bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Novel 3‐Substituted 2‐Thioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[g]quinazolin‐4‐ones and Their Reactions with Alkyl Halides and α‐Glycopyranosyl Bromides
Authors: Khodair Ahmed I. , Elsafi Mona A. , Al‐Issa Siham A. 
Published: July 2019

A series of 3‐substituted 2‐thioxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[g]quinazolin‐4‐ones 4a–e were synthesized from the reaction of 3‐aminonaphthalene‐2‐carboxylic acid 1 with isothiocyanate derivatives 2a–e. The alkylation of 4a–e with alkyl halides gave 3‐substituted 2‐alkylsulfanyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[g]quinazolin‐4‐ones 5a–o. S‐Glycosylation was carried out via the reaction of 4a–e with glycopyranosyl bromides 7a and 7b under anhydrous alkaline conditions. The structure of the compounds was established as S‐nucleoside and not N‐nucleoside. Conformational analysis has been studied by homonuclear and heteronuclear two‐dimensional NMR methods (2D DFQ‐COSY, heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation). The S site of alkylation and glycosylation was determined from the 1H and 13C heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence experiments.
Motivation to Lead: Preparing Leaders of the Future through an Understanding of Role Ambiguity and Perceived Organizational Support
Authors: Jones‐Carmack Joy 
Published: July 2019

The purpose of the current study was to expand on previous research on motivation to lead (MTL) by testing a situational model of MTL that included two contextual variables (i.e., goal and process clarity and perceived organizational support [POS]). Although researchers have acknowledged individual differences and situational factors may affect MTL, studies on how aspects of the work context impact an individual's MTL are limited. Thus, the current study empirically examined the effects of situational variables while controlling for individual differences previously found as predictors of an individual's MTL. The hypotheses were tested with hierarchical multiple regression applied to cross‐sectional data collected from a sample of retail employees (N = 170) at stores on the east coast of the United States. The hypotheses were partially supported. Contextual variables did account for significant additional variance in noncalculative MTL after controlling for individual differences. However, POS and goal and process clarity did not account for significant additional variance in affective‐identity MTL and social‐normative MTL. Past leadership experience and personality were the only significant predictors of affective‐identity MTL, and values and personality were the only significant predictors of social‐normative MTL. Theoretical and practical implications are presented and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Intracardiac 4D Flow MRI in Congenital Heart Disease: Recommendations on Behalf of the ISMRM Flow & Motion Study Group
Authors: Zhong Liang , Schrauben Eric M. , Garcia Julio , Uribe Sergio , Grieve Stuart M. , Elbaz Mohammed S.M. , Barker Alex J. , Geiger Julia , Nordmeyer Sarah , Marsden Alison , Carlsson Marcus , Tan Ru‐San , Garg Pankaj , Westenberg Jos J.M. , Markl Michael , Ebbers Tino 
Published: July 2019

Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy: Stage 5J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:677–681.
Combined impact of tropical central‐eastern Pacific and North Atlantic sea surface temperature on precipitation variation in monsoon transitional zone over China during August–September
Authors: Zhao Wei , Chen Wen , Chen Shangfeng , Yao Shuai‐Lei , Nath Debashis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical central‐eastern Pacific (TCEP) and tropical Northern Atlantic (TNA) both have significant impacts on the inter‐annual variation of precipitation over the monsoon transitional zone (MTZ) in China during August–September. This study further reveals that the relationship between TCEP (TNA) SST and MTZ precipitation during August–September is strongly modulated by the sign of the TNA (TCEP) SST. When TCEP and TNA SST anomalies have the same sign, connections of the TCEP and TNA SST with the MTZ precipitation are unclear. In contrast, TCEP and TNA SST changes both have significant relation with the MTZ precipitation when they have the opposite sign. During the same‐sign years, the anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly over the western North Pacific generated by the TCEP SST cooling (warming) is weakened by the cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly triggered by the TNA SST cooling (warming). Thus, connections of the MTZ precipitation with the TCEP and TNA SST are weak. However, during the opposite‐sign years, the anticyclonic anomalies over the western North Pacific generated by the TCEP SST anomalies have a constructive superposition on those induced by the TNA SST changes. As such, connections of the TCEP and TNA SST with the MTZ precipitation variation are significant. Further analysis shows that the prediction skill of precipitation over the MTZ is enhanced if taking both the TCEP and TNA SST signals into account.
Role of autumn Arctic Sea ice in the subsequent summer precipitation variability over East Asia
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhu Yali , Wang Huijun , Gao Yongqi , Sun Jianqi , Wang Tao , Ma Jiehua , Yurova Alla , Li Fei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study explored the interannual relationship between autumn Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) and the subsequent summer precipitation over East Asia (EASP). Since the late‐1990s, the declining SIC in the Kara–Laptev Seas has been significantly correlated with EASP as well as extremely positive anomalies in northern China and intensely negative anomalies in central‐eastern East Asia. However, there was a weak correlation between autumn SIC and EASP before the late‐1990s. Furthermore, the anomalous precipitation pattern in summer and its connection with autumn SIC variability can be explained by the seasonal persistence of continental processes (snow depth and soil moisture) into the spring. In particular, a decreasing SIC was connected with simultaneously positive and negative precipitation anomalies over northeastern China and the Siberian region, respectively, since the late‐1990s and tends to produce corresponding soil moisture anomalies over the Eurasian continent. Declining SIC also favours increased snow depth anomalies in winter over northeastern East Asia. These anomalous signals of surface processes can persist from winter into the subsequent spring, making the connection between the autumn SIC and EASP possible. The Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble simulations further verified these physical processes. More detailed mechanism for this relationship needs to be stressed in further work by numerical simulations. The results have important implications for extending the seasonal prediction validity of EASP. Moreover, before the late‐1990s, SIC‐related circulation anomalies shifted westward and northward as negative precipitation anomalies developed over west Siberia in autumn. As a result, anomalous dry soil conditions in Siberia persisted into the subsequent spring and then led to wetter‐than‐normal conditions through locally negative soil moisture–precipitation feedback before the late‐1990s.
A climatology of high‐wind events for the eastern United States
Authors: Gilliland Joshua M. , Black Alan W. , Durkee Joshua D. , Murley Victoria A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study examines the spatial and temporal characteristics of high‐wind events (HWEs) based on the National Weather Service high‐wind criteria for 391 first‐order weather stations in the eastern United States from 1973 to 2015. A geographical analysis on the frequency of sustained and gust HWEs shows that the highest occurrences were reported in the Great Plains and Great Lakes, while the lowest number of observations occurred in the Mid‐South and Southeast. Linear trends show that the yearly frequency of sustained and gust HWEs are significantly decreasing (−0.579 days/year) and increasing (0.943 days/year) respectively during the 43‐year study period. These trends do not persist when the HWE data are normalized (long‐term mean is removed from the yearly count), but shows a cyclical anomaly pattern for both sustained and gust winds. Overall, 90 and 82% of all sustained and gust HWEs occur from the northwest or southwest quadrant, but when interpreted from a spatial perspective the mean wind direction of HWEs can be classified into specific regional wind groupings. However, this persistent southwesterly wind direction has gradually shifted to a more southerly (northerly) orientation for sustained (gust) HWEs over the study period.
Impact of winter SST anomaly in tropical Eastern Pacific on following summer tropical cyclone precipitation in China
Authors: Wang Lei , Chen Jilong , Wu Liang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study reveals a significant effect of the winter sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (SSTA) in the tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) on the following summer tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) in mainland China. During the period 1979–2015, the positive winter TEP SSTA forces a SST zonal tripole pattern anomaly, which is positive SSTA in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), negative SSTA in the tropical Western Pacific (TWP), and positive SSTA in the TEP. This SSTA pattern triggers two simultaneous zonal circulation anomalies. One exhibits lower‐level convergent winds, mid‐tropospheric ascendant flows and upper‐level divergent winds over the Western TIO, and reversed situations over the TWP, producing anomalous lower‐level easterlies and upper‐level westerlies between the TIO and TWP. The other shows lower‐level convergence, mid‐tropospheric ascent, upper‐level divergence over the TEP, and reversed situations over the TWP, which create lower‐level westerlies and upper‐level easterlies between the TWP and TEP. The two circulation anomalies further warm the TEP (Western TIO) by driving ambient warm water toward this region and cool the TWP by inducing local upwelling, which facilitates the persistence of the anomalies until the summer. Consequently, the lower‐level negative vorticity, strong vertical wind shear and the lower‐level anticyclone anomalies over most of the Western North Pacific (WNP) are accompanied with anomalous mid‐tropospheric westerlies over the coastal regions in mainland China, suppressing TC genesis and movement towards mainland China so as to decrease the summer TCP in mainland China. These results provide an important implication that the winter TEP SSTA is a potential indicator for seasonal prediction of the WNP TC activity and the TCP in mainland China.
Two dominant factors governing the decadal cooling anomalies in winter in East China during the global hiatus period
Authors: Lei Ting , Li Shuanglin , Luo Feifei , Liu Na 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObservational analyses reveal substantial cooling anomalies in East China, during the global hiatus period (1998–2013), particularly in winter. The factors contributing to the winter cooling anomalies and the underlying mechanisms are studied. The results highlight the substantial roles played by two factors: Arctic sea ice reduction (i.e., sea ice area in Barents‐Kara Seas, SIA) and the sea surface temperature (SST) cooling anomalies in the Kuroshio extension region (KSST). Together, these factors contribute to approximate 90% of the trend anomaly of East China's area averaged surface air temperature (ECT). The individual contributions from SIA and KSST are investigated based on observational diagnostic analyses and sensitivity experiments. The results show that the contributions from the two factors are similar. Both SIA and KSST induce intensified geopotential height over the mid‐to‐high latitudes of the Eurasian continent, with the maximum over the Ural Mountains extending toward Lake Baikal. These anomalies intensify the Ural blocking activities and Mongolian cold high. Meanwhile, both forcings cause negative 500‐hPa geopotential height (Z500) anomalies over the central North Pacific that extends westward to East Asia, intensifying the climatological East Asian grand trough. However, KSST causes positive Z500 anomalies over the Bering Sea, but SIA does not. The enhanced Ural blocking activities and the deepened East Asian grand trough jointly favour the intensification of the East Asian winter monsoon, thus causing cooling anomalies in East China.
Temperature and gas concentration measurements with vibrational ultra‐broadband two‐beam femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering and spontaneous Raman scattering
Authors: Ran Yang , Junghanns Marcus , Boden André , Nolte Stefan , Tünnermann Andreas , Ackermann Roland 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn combustion and gasification diagnostics, the knowledge of temperature distribution and gas component concentration is crucial in order to understand or optimize such processes. In this study, we compare ultra‐broadband two‐beam femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (fs/ps CARS) with spontaneous Raman scattering to retrieve temperature and concentration information. We show that two‐beam fs/ps CARS can be effectively used for concentration measurements down to 0.5% CO in gas mixtures of CO2 and N2. With two‐beam fs/ps CARS, thermometry from ~200°C to ~800°C based on CARS spectra of CO2 or H2 is shown. With spontaneous Raman scattering, concentration determination is well performed in gas mixtures of H2, N2, and CO2 with H2 content ranging from 16% to 0.5% at room temperature and from 16% to 7% H2 at ~900°C. Besides, thermometry in gas mixtures of N2 and CO2 from ~200°C to ~600°C based on spontaneous Raman scattering is also shown in this study.
Continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring for thyroid cancer surgery: A prospective study
Authors: Onoda Naoyoshi , Noda Satoru , Tauchi Yukie , Asano Yuka , Kusunoki Yukina , Ishihara Sae , Morisaki Tamami , Kashiwagi Shinichiro , Takashima Tsutomu , Ohira Masaichi 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveWe evaluated the utility of continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring (CIONM) during surgery for thyroid cancer (TC) in an educational university hospital.Study DesignProspective observational study.MethodsDuring the period April 2016 to March 2017, 43 patients who underwent standardized surgery with CIONM were prospectively included: 5 men and 38 women, 24–87 years old (median 52 years); 23 lobectomies and 20 total thyroidectomies with node dissection were conducted. Thirty‐six operations were performed by a supervising surgeon, and seven were performed by trainees.ResultsTemporal vocal cord paresis (VCP) was identified in 9 of 63 nerves at risk (14.3%) by postoperative laryngoscopy. VCP was not related to clinical factors including the surgeon's experience or the severe nerve stress demonstrated by CIONM. A significant relation only between VCP and loss of signal (LOS) was demonstrated (P= .002). The recovery of VCP was rapid (<1 month) in patients with global injury even when LOS was demonstrated, but was prolonged in patients demonstrating obvious segmental nerve injury and LOS.ConclusionThe present standard protocol of CIONM was useful to some extent to protect prolonged VCP, but not enough to detect every nerve stress causing VCP during TC surgery. On the other hand, CIONM is a promising method that could contribute surgical education at training hospitals enabling the instant confirmation of the procedure safely.Levels of Evidence3b
Photodegradation disproportionately impacts biodegradation of semi‐labile DOM in streams
Authors: Bowen Jennifer C. , Kaplan Louis A. , Cory Rose M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExposure of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to sunlight can increase or decrease the fraction that is biodegradable (BDOM), but conceptual models fail to explain this dichotomy. We investigated the effect of sunlight exposure on BDOM, addressing three knowledge gaps: (1) how fractions of DOM overlap in their susceptibility to degradation by sunlight and microbes, (2) how the net effect of sunlight on BDOM changes with photon dose, and (3) how rates of DOM photodegradation and biodegradation compare in a stream. Stream waters were exposed to sunlight, and then fed through bioreactors designed to separate labile and semi‐labile pools within BDOM. The net effects of photodegradation on DOM biodegradability, while generally positive, represented the balance between photochemical production and removal of BDOM that was mediated by photon dose. By using sunlight exposure times representative of sunlight exposures in a headwater stream and bioreactors colonized with natural communities and scaled to whole‐stream dynamics, we were able to relate our laboratory findings to the stream. The impact of sunlight exposure on rates of DOM biodegradation in streams was calculated using rates of light absorption by chromophoric DOM, apparent quantum yields for photomineralization and photochemical alteration of BDOM, and mass transfer coefficients for labile and semi‐labile DOM. Rates of photochemical alteration of labile DOM were an order of magnitude lower than rates of biodegradation of labile DOM, but for semi‐labile DOM, these rates were similar, suggesting that sunlight plays a substantial role in the fate of semi‐labile DOM in streams.
Methane production in the oxygenated water column of a perennially ice‐covered Antarctic lake
Authors: Li Wei , Dore John E. , Steigmeyer August J. , Cho Yong‐Joon , Kim Ok‐Sun , Liu Yongqin , Morgan‐Kiss Rachael M. , Skidmore Mark L. , Priscu John C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAerobic methane production in aquatic ecosystems impacts the global atmospheric budget of methane, but the extent, mechanism, and taxa responsible for producing this greenhouse gas are not fully understood. Lake Bonney (LB), a perennially ice‐covered Antarctic lake, has cold hypersaline waters underlying an oxygenated freshwater layer. We present temporal methane concentration profiles in LB indicating methane production in the oxygenated (> 200% air saturation) water. Experiments amended with methylphosphonate (MPn) yielded methane generation, suggesting in situ methanogenesis via the carbon‐phosphorus (C‐P) lyase pathway. Enrichment cultures from the lake were used to isolate five bacterial strains capable of generating methane when supplied with MPn as the sole P source. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates belong to the Proteobacteria (closely related to Marinomonas, Hoeflea, and Marinobacter genera) and Bacteroidetes (Algoriphagus genus). 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing confirms the presence of these taxa in LB. None of the isolated species were reported to be capable to produce methane. In addition, orthologs of the phosphoenolpyruvate mutase gene (PepM) and methylphosphonate synthase (MPnS), enzymes involved in phosphonate and MPn biosynthesis, were widely spread in the LB shotgun metagenomic libraries; genes related to C‐P lyase pathways (phn gene clusters) were also abundant. 16S rRNA and mcrA genes of anaerobic methanogens were absent in both 16S rRNA and metagenomics libraries. These data reveal that in situ aerobic biological methane production is likely a significant source of methane in LB.
Influence of machining processes on rim zone properties and high temperature oxidation behavior of 42CrMo4
Authors: Zander Daniela , Klink Andreas , Harst Simon , Klocke Fritz , Altenbach Christoph 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe influence of different machining processes, grinding, electrochemical machining, and electro discharge machining on the surface integrity, described by residual stresses, roughness, and chemical composition, is investigated to explain their effect on the high temperature oxidation behavior of martensitic 42CrMo4 steel in an oxygen atmosphere. The results obtained by thermogravimetric in situ experiments reveal that compressive residual stresses and a smaller reactive surface adjusted by grinding lead to an improved oxidation resistance compared with electrochemical machined surfaces. Surface modification by electro discharge machining appears to be most suitable to achieve oxidation resistance due to decelerated initiation of the oxide layer growth compared with the ground surface. The improved oxidation resistance of electro discharge machined and ground surfaces is linked to the modified chemical composition of the rim zone and the rim zone residual stresses, respectively.
Rheological Aspects and Extension‐Induced Phase Separation in Electrospinning of Poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) Solutions in Dimethylformamide
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Chi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSolutions of poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) in dimethylformamide are used to study the relation between the rheological properties and electrospinning behavior. Light scattering of electrospinning jet is conducted to obtain the jet diameter at the straight jet end, from which the average extension rate of the jet is derived based on a simple approach. The extension rate is found to be higher than the terminal relaxation rate of polymer chains determined from the dynamic rheological properties. Based on this finding, the original single‐phase polymer solutions may undergo extensional flow‐induced phase separation in the straight jet section during electrospinning. String‐like structures in the liquid jet as well as in the solid fiber are observed by OM, SEM, TEM, and AFM to validate the hypothesis. The inhomogeneity in the jet, due to the presence of dissipative string structures, may serve as the potential precursor to produce lateral perturbations of jet motion to initiate the macroscopic bending instability at the straight jet end for the jet whipping. Moreover, the formation of the beaded fiber, that is, beads‐on‐a‐string structures, is likely relevant with the dissipative structures developed in the jet, besides the Rayleigh instability of the jet arising from surface tension.
Extremely severe scoliosis, heterotopic ossification, and osteoarthritis in a three‐generation family with Crouzon syndrome carrying a mutant c.799T>C FGFR2
Authors: Lin Meina , Lu Yongping , Sui Yu , Zhao Ning , Jin Ying , Yi Dongxu , Jiang Miao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCrouzon syndrome is a rare and complex autosomal dominant craniosynostosis syndrome with a prevalence of approximately 1 in 60,000 births. The typical features are craniosynostosis, proptosis, midfacial hypoplasia, and noncranial manifestations, including deformities in the cervical spine, elbow, and fingers. Crouzon syndrome is usually caused by pathogenic variants in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene.MethodsWe reported a three‐generation family with Crouzon syndrome; the proband showed extremely severe limb abnormalities. The clinical features were obtained by physical examination and radiographic examination. Sanger sequencing of all 18 exons of FGFR2 was conducted to identify the disease‐causing mutation.ResultsThe proband was a 44‐year‐old man who showed characteristics of Crouzon syndrome, including craniofacial dysostosis, shallow orbits, proptosis, midface hypoplasia, beaked nose, strabismus, short superior lip, short stature, and neck injection. In addition to these typical characteristics, radiographic examination showed severe scoliosis, heterotopic ossification of the elbows, knee osteoarthritis, metacarpophalangeal joint valgus, collapse of the articular surface of the thumb metacarpal, knuckle ossification and fusion. Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous pathogenic variant c.799T>C, p.(Ser267Pro) in exon 7 of FGFR2 in affected individuals.ConclusionCrouzon syndrome in this three‐generation family was caused by c.799T>C FGFR2, and the patient showed a different phenotypic appearance from other Crouzon patients with c.799T>C FGFR2.