bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Treatment of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater in Waste Stabilisation Pond Systems in Kenya
Authors: Alabaster G. P. , Mills S. W. , Osebe S. A. , Thitai W. N. , Pearson H. W. , Mara D. D. , Muiruri P. 
Published: May 2018

Waste stabilisation pond systems have traditionally been used for treating domestic wastewater, although they may also be suitable for treatment of high-strength industrial wastes. The long retention times and high buffering capacity of such systems enables them to cope more readily with widely fluctuating organic loads and biologically toxic compounds.
Data are presented from two waste stabilisation pond systems in Kenya, both of which treat sewage containing a high proportion of mixed industrial effluent, e.g. tannery and textile wastes.
Data from both sites indicated that anaerobic ponds are of primary importance in the treatment of industrial wastewaters. Not only did they significantly reduce the organic carbon content of the wastewaters, but they effectively buffered the sensitive algal populations in the secondary facultative ponds from shock loads of highly toxic chemicals and wastes of widely varying pH. This enabled an overall higher loading to be applied to the aerobic system.
Textile Industry Wastewaters Treatment
Authors: Grau Petr 
Published: May 2018

Effective water and waste management strategies enable us to decrease water consumption and pollution load of wastewaters. Typical examples of low-waste technologies are lanolin recovery in wool scouring, hydroxide recovery in cotton mercerizing, recovery of synthetic sizes and reuse of dye baths.
Wastewaters are treated by a sequence of physical–chemical and biological processes. Traditionally, coagulation/flocculation(c/F) has been favored as the first treatment step followed by biological treatment as the second step. More recently a reverse sequence of treatment has been utilized in several cases with success.
Novel technologies have been developed such as catalytic oxidation, decoloration by ozone, adsorption/desorption. Their practical use is, however, still rare.
Joint treatment with municipal wastewaters has been favored wherever possible.
Basic Studies on Anaerobic Degradation of Glucose in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors
Authors: Nakamura Michimasa , Sakai Atsushi , Matsumoto Jun'ichiro 
Published: May 2018

The two series of the characteristics of anaerobic degradation of low glucose concentrations were investigated. In the first series, the pH value in each reactor was not controlled. In the second series, the pH value in each reactor was controlled in the range of 6.9–7.2, by adding sodium bicarbonate into each influent.
The ORP value was depressed by controlling the pH value of each reactor from acid range to approximately neutral range. In the pH uncontrolled series, the pH value in outflow decreased with increasing glucose concentration.
In the pH uncontrolled series, produced total volatile fatty acid was about 70 to 550 mg/l; on the other hand, in pH controlled series, produced total volatile fatty acid was about 50 mg/l to 350 mg/l. The highest concentrations of acids formed were acetic acids, the second highest formed were propionic acids, the last formed were butyric acids.
In the pH uncontrolled series, the maximum reaction rate constant Vm was 0.749 gCOD/gVS · day and the saturation constant Ks = 0.435 g/l. On the other hand, in the pH controlled series, the maximum reaction rate constant Vm was 1.441 gCOD/gVS · day and the saturation constant Ks = 0.739 g/l. Thus by controlling the pH value of the reactor, the activities of the anaerobic bacteria were much enhanced.
Delaqua – A Prototype Expert System for Operational Control and Management of Lake Water Quality
Authors: Recknagel Frieder , Beuschold Erhard , Petersohn Uwe 
Published: May 2018

The expert system DELAQUA (Deep Expert system LAke water QUAlity) combines AI and simulation methods to support decision making in water quality control of lakes and reservoirs. It contains a knowledge base (PROLOG 2), a data base (dBASE III+) and a simulation system (FORTRAN 77) by which the following decision aids can be made available:derivation of recommendations for operational control of undesired impacts on raw water quality by algal blooms or pathogen germsclassification of raw water quality by means of legal standardsdrawing of analogy conclusions by the use of measured and simulated water quality data of reference waterspredictions of raw water quality under changing control strategies and environmental conditions of lakes and reservoirs.
The expert system was implemented on an IBM-PC with MS.DOS operating system.
Application of Air Stripping and Adsorption Processes to Volatile Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Removal and Recovery from Water and Wastewaters
Authors: Schade H. , Sapulak A. 
Published: May 2018

The paper presents the technology of volatile chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons removal and recovery. The study has been conducted at the Kanalstrasse installation in West Berlin. In the paper design, construction and operating problems have been described together with the results obtained during its over a year long performance.
An alternative cost analysis has been worked out for a currently designed installation at the municipal works in Saarbrücken. The two technological systems analysed featured:–stripping with simultaneous air-wash in a close cycle and recovery of hydrocarbons as a concentrated mixture–filtration and adsorption on activated carbon/including carbon regeneration/.
Efficient (Tube) Settling Tanks
Authors: Ignjatović Lazar 
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses design principles and theoretical results for a new type of settling tank. Within the settling zone of the tank, sedimentation takes place in tube, as in a quiescent container of equal (3-5 cm) depth. The inlet, sludge and outlet zone are arranged for a continuous-flow rectangular (or circular) basin. A particle that enters the sludge zone is and stays removed, and the sludge can be removed by gravity or pumped from the sludge zone. Hydraulically, the process can be formulated in terms of horizontal-vertical-flow without short-circuiting.
Tank loadings are 0.5 L/s per m2 to 1.5 L/s per m2 of tank surface area. The detention period of 15-20 minutes offers the same overall removal efficiency as 4-5 hours for classical one. Variations in flow are of little concern, provided that the maximum design flow is not exceeded.
Scum is removed without difficulty from the tank as well as the sludge, and the sludge removal device will also act as a flocculator. This type of settling basin is suitable where sludge volumes are large or where putrefaction of sludge in contact with the flowing water is to be avoided.
Physico-Chemical-Biological Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Authors: El-Gohary F. A. , Abo-Elela S. I. , Shehata S. A. , El-Kamah H. M. 
Published: May 2018

Physico-chemical sewage treatment via coagulation-sedimentation is put in action for suspended solids removal. The effectiveness of this technology concerning the soluble organic content is extremely low. In direct comparison, the use of a biological sand-bed and a high-rate oxidation pond as a tertiary treatment for the chemically treated effluent brought about a substantial increase in efficiency.
Experimental investigations performed led to the conclusions that, for the reuse of wastewater for irrigation, chemical treatment is appropriate. For discharge of treated effluents into surface water, combination of the physico-chemical-biological scheme is recommended.
Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater by Biological Aerated Filter Process
Authors: Adachi S. , Fuchu Y. 
Published: May 2018

The Biological Aerated Filter process (BAF process) is ideal for reclamation and reuse of wastewater. It features excellent removal of organic matter and SS. Moreover, it features easy maintenance and achieves energy-saving and space-conservation.
Results of applying this BAF process for the reclamation and reuse of domestic-type wastewater in an office building, castor oil containing industrial wastewater in an aluminium rolling mill, and industrial wastewater in a paper mill are summarized in the following.
Treatment of office building domestic-type wastewater. Combining the BAF process with sand filtration and ozonation processes, in the office building's water reuse facility, achieved favorable treatment yielding an effluent with a BOD of less than 5 mg/liter and SS of less than 1 mg/liter. In the course of the investigation, however, it was found that certain types of algicides for eliminating water moss in the cooling tower had a negative effect on the BAF process, which lasted for some time but which eventually disappeared.
Treatment of aluminium rollingmill industrial wastewater. Treatment of castor oil containing influent (BOD: 40 mg/liter and n-Hexane extracts: 40 mg/liter) by the BAF process yielded an effluent with a BOD level of 5 mg/liter and a value of 10 mg/liter n-Hexane extracts. Light shielding was effective for preventing the generation of slime.
Treatment of paper mill industrial wastewater. Paper mill industrial wastewater was treated through a combined treatment comprising the coagulation and sedimentation process (Pellet Blanket Separator; PBS), the BAF process, and the activated carbon adsorption process. The resulting effluent had the COD down to 30 mg/liter and the SS to 5 mg/liter. Under normal circumstances, only the coagulation and sedimentation process and the BAF process were sufficient for achieving target treatment values. There was no need to carry out the activated carbon adsorption process.
Wastewater Treatment by Infiltration Basins: Usefulness and Limits – Sewage Plant in Creances (France)
Authors: Carré J. , Dufils J. 
Published: May 2018

The wastewater treatment by infiltration basins used in Créances (France) allows for the protection of the quality of surface waters. The infiltration leads to a total removal of suspended solid and of 80 to 85 % of COD initially present in the effluent. In summer N and P removal corresponds to two-thirds of the concentration of NH4+ and PO43− but in winter no removal is observed for these elements. Whatever the season removal of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci is high and reaches 6 logs. A part of the contamination is transferred by renovated water into the unconfined ground water which lies at a depth of 6 m below the bottom of the basins. The effect of infiltration on the ground water quality includes an increase in overall mineralisation of the water and especially as regards nitrogen, anionic detergent and boron levels.
Otherwise, difficulties of managing the plant result from the fast clogging of the basins because of a low removal of suspended solids in the pretreatment stage and from the climatic conditions which increase the time to dry out the cake.
High Gradient Magnetic Separation Technique for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: van Velsen A. F. M. , van der Vos G. , Boersma R. , de Reuver J. L. 
Published: May 2018

Smit Nymegen Magnetic Water treatment Systems (MWS), a business group of Smit Transformatoren BV, has recently developed a very efficient magnet for wastewater treatment. The magnet is the core element of a complete system to eliminate phosphates, heavy metals and other pollutants from wastewater.
The system is based on the attachment of wastewater pollutants to a magnetic carrier material (magnetite) and a subsequent magnetic separation of the magnetite-pollutant conglomerates. After separation, the magnetite is recovered and re-used in the process. Main advantages of the magnetic separation process are:▸high elimination performance▸low power input for magnet operation▸compact process▸low space requirements▸no clogging because of open matrix structure.
The development of the magnetic system has been focused on the phosphate-removal from effluents of sewage treatment plants. Being a tertiary treatment, magnetic phosphate removal can be applied after any type of sewage treatment and it does not interfere with the biological process. Pilot plant tests at various sewage works showed that magnetic separation reduces the total-phosphate concentration to values as low as 0.1-0.5 mg/l. The system will be demonstrated in two full-scale plants with a capacity of 300 m3/h and 600 m3/h, respectively.
The costs of magnetic phosphate removal (Dfl. 12,- to 18,-) are competitive with those of other phosphate removal techniques. The development of the magnetic phosphate removal system is granted by the Dutch Ministries of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, Economic Affairs and Transport and Public Works.
Phenol Occurrences in Groundwater Resources of Serbia
Authors: Filipovic Budimir , Vujasinovic Slobodan , Matic Ivan 
Published: May 2018

Drastic pollution case studies of entire complexes of alluvial deposits and water contained in them from polluted rivers have been recorded in more than one stream: beginning with the Sitnica to the Ibar, the Zapadna Morava and the Velika Morava to the Danube. A high phenol concentration (about 110 µg/l) in the Zapadna Morava in December 1983 affected the ground water reservoir - the source of Kruševac municipal water supply. Analysed samples indicated that phenol was transported by the Ibar River and its upstream tributary Sitnica from a coal gasification plant of a mine. Phenol concentrations were 364 µg in the Ibar at Kraljevo, 540 µg/l slightly more upstream, and up to 4000 µ.g/l upstream in the Sitnica near the source of pollution.
Phenol concentrations in riparian ground water were even higher than in the rivers in some intervals. Nearly all sources were affected in the riparian zone downstream to the Danube.
Occurrences of this pollutant in the ground water resources and certain experiences are considered in this paper.
Groundwater Pollution Risk and Vulnerability Map of the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Hirata R. C. A. , Bastos C. R. A. , Rocha G. A. , Gomes D. C. , Iritani M. A. 
Published: May 2018

Aiming to provide a global diagnosis of the actual threat of pollution to the most important aquifers of the State of São Paulo, Brasil, due to its intensive industrialization and agriculture, three government institutions -the Instituto Geologico (Geological Institute), the CETESB (Environmental Sanitary Technology Company) and the DAEE (Water and Eleotrical Energy Department) - carried out a regional survey to define the aquifers' vulnerability to pollution and for recording and ranking the potential contaminant sources.
This paper describes the results of this survey, excluding the metropolitan area of the city of São Paulo. More than 500 industries were recorded and ranked according to their low, moderate or high potential contaminant load for impacting groundwater. Thirty - one aquifer units were defined and a 1:500.000 scale vulnerability map was produced.
Critical areas were defined and recommended as being priority sites for the adoption of control measures.
Process Internal Measures to Reduce Pulp Mill Pollution Load
Authors: Gullichsen Johan 
Published: May 2018

There are several options to modify present pulping processes towards reduced environmental impact. The industry is readily adopting those that have reached the status of proven technology. New process variations are being developed.
Process internal measures alone will not be sufficient to reach acceptable, levels. External effluent treatment will always be required. Internal abatement measures should concentrate on reducing pollution potential at the very source but also on improving the conditions for efficient external treatment.
The overall production cost will increase when applying internal pollution abatement options. The marginal addition is however small.
Thermophilic Anaerobic Treatment of Sulfate-Rich Pulp and Paper Integrate Process Water
Authors: Rintala J. , Sanz Martin J. L. , Lettinga G. 
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic treatment of sulfate - rich (COD/SO4 ratio 1.4-2.1) clarified Whitewater from a thermomechanical pulping (TMP) process was studied in three laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors at 55°C and in batch digesters at 55° and 65°C. Different seed materials were used in the UASB reactors.
The highest COD removal efficiency (effluent sulfide stripped) achieved was approximately 65 % in the UASB reactors. About 55 % COD removal efficiency was obtained at a loading rate of about 41 kgCODm−3d−1 in the UASB reactor seeded with thermophilic sludge cultivated with volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The total sulfide present in the liquid phase after anaerobic treatment accounted for approximately 65-78 % and 15-61 % of the removed COD in the batch digesters and the UASB reactors, respectively. Sulfate reduction was almost complete in the batch digesters, whereas about 24-64 % of sulfate was reduced in the UASB reactors. Acetate utilization for sulfate reduction was apparent in the batch digesters, whereas that could not be demonstrated in the UASB reactors. Sulfate reduction in the UASB reactors was obviously substrate limited.
In conclusion, thermophilic anaerobic treatment is an alternative for the treatment of warm sulfate rich TMP process water.
Biological Dehalogenation of Kraft Mill Wastewaters
Authors: Bryant Curtis W. , Barkley William A. 
Published: May 2018

A single-stage aerobic biological treatment system was developed specifically to convert organically bound chlorine to inorganic chloride. In initial laboratory tests, greater than 90% reduction of AOX was achieved in synthetic dichlorophenol, commercial pentachlorophenol, and combined kraft wastewaters, and less than a week was required for startup/acclimation. A six-month field test of the process on a pentachlorophenol wastewater was very successful under highly variable influent conditions. No chlorinated byproducts were detected, and measurements strongly indicated that dehalogenation had occurred.
Recent experiments found Cl/El wastewater to be most easily treatable by the aerobic process, followed by combined lagoon influent, El wastewater, and finally lagoon effluent. However, results have indicated that application of the treatment process to kraft AOX reduction can become feasible only if further process improvements can be defined.
Activated Sludge Treatment of Kraft Mill Effluents from Conventional and Oxygen Bleaching
Authors: Nevalainen J. , Rantala P.-R. , Junna J. , Lammi R. 
Published: May 2018

Conventional and oxygen bleaching effluents from hardwood kraft pulp mills were treated in laboratory-scale activated sludge processes. The main interest was the fate of organochlorine compounds in the activated sludge process.
In the treatment of conventional bleaching wastewaters the BOD7-reduction was 80-91 % and in oxygen bleaching wastewaters 86-93 %. The respective CODCr removals were about 40 % and about 50 %.
The AOX reductions were on average 22 % and 40 % in the treatment of conventional and oxygen bleaching effluents, respectively. The reductions of chlorinated phenols, guajacols and catecols were usually more than 50 % in both reactors. Very little accumulation of AOX into the sludge was observed. The stripping of AOX from aeration unit was insignificant.
Anaerobic Degradation of PCP and Phenol in Fixed-Film Reactors: The Influence of an Additional Substrate
Authors: Hendriksen H. V. , Larsen S. , Ahring B. K. 
Published: May 2018

The anaerobic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and phenol was examined in two lab-scale fixed-film reactors. Anaerobic digested sewage sludge from a municipal treatment plant was used as inoculum. The reactors were fed a mineral medium containing PCP (1-2 mg/l) and phenol (4-6 mg/l). In addition one of the reactors received 1 g/l glucose as an easily degradable carbon source.
After 6 months of continuous operation, the removal of PCP in the reactor with no glucose added was approximately 60%, whereas the removal in the reactor with glucose reached 98%. Tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and trichloro-phenol (TCP) were found as degradation products and the removal of these compounds was also significantly enhanced by the presence of glucose. Phenol degradation was approximately 70% with glucose added and 95% without glucose.
Performance of an Integrated Ponding System Operated in Arid Zones
Authors: Puskas K. , Esen I. I. , Banat I. , Al-Daher R. 
Published: May 2018

This research project was aimed at developing a ponding system for municipal wastewater treatment adapted to arid regions. High-rate algal ponds preceded by facultative ponds create a combined biological system that can provide treated effluent suitable for landscape irrigation or, after being upgraded, for agricultural irrigation; the system can also provide algae for soil conditioning or animal feed. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to study the operation and performance of the system, an intensive experimental program was introduced with in-situ measurements of the daily pond conditions and laboratory analysis of the pond effluents to evaluate the system and determine the design parameters.
The algal-bacterial ponding system performed satisfactorily providing treated effluent with less than 20 mg/l BOD, 130 mg/l COD, 40 mg/l total nitrogen and 25 mg/l NH3N. The average production of algal biomass was 250 kg/ha.d. Proper disinfection was achieved, indicated by average bacterial count of 5 N/ml total coliforms and 1000 N/ml total bacteria. The area's seasonal weather variations, dense wastewater and fluctuating organic and hydraulic load, did not adversely effect the system. The pilot operation proved the advantages and efficiency of the algal-bacterial pond system in arid regions.
Wastewater Treatment by a Submerged Contact Media Process Using Net Plates
Authors: Nambu T. , Kawarura K. , Kaneko M. 
Published: May 2018

Wastewater treatment by using a series of bioreactors with submerged net plates, on which microbial growths could be developed, was studied to evaluate its treatment performance and to find suitable operational conditions for sufficient BOD and nitrogen removal. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out by using a bench-scale plant which treated artificial wastewater and a pilot-scale plant which treated municipal wastewater.
This process treated well the wastewater with higher pollutant loads in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process. The wastewater containing 200 mg BOD/l was reduced to 20 mg BOD/l at the high BOD loading of 1,94 kg/m3 day and the retention time less than 5 hours. Nitrogen removal could be explained well by an index defined as the product of the water temperature and the retention time. When the ratio, in flow rate, of recycled water to influent was 4 and the index was more than 400, nitrogen removal more than 80 % was obtained.
Pilot Plant Studies on the Anaerobic Treatment of Different Wastewaters from a Fish-Canning Factory
Authors: Méndez R. , Omil F. , Soto M. , Lema J. M. 
Published: May 2018

Most of the fish-canning factories are characterized by the variety of products to be processed and therefore by the production of effluents with different characteristics. When sea products are manufactured, generated wastewaters are very saline (10-20 gCl−/l) and have a high content of organic matter (10-50 g COD/l).
Based on previous studies of the characteristics of different streams generated at a representative factory, which cans tuna, mussel, octopus, sardine and also produces fish meal, and once lab-scale studies showed the viability of the anaerobic treatment, a pilot plant was built in the factory. It consists of a predigester of 7 m3, a suspended sludge digester of 15 m3 and a clarifier of 3 m3.
The main results can be summarized in these points: a) It is possible to obtain efficient anaerobic treatment of wastewaters with a concentration of chloride of 15 g/l. b) These wastewaters do not need the addition of nutrients, c) It is possible to treat individually or jointly all the streams generated in the factory. d) The particular results obtained with tuna- and mussel-canning effluents show that it is possible to reach 75-80% of COD removal when organic loading rates of 4 kg COD/m3.d were applied.