bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dissolved and suspended solids in aquaculture.
Authors: Boyd C. E. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A few major ions contribute most of the weight of dissolved solids in water. Direct determination of total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration is tedious, and the electrical conductivity of freshwater and the salinity of saline water are common surrogates for TDS in aquaculture. The primary concern over dissolved solids is maintaining TDS concentration within a range that allows effective osmoregulation by culture species. There is usually more concern over TDS concentration in inland, saline water or brackishwater aquaculture than in freshwater aquaculture. The handheld salinity refractometer is used almost exclusively to measure the salinity of saline waters for aquaculture. Suspended solids comprise mineral soil particles, living microorganisms (especially phytoplankton) and decaying organic matter cause turbidity, and amount of suspended solids is usually assessed from water clarity as determined with a Secchi disk. Turbidity limits light penetration and restricts the depth to which photosynthesis may occur. Turbidity from suspended soil particles usually is a negative factor while plankton turbidity normally is a positive factor in fertilized ponds. Nevertheless, in fertilized ponds or un-aerated ponds with feeding, excessive plankton turbidity causes low nighttime dissolved oxygen concentrations. Turbidity from suspended soil particles may be beneficial by reducing light penetration for phytoplankton growth in mechanically-aerated ponds with feeding, but soil particles suspended by aeration settle creating zones of organically-enriched sediment. Such sediment may result in anaerobic areas from which microbial respiration releases toxic metabolites. Methods of managing dissolved and suspended solids and sediment are summarized.
Green roof research towards enhancing urban biodiversity, storm-water retention and air pollution abatement.
Authors: Salman I. N. A. , Schindler B. , Agra H. , Bawab O. , Friedman-Heiman A. , Kadas G. J. , Seifan M. , Blaustein L. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Green roofs provide multiple environmental benefits. These include storm-water retention, water purification, insulation of the building, air quality and carbon sequestration and biodiversity enhancement. Green roofs can be classified as sustainable extensive green roofs (no additional fertilizer, no gardening, no irrigation and shallow growing substrate) or as intensive green roofs (additional fertilizer, gardening, irrigation and deeper growing substrate). In this review, we concentrate on multi-disciplinary benefits of green roofs - i.e. biodiversity enhancement (i.e. reconciliation ecology), storm-water retention and air-pollution abatement as these benefits highly support sustainable buildings. We have found that under conditions of very fine-scale heterogeneity, species diversity (both plants and arthropods) is unlikely to increase, particularly if there is no irrigation. Under large-scale heterogeneity (such as different types of green roofs), the regional diversity can increase. Some plants compete with each other and others can create facilitation. Under conditions of irrigation in the hot, arid conditions of the Middle East, photovoltaic panels may likely produce more electricity and the heterogeneity in solar radiation and moisture can result in greater biodiversity. Rainwater can also be deterred from storm drainage by using gray water irrigation for specific plant assemblages. Green roofs can help mitigate the negative effects of air pollution and CO
2
emissions - in particular, by absorbing pollutants and sequestering carbon dioxide.
Integrated pest management for tropical crops: soyabeans.
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Muniappan R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Soyabean, because of its importance in food security and wide diversity of uses in industrial applications, is one of the world's most important crops. There are a number of abiotic and biotic constraints that threaten soyabean production. Soyabean pests are major biotic constraints limiting soyabean production and quality. Crop losses to animal pests, diseases and weeds in soyabeans average 26-29% globally. This review discusses biology, global distribution and plant damage and yield losses in soyabean caused by insect pests, plant diseases, nematodes and weeds. The interactions among insects, weeds and diseases are detailed. A soyabean integrated pest management (IPM) package of practices, covering the crop from pre-sowing to harvest, is outlined. The effect of climate changes on arthropod pests, plant diseases and weeds are discussed. The history and evolution of the highly successful soyabean IPM programme in Brazil and the factors that led to its demise are explained.
Measuring household food waste at national level: a systematic review on methods and results.
Authors: Cicatiello C. , Giordano C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The majority of food waste is generated at the consumption stage. Research on consumer food waste is increasing very fast, as well as the effort in the quantification of the amount of food waste generated at home. This review analyses the most relevant studies in this regard with the aim of (i) reporting the main findings on the amount of food waste generated at the household level, and (ii) comparing estimates from studies conducted with different methodological approaches, to highlight possible influences of methods over the findings. Despite the growing interest over the topic, the number of studies providing a quantitative estimation of household food waste is not very high, with 16 studies conducted in Europe and 3 in other countries. The main methods used are inference on national statistics about food and waste flows, and direct measurement, e.g. questionnaires, food diaries and waste compositional analysis. Results of household food waste vary from only 5 to over 100 kg per person per year. Such variety is due to the definitions of food waste adopted (limiting or not the focus on edible food waste), as well as to the different methodological approaches. While inferential studies' findings are somewhat comparable with results of food diaries and waste compositional analyses, the amount of food waste self-reported by respondents in questionnaires is always much lower, probably due to self-indulgency of respondents or to cognitive bias. These pieces of evidence suggest that further research on the quantification of food waste at the consumer level should adopt more reliable methods and use a consistent definition of food waste.
A Paradigm Framework for Social Work Theory for Early 21st Century Practice
Authors: McGregor Caroline 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article explores whether paradigms for social work that helped structure and focus social work theory in the late 20th century can continue to inform social work theorising in the present day. The question is considered by reviewing the work of Burrell and Morgan (1979), Howe (1987), Whittington and Holland (1985), Johnson et al., 1984 (cited in Rojek, 1986) and Mulally (1993) who offer specific considerations of paradigm frameworks. The main argument developed in the discussion is that while the nature and orientation of theories in paradigms from later 20th to early 21st century are more diverse and complex, the value of a paradigm as framework for theory for practice persists. But for a paradigm framework to hold sway, there are some essential requirements. These include a need to: emphasise more the importance of local context in global conditions; broaden scope of theory away from predisposition to ‘Western’ dominated ideas; include space for certain constants in social work and recognise the role of critical reflexivity in activating theory. The need for further global and local research studies that systematically test and interrogate the range of social work theories and practices to progress this project is emphasised.
Blood vessel epicardial substance reduces LRP6 receptor and cytoplasmic β-catenin levels to modulate Wnt signaling and intestinal homeostasis
Authors: Thompson Joshua J , Short Sarah P , Parang Bobak , Brown Rachel E , Li Chenxuan , Ng Victoria H , Saito-Diaz Kenyi , Choksi Yash A , Washington Mary K , Smith Jesse Joshua , Fingleton Barbara , Brand Thomas , Lee Ethan , Coffey Robert J , Williams Christopher S 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBlood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, otherwise known as POPDC1) is an integral membrane protein known to regulate tight junction formation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. BVES is underexpressed in a number of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. BVES loss leads to activation of the Wnt pathway, suggesting that decreased BVES expression functionally contributes to tumorigenesis. However, the mechanism by which BVES modulates Wnt signaling is unknown. Here, we confirm that BVES loss increases β-catenin protein levels, leads to Wnt pathway activation in a ligand-independent fashion and coordinates with Wnt ligand to further increase Wnt signaling. We show that BVES loss increases levels and activation of the Wnt co-receptor, LRP6, in cell lines, murine adenoma tumoroids and human-derived colonoids. We also demonstrate that BVES interacts with LRP6. Finally, murine tumor modeling using a Wnt-driven genetic model and a chemically induced model of colorectal carcinogenesis demonstrate that BVES loss increases tumor multiplicity and dysplasia. Together, these results implicate BVES as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, provide one of the first examples of a tight junction-associated protein regulating Wnt receptor levels, and expand the number of putative molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in colorectal cancer.
Cost-effectiveness of Universal Hepatitis C Virus Screening of Pregnant Women in the United States
Authors: Chaillon Antoine , Rand Elizabeth B , Reau Nancy , Martin Natasha K 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundHepatitis C virus’ (HCV) chronic prevalence among pregnant women in the United States doubled nationally from 2009–2014 (~0.7%), yet many cases remain undiagnosed. Screening pregnant women is not recommended by the Society of Maternal-Fetal Medicine or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, despite new American Association For the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD)/Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines recommending screening for this group. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of HCV screening for pregnant women in the United States.MethodsAn HCV natural history Markov model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of universal HCV screening of pregnant women, followed by treatment after pregnancy, compared to background risk-based screening from a health-care payer perspective. We assumed a HCV chronic prevalence of 0.73% among pregnant women, based on national data. We assumed no Medicaid reimbursement restrictions by fibrosis stage at baseline, but explored differing restrictions in sensitivity analyses. We assessed costs (in US dollars) and health outcomes (in quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]) over a lifetime horizon, using new HCV drug costs of $25 000/treatment. We assessed mean incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) under a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000/QALY gained. We additionally evaluated the potential population impact.ResultsUniversal antenatal screening was cost-effective in all treatment eligibility scenarios (mean ICER &lt;$3000/QALY gained). Screening remained cost-effective at a prevalence of 0.07%, which is the lowest estimated prevalence in the United States (in Hawaii). Screening the ~5.04 million pregnant women in 2018 could result in the detection and treatment of 33 000 women, based on current fibrosis restrictions.ConclusionsUniversal screening for HCV among pregnant women in the United States is cost-effective and should be recommended nationally.
Cognitive/Functional Measures Predict Alzheimer’s Disease, Dependent on Hippocampal Volume
Authors: Tabatabaei-Jafari Hossein , Shaw Marnie E , Walsh Erin , Cherbuin Nicolas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of cognitive/functional measures in combination with hippocampal volume (HCV) on the probability of conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Methods
The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test for immediate memory, Mini-Mental State Examination, a functional assessment for independent daily activities and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale were used as cognitive/functional measures and HCV as neuroimaging measure. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses were used to explore the measures’ predictive values for AD conversion and time to conversion.

Results
The probability of conversion from MCI to AD was associated with cognitive function, but this was moderated by HCV: higher at lower HCV and lower at higher HCV. General cognitive/functional measures were less predictive than immediate memory in predicting time to conversion to AD at small HCVs.

Conclusion
Effectiveness of cognitive measures and subtle functional abnormality in predicting conversion from MCI to AD is dependent on HCV, thus combined evaluation should be considered. A combination of HCV and immediate memory appear to perform best in predicting time to conversion.
The Reamer-Irrigator-Aspirator technique for manubriosternal non-union repair
Authors: Naruka Vinci , Nardini Marco , McVie James , Dunning Joel 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Autologous bone graft is used in the treatment of fracture non-unions. A novel approach to treat painful manubriosternal non-unions is described with bone graft harvested from the femur and plating.
Numerical study on heat transfer performance of vacuum tube solar collector integrated with metal foams
Authors: Lu Yalin , Chen Zhenqian 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Applying vacuum tube solar collector is one effective way to reduce heat loss in solar collection. However, low conductivity of pure water leads to poor heat transfer performance in vacuum tube. In order to enhance heat transfer in tube, a novel vacuum tube solar collector using water as medium and metal foams as filler is presented, which consists of outer glass tube, inner metal tube and metal foam filler. The heating process of vacuum tube with metal foam filler of different structural parameters (porosity in range of 0.8991–0.9546 and PPI of 5, 10 and 20) is numerically studied and local thermal equilibrium model is applied.The temperature distribution of vacuum tube collectors with and without metal foam filler are compared. The impact of porosity and PPI on heat transfer performance is obtained. The results show that metal foams plays a great role in heat transfer enhancement for vacuum tube solar collector. Thermal performance of the novel vacuum tube solar collector is influenced by porosity and PPI of metal foams. Compared with traditional vacuum tube solar collector, the proposed vacuum tube solar collector has better thermal performance and greater potential in solar building integration.
Use of Isokinetic Dynamometry To Assess Muscle Function In Burned Patients Is A Reliable Tool To Assist Progressive Resistance Exercise Prescription
Authors: Dean Julianna M , Murton Andrew J , Glover Shauna Q , Gutierrez Ileana , Andersen Clark R , Herndon David N , Lee Jong O , Suman Oscar E 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Isokinetic dynamometry is used during exercise testing and rehabilitation to obtain a quantitative strength measurement on which progressive strength training programs can be based. This study assesses the test–retest reliability of isokinetic leg function in the knee flexors and extensors at 150°/s in children and young adults with severe burns to be used for rehabilitation exercise program prescription. In 39 severely burned patients (49 ± 14% total body surface area burn [TBSA], mean ± SD; 34 ± 21% TBSA 3rd degree; 14 ± 5 years, 153.3 ± 16.5 cm height; 53.8 ± 17.9 kg) knee flexion/extension isokinetic dynamometry at 150°/s was performed on each patient’s dominant leg in two sessions. The patient was acquainted with the test and performed 1 set of 10 repetitions at 150°/s. A second session of 1 set of 10 repetitions at 150°/ was performed within 24 h of the first. Muscle function outcomes were knee flexion/extension peak torque, average peak torque, and average power. One-sample paired t tests were performed for all muscle function outcomes; intraclass correlation coefficients and r2 values with session two as a function of session one were calculated. Sessions did not differ significantly in knee extension or flexion for any muscle function outcome or the hamstrings to quadriceps ratio. All intraclass correlation coefficients were &gt;0.89 and r2 &gt; 0.79. Test–retest isokinetic dynamometry functional measurements in the knee flexors and extensors at 150°/s are reliable in the burn population and may aid resistance rehabilitation program prescriptions.
Meta-analysis Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma vs Hyaluronic Acid Injection in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Han Yanhong , Huang Hetao , Pan Jianke , Lin Jiongtong , Zeng Lingfeng , Liang Guihong , Yang Weiyi , Liu Jun 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the use of PRP and HA in KOA patients were retrieved from each database from the establishment date to April 2018. Outcome measurements were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC), visual analog scale (VAS), International Knee Documentation Committee, and Lequesne Index scores and adverse events. The pooled data were evaluated with Review Manager 5.3.5.

Results
Fifteen RCTs (N = 1,314) were included in our meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis indicated that PRP injections reduced pain more effectively than HA injections in patients with KOA at six and 12 months of follow-up, as evaluated by the WOMAC pain score; the VAS pain score showed a significant difference at 12 months. Moreover, better functional improvement was observed in the PRP group, as demonstrated by the WOMAC function score at three, six, and 12 months. Additionally, PRP injections did not display different adverse event rates compared with HA injections.

Conclusion
In terms of long-term pain relief and functional improvement, PRP injections might be more effective than HA injections as a treatment for KOA. The optimal dosage, the timing interval and frequency of injections, and the ideal treatment for different stages of KOA remain areas of concern for future investigations.
Integration of Anatomy Ontologies and Evo-Devo Using Structured Markov Models Suggests a New Framework for Modeling Discrete Phenotypic Traits
Authors: Tarasov Sergei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractModeling discrete phenotypic traits for either ancestral character state reconstruction or morphology-based phylogenetic inference suffers from ambiguities of character coding, homology assessment, dependencies, and selection of adequate models. These drawbacks occur because trait evolution is driven by two key processes—hierarchical and hidden—which are not accommodated simultaneously by the available phylogenetic methods. The hierarchical process refers to the dependencies between anatomical body parts, while the hidden process refers to the evolution of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying trait development. Herein, I demonstrate that these processes can be efficiently modeled using structured Markov models (SMM) equipped with hidden states, which resolves the majority of the problems associated with discrete traits. Integration of SMM with anatomy ontologies can adequately incorporate the hierarchical dependencies, while the use of the hidden states accommodates hidden evolution of GRNs and substitution rate heterogeneity. I assess the new models using simulations and theoretical synthesis. The new approach solves the long-standing “tail color problem,” in which the trait is scored for species with tails of different colors or no tails. It also presents a previously unknown issue called the “two-scientist paradox,” in which the nature of coding the trait and the hidden processes driving the trait’s evolution are confounded; failing to account for the hidden process may result in a bias, which can be avoided by using hidden state models. All this provides a clear guideline for coding traits into characters. This article gives practical examples of using the new framework for phylogenetic inference and comparative analysis.
Human extinction learning is accelerated by an angiotensin antagonist via ventromedial prefrontal cortex and its connections with basolateral amygdala
Authors: Zhou Feng , Geng Yayuan , Xin Fei , Li Jialin , Feng Pan , Liu Congcong , Zhao Weihua , Feng Tingyong , Guastella Adam J. , Kendrick Keith M. , Becker Benjamin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecent translational research suggests a role of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system in threat extinction and underlying neuroplasticity; however, whether and how pharmacological modulation of the RA system influences physiological and neural manifestations of threat during extinction learning in humans is unclear. Here we report that pre-extinction administration of losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, accelerated attenuation of physiological threat expression. During early extinction, losartan enhanced threat-signal specific ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activation and its coupling with the basolateral amygdala. Multivoxel pattern analysis revealed that losartan reduced whole brain, particularly vmPFC, threat expression and voxel-wise mediation analyses further confirmed that losartan-accelerated extinction crucially involved vmPFC processing. Overall the results provide initial evidence for a critical role of the RA system in extinction learning in humans and suggest that adjunct losartan administration may facilitate the efficacy of extinction-based therapies.ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03396523