bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of group O Rh(D)− red blood cell use in pregnant women across hospitals of various sizes and obstetric capabilities prior to the introduction of patient blood management guidelines
Authors: Patterson Jillian A. , Hirani Rena , Irving David O. , Nicholl Michael C. , Ford Jane B. ,   For the Obstetric Transfusion Steering Committee
Published: July 2019

BackgroundO Rh(D)− red blood cell (RBC) units can generally be transfused to most patients regardless of their ABO blood type and are frequently used during emergency situations. Detailed usage patterns of O Rh(D)− RBC units in obstetric populations have not been well characterised. With the introduction of patient blood management guidelines, historical usage patterns are important for providing comparative data.AimsTo determine how the use of O Rh(D)− RBC units in pregnant women differs between hospitals of different sizes and obstetric capabilities prior to patient blood management guidelines.MethodsData from 67 New South Wales public hospital blood banks were linked with hospital and perinatal databases to identify RBC transfusions during pregnancy, birth and postnatally between July 2006 and December 2010. RBC transfusions were divided into O Rh(D)− or other blood types. Hospitals were classified according to birth volume, obstetric capability and location, with transfusions classified by timing and diagnosis.ResultsOf the 12 078 RBC units transfused into pregnant women, 1062 (8.8%) were O Rh(D)−. Higher use of O Rh(D)− RBC units was seen in antenatal transfusions, preterm deliveries and in regional or smaller hospitals. There was wide variation in rates of O Rh(D)− RBC transfusion among hospitals.ConclusionsThe rate of O Rh(D)− RBC unit use in obstetrics was lower during the period assessed than the nationally reported usage. It is encouraging that O Rh(D)− RBCs were more commonly used in emergency or specialised situations, or in facilities where holding a large blood inventory is not feasible.
Near disappearance of the Angelshark Squatina squatina over half a century of observations
Authors: Hiddink Jan G , Shepperson Jennifer , Bater Robin , Goonesekera Dilhani , Dulvy Nicholas K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMarine extinctions are particularly difficult to detect and almost all have been discovered after the fact. Retrospective analyses are essential to avoid concluding no‐extinction when one has occurred. We reconstruct the Angelshark population trajectory in a former hotspot (Wales), using interviews and opportunistic records. After correcting for observation effort and recall bias, we estimate a 70% (1.5%/year) decline in abundance over 46 years. While formerly widespread, Angelshark distribution contracted to a central core of Cardigan Bay. Angelshark declined almost unnoticed in one of the best‐monitored and most intensively managed seas in the world. Bycatch may be minimized by limiting netting on shingle reefs in Cardigan Bay. We provide the first quantitative time series to reveal the timing and trajectory of decline of Angelshark in the coastal waters of Wales and uncover historical centers of abundance and remnant populations that provide the first opportunity for the focus of conservation.
Effectiveness and safety of two different antithymocyte globulins used in induction therapy in kidney transplant recipients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Styrc Beata , Sobolewski Michał , Chudek Jerzy , Kolonko Aureliusz , Więcek Andrzej 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAntithymocyte globulin (ATG) is widely used as an induction therapy after kidney transplantation. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of induction therapy between two ATG formulations, Grafalon (Fresenius®) and Thymoglobulin (Sanofi®), in kidney transplant patients.MethodsThis study included 140 consecutive kidney transplant recipients, 71 treated with Grafalon and 69 treated with Thymoglobulin, in the period between February 2010 and January 2018. To optimize therapy costs, considering the periodically limited drug availability and the substantial drug waste in the case of Grafalon, Thymoglobulin induction was introduced into the immunosuppressive protocol.ResultsThe ATG total dose in mg/kg of body mass [median: 5.3 (3.7‐7.1) vs 8.6 (4.3‐17.3); P < .001] was significantly lower in the Thymoglobulin subgroup. There were 7 (5%) graft losses and 15 (10.7%) deaths during the first 12 months, with 66.7% of deaths due to infection complications. Patients treated with Thymoglobulin were characterized by a lower absolute lymphocyte count at day 7 and during the 12 months of follow‐up, compared with the Grafalon group [236 (205‐267) vs 483 (372‐594), respectively; P < .001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that a lymphocyte count < 200/µL at day 7 (OR = 10.5; 95%CI, 1.6‐69.0; P = .01) and age >50 years (OR = 14.6; 95%CI, 1.4‐155.0; P = .03), but not type of ATG, independently increased the risk of death due to infection. The 12‐month acute rejection rate was higher in the Grafalon group (25.3% vs 10.1%, P = .02).ConclusionTreatment with Thymoglobulin in kidney transplant recipients resulted in more pronounced lymphopenia and a lower 12‐month rate of acute rejection.
The Bioequivalence and Effect of Food on the Pharmacokinetics of a Fixed‐Dose Combination Tablet Containing Rosuvastatin and Ezetimibe in Healthy Japanese Subjects
Authors: Nishida Chisato , Matsumoto Yuki , Fujimoto Katsukuni , Shirakawa Masayoshi , Wrishko Rebecca Ellen , Behm Martin Otto , Furihata Kenichi 
Published: July 2019

Certain patient populations are unable to achieve the recommended low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol goals with statin monotherapy alone. Such patients may benefit from concomitant therapy with ezetimibe (EZE) 10 mg added on to a statin. To this end, fixed‐dose combination (FDC) tablets containing EZE 10 mg and rosuvastatin (ROS) 2.5 mg (EZE/ROS2.5) and EZE 10 mg and ROS 5 mg (EZE/ROS5) have been developed for treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of the series of clinical studies reported herein was to evaluate the potential food effect (MK‐0653H, protocol 836 (P836)) and the bioequivalence between FDC and co‐administration of EZE and ROS in healthy Japanese subjects under fasted and fed conditions (MK‐0653H, protocol 835 (P835) and MK‐0653H, protocol 846 (P846), respectively). These studies show there is no clinically relevant food effect on EZE exposure following single oral administration of the FDC EZE/ROS5 in healthy Japanese subjects; however, ROS exposure was decreased in the fed state under conditions used to evaluate the maximum food effect. Following single oral administration of individual ROS tablets under the same conditions, the magnitude of decrease in ROS exposure was comparable to that seen with FDC, suggesting that the effect of food on ROS exposure was similar between the FDC tablet and co‐administration of individual EZE and ROS tablets. The FDC EZE/ROS5 was generally well tolerated in healthy Japanese subjects under fasted and fed conditions.
Systemic sclerosis – the dermatological perspective
Authors: Sticherling Michael 
Published: July 2019

SummarySystemic scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an inflammatory connective tissue disease clinically characterized by two major subtypes: limited and diffuse SSc. While both conditions present with Raynaud's phenomenon (paroxysmal digital ischemia), diffuse SSc is associated with rapid disease progression and early – prognostically relevant – involvement of internal organs. Treatment is challenging. In addition to general lifestyle modifications, measures include treatments aimed at improving circulation as well as immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs. However, these agents are effective only in terms of slowing disease progression.
Molecular modelling of sorption processes of a range of diverse small organic molecules in Leonardite humic acid
Authors: Petrov Drazen , Tunega Daniel , Gerzabek Martin H. , Oostenbrink Chris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSoil organic matter (SOM) is abundant in the environment and plays an important role in several biogeochemical processes, including microbial activity, soil aggregation, plant growth and carbon storage. One of its key functions is the retention and release of various chemical compounds, primarily governed by the sorption process, which strongly affects the environmental fate of nutrients and pollutants. Sorption largely depends on the composition of SOM, as well as its structure, dynamics and the thermodynamic conditions. Although several approaches are available, experimental characterization of sorption mechanisms is not easy. Computational models for predicting sorption coefficients often require a wealth of experimental data for training and are only applicable to compounds and conditions related to the training dataset. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the sorption of a range of small organic compounds. As a model SOM system we use the standard Leonardite humic acid (LHA) sample, which physicochemical properties have recently been characterized computationally in detail. This model allowed us to estimate sorption propensities of the systems at two different hydration levels (water activities close to 0 and 1), showing a remarkable correlation with experimental data. Importantly, this molecular modelling approach based on perturbation free‐energy calculations is rigorously derived from statistical thermodynamics and requires no experimental sorption data for training. It is therefore in principle applicable to any SOM model or thermodynamic condition. Moreover, the power of MD simulations to provide high‐resolution insight into atomistic and molecular interactions was employed to explore how sorbate molecules associate with the LHA matrix and which contacts they form. The heteroatoms of both sorbate and sorbent play an important role and water molecules are identified as further key players in facilitating the sorption process.Highlights
Modelling of the sorption processes in soil organic matter at atomistic level.
Rigorous, physics‐based approach applicable to a range of SOM systems and conditions.
Remarkable level of matching with experimental data with additional insight into the molecular mechanism.
Interactions between the sorbate and local environment strongly affects the sorption process.
Identification of most damaging nsSNPs in human CCR6 gene: In silico analyses
Authors: Akhtar Mehran , Jamal Tazkira , Jamal Hina , Din Jalal Ud , Jamal Muhsin , Arif Muhammad , Arshad Maria , Jalil Fazal 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSingle nucleotide polymorphisms in CCR6 (C–C chemokine receptor type 6) gene have been found to be the possible cause of many diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, lupus nephritis and systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, identification of structurally and functionally important polymorphisms in CCR6 is important in order to study its potential malfunctioning and discovering therapeutic targets. Several bioinformatics tools were used to identify most damaging nsSNPs that might be vital for CCR6 structure and function. The in silico tools included PROVEAN, SIFT, SNP&GO and PolyPhen2 followed by I‐Mutant MutPred and ConSurf. Phyre2 and I‐TASSER were used for protein 3‐D Modelling while gene–gene interaction was predicted by STRING and GeneMANIA. Our study suggested that three nsSNPs rs1376162684, rs751102128 and rs1185426631 are the most damaging in CCR6 gene while 7 missense SNPs rs1438637216, rs139697820, rs768420505, rs1282264186, rs1394647982, rs769360638 and rs1263402382 are found to revert into stop codons. Prediction of post‐transcriptional modifications highlighted the significance of rs1376162684 because it effected potential phosphorylation site. Gene–gene interactions showed relation of CCR6 with other genes depicting its importance in several pathways and co‐expressions. In future, studying diseases related to CCR6 should include investigation of these 10 nsSNPs. Being the first of its type, this study also proposes future perspectives that will help in precision medicines. For such purposes, CCR6 proteins from patients of autoimmune diseases should be explored. Animal models can also be of significance find out the effects of CCR6 in diseases.
Low‐ and lower middle‐income countries advanced practice nurses: an integrative review
Authors: Scanlon A. , Murphy M. , Smolowitz J. , Lewis V. 
Published: July 2019

AimTo review published literature descriptions of advanced practice nurses’ roles in low‐ and lower middle‐income countries.BackgroundAdvanced practice nurse roles have the potential to address insufficient healthcare resources in low‐ and lower middle‐income countries.IntroductionThis integrative review highlights advanced practice nurses’ roles in the delivery of healthcare services in low‐ and lower middle‐income countries.MethodsThree electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL complete and ProQuest Health & Medicine were searched. No limits by year or language were set. The names for low‐ and lower middle‐income countries and combinations ‘related to advanced practice nurses’ titles were used to identify papers. In addition, a review of publication type was performed. Themes found within the publications were assessed against the advanced practice nurses’ International Council of Nurses’ characteristics. An integrative review facilitated an appraisal of the papers identified.ResultsThe initial search identified 5778 publications in 16 languages. This number was reduced to 23, from 18 low‐ and lower middle‐income once exclusion criteria were applied. Six publications were from 1977 to 1999, and six between 2000 and 2010, with the remaining 11 from 2011 to 2018. Zambia had the most publications. Notably, 63 countries were not represented. Of those meeting inclusion criteria, the majority addressed education with a lesser extent focusing on practice and regulation of advanced practice nurse’s roles. The majority were published during the last decade.DiscussionThis review of the published literature identified advanced practice nurses’ roles and function within some healthcare systems. However, not all components were reported. Examination of the grey literature could provide additional information about the actual and potential benefits of advanced practice nurses’ in low‐ and lower middle‐income countries.ConclusionThe published literature that referred to advanced practice nurses’ identified their contribution to positive impacts on health care over the last 40 years. However, with only 11 publications identified in the last 7 years, further review is required to understand the advanced practice nurses’ roles in these countries.Implications for nursing and/or health policyFurther development of advanced practice nurses’ in low‐ and lower middle‐income countries is supported by the lack of published literature.
Comparison of the different supports used in veterinary medicine for pressure sore prevention
Authors: Caraty J. , De Vreught L. , Cachon T. , Moissonnier P. , Bongartz A. , Viguier E. , Carozzo C. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo compare the pressure‐relieving capacity of different supports used in veterinary medicine and to find the more common pressure sore locations in laterally recumbent dogs, so as to recommend protocols for decubitus ulcer prevention.Materials and MethodsWe compared the support properties of: (1) blankets on the floor, (2) a standard mattress, (3) a veterinary memory foam mattress and (4) a human medicine memory foam mattress. Three cadaver dogs with different body condition scores but similar sizes were positioned on the different supports in lateral recumbency. Pressures were measured in each dog and at each support contact point over a 4‐hour period using a TexiSense pressure mat.ResultsRegardless of the body condition score and the support used, the skin overlying the scapula‐humeral articulation, the greater trochanter and the thirteenth rib were the recurrent risk zones. In these risk zones, pressure‐relieving mats led to lower pressures than did the standard mats or the blanket placed on the floor. The contact pressures appeared to depend on body condition score, with maximal pressures observed in thin dogs.Clinical SignificanceIt is important to use a pressure‐relieving mat to reduce the risk of pressure sores, but static pressure‐relieving mats are generally insufficient to maintain safe pressures in risk zones (<60 mmHg), particularly in thin patients, and so frequent changes in position are recommended.
Vital and enchanted: Jane Bennett and new materialism for nursing philosophy and practice
Authors: Neff Ian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNursing theories are typically anthropocentric and emphasize caring for a person as a unitary whole. They maintain the dualisms of human–nonhuman, natural–social and material–ideal. Recent developments in nonhuman ontology question the utility of that approach. One important philosopher in this new materialism is political theorist Jane Bennett. In this paper, I explore Bennett's vital materialism and enchantment as two concepts arising from the nonhuman turn that should inform nursing philosophy. Vital materialism considers the lively power of matter to affect the world and be affected in relations. Enchantment refers to a sense of wonder and captivation with matter. While summarizing her important contributions, I also describe common criticisms and responses. I consider the human as an assemblage of matter as well as the agency or “thing power” of matter external to humans. This has implications for nursing thought and practice, and it can inform a more capacious research methodology. I also discuss how compassion fatigue or burnout and other professional issues may be seen as a form of disenchantment with the material world. I argue that embracing these and other elements of Bennett's new materialist philosophy can help nurses and other health professionals enrich their theories and practice to advance their disciplines and improve care for persons and populations.
JAK2‐STAT3 signaling pathway is involved in rat periapical lesions induced by Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Wang Lina , Jin Haiwei , Ao Xiang , Dong Ming , Liu Shuo , Lu Ying , Niu Weidong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the role of JAK2‐STAT3 (Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in periapical disease caused by Enterococcus faecalis, as well as the correlation between lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in E. faecalis and the activity of the JAK2‐STAT3 signaling pathway and osteoclast formation.Materials and MethodsA rat model of periapical periodontitis induced by E. faecalis was established. Periapical bone resorption was confirmed by HE staining. The expression of JAK2, p‐JAK2, STAT3, and p‐STAT3 was assessed with immunohistochemical staining. Osteoclasts were observed through enzyme histochemical staining. LTA acted on mouse osteoclast precursor cells (RAW264.7 cells); a JAK2 inhibitor (AG490) was used to inhibit the JAK2‐STAT3 pathway in RAW264.7 cells. The expression of proteins in the JAK2‐STAT3 pathway and TRAP (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) in RAW264.7 cells was also detected.ResultsRat periapical periodontitis was successfully established and bone resorption peaked at day 21. The expression of critical components in the JAK2‐STAT3 pathway increased with the progression of inflammation. LTA promoted the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into osteoclasts. NFATc1 was highly expressed and was inhibited by AG490.ConclusionsJAK2‐STAT3 signaling pathway plays an important role in the process of periapical bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis.
Is Nation ‘One of the Most Puzzling and Tendentious Items in the Political Lexicon’?
Authors: Jayet Cyril 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to clarify the meaning of the concept of nation, which has often been described as a puzzling concept. I propose first to analyse various definitions of nation, focusing on whether they imply that nations exist and what this means if so, or in what sense they exist. I distinguish four ways of approaching this. I evidence the shortcomings of each approach, and argue that the best one is that proposed by Brubaker: to focus on nationalization as a process and on nationness as a variable, rather than on ‘nations’ as discrete groups. Second, I show how this approach can benefit from Rosch's theory of categorization, Gellner's definition of nationalism, and Mann's theory of the centralization of the state. Finally, I argue that what Gellner called the ‘weakness of nationalism’ explains the puzzle of ‘nations’: although nationalization contributes to shaping society according to the principle of nationalism, it only succeeds to a certain degree, leaving nations always unfinished and impossible to identify clearly.
Phylogenomics of Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) using transcriptomes: examining controversial relationships via degeneracy coding and interrogation of gene conflict
Authors: Skinner Rachel K. , Dietrich Christopher H. , Walden Kimberly K. O. , Gordon Eric , Sweet Andrew D. , Podsiadlowski Lars , Petersen Malte , Simon Chris , Takiya Daniela M. , Johnson Kevin P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha is a highly diverse, ecologically and agriculturally important group of primarily phytophagous insects which has been a source of phylogenetic contention for many years. Here, we have used transcriptome sequencing to assemble 2139 orthologues from 84 auchenorrhynchan species representing 27 families; this is the largest and most taxonomically comprehensive phylogenetic dataset for this group to date. We used both maximum likelihood and multispecies coalescent analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history in this group using amino acid, nucleotide, and degeneracy‐coded nucleotide orthologue data. Although many relationships at the superfamily level were consistent between analyses, several differing, highly supported topologies were recovered using different datasets and reconstruction methods, most notably the differential placement of Cercopoidea as sister to either Cicadoidea or Membracoidea. To further interrogate the recovered topologies, we explored the contribution of genes as partitioned by third‐codon‐position guanine‐cytosine (GC) content and heterogeneity. We found consistent support for several relationships, including Cercopoidea + Cicadoidea, most often in genes that would be expected to be enriched for the true species tree if recombination‐based dynamics in GC content have contributed to the observed GC heterogeneity. Our results provide a generally well‐supported framework for future studies of auchenorrhynchan phylogeny and suggest that transcriptome sequencing is likely to be a fruitful source of phylogenetic data for resolving its clades. However, we caution that future work should account for the potential effects of GC content heterogeneity on relationships recovered in this group.