bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Associations Between CYP2D6 Metabolizer Status and Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Outcomes of Venlafaxine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lin Xiao-Qian , Wang Ping , Cai Wen-Ke , Xu Gui-Li , Yang Mei , Zhou Meng-Di , Sun Mei , He Fang , He Gong-Hao 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background The association between CYP2D6 metabolizer status and clinical outcomes of venlafaxine was extensively investigated previously, but no widely accepted conclusion has been reached so far. To obtain a more precise estimation of the association, a systematic review by meta-analysis was conducted in the present study.
Methods The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Technology of Chongqing, and Wan Fang Database were searched for eligible studies up to August 2018.
Results Fourteen related studies involving 1035 patients were finally included. Significant associations were found among 3 CYP2D6 phenotypes (NM, IM, and PM) and most pharmacokinetic parameters of venlafaxine. However, CYP2D6 phenotypes were not associated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale response of venlafaxine. In addition, we also found no significant association between CYP2D6 phenotype and overall rate of adverse events.
Conclusions CYP2D6 metabolizer status had significant influence on venlafaxine pharmacokinetics, but insufficient evidence demonstrated that CYP2D6 metabolizer status was associated with its therapeutic effects and overall rate of adverse events, which provided further evidence regarding the relationship between CYP2D6 metabolizer status and venlafaxine.
Shock Etiologies and Fluid Management in Liver Failure
Authors: Weiss Emmanuel , Paugam-Burtz Catherine , Jaber Samir 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLiver failure can occur in patients with or without underlying chronic liver disease (mainly cirrhosis) and is, respectively, termed acute on chronic liver failure or acute liver failure (ALF). In both cases, it is associated with marked systemic inflammation and profound hemodynamic disturbances, that is, increased cardiac output, peripheral vasodilation, and decreased systemic vascular resistance, on top of several superimposed etiologies of shock. In patients with cirrhosis, sepsis is the main cause of intensive care unit admission but portal hypertension-related gastrointestinal hemorrhage is also common. Septic shock is also particularly frequent in patients with ALF and can complicate the initial hypovolemic shock related to poor oral intake, vomiting, and encephalopathy prior to admission. Given the susceptibility of the liver to hypoxia and also the potential deleterious effects of fluid on liver function, the assessment of hemodynamic status and volume responsiveness is especially important in these patients. However, one should keep in mind that the hyperdynamic state and low systemic vascular resistance in liver failure may bias the accuracy of some hemodynamic monitoring devices. Fluid therapy should use crystalloids, and balanced salt solutions may limit the risk of hyperchloremic acidosis and subsequent adverse kidney events. Nevertheless, the beneficial effects of albumin resuscitation have been demonstrated in patients with cirrhosis and may reflect more than mere volume expansion.
Neurocritical Care Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Coma in Liver Failure
Authors: Kerbert Annarein , Engelmann Cornelius , Jalan Rajiv 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe complication of liver disease, describing a spectrum of neurological and psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma. HE is the leading cause for hospital readmission, intensive care treatment, and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease. The complex and multifaceted pathogenesis is not yet fully understood, but hypotheses focus on ammonia and systemic inflammation, which are the main targets for currently available therapies in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the remaining high clinical relevance and healthcare burden of this syndrome underlines the emergence for further unraveling the full spectrum of pathomechanisms, as this provides the basis for the development of novel, highly targeted therapies. In this review, the most recent literature about current and future therapies for HE, relevant for intensive care management, will be discussed.
Critical Care Management of Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Ascites in Liver Failure
Authors: Rajwani Kapil , Fortune Brett , Brown Robert 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and ascites are two significant clinical events that frequently present in critically ill patients with chronic liver failure or decompensated cirrhosis. GI bleeding in patients with cirrhosis, particularly portal hypertensive-associated bleeding, carries a high short-term mortality (15–25%) and requires early initiation of a vasoactive agent and antibiotics as well as timely endoscopic management. Conservative transfusion strategies and adequate airway protection are also imperative to assist in bleeding control. The presence of ascites among hospitalized cirrhotics requires early analysis of ascitic fluid to diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and initiate appropriate antibiotics and albumin to reduce patients' high associated mortality rates of greater than 25%. Appropriate utilization of portal decompression using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement for selected patients with failure to control bleeding or ascites and early consideration for liver transplantation referral is critical to improve patient survival. This review will aim to elucidate the current strategies for the management of critically ill patients with chronic liver failure presenting with GI bleeding or ascites.
Evaluation of Strategies in the Management of Infective Aortic Valve Endocarditis at German Cardiac Surgical Departments
Authors: Akhyari Payam , Aubin Hug , Lühr Maximilian , Rastan Ardawan Julian , Beckmann Andreas , Misfeld Martin ,   on behalf of the Working Group Aortic Valve Surgery and the Board of Directors of the German Society for Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery
Published: November 2018

Background Surgical treatment of infective aortic valve endocarditis (AVE) remains a therapeutic challenge, necessitating interdisciplinary approach to limit morbidity and mortality in this high-risk cohort. With a considerable spectrum of available laboratory testings, imaging techniques, as well as operative strategies developed in recent years, there is a lack of standardization across cardiac surgical departments in Germany. Thus, the optimal treatment strategy of AVE has yet to be defined.
Methods A nationwide survey on infective AVE was conducted, including 64 cardiac surgical departments responding to a 41-item questionnaire. The evaluation included common surgical practice, routine diagnostic steps, surgical techniques, perioperative medical treatment, as well as postoperative management.
Results Remarkable differences were observed among the participating institutions, including the following components of the treatment: (1) standardization and extent of the use of imaging techniques and (2) success rate in identification AVE-causing germs, (3) timing of operation in case of cerebral embolization, and (4) choice of valve prosthesis for aortic valve replacement for infective AVE.
Conclusion The findings of this survey underline the need for a nationwide registry to further elucidate the nature and course of AVE in Germany, as well as to serve as a solid basis for prospective trials, addressing the most important clinical purposes in the diagnosis and treatment of AVE.
Infectious Complications in Critically Ill Liver Failure Patients
Authors: Cheung Amanda , Tanna Sajal , Ison Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInfections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with liver failure. A number of factors, including relative immune dysfunction and systemic inflammation, bacterial translocation, gut dysbiosis, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, altered bile acid pools, and changes in pH due to acid suppression, contribute to the high rates of infection in this population. Though a range of infections can complicate the course of cirrhotic patients, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), cholangitis, and cholecystitis in addition to other infections (i.e. pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, and Clostridioides difficile colitis) are more common in this population and will be reviewed in this article. Preventative strategies are directed at minimizing the risk of SBP through the use of targeted antimicrobial prophylaxis. Lastly, the critically ill cirrhotic patient may present with an acute need for liver transplantation. Thus, careful assessment for ongoing infection should be performed and treated to optimize outcomes of transplant, if needed.
Glides and laryngeals as a structural class
Authors: de Kok Kenneth , Botma Bert , van ’t Veer Marijn 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhonological processes typically affect natural classes of sounds, with the members of such classes sharing some phonetic property to the exclusion of other sounds. Recent typological work shows that not all phonological classes are natural, however (Mielke 2008). This paper considers the class of glides and laryngeals, a combination of sounds which resists a straightforward characterization in terms of shared features. Adopting the framework of Element Theory (Harris & Lindsey 1995;Backley 2011), we argue that class behaviour of glides and laryngeals is due not to their having shared phonetic content, but shared phonological structure: glides and laryngeals contain a single element in their melodic structure. We conclude that phonological processes can be sensitive to the difference between simple and complex expressions.
United we diverge
Authors: Horsbøl Anders 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter investigates what may be termed the responsive aspect of politics in critical situations where ordinary routines are challenged and unexpected events require a political response. Taking the deadly attack on a public meeting and the synagogue in Copenhagen, Denmark on 14 February 2015 as an empirical case, the chapter analyses responses from leading politicians on Facebook in the first days after the attacks. The analysis centres on the way in which the attacks are categorised and evaluated as well as on prevalent topoi and forms of dialogicality. The chapter concludes that the Facebook responses constitute a double articulation of overt unity and potential disagreement.
Hybridity and antagonism in broadcast election campaign interviews
Authors: Kantara Argyro 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The present chapter contributes to existing research on hybridity in broadcast news interviews (Ekström 2011; Hutchby 2011a, 2011b, 2013, 2017; Baym 2005, 2013) both at a micro and a macro level. Employing Conversation Analysis on a micro level, it explores how, through their hybrid antagonistic practices, Greek politicians and journalists transform the broadcast election campaign news interview into an antagonistic arena where the winner is the one who shows that s/he plays the game of the news interview in a fair way. On a macro level, it examines how the antagonistic practices identified shape the knowledge produced for the overhearing audience (the epistemology of TV journalism in Ekström’s 2002 and Roth’s 2002 terms) in relation both to the politicians’ public portrayal and the resulting antagonistic politics foregrounded.
Productively losing control, or how Architecture can inspire translation ethics
Authors: Floros Georgios 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article, an attempt is made to view Architecture as a source of inspiration for translation ethics. First, it is argued that Architecture is not a discipline that is as distant from translation studies as it might seem at first sight. Second, the example of the Wyly Theater in Dallas is discussed in an attempt to summarize contemporary concerns in architectural practice: “productively losing control,” a motto used byPrince-Ramus (2009), is then applied to translation ethics and the paper goes on to explore possible parallels between how a building may function within its surroundings and how texts may function within a social context. More specifically, it is shown that selected functional aspects of the Wyly Theater might form a guiding principle for teaching how to resolve ethical issues in the translation of politically sensitive texts taken from the Greek and Cypriot contexts.
Audio description in 360º videos
Authors: Fidyka Anita , Matamala Anna 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article discusses how audio description could be integrated into 360º videos by reporting the results from two focus groups
conducted in the initial stages of the ImAc project. To involve participants in the research process, the project adopted a
user-centered methodology, and a series of focus groups was conducted with professional audio describers and end users to gather
feedback about their needs and expectations regarding the implementation of audio description and, secondarily, audio subtitling.
Results indicate that content selection in this medium raises concerns for audio describers, and needs to be further researched.
The results obtained from the end users not only highlight the need to audio describe the main action, but also their interest in
having different parts of the visual scene audio described. Results also indicate that auditory cues would allow end users to
orient themselves in the scene, and feel more immersed in the content presented.
Black Anaesthetics: The New Yorker and Andrea Lee’s Russian Journal
Authors: Myers Shaundra 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This essay demonstrates the oft-dismissed centrality of critical race thought to posthumanist studies by excavating the neglected writings of the New Yorker magazine’s earliest black staff writers. Within this early post–Civil Rights archive of “The Talk of the Town” columns and a Russian travelogue, this essay uncovers conditions of possibility for the emergence of racially anomalous strains of contemporary black narrative that have long discomfited canon-makers. Analyzing how the implicitly white persona of “The Talk of the Town” functioned as an avatar of the liberal humanist subject, I show how Andrea Lee, Charlayne Hunter, and Jamaica Kincaid undermined or appropriated this figure of Man. Their experiments with racial legibility in their unsigned columns would give rise to what I term black anaesthetics: narrative practices that disable the reader’s capacity to make meaning of race even as they disclose traces of racialized blackness. Working thus both in and out of touch with racial reality, black anaesthetic texts such as Lee’s Russian Journal (1981), Toni Morrison’s “Recitatif” (1983), and Octavia Butler’s “Bloodchild” (1984) suspend processes of racialization vital to the production of Man’s human Others. In doing so, they invite us to rethink the descent of what has come to be called posthumanism.
Ceftriaxone Treatment Preserves Cortical Inhibitory Interneuron Function via Transient Salvage of GLT-1 in a Rat Traumatic Brain Injury Model
Authors: Hameed Mustafa Q , Hsieh Tsung-Hsun , Morales-Quezada Leon , Lee Henry H C , Damar Ugur , MacMullin Paul C , Hensch Takao K , Rotenberg Alexander 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a decrease in glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression, the major mechanism for glutamate removal from synapses. Coupled with an increase in glutamate release from dead and dying neurons, this causes an increase in extracellular glutamate. The ensuing glutamate excitotoxicity disproportionately damages vulnerable GABAergic parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneurons, resulting in a progressively worsening cortical excitatory:inhibitory imbalance due to a loss of GABAergic inhibitory tone, as evidenced by chronic post-traumatic symptoms such as epilepsy, and supported by neuropathologic findings. This loss of intracortical inhibition can be measured and followed noninvasively using long-interval paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation with mechanomyography (LI-ppTMS-MMG). Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, is a potent stimulator of the expression of rodent GLT-1 and would presumably decrease excitotoxic damage to GABAergic interneurons. It may thus be a viable antiepileptogenic intervention. Using a rat fluid percussion injury TBI model, we utilized LI-ppTMS-MMG, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry to test whether ceftriaxone treatment preserves intracortical inhibition and cortical parvalbumin-positive inhibitory interneuron function after TBI in rat motor cortex. We show that neocortical GLT-1 gene and protein expression are significantly reduced 1 week after TBI, and this transient loss is mitigated by ceftriaxone. Importantly, whereas intracortical inhibition declines progressively after TBI, 1 week of post-TBI ceftriaxone treatment attenuates the loss of inhibition compared to saline-treated controls. This finding is accompanied by significantly higher parvalbumin gene and protein expression in ceftriaxone-treated injured rats. Our results highlight prospects for ceftriaxone as an intervention after TBI to prevent cortical inhibitory interneuron dysfunction, partly by preserving GLT-1 expression.
Enhanced recovery protocol in esophagectomy, is it really worth it? A cost analysis related to team experience and protocol compliance
Authors: Weindelmayer J , Verlato G , Alberti L , Poli R , Priolo S , Bovo C , de Manzoni G 
Published: November 2018

SUMMARY
Application of enhanced recovery protocols (ERP) in esophageal surgery seems to lead an advantage in terms of length of hospital staying and outcomes, but only few data exist on its cost effectiveness. Previous literature analyzed pre- and post-ERP groups, finding a cost reduction with the introduction of the pathway. We aimed to study the influence on costs of accumulating experience and compliance in an ERP group. Seventy-one patients have been treated at our institution from January 2014 to June 2017 with our ERP for Ivor–Lewis esophagectomy. Direct costs were divided into subcategories and were analyzed as a function of calendar year and compliance. Factor affecting costs were searched. Univariable analysis highlighted a significant reduction in costs over time. Increase in compliance led to a progressive cost reduction for each ERP item completed (€14 852–€11 045). While age was not found to significantly influence the cost (p = 0.341), complications seemed to nullify the effect of experience: the median was €11 507 in uncomplicated patients, and increased to €13 791 in Clavien–Dindo 3–4 (CD3–4) patients. Compliance and CD3–4 remained significant also in multivariable analysis, accomplished by quantile regression, while year of surgery lost its significance.
Our results evidence how accumulating experience in ERP led to a cost reduction over time, which was mainly mediated by an increase in compliance. Indeed, compliance was the main factor in reducing ERP cost while CD3–4 complications were the most important factor in cost increasing, nullifying the benefit of compliance.
Relationship between body mass index and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with edoxaban or warfarin in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial
Authors: Boriani Giuseppe , Ruff Christian T , Kuder Julia F , Shi Minggao , Lanz Hans J , Rutman Howard , Mercuri Michele F , Antman Elliott M , Braunwald Eugene , Giugliano Robert P 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Aims
To investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results
In the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial, patients with AF were randomized to warfarin (international normalized ratio 2.0–3.0) or edoxaban. The cohort (N = 21 028) included patients across BMI categories (kg/m2): underweight (&lt;18.5) in 0.8%, normal (18.5 to &lt;25) in 21.4%, overweight (25 to &lt;30) in 37.6%, moderately obese (30 to &lt;35) in 24.8%, severely obese (35 to &lt;40) in 10.0%, and very severely obese (≥40) in 5.5%. In an adjusted analysis, higher BMI (continuous, per 5 kg/m2 increase) was significantly and independently associated with lower risks of stroke/systemic embolic event (SEE) [hazard ratio (HR) 0.88, P = 0.0001], ischaemic stroke/SEE (HR 0.87, P &lt; 0.0001), and death (HR 0.91, P &lt; 0.0001), but with increased risks of major (HR 1.06, P = 0.025) and major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding (HR 1.05, P = 0.0007). There was a significant interaction between sex and increasing BMI category, with lower risk of ischaemic stroke/SEE in males and increased risk of bleeding in women. Trough edoxaban concentration and anti-Factor Xa activity were similar across BMI groups &gt;18.5 kg/m2, while time in therapeutic range for warfarin improved significantly as BMI increased (P &lt; 0.0001). The effects of edoxaban vs. warfarin on stroke/SEE, major bleeding, and net clinical outcome were similar across BMI groups.

Conclusion
An increased BMI was independently associated with a lower risk of stroke/SEE, better survival, but increased risk of bleeding. The efficacy and safety profiles of edoxaban were similar across BMI categories ranging from 18.5 to &gt;40.
Factor Models for Portfolio Selection in Large Dimensions: The Good, the Better and the Ugly
Authors: De Nard Gianluca , Ledoit Olivier , Wolf Michael 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This paper injects factor structure into the estimation of time-varying, large-dimensional covariance matrices of stock returns. Existing factor models struggle to model the covariance matrix of residuals in the presence of time-varying conditional heteroskedasticity in large universes. Conversely, rotation-equivariant estimators of large-dimensional time-varying covariance matrices forsake directional information embedded in market-wide risk factors. We introduce a new covariance matrix estimator that blends factor structure with time-varying conditional heteroskedasticity of residuals in large dimensions up to 1000 stocks. It displays superior all-around performance on historical data against a variety of state-of-the-art competitors, including static factor models, exogenous factor models, sparsity-based models, and structure-free dynamic models. This new estimator can be used to deliver more efficient portfolio selection and detection of anomalies in the cross-section of stock returns.