bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prevent strategy and the UK ‘war on terror’: embedding infrastructures of surveillance in Muslim communities
Authors: Qurashi Fahid 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Prevent policy was introduced in the UK in 2003 as part of an overall post 9/11 counter-terrorism approach (CONTEST), with the aim of preventing the radicalisation of individuals to terrorism. In 2015, the Prevent policy became a legal duty for public sector institutions, and as such, its reach has extended much deeper into society. This article, based on ongoing ethnographic fieldwork—including interviews, focus groups and participant observations—seeks to uncover and analyse the function of surveillance at the heart of the Prevent strategy. Contrary to official denials, surveillance forms an essential feature of the Prevent strategy. It regards radicalisation as part of an overall conveyor belt to terrorism, and thus attempts to control the future by acting in the present. The article shows how the framing of the terror threat in the ‘war on terror’, as an ‘Islamic threat’, has afforded a surveillance infrastructure, embedded into Muslim communities, which has securitised relations with local authorities. Its intelligence products, as well as the affective consequences of surveillance, have served to contain and direct Muslim political agency. Such an analysis uncovers the practice of Islamophobia at the heart of the Prevent strategy, which accounts for its surveillance tendencies.
Normal black holes in bulge-less galaxies: the largely quiescent, merger-free growth of black holes over cosmic time
Authors: Martin G , Kaviraj S , Volonteri M , Simmons B D , Devriendt J E G , Lintott C J , Smethurst R J , Dubois Y , Pichon C 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the processes that drive the formation of black holes (BHs) is a key topic in observational cosmology. While the observed MBH–MBulge correlation in bulge-dominated galaxies is thought to be produced by major mergers, the existence of an MBH–M⋆ relation, across all galaxy morphological types, suggests that BHs may be largely built by secular processes. Recent evidence that bulge-less galaxies, which are unlikely to have had significant mergers, are offset from the MBH–MBulge relation, but lie on the MBH–M⋆ relation, has strengthened this hypothesis. Nevertheless, the small size and heterogeneity of current data sets, coupled with the difficulty in measuring precise BH masses, make it challenging to address this issue using empirical studies alone. Here, we use Horizon-AGN, a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation to probe the role of mergers in BH growth over cosmic time. We show that (1) as suggested by observations, simulated bulge-less galaxies lie offset from the main MBH–MBulge relation, but on the MBH–M⋆ relation, (2) the positions of galaxies on the MBH–M⋆ relation are not affected by their merger histories, and (3) only ∼35 per cent of the BH mass in today's massive galaxies is directly attributable to merging – the majority (∼65 per cent) of BH growth, therefore, takes place gradually, via secular processes, over cosmic time.
Nonawake vs Awake Placement of Spinal Cord Stimulators: A Prospective, Multicenter Study Comparing Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Falowski Steven M , Sharan Ashwini , McInerney James , Jacobs Darren , Venkatesan Lalit , Agnesi Filippo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a common intervention for managing intractable pain. Generally, leads are implanted in a minimally invasive procedure with verbal feedback regarding the location and nature of generated paresthesias by active stimulation; in this way their optimal location can be confirmed. However, lead placement under general anesthesia can have additional benefits.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the outcomes of awake vs asleep lead placement procedures.

METHODS
In this prospective multicenter open label trial, subjects were assigned to undergo asleep (n = 19) or awake (n = 11) SCS implantations in a nonrandomized fashion. Subjects received paddle leads following laminotomy. The process for intraoperative programming differed between the groups: awake subjects participated by verbally reporting on pain-paresthesia overlap, while for asleep subjects, paresthesia location was inferred based on electromyographic monitoring.

RESULTS
Operative time was shorter for the asleep group compared to the awake group (88.9 ± 51.2 min vs 125.2 ± 37.9, respectively; P = .018), as well as 27% less total time spent in the operating room (95.4 ± 48.6 min vs 130.6 ± 39.9; P = .014). At 6 wk postimplant, subjects in the asleep group had better pain-paresthesia overlap than the awake group (83.5% ± 19.8 coverage vs 46.6% ± 44.5, respectively; P = .05) and fewer extraneous paresthesia (16.7% ± 23.1 vs 71.2% ± 30.3; P < .001). Both groups had equivalent levels of pain relief (more than 50%) after 6 and 24 wk of treatment. There were 2 adverse events in the asleep group compared to 6 in the awake group.

CONCLUSION
Electrophysiological monitoring during asleep SCS implantation is a robust tool becoming more frequently used. This comparative prospective series demonstrates that asleep placement allows for shorter procedure and operating room times with superior paresthesia coverage profiles, while maintaining lower adverse events and equal clinical outcomes for pain relief.
Quality Reporting in Neurological Surgery: Practice Adherence to Quality Payment Program Guidelines
Authors: Agarwal Nitin , Kashkoush Ahmed , Baucom Elizabeth T , Ratliff John K , Stroink Ann R ,   The Council of State Neurosurgical Societies
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Recent legislation has changed quality reporting in neurological surgery. The present study summarizes the reporting of objectives and measures outlined by the Quality Payment Program (QPP) and assesses how practices are preparing to comply. In February 2017, 220 neurosurgical practices were surveyed regarding their adherence to quality reporting objectives and measures. Survey responders were asked to report infrastructure-level data including practice type and number of providers. Furthermore, we evaluated the reporting of quality and advancing care measures outlined by the QPP. Assessment of quality measures was focused on those related to neurosurgical patient management. A total of 27 responses were obtained. Practices consisted of 8 academic (30%), 16 physician-owned (59%), and 3 hospital-owned (11%) neurosurgical practices. Of the 27 total responders, 18 indicated their adherence to a host of quality and advancing care measures. Practice type was strongly associated with the number of quality measures performed (P = .020, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Physician-owned practices reported performing a median of 5 quality measures (interquartile range, 4.5-9.5), while practices in academic and hospital-owned groups reported performing 12 quality measures (interquartile range, 9.5-13.5). Forty-five percent of physician-owned practices reported performing at least 6 quality measures, whereas 100% of academic and hospital-owned practices reported the same benchmark (P = .038, Fisher's exact test). Performance of advancing care measures was not associated with practice type. Compared to other practice types, the rate of quality reporting among physician-owned neurosurgical practices appears to be modest thus far, which may influence future reimbursement adjustments.
Prolonged Catheter Use and Infection in Regional Anesthesia
Authors: Bomberg Hagen , Bayer Ina , Wagenpfeil Stefan , Kessler Paul , Wulf Hinnerk , Standl Thomas , Gottschalk André , Döffert Jens , Hering Werner , Birnbaum Jürgen , Spies Claudia , Kutter Bernd , Winckelmann Jörg , Liebl-Biereige Simone , Meissner Winfried , Vicent Oliver , Koch Thea , Sessler Daniel I. , Volk Thomas , Raddatz Alexander 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Background
Prolonged catheter use is controversial because of the risk of catheter-related infection, but the extent to which the risk increases over time remains unknown. We thus assessed the time-dependence of catheter-related infection risk up to 15 days.

Methods
Our analysis was based on the German Network for Regional Anesthesia, which includes 25 centers. We considered 44,555 patients who had surgery between 2007 and 2014 and had continuous regional anesthesia as well as complete covariable details. Cox regression analysis was performed and adjusted for confounding covariables to examine the relationship between catheter duration and probability of infection-free catheter use.

Results
After adjustment for confounding factors, the probability of infection-free catheter use decreases with each day of peripheral and epidural catheter use. In peripheral catheters, it was 99% at day 4 of catheter duration, 96% at day 7, and 73% at day 15. In epidural catheters, it was 99% at day 4 of catheter duration, 95% at day 7, and 73% at day 15. Only 31 patients (0.07%) had severe infections that prompted surgical intervention. Among these were five catheters that initially had only mild or moderate signs of infection and were left in situ; all progressed to severe infections.

Conclusions
Infection risk in catheter use increases over time, especially after four days. Infected catheters should be removed as soon as practical.
Sliding Sign for Intra-abdominal Adhesion Prediction Before Repeat Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Drukker Lior , Sela Hen Y. , Reichman Orna , Rabinowitz Ron , Samueloff Arnon , Shen Ori 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND:
The sliding sign (the relative motion between the abdominal and uterine wall as assessed by ultrasonography) may help identify severe intra-abdominal adhesions before repeat cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective observational study of scheduled repeat cesarean deliveries. Using transabdominal ultrasonography, while the parturient breathed deeply, the ultrasonographer recorded a video clip in a sagittal plane lateral to the umbilicus. These clips were assessed for the presence (sliding-positive) or absence (sliding-negative) of relative movement between the maternal abdominal and uterine wall. Surgeons blinded to ultrasonography results graded the severity of intraperitoneal adhesions intraoperatively. Study outcomes were the accuracy of the preoperative sliding sign for prediction of severe adhesions and its association with surgical times and bleeding.

EXPERIENCE:
We recruited 370 women. A negative sliding sign was associated with severe adhesions (sensitivity 56%, 95% CI 35–76; specificity 95%, 95% CI 93–97). A similar accuracy (sensitivity 64%, 95% CI 43–82; specificity 94%, 95% CI 92–97) was achieved by combining the sliding sign with a history of adhesions in the previous surgery. In multivariable models, a negative sliding sign was significantly correlated with a longer interval from skin incision to delivery and increased risk for bleeding.

CONCLUSION:
A negative sliding sign predicts severe intra-abdominal adhesions encountered during repeat cesarean delivery, longer time to delivery, and a higher chance of bleeding.
Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Rottenstreich Amihai , Elchalal Uriel , Kleinstern Geffen , Beglaibter Nahum , Khalaileh Abed , Elazary Ram 
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To examine associations of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with maternal and perinatal outcomes.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective case–control study of deliveries that occurred from 2006 to 2016 at two university hospitals. The study group comprised all women who had undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and who delivered during the study period. If a woman had more than one pregnancy during the study period, data from only her first pregnancy were used. A control group was established by matching preoperative body mass index (BMI), age, parity, delivery history, and delivery year.

RESULTS:
Data from 238 women were analyzed, 119 post–laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and 119 matched control parturients. Among the post–laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients, the median preoperative BMI was 41.7 (interquartile range 39.9–44.4) and the median postoperative BMI was 28.9 (26.6–32.0). Compared with the control group, the study group had lower rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (3.4% vs 17.6%, P=.001), large-for-gestational-age neonates (1.7% vs 19.3%, P=.001), and birth weight greater than 4,000 g (0.8% vs 7.6%, P=.02) but higher proportions of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates (14.3% vs 4.2%, P=.01) and low-birth-weight neonates (12.6% vs 4.2%, P=.03). Rates of gestational hypertensive disorders and prematurity were comparable between the groups. For the study group, hemoglobin levels were lower in early pregnancy (median 12.6 vs 13.2 g/dL, P=.001) and after delivery (10.5 vs 10.8 g/dL, P=.002), and a higher proportion of patients were treated with intravenous iron supplementation during pregnancy (14.3% vs 0.8%, P=.001). Cesarean delivery rates during labor were lower in the study group (10.1% vs 20.2%, P=.04).

CONCLUSION:
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy was associated with reduced rates of gestational diabetes mellitus, excessive fetal growth, and cesarean delivery and an increased rate of SGA and low-birth-weight neonates.
Association Between Labor and Delivery Unit Census and Delays in Patient Management
Authors: Molina Rose L. , Gombolay Matthew , Jonas Jennifer , Modest Anna M. , Shah Julie , Golen Toni H. , Shah Neel T. 
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the association between increases in labor and delivery unit census and delays in patient care decisions using a computer simulation module.

METHODS:
This was an observational cohort study of labor and delivery unit nurse managers. We developed a computer module that simulates the physical layout and clinical activity of the labor and delivery unit at our tertiary care academic medical center, in which players act as clinical managers in dynamically allocating nursing staff and beds as patients arrive, progress in labor, and undergo procedures. We exposed nurse managers to variation in patient census and measured the delays in resource decisions over the course of a simulated shift. We used mixed logistic and linear regression models to analyze the associations between patient census and delays in patient care.

RESULTS:
Thirteen nurse managers participated in the study and completed 17 12-hour shifts, or 204 simulated hours of decision-making. All participants reported the simulation module reflected their real-life experiences at least somewhat well. We observed 1.47-increased odds (95% CI 1.18–1.82) of recommending a patient ambulate in early labor for every additional patient on the labor and delivery unit. For every additional patient on the labor and delivery unit, there was a 15.9-minute delay between delivery and transfer to the postpartum unit (95% CI 2.4–29.3). For every additional patient in the waiting room, we observed a 33.3-minute delay in the time patients spent in the waiting room (95% CI 23.2–43.5) and a 14.3-minute delay in moving a patient in need of a cesarean delivery to the operating room (95% CI 2.8–25.8).

CONCLUSION:
Increasing labor and delivery unit census is associated with patient care delays in a computer simulation. Computer simulation is a feasible and valid method of demonstrating the sensitivity of care decisions to shifts in patient volume.
Surgical Outcomes After Apical Repair for Vault Compared With Uterovaginal Prolapse
Authors: Rogers Rebecca G. , Nolen Tracy L. , Weidner Alison C. , Richter Holly E. , Jelovsek J. Eric , Shepherd Jonathan P. , Harvie Heidi S. , Brubaker Linda , Menefee Shawn A. , Myers Deborah , Hsu Yvonne , Schaffer Joseph I. , Wallace Dennis , Meikle Susan F. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Pelvic Floor Disorders Network
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To retrospectively compare surgical success and complications between vaginal vault prolapse compared with uterovaginal prolapse in women who underwent apical prolapse repair for stage II–IV prolapse.

METHODS:
Women in one of three Pelvic Floor Disorders Network prolapse surgical trials were included. Absence of bothersome bulge symptoms, no prolapse beyond the hymen, and no subsequent prolapse treatment defined success and was our primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included comparison of quality-of-life measures, anatomic changes, and adverse events. Pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) and quality-of-life measures were administered at baseline and 1–2 years postoperatively. Comparisons were controlled for study site, age, body mass index, baseline POP-Q, apical and anterior or posterior repair performed, and prior prolapse repair. Outcomes measured at multiple time points were analyzed using longitudinal models to assess whether differences existed across study follow-up.

RESULTS:
Four hundred twenty-one women underwent vault prolapse, and 601 underwent uterovaginal prolapse apical repair. The vault prolapse group was older, more likely to be white, and to have prior urinary incontinence or prolapse repair, stage IV prolapse, and more prolapse bother on a validated scale (all P≤.034). The vault prolapse group was more likely to undergo sacrocolpopexy (228/421 [54%] vs 93/601 [15%]); the uterovaginal prolapse group was more likely to undergo vaginal repair (508/601 [85%] vs 193/421 [46%] P<.001). There were no differences in success (odds ratio [OR] 0.76 for vault prolapse vs uterovaginal prolapse, 95% CI 0.51–1.15, P=.20), changes in Pelvic Organ Prolapse Distress Inventory scores (−79.4 vs −79.8, P=.89), postoperative POP-Q point C measurements (−7.0 vs −7.1 cm, P=.41), or serious adverse events (86/421 [20%] vs 90/601 [15%], P=.86) between groups. Among women who underwent a vaginal approach for repair of vault prolapse (n=193) or uterovaginal prolapse (n=508), there were no differences in success rates (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.43–1.04, P=.09) at 1–2 years postoperatively.

CONCLUSION:
Surgical success of stage II–IV vault prolapse and uterovaginal prolapse apical repair was similar whether performed vaginally or abdominally at 1–2 years postoperatively.
Risk of Recurrent Disease and Surgery Following an Admission for Acute Diverticulitis
Authors: El-Sayed Charlotte , Radley Simon , Mytton Jemma , Evison Felicity , Ward Stephen T. 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND:
Diverticular disease accounts for significant morbidity and mortality and may take the form of recurrent episodes of acute diverticulitis. The role of elective surgery is not clearly defined.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to define the rate of hospital admission for recurrent acute diverticulitis and risk factors associated with recurrence and surgery.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective population-based cohort study.

SETTINGS:
National Health Service hospital admissions for acute diverticulitis in England between April 2006 and March 2011 were reviewed.

PATIENTS:
Hospital Episode Statistics data identified adult patients with the first episode of acute diverticulitis (index admission), and then identified recurrent admissions and elective or emergency surgery for acute diverticulitis during a minimum follow-up period of 4 years. Exclusion criteria included previous diagnoses of acute diverticulitis, colorectal cancer, or GI bleeding, and prior colectomy or surgery or death during the index admission.

INTERVENTIONS:
There were no interventions.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The primary outcomes measured were recurrent admissions for acute diverticulitis and patients requiring either elective or emergency surgery during the study period.

RESULTS:
Some 65,162 patients were identified with the first episode of acute diverticulitis. The rate of hospital admission for recurrent acute diverticulitis was 11.2%. A logistic regression model examined factors associated with recurrent acute diverticulitis and surgery: patient age, female sex, smoking, obesity, comorbidity score >20, dyslipidemia, and complicated acute diverticulitis increased the risk of recurrent acute diverticulitis. There was an inverse relationship between patient age and recurrence. Similar factors were associated with elective and emergency surgery.

LIMITATIONS:
The cases of acute diverticulitis required inpatient management and the use of Hospital Episode Statistics, relying on the accuracy of diagnostic coding.

CONCLUSIONS:
This is the largest study assessing the rates of hospital admission for recurrent acute diverticulitis. Knowledge of the rate and risk factors for recurrent acute diverticulitis is required to aid discussion and decision making with patients regarding the need and timing of elective surgery. Some factors associated with recurrence are modifiable; therefore, weight reduction and smoking cessation can be championed. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A449.
Prior Surgical Score: An Analysis of the Prognostic Significance of an Initial Nondefinitive Surgical Intervention in Patients With Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of a Colorectal Origin Undergoing Cytoreductive Surgery and Perioperative Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Paul Bikram K. , Ihemelandu Chukwuemeka , Sugarbaker Paul H. 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND:
The prior surgical score estimates the extent of previous surgical intervention by quantitating surgical dissection within 9 abdominopelvic regions.

OBJECTIVE:
Our aim was to analyze the prognostic significance of the prior surgical score in our cohort of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database for all patients treated for peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin.

SETTINGS:
The prospectively maintained surgical oncology tumor database was analyzed for the study period 1989–2014.

PATIENTS:
A total of 407 patients diagnosed with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin and treated with cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy were included in this analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The prognostic significance and clinicopathologic factors associated with an initial nondefinitive surgical intervention in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin undergoing cytoreductive surgery and perioperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy was evaluated.

RESULTS:
There were 210 men (51.6%) and 197 women (48.4%) in the study. Mean age at presentation was 53.7 years (range, 19.0–87.0 y). Data on prior surgical score for 69 patients were missing, leaving us with a study cohort of 338 patients. Grouped by prior surgical score, 46 (13.6%) had a prior surgical score of 0 versus 25 (7.4%), 122 (36.1%), and 145 (42.9%) who had a prior surgical score of 1, 2, or 3. Overall survival was 53.0%. Three- and 5-year survival rates were 75% and 75% for group prior surgical score 0 versus 26% and 13%, 39% and 37%, and 21% and 16% for group prior surgical scores 1, 2, and 3. Median survival time for the various prior surgical score groups were 180.0, 30.4, 30.5, and 21.3 months for prior surgical scores 0, 1, 2, and 3 (p = 0.000). A total of 87.2% of the prior surgical score 0 group had a completeness of cytoreduction score of 0/1 (no residual disease/tumor <0.25 cm) versus 68.0%, 68.1%, and 48.6% for prior surgical scores of 1, 2, or 3 (p = 0.000). Significant independent predictors of a shorter survival in multivariate analysis included a high cytoreduction score status (p < 0.000) and a high prior surgical score (p = 0.05).

LIMITATIONS:
This study was limited by its retrospective, population-based design.

CONCLUSIONS:
The extent of a previous nondefinitive surgical intervention contributes to the poor prognosis associated with peritoneal carcinomatosis of a colorectal origin. Independent predictors for an improved overall survival include completeness of cytoreduction and low prior surgical score. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A573.