bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A differential role for human hippocampus in novelty and contextual processing: Implications for P300
Authors: Fonken Yvonne M. , Kam Julia W. Y. , Knight Robert T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe role of the hippocampus in P300 has long been debated. Here, we present a theoretical framework that elucidates hippocampal contributions to scalp P300 based on intracranial and lesion research combined with emerging evidence on the role of the hippocampus in rapid statistical learning, memory, and novelty processing. The P300 has been divided in two subcomponents: a fronto‐central P3a related to novelty and distractor processing, and a parietal P3b related to target detection. Interest in a role for hippocampus in scalp P300 was sparked by P3‐like ERPs measured intracranially in human hippocampus. Subsequent medial temporal lobe lesion studies show intact scalp P3b, indicating that the hippocampus is not critical for P3b. This contrasts with the scalp P3a, which was significantly diminished in human patients with lesions in the posterior hippocampus. This suggests a differential role for hippocampus in P3a and P3b. Our framework purports that the hippocampus plays a central role in distractor processing that leads to P3a generation in cortical regions. We also propose that the hippocampus is involved at the end of the cognitive episode for both P3a and P3b implementing contextual updating. P3‐like ERPs measured in hippocampus may reflect input signals from cortical regions implementing updates based on the outcome of cognitive processes underlying scalp P3, enabling a model update of the environment facilitated by the hippocampus. Overall, this framework proposes an active role for the hippocampus in novelty processing leading up to P3a generation, followed by contextual updating of the outcome of both scalp P3a and P3b.
Reward‐related distracters and working memory filtering
Authors: Ward Richard T. , Miskovich Tara A. , Stout Daniel M. , Bennett Kenneth P. , Lotfi Salahadin , Larson Christine L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReward‐related stimuli capture attention, even when they are task irrelevant. A consequence of attentional prioritization of reward‐related stimuli is that they may also have preferential access to working memory like other forms of emotional information. However, whether reward‐related distracters leak into working memory remains unknown. Here, using a well‐validated change detection task of visual working memory capacity and filtering, we conducted two studies to directly assess the impact of reward‐related distracters on working memory. In both studies, the distracters consisted of colored bars or circles that were previously associated with monetary reward. In Experiment 1, results indicated that previously rewarded distracters did not impact behavioral measures of working memory filtering efficiency compared to neutral distracters. In Experiment 2, using ERPs, we measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a psychophysiological index of the number of items retained in working memory, to further assess filtering efficiency. We observed that the CDA for high reward distracters was similar to low reward and neutral distracters. However, in early trials, behavioral measures revealed that previously rewarded stimuli negatively impacted working memory capacity, an effect not observed with neutral distracters. This effect, though, was not found for the CDA in early trials. In summary, our findings across two studies suggest that attentional capture by task‐irrelevant reward may have minimal impact on visual working memory—findings that have important implications for delineating the boundaries of reward‐cognition interactions.
Patient and spouses experiences with transition from intensive care unit to hospital ward – qualitative study
Authors: Herling Suzanne Forsyth , Brix Helene , Andersen Lise , Jensen Liz Daugaard , Handesten Rie , Knudsen Heidi , Bové Dorthe Gaby 
Published: June 2019

Background and purpose of studyTransition from the intensive care unit to the hospital ward can be considered as a vulnerable period for patients as nursing care changes hands. How the transition is experienced by the ICU patient and the family is influenced by how it is organised, communicated and executed. The transition may positively or negatively affect patient recovery.AimTo explore the experiences of intensive care unit patients and their relatives during the transition to hospital ward in order to find ways of supporting them during the transition process.MethodsEligible participants were asked for participation from April to September 2016 from a mixed medical and surgical intensive care unit (Level II) at a university hospital. We conducted six semi‐structured interviews with former intensive care unit patients and four dyad interviews with patients and spouses. Data were analysed according to the methodology Interpretive Description with the aim to discover associations, relationships and patterns within the phenomenon.ResultsOur analysis revealed the following three themes: (1) Taking up the mantel (2) Adjusting to ‘being one in the crowd’ and (3) Integrated spouses became visitors. It was a change from an environment with high dependence to increasing independence and a shift from attention to loneliness. Focus moved from the bodily functions to basic activities of living. Spouses experienced that their position was reduced from integrated relatives in the intensive care unit to visitors of the hospital ward.ConclusionsThis article shows that it is important to mentally prepare patients and their family for transfer and a gradual withdrawal of intense nursing observation and monitoring. Discharge planning should begin early and involve spouses to a higher extent as they have a major role in the recovery process far beyond hospitalisation.
The association of grip strength with depressive symptoms and cortisol in hair: A cross‐sectional study of older adults
Authors: Smith Lee , Firth Joseph , Grabovac Igor , Koyanagi Ai , Veronese Nicola , Stubbs Brendon , Soysal Pinar , Yang Lin , Jackson Sarah E. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundLow handgrip strength has been shown to be associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. One area of mental health that is understudied in relation to grip strength is chronic stress, which can exist independently to depression, or as a comorbidity or precursor to this condition. The present study examined cross‐sectional associations between grip strength, an established marker of physical function, and (a) depressive symptoms and (b) chronic stress utilizing hair cortisol concentrations, while accounting for multiple pertinent confounding variables.MethodData were used from wave 6 (2012/13) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, a panel study of older (≥50 years) community‐dwelling men and women. Grip strength was measured in kg using a hand‐held dynamometer. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 8‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg) were determined from samples of scalp hair and log‐transformed for analysis to correct skewness. Associations of grip strength with depressive symptoms and hair cortisol concentration were tested using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, wealth, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, limiting long‐standing illness, arthritis, diabetes, and hair treatment.ResultsThe sample comprised of 3741 participants (mean age 68.4 years, 66.4% female). After adjustment for age and sex, grip strength was significantly and negatively associated with both depressive symptoms (B = −0.038, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001) and hair cortisol (B = −0.003, SE = 0.001, P = 0.029). However, in the fully‐adjusted models, both associations were attenuated and only the association with depressive symptoms remained statistically significant (B = −0.015, SE = 0.004, P < 0.001; hair cortisol B = −0.002, SE = 0.001, P = 0.088).ConclusionIn a large sample of older adults in England, grip strength was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Results were inconclusive regarding the association between grip strength and chronic stress. Further research examining the longitudinal relationships between muscular strength and specific aspects of mental health, while also exploring the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these associations, is warranted before recommendations for policy and practice can be made.
Objectively assessed vigorous physical activity and motor coordination are associated in 11‐year old children
Authors: Blomqvist Minna , Mononen Kaisu , Tolvanen Asko , Konttinen Niilo 
Published: June 2019

This cross‐sectional study examined the associations between gender, sports club (SC) participation, physical activity (PA), motor coordination (MQ) and object control skill (TC). 11 year‐old children (n = 477) wore accelerometers during seven consecutive days for the analysis of moderate PA (MPA) and vigorous PA (VPA). To detect motor competence (MC), children's motor coordination was measured using the KTK (MQ), and object control skill with throw‐and‐catch task (TC). Sports club (SC) status was obtained by a questionnaire. Boys had higher levels of MPA (F = 50.45, P<0.001) and VPA (F = 11.13, P = 0.001), and were better in TC (F = 39.83, P < 0.001) than girls. SC participants outperformed non‐participants in MPA (F = 5.45, P = 0.020) and VPA (F = 11.71, P = 0.001), MQ (F = 31.56, P < 0.001), and TC (F = 15.60, P < 0.001). Moreover, better TC was associated with higher MPA (β = 0.88, t = 2.16, P = 0.031), and higher MQ was associated with higher VPA (β = 0.21, t = 3.87, P < 0.001). The association between PA and MC was found showing that different intensities of PA were associated with different aspects of MC. SC participation may be one important factor promoting PA and MC in children. Therefore, all children, especially girls, should be encouraged to participate in various practices to ensure the development of adequate level of motor competence to be physically active.
Trunk muscle strength and lumbo‐pelvic kinematics in adolescent athletes: Effects of age and sex
Authors: Arampatzis Adamantios , Frank Johannes , Laube Gunnar , Mersmann Falk 
Published: June 2019

Considering their potential relevance for low‐back pain, we investigated trunk muscle strength, sagittal lumbo‐pelvic alignment while standing and lumbo‐pelvic ratio during trunk flexion in adolescent athletes with regard to the effects of age and sex. Twenty‐two early adolescent (EA: 13‐15 years, 10 females) and 28 late adolescent (LA: 16‐19 years, 14 females) high‐level athletes (training duration more than 12 hours per week) participated in the study. We measured trunk extension and trunk flexion moments during maximum voluntary isometric contractions using a dynamometer. Further, we examined lumbo‐pelvic kinematics in the upright standing position and during forward trunk bending using two 3‐dimensional accelerometers. Using a lineal regression model in which the flexion moment from each participant was used as predictor for the corresponding extension moment, we found higher residuals (P < 0.001) in the EA compared to LA, indicating greater imbalances in the trunk muscle strength in EA. We found a higher lordosis in the upright position, greater pelvic rotation, and greater lordotic posture during the forward bending in females (P < 0.01). These age‐related imbalances and sex‐related characteristics in lumbo‐pelvic kinematics might affect the neuromuscular control of trunk stability and the magnitude of spine loading. We recommend the implementation of specific coordination and stabilization programs for muscle groups that contribute to lumbo‐pelvic kinematics and training routines that support a balanced strength development within the trunk muscles in adolescent athletes.
Whose voice counts? Gender, power, and epistemologies in the seminary classroom
Authors: Wright Almeda 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article wrestles with the question “whose voice counts?” as an entrée into a discussion of the challenges students encounter in learning to value different epistemologies and that professors encounter in attempting to teach for inclusion of voices. The essay reflects on an experience teaching a graduate seminar on gender and epistemology in which students encounter challenges reflecting on readings that present theology in the form of personal narratives, rather than in a more abstract or theoretical form. Course content and genres of writing are both gendered and subject to power dynamics associated with the uneven treatment of different types of knowledge. The paper focuses primarily on the lens of gender but notes as well the intersectional nature of gender – and the ways in which the course dynamics are complicated by the race, sexuality, and even the class of the authors, students, and teacher. The paper makes two substantial arguments. First, it names a pedagogical meta‐question at the intersection of gender and pedagogy: Even when women are on the syllabus, how are educators ensuring that the epistemologies at work in their classrooms allow for equal authorial authority in the classroom? Second, the paper challenges educators to make changes in their classrooms to allow students time to engage and employ epistemologies they discuss and to see the importance of these practices for wider systemic change in institutions and society.
Quantitative COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan test shows good performance for HIV screening among blood donors in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Chambo Evelina , Ismael Nália , Vubil Adolfo , Zicai Ana Flora , Loquilha Osvaldo , Mussá Tufária , Mabunda Nédio 
Published: June 2019

Background and ObjectivesThe major interventions used to reduce the risk of HIV transmission from blood transfusion include the nucleic acid amplification assays (NAT). In Mozambique, screening for HIV infection in blood donors using serological assays is performed routinely. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a NAT test to screen blood donors at the blood bank of Hospital Central de Maputo.Material and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in a blood bank in the city of Maputo. Overall, 1500 blood donors were enrolled in the study from November 2014 to October 2015. The blood from each participant was drawn and used for both serological and HIV quantification. For HIV viral load quantification, mini‐pools of six specimens were tested and, if positive, each sample was retested separately.ResultsAmong the 1500 blood donors, the median age was 31 years old, 78·2% were men, and 74·7% were replacement donors. Our results showed a good sensitivity of (80/80) 100·0% (95·5–100%) and a specificity of (1408/1409) 99·9% (99·6–100%) for the NAT when compared to the serological assay used at the blood bank. The kappa value of 0·99 (0·98–1·0) and confidence interval of 95·0% were observed indicating a good correlation between the NAT and serological assay.ConclusionOur data show that the HIV nucleic acid quantification assay has a good performance when compared to the serological assays, can detect infected donors/donations and can be used in mini‐pools to minimize HIV infection resulting from the blood transfusion in the blood banks of Mozambique.
Effects of community health worker interventions on socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review
Authors: Blanchard Andrea Katryn , Prost Audrey , Houweling Tanja A J 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionCommunity health worker (CHW) interventions are promoted to improve maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries. We reviewed the evidence on their effectiveness in reducing socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health outcomes, how they achieve these effects, and contextual processes that shape these effects.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies published between 1996 and 2017 in Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases. We included studies examining the effects of CHW interventions in low-income and middle-income countries on maternal and newborn health outcomes across socioeconomic groups (wealth, occupation, education, class, caste or tribe and religion). We then conducted a narrative synthesis of evidence.ResultsWe identified 1919 articles, of which 22 met the inclusion criteria. CHWs facilitated four types of interventions: home visits, community-based groups, cash transfers or combinations of these. Four studies found that CHWs providing home visits or facilitating women’s groups had equitable coverage. Four others found that home visits and cash transfer interventions had inequitable coverage. Five studies reported equitable effects of CHW interventions on antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and/or essential newborn care. One study found that a CHW home visit intervention did not reduce wealth inequities in skilled birth attendance. A study of women’s groups reported greater reductions in neonatal mortality among lower compared with higher socioeconomic groups. Equity was most improved when CHWs had relevant support for assisting women to improve health practices and access health care within community contexts.ConclusionWhile current evidence remains limited, particularly for mortality, existing studies suggest that CHW interventions involving home visits, cash transfers, participatory women’s groups or multiple components can improve equity in maternal and newborn health. Future mixed-methods research should explore intervention strategies and contextual processes shaping such effects on equity to optimise these efforts.
Information and communication technology enabling partnership in person-centred diabetes management: building a theoretical framework from an inductive case study in The Netherlands
Authors: Wildevuur Sabine E , Simonse Lianne WL , Groenewegen Peter , Klink Ab 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to construct a theoretical framework for information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled partnership towards diabetes management.DesignWe conducted an inductive case study and held interviews on the development and use of an artificial pancreas (AP) system for diabetes management.SettingThe study was carried out in the Netherlands with users of an AP system.ParticipantsWe interviewed six patients with type 1 diabetes, five healthcare professionals (two medical specialists and three diabetes nurses), and one policy advisor from the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport.ResultsWe built a new theoretical framework for ICT-enabled person-centred diabetes management, covering the central themes of self-managing the disease, shared analysing of (medical) data and experiencing the partnership. We found that ICT yielded new activities of data sharing and a new role for data professionals in the provision of care as well as contributed to carefree living thanks to the semiautomated management enabled by the device. Our data suggested that to enable the partnership through ICT, organisational adjustments need to be made such as the development of new ICT services and a viable financial model to support these services.ConclusionThe management of diabetes through ICT requires an adjustment of the partnership between persons with the chronic condition and the healthcare professional(s) in such a way that the potential for self-managing the condition by analysing the newly available (medical) data (from the AP system) together leads to an experience of partnership between patients and healthcare professionals.
Impact of the consumption tax rate increase on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Onozuka Daisuke , Nishimura Kunihiro , Hagihara Akihito 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesThe Japanese government increased the consumption tax rate from 5% to 8% on 1 April 2014. The impact of this policy on the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unknown. Thus, we aimed to evaluate a potential association between the consumption tax rate increase and OHCA.DesignAn interrupted time series design.SettingNational registry data for all cases of OHCA in Japan.ParticipantsAll OHCA cases of presumed cardiac origin in Japan between January 2005 and December 2016.Primary outcome measureWe used a quasiexperimental design with interrupted time series analysis to investigate whether the consumption tax rate increase was associated with changes in OHCA trends after adjusting for baseline trends. The effective date of the consumption tax rate increase (1 April 2014) was used to split the OHCA data into categories of before and after the change.ResultsIn total, 808 055 OHCAs of presumed cardiac origin were reported during the study period. Prior to the consumption tax rate increase, the mean monthly OHCA rate was 5.12 cases per 100 000 population (mean monthly count: 5483.45). After adjusting for underlying trends, there was a substantial step change in the incidence of OHCAs (relative risk (RR): 0.921; 95% CI 0.889 to 0.955).ConclusionsThe implementation of the consumption tax rate increase was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of OHCAs in Japan.
Comparing reporting of abortions in three nationally representative surveys: methodological and contextual influences
Authors: Scott Rachel H , Bajos Nathalie , Wellings Kaye , Slaymaker Emma 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundAbortions are known to be underreported in surveys. Previous research has found a number of ways in which survey methodology may affect respondents’ willingness to disclose abortions. The social and political climate surrounding abortion may also create stigma affecting abortion reporting, and this may vary between countries and over time.MethodsWe estimate the extent of underreporting in three nationally representative population surveys by comparing survey rates with routine statistics, in order to explore the ways in which survey methodology and cultural context might influence reporting of abortion. Data are analysed from two National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles, conducted in 2000 and 2010 (Natsal-2 and Natsal-3) in Britain, and the Fertility, Contraception and Sexual Dysfunction survey (FECOND) conducted in 2010 in France. The three surveys differ with regard to survey methodology and context.ResultsThere was no strong evidence of underreporting in Natsal-2, which collected data on abortion using a direct question. There was evidence of underreporting in Natsal-3 and FECOND, both of which collected data on abortion through a pregnancy-history module. There was no evidence of a difference in the extent of underreporting between Natsal-3 and FECOND, which differed with regard to survey methodology (self-administered module in Natsal-3, telephone interview in FECOND) and country context.ConclusionA direct question may be more effective in eliciting reports of abortion than a pregnancy-history module.