bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the radon build-up in a closed environment using developed OpenFOAM solver
Authors: Rana Dibyendu , Jha Vivekanand , Patnaik RLokeswara , Singh Manish Kumar , Jha Sanjay Kumar 
Published: November 2024

AbstractModeling radon (222Rn) development in confined environments aids in predicting radon levels in dwellings and underground spaces, where radium 226Ra in building materials and soil emits radon gas via radioactive decay. Radon accumulates in poorly ventilated places, creating an inhalation hazard. In OpenFOAM, a C+ +-based computational tool, an existing heat conduction solver was adapted to simulate radon accumulation, considering radon's radioactive characteristics and material non-uniformity through which radon will permeate. The solver was validated against theoretical values in a one-dimensional system and then applied to study radon dispersion in containment, with potential for broader applications.
Physical reservoir computing: a tutorial
Authors: Stepney Susan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis tutorial covers physical reservoir computing from a computer science perspective. It first defines what it means for a physical system to compute, rather than merely evolve under the laws of physics. It describes the underlying computational model, the Echo State Network (ESN), and also some variants designed to make physical implementation easier. It explains why the ESN model is particularly suitable for direct physical implementation. It then discusses the issues around choosing a suitable material substrate, and interfacing the inputs and outputs. It describes how to characterise a physical reservoir in terms of benchmark tasks, and task-independent measures. It covers optimising configuration parameters, exploring the space of potential configurations, and simulating the physical reservoir. It ends with a look at the future of physical reservoir computing as devices get more powerful, and are integrated into larger systems.
Exploiting neural networks bit-level redundancy to mitigate the impact of faults at inference
Authors: Catalán Izan , Flich José , Hernández Carles 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNeural networks are widely used in critical environments such as healthcare, autonomous vehicles, or video surveillance. To ensure the safety of the systems that rely on their functionality, it is essential to validate their correct behaviour in the presence of faults. This paper studies the behaviour of state-of-the-art neural network models with fault injection in their weights. For this purpose, we analyse the sensitivity of these models and identify the impact of bit flips on their accuracy. To mitigate the effects of faults, we introduce two mechanisms that leverage bit-level redundancy for protection. The first mechanism, Fixed Protection, safeguards consecutive sets of bits, while the second, Variable Protection, targets non-consecutive bits. Our findings demonstrate that, on average, random bit flip faults cause the accuracy of the original models to drop by 1.3% to over 3%. However, with our protection mechanisms in place, accuracy reductions are significantly minimised, ranging from only 0.0001% to 0.4%.
Using multiwinner voting to search for movies
Authors: Gawron Grzegorz , Faliszewski Piotr 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe show a prototype of a system that uses multiwinner voting to suggest resources (such as movies) related to a given query set (such as a movie that one enjoys). Depending on the voting rule used, the system can either provide resources very closely related to the query set or a broader spectrum of options. We show how this ability can be interpreted as a way of controlling the diversity of the results. We test our system both on synthetic data and on the real-life collection of movie ratings from the MovieLens dataset. We also present a visual comparison of the search results corresponding to selected diversity levels.
Timing and experience in global markets: unraveling the impact of servitization on new manufacturing venture survival
Authors: Wang Weiyu , Guedes Maria João 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe emergence of global competition and advances in technology have prompted manufacturing firms to reshape their competitive strategies in global markets. Servitization is an innovative strategy, which integrates services into traditional products to offer both domestic and international customers greater value added. In the context of international entrepreneurship and drawing on the resource-based view and internationalization perspectives, this study investigates the relationship between servitization and the survival of new manufacturing ventures that are engaging in global markets. In addition, it further explores whether the pre-internationalization preparation and post-internationalization experience can moderate the servitization-survival relationship from the perspectives of costs, resources, and capabilities developed in different stages. Our findings support the view that, in the context of international markets, new manufacturing ventures are more vulnerable to risk and the additional costs of servitization coupled with the uncertainty of international markets. Later entry into foreign markets and greater international experience enable manufacturing ventures to resist the hazards associated with servitization and the process of internationalization. In doing so, we contribute to an understanding of the service paradox by adopting a dynamic and processual view of internationalization.
A surrogate FRAX model for Nepal
Authors: Johansson H. , Pandey D. , Lorentzon M. , Harvey N. C. , McCloskey E. V. , Kanis J. A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Summary

A surrogate FRAX® model for Nepal has been constructed using age- and sex-specific hip fracture rates for Indians living in Singapore and age- and sex-specific mortality rates from Nepal.

Introduction
FRAX models are frequently requested for countries with little or no data on the incidence of hip fractures. In such circumstances, the development of a surrogate FRAX model is recommended based on country-specific mortality data but using fracture data from a country, usually within the region, where fracture rates are considered to be representative of the index country.

Objective
This report describes the development and characteristics of a surrogate FRAX model for Nepal.

Methods
The FRAX model used the ethnic-specific incidence of hip fracture in the Indian community of Singapore, combined with the death risk for Nepal in 2015–2019. The number of hip fractures in 2015 and 2050 was estimated based on the United Nations’ predicted changes in population demography.

Results
The surrogate model gave similar hip fracture probabilities to estimates from Sri Lanka, India and Pakistan but lower 10-year fracture probabilities for men and women at older ages compared to the model for Singapore, reflecting a higher mortality risk in Nepal compared with Singapore. There were very close correlations in fracture probabilities between the Nepalese and the Singapore models (r> 0.995) so that the use of the Nepalese model had little impact on the rank order of risk, i.e. a person at the xth percentile of risk with one model will be at the xth percentile of risk with the other. It was estimated that 6897 hip fractures arose in 2015 in individuals aged 50 years and older in Nepal, with a predicted 3-fold increase expected by 2050, when 23,409 hip fractures are expected nationally.

Conclusion
The surrogate FRAX model for Nepal provides an opportunity to determine fracture probability within the Nepalese population and help guide decisions about treatment.
Different lenses on distributions and the integration of context knowledge in data-ing processes of primary school students
Authors: Frischemeier Daniel , Birk Lisa 
Published: November 2024

AbstractData-ing, understood as the verb accompanying the noun data, can describe multiple competencies related to a proficient handling of data and its representations. Previous studies highlight the importance of developing a more holistic perspective on data for young learners as well as the consideration and fruitful integration of context knowledge and statistical information in order to strengthen competences involved while data-ing. Although both topics are well-researched individually, studies that jointly consider these aspects remain scarce. This study, therefore, reports on findings from an exploratory qualitative study of data-ing processes of 31 German third-grade students (age 9–10) and investigates the lenses on distributions that the young learners adopt as well as the purposes for which they leverage their context knowledge. Additionally, the study further characterizes the integration of the young learners’ context knowledge while data-ing with regards to the sources of said context knowledge. For analysis, the interviews were videotaped, transcribed and analyzed with qualitative content analysis methods. The exploratory study showed that our young learners predominantly use a classifier view to interpret the distributions of numerical data, often rely on their context knowledge more than on provided data, use their context knowledge mostly to justify a claim and mostly integrate their context knowledge on a local, ego-centric level in data-ing processes.
Pain chronification risk assessment: advanced phenotyping and scoring for prediction and treatments tailored to individualized patient profile
Authors: Martuliak Igor , Golubnitschaja Olga , Chvala Lubos , Kapalla Marko , Ferencik Miroslav , Bubeliny Michala , Venglarcik Michal , Kocan Ladislav 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAcute pain is a physiologic, protective life-important warning neurological signal indicating multi-level tissue modulations caused by a broad spectrum of health adverse events such as stress overload, mechanical trauma, ischemia–reperfusion, sterile and infection-triggered inflammation, single- and multi-organ damage, acute and chronic wounds, tissue remodeling and degeneration, amongst others. On the other hand, pain chronification results in a pathologic transformation from the protective pain signaling into persistent debilitative medical condition with severe consequences including but not restricted to phenotype-specific behavioral patterns, reduced quality of life, and cognitive and mood disorders. Who is predisposed to an increased vs. decreased pain sensitivity and to the pain chronification? The motivation of personalized medicine that “same size does not fit all” is getting obvious also for an advanced approach in algesiology. Consequently, an in-depth patient stratification is essential for the paradigm change in overall pain management from currently applied reactive medical services to the cost-effective predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary (reversible damage to health and targeted protection against health-to-disease transition) and secondary (personalized protection against disease progression) care. To this end, specifically innovative concepts of phenotyping elaborated in this study play a crucial role in patient stratification for predicting pain-associated outcomes, evidence-based targeted prevention of the pain chronification, and creation of treatment algorithms tailored to individualized patient profiles.
Inclusive School Policies and Practices and the Well-Being of LGBTQ + Students in Portugal
Authors: Sousa Diana , Gato Jorge 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The school context can be particularly problematic for youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer or who hold other sexual and gender-minoritized identities (LGBTQ +). To address this issue, LGBTQ + inclusive policies and practices have been implemented in many schools around the world.

Methods
A cross-sectional sample of 989 LGBTQ + and cisheterosexual high school students residing in Portugal completed an anonymous online survey in 2020/21. Participants were asked about their perceptions of LGBTQ + inclusive policies and practices in their school, namely, an inclusive curriculum, comprehensive policies, and information and support regarding sexual orientation and gender identity in their school. We further examined associations between these perceptions and LGBTQ + student well-being (depression, resilience, and self-esteem).

Results
Perceptions of the existence of an inclusive school curriculum were lower among LGBTQ + students compared to their cisheterosexual peers. In addition, LGBTQ + students who perceived the curriculum as less inclusive were more likely to report higher levels of depression and lower levels of resilience and self-esteem.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that LGBTQ + students perceive the school curriculum to be less inclusive, and this is associated with poorer well-being.

Policy Implications
Concrete policies and practices that improve school climate and promote the well-being of LGBTQ + students are paramount. These may include awareness-raising activities for students and discussion of LGBTQ + issues in the classroom. Therefore, cultural competency training for school staff is essential.
Thermal studies on cryocooler thermal masses from 4 K to 300 K for MRI applications
Authors: Shetty Sushanth R. , Umaranikar Ruturaj A. , Kasthurirengan S. , Kumar Shiva 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGifford–McMahon (GM) cryocoolers are pivotal for maintaining the temperature of MRI magnets, necessitating regular servicing for optimal performance and longevity. This study explores the geometric dimensions and shapes of superconducting magnets utilized in MRI for system cooling. The investigation demonstrates that warm-up time is contingent on heat capacity rather than geometric shapes. As a result, the design of magnets can be customized to specific shapes and sizes in accordance with favorable conditions, given that warm-up time is solely dependent on heat capacity. The primary focus is to deliberately prolong the warm-up time of the magnet relative to the GM cryocooler, consequently minimizing service intervals. Laboratory evaluations explore the use of thermal masses equivalent to MRI magnets, employing typical materials such as copper and aluminum. These masses are cooled to 4 K and then subjected to different heating powers to evaluate warm-up characteristics. Various configurations and shapes of thermal masses are numerically studied for warm-up analysis. Comparative assessments between experimental results and simulations reveal that, for cylindrical thermal masses, 80 W heating power facilitates a 76% reduction in warm-up time compared to 20 W heating across all cases. In the exploration of different geometric thermal masses, aluminum demonstrates a remarkable 35% decrease in warm-up time compared to copper. A noteworthy finding emerges, indicating that warm-up time is contingent on heat capacity rather than geometric shapes. These insights hold substantial relevance, particularly in systems with large thermal capacities, such as superconducting magnets. The study contributes valuable knowledge to the optimization of GM cryocoolers for enhanced MRI magnet performance and extended operational life.
Optimization of Placement of Continuous Air Monitors in a Radiological Facility
Authors: Chakraborty Joy , Sureshkumar M. K. , Joshi M. , Anand S. , Kulkarni M. S. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe airborne concentration of radioactive materials in radiological facilities is primarily influenced by the ventilation system, air purification system, and emission sources. Continuous Air Monitors (CAMs) are installed in these facilities to monitor the activity concentration of radioactive aerosols during both routine operations and any malfunctioning conditions. Typically, CAM placement is determined by the direction of maximum airflow. However, aerosols do not always adhere to the behaviour of airstreams, raising concerns about the suitability of CAM placement. To address this issue, this study employs software that integrates aerosol dynamics with computational fluid dynamics to calculate the CAM Placement Parameter. This parameter is derived from the peak aerosol concentration and the lag time to reach the specified CAM location, indicating the relative merit of positioning CAMs in a radiological facility under varying ventilation rates. The findings suggest that the coupled aerosol-fluid dynamics model accurately predicts the optimal placement of CAMs in workplace environments, thereby minimizing occupational exposure.
From practice to theory: characterizing the gap in surgical simulation
Authors: Syed Shareef M. , Brian Riley , Rodriguez Natalie , Linn Marcia , Gutiérrez Kris , Boscardin Christy 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Simulation curricula continue to struggle with adequately preparing trainees for the operating room. One reason for this phenomenon may be the lack of application and enactment of learning and instructional theories into simulation curricular design and practice. Few educators have taken a reflective approach to understand how surgical simulation succeeds and fails to incorporate best practices for learning based on theory. As such, this study aims to examine simulation sessions to identify gaps in practice by nesting two key frameworks from general education into surgical simulation: learning integration and the cognitive apprenticeship model.

Methods
We conducted an observational qualitative study in which we recorded simulation sessions with fifteen trainees and surgeons and deductively applied components of the above frameworks to transcripts. Subsequently, we analyzed gaps in the transcripts with regard to the application of these frameworks as theoretical concepts informing the analysis and interpretation.

Results
We organized results around the four fundamental tenets of learning integration, with principles of the cognitive apprenticeship model explored to provide further units of analysis. In doing so, we identified that simulation instructors adequately modeled, coached, and scaffolded to enable early phases of learning integration. However, instructors less aptly enabled reflection and self-guided exploration, which are critical components of learning integration.

Conclusions
We found areas in which instruction diverged from ideal standards as informed by our theoretical frameworks, thus highlighting the importance of regular simulation review to ensure that well-designed and intentioned simulation curricula continue to reflect the best educational principles when enacted in practice.
Extraterritoriality's Empire: How Self-Determination Limits Extraterritorial Lawmaking
Authors: Criddle Evan J. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn recent years, a growing number of countries have courted controversy by regulating activities outside their borders. They have used extraterritorial lawmaking to cultivate competitive global markets, strengthen or weaken data privacy, combat foreign terrorism and military aggression, promote human rights abroad, and suppress political dissent at home. This Article explores whether extraterritorial lawmaking can be reconciled with the right to self-determination under international law. I argue that the right to self-determination entitles each national polity to determine the laws and institutions by which it is governed within its territory. Extraterritorial lawmaking violates the right to self-determination when it subjects peoples to legal norms they have not freely endorsed. This insight calls for a paradigm shift in how international lawyers evaluate extraterritoriality, with broad ramifications for legal theory and practice.
Rethinking extinction “crises”: The case of Asian songbird trade
Authors: Fiennes Sicily , Hardianto Novi , Ansari Silvi Dwi , Dwiyahreni Asri A. , Jackson Tom , Holmes George , Birchall Christoper , Hassall Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Different stakeholders and actors frequently describe environmental challenges as ‘crises’. These crises are often wicked problems that are difficult to resolve due to the complex and contradictory nature of the evidence and knowledge systems surrounding them. Here, we examine a crisis narrative surrounding the IUCN-declared Asian Songbird Crisis (ASC), with its epicentre in Indonesia, where an extensive birdkeeping culture persists. We investigate how bird extinction is perceived by different actors, particularly conservation law enforcement and practitioners working in this space. We unravel local perspectives on the complex relationship between bird trade and extinction through one-to-one interviews and focus groups. Our examination reveals a diversity of attitudes to the ASC, with many law enforcement actors not recognising the crisis label. Market mechanisms result in complex shifts in harvesting pressure onto one or more closely related similar species. The findings challenge the prevailing notion that species extinction significantly affects wildlife trades, emphasising the plastic nature of trade and the coming and going of species fashions. By revealing the divergent views of actors on extinction and the ASC, we highlight the need for shared language, particularly the implications of the ‘crisis’ label, around species extinction.
Designing postcapitalist finance in Protocols for Postcapitalist Expression
Authors: Morgan William 
Published: November 2024

AbstractProtocols for Postcapitalist Expression, the Economic Space Agency’s latest experiment in radical economic design, explores the possibility of designing a digitally native economy that is geared towards care, the arts, and the environment, and which not only refuses to give up on the financial frontiers of contemporary capitalism, but actively seeks to marshal them towards innovative ends. The architecture of a novel economic space comes into view through a set of protocols, which integrate economic information within a social value framework. This ‘Economic Space Protocol’ involves crafting a new grammar for economic information production processes that have traditionally been tied to competitive market behavior. This essay interrogates the place of finance in the book, emphasizing price discovery’s generativity with regards to information. What is necessary in the imagination of any postcapitalist future are radical design initiatives that contend with both the necessity and the limits of the price discovery process.
Status Hierarchies and Stigma Shifting in International Relations
Authors: Kim Claudia Junghyun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHow do states as social actors cope with stigma-induced status anxiety? I propose the concept of “stigma shifting” as a way in which status-anxious states overcompensate for their stigma-induced inferiority and reaffirm their place in the world: by seeking identification with higher-status states and differentiation from lower-status states. In identifying with the desired group of states, stigmatized states engage in approval-seeking behavior and reaffirm their in-group status in areas where they feel discredited. In differentiating themselves from the undesired group, stigmatized states engage in distinction-seeking behavior, claiming their superiority over this “lesser” group in areas that gave rise to their status anxiety in the first place. Stigma shifting, in other words, allows a stigmatized state to take the role of a stigmatizer. To demonstrate the concept's depth and analytical utility, I draw on the case of East Asia in three disparate issue areas: colonial redress, nuclear disaster, and international order making. Japan, stigmatized in all three areas, has reaffirmed its status by shifting the stigma onto its significant but “lesser” others: China and Korea. Ultimately, stigma shifting solidifies status hierarchies in the world—not just the hierarchy as represented by the “Western” dominance of international society but also the regional hierarchies of the non-Western world.