bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural Titanite Reference Materials forIn SituU‐Pb and Sm‐Nd Isotopic Measurements byLA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS
Authors: Ma Qian , Evans Noreen J. , Ling Xiao‐Xiao , Yang Jin‐Hui , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Zhao Zhi‐Dan , Yang Yue‐Heng 
Published: April 2019

Titanite is a common accessory mineral that preferentially incorporates considerable amounts of U and light rare earth elements in its structure, making it a versatile mineral forin situU‐Pb dating and Sm‐Nd isotopic measurement. Here, we presentin situU‐Pb ages and Sm‐Nd isotope measurement results for four well‐known titanite reference materials (Khan,BLR‐1,OLT1 andMKED1) and eight titanite crystals that could be considered potential reference material candidates (Ontario,YQ‐82, T3, T4,TLS‐36,NW‐IOA, Pakistan and C253), with ages ranging from ~ 20 Ma to ~ 1840 Ma. Results indicate thatBLR‐1,OLT1, Ontario,MKED1 and T3 titanite have relatively homogeneous Sm‐Nd isotopes and low common Pb and thus can serve as primary reference materials for U‐Pb and Sm‐Nd microanalysis.YQ‐82 and T4 titanite can be used as secondary reference materials forin situU‐Pb analysis because of their low common Pb. However, internal structures and mineral inclusions inYQ‐82 will require careful selection of suitable target domains. Pakistan titanite is almost concordant with an age of 21 Ma and can be used as a reference material when dating Cenozoic titanite samples.
Conformation changes in human hair keratin observed using confocal Raman spectroscopy after active ingredient application
Authors: Essendoubi M. , Meunier M. , Scandolera A. , Gobinet C. , Manfait M. , Lambert C. , Auriol D. , Reynaud R. , Piot O. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveIn hair care cosmetic products’ evaluation, one commonly used method is to evaluate the hair appearance as a gold standard in order to determine the effect of an active ingredient on the final state of the hair via visual appreciation. Although other techniques have been proposed for a direct analysis of the hair fibres, they give only surface or structural information, without any accurate molecular information. A different approach based on confocal Raman spectroscopy has been proposed for tracking in situ the molecular change in the keratin directly in the human hair fibres. It presents a high molecular specificity to detect chemical interactions between molecules and can provide molecular information at various depths at the cortex and cuticle levels.MethodsTo evaluate the potential of confocal Raman spectroscopy in testing the efficiency of cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure, we undertook a pilot study on the effectiveness of a smoothing shampoo on natural human hair, by analysing α‐helix and β‐sheet spectral markers in the Amide I band and spectral markers specific to the cystin sulfur content.ResultsWe confirmed that an active proved to be effective on a gold standard decreases α‐helix keratin conformation and promotes β‐sheet keratin conformation in the hair fibres. We also showed that treatment with the effective active decreases the intensity of covalent disulfide (S–S at 510 cm‐1) cross‐linking bands of cysteine. These data confirm that the effective active also acts on the tertiary structure of keratin.ConclusionFrom these experiments, we concluded that the effective active has a smoothing effect on the human hair fibres by acting on α‐helix and β‐sheet keratin conformation and on the tertiary structure of keratin. Based on these results, confocal Raman spectroscopy can be considered a powerful technique for investigating the influence of hair cosmetic ingredients on keratin structure in human hair fibres. Moreover, this analytical technique has the advantage of being non‐destructive and label free; in addition, it does not require sample extraction or purification and it can be applied routinely in cosmetic laboratories.
A pilot study on the effectiveness of a 2‐year school‐based oral health educational programme using experiential learning among adolescents
Authors: Sfeatcu Ruxandra , Dumitrache Mihaela Adina , Cărămidă Mariana , Johannsen Annsofi , Perlea Paula 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to assess the influence of a school‐based experiential education programme on oral health status, knowledge and behaviour among a group of schoolchildren in Bucharest.Materials and methodsThe study was part of an Erasmus+ project that focused on oral health promotion in schools and covered a 2‐year period. Data were collected from 120 teenagers from three schools in Bucharest, Romania. At baseline, all subjects were clinically examined and received a questionnaire. They were split into two groups at baseline: a test group with 76 schoolchildren and a control group with 44 schoolchildren. The schoolchildren included in the test group received three experiential lessons. After every lesson, they filled in the same questionnaire. At the end, all subjects were clinically examined again.ResultsThe prevalence of dental caries was increased in the control group by 8.58% (N = 3, P = 0.31) and decreased in the test group by 1.64% (N = 1, P = 0.8). Regarding incipient carious lesions, a higher decrease was observed in the test group (D1‐2S: 0.78 vs 0.63, P = 0.867). There was a statistically significant plaque index decrease in the test group (1.32 vs 1.12; P = 0.01) and an increase in the control group (1.15 vs 1.79; P = 0.0001). More children from the test group (N = 5, 7.9%, P = 0.225) adopted twice‐daily tooth brushing compared to the control group (N = 1, 2.9%, P = 0.52).ConclusionsIn the group studied, the oral health programme had positive effects on oral health status, oral health knowledge and behaviour among adolescents.
miR‐193a/b‐3p relieves hepatic fibrosis and restrains proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Ju Baoling , Nie Ying , Yang Xufang , Wang Xiaohua , Li Fujuan , Wang Meng , Wang Chuang , Zhang Hongjun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been confirmed to participate in liver fibrosis progression and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this study, the role of miR‐193a/b‐3p in concanavalin A (ConA)‐induced liver fibrosis in mice was evaluated. According to the results, the expression of miR‐193a/b‐3p was down‐regulated in liver tissues after exposure to ConA. Lentivirus‐mediated overexpression of miR‐193a/b‐3p reduced ConA‐induced liver injury as demonstrated by decreasing ALT and AST levels. Moreover, ConA‐induced liver fibrosis was restrained by the up‐regulation of miR‐193a/b‐3 through inhibiting collagen deposition, decreasing desmin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and lessening the content of hydroxyproline, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and activin A in liver tissues. Furthermore, miR‐193a/b‐3p mimics suppressed the proliferation of human HSCs LX‐2 via inducing the apoptosis of LX‐2 cells and lowering the levels of cell cycle‐related proteins Cyclin D1, Cyclin E1, p‐Rb and CAPRIN1. Finally, TGF‐β1 and activin A‐mediated activation of LX‐2 cells was reversed by miR‐193a/b‐3p mimics via repressing COL1A1 and α‐SMA expression, and restraining the activation of TGF‐β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway. CAPRIN1 and TGF‐β2 were demonstrated to be the direct target genes of miR‐193a/b‐3p. We conclude that miR‐193a/b‐3p overexpression attenuates liver fibrosis through suppressing the proliferation and activation of HSCs. Our data suggest that miR‐193a‐3p and miR‐193b‐3p may be new therapeutic targets for liver fibrosis.
The four‐layer graft technique, a hard and soft tissue graft from the tuberosity in one piece
Authors: Zufía Juan , Blasi Gonzalo , Gómez‐Meda Ramón , Blasi Alvaro 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveSuccessful immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior zone continues to be a challenge. There is an uncertainty on whether it should be performed on patients with thin gingival phenotype or incomplete buccal plate. This clinical case report describes a novel technique for immediate implant placement with simultaneous hard and soft tissue augmentation.Clinical considerationsThis technique employs a combined epithelialized‐subepithelialized connective tissue graft and cortical‐cancellous autogenous bone graft for the treatment of incomplete buccal plate at an extraction site. Significant horizontal bone regeneration appears to have been achieved as well as soft tissue augmentation for a central incisor in a single surgical step. Following three and a half years, gingival contours and bone augmentation were stable with a pleasant esthetic result.ConclusionsThe use of the four‐layer tissue graft for immediate implant placement can be suggested to improve hard and soft tissues in a single procedure.Clinical significanceThe use of the four‐layer graft technique has shown to be successful regarding function and esthetic outcomes in anterior immediate implant placement. It reduces surgical interventions and treatment time and minimizes soft tissue recession and bone resorption.
Factors associated with direct support professionals' behaviour in the physical activity support provided to people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Bossink L. W. M. , van der Putten A. A. J. , Paap M. C. S. , Vlaskamp C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundDirect support professionals play an important role in facilitating physical activity support for people with intellectual disabilities (ID). This study examined how the characteristics of people with ID and the characteristics of direct support professionals are related to the professionals' behaviour when supporting people with ID in physical activity.MethodsA cross‐sectional approach was used. Direct support professionals (n = 217) who support people with ID completed a self‐report questionnaire, which aimed to measure the components that produced behaviour when providing physical activity support for people with ID. Associations with the characteristics of people with ID and the characteristics of the professionals were analysed using multivariate linear regression models.ResultsThe results demonstrate that the professionals' characteristics – such as age, workplace and training – were related to the variance in the components that theoretically produced the direct support professionals' behaviour. The characteristics of the people with ID did not contribute to the variance in the direct support professionals' behaviour.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that professional characteristics are the dominant reasons for the differences observed in the capability, opportunity and motivation of direct support professionals to provide physical activity support. This study also underscores the need for integrated training programmes to help direct support professionals promote physical activity in people with ID.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation of an Edentulous Patient with Microstomia Using Both Digital and Conventional Techniques: A Clinical Report
Authors: Saygılı Sina , Geckili Onur , Sulun Tonguc 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis clinical report describes prosthetic rehabilitation applied to an edentulous patient with microstomia. Intraoral scanning was used for preliminary impressions, edentulous models were printed using a 3D printer, custom 2‐piece impression trays for definitive impressions were made, and a 2‐piece collapsible maxillary and a conventional mandibular denture were fabricated. Intraoral scanning is a useful alternative to conventional impression techniques and can be used safely in patients with microstomia for preliminary impressions.
Influence of School‐Level Socioeconomic Status on Children's Physical Activity, Fitness, and Fundamental Movement Skill Levels
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Mihrshahi Seema , Bellew Bill , Reece Lindsey J. , Hardy Louise L. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAuthorities recommend that youth undertake at least 60 minutes of daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), with young people having the opportunity to undertake at least half of this MVPA during school hours.METHODSIn this study, we examined the influence of school‐level socioeconomic status (SES) on children's PA, fitness and fundamental movement skill (FMS) levels, and the barriers and enablers of children's PA in 86 Australian schools (41 primary, 45 secondary). School‐level SES was based on an Index of Community Socio‐Educational Advantage (ICSEA). School representatives reported potential barriers and enablers for children's PA. We used subjective and objectives measures of PA, fitness, and FMS levels. Multiple logistic regression examined the associations of ICSEA category (low or high) with barriers and enablers, and PA outcomes, adjusting for children's language background and residence.RESULTSChildren from high SES schools were more likely to achieve the healthy fitness zone for cardiorespiratory fitness; those from low SES schools consistently reported more barriers and fewer enablers than their high SES counterparts.CONCLUSIONSExtra efforts may be required to address school‐level barriers and enablers to enhance PA, fitness, and FMS levels for schools in disadvantaged areas.
Are Religions for Sale? Evidence from the Swedish Church Revolt Over Same‐Sex Marriage
Authors: Bengtsson Niklas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractReligious leaders sometimes condemn progressive social norms. This article revisits David Hume's hypothesis that secular states can “bribe” churches into adopting less strict religious doctrines. The hypothesis is difficult to test due to reverse causality: more liberal theologies may attract more political support in the first place. The empirical strategy used to circumvent this problem focuses on a theological conflict over same‐sex marriage within the Church of Sweden and takes advantage of political regulations that effectively make some parishes shareholders of the church's state‐protected property. The shares used for statistical identification are tied to property rights assigned more than 300 years ago, and they cannot be sold, traded, or amended by the individual parishes. The results show that priests in shareholding parishes are less likely to publicly oppose same‐sex marriage. The impact of political protection is stronger in parishes with more conservative members. The results are consistent with a model of clerical opportunism, in which income protection makes priests less likely to pander to the stricter followers.
Mapping Religion's Other: A Review of the Study of Nonreligion and Secularity
Authors: Smith Jesse M. , Cragun Ryan T. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this article, we review the research literature on nonreligion, secularity, the nones, and other forms of “religion's other.” As a relatively new area of sustained and still growing research activity, with its attendant theoretical and methodological implications continuing to take shape, our focus is on the social science research from the mid‐2000s to the present. We consider the challenges of definition and perspective in this line of inquiry, highlight key arguments, and summarize the main findings from empirical studies of nonreligion and its relationship to topics including identity, health, family, and prejudice. After discussing the organizational and social movement aspects of nonreligious communities, as well as related developments in how scholars are studying these communities, we conclude our assessment of the state of this field by proffering questions relevant to both current efforts and whatever future directions are in store for research on religion's other.
Two binding proteins of the ABC transporter that confers growth of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis ATCC27673 on β‐mannan possess distinct manno‐oligosaccharide‐binding profiles
Authors: Ejby M. , Guskov A. , Pichler M. J. , Zanten G. C. , Schoof E. , Saburi W. , Slotboom D. J. , Abou Hachem M. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryHuman gut bifidobacteria rely on ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters for oligosaccharide uptake. Multiple oligosaccharide‐specific solute‐binding protein (SBP) genes are occasionally associated with a single ABC transporter, but the significance of this multiplicity remains unclear. Here, we characterize BlMnBP1 and BlMnBP2, the two SBPs associated to the β‐manno‐oligosaccharide (MnOS) ABC transporter in Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. Despite similar overall specificity and preference to mannotriose (Kd≈80 nM), affinity of BlMnBP1 is up to 2570‐fold higher for disaccharides than BlMnBP2. Structural analysis revealed a substitution of an asparagine that recognizes the mannosyl at position 2 in BlMnBP1, by a glycine in BlMnBP2, which affects substrate affinity. Both substitution types occur in bifidobacterial SBPs, but BlMnBP1‐like variants prevail in human gut isolates. B. animalis subsp. lactis ATCC27673 showed growth on gluco and galactomannans and was able to outcompete a mannan‐degrading Bacteroides ovatus strain in co‐cultures, attesting the efficiency of this ABC uptake system. By contrast, a strain that lacks this transporter failed to grow on mannan. This study highlights SBP diversification as a possible strategy to modulate oligosaccharide uptake preferences of bifidobacterial ABC‐transporters during adaptation to specific ecological niches. Efficient metabolism of galactomannan by distinct bifidobacteria, merits evaluating this plant glycan as a potential prebiotic.
Alternariol as virulence and colonization factor of Alternaria alternata during plant infection
Authors: Wenderoth Maximilian , Garganese Francesca , Schmidt‐Heydt Markus , Soukup Sebastian Tobias , Ippolito Antonio , Sanzani Simona Marianna , Fischer Reinhard 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata is a potent producer of many toxic secondary metabolites, which contaminate food and feed. The most prominent one is the polyketide‐derived alternariol (AOH) and its derivative alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). Here, we identified the gene cluster for the biosynthesis of AOH and AME by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene inactivation of several biosynthesis genes in A. alternata and heterologous expression of the gene cluster in Aspergillus oryzae. The 15 kb‐spanning gene cluster consists of a polyketide synthase gene, pksI, an O‐methyltransferase, omtI, a FAD‐dependent monooxygenase, moxI, a short chain dehydrogenase, sdrI, a putative extradiol dioxygenase, doxI and a transcription factor gene, aohR. Heterologous expression of PksI in A. oryzae was sufficient for AOH biosynthesis. Co‐expression of PksI with different tailoring enzymes resulted in AME, 4‐hydroxy‐alternariol monomethyl ether (4‐OH‐AME), altenusin (ALN) and altenuene (ALT). Hence, the AOH cluster is responsible for the production of at least five different compounds. Deletion of the transcription factor gene aohR led to reduced expression of pksI and delayed AOH production, while overexpression led to increased expression of pksI and production of AOH. The pksI‐deletion strain displayed reduced virulence on tomato, citrus and apple suggesting AOH and the derivatives as virulence and colonization factors.
Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR131 suppresses plant immunity by targeting plant receptor‐like kinase inhibitor BKI1
Authors: Lan Xia , Liu Yunxiao , Song Shiren , Yin Ling , Xiang Jiang , Qu Junjie , Lu Jiang 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe grapevine downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara viticola secretes a set of RXLR effectors (PvRXLRs) to overcome host immunity and facilitate infection, but how these effectors function is unclear. Here, the biological function of PvRXLR131 was investigated via heterologous expression. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides significantly enhanced its pathogenicity on grapevine leaves. Constitutive expression of PvRXLR131 in Arabidopsis promoted Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 and P. syringae DC3000 (hrcC‐) growth as well as suppressed defence‐related callose deposition. Transient expression of PvRXLR131 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves could also suppress different elicitor‐triggered cell death and inhibit plant resistance to Phytophthora capsici. Further analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with host Vitis vinifera BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (VvBKI1), and its homologues in N. benthamiana (NbBKI1) and Arabidopsis (AtBKI1). Moreover, bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that PvRXLR131 interacted with VvBKI1 in the plasma membrane. Deletion assays showed that the C‐terminus of PvRXLR131 was responsible for the interaction and mutation assays showed that phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue in BKI1s disrupted the interaction. BKI1 was a receptor inhibitor of growth‐ and defence‐related brassinosteroid (BR) and ERECTA (ER) signalling. When silencing of NbBKI1 in N. benthamiana, the virulence function of PvRXLR131 was eliminated, demonstrating that the effector activity is mediated by BKI1. Moreover, PvRXLR131‐transgenic plants displayed BKI1‐overexpression dwarf phenotypes and suppressed BR and ER signalling. These physiological and genetic data clearly demonstrate that BKI1 is a virulence target of PvRXLR131. We propose that P. viticola secretes PvRXLR131 to target BKI1 as a strategy for promoting infection.
Effects of ginger constituent 6‐shogaol on gastroesophageal vagal afferent C‐fibers
Authors: Huang Yongming , Patil Mayur J. , Yu Mingwei , Liptak Peter , Undem Bradley J. , Dong Xinzhong , Wang Guobin , Yu Shaoyong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundGinger has been used as an herbal medicine worldwide to relieve nausea/vomiting and gastrointestinal discomfort, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its neuronal action remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the effects of ginger constituent 6‐shogaol on gastroesophageal vagal nodose C‐fibers.MethodsExtracellular single‐unit recording and two‐photon nodose neuron imaging were performed, respectively, in ex vivo gastroesophageal‐vagal preparations from wild type and Pirt‐GCaMP6 transgenic mice. The action potential discharge or calcium influx evoked by mechanical distension and chemical perfusions applied to the gastroesophageal vagal afferent nerve endings were recorded, respectively, at their intact neuronal cell soma in vagal nodose ganglia. The effects of 6‐shogaol on nodose C‐fiber neurons were then compared and determined.Key ResultsGastroesophageal application of 6‐shogaol‐elicited intensive calcium influxes in nodose neurons and evoked robust action potential discharges in most studied nodose C‐fibers. Such activation effects were followed by a desensitized response to the second application of 6‐shogaol. However, action potential discharges evoked by esophageal mechanical distension, after 6‐shogaol perfusion, did not significantly change. Pretreatment with TRPA1 selective blocker HC‐030031 inhibited 6‐shogaol‐induced action potential discharges in gastric and esophageal nodose C‐fiber neurons, suggesting that TRPA1 played a role in mediating 6‐shogaol‐induced activation response.Conclusion and InferencesThis study provides evidence that ginger constituent 6‐shogaol directly activates vagal afferent C‐fiber peripheral gastrointestinal endings. This activation leads to desensitization to subsequent application of 6‐shogaol but not subsequent esophageal mechanical distension. Further investigation is required to establish a possible contribution in its anti‐emetic effects.