bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1793: The Neglected Legacy of Insurgent Universality
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Comparing the 1789 and 1793 declarations in their respective contexts, the second chapter clarifies the limits of rights declarations as juridical texts and presents a critique of their universal aspirations. In contrast to the juridical universalism of 1789, the insurgent universality of 1793 finds its own background in the insurgencies of women, the poor, and slaves, which questioned the presumed abstract character of the citizen. This chapter outlines an alternative conception of universality that the 1793 Declaration brings into view by examining the insurgencies that directly and indirectly took part in its drafting. These insurgencies, rather than asking for pure inclusion, challenged the social and political order and opened up the political form of the state, thus introducing possibilities for radical social and political change. The 1793 Declaration articulates a new form of agency, while also making a claim to universality that is not rooted in the idea of abstract humanity but, rather, in the particular and concrete struggles of women, slaves, and the poor. Likewise, a different, expansive conception of sovereignty can be found in the insurrectional practices of these diverse sets of actors.
1871: The Institutions of Insurgent Universality
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The third chapter discusses the Paris Commune and the way it prompts us to think about politics beyond a horizon that often assumes to be immutable representative democracy and the principle of private property. It analyzes the Declarations by members of the Commune that claimed the need to “universalize politics and property” via the new institutions of the Universal Republic. In the Commune, the rupture in the state machinery came about not with the seizure of power but through new political institutions that reclaimed other traditions of politics, channeling them into a new trajectory of modernity. The Communards were changing their present order by recombining alternative temporalities and traditions of modernity. Far from being a legal-political model to be realized, the Commune was a political practice that sought to define a new institutional fabric and a new subjectivity. This chapter shows how the Commune reconfigured the entire system of political and legal relations by reactivating intermediate authorities and integrating individual rights with those of groups and associations.
1994: Zapatistas and the Dispossessed of History
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The fifth chapter investigates the Zapatista Insurgency from the perspective of its declarations, documents, and challenges to the Mexico Constitution. The Zapatista insurgency is a field of experimentation and practice for new institutions that have been created in the intersection of different traditions, resuming indigenous practices of consensus and decision-making. The chapter highlights the conceptual incompatibility between indigenous conceptions of land and Western conceptions of private property in order to show that there are alternative theoretical and political trajectories, which need not be considered backward or residual. Instead, these ways can offer an opportunity to radically question the singularity of the Western political and juridical framework. In this chapter the practices of the commons and indigenous rights are considered as part of an alternative legacy of modernity and the tradition of insurgent universality.
In Lieu of a Conclusion
Authors: Tomba Massimiliano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The final chapter investigates to what extent democracy and private property are compatible with each other—and to what extent they are incompatible. This chapter shows how numerous insurgencies of modernity have created, reconfigured, and, through traditions, reactivated preexisting institutions of local self-government and communal management of property which challenge the normative trajectory of modernity based on the state, private property, and the capitalist mode of production.
Fracturing and Revival
Authors: Silva Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the decline of the American Dream is lived and felt. It traces how three families attach meaning to their suffering, assign blame for it, and imagine a way out of it. The Lorino family blames politicians for offering government “handouts” to gain votes yet shielding their own daughter from the growing pains that might have made her strong enough to resist heroin. Although they are critical of corporations that place profit over workers, they turn to outsider candidates as a last-ditch effort to stem the tide of political corruption. The Adams’s, who have been disabled and out of work for years, fantasize about violent white supremacy to restore their family legacy. Finally, the Hunters, a newly arrived African American family with a history of trauma, drug abuse, and poverty, attempt to transcend the concerns of the outside world, turning safety and happiness into a matter of perception, rather than one of social change.
The Coal Miner’s Granddaughter
Authors: Silva Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter documents how white working-class women mourn the loss of their subordinate roles as wives and mothers, even as they are victimized in those roles. Living on the edge of poverty, struggling to afford heat, housing, health care, and food for their children, white women wage their political battles within the context of the fragile and aggrieved working-class family. Some women reject the social safety net in the belief that suffering is good for the soul. Condemning their own family members for their inability to rise above pain serves as a way to feel validated, in control, and safe. Some women cut themselves off from family members who have hurt them by deciding that dependence makes them vulnerable, and isolation is the safest way to survive. For others, the impossibility of personal trust in the family simply renders impersonal trust in democracy unimaginable.
Democracy Denied
Authors: Silva Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines what unites working-class people across race, birthplace, and gender: their disenchantment with mainstream social and political institutions, and their decision to disable themselves as a larger political group. The people in this chapter retain a sense of connection to “the people,” as opposed to the American government, which they unapologetically dismiss as fraudulent. But they firmly believe that their “vote means nothing” because inauthentic politicians will say or do whatever they need to in order to attract donors and stay in power. Instead, they embrace self-help mantras and conspiracy theories that promote individual over collective efficacy. What they have in common—distrust, a focus on self-efficacy over collective efficacy, and a dismissal of larger social concerns that do not seem to affect them personally—raises serious questions about the shared identities, alliances, and values upon which any kind of political mobilization might rest.
Conclusion
Authors: Silva Jennifer M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers whether affinities built around shared pain might serve as a bridge between working-class people and their broader communities, restoring connection and resilience. “Class” as a mediating identity between individual troubles and collective action is not working as it once did. The challenges of a sharply divided and deeply unequal postindustrial society in which the “working class” is no longer white, no longer male, and sometimes not even working underscored the thesis of this book. In the coal region, without these kinds of routines and interactions, people are largely on their own to connect their experiences up to politics, which often makes their political worldviews seem fractured, contradictory, or incomplete. Building robust public forums that counter self-insulation, and where pain and solutions can be shared openly, could provide a vehicle for collective mobilization.
Enmity or Friendship?
Authors: Mara Gerald M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 interprets statements offered by two twentieth-century philosophers, Carl Schmitt, principally in The Concept of the Political, and Jacques Derrida, in his critique of Schmitt in The Politics of Friendship. Both works make the importance of political philosophy’s frame of reference explicit, though they offer opposed characterizations of its content. I argue that the substantive positions taken in the two works share more characteristics than initially apparent. Schmitt’s characterization of enmity as the essence of politics must accommodate a kind of mutuality. And Derrida’s political friendship eventually constructs its own distinctive enemy. Those complicating parallels diminish confidence in either author’s ability to settle the question of how political thought should be framed and prompt a reconsideration of how allegedly overarching imperatives of war and peace have been treated within the history of Western political philosophy.
War Is History
Authors: Mara Gerald M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines two different treatments of war, understood historically, those offered by G. W. F. Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche. Initially, they seem to understand human activity through nearly opposite lenses. Hegel traces how the creation of modernity’s social order has actualized free rationality, overcoming primitive impulses to war-making. Nietzsche reasserts the value of aggression, not merely as the sign of robust politics but as the core of a psychic energy continually expended in self-overcoming. As a result, both thinkers eventually diminish the pragmatic importance of political conflict for philosophy. Instead, such conflicts are institutionalized within the practices of the ethical state (Hegel) or transformed into active self-disruption and re-creation (Nietzsche). Yet both narratives leave spaces for the continuation or re-emergence of wars that their philosophical perspectives cannot critically engage. I contend that similar questions beset treatments of politics offered by Hegel’s modern and Nietzsche’s postmodern descendants.
Neuronal Assembly
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
To effectively send a message, a single neuron must cooperate with its peers. Such cooperation can be achieved by synchronizing their spikes together within the time window limited by the ability of the downstream reader neuron to integrate the incoming signals. Therefore, the cell assembly, defined from the point of view of the reader neuron, can be considered as a unit of neuronal communication, a “neuronal letter.” Acting in assemblies has several advantages. A cooperative assembly partnership tolerates spike rate variation in individual cells effectively because the total excitatory effect of the assembly is what matters to the reader mechanism. Interacting assembly members can compute probabilities rather than convey deterministic information and can robustly tolerate noise even if the individual members respond probabilistically.
Internalization of Experience
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how perceptual and navigation functions can become disengaged from their dependence on the external world. The key physiological mechanism that allows this “internalization” process is the corollary discharge system, which can interpret the activity of action circuits even in the absence of overt movement and sensory feedback from muscles. Within such an internalized world, brain networks can anticipate the consequences of imagined actions without the need to act them out. Instead the outcomes can be tested against previously acquired knowledge, which creates new knowledge entirely through self-organized brain activity. Neuronal circuits can perform both input-dependent and input-disengaged operations. Even simple brains of small animals have elements of internal operations (“cognition”). As the complexity of neural networks increases in larger brains, the share and efficacy of internalized computation also increases and can predict consequences of the brain’s actions over longer time scales and in more complex environments.
Space and Time in the Brain
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The science of space and time began with the invention of measuring instruments, which changed these dimensionless concepts into distance and duration with precise units. This process created a special problem for neuroscience. If space and time correspond to their measured variants, we may wonder what space and time mean without such instruments, including for non-human animals who cannot read those instruments. Nonetheless, contemporary neuroscience still lives within the framework of the classical physics view. Our episodic memories are defined as “what happened to me, where, and when.” This is a typical outside-in approach: assume the concepts and search for their homes in the brain. Yet I argue in this chapter that almost everything that we attribute to space and time in the brain can be accomplished by sequential cell assemblies or neuronal trajectories.
Gain and Abstraction
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Gain and normalization are fundamental computational mechanisms that can support various functions in the brain. Numerous neuronal mechanisms support gain control, including divisive inhibition, short-term plasticity of synapses, and subcortical neuromodulators. Gain control allows inputs from the retina and the positions of the eyes in their sockets, the head, and the hands to affect the magnitude of responses to visual inputs in multiple brain regions, particularly the parietal cortex. Gain control mechanisms can shift coordinate representations; for example, from visual space to head space to hand space, or recognize an object as the same when it is viewed from different directions. The mechanisms of translation and object invariance are the neuronal basis of abstraction, a process of ignoring features that are not essential for recognizing entities. Gain control allows judgment of distances independent of locomotion speed. Attention may be viewed as internalized gain control.
Everything Is a Relationship
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the hypothesis that the strongly skewed nature of our perceptions and memory result from log-normal distributions of anatomical connectivity at both micro- and mesoscales, synaptic weight distributions, firing rates, and neuronal population activity. Nearly all anatomical and physiological features of the brain are part of a continuous but wide distribution, typically obeying a log-normal form. This organization implies that the interactions that give rise to this distribution involve multiplication or division of random factors, resulting in values that can span several orders of magnitude. Neuronal networks with such broad distributions are needed to maintain stability against competing needs, including wide dynamic range, redundancy, resilience, homeostasis, and plasticity. These features of the brain may explain the Weber-Fechner law: for any sensory modality, perceptual intensity is a logarithmic function of physical intensity. Neuronal systems organized according to log rules form brain networks that can produce good-enough and fast decisions in most situations using only a subset of the brain’s resources.
Principles for “Unprincipled Men”
Authors: Antonello Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the scientific arguments for and diplomatic negotiation of the conservation of Antarctic wildlife between 1959 and 1964. The subject of wildlife conservation was raised by biologists working within the newly created Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), and they proposed a series of measures to the Antarctic Treaty consultative parties. The treaty parties negotiated the matter, passing the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964. This chapter argues that nature conservation became a tool of advancement and power both for biologists, who wanted institutional standing within the Antarctic scientific community, and for diplomats, who wanted to fill the gaps and silences of the Antarctic Treaty with meaning and with structures for controlling each other. The Agreed Measures were the first step away from the geophysical conception of Antarctica that undergirded the negotiation of the Antarctic Treaty.
Mining the Deep South
Authors: Antonello Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the debates surrounding possible exploitation of minerals in Antarctica between 1969 and 1977. In the late 1960s several mineral and oil companies began investigating whether Antarctica could be exploited. This worried the Antarctic Treaty parties, for there was no agreed upon framework for regulating mineral exploitation. In the context of (apparent) global resource scarcity and the spread of offshore oil exploitation in the Arctic, the treaty parties tried to develop a framework for managing mineral exploitation. Although by 1977 they had only agreed on a moratorium, this chapter demonstrates the contours of their debates, especially the temporalities of their negotiations (focused on the future), and the centrality of the concept of “environmental impact” in the conceptual frameworks of both scientists and diplomats.
Revenants of the German Empire
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This book addresses the various ways in which Colonial Germans attempted to cope with the loss of the German colonies after the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The German colonial advocates who are the focus of this monograph comprised not only those individuals who had been allowed to remain in the mandates as new subjects of the Allies, but also former colonial officials, settlers, and missionaries who were forcibly repatriated by the mandatory powers after the First World War. These Kolonialdeutsche (Colonial Germans) had invested substantial time and money in German imperialism. This work places particular emphasis on how colonial officials, settlers, and colonial lobbies made use of the League of Nations framework, and investigates the involvement of former settlers and colonial officials in such diplomatic flashpoints as the Naturalization Controversy in South African-administered Southwest Africa, and German participation in the Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) from 1927 to 1933. The period of analysis ends in 1933 with an investigation of the involvement of one of Germany’s former colonial governors in the League of Nations’ commission sent to assess the Manchurian Crisis between China and Japan. This study revises standard historical portrayals of the League of Nations’ form of international governance, German participation in the League, the role of interest groups in international organizations and diplomacy, and liberal imperialism. In analyzing colonial German investment and participation in interwar liberal internationalism, the project also challenges the idea of a direct continuity between Germany’s colonial period and the Nazi era.
A Question of Respectability
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the demands for colonial restitution by the former officials, with particular emphasis on Heinrich Schnee, the last governor of German East Africa, and Theodor Seitz, the last governor of German Southwest Africa. In order to maintain imperial/national conceptions of the “self,” these individuals argued against the idea of colonial guilt and reasserted German Europeanness in a world where empire was an essential component of this identity. They engaged with the new political vocabulary of empire and civilization made normative by the Allies and the League, using it in conventional ways to legitimate past actions and to reassert German Europeanness as well as manipulating it to claim moral superiority. Their arguments against colonial guilt can therefore be broken into three categories: (1) pointing to past praise of Germany’s colonial record; (2) reconfiguring the relationships between the terms “violence,” “European,” and “civilization”; and (3) highlighting Allied hypocrisies and claiming to be the only true embodiment of the new ideals of empire. The intention of this threefold line of argument was to preserve imperially constituted identifiers of the German nation in a postcolonial situation. The end result was a tricky negotiation of Colonial Germans’ identity as a group. German colonial irredentists simultaneously claimed the status of victim alongside their former colonized subjects, and yet insisted they were separate from and more advanced than these groups. They demanded recognition of the word “German” as synonymous with the term “European,” and yet also claimed moral superiority over the rest of European civilization.
“O Afrika, Meine Seele ist in dir geblieben”
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at memory and imperial identity among former German settlers, those repatriated to Germany from East Africa after the First World War. Many former settlers, both those who had been repatriated and those who remained in Africa in the new mandates controlled by Britain and South Africa, sought naturalization in other European empires or petitioned the new international system in hopes of autonomous rule for a German-African state that would answer only to the League of Nations itself. Like Pieter Judson’s ethnic communities in the Habsburg borderlands and Tara Zahra’s “nationally indifferent” Germans in the Bohemian lands, German settlers in and from Africa mercurially adapted their understandings of nationality in pursuit of their own self-interests. This chapter analyzes the ways in which the colony became the preferred locus of German identity for civilians who had lived in Germany’s largest settler colonies, German East Africa. The author focuses on memoirs of repatriated settlers who spent seven years or more in East Africa in order to demonstrate how the colony became a site of memory that served as a foil to what they viewed as the decaying German nation in Europe. Narratives of individuals from the German settlements of Morogoro, Tanga, Iringa, and Dar Es Salaam feature in this section, offering a balance of interior and coastal settings. The sample includes male and female settlers, taking into account a number of occupations and varying durations of settlement in the colonies.
Echte Deutsche or Half-Baked Englishmen
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
From the moment South Africa made the unorthodox decision to allow Germans to remain in the mandate territory, this group of settlers became the focal point of a unique diplomatic struggle. Who had jurisdiction over German communities in the mandates—the Weimar Republic, the Union of South Africa, the British Empire, or the League of Nations? What citizenship status—and therefore, what rights—did this particular body of “Germans abroad” living in a mandate have? This chapter investigates how the search for answers to these questions transformed into an international dispute in the early 1920s, culminating in the Naturalization Crisis of 1922–1924 when the Union of South Africa attempted to automatically naturalize all Germans in Southwest Africa as British subjects. In the midst of German colonialist organizations pressuring them to fight to retain their German citizenship and debates in the League about the legality of South Africa’s naturalization of individuals within a mandate, Southwest African Germans constructed their own views on the purpose and value of citizenship as they strove to build not only an independent German identity in Africa, but also a self-governing state.