bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidentally Discovered Thyroid Nodules by Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine: Incidence and Clinical Significance
Authors: Özdemir Meltem , Kavak Rasime Pelin 
Published: February 2019

Background:
The aim of our study was to present the prevalence of thyroid nodules we incidentally
discovered by routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine, to
evaluate their clinical significance, and to discuss the current clinical approach to incidental thyroid
nodules.

Methods:
We retrospectively evaluated the cervical spinal MRI studies of 512 patients. Thyroid
glands were evaluated for morphologic and signal characteristics and examined for the presence of
nodule(s). The nodules with a maximum diameter of 5 mm or more were taken into analysis.

Results:
Of 512 MRI studies, 254 revealed incidental thyroid nodule(s) (49.6%). The mean maximum
nodule diameter was 7.48±2.92 mm. Thirty-eight of 254 incidental thyroid nodules were radiologically
reported, 35 reported nodules were evaluated by US, and 22 were further analyzed by
fine needle aspiration cytology. The final diagnosis of 11 aspirated nodules was an adenomatous
nodule, whereas 3 were papillary thyroid carcinoma. One of the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma
was a 32-year-old man with a nodule with a maximum diameter of 7 mm.

Conclusion:
Incidental thyroid nodule is a frequent non-spinal lesion detected by routine cervical
spinal MRI. The 3-tiered system which is recommended in the clinical approach to incidental thyroid
nodules may miss some clinically significant thyroid nodules. We suggest the criteria of this
system to be re-evaluated and modified if necessary. In addition, we would like to emphasize the
need for a guideline for radiologists for reporting incidental thyroid nodules on MRI on the basis of
a standard clinical approach.
A Systematic Review on Analytical Methods to Determine Chiral and Achiral Forms of Venlafaxine and its Metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine
Authors: Dubey Sunil K. , Jindal Monika , Nagpal Shakti , Saha Ranendra N. , Singhvi Gautam , Anand Amit , Krishna Kowthavarapu V. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Venlafaxine (VEN) is a bicyclic phenylethylamine derivative and possesses a
marked structural difference from other antidepressant drugs present in the market. It works by eliciting
the neurotransmitter action in CNS. It occurs in two enantiomeric forms i.e. R and S VEN. After the
first pass metabolism, it gets metabolized into more active form O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV) which
also exist in the enantiomeric forms. So it is important to develop a suitable analytical and bioanalytical
method for the determination of VEN and its metabolite to quantify them accurately.

Methods and Results:
The current review summarizes methods to determine chiral and achiral forms of
VEN and ODV. According to the literature, it is clear that most widely used method for the determination
of VEN and ODV is liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, other methods used for routine
analysis include UV spectroscopy, reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with PDA
detector. For the determination of enantiomeric forms of VEN and ODV, different chiral columns have
been utilized. Capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrins is also used to determine the enantiomeric
forms.

Conclusion:
Various analytical methods for determining VEN and its metabolite in different matrices
have been discussed thoroughly in the present review.
Effect of Co-precursor Maliec Anhydride on the Thermal Decomposition of Acetyl Ferrocene: A Reaction Kinetic Analysis
Authors: Das Bratati , Bhattacharjee Ashis 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Thermal decomposition of iron-bearing organometallic complex
acetyl ferrocene, (C5H4COCH3)Fe(C5H5), leads to hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Presence
of maliec anhydride, C4H2O3 as co-precursor during thermal decomposition modifies
the size of the particles as well as the quantity of the reaction product significantly.

Objective:
Kinetic analysis of the solid-state thermal reaction of acetyl ferrocene in the
presence of varying amount of co-precursor maliec anhydride under inert reaction atmosphere
has been studied in order to understand the reaction mechanism involved behind the
formation of hematite and the role of co-precursor in the reaction process. For this purpose,
reaction kinetic analysis of three mixtures of acetyl ferrocene and maliec anhydride has
been carried out.

Methods:
Thermogravimetry under non-isothermal protocol with multiple heating rates
has been employed. The data are analyzed using model-free iso-conversional kinetic techniques
to estimate the activation energy of reaction and reaction rate. The most-probable
reaction mechanism has been identified by master plot method. The kinetic triplets (activation
energy, reaction rate, most probable reaction mechanism function) have been employed
to estimate the thermodynamic triplets (ΔS, ΔH and ΔG).

Observations:
Acetyl Ferrocene (AFc) undergoes thermal decomposition in a four-step
process leaving certain residual mass whereas maliec anhydride (MA) undergoes complete
mass loss owing to melting followed by evaporation. In contrast, the (AFc1-x-MAx) mixtures
undergo thermal decomposition through a two-step process, and the decompositions are
completed at much lower temperatures than that in AFc. The estimated activation energy
and reaction rate values are found strongly dependent on the extent of conversion as well
as on the extent of mixing. Introduction of MA in the solid reaction atmosphere of AFc in
one hand reduces the activation energy required by AFc to undergo thermal decomposition
and the reaction rate, while on the other hand varies the nature of reaction mechanism involved.

Results:
The range of reaction rate values estimated for the mixtures indicate that the activated
complexes during Step-I of thermal decomposition may be treated as ‘loose’ complex
whereas ‘tight’ complex for the Step-II. From the estimated entropy values, thermal
process of (AFc1-x-MAx) mixture for Steps I and II may be interpreted as ‘‘slow’’ stage.

Conclusion:
Variation of Gibb’s free energy with the fraction of maliec anhydride in the
mixtures for Step-I and II indicate that the thermal processes of changing the corresponding
activated complexes are non-spontaneous at room temperature.
Immobilization of Purified Fungal Laccase on Cost Effective Green Coconut Fiber and Study of its Physical and Kinetic Characteristics in Both Free and Immobilized Form
Authors: Ghosh Priyanka , Ghosh Uma 
Published: February 2019

Background:Laccases are important enzymes that have numerous applications in different biotechnological sectors.Objective:The aim was to purify laccase from Aspergillus flavus PUF5, successfully immobilize it on coconut fiber and characterize different physical and kinetic properties under both free and immobilize conditions.Methods:Laccase from A. flavus PUF5 was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by DEAE column chromatography and gel filtration using Sephadex G100. The molecular weight was determined through SDS-PAGE (12%). It was immobilized on pretreated coconut fiber through crosslinking by glutaraldehyde (4% v/v). Physical and kinetic parameters like optimum temperature, pH, thermostability, the effect of additives, activation energy, Km and Vmax for free and immobilized laccase were also analyzed. Recycling stability of the immobilized laccase was further determined.Results:The extracellular laccase (65 kDa) was purified up to homogeneity and was immobilized on acid-pretreated coconut fiber by 4% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution at 30°C, pH 5.0. Activation energy (Ea) of free and immobilized laccase for oxidation of guaiacol was found to be 24.69 and 32.76 kJ mol-1 respectively. Immobilized laccase showed higher melting temperature (Tm) of (82.5°C) than free enzyme (73°C). Km and Vmax for free and immobilized laccase were found to be 0.67 mM, 0.70 mM and 280 U/mg, 336 U/mg respectively when guaiacol was used as substrate. Additionally, in immobilized condition laccase retained ˃80% of its initial activity after use till six repeated cycles.Conclusion:The purified laccase enzyme and the cheap immobilization seem to be a prospective process for different biotechnological and industrial applications.
Evaluating the Implications of Climate Projections on Heat Hardiness Zones for Green Infrastructure Planning
Authors: Sylvester Linda , Omitaomu Olufemi A. , Parish Esther S. , Bhaduri Budhendra L. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Green Infrastructure (GI) is widely being promoted as an adaptation
strategy for urban flooding. Like urban flooding, tree species could be impacted by future
climatic conditions. However, there have been limited studies on the implications of future
climate on GI planning, mostly due to the lack of climate data at higher spatial resolutions.

Objective:
In this paper, we analyze the implications of climate projections on heat hardiness
zones since this could impact the GI landscape in the coming years. This is an extension of
our earlier work on evaluating impacts of climate projections on plant hardiness zones.
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Method: Using downscaled daily temperature data from ten Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models for the historical (1980 - 2005) and projected (2025
- 2050) periods, we analyzed future heat hardiness zones in the watershed bounding Knox
County, TN. We analyzed the implications of these outputs for the current list of suggested
native and non-native tree species selected for GI in the study area.

Results:
All the models suggest that a considerable part of the study area will move into the
next warmer heat zone. While most trees remain suitable for GI, several are at the limit of
their ideal heat zones.

Conclusion:
The insights from this study will help guide the selection and placement of GI
across the study area. Specifically, it should help green infrastructure planners design better
mitigation and adaptation strategies to achieve higher returns on investments as more cities
are now investing in GI projects.
Redes de actores sociales y liderazgos políticos: hacia nuevas formas de relación entre gobiernos y sociedad
Authors: Loaeza Reyes Laura 
Published: February 2019

El artículo analiza las propuestas teóricas de “regímenes parciales de participación”,“instituciones políticas de se-gundo nivel” y “régimen urbano”, relacionándolas, desde una perspectiva histórica, con datos empíricos provenientes de algunas iniciativas exitosas de las redes de organizaciones civiles mexicanas. Dicha relación muestra la viabilidad de nuevas formas de relación sociedad-gobiernos en México, destacando el protagonismo de algunas formas de liderazgo en las organizaciones civiles.
Entretenimiento de calidad y una dieta balanceada, claves del modelo de televisión de servicio público en México. El caso de Canal Once
Authors: Pareja Sánchez Norma 
Published: February 2019

En este trabajo, la autora aborda los conceptos clave en los que se basa la operación del Canal Once de televisión del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, canal que forma parte de lo que, ambiguamente, se ha definido en México como servicio público de televisión. Asimismo, se revisan los antecedentes de la televisora para comprender el contexto sociohistórico en el que surgió y la evolución que ha tenido hasta consolidar un proyecto de visión más amplia; se analiza de igual manera cómo su señal y programación es tomada por la mayoría de los sistemas estatales de televisión y, finalmente, se describen los planteamientos de personajes clave al interior del canal para entender la confluencia de visiones y argumentaciones en la hechura de la televisión pública en México.<br />
Deconstrucción y biopolítica. El problema de la ley y la violencia en Derrida y Agamben
Authors: Pereyra Tissera Guillermo Damián 
Published: February 2019

En este artículo, el autor analiza el modo como Jacques Derrida y Giorgio Agamben entienden la relación entre la justicia, el derecho y la violencia y explora las razones de los desacuerdos que mantiene cada enfoque –deconstrucción y biopolítica, respectivamente– en la comprensión de los conceptos antes mencionados. Sin desconocer las diferencias, propone, además, que el desacuerdo entre deconstrucción y biopolítica no impide encontrar puntos de contacto entre dos autores que abordan el problema de la justicia desde una perspectiva pos-fundamentalista. Finalmente, concluye que deconstrucción y biopolítica están enfrentadas pero no en términos de una oposición pura o tajante.
Class and Structural Inequality of fishing communities in Ambon City
Authors: Attamimi Gadri Ramadhan , Kinseng Rilus A , Agusta Ivanovich 
Published: February 2019

Social class is a social phenomenon that often occurs in every social group including the fishing communities. The structural inequality of fishing communities is characterized by the imbalance in ownership of production equipment and income distribution among fishermen. This research was conducted in one of the Fishermen Village (Negeri) in Ambon City, called Negeri Latuhalat. Type of research used in this study is post-positivism paradigm using qualitative approach supported by quantitative research. The purpose of this research is to analyze the level of imbalance between Ambon City fishermen. The results showed the formation of fishermen social classes which consist of masnait fishermen, tanase fisherman laborer, small fishermen, middle fishermen and tenant fisherman (capitalist). The gini index of fishermen in the research location shows a figure of 0.74, meaning that it shows a high imbalance between fisherman classes. The ratio of kuznets or the average comparison between fishermen received by 33% of the top group of Rp. 8,404,567, - and 25% of the lowest group of Rp. 2.040.000, -. Measurements using the World Bank also show the same thing with the results of gini index measurements that illustrate the portrait of inequality income distribution in the study sites. This condition illustrates that there has been an imbalance between fishermen classes, as much as 75% are only able to receive 8.72% of total income while as much as 25% of tenant fishermen (capitalist) enjoy and control 91.73% of total income.
Retracing the Architectural Heritage. The Works of Architect Eižens Laube in Jūrmala City, Latvia
Authors: Vērpe Baiba 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This research explores the architectural legacy of Eižens Laube in Jūrmala city. E. Laube (1880–1967) was at those times one of the most influential Latvian architects both in praxis and in academic field. Nowadays, no significant overview on his architectural legacy in Latvia and particularly in Jūrmala has been done. The aim of this article is to provide an updated list of architectural works of E. Laube in Jūrmala, to explore the current condition of these objects and trace particular regularity in their development. The article actualizes the general necessity to explore the architectural legacy of architect E. Laube and illuminates the architectural exploration methods in Jūrmala up to the 1990s. The findings enrich the history of Latvian architecture and Jūrmala city and may serve for some architectural and touristic materials.
Existence and stability analysis of nonlinear sequential coupled system of Caputo fractional differential equations with integral boundary conditions
Authors: Zada Akbar , Yar Mohammad , Li Tongxing 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this paper we study existence and uniqueness of solutions for a coupled system consisting of fractional differential equations of Caputo type, subject to Riemann–Liouville fractional integral boundary conditions. The uniqueness of solutions is established by Banach contraction principle, while the existence of solutions is derived by Leray–Schauder’s alternative. We also study the Hyers–Ulam stability of mentioned system. At the end, examples are also presented which illustrate our results.
Beekeeping practice and honey production potential in Afar Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Reda Gebrehaweria Kidane , Girmay Shishay , Gebremichael Belets 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The contribution of beekeeping is perhaps one of the most important income-generating activities for millions of smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. This study was intended to assess beekeeping practices and potential in three districts of Afar Region, northern Ethiopia. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents proportionally selected from each district. Semi-structured questionnaire were employed to collect the primary data. Focus-group discussion was also used to support interpretation of the interview data. Basically, descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. All respondents use traditional honey production system despite some recent trials. The mean live colony ownership of the sample beekeepers is 10.08 colonies per household, with a maximum ownership of 62 colonies. The study showed that the annual honey production per beehive varies from 4 to 17 kg, with a mean production of 9.66 kg. The majority of the respondents harvest two times per year, while 18%, 19%, and 14.2% of the respondents harvest three, four, and five times per year respectively. This might be due to the special floral calendar of tropical plants found in the areas. 67.5% of respondents supplement their colonies during dry season. Producers travel more than seven kilometres to sell their honey. On average, beekeepers sell 77.86 kg per year individually, with a range of 0 to 353 kg. The main constraints of honey production in the area are recurrent drought, poor extension service, lack of access to improved technology, deforestation, etc. Therefore, it requires intervention to change the old beekeeping practices through training and introducing improved production systems.
Binary Representation of Natural Numbers
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2019

Summary
Binary representation of integers [5], [3] and arithmetic operations on them have already been introduced in Mizar Mathematical Library [8, 7, 6, 4]. However, these articles formalize the notion of integers as mapped into a certain length tuple of boolean values.
In this article we formalize, by means of Mizar system [2], [1], the binary representation of natural numbers which maps ℕ into bitstreams.
Continuity of Bounded Linear Operators on Normed Linear Spaces
Authors: Nakasho Kazuhisa , Futa Yuichi , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: February 2019

Summary
In this article, using the Mizar system [1], [2], we discuss the continuity of bounded linear operators on normed linear spaces. In the first section, it is discussed that bounded linear operators on normed linear spaces are uniformly continuous and Lipschitz continuous. Especially, a bounded linear operator on the dense subset of a complete normed linear space has a unique natural extension over the whole space. In the next section, several basic currying properties are formalized.
In the last section, we formalized that continuity of bilinear operator is equivalent to both Lipschitz continuity and local continuity. We referred to [4], [13], and [3] in this formalization.
Struvite Formation from Wastewater: Affecting Factors and Nutrient Recovery
Authors: Trang Nguyen Thi Thuy , Yen Le Thi Hoang , Hanh Le Thi Hong , Thanh Bui Xuan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Never human being has to face such a serious lack of phosphorus and pollutants from human activities. Nutrient recovery from wastewater is a new trend which attracts the interests of several researchers. Extraction of the nutrients, based on struvite crystal from wastewater as nutritious sources, has been assessed as an urgent solution to tackle the water pollution issue. This review focused on feature characteristics of struvite as a chemical fertilizer for plant, struvite formation process in various wastewaters, which is related to physio-chemical conditions, and potential of applying this idea into practice.
Influence of bath temperature on microstructure and NH3 sensing properties of chemically synthesized CdO thin films
Authors: Sharma A.K. , Potdar S.S. , Yewale M.A. , Shirgaonkar Deepak B. , Pakhare K.S. , Sargar B.M. , Rokade M.V. , Patil U.M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films were synthesized using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method from aqueous cadmium nitrate solution. The bath temperatures were maintained at room temperature (25 °C) and at higher temperature (80 °C). The structural studies revealed that the films showed mixed phases of CdO and Cd(OH)2 with hexagonal/monoclinic crystal structure. Annealing treatment removed the hydroxide phase and the films converted into pure CdO with cubic, face centered crystal structure. SEM micrographs of as-deposited films revealed nanowire-like morphology for room temperature deposited films while nanorod-like morphology for high temperature deposited films. However, cube-like morphology was observed after air annealing. Elemental composition was confirmed by EDAX analysis. Band gap energies of the as-deposited films varied over the range of 3 eV to 3.5 eV, whereas the annealed films showed band gap energy variation in the range of 2.2 eV to 2.4 eV. The annealed films were successfully investigated for NH3 sensing at different operating temperatures and at different gas concentrations. The room temperature synthesized film showed a response of 17.3 %, whereas high temperature synthesized film showed a response of 13.5 % at 623 K upon exposure to 24 ppm of NH3.
Serving the Health Care and Leisure Needs of Ethnic Aged in Canada: Implications and Concerns
Authors: Karlis George , Stratas Aida , Locke Marianna , Gravelle François , Arora Genie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Health care and leisure services, although different, are similar from the perspective that both focus on enhancing quality of life by improving health and wellbeing. Although both of these services are vitally important, some groups such as aged immigrants face a number of barriers that may limit their access to these services. This paper examines and discusses two related areas of the service sector – health care and leisure – and the growing concern to address the needs of Canada’s aging population, specifically, aged immigrants. The paper concludes with the following five suggestions for health care and leisure service providers to alleviate barriers faced by Canada’s ethnic aged: 1) Recognize that health care and leisure are closely related, 2) Understand the changing nature of society including trends in immigration, 3) Get to know society’s diversity of aged immigrants, 4) Evaluate current services provided, and 5) Establish future goals and directions.
Núria Puig: A Biographical-Professional Outline
Authors: Puig Núria , Soler Susanna , Vilanova Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article presents a biographical-professional outline of the career of Núria Puig. The authors place this outline in the Spanish socio-political context stretching from 1976 until the present day. A brief biography is followed successively by descriptions of formal training, mentors, institutional projects, teaching experience, and research. In the conclusion, a general evaluation is made of her professional career.