bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of soil phosphorus among arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal trees in tropical and subtropical forests
Authors: Liu Xubing , Burslem David F. R. P. , Taylor Joe D. , Taylor Andy F. S. , Khoo Eyen , Majalap‐Lee Noreen , Helgason Thorunn , Johnson David 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPartitioning of soil phosphorus (P) pools has been proposed as a key mechanism maintaining plant diversity, but experimental support is lacking. Here, we provided different chemical forms of P to 15 tree species with contrasting root symbiotic relationships to investigate plant P acquisition in both tropical and subtropical forests. Both ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees responded positively to addition of inorganic P, but strikingly, ECM trees acquired more P from a complex organic form (phytic acid). Most ECM tree species and all AM tree species also showed some capacity to take up simple organic P (monophosphate). Mycorrhizal colonisation was negatively correlated with soil extractable P concentration, suggesting that mycorrhizal fungi may regulate organic P acquisition among tree species. Our results support the hypothesis that ECM and AM plants partition soil P sources, which may play an ecologically important role in promoting species coexistence in tropical and subtropical forests.
N‐glycan structures of human alveoli provide insight into influenza A virus infection and pathogenesis
Authors: Sriwilaijaroen Nongluk , Nakakita Shin‐ichi , Kondo Sachiko , Yagi Hirokazu , Kato Koichi , Murata Takeomi , Hiramatsu Hiroaki , Kawahara Toshio , Watanabe Yohei , Kanai Yasushi , Ono Takao , Hirabayashi Jun , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Suzuki Yasuo 
Published: March 2018

The rapidly evolvable influenza A virus has caused pandemics linked to millions of deaths in the past century. Influenza A viruses are categorized by H (hemagglutinin; HA) and N (neuraminidase; NA) proteins expressed on the viral envelope surface. Analyses of past pandemics suggest that the HA gene segment comes from a nonhuman virus, which is then introduced into an immunologically naïve human population with potentially devastating consequences. As a prerequisite for infection, the nonhuman HA molecules of H1–H16 viruses must be able to bind to specific sialyl receptors on the host cell surface along the human respiratory tract. Thus, additional insight into the structures of host cell glycans and how different HAs interact with different glycans might provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying sustained infection and transmission in humans. In this work, we identified the sialyl N‐glycans found in normal human alveoli and characterized the influenza viruses that preferentially bound to these different structures. We also determined the amino acid changes in HA that were linked to a switch of receptor‐binding preference from nonhuman to pandemic, as well as pandemic to seasonal. Our data provide insight into why seasonal viruses are associated with reduced alveolar infection and damage and suggest new considerations for designing anti‐HA vaccines and drugs. The results provide a better understanding of viral tropism and pathogenesis in humans that will be important for prediction and surveillance of zoonotic, pandemic, and epidemic influenza outbreaks.DatabaseThe novel hemagglutinin nucleotide sequences reported here were deposited in GISAID under the accession numbers of EPI685738 for A/Yamaguchi/20/2006(H1N1) and EPI685740 for A/Kitakyushu/10/2006(H1N1).
Are Low Equity R2 Firms More or Less Transparent? Evidence from the Corporate Bond Market
Authors: Hao Wei , Prevost Andrew , Wongchoti Udomsak 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe examine the relation between a firm's equity R2 and the pricing and design of its debt securities. We find that firms with less synchronous stock returns are associated with a higher cost of debt after controlling for default and liquidity risks. Bonds issued by low synchronicity issuers also experience larger price reactions to information signals provided by equity analysts. Further analysis demonstrates that lower synchronicity is associated with cross‐sectional variation in the use of call provisions and with split S&P and Moody's bond ratings. Contrary to conventional interpretation, these results suggest that low R2 reflects inferior information transparency and higher information risk.
The Effect of Hydraulic Gradient and Pattern of Conduit Systems on Tracing Tests: Bench‐Scale Modeling
Authors: Mohammadi Zargham , Gharaat Mohammad Javad , Field Malcolm 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTracer breakthrough curves provide valuable information about the traced media, especially in inherently heterogeneous karst aquifers. In order to study the effect of variations in hydraulic gradient and conduit systems on breakthrough curves, a bench scale karst model was constructed. The bench scale karst model contains both matrix and a conduit. Eight tracing tests were conducted under a wide range of hydraulic gradients from 1 to greater than 5 for branchwork and network‐conduit systems. Sampling points at varying distances from the injection point were utilized. Results demonstrate that mean tracer velocities, tracer mass recovery and linear rising slope of the breakthrough curves were directly controlled by hydraulic gradient. As hydraulic gradient increased, both one half the time for peak concentration and one fifth the time for peak concentration decreased. The results demonstrate the variations in one half the time for peak concentration and one fifth the time for peak concentration of the descending limb for different sampling points under differing hydraulic gradients are mainly controlled by the interactions of advection with dispersion. The results are discussed from three perspectives: different conduit systems, different hydraulic‐gradient conditions, and different sampling points. The research confirmed the undeniable role of hydrogeological setting (i.e., hydraulic gradient and conduit system) on the shape of the breakthrough curve. The extracted parameters (mobile‐fluid velocity, tracer‐mass recovery, linear rising limb, one half the time for peak concentration, and one fifth the time for peak concentration) allow for differentiating hydrogeological settings and enhance interpretations the tracing tests in karst aquifers.
A Practical Modeling Framework for Non‐Fickian Transport and Multi‐Species Sequential First‐Order Reaction
Authors: Burnell Daniel K. , Xu Jie , Hansen Scott K. , Sims Lawrence S. , Faust Charles R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMany studies indicate that small‐scale heterogeneity and/or mobile–immobile mass exchange produce transient non‐Fickian plume behavior that is not well captured by the use of the standard, deterministic advection‐dispersion equation (ADE). An extended ADE modeling framework is presented here that is based on continuous time random walk theory. It can be used to characterize non‐Fickian transport coupled with simultaneous sequential first‐order reactions (e.g., biodegradation or radioactive decay) for multiple degrading contaminants such as chlorinated solvents, royal demolition explosive, pesticides, and radionuclides. To demonstrate this modeling framework, new transient analytical solutions are derived and are inverted in Laplace space. Closed‐form, steady‐state, multi‐species analytical solutions are also derived for non‐Fickian transport in highly heterogeneous aquifers with linear sorption–desorption and matrix diffusion for use in spreadsheets. The solutions are general enough to allow different degradation rates for the mobile and immobile zones. The transient solutions for multi‐species transport are applied to examine the effects of source remediation on the natural attenuation of downgradient plumes of both parent and degradation products in highly heterogeneous aquifers. Results for representative settings show that the use of the standard, deterministic ADE can over‐estimate cleanup rates and under‐predict the cleanup timeframe in comparison to the extended ADE analytical model. The modeling framework and calculations introduced here are also applied for a 30 year groundwater cleanup program at a site in Palm Bay, Florida. The simulated plume concentrations using the extended ADE exhibited agreement with observed long concentration tails of trichloroethene, cis 1,2 DCE, and VC that remained above cleanup goals.
First‐year results of an expanded humanitarian aid programme for haemophilia in resource‐constrained countries
Authors: Pierce G. F. , Haffar A. , Ampartzidis G. , Peyvandi F. , Diop S. , El‐Ekiaby M. , van den Berg H. M. 
Published: March 2018

IntroductionThe gaps in haemophilia treatment around the world are enormous; approximately 60% of an estimated 475 000 individuals are not identified. Of the 187 000 diagnosed, 30% (57 000) access clotting factor replacement therapy. Since 1996, humanitarian aid distributed by the World Federation of Hemophilia (WFH) has played a minor, yet vital role providing life‐saving clotting factor to countries in emergency situations. Donated amounts have been small and sporadic, often salvaging short‐dated products, providing little opportunity to leverage donations with governments. In 2015, a prospective donation programme of 100 million I.U. per year of extended half‐life factor VIII and IX over 10 years was established, necessitating the development of new logistics and training programmes by WFH.AimTo measure the impact of a greatly expanded haemophilia humanitarian aid program.Materials and methodsIn 2016, the first full year of the expanded programme, WFH, distributed products to 58 countries with factor VIII usage <1 I.U. per capita, a level incompatible with long‐term survival and far below the 4 I.U. FVIII per capita minimum established in Europe.ResultsThe scope of the programme and utilization data for 2016 indicate primarily use for acute bleeding, orthopaedic and emergency surgeries. Compared to 2014, 2016 data showed substantial increases in patients served (5.9‐fold, from 2119 to 14 579), surgeries performed (37‐fold) and bleeds treated (6.9‐fold). Patients on prophylaxis rose from 0 to 852, including 458 children under 10 years old.DiscussionThe expanded humanitarian aid programme impacts an estimated 10% of individuals with haemophilia previously unable to access treatment.ConclusionThis programme represents an unprecedented public‐private partnership to deliver medicines to individuals with no access. Further, the programme offers the prospective opportunity to engage governments to take more responsiblity for increasing training, medical management, and product supply in 58 resource constrained countries.
The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders
Authors: Berk Thomas , Silberstein Stephen D. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundLidocaine, an amide anesthetic, has been used in the treatment of a wide variety of pain disorders for over 75 years. In addition to pain control, lidocaine is an anti‐arrhythmic agent and has anti‐inflammatory properties. Lidocaine's unique properties, including nonlinear pharmacokinetics, have limited its modern‐day use.ObjectiveThe purpose of this review is to offer a better understanding of the properties of this unique treatment, which we hope will allow more practitioners to offer this to their patients.MethodsAn analysis of the history, pharmacokinetics, and relevant uses of lidocaine in headache medicine based on a synthesis of the medical literature and clinical experience.ResultsLidocaine is an amide anesthetic that inhibits voltage gated sodium channels, and lidocaine metabolism occurs exclusively in the liver. One lidocaine metabolite has its own unique properties and may be an active form of the drug.ConclusionOpen label and retrospective studies have investigated the use of lidocaine in many headache disorders, primarily via injection or infusion. Further research into the active metabolite of lidocaine may allow for its use as a novel nonopiate treatment of chronic pain.
State Immigration Policies: The Role of State Compacts and Interest Groups on Immigration Legislation
Authors: Hofmann Erin Trouth , Jacobs Paul , Petrzelka Peggy 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUS states are active in enacting immigration policies, which vary widely and have substantial impact on the lives of immigrants. Our understanding of what produces these divergent state laws remains limited. Qualitative research demonstrates the importance of a 2010 immigration compact, supported by a powerful religious organization, in shaping immigration policies in Utah, and the Utah Compact was held up as a model for other states. But is the experience of Utah applicable across other states? We test the effects of compacts and interest groups on immigration policy adoption across all 50 states between 2005 and 2013. Our findings suggest that compacts are actually associated with more restrictive immigration policy. Although states with compacts are more likely to pass inclusive immigration laws, these are counterbalanced by higher numbers of exclusive laws. Both religious and non‐religious interests groups are associated with policy, but they do not explain the effects of compacts.
Gender, Rootedness, Normative Beliefs and Emigration Intentions of Slovak University Students
Authors: Orosová Oľga , Benka Jozef , Hricová Lucia , Kulanová Marta 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore normative beliefs (descriptive, injunctive, personal, subjective), rootedness (desire for change, home/family satisfaction) and their interactions in relation to emigration intentions among university students. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the data obtained from 375 Slovak university students (75.5% females, mean age 22.9, SD=3.0). The analysis showed that personal normative beliefs and desire for change were significantly positively associated with emigration intentions. A subjective normative belief about friends, a descriptive normative belief about family, a descriptive normative belief about students, and home/family satisfaction contributed to the probability of having emigration intentions only among females. The interaction analysis showed that a lower level of a personal normative belief among females and males, a descriptive normative belief about family among females and a subjective normative belief about friends among females increased the probability of not having emigration intentions, especially among those with a lower level of desire for change. These findings could help to understand the possibilities for preventing ‘brain drain’, especially regarding its psychological aspects.
Implications for C3S kinetics from combined C3S/CA hydration
Authors: Nehring Jörg , Naber Christoph , Neubauer Jürgen , Goetz‐Neunhoeffer Friedlinde 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study was performed to understand the influence of a critical amount of CA on the kinetics of C3S hydration. For this purpose, monoclinic C3S was blended with 15 wt.% CA and investigated by heat flow calorimetry and in situ XRD at 23°C at a water to cement ratio of 0.5. The binary mixture shows 3 distinct heat flow maxima where the underlying C3S dissolution is proceeding stepwise. The C3S dissolution rates during the 3 steps are varying strongly, depending on the hydrate phase precipitated during the respective reaction step. Comparison of these dissolution rates with a pure C3S reference sample allows the conclusion that the dissolution rate of pure C3S after the heat flow maximum might be governed by either the remaining available reactive surface of C3S or a diffusion‐controlled process, which would both be influenced by the respective hydrate phase precipitating on the C3S surface.
Conducting phenomenological research: Rationalizing the methods and rigour of the phenomenology of practice
Authors: Errasti‐Ibarrondo Begoña , Jordán José Antonio , Díez‐Del‐Corral Mercedes P. , Arantzamendi María 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTAimsTo offer a complete outlook in a readable easy way of van Manen's hermeneutic‐phenomenological method to nurses interested in undertaking phenomenological research.BackgroundPhenomenology, as research methodology, involves a certain degree of complexity. It is difficult to identify a single article or author which sets out the didactic guidelines that specifically guide research of this kind. In this context, the theoretical‐practical view of Max van Manen's Phenomenology of Practice may be seen as a rigorous guide and directive on which researchers may find support to undertake phenomenological research.DesignDiscussion paper.Data sourcesThis discussion paper is based on our own experiences and supported by literature and theory. Our central sources of data have been the books and writings of Max van Manen and his website “Phenomenologyonline”.Implications for nursingThe principal methods of the hermeneutic‐phenomenological method are addressed and explained providing an enriching overview of phenomenology of practice. A proposal is made for the way the suggestions made by van Manen might be organized for use with the methods involved in Phenomenology of Practice: Social sciences, philosophical and philological methods. Thereby, nurse researchers interested in conducting phenomenological research may find a global outlook and support to understand and conduct this type of inquiry which draws on the art.ConclusionThe approach in this article may help nurse scholars and researchers reach an overall, encompassing perspective of the main methods and activities involved in doing phenomenological research. Nurses interested in doing phenomenology of practice are expected to commit with reflection and writing.
Differences in activated clotting time and initial heparin dosage during atrial fibrillation ablation for patients with edoxaban compared with warfarin
Authors: Yamaji Hirosuke , Murakami Takashi , Hina Kazuyoshi , Higashiya Shunichi , Kawamura Hiroshi , Murakami Masaaki , Kamikawa Shigeshi , Hirohata Satoshi , Kusachi Shozo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundDifferent target activated clotting times (ACTs) during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have been proposed. Moreover, relationships between initial bolus dose of heparin at the start of AF ablation in patients receiving edoxaban anticoagulation therapy and ACT are unclear.MethodsPatients who received anticoagulation with uninterrupted warfarin (control; n = 120) or interrupted edoxaban (n = 120) on the morning of day of ablation were studied. An initial dose of 100 U/kg heparin was administered as a reliable control for warfarin. Initial heparin doses of 120, 130, 140, or 150 U/kg were randomly administered to the edoxaban group.ResultsEdoxaban group showed shorter baseline ACT before the procedure (130 ± 16 seconds) than the warfarin group (152 ± 26 seconds, P < 0.0001). In the warfarin group, 100 U/kg heparin showed 361 ± 48 seconds 15‐minute ACT. In the edoxaban group, an increase in initial dose induced prolongation of 15‐minute ACT (i.e., 15‐minute ACTs of 293 ± 56, 306 ± 39, 311 ± 45, and 319 ± 45 seconds for 120, 130, 140, and 150 U/kg initial doses, respectively). The total heparin required during the procedure was higher in the edoxaban group than in the warfarin group (109 ± 37 vs. 77 ± 21 U/kg/h, P < 0.0001). The 120–150 U/kg dose of heparin in edoxaban group did not cause thromboembolic or major bleeding complications.ConclusionEdoxaban interrupted on the day of ablation showed a shorter baseline ACT than uninterrupted warfarin. Edoxaban required a higher initial heparin dose to achieve a similar 15‐minute ACT to warfarin. These results are useful for determining the initial heparin dose required to achieve variable target ACTs.
A novel ablation approach in atrial fibrillation patients undergoing fibrotic‐based substrate modification: Targeting the Bachmann's bundle?
Authors: Moser Fabian , Rieger Andreas , Pönisch Christian , Kottkamp Hans 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionBox isolation of fibrotic areas (BIFA) is a promising ablation approach for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. However, complete isolation of fibrotic anteroseptal left atrial area, where Bachmann's bundle is blending into the left atrial myocardium, is very specific and complex.Methods and resultsIn 34 AF patients with anteroseptal fibrosis, circumferential BIFA was performed in addition to pulmonary vein isolation. In 8 of 34 patients, complete isolation of the fibrotic area was achieved with BIFA alone. In 26 of 34 patients, a decrease in voltage amplitude with or without conduction delay was observed after box ablation but no complete isolation. Activation mapping and characteristic unipolar potentials revealed earliest activation inside the box from one (73%), two (15%), or three (12%) remaining inputs, in the region of Bachmann's bundle insertion. Focal ablation inside the box (mean radiofrequency impulses: 1.7 ± 0.4, mean radiofrequency time: 70 ± 19 seconds) led to complete isolation of the fibrotic area in 25 of 26 patients. Overall, 97% of anteroseptal boxes were completely isolated with additional focal ablation in the study group compared to 21% in the control group with BIFA alone (33/34 vs. 7/34, P < 0.001). Time of left atrial activation decreased significantly by 25% after complete box isolation (P < 0.001). After a single procedure, 12‐month arrhythmia‐free survival was 82% with additional focal ablation compared to 71% in the control group (P = 0.2).ConclusionTargeted and focal ablation in the region of Bachmann's bundle is a novel and feasible technique to achieve complete isolation of the left atrial anteroseptal fibrotic area.
Vav1 is necessary for PU.1 mediated upmodulation of miR‐29b in acute myeloid leukaemia‐derived cells
Authors: Vezzali Federica , Grassilli Silvia , Lambertini Elisabetta , Brugnoli Federica , Patergnani Simone , Nika Ervin , Piva Roberta , Pinton Paolo , Capitani Silvano , Bertagnolo Valeria 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt has been recently demonstrated that high pre‐treatment levels of miR‐29b positively correlated with the response of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) to hypomethylating agents. Upmodulation of miR‐29b by restoring its transcriptional machinery appears indeed a tool to improve therapeutic response in AML. In cells from acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), miR‐29b is regulated by PU.1, in turn upmodulated by agonists currently used to treat APL. We explored here the ability of PU.1 to also regulate miR‐29b in non‐APL cells, in order to identify agonists that, upmodulating PU.1 may be beneficial in hypomethylating agents‐based therapies. We found that PU.1 may regulate miR‐29b in the non‐APL Kasumi‐1 cells, showing the t(8;21) chromosomal rearrangement, which is prevalent in AML and correlated with a relatively low survival. We demonstrated that the PU.1‐mediated contribution of the 2 miR‐29b precursors is cell‐related and almost completely dependent on adequate levels of Vav1. Nuclear PU.1/Vav1 association accompanies the transcription of miR‐29b but, at variance with the APL‐derived NB4 cells, in which the protein is required for the association of PU.1 with both miRNA promoters, Vav1 is part of molecular complexes to the PU.1 consensus site in Kasumi‐1. Our results add new information on the transcriptional machinery that regulates miR‐29b expression in AML‐derived cells and may help in identifying drugs useful in upmodulation of this miRNA in pre‐treatment of patients with non‐APL leukaemia who can take advantage from hypomethylating agent‐based therapies.