bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Municipal Sources of Selected Trace Organics in Sarnia
Authors: Marsalek Jiri 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
As a contribution to the systematic evaluation of sources of selected trace organics discharged into the St. Clair River in Sarnia, municipal sources, such as urban runoff, drainage ditch flow and wastewater treatment plant effluent, were evaluated. The sampling of these sources indicated the presence of trace organics at fairly low levels. The treated effluent conveyed the highest loadings of perchloroethylene (560 kg/yr) and carbon tetrachloride (4 kg/yr). The drainage ditch receiving some industrial discharges conveyed the highest loadings of hexachlorobutadiene (9 kg/yr) and hexachloroethane (2 kg/yr). The annual loadings of pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene were smaller than 0.1 kg/yr. The loadings from municipal sources were found insignificant in comparison to those from industrial sources.
Bulk Deposition of Ions in the Turkey Lakes Watershed
Authors: Semkin R.G. , Jeffries Dean S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Bulk deposition has been collected at the Turkey Lakes Watershed (near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) on a weekly basis since September 1981. Average precipitation quantity was 1212 mm over four years with rain fall accounting for approximately 70% of the total. The chemistry of bulk deposition is dominated by hydrogen and sulphate ions. Seasonal variations in chemistry were observed with summer concentrations of SO4, NH4, and Ca exceeding winter values by about 40%. The hydrogen ion content of hulk deposition is lower in the summer months while the SO4:NO3 equivalent ratio is at a maximum. Sulphate, NO3, NH4 and H ion concentrations are significantly correlated (p&lt;.001). A greater proportion of NO3, appears to be associated with HNO3, than SO4 with its strong acid counterpart, e.g. sulphate is better correlated with NH4 and Ca than H. Annual deposition to the watershed is comparable to other areas experiencing more acidic precipitation due to the relatively high precipitation rate in this location.
Adhesion and Growth of Anaerobic Biofilms on Ion Exchange Resins
Authors: Selle Sardi R.F.G. , Bulani W. , Cairns W.L. , Kosaric N. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Ion exchanger beads are explored as aids in accelerating the development of anaerobic biofilms for use in advanced anaerobic reactors.
Initial adhesion and subsequent changes in adhesion and growth of anaerobic biofilms (as reflected in total supported biomass and metabolic activity) were monitored on different ion exchangers (strong cation, strong anion and weak anion) over a period of 12 days.
Metabolic activity was recorded for the first time in this type of study using ATP biolumininescence assays which allowed monitoring of rapid changes in the biofilm development.
Results indicate that the strong cation exchanger is a better overall substratum for anaerobic biofilm development due to its favorable property of dialent cation binding and adsorption of volatile fatty acid substrate for methanogens.
Heavy Metal Effects on Marsh Treatment Systems
Authors: Desjardins Robert M. , Seyfried Patricia L. , Palmateer Garry 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Higher land and energy costs have prompted interest in marshes for wastewater treatment. To date, four marsh treatment systems have been built in Ontario at Listowel, Cobalt, Bradford and Port Perry. Of these, the Cobalt marsh is unique in that it is situated in the area of a mine tailings basin. Because metals from mine tailings have been shown to reach the overlyinq waters, it was essential that the effect of leached metals on the micro-bial activities in the system be examined. Factors that were studied were chemical pollutant and pathogen removal, activities of sulfur and nitrogen bacteria, as well as inhibitory effects of toxic metals on the microbiota. Comparisons were made of data collected from the Cobalt and Listowel marshes. Although the metals present in the Cobalt area were shown to be potentially toxic to the marsh microflora, the concentrations of metals in the marsh were not hiqh enough to interfere with microbial activities.
A Review of Processes Affecting the Fate of Contaminants in Groundwater
Authors: Jackson R.E. , Hoehn E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The hydrological and hydrochemical processes controlling the fate of contaminants in groundwater flow systems are reviewed. The transport of these contaminants is controlled by hydrogeological phenomena, while chemical reactions, such as sorption, hydrolysis and biodegradation, act to retard and/or attenuate these substances. The results of recent research by European and North American workers are summarized for the benefit of readers unfamiliar with groundwater pollution.
The Distribution of Volatile Organics in a Leachate Plume, Gloucester, Ontario
Authors: Devlin J.F. , Gorman W.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Gloucester Landfill is located near Ottawa, Ontario, on a northeast trending ridge of Quaternary age. The ridge comprises outwash sediments which make up two aquifer systems. A confined system exists next to bedrock, and is overlain by a silty-clayey stratum (the confining layer) which is, in turn, overlain by an unconfined aquifer system. Two independent volatile organic plumes have previously been identified at the landfill: the southeast plume, which has penetrated the confined aquifer system, and the northeast plume which is migrating in the unconfined aquifer.
The distribution of volatile organic contaminants at the northeast plume site appears to be a function of two factors: (1) heterogeneities in the aquifer sediments are causing the channeling of contaminants through a narrow path; (2) the low fraction of organic carbon in the unconfined aquifer sediments at the northeast site is resulting in little retardation of the contaminants there, relative to those at the southeast site.
Acetate was the only volatile fatty acid detected in the leachate. It was measurable only in areas where the volatile organic contamination was significant. Although methane was detected in the contaminated sediments, suggesting that microbial activity was present, the high concentration of acetate (&gt;1000 ppm) which was detected down-gradient from the source area indicates that any biodegradation which is occurring is proceeding at a very slow rate.
Radiostrontium Migration from a 1953-54 Liquid Release to a Sand Aquifer
Authors: Killey R.W.D. , Munch J.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions containing a variety of fission products were released to an infiltration pit overlying a sand aquifer in the early 1950’s. Almost all of the undecayed 137Cs and 154Eu are still retained within the 5 m thick unsaturated zone beneath the pit. Radiostrontium, however, has moved up to 350 m through the hydrogeologically simple and fast-moving groundwater flow system; the inventory of the aquifer plume’s 90Sr content is in good agreement with the estimated initial release. Data from 6 determinations of plume front position yield a linear increase in distribution ratios for 90Sr at the leading edge, from 0.8 to 4.8 mL·g−1 between 1955 and 1983. Mean Kd’s between 3 and 9 mL·g−1 have been determined from short-term laboratory and field experiments, and the rate of advance of the plume front is expected to reach a steady state within this range. Analyses of 340 contaminated sands and associated pore waters from various locations in the plume provided in situ distribution ratios with a log mean of 12.9 mL·g−1, and with no significant variations between sediments that have been in contact with 90Sr for from 10 to 28 years. Differences between plume front distribution coefficients and the in situ values observed in older portions of the plume are explained primarily by kinetically slow chemisorption onto secondary oxide coatings on the sand surfaces. This reaction apparently has half-reaction times for both sorption and desorption of less than 2 years, and hence can be treated as an equilibrium process in long-term studies. A substantial conflict remaining in the data, however, is the rate of advance of the centre of mass of the plume. Most of the radiostrontium in the aquifer la apparently moving at a much slower rate than the log mean in situ distribution ratio would predict - one explanation for this discrepancy is that 90Sr movement is greatly retarded by volumetrically small sandy silt strata that have much higher sorption capacities than the fine to medium sands that dominate the overall aquifer sampling. A simple, conservative, model that assumes equilibrium sorption of radiostrontium predicts acceptable concentrations of radiostrontium in surface waters at the CRNL property boundary.
Laboratory Simulation of Pentachlorophenol / Phenate Behaviour in an Alluvial Aquifer
Authors: Patterson R.J. , Liebscher H.M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 1978, about 18,000 litres of a chlorophenol/phenate solution leaked from a sawmill dip tank located approximately 120 metres from the Okanagan River in Penticton, B.C. Results of field studies indicated that the chlorophenol/phenate migrated through a surficial alluvial aquifer toward the river and that the retardation factor for the contaminants was between 1,05 and 1.43. A purge we 11 remedial operation recovered only about 40% of the spilled chlorophenol/phenate. More than five years after the purging operation, low levels of chlorophenol/phenate were still present in the groundwater.
A column test to simulate the subsurface transport and purging behaviour of pentachlorophenol/phenate was conducted in the laboratory under conditions which duplicated, as closely as possible, those in the field. Results, which suggest a retardation factor of about 1.25 and non-equilibrium (i.e. slow) sorption/desorption, can account for the behaviour of the contaminants in the aquifer under natural flow conditions and during purging. The success achieved in the simulation indicates that these types of tests can be applied usefully in the study of contaminant behaviour in the subsurface. In addition, they could play an important role in waste site assessment and remediation programs where purging is an alternative. Data can be obtained at relatively low cost and at an early stage in an investigation, and could be employed to provide a preliminary assessment of the probable efficiency of purging. Moreover, the results could be applied to establish parameters and operating conditions that will improve the effectiveness of costly field tests that must precede the design of an optimal purging system.
Evaluation of Filter Coefficients λ and σ for Iron Removal by Rapid Sand Filtration
Authors: Narasiah K.S. , Dany T.D. Dao 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies wore conducted on a sand bed filter using stock suspension of iron sulfate. By measuring precisely the amount of iron oxide deposited in each layer of sand the coefficients of filter, namely the impediment modulus λ and the specific deposit coefficient σ, are evaluated. Also the phenomenon of “breakthrough” has been explained. From the results obtained it is found that an exponential equation of second degree can adequately describe the process of iron removal by rapid sand filtration.
Relationship Between the Biological Testing of Industrial Effluents and the Quality of Receiving Waters -Some Canadian Case Studies
Authors: Dafoe T. , Carey J.H. , McCrindle S.H. , Wells P.G. , Wilson R.C.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A summary of selected Canadian experiences in the application of biological tests for controlling and monitoring effluent quality, for setting water quality objectives, and for monitoring receiving waters is presented. ? brief review is made of the approaches for applying biological tests to effluents, to the selection of suitable water quality objectives, and to the conduct of ambient biomonitoring programs. Two case examples from Canada, the Saint John River, New Brunswick, and Canagagigue Creek, Ontario, are evaluated in detail. A number of other Canadian sites where biological tests are being applied are also discussed. The contributions of biological tests on effluents to administrative decisions for pollution control, as well as the limitations of solely using “end of pipe” tests, are emphasized in the paper.
Cell Surface and Aggregation Studies of Microbes from Anaerobic Systems
Authors: Kosaric N. , Mahoney E.M. , Varangu L.K. , Cairns W.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies were performed to evaluate cell surface properties of aggregated microbial granules from anaerobic digestion systems. Cell surface properties (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) were obtained by contact angle measurements in an aqueous phase. The cells’ charges were evaluated by measuring zeta potential and settlability was used as a measure of aggregating of cells under various experimental conditions.
Flocculation tests have shown to be a good indicator of aggregation ability between cells. Aggregation can be modulated by changing those environmental and engineering parameters which can be measured by contact angle and zeta potential.
Organochlorine Residues in Brook Trout and Yellow Perch From New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (Canada) Lakes
Authors: Peterson R. , Ray S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Brook trout and yellow perch collected while surveying New Brunswick and Nova Scotia headwater lakes were analyzed for DDT metabolites, chlordane, hexacyclohexane isomers, hexachlorobenzene, toxaphene and PCB’s. Concentrations of DDT metabolites were much higher from fish taken from lakes in north-central N.B. (200-700 ng/g wet wt) than from fish taken elsewhere (&lt;10 ng/g). Seventy to 90% of the DDT metabolites was DDE. Chlordane (3-13 ng/g) was analyzed in seven trout, six of them from central N.B. areas with intensive agriculture. Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane were in highest concentration from north-central N.B. (10-20 ng/g), eastern N.S. (5-15 ng/g) and southern N.B. (5-20 ng/g). In most cases, alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) was the isomer in highest concentration. Concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in fish tissues was highly variable with no obvious geographic bias. PCB’s were detected in very few fish, and no toxaphene was detected.
Lake Superior Atmospheric Wet Deposition 1980-1983
Authors: Chan C. H. , Perkins L. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Wet deposition estimates were computed from monthly wet precipitation samples collected in the Lake Superior Basin. Sulphate and nitrogen loadings from wet precipitation corresponded to 142 and 40 thousand tonnes per year. On a percentage basis, wet deposition of sulphate and nitrogen accounted for 21% and 54%, respectively, of the total load. Atmospheric sources for other major ions ranged from 1 to 10%. Atmospheric deposition at the eastern end of Lake Superior was higher than the western end of the Basin. The relative accuracy of these estimates were examined in relation to the changes in lake chemistry in Lake Superior from 1973 to 1983.
La toxicité léthale aiguë des effluents industriels au Québec vis-à-vis de la truite arc-en-ciel
Authors: Biaise C. , Costan G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
De 1975 à 1984, plus de 300 échantillons d’effluents industriels provenant de 160 sites industriels de la province de Québec ont été bioanalysés afin d’évaluer leur toxicité létale aiguë envers la truite arc-en-ciel. Six secteurs industriels étaient représentés par ces prélèvements: Pâtes et Papiers (PP) , Minier (M), Chimique (C), Alimentaire (A), Raffineries (R), Textiles (T). Diverses façons d’analyser les données ont permis de dégager d’intéressantes informations liées à leurs toxicités respectives. Tout d’abord, le groupe PP, A et T est apparu globalement plus toxique que le groupe C, M et R. De plus, quatre secteurs ont démontré une ressemblance marquée au niveau de leur expression toxique (i.e. CL50-96 h), soit le secteur PP avec le secteur A et le secteur M avec le secteur R. Par ailleurs, l’étude des données de TL50 a indiqué que de 6 S 20% de ceux-ci (selon le secteur) sont atteints au delà de 24 h d’exposition. Ce constat plaide en faveur de la réalisation de CL50 de 96 h afin de ne pas sous-estimer les effets toxiques. D’autre part, des CL50 aussi basses que 1 v/v % (nos données) et 0,1 v/v % (données rapportées ailleurs) ont été obtenues pour des effluents finaux rejetés dans le milieu aquatique. Enfin, une analyse plus poussée de 23 effluents finaux du secteur PP n’ayant subi aucun traitement a permis de relier leur toxicité à certains paramètres physico-chimiques (sulfures, Mn, DCO, solides totaux, phénols) analysés en support aux bioanalyses.
Deemulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsion with Sludges
Authors: Kosaric N. , Duvnjak Z. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Aerobic sludge from a municipal activated sludge treatment plant, sludge from a conventional municipal anaerobic digester, aerobic sludge from an activated sludge process of a petroleum refinery, and granular sludge from an upflow sludge blanket reactor (USBR) were tested in the deemulsification of a water-in-oil emulsion. All sludges except the last one, showed a good deemulsification capability and could he used for a partial deemulsification of such emulsions. The rate and degree of the deemulsifications increased with an increase in sludge concentrations. The deemulsifications were faster at 85°C and required smaller amounts of sludge than in the case of the deemulsifications at room temperature.
An extended stirring (up to a certain limit) in the course of the dispersion of sludge emulsion helped the deemulsification. Too vigorous agitation had an adverse effect.
The deemulsification effect of sludge became less visible with an increase in the dilution of emulsion which caused an increase in its spontaneous deemulsification.
A Comparison of Anaerobic Reactors Operating With and Without the Addition of Sulfates
Authors: Hilton Barry L. , Oleszkiewicz Jan A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Three pairs of anaerobic upflow sludge bed reactors were compared. Each pair received the same amount of whey and waste sulfite liquor. Sulfate loaded gas-stripped reactor R4 performed as well as its methanogenic (no addition of sulfates) counterpart R6. The performance of unstripped sulfate-loaded reactors R1 and R3 was comparable to the gas-stripped R2 and R4 only when reactor loads were below 3 kg COD/m3·d and 0.5 kg S/m3·d. At higher loads the performance deteriorated significantly. Syntrophic generation of methane and sulfides was found to be the prerequisite to attaining high removals of COD.
Removal of Organic Carbon and Chlorine from a Kraft Mill Wastewater by Pretreatment with Catalyzed Ozone and Powdered Activated Carbon
Authors: Sierka R. A. , Bryant C. W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Effluents from the chlorine pulp-bleaching process have been shown to contain miscellaneous organic-Cl compounds including chloro-phenols , -catecols, -resin acids, and simple haloforms such as chloroform. Less defined materials such as chlorolignins with apparent molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 30,000 have also been found in these effluents. The total quantity of organically bound chlorine has been estimated to be 5 kilograms per tonne of pulp, or 250,000 tonnes per year worldwide (Kringstad and Lindstrom, 1984).
Recent work in Sweden (Sjostrom et al., 1985 and 1982) and Norway of the total organic halide (TOX) parameter in characterizing chlorination by-products found in pulp and paper wastewater. A comparison of TOX data with data defining concentrations of specific organo-Cl compounds revealed that a very large fraction of the TOX pool has yet to be identified.
Many pulp and paper mills in the United States and Scandinavia employ aerated lagoons for the removal of biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and nitrogenous compounds.
Benzene and Toluene Levels in the Upper St. Clair River
Authors: Comba Michael E. , Kaiser Klaus L.E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Analyses of St. Clair River bottom water samples along 20 transects, each comprising three stations at 10 m, 25 m, and 100 m offshore, show inputs of benzene and toluene in the nearshore zone along the highly industrialized area below Sarnia, Ontario. Minimum loadings of 18 kg·day−1 benzene and 15 kg·day−1 toluene are calculated from the observed concentrations. In addition, a number of other volatile hydrocarbons were present in most samples and were tentatively identified as five to six carbon atom containing branched alkanes.
Use of Peat in Septic Tank Effluent Treatment - Column Studies
Authors: Rana Shahid , Viraraghavan T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Studies were undertaken to examine the performance of peat filters under dynamic operating conditions. Five laboratory columns were used to determine the treatment capacity of peat at varying hydraulic and organic loadings.
The columns with 200, 250, 300, 350 and 500 mm of peat compacted to a density of 100 kg/m3 were studied treating septic tank effluent. All the columns were dosed at uniform rates of 64 mm/d, 89 mm/d, 115 mm/d and 140 mm/d of septic tank effluent for periods of 14, 16, 10 and 4 weeks respectively. Results of column studies showed SS removal of 85-99%, BOD, COD removals in the 40 to 80% range, TKN removal of 0 to 90% and phosphorus removal of 0 to 25%. In general, excellent ( &gt; 95%) fecal coliform reduction was obtained.
Impacts on River Discharge of Changes in Glacierized Components of Mountain Basins
Authors: Johnson Peter G. , David Claude 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A reliable and predictable water supply is essential to any development in mountainous regions. Large glacierized components of basins can produce surplus or deficit conditions as climate changes from season to season and as the ice extent fluctuates through time. Shorter time frame glaciological changes can produce stream diversion, catastrophic floods or very Irregular flow regimes. The major impact on water quality is the high level of and variations in sediment load concentrations which occur with the regime fluctuations. Sediment concentration regimes occur both in phase and out of phase with flow regimes.
Etude préliminaire de la qualité des eaux de surface de 15 cours d’eau majeurs du Nouveau-Québec
Authors: Langlois C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Dans le cadre de l’entente Canada-Québec sur la surveillance continue de la qualité de l’eau, la Direction des eaux intérieures et des terres (région du Québec) a entrepris en 1983 un programme de surveillance dans des cours d’eau se déversant dans les baies d’Hudson et d’Ungava. Les principaux objectifs de ce programme sont l’acquisition de données de base, l’évaluation de l’état actuel de l’environnement aquatique et la détection de tendances temporelles à long terme. Toutes les stations sont situées sur des cours d’eau jaugés et l’échantillonnage se fait généralement trois fois par année. Les échantillons d’eau sont analysés pour les tests physiques, les ions majeurs, les éléments nutritifs, les métaux, les biphényles polychlorés (BPC) et les pesticides organochlorés (OC). Les résultats obtenus tendent à démontrer que le transport à longue distance des polluants toxiques constitue la principale menace à moyen terme pour la qualité du milieu aquatique au Nouveau-Québec.
The Impact of Effluents from a Uranium Mine and Mill Complex in Northern Saskatchewan on Contaminant Concentrations in Receiving Waters and Sediments
Authors: Hynes Thomas P. , Schmidt Randy M. , Meadley Tim , Thompson Neill A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Data are provided on the release of 5 radionuclides, 17 metals and 7 major ions from a uranium mining operation in northern Saskatchewan. The downstream concentration of these contaminants is documented, and the point of “no discernible impact” is determined. Sediments in a downstream lake are monitored for uranium and molybdenum, and the post-release fate of these metals is discussed.