bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint analysis of spectrum and amplitude (JASA) of electromyograms applied for the indication of muscular fatigue in carpet weaving
Authors: Mortazavi Narges , Allahyari Teimour , Khalkhali Hamid Reza , Sanjari Mohammad Ali 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Hand carpet weaving requires prolonged static and repetitive tasks in a stationary and constrained postures, thus there is a high prevalence of muscle pain and fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders among carpet weavers.Methods This study aimed to determining the muscle fatigue in carpet weaving tasks by Joint Analysis of Spectral and amplitude (JASA (method. Two typical carpet weaving workstations were simulated in laboratory, and 12 female carpet weavers participated in this study. Electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded during work in bilateral upper trapezius and bilateral middle deltoid. The root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) values were extracted from the raw EMG signal and used to estimate muscle load and fatigue. Joint analysis of spectral and amplitude (JASA (was performed for estimating the muscle fatigue.Results Result showed that in three out of four tested muscles, muscle fatigue and force decrease in workstation B were higher than those in workstation A.Conclusion In comparison to the simultaneous analysis of amplitude and spectral parameters in JASA method, it seems that the results are more reliable than the separate analysis of spectral and amplitude parameters. However further studies on other involved muscles in carpet weaving tasks were recommended.
Handling missing data in a composite outcome with partially observed components: Application in clustered paediatric routine data.
Authors: Gachau Susan , Njagi Edmund Njeru , Owuor Nelson , Mwaniki Paul , Quartagno Matteo , English Mike , Ayieko Philip 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: In health care settings, composite measures are used to combine information from multiple quality of care measures into a single summary score. Composite scores provide global insights and trends about complex and multidimensional quality of care processes. However, missing data in subcomponents may hinder the overall reliability of the composite measures in subsequent analysis and inferences. In this study we demonstrate strategies for handling missing data in Paediatric Admission Quality of Care (PAQC) score, a composite outcome which summarizes quality of inpatient paediatric care in low income settings.Methods: We analysed routine data collected in a cluster randomized trial in 12 Kenyan hospitals. Multilevel multiple imputation (MI) within joint model framework was used to fill-in missing values in selected PAQC score subcomponents and partially observed covariates across two levels of hierarchy. We used proportional odds random intercepts and generalized estimating equations (GEE) models to analyse PAQC score before and after multiple imputation. Using a set of simulations scenario, that is, varied proportions of missingness in PAQC score subcomponents of interest under missing at random and missing completely at random mechanisms respectively, we compared the magnitude of bias in parameter estimates obtained under MI and the conventional method in addressing missing data in PAQC score components. Under the conventional method we scored all missing PAQC score components with value 0.Results: Results from observed data showed that multiple imputation of both PAQC score components and covariates yielded more accurate and precise estimates compared to complete case analysis. From the simulation study, the conventional missing data method led to significantly larger biases in estimated proportional log odds of the outcome compared to MI methods. The amount of bias increased with increase in rate of missingness with substantial variation between the missing data mechanisms under the conventional method. Conclusion: In comparison with conventional method, MI produce minimally biased estimates regardless of amount of missing data rate and underlying mechanism. We therefore recommend avoiding the conventional method in favour of multiple imputation; more research is needed to compare different ways of performing multiple imputation at the component and composite outcome level.TRIAL REGISTRATION: US National Institutes of Health-ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number) NCT02817971 . Registered September 28, 2016-retrospectively registered.
Mechanism of LIN28B in trophoblastic villous cells of unexplained recurrent abortion
Authors: Huang QiaoYao , Niu YanRu , Song LiJun , Huang JinZhi , Wang Chenxi , ma tianzhong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
LIN28B plays an important role in early embryonic development, but its role in villous trophoblast implantation and differentiation remains unknown. Purpose: To verify the role of LIN28B in trophoblastic villous tissue and cells from women with URSA(unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion)and artificial termination of pregnancy (negative control, NC). Methods: The LIN28B gene and its protein expression level were detected with real-time quantitative PCR, Western immunoblotting analysis, and immunocytochemistry. The gene was also overexpressed in chorionic villous cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and BeWo) to examine its effect on trophoblast function. Results: The expression of LIN28B mRNA and protein of URSA villi was lower than that in the NC group. At the cellular level, overexpression of LIN28B enhanced cellular migration, and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis. LIN28B may inhibit apoptosis by promoting Akt phosphorylation and by inhibiting Bad phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression. In addition, LIN28B inhibited cell fusion and reduced cellular syncytia. Conclusions: The expression of LIN28B is decreased with URSA, inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and promoting apoptosis and fusion. Dystrophic dysfunction, then, may be one of the causes of miscarriage.
Genome-wide transcriptional patterns of candidate genes linked to distinctive pathogenesis in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Chen Shengbo , Li Zhijun , Li Chen , Liu Yi , Zhi Fachao , Zhao Xinmei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Crohn’s disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel (IBD) disease with variable and complex pathophysiology. The objective of the present study was to identify genome-wide gene expression profiles underlying the progression of CD.
Methods: Surgery biopsies (n=48) were analyzed by Illumina cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and a ligation microarray process specifically designed for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded clinical samples. Tissue samples were collected from consecutive actively-involved and uninvolved sites from the same CD patient. The CD-involved and CD-uninvolved samples were compared with non-inflammatory bowel disease healthy controls.
Results: CD patients’ uninvolved sites demonstrated an average gene expression between CD-involved patients and healthy controls suggesting the CD uninvolved site was unable to restore the full healthy control phenotype. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) signaling-associated genes were involved in both CD involved and uninvolved sites, showing a stepwise decrease in the gene and protein expression of PPAR and downregulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2, as confirmed by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry.
Conclusions: The results of the present study provide evidence for clear differentiation of the two states, and in some cases repeated flares appeared chronically at the previous uninvolved locus.
Bioinformatics analysis of immune infiltration patterns in breast cancer for identification of prognostic markers
Authors: Yao Yan , Zhang Tingting , Qi Lingyu , Liu Ruijuan , Liu Gongxi , Wang Jia , Song Qi , Li Jie , Sun Changgang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background/purpose Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical treatment of several tumors. Immune infiltration has been found to be closely related to clinical prognosis, but it shows limited activity in breast cancer (BC). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the infiltration pattern of immune cells in BC, and to find potential prognostic markers and new therapeutic targets.Patients and methods We downloaded the immune genome data of BC from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and analyzed the tumor- infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in BC for the first time using the CIBERSORT algorithm. The aim of this study was to assess the proportions of 22 immune cell subsets in BC and examine the correlation between each TIIC and overall survival (OS) as well as clinical characteristics.Results The results indicated that: (1) there was a significant difference between the immune infiltration spectrum of cancerous and adjacent tissues, with M2 macrophages, M0 macrophages, and CD4 + T cells being highly expressed in BC; (2) CD8 + T cells were positively correlated with activated CD4 + memory T cells and negatively correlated with M0 macrophages, and M2 macrophages was inversely correlated with M1 macrophages, T cells regulatory, T cells CD8; (3) T cells, macrophages and BC TNM stage, age, clinical stage were correlated (P < 0.05); and (4) high expression of M2 macrophage markers could be an independent biomarker of poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for BC.Conclusion This study provides a new research method for the systematic study of immune cells in the BC tumor microenvironment, and provides theoretical guidance for further experiments to verify M2 macrophages and T cell subsets as a potential target for immunotherapy and prognosis.
Depression, anxiety, and burnout among medical students and residents of a medical school in Nepal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Pokhrel Nishan Babu , Khadayat Ramesh , Tulachan Pratikchya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Medical students and residents were found to have suffered from depression, anxiety, and burnout in various studies. However, these entities have not been adequately explored in the context of Nepal. We proposed to determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, burnout, their associated factors, and identify their predictors in a sample of medical students and residents in a Nepalese medical school.Methods It was a cross-sectional study with 651 medical students and residents chosen at random between December 2018 and February 2019. The validated Nepali version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, and Medical Students' Stressor Questionnaire were used to assess depression, anxiety, burnout, and stressors respectively. We used univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses to identify the correlation of predictor variables with depression, anxiety, and burnout.Results The overall prevalence of burnout (48.8%; 95% CI 44.9-52.7) and anxiety (45.3%; 95% CI 41.4-49.2) was more than that of depression (31%; 95% CI 27.5-34.7). Burnout and depression were more prevalent in residents than in medical students (64.5% and 33.7% versus 37.6% and 29.1% respectively). Whereas, medical students were found more anxious than residents (46.3% versus 43.96%). Academic related stressors caused high-grade stress to participants. Multivariable model for depression significantly showed anxiety and personal burnout as risk enhancing correlates; satisfaction with academic performance as a protective correlate. Similarly, the multivariate model for anxiety significantly identified female gender, depression, personal burnout, patient-related burnout, teaching and learning related stressors, and past history of mental illness as risk enhancing correlates; being satisfied with academic performance, getting adequate sleep, being an intern or a resident and less frequent involvement in extracurricular activities as protective correlates. The logistic model for burnout significantly showed depression, anxiety, being a first-year resident, drive and desire related stressors and a rare/never involvement in extracurricular activities as positive predictors.Conclusions A high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and burnout was seen among medical students and residents. Most of them were stressed with academic-related factors. A strong correlation between teaching and learning-related stressors with anxiety may be a call for an efficient and more student-friendly curriculum.
Improving the relevance of randomised trials to primary care: a qualitative study investigating views towards pragmatic trials and the PRECIS-2 tool.
Authors: Forbes Gordon John , Loudon Kirsty , Clinch Megan , Taylor Stephanie JC , Treweek Shaun , Eldridge Sandra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background
Pragmatic trials have been suggested as a way to improve the relevance of clinical trial results to practice. PRECIS-2 (Pragmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary-2) is a trial design tool which considers how pragmatic a trial is across a number of domains. It is not known whether a pragmatic approach to all PRECIS-2 domains leads to results being more relevant to primary care. The aim of this study was to investigate the views of people with influence on primary care practice towards the design of randomised trials, pragmatic approaches to trial design, and the PRECIS-2 domains.
Methods
We carried out semi-structured interviews with people who influence practice in primary care in the UK. A thematic analysis was undertaken using the framework approach.
Results
We conducted individual or small group interviews involving an elite sample of 17 individuals. We found that an exclusively pragmatic approachto randomised trials may not always make the results of trials more applicable to primary care. For example, it may be better to have less flexibility in the way interventions are delivered in randomised trials than in practice. In addition, an appropriate balance needs to be struck when thinking about levels of resourcing and the intensity of steps needed to improve adherence in a trial. Across other aspects of a trial’s design, for example the population and trial setting, a pragmatic approach was viewed as more appropriate.
Conclusions
To maximize the relevance of research directed at primary care, trials should be conducted with the same populations and settings that are found in primary care. Across other aspects of trials it is not always necessary to match the conditions found in practice.
Retinal Vascular Abnormalities and their Associations with Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascsular Diseases: a Study in Rural Southwestern Harbin, China
Authors: Wang Junwei , Leng Fei , Li Zhijian , Tang Xianling , Qian Hua , Li Xiaoguang , Zhang Yi , Chen Xuedong , Du Haitao , Liu Ping 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
ABSTRAT
Background: Limited data is available on retinal vessel morphology in the north China. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of retinal vascular abnormalities (RVAs) and investigate their associations with the self-reported diagnosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascsular diseases (CCVds) in a rural adult population of northeast China.
Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted, using the cluster random sampling method. One eye of each participant was photographed with a non-mydriatic fundus camera. RVAs including focal and general arteriolar narrowing (FAN and GAN), arteriovenous nicking (AVN), arteriolar sheathing (AS), and retinopathy were evaluated. Data on self-reported diagnosis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and status of smoking and alcohol drinking were obtained from questionnaires.
Results: Among the 6 267 participants with an age ≥50 years, photographs were obtained of 99.2%, with quality sufficient to perform retinal evaluations in 82.5%. The prevalence of FAN, AVN, AS, retinopathy and GAN were 9.1%, 8.9%, 5.0%, 6.6% and 6.2%, respectively. All the retinal lesions were associated with hypertension (all P<0.01). After adjusting for age, gender, and left/right eyes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, habits of past or current smoking and alcohol consumption, AVN was strongly associated with the self-reported diagnosis histories of coronary heart diseases(CHD) (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.09, 1.89) and retinopathy was significantly associated with a self-reported diagnosis of stroke (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.18, 3.57).
Conclusions : The overall prevalence of retinal microvascular abnormalities in this population was relatively higher than that reported in other regions of the world. Retinopathy is associated with the self-reported diagnosis of stroke while AVN was associated with the self-reported diagnosis of CHD, but the remaining retinal lesions were not consistently associated with CCVds. Thus, an examination of retinal microvascular characteristics may offer clues to CCVds and could be a potentially novel biomarkers for CCVds risk.
Reducing Dissolved Phosphorus in Stream Water May Not Influence Estimation of Sediment Equilibrium Phosphorus Concentrations
Authors: Henson Eleanor , Lasater Abbie , Haggard Brian E. 
Published: October 2019

Core Ideas
The potential for stream sediments to adsorb or release P depends on the sediment equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC).
Accurate estimations of sediment EPC are important for watershed modeling and total maximum daily load development.
Existing methods for estimating sediment EPC often require extrapolating past a known dataset.
This study used alum to promote desorption from sediments during EPC estimations.
Results suggested current methods of EPC estimation are acceptable.
The potential for stream sediments to adsorb or release phosphorus (P) depends on the equilibrium P concentration (EPC), which is the water column P concentration where P is neither (net) adsorbed nor released from the sediments. Current methods of measuring EPC in streams include adding known P concentrations to stream water, mixing with fresh sediments, and allowing the mixture to reach equilibrium through P sorption. Sediment EPC is usually calculated as the x‐intercept of the linear relationship between initial P concentrations and P adsorbed by the sediments. However, the x‐intercept is often an extrapolation past the known data set (i.e., no desorption of P from the sediments is simulated). The purpose of this study was to use aluminum sulfate (alum) to decrease ambient P concentrations and encourage P desorption from the sediments and to compare EPC estimations with and without the use of alum treatments. The results from this study found optimal alum dosages to be between 5 and 25 mg‐Al2(SO4)3 L−1 to provide a range of P removal for the EPC experiments. Above 25 mg‐Al2(SO4)3 L−1, stream water pH began to decrease. The other notable changes to water chemistry after alum treatments were increases in sulfate and residual concentrations of aluminum. However, EPC estimations were not significantly different between traditional calculation methods and the use of P desorption data points. These results suggest current methods for EPC estimations are acceptable, and spending time and money to promote desorption of P from the sediments is not necessary to estimate EPC.
Planting Rate and Nitrogen Fertility Affect Runoff Losses during Hybrid Bermudagrass Establishment
Authors: Rice Lance , Beasley Jeffrey , Gaston Lewis , Sanders Kayla , Munshaw Gregg 
Published: October 2019

Core Ideas
The high sprig planting rate resulted in faster bermudagrass establishment.
The high and low N fertilizer rates resulted in similar bermudagrass establishment.
Runoff, sediment, and nutrient losses decreased over time as groundcover increased.
High sprigging and low N fertilization rates reduce nutrient losses during establishment.
Bermudagrass is grown on athletic fields, home lawns, and right‐of‐ways because of its quality, excellent wear tolerance, and vigorous growth. Sprigging followed by high N application rates is used for large acreage sites to accelerate bermudagrass establishment. However, low plant density, high soil moisture, and frequent fertilizer applications during establishment present conditions prone to sediment and nutrient movement during intense rainfall. This research simulated sprig establishment conditions while measuring bermudagrass coverage, runoff volume, and concentrations of inorganic N, total P, and sediment during 30‐min rainfall events at 10, 20, and 30 days after planting (DAP) from replicate trays of bermudagrass established at 27.2 or 81.5 m3 ha−1 and fertilized at 12.2 or 48.8 kg N ha−1 wk−1. All treatment combinations of sprig planting rates and N rates resulted in >88% bermudagrass groundcover at 35 DAP. Increasing sprig planting rates accelerated bermudagrass establishment, whereas increasing N fertility did not. As bermudagrass groundcover increased, surface runoff volume and sediment losses declined. However, sprigs fertilized at 48.8 kg ha−1 wk−1 N resulted in higher cumulative N losses of 2.34 and 1.48 kg ha−1 compared with 1.08 and 0.68 kg ha−1 for sprigs fertilized at the low fertility rate. Increasing the sprig planting rate was effective in reducing erosion. Decreasing the N application rate and increasing the planting rate during bermudagrass sprig establishment are best management practices to accelerate bermudagrass canopy closure and reduce potential nutrient and sediment losses.
Rice Yield and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Affected by Chinese Milk Vetch and Rice Straw Retention with Reduced Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Liu Ying , Tang Haiying , Muhammad Aamer , Zhong Chuan , Li Ping , Zhang Peng , Yang Binjuan , Huang Guoqin 
Published: October 2019

Straw retention and fertilization management can affect rice yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in paddy field. To investigate the effect of leguminous green manure and straw retention plus nitrogen (N) fertilizer on rice yield and GHG emissions, field experiments were conducted from 2017 to 2018 and four treatments were designed, including the treatments of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw retention with reduced chemical N fertilizer application amount named RA (6000 kg hm−2 rice straw plus 102 kg hm−2 N fertilizer during early and late rice respectively), RB (6000 kg hm−2 rice straw plus 87 kg hm−2 N fertilizer during early and late rice season respectively), RC (6000 kg hm−2 rice straw plus 72 kg hm−2 N fertilizer during early and late rice season respectively) and control CK (winter fallow, without straw retention, 120 kg hm−2 N fertilizer during early and late rice season respectively). The results showed treatments RA, RB, and RC significantly increased the early rice yield by 15.79, 21.27, and 13.60% (P < 0.05), and RA and RB significantly increased the annual yield by 14.76 and 15.79% (P < 0.05) compared with control CK. For CH4 cumulative emissions, only RB had no significant impact on it (P > 0.05); treatments RA, RB, and RC had no significant effect on N2O cumulative emissions (P > 0.05). Meanwhile, treatments RA and RC significantly increased GWP and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) (P < 0.05) of CH4 and N2O, but the difference between RB and control CK was not significant (P > 0.05). Therefore treatment RB had the best effect on rice production and GHG mitigation in paddy fields.Core Ideas

Straw and vetch retention with reduced N fertilizer were studied on yield and GHGs in double‐cropped rice.
Chinese milk vetch and rice straw retention plus reduced N fertilizer significantly increased rice yields compared with control.
Effect of Chinese milk vetch and rice straw retention plus 87 kg of N fertilizer on GWP and GHGI was not obvious.
Straw and vetch retention can help offset N fertilizer to increase yield and reduce costs, waste, and environment pollution.