bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of HbA1c assessment in people with diabetes awaiting liver transplantation
Authors: Bhattacharjee D. , Vracar S. , Round R. A. , Nightingale P. G. , Williams J. A. , Gkoutos G. V. , Stratton I. M. , Parker R. , Luzio S. D. , Webber J. , Manley S. E. , Roberts G. A. , Ghosh S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimsTo investigate the relationship between HbA1c and glucose in people with co‐existing liver disease and diabetes awaiting transplant, and in those with diabetes but no liver disease.MethodsHbA1c and random plasma glucose data were collected for 125 people with diabetes without liver disease and for 29 people awaiting liver transplant with diabetes and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was caused by non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, hereditary haemochromatosis, polycystic liver/kidneys, cryptogenic/non‐cirrhotic portal hypertension and α‐1‐antitrypsin‐related disease.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) age of the diabetes with cirrhosis group was 55 (49–63) years compared to 60 (50–71) years (P=0.13) in the group without cirrhosis. In the diabetes with cirrhosis group there were 21 men (72%) compared with 86 men (69%) in the group with diabetes and no cirrhosis (P=0.82). Of the group with diabetes and cirrhosis, 27 people (93%) were of white European ethnicity, two (7%) were South Asian and none was of Afro‐Caribbean/other ethnicity compared with 94 (75%), 16 (13%), 10 (8%)/5 (4%), respectively, in the group with diabetes and no cirrhosis (P=0.20). Median (interquartile range) HbA1c was 41 (32–56) mmol/mol [5.9 (5.1–7.3)%] vs 61 (52–70) mmol/mol [7.7 (6.9–8.6)%] (P<0.001), respectively, in the diabetes with cirrhosis group vs the diabetes without cirrhosis group. The glucose concentrations were 8.4 (7.0–11.2) mmol/l vs 7.3 (5.2–11.5) mmol/l (P=0.17). HbA1c was depressed by 20 mmol/mol (1.8%; P<0.001) in 28 participants with cirrhosis but elevated by 28 mmol/mol (2.6%) in the participant with α‐1‐antitrypsin disorder. Those with cirrhosis and depressed HbA1c had fewer larger erythrocytes, and higher red cell distribution width and reticulocyte count. This was reflected in the positive association of glucose with mean cell volume (r=0.39) and haemoglobin level (r=0.49) and the negative association for HbA1c (r=–0.28 and r=–0.26, respectively) in the diabetes group with cirrhosis.ConclusionHbA1c is not an appropriate test for blood glucose in people with cirrhosis and diabetes awaiting transplant as it reflects altered erythrocyte presentation.
Pseudocercospora avicenniicola on black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) in Benin: The first report from Africa
Authors: Piątek Marcin , Yorou Nourou S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPseudocercospora avicenniicola associated with a leaf spot disease on black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) is reported from Benin. This is the first record of this species from Africa. Previously, P. avicenniicola was known only from one location in Brazil, South America. The morphology of the specimen from Africa is described, illustrated and compared with the original description.
Reduced late mismatch negativity and auditory sustained potential to rule‐based patterns in schizophrenia
Authors: Haigh Sarah M. , Coffman Brian A. , Murphy Timothy K. , Butera Christiana D. , Leiter‐McBeth Justin R. , Salisbury Dean F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractComplex rule‐based auditory processing is abnormal in individuals with long‐term schizophrenia (SZ), as demonstrated by reduced mismatch negativity (MMN) to deviants in rule‐based patterns and reduced auditory sustained potential (ASP) that appears when grouping tones together. Together, this suggests deficits later in the auditory processing hierarchy in Sz. Here, MMN and ASP were elicited by deviations from a complex zig‐zag pitch pattern that cannot be predicted by simple linear rules. Twenty‐seven SZ and 26 matched healthy controls (HC) participated. Frequent groups of patterns contained eight tones that zig‐zagged in a two‐up one‐down pitch‐based paradigm. There were two deviant patterns: the final tone was either higher in pitch than expected (creating a jump in pitch) or was repeated. Simple MMN to pitch‐deviants among repetitive tones was measured for comparison. Sz exhibited a smaller pitch MMN compared to HC as expected. HC produced a late MMN in response to the repeat and jump‐deviant and a larger ASP to the standard group of tones, all of which were significantly blunted in SZ. In Sz, the amplitude of the late complex MMN was related to neuropsychological functioning, whereas ASP was not. ASP and late MMN did not significantly correlate in HC or in Sz, suggesting that they are not dependent on one another and may originate within distinct processing streams. Together, this suggests multiple deficits later in the auditory sensory‐perceptual hierarchy in Sz, with impairments evident in both segmentation and deviance detection abilities.
A comparison of two ketamine doses for field anaesthesia in horses undergoing castration
Authors: Harðardóttir H. , Murison P. J. , Blissitt K. , Olason S. , Clutton R. E. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundKetamine at 2.2 mg/kg given i.v. is often used to induce anaesthesia for surgical procedures in horses under field conditions. Commonly, additional doses are needed to complete the surgery. We hypothesised that surgical conditions would be improved when 5 mg/kg of ketamine was used to induce anaesthesia, while induction and recovery qualities would not differ from those when 2.2 mg/kg ketamine was used.ObjectiveTo compare the anaesthetic effects of two ketamine doses (5 and 2.2 mg/kg) during field anaesthesia for castration of horses.Study designProspective, randomised, blinded, clinical study.MethodSeventy‐seven client‐owned Icelandic horses presented for castration under field conditions were studied. Pre‐anaesthetic medication was xylazine (0.7 mg/kg) butorphanol (25 μg/kg) and acepromazine (50 μg/kg) injected i.v. Anaesthesia was induced with either 2.2 mg/kg (K2.2) or 5 mg/kg (K5) i.v. of ketamine mixed with diazepam (30 μg/kg). The quality of induction, surgical conditions and recovery were compared using subjective and objective measures, and the number of additional ketamine doses recorded.ResultsKetamine 5 mg/kg provided better surgical conditions and a more rapid induction. Recovery quality was subjectively better in K2.2. Five horses in K2.2 and two in K5 required additional ketamine doses.Main limitationsWhile the pre‐anaesthetic sedation and benzodiazepine doses were consistent among horses, the level of sedation and muscle relaxation achieved differed.ConclusionA ketamine dose of 5 mg/kg can be used to improve the quality of field anaesthesia for castration in Icelandic horses. Although recovery quality is subjectively better when using 2.2 mg/kg, no adverse events were observed during recovery with either doseThe Summary is available in Portuguese – seeSupporting Information
Strengthening the contribution of macroecological models to conservation practice
Authors: Rapacciuolo Giovanni 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIssueOwing to their large‐scale scope and emphasis on prediction, macroecological models have the potential to provide key contributions to evidence‐based conservation practice. However, examples of macroecological modelling outputs directly influencing conservation practice and decision‐making remain rare. The general barriers to implementation of ecological research into conservation practice have been discussed at length, whereas much less attention has been given to the specific barriers faced by macroecological modelling research.EvidenceHere, I start to address this gap by discussing how two important barriers could be overcome in a practical manner, because their burden falls primarily on the researcher. The first barrier is the potential perception of macroecological models as “black boxes” by potential end‐users, who may have little time and/or quantitative training to inspect the underlying methods fully. The second barrier is the difficulty in effective translation of the uncertainty inherent to most macroecological models, given the high threshold for weight of evidence required to support most decisions. To overcome these barriers, I put forward a number of solutions, most of which rely on researchers agreeing to and adopting model documentation and communication standards already in existence.ConclusionI conclude by introducing the bigger challenges ahead for the macroecology–conservation practice interface: transformation of publication incentives and establishment of a two‐way flow of knowledge between macroecologists and conservation practitioners. Macroecologists can contribute much‐needed evidence to support conservation decisions. However, fundamental changes to their research communication standards, their publication incentives and their understanding of regulatory settings will be needed to ensure that macroecological contributions are considered in practice.
Hepatic and renal toxicity and associated factors among HIV‐infected children on antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Tadesse BT , Foster BA , Kabeta A , Ayalew F , H/Meskel G , Jerene D , Makonnen E , Aklillu E 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of renal function and liver enzyme abnormalities among HIV‐infected children, changes in prevalence with time on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and the factors associated with these abnormalities.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted among HIV‐infected children < 18 years old (n = 705) who were on first‐line cART. Liver enzymes, renal function, haematology, immunology and virological response were assessed at enrolment and followed bi‐annually for 18 months. Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were assessed using noninvasive markers including the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis score (FIB‐4).ResultsThe median age was 12 [interquartile range (IQR) 8–14] years; 53.3% of patients were male. At enrolment, the median cART duration was 3.3 (IQR 1.1–6.1) years; 177 (25.1%) and 83 (11.8%) patients had elevated AST and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), respectively. A tenth of the children had an APRI score > 0.5, suggesting liver fibrosis. Being on a zidovudine (ZDV)‐ or nevirapine (NVP)‐based regimen and having a viral load > 1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL were significantly associated with elevated ALT. Twenty‐four (3.4%) and 84 (12.1%) patients had elevated creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), respectively. As cART duration increased by 6 months, median BUN increased by 1.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–2.7] mg/dL (P = 0.01); the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased by 35.6 (95% CI 17.7–53.4) mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < 0.0001); and AST and ALT decreased by 1.4 (95% CI 0.4–2.5) IU/L (P = 0.01) and 1.4 (95% CI 0.2–2.6) IU/L (P = 0.01), respectively.ConclusionsA high prevalence of liver enzyme and renal function abnormalities was observed at enrolment. Decreasing liver enzyme levels during follow‐up are possibly reassuring, while the progressive reduction in GFR and the increase in BUN are worrisome and require further study.
The potential application of concentrated growth factor in regenerative endodontics
Authors: Hong S. , Li L. , Cai W. , Jiang B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate the potential application of concentrated growth factor (CGF) to promote pulp regeneration within immature teeth.MethodologyConcentrated growth factor clots produced from peripheral blood samples were investigated histologically by haematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and evaluated morphologically by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cytokines were extracted from the CGF, and representative cytokines were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The biological effects of the CGF on human stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were then investigated and quantified, including cell proliferation, cell migration, mineralized nodule formation, and the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein (DMP)‐1. The results were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance (anova).ResultsConcentrated growth factor had a complex three‐dimensional structure with a high density of platelets and nucleated cells. Representative growth factors including PDGF‐BB, IGF‐1, TGF‐β1, bFGF and VEGF were detected. The growth rate and migratory cell numbers of the CGF groups were significantly greater than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). The mineralization areas in the CGF groups were significantly larger than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). The expression levels of ALP, DSPP and DMP‐1 were significantly up‐regulated after induction by CGF (P < 0.05).ConclusionsConcentrated growth factor promoted the proliferation, migration and differentiation of SCAPs and could be a promising biomaterial applied in regenerative endodontics.
Alkaline phosphatase 2 is a functional receptor of Cry1Ac but not Cry2Ab in Helicoverpa zea
Authors: Wei J. , Zhang M. , Liang G. , Li X. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough membrane‐bound alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) have been proposed as a receptor for Cry1Ac in a few lepidopteran species, their potential functions as a Cry2Ab receptor are yet to be verified. To determine if ALP2 also serves as a receptor for Cry1Ac and even for Cry2Ab in Helicoverpa zea, we measured the potency of activated Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab against midgut and fat body cell lines of H. zea and the ovarian cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) expressing H. zea ALP2 (HzALP2) or transfected with HzALP2 double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). Relative to the control cells, the three cell lines expressing HzALP2 were more susceptible to Cry1Ac but there was no difference for Cry2Ab. By contrast, the two H. zea cell lines transfected with HzALP2 dsRNA were resistant to Cry1Ac while kept susceptible to Cry2Ab. Furthermore, RNA interference knockdown of HzALP2 in H. zea larvae enhanced larval survival on Cry1Ac‐containing diets. These findings indicate that HzALP2 functions as a receptor of Cry1Ac but not Cry2Ab.
Cultural Pluralism in Art Education: and Why Art Students Should Learn about the ‘Dark Matter’
Authors: Doubtfire Joseph 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDrawing initially from practical experience of embedding equality and diversity in teaching and learning, this article considers the relevance of Sholette's idea of the ‘Dark Matter’ to the notion of cultural pluralism. Questioning the canonical and hegemonic practices of the art world, this article importantly posits the notion that the inclusion of minority practices in teaching and learning is not sufficient, but rather discussions of the politics of said groups are necessary for significant change. Finally, this article offers practical suggestions for achieving inclusivity, through the use of social media platforms such as Instagram, where ‘Dark Matter’ and the ‘stars’ work side by side.
Through the Lens of Power: An Arts‐Based Exploration of Power Relations with Young People in Dublin
Authors: Whelan Fiona 
Published: November 2018

AbstractArtist Fiona Whelan's fourteen‐year collaborative practice with Rialto Youth Project presents a dialogical approach to engaging young people and adults over time in a creative, critical examination of power relations at a personal, community and societal level. This article outlines the collective approach underpinning a durational, iterative project (2007–11) that negotiated new and established methodological approaches, in order to construct horizontal working relations with young people to visualise, diffuse and challenge existing power structures. Focusing on two public manifestations which brought together young people and police in untypical encounters, the article outlines two forms of relational power that are experienced in the private and public processes that underpinned this collective practice: a form of relational power that articulates inequalities between those who exercise power and those who are subject to power, and another whereby power is co‐produced through collaboration. Specific features of the practice that contribute to the emergence of this relational power are subsequently outlined. This includes an approach to gathering anonymous stories, which are collectivised into poly‐vocal public manifestations, where the two forms of relational power converge in public.
The role of competition in driving species global distributions: Soricid shrews as a case study
Authors: Neves Tomé , Tapisso Joaquim T. , Porto Miguel , Pereira Henrique M. , Mathias Maria L. , Borda‐de‐Água Luís 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimWe aim to determine the relative influence of climate and species interactions on the global distribution of Soricinae and Crocidurinae shrews through the analysis of their distribution, climate niche and evolutionary history. Both subfamilies are partially allopatric in Eurasia, but in North America only Soricinae is present, thus providing a scenario to address the role of potential competition versus competitive release in determining species’ realized distributions at a global scale.LocationGlobal.TaxonSoricidae, Eulipotyphla.MethodsWe obtained climate data from WorldClim, spatial range data for 302 species from the IUCN Red List and 2614 cytb complete sequences from GenBank. We modelled the potential distribution of the subfamilies by computing three environmental niche models using Maxent: one for Crocidurinae, one for American Soricinae and one for Afro‐Eurasian Soricinae. We created matrices for the genetic, spatial and climatic distance between all pairs of species to calculate the average climatic distance between pairs of species within and between subfamilies. We then evaluated this distance against a null model. To assess the effect of phylogeny on the segregation of the subfamilies, we checked for correlation between genetic and spatial distance.ResultsThe Afro‐Eurasian Soricinae environmental niche model under‐predicted its occurrence in America. The average climatic distance between subfamilies was larger than expected by chance, while the distance within both Crocidurinae and Afro‐Eurasian Soricinae was smaller. The average distance between the American and Afro‐Eurasian Soricinae was also larger than expected. There was no correlation between spatial and genetic distance for genetic distances over 0.14 substitutions per nucleotide site.Main conclusionsClimate significantly influences the distribution of both subfamilies. As expected in a scenario of competitive release, the climatic range of the Soricinae in America is larger than in Afro‐Eurasia. Thus, besides climate, competition may play an important role in shaping species’ global distributions.
Diagnosing hypertension in Indigenous Canadians (DREAM‐GLOBAL): A randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of short message service messaging for management of hypertension: Main results
Authors: Tobe Sheldon W. , Yeates Karen , Campbell Norm R. C. , Maar Marion A. , Perkins Nancy , Liu Peter P. , Sleeth Jessica , McAllister Colin , Hua‐Stewart Diane , Wells George , Bernick Jordan 
Published: November 2018

Hypertension, the leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, affects more than 1 billion people globally. The rise in mobile health in particular the use of mobile phones and short message service (SMS) to support disease management provides an opportunity to improve hypertension awareness, treatment, and control, in remote and vulnerable patient populations. The primary objective of this randomized controlled study was to assess the effect of active (with hypertension specific management SMS) or passive (health behaviors SMS alone) on the difference in blood pressure (BP) reduction between the active and passive SMS groups in hypertensive Canadian First Nations people from six rural and remote communities. Pragmatic features of the study included shifting of BP measures to non‐medical health workers. Despite an overall reduction in BP over the study, there was no difference in the BP change between groups from baseline to final for systolic 0.8 (95% CI −4.2 to 5.8 mm Hg) or diastolic −1.0 (95% CI −3.7 to 1.8 mm Hg, P = 0.5) BP. Achieved BP control was 37.5% (25.6%‐49.4%, 95% CI) in the active group and 32.8% (20.6%‐44.8%, 95% CI) in the passive group (difference in proportions −4.74% (−21.7% to 12.2%, 95% CI, P = 0.6). The study looked at changes in health services delivery, mobile health technologies, and patient engagement to support better management of hypertension in Canadian First Nations communities. The active hypertension specific SMS did not lead to improvements in BP control.
Surveying native egg parasitoids and predators of the invasive Halyomorpha halys in Northern Italy
Authors: Costi Elena , Haye Tim , Maistrello Lara 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe invasive Halyomorpha halys (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a key pest of fruits in the Emilia‐Romagna region of Italy. For the development of a sustainable management programme, knowledge of its native natural enemy community and its efficacy is essential. A three‐year field survey was conducted exposing H. halys egg masses in different types of habitats to investigate the efficacy of native natural enemies in reducing the H. halys populations in the Emilia‐Romagna region, where the stinkbug was first detected in 2012. Over the first year of the study, sentinel eggs from laboratory cultures were stapled to the underside of leaves in various host trees, whereas in following years H. halys adults were directly caged on branches in sleeve cages to allow natural oviposition. Over the examined years, low rates of parasitism (1%–3%) and predation (2%–5%) were observed. Parasitism was caused exclusively by the generalist parasitoid Anastatus bifasciatus.