bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation Sovereignty and Biodiversity
Authors: Oksanen Markku , Vuorisalo Timo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany key concepts in conservation biology such as ‘endangered species’ and ‘natural’ or ‘historic range’ are universalistic, nation-blind and do not implicate the existence of geopolitical borders and sovereign states. However, it is impossible to consider biodiversity conservation without any reference to sovereign states. Consequently, the units of biodiversity and their ranges transform into legal concepts and categories. This paper explores the area that results from this transformation of the universalist idea into national policy targets. Conservation sovereignty denotes to right of each state to design and carry out its own conservation policies. To illustrate the problematic nature of conservation sovereignty, the paper focuses on two cases where the borders and the state play the key role: (1) the global division of conservation labour and (2) assisted migration. All in all, this paper takes a critical look upon the anomalies in universalism and conservation sovereignty.
Marine Biodiversity Databanks
Authors: Barberousse Anouk , Bary Sophie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents the contribution of databanks to the development of biodiversity knowledge through the example of marine biodiversity databanks. Focusing on the marine field allows us to insist on the imbalance of the unknown vs. the better known part. The chapter emphasizes the role of taxonomic and genetic databanks as well as the ongoing transformations that databanks are submitted to in order to answer pressing demands due to the biodiversity crisis. It aims to analyse the requirements biodiversity databanks have to satisfy in order to help both researchers and conservationists in their respective endeavors. It begins by pointing out the main characteristics and limits of biodiversity knowledge and defend the view that databanks are well-suited to overcome these limits as soon as they are widely accessible and interoperable. These constraints are analysed as both technical and scientific. Their dynamic dimension is emphasized as databanks must comply with the rapid evolution of scientific knowledge. We also propose a view on the relationships between biodiversity knowledge, assessment, and conservation.
The Importance of Scaling in Biodiversity
Authors: Borda-de-Água Luís 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOur main tenet is that biodiversity should be studied as a function of scale. The epitome of a similar approach was that of Mandelbrot in his studies on fractals. Although biodiversity patterns may not necessarily follow the mathematical description of fractals, we argue that much can be learnt if we adopt the perspective of studying biodiversity across scales. A case where the concept of scaling is routinely applied in ecology is the species-area relationship, a relationship describing how the number of species (species richness) changes, i.e. scales, as a function of area. However, the importance of scaling is often neglected in ecology. For instance, it is seldomly applied to another component of diversity, the relative abundances of species, being the latter often described using the proportion of individuals of each species. We exemplify the application of scaling to the species relative abundance with our own work. One of the advantages of studying biodiversity under the framework of scaling is that patterns tend to emerge. These patterns emerge from a myriad of processes and their respective interactions. However, understanding the role of each process individually, or quantifying its role in the community functioning, may be empirically impossible. Thus, we argue from theoretical and practical perspectives, including approaches to conservation problems, that we should concentrate our endeavours on the quantitative description of known patterns, as it is often done in other basic and applied sciences, even if that implies temporarily relegating to a secondary position the detailed analyses of the underlying mechanisms.
The Fourth Wave of Portuguese Emigration: Austerity Policies, European Peripheries and Postcolonial Continuities
Authors: Pereira Cláudia , Azevedo Joana 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLittle is known about emigration in European countries. Migratory pressure and the recent refugee crisis have helped keep academic attention over the last few decades focused on immigration, asylum and integration in Europe. However, these dynamics promoting entries into European countries coexist with other fairly significant dynamics promoting departures from these countries. The sovereign debt crisis coupled with austerity policies that asymmetrically affected Europe’s peripheral countries have increased emigration in various European countries. Our book aims to counter the invisibility of emigration from European countries in the literature by examining the particularities of the Portuguese case. In methodological terms, the book compiles the work of authors from different academic backgrounds who have conducted empirical research using a wide variety of extensive and intensive methods. It is argued that when analysing recent Portuguese emigration it is important to examine in further detail: (i) the impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis and the austerity policies that followed in its wake; (ii) south-north emigration in Europe; (iii) north-south emigration outside Europe and post-colonial continuities; (iv) the importance of reassessing the existing model of Southern European migration; (v) highly skilled and less skilled migration; and finally, (vi) emigrants’ and their descendants’ identities.
Portuguese Emigration to Angola (2000–2015): Strengthening a Specific Postcolonial Relationship in a New Global Framework?
Authors: Candeias Pedro , Malheiros Jorge , Marques José Carlos , Liberato Ermelinda 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOutflows to the Portuguese-speaking countries, although not dominant, played an important role in the growth of Portuguese emigration during the economic recession and austerity period, between 2010 and 2016. This chapter examines this migration process, considering that contemporary migration from Portugal to Angola is an example of reverse post-colonial migration within the framework of North-South movements.It presents the historical and socio-demographic background of Angola and some theoretical insights on the issue of North-South migration. The analyses of the migration process and the emigrants’ profiles rely in statistics and academic literature but especially on data gathered in a direct survey. Attention is given to indicators of integration, relations with Portugal and the post-colonial nature of the process. The profile of Portuguese in Angola shows an overrepresentation of highly skilled males over 35 years old, which migrated for professional reasons and sustain relations with Portugal through diverse transnational practices. This supports explanations for the emergence of North-South migration by appeal to economic expansion associated to the increasing insertion of several developing countries into global networks. However, the analysis fails to back up the hypothesis that Portuguese emigration to Angola is a form of reverse post-colonial migration based in ancestral return.
New Emigration and Portuguese Society: Transnationalism and Return
Authors: Peixoto João , Candeias Pedro , Ferreira Bárbara , Tiago de Oliveira Isabel , Azevedo Joana , Marques José Carlos , Góis Pedro , Malheiros Jorge , Madeira Paulo Miguel , Schiltz Aline , Ferro Alexandra , Santana Eugénio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter addresses the theme of transnationalism and return in recent Portuguese emigration, namely the flows that occurred after the turn of the century. It starts with a brief theoretical overview on those topics, which constitute two relatively neglected characteristics of Portuguese emigration. Next, based on a survey carried out in 2014–2015 to more than 6000 recent emigrants, it reveals some of the links that they maintain with their home country, as well as their plans for the future, which include settlement in the destination country, return and re-emigration. Lastly, it examines data on returning emigrants – especially those that returned between 2001 and 2011 – extracted from the 2011 Census. The evidence reveals a significant number of returns, including individuals at both working and retirement ages and at all skill levels, thus exposing the unexpected complexity of movements. The results are based on the research project “Back to the future: new emigration and links with Portuguese society” (REMIGR), which aimed to ascertain the extent and characteristics of the new emigration wave. The project included an overview of emigration and return to and from all regions of the world, as well as case studies in UK, France, Luxembourg, Angola, Mozambique and Brazil.
Portuguese Emigrants’ Political Representation: The Challenges of the External Vote
Authors: Lisi Marco , Belchior Ana Maria , Abrantes Manuel , Azevedo Joana 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOver the last few decades, emigrants all over the world have gained expanded voting rights. Despite the normative debates about this issue, there are few empirical studies on why states decide to implement external voting and how electoral systems perform. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by looking at the Portuguese case. Our study suggests that a combination of political and socio-economic factors explains the implementa tion of external voting. On the other hand, the interests of political parties and the low level of civil society engagement are key factors in the failure of both electoral reforms and attempts to overcome the shortcomings of external voting.
Migrating to Complete Transitions: A Study of High-Skilled Youth Migration to France
Authors: Teixeira Lopes João 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents the results of a pioneering study on young, highly-qualified emigrants moving from Portugal to France. My analysis draws on a survey (of 113 individuals) distributed in 2012 to Portuguese emigrants in France aged between 20 and 35 who held at least one completed university degree. Its purpose was to map socio-demographic patterns. This was followed by fourteen semi-structured biographical interviews through which I could grasp a detailed understanding of the pathways leading to the interviewees’ decision to migrate. In this chapter I analyse some of the data collected through the questionnaire, focusing on (blocked) transitions to adulthood, and conclude that most of the respondents decided to migrate mainly because they wished to stop being sociologically young – that is, trapped in transition, waiting to get stable job, to get married and have children. Therefore, these emigrant trajectories result from a process of increasing reflexivity about structural constraints in the country of origin; they are individual and collective responses to the collapse of the standardised, linear life-course model.
Entrepreneurship Among Portuguese Nationals in Luxembourg
Authors: Marques José Carlos 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter formulates an approach to studying entrepreneurs abroad, using Portuguese nationals living in Luxembourg as a case study. Based on a survey of Portuguese entrepreneurs in Luxembourg, it analyses the determinants of entrepreneurial activity, the constraints entrepreneurs experienced, and the transnational economic links they established with their country of origin. It is argued that entrepreneurial initiatives are determined by the available resources and by certain incentives and pressures, and that decisions regarding the development of a business activity are complex, combining a diverse set of motivations. As shown throughout this chapter, Portuguese entrepreneurial activity results essentially from the identification of specific opportunities in the labour market and less from constraints imposed by the immigrant’s employment history. The identification of these opportunities and the low level of bureaucratic difficulties experienced in initiating independent business activity results from familiarity with the sector’s functioning. Data used also reveal that the construction and evolution of transnational relations is not an obvious or natural reality for all immigrant entrepreneurs. Spatial and temporal distance (between demand and supply of goods and services), the type of activity, and the nature of the product or marketed service all limit the development of transnational entrepreneurial relations with the origin country.
Beyond identity lines: women building peace in Northern Ireland and the Korean peninsula
Authors: Kim Dong Jin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article explores the challenges and contributions of women in building and sustaining peace in protracted conflicts by conducting a comparative case study on Northern Ireland and Korea. Similarities in the histories of the conflicts and the concurrences in the peace processes have been attracting policy makers and researchers to share lessons between the Northern Ireland and Korean peace processes. However, the peacebuilding role of women and their transversal perspective have not yet received significant attention compared to the high-level agreements, signed predominantly by male politicians. This article identifies the similarities in the peacebuilding activities of women in Northern Ireland and Korea, in terms of their recognition of the interconnection between identity politics and patriarchy, building relationships across the divide through transversal dialogue, and initiating nonviolent peace movements against the militarism of their societies. The comparative case study also shows dissimilarities between the two cases, with regard to the freedom of women to move beyond boundaries, and being part of the official peace process. This article concludes the role of women in both contexts is a key element in sustainable peacebuilding; however, it appears that women’s peacebuilding would not be able to reach its full potential to break down violent structures in conflict-affected societies, as long as their transversal perspective remains at the level of social movement, not part of peacebuilding at all levels of societies, including high-level negotiations.
Randomness in the Bedroom: There Is No Evidence for Fertility Control in Pre-Industrial England
Authors: Clark Gregory , Cummins Neil 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Overturning a generation of research, Cinnirella et al. Demography, 54, 413–436 (2017) found strong parity-dependent fertility control in pre-Industrial England 1540–1850. We show that their result is an unfortunate artifact of their statistical method, relying on mother fixed effects, which contradicts basic biological possibilities for fecundity. These impossible parity effects also appear with simulated fertility data that by design have no parity control. We conclude that estimating parity control using mother fixed effects is in no way feasible. We also show, using the Cambridge Group data that Cinnirella et al. used, that there is no sign of parity-dependent fertility control in English marriages before 1850.
Hunting for galaxies and halos in simulations with VELOCIraptor
Authors: Elahi Pascal J. , Cañas Rodrigo , Poulton Rhys J. J. , Tobar Rodrigo J. , Willis James S. , Lagos Claudia del P. , Power Chris , Robotham Aaron S. G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe present VELOCIraptor, a massively parallel galaxy/(sub)halo finder that is also capable of robustly identifying tidally disrupted objects and separate stellar halos from galaxies. The code is written in C++11, use the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenMP Application Programming Interface (API) for parallelisation, and includes python tools to read/manipulate the data products produced. We demonstrate the power of the VELOCIraptor (sub)halo finder, showing how it can identify subhalos deep within the host that have negligible density contrasts to their parent halo. We find a subhalo mass-radial distance dependence: large subhalos with mass ratios of ≳10−2 are more common in the central regions than smaller subhalos, a result of dynamical friction and low tidal mass loss rates. This dependence is completely absent in (sub)halo finders in common use, which generally search for substructure in configuration space, yet is present in codes that track particles belonging to halos as they fall into other halos, such as hbt+. VELOCIraptor largely reproduces the dependence seen without tracking, finding a similar radial dependence to hbt+ in well-resolved halos from our limited resolution fiducial simulation.
Influence of green light illumination at night on biological characteristics of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kim K.-N. , Jo Y.-C. , Huang Z.-J. , Song Hye-Seng , Ryu K.-H. , Huang Q.-Y. , Lei C.-L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe oriental armyworm,Mythimna separatais an important crop pest in eastern Asia. Nocturnal insects, including nocturnal moths, have phototactic behavior to an artificial light source. Phototactic behavior in insects is species-specific in response to different wavelengths of light sources. Our previous study showed that green (520 nm) light emitting diode (LED) light resulted in a significantly higher phototactic behavior inM.separatamoths compared to the other wavelength LED lights. The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of green light illumination on biological characteristics of different developmental stages inM. separata. Our results revealed that when different developmental stages ofM. separatawere exposed to the green light illumination in a dark period, several biological characteristics in all developmental stages except for egg stage were positively changed, but those of F1generationM. separatawhich are next generation of the adults exposed to the green light did not significantly change compared with the control level. These findings suggest that green light illumination at night (or dark period) has a positive effect on the development and longevity ofM. separata.
Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Dapingliang Late Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block: geochronological, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic implications
Authors: Chen Wei , Lü Xinbiao , Cao Xiaofeng , Ai Wenjia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the past ten years, a great deal of geological study has been reported on the magmatic rocks exposed in the central and western region of the Kuluketage Block, while similar research in the eastern region has rarely been reported. In this paper, we report zircon U–Pb geochronological, zircon Lu–Hf isotopic, whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the Dapingliang intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block, in order to evaluate its petrogenesis and tectonic significance. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating provided a weighted mean206Pb/238U age of 735 ± 3 Ma for the albitophyre (D1), 717 ± 2 Ma for the granite porphyry (D2) and 721 ± 1 Ma for the diorite porphyrite (D3). Geochemical analyses reveal that D1 and D2 belong to Na-rich alkaline A-type granites, and D3 shows the features of high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. D1 and D2 are characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and relative depletion of high field strength element (HFSE), with relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns and obviously negative Eu anomalies. D3 is characterized by the enrichment of LREE and depletion of HFSE, with negative slope HREE patterns and slightly negative Eu anomalies. In tectonic discrimination diagrams, D1 and D2 fall in the within-plate granite (WPG) field, indicating a rift setting. Although D3 falls within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field, it most likely formed in a rift setting, as inferred from its petrology, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes and regional tectonic evolution. Based on pronouncedεNd(t),εHf(t), Pb isotopic data,TDM2and high (87Sr/86Sr)iand elemental compositions, D1 was derived from the partial melting of basement amphibolites of the old lower crust. D2 originated from a mixture of the old lower crust and depleted mantle-derived magmas and was dominated by partial melting of the basement amphibolites of the lower crust. D3 could have been formed by partial melting of K-rich hornblende in the lower crust. Combining previous studies, we think that thec. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting. A partial melting scheme, triggered by underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas, is proposed to interpret the formation ofc. 745–710 Ma A-type and I-type granitoids, mantle-derived mafic dykes, bimodal intrusive rocks, adakitic granites and volcanic rocks. These magmatic activities were probably a reflection of the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent.Highlights(1)Circa 720 Ma magmatism in the eastern Kuluketage Block.(2)Na-rich granite was derived from partial melting of basement amphibolites.(3)Thec. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting.(4)The underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas is proposed.
DECOMPOSING THE TUBE CATEGORY
Authors: HARDIMAN LEONARD , KING ALASTAIR 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe tube category of a modular tensor category is a variant of the tube algebra, first introduced by Ocneanu. As a category, it can be decomposed in two different, but related, senses. Firstly, via the Yoneda embedding, the Hom spaces decompose into summands factoring through irreducible functors, in a manner analogous to decomposing an algebra as a sum of matrix algebras. We describe these summands. Secondly, under the Yoneda embedding, each object decomposes into irreducibles, which correspond to primitive idempotents in the category itself. We identify these idempotents. We make extensive use of diagram calculus in the description and proof of these decompositions.
Biatrial drainage of right superior caval vein with preferential streaming into the left atrium
Authors: Abu-Anza Omar , Ashwath Ravi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBiatrial drainage of the right superior caval vein is an extremely rare cardiac anomaly that generally presents in childhood. We present a case of anomalous connection of the right superior caval vein with superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in a 5-month-old male presenting with unexplained cyanosis and hypoxia.