bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Man-Made Mineral Fibers (Mmmf): Human Exposures and Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Lippmann Morton 
Published: November 2018

MMMF are made by spraying or extruding molten glass, furnace slag, or mineral rock. Health concerns are based on the morphological and toxicological similarities between MMMF and asbestos, and the well-documented evidence that asbestos fibers can cause lung fibrosis (asbestosis), bronchial cancer, and mesothelioma in humans. Epidemiological evidence for human disease from inhalation exposures to fibrous glass is largely negative. Some positive associations have been reported for slag and rockwools. Most of the toxicological evidence for MMMF toxicity in laboratory animals is based on non-physiological exposures such as intratracheal instillation or intraperitoneal injection of fiber suspensions. The risks for lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma for industrial exposures to most fibrous glass products are either low or negligible for a variety of reasons. First, most commercial fibrous glass products have mean fiber diameters of ∼ 7.5 μm, which results in mean aerodynamic diameters > 22 μm. Thus, most glass fibers, even if dispersed into the air, do not penetrate into the lung to any great extent. Second, the small fraction of smaller diameter fibers which do penetrate into the lungs are not persistent within the lungs for most fibrous glass products, due to mechanical breakage into shorter lengths and dissolution. Dissolution is most rapid for the smaller diameters (< 0.1 μm) capable of producing mesothelioma. The greater hazards for slag and rockwools, in comparison to conventional fibrous glass, appear to be related to their smaller diameters and greater durability within the lungs.
A comparative immunohistochemical study of epidermal and dermal/perifollicular Langerhans cell concentration in discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planopilaris: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Nasiri S , Bidari Zerehpoosh F , Abdollahimajd F , Younespour S , Esmaili Azad M 
Published: October 2018

Background There are times when differentiation between discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and lichen planopilaris (LPP) becomes quite challenging clinicopathologically. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the concentration, distribution pattern and role of Langerhans cells (LCs), identified by CD1a staining in DLE and LPP. Methods Twenty-five specimens of skin biopsies from patients diagnosed with LPP and DLE were included. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed against CD1a antigen to assess and compare the concentration and distribution pattern of LCs. Results Compared with LPP, the mean number of epidermal CD1a+ cells per three high power fields was significantly lower in DLE ( p = 0.003). On the other hand, DLE cases had a significantly higher mean number of dermal/perifollicular CD1a+ cells in three high power fields than LPP cases ( p = 0.01). Limitations A small sample size and limited IHC markers. Conclusions There are differences in the density and distribution pattern of LCs in LPP and DLE in the epidermis and perifollicular regions. Our findings of a statistically significant decrease in LC concentration in the epidermis of DLE cases and also in the perifollicular region of LPP may serve as helpful clues in further characterization of these entities, especially in equivocal cases. However, more extensive studies are required to better understand the underlying immunopathogenesis of these diseases in providing further clues to a specific diagnosis.
A Bibliometric Analysis of Cleft Lip and Palate-Related Publication Trends From 2000 to 2017
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yue Yuanyi , Shi Bei , Yuan Zhengwei 
Published: October 2018

Objective: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is the most common human cranial and maxillofacial birth defect. The aim of this bibliometric analysis was to provide an overview of the development of CLP-related research. Method: Cleft lip and palate-related studies published from 2000 to 2017 were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded core database. Publication date, journal, authors, first authors, keywords, and citations were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using Bibliographic Item Co-Occurrence Matrix Builder software. The word matrix and co-occurrence matrix were established, and the co-citation analysis, keyword clustering, and social network analysis (SNA) of highly cited papers were completed. Results: A total of 9040 articles were retrieved from the 18 years of publications that were searched. The number of documents steadily increased over the period of interest, with a slight decrease in 2016 and 2017. This article separately examined the top most cited papers and high-frequency keywords from 3 time periods: 2000 to 2005, 2006 to 2011, and 2011 to 2017. The strategy coordinates of citation reflect TGF-β3, MSX1 gene, technique for cleft lip repair, TTF2, P63, IRF6 gene, FGF signaling, PVRL1, TGFBR2, and BMP4 gene as areas of research interest in the field. Moreover, the SNA of keywords highlighted new research topics: meta-analysis, cone beam computed tomography, tooth agenesis, case–control study, association study, micrognathia, DiGeorge syndrome, NSCL/P, UCLP, GWAS, MTHFR, and CLPTM1L. Conclusion: We conducted bibliometric research of CLP across an 18-year span. The results help to define an overall command of the latest topics in CLP and provide insight for launching new projects.
Characterization of the effect of intracorneal ring segment in corneal ectasia after laser refractive surgery
Authors: Peris-Martínez Cristina , Bueno-Gimeno Inmaculada , Alvarez-Arana Izaskun , Piñero David P , Gené-Sampedro Andrés 
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the visual, refractive, topographic, pachymetric, and biomechanical outcomes after intracorneal ring segment implantation in corneas with post-LASIK ectasia. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal study enrolling 26 eyes of 22 patients with post-LASIK ectasia and undergoing intracorneal ring segment implantation (KeraRing®, Mediphacos) using a 60-kHz femtosecond laser (IntraLase®, IntraLase Corp.) for corneal tunnelization. Visual, refractive, anterior, and posterior corneal topographic (Pentacam HR, Oculus), pachymetric, and corneal biomechanical changes (Ocular response Analyzer, Reichert) were evaluated during a 12-month follow-up. Vector analysis of astigmatic changes was performed. Results: A statistically significant reduction of sphere (p = 0.043) was observed at 1 month after surgery, with a significant improvement of uncorrected distance visual acuity associated (p = 0.019). Likewise, a significant reduction of anterior corneal power measurements (p ⩽ 0.014) and steepest posterior keratometric reading (p = 0.006) were observed at 1 month postoperatively, with no significant changes afterwards (p ⩾ 0.133). No significant changes were observed in manifest cylinder (p ⩾ 0.175), corrected distance visual acuity (p ⩾ 0.174), flattest posterior keratometric measurement (p ⩾ 0.282), volumetric measurements (p ⩾ 0.051), and corneal biomechanical parameters (p ⩾ 0.068). Vector analysis revealed an initial trend to overcorrection of astigmatism, with a trend to undercorrection at the end of follow-up and a significant variability in the outcome achieved in each patient. Conclusion: The implantation of KeraRing segments in post-LASIK corneal ectasia generates a significant modification of spherical refraction and a visual improvement due to a central corneal flattening generated. More refined nomograms of implantation in these cases should be developed to achieve a more predictable correction of astigmatism.
Automated Field-In-Field (FIF) Plan Framework Combining Scripting Application Programming Interface and User-Executed Program for Breast Forward IMRT
Authors: Kim Hojin , Kwak Jungwon , Jung Jinhong , Jeong Chiyoung , Yoon Kyoungjun , Lee Sang-wook , Ahn Seung Do , Choi Eun Kyung , Kim Su Ssan , Cho Byungchul 
Published: November 2018

Purpose: To develop an one-click option on treatment planning system that enables for the automated breast FIF planning by combining the Eclipse Scripting application programming interfaces and user-executed programming in Windows. Methods: Scripting application programming interfaces were designed to promote automation in clinical workflow associated with radiation oncology. However, scripting cannot provide all functions that users want to perform. Thus, a new framework proposes to integrate the benefits of the scripting application and user-executed programming for the automated field-in-field technique. We adopted the Eclipse Scripting applications, which provide an interface between treatment planning system server and client and enable for running the executed program to create dose clouds and adjust the planning parameters such as multi-leaf collimator placements and monitor unit values. Importantly, all tasks are designed to perform with one-click option on treatment planning system, including the automated pushback of the proposed plan to the treatment planning system. Results: The plans produced from the proposed framework were validated against the manual field-in-field plans with 40 retrospective breast patient cases in planning efficiency and plan quality. The elapsed time for running the framework was less than 1 minute, which significantly reduced the manual multi-leaf collimator/monitor unit adjustment time. It decreased the total planning time by more than 50%, relative to the manual field-in-field planning. In dosimetric aspects, the mean and maximum dose of the heart, lung, and whole breast did not exceed 1% deviation from the manual plans in most patient cases, while maintaining the target dose coverage and homogeneity index inside the target volume. From numerical analysis, the automated plans were demonstrated to be sufficiently close to the manual plans. Conclusion: The combination of scripting applications and user-executed programming for automated breast field-in-field planning accomplished a significant enhancement in planning efficiency without degrading the plan quality, relative to the manual field-in-field procedure.
Topography design in model membranes: Where biology meets physics
Authors: Chand Sarina , Beales Paul , Claeyssens Frederik , Ciani Barbara 
Published: October 2018

Phospholipid membranes are necessary for the compartmentalization of chemistries within biological cells and for initiation and propagation of cell signaling. The morphological and chemical complexities of cellular membranes represent a challenge for dissecting the biochemical processes occurring at these interfaces. Therefore, investigations of the biological events occurring at the membrane require suitable models to reproduce the intricacy of this surface. Solid-supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are simplified physical replicas of biological membranes that allow for bottom-up reconstruction of the molecular mechanisms occurring at cellular interfaces. In this brief review, we introduce how the properties of SLBs can be tuned to mimic biological membranes, highlighting the engineering approaches for creating spatially resolved patterns of lipid bilayers and supported membranes with curved geometries. Additionally, we present how SLBs have been employed to reconstitute molecular mechanisms involved in intercellular signaling and more recently, membrane trafficking. Impact statement Artificial membranes with complex topography aid the understanding of biological processes where membrane geometry plays a key regulatory role. In this review, we highlight how emerging material and engineering technologies have been employed to create minimal models of cell signaling pathways, in vitro. These artificial systems allow life scientists to answer ever more challenging questions with regards to mechanisms in cellular biology. In vitro reconstitution of biology is an area that draws on the expertise and collaboration between biophysicists, material scientists and biologists and has recently generated a number of high impact results, some of which are also discussed in this review.
Hunger, Health, and Society
Authors: Reutlinger Shlomo , Katona-Apte Judit 
Published: November 2018

Our theoretical and empirical analysis leads us to suggest some propositions that we present here by way of a summary. 1. Food aid is more nutritionally cost-effective than money aid whenever the a value of the commodity is greater than unity. This would be the case whenever the value of the commodity to the recipient exceeds its cost to the aid providing agency. We cited several reasons why this could occur, with illustrations of actual cases. 2. We do not know whether food aid is more or less cost-effective than money aid if the a value is less than unity. The marginal propensity to spend on better nutrition may be higher for food aid than for money aid. If such differences do not exist, or if they could be eliminated with nutrition education, nutritional cost-effectiveness could be enhanced by turning into cash commodities that have an a value of less than unity. 3. For foods that are found in the diets of the recipients in excess of the amounts supplied through the supplementary food aid package, the relative nutritional cost-effectiveness of commodities is always in direct proportion to their a values. 4. The precise nutritional impact of any commodity depends on the marginal propensity of the recipients to allocate additional income (conveyed through the food aid) to improving their nutritional status. If the recipients response is judged to be unsatisfactory with respect to energy (calorie) cost-effectiveness, the only possible remedy is to provide nutrition education. The cost-effectiveness of food aid in terms of protein or any other specific nutrient might also be increased by supplying a suitable commodity (such as a fortified food) that will be consumed in lieu of another commodity in the current diet. In this case, there is likely to be a trade-off of, perhaps, more protein for less energy as a consequence of selecting the commodity with the lower a value. This is sensible only if protein content is judged to be more deficient than the energy content in the recipients’ diets. 5. Selection of commodities on the basis of the or value criterion is particularly important when the intent of the programme is to improve nutrition indirectly through providing the beneficiaries with an incentive to participate in nutrition education or work programmes. 6. Substitution of the new commodity selection criteria for those currently in use in food aid programmes could bring about a large increase in nutritional cost effectiveness. Moreover, the data requirements are low and could be met at minimal cost.
Nutrition Education
Authors: Gwatkin Davidson R. 
Published: November 2018

While such differences of opinion about channels seem likely to continue, a broad consensus appears to exist on many other issues related to nutrition education. No one, for example, seems to doubt the ineffectiveness of the traditional nutrition education approaches. There seems to be general agreement about the kinds of problems that nutrition education can and cannot reasonably be expected to help solve. Most - perhaps almost all - of those familiar with recent experimentation with nutrition education agree that it has produced impressive results. They also seem to agree on most of the features of these experimental programmes responsible for their apparent successes, the controversial question of channels being a central part of only one of the six characteristics of successful programmes noted in the previous section. Even with respect to channels, the differences are not so great as they might at first appear. No one seems to be taking an either-or position. There is general appreciation of the need for mutually reinforcing messages through multiple channels. The question is, rather, the relative emphasis to be given to each - or, in the more helpful way that Smith puts it, how the different channels used can best relate to one another. All in all, then, the teapot in which the passions are raging is a rather small one. Perhaps the challenge of the years ahead is not so much to reach consensus where it has not yet emerged as to build upon the broad agreement that exists in so many other areas: to see whether and how the programme elements generally recognized as important in the successful experimental efforts Hornik describes can be applied to the design of the large-scale, ongoing, effective nutrition education programmes that are so badly needed.
Nutritional Management of Diarrhoea
Authors: Martínez Homero , Tomkins Andrew M. 
Published: November 2018

Diarrhoeal disease may cause, precipitate, or exacerbate protein-energy and micronutrient malnutrition through five possible mechanisms: 1) reduced food intake-reduction of food intake during diarrhoea may be due to the child's anorexia, maternal food-withholding behaviour, or both; 2) decreased absorption of nutrients-structural damage to the intestine, as well as the physical action of increased intestinal movement and reduced fluid transit time, interact to produce decreased absorption of nutrients; 3) increased catabolic losses-under the influence of the inflammatory process, diarrhoea of infectious origin induces an average daily negative nitrogen balance of 0.9 g/kg/day, as muscle protein is converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis by the liver; this glucose is used as a fuel by tissues to sustain the hypermetabolism associated with fever; 4) nutrient loss from the intestine-in diarrhoea nutrients are lost directly from the intestinal tract; 5) metabolic inefficiency due to micronutrient deficiency-the increased rate of tissue synthesis displayed by children recovering from protein-energy malnutrition may be hampered by a limited supply of nutrients from the body pool, which in turn may not be replenished fast enough by dietary intake. The two main driving forces that determine nutritional care of the sick child in the home are advice from healthcare providers (mainly physicians) and the mothers’ own beliefs; a third determinant of care is the social support network available to mothers or social pressure to act in a determined way. Therefore, health providers should be knowledgeable about appropriate feeding management of illness, and should provide sound advice to mothers. The likelihood that mothers will follow the recommendations given by the health-care system (whether formal or informal) will be greater if these conform to mothers’ cultural norms and their explanatory model of disease. Feeding practices followed in health facilities should be consistent with those advised for the mothers at home. In order to make a successful change in a given practice, culture-sensitive interventions should be used.
Wide Variation in Methodology in Level I and II Studies on Cartilage Repair: A Systematic Review of Available Clinical Trials Comparing Patient Demographics, Treatment Means, and Outcomes Reporting
Authors: Saltzman Bryan Michael , Redondo Michael L. , Beer Adam , Cotter Eric J. , Frank Rachel M. , Yanke Adam B. , Cole Brian J. 
Published: October 2018

Background The management of complex cartilage pathology in young, otherwise healthy patients can be difficult. Purpose To determine the nature of the design, endpoints chosen, and rate at which the endpoints were met in published studies and ongoing clinical trials that investigate cartilage repair and restoration procedures. Study Design Systematic review. Methods A systematic review of the publicly available level I/II literature and of the publicly listed clinical trials regarding cartilage repair and restoration procedures for the knee was conducted adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Seventeen published studies and 52 clinical trials were included. Within the 17 published studies, the most common procedure studied was microfracture (MFX) + augmentation ( N = 5; 29.4%) and the most common comparison/control group was MFX ( N = 10; 58.8%). In total, 13 different cartilage procedure groups were evaluated. For published studies, the most common patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures assessed is the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Visual Analog Scale–Pain (VAS) ( N = 10 studies, 58.8% each, respectively). Overall, there are 10 different PROs used among the included studies. Ten studies demonstrate superiority, 5 demonstrate noninferiority, and 2 demonstrate inferiority to the comparison or control groups. For the clinical trials included, the most common procedure studied is MFX + augmentation ( N = 16; 30.8%). The most common PRO assessed is KOOS ( N = 36 trials; 69.2%), and overall there are 24 different PROs used among the included studies. Conclusions Recently published studies and clinical trials evaluate a variety of cartilage repair and restoration strategies for the knee, most commonly MFX + augmentation, at various time points of outcome evaluation, with KOOS and VAS scores being used most commonly. MFX remains the most common comparison group for these therapeutic investigations. Most studies demonstrate superiority versus comparison or control groups. Understanding the nature of published and ongoing clinical trials will be helpful in the investigation of emerging technologies required to navigate the regulatory process while studying a relatively narrow population of patients.
Long-Term Retrospective Follow-Up of Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation for Steroid-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Condyles
Authors: Early Samuel , Tírico Luís E. P. , Pulido Pamela A. , McCauley Julie C. , Bugbee William D. 
Published: October 2018

Objective No studies currently exist with long-term follow-up of use of osteochondral allografting (OCA) for treatment of steroid-associated osteonecrosis of femoral condyles in young, active patients who wish to avoid total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We evaluate the extent to which fresh osteochondral allografts can (1) prevent or postpone need for prosthetic arthroplasty and (2) maintain long-term clinically meaningful decrease in pain and improvement in function at mean 11-year follow-up. Design Twenty-five patients (33 knees) who underwent OCA transplantation for osteonecrosis of the knee between 1984 and 2013 were evaluated, including 22 females and 11 males with average age of 25 years (range, 16-48 years). Mean total allograft surface area was 10.6 cm2 (range, 4.0-19.0 cm2). Evaluation included International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, Knee Society function (KS-F) score, and modified (for the knee) Merle d’Aubigné-Postel (18-point) score. Results OCA survivorship was 90% at 5 years and 82% at 10 years. Twenty-eight of 33 knees (85%) avoided arthroplasty and 25 of 33 knees (73%) avoided other surgical intervention. Mean IKDC pain score improved ( P = 0.001) from 7.2 preoperatively to 2.8 at latest follow-up, mean IKDC function score increased ( P = 0.005) from 3.3 to 6.5, and mean IKDC total score improved ( P = 0.001) from 31.9 to 61.1. Mean KS-F score improved ( P = 0.003) from 61.7 to 87.5. Mean modified Merle d’Aubigné-Postel (18-point) score improved ( P < 0.001) from 11.4 to 15.1. Conclusions Our findings suggest that OCA transplantation is a reasonable surgical treatment option for steroid-associated osteonecrosis of the femoral condyles, with durable long-term outcomes.