bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycophenolate mofetil in paediatric autoimmune or immune‐mediated diseases of the central nervous system: clinical experience and recommendations
Authors: Nosadini Margherita , Gadian Jonathan , Lim Ming , Sartori Stefano , Thomas Terrence , Dale Russell C 
Published: September 2018

AimTo gather data on mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in paediatric autoimmune/immune‐mediated central nervous system (CNS) conditions, focusing on safety and factors that may affect MMF efficacy.MethodRetrospective, multicentre study based on four paediatric neurology centres.ResultsForty‐four children were included (30 females, 14 males): 19 had proven/suspected autoimmune encephalitis, 14 had inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases, and 11 had other autoimmune/immune‐mediated CNS conditions. Before MMF, all received first‐line immune therapies, and 17 had second‐line rituximab and/or cyclophosphamide. MMF was started at a median of 9.5 months from disease onset (range 1–127mo) (median age 9y 4mo, range 1y 5mo–16y 5mo), and was used for median 18 months (range 0.3–73mo). On MMF, 31 patients were relapse‐free, whereas eight relapsed (excluding patients with chronic–progressive course). Relapses on MMF were associated with medication weaning/cessation, or with suboptimal MMF dosage/duration. Adverse events of MMF occurred in eight patients: six moderate (gastrointestinal, movement disorder, dermatological) and two severe (infectious).InterpretationMMF use in paediatric neuroimmunology is heterogeneous, although relatively safe. We have identified factors that may affect MMF efficacy and provide recommendations on MMF usage.What this paper adds

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) use was heterogeneous with relatively common adverse events, although mostly not severe.

MMF treatment reduced median annualized relapse rate, although 20% of patients relapsed on MMF.

A high relapse rate pre‐MMF and late MMF start were associated with higher probability of relapsing on MMF.

Most relapses were associated with suboptimal MMF dosage, short MMF duration, or concurrent medication weaning/discontinuation.
Impact of social disadvantage on cerebral palsy severity
Authors: Woolfenden Sue , Galea Claire , Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Blair Eve , Mcintyre Sarah , Reid Sue , Delacy Michael , Badawi Nadia ,   On Behalf of the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group,   CP Quest
Published: September 2018

AimTo investigate the impact of socio‐economic disadvantage on indicators of cerebral palsy (CP) severity – motor impairment, intellectual disability, and the presence of severe comorbidities – in children withCPin Australia.MethodData from the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register were analysed. Socio‐economic disadvantage was assessed using maternal age, maternal country of birth, and a measure of neighbourhood socio‐economic status (SES) at the time of the child's birth. Descriptive bivariate analysis, trend analysis, risk ratios, and mediation analysis were undertaken to examine the impact of disadvantage on the indicators ofCPseverity.ResultsA socio‐economic gradient was demonstrated with an increasing proportion of children with non‐ambulant status, at least moderate intellectual disability, and the presence of severe comorbidities (having epilepsy, functional blindness, bilateral deafness, and/or no verbal communication) with decreasing neighbourhoodSES, adolescent motherhood, and maternal minority ethnicity.InterpretationIn Australia, socio‐economic disadvantage at birth impacts adversely onCPseverity at age 5 years. By identifying that socio‐economically disadvantaged children withCPare at greater risk of more severe functional outcomes, we can inform targeted interventions at the family and neighbourhood level to reduce these inequities for children withCP.What this paper addsSocio‐economic disadvantage is associated with increased severity of cerebral palsy functional outcomes.This encompasses low neighbourhood socio‐economic status, adolescent motherhood, and maternal minority ethnicity.
Isolated seizures during the first episode of relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated demyelination in children
Authors: Ramanathan Sudarshini , O'grady Gina L , Malone Stephen , Spooner Claire G , Brown David A , Gill Deepak , Brilot Fabienne , Dale Russell C 
Published: September 2018

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies have a strong association with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children, and bilateral and recurrent optic neuritis in children and adults. Recent reports suggest that seizures and encephalopathy may occur in children and adults with MOG antibody‐associated disease. We describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiological course of four MOG antibody‐positive children who first presented with isolated seizures without fulfilling clinical or radiological criteria for ADEM or other central nervous system demyelination syndromes, who months to years later developed more typical demyelination. This case series highlights a novel observation that isolated seizures in the absence of ADEM may be the index presentation for MOG antibody‐associated disease, which should therefore be considered a form of autoimmune epilepsy. It would be reasonable to test for MOG antibodies in children with seizures accompanied by subtle inflammatory changes on magnetic resonance imaging or cerebrospinal fluid analyses, particularly if followed by demyelination, given the clinical and therapeutic implications of an expedited diagnosis in minimizing long‐term disability.What this paper adds

Isolated seizures in the absence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be the index presentation for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated demyelination.
Labour and the city: Some notes across theory and research
Authors: Buckley Michelle 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAt a time of growing interest in research and theory concerning urban space and urban workers, this article explores three divergent strands of scholarly research and theory that are producing new perspectives on the relations of labour, work, and employment with processes of urbanization, the production of urban space or city life. Drawing together research and debates both within geography and outside of it, this article briefly reviews emerging urban scholarship on labour in the so‐called “sharing economy,” historical research on the distinctly urban histories of slavery in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, and South America, and the often unpaid and highly gendered labour of urban homesteading and autonomous self‐provisioning in cities. This article does not strive to present comprehensive or masterful readings of these literatures but rather to explore some of the very different ways that “labour” is mobilized in them, noting the differences between them but also pointing to some of the insights about knowledge production on labour and city life that is offered by reading them together.
Influence of lack of posterior occlusal support on cognitive decline among 80‐year‐old Japanese people in a 3‐year prospective study
Authors: Hatta Kodai , Ikebe Kazunori , Gondo Yasuyuki , Kamide Kei , Masui Yukie , Inagaki Hiroki , Nakagawa Takeshi , Matsuda Ken‐ichi , Ogawa Taiji , Inomata Chisato , Takeshita Hajime , Mihara Yusuke , Fukutake Motoyoshi , Kitamura Masahiro , Murakami Shinya , Kabayama Mai , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Arai Yasumichi , Sugimoto Ken , Rakugi Hiromi , Maeda Yoshinobu 
Published: September 2018

AimPrevious studies have reported significant associations between tooth loss or periodontal status and cognitive function; however, animal experimental studies have shown that occlusion might be a more important factor in cognitive decline. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of a lack of posterior occlusal support by residual teeth on the decline of cognitive function over a 3‐year period among 80‐year‐old Japanese people.MethodsParticipants were community‐dwelling older adults (n = 515, age 79–81 years). Cognitive function was measured using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. At baseline, participants were divided into two groups: those with and without posterior occlusal support. Participants whose Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score decreased by ≥3 points over the 3‐year period were defined as the declined group. Logistic regression was carried out for the decline in Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores, including dental status and possible risk factors as independent variables.ResultsMore participants without posterior occlusal support tended to be in the cognitive decline group (49.4%) than in the maintained group (38.5%; χ2‐test, P = 0.02). Logistic regression analysis showed that a lack of posterior occlusal support was a significant variable (odds ratio 1.55, P = 0.03) for cognitive decline, even after adjusting for other risk factors. However, the number of teeth or mean periodontal pocket depth was not significantly correlated with cognitive decline.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that a lack of posterior occlusal support predicted the incidence of cognitive decline, even after adjusting for possible risk factors in community‐dwelling old‐old people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1439–1446.
Frequent false‐negative immunohistochemical staining with IDH1 (R132H)‐specific H09 antibody on frozen section control slides: a potential pitfall in glioma diagnosis
Authors: Yoshida Akihiko , Satomi Kaishi , Ohno Makoto , Matsushita Yuko , Takahashi Masamichi , Miyakita Yasuji , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi , Narita Yoshitaka , Ichimura Koichi 
Published: September 2018

AimsIntraoperative consultation using frozen sections (FSs) is an integral component of clinical practice. As a quality control measure, FS diagnosis is subsequently compared with the findings on a FS control slide. These control slides can be used for immunohistochemistry, and the immunohistochemical performance in FS controls is known to be antibody‐dependent. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is mutated in >80% of lower‐grade infiltrating gliomas in adults and in ~10% of glioblastomas, with IDH1 (R132H) being the most common mutation. IDH status is used as a major classifier of glioma. An IDH1 (R132H)‐specific antibody (H09) has been accepted as a robust surrogate for genetic testing. In this study, we aimed to determine how previous freezing and thawing affects IDH1 immunohistochemistry.Methods and resultsThirty cases of IDH1 (R132H)‐mutant diffuse glioma, which were originally assessed on FSs, were retrieved. The positive IDH1 (R132H) status of each case was previously determined with pyrosequencing and H09 immunohistochemistry on permanent sections. The FS control tissue of each case was immunostained with H09 antibody. Among 30 gliomas, 25 showed negative reactivity on FS control slides, whereas, in the remaining five, the staining was uninterpretable, owing to a high diffuse background. Of the former 25 specimens, 20 showed at least focal areas with variably increased levels of background staining, whereas the remaining five specimens showed a relatively pristine background.ConclusionsWe conclude that IDH1 (R132H)‐specific (H09) immunohistochemistry often results in false‐negative reactions on FS controls with focally increased background staining, and this application should be avoided in clinical practice.
SOX11: a potentially useful marker in surgical pathology: a systematic analysis of SOX11 expression in epithelial and non‐epithelial tumours
Authors: Xu Sanpeng , Dong Yuting , Huo Zitian , Yu Lu , Xue Jin , Wang Guoping , Duan Yaqi 
Published: September 2018

AimsSOX11 is known as an essential transcription factor for regulating neurogenesis. Recently, SOX11 has been suggested to be a diagnostic marker and oncogene because of its significant expression in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). However, SOX11 expression in other tumour types has not yet been extensively studied.Methods and resultsHerein, we examined SOX11 expression in 2026 cases of neuroectodermal, germ cell, mesenchymal and epithelial tumours by immunohistochemistry. SOX11 was consistently expressed in all neuroectodermal tumours with neural differentiation, as well as in immature teratomas revealing neurogenesis. Less frequently, SOX11 expression was observed in only 50% of astrocytomas and 24% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours, and was mainly sporadic and weak/intermediate. In epithelial tumours, significant SOX11 expression was identified in 97% of salivary ductal carcinomas (SDCs) and a high percentage of high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), especially the small‐cell lung carcinomas (68%), and was absent in most other carcinomas, except for less and/or focal and weak expression in adenocarcinomas from the lung, genital tract and breast, and salivary adenoid cystic carcinomas and epithelial–myoepithelial carcinomas. In mesenchymal tumours, in addition to MCLs, prominent SOX11 expression was observed in 90% of rhabdomyosarcomas and all myxoid/round cell liposarcomas (MRCLs). Less frequent and/or focal and weak expression was observed in lymphoblastic, Burkitt and follicular lymphomas, synovial sarcoma and angiosarcoma.ConclusionSOX11 showed prominent expression in neuroectodermal tumours with neural differentiation, high grade‐NEC, SDC, rhabdomyosarcoma and MRCL. The high sensitivity and specificity of SOX11 in SDC and MRCL make it a useful diagnostic marker.
Improving taxonomic resolution in large‐scale freshwater biodiversity monitoring: an example using wetlands and Odonata
Authors: Bried Jason T. , Hinchliffe Robert P. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Immature aquatic insects are a major source of taxonomic difficulty in large‐scale freshwater biodiversity monitoring. Adult stages could improve taxonomic resolution for assessing distributions and trends of biodiversity. Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) have accessible adult stages that should greatly enhance the amount of species‐level information.

We used Odonata and a wetland monitoring programme in Alberta, Canada to illustrate how much taxonomic information can be lost in larval collections, and an extensive adult records database to estimate what could be gained from adult surveys.

Despite processing 22 638 odonate specimens from 975 wetlands throughout Alberta, larval monitoring failed to collect or identify almost 60% of the lentic‐breeding Odonata species known from adult records. A total of 25 lentic‐breeding dragonfly species and 12 lentic‐breeding damselfly species were present in adult records and not the larval data, including species of conservation concern. Due to the abundance of early instars, a substantial 82% of the processed damselfly collection and 62% of the processed dragonfly collection was left at suborder.

We recommend supplementing aquatic sampling with adult rearing, collecting, and observing (at least Odonata) to improve the basic inventory and overall status assessment in large‐scale freshwater biodiversity monitoring. This is especially true when aquatic sampling is restricted to a suboptimal time of year for species identifications.
Efficacy of an agonist of α‐MSH, the palmitoyl tetrapeptide‐20, in hair pigmentation
Authors: Almeida Scalvino S. , Chapelle A. , Hajem N. , Lati E. , Gasser P. , Choulot J‐C. , Michel L. , Hocquaux M. , Loing E. , Attia J. , Wdzieczak‐Bakala J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveHair greying (i.e., canities) is a component of chronological ageing and occurs regardless of gender or ethnicity. Canities is directly linked to the loss of melanin and increase in oxidative stress in the hair follicle and shaft. To promote hair pigmentation and reduce the hair greying process, an agonist of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), a biomimetic peptide (palmitoyl tetrapeptide‐20; PTP20) was developed. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of the designed peptide on hair greying.MethodsEffect of the PTP20 on the enzymatic activity of catalase and the production of H2O2 by Human Follicle Dermal Papilla Cells (HFDPC) was evaluated. Influence of PTP20 on the expression of melanocortin receptor‐1 (MC1‐R) and the production of melanin were investigated. Enzymatic activity of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) after treatment with PTP20 was also determined. Ex vivo studies using human micro‐dissected hairs allowed to visualize the effect of PTP20 on the expression in hair follicle of catalase, TRP‐1, TRP‐2, Melan‐A, ASIP, and MC1‐R. These investigations were completed by a clinical study on 15 human male volunteers suffering from premature canities.ResultsThe in vitro and ex vivo studies revealed the capacity of the examined PTP20 peptide to enhance the expression of catalase and to decrease (30%) the intracellular level of H2O2. Moreover, PTP20 was shown to activate in vitro and ex vivo the melanogenesis process. In fact, an increase in the production of melanin was shown to be correlated with elevated expression of MC1‐R, TRP‐1, and Melan‐A, and with the reduction in ASIP expression. A modulation on TRP‐2 was also observed. The pivotal role of MC1‐R was confirmed on protein expression analysed on volunteer's plucked hairs after 3 months of the daily application of lotion containing 10 ppm of PTP20 peptide.ConclusionThe current findings demonstrate the ability of the biomimetic PTP20 peptide to preserve the function of follicular melanocytes. The present results suggest potential cosmetic application of this newly designed agonist of α‐MSH to promote hair pigmentation and thus, reduce the hair greying process.
LPS expands MDSCs by inhibiting apoptosis through the regulation of the GATA2/let‐7e axis
Authors: Yang Yi , Sun Di , Zhou Ji , Tan Chensheng , Zhang Hong , Chen ZhengRong , Hao ChuangLi , Zhang Jinping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMyeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a group of immature myeloid cells composed of myeloid progenitor cells and immature myeloid cells that can negatively regulate immune responses by inhibiting T‐cell function. In mice, MDSCs are broadly defined by the expression of CD11b and Gr1. We and others have shown that injection of a lethal or sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice could result in the expansion of MDSCs in the bone marrow (BM), spleen and blood. Until now, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this expansion are poorly studied; specifically, the roles of the individual microRNAs (miRNAs) which may be involved remain largely unknown. We performed microarray analysis to compare the miRNA expression profiles of CD11b+Gr1+ cells sorted from the BM of LPS‐injected and phosphate‐buffered saline‐injected mice. We identified let‐7e, which was highly upregulated in the LPS‐treated group, as a potent regulator of LPS‐induced MDSC expansion. Furthermore, let‐7e overexpression in BM chimeric mice led to a noticeable increase in the population of CD11b+Gr1+ cells, which resulted from reduced cellular apoptosis. Further studies showed that let‐7e could directly target caspase‐3 to inhibit cell apoptosis, and upregulation of let‐7e in LPS‐stimulated MDSCs could be due to the relieved repression of let‐7e transcription exerted by downregulated GATA2. Our findings suggest that LPS expands MDSCs by inhibiting apoptosis through the regulation of the GATA2/let‐7e axis.
Prevalence of diabetes and its effects on stroke outcomes: A meta‐analysis and literature review
Authors: Lau Lik‐Hui , Lew Jeremy , Borschmann Karen , Thijs Vincent , Ekinci Elif I 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetes mellitus is an established risk factor for stroke and maybe associated with poorer outcomes after stroke. The aims of the present literature review were to determine: (i) the prevalence of diabetes in acute stroke patients through a meta‐analysis; (ii) the association between diabetes and outcomes after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; and (iii) to review the value of glycated hemoglobin and admission glucose‐based tests in predicting stroke outcomes.Materials and MethodsOvid MEDLINE and EMBASE searches were carried out to find studies relating to diabetes and inpatient stroke populations published between January 2004 and April 2017. A meta‐analysis of the prevalence of diabetes from included studies was undertaken. A narrative review on the associations of diabetes and different diagnostic methods on stroke outcomes was carried out.ResultsA total of 66 eligible articles met inclusion criteria. A meta‐analysis of 39 studies (n = 359,783) estimated the prevalence of diabetes to be 28% (95% confidence interval 26–31). The rate was higher in ischemic (33%, 95% confidence interval 28–38) compared with hemorrhagic stroke (26%, 95% confidence interval 19–33) inpatients. Most, but not all, studies found that acute hyperglycemia and diabetes were associated with poorer outcomes after ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes: including higher mortality, poorer neurological and functional outcomes, longer hospital stay, higher readmission rates, and stroke recurrence. Diagnostic methods for establishing diagnosis were heterogeneous between the reviewed studies.ConclusionsApproximately one‐third of all stroke patients have diabetes. Uniform methods to screen for diabetes after stroke are required to identify individuals with diabetes to design interventions aimed at reducing poor outcomes in this high‐risk population.
Assessing the methodological quality of the Canadian Psychiatric Association's anxiety and depression clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Middleton Jerry C. , Kalogeropoulos Christopher , Middleton Jason A. , Drapeau Martin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesClinical practice guidelines (CPGs) endeavour to incorporate the best available research evidence together with the clinically informed opinions of leading experts in order to guide clinical practice when dealing with a given condition. There has been increased interest in CPGs that are evidence based and that promote best practice, a central component of which is incorporating the best available research predicated on strong study designs. Despite this soaring interest, there remains heterogeneity in the methodological quality of many CPGs, which may have an effect on the quality of services that clinicians offer. In light of this, this study examined the quality of the methodology used to develop two CPGs of the Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA).MethodThe CPA's guidelines for the management of anxiety disorders (2006) and for the treatment of depressive disorders (2001) were assessed by trained raters using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II Instrument scale.ResultsThe blind ratings of three trained raters demonstrated that the anxiety and depression CPGs had a number of strengths and important weaknesses.ConclusionImplications for the development of future CPGs on anxiety and depression, including recommendations to improve guideline quality in psychiatry in particular, are discussed.