bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History playground: A tool for discovering temporal trends in massive textual corpora
Authors: Lansdall-Welfare Thomas , Cristianini Nello 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecent studies have shown that macroscopic patterns of continuity and change over the course of centuries can be detected through the analysis of time series extracted from massive textual corpora. Similar data-driven approaches have already revolutionized the natural sciences and are widely believed to hold similar potential for the humanities and social sciences, driven by the mass-digitization projects that are currently under way, and coupled with the ever-increasing number of documents which are ‘born digital’. As such, new interactive tools are required to discover and extract macroscopic patterns from these vast quantities of textual data. Here we present History Playground, an interactive web-based tool for discovering trends in massive textual corpora. The tool makes use of scalable algorithms to first extract trends from textual corpora, before making them available for real-time search and discovery, presenting users with an interface to explore the data. Included in the tool are algorithms for standardization, regression, change-point detection in the relative frequencies of n-grams, multi-term indices, and comparison of trends across different corpora.
Awake Craniotomy for Resection of Left Temporal Cavernoma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Patel Krunal , Olijnyk Leonardo Desessards , Budohoski Karol P , Santarius Thomas , Kirollos Ramez W , Trivedi Rikin A 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cavernomas presenting with seizures refractory to medical treatment may require surgical excision for seizure control. If superficial, they can be surgically accessible but can pose additional risks when located in or near eloquent cortex. In this 3D operative video we illustrate the technique for the resection of a left temporal cavernoma located near eloquent cortex for speech with awake surgery and cortical mapping to avoid a speech deficit postoperatively.
Informed consent was obtained for this procedure. Navigation is used to localize the cavernoma following which a large craniotomy is performed exposing the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and sylvian vein. Bipolar stimulation is used to localize speech with the patient awake until speech arrest occurs. The cavernoma is situated immediately inferior to the sulcus over which speech arrest occurs. The sulcus immediately above the cavernoma is opened and adjacent arteries are carefully preserved. The glial plane around the cavernoma is used to dissect the cavernoma from the surrounding cortex. Care is taken to remove the haemosiderin as this can act as a precipitant for ongoing seizures.
In this case the patient had no neurological deficits following surgery and was seizure free.
Monetary Policy when Households have Debt: New Evidence on the Transmission Mechanism
Authors: Cloyne James , Ferreira Clodomiro , Surico Paolo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Using household survey data for the U.S. and the U.K., we show that the aggregate response of consumption to interest rate changes is driven by households with a mortgage. Outright home-owners do not adjust expenditure at all while renters change their spending but by less than mortgagors. Income rises for all households as interest rate cuts directly affect firm investment and household consumption, boosting aggregate demand. A crucial difference between the housing tenure groups is the composition of their balance sheets: mortgagors hold sizable illiquid assets but little liquid wealth. Our results reveal that general equilibrium effects on household income coupled with balance-sheet-driven heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume play a key role in the transmission of monetary policy.
Understanding natural behavior to improve dairy goat (Capra hircus) management systems
Authors: Zobel Gosia , Neave Heather W , Webster Jim 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPublic interest is stimulating farming industries to improve animal welfare in production systems. Indoor housing of ruminants has received scrutiny because of perceived intensiveness and lack of naturalness. Animal welfare has traditionally focused on health benefits (e.g., bedding management and reducing disease) and reducing negative experiences (e.g., painful husbandry practices). Recent attention to animals having “a life worth living” extends expectations to provide increased care and opportunities for positive experiences and natural behaviors. Although not all natural behaviors necessarily contribute to improved welfare, we present evidence for why many are important, and for how they can be promoted in commercial systems. Worldwide, commercial dairy goats (Capra hircus) are frequently housed in large open barns with space to move and soft bedding for lying; however, this is not sufficient to promote the range of natural behaviors of goats, which in turn suggests that commercial housing could be improved. The basis for this thinking is from the range of behaviors expressed by the Capra genus. Collectively, these species have evolved cognitive and behavioral strategies to cope with harsh and changing environments, as well as variable and limited vegetation. The rocky and often steep terrain that goats inhabit allows for predator avoidance and access to shelter, so it is not surprising that domesticated goats also seek out elevation and hiding spaces; indeed, their hoof structure is designed for the movement and grip in such rugged environments. The browsing techniques and flexibility in diet selection of wild, feral and extensively managed goats, appears to be equally important to housed goats, highlighting the need for more complexity in how and what goats are fed. Goats naturally live in small, dynamic groups, governed by complex social structures in which horns play a strong role. Commercial housing systems should consider the benefits of more natural-sized social groups and revisit the rationale behind horn removal. We suggest that cognitive stimulation is a potential welfare improvement for goats in commercial settings. Goat cognitive abilities, which enabled success in complex and variable social and physical environments, are unchallenged in uniform environments, potentially leading to negative affective states. We make suggestions for housing improvements that could be readily adopted into current systems without compromising production efficiency.
Walking the Red Carpet: A Multicultural Association of Nursing Students Promotes Diversity in an Urban University’s Prelicensure Programs
Authors: Foley David , Konn Rebecca 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In order to graduate diverse groups of students who more accurately mirror the US population, schools of nursing must take steps to promote the success of ethnic minorities, men, and those with limited English proficiency. Accordingly, a large urban school of nursing piloted a series of carefully orchestrated “red carpet” events to welcome first-year students in the most inclusive and affirming manner possible. These social gatherings provided valuable opportunities for students to increase their social capital by networking with peers, recent alumni, and established professionals, all of whom shared valuable strategies for success.
The Effect of Transition to Practice Programs on the Self-Assessment of Newly Licensed Registered Nurses’ Confidence in Quality and Safety Competency Attainment
Authors: Letourneau Rayna M. , McCurry Mary K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of transition to practice programs (TPPs) on self-assessment of quality and safety competency development in newly licensed registered nurses (NLRNs).

BACKGROUND
TPPs are innovative strategies to promote quality and safety competencies. Hospital-based TPPs support and facilitate transition to practice.

METHOD
A pretest-posttest design was used to determine if NLRNs’ self-assessment of quality and safety knowledge, skills, and attitudes changed significantly over time and by TPP type as measured by the Nursing Quality and Safety Self-Inventory.

RESULTS
Sixty-four NLRNs from three TPPs participated. A statistically significant increase in confidence in knowledge and skills was found with no significant changes in confidence attitudes. No significant changes were found based on TPP type or prelicensure program.

CONCLUSION
The Nursing Quality and Safety Self-Inventory was a valid and reliable instrument for measuring changes in quality and safety knowledge, skills, and attitudes in NLRNs. TPPs are effective strategies to advance confidence in quality and safety competencies.
Nitric Oxide Donor Prevents Neonatal Isoflurane-induced Impairments in Synaptic Plasticity and Memory
Authors: Schaefer Michele L. , Wang Meina , Perez Patric J. , Coca Peralta Wescley , Xu Jing , Johns Roger A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
In humans, multiple early exposures to procedures requiring anesthesia constitute a significant risk factor for development of learning disabilities and disorders of attention. In animal studies, newborns exposed to anesthetics develop long-term deficits in cognition. Previously, our laboratory showed that postsynaptic density (PSD)-95, discs large homolog, and zona occludens-1 (PDZ) domains may serve as a molecular target for inhaled anesthetics. This study investigated a role for PDZ interactions in spine development, plasticity, and memory as a potential mechanism for early anesthetic exposure-produced cognitive impairment.

Methods
Postnatal day 7 mice were exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 4 h or injected with 8 mg/kg active PSD-95 PDZ2WT peptide. Apoptosis, hippocampal dendritic spine changes, synapse density, long-term potentiation, and cognition functions were evaluated (n = 4 to 18).

Results
Exposure of postnatal day 7 mice to isoflurane or PSD-95 PDZ2WT peptide causes a reduction in long thin spines (median, interquartile range [IQR]: wild type control [0.54, 0.52 to 0.86] vs. wild type isoflurane [0.31, 0.16 to 0.38], P = 0.034 and PDZ2MUT [0.86, 0.67 to 1.0] vs. PDZ2WT [0.55, 0.53 to 0.59], P = 0.028), impairment in long-term potentiation (median, IQR: wild type control [123, 119 to 147] and wild type isoflurane [101, 96 to 118], P = 0.049 and PDZ2MUT [125, 119 to 131] and PDZ2WT [104, 97 to 107], P = 0.029), and deficits in acute object recognition (median, IQR: wild type control [79, 72 to 88] vs. wild type isoflurane [63, 55 to 72], P = 0.044 and PDZ2MUT [81, 69 to 84] vs. PDZ2WT [67, 57 to 77], P = 0.039) at postnatal day 21 without inducing detectable differences in apoptosis or changes in synaptic density. Impairments in recognition memory and long-term potentiation were preventable by introduction of a NO donor.

Conclusions
Early disruption of PDZ domain–mediated protein–protein interactions alters spine morphology, synaptic function, and memory. These results support a role for PDZ interactions in early anesthetic exposure–produced cognitive impairment. Prevention of recognition memory and long-term potentiation deficits with a NO donor supports a role for the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor/PSD-95/neuronal NO synthase pathway in mediating these aspects of isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment.
Anesthesiologist Specialization and Use of General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Cobb Benjamin T. , Lane-Fall Meghan B. , Month Richard C. , Onuoha Onyi C. , Srinivas Sindhu K. , Neuman Mark D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Manuscript Tells Us That Is New

Background
Guidelines for obstetric anesthesia recommend neuraxial anesthesia (i.e., spinal or epidural block) for cesarean delivery in most patients. Little is known about the association of anesthesiologist specialization in obstetric anesthesia with a patient’s likelihood of receiving general anesthesia. The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study to compare utilization of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery among patients treated by generalist versus obstetric-specialized anesthesiologists.

Methods
The authors studied patients undergoing cesarean delivery for live singleton pregnancies from 2013 through 2017 at one academic medical center. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record. The authors estimated the association of anesthesiologist specialization in obstetric anesthesia with the odds of receiving general anesthesia for cesarean delivery.

Results
Of the cesarean deliveries in our sample, 2,649 of 4,052 (65.4%) were performed by obstetric-specialized anesthesiologists, and 1,403 of 4,052 (34.6%) by generalists. Use of general anesthesia differed for patients treated by specialists and generalists (7.3% vs. 12.1%; P < 0.001). After adjustment, the odds of receiving general anesthesia were lower among patients treated by obstetric-specialized anesthesiologists among all patients (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.92; P = 0.011), and in a subgroup analysis restricted to urgent or emergent cesarean deliveries (adjusted odds ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.99; P = 0.049). There was no association between provider specialization and the odds of receiving general anesthesia in a subgroup analysis restricted to evening or weekend deliveries (adjusted odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.03; P = 0.085).

Conclusions
Treatment by an obstetric anesthesiologist was associated with lower odds of receiving general anesthesia for cesarean delivery; however, this finding did not persist in a subgroup analysis restricted to evening and weekend deliveries.
The vitamin D and calcium controversy: an update
Authors: Lewis Joshua R. , Sim Marc , Daly Robin M. 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is widely recommended for prevention of falls and fracture, particularly in the elderly where calcium intakes and vitamin D levels are often inadequate. A number of meta-analyses have questioned the benefits of untargeted or ‘holistic’ supplementation for falls and fracture, and raised the possibility of adverse cardiovascular effects. This review provides an update on these controversies.

Recent findings
Recent advances have largely centred around new trials of vitamin D and meta-analyses of published trials and observational studies. These articles have identified holistic vitamin D supplementation with or without calcium is unlikely to be an effective primary prevention strategy for falls or fracture. There has also been high-quality evidence that vitamin D, daily or as a bolus, does not reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

Summary
The benefits of vitamin D and calcium supplements for holistic fall and fracture prevention remain uncertain. Recent evidence supports the concept that high-dose vitamin D has adverse musculoskeletal effects. Future studies should focus on moderate daily doses. Finally, there remain inconsistent findings for adverse cardiovascular effects of calcium supplements with or without vitamin D. This uncertainty should be taken into account when evaluating the risk/benefits of supplementation.
Gout and cardiovascular disease: crystallized confusion
Authors: Abeles Aryeh M. , Pillinger Michael H. 
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review
Gout is associated with the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the biological relationship between the two remains uncertain. The demonstration of reduction of cardiovascular risk with appropriate gout treatment would argue for a causal role for gout in cardiovascular disease. We reviewed recent studies that address the relationship between gout and cardiovascular disease.

Recent findings
Studies are conflicting; some show that lowering serum uric acid levels leads to better cardiovascular outcomes, whereas others show no such benefit. Inconsistencies in study design may contribute to these variations in outcome. Additionally, different gout treatment strategies may affect cardiovascular outcomes differently.

Summary
Despite an abundance of data generated in the last 5 years, it remains unclear whether treating gout with urate-lowering therapy provides a cardiovascular benefit. Additionally, further studies are needed to clarify whether different urate-lowering drugs confer different cardiovascular risks or benefits. Nonurate-lowering agents used for gout or commonly used in gout patients, such as colchicine and statins, may also improve cardiovascular outcomes in this population.
Neurological Outcomes After Surgical or Conservative Management of Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Abscesses
Authors: Wang Timothy Y. , Harward Stephen C. , Tsvankin Vadim , Bell Hannah , Charalambous Lefko , Adil Syed M. , Englot Dario J. , Goodwin C. Rory , Karikari Isaac O. , Isaacs Robert E. , Krucoff Max O. 
Published: December 2018

Study Design:
This is a meta-analysis.

Objective:
Perform a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of neurological outcomes from all available spinal epidural abscess (SEA) literature published between 1980 and 2016.

Summary of Background Data:
Current literature on SEAs lacks large-scale data characterizing prognostic factors and surgical indications.

Materials and Methods:
PubMed was queried for studies reporting neurological outcomes from patients undergoing conservative or surgical management for spontaneous SEA. Inclusion criteria included outcomes data measured ≥6 months after presentation, ≥10 human subjects, and diagnosis by magnetic resonance imaging or Computed tomography-myelogram. Where available, demographic data, abscess location, comorbidities, pretreatment neurological deficits, treatment methods, bacterial speciation, and complications were extracted from each study. Potential outcome predictors represented by continuous variables were compared using student t test and categorical variables were compared using the Pearson χ2 test. Variables identified as potentially associated with outcome (P≤0.05) were subjected to meta-analysis using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel testing to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
In total, 808 patients were analyzed from 20 studies that met inclusion criteria. 456 (56.3%) patients were treated with surgery and antibiotics, and 353 (43.7%) patients were managed with antibiotics alone. Neither surgical intervention (OR=1.01, 95% CI=0.40–2.59), lumbosacral location (OR=1.51, 95% CI=0.23–9.79), nor neurological deficit on presentation (OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.40–1.92) were significantly associated with good (stable or improved) or bad (worsened) neurological outcome, whereas delayed surgery was significantly associated with bad outcome (OR=0.01, 95% CI=0.02–0.62) and cervicothoracic location approached significance for predicting bad outcome (OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.15–1.09).

Conclusions:
Current literature does not definitively support or oppose surgical intervention in all SEA cases. Therefore, until better evidence exists, the decision to operate must be made on an individual case-by-case basis with the goals of preventing neurological decline, obtaining source control after failed conservative treatment, or restoring spinal stability.
Absence of Relationship Between Crohn's Disease Activity Index or C-Reactive Protein and Infliximab Exposure Calls for Objective Crohn's Disease Activity Measures for the Evaluation of Treatment Effects at Treatment Failure
Authors: Edlund Helena , Grisic Ana-Marija , Steenholdt Casper , Ainsworth Mark A. , Brynskov Jørn , Huisinga Wilhelm , Kloft Charlotte 
Published: December 2018

Background:
Circulating infliximab (IFX) concentrations correlate with clinical outcomes, forming the basis of the IFX concentration monitoring in patients with Crohn's disease. This study aims to investigate and refine the exposure–response relationship by linking the disease activity markers “Crohn's disease activity index” (CDAI) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to IFX exposure. In addition, we aim to explore the correlations between different disease markers and exposure metrics.

Methods:
Data from 47 Crohn's disease patients of a randomized controlled trial were analyzed post hoc. All patients had secondary treatment failure at inclusion and had received intensified IFX of 5 mg/kg every 4 weeks for up to 20 weeks. Graphical analyses were performed to explore exposure–response relationships. Metrics of exposure included area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) and trough concentrations (Cmin). Disease activity was measured by CDAI and CRP values, their change from baseline/last visit, and response/remission outcomes at week 12.

Results:
Although trends toward lower Cmin and lower AUC in nonresponders were observed, neither CDAI nor CRP showed consistent trends of lower disease activity with higher IFX exposure across the 30 evaluated relationships. As can be expected, Cmin and AUC were strongly correlated with each other. Contrarily, the disease activity markers were only weakly correlated with each other.

Conclusions:
No significant relationship between disease activity, as evaluated by CDAI or CRP, and IFX exposure was identified. AUC did not add benefit compared with Cmin. These findings support the continued use of Cmin and call for stringent objective disease activity (bio-)markers (eg, endoscopy) to form the basis of personalized IFX therapy for Crohn's disease patients with IFX treatment failure.
Persistent vasomotor symptoms and breast cancer in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Chlebowski Rowan T. , Mortimer Joanne E. , Crandall Carolyn J. , Pan Kathy , Manson JoAnn E. , Nelson Rebecca , Johnson Karen C. , Vitolin Mara Z. , Lane Dorothy , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Kwan Karen , Stefanick Marcia L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Objective:
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) including hot flashes and night sweats are common during the menopausal transition and may persist. Although VMS pathophysiology is complex, estrogen's efficiency as VMS therapy suggests hormonal environment change may influence this process. As studies of VMS and breast cancer are inconsistent, we examined associations between persistent VMS and breast cancer incidence and mortality.

Methods:
The analytic sample included 25,499 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) without current/former menopausal hormone therapy use with information on VMS status (never vs persistent). Breast cancers were verified by medical record review. Cause of death attribution was enhanced by serial National Death Index queries. Associations between VMS status and breast cancer incidence and mortality was determined using time dependent Cox regression analyses adjusted for breast cancer risk factors.

Results:
Through 17.9 years (median) follow-up, 1,399 incident breast cancers were seen. Women with persistent VMS (VMS median duration 10+ years) (n = 9,715), compared to women with never VMS (n = 15,784), had a higher breast cancer incidence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.27). While breast cancer-specific mortality was higher in women with persistent VMS (HR 1.33 95% CI 0.88-2.02), the difference was not statistically significant. Persistent VMS status had no influence on breast cancer overall survival (HR 1.02 95% CI 0.81-1.29).

Conclusion:
Women with persistent VMS are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer than women who never experienced VMS, but not more likely to die from breast cancer.