bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
There And Back Again: Women's Marginal Commuting Costs
Authors: Stockton Isabel , Bergemann Annette , Brunow Stephan 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundBetter estimates of workers' willingness to pay to reduce commutes can help evaluate transport policy as well as innovations in workplace organisation implemented by firms (such as telecommuting). These measures could facilitate the employment of workers with care responsibilities by reducing commuting cost.
ObjectivesWe estimate female workers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce commuting distance in Germany in a partial-equilibrium model of job search with non-wage job attributes. We consider heterogeneity by parenthood, regional structure and part-time status of workers and are moreover able to explore the role of housing cost, childcare and intra-household interactions for subsamples of the data.
Methods and DataWe use national insurance data based on a 10\% sample of the German labour force including daily information on job spells, personal and job characteristics and residential and workplace post codes between 2000 and 2013 (a customised version of the ``Integrated Employment Biographies'' provided by the Institute of Employment Research, IAB). Taking advantage of the longitudinal structure of the data, our analysis uses a stratified Cox model to take better account of unobserved individual heterogeneity than the previous literature has been able to do. We control for housing costs using additional data on rents at the county level.
FindingsWe find a substantial gender gap in marginal willingness to pay for reduced commuting distance between men and women which is not explained by individual unobserved heterogeneity. When women have their first child, their willingness to pay increases further. Preliminary results suggest that heterogeneity between urban, conurbational and rural areas in Germany plays a minor role in determining women's willingness to pay.
ConclusionsSubstantial gender and motherhood gaps in implicit commuting cost provide an important link between the household and labour market in understanding gender and job choice, with implications for gender-sensitive labour market policy.
Using Record Linkage to Examine the Impact of Poor Mental Health on Breast Screening Uptake
Authors: Ross Emma , O'Reilly Dermot 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundThe UK National Breast Screening Programme is estimated to reduce breast cancer mortality by 20%. To maximise the benefits of the programme, we first need to understand the underlying factors contributing to variations in screening uptake. One potentially significant factor which may contribute to these gradients in screening uptake is poor mental health.
ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to examine the impact of poor mental health on breast screening uptake, and whether this explained any of the previously observed socio-demographic gradients in screening uptake.
MethodsBreast screening records were obtained from the National Breast Screening System (NBSS) and were subsequently linked to 2011 Census data within the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study (NILS). The NILS encompasses 28\% of Census data. This was then linked to psychotropic prescribing information from the Enhanced Prescribing Database (EPD), to produce a de-identified research dataset containing 57,328 women.
FindingsWomen with self-reported poor mental health were over 20% less likely to attend screening compared to their counterparts who didn't have poor mental health. Using psychotropic prescribing information as a proxy for the presence of mental illness yielded similar results, with those taking anxiolytics, antipsychotics or hypnotics in the three months before screening invitation significantly less likely to attend than those who were not.
ConclusionWomen with poor mental health were significantly less likely to attend breast screening. However, poor mental health did not explain any of the previously determined socio-demographic gradients in screening uptake.
Analysis of factors associated with changing general practice in the first 14 years of life in Wales using linked cohort and primary care records: implications for using primary care databanks for life-course research
Authors: Dezateux Carol , Griffiths Lucy J , De Stavola Bianca L , Akbari Ashley , Bandyopadhyay Amrita , Tingay Karen S , Cortina-Borja Mario , Bedford Helen , Lyons Ronan A 
Published: June 2018

Background Databanks of primary care electronic health records (pcEHRs) are a valuable resource for life course research, however loss to follow up due to changing general practice has received little attention.
ObjectiveWe investigated factors associated with changing general practice (GP) in early life and continuity of participation in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank, to which approximately 80% of Welsh practices contribute.
MethodsWe analysed linked pcEHRs for 1834 (882 girls) Millennium Cohort Study participants, resident in Wales, with consent to health record linkage. We studied time from first to next practice registration using Cox proportional hazards models, and estimated mutually-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for child, household and practice factors.
FindingsThere were 3065 Welsh GP registrations for 1834 children. By age 5 years, 25% changed practice at least once, with 1070 (58.3%), 477 (26.0%), 287 (15.7%) registered with 1, 2, or 3+ GPs respectively by age 14 years. Changing practice was related to maternal age (aHRs; 95% CI: 0.96; 0.95,0.98), living in rural areas (0.75;0.56,0.99), initial registration with a non-SAIL-practice (2.16;1.60,2.93), recent address change (1.62;1.21,2.16), and no maternal educational qualifications (1.40;1.15,1.71). Overall, 305 (16.6%) children had never registered with a SAIL practice. Of 403 children initially registered with a SAIL practice who then changed practice, 66.7% re-registered with a SAIL practice.
ConclusionsIn a nationally representative sample of Welsh children, the majority remained registered with the same practice up to age 14 years, with change in practice varying by maternal and household factors. Continuity of participation in the Welsh SAIL databank over early life is high, reflecting the high proportion of practices contributing, and the high proportion of children registered with them. Geographically contiguous primary care databanks, such as SAIL, enable a high proportion of children to be followed over time despite changing general practice.
Generation Scotland - Using Electronic Health Records for Research
Authors: Campbell Archie , Porteous David 
Published: June 2018

Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) is a family-based genetic epidemiology study of ~24,000 volunteers from ~7000 families recruited across Scotland between 2006 and 2011 with the capacity for follow-up through record linkage and re-contact. Broad consent was obtained for linkage to “medical records” for 98% of the cohort.
Participants completed a questionnaire, provided samples, and underwent clinical assessment. The samples and data collected form a resource with consent for research on the genetics of health, becoming a longitudinal dataset by linkage to routine NHS hospital, maternity, lab test, prescribing, dentistry and mortality data.
Researchers can use the linked datasets to test research hypotheses on a stratified population and target recruitment to new studies. We have established and validated EHR linkage, overcoming technical and governance issues in the process. We plan to collaborate with UK Biobank, creating a combined cohort of over 50,000 people in Scotland, and using the SHARE register to obtain new research samples from routine NHS tests.
We will extend linkage to include primary care data and scanned images in the next year. The resources are available to academic and commercial researchers through a managed access process.
The prevalence of multimorbidity measured by linked healthcare data and its association with mortality in a large longitudinal cohort
Authors: Johnston Marjorie , Black Corri , Mercer Stewart , Prescott Gordon , Butler Jessica , Crilly Mike 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundMultimorbidity, the co-existence of two or more health conditions, is a growing challenge. It has been measured using health service administrative data via the emerging consensus measure by Barnett (containing 40 health conditions). However,this was developed using Scottish-specific primary care coding, which restricts its application in other health systems.
ObjectivesThe aim was to create International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding algorithms for all Barnett conditions, and evaluate the new measure by assessing the prevalence of multimorbidity and its association with mortality in the AberdeenChildren of the 1950s (ACONF) cohort.
MethodWe combined results of a coding literature review with codes used commonly by the Scottish National Health Service, to identify ICD codes to each condition.
Participants of the ACONF were linked to their secondary care healthcare records and mortality records. Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of two or more of the 40 conditions. The association between multimorbidity and mortalitywas assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression with adjustment for key covariates (age, gender, social class at birth, cognition at age 7, secondary school type and educational attainment).
FindingsThe ACONF were aged 45 to 51 years in 2001. Of 8,094 ACONF members linked to administrative data, 246 (3%) had multimorbidity. Relative to those without multimorbidity, those with multimorbidity had a mortality hazard ratio (HR) of 5.9 (95% CI 4.6-7.4) over 15 years follow-up. This was unchanged when adjusted for covariates (HR 6.2, 95% CI 4.4-8.5).
ConclusionWe have created a new version of the influential Barnett measure using ICD codes, which allows for its wider application across health systems. This measure of multimorbidity was associated with increased mortality, indicating it could helppredict poor outcome using administrative records.
Using administrative data from a national shared services database to target the delivery of homeless services in the Dublin Region
Authors: O'Donoghue Hynes Bernie , Waldron Richard , Redmond Declan , Maphosa Pathie 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPASS is a national shared services database that captures live information on service user interactions with all state funded NGO and local authority homeless services. In the Dublin region, which accommodates in excess of 70% of the nationalhomeless population, this data was mined and cleansed in order to carry out a k-mean cluster analysis.
ObjectiveThe objective was to determine the rate of movement through homeless services and the consumption of resources of different clusters cohorts and to compare these findings with other regions internationally.
MethodsFollowing extensive data preparation, the Kuhn and Culhane (1998) k-mean cluster analysis was applied in 2017 to five years of PASS data (2012-2016) and results categorised to align to their typology of homelessness.
FindingsResults for Dublin showed patterns similar to those reported in the US, Canada and Denmark, with approximately 80% of services users transitioning quickly through services. These transitional service users accounted for just over one third of total bed-nights while the remaining 20% of episodic and long-term service users accounted for almost two thirds of the bed-nights over the five years. Uniquely, the analysis also considered the patterns of engagement of people sleeping rough and results revealed similar but more extreme patterns with 86% of those rough sleeping accounting for only 28% of outreach contacts with a small number adults accounting for over 70% of all street contacts.
ConclusionThe results from the analysis of administrative data were used to inform operations so appropriate ‘Housing First’ responses were developed for those episodically or chronically experiencing homelessness and engaged in sleeping rough.
A Regional Collaboration of Health (ARCH): Using health survey and linked routine data to understand wellbeing.
Authors: Torabi Fatemeh , Akbari Ashley , Lyons Jane , Castagnet Mathilde , Lyons Ronan 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundMonitoring social wellbeing and its relationship to health service utilisation by means of appropriate measurement tools can provide a complementary view towards service development. Welsh Health Survey (WHS) collects aspects of wellbeing while routine health data captures details around health service utilisation.
ObjectiveThe aim of this project was to evaluate the linkage ability of routine health data with survey data and establish a methodology for utilizing survey data as a measure for self-reported health outcomes.
MethodWe used WHS data from UK data archive to link self-reported wellbeing to health outcomes, a measure for personal wellbeing was developed using the personal wellbeing questions defined by Office of National Statistics (ONS), included in national surveys from 2011 onward. WHS was then linked to routine health data using SAIL Databank. We conducted regression analysis to identify potential predictors of personal wellbeing by linking primary care, hospital and emergency department datasets, to develop and provide insight into the relationship between wellbeing, multi-morbidity and health service utilisation.
FindingsWellbeing questions had similar scoring patterns across age groups which is different to most health indicators that tend to show a marked health decline with increasing age. Our findings showed that self-reported of ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’general health has the largest positive effect on wellbeing while positive viewpoint on self-health has the second largest effect.
ConclusionsCombining and harmonising data from multiple sources and linking them to information from a longitudinal cohort create useful resources for population health research. These methods are reproducible and can be utilised by other researchersand projects.
Evaluation of maternal medications and diseases recorded in Northern Ireland Maternity System (NIMATS) database compared to NI Enhanced Prescribing Database (EPD): a data linkage validation study
Authors: Given Joanne , Casson Karen , Dolk Helen , Loane Maria 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundThere is great potential to use routinely collected patient health records for research if the quality of data is sufficient for this purpose.
ObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of information on medications and maternal diseases reported by the mother and recorded in the NI Maternity System (NIMATS) database compared to electronic prescriptions issued by the General Practitioner and recorded in the Enhanced Prescribing Database (EPD).
MethodA cross-sectional data linkage validation study was conducted through the Honest Broker Service. The NIMATS database, EPD and NI Multiple Deprivation Measure (MDM) were linked for all births in NI with a pregnancy booking interview between 1st April 2010 and 30th June 2016. Information on medications and illnesses recorded in NIMATS were compared to prescription data recorded in EPD.
FindingsBetween April 2010 and June 2016, 139,687 pregnant women were linked to EPD and the NIMDM. In NIMATS, 94.4% (131,909) of women reported taking medications in the first trimester of pregnancy compared to 63.5% (88,693) in the EPD. The most common exposures in both databases were vitamins, folic acid and iron. Use of some medications varied by maternal age for example antibiotics were more common among younger mothers while cardiac medications were more common among older mothers. Excluding vitamins, folic acid and iron, 27.2% (14,786) of pregnancies with a medication recorded in NIMATS had a current disease recorded compared to 30.3% (20,574) of those in EPD.
ConclusionsMedication exposure rates differ depending on the data source used. NIMATS includes over-the-counter and hospital prescribed medications but may be subject to maternal recall bias. The EPD records prescribed medications but it is unknown ifthe woman took these. For both NIMATS and EPD, less than a third of pregnancies with a medication exposure have a disease recorded suggesting under recording of maternal disease in NIMATS.
Use of prescribed contraception in Northern Ireland 2010-2016
Authors: Given Joanne , Dolk Helen , Gray Ann Marie 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundThe risk of an unintended, potentially unwanted, pregnancy is related to whether or not a woman uses any method of contraception and which method she uses. We do not know if, or how, contraceptive use in Northern Ireland (NI) varies by age or deprivation. If, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, the younger and most disadvantaged are least likely to use contraception, or to use effective methods of contraception, they will be at increased risk of having an unintended pregnancy.
ObjectivesTo describe the use of prescribed contraceptives in NI and explore how this varies based on a woman’s age and the deprivation in the area in which she lives. As the prescriber plays a critical role in determining medication use we will also explore how the use of prescribed contraceptives varies based on characteristics of the woman’s general practice (GP) such as size of practice, urban/rural practice location and practice area deprivation.
MethodA population based cohort study, is being conducted through the Honest Broker Service, linking the GP Register to the Enhanced Prescribing database and 2017 NI Multiple Deprivation Measure for all females of reproductive age 2010-2016.
Research based on administrative data is free from recall and social desirability bias, which may be present in surveys of contraceptive use. Administrative data cannot however identify use of over-the-counter contraceptives.
FindingsThis project is still in progress and results will be available by the time of the conference. Based on the NI Statistics and Research Agency Mid-Year Population Estimates and the Business Services Organisation Pharmaceutical statistics there were an estimated 472,875 females between the ages of 12 and 49 living in NI 2010-2016 with 2,316,075 prescriptions for a contraceptive.
ConclusionsAdministrative data should be regularly analysed to understand contraceptive use patterns, and address inequalities.
Harnessing administrative data in legal epidemiology: new frontiers in the study of family law
Authors: Jay Matthew , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundIn all decisions concerning the upbringing of a child, the child’s best interests are a primary consideration (art 3(1) UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989). The extent to which the English family justice system (FJS) promotes children’s well-being, however, is not clear due to a lack of research in this area. In particular, very little is known about educational trajectories and outcomes of looked after children and children in need.
MethodsThis poster will describe administrative data resources generated by the FJS and education sectors and will describe an on-going project examining educational outcomes in vulnerable children. We will use the national children looked after (SSDA903) and child in need returns, linked to the National Pupil Database to examine factors predicting the nature and quality of secondary schools that children in care and in need attend and whether these differ from the general population. Further, we will examine, given the schools that children attend, how secondary school outcomes (absences, exclusions and exam results) vary among different groups of children.
ConclusionThis project will demonstrate how we can use linked administrative data to evaluate the operation of law and, importantly, substantive outcomes for the children whom it affects. Such studies enable us to monitor changes in policy and practice and thereby evaluate the effectiveness of law.
How universal are universal pre-school health and developmental screens? Evidence from New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI)
Authors: Audas Richard 
Published: June 2018

In New Zealand, children participate in a pre-school screen to ensure they are reaching key developmental milestones and not having significant physical, emotional or behavioural issues. This pre-school screen is called the Before School Check (B4SC) and it is intended to be implemented after the child's fourth birthday and before they enter school, after their fifth birthday.
If children fall short of key developmental milestones or have other health or behavioural issues, they may be referred to other services so that they these problems can be remediated prior to entry to primary school.
In New Zealand, B4SC participation is high, with greater than 90% of the eligible population participating each year. However, the rates of completion are lower, with many children not completing all components. We speculate that non-participation in the B4SC, is concentrated among the most vulnerable of children – those who would most likely benefit from an intervention.
In New Zealand, government collected administrative files, including the B4SC are housed in the Statistics New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI). We link B4SC records to a variety of data files, including health records, census and measures of residential mobility and find conventional risk factors significantly predict B4SC participation.
Socio-demographic and household characteristics of unmarried mothers as risk factors for low birthweight and infant death in Northern Ireland
Authors: Casson Karen , Given Joanne , Rosato Michael , Bunting Brendan , Gray Ann Marie 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundCompared to married mothers, mothers who are not married when they register their child’s birth are at increased risk of having a low birthweight baby and infant death. Having a partner protects women from poor pregnancy outcomes to some extent but those who are living with, but not married to, their partner still do less well than those who are married. As it does not appear to be marriage itself which is protective, other factors such as maternal education and smoking, and household characteristics, such as accommodation type and familial support in the household, need to be examined.
AimTo explore the individual socio-demographic and household characteristics that are associated with low birthweight and infant death among unmarried mothers.
MethodsA population based cohort study will be conducted through the Administrative Data Research Network based on all registered live births 2010-2016 to women resident in Northern Ireland (NI).
General Register Office (GRO) birth records will be linked to the NI Maternity System and GRO infant death data to identify low birth weight (primary) and infant death (secondary) outcomes. Maternal individual socio-demographic and household characteristics will be provided through linkage to the 2011 census (ethnicity, highest level of education, support from family members living in the household); Enhanced Prescribing Database (maternal mental health prescriptions); 2010 NI Multiple Deprivation Measure (area level deprivation, including income and education domains, for the mother’s home address at the time of birth) and Valuation and Lands Agency Rating List (capital value of property of mother’s address).
Descriptive statistics and logistic regression will be used for the analysis.
ImpactIt is anticipated the findings will reduce the public health burden of low birthweight babies by directing interventions to targeted groups of mothers.