bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Soil Processing Conditions on Mineralizable C and N across a Textural Gradient
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Haney Richard L. 
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas
Sieve size did not affect estimation of mineralizable carbon.
Capillary wetting of coarse‐textured soils inhibited mineralizable carbon.
Predicting nitrogen mineralization is possible with short‐term carbon mineralization.
Nitrogen mineralization was more closely associated with mineralizable carbon in 3 days.
Soil biological activity is an important component of a well‐functioning soil. Methodologies for estimating this process vary due to a variety of theoretical, functional, and expediency considerations. We tested the effects of soil processing (sieve size), water delivery method (from top and from capillary), and soil organic matter content (two levels based on depth of sampling) on mineralizable C and N during 0 to 1, 0 to 3, and 0 to 24 d of incubation from soils ranging in texture. Mineralizable C was not affected by sieve size, suggesting that fine grinding should not affect results. Water delivery method did affect mineralizable C estimates at 0 to 1 and 0 to 3 d of incubation, as water delivered by capillary allowed soil to absorb to 70 ± 5% water‐filled pore space compared with controlled delivery to 50% water‐filled pore space from the top. The extra water only hindered mineralizable C in soils with coarse texture (i.e., sandy loam), whereas mineralizable C in other soil textures was not affected. Net N mineralization during 24 d of incubation was negatively impacted by the higher water content, independent of soil texture, but more so when soils high in organic matter were sieved coarsely than when sieved finely. Despite these variations, close association occurred between mineralizable C (0 to 1 and 0 to 3 d) and net N mineralization (0 to 24 d at 50% water‐filled pore space), suggesting that length of incubation and method of water delivery should not restrict the choice of methodological variation from those used here to assess soil biological activity. However, a standard methodology has become increasingly necessary to compare absolute values across management systems, farm types, and regions.
Modular optimized data assimilation and support vector machine for hydrologic modeling
Authors: Mehrparvar M. , Asghari K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Accurate and reliable simulation models are crucial for the operation and management of systems. Developing a simulation model to forecast future states of a system is generally followed by errors in prediction. Frequently, data-based models such as support vector machines (SVM) are used as forecasting techniques. This paper introduces a modular method which couples the machine learning technique of support vector regression (SVR) as a prediction model and a modified data assimilation (MDA) technique to partially correct the predicted values based on the observation data. To improve the performance and accuracy of the system output, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a data assimilation procedure is implemented with an optimization procedure. As a case study, inflow quantities to Zayandehroud reservoir is considered as the state vector in the assimilation process to enhance the system output. Evaluation criteria such as root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared criteria are implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The adjusted values of a hybrid model compared to the SVR model and standard DA indicate improved performance of the proposed model.
Achieving cost-efficient diversification of water infrastructure system against uncertainty using modern portfolio theory
Authors: Shin Sangmin , Park Heekyung 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent water-related disasters have shown that not all disrupted events are prevented with water infrastructure systems and current water systems are becoming more vulnerable to disruptions due to the high uncertainty of disrupted events. Many scholars in various fields suggest diversification in the system as a way to respond to the uncertainty. In the real world, however, it is difficult to maximize its use, especially with water infrastructure, due to high costs and incomplete assessment methods. Thus this study attempts to develop a method to quantify cost-effectiveness of diversification using a drought case study in Korea. Modern Portfolio Theory is used to find optimal combinations of water resources infrastructures in terms of diversification. First, expected return and risk of individual water resources for water supply are estimated. Then, expected return and risk of individual portfolios of the water resources are evaluated by varying their shares of 0 to 100%. Finally, non-inferior portfolios are identified and an optimal portfolio for an acceptable return or risk is selected as a solution. Consequently, a portfolio is selected as a desirable one to practically enhance diversification in water infrastructure systems against real world uncertainty in consideration of cost and budget.
Domestic use of rainwater in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: exploring the barriers from the citizens’ perspective
Authors: Hang Le Thi Thuy , Huong Le Thi Thu 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Literature review shows that rainwater is a good source of water for domestic use and has been used significantly in many countries. However, the case of Ho Chi Minh City shows that using rainwater is limited even though this city has a high volume of rainfall. By conducting a questionnaire survey with the city's inhabitants and studying related documents, this paper tries to find out the reasons that hinder the use of rainwater from the inhabitants’ perspective. Based on the paper's findings, the actions and solutions towards increasing the use of rainwater for domestic purposes are recommended, mainly for the city's inhabitants.
Learning from water treatment and hygiene interventions in response to a hepatitis E outbreak in an open setting in Chad
Authors: Spina Alexander , Beversluis David , Irwin Andrea , Chen Alexandra , Nassariman Jean Noel , Ahamat Abdelkhadir , Noh Idriss , Oosterloo Jan , Alfani Prince , Sang Sibylle , Lenglet Annick , Taylor Dawn Louise 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In September 2016, Médecins Sans Frontières responded to a hepatitis E (HEV) outbreak in Chad by implementing water treatment and hygiene interventions. To evaluate the coverage and use of these interventions, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the community. Our results showed that 99% of households interviewed had received a hygiene kit from us, aimed at improving water handling practice and personal hygiene and almost all respondents had heard messages about preventing jaundice and handwashing. Acceptance of chlorination of drinking water was also very high, although at the time of interview, we were only able to measure a safe free residual chlorine level (free chlorine residual (FRC) ≥0.2 mg/L) in 43% of households. Households which had refilled water containers within the last 18 hours, had sourced water from private wells or had poured water into a previously empty container, were all more likely to have a safe FRC level. In this open setting, we were able to achieve high coverage for chlorination, hygiene messaging and hygiene kit ownership; however, a review of our technical practice is needed in order to maintain safe FRC levels in drinking water in households, particularly when water is collected from multiple sources, stored and mixed with older water.
An unexpected decrease in urban water demand: making discoveries possible by taking a long-term view
Authors: Ebbs David , Dahlhaus Peter , Barton Andrew , Kandra Harpreet 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Forecasting supply and demand is fundamental to the sustainability of the water system. Demand for urban water seems on an ever-upward trajectory, with use increasing twice as quickly as population throughout the 20th century. However, data from Ballarat, a city in south-eastern Australia, show that despite this conventionally held wisdom, total water usage actually peaked over 30 years ago. While the 1997–2009 ‘Millennium Drought’ had some effect, the decline commenced many years before. Initially, this was due to a reduction in external domestic water use, which correlates well with an increase in water price. However, the effect was found to not be purely economic as the price was not volumetric-based. Internal water use seems more affected by technological advances and regulatory controls. Interestingly, there was no relationship found between rainfall and water demand. The role of price, water-reduction education programmes, water-efficient technology and regulation supports previous research that a multifaceted approach is required when developing demand-reduction policies and strategies. This finding emphasises the importance of understanding the component of consumptive behaviour being targeted, and ensuring that policies being implemented are appropriate for the desired behavioural change.
The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river system in Kaiyang, Southwest China
Authors: Zou Shengzhang , Huang Fuyang , Chen Liang , Liu Fei 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
To our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river system in Kaiyang, Southwest China. Ten water samples were collected from the Karst river in Kaiyang, Southwest China. Thirty-five antibiotics, including nine sulfonamides, four tetracyclines, five macrolides, sixteen quinolones and chloramphenicol, were analyzed. The results suggest that antibiotics are widely prevalent in the Karst river, with macrolides and quinolones being the most dominant and occupying 47% and 43% of total antibiotic concentration, respectively. The maximum total concentrations of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones were 30.4, 421, 884, and 1,807 ng/L, respectively. Lincomycin, roxithromycin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin were detected in all samples with a detection frequency of 100%. The main sources of antibiotics were wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and rural dumps that did not contain sanitary treatment, which accounted for 33% and 40% of the total antibiotics present in the Karst river. Due to an increase in river flow quantity, the presence of WWTPs and rural dumps did not affect the concentration and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river; however, the mass flux of antibiotics were significantly affected by the contamination source and the poor natural attenuation.
Predictive model of pollutant loads discharged by combined sewer overflows
Authors: Brzezińska Agnieszka , Sakson Grażyna , Zawilski Marek 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Effective protection of receiving waters on urbanized areas requires knowledge about the amount of pollutants contained in discharged wastewater, inter alia by combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This involves the need to conduct long-lasting, costly and technically complex studies on the quantity and quality of discharged sewage. Loads of pollutants emitted by CSOs depend on many factors, inter alia on very variable characteristics of precipitations. This paper attempts to develop a simplified predictive model of pollutant loads for two basic parameters: total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Studies were conducted in Lodz (Poland) between 2012 and 2015 on an urban catchment. Obtained data were analysed using the Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis method which enabled selection of the key parameters forming the model (depth and maximum intensity of rainfall and CSO volume). A good fit for the developed model was obtained (R2 = 0.79 for TSS and R2 = 0.80 for COD). The model was verified for two other catchments in the same city. Results indicate that the load of TSS and COD can be sufficiently precisely determined by using the proposed model for the studied city without the need to perform long-term continuous quality research of wastewater.
Comparison of 3D Scanning Versus 2D Photography for the Identification of Facial Soft-Tissue Landmarks
Authors: Zogheib T. , Jacobs R. , Bornstein M. M. , Agbaje J. O. , Anumendem D. , Klazen Y. , Politis C. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Three dimensional facial scanning is an innovation that provides opportunity for digital data acquisition, smile analysis and communication of treatment plan and outcome with patients.

Objectives:
To assess the applicability of 3D facial scanning as compared to 2D clinical photography.

Materials & Methods:
Sample consisted of thirty Caucasians aged between 25 and 50 years old, without any dentofacial deformities. Fifteen soft-tissue facial landmarks were identified twice by 3 observers on 2D and 3D images of the 30 subjects. Five linear proportions and nine angular measurements were established in the orbital, nasal and oral regions. These data were compared to anthropometric norms of young Caucasians. Furthermore, a questionnaire was completed by 14 other observers, according to their personal judgment of the 2D and 3D images.

Results:
Quantitatively, proportions linking the three facial regions in 3D were closer to the clinical standard (for 2D 3.3% and for 3D 1.8% error rate). Qualitatively, in 67% of the cases, observers were as confident about 3D as they were about 2D. Intra-observer Correlation Coefficient (ICC) revealed a better agreement between observers in 3D for the questions related to facial form, lip step and chin posture.

Conclusion:
The laser facial scanning could be a useful and reliable tool to analyze the circumoral region for orthodontic and orthognathic treatments as well as for plastic surgery planning and outcome.
Impact of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Dose in Pre-Surgical Implant Analysis
Authors: EL Sahili Nabil , Nasseh Ibrahim , Berberi Antoine , David-Tchouda Sandra , Thoret Sophie , Fortin Thomas 
Published: February 2018

Objectives:
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) produces vital information required for the accurate and prudent placement of dental implants. Lack of standardization between CBCT machines may result in unsafe patient exposure to harmful radiation; higher doses are not necessarily associated with improved image quality.

Aim:
The study aimed to assess the influence of low- and high-dose milliamperage settings on CBCT images for objective and subjective implant planning.

Methods:
Two dry skulls (4 hemi-maxillary segments of the maxilla and 4 hemi-maxillary segments of the mandible) were scanned under low (2 mA) and high (6.3 mA) dosage settings using a CBCT (Carestream CS 9300). Cross-sectional slices of both image qualities were evaluated by five expert clinicians, for image quality for implant planning and objective bone measurements.

Results:
There were no significant differences in bone measurements taken on high or low dose images (p > 0.05). In qualitative image assessments, assessment and image quality for almost all observers were independent of each other. For planning posterior mandibular implant placement, increased dosage improved concordance and kappa values between low and high dose images.

Conclusion:
Reduction in milliamperage did not affect diagnostic image quality for objective bone measurements and produced sufficient intra-rater reliability for qualitative assessment; therefore dose reduction can be achieved without compromising diagnostic decision- making.
Digital Dynamic 3D Monitoring of Lower Incisors Intrusion in Lingual Orthodontics
Authors: Chardey Elia Kodjo , Fastuca Rosamaria , Beretta Matteo , Di Blasio Alberto , Vercellini Nicolò , Caprioglio Alberto , Zecca Piero Antonio , Macchi Aldo 
Published: February 2018

Objective:The aim of the present study is to propose a 3-dimensional evaluation of lower intrusion obtained with lingual orthodontics considering not only the crowns but also dental roots.Methods:9 adult patients underwent fixed lingual orthodontic treatment with i-TTя lingual brackets system for the correction of crowding in the lower arch associated with a deep overbite. Initial records, consisting of photos, CBCTs and intraoral scans were collected. Threshold segmentation of the CBCT was performed to generate a three-dimensional virtual model of each the teeth of the lower arch, superimposed with the crown of the same teeth obtained by intraoral scan models to generate a complete set of digital composite lower arch The same procedure was performed to monitor one key step of the i-TTЯtechnique consisting in lower incisors intrusion (T2). T1-T2 three-dimensional superimposition and color displacement maps were generated to measure and evaluate the movements obtained at the lower arch.Results:The root displacement of the incisors during their intrusion in the early stage was totally “bone-safe” in the 88.9% (8 of 9) of the cases observed. No significant extrusion of the premolars used as anchorage unit was measured.Conclusion:This method has proved to be an accurate and reliable approach to dynamically visualize the 3-dimensional positions of the teeth, including their roots, with no additional radiation for in-progress treatment monitoring. The 3-dimensional evaluation showed that the employed lingual appliance allowed to obtain significant lower incisors intrusion with negligible undesired extrusion of premolars employed as anchorage teeth.
Evidence for a Relationship Between the Movements of the Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea) and the American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
Authors: Dougherty Paul J. , Wilson, Jr. W. Herbert 
Published: February 2018

Background:Many bird species that breed at high latitudes exhibit irregular southward incursions in response to spatial and temporal variation in winter food availability.Methods:We analyzed Christmas Bird Count records to compare the migratory behavior of the Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea), an Arctic breeder known to invade southern latitudes every other winter, with that of the American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis), a closely related finch species that breeds broadly in temperate latitudes in North America.Results and Discussion:Historic data indicate that east of the Rocky Mountains, both species overwinter in relatively even numbers across latitudes. In contrast, we found few significant positive correlations between the winter records of each species in different areas along the same longitude. We attribute these patterns to the fact that resource levels and environmental conditions tend to be similar across latitudes. While previous studies of historic data have identified a biennial pattern in the migration of the Common Redpoll, we found evidence that populations of American Goldfinches breeding in the northern parts of the species’ range similarly display significant southward movements every other year. Because these two species breed at different latitudes and show large-scale southward movements during the same years, areas across southern Canada and the northern United States alternate between having high winter abundances of Common Redpolls and American Goldfinches. We propose that these alternations are caused by a shared response to cyclical seed crop failure across the northern regions of North America.
THE LEGAL FORCE OF AN AUDIT BY THE BOARD OF INDONESIA FOR THE PROOF OF CORRUPTIONS(Critical Case over the Purchase of Sumber Waras Hospital)
Authors: Amdani Yusi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe audit results of the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK) stated that the purchase of Sumber Waras Hospitalby the Government of DKI Jakarta caused state losses. It’s submitted by BPK to the Corruption EradicationCommission (KPK). However, it’s not used as the basis of proof since KPK didn’t find any state loss. Thisstudy examines position and consequences the audit of BPK that not used as basis of investigation, whileit’s actually possible to be used as evidence in corruption cases. KPK shouldn’t ignore it, moreover to testthe results that have been in accordance with the standards. IntisariHasil audit BPK menerangkan bahwa pembelian Rumah Sakit Sumber Waras oleh Pemprov DKI Jakartamenyebabkan kerugian negara sebesar Rp. 191 miliar. Hasil audit tersebut diserahkan BPK kepada KPK.Namun, tidak dijadikan sebagai dasar pembuktian oleh KPK, dimana dalam proses penyelidikan KPKmenilai tidak adanya unsur kerugian negara. Tujuan kajian ini menelaah kedudukan Audit BPK dalammenghitung kerugian negara dan akibat hukum audit Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan yang tidak dijadikansebagai dasar penyelidikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa hasil audit BPK dapat dijadikan sebagaipembuktian perkara korupsi. KPK seharusnya tidak mengabaikan hasil audit BPK apalagi menguji hasilaudit yang telah sesuai standar.
Gerakan Anti-Globalisasi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Perkembangan Demokratisasi di Indonesia
Authors: Prakoso Havidz Ageng , Juhairi Ahmad 
Published: February 2018

AbstrakGlobalisasi, dalam klaim para globalis, akan membawa kehidupan demokratis ke seluruh dunia sebagai wujud kehidupan yang paling baik. Namun kenyataannya justru sangat kontradiktif, globalisasi telah menciptakan kekuasaan-kekuasaan global yang bersifat otoriter-oligarkis melalui Lembaga-Lembaga Keuangan Internasional dan Perusahaan-Perusahaan Multinasional yang bekerja sama dengan negara-negara kaya. Karena itu, yang berdaulat dalam era globalisasi bukanlah rakyat sebagaimana dikehendaki demokratisasi, tetapi korporasi-korporasi internasional dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan internasional. Ada dua perspektif yang dapat menjelaskan hubungan demokratisasi dan gerakan anti-globalisasi, yaitu: perspektif anti- globalisasi dan perspektif demokratisasi. Anti-globalisasi adalah sebuah ideologi perlawanan untuk mengakhiri kekuatan korporasi multinasional, IMF, Bank Dunia, dan WTO sebagai instrumen kesepakatan global untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan demokratisasi adalah realitas faktual perluasan demokrasi sebagai solusi bagi penciptaan kehidupan manusia yang lebih adil dan sejahtera. Gerakan Anti-Globalisasi lahir sebagai koreksi besar terhadap klaim para globalis. Gerakan ini menghendaki terwujudnya demokratisasi yang seutuhnya, yaitu, terwujudnya kedaulatan rakyat yang telah hilang akibat globalisasi dan terpenuhinya kesejahteraan sosial-ekonomi rakyat dan terjaminnya hak-hak sipil mereka.Kata Kunci: Anti-Globalisasi, Demokratisasi, Gerakan AbstractGlobalization in Globalist claim will make the better life in the world. But, in fact the reality is difference because globalization was made the dominance actors in the world which authoritarian-oligarchy like international financial organizations and multinational corporations in cooperation with developed countries. Therefore, in globalization era the sovereignty is always in international financial organizations and Multinational corporation hand, not in the society like what in democratization perspective. There are two prespectives explain about the relation between democratization and anti-globalization movement that is democratization perspective and anti-globalization perspective. Anti-globalization is the ideology which describe the opponent movement to finished the hegemony of Multinational Corporations, IMF, World Bank and WTO in economy consensus. Democratization in the other hand is the reality which explain that the enlargement of democracy is the solution to make the good life for peoples in the world. Anti-globalization movement is born as the correction to globalist claim. This movement has the purposes to make the sovereignty over the peoples which lost because of the globalization and in the other hand to fulfill their social welfare and civil right.Key Words: Anti-Globalization, Democratization, Movement