bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IRP: a case study from Kansas
Authors: Warren David R. , Blain Gerald T. , Shorney Frank L. , Klein L. Jeffrey 
Published: February 2018

Recharging a depleted aquifer is an integral part of the resource plan in Wichita, Kan.Because current supplies will not adequately meet its needs beyond 2010, the city of Wichita, Kan., applied the integrated resource planning (IRP) process to develop a long‐term water resource plan. The plan is environmentally, socially, and economically acceptable to the community and holistically uses the city's local water resources on an “as‐available” basis. Key elements of the plan in addition to water conservation and watershed management are use of trichloroethylene‐remediated and high‐chloride groundwater, above‐base (excess) flow from the Little Arkansas River, expansion of a local wellfield, and recharge of a primary existing water source called the Equus Beds Wellfield. Overpumping by irrigators, industries, and municipalities during the last 40 years caused a drawdown storage volume in the Equus Bed Wellfield, which can hold 100 bil gal of water. Recharging the aquifer replenishes groundwater storage and minimizes flow of chloride‐contaminated water into the wellfield.
Destruction of DBP precursors with catalytic oxidation
Authors: Hand David W. , Perram David L. , Crittenden John C. 
Published: February 2018

Although laboratory experiments demonstrated that photoassisted heterogeneous catalytic oxidation destroys DBP precursors, pilot testing will be required before the process can be deemed economically feasible for full‐scale use.Catalyst screening experiments evaluated 15 titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders, including five commercially available samples and 10 experimental catalysts developed in the laboratory. Photoassisted heterogeneous catalytic oxidation (PHCO) experiments performed on two alum‐coagulated surface waters showed that increasing the contact time and incident light intensity destroyed more nonpurgeable organic carbon and decreased the disinfection by‐product formation potential. Economic analysis showed that PHCO using artificial light to activate the catalyst created high operations and maintenance costs and that using sunlight created high capital costs.
Computer‐generated optimal pumping schedule
Authors: Sadowski Elaine , Nitivattananon Vilas , Quimpo Rafeal G. 
Published: February 2018

If the demand forecast is accurate, a computerized pumping schedule can save a utility money by responding quickly to shifts in demand.In Pittsburgh, Pa., electricity costs are governed by a complicated tariff. A study of the city's water distribution system was carried out to determine whether pumping costs could be reduced through computer scheduling of pump operation. Analysis focused on a subsystem that includes six pumping stations and six reservoirs. Quadratic relationships between pumping rate and energy cost were used to determine the sequence and duration of pump operation. The software generates an hourly pumping schedule at each station. The program was run on the subsystem using historical demand and actual 1989 electricity bills. The comparison indicated the optimal solution could have saved 15 percent in energy costs. The computerized optimization package is being tested at one pumping station.
Protozoan monitoring: from the ICR to the ESWTR
Authors: Crockett Christopher S. , Haas Charles N. 
Published: February 2018

Eliminating bias while balancing sensitivity and cost are important issues for ICR monitoring of Giardia and Cryptosporidium.The proposed Information Collection Rule may require utilities to monitor source and finished waters for Giardia and Cryptosporidium and to use the data for compliance with treatment requirements imposed by the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. Variations in sample collection and analytical methods, water quality, weather conditions, and proposed averaging methods could result in widely varying detection limits; in certain cases detection limits could easily be inaccurately pushed beyond 100 organisms/100 L. The optimal balance between sample cost and laboratory analysis is achieved by examination of 1–3 membrane filters, depending on source water turbidity. Improved monitoring results and detection limits may prevent decisions to institute unnecessary and possibly expensive treatment.
Cryptosporidiosis and public health: workshop report
Authors: Juranek Dennis D. , Addiss David G. , Barlett Mary E. , Arrowood Michael J. , Colley Daniel G. , Kaplan Jonathan E. , Perciasepe Robert , Elder James R. , Regli Stig E. , Berger Paul S. 
Published: February 2018

This workshop began an important collaborative effort to assess the threat of waterborne cryptosporidiosis to public health.Representatives from 40 states and from regulatory and public health agencies, water utilities, and advocacy groups met last year to discuss prevention and control of waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Workgroups addressed surveillance systems and epidemiologic study designs, public health responses when oocysts are detected in drinking water, cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals, and water sampling methods and interpretation of results. The groups defined problems associated with these issues and developed strategies that could be used initially to manage these problems. An outgrowth of the workshop has been the formation of the Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis, which holds regular teleconferences. In addition, several task forces are working to address strategies proposed in this report.
The D/DBP Rule: where did the numbers come from?
Authors: Roberson J. Alan , III John E. Cromwell , Krasner Stuart W. , McGuire Michael J. , Owen Douglas M. , Regli Stig , Summers R. Scott 
Published: February 2018

Number crunchers helped D/DBP reg‐neg participants balance chronic chemical risks and acute microbial risks.Because of the difficulties in balancing chemical and microbial risks in drinking water, a negotiated rule‐making process was used to develop the proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule, the proposed Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the proposed Information Collection Rule. During the process, negotiators were aided by the Technologies Working Group, which quantified the costs and benefits of various treatment alternatives. This article summarizes the technical analyses of D/DBP exposure reductions and the national compliance costs that were developed to support the negotiated rule‐making process.
Package plants for small systems: a field study
Authors: Campbell Susan , Jr. Benjamin W. Lykins , Goodrich James A. , Post Dallas , Lay Trudie 
Published: February 2018

Most package plants surveyed for this article were in compliance, but recordkeeping was inadequate and standardized levels of operator certification were lacking.A joint field study was conducted by AWWA and the Drinking Water Research Division of the US Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate existing small community systems that use package plant technology. Forty‐eight package plant systems representing a geographic and technological cross section were evaluated through an examination of historical water quality, financial records, site visits, and analysis of samples of raw and finished water. Most systems were performing adequately; however, a few were not in compliance with standards for turbidity or inorganic contaminants. Standardized levels of operator certification, knowledge and use of technical assistance, and good management practices were lacking in many systems. In addition, several systems would have difficulty complying with parts of the Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule or the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule.
Biofiltration performance: part 2, effect of backwashing
Authors: Miltner Richard J. , Summers R. Scott , Wang Jack Z. 
Published: February 2018

Backwashing a biological dual‐media filter with chlorinated water results in lower accumulations of biomass at the top of the filter and lower steady‐state removal of TOC, DBP precursors, and ozone DBPs.In a biological dual‐media (anthracite–sand) filter, backwashing with nonchlorinated water did not affect the biomass attached to the media at the top of the filter or the control of total organic carbon, disinfection by‐product (DBP) precursors, or ozone DBPs. Backwashing a similar filter with chlorinated water, however, resulted in lower concentrations of biomass attached to the media at the top of the filter and lower steady‐state removal of the same parameters. A loss of some of the attached biomass at the top of the filter occurred immediately after backwashing with chlorinated water, but later in the filter cycle the biomass recovered to its prebackwashing concentration. Concurrent with this loss of biomass was an increase in the concentrations of ozone DBPs in the filter effluent; these also recovered to prebackwashing concentrations later in the filter cycle.
Removing Cryptosporidium using multimedia filters
Authors: Ongerth Jerry E. , Pecoraro Julie Proctor 
Published: February 2018

Direct granular‐media filtration appears to provide a degree of control for Cryptosporidium oocysts, i.e., up to about 3 logs, during periods of optimal coagulation.A pilot‐scale water filtration plant was used to measure removal efficiencies of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts simultaneously. The 1‐gpm pilot plant using multimedia filters was operated in the direct filtration mode at 5 gpm/sq ft. Raw water was well conditioned by pH adjustment and alum coagulation. Carefully prepared and counted Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were seeded into the raw water continuously during test filter runs. Plant performance was characterized by analysis of samples collected before and after filtration. After a ripening period, removals observed in the optimal runs for Cryptosporidium averaged from 2.7 to 3.1 logs, and removals for Giardia averaged from 3.1 to 3.5 logs.
Evaluating fluorspar for fluoridation
Authors: Peng Ching‐Gang , Qi Jian , Rubin Alan J. 
Published: February 2018

Data from this study indicate that fluoridation with natural fluorspar could be practical if the raw water is of an appropriate quality.There has been concern about the availability of commercial fluoride chemicals for publicly fluoridated water, coupled with potential problems of overdosing. Fluorspar, a mineral form of CaF2, may provide a more publicly acceptable approach with many advantages over other widely used fluoridation chemicals. This article describes work aimed at gaining insight into the dissolution equilibrium behavior of fluorspar under various conditions for its use in water fluoridation. By treating fluorspar as a blend of CaF2 and CaCO3, the dissolution equilibria were accurately predicted by a theoretical model that accounted for the effects of temperature, background calcium ion concentration, and initial pH. Experimental results and calculations both showed that the ultimate fluoride concentration was approximately 6.0 mg/L at room temperature. Effects of temperature and background calcium ion concentration were much more significant than initial pH. Fluoridation with natural fluorspar could be a practical process with influents of the appropriate quality.
Technical Note: Chlorination effectiveness for zebra and quagga mussels
Authors: Brady Thomas J. , Van Benschoten John E. , Jensen James N. 
Published: February 2018

This research demostrated that the quagga mussel is more susceptible to chlorination than the zebra mussel.A comparison of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) mortality from chlorine exposure is presented. The quagga mussel is a newly identified mollusk within the Great Lakes that is similar in appearance to the zebra mussel. During a full‐scale chlorination treatment, tests conducted in sidestream monitors showed significantly higher mortality for the quagga mussel. Times to 100 percent mortality for quagga and zebra mussels were 23 days and 37 days, respectively. The data suggest that chlorination programs designed to control zebra mussels should also be effective for controlling populations of quagga mussels.
Fractal dimensions of aggregates from shear devices
Authors: Jiang Qing , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: February 2018

If more accurate estimates of coagulation kinetics are to be derived, future derivation of coagulation kernels must rely on incoporation of fractal dimensions into collision kernels.Average fractal dimensions of aggregates of fluorescent microspheres were measured as a function of mean shear rate and ionic strength using a new technique that relies on simultaneous measurement of size spectra in terms of aggregate length and solid volume. To demonstrate that changes in ionic strength produced changes in particle stickiness, the authors determined that collision efficiencies of a monodisperse suspension varied between 0.0016 and 0.37 when NaCl concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 0.8 M. Average fractal dimensions of D1 = 1.11, D2 = 1.85, and D3 = 1.81, measured for aggregates produced under turbulent shear conditions using paddle mixers, were not a function of NaCl concentration.
What Do Customers Want?
Authors: Stanford Melissa J. 
Published: February 2018

What perspectives do customers have on drinking water issues? How are they willing to participate in water utility decisions?This discussion about what consumers really want was held June 18, 1995, in Anaheim, Calif. Moderator was Melissa J. Stanford, public policy and management consultant, 1569 Broad‐view Terrace, Columbus, OH 43212, formerly special projects coordinator for the Ohio Consumers' Counsel. Participants included Allen M.A. Buckingham, member of the board of directors of the American Association of Retired Persons, 6605 S. Sherman, Littleton, CO 80121; Tony Dearness, Consumers' Association of Canada, 267 O'Connor St., Suite 307, Ottawa, ON K2P 1V3; Robert E. Hurd, principal, Robert Hurd & Associates, 107 S. West St., Suite 102, Alexandria, VA 22314, formerly of Apogee Research Inc. in Bethesda, Md.; Bonnie N. Lam, Housing Services, City of Santa Ana, 500 W. Santa Ana Blvd., Suite 400, Santa Ana, CA 92701; and Jan Schrieber, marketing and communications manager for NuReality, 2907 Daimler St., Santa Ana, CA 92705.
Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994
Authors: Kramer Micheal H. , Herwaldt Barbara L. , Craun Gunther F. , Calderson Rebecca L. , Juranek Dennis D. 
Published: February 2018

For 24 years, a national surveillance system has helped to identify deficiencies in water systems and to evaluate the adequacy of current technologies for providing safe water for drinking and recreational activities.For 1993–94, 17 states and one territory reported 30 disease outbreaks associated with drinking water, affecting an estimated 405,366 people. Ten of the 25 outbreaks for which the etiologic agent was identified were caused by Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium parvum, eight were caused by chemical poisoning, three by Campylobacter jejuni, two by Shigella spp., and one each by non‐O1 Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella serotype Typhimurium. Twenty (66.7 percent) of the 30 outbreaks were associated with well water. In addition, nine states reported 14 outbreaks of gastroenteritis associated with recreational water, which affected an estimated 1,437 people. Ten of these outbreaks were caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium, three by Shigella spp., and one by Escherichia coli 0157:H7.
Determining quantitation levels for regulatory purposes
Authors: Sanders Paul F. , Lippincott R. Lee , Eaton Andrew 
Published: February 2018

A quantitation level is proposed that should be quantifiable by a majority of laboratories.The authors describe an approach for calculating quantitation levels (QLs) that does not require changes in current laboratory practices. The reliable detection level (RDL), when defined as twice the concentration of the method detection limit (MDL), provides adequate protection against both false‐positive and false‐negative detection decisions. When analyte concentrations are at the RDL, the corresponding precision in the instrument response is adequate for analytical purposes. Therefore, the RDL (as determined by a single laboratory) is a reasonable lower limit of quantitation for that laboratory. To determine an interlaboratory QL suitable for regulatory purposes, median interlaboratory MDLs were multiplied by a variable factor (usually 4–7, determined from actual laboratory performance data). More than 80 percent of the laboratories surveyed had RDLs less than or equal to the calculated QL, indicating that adequate quantitation was attainable at this level and that the QL should be suitable for regulatory purposes.
Membrane bioreactor: a new treatment tool
Authors: Urbain Vincent , Benoit Raymond , Manem Jacques 
Published: February 2018

Preliminary results from a full‐scale plant in Douchy, France, show successful use of membrane bioreactor technology for denitrification and pesticides removal.A new process that combines membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology and powdered activated carbon (PAC) has been developed at industrial scale. This process denitrifies, removes natural organic matter (NOM) and pesticides, and disinfects. Denitrification is carried out by heterotrophic bacteria using ethanol as a carbon source. PAC added to the bioreactor adsorbs pesticides and a fraction of NOM. The membrane keeps the solids and high‐molecular‐weight compounds in the bioreactor by separating them from the treated water. Ultrafiltration removes protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, thus achieving disinfection. Chlorine is added to the ultrafiltered water to maintain quality in the distribution system.
Biological stability of groundwater
Authors: Noble Peter A. , Clark Debbi L. , Olson Betty H. 
Published: February 2018

A conventional treatment train with sand‐anthracite columns provided better biological stability to finished water than a conventional train with GAC or membrane filtration.Conventional (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, and filtration) or membrane filtration treatment trains were used to remove organic compounds from groundwater. For the conventional train with sand–anthracite columns, the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) of the groundwater was reduced from 349 ± 127 μg/L C to 54 ± 51 μg/L C. For the membrane filtration train, there was no statistical difference between the AOC of the raw water influent (388 ± 126 μg C) and that of the membrane permeate (334 ± 156 μg/L C), suggesting that this treatment produced biologically unstable water. Similar results were obtained using the heterotrophic growth response (HGR) method. Comparison of the biostability methods showed that HGR was positively correlated with AOC (r = 0.52; P < 0.0001; n = 156), indicating that AOC only partially explains the ability of heterotrophic bacteria to grow in water samples.
Incremental and average cost methods in rate design
Authors: Mann Patrick C. , Beecher Janice A. 
Published: February 2018

Integrating average cost and incremental cost methods in water rate design is not without problems but does offer advantages over a single‐method approach.Debate continues over the practicality of integrating incremental and average costs in water rate design. State regulatory commissions and local agencies having jurisdiction over municipalities have traditionally used average or embedded costing in water rate design. Although employing marginal or incremental cost in water rate design is far from perfect, incremental cost results can be used both as the basis for determining rate differentials and a standard for setting specific rates. Rate designers should give serious consideration to integrating incremental and average costs in rate design.
Firestorm response: a multiagency alliance
Authors: Riordan Raymond A. , Miller Cheryl 
Published: February 2018

California agencies are cooperating to improve fire prevention and keep the lessons of the 1991 East Bay firestorm alive in the public's mind.The devastating effects of the 1991 East Bay Hills firestorm provided many lessons for all agencies that responded, including the East Bay Municipal Utility District. Although the water system performed as designed, it became clear to responding agencies that planning and responding to emergencies cannot be done independently. Coordination among responding agencies was poor, but six public agencies affected by the firestorm have now formed an alliance to prepare for and respond to the next fire. In light of the resource limitations most agencies face today, such partnerships make good sense.
Fire protection rates refined in Maine
Authors: Woodcock Christopher P.N. , Lamie Normand R. 
Published: February 2018

A task force established by the Maine PUC recommends new fire protection charges.In response to assertions by Maine Public Utility Commission (PUC) staff members that private fire protection charges duplicated public fire protection charges and should be substantially reduced or eliminated, the Maine PUC established a Task Force to examine the issue. This article describes the approach the task force recommended for determining private fire protection charges, an approach that was adopted by the Maine PUC. The task force's alternative suggestion is also presented.
Conservation–oriented water rates
Authors: Cuthbert Richard W. , Lemoine Pamela R. 
Published: February 2018

Conservation‐oriented rate structures, implemented in conjunction with an active water conservation program, may significantly reduce water use.Increasing numbers of water utilities are using conservation‐oriented water rate structures to help promote efficient water use. Uniform rates, seasonal rates, inverted‐block rates, and excess‐use rates are used to provide pricing signals that promote water conservation, particularly among residential water users. These rate structures have been used successfully both to convey appropriate pricing signals and to help support broader conservation efforts. This article looks at several water systems that use conservation‐oriented rate structures and reviews changes in water use over time. Strategies and suggestions are offered for water utilities that are considering implementing one
Ion exchange with denitrified brine reuse
Authors: Liu Xiaosha , Clifford Dennis A. 
Published: February 2018

An innovative brine reuse process reduced salt consumption and waste discharge by more than 90 percent compared with conventional ion exchange.Ion exchange with chloride‐form anion resin is recommended as a best available technology for removing nitrate from drinking water. Disposal of spent regenerant brine remains a difficult problem, however. A pilot study focused on a new ion exchange process with batch biological denitrification and reuse of the spent brine. Spent regenerant brine from regeneration of the nitrate‐loaded ion exchange column was denitrified in a sequencing batch reactor using methanol as a carbon source. After denitrification, the spent brine was filtered, compensated with NaCl, and reused. Brine denitrification and reuse proved feasible only when using the nitrate‐selective triethyl‐ and tributyl‐amine resins. Compared with the conventional ion exchange process, brine reuse reduced the salt consumption and waste discharge by more than 90 percent.