bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional morphology of terrestrial prey capture in salamandrid salamanders
Authors: Stinson Charlotte M. , Deban Stephen M. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Salamanders use the hyobranchial apparatus and its associated musculature for tongue projection on land and for suction feeding in water. Hyobranchial apparatus composition and morphology vary across species, and different morphologies are better suited for feeding in aquatic versus terrestrial environments. We hypothesize that differences in hyobranchial morphology result in functional trade-offs in feeding performance. We predict that semi-aquatic and aquatic salamandrids with hyobranchial morphology suited for aquatic feeding will have lower performance, in terms of tongue-projection distance, velocity, acceleration and power, compared with terrestrial salamandrids when feeding in a terrestrial environment. We found that semi-aquatic and aquatic newts had lower velocity, acceleration and muscle-mass-specific power of tongue projection when compared with the terrestrial salamanders Chioglossa lusitanica and Salamandra salamandra. The fully aquatic newt, Paramesotriton labiatus, has a robust, heavily mineralized hyobranchial apparatus and was unable to project its tongue during terrestrial feeding, and instead exhibited suction-feeding movements better suited for aquatic feeding. Conversely, terrestrial species have slender, cartilaginous hyobranchial apparatus and enlarged tongue pads that coincided with greater tongue-projection distance, velocity, acceleration and power. Chioglossa lusitanica exhibited extreme tongue-projection performance, similar to that seen in elastically projecting plethodontid salamanders; muscle-mass-specific power of tongue projection exceeded 2200 W kg−1, more than 350 times that of the next highest performer, S. salamandra, which reached 6.3 W kg−1. These findings reveal that two fully terrestrial salamandrids have morphological specializations that yield greater tongue-projection performance compared with species that naturally feed in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Re-oxygenation after anoxia induces brain cell death and memory loss in the anoxia-tolerant crucian carp
Authors: Lefevre Sjannie , Stecyk Jonathan A. W. , Torp May-Kristin , Løvold Lisa Y. , Sørensen Christina , Johansen Ida B. , Stensløkken Kåre-Olav , Couturier Christine S. , Sloman Katherine A. , Nilsson Göran E. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) survive without oxygen for several months, but it is unknown whether they are able to protect themselves from cell death normally caused by the absence, and particularly return, of oxygen. Here, we quantified cell death in brain tissue from crucian carp exposed to anoxia and re-oxygenation using the terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay, and cell proliferation by immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as well as PCNA mRNA expression. We also measured mRNA and protein expression of the apoptosis executer protease caspase 3, in laboratory fish exposed to anoxia and re-oxygenation and fish exposed to seasonal anoxia and re-oxygenation in their natural habitat over the year. Finally, a behavioural experiment was used to assess the ability to learn and remember how to navigate in a maze to find food, before and after exposure to anoxia and re-oxygenation. The number of TUNEL-positive cells in the telencephalon increased after 1 day of re-oxygenation following 7 days of anoxia, indicating increased cell death. However, there were no consistent changes in whole-brain expression of caspase 3 in either laboratory-exposed or naturally exposed fish, indicating that cell death might occur via caspase-independent pathways or necrosis. Re-oxygenated crucian carp appeared to have lost the memory of how to navigate in a maze (learnt prior to anoxia exposure), while the ability to learn remained intact. PCNA mRNA was elevated after re-oxygenation, indicating increased neurogenesis. We conclude that anoxia tolerance involves not only protection from damage but also repair after re-oxygenation.
Test–retest reliability of the 10-meter walk test in ambulatory adults with motor-complete spinal cord injury
Authors: Rini Dhairiamani , Senthilvelkumar Thangavelu , Noble Koshy , Magimairaj Henryprakash 
Published: July 2018

Background/Aims:To verify the test retest reliability of 10-meter walk test for ambulatory adults with motor complete spinal cord injury.Methods:This study was conducted in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, India. We studied 25 (22 males and 3 females) adults with lower thoracic level of spinal cord injury who were trained to walk with bilateral solid polypropylene knee ankle foot orthoses and elbow crutches. Their median age was 27 years and the median time since injury was 5.5 years. Participants underwent two trials of 10-meter walk test at their self-selected walking speed. They were tested for static and dynamic 10-meter walk test start methods separately.Findings:There was an excellent test retest reliability found in both the testing methods with the intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 0.99)] with a standard error of measure of 0.01. The minimum detectable change of static and dynamic start method was 0.02 sec and 0.03 seconds respectively. Bland Altman graphs showed excellent agreement between the trials. The comparison between static and dynamic testing methods showed that both the methods are highly comparable. (ICC 1 [95% CI 0.99–1]).Conclusions:The 10-meter walk test has excellent test retest reliability in assessing walking speed of ambulatory adults with complete spinal cord injury who use knee ankle foot orthoses for walking. Static and dynamic testing methods of the 10-meter walk test are comparable.
Enablers and barriers of adherence to home exercise programmes after stroke: caregiver perceptions
Authors: Scorrano Maryke , Ntsiea Veronica , Maleka Douglas 
Published: July 2018

Background/Aims: In stroke rehabilitation, the goal is to discharge patients at their optimal functional level, however, this level of independence is not always reached at discharge due to decreased length of stay and a high demand for beds. Thus, patients rely upon caregivers to assist them not only with activities of daily living but also with home exercise programmes. The purpose of this study was to establish caregivers' perceived enablers and barriers of adherence to home exercise programmes in stroke survivors. Methods: A qualitative study design was used with in-depth interviews of the caregivers of stroke survivors who were dependent in functional activities. Findings: The average age of the caregivers was 47.8 years (±13.96) years and all of them were the stroke survivors' family members. The most common enablers of adherence to home exercise programmes were self–motivation, external motivation from friends and family, having a daily routine, spirituality, caregivers' attitude and desires, and caregiver knowledge. The most common barriers of adherence to home exercise programmes were general health issues, caregiver having other responsibilities, lack of family and social support, caregiver burden and stress, low self-efficacy and mood, and fear of falling. Conclusions: Adherence to home exercise programmes is multifactorial and does not only relate to the stroke survivor alone. Caregivers have a lot of responsibilities and experience emotional strain and burden. This has an influence on stroke survivors' adherence to home exercise programmes as they rely upon caregivers for assistance.
AVALIAÇÃO DO PERFIL FARMACOGNÓSTICO E DO POTENCIAL ANTIMICROBIANO DO EXTRATO ETANÓLICO DO CAULE DA Cecropia pachystachya T. (EMBAÚBA)
Authors: Mesquita Alvelino Serafim , Ventura Paulo Augusto Oliveira , Cruz Ruben Costa , Nogueira José Ribamar de Souza , Galdos-Riveros Alvaro Carlos 
Published: July 2018

Muitas das plantas encontradas na savana brasileira são utilizadas, pela população, no tratamento de inúmeras doenças, apresentando muitas peculiaridades, por exemplo, plantas da família Cecropiaceae. A Cecropia pachystachya, conhecida popularmente por embaúba, apresenta indicações populares no tratamento de asma, tosse, problemas cardiovasculares e diabetes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil fitoquímico do extrato etanólico do caule da Cecropia pachystachya e o potencial antimicrobiano do extrato do caule com 07, 15, 30 e 45 dias de maceração. De acordo com os testes, foi confirmada a presença de taninos e flavonoides em todos os extratos. Na análiseantimicrobiana, os extratos etanólicos de 7 e 45 dias de maceração apresentaram halo de inibição em relação à Staphylococcus aureus. Dessa forma, o caule da Cecropia pachystachya apresentou um perfil farmacognóstico composto por flavonoides e taninos, sendo possivelmente atribuído a esses o efeito antimicrobiano frente a Staphylococcus aureus.
A RELAÇÃO ENSINO-APRENDIZADO E SUAS CONSEQUÊNCIAS NA PRODUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO CIENTÍFICO
Authors: De Oliveira Anselmo Gomes , Silveira Damaris 
Published: July 2018

Muito tem sido divulgado, atualmente, que a relação crise-ciência é uma questão financeira. Entretanto, quando o problema é analisado mais profundamente fica mais visível que a questão contábil existe, mas outros fatores importantes parecem também ter efeito tão significante quanto o financeiro. Enquanto o ensino e a ciência não forem uma das prioridades em nosso país não há chances de progressão. Evidentemente a crise não é exclusividade desses setores, mas está institucionalizada no Brasil, de forma que enquanto esses problemas perdurarem haverá quase nenhuma chance de progredirmos nessas áreas. Por enquanto resta-nos abrir caminhos que permitam a valorização da divulgação científica, como forma de valorizar a ciência que fazemos e, com isso, estar mais próximos da sociedade e das questões sociais.
Multifaceted but Invisible: Perceptions of the Value of a Pediatric Cognitive Specialty
Authors: Szymczak Julia E. , Lee Grace , Klieger Sarah B. , Woods Charles , Creech C. Buddy , Gilsdorf Janet R. , Dennehy Penelope , Zaoutis Theoklis 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND:
Systems for standardizing physician payment have been shown to undervalue cognitive clinical encounters. Because health care reform emphasizes value-based approaches, we need an understanding of the way pediatric cognitive specialties are used to contribute to the provision of high-value care. We sought to investigate how clinical and administrative stakeholders perceive the value of pediatric infectious disease (PID) specialists.

METHODS:
We conducted qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of physicians and administrators from 5 hospitals across the United States in which children are cared for. All interviews were transcribed and systematically analyzed for common themes.

RESULTS:
We interviewed 97 stakeholders. Analysis revealed the following 3 domains of value: clinical, organizational, and communicative. Clinically, PID specialists were perceived to be highly valuable in treating patients with unusual infections that respond poorly to therapy, in optimizing the use of antimicrobial agents and in serving as outpatient homes for complex patients. Respondents perceived that PID specialists facilitate communication with patients and their families, the health care team and the media. PID specialists were perceived to generate value by participating in systemwide activities, including antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention. Despite this, much of the valuable work PID specialists perform is difficult to measure causing some administrative stakeholders to question how many PID specialists are necessary to achieve high-quality care.

CONCLUSIONS:
With our findings, we suggest that pediatric cognitive specialties contribute value in multiple ways to the health care delivery system. Many of these domains are difficult to capture by using current metrics, which may lead administrators to overlook valuable work and to under-allocate resources.
Rural Versus Urban Hospitalizations for Firearm Injuries in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Herrin Bradley R. , Gaither Julie R. , Leventhal John M. , Dodington James 
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Firearms are a leading cause of injury and death for children and adolescents in the United States. We examined how hospitalization rates for firearm injuries differ for rural and urban populations.

METHODS:
The Kids’ Inpatient Database was used to identify hospitalizations for firearm injuries in patients &lt;20 years of age by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision external-cause-of-injury codes. Data from 2006, 2009, and 2012 were analyzed to compare demographics and intent (assault, self-inflicted, unintentional, and undetermined). Urban-rural classification was based on patients' county of residence. Rates were calculated by using weighted cases and US Census data.

RESULTS:
There were 21 581 hospitalizations for firearm injuries. The overall hospitalization rate was higher in urban versus rural areas (risk ratio [RR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.81–2.10). Rates were highest for assaults in urban 15- to 19-year-olds (RR = 7.82; 95% CI: 6.48–9.44). Unintentional injuries were the leading cause of hospitalizations in younger age groups in all urban and rural locations. Rates for unintentional injuries were lower among urban versus rural 5- to 9-year-olds (RR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.36–0.63) and 10- to 14-year-olds (RR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.37–0.52).

CONCLUSIONS:
Hospitalizations for firearm assaults among urban 15- to 19-year-olds represent the highest injury rate. Notably, hospitalizations are lower for urban versus rural 5- to 9-year-olds and 10- to 14-year-olds, and unintentional firearm injuries are most common among these groups. Preventative public health approaches should address these differences in injury epidemiology.
Noninvasive Immunohistochemical Diagnosis and Novel MUC1 Mutations Causing Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Kidney Disease
Authors: Živná Martina , Kidd Kendrah , Přistoupilová Anna , Barešová Veronika , DeFelice Mathew , Blumenstiel Brendan , Harden Maegan , Conlon Peter , Lavin Peter , Connaughton Dervla M. , Hartmannová Hana , Hodaňová Kateřina , Stránecký Viktor , Vrbacká Alena , Vyleťal Petr , Živný Jan , Votruba Miroslav , Sovová Jana , Hůlková Helena , Robins Victoria , Perry Rebecca , Wenzel Andrea , Beck Bodo B. , Seeman Tomáš , Viklický Ondřej , Rajnochová-Bloudíčková Sylvie , Papagregoriou Gregory , Deltas Constantinos C. , Alper Seth L. , Greka Anna , Bleyer Anthony J. , Kmoch Stanislav 
Published: July 2018

Background
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease caused by mucin-1 gene (MUC1) mutations (ADTKD-MUC1) is characterized by progressive kidney failure. Genetic evaluation for ADTKD-MUC1 specifically tests for a cytosine duplication that creates a unique frameshift protein (MUC1fs). Our goal was to develop immunohistochemical methods to detect the MUC1fs created by the cytosine duplication and, possibly, by other similar frameshift mutations and to identify novel MUC1 mutations in individuals with positive immunohistochemical staining for the MUC1fs protein.

Methods
We performed MUC1fs immunostaining on urinary cell smears and various tissues from ADTKD-MUC1–positive and –negative controls as well as in individuals from 37 ADTKD families that were negative for mutations in known ADTKD genes. We used novel analytic methods to identify MUC1 frameshift mutations.

Results
After technique refinement, the sensitivity and specificity for MUC1fs immunostaining of urinary cell smears were 94.2% and 88.6%, respectively. Further genetic testing on 17 families with positive MUC1fs immunostaining revealed six families with five novel MUC1 frameshift mutations that all predict production of the identical MUC1fs protein.

Conclusions
We developed a noninvasive immunohistochemical method to detect MUC1fs that, after further validation, may be useful in the future for diagnostic testing. Production of the MUC1fs protein may be central to the pathogenesis of ADTKD-MUC1.
Re-Islamisation: the conversion of subculture from Abangan intoSantri in Surakarta
Authors: Nasir Haedar , Jinan Mutohharun 
Published: July 2018

This paper discusses the on-going process of re-Islamisation in Java. In the context of re-Islamisation process, a Muslim is expected to be a pious one, both from the aspect of belief, knowledge, and practice. The process is characterized by the intensification of Islamic ritual practice and the enforcement of Islamic norms in various aspects of life. Additionally, it is accompanied by the deterioration of animism—as represented by amulets, heirlooms and shamanism—which are popular among abangan communities. Amulet is a peculiar feature in the belief and life system of Javanese society, namely the belief in the magical objects used by the owner to gain power, convenience, and magnificence. In Surakarta, the phenomenon of the decline of ‘magical’ amulets is perceived as the conversion process from abangan to santri. Yet it is a dissimilar kind of conversion compared to the previous ones.It reaffirms that in Java, Islamisation is an unending process nuanced by the volatility of socio-political and cultural dynamics. Artikel ini membahas proses reislamisasi di masyarakat Jawa yang saat ini masihterus berlangsung. Reislamisasiadalah proses dimana seorang muslim menjadilebih islami, baik dari aspek keyakinan, pengetahuan, maupun pengamalanajaran agama. Reislamisasi ditandai denganmenguatnya pengamalan ritualIslam dan ditegakkannya norma-norma Islam dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan.Dalam waktu yang samadiiukutimelemahnya kepercayaan animistik, sepertikepercayaan pada jimat, pusaka dan perdukunan di kalangan masyarakatabangan. Jimat merupakan salah satu ciri penting dalam sistem kepercayaandan kehidupan masyarakat Jawa, yakni kepercayaan kepada benda-bendayang dikeramatkan yang digunakan pemiliknya untuk memperoleh kekuatan,kenyamanan, kemuliaan hidup. Di Surakarta terdapat fenomena komunitasabanganmeninggalkan jimat sebagai bagian dari proses konversi dari abanganmenuju ke santri.Ini merupakan konversi baru yang berbeda dengan konversilama. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses islamisasi di Jawa sebagai prosesyang terus berlangsung mengikuti dinamika sosio-politik dan kultural yangberkembang di Jawa.
Energizing Local Values For Tourism Services Improvement
Authors: Purnomo Budi 
Published: July 2018

People in most cultures would probably agree that politeness is needed during their interaction. However there may be differing opinions as to when they should be polite. In tourism industry, tourism service providers’ act as hosts and tourists act as guests. Typically hosts will try to act politely and use appropriate politeness norms when serving guests to ensure their satisfaction. The research findings show that the tourism service providers in Central Java use various unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ when serving English speaking tourists and Indonesian speaking tourists. Besides that, there are some violations made by the tourism service providers in using unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’. The research findings also show that there are similar and different perspectives on unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ between English speaking tourists with Western culture backgrounds and Indonesian speaking tourists with Indonesian culture backgrounds towards the politeness norms used by the tourism service providers in Central Java. The findings imply the needs of energizing unggah-ungguh ‘politeness norms’ which is discovered from well known noble Javanese values used by the tourism service providers for tourism service improvement.Keywords: Local Values ; Politeness Norms; Tourism Service Improvement
A Comparative Study of Using Students Team Achievement Division (STAD) and Three Minutes Review (TMR) Strategies in Teaching Questions
Authors: Fauziningrum Endah 
Published: July 2018

The objective of this research was to find out the effectiveness of using STAD and TMR strategies to teach questions to the third grade of elementary school students. The data of the research were taken in Sompok state elementary school 03 and 04. The research design used was factorial design. It means that the writer had two groups, one was taught by using STAD strategy and the other was taught by using TMR strategy. STAD and TMR strategies had two sub-divisions, students who take English courses and students who do not take English courses. The number of the research sample for each cell was 12 students. There were four time lesson of periods for STAD and TMR classes. To investigate the effectiveness of using STAD and TMR strategies, the writer used F-test formula. The results were: 1) STAD was effective to teach question to students who take English courses. It was showed from the pre-test (10.83) and the post-test (12.75). 2) STAD was effective to teach question to students who do not take English courses. It was shown on the mean of pre-test (8.58) and the post-test (11.25). 3) TMR was effective to teach question to students who take English courses. It was shown on the mean of pre-test (10.67) and the post-test (11.50). 4) TMR was effective to teach question to students who do not take English courses. It was shown on the mean of pre-test (9.83) and post-test (10.42). There was not any interaction between the students who take English courses and who do not and and who were taught by using STAD and TMR atrategies.it showed from the ANOVA result. The result was the interaction between strategies and taking courses variables showed 0.325 with sig 0.571. Since, sig 0.571 0.05, then the interaction between strategies and taking courses variables do not effect the students achievement. Keywords: Comparison; Third Grade Elementary School Students; STAD Strategy; TMR Strategy;the Effectiveness of Using Teaching Strategy
Developing Written News Item Text Materials for the Tenth Graders of Senior High School
Authors: Muryati Sri 
Published: July 2018

School Based Curriculum or ―Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan” (KTSP) 2008 requires teaching and learning activities that should be active, innovative, creative, enjoyable, cheerful and qualified. In order to share or help teachers, this Research and Development (RD) research was conducted that may inspire them in developing teaching and learning materials for the expected class. The scope of this study is developing written news item text materials for the ten graders of senior high school so that the students are able to create a simple short news item texts which are classified into four kinds: straight, interpretative, investigative and color news stories. The method used was adapted and adjusted from Hyland‘s Model of material development. The process started from doing a survey, followed by developing materials, having experts and teachers validation, doing first revision, trying out, writing second revision, and producing final result. The try out resulted student average score 76,14 that means the students achieved 79,55 % above minimum national learning mastery, 75. This study focuses on the written news item texts from the 3 sources, namely newspapers, magazine and internet. Since the three sources are available in one source, the internet, the final product is entitled ―3 News in 1‖ accompanied by Interactive Self-study VCD‘. Keywords: RD; News item texts; teaching Learning materials.