bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of combining pre‐exercise carbohydrate intake and repeated short sprints on the blood glucose response to moderate‐intensity exercise in young individuals with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Soon W. H. K. , Guelfi K. J. , Davis E. A. , Smith G. J. , Jones T. W. , Fournier P. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo determine whether pre‐exercise ingestion of carbohydrates to maintain stable glycaemia during moderate‐intensity exercise results in excessive hyperglycaemia if combined with repeated sprints in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsEight overnight‐fasted people with Type 1 diabetes completed the following four 40‐min exercise sessions on separate days in a randomized counterbalanced order under basal insulinaemic conditions: continuous moderate‐intensity exercise at 50% peak; intermittent high‐intensity exercise (moderate‐intensity exercise interspersed with 4‐s sprints every 2 min and a final 10‐s sprint); continuous moderate‐intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake (~10 g per person); and intermittent high‐intensity exercise with prior carbohydrate intake. Venous blood was sampled during and 2 h after exercise to measure glucose and lactate levels.ResultsThe difference in marginal mean time‐averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate‐intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate and intermittent high‐intensity exercise + prior carbohydrate during exercise and recovery was not significant [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –0.7, 1.1); P = 0.635], nor was the difference in peak blood glucose level after adjusting for baseline level [0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –0.7, 1.1); P = 0.695]. The difference in marginal mean time‐averaged area under the blood glucose curve between continuous moderate‐intensity and intermittent high‐intensity exercise during exercise and recovery was also not significant [–0.2 mmol/l (95% CI –1.2, 0.8); P = 0.651].ConclusionsWhen carbohydrates are ingested prior to moderate‐intensity exercise, adding repeated sprints is not significantly detrimental to glycaemic management in overnight fasted people with Type 1 diabetes under basal insulin conditions.
Is the Europe of Knowledge the talk of the town? Exploring how members of the European Parliament refer to higher education
Authors: Vukasović Martina , Birkholz Julie , Brankovic Jelena 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhile the European Parliament is increasingly involved in EU governance, its role in policy developments in domains of strategic importance for the EU has not been the focus of many studies. In this article, we analyse a new digital dataset containing more than 10,000 speeches delivered in the European Parliament plenary between 1999 and 2014 and identify patterns related to temporal increase or decrease in the Parliament's focus on higher education, the topics linked to higher education discussions and patterns concerning the country and party group affiliation of the European Parliament members who speak about higher education. Our findings suggest that the total number of speeches, either specifically dedicated to higher education, or mentioning higher education when addressing other issues, did increase over time and particularly during the adoption of action programmes and related budgetary decision. Furthermore, higher education was less referred to in the Parliament speeches as a stand‐alone issue than in relation to other policy areas in which the EU has strong jurisdiction. Finally, our findings indicate that the variance in whether a Member of the European Parliament speaks about higher education is more closely linked to country of origin than party affiliation, highlighting the persistent national dimension of higher education discussions at the European level. These findings attest to the increasing – yet largely overlooked – role of the European Parliament in higher education policy making.
What's the point of knowing how?
Authors: Habgood‐Coote Joshua 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhy is it useful to talk and think about knowledge‐how? Using Edward Craig's discussion of the function of the concepts of knowledge as a jumping off point, this paper argues that considering this question can offer us new angles on the debate about knowledge‐how. We consider two candidate functions for the concept of knowledge‐how: pooling capacities and mutual reliance. Craig makes the case for pooling capacities, which connects knowledge‐how to our need to pool practical capacities. I argue that the evidence is much more equivocal and in fact supports both functions. I propose that the concept of knowledge‐how plays both functions, meaning that it is inconsistent and that the debate about knowledge‐how is at least partly a metalinguistic negotiation. In closing, I suggest a way to revise the philosophical concept of knowledge how.
Loneliness and appearance: Toward a concept of ontological agency
Authors: Lucas Sarah Drews 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I posit loneliness, as Hannah Arendt defines it in the final chapter of The Origins of Totalitarianism as the conceptual opposite of agency. I give a brief overview of Arendt's phenomenology of loneliness, which is the total loss of the common world—the state in which one is incapable of being an interlocutor, through thought, speech, or action, with others and, ultimately, incapable of appearing as an individual to others. Though loneliness is realised in its most extreme form in the concentration camps, it is a problem that haunts all human interaction. It is often very difficult, especially for marginalised and traumatised subjects, to give an account of themselves, indeed, to make any sense of their lives at all. I argue that this difficulty is not insurmountable and make the claim that ontological agency, understood as the appearance as oneself to others in the world (the exercise of self‐disclosure), is an irreducible and constant capacity of every individual, no matter how deeply silenced or oppressed she may have been. I argue, further, that ontological agency is a precondition for meaningful political agency, understood as the public articulation of a well‐formed opinion or judgment.
Understanding urbanization and its impact on the livelihood levels of urban residents in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Cui Dan , Wu Dianting , Liu Jingjing , Xiao Ye , Yembuu Batchuluun , Adiya Zolzaya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper took Ulaanbaatar as a case study and selected data from 2002 to 2016 to understand the complex relationship between urbanization and the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results showed that the urbanization of Ulaanbaatar was fast unfolding, while the livelihood levels of urban residents were not simultaneously improved but were in a state of constant fluctuation. A distributed lag model was conducted to investigate the impact of urbanization on the livelihood levels of urban residents. The results confirmed that urbanization has an obvious lag effect on livelihood levels, and with the urbanization development, it could improve public services and labor wages at a lag of 3 years, better healthcare at a lag of 2, 3, and 4 years, increase healthcare and cultural services at a lag of 2 years, and gradually improve the residents’ livelihood levels in the long run. We concluded with an overview of how our analysis can offer useful insights to policy makers and urban planners.
Perennial ryegrass productivity and nutritive quality as affected by frequency of nitrogen fertilizer addition
Authors: Loaiza Pablo , Balocchi Oscar , de la Barra Cristóbal , López Ignacio F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn intensive dairy pasture‐based systems, split applications of nitrogen (N) use throughout the growth cycle has played an important role in increasing the herbage production and additional forage supply at specific times across the pasture growth season. However, little is known about how the frequency of N applications can modify the crude protein content and their fractions. A mini‐sward study was conducted between August 2011 and January 2012 in Valdivia, Chile, to quantify the effect of frequency of N application on herbage yield, growth dynamics and protein fractions in perennial ryegrass swards. A single N rate equivalent of 250 kg N ha−1 year−1 of ammonium nitrate (27% N) fertilizer was applied in five patterns based on phyllochron. Thus, the mini‐swards were fertilized when they reached 1–2–4–8 phyllochrons, and there was a zero rate of fertilizer application. All mini‐swards were defoliated when the ryegrass reached two complete expanded leaves per tiller. The treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized block design. Defoliations were carried out by harvesting each plot with hand shears to a stubble height of 5 cm. Crude protein fractions were analyzed using the Cornell Carbohydrate and Protein Scheme (CNCPS). The results showed that plants fertilized more frequently (1–2–4 phyllochrons) had a higher (p < 0.001) accumulated herbage mass than plants fertilized every 8 phyllochrons. On the other hand, the fertilization frequency modified the herbage production over the experimental period (p < 0.05). Total crude protein was higher in plants fertilized less frequently, but crude protein fractions were not affected by fertilization frequency.
Habitat preferences of Ceruchus chrysomelinus, an endangered relict beetle of the natural Central European montane forests
Authors: Kašák Josef , Mazalová Monika , Šipoš Jan , Foit Jiří , Hučín Marek , Kuras Tomáš 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Montane forests represent the majority of natural forests remaining in Europe. Their quality can be indicated by the occurrence of saproxylic invertebrates. Information on the habitat requirements of threatened species inhabiting such forests is a necessary prerequisite for qualified management decisions.

Ceruchus chrysomelinus (Lucanidae) is an endangered relict species of European montane forests, but its ecology has been poorly studied to date. Hence, the habitat requirements of the species were analysed using fallen log sampling at four localities in the Hrubý Jeseník Mts., Czech Republic.

The main factors affecting the beetle's occurrence were decay stage, rot type, diameter, and humidity of the log. We found that C. chrysomelinus developed in humid, medium‐to‐strongly decayed logs, with brown rot penetrated deep into the wood. Spatial analysis showed random distribution of logs colonised by C. chrysomelinus, which is likely a result of the continual long‐term presence of the species at the localities.

C. chrysomelinus can thrive only in forests with a continuously sufficient supply of logs with specific features. Since the majority of European forests suffer from diminished spatio‐temporal heterogeneity, populations of C. chrysomelinus need to be supported by repetitive felling and leaving suitable trees (within a radius of tens to a hundred metres from colonised logs). In well‐preserved natural forests, just leaving them unmanaged might be an appropriate conservation strategy. C. chrysomelinus is one of the relicts indicating European natural forests; successful conservation of its habitat may then open an umbrella for many other saproxylic organisms.
Identifying historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing using bibliometrics
Authors: Blažun Vošner Helena , Kokol Peter , Železnik Danica , Završnik Jernej 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsThe aim of the paper is to present the results of the Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy analysis of the historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing.BackgroundThe importance of studying nursing history is well known. It enables nurses to learn from past experiences of other nurses to influence the everyday practice settings better. Cardiovascular nursing has made major contributions in improving cardiovascular health; however, the history of its knowledge development has not been studied yet.DesignBibliometric analysis was used in our study.MethodsThe corpus was harvested from Scopus on 9 April 2018, using the search string cardi* nurs* in Source titles. Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy analysis was performed using the CRExplorer software.ResultsThe search resulted in 4226 papers containing 53 711 references. Among them, we identified 22 important historical root papers, the oldest from 1651. Thematically historical root papers were related mostly to cardiovascular phenomena, depression, and ethical questions. The oldest roots of cardiovascular nursing are mostly medically oriented; however, they include a paper written by nursing pioneer Florence Nightingale.ConclusionReference Publication Year Spectroscopy Analysis showed to be a viable approach to analyse the historical roots of knowledge development in cardiovascular nursing
Rate of change in body mass index at different ages during childhood and adult obesity risk
Authors: Zhang Tao , Whelton Paul K. , Xi Bo , Krousel‐Wood Marie , Bazzano Lydia , He Jiang , Chen Wei , Li Shengxu 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundChildhood body mass index (BMI) predicts adult obesity. How growth trajectories during childhood relate to adult obesity risk is not well defined.ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize BMI growth trajectories from childhood to midlife and to examine the associations between BMI growth rates at childhood age points and adult obesity risk.MethodsThe longitudinal study included 2732 participants with repeated BMI measurements from childhood (4‐19 y) to adulthood (20‐51 y). A random‐effects model was used to construct BMI growth curves by race and sex. Model‐estimated levels and linear growth rates of BMI were linked to adult obesity in separate multivariable logistic regression models at individual childhood age points.ResultsBMI followed cubic growth curves. Childhood BMI linear slope estimates were higher in adults with obesity than in adults without obesity (P < 0.001). The association between childhood BMI growth rate and adult obesity was significantly higher in puberty and postpuberty (12‐19 y) than in early childhood (4‐11 y) with a peak at age 14 (odds ratio = 3.1 and 95% confidence interval, 2.7‐3.5).ConclusionsRates of change in BMI at different childhood ages are differentially associated with adult obesity. Puberty and postpuberty are crucial periods for the development of obesity in later life.
Enrolment in Mathematics and Physics at The Advanced Level in Secondary School Among Two Generations of Highly Skilled Immigrants
Authors: Lissitsa Sabina , Chachashvili‐Bolotin Svetlana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis research focuses on enrolment in advanced level Mathematics and Physics in secondary school among first and second generations of Former Soviet Union immigrants and third generation Israeli‐born Jews. The article made use of the Israeli Ministry of Education's database, which includes data on all students who finished their secondary education with a matriculation certificate in 2013. Our findings show the advantage of enrolment in Physics, which is perceived as the most difficult subject, among FSU immigrant students compared to the third generation of Israeli‐born students. This advantage may be explained by their STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics)‐related cultural capital. However, first‐generation FSU students were less likely to be enrolled in advanced‐level Mathematics compared to third‐generation Jews. These findings may emphasize the role of the Israeli education system as a gatekeeper in entering more prestigious Mathematics.
Impact of influenza on hospitalization rates in children with a range of chronic lung diseases
Authors: Homaira Nusrat , Briggs Nancy , Oei Ju‐Lee , Hilder Lisa , Bajuk Barbara , Snelling Tom , Chambers Georgina M. , Jaffe Adam 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundData on burden of severe influenza in children with a range of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) remain limited.MethodWe performed a cohort study to estimate burden of influenza‐associated hospitalization in children with CLDs using population‐based linked data. The cohort comprised all children in New South Wales, Australia, born between 2001 and 2010 and was divided into five groups, children with: (a) severe asthma; (b) bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD); (c) cystic fibrosis (CF); (d) other congenital/chronic lung conditions; and (e) children without CLDs. Incidence rates and rate ratios for influenza‐associated hospitalization were calculated for 2001‐2011. Average cost/episode of hospitalization was estimated using public hospital cost weights.ResultsOur cohort comprised 888 157 children; 11 058 (1.2%) had one of the CLDs. The adjusted incidence/1000 child‐years of influenza‐associated hospitalization in children with CLDs was 3.9 (95% CI: 2.6‐5.2) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5‐0.9) for children without. The rate ratio was 5.4 in children with CLDs compared to children without. The adjusted incidence/1000 child‐years (95% CI) in children with severe asthma was 1.1 (0.6‐1.6), with BPD was 6.0 (3.7‐8.3), with CF was 7.4 (2.6‐12.1), and with other congenital/chronic lung conditions was 6.9 (4.9‐8.9). The cost/episode (95% CI) of influenza‐associated hospitalization was AUD 19 704 (95% CI: 11 715‐27 693) for children with CLDs compared to 4557 (95% CI: 4129‐4984) for children without.DiscussionThis large population‐based study suggests a significant healthcare burden associated with influenza in children with a range of CLDs.
On the synchronicity of flash sintering and phase transformation
Authors: Yoon Bola , Yadav Devinder , Ghose Sanjit , Sarin Pankaj , Raj Rishi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThere is growing evidence that oxides of complex chemistries can be formed in one step by reactive flash sintering of their elemental constituents. Here we explore the temporal relationship between phase transformation and sintering by combining measurements of sintering with in situ measurements of phase transformation. The experiments are carried out under current rate, where flash is induced by injecting current and increasing it at a constant rate. We show that phase transformation of powders of magnesia and α‐alumina into single‐phase magnesium aluminate spinel was completed in 45 seconds, whereas sintering to full density required 60 seconds.
The reducing effect of positive imagined intergroup contact on intergroup attributional bias
Authors: Ma Weijun , Feng Rui , Lu Binglei , Xie Qiang , Jiang Lianxiong , Liu Xiting 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCurrently, the Han and Uygur ethnicities in Xinjiang, China are generally in a peaceful state; however, there are also disagreements and conflicts. Through three studies, this article explores intergroup attributional bias (in‐group favoring and out‐group derogating pattern of attribution) between the Hans and Uygurs in Xinjiang, China, and the reducing effect of positive imagined intergroup contact on intergroup attributional bias. Using high school students from Han and Uygur as participants, Study 1 investigated participants’ attributional patterns for in‐group and out‐group members presenting desirable or undesirable behaviors in daily situations. The results revealed that both Hans and Uygurs demonstrate an in‐group favoring pattern of attribution, but not an out‐group derogating pattern. Study 2 added a brief positive imagined intergroup contact (experimental group) or a brief positive imagination of an outdoor scene (control group) before participants completed the same questionnaire as in Study 1 and found a weaker intergroup attributional bias in the experimental group. In Study 3, Han students who had a positive imagined contact with a Uygur demonstrated a closer distance and reported more positive attitudes toward Uygurs than Han students who had imagined contact with a nonspecific stranger. Studies 2 and 3 together indicated a reducing effect of imagined contact on intergroup attributional bias through improvement of intergroup attitudes. The conclusion of this research is particularly meaningful for the Hans and Uygurs, as it implies that properly implemented positive imagined intergroup contacts might be a useful remedy for reducing potential conflicts.
Patch‐scale biodiversity retention in fragmented landscapes: Reconciling the habitat amount hypothesis with the island biogeography theory
Authors: Bueno Anderson Saldanha , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimTo test whether the species richness of understorey insectivorous birds on forest islands induced by a major hydroelectric dam is best explained by either the island biogeography theory (IBT) or the habitat amount hypothesis (HAH). Given the low dispersal ability of the focal species group and the hostile water matrix, we predict that the species richness will be predominantly driven by an island effect as posited by the IBT, rather than a sample area effect as posited by the HAH.LocationForest islands within the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir, central Brazilian Amazonia.TaxonBirds.MethodsWe mist‐netted birds at 33 forest islands (0.63–1,699 ha), totalling 874 individuals of 59 species. The size of the local landscape used to calculate the habitat amount was determined by a multi‐scale analysis in which buffers around mist‐net lines ranged from 50 to 2,000 m. We applied four tests to examine whether the species richness on forest islands is predominantly driven by either an island effect (island size) or a sample area effect (habitat amount).ResultsFrom the four tests applied, one was consistent with an island effect, two were regarded as inappropriate to test the HAH, and one could not be adequately addressed due to island size being highly correlated with habitat amount in the local landscape (200‐m buffer).Main conclusionsSome of the proposed ways of testing the HAH may lead to misleading conclusions. The relative importance of island size in determining the species richness of understorey insectivorous birds on forest islands is higher than that of surrounding habitat amount, thereby providing stronger support for IBT. We propose a conceptual framework, based on the degree of matrix permeability and species dispersal ability, to determine to what extent a patch‐ or landscape‐centric worldview in landscape ecology provides the most appropriate framework to assess the effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity.