bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lungenfunktion, Lung Clearance Index und bronchiale Entzündung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Bronchiolitis obliterans
Authors: Belachew N. , Jerkic S. , Michel F. , Schubert R. , Zielen S. , Rosewich M. 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Die Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) ist eine sehr seltene, chronische Lungenerkrankung, die vereinzelt nach schweren Atemwegsinfektionen oder als Folge von Stammzell- und Lungentransplantation auftritt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, die Lungenfunktion und die bronchiale Entzündung bei BO-Patienten im Jugend- und Kindesalter zu untersuchen. Zudem sollte das Potenzial des LCI in der Diagnostik dieser Patienten untersucht werden.
Methoden Es wurden 16 BO-Patienten (Alter: Median 16,7; 9,6 – 25,3 Jahre) und 17 gesunde Probanden (Alter: Median 16,6; 7,6 – 25,0 Jahre) untersucht. Neben der Untersuchung der Lungenfunktion (FVC, FEV1, MEF25, RV und RV/TLC) mittels Bodyplethysmografie erfolgte eine Reversibilitätstestung nach Gabe von 400 µg Salbutamol. Die Bestimmung des LCI erfolgte mittels Multiple Breath Washout (MBW)-Methode. Zusätzlich wurde die Zellverteilung und das Zytokinprofil (IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) mittels Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) im induzierten Sputum analysiert.
Ergebnisse FVC, FEV1 und MEF25 der BO-Patienten waren signifikant niedriger, das RV und die RV/TLC jedoch signifikant erhöht im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe. Eine bronchiale Reversibilität zeigte sich bei 3 Patienten. Der LCI war bei den BO-Patienten gegenüber der Kontrollgruppe signifikant erhöht (Median 10,24 vs. 7,1) und korrelierte signifikant mit dem MEF25 (p < 0,0001). Im induzierten Sputum fand sich eine signifikante Erhöhung der Gesamtzellzahl, der neutrophilen Granulozyten sowie von IL-6 und IL-8 (p < 0.01).
Schlussfolgerung Die Lungenfunktion ist bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit BO stark eingeschränkt. Zudem erwies sich der LCI als sensitiver und reproduzierbarer Marker zur Beurteilung der obstruktiven Beeinträchtigung der kleinen Atemwege. Im induzierten Sputum ist eine von Neutrophilen dominierte bronchiale Entzündung nachweisbar.
Influence of Maternal Age on Selected Obstetric Parameters
Authors: Schildberger Barbara , Linzner Doris , Hehenberger Luise , Leitner Hermann , Pfeifer Christian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Introduction In recent decades, there has been a continuous rise in the average age at which women give birth. A maternal age of 35 years and above is considered an independent risk factor in pregnancy and birth, due to higher rates of intervention. This study investigates the influence of maternal age on birth procedure, gestational age, and rate of interventions during delivery. The influence of maternal parity is also analyzed.
Material and Methods Data from the Austrian Register of Births was retrospectively collected and evaluated. The collected data was the data of all singleton live births in Austria between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2016 (n = 686 272). Multiple births and stillbirths were excluded from the study. Maternal age and parity were analyzed in relation to predefined variables (birth procedure, gestational age, episiotomy in cases of vaginal delivery, epidural anesthesia in both vaginal and cesarean deliveries, and intrapartum micro-blood gas analysis). Statistical data was evaluated using (1) descriptive univariate analysis, (2) bivariate analysis, and (3) multinomial regression models.
Results The cesarean section rate and the rate of surgically-assisted vaginal deliveries increased with advancing maternal age, especially in primiparous women, while the rate of spontaneous deliveries decreased with increasing maternal age. A parity of ≥ 2 had a protective effect on the cesarean section rate. The rate of premature births also increased with increasing maternal age, particularly among primiparous women.
Discussion Although higher maternal age has a negative effect on various obstetric parameters, it was nevertheless not possible to identify a causal connection. Maternal age should not be assessed as an independent risk factor; other factors such as lifestyle or prior chronic disease and parity must be taken into consideration.
Perioperative/postoperative antientzündliche Therapie bei/nach Hornhautchirurgie/Hornhauttransplantation
Authors: Bachmann Björn O. , Pleyer Uwe , Maier Philip Christian , Reinhard Thomas , Seitz Berthold , Cursiefen Claus 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungNach Hornhautchirurgie kommt es durch das mechanische Trauma, durch Fremdkörper wie z. B. Nähte oder Implantate oder durch Antigene bei Gewebetransplantation zu entzündlichen Reaktionen. Nach chirurgischen Eingriffen mit Abstand zum vaskularisierten Limbus verlaufen diese aufgrund des Immunprivilegs und des angiogenen Privilegs der Hornhaut in aller Regel sehr gedämpft. Hauptpfeiler in der Therapie und Prophylaxe von Entzündungen nach Hornhautchirurgie sind topische Glukokortikoide. Bei der Anwendung müssen die kataraktogene Wirkung bei Langzeitnutzung, die Möglichkeit einer steroidbedingten Augeninnendruckerhöhung als sogenannte Steroidresponse, die Erhöhung der Infektanfälligkeit und die Hemmung einer Epithelialisierung berücksichtigt werden. Die verfügbaren Glukokortikoide unterscheiden sich in ihrer Fähigkeit zur Penetration in das Auge (Prednisolon am besten), ihrer immunsuppressiven Wirkung (Dexamethason am besten) und im Risiko der Induktion einer Steroidresponse (Loteprednoletabonat und Fluorometholon am geringsten). Die unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften müssen bei der Wahl des „richtigen“ Glukokortikoids berücksichtigt werden: Bei Gefahr einer Epithelialisierungsstörung sollten topische Steroide möglichst vermieden bzw., falls zwingend erforderlich, konservierungsmittelfreies und phosphatfreies Dexamethason (Dexapos COMOD®) verwendet werden. Bei Bedarf einer Tiefenwirksamkeit, z. B. nach perforierender Keratoplastik, sollte Prednisolonacetat verwendet werden. Bei bekannter Steroidresponse sollten Loteprednoletabonat oder Fluorometholon verwendet werden. Wenn allogenes Gewebe transplantiert wird, ist eine langfristige topische Anwendung von Glukokortikoiden über 24 Monate und länger notwendig. Nach Hochrisikokeratoplastik mit allogenem Spendergewebe ist meist eine ergänzende systemische immunsuppressive Therapie mit Calcineurininhibitoren oder Mycophenolatmofetil über 6 – 12 Monate sinnvoll.
Thermal Injuries during Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Mechanisms and Prevention
Authors: Manohar Nitin , Palan Astha , Deora Harsh , Rajesh Boyina J. , Balasubramanium Anand , Pradeep Kambaduru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground Thermal injuries in a patient undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are rare; more so, when the patient in question is being operated upon. We attempt to elucidate the various factors that may predispose to such an unfortunate circumstance, through a series of four cases.Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of our experience with intraoperative MRI and found four cases of burns attributed to MRI. Factors leading to possible injury were examined after other causes were ruled out.Results Collection of moisture between the leads and the patient's skin was the most common factor for the burns. There were no instances of closed loop formation or injury due to direct contact of cables to the skin.Conclusion Awareness of the causative factor can lead to prevention. Proper education of all concerned personnel involved in the conduction of the intraoperative MRI is paramount to prevention of the same.
Anesthetic Management of a Patient with Pacemaker Undergoing Clipping of Intracranial Aneurysm
Authors: Bloria Summit , Soni Shiv , Kataria Ketan , Bloria Pallavi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPacemaker devices have revolutionized the lives of patients with cardiac arrhythmias and have become increasingly common. Anesthetic management of patients with cardiac pacemakers provides special challenges. We describe our experience of a patient having implanted permanent pacemaker posted for clipping of ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
A human organoid system that self-organizes to recapitulate growth and differentiation of a benign mammary tumor
Authors: Florian Stefan , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Coughlin Margaret , Weissleder Ralph , Mitchison Timothy J. 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Organoid culture allows the study of tissue function and development in vitro. Here, we show that mammary cells can autonomously reassemble in vitro to form a common benign mammary lesion [usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH)]. Currently, very little is known about how UDH develops. In vitro, we observe a coordinated process reminiscent of embryonic development of the mammary gland that recapitulates typical morphological hallmarks of UDH at all stages, suggesting that, in vivo, such lesions also form through the same sequence of events. Thus, we speculate that UDH lesions form through activation of embryonic-like developmental programs in adult mammary cells. The culture protocols introduced here will be useful to study supracellular coordination of mammary cell behavior.
Ultrafast optical clearing method for three-dimensional imaging with cellular resolution
Authors: Zhu Xinpei , Huang Limeng , Zheng Yao , Song Yanchun , Xu Qiaoqi , Wang Jiahao , Si Ke , Duan Shumin , Gong Wei 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Most biological tissue is opaque, and the inside fine structures are invisible even with a microscope. Optical clearing methods can reduce the scattering and enable us to “look” inside the biological samples. Current optical clearing methods suffer from large time consumption, tissue distortion, and fluorescence quenching, which greatly limit their applications. Here, we describe a nontoxic ultrafast optical clearing method (FOCM), which could clarify 300-µm-thick brain slices within 2 min without morphology distortion. The fluorescence can be preserved up to 86% even after 11 d. Besides, the cheap reagents and easy operation makes our method have great potential to be widely used. Besides the brain slices, our method can also be applied to other biological tissues.
A mathematical theory of semantic development in deep neural networks
Authors: Saxe Andrew M. , McClelland James L. , Ganguli Surya 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Over the course of development, humans learn myriad facts about items in the world, and naturally group these items into useful categories and structures. This semantic knowledge is essential for diverse behaviors and inferences in adulthood. How is this richly structured semantic knowledge acquired, organized, deployed, and represented by neuronal networks in the brain? We address this question by studying how the nonlinear learning dynamics of deep linear networks acquires information about complex environmental structures. Our results show that this deep learning dynamics can self-organize emergent hidden representations in a manner that recapitulates many empirical phenomena in human semantic development. Such deep networks thus provide a mathematically tractable window into the development of internal neural representations through experience.
Short-Term Forecasts of Insect Phenology Inform Pest Management
Authors: Crimmins Theresa M , Gerst Katharine L , Huerta Diego G , Marsh R Lee , Posthumus Erin E , Rosemartin Alyssa H , Switzer Jeff , Weltzin Jake F , Coop Len , Dietschler Nicholas , Herms Daniel A , Limbu Samita , Trotter R Talbot , Whitmore Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInsect pests cost billions of dollars per year globally, negatively impacting food crops and infrastructure, and contributing to the spread of disease. Timely information regarding developmental stages of pests can facilitate early detection and control, increasing efficiency and effectiveness. In 2018, the U.S. National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) released a suite of ‘Pheno Forecast’ map products relevant to science and management. The Pheno Forecasts include real-time maps and short-term forecasts of insect pest activity at management-relevant spatial and temporal resolutions and are based on accumulated temperature thresholds associated with critical life-cycle stages of economically important pests. Pheno Forecasts indicate, for a specified day, the status of the insect’s target life-cycle stage in real time across the contiguous United States. The maps are available for 12 pest species including the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]), hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]). Preliminary validation based on in-situ observations for hemlock woolly adelgid egg and nymph stages in 2018 indicated the maps to be ≥93% accurate depending on phenophase. Since their release in early 2018, these maps have been adopted by tree care specialists and foresters across the United States. Using a consultative mode of engagement, USA-NPN staff have continuously sought input and critique of the maps and delivery from end users. Based on feedback received, maps have been expanded and modified to include additional species, improved descriptions of the phenophase event of interest, and e-mail-based notifications to support management decisions.
Lack of Association between Opioid-Receptor Genotypes and Smoking Cessation Outcomes in a Randomized, Controlled Naltrexone Trial
Authors: Roche Daniel J O , Trela Constantine J , Argos Maria , Jasmine Farzana , Kibriya Muhammad G , Ahsan Habibul , King Andrea C 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsThe present study examined how variation in mu- (OPRM1), kappa- (OPRK), and delta- (OPRD) opioid receptor genes may influence the efficacy of naltrexone in the context of a smoking cessation trial.MethodsThe study’s primary objective was to examine the association of the Asn40Asp OPRM1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with naltrexone’s effects on smoking quit rate, weight gain, and heavy drinking behavior during a double-blind, randomized clinical trial in 280 adult DSM-IV nicotine-dependent participants. The secondary goal of the study was to examine the relationship of 20 additional SNPs of OPRM1, OPRK, and OPRD with the aforementioned outcomes.ResultsResults indicated a null association between any opioid-receptor gene SNP and naltrexone’s effects on smoking quit rate, weight gain, and heavy drinking behavior in this sample of nicotine dependent participants.ConclusionsIn sum, these results do not suggest that genetic variation in opioid-receptors is related to treatment responses to naltrexone in a smoking cessation trial.
Macro Fat Embolism After Gluteal Augmentation With Fat: First Survival Case Report
Authors: Peña William , Cárdenas-Camarena Lázaro , Bayter-Marin Jorge Enrique , McCormick Mauricio , Durán Héctor , Ramos-Gallardo Guillermo , Robles-Cervantes José Antonio , Macias Alvaro Andres 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Gluteal augmentation with fat has become one of the most common cosmetic procedures worldwide. Gluteal augmentation is designed to increase the volume and contour of the gluteal region. Intramuscular lipoinjection has been linked to multiple reports of severe complications, including death due to macro fat embolism (MAFE). The authors present the first reported case of survival and successful recovery after MAFE secondary to gluteal augmentation with fat. A 41-year-old woman, ASA II, was scheduled for augmentation mammaplasty, liposuction, and gluteal augmentation with fat. The patient was operated under general anesthesia with a total intravenous anesthesia technique. A total of 3.5 liters of fat was liposuctioned with no complications. The patient was then positioned in a lateral decubitus position for gluteal augmentation with fat. Right after the last injection, the anesthesiologist noticed a sudden change in capnography followed by hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxemia. The first reaction in the operating room was to consider that the patient was experiencing a severe episode of fat embolism. She was then resuscitated and transferred to a tertiary facility for intensive care management. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of successful resuscitation in a patient experiencing severe MAFE after gluteal augmentation with fat. We believe that this patient survived the event due to early detection, aggressive management, and proper transfer to an intensive care unit.
Level of Evidence: 5
simuG: a general-purpose genome simulator
Authors: Yue Jia-Xing , Liti Gianni 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Summary
Simulated genomes with pre-defined and random genomic variants can be very useful for benchmarking genomic and bioinformatics analyses. Here we introduce simuG, a lightweight tool for simulating the full-spectrum of genomic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, Insertions/Deletions, copy number variants, inversions and translocations) for any organisms (including human). The simplicity and versatility of simuG make it a unique general-purpose genome simulator for a wide-range of simulation-based applications.

Availability and implementation
Code in Perl along with user manual and testing data is available at https://github.com/yjx1217/simuG. This software is free for use under the MIT license.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Burden of disease in children with respiratory tract infections in primary care: diary-based cohort study
Authors: Schot M J C , Dekker A R J , van Werkhoven C H , van der Velden A W , Cals J W L , Broekhuizen B D L , Hopstaken R M , de Wit N J , Verheij T J M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a common reason for children to consult in general practice. Antibiotics are often prescribed, in part due to miscommunication between parents and GPs. The duration of specific respiratory symptoms has been widely studied. Less is known about illness-related symptoms and the impact of these symptoms on family life, including parental production loss. Better understanding of the natural course of illness-related symptoms in RTI in children and impact on family life may improve GP–parent communication during RTI consultations.

Objective
To describe the general impact of RTI on children and parents regarding illness-related symptoms, absenteeism from childcare, school and work, use of health care facilities, and the use of over-the-counter (OTC) medication.

Methods
Prospectively collected diary data from two randomized clinical trials in children with RTI in primary care (n = 149). Duration of symptoms was analysed using survival analysis.

Results
Disturbed sleep, decreased intake of food and/or fluid, feeling ill and/or disturbance at play or other daily activities are very common during RTI episodes, with disturbed sleep lasting longest. Fifty-two percent of the children were absent for one or more days from childcare or school, and 28% of mothers and 20% of fathers reported absence from work the first week after GP consultation. Re-consultation occurred in 48% of the children. OTC medication was given frequently, particularly paracetamol and nasal sprays.

Conclusion
Appreciation of, and communication about the general burden of disease on children and their parents, may improve understanding between GPs and parents consulting with their child.
Ambient noise multimode Rayleigh and Love wave tomography to determine the shear velocity structure above the Groningen gas field
Authors: Chmiel M , Mordret A , Boué P , Brenguier F , Lecocq T , Courbis R , Hollis D , Campman X , Romijn R , Van der Veen W 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYThe Groningen gas field is one of the largest gas fields in Europe. The continuous gas extraction led to an induced seismic activity in the area. In order to monitor the seismic activity and study the gas field many permanent and temporary seismic arrays were deployed. In particular, the extraction of the shear wave velocity model is crucial in seismic hazard assessment. Local S-wave velocity-depth profiles allow us the estimation of a potential amplification due to soft sediments.Ambient seismic noise tomography is an interesting alternative to traditional methods that were used in modelling the S-wave velocity. The ambient noise field consists mostly of surface waves, which are sensitive to the Swave and if inverted, they reveal the corresponding S-wave structures.In this study, we present results of a depth inversion of surface waves obtained from the cross-correlation of 1 month of ambient noise data from four flexible networks located in the Groningen area. Each block consisted of about 400 3-C stations. We compute group velocity maps of Rayleigh and Love waves using a straight-ray surface wave tomography. We also extract clear higher modes of Love and Rayleigh waves.The S-wave velocity model is obtained with a joint inversion of Love and Rayleigh waves using the Neighbourhood Algorithm. In order to improve the depth inversion, we use the mean phase velocity curves and the higher modes of Rayleigh and Love waves. Moreover, we use the depth of the base of the North Sea formation as a hard constraint. This information provides an additional constraint for depth inversion, which reduces the S-wave velocity uncertainties.The final S-wave velocity models reflect the geological structures up to 1 km depth and in perspective can be used in seismic risk modelling.
Remaining Effect of Influenza Vaccines Received in Prior Seasons
Authors: Martínez-Baz Iván , Navascués Ana , Casado Itziar , Aguinaga Aitziber , Ezpeleta Carmen , Castilla Jesús 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This study evaluates the remaining effect of influenza vaccines received in the 5 prior seasons. During 7 influenza seasons, 8933 patients were enrolled and 47% were confirmed for influenza. Compared with unvaccinated individuals in the current and 5 prior seasons, vaccination was protective when the last dose had been received in the current season (40% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 32%–47%]), and 1 (42% [95% CI, 27%–54%]), 2–3 (35% [95% CI, 16%–49%]), or 4–5 seasons (31% [95% CI, 4%–51%]) prior. This effect lasted for fewer seasons in the elderly and in patients with chronic conditions. On average, several recent prior doses were as protective as current-season vaccination.
Shrinking room for hedging: system-unit dynamics and behavior of smaller powers
Authors: Korolev Alexander 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article advances the understanding of ‘hedging’ in international politics by highlighting and examining the limits to smaller powers’ hedging behavior. Building on the line of reasoning that hedging is an outcome of regional or state-level, rather than system-level, variables, the article suggests that the room for hedging available to smaller states shrinks as great powers become more competitive and attempt to balance against one another. With an empirical focus on the post-Cold War South China Sea region, particularly the evolving behavior of the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia, the article demonstrates how, under the conditions of growing China–US competition, these regional states start moving from hedging to more pronounced bandwagoning vis-à-vis great powers regardless their domestic-level sociopolitical dispositions. Therefore, hedging has limits and can be envisaged as a ‘luxury’ that is inversely related to the intensity of great power balancing.