bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Successes and Challenges for the European Court, Seen from the Outside
Authors: Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: June 2019

This piece is adapted from an address delivered to a conference sponsored by the Council of Europe and PluriCourts on The Long-Term Future of the European Court of Human Rights in Oslo, Norway on April 7, 2014.This post addresses the successes and challenges for the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as seen from the outside. It draws upon my co-authored research on human rights systems outside of Europe to explain how these systems have responded to some of the same challenges now facing the Council of Europe and the ECtHR. My main contention is that international human rights courts, wherever they are located, require sustained political and material support if they are to thrive and grow over time.
Amateur and Commercial Collecting in Paleontology
Authors: Boyce Japheth B. 
Published: June 2019

“…SPEAK TO THE EARTH, AND LET IT TEACH YOU.” (Job 12:8 NASB)Ambitious collectors have been gathering fossils for centuries and should be allowed to continue. A glimpse at fossil collecting through history gives us an idea of how paleontology affects people. A Roman ruler, Gauis Caesar, better known as Caligula, did some field work in paleontology. Caligula was most likely mad. One of the common proofs pulled from history affirming his madness is the fact that he made his horse a councilman advisor to the senate. There are so many stories of the perverted life Caligula led, it is likely the term “caliginous,” which describes dark and gloomy aspects, came from his name.
Rechtschreibung ohne Schreiben
Authors: Lenhart Jan , Marx Peter , Segerer Robin , Schneider Wolfgang 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Fähigkeit zur Rechtschreibung ist eine Kernkompetenz schriftsprachlichen Ausdrucks, die üblicherweise mithilfe von Diktaten erfasst wird. Eine ökonomischere, aber im deutschen Sprachraum nur wenig verbreitete Alternative stellen Verfahren der Fehleridentifikation dar. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die psychometrische Güte eines Diktats und eines Fehleridentifikationstests am Ende der Sekundarstufe I verglichen. Hierzu wurden einer Stichprobe ( N = 188) von Schülerinnen und Schülern der neunten und zehnten Jahrgangsstufe der bayerischen Mittelschule (vormals Hauptschule) und des Gymnasiums ein Fehleridentifikationstest sowie ein Diktat vorgegeben. Es ergaben sich sowohl in der Gesamtstichprobe als auch in homogeneren Substichproben hohe Korrelationen zwischen Fehleridentifikationstest und Diktat. Beide Verfahren zeigten ähnlich hohe Zusammenhänge mit Lese- und Hörverstehen. Ebenso waren beide Verfahren vergleichbar gut in der Lage, zwischen Schülerinnen und Schülern der Mittelschule und des Gymnasiums zu unterscheiden, Schülerinnen und Schülern mit einer Lese-Rechtschreib-Schwäche zu identifizieren, sowie zwischen Schülerinnen und Schülern deutscher und anderer Erstsprache zu differenzieren. Ein Fehleridentifikationstest scheint sich somit auch in höheren Klassenstufen als ökonomische Alternative zum klassischen Diktat zu empfehlen.
Are EEP Events Important for the Tertiary Ozone Maximum?
Authors: Zawedde Annet Eva , Nesse Tyssøy Hilde , Stadsnes Johan , Sandanger Marit Irene 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnergetic particle precipitation (EPP) increases the production of odd hydrogen (HOX) species in the mesosphere, which catalytically destroy ozone (O3) in sunlight. Hence, the EPP‐HOX impact on the tertiary O3 maximum (TOM) depends on a complex geometry of a geographic‐oriented TOM, geomagnetic‐oriented auroral zone, producing short‐lived HOX species, and a destruction process depending on the solar zenith angle (SZA). Particle observations from the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detectors telescopes aboard the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites, and hydroxyl (OH) and O3 mixing ratios from Aura microwave limb sounder (MLS) are used to investigate the potential limitations of using the MLS observations to study EPP‐OH impact on the TOM in the Northern Hemisphere. Our results show limited overlap between the auroral zone and the TOM at twilight conditions. A composite analysis indicates O3 mixing ratio decrease over the auroral zone lagged by ∼1 day compared to the maximum energetic electron precipitation (EEP)‐OH impact. Hence, MLS is predominantly observing a lagged and lower estimate of the response of O3 to EEP‐OH at SZA > 95°. The EEP impact region within the TOM is smaller than the overlap region, strongly modulated by the background atmospheric dynamics. The results, although limited by the satellites viewing conditions, imply that the importance of EEP upon O3 mixing ratio is strongly influenced by the background atmosphere, both in terms of chemistry and dynamics. Multisatellite observations at different solar local times are required to separate the direct from the lagged EEP‐OH impact on O3.
Retrieval of Tropospheric Refractivity Profiles Using Slant Tropospheric Delays Derived From a Single Ground‐Based Global Navigation Satellite System Station
Authors: Xia Pengfei , Ye Shirong , Guo Min , Jiang Weiping , Xu Caijun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has proved to be a powerful tool for applications in meteorology. In this study, we propose a novel slant tropospheric delay (STD) model to obtain the vertical distribution of atmospheric refractivity based on a single ground‐based GNSS receiver. The new model is used to convert the STD into a function of the vertical gradient of temperature, and it is divided into two layers (above and below the tropopause) for integration. The optical vertical gradient of temperature can be estimated according to the STD obtained from the GNSS observations from a higher satellite elevation angle. The distribution of atmospheric refractivity can then be derived from the vertical gradient of temperature and the surface atmospheric refractivity. Moreover, to further improve the accuracy of the STD model‐derived atmospheric refractivity, we correct it using a “theoretical retrieval” method based on the STDs obtained at a lower elevation angle. The optical ranges of theoretical retrieval are obtained above and below 5 km. Finally, a search is performed for the value of atmospheric refractivity that best fits the model equations, and this value is taken as the final inversion result. Data collected from eight GNSS stations and nearby radiosonde stations in 2016 were used to verify the new method. Using the radiosonde‐derived values as a reference, the accuracy of the STD model‐derived atmospheric refractivity was improved by 13.4% compared with the traditional technique. In addition, again using the radiosonde‐derived values as a reference, the accuracy of the atmospheric refractivity derived with the optically corrected method was improved by 20.4% compared with the uncorrected STD model.
Triple Oxygen and Clumped Isotope Compositions of CO2 in the Middle Troposphere
Authors: Laskar Amzad H. , Mahata Sasadhar , Bhattacharya Sourendra K. , Liang Mao‐Chang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe report the oxygen isotopic anomaly (Δ17O) and clumped isotopic composition (Δ47) of CO2 sampled from the middle troposphere (~10 km above ground) during two CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container) flights in summer and winter seasons: one from Düsseldorf to Isla Margarita on 11 August 2001 and the other from Puerto Plata to Munich on 21 February 2002. The mid‐tropospheric Δ17O values were higher than the near‐surface values by 0.051 ± 0.010 ‰, indicating enhanced stratospheric influence. The Δ47 values were also higher by 0.160 ± 0.015 ‰ compared to that from the lower troposphere. Stratospheric influence is supported by the observed correlations of the Δ17O values with the mixing ratios of N2O, O3, and 14CO, which carry stratospheric signatures. The increase in the anomaly in the free troposphere represents a balance between the stratosphere‐troposphere exchange fluxes and biogeochemical/hydrospheric isotopic resetting rates at the Earth surface. Using a simple two box model with the free tropospheric Δ17O values, an average surface exchange rate of CO2 between 327 and 772 PgC/year is inferred, giving a CO2 turnover time of 1.4 to 2.8 years in the atmosphere. The present estimates are based on a rather small set of free tropospheric data and have relatively large uncertainties, but they agree with the existing model and proxy‐based estimates.
Ice and Permafrost Effects on Delta Morphology and Channel Dynamics
Authors: Lauzon Rebecca , Piliouras Anastasia , Rowland Joel C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractArctic regions are changing rapidly as permafrost thaws and sea ice retreats. These changes directly affect Arctic river deltas, but how permafrost and ice alter delta hydrology and sediment transport are not well researched. This knowledge gap limits our ability to forecast how these systems will respond to continued warming. We adapt the reduced complexity model of delta morphodynamics DeltaRCM to investigate the influences of permafrost and landfast ice on delta morphology and channel dynamics. We find that ice cover and permafrost decrease channel mobility, increase shoreline roughness, and route and deposit more sediment offshore. Ice cover also enhances overbank deposition, increasing subaerial delta elevations. Our modeling suggests that permafrost and ice loss in a warming climate could lead to less overbank and offshore deposition and more dynamic and spatially distributed fluxes of water and sediment across Arctic river deltas.
Squeezing Marsquakes Out of Groundwater
Authors: Manga Michael , Zhai Guang , Wang Chi‐Yuen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPore pressure in aquifers confined below a cryosphere will increase as Mars cools and the cryosphere thickens. Increased pore pressure decreases the effective stress and hence promotes seismicity. We calculate the rate of pore pressure change from cooling of Mars's interior and the modulation of pore pressure from solar and Phobos tides and barometric loading. Using the time‐varying pressure and tidal stresses, we compute Coulomb stress changes and the expected seismicity rate from a rate‐and‐state friction model. Seismicity rate will vary by several tens of percent to 2 orders of magnitude if the mean pore pressure is within 0.2 and 0.01 MPa of lithostatic, respectively. Seismic events promoted by high pore pressure may be tremor‐like. Documenting (or not) tidally modulated shallow seismicity would provide evidence for (or against) water‐filled confined aquifers, that pore pressure is high, and that the state of stress is close to failure—with implications for processes that can deliver water to the Martian surface.
Decadal Modulation of ENSO Spring Persistence Barrier by Thermal Damping Processes in the Observation
Authors: Fang Xiang‐Hui , Zheng Fei , Liu Zheng‐Yu , Zhu Jiang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe spring persistence barrier remains a critical challenge for the prediction of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) because it severely limits the potential ability of ENSO forecast across the boreal spring. Our observational analysis shows that the spring persistence barrier exhibited a significant decadal modulation in the last half century. Further analysis shows that this decadal modulation is caused by the decadal variation in spring ENSO stability, which, in turn, is dominated by the thermal damping feedback of the sea surface temperature (SST) through latent heat flux and shortwave radiation flux. The change of the thermal damping feedback is associated with the background mean SST, with a cooler SST corresponding to a greater ENSO instability and a severer spring persistence barrier and vice versa.
Multidecadal Change of the Mindanao Current: Is There a Robust Trend?
Authors: Duan Jing , Li Yuanlong , Wang Fan , Chen Zhaohui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTen ocean state estimate products are analyzed to quantify the multidecadal change of the Mindanao Current (MC). These data sets suggest multidecadal trends of the MC transport since 1961, 1980, and 1993 are weak (‐0.3 Sv, +0.7 Sv, and +2.1 Sv, respectively; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3/s) and not robust with respect to the large spread of different data sets. The primary cause is the discrepancies in different wind data sets, and change of the North Equatorial Current's bifurcation latitude also acts to attenuate the MC change. The bifurcation latitude shifts southward (northward) under enhanced (weakened) northeasterly trade winds and feeds less (more) water to the MC. Experimental simulations of a reduced‐gravity model forced by reanalysis and model‐projected wind trends suggest an asymmetry of the MC's response to wind forcing. Anomalous westerly winds in the western Pacific can dramatically enhance the MC through spinning up the cyclonic local recirculation.
Survey of Saturn Whistler Mode Hiss Intensity
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Averkamp T. F. , Kurth W. S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe have conducted an extensive survey of whistler mode hiss emission at Saturn using nearly the complete data set from the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science investigation. We distinguish the hiss emission by frequency and intensity threshold criteria. The survey includes all longitudes and latitudes >25° for r < 10 RS, limited to the availability of plasma density data. The results indicate that hiss intensity is highest at high latitude, and the level of intensity is larger than chorus by at least an order of magnitude. After a rapid increase in intensity starting near L = 13, the hiss intensity remains relatively constant extending to L > 100. The intensity of the hiss as a function of frequency has a shallow peak near 35 Hz but remains always in the range ~5 × 10−5 nT2 < I < ~10−3 nT2. These survey results will be important in modeling the scattering interactions of whistler mode emissions with electrons in the Saturn magnetosphere. Based on recent particle and field observations, sources of Saturn hiss occur on and near the footprints of field‐aligned currents, plasma injections, and reconnected field lines.
Solar Wind Ion Entry Into the Magnetosphere During Northward IMF
Authors: Sorathia K. A. , Merkin V. G. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Allen R. C. , Nykyri K. , Wing S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractExtended periods of northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lead to the formation of a cold, dense plasma sheet due to the entry of solar wind plasma into the magnetosphere. Identifying the paths that the solar wind takes to enter the magnetosphere, and their relative importance has remained elusive. Any theoretical model of entry must satisfy observational constraints, such as the overall entry rate and the dawn‐dusk asymmetry observed in the cold, dense plasma sheet. We model, using a combination of global magnetohydrodynamic and test particle simulations, solar wind ion entry into the magnetosphere during northward IMF and compare entry facilitated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability to cusp reconnection. For Kelvin‐Helmholtz entry we reproduce transport rates inferred from observation and kinetic modeling and find that intravortex reconnection creates buoyant flux tubes, which provides, through interchange instability, a mechanism of filling the central plasma sheet with cold magnetosheath plasma. For cusp entry we show that an intrinsic dawn‐dusk asymmetry is created during entry that is the result of alignment of the westward ion drift with the dawnward electric field typically observed during northward IMF. We show that both entry mechanisms provide comparable mass but affect entering plasma differently. The flank‐entering plasma is cold and dawn‐dusk symmetric, whereas the cusp‐entering plasma is accelerated and preferentially deflected toward dawn. The combined effect of these entry mechanisms results in a plasma sheet population that exhibits dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the manner that is seen in nature: a two‐component (hot and cold) dusk flank and hotter, broadly peaked dawn population.
Dynamics of Microscale Precursors During Brittle Compressive Failure in Carrara Marble
Authors: Kandula Neelima , Cordonnier Benoît , Boller Elodie , Weiss Jérôme , Dysthe Dag Kristian , Renard François 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMicroscale heterogeneities influence failure mechanisms in the crust. To track the microstructural changes in rock samples when loaded until failure, we employed a novel experimental technique that couples dynamic X‐ray microtomography imaging with a triaxial deformation apparatus. We studied the brittle failure of Carrara marble under triaxial compression. Dynamic tomographic data revealed the spatial organization of microfractures and damage increments characterizing the precursory activity toward catastrophic failure. We quantified the emergence of scaling relationships between microstructural parameters, including total damage volume, incremental damage volume, the largest connected microfracture, and the applied differential stress. The total volume of microfractures accumulated from the beginning of the experiment as well as the incremental damage showed power law increase. The growth of the largest connected microfracture was related to differential stress as a power law with divergence at failure. The microfracture volume increments were distributed according to a power law with an upper cutoff that itself spanned the entire volume toward failure. These characteristic features of brittle failure in Carrara marble under compression are in agreement with theoretical models that consider failure as a critical phase transition. We also observed that, very close to failure, several power law relationships broke down, which we interpret to be related to the coalescence of the largest microfractures in a finite size volume. Scaling laws and associated exponents computed from our data are compared with predictions made from theoretical and numerical models. Our results show that precursors of macroscopic brittle failure in Carrara marble follow predictable trends.
A Detailed Earthquake Catalog for the San Jacinto Fault‐Zone Region in Southern California
Authors: White Malcolm C. A. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Vernon Frank L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe develop an automated processing procedure to derive a new catalog of earthquake locations, magnitudes, and potencies and analyze 9 years of data between 2008 and 2016 in the San Jacinto fault‐zone region. Our procedure accounts for detailed 3‐D velocity structure using a probabilistic global‐search location inversion and obtains high‐precision relative event locations using differential travel times measured by cross‐correlating waveforms. The obtained catalog illuminates spatiotemporal seismicity patterns in the fault zone with observations for 108,800 earthquakes in the magnitude range −1.8 to 5.4. Inside a focus region consisting of an 80‐km by 50‐km rectangle oriented parallel to the main fault trace, we estimate a 99% detection rate of earthquakes with magnitude 0.6 and greater and detect and locate about 60% more events than those present in the Southern California Seismic Network catalog. The results provide the most complete catalog available for the focused study region during the analyzed period and include both deeper events and very shallow patches of seismicity not present in the regional catalog. The seismicity exhibits a variety of complex patterns that contain important information on deformation processes in the region. The fraction of event pairs with waveforms having cross‐correlation coefficients ≥0.95 is only about 3%, indicating diverse processes operating in the fault zone.
Silencing of microRNA-708 promotes cell growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating the SPHK2/AKT/β-catenin pathway in glioma
Authors: Chen Yan , Deng Xubin , Chen Weiquan , Shi Pengwei , Lian Mei , Wang Hongxiao , Wang Kewan , Qian Dadi , Xiao Dong , Long Hao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAberrant microRNA-708 (miR-708) expression is frequently reported in cancer studies; however, its role in glioma has not been examined in detail. We investigated miR-708 function in glioma and revealed that miR-708 expression was significantly down-regulated in glioma tissues and cell lines. Restoration of miR-708 inhibited glioma cell growth and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. The oncogene SPHK2 (sphingosine kinase 2) was identified as a downstream target of miR-708 using luciferase and western blot assays. miR-708 inhibited AKT/β-catenin signaling, which is activated by SPHK2. In addition, we revealed that miR-708 was transcriptionally repressed by EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2)-induced histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and promoter methylation. In summary, our findings revealed that miR-708 is a glioma tumor suppressor and suggest that miR-708 is a potential therapeutic target for glioma patients.
Brushing up functional materials
Authors: Ma Shuanhong , Zhang Xiaoqin , Yu Bo , Zhou Feng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSurface-grafting polymer brushes (SPB), which are used in a versatile technique to easily realize surface modifications, can be commonly used to change the inherent surface physical/chemical properties of materials. In particular, producing functional polymer brushes with well-defined chemical configurations, densities, architectures, and thicknesses on a material surface has become increasingly important in many fields. Achieving such goals is highly dependent on the progress of novel surface-grafting strategies, which are commonly based on surface-initiated polymerization (SIP) methods. On the other hand, practical applications have been given more attention since the SPB technique enables the engineering of materials with diverse functions. This review reports some new grafting strategies for generating polymer brush layers and then systematically summarizes research advances in the application of polymer brush-modified materials in multiple fields. Correspondingly, some necessary challenges of the SPB technique are unreservedly pointed out, with consideration given to its real applications in the future. The aim of this article is to tell readers how to engineer functional materials through SPB techniques and what can be done with polymer brushes in the future.
Limitations in predicting radiation-induced pharmaceutical instability during long-duration spaceflight
Authors: Blue Rebecca S. , Chancellor Jeffery C. , Antonsen Erik L. , Bayuse Tina M. , Daniels Vernie R. , Wotring Virginia E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs human spaceflight seeks to expand beyond low-Earth orbit, NASA and its international partners face numerous challenges related to ensuring the safety of their astronauts, including the need to provide a safe and effective pharmacy for long-duration spaceflight. Historical missions have relied upon frequent resupply of onboard pharmaceuticals; as a result, there has been little study into the effects of long-term exposure of pharmaceuticals to the space environment. Of particular concern are the long-term effects of space radiation on drug stability, especially as missions venture away from the protective proximity of the Earth. Here we highlight the risk of space radiation to pharmaceuticals during exploration spaceflight, identifying the limitations of current understanding. We further seek to identify ways in which these limitations could be addressed through dedicated research efforts aimed toward the rapid development of an effective pharmacy for future spaceflight endeavors.