bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and efficacy of a clinician‐targeted refresher course for treating nonpneumonia respiratory tract infections
Authors: Yamamoto Shungo , Gu Yoshiaki , Fujitomo Yumiko , Kanai Nobuyuki , Yamahata Yoshihiro , Saito Hiroyuki , Hashimoto Tadayuki , Ohmagari Norio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn 2017, the Japanese government published an evidence‐based manual describing the appropriate use of antibiotics in outpatient settings to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance. To fill the evidence‐practice gap, we developed a clinician‐targeted course aimed at improving clinician skills in the daily clinical practice of treating acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs) based on the manual. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the course.MethodsThis course consisted of lectures using illness scripts and checklists, as well as interactive communication skills training using role‐playing. We performed a vignette‐based evaluation of the changes in the knowledge and attitudes of the course participants toward prescribing antibiotics for nonpneumonia RTIs, using pre‐ and postcourse questionnaires. The questionnaires also included course feedback via the use of a 5‐point Likert scale.ResultsThirty‐eight clinicians were included in the analyses, and 90% of these participants had graduated ≥20 years ago. We found statistically significant reductions in the intention to prescribe antibiotics for four of the six nonpneumonia RTI vignettes: acute bronchitis (−47.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] −66.3 to −28.1%), common cold (−16.2%; 95% CI −30.8 to −1.6%), acute pharyngitis (−27.0%; 95% CI −49.0 to −5.0%), and acute rhinosinusitis (−33.3%; 95% CI −53.3 to −13.3%). The course seemed to be satisfactory for experienced doctors who were the relevant target population of such a workshop.ConclusionsThe refresher course was helpful for reducing the participants’ intensions to prescribe antibiotics for nonpneumonia RTIs.
Design, Synthesis, and In Vitro Anti‐mycobacterial Activities of Propylene‐Tethered Gatifloxacin‐Isatin Hybrids
Authors: Wang Hao‐Di , Fan Yi‐Lei , Zhou Jing , Xu Yan , Guan Jianguo 
Published: June 2018

A series of propylene‐tethered mono‐/bis‐isatin‐gatifloxacin hybrids 3a–f and 4a–f were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro anti‐mycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv and multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) as well as cytotoxicity against VERO cell line. The results indicated that all hybrids exhibited promising anti‐mycobacterial activities against MTB H37Rv and MDR‐TB with MIC ranging from 0.25 to 16 μg/mL. In particular, the mono‐isatin‐gatifloxacin hybrid 3e (MIC: 0.25 and 0.25 μg/mL) was found to be most active against MTB H37Rv and MDR‐TB strains, which was twofold more active than the parent gatifloxacin (MIC: 0.5 μg/mL) and comparable with rifampicin (RIF) (MIC: 0.25 μg/mL) against MTB H37Rv, and 4‐ > 512 times more potent than the three references gatifloxacin (MIC: 1.0 μg/mL), RIF (MIC: 64 μg/mL), and isoniazid (>128 μg/mL) against MDR‐TB, could act as a starting point for further optimization.
On‐surface Fenton and Fenton‐like reactions appraised by paper spray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Resende S.F. , Oliveira B.S. , Augusti R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOn‐surface degradation of sildenafil (an adequate substrate as it contains assorted functional groups in its structure) promoted by the Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) and Fenton‐like (Mn+/H2O2; Mn+ = Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+) systems was investigated by using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS‐MS). The performance of each system was compared by measuring the ratio between the relative intensities of the ions of m/z 475 (protonated sildenafil) and m/z 235 (protonated lidocaine, used as a convenient internal standard and added to the paper just before the PS‐MS analyzes). The results indicated the following order in the rates of such reactions: Fe2+/H2O2 ≫ H2O2 ≫ Cu2+/H2O2 > Mn+/H2O2 (Mn+ = Fe3+, Co2+, Mn2+) ~ Mn+ (Mn+ = Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2). The superior capability of Fe2+/H2O2 in causing the degradation of sildenafil indicates that Fe2+ efficiently decomposes H2O2 to yield hydroxyl radicals, quite reactive species that cause the substrate oxidation. The results also indicate that H2O2 can spontaneously decompose likely to yield hydroxyl radicals, although in a much smaller extension than the Fenton system. This effect, however, is strongly inhibited by the presence of the other cations, ie, Fe3+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Mn2+. A unique oxidation by‐product was detected in the reaction between Fe2+/H2O2 with sildenafil, and a possible structure for it was proposed based on the MS/MS data. The on‐surface reaction of other substrates (trimethoprim and tamoxifen) with the Fenton system was also investigated. In conclusion, PS‐MS shows to be a convenient platform to promptly monitor on‐surface oxidation reactions.
Peri‐implant health, peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implantitis: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations
Authors: Renvert Stefan , Persson G. Rutger , Pirih Flavia Q. , Camargo Paulo M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe objective of this review is to identify case definitions and clinical criteria of peri‐implant healthy tissues, peri‐implant mucositis, and peri‐implantitis. The case definitions were constructed based on a review of the evidence applicable for diagnostic considerations. In summary, the diagnostic definition of peri‐implant health is based on the following criteria: 1) absence of peri‐implant signs of soft tissue inflammation (redness, swelling, profuse bleeding on probing), and 2) the absence of further additional bone loss following initial healing. The diagnostic definition of peri‐implant mucositis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri‐implant signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, line or drop of bleeding within 30 seconds following probing), combined with 2) no additional bone loss following initial healing. The clinical definition of peri‐implantitis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri‐implant signs of inflammation, 2) radiographic evidence of bone loss following initial healing, and 3) increasing probing depth as compared to probing depth values collected after placement of the prosthetic reconstruction. In the absence of previous radiographs, radiographic bone level ≥3 mm in combination with BOP and probing depths ≥6 mm is indicative of peri‐implantitis.
Land degradation changes in the Yellow River Delta and its response to the streamflow‐sediment fluxes since 1976
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Yiming , Li Pengfei , Zhao Guangju , Sun Wenyi , Mu Xingmin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Yellow River is globally renowned for its high sediment concentration, primarily because it flows over the Loess Plateau, which suffers from severe land degradation mainly in the soil erosion. Vast sediment flows from the Yellow River into the sea through the Yellow River Delta (YRD), largely shaping the YRD. On the basis of remote sensing images and historical hydrological measurements, we investigated the streamflow‐sediment flux from the Yellow River and the land area changes of YRD region from 1976 to 2016. The relationship between the streamflow‐sediment flux from the Yellow River and the land change rate at the YRD was examined. The changes in shape of different parts of the YRD and their influencing factors were also discussed. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between the land change rate at the Estuary region and streamflow‐sediment flux from the Yellow River. Because of ecological environment constructions on the Loess Plateau, the streamflow‐sediment flux, particularly the sediment flux, underwent a decreasing trend. Along with the collapse of sediment flux, the land area of the YRD and the Estuary region increased before 1998 and decreased afterwards. The solidification projects are of great significance to the protection of the Northern River Beach region, but the decreasing trend of the land degradation rate at the Estuary region is unlikely to change. Our results provided a useful reference for the protection of the YRD and prevention of land degradation in the Yellow River Basin.
Paddy periphyton: Potential roles for salt and nutrient management in degraded mudflats from coastal reclamation
Authors: Lu Haiying , Qi Weicong , Liu Jia , Bai Yanchao , Tang Boping , Shao Hongbo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPeriphyton exists ubiquitously in paddy ecosystems of coastal mudflat area, playing significant roles in salt and nutrient cycling between the water and soil interface. However, the definition, composition, influenced factors, and potential function of paddy periphyton are still unclear. We attempt to define paddy periphyton as an integrated and independent microcosm, which is dominated by phototrophic communities, containing both biotic components, such as algal, fungal, bacterial, protozoan, and metazoan, and abiotic components, such as soil, extracellular polymeric substance, and detritus. They interact with each other such as predation and competition, co‐inhabiting in a common microhabitat. The development of paddy periphyton mainly includes three processes: growth stage, mature stage, and fading stage. Paddy periphyton has a significant influence on the salt migration in paddy ecosystem that was reclaimed from coastal mudflat by improving the soil structure, assimilating and adsorbing the salt like sodium chloride, and inhibiting the salt accumulation near the soil surface. As for nutrient management, the roles of paddy periphyton can be summarized as a slow‐released bio‐fertilizer, a nutrient‐removal agent, a nutrient mediator, and a nutrient indicator in mudflat‐reclaimed paddy ecosystem. All these imply that paddy periphyton may be a new and promising biotechnological tool for better salt and nutrient management in paddy ecosystems that degraded from mudflat land, which has a vast potential in the amelioration and fertility improvement of salt‐affected soils, as well as control of nonpoint agricultural pollution in coastal areas.
Measuring the impacts of anthropogenic activities on Inner Mongolian temperate grassland
Authors: Ren Hongrui , Zhou Guangsheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMeasuring the impacts of anthropogenic activities on grassland ecosystems is of great significance to establish effective grassland management policies. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of the anthropogenic activities, the impacts are difficult to quantify, especially at large spatial and long temporal scales. We used the Zhou Guangsheng model to simulate climate‐driven potential net primary productivity (NPPP) and MOD17A3 NPP data to acquire actual NPP (NPPA) influenced by both anthropogenic activities and climate change over the temperate grassland of Inner Mongolian from 2000 to 2014. We then simulated human‐induced NPP (NPPH), calculated as the difference between actual and potential NPP (NPPH = NPPA − NPPP), to determine anthropogenic effects on the temperate grassland. By comparing the NPPH and its time‐series linear slope from 2000 to 2014, we further proposed six types of anthropogenic impacts. Along the temperate grassland climate gradient, vegetation changed from meadow steppe in the east to typical steppe in the middle and desert steppe in the west, and NPPA and NPPP decreased. NPPH had no obvious spatial pattern. We observed positive effect (NPPH > 0) on only 4.2% of total grassland area. The area where the types of “positive effect (NPPH > 0) decrease – negative effect (NPPH < 0) increase” and “negative effect (NPPH < 0) increase” were observed in time‐series trends accounted for 68.8% of total grassland area. The grazing withdrawal and ecological compensation programs implemented around 2004 did not lead to a decline in the number of livestock and NPPH. Governments need to improve livestock number controls and strengthen grazing regulations.
Natural resource extraction and household welfare in rural Laos
Authors: Nguyen Trung Thanh , Do Truong Lam , Grote Ulrike 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDegradation of natural resources is a threat to sustainable development in many developing countries. Solving this requires an understanding of the factors affecting the extraction of and the dependence on the resources as well as the impacts on rural welfare. In this study, we identify the factors affecting the extraction of and the dependence on forest and water resources and examine the impacts of the extraction on rural household welfare in Laos. We address our research questions with an econometric framework that models the extraction and its implications simultaneously. We use the data of 430 rural households from a survey undertaken in 2013 in 38 villages of Savannakhet Province. Our findings show that extracting forest and water resources is a shock‐coping strategy of rural households but contributes to reducing household income inequality. For extracting households, the extraction increases household income, consumption, and food security. However, for nonextracting households, although participating in the extraction would increase food security, it would reduce their income and consumption. We suggest that promoting rural education and off‐farm employment opportunities and enhancing investments in physical infrastructures would reduce the extraction of and the dependence on the resources of extractors and prevent nonextractors from being forced to extract the resources.
Transparent Dielectric Metasurfaces for Spatial Mode Multiplexing
Authors: Kruk Sergey , Ferreira Filipe , Mac Suibhne Naoise , Tsekrekos Christos , Kravchenko Ivan , Ellis Andrew , Neshev Dragomir , Turitsyn Sergey , Kivshar Yuri 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExpanding the use of physical degrees of freedom to employ spatial multiplexing of data in optical communication is considered to be the most disruptive and effective solution for meeting the capacity demand of the growing information traffic. Development of space division–multiplexing methods stimulated research on spatial encoding, detection, and processing of data, attracting interest from various fields of science. Here a passive all‐dielectric metasurface with near‐unity transmission is demonstrated that engineers spatial mode profiles, potentially of an arbitrary complexity. The broadband response of the metasurface covers all S, C, and L bands of fiber communications. Unlike conventional phase plates, the metasurface allows for both phase and polarization conversion, providing full flexibility for the mode engineering. The dielectric metasurface is employed for mode multiplexing in a free‐space optical communication system with an extinction ratio in excess of 20 dB over the whole C‐band with negligible penalty even for 100 Gb s−1 data transmission. These results merge two seemingly different fields, optical communication and metamaterials, and they suggest a novel approach for an ultimate miniaturization of mode multiplexers and advanced LiFi technologies.
Impact of advanced detector technology and iterative reconstruction on low‐dose quantitative assessment of lung computed tomography density in a biological lung model
Authors: Hammond E. , Chan K. S. , Ames J. C. , Stoyles N. , Sloan C. M. , Guo J. , Newell J. D. , Hoffman E. A. , Sieren J. C. 
Published: June 2018

PurposeQuantitative computed tomography (QCT)‐derived measures of lung density are valued methods for objectively characterizing lung parenchymal and peripheral airways disease and are being used in a growing number of lung disease focused trials. Detector and reconstruction improvements in CT technology have allowed for significant radiation dose reduction in image acquisition with comparable qualitative image quality. We report the impact of detector type and reconstruction type on QCT lung density measures in relation to decreasing dose indices.MethodsTwo sets of studies were completed in an in vivo pig model with a SOMATOM Definition Flash CT system: (a) prior to system upgrade with conventional detectors (UFC) and filtered back projection (FBP), and (b) post system upgrade with integrated electronic detectors (STELLAR) and iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE). CT data were acquired across estimated CT volume dose indices (CTDIvol) ranging from 0.75 to 15 mGy at both inspiratory and expiratory breath holds. Semiautomated lung segmentations allowed calculation of histogram median, kurtosis, and 15th percentile. Percentage of voxels below −910 HU and −950 HU (inspiratory), and −856 HU (expiratory) were also examined. The changes in these QCT metrics from dose reduction (15 mGy down to 0.75 mGy) were calculated relative to paired reference values (15 mGy). Results were compared based on detector and reconstruction type.ResultsIn this study, STELLAR detectors improved concordance with 15 mGy values down to 3 mGy for inspiratory scans and 6 mGy for expiratory scans. The addition of SAFIRE reconstruction in all acquired measurements resulted in minimal deviation from reference values at 0.75 mGy.ConclusionThe use of STELLAR integrated electronic detectors and SAFIRE iterative reconstruction may allow for comparable lung density measures with CT dose indices down to 0.75 mGy.
Why Wait? The Importance of Wait Time in Developing Young Students’ Language and Vocabulary Skills
Authors: Wasik Barbara A. , Hindman Annemarie H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDeveloping young students’ language and vocabulary is critical in laying the foundation for learning to read. Asking open‐ended questions, which require more than a one‐word response, is an effective strategy that teachers can use to elicit students’ comments and engage students in extended conversations. However, to facilitate students’ responses, teachers need to not only ask questions but also, equally importantly, provide wait time for students to respond. Students need to think about the question, think about their answer, and think about and select the words that they would like to use to communicate their answer. Typically, this takes longer than the second or less that students are given to respond to a question. Although limited, research on wait time has suggested that students provide more high‐quality responses when they are given wait time. Suggestions for implementing wait time in early childhood classrooms are discussed.
Cover Image, Volume 5, Issue 4
Authors: Uijlenhoet Remko , Overeem Aart , Leijnse Hidde 
Published: June 2018

The cover image, by Remko Uijlenhoet et al, is based on Primer Opportunistic remote sensing of rainfall using microwave links from cellular communication networks, DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1289. Image courtesy of identim/Shutterstock.
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Modeling the climate and carbon systems to estimate the social cost of carbon
Authors: Thompson Tammy M. 
Published: June 2018

This study compares 10 models of the global carbon and climate systems, that represent model sophistication ranging from very simple parameterizations to Earth System Models of Intermediate complexity (EMICS): DICE, PAGE, FUND, FAIR, Hector, OSCAR, ACC2, MAGICC, MESM, and UVic. The focus of this analysis is on how these models meet scientific design and transparency criteria recommended by a recent Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, for developing a monetized estimate of the future damages from an incremental increase in carbon dioxide emissions in a given year (i.e., the social cost of carbon dioxide [SC‐CO2]). The National Academies report directly addresses methods for estimating the SC‐CO2, including a chapter outlining specific recommendations for a carbon/climate module. The carbon/climate piece of the model platform will capture the dispersion of carbon and energy through the earth system, and estimate the resulting change in several globally averaged metrics: temperature change, sea level, and ocean acidity. A number of model characteristics are evaluated and the findings identify models that meet the recommendations associated with each characteristic. Based on these findings, there are several publically available carbon/climate models that would meet the recommendations presented by the National Academies.This article is categorized under:

Climate Economics > Economics and Climate Change
Reliability analysis of offshore grids—An overview of recent research
Authors: Tuinema Bart W. , Getreuer Reinout E. , Rueda Torres José L. , van der Meijden Mart A. M. M. 
Published: June 2018

For the future, a large‐scale expansion of offshore wind energy is expected in Europe. To collect this wind energy and to enable electricity trading between countries, an offshore network will be implemented in the North Sea. Maintaining a high level of security of supply at affordable costs is one of the key objectives in the design and operation of power systems and therefore, the reliability of offshore grids is an important topic of discussion. Whereas onshore, the security of supply is assured by reliability criteria like n‐1 redundancy, the same n‐1 redundancy might not be an economical solution for offshore networks. For todays (small) offshore networks, n‐1 redundancy is hardly economically justifiable, seen from a wind farm owner's point of view. The question then arises how the reliability of large‐scale offshore networks should be evaluated and what measures can be taken to maintain a high security of supply onshore. This paper aims at discussing this topic by reviewing the results of recent research work. It is found that whereas for smaller offshore networks reliability evaluation is mainly an economic analysis seen from a wind farm owner's point of view, for large‐scale offshore networks, it is necessary to consider the interaction of offshore–onshore networks in reliability analysis. It is proposed to analyze the reliability of combined offshore–onshore power systems in an integrated approach, such that various (offshore and onshore) measures can be considered to find the most economical solution.This article is categorized under:
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Systems Economics > Systems and Infrastructure
Estimation of Anthropogenic Influences in Groundwater Quality of Shallow Aquifers of Moradabad City, Western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Saba Naseemus , Umar Rashid , Absar Ahsan 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The present work has been carried out in Moradabad, one of the important cities in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The main focus of the study is to estimate the extent of anthropogenic contamination in shallow groundwater of the area. For this purpose, total 188 groundwater samples collected from handpumps in pre- and post monsoon period of 2012 and 2013 (47 in each season) were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, major cations (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and anions (Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and F). The results of the analysis suggested that groundwater is slightly alkaline, hard to very hard in nature, average TDS values were found to be more than 1000 mg/l, which gives a clear evidence of anthropogenic influences. To estimate the extent of contamination, the information on relatively unpolluted groundwater systems occurring in different terrains including Ganga plain where the groundwater was relatively unaffected by anthropogenic activities is used. The estimated pristine chemical composition of groundwater of different terrains used in the present study was compared with the groundwater of Moradabad city. This comparison showed that Moradabad city with the highest Na, K, Cl, SO4 and NO3 values being 440 mg/l, 96 mg/l, 537 mg/l, 537 mg/l and 244 mg/l, respectively, is one of the most polluted urban centres within the Ganga plain. It may be suggested that values of &gt; 50 mg/l for Na, &gt; 10 mg/l for K, &gt; 25 mg/l for Cl, &gt; 50 mg/l for SO4 and &gt; 10 mg/l for NO3 have their respective sources in anthropogenic activities such as agricultural in the peripheral region, human and animal wastes, leakages from drains and septic tanks, landfill leachates and industrial effluents.