bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of tauopathy research funding between 2006 and 2016 reveals critical gaps in research priorities
Authors: Altimus Cara M. , Keller Kirstie , Brannelly Patrick , Ross Erin , Lin Chang‐Ting , Riley Ekemini A. U. , Briggs LaTese , Smith Jeremy , Stevens Melissa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases encompass a range of diagnoses, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Despite decades of advancements in understanding the neurobiology of individual diseases, this class has few disease‐modifying therapeutics and a paucity of biomarkers for diagnosis or progression. However, tau protein aggregation has emerged as a potential unifying factor across several neurodegenerative diseases, which has prompted a rapid growth in tau‐related funding. In spite of this growth, research funding in this area is not in line with the immense magnitude of disease burden, and drug discovery and clinical research remain underfunded. Coordinated, collaborative efforts are key to making an impact, which can and should be led by the major funding bodies within the tau space. Here we describe the development and analysis of a tau‐focused neurodegeneration funding database, which captures data from 2040 grants from 2006 to 2016. This database was developed as a public resource to allow funders, researchers, and policy makers to better understand tau funding patterns and to identify key funders and potential collaborations. This database can be used in conjunction with other neurodegenerative disease databases, such as the International Alzheimer's Disease Research Portfolio to gain specific insight into tau‐research funding. Over the study period, overall tau funding rose dramatically; however, changes in capital distribution also changed. Specifically, the field experienced a strong bias toward funding tau in the context of Alzheimer's disease, while at the same time generally decreasing the overall proportion of funding for basic research, treatment development, and evaluation. As funding organizations look forward, this resource can both inform future funding strategies and priority areas and identify potential collaborative efforts with complementary funding organizations.
Emergency Medical Services and Remote Medical Oversight in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, 2011–2013
Authors: Young Megann , Kim Thomas , Lessard Eli , Campagne Danielle , Spano Susanne , Farshidpour Leyla , Stroh Geoff 
Published: October 2018

Introduction The University of California San Francisco Fresno Department of Emergency Medicine provides base hospital support for the Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) emergency medical services (EMS) system. This descriptive epidemiologic study reports reasons the park EMS system is used and interventions provided, detailing the nature of patient encounters, type and frequency of injuries and interventions, reasons for base hospital contact, and patient dispositions. Methods Patient charts for all EMS encounters in SEKI from 2011 to 2013 were included, and relevant data were extracted by a single reviewer. Results Of the 704 charts reviewed, 570 (81%) were frontcountry patient encounters (within 1.6 km [1 mi] of a paved road); 100 (14%) were backcountry; and 34 (5%) occurred in undefined locations. Regarding sex and age, 58% of patients were men; 22% were younger than 18 y, and 15% were 65 y or older. More than 80% of calls occurred during the months of June through August. The most common complaints were extremity trauma (24%), torso trauma (13%), and lacerations (9%). Almost 50% of patients were transferred to a higher level of care. Medications were administered to 37% of patients, with oxygen being the most common. Procedures were performed 49% of the time, primarily intravenous access and splinting. Base hospital contact was made 38% of the time, most commonly (54%) for advice regarding disposition. Conclusions SEKI EMS providers encounter a wide variety of patients in various settings, including the backcountry. Resource allocation, training, and protocol development should be tailored to meet their needs.
“Cold Card” to Guide Responders in the Assessment and Care of Cold-Exposed Patients
Authors: Giesbrecht Gordon G. 
Published: October 2018

Introduction A concise, easy-to-use decision aid “Cold Card” that can be carried in the field by wilderness search and rescue teams or medical responders to advise on assessment and care of cold-exposed patients was created. Methods A 2-sided card was designed to summarize the important principles established by the Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for hypothermia. The card was continually updated through feedback from several content experts. The card was then distributed for further feedback from members of the Search and Rescue Volunteer Association of Canada and enrollees of the Baby It's Cold Outside web-based educational program. This additional feedback was used to create the final iteration of the card. Results On the front “ASSESS COLD PATIENT” side, the level of cold exposure or hypothermia is accomplished by evaluating (as either normal or impaired function) consciousness, movement, shivering, and alertness on a series of concentric rings. The important treatment actions are provided for each cold-exposure level. The back “CARE FOR COLD PATIENT” side provides the required elements and principles of use for a hypothermia wrap. The Cold Card is available for free download and unlimited use for education or in-field instruction by any individual or group. The card should be printed on heavy, waterproof stock (13×18 cm) for use in all weather conditions. Conclusions Key elements of hypothermia evaluation and field care have been summarized on a small portable card for laypersons, trained rescuers, and first responders.
Improvement of gram-negative susceptibility to fluoroquinolones after implementation of a pre-authorization policy for fluoroquinolone use: A decade-long experience
Authors: Lee Rachael A. , Scully Morgan C. , Camins Bernard C. , Griffin Russell L. , Kunz Danielle F. , Moser Stephen A. , Hoesley Craig J. , McCarty Todd P. , Pappas Peter G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveDue to concerns over increasing fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance among gram-negative organisms, our stewardship program implemented a preauthorization use policy. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between hospital FQ use and antibiotic resistance.DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingLarge academic medical center.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of FQ susceptibility of hospital isolates for 5 common gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Primary endpoint was the change of FQ susceptibility. A Poisson regression model was used to calculate the rate of change between the preintervention period (1998–2005) and the postimplementation period (2006–2016).ResultsLarge rates of decline of FQ susceptibility began in 1998, particularly among P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and E. cloacae. Our FQ restriction policy improved FQ use from 173 days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days to <60 DOT per 1,000 patient days. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility increased for Acinetobacter spp. (rate ratio [RR], 1.038; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.005–1.072), E. cloacae (RR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.013–1.044), and P. aeruginosa (RR, 1.013; 95% CI, 1.006–1.020). No significant change in susceptibility was detected for K. pneumoniae (RR, 1.002; 95% CI, 0.996–1.008), and the susceptibility for E. coli continued to decline, although the decline was not as steep (RR, 0.981; 95% CI, 0.975–0.987).ConclusionsA stewardship-driven FQ restriction program stopped overall declining FQ susceptibility rates for all species except E. coli. For 3 species (ie, Acinetobacter spp, E. cloacae, and P. aeruginosa), susceptibility rates improved after implementation, and this improvement has been sustained over a 10-year period.
Transmission of resistant Gram-negative bacteria to healthcare personnel gowns and gloves during care of residents in community-based nursing facilities
Authors: Blanco Natalia , Johnson J. Kristie , Sorkin John D. , Lydecker Alison D. , Levy Lauren , Mody Lona , Roghmann Mary-Claire 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the risk of transmission of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (RGNB) to gowns and gloves worn by healthcare personnel (HCP) when providing care to residents of community-based nursing facilities to identify the types of care and resident characteristics associated with transmission.DesignProspective observational study.Settings and participantsResidents and HCP from 13 community-based nursing facilities in Maryland and Michigan.MethodsPerianal swabs were collected from residents and cultured to detect RGNB. HCP wore gowns and gloves during usual care activities, and at the end of each interaction, these were swabbed in a standardized manner. Transmission of RGNB from a colonized resident to gowns and gloves was estimated. Odds ratios (ORs) of transmission associated with type of care or resident characteristic were calculated.ResultsWe enrolled 403 residents and their HCP in this study. Overall, 19% of enrolled residents with a perianal swab (n=399) were colonized with at least 1 RGNB. RGNB transmission to either gloves or gowns occurred during 11% of the 584 interactions. Showering the resident, hygiene or toilet assistance, and wound dressing changes were associated with a high risk of transmission. Glucose monitoring and assistance with feeding or medication were associated with a low risk of transmission. Residents with a pressure ulcer were 3 times more likely to transmit RGNB than residents without one (OR, 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–11.1).ConclusionsGown and glove use in community nursing facilities should be prioritized for certain residents and care interactions that are deemed a high risk for transmission.
Differential subsidence in the urbanised coastal-deltaic plain of the Netherlands
Authors: Koster Kay , Stafleu Jan , Stouthamer Esther 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe urbanised peat-rich coastal-deltaic plain of the Netherlands is severely subsiding due to human-induced phreatic groundwater level lowering, as this causes peat layers to compress and oxidise. To determine the potential susceptibility of this area to future subsidence by peat compression and oxidation, the effects of lowering present-day phreatic groundwater levels were quantitatively evaluated using a subsidence model. Input were a 3D geological subsurface voxel-model, modelled phreatic groundwater levels, and functions for peat compression and oxidation. Phreatic groundwater levels were lowered by 0.25 and 0.5m, and the resulting peat compression and oxidation over periods of 15 and 30 years were determined. The model area comprised the major cities Amsterdam and Rotterdam, and their surrounding agricultural lands.The results revealed that for these scenarios agricultural areas may subside between 0.3 and 0.8m; potential subsidence in Amsterdam and Rotterdam is considerably lower, less than 0.4m. This is due to the presence of several metres thick anthropogenic brought-up soils overlying the peat below the urban areas, which has already compressed the peat to a depth below groundwater level, and thus minimises further compression and oxidation. In agricultural areas peat is often situated near the surface, and is therefore highly compressible and prone to oxidation. The averaged subsidence rates for the scenarios range between 7 and 13mma−1, which is corresponds to present-day rates of subsidence in the peat areas of the Netherlands. These results contrast with the trend of coastal-deltaic subsidence in other deltas, with cities subsiding faster than agricultural areas. This difference is explained by the driver of subsidence: in other deltas, subsidence of urban areas is mainly due to deep aquifer extraction, whereas in the Netherlands subsidence is due to phreatic groundwater level lowering.
Is political knowledge unique?
Authors: Burnett Craig M. , McCubbins Mathew D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSurvey research shows that voters know very little about politics. Left unexamined is whether political knowledge is a distinct type of knowledge when compared to other subjects. We seek to establish a baseline by putting political knowledge into a broader context. We show that our respondents’ knowledge about politics is similar in construction to their knowledge about other subjects, such as shopping, sports, popular culture, geography, economics, and the rules of the road. We conclude that knowledge of politics largely resides on the same dimension as other knowledge topics, implying that knowledge of politics is not a unique construct.
FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD: ANTHROPOMETRIC
TRAJECTORIES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR CHRONIC
DISEASES IN GUATEMALA
Authors: Ng Carmen D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to study nutritional
status and growth, as measured by height and weight,
over the life course and their connection with
chronic diseases in Guatemala, a country with high
levels of child undernutrition and adult
overnutrition, using data from the Institute of
Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP)
Nutrition Trial Cohort study. The study sample
comprised a birth cohort of 1570 individuals who had
data in the original 1969–1977 survey as well as the
2002–2004 follow-up, allowing for an analysis of the
nutritional transition from childhood to adulthood.
The associations between childhood and adulthood
anthropometrics were analysed, and the links of
these with chronic disease indicators were assessed
using multiple regression analysis and structural
equation modelling. Moving upwards in nutritional
status from childhood to adulthood was observed
frequently in the study population. Unlike sex and
place of residence, early anthropometrics were not
generally found to be associated with adult body
mass index (BMI). However, direct relationships were
found between childhood nutritional status and
growth and adulthood high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting blood
glucose. Furthermore, these relationships were not
mediated by BMI. The findings were not sensitive to
the metric of childhood anthropometrics, as the use
of length-for-age, weight-for-age and
weight-for-length all resulted in similar
conclusions. These relationships demonstrate the
importance of early childhood conditions for
later-life outcomes. However, the lack of such
relationships for blood pressure suggests that the
biological links between childhood anthropometrics
and various chronic diseases might vary.
Semi-analytical inspection of the quasi-linear absorption of lower hybrid wave in presence of -particles in tokamak reactor
Authors: Cardinali A. , Castaldo C. , Ricci R. 
Published: October 2018

In a reactor plasma like demonstration power station (DEMO), when using the radio frequency (RF) for heating or current drive in the lower hybrid (LH) frequency range (Frankeet al.,Fusion Engng Des., vol. 96–97, 2015, p. 46; Cardinaliet al.,Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, vol. 59, 2017, 074002), a large fraction of the ion population (the continuously born$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-particle, and/or the neutral beam injection (NBI) injected ions) is characterized by a non-thermal distribution function. The interaction (propagation and absorption) of the LH wave must be reformulated by considering the quasi-linear approach for each species separately. The collisional slowing down of such an ion population in a background of an electron and ion plasma is balanced by a quasi-linear diffusion in velocity space due to the propagating electromagnetic wave. In this paper, both propagations are considered by including the ion distribution function, solution of the Fokker–Planck equation, which describes the collisional dynamics of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-particles including the effects of frictional slowing down, energy diffusion and pitch-angle scattering. Analytical solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation for the distribution function of$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-particles with a background of ions and electrons at steady state are included in the calculation of the dielectric tensor. In the LH frequency domain, ray tracing (including quasi-linear damping), can be analytically solved by iterating with the Fokker–Planck solution, and the interaction of the LH wave with$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-particles, thermal ions and electrons can be accounted self-consistently and the current drive efficiency can be evaluated in this more general scenario.
Word superiority effect for native Chinese readers and low-proficiency Chinese learners
Authors: CHEN LIN , PERFETTI CHARLES , LENG YING , LI YOU 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTWritten word recognition in Chinese links the perception of individual characters with whole words. With experience in reading, a high-quality word representation can provide top-down influence on the perception of its constituent characters, thus producing a word superiority effect (WSE). In experiments using the Reicher–Wheeler paradigm, we examined the WSE in two-character words for native Chinese readers (Experiment 1) and low-proficiency adult Chinese learners with Thai (Experiment 2a) and Indonesian (Experiment 2b) as native language backgrounds. For native Chinese readers, the WSE was smaller for high-frequency than low-frequency characters, reflecting rapid access to more frequently experienced characters and a consequent reduction of top-down word-level effects. Learners of Chinese, however, showed a strong WSE for both low-frequency and high-frequency characters, reflecting less well-established character representations combined with word-level knowledge sufficient to support character recognition. The results suggest that native Chinese readers develop strong representations at both the character and the word level, while low-proficiency Chinese learners are more dependent on the word level. We discuss the possibility that a word-level emphasis Chinese foreign language instruction is one reason for this pattern.
Optimal sliding mode control design based on the state-dependent Riccati equation for cooperative manipulators to increase dynamic load carrying capacity
Authors: Korayem A. H. , Nekoo S. R. , Korayem M. H. 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYCooperative manipulators have uncertainties in their structure; therefore, an optimal sliding mode control method is derived from a combination of the sliding mode control (SMC) and the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique. This proposed combination is applied to a class of non-linear closed-loop systems. One of the distinguished features of this control method is its robustness toward uncertainty. Due to the lack of optimality in the SMC method, in this paper, a robust and optimal method is presented by considering the SDRE in design of the sliding surface. Due to the fact that cooperative manipulators have been used for carrying loads, the percentage of load distributions between each manipulator has been derived to increase the dynamic load carrying capacity (DLCC). The proposed control structure is implemented on a Scout robot with two manipulators in cooperative mode, theoretically and practically using LabVIEW software; and the results were compared by considering the uncertainty in its structure. In comparison with the SDRE, the proposed method increased the DLCC almost 10% in the Scout case.
Design, analysis and optimization of Hex4, a new 2R1T overconstrained parallel manipulator with actuation redundancy
Authors: Xu Lingmin , Chen Genliang , Ye Wei , Li Qinchuan 
Published: October 2018

SUMMARYPMs with two rotations and one translation (2R1T) have been used as skeletons in various advanced manufacturing equipment where high accuracy and stiffness are basic requirements. Considering the advantages of redundant actuation and overconstrained structure, such as reduced singularities and improved stiffness, a new 2R1T overconstrained PM with actuation redundancy, called Hex4, is proposed in this paper. This is a 2-PUR/2-RPU PM (wherePdenotes an actuated prismatic joint, U a universal joint, and R a revolute joint) that is actuated by four prismatic joints. Compared with some existing 2R1T overconstrained PMs with actuation redundancy, the main advantage of the proposed PM is that the heavy motors of two limbs are mounted on the base to reduce the movable mass and improve dynamic response. First, mobility analysis, inverse kinematics, and velocity analysis are presented. Then, the local transmission index and good transmission workspace are used to evaluate the motion/force transmissibility of the Hex4 PM. The variation tendencies of the two indices with different link parameters are investigated. The singularity is then discussed by considering the motion/force transmissibility. Finally, link parameters are optimized to obtain an improved good transmission workspace. It is shown that the proposed PM has a good potential for high precision applications.
A High‐Resolution Belemnite Geochemical Analysis of Early Cretaceous (Valanginian‐Hauterivian) Environmental and Climatic Perturbations
Authors: Price Gregory D. , Janssen Nico M. M. , Martinez Mathieu , Company Miguel , Vandevelde Justin H. , Grimes Stephen T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Early Cretaceous Weissert event, characterized by a positive carbon isotope excursion and coincident with the Paraná‐Etendeka volcanism, saw a biogeochemical chain of events that ultimately led to an increase in carbon burial. A conclusive link between the Paraná‐Etendeka volcanism and its impact upon the environment remains, however, elusive. Here we reconstruct temperature through the Weissert event from Mg/Ca ratios of belemnites from the Vocontian Trough (France) and SE Spain and use carbon isotopes to link our temperature reconstruction to marine records of carbon cycling. We provide evidence that the Paraná‐Etendeka volcanism, unlike some large igneous provinces, did not cause a climate warming. The case can be made for cooling in the last stages of the Weissert event, which possibly reflects substantial CO2 drawdown. In the absence of warming and consequent accelerated hydrological cycling and the relatively long duration of the eruptive phase of the Paraná‐Etendeka, an alternate trigger for increased fertilization of the oceans is implicated.
Fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear in humans
Authors: Shi Le , Deng Jiahui , Chen Sijing , Que Jianyu , Sun Yekun , Wang Zhong , Guo Xiaojie , Han Ying , Zhou Yuxin , Zhang Xiujun , Xie Wen , Lin Xiao , Shi Jie , Lu Lin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFear is prone to return following extinction that is the basis of exposure therapy for fear-related disorders. Manipulations that enhance the extinction process can be beneficial for treatment. Animal studies have shown that fasting or caloric restriction can enhance extinction and inhibit the return of fear. The present study examined the effects of fasting on fear acquisition, extinction, and the return of fear in humans. One hundred and twenty-five male participants were randomized into a fasting group and food group and exposed to a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm. Changes in plasma cortisol and ghrelin levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. One-night fasting had no effect on fear acquisition but enhanced fear extinction retention and prevented the return of fear, and this effect persisted for at least 6 months. This procedure was also effective for remote fear memory. Plasma ghrelin levels were elevated after fasting and had a negative relationship with the fear response in spontaneous recovery test. However, overnight fasting did not affect cortisol levels. These findings indicate that fasting enhances extinction retention and prevents the return of fear, without influencing fear memory formation. We propose that this novel procedure may open new avenues for promoting extinction-based therapies for fear-related disorders.