bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Diversity Works: The Effects of Coalition Composition on the Success of Lobbying Coalitions
Authors: Junk Wiebke Marie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLobbyists frequently join forces to influence policy, yet the success of active lobbying coalitions remains a blind spot in the literature. This article is the first to test how and when characteristics of active coalitions increase their lobbying success. Based on pluralist theory, one can expect diverse coalitions, uniting different societal interests, to signal broad support to policy makers. Yet, their responsiveness to this signal (i.e., signaling benefits) and contribution incentives within the coalition (i.e., cooperation costs) are likely to vary with issue salience. This theory is tested on a unique data set comprising 50 issues in five European countries. Results reveal a strong moderating effect of salience on the relationship between coalition diversity and success: On less salient issues, homogenous coalitions are more likely to succeed, whereas the effect reverses with higher salience, where diverse coalitions are more successful. These findings have implications for understanding political responsiveness and potential policy capture.
Letter: reassuringly normal response to ACTH in children treated with swallowed topical corticosteroids for eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Rodríguez Manchón Silvia , Domínguez Ortega Gloria , Bacelo Ruano Irene , Martínez Ibeas María Angeles , Pozo Román Jesús , Cañedo Villarroya Elvira , Muñoz Codoceo Rosa Ana 
Published: May 2019

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Philpott et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14573 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15292.
Editorial: combination immunosuppressive therapy to treat Crohn’s disease – ready for all age groups? Authors' reply
Authors: Singh Siddharth , Jairath Vipul , LW Stitt , G Zou , R Khanna , PS Dulai , WJ Sandborn , BG Feagan 
Published: May 2019

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Singh et al and Murray papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15214 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15259.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Ianiro Gianluca , Eusebi Leonardo H. , Black Christopher J. , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni , Ford Alexander C. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBackgroundIncreasing evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota in the aetiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment against recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and may be beneficial in ulcerative colitis. However, its efficacy in IBS is uncertain.AimTo perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine this issue.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, EMBASE Classic, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and clinicaltrials.gov through to March 2019. RCTs recruiting adults with IBS, which compared FMT with placebo, were eligible. Dichotomous symptom data were pooled to obtain a relative risk (RR) of remaining symptomatic after therapy, with a 95% CI.ResultsThe search strategy identified 322 citations. Five RCTs were eligible for inclusion, containing 267 patients. Overall, 92.2% of included patients had IBS‐D or IBS‐M, and only 7.8% IBS‐C. When data were pooled for all patients, irrespective of stool type, the RR of IBS symptoms not improving was 0.98 (95% CI 0.58‐1.66). Placebo capsules administered orally were superior to capsules containing donor stool in two pooled trials (RR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.19‐3.20). FMT from donor stool delivered via colonoscopy was superior to autologous stool in two pooled RCTs (RR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.43‐0.93). FMT from donor stool via nasojejunal tube showed a trend towards a benefit over autologous stool in one trial (RR = 0.69; 95% CI 0.46‐1.02).ConclusionsFresh or frozen donor stool delivered via colonoscopy or nasojejunal tube may be beneficial in IBS. Larger, more rigorously conducted trials of FMT in IBS are needed.
Student selection to a rural veterinary school. 1: applicant demographics and predictors of success within the application process
Authors: Raidal SL , Lord J , Hayes LM , Hyams J , Lievaart J 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo determine demographic details of applicants to the veterinary degree program at and relate this information to student selection processes.DesignRetrospective evaluation of applicant data.MethodsDatabase records of 4042 applicants to the veterinary program (2006–2016) were retrieved from university records. Summary statistics were used to determine basic demographic data, which were related to pre‐entry academic achievement and results of selection processes using univariable and multivariable analyses.ResultsThe number of applications, interviews and acceptance of offers fluctuated but did not vary substantively for the duration of the study. Gender, rurality (as assessed by residential and school postcodes), socioeconomic background, academic background and pre‐entry academic achievement all significantly influenced written application and interview scores in the multivariate models. Rural background, written application score, number of applications, pre‐entry academic history and achievement significantly affected the chances of receiving an interview. Chances of receiving an offer and subsequent program entry were significantly influenced by academic background, interview score and pre‐entry academic achievement. Male applicants were more likely to receive an offer, but gender had no effect on program entry. Rural residential and school background was associated with significantly reduced ATAR in comparison with city‐based applicants.ConclusionSelection processes effectively identified applicants with demographic backgrounds and life experiences consistent with the School’s commitment to the veterinary needs of rural and regional Australia. Findings support the provision of an academic loading for the ATAR results of rural students. Effects of these selection outcomes on student performance should be evaluated.
Who Supports Professional Certification? Insights from Employment Arbitration
Authors: Gough Mark , Albert Kyle 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProfessional certification programmes became commonplace across the occupational structure in recent years, with many emerging and established professions opting to create their own certification programmes for reasons ranging from collective marketing to reducing malpractice litigation risk. Theories of social closure suggest that advantaged and established individual practitioners might want to use certification as a means of distinguishing themselves and enacting barriers to entry, though research on credentials and signalling theory leads to the expectation that certification is most valued by less secure and younger workers seeking to establish themselves in a profession. We use a survey of employment arbitrators as a case study in the dynamics of who supports certification, finding a surprisingly low overall level of support for certification. Arbitrators who are female, racial minorities and those who earn lower hourly rates are most supportive of creating and earning certification, suggesting that the most natural constituency for a new certification programme may be those looking to ‘break in’ to a profession rather than those already well established in their practice.
The impact of bariatric surgery on urinary incontinence: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Yung , Yu James , Tikkinen Kari A.O. , Pędziwiatr Michał , Major Piotr , Aditya Ishan , Krakowsky Yonah , Doumouras Aristithes G. , Gmora Scott , Anvari Mehran , Hong Dennis 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesTo systematically review and meta‐analyse the impact of bariatric surgery on obese patients with urinary incontinence (UI).MethodsA search of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), the Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and PubMed to June 2018 was performed using methods pre‐published on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies comparing UI status in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery were included. Primary outcomes were the improvement or complete resolution of any UI, stress UI (SUI), and urgency UI (UUI). Secondary outcomes were validated UI questionnaire scores. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach assessed overall quality of evidence.ResultsIn all, 33 cohort studies (2910 patients) were included (median follow‐up 12 months). Bariatric surgery resulted in improvement or resolution of any UI in 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] 48–63%), SUI in 47% (95% CI 34–60%), and UUI in 53% (95% CI 32–73%) of patients. Moreover, bariatric surgery significantly decreased (P < 0.001) questionnaire scores such as: the Urogenital Distress Inventory by 13.4 points (95% CI 7.2–19.6), International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire by 4.0 points (95% CI 2.3–5.7), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire by 5.3 points (95% CI 3.9–6.6). However, worsening or new onset of UI was present in 3% of patients. The quality of evidence was very low for all outcomes.ConclusionHalf of obese patients report improvement or resolution of UI after bariatric surgery, but overall the quality of evidence is very low. Comparative studies examining the benefits of bariatric surgery in obese patients with UI are warranted.
Root extracellular traps versus neutrophil extracellular traps in host defence, a case of functional convergence?
Authors: Driouich Azeddine , Smith Carine , Ropitaux Marc , Chambard Marie , Boulogne Isabelle , Bernard Sophie , Follet‐Gueye Marie‐Laure , Vicré Maïté , Moore John 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe root cap releases cells that produce massive amounts of mucilage containing polysaccharides, proteoglycans, extracellular DNA (exDNA) and a variety of antimicrobial compounds. The released cells – known as border cells or border‐like cells – and mucilage secretions form networks that are defined as root extracellular traps (RETs). RETs are important players in root immunity. In animals, phagocytes are some of the most abundant white blood cells in circulation and are very important for immunity. These cells combat pathogens through multiple defence mechanisms, including the release of exDNA‐containing extracellular traps (ETs). Traps of neutrophil origin are abbreviated herein as NETs. Similar to phagocytes, plant root cap‐originating cells actively contribute to frontline defence against pathogens. RETs and NETs are thus components of the plant and animal immune systems, respectively, that exhibit similar compositional and functional properties. Herein, we describe and discuss the formation, molecular composition and functional similarities of these similar but different extracellular traps.
Vectors with autonomy: what distinguishes animal‐mediated nutrient transport from abiotic vectors?
Authors: McInturf Alexandra G. , Pollack Lea , Yang Louie H. , Spiegel Orr 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTAnimal movements are important drivers of nutrient redistribution that can affect primary productivity and biodiversity across various spatial scales. Recent work indicates that incorporating these movements into ecosystem models can enhance our ability to predict the spatio‐temporal distribution of nutrients. However, the role of animal behaviour in animal‐mediated nutrient transport (i.e. active subsidies) remains under‐explored. Here we review the current literature on active subsidies to show how the behaviour of active subsidy agents makes them both ecologically important and qualitatively distinct from abiotic processes (i.e. passive subsidies). We first propose that animal movement patterns can create similar ecological effects (i.e. press and pulse disturbances) in recipient ecosystems, which can be equal in magnitude to or greater than those of passive subsidies. We then highlight three key behavioural features distinguishing active subsidies. First, organisms can transport nutrients counter‐directionally to abiotic forces and potential energy gradients (e.g. upstream). Second, unlike passive subsidies, organisms respond to the patterns of nutrients that they generate. Third, animal agents interact with each other. The latter two features can form positive‐ or negative‐feedback loops, creating patterns in space or time that can reinforce nutrient hotspots in places of mass aggregations and/or create lasting impacts within ecosystems. Because human‐driven changes can affect both the space‐use of active subsidy species and their composition at both population (i.e. individual variation) and community levels (i.e. species interactions), predicting patterns in nutrient flows under future modified environmental conditions depends on understanding the behavioural mechanisms that underlie active subsidies and variation among agents' contributions. We conclude by advocating for the integration of animal behaviour, animal movement data, and individual variation into future conservation efforts in order to provide more accurate and realistic assessments of changing ecosystem function.
Seasonal spatial segregation in blue sharks (Prionace glauca) by sex and size class in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Maxwell Sara M. , Scales Kylie L. , Bograd Steven J. , Briscoe Dana K. , Dewar Heidi , Hazen Elliott L. , Lewison Rebecca L. , Welch Heather , Crowder Larry B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimAnimal tracking can provide unique insights into the ecology and conservation of marine species, such as the partitioning of habitat, including differences between life history stages or sexes, and can inform fisheries stock assessments, bycatch reduction and spatial management such as dynamic management.LocationNortheast Pacific Ocean.MethodsWe used satellite tracking data from 47 blue sharks (Prionace glauca) from the Northeast Pacific to determine movements and home range along the west coast of North America, and sex–size class (immature females, mature males) specific habitat preferences using boosted regression trees. Using a suite of static and dynamic environmental variables, we determined distribution and habitat preferences across summer and fall for each sex–size class.ResultsWe found that there was spatial segregation between sex–size classes particularly in the summer months with immature females found largely north of 33°N, and males south of 35°N. In fall, females travelled south, resulting in an overlap in distributions south of 37°N. Sea surface temperature (SST), latitude and longitude were top predictors. However, immature females and adult males demonstrated unique habitat preferences including SST, with immature females preferring cooler temperatures (SST < 15°C) than adult males in summer, and a broader band of SST than adult males in fall. All models performed well, explaining 50%–67% of deviance, and 23%–41% of deviance when predictions were cross‐validated.Main conclusionsWe provide first insights into coastal movements and habitat preferences of blue sharks in the Northeast Pacific. We found that immature females undergo a seasonal southward migration in this more coastal habitat, similar to patterns observed in the North Atlantic. We also found some overlap between adult males and immature females in fall months, suggesting the importance of more coastal habitat in managing this species, particularly in determining population structure for blue shark stock assessments, and reducing blue shark bycatch.
Involvement of rat posterior prelimbic and cingulate area 2 in vocalization control
Authors: Bennett Peter Julian Garnett , Maier Eduard , Brecht Michael 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMicrostimulation mapping identified vocalization areas in primate anterior cingulate cortex. Rat anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal areas have also been intensely investigated, but we do not know, how these cortical areas contribute to vocalizations and no systematic mapping of stimulation‐evoked vocalizations has been performed. To address this question, we mapped microstimulation‐evoked (ultrasonic) vocalizations in rat cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. The incidence of evoked vocalizations differed markedly between frontal cortical areas. Vocalizations were most often evoked in posterior prelimbic cortex and cingulate area 2, whereas vocalizations were rarely evoked in dorsal areas (vibrissa motor cortex, secondary motor cortex and cingulate area 1) and anterior areas (anterior prelimbic, medial‐/ventral‐orbital cortex). Vocalizations were observed at intermediate frequencies in ventro‐medial areas (infralimbic and dorsopeduncular cortex). Various complete, naturally occurring calls could be elicited. In prelimbic cortex superficial layer microstimulation evoked mainly fear calls with low efficacy, whereas deep layer microstimulation evoked mainly 50 kHz calls with high efficacy. Vocalization stimulation thresholds were substantial (70–500 μA, the maximum tested; on average ~400 μA) and latencies were long (median 175 ms). Posterior prelimbic cortex projected to numerous targets and innervated brainstem vocalization centers such as the intermediate reticular formation and the nucleus retroambiguus disynaptically via the periaqueductal gray. Anatomical position, stimulation effects and projection targets of posterior prelimbic cortex were similar to that of monkey anterior cingulate vocalization cortex. Our data suggest that posterior prelimbic cortex is more closely involved in control of vocalization initiation than in specifying acoustic details of vocalizations.
Recommendations for the use of structural magnetic resonance imaging in the care of patients with epilepsy: A consensus report from the International League Against Epilepsy Neuroimaging Task Force
Authors: Bernasconi Andrea , Cendes Fernando , Theodore William H. , Gill Ravnoor S. , Koepp Matthias J. , Hogan Robert Edward , Jackson Graeme D. , Federico Paolo , Labate Angelo , Vaudano Anna Elisabetta , Blümcke Ingmar , Ryvlin Philippe , Bernasconi Neda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStructural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is of fundamental importance to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, particularly when surgery is being considered. Despite previous recommendations and guidelines, practices for the use of MRI are variable worldwide and may not harness the full potential of recent technological advances for the benefit of people with epilepsy. The International League Against Epilepsy Diagnostic Methods Commission has thus charged the 2013‐2017 Neuroimaging Task Force to develop a set of recommendations addressing the following questions: (1) Who should have an MRI? (2) What are the minimum requirements for an MRI epilepsy protocol? (3) How should magnetic resonance (MR) images be evaluated? (4) How to optimize lesion detection? These recommendations target clinicians in established epilepsy centers and neurologists in general/district hospitals. They endorse routine structural imaging in new onset generalized and focal epilepsy alike and describe the range of situations when detailed assessment is indicated. The Neuroimaging Task Force identified a set of sequences, with three‐dimensional acquisitions at its core, the harmonized neuroimaging of epilepsy structural sequences—HARNESS‐MRI protocol. As these sequences are available on most MR scanners, the HARNESS‐MRI protocol is generalizable, regardless of the clinical setting and country. The Neuroimaging Task Force also endorses the use of computer‐aided image postprocessing methods to provide an objective account of an individual's brain anatomy and pathology. By discussing the breadth and depth of scope of MRI, this report emphasizes the unique role of this noninvasive investigation in the care of people with epilepsy.
Impact of grass silage quality on greenhouse gas emissions from dairy and beef production
Authors: Åby Bente A. , Randby Åshild T. , Bonesmo Helge , Aass Laila 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh‐quality grass silages may represent a mitigation option by reducing enteric methane production and by increasing productivity, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions per kg of product (emission intensity). Two previous studies found considerable effects of three different silage qualities cut at different maturity stages (very early [H1], early [H2] and normal [H3]) offered ad libitum with various levels of concentrate supplementation, on animal performances of growing/finishing bulls and dairy cows in early lactation, indicating that emission intensities may also vary. Based on results from these previous studies, the aim of this study was to estimate emission intensities for milk and beef carcasses for the included combinations of silage qualities and concentrate levels, by using the farm‐scale model HolosNor. The emissions intensities were lowest for the H1 silage, and highest for the H3 silage, independent of concentrate levels for both milk and beef. Thus, increasing concentrate levels did not compensate for lower grass silage quality. Improvements in silage quality from H3 silage to H2 is realistic and has the potential to reduce emission intensities with approximately 10% while keeping the milk yield per cow constant and reducing the use of concentrates considerably. For beef production, the potential is even larger, with a reduction in emission intensity of approximately 17%. We conclude that improving grass silage quality may be a mitigation option that will also reduce the dependence on concentrates.
Molecular genetic evaluation of NLRP3, MVK and TNFRSF1A associated periodic fever syndromes
Authors: Ozyilmaz Berk , Kirbiyik Ozgur , Koc Altug , Ozdemir Taha R. , Kaya Ozer Ozge , Kutbay Yasar B. , Erdogan Kadri M. , Saka Guvenc Merve , Ozturk Can 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPeriodic fever syndromes (PFSs) are a family of clinical disorders, which are characterized by recurrent episodes of fever in the absence of microbial, autoimmune or malign conditions. Most common types of PFSs are associated with four genes: MEFV, MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3. This paper aims to add new data to the genotype–phenotype association of MVK-, TNFRSF-1A- and NLRP3‐associated PFSs. A total number of 211 patients were evaluated. Two different approaches were used for the molecular genetic evaluation of MVK-, TNFRSF-1A- and NLRP3‐associated PFSs. For the first 147 patients, Sanger sequence analysis of selected exons of MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes was done. For subsequent 64 patients, targeted NGS panel analysis, covering all exons of MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes, was used. A total number of 48 variants were detected. The “variant detection rate in index patients” was higher in the NGS group than Sanger sequencing group (19% vs. 15,1%). For the variant positive patients, a detailed genotype–phenotype table was built. In PFSs, lack of correlation exists between genotype and phenotype in the general population and even within the families. In some cases, mutations behave differently and yield unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we discussed the clinical effects of eight different variants we have detected in the MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP3 genes. Four of them were previously identified in patients with PFS. The remaining four were not reported in patients with PFS. Thus, we had to interpret their clinical effects by analysing their frequencies and in silico analysis predictions. We suggest that new studies are needed to evaluate the effects of these variants more clearly. To be able to demonstrate a clearer genotype–phenotype relationship, all PFS‐related genes should be analysed together and the possibility of polygenic inheritance should be considered.