bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the rs2244613 polymorphism of the CES1 gene on the antiplatelet effect of the receptor P2Y12 blocker clopidogrel
Authors: Mirzaev Karin B. , Osipova Darya V. , Kitaeva Elena J. , Shprakh Vladimir V. , Abdullaev Sherzod P. , Andreev Denis A. , Mumladze Robert B. , Sychev Dmitriy A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the carriage of the rs2244613 polymorphism of the CES1 gene with clopidogrel resistance as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy in the carriers of this marker who have had acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This study also analyzes the procedure of percutaneous coronary intervention and compares the rs2244613 carrier rate between patients with ACS and healthy participants.

Methods
The study involved 81 patients diagnosed with ACS and 136 conditionally healthy participants. The optical detection of platelet agglutination by VerifyNow was employed to measure residual platelet reactivity in patients with ACS. The rs2244613 polymorphism was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results
According to the results, the AA genotype of the rs2244613 polymorphism of the CES1 gene was detected in 37 patients (45.6%), the CA genotype in 42 patients (51.8%) and the CC genotype in 2 patients (2.6%). The level of residual platelet reactivity in rs2244613 carriers was higher compared with patients who did not have this allelic variant: 183.23 PRU ± 37.24 vs. 154.3 PRU ± 60.36 (p = 0.01). The frequencies of the minor allele C were 28.4% and 28.3% in patients with ACS and healthy participants, respectively. The results of the linear statistical model PRU due to CES1 genotype were as follows: df = 1, F = 6.96, p = 0.01). The standardized beta was 0.285 (p = 0.01) and R2 was 0.081. However, we also added CYP2C19*2 and *17 into the linear regression model. The results of the model were as follows: df = 3, F = 5.1, p = 0.003) and R2 was 0.166.

Conclusions
We identified a statistically significant correlation between the carriage of the rs2244613 polymorphism of the CES1 gene and the level of residual platelet aggregation among patients with ACS and the procedure of percutaneous coronary intervention.
EU28 Capital Market Perspectives of a Hard BREXIT: Theory, Empirical Findings and Policy Options
Authors: Welfens Paul J.J. , Baier Fabian , Kadiric Samir , Korus Arthur , Xiong Tian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Key aspects covered refer to the cost of leaving the EU and in particular the implications for corporate bond risk premiums in the UK and the Eurozone: The gap between the interest rates of corporate bonds and government bonds could increase in the UK and Eurozone, respectively, as a result of BREXIT where the 2016 BREXIT referendum itself is considered to be a first BREXIT event (see the empirical findings), followed by the main BREXIT event, namely the day of officially leaving the EU – possibly as a No-deal BREXIT. It is as yet not clear what type of BREXIT will be implemented – hard versus soft – and it is also unclear what type of free trade agreement the EU and the UK could accomplish post-BREXIT. However, it is obviously necessary to carefully consider the background of the BREXIT dynamics and to then refer to various versions of BREXIT if one is to understand the inherent politico-economic dynamics of BREXIT – with a No-deal case representing an analytical benchmark which most politicians in the British Parliament obviously would want to avoid; a simple way to indeed avoid this case, with obvious high costs for the British economy, is not easy to discern as the UK’s political system is fractured. If the safe-haven status of the UK should be impaired by BREXIT, the rise of government bond interest rates by 0.3 percent would stand for the same burden as the net UK contribution to the EU.
Speaking Out: International Doctoral Students’ Information Needs, Seeking Behaviors, Feelings, and Experience during the Process of Applying for Graduate Study in the US
Authors: Huang Li-Min , Bilal Dania 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInternational student enrollment in US colleges and universities benefits the US economy in many ways and increases diversity on campus While much research on international students exist, we know very little about the experiences of international doctoral students. In this study, we explored the information needs, seeking behaviors, feelings, and overall experiences of 33 international doctoral students during the process of applying for doctoral study in the US. We used in-depth interviews and a questionnaire to collect the data. Findings show that the students used Experiential Resources (EXR) and Authorized Resources (AUR) to meet their information needs. Students faced issues and challenges in using university and academic programs websites and had negative feelings about the application process. Students made several suggestions for enhancing their experiences, including making websites more usable. The findings have implications for improving the usability of websites and for providing better services to support the students’ information needs and information seeking behaviors.
Political Machines: Ethical Governance in the Age of AI
Authors: McEvoy Fiona J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Policymakers are responsible for key decisions about political governance. Usually, they are selected or elected based on experience and then supported in their decision-making by the additional counsel of subject experts. Those satisfied with this system believe these individuals – generally speaking – will have the right intuitions about the best types of action. This is important because political decisions have ethical implications; they affect how we all live in society. Nevertheless, there is a wealth of research that cautions against trusting human judgment as it can be severely flawed. This paper will look at the root causes of the most common errors of human judgment before arguing – contra the instincts of many – that future AI systems could take a range of political decisions more reliably. I will argue that, if/when engineers establish ethically robust systems, governments will have a moral obligation to refer to them as a part of decision-making.
Crystal structure of 4-(1-phenylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (C20H14N2O2)
Authors: Adesola Adeleke A. , Zamisa Sizwe J. , Omondi Bernard 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C20H14N2O2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 17.8410(5) Å, b = 15.3081(4) Å, c = 11.3881(3) Å, β = 104.280(1)°, V = 3014.12(14) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0364, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0997, T = 100(2) K.
Crystal structure of aqua-chlorido-(4-fluorobenzyl-κC)-(N′-(4-methoxy-2-oxidobenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazidato-κ3
N,O,O′)tin(IV), C26H22ClFN2O5Sn
Authors: Lo Kong Mun , Lee See Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C26H22ClFN2O5Sn, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 7.1473(6) Å, b = 12.8246(11) Å, c = 13.2899(11) Å, α = 97.541(5)°, β = 94.503(6)°, γ = 96.247(5)°, V = 1195.13(18) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0325, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0756, T = 296(2) K.
Messung gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Authors: Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Voss Catharina , Reiss Franziska , Wüstner Anne , Otto Christiane 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität ist ein multidimensionales Konstrukt, welches körperliche, mentale und soziale Komponenten des Wohlbefindens aus subjektiver Sicht des Befragten umfasst. Zur Erhebung der Lebensqualität im Kindes- und Jugendalter stehen verschiedene altersangemessene Instrumente zur Verfügung. Durch den Einsatz von innovativen Verfahren, wie computer-adaptiven Tests, kann Lebensqualität in der Zukunft effizienter und routinemäßiger in der Versorgung erhoben werden.
Fallzahlen: Ungenutzte Potentiale für Qualitätstransparenz
Authors: Köster-Steinebach Ilona 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Im Vergleich zu den Daten des NHS fällt bei den Qualitätsberichten in Deutschland auf, dass diese schwer verständlich sind und kaum Angaben zur Versorgungsqualität und Patientensicherheit im gesamten Krankenhaus machen. Fallzahlen können zur Identifikation von Einrichtungen genutzt werden, in denen strukturell höhere Risiken bestehen, vor allem, wenn andere Qualitätsmessungen fehlen. Fallzahlen oberhalb multifaktoriell bestimmter Grenzwerte sind jedoch keine Garantie für Patientensicherheit, sondern nur eine Voraussetzung.
Qualitätsentwicklung in der onkologischen Versorgung durch multiprofessionelle Teamarbeit am Beispiel von Tumorboards: ein Überblick
Authors: Offermanns Guido , Koldžić Edin , Schweiger Andrea 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Im Kontext der Forschung findet die Fragestellung der Qualitätsentwicklung der Arbeit innerhalb von Tumorboards, welche eine zentrale Rolle in der Behandlung von Krebserkrankungen einnimmt, bisher im deutschsprachigen Raum wenig Beachtung. Der Outcome für Menschen mit Krebs befindet sich in Deutschland und Österreich im europäischen Vergleich lediglich im Mittelfeld, daher existieren zahlreiche Verbesserungspotenziale. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zum Thema und zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung der Arbeit innerhalb der multiprofessionell arbeitenden Tumorboards auf.
Einführung von patientenberichteten Endpunkten: erhöhen sie die Qualität von Behandlungen?
Authors: Brandl Magdalena , Bernardi Christine , Apfelbacher Christian 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die Erfassung von patientenberichteten Endpunkten (PROs) ist im Bereich von klinischen Studien sowie in der Versorgungsforschung weit verbreitet. Auch das Interesse am Erfassen von PROs wie Lebensqualität oder Patientenzufriedenheit in der Routineversorgung nimmt zu. Es gibt z.B. starke Evidenz dafür, dass durch die routinemäßige Erfassung von PROs die Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation verbessert werden kann. Aktuell limitieren einige Barrieren den Einsatz von PROs in der Qualitätsbeurteilung.
Potential und Einschränkungen der Messung magnetischer Mikrostrukturen mit einem Faraday-Magnetometer
Authors: Piepgras Ruben , Michlmayr Sebastian , Egger Johannes , Zagar Bernhard G. 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Magnetische Mikrostrukturen können verwendet werden, um Information zu codieren. Diese Information kann beispielsweise mittels eines Faraday-Magnetometers (engl. Faraday Rotation Magnetometer, FRM) zerstörungsfrei analysiert werden. Ein FRM ist ein magneto-optischer Aufbau auf Basis des Faraday-Effekts, der magnetische Feldstärken mit der Drehung polarisierten Lichts verknüpft. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst ein geschwindigkeitsoptimiertes FRM vorgestellt, das die Magnetisierungen von Strukturen von etwa 60 µm Größe qualitativ darstellen kann, jedoch für quantitative Messungen nicht gut geeignet ist. Um das Potential und die Limitierungen eines FRMs als quantitatives Messprinzip zu untersuchen, wird anschließend ein generalisierter Aufbau konzipiert und charakterisiert. Hierfür wird die Amplitudenauflösung und damit die Eignung als quantitatives Messsystem in Abhängigkeit der räumlichen und zeitlichen Auflösung bestimmt. Es werden exemplarisch Methoden der Signalverarbeitung zur Verbesserung der Amplitudenauflösung vorgestellt und ausgewertet. Des Weiteren wird gezeigt, wie sich daraus negative Auswirkungen auf die räumliche beziehungsweise zeitliche Auflösung ergeben können. Aus diesen Zusammenhängen lässt sich zunächst für eine gegebene Problemstellung bezüglich geforderter räumlicher, zeitlicher und quantitativer Auflösung abschätzen, ob ein FRM ein geeignetes Messsystem darstellt. In der Folge helfen diese Überlegungen außerdem beim Aufbau sowie der Wahl der Komponenten des Magnetometers.
Accuracy of Autism Screening in a Large Pediatric Network
Authors: Guthrie Whitney , Wallis Kate , Bennett Amanda , Brooks Elizabeth , Dudley Jesse , Gerdes Marsha , Pandey Juhi , Levy Susan E. , Schultz Robert T. , Miller Judith S. 
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND:
Universal screening is recommended to reduce the age of diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, there are insufficient data on children who screen negative and no study of outcomes from truly universal screening. With this study, we filled these gaps by examining the accuracy of universal screening with systematic follow-up through 4 to 8 years.

METHODS:
Universal, primary care-based screening was conducted using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers with Follow-Up (M-CHAT/F) and supported by electronic administration and integration into electronic health records. All children with a well-child visit (1) between 16 and 26 months, (2) at a Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia site after universal electronic screening was initiated, and (3) between January 2011 and July 2015 were included (N = 25 999).

RESULTS:
Nearly universal screening was achieved (91%), and ASD prevalence was 2.2%. Overall, the M-CHAT/F’s sensitivity was 38.8%, and its positive predictive value (PPV) was 14.6%. Sensitivity was higher in older toddlers and with repeated screenings, whereas PPV was lower in girls. Finally, the M-CHAT/F's specificity and PPV were lower in children of color and those from lower-income households.

CONCLUSIONS:
Universal screening in primary care is possible when supported by electronic administration. In this “real-world” cohort that was systematically followed, the M-CHAT/F was less accurate in detecting ASD than in previous studies. Disparities in screening rates and accuracy were evident in traditionally underrepresented groups. Future research should focus on the development of new methods that detect a greater proportion of children with ASD and reduce disparities in the screening process.
The gut–kidney–heart axis in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Sumida K , Kovesdy CP 
Published: September 2019

The recent explosion of scientific interest in the gut microbiota has dramatically advanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiological interactions between the gut and multiple organs in health and disease. Emerging evidence has revealed that the gut microbiota is significantly altered in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), along with impaired intestinal barrier function. These alterations allow translocation of various gut-derived products into the systemic circulation, contributing to the development and progression of CKD and cardiovascular disease (CVD), partly mediated by chronic inflammation. Among potentially toxic gut-derived products identifiable in the systemic circulation, bacterial endotoxin and gut metabolites (e.g., p-cresyl sulfate and trimethylamine-N-oxide) have been extensively studied for their immunostimulatory and atherogenic properties. Recent studies have also suggested similar biological properties of bacterial DNA fragments circulating in the blood of patients with CKD, even in the absence of overt infections. Despite the accumulating evidence of the gut microbiota in CKD and its therapeutic potential for CVD, the precise mechanisms for multidirectional interactions between the gut, kidney, and heart remain poorly understood. This review aims to provide recent evidence on the associations between the gut microbiota, CKD, and CVD, and summarize current understanding of the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the “gut–kidney–heart” axis in CKD.
Ultrastructure of intestinal mucosa in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zhao D-Y , Qi Q-Q , Long X , Li X , Chen F-X , Yu Y-B , Zuo X-L 
Published: September 2019

Objectives
Impaired intestinal barrier function has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). This study aimed to describe the intestinal ultrastructural findings in the intestinal mucosal layer of IBS-D patients.

Methods
In total, 10 healthy controls and 10 IBS-D patients were analyzed in this study. The mucosa of each patient’s rectosigmoid colon was first assessed by confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE); next, biopsied specimens of these sites were obtained. Intestinal tissues of IBS-D patients and healthy volunteers were examined to observe cellular changes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results
CLE showed no visible epithelial damage or inflammatory changes in the colonic mucosa of IBS-D compared with healthy volunteers. On transmission electron microscopic examination, patients with IBS-D displayed a larger apical intercellular distance with a higher proportion of dilated (>20 nm) intercellular junctional complexes, which was indicative of impaired mucosal integrity. In addition, microvillus exfoliation, extracellular vesicle as well as increased presence of multivesicular bodies were visible in IBS-D patients. Single epithelial cells appeared necrotic, as characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization, cytoplasmic swelling, and presence of autolysosome. A significant association between bowel habit, frequency of abdominal pain, and enlarged intercellular distance was found.

Conclusion
This study showed ultrastructural alterations in the architecture of intestinal epithelial cells and intercellular junctional complexes in IBS-D patients, potentially representing a pathophysiological mechanism in IBS-D.
Ходатайство председателя суда как фактор успеха отбора в судьи квалификационными коллегиями
Authors: Dzmitryieva Aryna 
Published: September 2019

Арина Викторовна Дмитриева – магистр социологии, LLM, научный сотрудник, Институт проблем правоприменения при Европейском университете в Санкт-Петербурге, Санкт-Петербург, Россия. Электронная почта: admitrieva@eu.spb.ru
В статье исследуется организация процесса отбора и назначений судей в России. Обсуждаются его основные институциальные механизмы, установившиеся после реформ 1990-х гг. Во-первых, анализируется организация работы квалификационных коллегий судей, а также роль председателей судов в формировании судейского корпуса. Во-вторых, изучаются особенности профессиональной модели отбора судей, основанной на меритократических принципах выбора наиболее квалифицированных юристов, и бюрократической модели, в которой карьера судьи выстраивается непосредственно после окончания вуза. Эмпирический анализ базируется на исследовании 957 биографий кандидатов в судьи, опубликованных на портале квалификационной коллегии в 2014–2015 гг. Анализ биографий показывает, что кандидаты в судьи преимущественно женщины, 70 % кандидатов получали юридический опыт в аппарате суда. Для моделирования результатов назначения на должность в статье используется логистический регрессионный анализ. Результаты анализа выявили несколько закономерностей. Первое – в отборе на должность судьи определенную роль играют меритократические факторы, в частности, небольшое преимущество получают кандидаты с хорошим юридическим образованием. Второе – анализ показывает, что безусловный приоритет в отборе отдается кандидатам, получившим опыт работы в государственном секторе (в аппарате судов, прокуратуре и органах госуправления). Напротив, те, кто работали юристами в бизнес-организациях или адвокатуре, реже получают рекомендации квалификационных коллегий. Наконец, ключевую роль в отборе судей играют председатели судов. Ходатайство председателя суда повышает шансы кандидата получить рекомендацию на должность в 1,5 раза. Это оказываетсущественное влияние на структуру судейского корпуса, формирует профессиональную бюрократическую культуру и снижает независимость судебной власти.
THE EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM EXPOSURE ON IMMUNE STATUS IN CHILDREN WITH FUNCTIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS
Authors: Dolgikh О. V. , Alikina I. N. , Shabaldin A. V. 
Published: September 2019

Aim To estimate the prevalence of functional cardiovascular system disorders and immunological parameters in children living in the Irkutsk Region, a technogenic region of Southern Siberia.Methods A set of clinical, laboratory and instrumental, statistical and analytical methods were used in the study. Immunological parameters and the presence of functional cardiovascular system disorders were assessed in 63 children aged 5–11 years living in the technogenic region with aluminum exposure. The study group included children (n = 31) with functional changes in the cardiovascular system. Children (n = 32) without any functional changes in the cardiovascular system were enrolled in the control group. The functional status of the cardiovascular system was evaluated with the electrocardiography and physical examination. The immune parameters were measured with the flow cytometry and enzyme allegrosorbent testing. The analytical study of the chemical changes in the biomedia induced by aluminum exposure followed the national guidelines.Results Children permanently residing in the technogenic region with aluminum exposure suffer from mild anomalies of the heart development. These anomalies are associated reliably with the diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs involving the immune mechanism. The analytical study of the chemical changes in the biomedia showed that the study group has significantly elevated aluminum levels in blood and urine. Immune alterations have been found in the study, including a significant increase in the TNFR receptor, Bcl-2 protein, Treg cell differentiation clusters (CD4+CD25+CD127-) and CD3+CD25+. A significantly increased level of specific sensitization by the IgG criterion was established.Conclusion The study reported that functional cardiovascular system disorders among children living in the technogenic region with aluminum exposure are associated with alteration in the immune system. These alterations suggest the presence of the imbalance between apoptotic regulation and the initiation of adjuvant sensitivity to man-made haptens (aluminum).
Assessment of hand hygiene practices among health care providers in a government tertiary care hospital
Authors: Semwal Richa , Yadav Shiv Kumar , Piyush A. R. , Nath Bhola 
Published: September 2019

Background: Hand hygiene practices either by hand rub by disinfectant or hand washing by soap and water are very important for preventing Health care-associated infections (HCAIs). WHO have devised guidelines for hand rub and hand wash and advocated “My five moments for hand hygiene” as the approach for appropriate performance, teaching and evaluation of hand hygiene. The objective of this study is to observe hand hygiene practices, among health care providers in a tertiary care govt. hospital and document facilities available at the point of patient care for hand hygiene practices.Methods: A cross sectional observation study was conducted in 8 departments of a Government Tertiary care Hospital for observation of hand hygiene practices as Per WHO Guideline on “5 Moment of Care”. Total of 600 observations were made and one Health care provider was observed once at a point of time. Data Entry was done in MS excel and was analysed in Open Epi software.Results: Among 600 moments observed, 354 (59%) moments were those where hand hygiene practices were missed by HCPs. Among various HCPs 63% Doctors, 62% Nurses, 52% Medical students and 59% nursing students missed the hand hygiene practices. Lack of antimicrobial soap, alcohol based agents, sterile towel and hand drier were perceived barriers for hand hygiene Practices.Conclusions: There lies a huge gap in practice of hand hygiene among all cadres of health care providers. The study is able to identify the lack of infrastructure which can be improved to promote hand hygiene in wards.