bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and in Vivo Assessment of the Viability of Dog Marrow after Storage
Authors: MANNICK JOHN A. , LOCHTE HARRY L. , THOMAS E. DONNALL , FERREBEE JOSEPH W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Assessment has been made of the ability of dog marrow cells to survive storage at 4 C. and at -79 C. Survival has been assessed in vitro by measurements of rates of DNA synthesis and in vivo by ability to restore marrow functions in lethally irradiated recipients.
Dog bone marrow cells synthesize DNA in vitro at values 30 to 80 per cent of normal after storage for 24 hours at 4 C. DNA synthesis is reduced to very low levels by storage for 96 hours at 4 C. Eight lethally irradiated beagle dogs (600 to 1500 r) survived acute irradiation effects and returned to normal health after receiving intravenous infusions of autologous bone marrow that had been stored at 4 C. for 24 hours or less. One dog, similarly irradiated, failed to survive when given marrow stored for 96 hours at 4 C. A tenth dog did survive when given an exceptionally large quantity of marrow stored for 96 hours at 4 C.
Dog marrow cells synthesize DNA in vitro at values 40 to 50 per cent of normal in samples stored at -79 C. in 15 per cent glycerol for periods up to 17 days. Five lethally irradiated beagle dogs (1000 to 1500 r) survived acute irradiation effects and returned to normal health after receiving intravenous infusions of autologous marrow that had been stored at -79 C. in 15 per cent glycerol. One other dog, similarly irradiated and treated, regained marrow function but died of hepatitis. Two other irradiated dogs similarly treated did not regain marrow function and died. These two had received exceptionally small infusions of marrow cells.
The observations demonstrate that dog marrow can be preserved satisfactorily at 4 C. for 24 hours and in glycerol at -79 C. for longer periods. The capacity of the stored marrow to synthesize DNA in vitro has correlated well with its ability to induce recovery in lethally irradiated autologous recipients. DNA synthesis in vitro appears to be a useful index of the ability of marrow cells to proliferate in vivo.
Oxygen Tension Measurements in Bone Marrow Fleck Cultures
Authors: DAVIS J. G. M. , WOODLIFF H. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An electrochemical method of measuring the oxygen tension in the fluid phase of serum agar cultures of bone marrow flecks is described. The normal pattern of oxygen uptake by the flecks is presented and the possible applications of the technic discussed.
A Simple Method for the Assay of Factor VIII
Authors: BERGNA LUIS JOSÉ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for the assay of factor VIII activity, based on the thromboplastin generation test of Biggs and Douglas, has been described.
Bovine serum is used as a source of factor V and serum factors, and plasma from a hemophiliac is not required. The concentration of factor VIII of the test plasma is compared to that of a standard normal human plasma. The results obtained with the method have been fairly reproducible.
The Kinetics of Intravenously Injected Radioactive Vitamin B12: Studies on Normal Subjects and Patients with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia and Pernicious Anemia
Authors: BRODY EUGENE A. , ESTREN SOLOMON , WASSERMAN LOUIS R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Studies of the fate of intravenously injected radioactive vitamin B12 have been performed in patients with normal, low and high serum concentrations of vitamin B12.
2. Abnormal plasma disappearance curves were noted in chronic myelocytic leukemia, pernicious anemia in relapse and in remission, total gastrectomy and malabsorption syndrome.
3. In chronic myelocytic leukemia, the slow clearance of plasma radioactivity may be explained by the increased binding capacity of the plasma proteins for vitamin B12.
4. Plasma clearance of radioactivity is slower than normal in pernicious anemia, even in remission. The failure of the disappearance curve to return to normal in pernicious anemia in complete remission suggests the existence of a plasma "B12-transferase," whose function is to transfer circulating B12 to the tissues. The disappearance curves suggest that the amount of such "B12-transferase" is diminished in pernicious anemia, total gastrectomy and certain Cases of malabsorption syndrome.
5. A relationship between a hypothetical "B12-transferase" and intrinsic factor is discussed.
Erythrokinetics in the Megaloblastic Anemia of Tropical Sprue
Authors: SHEEHY THOMAS W. , RUBINI MILTON E. , BACO-DAPENA RAUL , PEREZ-SANTIAGO ENRIQUE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blood production and destruction were measured in 10 patients with the megaloblastic anemia of tropical sprue. Methods employed included the determination of the erythroid/myeloid ratio of the marrow, plasma iron turnover, red cell utilization of Fe59 and Cr51 red blood cell survival. Rates of production and destruction were compared to normal.
Patients with the megaloblastic anemia of sprue were usually not iron deficient. Total bone marrow erythroid activity did not approach the maximal response seen in other hemolytic anemias, and there was a marked decrease in the delivery of erythrocytes to the peripheral blood. The rate of red blood cell destruction was increased, but as the red cell volume decreased, the total mass of erythrocytes destroyed per day varied from less than normal to twice normal. Bilirubinemia was not marked, because the amount of hemoglobin destroyed daily was usually not excessive and excretory function was not impaired. The severity of the anemia was largely related to the erythrocyte production defect.
Observations on the Foam Cell in Thalassemia
Authors: GUPTA P. C. SEN , CHATTERJEA J. B. , MUKHERJEE A. M. , CHATTERJI ANJALI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Histologic and histochemical study of the foam cell in the spleen in thalassemia has shown that the foamy appearance is due to the accumulation of an acidic mucopolysaccharide of the chondroitin sulfuric acid type in the cytoplasm of this histiocytic cell. This polysaccharide shows intense red coloration with the periodic acid Schiff reaction, which is thus of great value in demonstrating the foam cell in tissue sections. The possible sources of this mucopolysaccharide have been discussed.
Application of Hematopoietic Cell Grafts to the Treatment of Leukemias and Allied Diseases. A Critical Review
Authors: MATHÉ GEORGES 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A brief summary has been given of the present knowledge concerning transfusion of hematopoietic cells in laboratory animals and also in man.
A survey has been made of the possible application of grafts of hematopoietic cells in the "preventive" treatment of experimental leukemia with emphasis on irradiation-induced and spontaneous leukemias.
Numerous articles have been devoted to describing attempts at curing experimental leukemias, especially the transplantable varieties, by irradiation followed by transfusion of hematopoietic cells. The results vary from one leukemia to the other. Most authors admit the rarity of eradicating leukemia by irradiation with lethal or supralethal doses followed by transfusion of isologous hematopoietic cells. It has been shown that eradication can eventually be obtained when irradiation is followed by transfusion of homologous hematopoietic cells. This, most probably, is due to an immune reaction of those cells against the leukemic cells. Furthermore, even when the leukemia can be eradicated, the animals usually die from the secondary syndrome.
A detailed analysis is given of the reported literature dealing with attempts at treating human leukemia by irradiation followed by transfusion of autologous, isologous or homologous bone marrow.
Humoral Factor(s) in Experimental Hypersplenism
Authors: PÉREZ-TAMAYO RUY , MORA JAIME , MONTFORT IRMGARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A type of experimental hypersplenism characterized by splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia has been produced in the rat by the repeated intraperitoneal injection of methylcellulose. The urine of these animals was collected and given through a gastric tube to another group of normal rats for a period of 4 weeks. The results were a marked and rapidly developing thrombocytopenia, a delayed but definite anemia with mild reticulocytosis and leukocytosis. When the administration of urine was discontinued, the anemia regressed, but the thrombocytopenia persisted unmodified for 2 weeks. When the urine of hypersplenic rats was again given to this group for 6 additional weeks, it failed to induce anemia or to change the persistent thrombocytopenia. Intragastric administration of urine from normal rats, from rats made anemic by total body radiation and from the hypersplenic group after splenectomy to other groups of normal rats, failed to produce the same changes and only induced moderate leukocytosis.
On the basis of these results, it is postulated that in experimental methylcellulose-hypersplenism in the rat there is a humoral factor(s) responsible for the thrombocytopenia, that this humoral factor(s) is eliminated in the urine and that when such urine is given to normal rats, it is responsible for the thrombocytopenia and partially for the anemia that are observed. Such factor(s) are in some important way related to the presence of the spleen.
Studies in Experimental Eosinophilia. I. Repeated Quantitation of Peritoneal Eosinophilia in Guinea Pigs by a Method of Peritoneal Lavage
Authors: LITT MORTIMER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for studying peritoneal cosinophilia quantitatively in guinea pigs. With repeated lavaging of the peritoneal cavity, the total number of eosinophils accumulating locally each day can be precisely measured. This procedure can be repeated indefinitely in individual animals.
Peritoneal eosinophilia was induced by prolonged series of weekly intraperitoneal injections of horse serum, Limulus hemocyanin or human serum albumin. The response was evident during the first three days following reinjection of foreign protein and ceased by the fourth to the twelfth day. The response was specific, occurring only after reinjection of the same protein used to prepare the animals. With continued injections, the magnitude of the eosinophil response became greater. While the total cell values attained varied considerably from animal to animal, the relative responsiveness of an individual guinea pig remained fairly consistent for months.
In the bone marrow, an increased concentration of eosinophils was found in guinea pigs in which peritoneal eosinophilia could be elicited.
In the blood stream, the reinjection of horse serum resulted in a biphasic response: there was an increase in the concentration of eosinophils during the first 12 hours and again at various times during the next seven days.
Peritoneal exudates were obtained frequently in which as many as 40 per cent of the cells were eosinophils; such exudates commonly contained as many as 50 million eosinophils.
Inhibitory Effect of Some Plasma Protein Fractions When Added to Hemostatic Arterial Blood
Authors: CRUZ W. O. , MAGALHAES J. R. , MEIS L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dog arterial and venous plasma and lymph were fractionated by Cohn method 10 and the fractions tested for inhibitory activity when added to normal arterial blood in the dog hind leg preparation adapted for studies on hemostasis.
Cohn fraction IV from arterial or venous plasma and from lymph was the only fraction, at low concentrations, able to inhibit the hemostatic ability of normal arterial plasma.
Some facts suggest that alpha-lipoproteins are the plasma constituent of fraction IV with inhibitory effect on normal arterial blood. Biochemical changes in blood plasma seem more important or more directly connected with the mechanism of normal hemostasis control than the participation of blood cellular elements.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies in the Rh Blood Group System. I. The Assay of the Anti-D (Rho) Agglutinin
Authors: SILBER ROBERT , GIBBS MARY B. , JAHN ELSA F. , AKEROYD JOSEPH H. , Stelter Grant D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The quantitative hemagglutination technic of Wilkie and Becker has been modified for the assay of saline and incomplete anti-D sera. By this method, the relative potencies of anti-D (Rho) sera were determined with an average error of 29 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits). The effect of duration of trypsin treatment upon the cell’s agglutination by incomplete antibody was investigated. The sensitivity of the technic in discerning small changes in agglutination was applied to the characterization of the prozone. The presence of a reversible equilibrium in the D-anti-D system has been established by two independent methods.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies in the Rh Blood Group System. II. A Study of the D (Rho) Agglutinogen
Authors: SILBER ROBERT , GIBBS MARY B. , JAHN ELSA F. , AKEROYD JOSEPH H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The reactivity of Rh positive red cells with saline anti-D sera has been investigated by means of quantitative hemagglutination methods. The inhibitory effect of C on the D antigen has been confirmed and the possibility of inhibition by this antigen in the cis position suggested. It is also suggested that the e antigen has suppressive effect on D. The presence of companion antigens results in a -D-> R2 > Ro > R1 progression of decreasing agglutinability. Within families differences in the agglutination behavior between homozygous and heterozygous D positive cells were found. The heterogeneity of this antigen was confirmed.
Protective Effect of Leukapheresis in Man Against Large Dose Antineoplastic Chemotherapy
Authors: BIERMAN H. R. , KELLY K. H. , MARSHALL G. J. , BYRON R. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Eight patients with widespread metastatic neoplastic diseases following leukopoietic stimulation by leukapheresis were treated on 10 occasions with large doses of HN2, 30 to 280 mg. (0.6 to 4.1 mg./Kg.). Despite severe hematodepression with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, hematopoietic recovery occurred in all instances within 16 to 25 days. The recovery from severe hematodepressant doses of HN2 is attributed largely to the previous leukopoietic stimulation. Doses of HN2 at approximately four times the LD50 were unable to eradicate metastatic tissue in Ewings sarcoma and malignant melanoma.
Although hematopoietic protection was evident, the hazard of injuring the next most vulnerable tissues must be considered as larger amounts of cytotoxic agents are employed.
Reciprocal Relationship of Hemoglobins A2 and F in Beta Chain Thalassemias, a Key to the Genetic Control of Hemoglobin F
Authors: ZUELZER WOLF W. , ROBINSON ABNER R. , BOOKER CLIFFORD R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two pedigrees, each exhibiting the presence of two distinct thalassemia genes are described. Though indistinguishable by their hematologic stigmata the genes in each pedigree differed in their effect on the quantitative behavior of the minor hemoglobin components A2 and F. One gene produced the usual pattern of elevated values for the A2 fraction with minimal if any increases in the proportion of hemoglobin F. Another gene failed to produce increases in the A2 fraction but gave rise to substantial increments in the amounts of fetal hemoglobin. Still another gene produced a similar pattern but with less marked elevations of hemoglobin F though still well above the usual levels for thalassemic heterozygotes. There were intrafamilial similarities with respect to these features. In one family, the combination of two dissimilar genes had produced the picture of thalassemia major in the propositus.
For the particular thalassemia genes observed a reciprocal relationship in the quantitative behavior of the two minor components could be shown on the basis of comparisons including a larger case material studied by the authors. The apparent vagaries in the quantitative behavior of fetal hemoglobin in thalassemic heterozygotes could thus be explained as related to the presence or absence of an elevated A2 fraction. In general, levels of fetal hemoglobin in the former type rarely exceed 3.5 per cent, in the latter they are rarely below 4.0 per cent.
In accordance with other genetic information the findings are compatible with the assumption that both types of thalassemia genes represent mutations of β genes affecting the synthesis of β chains and thus represent a series of multiple alleles at the β chain locus. This interpretation fits the hypothesis of Ingram and Stretton regarding the nature of the defect in thalassemia.
The factor determining whether predominantly δ or γ chains and consequently hemoglobin A2 or hemoglobin F (or still other fractions) are formed appears to be the nature of the particular amino-acid substitutions in the anomalous β chain, resulting in the utilization of one or another metabolic pathway leading to the formation of different by-products of a metabolic block. The genetic implications of this hypothesis are presented with a view to establishing that current genetic theory does not yet fully account for the observations.
The interpretation of γ chains of fetal hemglobin as primitive β chains produced under the control of the same pair of genes which in normal adult life regulate the synthesis of β chains is offered as the basis for a unifying concept concerning the nature and genetic control of fetal hemoglobin. If valid, this concept appears applicable to all conditions thus far known, normal or abnormal, in which fetal hemoglobin occurs.
Unidentified Reticuloendothelial Cell Storage Disease
Authors: MALININ THEODORE I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. An abnormal cell of probably reticuloendothelial origin with prominent cytoplasmic granules was observed in the bone marrow, liver and a lymph node of an adult white female with incidentally discovered, asymptomatic hepatosplenomegaly.
2. Histochemical studies revealed the granules to consist of a chemical complex which contained bound lipid and protein.
3. The cells differed from those of Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-Pick’s disease and other storage diseases. The significance of these cells remains unknown.
A Review: The Platelet as a Sponge: A Review
Authors: ADELSON EDWARD , RHEINGOLD JACK J. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper summarizes the evidence in favor of the theory that many of the platelet’s factors are adsorbed onto its surface from the plasma. It is suggested that this ability of the platelet is one of its basic functions. The platelet adsorbs coagulation and perhaps vascular factors on its surface and carries them through the circulation to the area where they are needed most—at the site of vessel wall injury. This adsorption by the platelet may be an active rather than a passive process, since it requires the expenditure of energy and since it continues only so long as the platelet is viable. In those diseases in which there is marked abnormality of the plasma proteins, there is evidence to suggest that associated coagulation and hemostatic defects may be due to interference with this "atmosphère plasmatique."
Enzymatic Studies in the Different Types of Normal and Leukemic Human White Cells
Authors: FREI J. , BOREL CL. , HORVATH G. , CULLITY B. , VANNOTTI A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of microanalytical methods and the use of technics resulting in leukocyte preparations of satisfactory purity have allowed us to estimate several metabolic functions and to calculate their relative values in different classes of cells. These different categories were analyzed mathematically in the attempt to determine the total enzyme activity of different types of leukocytes.
We have ascertained that the monocyte, derived directly from the reticuloendothelial system, has glycolytic and proteolytic activity, respiration, reducing power, and esterase activity markedly greater than that of the neutrophilic polynuclear. The lymphocyte shows, with exception of the reducing power, low active enzymatic functions in comparison to the neutrophil. The eosinophil, in two pathologic cases, resembles the neutrophil in glycolytic activity, but possesses very low proteolytic capacity and oxygen consumption.
The enzymatic behavior of the leukemic cell shows that the proteolytic power of the myeloblast is diminished while glycolysis and, occasionally, esterase activity, are raised; in the lymphoblast, glycolysis is low, with a slight Pasteur effect. Synthesis of porphobilinogen is intense in the leukocytes, but formation of the porphyrin ring has been observed only in certain cases of leukemia.
A greater number of cases must be examined in order to confirm these preliminary observations on the enzymatic behavior of leukocytes.
The Effect of 6-Mercaptopurine on the Incorporation of Labeled Amino Acids into Cellular Protein of Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia Leukocytes
Authors: NADLER SAMUEL B. , HANSEN HANS J. , SPRAGUE CHARLES C. , SHERMAN HARRY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The leukocytes of chronic granulocytic leukemia incorporate labeled valine and leucine at a higher rate than normal leukocytes. 6-mercaptopurine causes significant decrease in the rate of amino acid incorporation into cellular protein of leukemic cells. The onset of a sharp decrease in the amino acid incorporation rate by granulocytic leukemic cells occurs only after several days of therapeutic oral doses of 6-mercaptopurine. The decrease in incorporation rate precedes the decrease in circulating leukocytes by several days, indicating that damage to a vital function of these cells occurs before their disappearance from the blood stream. The decrease in the amino acid incorporation rate persists as long as the leukemia is in remission and even after therapy has been stopped; it exists until exacerbation occurs. Increase in incorporation accompanies exacerbation of the leukemic cell count. A possible action of 6-mercaptopurine is its role in interference with amino acid incorporation into cellular protein of chronic granulocytic leukemia cells.
Hydroxocobalamin. I. Blood Levels and Urinary Excretion of Vitamin B12 in Man After a Single Parenteral Dose of Aqueous Hydroxocobalamin, Aqueous Cyanocobalamin and Cyanocobalamin Zinc-Tannate Complex
Authors: GLASS GEORGE B. JERZY , SKEGGS HELEN R. , LEE DUK HO , JONES E. LINN , HARDY WILLIAM W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A single intramuscular injection of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin to 17 individuals resulted in a 1.8- to 4.1-times higher mean serum vitamin B12 blood level, respectively, 5 hours after injection; a 4.6- and 12.8-times higher level 24 hours after injection; a 2.4- and 5.2-times higher level 72 hours after injection, and a 1.6- and 2.4-times higher level by the 2nd through the 4th week after injection than identical doses of cyanocobalamin administered to 19 individuals. The vitamin B12 blood levels following i.m. administration of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin were significantly higher during the first 24 and 48 hours, respectively, than they were after a cyanocobalamin zinc-tannate complex given to 17 individuals at identical doses.
After a single i.m. injection of 500 or 1000 µg. of hydroxocobalamin, an average of only 16 per cent and 27 per cent, respectively, of the vitamin B12 was lost in the 72-hour urines, as compared to 60 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, after identical doses of cyanocobalamin. These differences, again, were highly significant statistically.
The results of these studies give evidence of a slower rate of urinary excretion of hydroxocobalamin as compared to that of cyanocobalamin, and of its ability to build up consistently higher and more prolonged vitamin B12 levels in the blood.