bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The heterogeneous effect of diversity: Ascriptive identities, class and redistribution in developed democracies
Authors: YAKTER ALON 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe current consensus among comparative political scientists postulates that diverse democracies redistribute less than do homogeneous ones. However, whereas homogeneous democracies do redistribute more on average, diverse democracies exhibit high variation in redistributive outcomes. Why does ascriptive heterogeneity stifle redistribution in some cases but not in others? In this article, it is argued that diversity undermines redistributive outcomes when identity groups differ more starkly in their income levels. More importantly, under these conditions, the policy outcomes are not uniform: rather than general cutbacks, richer groups selectively under‐prioritise benefits and access for poorer, minority‐heavy groups while keeping their own redistributive interests protected. The result is not simply less redistribution aggregately, but a more exclusionary and regressive welfare state that prioritises the special needs of better‐off identity groups. Empirical support is found in these hypotheses using macro‐comparative panel data on multiple redistributive aspects in 22 developed democracies in the years 1980–2011. The article thus outlines a conditional and more nuanced relationship between diversity and redistributive outcomes than commonly assumed, as well as several broader lessons for research of identity politics and social policy.
Labour market regulation and subjective well‐being in low‐income countries
Authors: FLAVIN PATRICK , PACEK ALEXANDER C. , RADCLIFF BENJAMIN 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA growing literature suggests social democratic policies, as exemplified by the welfare state and active labour market policies, promote higher levels of life satisfaction compared to the neoliberal agenda of austerity, smaller government and more ‘flexible’ labour markets. In this article, this inquiry is extended to low‐income countries. A theoretical argument is developed for why labour market regulation (LMR) (rather than social welfare spending or the general size of government) is a more appropriate locus of attention outside of the industrial democracies. The relationship between LMR and several measures of well‐being is then empirically evaluated, finding robust evidence that people live more satisfying lives in countries that more stringently regulate their labour market. Moreover, it is found that positive benefits of LMR on well‐being are the largest among individuals with lower incomes. The implications for public policy and the study of human well‐being are discussed.
Fraud Allegations and Government Contracting
Authors: HEESE JONAS , PÉREZ‐CAVAZOS GERARDO 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper examines whether fraud allegations affect firms’ contracting with the government. Using a data set of whistleblower allegations brought under the False Claims Act against firms accused of defrauding the government, we find that federal agencies do not reduce the total dollar volume of contracts with accused firms; however, they substitute approximately 14% of the harder‐to‐monitor cost‐plus contracts for fixed‐price contracts. This effect is concentrated in the procurement of services and explained by contract and service substitution. Finally, we find that after the conclusion of the investigation, the government reduces the contract dollar volume by approximately 15% for cases that resulted in a settlement. Our findings indicate that contract‐design changes are used to mitigate uncertainty in suppliers’ reputation.
Lung cancer imaging methods in China from 2005 to 2014: A national, multicenter study
Authors: Hou Dong‐Hui , Zhao Shi‐Jun , Shi Ju‐Fang , Wang Le , Wang De‐Bin , Huang Yun‐Chao , Liao Xian‐Zhen , Xing Xiao‐Jing , Du Ling‐Bin , Yang Li , Liu Yu‐Qin , Zhang Yong‐Zhen , Wei Dong‐Hua , Liu Yun‐Yong , Zhang Kai , Li Ni , Chen Wan‐Qing , Qiao You‐Lin , He Jie , Dai Min , Wu Ning ,   LuCCRES Group
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe study was conducted to examine changes in diagnostic and staging imaging methods for lung cancer in China over a 10‐year period and to determine the relationships between such changes and socioeconomic development.MethodsThis was a hospital‐based, nationwide, multicenter retrospective study of primary lung cancer cases. The data were extracted from the 10‐year primary lung cancer databases at eight tertiary hospitals from various geographic areas in China. The chi‐squared test was used to assess the differences and the Cochran–Armitage trend test was used to estimate the trends of changes.ResultsA total of 7184 lung cancer cases were analyzed. Over the 10‐year period, the utilization ratio of diagnostic imaging methods, such as chest computed tomography (CT) and chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), increased from 65.79% to 81.42% and from 0.73% to 1.96%, respectively, while the utilization ratio of chest X‐ray declined from 50.15% to 30.93%. Staging imaging methods, such as positron emission tomography‐CT, neck ultrasound, brain MRI, bone scintigraphy, and bone MRI increased from 0.73% to 9.29%, 22.95% to 47.92%, 8.77% to 40.71%, 42.40% to 62.22%, and 0.88% to 4.65%, respectively; abdominal ultrasound declined from 83.33% to 59.9%. These trends were more notable in less developed areas than in areas with substantial economic development.ConclusionOverall, chest CT was the most common radiological diagnostic method for lung cancer in China. Imaging methods for lung cancer tend to be used in a diverse, rational, and regionally balanced manner.
When and how do endodontic specialists use cone‐beam computed tomography?
Authors: Krug Ralf , Connert Thomas , Beinicke Andrea , Soliman Sebastian , Schubert Alexander , Kiefner Peter , Sonntag David , Weiger Roland , Krastl Gabriel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the use of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) by endodontists in Germany and Switzerland. Sixty‐eight German endodontic specialists (G‐ES), 22 Swiss endodontic specialists (CH‐ES) and 95 dentists with a German Master of Science in endodontics (MSc) were invited to participate. Data on the timing of diagnostic assessments, endodontic case difficulty and indications forCBCTuse were collected by questionnaire. The frequencies of pre‐, intra‐ and postoperative use of periapical radiography andCBCTwere analysed by case difficulty level. In high difficulty cases, access to aCBCTdevice was significantly associated with the frequency of both pre‐ and intraoperativeCBCTuse. The type of endodontic qualification had a significant impact on the rate of preoperativeCBCTuse in high difficulty cases. German endodontic specialists used preoperativeCBCTmore frequently thanCH‐ESandMSc. Our findings show thatCBCTis a valuable imaging tool for endodontists, particularly in high difficulty cases.
Winter survival of Ceramica pisi (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Iceland
Authors: Hrafnkelsdottir Brynja , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. , Oddsdottir Edda S. , Sverrisson Halldor , Halldorsson Gudmundur 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The broom moth Ceramica pisi, a native species in Iceland, has shown a marked expansion from south Iceland towards the north, concurrent with increasing temperatures.
Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures in Iceland and, in the present study, the hypothesis was that the winter warming has facilitated the range shift of C. pisi.
Winter survival of pupae in Iceland was studied in the laboratory. Pupae were collected in the autumn of 2012 at five separate locations, then weighed and placed at temperatures from −6 to −18 °C. One month after the sub‐zero treatments, the pupae were placed at room temperature and pupal emergence was recorded.
No significant effect of sub‐zero treatments on the survival of C. pisi pupae was found. The primary hypothesis of the present study was therefore rejected.
The major factor affecting low temperature survival of C. pisi pupae, however, was their autumn weight. The response was sigmoid and the 5%, 50% and 95% likelihoods for winter survival were at 157, 274 and 393 mg autumn pupal mass, respectively.
This finding indicates that factors other than winter temperature, such as summer available thermal budget for larval growth, may be a limiting factor to the spread of C. pisi in Iceland.
A strategy for high‐dimensional multivariable analysis classifies childhood asthma phenotypes from genetic, immunological, and environmental factors
Authors: Krautenbacher Norbert , Flach Nicolai , Böck Andreas , Laubhahn Kristina , Laimighofer Michael , Theis Fabian J. , Ankerst Donna P. , Fuchs Christiane , Schaub Bianca 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundAssociations between childhood asthma phenotypes and genetic, immunological, and environmental factors have been previously established. Yet, strategies to integrate high‐dimensional risk factors from multiple distinct data sets, and thereby increase the statistical power of analyses, have been hampered by a preponderance of missing data and lack of methods to accommodate them.MethodsWe assembled questionnaire, diagnostic, genotype, microarray, RT‐qPCR, flow cytometry, and cytokine data (referred to as data modalities) to use as input factors for a classifier that could distinguish healthy children, mild‐to‐moderate allergic asthmatics, and nonallergic asthmatics. Based on data from 260 German children aged 4‐14 from our university outpatient clinic, we built a novel multilevel prediction approach for asthma outcome which could deal with a present complex missing data structure.ResultsThe optimal learning method was boosting based on all data sets, achieving an area underneath the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for three classes of phenotypes of 0.81 (95%‐confidence interval (CI): 0.65‐0.94) using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. Besides improving the AUC, our integrative multilevel learning approach led to tighter CIs than using smaller complete predictor data sets (AUC = 0.82 [0.66‐0.94] for boosting). The most important variables for classifying childhood asthma phenotypes comprised novel identified genes, namely PKN2 (protein kinase N2), PTK2 (protein tyrosine kinase 2), and ALPP (alkaline phosphatase, placental).ConclusionOur combination of several data modalities using a novel strategy improved classification of childhood asthma phenotypes but requires validation in external populations. The generic approach is applicable to other multilevel data‐based risk prediction settings, which typically suffer from incomplete data.
Electrocardiographic measures of ventricular repolarization dispersion and arrhythmic outcomes among ST elevation myocardial infarction patients with pre‐infarction angina undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Ahmed Tarek A. N. , Abdel‐Nazeer Amr A. , Hassan Ayman K. M. , Hasan‐Ali Hosam , Youssef Amr A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundArrhythmias are considered one of the major causes of death in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), particularly in the early in‐hospital phase. Pre‐infarction angina (PIA) has been suggested to have a protective role.ObjectivesTo study the difference in acute electrocardiographic findings between STEMI patients with and without PIA and to assess the in‐hospital arrhythmias in both groups.Material and MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 238 consecutive patients with STEMI. Patients were divided into two groups: those with or without PIA. ECG data recorded and analyzed included ST‐segment resolution (STR) at 90 min, corrected QT interval (QTc) and dispersion (QTD), T‐peak‐to‐T‐end interval (Tp‐Te), and dispersion and Tp‐Te/QT ratio. In‐hospital ventricular arrhythmias encountered in both groups were recorded. Predictors of in‐hospital arrhythmias were assessed among different clinical and electrocardiographic parameters.ResultsOf the 238 patients included, 42 (17%) had PIA and 196 (83%) had no PIA. Patients with PIA had higher rates of STR (p < 0.0001), while patients with no PIA had higher values of QTc (p = 0.006), QTD (p = 0.001), Tp‐Te interval (p = 0.001), Tp‐Te dispersion (p < 0.0001), and Tp‐Te/QT ratio (p = 0.01) compared to those with angina preceding their incident infarction (PIA). This was reflected into significantly higher rates of in‐hospital arrhythmias among patients with no PIA (20% vs. 7%, p = 0.04). Furthermore, longer Tp‐Te interval and higher Tp‐Te/QT ratio independently predicted in‐hospital ventricular arrhythmias.ConclusionPre‐infarction angina patients had better electrocardiographic measures of repolarization dispersion and encountered significantly less arrhythmic events compared to patients who did not experience PIA.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive systems (13.5 mg and 52 mg) and risk of ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Graner Sofie , Mc Taggart Julia , Nordström Fanny , Melander Emma , Widenberg Johan , Kopp Kallner Helena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe objective was to investigate the Pearl index for ectopic pregnancy in women using the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) at the time of conception.Material and methodsThis was a substudy of a hospital‐based historical cohort including women with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosed in 4 referral hospitals in Stockholm, Sweden between December 2013 and April 2017. Study participants and type of contraception at time of conception were identified through the electronic medical chart system. Cases were defined as women with LNG‐IUS 13.5 or 52 mg in situ at the time of diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy who had their LNG‐IUS inserted 1 January 2014 or later. Outcome was defined as the incidence rate for ectopic pregnancy during use per 100 woman‐years (Pearl index) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).ResultsThe study includes 35 cases with LNG‐IUS 13.5 mg and 13 cases with LNG‐IUS 52 mg, which occurred in 18 488 (13.5 mg) and 50 246 (52 mg) exposed woman‐years. Pearl index for ectopic pregnancy was estimated at 0.19 (95% CI 0.15‐0.28) for LNG‐IUS 13.5 mg and to 0.006 (95% CI 0.00‐0.01) for LNG‐IUS 52 mg. The most cases for the LNG‐IUS 13.5 mg (n = 26; 74%) occurred during the first year of use with a corresponding Pearl index at 0.23 (95% CI 0.14‐0.35).ConclusionsThe absolute risk of ectopic pregnancy during the use of LNG‐IUS remains low. Our method may underestimate as well as overestimate the Pearl index for ectopic pregnancy. The findings underline the importance of identifying risk factors for ectopic pregnancy at insertion, and to rule out ectopic pregnancy for all women presenting with abdominal discomfort during the use of LNG‐IUS. Longer observation periods and prospective studies in a general population are a priority for further research.
Trial of labor after cesarean section in risk pregnancies: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lehmann Sjur , Baghestan Elham , Børdahl Per Engebret , Muller Irgens Lorentz , Rasmussen Svein Arvid 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn most pregnancies after a cesarean section, a trial of labor is an option. The objective of the study was to explore trial of labor and its failure in pregnancies with medical risk conditions, in a population with a high trial of labor rate.Material and methodsIn a cohort study (n = 57 109), using data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1989‐2014, women with a second delivery after a first pregnancy cesarean section were included. Preterm, multiple, and non‐cephalic deliveries were excluded. The outcomes were trial of labor and failed trial of labor, assessed as rates and relative risk, using deliveries without risk conditions as reference. Temporal trends were assessed by 3‐year periods. The exposures were selected medical risk conditions, ie previous offspring death, labor dystocia, diabetes, heart conditions, chronic hypertension, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid disease, asthma, prepregnancy psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, obesity, gestational diabetes, eclampsia and preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, major malformations, second‐pregnancy psychiatric conditions, assisted reproduction, macrosomia, and small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates. Induced onset of labor was compared with spontaneous onset of labor for each condition studied.ResultsIn risk pregnancies (n = 31 994) the trial of labor rate was 64.9% and failure rate was 27.6%, compared with 74.6% and 16.4% in pregnancies without any of the risk conditions studied (n = 25 115). The lowest trial of labor rates were observed in diabetes type 1 (49.5%), diabetes type 2 (46.7%), maternal heart conditions (54.5%), and pregnancy‐related psychiatric conditions (19.7%). The highest failure rates were observed in diabetes type 1 (43.1%), diabetes type 2 (40.3%), maternal obesity (36.9%), gestational diabetes (36.0%), and offspring macrosomia (43.0%). Induced labor was associated with failed trial of labor (P < .05), whereas after spontaneous labor, failure rates were less than 40% in all conditions studied.ConclusionsIn conditions with high rates of failed trial of labor, eg diabetes, macrosomia, and obesity, a planned cesarean section might be a better option than a trial of labor, particularly if induction of delivery might be needed.
Immunohistochemical localization of a proto‐cadherin fat tumour‐suppressor homolog in the regenerating tail of lizard suggests a role in apical growth control
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe present immunohistochemical and western blotting study evaluates the localization of a proto‐cadherin which gene is overexpressed in the regenerating blastema of the lizard Podarcis muralis. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that the antibody recognizes FAT1/2 proteins. Western blot indicates a main band around 50 kDa, a likely fragment derived from the original membrane‐bound large protein. Immunofluorescence shows main labelling in differentiating wound keratinocytes, lower in ependyma, mesenchyme and extracellular matrix of the blastema. The apical epidermal peg contains keratinocytes with labelled peripheral cytoplasm, as confirmed using ultrastructural immunogold that also reveals most labelling located along the cell surface of mesenchymal cells. Myoblasts and differentiating myotubes of regenerating muscles are less intensely labelled. The regenerating cartilaginous tube contains sparse labelled chondroblasts, especially in external and internal perichondria. In regenerating scales, differentiating beta‐cells appear immunofluorescent mainly along the cell perimeter. In more differentiated muscle, cartilage and connective tissues of the new tail, the labelling lowers or disappears. The observations indicate that FAT1/2 proto‐cadherins are present in the apical blastema where an intense remodelling takes place for the growth of the new tail but where also a tight control of cell division and migration is active and may regulate potential tumorigenic process.
Cuticular microstructure of Australian ant mandibles confirms common appendage construction
Authors: Barlow Molly M. , Bicknell Russell D. C. , Andrew Nigel R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExoskeletons characterise Arthropoda and have allowed the morphological and taxonomic diversity of the phylum. Exoskeletal sclerotisation occurs in genetically designated regions, and mandibles represent one such area of high sclerotisation. Mandible morphology reflects dietary preferences and niche partitioning and has therefore been well documented. However, mandibular cuticular microstructure has been under‐documented. Here we use scanning electron microscopy to explore mandible microstructure in four disparate Australian Formicidae taxa (ants) with different life modes and diets: Camponotus nigriceps, Iridomyrmex purpureus, Odontomachus simillimus and Rhytidoponera aciculata. We test the hypothesis that mandible construction is highly conserved across these species, as would be expected for arthropod cuticle. We show broadly similar mandible microstructure but report that pore canals and cuticular indentations are not ubiquitous among all studied taxa. Our preliminary results demonstrate that ant taxa have morphologically plastic mandibles with a highly conserved construction, potentially reflecting an interesting record of evolutionary stasis.
Patterns of gabapentin and pregabalin use and misuse: Results of a population‐based cohort study in France
Authors: Driot Damien , Jouanjus Emilie , Oustric Stéphane , Dupouy Julie , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse 
Published: February 2019

AimsThe aim of this study was to assess the use and factors associated with the misuse of gabapentin and pregabalin in the general French population, through a cohort study in the EGB (General Sample of Beneficiaries), a national representative sample of the French general population.MethodsNew users of gabapentin and pregabalin were identified from June 2006 to December 2014, and new users of duloxetine served as control group. Misuse was defined as a use of higher daily doses than recommended. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed to identify associated factors of misuse.ResultsMisuse was more frequent in the 8692 new users of pregabalin (12.8%) than in the 1963 gabapentin (6.6%) or the 3214 duloxetine new users (9.7%) (P < 0.001). Factors associated with misuse were pregabalin (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.29–1.69]), age (HR[18–45] versus > 70 years 1.98 [1.70–2.31] and HR[58–70] versus > 70 years 1.25 [1.06–1.47]), multiple prescribers (HR2 or 3 versus 1 prescriber 1.29 [1.15–1.45]; HR4 or more versus 1 prescriber 1.54 [1.30–1.83]), cancer (1.28 [1.11–1.47]), multiple sclerosis (1.53 [1.07–2.18]), neuropathy (1.85 [1.19–2.89]), depression (1.26 [1.07–1.49]) and methadone (2.61 [1.16–5.84]). After this first episode of drug misuse, 11.6% of gabapentin and 10.7% of pregabalin misusers developed a primary addiction.ConclusionIn a cohort of new users, misuse is more likely to occur in new users of pregabalin, with different associated factors of misuse compared to gabapentin and duloxetine. Health professionals and prescribers must be aware of this misuse potential, which could lead to abuse and dependence.
The motivations of external whistleblowers and their impact on the intention to blow the whistle again
Authors: Park Heungsik , Lewis David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to inquire into the relative importance of morality, cost‐benefit, and emotion as motivations for the decision to blow the whistle externally, and the effects of such factors as motivations, perceived negative consequences, and preferences for reform on the intention to blow the whistle again. Based on a literature review, we formulated some hypotheses and, to test them, we used the data collected from a survey of 127 external whistleblowers in South Korea. The results revealed that morality was the most important motivation, followed by emotion, and then cost‐benefit, which thus, seemed to be the least important for the whistleblowers. Morality as a motivation and the perceived negative consequences of whistleblowing had a significant effect on the intention to blow the whistle again. This study helps advance the understanding of the motivations behind whistleblowing and the factors that influence the intention to blow the whistle again.