bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pilot study of the effect of force feedback training on students learning flexion-distraction chiropractic technique*
Authors: Rowell Robert M. , Gudavalli M. Ram , Silverman Steven 
Published: December 2018

Objective:
We compared traditional training alone and with the addition of force feedback training for learning flexion-distraction chiropractic technique.

Methods:
Participants were randomly allocated to two groups (traditional or traditional plus force feedback training). Students' forces were measured before training and after force feedback training. Students rated the helpfulness of the training and the comfort of the force transducer.

Results:
Thirty-one students were enrolled. Both groups delivered similar forces at baseline. Group 1 students' subsequent force measurements were higher after force feedback training. Group 2 students' forces were unchanged. Group 2 students were trained with force feedback for week 2 of the class, and forces were higher after feedback and similar to those in group 1. Students rated the training as very or somewhat helpful. Students also experienced discomfort as a patient and a student-doctor due to the force transducer that was used. Students who received force feedback training learned to deliver higher forces, which were closer to the forces delivered by experienced doctors of chiropractic. Students who did not receive force feedback continued to deliver lower forces.

Conclusion:
Force feedback helped students deliver forces closer to the desired force level and to learn this delivery faster than students who were not trained with force feedback.
Full 3D Printing of Stretchable Piezoresistive Sensor with Hierarchical Porosity and Multimodulus Architecture
Authors: Wang Ziya , Guan Xiao , Huang Huayi , Wang Haifei , Lin Waner , Peng Zhengchun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA soft piezoresistive sensor with its unique characteristics, such as human skin, light weight, and multiple functions, yields a variety of possible practical applications to skin‐attachable electronics, human–machine interfaces, and electronic skins. However, conventional filler‐matrix piezoresistive sensors often suffer from unsatisfactory sensitivity or insufficient measurement range, as well as significant cross‐correlation between out‐of‐plane pressure and in‐plane extension. Here, a stretchable piezoresistive sensor (SPS) is realized by combining a hierarchically porous sensing element with a multimodulus device architecture via a full 3D printing process. As a result, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity (5.54 kPa−1), large measurement range (from 10 Pa to 800 kPa), limited cross‐correlation, and excellent durability. Meanwhile, benefiting from the porous structure and mechanical mismatch design, which efficiently distributes the stress away from the sensing element, the device experiences only 7% resistance change at 50% stretching. This approach is employed to rapidly program and readily manufacture stylish, all‐in‐one, functional devices for various applications, demonstrating that the technique is promising for customized stretchable electronics.
Triboiontronic Transistor of MoS2
Authors: Gao Guoyun , Yu Jinran , Yang Xixi , Pang Yaokun , Zhao Jing , Pan Caofeng , Sun Qijun , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectric double layers (EDLs) formed in electrolyte‐gated field‐effect transistors (FETs) induce an extremely large local electric field that gives a highly efficient charge carrier control in the semiconductor channel. To achieve highly efficient triboelectric potential gating on the FET and explore diversified applications of electric double layer FETs (EDL‐FETs), a triboiontronic transistor is proposed to bridge triboelectric potential modulation and ion‐controlled semiconductor devices. Utilizing the triboelectric potential instead of applying an external gate voltage, the triboiontronic MoS2 transistor is efficiently operated owing to the formation of EDLs in the ion‐gel dielectric layer. The operation mechanism of the triboiontronic transistor is proposed, and high current on/off ratio over 107, low threshold value (75 μm), and steep switching properties (20 µm dec−1) are achieved. A triboiontronic logic inverter with desirable gain (8.3 V mm−1), low power consumption, and high stability is also demonstrated. This work presents a low‐power‐consuming, active, and a general approach to efficiently modulate semiconductor devices through mechanical instructions, which has great potential in human–machine interaction, electronic skin, and intelligent wearable devices. The proposed triboiontronics utilize ion migration and arrangement triggered by mechanical stimuli to control electronic properties, which are ready to deliver new interdisciplinary research directions.
Mass‐Manufactural Lanthanide‐Based Ultraviolet B Microlasers
Authors: Jin Limin , Wu Yunkai , Wang Yujie , Liu Shuai , Zhang Yuqi , Li Zhiying , Chen Xian , Zhang Wenfei , Xiao Shumin , Song Qinghai 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLanthanide (Ln3+)‐based ultraviolet B (UVB) microlasers are highly desirable for diagnostics and phototherapy. Despite their progress, the potential applications of UVB microlasers are strongly hindered by their low optical gain, weak light confinements, and poor device repeatability. Herein, a novel all‐in‐one approach to solve the above limitations and realize mass‐manufactural UVB microlasers is reported. The gain coefficient at 289 nm is improved from two aspects, i.e., the enhanced absorption via LiYbF4:Tm(1mol%)@LiYbF4@LiLuF4 core–shell–shell nanocrystals and the suppression of competitive ultraviolet emissions. Consequently, by spin‐coating the solution onto a patterned SiO2 substrate, high‐quality Ln3+‐based microdisks are formed by self‐assembly on each SiO2 pillar and UVB whispering‐gallery‐mode lasers are realized. The resulted lasing threshold is an order of magnitude smaller than the shortest deep‐ultraviolet emission at 310.5 nm. Importantly, the lasing wavelengths and mode numbers of UVB lasers are highly controllable and repeatable, making them suitable for mass production for the first time.
Intramolecular and Ferrier Rearrangement Strategy for the Construction of C1‐β‐d‐xylopyranosides: Synthesis, Mechanism and Biological Activity Study
Authors: Yao Yuan , Xiong Cai‐Ping , Zhong Ya‐Ling , Bian Guo‐Wei , Huang Nian‐Yu , Wang Long , Zou Kun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA stereoselective synthesis of C1‐β‐d‐xylopyranoside derivatives had been developed via intramolecular 1,3‐acyloxy migration/Ferrier rearrangement stategy from readily available propargylic carboxylates and d‐xylal. A combined catalytic system of chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I) (Ph3PAuCl) and silver hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) was found to possess the most effective of the reaction, and 20 examples tested the wide functional compatibility for these transformation. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectrum (IR), high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) and isotopic labelling experiments were utilized to investigate the C1‐glycosylation process. The relative configuration for the products was determined by two‐dimensional (2D) NMR NMR and electronic circular dichroism spectroscopy. 3‐(4,5)‐Dimethylthiahiazo(‐z‐y1)‐3,5‐diphenytetrazoliumro‐mide (MTT) cell viability assays indicated that three of them showed strong anti‐proliferative activities against human gastric cancer HGC‐27 cells with IC50 values of 17.09‐38.88 μM. This method opened up new horizons for the synthesis of bioactive C‐glycosylated molecules.magnified image
Chemoselectivity Switching in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reactions of 4‐Substituted‐1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles with Allenols: Noticeable Differences between 4‐Acyl‐ and 4‐Aryl‐Triazoles
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Fernández Israel , del Campo Teresa Martínez , Palop Guillermo , Toledano‐Pinedo Mireia , Delgado‐Martínez Patricia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTunable chemoselectivity (O‐ versus C‐attack) in the rhodium‐catalyzed reactions of allenols with 4‐substituted‐1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles has been achieved through the replacement of the 4‐aryl substituent by a 4‐acetyl moiety.magnified image
Catalyst‐Free Sulfonylation of (Hetero)aryl Iodides with Sodium Dithionite
Authors: Li Yuewen , Liu Tong , Qiu Guanyinsheng , Wu Jie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe commercially available and cheap sodium dithionite is used as the source of sulfonyl group for the synthesis of sulfones and sulfonamides from (hetero)aryl iodides under catalyst‐free conditions. During the reaction process, sodium sulfinates generated in situ are the key intermediate, which can be further converted into diverse sulfones and sulfonamides. This transformation proceeds through a radical process initiated by sodium dithionite, providing a convenient route to sulfonyl‐containing compounds.magnified image
2‐Alkynylaryl Aldehydes (Enynals) in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Li Longlong , Huang Dayun , Shi Chengjin , Yan Guobing 
Published: December 2018

Abstract2‐Alkynylaryl aldehydes are widely used in organic reactions. Their great success is rooted in their multiple functional groups. This review will focus on five kinds of triggered mechanisms: (i) aldehydes as electrophiles, (ii) alkynes as electrophiles, (iii) 5‐exo‐dig reactions, (iv) 6‐endo‐dig intermediates, and (v) imine intermediates via 6‐endo‐dig cyclizations. Reactions with alkenes, alkynes, arenes, malononitrile, alcohols, amines, amides, acetal, ketones, hydrazine, iodobenzene, azides, carbenes, arylboronic acids, amino acids etc. will be discussed. We hope that this review will pronote future research in this area.magnified image
Germany and Climate Protection: From Model Pupil to Laggard—Why Coal Phasing Out Makes Economic and Ecological Sense
Authors: Kemfert Claudia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGermany has gone from being a pioneer to a laggard when it comes to climate protection. The proportion of Germany's most polluting energy source, lignite, is higher than ever before. Renewable energies are being thwarted. There is no sustainable transport policy that focuses on traffic avoidance, relocation, and electrification as well as environmental, climate, and health protection—not even after the diesel scandal. The climate protection targets that are set are missed. A clever energy transition is different. Germany will only be able to regain its credibility as a climate protection world champion if the phase‐out of coal is initiated today and completed in a decade, a sustainable transition in transport is initiated and the entire energy system is converted to renewable energies. This creates enormous economic opportunities for a long overdue modernization of the German economy.
The Nitromethylation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenes Mediated by DDQ: N,N‐Dimethyl‐2‐Nitroethyleneamine as a Nitromethane Equivalent
Authors: Deng Zhiteng , Cheng Dongping , Xu Xiaoliang , Yan Jizhong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe nitromethylation of 1,3‐diarylpropenes via 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) mediated C−H oxidative activation is reported, in which N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐nitroethyleneamine is used as a nitromethane equivalent. The precedent method for the synthesis of 1,3‐diaryl‐2‐propenylnitromethanes is safe and easy to work‐up.
Oligomerization, Isomerization and Carboxylation of Alkanes and Alkenes with Galvanostatically Generated Superoxide in the Al/O2 Electrochemical Cell
Authors: Al Sadat Wajdi I. , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractConversion of low‐value, but thermodynamically stable chemical byproducts such as alkanes or CO2 to more valuable feedstocks is of broad‐based interest. These so‐called up‐conversion processes are expensive because they require energy‐intensive and catalytic interventions to drive reactions against thermodynamic gradients. Here we show that the nucleophilic characteristics of superoxides, generated galvanostatically in an Aluminum/O2 electrochemical cell, can be used in tandem with the intrinsic catalytic properties of an imidazolium/AlCl3 electrolyte to facilely upgrade alkanes (n‐decane), alkenes (1‐decene), and CO2 feedstocks. The aluminum/O2 electrochemical cell used to generate the superoxide intermediate is also reported to deliver large amounts of electrical energy and therefore offers a system for high‐energy density storage and for chemical up‐conversion of low‐value compounds. Chronopotentiometry, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to investigate the electrochemical features of the system and to analyze the discharge products. We find that even at room temperature, alkanes and alkenes are facilely oligomerized and isomerized at high conversions (>97 %), mimicking the traditionally produced refined products. Incorporating CO2 in the alkane feed leads to formation of esters and formates at moderate yields (21 %).
Ortsaufgelöste Beobachtung von Schwingungsenergietransfer durch ein genetisch codiertes ultraschnelles Heizelement
Authors: Baumann Tobias , Hauf Matthias , Schildhauer Fabian , Eberl Katharina B. , Durkin Patrick M. , Deniz Erhan , Löffler Jan G. , Acevedo‐Rocha Carlos G. , Jaric Jelena , Martins Berta M. , Dobbek Holger , Bredenbeck Jens , Budisa Nediljko 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEine Reihe theoretischer Studien setzt allosterischen Informationstransfer in Proteinen in Beziehung zu definierten Schwingungsenergietransfer(VET)‐Pfaden. Experimentelle Evidenz für diese Pfade ist rar, da für ihre Erforschung eine punktuelle Injektion von Schwingungsenergie in Proteine, d. h. eine lokale Erhitzung, benötigt wird. Um diese Experimente zu ermöglichen, haben wir den ortsspezifischen Einbau der nichtkanonischen Aminosäure β‐(1‐Azulenyl)‐l‐alanin (AzAla) mithilfe des erweiterten genetischen Codes etabliert. AzAla stellt eine Ausnahme der Kasha‐Regel dar: während die Aminosäure bei S1‐Anregung interne Konversion durchläuft und dadurch erhitzt, kann sie bei S2‐Anregung als Fluoreszenzmarker dienen. Wir haben PDZ3, eine Interaktionsdomäne des postsynaptischen Proteins PSD‐95, an verschiedenen Positionen mit diesem ultraschnellen Heizelement ausgestattet. Unter Verwendung von ultraschneller IR‐Spektroskopie konnten wir VET, ausgehend von AzAla innerhalb des Proteins, zu einem gebundenen Liganden auf einer Pikosekunden‐Zeitskala beobachten. Dieser Ansatz basierend auf dem genetisch codierten Einbau von AzAla ebnet den Weg zu detaillierten Studien von VET und seiner Funktion in einer Vielzahl von Proteinen.
Tracking the Process of a Solvothermal Domino Reaction Leading to a Stable Triheteroarylmethyl Radical: A Combined Crystallographic and Mass‐Spectrometric Study
Authors: Liu Bin , Yu Fei , Tu Min , Zhu Zhong‐Hong , Zhang Yuexing , Ouyang Zhong‐Wen , Wang Zhenxing , Zeng Ming‐Hua 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA new free carbon radical was obtained in a microwave‐assisted solvothermal reaction of the primary amine (1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)methanamine with FeCl3⋅6 H2O in methanol at 140 °C. Through a combination of crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, the reaction process was studied. The longest domino reaction includes 14 steps and forms up to 12 new covalent bonds (9 C−N and 3 C−C bonds) and 3 five‐membered heterocycles. For the first time, the homolytic cleavage of a C−O bond was used to synthesize a triarylmethyl radical.
Freezing‐directed Stretching and Alignment of DNA Oligonucleotides
Authors: Liu Biwu , Wu Tianyi , Huang Zhicheng , Liu Yibo , Liu Juewen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMost single‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides are random coils with a persistence length of below 1 nm. So far, no good methods are available to stretch oligonucleotides. Herein, it is shown that freezing can stretch DNA, as confirmed using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, thiazole‐orange staining, and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Lateral inter‐strand interactions are critical, and the stretched DNA oligonucleotides are aligned. This work also provides a set of methods for studying frozen oligonucleotides. Upon freezing, DNA oligonucleotides are readily adsorbed onto various nanomaterials, including gold nanoparticles, graphene oxide, iron oxide, and WS2 via the most thermodynamically stable conformation, leading to more stable conjugates.
An Activity‐Based Probe Targeting Non‐Catalytic, Highly Conserved Amino Acid Residues within Bromodomains
Authors: D'Ascenzio Melissa , Pugh Kathryn M. , Konietzny Rebecca , Berridge Georgina , Tallant Cynthia , Hashem Shaima , Monteiro Octovia , Thomas Jason R. , Schirle Markus , Knapp Stefan , Marsden Brian , Fedorov Oleg , Bountra Chas , Kessler Benedikt M. , Brennan Paul E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBromodomain‐containing proteins are epigenetic modulators involved in a wide range of cellular processes, from recruitment of transcription factors to pathological disruption of gene regulation and cancer development. Since the druggability of these acetyl‐lysine reader domains was established, efforts were made to develop potent and selective inhibitors across the entire family. Here we report the development of a small molecule‐based approach to covalently modify recombinant and endogenous bromodomain‐containing proteins by targeting a conserved lysine and a tyrosine residue in the variable ZA or BC loops. Moreover, the addition of a reporter tag allowed in‐gel visualization and pull‐down of the desired bromodomains.
Controlling Interfacial Charge Transfer and Fill Factors in CuO‐based Tandem Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Langmar Oliver , Fazio Ettore , Schol Peter , de la Torre Gema , Costa Rubén D. , Torres Tomás , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe designed and synthesized a series of novel electron‐accepting zinc(II)phthalocyanines (ZnPc) and probed them in p‐type dye sensitized solar cells (p‐DSSCs) by using CuO as photocathodes. By realizing the right balance between interfacial charge separation and charge recombination, optimized fill factors (FFs) of 0.43 were obtained. With a control over fill factors in p‐DSSCs in hand we turned our attemtion to t‐DSSCs, in which we combined for the first time CuO‐based p‐DSSCs with TiO2‐based n‐DSSCs using ZnPc and N719. In the resulting t‐DSSCs, the VOC of 0.86 V is the sum of those found in p‐ and n‐DSSCs, while the FF remains around 0.63. It is only the smaller Jscs in t‐DSSCs that limits the efficiency to 0.69 %.
Lithiophilic Faceted Cu(100) Surfaces: High Utilization of Host Surface and Cavities for Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Gu Yu , Xu Hong‐Yu , Zhang Xia‐Guang , Wang Wei‐Wei , He Jun‐Wu , Tang Shuai , Yan Jia‐Wei , Wu De‐Yin , Zheng Ming‐Sen , Dong Quan‐Feng , Mao Bing‐Wei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLithium metal anodes suffer from poor cycling stability and potential safety hazards. To alleviate these problems, Li thin‐film anodes prepared on current collectors (CCs) and Li‐free types of anodes that involve direct Li plating on CCs have received increasing attention. In this study, the atomic‐scale design of Cu‐CC surface lithiophilicity based on surface lattice matching of the bcc Li(110) and fcc Cu(100) faces as well as electrochemical achievement of Cu(100)‐preferred surfaces for smooth Li deposition with a low nucleation barrier is reported. Additionally, a purposely designed solid–electrolyte interphase is created for Li anodes prepared on CCs. Not only is a smooth planar Li thin film prepared, but a uniform Li plating/stripping on the skeleton of 3D CCs is achieved as well by high utilization of the surface and cavities of the 3D CCs. This work demonstrates surface electrochemistry approaches to construct stable Li metal–electrolyte interphases towards practical applications of Li anodes prepared on CCs.
Precise In Vivo Inflammation Imaging Using In Situ Responsive Cross‐linking of Glutathione‐Modified Ultra‐Small NIR‐II Lanthanide Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Mengyao , Wang Rui , Li Benhao , Fan Yong , Wu Yifan , Zhu Xinyan , Zhang Fan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTo improve the bioimaging signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), long‐term imaging capability, and decrease the potential biotoxicity, an in vivo cross‐linking strategy was developed by using sub‐10 nm, glutathione‐modified, lanthanide nanoprobes. After administration, the nanoprobes cross‐link in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the inflamed area and enable the quick imaging of ROS in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window. These nanoprobes could be rapidly excreted due to their ultra‐small size. This strategy may also be applied to other ultra‐small contrast agents for the precise bioimaging by in situ lesion cross‐linking.
Site‐Resolved Observation of Vibrational Energy Transfer Using a Genetically Encoded Ultrafast Heater
Authors: Baumann Tobias , Hauf Matthias , Schildhauer Fabian , Eberl Katharina B. , Durkin Patrick M. , Deniz Erhan , Löffler Jan G. , Acevedo‐Rocha Carlos G. , Jaric Jelena , Martins Berta M. , Dobbek Holger , Bredenbeck Jens , Budisa Nediljko 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAllosteric information transfer in proteins has been linked to distinct vibrational energy transfer (VET) pathways in a number of theoretical studies. Experimental evidence for such pathways, however, is sparse because site‐selective injection of vibrational energy into a protein, that is, localized heating, is required for their investigation. Here, we solved this problem by the site‐specific incorporation of the non‐canonical amino acid β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐l‐alanine (AzAla) through genetic code expansion. As an exception to Kasha's rule, AzAla undergoes ultrafast internal conversion and heating after S1 excitation while upon S2 excitation, it serves as a fluorescent label. We equipped PDZ3, a protein interaction domain of postsynaptic density protein 95, with this ultrafast heater at two distinct positions. We indeed observed VET from the incorporation sites in the protein to a bound peptide ligand on the picosecond timescale by ultrafast IR spectroscopy. This approach based on genetically encoded AzAla paves the way for detailed studies of VET and its role in a wide range of proteins.
PdII‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Oxidative C−H/C−H Cross‐Coupling Reaction between Ferrocenes and Azoles
Authors: Cai Zhong‐Jian , Liu Chen‐Xu , Gu Qing , Zheng Chao , You Shu‐Li 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAsymmetric C−H bond functionalization reaction is one of the most efficient and straightforward methods for the synthesis of optically active molecules. Herein we disclose an asymmetric C−H/C−H cross‐coupling reaction of ferrocenes with azoles such as oxazoles and thiazoles. Palladium(II)/monoprotected amino acid (MPAA) catalytic system which exhibits excellent reactivity and regioselectivity for oxazoles and thiazoles. This method offers a powerful strategy for constructing planar chiral ferrocenes. Mechanistic studies suggest that the C−H bond cleavage of azoles is likely proceeding through a SEAr process and may not be a turnover limiting step.