bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Soybean Yield Components in Response to Dicamba
Authors: Foster Matthew R. , Griffin James L. 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Dicamba off‐target movement to sensitive soybean is a major concern.
Soybean has the ability to compensate through increased branching when exposed to dicamba during the vegetative growth stage.
The reproductive growth stage of soybean was the most sensitive growth stage to dicamba off‐target movement.
Yield predictions were greatly improved using measured growth parameters.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] containing a genetic trait that confirms resistance to dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) has provided growers with an alternative method of control for broadleaf weeds that are resistant to Group 9 and 14 herbicides. These applications of dicamba have resulted in significant off‐target movement and injury to susceptible soybean. Soybean plants can exhibit dicamba symptoms on leaves in the upper canopy and the terminal bud, leaf petioles, stems, and pods. Using symptoms of leaf cupping or leaf crinkling to forecast yield loss may cause unnecessary concern and place growers in a predicament in regard to the economic value of crop inputs for the remainder of the growing season. With regard to soybean yield components, exposure to 0.6 g ha−1 dicamba reduced main stem height 47% for V3–V4 and 11% for R1–R2. The reduction in main stem height for 0.6 g ha−1 dicamba resulted in a 53% reduction in main stem pod production compared with the nontreated control for the V3–V4 application timing, but only 11% reduction for the R1–R2 application timing. Main stem height reduction was observed for 0.6 g ha−1 dicamba at V3–V4, but was accompanied by an increase in the number of lateral branches and lateral branch pod production. With seed per pod unaffected by dicamba, total seed production and yield following 0.6 g ha−1 dicamba at V3–V4 was equivalent to the nontreated control. At higher dicamba rates, seed yield reduction was attributed to production of fewer nodes and seed per plant.
Limiting Water Range: A Case Study for Compacted Subsoils
Authors: Pulido‐Moncada Mansonia , Munkholm Lars J. 
Published: August 2019

There is a need for improved knowledge of the limits to the available water range for root growth in the subsoil. The objective of this study was to recalculate the upper and lower limits of the least limiting water range (LLWR) concept by using respectively the air‐filled porosity (εa) at which 0.005 of the relative gas diffusivity (Ds/Do) is reached and readily available water (RAW). The refined upper limit estimates the variation in εa related to pore connectivity and the refined lower limit expresses the boundary at which plants suffer physiological water stress. This study was based on soil sampled in compaction trials on two sandy loam soils. Soil samples were taken from plots with no compaction (Control), and compaction with 78 kN (M8) and 58 kN (M6) wheel loads with multiple wheel passes. The soil cores were analyzed for εa, Ds/Do, bulk density (ρb) and penetration resistance (PR). Heavy farm machinery impact of M8 and M6 led to subsoil compaction up to depth of 0.5 to 0.7 m for the soils under study. The subsoil structure was affected by compaction across depths with the decrease in εa (∼33–46%) and Ds/Do (∼37–61%) and increase in ρb (∼4–8%) and PR (∼40–50%, at −100 hPa at 30‐cm depth). The refined LLWR showed a wider water range compared to the original approach. We anticipate that the refined LLWR well reflects the limiting soil physical conditions for root growth for the studied soils, but validation by combined soil physical and plant growth measurements is needed.Core Ideas
Heavy traffic‐induced compaction narrows LLWR in the subsoil.
Air permeability at critical limit of gas diffusivity take in pore organization.
Using readily available water as the lower limit represents a drought stress boundary.
Spectral Induced Polarization of Biochar in Variably Saturated Soil
Authors: Gao Z. , Haegel F.‐H. , Esser O. , Zimmermann E. , Vereecken H. , Huisman J.A. 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Water retention and spectral induced polarization were measured for biochar in sand.
Water retention curves could be fitted by using a dual porosity model.
Residual water content was found to increase with the addition of biochar.
The polarization of sand–biochar mixtures was much larger than that for sand.
Spectral induced polarization may be suitable for monitoring biochar in the field.
Biochar is considered a promising soil amendment, but an effective method to detect and characterize the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of biochar in soil is still missing. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of the spectral induced polarization (SIP) method for the noninvasive detection of biochar in unsaturated sandy media. In particular, a pure sand and two sand–biochar mixtures with 1 and 2% biochar made from pine (Pinus spp.) wood by pyrolysis at 800°C were investigated. The measured SIP spectra as a function of saturation were interpreted by fitting a Cole–Cole model to the low‐frequency part of the SIP measurements. The porous nature of the biochar particles strongly affected the SIP response of the partially saturated sand–biochar mixtures. Due to the high residual water content of the biochar in a dry background, the relationship between bulk electrical conductivity and water saturation was nonlinear in a log–log representation. This nonlinear behavior could adequately be explained with a dielectric mixing model that considered the drainage of the biochar particles. Both the measured phase and chargeability of the sand–biochar mixtures showed a complex dependence on water saturation. This was attributed to the decrease in polarization strength of the biochar particles with desaturation and the simultaneous increase in phase of the sand background. Overall, the results of this study suggest that field SIP measurements may be a promising tool for the characterization and monitoring of biochar amendments to agricultural soils.
Impact of Infiltration Rate on Residual Air Distribution and Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Sacha Jan , Snehota Michal , Trtik Pavel , Hovind Jan 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Infiltration experiments were conducted on a sample under two boundary conditions.
Time‐lapse neutron imaging was used to determine water distribution in the sample.
Significant air entrapment was detected in the case of slow drip irrigation infiltration.
Gravity‐driven ponding infiltration led to much less air entrapment.
Air entrapment led to one order of magnitude lower conductivity in the case of drip irrigation.
The dynamics of water infiltration into soil have a strong influence on the subsequent distribution of air trapped inside pores. We present results of two infiltration experiments conducted on an artificially prepared sample under ponding and drip irrigation boundary conditions, with concurrent neutron imaging of the sample. A cylindrical sample was packed with two grades of sand and disks of fine porous ceramic in an axially symmetrical geometry. The configuration of the sample provided a number of interfaces between regions of higher and lower hydraulic conductivity. Infiltration was started in dry media. The bottom boundary condition was seepage face. Water was applied on the sample surface during the experiment with drip irrigation at a water application rate about one order of magnitude lower than the minimum flux reached during the ponding experiment. Despite this low application rate, ponding eventually occurred on the top of the sample due to an unexpectedly low infiltration rate. Neutron tomographic imaging revealed massive air entrapment in the coarse sand regions of the sample during slow infiltration under drip irrigation conditions. In contrast, during the ponded infiltration experiment, the air was mostly flushed out from the coarse sand regions by gravity‐driven water flow due to greater hydraulic head. Neutron imaging showed that the capillary barrier effect, air entrapment, and entrapped air redistribution were responsible for the observed low infiltration capacity of the sample during the slow‐infiltration‐dominated drip irrigation experiment. It is reasonable to assume that similar phenomena can occur in natural soils having highly heterogeneous structures.
CRÍTICA DA TIPOLOGIA DA VIOLÊNCIA DE GÊNERO
Authors: Copetti Santos André Leonardo , Lucas Doglas Cesar , Copetti Santos Evelyne Freistedt 
Published: August 2019

A violência tem sido uma das manifestações constantes da humanidade, baseada em várias premissas, entre elas, as relações de poder. No caso das mulheres a cultura patriarcal tem demarcado a maior parte de sua existência, atuando como um agente violento, opressor e limitador da boa convivência humana. Mediante um estudo hipotético dedutivo, fundamentado nas ideias estruturantes da violência, o presente estudo busca analisar, num primeiro momento, uma tipologia geral da violência, para, posteriormente, abordar esta tipologia referentemente ao universo das relações de gênero, e, ao final, abordar a tipologia que está positivada institucionalmente na Política Nacional de enfrentamento à Violência contra as Mulheres no Brasil. O estudo em voga denota que a cultura patriarcal é uma construção social que se utiliza das mais diversas formas de violência e tem se estruturado nas relações sociais e nos poderes constituídos. Porém, fissuras nessa cultura foram e seguem sendo exploradas pelos movimentos sociais, especialmente os feministas, que têm contribuído decisivamente para o câmbio desses valores, empoderando mulheres e homens através do Direito.
SIEGFRIED KRACAUER
Authors: Yure Freire de Andrade Icaro 
Published: August 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar apontamentos sobre a sociologia do cinema exposta por Siegfried Kracauer e sua atualidade crítica. O cinema mais que nunca ocupa um lugar de centralidade na produção cultural contemporânea, sendo um dos principais artefatos culturais que organizam a experiência social recente. Kracauer tanto nos seus ensaios sociológicos presentes em “O ornamento da Massa” (2009) como em sua grande obra de análise crítica do cinema alemão “De Caligari a Hitler: uma história psicológica do cinema alemão” (1988), traz à tona uma metodologia de análise cinematográfica e das imagens que são produzidas nestes produtos, ao relacionar elementos que compõem o conteúdo destas obras com a forma que a mesma assume e com elementos exteriores a obras – suas condições sociais históricas, como também a relação entre produção cultural e valores sociais. Desta forma a sociologia do cinema proposta por Siegfried Kracauer apresenta ferramentas metodológicas que permitem analisar as obras cinematográficas e audiovisuais contemporâneas a partir da relação entre imagens e experiência social.
Nanomedicine: Bioavailability, Biotransformation and Biokinetics
Authors: Ravindran Selvan , Tambe Amlesh J. , Suthar Jitendra K. , Chahar Digamber S. , Fernandes Joyleen M. , Desai Vedika 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Nanomedicine is increasingly used to treat various ailments. Biocompatibility of nanomedicine
is primarily governed by its properties such as bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics. One of the
major advantages of nanomedicine is enhanced bioavailability of drugs. Biotransformation of nanomedicine is important
to understand the pharmacological effects of nanomedicine. Biokinetics includes both pharmacokinetics and
toxicokinetics of nanomedicine. Physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials have extensive influence on bioavailability,
biotransformation and biokinetics of nanomedicine.

Method:
We carried out a structured peer-reviewed research literature survey and analysis using bibliographic databases.

Results:
Eighty papers were included in the review. Papers dealing with bioavailability, biotransformation and biokinetics
of nanomedicine are found and reviewed. Bioavailability and biotransformation along with biokinetics are
three major factors that determine the biological fate of nanomedicine. Extensive research work has been done for
drugs of micron size but studies on nanomedicine are scarce. Therefore, more emphasis in this review is given on the
bioavailability and biotransformation of nanomedicine along with biokinetics.

Conclusion:
Bioavailability results based on various nanomedicine are summarized in the present work. Biotransformation
of nanodrugs as well as nanoformulations is also the focus of this article. Both in vitro and in vivo biotransformation
studies on nanodrugs and its excipients are necessary to know the effect of metabolites formed. Biokinetics
of nanomedicine is captured in details that are complimentary to bioavailability and biotransformation. Nanomedicine
has the potential to be developed as a personalized medicine once its physicochemical properties and its
effect on biological system are well understood.
Absolute Blood Eosinophil Counts to Guide Inhaled Corticosteroids Therapy Among Patients with COPD: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Oshagbemi Olorunfemi A. , Odiba Jephthah O. , Daniel Abraham , Yunusa Ismaeel 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2019
recommends the use of absolute blood eosinophil count as a guide for the escalation and de-escalation
of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in the pharmacological management of patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD). We evaluated the risk of moderate or severe exacerbations among
patients escalating and de-escalating ICS therapy by absolute blood eosinophil thresholds in this systematic
review.

Methods:
Through a comprehensive literature search of Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and clinical
trial sites up to April 2019, we identified relevant studies. We used generic inverse variance method
with fixed-effects estimates to compare the risk of moderate or severe exacerbations among COPD patients
with elevated blood eosinophil counts exposed to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus non-ICS
treatments groups expressed as risk ratios.

Results:
Ten studies (8 randomised control trials and 2 observational studies) were included, with a
total of 85,059 COPD patients. In our pooled analysis, we found an overall reduction in risk of moderate
or severe exacerbations in patients with absolute blood eosinophil thresholds ranging from ≥ 100
to ≥ 340 cells/µL among patients escalating ICS (RR, 0.77, 95% CI, 0.73-0.81). For studies evaluating
the effects of de-escalation of ICS on moderate to severe exacerbations using blood eosinophil thresholds
of ≥ 300 to ≥ 340 cells/µL had an increased risk of moderate or severe exacerbations following
the de-escalation of ICS (RR, 1.66, 95% CI, 1.31-2.10).

Conclusion:
This study confirms the validity of the recommended absolute blood eosinophil count
thresholds for the escalation and de-escalation of ICS among COPD patients. However, this recommendation
is for COPD patients with prior exacerbations rather than among newly diagnosed COPD
patients as observed in this study. COPD patients with current or past history of asthma represent a
unique phenotypic group which should be further evaluated.
Serious Game-based Intervention for Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Kokol Peter , Vošner Helena Blažun , Završnik Jernej , Vermeulen Joeri , Shohieb Samaa , Peinemann Frank 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Children with developmental disabilities may need support with motor
skills such as balance improvement, cognitive skills such as vocabulary learning, or social skills
such as adequate interpretation of emotional expressions. Digital interactive games could support
the standard treatments. We aimed to review clinical studies which investigated the application of
serious games in children with developmental disabilities.

Methods:
We searched MEDLINE and Scopus on 05 May 2019 limited to the English language.
We included people between two and 24 years of age who were affected by neurodevelopmental
disorders and who received digital serious game-based medical interventions such as any computer-
based or video-based games. We considered any study design reporting primary data. We
used title, abstract, and full-text of journal articles to build diagnostic groups, and we described
some selected specific game applications.

Results:
The majority of the 145 relevant studies reported on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and
disabilities affecting intellectual abilities (DAIA). 30 of the 145 studies reported a randomized design.
We detailed six specific applications aimed at improving abilities in children with ASD,
ADHD, cerebral palsy, and Down syndrome. We visualized the diagnostic groups by bibliographic
mapping, and limited the text to the title and abstract of journal articles.

Conclusion:
We identified promising results regarding anxiety reduction, stress regulation, emotion
recognition, and rehabilitation. Currently, there appears to be a lack of clinical evidence that
children with neurodevelopmental disorders can benefit from the application of serious games.
Patients Driving the Clinical Trial Designs – Democracy in Clinical Research
Authors: Bhardwaj Payal , Kumar Jeba , Yadav Raj Kumar 
Published: August 2019

Background:Many of the clinical trials remain inefficient owing to the low retention rate, and an impact on the power of the study. In addition, regulatory bodies recommend including the patients’ experience, especially, patient-reported outcomes, while making clinical decisions, and approvals.Introduction:Patient centricity has reached the stage where patients are both willing and required to participate in clinical trial designs, regulatory review and experts on other panels. Efforts are being made in the right direction and there are multiple aspects that have been or are being addressed.Objective:The current article focuses on how to include patients in clinical trial designs, the benefits, challenges, and solutions. This means patients who were merely the participants until now, they will be the drivers of trials now, and hence the clinical trials will be more efficient and productive.Key Findings:There is a drive to enhance patients’ participation in clinical trial designs, especially, visits, efficacy outcomes and their expectations with the treatment. Patients want to remain informed, right from before participation to the completion of the trial. Patients are now an important part of regulatory review, as apparent from recent initiatives by the FDA and EMA. This will enhance patients’ awareness, and bring ownership and transparency. Various patient organizations, advocacy groups have made some great suggestions and taken initiatives in this direction. Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative, European Patient’s Academy on Therapeutic Innovation, and Patient- Centered Outcomes Research Institute are a few key initiatives. However, there is a set of challenges emanating from the complexity of trials, associated with unique mechanism of action of drugs, their efficacy and safety profiles, which has to be dealt with properly.Conclusion:Overall, the pharma domain is at the verge of putting the patient in the spotlight, to achieve a near-real democracy, where the clinical research is the by the patient, for the patient, and, of the patient.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Benzimidazole/Benzoxazole Substituted Triazolotriazines in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Dadashpour Sakineh , Küçükkılınç Tuba T. , Ercan Ayse , Hosseinimehr Seyed J. , Naderi Nima , Irannejad Hamid 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTK) are the main family of cell surface receptors for
growth factors, hormones and cytokines which are responsible for cell growth and differentiation and are considered
as an important therapeutic target in cancer.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to design, synthesise and conduct the biological evaluation of benzimidazole/
benzoxazole substituted triazolotriazines as new anticancer agents.

Methods:
A series of benzimidazolyl and benzoxazolyl-linked triazolotriazines 8a-e and 9a-e were synthesized
as receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Target compounds were evaluated in HGF-induced cell proliferation assay
in A549, MCF-7, HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.

Results:
Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most sensitive cell line towards the tested compounds and 8e was the
most potent one on HepG2 cells with an IC50 value of 5.13µM which was close to crizotinib (HepG2 IC50 =
4.35µM) as a standard c-Met kinase inhibitor. c-Met kinase assay of 8e showed that this compound is not capable
of inhibiting this enzyme and subsequently molecular docking confirmed the low affinity of 8e towards c-
Met active site and its possible anticancer mechanism through VEGFR-2 inhibition.

Conclusion:
Further in silico predictions revealed that 8e can be a drug candidate with favorable pharmacokinetic
properties.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOWER AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT OF 35 ANGOLA ACCESSIONS OF INDONESIAN OIL PALM RESEARCH INSTITUTE’S COLLECTION AT ADOLINA ESTATE OF PT PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA IV
Authors: Sujadi Sujadi , Supena Nanang , Suprianto Edy 
Published: August 2019

Information of oil palm flower and fruit development is very important in the observation plant morphology. This observation was carried out to complete information on vegetative and generative developments which are very useful for oil palm breeding. The success of plant breeding is measured from new varieties with specific advantages. This research used collections of Angola germplasm exploration which were planted in December 2012 at Adolina Estate of PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV. A total of 35 accessions were planted with RCBD designs in 2 trials. Vegetative observation per tree was carried out every year, since the plants were 2 years old. Observation of flower development is done by selecting 2 sample trees per accession by purposive sampling. A total of 70 trees were observed for flower development to become fruit every 10 days for each frond. Data on flower development were grouped by BBCH (Biologische Bundesantalt Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) scale. In addition to the morphological and flower developmental stages, this study also calculated the age between developmental phases from the appearance of one leaf to the mature harvesting bunches in all midrib and tree samples. The results showed that generative development of the 35 Angolan accessions can be arranged according to the BBCH scale, beginning with the appearance of the first leaf, the appearance of the flower, female / male flowers blooming (receptic / anthesis), bunches formation to mature ripe bunches. AGO038 accession only requires 385 days (12.8 months), calculated from the time the first leaf appears to the mature ripe bunches, but AGO049 produces faster harvested ripe bunches when calculated from receptive female flowers of 144 days (4.8 months).