bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the disappearance of alleys in central Kyoto—From 2006 to 2016—
Authors: Kawabe Narumi , Matsuda Noriko 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThere are many historic alleys in central Kyoto. The alleys in Kyoto's historical townscape have commonly been considered part of its special charm. However, in recent years, such characteristics of this townscape are disappearing. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the disappearance of alleys from 2006 to 2016. The total number of alleys in the subject area declined 7.78%. The following three typical patterns of disappearance of alleys were identified: (i) A pattern where the plot of land that includes the alley is sold by the owner, and as a result, the building along the alley are demolished. Immediately after the alley disappears, collective housing is built. (ii) A pattern where the individual owners of the land, including the alley, decide to demolish the existing building along the alley and replace them with a new detached house. (iii) A pattern where a parking lot is built after the owner of the building along the alley demolishes them.
Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps
Authors: Seitanidou Maria , Blomgran Robert , Pushpamithran Giggil , Berggren Magnus , Simon Daniel T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings—the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems—demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.
Challenges and Advances in the Fabrication of Monolithic Bioseparation Materials and their Applications in Proteomics Research
Authors: Ma Shujuan , Li Ya , Ma Chen , Wang Yan , Ou Junjie , Ye Mingliang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatography integrated with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) has become a powerful technique for proteomics research. Its performance heavily depends on the separation efficiency of HPLC, which in turn depends on the chromatographic material. As the “heart” of the HPLC system, the chromatographic material is required to achieve excellent column efficiency and fast analysis. Monolithic materials, fabricated as continuous supports with interconnected skeletal structure and flow‐through pores, are regarded as an alternative to particle‐packed columns. Such materials are featured with easy preparation, fast mass transfer, high porosity, low back pressure, and miniaturization, and are next‐generation separation materials for high‐throughput proteins and peptides analysis. Herein, the recent progress regarding the fabrication of various monolithic materials is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on studies of the fabrication of monolithic capillary columns and their applications in separation of biomolecules by capillary liquid chromatography (cLC). The applications of monolithic materials in the digestion, enrichment, and separation of phosphopeptides and glycopeptides from biological samples are also considered. Finally, advances in comprehensive 2D HPLC separations using monolithic columns are also shown.
3D Hotspots Platform for Plasmon Enhanced Raman and Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopies and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Wei , Meng Ling‐Yan , Lin Jia‐Sheng , Yang Wei‐Min , Radjenovic Petar , Shen Shao‐Xin , Xu Qing‐Chi , Yang Zhi‐Lin , Tian Zhong‐Qun , Li Jian‐Feng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractConstructing plasmonic hotspots in metal nanostructures is essential for plasmon‐enhanced spectroscopies (PESs), but their application in quantitative analysis is a long‐standing challenge. Herein, highly uniform, reproducible, stable, and sensitive 3D hotspots platform substrates are assembled on hydrophobic silicon wafers using a drop of solution containing silica coated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) active nanoparticles (NPs). Plasmon‐enhanced second harmonic generation (PESHG) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) experimental signals increase sharply with the increase of droplet evaporation time, which is attributed to the rapid increase of 3D hotspots generated by gradual decrease of distance between adjacent NPs. Compared with 3D bare metal NP substrate, 3D metal shell‐isolated nanoparticles (SHINs) substrate demonstrates much more stable PESHG and SERS signals attributing to the protecting SiO2 shells. Besides that, uniform distribution of 3D “hotspots” on the hydrophobic substrate can facilitate the quantitative analysis of an analyte using SERS. Experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the 3D hotspots platform has the potential to be developed as a plasmon‐enhanced substrate for linear and nonlinear spectroscopies with practical sensing applications.
Integration of MoS2 with InAlAs/InGaAs Heterojunction for Dual Color Detection in Both Visible and Near‐Infrared Bands
Authors: Deng Jianan , Zong Lingyi , Bao Wenzhong , Zhu Mingsai , Liao Fuyou , Guo Zhongxun , Xie Yuying , Lu Bingrui , Wan Jing , Zhu Jiahe , Peng Ruwen , Chen Yifang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAt present, dual‐channel or even multi‐channel recording is a developing trend in the field of photodetection, which is widely applied in environment protection, security, and space science and technology. This paper proposes a novel MoS2/InAlAs/InGaAs n–i–n heterojunction phototransistor by integrating multi‐layered MoS2 with InGaAs‐based high electron mobility transistors (InGaAs‐HEMTs). Due to the internal photocurrent amplification in the InGaAs channels with a narrow energy bandgap of 0.79 eV, this device exhibits high photoresponsivity (R) of over 8 × 105 A W–1 under near‐infrared illumination of 1550 nm at 500 pW. Furthermore, with the combination of the photoconductance effect in the vertical MoS2/InAlAs/InGaAs n–i–n heterojunction and the photogating effect in the lateral phototransistor, this device possesses a unique characteristic under visible illumination that its photoresponsivity can be tuned by the top gate electrode from 6 × 105 A W–1 to ‐4 × 105 A W–1 by gate voltage. This may lead to a new application as an optically controlled electronic inverter, which needs further study in depth. This MoS2/InAlAs/InGaAs phototransistor builds up a new bridge between 2D materials and conventional ternary compounded semiconductor devices.
Enhanced Performance and Stability of Ternary Organic Solar Cells Utilizing Two Similar Structure Blend Fullerene‐Free Molecules as Electron Acceptor
Authors: Liu Zhiyong , Wang Ning 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFullerene‐free organic solar cells (OSCs) are fabricated using a blend of J61 polymer as donor and the blend of m‐3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone))‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexyl phenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′] dithiophene (ITIC) and ITIC‐Th as electron acceptor. The blend of m‐ITIC and ITIC‐Th as electron acceptor due to the similar lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and good compatibility among J61, m‐ITIC, and ITIC‐Th, are beneficial for the small energy barrier at the m‐ITIC:ITIC‐Th interface. Simultaneously, the ternary photoactive layer can maintain the optimize film morphology and beneficial to ensure effective suppression of charge recombination at the three kind materials interface. The power conversion efficiency of ternary OSCs achieves to 12.57% when the blend of m‐ITIC:ITIC‐Th (the ratio of m‐ITIC:ITIC‐Th is 40:60) as electron acceptor, with enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.91 V, short‐circuit current densities (JSC) of 19.94 mA cm−2, and fill factor of 69.6%. Moreover, the optimal ternary OSCs show enhanced thermal stability and photostability than the binary OSCs. This study indicates that the blend of m‐ITIC and ITIC‐Th as electron acceptor and J61 as donor is a promising strategy to fabricate high performance and stable OSCs.
Optimal experimental design for optimal process design: A trilevel optimization formulation
Authors: Walz Olga , Djelassi Hatim , Mitsos Alexander 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTypical optimal experimental design (OED) methods aim at minimizing the covariance matrix of the estimated parameters regardless of the intended application of the model that is being estimated. This can unnecessarily increase the experimental costs. Herein, we propose a new OED method, which tailors the designed experiments to the model application. The method is demonstrated for model‐based process design and aims at mitigating a worst‐case realization of the process design. The proposed formulation results in a min–max–min problem and is based on bounded‐error OED. The method is illustrated via an ad hoc solution method using two examples, a simple illustrative example and the van de Vusse reaction, that show the differences between typical and the new tailored OED method: experimental designs can be considered good using the latter method, while the same design would be considered bad with the former methods.
Seed freeze sensitivity and ex situ longevity of 295 species in the native Hawaiian flora
Authors: Chau Marian M. , Chambers Timothy , Weisenberger Lauren , Keir Matthew , Kroessig Timothy I. , Wolkis Dustin , Kam Roy , Yoshinaga Alvin Y. 
Published: September 2019

PremiseEx situ seed banking is critical for plant conservation globally, especially for threatened floras in tropical ecosystems like Hawai‘i. Seed bank managers must maximize longevity, and species managers must plan restoration before seeds lose viability. Previous observations suggested some native Hawaiian seeds lost viability in frozen storage (−18°C). We investigated seed storage behavior in the Hawaiian flora to optimize storage conditions and recommend re‐collection intervals (RCI) to maximize viability of stored seeds.MethodsUsing 20+ years of real‐time seed storage viability data, we tested freeze sensitivity for 197 species and calculated RCIs for 295 species. Using paired tests of accessions stored >2 yr at 5°C and −18°C, we developed an index of relative performance to determine freeze sensitivity. We calculated RCIs at 70% of highest germination (P70).ResultsWe identified four families (Campanulaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, and Urticaceae) and four genera with seed freeze sensitivity and six additional genera with likely freeze sensitivity. Storage longevity was variable, but 195 species had viability >70% at the most recent tests (1 to 20+ yr), 123 species had RCIs >10 yr, and 45 species had RCIs <5 yr.ConclusionsFreeze sensitive storage behavior is more widely observed in Hawai‘i than any other regional flora, perhaps due to insufficient testing elsewhere. We present a new protocol to test seed freeze sensitivity, which is often not evident until 2–5 years of storage. Re‐collection intervals will guide restoration practices in Hawai‘i, and results inform seed conservation efforts globally, especially tropical and subtropical regions.
A screen of 1,049 schizophrenia and 30 Alzheimer's‐associated variants for regulatory potential
Authors: Myint Leslie , Wang Ruihua , Boukas Leandros , Hansen Kasper D. , Goff Loyal A. , Avramopoulos Dimitrios 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRecent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) identified numerous schizophrenia (SZ) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) associated loci, most outside protein‐coding regions and hypothesized to affect gene transcription. We used a massively parallel reporter assay to screen, 1,049 SZ and 30 AD variants in 64 and nine loci, respectively for allele differences in driving reporter gene expression. A library of synthetic oligonucleotides assaying each allele five times was transfected into K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia lymphoblasts and SK‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. One hundred forty eight variants showed allelic differences in K562 and 53 in SK‐SY5Y cells, on average 2.6 variants per locus. Nine showed significant differences in both lines, a modest overlap reflecting different regulatory landscapes of these lines that also differ significantly in chromatin marks. Eight of nine were in the same direction. We observe no preference for risk alleles to increase or decrease expression. We find a positive correlation between the number of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium and the proportion of functional SNPs supporting combinatorial effects that may lead to haplotype selection. Our results prioritize future functional follow up of disease associated SNPs to determine the driver GWAS variant(s), at each locus and enhance our understanding of gene regulation dynamics.
PolyMOF Nanoparticles: Dual Roles of a Multivalent polyMOF Ligand in Size Control and Surface Functionalization
Authors: Gu Yuwei , Huang Mingjun , Zhang Wenxu , Pearson Matthew A. , Johnson Jeremiah A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMetal–organic framework nanoparticles (MOF NPs) have emerged as an important class of materials that display significantly enhanced performance in many applications compared to bulk MOF materials; their synthesis, however, commonly involves a tedious sequence that controls particle size and surface properties in separate steps. Now, a simple strategy to access functional MOF NPs in one pot is reported that uses a polyMOF ligand possessing a polymer block for surface functionalization and a coordination block with tunable multivalency for size control. This strategy produces uniform polyMOF‐5 NPs with sizes down to 20 nm, displaying exceptional structural and colloidal stability upon exposure to ambient conditions. A detailed time‐dependent study revealed that the polyMOF NPs were formed following an aggregation‐confined crystallization mechanism. Generality was demonstrated through the synthesis of well‐defined polyUiO‐66 NPs.
Selectivity of Chemical Conversions: Do Light‐Driven Photoelectrocatalytic Processes Hold Special Promise?
Authors: Beranek Radim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOne of the great challenges in chemistry is the development of innovative catalytic processes. In this context, significant opportunities are currently opening up for technologies based on electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis, as these can drive various valuable catalytic redox transformations under very mild conditions. However, many catalytic processes lead to various different products of different value, and the technological attractiveness of catalytic processes depends to a large extent on their selectivity towards a specific desired product. In this Viewpoint, I propose and explore the idea that, due to the distinct features of interfacial energetics at illuminated semiconductors, light‐driven photoelectrocatalytic processes at well‐designed semiconductors represent a particularly attractive platform for the development of highly efficient systems for selective catalytic conversions. The investigations of selectivity and synthetic aspects of photoelectrocatalysis should gain momentum, especially as they also promise commercially viable applications on a more immediate time scale as compared to, for example, the light‐driven production of hydrogen.
Entropically Favoured Assembly of Pyrazine‐Based Helical Fibers into Superstructures: Achiral/ Chiral Guest‐Induced Chirality Transformation
Authors: Sharma Sonia , Kataria Meenal , Kumar Manoj , Bhalla Vandana 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe development of synthetic helical structures undergoing stimuli‐responsive chirality transformations is important for an understanding of the role of chirality in natural systems. However, controlling supramolecular chirality in entropically driven assemblies in aqueous media is challenging. To develop stimuli‐responsive assemblies, we designed and synthesized pyrazine derivatives with l‐alanine groups as chiral building blocks. These systems undergo self‐assembly in aqueous media to generate helical fibers and the embedded alanine groups transfer their chirality to the assembled structures. Furthermore, these helical fibers undergo a Ni2+‐induced chirality transformation. The study demonstrates the role of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and the hydrophobic effect in the Ni2+‐mediated transition of helical fibers to supercoiled helical ensembles which mimic the formation of superstructures in biopolymers.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfone‐Bearing Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution
Authors: Khan Ajmal , Zhao Heng , Zhang Meina , Khan Shahid , Zhao Depeng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChiral sulfones are of great importance in medicinal chemistry and chemical synthesis. Efficient methods for preparing enantiomerically enriched sulfone‐containing molecules can therefore be of significant value; such methods, however, are uncommon. Herein, we report the first general palladium‐catalyzed sulfonylation of vinyl cyclic carbonates with sodium sulfinates. A series of enantiomerically enriched tertiary allylic sulfones were synthesized in good yields with excellent enantiomeric ratios. Both aliphatic‐ and aryl‐substituted vinyl cyclic carbonates are suitable reactants with excellent results. This reaction features broad substrates scope, readily available starting materials, excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivity, and synthesis of sulfone‐bearing quaternary carbon stereocenters. Through the sulfonylation of geranyl derived cyclic carbonate 1 h, we achieve the formal total synthesis of (+)‐agelasidine A.
Investigation of Y2O3/MgO‐modified extrusion–spheronized CaO‐based pellets for high‐temperature CO2 capture
Authors: Pi Shuai , Zhang Zonghao , He Donglin , Qin Changlei , Ran Jingyu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo develop CaO‐based sorbent pellets with highly efficient and stable CO2 capture capacity and sufficient mechanical strength for the application of calcium looping in circulating fluidized beds, Y2O3/MgO‐incorporated CaO‐based sorbents were fabricated via three synthesis methods and then sorbent pellets were prepared via extrusion and spheronization in the paper. Results showed that wet planetary ball milling was a good potential routine for large‐scale sorbent preparation. Additionally, impacts of liquid/solid ratio in wet ball milling and mass ratio of Y2O3/MgO were also investigated comprehensively. It was found that under the optimal liquid/solid ratio of 1:1 and Y2O3/MgO mass ratio of 2:1 determined, spherical Y2Mg1–1/1 sorbent exhibited desirable cyclic CO2 capture performance with a fast carbonation rate, achieving a CO2 uptake of 0.1399 g‐CO2/g‐sorbent after 62 cycles and improved about 31.1% in comparison of pure Ca (OH)2 pellets (CH). This was mainly owning to homogeneously distributed small grains and solid supports as well as enhanced pore structure in the wet ball‐milled pellets. Furthermore, long‐time fluidized attrition test was performed on the pellets, and the average attrition rate of Y2Mg1–1/1 was observed to be only one third that of CH. Even in the repeated carbonation/calcination process under high temperature, Y2Mg1–1/1 still possessed an excellent resistance to attrition.
Preparation and characterization of mosaic coke from heavy‐phase coal pitch
Authors: Zhu Yaming , Xu Yunliang , Hu Chaoshuai , Yin Xitao , Zhao Chunlei , Gao Lijuan , Zhao Xuefei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMosaic coke is a considerable intermediate material to produce high‐quality special graphite (isotropic graphite and nuclear graphite). The properties of mosaic coke keep a key role on the quality of special graphite. For a detailed investigation on the feasibility of the production of high‐quality mosaic coke with heavy‐phase coal pitch as the raw material, five kinds of heavy‐phase coal pitches with varied basic physical properties were used as the raw materials to produce mosaic coke in this study. Briefly, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum combined with curve fitting method have been used to determine the aromatic condensation index (Iar) of heavy‐phase coal pitch. The polarizing microscope incorporated with carbon theory, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectrum have been used to characterize the microstructure of mosaic cokes. The micro‐strength of mosaic cokes have been examined by the micro‐strength tester. The results have shown that the heavy‐phase coal pitches with Iar less than 0.91 are the potential raw materials to produce the high‐quality mosaic coke with higher micro‐strength (higher than 79%).
Reproducible, biocompatible medical materials from biologically derived polysaccharides: Processing and Characterization
Authors: Modak Piyush , Hammond Willis , Jaffe Michael , Nadig Malavika , Russo Richard 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTNatural polysaccharides like chitosan and dextran have garnered considerable interest in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Nonetheless, the development of a reproducible class of medical devices from these materials is challenging and has had limited success. Chitosan and dextran are inherently variable and synthesis using these materials is prone to inconsistencies. In this study, we put forward a robust product development regimen that allows these natural materials to be developed into a reproducible class of biomaterials. First, an array of validated characterization methods (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, titrations, Ultraviolet spectroscopy, Size Exclusion Chromatography—Multi‐Angle Light Scattering, Size Exclusion Chromatography—Refractive Index, and proprietary methods) were developed that allowed rigorous specifications to be set for unprocessed chitosan and dextran, chitosan and dextran intermediates, and chemically modified materials—acrylated chitosan (aCHN) and oxidized dextran (oDEX). Second, a robust and reproducible synthesis scheme involving various in‐process controls was developed to chemically modify the unprocessed polysaccharides. Third, purification methods to remove byproducts and low‐molecular‐weight impurities for both aCHN and oDEX were developed. The study presents a viable strategy for converting variable, natural materials into a reproducible class of biomaterials that can be applied in various biomedical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48454.