bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dorsal skinfold chamber: A valuable model for the in vivo evaluation of topical formulations
Authors: Dahmke Indra N. , Ampofo Emmanuel , Menger Michael D. , Laschke Matthias W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, we introduce the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber model as a valuable approach for the in vivo evaluation of topical formulations. For this purpose, dorsal skinfold chambers were implanted into BALB/c mice. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was administered to the chamber tissue for the local induction of inflammation followed by the application of diclofenac‐containing or diclofenac‐free (control) gel onto the skin of the chamber backside. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was repetitively performed throughout an observation period of 24 hours to study macromolecular leakage, leucocyte‐endothelial cell interactions and microhaemodynamic parameters. In addition, infiltration of the inflamed tissue with different immune cell subtypes was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In a second set of experiments, the effect of dermal application of a diclofenac‐containing gel on photochemically induced thrombus formation was analysed. It was observed that macromolecular leakage, numbers of adherent leucocytes and tissue infiltrating myeloperoxidase (MPO)‐positive neutrophilic granulocytes and CD68‐positive macrophages were significantly reduced in dorsal skinfold chambers treated with diclofenac‐containing gel when compared to controls. Moreover, the diclofenac‐containing gel exerted an anti‐thrombotic activity, as indicated by a significantly prolonged complete vessel occlusion time. These findings demonstrate that the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber represents a valid and versatile tool to evaluate the effects of topical formulations in vivo.
Climate change impacts on mismatches between phytoplankton blooms and fish spawning phenology
Authors: Asch Rebecca G. , Stock Charles A. , Sarmiento Jorge L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSubstantial interannual variability in marine fish recruitment (i.e., the number of young fish entering a fishery each year) has been hypothesized to be related to whether the timing of fish spawning matches that of seasonal plankton blooms. Environmental processes that control the phenology of blooms, such as stratification, may differ from those that influence fish spawning, such as temperature‐linked reproductive maturation. These different controlling mechanisms could cause the timing of these events to diverge under climate change with negative consequences for fisheries. We use an earth system model to examine the impact of a high‐emissions, climate‐warming scenario (RCP8.5) on the future spawning time of two classes of temperate, epipelagic fishes: “geographic spawners” whose spawning grounds are defined by fixed geographic features (e.g., rivers, estuaries, reefs) and “environmental spawners” whose spawning grounds move responding to variations in environmental properties, such as temperature. By the century's end, our results indicate that projections of increased stratification cause spring and summer phytoplankton blooms to start 16 days earlier on average (±0.05 days SE) at latitudes >40°N. The temperature‐linked phenology of geographic spawners changes at a rate twice as fast as phytoplankton, causing these fishes to spawn before the bloom starts across >85% of this region. “Extreme events,” defined here as seasonal mismatches >30 days that could lead to fish recruitment failure, increase 10‐fold for geographic spawners in many areas under the RCP8.5 scenario. Mismatches between environmental spawners and phytoplankton were smaller and less widespread, although sizable mismatches still emerged in some regions. This indicates that range shifts undertaken by environmental spawners may increase the resiliency of fishes to climate change impacts associated with phenological mismatches, potentially buffering against declines in larval fish survival, recruitment, and fisheries. Our model results are supported by empirical evidence from ecosystems with multidecadal observations of both fish and phytoplankton phenology.
Asymmetry in above‐ and belowground productivity responses to N addition in a semi‐arid temperate steppe
Authors: Wang Jing , Gao Yingzhi , Zhang Yunhai , Yang Junjie , Smith Melinda D. , Knapp Alan K. , Eissenstat David M. , Han Xingguo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNitrogen (N) enrichment often increases aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of the ecosystem, but it is unclear if belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) track responses of ANPP. Moreover, the frequency of N inputs may affect primary productivity but is rarely studied. To assess the response patterns of above‐ and belowground productivity to rates of N addition under different addition frequencies, we manipulated the rate (0–50 g N m−2 year−1) and frequency (twice vs. monthly additions per year) of NH4NO3 inputs for six consecutive years in a temperate grassland in northern China and measured ANPP and BNPP from 2012 to 2014. In the low range of N addition rates, BNPP showed the greatest negative response and ANPP showed the greatest positive responses with increases in N addition (<10 g N m−2 year−1). As N addition increased beyond 10 g N m−2 year−1, increases in ANPP dampened and decreases in BNPP ceased altogether. The response pattern of net primary productivity (combined above‐ and belowground; NPP) corresponded more closely to ANPP than to BNPP. The N effects on BNPP and BNPP/NPP (fBNPP) were not dependent on N addition frequency in the range of N additions typically associated with N deposition. BNPP was more sensitive to N addition frequency than ANPP, especially at low rates of N addition. Our findings provide new insights into how plants regulate carbon allocation to different organs with increasing N rates and changing addition frequencies. These root response patterns, if incorporated into Earth system models, may improve the predictive power of C dynamics in dryland ecosystems in the face of global atmospheric N deposition.
Machine‐Learning Methods for Water Table Depth Prediction in Seasonal Freezing‐Thawing Areas
Authors: Zhao Tianxing , Zhu Yan , Ye Ming , Mao Wei , Zhang Xiaoping , Yang Jinzhong , Wu Jingwei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLong‐term and accurate predictions of regional groundwater hydrology are important for maintaining environmental sustainability in arid agricultural areas that experience seasonal freezing and thawing where serious water‐saving measurements are used. In this study, we firstly developed a machine‐learning method by integrating a multivariate time series controlled auto‐regressive method and the ridge regression method (CAR‐RR) for water table depth modeling. We applied and evaluated this model in the Hetao Irrigation District, located in northwest China where the freezing‐thawing period is 5 months long. To train and validate the model, we used monthly data of water diversion, precipitation, evaporation, and drainage from 1995 to 2013. The CAR‐RR model yielded more accurate results than the support vector regression (SVR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models did in the validation period. To extend the model applicability during freezing‐thawing periods, we included additional temperature information. We compared results obtained using temperature only during the freezing‐thawing period with results obtained without temperature, which showed that the input data of the temperature during the freezing‐thawing period significantly improved the model accuracy. To resolve the problem of capturing the peaks and troughs of CAR‐RR, we further developed an integrated CAR‐SVR model to consider the nonlinearity. The optimal model (CAR‐SVR) was then used to predict the water table depth under future water‐saving measurements. It demonstrated that water diversion was the most important factor affecting the water table depth. A water table depth with less than 3.64 billion m3 water diversion will result in risks of environment problems.
Simulation of Groundwater Level in Ephemeral Streams with an Improved Groundwater Hydraulics Model
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Hanati Gulimire , Danierhan Sulitan , Zhang Yin , Zhang Zhiping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs a component of arid ecosystems, groundwater plays an important role in plant growth; therefore, it is essential to use deterministic models to reconstruct the process of groundwater level change. Typically, the linearized solution of the one‐dimensional (1‐D) Boussinesq equation yields acceptable performance in simulating transient conditions over short recharge periods in ephemeral stream systems, but the ability of this solution to simulate multiyear changes in groundwater levels is limited. In this study, an improved groundwater hydraulics (GH‐D2) model is built based on the groundwater hydraulics (GH) solution of the 1‐D Boussinesq equation to simulate multiyear changes in the groundwater level in ephemeral stream systems. The model is validated in the lower reaches of the Tarim River to simulate groundwater level fluctuations within the scope of influence of the river (300, 500, 750, 1050 m) over a 16‐year period (2000 to 2015). To evaluate the performance of the models, the bias, mean absolute error, root mean squared error, Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) are calculated. The results show that the improved GH‐D2 model, which considers ephemeral streamflow, unsteady flow theory and the delayed response effect of groundwater level changes, performs well in simulating multiyear changes in the groundwater level in the ephemeral stream system. The observed and simulated values of the groundwater level at different river distances are consistent, and the model provides a new basis for multiyear simulations of groundwater level fluctuations in ephemeral stream systems.
Characterization of Dizziness After Lasmiditan Usage: Findings From the SAMURAI and SPARTAN Acute Migraine Treatment Randomized Trials
Authors: Tepper Stewart J. , Krege John H. , Lombard Louise , Asafu‐Adjei Josephine K. , Dowsett Sherie A. , Raskin Joel , Buchanan Andrew S. , Friedman Deborah I. 
Published: June 2019

Trial DesignSAMURAI and SPARTAN were double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase 3 studies conducted in the United States, as well as the United Kingdom and Germany (SPARTAN only). Individuals with migraine were randomized to receive oral lasmiditan 50 mg (SPARTAN only), 100 mg, 200 mg, or placebo within 4 hours of onset of a migraine attack. The aim of this analysis was to characterize dizziness reported with lasmiditan treatment.MethodsData from SAMURAI and SPARTAN were pooled for the current post hoc analyses. Onset time and duration of dizziness were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Subgroup analyses based on presence/absence of dizziness were performed for the endpoints of interference with daily activity, patient global impression of change (PGIC), pain at 2 hours, and most bothersome symptom (MBS) at 2 hours based on adverse events occurring within 2 hours of taking study drug.ResultsDizziness incidence was as follows: Placebo (N = 1262), 2.9% (0.1% severe); lasmiditan 50 mg (N = 654), 8.6% (0.3% severe); lasmiditan 100 mg (N = 1265), 14.9% (0.7% severe); and lasmiditan 200 mg (N = 1258), 16.8% (1.4% severe). Among participants who received lasmiditan as their first dose, risk factors for dizziness were higher lasmiditan dosage, being non‐Hispanic/Latino, mild or moderate severity of migraine attack, and lower body mass index. The median time to onset of dizziness was generally 30‐40 minutes, and the median duration was 1.5‐2 hours. The presence of dizziness did not appear to have a negative influence on lasmiditan's effect on daily activity, PGIC, freedom from pain, or MBS. Overall, 21 participants experienced vertigo: Lasmiditan 50 mg, n = 2 (0.3%); 100 mg, n = 11 (0.9%); 200 mg, n = 7 (0.6%); and placebo, n = 1 (<0.1%).ConclusionThe incidence of dizziness with lasmiditan increased with dose. Dizziness was generally mild or moderate in severity and of quick onset and short duration. The presence of dizziness did not influence drug efficacy.
Biogeography of plant root‐associated fungal communities in the North Atlantic region mirrors climatic variability
Authors: Botnen Synnøve Smebye , Davey Marie L. , Aas Anders Bjørnsgaard , Carlsen Tor , Thoen Ella , Heegaard Einar , Vik Unni , Dresch Philipp , Mundra Sunil , Peintner Ursula , Taylor Andy F. S. , Kauserud Håvard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimPolar and alpine ecosystems appear to be particularly sensitive to increasing temperatures and the altered precipitation patterns linked to climate change. However, little is currently known about how these environmental drivers may affect edaphic organisms within these ecosystems. In this study, we examined communities of plant root‐associated fungi (RAF) over large biogeographical scales and along climatic gradients in the North Atlantic region in order to gain insights into the potential effects of climate variability on these communities. We also investigated whether selected fungal traits were associated with particular climates.LocationsAustria, Scotland, Mainland Norway, Iceland, Jan Mayen and Svalbard.TaxaRoot fungi associated with the ectomycorrhizal and herbaceous plant Bistorta vivipara.MethodsDNA metabarcoding of the ITS1 region was used to characterize the RAF of 302 whole plant root systems, which were analysed by means of ordination methods and linear modelling. Fungal spore length, width, volume and shape, as well as mycelial exploration type (ET) of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) basidiomycetes were summarized at a community level.ResultsThe RAF communities exhibited strong biogeographical structuring, and both compositional variation as well as fungal species richness correlated with annual temperature and precipitation. In accordance with general island biogeography theory, the least species‐rich RAF communities were found on Jan Mayen, a remote and small island in the North Atlantic Ocean. Fungal spores tended to be more elongated with increasing latitude. We also observed a climate effect on which mycelial ET was dominating among the ectomycorrhizal fungi.Main conclusionsBoth geographical and environmental variables were important for shaping root‐associated fungal communities at a North Atlantic scale, including the High Arctic. Fungal OTU richness followed general biogeographical patterns and decreased with decreasing size and/or increasing isolation of the host plant population. The probability of possessing more elongated spores increases with latitude, which may be explained by a selection for greater dispersal capacity among more isolated host plant populations in the Arctic.
Transgressive niche across a salamander hybrid zone revealed by microhabitat analyses
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Lunghi Enrico , Cimmaruta Roberta , Manenti Raoul 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimHybrid populations can have intermediate, conserved or transgressive niches, compared to the parental species. Fine‐scale analyses can improve our understanding of niche evolution, but information on microhabitat differences between parental species and hybrids is extremely scarce for animal populations. We assessed the pattern and role of niche variation along a hybrid zone, by investigating differences in microhabitat selection between terrestrial cave salamander species (Hydromantes ambrosiiandHydromantes italicus) and their hybrids. We tested whether introgressed populations show intermediate, conserved or transgressive niche, compared to parental species. Furthermore, we compared body condition index (BCI) among individuals observed in different microhabitats (different areas of caves), to assess the potential advantages of exploiting specific microhabitats.LocationWe surveyed ~700 cave sectors in Italy, across the whole range of the two parental species and along their contact zone.MethodsWe recorded salamander distribution and measured microhabitat features influencing salamander distribution: humidity, temperature and incident light. We tested niche differences between parental species and hybrids, and analysed spatial variation of body condition.ResultsWe detected significant niche shifts between parental species and hybrids. Introgressed populations showed a transgressive niche and exploited sectors with warmer temperature, lower humidity and more light, compared to the non‐introgressed ones. Introgressed salamanders were better able to exploit the microhabitat conditions that are frequently found nearby cave entrance. For males, BCI was significantly higher in individuals found close to the cave entrance.Main conclusionsThe transgressive niche of hybrids betweenH. ambrosiiandH. italicusindicates niche expansion towards harsh environmental conditions, and such transgressive segregation allows exploiting environments with higher food availability. The ability to exploit dry and warm sectors can provide important advantages to hybrid populations that can better persist under stressful conditions. Transgressive niche can be important for long‐term persistence and evolution within hybrid zones.
“Good Players” or “Good People”: Masculinities, Mobilities, and Class in Argentinian Rugby
Authors: Fuentes Sebastian , Guinness Daniel 
Published: June 2019

ResumenLos clubes de elite en Buenos Aires utilizaron el rugby amateur para la formación de la clase y la masculinidad, definiendo a la profesionalización deportiva representada en el popular fútbol como una alteridad moral. Cuando el rugby se profesionalizó internacionalmente en 1995, los clubes reaccionaron de modo defensivo, prohibiendo que quienes habían jugado en el exterior participen en las uniones locales. Examinamos las reacciones de las elites a la profesionalización, las experiencias de los jugadores que regresan del exterior y sus estrategias de (in)movilidad. Son novedosas las articulaciones entre la reproducción de clase local y los sistemas globales en los que participan los jóvenes: la centralidad de los clubes en la formación de experiencias, afectos y valores de las elites; las aspiraciones de movilidad frente a los lazos de amistad y parentesco; y la adaptación de una fuerza disruptiva ‐el profesionalismo‐ en el marco de las relaciones locales de clase y género.
Spreading of alpha‐synuclein – relevant or epiphenomenon?
Authors: Killinger Bryan A. , Kordower Jeffrey H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe intracellular accumulation of misfolded alpha‐synuclein pathology, termed Lewy pathology, throughout the brain is a phenomenon central to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. In recent years it has become apparent that Lewy pathology can spread from neuron‐to‐neuron and between interconnected brain regions. Understanding the phenomenon of Lewy pathology propagation holds great promise in its explanatory power to determine the etiology of Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies. However, it remains to be seen if the spread of Lewy pathology is critical for driving this disease. Here we discuss the spreading of Lewy pathology while highlighting some important concepts and experimental observations. We conclude that further studies are required to determine if, and how, the spreading behavior of Lewy pathology is involved in Parkinson’s disease.image“This article is part of the Special Issue Synuclein”
The Best of Both Worlds: Accessing Emerging Economies via Developed Markets
Authors: BAE JOON WOO , ELKAMHI REDOUANE , SIMUTIN MIKHAIL 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTA growing body of evidence suggests that the benefits of international diversification via developed markets have declined dramatically. While emerging markets still offer diversification opportunities, their public equity indices capture only a fraction of emerging countries' economic activity. We propose a diversification approach that exploits the global connectedness of developed countries to gain exposure to emerging countries' overall economies rather than their shallow equity markets. In doing so, we demonstrate that developed markets still offer substantial diversification benefits beyond those available through equity indices. Our results suggest that relying on equity indices to assess diversification benefits understates diversification gains.
Ratings Quality and Borrowing Choice
Authors: BADOER DOMINIQUE C. , DEMIROGLU CEM , JAMES CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPast studies document that incentive conflicts may lead issuer‐paid credit rating agencies to provide optimistically biased ratings. In this paper, we present evidence that investors question the quality of issuer‐paid ratings and raise corporate bond yields where the issuer‐paid rating is more positive than benchmark investor‐paid ratings. We also find that some firms with favorable issuer‐paid ratings substitute public bonds with borrowings from informed intermediaries to mitigate the “lemons discount” associated with poor quality ratings. Overall, our results suggest that the quality of issuer‐paid ratings has significant effects on borrowing costs and the choice of debt.
A model for comprehensive oral biological age score with oral and systemic clinical parameters
Authors: He Zhi‐Chao , Sun Chen , Jiang Wei‐Wen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundBiological age reflects the functional status of an individual. The purpose of the study was to develop a model for estimating oral biological age with oral and systemic parameters.MethodsA total of 248 subjects who had a routine health check were assessed with oral and general clinical examination. Chi‐square test was performed to screen oral clinical candidate indicators. General parameters were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and principal component analysis to develop a general biological age score. A final comprehensive model of oral biological age score was established by combining oral and general biological age score.ResultsA total of eight oral indicators (mucosal blood blister, mucosal dryness, impacted tooth, missing teeth, residual crowns, dental calculus, gingival hyperemia, and gingival recession) and 10 general clinical indicators (triglyceride, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, total cholesterol, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin, uric acid, body weight, and systolic blood pressure) were selected for oral and general biological age score, respectively (r > 0.25, P < 0.05). A model of comprehensive oral biological age score was then formed by principal component analysis: 0.046 triglyceride + 0.010 creatinine + 0.141 blood urea nitrogen + 0.048 glucose + 0.068 total cholesterol + 0.014 mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration + 0.082 mean erythrocyte hemoglobin + 0.001 uric acid + 0.020 body weight + 0.005 systolic blood pressure + 0.037 oral biological age score −10.908. The score was increased accordingly with CA.ConclusionOral biological age can be easily estimated clinically by the model of comprehensive oral biological age score using oral and systemic clinical parameters by general practitioners.