bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pivotal role of perceived emotional synchrony in the context of terrorism: Challenges and lessons learned from the March 2016 attack in Belgium
Authors: Pelletier Petra 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSince the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack against the World Trade Center in New York City, terrorism has become one of the most distressing large‐scale societal threats. The March 22, 2016 terrorist attack in Brussels, the capital of Belgium undermined the collective sense of perceived security and social cohesion. The present research investigates Belgian civilians’ (N = 202) terrorist threat perception, personal emotions, and the role of perceived emotional synchrony in the construction of the perceived socioemotional climate in Belgium. The main purpose of the current study was to examine the role of perceived emotional synchrony emerging in collective gatherings as a regulatory mechanism improving the perceived socioemotional climate of the country. Additionally, the precise components (personal vs. collective) shaping the perceptions of terrorist threat were also examined. This study was conducted by a questionnaire during the collective gatherings in Brussels 1 week after the terrorist attack. The main results suggest that the terrorist threat has been perceived at the collective level rather than at the personal level. Furthermore, the perceived emotional synchrony with others mediated specifically the relationship between positive personal emotions and the perceived positive socioemotional climate in Belgium. Such findings point to the importance of considering the perceived emotional synchrony in order to provide a better understanding of lay people's psychosocial responses to terrorism and the subsequent construction of collective macro‐social phenomena in post‐terrorist contexts.
Living on borrowed time – Amazonian trees use decade‐old storage carbon to survive for months after complete stem girdling
Authors: Muhr Jan , Trumbore Susan , Higuchi Niro , Kunert Norbert 
Published: August 2018

Summary

Nonstructural carbon (NSC) reserves act as buffers to sustain tree activity during periods when carbon (C) assimilation does not meet C demand, but little is known about their age and accessibility; we designed a controlled girdling experiment in the Amazon to study tree survival on NSC reserves.

We used bomb‐radiocarbon (14C) to monitor the time elapsed between C fixation and release (‘age’ of substrates). We simultaneously monitored how the mobilization of reserve C affected δ13CO2.

Six ungirdled control trees relied almost exclusively on recent assimilates throughout the 17 months of measurement. The Δ14C of CO2 emitted from the six girdled stems increased significantly over time after girdling, indicating substantial remobilization of storage NSC fixed up to 13–14 yr previously. This remobilization was not accompanied by a consistent change in observed δ13CO2.

These trees have access to storage pools integrating C accumulated over more than a decade. Remobilization follows a very clear reverse chronological mobilization with younger reserve pools being mobilized first. The lack of a shift in the δ13CO2 might indicate a constant contribution of starch hydrolysis to the soluble sugar pool even outside pronounced stress periods (regular mixing).
Crown damage and the mortality of tropical trees
Authors: Arellano Gabriel , Medina Nagore G. , Tan Sylvester , Mohamad Mohizah , Davies Stuart J. 
Published: August 2018

Summary

What causes individual tree death in tropical forests remains a major gap in our understanding of the biology of tropical trees and leads to significant uncertainty in predicting global carbon cycle dynamics.

We measured individual characteristics (diameter at breast height, wood density, growth rate, crown illumination and crown form) and environmental conditions (soil fertility and habitat suitability) for 26 425 trees ≥ 10 cm diameter at breast height belonging to 416 species in a 52‐ha plot in Lambir Hills National Park, Malaysia. We used structural equation models to investigate the relationships among the different factors and tree mortality.

Crown form (a proxy for mechanical damage and other stresses) and prior growth were the two most important factors related to mortality. The effect of all variables on mortality (except habitat suitability) was substantially greater than expected by chance.

Tree death is the result of interactions between factors, including direct and indirect effects. Crown form/damage and prior growth mediated most of the effect of tree size, wood density, fertility and habitat suitability on mortality. Large‐scale assessment of crown form or status may result in improved prediction of individual tree death at the landscape scale.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTE PLASTIC BANNER FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
Authors: Setiawan Agustinus Agus , Philip Fredy Jhon , Permanasari Eka 
Published: August 2018

The objective of this research is to determine the mechanical properties of the waste-plastic-banner-fiber reinforced concrete: compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, rupture modulus and modulus of elasticity. Concrete mixtures with different proportions of waste plastic banner fiber were produced and tested: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% of waste plastic banner fiber. The tests showed that the addition of fiber by 0.5% from the total concrete volume will increase the splitting tensile strength by 14.28% and produce the modulus of elasticity as high as 23,025 MPa (up to 12% from the normal mix) and yield the concrete compressive strength of 35.56 MPa (up to 4.95% of the normal mixture). The rupture modulus will increase by 4.11% as the addition of 0.25% of waste plastic banner fiber.
tCG torsion pairs
Authors: Bravo Daniel , Parra Carlos E. 
Published: August 2018

We investigate conditions when the [Formula: see text]-structure of Happel–Reiten–Smalø associated to a torsion pair is a compactly generated [Formula: see text]-structure. The concept of a [Formula: see text]CG torsion pair is introduced and for any ring [Formula: see text], we prove that [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]CG torsion pair in [Formula: see text] if, and only if, there exists, [Formula: see text] a set of finitely presented [Formula: see text]-modules in [Formula: see text], such that [Formula: see text]. We also show that every [Formula: see text]CG torsion pair is of finite type, and show that the reciprocal is not true. Finally, we give a precise description of the [Formula: see text]CG torsion pairs over Noetherian rings and von Neumman regular rings.
Decreased abundance of eIF4F subunits predisposes low birth weight neonatal pigs to reduced muscle hypertrophy
Authors: El-Kadi Samer W. , Chen Ying , McCauley Sydney R. , Seymour Kacie A. , Johnson Sally E. , Rhoads Robert P. 
Published: August 2018

Muscle hypertrophy is limited in low birth weight (LBWT) neonates, suggesting a reduction in protein synthesis and increased protein degradation. Sixteen pairs of one-day-old normal birth weight (NBWT) and LBWT littermates ( n = 16) were euthanized, and the longissimus dorsi (LD) was sampled for protein abundance and kinase phosphorylation profile measures. Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E and eIF4G abundance, and assembly of the active eIF4E-eIF4G complex, was less for LBWT than for NBWT pig muscles. Similarly, eIF3f abundance was reduced in the muscle of LBWT compared with NBWT pigs and was associated with diminished ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 phosphorylation. This decrease was linked to a lower phosphorylation of programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) in LBWT pig muscle. By contrast, PDCD4 abundance was greater in the muscle of the LBWT than NBWT group, suggesting lower release and availability of eIF4A from the PDCD4-eIF4A complex. Moreover, protein abundance of eIF4A was lower in LBWT muscle, which is expected to further impair the formation of eIF4F translation initiation complex. Microtubule-associated light chain 3 (LC3) II to total LC3 ratio was greater in LBWT LD lysates, yet P62 abundance was similar between the two groups, suggesting no difference in autophagy. Muscle atrophy F-box (atrogin-1) abundance was less in LBWT LD lysates, suggesting decreased degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In conclusion, limited eIF4F subunit abundance and downregulated translation initiation are plausible mechanisms for diminished muscle growth in LBWT compared with NBWT neonatal pigs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrated that eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4E, eIF4G, and eIF4A abundance, and assembly of the active eIF4E-eIF4G complex, were reduced in low birth weight (LBWT) compared with normal birth weight pig muscle. In contrast, our data indicated that protein degradation signaling does not seem to affect protein turnover in LBWT pig muscle. Thus, downregulated translation initiation is likely the key contributor that predisposes LBWT neonatal pigs to slower postnatal muscle growth.
TGFβ-Induced Lung Cancer Cell Migration Is NR4A1-Dependent
Authors: Hedrick Erik , Mohankumar Kumaravel , Safe Stephen 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

TGFβ induces migration of lung cancer cells (A549, H460, and H1299), dependent on activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK1), and is inhibited by the JNK1 inhibitor SP600125. Moreover, TGFβ-induced migration of the cells is also blocked by the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) and the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1) ligand 1,1-bis(3′-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (CDIM8), which retains NR4A1 in the nucleus. Subsequent analysis showed that the TGFβ/TGFβ receptor/PKA/MKK4 and -7/JNK pathway cascade phosphorylates and induces nuclear export of NR4A1, which in turn forms an active complex with Axin2, Arkadia (RNF111), and RNF12 (RLIM) to induce proteasome-dependent degradation of SMAD7 and enhance lung cancer cell migration. Thus, NR4A1 also plays an integral role in mediating TGFβ-induced lung cancer invasion, and the NR4A1 ligand CDIM8, which binds nuclear NR4A1, represents a novel therapeutic approach for TGFβ-induced blocking of lung cancer migration/invasion.

Implications:
Effective treatment of TGFβ-induced lung cancer progression could involve a number of agents including the CDIM/NR4A1 antagonists that block not only TGFβ-induced migration, but several other NR4A1-regulated prooncogenic genes/pathways in lung cancer cell lines.
Living, Active, Elusive
Authors: Johnson Nathan C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough the doctrine of scripture is central to systematic theology, one aspect of Christian scripture is rarely engaged, namely, the ongoing presence of textual variants. And although the reconstruction of the earliest form of Christian scripture is the primary object of textual criticism, text critics have rarely given a theological rationale for their discipline. Across the disciplinary divide, this essay attempts a rapprochement. For systematic theology, the essay underscores the challenges of the variable, fluid text that is Christian scripture. For textual criticism, it calls attention to two useful theological concepts and retrieves the bivalent reading strategies of two premodern scholars, Origen and Augustine, who artfully blended theology and nascent textual criticism.
H.G. Stoker’s Study of Conscience, Its Reception, and Its Significance as a Work in the Reformed Tradition
Authors: Blosser Philip 
Published: August 2018

AbstractI begin by summarizing Stoker’s study of conscience in Das Gewissen. Then I contrast the initial acclaim it received from well-known phenomenologists with its subsequent undeserved neglect. One reason for the neglect, I surmise, is the waning of general interest in phenomenological approaches. Other reasons include Stoker’s relative isolation in South Africa, declining interest in Christian approaches to philosophy, and Calvinist concerns about the influence of Bavinck’s scholasticism and Scheler’s phenomenological method on Stoker. I argue that none of these reasons justifies the present neglect of Stoker’s magisterial work and its seminal insights.
Advances in Chinese Dual-Polarization and Phased-Array Weather Radars: Observational Analysis of a Supercell in Southern China
Authors: Wu Chong , Liu Liping , Liu Xi , Li Guocui , Chen Chao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the summer of 2016, one phased-array radar and two polarimetric weather radars, representative of advancing radar technology in use in China, jointly collected data in the Foshan area to study severe convective storms in southern China. After an introduction to the technical characteristics and a verification of the radar calibration, the advantages of the abovementioned dual-polarization and phased-array radars are discussed in terms of an observational analysis of a supercell that occurred on 9 May 2016. The polarimetric signatures within the supercell are associated with specific microphysical processes that can reveal different stages of storm evolution. The hydrometeor classification algorithm is a more straightforward and useful method for nowcasting than conventional algorithms, which makes it favorable for further recommendation in China. During the mature and dissipating stages of this supercell, observations of the phased-array radar show detailed changes on short time scales that cannot be observed by parabolic-antenna radars. The initiation and mergers of new convective cells are found in the peak inflow region, and the formation and dissipation of the hook echo are associated with the relative intensities of inflow and outflow. The abovementioned results demonstrate that the phased-array radar and dual-polarization radars recently developed in China are powerful tools to better understand storm evolution for nowcasting and scientific studies.
Initiation Mechanisms of Nocturnal Convection without Nearby Surface Boundaries over the Central and Southern Great Plains during the Warm Season
Authors: Reif Dylan W. , Bluestein Howard B. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The number of case studies in the literature of nocturnal convection has increased during the past decade, especially those that utilize high-spatiotemporal-resolution datasets from field experiments such as the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN). However, there are few case studies of events for convection initiation without a nearby surface boundary. These events account for approximately 25% of all nocturnal convection initiation (CI) events. Unique characteristics of these events include a peak initiation time later at night, a preferred initiation location in northern Kansas and southern Nebraska, and a preferred north–south orientation to linear convective systems. In this study, four case studies of convection that is initiated without a nearby surface boundary are detailed to reveal a number of possible initiation mechanisms, including quasigeostrophic-aided ascent, elevated ascent associated with convergent layers (of unknown causes), the low-level jet, and gravity waves. The case studies chosen illustrate the wide variety of synoptic-scale conditions under which these events can occur.
The Stability of Incremental Analysis Update
Authors: Takacs Lawrence L. , Suárez Max J. , Todling Ricardo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A recent attempt to downscale the 50-km MERRA-2 analyses to 7 km revealed an instability associated with the incremental analysis update (IAU) procedure that has thus far gone unnoticed. A theoretical study based on a simple damped harmonic oscillator with complex frequency provides the framework to diagnose the problem and suggests means to avoid it. Three possible approaches to avoid the instability are to (i) choose an “ideal” ratio of the lengths of the predictor and corrector steps of IAU based on a theoretical stability diagram, (ii) time average the background fields used to construct the IAU tendencies with given frequency, or (iii) apply a digital filter modulation to the IAU tendencies. All these are shown to control the instability for a wide range of resolutions when doing up- or downscaling, experiments with the NASA GMAO atmospheric general circulation model. Furthermore, it is found that combining IAU with the ensemble recentering step typical of hybrid ensemble–variational approaches also results in an instability based on the same mechanisms in the members of the ensemble. An example of such occurrence arises in an experiment performed with the GMAO 12.8-km hybrid 4D-EnVar system. Modulation of the ensemble IAU tendencies with a digital filter is shown to avoid the instability. In addition, the stability of certain 4D incremental analysis update (4DIAU) implementations is analyzed and a suggestion is made to improve its results, though a complete study of this subject is postponed to a follow-up work.
The Effects of Event Rate on a Cognitive Vigilance Task
Authors: Claypoole Victoria L. , Dever Daryn A. , Denues Kody L. , Szalma James L. 
Published: August 2018

Objective: The present experiment sought to examine the effects of event rate on a cognitive vigilance task. Background: Vigilance, or the ability to sustain attention, is an integral component of human factors research. Vigilance task difficulty has previously been manipulated through increasing event rate. However, most research in this paradigm has utilized a sensory-based task, whereas little work has focused on these effects in relation to a cognitive-based task. Method: In sum, 84 participants completed a cognitive vigilance task that contained either 24 events per minute (low event rate condition) or 40 events per minute (high event rate condition). Performance was measured through the proportion of hits, false alarms, mean response time, and signal detection analyses (i.e., sensitivity and response bias). Additionally, measures of perceived workload and stress were collected. Results: The results indicated that event rate significantly affected performance, such that participants who completed the low event rate task achieved significantly better performance in terms of correction detections and false alarms. Furthermore, the cognitive vigil utilized in the present study produced performance decrements comparable to traditional sensory vigilance tasks. Conclusion: Event rate affects cognitive vigilance tasks in a similar manner as traditional sensory vigilance tasks, such that a direct relation between performance and level of event rate was established. Application: Cognitive researchers wishing to manipulate task difficulty in their experiments may use event rate presentation as one avenue to achieve this result.
Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of an MRI-Based Classification System for Injuries to the Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Authors: Ramkumar Prem N. , Frangiamore Salvatore J. , Navarro Sergio M. , Lynch T. Sean , Forney Michael C. , Kaar Scott G. , Akhavan Sam , Moutzouros Vasilios , Westermann Robert W. , Farrow Lutul D. , Schickendantz Mark S. 
Published: August 2018

Background:Despite improvements in understanding biomechanics and surgical options for ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears, there remains a need for a reliable classification of UCL tears that has the potential to guide clinical decision making.Purpose:To assess the intra- and interobserver reliability of the newly proposed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based classification for UCL tears. Secondary objectives included assessing the effect of additional views, discrimination between distal and nondistal tears, and correlation of imaging reads with intraoperative findings of the UCL.Study Design:Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Nine fellowship-trained specialists from 7 institutions independently completed 4 surveys consisting of 60 elbow MRI scans with UCL tears using a newly proposed 6-stage classification system. The first and third surveys contained 60 coronal images, while the second and fourth contained the same images with coronal and axial views presented in a random order to assess intraobserver variability via the weighted kappa value and the effect of additional imaging views. Weighted kappa values were also calculated for each of the 4 surveys to acquire interobserver reliability. Reliability analysis was repeated through a 2-group classification analysis for distal and nondistal tears. Observer readings were compared with intraoperative UCL findings.Results:For the newly proposed 6-stage MRI-based classification, intra- and interobserver reliability demonstrated near perfect and substantial agreement, respectively. These values increased only when substratified into the 2-group distal and nondistal tear classification ( P < .05). The additional axial view did not statistically improve the agreement within and among readers. When compared with intraoperative findings from 30 elbows, observer readings were accurate for tear grade (partial and complete), proximal location, and distal location but not midsubstance tears.Conclusion:The newly proposed 6-stage MRI-based classification utilizing grade and location of the injury had substantial to near perfect agreement among and within fellowship-trained observers.
Impact of Historical Changes in Coarse Cereals Consumption in India on Micronutrient Intake and Anemia Prevalence
Authors: DeFries Ruth , Chhatre Ashwini , Davis Kyle Frankel , Dutta Arnab , Fanzo Jessica , Ghosh-Jerath Suparna , Myers Samuel , Rao Narasimha D. , Smith Matthew R. 
Published: August 2018

Background: Production of rice and wheat increased dramatically in India over the past decades, with reduced proportion of coarse cereals in the food supply. Objective: We assess impacts of changes in cereal consumption in India on intake of iron and other micronutrients and whether increased consumption of coarse cereals could help alleviate anemia prevalence. Methods: With consumption data from over 800 000 households, we calculate intake of iron and other micronutrients from 84 food items from 1983 to 2011. We use mixed-effect models to relate state-level anemia prevalence in women and children to micronutrient consumption and household characteristics. Results: Coarse cereals reduced from 23% to 6% of calories from cereals in rural households (10% to 3% in urban households) between 1983 and 2011, with wide variations across states. Loss of iron from coarse cereals was only partially compensated by increased iron from other cereals and food groups, with a 21% (rural) and 11% (urban) net loss of total iron intake. Models indicate negative association between iron from cereals and anemia prevalence in women. The benefit from increased iron from coarse cereals is partially offset by the adverse effects from antinutrients. For children, anemia was negatively associated with heme–iron consumption but not with iron from cereals. Conclusions: Loss of coarse cereals in the Indian diet has substantially reduced iron intake without compensation from other food groups, particularly in states where rice rather than wheat replaced coarse cereals. Increased consumption of coarse cereals could reduce anemia prevalence in Indian women along with other interventions.