bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History and review of the habitat suitability criteria curve in applied aquatic ecology
Authors: Nestler John M. , Milhous Robert T. , Payne Thomas R. , Smith David L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHydraulic microhabitat assessment is a category of environmental flow tools (e.g., Physical Habitat Simulation system and other methodologically similar software) that, at its core, uses habitat suitability criteria (HSC) to link values of point hydraulic variables (usually depth, velocity, and substrate/cover) to habitat values for target life stages. Although this assessment tool has been used worldwide for decades, the history of the HSC curve is relatively unknown because the foundational information is predominantly contained in obscure and often unpublished reports. We review the history of the HSC concept in applied aquatic ecology to clarify its scientific pedigree, ensure its proper use, and build a foundation for future research. We begin the review with the formative decades of the 1950's through the 1970's, when consumptive‐based western USA water law conflicted with conservation traditions and natural resource management objectives, although water allocation issues date back at least to the 19th century. By analysing the history of the HSC concept, we aim to establish the biological, hydrologic, and geomorphological conditions that must be met for the HSC concept to be successfully employed. In spite of its documented assumptions and limitations, the HSC concept will likely continue to be a useful tool to help address water resources allocation issues in defined hydrologic and geomorphic settings. We conclude that HSC‐based methodologies should be considered as one of several environmental flow approaches involved in sustainable water resources management.
Unrestricted ramping rates and long‐term trends in the food web metrics of a boreal river
Authors: Pearce Jennie L. , Smokorowski Karen E. , Brush Jaclyn , Timusk Evan , Marty Jerome , Power Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLong‐term monitoring of the food web of a regulated hydropeaking river was conducted to assess if previously documented effects of changing ramping rates (RRs) were maintained with the addition of 6 years of data. Using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses, we hypothesized that: (1) macroinvertebrates and fish inhabiting areas below peaking hydrodams would be higher in δ15N and lower in δ13C due to increased flow velocity and the influence of light respired dissolved inorganic carbon, relative to those sampled from areas with a natural flow regime; (2) the increase in δ15N of macroinvertebrates would lead a shorter food web length in the regulated river, but δ13C and niche width would be similar between the restricted and unrestricted RR periods (i.e., the BACI analysis); and (3) isotopic metrics (e.g., δ13C, δ15N, niche width [SEAB], and food chain length [Δ15N]) would correlate with variations in flow characteristics through time. Consistent with previous analysis conducted over a shorter time period, a shift toward higher δ15N values was observed for both fish and invertebrates, but, contrarily, only invertebrates (not fish) had a lower δ13C value downstream of the dam. Over the long term, the before‐after‐control‐impact analysis found no effect of RRs on any of the food web metrics, implying that the change in operation did not affect the river food web. However, analysis of the time series data indicated that flow metrics and trophic metrics were often correlated, including a negative effect of RR (invertebrates) and discharge (fish) on food chain length. This study illustrates the difficulty in detecting changes in food web structure and function under changing flow regime influenced by natural and anthropogenic effects. As such, this study highlights the need for considering large spatial and temporal scales to differentiate between confounding effects of climate, natural variability, and altered flow regimes on food webs in regulated rivers.
The effects of run‐of‐river dam spill on Columbia River microplankton
Authors: Rose Vanessa , Rollwagen‐Bollens Gretchen , Bollens Stephen M. , Zimmerman Julie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDams, increasingly common in riverine systems worldwide, are particularly prevalent on the Columbia River (CR) in the United States. Hydroelectric projects, including both storage and run‐of‐river (i.e., minimal storage) structures, on the mainstem CR highly manage water flow, often by releasing water over (rather than through) dams as “spill.” To test the effects of run‐of‐river dam spill on microplankton abundance and composition, we sampled above and below two dams in the lower CR before and during spill conditions in spring 2016 and during and after spill conditions in late summer 2007. We tested the effects of location (i.e., above vs. below dams), spill condition (i.e., before, during, and after spill), and their interaction on microplankton abundance. Generally, diatoms were most abundant during springtime, whereas cyanobacteria were most abundant in late summer. Most taxa were not significantly different in abundance above and below dams, regardless of spill status; although cyanobacteria abundance was marginally higher below dams in summer 2007 (p = .04). Abundances of all taxa were significantly different between pre‐spill and spill periods in spring 2016, whereas only diatom and flagellate abundances were significantly different between spill and post‐spill periods in summer 2007. We conclude that spill conditions may influence microplankton abundance, but are not likely to affect microplankton communities on either side of run‐of‐river dams on the CR. This is important information for dam managers concerned about ecosystem impacts of spill.
Trophic interactions among algal blooms, macroinvertebrates, and brown trout: Implications for trout recovery in a restored river
Authors: Peipoch Marc , Valett Herbert Maurice 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPositive correlation between trout abundance and dissolved metal concentrations along the Upper Clark Fork River (UCFR; Montana, USA) have forced restoration practitioners to seek underlying causes of reduced fish density beyond heavy metal contamination. Throughout the river, nutrient enrichment and summer algal blooms may be hindering full recovery of trout populations. In this study, we evaluated the community structure and metal body burdens of benthic invertebrates and characterized existing trophic linkages between brown trout and dominant invertebrate taxa before and during summer algal blooms in a downstream reach of the UCFR where fish densities are low (20–30 trout/km), and where metal contamination is relevant but minimal compared with upstream. In spring, estimated invertebrate abundance was 1,727 ± 217 individuals/m2 and dominated by Ephemerellidae and Baetidae families. During summer algal bloom, invertebrate abundance increased 15‐fold (20,580 ± 3,510 individuals/m2) mostly due to greater abundance of Chironomidae, Hydropsychidae, and Simulidae. Copper body burdens (130 ± 42 ppm) were higher than any other heavy metal regardless of season, but detectable concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead were also found. A Bayesian mixing model combining metal burdens and stable isotopes showed that in the spring, trout of average size (355 ± 65 g) relied mostly on epibenthic taxa (Ephemerellidae and Hydropsychidae), contrasting with small (<100 g) and large (>400 g) trout relying heavily on Baetidae, a major component of invertebrate drift. Foraging segregation related to trout size did not occur during summer algal blooms, which may reflect increasing influence of benthic algal proliferation or indicate the indiscriminate use of pool habitats as thermal refugia over summer conditions by trout of different ages.
Rabies Virus 31D Peptide‐[P(VP‐co‐AA)] Conjugates: Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
Authors: Arayici Pelin Pelit , Acar Tayfun , Ucar Burcu , Karahan Mesut , Arslan Belkis Atasever , Mustafaeva Zeynep 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe prevention of rabies disease, which has been the subject of many pieces of researches since ancient times, has become possible by vaccination. Therefore, new generation vaccine systems should be developed to achieve more effective, accessible and reliable vaccines than conventional vaccines against this disease. In this study, modificated Rabies virus 31D antigenic peptide epitope was synthesized by microwave supported solid phase peptide synthesis method and the synthesized peptide was characterized. Bioconjugates of the antigenic peptide epitope with poly (N‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐co‐acrylic acid) that a biocompatible polymer was synthesized synthetically were synthesized at different ratios in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide. Characterization of bioconjugates was performed with Gel Permeation Chromatography and ZetaSizer. Cytotoxicity test was carried out using ECV304 human epithelial cells to determine the biocompatibility of peptide, polymer and bioconjugates. It is thought that the produced biocompatible synthetic peptide‐polymer based rabies vaccine systems will contribute greatly to the vaccination studies.
Acetoxylation and Halogenation of 2‐Arylbenzoxazinones via Palladium‐Catalyzed C(sp2)‐H Bond Oxidation
Authors: Vu Huu Manh , Chen Fei‐Wu , Li Xu‐Qin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMethods of selective synthesis of C−H acetoxylated and halogenated 2‐arylbenzoxazinones were developed. The reactions went smoothly under the benign conditions and gave the corresponding products with high selectivity. The methods are compatible to the 2‐arylbenzoxazinones with either electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups. Additionally, this transformation can also be scaled up to the gram level. This strategy allows for direct preparation of products, thus providing a good complement to previous C−H oxidations and expanding the field of benzoxazinone as Directing Groups.
Model‐Free Rheo‐AFM Probes the Viscoelasticity of Tunable DNA Soft Colloids
Authors: Moreno‐Guerra José A. , Romero‐Sánchez Ivany C. , Martinez‐Borquez Alejandro , Tassieri Manlio , Stiakakis Emmanuel , Laurati Marco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAtomic force microscopy rheological measurements (Rheo‐AFM) of the linear viscoelastic properties of single, charged colloids having a star‐like architecture with a hard core and an extended, deformable double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) corona dispersed in aqueous saline solutions are reported. This is achieved by analyzing indentation and relaxation experiments performed on individual colloidal particles by means of a novel model‐free Fourier transform method that allows a direct evaluation of the frequency‐dependent linear viscoelastic moduli of the system under investigation. The method provides results that are consistent with those obtained via a conventional fitting procedure of the force‐relaxation curves based on a modified Maxwell model. The outcomes show a pronounced softening of the dsDNA colloids, which is described by an exponential decay of both the Young's and the storage modulus as a function of the salt concentration within the dispersing medium. The strong softening is related to a critical reduction of the size of the dsDNA corona, down to ≈70% of its size in a salt‐free solution. This can be correlated to significant topological changes of the dense star‐like polyelectrolyte forming the corona, which are induced by variations in the density profile of the counterions. Similarly, a significant reduction of the stiffness is obtained by increasing the length of the dsDNA chains, which we attribute to a reduction of the DNA density in the outer region of the corona.
NeuCheck: A more practical Ethereum smart contract security analysis tool
Authors: Lu Ning , Wang Bin , Zhang Yongxin , Shi Wenbo , Esposito Christian 
Published: August 2019

SummaryEthereum is one of the currently popular trading platform, where any one can exchange, buy, or sell cryptocurrencies. Smart contract, a computer program, can help Ethereum to encode rules or scripts for processing transactions. Because the smart contract usually handles large number of cryptocurrencies worth billions of dollars apiece, its security has gained considerable attention. In this paper, we first investigate the security of smart contracts running on the Ethereum and introduce several new security vulnerabilities that allow adversaries to exploit and gain financial benefits. Then, we propose a more practical smart contract analysis tool termed NeuCheck, in which we introduce the syntax tree in the syntactical analyzer to complete the transformation from source code to intermediate representation, and then adopt the open source library working with XML to analyze such tree. We have built a prototype of NeuCheck for Ethereum and evaluate it with over 52 000 existing Ethereum smart contracts. The results show that (1) our new documented vulnerabilities are prevalent; (2) NeuCheck improves the analysis speed by at least 17.2 times compared to other popular analysis tools (eg, Securify and Mythril; and (3) allows for cross‐platform deployment.
Rolling circle amplification: A (random) primer on the enrichment of an infinite linear DNA template
Authors: Kieser Rachel E. , Budowle Bruce 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRolling circle amplification (RCA) is a robust enzymatic process in which a circular DNA molecule serves as a template for exponential amplification of molecular targets of interest. Random primers that have bound to DNA sequences across the circularized DNA template initiate copying via the action of a highly processive DNA polymerase. Following a cascade of strand displacement events, long tandem copies of the original template sequence are generated. Because the template molecule is in a circular format, it essentially serves as an infinite linear template. In conjunction with selective enrichment techniques, RCA may prove highly useful in the selectivity and sensitivity of current DNA typing systems. In addition, circularization potentially may allow for amplification of fragmented and low copy number DNA encountered in forensic casework samples that can be subsequently typed.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Biology > Forensic DNA Technologies
Experiencing Materialized Reading: Individuals’ Encounters with Books
Authors: Fuchsberger Verena , Meneweger Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the past few years, the materials of which objects are made of have increasingly gained attention, particularly in relation to the design and usage of computational objects. Different kinds of materialities have been investigated, discussed, and attentively designed. In order to contribute knowledge on how the materiality of things influences how individuals experience (im-)material artefacts, this paper presents an inquiry into two independent debates on Twitter about whether or not consuming alternative material representations of books (audiobooks or ebooks) “count as” reading. Our findings indicate that experiential aspects of the material instantiations of books are of high relevance and that individuals show strong emotional and reflective responses about them. We discuss several aspects of materialized reading and conclude by detailing how the findings may influence (research on) the design of future books.
A Three-dimensional and Dynamic (3DD) Cell Culture System for Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Efficacy of Anti-cancer Drugs
Authors: Vaidya Tanaya R. , Franco Yesenia L. , Ait-Oudhia Sihem 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Purpose of Review
In this work, we will describe a scalable and versatile three-dimensional and dynamic (3DD) cell culture system used in our laboratory as an in vitro tool for pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and toxicodynamic (TD) evaluation of anti-cancer agents in mono and combination therapy.

Recent Findings
Certain attributes of the 3DD cell culture system such as its ability to sustain high-density cell growth, simulation of clinically relevant PK profiles, and sampling of PK, PD, and TD endpoints make it suitable for long-term in vitro studies. Here, we highlight two case examples from our laboratory using this system. First, we have successfully evaluated the PK and PD of a novel combination regimen against human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer refractory to HER2 therapy. The resulting PK/PD relationships allowed optimization of drug dosing of the agents in the combination. Second, our laboratory is currently examining the clinical PK determinants controlling doxorubicin (DOX)–induced cardiotoxicity, linking them with TD endpoints and evaluating optimal dosing regimens of DOX for alleviating cardiotoxicity.

Summary
Our promising state-of-the-art in vitro 3DD cell culture system holds several advantages over traditional tissue culture systems. The in vitro simulation of human PK profiles in combination with serial sampling over several weeks allows to more accurately study and predict tumor killing, resistance, and toxicities of anti-cancer agents and combinations for future rationally designed studies in patients.
Shared Epistemic Responsibility
Authors: Millar Boyd 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that individual moral obligations and responsibility entail shared (or joint) moral obligations and responsibility. However, whether individual epistemic obligations and responsibility entail shared epistemic obligations and responsibility is rarely discussed. Instead, most discussions of doxastic responsibility focus on individuals considered in isolation. In contrast to this standard approach, I maintain that focusing exclusively on individuals in isolation leads to a profoundly incomplete picture of what we're epistemically obligated to do and when we deserve epistemic blame. First, I argue that we have epistemic obligations to perform actions of the sort that can be performed in conjunction with other people, and that consequently, we are often jointly blameworthy when we violate shared epistemic obligations. Second, I argue that shared responsibility is especially important to doxastic responsibility thanks to the fact that we don't have the same kind of direct control over our beliefs that we have over our actions. In particular, I argue that there are many cases in which a particular individual who holds some problematic belief only deserves epistemic blame in virtue of belonging to a group all the members of which are jointly blameworthy for violating some shared epistemic obligation.
Intra- and inter-annual variability in dynamic discharge from the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, and its role in modulating mass balance
Authors: Sánchez-Gámez Pablo , Navarro Francisco J. , Benham Toby J. , Glazovsky Andrey F. , Bassford Robin P. , Dowdeswell Julian A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe determined ice velocities for the Academy of Sciences Ice Cap, Severnaya Zemlya, Russian Arctic, during November 2016–November 2017, by feature-tracking 54 pairs of Sentinel-1 synthetic-aperture radar images. Seasonal velocity variations with amplitudes up to 10% of the yearly-averaged velocity were observed. Shorter-term (<15 d) intra-annual velocity variations had average and maximum deviations from the annual mean of up to 16 and 32%, respectively. This indicates the errors that could be incurred if ice discharge values determined from a single pair of images were extrapolated to the whole year. Average ice discharge for 2016–2017 was 1.93 ± 0.12 Gt a−1. The difference from an estimate of ~ 1.4 Gt a−1for 2003–2009 was attributed to the initiation of ice stream flow in Basin BC. The total geodetic mass balance over 2012–2016 was − 1.72 ± 0.67 Gt a−1(− 0.31 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1). The climatic mass balance was not significantly different from zero, at 0.21 ± 0.68 Gt a−1(0.04 ± 0.12 m w.e. a−1), and has remained near zero at decadal-scale for the last four decades. Therefore, the total mass balance has been controlled largely by variations in ice discharge, whose long-term changes do not appear to have responded to environmental changes but to the intrinsic characteristics of the ice cap governing tidewater glacier dynamics.
Grafting influence on productivity and drought tolerance of tea clones
Authors: Karunakaran R. , Ilango R. V. J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGrafting of fresh cuttings using drought-susceptible and low-yielding clones as scions on drought-tolerant clones as rootstocks offers the possibility of raising composite plants with improved productivity and drought tolerance. Hence, the study was aimed to widen the choice of compatible composites and to delineate the underlying factors responsible for productivity and drought tolerance in grafted plants. One year-old composite plants of TRF-1, TRF-2 and UPASI-28 cleft-grafted on the rootstocks of UPASI-2, UPASI-9, ATK-1 and TRI-2025 were field planted along with their respective controls and evaluated. The results indicated that productivity and drought tolerance of scion clones varied significantly with the rootstocks used. Significant increases in yield and yield components were noted in the following graft combinations compared with their corresponding self-rooted scion clones: TRF-1 grafted on UPASI-9 and ATK-1, TRF-2 grafted on all four rootstocks, and UPASI-28 grafted on UPASI-9, TRI-2025 and UPASI-2. The findings clearly emphasize the scion–rootstock interaction as the critical determinant of productivity in grafted plants compared with vigour, drought tolerance and yield potential of scion and rootstock clones. Further, high-yielding capacity of grafts over the ungrafted scions and rootstocks was largely dependent on the yield potential of the scion clone and the degree of scion–rootstock compatibility. Higher field survival and enhanced yield observed during the drought period in the compatible grafts demonstrated their better drought tolerance compared with their respective self-rooted scions.
Assessing climate adaptation options for cereal-based systems in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains, South Asia
Authors: Tesfaye K. , Khatri-Chhetri A. , Aggarwal P. K. , Mequanint F. , Shirsath P. B. , Stirling C. M. , Jat M. L. , Rahut D. B. , Erenstein O. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNew farming systems and management options are needed in South Asia as the intensive rice–wheat production system is set to become increasingly unsustainable under climate change. In the current study, six cropping systems options/treatments varying in tillage, crop establishment method, residue management, crop sequence and fertilizer and water management were evaluated using a cropping systems model under current (1980–2009) and future (2030 and 2050) climate scenarios in the state of Bihar, India. The treatments were current farmers' practice (CP), best fertilizer and water management practices, zero tillage (ZT) with no crop residue retention, ZT with partial crop residue retention (ZTPR), future conservation agriculture-based rice–wheat intensive cropping system (FCS-1) and future conservation agriculture-based maize–wheat intensive cropping system (FCS-2). The results indicate that climate change is likely to reduce rice–wheat system productivity under CP by 4% across Bihar. All the crop management options studied increased yield, water productivity and net returns over that of the CP under the current and future climate scenarios. However, the ZTPR treatment gave significantly higher relative yield, lower annual yield variability and a higher benefit-cost-ratio than the other treatments across cropping system components and climate periods. Although all the new cropping system treatments had a positive yield implication under the current climate (compared to CP), they did not contribute to adaptation under the future climate except FCS-2 in wheat. It is concluded that adaptation to future climate must integrate both cropping system innovations, and genetic improvements in stress tolerance.