bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Friedel‐Crafts Reactions: An Update
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Heydari Masumeh , Masoumi Baharak 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Friedel‐Crafts alkylation (F‐CA) reaction is a special kind of carbon−carbon bond formations, which is frequently being used for the formation of such bond in some aromatic rings in organic synthesis. Its asymmetric variant gives enantiorich products. Commonly, an in situ organocatalyzed asymmetric Friedel‐Crafts alkylation (AF‐CA) proceeds via generation of an enamine as an intermediate. The organocatalyzed‐AF‐CA was discovered and established in the mid‐1980s and reviewed comprehensively in 2010. In this report, we are trying to update the applications of novel organocatalysts in the AF‐CA as a versatile synthetic strategy, which is frequently used in the effective asymmetric synthesis of complex molecules, pharmaceutically important compounds and most importantly in the total synthesis of biologically active natural products.
Essential Quality Attributes of Tangible Bio‐Oils from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Zhang Z. Conrad 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis review covers the characteristics of pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis bio‐oils by focusing on the fundamental factors that determine bio‐oil upgradability. The abundant works on the subject of bio‐oil production from lignocellulosic biomass were studied to establish the essential attributes of the bio‐oils for assessment of the oil stability and upgradability. Bio‐oils from catalytic pyrolysis processes relating to catalysts of different compositions and structures are discussed. A general relationship between the higher heating value and the oxygen content in the catalytic pyrolysis oils exists, but this relationship does not apply to the thermal pyrolysis oil. Reporting bio‐oil yield is meaningful only when the oxygen content of the oil is measured because the pyrolytic oil stability is mainly determined by the oxygen content. Isoenergy plot that associates bio‐oil yield with oxygen content is presented and discussed.
Fetal heart rate variability with hypoxemia in an instrumented sheep model
Authors: Bhide A. , Johnson J. , Rasanen J. , Acharya G. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the effect of hypoxemia on fetal heart rate (FHR) variability, using an instrumented pregnant sheep model.MethodsIn this prospective study, 19 pregnant sheep were instrumented under general anesthesia, at a mean gestational age of 127 days. After a 5‐day recovery period, hypoxemia was induced by attaching the mother to a rebreathing circuit. Hypoxemia was sustained for 120 min, following which it was reversed until maternal and fetal partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) returned to baseline. FHR recordings at baseline, after 30 and 120 min of hypoxemia and at recovery were analyzed to calculate short‐term variation (STV) in 16 epochs of 3.75 s, every minute. Phase‐rectified signal averaging (window length (L) = 10, time (T) = 2 and scale (S) = 2) was used to calculate FHR acceleration (AC) and deceleration (DC) capacities.ResultsAt baseline, mean ± SD fetal pO2 was 2.90 ± 0.38 kPa. Acute hypoxemia was associated with a significant reduction in mean pO2 at 30 (1.62 ± 0.37 kPa) and 120 (1.51 ± 0.16 kPa) min. Mean ± SD fetal pO2 at recovery was 2.86 ± 0.32 kPa. At baseline, median STV, AC and DC were 1.307 (interquartile range (IQR), 0.515–2.508) ms, 1.295 (IQR, 0.990–2.685) beats per minute (bpm) and 1.197 (IQR, 0.850–1.836) bpm, respectively. At 30 min of hypoxemia, the values were 1.323 (IQR, 0.753–2.744) ms, 1.696 (IQR, 1.310–3.013) bpm and 1.584 (IQR, 1.217–4.132) bpm, respectively. At 120 min of hypoxemia, they were 1.760 (IQR, 0.928–4.656) ms, 3.098 (IQR, 1.530–5.163) bpm and 3.054 (IQR, 1.508–4.522) bpm, respectively. At recovery, they changed to 0.962 (IQR, 0.703–1.154) ms, 1.228 (IQR, 1.071–2.234) bpm and 1.086 (IQR, 0.873–1.568) bpm, respectively. Hypoxemia for 30 and 120 min was associated with a significant increase in DC compared to baseline (P = 0.014 and 0.017, respectively). The changes in STV and AC were not significant.ConclusionAcute hypoxemia is associated with a significant increase in the DC of FHR in a fetal sheep model. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Electroconvulsive therapy against the natural will: Some concerns
Authors: Lenzen Laura Marianne , Grözinger Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the scientific interest in “Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) against the patient’s natural” will has grown. Several publications have reported mostly positive outcomes in cases, where ECT has been implemented against the patient’s natural will. The author’s findings primarily indicate the effectiveness of ECT in non-consenting patients, which confirms earlier findings. All author’s overall presumption turned out to be mainly positive. Within the discussion on involuntary ECT treatment, we missed disadvantageous arguments, which also need to be considered for a balanced judgement. By bringing up the following viewpoint, would like to contribute to a balanced decision making process in cases where involuntary ECT is a legal treatment option.
Model update and validation of a mistuned high-pressure compressor blisk
Authors: Beirow B. , Kühhorn A. , Figaschewsky F. , Hönisch P. , Giersch T. , Schrape S. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTIn order to prepare an advanced 4-stage high-pressure compressor rig test campaign, details regarding both accomplishment and analysis of preliminary experiments are provided in this paper. The superior objective of the research project is to contribute to a reliable but simultaneously less conservative design of future high pressure blade integrated disks (blisk). It is planned to achieve trend-setting advances based on a close combination of both numerical and experimental analyses. The analyses are focused on the second rotor of this research compressor, which is the only one being manufactured as blisk. The comprehensive test program is addressing both surge and forced response analyses e.g. caused by low engine order excitation. Among others the interaction of aeroelastics and blade mistuning is demanding attention in this regard. That is why structural models are needed, allowing for an accurate forced response prediction close to reality. Furthermore, these models are required to support the assessment of blade tip timing (BTT) data gathered in the rig tests and strain gauge (s/g) data as well. To gain the maximum information regarding the correlation between BTT data, s/g-data and pressure gauge data, every blade of the second stage rotor (28 blades) is applied with s/g. However, it is well known that s/g on blades can contribute additional mistuning that had to be considered upon updating structural models.Due to the relevance of mistuning, efforts are made for its accurate experimental determination. Blade-by-blade impact tests according to a patented approach are used for this purpose. From the research point of view, it is most interesting to determine both the effect s/g-instrumentation and assembling the compressor stages on blade frequency mistuning. That is why experimental mistuning tests carried out immediately after manufacturing the blisk are repeated twice, namely, after s/g instrumentation and after assembling. To complete the pre-test program, the pure mechanical damping and modal damping ratios dependent on the ambient pressure are experimentally determined inside a pressure vessel. Subsequently the mistuning data gained before is used for updating subset of nominal system mode (SNM) models. Aerodynamic influence coefficients (AICs) are implemented to take aeroelastic interaction into account for forced response analyses. Within a comparison of different models, it is shown for the fundamental flap mode (1F) that the s/g instrumentation significantly affects the forced response, whereas the impact of assembling the compressor plays a minor role.
Cessna Citation X simulation turbofan modelling: identification and identified model validation using simulated flight tests
Authors: Botez Ruxandra Mihaela , Bardela Paul-Alexandre , Bournisien Thomas 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe aviation industry relies on accurate models. These models are used to predict an aircraft system’s outputs, and thus allow an understanding of the parameters involved, which could lead to system improvements. This study focuses on the engine modelling of an aircraft, and on its experimental validation using the Cessna Citation X Research Aircraft Simulator designed by CAE Inc., equipped with a level D Flight Dynamics toolbox. Level D is the highest rank attributed by the Federal Aviation Administration FAA certification authorities for flight dynamics. The proposed model aims to predict the thrust and the fuel consumption for various altitudes, Mach numbers and throttle lever angles (TLA). Different generic static models, which correspond to their steady state, from the literature, were used in this study; however, most of them were validated under restricted hypotheses. An optimisation algorithm was used in order to tune the static model parameters with the set of identification flight test data. Another set of data was then used in order to validate the identified model. Furthermore, a dynamic model corresponding to the transient operations was identified. TLA steps, impulses and ramp perturbations were performed in order to identify the system response, and to validate system dynamic model with other flight tests than the identification tests.
Polarized proton beams from laser-induced plasmas
Authors: Hützen Anna , Thomas Johannes , Böker Jürgen , Engels Ralf , Gebel Ralf , Lehrach Andreas , Pukhov Alexander , Rakitzis T. Peter , Sofikitis Dimitris , Büscher Markus 
Published: March 2019

We report on the concept of an innovative source to produce polarized proton/deuteron beams of a kinetic energy up to several GeV from a laser-driven plasma accelerator. Spin effects have been implemented into the particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code VLPL (Virtual Laser Plasma Lab) to make theoretical predictions about the behavior of proton spins in laser-induced plasmas. Simulations of spin-polarized targets show that the polarization is conserved during the acceleration process. For the experimental realization, a polarized HCl gas-jet target is under construction using the fundamental wavelength of a Nd:YAG laser system to align the HCl bonds and simultaneously circularly polarized light of the fifth harmonic to photo-dissociate, yielding nuclear polarized H atoms. Subsequently, their degree of polarization is measured with a Lamb-shift polarimeter. The final experiments, aiming at the first observation of a polarized particle beam from laser-generated plasmas, will be carried out at the 10 PW laser system SULF at SIOM, Shanghai.
RANK LOGIC IS DEAD, LONG LIVE RANK LOGIC!
Authors: GRÄDEL ERICH , PAKUSA WIED 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMotivated by the search for a logic for polynomial time, we study rank logic (FPR) which extends fixed-point logic with counting (FPC) by operators that determine the rank of matrices over finite fields. WhileFPRcan express most of the known queries that separateFPCfromPtime, almost nothing was known about the limitations of its expressive power.In our first main result we show that the extensions ofFPCby rank operators over different prime fields are incomparable. This solves an open question posed by Dawar and Holm and also implies that rank logic, in its original definition with a distinct rank operator for every field, fails to capture polynomial time. In particular we show that the variant of rank logic${\text{FPR}}^{\text{*}}$with an operator that uniformly expresses the matrix rank over finite fields is more expressive thanFPR.One important step in our proof is to consider solvability logicFPSwhich is the analogous extension ofFPCby quantifiers which express the solvability problem for linear equation systems over finite fields. Solvability logic can easily be embedded into rank logic, but it is open whether it is a strict fragment. In our second main result we give a partial answer to this question: in the absence of counting, rank operators are strictly more expressive than solvability quantifiers.
ON SINGULAR STATIONARITY II (TIGHT STATIONARITY AND EXTENDERS-BASED METHODS)
Authors: BEN-NERIA OMER 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe study the notion of tightly stationary sets which was introduced by Foreman and Magidor in [8]. We obtain two consistency results showing that certain sequences of regular cardinals${\langle {\kappa _n}\rangle _{n < \omega }}$can have the property that in some generic extension, every ground-model sequence of fixed-cofinality stationary sets${S_n} \subseteq {\kappa _n}$is tightly stationary. The results are obtained using variations of the short-extenders forcing method.
Toward incorporating genetic risk scores into symptom networks of psychosis
Authors: Isvoranu Adela-Maria , Guloksuz Sinan , Epskamp Sacha , van Os Jim , Borsboom Denny ,   GROUP Investigators
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundPsychosis spectrum disorder is a heterogeneous, multifactorial clinical phenotype, known to have a high heritability, only a minor portion of which can be explained by molecular measures of genetic variation. This study proposes that the identification of genetic variation underlying psychotic disorder may have suffered due to issues in the psychometric conceptualization of the phenotype. Here we aim to open a new line of research into the genetics of mental disorders by explicitly incorporating genes into symptom networks. Specifically, we investigate whether links between a polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia and measures of psychosis proneness can be identified in a network model.MethodsWe analyzed data from n = 2180 subjects (controls, patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder, and the first-degree relatives of the patients). A network structure was computed to examine associations between the 42 symptoms of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) and the PRS for schizophrenia.ResultsThe resulting network shows that the PRS is directly connected to the spectrum of positive and depressive symptoms, with the items conspiracy and no future being more often located on predictive pathways from PRS to other symptoms.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, the current exploratory study provides a first application of the network framework to the field of behavior genetics research. This allows for a novel outlook on the investigation of the relations between genome-wide association study-based PRSs and symptoms of mental disorders, by focusing on the dependencies among variables.
High Throughput Quantitative Metallography for Complex Microstructures Using Deep Learning: A Case Study in Ultrahigh Carbon Steel
Authors: DeCost Brian L. , Lei Bo , Francis Toby , Holm Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe apply a deep convolutional neural network segmentation model to enable novel automated microstructure segmentation applications for complex microstructures typically evaluated manually and subjectively. We explore two microstructure segmentation tasks in an openly available ultrahigh carbon steel microstructure dataset: segmenting cementite particles in the spheroidized matrix, and segmenting larger fields of view featuring grain boundary carbide, spheroidized particle matrix, particle-free grain boundary denuded zone, and Widmanstätten cementite. We also demonstrate how to combine these data-driven microstructure segmentation models to obtain empirical cementite particle size and denuded zone width distributions from more complex micrographs containing multiple microconstituents. The full annotated dataset is available on materialsdata.nist.gov.
Genetic analysis of Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus disease resistance in wild relative of okra Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight & Arn
Authors: Wasala SamanthiKumari , Senevirathne Sumudu I. , Senanayake Jayantha Bandara , Navoditha Anuradini 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWild relative of okra, Abelmoschus angulosus Wall. ex Wight &amp; Arn. was identified as a resistant germplasm for Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV) which is the devastating disease for okra cultivation in Sri Lanka. The mode of resistance of OYVMV in A. angulosus was studied with the aim of tagging responsible genes for the disease resistance. Wide hybridization was performed between A. angulosus and highly virus susceptible A. esculentus variety, MI-7. Very poor seed setting was observed in F1 and F2 generations due to post zygotic abortion. Disease screening was carried out using F1 and F2:3 populations along with parents in the field under induced disease pressure. Disease severity index and area under disease progress curve were calculated to measure disease severity. Number of genes segregating for OYVMV disease resistance was calculated for the F2:3 generation. Modified Wright's formula was used to estimate the effective gene number and mode of inheritance by a quantitative method. A χ2 test was performed for qualitative analysis. Plants of A. angulosus were totally free of virus incidence while 100% disease incidence was observed in the variety MI-7. F2:3 population showed between and within progeny segregation for disease incidence. Results indicated that the disease susceptibility was dominant over resistance. χ2 analysis revealed that the segregation of disease severity was significantly fit to the gene model of 9:6:1 (χ2 = 0.1757 at P ≤ 0.05) suggesting the disease resistance in A. angulosus is governing by two recessive genes in an additive manner. Result was confirmed by the quantitative analysis.
A Spatially Varying Scaling Method for InSAR Tropospheric Corrections Using a High‐Resolution Weather Model
Authors: Shen Lin , Hooper Andrew , Elliott John 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVariation in tropospheric delay is a major limiting factor on the accuracy of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements. This is particularly the case when deformation and topography are correlated. To address limitations of previous InSAR tropospheric correction methods, here we present a new approach that combines the use of both external weather model data and the interferometric phase. We assume that vertical refractivity profiles calculated from a high‐resolution weather model data can generally describe the form of the relationship between tropospheric delay and height but that the magnitude can be incorrect. We estimate a magnitude correction by scaling the original delays to best match the interferometric phase. We validated our new method using simulated data and demonstrate that both coseismic and interseismic signals can be separated from strong tropospheric delays. We also applied our algorithm to the central portion of the Altyn Tagh Fault in northern Tibet, where deformation correlates strongly with topographic relief of 6,000 m, and show that the derived velocity field is more internally consistent and agrees better with independent Global Positioning System measurements.
Stable isotope probing and metagenomics highlight the effect of plants on uncultured phenanthrene-degrading bacterial consortium in polluted soil
Authors: Thomas François , Corre Erwan , Cébron Aurélie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous soil pollutants. The discovery that plants can stimulate microbial degradation of PAHs has promoted research on rhizoremediation strategies. We combined DNA-SIP with metagenomics to assess the influence of plants on the identity and metabolic functions of active PAH-degrading bacteria in contaminated soil, using phenanthrene (PHE) as a model hydrocarbon. 13C-PHE dissipation was 2.5-fold lower in ryegrass-planted conditions than in bare soil. Metabarcoding of 16S rDNA revealed significantly enriched OTUs in 13C-SIP incubations compared to 12C-controls, namely 130 OTUs from bare soil and 73 OTUs from planted soil. Active PHE-degraders were taxonomically diverse (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes), with Sphingomonas and Sphingobium dominating in bare and planted soil, respectively. Plant root exudates favored the development of PHE-degraders having specific functional traits at the genome level. Indeed, metagenomes of 13C-enriched DNA fractions contained more genes involved in aromatic compound metabolism in bare soil, whereas carbohydrate catabolism genes were more abundant in planted soil. Functional gene annotation allowed reconstruction of complete pathways with several routes for PHE catabolism. Sphingomonadales were the major taxa performing the first steps of PHE degradation in both conditions, suggesting their critical role to initiate in situ PAH remediation. Active PHE-degraders act in a consortium, whereby complete PHE mineralization is achieved through the combined activity of taxonomically diverse co-occurring bacteria performing successive metabolic steps. Our study reveals hitherto underestimated functional interactions for full microbial detoxification in contaminated soils.
Dynamic mitochondrial responses to a high-fat diet in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cormier Robert P. J. , Champigny Camille M. , Simard Chloé J. , St-Coeur Patrick-Denis , Pichaud Nicolas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMitochondria can utilize different fuels according to physiological and nutritional conditions to promote cellular homeostasis. However, during nutrient overload metabolic inflexibility can occur, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunctions. High-fat diets (HFDs) are usually used to mimic this metabolic inflexibility in different animal models. However, how mitochondria respond to the duration of a HFD exposure is still under debate. In this study, we investigated the dynamic of the mitochondrial and physiological functions in Drosophila melanogaster at several time points following an exposure to a HFD. Our results showed that after two days on the HFD, mitochondrial respiration as well as ATP content of thorax muscles are increased, likely due to the utilization of carbohydrates. However, after four days on the HFD, impairment of mitochondrial respiration at the level of complex I, as well as decreased ATP content were observed. This was associated with an increased contribution of complex II and, most notably of the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mG3PDH) to mitochondrial respiration. We suggest that this increased mG3PDH capacity reflects the occurrence of metabolic inflexibility, leading to a loss of homeostasis and alteration of the cellular redox status, which results in senescence characterized by decreased climbing ability and premature death.