bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Hyalomma marginatum ticks collected from cattle in Corsica, France
Authors: Cicculli Vincent , Masse Shirley , Capai Lisandru , de Lamballerie Xavier , Charrel Remi , Falchi Alessandra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEhrlichiosis are severe, feverish tick‐borne illnesses caused by specific species within the genus Ehrlichia (Anaplasmataceae family). Recent data suggest that ruminants in Corsica area reservoir for several Anaplasmataceae species. The purpose of our study was to determine whether Ehrlichia species could be detected in ticks collected in Corsican ruminants by using molecular methods. Ticks were collected in northern Corsica: (i) in May 2016 from sheep bred in one farm located in a 5000‐inhabitants village and (ii) from cattle in June and July 2016 in a slaughterhouse. There sheep and cattle whole skin was inspected and ticks were collected manually. A total of 647 ticks was collected in northern Corsica during this study: 556 (86%) belonged to the Rhipicephalus bursa species and 91 (14%) to Hyalomma marginatum. The 91 H. marginatum ticks were organized in 27 pools, of which one (3.7%) was found positive for the presence of E. minasensis; this pool consisted of six ticks collected from a cow bred and raised northwestern Corsica. Ehrlichial DNA was not detected in R. bursa ticks. The 16S rRNA and groEL gene sequences of Ehrlichia detected in the H. marginatum pool showed 100% (303/303 bp) and 99.8% (555/556) of nucleotide identity with E. minasensis, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the highest closeness with E. minasensis UFMG‐EV genotype than to any other E. canis strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. minasensis outside of Brazil, Ethiopia and Canada. This identification of E. minasensis in H. marginatum merits to be further investigated and pleads for translational studies addressing the potential impact of vector‐borne diseases of human and veterinary impact through large‐scale research and surveillance programmes in Corsica.
The Clinical Reasoning Mapping Exercise (CResME): a&nbsp;new tool for exploring clinical reasoning
Authors: Torre Dario M. , Hernandez Caridad A. , Castiglioni Analia , Durning Steven J. , Daley Barbara J. , Hemmer Paul A. , LaRochelle Jeffrey 
Published: January 2019

Introduction National organizations have identified a need for the creation of novel approaches to teach clinical reasoning throughout medical education. The aim of this project was to develop, implement and evaluate a novel clinical reasoning mapping exercise (CResME).
Methods Participants included a convenience sample of first and second year medical students at two US medical schools: University of Central Florida (UCF) and Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences (USUHS). The authors describe the creation and implementation of the CResME. The CResME uses clinical information for multiple disease entities as nodes in different domains (history, physical exam, imaging, laboratory results, etc.), requiring learners to connect these nodes of information in an accurate and meaningful way to develop diagnostic and/or management plans in the process.
Results The majority of medical students at both institutions felt that the CResME promoted their understanding of the differential diagnosis and was a valuable tool to compare and contrast elements of a differential diagnosis. Students at both institutions recommended using the CResME for future sessions.
Discussion The CResME is a promising tool to foster students’ clinical reasoning early in medical school. Research is needed on the implementation of the CResME as an instructional and assessment strategy for clinical reasoning throughout medical school training.
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the historical roots of psychopathology: A viewpoint
Authors: Stoyanov Drozdstoy , Telles-Correia Diogo , Cuthbert Bruce N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this article we aim at conceptual reconstruction of the historical background behind RDoC project. It incorporates some elements that have not heretofore been included in frameworks for psychopathology research. At the same time, however, RDoC – like any approach to mental illness – must grapple with longstanding challenges in addressing issues about the roles and relationships of mind, brain, and patients’ reports in considering the nature of disorder. In this respect, the historical roots of psychopathology remain as relevant as ever.
Cognitive and behavioural environmental concern among university students in a Canadian city: Implications for institutional interventions
Authors: Jurdi-Hage Rozzet , Hage H. Sam , Chow Henry P.H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInformed by Stern and colleagues’ value-belief-norm theory and their earlier empirical work, we examined levels and predictors of cognitive and behavioural environmental concern (EC) of university students in a Canadian postsecondary context. Data for this study were obtained through completion of self-administered questionnaires from a sample of 421 undergraduate students attending a public university in Saskatchewan, a province heavily focused on expanding resource extraction. The study used a descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional methodology. Statistical analysis was performed in three parts: (a) univariate description of students’ cognitive and behavioural EC indicators; (b) bivariate associations to assess the nature and direction of the relationships between EC measures; and (c) multivariate analyses to test the causal structure of the theoretical model. Results showed no widespread acceptance of the ‘New Ecological Paradigm’. Students were slightly more prone to place responsibility for environmental protection at the door of government and industry than themselves. Respondents practised a range of environmentally supportive behaviours (ESB) with varying intensities. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses provided support for several of the theory’s propositions in predicting generalised and specific environmental beliefs and ESB. Findings highlighted the complex relationships between personal background, academic and cognitive variables and ESB. That formal instruction on the environment influenced cognitive and behavioural EC, both directly and indirectly, suggests it is essential universities have formal curricula that expose students to the types of environmental knowledge, awareness, and critical thinking skills to promote environmental literacy and address unsustainable lifestyles and attitudes. Institutional interventions, including universities’ role as ‘effective change agents’, are discussed.
Supra-optimality may emanate from suboptimality, and hence optimality is no benchmark in multisensory integration
Authors: Noel Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWithin a multisensory context, “optimality” has been used as a benchmark evidencing interdependent sensory channels. However, “optimality” does not truly bifurcate a spectrum from suboptimal to supra-optimal – where optimal and supra-optimal, but not suboptimal, indicate integration – as supra-optimality may result from the suboptimal integration of a present unisensory stimuli and an absent one (audio = audio + absence of vision).
The world is complex, not just noisy
Authors: Brette Romain 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTo deny that human perception is optimal is not to claim that it is suboptimal. Rahnev & Denison (R&D) point out that optimality is often ill defined. The fundamental issue is framing perception as a statistical inference problem. Outside of the lab, the real perceptual challenge is to determine the lawful structure of the world, not variables of a predetermined statistical model.
Excess of individual variability of priors prevents successful development of general models
Authors: Bachmann Talis 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPerceptual judgments are influenced by a multitude of factors in addition to the perceptual input. Particularly, the widely varying individual neurobiological endophenotypes and individual differences in the propensity for expectation-based illusory percepts make it unlikely that optimality is possible to define and defend by the type of abstract modeling approach criticized by Rahnev & Denison (R&D).
Credo for optimality
Authors: Stocker Alan A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOptimal or suboptimal, Rahnev & Denison (R&D) rightly argue that this ill-defined distinction is not useful when comparing models of perceptual decision making. However, what they miss is how valuable the focus on optimality has been in deriving these models in the first place. Rather than prematurely abandon the optimality assumption, we should refine this successful normative hypothesis with additional constraints that capture specific limitations of (sensory) information processing in the brain.
Observer models of perceptual development
Authors: Nardini Marko , Dekker Tessa M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe agree with Rahnev & Denison (R&D) that to understand perception at a process level, we must investigate why performance sometimes deviates from idealised decision models. Recent research reveals that such deviations from optimality are pervasive during perceptual development. We argue that a full understanding of perception requires a model of how perceptual systems become increasingly optimised during development.
Discarding optimality: Throwing out the baby with the bathwater?
Authors: Simen Patrick , Balcı Fuat 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue against normative theories and in favor of a more descriptive “standard observer model” of perceptual decision making. We agree with the authors in many respects, but we argue that optimality (specifically, reward-rate maximization) has proved demonstrably useful as a hypothesis, contrary to the authors’ claims.
Descending Marr's levels: Standard observers are no panacea
Authors: Zednik Carlos , Jäkel Frank 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAccording to Marr, explanations of perceptual behavior should address multiple levels of analysis. Rahnev & Denison (R&D) are perhaps overly dismissive of optimality considerations at the computational level. Also, an exclusive reliance on standard observer models may cause neglect of many other plausible hypotheses at the algorithmic level. Therefore, as far as explanation goes, standard observer modeling is no panacea.
Optimality is both elusive and necessary
Authors: Meyer Joachim 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOptimality of any decision, including perceptual decisions, depends on the criteria used to evaluate outcomes and on the assumptions about available alternatives and information. In research settings, these are often difficult to define, and therefore, claims about optimality are equivocal. However, optimality is important in applied settings when evaluating, for example, the detection of abnormalities in medical images.
The standard Bayesian model is normatively invalid for biological brains
Authors: Moran Rani , Tsetsos Konstantinos 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe show that the benchmark Bayesian framework that Rahnev & Denison (R&D) used to assess optimality is actually suboptimal under realistic assumptions about how noise corrupts decision making in biological brains. This model is therefore invalid qua normative standard. We advise against generally forsaking optimality and argue that a biologically constrained definition of optimality could serve as an important driver for scientific progress.
Although optimal models are useful, optimality claims are not that common
Authors: Chambers Claire , Kording Konrad Paul 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRahnev & Denison (R&D) argue that human behavior is often described as “optimal,” despite many previous findings of suboptimality. We address how the literature handles these concepts and discuss our own findings on suboptimality. Although we agree that the field should embrace the “systematic weirdness of human behavior” (sect. 6, para. 1), this does not detract from the value of the Bayesian approach.
How did that individual make that perceptual decision?
Authors: Booth David A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSuboptimality of decision making needs no explanation. High-level accounts of suboptimality in diverse tasks cannot add up to a mechanistic theory of perceptual decision making. Mental processes operate on the contents of information brought by the experimenter and the participant to the task, not on the amount of information in the stimuli without regard to physical and social context.
Self-sacrifice for a cause: The role of ideas and beliefs in motivating human conflict
Authors: Ginges Jeremy , Shackleford Crystal 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe role of ideas and beliefs is generally underplayed in Whitehouse's account. However, just as people may feel that their identity is fused with a collective, they may also feel that their identity is fused with an idea (god, history, justice), which can motivate the same type of behaviors that Whitehouse seeks to explain.
Identity fusion and fitness interdependence
Authors: Cronk Lee , Aktipis Athena 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFitness interdependence is the degree to which two or more organisms influence each other's success in replicating their genes. Identity fusion may be a proximate mechanism that aligns behavior with fitness interdependence. Although identity fusion may usually lead to behaviors that are fitness enhancing, in evolutionarily novel environments, it may be hijacked in ways that are highly detrimental to fitness.
The motivation to sacrifice for a cause reflects a basic cognitive bias
Authors: Olivola Christopher Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMany extreme forms of self-sacrifice occur without identity fusion or out-group threats. For example, people willingly participate in extreme charity fundraisers – exerting effort, enduring pain, and risking bodily injury – to advance desired causes. Therefore, it seems plausible that the motivation to engage in extreme self-sacrifice reflects a basic cognitive bias, rather than an evolutionary-cultural adaption specifically designed for intergroup conflict.
A potential explanation for self-radicalisation
Authors: Lane Justin E. , Shults F. LeRon , Wildman Wesley J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe believe that Whitehouse's model could be extended in a way that can help us make sense of self-radicalised individuals who are not active in cliques. We believe that conceptual ties may be important to this process and present a brief analysis of a database collected by the national consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), to suggest future research to complement Whitehouse's proposal.
The fire burns within: Individual motivations for self-sacrifice
Authors: Rahal Rima-Maria 
Published: January 2019

AbstractExtreme self-sacrifice in intergroup conflict may be driven not only by situational factors generating “fusion,” but also by interindividual differences. Social value orientation is discussed as a potential contributor to self-harming behavior outside of intergroup conflicts and to the general propensity to participate in intergroup conflict. Social value orientation may therefore also be a person-specific determinant of extreme self-sacrifice in intergroup conflict.
The Xe‐SiO2 System at Moderate Pressure and High Temperature
Authors: Crépisson C. , Sanloup C. , Blanchard M. , Hudspeth J. , Glazyrin K. , Capitani F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractXenon (Xe), the heaviest of the stable noble gases, is missing by a factor of 20 relatively to other noble gases, when comparing the Earth's and Mars's atmospheres with chondrites. In this work, the possibility of Xe retention in quartz, a major mineral of the continental crust, is tested. The Xe‐SiO2 system is investigated from 0.7 to 2.7 GPa and up to 1900 K, by in situ X‐ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. Experimental data are complemented by ab initio calculations to retrieve Xe incorporation mechanisms. An excess of quartz unit cell volume up to 4.2% is observed, consistent with a Xe for Si substitution in the quartz structure. Xe has a linear oxygen environment composed of two O atoms located at 1.98–2.00 Å from the Xe atom. Moreover, a new phase is evidenced above Xe melting curve at 0.8–1.0 GPa. The new (Xe,Si)O2 phase is orthorhombic and corresponds to an elongation of the quartz unit cell. In this phase, Xe substitutes for Si with a nearly planar oxygen environment composed of four O atoms located at 2.06–2.09 Å from the Xe atom. Xe incorporation in SiO2 proves to be significant, as previously shown for olivine. Xe incorporation is therefore expected to occur in the whole range of lithospheric silicate minerals. These findings emphasize the need to consider Xe incorporation in crust and upper mantle minerals as a process to store and fractionate xenon, in the framework of the “missing xenon” issue.
Particle Size Effects on Mid‐Infrared Spectra of Lunar Analog Minerals in a Simulated Lunar Environment
Authors: Shirley K. A. , Glotch T. D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMid‐infrared spectroscopic analysis of the Moon and other airless bodies requires a full accounting of spectral variation due to the unique thermal environment in airless body regoliths and the substantial differences between spectra acquired under airless body conditions and those measured in an ambient environment on Earth. Because there exists a thermal gradient within the upper hundreds of microns of lunar regolith, the data acquired by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment are not isothermal with wavelength. While this complication has been previously identified, its effect on other known variables that contribute to spectral variation, such as particle size and porosity, have yet to be well characterized in the laboratory. Here we examine the effect of particle size on mid‐infrared spectra of silicates common to the Moon measured within a simulated lunar environment chamber. Under simulated lunar conditions, decreasing particle size is shown to enhance the spectral contrast of the Reststrahlen bands and transparency features, as well as shift the location of the Christiansen feature to longer wavelengths. This study shows that these variations are detectable at Diviner spectral resolution and emphasizes the need for simulated environment laboratory data sets, as well as hyperspectral mid‐infrared instruments on future missions to airless bodies.
The Penetration of Solar Radiation Into Water and Carbon Dioxide Snow, With Reference to Mars
Authors: Chinnery H. E. , Hagermann A. , Kaufmann E. , Lewis S. R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe depth to which solar radiation can penetrate through ice is an important factor in understanding surface‐atmosphere interactions for icy planetary surfaces. Mars hosts both water and carbon dioxide ice on the surface and in the subsurface. At high latitudes during autumn and winter carbon dioxide condenses to form the seasonal polar cap. This has been both modeled and observed to, in part, occur as snowfall. As snow accumulates, the thermal properties of the surface are changed, whether the underlying surface was rocky, regolith, or a solid ice sheet. This results in a change (usually increase) in albedo, affecting the proportion of the incident solar energy reflected, or transmitted below the surface of the snow layer. The depth to which light can penetrate through this layer is an important parameter in heat transfer models for the Martian surface and is often quantified using the e‐folding scale. We present the first measurements of the e‐folding scale in pure carbon dioxide snow for the wavelengths 300 to 1100 nm alongside new measurements of water snow.
Structural Evolution During Cyclic Glacier Surges: 2. Numerical Modeling
Authors: Clarke Garry K. C. , Hambrey Michael J. 
Published: January 2019

The mesoscale structures of a glacier express the history of flow, temperature, and stress. Thus, in principle, numerical ice dynamics models have sufficient physics to examine the formation and transport of these structures. In this study we use a vertically integrated thermomechanical ice dynamics model to simulate the temporally evolving patterns of surficial moraine, stratification, foliation, and folding of glacier ice, and the density and orientation of traces of former crevasses. The modeled glaciers are simplified versions of Trapridge Glacier in northwest Canada that allow diagnostic modeling of influences on glacier structure and help to clarify the physics and numerics. In the model, surges occur every 50 years in response to a prescribed cyclic change in bed friction. Medial moraine patterns are simulated by tracking the englacial and supraglacial trajectory of debris injected at fixed points in the accumulation region. Stratification is assumed to be associated with isochronal surfaces, and vertical foliation is explained in terms of horizontal flattening of strain ellipsoids. Crevasses form when and where the intensity of tensile stress exceeds a prescribed threshold; crack damage is cumulative so that crevasse traces observed at sampling sites are a superposition of the damage accumulated en route. Folding is parameterized but not resolved. By evaluating the deformation gradient tensor along ice particle trajectories and applying the polar decomposition to this tensor, we isolate the cumulative effects of rotation and stretching by ice flow and calculate strain ellipsoids as well as other practical indicators of deformation.
Effects of the captive and wild environment on diversity of the gut microbiome of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
Authors: Schmidt Elliott , Mykytczuk Nadia , Schulte-Hostedde Albrecht I 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Vertebrate gastrointestinal tracts have co-existed with microbes over millennia. These microbial communities provide their host with numerous benefits. However, the extent to which different environmental factors contribute to the assemblage of gut microbial communities is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine how the external environment influences the development of gut microbiome communities (GMCs). Faecal samples were collected from deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) born and raised in captivity and the wild at approximately 3–5 weeks of age. Additional samples were collected 2 weeks later, with a subset of individuals being translocated between captive and wild environments. Microbial data were analysed using 16S rRNA next-generation Illumina HiSeq sequencing methods. GMCs of deer mice were more similar between neighbours who shared the same environment, regardless of where an individual was born, demonstrating that GMCs are significantly influenced by the surrounding environment and can rapidly change over time. Mice in natural environments contained more diverse GMCs with higher relative abundances of Ruminoccocaceae, Helicobacteraceae and Lachnospiraceae spp. Future studies should examine the fitness consequences associated with the presence/absence of microbes that are characteristic of GMCs of wild populations to gain a better understanding of environment–microbe–host evolutionary and ecological relationships.