi-variate functions. Singular value decomposition versus sparse grids. IMA J. Numer. Anal., 34, 28–54). Especially, we consider the approximation of functions from generalized isotropic and anisotropic Sobolev spaces.
Transcriptome Characterization of Matched Primary Breast and Brain Metastatic Tumors to Detect Novel Actionable Targets
Authors: Varešlija Damir , Priedigkeit Nolan , Fagan Ailís , Purcell Siobhan , Cosgrove Nicola , O’Halloran Philip J , Ward Elspeth , Cocchiglia Sinéad , Hartmaier Ryan , Castro Carlos A , Zhu Li , Tseng George C , Lucas Peter C , Puhalla Shannon L , Brufsky Adam M , Hamilton Ronald L , Mathew Aju , Leone Jose P , Basudan Ahmed , Hudson Lance , Dwyer Róisín , Das Sudipto , O’Connor Darran P , Buckley Patrick G , Farrell Michael , Hill Arnold D K , Oesterreich Steffi , Lee Adrian V , Young Leonie S 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer brain metastases (BrMs) are defined by complex adaptations to both adjuvant treatment regimens and the brain microenvironment. Consequences of these alterations remain poorly understood, as does their potential for clinical targeting. We utilized genome-wide molecular profiling to identify therapeutic targets acquired in metastatic disease.MethodsGene expression profiling of 21 patient-matched primary breast tumors and their associated brain metastases was performed by TrueSeq RNA-sequencing to determine clinically actionable BrM target genes. Identified targets were functionally validated using small molecule inhibitors in a cohort of resected BrM ex vivo explants (n = 4) and in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of BrM. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsConsiderable shifts in breast cancer cell-specific gene expression profiles were observed (1314 genes upregulated in BrM; 1702 genes downregulated in BrM; DESeq; fold change &gt; 1.5, Padj &lt; .05). Subsequent bioinformatic analysis for readily druggable targets revealed recurrent gains in RET expression and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) signaling. Small molecule inhibition of RET and HER2 in ex vivo patient BrM models (n = 4) resulted in statistically significantly reduced proliferation (P &lt; .001 in four of four models). Furthermore, RET and HER2 inhibition in a PDX model of BrM led to a statistically significant antitumor response vs control (n = 4, % tumor growth inhibition [mean difference; SD], anti-RET = 86.3% [1176; 258.3], P &lt; .001; anti-HER2 = 91.2% [1114; 257.9], P &lt; .01).ConclusionsRNA-seq profiling of longitudinally collected specimens uncovered recurrent gene expression acquisitions in metastatic tumors, distinct from matched primary tumors. Critically, we identify aberrations in key oncogenic pathways and provide functional evidence for their suitability as therapeutic targets. Altogether, this study establishes recurrent, acquired vulnerabilities in BrM that warrant immediate clinical investigation and suggests paired specimen expression profiling as a compelling and underutilized strategy to identify targetable dependencies in advanced cancers.
Number of Risky Lifestyle Behaviors and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Ellingjord-Dale Merete , Vos Linda , Vik Hjerkind Kirsti , Hjartåker Anette , Russnes Hege G , Tretli Steinar , Hofvind Solveig , dos-Santos-Silva Isabel , Ursin Giske 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Lifestyle factors are associated with overall breast cancer risk, but less is known about their associations, alone or jointly, with risk of specific breast cancer subtypes.

Methods
We conducted a case–control subjects study nested within a cohort of women who participated in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program during 2006–2014 to examine associations between risky lifestyle factors and breast cancer risk. In all, 4402 breast cancer cases subjects with information on risk factors and hormone receptor status were identified. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), in relation to five risky lifestyle factors: body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m² or greater, three or more glasses of alcoholic beverages per week, ever smoking, fewer than four hours of physical activity per week, and ever use of menopausal hormone therapy. Analyses were adjusted for education, age at menarche, number of pregnancies, and menopausal status. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Compared with women with no risky lifestyle behaviors, those with five had 85% (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.42 to 2.42, Ptrend < .0001) increased risk of breast cancer overall. This association was limited to luminal A–like (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.55 to 3.12, Ptrend < .0001) and luminal B–like human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.61 to 4.54, Ptrend < .004) subtypes. Number of risky lifestyle factors was not associated with increased risk of luminal B–like HER2-negative, HER2-positive, or triple-negative subtypes (Ptrend > .18 for all).

Conclusions
Number of risky lifestyle factors was positively associated with increased risk for luminal A–like and luminal B–like HER2-positive breast cancer.
Family Functioning and Medical Adherence Across Children and Adolescents With Chronic Health Conditions: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Psihogios Alexandra M , Fellmeth Heather , Schwartz Lisa A , Barakat Lamia P 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesA meta-analysis examined family functioning and medical adherence in children and adolescents with chronic health conditions. Family functioning was evaluated at the level of the family unit, as well as parent–child interactions.MethodsWe conducted literature searches using PubMed, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane. After reviewing 764 articles, 62 studies met eligibility criteria. Pearson’s r correlations were the effect size of interest. We conducted both omnibus and domain-specific (e.g., family conflict, cohesion) meta-analyses. Meta-regressions examined whether relevant covariates related to the magnitude of the effect.ResultsThe omnibus meta-analysis showed that family functioning was significantly related to medical adherence across a variety of pediatric chronic health conditions. Lower family conflict, greater family cohesion, greater family flexibility, more positive communication, and better family problem-solving were each associated with better adherence. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of the omnibus effect based on child age, measurement features (subjective vs. objective or bioassay adherence; family unit vs. parent–child interactions), or study quality.ConclusionsConsistent with social–ecological frameworks, findings supported links between family functioning and medical adherence. This study highlights several limitations of the extant research, including absence of a guiding theoretical framework and several methodological weaknesses. We offer clinical and research recommendations for enhancing scientific understanding and promotion of adherence within the family context.
Implications for the missing low-mass galaxies (satellites) problem from cosmic shear
Authors: Jimenez Raul , Verde Licia , Kitching Thomas D 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The number of observed dwarf galaxies, with dark matter mass ≲1011 M⊙ in the Milky Way or the Andromeda galaxy does not agree with predictions from the successful ΛCDM paradigm. To alleviate this problem, a suppression of dark matter clustering power on very small scales has been conjectured. However, the abundance of dark matter halos outside our immediate neighbourhood (the Local Group) seem to agree with the ΛCDM–expected abundance. Here we connect these problems to observations of weak lensing cosmic shear, pointing out that cosmic shear can make significant statements about the missing satellites problem in a statistical way. As an example and pedagogical application, we use recent constraints on small-scale power suppression from measurements of the CFHTLenS data. We find that, on average, in a region of ∼Gpc3 there is no significant small-scale power suppression. This implies that suppression of small-scale power is not a viable solution to the ‘missing satellites problem’ or, alternatively, that on average in this volume there is no ‘missing satellites problem’ for dark matter masses ≳5 × 109 M⊙. Further analysis of current and future weak lensing surveys will probe much smaller scales, k &gt; 10h Mpc−1 corresponding roughly to masses M &lt; 109M⊙.