Caring during breastfeeding: Perceptions of mothers and health professionals
Authors: Lucchini-Raies Camila , Márquez Doren Francisca , Garay Unjidos Nicole , Contreras Véliz Javiera , Jara Suazo Daniel , Calabacero Florechaes Cristina , Campos Romero Solange , Lopez-Dicastillo Olga 
Published: July 2019

Abstract Purpose. To know the perceptions of mothers and health professionals in relation to the care provided and received during breastfeeding at primary health care level.Methods. A qualitative exploratory study was conducted with breastfeeding mothers (10) and primary health care professionals (24). Data was gathered through indepth interviews and focus groups. Data analysis was performed through thematic content analysis. The rigor of the study was ensured by the Guba and Lincoln criteria for qualitative research. Ethical aspects were addressed through the informed consent process, confidentiality, and methodological rigor.Results. The experience of providing/receiving breastfeeding support was revealed as a dynamic, multidimensional care and support process, through three central themes: 1. Influence of previous care and support experiences during the breastfeeding process; 2. Importance of the context within which care is framed; and 3. Addressing emotions to establish trust between professionals and mothers.Conclusion. The study findings contribute to further understanding a complex phenomenon, such as breastfeeding support and care for mothers/families, from the experience of the actors involved, deepening the experiences of both in integrated manner. In addition, the relational, organizational, and contextual dimensions that influence support, and that should guide care, are also highlighted.Descriptors: breastfeeding; mothers; primary care nursing; qualitative research.How to cite this article: Lucchini-Raies C, Márquez-Doren F, Garay Unjidos N, Contreras J, Jara D, Calabacero C, et al., Care during Breastfeeding: Perceptions of Mothers and Health Professionals. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2019; 37(2):e09ReferencesWorld Health Organisation. Infant and young child feeding [Internet]. 2017; (cited 03 May 2019):23–5. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ Rosso F, Skarmeta N, Sade A. Informe técnico: Encuesta nacional de la lactancia materna en la atención primaria ENALMA. Chile 2013 [Internet]. Santiago: Ministerio de Salud; 2013. Available from: http://web.minsal.cl/sites/default/files/INFORME_FINAL_ENALMA_2013.pdf Rodríguez L. Situación actual de la lactancia materna y regulación para su protección y promoción. Santaigo; 2017. MINSAL. Prestaciones Chile crece Contigo [Internet]. Santiago: Ministerio de Salud; 2017 [cited 23 Jan. 2017]. p. 7. Available from: http://www.crececontigo.gob.cl/sobre-chile-crece-contigo/que-ofrece/ Balogun O, O’Sullivan E, McFadden A, Ota E, Gavine A, Garner C, et al. Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding (Review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; (11):100. Niño MR, Silva GAE. Factores asociados a la lactancia materna exclusiva. Rev. Chil. Pediatr. 2012; 83(2):161–9. Burns E, Schmied V. “The right help at the right time”: Positive constructions of peer and professional support for breastfeeding. Women Birth. 2017; 30(5):389–97. Yang X, Gao L, Ip W-Y, Sally Chan WC. Predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate postpartum period: A cross-sectional study. Midwifery. 2016; 41:1–8. Belintxon-Martín M, Zaragüeta MC, Adrián MC, López-Dicastillo O. El comienzo de la lactancia: Experiencias de madres primerizas. An. Sist. Sanit. Navarra. 2011; 34(3):409–18. Debevec AD, Evanson TA. Improving Breastfeeding Support by Understanding Women’s Perspectives and Emotional Experiences of Breastfeeding. Nurs Womens Health. 2016; 20(5):464–74. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 2006; 3(2):77–101. Streubert HJ, Rinaldi Carpenter D. Action Research Method. In: Streubert HJ, Rinaldi Carpenter D, editors. Qualitative Research in Nursing Advancing the Humanistic Imperative. Fifth Edit. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. p. 300–20. Mastrapa YE, Lamadrid M del PG. Relación enfermera-paciente: una perspectiva desde las teorías de las relaciones interpersonales. Rev. Cubana Enferm. 2016; 32(4):126–36. Grassley JS, Clark M, Schleis J. An Institutional Ethnography of Nurses’ Support of Breastfeeding on the Night Shift. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2015; 44(5):567–77. Ratnasari D, Paramashanti BA, Hadi H, Yugistyowati A, Astiti D, Nurhayati E. Family support and exclusive breastfeeding among Yogyakarta mothers in employment. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2017; 26(May):S31–5. Kronborg H, Harder I, Hall EOC. First time mothers’ experiences of breastfeeding their newborn. Sex. Reprod. Healthc. 2015; 6(2):82–7. Wright AI, Hurst NM. Personal Infant Feeding Experiences of Postpartum Nurses Affect How They Provide Breastfeeding Support. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs. 2018; 47(3):342–51. Mujika A, Arantzamendi M, Lopez-Dicastillo O, Forbes A. Health professionals’ personal behaviours hindering health promotion: A study of nurses who smoke. J. Adv. Nurs. 2017; 73(11):2633–41. de Almeida JM, de Araújo Barros Luz S, da Veiga Ued F. Support of breastfeeding by health professionals: integrative review of the literature. Rev. Paul. Pediatr. 2015; 33(3):355–62. Holtzman O, Usherwood T. Australian General Practitioners’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Breastfeeding. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(2):1–16. Leslie JL, Lonneman W. Promoting Trust in the Registered Nurse- Patient Relationship. Home Healthc. Now. 2016;34(1):38–42. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy. Encycl Hum Behav. 1994; 4(1994):71–81. Brockway M, Benzies K, Hayden KA. Interventions to Improve Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Resultant Breastfeeding Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Hum. Lact. 2017; 33(3):86-499. Toyama N, Kurihara K, Muranaka M, Kamibeppu K. Factors influencing self-efficacy in breastfeeding support among public health nurses in Japan. Health. 2013; 5(12):2051–8. Patnode C, Henninger M, Senger C, Perdue L, Whitlock E. Primary Care Interventions to Support Breastfeeding. JAMA. 2016; 316(16):1694–705. Leeming D, Marshall J, Locke A. Understanding process and context in breastfeeding support interventions: The potential of qualitative research. Matern. Child. Nutr. 2017; 13(4):1–10. Macvicar S, Kirkpatrick P, Humphrey T, Forbes-Mckay KE. Supporting Breastfeeding Establishment among Socially Disadvantaged Women: A Meta-Synthesis. Birth. 2015; 42(4):290–8.