bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of neurotransmitter release coming into focus
Authors: Rizo Josep 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResearch for three decades and major recent advances have provided crucial insights into how neurotransmitters are released by Ca2+‐triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis, leading to reconstitution of basic steps that underlie Ca2+‐dependent membrane fusion and yielding a model that assigns defined functions for central components of the release machinery. The soluble N‐ethyl maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) syntaxin‐1, SNAP‐25, and synaptobrevin‐2 form a tight SNARE complex that brings the vesicle and plasma membranes together and is key for membrane fusion. N‐ethyl maleimide sensitive factor (NSF) and soluble NSF attachment proteins (SNAPs) disassemble the SNARE complex to recycle the SNAREs for another round of fusion. Munc18‐1 and Munc13‐1 orchestrate SNARE complex formation in an NSF‐SNAP‐resistant manner by a mechanism whereby Munc18‐1 binds to synaptobrevin and to a self‐inhibited “closed” conformation of syntaxin‐1, thus forming a template to assemble the SNARE complex, and Munc13‐1 facilitates assembly by bridging the vesicle and plasma membranes and catalyzing opening of syntaxin‐1. Synaptotagmin‐1 functions as the major Ca2+ sensor that triggers release by binding to membrane phospholipids and to the SNAREs, in a tight interplay with complexins that accelerates membrane fusion. Many of these proteins act as both inhibitors and activators of exocytosis, which is critical for the exquisite regulation of neurotransmitter release. It is still unclear how the actions of these various proteins and multiple other components that control release are integrated and, in particular, how they induce membrane fusion, but it can be expected that these fundamental questions can be answered in the near future, building on the extensive knowledge already available.
Comprehensive Studies on the Hydrothermal Strategy for the Synthesis of Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) and their Na‐Storage Performance
Authors: Qi Yuruo , Zhao Junmei , Yang Chao , Liu Huizhou , Hu Yong‐Sheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSodium vanadium fluorophosphate, Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), is proved to be a series of very promising cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries, owing to the high operating voltage and structural stability. However, the selective preparation of phase‐pure Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with outstanding electrochemical performance still remains a big challenge. Moreover, there are lots of discrepancies concerning the Na‐storage properties, including a diversity of voltage profiles and capacities reported, based on the variety of synthetic methods. Herein, a comprehensive investigation is conducted about the fabrication of phase‐pure Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) by employing different starting materials and corresponding synthetic conditions, based on a facile low‐temperature hydrothermal strategy. Results show that the pH in the reaction system may be of vital importance for the successful preparation of Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with special microarchitecture. Furthermore, it is found that NaH2PO4·2H2O is the most appropriate phosphorus source, while VCl3, VOSO4·xH2O, and NH4VO3 are the best choices of vanadium sources to prepare Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with superior Na‐storage performance. This is the first time that the underlying correlations between the starting materials and the Na‐storage performance, are investigated and further that guidance for the selective synthesis of phase‐pure Na3(VO1−xPO4)2F1+2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with superior performance is provided.
Leucine-Rich Repeat Neuronal Protein 1 Regulates Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Post-Translational Modifications of Pluripotency Factors
Authors: Liao Chien-Huang , Wang Ya-Hui , Chang Wei-Wei , Yang Bei-Chia , Wu Tsai-Jung , Liu Wei-Li , Yu Alice L. , Yu John 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Stem cell surface markers may facilitate a better understanding of stem cell biology through molecular function studies or serve as tools to monitor the differentiation status and behavior of stem cells in culture or tissue. Thus, it is important to identify additional novel stem cell markers. We used glycoproteomics to discover surface glycoproteins on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that may be useful stem cell markers. We found that a surface glycoprotein, leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 1 (LRRN1), is expressed abundantly on the surface of hESCs before differentiation into embryoid bodies (EBs). Silencing of LRRN1 with short hairpin RNA (shLRRN1) in hESCs resulted in decreased capacity of self-renewal, and skewed differentiation toward endoderm/mesoderm lineages in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the pluripotency factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 were reduced. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of these pluripotency factors were not affected in LRRN1 silenced cells, but protein half-lives were substantially shortened. Furthermore, we found LRRN1 silencing led to nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of all three pluripotency factors. In addition, the effects on nuclear export were mediated by AKT phosphorylation. These results suggest that LRRN1 plays an important role in maintaining the protein stability of pluripotency factors through AKT phosphorylation, thus maintaining hESC self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. Overall, we found that LRRN1 contributes to pluripotency of hESC by preventing translocation of OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 from nucleus to cytoplasm, thereby lessening their post-translational modification and degradation.
Product development resilience through set‐based design
Authors: Rapp Stephen , Chinnam Ratna , Doerry Norbert , Murat Alper , Witus Gary 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOften during a system Product Development program, external factors or requirements change, forcing system design change. This uncertainty adversely affects program outcome, often adding to development time and cost, production cost, and can compromise system performance. We present a development approach that minimizes the impacts, by proactively considering the possibility of changes in the external factors and the implications of mid‐course design changes. The approach considers the set of alternative designs and the burdens of a mid‐course change from one design to another in determining the relative value of a specific design through the set‐based design methodology. The approach considers and plans parallel (redundant) development of alternative designs with progressive selection of options, including time‐versus‐cost tradeoffs and the impact change‐costs. The approach includes a framework of the development process addressing design and integration lead‐times, their relationship to the time‐order of design decisions, and the time‐dependent burden of design changes. We also compare set‐based and single point design schemes.
In this issue of Weather
Authors: Galvin Jim 
Published: June 2018

We begin this month with an examination of lightning over the area surrounding the British Isles by Derek Elsom, Sven‐Erik Enno, Andrew Horseman and Jonathan Webb: ‘Compiling lightning counts for the UK land area and an assessment of the lightning risk facing UK inhabitants’ on p. 171. Derek and his co‐authors present the difference between data for the ‘UK service area’ and ‘UK land area’ to give a more realistic estimate of the risk of lightning strike for the British population than is often presented in the press. The results are informative in this well‐presented paper.On p. 179, we move onto ‘Daily weather in Dublin 1716–1734: the diary of Isaac Butler’ by MG Sanderson. Weather diaries kept in the early days of weather observation are a valuable addition to our knowledge of long‐term climate, and Isaac Butler's records were meticulous, albeit non‐instrumental.There is a long‐standing need for instruments – located at specific sites – that may provide early warning of lightning – especially for aviation, construction and sport. On p. 187, Alec Bennett describes a new system to assist in the production of lightning warnings in ‘Warning of imminent lightning using single‐site meteorological observations’.Although the effects of the monsoon are very variable in Pakistan, its effects are important, particularly given the shrinking glaciers of the western Himalaya. In ‘Evaluation of statistical downscaling models using pattern and dependence structure in the monsoon‐dominated region of Pakistan’ on p. 193, Firdos Khan, Shaukat Ali and Jürgen Pilz look at this variability using observations and down‐scaled data from large‐scale climate models.
Cost Incurred by the Family for Surgery in Their Children: A Bangladesh Perspective
Authors: Banu Tahmina , Chowdhury Tanvir K. , Aziz Tasmiah T. , Das Arni , Tamanna Nowrin , Pulock Orindom S. , Imam Md. Sharif , Karim Anwarul , Akter Mastura , Walid Adnan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundCost of getting health services is a major concern in Bangladesh as well as in many other countries. A family has to bear more than half of the health care cost despite many facilities provided by the public hospitals. This out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditure drives many families under the poverty line. The aim of this study was to find out the exact cost incurred by the family for a surgical operation of their child in the public and private sectors in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted to find out the cost of child surgery in different settings of public and private hospitals in Chittagong division, Bangladesh. Cost of herniotomy was then compared across different settings.ResultsIn this study, cost of operation in urban private hospitals was highest mostly due to surgeon and anesthetist fee. The cost was lowest in outreach programs as surgeon fee, anesthetist fee and accommodation cost was nil; food and transport cost was minimum. However, cost of accommodation, food, transport and medicine contributed significantly to OOP expenditure especially in tertiary‐level public hospitals, in both indoor and day care settings, and also in private urban hospitals.ConclusionsOur study provides some insight into the OOP expenditure in different health care settings in Bangladesh. This study might be useful in developing a strategy to minimize the OOP expenditure in this country.
Implementation of the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist Correlates with Reduced Surgical Mortality and Length of Hospital Admission in a High‐Income Country
Authors: de Jager Elzerie , Gunnarsson Ronny , Ho Yik‐Hong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist (WHO SSC) has been widely implemented in an effort to decrease surgical adverse events. The effects of the checklist on postoperative outcomes have not previously been examined in Australia, and there is limited evidence on the effects of the checklist in the long term.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted using administrative databases to examine the effects of the implementation of the checklist on postoperative outcomes. Data from 21,306 surgical procedures, performed over a 5‐year time period at a tertiary care centre in Australia where the WHO SSC was introduced in the middle of this period, were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsPostoperative mortality rates decreased from 1.2 to 0.92% [p = 0.038, OR 0.74 (0.56–0.98)], and length of admission decreased from 5.2 to 4.7 days (p = 0.014). The reduction in mortality rates reached significance at the 2–3 years post‐implementation period [p = 0.017, OR 0.61 (0.41–0.92)]. The observed decrease in mortality rates was independent of the surgical procedure duration.ConclusionImplementation of the WHO SSC was associated with a statistically significant reduction in mortality and length of admission over a 5‐year time period. This is the first study demonstrating a reduction in postoperative mortality after the implementation of the checklist in an Australian setting. In this study, a relatively longer period examined, comparative to previous international studies, may have allowed factors like surgical culture change to take effect.
Orthopaedic Surgeon Density in South Africa
Authors: Dell A. J. , Gray S. , Fraser R. , Held M. , Dunn R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn the era of global surgery, there are limited data regarding the available surgical workforce in South Africa.MethodsThis aim of this study was to determine the orthopaedic surgeon density in South Africa. This involved a quantitative descriptive analysis of all registered specialist orthopaedic surgeons in South Africa, using data collected from various professional societal national databases.ResultsThe results showed 1.63 orthopaedic surgeons per 100,000 population. The vast majority were male (95%) with under two‐thirds (65%) being under the age of 55 years. The majority of the orthopaedic surgeons were found in Gauteng, followed by the Western Cape and Kwa‐Zulu Natal. The majority of specialists reportedly worked either full time or part time in the private sector (95%), and the orthopaedic surgeon density per uninsured population (0.36) was far below that of the private sector (8.3).ConclusionInterprovincial differences as well as intersectoral differences were marked indicating geographic and socio‐economic maldistribution of orthopaedic surgeons. This parallels previous studies which looked at other surgical sub‐disciplines in South Africa. Addressing this maldistribution requires concerted efforts to expand public sector specialist posts as well as quantifying the burden of orthopaedic disease in both private and public sectors before recommendations can be made regarding workforce allocation in the future.Level of evidenceIV
Pine stumps act as hotspots for seedling regeneration after pine dieback in a mixed natural forest dominated by Chamaecyparis obtusa
Authors: Fukasawa Yu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOver the past few decades, rural forest ecosystems in Japan have experienced dynamic vegetation changes due to forest dieback and changes in land use, leading to the loss of local species populations and biodiversity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of pine (Pinus densiflora) stumps and logs for tree seedling regeneration in a mixed natural forest in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, that had previously experienced severe pine dieback, and to determine which factors most greatly affect seedling establishment. Seedlings of 17 tree species were recorded on pine stumps and logs in later stages of decay, among which Chamaecyparis obtusa and Rhododendron reticulatum were most dominant. Both of these species had a greater density on pine stumps than on logs or soil, despite stumps covering less than 0.5% of the study area. In addition, the seedling densities of both species were positively associated with moss cover on coarse woody debris, but negatively associated with wood pH. Brown rot in the sapwood and heartwood, which occurred more frequently in stumps than in logs, also positively associated with the seedling densities of both species. Predictive modelling showed that C. obtusa seedlings exhibited a stronger response to pH in stumps than in logs. Therefore, since brown‐rotted wood is acidic due to fungal decay activities, brown‐rotted pine stumps may present hotspots of C. obtusa seedling regeneration at the study site.
Rejection sensitivity and psychopathology symptoms in early adolescence: The moderating role of personality organization
Authors: Fontana Andrea , De Panfilis Chiara , Casini Erica , Preti Emanuele , Richetin Juliette , Ammaniti Massimo 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionEmerging personality organization may play an important role in the psychological adjustment of early adolescents, but research in this area is still limited. The current study evaluated if personality organization moderates the association between rejection sensitivity and adverse psychological outcomes in early adolescence.MethodsThree‐hundred eighty‐six early adolescents (age range 13–15 years; 51% Female) attending junior high schools in Italy completed the semi‐structured Interview of Personality Organization Processes in Adolescence (IPOP‐A), the Children's Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (CRSQ), and the Youth Self Report/11–18 (YSR).ResultsDisruption in the emerging personality organization was associated with increasing symptom problems in early adolescence. Conversely, the successful development of personality organization buffered the relation between rejection sensitivity and negative psychological outcomes (i.e., conduct and affective problems).ConclusionThese findings encourage to accurately evaluate personality organization in adolescence, in order to take into account difficulties but also strengths in personality organization when treating early adolescents.
Understanding the impact of sex and gender in Alzheimer's disease: A call to action
Authors: Nebel Rebecca A. , Aggarwal Neelum T. , Barnes Lisa L. , Gallagher Aimee , Goldstein Jill M. , Kantarci Kejal , Mallampalli Monica P. , Mormino Elizabeth C. , Scott Laura , Yu Wai Haung , Maki Pauline M. , Mielke Michelle M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionPrecision medicine methodologies and approaches have advanced our understanding of the clinical presentation, development, progression, and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia. However, sex and gender have not yet been adequately integrated into many of these approaches.MethodsThe Society for Women's Health Research Interdisciplinary Network on AD, comprised of an expert panel of scientists and clinicians, reviewed ongoing and published research related to sex and gender differences in AD.ResultsThe current review is a result of this Network's efforts and aims to: (1) highlight the current state‐of‐the‐science in the AD field on sex and gender differences; (2) address knowledge gaps in assessing sex and gender differences; and (3) discuss 12 priority areas that merit further research.DiscussionThe exclusion of sex and gender has impeded faster advancement in the detection, treatment, and care of AD across the clinical spectrum. Greater attention to these differences will improve outcomes for both sexes.
‘Make the terror behind greater than the terror in front’? Internal discipline, forced participation, and the I.R.A., 1919–21
Authors: Hughes Brian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article will explore two relatively neglected features of the Irish Republican Army’s (I.R.A.) guerrilla war between 1919 and 1921: internal discipline and forced participation. The gravest disciplinary measure was the death penalty and I.R.A. orders directed that it should apply to members guilty of certain offences against the army. While British army and police officials often insisted that the I.R.A. executed its own without scruple, the death penalty was rarely carried out in practice. General Headquarters (G.H.Q.) was largely unsuccessful in applying a standard disciplinary code and there was also a general inconsistency and lack of rigour in applying other punitive measures for less serious offences. On a related theme, it was not uncommon for soldiers to be ‘conscripted’ or forced to take part in operations under duress during irregular warfare. In the Irish case, this idea has rarely been discussed. It will be argued here that, along with the death penalty and strict punitive measures, forced participation was an uncomfortable idea and often counter-productive in practice. The nature and extent of discipline and coercion was also firmly dictated by local conditions and personalities.
Henry II and the ideological foundations of Angevin rule in Ireland
Authors: Veach Colin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe English invasion of Ireland is of central importance to the interconnected histories of Britain and Ireland. Yet there is still disagreement over the agency of its ultimate sponsor, King Henry II. This article argues that from the very beginning of his reign as king of England, Henry utilised a rising tide of intolerance among Europe’s clerical elite for those holding non-standard beliefs and customs to secure reluctant papal approval for an invasion of Ireland. Once that invasion finally got underway a decade and a half later, members of his court portrayed Henry’s firm rule as the necessary precursor to the reform of Irish religion and culture. This propaganda sought its justification in the intellectual and cultural flourishing of the twelfth-century renaissance, which provided European commentators with newly-revived models of logic and classification. In was also carried out amidst Crusade-inspired justifications for the violent subjugation or killing of religious non-conformists. The essential point, however, is that these clerical descriptions did not necessarily reflect contemporary secular opinion. When works written for secular audiences in the vernacular are analysed, they present a much more nuanced image of Ireland and the Irish. Gone are the references to civilising or reforming missions, and the clear sense of cultural superiority. What remains, however, is the fundamental belief that strong, centralised order is required for the successful running of society. This is what the English invaders told themselves, and this is what informed the first generation of settlement in Angevin Ireland.
Transportation, Deportation and Exile: Perspectives from the Colonies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: De Vito Christian G. , Anderson Clare , Bosma Ulbe 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe essays in this volume provide a new perspective on the history of convicts and penal colonies. They demonstrate that the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were a critical period in the reconfiguration of empires, imperial governmentality, and punishment, including through extensive punitive relocation and associated extractive labour. Ranging across the global contexts of Africa, Asia, Australasia, Japan, the Americas, the Pacific, Russia, and Europe, and exploring issues of criminalization, political repression, and convict management alongside those of race, gender, space, and circulation, this collection offers a perspective from the colonies that radically transforms accepted narratives of the history of empire and the history of punishment. In this introduction, we argue that a colony-centred perspective reveals that, during a critical period in world history, convicts and penal colonies created new spatial hierarchies, enabled the incorporation of territories into spheres of imperial influence, and forged new connections and distinctions between “metropoles” and “colonies”. Convicts and penal colonies enabled the formation of expansive and networked global configurations and processes, a factor hitherto unappreciated in the literature.
Case report classics in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery: citation analysis
Authors: Edelmayer L W , Fenton J E , Yellin S A , Shearer D J , Coelho D H 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse publication and citations trends of case reports within otolaryngology – head and neck surgery literature, with specific attention to the most-cited reports.Study designDatabase query.MethodsWeb of Science was searched for article type ‘case reports’ published in the leading otolaryngology – head and neck surgery journals since 1945. Variables including publication dates, citation dates and numbers, author, author number, and others were recorded and analysed for trends. The reports with the most citations (classics) were further studied.ResultsOf nearly 67 000 published articles in leading otolaryngology – head and neck surgery journals, the overall number of case reports as a percentage of the total has substantially decreased over time. A total of 110 case report classics were identified for which citations have increased.ConclusionAlthough the case report may not be worthy of its tarnished record, declining trends in publication suggest a limited future for this valuable research and educational resource.