bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China’s Economic Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and Latin American sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in LAC. It also addresses questions of Latin American agency and the interests of local actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic, and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analyzed econometrically.
The Global Rise of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) proclaimed the equality of all human beings in dignity and rights. The right to social security, however, has been taken more seriously only since the 2000s, through calls for ‘Social security for all’ and ‘Leaving no one behind’. The book investigates a major response, social cash transfers to the poor. The idea of simply giving money to the poor had been rejected by all major development organizations until the 1990s, but since the early 2000s, social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South and on agendas of international organizations. How come? What programmes have emerged in which countries? How inclusive are the programmes? What models have international organizations devised? Based on unique quantitative and qualitative data, the book takes stock of all identifiable cash transfers in all Southern countries and of the views of all major international organizations. The author argues that cash transfers reflect broader changes: new understandings of development, of human rights, of global risks, of the social responsibility of governments, and of universalism. Social cash transfers have turned the poor from objects of charity into rights-holders and agents of their own lives and of development. A repertoire of cash transfers has evolved that has enhanced social citizenship, but is limited by weak political commitments. The book also contributes to a general theory of social policy in development contexts, through a constructivist sociological approach that complements the dominant approaches from welfare economics and political economy and includes a theory of social assistance.
Social Cash Transfers in the Global South
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Social cash transfers have mushroomed in the global South since the 2000s. This chapter maps the new landscape of cash transfers. What programmes have emerged in which countries, and how firmly are they institutionalized? How inclusive are the programmes, who is included, and who is left behind? Do cash transfers contribute to social citizenship? How do countries and continents differ? The chapter draws on a unique self-constructed database, which covers all identifiable cash transfer programmes in all Southern countries, and defines new indicators of inclusiveness. While the literature focuses on cash transfer programmes, the chapter focuses on entitlements to cash transfers (entitlement approach) and on cash transfer regimes (the ensemble of all cash transfer programmes in a country; systemic approach). The analysis reveals a massive spread of entitlements, with limitations, and great variations between programmes and between countries, indicating different notions of who is deserving and who is not.
Towards a Theory of Social Assistance
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter sets out a theory of social assistance (including social cash transfers), which covers both the global North and South, and discusses the future of income security in the South beyond social cash transfers. It is argued that social assistance constitutes a small but vital component of social security and social citizenship—‘residual but fundamental’. It is further argued that social assistance is ‘fundamental but not comprehensive’, i.e. the challenge of universalizing social citizenship extends beyond relieving poverty. To confront the problem of inequality and get the middle classes on board, cash transfers need to be embedded in a broader, multi-tiered architecture of social security, which increases political support also for cash transfers. Still, despite the fundamental contributions of social assistance and the positive effects of cash transfers in many countries of the South, these programmes remain Janus-faced, entailing inclusions and exclusions, recognition and stigma, autonomy and social control.
Procedural Reforms and their Context
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter identifies ninety procedural reforms from the British, French, Swedish, and German legislatures during the years 1866–2015 which will be analysed in Chapters 5–7. For all these reforms, original data have been collected, mostly consisting of parliamentary documents (committee reports and plenary proceedings). The details and sources of all reforms can be found in the Appendix of the book. All legislatures started their procedural development in the legislative state of nature. Only seventeen of the ninety reforms are substantial (eight path changes and nine substantial reforms) while 72 are expressions of institutional conservatism (54 incremental and 18 failed reforms). This chapter also contextualizes these reforms by discussing the evolution of the legislative workload, extra-legislative institutions, and party systems in the four countries under investigation. None of these features systematically covaries with the procedural development of the respective legislatures.
(Non-)Departures from the Legislative State of Nature, 1866–1917
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Prior to 1917, a centralization of agenda control was successful in the British House of Commons between 1882 and 1902 but failed in the German Reichstag in 1906. In the House of Commons, followers over time accepted that systematic attempts of Irish nationalists to delay the passage of legislation amounted to anti-system obstruction could only be contained procedurally as advocated by leaders. In contrast, the German Social Democrats, despite being deemed anti-system by conservatives, only obstructed legislative business tactically. This explains why centrist legislators refused to support the procedural changes proposed by the extra-parliamentary government. In the absence of any systematic obstruction, followers successfully called for mega-seats on powerful committees in both the French Chamber of Deputies and the Swedish Riksdag.
Pathways to Path-Dependence, 1918–90
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
During 1918–90 ideological, anti-system communist and fascist parties emerged. Anti-system obstruction and the response to it from establishment parties explain why a centralization of agenda control succeeded in the French National Assembly in 1958 but not during previous reform attempts or in the German Reichstag during the Weimar Republic. The absence of obstruction (in the French case) or legislators’ procedural response to it (in the German case) prevented any substantial reform in the interwar years. Only when anti-system obstruction triggered a procedural response did the centralization of agenda control succeed in France. Once procedural path changes occurred, legislators adapted by developing a preference for talk (in the plenary) or work (in committees). This explains why neither the disappearance of the anti-system threat in the British House of Commons nor the emergence of a Communist party in the Swedish Riksdag affected the respective procedural paths chosen prior to 1917.
Adaptations, 1991–2015
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The 1991–2015 period saw both the diminished importance of the traditional anti-system parties of the left (due to the end of Communist rule in Europe) as well as the rise of new populist radical right-wing parties. As a response to the sharp rise of tactical obstruction by loyal opposition parties, the French National Assembly became a hybrid legislature when committees were empowered under centralized agenda control in 2008. With no similar increase of obstruction in the British House of Commons, no substantial procedural reform occurred. In the two working legislatures (the Riksdag and the Bundestag), legislators maintained their preference for work. This explains the procedural path dependence in both legislatures despite the appearance of a potential anti-system party (the Sweden Democrats) in the Riksdag. Given the absence of sustained obstruction by the Sweden Democrats, followers successfully reversed an attempt to informally centralize agenda control in the Riksdag.
Conclusion: Maintaining Legislative Democracy
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides the causal mechanism explaining the emergence of talking, working, and hybrid legislatures. Apart from anti-system obstruction, in order to be established, talking legislatures depend on two additional necessary conditions jointly sufficient for a centralization of agenda control: a critical juncture and followers’ surrender of inherited procedural privileges. Alternatively, followers’ demand for mega-seats on legislative committees triggers a development towards working legislatures. This chapter also emphasizes that legislative obstruction is subject to equifinality and argues that the procedural development of congresses in presidential systems is most likely susceptible to more multiple causation than that of parliaments. In conclusion, it appears that procedural reform in Western European legislatures over the last 150 years was primarily aimed at maintaining legislative democracy. The chapter closes with a discussion of the alleged decline of legislatures and addresses options for countering the dual threats to legislative democracy posed by autocrats and populists.
Grammaticalization in Turkic
Authors: Johanson Lars , Csató Éva Á. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe chapter represents the whole Northern Eurasian area, where Turkic languages are spoken in close contact with the Transeurasian languages Mongolic and Tungusic. These three families share significant grammaticalization strategies and typological characteristics with each other as well as with Koreanic and Japonic. First, the distribution, classification, and some basic typological features of Turkic languages are briefly presented in comparison with other Transeurasian languages. The main focus lies on typically non-European grammaticalization processes that are representative of the whole family and recur throughout the known history of Turkic. A detailed account of different grammaticalization strategies of so-called postverbial constructions—a combination of a converb and an auxilary verb—complements the treatment of similar processes in other Transeurasian languages in the volume.
Typology and grammaticalization in the Papuan languages of Timor, Alor, and Pantar
Authors: Klamer Marian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates two grammaticalization patterns that are characteristic for the Timor-Alor-Pantar (TAP) family, a family of ~25 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia: first, the grammaticalization first of locational, deictic, and handling verbs into adpositions and verbal prefixes, and second, of nouns into numeral classifiers. It is observed that in verb grammaticalization, many cognate forms are involved, while the process is not influenced by contact with (an) Austronesian language(s). The grammaticalization of nouns into classifiers, on the other hand, does not involve any cognates, and is influenced by Austronesian contact. Grammaticalization is thus not determined only by universal tendencies, nor by typology alone; sociohistorical circumstances play a role too. If and how contact influences grammaticalization depends on the type and intensity of contact; and contact affects grammaticalization in the verbal and nominal domain in different ways.
Limited Liberalism
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on puzzling issues arising from the explorations undertaken in preceding chapters, and captures them in the notion of limited liberalism. It presents this concept as a critical analytical tool for understanding the nature of Myanmar’s transition. It opens by describing some contradictions that emerged from our exploration of Myanmar in reform, sets them in comparative perspective, and probes their limits or boundaries. It then devises the concept of limited liberalism, exposes its assumptions, and examines it as a property of the political culture of hybrid regimes. Finally, it returns to empirical study to investigate liberalism, illiberalism, and limited liberalism in our case. It concludes by using limited liberalism to chart the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar.
Inquisitive Semantics
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There is an age-old tradition in linguistics and philosophy to identify the meaning of a entence with its truth-conditions. This can be explained by the fact that linguistic and philosophical investigations are usually carried out in a logical framework that was originally designed to characterize valid reasoning. Indeed, in order to determine whether an argument is valid, it suffices to know the truth-conditions of the premises and conclusion. However, argumentation is neither the sole, nor the primary function of language. One task that language more widely and ordinarily fulfils is to enable the exchange of information between conversational participants. Inquisitive semantics is a new logical framework for the analysis of this fundamental usage of language. Information exchange can be seen as a process of raising and resolving issues. Inquisitive semantics provides a new formal notion of issues, which makes it possible to model various concepts that are crucial for the analysis of linguistic information exchange in a more refined and more principled way than has been possible in previous frameworks. This book provides a detailed exposition of inquisitive semantics, and demonstrates its benefits with a range of applications in the semantic analysis of questions, coordination, modals, conditionals, and intonation.
Hybrid Hymns
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter uncovers the multilingual aspects of the literary genre of the British hymn by looking at the surprisingly polyglot, Anglo-German influences on its formation and their impact during the eighteenth century. Once we read across languages, we realize that a great part of what we think of as typically British hymns are, in fact, translations from the German, composed by the Moravians. Many of their hymns are exorbitant in their use of erotic Christianity, a topic that is also important to Blake and Hamann. The hymn is a hybrid, something that is reflected directly in the bilingual hymnbooks, so far neglected by scholarship. The chapter provides a fresh reading of Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience across languages that attends to these multilingual and comparative echoes that have not been noticed before.
The Feasibility of Human Rights
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
To be justifiable, the demands of a conception of human rights and global justice must be such that (a) they focus on the protection of extremely important human interests and (b) their fulfillment is feasible. This chapter provides a discussion of (b), the Feasibility Condition. It presents, first, a general account of the relation between moral desirability, feasibility and obligation within a conception of justice. Next, it provides an analysis of the notion of feasibility. This idea is in fact quite complex, including different types, domains, and degrees. The chapter concludes by identifying several ways in which we can respond to alleged circumstances of infeasibility regarding the fulfillment of basic socioeconomic human rights against severe poverty.
Dignity and Solidaristic Empowerment
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the requirements of human dignity can be plausibly articulated in terms of an ideal of solidaristic empowerment. The ideal asks us to support persons’ pursuit of a decent and flourishing life by affirming both negative duties not to block or destroy, and positive duties to protect and facilitate, the development and exercise of the valuable capacities that give rise to their status-dignity. Enacting appropriate respect and concern for this dignity precisely involves enhancing and using power in solidaristic ways. The key notions of power, solidarity, and capability support as explored. The resulting conceptual and normative perspective has important implications for the justification of specific human rights, such as the rights to political participation and decent work, which are more fully explored later in the book.
Political Rights
Authors: Gilabert Pablo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Is there a human right to democracy (HRD)? How does the achievement of human rights, including the human right to democracy, contribute to the pursuit of global justice? The chapter identifies three reasons for favoring democracy and explores their significance for defending it as a human right. It answers important worries that acknowledging an HRD would lead to intolerance and lack of respect for people’s self-determination, exaggerate the importance of democracy for securing other rights, generalize institutional arrangements that only work in some contexts, and tie human rights to specific ideas of freedom and equality that do not have the same universal appeal and urgency. Tackling the second question, the chapter argues that by providing a floor of dignity on which people can stand in the organization of their social life, democratic political empowerment is crucial for the pursuit of both basic and maximal global justice.
Introduction
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Readers are introduced to the major philosophical paradigms shaping social science research today, including hermeneutics and naturalism. The pervasive influence of naturalism on social scientific research is explained and the interpretive alternative is sketched. As part of this, readers are offered an account of the philosophical origins of today’s social science disciplines with a special focus on the case of political science. At the beginning of the twentieth century a modern, ahistorical, and formal paradigm for the study of politics was formed as scholars increasingly rejected the developmental historical narratives and Hegelianism of the nineteenth century. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the argument of the book.
Philosophical debates
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers some of the major philosophical traditions that have established the need for an interpretive turn in the social sciences—including phenomenology, post-structuralism, pragmatism, analytic philosophy, and social constructivism. We reject the view that there is only one privileged philosophical route to an interpretive social science. Instead, the philosophical pluralism of the interpretive turn is defended albeit from a uniquely anti-naturalist perspective. Specifically, anti-naturalism corrects the tendency of some advocates of the interpretive turn to drift back into naturalist concepts as well as to distort the proper conception of human agency. Major philosophers of the interpretive turn are critically engaged, including Edmund Husserl, Michel Foucault, Charles Taylor, and Hans-Georg Gadamer.
Synchronic empirical research
Authors: Bevir Mark , Blakely Jason 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Interpretive philosophy opens a novel range of empirical topics for researchers. This chapter focuses on synchronic research topics (or those pertaining to a single snapshot of time) and argues that anti-naturalism generates distinctive ways of studying beliefs, identities, cultural practices, traditions, and political resistance. Examples are drawn from cutting-edge interpretive research into subjects like the politics of Islam, race, globalization, and democratic civic engagement. In addition, some of the more controversial findings of mainstream social science are engaged, including Samuel Huntington’s thesis that global politics consists of a “clash of civilizations”; Michelle Alexander’s argument that the United States is experiencing a new Jim Crow; and Robert Putnam’s view that American democracy is suffering a decline in civic engagement.
The Idea of Nicaea in the Early Church Councils, AD 431-451
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This work examines the role that appeals to Nicaea (both the council and its creed) played in the major councils of the mid-fifth century. It argues that the conflict between rival construals of Nicaea represented a key dynamic driving—and unsettling—the conciliar activity of these decades. The fundamental dilemma was how to persuasively reaffirm inherited assumptions—that Nicaea possessed unique authority as a conciliar event, and sole sufficiency as a credal statement—in the context of a dispute over Christological doctrine that the resources of the Nicene Creed were seemingly inadequate to address. The book examines the articulation of these contested ideas of ‘Nicaea’ at the councils of Ephesus I (431), Constantinople (448), Ephesus II (449), and Chalcedon (451). Particular attention is paid to the role of conciliar acta. It is proposed that the capacity of the idea of ‘Nicaea’ for flexible re-expression was a source of opportunity as well as a cause of strife, allowing continuity with the past to be asserted precisely through adaptation and modification, and opening up significant new paths for the articulation of credal and conciliar authority. The work thus combines a detailed historical analysis of the reception of Nicaea in the proceedings of the fifth-century councils, with an examination of the complex delineation of theological ‘orthodoxy’ in this period. It also reflects more widely on questions of doctrinal development and ecclesial reception in the early church.
The Idea of Nicaea in the Aftermath of Ephesus
Authors: Smith Mark S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces the reception of Ephesus after 431. It argues that there was a complex pluriformity of divergent receptions, each embodying a subtly different construal of the Nicene faith. First, the initial struggle over the reception of Ephesus is analysed, down to the Formula of Reunion (433). Then, several distinct trajectories of Ephesine reception are traced in the years following 433: a ‘minimal Cyrilline’ reception (which acknowledged the authority of Cyril’s council and the deposition of Nestorius); a ‘moderate Antiochene’ reception (which defined the council’s achievement via the Formula of Reunion, blunting the council’s attack on Antiochene doctrine); a ‘hard-line Cyrilline’ reception (which reoriented the documentary record of Ephesus around the 22nd July session of 431); and a ‘hard-line Antiochene’ reception (which continued to reject Cyril’s council). The diversity of receptions of Ephesus was further encouraged by the varied textual forms in which the decisions of the council came to circulate.