bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MoS2/PTCDA Hybrid Heterojunction Synapse with Efficient Photoelectric Dual Modulation and Versatility
Authors: Wang Shuiyuan , Chen Chunsheng , Yu Zhihao , He Yongli , Chen Xiaoyao , Wan Qing , Shi Yi , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Hao , Wang Xinran , Zhou Peng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractJust as biological synapses provide basic functions for the nervous system, artificial synaptic devices serve as the fundamental building blocks of neuromorphic networks; thus, developing novel artificial synapses is essential for neuromorphic computing. By exploiting the band alignment between 2D inorganic and organic semiconductors, the first multi‐functional synaptic transistor based on a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)/perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) hybrid heterojunction, with remarkable short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term plasticity (LTP), is reported. Owing to the elaborate design of the energy band structure, both robust electrical and optical modulation are achieved through carriers transfer at the interface of the heterostructure, which is still a challenging task to this day. In electrical modulation, synaptic inhibition and excitation can be achieved simultaneously in the same device by gate voltage tuning. Notably, a minimum inhibition of 3% and maximum facilitation of 500% can be obtained by increasing the electrical number, and the response to different frequency signals indicates a dynamic filtering characteristic. It exhibits flexible tunability of both STP and LTP and synaptic weight changes of up to 60, far superior to previous work in optical modulation. The fully 2D MoS2/PTCDA hybrid heterojunction artificial synapse opens up a whole new path for the urgent need for neuromorphic computation devices.
Approaching Ultrastable High‐Rate Li–S Batteries through Hierarchically Porous Titanium Nitride Synthesized by Multiscale Phase Separation
Authors: Lim Won‐Gwang , Jo Changshin , Cho Ara , Hwang Jongkook , Kim Seongseop , Han Jeong Woo , Lee Jinwoo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPorous architectures are important in determining the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs). Among them, multiscale porous architecutures are highly desired to tackle the limitations of single‐sized porous architectures, and to combine the advantages of different pore scales. Although a few carbonaceous materials with multiscale porosity are employed in LSBs, their nonpolar surface properties cause the severe dissolution of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). In this context, multiscale porous structure design of noncarbonaceous materials is highly required, but has not been exploited in LSBs yet because of the absence of a facile method to control the multiscale porous inorganic materials. Here, a hierarchically porous titanium nitride (h‐TiN) is reported as a multifunctional sulfur host, integrating the advantages of multiscale porous architectures with intrinsic surface properties of TiN to achieve high‐rate and long‐life LSBs. The macropores accommodate the high amount of sulfur, facilitate the electrolyte penetration and transportation of Li+ ions, while the mesopores effectively prevent the LiPS dissolution. TiN strongly adsorbs LiPS, mitigates the shuttle effect, and promotes the redox kinetics. Therefore, h‐TiN/S shows a reversible capacity of 557 mA h g−1 even after 1000 cycles at 5 C rate with only 0.016% of capacity decay per cycle.
Ligand‐Free Iridium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative ortho C−H Borylation of Benzyl‐2‐Pyridines at Room Temperature
Authors: Yang Yuhuan , Gao Qian , Xu Senmiao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA convenient and ligand‐free iridium‐catalyzed dehydrogenative ortho C−H borylation of benzyl‐2‐pyridines has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature using pinacolborane as a borylating reagent in the presence of catalytic amount of [IrOMe(COD)]2. The reaction is compatible with many functional groups, providing a vast array of ortho borylated products in moderate to excellent yields with excellent selectivities.magnified image
Biofunctionalized Materials Featuring Feedforward and Feedback Circuits Exemplified by the Detection of Botulinum Toxin A
Authors: Wagner Hanna J. , Kemmer Svenja , Engesser Raphael , Timmer Jens , Weber Wilfried 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFeedforward and feedback loops are key regulatory elements in cellular signaling and information processing. Synthetic biology exploits these elements for the design of molecular circuits that enable the reprogramming and control of specific cellular functions. These circuits serve as a basis for the engineering of complex cellular networks, opening the door for numerous medical and biotechnological applications. Here, a similar principle is applied. Feedforward and positive feedback circuits are incorporated into biohybrid polymer materials in order to develop signal‐sensing and signal‐processing devices. This concept is exemplified by the detection of the proteolytic activity of the botulinum neurotoxin A. To this aim, site‐specific proteases are incorporated into receiver, transmitter, and output materials, and their release, diffusion, and/or activation are wired according to a feedforward or a positive feedback circuit. The development of a quantitative mathematical model enables analysis and comparison of the performance of both systems. The flexible design could be easily adapted to detect other toxins or molecules of interest. Furthermore, cellular signaling or gene regulatory pathways could provide additional blueprints for the development of novel biohybrid circuits. Such information‐processing, material‐embedded biological circuits hold great promise for a variety of analytical, medical, or biotechnological applications.
Switchable Two‐Terminal Transparent Optoelectronic Devices Based on 2D Perovskite
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Patel Malkeshkumar , Park Dae Young , Kim Hong‐Sik , Jeong Mun Seok , Kim Joondong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA switch‐like structure that can be turned on/off with photons is considered necessary for most optoelectronic devices, such as phototransistors and photodetectors. However, developing a single device whose photoresponse can be modulated without changing the measuring voltage or illuminating light is challenging, and yet to be achieved. In this work, a conceptually new 2D perovskite‐based fully transparent two‐terminal optoelectronic device that can be turned on/off with a short electric pulse without any further change in the measuring conditions, such as the illuminating photon or applied voltage is proposed and demonstrated. The device exhibits loop opening in the current–voltage characteristics, which is utilized to design the novel electrically triggered optoelectronic device. The photocurrent of the device can be modulated from zero to 2.2 mA using a simple voltage pulse. Further, a responsivity of 550 mA W−1 and detectivity of 2.16 × 1010 Jones are measured in the on‐state. Potentially, the approach opens a new avenue for the design of two‐terminal advanced highly transparent optoelectronic devices, such as smart windows and transparent image sensors.
Fabrication of Low‐Tortuosity Ultrahigh‐Area‐Capacity Battery Electrodes through Magnetic Alignment of Emulsion‐Based Slurries
Authors: Li Linsen , Erb Randall M. , Wang Jiajun , Wang Jun , Chiang Yet‐Ming 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHigh energy‐density, low‐cost batteries are critically important to a variety of applications ranging from portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and grid‐scale storage. While tremendous research effort has been focused on new materials or chemistries with high energy‐density potential, design innovations such as low‐tortuosity thick electrodes are another promising path toward higher energy density and lower cost. Growing demand for fast‐charging batteries has also highlighted the need for negative electrodes that can accept high rate charging without metal deposition; low tortuosity can be a benefit in this regard. However, a general and scalable fabrication method for low‐tortuosity electrodes is currently lacking. Here an emulsion‐based, magnetic‐alignment approach to producing thick electrodes (>400 µm thickness) with ultrahigh areal capacity (up to ≈14 mAh cm−2 vs 2–4 mAh cm−2 for conventional lithium ion) is reported. The process is demonstrated for LiCoO2 and meso‐carbon microbead graphite. The LiCoO2 cathodes are confirmed to have low tortuosity via DC‐depolarization experiments and deliver high areal capacity (>10 mAh cm−2) in galvanostatic discharge tests at practical C‐rates and model EV drive‐cycle tests. This simple fabrication method can potentially be applied to many other active materials to enable thick, low‐tortuosity electrodes.
Long‐ and short‐term responses ofAsclepiasspecies differ in respect to fire, grazing, and nutrient addition
Authors: Ricono Angela , Dixon Robin , Eaton Isabel , Brightbill Caroline M. , Yaziji Yahya , Puzey Joshua R. , Dalgleish Harmony J. 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyThe tallgrass prairie ecosystem has experienced a dramatic reduction over the past 150 yr. This reduction has impacted the abundance of native grassland species, including milkweeds (Asclepias).MethodsWe used two long‐term (27 yr) data sets to examine how fire, grazing, and nutrient addition shape milkweed abundance in tallgrass prairie. We compared these results to those of a greenhouse experiment that varied nutrient levels in the absence of competition, herbivory, and mutualistic relationships.Key ResultsAsclepiasspecies exhibited broad patterns in response to burning regimes that did not include grazing, but experienced more species‐specific patterns in other combinations.Asclepias syriacawas the only species to increase in abundance in plots that included burning and nutrient addition. In the greenhouse we found that nitrogen significantly increased biomass, while no effect of phosphorus was detected.ConclusionsThese results indicate thatA. syriacawill do best in settings with high nutrient loads, low competition, and no grazers. These characteristics define a small portion of the tallgrass prairie but exemplify modern agricultural settings, which have replaced prairies. However, other milkweeds examined did not share this pattern, which indicates that milkweed species will respond differently when exposed to agricultural settings, with some less able to cope with land conversion to pasture or row‐crop agriculture.
Thiol−Ene Reaction: Synthetic Aspects and Mechanistic Studies of an Anti‐Markovnikov‐Selective Hydrothiolation of Olefins
Authors: Sinha Arun K. , Equbal Danish 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn synthetic organic chemistry, the anti‐Markovnikov thiol−ene click (TEC) reaction has emerged as a powerful and widely used approach to build carbon−sulfur (C−S) bonds owing to several inherent benefits, including simple synthetic procedures, high atom economy with no side products, and easy purification, which results in the formation of linear thioethers in high yield under mild reaction conditions. These TEC reactions have numerous trapping applications in the field of nanoengineering, polymer science, and in medicinal chemistry for the synthesis of many drugs and bioactive molecules. This present review highlights the diversity of TEC reaction in terms of substrates, catalysts and mechanistic studies towards the generation of highly selective anti‐Markovnikov adduct under metal‐free, metal‐catalyzed, and photo‐induced reaction conditions.
Changes in the clinical and histological characteristics of Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps over 11 years
Authors: Wang Weiqing , Gao Yali , Zhu Zhenzhen , Zha Yang , Wang Xiaowei , Qi Fang , Zhou Liangrui , Pang Junyi , Gao Zhiqiang , Lv Wei 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundTraditionally, it was believed that chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) demonstrated less eosinophilic and more neutrophilic inflammation in China compared to North America and Europe. However, inflammatory patterns may change over time. The study aimed to analyze the changing trends in the clinical and histological characteristics of CRSwNP over time in China.MethodsA total of 115 consecutive CRSwNP patients from 2003 to 2005 and 114 consecutive CRSwNP patients from 2014 to 2016 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The clinical and histological data were compared between patients from the 2 time periods.ResultsThe percentage of eosinophils in nasal polyp tissue increased, and the percentage of neutrophils and total inflammatory cell count decreased, over 11 years. The proportion of eosinophilic CRSwNP significantly increased from 59.1% to 73.7% over 11 years. The proportion of neutrophils and the total inflammatory cell count in nasal polyps decreased, and the proportion of eosinophilic CRSwNP patients using intranasal corticosteroids 1 month before surgery increased remarkably over 11 years. Moreover, eosinophilic CRSwNP patients had better compliance with intranasal corticosteroid use than non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP patients, and patients with comorbid allergic rhinitis and asthma had better compliance with intranasal corticosteroid use than patients without those conditions.ConclusionEosinophilic CRSwNP, which was previously a minor subtype in East Asians, has increased remarkably in incidence to become the predominant CRSwNP subtype in Beijing, China, indicating that rhinologists should place greater emphasis on its diagnosis and treatment.
Impaired eating‐related quality of life in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rowan Nicholas R. , Soler Zachary M. , Storck Kristina A. , Othieno Florence , Ganjaei Kimia G. , Smith Timothy L. , Schlosser Rodney J. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundDespite the tremendous burden of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), objective measures of smell and taste fail to fully account for eating‐related disruptions in CRS patient quality of life (QOL). In this study we sought to investigate the driving force behind impaired eating‐related QOL in CRS patients.MethodsAdult CRS patients were prospectively enrolled and answered a series of surveys relating to smell, taste, overall sinus‐specific QOL, and depression. Patients with both smell‐related and taste‐related eating complaints were considered to have impaired eating‐related QOL. Clinical demographics, objective chemosensory scores, and endoscopy scores were collected.ResultsSeventy patients were enrolled and 23% showed impaired eating‐related QOL. In multivariable analyses, patients with aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) showed 10.7 times higher odds of impaired eating‐related QOL (odds ratio [OR] 10.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 105.09; p = 0.042); meanwhile, for every 1‐point increase in depression scores, the odds of impaired eating‐related QOL increased by 1.3 (OR 1.31; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.57; p = 0.003). For every 1‐point decrease in orthonasal olfactory threshold, the odds of impaired eating‐related QOL increased by 1.9 times (OR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.14 to 3.00; p = 0.013). Symptom scores, polyp status, endoscopic scores, and other olfactory measures did not remain significant after adjusting for other variables in forward‐selection multivariable modeling.ConclusionDisruptions in eating‐related QOL cannot be fully explained by objective smell or taste testing alone. We identified AERD and depression as independent risk factors for greater odds of impaired eating‐related QOL in CRS. Improved orthonasal threshold scores were independently associated with better eating‐related QOL.
Spatially Resolved Covalent Functionalization Patterns on Graphene
Authors: Valenta Leoš , Kovaříček Petr , Valeš Václav , Bastl Zdeněk , Drogowska Karolina A. , Verhagen Timotheus A. , Cibulka Radek , Kalbáč Martin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSpatially resolved functionalization of 2D materials is highly demanded but very challenging to achieve. The chemical patterning is typically tackled by preventing contact between the reagent and material, which brings various accompanying challenges. Photochemical transformation on the other hand inherently provides remote high spatiotemporal resolution using the cleanest reagent—a photon. Herein, we combine two competing reactions on a graphene substrate to create functionalization patterns on a micrometer scale via the Mitsunobu reaction. The mild reaction conditions allow introduction of covalently dynamic linkages, which can serve as reversible labels for surface‐ or graphene‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy characterization of the patterns prepared. The proposed methodology thus provides a pathway for local introduction of arbitrary functional groups on graphene.
Modelling effects of invasive species and drought on crayfish extinction risk and population dynamics
Authors: Yarra Allyson N. , Magoulick Daniel D. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Hydrological alteration, which may be exacerbated by climate change, is known to facilitate aquatic species invasion. Altered hydrology, invasive species, and the additive effects of these stressors pose a threat to aquatic biodiversity.
Understanding extinction risk in the context of these stressors is crucial for prioritizing conservation efforts. As case studies, three narrow‐ranged endemic crayfish species of conservation concern (Faxonius marchandi, Faxonius roberti, and Cambarus hubbsi) in the Ozark Highlands of Arkansas and Missouri, USA, were used to examine the effects of invasive species and drought on crayfish population dynamics.
The objectives of this study were to model the population dynamics of these imperilled species, assess how these populations may be affected under increased invasion effects and intensified drought, determine potential refuge effects, and examine the sensitivity of quasi‐extinction to model parameters.
ramas‐metapop was used to construct stage‐based demographic models. Terminal extinction risk, median time to quasi‐extinction, and metapopulation occupancy were used to assess population viability under different scenarios.
Cambarus hubbsi appears to be highly susceptible to decline if survival rates are reduced by simulated drought, as they have low reproductive potential and mature slowly. Models indicated that potential refuges allow F. roberti and C. hubbsi to persist, even when invasion and drought effects were extreme. Conversely, barriers to dispersal for F. marchandi led to reduced quasi‐extinction times and the greatest extinction risk under most invasion scenarios. Quasi‐extinction was most sensitive to changes in juvenile survival for all species examined, which indicates that improved estimates of stage‐specific demographic parameters for crayfish will improve model predictions.
An increased understanding of the mechanisms of displacement of native crayfish by invasive crayfish is needed for most crayfish species. Limiting the spread of invasive species, maintaining natural habitat and hydrological regimes, and gaining insight into life histories and demographic parameters will increase the ability to conserve endemic and imperilled crayfish.
Exploring the effects of institutional pressures on the implementation of environmental management accounting: Do top management support and perceived benefit work?
Authors: Wang Shanyong , Wang Hualong , Wang Jing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEnvironmental management accounting (EMA) has been regarded as an effective way to deal with environmental issues and economic performance. On the basis of institutional theory, this research aims to examine the effects of institutional pressures on the implementation of EMA and how such effects are affected by top management support and perceived benefit. Data were collected from the manufacturing firms in the Yangtze River Delta using questionnaire survey method. The results indicated that coercive pressure and normative pressure positively and significantly affect the implementation of EMA whereas mimetic pressure has no significant effect. Furthermore, top management support and perceived benefit play different moderating roles in the relationships between institutional pressures and the implementation of EMA. Top management support and perceived benefit positively moderate the relationships between coercive pressure, normative pressure, and the implementation of EMA although negatively moderate the relationship between mimetic pressure and the implementation of EMA. On the basis of the findings, policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Reassessing measures of sustainable firm performance: A consultant's guide to identifying hidden costs in corporate disclosures
Authors: Smith William L. , Hillon Yue Cai , Liang Yanni 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStrategy, management, corporate social responsibility, critical accounting, and other business researchers frequently utilize financial metrics such as return on assets, return on equity, and return on sales as proxy measures for the financial performance of firms. Large data sets offer convenience but exclude the textual data of corporate disclosures that offers critical insight into specific executive actions and social and environmental outcomes. This study looks at the detrimental consequences of the prevalent practice of relying on macrofinancial metrics as measures of firm performance. Insight from the socioeconomic approach to management (SEAM) is then applied to help an external analyst develop the perspective of an internal consultant to identify hidden costs in corporate disclosures. An extensive case on former CEO Robert Nardelli's tenure at Home Depot is presented as an example of applied SEAM theory to explore how a causal network of dysfunctions can be traced through publicly available financial disclosures. The management discussion and analysis as well as the executive incentive compensation formulas serve as a roadmap to discover hidden costs. The study offers a critical perspective of financial disclosures to allow researchers to externally diagnose dysfunctions sooner rather than years later, an insight formerly only available to internal consultants.
Promising clinical outcomes of sequential and “Sandwich” chemotherapy and extended involved‐field intensity‐modulated radiotherapy in patients with stage IE/IIE extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Wang Han‐yu , Niu Shao‐qing , Yang Yun‐ying , Li Yi‐yang , Chen Hong‐bo , Zhang Yu‐jing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal treatment for the rare subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, extranodal natural killer/T‐cell lymphoma (ENKTL), nasal‐type, has not been clearly defined. The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of sequential and “Sandwich” chemotherapy and extended involved‐field intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in patients with stage IE/IIE extranodal ENKTL, nasal‐type.MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐five patients with stage IE/IIE nasal‐type ENKTL were enrolled in the study, including 99 patients treated with sequential chemotherapy and extended involved‐field IMRT (SCRT) and 56 patients with “Sandwich” chemotherapy and extended involved‐field IMRT and chemotherapy (SCRCT). All patients were treated with extended involved‐field IMRT with median dose of 54.6 Gy to the primary tumor and positive lymph nodes. Ninety‐four patients had Ann Arbor stage IE disease, and 61 patients had stage IIE disease.ResultsThe 5‐year rates of loco‐regional recurrence (LRR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were 17.0%, 78.5%, and 84.7%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that EBV DNA copy after treatment (normal vs elevated level) was significant prognostic factor for LRR, PFS, and OS (P < 0.001); therapeutic method (SCRT vs SCRCT) was significant prognostic factor for PFS (71.0% vs 91.8%, P = 0.011), but there was no significant effect on 5‐year LRR and OS (22.2% vs 8.2%, P = 0.051 for LRR; 80.9% vs 91.8%, P = 0.199 for OS).ConclusionsCompared with SCRT, SCRCT was significantly associated with higher PFS rates and showed a trend toward improved loco‐regional control. EBV DNA copy after treatment is a good index for recurrence and prognosis for stage IE/IIE ENKTL patients.