bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Squeeze Treatment Stages Mixing During Injection on Lifetime
Authors: Vazquez Oscar , Mackay Eric , Raga Manuel , Ross Gill 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Scale inhibitor squeeze treatments are used to prevent scale deposition in production wells. A treatment consists of injecting a scale inhibitor slug at a concentration between 5 and 15%, referred to as the main treatment, followed by an overflush, which will push the chemical slug deeper into the reservoir. During injection, the stages might undergo some degree of mixing in the tubing. This paper addresses the impact such mixing would have on the squeeze lifetime. A consequence of mixing between main treatment and overflush stages in the well tubing would be that although the same overall mass of scale inhibitor was injected, it would be distributed over a larger volume of water and therefore be exposed to the rock formation at a lower concentration than planned in the design. The degree of mixing in the tubing depends on a number of factors, such as tubing length and diameter, and the pumping rate. The phenomenon is described by the longitudinal dispersion coefficient, which may be calculated.
The resulting calculation may be defined as the spreading of a solute along the longitudinal axis, which leads to the spread of an initial high concentration slug with a low spatial variance to a final stage of low concentration with high spatial variance. The main objective of the paper is to study the effect of the degree of mixing of the main and overflush stages on the squeeze treatment lifetime. The net effect of full mixing would be that instead of there being two different stages at very different scale inhibitor concentration, a single stage at a lower concentration might be exposed to the rock formation. Two mixing profiles were considered, a short and long tubing; where the total injected volume is greater than and less than the total tubing volume, respectively. A number of levels of mixing were considered and compared to the base case, where no mixing was allowed. The results showed that squeeze lifetime is not significantly reduced if mixing occurs in a short tubing interval, whereas it can be reduced by up to 20% in a longer tubing interval.
Simulation of Squeeze Treatment/Tracer Programme Designs
Authors: Vazquez Oscar , Giannakouras Ilias , Mackay Eric 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in designing squeeze treatments is ensuring appropriate chemical placement along the completion interval. Generally, the chemical slug is bull-headed; therefore, in long horizontal wells and/or crossflow wells, exposing the chemical to all the completion intervals might be difficult. In this paper we introduce a method to evaluate placement efficiency. If placement is inadequate, some sections of the well will be unprotected, resulting in an undesirable situation: the well may appear to be protected because the inhibitor return concentrations measured at surface are above the threshold, but there is a loss of production due to scale deposition in areas of the well not contacted by chemical. In these circumstances inhibitor placement can be accurately determined by production logging, but this can be prohibitively expensive. An alternative is to use tracers to evaluate the layer flow rate distribution, and therefore quantify chemical placement. The objective of this paper is to determine if a tracer package could be deployed as part of a squeeze treatment in challenging wells, in particular in the overflush stage. If there are zones in the wellbore at different pressures, then producing the tracer back in steps at different rates will result in the tracer return concentration profile having characteristic features that can be interpreted to estimate chemical placement.
Two three layer cases with crossflow are considered. In both cases, a tracer package was included in the overflush, and the resulting return profiles showed clearly the desired features. The main advantage of this approach is that there is no significant increase in the operational expense. The only additional expense will be the cost of the specific tracer and the subsequent analysis. It is envisaged that the cost is less than 5% of the total squeeze treatment cost. The results of this novel multi-rate post squeeze production stage following injection of tracer demonstrate the feasibility of including such a tracer package in a squeeze treatment. Data collected may then be used to optimise the design of subsequent treatments, to ensure that appropriate placement is achieved by rate control or by diversion, if necessary.
Extending Reservoir Knowledge from the Produced Data
Authors: Ishkov Oleg , Mackay Eric 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Understanding the reservoir connectivity advances engineering and management decisions and enhances overall field performance. A method to investigate injector to producer connectivity from an identified proportion of the injected brine in the produced water is proposed.
Chloride, sodium, boron and lithium are ideal tracers: typically they do not participate in geochemical reactions. These ions track injection water without retardation, and if their concentration differences with formation brine are high enough to overcome measurement errors, then they may be used as indicators of the mixing ratio between injection and formation brines. This paper proposes the use of this mixing ratio to distinguish brines and to calculate the normalised contribution of injected water in the cumulative produced water volume. A producer to injector connectivity plot allows engineers to categorise the pressure support for production wells in one plot.
This approach was applied to North Sea field data. A mineral scaling risk analysis was performed using the Injector Contribution characteristic plot. Wells being supported by commingled injected seawater and aquifer water were most at risk of BaSO4 precipitation. Historic data for a field case were analysed to examine potential scaling regimes. A set of well candidates for enhanced oil recovery to reduce residual oil in the oil leg was also identified. Most of the water produced in these wells came from injectors, rather than from the aquifer. Those wells have good communication throughout the oil leg and as a result quick water breakthrough occurs. As well as resulting in an early onset of BaSO4 scaling, an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) chemical that is injected would more quickly reach the producers and therefore the potential for chemical EOR applications can be measured. This suggested metric helps to identify that other wells do not experience much seawater production, but are more strongly supported by the aquifer, and so there would be no apparent benefit in reducing residual oil by injecting chemical. This set of wells might benefit potentially from infill drilling nearby, or conformance control methods.
The proposed technique does not require additional sampling to be performed over and above the measured historical produced water compositions that are routinely collected by operators during offshore production for scale management purposes. The analysis to select well candidates for EOR or areas for infill drilling is significantly more challenging using a conventional approach, and we propose that this novel metric of "Producer to Injector connectivity" will be beneficial for the decision making process.
Effect of Test Approaches & Conditions on Corrosion Inhibitor Screening
Authors: Thomson Hunter , Carpenter Ian , Madjitey Rodney , Simpson Caroline , Graham Gordon M. , Frigo Dario M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Laboratory-based assessments of corrosion inhibitors for chemical qualification generally rely on approaches designed to replicate all key aspects of the corroding environment (ppCO2, field crude, brine composition, system temperature, pressure, wall shear, etc.). However, the time and costs associated with testing under fully field representative conditions (e.g. High Pressure/ High Temperature (HP/HT) autoclave or flow loop tests), often restrict the use of such tests to chemicals at dose rates pre-qualified by simpler screening tests, especially when many different formulations are submitted for potential qualification.
This paper includes illustrative examples of how apparently small changes to the test methodology in these preliminary screening tests can have significant influence on the relative ranking and absolute performance of the chemicals tested, specifically:
the effect of pre-corrosion; adjustment of brine chemistry to avoid artefacts from scale deposition; appropriate pH control (representative of the in situ field conditions where high ppCO2 may be present) partitioning between hydrocarbon and aqueous phases can be affected by minor procedural differences.
The net effect is that product ranking can be significantly affected, potentially leading to the qualification of less effective products, or more significantly to the de-selection of otherwise effective products, prior to the more detailed field representative autoclaves / flow loops. More so, since many of the artefacts can be transferred from the screening tests to the field representative tests, product performance and ranking in the more field representative HP/HT tests can also be affected, if critical control of the test conditions is not adhered to.
Examples are provided from both generic corrosion inhibitor formulations as well as case studies using field specific formulations. This will assist in improving the design of corrosion inhibitor screening programs and eliminating common errors and artefacts.
Assessment of the Equivalent Sandbed Roughness and the Interfacial Friction Factor in Hole Cleaning With Water in a Fully Eccentric Horizontal Annulus
Authors: Bizhani Majid , Kuru Ergun 
Published: June 2018

SummaryIn this study, we have investigated the turbulent flow of water over the sandbed deposited in a horizontal eccentric annulus. The primary objective was to determine the effect of the presence of a sandbed on the parameters strongly involved in the bed-erosion process, such as the local fluid-velocity profiles near the interface, the equivalent sandbed roughness, and the average and the interfacial friction factors. The particle-image-velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to measure the velocity distribution at the water/sandbed interface. The bedload transport of particles caused an abrupt increase in the equivalent sandbed roughness. Analyses of the velocity profiles in the wall units confirmed that the sandbed roughness is variable and can be several times greater than the mean particle size. The interfacial ( fi) and the average friction factors ( fa) were evaluated and compared with flow under the stationary-bed and the bedload-transport conditions. The interfacial friction factor increased dramatically at the onset of the bed erosion. We have also found that depending on the bed height (or the surface area of the bed at the interface), the interfacial friction factor can be significantly different from the average friction factor. The results presented here provide much-needed experimental data for the validation of the mechanistic, semimechanistic (empirical), and numerical [computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD)] models of the bed erosion process. The major conclusion of the study is that the difference between the average and interfacial friction factors should be taken into account for more-realistic multilayer modeling of the hole cleaning.
Manure and Residue Inputs Maintained Soil Organic Carbon in Upper Midwest Conservation Production Systems
Authors: Weyers Sharon L. , Johnson Jane M.F. , Archer David W. , Gesch Russ W. , Forcella Frank 
Published: June 2018

Core Ideas
Management potential to enhance sustainability was evaluated through change in SOC.
Manure application stabilized but did not increase SOC in organic systems.
Loss of SOC was prevented with manure and high residue inputs.
Conservation production systems are needed in the upper Midwest to slow soil and nutrient loss through tillage‐induced erosion. However, producers are reluctant to adapt no‐till strategies because of the cool‐wet climate. With focus on strip‐tillage (ST) and a diverse 4‐yr (4y) crop rotation as alternatives to no‐till, we assessed eight integrated strategies under both conventional (CNV) and organic (ORG) management. These included conventional moldboard plow + disk tillage (CT), with (YF) fertilizer or manure, with no (NF) amendments, and 2‐yr (2y) rotations: ST‐YF‐4y, ST‐NF‐4y, ST‐YF‐2y, ST‐NF‐2y, CT‐YF‐4y, CT‐NF‐4y, CT‐YF‐2y, and CT‐NF‐2y. Temporal change and loss rates of total soil organic C (SOC) and N (SON) were measured using the equivalent soil mass method for the 0‐ to 30‐ and 0‐ to 60‐cm profiles. Soil was sampled in autumn, after harvest and before tillage, in the first, second, sixth, and eighth years of rotation between 2002 and 2009. In 2002, management had no effect on baseline measurements. Average SOC and SON from 2002–2009 were significantly greater in YF strategy systems, with no other differences among strategies occurring. Net loss in SOC, but not SON, occurred over time, and estimated rates of loss were significant for all individual management strategies, but not all integrated strategies. Under CNV, estimated rates of loss were significant in all but the CNV‐CT‐NF‐2y system. In contrast, under ORG, estimated rates of loss were significant only for ORG‐CT‐NF‐4y and ORG‐ST‐NF‐4y systems. Animal manure, particularly in combination with high residue inputs, had a positive impact for maintaining SOC.
Acute postoperative compartment syndrome in a child receiving patient‐controlled analgesia and peripheral nerve block
Authors: Ryan Sarah , Wiseman Patrick , Mannion Stephen , O'Sullivan Michael 
Published: June 2018

SummaryPatient‐controlled analgesia and nerve blocks have been implicated in the delayed or missed diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome. We report a case of early successful diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome in a 15‐year‐old male, who received both morphine‐based patient‐controlled analgesia and a femoral nerve block following corrective surgery for patellofemoral instability. Our case demonstrates that multimodal analgesia, combining both patient‐controlled analgesia and a nerve block, does not necessarily prevent the early diagnosis of an evolving compartment syndrome. There must be a high level of clinical awareness amongst medical and nursing staff regarding the serious potential complication of postoperative compartment syndrome and ongoing vigilance to monitor for its symptoms and signs.
Design and Synthesis of Benzopyranopyrimidinyl Phosphonates as Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Santhisudha Sarva , Mohan Gundluru , Rani Tenkayala Sobha , Reddy Peddaiahgari Vasu Govardhana , Reddy Cirandur Suresh 
Published: June 2018

Background:A concatenation of bioactive diethyl(2-hydroxyphenylsubstituted) benzopyrano pyrimidinyl phosphonates were synthesized under eco-friendly green conditions in the presence of palladium doped graphitic carbon nitride (Pd@g-C3N4) as catalyst.Methods:he title compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, SW-480, HeLa and HL-7702 cell lines and in-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH, NO and H2O2 methods.Results:he synthesized compounds manifested robust cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.Conclusion:Some of them showed much higher bioactivity than the standards.
Synthesis and Investigation on the Antidiabetic Effect of 3-aryl-1-(5-methylisoxazol-3-ylamino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl) Propan-1-one
Authors: Liu Jinyu , Zhou Zuwen , Liu Jian , Yan Jufang , Fan Li , Tang Xuemei , Liu Jie , Chen Feifei , Yang Dacheng 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Diabetes mellitus is the third-largest non-communicable chronic disease
worldwide. There are many effective drugs, but the long-term use of these clinical drugs may cause
various side effects. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new antidiabetic molecules with higher efficacy
and lower toxicity.

Methods:
Fifteen new 3-aryl-1-(5-methylisoxazol-3-ylamino)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-1-one were
synthesized directly through the Mannich reaction of 4-nitroacetophenone, 3-amino-5-
methylisoxazole and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by concentrated hydrochloric acid. The molecular
structures of the products were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ESI MS and HRMS.
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) response element and α-glucosidase inhibitory
activity of these compounds were evaluated in vitro. Molecular docking, molecular physical
parameters calculation, and molecular toxicity prediction were performed to analyze the structure-
activity relationship and evaluate the druggability of these compounds theoretically.

Results:
All compounds exhibited weak antidiabetic activities, but compound 15 showed promising
as a high performance, dual-target antidiabetic lead compound with peroxisome proliferatoractivated
receptor (PPAR) response element relative agonist activity of 99.55% at 27.2 nmol·mL−1
and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 35.21% at 13.6 nmol·mL−1. All compounds obtained may
have no cardiotoxicity, no acute toxicity, no carcinogenic, and within safe range of mutagenic risk.

Conclusion:
This study identified a potential PPAR lead molecule and presented an unusual strategy
for antidiabetic drug development.
Enantioselective Plasma Pharmacokinetic Study of a Novel Anti- Sichistosomiasis Agent P96 in Rat by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Meng Ran , Zhang Danlu , Ji Jianbo , Hu Lingyun , Sun Dequn , Wang Haina 
Published: June 2018

Background:
2-Cyclopentanecarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-pyrazino[2,1- a]isoquinolin-
4-one (P96), was found to be a novel drug candidate with one chiral center to treat schistosomiasis
caused by Schistosoma japonicum.
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Objective: To study pharmacokinetic characteristics, a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-
tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and fully validated for the quantification
analysis of P96 in rat plasma.

Methods:
Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column with gradient eluted mobile
phase composed of acetonitrile and water at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection was performed on a
triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using positive mode electrospray ionization in the multiple
reactions monitoring (MRM) mode.

Results:
Excellent linearity was observed in the range of 3-900 ng/mL with the lower limit of quantification
of 3 ng/mL in rat plasma for P96. The intra- and inter-day precisions exhibited less than 6.6%.
Mean recoveries ranged from 96.9% to 102.4%. This method was applied to investigate the enantioselective
differences on the pharmacokinetics between (R,S)-P96 and its enantiomers in rats after oral
administration. The enantioselective differences of (R)-P96, (S)-P96 and (R,S)-P96 were found and
compared.

Conclusion:
The established method was found to be accurate, precise, and sensitive and can be applied
to investigate the stereoselective differences on pharmacokinetics between rac-P96 and its enantiomers.
Oral Aspects Identified in Atopic Dermatitis Patients: A Literature Review
Authors: Oliveira Aline Domingues Tavares , Sodré Camila Stofella , Ferreira Dennis de Carvalho , Abad Eliane de Dios , Saintive Simone , Ribeiro Márcia , Cavalcante Fernanda Sampaio , Piciani Bruna , Gonçalves Lucio Souza 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that is more prevalent in children (10-20% of the world's population) than in adults. As its etiology is multifactorial, it is important to know the most frequent oral manifestations in atopic dermatitis patients.Methodology:In the last decades, the correlation between atopic dermatitis and conditions and/or changes in the oral cavity has been demonstrated by several studies. The objective of this paper was to describe, through a review of the literature, the oral health conditions and/or oral aspects identified in patients with atopic dermatitis.Search Strategy:A descriptive literature review was carried out through a bibliographical survey based on the last 10 years, in order to answer the study questions.Results:As a result, we found six studies with different sample sizes, ranging from 43 to 468 patients, and the majority of them were of cross-sectional study design.Discussion:Two studies performed their analysis through dental exams and reported that patients with atopic dermatitis tend to have a greater frequency of carious lesions, and two studies correlatedCandidawith atopic dermatitis through mycological analyzes.Conclusion:There are a few studies in the literature that identify the oral aspects of atopic dermatitis. More investigations are needed in order to contribute to the knowledge of such oral aspects and the approach to treat these patients regarding oral health.
Treatment Outcome and Adverse Events of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Based Regimens as Compared to Zidovudine Based Regimens Among People Living with HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Kefale Adane Teshome , Dadi Tegene Legese , Biru Tessema Tsehay , Mega Teshale Ayele 
Published: June 2018

Background:Findings from different studies report inferior clinical and virologic efficacy with TDF/3TC/NVP. But, some studies show that, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality among ZDV and TDF based regimens. The objective of this review was to systematically identify, appraise and synthesize the best available evidence on efficacy and safety of TDF based regimen as compared to ZDV based regimens.Methods:A three-step search strategy was used to locate published and unpublished studies. First, an initial limited search of google was undertaken followed by analysis of text words. A second extensive search was undertaken. We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Medline, and CINHAL. We did the initial search for articles on July 11-18, 2016, and updated the results on May 13, 2017.Third, the reference lists of all identified articles was searched for additional studies.Results:ZDV based regimens had better outcome on prevention of mortality (OR=1.31, 95%CI (1.14, 1.50), I2= 0%, Chi2= 2.51), and lower virologic failure (OR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.18, 1.76], chi2= 5.91, P= 0.003, I2=83%) while, TDF based regimens were more tolerable (OR=0.15, 95%CI (0.08, 0.30), I2= 40%, Chi2= 3.31). The difference in incidence of opportunistic infection is not significant (OR = 0.83, 95% CI [0.52, 1.32], chi2= 0.11, P= 0.42, I2=0%).Conclusion:There is lower mortality and lower virologic failure in ZDV group, but better safety profile among TDF based regimens.