bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat choice stabilizes metapopulation dynamics through increased ecological specialisation
Authors: Mortier Frederik , Jacob Staffan , Vandegehuchte Martijn L. , Bonte Dries 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDispersal is a key trait responsible for the spread of individuals and genes among local populations, thereby generating eco-evolutionary interactions. Especially in heterogeneous metapopulations, a tight coupling between dispersal, population dynamics and the evolution of local adaptation is expected. In this respect, current theory predicts dispersal to counteract ecological specialisation by redistributing locally selected phenotypes (i.e. migration load). However, in nature we observe that some specialists exhibit a strong dispersal capacity.Habitat choice following informed dispersal decisions, provides a possible mechanism for individuals to match the environment to their phenotype, thereby enabling the persistence of evolved ecological specialisation. How such informed decisions affect the evolution of dispersal and ecological specialisation and how these, in turn, influence metapopulation dynamics is yet to be determined.By means of individual-based modelling, we show that informed decisions on both departure and settlement decouples the evolution of dispersal and generalism, favouring highly dispersive specialists. Choice at settlement decouples dispersal from ecological specialisation most effectively. Additionally, habitat choice stabilizes local and metapopulation demography because of the maintenance of ecological specialisation at all levels of dispersal propensity.We advocate considering habitat choice in spatially structured ecological models to improve demographic predictions in the face of environmental change.
Data-driven clustering reveals a link between symptoms and functional brain connectivity in depression
Authors: Maglanoc Luigi A. , Landrø Nils Inge , Jonassen Rune , Kaufmann Tobias , Cordova-Palomera Aldo , Hilland Eva , Westlye Lars T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundDepression is a complex disorder with large inter-individual variability in symptom profiles that often occur alongside symptoms of other psychiatric domains such as anxiety. A dimensional and symptom-based approach may help refine the characterization and classification of depressive and anxiety disorders and thus aid in establishing robust biomarkers. We assess the brain functional connectivity correlates of a symptom-based clustering of individuals using functional brain imaging data.MethodsWe assessed symptoms of depression and anxiety using Beck’s Depression and Beck’s Anxiety inventories in individuals with or without a history of depression, and high dimensional data clustering to form subgroups based on symptom profiles. To assess the biological relevance of this subtyping, we compared functional magnetic resonance imaging-based dynamic and static functional connectivity between subgroups in a subset of the total sample.ResultsWe identified five subgroups with distinct symptom profiles, cutting across diagnostic boundaries and differing in terms of total severity, symptom patterns and centrality. For instance, inability to relax, fear of the worst, and feelings of guilt were among the most severe symptoms in subgroup 1, 2 and 3, respectively. These subgroups showed evidence of differential static brain connectivity patterns, in particular comprising a fronto-temporal network. In contrast, we found no significant associations with clinical sum scores, dynamic functional connectivity or global connectivity measures.ConclusionAdding to the ongoing pursuit of individual-based treatment, the results show subtyping based on a dimensional conceptualization and unique constellations of anxiety and depression symptoms is supported by distinct brain static functional connectivity patterns.
Cryo-EM structure of the adenosine A2A receptor coupled to an engineered heterotrimeric G protein
Authors: García-Nafría Javier , Lee Yang , Bai Xiaochen , Carpenter Byron , Tate Christopher G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that couples to the heterotrimeric G protein GS. Here we determine the structure by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) of A2AR at pH 7.5 bound to the small molecule agonist NECA and coupled to an engineered heterotrimeric G protein, which contains mini-GS, the βγ subunits and nanobody Nb35. Most regions of the complex have a resolution of ~3.8 Å or better. Comparison with the 3.4 Å resolution crystal structure shows that the receptor and mini-GS are virtually identical and that the density of the side chains and ligand are of comparable quality. However, the cryo-EM density map also indicates regions that are flexible in comparison to the crystal structures, which unexpectedly includes regions in the ligand binding pocket. In addition, an interaction between intracellular loop 1 of the receptor and the β subunit of the G protein was observed.
Familiarity and Face-Inversion Effect in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) during the Preferential Looking Task
Authors: Tomonaga Masaki 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFour young laboratory-born Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) looked at the photographs of familiar and unfamiliar persons presented at upright and inverted orientations by pressing the lever under the conjugate schedule of sensory reinforcement (successive preferential looking procedure). Three types of photographs were prepared: photographs with persons taken in front view, those taken in back, and those without persons. The monkeys looked longer when the face was upright than inverted only for the pictures containing unfamiliar person with front view. The other types of photographs did not cause inversion effect. Familiarity weakened the face-specific inversion effect in monkeys. This difference may be due to in part the lower preference for familiar faces and the difference in processing mode between familiar and unfamiliar faces.
Neuronal correlations in MT and MST impair population decoding of opposite directions of random dot motion
Authors: Chaplin Tristan A. , Hagan Maureen A. , Allitt Benjamin J. , Lui Leo L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe study of neuronal responses to random-dot motion patterns has provided some of the most valuable insights into how the activity of neurons is related to perception. In the opposite directions of motion paradigm, the motion signal strength is decreased by manipulating the coherence of random dot patterns to examine how well the activity of single neurons represents the direction of motion. To extend this paradigm to populations of neurons, studies have used modelling based on data from pairs of neurons, but several important questions require further investigation with larger neuronal datasets. We recorded neuronal populations in the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas of anaesthetized marmosets with electrode arrays, while varying the coherence of random dot patterns in two opposite directions of motion (left and right). Using the spike rates of simultaneously recorded neurons, we decoded the direction of motion at each level of coherence with linear classifiers. We found that the presence of correlations had a detrimental effect to decoding performance, but that learning the correlation structure produced better decoding performance compared to decoders that ignored the correlation structure. We also found that reducing motion coherence increased neuronal correlations, but decoders did not need to be optimized for each coherence level. Finally, we showed that decoder weights depend of left-right selectivity at 100% coherence, rather than the preferred direction. These results have implications for understanding how the information encoded by populations of neurons is affected by correlations in spiking activity.Significance StatementMany studies have examined how the spiking activity of single neurons can encode stimulus features, such the direction of motion of visual stimuli. However, majority of such studies to date have only recorded from a small number of neurons at the same time, meaning that one cannot adequately account for the trial-to-trial correlations in spiking activity between neurons. Using multi-channel recordings, we were able to measure the neuronal correlations, and their effects on population coding of stimulus features. Our results have implications on the way which neural populations must be readout in order to maximize information.
Application of the Mesolens for sub-cellular resolution imaging of intact larval and whole adult Drosophila
Authors: McConnell Gail , Amos William B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn a previous paper (McConnell et al., 2016) we showed a new giant lens called the Mesolens and presented performance data and images from whole fixed and intact fluorescently-stained 12.5-day old mouse embryos. Here we show that using the Mesolens we can image an entire Drosophila larva or adult fly in confocal epifluorescence and show sub-cellular detail in all tissues. By taking several hundreds of optical sections through the entire volume of the specimen, we show cells and nuclear details within the gut, brain, salivary glands and reproductive system that normally require dissection for study. Organs are imaged in situ in correct 3D arrangement. Imaginal disks are imaged in mature larvae and it proved possible to image pachytene chromosomes in cells within ovarian follicles in intact female flies. Methods for fixing, staining and clearing are given.
Lifestyle activities in mid-life contribute to cognitive reserve in late-life, independent of education, occupation and late-life activities
Authors: Chan D , Shafto M , Kievit RA , Matthews FE , Spinks M , Valenzuela M ,   Cam-CAN, Henson RN 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionThis study tested the hypothesis that mid-life intellectual, physical and social activities contribute to cognitive reserve (CR).Methods205 individuals (196 with MRI) aged 66-88 from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (www.cam-can.com) were studied, with cognitive ability and structural brain health measured as fluid IQ and total grey matter volume, respectively. Mid-life activities were measured using the Lifetime of Experiences Questionnaire.ResultsMultivariable linear regression found that mid-life activities (MA) made a unique contribution to late-life cognitive ability independent of education, occupation and late-life activities. Crucially, MA moderated the relationship between late-life cognitive ability and brain structure, with the cognitive ability of people with higher MA less dependent on their brain structure, consistent with the concept of CR.Conclusions. Mid-life intellectual, physical and social activities contribute uniquely to CR. The modifiability of these activities has implications for public health initiatives aimed at dementia prevention.
High precision wavefront control in point spread function engineering for single emitter localization
Authors: Siemons M. , Hulleman C. N. , Thorsen R. Ø. , Smith C. S. , Stallinga S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPoint spread function (PSF) engineering is used in single emitter localization to measure the emitter position in 3D and possibly other parameters such as the emission color or dipole orientation as well. Advanced PSF models such as spline fits to experimental PSFs or the vectorial PSF model can be used in the corresponding localization algorithms in order to model the intricate spot shape and deformations correctly. The complexity of the optical architecture and fit model makes PSF engineering approaches particularly sensitive to optical aberrations. Here, we present a calibration and alignment protocol for fluorescence microscopes equipped with a spatial light modulator (SLM) with the goal of establishing a wavefront error well below the diffraction limit for optimum application of complex engineered PSFs. We achieve high-precision wavefront control, to a level below 20 mλ wavefront aberration over a 30 minute time window after the calibration procedure, using a separate light path for calibrating the pixel-to-pixel variations of the SLM, and alignment of the SLM with respect to the optical axis and Fourier plane within 3 µm (x/y) and 100 µm (z) error. Aberrations are retrieved from a fit of the vectorial PSF model to a bead z-stack and compensated with a residual wavefront error comparable to the error of the SLM calibration step. This well-calibrated and corrected setup makes it possible to create complex ‘3D+λ’ PSFs that fit very well to the vectorial PSF model. Proof-of-principle bead experiments show precisions below 10 nm in x, y, and λ, and below 20 nm in z over an axial range of 1 µm with 2000 signal photons and 12 background photons.
Pleiotropic and Epistatic Network-Based Discovery: Integrated Networks for Target Gene Discovery
Authors: Weighill Deborah , Jones Piet , Shah Manesh , Ranjan Priya , Muchero Wellington , Schmutz Jeremy , Sreedasyam Avinash , Macaya-Sanz David , Sykes Robert , Zhao Nan , Martin Madhavi Z. , DiFazio Stephen , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Tuskan Gerald , Jacobson Daniel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBiological organisms are complex systems that are composed of functional networks of interacting molecules and macromolecules. Complex phenotypes are the result of orchestrated, hierarchical, heterogeneous collections of expressed genomic variants. However, the effects of these variants are the result of historic selective pressure and current environmental and epigenetic signals, and, as such, their co-occurrence can be seen as genome-wide correlations in a number of different manners. Biomass recalcitrance (i.e., the resistance of plants to degradation or deconstruction, which ultimately enables access to a plant’s sugars) is a complex polygenic phenotype of high importance to biofuels initiatives. This study makes use of data derived from the re-sequenced genomes from over 800 different Populus trichocarpa genotypes in combination with metabolomic and pyMBMS data across this population, as well as co-expression and co-methylation networks in order to better understand the molecular interactions involved in recalcitrance, and identify target genes involved in lignin biosynthesis/degradation. A Lines Of Evidence (LOE) scoring system is developed to integrate the information in the different layers and quantify the number of lines of evidence linking genes to lignin-related lignin-phenotypes across the network layers. The resulting Genome Wide Association Study networks, integrated with Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) correlation, co-methylation and co-expression networks through the LOE scores are proving to be a powerful approach to determine the pleiotropic and epistatic relationships underlying cellular functions and, as such, the molecular basis for complex phenotypes, such as recalcitrance.
Measurement of myofilament calcium in living cardiomyocytes using a targeted genetically encoded indicator
Authors: Robinson Paul , Sparrow Alexander J , Broyles Connor N , Sievert Kolja , Chang Yu-Fen , Brook Frances A , Zhang Xiaoyu , Watkins Hugh , Abassi Yama A , Geeves Michael A , Redwood Charles , Daniels Matthew J 
Published: February 2018

AbstractVisualising when and where calcium appears and disappears in cardiomyocytes is a major goal of cardiovascular research. Surprisingly we find that the chemical dyes widely used for this purpose disrupt cell contractility, due at least in part due to direct inhibition of the acto-myosin ATPase required to generate force. In order to improve calcium detection methods, we have developed a genetically encoded indicator that sits within the myofilament to directly visualise the changes occurring at the sarcomere. This tool improves on established chemical dyes and untargeted genetically encoded indicators for analysing small molecule modulators of myofilament-based calcium signalling. Importantly this is achieved without any measurable change in contractile function.
Efflux Pumps Represent Possible Evolutionary Convergence onto the Beta Barrel Fold
Authors: Franklin Meghan Whitney , Nepomnyachiy Sergey , Feehan Ryan , Ben-Tal Nir , Kolodny Rachel , Slusky Joanna S.G. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThere are around 100 types of integral outer membrane proteins in each Gram negative bacteria. All of these proteins have the same fold—an up-down β-barrel. It has been suggested that all membrane β-barrels other than lysins are homologous. Here we suggest that β-barrels of efflux pumps have converged on this fold as well. By grouping structurally-solved outer membrane β-barrels (OMBBs) by sequence we find evidence that the membrane environment may have led to convergent evolution of the barrel fold. Specifically, the lack of sequence linkage to other barrels coupled with distinctive structural differences, such as differences in strand tilt and barrel radius, suggest that efflux pumps have evolutionarily converged on the barrel. Finally, we find a possible ancestor for the OMBB efflux pumps as they are related to periplasmic components of the same pumps.
Head-direction cells escaping attractor dynamics in the parahippocampal region
Authors: Kornienko Olga , Latuske Patrick , Kohler Laura , Allen Kevin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNavigation depends on the activity of head-direction (HD) cells. Computational models postulate that HD cells form a uniform population that reacts coherently to changes in landmarks. We tested whether this applied to HD cells of the medial entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum, areas where the HD signal contributes to the periodic firing of grid cells. Manipulations of the visual landmarks surrounding freely-moving mice altered the tuning of HD cells. Importantly, these tuning modifications were often non-coherent across cells, refuting the notion that HD cells form a uniform population constrained by attractor-like dynamics. Instead, examination of theta rhythmicity 1revealed two types of HD cells, theta rhythmic and non-rhythmic cells. Larger tuning alterations were observed predominantly in non-rhythmic HD cells. Moreover, only non-rhythmic HD cells reorganized their firing associations in response to visual land-mark changes. These findings reveal a theta non-rhythmic HD signal whose malleable organization is controlled by visual landmarks.
Experimental and mathematical approaches to quantify recirculation kinetics of lymphocytes
Authors: Ganusov Vitaly V. , Tomura Michio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOne of the properties of the immune system that makes it different from nervous and en-docrine systems of mammals is the ability of immune cells to migrate between different tissues. Lymphocytes such as T and B cells have the ability to migrate from the blood to secondary lymphoid tissues such as spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches, and then migrate back to the blood, i.e., they can recirculate. Recirculation of lymphocytes has been a subject of intensive investigation decades ago with wealth of data on the kinetics of lymphocyte recirculation available. However, these data have not been widely used to estimate the kinetics of recirculation of different lymphocyte subsets in naive and immunized animals. In this paper we review pioneering studies addressing the question of lymphocyte recirculation, overview quantitative approaches that have been used to estimate the kinetics of lymphocyte recirculation, and provide currently published estimates of the residence times of resting lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues of mammals.
The evolution of lean thinking at K-Way: where to next?
Authors: Hamdulay Fatima , Vidhani Himanshu 
Published: February 2018

Subject area
Lean thinking and organizational culture

Study level/applicability
MBA, Executive Education, Post Graduate Diploma

Case overview
The case details the adoption of lean thinking at K-Way, a contemporary technical textile manufacturer of outdoor apparel and accessories. The case covers the 12-year journey at K-Way, detailing the process and cultural improvements the company underwent. The case closes as Bobby, the General Manager at K-Way, thinks about his new challenges. The CEO of K-Way’s parent company, Cape Union Mart, wants Bobby to start devolving the lean thinking approach to other units within Cape Union Mart, in particular a newly acquired and under-performing children’s clothing business. Bobby is excited at the prospect, but simultaneously anxious about the work that still needs to happen at K-Way and more importantly, whether the organization is ready for his, and his key consultant-coach’s withdrawal as the primary “voices” of lean thinking. Would there be a reversal of progress in their absence and how can they counter this?

Expected learning outcomes
Understanding lean thinking as a management system and not a mere set of tools for waste reduction, while recognizing the importance of waste reduction. An understanding of how to entrench lean thinking in an organization after initial adoption with specific emphasis on the following: Kata and scientific thinking – what it is and how it can be employed; Hoshin Kanri/Strategy Deployment – what it is and how it can be used; Leader Standard Work, what it is and how it can be used. Consider responses for a company that has been on a lean journey for 10 years, with a focus on how (or if) lean leaders can withdraw from the operation.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS: 9: Operations and logistics
Structuring servitization-related research
Authors: Rabetino Rodrigo , Harmsen Willem , Kohtamäki Marko , Sihvonen Jukka 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to organize and connect past research from different servitization-related scholarly communities.

Design/methodology/approach
This study reviews more than 1,000 articles by combining author co-citation and qualitative content analyses.

Findings
The structure and boundaries of the field are mapped, and the characteristics of the three identified servitization-related communities are assessed qualitatively. These three communities are product-service systems, solution business, and service science. The findings demonstrate that a narrow range of theories and qualitative methods dominate in existing research.

Originality/value
Through the lens of the sociology of science, this review critically evaluates servitization-related research and offers a list of themes that are considered important to the future development of the field. Regarding future research, the main recommendations are as follows: increasing the use of well-established theories from adjacent mature fields, borrowing ideas from different research communities to stimulate knowledge accumulation within and across communities, and reducing the level of description while increasing the number of confirmatory, quantitative, and longitudinal research designs. Finally, the development of formal structures for socialization (e.g. conferences and special issues) could allow the field to achieve a greater degree of scientific maturity and would influence the direction and pace of the development of servitization-related research.