bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Phosphorus, a Rising Star 2D Nanomaterial in the Post‐Graphene Era: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Photocatalysis Applications
Authors: Li Bisheng , Lai Cui , Zeng Guangming , Huang Danlian , Qin Lei , Zhang Mingming , Cheng Min , Liu Xigui , Yi Huan , Zhou Chengyun , Huang Fanglong , Liu Shiyu , Fu Yukui 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSemiconductor photocatalysis, a sustainable and renewable technology, is deemed to be a new path to resolve environmental pollution and energy shortage. The development of effective photocatalysts, especially the metal‐free photocatalysts, is a critical determinant of this technique. The recently emerged 2D material of black phosphorus with distinctive properties of tunable direct bandgap, ultrahigh charge mobility, fortified optical absorption, large specific surface area, and anisotropic structure has captured enormous attention since the first exfoliation of bulk black phosphorus into mono‐ or few layered phosphorene in 2014. In this article, the state‐of‐the‐art preparation methods are first summarized for bulk black phosphorus, phosphorene, and black phosphorus quantum dot and then the fundamental structure and electronic and optical properties are analyzed to evaluate its feasibility as a metal‐free photocatalyst. Various modifications on black phosphorus are also summarized to enhance its photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, the multifarious applications such as solar to energy conversion, organic removal, disinfection, nitrogen fixation, and photodynamic therapy are discussed and some of the future challenges and opportunities for black phosphorus research are proposed. This review reveals that the rising star of black phosphorus will be a multifunctional material in the postgraphene era.
Polyethylenimine Expanded Graphite Oxide Enables High Sulfur Loading and Long‐Term Stability of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Huang Xia , Zhang Kai , Luo Bin , Hu Han , Sun Dan , Wang Songcan , Hu Yuxiang , Lin Tongen , Jia Zhongfan , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTo realize practical lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) with long cycling life, designing cathode hosts with a high specific surface area (SSA) is recognized as an efficient way to trap the soluble polysulfides. However, it is also blamed for diminishing the volumetric energy density and being susceptible to side reactions. Herein, polyethylenimine intercalated graphite oxide (PEI‐GO) with a low SSA of 4.6 m2 g−1 and enlarged interlayer spacing of 13 Å is proposed as a superior sulfur host, which enables homogeneous distribution of high sulfur content (73%) and facilitates Li+ transfer in thick sulfur electrode. LSBs with a moderate sulfur loading (3.4 mg S cm−2) achieve an initial capacity of 1157 and 668 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 0.5 C. Even when the sulfur loading is increased to 7.3 mg cm−2, the electrode still delivers a high areal capacity of 4.7 mAh cm−2 (641 mAh g−1) after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. The excellent electrochemical properties of PEI‐GO are mainly attributed to the homogeneous distribution of sulfur in PEI‐GO and the strong chemical interactions between polysulfides and amine groups, which can mitigate the loss of active phases and contribute to the better cycling stability.
Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents
Authors: Carballo J. J. , Llorente C. , Kehrmann L. , Flamarique I. , Zuddas A. , Purper-Ouakil D. , Hoekstra P. J. , Coghill D. , Schulze U. M. E. , Dittmann R. W. , Buitelaar J. K. , Castro-Fornieles J. , Lievesley K. , Santosh Paramala , Arango C. ,   the STOP Consortium, Sutcliffe Alastair , Curran Sarah , Selema Laura , Flanagan Robert , Craig Ian , Parnell Nathan , Yeboah Keren , Sala Regina , Singh Jatinder , Fiori Federico , Pupier Florence , Vinkenvleugel Loes , Glennon Jeffrey , Bakker Mireille , Drent Cora , Bloem Elly , Steenhuis Mark-Peter , Berg Ruth , Häge Alexander , Dau Mahmud Ben , Mechler Konstantin , Rauscher Sylke , Aslan Sonja , Schlanser Simon , Keller Ferdinand , Schneider Alexander , Plener Paul , Fegert Jörg M. , Paton Jacqui , Macey Murray , Iessa Noha , Alfred Kolozsvari , Helen Furse , Nick Penkov , Baillon Claire , Peyre Hugo , Cohen David , Bonnot Olivier , Brunelle Julie , Franc Nathalie , Raysse Pierre , Humbertclaude Véronique , Rodriguez-Quiroga Alberto , Díaz-Caneja Covadonga Martínez , Espliego Ana , Merchán Jessica , Tapia Cecilia , Baeza Immaculada , Romero Soledad , La Fuente Amalia , Ortiz Ana , Pintor Manuela , Ligas Franca , Cera Francesca Micol , Frongia Roberta , Falissard Bruno , Schwalber Ameli , Dittrich Juliane , Wohner Andrea , Zimmermann Katrin , Schwalber Andrea , Aitchison Katherine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSuicidality in childhood and adolescence is of increasing concern. The aim of this paper was to review the published literature identifying key psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in the paediatric population. A systematic two-step search was carried out following the PRISMA statement guidelines, using the terms ‘suicidality, suicide, and self-harm’ combined with terms ‘infant, child, adolescent’ according to the US National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health classification of ages. Forty-four studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The review identified three main factors that appear to increase the risk of suicidality: psychological factors (depression, anxiety, previous suicide attempt, drug and alcohol use, and other comorbid psychiatric disorders); stressful life events (family problems and peer conflicts); and personality traits (such as neuroticism and impulsivity). The evidence highlights the complexity of suicidality and points towards an interaction of factors contributing to suicidal behaviour. More information is needed to understand the complex relationship between risk factors for suicidality. Prospective studies with adequate sample sizes are needed to investigate these multiple variables of risk concurrently and over time.
Regulation by competition: a hidden layer of gene regulatory network
Authors: Wei Lei , Yuan Ye , Hu Tao , Li Shuailin , Cheng Tianrun , Lei Jinzhi , Xie Zhen , Zhang Michael Q. , Wang Xiaowo 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundMolecular competition brings about trade‐offs of shared limited resources among the cellular components, and thus introduces a hidden layer of regulatory mechanism by connecting components even without direct physical interactions. Several molecular competition scenarios have been observed recently, but there is still a lack of systematic quantitative understanding to reveal the essence of molecular competition.MethodsHere, by abstracting the analogous competition mechanism behind diverse molecular systems, we built a unified coarse‐grained competition motif model to systematically integrate experimental evidences in these processes and analyzed general properties shared behind them from steady‐state behavior to dynamic responses.ResultsWe could predict in what molecular environments competition would reveal threshold behavior or display a negative linear dependence. We quantified how competition can shape regulator‐target dose‐response curve, modulate dynamic response speed, control target expression noise, and introduce correlated fluctuations between targets.ConclusionsThis work uncovered the complexity and generality of molecular competition effect as a hidden layer of gene regulatory network, and therefore provided a unified insight and a theoretical framework to understand and employ competition in both natural and synthetic systems.
On the decay of dispersive motions in the outer region of rough-wall boundary layers
Authors: Meyers Johan , Ganapathisubramani Bharathram , Cal Raúl Bayoán 
Published: January 2019

In rough-wall boundary layers, wall-parallel non-homogeneous mean-flow solutions exist that lead to so-called dispersive velocity components and dispersive stresses. They play a significant role in the mean-flow momentum balance near the wall, but typically disappear in the outer layer. A theoretical framework is presented to study the decay of dispersive motions in the outer layer. To this end, the problem is formulated in Fourier space, and a set of governing ordinary differential equations per mode in wavenumber space is derived by linearizing the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations around a constant background velocity. With further simplifications, analytically tractable solutions are found consisting of linear combinations of $\exp (-kz)$ and $\exp (-Kz)$, with $z$ the wall distance, $k$ the magnitude of the horizontal wavevector $\boldsymbol{k}$, and where $K(\boldsymbol{k},Re)$ is a function of $\boldsymbol{k}$ and the Reynolds number $Re$. Moreover, for $k\rightarrow \infty$ or $k_{1}\rightarrow 0$ (with $k_{1}$ the stream-wise wavenumber), $K\rightarrow k$ is found, in which case solutions consist of a linear combination of $\exp (-kz)$ and $z\exp (-kz)$, and are independent of the Reynolds number. These analytical relations are compared in the limit of $k_{1}=0$ to the rough boundary layer experiments by Vanderwel & Ganapathisubramani (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 774, 2015, R2) and are in reasonable agreement for $\ell _{k}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\leqslant 0.5$, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ the boundary-layer thickness and $\ell _{k}=2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/k$.
A generalization of Krasnosel'skii compression fixed point theorem by using star convex sets
Authors: Lois-Prados Cristina , Rodríguez-López Rosana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the framework of fixed point theory, many generalizations of the classical results due to Krasnosel'skii are known. One of these extensions consists in relaxing the conditions imposed on the mapping, working with k-set contractions instead of continuous and compact maps. The aim of this work if to study in detail some fixed point results of this type, and obtain a certain generalization by using star convex sets.
Nonlocal problems in perforated domains
Authors: Pereira Marcone C. , Rossi Julio D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse nonlocal equations in perforated domains. We consider nonlocal problems of the form$f(x) = \int \nolimits _{B} J(x-y) (u(y) - u(x)) {\rm d}y$withxin a perforated domain$\Omega ^\epsilon \subset \Omega $. HereJis a nonsingular kernel. We think about$\Omega ^\epsilon $as a fixed setΩfrom where we have removed a subset that we call the holes. We deal both with the Neumann and Dirichlet conditions in the holes and assume a Dirichlet condition outsideΩ. In the latter case we impose thatuvanishes in the holes but integrate in the whole ℝN(B = ℝN) and in the former we just consider integrals in ℝNminus the holes ($B={\open R} ^N \setminus (\Omega \setminus \Omega ^\epsilon )$). Assuming weak convergence of the holes, specifically, under the assumption that the characteristic function of$\Omega ^\epsilon $has a weak limit,$\chi _{\epsilon } \rightharpoonup {\cal X}$weakly* inL∞(Ω), we analyse the limit as ε → 0 of the solutions to the nonlocal problems proving that there is a nonlocal limit problem. In the case in which the holes are periodically removed balls, we obtain that the critical radius is of the order of the size of the typical cell (that gives the period). In addition, in this periodic case, we also study the behaviour of these nonlocal problems when we rescale the kernel in order to approximate local PDE problems.
Association of the glycaemic index and glycaemic load with colorectal cancer in the population of Córdoba (Argentina): results of a case–control study using a multilevel modelling approach
Authors: Haluszka Eugenia , Dávila Valentina Luciana , Aballay Laura Rosana , Diaz Maria del Pilar , Osella Alberto Rubén , Niclis Camila 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) are involved in the aetiology of different diseases, and they could be related to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the quality and quantity indicators of carbohydrates consumed by the population of Córdoba (Argentina) and the odds of developing CRC in 2008–2016 period. A case–control study was conducted with 492 participants (161/331 cases/controls), interviewed through a validated FFQ. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of GI, GL and the quantity or weekly intake of high-GI foods on CRC occurrence, following adjustment for individual/first-level covariates, and using level of urbanisation as the contextual variable. The models were stratified by sex. Participants in the highestv.lowest tertile of dietary GL and weekly intake of high-GI foods had increased odds of CRC presence in the entire sample (OR 1·64, 95 % CI 1·16, 2·34 and OR 1·11, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·14, respectively) and in women (OR 1·98, 95 % CI 1·24, 3·18 and OR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·83, respectively). In men, the second tertile of GL and weekly intake of high-GI foods were associated with CRC (OR 1·44, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·99 and OR 1·48, 95 % CI 1·32, 1·65, respectively). Also, GI was associated with CRC in women (highestv.lowest tertile OR 2·12, 95 % CI 1·38, 3·27). In addition to the quantity and quality of carbohydrates intake, it is important to consider the frequency of consumption of high-GI foods in CRC prevention.
Differences among regions in environmental predictors of primate community similarity affect conclusions about community assembly
Authors: Beaudrot Lydia , Marshall Andrew J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUnderstanding why ecological communities contain the species they do is a long-standing question in ecology. Two common mechanisms that affect the species found within communities are dispersal limitation and environmental filtering. Correctly identifying the relative influences of these mechanisms has important consequences for our understanding of community assembly. Here variable selection was used to identify the environmental variables that best predict tropical forest primate community similarity in four biogeographic regions: the Neotropics, Afrotropics, Madagascar and the island of Borneo in South-East Asia. The environmental variables included net primary productivity and altitude, as well as multiple temperature, precipitation and topsoil variables. Using the best environmental variables in each region, Mantel and partial Mantel tests were used to reanalyse data from a previously published study. The proportion of variance explained increased for each region. Despite increases, much of the variation remained unexplained for all regions (R2: Africa = 0.45, South America = 0.16, Madagascar = 0.28, Borneo = 0.10), likely due to different evolutionary and biogeographic histories within each region. Nonetheless, substantial variation among regions in the environmental variables that best predicted primate community similarity were documented. For example, none of the 14 environmental variables was included for all four regions, yet each variable was included for at least one region. Contrary to prior results, environmental filtering was an important assembly mechanism for primate communities in tropical forests worldwide. Geographic distance more strongly predicted African and South American communities whereas environmental distance more strongly predicted Malagasy and Bornean communities. These results suggest that dispersal limitation structures primate communities more strongly than environmental filtering in Africa and in South America whereas environmental filtering structures primate communities more strongly than dispersal limitation in Madagascar and Borneo. For communities defined by genera, environmental distance more strongly predicted primate communities than geographic distance in all four regions, which suggests that environmental filtering is a more influential assembly mechanism at the genus level. Therefore, a more nuanced consideration of environmental variables affects conclusions about the influences of environmental filtering and dispersal limitation on primate community structure.
Getting greener by going black: the effect of blacklisting municipalities on Amazon deforestation
Authors: Assunção Juliano , Rocha Romero 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn 2008, the Brazilian government blacklisted municipalities in the Amazon to better target efforts to repress deforestation. Not only were law enforcement and monitoring activities intensified, but also economic sanctions and political pressures were imposed on those municipalities. We use a differences-in differences approach to compare deforestation reduction in blacklisted municipalities and non-blacklisted municipalities. We find that: (i) the blacklisting has significantly reduced deforestation; and (ii) this effect was primarily driven by the monitoring and law enforcement channel – there is no effect on agricultural production or credit concessions.
Halogen Heterogeneity in the Lithosphere and Evolution of Mantle Halogen Abundances Inferred From Intraplate Mantle Xenoliths
Authors: Kobayashi Masahiro , Sumino Hirochika , Burgess Ray , Nakai Shun'ichi , Iizuka Tsuyoshi , Nagao Jun , Kagi Hiroyuki , Nakamura Michihiko , Takahashi Eiichi , Kogiso Tetsu , Ballentine Chris J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe present halogen, noble gas, and major and trace element compositions of mantle xenoliths from intraplate settings (Eifel, Kilbourne Hole, San Carlos, and Hawaii). The xenoliths show a wide range of halogen elemental ratios, which form two arrays centered on the halogen composition of mid‐ocean ridge basalts. The samples on the array toward high I/Cl value have relatively low Cl concentration and low ratios of highly incompatible elements relative to heavy rare earth elements, whereas the samples on the array toward low Br/Cl value have higher Cl concentration and trace elements ratios. The detailed mechanisms to account for these signatures are equivocal at present. However, they are most likely to be related to secondary processes of volatile loss during partial melting and secondary phase formation during interaction with melts. The common primary mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐like halogen ratios in mantle xenoliths from different parts of the globe indicate that the mantle itself must have a relatively uniform composition over a wide scale. The mantle has maintained its halogen composition over billion year timescales without being affected by I‐rich halogens being transported into the mantle. Mass balance calculations suggest that, in order to maintain the I/Cl ratio of the convecting mantle over 2 Gyr, the I/Cl ratio of the subducted halogens must be no more than several times higher than the present‐day mantle value.
Remotely Forced Decadal Physical and Biogeochemical Variability of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Over the Last 40 Years
Authors: Oka Eitarou , Yamada Kodai , Sasano Daisuke , Enyo Kazutaka , Nakano Toshiya , Ishii Masao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHalf‐century‐long observations at the 137°E repeat hydrographic section across the western North Pacific have been analyzed to demonstrate remotely forced decadal physical and biogeochemical variability of Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) over the last 40 years. During unstable periods of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) that lagged the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation by 3–4 years, high regional eddy activity reduced the formation rate and salinity of STMW in its main formation region south of the KE. At the 137°E section south of Japan, decreasing southwestward advection of oxygen‐rich STMW from the formation region resulted in decreases of its cross‐sectional area, dissolved oxygen, pH, and aragonite saturation state and increases of nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon, among which changes of the carbon system parameters accelerated their long‐term trends. Such changes reversed and acidification slowed down during stable‐KE periods, especially in the current period since 2010 exhibiting a hiatus of acidification.
Mantle Transition Zone Structure Beneath Northeast Asia From 2‐D Triplicated Waveform Modeling: Implication for a Segmented Stagnant Slab
Authors: Lai Yujing , Chen Ling , Wang Tao , Zhan Zhongwen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe structure of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) in subduction zones is essential for understanding subduction dynamics in the deep mantle and its surface responses. We constructed the P (Vp) and SH velocity (Vs) structure images of the MTZ beneath Northeast Asia based on two‐dimensional (2‐D) triplicated waveform modeling. In the upper MTZ, a normal Vp but 2.5% low Vs layer compared with IASP91 are required by the triplication data. In the lower MTZ, our results show a relatively higher‐velocity layer (+2% Vp and −0.5% Vs compared to IASP91) with a thickness of ~140 km and length of ~1,200 km atop the 660‐km discontinuity. Taking this anomaly as the stagnant slab and considering the plate convergence rate of 7–10 cm/year in the western Pacific region during the late Cenozoic, we deduced that the stagnant slab has a subduction age of less than 30 Ma. This suggests that the observed stagnancy of the slab in the MTZ beneath Northeast Asia may have occurred no earlier than the Early Oligocene. From the constraints derived individually on Vp and Vs structures, high Vp/Vs ratios are obtained for the entire MTZ beneath Northeast Asia, which may imply a water‐rich and/or carbonated environment. Within the overall higher‐velocity stagnant slab, a low‐velocity anomaly was further detected, with a width of ~150 km, Vp and Vs reductions of 1% and 3% relative to IASP91. Such a gap may have provided a passage for hot deep mantle materials to penetrate through the thick slab and feed the Changbaishan volcano.
TREM2 acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway
Authors: Tang Wenqing , Lv Bei , Yang Biwei , Chen Yukai , Yuan Feifei , Ma Lijie , Chen She , Zhang Si , Xia Jinglin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is involved in nonmalignant pathological processes. However, TREM2’s function in malignant diseases, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. In the present study, we report that TREM2 is a novel tumor suppressor in HCC. TREM2 expression was obviously decreased in hepatoma cells (especially metastatic HCC cells), and in most human HCC tissues (especially extrahepatic metastatic tumors). Reduced tumor TREM2 expression was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients, and with aggressive pathological features (BCLC stage, tumor size, tumor encapsulation, vascular invasion, and tumor differentiation). TREM2 knockdown substantially promoted cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo, while TREM2 overexpression produced the opposite effect. TREM2 suppressed HCC metastasis by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, accompanied by abnormal expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers. Further study revealed that downregulation of TREM2 in HCC was regulated by miR-31-5p. Moreover, by directly interacting with β-catenin, TREM2 attenuated oncogenic and metastatic behaviors by inhibiting Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation, and activating β-catenin. TREM2 suppressed carcinogenesis and metastasis in HCC by targeting the PI3K/Akt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, we propose that TREM2 may be a candidate prognostic biomarker in malignant diseases and TREM2 restoration might be a prospective strategy for HCC therapy.