bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staining of Blood Cells with Periodic Acid/Salicyloyl Hydrazide (PA-SH)
Authors: BURNS J. , NEAME P. B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Stoward1 conjugated acidified solutions of salicyloyl hydrazide with the dialdehydes formed from the periodic acid oxidation of vicinal glycols in guinea pig tissue sections. The method has now been utilized, with minor modification, to demonstrate glycogen in blood and marrow cells, and it has been compared with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and with a fluorescent acriflavine Schiff-type method. It is felt that the PA-SH method will replace the existing Schiff-type fluorescent methods and that it will prove to be a useful technic to aid in the diagnosis of blood conditions, such as acute leukemia, where PAS positivity is known to occur.
Human Leukocyte Metabolism in Vitro
Authors: SCOTT JAMES L. , MARINO JOSEPH V. , GABOR E. PETER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The effects of added 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) on the in vitro incorporation of radioformate (C14) into the leukocyte nucleic acid purines and thymine of six cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and four cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been compared with the patients’ clinical response to 6-MP.
2. In seven cases subsequent therapy with 6-MP produced leukopenia. Of these, in vitro 6-MP diminished leukocyte C14 incorporation into the nucleic acid purines in three cases of AML, had no effect in two cases of AML and one case of ALL, and enhanced C14 incorporation into the leukocyte purines of a second case of ALL. Thymine synthesis was slightly diminished by 6-MP in the AML leukocytes in which purine synthesis was inhibited, and in one drugsensitive ALL leukocyte population in which purine synthesis was slightly increased by the analog. Thus, no regular and consistent relationship between the antileukemic effect of the drug and suppression of purine or thymine synthesis by 6-MP in vitro could be demonstrated.
3. Studies of the leukocytes of two cases of drug-resistant ALL yielded results similar to those observed in presumably drug-sensitive ALL cells.
4. The leukocytes of two cases of AML with acquired drug-resistance showed an increased capacity for in vitro RNA purine synthesis; in the one case in which studies before and after the development of resistance were possible, this property was apparently acquired during therapy. This suggests that an increase in purine biosynthetic enzyme reserves may be a mechanism of 6-MP-resistance in some human leukemias.
DNA Replication Patterns of Normal Human Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: RIBAS-MUNDÓ MANUEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three patterns of DNA replication in the interphase nuclei of short-term leukocyte cultures are described: (1) light, homogenous labeling on the whole nucleus and no labeling over the nucleolus (nucleolus-negative phase), (2) heavy labeling equally distributed over the whole nucleus and nucleoli (intermediate phase), (3) heavy labeling over the nucleoli and moderate labeling at the periphery of the nucleus (nucleolus-positive phase).
These three patterns of labeling appear consecutively during the process of DNA synthesis. Thus, the nuclear and nucleolar associated chromatin replicates during the late stage of DNA synthesis. The existence of nucleolar chromatin is discussed. Study of H3-thymidine incorporation in the nucleoli of leukemic and neoplastic cells may develop data regarding the possible metabolic disturbances of these cells.
The Effects of Two Alkaloids Derived from Vinca Rosea on the Malignant Cells of Hodgkin’s Disease, Lymphosarcoma and Acute Leukemia in Vivo
Authors: MARMONT ALBERTO M. , DAMASIO EUGENIO E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hodgkin’s disease, lymphosarcoma, and acute leukemia have been studied after treatment with the Vinca rosea alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine), in order to demonstrate and evaluate the mitosis-arresting effects of the two drugs on the malignant cells. Histologic sections, lymph node and bone marrow aspirations were performed immediately before and 24 hours after the intravenous administration of the drugs in 15 cases of Hodgkin’s disease, 12 of lymphoblastic lymphosarcoma, and 12 of acute leukemia, besides other miscellaneous cases.
In Hodgkin’s disease aspirates and sections showed a clear-cut metaphase arrest in the post-VLB specimens, chiefly affecting the pre-Sternberg or Hodgkin cells. This effect, besides corroborating the fundamentally stathmokinetic mechanism of VLB in Hodgkin’s disease, was considered an additional factor in confirming the widely proposed conception that these cells represent the fundamentally proliferating and malignant tissue of this disease.
In the acute leukemias and lymphoblastosarcomas, cytomorphologic and quantitative studies demonstrated that the oncolytic effects correlated well with the magnitude of metaphasic blockade. It is postulated that only actively proliferating cells—the so-called "growth fraction"—are the target for these alkaloids.
The Size and Transit Time of Nondividing Subpool of Precursor Cells in Acute Leukemia
Authors: LIN MAX SHIUMING , BOURONCLE BERTHA A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In order to elucidate the postulation and to quantitate the size and transit time of the nondividing subpool of precursor cells in acute leukemia, mathematical formulas based on a prolonged-labeling model were derived for the following kinetic parameters: (1) DNA synthesis time and generation time of dividing precursor cells in normal hemopoiesis and in acute leukemia. (2) size and transit time of the nondividing subpool of precursor cells in acute leukemia. The validity of the assumptions made in the model was discussed.
2. In vitro experimental estimation of the above kinetic parameters was done for the myeloid precursor pool in four cases: two with normal hemopoiesis; one, acute myeloid leukemia; one, subacute myeloid leukemia.
3. Variable decrease with time in availability of tritiated thymidine given initially in single dose to the in vitro system was observed and discussed.
4. DNA synthesis time and generation time of the dividing myeloid precursor cells in the two leukemic patients were not significantly different from, and were no shorter than, the corresponding values for normal myeloid precursor cells in the two nonleukemic patients. Thus it allows the prediction that as much as 86 per cent of the myeloid precursor cells in the marrow may be nondividing in acute myeloid leukemia.
5. In a case of acute myeloid leukemia about 87 per cent of the myeloid precursor cells in the marrow were estimated as nondividing with nondividing subpool transit time of about 32 days in closed in vitro system. The probable meanings of these in vitro estimates in vivo were discussed.
6. The result and analytical review of literature support the postulation of heterogeneous acute leukemia precursor cells with the nondividing fraction consisting of end cells being maintained by the dividing fraction. It is also suggested that a small fraction of nondividing cells may be capable of DNA synthesis and thus be initially-labeling. More definitive approaches to the problems await future investigation.
The Effect of Splenic X-Irradiation on the Ferrokinetics of Chronic Leukemia with a Clinical Study
Authors: AWWAD H. K. , BADEEB A. O. , MASSOUD G. E. , SALAH M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The usefulness of splenic x-irradiation in the palliative treatment of chronic leukemia is illustrated by the results obtained in the treatment of 18 patients. This form of therapy was generally followed by reduction in organ size, improvement in blood levels, and control of associated anemia.
Abnormalities of iron kinetics were defined in nearly all patients prior to therapy. A second ferrokinetic study was performed after remissions were induced by splenic irradiation.
In the majority of patients, some evidence of increased red cell sequestration in the spleen could be demonstrated before therapy. The reaction of the erythropoietic tissue to this hemolytic process varied. In a number of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia, there was an absolute hypoactivity. In the chronic myeloid group, erythropoiesis was either normal or slightly increased. In three cases of CLL with marked hemolytic activity, the erythropoietic activity was increased approximately twofold. However, in none of the anemic cases was erythropoiesis adequate to maintain a normal red cell mass. Extramedullary erythropoiesis was demonstrated in all patients of the myeloid group.
Analytical Review: Multiple Differentiation in Megakaryocytes and Platelets
Authors: PAULUS JEAN-MICHEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The properties of the megakaryocyte and the platelet may be briefly summarized as follows: a polyploid cell secretes, by an apocrine type mechanism, an anucleate element, endowed with strong autolytic and endocytic properties, and capable of performing contractile work. The latter element, specialized in this way, is prepared to play a major role in hemostatic reactions.
The relationships between the five properties considered for these elements are still largely unknown. A certain degree of polyploidy may conceivably be necessary for the megakaryocyte to secrete platelets, but the importance of polyploidy in its cytoplasmic maturation has recently been questioned.6 The influence of the absence of a nucleus on platelet metabolism, as well as on the endocytic properties of cells, is still a matter of controversy.97,98 Finally, there remains to be established the possible role of contraction in the release of platelet material,84 and molecular material degraded by lysosome action.
Hydrogen Peroxide Toxicity and Detoxification in the Erythrocytes of Newborn Infants
Authors: GROSS RUTH T. , BRACCI RODOLFO , RUDOLPH NATHAN , SCHROEDER ELEANOR , KOCHEN JOSEPH A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The deleterious effects on erythrocytes of low steady-state concentrations of H2O2 in vitro have been compared in samples from full-term and premature infants and adults. Methemoglobin and Heinz bodies were formed to a greater degree in the intact erythrocytes of the young subjects. In the absence of protective enzymes, however, the extent of oxidation was similar in hemoglobin prepared from cord blood and from adult blood, respectively.
Activity of the enzymes involved in the detoxification of H2O2 has been measured in the red blood cells of the aforementioned groups of subjects. Of note was the finding of significantly decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase in the full-term newborn and premature infants.
These findings of increased toxicity from H2O2 and decreased efficiency of the detoxification mechanisms are considered to have bearing on the susceptibility of young subjects to drug-induced hemolytic anemia.
Fine Structural Demonstration of Acid Phosphatase Activity in Auer Bodies
Authors: WHITE JAMES G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The peripheral leukocytes of three patients with acute myelogenous leukemia have been studied by combined electron microscopy and ultrastructural cytochemistry. Auer bodies present in immature granulocytes were found to contain specific evidence of acid phosphatase activity, indicating that Auer rods are lysosomes. A number of observations were made which support the origin of Auer rod lysosomes from azurophilic granules which are known to be lysosomes. The nature of the stimulus causing transformation or fusion of azure granules to form Auer bodies, however, remains obscure.
Leukocytosis, Bone Marrow Hyperplasia and Leukemia in Chronic Magnesium Deficiency in the Rat
Authors: MCCREARY PATRICIA A. , BATTIFORA HECTOR A. , HAHNEMAN BETTY M. , LAING GRANT H. , HASS GEORGE M. , Singh Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hematologic studies, including bone marrow examinations, have been done on a series of rats which were on a magnesium-deficient diet, with or without 2-AAF supplementation. Leukocytosis and granulocytosis could be maintained in these deficient rats by decreasing their intake of magnesium and could be reversed by the addition of magnesium. The bone marrows of the magnesium-deficient group showed granulocytic hyperplasia; the bone marrows of the deficient 2-AAF supplemented rats showed erythrocytic hyperplasia, as well as granulocytic hyperplasia. Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed in two magnesium deficient rats and persisted after magnesium supplements were given. This leukemia has been successfully transplanted into newborn rats.
Brief Report: A Plasma Factor in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia which Stimulates DNA Synthesis and Blastogenesis in Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: KASAKURA SHINPEI , LOWENSTEIN LOUIS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Plasmas from each of three patients with CLL and from one patient with plasma cell leukemia were added to normal leukocyte cultures and were found to stimulate DNA synthesis and blastogenesis. The stimulatory material present in plasma from one of the CLL patients was nondialyzable and could be passed through a Millipore filter of 0.22 microns pore size. It retained all or most of its activity after exposure to 60 C. for 1 hour, repeated freezing and thawing, and treatment with RNAse and DNAse.
Studies on Erythropoietic Action of Angiotensin II
Authors: NAKAO KIKU , SHIRAKURA TAKUO , AZUMA MASAMI , MAEKAWA TADASHI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effects of synthetic Angiotensin II on erythropoiesis were investigated.
1. Two daily intravenous injections of Angiotensin II, 100 µg./Kg. of body weight, revealed no acceleration of Fe59 incorporation into erythrocytes of either normal rabbits or hypophysectomized rats.
2. When given by intravenous drip, 100 µg./Kg. of Angiotensin II significantly accelerated the radioiron incorporation.
3. The renal blood flow was markedly reduced throughout the period of the dropwise injection; the same effect was transitory after single intravenous injection. The elevation of plasma erythropoietin activity was observed in hypertransfused polycythemic rabbits following the dropwise injection of Angiotensin II.
From these results, it is concluded that erythropoietic activity of Angiotensin II results from an increased erythropoietin production. The increased production may have been induced by a renal ischemia through administration of Angiotensin II.
THE SCHOENLEIN-HENOCH SYNDROME OF VASCULAR PURPURA
Authors: DAVIS ELI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome is described on the basis of 44 personally observed cases. It is defined as a condition in which nontraumatic hemorrhage with or without edema may occur in the skin, or subcutaneous tissue, or joints, or viscera, or in any combination of them, and in which the blood platelets are normally abundant. The causes of the syndrome are varied, but streptococcal infection is important, and "anaphylactoid" causes rare. The prognosis is good, and the 4 cases with renal involvement also did well. Schoenlein-Henoch purpura and purpura simplex overlap, but in contrast with the latter, Schoenlein-Henoch purpura is not familial, and is common in males and children.
A MODIFICATION OF THE WAUGH-RUDDICK TEST FOR INCREASED COAGULABILITY OF THE BLOOD, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE STUDY OF POSTOPERATIVE CASES
Authors: SILVERMAN SEYMOUR B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A modification of the Waugh-Ruddick test for increased coagulability of the blood is described, which employs the use of recalcifled plasma in the place of whole blood.
2. Using this modification, studies were carried out on a series of patients undergoing operation. It was found that there was an increased coagulability of the blood present within 24 hours following operation, and that this condition lasted for a week or so. In all cases, the coagulability had returned to normal by the end of two weeks.
3. It is felt that the change is due to an increase in the circulating thromboplastin, presumably derived from damaged tissue in the operative area.
PRIMARY NONFAMILIAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: STICKNEY J. M. , HECK FRANK J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In our experience, in half of the cases of primary hemolytic anemia in which there is no family history of anemia, jaundice or splenomegaly, examination of the blood disclosed microspherocytic erythrocytes and increased fragility of erythrocytes. The results of splenectomy in these cases are better than in those in which microspherocytosis is absent. True macrocytosis was observed in only one instance. Females predominated in both groups of cases. Agglutinins and hemolysins have not appeared to play any significant role in the production of the hemolytic syndrome in our cases. We do not feel justified in expressing an opinion as to whether the microspherocytosis indicates a familial or congenital blood disorder. From a practical standpoint, it makes no great difference since splenectomy should be considered seriously in any case of chronic primary hemolytic anemia. It may be of value in some cases of secondary or symptomatic hemolytic anemia.
THE GENETIC RELATION AND CLINICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF COOLEY’S ANEMIA AND COOLEY’S TRAIT
Authors: DALAND GENEVA A. , STRAUSS MAURICE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Four additional families illustrating the clinical and genetic relationships of Cooley’s anemia and Cooley’s trait have been presented.
2. Blood findings in an offspring of a patient with Cooley’s anemia are recorded.
3. The asymptomatic nature of Cooley’s trait and its differentiation from Cooley’s anemia has been emphasized.
4. The inheritance of Cooley’s trait and Cooley’s anemia may be best explained in terms of an incomplete dominant or of the simultaneous appearance of two nonallelomorphic genes.
A Study of Thrombocytopenia
Authors: BRECKENRIDGE ROBERT T. , MOORE RICHARD D. , RATNOFF OSCAR D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sixty-nine cases of thrombocytopenia in which splenectomy had been performed have been reviewed. New cytological criteria are described for the diagnosis of disseminated lupus erythematosus by the examination of the splenic tissue.
Six cases of thrombocytopenia associated with the ingestion of drugs and eight with infectious diseases responded promptly and permanently to splenectomy. The thrombocytopenia associated with disseminated lupus erythematosus (in 16 cases) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (in 39 cases) had a much more variable response. Approximately three-fifths of patients in each group had a remission sustained for at least 12 months following splenectomy. In general those patients who had thrombocytopenia for more than one year before surgery were less likely to respond to splenectomy.
Tissue Distribution of Radio-B12 after Intravenous Injection of Gastric Juice, Saliva and Plasma-Bound Co57 B12
Authors: ROSENTHAL WILLIAM S. , WEISBERG HERBERT , GLASS GEORGE B. JERZY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hepatic uptake of unbound radio-B12 and radio-B12 bound to various B12 binders was studied in 48 rats using a method of in situ liver perfusion of homologous whole blood without recirculation. Compared with unbound radio-B12, radio-B12 bound to pernicious anemia gastric juice, human saliva, hog intrinsic factor concentrate, and boiled hog intrinsic factor concentrate increased uptake of B12 by rat liver. B12 bound to normal human gastric juice, however, was removed in a manner quantitatively similar to that observed with unbound B12.
Depression of reticuloendothelial system activity by india ink injection prior to perfusion of hog intrinsic factor concentrate-bound B12 did not significantly alter hepatic B12 removal rates. Comparison with results obtained in similar experiments, but without prior reticuloendothelial system depression, suggests that the removal process was accomplished by hepatic parenchymal cells rather than reticuloendothelial cells of the liver.
These results suggest that B12 binders of hog intrinsic factor concentrate, pernicious anemia gastric juice, and saliva may function in the membrane transport of B12 in the liver in a manner both quantitatively and qualitatively different from those of serum. This transport function is obviously not limited to intrinsic factor, since materials with and without intrinsic factor activity can produce this effect.
Activation of Glycogen Phosphorylase in Blood Platelets
Authors: SCOTT ROBERT B. , Cooper LaVerne W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In platelets incubated in vitro, glycogen phosphorylase was activated, and the degree of activation roughly corresponds to the degree of manipulation of the platelets and is greatest in the least physiologic incubation medium.
2. Activation proceeds with an increasing proportion of enzyme which is active in the absence of AMP, suggesting the action of the phosphorylase-activating enzyme, phosphorylase kinase, in platelets.
3. Total enzyme activity (activity with AMP) likewise increases and continues to increase while the AMP-independent fraction begins to decrease again, suggesting more than one activating mechanism.
4. During glycogen breakdown, and during coagulation and clot retraction induced by thrombin, glycogen synthesis was shown to continue in vitro. Clot retraction was found to be more dependent on adequate glycogen stores than was coagulation.
Brief Report: Correction of the Hemostatic Defects in Von Willebrand’s Disease
Authors: PERKINS HERBERT A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Pool cryoprecipitate provides an effective source of the factor lacking in the plasma of patients with von Willebrand’s disease which is necessary for a normal bleeding time. Correction of the bleeding time appears to be necessary for control of bleeding in some instances of severe spontaneous hemorrhage. None of the commercially prepared antihemophilic factor concentrates prepared in this country contain adequate amounts of the extremely labile bleeding time factor.
Mechanism of the Anemia of Pyridoxine Deficiency in the Rat
Authors: SHEN SHU CHU , KO RU LIN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rats were fed a diet deficient in pyridoxine until they developed a microcytic, hypochromic, pyridoxine-responsive anemia. Studies of red cell survival time demonstrated that there was a hemolytic factor involved in this anemia; and the more severe the anemia, the more rapid the destruction of red cells. It also demonstrated that the defect was intracorpuscular. Blood regeneration studies confirmed findings by others that erythropoiesis was impaired in pyridoxine deficiency, particularly when the accompanying anemia was severe. These studies indicate that a dual mechanism may be operating in these anemic rats.
Induction of Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease by Diffusible Substances from the Thymus of NZB/Bl Mice
Authors: MASTERS JASON M. , SPURLING CARROLL L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mice of four strains were thymectomized neonatally and implanted with Millipore diffusion chambers containing thymic tissue from newborn mice of the NZB/Bl strain. Of a total of 60 surviving animals, 50 developed a positive Coombs’ test and other evidences of autoimmune hemolytic disease. Controls remained negative.
Various possibilities concerning the nature of the membrane-passing factor or agent are considered.