bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protocolo y Derecho: juridicidad del protocolo
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar 
Published: September 2018

Entre las ciencias jurídicas, el protocolo se concibe como buenas maneras, educación, código de conducta, ética, o como la ropa o los zapatos que uno debe ponerse para acudir a un acto que exige una determinada etiqueta. Como algo frívolo, sin importancia, que no atañe al común de la sociedad, propio de las clases elevadas y de los gobernantes y de la diplomacia. Por supuesto, cuando dices que eres protocolista, que eres especialista en protocolo y que te dedicas a investigar el protocolo, te preguntan "pero ¿eso es derecho?". En definitiva el protocolo es una disciplina despreciada por los juristas que la han ido dejando de lado, salvó en un sector: el diplomático. Los diplomáticos son los únicos conscientes de lo importante que es el ceremonial y el protocolo en las relaciones internacionales, y por ello los cursos de la Escuela Diplomática son referente ineludible a la hora de estudiar protocolo. Este estudio reivindica el protocolo desde su carácter de disciplina jurídica.______________________Among the legal sciences, protocol is considered to be good manners, courtesy, code of conduct, ethics, or the clothes and shoes one should wear to an event where dress code is required; something superficial, unimportant, not related to society at large, characteristic of the upper classes, rulers and diplomacy. Of course, when you say you are a protocol expert and that you do research in protocol, you will be asked “Is that law?” Ultimately, protocol is a discipline despised by jurists, who have gradually set it aside, with the exception of the diplomatic community. Diplomats are well aware of the importance of ceremonial and protocol in the international relations, and thus the Diplomatic School courses are essential when studying protocol. This study claims the protocol as a legal discipline.
Antithrombin deficiency is associated with mortality and impaired organ function in septic pediatric patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Niederwanger Christian , Hell Tobias , Hofer Sophie , Salvador Christina , Michel Miriam , Schenk Bettina , Treml Benedikt , Bachler Mirjam 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundSepsis remains a major problem in intensive care medicine. It is often accompanied by coagulopathies, leading to thrombotic occlusion of small vessels with subsequent organ damage and even fatal multi-organ failure. Prediction of the clinical course and outcome—especially in the heterogeneous group of pediatric patients—is difficult. Antithrombin, as an endogenous anticoagulant enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties, plays a central role in controling coagulation and infections. We investigated the relationship between antithrombin levels and organ failure as well as mortality in pediatric patients with sepsis.MethodsData from 164 patients under the age of 18, diagnosed with sepsis, were retrospectively reviewed. Antithrombin levels were recorded three days before to three days after peak C-reactive protein to correlate antithrombin levels with inflammatory activity. Using the concept of developmental haemostasis, patients were divided into groups <1 yr and ≥1 yr of age.ResultsIn both age groups, survivors had significantly higher levels of antithrombin than did deceased patients. An optimal threshold level for antithrombin was calculated by ROC analysis for survival: 41.5% (<1 yr) and 67.5% (≥1 yr). The mortality rate above this level was 3.3% (<1 yr) and 9.5% (≥1 yr), and below this level 41.7% (<1 yr) and 32.2% (≥1 yr); OR 18.8 (1.74 to 1005.02),p = 0.0047, and OR 4.46 (1.54 to 14.89),p = 0.003. In children <1 yr with antithrombin levels <41.5% the rate of respiratory failure (66.7%) was significantly higher than in patients with antithrombin levels above this threshold level (23.3%), OR 6.23 (1.23 to 37.81),p = 0.0132. In children ≥1 yr, both liver failure (20.3% vs 1.6%, OR 15.55 (2.16 to 685.01),p = 0.0008) and a dysfunctional intestinal tract (16.9% vs 4.8%, OR 4.04 (0.97 to 24.08),p = 0.0395) occurred more frequently above the antithrombin threshold level of 67.5%.ConclusionIn pediatric septic patients, significantly increased mortality and levels of organ failure were found below an age-dependent antithrombin threshold level. Antithrombin could be useful as a prognostic marker for survival and occurrence of organ failure in pediatric sepsis.
Beads fabricated from alginate, hyaluronic acid, and gelatin using ionic crosslinking and layer‐by‐layer coating techniques for controlled release of gentamicin
Authors: Ratanavaraporn Juthamas , Chuma Nathaon , Kanokpanont Sorada , Damrongsakkul Siriporn 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe alginate/hyaluronic acid (AL/HA) blended beads at different ratios (AL70HA30, AL50HA50, and AL30HA70) were formed by ionic crosslinking technique. The layer‐by‐layer coating of the beads with two opposite charged molecules, positive‐charged type A gelatin (GA), and negative‐charged AL, using alternate soaking technique was introduced to stabilize the beads. The AL70HA30, AL50HA50 beads showed high stability because of high ionic crosslinked AL component. Two‐layer coating resulted in an appropriate layer that maximized the stability of the AL/HA beads. The higher ratio of HA resulted in the higher water absorption ability but degradation rate was accelerated. An antibiotic gentamicin was loaded into the beads with the entrapment efficiency of 69–89%. The beads containing 30% and 50% HA and coated with two layers showed a sustained release of gentamicin while the release behavior was governed by the diffusion and degradation of the beads. The gentamicin released from all beads also potentially inhibited the growth ofStaphylococcus aureus(gram‐positive) andEscherichia coli(gram‐negative) bacteria up to at least 48 h. These beads with antibacterial activity can be further explored for the application as bone void filling material for treatment of infection in bone diseases such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46893.
A quantitative method to compare the effect of thermal aging on the mechanical performance of fire protective fabrics
Authors: Dolez Patricia I. , Tomer Namrata S. , Malajati Yassine 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTA method has been proposed to provide a means to compare in a quantitative and comprehensive way the mechanical performance of fire protective fabrics under long‐term thermal exposure. These high‐performance materials experience a reduction in their performance overtime due to the various conditions they are exposed to during the lifetime of the clothing. The proposed method consists in a system of two equations fitting the time–temperature‐performance data: the Arrhenius model combined with the time–temperature superposition principle, and the three‐parameter Hill equation. The result of the data analysis using this method is provided in terms of four parameters: the temperature effect, the time rate, the degradation midpoint time, and the ultimate strength. It was used to compare the effect of accelerated thermal aging on the tear strength of seven different fabrics used in fire protective clothing. In all cases, a very good agreement was observed with both the Arrhenius model and the Hill equation. However, none of the fabrics studied appeared to stand as displaying all the characteristics that would be ideal for long‐term fire protection. The best solution is thus a compromise that will depend on the type of activity conducted and the type of conditions experienced. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47045.
Giant Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma Treated With Piezosurgery and Platelet‐Rich Fibrin: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Freire Alice E.N. , da Silva Vanessa S.A. , Pereira Alessandro A.C. , Ribeiro Junior Noé V. , de Carli Marina L. , Sperandio Felipe F. , Hanemann João Adolfo C. 
Published: September 2018

IntroductionThe peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) is a benign reactive lesion that exclusively arises from gingiva. The lesion may gain considerably large sizes and present peculiar clinical and radiographic features that would then allow it to be called a giant POF; in that case, its otherwise simple surgical extraction could create a challenge. Thus, we elect here, for the very first time, a plausible alternative for treating giant POF: piezosurgery followed by placement of platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF).Case PresentationA 31‐year‐old black male presented a large asymptomatic nodule on the lower gingiva; the lesion had caused vestibular displacement of teeth and had been present for 18 years. Following the diagnostic hypothesis of a giant POF, an excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia using piezosurgery (microvibration of 36,000 times/sec was used in a bone cortical working mode), which confirmed the diagnosis. The surgical procedure was facilitated with the use of piezosurgery followed by placement of PRF, being the trans‐ and postoperative periods occurred with no complications. One year after the treatment, the patient shows no signs of disease recurrence and remains under follow‐up.ConclusionsGiant POF is a rare gingival reactive lesion that can reach large dimensions, causing teeth displacement, functional, and esthetic impairments. The lesion can be successfully managed with piezosurgery and PRF, as illustrated herein, avoiding extensive bone loss and damage to the surrounding soft tissues.
Scoring models in competency‐based educational assessment
Authors: Meyers Jason L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundAssessments can be broadly classified into two categories based on how they are scored: compensatory or conjunctive. Compensatory models allow for strong performance in one content area to compensate for poor performance in another content area as long as the overall score meets the performance standard. Conjunctive scoring models require examinees to meet performance standards for each specified content area or some portion of content areas.MethodsThis study used data from a large competency‐based university to analyze the impact of retroactively switching from a compensatory model to one of four possible conjunctive models.ResultsResults indicated that scoring model has a strong impact on the percent of students who are classified as being competent. The percent of students “mis‐classified” as competent varied by college and the number of competencies measured by the test.DiscussionUltimately, setting performance standards is a policy decision. Policy considerations for model selection are discussed.ConclusionThis preliminary research provided some evidence that students being classified as competent under a compensatory model may not display competence in all the areas being measured by the assessments.
Catalytic Asymmetric Darzens and Aza‐Darzens Reactions for the Synthesis of Chiral Epoxides and Aziridines
Authors: de los Santos Jesús M. , Ochoa de Retana Ana M. , Martínez de Marigorta Edorta , Vicario Javier , Palacios Francisco 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis review presents an overview on the recent advances in the catalytic enantioselective Darzens and aza‐Darzens reactions for the synthesis of enantiopure three‐membered oxygen and nitrogen containing heterocycles. Since the synthesis of epoxides is the most widely explored, compared to their nitrogen counterparts, particularly true when asymmetric synthesis are considered, in the last decades several methodologies have appeared or improved and are now available for the preparation of aziridines in a highly stereo‐ and enantioselective manner. Catalytic asymmetric Darzens and aza‐Darzens reaction constitute an important tool in modern organic chemistry, as there is an increased interest in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical agents that contain these skeletons.
Direct Catalytic Synthesis of N‐Arylcarbamates from CO2, Anilines and Alcohols
Authors: Tamura Masazumi , Miura Ayaka , Honda Masayoshi , Gu Yu , Nakagawa Yoshinao , Tomishige Keiichi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe direct catalytic synthesis of carbamates from CO2, amines and methanol was achieved by controlling both the reaction equilibrium and the reactivity of the three components. The combination of CeO2 and 2‐cyanopyridine was an effective catalyst, providing various carbamates including N‐arylcarbamates in high selectivities.
Band‐Pass Filter and Relaxation Oscillator using Electric Double‐Layer Capacitor
Authors: Allagui Anis , Elwakil Ahmed S. , Said Zafar , Abdelkareem Mohammad Ali , Zhang Di 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSupercapacitors are electrochemical devices that can store and restore electrical energy and are mostly used for powering dc or close‐to‐dc applications. As such they have not been explored enough for non‐dc circuits. In this study, we implement a band‐pass for frequency selectivity purposes and a relaxation oscillator for timing applications using a solid‐state carbon electric double‐layer capacitor. The expected behavior was observed for both circuits in the sub‐Hertz and tens of Hertz frequency ranges. This confirms the possibility of using the frequency‐dependent capacitive behavior of such devices in non‐conventional low frequency applications not related to dc energy storage but requiring large time constants.
The Electrochemically Active Arsenic Oxidising Bacterium Ancylobacter sp. TS‐1
Authors: Anguita Javiera M. , Vera Mario A. , Vargas Ignacio T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe study of electrochemically active microorganisms (EAMs) has revealed the metabolic versatility of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms in bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). However, direct electron uptake from electrodes to support bacterial growth has been suggested only for the iron oxidiser Mariprofundus ferrooxydans, the sulfur oxidiser bacterium Thiobacillus denitrificans and the iron/sulfur oxidiser Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. To the best of our knowledge, chemolithoautotrophic arsenite oxidisers (CAOs) have not been reported as biocathodic EAM. This paper studies the electrochemical activity of Ancylobacter sp. TS‐1, a new CAO. The electrochemical capacity of TS‐1 was evidenced by linear sweep voltammetry tests, revealing a peak of cathodic current dependent on biomass concentration at −500 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl, at pH 7.2); and by chronoamperometry, showing an increase in the cathodic current over time. Cathodic currents obtained for TS‐1 (9.5±2.4 μA/cm2) are comparable with values previously reported for A. ferrooxidans (∼27 μA/cm2) and M. ferrooxydans (∼8 μA/cm2). Scanning electron micrographs show TS‐1 cells on electrodes during the chronoamperometry, suggesting biofilm development of strain TS‐1 when using the cathode only as an electron donor. Hence, TS‐1 not only enlarges the list of known biocathodic EAMs, but also paves the way for novel BES applications on arsenic electro‐bioaugmentation and bioremediation.
Seismic behavior of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete wall panels
Authors: Taghipour Armin , Canbay Erdem , Binici Baris , Aldemir Alper , Uzgan Uğur , Eryurtlu Zafer 
Published: September 2018

AbstractVertical reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) panel systems are among attractive alternatives for low‐rise buildings. The popularity of AAC panels in building construction is increasing due to their unique material properties, such as being light weight, good insulator, fire resistant combined with having high speed of erection and ease of quality control. However, past experimental evidence on the seismic response of reinforced vertical panels is rather limited with few tests on multi‐panel specimens. To overcome this issue, an experimental program was initiated to test six full‐scale AAC wall panel specimens. In the scope of this study, the in‐plane seismic behavior of AAC vertical load‐bearing wall panels was examined under constant axial load and two‐way cyclic lateral displacement excursions. First, the effect of axial loads on lateral behavior of reinforced AAC walls was investigated. For this purpose, four specimens composed of two and four AAC panels with and without axial loads were tested. Then, the effect of window opening was examined by conducting two more tests. The results of the experiments clearly indicated that the axial loads had a positive effect on the load carrying capacity. The window openings reduced the lateral strength and caused localization of the damage. The ultimate drift of the tested panels was found to be around 1%. The ability of estimating the measured moment versus curvature response of the tested specimens were examined for different adjacent panel assemblages. Finally, the code‐proposed equations to determine the lateral load capacity of AAC walls were critically reviewed in light of the experimental results.
Improving the recyclability, environmental compatibility, and CO2 balance of autoclaved aerated concrete by replacing sulfate carrier and cement with calcined clays
Authors: Chucholowski Carola , Holger Müller , Thienel Karl‐Christian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper is focused on developing innovative and novel formulations for autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) that could pave the way especially for medium‐size manufactures toward the production of low‐sulfate AAC. The aim was to significantly reduce the sulfate concentrations in eluate and, as a consequence, to successfully cope with the existing and upcoming regulatory restrictions on the recyclability of construction waste from AAC. This should, in parallel, satisfy European demands for a reduction in the volume of waste and an increased recyclability of building materials. For achieving this goal, the AAC formulations required a cement content as low as possible and an appropriate alternative to the sulfate carriers used to date. The tasks of these two mentioned components (cement and sulfate carrier) should be taken over by calcined clay. Tests yielded promising results for the complete replacement of the sulfate carrier and a substitution of 20 wt.% of the cement by either of two types of calcined clay in the AAC formulation. The amount of leachable sulfate ions was reduced by up to 70% compared to the reference samples. The amount of crystalline tobermorite remained constant or was even higher in the samples with calcined clay. The amount of crystalline tobermorite can serve as an indicator of the mechanical strength and shrinkage behavior. However, the mechanical characteristics of autoclaved aerated concrete specimens with calcined clay will be determined in a subsequent project. In this follow‐up project, the formulations developed under laboratory conditions are to be implemented on an industrial scale.
Influence of reinforced concrete confining on the load‐bearing capacity of the AAC walls
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz , Rybarczyk Tomasz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe paper describes the results of testing autoclaved aerated concert walls on a natural scale. Walls were made of 18 cm wide blocks and thin layer joints. Tests on confined and unconfined walls with filled and unfilled perpend joints were made. The load‐bearing capacity and deformability of walls were analyzed.
Structural performance of AAC hybrid floor system
Authors: Iihoshi Chikara , Sugawara Takashi , Sonobe Manabu , Kobayashi Hirokazu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrent floor systems of Australian low‐rise steel residential houses and buildings consist of cold‐formed light‐gauge steel floor joists and mainly sheet flooring (particleboard). There are potentially some issues including uncomfortable floor vibration and noise, which could annoy the occupants. In Australia, there are several different types of steel floor systems as well as timber systems. Few research on structural performance of Australian floor systems including flooring materials in terms of vibration has been carried out and reported. This paper describes present Australian common steel and timber floor systems and their structural characteristics obtained by static and dynamic loading tests with regard to human comfort. Additionally, a new hybrid AAC flooring system with steel frames is proposed and tested compared with common sheet flooring. It is found that AAC panels connected to the particleboards can greatly improve human comfort but not fundamental frequency.
Past and future of Hebel Haus in Japan
Authors: Kuroki Kouji 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt is 50 years since the AAC (Hebel) technology was introduced in Japan. During this half century, we have sold Hebel Haus™ homes using the Hebel™ in floors, walls, and ceilings. The total number of unit homes sold has now exceeded 250,000, and we are constructing Hebel Haus™ homes in Japan at a rate of about 8000 units every year. Japan is a country that frequently suffers from natural disasters. To protect our customers’ lives and properties we have developed a construction method that combines steel‐framed structure with AAC (Hebel) materials. With our integrated system from construction to sales and after‐sale services, renovation, and the second‐hand housing distribution, we have achieved the status of the top urban housing brand in Japan. Here we are going to present an outline of our Hebel Haus history, marketing strategy, technologies, designs, and lifestyle proposals in Japan.
Damage reduction system for masonry infill walls under seismic loading
Authors: Butenweg Christoph , Marinković Marko 
Published: September 2018

AbstractReinforced concrete (RC) frames with masonry infills are frequently used in seismic regions all over the world. Generally masonry infills are considered as nonstructural elements and thus are typically neglected in the design process. However, the observations made after strong earthquakes have shown that masonry infills can modify the dynamic behavior of the structure significantly. The consequences were total collapses of buildings and loss of human lives. This paper presents the new system INODIS (Innovative Decoupled Infill System) developed within the European research project INSYSME (Innovative Systems for Earthquake Resistant Masonry Enclosures in RC Buildings). INODIS decouples the frame and the masonry infill by means of special U‐shaped rubbers placed in between frame and infill. The effectiveness of the system was investigated by means of full scale tests on RC frames with masonry infills subjected to in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loading. Furthermore small specimen tests were conducted to determine material characteristics of the components and the resistances of the connections. Finally, a micromodel was developed to simulate the in‐plane behavior of RC frames infilled with AAC blocks with and without installation of the INODIS system.
Poromix AAC additive – A new front in AAC development
Authors: Horała Wojciech Jan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAdditives and plasticizers have been used for decades in the concrete industry where they are commonly applied to increase the efficiency and performance of concrete. Due to the fact that autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) production requires specific chemical reactions, additives that are used in traditional concrete industry are not suitable for the production of AAC and new types need to be developed. With this know‐how gap in the market and the fact that most AAC plants do not use any type of additives, there is ample room for improvements on the industry level. Looking into how AAC can be improved on chemistry level, a successful research and development program resulted in a range of new AAC additives called POROMIX. Among other benefits, modern AAC additives allow for reduction of water, reduction of binders, improved pores, and mass distribution. The benefits are twofold – on one hand AAC products can be made in better quality and on the other hand leaner formulas can be applied. This paper showcases success stories and outlines development steps for the industry.