bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Amyloid Load in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Effect of Reducing the PiB‐PET Threshold
Authors: Ismail Rola , Parbo Peter , Hansen Kim V. , Schaldemose Jeppe L. , Dalby Rikke B. , Tietze Anna , Kjeldsen Pernille L. , la Cour Sanne Hage , Qvist Per , Gottrup Hanne , Eskildsen Simon F. , Brooks David J. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIn vivo detection of β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now possible with 11C‐PiB positron emission tomography (PET). Conventionally, a cortical:cerebellar PiB uptake ratio threshold of 1.4‐1.5 has been used to categorize at‐risk subjects as “amyloid‐positive” and “amyloid‐negative.” It has been suggested that this threshold is too conservative and may miss early amyloid pathology. We investigated the relationship between conventional and lower baseline 11C‐PiB PET thresholds for raised amyloid load and the subsequent clinical and radiological progression of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cases longitudinally.METHODSWe serially determined the cortical amyloid load with 11C‐PiB PET of 44 MCI subjects over 2 years and compared findings with those for 12 healthy controls (HC) and 5 AD cases.RESULTSTwenty‐four subjects were classified as normal at baseline with mean cortical PiB standard uptake value ratios (SUVR) between 1.2 and 1.5. Their cognitive status remained stable over time. Three of these cases increased their amyloid load above a threshold of 1.5 over 2 years. Twenty‐seven “raised amyloid” MCI cases with baseline cortical SUVRs above 1.5, showed deteriorating cognition. Note that 50% of these cases converted clinically to AD during the follow‐up period.CONCLUSIONUse of a PiB SUVR threshold of >1.5 for raised amyloid missed 14.3% of MCI cases who likely had Thal stage 1 or 2 pathology and showed a progressive amyloid increase over 2 years. Lowering the threshold for abnormality to 1.3 abolished all false negatives but resulted in 75% of HCs being falsely diagnosed as raised amyloid subjects.
Incidence of abutment screw failure of single or splinted implant prostheses: A review and update on current clinical status
Authors: Katsavochristou Anastasia , Koumoulis Dimitrios 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOsseointegrated implants have been widely used for decades with high survival and success rates. However, mechanical complications continue to be reported in the literature, and their clinical management can be often very challenging for the clinician while there is no consensus on the ideal management. The aim of this manuscript was to review the risk factors of abutment screw complications, to identify the most recent incidence of screw failure in the clinical setting and report on the methodology used and the outcome of intervention. Clinical studies and reports were reviewed that reported on abutment screw looseness and/or fracture. A search of the electronic database PUBMED was conducted in November 2018, including manuscripts published in English from 2004 to 2018. Study selection: animal studies, narrative reviews, expert opinions and communications/letters were excluded. Further exclusion criteria included reports on occlusal prosthetic screws and fracture of abutments, and reports that did not provide adequate data. A total of 12 manuscripts were finally included that reported on single implant crowns or 2‐unit implant fixed dental prosthesis. To conclude, the most current abutment screw loosening incidence ranges between 7% and 11%, while the abutment screw fracture incidence was found to be 0.6%. The majority reported on fracture of the screw body. Screw loosening or fracture was often located at the first molar restored area, while the maxillary central incisor area was also reported as an area that presented screw fracture. No single abutment screw failure management can be identified as the ideal treatment approach.
“Those foreigners ruin everything here”: Interactional functions of ethnic labelling among pupils in the Netherlands
Authors: van de Weerd Pomme 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper contributes to a deeper understanding of ethnic labelling practices by examining their interactional functions among secondary school pupils in Venlo, the Netherlands. Pupils with migration backgrounds often labelled themselves and others “Turk,” “Moroccan,” or “foreigner,” and labelled others “Dutch.” The paper highlights that ethnic labelling can be understood not only as identity construction, but also as interactional work. I build on membership categorization analysis (MCA), complemented by conversation analysis (CA), to analyse how pupils’ use of ethnic labels evoked an expert role which altered interactants’ power positions; and how, often, pupils engaged in jocular mockery with ethnic labels and in that way mitigated the effects of exclusionary and stigmatizing discourses about people with migration backgrounds. Finally, I argue that pupils’ labelling practices had locally occasioned meanings and functions, but that they ultimately reflect wider‐spread systems of categorization and marginalization of people with migration backgrounds in the Netherlands.
Phylogeographical and cross‐species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa
Authors: Omondi George , Alkhamis Moh A. , Obanda Vincent , Gakuya Francis , Sangula Abraham , Pauszek Steven , Perez Andres , Ngulu Stephen , van Aardt Richard , Arzt Jonathan , VanderWaal Kim 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV), an endemic and economically constraining disease, is critical in designing control programmes in Africa. This study investigates the evolutionary epidemiology of SAT1 and SAT2 FMDV in Eastern Africa, as well as between cattle and wild African buffalo. Bayesian phylodynamic models were used to analyse SAT1 and SAT2 VP1 gene segments collected between 1975 and 2016, focusing on the SAT1 and SAT2 viruses currently circulating in Eastern Africa. The root state posterior probabilities inferred from our analyses suggest Zimbabwe as the ancestral location for SAT1 currently circulating in Eastern Africa (p = 0.67). For the SAT2 clade, Kenya is inferred to be the ancestral location for introduction of the virus into other countries in Eastern Africa (p = 0.72). Salient (Bayes factor >10) viral dispersal routes were inferred from Tanzania to Kenya, and from Kenya to Uganda for SAT1 and SAT2, respectively. Results suggest that cattle are the source of the SAT1 and SAT2 clades currently circulating in Eastern Africa. In addition, our results suggest that the majority of SAT1 and SAT2 in livestock come from other livestock rather than wildlife, with limited evidence that buffalo serve as reservoirs for cattle. Insights from the present study highlight the role of cattle movements and anthropogenic activities in shaping the evolutionary history of SAT1 and SAT2 in Eastern Africa. While the results may be affected by inherent limitations of imperfect surveillance, our analysis elucidates the dynamics between host species in this region, which is key to guiding disease intervention activities.
‘Bumping along’: a qualitative metasynthesis of challenges to interprofessional placements
Authors: O'Leary Noreen , Salmon Nancy , Clifford Amanda , O'Donoghue Michelle , Reeves Scott 
Published: May 2019

ContextInterprofessional practice is required to manage complex health care needs globally. It is well established that interprofessional placements (IPP) prepare students to work collaboratively, yet IPP implementation remains limited and disjointed.ObjectivesThis review synthesised student, educator and service user perspectives in order to better understand challenges of IPP and provide recommendations for sustainable IPP implementation.MethodsA systematic metasynthesis of qualitative literature sourced from databases including CINAHL, Embase and PsycINFO was completed. Studies that incorporated student, educator and/or service user perspectives on IPP experiences were included. We focused specifically on factors limiting implementation of IPP. The presage‐process‐product (3P) theory provided the theoretical framework for inductive synthesis of 41 empirical studies. A confidence rating for findings was formulated using CERQual (confidence in evidence from reviews of qualitative research).ResultsWe developed three themes, which represent key challenges to IPP becoming embedded in placement culture: (i) thin theoretical foundations underpinned IPP, limiting understanding of the learning processes involved; (ii) implementation relied heavily on individual champions, which curtails investment and sustainability when personnel change, and (iii) students, educators and service users were unsure of the function of IPP and their respective roles, leading to uncertainty along with some negative perceptions of this placement approach.ConclusionsIn line with the 3P theoretical framework, IPP would benefit from explicit connections with educational and change management theories during presage stage IPP requires coordinated leadership and resource investment, and during product stage clear integration of interprofessional learning outcomes in curricula is advised. Addressing the identified challenges across the stages of IPP will support further development of IPP, firmly establishing this approach within placement culture. IPP can them make a significant contribution to the development of a collaborative practice‐ready workforce. This in turn will enhance service user outcomes and safety.
The chemical and visual bases of the pollination of the Neotropical sexually deceptive orchidTelipogon peruvianus
Authors: Martel Carlos , Francke Wittko , Ayasse Manfred 
Published: May 2019

SummaryDeception of floral visitors in pollination systems is widely distributed among flowering plants. In deceptive systems, the flower (or part of it) or inflorescence mimics either a specific or an unspecific model to attract pollinators.A previous study showed thatTelipogon peruvianusflowers developed sexual deception for pollination. However, it was unknown which stimuli were playing a role in pollination. Therefore, we aim to throw some light onto these questions using colour and chemical analysis and biotests.Interestingly, using spectral reflectance, we show here that the flowers present high contrast similar to that produced by a female tachinid fly sitting on a daisy inflorescence, which is used as food resource. We also tested the role of chemical signals in pollinator attraction by collecting floral and female extracts for chemical and electrophysiological analyses, and carried out behavioural tests. For biotests, various treatments, including synthetic mixtures of the electrophysiologically active compounds found in common in females and flowers, have demonstrated thatT. peruvianusflowers mimic the sexual pheromone of their pollinator's females.Thus, we give evidence thatT. peruvianusflowers mimic a model composed of two organisms. Our study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of deceptive pollination.
Dwelling in the deep – strongly increased root growth and rooting depth enhance plant interactions with thawing permafrost soil
Authors: Blume‐Werry Gesche , Milbau Ann , Teuber Laurenz M. , Johansson Margareta , Dorrepaal Ellen 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Climate‐warming‐induced permafrost thaw exposes large amounts of carbon and nitrogen in soil at considerable depths, below the seasonally thawing active layer. The extent to which plant roots can reach and interact with these hitherto detached, deep carbon and nitrogen stores remains unknown.

We aimed to quantify how permafrost thaw affects root dynamics across soil depths and plant functional types compared with above‐ground abundance, and potential consequences for plant–soil interactions.

A decade of experimental permafrost thaw strongly increased total root length and growth in the active layer, and deep roots invaded the newly thawed permafrost underneath. Root litter input to soil across all depths was 10 times greater with permafrost thaw. Root growth timing was unaffected by experimental permafrost thaw but peaked later in deeper soil, reflecting the seasonally receding thaw front. Deep‐rooting species could sequester 15N added at the base of the ambient active layer in October, which was after root growth had ceased.

Deep soil organic matter that has long been locked up in permafrost is thus no longer detached from plant processes upon thaw. Whether via nutrient uptake, carbon storage, or rhizosphere priming, plant root interactions with thawing permafrost soils may feed back on our climate both positively and negatively.
The inconspicuous gatekeeper: endophytic Serendipita vermifera acts as extended plant protection barrier in the rhizosphere
Authors: Sarkar Debika , Rovenich Hanna , Jeena Ganga , Nizam Shadab , Tissier Alain , Balcke Gerd U. , Mahdi Lisa K. , Bonkowski Michael , Langen Gregor , Zuccaro Alga 
Published: May 2019

Summary

In nature, beneficial and pathogenic fungi often simultaneously colonise plants. Despite substantial efforts to understand the composition of natural plant−microbe communities, the mechanisms driving such multipartite interactions remain largely unknown.

Here we address how the interaction between the beneficial root endophyte Serendipita vermifera and the pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana affects fungal behaviour and determines barley host responses using a gnotobiotic soil‐based split‐root system.

Fungal confrontation in soil resulted in induction of B. sorokiniana genes involved in secondary metabolism and a significant repression of genes encoding putative effectors. In S. vermifera, genes encoding hydrolytic enzymes were strongly induced. This antagonistic response was not activated during the tripartite interaction in barley roots. Instead, we observed a specific induction of S. vermifera genes involved in detoxification and redox homeostasis. Pathogen infection but not endophyte colonisation resulted in substantial host transcriptional reprogramming and activation of defence. In the presence of S. vermifera, pathogen infection and disease symptoms were significantly reduced despite no marked alterations of the plant transcriptional response.

The activation of stress response genes and concomitant repression of putative effector gene expression in B. sorokiniana during confrontation with the endophyte suggest a reduction of the pathogen's virulence potential before host plant infection.
Peptide receptors as cancer drug targets
Authors: Moody Terry W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNeuropeptides function as neuromodulators in the brain, whereby they are released in a paracrine manner and activate G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) in adjacent cells. Because neuropeptides are made in, and secreted from, cancer cells, then bind to cell surface receptors, they function in an autocrine manner. Bombesin (BB)‐like peptides synthesized by neuroendocrine tumor small cell lung cancer (SCLC) bind to BB receptors (BBRs), causing phosphatidylinositol turnover and phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK). Phosphorylated ERK enters the nucleus and alters gene expression of SCLC cells, stimulating growth. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) addition to SCLC cells increases their release rate of BB‐like peptides via activation of VIP receptors (VIPR), leading to activation of adenylyl cyclase and subsequent elevation of cAMP. Protein kinase A is then stimulated, leading to phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), which alters gene expression and stimulates proliferation. The growth of SCLC is inhibited by BBR and VIPR antagonists. This review will focus on how GPCRs for VIP and BB are molecular targets for early detection and treatment of cancer.
Evolutionary origins and impacts of genome architecture in ciliates
Authors: Maurer‐Alcalá Xyrus X. , Nowacki Mariusz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGenome architecture is well diversified among eukaryotes in terms of size and content, with many being radically shaped by ancient and ongoing genome conflicts with transposable elements (e.g., the large transposon‐rich genomes common among plants). In ciliates, a group of microbial eukaryotes with distinct somatic and germ‐line genomes present in a single cell, the consequences of these genome conflicts are most apparent in their developmentally programmed genome rearrangements. This complicated developmental phenomenon has largely overshadowed and outpaced our understanding of how germ‐line and somatic genome architectures have influenced the evolutionary dynamism and potential in these taxa. In our review, we highlight three central concepts: how the evolution of atypical ciliate germ‐line genome architectures is linked to ancient genome conflicts; how the complex, epigenetically guided transformation of germline to soma during development can generate widespread genetic variation; and how these features, coupled with their unusual life cycle, have increased the rate of molecular evolution linked to genome architecture in these taxa.
Influence of the regulatory peptide galanin on cytokine expression in human monocytes
Authors: Ramspacher Andrea , Neudert Magdalena , Koller Andreas , Schlager Sandra , Kofler Barbara , Brunner Susanne Maria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCurrent research into neuropeptides is bringing to light many remarkable functions of these endocrine/neurocrine/paracrine factors, such as their roles in modulating immune responses. Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed in both neural and non‐neural tissues and exerts its effects through three G protein–coupled receptors, GAL1,2,3‐R. It has been demonstrated that galanin has modulatory effects on immune cells, including neutrophils and natural killer cells. Because monocytes express GAL2‐R, and therefore are expected to be a target of galanin, we analyzed the effect of galanin on the expression of cytokines and chemokines by monocytes. Galanin increased the expression of IL‐1β up to 1.5‐fold, TNF‐α, IL‐10, IL‐18, and CCL3 up to twofold, and CXCL8 up to fourfold in nonactivated monocytes, but had no major effect on activated monocytes. A cross‐correlation analysis of cytokine expression profiles, irrespective of the activation status of the monocytes, revealed that galanin changed the cross‐correlation of the expression of certain cytokines. Galanin abolished several significant correlations in IFN‐γ–stimulated monocytes. For example, treatment with 10 nM galanin changed the Spearman's rank coefficient of IL‐18 and CXCL8 from 0.622 (P ≤ 0.01) to 0.126. These results further emphasize the importance of neuroregulatory peptides, such as galanin and their therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory diseases.
Identification of biomarkers indicative of functional skeletal stem cells
Authors: Qiryaqoz Zeena , Timilsina Suraj , Czarnowski Daniel , Krebsbach Paul H. , Villa‐Diaz Luis G. 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesSkeletal stem cells (SSCs) are characterized by expression of cell surface biomarkers and their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage and fat. However, the current biomarkers used to identify these cell populations are not cell‐type‐specific or indicative of the differentiation status of these cells and are therefore unreliable. Our objective was to identify alternative cell surface biomarkers and transcription factors shared between SSCs isolated from the bone marrow (BM) and those derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSC).Materials and MethodsHuman PSCs were induced into SSCs. FACS and qRT‐PCR were used to determine differences in expression of cell surface biomarkers and transcription factors between SSCs derived from PSCs and isolated from BM, in differentiating cells, in cells from early and late passage, and in fibroblasts.ResultsA significant reduction in proliferation and capacity of SSCs to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts was observed after 3 passages. Protein and mRNA analysis indicated that commonly used biomarkers remain highly expressed in cells that lost capacity for differentiation. However, integrin α6 (CD49f) and transcription factors GATA6, PRDM16, SIM2 and SOX11 were significantly upregulated in SSCs compared to fibroblasts. In early stages of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, the expression of CD49f, GATA6 and SIM2 was reduced in later passage cells, which have limited proliferation and differentiation capabilities.ConclusionsOur results suggest that CD49f and transcription factors GATA6 and SIM2 identify functional SSCs.
Mechanobiology of bone and suture – Results from a pig model
Authors: Rafferty Katherine L. , Baldwin Michael C. , Soh Shean Han , Herring Susan W. 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo compare the morphology and mechanical function of sutures in normal pigs and minipigs to those of Yucatan minipigs, a natural model for midfacial hypoplasia.Setting and Sample PopulationResearch took place at the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington and used varying sample sizes of normal‐snouted pigs and Yucatan minipigs.Material and MethodsSkulls and heads were examined for morphology of the nasofrontal suture using computed tomography and histology. Strain gauge recordings were made of sutural strain during mastication and during cyclic tensile loading of the nasofrontal suture.ResultsSutures in Yucatans had narrower gaps than same‐age normal pigs. The nasofrontal suture was simpler in construction and had more active osteoblasts on the bone fronts in Yucatans. The sutural ligament was less well organized, and based on a small sample, masticatory strain appeared to be lower than in normal minipigs. However, sutures were not fused and showed similar strains in response to the cyclic loading procedure.ConclusionMidfacial hypoplasia in Yucatan pigs has the likely proximate cause of hyperossification. Yet prior to fusion, the sutures appear to be amenable to treatment that would promote their growth rate.
3D superimposition of craniofacial imaging—The utility of multicentre collaborations
Authors: Yatabe Marilia , Prieto Juan Carlos , Styner Martin , Zhu Hongtu , Ruellas Antonio Carlos , Paniagua Beatriz , Budin Francois , Benavides Erika , Shoukri Brandon , Michoud Loic , Ribera Nina , Cevidanes Lucia 
Published: May 2019

Structured AbstractClinical applications of 3D image registration and superimposition have contributed to better understanding growth changes and clinical outcomes. The use of 3D dental and craniofacial imaging in dentistry requires validate image analysis methods for improved diagnosis, treatment planning, navigation and assessment of treatment response. Volumetric 3D images, such as cone‐beam computed tomography, can now be superimposed by voxels, surfaces or landmarks. Regardless of the image modality or the software tools, the concepts of regions or points of reference affect all quantitative of qualitative assessments. This study reviews current state of the art in 3D image analysis including 3D superimpositions relative to the cranial base and different regional superimpositions, the development of open source and commercial tools for 3D analysis, how this technology has increased clinical research collaborations from centres all around the globe, some insight on how to incorporate artificial intelligence for big data analysis and progress towards personalized orthodontics.