bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pickpockets, Pilot Boys, and Prostitutes: The Construction of Juvenile Delinquency in the Gold Coast [Colonial Ghana], c. 1929–57
Authors: Hynd Stacey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn twentieth-century Gold Coast, youth offending became a metonymy for wider concerns about the impact of urbanization and colonial modernity. Urbanization, migration, unemployment, poverty, the disintegration of family and “tribal” structures, and Western culture were all blamed for the emergence of delinquency. This article analyzes changing constructions and treatment of delinquency from c.1929 to 1957, drawing on contemporary sociological research, popular culture, and metropolitan debates, as well as archival material from prisons, welfare, and probation departments in Accra. Whereas in other parts of West Africa, fears about delinquency focused on gangs and violence, the main categories of delinquency in the Gold Coast were theft, “immoral” offenses, intelligent offenders and proto-criminals, and “care and protection” cases. Rehabilitation was marked by a constant tension among punishment, reform, and the construction of economically productive colonial citizens. Juvenile delinquency formed a significant and symbolic part of the disciplinary techniques, discourses, and institutions of the late colonial state.
Fodiology: African American Heritage Connections to West African Islam
Authors: Mack Beverly 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
By the miracle of poetic time-travel, West African Shehu Usman ’dan Fodio (1754–1817) and his daughter Nana Asma’u (1793–1864) arrived in Pittsburgh, PA, at the end of the twentieth century, and settled into the Muslim Light of the Age (Zaman Nur) community by the beginning of the twenty-first century. Nana Asma’u was more than just a legend in her own time (nineteenth century) and place (Sokoto, Nigeria): her high regional profile and contemporary notoriety in Pittsburgh—two centuries and an ocean away from her home—attest to her prominence among contemporary Muslim American women, who revere her ethics and study her poetic works. Their revival of Asma’u’s leadership is part of the greater community’s intentional emulation of the Qadiriyya Sufi Fodio family of northern Nigeria. This study documents how a group of American Muslims frame, practice, and understand West African Qadiriyya Islam by following the religious and cultural traditions of the scholarly Fodio family in the areas of scholarship, service, attire, and artistry. In doing so, they are preserving West African Islamic traditions of their heritage by adapting these practices to the needs of their contemporary American community.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PASAR TRADISIONAL DI ERA LIBERALISASI PERDAGANGAN
Authors: Dewi Ni Komang Devayanti 
Published: November 2018

Masuknya investasi untuk berinvestasi di sektor pasar modern, menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi aktivitas dan perkembangan ekonomi rakyat kecil dalam hal ini adalah usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah di pasar tradisional. Bahkan keberadaan pasar tradisional di perkotaan semakin memprihatinkan dan bahkan terancam gulung tikar dengan semakin pesatnya pertumbuh dan perkembangan pembangunan pasar modern. Tujuan penulisan tulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui tantangan terhadap pasar tradisional di tengah pengaruh globalisasi dan liberalisasi perdagangan serta mengetahui perlindungan hukum bagi pasar tradisional di era liberalisasi perdagangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian hukum normatif. Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini yaitu Tantangan terhadap pasar tradisional di tengah pengaruh globalisasi dan liberalisasi perdagangan ditandai dengan masuknya arus investasi di Indonesia yang telah melanda seluruh bidang penanaman modal dari suatu daerah menuju kedaerah yang lain yang paling menguntungkan, Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Pasar Tradisional di Era Liberalisasi Perdagangan dalam dilihat dalam Peraturan Presiden RI No. 112 Tahun 2007 , Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan RI No. 56/M-DAG/PER/9/2014, dan Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri RI No. 20 Tahun 2012.
URGENSI REKONSTRUKSI HUKUM E-COMMERCE DI INDONESIA
Authors: Anjani Margaretha Rosa , Santoso Budi 
Published: November 2018

Pada era ekonomi digital, penggunaan media internet sebagai sarana perdagangan secara elektronik (e-commerce) mengalami perkembangan yang signifikan . Keberadaan regulasi e-commerce di indonesia belum secara komprehensif dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap para pelaku e-commerce.Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yaitu tentang aspek pengaturan hukum bagi pelaksaan e-commerce di Malaysia dan di Indonesia dan tentang pengaturan e-commerce yang diharapkan yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Metode pendekatan yang digunakanadalah yuridis normatif atau penelitian hukum doktrinal, dimana penelitian hukum ini menekankan pada penelaahan dokumen-dokumen hukum dan bahan-bahan pustaka yang berkaitan dengan pokok-pokok permasalahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa kebijakan hukum di bidang e-commerce pada dasarnya telah diatur dan diakui di Indonesia, namun pengaturan tersebut masih secara parsial atau sebagian dari kegiatan e-commerce, Indonesia belum memiliki regulasi yang mengatur secara spesifik aturan-aturan dasar dan infrastruktur-infrastruktur teknis yang mendukung realisasi e-commerce. Sedangkan Malaysia telah memiliki peraturan khusus bagi pelaksanaan e-commerce. Dimana undang-undang ini mengakomodir undang-undang lainnya yang mendukung pelaksaan e-commerce. Saran yang dapat diberikan melalui hasil penelitian ini adalah diperlukannya undang-undang khusus yang mengatur e-commerce untuk memberikan perlindungan dan kepastian bagi para pihak yang bertransaksi secara elektronik dan dapat membangun sistem penyelesaian sengketa melalui Online Dispute Resolution.
The highly conserved domain of RND multidrug efflux pumps in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Shahini Shams Abadi Milad , Gholipour Abolfazl , Hadi Nahal 
Published: November 2018

RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) family transporters have a vital role in both intrinsic and acquired multi-drug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. It is important to find a conserved domain in the RND family between different pathogenic bacteria for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Total sequences of three-component system RND efflux pumps were retrieved from NCBI nucleotide and protein database and were subjected to conservation and variation analysis using the multiple sequence alignment feature of the CLC workbench. The phylogenetic tree for main transporters was drawn and the three-dimensional structure was also evaluated. From the sequence conservation analysis, highly conserved residues with 282 base pair (94 amino acid) long were identified. The location of the highly conserved domain is positioned in the domain 1 crystallographic structure of AcrB Escherichia coli and MexB Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The main transporter component phylogenetic tree shows the clusters of diï¬€erent genotypes and their evolutionary association. Each of three components of RND proteins is crucial for drug efflux, and the absence of even one component makes the entire complex totally nonfunctional. Therefore, this highly conserved region can be used to disable the RND multidrug efflux pumps. In addition, this highly conserved can also be used for diagnostic aspects.
Comparison the biodegradation of herbicide pyroxasulfone by some soil bacteria
Authors: Kanat Gurdal 
Published: November 2018

The biodegradation of pyroxasulfone (C12H14F5N3O4S), which is the selective herbicide in wheat farming in Turkey is compared with some soil bacteria. These microorganisms were isolated in collected soil samples in Thrace region of Turkey from an agricultural area previously unexposed to pyroxasulfone. The microbial biodegradation of pyroxasulfone was investigated using liquid experiments with identified cultures to determine which of the microorganisms shows best removal performance under agitated culture conditions. The experiments continued about two weeks. Five different apparatuses, were set up and pyroxasulfone in 750 ppm concentration (advised concentration of wheat farmers) was added to each Erlenmayer flasks. Approximately 107CFU/ml of each bacteria added to these flasks. These flasks were shaken at 130rpm at 27 0C in sterile conditions for 8 days. Every day, each sample was collected by filtering from flasks and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total organic carbon (TOC) was determined. As a result of the study, best removal performance observed in Bacillus thuringiensis and Fusarium fujikuroi as 91 and 93% at 7 days in COD, 88 and 83% in BOD5, 90 and 86% in TOC parameters. The lowest performance was seen on Clostridium tetani species for COD, BOD5 and TOC as 55%, 61% and 60% respectively on 7 days. The performance for Bacillus simplex and Bacillus megaterium species occurred between 70% and 80% for these three parameters.
Przyszłość Europy wobec zagrożeń ekologicznych
Authors: Gmerek Liliana 
Published: November 2018

The article discusses the possible ecological and environmental threats that Europe can be faced with in the nearest future, along with the possible scenarios of the damage. The analysis presents several ideas for dealing with the threats, as well as problem-solving models, with special attention paid to Jeremy Rifkin’s ‘Third Industrial Revolution Concept’. The basis of the concept is the social aspect of the ecological change that the future may bring about. The demands and challenges that will have to be met as a result of the change are central for this article.
Electrical Stimulation of the Antagonist Muscle During Cycling Exercise Interval Training Improves Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Strength
Authors: Hashida Ryuki , Takano Yoshio , Matsuse Hiroo , Kudo Mei , Bekki Masafumi , Omoto Masayuki , Nago Takeshi , Kawaguchi Takumi , Torimura Takuji , Shiba Naoto 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Hashida, R, Takano, Y, Matsuse, H, Kudo, M, Bekki, M, Omoto, M, Nago, T, Kawaguchi, T, Torimura, T, and Shiba, N. Electrical stimulation of the antagonist muscle during cycling exercise interval training improves oxygen uptake and muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 111–117, 2021—A hybrid training system (HTS) is a resistance exercise method that combines voluntary concentric muscle contractions and electrically stimulated eccentric muscle contractions. We devised an exercise technique using HTS on cycle ergometer (HCE). The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory function and muscle strength when cycling exercise is combined with electrical stimulation over an extended period. Twenty-nine healthy young men were divided into an HCE group (n = 14) and a volitional cycle ergometer (VCE alone) group (n = 15). All subjects performed 30-minute cycling exercise interval training sessions 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The V̇o
2peak of both groups significantly increased compared with the pretraining period (HCE group: from 31.3 ± 4.4 [ml·kg−1·min−1] pretraining to 37.6 ± 6.7 [ml·kg−1·min−1] post-training [p = 0.0024] and VCE group: from 34.0 ± 7.1 [ml·kg−1·min−1] pretraining to 38.4 ± 8.2 [ml·kg−1·min−1] [p = 0.0057]). After the training, there was no significant difference of changes in V̇o
2peak between the HCE and the VCE groups (p = 0.7107). In the VCE group, the maximal isokinetic torque of knee extension (60°·s−1) post-training did not significantly increase compared with the pretraining period (VCE group: from 2.4 ± 0.5 [N·m·kg−1] pretraining to 2.5 ± 0.4 [N·m·kg−1] [p = 0.4543]). By contrast, in the HCE group, the maximal isokinetic torque of knee extension (60°·s−1) post-training significantly increased compared with pretraining period (HCE group: from 2.5 ± 0.3 [N·m·kg−1] pretraining to 2.8 ± 0.3 [N·m·kg−1] [p < 0.0001]). The change in knee extension torque was significantly greater for the HCE group than for the VCE group (p = 0.0307). In conclusion, cardiopulmonary function and knee extension strength were improved by the use of HCE.
Structure, Activity and Function of a Singing CPG Interneuron Controlling Cricket Species-Specific Acoustic Signaling
Authors: Jacob Pedro F. , Hedwig Berthold 
Published: November 2018

The evolution of species-specific song patterns is a driving force in the speciation of acoustic communicating insects. It must be closely linked to adaptations of the neuronal network controlling the underlying singing motor activity. What are the cellular and network properties that allow generating different songs? In five cricket species, we analyzed the structure and activity of the identified abdominal ascending opener interneuron, a homologous key component of the singing central pattern generator. The structure of the interneuron, based on the position of the cell body, ascending axon, dendritic arborization pattern, and dye coupling, is highly similar across species. The neuron's spike activity shows a tight coupling to the singing motor activity. In all species, current injection into the interneuron drives artificial song patterns, highlighting the key functional role of this neuron. However, the pattern of the membrane depolarization during singing, the fine dendritic and axonal ramifications, and the number of dye-coupled neurons indicate species-specific adaptations of the neuronal network that might be closely linked to the evolution of species-specific singing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA fundamental question in evolutionary neuroscience is how species-specific behaviors arise in closely related species. We demonstrate behavioral, neurophysiological, and morphological evidence for homology of one key identified interneuron of the singing central pattern generator in five cricket species. Across-species differences of this interneuron are also observed, which might be important to the generation of the species-specific song patterns. This work offers a comprehensive and detailed comparative analysis addressing the neuronal basis of species-specific behavior.
Educational Series in Congenital Heart Disease: The sequential segmental approach to assessment
Authors: Bellsham-Revell Hannah , Masani Navroz 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Sequential segmental analysis allows clear description of the cardiac structure in a logical fashion without assumptions and confusing nomenclature. Each segment is analysed, and then the connections described followed by any associated anomalies. For the echocardiographer there are several key features of the cardiac structures to help differentiate and accurately describe them.
The G-rich Repeats in FMR1 and C9orf72 Loci Are Hotspots for Local Unpairing of DNA
Authors: Abu Diab Manar , Mor-Shaked Hagar , Cohen Eliora , Cohen-Hadad Yaara , Ram Oren , Epsztejn-Litman Silvina , Eiges Rachel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Pathological mutations involving noncoding microsatellite repeats are typically located near promoters in CpG islands and are coupled with extensive repeat instability when sufficiently long. What causes these regions to be prone to repeat instability is not fully understood. There is a general consensus that instability results from the induction of unusual structures in the DNA by the repeats as a consequence of mispairing between complementary strands. In addition, there is some evidence that repeat instability is mediated by RNA transcription through the formation of three-stranded nucleic structures composed of persistent DNA:RNA hybrids, concomitant with single-strand DNA displacements (R-loops). Using human embryonic stem cells with wild-type and repeat expanded alleles in the FMR1 (CGGs) and C9orf72 (GGGGCCs) genes, we show that these loci constitute preferential sites (hotspots) for DNA unpairing. When R-loops are formed, DNA unpairing is more extensive, and is coupled with the interruptions of double-strand structures by the nontranscribing (G-rich) DNA strand. These interruptions are likely to reflect unusual structures in the DNA that drive repeat instability when the G-rich repeats considerably expand. Further, we demonstrate that when the CGGs in FMR1 are hyper-methylated and transcriptionally inactive, local DNA unpairing is abolished. Our study thus takes one more step toward the identification of dynamic, unconventional DNA structures across the G-rich repeats at FMR1 and C9orf72 disease-associated loci.
Fibrin-blood clot as an initial stage of formation of bone regeneration after a bone fracture
Authors: Popsuishapka O. K. , Ashukina N. O. , Litvishko V. O. , Grigorjev V. V. , Pidgaiska O. O. , Popsuishapka К. О. 
Published: November 2018

This study focuses on mechanisms which regulate the process of fracture healing. We studied the form and position of the fibrin-blood clots (FBC) in the zone near the fragments among patients with limb fractures: macroscopically (during open surgical operations to reposition bone fragments) and using sonography. We conducted a histological and immuno-histochemical analysis of biopsy material obtained from the zone around the fracture during surgical procedures on 16 patients in 1–18 days after the fracture. We determined that the density of FBC and their form depends on the volume of damage to the periosteum-muscular fascia and the extent of the shift of fragments. In most cases, with a closed fracture, fibrin-blood clots had a spindle-shaped form. Fibrin along the periphery and in the zone between the fragments has a dense structure, and becomes cellular in central zones. The cells surrounded by fibrin partitions contain blood cells and serum. In many places, fibrin partitions had a one-direction orientation position, and the cells were oval-elongated, which indicated hydrostatic pressure in them. Proliferation of mesenchymal cells began in the vital tissues around the FBC, then during reproduction they pentrated to fibrin. Lengthwise axis of the cells was parallel to fibrin partitions. The bone trabeculae which form on the third week after fracture repeated the orientation of the fibrin partitions. It was determined that the vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF) concentrates in fibrin and remains in it over the first week after the fracture, later it was found in endotheliocytes, fibroblasts and osteoblasts. The process of filling of the cells with around-fracture FBC lasted 12–18 days and during this period, their osteogenic differentiation occurred. Such tempi and orientation of the process is caused by fibrin with a concentration of growth factors in it. Using the results of the study, it could be assumed that the main conditions for osteogenic differentiation of cells are high concentration of VGEF in the fibrin, which initiates neoangiogenesis and internal tension of fibrin partitions. The formation of structured FBC around the ends of the fragments, which contain VGEF should be considered an initial stage of the process of forming of bone regeneration.
Comparative analysis of incidence of leptospirosis among farm animals and humans in Ukraine
Authors: Ukhovskyi V. V. , Vydayko N. B. , Aliekseieva G. B. , Bezymennyi M. V. , Polupan I. M. , Kolesnikova I. P. 
Published: November 2018

Leptospirosis remains one of the most widespread natural-focal, zoonotic infectious diseases in the world and in Ukraine. Leptospirosis is enzootic in the entire territory of Ukraine. Cases of diseases are registered in all regions of Ukraine. We initiated a study of comparative analysis of territorial distribution of leptospirosis outbreaks among animals and incidence in humans in Ukraine covering the years 2009–2016 inclusive. This study of the incidence of leptospirosis in Ukraine shows a significant circulation of leptospirosis both among humans and animals. Among cattle herds in Ukraine the percentage of positive animals was found to be 4.2% of the surveyed population. The dominant serovars of Leptospira were kabura (12.4%) and polonica (9.5%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 5.1%, bratislava – 4.9%, copenhageni – 4.1%, grippotyphosa – 2.4%, pomona – 1.1%, canicola – 1.0%. In pigs, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 3.2%, the dominant serovars of Leptospira were bratislava (29.1%) and copenhageni (25.1%). Positive reactions with other serovars were observed less frequently: tarassovi – 4.3%, canicola – 3.0%, pomona – 2.7%, grippotyphosa – 1.3%, polonica – 1.2%, kabura – 0.6%. In horses, the percentage of positive animals amounted to 9.5% of the surveyed population. The serological range of Leptospira in horses was as follows: copenhageni – 14.2%, bratislava – 12.1%, canicola – 6.8%, grippotyphosa – 4.8%, tarassovi – 4.7%, pomona – 2.1%, kabura – 1.4%, polonica – 1.3%. Analysis of the results of research indicates extensive circulation of leptospirosis among humans in Ukraine as evidenced by the percentage of humans positively responding to MAT – 12.1% of the studied samples. The etiological structure of leptospirosis cases includes all the 14 serovars of the diagnostic set. The basis of the etiological spectrum was the serovar copenhageni – 37.3%. The share of other serovars as the etiological factor of leptospirosis in humans was different in different spans of the considered period. Most frequently, those were kabura – 12.3%, grippotyphosa – 11.7%, canicola – 9.5%, pomona – 9.1%. We mapped annual incidence of leptospirosis in animals and humans. Choropleth maps of annual leptospirosis incidence and cluster maps show opposite spatial patterns for animals and humans. The highest human rates were in the western and central parts of the country while the highest animal rates were mainly in the eastern part.
Gyulladásos bélbetegségben szenvedő gyermekek kezelésének átadása felnőttszakrendelésre. 10 éves tapasztalataink összegzése
Authors: Szántó Kata , Szűcs Dániel , Vass Noémi , Várkonyi Ágnes , Bálint Anita , Bor Renáta , Fábián Anna , Milassin Ágnes , Rutka Mariann , Szepes Zoltán , Nagy Ferenc , Molnár Tamás , Farkas Klaudia 
Published: November 2018

Abstract: Introduction: Transfer is a planned movement of patients and their medical records from one provider to another. Only a few data are available from real life in inflammatory bowel disease patients in this topic. Aim: Our aim was to retrospectively evaluate the results of the transfer of our patients without longitudinal transition. Method: Data of the transferred patients at the University of Szeged were analysed. Patients were diagnosed in paediatric care. Transfer strategy at our departments was detailed medical summary. Results: 59 patients were enrolled in this study. 28.8% of the patients had mild to moderate disease activity and 71.2% was in remission at the time of transfer. Steroid therapy was initiated in 58% of the patients within an average of 9.1 months after the transfer. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy was given to 24% of the patients during the paediatric care and to an additional 23% in the adult care within an average of 28 months. Almost 70% of the patients received immunosuppressive therapy during paediatric and adult care. Surgery was required in 17% of the patients within an average 10.7 months after the transfer. Conclusion: Our results revealed that one-third of the paediatric patients have been transferred to adult care in active stage of disease. Shortly after the transfer 58% of the patients required corticosteroids and 17% surgery. Every fifth patient needed biological therapy to be initiated after the transfer. Longitudinal transition may have a potential to decrease the need for therapeutic change and the relatively high rate of surgery. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(44): 1789–1793.