bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« J’ai été longtemps minoritaire »
Authors: Genin Vincent 
Published: March 2018

The legitimation process of international labour law in Belgium (1888-1938), Legitimity, experiences and memories of the Belgian Ernest Mahaim. The aim of this contribution is to explain and understand the emergence of international labour law in Belgium in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. First a marginal discipline disputed by the doxa of lawyers, diplomats, and politicians, international labour law is a direct result of the social evolution of the country. This paper focuses on the process of legitimation of this particular branch of law between 1888 to 1938 through the prism of one of his main specialist in Belgium, and also a key-figure of a worldwide network, Ernest Mahaim , professor at the University of Liège.
Poétique du bilinguisme et l’ enjeu de l’ entre-deux
Authors: Collinge-Germain Linda 
Published: March 2018

Résumé
L’ étude de la traduction du “Bateau ivre” par Beckett et la confrontation de cette traduction aux trois nouvelles de Nouvelles et Textes pour rien (“L’ Expulsé,” “Le Calmant” et “La Fin”) révèlent une écriture de l’ exil fondée sur l’ hésitation. Le “bateau ivre,” figure de l’ exil, est pour Beckett une ‘invitation au voyage,’ aux sens propre et figuré, et les résurgences du “Bateau ivre” et de sa traduction dans ses écrits ultérieurs sont une clé pour appréhender sa poétique du bilinguisme.
Un chemin cernant le poème
Authors: Margarit Lucas 
Published: March 2018

Résumé
L’ objet de ce travail est d’ analyser deux poèmes écrits par Samuel Beckett à la fin des années 1930 : « elles viennent » et « Dieppe ». Ils furent publiés premièrement dans Les Temps modernes en 1946 puis en anglais dans les recueils Poems in English (1961) et Collected Poems (1977). L’ un des traits distinctifs de l’ écriture de ces textes réside dans l’ alternance réitérée de ces deux langues dans l’ écriture. Et à ce déplacement des imprimés, on peut en ajouter un autre : les traductions de ces deux poèmes réalisées à la main par Beckett lui-même sur son exemplaire de Poèmes, publié chez Minuit en 1968 et conservé aujourd’ hui dans le Beckett Archive à Reading. En ce sens, nous analyserons également certaines versions de son dernier poème « Comment dire » / « What is the word ». D’ une certaine façon, l’ alternance linguistique deviendra ainsi une pratique beckettienne habituelle tendant à concevoir un texte inachevé.
Between “Little Latitude” and a “Discreet Liberty”
Authors: Fernández José Francisco 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As with any other author, the contradiction between fidelity and license is an important issue to take into account when translating Beckett. However, working with a Beckett text presents a unique characteristic, in that he himself provided versions of his novels and plays into English and French. This article examines the position of the translator as regards Beckett’s bilingualism and considers the effects that this situation may have in the translator’s practice. Additionally, a minimum set of principles are suggested as guidelines when translating Beckett into a third language.
Diurnal Cycle of the ITCZ in DYNAMO
Authors: Ciesielski Paul E. , Johnson Richard H. , Schubert Wayne H. , Ruppert James H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
During the 2011 special observing period of the Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) field experiment, two sounding arrays were established over the central Indian Ocean, one north and one south of the equator, referred to here as the NSA and SSA, respectively. Three-hourly soundings from these arrays augmented by observations of radiation and rainfall are used to investigate the diurnal cycle of ITCZ convection during the MJO suppressed phase. During the first half of October, when convection was suppressed over the NSA but prominent over the SSA, the circulation over the sounding arrays could be characterized as a local Hadley cell. Strong rising motion was present within the ITCZ extending across the SSA with compensating subsidence over the NSA. A prominent diurnal pulsing of this cell was observed, impacting conditions on both sides of the equator, with the cell running strongest in the early morning hours (0500–0800 LT) and notably weakening later in the day (1700–2000 LT). The declining daytime subsidence over the NSA may have assisted the moistening of the low to midtroposphere there during the pre-onset stage of the MJO. Apparent heating Q1 within the ITCZ exhibited a diurnal evolution from early morning bottom-heavy profiles to weaker daytime top-heavy profiles, indicating a progression from convective to stratiform precipitation. Making use of the weak temperature gradient approximation, results suggest that both horizontal radiative heating gradients and direct cloud radiative forcing have an important influence on diurnal variations of vertical motion and convection within the ITCZ.
Retrieving Mean Temperature of Atmospheric Liquid Water Layers Using Microwave Radiometer Measurements
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Turner David D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA remote sensing method to retrieve the mean temperature of cloud liquid using ground-based microwave radiometer measurements is evaluated and tested by comparisons with direct cloud temperature information inferred from ceilometer cloud-base measurements and temperature profiles from radiosonde soundings. The method is based on the dependence of the ratio of cloud optical thicknesses at W-band (~90 GHz) and Ka-band (~30 GHz) frequencies on cloud liquid temperature. This ratio is obtained from total optical thicknesses inferred from radiometer measurements of brightness temperatures after accounting for the contributions from oxygen and water vapor. This accounting is done based on the radiometer-based retrievals of integrated water vapor amount and temperature and pressure measurements at the surface. The W–Ka-band ratio method is applied to the measurements from a three-channel (90, 31.4, and 23.8 GHz) microwave radiometer at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility at Oliktok Point, Alaska. The analyzed events span conditions from warm stratus clouds with temperatures above freezing to mixed-phase clouds with supercooled liquid water layers. Intercomparisons of radiometer-based cloud liquid temperature retrievals with estimates from collocated ceilometer and radiosonde measurements indicated on average a standard deviation of about 3.5°C between the two retrieval types in a wide range of cloud temperatures, from warm liquid clouds to mixed-phase clouds with supercooled liquid and liquid water paths greater than 50 g m−2. The three-channel microwave radiometer–based method has a broad applicability, since it requires neither the use of active sensors to locate the boundaries of liquid cloud layers nor information on the vertical profile of temperature.
Normalized Convective Characteristics of Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Events in the North Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific
Authors: Fischer Michael S. , Tang Brian H. , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Rozoff Christopher M. 
Published: March 2018

The relationship between tropical cyclone (TC) convective characteristics and TC intensity change is explored using infrared and passive microwave satellite imagery of TCs in the North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific basins from 1989 to 2016. TC intensity change episodes were placed into one of four groups: rapid intensification (RI), slow intensification (SI), neutral (N), and weakening (W). To account for differences in the distributions of TC intensity among the intensity change groups, a normalization technique is introduced, which allows for the analysis of anomalous TC convective characteristics and their relationship to TC intensity change. A composite analysis of normalized convective parameters shows anomalously cold infrared and 85-GHz brightness temperatures, as well as anomalously warm 37-GHz brightness temperatures, in the upshear quadrants of the TC are associated with increased rates of TC intensification, including RI. For RI episodes in the North Atlantic basin, an increase in anomalous liquid hydrometeor content precedes anomalous ice hydrometeor content by approximately 12 h, suggesting convection deep enough to produce robust ice scattering is a symptom of, rather than a precursor to, RI. In the eastern North Pacific basin, the amount of anomalous liquid and ice hydrometeors increases in tandem near the onset of RI. Normalized infrared and passive microwave brightness temperatures can be utilized to skillfully predict episodes of RI, as the forecast skill of RI episodes using solely normalized convective parameters is comparable to the forecast skill of RI episodes by current operational statistical models.
Genital Flora during Pregnancy and Colonization of the Newborn
Authors: Ross Jean M , Needham J R 
Published: March 2018

A longitudinal study of the cervical and vaginal microflora of 131 pregnant women showed a similar range of organisms at first visit (up to 16 weeks), at 28 weeks and at 36 weeks of pregnancy. Twenty different groups or genera of microorganisms were recovered, predominantly lactobacilli. There was a fall in the isolation rate of organisms in the mothers 6 to 8 weeks after delivery. Lactobacilli and yeasts including Candida albicans were recovered less frequently whereas the incidence of Escherichia coli and group B streptococci increased. Infants bom to these mothers were swabbed within 24 hours of delivery and yielded organisms from the umbilicus, ear and mouth in 24%, 33% and 38% of cases respectively. Alpha haemolytic streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant organisms. Sixteen different groups or genera were isolated. The isolation rates in non-pregnant women attending a ‘well-women’ clinic were similar to those in the postnatal mothers; few women of 60 years or more were colonized.
Use and Misuse of an Accident and Emergency Department in the East End of London
Authors: Davison Anthony G , Hildrey A C C , Floyer M A 
Published: March 2018

A study was made of all 587 new patients attending an accident and emergency department in the East End of London during one week. Two hundred and twenty-six (39%) cases were not accidents or emergencies; of these, 67% were self-referrals who had not previously seen their general practitioner (GP) and 21% were self-referrals who had previously seen their GP. The four main reasons that these self-referred patients had for attending were that they thought their condition needed immediate attention; they were insufficiently organized to see their GP; they were not registered with a GP; or they wanted a second opinion. Twenty-eight (12%) of the cases which were not accidents or emergencies were referred by a GP. Sixty-nine (12%) of all cases were not registered with a GP. The frequency of cases who, were not accidents or emergencies was significantly higher in those not registered than in those registered (0.01 ≥ p ≥ 0.001). Nineteen (3%) patients were living rough or in hostels. Little abuse of the ambulance service was found.
Effects of Carotid Compression, as Assessed by near Infrared Spectroscopy, upon Cerebral Blood Volume and Haemoglobin Oxygen Saturation
Authors: Ferrari M , Zanette E , Sideri G , Giannini I , Fieschi C , Carpi A 
Published: March 2018

Near infrared spectroscopy, a recently developed optoelectronic technique, has been studied as a possible method of monitoring the adequacy of cerebral perfusion in 22 patients who were candidates for carotid endarterectomy. Using this technique, changes in haemoglobin volume, haemoglobin oxygen saturation and redox level of cytochrome-coxidase were recorded from the frontoparietal region during routine carotid compression tests performed under continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring. A highly significant association was found between EEG slowing, indicating impaired cerebral function, and a fall in haemoglobin volume and oxygen saturation, indicating a reduced blood and oxygen supply to the brain (Fisher exact test, P < 10−5). In a few tests haemoglobin volume and oxygen saturation were reduced without changes in the EEG recording. This study raises new issues concerning the compensatory mechanisms taking place during carotid occlusion and suggests that near infrared spectroscopy might be useful in monitoring the blood and oxygen supply to the brain during carotid endarterectomy.
Indices of Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Daunt A O'N , Cox N L , Robertson J C , Cawley M I D 
Published: March 2018

Psoriatic arthritis (PA) may respond to disease-modifying antirheumatic therapy. The value of assessing disease activity with indices devised for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was investigated in 72 patients with seronegative PA. Thirty patients had a peripheral polyarthritis including the distal inter-phalangeal joints (DIPJs) and 15 a symmetrical arthritis sparing DIPJs (RA-like). Significant correlations (Spearman rank test) were seen between the clinical variables (pain score, grip strength, Ritchie articular index and a summated index of disease activity) in these two groups. Ten patients with a markedly asymmetrical arthritis showed a poor correlation between clinical variables. Although the objective indices – erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein – correlated together in the first two groups, the ESR correlated solely with clinical indices, and then only in RA-like patients. These results cast some doubt on the value of assessment methods based on RA when evaluating subgroups of PA other than RA-like disease.
Chronic Muscle Contraction Headache: The Importance of Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Hackett G I , Boddie H G , Harrison P 
Published: March 2018

Seventy consecutive patients presenting with a clinical diagnosis of chronic muscle contraction headache over a two-year period were evaluated for depression and anxiety scores, along with other possible aetiological factors in this form of headache. Fifty-five of these patients (33 from a hospital neurology clinic and 22 from a local general practice) completed a double-blind study to evaluate flupenthixol 0.5 mg twice daily, diazepam 5 mg twice daily and placebo as prophylactic agents. Patients evaluated in the hospital neurology clinic had more frequent headaches of longer duration, higher analgesic consumption and higher depression, but no higher anxiety scores than those in general practice. Flupenthixol and diazepam were both significantly superior to placebo in reducing headaches and analgesic consumption. The trend was for flupenthixol to be superior to diazepam without reaching statistical significance. Flupenthixol was significantly better than diazepam and placebo in the reduction of Hamilton depression scores. This effect was independent of the effect on headache and analgesic reduction.
Cholecystectomy: Safe or Not Safe to Drain?
Authors: Mellor S G , Thomas M H , Donnellan B S 
Published: March 2018

The aim of this study was to determine whether drains influenced the size of subhepatic collections following cholecystectomy, and if these had any affect on complications. Eighty-five patients undergoing cholecystectomy had either no drain, a narrow bore suction drain or an open corrugated drain. Subhepatic fluid collections were measured by real time ultrasound on the first and fifth postoperative days, and thereafter if necessary. The volumes of fluid drained were also measured and clinical complications recorded. The subhepatic collections were, on average, the same whether a drain was used or not. Drains produced volumes considerably in excess of any subhepatic collection measured, but they did not appear to warn of biliary leakage. More complications (28%) were seen in the drained group compared with the undrained group (10.5%), and furthermore, the complications did not seem to occur in relation to the larger collections. One patient who had had a corrugated drain correctly placed developed biliary peritonitis. We suggest that drainage of simple cholecystectomy is unnecessary and, if an open drain is used, potentially dangerous.
The Family and Disability - Some Reflections on Culture: Discussion Paper
Authors: Frank A O 
Published: March 2018

Severe congenital impairments in one child will affect the whole family, possibly for a generation if the child remains at home as an adult. Disability acquired in adult life will affect both partners as roles are gained or relinquished. For children this may result in a loss of parenting. The adjustment process to any psychological or personality changes may be very painful, particularly if children have no one outside the family to provide informed support. Acquired illness or disability in children may have enormous consequences for siblings, the health of the parents and the whole fabric of family life, often resulting in family isolation. In some Asian families, the feeling that the extended family unit is self sufficient and able to provide care may conflict with the ideal of increasing independence fostered by the professionals, and limit the possibility of support from social workers or psychologists. The extended family may reduce the need for statutory support. The expectation that care will be provided to old people by their daughters or daughters-in-law may be frustrated if the younger generation of women are disabled or otherwise engaged, resulting in possible family strife or rejection.
Informed Consent in Indian Patients
Authors: Sanwal A K , Kumar S , Sahni P , Nundy S 
Published: March 2018

It is commonly believed that patients in India do not need to be told about their operations as they are unable to understand the complexities and forget the salient facts soon afterwards. Obtaining informed consent is therefore considered to be an unnecessary ritual. We studied 100 consecutive patients undergoing elective major abdominal operations and asked them 5 days after their operations to recall certain details about the procedure which had been explained to them preoperatively. Seventy per cent of the patients recalled the relevant data. The ability was the same in males and females (67% and 69%) but the older, less educated and poorer patients performed worse than the others. Ninety-eight per cent of the patients appreciated being given the information as it reduced their anxiety about the operation. Indian patients are able to comprehend and should be informed about the details of their operation. Particular care should be taken during explanation to the old, poor and illiterate. In these informed consent should be a continuous process rather than a single event and the information should also be given to a younger and more educated relative.
Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean Immigrants
Authors: Callan A F 
Published: March 2018

Hospital admission rates for schizophrenia are higher in Afro-Caribbean immigrants to Britain than in the white British-born population. However, the reported differences in incidence and prevalence could be due to confounding variables: the diagnosis of schizophrenia might not carry the same prognostic implications in the two groups; and the differences in formal admission rates might not persist when demographic and diagnostic differences are allowed for. The case-notes of 50 Afro-Caribbean immigrants and 41 British-born white patients with a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia were examined retrospectively, the average period covered being 12 years. There were no differences in the number of readmissions, but in the Afro-Caribbean group readmissions were shorter. Involuntary admissions were twice as common in Afro-Caribbeans and this excess was not explained by differences in age, sex, or type of illness. The reported excess of schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants to Britain is real, but the illness seems to run a milder course than in the white British-born population.
Shifting Boundaries in Professional Care
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Solomon Juliet , Abelson Julia 
Published: March 2018

The nature of the work undertaken by different health professionals and inter-professional boundaries are constantly shifting. The greater knowledge of users of health care, and the increasing technical and organizational complexity of modern medicine, have partly eroded the control of health professionals over the substance of their work. The definition of a field of work as lying within the province of any one profession is culturally rather than scientifically determined. It is evident that care of good quality should be delivered at the lowest possible cost. This might include delivery of care by a less trained person than heretofore, or by someone with limited but focused training. Sharing of skills is a more sensible subject for discussion than transfer of tasks. We review a number of studies which show the effectiveness of inter-professional substitution in various care settings, and also the effectiveness of substitution by those other than health professionals. The views of users of health services on inter-professional substitution need to be considered. Health professionals and others need to work together to devise innovative ways of delivering effective health care. The legal issues need clarification.
Resection and Primary Anastomosis in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Ade-Ajayi Niyi , Kiely Edward , Drake David , Wheeler Rob , Spitz Lewis 
Published: March 2018

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common surgical emergency in the newborn. Up to half of babies with NEC develop advanced disease requiring surgical intervention. Options include peritoneal drainage under local anaesthetic, enterostomy only, resection and enterostomies, and resection with primary anastomosis. Resection with enterostomies is favoured by many paediatric surgeons but management of neonatal enterostomies can be difficult. The outcome of 26 infants undergoing surgery for advanced NEC over a 2-year period is reviewed. Resection and primary anastomosis was possible in 18 infants of whom two (11%) died. Recurrent NEC developed in four (22%) and strictures in three (17%) of these infants. An initial enterostomy was fashioned in eight infants, three following resection of necrotic intestine and five as a proximal diverting stoma in infants with pan-intestinal involvement. Five of these eight infants died (63%), giving an overall mortality of 27%. Primary anastomosis is an effective procedure following resection of grossly involved intestine in infants with NEC. The mortality and morbidity in this series compared well with those reported for staged procedures.
Design and evaluation of the psychometric properties of a self-questionnaire on patient adherence to wearing elastic compression stockings
Authors: Allaert François-André , Rastel Didier , Graissaguel Anne , Sion Delphine , Hamel-Desnos Claudine 
Published: March 2018

Background Patients’ adherence to elastic compression stockings is difficult to evaluate, and therefore we create a short self-questionnaire and validate its psychometric properties. Methods We reduce the questions with Varimed rotation analysis, evaluate its internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha test and its external validity by comparison to electronic thermic captors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine a threshold and determine its sensitivity and specificity. Results The initial questionnaire was reduced from 22 to 5 questions rated from 0 to 4. The internal consistency and its external validity are good, and the ROC analysis shows that values > 3 correspond to poor compliance with a sensitivity of 88.1% and a specificity of 63.1%. Conclusion The adherence score is valid for the detection of patients poorly compliant to the wearing of elastic compression. Its small number of questions makes it a suitable for a screening in everyday practice.