bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Dimensions in Order to Aid Classification of European Red Mite and Two-Spotted Spider Mite by Means of Digital Imaging of Infected Leaves
Authors: Konopacki Paweł J. , Warabieda Wojciech 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The methods currently used to assess orchard infestation are time-consuming and do not take into account non-adult forms of mites, due to their small size. Advance in digital imaging technology, however, has resulted in the discovery of a more viable method to enable a fast and reliable assessment of orchard infestation. Digital images of infected apple leaves were made and examined for the presence of European red mites and two-spotted spider mites. As well as adult mites, non-adult European red mite forms were also encountered. After extracting all objects considered as mites from the image, imaging software was then used to assess their dimension and shape parameters. Length, width, area, and equivalent diameter were different for all three observed mite groups: adult female European red mites, possible non-adult European red mites and adult two-spotted spider mites. Differences in circularity and elongation were found in adult two-spotted spider mites and various forms of European red mites, while the perimeter was similar in adult European red mites and two-spotted spider mites, and different in the non-adult forms of European red mites. However, as the ranges of 95% prediction intervals for these features overlap, a combination of at least two features as well as employing statistical procedures may greatly increase the probability of appropriate classification of the observed objects as different mites.
Performance Evaluation of African Breadfruit (Treculia Africana) Seed Dehuller
Authors: Obi Okey Francis , Akubuo Clement O. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This paper reports the effect of the parboiling time on dehulled kernel out-turns (DKO) of African breadfruit seeds, and the most recent effort to upgrade an existing dehuller and its performance. Two common and readily available varieties – Treculia var. africana and var. inverse were used in the study. The seeds were parboiled for 0 (control), 2, 5, 8, 11 and 14 minutes and then dehulled. The result revealed that the parboiling time had a significant effect on the DKO of the two varieties of the seed. The DKO increased from 0 to 5 min of the treatment, after which it decreased considerably up to 14 min of the parboiling time. The obtained data were used to develop a non-linear quadratic regression model to predict the DKO as a function of the parboiling time. The performance evaluation of the breadfruit seeds dehuller revealed that it was significantly influenced by the variety.
Evaluation of Flat Fan Nozzles Operating Parameters Under Conditions of Accelerated Boundary and Destructive Wear
Authors: Parafiniuk Stanisław , Milanowski Marek , Krawczuk Anna , Sawa Józef , Subr Alaa Kamel 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Two tests were carried out to measure the standard flat fan nozzles wear during a specific period of an accelerated wear procedure. The first test aimed at getting 10% increase in the flow rate compared to the nominal flow rate, which is the threshold to replace the nozzles according to the nozzles testing standards. The second test was to wear the nozzles intensively (100 hours of accelerated wear), which represents the use of nozzles beyond the allowed threshold. The results showed that the flow rate reached 1.31 l·min−1 (equal to 10% increase) for the tested nozzles after 35 hours of the wear test. For the second test, the 10% increase of the flow rate was reached after approximately 30 hours. The wear rate reached 27.5% at the end of the test and this is 2.7 times more than the standardized threshold.
Uzbek Head Ornaments from the Collection of the Náprstek Museum
Authors: Hejzlarová Tereza 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Jewellery occupied an important place in the various life stages of Central Asian women. Individual jewels that formed sets depending on which parts of the body they were worn on had in a steady form and a particular meaning in the past. Most of the items of jewellery were designed to decorate the upper half of the body, and among the most numerous sets there was a set of head ornaments. These were mainly various types of diadems, paired and individual pendants that were attached to the headdress or to the hair and, last but not least, earrings of various shapes and sizes. The collections of the Náprstek Museum of Asian, African and American Cultures feature a set of head ornaments from Uzbekistan dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century when the jeweller’s creations of the region were still of high quality. The set is represented by jewellery of three local styles – Samarkand, Bukhara and Tashkent.
What the Old Microbiologists Knew...
Authors: Nowak Andrzej 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Amazing is the fact that although the organisms have been known since the end of the seventeenth century, effective study of this group of organisms started after about 160 years, in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. The origins of science about bacteria were very difficult, there were many unknowns and conflict information. The research results provided by various scientists created complete chaos. From today’s perspective, it is difficult to imagine how it was possible, do research in such conditions, and obtain reliable results? Yet despite these difficulties, knowledge of our predecessors was neither so small nor so doubtful as might be supposed. On the contrary, it was surprisingly big and wide. What our predecessors knew about bacteria and especially their importance in nature? They knew that bacteria live everywhere, knew about their unlimited spread in the biosphere. The role of microorganisms in the mineralization of organic matter was known, as well as the circulation of matter in nature and role of bacteria in cycles of nutrient elements, and the solar energy as the driving force behind these changes. Today - although we understand these mechanisms much more accurately, we know a lot details and individual changes - but the basic outline of the functioning of the biosphere, valid until today created our predecessors. A look back at the beginning of the microbiology teaches us, how much can be achieved with seemingly primitive methods, if accompanied by a passion for research and imagination.
The Level of Mastery of the Concept of Chemical Reaction Rate by 9th Grade Students
Authors: Michalisková Renáta , Prokša Miroslav 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we focused on the results of research, which we have conducted to ascertain the knowledge of Slovak students who have just finished their lower secondary education concerning the topic of chemical reaction rate. The study was attended by a total of 320 15-year-old graduates of basic chemistry education belonged to several schools. Students’ knowledge was found through didactic test consisted of 1 item related to clustering and several two-level tasks. The results were analyzed in terms of deeper insight into the students’ understanding of the issue and students’ misconceptions were also identified. The findings related to the problems connected with acquiring the concept of chemical reaction rate, especially in relation to the students’ grasp the mentioned topic at submicroscopic, macroscopic and symbolic levels of representation were analyzed. We managed to investigate the students’ various difficulties associated with mentioned topic. Several problems were found. Students have a problem with understanding the basic term “chemical reaction rate”, relating it to bodies in motion, which they know from physics lessons and everyday life. They also have problems to distinguish and interconnect information at different levels of representation. Students often do not know which factors affect the rate of reaction and how. They do not understand the concepts of concentration and catalyst and do not distinguish the terms temperature and heat. Students’ knowledge is often only formal and lacks a real conceptual understanding of the problem. Their solving of problems does not go beyond the algorithmic level of solution and they are not able to solve tasks that are not typically school-related issues.
Learners’ Understanding of Chemical Equilibrium at Submicroscopic, Macroscopic and Symbolic Levels
Authors: Prokša Miroslav , Drozdíková Anna , Haláková Zuzana 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
It is not easy for secondary school learners to comprehend the concept of chemical equilibrium at the level of understanding. In this context, a feedback is important for the teachers to optimize their help to students in constructing this concept. We designed and tested sets of particularly prepared tasks, the solution of which reflects the depth of understanding of the basic concept in macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic representation. Difficulties in understanding the chemical phenomena and concepts do not result only from the existence of these three levels or from their explanation using abstract concepts, but also from the lack of interconnection between these representations. Consistent interconnection of these levels can lead to an internal conflict in students, and consequently to a more profound understanding of the concept or relationships between concepts at multiple levels of representation to understand them or to change the meaning of one to another. There is also a close connection with the aspect of memory, algorithmic and conceptual approaches to solving educational situations, which extends dimensionally and reinforces the need for a more comprehensive grasp of learners’ mastery of the given concept. The teacher cannot expect that the learners without intensive training, e.g., only by observing the macroscopic representation, can interpret the essence of the submicroscopic representation. Therefore, these aspects need to be consistently involved in the model of learners’ cognitive process early enough to apply them in the educational practice without any problems.
Determination of Toxicological Parameters of Selected Bioactive Organic Chemicals Using the Ostracodtoxkit FTM
Authors: Kudłak Błażej , Wieczerzak Monika , Namieśnik Jacek 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAssessment of the impact of pharmaceutical residues on living organisms is very complex subject. Apart from taking into account the toxicity of individual compounds also their presence in mixtures should be taken into account. In this work, attempts were made to assess the ecotoxicity of biologically active substances (with 50 % effective concentration (EC50) values growing from fluoxetine (EC50= 4.431 nM) >> gemfibrozil ≈ 17α-ethinylestradiol ≈ ketorolac > indomethacin > theophylline ≈ progesterone > naproxen ≈ trypsin > 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid > chloramphenicol > acetylsalicylic acid > ibuprofen > ketoprofen > 19-norethindrone to bezafibrate as the least toxic drug among studied ones) to the ISO standardized Ostracodtoxkit FTMbioassay. The Ostracodtoxkit FTMwas proven to be very sensitive tool with respect to responding to presence of pharmaceuticals. Results of studies justify the statement that more research is needed in field of assessment of chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals and other newly emerging pollutants especially when they are present in complex mixture.
Studies of the ice regime in the waters of the Gulf of Khatanga in the Laptev Sea
Authors: Kornishin K. A. , Tarasov P. A. , Yefimov Ya. O. , Gudoshnikov Yu. P. , Kovalev S. M. , Mironov Ye. U. , Makarov Ye. I. , Nesterov A. V. 
Published: January 2019

The study was carried out to reveal characteristics of the ice regime of poorly explored water area of the Khatanga Bay in the South-Western part of the Laptev Sea. Actuality of the research is due to the high potential of hydrocarbon reserves in the license area «Khatangsky» of the PAO «NK «Rosneft Currently available methods of monitoring ice cover and hydrometeorological conditions throughout the year were used. The main features of the hydrological regime of the region in the ice-free period, reflected in the spatial distribution of thermohaline characteristics and sea level fluctuations, are shown. The area under investigation has specific features of the conditions for the formation of ice cover: the entire area is covered with the fast ice; the winter fresh water infl w from Khatanga and Anabar rivers results in the desalination of sea water, and this promotes formation of ice cover, which differs in crystal structure and texture from both fresh and sea ices. These factors do influence on the mechanical properties of ice, including its strength. It was found that the average and maximum values of strength of the smooth and deformed ice of the Khatanga Gulf are approximately twice as high as the similar values of the sea ice strength in the southern part of the Laptev Sea. The basic features of the spatial distribution of different types of deformations of the ice cover such as lines of ice hummocks, zones of homogeneous ice hummocking, and stamukhas had been determined.
K. Jaspersas ir egzistencializmo socialinės bei teorinės prielaidos
Authors: Repšys Jonas 
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje atskleidžiamas K. Jasperso kelias į filosofiją, supažindinama su esminiais jo biografijos bruožais. K. Jaspersas iš pradžių studijavo teisę, paskui mediciną, vėliau specializavosi psichiatrijoje. Jo posūkis į filosofiją susijęs su E. Husserlio fenomenologinio metodo, W. Dithey‘aus aprašomosios psichologijos, M. Weberio sociologijos ir ypač S. Kierkegaardo religinės filosofijos idėjų poveikiu. Remiantis kapitalizmo raidos monopolistinės stadijos, technologinės pažangos ir jos socialinių padarinių analize, atskleidžiamos egzistencializmo filosofijos formavimosi socialinės ir teorinės prielaidos. Aptariama ribinių situacijų samprata. Autorius K. Jasperso filosofijos pagrindinius bruožus analizuoja pozityvistinio scientizmo ir iracionalizmo konfrontacijos kontekste. Visą tradicinę filosofijos problematiką egzistencializmas patalpina iracionalistinės aprašomosios filosofinės antropologijos kontekste, neigia mokslinį tikrovės pažinimą ir propaguoja kraštutinį individualizmą ir mistiką.
Hėgelis apie socialinę pažangą
Authors: Luneckas Balys 
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama socialinės pažangos samprata G. W. Hegelio istorijos filosofijoje. Teigiama, kad G. W. Hegelis socialinę pažangą teisingai laikė objektyviu, dėsningu procesu, kuris vyksta kaip dialektinė būtinų pakopų kaita, kai ankstesniųjų pakopų išsivystymo lygis yra objektyvus pagrindas tikslingai žmonių veiklai sekančioje pakopoje. Pasak G. Hegelio, pažanga, kaip perėjimas nuo vieno tautos dvasios realizacijos etapo prie kito, yra dėsningas dalykas ir negali būti nulemtas subjektyvių ketinimų, tikslų ir veiklos. Tautos dvasia yra socialinį gyvenimą determinuojantis pagrindas, apimantis visas tam tikros visuomenės vystymosi pakopos socialinio gyvenimo sritis. Visuomeninės pažangos kriterijų ir vystymosi varomąsias jėgas sąlygoja socialinio gyvenimo turinys. Socialinės pažangos turinys ir vertinimo kriterijai gali būti nustatyti ne abstrakčių samprotavimų ar subjektyvių manymų būdu, bet tik istoriškai analizuojant šios pažangos pakopų kitimo priežastis ir varomąsias jėgas, nusakant atskirų pakopų būtinumą ir vietą visame istoriniame procese.
EKOLOGINĖ ETIKA: KILMĖ, PRINCIPAI, TAIKYMAS
Authors: Kalenda Česlovas 
Published: January 2019

Žmogaus moralinis santykis su gamta atsirado archajiniais laikais, bet civilizacijos raidoje jis buvo nustumtas į kultūros pakraštį, natūraliajai realybei suteikiant imoralinės erdvės statusą. XIX a. mąstytojai, plėtoję romantinio natūralizmo idėjas, reabilitavo gamtą kaip pagarbos vertą objektą. XX a. „naujoji etika“ įtraukėįá moralės veikimo sferą ir visas nežmogiškas gyvąsias būtybes, netgi visą gamtą. Palyginti su tradicinės moralės stereotipais, moralinės reguliacijos gamtinės aplinkos atžvilgiu poreikis lėmė kitokio masto (mezo ir makro) imperatyvø formavimąsi. Ekologinė etika tapo taikomosios etikos šaka, pašaukta tirti žmogaus elgesio principus, būtinus gyvybės rūšims, taip pat Homo sapiens, ir jū egzistavimo sąlygoms (biosferai) išsaugoti. Šių principų įgyvendinimas suponuoja žmonijos tapimą komunikuojančia solidaria bendrija. Tokia bendrija formuojasi valstybėms įsijungiant į pasaulines ir tarptautines organizacijas, pasirašant konvencijas ir prisiimant gamtosauginius įsipareigojimus, kurie tampa nacionalinių institucijų bei organizacijų veiklos užaviniu, piliečių elgesio standartais ir praktiniais veiksmais. Reikšminiai žodžiai: moralinis santykis su gamta, moralinių santykių lygmenys, žemės etika, bioetika, prudentia (atsakomybė, apdairumas).
GAMTINIŲ BŪTYBIŲ MORALINIŲ TEISIŲ NEANTROPOCENTRINIAI ETINIAI ARGUMENTAI
Authors: Mackevičiūtė Jūratė , Žičkienė Skaidrė 
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje analizuojami žmogaus ir gamtos santykio sampratos aspektai, parodant, kad išplečiama nežmogiškųjų gyvųjų būtybių teisių sfera, pripažįstant gyviems ir negyviems gamtos objektams vidinę vertę, nustatomą pagal moralinius, estetinius ir kitokius kriterijus, ypač matant gyvūnų gebėjimą jausti skausmą, taip pat vadovaujantis nuostata, kad individo teisės laikytinos svarbesnėmis nei visos grupės. XVII amžiuje J. Locke’as teigė, kad kiekvienas žmogus, neatsižvelgiant į rasę ir lytį, turi prigimtines teises į gyvenimą, laisvę, sveikatą, laimės siekimą. Plėtodami aplinkosauginę teoriją ir praktiką, XX amžiaus ekofilosofai moralinių teisių teorijà išplėtė iki natūralios gamtos ir jos objektų, gyviems ir negyviems objektams priskirdami prigimtinų, moralinių teisių kategoriją. Jeigu objektas turi moralinį statusą, tai jis turi ir moralines teises. Apžvelgiami du galimi gyvūnų prigimtinių teisių įrodymai: utilitaristinis ir deontologinis. Apibendrinamos gyvūnų teisių gynėjų pozicijos. Reikšminiai žodžiai: prigimtinė (moralinė) teisė, deontologinis požiūris, utilitarizmas, T. Reganas, P. Singeris.

ARGUMENTS ON NONANTROPOCENTRIC ETHICAL NATURE’S RIGHTSJūratė Mackevičiūtė, Skaidrė Žičkienė
Summary In this article the authors explore preconditions of nonantropocentric ethical nature’s rights. In the 17th century J. Locke proposed a concept of innate rights, maintaining that every man has innate rights to life, freedom, health, striving for happiness. These rights are different from legal rights, which have legal and moral basis recognized by everybody. However, according to Locke, nature has no innate moral rights. Three centuries later, this theory was expanded to nature and its objects, both animate and inanimate by applying the category of innate moral rights. This was performed by Western ecophilosophers, when they were developing theory and practice of protecting the environment. Nowadays the ecological ethics presents two possible proofs of animals’ innate (moral) rights: utilitarianistic and deontological. According to P. Singer, the main representative of the utilitarianistic trend, every live being deserves attention not because of its reason, but because of its ability to feel. The views of T. Regan, the most prominent representative of the deontological trend, are far more radical, as he demands not to reform human’s behaviour towards nature but to end the existence of animal farms and to forbid both commercial and sports hunting. In the context of ecological ethics, protectors of animals’ rights define their trend as the whole of ideas about moral and legal human’s behaviour towards animals. Keywords: innate moral rights, utilitarianistic trend, deontological trend, T. Regan, P. Singer.
INTERNETINĖ PARAMA PRIIMANT DAUGIAKRITERIUS ETINIUS SPRENDIMUS
Authors: Kaklauskas Artūras , Pruskus Valdas 
Published: January 2019

Didėjant šiuolaikinio gyvenimo spartai, sudėtingumui ir kompleksiškumui vis daugiau dėmesio skiriama įvairioms etinėms problemoms. Etiniai klausimai tampa visų svarbesnių socialinių, ekonominių ir kultūrinių problemų sprendimo sudedamąja dalimi. Todėl atsirado būtinybė įvairius etinius klausimus kvalifikuotai spręsti naudojant internetines sprendimų paramos sistemas. Nors pasaulyje sukurta daug etikos problemų sprendimų priėmimo modelių, tačiau mažai naudojamos informacinės technologijos. Be to, šiuos modelius ne visada galima tiesiogiai pasitelkti kuriant internetines sprendimų paramos sistemas. Straipsnyje pateikiamas autorių sukurtas internetinis daugiakriteris etinių sprendimų priėmimo modelis. Jis buvo kuriamas remiantis etiniais autonomiškumo, geradarystės, žalos ne darymo, teisingumo ir atsidavimo bei keliais sprendimų priėmimo (sprendimo ir jo pasekmių gyvavimo ciklo analizės, įvairių mokslų sąsajos, daugelio variantų sudarymo ir daugiakriterės alternatyvų analizės bei nagrinėjamų alternatyvų etiškumo laipsnio priklausomumo nuo suinteresuotų grupių ir jų tikslų) principais. Aptariami pagrindiniai etinių sprendimų priėmimo etapai, išryškinamos utilitarizmo deontologijos ir teisingumo teorijų nuostatos, kuriomis remiantis įvertinamos alternatyvos ir priimami sprendimai. Kad pasiūlytas modelis būtų vaizdesnis, straipsnyje pateikiamas jo pagrindu išspręstas pavyzdys.Reikšminiai žodžai: etika, etinių sprendimų priėmimas, daugiakriterė analizė, internetinė etinių sprendimų paramos sistema.

THE USES OF INTERNET IN THE ETHICAL MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION-MAKINGArtūras Kaklauskas, Valdas Pruskus
SummaryRecently more and more consumers apply Web-Based decision support systems in practice, because more people have gained the possibility to use the Internet. Also, special requirements for such system’s development have been applied. Therefore, traditional models of ethical decision-making cannot always be directly applied in such systems. In this paper the Web-Based Model of Multiple Criteria Ethical Decision-Making is developed by the authors that is based on ethical (autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and fidelity) and decision-making (life-cycle analysis, multi-variant design and multiple criteria analysis, etc.) principles. This Model can help stakeholders to make the best feasible decision in given circumstances. The proposed Model does not make ethical decisions, but explains a process for investigating a situation.Keywords: ethics, multiple criteria analysis, ethical decision-making models, Web-Based decision support systems.
M. FOUCAULT „FILOSOFINIS JUOKAS“ IR BEVILTIŠKAS NENORAS BŪTI ŽMOGUMI
Authors: Stoškus Krescencijus A. 
Published: January 2019

Mėginama išsiaiškinti žmogaus mirties sampratos pasikeitimą nuo F. Nietzsche’s iki M. Foucault ir jos santykį su modernybės pabaiga. Pirmiausia aptariama Dievo marinimo technologija, toliau svarstomas aukštesnio žmogaus vaidmuo ir paskutiniųjų žmonių statusas. Išryškinamas silpnasis ir stiprusis nihilizmas kaip kultūros irimo indikatorius. Nemaža dėmesio skiriama apokaliptinės kultūros simptomams ir Homo consumens epochos bruožams aprašyti. Pabaigoje formuluojama moderniojo žmogaus mirties pripažinimo problema ir nusakomos troškimo būti žmogumi galimybės.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Dievo nužudymas, pasišlykštėjimas, nihilizmas, paskutinis žmogus, homo consumens.

PHILOSOPHICAL LAUGHTER BY M. FOUCAULT AND HOPELESS UNWILLINGNESS OF BEING HUMANKrescencijus A. Stoškus
Summary The article starts with the discussion of the technology used to kill God. The consideration of the role of the higher human being and that of the status of last men follows. The strong and the weak nihilism as indicators of culture’s destruction are distinguished. Considerable attention is paid to signs of apocalyptic culture and features of the times of Homo Consumens. The paper closes with the discussion of the problem whether the death of modern human being is acceptable. Keywords: God extermination, human death, repugnance, nihilism, last human, killing laugh, homo consumens, willingness of being human.