bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing productive principal/principal supervisor partnerships for instructional leadership
Authors: Thessin Rebecca A. 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand what the principal and principal supervisor each bring and contribute to their collaborative work that is consequential for the principal’s learning and development as an instructional leader.

Design/methodology/approach
Multiple case study methodology is used to gather data from 12 principal supervisor/principal partnerships over a 16 month period in one Mid-Atlantic school district. Data sources included interviews, observational data and documents provided by participants in the study.

Findings
In productive principal supervisor/principal partnerships, findings demonstrated that the principal supervisor and the principal each brought specific antecedent characteristics to their partnership and each made contributions to the development of a productive partnership during their collaborative work. When these partnership qualities were present, principal supervisors and principals engaged in joint work, leading to robust changes in principals’ instructional leadership practice.

Research limitations/implications
This study examined the work of principals and principal supervisors in one large Mid-Atlantic school district.

Practical implications
Findings from this study have implications for districts’ assignments of principal supervisors, principal supervisor/principal selection and professional development of principal supervisors. Further, districts should create the conditions for principal supervisors and principals to establish learning-focused professional partnerships in three stages, culminating in the engagement of joint work for improvement to facilitate principals’ changes in instructional leadership practice.

Originality/value
Findings from this study illustrate the value of establishing a learning-focused partnership between principal supervisors and principals in three stages to facilitate robust stages in principals’ instructional leadership practice. A new conceptual framework displays the stages of partnership development that occur in productive principal/principal supervisor partnerships.
Altered leaf elemental composition with climate change is linked to reductions in photosynthesis, growth and survival in a semi‐arid shrubland
Authors: León‐Sánchez Lupe , Nicolás Emilio , Prieto Iván , Nortes Pedro , Maestre Fernando T. , Querejeta José Ignacio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Climate change will increase heat and drought stress in many dryland areas, which could reduce soil nutrient availability for plants and aggravate nutrient limitation of primary productivity. Any negative impacts of climate change on foliar nutrient contents would be expected to negatively affect the photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency and overall fitness of dryland vegetation.

We conducted a 4‐year manipulative experiment using open top chambers and rainout shelters to assess the impacts of warming (~2°C, W), rainfall reduction (~30%, RR) and their combination (W + RR) on the nutrient status and ecophysiological performance of six native shrub species of contrasting phylogeny in a semi‐arid ecosystem. Leaf nutrient status and gas exchange were assessed yearly, whereas biomass production and survival were measured at the end of the study.

Warming (W and W + RR) advanced shoot growth phenology and reduced foliar macro‐ (N, P, K) and micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Zn) concentrations (by 8%–18% and 14%–56% respectively), net photosynthetic rate (32%), above‐ground biomass production (28%–39%) and survival (23%–46%). Decreased photosynthesis and growth in W and W + RR plants were primarily linked to enhanced nutritional constraints on carbon fixation. Poor leaf nutrient status in W and W + RR plants partly decoupled carbon assimilation from water flux and led to drastic reductions in water use efficiency (WUEi; ~41%) across species. The RR treatment moderately decreased foliar macro‐ and micronutrients (6%–17%, except for Zn) and biomass production (22%). The interactive impacts of warming and rainfall reduction (W + RR treatment) on plant performance were generally smaller than expected from additive single‐factor effects.

Synthesis. Large decreases in plant nutrient pool size and productivity combined with increased mortality during hotter droughts will reduce vegetation cover and nutrient retention capacity, thereby disrupting biogeochemical processes and accelerating dryland degradation with impending climate change. Increased macro‐ and micronutrient co‐limitation of photosynthesis with forecasted climate change conditions may offset any gains in WUEi and productivity derived from anthropogenic CO2 elevation, thereby increasing dryland vegetation vulnerability to drought stress in a warmer and drier climate. The generalized reduction in leaf nutrient contents with warming compromises plant nutritional quality for herbivores, with potential cascading negative effects across trophic levels.
Reliability and stability of the metrical stress effect on segmental production accuracy in persons with apraxia of speech
Authors: Bailey Dallin J. , Bunker Lisa , Mauszycki Shannon , Wambaugh Julie L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAcquired apraxia of speech (AOS) involves speech‐production deficits on both the segmental and suprasegmental levels. Recent research has identified a non‐linear interaction between the metrical structure of bisyllabic words and word‐production accuracy in German speakers with AOS, with trochaic words (strong–weak stress) being resistant to errors compared with iambic words (weak–strong).AimsTo replicate previous findings in English speakers with AOS, to measure the test–retest reliability of the effect, and to examine the potential impact of different methods of word scoring.Methods & ProceduresSpeech samples were collected from 27 speakers with AOS and aphasia. Participants were at least 12 months post‐stroke or penetrating brain injury, and represented a large range of AOS and aphasia severities. Productions were elicited via verbal model. Sampling was conducted on three separate occasions: the initial data‐collection session and then repeated samplings at 1‐ and 4‐week intervals. Bisyllabic words with a CVCVC segmental structure were selected. The list was divided into sublists representing differing lexical stress patterns: A list of 42 trochees, and one of 37 iambs. All speech samples were phonetically transcribed and then aligned with canonical transcriptions via an edit distance algorithm that followed transcription alignment principles. Phonetic‐level errors (distortions) were penalized less severely than phonemic‐level errors. Per cent consonants correct and whole‐word accuracy were also examined. Trochee and iamb lists were analysed separately.Outcomes & ResultsPaired samples t‐tests indicated that the modified edit distance was significantly lower for the trochee lists than for the iamb lists. There was a lack of a significant effect of time on the absolute difference between modified edit distance for both lists. Intraclass coefficients suggested the list and procedures used are appropriate as an outcome measure for group research.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe results suggest that in English, as in German, the trochaic structure is more resistant to segmental errors in persons with AOS and aphasia, providing replication of the findings of Aichert et al. in 2016. Further, this effect is stable over repeated sampling occasions. Implications for clinical management of AOS include possible ways to scaffold item difficulty and potentially improve stimulus generalization.
Comparative efficacy of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) entomopathogens on transgenic blight‐tolerant and wild‐type American, Chinese, and hybrid chestnuts (Fagales: Fagaceae)
Authors: Brown Aaron J. , Newhouse Andrew E. , Powell William A. , Parry Dylan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmerican chestnut (Castanea dentata[Marsh.] Borkh.) was once the dominant hardwood species in Eastern North America before an exotic fungal pathogen,Cryphonectria parasitica(Murrill) Barr, functionally eliminated it across its range. One promising approach toward restoring American chestnut to natural forests is development of blight‐tolerant trees using genetic transformation. However, transformation and related processes can result in unexpected and unintended phenotypic changes, potentially altering ecological interactions. To assess unintended tritrophic impacts of transgenic American chestnut on plant–herbivore interactions, gypsy moth (Lymantria disparL.) caterpillars were fed leaf disks excised from two transgenic events, Darling 54 and Darling 58, and four control American chestnut lines. Leaf disks were previously treated with an LD50dose of either the species‐specificLymantria disparmultiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV) or the generalist pathogenBacillus thuringiensissubsp.kurstaki(Btk). Mortality was quantified and compared to water blank controls. Tree genotype had a strong effect on the efficacies of both pathogens. Larval mortality from Btk‐treated foliage from only one transgenic event, Darling 54, differed from its isogenic progenitor, Ellis 1, but was similar to an unrelated wild‐type American chestnut control. LdMNPV efficacy was unaffected by genetic transformation. Results suggest that although genetic modification of trees may affect interactions with other nontarget organisms, this may be due to insertion effects, and variation among different genotypes (whether transgenic or wild‐type) imparts a greater change in response than transgene presence.
Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Concentrations Using a Novel Method Analysis of MOS Sensors Signal
Authors: Gancarz Marek , Nawrocka Agnieszka , Rusinek Robert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) are natural markers useful in rapid assessment of adverse changes occurring in biological material. The use of an electronic nose seems to be a good, fast, and cheap method to determine particular VOCs. This paper presents a new method determination for VOCs and their concentration based on three sensorgram parameters: maximum of normalized sensor response, reaction time, and cleaning time measured from the end of the test to the half value of the maximum of normalized sensor response. The novelty of the method consists in the use for the first time of two parameters: reaction time and cleaning time measured from the end of the test to the half value of the maximum of normalized sensor response. The VOC sensorgrams at different VOC concentrations (26 to 3,842 ppm) were measured by an electronic nose Food Volatile Compound Analyzer (Agrinose) equipped with eight metal oxide semiconductor sensors dedicated to detect different gases. In the present studies, only six sensors that best respond to the VOCs were used. The highest responses to VOCs were obtained for two sensors—TGS2602 and AS‐MLV‐P2. The results showed that the dependence between the sensorgram parameters on VOC concentration was well described by a logarithmic curve in the whole range of concentrations. Detailed analysis revealed that the cleaning time increases with an increase in the number of carbon atoms in aliphatic molecules. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to verify the utility of the new three parameters method in VOCs differentiation. The PCA analysis of these parameters showed that maximum of the normalized sensor response alone, which has been used for identification of particular VOCs so far, could not be regarded as a good parameter used for this purpose. Application of all the three parameters gave the best results in VOC identification. The research indicates that the use of three parameters of a volatile compound instead of only one parameter can allow precise determination of substances. Moreover, the results indicate that the analyzed parameters depend on the chemical structure of VOCs.
Physicochemical Properties and Digestion Characteristics of Corn Starch Esterfied by Malic Acid
Authors: Tian Shuang‐Qi , Liu Chen‐Xi , Zhao Ren‐Yong , Wang Zi‐Liang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different degree of substitution on structural characteristics and crystalline properties of resistant starch esterfied by L‐malic acid. With the deepening of the esterification reaction, malate starches particles became larger, particle surface cracks and grooves increased which led to a decline in whiteness of malate starches. With the increase in the degree of substitution (DS), the initial phase transition temperatures (To) and endothermic enthalpies (ΔH) of malate starch gradually decreased. The XRD results indicated that with the increase of DS, the diffraction peak at 15.1° disappeared in the spectrum. When the DS of malate starches reached 0.116, the content of resistant starch (RS) accounted for the majority of the total starch.
Microwave Parboiling: Reduction in Process Time, Browning of Rice and Residual Phosphorus Content in the Waste Water
Authors: Rockembach Caroline Tuchtenhagen , Ferreira Cristiano Dietrich , Ramos Adriano Hirsch , Luz Suzane Rickes , Vanier Nathan Levien , de Oliveira Maurício 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe conventional prolonged parboiling process results in high operation cost and grain darkening, which may limit consumption. Moreover, residue generation by rice industries is another challenge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of microwave irradiation during soaking and gelatinization stages of parboiling rice. Processing time, colorimetric profile, broken and nongelatinized grains, sucrose and glucose content, free 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural, and residual phosphorus were evaluated. As the soaking and gelatinization times during microwave treatments increased, the colorimetric parameters increased; however, the values were lower than those with the conventional process. Regardless of soaking time, a decrease in broken and nongelatinized grains was obtained by using the lowest steaming time (5 min). Additionally, lower residual phosphorus content was found in soaking water (10 and 20 min) when using microwave irradiation. Under favorable conditions, a reduction in the levels of broken and nongelatinized grains, residual phosphorus, and color changes was observed, indicating that microwave irradiation may be more beneficial than conventional parboiling.Practical ApplicationParboiling requires a high volume of water and soaking time, which leads to high costs, underutilization of infrastructures, and high residue in the water after processing. The rapid parboiling process involves the use of microwaves during the soaking and gelatinization stages. The main advantages of the microwave parboiling process include reduced processing time, ranging from 83% to 95%, higher gelatinization, greater yield, reduced darkening, and reduced residual phosphorus in the effluents by 60%. This report can aid industries in streamlining their processes, thereby providing a high‐quality, lower cost, and environmentally safe product.
The greater incidence of small‐for‐gestational‐age newborns after gonadotropin‐stimulated in vitro fertilization with a supraphysiological estradiol level on ovulation trigger day
Authors: Kohl Schwartz Alexandra S. , Mitter Vera R. , Amylidi‐Mohr Sofia , Fasel Pascale , Minger Mirja A. , Limoni Costanzo , Zwahlen Marcel , von Wolff Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionReproductive scientists have postulated various risk factors for lower birthweight following conventional gonadotropin‐stimulated in vitro fertilization compared with spontaneously conceived children: parental factors (age, health, duration of subfertility and smoking habits); ovarian stimulation; laboratory procedures; the number of oocytes retrieved and the number of embryos transferred. Our aim was to investigate the impact of gonadotropin stimulation and serum estradiol level on the risk of a newborn being small‐for‐gestational‐age.Material and methodsWe conducted a cohort study (2010‐2016) of singletons (n = 155) born either after conventional gonadotropin‐stimulated in vitro fertilization (using ≥150 IU/d human gonadotropin for stimulation) or after natural cycle in vitro fertilization without any stimulation. We analyzed perinatal outcomes using birthweight percentiles, adjusted for gestational age and sex.ResultsThe proportion of small‐for‐gestational‐age was 11.8% following conventional gonadotropin‐stimulated in vitro fertilization and 2.9% after natural cycle in vitro fertilization (P = 0.058). The odds of small‐for‐gestational‐age were significantly higher with supraphysiological estradiol levels in maternal serum on ovulation trigger day (unadjusted odds ratio 4.58; 95% confidence interval 1.35‐15.55; P = 0.015). It remained significant after adjusting for maternal height, age and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio 3.83; 95% confidence interval 1.06‐13.82; P = 0.041).ConclusionsWe found an associated risk of children being born small‐for‐gestational‐age after conventional gonadotropin‐stimulated in vitro fertilization compared with natural cycle in vitro fertilization. This higher risk is significantly associated with supraphysiological estradiol levels. We propose a reduction in the dosage of gonadotropin to minimize the risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age and future health consequences.
Liraglutide treatment reduced interleukin‐6 in adults with type 1 diabetes but did not improve established autonomic or polyneuropathy
Authors: Brock Christina , Hansen Christian Stevns , Karmisholt Jesper , Møller Holger Jon , Juhl Anne , Farmer Adam Donald , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr , Riahi Sam , Lervang Hans Henrik , Jakobsen Poul Erik , Brock Birgitte 
Published: July 2019

AimsType 1 diabetes can be complicated with neuropathy that involves immune‐mediated and inflammatory pathways. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists such as liraglutide, have shown anti‐inflammatory properties, and thus we hypothesized that long‐term treatment with liraglutide induced diminished inflammation and thus improved neuronal function.MethodsThe study was a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of adults with type 1 diabetes and confirmed symmetrical polyneuropathy. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either liraglutide or placebo. Titration was 6 weeks to 1.2–1.8 mg/d, continuing for 26 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in latency of early brain evoked potentials. Secondary endpoints were changes in proinflammatory cytokines, cortical evoked potential, autonomic function and peripheral neurophysiological testing.ResultsThirty‐nine patients completed the study, of whom 19 received liraglutide. In comparison to placebo, liraglutide reduced interleukin‐6 (−22.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −38.1, −3.2; P = .025) with concomitant numerical reductions in other proinflammatory cytokines. However neuronal function was unaltered at the central, autonomic or peripheral level. Treatment was associated with −3.38 kg (95% CI: −5.29, −1.48; P < .001] weight loss and a decrease in urine albumin/creatinine ratio (−40.2%; 95% CI: −60.6, −9.5; P = .02).ConclusionHitherto, diabetic neuropathy has no cure. Speculations can be raised whether mechanism targeted treatment, e.g. lowering the systemic level of proinflammatory cytokines may lead to prevention or treatment of the neuroinflammatory component in early stages of diabetic neuropathy. If ever successful, this would serve as an example of how fundamental mechanistic principles are translated into clinical practice similar to those applied in the cardiovascular and nephrological clinic.
Leaf litter decomposition and macroinvertebrate assemblages along an urban stream gradient in Puerto Rico
Authors: Classen‐Rodríguez Leticia , Gutiérrez‐Fonseca Pablo E. , Ramírez Alonso 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUrbanization is a major land use form that has large impacts on ecosystems. Urban development in the watershed impacts stream ecosystems by increasing nutrient and organic matter loads, altering hydrology, and reducing biodiversity. Puerto Rico is an ideal location to assess and monitor the effects of urbanization on streams, because it is increasingly urbanized and streams do not receive inputs of untreated sewage, characteristic of many other tropical urban areas. The objective of this study was to determine how leaf litter decomposition and aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages varied along a tropical urban gradient. We conducted the study in the Río Piedras watershed, San Juan Metropolitan Area, in six low‐order streams that formed an urban gradient ranging from 10% to 70% urban land cover. At each stream, we placed six 5 g leaf bags of Ficus longifolia in three different pools and collected one bag on each sampling date. Decomposition rates were fast in forested streams (range 0.021–0.039/day) and decreased with increasing urbanization (range 0.007–0.008/day). Rates were strongly and negatively correlated with percent impervious surface cover (R = 0.81, p = 0.01). Functional feeding group diversity was higher in forested streams, with the presence of shredders. Decomposition rates were significantly and positively correlated with functional feeding group diversity and abundance (R = 0.66, p = 0.04). Overall, our results show that urbanization affected the environment and macroinvertebrate diversity resulting in large negative effects on stream ecosystem function.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.
c‐Myb promotes growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer through c‐fos‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition
Authors: Qu Xiao , Yan Xuebing , Kong Cheng , Zhu Yin , Li Hao , Pan Dengdeng , Zhang Xiaohui , Liu Yongqiang , Yin Fang , Qin Huanlong 
Published: July 2019

Abstractc‐Myb is a crucial transcription factor that participates in various biological functions; however, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly investigated. We first analyzed the expression and clinical significance of c‐Myb in a retrospective cohort enrolling 132 CRC patients. Then, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique was used to establish c‐Myb gene KO CRC cell lines. Cellular functional assays in vitro and in vivo were used to evaluate the impact of c‐Myb KO in CRC cells. Finally, RNA sequencing was used to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms regulated by c‐Myb in CRC progression and related cellular validations were accordingly carried out. As a result, c‐Myb is significantly overexpressed in CRC tissues as compared with adjacent normal tissues. High expression of c‐Myb is positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis further identify c‐Myb as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for CRC patients. c‐Myb KO inhibits the proliferation, apoptosis resistance, invasion, metastasis, colony formation and in vivo tumorigenesis of CRC cells. Also, the mechanism investigation indicates that c‐Myb may promote CRC progression by regulating c‐fos. c‐fos overexpression can rescue the inhibitory effect of c‐Myb KO on the malignant characteristics of CRC cells. Finally, we find that c‐Myb KO inhibits the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecular phenotype in CRC cells, whereas c‐fos overexpression can rescue this inhibitory effect. This study suggests that c‐Myb promotes the malignant progression of CRC through c‐fos‐induced EMT and has the potential to be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.