bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Impact of the Freddie Gray Unrest on Perceptions of the Police
Authors: White Clair , Weisburd David , Wire Sean 
Published: December 2018

Research SummaryTaking advantage of a large residential survey that was ongoing in Baltimore, Maryland, during the riots surrounding the death of Freddie Gray in 2015, in this study, we examined changes in attitudes of procedural justice and police legitimacy before and after the events occurred. We found little change in measures of obligation to obey the law, trustworthiness of the police, and procedural justice among residents of Baltimore.Policy ImplicationsThe police are facing a challenging period of turmoil and reform as incidents of police use of force against minorities continue to draw national attention. Our findings suggest, however, that these macro‐level events may have little immediate impact on views of police legitimacy and procedural justice, as contrasted with longer term historical relationships between the police and the public. We argue that more research is needed to understand broader societal factors that shape people's perceptions of the police as law enforcement and policy makers search for policies and programs to build trust with minority communities.
Economic Evaluation of the HOPE Demonstration Field Experiment
Authors: Cowell Alexander J. , Barnosky Alan , Lattimore Pamela K. , Cartwright Joel K. , DeMichele Matthew 
Published: December 2018

Research SummaryIn the program implemented in the Honest Opportunity Probation with Enforcement Demonstration Field Experiment (HOPE DFE), the following approach is taken: close monitoring; frequent drug testing; readily available substance abuse treatment; and swift, certain, and fair sanctioning to deter probationers from violating supervision conditions. We assessed in this study the costs and outcomes of the demonstration program across four jurisdictions, using 24 months of data from 625 probationers randomly assigned to probation as usual (PAU) or HOPE DFE. Our results reveal that the HOPE DFE group incurred more criminal justice costs than the PAU group over the observation period.Policy ImplicationsOur study results further demonstrate that HOPE in the DFE is associated with higher rates of incarceration and residential treatment, leading to an increase in total costs when compared with PAU. Jurisdictions choosing to implement programs like HOPE to hold probationers accountable would need additional resources from the criminal justice system to support the program.
Transcriptional profiling reveals the molecular bases of immune regulation in Apis mellifera in response to Ascosphaera apis infection
Authors: Xu Bo , Wang Yingzhe , Zhu Shixin , Zhou Haizhu , Gou Changlong , Dong Wenlong , Wang Yu , Gao Yunhang , Ma Hongxia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChalkbrood, which results from Ascosphaera apis infection, is one of the bee diseases that causes serious damage to the bee colony. Understanding the molecular bases underlying immune response to chalkbrood disease would facilitate the genetic breeding of bees by selecting races with superior chalkbrood resistance. In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify genes and pathways involved in the immune response to As. apis infection in A. mellifera larvae. In total, 2,890 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (FDR < 0.001) were identified between the healthy and As. apis infected bee larvae, including 2,214 up‐regulated and 676 down‐regulated unigenes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway classification of the DEGs revealed association with development, energy metabolism, signal transduction, disease, and immune response. Among the immune‐related genes, p38, toll‐like receptors (TLRs), integrin, and antimicrobial peptides were up‐regulated under As. apis infection. This study provides valuable gene transcriptional information towards the investigation of molecular mechanisms related to chalkbrood immune response and host pathogenesis in A. mellifera.
Phytochemical and Health‐Beneficial Progress of Turnip (Brassica rapa)
Authors: Paul Swastika , Geng Chang‐An , Yang Tong‐Hua , Yang Yong‐Ping , Chen Ji‐Jun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDespite the advancement of medical science, diseases are part‐and‐parcel of human life. Plants have provided humans with medicines since time immemorial, and are still one of the primary sources for drug discovery. Brassica rapa L., commonly known as turnip, is one of the world's oldest cultivated vegetables. Besides being an important vegetable and source of oil, turnip is also used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of headaches, chest complaints, rheumatisms, oedemas, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and rabies. Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates (mainly 2‐phenylethyl, 4‐pentenyl, and 3‐butenyl derivatives) are the main constituents of turnip with diverse bioactivities, especially for the protective effect against cancers. Besides, flavonoids, phenolics, indoles and volatiles are also concomitant in this plant. Pharmacological investigation on turnip revealed the antitumor, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective effects. The anticancer property was found to be the most promising biological activity of turnip with 2‐phenylethyl isothiocyanate, phenylpropionitrile, brassicaphenanthrene A, 6‐paradol, and trans‐6‐shogaol as the major active constituents. Flavonoids and phenolics with high free radical scavenging activity should be corresponding to the antioxidant effects. Arvelexin, an indole derivative in turnip, was reported with various effects involving antiinflamatory, antihypertensive and hypolipidemic potency. In spite of many studies concerning either the chemical constituents or the biological activities of turnip, only a few cases disclosed the active ingredients responsible for diverse bioactivities. This review summarizes the research progress on the chemistry and health‐benefits of turnip over the past 20 years to provide a reference for the further investigation.
Sodium Chloride Suppresses the Bitterness of Protein Hydrolysates by Decreasing Hydrophobic Interactions
Authors: Xu Qingbiao , Hong Hui , Yu Wenlin , Jiang Xu , Yan Xianghua , Wu Jianping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe formation of bitter off‐flavor is a long‐existing issue during food protein hydrolysis. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism of sodium chloride (NaCl) suppressing the bitterness of protein hydrolysates. In this study, the bitterness of egg white hydrolysate (EWH) and hen meat hydrolysate (HPH) was determined using an electronic tongue. The results showed that the bitterness intensity of quinine hydrochloride, EWH, and HPH was suppressed significantly by NaCl in a concentration‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). The particle sizes, turbidity, zeta potentials, and surface hydrophobicity of EWH and HPH were also significantly decreased by NaCl at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 M (P < 0.05). These results indicated that adding NaCl at certain concentrations led to a salting‐in effect, burying hydrophobic groups and decreasing the surface hydrophobicity of peptides, resulting in the decrease of bitterness. Using NaCl is an alternative, effective, and cheap strategy to suppress protein hydrolysate bitterness by decreasing hydrophobic interactions in food industry.Practical ApplicationNaCl can be used as an effective bitterness masker for food protein hydrolysates by decreasing hydrophobic interactions of peptides.
Associations between Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index and physical performance in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Douglas‐Withers Jessica , McCulloch Kate , Waters Debra , Parker Kelsi , Hogg Nicole , Mitsuhashi Tamiho , Treharne Gareth J. , Abbott J. Haxby , Stebbings Simon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate whether the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ‐DI) reflects objective measures of physical function in people with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn total, 139 people, 71 with RA fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (1987) and 68 with OA fulfilling ACR criteria for OA of the hip or knee, completed the HAQ‐DI. Physical function was assessed using Timed Up and Go (TUG), 30 seconds Sit to Stand (STS), grip strength dynamometry and pedometer steps over 7 days.ResultsThe strongest association with HAQ‐DI was with the TUG (R2 of 0.671 and 0.512 in RA and OA groups, respectively). HAQ‐DI and STS showed a non‐linear association in both groups with R2 of 0.380 in RA and 0.359 in OA. A strong association was found between HAQ‐DI and grip strength in the OA group (R2 = 0.681), whereas the RA group showed a moderate association (R2 = 0.285). There was a strong association between the HAQ‐DI and pedometer measures in RA (R2 = 0.562), although this association was weak in OA (R2 = 0.156).ConclusionThe HAQ‐DI has a strong association with the TUG in both RA and OA. There was variable association between the HAQ‐DI and other physical performance measures, as well as differences between the RA and OA cohorts. In order to form a full and accurate clinical picture, health professionals should perform both subjective patient‐reported outcome measures and objective physical performance measures of disability.
Is pectus excavatum a risk factor for radiation‐induced lung disease in patients undergoing radiation therapy following breast‐conserving surgery?
Authors: Ishibashi Naoya , Maebayashi Toshiya , Aizawa Takuya , Sakaguchi Masakuni , Hata Masaharu , Sakurai Kenichi , Okada Masahiro 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe relationship between radiation dose to the ipsilateral lung and subsequent radiation‐induced lung disease (RILD) in breast cancer patients with pectus excavatum (PE) undergoing radiation therapy (RT) to residual breast tissue after breast‐conserving surgery has not yet been established. The incidence of RILD in such patients with PE, meaning that a large volume of the lung is within the radiation field, has not been determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between these factors.MethodsThe study cohort comprised 133 women who underwent three‐dimensional conformal RT to residual breast tissue after breast‐conserving surgery for breast cancer. Diagnoses of PE were based on Haller's, frontosagittal, and Monden's depression indices. Radiation doses to the ipsilateral lung were established from dose‐volume histograms.ResultsFifty of the 133 participants (37.6%) were diagnosed with RILD; all were asymptomatic. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant correlation between the incidence of RILD and the administration of > 30 Gy (V30). Surprisingly, although patients with PE received higher ipsilateral lung doses, they were less likely to develop RILD than those without PE.ConclusionsOur data indicate that the incidence of RILD is correlated with the administration of > 30 Gy (V30) and that PE is not a risk factor for RILD after RT to residual breast tissue after breast‐conserving surgery for breast cancer. Surprisingly, individuals with PE may have a lower incidence of RILD than those without this condition.
The angel investment decision: insights from Australian business angels
Authors: White Brett Anthony , Dumay John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWhile much has been written about the investment criteria of business angels, few studies explore why these particular criteria are important to them. The Australian context has a diverse range of actors along with complex jurisdictional arrangements, making for an interesting background for investigation of the angel finance phenomenon. We examine 12 business angels in the rapidly changing Australian context and use nine corroborating participants to validate responses and identify four key drivers – personal experience, trust, the need to contribute and realistic expectations – that influence business angels during the initial investment process.
Influence of feeding a grass hay diet during the early stage of the fattening period on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat production in Japanese Black steers
Authors: Shibata Masahiro , Hikino Yasuko , Matsumoto Kazunori 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe present study investigated the influence of feeding a large amount of grass hay to steers from the early to middle fattening period on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat characteristics. Steers were randomly divided into grass hay‐fed (GHF, n = 6) and concentrate‐fed (CF, n = 6) groups. The dressed weight of the GHF steers was lower than that of the CF steers, but the final body weight was not significantly different between the groups. The GHF steers had decreased subcutaneous fat and rib thickness compared with the CF steers. Lipid content, monounsaturated fatty acids, and drip loss in the muscles were lower in the GHF steers than in the CF steers. Furthermore, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the GHF steers compared with the CF steers. The GHF steers had lower body weight during the middle fattening stage, which may have occurred as a result of muscle growth suppression caused by increased Myostatin expression; an increase in daily gain during the finishing period may have occurred as a result of muscle growth activation caused by decreased Myostatin expression. Feeding steers a grass hay‐based diet during the early fattening period possibly maintains the quantitative productivity of beef similarly to feeding a concentrate‐based diet.
Stevioside inhibits experimental fibrosis by down‐regulating profibrotic Smad pathways and blocking hepatic stellate cell activation
Authors: Casas‐Grajales Sael , Alvarez‐Suarez Diana , Ramos‐Tovar Erika , Dayana Buendía‐Montaño Laura , Reyes‐Gordillo Karina , Camacho Javier , Tsutsumi Víctor , Lakshman M. Raj , Muriel Pablo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLiver cirrhosis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality with important health and social consequences; however, an effective treatment has not been found yet. Previous reports have shown some beneficial effects of stevioside (SVT) in different diseases, but the ability of SVT to inhibit liver cirrhosis has not been reported. Therefore, we studied the potential of this diterpenoid to inhibit liver cirrhosis induced by thioacetamide, a model that shares many similarities with the human disease, and investigated the possible underlying molecular mechanism using in vivo and in vitro approaches. Cirrhosis was induced in male Wistar rats by chronic thioacetamide administration (200 mg/kg) intraperitoneally three times per week. Rats received saline or SVT (20 mg/kg) two times daily intraperitoneally. In addition, co‐cultures were incubated with either lipopolysaccharide or ethanol. Liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells activation, metalloproteinases activity, canonical and non‐canonical Smads pathway and expression of several profibrogenic genes were evaluated. Thioacetamide activated hepatic stellate cells and distorted the liver parenchyma with the presence of abundant thick bands of collagen. In addition, thioacetamide up‐regulated the protein expression of α‐smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor‐β1, metalloproteinases‐9,‐2 and ‐13 and overstimulate the canonical and non‐canonical Smad pathways. SVT administration inhibited all of these changes. In vitro, SVT inhibited the up‐regulation of several genes implicated in cirrhosis when cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharides or ethanol. We conclude that SVT inhibited liver damage by blocking hepatic stellate cells activation, down‐regulating canonical and non‐canonical profibrotic Smad pathways.
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation as part of front line therapy for Mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Rule Simon , Cook Gordon , Russell Nigel H. , Hunter Ann , Robinson Stephen , Morley Nick , Sureda Anna , Patrick Pip , Clifton‐Hadley Laura , Adedayo Toyin , Kirkwood Amy , Peggs Karl S. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive form of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma that remains incurable for the majority of patients. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) produces long‐term disease‐free remissions for around 30–40% patients, however it is reserved for the treatment of relapsed disease. This study examined the use of front line transplantation for young patients in an attempt to improve outcomes. Twenty‐five patients received an alloSCT using BEAM [BCNU (carmustine), etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan)‐Campath conditioning following permissive induction therapy from both related and unrelated donors. This was a multi‐centre prospective trial. Twenty‐four of 25 patients engrafted with no non‐relapse mortality events by day 100. With a median follow‐up of 60·5 months, there have been six deaths (3 from MCL). The progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 68% and 80% at 2 years and 56% and 76% at 5 years. PFS was very similar for both sibling and unrelated transplants and there was no difference in PFS between patients with respect to remission status prior to transplantation. Nine (38%) patients experienced acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) and 14 (58%) experienced chronic GVHD, of which 8 were extensive. Front line alloSCT is feasible but should only be considered for patients at high risk of early progression following conventional therapy.
Exploring the mechanisms underlying the social identity–ill‐health link: Longitudinal and experimental evidence
Authors: Junker Nina M. , van Dick Rolf , Avanzi Lorenzo , Häusser Jan A. , Mojzisch Andreas 
Published: December 2018

There is strong and consistent evidence that identification with social groups is an important predictor of (ill‐)health‐related outcomes. However, the mediating mechanisms of the social identification–health link remain unclear. We present results from two studies, which aimed to test how perceived social support and collective self‐efficacy mediate the effect of social identification on emotional exhaustion, chronic stress, and depressive symptoms. Study 1 (N = 180) employed a longitudinal two‐wave design, whereas Study 2 (N = 100) used a field‐experimental design with a manipulation of participants’ social identity. Both studies consistently show that social identification was positively related to perceived social support, which, in turn, was positively associated with collective self‐efficacy. Collective self‐efficacy, finally, was negatively related to ill‐health outcomes.
End‐of‐life care research on people with intellectual disabilities: Challenges for proactive inclusion in an Irish context
Authors: Cithambaram Kumaresan , Duffy Mel , Courtney Eileen 
Published: December 2018

Accessible Summary

People with intellectual disabilities are living longer than ever before.

Although people with intellectual disabilities are living longer, they still suffer from many illnesses. This may reduce their lifespan, and they may die earlier than other people and therefore require good end‐of‐life care whatever age they die.

Views and opinions of people with intellectual disabilities are important in determining what is good care at the end of life.

Ethical and practical guidelines in relation to recruitment, obtaining consent, and having conversation around sensitive issues are clearly discussed in this paper.

AbstractBackgroundIn recent times, people with intellectual disabilities are increasingly included in research studies; however, their participation in sensitive research such as palliative and end‐of‐life care is less frequent. The reasons for not including people with intellectual disabilities in these kinds of research studies are issues in relation to obtaining consent, difficulty of recruiting, and engaging and collecting relevant information. This paper aimed to provide insight into how people with intellectual disabilities could be proactively included in research which is sensitive to their unique needs.MethodThis study included 13 people with mild and moderate intellectual disabilities and explored their end‐of‐life care needs from their perspectives. After obtaining appropriate ethical approval, the research process was commenced. Applying the constructive grounded theory approach, data were collected and analysed by using the constant comparative method. A story from the book Am I Going to Die was used to enhance the understanding of the concepts of death and dying while collecting data.FindingsParticipants with intellectual disabilities were recruited by establishing a close relationship with service providers. Capacity to consent and informed consent were fostered by carefully explaining the research process through easy‐to‐read information, and the data collection process was successfully completed by having a person‐centred approach.ConclusionPeople with intellectual disabilities can be successfully included in research. This is possible when their diverse needs are carefully considered, and appropriately developed protocols which meet their needs in relation to their capacities and abilities are utilised. This approach requires a flexible and inclusive research process.
Design, synthesis, and biologic evaluation of novel galloyl derivatives as HIV‐1 RNase H inhibitors
Authors: Gao Ping , Wang Xueshun , Sun Lin , Cheng Xiqiang , Poongavanam Vasanthanathan , Kongsted Jacob , Álvarez Mar , Luczkowiak Joanna , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik , Lee Kuo‐Hsiung , Chen Chin‐Ho , Liu Huiqing , Menéndez‐Arias Luis , Liu Xinyong , Zhan Peng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase (RT)‐associated ribonuclease H (RNase H) remains as the only enzyme encoded within the viral genome not targeted by current antiviral drugs. In this work, we report the design, synthesis, and biologic evaluation of a novel series of galloyl derivatives with HIV‐1 RNase H inhibitory activity. Most of them showed IC50s at sub‐ to low‐micromolar concentrations in enzymatic assays. The most potent compound was II‐25 that showed an IC50 of 0.72 ± 0.07 μM in RNase H inhibition assays carried out with the HIV‐1BH10 RT. II‐25 was 2.8 times more potent than β‐thujaplicinol in these assays. Interestingly, II‐25 and other galloyl derivatives were also found to inhibit the HIV IN strand transfer activity in vitro. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) studies and molecular modeling analysis predict key interactions with RT residues His539 and Arg557, while providing helpful insight for further optimization of selected compounds.