bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Trafficking of Children in the Greater Mekong Region: A Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Tsai Carmelle , Dichter Melissa E. 
Published: July 2019

This review focuses on the literature on child trafficking in the Greater Mekong Region (GMR) in the last decade, as an update to Rafferty's (2007) review. The research is primarily organised into several main themes: public health implications, the trafficking of boys, cross‐border trafficking, the changing context and venues in which trafficking occurs, and trafficking in lesser‐studied regions of the GMR. The research reveals that children who are trafficked experience physical symptoms of abuse, sexually transmitted infections, mental health sequelae and substance abuse. Emerging research on the trafficking of boys elucidates relevant cultural issues, describing exploitation in street‐based and establishment‐based venues. Recent work describing children who are exploited in the Thai‐Cambodian border region reveals economic depression as a driver for migration into the area and high rates of violence. The literature also describes a shift in trafficking venues in Cambodia from brothels to entertainment venues. Much of the research to date has been conducted in Cambodia, Vietnam and Thailand, and there is preliminary research from the Lao People's Democratic Republic, but much remains unknown about trafficking in other GMR countries. Further research is required to identify the interactions of trafficked children in the GMR with healthcare settings, and, more specifically, to understand the medical implications of trafficking.‘This review focuses on the literature on child trafficking in the Greater Mekong Region in the last decade, as an update to Rafferty's (2007) review’Key Practitioner Messages

Children trafficked in the GMR experience health consequences as a result of exploitation.
Venues for trafficking in the GMR are shifting from brothels to off‐site and entertainment venues as a consequence of governments and local authorities increasing legal enforcement.
Boys in the GMR are vulnerable to trafficking.
Children who migrate for work in the GMR are vulnerable to trafficking.
A trauma‐informed approach and a heightened level of awareness for a history of trafficking are important for practitioners caring for patients from the GMR.
NMR Assessment of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: Correlations That Reveal Interactions and Motions
Authors: Falk Bradley T. , Liang Yingkai , Bailly Marc , Raoufi Fahimeh , Kekec Ahmet , Pissarnitski Dmitri , Feng Dennis , Yan Lin , Lin Songnian , Fayadat‐Dilman Laurence , McCoy Mark A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNMR measurements of rotational and translational diffusion are used to characterize the solution behavior of a wide variety of therapeutic proteins and peptides. The timescales of motions sampled in these experiments reveal complicated intrinsic solution behavior such as flexibility, that is central to function, as well as self‐interactions, stress‐induced conformational changes and other critical attributes that can be discovery and development liabilities. Trends from proton transverse relaxation (R2) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) are correlated and used to identify and differentiate intermolecular from intramolecular interactions. In this study, peptide behavior is consistent with complicated multimer self‐assembly, while multi‐domain protein behavior is dominated by intramolecular interactions. These observations are supplemented by simulations that include effects from slow transient interactions and rapid internal motions. R2–Rh correlations provide a means to profile protein motions as well as interactions. The approach is completely general and can be applied to therapeutic and target protein characterization.
Renal insufficiency following contrast media administration trial III: Urine flow rate‐guided versus left‐ventricular end‐diastolic pressure‐guided hydration in high‐risk patients for contrast‐induced acute kidney injury. Rationale and design
Authors: Briguori Carlo , D'Amore Carmen , De Micco Francesca , Signore Nicola , Esposito Giovanni , Napolitano Giovanni , Focaccio Amelia ,   the REMEDIAL III Investigators
Published: July 2019

BackgroundUrine flow rate (UFR)‐guided and left‐ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP)‐guided hydration regimens have been proposed to prevent contrast‐induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI). The REnal Insufficiency Following Contrast MEDIA Administration triaL III (REMEDIAL III) is a randomized, multicenter, investigator‐sponsored trial aiming to compare these two hydration strategies.MethodsPatients at high risk for CIAKI (that is, those with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤ 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or with Mehran's score ≥11 and/or Gurm's score >7) will be enrolled. Patients will be randomly assigned to (a) LVEDP‐guided hydration with normal saline (LVEDP‐guided group) and (b) UFR‐guided hydration carried out by the RenalGuard system (RenalGuard group). Seven‐hundred patients (350 in each arm) will be enrolled. In the LVEDP‐guided group the fluid infusion rate will be adjusted according to the LVEDP as follows: 5 mL kg−1hr−1 for LVEDP ≤12 mmHg, 3 mL kg−1hr−1 for LVEDP 13–18 mmHg, and 1.5 mL kg−1hr−1 for LVEDP >18 mmHg. In the RenalGuard group hydration with normal saline plus low‐dose of furosemide is controlled by the RenalGuard system, in order to reach and maintain a high (>300 mL/hr) UFR. In all cases, iobitridol (a low‐osmolar, nonionic contrast agent) will be administered.ResultsThe primary endpoint is the composite of CIAKI (i.e., serum creatinine increase ≥25% and/or ≥0.5 mg/dL from the baseline to 48 hr after contrast media exposure) and/or acute pulmonary edema.ConclusionThe REMEDIAL III will test the hypothesis that the UFR‐guided hydration is superior to the LVEDP‐guided hydration to prevent the composite of CIAKI and/or acute pulmonary edema.
Sulfidation of Hierarchical NiAl−LDH/Ni−MOF Composite for High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Zheng Wenwen , Sun Shiguo , Xu Yongqian , Yu Ruijin , Li Hongjuan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDesigning nanocomposites with good electrochemical properties is the key to studying electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this paper, we report a well‐defined composite (NiAl‐LDH/Ni−MOF/S) prepared in three steps. After the synthesis of LDH nanoplates through a hydrothermal method, the MOF nanosheets were grown on its surface by in situ nucleation. In this procedure, the synergistic effect of MOF and LDH will improve the specific capacitance. Afterwards, the composite was subjected to a sulfidation treatment to enhance its electrical conductivity. Consequently, the NiAl‐LDH/Ni−MOF/S has an excellent specific capacitance (1670 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and rate capability (65 % from 1 to 30 A g−1). Moreover, an asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was assembled with NiAl‐LDH/Ni−MOF/S as cathode and activated carbon as anode. The ASC displays a maximum energy density (35.4 Wh kg−1) and outstanding cycle stability (retention of 96.4 % after 10000 cycles at 10 A g−1), demonstrating the potential of the electrode for use in high‐efficiency electrochemical capacitors.
Realization of Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Electrocatalysis by In Situ Stabilization of Co Nanoparticles in a Redox‐Active Donor‐Acceptor Porous Organic Polymer
Authors: Singh Ashish , Samanta Debabrata , Maji Tapas Kumar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBifunctional electrocatalysts that can catalyze both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions have high significance in the development of energy storage materials such as fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. Here, we have designed and synthesized a redox active porous organic polymer (TAPA‐PG) by the Schiff base condensation reaction between 4,4′,4′′‐triaminotriphenylamine (TAPA, donor) and 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (PG, acceptor). The TAPA‐PG possesses permanent microporosity and shows spherical nano‐morphologies with diameter of 400–500 nm. TAPA‐PG shows electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with an overpotential of 190 mV. Interestingly, TAPA‐PG is found to be efficient for in situ reduction of the Co(II) to Co(0) under ambient conditions, and results in a cobalt nanoparticles‐stabilized polymer matrix (Co@TAPA‐PG). Co@TAPA‐PG displays bifunctional electrocatalytic activity for ORR as well as oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Co@TAPA‐PG shows improved ORR catalysis as the overpotential dropped down significantly to 120 mV. The OER catalytic performance results in the maximum current density of 15.8 mA/cm2.The overpotential for OER is found to be 560 mV at the current density of 10 mA/cm2.
Glycine Substitution Effects on the Supramolecular Morphology and Rigidity of Cell‐Adhesive Amphiphilic Peptides
Authors: Ishida Atsuya , Watanabe Go , Oshikawa Mio , Ajioka Itsuki , Muraoka Takahiro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelf‐assembling peptides that are capable of adopting β‐sheet structures can generate nanofibers that lead to hydrogel formation. Herein, to tune the supramolecular morphologies, mechanical properties, and stimuli responses of the hydrogels, we investigated glycine substitution in a β‐sheet‐forming amphiphilic peptide. Glycine substitution generally enhances conformational flexibility. Indeed, glycine substitution in an amphiphilic peptide weakened the hydrogels or even inhibited the gelation. However, unexpectedly, glycine substitution at the center of the peptide molecule significantly enhanced the hydrogel stiffness. The central glycine substitution affected the molecular packing and led to twisted β‐sheet structures and to nanofiber bundling, which likely led to the stiffened hydrogel. Importantly, the supramolecular structures were accurately predicted by molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrating the helpfulness of these techniques for the identification of self‐assembling peptides. The hydrogel formed by the amphiphilic peptide with the central glycine substitution had cell adhesive function, and showed a reversible thermal gel‐to‐sol transition. Thus, glycine substitution is effective in modulating self‐assembling structures, rheological properties, and dynamics of biofunctional self‐assembling peptides.
Ring‐Opening 1,3‐Aminochalcogenation of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes: A Three‐Component Approach
Authors: Augustin André U. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA 1,3‐aminothiolation was realized by reacting 2‐substituted cyclopropane 1,1‐dicarboxylates with sulfonamides and N‐(arylthio)succinimides. Under Sn(OTf)2 catalysis the transformation proceeded smoothly to the corresponding ring‐opened products bearing the sulfonamide in the 1‐position next to the donor and the arylthio residue in the 3‐position next to the acceptor. The procedure was extended to the corresponding selenium analogues by employing N‐(phenylseleno)succinimides as an electrophilic selenium source.
A Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for the Conversion of Indoles to α‐(3‐Indolyl) Ketones by Using 2‐Benzyloxy Aldehydes
Authors: Banerjee Ankush , Maji Modhu Sudan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA Brønsted acid catalyzed, operationally simple, scalable route to several functionalized α‐(3‐indolyl) ketones has been developed and the long‐standing regioisomeric issue has been eliminated by choosing appropriate carbonyls. A readily available and cheap bottle reagent was used as the catalyst. This protocol was also applicable to the synthesis of densely functionalized α‐(3‐pyrrolyl) ketones. A detailed mechanistic study confirmed the involvement of enolether as a reaction intermediate. Several postsynthetic modifications along with easy access to β‐carboline, tryptamines, tryptophols, and spiro‐indolenine proclaim the synthetic utility of this powerful building block. On the basis of this concept, functionalized carbazoles were constructed by a cascade annulation strategy.
Synthesis of 1,4‐Thiazepane‐Based Curcuminoids with Promising Anticancer Activity
Authors: Theppawong Atiruj , Van de Walle Tim , Van Hecke Kristof , Grootaert Charlotte , Van Camp John , D'hooghe Matthias 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurcumin, the main component of turmeric (Curcuma longa) is known to display an interesting bioactivity profile, including pronounced anticancer properties. However, its low bioavailability, metabolic instability and nonspecific activity are concerns that have to be addressed before curcuminoids can be considered for therapeutic applications. Within that framework, intensive research has been carried out in the last decades to develop new curcumin derivatives, generally centered on standard modifications of the sp2 curcumin framework, with the aim to augment its bioavailability while maintaining or improving its anticancer properties. To find potential hit molecules by moving away from the classical flat curcumin framework, we investigated an unexplored modification to produce novel, out‐of‐plane 1,4‐thiazepane‐based curcuminoids and assessed the impact of this modification on the biological activity. In this way, 21 new, structurally diverse thiazepane scaffolds (4‐aryl‐1‐(7‐aryl‐1,4‐thiazepan‐5‐ylidene)but‐3‐en‐2‐ones) were synthesized, as well as some biologically interesting unexpected reaction products (such as 5‐aryl‐6‐arylmethylene‐3‐ethoxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones and 4‐acetyl‐5‐aryl‐2‐(3‐arylacryloyl)‐3‐methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones). All these analogues were subsequently tested on their antioxidant capacity, their cytotoxicity properties and their ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. Many compounds demonstrated interesting activities, with ten curcuminoids, whereof eight 1,4‐thiazepane‐based, showing better antiproliferative properties compared to their mother compounds, as well as an increased ROS production. This unprecedented 3D curcumin modification has thus delivered promising new hit compounds with good activity profiles eligible for further exploration.
Multivalent C−H⋅⋅⋅Cl/Br−C Interactions Directing the Resolution of Dynamic and Twisted Capsules
Authors: Pavlović Radoslav Z. , Zhiquan Lei , Güney Murat , Lalisse Remy F. , Hopf Ryan G. , Gallucci Judith , Moore Curtis , Xie Han , Hadad Christopher M. , Badjić Jovica D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this work, we report a mechanism by which stereoisomeric and twisted capsules P/M‐1 direct their dynamic chirality in the presence of haloalkane guests. The capsule comprises a static, but twisted, cage that is linked to a dynamic tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) lid at its top. From the results of experimental (NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography) and computational (DFT) studies, the TPA lid was shown to assume clockwise (+) and counterclockwise (−) folds with diastereomeric (but racemic) capsules M‐1(+) and M‐1(−) interconverting at a rapid rate (ΔG≠189K=9.1 kcal mol−1). The relative stability of the capsules was found to be a function of guest(s) residing in their interior (243/262 Å3) with small CH2Cl2 (61 Å3) yielding roughly equal population of diastereomeric inclusion complexes. Larger guests, such as CCl4 (89 Å3) and CBr4 (108 Å3), however, formed M‐1(−)⊂CX4 at the expense of M‐1(+)⊂CX4 in circa 3:1 ratio. To account for the observation, theory (DFT:M06‐2X/6–31+G*) and experiments (1H NMR spectroscopy) were used to deduce that CX4 guests become localized inside the twisted cage of the capsule by forming a C−X⋅⋅⋅π halogen bond [Nc=d/(rH+rX)=0.91–0.92] with the benzene “floor” while encountering electrostatic repulsions with closer naphthalimide boundaries. At last, the TPA lid used its central methylene hydrogens to establish, within the M‐1(−)⊂CX4, three stabilizing C−H⋅⋅⋅X−C interactions with the guest. The same C−H⋅⋅⋅X−C interactions, however, became weaker (or possibly vanished) after the conformational reorganization of the lid and the formation of less stable M‐1(+)⊂CX4 complex. On individual basis, C−H⋅⋅⋅X−C intermolecular contacts are weak and hardly detectable in the solution phase. In the case of capsule P/M‐1, however, these contacts were multivalent and altogether strong enough to direct the host's dynamic chirality.
Air‐Liquid Interfacial Self‐Assembly of Two‐Dimensional Periodic Nanostructured Arrays
Authors: Liu Dilong , Cai Weiping , Marin Melinda , Yin Yadong , Li Yue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe large‐scale fabrication of two‐dimensional periodic nanostructures in high quality holds great promises for building novel nanoscale devices. They have been conventionally produced using interface‐mediated self‐assembly strategies such as the Langmuir‐Blodgett and oil‐water interfacial assembly methods, which however are limited by the stringent requirements for the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the particle surface. In this article, we review the recent progress on the air‐liquid interfacial self‐assembly to demonstrate that such strategies are simple, inexpensive, effective, scalable, and versatile in the fabrication of two‐dimensional periodic nanostructured arrays. They can be successfully employed to assemble nanoparticles of various compositions and surface properties into periodic nanostructured monolayer films, which find many important applications, for example, in the construction of colorimetric sensors for gas, chemical, and biomedical detection.
Computational and NMR Studies on the Complexation of Lithium Ion to 8‐Crown‐4
Authors: van der Ham Alex , Hansen Thomas , Lodder Gerrit , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Hamlin Trevor A. , Filippov Dmitri V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLithium ion selective crown ethers have been the subject of much research for a multitude of applications. Current research is aimed at structurally rigidifying crown ethers, as restructuring of the crown ether ring upon ion binding is energetically unfavorable. In this work, the lithium ion binding ability of the relatively rigid 8‐crown‐4 was investigated both computationally by density functional theory calculations and experimentally by 1H and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. Although both computational and experimental results showed 8‐crown‐4 to bind lithium ion, this binding was found to be weak compared to larger crown ethers. The computational analysis revealed that the complexation is driven by enthalpy rather than entropy, illustrating that rigidity is only of nominal importance. To elucidate the origin of the favorable interaction of lithium ion with crown ethers, activation strain analyses and energy decomposition analyses were performed pointing to the favorable interaction being mainly electrostatic in nature. 8‐crown‐4 presents the smallest crown ether reported to date capable of binding lithium ion, possessing two distinct conformations from which it is able to do so.
Assessing likelihood of using the Bruininks–Oseretsky test of motor proficiency to predict preclinical performance of dental students
Authors: Musawi Ammar , Barrett Travis , Nurrohman Hamid , Bhatia Shalini , Smith Kneka 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe acquisition of motor skills is a key competency for the practice of dentistry, and innate abilities have been shown to influence motor performance. Thus, finding the most efficient manual dexterity tests may predict performance of dental students. The current study used the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, to assess motor skills of first year (D1) and second year (D2) dental students.Materials and methodsThree fine motor subsets of the BOT‐2—fine motor precision, fine motor integration, and manual dexterity—were administered to D1 and D2 dental students in 2017 and 2018. The BOT‐2 subset scores of D1 students were compared with those of D2 students, who had preclinical dental experiences. For D2 students, we tested for correlations between BOT‐2 subset scores and performance scores in a preclinical operative dentistry course.ResultsNo differences were found between D1 and D2 students for any BOT‐2 subtest scores (all Ps > .09). No correlations were found between total scores of each BOT‐2 subtest and the operative dentistry course for D2 students (all Ps > .20).ConclusionsOur results suggested the BOT‐2 was not predictive of manual skills of dental applicants or preclinical dental students. Although we assumed students would perform well with instruction, practice, and feedback, we were unable to determine whether innate abilities influenced acquisition of manual dexterity skills. More research about the acquisition of technical clinical skills in dentistry is required.
Harnessing host–virus evolution in antiviral therapy and immunotherapy
Authors: Heaton Steven M 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPathogen resistance and development costs are major challenges in current approaches to antiviral therapy. The high error rate of RNA synthesis and reverse‐transcription confers genome plasticity, enabling the remarkable adaptability of RNA viruses to antiviral intervention. However, this property is coupled to fundamental constraints including limits on the size of information available to manipulate complex hosts into supporting viral replication. Accordingly, RNA viruses employ various means to extract maximum utility from their informationally limited genomes that, correspondingly, may be leveraged for effective host‐oriented therapies. Host‐oriented approaches are becoming increasingly feasible because of increased availability of bioactive compounds and recent advances in immunotherapy and precision medicine, particularly genome editing, targeted delivery methods and RNAi. In turn, one driving force behind these innovations is the increasingly detailed understanding of evolutionarily diverse host–virus interactions, which is the key concern of an emerging field, neo‐virology. This review examines biotechnological solutions to disease and other sustainability issues of our time that leverage the properties of RNA and DNA viruses as developed through co‐evolution with their hosts.