bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The accuracy and precision of the KIM motion monitoring system used in the multi‐institutional TROG 15.01 Stereotactic Prostate Ablative Radiotherapy with KIM (SPARK) trial
Authors: Hewson Emily A. , Nguyen Doan Trang , O’Brien Ricky , Kim Jung‐Ha , Montanaro Tim , Moodie Trevor , Greer Peter B. , Hardcastle Nicholas , Eade Thomas , Kneebone Andrew , Hruby George , Hayden Amy J. , Turner Sandra , Siva Shankar , Tai Keen‐Hun , Hunter Perry , Sams Joshua , Poulsen Per Rugaard , Booth Jeremy T. , Martin Jarad , Keall Paul J. 
Published: August 2019

PurposeKilovoltage intrafraction monitoring (KIM) allows for real‐time image guidance for tracking tumor motion in six‐degrees‐of‐freedom (6DoF) on a standard linear accelerator. This study assessed the geometric accuracy and precision of KIM used to guide patient treatments in the TROG 15.01 multi‐institutional Stereotactic Prostate Ablative Radiotherapy with KIM trial and investigated factors affecting accuracy and precision.MethodsFractions from 44 patients with prostate cancer treated using KIM‐guided SBRT were analyzed across four institutions, on two different linear accelerator models and two different beam models (6 MV and 10 MV FFF). The geometric accuracy and precision of KIM was assessed from over 33 000 images (translation) and over 9000 images (rotation) by comparing the real‐time measured motion to retrospective kV/MV triangulation. Factors potentially affecting accuracy, including contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) of kV images and incorrect marker segmentation, were also investigated.ResultsThe geometric accuracy and precision did not depend on treatment institution, beam model or motion magnitude, but was correlated with gantry angle. The centroid geometric accuracy and precision of the KIM system for SABR prostate treatments was 0.0 ± 0.5, 0.0 ± 0.4 and 0.1 ± 0.3 mm for translation, and −0.1 ± 0.6°, −0.1 ± 1.4° and −0.1 ± 1.0° for rotation in the AP, LR and SI directions respectively. Centroid geometric error exceeded 2 mm for 0.05% of this dataset. No significant relationship was found between large geometric error and CNR or marker segmentation correlation.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the ability of KIM to locate the prostate with accuracy below other uncertainties in radiotherapy treatments, and the feasibility for KIM to be implemented across multiple institutions.
Temperature and Maternal Age Effects on Burbot Reproduction
Authors: Ashton Neil K. , Jensen Nathan R. , Ross Tyler J. , Young Shawn P. , Hardy Ryan S. , Cain Kenneth D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
River regulation alters the thermal regime of many freshwater ecosystems, and impoundments are known to negatively impact the recruitment of fluvial Burbot Lota lota populations. Some conservation programs in North America and Eurasia have begun to incorporate stocking of hatchery Burbot to mitigate extirpation risks. Anthropogenic modification of river temperatures and population structure has unknown implications for Burbot reproduction. This study evaluated the effects of elevated water temperatures and different maternal ages on spawning and embryo development of hatchery Burbot. Juveniles stocked downstream of a hydroelectric dam were found to naturally mature in a warmer postdam regime. The river-adapted hatchery adults volitionally spawned in a broodstock facility at 2, 4, and 6°C. The spawning period spanned 18 d at 2°C but was shortened to 6−7 d at 4°C and 6°C. Survival of embryos to the eyed stage was 86.7, 47.9, and 0.1% at incubation temperatures of 2, 4, and 6°C, respectively. Embryo deformity increased dramatically between 4°C and 6°C. Young (age-3) and old (age-7 and older) females spawned 4−12 d later than 5- and 6-year-old females. Age-3 females spawned smaller eggs, but no relationship was found between maternal age and embryo vital rates. It was concluded that juvenile stocking supplemented the abundance of reproductive adults in the highly altered ecosystem of the lower Kootenai River. Spawning temperatures above 4°C potentially underlie Burbot recruitment bottlenecks in systems affected by impoundments, climate warming, or other barriers to coldwater spawning habitat. Contraction of the spawning period by warmer temperatures, a truncated population age structure, or both could synchronize spawning to coincide with suboptimal conditions for normal embryo development.
The Selection of Stocking Locations for Fisheries Enhancement in the Estuarine Environment: A Decision Support Tool
Authors: Olsen Zachary 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stock enhancement is an important tool for fisheries management agencies around the world, and survival of stocked individuals is vital to the success of enhancement activities. This is especially true when fish are stocked as juveniles. Suitable nursery habitat is known to increase the survival of juvenile fishes. Several logistical constraints to the stocking process (e.g., differences in environmental conditions between the hatchery facility and stocking sites) may similarly influence the survival of stocked individuals. The objective of this project was to construct a decision support tool for the selection of stocking locations. I trialed this tool for three species stocked in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas: Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus, Spotted Seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, and Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. The decision support tool incorporated three layers: a species-specific habitat suitability model (accounting for suitable salinity, temperature, seagrass presence, and seasonality), a layer comparing the similarity of salinity in hatchery grow-out ponds to salinities in the bay system, and a layer comparing the similarity of water temperature in hatchery grow-out ponds to temperatures in the bay system. Outputs of stocking suitability were found to vary regionally throughout the bay system based largely on the intra-estuary variation in salinity (through both the habitat suitability model and the grow-out pond salinity model) and the presence of seagrass (as specified in the habitat suitability model). Outputs from this tool will be greatly improved as input data sources are refined and as managers adapt the use of this tool to specific drivers of postrelease survival for their specific application.
How Local Economic Conditions Affect School Finances, Teacher Quality, and Student Achievement: Evidence from the Texas Shale Boom
Authors: Marchand Joseph , Weber Jeremy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhether improved local economic conditions lead to better student outcomes is theoretically ambiguous and will depend on how schools use additional revenues and how students and teachers respond to rising private sector wages. The Texas boom in shale oil and gas drilling, with its large and localized effects on wages and the tax base, provides a unique opportunity to address this question that spans the areas of education, labor markets, and public finance. An empirical approach using variation in shale geology across school districts shows that the boom reduced test scores and student attendance, despite tripling the local tax base and creating a revenue windfall. Schools spent additional revenue on capital projects and debt service, but not on teachers. As the gap between teacher wages and private sector wages grew, so did teacher turnover and the percentage of inexperienced teachers, which helps explain the decline in student achievement. Changes in student composition did not account for the achievement decline but instead helped to moderate it. The findings illustrate the potential value of using revenue growth to retain teachers in times of rising private sector wages.
Reissner–Mindlin shell theory based on Tangential Differential Calculus
Authors: Schöllhammer Daniel , Fries Thomas‐Peter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe propose a reformulation of the linear Reissner–Mindlin shell theory in terms of tangential differential calculus. An advantage of our approach is that shell analysis on implicitly defined surfaces is enabled and a parametrization of the surface is not required. In addition, the implementation is more compact and intuitive compared to the classical approach. The numerical results confirm, that this approach is equivalent to the classical theory based on local coordinates.
Cultural ecosystem services and decision‐making: How researchers describe the applications of their work
Authors: Gould Rachelle K. , Morse Joshua W. , Adams Alison B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCultural ecosystem services (CES) are some of the most difficult ecosystem services (ES) to characterize and connect to specific ecosystem processes. Given their connections to human emotion, deep meaning, fulfilment and motivation, they are also crucial for human well‐being.Scholars have published hundreds of peer‐reviewed articles addressing CES in myriad ways. In this systematic review, we analyse 232 peer‐reviewed articles on CES and examine how these studies discuss the interaction between CES research and decision‐making.We describe the primary ways that scholars have addressed the relationship between CES and decision‐making, and we characterize each study with respect to how thoroughly its authors attend to the possible applications of their results. We find that 27% of papers discuss connections to decision‐making in general terms, 28% discuss specific connections to decision‐making, and the remainder mention decision‐making links briefly or not at all.We also discuss patterns based on the particular CES studied (e.g. recreation, identity); methods used; change through time; and geographical location of authors and of study sites.We end with reflections on the current state of the interface between CES (and related concepts for approaching the non‐material values associated with ecosystems) and decision‐making, and we discuss future steps to increase connections between CES and decision‐making.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A population‐based analysis of antidiabetic medications in four Canadian provinces: Secular trends and prescribing patterns
Authors: Secrest Matthew H. , Azoulay Laurent , Dahl Matthew , Clemens Kristin K. , Durand Madeleine , Hu Nianping , Targownik Laura , Turin Tanvir C. , Dormuth Colin R. , Filion Kristian B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo use the Canadian Network for Observational Drug Effect Studies (CNODES) to describe drug utilization of antidiabetic medications in four Canadian provinces.MethodsWith the use of data from CNODES, we constructed cohorts of patients with type 2 diabetes in four Canadian provinces (Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) who received their first‐ever prescription for a noninsulin antidiabetic medication during the study period, defined as the earliest date of data availability in each province (range: 1993‐1998) to the latest date of the data extraction in each province (range: 2013‐2014). Prescriptions rates were calculated for all prescriptions by class and described over time.ResultsAcross provinces, we identified 650 830 patients who initiated antidiabetic medications during the study period. In most provinces, the overall prescription rate of antidiabetic medications increased during the last two decades. Metformin particularly increased in popularity, surpassing sulfonylureas in all provinces as the most widely prescribed antidiabetic medication by the early 2000s. Thiazolidinediones grew in popularity from the onset of their availability until 2006 to 2007, at which point they rapidly declined. Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors saw substantial growth in several provinces following their addition to provincial formularies in 2008 to 2012, while glucagon‐like peptide‐1 agonists experienced modest growth. Insulin prescription rates remained constant or steadily increased over the last two decades.ConclusionsCNODES can be used for cross‐jurisdictional drug utilization studies. In Canada, trends in antidiabetic medication prescriptions followed changing guidelines reflecting up‐to‐date knowledge of drug effectiveness and safety.
Exponential stabilization for nonlinear coupled dynamical systems via impulsive and sampled‐data control with input constraints
Authors: Li Hongfei , Li Chuandong , Zhang Wanli , Cao Zhengran 
Published: August 2019

SummaryIn this paper, exponential stabilization for nonlinear coupled dynamical systems by considering sampled‐data controller and impulsive controller with input constraints is investigated. Based on polytopic representation approach, some linear matrix inequalities are established to guarantee local exponential stabilization of nonlinear coupled dynamical systems. Moreover, by using polytopic differential inclusion, for the case of the partial input saturation involving in the impulsive controller, we also obtain several sufficient conditions ensuring local exponential stabilization. Finally, three examples are presented to show the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.
Mean‐field games for multiagent systems with multiplicative noises
Authors: Wang Bing‐Chang , Ni Yuan‐Hua , Zhang Huanshui 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis paper studies mean‐field games for multiagent systems with control‐dependent multiplicative noises. For the general systems with nonuniform agents, we obtain a set of decentralized strategies by solving an auxiliary limiting optimal control problem subject to consistent mean‐field approximations. The set of decentralized strategies is further shown to be an ε‐Nash equilibrium. For the integrator multiagent systems, we design a set of ε‐Nash strategies by exploiting the convexity property of the limiting problem. It is shown that under the mild conditions, all the agents achieve mean‐square consensus.
Communicating (nature‐based) flood‐mitigation schemes using flood‐excess volume
Authors: Bokhove Onno , Kelmanson Mark A. , Kent Thomas , Piton Guillaume , Tacnet Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs interest mounts in nature‐based solutions (NBS) for flood mitigation as complementary options to civil‐engineering measures, possible flood‐protection strategies have become more diverse and hence complicated to assess. We offer a straightforward and educational protocol targeted for effectiveness analysis and decision making involving stakeholder participation. It is based on the concept of flood‐excess volume (FEV), the volume exceeding a threshold and generating flood damage, and explores what fraction of FEV is reduced, and at what cost, by particular flood‐mitigation measures. Quantification and interpretation of cost scenarios are facilitated using a graphical display that is easy to understand and encapsulates concepts of flood magnitude, FEV and protection‐measures efficacy. It is exemplified for two recent extreme‐flood events on the River Calder in Mytholmroyd (Yorkshire, United Kingdom) and the River Brague in Biot (Alpes‐Maritimes, France). Each case has different flood‐mitigation measures such as natural water‐retention measures, tree planting, river‐bed widening, or use of reservoirs and floods walls. Our straightforward protocol enables fast, quantifiable and easy‐to‐understand exploration of protection strategies using multiple measures, and in doing so highlights the issue of NBS scalability.
Self‐Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for On‐Demand Biomedical Cargo Transportation
Authors: Xu Dandan , Wang Yong , Liang Chunyan , You Yongqiang , Sanchez Samuel , Ma Xing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMicro/nanomotors (MNMs) are miniaturized machines that can perform assigned tasks at the micro/nanoscale. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the design, preparation, and applications of MNMs that are powered by converting different sources of energy into mechanical force, to realize active movement and fulfill on‐demand tasks. MNMs can be navigated to desired locations with precise controllability based on different guidance mechanisms. A considerable research effort has gone into demonstrating that MNMs possess the potential of biomedical cargo loading, transportation, and targeted release to achieve therapeutic functions. Herein, the recent advances of self‐propelled MNMs for on‐demand biomedical cargo transportation, including their self‐propulsion mechanisms, guidance strategies, as well as proof‐of‐concept studies for biological applications are presented. In addition, some of the major challenges and possible opportunities of MNMs are identified for future biomedical applications in the hope that it may inspire future research.
Light‐Driven ZnO Brush‐Shaped Self‐Propelled Micromachines for Nitroaromatic Explosives Decomposition
Authors: Ying Yulong , Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Manzanares‐Palenzuela Carmen Lorena , Novotny Filip , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSelf‐propelled micromachines have recently attracted lots of attention for environmental remediation. Developing a large‐scale but template‐free fabrication of self‐propelled rod/tubular micro/nanomotors is very crucial but still challenging. Here, a new strategy based on vertically aligned ZnO arrays is employed for the large‐scale and template‐free fabrication of self‐propelled ZnO‐based micromotors with H2O2‐free light‐driven propulsion ability. Brush‐shaped ZnO‐based micromotors with different diameters and lengths are fully studied, which present a fast response to multicycles UV light on/off switches with different interval times (2/5 s) in pure water and slow directional motion in aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution in the absence of UV light. Light‐induced electrophoretic and self‐diffusiophoretic effects are responsible for these two different self‐motion behaviors under different conditions, respectively. In addition, the pH of the media and the presence of H2O2 show important effects on the motion behavior and microstructure of the ZnO‐based micromotors. Finally, these novel ZnO‐based brush‐shaped micromotors are demonstrated in a proof‐of‐concept study on nitroaromatic explosive degradation, i.e., picric acid. This work opens a completely new avenue for the template‐free fabrication of brush‐shaped light‐responsive micromotors on a large scale based on vertically aligned ZnO arrays.
Well‐posedness of IBVP for 1D scalar non‐local conservation laws
Authors: Goatin Paola , Rossi Elena 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe consider the initial boundary value problem (IBVP) for a non‐local scalar conservation law in one space dimension. The non‐local operator in the flux function is not a mere convolution product, but it is assumed to be aware of boundaries. Introducing an adapted Lax‐Friedrichs algorithm, we provide various estimates on the approximate solutions that allow to prove the existence of solutions to the original IBVP. The uniqueness follows from the Lipschitz continuous dependence on initial and boundary data, which is proved exploiting results available for the local IBVP.
A causal Bayes net analysis of dispositions
Authors: Gebharter Alexander , Fischer Florian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this paper we develop an analysis of dispositions in terms of causal Bayes nets. In particular, we analyze dispositions as generic cause–effect structures that increase the probability of the manifestation when the stimulus is brought about by intervention in certain circumstances. We then highlight several advantages of our analysis and how it can handle problems arising for classical analyses of dispositions such as masks, mimickers, and finks.
Predictors of Citation Rate for Original Research Studies in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal
Authors: Alabousi Mostafa , Zha Nanxi , Patlas Michael N. 
Published: August 2019

Objective This study is aimed to identify predictors of citation rate of original research published in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal (CARJ). Methods A search of MEDLINE was conducted from January 1, 2000-June 30, 2013 to identify all studies published in the CARJ. Original research studies were included. Reviews, pictorial essays, guidelines, case studies, case series, and original studies with a sample size <10 were excluded. Variables assessed for association with citation rate included number of authors, study design, sample size, multi-institutional study, multi-national study, study type, presence of statistically significant result, presence of funding, and number of references. Statistical analysis was completed using linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficients ( r). Results A total of 714 studies were published in CARJ, of which 181 were original research publications that were cited a total of 1517 times. Twelve original research studies were uncited, while the most-cited one was cited 58 times. Sample size ( r = 0.177, P = .017) and number of references ( r = 0.164, P = .028) demonstrated statistically significant weak positive correlations with citation rate. Number of authors, study design, setting, statistically significant results, and funding were not associated with citation rate. Conclusion Only a very small number of original research studies published at the CARJ remained uncited 5 or more years after the publication. Sample size and number of references were identified as significant, but weak predictors of citation rate in CARJ.
A general theory of glacier surges
Authors: Benn D. I. , Fowler A. C. , Hewitt I. , Sevestre H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present the first general theory of glacier surging that includes both temperate and polythermal glacier surges, based on coupled mass and enthalpy budgets. Enthalpy (in the form of thermal energy and water) is gained at the glacier bed from geothermal heating plus frictional heating (expenditure of potential energy) as a consequence of ice flow. Enthalpy losses occur by conduction and loss of meltwater from the system. Because enthalpy directly impacts flow speeds, mass and enthalpy budgets must simultaneously balance if a glacier is to maintain a steady flow. If not, glaciers undergo out-of-phase mass and enthalpy cycles, manifest as quiescent and surge phases. We illustrate the theory using a lumped element model, which parameterizes key thermodynamic and hydrological processes, including surface-to-bed drainage and distributed and channelized drainage systems. Model output exhibits many of the observed characteristics of polythermal and temperate glacier surges, including the association of surging behaviour with particular combinations of climate (precipitation, temperature), geometry (length, slope) and bed properties (hydraulic conductivity). Enthalpy balance theory explains a broad spectrum of observed surging behaviour in a single framework, and offers an answer to the wider question of why the majority of glaciers do not surge.
MADNESS IN VECTOR SPACES
Authors: SMYTHE IIAN B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe consider maximal almost disjoint families of block subspaces of countable vector spaces, focusing on questions of their size and definability. We prove that the minimum infinite cardinality of such a family cannot be decided in ZFC and that the “spectrum” of cardinalities of mad families of subspaces can be made arbitrarily large, in analogy to results for mad families onω. We apply the author’s local Ramsey theory for vector spaces [32] to give partial results concerning their definability.
PROOF MINING IN Lp SPACES
Authors: SIPOŞ ANDREI 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe obtain an equivalent implicit characterization of Lp Banach spaces that is amenable to a logical treatment. Using that, we obtain an axiomatization for such spaces into a higher order logical system, the kind of which is used in proof mining, a research program that aims to obtain the hidden computational content of mathematical proofs using tools from mathematical logic. As an aside, we obtain a concrete way of formalizing Lp spaces in positive-bounded logic. The axiomatization is followed by a corresponding metatheorem in the style of proof mining. We illustrate its use with the derivation for this class of spaces of the standard modulus of uniform convexity.