bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numéro 96 - juin 2012
Authors: Anderson Ronald 
Published: May 2019

Partant du constat que toutes les crises financières se ressemblent (endettement excessif, vente panique d’actifs, etc.), je cherche à déterminer ce qui caractérise la crise financière de 2007. Je passe en revue les étapes du développement de la crise, depuis les premiers signaux d’alerte sur le marché du crédit hypothécaire nord-américain jusqu’à la crise des dettes souveraines de l’Eurozone. Je relève quatre leçons majeures qui, selon moi, devraient être attentivement étudiées par tous ceux qui s’intéressent à la gestion des institutions financières majeures, à la définition de nouvelles règles prudentielles pour les banques et à la conception des politiques budgétaires et monétaires.
Leçon 1. L’économie globalisée s’appuie sur un secteur financier qui est lui-même globalisé. La santé de l’ensemble des banques au niveau mondial est profondément liée à l’ensemble du système financier. En particulier, les liens entre les banques et ce que l’on peut appeler le système bancaire parallèle (shadow banking sector) sont très nombreux. Par système bancaire parallèle, on entend notamment les compagnies d’assurances, les fonds de pension, les fonds d’investissement, mais aussi les agences de notation. Les acteurs de ce système parallèle canalisent l’épargne et accomplissent l’intermédiation des fonds au profit de projets d’investissement risqués, et ce, partout dans le monde. Même s’il remplit les mêmes fonctions d’intermédiation que le secteur bancaire régulé, le système bancaire parallèle fonctionne, dans son ensemble, sans réglementation systématique : il est en dehors du système de protection des dépôts et n’a pas accès aux facilités de liquidité fournies par la banque centrale qui est le «prêteur en dernier ressort». Depuis le début de la crise, la part du système parallèle a diminué. Elle reste cependant très importante. En 2010, elle était de 16.000 milliards de $ contre 13.000 milliards de $ pour le secteur réglementé.
Leçon 2. Les techniques de gestion du risque utilisées par les institutions financières assurent une protection effective contre les risques dans des conditions de marché normales, mais ne les prémunissent pas contre des risques extrêmes qui peuvent frapper toutes les institutions financières simultanément. La réaction des institutions à ces évènements extrêmes peut conduire à des ventes d’actifs, ce qui contribue à amplifier les risques.
Leçon 3. Dans un système financier globalisé, une crise systémique (c’est-à-dire susceptible de provoquer un effondrement global du système financier par le biais d’effets-dominos, de faillites en chaîne, etc.) peut donner lieu à des pertes qui excèdent la capacité fiscale d’un pays. C’est un défi majeur pour une régulation bancaire organisée sur une base nationale.
Leçon 4. Le risque systémique peut provenir de décisions décentralisées d’investisseurs et d’institutions financières qui cherchent à réduire les risques qui les affectent directement. Ce processus est souvent nourri par des politiques économiques conduisant les agents privés à adopter des stratégies similaires aggravant le risque systémique.
Notes on the Unconditional Convergence of Multidimensional Functional Series
Authors: Bareladze G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The convergence of a multidimensional functional series essentially depends on the way its partial sums are formed. Different ways of definition of partial sums lead to different kinds of convergence. In the paper relations between various kinds of unconditional almost everywhere convergence of multidimensional functional series are studied.
On One Class of Spatial Nonlocal Problems for Some Hyperbolic Equations
Authors: Avalishvili G. , Gordeziani D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with nonclassical initial boundary value problems for string oscillation and telegraph equations. Algorithms for a direct construction of solutions are proposed. The existence and uniqueness of a solution of a nonlocal boundary value problem is proved in the case of a general one-dimensional hyperbolic equation.
Upper and Lower Solutions of Boundary Value Problems for Functional Differential Equations and Theorems on Functional Differential Inequalities
Authors: Hakl R. , Kiguradze I. , Půža B. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Sufficient conditions are found for the existence of an upper and a lower solutions of the boundary value problem

where and are linear bounded operators, and and are continuous, generally speaking nonlinear, operators. Kamke type theorems are proved on functional differential inequalities.
Some Fixed Point Theorems in Metrically Convex Spaces
Authors: Khan M. S. , Pathak H. K. , Khan M. D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A fixed point theorem is proved in a complete metrically convex metric space. Our result generalizes the theorems of Assad [Tamkang J. Math. 7: 91–94, 1976] and Chatterjea [C.R. Acad., Bulgare Sci. 25: 727–730, 1972].
On Generalized Sklyanin Algebras
Authors: Khimshiashvili G. , Przybysz R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A class of algebraic Poisson structures on R
4 is introduced which contains the well-known Sklyanin algebras. For this class, an effective algebraic method of computing Euler characteristics of Casimir levels is developed which enables us to compute them in the case of Sklyanin algebras. It is also shown that one may associate a finite graph with every generalized Sklyanin algebra. Some related results and open problems are also presented.
Increased aggressive behavior among youth in the United States who have experienced multiple forms of victimization
Authors: Pham Tammy B. , Muthiah Nallammai , Adesman Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objective
Victims of peer aggression, categorized broadly as face-to-face aggression (FA) and/or cyber-aggression (CA), are themselves at elevated risk for perpetrating aggressive behavior against others. Studies to date have not formally examined whether experiencing multiple forms of FA or CA is associated with even further increased likelihood of aggressive behavior towards others.

Methods
Data from the 2014 National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence III were analyzed for youth aged 10–17. Based on self-report responses regarding past-year experience, two broad victimization categories were defined: FA (verbal/relational aggression and/or physical assault/intimidation and/or property victimization) and CA (Internet harassment and/or cell-phone harassment). Logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and race/ethnicity compared victim sub-groups against corresponding non-victims with respect to self-report of aggressive behaviors towards others.

Results
The sample (n = 1959) was 51.3% male and 77.5% White; 39.6% reported >1 form of FA and 7.9% reported >1 form of CA. Whereas victims of physical assault/intimidation or property damage were more likely than non-victims to perpetrate aggression [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.44 and 5.17, respectively), victims of both were strikingly at greatest risk (aOR = 20.29). Similarly, victims of Internet harassment or cell-phone harassment were more likely than non-victims to perpetrate aggression (aORs = 6.18 and 9.40, respectively), while victims of both were even more likely (aOR = 15.32). Students who experienced >1 form of both FA and CA were the most likely to engage in aggressive behaviors (aOR = 38.03).

Conclusion
Victims of multiple forms of FA or CA are more likely to perpetrate aggression compared to non-victims and those victimized in fewer ways.
Kinetics of silver photodiffusion into amorphous S-rich germanium sulphide – neutron and optical reflectivity
Authors: Sakaguchi Yoshifumi , Asaoka Hidehito , Mitkova Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Silver photodiffusion is one of the attractive photo-induced changes observed in amorphous chalcogenides. In this research, we focus on amorphous S-rich germanium sulphide and study the kinetics of the silver photodiffusion by neutron reflectivity, as well as optical reflectivity. It was found from the neutron reflectivity profiles with 30 s time resolution that silver dissolved into the germanium sulphide layer, forming a metastable reaction layer between the Ag and the germanium sulphide layers, within 2 min of light exposure. Subsequently, silver slowly diffused from the metastable reaction layer to the germanium sulphide host layer until the Ag concentration in both layers became identical, effectively forming one uniform layer; this took approximately 20 min. Optical reflectivity reveals the electronic band structure of the sample, complementary to neutron reflectivity. It was found from the optical reflectivity measurement that the metastable reaction layer was a metallic product. The product could be Ag8GeS6-like form, which is regarded as the combination of GeS2 and Ag2S, and whose backbone is composed of the GeS4 tetrahedral units and the S atoms. We attribute the first quick diffusion to the capture of Ag ions by the latter S atoms, which is realised by the S–S bond in amorphous S-rich germanium sulphide, while we attribute the second slow diffusion to the formation of the Ag–Ge–S network, in which Ag ions are captured by the former GeS4 tetrahedral units.
Mein Bauch gehört uns. Gynisierung und Symmetrisierung der Elternschaft bei schwangeren Paaren
Authors: Hirschauer Stefan 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag sucht nach neuen Konzepten und sozialen Mechanismen zur Erklärung der Retraditionalisierung von Paarbeziehungen in der Familiengründung und berichtet zentrale Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Studie zur Paardynamik während der Schwangerschaft. Er identifiziert u. a. berufs- und familienbiografische Pfadabhängigkeiten sowie stille weibliche Besetzungen und männliche Delegationen von Elternschaft. Als ein Schlüsselmechanismus erweist sich die Umwidmung der Altersdifferenz im Verlauf von Paarbeziehungen. Konzeptuell plädiert der Beitrag für eine Ersetzung des Begriffs der Retraditionalisierung durch den der Gynisierung von Schwangerschaft und Elternschaft, der weder die Erwerbstätigkeit als Lebenszentrum noch die Geschlechterdifferenz als fraglose Gegebenheit voraussetzt. Ziel dieser Rekonzeptualisierung ist es, das erstaunlich beharrliche Phänomen theoretisch befremden zu können, dass Elternschaft ein dominant weibliches Geschlecht hat.
Einkommensunterschiede zwischen alleinerziehenden und verheirateten Müttern 1997–2015. Eine detaillierte Effekt-Dekomposition
Authors: Neuberger Franz , Schutter Sabina , Preisner Klaus 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, wie sich das bedarfsgewichtete Pro-Kopf-Einkommen in Haushalten Alleinerziehender mit Kindern im Vergleich zu entsprechenden Haushalten mit verheirateten Eltern im Zuge der arbeits-, familien- und sozialpolitischen Reformen seit 1997 vor und nach staatlicher Umverteilung verändert hat. Zweitens wird mit Effekt-Dekompositionen analysiert, inwieweit Veränderungen der Einkommenssituation von alleinerziehenden und verheirateten Müttern auf Veränderungen ihrer Merkmale und deren Auswirkungen zurückgeführt werden können. Die Analysen basieren auf 19 Wellen des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) von 1997 bis 2015. Während das bedarfsgewichtete Netto-Pro-Kopf-Einkommen von alleinerziehenden Müttern auch dank staatlicher Transfer weitgehend unverändert geblieben ist, hat sich die Einkommenssituation von verheirateten Müttern vor allem aufgrund ihres steigenden Bildungsniveaus und ihrer gestiegener Erwerbstätigkeit verbessert. Die zunehmende Einkommensungleichheit zwischen beiden Familienformen kann demnach auf die zunehmend besseren Bildungsressourcen und die gesteigerte Arbeitsmarktaktivität verheirateter Mütter zurückgeführt werden, wohingegen Alleinerziehende vermehrt auf Sozialleistungen angewiesen waren.
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors among elderly patients: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Adnan Zaina , Nikomarov David , Weiler-Sagie Michal , Roguin Maor Noga 
Published: May 2019

Summary
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) represents a rare cause of osteomalacia. The clinical signs and symptoms are vague and these lead to diagnosis delay. In the presence of hypophosphatemia and relatively high urine phosphate excretion, this entity should be taken into consideration in the deferential diagnosis of osteomalacia. In the present article, we report 81-year-old man presented to our clinic for evaluation due to osteopenia. His laboratory results disclosed hypophosphatemia, relatively increased urine phosphate excretion and increased level of intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). A 68Gallium DOTATATE PET/CT revealed pathological uptake in the upper aspect of the left shoulder adjacent to the coracoid process. For suspected PMT a wide resection of the tumor was performed and pathological findings were consistent for PMT. Laboratory tests were normalized postoperatively. Reviewing the literature, we had identified 33 reported cases of PMTs among elderly patients age ≥70 years. Unlike previously reported data, where tumors predominantly localized in the lower extremities and pelvis, our search disclosed a high rate of tumor localization (10 cases – 33.3%) in the head with equal number of tumors (14 cases – 42.4%) localized in the head and upper extremity as well as in pelvis and lower extremity. The present case describes unique tumor localization in an elderly patient and our literature search demonstrated for the first time a high rate of tumor localization in the head among this group of patients.

Learning points:

PMTs represent a rare entity that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of elderly patients presented with persistent hypophosphatemia.

Unlike previously reported data, head and neck tumor localization is frequent among elderly patients.

68Gallium-conjugated somatostatin peptide analogs, such as 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT demonstrated the greatest sensitivity and specificity for tumor localization in patients with phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMTs).

Wide tumor resection using intraoperative ultrasound is of major importance in order to ensure long-term cure.
Quantitative Comparison of the Anterior-Posterior Patterning System in the Embryos of FiveDrosophilaSpecies
Authors: Wunderlich Zeba , Fowlkes Charless C , Eckenrode Kelly B , Bragdon Meghan D J , Abiri Arash , DePace Angela H 
Published: May 2019

AbstractComplex spatiotemporal gene expression patterns direct the development of the fertilized egg into an adult animal. Comparisons across species show that, in spite of changes in the underlying regulatory DNA sequence, developmental programs can be maintained across millions of years of evolution. Reciprocally, changes in gene expression can be used to generate morphological novelty. Distinguishing between changes in regulatory DNA that lead to changes in gene expression and those that do not is therefore a central goal of evolutionary developmental biology. Quantitative, spatially-resolved measurements of developmental gene expression patterns play a crucial role in this goal, enabling the detection of subtle phenotypic differences between species and the development of computations models that link the sequence of regulatory DNA to expression patterns. Here we report the generation of two atlases of cellular resolution gene expression measurements for the primary anterior-posterior patterning genes in Drosophila simulans and Drosophila virilis. By combining these data sets with existing atlases for three other Drosophila species, we detect subtle differences in the gene expression patterns and dynamics driving the highly conserved axis patterning system and delineate inter-species differences in the embryonic morphology. These data sets will be a resource for future modeling studies of the evolution of developmental gene regulatory networks.
Genetically Distinct Behavioral Modules Underlie Natural Variation in Thermal Performance Curves
Authors: Stegeman Gregory W , Baird Scott E , Ryu William S , Cutter Asher D 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThermal reaction norms pervade organismal traits as stereotyped responses to temperature, a fundamental environmental input into sensory and physiological systems. Locomotory behavior represents an especially plastic read-out of animal response, with its dynamic dependence on environmental stimuli presenting a challenge for analysis and for understanding the genomic architecture of heritable variation. Here we characterize behavioral reaction norms as thermal performance curves for the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, using a collection of 23 wild isolate genotypes and 153 recombinant inbred lines to quantify the extent of genetic and plastic variation in locomotory behavior to temperature changes. By reducing the dimensionality of the multivariate phenotypic response with a function-valued trait framework, we identified genetically distinct behavioral modules that contribute to the heritable variation in the emergent overall behavioral thermal performance curve. Quantitative trait locus mapping isolated regions on Chromosome II associated with locomotory activity at benign temperatures and Chromosome V loci related to distinct aspects of sensitivity to high temperatures, with each quantitative trait locus explaining up to 28% of trait variation. These findings highlight how behavioral responses to environmental inputs as thermal reaction norms can evolve through independent changes to genetically distinct modular components of such complex phenotypes.
How Caenorhabditis elegans Senses Mechanical Stress, Temperature, and Other Physical Stimuli
Authors: Goodman Miriam B , Sengupta Piali 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans lives in a complex habitat in which they routinely experience large fluctuations in temperature, and encounter physical obstacles that vary in size and composition. Their habitat is shared by other nematodes, by beneficial and harmful bacteria, and nematode-trapping fungi. Not surprisingly, these nematodes can detect and discriminate among diverse environmental cues, and exhibit sensory-evoked behaviors that are readily quantifiable in the laboratory at high resolution. Their ability to perform these behaviors depends on &lt;100 sensory neurons, and this compact sensory nervous system together with powerful molecular genetic tools has allowed individual neuron types to be linked to specific sensory responses. Here, we describe the sensory neurons and molecules that enable C. elegans to sense and respond to physical stimuli. We focus primarily on the pathways that allow sensation of mechanical and thermal stimuli, and briefly consider this animal’s ability to sense magnetic and electrical fields, light, and relative humidity. As the study of sensory transduction is critically dependent upon the techniques for stimulus delivery, we also include a section on appropriate laboratory methods for such studies. This chapter summarizes current knowledge about the sensitivity and response dynamics of individual classes of C. elegans mechano- and thermosensory neurons from in vivo calcium imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology studies. We also describe the roles of conserved molecules and signaling pathways in mediating the remarkably sensitive responses of these nematodes to mechanical and thermal cues. These studies have shown that the protein partners that form mechanotransduction channels are drawn from multiple superfamilies of ion channel proteins, and that signal transduction pathways responsible for temperature sensing in C. elegans share many features with those responsible for phototransduction in vertebrates.
Osteosarcoma “tipo osteoblastoma” de columna cervical. A propósito de un caso. [Osteoblastoma like osteosarcoma of the cervical spine]
Authors: Camino Willhuber Gastón , Kido Gonzalo , Estefan Martín , Mereles Maximiliano , Bassani Julio , Petracchi Matías , Sola Carlos , Gruenberg Marcelo 
Published: May 2019

El osteosarcoma “tipo osteoblastoma”, una variante menos agresiva del osteosarcoma, es una enfermedad poco frecuente y representa un desafío diagnóstico tanto clínico como histopatológico. Se han publicado escasos reportes de casos de este tumor.Presentamos a un paciente de 16 años con un osteosarcoma “tipo osteoblastoma” localizado en la columna cervical. La biopsia ósea bajo tomografía reveló una lesión con un patrón de crecimiento permeativo, con sospecha de osteosarcoma “tipo osteoblastoma”. Se realizó una espondilectomía total en bloque mediante un doble abordaje. Se describen el caso clínico, la secuencia diagnóstica, la técnica quirúrgica y el seguimiento a 10 años. ABSTRACT Osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma; a less aggressive variant of osteosarcoma;is a rare entity and represents a clinical and histopathological diagnostic challenge. We have found few reports of cases of this tumor in the literature. In this case we describe an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma located in the cervical spine in a 16-year-old patient. Tomography guided bone biopsy showed a lesion with a permeative growth pattern with suspicion of an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma. A total block spondylikectomy wasperformed through a double approach. We present the clinical case, the diagnostic sequence, the surgical technique and 10-year follow-up.
Plexos venosos plantares. Implicancia clínico-quirúrgica. [Venous plantar plexuses. Clinical-surgical implications]
Authors: Santamarta Laura , Loterzo Lidia Gabriela 
Published: May 2019

En 1888, Lejars describió la suela venosa que lleva su nombre. Se trata de un entramado venoso dispuesto en la planta del pie, que involucra los bordes medial y lateral. Dicho autor la describió en forma indirecta, por transparencia, a través de una inyección de resina y negro humo. En esta actualización, se ofrece una descripción directa y detallada de la suela venosa de Lejars mediante inyección con látex (Butaclor), que permitió identificar claramente dos planos. Las disecciones se efectuaron en pies de adultos y en fetos a término. Este trabajo de investigación anatómica pretende demostrar en forma objetiva la existencia de una malla venosa única que resulta imprescindible para la función hidráulica, sobre todo, del talón posterior del pie como centro de apoyo y marcha. Asimismo, se describen las incisiones quirúrgicas más idóneas para el abordaje de afecciones que comprometen dicho entramado. ABSTRACT In 1888, Lejars described the vein sole that bears his name. It is a venous network arranged on the sole of the foot, which involves the medial and lateral borders. Said author described it indirectly, by transparency, through an injection of resin and black smoke. In this update, a direct and detailed description of the Lejars venous sole is offered by injection with latex (Butachlor), which clearly identified two planes. The dissections were performed on adult feet and full-term fetuses. This work of anatomical research aims to demonstrate objectively the existence of a single venous mesh that is essential for hydraulic function, especially the posterior heel of the foot as a support and walking center. Likewise, the most appropriate surgical incisions are described for the treatment of conditions that compromise this network.