bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Process Performance of the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism: Peer‐Reviewing Reconsidered
Authors: Karlas Jan , Parízek Michal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis survey article provides the first comprehensive assessment of the functioning of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM), the central monitoring platform of the World Trade Organization (WTO), over the first 20 years of the WTO's existence (1995–2014). Building on two large new datasets, we assess the performance of the Mechanism along three dimensions: (1) members’ participation rates in trade policy reviews (TPRs); (2) the coverage of trade flows through participation of states in relevant TPRs; and (3) the content of their input into the reviews. Descriptively, we identify a very prominent increase in members’ participation rates, but also a very high share of dyadic trade flows covered by the TPRs. In the most recent period, members accounting for up to 95 per cent of the imports into the reviewed state take part in the TPRs, on average. We also argue that the Mechanism provides space for substantial critical reviewing of members’ policies, especially in some areas such as agriculture. However, we also identify specific pitfalls of the Mechanism, especially in its excessive formalism and lack of interactive discussion.
Exposure to Stigma Elicits Negative Affect and Alcohol Craving Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Heavy Drinkers
Authors: Mereish Ethan H. , Miranda Robert 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundSexual orientation disparities in alcohol use disorder (AUD) are thought to be explained by stigma specific to sexual minorities. Despite the importance of negative affect and craving in addiction, research has yet to test the effects of stigma on affect and alcohol craving among sexual minorities. This laboratory study examined the effects of 3 novel mood inductions (stigma, general unpleasant, and neutral) on affect and alcohol craving among heavy‐drinking sexual minority young adults. We also paired these mood inductions with an established alcohol cue reactivity paradigm to explore the effects of stigma on cue‐elicited craving.MethodsSexual minority participants (N = 20; 55% female), aged 18 to 27 years (M = 21.80, standard deviation = 2.65), were recruited from the community. Participants completed 3 mood induction and cue reactivity trials counterbalanced over 3 visits on different days: stigma, general unpleasant, and neutral mood inductions. A structured interview assessed criteria for DSM‐5 AUD, and self‐report measures assessed lifetime adverse experiences.ResultsMost participants met criteria for past‐year AUD (75%). Exposure to stigma produced more negative affect and greater alcohol craving than the neutral and general unpleasant mood induction conditions. The general unpleasant mood induction did not predict greater alcohol craving than the neutral mood induction. Stigma enhanced alcohol cue reactivity effects, as measured with a single‐item craving measure, compared to the general unpleasant mood condition, and this effect remained significant while controlling for covariates.ConclusionsFindings are the first to demonstrate how stigma uniquely predicts negative affect and alcohol craving among sexual minorities. This study suggests that being exposed to stigma, specifically heterosexism, elicits negative mood and alcohol craving among sexual minority young adults who are heavy drinkers.
Genome‐wide gene expression in a pharmacological hormonal transition model and its relation to depressive symptoms
Authors: Mehta D. , Rex‐Haffner M. , Søndergaard H. B. , Pinborg A. , Binder E. B. , Frokjaer V. G. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesSensitivity to sex‐steroid hormone fluctuations may increase risk for perinatal depression. We aimed to identify genome‐wide biological profiles in women demonstrating sensitivity to pharmacological sex‐hormone manipulation with gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa).MethodsLongitudinal gene expression (Illumina Human HT12.v4) and DNA methylation data (Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip) from 60 women (30 GnRHa, 30 placebo) were generated (Trial ID: NCT02661789). Differences between baseline and two follow‐up points (initial stimulation‐ and subsequent early suppression phase) in the biphasic ovarian hormone response to GnRHa were assessed using linear mixed effects models.ResultsGenome‐wide analysis revealed 588 probes differentially expressed from GnRHa intervention to first stimulatory phase follow‐up (intervention group × time) after 10% fdr multiple testing correction. Of these, 54% genes were also significantly associated with estradiol changes over time (proxy for GnRHa response magnitude), 9.5% were associated with changes in depressive symptoms, and 38% were associated with changes in neocortical serotonin transporter binding. The genes were implicated in TGF beta signaling, adipogenesis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesion pathways and enriched for DNA methylation changes (P = 0.006).ConclusionsThese findings point toward an altered peripheral blood transcriptomic landscape in a pharmacological model of sex‐hormone‐induced depressive symptoms.
Associations between nucleus accumbens structural connectivity, brain function, and initiation of binge drinking
Authors: Morales Angelica M. , Jones Scott A. , Harman Gareth , Patching‐Bunch Jessica , Nagel Bonnie J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdolescent alcohol use is associated with increased risk for alcohol use disorders later in life; therefore, identifying biomarkers for initiation of heavy alcohol use, such as individual differences in the development of white‐matter microstructure, may inform prevention strategies that improve public health. This prospective cohort study included 40 adolescents, ages 14 and 15, without substantial history of alcohol or drug use at baseline. Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of white‐matter microstructure, was assessed in pathways connecting the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) to the rest of the brain using diffusion tensor imaging. Path analyses were conducted voxel‐wise within these pathways to examine direct effects of premorbid FA on number of months between baseline assessment and the onset of binge drinking and indirect effects mediated by NAcc activation during decision making assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Adolescents with lower premorbid accumbofrontal FA began binge drinking sooner, an effect which was mediated by greater NAcc activation during decision making involving greater levels of risk and reward (P < .05 corrected). An additional direct effect of FA on duration to onset of binge drinking was observed in white matter near the ventral pallidum, as adolescents with lower premorbid FA in this region began binge drinking sooner (P < .05 corrected). Findings suggest that delayed maturation of prefrontal white matter is associated with less top‐down control over striatal sensitivity to reward. These factors, along with individual differences in white matter proximal to ventral pallidum, may represent premorbid risk factors for earlier initiation of heavy alcohol use.
Methamphetamine acutely alters frontostriatal resting state functional connectivity in healthy young adults
Authors: Weafer Jessica , Van Hedger Kathryne , Keedy Sarah K. , Nwaokolo Nkemdilim , de Wit Harriet 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChronic use of methamphetamine impairs frontostriatal structure and function, which may result in increased incentive‐motivational responses to drug cues and decreased regulation of drug‐seeking behavior. However, less is known regarding how the drug affects these circuits after acute administration. The current study examined the effects of a single dose of methamphetamine on resting state frontostriatal functional connectivity in healthy volunteers. Participants (n = 22, 12 female) completed two sessions in which they received methamphetamine (20 mg) and placebo before a resting state scan during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants also provided self‐report measures of euphoria and stimulation at regular intervals. We conducted seed‐based voxelwise functional connectivity analyses using three bilateral striatal seed regions: nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, and putamen and compared connectivity following methamphetamine versus placebo administration. Additionally, we conducted correlational analyses to assess if drug‐induced changes in functional connectivity were related to changes in subjective response. Methamphetamine increased NAcc functional connectivity with medial frontal regions (ie, orbitofrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and superior frontal gyrus) and decreased NAcc functional connectivity with subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Methamphetamine also increased functional connectivity between putamen and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and individuals who displayed greater drug‐induced increase in connectivity reported less euphoria and stimulation. These findings provide important information regarding the effects of methamphetamine on brain function in nonaddicted individuals. Further studies will reveal whether such effects contribute to the abuse potential of the drug and whether they are related to the frontostriatal impairments observed after chronic methamphetamine use.
Elevated serum interleukin‐32 levels in patients with endometriosis: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Choi Young Sik , Kim Sinae , Oh Young Sang , Cho SiHyun , Hoon Kim Sung 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProblemRecently, interleukin (IL)‐32 has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum IL‐32 level might be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of endometriosis.Method of studyWe recruited the serum samples of 50 patients with histologically confirmed endometriosis and 35 controls. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the serum IL‐32, IL‐6, IL‐10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, IL‐1β, and CA‐125 levels in patients with and without the disease and the diagnostic potentials of the cytokines were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsAmong evaluated cytokines, only serum IL‐32 levels showed significant differences between patients with and without endometriosis (1111.24 ± 149.59 vs 631.10 ± 120.23 ng/mL, P = 0.018, respectively). When the diagnostic power of serum IL‐32 was evaluated, the AUC was 0.638 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.521‐0.766, P = 0.031). When serum IL‐32 levels were combined with serum CA‐125 levels, the AUC was increased to 0.749 (95% CI: 0.640‐0.858, P < 0.001) with sensitivity and specificity of 60.0% and 82.9% at cutoff value of 0.640, which led to detect 25 more cases of endometriosis than the use of serum CA 125 with the cutoff value of 35 IU/mL (36/50 vs 11/50, P < 0.001) without sacrificing the specificity of the marker.ConclusionSerum IL‐32 levels are elevated in patients with endometriosis, and with combination of serum CA‐125 levels, it may serve as a potential biomarker for endometriosis.
The impact of ganglion cell layer cysts in diabetic macular oedema treated with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: Ceklic Lala , Huf Wolfgang , Ebneter Andreas , Wolf Sebastian , Zinkernagel Martin S. , Munk Marion R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the prevalence and impact of ganglion cell layer cysts (GCLC) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME) under continuous anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy.MethodsThe clinical findings and spectral domain optical coherence devices of baseline visits and follow‐up after 12–24 and 36 months of DME patients under continuous anti‐VEGF therapy were retrospectively collected and analysed for the impact of GCLC cysts. Previously established prognostic parameters were also assessed.ResultsA total of 110 eyes of 110 DME patients (mean age 64 ± 10 years) were included. At baseline, 17% eyes had GCLC. With GCLC, the best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement was in mean 8.4 ± 2.4 Early‐Treatment‐Diabetic‐Retinopathy‐Study (ETDRS) letters less over the course of 36 months compared to the group lacking GCLC (p = 0.0009). Eyes with GCLC showed 68 ± 23.4 μm less central retinal thickness (CRT) decrease than eyes lacking GCLC (p < 0.0001). In the linear mixed effect models including external limiting membrane disruption, disintegration of inner retinal layer and epiretinal membrane, GCLC remained a statistical significant factor for the outcome parameter CRT, but missed statistical significance for BCVA.ConclusionGanglion cell layer cysts (GCLC) seem to impact outcome in DME in patients receiving long‐term treatment. This prognostic factor warrants further evaluation in the context of already well‐established outcome parameters.
Vascular dysfunction in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Lang Matt , Harris Alon , Ciulla Thomas A. , Siesky Brent , Patel Pooja , Belamkar Aditya , Mathew Sunu , Verticchio Vercellin Alice C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe relationship between ocular haemodynamics and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has not been fully understood. Reductions in blood flow have been established in RP patients by a variety of studies; however, questions have yet to be answered regarding the role of vascular dysfunction in photoreceptors (PR) degeneration, the causes of vascular dysfunction in RP, as well as the diagnostic, prognostic and perhaps therapeutic potential of measuring ocular haemodynamics in RP patients. While significant evidence supports the theory that vascular dysfunction is associated with but not the cause of PR death in retinitis pigmentosa, evidence suggests that vascular abnormalities in the foveal and parafoveal regions may exacerbate cone cell loss. Additional evidence demonstrates that vascular dysfunction likely results from changes in metabolic demand due to death of PR cells in the retina. Detection and monitoring of ocular blood flow, retinal oxygen saturation, endothelin‐1 levels and vascular structural abnormalities could provide diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential for patients with RP.
Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, but not simple steatosis, disturbs the functional homogeneity of the liver – a human galactose positron emission tomography study
Authors: Eriksen Peter Lykke , Thomsen Karen Louise , Larsen Lars Peter , Grønbæk Henning , Vilstrup Hendrik , Sørensen Michael 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe disease severity of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the distinction between simple steatosis and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are based on the pathohistological presence of steatosis, inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. However, little is known about the relation between such structural changes and the function of the afflicted liver.AimsTo investigate in vivo effects of hepatic fat fraction, ballooning and fibrosis on regional and whole liver metabolic function assessed by galactose elimination in NASH and simple steatosis.MethodsTwenty‐five biopsy‐proven, nondiabetic patients with NAFLD (13 NASH with low‐grade fibrosis, 12 simple steatosis with no fibrosis) underwent 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐galactose positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging‐derived proton density fat fraction of the liver. Nine healthy persons were included as controls.ResultsIn the NASH patients, the standardised hepatic uptake of 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐galactose was reduced to 13.5 (95% confidence interval, 12.1‐14.9) as compared with both simple steatosis and controls (16.4 (15.6‐17.1), P < 0.001). Thus, the NASH patients had reduced regional metabolic liver function. The liver fat fraction diluted the standardised uptake equally in NASH and simple steatosis but the fibrosis and ballooning of NASH were associated with a further decrease. Moreover, the NASH livers exhibited increased variation in their standardised uptake values (coefficient of variation 13.8% vs 11.6% in simple steatosis and 10.2% in controls, P = 0.02), reflecting an increased functional heterogeneity.ConclusionsIn NASH, the regional metabolic liver function was lower and more heterogeneous than in both simple steatosis and healthy controls. Thus, NASH disturbs the normal homogeneous metabolic function of the liver.
Hemi‐double stapling technique performed with a transorally inserted anvil for esophagojejunostomy in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer
Authors: Ishibashi Yuji , Oka Shinichi , Kanda Satoshi , Yube Yukinori , Kohira Yoshinori , Kaji Sanae , Egawa Hiroki , Jianzhong Wu , Zhang Shun , Fukunaga Tetsu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionA transorally inserted anvil has been developed to facilitate the creation of a stapled anastomosis without the need for a purse string to secure the anvil into place during laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG). We describe a hemi‐double stapling technique and application of a transorally inserted anvil for esophagojejunostomy during LTG, and we report the results of a retrospective study in which we examined the feasibility and safety of this method. We also describe the key technical details of the method.MethodsOur anastomotic method has four chief features: (a) the esophagus is cut at a slant, and its left cut end is cut and punched for the hemi‐double stapling technique; (b) the anvil and circular stapler are connected, placing the distal jejunum in cranial traction; (c) a single layer of sutures is used to correct dog‐earing and overlapping, and these points are completely closed with Lembert sutures; and (d) the jejunal limb is fixed to the duodenal stump to prevent kinking of the jejunal limb and to decrease tension on the anastomosis.ResultsThis method has been used in 53 patients thus far. LTG with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction was successful in all patients, and there was no need for conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time was 313 minutes, and the mean blood loss was 106 mL. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 18 days. There was no anastomotic leakage or stenosis.ConclusionHemi‐double stapling technique with a transorally inserted anvil for LTG can be performed safely and easily and safely. It can also product good outcomes.
Connecting knowledge spaces: Enabling cross‐community knowledge building through boundary objects
Authors: Yuan Guangji , Zhang Jianwei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA learning community works with a collective knowledge space where members contribute and interact with one another's ideas to advance their community's knowledge. This study aims to explore designs of collective knowledge space to support cross‐community interaction. A design experiment was conducted in four grade 5 classrooms with the support of Knowledge Forum over a school year. As students conducted focused inquiry and discourse within their own community, they reviewed productive threads of ideas and created “super notes” (idea thread syntheses) for cross‐community sharing and interaction. A set of “super notes” from previous classrooms studying human body systems was also posted in the cross‐community space. Qualitative analyses results showed that the students wrote and posted “super notes” to capture substantive idea progress and deepening questions that had emerged from their inquiry. Social network analysis of who had read whose “super notes” revealed extensive social interactions between the four classrooms as well as among the students within each classroom. Analysis of the classroom conversations that followed the “super notes” reading elaborated how students built on the insights gained from the cross‐classroom interactions to develop deeper understandings in their home classroom. Analyses of teacher interviews and observation data documented the teachers’ roles to contextualize the purpose of the cross‐classroom space, support “super notes” reading and writing, and scaffold cross‐classroom connection and conversation.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

Students work with a collective knowledge space where they contribute and interact with one another's ideas to advance their community's knowledge.
Existing designs of collective knowledge spaces focus on supporting students’ interaction in individual classroom communities, which is often organized as relatively short inquiry activities lasting over a couple of weeks.
What this paper adds

A multilevel emergent interaction design for connecting the knowledge spaces of different communities.
Elaborated classroom processes and technology support for enabling knowledge building across classroom communities.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Teachers can facilitate collaborative knowledge building in each classroom and further create cross‐community connections for mutual learning and idea build‐on.
It is important to support student‐driven efforts to develop interconnected knowledge spaces in order to enable sustained knowledge building and deep inquiry across classrooms.
From tweeting to meeting: Expansive professional learning and the academic conference backchannel
Authors: Greenhow Christine , Li Jiahang , Mai Minhtuyen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs new technologies shape and are shaped by human practices, educators and researchers must consider the impact that participating in social media—to access, reflect upon, question, evaluate and disseminate scholarship—is having on their professional development and practices. This paper investigates how members of the educational research community use social media to advance professional learning and scholarship dissemination in online–offline networks. Specifically, we examine whether and how participating in the microblogging service, Twitter, as a conference backchannel, facilitated professional learning and participation in the annual meetings of American educational researchers in 2012 and 2016, respectively, and the nature of that participation. Insights from this paper will benefit educators of varying disciplines and experience levels interested in the changing nature of social media in education, scholarship, and professional learning ecologies.
La transformation de l'offre de services de garde au Québec: une brèche dans la collectivisation du travail de reproduction sociale?
Authors: Mathieu Sophie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 1997, the government of Québec instituted a low‐cost and universal childcare services program most commonly available through the “centres de la petite enfance (CPE)” (early chilldhood centers). Since 2003, this model is being slowly dismantled on account of an explosion in the number of commercial daycare centers and, since 2015, an adjustment of rates according to family revenues. This research article gathers scattered information about the childcare services offer changes in Québec to demonstrate that tearing down a section of the Québécois family policy lowers the collectivization of social reproductive work.