bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Immunomodulators and Biologics in the Medical Management of Stricturing Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Rodríguez-Lago Iago , Gisbert Javier P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Crohn’s disease is a progressive and disabling inflammatory disease involving the gastrointestinal tract. It usually produces inflammatory lesions in the ileocolonic region, but up to half of patients will also develop complications such as strictures in the long term. Indeed, a proportion of patients have progression of the disease with the development of stricturing lesions because there are no drugs that effectively prevent or reverse established fibrosis, and hence these patients are usually treated with surgery or endoscopic balloon dilation. Fibrotic lesions are always associated with some degree of inflammatory changes, but there is little evidence supporting the use of medical therapy in this context. Here, we discuss the most important findings on the possible use of immunomodulators or biologics in the prevention and treatment of intestinal strictures in Crohn’s disease patients. Recent evidence demonstrates that these drugs may also be effective in treating lesions with high levels of collagen deposition, and thus might, at least in some patients, reduce the progression of the disease and bowel damage, and further avoid the need for surgery and a disabling course in the long term.
Initial conditions of dynamic panel data models: on within and between equations
Authors: Lee Lung-fei , Yu Jihai 
Published: September 2019

Summary
This paper investigates the quasi-maximum likelihood estimation of short dynamic panel data models. We consider their estimation on both fixed effects and random effects specifications and propose a Hausman test when exogenous variables are present. For a dynamic panel model, initial conditions play important roles in model structure and estimation, and they give rise to a between equation under the random effects framework. With the between equation properly defined, we show that the random effects model can be decomposed into a within equation and a between equation; hence, the random effects estimate is a pooling of the within and between estimates. Thus, our paper extends the pooling in the static panel data model (Maddala, 1971a) to the setting of dynamic panel data. This decomposition of a dynamic panel data model is revealing and valuable for estimation and the formulation of a Hausman test to test the possible correlation of individual effects with included regressors. Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to investigate the finite sample performance of estimators and the Hausman test. An empirical application of growth convergence in OECD countries is provided.
The year 2018 in the European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging: Part II
Authors: Cosyns Bernard , Haugaa Kristina H , Gerber Bernhard L , Gimelli Alessia , Donal Erwan , Maurer Gerald , Edvardsen Thor 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging was launched in 2012 as a multimodality cardiovascular imaging journal. It has gained an impressive impact factor during its first 5 years and is now established as one of the top cardiovascular journals and has become the most important cardiovascular imaging journal in Europe. The most important studies from 2018 will be highlighted in two reports. Part I of the review has focused on studies about myocardial function and risk prediction, myocardial ischaemia, and emerging techniques in cardiovascular imaging, while Part II will focus on cardiomyopathies, congenital heart diseases, valvular heart diseases, and heart failure.
Structural Changes on Pulpwood Market in the US South: Wood Pellets Investments and Price Dynamics
Authors: Kanieski da Silva Bruno , Cubbage Frederick W , Abt Robert C 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe investigated the impact of wood pellet mills on pulpwood price structure in the US South. Rather than focusing exclusively on price elasticities, we progress by examining how wood pellet production has affected the spatial transmission of pulpwood prices. Pairwise price ratios were modeled using smooth transition regression to identify changes in the cointegration (linkage) between markets over time. A logistic model was fitted to estimate market linkages as a function of market distances, industry concentration, and capacity of pellet wood production. Results show that the US South is not composed of market clusters, but each market pair has a particular relation. Distance and wood pellet production capacity are the only factors driving market linkages; the pulp and paper industries did not affect market structure changes. Our research suggests spatial price transmission varies over time, and pellet mills have caused a structural change in the pulpwood prices in the US South.
The generalized standard-linear-solid model and the corresponding viscoacoustic wave equations revisited
Authors: Hao Qi , Greenhalgh Stewart 
Published: September 2019

Summary
The generalized standard-linear-solid model, also called the Zener model, is widely used in viscoacoustic/viscoelastic wavefield forward and inverse modeling, because the wave equations in this model can be written in differential equation form, which can be solved efficiently by time-domain numerical methods such as finite difference method, spectral element method, etc. For this model, however, two different expressions for the relaxation function (or complex modulus) appear in the literature somewhat confusingly. In addition to this confusion, the time- and frequency-domain versions of the wave equations for the generalized standard-linear-solid model are scattered throughout the literature. Here, we revisit the generalized standard-linear-solid model and seek to overcome the confusion concerning the expression for the relaxation function (or modulus). We present a unified approach to derive the viscoacoustic wave equations. We start with the time- and frequency-domain formulations separately to derive two sets of viscoacoustic wave equations. All these viscoacoustic wave equations are expressed in a simple and compact form. The two sets of viscoacoustic wave equations are equivalent to each other. The proposed method to derive the appropriate viscoacoustic wave equations can be extended to derive wave equations for other dissipative media.
The quality of care in outpatient primary care in public and private sectors in Malaysia
Authors: Chin May Chien , Sivasampu Sheamini , Wijemunige Nilmini , Rannan-Eliya Ravindra P , Atun Rifat 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In Malaysia, first-contact, primary care is provided by parallel public and private sectors, which are completely separate in organization, financing and governance. As the country considers new approaches to financing, including using public schemes to pay for private care, it is crucial to examine the quality of clinical care in the two sectors to make informed decisions on public policy. This study intends to measure and compare the quality of clinical care between public and private primary care services in Malaysia and, to the extent possible, assess quality with the developed economies that Malaysia aspires to join. We carried out a retrospective analysis of the National Medical Care Survey 2014, a nationally representative survey of doctor–patient encounters in Malaysia. We assessed clinical quality for 27 587 patient encounters using data on 66 internationally validated quality indicators. Aggregate scores were constructed, and comparisons made between the public and private sectors. Overall, patients received the recommended care just over half the time (56.5%). The public sector performed better than the private sector, especially in the treatment of acute conditions, chronic conditions and in prescribing practices. Both sectors performed poorly in the indicators that are most resource intensive, suggesting that resource constraints limit overall quality. A comparison with 2003 data from the USA, suggests that performance in Malaysia was similar to that a decade earlier in the USA for common indicators. The public sector showed better performance in clinical care than the private sector, contrary to common perceptions in Malaysia and despite providing worse consumer quality. The overall quality of outpatient clinical care in Malaysia appears comparable to other developed countries, yet there are gaps in quality, such as in the management of hypertension, which should be tackled to improve overall health outcomes.
Content of Brazilian supermarket circulars do not reflect national dietary guidelines
Authors: Camargo Anice Milbratz de , Farias Júlia Pitsch de , Mazzonetto Ana Claudia , Dean Moira , Fiates Giovanna Medeiros Rataichesck 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Previous research on foods advertised in supermarket circulars revealed that advertisement for foods at promotional prices influence food choices and shopping behaviour, but no paper reporting the Latin American context was identified. Furthermore, most studies only assessed the products advertised on the front pages and not in the entire circulars. This paper quantifies and categorizes, according to level of processing, the foods advertised in circulars from four Brazilian supermarket chains in order to assess their compatibility with the national dietary guidelines issued by the Ministry of Health. Printed and online circulars were collected between June and July 2016. Foods items advertised were identified and classified into one of four categories using the NOVA classification as unprocessed or minimally processed, processed culinary ingredient, processed or ultra-processed. Sixteen documents were analysed, and 1786 food items identified, where 23% were categorized as unprocessed or minimally processed, and 63% as ultra-processed foods. While the mean proportion of ultra-processed and unprocessed or minimally processed foods advertised on circular covers was similar (p = 0.49), the mean proportion of ultra-processed foods advertised in the entire circular was significantly higher than unprocessed or minimally processed foods (p &lt; 0.001). Brazilian supermarket circulars are stimulating the acquisition of ultra-processed foods, which does not encourage food choices to be in line with what is recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population.
Congruence between fine-scale genetic breaks and dispersal potential in an estuarine seaweed across multiple transition zones
Authors: Nicastro Katy R , Assis Jorge , Serrão Ester A , Pearson Gareth A , Neiva João , Valero Myriam , Jacinto Rita , Zardi Gerardo I 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGenetic structure in biogeographical transition zones can be shaped by several factors including limited dispersal across barriers, admixture following secondary contact, differential selection, and mating incompatibility. A striking example is found in Northwest France and Northwest Spain, where the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides L. exhibits sharp, regional genetic clustering. This pattern has been related to historical population fragmentation and divergence into distinct glacial refugia, followed by post-glacial expansion and secondary contact. The contemporary persistence of sharp ancient genetic breaks between nearby estuaries has been attributed to prior colonization effects (density barriers) but the effect of oceanographic barriers has not been tested. Here, through a combination of mesoscale sampling (15 consecutive populations) and population genetic data (mtIGS) in NW France, we define regional genetic disjunctions similar to those described in NW Iberia. Most importantly, using high resolution dispersal simulations for Brittany and Iberian populations, we provide evidence for a central role of contemporary hydrodynamics in maintaining genetic breaks across these two major biogeographic transition zones. Our findings further show the importance of a comprehensive understanding of oceanographic regimes in hydrodynamically complex coastal regions to explain the maintenance of sharp genetic breaks along continuously populated coastlines.
A multi-stock harvest control rule based on “pretty good yield” ranges to support mixed-fisheries management
Authors: Garcia Dorleta , Dolder Paul J , Iriondo Ane , Moore Claire , Prellezo Raúl , Urtizberea Agurtzane 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Advice for commercially exploited fish stocks is usually given on a stock-by-stock basis. In light of the ecosystem-based fisheries management, the need to move towards a holistic approach has been largely acknowledged. In addition, the discard bans in some countries requires consistent catch advice among stocks to mitigate choke species limiting fisheries activity. In this context, in 2015, the European Commission proposed the use of fishing mortality ranges around fishing mortality targets to give flexibility to the catch advice system and improve the use of fishing opportunities in mixed-fisheries. We present a multi-stock harvest control rule (HCR) that uses single stock assessment results and fishing mortality ranges to generate a consistent catch advice among stocks. We tested the performance of the HCR in two different case studies. An artificial case study with three stocks exploited simultaneously by a single fleet and the demersal mixed-fishery operating in Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. The HCR produced consistent catch advice among stocks when there was only a single fleet exploiting them. Even more, the HCR removed the impact of the discard ban. However, in a multi-fleet framework the performance of the HCR varied depending on the characteristics of the fleets.
Hotspots of childhood obesity in a large metropolitan area: does neighbourhood social and built environment play a part?
Authors: Ribeiro Ana Isabel , Santos Ana Cristina , Vieira Verónica M , Barros Henrique 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Effective place-based interventions for childhood obesity call for the recognition of the high-risk neighbourhoods and an understanding of the determinants present locally. However, such an approach is uncommon. In this study, we identified neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity (‘hotspots’) in the Porto Metropolitan Area and investigated to what extent the socio-economic and built environment characteristics of the neighbourhoods explained such hotspots.

Methods
We used data on 5203 7-year-old children from a population-based birth cohort, Generation XXI. To identify hotspots, we estimated local obesity odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using generalized additive models with a non-parametric smooth for location. Measures of the socio-economic and built environment were determined using a Geographic Information System. Associations between obesity and neighbourhood characteristics were expressed as OR and 95%CI after accounting for individual-level variables.

Results
At 7 years of age, 803 (15.4%) children were obese. The prevalence of obesity varied across neighbourhoods and two hotspots were identified, partially explained by individual-level variables. Adjustment for neighbourhood characteristics attenuated the ORs and further explained the geographic variation. This model revealed an association between neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation score and obesity (OR = 1.014, 95%CI 1.004–1.025), as well as with the presence of fast-food restaurants at a walkable distance from the residence (OR = 1.37, 1.06–1.77).

Conclusions
In our geographic area it was possible to identify neighbourhoods with elevated prevalence of childhood obesity and to suggest that targeting such high-priority neighbourhoods and their environmental characteristics may help reduce childhood obesity.
The association of birthweight with age at natural menopause: a population study of women in Norway
Authors: Bjelland Elisabeth K , Gran Jon M , Hofvind Solveig , Eskild Anne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Previous studies suggest that birthweight may influence age at natural menopause, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association of birthweight with age at natural menopause.

Methods
A retrospective population study of 164 608 women in Norway, aged 48–71 years. Data were obtained by two self-administered questionnaires among participants in BreastScreen Norway during 2006–2014. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate hazard ratios and logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios of menopause according to birthweight. Restricted cubic splines were applied to allow for possible non-linear associations, and adjustments were made for year and country of birth.

Results
Women with birthweight &lt;2500 g were median 51 years at menopause (interquartile range 49–54 years), whereas women with birthweight 3500–3999 g were median 52 years at menopause (interquartile range 49–54 years). The hazard ratio of menopause decreased with increasing birthweight up until 3500 g. At birthweights &gt;3500 g, we estimated no further decrease (P for non-linearity = 0.007). Birthweight at 2500 g increased the odds ratios of menopause before the age of 45 [1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–1.25] and the age of 40 (1.26; 95% CI: 1.15–1.38) compared with birthweight at 3500 g. At birthweights 4000 g and 4500 g, the odds ratio estimates were very similar to the reference group and the CIs overlapped 1.00.

Conclusions
We found a non-linear dose-relationship of birthweight with age at natural menopause, and low birthweight was associated with early natural menopause. Our findings suggest that growth restriction during fetal life may influence the timing of natural menopause.
Charlotte Tilbury succeeds on copyright claim against Aldi lookalike
Authors: Fairhurst Oliver 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Islestarr Holdings Ltd v Aldi Stores Ltd [2019] EWHC 1473 (Ch)
The High Court of England and Wales has found that discount supermarket Aldi had copied claimant Charlotte Tilbury’s artistic works in creating its cheaper make-up product. The case demonstrates the tools available to brands in tackling lookalikes (or ‘dupes’) and may provide lessons on how designers can build into their products certain protectable features that increase the chances of being able to repress unauthorized imitations.
Lyme Disease Risk of Exposure to Blacklegged Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae) in Pittsburgh Regional Parks
Authors: Simmons Alison E , Manges Anna B , Bharathan Tashi , Tepe Shannon L , McBride Sara E , DiLeonardo Matthew Q , Duchamp Joseph E , Simmons Thomas W 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness and sixth most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease in the United States. The majority of cases occur in the Northeast and upper-Midwest, and the number and geographic distribution of cases is steadily increasing. The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) is the principal vector of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto) in eastern North America. Although Lyme disease risk has been studied in residential and recreational settings across rural to urban landscapes including metropolitan areas, risk within U.S. cities has not been adequately evaluated despite the presence of natural and undeveloped public parkland where visitors could be exposed to B. burgdorferi-infected I. scapularis. We studied the occurrence of I. scapularis and infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in four insular regional parks within the city of Pittsburgh to assess Lyme disease risk of exposure to infected adults and nymphs. We found that the density of I. scapularis adults (1.16 ± 0.21 ticks/100 m2) and nymphs (3.42 ± 0.45 ticks/100 m2), infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in adults (51.9%) and nymphs (19.3%), and density of infected adults (0.60 ticks/100 m2) and nymphs (0.66 ticks/100 m2) are as high in these city parks as nonurban residential and recreational areas in the highly endemic coastal Northeast. These findings emphasize the need to reconsider, assess, and manage Lyme disease risk in greenspaces within cities, especially in high Lyme disease incidence states.
Modelling the evolution of PAH abundance in galaxies
Authors: Rau Shiau-Jie , Hirashita Hiroyuki , Murga Maria 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the evolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance in a galaxy, which is a crucial step to understand the evolution of bright emission features in the mid-infrared range. We calculate the evolution of dust grain size distribution in a manner consistent with the physical conditions of the interstellar medium by post-processing our previous hydrodynamical simulation of an isolated disc galaxy. We also differentiate between aromatic and non-aromatic grains for carbonaceous dust species and explicitly considered the aromatization process. As a consequence, our model explains the metallicity dependence of PAH abundances in nearby galaxies well. The PAH abundance increase is driven particularly by the interplay between shattering and accretion (dust growth). The fast aromatization guarantees that the small carbonaceous grains trace PAHs very well. Since shattering and accretion are sensitive to the dust abundance, we predict that the PAH-to-dust abundance ratio increases as the metallicity increases. This is consistent with the observation data of nearby galaxies.
Discrete star formation events in the central bar of the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Strantzalis A , Hatzidimitriou D , Zezas A , Antoniou V , Lianou S , Tsilia S 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
We present the results of the photometric analysis of a large part of the main body of the Small Magellanic Cloud. Using the 6.5m Magellan Telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile, we have acquired deep B and I images in four fields (0.44 deg each in diameter), yielding accurate photometry for 1068 893 stars down to 24th magnitude, with a spatial resolution of 0.20 arcsec per pixel. Colour–magnitude diagrams and (completeness-corrected) luminosity functions have been constructed, yielding significant new results that indicate at least two discrete star formation events over a period from 2.7 to 4 Gyr ago. Also, we have derived star formation rates as a function of look-back time and have found enhancements of SF between 4 and 6 Gyr and at younger ages.
AGN radiative feedback in the early growth of massive black holes
Authors: Ishibashi W 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Growing observational evidence confirms the existence of massive black holes ($M_{\rm BH} \sim 10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$), accreting at rates close to the Eddington limit, at very high redshifts ($z \gtrsim 6\!-\!7$) in the early Universe. Recent observations indicate that the host galaxies of the first quasars are chemically evolved systems, containing unexpectedly large amounts of dust. Such a combination of high luminosities and large dust content should form favourable physical conditions for radiative dusty feedback. We explore the impact of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, driven by radiation pressure on dust, on the early growth of massive black holes. Assuming Eddington-limited exponential black hole growth, we find that the dynamics and energetics of the radiation pressure-driven outflows also follow exponential trends at late times. We obtain modest outflow energetics (with momentum flux $\dot{p} \lesssim L/c$ and kinetic power $\dot{E}_{\rm k} \lesssim 10^{-3} L$), comparable with available observations of quasar-driven outflows at very high redshifts, but significantly lower than typically observed in local quasars and predicted by wind energy-driven models. AGN radiative dusty feedback may thus play an important role in powering galactic outflows in the first quasars in the early Universe.