bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbonic Acid Resistance of Hydroxyapatite Based Cement
Authors: Srivastava Aman , Ahmed Ramadan , Shah Subhash 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
With the current applications of CO2 in oil wells for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and sequestration purposes, the dissolution of CO2 in the formation brine and the formation of carbonic acid is a major cause of cement damage. This degradation can lead to non-compliance with the functions of the cement as it changes compressive and shear bond strengths and porosity and permeability of cement. It becomes imperative to understand the degradation mechanism of cement and methods to reduce the damage such as the addition of special additives to improve the resistance of cement against acid attack. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of hydroxyapatite on cement degradation.
To investigate the impacts of hydroxyapatite additive on oil well cement performance, two Class H cement slurry formulations (baseline/HS and hydroxyapatite containing cement/HHO) were compared after exposure to acidic environments. To evaluate the performance of the formulations, samples were prepared and aged in high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) autoclave containing 2% brine saturated with mixed gas containing methane and carbon dioxide. Tests were performed at different temperatures (38 to 221°C), pressures (21 to 63 MPa) and CO2 concentrations (10 to 100%). After aging for 14 days at constant pressure and temperature, the samples were recovered and their bond and compressive strength, porosity and permeability were measured and compared with those of unaged samples.
The results demonstrated that adding hydroxyapatite limits carbonation. Baseline samples that do not contain hydroxyapatite carbonated and consequently their compressive strength, porosity, permeability, and shear bond strength significantly changed after aging while hydroxyapatite-containing samples displayed a limited change in their properties. However, hydroxyapatite-containing samples exhibit high permeability due to the formation of microcracks after exposure to carbonic acid at high temperature (221°C). The formation of microcracks could be attributed to thermal retrogression or other phenomena that cause the expansion of the cement.
This article sheds light on the application of hydroxyapatite as a cement additive to improve the carbonic acid resistance of oil well cement. It presents hydroxyapatite containing cement formulation that has acceptable slurry properties for field applications and better carbonic acid resistance compared to conventional cement.
High-efficiency Corrosion Inhibitor for Acidizing: Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-corrosion Performance of Novel Indolizine Derivative
Authors: Wang Yefei , Yang Zhen , Wang Renzhuo , Chen Wuhua , Ding Mingchen , Zhan Fengtao , Hou Baofeng 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A novel indolizine derivative inhibitor for acidization was introduced. It could exhibit effective corrosion inhibition at a much lower concentration without propargyl alcohol and shows economic and environmental advantages. From quinoline, benzyl chloride, and chloroacetic acid, two indolizine derivatives were prepared under certain conditions. These inhibitive indolizine derivatives were both synthesised from benzyl quinoline chloride (BQC), which one of the conventional quaternary ammonium corrosion inhibitors used for acidising. The target compound was purified and instrumental analysis methods including elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and NMR were used to characterise the chemical structure. The inhibition performance of the indolizine derivatives in 15 wt.% HCl, 20 wt.% HCl, and mud acid (12%HCl + 3%HF) for N80 steel was investigated by weight loss measurement, electrochemical method (potentiodynamic polarization and EIS), and SEM surface morphology assessment.
When 0.1 wt.% indolizine derivative was added, the inhibition efficiency of N80 steel in 15 wt.% HCl at 90 °C increased to 98.8 % and 99.1 % respectively without the synergistic effect of propargyl alcohol: however, in terms of BQC, even at a dosage of 1.0 wt.%, the inhibition efficiency of N80 steel only reached 83.3 % under the same conditions. The novel derivative could impart an improved corrosion resistance effect. Compared with BQC, there are more active adsorption sites in the derivative and therefore the inhibitor could be better fastened to the steel surface. The firmly adsorbed inhibitors would thereby prevent the metal surface from making contact with H+ ions and finally increase the inhibitory effect. As a high-efficiency corrosion inhibitor, the novel indolizine derivatives may offer a new strategy for corrosion protection in acidising.
Covalently-Linked Organic Functionalities on Nano-Platelets as a Viscosifier for Oil-Based Muds
Authors: Patel Hasmukh A. , Santra Ashok , Thaemlitz Carl J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Organic functionalities have attached with layered materials through weak ionic bonds in traditional viscosifiers. Since the ionic linkages are weaker than the covalent bonds, ionic organic functionalities tend to detach under high temperature, pressure, shears, presence of other stronger ionic groups and repeated exposures toward alkaline or acidic conditions. To overcome these drawbacks of traditional viscosifiers, we have designed a novel viscosifier with covalently-linked organic moieties on layered materials (COLM). The organic functionalities were linked on the nano-platelets through covalent bonding and thus these linkages provide excellent stability compare to ionic interaction. The synthesis of COLM involves facile synthetic routes that have generated synthetic layered materials of high purity and reproducible chemical composition. The rheological properties of oil-based mud (OBM) containing COLM are characterized under high temperature and high pressure. Unprecedented flat rheology was observed when COLM was blended in OBM and compared with traditional organoclay. The temperature dependent viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus, G' and loss modulus, G") of the OBMs were also studied to establish the effectiveness of COLM compare to traditional organoclay.
Amphiphilic Wax Inhibitor for Tackling Crude Oil Wax Deposit Challenges
Authors: Xiu Zongming , Dufils Pierre-Emmanuel , Zhou Jia , Cadix Arnaud , Hatchman Kevan , Decoster Thomas , Ferlin Patrick 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
As waxy crude oil comes to the surface, it will cool down and causing the waxy fraction to gel. The gelled crude chokes the well, leading to restricted or blocked production and costly downtime for operators. One of the most common chemical solutions to address the wax deposit challenge is the addition of wax inhibitors or pour point depressants (PPDs) to the production stream. However, most of the PPD's used in the field are organic solvent-based polymers, which require large quantities of hazardous organic solvents such as xylene and toluene. To propose an improved solution, a water-based amphiphilic PPD polymer dispersion system, synthesized using controlled radical polymerization technology has recently been developed. This specifically designed block copolymer is synthesized with a hydrophilic polymeric head group and a hydrophobic tail. The macromolecular design was specifically optimized to control particle size to create unique and stable amphiphilic PPD dispersion. The viscosity of the PPD, at high activity of about 40%, is between 200 and 250 cps at room temperature with a milky color, and it remains stable to 200°C under 500psi. Also, the PPD dispersion itself has a pour point of −30°C, and it can be easily formulated to be pumpable under −40°C. For performance evaluation, the water-based PPD dispersion was tested using a standard cold-finger apparatus and a pour point tester on crude oils from various global regions. The results showed that this PPD dispersion not only significantly reduced crude oil wax deposition by nearly 70%, but it also reduced the pour point of the crude by typically 18°C. Overall, the current research performed on macromolecular architecture design shows that this block polymer technology allows polymer adjustment to meet application needs for various crude types, and to tackle this important flow assurance challenges.
Novel Non-Aromatic Non-Ionic Surfactants to Target Deep Carbonate Stimulation
Authors: Sokhanvarian Khatere , Stanciu Cornell , Fernandez Jorge M. , Ibrahim Ahmed , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Matrix acidizing is used for permeability and productivity enhancement purposes in oil and gas wells. Hydrochloric acid has been always a first choice due to so many advantages that it can offer. However, HCl in high pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells is a concern because of its high reactivity resulting in face dissolution, high corrosion rates, and high corrosion inhibition costs. There are several alternatives to HCl, among them emulsified acid is a favorable choice due to inherent corrosion inhibition, deeper penetration into the reservoir, less asphaltene/sludge problems, and better acid distribution due to its higher viscosity. Furthermore, the success of the latter system is dependent upon the stability of the emulsion especially at high temperatures. The emulsified acid must be stable until it is properly placed and it also should be compatible with other additives in an acidizing package. This study presents the development of a stable emulsified acid at 300°F through investigating some novel aliphatic non-ionic surfactants.
This paper introduces new non-aromatic non-ionic surfactant to form an emulsified acid for HP/HT wells where the conventional acidizing systems face some shortcomings. The type and quality of the emulsified acid was assessed through conductivity measurements and drop test. Thermal stability of the system was monitored as a function of time through the use of pressure tubes and a preheated oil bath at 300°F. Lumisizer and Turbiscan were used to determine the stability and average particle size of the emulsion, respectively. The viscosity of the emulsified acid was measured at different temperatures up to 200°F as a function of shear rates (0.1-1000 s-1). The microscopy study was used to examine the shape and distribution of acid droplets in diesel. Coreflood studies at low and high flow rates were conducted to determine the performance of the newly developed stable emulsified acid in creating wormholes. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Computed Tomography (CT) scan were used to determine dissolved cations and wormhole propagation, respectively.
Superior stimulation results with low pore volume of acid to breakthrough were achieved at 300°F with the newly developed emulsified acid system. The wormhole propagation was narrow and dominant compared to branch wormholes resulted from some of the treatments using conventional emulsified acid systems. The results showed that a non-ionic surfactant with a right chemistry such as suitable hydrophobe chain length and structure can form a stable emulsified acid.
This study will assist in creating a stable emulsified acid system through introducing the new and effective aliphatic non-ionic surfactants, which lead to deeper penetration of acid with low pore volume to breakthrough. This new emulsified acid system efficiently stimulates HP/HT carbonate reservoirs.
Development of a Novel Iron Sulfide Scale Inhibitor for Onshore US Application
Authors: Bhandari Narayan , Bhandari Manoj , Littlehales Ian , Fidoe Julie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Iron sulfide scaling can pose a significant threat to flow assurance, especially in sour production systems that yields hydrogen sulfide (H2S). When compared to conventional carbonate and sulfate scales, iron sulfide is difficult to inhibit and various risks (liberation of H2S) are associated with chemical removal. Moreover, efficacy of chemical treatment is poor and often uneconomical; and there is currently no true nucleation inhibitor of iron sulfide identified.
A strictly anoxic static bottle test setup was developed and various traditional scale inhibitors, such as phosphonates, carboxylic acid polymers, as well as new chemistries were screened for iron sulfide nucleation and growth inhibition. Different concentrations of scaling ions (Fe+2 and S2-) were used to mimic the field to field variation in brine composition. The resulting aqueous phases as well as iron sulfide solid products were characterized using various analytical tools including ICP-OES, particle size analyser and Turbiscan.
As expected, conventional scale inhibitors did not show any inhibitory or dispersive effect towards Iron sulfide under tested laboratory conditions. However, a chemistry is identified which can prevent iron sulfide scale deposition at threshold quantities. Specifically, this novel chemistry showed partial iron sulfide nucleation inhibition at early stages and growth inhibition (as high as two orders of magnitude) later. This significant growth inhibition of iron sulfide resulted in excellent dispersion formation that prevents iron sulfide particle aggregation/deposition. Various studies were conducted to understand the chemical-iron sulfide particles interaction and mechanistic aspect of chemical-iron sulfide interaction is identified and discussed. Currently inhibitor packages are being developed for field trials and results will be the subject of future publications.
Efficient mitigation of iron sulfide scaling problem has huge industrial and economic importance in oil and gas production. Based on our current laboratory results, it is anticipated that this chemistry will provide a novel chemical treatment option for iron sulfide scaling control at threshold level whereas orders of magnitude more of conventional scale inhibitors may be required. In addition, this novel chemistry also showed promising outcomes on oil-water partitioning test by making finely dispersed iron sulfide particles water-wet thereby preventing the formation of iron sulfide-crude oil emulsion/pad.
Time Lapse Production Allocation Using Oil Fingerprinting for Production Optimization in Deepwater Gulf Mexico
Authors: Xing Lingbo , Teerman Stan , Descant Frank 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The variety and sophistication of upstream technologies have been growing fast for imaging the subsurface, modeling reservoir performance and monitoring oil and gas production. Yet there remains a fundamental need to thoroughly sample and analyze the produced reservoir fluids. Reservoir fluid analysis is critical for understanding the nature of produced hydrocarbons and is the key for production optimization. To gain the maximum value from this analysis, reservoir fluid sampling programs need to be well designed and integrated into well testing and reservoir surveillance programs, and not to be developed after.
In one of Chevron's deep-water Gulf of Mexico (DWGOM) sub-salt fields, a robust geochemical sampling plan and production monitoring program has been in place since initial production to estimate the zonal contribution from individually stacked reservoirs.
This surveillance work has been ongoing for 9 commingled wells over a period of 10 years. This paper presents the accuracy of time lapsed production geochemistry allocation and how the results can substantially impact and improve reservoir characterization and trouble shoot completion issues
Insights into Effective Microbial Control Through a Comprehensive Microbiological Audit of Hydraulic Fracturing Operations
Authors: Moore Joseph , Massie-Schuh Ella , Wunch Kenneth , Manna Kathleen , Daly Rebecca , Wilkins Michael , Wrighton Kelly 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing presents an ideal breeding ground for microbial proliferation due to the use of large volumes of nutrient-rich, water-based process fluids. Bacteria and/or archaea, when left uncontrolled topside or in the reservoir, can produce hydrogen sulfide, causing biogenic souring of hydrocarbons. In addition, microbial populations emerging from the downhole environment during production can colonize production equipment, leading to biofouling, microbially influenced corrosion (MIC), produced fluid separation issues, and HS&E risks. Mitigating these risks requires effective selection and application of biocides during drilling, completion, and production. To this end, a microbiological audit of a well completion operation with the objective of determining the effectiveness of a tandem chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and glutaraldehyde/quaternary ammonium (glut/quat) microbial control program was carried out. This paper describes the rationale behind selection of sampling points for a comprehensive microbiological field audit and provides the resulting critical analysis of biocide efficacy in the field using molecular assays (qPCR, ATP) and complementary culturing techniques (microtiter MPN and culture vials—commonly termed "bug bottles").
Due to the comprehensive nature of sampling and data collection, it was possible to make much more applicable and relevant observations and recommendations than it would have been using laboratory studies alone. First, multiple sources of microbial contamination were identified topside, including source waters, working tanks, hydration units, and guar. Additionally, critical analysis of biocide efficacy revealed that ClO2 treatment of source water was short-lived and ineffective for operational control, whereas glut/quat treatment of fracturing fluids at the blender was effective both topside and downhole. Analysis of the microbial load at all topside sampling points revealed that complete removal of ClO2 treatment could be offset by as little as a 10% increase in glut/quat dosage at the blender. This is a highly resolved microbiological audit of a hydraulic fracturing opration which offers new, highly relevant perspectives on the effectiveness of some biocide programs for operational control. This overview of biocide efficacies in the field will facilitate recommendations for both immediate and long-term microbial control in fractured shale reservoirs.
Microstructural and Flowback Analysis Methodology in Matrix Acidized Carbonate Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Al Moajil Abdullah , AlDakkan Bashayer , Al-Badairy Hameed , Shen Shouwen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The success of carbonate acidizing depends on the selection of proper fluid recipes, reservoir formation parameters, job design, and execution. Analysis of flowback spent acid will improve the acidizing process in future treatments, enhance the designed recipes and treatment design. The objective of this paper is to share the flowback analysis methodology following carbonate acidizing treatments with focus on solid analysis.
Microstructural analysis with advanced microscopy and spectroscopy analytical techniques such as high-resolution environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were utilized. Flowback samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filter paper. ICP was used to analyze the flowback samples.
The injected acid recipes dissolved significant amount of calcite. The maximum calcium concentrations in flowback samples were 90,000-120,000 mg/L. Moreover, solid precipitates were found in flowback samples associated with pH values of 4.7-5.5. Gypsum was the dominant compound in the samples analyzed while the other compounds such as Lepidocrocite, Magnetite, Quartz, and Barite were detected in a single sample. The iron-based compounds were detected in the beginning of flowback period. Calcium and silicon rich compounds were identified in later flowback periods. The source of iron was identified to be most likely mill scale. Barite and Quartz were found to be associated with iron-based compounds. Gypsum and sodium chloride were detected with varying dominations between CaSO4 and NaCl compounds with a possible correlation as described by Dourba et al. (2017). Particles agglomerations were mainly associated with calcium, chloride and sulfate-based compounds. The rod-like and hexagonally-shaped particles were mainly found to be Si-based particles. Flower particles and dendrite structures were detected and probably associated with Gypsum precipitation amorphous and hemihydrate intermediates. The varying structures and agglomerations of sulfate compounds detected by the SEM indicated they were formed via different mechanisms and environments.
Dissolution Study of Field Deposits for Oilfield Scale Mitigation and Remediation
Authors: Yan Chao , Wang Wei , Wei Wei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Formation of scales in near-wellbore reservoir/downhole and production systems can lead to production loss, system integrity and reliability degradation, and fouling of device and equipment. The mitigation and remediation of oilfield depositions can be difficult and costly. Better understanding of the key factors impacting scale dissolution, such as temperature and pH will benefit scale mitigation practices. Most of the research and investigation of silicate dissolution for example are based on low temperature experiences (e.g., &lt;100 °C). Strong acids such as concentrated HCl, HF and aqua regia may not be applicable for field application.
In this study, field depositions with various scale types such as silicates, carbonate, sulfides are characterized and used for studying effects of pH, temperature and solvent on their dissolution. Experiments with oilfield scale deposit samples including silicates were conducted with high temperature thermal aging cells at temperature range &gt;100 °C and pH from 6 – 8. Dissolution test with field scale samples were also conducted under ambient conditions. Various solvents including xylene, HCl and acetic acid were used in the test.
To summarize the results, decreasing temperature has limited effect on dissolution of magnesium silicates, but improves dissolution of calcite and anhydrite which coexist with the field sample. Decreasing pH improves the dissolution of magnesium silicate and calcite. Total amount of dissolved silicates can increase significantly due to appropriate pH decrease. Solution pH is increased dramatically due to the formation of hydroxyl ions during the dissolution process. The reaction for dissolution of metal silicate scale is proposed based on observation and results in the study. More fine particles are produced after dissolution and suspended in solution for at least 15 minutes, which makes solid mitigation possible by applying proper agitation. Oilfield deposits can include a variety of components, and appropriate scale sample characterization should be utilized for selection of mitigation/remediation approaches.
This paper provides novel information of oilfield scale dissolution (including silicate scale) at high temperature by using field applicable treatment approaches. Results lead to better understanding of silicate dissolution at various pHs and temperatures, and required conditions for successful mitigation and remediation of oilfield scale deposits