bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CABARAN DAN PENDEKATAN PENTERJEMAHAN INTRALINGUAL JAWI KEPADA RUMI UNDANG-UNDANG ADAT NEGERI KEDAH<br>[CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES TO INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION OF JAWI TO RUMI UNDANG-UNDANG ADAT NEGERI KEDAH]
Authors: Mansor Idris 
Published: June 2018

The process of transferring the script of a text of the same language is a type of intralingual translation. The focus of this study was intralingual translation from Jawi into Rumi. This study aimed to examine problems faced by translators in translating old Malay manuscript from Jawi to Rumi and approaches used to oversee the problems. This study employed a descriptive approach by examining the text of Undang-Undang Adat Negeri Kedah as the research data. The finding shows that there are some problems in translating old Malay manuscripts which involve the overloaded use of Arabic language and dialect, blurry writing, the use of old version of Jawi scripts and difficult-to-understand words. To address the identified challenges, this study presents some suggestions appropriate to intralingual translation techniques. This study is expected to serve as a basic guideline to translators who engage in intralingual translation of the Jawi script to Rumi.Keywords: Intralingual translation, Jawi, Malay manuscript, Malay langauge, Undang-Undang Adat Negeri KedahCite as: Mansor, I. (2017). Cabaran dan pendekatan penterjemahan intralingual jawi kepada rumi Undang-undang Adat Negeri Kedah [Challenges and approaches to intralingual translation of jawi to rumi Undang-undang Adat Negeri Kedah]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 251-263. AbstrakProses mengubah bentuk tulisan sesebuah teks dalam bahasa yang sama merupakan salah satu bentuk terjemahan intralingual. Fokus kajian ini adalah terjemahan intralingual daripada Jawi kepada Rumi. Kajian ini bertujuan meneliti permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh penterjemah dalam mentransliterasi sebuah manuskrip Melayu lama daripada Jawi kepada Rumi dan pendekatan yang digunakan bagi mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif dengan meneliti teks Undang-Undang Adat Negari Kedah sebagai data kajian. Dapatan kajian mendapati terdapat beberapa permasalahan dalam mengalih tulisan manuskrip lama yang antaranya melibatkan penggunaan bahasa Arab dan dialek yang sarat, tulisan yang kabur, penggunaan tulisan Jawi lama serta perkataan yang sukar difahami. Bagi menangani cabaran tersebut, kajian ini mengemukakan beberapa cadangan yang berkaitan dengan teknik terjemahan intralingual yang sesuai digunakan. Kajian ini diharap dapat menjadi panduan asas kepada penterjemah yang menceburi bidang terjemahan intralingual daripada tulisan Jawi kepada Rumi. Kata Kunci : Bahasa Melayu, Jawi, manuskrip Melayu, terjemahan intralingual Undang-Undang Adat Negeri Kedah.
BRINGING ROHINGYA REFUGEES OFF-TRACK OF LONG-TERM ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Moses Ferdinand , Kengatharan Shandralingam 
Published: June 2018

The ethnic Rohingya is experiencing not only marginalization and statelessness in Myanmar but also facing brutal oppression, violence perpetrated by some in the ethnic majority for many decades. Bangladesh has long been a major Rohingya refugees hosting country and currently, it hosts around 600,000 refugees. Beside recently arrived refugees, there are thousands of refugees, who have been staying in Bangladesh for around three decades as registered or unregistered refugees. Long-term refugees, as per many reports, have been heavily relying on international aid, amid their poor socioeconomic development in Bangladesh. The development of Rohingya refugees is analyzed in this paper from the dimensions of Bangladesh, as a host country; poor human development of Rohingya refugees, and the wider international community. National competition for limited availability of resources and opportunities in Bangladesh; poor human development of Rohingya refugees, make them prolong dependents for refugee handouts. To obtain sustainable development of Rohingya population in Bangladesh, this paper proposes an appeal to international producers to make them financially sound by offering employment opportunities by establishing production plants in Bangladesh. In addition, to avoid hostilities with the local population, equal composition of refugees and the local population is suggested in employee recruitments.Keywords: Rohingya, Myanmar, Bangladesh, refugees, economic developmentCite as: Joseph, F.M & Shandralingam, K. (2018). Bringing Rohingya refugees off-track of long-term economic vulnerability in Bangladesh. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 3(1), 42-50.http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss1pp42-50
Challenging policy barriers in sustainable urban design
Authors: Birkeland Janis 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In built environment design, codes set minimum health and safety requirements, policies set aspirational targets, and incentives such as green building rating schemes set design standards. These approaches have failed to provide universal well-being and environmental justice (i.e. intra-generational equity), or increases in the natural life-support system that exceed depletion rates (i.e. inter- generational equity). Governments that do not ensure all citizens can obtain basic needs, life quality and resource security fail to meet their basic responsibilities. Two recent documents, one representing sustainable urban policy and principles, the other representing urban biodiversity standards, are examined against the Positive Development Test (whether the development increases the public estate, ecological base and future public options). The discussion suggests that contemporary policies and incentive schemes, as presently conceived, cannot provide the basic physical preconditions for sustainability, let alone address socio-economic inequities. An alternative design-based approach is presented to address the issues the paper identified.
Detection of Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) and Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus (AmFV) in Honey Bees in Mexico
Authors: García-Anaya Mayra C. , Romo-Chacón Alejandro , Sáenz-Mendoza Alma I. , Pérez-Ordoñez Gerardo , Acosta-Muñiz Carlos H. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The recent alarming loss of honey bee colonies around the world is believed to be related to the presence of viruses. The aim of this study was to detect two major viral diseases, Apis mellifera Filamentous virus (AmFV) and Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) using Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR, in honey bees in Mexico. Adult and larvae honey bee samples were collected from asymptomatic colonies of six major beekeeping regions in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. Both viruses were detected in both developmental stages of honey bees, IAPV at a higher prevalence (23.5%) as compared to AmFV, only in 0.9% of samples. However, this is the first report on AmFV infection in Mexican apiaries. Further studies are required to understand the AmFV and IAPV impact on colony loss in Mexico and to develop strategies for enhancing the control of viral diseases.
Spatial Planning as a Tool for Effective Nature Conservation: A Conceptual Framework for Turkey’s Spatial Planning System
Authors: Gökmen Esra Yazici , Gülersoy Nuran Zeren 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Protected areas can be parts of larger ecosystems, and land use changes in the unprotected part of the ecosystems may threaten the biological diversity by affecting the ecological processes. The relationship between protected areas and their surroundings has been influential in understanding the role of spatial planning in nature conservation. This article focuses on the problem that Turkey’s protected areas are vulnerable to pressure and threats caused by land use changes. Spatial planning serving as a bridge between nature conservation and land use is the solution for effective nature conservation in Turkey. Thereby, the aim of this article is to develop a conceptual framework which offers spatial planning as an effective tool to bridge the gap between land use change and nature conservation. In this context, first literature review is conducted, and systematic conservation planning, evidence-based conservation planning, bioregional planning and national system planning are presented as effective planning methods in nature conservation. In addition to literature review, official national statistics and Convention on Biological Diversity’s country reports are utilized to shed light on Turkey’s current state. Finally, a conceptual framework is defined, the main differences with the current situation are revealed. The results indicate that an effective planning system for Turkey’s protected areas incorporates a holistic, target-oriented system defining the spatial planning process for protected areas. The spatial planning system to be developed in this context is also used by decision-makers in evaluating the ecological effectiveness of existing plans.
China and the Baltic States: strategic challenges and security dilemmas for Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia
Authors: Scott David 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The article considers traditional and non-traditional security concerns faced by the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the face of China’s increasing presence. Consequently the article first considers the geo-economic challenges posed to these Baltic States through the China and Central and East Europe Countries (CCEEC) grouping, and China’s Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) initiative. This economic leverage translates to political leverage able to be exerted on the Baltic states by China, with regard to human rights and the issue of the Dalai Lama. Moreover, such mechanisms and Chinese financing serves to politically divide the Baltic states, and also divides EU solidarity vis-à-vis China. Finally there are the conventional security issues posed to the Baltic states in the Russia-China naval exercises carried out in Baltic waters in 2017; with China’s role in effect providing implicit support and legitimisation of explicit Russian threats in the Baltic. It concludes by suggesting alternative infrastructure routings to at least reduce the threat of Russian interference.
Evaluation of Analytical Performance of Variant II Turbo HbA1c Analyzer According to Sigma Metrics
Authors: Bozkaya Giray , Uzuncan Nuriye , Bilgili Sibel , Demirezen Ozlem 
Published: June 2018

Summary
Background: Hemoglobin A1c, (HbA1c) which is the major constituent of glycated hemoglobin, has been used in the follow-up of retrospective glycemia for years and in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus nowadays. Since the analytical performance of HbA1c should be high likewise all laboratory tests, various quality control measures are used. Sigma metrics is one of these measures and it is the combination of bias, precision and total allowable error that ensures a general evaluation of analytical quality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the analytical performance of Bio-Rad’s Variant Turbo II HbA1c analyzer according to sigma metrics.
Methods: Sigma levels were calculated using the data obtained from two levels of internal and 12 external quality control materials (Bio-Rad) of Variant II Turbo HbA1c analyzer according to s= (TEa% - Bias%) / CV% formula.
Results: The mean sigma levels for low and high quality control materials were found to be 3.0 and 4.1, respectively.
Conclusions: The annual mean analytical performance of Variant II Turbo HbA1c analyzer was found to be acceptable according to sigma metrics. In order to be sure of the difference in HbA1c results indicating the success or failure in treatment but not arise from analytical variation, it is thought that more stringent quality control measures should be applied to reach higher sigma levels.
Serum lactate as reliable biomarker of acute kidney injury in low-risk cardiac surgery patients
Authors: Radovic Mina , Bojic Suzana , Kotur-Stevuljevic Jelena , Lezaic Visnja , Milicic Biljana , Velinovic Milos , Karan Radmila , Simic-Ogrizovic Sanja 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundCardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) frequently occurs in patients assessed as low-risk for developing CSA-AKI. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) and lactate are promising biomarkers of CSA-AKI but have not yet been explored in low-risk patients.AimTo evaluate urinary NGAL (uNGAL), KIM-1 and lactate as biomarkers of CSA-AKI in patients with low-risk for developing CSA-AKI.MethodsThis prospective, observational study included 100 adult elective cardiac surgery patients assessed as low-risk for developing CSA-AKI. UNGAL, KIM-1 and lactate were measured preoperatively, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and 3, 12, 24 and 48 h later.ResultsFifteen patients developed CSA-AKI. Patients with CSA-AKI had significantly higher lactate but similar uNGAL and KIM-1 levels compared to patients without CSA-AKI. Unlike uNGAL and KIM-1, postoperative lactate was good biomarker of CSA-AKI with the highest odds ratio (OR) 2.7 [1.4–4.9] 24 h after CPB. Peak lactate concentration ≥ 4 mmol/L carried dramatically higher risk for developing CSA-AKI (OR 6.3 [1.9–20.5]).ConclusionsUnlike uNGAL and KIM-1, postoperative lactate was significant independent predictor of CSA-AKI with the highest odds ratio 24 h after CPB.
Age and Assay Related Changes of Laboratory Thyroid Function Tests in the Reference Female Population
Authors: Barhanovic Najdana Gligorovic , Antunovic Tanja , Kavaric Sreten , Djogo Aleksandar , Spasojevic Vesna Kalimanovska 
Published: June 2018

Summary
Background: Laboratory thyroid function tests play a central role in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to determine reference values for thyroid tests in a rigorously selected group of Montenegrin females, investigate the impact of possible age-related changes and the influence of the interassay bias between three frequently used immunoassays.
Methods: Female subjects were randomly selected, aged between 20 and 69 and 946 of them met the selection criteria. TSH, fT3, fT4, thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured. Eighty samples were further analyzed on two other immunochemistry platforms.
Results: Median TSH progressively increased with age, there was no difference in fT3, while fT4 was significantly higher in the two oldest groups compared to the others. When using the age-related 97.5 percentile of TSH the percentage of reclassification was highest in the 20–29 years of age group (5.2%, p<0.05). In the oldest band, 7.7% had TSH values above cohort-specific and below the age-related upper reference limit. Bland-Altman bias plots revealed the highest interassay absolute mean difference between compared TSH assays of 24.5% and for fT4 assays of 13.8%.
Conclusions: The correlation coefficients between fT3 assays from different manufacturers were low. Serum TSH and fT4 concentrations increased with age and the implementation of age-specific TSH reference intervals would be of interest. The bias between the three commercial immunoassays indicated that the standardization of thyroid function tests is a task of great importance.
Association of overexpressed MYC gene with altered PHACTR3 and E2F4 genes contributes to non-small cell lung carcinoma pathogenesis
Authors: Dragoj Miodrag , Bankovic Jasna , Podolski-Renic Ana , Buric Sonja Stojkovic , Pesic Milica , Tanic Nikola , Stankovic Tijana 
Published: June 2018

Summary

Background
C-Myc is one of the major cellular oncogenes overexpressed in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Its deregulated expression is necessary but not sufficient for malignant transformation. We evaluated expression of MYC gene in NSCLC patients and its association with alterations in the genes previously identified to be related to NSCLC pathogenesis, PHACTR3 and E2F4.

Methods
We analyzed MYC gene expression by qRT-PCR in 30 NSCLC patients’ samples and paired normal lung tissue. MYC expression was further statistically evaluated in relation to histopathological parameters, PHACTR3 and E2F4 gene alterations and survival. Alterations in aforementioned genes were previously detected and identified based on AP-PCR profiles of paired normal and tumor DNA samples, selection of DNA bands with altered mobility in tumor samples and their characterization by the reamplification, cloning and sequencing.

Results
MYC expression was significantly increased in NSCLC samples and its overexpression significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma subtype. Most importantly, MYC overexpression significantly coincided with mutations in PHACTR3 and E2F4 genes, in group of all patients and in squamous cell carcinoma subtype. Moreover, patients with jointly overexpressed MYC and altered PHACTR3 or E2F4 showed trend of shorter survival.

Conclusions
Overall, MYC is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC and it is associated with mutated PHACTR3 gene, as well as mutated E2F4 gene. These joint gene alterations could be considered as potential molecular markers of NSCLC and its specific subtypes.
Evaluation of the Influence of a Rail Vehicle Running with Wheel-flat on the Railway Track
Authors: Dižo Ján , Blatnický Miroslav , Steišūnas Stasys , Vaičiūnas Gediminas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The railway transport network is currently in a quite big expansion. Therefore, railway tracks are modernized and the attention is given also on the technical state of rail vehicles, which operate on them. However, it may happen that the wheel surface is damaged. One of the most common reasons of wheel damage is too much braking, which results to the wheel-flat formation. This article is focused on the evaluation of the influence of a rail vehicle running on the railway track, which a wheel is damaged by the wheel-flat. Investigation of these negative effects was performed by means of simulation computations. As evaluating parameters, values of the wheel force in the contact of the rail and wheel with a flat where observed.
Green Marketing and its Use in a Transport Company
Authors: Nadanyiova Margareta 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Green marketing as a part of environmental management has become a new marketing philosophy of many companies. It includes more than just a simple building of corporate image but it also becomes a modern idea of the enforcement of actual environmental trends to a broad spectrum of business activities. The field of action of green marketing tools is relatively extensive, starting with the protection of environment, production and sale of products and services with ecological conditions and requirements, through the final consumption of environmentally friendly products, which affects the quality of life and health of the whole society. The aim of the article includes to provide a literature review on the issue from several foreign and domestic authors. By using methods of description, comparison, deduction, induction, it discusses the essence of a green marketing and also analyses its use in a Slovak public transport company. Based on this, in discussion are indicated some proposals to improve the effectivity and visibility of these activities in the public transport company and thus ensure the image of the company as more environmental friendly. This measures help to improve the positive perception of the company by customers and the general public.
Assessment of Shippers and Ship Owners Ship and Charter Type Choice in the Wet and Dry Bulk Ship Brokering Market: Knowledge Guide for African Indigenous Ship Brokers
Authors: Theophilus C Nwokedi , Eba Moses Ntor-Ue , Ifiok Okonko , Leonard Ndubuisi 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The study assessed shippers and ship owners’ ship and charter party type choices in the wet and dry bulk ship broking and chartering market as guide for performance improvement for African and Nigerian ship brokers. It aims to determine if significant differences exists between shippers ship type choices among Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCC), Handymax, Supramax and capsize vessels in the wet and dry bulk market as well shippers and ship owners charter party type choice between voyage charter and time charter for the various ship types. The study adopted a survey method in which the Baltic International Maritime Council (BIMCO) was surveyed and 5 year data on ship types and charter party type choices of shippers and ship owners was obtained. The statistical tools of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and independent sample t-test were used to compare the ship type choices and charter party type choices of shippers and ship owners. The result indicates that shippers’ in the wet and dry bulk cargo market show greater preference for Supramax vessel type. The aggregate number of vessels chartered over the period covered in the study is 41,684 vessels out of which 22,593 representing about 54.2% are Supramax. This was seconded by VLCC which recorded 8,829 or 21.2% charters. Capsize and Handymax vessel types had 6211 and 4069 charters respectively which represent 14.9% and 9.77% each. Shippers and ship owners also show greater preference for voyage charter party type than time charter party for all types of vessels. It was recommended that ship brokers should place greater priority on trading in Supramax ship types and voyage charter party type as the demand trend for this ship type is likely to remain higher over time; followed by VLCC; while more shippers and ship owners are likely continue to show preference for voyage charter than time charter.
Explaining the European Union’s Changing Position towards the Gibraltar Question after the Brexit Referendum
Authors: Yıldız İ Uğur Burç , Çamyamaç Anıl 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHaving previously remained impartial on the Gibraltar question between Spain and Britain since both were member states, the European Union suddenly changed its position after the Brexit referendum in favor of the Spanish government at the expense of breaching international law. In doing so, the European Union, for the first time, created a foreign policy on the long-standing Gibraltar question. This article explores the reasons behind the creation of this foreign policy in support of Spain. The European Union feared that the idea of Euroscepticism may escalate among remaining member states after the Brexit referendum because of wide-spread claims that it would dissolve in the near future, fuelled by farright political parties. The European Union therefore created a foreign policy regarding Gibraltar in Spain’s favor in order to promote a “sense of community” for thwarting a further rise in Euroscepticism. While making its analysis, the article applies the assumption of social constructivism that ideas shape interests, which then determine the foreign policy choices of actors.