bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation in biosafety oversight: The Harvard Catalyst Common Reciprocal IBC Reliance Authorization Agreement
Authors: Caruso Rebecca , Myatt Theodore , Bierer Barbara E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIncreasingly, basic, translational, and clinical research has become more collaborative, resulting in multi-institutional studies that involve common approaches to a central question. For multi-institutional projects that involve recombinant or synthetic nucleic acids, Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) review is generally required at each separate site. Duplicative review may result in both administrative costs and delays, without evidence of increased safety or protections, and investigator frustration. To address these inefficiencies, IBC leaders drafted a collaborative IBC Reliance Authorization Agreement. The Agreement allows one or more institutions to cede IBC review to a reviewing IBC that accepts the responsibility. The ability to cede IBC review, and the ability to rely on one decision on behalf of all collaborating institutions for a given protocol, removes delays in approval of multi-center protocols, and collaborating principal investigators are able to focus on research rather than administrative tasks. In the process, we found promotion of this collaborative model led to stronger connections among institutions and among IBC members. The requirement for IBC member representation from the local community, however, limits its broader dissemination; we make several recommendations to mitigate this challenge.
All smoke, no fire? Sharing practices and political investment in two Italian cities
Authors: Polizzi Emanuele , Bassoli Matteo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe practice of sharing products, services, and other activities among people living in the same city has emerged as one of the most important waves of social innovation in recent years. However, the public and scientific debate have, to date, been mostly rhetoric and rarely relied on empirical evidence. A study of the role played by local institutions in governing the phenomenon is still lacking. This paper addresses the issue of the relationship between local governments and private actors in the sharing economy sector, exploiting the ‘political exchange’ approach. Departing from this governance perspective, it appraises the political exchange – and its outputs in terms of co-operation – underlying the governing structures in two Italian cases between 2014 and 2018. We thus bridge the gap between a theoretical understanding of the sharing economy and empirical cases, providing scholars with a framework to study this phenomenon which highlights the crucial impact of the political investment of public institutions.
Non-Newtonian slender drops in a nonlinear extensional flow
Authors: Favelukis Moshe 
Published: August 2019

In this theoretical report we explore the deformation and stability of a power-law non-Newtonian slender drop embedded in a Newtonian liquid undergoing a nonlinear extensional creeping flow. The dimensionless parameters describing this problem are: the capillary number $(Ca\gg 1)$, the viscosity ratio $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll 1)$, the power-law index $(n)$ and the nonlinear intensity of the flow $(|E|\ll 1)$. Asymptotic analytical solutions were obtained near the centre and close to the end of the drop suggesting that only Newtonian and shear thinning drops $(n\leqslant 1)$ with pointed ends are possible. We described the shape of the drop as a series expansion about the centre of the drop, and performed a stability analysis in order to distinguish between stable and unstable stationary states and to establish the breakup point. Our findings suggest: (i) shear thinning drops are less elongated than Newtonian drops, (ii) as non-Newtonian effects increase or as $n$ decreases, breakup becomes more difficult, and (iii) as the flow becomes more nonlinear, breakup is facilitated.
Estimation of the total sub-debris ablation from point-scale ablation data on a debris-covered glacier
Authors: Shah Sunil Singh , Banerjee Argha , Nainwal Harish Chandra , Shankar R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGlaciological ablation is computed from point-scale data at a few ablation stakes that are usually regressed as a function of elevation and averaged over the area-elevation distribution of a glacier. This method is contingent on a tight control of elevation on local ablation. However, in debris-covered glaciers, systematic and random spatial variations of debris thickness modify the ablation rates. We propose and test a method to compute sub-debris ablation where stake data are interpolated as a function of debris-thickness alone and averaged over the debris-thickness distribution at different parts of the glacier. We apply this method on Satopanth Glacier located in Central Himalaya utilising ~1000 ablation measurements obtained from a network of up to 56 stakes during 2015–2017. The estimated mean sub-debris ablation ranges between 1.5±0.2 to 1.7±0.3 cm d−1. We show that the debris-thickness-dependent regression describes the spatial variability of the sub-debris ablation better than the elevation dependent regression. The uncertainties in ablation estimates due to the corresponding uncertainties in the measurement of ablation and debris-thickness distribution, and those due to interpolation procedures are estimated using Monte Carlo methods. Possible biases due to a finite number of stakes used are also investigated.
Interpersonal Violence as an Intrinsic Part of The Civilizing Process
Authors: Braun Andreas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEven though Elias himself does not focus on an explicit theory on violence inThe Civilizing Process, due to his research question on pacific social processes, violence is not generally theoretically excluded. Against this backdrop, and contrary to criticisms regarding a general loss as well as a biological rather than a sociological explanation of violence, and besides theories that explain meso and macro-level violence within Elias’s framework, this article considers interpersonal micro-level violence as an intrinsic part of the civilizing process. Especially by supplementing Elias’s assumptions of drive control and self-constraint with recent neuroscientific findings, it is possible to conceptualize interpersonal micro-level violence as situational exceedance of a subjective threshold of pain. Here, despite a normative civilized frame of behavior, aggression, as a (neuro)biologically-based reactive drive, is no longer controlled by socially learned self-constraint, leading to violence as a subjectively perceived rewarding behavior and socially performed action.
On Populists and Demagogues
Authors: Patapan Haig 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe article seeks to understand what is specifically modern about populists, why we have difficulty in agreeing on who and what they are, and—importantly—how we can address the formidable challenge they present to contemporary democratic politics. It does so by detailing the classical conception of the demagogue and by showing how modernity, in its liberal and counter-liberal aspects, sought to solve conclusively the problem of the demagogue. It argues that modern populists face significant obstacles to their ambitions in the form of modern constitutionalism, yet are also armed with new weapons, including new concepts or “ideologies” for manipulation (such as “the people,” nation, race and class) and new rhetorical techniques (such as propaganda that exploits modern technology and mass media).
“EVERY SPERM IS SACRED”: PALESTINIAN PRISONERS, SMUGGLED SEMEN, AND DERRIDA'S PROPHECY
Authors: Hamdan Mohammed 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the contemporary phenomenon of smuggling sperm from within Israeli jails, which I treat as a biopolitical act of resistance. Palestinian prisoners who have been sentenced to life-imprisonment have recently resorted to delivering their sperm to their distant wives in the West Bank and Gaza where it is then used for artificial insemination. On the level of theory, my analysis of this practice benefits from Jacques Derrida's commentary inThe Post Cardon imaginative postal delivery of sperm to distant lovers. I use Derrida's heteronormative implication to examine how Palestinian prisoners defy the Israeli carceral system via the revolutionary act of sperm smuggling. The article then argues that smuggling sperm challenges the conventional gender codes in Palestinian society that see women in passive roles. Drawing on Derrida's metaphorical connection between masturbation and writing, I problematize the perception of speech/orality as primary in traditional Palestinian culture. Women, who mostly act as smugglers, become social agents whose written stories of bionational resistance emerge as a dominant mode of representation.
How can schistosome circulating antigen assays be best applied for diagnosing male genital schistosomiasis (MGS): an appraisal using exemplar MGS cases from a longitudinal cohort study among fishermen on the south shoreline of Lake Malawi
Authors: Kayuni S. A. , Corstjens P. L. A. M. , LaCourse E. J. , Bartlett K. E. , Fawcett J. , Shaw A. , Makaula P. , Lampiao F. , Juziwelo L. , de Dood C. J. , Hoekstra P. T. , Verweij J. J. , Leutscher P. D. C. , van Dam G. J. , van Lieshout L. , Stothard J. R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe provide an update on diagnostic methods for the detection of urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) in men and highlight that satisfactory urine-antigen diagnostics for UGS lag much behind that for intestinal schistosomiasis, where application of a urine-based point-of-care strip assay, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test, is now advocated. Making specific reference to male genital schistosomiasis (MGS), we place greater emphasis on parasitological detection methods and clinical assessment of internal genitalia with ultrasonography. Unlike the advances made in defining a clinical standard protocol for female genital schistosomiasis, MGS remains inadequately defined. Whilst urine filtration with microscopic examination for ova of Schistosoma haematobium is a convenient but error-prone proxy of MGS, we describe a novel low-cost sampling and direct visualization method for the enumeration of ova in semen. Using exemplar clinical cases of MGS from our longitudinal cohort study among fishermen along the shoreline of Lake Malawi, the portfolio of diagnostic needs is appraised including: the use of symptomatology questionnaires, urine analysis (egg count and CCA measurement), semen analysis (egg count, circulating anodic antigen measurement and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis) alongside clinical assessment with portable ultrasonography.
Promastigote secretory gel from natural and unnatural sand fly vectors exacerbateLeishmania majorandLeishmania tropicacutaneous leishmaniasis in mice
Authors: Giraud E. , Svobodová M. , Müller I. , Volf P. , Rogers M. E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLeishmaniarely heavily on glycans to complete their digenetic life cycle in both mammalian and phlebotomine sand fly hosts.Leishmaniapromastigotes secrete a proteophosphoglycan-rich gel (Promastigote Secretory Gel, PSG) that is regurgitated during transmission and can exacerbate infection in the skin. Here we explored the role of PSG from naturalLeishmania-sand fly vector combinations by obtaining PSG fromLeishmania (L.) major-infectedPhlebotomus (P.) papatasiandP. duboscqiandL. tropica-infectedP. arabicus. We found that, in addition to the vector's saliva, the PSG fromL. majorandL. tropicapotently exacerbated cutaneous infection in BALB/c mice, improved the probability of developing a patent cutaneous lesion, parasite growth and the evolution of the lesion. Of note, the presence of PSG in the inoculum more than halved the prepatent period of cutaneousL. tropicainfection from an average of 32 weeks to 13 weeks. In addition,L. majorandL. tropicaPSG extracted from the permissive experimental vector,Lutzomyia (Lu.) longipalpis, also exacerbated infections in mice. These results reinforce and extend the hypothesis that PSG is an important and evolutionarily conserved component ofLeishmaniainfection that can be used to facilitate experimental infection for drug and vaccine screening.
Vote Brokers, Clientelist Appeals, and Voter Turnout: Evidence from Russia and Venezuela
Authors: Frye Timothy , Reuter Ora John , Szakonyi David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModern clientelist exchange is typically carried out by intermediaries—party activists, employers, local strongmen, traditional leaders, and the like. Politicians use such brokers to mobilize voters, yet little about their relative effectiveness is known. The authors argue that broker effectiveness depends on their leverage over clients and their ability to monitor voters. They apply their theoretical framework to compare two of the most common brokers worldwide, party activists and employers, arguing the latter enjoy numerous advantages along both dimensions. Using survey-based framing experiments in Venezuela and Russia, the authors find voters respond more strongly to turnout appeals from employers than from party activists. To demonstrate mechanisms, the article shows that vulnerability to job loss and embeddedness in workplace social networks make voters more responsive to clientelist mobilization by their bosses. The results shed light on the conditions most conducive to effective clientelism and highlight broker type as important for understanding why clientelism is prevalent in some countries but not others.
Imperial Rule, the Imposition of Bureaucratic Institutions, and their Long-Term Legacies
Authors: Vogler Jan P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSignificant variation in the institutions and efficiency of public bureaucracies across countries and regions are observed. These differences could be partially responsible for divergence in the effectiveness of policy implementation, corruption levels, and economic development. Do imperial legacies contribute to the observed variation in the organization of public administrations? Historical foreign rule and colonization have been shown to have lasting effects on legal systems, political institutions, and trade in former controlled territories. Imperial legacies could also explain variations in the performance of public administrations. The author uses the case of Poland to investigate the long-term effects of foreign rule on bureaucratic systems. Historically, Poland was split between three imperial powers with very different public administrations: Prussia, Austria, and Russia. Statistical analyses of original data collected through a survey of more than 650 Polish public administrations suggest that some present-day differences in the organization and efficiency of bureaucracies are due to imperial legacies.
Anethole improves blastocysts rates together with antioxidant capacity when added during bovine embryo culture rather than in the in vitro maturation medium
Authors: Anjos J.C. , Aguiar F.L.N. , Sá N.A.R. , Souza J.F. , Cibin F.W.S. , Alves B.G. , Santos R.R. , Figueiredo J.R. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryWe performed the exposure of bovine oocytes to anethole during in vitro maturation (0 or 300 µg/ml), during in vitro embryo production (0, 30, 300 or 2000 µg/ml), or during both periods to determine the rates of 2−4 cells embryos, blastocysts rates and cells numbers, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Bovine ovaries (n = 240) were collected from a local abattoir after slaughter and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with homogeneous and non-dark cytoplasm, surrounded by two or more compact layers of cumulus cells, and an intact zona pellucida were selected for in vitro maturatuion (IVM). Mature oocytes were then submitted to in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro embryo production (IVP) in culture medium supplemented or not with different concentrations of anethole, as described above. Although IVM medium supplementation with 300 µg/ml anethole improved the rates of bovine blastocysts formation, we demonstrated that IVP medium supplementation with 30 µg/ml anethole, regardless of IVM medium enrichment, considerably enhanced blastocysts rates. Furthermore, ROS levels were decreased only when anethole was added to the IVP medium without previous IVM medium supplementation.
Incidental finding of type A aortic dissection in a paediatric heart transplant recipient
Authors: D’Addese Laura , Komarlu Rukmini , Zahka Kenneth 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAortic dissection causes significant morbidity and mortality in adults and treatment guidelines are based on well-documented risk factors. Conversely, dissection after orthotopic heart transplantation is very rare, especially in the absence of infection, hypertension, or donor–recipient aortic size mismatch. Several forms of CHD are associated with aortic dilatation, but the incidence of aortic dissection and aneurysm in children is also low, which makes use of adult guidelines in children challenging. We present a 17-year-old Amish female with a homozygous gene mutation in the MYBPC3 gene known to cause lethal, infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. She underwent orthotopic heart transplantation and then developed an asymptomatic aortic dissection despite no known risk factors.
Motivating residents to change communication: the role of a brief motivational interviewing didactic
Authors: Miller-Matero Lisa Renee , Tobin Erin T. , Fleagle Elizabeth , Coleman Joseph P. , Nair Anupama 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered approach that encourages patients to change behaviors. MI training programs have increased residents’ knowledge and use of MI skills; however, many residency programs may not have the time to dedicate to lengthy MI programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a brief MI didactic for residents in an academic internal medicine patient-centered medical home.

Methods:
Thirty-two residents completed a 1-h MI training between October 2016 and June 2017 and completed measures on their knowledge of, confidence using, and utilization of MI skills prior to the training, immediately after the training, and at a 1-month follow-up.

Results:
The residents’ knowledge of and confidence using MI skills increased from pre-test to post-test and also increased from pre-test to the 1-month follow-up.

Conclusion:
The utilization of MI skills increased from pre-test to the 1-month follow-up. A 1-h didactic offers benefits to residents.
Risk of dementia and cognitive dysfunction in individuals with diabetes or elevated blood glucose
Authors: Wium-Andersen I K , Rungby J , Jørgensen M B , Sandbæk A , Osler M , Wium-Andersen M K 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimsTo determine the risk of dementia in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and in individuals with glycosylated haemoglobin, type A1C (HbA1c) of ⩾48 mmol/mol, which is the diagnostic limit for diabetes.MethodsWe included the following cohorts: all incident diabetes cases aged 15 or above registered in the National Diabetes Registry (NDR) from January 2000 through December 2012 (n= 148 036) and a reference population, adult participants from the Glostrup cohort (n= 16 801), the ADDITION Study (n= 26 586) and Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) (n= 5408). Using these cohorts, we analysed if a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the NDR or HbA1c level of ⩾ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) in the cohorts increased risk of dementia in the Danish National Patient Registry or cognitive performance assessed by the Intelligenz-Struktur-Test 2000R (IST2000R).ResultsA diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the NDR was associated with increased risk of dementia diagnosed both before or after age 65 as well as across different subtypes of dementia. Self-reported diabetes or high HbA1c levels were associated with lower cognitive performance (p= 0.004), while high HbA1c was associated with increased risk of dementia (HR 1.94 (1.10–3.44) in the Glostrup cohort but not in the ADDITION Study (HR 0.96 (0.57–1.61)).ConclusionsBoth type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of dementia, while the importance of screening-detected elevated HbA1c remains less clear.
Reduced herbicide rates for control of living mulch and weeds in fresh market tomato
Authors: Bhaskar Vinay , Bellinder Robin R. , Reiners Stephen , DiTommaso Antonio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLiving mulches can provide many sustainability benefits. However, living mulch–cash crop competition and unreliable weed control are major challenges in living mulch systems. In this study, we evaluated the potential of herbicides used at reduced rates in combination with living mulch to suppress weeds, while simultaneously reducing living mulch vigor. Herbicide treatments were a combination of two POST applications, each consisting of a single, different herbicide. Field trials were conducted in Freeville, NY, USA, using: fresh market field tomato as cash crop; sesbania and sunn hemp as living mulch; and the herbicides fomesafen, halosulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron. In 2015, when water was not limiting, tomato yield and living mulch biomass were positively correlated. This relationship was negative in 2016, likely because of drought during the growing season. Compared with the untreated living mulch check, using the herbicide treatments in combination with living mulch reduced tomato yield losses by up to 71% in 2015 and 51% in 2016. In these herbicide plus living mulch plots, weed biomass was reduced by up to 97%, compared with the weedy check. Living mulch in herbicide treatments generated up to 2500 kg ha−1 of dry matter during both 2015 and 2016, with an average ground cover of 63% in 2015 and 85% in 2016. A predominantly PRE herbicide with residual soil activity (metribuzin), followed by a herbicide with greater POST activity (halosulfuron/rimsulfuron) was the most effective herbicide application sequence. Results from our study indicate that well-designed herbicide applications may enhance the practicability of living mulch systems.
Extended U.S. Tornado Outbreak During Late May 2019: A Forecast of Opportunity
Authors: Gensini Vittorio A. , Gold David , Allen John T. , Barrett Bradford S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe second half of May 2019 was an unusually active period for tornadic thunderstorms across the U.S. Great Plains, Midwest, and lower Great Lakes. While this period typically coincides with the peak climatological frequency of tornadoes, preliminary reports of tornadoes were over triple the expected 30‐year average. Multiple‐day outbreaks of tornadoes are not unprecedented in the United States; however, this event was perhaps the first to be forecast at subseasonal lead times (3–4 weeks) by the Extended Range Tornado Activity Forecast team. This forecast of opportunity was driven, in part, by anomalous convective forcing in portions of the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans, causing subsequent changes in Northern Hemisphere atmospheric angular momentum. This manuscript analyzes the evolution of hemispheric‐scale circulation features leading up to the event, examines teleconnection processes known to influence U.S. tornadoes, and provides insights into the forecast process at subseasonal lead times.