bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness of cancer risk factors and protective factors among Australian adults
Authors: Lizama Natalia , Jongenelis Michelle , Slevin Terry 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIssue addressedUp to one‐third of incident cancers in Australia are attributable to modifiable factors. Understanding the general public's awareness of cancer risk and protective factors is important for identifying knowledge gaps and informing the development of effective and targeted health promotion strategies.MethodsIn a telephonic survey of 355 Western Australian adults aged 18‐54 years (48% male), with a sample skewed towards low‐socio‐economic status areas, respondents rated the effect on cancer risk of 11 established cancer risk factors and seven established cancer protective factors.ResultsMost respondents correctly recognised the increased cancer risk from sun tanning (94%), asbestos (92%), pesticide use (92%) and being overweight or obese (86%), and the protective effect of being physically active (82%). Half (52%) of respondents incorrectly believed that red wine decreased or had no effect on cancer risk. One in five respondents (19%) incorrectly believed that sunscreen use increased cancer risk. Only 18% of respondents were aware that human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination confers a protective effect, while 17% believed it increases risk.ConclusionsAlthough the majority of respondents were aware of certain established cancer risk and protective factors, a sizeable proportion held misconceptions about the cancer risk associated with red wine consumption, sunscreen use and HPV vaccination.So what?Health promotion programs designed to educate the public about modifiable cancer risk factors may need to increase public awareness of the safety of preventive factors such as HPV vaccination and sunscreen, and the increased cancer risk from consumption of all alcoholic beverage types, including red wine.
Acceptability, perceived reliability and challenges associated with distributing HIV self‐test kits to young MSM in Uganda: a qualitative study
Authors: Okoboi Stephen , Twimukye Adelline , Lazarus Oucul , Castelnuovo Barbara , Agaba Collins , Immaculate Muloni , Nanfuka Mastula , Kambugu Andrew , King Rachel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV self‐testing is a flexible, accessible and acceptable emerging technology with a particular potential to identify people living with HIV who are reluctant to interact with conventional HIV testing approaches. We assessed the acceptability, perceived reliability and challenges associated with distributing HIV self‐test (HIVST) to young men who have sex with men (MSM) in Uganda.MethodsBetween February and May, 2018, we enrolled 74 MSM aged ≥18 years purposively sampled and verbally consented to participate in six focus group discussions (FGDs) in The AIDS Support Organization (TASO Masaka and Entebbe). We also conducted two FGDs of 18 health workers. MSM FGD groups included individuals who had; (1) tested greater than one year previously; (2) tested between six months and one year previously; (3) tested three to six months previously; (4) never tested. FGDs examined: (i) the acceptability of HIVST distribution; (iii) preferences for various HIVST distribution channels; (iv) perceptions about the accuracy of HIVST; (v) challenges associated with HIVST distribution. We identified major themes, developed and refined a codebook. We used Nvivo version 11 for data management.ResultsMSM participants age ranged between 19 and 30 years. Participants described HIVST as a mechanism that would facilitate HIV testing uptake in a rapid, efficient, confidential, non‐painful; and non‐stigmatizing manner. Overall, MSM preferred HIVST to the conventional HIV testing approaches. Health workers were in support of distributing HIVST kits through MSM peers. MSM participants were willing to distribute the kits and recommended HIVST to their peers and sexual partners. They suggested HIVST kit distribution model work similarly to the current condom and lubricant peer model being implemented by TASO. Preferred channels were peers, hot spots, drop‐in centres, private pharmacies and MSM friendly health facilities. Key concerns regarding use of HIVST were; unreliable HIVST results, social harm due to a positive result, need for a confirmatory test and linking both HIV positive and negative participants for additional HIV services.ConclusionsDistribution of HIVST kits by MSM peers is an acceptable strategy that can promote access to testing. HIVST was perceived by participants as beneficial because it would address many barriers that affect their acceptance of testing. However, a combined approach that includes follow‐up, linkage to HIV care and prevention services are needed for effective results.
Challenges in diagnosing and managing adult patients with urea cycle disorders
Authors: Stepien Karolina M. , Geberhiwot Tarekegn , Hendriksz Christian J. , Treacy Eileen P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUrea cycle disorders (UCD) are a group of rare inherited metabolic conditions of amino acid catabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency within the hepatic ammonia detoxification pathway. The presentation of these disorders ranges from life‐threatening intoxication in the neonate to asymptomatic status in adults. Late‐onset UCDs can present for the first time in adulthood and may mimic other causes of acute confusion or psychiatric diseases, and are often associated with neurological symptoms. Late‐onset UCDs may become apparent during periods of metabolic stress such as rapid weight loss, gastric bypass surgery, chronic starvation or the postpartum period. Early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and to prevent long‐term complications of hyperammonemia. The challenges of management of adults include for example: (a) poor compliance to dietary and medical treatment which can result in recurrent hospital admissions; (b) severe neurological dysfunction; (c) the management of pregnancy and the postpartum period; and (d) access to multidisciplinary care peri‐operatively. In this review, we highlight a number of challenges in the diagnosis and management of adult patient with late‐onset UCDs and suggest a systematic management approach.
Diagnostic performance of a new multicontrast one‐minute full brain exam (EPIMix) in neuroradiology: A prospective study
Authors: Delgado Anna F. , Kits Annika , Bystam Jessica , Kaijser Magnus , Skorpil Mikael , Sprenger Tim , Skare Stefan 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundClinical MRI protocols are time‐consuming; hence, new faster techniques are needed. One new fast multicontrast MRI technique, called echo planar image mix (EPIMix) (including contrasts T1‐FLAIR, T2‐weighted, diffusion‐weighted images [DWI], apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], T2*‐weighted, and T2‐FLAIR images) needs to be tested.PurposeTo assess if EPIMix has comparable diagnostic performance as routine clinical brain MRI.Study TypeProspective.PopulationA consecutive series of 103 patients' brain MRI (January 2018 to May 2018).Field Strength/Sequence1.5 T or 3T. EPIMix and routine clinical protocol (clinical MRI included all or some of the contrasts T1‐FLAIR, T2‐weighted, DWI, T2*‐weighted, T2‐FLAIR, 3D‐FSE).AssessmentTwo neuroradiologists assessed EPIMix and clinical scans and categorized the images as abnormal or normal and described diagnosis, artifacts, diagnostic confidence image quality, and comparison of imaging time.Statistical TestsPivot tables with diagnostic performance calculated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under curve (AUC). Disease categorization and image quality measures were evaluated. The study protocol is published at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03338270.ResultsAfter exclusion of 21 patients, 82 patients had a routine clinical MRI with comparable contrasts to EPIMix and were evaluated. The diagnostic performance to categorize a full brain MRI investigation as abnormal or normal was comparable between EPIMix (AUC 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–1.00)) and routine clinical MRI (n = 82). Sensitivity was 95% (95% CI 88–95) and 93% (95% CI 86–98), and specificity 100% (95% CI 97–100) and 100% (95% CI 90–100). Disease categorization was congruent between EPIMix and clinical routine MRI in 90% (reader 2) and 93% (reader 1). Image quality was generally rated lower for EPIMix (P < 0.001). Imaging time was 78 seconds for EPIMix and for the same contrasts 12 minutes 29 seconds for conventional 3T MRI.Data ConclusionEPIMix has comparable diagnostic performance (disease identification and categorization) for most patients investigated in clinical routine.Level of Evidence 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1824–1833.
Economies of collaboration in build‐to‐model operations
Authors: Hedenstierna Carl Philip T. , Disney Stephen M. , Eyers Daniel R. , Holmström Jan , Syntetos Aris A. , Wang Xun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe direct‐from‐model and tool‐less manufacturing process of 3D printing (3DP) embodies a general‐purpose technology, facilitating capacity sharing and outsourcing. Starting from a case study of a 3DP company (Shapeways) and a new market entrant (Panalpina), we develop dynamic practices for partial outsourcing in build‐to‐model manufacturing. We propose a new outsourcing scheme, bidirectional partial outsourcing (BPO), where 3D printers share capacity by alternating between the role of outsourcer and subcontractor based on need. Coupled with order book smoothing (OBS), where orders are released gradually to production, this provides 3D printers with two distinct ways to manage demand variability. By combining demand and cost field data with an analytical model, we find that BPO improves 3DP cost efficiency and delivery performance as the number of 3DP firms in the network increases. OBS is sufficient for an established 3D printer when alternatives to in‐house manufacturing are few, or of limited capacity. Nevertheless, OBS comes at the cost of reduced responsiveness, whereas BPO shifts the cost and delivery performance frontier. Our analysis shows how BPO combined with OBS makes 3DP companies more resilient to downward movements in both demand and price levels.
Kinetic study of the OH + ethylene reaction using frequency‐modulated laser absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Lockhart James P. A. , Gross Eisen C. , Sears Trevor J. , Hall Gregory E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe pressure dependence of the OH + C2H4 addition reaction has been investigated using frequency‐modulated laser absorption spectroscopy to monitor OH kinetics. Bimolecular rate coefficients for the title reaction are reported in argon bath gas at room temperature and total pressures ranging from 2 to 361 Torr. The pressure‐dependent rate coefficients measured here agree well with the majority of published kinetic studies under similar conditions. Previous high‐level ab initio calculations have identified a prereaction complex on the OH + C2H4 potential energy surface. The influence of this complex on the OH + C2H4 kinetics has been investigated using one‐dimensional master equation analyses of the current and previous experimental measurements.
A novel freeze corer for characterization of methane bubbles and assessment of coring disturbances
Authors: Dück Yannick , Liu Liu , Lorke Andreas , Ostrovsky Ilia , Katsman Regina , Jokiel Christian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAquatic ecosystems with organic‐rich sediments are a globally significant source of methane to the atmosphere. In shallow waters, ebullition is often a dominant emission pathway of methane. Current knowledge on the processes controlling gas bubble formation and persistence in aquatic sediments is limited. An important prerequisite for accurate quantification of the structure and methane bubbles in sediment samples is to preserve the ambient in situ conditions during the withdrawal process and further analysis. A novel freeze corer has been developed that facilitates sampling of gas‐bearing soft sediments for X‐ray computer tomography. The sampler allows freezing sediment inside a double‐walled corer with a mixture of dry ice and ethanol. This corer has moderate costs and offers important advantages for gassy sediment sampling. Its simplicity and robustness allow to perform sampling from a small boat and the ability to characterize in situ sediment features. The applicability of this freeze coring technique for gas bubble quantification was validated during laboratory experiments aimed to investigate the effects of freezing on sediment gas content, bubble size distribution, and their geometry by comparing computer tomography scans of unfrozen vs. frozen cores. The performance of the corer was further evaluated during field conditions in Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee, Israel). The results demonstrate the suitability of the freeze‐coring method for in situ preservation of gas‐bearing sediments. The sediment structure, however, showed some displacements of sediments layers and bubble abundance in some core regions. Future investigations are needed to address the nature of disturbances of the frozen sediment.
The influence of spatial resolution on the spectral quality and quantification accuracy of whole‐brain MRSI at 1.5T, 3T, 7T, and 9.4T
Authors: Motyka Stanislav , Moser Philipp , Hingerl Lukas , Hangel Gilbert , Heckova Eva , Strasser Bernhard , Eckstein Korbinian , Daniel Robinson Simon , Poser Benedikt A. , Gruber Stephan , Trattnig Siegfried , Bogner Wolfgang 
Published: April 2019

PurposeInhomogeneities in the static magnetic field (B0) deteriorate MRSI data quality by lowering the spectral resolution and SNR. MRSI with low spatial resolution is also prone to lipid bleeding. These problems are increasingly problematic at ultra‐high fields. An approach to tackling these challenges independent of B0‐shim hardware is to increase the spatial resolution. Therefore, we investigated the effect of improved spatial resolution on spectral quality and quantification at 4 field strengths.MethodsWhole‐brain MRSI data was simulated for 3 spatial resolutions and 4 B0s based on experimentally acquired MRI data and simulated free induction decay signals of metabolites and lipids. To compare the spectral quality and quantification, we derived SNR normalized to the voxel size (nSNR), linewidth and metabolite concentration ratios, their Cramer‐Rao‐lower‐bounds (CRLBs), and the absolute percentage error (APE) of estimated concentrations compared to the gold standard for the whole‐brain and 8 brain regions.ResultsAt 7T, we found up to a 3.4‐fold improved nSNR (in the frontal lobe) and a 2.8‐fold reduced linewidth (in the temporal lobe) for 1 cm3 versus 0.25 cm3 resolution. This effect was much more pronounced at higher and less homogenous B0 (1.6‐fold improved nSNR and 1.8‐fold improved linewidth in the parietal lobe at 3T). This had direct implications for quantification: the volume of reliably quantified spectra increased with resolution by 1.2‐fold and 1.5‐fold (when thresholded by CRLBs or APE, respectively).ConclusionMRSI data quality benefits from increased spatial resolution particularly at higher B0, and leads to more reliable metabolite quantification. In conjunction with the development of better B0 shimming hardware, this will enable robust whole‐brain MRSI at ultra‐high field.
Excess procurement strategies by a dominant buyer under constrained supply
Authors: Jain Tarun , Hazra Jishnu , Swaminathan Jayashankar M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSupply chains are often characterized by the presence of a dominant buyer purchasing from a supplier with limited capacity. We study such a situation where a single supplier sells capacity to an established and more powerful buyer and also to a relatively less powerful buyer. The more powerful buyer enjoys the first right to book her capacity requirements at supplier's end, and then the common supplier fulfills the requirement of the less powerful buyer. We find that when the supplier's capacity is either too low (below the lower threshold) or too high (above the higher threshold), there is no excess procurement as compared to the case when supplier has infinite capacity. When the supplier's capacity is between these two thresholds, the more powerful buyer purchases an excess amount in comparison to the infinite capacity case.
Clinical Decision Support Tools and a Standardized Order Set Enhances Early Enteral Nutrition in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Ziemba Keegan J. , Kumar Rajeswari , Nuss Kathryn , Estrada Maria , Lin Ada , Ayad Onsy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundCritically ill children in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) have unique nutrition needs that are challenging to achieve and thus are at high risk of malnutrition. There is increasing evidence that children who reach caloric goals early have improved outcomes. The purpose of this initiative was to implement an enteral nutrition (EN) algorithm in a tertiary care PICU utilizing clinical decision support tools (CDSTs) and a standardized order set within an electronic health record.MethodsA quality improvement initiative was undertaken to implement an EN feeding protocol using electronic CDSTs, including a new standardized order set.ResultsIn a historical cohort of 376 patients, only 18% met goal EN in the first 48 hours of admission. The EN protocol was implemented in 272 patients who met 88% goal feed volume within 48 hours of intensive care unit admission. Median time to start EN (1.7 vs 1.3 days, P < 0.0001) and time to goal nutrition (2.8 vs 2.2 days, P < 0.001) improved after project implementation. Length of stay in the PICU was significantly reduced following protocol implementation (202 hours pre‐implementation vs 156 hours post implementation, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsWe used CDSTs and standardized order sets to implement a nutrition algorithm to facilitate and likely improve the nutrition care of critically ill children.
African American women's perceptions of the meaning of support groups for improving adherence to hypertension treatment: a conceptual model
Authors: Fongwa Marie N. , dela Cruz Felicitas A. , Hays Ron D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the meaning of support groups and the features of these groups that African American (AA) women view as improving adherence to high blood pressure (HBP) treatment. The study generated a conceptual model to illuminate features of these groups that influence adherence of AA women to HBP treatment.DesignQualitative research.MethodsUsed focus groups and open‐ended questions to obtain the views of 26 eligible AA women, recruited from South Los Angeles. Line‐by‐line review and coding of interview transcripts were done. The feedback was used to specify a conceptual model depicting the meaning of support groups. The Consolidated Criteria for the Reporting of Qualitative Research guidelines were used.ResultsThe conceptual model depicts the meaning of support groups as information giving/knowledge sharing, emotional or psychological support, instrumental support and coaching, and facilitators and barriers to joining support groups and factors for consideration in forming these groups.
Inka sacrificial guinea pigs from Tambo Viejo, Peru
Authors: Valdez Lidio M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEarly Spaniards reported that the Inkas periodically slaughtered hundreds of animals, guinea pigs being the most common sacrificial animals. It is stated that in a single ceremony, hundreds of guinea pigs were killed. Although the ethnohistorical accounts provide good information about the Inka motivations for guinea pig sacrifice, archaeologically, the occurrence of large numbers of sacrificed guinea pigs had not been found. Recent research conducted at the Inka site of Tambo Viejo, in the Acari Valley of the Peruvian south coast, encountered several dozens of sacrificed guinea pigs that overall represent the single largest find known for the entire former Inka territory. In preparation for sacrifice, some of guinea pigs had been adorned with colorful strings that were placed as earrings as well with colorful necklaces also made from colorful strings. Some of the guinea pigs were also enveloped in a rug before burial. Similar evidence is unknown from anywhere within the former Inka territory, making the evidence from Tambo Viejo unparalleled.
Complementary etching behavior of alkali, metal‐catalyzed chemical, and post‐etching of multicrystalline silicon wafers
Authors: Zou Shuai , Ye Xiaoya , Wu Chengkun , Cheng Kexun , Fang Liang , Tang Rujun , Shen Mingrong , Wang Xusheng , Su Xiaodong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBoth alkali and metal‐catalyzed chemical etching (MCCE) of multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) wafer show anisotropic etching behavior, resulting in different morphologies among the different grains. However, by combining alkali etching, MCCE, and a post‐etching process, homogeneous microstructures can be obtained on the surface of mc‐Si wafer. After the first alkali etching, there are three typical morphologies of upward pyramids, terraces, and tilt planes, and relative to the initial Si(100), Si(110), and Si(111) dominated grains, these show low, moderate, and high reflection, respectively. After MCCE and the post‐etching process, the microstructures on the different grains have converged to a similar morphology and reflection. Mc‐Si solar cells fabricated by complementary alkali etching, MCCE, and post‐etching have a good appearance and high efficiency of ~19.4%. Moreover, the cells with submicrometer texture have the advantages of reverse current‐voltage characteristics and weak light response over traditional cells with micrometer texture.
Study on the Effects of Explosive Covering on Explosive Welding of Stainless Steel to Steel
Authors: Ming Yang , Hong‐hao Ma , Zhao‐wu Shen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn order to improve the energy utilization ratio of explosives and reduce the noise and dust for explosive welding, honeycomb structure explosives covered by colloid water were put forward as explosive materials. Using 304 stainless steel and Q235 steel as flyer plate and base plate respectively, explosive welding tests were carried out with different covering thicknesses. The dynamic parameters in the collision process were obtained by experimental measurement and theoretical calculation. The microstructure of the bonding interface was observed through optical microscopy and analyzed by welding window. The results showed that, compared to the explosive welding without covering, the impact velocity of flyer plates was increased by 38.9 %, 57.5 % and 71.9 % respectively when the covering thickness was 15 mm, 30 mm and 45 mm. The impact velocity predicted by Gurney formulas was significantly larger than the measured value, however, after considering acceleration history, the calculated value was in good agreement with the experimental result. Metallographic analysis showed that wave bonding interfaces without defects such as voids and cracks were obtained when the welding conditions were within the welding window. However, voids and cracks were found at the bonding interfaces when the welding conditions were close and above to the upper limit of the welding window.