bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GRANULOMATOUS LESIONS IN THE BONE MARROW IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: HOVDE RUTH F. , SUNDBERG R. DOROTHY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The findings in the blood and in aspirated bone marrow in 23 cases of infectious mononucleosis have been described.
2. Unequivocal evidence of involvement of the bone marrow has been found in 70 per cent of the cases.
3. Evidence of granulomatous inflammation of the marrow was found in 48 per cent of the cases.
4. Epithelioid cells were found in the films of bone marrow in 48 per cent of the cases. These cells appear morphologically identical with those seen in imprints of lymph nodes from infectious mononucleosis and sarcoidosis and with the epithelioid cells seen in films of the marrow in brucellosis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.
5. The granulomatous lesions of infectious mononucleosis seem most similar to those of brucellosis, but they also resemble the small granulomatous lesions of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.
6. Lymphocytosis of the marrow as well as of the blood was demonstrated in all cases. Evidence of formation of lymphocytes in the marrow was presented, and the altered lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis were found in films of the marrow. The degree of lymphocytosis of the marrow in infectious mononucleosis was shown to be less than that in lymphatic leukemia. Lymphocytosis of the marrow was not found in brucellosis, sarcoidosis or tuberculosis. The lymphocytic reaction demonstrable in the marrow in infectious mononucleosis is believed to be of value in differential diagnosis.
HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS AMONG SEVEN TO FOURTEEN YEAR OLD CHILDREN IN SASKATOON, CANADA
Authors: HAWKINS W. W. , KLINE DOROTHY K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In May and June of 1948 a survey of hemoglobin values was carried out on 842 girls and 827 boys, ages 7 tO 14 inclusive, in Saskatoon public schools, who represented about a third of this population group in the city.
Values for girls ranged from 10.0 to 16.3 Gm. per 100 ml. of blood, with an average of 13.5. The corresponding values for boys were 11.2. tO 16.7, and 13.7. The average for the whole group was 13.6, which is among the highest even reported for children of these ages. The average values for children in the different age groups were slightly higher than those reported for comparable groups in other parts of Canada.
Values for boys and girls of the same age were similar. There was an increase from near 13 in the 7 year old group to near 14 in the 14 year old group. The similarity in hemoglobin values for both boys and girls of these ages, and the small increase from 7 tO 14 years of age, are in agreement with observations of other workers.
Eleven per cent of the children had been subject to more than the usual degree of illness. No significant differences appear when the above figures are corrected by removing this group.
PROTHROMBIN, THROMBOPLASTIN, Ac-GLOBULIN AND PLATELET ACCELERATOR: QUANTITATIVE INTERRELATIONSHIPS
Authors: MCCLAUGHRY ROBERT I. , SEEGERS WALTER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Activators of purified prothrombin may be divided into two groups: those which have thromboplastin activity, and those which have accelerator or thromboplastin co-factor activity. The two kinds of activators work together to convert prothrombin rapidly. Alone they are not very effective.
Experimentally, either thromboplastin or accelerator activity can be made the limiting factor in thrombin formation. Then, by increasing the concentration of the essential activator, the rate of prothrombin conversion is increased. The thrombin yield is at first increased, but later it is independent of activator concentration. This basic relationship describing rate and quantity of thrombin yield applies to thromboplastin, plasma Ac-globulin, serum Ac-globulin and very probably to platelet accelerator.
When both activators are present in limited quantity the rate of prothrombin conversion can be increased by adding either thromboplastin or accelerator. Under those conditions they are quantitatively interchangeable.
EXPERIMENTAL NONTHROMBOCYTOPENIC VASCULAR PURPURA: A REVIEW OF THE JAPANESE LITERATURE, WITH PRELIMINARY CONFIRMATORY REPORT
Authors: CLARK WILLIAM G. , JACOBS EDITH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Antisera were produced against guinea pig and mouse blood platelets, guinea pig and mouse spleen, mouse bone marrow, spleen, marrow plus spleen ("antireticulocytotoxic" serum), aqueous fraction of guinea pig adipose tissue rich in nonmuscular blood vessels, guinea pig choroid plexi rich in capillaries, whole guinea pig blood vessels, guinea pig smooth muscle, whole guinea pig blood vessel antiserum absorbed with guinea pig smooth muscle, and dog vascular endothelium.
In all cases except the last named there were positive agglutinin and/or complement fixation titers, which were slightly enhanced anamnestically by whole adrenal cortical extract, but not by "Lipoadrenal" extract presumably high in "carbohydrate" factor.
In no case was there a nonthrombocytopenic vascular purpura produced in vivo except by the anti-vascular endothelium serum.
These preliminary observations are considered to confirm and extend observations made in previous reports in Japanese language periodicals, which are reviewed.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ERYTHROPOIETIC STIMULATION IN PARABIOTIC RATS DURING HYPOXIA
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chronic hypoxemia was induced in one partner of a pair of parabiotic rats by exposure to defined gas mixtures with low oxygen content. The other partner of the pair was kept in normal atmosphere throughout the experiment and showed normal values of the oxygen saturation of the blood. The erythropoiesis, estimated by the percentage of nucleated red cells in the bone marrow, showed a statistically significant stimulation in both animals. It is, therefore, concluded that under these experimental conditions, the stimulus is not the partial pressure of oxygen in the bone marrow directly but a humoral factor elicited by the hypoxemia in the one partner and transferred to the other one.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE HEMATOLOGIC VARIATIONS AND ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH BOECK’S SARCOID; REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: BRUSCHI MARCO , HOWE JOHN S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The hematologic aspects of Boeck’s sarcoid are reviewed. Anemia is uncommon. The leukocyte count and differential picture are variable; they may be normal, or leukopenia may exist; leukocytosis is less commonly found. Eosinophilia may be present, and the monocytes may be increased. Abnormalities such as secondary polycythemia and leukemoid reaction are rare but may be causally related. Major disturbances include hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura. The causal relationships between Boeck’s sarcoid and hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura, although suggestive, have not been definitely established.
A case of sarcoidosis with splenomegaly and thrombocytopenic purpura with recovery of the thrombocytopenia following splenectomy is reported and discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIAS IN THE RAT
Authors: KODICEK E. , CARPENTER K. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Different sulfonamides were tested to ascertain their effect in producing the characteristic symptoms of acute PGA deficiency in rats fed on synthetic diets. Sulfasuxidine (1 per cent) and the less soluble phthalylsulfathiazole (1 per cent) were equally effective. Sulfathiazole in 1 per cent concentration produced a hemolytic anemia not reversible by PGA or whole liver powder. In a 0.5 per cent concentration it was also effective, but in view of its toxicity, the less soluble sulfonamides were to be preferred. A mixture of 0.5 per cent sulfathiazole and 0.5 per cent sulfadiazine was extremely toxic and produced a hemolytic anemia. Sulfaguanidine was toxic at 1 per cent concentration.
2. When intermittent small doses of PGA were given to PGA-deficient rats to prolong their life from 45 up to 155 days, 1 per cent sulfasuxidine or phthalylsulfathiazole, or 0.5 per cent sulfathiazole were equally efficient in producing regularly a macrocytic normochromic anemia.
3. The response of PGA-deficient rats to single doses of PGA has been studied and an assay procedure has been suggested which uses the weight increase and duration of cure as the measure of the response. The W.B.C. and reticulocyte response can also be used as a qualitative indication of PGA activity.
4. Of the substances tested by this procedure, vitamin B12, purified pernicious anemia preparations, ascorbic acid and xanthopterin showed no PGA activity. A commercial yeast preparation and Teropterin were found to possess biologic activity comparable with that found by other workers in assays on chicks.
THE STERNAL MARROW ASPIRATION OF AMYLOID IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Authors: TRUBOWITZ SIDNEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of multiple myeloma is presented in which the diagnosis of amyloidosis was established by means of the sternal marrow aspiration.
2. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes probably play a role in the removal of amyloid deposits.
RETICULOCYTE RIPENING IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA AND HYPOPROTEINEMIA
Authors: NIZET A. , ROBSCHEIT-ROBBINS F. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ripening time of reticulocytes has been measured in dogs with an experimental hemorrhagic anemia and in "doubly depleted" dogs (anemia plus hypoproteinemia).
In dogs submitted to hemorrhagic anemia alone, receiving a basal protein containing diet low in iron, the ripening time is the same as in nonanemic dogs, regardless of the potency for hemoglobin synthesis of any supplementary diet.
In anemic and hypoproteinemic dogs, i.e., "doubly depleted" dogs, a close relationship exists between the rate of hemoglobin regeneration and the ripening time of reticulocytes. Feeding a basal nonprotein diet results in a block of the ripening effect; however, if a potent diet for hemoglobin regeneration is given, the ripening time becomes normal.
Measurement of the ripening time in a "doubly depleted" dog provides a gross evaluation of the potency of a diet, as it concerns hemoglobin synthesis.
The block of reticulocyte ripening in doubly depleted dogs may be lifted by addition of amino acids to the blood in vitro. Only the ten amino acids essential for growth and glycine are necessary. It appears therefore that the block in double depletion is caused essentially by the depletion of some protein factor or factors.
The significance of these experimental results is discussed, relative to the problem of in vivo and in vitro synthesis of hemoglobin.
REFRACTORINESS IN HEMOPHILIA TO COAGULATION-PROMOTING AGENTS: WHOLE BLOOD AND PLASMA DERIVATIVES
Authors: FROMMEYER WALTER B. , EPSTEIN ROBERT D. , TAYLOR F. H. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Frommeyer, Epstein and Taylor: Refractoriness in hemophilia to coagulation-promoting agents: Whole blood and plasma derivatives. Blood 5: 401-420 (May), 1950. The authors wish to note that the following changes should have appeared in the article:
Page 402, first line: "Lawrence and Johnson, 1941,8 reported" (instead of "Lawrence and Johnston, in 1946,8 reported").
Page 402, second sentence of same paragraph: "In this instance the patient had received whole blood and plasma in therapeutic management prior to the appearance of resistance to therapy." (instead of ". . . had received chemically prepared plasma fractions in the form of Fraction I of Cohn in addition to whole blood and plasma in therapeutic management prior to . . . ").
Page 420, reference 8. To this reference should be added: "(Presented before the American Clinical and Climatological Society, October 1941.)".
Immunochemical characterization of a polyclonal human antibody to factor IX
Authors: Reisner HM , Roberts HR , Krumholz S , Yount WJ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Inhibitors of clotting factors occuring in humans are often antibody molecules synthesized in response to exogeneous proteins used in replacement therapy. Extensive studies of inhibitors to factor VIII indicate such antibodies may be monoclonal or polyclonal in nature. To date, only one factor IX inhibitor has been subjected to detailed immunochemical analysis and it appears to be a monoclonal IgGA lambda antibody. We have discovered a second inhibitor of factor IX in a patient with severe hemophilia B and have subjected it to immunochemical analysis. Studies on this second inhibitor have been carried out before and after an anamnestic response. Column chromatography, preparative zone electrophoresis, and specific inhibitor neutralization assays using monospecific heterologous antisera to human immunoglobulin classes, subclasses, and light-chain types indicate that the antibody is of the IgG class and contains both kappa and lambda light chains and probably all four IgG subclasses. Thus, the inhibitor appears to be polyclonal by immunochemical and structural criteria. In addition, preparative isoelectric focusing of pre- and postanamnestic inhibitor samples indicates that recruitment of new clones of IgG antibody occurs as a result of anamnesis. It is conceivable that an antibody initially restricted in immunoglobulin subclass became polyclonal following an anamnestic response.
Erythrocyte cellular and membrane deformability in hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Nakashima K , Beutler E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to determine whether the relative rigidity of the hereditary spherocytosis (HS) red cell is due to membrane rididity or merely to an altered surface/volume ratio, we investigated the deformability of resealed red cell membranes from patients with HS. Whereas the osmotic fragility of intact red cells of HS patients showed the expected increase, the osmotic fragility of resealed HS membranes was normal, thus indicating that their surface/volume ratio was normal. Measurements with an ektacytometer showed that deformability of intact HS cells was markedly diminished, whereas deformability of resealed HS membranes was normal. These findings indicate that the HS red cell membrane is not intrinsically abnormally rigid, as has been suggested, but that the lack of deformability of the erythrocyte is primarily a function of the altered surface/volume ratio.
The Normal Megakaryocyte Concentration in Aspirated Human Bone Marrow
Authors: EBAUGH FRANKLIN G. , BIRD ROBERT M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A practical chamber method has been devised for enumerating the megakaryocyte concentration of aspirated bone marrow.
2. Marrow aspirations from 23 healthy young adults had a mean megakaryocyte concentration of 4.0 ± 1.1 per 10,000 total nucleated cells or 6.1 ± 1.6 per 10,000 granulocytes.
3. Of the three principal cell types in marrow, i.e. granulocytes, erythrocytes and lymphocytes, the megakaryocyte content seemed to parallel most closely the granulocytes.
Effect of Transfusion Polycythemia upon Bone Marrow Activity and Erythrocyte Survival in Man
Authors: BIRKHILL FREDERICK ROSS , MALONEY MARY A. , LEVENSON STANLEY M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The effect of transfusion polycythemia upon bone marrow activity and erythrocyte survival has been studied in 4 normal young adult males.
2. Plasma volumes did not change significantly throughout the period of study.
3. Total red cell masses increased to the "expected" levels, i.e., to the total of the subjects’ cells plus the transfused cells immediately after the transfusions. Thereafter these fell progressively, reaching the control levels in about forty days.
4. Survival of the infused cells was normal.
5. The subjects’ own red cell masses fell progressively at first. This was due to decreased erythropoiesis rather than to increased destruction. This is indicated by (a) no consistent significant elevation in hemolytic indexes; (b) change of the myeloid-erythroid ratio from normal values of 4 to 7:1 to about 20:1 two weeks post-infusion; (c) consistent decrease in circulating reticulocytes.
6. The depression of erythropoiesis was directly related to the quantity of red cells infused; almost complete cessation of red cell synthesis followed an increase of the red cell mass by forty per cent.
7. The depression of erythropoiesis was only temporary. As soon as the total circulating red cell mass returned to the pre-injection level, erythropoiesis proceeded at a normal rate.
8. No consistent changes in the circulating white blood cells, totals and differentials were noted.
9. Mild abnormalities in some liver functions were observed. Whether these should be attributed to the effects of the transfusions directly, or to the mild febrile responses experienced by the subjects shortly after the infusions cannot be stated with certainty at present.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: YOUNG LAWRENCE E. , IZZO MARY JANE , PLATZER RICHARD F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Clinical, hematologic and genetic data on 28 cases of hereditary spherocytosis are presented for the purpose of characterizing this disorder as completely as possible. On the basis of this experience it is recommended that the following typical laboratory findings be sought in establishing a diagnosis in suspected cases: (1) Presence of spherocytes or abnormally thick red cells in peripheral blood; (2) greater than normal osmotic fragility of the red cells; in cases in which the fragility of fresh cells is not significantly increased, determinations should be made after sterile incubation of the blood at body temperature for 24 hours; (3) greater than normal mechanical fragility of freshly drawn red cells; (4) negative antiglobulin (Coombs) test; (5) greater than normal lysis of the red cells during sterile incubation at body temperature for 48 hours; and (6) presence of similar abnormalities in relatives.
Abnormality of the erythrocyte persisted in all of the 11 patients in this series followed one or more years after splenectomy. An unusual case of chronic hemolytic anemia is described but not included in the numbered series because (1) both parents were hematologically normal and (2) spherocytosis and abnormally great osmotic and mechanical fragility and autohemolysis could not be demonstrated after the fifth postoperative month. Classification of this case is deferred pending further experience.
Demonstration in a parent, sibling or offspring of red cells showing the afore-mentioned abnormalities is necessary for an unequivocal diagnosis, but this requirement cannot always be met because relatives may not be available for examination. Moreover, when parents and/or several siblings are examined without positive findings, low gene expressivity, gene mutation and illegitimacy may be considered as explanations. Evidence is cited to suggest the possibility of a low degree of penetrance or expression in some cases and to illustrate the need for still more sensitive laboratory tests that might aid in diagnosis of the mildest forms of this disease. The lower incidence of spherocytosis in siblings of propositi than in offspring of propositi is cited as evidence bearing on the theory of gene mutation in some propositi.
A simplified "qualitative" test of osmotic fragility of incubated red cells is described.
Influence of Age and Sex upon Frequency and Cytologic Types of Human Leukemias Evidence of a Myeloid: Lymphoid Antagonism
Authors: DAUSSET JEAN , SCHWARZMAN VLADIMIR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A series of 212 cases of acute leukemia classified according sex and age is presented. Fifty-eight out of 212 were diagnosed by means of phase contrast microscopy.
2. In addition to this personal series, other series collected from the literature tile reviewed. These include both acute and chronic leukemia.
3. The thorough analysis of maximal frequency of the disease according to age, shows that there is, in the course of life, an inverse relation between lymphoid and myeloid leukemias as to the period of life in which they appear. This relation favors the view that a particular ratio of equilibrium must exist between the two systems: lymphoid and myeloid.
4. It is suggested that such an equilibrium might depend upon endocrine factors.
The Effects of Combined Folic Acid and Liver Extract Therapy
Authors: CHODOS ROBERT B. , ROSS JOSEPH F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Folic acid, when administered alone, did not prevent the development or progression of subacute combined degeneration in 12 of 22 patients receiving this agent for from twelve to twenty-five months.
2. One patient with total gastrectomy and a macrocytic anemia developed subacute combined degeneration after five months of folic acid therapy.
3. Neurologic disease did not develop in 6 pernicious anemia patients treated with folic acid and liver extract for three and one-half to thirty-nine months.
4. In 10 pernicious anemia patients with good nutrition, neurologic relapses did not progress when liver extract or vitamin B12 therapy was instituted, even though folic acid therapy was continued. In 2 patients with abnormal nutrition and complicating organic abnormalities, nervous system disease progressed after institution of liver extract therapy.
5. Our observations are best explained by the theory that the hematologic and neurologic manifestations of pernicious anemia and other macrocytic anemias associated with gastro-intestinal tract pathology and inadequate nutrition are due to a deficiency of more than one substance. The administration of folic acid may improve the hematologic status but induce a deficiency of another substance or substances, e.g., vitamin B12, which are essential for the maintenance of a normal blood picture and the integrity of the central nervous system. This deficiency will eventually result in the development of a suboptimal blood picture or subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, or both.
6. The hematologic status of patients with pernicious anemia is not maintained in a more satisfactory state by supplementation of liver extract or vitamin B12 therapy with folic acid.
7. Folic acid therapy did not produce neurologic disease in patients with iron deficiency anemia who had free gastric hydrochloric acid in their gastric secretions and presumably sufficient intrinsic factor. It did not influence response to ferrous sulfate therapy.
8. Patients with sprue, nutritional macrocytic anemia and other macrocytic anemias associated with gastro-intestinal tract pathology who are treated with folic acid should also be given supplemental liver extract or vitamin B12 to insure against the development of nervous system disease.
On the Nature of Castle’s Hemopoietic Factor
Authors: CALLENDER SHEILA T. , LAJTHA L. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Normal gastric juice (intrinsic factor) and vitamin B12 together form a thermolabile hemopoietic factor which ripens megaloblasts in vitro, both gastric juice and B12 alone being inactive.
2. The hemopoietic factor in normal serum which ripens megaloblasts in vitro also appears to be thermolabile, heating to 56 C. for 2 hours destroying some of its activity.
3. The relationship of these factors is discussed and an extra-gastric as well as a gastric source of intrinsic factor is postulated.