bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing the invisible: The scope and limits of unconscious processing in binocular rivalry
Authors: Lin Zhicheng , He Sheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhen an image is presented to one eye and a very different image is presented to the corresponding location of the other eye, they compete for conscious representation, such that only one image is visible at a time while the other is suppressed. Called binocular rivalry, this phenomenon and its deviants have been extensively exploited to study the mechanism and neural correlates of consciousness. In this paper, we propose a framework, the unconscious binding hypothesis, to distinguish unconscious processing from conscious processing. According to this framework, the unconscious mind not only encodes individual features but also temporally binds distributed features to give rise to cortical representation, but unlike conscious binding, such unconscious binding is fragile. Under this framework, we review evidence from psychophysical and neuroimaging studies, which suggests that: (1) for invisible low level features, prolonged exposure to visual pattern and simple translational motion can alter the appearance of subsequent visible features (i.e. adaptation); for invisible high level features, although complex spiral motion cannot produce adaptation, nor can objects/words enhance subsequent processing of related stimuli (i.e. priming), images of tools can nevertheless activate the dorsal pathway; and (2) although invisible central cues cannot orient attention, invisible erotic pictures in the periphery can nevertheless guide attention, likely through emotional arousal; reciprocally, the processing of invisible information can be modulated by attention at perceptual and neural levels.
Phonology is Fundamental in Skilled Reading
Authors: Ashby Jane 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere is controversy about the importance of phonology in skilled reading. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence from the initial moments of visual word recognition indicates that processing sub-lexical phonology is fundamental to skilled reading. The early timecourse of this phonological activation explains the predictive power of phonological awareness for early reading development, affirms the importance of phonological processing in learning to read, and illuminates the persistent challenges of dyslexia.
Experiment study on Ma-Xing-Shi-Gan-Tang (MXSGT) and its decomposed recipes on anti-influenza virus A
Authors: Gao Wen , Li Jiyang , Tang Ying , Zhuang Changlong , Li Bo , Wang Shuguang , Huang Hai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAncient China was an East Asian country with large population. As we review the history of China, large scale epidemic like Black Death in Europe rarely occurs. It can be seen that the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) make great effort to antivirus and anti-infection treatment. When the SARS broke out in China in 2003, all medical drugs cannot to prevent or treat it. Preventive with TCM and strict disinfection help control the extension of SARS in short time.The using of TCM in clinical must abide by a most important principle that called principal, assistant, complement and guide. We investigate a famous complex recipe Ma Xing Shi Gan Tang (MXSGT) which is record by well-known clinical textbook "Treatise on Cold-induced Febride Diseases". In order to exploring prescription principle of MXSGT, We examined its decomposed recipes on anti-influenza virus A in vitro. MXSGT was disassembled into 15 recipes according to the design of composing prescriptions. Cell culture technique and MTT test were used to determine the effects of MXSGT and its decomposed recipes on MDCK cells infected by influenza virus A.
Optimization-Based Peptide Mass Fingerprinting for Protein Mixture Identification
Authors: He Zengyou , Yang Chao , Yang Can , Qi Robert Z , Tam Jason Po-Ming , Yu Weichuan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract*Motivation:* In current proteome research, peptide sequencing is probably the most widely used method for protein mixture identification. However, this peptide-centric method has its own disadvantages such as the immense volume of tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS) data for sequencing peptides. With the fast development of technology, it is possible to investigate other alternative techniques. Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) has been widely used to identify single purified proteins for more than 15 years. Unfortunately, this technique is less accurate than peptide sequencing method and cannot handle protein mixtures, which hampers the widespread use of PMF technique. If we can remove these limitations, PMF will become a useful tool in protein mixture identification.
*Results:*
We first formulate the problem of PMF protein mixture identification as an optimization problem. Then, we show that the use of some simple heuristics enables us to find good solutions. As a result, we obtain much better identification results than previous methods. Moreover, the result on real MS data can be comparable with that of the peptide sequencing method. Through a comprehensive simulation study, we identify a set of limiting factors that hinder the performance of PMF method in protein mixtures. We argue that it is feasible to remove these limitations and PMF can be a powerful tool in the analysis of protein mixtures.
Subjective Experiences of Space and Time: Self, Sensation, and Phenomenal Time
Authors: Vimal Ram Lakhan Pandey 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe investigation of subjective experiences (SEs) of space and time is at the core of consciousness research. The term ‘space’ includes the subject and objects. The SE of subject, I-ness, is defined as ‘Self’. The SEs of objects, subject’s external body, and subject’s internal states such as feelings, thoughts, and so on can be investigated using the proto-experience (PE)-SE framework. The SE of time is defined as ‘phenomenal time’ (which includes past, present and future) and the SE of space as ‘phenomenal space’. The three non-experiential materialistic models are as follows: (I) The quantum-dissipation model [25] can connect the discrete neural signals to classical electromagnetic field to ‘quantum field theory and chaos theory’ for explaining memory. (II) The soliton-catalytic model [8] hypothesizes that all living processes including micro- and macro-processes can be explained by catalysis process. (III) The ‘sensation from evolution of action’ model [13] proposes that SEs are internalized during evolution. All these models can address to some extent the function of structures, such as perception. They cannot address explanatory gap. The complementary experiential PE-SE framework [37] addresses this psycho-physical gap and elucidates the SEs of space and time.
26Al/10Be Age of Peking Man
Authors: Shen Guanjun , Gao Xing , Gao Bin , Granger Darryl 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe chronological position of Peking Man, or Homo erectus pekinensis, has long been pursued, but has remained problematic due to lack of a suitable dating method^1-7^. Here we report cosmogenic ^26^Al/ ^10^Be burial dating of quartz sediments and artifacts from the lower strata of Zhoukoudian Locality 1 where the remains of early members of the Peking Man family were discovered. This study marks the first radioisotopic dating of any early hominin site in China beyond the range of mass spectrometric U-series dating. The weighted mean of six meaningful measurements, 0.75 +/-; 0.09 (0.11) Ma (million years), provides the best age estimate for lower cultural Layers ^7-10^. Together with previously reported U-series^3^ and paleomagnetic^4^ data, as well as sedimentological considerations^8, 9^ these layers may be further correlated to S6-S7 in Chinese loess stratigraphy or marine isotope stages 17-18, in the range of ~0.68-0.75 Ma. These ages are substantially older than previously supposed and may imply hominin presence in northern China throughout early Middle Pleistocene climate cycles.
A Secret of Hypnosis: A Dynamic Rubber Hand Illusion
Authors: Asai Tomohisa , Sugimori Eriko , Tanno Yoshihiko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPresenting a suggestion of heaviness to a person in a hypnotic trance (e.g., "your arm is getting heavier and heavier") tends to result in a corresponding change in the person's body position (e.g., the arm lowers). This phenomenon may be a result of activation of the mirror neuron system, which leads the subject to anticipate actual weight on the arm. The mirror system underlies people's ability to sense, in the absence of actual sensory input, experiences of other people. Perhaps this system allows the same anticipatory experience regarding non-human objects. In this study, we showed participants a picture of a rubber hand holding what appeared to be a lightweight rubber ball. In reality, the ball was weighted with sand. We instructed participants to move their arms to a horizontal position and hold them immobile. Those participants who knew the actual weight of the ball tended to raise their arms above the horizontal, perhaps in response to their expectation of the need to resist the weight of the ball. This illusional phenomenon might be similar to that induced by the hypnotic suggestion of heaviness. That is, the body's response may reflect activity in the mirror system, which anticipates greater weight.
Off-target response to decoy oligodeoxynucleotide treatment
Authors: Robson Ewan , Jeffs Aaron , Eccles Michael 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
*Background:*
The transcription factor PAX2 regulates key developmental processes, including mediation of resistance to apoptosis. Inappropriate PAX2 expression has been implicated in facilitating tumour survival, and we have previously shown that siRNA-mediated blockade of PAX2 signalling at the transcript level in EJ bladder carcinoma cells promotes cell death. In this study, we attempted to disrupt PAX2 transcriptional activity in EJ cells by using a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN).

*Results:*
We could not show an interaction between PAX2 and our PAX2 decoy ODN, and in both PAX2-positive EJ and PAX2-negative HEK293 control cells, decoy and control ODN transfection resulted in a marked retardation of cell growth, irrespective of sequence, but not in COS7 and NZM4 melanoma cells.

*Conclusions:*
Our data indicate that decoy ODN transfection had off-target effects that inhibited cell growth in a cell line-dependent manner, and we suggest caution is required to determine the specificity of decoy ODN sequences before considering their application as a potential therapeutic agent.
Long-Lasting Context Dependence Constrains Neural Encoding Models in Rodent Auditory Cortex
Authors: Asari Hiroki , Zador Anthony 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAcoustic processing requires integration over time. However classical linear encoding models, which typically integrate over a few hundred milliseconds, have failed to account fully for neural responses in the auditory cortex. We have used in vivo intracellular recording to measure neuronal integration times in anesthetized rats. Probing with natural sounds and other stimuli, we found that context-dependent effects in the primary auditory cortex could last for surprisingly long, up to four seconds or longer in some neurons. Thalamic neurons showed only a much faster form of adaptation, indicating that the long-lasting form originated in the cortex. Restricting knowledge of the stimulus history to only a few hundred milliseconds reduced the predictable component of the response to about half of that of the optimal infinite-history model. Our results demonstrate the importance of long-range temporal effects in auditory cortex, and suggest a potential neural substrate for stream segregation and other forms of auditory processing that require integration over time scales of seconds or longer.
MEMOFinder: combining de novo motif prediction methods with a database of known motifs
Authors: Wilczynski Bartek , Darzynkiewicz Milosz , Tiuryn Jerzy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
*Background:*
Methods for finding overrepresented sequence motifs are useful in several key areas of computational biology. They aim at detecting very weak signals responsible for biological processes requiring robust sequence identification like transcription-factor binding to DNA or docking sites in proteins. Currently, general performance of the model-based motif-finding methods is unsatisfactory; however, different methods are successful in different cases. This leads to the practical problem of combining results of different motif-finding tools, taking into account current knowledge collected in motif databases.

*Results:*
We propose a new complete service allowing researchers to submit their sequences for analysis by four different motif-finding methods for clustering and comparison with a reference motif database. It is tailored for regulatory motif detection, however it allows for substantial amount of configuration regarding sequence background, motif database and parameters for motif-finding methods.*Availability:* The method is available online as a webserver at: http://bioputer.mimuw.edu.pl/software/mmf/. In addition, the source code is released on a GNU General Public License.
Suitability of dysphonia measurements for telemonitoring of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Little Max , McSharry Patrick , Hunter Eric , Spielman Jennifer , Ramig Lorraine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present an assessment of the practical value of existing traditional and non-standard measures for discriminating healthy people from people with Parkinson?s disease (PD) by detecting dysphonia. We introduce a new measure of dysphonia, Pitch Period Entropy (PPE), which is robust to many uncontrollable confounding effects including noisy acoustic environments and normal, healthy variations in voice frequency. We collected sustained phonations from 31 people, 23 with PD. We then selected 10 highly uncorrelated measures, and an exhaustive search of all possible combinations of these measures finds four that in combination lead to overall correct classification performance of 91.4%, using a kernel support vector machine. In conclusion, we find that non-standard methods in combination with traditional harmonics-to-noise ratios are best able to separate healthy from PD subjects. The selected non-standard methods are robust to many uncontrollable variations in acoustic environment and individual subjects, and are thus well-suited to telemonitoring applications.
Spindle oscillations are generated in the dorsal thalamus and modulated by the thalamic reticular nucleus
Authors: Liu Chun-Hua , Guo Yi Ping , Meng Xian-Kai , Yu Yan-Qin , Xiong Ying , Gao Li-Xia , Chan Ying-Shing , He Jufang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpindle waves occur during the early stage of slow wave sleep and are thought to arise in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), causing inhibitory postsynaptic potential spindle-like oscillations in the dorsal thalamus that are propagated to the cortex. We have found that thalamocortical neurons exhibit membrane oscillations that have spindle frequencies, consist of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, and co-occur with electroencephalographic spindles. TRN lesioning prolonged oscillations in the medial geniculate body (MGB) and auditory cortex (AC). Injection of GABA~A~ antagonist into the MGB decreased oscillation frequency, while injection of GABA~B~ antagonist increased spindle oscillations in the MGB and cortex. Thus, spindles originate in the dorsal thalamus and TRN inhibitory inputs modulate this process, with fast inhibition facilitating the internal frequency and slow inhibition limiting spindle occurrence.
Chronic cocaine enhances release of neuroprotective amino acid taurine: a microdialysis study
Authors: Yablonski-Alter Elena , Agovic Mervan , Gashi Eleonora , Lidsky Theodore , Freedman Eitan , Banerjee Shailesh 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCocaine inhibits high-affinity neurotransmitter uptake at the presynaptic nerve terminals to increase synaptic levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin^1^. This increase of synaptic dopamine may cause neurotoxicity^2,3^. At least two different mechanisms have been proposed for the development of dopamine-related neurotoxicity: 1) dopamine produces a free radical that may induce cell toxicity^2,3^ and 2) dopamine reduces glutamate transport at its presynaptic sites to increase synaptic levels of this amino acid^4^ and augments glutamate transmission by activating dopamine D1 receptors in different areas of the brain^5-7^. Increase in glutamatergic transmission mediated by the activation on N-methyl dextro-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been shown to cause excitotoxicity and neuro-degeneration^8^. Others and we have reported protection against different psychotropic drug-induced neurotoxicity that may be achieved by prior or simultaneous administration of various pharmacological agents. For example, repeated treatment of rats with haloperidol induced neuronal damage that is ameliorated by prior administration of either GM1 ganglioside^9^ or the endogenous amino acid, taurine^10^. Similarly, chronic gestational cocaine exposure causes neurotoxicity that could be prevented by co-administration of clozapine^11^. To our knowledge, there is no information if chronic cocaine would enhance release of endogenous protective agents that may oppose the over activation of glutamatergic system. Here we show that repeated cocaine treatment increased synaptic levels of the neuroprotective amino acid taurine that opposes the excessive excitatory actions of the glutamatergic system in the rat brain. Thus, mammalian brain has an auto-protective mechanism to counter excitotoxicity and taurine or its synthetic derivative may be useful in the management and treatment of cocaine addiction and its neurotoxic effect.
First reports of computed tomographic colonography for the screening of colorectal polyps in acromegalic patients
Authors: Ramos Jr Odery , Boguszewski César Luiz , Teixeira Sandra , Boeving Anke , De Bem Ricardo , Parolim Benito , Pisani Júlio César , Prolla João Carlos 
Published: July 2019

Abstract*Aim:* To analyze the CTC performance for the screening of colorectal polyps in acromegalic patients.
*Materials and Methods:*
A prospective study of 21 acromegalic patients, 12 male and 9 female, average age 49, who underwent CTC and CC. CTC was performed with a GE Helical Multislice Computed Tomography Apparatus. The colonoscopy was performed, in the same day, without previous knowledge of the CTC diagnostics. The study evaluated the capacity of CTC to detect patients with colorectal polyps and identify each colorectal lesion described by CC.

*Results:*
In two patients (2/21), CC was incomplete. However, in all patients CTC was complete. In Phase I (“Per Patient”), CTC diagnosed 8 of the 9 patients with colorectal polyps and showed 88% sensitivity, 75% specificity and 81% accuracy. In Phase II (“Per Polyp”), out of the 21 acromegalic patients included in this study, 12 presented normal findings at CC. A total of 19 polyps were identified in 9 patients. 10 of the 19 polyps were smaller than 10 mm, and 9 were equal to or larger than 10. CTC identified 7 of the 9 polyps ≥ 10 mm described by CC and only 6 of the 10 small polyps identified at CC were detected by CTC. The histological analysis of resected lesions revealed 12 tubular adenomas, 6 hyperplastic polyps and 1 colonic tubulo-villous adenoma with an adenocarcinoma focus. *Conclusion:* In this study, CTC was performed without complications and a complete and safe colorectal evaluation was possible in all acromegalic patients. Moreover, CTC showed good sensitivity to identify acromegalic patients with colorectal polyps.
Using Satellite Images in Determination of Malaria Outbreaks Potential Region
Authors: Ahmadian Marj Abolfazl , Mobasheri Mohammad Reza , Valadanzouje Mohammad Javad , Rezaie Yousef , Abaie Mohammad Reza 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMalaria outbreaks are affecting nearly 40 percent of the earth&apos;s population most of whom are living in tropical and subtropical zones. Malaria is an infectious disease that is being transferred by the female mosquito of the species Anopheles. The life cycle of the malaria parasite develops in the anopheline and in the human body. These parasites require suitable environmental parameters in order to complete their development cycles within the mosquito. These parameters are temperature, humidity, vegetation and water. A temperature range of 25°C to 35°C and relative humidity range of 50 to 80 percent is suitable for developing malaria outbreaks. As the fly-range of the mosquito is limited to 2 to 4 kilometers and since water pools are necessary for breeding, then the vector abundance is significantly higher around water bodies. Vegetation cover has an indirect role on malaria vector abundance. The vegetated areas help moisture availability in the air and on the soil. To locate the high potential region for malaria outbreaks, one could extract the map of abovementioned parameters via remote sensing images. A 7ETM+ image of Landsat platform is used in this study and maps of parameters such as land surface temperature, air temperature, air humidity, water pools and patches and vegetated area were produced. A weighted combination of these layers showed acceptable agreement with the positive malaria cases collected in the stations. The methodology innovated in this study is fast and accurate enough to rely on.
New species from the deep Pacific suggest that carnivorous sponges date back to the Early Jurassic
Authors: Vacelet Jean , Kelly Michelle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSome deep-sea poecilosclerid sponges (Porifera) have developed a carnivorous feeding habit that is very surprising in sponges^1^. As shown by the typical morphology of their spicules, they most probably evolved from "normal sponges" under the difficult conditions of a deep-sea environment. Such evolution, which implies the loss of the diagnostic character of the phylum Porifera, i.e. a filter feeding habit through a complex aquiferous system, should be of great interest in the understanding of the origin of metazoans. Some scenarios, based on the hypothesis of the paraphyly of Porifera, allege that metazoans could derive from a sponge filter-feeding body plan. A difficulty, however, is to imagine the transition from a sponge grade of organization to other organization plans^2^. Carnivorous sponges demonstrate that a functional, non filter-feeding animal may derive from a conventional sponge body plan, albeit nothing is known of the age of this evolution. Here we report that newly discovered species of Chondrocladia from the deep Pacific display special spicules that were previously recorded only as isolated spicules from sediment dating back to the Early Jurassic and Miocene periods. This suggests that the evolution of carnivorous sponges from filter-feeding poecilosclerid demosponges could date back at least from the Early Mesozoic.