bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Davidson Judith 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Increasingly in today’s world, qualitative researchers are called to practice their craft as members of multi-member teams with many forms of complexity—disciplinary, institutional, geographical, and other. Yet they have lacked texts written specifically with their methodological needs in mind. The Introduction describes how this book will provide them with detailed information written specifically with their unique needs in mind. It presents key definitions that will help the reader make better sense of the text, and provides an overview of the structure of the book and the contents of the chapters. In it, the author describes her own experiences working on complex teams as a qualitative researcher, and the ways these experiences inform her approach to the book’s concerns.
Equations of motion
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter turns to the essential aspects of Newtonian dynamics. It argues that this chapter’s representation of an interaction by a vector means that it is limiting itself to phenomena that do not depend on the position or orientation of the reference frame in which they are studied. Since the algebra of the vector space to which the vectors representing the forces belong is linear, this chapter is de facto limiting itself to interactions which satisfy the superposition principle. The chapter also argues that the law of action and reaction, or Newton’s third law, states that the action of a body P2 on another body P1, described by f21, must be equal and opposite to the action f12 of P1 on P2. Finally, it introduces the principle of Galilean relativity and discusses moving frames and internal forces.
Dynamics of massive systems
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the laws of motion of an ensemble of point masses forming a solid body whose shape is invariant, or a fluid whose shape can vary with time. It argues that an ensemble of point masses constitutes a solid if the distances between the points can be assumed constant. The chapter then provides examples of the motions of a solid. Finally, it demonstrates the Euler equations of fluid motion. Here, it states that a perfect fluid is characterized by its (inertial) mass density ρ(t, xⁱ), its pressure p(t, xⁱ) which phenomenologically describes its internal collisions, and a velocity field v(t, xⁱ) giving its velocity at xⁱ at time t.
The Kepler problem
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers Newton’s 1665 explanations of the dynamics in the laws governing the motion of a planet around the Sun, which were established by Johannes Kepler in 1618. The first law states that the motion is planar and the trajectories are ellipses. The second states that the area swept out by the radius vector per unit time is constant. Finally, the cube of the semi-major axis a is proportional to the square of the period P, a3 = (const)P2. The chapter begins with the reduced equations of motion before turning to the ellipses of Kepler. It then illustrates the Kepler problem in the Lagrangian formalism, as well as central forces.
Dynamics of a point particle
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter attributes an inertial ‘mass–energy’ to particles. It also distinguishes between the action of an external field and of long-range and short-range internal forces, which is useful for establishing the laws of dynamics of an interacting body—that is, the equations determining its world line. The chapter also presents the 4-momentum conservation law for massive particles and light particles in inertial reference frames. It then gives some examples which illustrate the role played by this law in collisions. Finally, the chapter illustrates the conservation law by the Compton experiment, that is, the collision of a light corpuscle with a particle, and the concept of the quantum of action that can be derived from it.
Waves in a medium
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter uses a phenomenological approach to obtain a ‘mean’ or macroscopic description of electromagnetic phenomena inside matter. The electromagnetic field inside a medium induces charge and current distributions called polarization. These are the response of the matter to the field. The charge and current densities can be decomposed into the sum of free densities (that is, imposed from outside the medium, and which create the field) and induced densities. The matching conditions on the electromagnetic field at the interface between two different media (for example, a pair of lenses) can be obtained from the macroscopic Maxwell equations with the use of the Gauss and Stokes theorems.
The radiation reaction force
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter observes the reaction force acting on a charge due to the radiation it emits. It also considers the related questions of renormalization and physical interpretation. Modifying the Lorentz equation introduced in Chapter 11 by including a radiation reaction force provides a heuristic method of describing the expected slowing of an accelerated charge in response to the radiation it emits. The chapter then goes on to describe the Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac reaction force, the counter-effect of the radiation of an accelerated charge on its motion. In addition, the chapter shows that a hydrogen atom, this time described by the Thomson model, is unstable in Maxwell theory.
Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Riemann tensor characterizing curved spacetimes, and then the metric tensor, which allows lengths and durations to be defined. As shown in the preceding chapter, ‘absolute, true, and mathematical’ spacetimes representing ‘relative, apparent, and common’ space and time in Einstein’s theory are Riemannian manifolds supplied with a metric and its associated Levi-Civita connection. Moreover, this metric simultaneously describes the coordinate system chosen to reference the events. The chapter begins with a study of connections, parallel transport, and curvature; the commutation of derivatives, torsion, and curvature; geodesic deviation and curvature; the metric tensor and the Levi-Civita connection; and locally inertial frames. Finally, it discusses Riemannian manifolds.
The physics of black holes II
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief description of Hawking radiation, which involves a combination of general relativity and quantum field theory and leads to a thermodynamical interpretation of the laws governing the evolution of black holes. The study of the Penrose process near a Kerr black hole leads to the conclusion that its irreducible mass can only increase. A similar but more general conclusion was reached by Hawking, who showed that the sum of the areas of the horizons of black holes interacting with matter can only increase, with the condition that the cosmic censorship hypothesis is valid and that the matter obeys the so-called weak energy condition. The chapter concludes with the Israel theorem, which allows one to argue that if gravitation is described by general relativity, then not only do black holes exist, but all black holes are represented by the Kerr–Schwarzschild solution.
The two-body problem: an effective-one-body approach
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the basics of the ‘effective-one-body’ approach to the two-body problem in general relativity. It also shows that the 2PN equations of motion can be mapped. This can be done by means of an appropriate canonical transformation, to a geodesic motion in a static, spherically symmetric spacetime, thus considerably simplifying the dynamics. Then, including the 2.5PN radiation reaction force in the (resummed) equations of motion, this chapter provides the waveform during the inspiral, merger, and ringdown phases of the coalescence of two non-spinning black holes into a final Kerr black hole. The chapter also comments on the current developments of this approach, which is instrumental in building the libraries of waveform templates that are needed to analyze the data collected by the current gravitational wave detectors.
The Lambda-CDM model of the hot Big Bang
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Lambda-CDM (cold dark matter) model. In 1948, under the impetus of George Gamow, Robert Hermann, Ralph Alpher, and Hans Bethe in particular, relativistic cosmology entered the second phase of its history. In this phase, physical processes, in particular, nuclear and atomic processes, are taken into account. This provides two observational tests of the model: primordial nucleosynthesis, which explains the origin of light nuclei, and the existence of the cosmic microwave background, and it establishes the fact that the universe has a thermal history. Study of the large-scale structure of the universe then indicates the existence of dark matter and a nonzero cosmological constant. This model, known as the ΛCDM model, is the standard model of contemporary cosmology.
Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter is about Riemannian manifolds. It first discusses the metric manifold and the Levi-Civita connection, determining if the metric is Riemannian or Lorentzian. Next, the chapter turns to the properties of the curvature tensor. It states without proof the intrinsic versions of the properties of the Riemann–Christoffel tensor of a covariant derivative already given in Chapter 2. This chapter then performs the same derivation as in Chapter 4 by obtaining the Einstein equations of general relativity by varying the Hilbert action. However, this will be done in the intrinsic manner, using the tools developed in the present and the preceding chapters.
Issues arising from quantum physics
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The unresolved problem of the physical interpretation of quantum theory is laid out, and comments on existing attempts to solve it are given. The chapter then discusses ways in which the quantum picture of physical reality may or may not have something to offer to our understanding of human identity and divine action. It is unknown whether the physical expression of human identity relies on the more subtle features of quantum states. If it does, then it may be physically impossible to make copies of personal beings such as humans, and it may be invalid to invoke a reductionist model of brain function. However, this remains unknown and it is premature to make extensive claims. The same applies to the question of divine action. But quantum physics offers many positive lessons in truth-seeking, technology, humility, living with unanswered questions, and in enlarging our theological imagination.
General relativity, language, and learning
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
General relativity is the theory of space, time, and gravity introduced by Albert Einstein. The chapter introduces the concepts of this theory, for a general reader, with a view to showing how they offer useful wider perspectives on language and learning. Space–time is an elusive reality, never directly perceived yet always the arena for what is perceived. When space–time is itself malleable and dynamic, our attempts to probe it are fraught with the difficulty that we don’t initially know even what type of question we may be asking. The empirical answers teach us what our questions really mean. This offers useful metaphors and lessons in thinking, especially to the more subtle and more demanding task of theological reflection.
The argument from design
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The argument from design is, generically, an attempt to argue from features of the natural world to the conclusion that it is the result of intelligent or considered creative action. The chapter examines various forms of this argument, especially those involving fine tuning, and finds them wanting. An approach based on Bayesian accumulation of evidence is also critiqued. The problem with all these approaches is that they misconstrue the situation one is in when it comes to deciding on what basis a relationship to God should be built. A relationship built on impersonal foundations can only be impersonal. But it remains perfectly appropriate to embrace the human instinct to allow a sense of wonder to increase one’s openness to God. Furthermore, the very inclination to see physical events as intelligible is itself a religious response, a recognition that the world is neither arbitrary nor meaningless.
Biological evolution
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The chapter discusses the history of life on Earth, and the lessons to be learned from the neo-Darwinian synthesis of evolutionary biology. The long and complex sequence of events in the evolutionary history of life on Earth requires considered interpretation. The neo-Darwinian synthesis is well-supported by evidence and gives rich insight into this process, but does not itself furnish a complete explanation or understanding of living things. This is because a process of exploration can only explore; it cannot fully dictate and can only partially constrain what type of thing will be found. What is found is constrained by other considerations, such as what is possible, and what can make sense. A brief critique of some of Richard Dawkins’ work is given, and also of the movement known as ‘Intelligent Design’. Education policy is well served by a fair appraisal of informed opinion in this area.
A conversation about naturalism
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This is the record of a second conversation between the authors (cf. Chapter 2), this time on the subject of the philosophical position called naturalism. Here naturalism is the view that human experience is best understood by regarding the physical world as the whole of what can be said to be real or to exist. The authors express some sympathy with what naturalism affirms, but do not subscribe to it. They are wary of forms of speech about the transcendent which end up making it just about ‘more stuff’. Such speech has gone wrong, but it is hard to find religious language which goes right. Analogies from music and writing can be helpful but remain limited. The experience of encounter with God should be assessed through the impact this has on human character. The analysis of the physical process here is not the whole story.
The struggle is nothing new
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of the Earth argued by Copernicus and Galileo. Aristotelian physics was constructed from ideas around change, form, and substance, which together implied the physical universe must have existed into the infinite past. This conflicted with religious ideas about time itself having been brought into being in the finite past. Bonaventure wished to reject Aristotelian science, but others such as Averroes and Aquinas adopted a more nuanced view, in which the meaning of statements is to be drawn with reference to their context. Something similar happened in the resolution of the seventeenth-century dispute about Earth’s motion. From the perspective of Einstein’s General Relativity, statements about motion, including accelerated motion, are never absolute but always relative to frame of reference.
Miracles and reasonable belief
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
What does it mean to say that something is miraculous, and is it reasonable to form the opinion that such things can happen? The chapter combines human experience and philosophical reflection. It is difficult to formulate a tight definition of miracles, yet we have some pragmatic notion of what we mean by the term. The same can be said of ‘laws of nature’. Attempts to show that it is never reasonable to think that a miracle occurred are themselves faulty. This includes Hume’s argument about human testimony, as well as more recent philosophical attempts. But this does not deflect our intellectual duty to be cautious, to care about truth, to seek scientific understanding, and not be gullible. A miraculous event is out of the ordinary, but not arbitrarily so; it exhibits a larger pattern. Human life involves a combination of complimentary modes of thinking.
Wisdom and miracles
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Further objections to miracles, such as moral and theological objections, are examined. These give valuable cautions. If miracles are possible, then their extreme rarity is troubling from the point of view of justice; a complete impossibility might be easier to understand. Augustine was right to oppose the idea that miracles represent a breakdown of lawful order. Christian commitment involves a duty of honesty and straight-dealing in questions of healthcare. Jesus himself strongly opposed the mindset that asks for impressive marvels rather than help in living right. Notwithstanding all this, we affirm, in company with other Christians, that after Jesus of Nazareth was dead, he was given new life in an embodied, tangible, visible, audible, coherent, insightful, dynamic form. We affirm this out of a sense of duty and in response to evidence, but we acknowledge that the evidence does not on its own compel the response.
Framework
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter sets out and motivates a framework for naturalizing content, ‘varitel semantics’. It is based on the explanatory advantages that flow from realism about the vehicles of content. Its distinctive features include: pluralism; eschewing representation consumers; being testing against a desideratum concerning representational explanation rather than against intuitions; and a proposal about the way exploitable relations, vehicle processing and a system’s functions come together to constitute content.
Structural Correspondence
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Structural correspondence is the other exploitable relation that figures in our case studies. It is found in the cognitive map realized by place cells in the hippocampus. When an exploitable structural correspondence is exploited in the service of a system’s performance of its task functions, it is thereby constituted as a UE structural correspondence. In some cases where there is a superficially attractive structural correspondence, it can turn out that the correspondence is not being made use of; indeed, that structural representation does not arise. These cases are contrasted with two further cases where an exploitable structural correspondence is exploited. A structural correspondence may hold only approximately. That notion is defined and put to work.
Standard Objections
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Varitel semantics has several resources for dealing with indeterminacy. It gives rise to more determinate contents than informational semantics or consumer-based teleosemantics. The remaining indeterminacy is a virtue: it is what we should expect in simpler systems with fewer interacting components. Some of the non-conceptual representations in our case studies exhibit some features exemplified by concepts: semantically significant constituent structure; unsaturated components; and limited, domain-specific generality. A historical component is needed to bring into view the explanandum to which representational explanation is directed, namely successful and unsuccessful behaviour. We should not expect representational explanation to get a grip, in these simple cases, without some period in which behavioural outcomes have been stabilized. Even a short period of interaction will establish some task functions and contents. Varitel semantics does not reduce misrepresentation to malfunction. Misrepresentation does not imply failure to perform a task function, nor the converse.
Electrical Properties of Materials
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A classic text in the field providing a readable and accessible guide for students of electrical and electronic engineering. Fundamentals of electric properties of materials are illustrated and put into context with contemporary applications in engineering. Mathematical content is kept to a minimum allowing the reader to focus on the subject. The starting point is the behaviour of the electron, which is explored both in the classical and in the quantum-mechanical context. Then comes the study of bonds, the free electron model, band structure, and the theory of semiconductors, followed by a chapter on semiconductor devices. Further chapters are concerned with the fundamentals of dielectrics, magnetic materials, lasers, optoelectronics, and superconductivity. The last chapter is on metamaterials, which has been a quite popular subject in the past decade. The book includes problems, the worked solutions are available in a separate publication: Solutions manual for electrical properties of materials. There is an appendix giving a list of Nobel Prize winners whose work was crucial for describing the electric properties of materials, and there are further appendices giving descriptions of phenomena which did not fit easily within the main text. In particular there is a quite detailed appendix that summarizes the properties of memory elements. The book is ideal for undergraduates, and is also an invaluable reference for graduate students and others wishing to explore this rapidly changing field.
Dielectric materials
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The macroscopic and microscopic approaches to determining polarization are explained. The types of polarization, frequency response, and anomalous dispersion are discussed. The Debye equation for orientational polarization is derived. The concept of effective field is introduced. The dispersion equations for acoustic waves and for optical phonons are derived. The properties of piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity are discussed. The attenuation of optical fibres, the operation of a photocopier, and the ability of liquid crystals to rotate polarization are also discussed.
Optoelectronics
Authors: Solymar L. , Walsh D. , Syms R. R. A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The properties of light detectors and light emitting diodes (LEDs) are discussed. Electro-optic, photorefractive, and nonlinear materials are introduced. The phenomenon of phase conjugation is explained. Interaction between acoustic and light waves is shown to be possible. The significance of integrated optics is discussed. Bistability due to the action of nonlinear Fabry–Perot cavities is explained. Optical switching is shown to be an application of micro-electro-mechanical effects. The complicated phenomenon electro-absorption in quantum well structures and its applications are discussed.