bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KARAKTERISASI LIMBAH DARI PRODUKSI RADIOISOTOP MOLIBDENUM-99
Authors: Aisyah Aisyah , Artiani P. Ayu , Purwanto Yuli 
Published: November 2018

KARAKTERISASI LIMBAH DARI PRODUKSI RADIOISOTOP MOLIBDENUM-99. Radioisotop 99Mo diproduksi terutama sebagai radioisotop induk untuk memperoleh radioisotop tecnisium-99m (99mTc). Radioisotop 99mTc dipakai dalam kedokteran nuklir antara lain untuk diagnosis pada kelainan tulang, otak, thyroid, paru-paru, hati dan ginjal. Di Indonesia 99Mo diproduksi oleh PT. Industri Nuklir Indonesia (INUKI) dari target uranium yang dilekatkan kedalam dinding kapsul baja tahan karat untuk kemudian diiradiasi di Reaktor GA Siwabessy. Pengambilan 99Mo dalam target dilakukan dengan proses CINTICHEM. Pada proses CINTICHEM akan ditimbulkan beberapa jenis limbah yang salah satunya adalah Radioactive Fission Waste (RFW). Limbah ini memiliki paparan radiasi yang besar yang mengakibatkan karakterisasi limbah secara laboratorium sulit dilakukan. Pengelolaan limbah yang tepat memerlukan karakteristik limbah yang tepat pula. Oleh karena itu dalam penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi limbah RFW menggunakan program komputer ORIGEN 2.1 dengan data parameter input adalah data dari salah satu batch produksi 99Mo di PT INUKI yang berupa data target uranium diperkaya tinggi 92,7% yang dilekatkan pada kapsul baja tahan karat AISI 304L, iradiasi dilakukan pada posisi Centre Irradiation Position (CIP) dalam Reaktor Serbaguna GA Siwabessy dengan fluks netron termal: 1,12x1014 n/cm2detik dan iradiasi target dilakukan selama 96 jam. Seleksi radionuklida yang relevan terhadap metode pengelolaan limbah dilakukan berdasarkan pada waktu paro, tingkat kliren dan radiotoksisitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sampai dengan waktu peluruhan 50 tahun, total konsentrasi aktivitas limbah 3,01x109 Bq/g dengan kandungan radionuklida produk aktivasi, aktinida dan anak luruhnya serta produk fisi. Selain itu limbah ini juga mengandung 235U yang masih cukup besar serta radionuklida umur paro panjang dengan tingkat toksisitas yang sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan pada Peraturan Pemerintah No.61 Tahun 2013 limbah ini diklasifikasikan sebagai limbah radioaktif tingkat sedang dan memerlukan pengelolaan dengan tingkat keselamatan yang tinggi.
Modern principles of anti-viral therapy of hepatitis C
Authors: Kuznetsov Nikolay I. , Romanova Elena S. , Startseva Galina Y. 
Published: November 2018

The article presents the basic principles of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. The main objectives and importance of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C are considered. The concept of a sustained virological response is given. The necessity of determining the causal relationship between infection with the hepatitis C virus and liver damage is substantiated. The article discusses the principles of antiviral therapy using interferon and interferon-free therapy with direct-acting antiviral drugs in both patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C.
Examining temporal changes in relations between land uses and land use capabilities in south of sanliurfa plains
Authors: Çelik Mehmet Ali , Gülersoy Ali Ekber 
Published: November 2018

<p>Today, the Earth’s land pattern can be examined by the detectors on satellite sensors periodically and the variations on these patterns can be detected in a short while. Monitoring of land cover changes and planning these lands effectively are the important issues for economic and ecological sustainability. In this study, the land cover changes of Suruç, Akcakale, Ceylanpinar and Harran plains have been investigated between 1985 and 2016. Accordingly, we utilized Landsat satellite images for three different dates of their summer recordings. Satellite images were classified by the segmentation process and supervised classification through Maximum Likelihood technique. The land use maps obtained from the analysis consist of four classes: dry farming, irrigated farming, grassland and settlement. In addition, accuracy assessment has been implemented on each classified map in order to assess the degree of robustness of our analysis. According to our results, we obtain 85% of overall accuracy where the Kappa value is about 80%. Our results show that significant changes occurred in the land cover of southern plains of Sanliurfa. These changes occurred in the form of transforming dry farming areas to irrigated farming areas in Akcakale and Ceylanpinar whereas irrigated farming were transforming to dry farming in Suruc, during the period of 1985 to 2016. </p>
Arab Saudi dan Krisis Harga Minyak Tahun 2014-2016 [Saudi Arabia and the Oil Price Crisis of 2014-2016]
Authors: Faisol Wildan 
Published: November 2018

<p>This article explains the Saudi Arabian oil crisis of 2014-2016. In 2014, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had been expected to cut production to stabilize the market and control the price of oil,but instead of reducing their own production, Saudi Arabia pushed OPEC to let the market control the price of of oil. This raised the question of why Saudi Arabia led the OPEC push to let the price decline. The purpose of this article is to understand the reasons behind Saudi Arabia’s efforts as prices plummeted fron 2014 until 2016. This paper explores Saudi Arabia as the de facto leader of OPEC using geopolitical purposes to influences the rest of OPEC and to weaken their opponents including Iran, Iraq and Russia.</p>
LIBRARY IN HAND AND THE SOCIAL REVIEW AS ADAPTIVE REPRESENTATION OF LIBRARY DEVELOPMENT IDEA
Authors: Yenianti Ifonilla 
Published: November 2018

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>The development of technology and information brings a number of indispensable consequences, and it requires a wiser adaptation to apply them in the library to avoid the entailed negative impacts. This article discusses the idea of applying information technology of library in hand for library services. It is based on observations of the benchmarking activities in several countries and review on various literatures. Presentation and analysis are conducted descriptively, with the conclusion that the library should be about to adaptively follow the development of IT by considering the contextual social effects. In this context, the application of library in hand includes SMS gateway, Interactive Learning, Independent Learning, Online Reservation, and Online Library Information Retrieval. Meanwhile, the social effects that arise from this application are seen from three dimensions namely the structural, cultural and interactional ones.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>library in hand, SMS gateway, Interactive Learning, independent learning, online reservation, social effects</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><em>Perkembangan teknologi dan informasi membawa sejumlah konsekuensi yang tidak bisa ditawar tetapi memerlukan adaptasi yang lebih bijaksana untuk menerapkannya di perpustakaan untuk menghindari dampak negatif yang menyertainya. Artikel ini membahas tentang ide menerapkan teknologi informasi tentang library in hand untuk pelayanan perpustakaan. Penulisan ini didasarkan pada pengamatan dari kegiatan benchmarking dari beberapa negara dan pembacaan terhadap berbagai literatur. Penyajian dan analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif, dengan kesimpulan bahwa perpustakaan sudah saatnya secara adaptif mengikuti perkembangan TI dengan mempertimbangkan efeks sosial yang menyertainya. </em><em>sms</em><em> gateway</em><em>, </em><em>Interactive Learning, Independent learnin</em><em>g, </em><em>Online Reservation</em><em>, dan </em><em>Online Library Information Retrieval</em><em>. Efek sosial yang muncul dari penerapan ini dilihat dari tiga dimensi yaitu dimensi struktural, kultural dan interaksional. </em></p><p><strong>Kata kunci: </strong><em>Perpustakaan dalam genggaman</em><em>, sms gateway</em><em> (system aplikasi mengirim dan menerima sms)</em><em>, </em><em>belajar mandiri</em><em>, </em><em>pemesanan online</em><em>.</em></p>
Impact of Anisotropy Induced by Shale Lamination and Natural Fractures on Reservoir Development and Operational Designs
Authors: Gu Ming 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The laminated nature of shale rocks leads to different mechanical properties parallel and perpendicular to the bedding plane, which is known as transverse isotropy (TI). If natural fractures (NFs) are present, the additional elastic anisotropy is introduced within the bedding plane, making shale an orthorhombic (OB) medium. Most current geophysical log interpretations ignore such shale anisotropies, resulting in erroneous estimates of the elastic moduli, brittleness, and stress gradient, which consequently causes problematic or suboptimal drilling, completion, and hydraulic-fracturing design. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effects of the two shale anisotropies on geomechanical-property characterizations, and, hence, on operational designs.
In this paper, synthetic OB-rock stiffness tensors are built by introducing NF sets in a vertical symmetric-axis (VTI) background. Then, the VTI model, which ignores the NF effect, and the isotropic model, which ignores both anisotropies, are applied to the synthetic OB rock to interpret the stiffness coefficients, elastic moduli, and stresses. The results are compared with the “true” values interpreted from the original OB-rock stiffness tensors. The impacts of the two types of shale anisotropies on shale-rock geomechanical-property characterizations—and, hence, operational designs—are examined. According to the modeling results, the lamination-induced anisotropy is more significant than the NF-induced anisotropy when predicting Young's modulus. Besides, ignoring the two anisotropies can lead to an overestimation of both the minimum-horizontal-stress magnitude and the stress contrast; the overestimation is larger for stiffer zones and less-tectonically-active zones. As a result, ignoring two anisotropies can lead to an overoptimistic design of the mud-weight window, resulting in higher risks of borehole tensile failure and shear failure. Ignoring the two anisotropies will not alter the brittleness-index (BI) trend observed in the OB rock. However, the stress contrast is overestimated, which will lead to shorter stage-spacing design and suboptimal selections of perforation locations. If one is ignoring the anisotropy induced by NFs, the fracture width is underestimated, leading to insufficient proppant size or pumping-amount design and, hence, to suboptimal low fracture conductivity.
Performance-Based Comparison for Hydraulically Fractured Tight and Shale-Gas Reservoirs With and Without Non-Darcy-Flow Effect
Authors: Al-Rbeawi Salam 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Reservoir performance of hydraulically fractured tight and shale-gas formations is affected by an extensive range of parameters. Non-Darcy flow is one of these parameters, characterized by a significant effect on near-wellbore pressure drop for horizontal wells and near-fracture tips for hydraulic fractures (HFs). Non-Darcy flow develops in porous media when the velocity of reservoir fluid becomes extremely high because of continuous narrowing in the cross-sectional area of flow and the convergence of flow streamlines. As a result, the inertial forces could be considered the major contributor to the total pressure drop required by fluids to move from the outer drainage area toward the wellbore. Pressure drop, caused by non-Darcy flow, is described by the Forchheimer (1901) equation, wherein the deviation from Darcy's law is proportional to the inertial factor (β), which in turn is a function of porous-media characteristics such as permeability and porosity.
This paper investigates the effect of non-Darcy flow, represented by the non-Darcy-flow coefficient (D) and/or the rate-dependent skin factor (DQsc), on pressure profiles, flow regimes, and productivity indices (PIs) of multiple HFs that propagate in tight and shale-gas reservoirs. This paper also introduces a new simplified technique for estimating both DQsc and D by knowing bottomhole flowing pressure and cumulative production at any time. For this purpose, a multilinear-flow-regime model was generated and modified for the existence of non-Darcy flow. A comparison for reservoir performance with and without non-Darcy flow was conducted for different reservoir configurations, including the reservoir-drainage area (2xe and 2ye), fracture conductivities, fracture dimensions, and fracture-propagation ratios. A set of plots has been developed for estimating the rate-dependent skin factor depending on production time with respect to cumulative PI.
The outcomes of this study can be summarized as understanding the conditions at which non-Darcy flow could have considerable effects on reservoir performance; estimating the deviation in PI caused by the existence of non-Darcy flow from the cases where Darcy flow is the dominant; and introducing a new technique to estimate DQsc and D. The most interesting points in this study are the ability to estimate these two parameters without the need for experimental studies or use of an empirical model; that all flow regimes expected to develop in the entire life of reservoirs are not affected by non-Darcy flow, unlike pressure behaviors and PI; and that the PI is constant for high values of DQsc at early-time production and sharply declines at later production time.
Row‐applied Iron Chelate for Correcting Iron Deficiency Chlorosis in Dry Bean
Authors: Hergert Gary W. , Nielsen Rex A. , Schild James A. , Hawley Robert L. , Darapuneni Murali K. 
Published: November 2018

Row‐applied Fe chelate at 1.8 kg−1 for dry edible bean increased yields on chlorosis‐prone soils.
Visual chlorosis ratings near flowering were well correlated with final yield.
Yield responses of 10% above the check were economical at current and historic dry bean prices.
Chlorosis severity mapping of fields would improve application to the areas most likely to respond to Fe ethylene diamine‐N, N’‐bis (2‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid application.
Iron‐deficiency chlorosis (IDC) reduces the yield of dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on high‐pH calcareous soils. The objective of this research was to compare the effectiveness of row‐applied SoyGreen Fe ethylene diamine‐N, N’‐bis (2‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (FeEDDHA)) on reducing IDC and increasing dry bean yield planted in 56‐cm rows. Two commonly grown varieties of Great Northern and Pinto dry bean were grown in a randomized complete block design during 4 yr with four levels of FeEDDHA (0–2.24 kg ha−1). Visual chlorosis ratings showed significant differences in 3 of 4 yr and higher FeEDDHA rates improved chlorosis scores. Yields were increased in 2011 and 2014 but not on the low IDC severity site in 2012 (2013 plots were lost to hail). Relative yields for 2011 and 2014 versus the chlorosis score showed significant increasing yield as chlorosis severity decreased. The relative yield response to FeEDDHA averaged across different varieties and market classes was about 10% and yield was maximized near 1.8 kg ha−1 FeEDDHA. For the Fe‐responsive years, the check yield was 3096 kg ha−1 of Great Northern beans and 3125 kg ha−1 for Pinto beans, which translates to an additional 310 kg ha−1 of beans. With current and historic bean prices, the yield increase adds over $200 ha−1 at a cost of near $40 ha−1, more than paying for the fertilizer cost.
Kentucky Bluegrass Growth and Quality as Affected by Salt Type and Concentration
Authors: Yang Liqi , Zhang Qi 
Published: November 2018

Core Ideas
Salinity adversely affected Kentucky bluegrass growth and performance.
Chloride salts were more detrimental to Kentucky bluegrass than sulfate salts when applied at the same electrical conductivity.
Kenblue had a higher growth rate than Moonlight’under the saline condition at the seedling stage; however, Moonlight outperformed Kenblue at the vegetative growth stage.
The growth and functionality of turfgrasses are often challenged by high soil salinity. Previous research mainly focused on plant responses to Cl− salt–induced saline conditions (e.g., NaCl). However, in some regions, including California and North Dakota, in salt‐affected soils the predominant cation is Mg2+ and the predominant anion is SO42−. The responses of turfgrass species to such salinity conditions have not been well documented. In this research, the responses of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars Kenblue and Moonlight at the seedling growth and the vegetative growth stages to different salt type (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, and MgSO4) and concentration (5–20 dS m−1) were investigated. Results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), root length (RL), and visual quality of the two turf cultivars decreased with increasing salt concentration at both growth stages. Specific root length increased to 235.7% of the control at the seedling growth stage but decreased to 71.6% of the control at the same salt concentration at the vegetative growth stage. Under the saline condition, Kenblue showed higher SDW (52.1%), RDW (74.4%), and RL (20.6%) than Moonlight at the seedling growth stage; however, Moonlight performed better than Kenblue at the vegetative growth stage. The two turf cultivars were more tolerant to Na2SO4 and MgSO4 stress than to NaCl and MgCl2 stress. Our research indicates that turfgrass managers need to consider plant material (cultivar and growth stage), salt type, and salt concentration to develop a successful salinity management plan.
The possibility of using bacteriophages in otolaryngology
Authors: Artemyeva E. S. , Budkovaya M. A. , Ryazantsev S. V. 
Published: November 2018

The treatment of infectious diseases in the context of the steady increase in the number of microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics is one of the most acute problems in otorhinolaryngology. This explains the raise interest in a fundamentally new rational treatment strategy of infections both in Russia and around the world - the use of bacteriophages. These drugs have proven efficacy against antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, do not cause toxic and allergic reactions, and have no contraindications to use.
Quantitative Analysis of Root Canal System and Apical Part with Vertucci Type II Configuration Following Preparation with Three Different Preparation Systems: A Micro-computed Tomography Study
Authors: Keleş Ali , Keskin Cangül 
Published: November 2018

Objective:Isthmuses are narrow communications between root canals, and form as the result of the merging of the two root canals widening in a buccolingual direction. This widening causes the high ovality of isthmuses. The shaping and cleaning of all root canal systems are regarded as one of the major difficulties in long-oval shaped root canals. This study aims to make quantitative analysis of Vertucci type II root canal systems following preparation with Self- Adjusting file (SAF), Reciproc or Revo-S.Methods:Major diameter and roundness values were measured at the level 1.2 mm from apical foramen before and after preparation. A ‘post-preparation node’ point was described when the minimum minor diameter value was smaller than major diameter of apical 1.2 mm. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey and Chi-square tests.Results:Preparation resulted in a significant increase in the major diameter values regardless of the instrumentation (p = 0.000). Preparation with Reciproc led to the significant increase in roundness values (p = 0.000), whereas no significant difference was detected in specimens prepared with SAF (p = 0.21) and Revo-S (p = 0.15).Conclusion:Root canal preparation with SAF, Reciproc and Revo-S led to a significant increase in the major diameter of apical 1.2 mm and resulted in high frequencies of the post-preparation node.
The Effect of Specimen Shape on the Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Okeola Abass Abayomi , Abuodha Silvester Ochieng , Mwero John 
Published: November 2018

Introduction:
Fiber reinforced concrete is becoming popular in improving the quasi-brittle failure of concrete. Natural fibers such as sisal holds great promise in this regard. It has amazing tensile strength and is renewable. This paper presents the result of an investigation carried out on the effect of sisal fiber on the compressive strength, Split tensile strength, failure mode and Poisson ratio of Sisal Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (SFRC).

Methods:
A mix proportion of 1:1.92:3.68 and w/c ratio of 0.47 for a target compressive strength of 35 MPa was used. Sisal fiber was added at percentages of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% by weight of cement. The effect of specimen shape on the compressive strength of sisal fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) was reported. The compressive strength of cube (150mm X 150mm) and cylinder (150mm diameter and 300mm height) specimen was determined at 7 and 28 days, while Split tensile strength and Poisson ratio were obtained using cylindrical specimen (150mm diameter and 300mm height).

Results and Conclusion:
The result shows that the addition of sisal fiber slightly reduces the compressive strength of concrete, increases its split tensile strength up to 47.167% of the control specimen, arrests crack propagation and reduces its Poisson ratio. The correlation between the compressive strength of cylindrical and cube specimen was established with a ratio ranging between 0.82 - 0.73. The difference in the compressive strength was found to increase with rise in the percentages of sisal fiber. Based on the ratio and mechanical properties, 1.0% sisal fiber content was recommended as the optimum for reinforcing concrete.
Enzymatic Activity of Endophytic Bacterial Isolates from Selected Mangrove Plants in Kenya
Authors: Ntabo Regina M. , Nyamache Anthony Kebira , Lwande Wilber , Kabii James , Nonoh James 
Published: November 2018

Introduction:Microorganisms are a preferred source of enzyme production due to their high production capability and low cost of production. Bacterial endophytes occupy unexplored sites hence they represent a new source of enzymes with diverse applications. Mangrove plants in Kenya have traditionally been used as medicinal plants due to their bioactive metabolites. However the enzymatic activity of mangrove plants associated endophytes has not been studied.Aims & Objectives:The study is aimed at bioprospecting for enzymes with potential biotechnological applications from mangrove ecosystems.Methods & Materials:Forty-two bacterial isolates were cultured and isolated from the leaves and roots of six mangrove plants sampled from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay in the coastal region of Kenya. The isolates were screened for pectinases, chitinases, cellulases, proteases, and amylases. The isolates were identified based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis.Results:The study showed bacterial isolates had enzymatic activity as follows; pectinases activity (69% of the isolates), Proteases (95% of the isolates), amylases activity (88% of the isolates), cellulases and chitinases (92% of the isolates each). Bacterial endophytes from leaves showed a higher enzymatic index of cellulases suggesting a potential role in degrading cellulose in the leaves of plants. The enzymes amylases and proteases were mostly exhibited by endophytes in roots suggesting a potential role in metabolizing sugar and amino acids in the roots. Isolates from the mangrove plantSonneratia albashowed highest enzymatic indices. The study also observed that isolates from mangrove plants sampled from Gazi bay had high means of enzymatic indices. Molecular identification showed the isolates were closely related toBacillus, Streptomyces, Myroides, andStaphylococcusspecies. Their respective enzymatic activities have been provided in this study.Conclusion:The study showed that Kenyan Mangrove plant-associated bacterial endophytes provide a good reservoir of enzymes with potential industrial applications.