bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Limits for the Brown Wheat Mite, in Colorado
Authors: Sitz Rachael A , Peirce Erika S , Luna Emily K , Cockrell Darren M , Newhard Laura , Peairs Frank B 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Brown wheat mites, Petrobia latens (Müller 1776, Acari: Tetranychidae), are sporadic yet economically damaging pests of winter cereals. In Colorado, their life history is closely tied to the development of winter wheat, where they are present in the field from crop planting in late September through harvest in early June. In order to withstand winter months, these mites are able to survive cold temperatures. However, the mechanisms of cold hardening and their temperature limits are unknown. This research documents the seasonal supercooling points of the brown wheat mite. Their seasonal average supercooling point stayed consistent throughout the year, never varying more than a degree from the overall average supercooling point of −17°C. The greatest variation in supercooling point was seen in the spring, during which supercooling point temperatures ranged from −9.2 to −25.5°C. We also documented the upper and lower lethal temperatures for the brown wheat mite. When comparing small nymphs to large nymph and adult stages, small nymphs were slightly more cold tolerant (lethal temperature estimates required to kill 99% of the population [LT99] were −30.8 and −30.6°C, respectively), but less heat tolerant (LT99 was 50 and 56°C, respectively).
Conventional Sampling Plan for Scouting Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Eggs on Tomato Fruits
Authors: Silva Ézio M , Crespo André L B , Farias Elizeu S , Bacci Leandro , Queiroz Renan B , Picanço Marcelo C 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The small tomato borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée), is an important pest of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in South and Central America. This pest is a potential threat for many tomato-producing areas and was listed in 2014 as an A1 quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Soon after hatching, the neonate N. elegantalis larvae penetrate the fruits where they feed until pupation. Therefore, effective N. elegantalis management relies on the timely scouting of egg densities to allow decision-making prior to penetration of neonates into fruits. This study aimed to develop a conventional sampling plan for scouting N. elegantalis eggs on tomato plants. The most representative and precise sampling unit was the most basal fruit cluster for plants bearing up to three clusters (S1 plants). For plants with more than three fruit clusters (S2 plants), the most representative and precise sampling unit was the combination of the second and third fruit clusters. Among the four variables evaluated (eggs/fruit, egg masses/fruit, percentage fruit with eggs, and percentage clusters with eggs), the percentage of clusters with eggs was the most economical for N. elegantalis sampling based on the number of samples and cost required. For this variable, the number of samples determined at the 25% error level was 42 and 36 samples for S1 and S2 plants, respectively. The sampling plan developed for scouting N. elegantalis is fast, reflects pest infestation in tomato fields, and costs less than US$1.50 per field scouted.
Associations Between Boys’ Early Childhood Exposure to Family and Neighborhood Poverty and Body Mass Index in Early Adolescence
Authors: Hails Katherine A , Shaw Daniel S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objective
To test relations between exposure to poverty, in the forms of family income and neighborhood deprivation, during three developmental stages, and children’s body mass index (BMI) in early adolescence.

Methods
Data came from a longitudinal sample of racially diverse, urban, low-income boys. Interactions between family income to needs and census-derived neighborhood deprivation at three developmental stages—early childhood (18 and 24 months), preschool-to-school entry (3.5 and 6 years), and school-age (8 and 10 years)—were tested in relation to BMI at age 11.

Results
There was a significant interaction whereby higher income predicted lower BMI only in the context of low levels of neighborhood deprivation in early childhood. In high-deprivation neighborhoods, higher income was associated with risk for overweight/obesity in early adolescence. This pattern was found to be specific to income and neighborhood deprivation measured in early childhood.

Conclusions
Findings have implications for policy relevant to obesity prevention. More research on associations between early exposure to poverty and later risk for obesity on low-income samples is warranted, as the relationship is likely complex and influenced by many different factors, including the family and neighborhood food environments and child health behaviors.
Ongoing astrometric microlensing events from VVV and Gaia
Authors: McGill P , Smith L C , Evans N W , Belokurov V , Lucas P W 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We extend predictive microlensing event searches using the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea survey and the second Gaia data release. We identify two events with maxima in 2019 that require urgent follow-up. First, we predict that the nearby M2 dwarf L 338-152 will align with a background source with a closest approach of $35^{+35}_{-23}$ mas on 2019 November $16^{+28}_{-27}$ d. This will cause a peak astrometric shift and photometric amplification of the background source of $2.7^{+3.5}_{-1.5}$ mas and $5.6^{+143.2}_{-5.2}$ mmag, respectively. This event should be astrometrically detectable by both the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument on the Very Large Telescope. Secondly, we predict that the likely K dwarf NLTT 45128 will lens a background source with a closest approach of $105.3^{+12.2}_{-11.7}$ mas on 2019 September $26^{+15}_{-15}$ d. This will produce a peak astrometric shift of $0.329^{+0.065}_{-0.059}$ mas. NLTT 45128 is only 3.6 mag brighter than the background source which makes it an excellent candidate for follow-up with HST. Characterization of these signals will allow direct gravitational masses to be inferred for both L 338-152 and NLTT 45128 with an estimated precision of ∼9 and ∼13 per cent, respectively.
A Fast Likelihood Method to Reconstruct and Visualize Ancestral Scenarios
Authors: Ishikawa Sohta A , Zhukova Anna , Iwasaki Wataru , Gascuel Olivier 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe reconstruction of ancestral scenarios is widely used to study the evolution of characters along phylogenetic trees. One commonly uses the marginal posterior probabilities of the character states, or the joint reconstruction of the most likely scenario. However, marginal reconstructions provide users with state probabilities, which are difficult to interpret and visualize, whereas joint reconstructions select a unique state for every tree node and thus do not reflect the uncertainty of inferences.We propose a simple and fast approach, which is in between these two extremes. We use decision-theory concepts (namely, the Brier score) to associate each node in the tree to a set of likely states. A unique state is predicted in tree regions with low uncertainty, whereas several states are predicted in uncertain regions, typically around the tree root. To visualize the results, we cluster the neighboring nodes associated with the same states and use graph visualization tools. The method is implemented in the PastML program and web server.The results on simulated data demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the approach. PastML was applied to the phylogeography of Dengue serotype 2 (DENV2), and the evolution of drug resistances in a large HIV data set. These analyses took a few minutes and provided convincing results. PastML retrieved the main transmission routes of human DENV2 and showed the uncertainty of the human-sylvatic DENV2 geographic origin. With HIV, the results show that resistance mutations mostly emerge independently under treatment pressure, but resistance clusters are found, corresponding to transmissions among untreated patients.
RAB35 depletion affects spindle formation and actin-based spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wan Xiang , Wang Hong-Hui , Pan Meng-Hao , Pan Zhen-Nan , Sun Shao-Chen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMammalian oocyte maturation involves a unique asymmetric cell division, in which meiotic spindle formation and actin filament-mediated spindle migration to the oocyte cortex are key processes. Here, we report that the vesicle trafficking regulator, RAB35 GTPase, is involved in regulating cytoskeleton dynamics in mouse oocytes. RAB35 GTPase mainly accumulated at the meiotic spindle periphery and cortex during oocyte meiosis. Depletion of RAB35 by morpholino microinjection led to aberrant polar body extrusion and asymmetric division defects in almost half the treated oocytes. We also found that RAB35 affected SIRT2 and αTAT for tubulin acetylation, which further modulated microtubule stability and meiotic spindle formation. Additionally, we found that RAB35 associated with RHOA in oocytes and modulated the ROCK–cofilin pathway for actin assembly, which further facilitated spindle migration for oocyte asymmetric division. Importantly, microinjection of Myc-Rab35 cRNA into RAB35-depleted oocytes could significantly rescue these defects. In summary, our results suggest that RAB35 GTPase has multiple roles in spindle stability and actin-mediated spindle migration in mouse oocyte meiosis.
The glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain recognizes RNA hairpin structures with high affinity
Authors: Parsonnet Nicholas V , Lammer Nickolaus C , Holmes Zachariah E , Batey Robert T , Wuttke Deborah S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binds the noncoding RNA Gas5 via its DNA-binding domain (DBD) with functional implications in pro-apoptosis signaling. Here, we report a comprehensive in vitro binding study where we have determined that GR-DBD is a robust structure-specific RNA-binding domain. GR-DBD binds to a diverse range of RNA hairpin motifs, both synthetic and biologically derived, with apparent mid-nanomolar affinity while discriminating against uniform dsRNA. As opposed to dimeric recognition of dsDNA, GR-DBD binds to RNA as a monomer and confers high affinity primarily through electrostatic contacts. GR-DBD adopts a discrete RNA-bound state, as assessed by NMR, distinct from both free and DNA-bound. NMR and alanine mutagenesis suggest a heightened involvement of the C-terminal α-helix of the GR-DBD in RNA-binding. RNA competes for binding with dsDNA and occurs in a similar affinity range as dimer binding to the canonical DNA element. Given the prevalence of RNA hairpins within the transcriptome, our findings strongly suggest that many RNAs have potential to impact GR biology.
Tobacco Cessation in Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion States Versus Non-expansion States
Authors: Bailey Steffani R , Marino Miguel , Ezekiel-Herrera David , Schmidt Teresa , Angier Heather , Hoopes Megan J , DeVoe Jennifer E , Heintzman John , Huguet Nathalie 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Community health centers (CHCs) care for vulnerable patients who use tobacco at higher than national rates. States that expanded Medicaid eligibility under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided insurance coverage to tobacco users not previously Medicaid-eligible, thereby potentially increasing their odds of receiving cessation assistance. We examined if tobacco users in Medicaid expansion states had increased quit rates, cessation medications ordered, and greater health care utilization compared to patients in non-expansion states.

Methods
Using electronic health record (EHR) data from 219 CHCs in 10 states that expanded Medicaid as of January 1, 2014, we identified patients aged 19–64 with tobacco use status documented in the EHR within 6 months prior to ACA Medicaid expansion and ≥1 visit with tobacco use status assessed within 24 months post-expansion (January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015). We propensity score matched these patients to tobacco users from 108 CHCs in six non-expansion states (n = 27 670 matched pairs; 55 340 patients). Using a retrospective observational cohort study design, we compared odds of having a quit status, cessation medication ordered, and ≥6 visits within the post-expansion period among patients in expansion versus non-expansion states.

Results
Patients in expansion states had increased adjusted odds of quitting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28–1.43), having a medication ordered (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.44–1.62), and having ≥6 follow-up visits (aOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.28–1.41) compared to patients from non-expansion states.

Conclusions
Increased access to insurance via the ACA Medicaid expansion likely led to increased quit rates within this vulnerable population.

Implications
CHCs care for vulnerable patients at higher risk of tobacco use than the general population. Medicaid expansion via the ACA provided insurance coverage to a large number of tobacco users not previously Medicaid-eligible. We found that expanded insurance coverage was associated with increased cessation assistance and higher odds of tobacco cessation. Continued provision of insurance coverage could lead to increased quit rates among high-risk populations, resulting in improvements in population health outcomes and reduced total health care costs.
Reduced Transplacental Transfer of Antimalarial Antibodies in Kenyan HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants
Authors: Ray Jessica E , Dobbs Katherine R , Ogolla Sidney O , Daud Ibrahim I , Vulule John , Sumba Peter O , Rochford Rosemary , Dent Arlene E 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Altered neonatal immune responses may contribute to the increased morbidity observed in HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants compared with HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants. We sought to examine the effects of prenatal HIV and malaria exposure on maternal and neonatal plasma cytokine profiles and transplacental antibody transfer.

Methods
Forty-nine HIV+ and 50 HIV- women and their HIV-uninfected neonate pairs from Kenya were assessed. All HIV+ mothers received combination antiretroviral therapy. Maternal plasma and cord blood plasma samples at delivery were tested for 12 cytokines, total IgG, and IgG specific to 4 vaccine antigens and 14 Plasmodium falciparum antigens.

Results
HIV+ mothers had lower levels of all 12 plasma cytokines at delivery compared with HIV- mothers, but there were no differences between HEU and HUU neonates. There were no differences in the cord-to-maternal ratios (CMRs) of vaccine-specific IgG between HIV+/HEU and HIV-/HUU maternal–neonate pairs. HIV+/HEU maternal–neonate pairs had significantly lower CMRs for 3 antimalarial IgGs—merozoite surface protein 9, circumsporozoite protein, and erythrocyte binding antigen 181—which remained statistically significant after adjustment for malaria in pregnancy.

Conclusions
In a cohort of optimally treated HIV-infected pregnant women, maternal HIV infection was associated with reduced transplacental transfer of antimalarial antibodies.
Nobeyama 45 m mapping observations toward Orion A. II. Classification of cloud structures and variation of the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio due to far-UV radiation
Authors: Ishii Shun , Nakamura Fumitaka , Shimajiri Yoshito , Kawabe Ryohei , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Dobashi Kazuhito , Shimoikura Tomomi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We present results of the classification of cloud structures toward the Orion A Giant Molecular Cloud based on wide-field 12CO (J = 1–0), 13CO (J = 1–0), and C18O (J = 1–0) observations using the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. We identified 78 clouds toward Orion A by applying Spectral Clustering for Interstellar Molecular Emission Segmentation (SCIMES) to the data cube of the column density of 13CO. Well-known subregions such as OMC-1, OMC-2/3, OMC-4, OMC-5, NGC 1977, L1641-N, and the dark lane south filament (DLSF) are naturally identified as distinct structures in Orion A. These clouds can also be classified into three groups: the integral-shaped filament, the southern regions of Orion A, and the other filamentary structures in the outer parts of Orion A and the DLSF. These groups show differences in scaling relations between the physical properties of the clouds. We derived the abundance ratio between 13CO and C18O, $X_{^{13}\mathrm{CO}}/X_{\mathrm{C}^{18}\mathrm{O}}$, which ranges from 5.6 to 17.4 on median over the individual clouds. The significant variation of $X_{^{13}\mathrm{CO}}/X_{\mathrm{C}^{18}\mathrm{O}}$ is also seen within a cloud in both the spatial and velocity directions and the ratio tends to be high at the edge of the cloud. The values of $X_{^{13}\mathrm{CO}}/X_{\mathrm{C}^{18}\mathrm{O}}$ decrease from 17 to 10 with the median of the column densities of the clouds at the column density of $N_{\mathrm{C^{18}O}} \gtrsim 1 \times 10^{15}\:$cm−2 or visual extinction of AV ≳ 3 mag under the strong far-ultraviolet (FUV) environment of G0 &gt; 103, whereas it is almost independent of the column density in the weak FUV radiation field. These results are explained if the selective photodissociation of C18O is enhanced under a strong FUV environment and it is suppressed in the dense part of the clouds.
Chaucer and Crusader Ethics: Youth, Love, and the Material World
Authors: Elias Marcel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this essay, I argue that the Squire’s portrait in the Canterbury Tales is indebted to fourteenth-century crusade discourse, and that the ideological differences between the Knight and the Squire are well understood in relation to contemporary debates on the ethics of crusaders. Drawing upon diverse literary and historical sources, I focus on three rhetorical juxtapositions, which, I argue, Chaucer appropriated from contemporary critics of the morals and conduct of crusaders: between aged wisdom and youthful passion to admonish their military intemperance; between love of God and love of the world, often couched in terms of chivalric love-service, to decry their vainglorious motives; and between humble and ostentatious attire to denounce their excessive attachment to the material world. The evaluative relation between the two pilgrims, established in the General Prologue, is developed in the Knight’s Tale and the Squire’s Tale. Within the Squire’s scope of experience, key episodes of the Knight’s Tale fulfil the role of cautionary exempla in a vein similar to those extensively deployed in writings on and by crusaders to illustrate the benefits and dangers of specific attitudes and behaviours. The Squire’s Tale, drawing upon the motif of the ‘noble infidel’, further exposes the deficiencies of the crusading philosophy of which its teller is a symbol.
Highly diverse mesophotic reef fish communities in Raja Ampat, West Papua
Authors: Andradi-Brown Dominic A. , Beer Angela J. E. , Colin Luigi , Hastuti  , Head Catherine E. I. , Hidayat Nur Ismu , Lindfield Steven J , Mitchell Catherine R. , Pada Defy N. , Piesinger Nikola M. , Purwanto  , Ahmadia Gabby N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; reefs 30-150 m depth) are poorly studied, with existing research heavily geographically biased away from the most species-rich reef regions. Yet, MCEs are of high interest because of their unique species and potential to act as refuges from the impacts of fishing. Using baited remote underwater video systems, we surveyed reef fish communities from 2 to 85 m depths throughout the Raja Ampat archipelago in West Papua, Indonesia – an area considered the heart of the Coral Triangle where coral reef biodiversity is greatest. We sought to provide the first assessment of fish communities across this depth gradient in the region and identify whether human population density and market access differently affected fish abundance based on depth. Here we show that—similar to shallow reefs—Raja Ampat MCEs are exceptionally diverse, with 152 fish species recorded at depths greater than 40 m. We found that fish community structures were highly depth driven, with declines in fish abundance at increased depth. In contrast to previous studies elsewhere in the world, we found that the proportion of planktivores declined across the shallow reef to MCE depth gradient. While greater human population density correlated with lower Epinephelidae and Lutjanidae abundance (two key fisheries families), we did not find evidence that MCEs provide a depth refuge from fishing. Surprisingly, we also found that fish abundance declined at greater distances from the major regional market – likely caused by historical fisheries pressure in more remote areas. These results both expand upon and contrast some previously established MCE-depth patterns and human impact patterns on fish communities, suggesting that regional context and historical pressures matters. Our findings highlight the need for future MCE studies within the Coral Triangle region.
Unique Transcription Factor Functions Regulate Epigenetic and Transcriptional Dynamics During Cardiac Reprogramming
Authors: Stone Nicole R. , Gifford Casey A. , Thomas Reuben , Pratt Karishma J. B. , Samse-Knapp Kaitlen , Mohamed Tamer M. A. , Radzinsky Ethan M. , Schricker Amelia , Yu Pengzhi , Ivey Kathryn N. , Pollard Katherine S. , Srivastava Deepak 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYDirect lineage conversion, whereby a somatic cell assumes a new cellular identity, can be driven by ectopic expression of combinations of lineage-enriched transcription factors. To determine the molecular mechanisms by which expression of Gata4, Mef2c, and Tbx5 (GMT) induces direct reprogramming from a cardiac fibroblast toward an induced cardiomyocyte, we performed a comprehensive transcriptomic and epigenomic interrogation of the reprogramming process. Single cell RNA sequencing indicated that a reprogramming trajectory was acquired within 48 hours of GMT introduction, did not require cell division, and was limited mainly by successful expression of GMT. Evaluation of chromatin accessibility by ATAC-seq supported the expression dynamics and revealed widespread chromatin remodeling at early stages of the reprogramming process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing of each factor alone or in combinations revealed that GMT bind DNA individually and in combination, and that ectopic expression of either Mef2c or Tbx5 is sufficient in some contexts to increase accessibility. We also find evidence for cooperative facilitation and refinement of each factor’s binding in a combinatorial setting. A random-forest classifier that integrated the observed gene expression dynamics with regions of dynamic chromatin accessibility suggested Tbx5 binding is a primary driver of gene expression changes and revealed additional transcription factor motifs co-segregating with reprogramming factor motifs, suggesting new factors that may be involved in the reprogramming process. These results begin to explain the mechanisms by which transcription factors normally expressed in multiple germ layers can function combinatorially to direct lineage conversion.