bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a hemangiosarcoma likelihood prediction model in dogs presenting with spontaneous hemoabdomen: The HeLP score
Authors: Schick Ashley R. , Hayes Galina M. , Singh Ameet , Mathews Kyle G. , Higginbotham Mary Lynn , Sherwood J. Matthew 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo calculate a risk prediction model for hemangiosarcoma (HSA) diagnosis in dogs presenting with nontraumatic hemoabdomen.DesignRetrospective multicenter observational cohort study enrolling dogs presented 2003–2016.SettingFive academic veterinary medical centers.AnimalsA total of 406 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen as the presenting complaint that underwent surgical exploration or necropsy and received a histological diagnosis. Overall, 219 dogs from 3 centers provided the data for model construction, and 187 dogs from 2 centers provided the population for external validation.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThe risk score was modeled on 4 predictors: bodyweight (P = 0.01), total plasma protein (P < 0.01), platelet count (P < 0.01), and thoracic radiograph findings (P = 0.02). The incidence of HSA diagnosis was 36%, 76%, and 96% in the low risk (≤40), medium risk (41–55), and high risk (>55) score groups, respectively. The risk score AUROC was 0.85 (95% CI 0.79–0.90) on the construction population, and 0.77 (95% CI 0.70–0.84) on the validation population.ConclusionsThe risk of HSA diagnosis in dogs presenting with nontraumatic hemoabdomen could be predicted using a simple risk score, which could aid in identification and treatment of dogs at lower risk for this diagnosis.
Numerical Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Heater Integrated With an Array of Pin Fins on Absorber Plate for Enhancement in Thermal Performance
Authors: Manjunath M. S. , Vasudeva Karanth K. , Yagnesh Sharma N. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical analysis of a flat plate solar air heater in the presence of a pin fin array using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tool ansys fluent 16.2. The effect of geometric parameters of pin fins as well as the flow Reynolds number (4000–24,000) on the effective efficiency is evaluated. The longitudinal pitch (PL) of pin fin array is varied as 30 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm and the diameter (Dw) is varied as 1.0 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.2 mm. The results show that the presence of pin fins generate considerable enhancement in fluid turbulence as well as heat transfer area to a maximum extent of about 53.8%. The maximum average increase in instantaneous thermal efficiency is found to be about 14.2% higher as compared with the base model for the fin diameter of 2.2 mm and a longitudinal pitch value of 30 mm. In terms of effective efficiency, the pin fin array exhibits significant enhancement, especially at lower flow rate conditions. Finally, the effective efficiency of the pin fin array is compared with the previous work of authors involving spherical turbulators and sinewave corrugations on the absorber plate. The results show that the pin fin array exhibits a relatively superior effective efficiency to a maximum extent of about 73% for lower flow rate conditions.
Towards equitable surgical systems: development and outcomes of a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan in Tanzania
Authors: Citron Isabelle , Jumbam Desmond , Dahm James , Mukhopadhyay Swagoto , Nyberger Karolina , Iverson Katherine , Akoko Larry , Lugazia Edwin , D"Mello Brenda , Maongezi Sarah , Nguhuni Boniface , Kapologwe Ntuli , Hellar Augustino , Maina Erastus , Kisakye Steve , Mwai Patrick , Reynolds Cheri , Varghese Asha , Barash David , Steer Michael , Meara John , Ulisubisya Mpoki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDespite emergency and essential surgery and anaesthesia care being recognised as a part of Universal Health Coverage, 5 billion people worldwide lack access to safe, timely and affordable surgery and anaesthesia care. In Tanzania, 19% of all deaths and 17 % of disability-adjusted life years are attributable to conditions amenable to surgery. It is recommended that countries develop and implement National Surgical, Obstetric and Anesthesia Plans (NSOAPs) to systematically improve quality and access to surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia (SOA) care across six domains of the health system including (1) service delivery, (2) infrastructure, including equipment and supplies, (3) workforce, (4) information management, (5) finance and (6) Governance. This paper describes the NSOAP development, recommendations and lessons learnt from undertaking NSOAP development in Tanzania.The NSOAP development driven by the Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children involved broad consultation with over 200 stakeholders from across government, professional associations, clinicians, ancillary staff, civil society and patient organisations. The NSOAP describes time-bound, costed strategic objectives, outputs, activities and targets to improve each domain of the SOA system. The final NSOAP is ambitious but attainable, reflects on-the-ground priorities, aligns with existing health policy and costs an additional 3% of current healthcare expenditure.Tanzania is the third country to complete such a plan and the first to report on the NSOAP development in such detail. The NSOAP development in Tanzania provides a roadmap for other countries wishing to undertake a similar NSOAP development to strengthen their SOA system.
Development of MRC Centre MRI calf muscle fat fraction protocol as a sensitive outcome measure in Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type 1
Authors: Kugathasan Umaiyal , Evans Matthew R B , Morrow Jasper M , Sinclair Christopher D J , Thornton John S , Yousry Tarek A , Hornemann Thorsten , Suriyanarayanan Saranya , Owusu-Ansah Khadijah , Lauria Giuseppe , Lombardi Raffaella , Polke James M , Wilson Emma , Bennett David L H , Houlden Henry , Hanna Michael G , Blake Julian C , Laura Matilde , Reilly Mary M 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesHereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSN1) is a rare, slowly progressive neuropathy causing profound sensory deficits and often severe motor loss. L-serine supplementation is a possible candidate therapy but the lack of responsive outcome measures is a barrier for undertaking clinical trials in HSN1. We performed a 12-month natural history study to characterise the phenotype of HSN1 and to identify responsive outcome measures.MethodsAssessments included Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score version 2 (CMTNSv2), CMTNSv2-Rasch modified, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, intraepidermal nerve fibre density (thigh), computerised myometry (lower limbs), plasma 1-deoxysphingolipid levels, calf-level intramuscular fat accumulation by MRI and patient-based questionnaires (Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory and 36-Short Form Health Survey version 2 [SF-36v2]).Results35 patients with HSN1 were recruited. There was marked heterogeneity in the phenotype mainly due to differences between the sexes: males generally more severely affected. The outcome measures that significantly changed over 1 year and correlated with CMTNSv2, SF-36v2-physical component and disease duration were MRI determined calf intramuscular fat accumulation (mean change in overall calf fat fraction 2.36%, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.55, p=0.0004), pressure pain threshold on the hand (mean change 40 kPa, 95% CI 0.7 to 80, p=0.046) and myometric measurements of ankle plantar flexion (median change −0.5 Nm, IQR −9.5 to 0, p=0.0007), ankle inversion (mean change −0.89 Nm, 95% CI −1.66 to −0.12, p=0.03) and eversion (mean change −1.61 Nm, 95% CI −2.72 to −0.51, p=0.006). Intramuscular calf fat fraction was the most responsive outcome measure.ConclusionMRI determined calf muscle fat fraction shows validity and high responsiveness over 12 months and will be useful in HSN1 clinical trials.
Congenital bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a 10‐month‐old English springer spaniel
Authors: Zurita Maria , Dempsey Lara 
Published: April 2019

This report describes a 10‐month‐old female, English springer spaniel that was referred to the surgical department for investigation of progressive exercise intolerance and stridor. After performing a complete blood test, thorough examination of the airway under a light plane of anaesthesia and CT of the head and thorax under general anaesthesia, bilateral laryngeal paralysis was diagnosed. Due to the dog’s age and the absence of other aetiologies and neurological abnormalities, a diagnosis of congenital laryngeal paralysis was reached.Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation was performed with cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid sutures. The dog had an uneventful recovery and was successfully discharged the day following surgery with no recurrent respiratory signs for six months postoperatively (at the time this case report was written). This is the first case report that describes congenital bilateral laryngeal paralysis in an English springer spaniel.
IL17A Blockade Successfully Treated Psoriasiform Dermatologic Toxicity from Immunotherapy
Authors: Johnson Daniel , Patel Anisha B. , Uemura Marc I. , Trinh Van A. , Jackson Natalie , Zobniw Chrystia M. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Hwu Patrick , Curry Jonathan L. , Diab Adi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Dermatologic toxicities are the most common immune-related adverse events (irAE) secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). First-line treatment for grade 3 or 4 skin irAEs is high-dose corticosteroids, which have their own side effects. Prolonged treatment with corticosteroids may abrogate antitumor ICI activity. The cellular causes of these dermatologic toxicities, which can manifest as a variety of clinical presentations, remain unclear. Beyond steroids, recommended treatment options are limited. We report a case of psoriasiform dermatologic toxicity, induced by inhibition of PD-1 with the mAb pembrolizumab, which resolved after treatment with systemic interleukin IL17A blockade. Introduction of IL17A blockade did not alter the patient's melanoma response to pembrolizumab. This case suggests a possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells the irAE of the skin in this metastatic melanoma patient.
Defense mechanisms of termites affect their consumption rate by lizards
Authors: Souza Heitor Bruno de Araujo , Vieira Washington Luiz Silva , Costa Gabriel Corrêa , Vasconcellos Alexandre 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether the defense mechanisms of termites influence the rate of consumption by lizards, and if that pattern differs between lizard species. Termites with different defense mechanisms (mechanical and chemical) were offered to two species of lizards from different lineages (Tropiduridae and Teiidae). We found that termites that used defensive chemicals were less likely to be eaten by lizards of both lineages. Our results indicate that lizards from both lineages are capable of selecting termites based on their defense mechanisms. As a result, there is no apparent direct link between the rate of termite consumption and their abundance in the ecosystem. Therefore, the use of stomach contents as a proxy to measure prey availability may render a bias estimation of termite abundance in the environment.
Antipredation behavior covaries with body size in Neotropical snakes
Authors: Delaney David M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The use of defensive behaviors to avoid predation increases the likelihood of survival. Snake species have evolved numerous and diverse antipredatory behaviors to fit a variety of natural histories. Understanding how snakes react to simulated predation events can help us understand their ecology. I conducted behavioral trials on 11 colubrid and dipsadid species ( individuals) in the Republic of Panama to examine patterns of antipredation behavior. The level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors exhibited during simulated predation was positively correlated with body size. To complement these results, data from previously published studies were used to assess these patterns with a larger sample of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids ( species). Indeed, the level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors known for each species was positively correlated with body size. However, the positive association between the number of antipredatory behaviors known for a species and body size was driven largely by colubrids and not dipsadids. Larger snakes may be more intimidating to potential predators, therefore making aggressive defensive behaviors more likely to be successful. Larger snakes also may encounter a higher diversity of predators and may benefit from the ability to choose from a suite of defensive behaviors specific to certain contexts. Although this study suggests two interesting patterns in the defensive behaviors of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids, comparative studies of the interactions between snakes and their predators are needed to better understand the pressures driving variation in snake antipredation behavior.
As clear as day: nocturnal activity differs from diurnal activity in a temporally constrained capital breeder
Authors: Fraser Zoe L. , Culloch Ross M. , Twiss Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Time-activity budgets are fundamental to behavioural studies, allowing examination of how individuals allocate their time, and potentially energy, and how these patterns vary spatially and temporally and in relation to habitat, individual identity, sex, social status and levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Direct observations of animal behaviour, especially in the wild, are often limited to daylight hours; therefore, many activity budgets relate to diurnal activity only, or assumptions are made about nocturnal activity. Activity budgets have been a key component of many behavioural and energetics studies of breeding grey seals (Halichoerus grypus, Fabricius, 1791), and yet very little is known about nocturnal activity of grey seals, and a general, implicit assumption of no significant change from day to night seems to pervade the literature. Here we use a combination of high resolution digital video and thermal imaging video camera to follow known individual grey seal mothers from day into night to examine activity patterns during lactation. We show distinct differences in nocturnal activity budgets relative to diurnal activity budgets. Mothers spent significantly more time resting with a reduction of time spent in the alert and comfort move behavioural categories during nocturnal periods. It is clear that diurnal time-activity patterns of breeding female grey seals cannot be extrapolated to represent activity across a 24-hour cycle. These considerations are particularly critical in studies that aim to use time-activity budgets as proxies for energy budgets.
A Royal Letter, in Arabic, by Sultan ʿAẓīm al-Dīn I of Sulu (1747)
Authors: Donoso Isaac , Kacimi Mourad 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of the only known official Arabic document from the Sultanate of Sulu (Philippine Archipelago), a royal response by Sultan ʿAẓīm al-Dīn I (Alimudín) to the Spanish King Philip V, dated September 12, 1747. Among the consequences of this correspondence was a sojourn to Manila and the conversion of the sultan to Christianity. An edition of the Arabic text is herewith supplied, together with an edition with variant readings of the historical Spanish translation and, finally, a modern English translation of the original Arabic text.
The Responsibility Not to Veto: A Genealogy
Authors: Vilmer Jean-Baptiste Jeangène 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The responsibility not to veto is the idea that the Permanent Five at the UN Security Council should voluntarily refrain from using their veto in the event of atrocities. There are currently three veto-restraining initiatives, one of them from a P5 member, France. Despite its importance in diplomatic and UN circles, this debate has attracted little academic attention. This is partly because of the difficulty to access primary sources such as the details of the French proposal that circulated among the P5. Empirically focused and using diplomatic archives and experience, this article intends to fill such a gap. It provides the most detailed picture of the RN2V genealogy to date while offering a behind-the-scenes perspective on how the idea emerged and developed inside the French administration. It then unpacks the French strategy, its motivations and diplomatic efforts toward the P5, Group of 4, other states, and nongovernmental organizations, and eventually makes four recommendations for the initiative to have a chance of progressing among the Permanent Three.
Risky Business? The Energy Charter Treaty, Renewable Energy, and Investor-State Disputes
Authors: Tienhaara Kyla , Downie Christian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Global energy governance has received increased attention from scholars and policymakers in recent years. Much of the discussion has focused on the inadequacy of the current institutional architecture, particularly in light of the urgent need to decarbonize energy systems. However, little attention has been given to the capacity of global institutions to promote investment in renewable energy. This article considers claims by proponents of the Energy Charter Treaty, the most developed trade and investment treaty in the global energy architecture, that it can play an important role in this regard. Specifically, it examines the ECT’s investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. Drawing on scholarship in global governance, law, and economics and an analysis of recent investor-state disputes, the article argues that there are problems with the assumptions underlying the claims of the ECT’s proponents. Critically, there is still a lack of evidence that the ECT has a positive impact on flows of investment in any sector, including the renewable energy sector. There is also a risk that ISDS could be used by the fossil fuel industry to impede a clean energy transition. States should approach accession to the ECT with caution and consider other mechanisms to reduce risk for renewable energy investors.
Governance and Water Progress for the Rural Poor
Authors: Nelson-Nuñez Jami , Pizzi Elise 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
While the world succeeded in meeting the Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people without access to improved water sources, many were left behind. As the new Sustainable Development Goals aim to reach universal access by 2030, this article assesses the shortcomings of the MDGs and identifies factors that explain progress for the hardest to reach: the rural poor. The article draws on newly available data on water access by wealth quintiles and finds that rural governance quality is more important for extending water access to the rural poor than to the rich. Government capacity to design and implement policy is particularly important. This article extends the research on inequities in global development progress and the distributive effects of governance quality in development outcomes.
Leaving the Doors Open or Keeping Them Closed? The Impact of Transparency on the Authority of Peer Reviews in International Organizations
Authors: Carraro Valentina , Jongen Hortense 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Although transparency is frequently employed to enhance the legitimacy of public organizations, several scholars point to its potentially negative implications. This study analyzes the impact of transparency on the authority of peer reviews in international organizations. Authority, here conceived as rooted in legitimacy beliefs, is crucial for peer reviews to produce effects. This research is based on results from an online survey and forty-three interviews with actors involved in two United Nations peer reviews: the Universal Periodic Review in human rights and the Implementation Review Mechanism in the fight against corruption. The article shows that transparency positively affects the perceived development of pressure, yet negatively influences mutual learning and appears to be unable to ensure equal treatment of states.
Networking Responsibility
Authors: Seaman Kate 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The rapid rise of the Responsibility to Protect and its establishment within the global lexicon is nothing short of astounding. However, there are a number of questions that remain unanswered: Who has the Responsibility to Protect? Who are they protecting? What are the wider implications of this concept of responsibility? How is the concept being operationalized? Regional and subregional organizations are seen as key actors in the operationalization of the Responsibility to Protect, providing increased legitimacy and accountability. This article situates these organizations within a wider “network of responsibility” and examines the impact this engagement has on norm contestation, diffusion, development, and operationalization. The article highlights the potential that regional and subregional organizations have for acting as “linchpins” within a network of responsibility. It also demonstrates the challenges surrounding this role, and the wider implementation and operationalization of the concept.
Choosing among Options for Regulatory Cooperation
Authors: Winslett Gary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
When states face a regulatory difference that impedes commerce between them, they have a range of options to choose from in how to pursue regulatory cooperation on that issue. They may attempt to unilaterally impose their position, attempt to negotiate binding agreements, promote mutual recognition, utilize networked governance, create private standards, rely on business self-regulation, or choose not to pursue cooperation. Each of these choices has implications for the commerce and international relations on that issue, and so the choice of policy route is of vital importance. This article builds on lobbying, regulation, and trade scholarship to advance a theory that explains how states choose a regulatory cooperation pathway.
Axial sampling height outperforms site as predictor of wood trait variation
Authors: Dória Larissa C. , Podadera Diego S. , Lima Rivete S. , Lens Frederic , Marcati Carmen R. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTCovariation amongst wood traits along the stem axis is important to maintain hydraulic integrity ensuring sufficient sap flow to the canopy. Here, we test how wood traits (co)vary along the trunk and whether two seasonally dry Brazilian habitats (cerrado and caatinga) influence this variation in two co-occurring species, Tocoyena formosa (Rubiaceae) and Tabebuia aurea (Bignoniaceae). The samples were collected at five heights along the main trunk of three individuals per species in both sites. We used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to observe the wood traits. Out of 13 wood traits, nine show relationships with sampling height: eight traits predict height in T. formosa and five in T. aurea. Contrastingly, only three traits show differences between sites and only for T. formosa. The intratrunk wood variation is reflected by the hydraulically weighted vessel diameter showing a curvilinear relationship, disagreeing with the prediction of a continuous vessel widening from tip to base. In both species, the largest vessels are linked to the thinnest intervessel pit membranes. Wood density increases basipetally for both species, being site-dependent and correlated with vessel traits in T. formosa, and site-independent and determined by fiber wall thickness in T. aurea. Furthermore, the functional role of rays was found to be different for each species, and may be related to the marked difference in ray composition. In conclusion, both species show a unique adaptation to deal with height-related constraints using species-specific co-variation amongst wood traits, while site does not contribute much to the wood variation.