bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Many Tree Heights Should You Measure for Natural, Atlantic Coastal Plain Loblolly Site Index?
Authors: Lloyd F. Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sample size is tabulated for the number of tree heights needed to site-classify plots growing natural, Atlantic coastal plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The size of the sample depends on observed stand age and selected site-class size, index age, and classification success rate. The most important outcome is the relationship of sample size to stand age because putting it into practice results in uniformly reliable site-index estimates.
Optimum Nitrogen Rates for Fertilization of Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Ballard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Biologic and economic optimum rates of nitrogen (N) fertilization were estimated 4 or 5 years after fertilization for 11 loblolly pine plantations which were responsive to ammonium nitrate fertilization. Despite the diversity of sites and stands examined, variation in the optimum N rates was not very great. The biologic optimum averaged 200 lbs. N per acre, while the economic optimum varied according to the value of the harvested product: for wood values at $0.70 and $0.20 per cu. ft. the average economic optima were 152 and 57 lbs. N per acre, respectively. These two economic rates captured, on average, 94 percent and 52 percent, respectively, of the maximum biologic response. The response magnitude showed considerably more variation between sites than the optimum N rates, with the maximum biologic volume response ranging from 193 to 502 cu. ft. per acre over a 5-year period.
Prescribed Burning in Southern Forest and Rangeland Improves Forage and Its Use
Authors: Lewis Clifford E. , Grelen Harold E. , Probasco George E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prescribed burning is a common management practice on much of the South's rangeland and forest land. Fire helps maintain the productivity, improves the nutrient content, and increases digestibility of forage. Burning increases availability of forage and browse plants by removing dead plant material and by reducing the size and density of shrubs. Proper use of fire permits better use of the grazable natural resources of southern forest ranges for both livestock and wildlife.
Species Suitability on a Lowland Site Altered by Drainage
Authors: DeBell D. S. , Askew G. R. , Hook D. D. , Stubbs J. , Owens E. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Surface drainage created adequate conditions for survival and growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on most sites within a wet lowland area. Successful pine establishment occurred on soils having loamy or sandy surface horizons and where original forest cover had been pine-hardwood or hardwood. On a lesser but significant number of sites, however, loblolly pine had unsatisfactory survival. Such problems were common where clay content of surface soil was high and the water table remained near the surface after ditch installation. In most cases, these conditions occurred on sites formerly occupied by cypress-hardwood timber. Planted sweetgum (Liquid ambar styraciflua L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) had better survival than loblolly pine on these sites. Guidelines for delineating such problem sites are given and management alternatives discussed.
Incidence of Heterobasidion annosum Basidiocarps on Two Low-Hazard Florida Soils After Clearcutting and Site Preparation
Authors: Webb Roger S. , Hollis Charles A. , Swindel Benee F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey for the incidence of Heterobasidion annosum basidiocarps among residual slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) stumps revealed frequent occurrence of the fungus 18 months after clearcutting in sites considered low hazard for the fungus. Although the percentage of infected stumps was high, the fungus was not isolated from dead or dying seedlings 18 months after planting. Further risk of stump infection may be reduced by thinning or clearcutting slash pine on low-hazard sites in the summer.
Economic Evaluation of Old-Field Loblolly Pine Plantation Management Alternatives
Authors: Broderick Stephen H. , Thurmes John F. , Klemperer W. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using a computerized tree growth simulator for old-field plantations, this study reaches tentative and preliminary conclusions about loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation management systems which maximize rotation-start present value under various situations. Assumptions included different product mixes and prices; interest rates; planting spacings; harvest ages; and intensity, frequency, and timing of thinnings.
Pheromone Traps Detect Webbing Coneworms in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: DeBarr G. L. , Barber L. R. , Berisford C. W. , Weatherby J. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1981 traps baited with synthetic sex pheromone caught webbing coneworm (Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich), moths in 47 of 63 southern pine seed orchards. Male moths were caught in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, but not in Florida, Oklahoma, and Texas. The potential for attacks in 1982 appears to be moderate to high in about half of the orchards and is particularly high in North Carolina. This is the first demonstration of the value of pheromone-baited traps as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) approach to coneworm control in southern pine seed orchards. These inexpensive traps provide a highly specific detection technique that can easily be used by trained seed orchard personnel, thus providing early warning to trigger preventative action.
Green Weights of Major Tree Species in North Florida Pine Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Conde Louis F. , Smith Joel E. , Hollis Charles A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prediction equations for green weights of the entire aboveground stem of seven species of trees commonly found in the flatwoods of north Florida are derived. Based on other studies of planted pines, approximate deductions for the unmerchantable portion at the top of the tree are suggested. An independent test of validity (admittedly not very stringent), namely, prediction of the harvest from two experimental watersheds from low-intensity cruises made prior to harvest, is given as some evidence that the results for pine are reliable.
Impact of Wildfire and Watershed Restoration on Water Quality in South Carolina's Blue Ridge Mountains
Authors: Neary Daniel G. , Currier John B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five streams in the Blue Ridge Mountains of South Carolina were monitored for 12 months after the April 1978 Jumping Branch Wildfire. These streams drain watersheds which were undisturbed (366 ha), partially burned (218 ha), partially burned and fertilized (272 ha), completely burned and fertilized (122 ha), and in all these conditions combined (1,038 ha). Differences in NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, Na, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, were attributed to the fire or subsequent watershed improvement operations. Concentrations of NO3-N increased the most (peak of 0.394 mg/l), primarily as a result of fertilizer application during restoration operations. Ammonium nitrogen, NO3-N, and PO4-P levels were elevated on the burned and fertilized watersheds mainly during storm events. Sodium, K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were 12 to 82 percent above background levels during most of the monitoring period. Suspended solid concentrations, determined during a three-month period which contained the largest single storm event within the first year after the fire, showed no relationship to watershed condition. Changes detected in water quality were not of biological significance to aquatic ecosystems, nor did they reduce the value of the streams as a potential source of drinking water.
Nursery Costs and Benefits of Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings
Authors: Guldin Richard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) seedlings can be grown in Number 2 Styroblock containers in timber-truss greenhouses for essentially the same cost per thousand as bare-root seedlings, if construction of a new nursery is contemplated. Because of the time required to expand a bare-root nursery, every additional dollar spent to expand output using a container facility at the existing location is rewarded with $5.90 in present-worth benefits.
Forest Practices Cost Trends in the South
Authors: Moak James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the period 1952-1979, trends of nine forest practices cost increases have ranged from 6.55 percent annually for planting by hand to 11.19 percent annually for mechanical site preparation in the South. These figures represent an increase over the wholesale price index of 3.21 percent annually for planting by hand and 7.70 percent for mechanical site preparation.
Wilderness Management in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Watson Alan E. , Stankey George H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wilderness managers need information about visitor preferences and behavior if they are to protect wilderness experiences and resources. Linville Gorge, Shining Rock, and Joyce Kilmer/Slickrock wilderness users have somewhat different perceptions of wilderness problems, but too many people in certain places, a lack of information about use, litter, and destruction of vegetation are commonly mentioned. Wilderness users expect few contacts with other groups, especially with large groups and at campsites. Use controls are generally supported, and visitors favor unobtrusive management strategies over direct regulation.
Inflation and the Capital Budgeting Process
Authors: Hotvedt James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cash flow analysis under conditions of inflation is discussed by addressing the analysis and application of general and real price changes in forestry investment decisions. Terms required for understanding and undertaking such analyses are defined. Cash flow analyses can be conducted using the current or constant dollar approaches and on before- or after-tax bases. Inflation should be accounted for in analyses conducted on an after-tax basis which include depreciation expenses or depletion allowances. Tables of formulae are presented that modify the traditional, well-known valuation formulas by incorporating general and real price changes.
Size-Volume Classification of Appalachian Hardwood Sawlog Harvesting Residue
Authors: Timson Floyd G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Length and diameter, not quality, limit the use of low-grade roundwood in a number of wood manufacturing processes; therefore the length, diameter, and volume relationship was examined for bolewood hardwood logging residue from sawlog-only harvesting operations. Estimations were made of available residue by length and minimum diameter as well as the volume of bolts or logs of a given diameter and length that can be cut from bolewood residue. At an 8-inch minimum diameter, 81 percent of the residue is available; this decreases to 40 percent if a 12-inch minimum diameter is desired. This is with no cutting except to minimum diameter. Sixty-one percent of the residue can be cut into 8-foot logs with an 8-inch minimum diameter. If the desired long length is increased to 12 feet, 51 percent of the residue can be cut into pieces of this length having a minimum small end diameter of 8 inches.
Multi-Resource Effects of Harvest, Site Preparation, and Planting in Pine Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Marion Wayne R. , Harris Larry D. , Morris Larry A. , Pritchett William L. , Conde Louis F. , Riekerk Hans , Sullivan Edward T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A multidisciplinary study of the environmental and ecological effects of harvest, site preparation, and planting of pine flatwoods forests under two distinct management regimes is described, and important results are reported for several resources. Bedload sediment production was negligible regardless of treatment. Water yield increased during treatments, but returned to preharvest levels the following year. Stormflow increased--especially for intermediate-sized storms. Peakflow rates increased only when the stream channel was exposed to more intensive site preparation. Water quality alterations were small and transient; potassium, calcium, and suspended sediment concentrations increased. Except for calcium, nutrients in rainfall exceeded nutrients in runoff and pulpwood harvest removals. Soil and nutrient relocation with windrowing was substantial. Floral composition was dramatically altered: woody species diminished; herbaceous species increased. Plant species diversity was initially increased by less intensive practices, not diminished by more intensive practices. Small mammal populations--depauperate in the natural stands--remained so after planting. Winter bird densities increased--especially on the perimeter of undisturbed cypress domes and within clearcut pinelands.
Bottomland Hardwood Stand Development Following Clearcutting
Authors: Bowling Dale R. , Kellison R. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A mature bottomland hardwood forest near Laurel, Mississippi was commercially clearcut in 1958 and the development of the ensuing naturally regenerated stand was traced. With increasing age, water oak (Quercus nigra) and white oak (Quercus michauxii) assumed a dominant position at the expense of blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora) and ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana). At age 22, 13.4, 33.6, 51.5, and 4.6 ft² of the basal area was comprised of spruce (Pinus glabra) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water oak, and white oak; iron-wood and blackgum comprised 14.8 and 1.8 percent of the basal area in trees less than 4 inches in diameter.
An Economic Analysis of Forest Grazing on Four Timber Management Situations
Authors: Lundgren Gwynne K. , Conner J. Richard , Pearson Henry A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing pressures to find new sources of forage for beef production have stimulated continued exploration into the economic potential for raising beef cattle on forested lands in the South. Four timber management alternatives were evaluated, including a 30-year rotation without thinning, a 30-year rotation with thinning in year 15 to 70 ft.² basal area per acre, a 40-year rotation with thinnings in years 15 and 27, and a 60-year rotation with thinnings in years 15, 25, 35 and 48. Rotational prescribed burning, supplemental feeding, and controlled breeding provided 80-percent calf crops and 443-pound weaning weights. The analysis indicated variations in the rate of return on investment in the cattle operations from .5 percent for the 30-year, no-thinning alternative to 4.5 percent for the 40-year, with-thinning alternative.
Development of Seven Hardwood Species in Small Forest Openings
22-Year Results
Authors: Johnson R. L. , Krinard R. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Small forest openings planted with seven leading commercial tree species were completely dominated by yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) that averaged 90 feet tall after 22 years. Of the other planted species, swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii) was most shade tolerant while Shumard oaks (Q. shumardii), water oaks (Q. nigra), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) showed little tolerance.
Forest Regrowth on the Cumberland Plateau and Implications for Productive Management
Authors: Muller Robert N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An old-growth forest and a 35-year-old, second-growth forest on the Cumberland Plateau were studied to compare species composition and structure. Species composition and total basal area of the two stands did not differ, although total stand density was 19 percent lower and basal area of commercial species was 25 percent higher in the old-growth than in the second-growth stand. Analysis of size-class distributions showed that both stands were best represented by an inverse J-shaped distribution, which best describes old-age stands. The rapid regeneration of the second-growth stand seems to be the result of minimal disturbance to accumulated nutrient pools in the soil. The importance of these accumulated nutrient pools and implications for forest management on the Cumberland Plateau are discussed.
Managing Urban Forests to Increase or Decrease Gray Squirrel Populations
Authors: McComb William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Managers of urban forests may want to improve habitat for gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) where more are desired, or to reduce habitat quality where squirrels are a nuisance. Habitat characteristics that are desirable for either purpose were determined by trapping and line-transect censusing squirrels on a 276-acre tract that resembles an urban park. These findings and related information support five habitat-management procedures for increasing and four procedures for decreasing populations of gray squirrels.
Bayleton® Seed Treatment Combined with Foliar Spray Improves Fusiform Rust Control in Nurseries
Authors: Rowan S. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bayleton foliar sprays eradicated all fusiform rust infections when applied up to 7 days after artificial inoculation and eradicated a significant number of infections when applied 28 days after inoculation. A combination of seed treatment and foliar spray provided complete control when the spray was applied up to 14 days after inoculation and further reduced disease incidence when the foliar spray was applied 28 days after inoculation. Foliar sprays applied before inoculation prevented infections up to four weeks after application but sprays applied to nongerminated seed did not prevent infections in seedlings originating from these seed. Seed treatment would, therefore, significantly improve fusiform rust control in forest nurseries. Without seed treatment, applications of both ferbam and Bayleton during the period of seed germination may be necessary to adequately control the disease in high rust-hazard nurseries. When seed are treated with Bayleton, the first foliar spray must be applied 14 days after germination begins or no later than 7 days after the first infection period following the first 14 days of seed germination. Thereafter, sprays should be applied at intervals not to exceed 35 days.
Computer Programs for Forest Investment Analysis
Authors: Brooks Darrell G. , Vodak Mark C. , Hokans Richard H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There are many computer programs that are useful to the forester for evaluating investment alternatives of private landowners. Although similar, these programs exhibit important differences, and it is imperative that potential users are aware of features and capabilities so they may make comparisons. Tables give an overview and summary of the key features and capabilities of 11 programs currently available. Five of these are examined. Those chosen for discussion are indicative of the basic similarities and differences among available investment programs and provide points for comparing and selecting programs for specific needs.
Coal-Ash Effects on Fuelwood Production and Runoff Water Quality
Authors: Riekerk Hans 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The poorly-drained sandy soil of a small watershed in north-central Florida was amended with 56 dry tons/acre of coal-ash, bedded at 6-foot spacing, and planted to seedlings at 3-foot intervals. First-year growth of Casuarina cunninghamiana or Australian pine was better than on the nonamended control. The exceptional freeze of the winter of 1982 killed about 70 percent of the trees, but surviving individuals continued significantly improved growth rates as compared to the control. Replanting with Eucalyptus viminalis showed no better growth than the control. Dissolution of bases from the ash neutralized the normally acid soil and runoff water. As a consequence, concentrations of heavy metals in runoff were diminished.
A Service Foresters' Guide to Investment Terminologies—Which Ones Are Most Easily Understood By Landowners?
Authors: Foster Bennett B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Discounting and its results: present net values, soil expectation values, net annual equivalents, and other similar measures, though standard in forestry evaluations, are unnecessary and confusing terms to a large segment of those interested in timber investments. There are just 2 measures that will tell most small forest landowners all they usually want to know about such investments. These measures are the rate of return and whether this rate has been adjusted for inflation (the real rate) or not adjusted for inflation (the nominal or market rate). The other terms, which are often understandable only to evaluation specialists, should be omitted from our vocabulary when dealing with the average small landowner/investor.
Options in Energy Wood Farming
Authors: McConnell W. V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A U.S. Air Force-sponsored study identified 5 potential management options for woody biomass production at Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), Florida. The preferred option was short rotations of densely stocked Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata) on Lakeland soils. This low-energy subsidy approach may have application on much of the 8 million acres of sandhill soils in the South.
Germination Speed as a Predictor of Nursery Seedling Performance
Authors: Barnett James P. , McLemore B. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although they are not fully satisfactory, laboratory germination percentages are still better predictors of nursery-tree yield for both loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine seeds than any other means now available. Germination values, which combine both speed and completeness of germination, improve the predictability of nursery performance only in slowly germinating lots. Analyses of the reasons for better nursery growth of seedlings from stratified seeds reveal that under less favorable conditions they germinate faster than unstratified seeds. When equal-aged germinants from similarly-sized stratified and unstratified seeds are planted at the same time, seedling development is essentially the same. Seedlings from large-sized seeds (half-sib lots) did grow larger over a 10-week period than those from small-sized seeds.
CEPA in Sulfuric Acid Paste Increases Oleoresin Yields¹
Authors: McReynolds Robert D. , Kossuth Susan V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During 2 growing seasons, slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and longleaf (P. palustris Mill.)pines were worked for naval stores to test chemical additives to sulfuric acid pastes. A 53% acid paste is used commercially to stimulate oleoresin flow. Only 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) increased gum yields significantly. Maximum yields were obtained by lowering the sulfuric acid concentration to 25% and adding CEPA at 2.5 or 5.0%. Yields were increased up to 36% in 21- to 23-year-old slash pines (25% sulfuric acid plus 5.0% CEPA) and 65% in 60-year-old longleaf pines (25% sulfuric acid plus 2.5% CEPA). In treatments with CEPA and no sulfuric acid, yields increased with increasing CEPA concentration, but all were at least 22% less than that from the commercial paste. Near-maximum yields were obtained by spraying to runoff with 21.6% CEPA (as the full-strength commercial formulation of Ethrel®) over the smoothed bark surface.