bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Cisplatin
Authors: Raut Indrayani D. , Doijad Rajendra C. , Mohite Shrinivas K. , Manjappa Arehalli S. 
Published: January 2019

Cisplatin (Cis diaminedichloro platinum) was the first platinum drug to be used as an anticancer drug, and it is widely used in the treatment of testicular, head, neck, ovarian and lung cancer. The use of Cisplatin is limited due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance and severe side effects such as chronic neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The colloidal carriers such as emulsion, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles have been extensively studied to overcome above limitations. The solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), amongst other colloidal carriers, were found to be an ideal carrier for lipophillic drug for better stability and release retardation. Cisplatin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles was prepared by microemulsion technique. Stearic acid was used as lipid. The other excipients were used as DPPG, Soya lecithin and Poloxamer P407 and acidic buffer PH4. Also used Probe sonication for 10 min at 79 Amplitude. Cisplatin SLNs Batch C13 showed particle size of 119.23±1.52 nm, Zeta potential of -37.33±2.47 mV, % Entrapment efficiency of 90.2 ± 2.1 %., % Drug loading capacity of 1.62 ± 1.34 %., The TEM study of optimized Cisplatin SLN illustrated the spherical shape of nanoparticles. Total release amount of Cisplatin was 82.62± 2.04 % after 48 hrs. The formulation performed kinetics study followed Peppas plot equation The SLNs of Cisplatin met all the requirements of a colloidal drug delivery system. They had particle size in nanosize; their size distribution was narrow and all the particles were in spherical shape and stable.
Keywords: Cisplatin, Solid Lipid nanoparticles, zeta potential, Particle size, Transmission electron Microscopy.
In-vivo antiviral potential of crude extracts derived from Tribulus terrestris against newcastle disease virus
Authors: Malik Aqeela , Mehmood Muhammad Danish , Anwar Huma , Noreen Sana , Sultan Umer 
Published: January 2019

Viral problems have been in focused of the scientists due to their high metabolic rate, drug resistance and unique nature of pathological mechanism. The failure of novel synthetic allopathic antiviral drugs propels the scientists to investigate other sources of alternative antiviral agents. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and spectrophotometry were conducted by using standard methods of phytochemical analysis of bioactive components. The methanolic extracts of Tribulus terrestris showed higher phytochemical phenols followed by tannins, alkaloids, carotenoid, saponins quantified by spectrophotometer assay. The current study was done to evaluate the in vivo antiviral potential of crude extracts of medicinal plant by means of NDV Haemagglutination (HA) titer in vivo vero cell line culture. Furthermore, different doses of crude extract such as 20µl/ml, 40µl/ml, 60µlml and 80µl/ml were interacted with Lasota strain of the NDV (EID50= 1×105, HAU= I05) in 90% saturated vero cell line with constant supply of CO2 at 37°C. It is evaluated that the prevention dose (80µl/ml) of Tribulus terrestris (Pre-treatment) against Newcastle disease virus on vero cell line (2.5±1.0) just before 24 hour of infection is declared as optimum effective time period to counter these agents as compared to Co-treatment (80ul/ml) (3.0±1.15) and Post treatment (80µl/ml) (3.50±1.00). It is suggested from the results of current study that T. terristris showed enormous anti Newcastle disease virus effect in vero cell line adapted virus particularly when used as preventive antiviral therapy at the dose rate not less than 80ul/ml just before onset of disease.
Antimicrobial activity of Ocimum sanctum leaves extracts and oil
Authors: Mittal Rohit , Kumar R , Chahal HS 
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ethanol, Hexane and Chloroform leaf extracts of O. sanctum against pathogenic bacteria to determine their potentials as antibacterial agent. Ocimum sanctum Linn known as Holy Basil is an aromatic plant native to the tropics of Asia and Africa being medicinally important plant in the family Lamiaceae. The family Lamiaceae is one of the most exploited medicinal plant family worldwide not only as a source of medicinal plants but also with its valuable essential oils being used as spices and flavours for various food products. Leaves have petioles, and are ovate, up to 5 cm long, usually slightly toothed. Leaves were separated from the stem, washed in clear water and dried until they were adequately dry to be ground (dried for 7 days). Dried leaves were powdered separately in an electric grinder until a homogenous powder was obtained. Ethanolic, Hexane, Chloroform extract was prepared from the powder obtained using “cold extraction method. The activity of Tulsi extract against K. pneumonia & Staphylococcus aureus was found to be higher at a concentration of 100% followed by 75% & 50% respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition was found to be 21&11mm against Kleibsiella pneumonia and 18&15mm against Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial efficacy of Ocimum sanctum leaves indicates that the plant possesses potent antimicrobial properties as well as Ocimum is widespread in India, it can be recommended as an easily available and renewal source of antimicrobial agent instead of synthetic chemicals.
Keywords: Ocimum santum, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsialla pneumonia, Disc Diffusion
PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS G VIRUS AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS, SANA'A CITY-YEMEN
Authors: Saad Al-Dabis Esmail Mohammed , Al-Shamahy Hassan A. , Al-Hadad Maria Mansour Saeed , Al-Shamahi Emad Hassan 
Published: January 2019

Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a newly discovered and enveloped RNA positive-stranded flavivirus-like particle, which has not yet been proven to have major negative effects on liver. Therefore, it is important to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis G virus infection in Yemeni viral hepatitis patients and general population to design standard prevention and treatment plans. Screening HGV antibodies among 60 chronic HBV and 144 chronic HCV patients comparing with it's prevalence in 218 healthy controls were carried out. Serum samples were collected and tested for human HGV IgG by commercially available ELISA technique. Demographic data such as gender, age, and risk factors of contracting HGV virus were recorded in predesigned questionnaire. The crude prevalence rate of HGV was 2.8%, female specific rate was 0% and male specific rate was 3.5%. The prevalence of HGV among HBV patients was 0%; HCV was 1.4% while in healthy individuals it was 4.6%. When age groups considered, the prevalence of HGV among age groups 20-29 years and 30-39 years was 3.5%, while in older age groups the rate of HGV was 0%. There was a trend towards increased levels of HGV infection with the second and third decades of life (3.5%). There was no significant association between HGV infection and risk factors of hepatitis viruses. It can be concluded from this study that HGV virus is circulating in the risk groups and in the community in general Yemen, and there is a possibility that this virus may at some time become epidemic if preventive measures are not applied. The risk of community among healthy people more than in risk groups as HBV and HCV patients. Additionally HGV increases with young male adults.
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA SKIN-NASOPHARYNGEAL COLONIZATION IN THE IN-PATIENTS: PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN SANA'A CITY -YEMEN
Authors: AL-Magrami Rahma Taher Farea , Al-Shamahy Hassan Abdulwahab 
Published: January 2019

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of most important cause of healthcare-associated infections. This active surveillance cross sectional study was aimed to determine the rate of P. aeruginosa colonization among inpatients at three tertiary hospitals in Sana'a city. In addition, to determine risk factors of colonization and the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated P. aeruginosa. The study included 327 inpatients. Skin and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from all participated patients and data were collected by predesigned questionnaire. Standard methods of isolation and identification were used to isolate bacteria in pure culture then identify. Also, antibiotic sensitivity for isolated P. aeruginosa was determined by the disc diffusion method. 42 patients (12.8%) were colonized with P. aeruginosa on skin and nasopharyngeal. The significant risk factors of colonization were male patients (OR=2.5), older age (OR= 2.2), burn ward (OR=37), long stay in hospital (OR=4) and burn as underlying disease (OR=45). The isolated P. aeruginosa were completely resistant (100%), to Aztroneome, Ceftriaxone, and Ciprofloxacine; and the rates of resistant were ranged between 83.3-85.7% for Amikacin, Ampicillin sulbactam Levofloxacin. Also the rates were 71.4% for Netilmicin and 92.9% for chloramphenicol. Moreover, the rates of resistant were low for Gentamicin (35.7%), Imipenem (11.9%), Pipracillin Tazobactam (11.9%), Ticaracillin calvulanic acid (31%) and Colistin sulphat (14.3%). In conclusion, this study has highlighted the role of hospitalization as a significant risk for P. aeruginosa colonization; concerted and coordinated efforts are required both in the hospital and community to tackle this. These data emphasize the need to identify hospitalized patients colonized with P. aeruginosa on admission. Prediction rules or rapid diagnostic testing will help clinicians more appropriately choose empiric antibiotic therapy if subsequent infections occurred.
UNITY AND IDENTITY IN PERSPECTIVE OF THE FREE EVANGELICAL CHURCHES
Authors: HEISER Andreas 
Published: January 2019

Free evangelical Churches emphasize unity amongst God’s children. To put it in a nut-shell: The Founder of the first Free evangelical Church in Germany, Hermann Heinrich Grafe (1818–1869), performed an ecclesiological balancing act in order to make the unity of the children of God visible: he has founded a particular Church as an expression of the Universal Church. The Free evangelical Churches came to life with a creed that preceded the ecumenical word of John 17:21. Their founders were aware of, that even a Protestant particular Church must continue to pursue the goal of reducing confessional egoism through prayer, personal encounters, common ministry, and serious theological discourses, and to discern the unity already existing in Christ for the world to believe. This goal remains, even though the numerical growth and confessional fragmentation of the one Church of Jesus Christ over the last two centuries make the visualization of their unity seem impossible. This article shows ecumenical chances and obstacles of the free-evangelical perspective on unity and identity, which are somewhat typical for ecumenical dialogues between free Churches and other Churches.
HEAVENLY CITIZENSHIP: A CONCEPT FOR UNION AND AN IDENTITY MARKER FOR MIZO CHRISTIANS
Authors: NGURSANGZELI BEHERA Marina 
Published: January 2019

Paul, as it is well known, was a citizen of the Roman Empire and he wrote these words about citizenship to a young congregation in a Hellenistic city. The Greek word in Philippians 3:20 he uses here is translated differently as conservation (KJV), as home and as citizenship in the New American Standard (NAS) translation. So, Christian citizenship is in heaven - not on earth. It is from there Christians expect their Lord and savior to come. Yet, while living on earth and waiting until He comes and while being part of the larger human community each and every one is a member of political unit, a nation or a state or a tribe. The knowledge of the heavenly citizenship gives Christians an indication where to hope for true citizenship and gives at the same time a clear indication to distinguish between “heavenly” affairs and their allegiance to worldly powers on earth. During the initial period of the history of Christianity in Mizoram in order to differentiate one’s new identity was the conviction and the declaration that one is now Pathian mi (God’s people) and vanram mi (heavenly citizen). This significant concept and understanding of what it means for the Mizo to be Christian is reflected prominently in Mizo indigenous hymns and gospel songs as well as in the preaching of the Gospel, where it is declared that one is no longer a citizen of this earthly world (he lei ram mi), but of the heavenly world (van ram mi). This paper attempts to highlight the significance of the concept of heavenly citizenship as an identity marker in the construction of an identity and in fostering a union, sense of being a people—Mizo—a homogenous political unit as a reaction to imposed foreign British rule and the western missionaries in the later part of the 19th century. While the focus of the paper is on the concept of heavenly citizenship the Mizo’s encounter with the British colonial ruler and Christianity will be highlighted in order to place the development of the concept in its historical contexts for a better understanding.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication – Scoping Review / Unterstützte Kommunikation – Scoping Review
Authors: Kollmar Anja , Hohenstein Christiane , Sabatino Adriana , Gantschnig Brigitte 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The effective use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication is challenging, not only for persons with complex communication needs, but also for their significant others. There is a need, therefore, for interprofessional collaboration in order to effectively assess, provide, and evaluate services.

Aim
The aim of this scoping review was to summarize current evidence in the field of Augmentative and Alternative Communication and reveal the demands for further research.

Method
We searched in the electronic databases Pubmed, AMED, and CINAHL using following keywords child*, disability, cerebral palsy, augmentative and alternative communication, intervention, and therapy to identify relevant literature. We summarised the content of the included studies.

Results
We included 16 literature reviews and 36 studies in this review. The 36 studies included 11 intervention studies, 20 descriptive studies, two experimental studies, and three studies evaluating assessments. Most of the studies were focussing on children with cerebral palsy and autism in the contexts of home, hospital, and primary school. There were no intervention studies, focusing on secondary and/or tertiary level of education or work. Moreover, we have not found any evidence from German speaking Europe.

Conclusion
In order to support the use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication and to enable participation of persons with complex communication needs, various endeavours are needed: in the practice of care settings interprofessional collaboration is required. Further research is needed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, focussing on youth and the contexts of secondary and/or tertiary education or work, or on assessments.
Atrial fibrillation: A review of modifiable risk factors and preventive strategies
Authors: Shamloo Alireza Sepehri , Dagres Nikolaos , Arya Arash , Hindricks Gerhard 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), as the most common cardiac arrhythmia worldwide, is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Successful therapeutic strategies have been introduced so far, but they are associated with significant costs. Therefore, identification of modifiable risk factors of AF and the development of appropriate preventive strategies may play a substantial role in promoting community health and reducing health care system costs. Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, alcohol consumption, smoking, and sedentary lifestyles have been proposed as possible contributors to the development and progression of AF. In this review, we discuss the role of modifiable risk factors in the development and management of AF and the evidence for the underlying mechanism for each of the potential risk factor.
Pemberian Sludge Palm Oil (SPO) dan Penggunaan Metode Tanam Hazton, Sri dan Konvensional terhadap Produksi dan Hasil Padi
Authors: Handayani Emilia Farida 
Published: January 2019

Alokasi kegiatan pengembangan tanaman pangan tahun 2016 Â Provinsi Kalimantan Â BaratÂ selain mengembangkan padi Hazton sebanyak 44.500 hektar juga kegiatan padi organik seluas 160 hektar. Metode tanam Â Hazton merupakan metode yang baru diterapkan dan belum semua petani mengaplikasiÂ metode tanam tersebut. Pertanian organik sulit dilaksanakan karena petani mengalami kesulitan dalam pengadaan bahan organik.Â Sludge palm oil yang merupakan limbah pabrik minyak kelapa sawit banyak terdapat di Kalimantan Barat dapat dijadikan pupuk organik. Tujuan penelitian Â adalah untuk mengetahui pemberian sludge palm oil dan beberapa metode tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman Â padi. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kelompok Â faktorial terdiri dari dua faktor yaitu pemberian sludge palm oil terdiri atas 5 taraf yaitu 0,10,20,30 dan 40 ton.ha-1 dan dan metode tanam yang terdiri atas 3 taraf yaitu Hazton, SRI dan konvensional. Jumlah total perlakuan adalah 15 kombinasi pelakuan, tiap perlakuan diulang lima kali sehingga diperoleh 75 satuan percobaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sludge palm oil dan metode tanam memberikan interaksi yang nyataÂ untuk variabel pengamatan tinggi tanaman, berat kering gabah kering dan berat 1000 biji. Sedangkan jumlah anakan, jumlah malai dan berat basah berangkasan batang berpengaruh nyata tetapi tidak terdapat interaksi.
Euripidesâ€™ Medea and Jason: A Study in the Social Power of Love
Authors: Ackah Kofi 
Published: January 2019

Euripidesâ€™Â MedeaÂ resonates with modern issues in intimate relationships. However, little has been written on this, especially from the social-psychological perspective. This paper explores the breakdown of the Jason-Medea marriage in terms of the social-psychological theory of love as an exchange in a power game in which a certain degree of imbalance in the exchange could account for such a breakdown. I analyse theÂ MedeaÂ text in terms of Olson and Cromwellâ€™s (1975) tripartite theoretical framework, namely: (a) theÂ basesÂ on which social power is built; (b) theÂ processesÂ by which social power is wielded; and (c) theÂ outcomesÂ produced by the use of social power. I find thatÂ MedeaÂ carried a greater burden of love towards Jason than Jason did towards her, fuelled and sustained by her enduring and greater need for security and happiness. And in intimate relationships, the principle of least interest (Waller and Hill 1951) works: the beloved tends to dominate the lover. Jason, however, overreached himself when he violated the minimum conditions of his own desirability â€“ fidelity to and respect for Medea. I conclude that Medeaâ€™s violent reaction to Jasonâ€™s conduct indicates the fragility of love as a basis of social power in intimate relationships.
HYLOZOISM AND HYLOMORPHISM: A LASTING LEGACY OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Strauss Daniel Francois 
Published: January 2019

Apparently philosophical reflection commenced when the awareness of diversity prompted the contemplation of an underlying unity. Thales found this principle of origination in water. Alongside elements such as water, air and fire as well as theÂ apeironÂ (the infinite-unbounded) Greek philosophy successively explores different modes of explanation. Number, space and movement were succeeded byÂ hulÃ¨Â andÂ morphÃ¨, where these two terms at once captured a connection between the (material) world of becoming and the world of organic life. The combination of matter and form (life) gave rise to the two terms of our investigation:Â hylozoismÂ andÂ hylomorphism. These terms are also related to the act-potency scheme and they also presuppose the relation between primary matter and substantial form. In the thought of Aristotle one can also identifyÂ energeiaÂ withÂ entelecheia. As soon as one of the two elements present in the two termsÂ hylozoismÂ andÂ hylomorphismÂ is elevated, aÂ monisticÂ perspective ensues, such as found in the opposition of mechanism and vitalism. These extremes sometimes surface in the shape of physicalism and the idea of an immaterial vital force. During and after the Renaissance, the idea of the mechanisation of the universe emerged, while vitalism continued its after-effect within biology, articularly seen in the legacy ofÂ idealist morphologyÂ (Ray and Linnaeus). The Aristotelian-Thomistic substance-concept appeared to have inherent problems. On the basis of experimental data Driesch revived vitalism (and Aristotle's view of anÂ entelechie), but did not succeed in coming to terms with the physical law of non-decreasing entropy â€“ he had to assign the ability to hisÂ entelechieÂ toÂ suspendÂ physical laws in order to account for the increasing order found in growing living entities. However, his neo-vitalist followers further explored Von Bertalanffy's generalisation of the second main law of thermodynamics toÂ open systems. Most recently the idea of a Workmaster (Demiurge) resurfaced in theories ofÂ Intelligent Design. These developments are explained by briefly referring to Michael Behe and Stephen Meyer. The historical lines discussed demonstrate how one-sidedÂ ismicÂ orientations may make a positive contribution to the identification of unique and irreducible modes of explanation from which scholarly research could still benefit.
Aplicação da Análise Multivariada e da Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 para Análise da Qualidade de Água em Rios de Pernambuco (Application of Multivariate Analysis and Resolution CONAMA 357/2005 for Analysis of Water Quality in Rivers of Pernambuco)
Authors: Santos Nathália Bandeira Carvalho dos , Graciano dos Santos Rayza Helen , Silva Ronaldo Faustino da 
Published: January 2019

Os rios são as principais fontes de água potável para a comunidade humana e abastecem reservatórios naturais e artificiais e a redução da disponibilidade hídrica está diretamente relacionada principalmente aos processos de urbanização. Os rios Gurjáu, Pirapama, Glória do Goitá e Capibaribe estão inseridos no estado de Pernambuco e possuem importância econômica principalmente para o consumo humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as variáveis físico-químicas da água pela Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 verificando os parâmetros conformes pela legislação e através da análise estatística multivariada. As coletas foram realizadas em seis pontos entre os meses de maio e junho de 2016. Com análise físico-química das amostras de água dos rios foi possível identificar que alguns parâmetros se encontram dentro dos limites ou superiores aos permitidos pela Resolução 357/05 do CONAMA. As amostras RG, RP, RC-400, RGO-620 foram classificadas como classe 2 das águas doces e RC-300 E RC-950 sendo classificados como classe 1 das águas salobras (CONAMA 357/05). Com a análise multivariada o dendrograma do UPGMA, separou as amostras em dois grupos de acordo com a similaridade dos resultados das variáveis físico-químicas. A correlação cofenética das amostras exibiu que as amostras não são linearmente tão relacionadas entre si, corroborando com os resultados da matriz triangular. Com a aplicação da PCA (Fitopac 6.1) e da matriz retangular foi possível reduzir o número de indicadores de qualidade de água, selecionando os indicadores mais determinantes para as características dos ambientes estudados. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que a análise multivariada categorizou as amostras de águas estudadas e que os rios estudados embora apresentem algum de seus parâmetros alterados se mostram com um bom nível de potabilidade o que garante a sua utilização pela sociedade.