bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 4 reviews the basic notions of equilibrium statistical mechanics and begins with its fundamental postulate and outlines the structure of the theory using the most important of the various statistical ensembles, the microcanonical, the canonical, and the grand canonical ensemble and their corresponding thermodynamic potential, the internal energy, the Helmholtz free energy, and the grand canonical potential. The notions of temperature, pressure, and chemical potential are obtained and it introduces the laws of thermodynamics, the Gibbs entropy, and the concept of the partition function. It also discusses quantum statistical mechanics using the density matrix and as applied to non-interacting Bosonic and Fermionic quantum gases, the former showing Bose–Einstein condensation. The mean-field theory of interacting magnetic moments and the transfer matrix to exactly solve the Ising model in one dimension serve as applications.
Conformal Symmetry in Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe core of the exposition of the theory of conformal symmetry in statistical mechanics are the concepts of correlation functions of order parameter fields, whose behaviour under conformal transformations are the defining characteristic of conformal field theories. Chapter 7 discusses the transformation properties of the energy-momentum tensor, the conformal Ward identities, and the operator product expansion lead to the loop or Witt algebra with central extension, the Virasoro algebra, allowing the characterization of the possible universality classes, in particular through the conformal anomaly or central charge. It discusses how the finite-size corrections to thermodynamic quantities, obtained from conformal transformations to finite geometries, can be used to determine critical parameters, especially the central charge.
Six-Vertex Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers the special case of the six-vertex model on a square lattice using a trigonometric parameterization of the vertex weights. It demonstrates how, by exploiting the Yang-Baxter relations, the six-vertex model is diagonalized and the Bethe ansatz equations are derived. The Hamiltonian of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is obtained from the transfer matrix for a special value of the spectral parameter together with an infinite set of further conserved quantum operators. By the diagonalization of the transfer matrix the exact solution of the one-dimensional quantum spin chain Hamiltonian has automatically also been obtained, which is given by the same Bethe ansatz equations.
Electronic Systems
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Bethe ansatz can be generalized to problems where particles have internal degrees of freedom. The generalized method can be viewed as two Bethe ansätze executed one after the other: nested Bethe ansatz. Electronic systems are the most relevant examples for condensed matter physics. Prominent electronic many-particle systems in one dimension solvable by a nested Bethe ansatz are the one-dimensional δ-Fermi gas, the one-dimensional Hubbard model, and the Kondo model. The major difference to the Bethe ansatz for one component systems is a second, spin, eigenvalue problem, which has the same form in all cases and is solvable by a second Bethe ansatz, e.g. an algebraic Bethe ansatz. A quantum dot tuned to Kondo resonance and coupled to an isolated metallic ring presents an application of the coupled sets of Bethe ansatz equations of the nested Bethe ansatz.
Thermodynamics of the Isotropic Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents the extension of the Bethe ansatz to finite temperature, the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, for the antiferromagnetic isotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain, the XXX quantum spin chain. It discusses how the added complications of this model arise from the more complicated structure of excitations of the quantum spin chain, the complex string excitations, which have to be included in the Bethe ansatz thermodynamics. It derives the integral equations of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz for the XXX quantum spin chain and mentions explicit formulas for the free energy of the quantum spin chain and some interesting physical quantities, especially making contact with predictions of conformal symmetry.
Finite Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Bethe ansatz genuinely considers a finite system. The extraction of finite-size results from the Bethe ansatz equations is of genuine interest, especially against the background of the results of finite-size scaling and conformal symmetry in finite geometries. The mathematical techniques introduced in chapter 19 permit a systematic treatment in this chapter of finite-size corrections as corrections to the thermodynamic limit of the system. The application of the Euler-Maclaurin formula transforming finite sums into integrals and finite-size corrections transforms the Bethe ansatz equations into Wiener–Hopf integral equations with inhomogeneities representing the finite-size corrections solvable using the Wiener–Hopf technique. The results can be compared to results for finite systems obtained from other approaches that are independent of the Bethe ansatz method. It briefly discusses higher-order corrections and offers a general assessment of the finite-size method.
High on God
Authors: Wellman James , Corcoran Katie , Stockly Kate 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Humans are homo duplex, seeking to be individuals but knowing this is only possible in communities. Thus, humans struggle to integrate these two sides of their nature. Megachurches have been enormously successful at resolving this struggle. How do they do it, and what is it about their structure and rituals that makes so many feel as if they are high on God? The affective energies and emotional valences that characterize religious ecstasy are the primary focus of our study of megachurches. Empirically, humans want and desire forms of what Randall Collins calls “emotional energy.” Drawing on extensive qualitative and quantitative data on twelve nationally representative megachurches, we identify six desires that megachurches evoke and meet: acceptance, awe and spiritual stimulation, reliable leadership, deliverance, purpose, and solidarity in a community of like-minded others. Megachurches satisfy these desires through co-presence—being in the presence of other desiring people—a shared mood achieved through powerful musical worship services, a mutual focus of attention on the charismatic senior pastor who acts as an emotional charging agent, transformative altar calls, service opportunities, and small-group participation. This interaction ritual chain solidifies attendees’ commitment and group loyalty, and keeps them coming back to be recharged. Megachurches also have a dark side: they are known for their highly publicized scandals often involving malfeasance of the senior pastor. After examining the positive and negative sides to megachurches, we conclude that they successfully meet the desire of humans to flourish as individuals and to do so in a group.
Where Are the Gates?
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of where the border has been controlled in Europe and the United States. The border is not a uniform area of control, but an area that is controlled at different points in different ways. Some points of control may indeed be somewhere on the lines of the map, while others may be deep within the territory of the state. Others, moreover, are far from the state itself, in the territory of other states. Border control varies and defines different aspects of the frontier. This chapter also explores variations in the regulation of people and trade. How is it possible to regulate movement of people across the border, in the face of economic forces that push for greater openness, while security concerns and powerful political forces push toward greater closure? The chapter examines whether the hardening of border control for people necessarily obstructs the growth of free trade.
Border Policies
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how border policies have evolved in Europe and the United States. It goes beyond law and deals more broadly with what has been termed “policy output. ” The chapter considers how policies have varied over time and space, and the author argues that in both Europe and the United States immigration policy has increasingly become focused on the border, the reinforcement of border controls, and the link between other aspects of immigration to these controls. The framing of the political problem of immigration—as one of legal entry in the United States, and integration in Europe—has been connected to questions of border control and enforcement. Even as levels of immigration have been stable, or even in decline, policy on the border has become more important. The chapter concludes by dealing with outcomes, which help us to understand the relevance of policy objectives.
The Politics of Border Control in Europe
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the growing politicization of border control policy in Europe. It first examines why the border has become important at all at a time when some have argued that borders are increasingly less relevant. The relatively easy movement of migrants into Europe until the 1970s was matched by the easy movement across the soft northern and southern borders of the United States at the same time. How, then, did the issue of the border become increasingly salient? This chapter argues that the developing political salience of the border has been the principle result, first of the reframing of the question of immigration by political party leaders as a failure by the state to control the challenge to identity. Party leaders and electoral competition have then mobilized public opinion around issues of border control as a political priority. This has taken place in the context of cross-border population movements within Europe, and by increased numbers of asylum seekers seeking entry into Europe.
The Politics of Border Control in the United States
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the shift in border policy in the United States. The shift evolved with what was framed as the surge of undocumented immigration after 1980, and the securitization of what had been a circulation of workers from Mexico to and from the United States. The perception of failure of immigration policy emerged not from a widespread reaction to a sense of failed integration, as in Europe, but to the increased political focus on the growth of the population of undocumented immigrants. The progressive reinforcement of the border, particularly after 1992, had the perverse effect of providing an incentive for migrants to remain on the US side in larger numbers than ever before. The growth of the undocumented population weighed on the political process in three ways. First, it fed a growing perception of failure of the adequacy of southern border controls. Second, as the issue of the border became politicized, it began to undermine stable understandings of policy within the policy network on immigration. Third, the border became a growing focus for intra- and interpolitical party conflict, and was accelerated by federal dynamics.
Explaining State Preemption of Local Laws: Political, Institutional, and Demographic Factors
Authors: Flavin Patrick , Shufeldt Gregory 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite increasing popular and media attention to the preemption of local policymaking by state governments, the empirical political science literature on preemption remains relatively scarce. After first identifying and discussing state preemption laws across twenty-one diverse public policies, we investigate how political, institutional, and demographic factors predict the implementation of these laws. Our empirical analysis reveals that states where Republicans control both legislative chambers and the governorship, with more politically conservative citizens, a higher percentage of African Americans, and a stronger conservative interest group presence passes more laws that preempt local policymaking. Our results demonstrate that state preemption efforts are more closely associated with political and demographic factors and less associated with institutional forces.
A Geometrical Regularity Criterion in Terms of Velocity Profiles for the Three-Dimensional Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Tran C V , Yu X 
Published: September 2019

SummaryIn this article, we present a new kind of regularity criteria for the global well-posedness problem of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the whole space. The novelty of the new results is that they involve only the profiles of the magnitude of the velocity. One particular consequence of our theorem is as follows. If for every fixed $t\in (0,T)$, the ‘large velocity’ region $\Omega:=\{(x,t)\mid |u(x,t)|&gt;C(q)\left|\mkern-2mu\left|{u}\right|\mkern-2mu\right|_{L^{3q-6}}\}$, for some $C(q)$ appropriately defined, shrinks fast enough as $q\nearrow \infty$, then the solution remains regular beyond $T$. We examine and discuss velocity profiles satisfying our criterion. It remains to be seen whether these profiles are typical of general Navier–Stokes flows.
Shareholder Governance and CEO Compensation: The Peer Effects of Say on Pay
Authors: Denis Diane K , Jochem Torsten , Rajamani Anjana 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We document that firms whose compensation peers experience weak say on pay votes reduce CEO compensation following those votes. Reductions reflect proxy adviser concerns about peers’ compensation contracts and are stronger when CEOs receive excess compensation, when they compete more closely with their weak-vote peers in the executive labor market, and when those peers perform well. Reductions occur following peers’ disclosures of revised pay and are proportional to those needed to retain firms’ relative positions in their peer groups. We conclude that the spillover effects of shareholder voting occur through both learning and compensation targeting channels. (JEL G34, G38, J38, M12, M52)
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Transcriptome profiling of postharvest shoots identifies PheNAP2- and PheNAP3-promoted shoot senescence
Authors: Li Xiangyu , Xie Lihua , Zheng Huifang , Cai Miaomiao , Cheng Zhanchao , Bai Yucong , Li Juan , Gao Jian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The juvenile shoots of Phyllostachys edulis have been used as a food source for thousands of years, and it is recognized as a potential source of nutraceuticals. However, its rapid senescence restricts bamboo production and consumption, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of rapid shoot senescence remain largely unclear. In the present study, transcriptome profiling was employed to investigate the molecular regulation of postharvest senescence in shoots, along with physiological assays and anatomical dissections. Results revealed a distinct shift in expression postharvest, specifically transitions from cellular division and differentiation to the relocation of nutrients and programmed cell death. A number of regulatory and signaling factors were induced during postharvest senescence. Moreover, transcription factors, including NAM, ATAF and CUC (NAC) transcription factors, basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, basic region/leucine zipper transcription factors, MYB transcription factors and WRKY transcription factors, were critical for shoot postharvest senescence, of which NACs were the most abundant. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 were induced in postharvest shoots and found to promote leaf senescence in Arabidopsis by inducing the expression of AtSAG12 and AtSAG113. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 could both restore the stay-green Arabidopsis nap to the wild-type phenotype either under normal growth condition or under abscisic acid treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that PheNAPs may promote shoot senescence. These findings provide a systematic view of shoot senescence and will inform future studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for shoot degradation during storage.
Predicting individual clinical trajectories of depression with generative embedding
Authors: Frässle Stefan , Marquand Andre F. , Schmaal Lianne , Dinga Richard , Veltman Dick J. , van der Wee Nic J.A. , van Tol Marie-José , Schöbi Dario , Penninx Brenda W.J.H. , Stephan Klaas E. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTPatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) show heterogeneous treatment response and highly variable clinical trajectories: while some patients experience swift and enduring recovery, others show relapsing-remitting or chronic disease course. Predicting individual clinical trajectories at an early disease stage is a key challenge for psychiatry and might facilitate individually tailored interventions. So far, however, reliable predictors at the single-patient level are absent.Here, we evaluated the utility of a machine learning strategy – generative embedding – which combines an interpretable generative model with a discriminative classifier. Specifically, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of emotional face perception in 85 MDD patients from the multi-site longitudinal NEtherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) who had been followed up over two years and classified into three subgroups with distinct clinical trajectories. Combining a generative model of effective (directed) connectivity with support vector machines (SVMs), it was possible to predict whether a given patient will experience chronic depression vs. fast remission with a balanced accuracy of 79%. Gradual improvement vs. fast remission could still be predicted above-chance, but less convincingly, with a balanced accuracy of 61%. Importantly, generative embedding outperformed conventional (descriptive) measures such as functional connectivity or local BOLD activity, which did not predict clinical trajectories with above-chance accuracy. Furthermore, the predictive performance of generative embedding could be assigned to a specific network property: the dynamic modulation of connections by the emotional content of the trial-by-trial stimuli. Our findings suggest that a mechanistically informed generative model of a neuronal circuit underlying emotional face perception may have predictive utility for distinguishing disease courses in MDD patients.
Using Hierarchical Clustering to Explore Patterns of Deprivation Among English Local Authorities
Authors: Senior Steven L. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe English Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is widely used as a measure of deprivation of geographic areas in analyses of health inequalities between places. However, similarly ranked areas can differ substantially in the underlying domains and indicators that are used to calculate the IMD score. These domains and indicators contain a richer set of data that might be useful for classifying local authorities. Clustering methods offer a set of techniques to identify groups of areas with similar patterns of deprivation. This could offer insights into areas that face similar challenges.MethodsHierarchical agglomerative (i.e. bottom-up) clustering methods were applied to sub-domain scores for 152 upper-tier local authorities. Recent advances in statistical testing allow clusters to be identified that are unlikely to have arisen from random partitioning of a homogeneous group. The resulting clusters are described in terms of their subdomain scores and basic geographic and demographic characteristics.ResultsFive statistically significant clusters of local authorities were identified. These clusters represented local authorities that were:Most deprived, predominantly urban;Least deprived, predominantly rural;Less deprived, rural;Deprived, high crime, high barriers to housing; andDeprived, low education, poor employment, poor health.ConclusionHierarchical clustering methods identify five distinct clusters that do not correspond closely to quintiles of deprivation. These methods can be used to draw on the richer set of information contained in the IMD domains and may help to identify places that face similar challenges, and places that appear similar in terms of IMD scores, but that face different challenges.
Genome-wide Selection Scan in an Arabian Peninsula Population Identifies aTNKShaplotype Linked to Metabolic Traits and Hypertension
Authors: Eaaswarkhanth Muthukrishnan , dos Santos Andre Luiz Campelo , Gokcumen Omer , Al-Mulla Fahd , Thanaraj Thangavel Alphonse 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDespite the extreme and varying environmental conditions prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, it has experienced several waves of human migrations following the out-of-Africa diaspora. Eventually, the inhabitants of the peninsula region adapted to the hot and dry environment. The adaptation and natural selection that shaped the extant human populations of the Arabian Peninsula region have been scarcely studied. In an attempt to explore natural selection in the region, we analyzed 662,750 variants in 583 Kuwaiti individuals. We searched for regions in the genome that display signatures of positive selection in the Kuwaiti population using an integrative approach in a conservative manner. We highlight a haplotype overlappingTNKSthat showed strong signals of positive selection based on the results of the multiple selection tests conducted (integrated Haplotype Score, Cross Population Extended Haplotype Homozygosity, Population Branch Statistics, and log-likelihood ratio scores). Notably, theTNKShaplotype under selection potentially conferred a fitness advantage to the Kuwaiti ancestors for surviving in the harsh environment while posing a major health risk to present-day Kuwaitis.
sRNAanno --- a database repository of uniformly-annotated small RNAs in plants
Authors: Chen Chengjie , Feng Junting , Liu Bo , Li Jiawei , Feng Lei , Yu Xiaoling , Zhai Jixian , Meyers Blake C. , Xia Rui 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSmall RNAs (sRNAs) are essential regulatory molecules, including three mayor classes in plants, microRNAs (miRNAs), phased small interfering RNAs (phased siRNAs or phasiRNAs), and heterochromatic siRNAs (hc-siRNAs). Except miRNAs, the other two classes are not well-annotated and collected in public databases for most sequenced plant genomes. We performed comprehensive sRNA annotation for 138 plant species, which have fully sequenced genomes and public next-generation-sequencing (NGS) sRNA data available. The results are available via an online repository called sRNAanno (www.plantsRNAs.org). Compared to plant miRNAs deposited in miRBase, we obtained much more miRNAs, which are more complete and reliable because of consistent and high-stringent criteria used in our miRNA annotation. sRNAanno also provides free access to genomic information for >16,000 PHAS loci and >21,000,000 hc-siRNA loci annotated from these 138 plants. On the basis of Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV), we developed a visualization tool for browsing NGS sRNA data (IGV-sRNA), which have been integrated a series of new functions compatible to specific sRNA features. To make sRNA annotation an easy task, sRNAanno also provides free service of sRNA annotation to the community. In summary, sRNAanno and IGV-sRNA are great resources to facilitate the genomic and genetic research of plant small RNAs.