bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of a theory-based web-intervention on the intention to use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes among college students: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Arabyat Rasha M , Borrego Matthew , Hamidovic Ajna , Sleath Betsy , Raisch Dennis W 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among college students is escalating at an alarming rate. A limited number of studies have utilized a theoretical framework to influence this behavior. To utilize the reasoned-action approach theory to design and evaluate a web-based intervention to influence students’ attitudes, perceived norms (PNs), perceived behavioral control (PBC) and intentions toward NMUPD. Using a two-group post-test only controlled trial, students were randomized to view either a general health website or a web-based intervention focused on NMUPD. The intervention was presented in multiple sections to address each component of the reasoned-action approach. Subsequently, respondents completed a web-survey. Independent t-tests were used to compare responses between the two groups. Of 391 respondents, 112 (28.9%) students indicated previous NMUPD. The intervention group had significantly (P = 0.04) more negative attitudes toward NMUPD. No significant differences were found in PNs (P = 0.11), PBC (P = 0.68) or intentions to NMUPD (P = 0.97). The intervention was successful in changing attitudes toward NMUPD. Targeting the intervention toward college students regardless of previous experiences of NMUPD might have led to insufficiency of the intervention to influence intentions. Additional research is needed to improve the intervention dissemination and utilization.
Shedding light on the link between early life sun exposure and risk of multiple sclerosis: results from the EnvIMS Study
Authors: Magalhaes Sandra , Pugliatti Maura , Riise Trond , Myhr Kjell-Morten , Ciampi Antonio , Bjornevik Kjetil , Wolfson Christina 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
Lower levels of sun exposure in childhood have been suggested to be associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). In this paper we extend previous work, using two novel analytical strategies.

Methods
Data collected in the Environmental risk factors In MS (EnvIMS) study, a case-control study with MS cases and population-based controls from Canada, Italy and Norway, were used. Participants reported on sun exposure behaviours for 5-year age intervals from birth; we focused on the first three age intervals (≤15 years). We compared two life course epidemiology conceptual models, the critical period and the accumulation model. We also used latent class analysis to estimate MS risk for different latent sun exposure behaviour groups.

Results
The analyses included 2251 cases and 4028 controls. The accumulation model was found to be the best model, which demonstrated a nearly 50% increased risk of MS comparing lowest reported summer sun exposure with highest [risk ratio (RR) = 1.47 (1.24, 1.74)]. The latent sun exposure behaviour group, characterized by low sun exposure during summer and winter and high sun protection use, had the highest risk of MS; a 76% increased risk as compared with the group with high sun exposure and low sun protection use [RR = 1.76 (1.27, 2.46)].

Conclusions
Our analyses provide novel insights into the link between sun exposure and MS. We demonstrate that more time indoors during childhood and early adolescence is linked with MS risk, and that sun protection behaviours in those who spend most time indoors may play a key role in increasing risk.
Translating Solitons of the Mean Curvature Flow Asymptotic to Hyperplanes in ℝn+1
Authors: Gama Eddygledson S , Martín Francisco 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A translating soliton is a hypersurface $M$ in ${\mathbb{R}}^{n+1}$ such that the family $M_t= M- t \,\mathbf e_{n+1}$ is a mean curvature flow, that is, such that normal component of the velocity at each point is equal to the mean curvature at that point $\mathbf{H}=\mathbf e_{n+1}^{\perp }.$ In this paper we obtain a characterization of hyperplanes that are parallel to the velocity and the family of tilted grim reaper cylinders as the only translating solitons in $\mathbb{R}^{n+1}$ that are $C^1$-asymptotic to two half-hyperplanes outside a non-vertical cylinder. This result was proven for translators in $\mathbb{R}^3$ by the 2nd author, Perez-Garcia, Savas-Halilaj, and Smoczyk under the additional hypotheses that the genus of the surface was locally bounded and the cylinder was perpendicular to the translating velocity.
People-powered data collaboratives: fueling data science with the health-related experiences of individuals
Authors: Evans Barbara J , Krumholz Harlan M 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The creation of people-driven data collaboratives, with governance structures that enable participants to have a meaningful voice in issues surrounding the use of their own data, is a novel strategy to harness our growing capacity to develop and maintain immense data assets from the real health experiences of individuals.
Finding ‘anonymous’ in the digital archives: The problem of Arden of Faversham
Authors: Taylor Gary 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis investigation re-examines debates about the authorship of the play Arden of Faversham, first published (anonymously) in 1592, and sometimes attributed to Shakespeare, Kyd, or Marlowe. More generally, it seeks to explain why modern data-driven attribution methods, which have created consensus about the authorship of The Revenger's Tragedy and other seventeenth-century plays, have failed to produce consistent results for plays written for the London commercial theaters in the years up to 1594. It proposes that attribution problems in that period can be better understood if plays are tested against authorial canons that include non-dramatic as well as dramatic works, using algorithms based on the evidence of n-grams and collocations, which seem not to be genre-dependent. It tests a sample passage from Scene 10 of Arden against the digital canons of fifteen writers known or suspected to have been writing for the commercial theater in the period 1585–92, using primarily EEBO-TCP. All tests identify the author as the poet, translator, and playwright Thomas Watson (1555–92). These data do not establish Watson's authorship of the entire play but open several new lines of enquiry for Arden and other anonymous and collaborative early plays.
Stochastic entropy production in the quite Sun magnetic fields
Authors: Gorobets Andriy Y , Berdyugina Svetlana V 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
The second law of thermodynamics imposes an increase of macroscopic entropy with time in an isolated system. Microscopically, however, the entropy production can be negative for a single, microscopic realization of a thermodynamic process. The so-called fluctuation theorems provide exact relations between the stochastic entropy consumption and generation. Here, we analyse pixel-to-pixel fluctuations in time of small-scale magnetic fields (SSMF) in the quiet Sun observed with the SDO/HMI instrument. We demonstrate that entropy generated by SSMF obeys the fluctuation theorems. In particular, the SSMF entropy consumption probability is exactly exponentially smaller than the SSMF entropy generation probability. This may have fundamental implications for the magnetic energy budget of the Sun.
Extreme AGN variability: evidence of magnetically elevated accretion?
Authors: Dexter Jason , Begelman Mitchell C 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Rapid, large amplitude variability at optical to X-ray wavelengths is now seen in an increasing number of Seyfert galaxies and luminous quasars. The variations imply a global change in accretion power, but are too rapid to be communicated by inflow through a standard thin accretion disc. Such discs are long known to have difficulty explaining the observed optical/UV emission from active galactic nuclei. Here we show that alternative models developed to explain these observations have larger scale heights and shorter inflow times. Accretion discs supported by magnetic pressure in particular are geometrically thick at all luminosities, with inflow times as short as the observed few year time-scales in extreme variability events to date. Future time-resolved, multiwavelength observations can distinguish between inflow through a geometrically thick disc as proposed here, and alternative scenarios of extreme reprocessing of a central source or instability-driven limit cycles.
Rewarding Effects of Nicotine in Adolescent and Adult Male and Female Rats as Measured Using Intracranial Self-stimulation
Authors: Xue Song , Behnood-Rod Azin , Wilson Ryann , Wilks Isaac , Tan Sijie , Bruijnzeel Adriaan W 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco is highly addictive, and after the development of dependence, it is difficult to quit smoking. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that play a role in the initiation of smoking. The rewarding effects of nicotine play a role in the initiation of smoking and the goal of the present study was to determine the rewarding effects of nicotine in adolescent and adult male and female rats.

Methods
Male and female Wistar rats were prepared with intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) electrodes between postnatal day (P) 23 and 33. They were then trained on the ICSS procedure and the effect of nicotine (0, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) on the reward thresholds and response latencies was investigated during adolescence (P40–59) or adulthood (&gt;P75).

Results
Nicotine lowered the brain reward thresholds of the adult and adolescent male and female rats. The nicotine-induced decrease in the reward thresholds was the same in the adult male and adult female rats. However, nicotine induced a greater decrease in the reward thresholds of the adolescent female rats than the adolescent male rats. Nicotine decreased the response latencies of all groups and there was no effect of age or sex.

Conclusions
Nicotine enhances reward function and psychomotor performance in adolescent and adult male and female rats. Adolescent female rats are more sensitive to the acute rewarding effects of nicotine than adolescent male rats. Therefore, the rewarding effects of nicotine might play a greater role in the initiation of smoking in adolescent females than in adolescent males.

Implications
The great majority of people start smoking during adolescence. The present studies suggest that during this period female rats are more sensitive to the acute rewarding effects of low and intermediate doses of nicotine than male rats. The rewarding properties of nicotine play a role in the initiation of smoking and establishing habitual smoking. Therefore, the present findings might explain why adolescent females are at a higher risk for becoming nicotine dependent than adolescent males.
An unbiased spectral line survey observation toward the low-mass star-forming region L1527
Authors: Yoshida Kento , Sakai Nami , Nishimura Yuri , Tokudome Tomoya , Watanabe Yoshimasa , Sakai Takeshi , Takano Shuro , Yamamoto Satoshi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
An unbiased spectral line survey toward a solar-type Class 0/I protostar, IRAS 04368+2557, in L1527 has been carried out in the 3 mm band with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. L1527 is known as a warm carbon-chain chemistry (WCCC) source, which harbors abundant unsaturated organic species such as CnH (n = 3, 4, 5, …) in a warm and dense region near the protostar. The observation covers the frequency range from 80 to 116 GHz. A supplementary observation has also been conducted in the 70 GHz band to observe fundamental transitions of deuterated species. In total, 69 molecular species are identified, among which 27 species are carbon-chain species and their isomers, including their minor isotopologues. This spectral line survey provides us with a good template of the chemical composition of the WCCC source.
Cardiopulmonary Responses During Clinical and Laboratory Gait Assessments in People With Chronic Stroke
Authors: Woodward Jane L , Connolly Mark , Hennessy Patrick W , Holleran Carey L , Mahtani Gordhan B , Brazg Gabrielle , Fahey Meghan , Maganti Kameswari , Hornby T George 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
The 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a common clinical assessment used to evaluate locomotor function in patients after stroke. Previous work suggests the 6MWT can estimate peak metabolic capacity (VO2peak) without cardiorespiratory assessments during graded exercise tests (GXTs), which may assist with exercise prescription. However, selected research also indicated increased heart rates (HRs) during 6MWTs beyond levels considered safe without GXTs.

Objective
The goal of this study was to examine cardiorespiratory responses during 6MWTs and GXTs in individuals with chronic stroke and their associations with demographic or clinical characteristics.

Design
The study used a cross-sectional observational design.

Methods
Cardiorespiratory responses were assessed during 6MWTs at self-selected velocity (SSV) and fastest velocity (FV), and during GXTs. Secondary assessments included the lower extremity Fugl-Meyer Assessment, Functional Gait Assessment, gait speeds, and daily stepping activity. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between locomotor performance, cardiorespiratory responses, and clinical and demographic characteristics.

Results
Average HRs during 6MWT-FV were 72% to 76% of the age-predicted maximum (HRmax), with 20% of participants exceeding 85% predicted HRmax. When normalized to HRs during GXTs, HRs during 6MWT-FV were 86% to 88% of observed HRmax. Primary predictors of increased HRs during 6MWTs were resting HR, body mass index, and daily stepping. Distance during 6MWT-FV was a significant predictor of VO2peak in combination with other variables. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed in &gt;80% of participants at rest and 31% demonstrated distinct abnormalities during GXTs, which were not related to 6MWT or GXT performance.

Limitations
In addition to sample size, a primary limitation involved the ability to accurately predict or measure HRmax in patients with motor dysfunction after stroke.

Conclusions
Cardiac responses were higher than anticipated during 6MWTs and often exceeded recommended HR thresholds. Clinicians should closely monitor cardiorespiratory responses during 6MWTs.
The Effects of Losing a Business Group Affiliation
Authors: Larrain Borja , Sertsios Giorgo , Urzúa I Francisco 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We propose a novel identification strategy for estimating the effects of business group affiliation. We study two-firm business groups, some of which split up during the sample period, leaving some firms as stand-alone firms. We instrument for stand-alone status using shocks to the industry of the other group firm. We find that firms that become stand-alone reduce leverage and investment. Consistent with collateral cross-pledging, the effects are more pronounced when the other firm had high tangibility. Consistent with capital misallocation in groups, the reduction in leverage is stronger in firms that had low (high) profitability (leverage) relative to industry peers.
Received July 3, 2017; editorial decision April 7, 2018 by Editor Wei Jiang. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Mothers' Perspectives on Follow-up for Postpartum Depression Screening in Primary Care
Authors: Canty Hannah R. , Sauter Alicia , Zuckerman Katharine , Cobian Maritza , Grigsby Tamara 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To qualitatively assess mothers' perspectives on barriers to and facilitators of follow-up of at-risk postpartum depression (PPD) screening test results.

Methods:
We conducted semistructured qualitative telephone interviews with 17 women who scored in the moderate or high-risk range on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Interviews explored personal experience with depressive symptoms, barriers and facilitators to receiving mental health care postpartum, and suggestions for primary care follow-up of at-risk screens. The team created a coding structure that was updated during review of transcripts. Findings were triangulated and external validity assessed via discussions with a mother who experienced PPD, a perinatal social worker, and a perinatal psychologist.

Results:
Personal health/attitude, family/friends, community, and health care system factors influenced mothers' follow-up of at-risk PPD screening test results. Health and personal attitude factors included anxiety, physical and emotional exhaustion, self-care and recognition of symptoms, and living up to personal and family expectations. Family/friend factors included material and emotional support and competing priorities. Community factors included child care affordability and availability, access to transportation, geographic access to resources, social networks, and community mental health stigma. Health care factors included pediatrician taking the mother's symptoms seriously, adequate time with the pediatrician, mother and pediatrician focus on the child's health, and access to mental health referrals.

Conclusion:
Addressing barriers to follow-up after PPD screening may enable better service access for at-risk families.
Impacts of gestational age uncertainty in estimating associations between preterm birth and ambient air pollution
Authors: Nealy Benjamin E. , Warren Joshua L. , Strickland Matthew J. , Darrow Lyndsey A. , Chang Howard H. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Previous epidemiologic studies utilizing birth records have shown heterogeneous associations between air pollution exposure during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth (PTB, gestational age <37 weeks). Uncertainty in gestational age at birth may contribute to this heterogeneity.

Methods:
We first examined disagreement between clinical and last menstrual period-based (LMP) determination of PTB from individual-level birth certificate data for the 20-county Atlanta metropolitan area during 2002 to 2006. We then estimated associations between five trimester-averaged pollutant exposures and PTB, defined using various methods based on the clinical or LMP gestational age. Finally, using a multiple imputation approach, we incorporated uncertainty in gestational age to quantify the impact of this variability on associations between pollutant exposures and PTB.

Results:
Odds ratios (OR) were most elevated when a more stringent definition of PTB was used. For example, defining PTB only when LMP and clinical diagnoses agree yielded an OR of 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.14) per interquartile range increase in first trimester carbon monoxide exposure versus an OR of 1.04 (95% CI = 1.01, 1.08) when PTB was defined as either an LMP or clinical diagnosis. Accounting for outcome uncertainty resulted in wider CIs—between 7.4% and 43.8% wider than those assuming the PTB outcome is without error.

Conclusions:
Despite discrepancies in PTB derived using either the clinical or LMP gestational age estimates, our analyses demonstrated robust positive associations between PTB and ambient air pollution exposures even when gestational age uncertainty is present.
Feasibility of Distinguishing Performance Among Provider Groups Using Patient-reported Outcome Measures in Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions
Authors: Rose Adam J. , Bayliss Elizabeth , Baseman Lesley , Butcher Emily , Huang Wenjing , Edelen Maria O. 
Published: November 2018

Objective:To examine minimum sample sizes and follow-up times required for patient-reported outcome–based performance measures (PMs) to achieve acceptable reliability as PMs.Participants:We used 2 groups of patients age 65+ with at least 2 of 13 chronic conditions. The first was a sample of Medicare Advantage beneficiaries, who reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at baseline and 2 years. The second was a sample of primary care patients, who reported HRQoL at baseline and 6 months.Measures:Medicare Advantage beneficiaries completed the Veterans RAND 12-Item Short Form (VR-12), while the primary care sample completed the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29-Item Profile Measure (PROMIS-29). We constructed binary candidate PMs indicating stable or improved physical or mental HRQoL at follow-up, and continuous PMs measuring mean change over time.Results:In the Medicare Advantage sample, with a sample size per entity profiled of 160, the most promising PM achieved a reliability of 0.32 as a PM. A sample size of 882 per entity would have been needed for this PM to achieve an acceptable reliability of 0.7. In the prospective sample, with a sample size of 27 per clinic, the most promising PM achieved a reliability of 0.16 as a PM. A sample size of 341 patients (at the clinic level) would have been needed for this PM to achieve a reliability of 0.7.Conclusions:Achieving acceptable reliability for these PMs and conditions would have required minimum sample sizes of 341 at the clinic level or 880 at the health plan level. These estimates can guide the design of future patient-reported outcome–based PMs.
Assessing Residual Bias in Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
Authors: Butler Anne M. , Layton J. Bradley , Krueger Whitney S. , Kshirsagar Abhijit V. , McGrath Leah J. 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness using an unvaccinated comparison group may result in biased effect estimates.

Objectives:
To explore the reduction of confounding bias in an active comparison of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines, as compared with vaccinated versus unvaccinated comparisons.

Methods:
Using Medicare data from the United States end-stage renal disease program (2009–2013), we compared the risk of all-cause mortality among recipients of high-dose vaccine (HDV) versus standard-dose vaccine (SDV), HDV versus no vaccine, and SDV versus no vaccine. To quantify confounding bias, analyses were restricted to the preinfluenza season, when the protective effect of vaccination should not yet be observed. We estimated the standardized mortality ratio-weighted cumulative incidence functions using Kaplan-Meier methods and calculated risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences between groups.

Results:
Among 350,921 eligible patients contributing 825,642 unique patient preinfluenza seasons, 0.8% received HDV, 70.5% received SDV, and 28.7% remained unvaccinated. Comparisons with unvaccinated patients yielded spurious decreases in mortality risk during the preinfluenza period, for HDV versus none [RR, 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51–0.70)] and SDV versus none (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.70–0.75). The effect estimate was attenuated in the HDV versus SDV comparison (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77–1.03). Estimates on the absolute scale followed a similar pattern.

Conclusions:
The HDV versus SDV comparison yielded less-biased estimates of the all-cause mortality before influenza season compared to those with nonuser comparison groups. Vaccine effectiveness and safety researchers should consider the active comparator design to reduce bias due to differences in underlying health status between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals.