bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conformal bootstrap at finite temperature
Authors: Iliesiu Luca , Koloğlu Murat , Mahajan Raghu , Perlmutter Eric , Simmons-Duffin David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe initiate an approach to constraining conformal field theory (CFT) data at finite temperature using methods inspired by the conformal bootstrap for vacuum correlation functions. We focus on thermal one- and two-point functions of local operators on the plane. The KMS condition for thermal two-point functions is cast as a crossing equation. By studying the analyticity properties of thermal two-point functions, we derive a “thermal inversion formula” whose output is the set of thermal one-point functions for all operators appearing in a given OPE. This involves identifying a kinematic regime which is the analog of the Regge regime for four-point functions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the inversion formula by recovering the spectrum and thermal one-point functions in mean field theory, and computing thermal one-point functions for all higher-spin currents in the criticalO(N) model at leading order in 1/N. Furthermore, we develop a systematic perturbation theory for thermal data in the large spin, low-twist spectrum of any CFT. We explain how the inversion formula and KMS condition may be combined to algorithmically constrain CFTs at finite temperature. Throughout, we draw analogies to the bootstrap for vacuum four-point functions. Finally, we discuss future directions for the thermal conformal bootstrap program, emphasizing applications to various types of CFTs, including those with holographic duals.
Risk Factors for Readmission After Parathyroidectomy for Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Lee Justin D. , Kuo Eric J. , Du Lin , Yeh Michael W. , Livhits Masha J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundPatients with renal hyperparathyroidism (RHPT) are susceptible to major electrolyte fluctuations following parathyroidectomy, which may predispose them to early readmission. The purpose of this study is to evaluate risk factors for readmission in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for RHPT.MethodsPatients with renal failure who underwent parathyroidectomy were abstracted from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development (1999–2012). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for readmission within 30 days of discharge.ResultsThe cohort included 4411 patients, of whom 17% were readmitted. Procedures included subtotal parathyroidectomy (74% of cases) and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (26%). Median time to readmission was 9 days (interquartile range 4–16 days). Electrolyte disturbances including hypocalcemia were present in 36% of readmissions and were the most common cause for readmission. Independent risk factors for readmission included Black race [odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.57], Hispanic race (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.12–1.71), disposition with home health (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.35–2.77), disposition to a skilled nursing facility (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.58–3.35), and total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.06–1.52). Advancing age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98–0.99) and surgery at a high‐volume hospital (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36–0.77) were protective against readmission.ConclusionsPatients undergoing parathyroidectomy for RHPT have a high readmission rate, most frequently for metabolic complications. Increased postoperative vigilance, which may include outpatient laboratory monitoring, may be indicated in patients with risk factors for readmission.
Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Versus Open Hepatectomy for the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comparative Study Using a Propensity Score Matching
Authors: Untereiner Xavier , Cagniet Audrey , Memeo Riccardo , Cherkaoui Zineb , Piardi Tullio , Severac François , Mutter Didier , Kianmanesh Reza , Wakabayashi Taiga , Sommacale Daniele , Pessaux Patrick 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the results between laparoscopic hepatectomy and open hepatectomy in two French university hospitals, for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a propensity score matching.Materials and methodsA patient in the laparoscopic surgery group (LA) was randomly matched with another patient in the open approach group (OA) using a 1:1 allocated ratio with the nearest estimated propensity score. Matching criteria included age, presence of comorbidities, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, and resection type (major or minor). Patients of the LA group without matches were excluded. Intraoperative and postoperative data were compared in both groups. Survival was compared in both groups using the following matching criteria: number and size of lesions, alpha‐fetoprotein rate, and cell differentiation.ResultsFrom January 2012 to January 2017, a total of 447 hepatectomies were consecutively performed, 99 hepatectomies of which were performed for the management of hepatocellular carcinomas. Forty‐nine resections were performed among the open approach (OA) group (49%), and 50 resections were performed among the laparoscopic surgery (LA) group (51%). Mortality rate was 2% in the LA group and 4.1% in the OA group. After propensity score matching, there was a statistical difference favorable to the LA group regarding medical complications (54.55% versus 27.27%, p = 0.04), and operating times were shorter (p = 0.03). Resection rate R0 was similar between both groups: 90.91% (n = 30) in the LA group and 84.85% (n =) in the OA group. There was no difference regarding overall survival (p = 0.98) and recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.42).ConclusionsLaparoscopic liver resection for the management of HCC seems to provide the same short‐term and long‐term results as compared to the open approach. Laparoscopic liver resections could be considered as an alternative and become the gold standard in well‐selected patients.
Comparison of Schmallenberg virus sequences isolated from mammal host and arthropod vector
Authors: Kęsik-Maliszewska Julia , Antos Aleksandra , Rola Jerzy , Larska Magdalena 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is the member of Peribunyaviridae family, which comprises pathogens of importance for human and veterinary medicine. The virus is transmitted only between animals and mainly by biting midges of the genus Culicoides. This study was performed in order to determine SBV genetic diversity and elucidate the host–vector adaptation. All three viral segments were analysed for sequence variability and phylogenetic relations. The Polish SBV strains obtained from acute infections of cattle, congenital cases in sheep, and from Culicoides midges were sequenced using Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods. The obtained sequences were genetically similar (99.2–100% identity) to the first-detected strain BH80/11—4 from German cattle. The sampling year and origin of Polish sequences had no effect on molecular diversity of SBV. Considering all analysed Polish as well as European sequences, ovine-derived sequences were the most variable, while the midge ones were more conserved and encompassed unique substitutions located mainly in nonstructural protein S. SBV sequences isolated from Culicoides are the first submitted to GenBank and reported.
Properties of a sweeping jet emitted from a fluidic oscillator
Authors: Ostermann Florian , Woszidlo Rene , Nayeri C. Navid , Paschereit C. Oliver 
Published: October 2018

This experimental study investigates the flow field and properties of a sweeping jet emitted from a fluidic oscillator into a quiescent environment. The aspect ratio of the outlet throat is 1. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry is employed to measure the velocity field plane-by-plane. Simultaneously acquired pressure measurements provide a reference for phase correlating the individual planes yielding three-dimensional, time-resolved velocity information. Lagrangian and Eulerian visualization techniques illustrate the phase-averaged flow field. Circular head vortices, similar to the starting vortex of a steady jet, are formed repetitively when the jet is at its maximum deflection. The quantitative jet properties are determined from instantaneous velocity data using a cylindrical coordinate system that takes into account the changing deflection angle of the jet. The jet properties vary throughout the oscillation cycle. The maximum jet velocity decays much faster than that of a comparable steady jet indicating a higher momentum transfer to the environment. The entrainment rate of the spatially oscillating jet is larger than for a steady jet by a factor of 4. Most of the mass flow is entrained from the direction normal to the oscillation plane, which is accompanied by a significant increase in jet depth compared to a steady jet. The high entrainment rate results from the enlarged contact area between jet and ambient fluid due to the spatial oscillation. The jet’s total force exceeds that of an idealized steady jet by up to 30 %. The results are independent of the investigated oscillation frequencies in the range from 5 to 20 Hz.
Computational Phenotyping: Using Models to Understand Individual Differences in Personality, Development, and Mental Illness
Authors: Patzelt Edward H. , Hartley Catherine A. , Gershman Samuel J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper reviews progress in the application of computational models to personality, developmental, and clinical neuroscience. We first describe the concept of a computational phenotype, a collection of parameters derived from computational models fit to behavioral and neural data. This approach represents individuals as points in a continuous parameter space, complementing traditional trait and symptom measures. One key advantage of this representation is that it is mechanistic: The parameters have interpretations in terms of cognitive processes, which can be translated into quantitative predictions about future behavior and brain activity. We illustrate with several examples how this approach has led to new scientific insights into individual differences, developmental trajectories, and psychopathology. We then survey some of the challenges that lay ahead.
On the breakdown modes and parameter space of ohmic tokamak start-up
Authors: Peng Yanli , Jiang Wei , Innocenti Maria Elena , Zhang Ya , Hu Xiwei , Zhuang Ge , Lapenta Giovanni 
Published: October 2018

Tokamak start-up is strongly dependent on the state of the initial plasma formed during plasma breakdown. We have investigated through numerical simulations the effects that the pre-filling pressure and induced electric field have on pure ohmic heating during the breakdown process. Three breakdown modes during the discharge are found, as a function of different initial parameters: no breakdown mode, successful breakdown mode and runaway mode. No breakdown mode often occurs with low electric field or high pre-filling pressure, while runaway electrons are usually easy to generate at high electric field or low pre-filling pressure (${<}1.33\times 10^{-4}$ Pa). The plasma behaviours and the physical mechanisms under the three breakdown modes are discussed. We have identified the electric field and pressure values at which the different modes occur. In particular, when the electric field is $0.3~\text{V}~\text{m}^{-1}$ (the value at which ITER operates), the pressure range for possible breakdown becomes narrow, which is consistent with Lloyd’s theoretical prediction. In addition, for $0.3~\text{V}~\text{m}^{-1}$, the optimal pre-filling pressure range obtained from our simulations is $1.33\times 10^{-3}\sim 2.66\times 10^{-3}$ Pa, in good agreement with ITER’s design. Besides, we also find that the Townsend discharge model does not appropriately describe the plasma behaviour during tokamak breakdown due to the presence of a toroidal field. Furthermore, we suggest three possible operation mechanisms for general start-up scenarios which could better control the breakdown phase.
The political economy of budget trade-offs
Authors: Adolph Christopher , Breunig Christian , Koski Chris 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBecause the American states operate under balanced budget requirements, increases in spending in one area typically entail equal and opposite budget cuts in other programs. The literature analysing the correlates of government spending by policy area has mostly ignored these trade-offs inherent to policymaking, failing to address one of the most politically interesting and important dimensions of fiscal policy. Borrowing from the statistical literature on compositional data, we present more appropriate and efficient methods that explicitly incorporate the budget constraint into models of spending by budget category. We apply these methods to eight categories of spending from the American states over the years 1984–2009 to reveal winners and losers in the scramble for government spending. Our findings show that partisan governments finance their distinct priorities by raiding spending items that the opposition prefers, while different political institutions, economic conditions and state demographics impose different trade-offs across the budget.
Pragmatique de la valeur et structures de la marchandise
Authors: Boltanski Luc 
Published: October 2018

RésuméAu cours des dernières décennies se sont développées différentes approches sociologiques se réclamant de conceptions pragmatistes. Ces approches mettent l'accent sur l'agir en situation, sur les capacités réflexives et interprétatives des individus et sur leurs compétences sociales. On a souvent vu dans ces conceptions dites pragmatiques une approche alternative au structuralisme qui avait dominé les décennies précédentes. Sans négliger ce qui éloigne ces deux approches l'une de l'autre, nous cherchons à montrer dans ce texte la façon dont elles peuvent non seulement être mises à profit à propos d'un même objet, mais aussi être articulées dans un même cadre théorique. La démonstration prend appui sur des recherches empiriques récentes portant sur l’échange marchand et sur la relation entre prix et valeur. L’étude pragmatique de situations d’échange permet d'identifier différentes formes de mise en valeur qui sont à la fois incorporées aux compétences cognitives des acteurs et objectivées dans les dispositifs de la marchandise. Envisagées d'un point de vue structural, ces formes de mise en valeur peuvent être analysées comme un groupe de transformation, au sens de Claude Lévi-Strauss. Toutefois, ce structuralisme cognitif est insuffisant pour comprendre le changement historique de ces formes, dont l’étude peut faire appel à un autre genre de structuralisme. Ce dernier, que nous qualifions de « systémique », dispose, en de « grands récits », des causalités visant à relier les processus locaux de marchandisation aux évolutions globales du capitalisme.
Une histoire de silences
Authors: Vincent Alexandre 
Published: October 2018

RésuméPartant d'une lecture critique de la récente Histoire du silence d'Alain Corbin, la présente étude propose un double mouvement. Il s'agit, dans un premier temps, d'une réflexion méthodologique relative à la nécessité de lancer une enquête sur les phénomènes acoustiques du passé qui ne cherche pas seulement à faire ressentir et ne se rattache pas qu'aux émotions. L'historiographie de la notion de « paysage sonore », créée par le musicologue Raymond Murray Schafer, est utilisée comme clé d'entrée pour évaluer l'apport des sound studies, de la sensory history et de l'anthropologie des sens. Les possibilités heuristiques de la notion sont soulignées, conditionnées à une approche cohérente en termes de topographie et de chronologie. Un cas d’étude est développé, dans un second temps, à partir de ces prescriptions méthodologiques. Il est consacré au silence dans les rites de la religion romaine. Cadre acoustique de la perfection rituelle, le silentium est aussi une catégorie du droit religieux romain bien éloignée de la recherche d'intériorité et de vie spirituelle que A. Corbin prête naturellement au silence. L'analyse de la nature et de la fonction du silence dans deux rites distincts, la prise des auspices et le sacrifice, vient achever de convaincre de la nécessité d'une approche historienne fine et contextualisée des phénomènes sonores : derrière une terminologie unifiée ce sont bien deux modalités acoustiques radicalement différentes qui doivent alors être entendues.
Disaster and Emergency Management: Canadian Nurses' Perceptions of Preparedness on Hospital Front Lines
Authors: O'Sullivan Tracey L. , Dow Darcie , Turner Michelle C. , Lemyre Louise , Corneil Wayne , Krewski Daniel , Phillips Karen P. , Amaratunga Carol A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroduction:Three years following the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a national, Web-based survey of Canadian nurses was conducted to assess perceptions of preparedness for disasters and access to support mechanisms, particularly for nurses in emergency and critical care units.Hypotheses:The following hypotheses were tested: (1) nurses' sense of preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks and naturally occurring disasters will be higher than for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)-type disasters associated with terrorist attacks; (2) perceptions of preparedness will vary according to previous outbreak experience; and (3) perceptions of personal preparedness will be related to perceived institutional preparedness.Methods:Nurses from emergency departments and intensive care units across Canada were recruited via flyer mailouts and e-mail notices to complete a 30-minute online survey.Results:A total of 1,543 nurses completed the survey (90% female; 10% male). The results indicate that nurses feel unprepared to respond to large-scale disasters/attacks. The sense of preparedness varied according to the outbreak/disaster scenario with nurses feeling least prepared to respond to a CBRN event. A variety of socio-demographic factors, notably gender, previous outbreak experience (particularly with SARS), full-time vs. part-time job status, and region of employment also were related to perceptions of risk. Approximately 40% of respondents were unaware if their hospital had an emergency plan for a large-scale outbreak. Nurses reported inadequate access to resources to support disaster response capacity and expressed a low degree of confidence in the preparedness of Canadian healthcare institutions for future outbreaks.Conclusions:Canadian nurses have indicated that considerably more training and information are needed to enhance preparedness for frontline healthcare workers as important members of the response community.
Follow the footprints and mind the gaps: a new look at the origin of tetrapods
Authors: AHLBERG Per E. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that tetrapods evolved from elpistostegids during the Frasnian, in a predominantly aquatic context, has been challenged by the discovery of Middle Devonian tetrapod trackways predating the earliest body fossils of both elpistostegids and tetrapods. Here I present a new hypothesis based on an overview of the trace fossil and body fossil evidence. The trace fossils demonstrate that tetrapods were capable of performing subaerial lateral sequence walks before the end of the Middle Devonian. The derived morphological characters of elpistostegids and Devonian tetrapods are related to substrate locomotion, weight support and aerial vision, and thus to terrestrial competence, but the retention of lateral-line canals, gills and fin rays shows that they remained closely tied to the water. Elpistostegids and tetrapods both evolved no later than the beginning of the Middle Devonian. The earliest tetrapod records come from inland river basins, sabkha plains and ephemeral coastal lakes that preserve few, if any, body fossils; contemporary elpistostegids occur in deltas and the lower reaches of permanent rivers where body fossils are preserved. During the Frasnian, elpistostegids disappear and these riverine-deltaic environments are colonised by tetrapods. This replacement has, in the past, been misinterpreted as the origin of tetrapods.
Development and Assessment of the Atmospheric Pressure Vertical Correction Model With ERA‐Interim and Radiosonde Data
Authors: Yao Yibin , Sun Zhangyu , Xu Chaoqian , Zhang Liang , Wan Yangyang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAtmospheric pressure is a critical parameter in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology to calculate zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD). Because the reference pressure is usually not at the height of the GNSS receiving antenna, a vertical correction of the pressure value is inevitable. This paper used the ERA‐Interim data to develop a grid model for such correction by introducing a new parameter. Then, the ERA‐Interim and radiosonde data were employed for assessing the newly built model along with other two types of state‐of‐art vertical correction methods (which are named as the virtual temperature (Tv)‐based model and the temperature (T0)‐based model in this paper). Furthermore, the assessments were conducted in two cases where the measured meteorological data are available and unavailable. Results show that the Tv‐based model and the T0‐based model may have limitations in some ice‐covered regions (e.g. the Antarctica, the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and the Greenland), but the grid model built in this paper does not show the weaknesses. For the results of the four different assessments devised in this paper (assessed with the ERA‐Interim or radiosonde data, with or without the measured meteorological data), the grid model always shows the highest precision among these three models, and the T0‐based model has higher accuracy than the Tv‐based model. Additionally, this paper found that when the height differences of the correction are large, the Tv‐based model may have large uncertainties while the grid model is still applicable.
Envelope Widths of Volcano‐Seismic Events and Seismic Scattering Characteristics Beneath Volcanoes
Authors: Kumagai Hiroyuki , Londoño John Makario , Maeda Yuta , López Velez Cristian Mauricio , Lacson Rudy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVolcanoes produce highly scattered seismic wavefields, which are characterized by the scattering mean free path (l0) and the quality factor of medium attenuation for S waves (Qi). Previous studies have estimated scattering mean free paths at various volcanoes to be around 100–1,000 m, but their depth distributions remain to be determined. We estimated one‐dimensional l0 and Qi structures using the envelope widths of volcano‐seismic events at Taal (Philippines) and at Nevado del Ruiz (Colombia) in a high‐frequency band (5–10 Hz). We performed Monte Carlo envelope simulations in various one‐dimensional models, and compared the simulated and observed envelope widths. Our results indicate that a highly heterogeneous (l0 = 1,000 m) and attenuative (Qi = 100) surface layer exists to a depth of 1 km, below which l0 and Qi are comparable to those in the normal crust. The surface layer may consist of unconsolidated materials with hydrothermal fluids and/or altered clay minerals, which cause strong scattering and attenuation effects beneath these volcanoes. Our results suggest that strong heterogeneities observed at volcanoes exist only in a thin surface layer.