bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine HIV Screening as a Standard of Care: Implementing HIV Screening in General Medical Settings, 2013-2015
Authors: Roche Laura , Zepeda Saul , Harvey Blair , Reitan Karen A. , Taylor Raekiela D. 
Published: November 2018

Objective: We implemented routine HIV screening as part of the 4-year Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project, whose aim was to reduce HIV/AIDS–related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We describe the capacity-building efforts to implement routine HIV screening and provide lessons learned and implications for practice. Methods: From January 2013 through September 2015, the Public Health Institute of Metropolitan Chicago (PHIMC) implemented routine HIV screening in 7 health care systems in Illinois by providing capacity-building assistance focused on systems and operational infrastructure, staff member skills and organizational structure, and clinic culture. Each site received funding to integrate routine HIV screening into the existing clinic flow, engage the entire health care team in the process, and transform the system and shift clinic culture to sustain HIV screening. Results: All 7 systems established policies and procedures to implement routine screening, 5 systems integrated HIV test ordering and documentation into their electronic health records, and 4 systems established a third-party billing and reimbursement process for testing. The 7 systems conducted a total of 49 285 tests and identified 160 people living with HIV. The number of tests increased by more than 40% each year. Conclusions: PHIMC identified the following practices for consideration when implementing routine HIV screening in general medical settings: create a culture that supports HIV screening, use champions in clinics, integrate HIV screening into clinic flow and electronic health records, and train clinic staff members on HIV messaging. Incorporating these practices can help other clinical settings build capacity to make routine HIV screening a standard of care.
Use of Social Network Strategy Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Testing, Linkage to Care, and Reengagement in Care, Tennessee, 2013-2016
Authors: McGoy Shanell L. , Pettit April C. , Morrison Melissa , Alexander Leah R. , Johnson Phadre , Williams Brandon , Banister Darion , Young Mary K. , Wester Carolyn , Rebeiro Peter F. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives: Tennessee was 1 of 8 states that received funding from the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project, which aimed to reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic and sexual minority populations. The objective of this study was to describe implementation of a social network strategy (SNS) program, which leverages personal connections in social networks, to reach people with undiagnosed HIV infection for HIV testing. We targeted young black men who have sex with men (MSM) at 3 agencies in Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee, during 2013-2016. Methods: Specialists at the 3 agencies identified MSM with and without diagnosed HIV infection (ie, recruiters) who could recruit members from their social networks for HIV testing (ie, network associates). Both recruiters and network associates received OraQuick rapid and confirmatory HIV tests. We used χ2 and Fisher exact tests to assess differences in demographic characteristics, HIV testing, and care engagement status by agency. Results: Of 1752 people who were tested for HIV in the SNS program, 158 (9.0%) tested positive; of these, 80 (50.6%) were newly diagnosed with HIV. Forty-seven of the 78 (60.3%) people who were previously diagnosed with HIV were not in care in the previous 12 months; of these, 27 (57.4%) were reengaged in medical care. Of 80 people newly diagnosed with HIV, 44 (55.0%) were linked to care. Conclusions: The SNS program ascertained HIV status among a high-risk population in a heavily burdened region. Further program evaluation is needed to understand how to improve linkage to care among people with newly diagnosed HIV.
Cross-site Monitoring and Evaluation of the Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project, 2012-2016: Selected Process and Short-term Outcomes
Authors: Mulatu Mesfin S. , Hoyte Tamika , Williams Kim M. , Taylor Raekiela D. , Painter Thomas , Spikes Pilgrim , Prather Cynthia , Jeffries William L. , Henny Kirk , Shabu Tanjina 
Published: November 2018

Objective: The Care and Prevention in the United States (CAPUS) Demonstration Project was a 4-year (2012-2016) cross-agency demonstration project that aimed to reduce HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority groups in 8 states (Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia). Its goals were to increase the identification of undiagnosed HIV infections and optimize the linkage to, reengagement with, and retention in care and prevention services for people with HIV (PWH). We present descriptive findings to answer selected cross-site process and short-term outcome monitoring and evaluation questions. Methods: We answered a set of monitoring and evaluation questions by using data submitted by grantees. We used a descriptive qualitative method to identify key themes of activities implemented and summarized quantitative data to describe program outputs and outcomes. Results: Of 155 343 total HIV tests conducted by all grantees, 558 (0.36%) tests identified people with newly diagnosed HIV infection. Of 4952 PWH who were presumptively not in care, 1811 (36.6%) were confirmed as not in care through Data to Care programs. Navigation and other linkage, retention, and reengagement programs reached 10 382 people and linked to or reengaged with care 5425 of 7017 (77.3%) PWH who were never in care or who had dropped out of care. Programs offered capacity-building trainings to providers to improve cultural competency, developed social marketing and social media campaigns to destigmatize HIV testing and care, and expanded access to support services, such as transitional housing and vocational training. Conclusions: CAPUS grantees substantially expanded their capacity to deliver HIV-related services and reach racial/ethnic minority groups at risk for or living with HIV infection. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of implementing novel and integrated programs that address social and structural barriers to HIV care and prevention.
Estimating Returns to College Attainment: Comparing Survey and State Administrative Data–Based Estimates
Authors: Scott-Clayton Judith , Wen Qiao 
Published: November 2018

Background: The increasing availability of massive administrative data sets linking postsecondary enrollees with postcollege earnings records has stimulated a wealth of new research on the returns to college and has accelerated state and federal efforts to hold institutions accountable for students’ labor market outcomes. Many of these new research and policy efforts rely on state databases limited to postsecondary enrollees who work in the same state postcollege, with limited information regarding family background and precollege ability. Objectives: In this article, we use recent waves of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to provide new, nationally representative, nonexperimental estimates of the returns to degrees, as well as to assess the possible limitations of single-state, administrative data–based estimates. Research design: To do this, we explore the sensitivity of estimated returns to college, by testing different sample restrictions, inclusion of different sets of covariates, and alternative ways of treating out-of-state earnings to approximate the real-world limitations of state administrative databases. Results: We find that failure to control for measures of student ability leads to upward bias, while limiting the sample to college enrollees only leads to an understatement of degree returns. On net, these two biases roughly balance out, suggesting that administrative data–based estimates may reasonably approximate true returns. Conclusions: We conclude with a discussion of the relative advantages and disadvantages of survey versus administrative data for estimating returns to college as well as implications for research and policy efforts based upon single-state administrative databases.
Comparing Outcomes of the Standard Technique of Endoscopic DCR with Its Modifications: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Mishra Awadhesh Kumar , Sethi Ashwani , Mallick Ajay , Maggon Nidhi , Sharma Harikesh , Gupta Anandita 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of various techniques of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR).Study DesignRetrospective case record analysis.SettingsTertiary care referral center.Subject and MethodsRetrospective analysis of case records was carried out pertaining to the period from January 1996 to September 2017 with respect to patients who had undergone endoscopic DCR with either the standard technique or one of its modifications. Case notes showing well‐documented preoperative evaluation, operative details, postoperative assessment, and minimum 6‐month follow‐up were considered. The outcomes were measured on the basis of patients’ postoperative symptoms, clinical examination, and sac‐syringing results.ResultsA total of 423 patients were included in the study. Of these, 169 underwent standard endoscopic DCR; 87, endoscopic DCR with stent; 19, endoscopic DCR with mitomycin C; 62, powered DCR; 29, laser‐assisted DCR; and 57, balloon DCR. There was no statistically significant difference in success rates, recurrences, or complications of various techniques at 3 or 6 months. Mean operating time was lowest for balloon DCR (mean ± SD, 27.1 ± 3.1 minutes), followed by standard endoscopic DCR (38.2 ± 3.6 minutes; P =. 001).ConclusionStandard endoscopic DCR and its more sophisticated modifications were equally effective and safe in managing distal nasolacrimal drainage obstruction. Balloon DCR, followed by standard endoscopic DCR, was significantly faster than other techniques.
Powering a good society
Authors: Knight Barry 
Published: November 2018

A recent study shows that current methods to reduce poverty are failing. A change of direction is needed, since traditional methods of job creation and social security are unlikely to work in the future. The answer lies not in a set of transactional policies that shift resources but in the development of transformational relationships that shift power. This article will describe the society people want. The research is based on social surveys, focus groups and participative research that include the views, among others, of minorities, migrants, children, community groups and organised groups of poor people in the UK. Findings suggest five principles for a good society: a decent standard of living, a sense of security, freedom to be creative, respectful relationships and a sustainable future for the next generation. The paper examines the role of people and organisations in communities organising from the bottom up to reshape their local economies and to build inclusive communities. This article is based on a five-year research programme by the Webb Memorial Trust asking three questions: • What is a good society without poverty? • How do we obtain that society? • Who does what to implement a good society without poverty?
Predictive value of hematological parameters in testicular torsion: retrospective investigation of data from a high-volume tertiary care center
Authors: Yucel Cem , Ozlem Ilbey Yusuf 
Published: November 2018

Objective To investigate the use of hematological parameters in the differential diagnosis of testis torsion and epididymo-orchitis, and to determine the predictive value of these parameters in the diagnosis of testis torsion. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the medical data of patients who presented to our institute with the complaint of acute scrotal pain. Eighty-five patients who had undergone orchiectomy or surgical detorsion due to testis torsion and 72 patients with epididymo-orchitis were included in the study. The control group comprised 78 healthy males. The groups were compared with respect to age, hematological parameters, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to eosinophil ratio (MER), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Results The monocyte count significantly differed between testis torsion and epididymo-orchitis, and was useful in the differential diagnosis. The mean neutrophil, platelet, and white blood cell counts, and the NLR, MER, and PLR values in the control group were significantly lower than those in the torsion and epididymo-orchitis groups. Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of NLR in predicting testis torsion were as high as the sensitivity and specificity of doppler ultrasonography, suggesting the possible use of this parameter in the diagnosis of testis torsion.
Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Jie Wu , Qinghong Xu , Zhitao Chen 
Published: November 2018

Objective Many studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori ( Hp) is negatively correlated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Moreover, some studies deny that eradication of Hp increases the incidence of GERD. Therefore, we investigated the association of Hp infection with GERD. Methods In this retrospective analysis, patients with peptic ulcers were used as a blank control group. We used logistic regression to analyze the relationship between Hp infection and GERD. We analyzed 953 patients with peptic ulcers, 180 patients with both peptic ulcers and GERD, and 298 patients with GERD. Results Among the patients with GERD, 75.6% (136/180) and 36.2% (108/298) of those with and without peptic ulcers, respectively, had Hp infection, and the difference was statistically significant. Among patients with peptic ulcers, 75.6% (136/180) and 67.4% (642/953) of those with and without GERD, respectively, had Hp infection. The incidence of GERD in patients with Hp-positive and -negative peptic ulcers was 17.5% (136/778) and 12.4% (44/355), respectively. These differences were also statistically significant. Conclusion In the analysis of patients with GERD, the prevalence of Hp infection was higher among patients with than without peptic ulcers.
L’impact de la globalisation sur les systèmes de don : le cas de la migration sénégalaise
Authors: Rémy Eric , Ndione Louis César 
Published: November 2018

Résumé Cet article traite de l’impact de la globalisation sur les systèmes de don en lien avec les flux migratoires. Il s’appuie sur une ethnographie multi-située de la migration traditionnelle des soninkés en France. Partant du travail séminal de Mauss, la mobilisation du registre oblatif nous permet de mettre en avant : 1/ l’encastrement du don dans un système de prestation totale ; 2/ la transformation des formes de don traditionnelles et l’émergence de nouvelles formes hybrides en lien avec une occidentalisation ; 3/ la résurgence de tensions identitaires en relation avec les manières de donner qui affectent les niveaux individuel et collectif.
Hospital admissions and surgical treatment of children with lower-limb deficiency in Finland
Authors: Syvänen J. , Helenius I. , Koskimies-Virta E. , Ritvanen A. , Hurme S. , Nietosvaara Y. 
Published: November 2018

Background and Aims: There are no population-based studies about hospital admissions and need for surgical treatment of congenital lower-limb deficiencies. The aim is to assess the impact children with lower-limb deficiencies pose to national hospital level health-care system. Materials and Methods: A population-based study was conducted using the national Register of Congenital Malformations and Care Register for Health Care. All 185 live births with lower-limb deficiency (1993–2008) were included. Data on hospital care were collected until 31 December 2009 and compared to data on the whole pediatric population (0.9 million) live born in 1993−2008. Results: The whole pediatric population had annually on average 0.10 hospital admissions and the mean length of in-patient care of 0.3 days per child. The respective figures were 1.5 and 5.6 in terminal lower-limb amputations (n = 7), 1.1 and 3.9 in long-bone deficiencies (n = 53), 0.6 and 1.9 in foot deficiencies (n = 26) and 0.4 and 2.6 in toe deficiencies (n = 101). Orthopedic surgery was performed in 72% (5/7) of patients with terminal amputations, in 62% (33/53) of patients with long bone, in 58% (14/24) of patients with foot and in 25% (25/101) of patients in toe deficiencies. Half (54%) of all procedures were orthopedic operations. Conclusion: In congenital lower-limb deficiencies the need of hospital care and the number of orthopedic procedures is multiple-fold compared to whole pediatric population. The burden to the patient and to the families is markedly increased, especially in children with terminal amputations and long-bone deficiencies of lower limbs.
Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction in critical illness
Authors: Liu Yung-Yang , Li Li-Fu 
Published: November 2018

Mechanical ventilation is an essential intervention for intensive care unit patients with acute lung injury. However, the use of controlled mechanical ventilation in both animal and human models causes ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction, wherein a substantial reduction in diaphragmatic force-generating capacity occurs, along with structural injury and atrophy of diaphragm muscle fibers. Although diaphragm dysfunction, noted in most mechanically ventilated patients, is correlated with poor clinical outcome, the specific pathophysiology underlying ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction requires further elucidation. Numerous factors may underlie this condition in humans as well as animals, such as increased oxidative stress, calcium-activated calpain and caspase-3, the ubiquitin–proteasome system, autophagy–lysosomal pathway, and proapoptotic proteins. All these alter protein synthesis and degradation, thus resulting in muscle atrophy and impaired contractility and compromising oxidative phosphorylation and upregulating glycolysis associated with impaired mitochondrial function. Furthermore, infection combined with mechanical stretch may induce multisystem organ failure and render the diaphragm more sensitive to ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Herein, several major cellular mechanisms associated with autophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial biogenesis—including toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor-κB, Src, class O of forkhead box, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and Janus kinase—are reviewed. In addition, we discuss the potential therapeutic strategies used to ameliorate ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction and thus prevent delay in the management of patients under prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation.Impact statementMechanical ventilation (MV) is life-saving for patients with acute respiratory failure but also causes difficult liberation of patients from ventilator due to rapid decrease of diaphragm muscle endurance and strength, which is termed ventilator-induced diaphragmatic damage (VIDD). Numerous studies have revealed that VIDD could increase extubation failure, ICU stay, ICU mortality, and healthcare expenditures. However, the mechanisms of VIDD, potentially involving a multistep process including muscle atrophy, oxidative loads, structural damage, and muscle fiber remodeling, are not fully elucidated. Further research is necessary to unravel mechanistic framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying VIDD, especially mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and develop better MV strategies, rehabilitative programs, and pharmacologic agents to translate this knowledge into clinical benefits.
Controlling for Time-dependent Confounding using Marginal Structural Models
Authors: Fewell Zoe , Hernán Miguel A. , Wolfe Frederick , Tilling Kate , Choi Hyon , Sterne Jonathan A. C. 
Published: November 2018

Longitudinal studies in which exposures, confounders, and outcomes are measured repeatedly over time have the potential to allow causal inferences about the effects of exposure on outcome. There is particular interest in estimating the causal effects of medical treatments (or other interventions) in circumstances in which a randomized controlled trial is difficult or impossible. However, standard methods for estimating exposure effects in longitudinal studies are biased in the presence of time-dependent confounders affected by prior treatment. This article describes the use of marginal structural models (described by Robins, Hernán, and Brumback [2000]) to estimate exposure or treatment effects in the presence of time-dependent confounders affected by prior treatment. The method is based on deriving inverse-probability-of-treatment weights, which are then used in a pooled logistic regression model to estimate the causal effect of treatment on outcome. We demonstrate the use of marginal structural models to estimate the effect of methotrexate on mortality in persons suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Stata in Space: Econometric Analysis of Spatially Explicit Raster Data
Authors: Müller Daniel 
Published: November 2018

Realizing the importance of location, economists are increasingly adopting spatial analytical and spatial econometric perspectives to study questions such as the geographical targeting of policy interventions, regional agglomeration effects, the diffusion of technologies across space, or causes and consequences of land-cover change. Explicitly accounting for location in econometric estimations can be of great benefit for researchers working at the interface of economics or environmental sciences and geography. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how spatially explicit raster data derived from standard geographical information system (GIS) software can be used within Stata. Three programs implemented as ado-files are presented. These import geographic raster data into Stata (ras2dta), draw systematic spatial samples within Stata (spatsam), and export data and estimation results in a form usable by standard GIS software (dta2ras). A numerical example is presented to estimate the determinants of forest cover with a spatially explicit logit model, calculate predicted probabilities, and map the predictions with GIS software.
The Skillings–Mack Test (Friedman Test when There are Missing Data)
Authors: Chatfield Mark , Mander Adrian 
Published: November 2018

The Skillings-Mack statistic (Skillings and Mack, 1981, Technometrics 23: 171–177) is a general Friedman-type statistic that can be used in almost any block design with an arbitrary missing-data structure. The missing data can be either missing by design, for example, an incomplete block design, or missing completely at random. The Skillings–Mack test is equivalent to the Friedman test when there are no missing data in a balanced complete block design, and the Skillings–Mack test is equivalent to the test suggested in Durbin (1951, British Journal of Psychology, Statistical Section 4: 85–90) for a balanced incomplete block design. The Friedman test was implemented in Stata by Goldstein (1991, Stata Technical Bulletin 3: 26–27) and further developed in Goldstein (2005, Stata Journal 5: 285). This article introduces the skilmack command, which performs the Skillings–Mack test. The skilmack command is also useful when there are many ties or equal ranks (N.B. the Friedman statistic compared with the x2 distribution will give a conservative result), as well as for small samples; appropriate results can be obtained by simulating the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis.