bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coastal primary productivity changes over the last millennium: a case study from the Skagerrak (North Sea)
Authors: Binczewska Anna , Risebrobakken Bjørg , Polovodova Asteman Irina , Moros Matthias , Tisserand Amandine , Jansen Eystein , Witkowski Andrzej 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. A comprehensive multi-proxy study on two sediment cores from the western and
central Skagerrak was performed in order to detect the variability and causes
of marine primary productivity changes in the investigated region over the
last 1100 years. The cores were dated by Hg pollution records and AMS
14C dating and analysed for palaeoproductivity proxies such as total
organic carbon, δ13C, total planktonic foraminifera, benthic
foraminifera (total assemblages as well as abundance of Brizalina skagerrakensis and other palaeoproductivity taxa) and palaeothermometers
such as Mg∕Ca and δ18O. Our results reveal two periods with changes
in productivity in the Skagerrak region: (i) a moderate productivity at
∼ CE 900–1700 and (ii) a high productivity at ∼ CE 1700–present. During ∼ CE 900–1700, moderate
productivity was likely driven by the nutrients transported with the warm
Atlantic water inflow associated with a tendency for a persistent positive
NAO phase during the warm climate of the Medieval Climate Anomaly, which
continues into the LIA until ∼ CE 1450. The following lower and
more variable temperature period at ∼ CE 1450–1700 was
likely caused by a reduced contribution of warm Atlantic water, but stronger
deep-water renewal, due to a generally more negative NAO phase and a shift to
the more variable and generally cooler climate conditions of the Little Ice
Age. The productivity and fluxes of organic matter to the seafloor did not
correspond to the temperature and salinity changes recorded in the benthic
Melonis barleeanus shells. For the period from ∼ CE 1700 to the
present day, our data point to an increased nutrient content in the Skagerrak
waters. This increased nutrient content was likely caused by enhanced inflow
of warm Atlantic water, increased Baltic outflow, intensified river runoff,
and enhanced human impact through agricultural expansion and industrial
development. Intensified human impact likely increased nutrient transport to
the Skagerrak and caused changes in the oceanic carbon isotope budget, known
as the Suess effect, which is clearly visible in our records as a negative
shift in δ13C values from ∼ CE 1800. In addition, a
high appearance of S. fusiformis during the last 70 years at both
studied locations suggests increased decaying organic matter at the sea floor
after episodes of enhanced primary production.
Processes influencing heat transfer in the near-surface ice of Greenland's ablation zone
Authors: Hills Benjamin H. , Harper Joel T. , Meierbachtol Toby W. , Johnson Jesse V. , Humphrey Neil F. , Wright Patrick J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. To assess the influence of various heat transfer processes on the
thermal structure of near-surface ice in Greenland's ablation zone, we
compare in situ measurements with thermal modeling experiments. A total of
seven temperature strings were installed at three different field sites,
each with between 17 and 32 sensors and extending up to 21 m below the
ice surface. In one string, temperatures were measured every 30 min, and
the record is continuous for more than 3 years. We use these measured
ice temperatures to constrain our modeling experiments, focusing on four
isolated processes and assessing the relative importance of each for the
near-surface ice temperature: (1) the moving boundary of an ablating surface,
(2) thermal insulation by snow, (3) radiative energy input, and (4) subsurface
ice temperature gradients below the seasonally active near-surface layer. In
addition to these four processes, transient heating events were observed in
two of the temperature strings. Despite no observations of meltwater
pathways to the subsurface, these heating events are likely the refreezing
of liquid water below 5–10 m of cold ice. Together with subsurface
refreezing, the five heat transfer mechanisms presented here account for
measured differences of up to 3 ∘C between the mean annual air
temperature and the ice temperature at the depth where annual temperature
variability is dissipated. Thus, in Greenland's ablation zone, the mean
annual air temperature is not a reliable predictor of the near-surface ice
temperature, as is commonly assumed.
Elimination of Autofluorescence in Archival Formaldehyde-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Bone Marrow Biopsies
Authors: Su Wenxia , Yang Lin , Luo Xueping , Chen Meng , Liu Jinqin 
Published: October 2018

Context.—
High levels of autofluorescence in bone marrow tissue constitute a major obstacle to immunofluorescence analysis of bone marrow biopsies.

Objective.—
To present a simple, efficient method to eliminate autofluorescence in bone marrow biopsies.

Design.—
Autofluorescence of paraffin bone marrow tissues was examined in different hematologic disorders with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Strong autofluorescence was observed in primary myelofibrosis and acute leukemia with reticulin myelofibrosis in 488-nm and 561-nm channels. To eliminate autofluorescence, AutoFluo Quencher was used on bone marrow sections with different incubation times. The effects of AutoFluo Quencher on immunofluorescence analysis of bone marrow biopsies was tested using antibodies tagged with different fluorophores.

Results.—
AutoFluo Quencher thoroughly eliminated the strong autofluorescence of bone marrow but did not decrease the intensity of fluorophores, leaving the specific signals of target proteins clearly visible.

Conclusions.—
This study presents a simple, efficient method to eliminate autofluorescence in bone marrow paraffin tissue, and it opens the way to better results in the immunofluorescence analysis of bone marrow biopsies.
Patient-centered care interventions to reduce the inappropriate prescription and use of benzodiazepines and z-drugs: a systematic review
Authors: Mokhar Aliaksandra , Topp Janine , Härter Martin , Schulz Holger , Kuhn Silke , Verthein Uwe , Dirmaier Jörg 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundBenzodiazepines (BZDs) and z-drugs are effective drugs, but they are prescribed excessively worldwide. International guidelines recommend a maximum treatment duration of 4 weeks. Although these drugs are effective in the short-term, long-term BZD therapy is associated with considerable adverse effects, the development of tolerance and, finally, addiction. However, there are different interventions in terms of patient-centered care that aim to reduce the use of BZDs and z-drugs as well as assist health care professionals (HCPs) in preventing the inappropriate prescription of BZDs.AimThe aim of this systematic review was to identify interventions that promote patient-centered treatments for inappropriate BZD and z-drug use and to analyze their effectiveness in reducing the inappropriate use of these drugs.MethodsTo identify relevant studies, the PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Psyndex, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Studies with controlled designs focusing on adult patients were included. Trials with chronically or mentally ill patients were excluded if long-term BZD and z-drug use was indicated. Study extraction was performed based on the Cochrane Form for study extraction. To assess the quality of the studies, we used a tool based on the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials.ResultsWe identified 7,068 studies and selected 20 for systematic review. Nine interventions focused on patients, nine on HCPs, and two on both patients and HCPs. Intervention types ranged from simple to multifaceted. Patient-centered interventions that provided patient information effectively increased the appropriate use of BZDs. The educational approaches for HCPs that aimed to achieve appropriate prescription reported inconsistent results. The methods that combined informing patients and HCPs led to a significant reduction in BZD use.ConclusionsThis is the first review of studies focused on patient-centered approaches to reducing the inappropriate prescription and use of BZDs and z-drugs. The patient-centered dimension of patient information was responsible for a decrease in BZD and z-drug consumption. Further, in some studies, the patient-centered dimensions responsible for reducing the prescription and use of BZDs and z-drugs were the clinician’s essential characteristics and clinician-patient communication.
The effect of cutting and intensive grazing
managements on sward components of contrasting
ryegrass and white clover types when grown in mixtures
Authors: EVANS D. R. , WILLIAMS T. A. , JONES S. , EVANS S. A. 
Published: July 2002

A field experiment was established at the Institute of
Grassland and Environmental Research
(IGER), Aberystwyth, to compare the seasonal growth and annual yields of
two white clovers when
grown with each of five perennial ryegrasses. Swards were subjected
to two contrasting defoliation
managements, namely cutting only and continuous grazing with sheep.
In addition to data recorded
on dry matter yields of the swards, the effect of management on
growth and development of white
clover stolons and tillering of ryegrasses was also studied in the
third harvest year. The management
of the swards had a significant effect on ryegrass tiller number and
on the ingress of weed grasses.
Differences in persistency and tillering among the ryegrasses were significantly
greater when
continuously grazed by sheep than when swards were cut. It is
argued that ingress of weed grasses
under grazing could be used as an indicator of ryegrass persistency.
Among those studied, only two
of the ryegrasses were able to provide dense persistent swards under
continuous sheep grazing. The
white clovers included in this experiment differed in leaf size with
Gwenda smaller than Ac 3785.
Greater differences existed between white clover components when grazed
than when under cutting
management. Under continuous sheep grazing there were large differences
between the clover
varieties in stolon length, stolon weight, number of growing points and
root weight.The data indicate the importance of the persistence of mixture components

under continuous sheep
grazing and, since ryegrass is the main component of a clover/grass

seed mixture, greater emphasis
in breeding and evaluation programmes should be given to persistence, especially
under grazing.
The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus
upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in
sheep during late summer and autumn
Authors: MIN B. R. , McNABB W. C. , BARRY T. N. , KEMP P. D. , WAGHORN G. C. , McDONALD M. F. 
Published: July 2002

A grazing experiment, conducted for 55 days (from 4 March to 29 April) in the late summer/autumn
of 1997, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, compared the reproductive
efficiency and wool growth of ewes grazing Lotus corniculatus (birdsfoot trefoil) or perennial ryegrass
(Lolium perenne)/white clover (Trifolium repens) dominant pasture (pasture). Half the ewes grazing
each forage were given daily oral polyethylene glycol (PEG: molecular weight 3500) supplementation
to inactivate the condensed tannins (CT) in lotus. A rotational grazing system with 200 mixed age
ewes (54·2±0·88 kg/ewe; 50 ewes/treatment) was used.The effect of forage species and PEG supplementation upon voluntary feed intake (VFI),
concentration of plasma metabolites, reproductive efficiency, wool production and wool characteristics
was measured during two synchronized oestrous cycles. The ewes were restricted to
maintenance feeding for the first 12 days of each oestrous cycle and then increased to ad libitum for
the 6 days prior to and including ovulation. Lotus contained 17 g total CT/kg dry matter (DM) in
the diet selected. There were only trace amounts of total CT in pasture. In vitro organic matter
digestibility (OMD) was higher for lotus (0·82 v. 0·74) than for pasture, whilst lotus contained less
nitrogen (N; 37·8 v. 44·5 g/kg OM).Mean ovulation rates (OR) for CT-acting and PEG sheep grazing pasture and lotus were
respectively 1·33 v. 1·35 and 1·78 v. 1·56, with corresponding lambing percentages being 1·36 v. 1·36
and 1·70 v. 1·42. Fecundity (number of corpora lutea/ewe ovulating) was greater for ewes grazing
lotus than pasture (P<0·01), and tended to be greater for CT-acting than for PEG sheep grazing
lotus (P=0·06). In unsupplemented sheep, ewes grazing lotus had increased plasma concentrations
of branched chain amino acids (BCAA; 57%) and essential amino acids (EAA; 52%) compared to
ewes grazing pasture.In ewes grazing pasture, PEG administration had no effect on plasma concentrations of urea and
free amino acids, VFI, reproductive efficiency and wool production. However, in sheep grazing lotus,
plasma concentrations of urea were significantly lower and concentrations of most amino acids were
significantly higher for CT-acting than for PEG supplemented ewes (CT not acting); there was no
difference in VFI between these two groups. Compared to ewes grazing pasture, ewes grazing lotus
had similar VFI but produced more wool with longer staples and thicker fibre diameter, with there
being no effect of PEG supplementation.It was concluded that feeding lotus increased the efficiency of both reproduction and wool
production without an increase in VFI, and that a possible cause was the action of CT in increasing
plasma EAA and especially BCAA concentration.
Interaction of water waves with three-dimensional periodic topography
Authors: PORTER R. , PORTER D. 
Published: July 2002

The scattering and trapping of water waves by three-dimensional submerged topography, infinite and periodic in one horizontal coordinate and of finite extent in the
other, is considered under the assumptions of linearized theory. The mild-slope approximation is used to reduce the governing boundary value problem to one involving
a form of the Helmholtz equation in which the coefficient depends on the topography
and is therefore spatially varying.Two problems are considered: the scattering by the topography of parallel-crested
obliquely incident waves and the propagation of trapping modes along the periodic
topography. Both problems are formulated in terms of ‘domain’ integral equations
which are solved numerically.Trapped waves are found to exist over any periodic topography which is ‘sufficiently’
elevated above the unperturbed bed level. In particular, every periodic topography
wholly elevated above that level supports trapped waves. Fundamental differences
are shown to exist between these trapped waves and the analogous Rayleigh–Bloch
waves which exist on periodic gratings in acoustic theory.Results computed for the scattering problem show that, remarkably, there exist
zeros of transmission at discrete wavenumbers for any periodic bed elevation and
for all incident wave angles. One implication of this property is that total reflection
of an incident wave of a particular frequency will occur in a channel with a single
symmetric elevation on the bed. The zeros of transmission in the scattering problem
are shown to be related to the presence of a ‘nearly trapped’ mode in the corresponding
homogeneous problem.The scattering of waves by multiple rows of periodic topography is also considered
and it is shown how Bragg resonance – well-established in scattering of waves by
two-dimensional ripple beds – occurs in modes other than the input mode.
Flow regimes of large-velocity-ratio coaxial jets
Authors: REHAB H. , VILLERMAUX E. , HOPFINGER E. J. 
Published: July 2002

An investigation of the near-field flow structure of

coaxial jets with large outer to

inner velocity ratio ru

has been conducted. Since in all cases ru>1,

the outer jet

dominates the near-field flow structure. Two flow regimes are identified

depending on

whether ru is larger or smaller than a

critical value ruc. When

ru<ruc, the
fast annular

jet periodically pinches the central, slow jet near the

end of the inner potential cone.

The pinching frequency corresponds to the outer-jet mode. The length of
the inner

potential cone is strongly dependent on ru

and behaves like A/ru,

where A depends weakly on the initial conditions. When

ru>ruc,

the inner potential cone is truncated

and is followed by an unsteady recirculation bubble with low-frequency
oscillation.The transition from one regime to another is explained by a simple model
whose

ingredients are the turbulent entrainment rate,

governed by the outer-jet mixing layers

and mass conservation. This model satisfactorily predicts the dependence
of the inner

potential cone length on ru and

the critical velocity ratio ruc. The

recirculation bubble

has a wake-type instability. It oscillates at a low frequency and a large
amplitude

compared to the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode. Angular cross-correlations
in the plane

parallel to the jet outlet show moreover that this oscillation displays
an azimuthal

precession such that the rotation time of the phase of the oscillation
equals the

oscillation period. These salient features are discussed in the framework
of the

nonlinear delayed saturation (NLDS) model.
On phase kinks, negative frequencies, and other
third-order peculiarities of modulated surface waves
Authors: SHUGAN IGOR , VOLIAK KONSTANTIN 
Published: July 2002

Numerous laboratory and field experiments on nonlinear surface
wave trains
propagating in deep water (Lake & Yuen 1978; Ramamonjiarisoa &
Mollo-Christensen
1979; Mollo-Christensen & Ramamonjiarisoa 1982; Melville 1983) have
showed a
specific wave modulation that so far has not been explained by nonlinear
theories.
Typical effects were the so-called wave phase reversals, negative frequencies,
and crest
pairing, experimentally observed in some portions of the modulated wave
train. In
the present paper, in order to explain these modulation manifestations,
the equations
for wavenumber, frequency, and velocity potential amplitude are derived
consistently
in the third-order approximation related to the wave steepness. The resulting
model
generalizes, for instance, the well-known nonlinear Schrödinger equation
theory, to
which it transforms at certain values of the governing parameters.The stationary solutions to the derived set of equations are found in
quadrature
and then analysed. Within well-defined ranges of the model parameters,
these solutions
explicitly manifest the above-mentioned wave modulation effects. In particular,

they show the wave phase kinks to arise on areas of relatively small free-surface

displacement in complete accordance with the experiments.The model with deeply modulated wavenumber and frequency permits one
also to
analyse the appropriately short surface wavepackets and modulation periods.
In this
case, a variety of new interesting wave solutions arises revealing complicated
alteration
of smooth and rough portions of the free surface. Of special importance
are solitary
waves, naturally generalizing envelope solitons of the nonlinear Schrödinger
equation,
but having a varying frequency (as a principle of the proposed theory)
and a non-zero
wave ‘pedestal’ at infinity. These new types of modulated surface
waves should be
also observable in laboratory tanks and under field conditions, because
the relevant
free parameters of theory are not extreme.
A numerical investigation of resonant
interactions in adverse-pressure-gradient
boundary layers
Authors: LIU CHONGHUI , MASLOWE S. A. 
Published: July 2002

We present direct numerical simulations of the spatial development
of normal mode
perturbations to boundary layers with Falkner–Skan velocity profiles.
Values of the
pressure gradient parameter considered range from very small, i.e. nearly
flat-plate
conditions, to relatively large values corresponding to incipient separation.
In almost
all cases, we find that the most effective perturbation is one composed
of a plane
wave and a pair of oblique waves inclined at equal and opposite angles
to the primary
flow direction. The frequency of the oblique waves is half that of the
fundamental
plane wave and because the conditions for resonance are satisfied exactly,
all modes
share a common critical layer, thus facilitating a strong interaction.The oblique waves initially undergo a parametric type of subharmonic
resonance,
but in accordance with recent analyses of non-equilibrium critical layers,
the system
subsequently becomes fully coupled. From that point on, the amplification
of all
modes, including the plane wave, substantially exceeds the predictions
of linear
stability theory. Good agreement is obtained with the experimental small
pressure
gradient results of Corke & Gruber (1996). Our growth rates are slightly
larger flowing
to slight differences in initial conditions (e.g. the angle of inclination
of the oblique
waves).The spectral element method was used to discretize the Navier–Stokes
equations
and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method was used to solve the
resulting
system of algebraic equations. At the inflow boundary, Orr–Sommerfeld
modes were
employed to provide the initial forcing, whereas the buffer domain technique
was
used at the outflow boundary to prevent convective wave reflection or upstream

propagation of spurious information.
Gravitational settling of particles through density interfaces
Authors: SRDIĆ-MITROVIĆ A. N. , MOHAMED N. A. , FERNANDO H. J. S. 
Published: July 2002

Gravitational settling of dense particles through density interfaces
is common in
many environmental and engineering flow situations, yet very little research
has been
done to understand the mechanics of particle–stratification interactions.
To this end,
a detailed experimental study was carried out to investigate the settling
of solid
spherical particles through density interfaces. In these experiments, the
solid particles
first descended through a deep homogeneous layer, entered a thick pycnocline
and then
descended to another denser homogeneous layer. It was found that the stratification

has a significant impact on the settling of particles in the approximate
parameter
range 1.5<Re1<15, where
Re1=U1dp/v

is the Reynolds number based on the
particle entry velocity U1 to the stratified layer,

dp is the particle diameter and v
is
the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. In the above parameter range, the
particles tend
to drag lighter fluid from the upper layer into the stratified region,
thus increasing the drag
on them substantially and decelerating them within the stratified layer.
In the Froude number
Fr1=U1/Ndp
range
investigated, 3<Fr1<10, where N is the

buoyancy frequency of the stratified layer, the drag coefficient was found
to be an
order of magnitude larger than its homogeneous-fluid counterpart. The internal-wave

contribution to the drag was small compared to that of fluid dragged into
the stratified
layer, but substantial internal-wave activity could be detected after the
fluid dragged
from the lighter layer (the caudal fluid) detached from the particle.The minimum velocity of the solid particle within the stratified layer
was found to be given
by Umin/U1=
5.5×10−2Fr9/101,
occurring on a
time scale tmin/
(d2p/v)=
1.4×102Re−1.71, where

tmin was measured relative to the time of
the particle's
entry into the stratified region. Outside the parameter range
1.5<Re1<15, the drag on the
sphere in the density-stratified layer could be approximated to that in
a homogeneous
fluid, whence the bringing of lighter fluid into the stratified layer as
a tail behind the
descending particle was found to be negligible.