bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the mid‐Ordovician into the Late Silurian: Changes in the micrometeorite flux after the L chondrite parent breakup
Authors: Martin Ellinor , Schmitz Birger , Schönlaub Hans‐Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present the first reconstruction of the micrometeorite flux to Earth in the Silurian Period. We searched 321 kg of condensed, marine limestone from the Late Silurian Cellon section, southern Austria, for refractory chrome‐spinel grains from micrometeorites that fell on the ancient sea floor. A total of 155 extraterrestrial spinel grains (10 grains >63 μm, and 145 in the 32–63 μm fraction) were recovered. For comparison, we searched 102 kg of similar limestone from the mid‐Ordovician Komstad Formation in southern Sweden. This limestone formed within ~1 Ma after the breakup of the L chondrite parent body (LCPB) in the asteroid belt. In the sample we found 444 extraterrestrial spinel grains in the >63 μm fraction, and estimate a content of at least 7000 such grains in the 32–63 μm fraction. Our results show that in the late Silurian, ~40 Ma after the LCPB, the flux of ordinary equilibrated chondrites has decreased by two orders of magnitude, almost down to background levels. Among the ordinary chondrites, the dominance of L‐chondritic micrometeorites has waned off significantly, from >99% in the post‐LCPB mid‐Ordovician to ~60% in the Late Silurian, with ~30% H‐, and ~10% LL‐chondritic grains. In the Late Silurian, primitive achondrite abundances are similar to today's value, contrasting to the much higher abundances observed in pre‐LCPB mid‐Ordovician sediments.
Evaluation of petrologic evidence for high partial pressures of SiO(g) in the solar nebula
Authors: Rubin Alan E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough they cannot be ruled out, high partial pressures of SiO(g) in the solar nebula are not required to produce various petrologic features of chondrules. These features include the low‐Ca‐pyroxene‐rich margins of type‐IAB chondrules, high concentrations of SiO2 and Na2O in mesostasis near the surface of some chondrules in LL3.0 Semarkona, and silica‐rich igneous rims around many type‐I chondrules in CR chondrites. It is a misconception that low‐Ca pyroxene phenocrysts are restricted mainly to the periphery of type‐IAB chondrules; instead, they are widely distributed in most of these chondrules. Type‐IAB chondrules can be modeled as having formed by remelting of type‐IB chondrules that contained relict olivine grains derived from disrupted type‐IA chondrules. Semarkona chondrule mesostases that show increased concentrations of SiO2 and Na2O from the core to the rim were probably affected by parent‐body aqueous alteration. The silica‐rich igneous rims around many type‐I chondrules in CR chondrites may have formed by melting of pyroxene‐rich dust aggregates that had been previously enriched in Na, K, and Mn derived from volatilized chondrules.
Peptidoglycan degradation machinery in Clostridium difficile forespore engulfment
Authors: Dembek Marcin , Kelly Abigail , Barwinska‐Sendra Anna , Tarrant Emma , Stanley Will A. , Vollmer Daniela , Biboy Jacob , Gray Joe , Vollmer Waldemar , Salgado Paula S. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryClostridium difficile remains the leading cause of antibiotic‐associated diarrhoea in hospitals worldwide, linked to significant morbidity and mortality. As a strict anaerobe, it produces dormant cell forms – spores – which allow it to survive in the aerobic environment. Importantly, spores are the transmission agent of C. difficile infections. A key aspect of sporulation is the engulfment of the future spore by the mother cell and several proteins have been proposed to be involved. Here, we investigated the role of the SpoIID, SpoIIM and SpoIIP (DMP) machinery and its interplay with the SpoIIQ:SpoIIIAH (Q:AH) complex in C. difficile. We show that, surprisingly, SpoIIM, the proposed machinery anchor, is not required for efficient engulfment and sporulation. We demonstrate the requirement of DP for engulfment due to their sequential peptidoglycan degradation activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, new interactions within DMP and between DMP and Q:AH suggest that both systems form a single engulfment machinery to keep the mother cell and forespore membranes together throughout engulfment. This work sheds new light upon the engulfment process and on how different sporeformers might use the same components in different ways to drive spore formation.
Host use patterns of Culicoides spp. biting midges at a big game preserve in Florida, U.S.A., and implications for the transmission of orbiviruses
Authors: McGregor B. L. , Stenn T. , Sayler K. A. , Blosser E. M. , Blackburn J. K. , Wisely S. M. , Burkett‐Cadena N. D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCulicoides spp. biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that have a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), a farmed species in the U.S.A., are susceptible to two Culicoides spp. borne orbiviruses: bluetongue virus and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Elucidating host–vector interactions is an integral step in studying disease transmission. This study investigated the host range of Culicoides spp. present on a big game preserve in Florida on which a variety of Cervidae and Bovidae freely roam. Culicoides were captured with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light traps run twice weekly on the preserve for 18 consecutive months (July 2015–December 2016). Host preference was quantified through forage ratios, based upon PCR‐based bloodmeal analysis of Culicoides spp. and overall animal relative abundance on the preserve. Culicoides stellifer preferentially fed on Cervus spp. and fallow deer (Dama dama) and displayed a relative avoidance of Bovidae and white‐tailed deer. Culicoides debilipalpis preferred white‐tailed deer and avoided all Bovidae. Culicoides pallidicornis and Culicoides biguttatus showed preferences for white‐tailed deer and Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus), respectively. These results add to current knowledge of preferred hosts of Florida Culicoides spp. and have implications for the spread of orbiviruses. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of auxin signalling through DIAGETROPICA and ENTIRE differentially affects tomato plant growth via changes in photosynthetic and mitochondrial metabolism
Authors: Batista‐Silva Willian , Medeiros David B. , Rodrigues‐Salvador Acácio , Daloso Danilo M. , Omena‐Garcia Rebeca P. , Oliveira Franciele Santos , Pino Lilian Ellen , Peres Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira , Nunes‐Nesi Adriano , Fernie Alisdair R. , Zsögön Agustín , Araújo Wagner L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAuxin modulates a range of plant developmental processes including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and shoot and root development. Recent studies have shown that plant hormones also strongly influence metabolic networks, which results in altered growth phenotypes. Modulating auxin signalling pathways may therefore provide an opportunity to alter crop performance. Here, we performed a detailed physiological and metabolic characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with either increased (entire) or reduced (diageotropica—dgt) auxin signalling to investigate the consequences of altered auxin signalling on photosynthesis, water use, and primary metabolism. We show that reduced auxin sensitivity in dgt led to anatomical and physiological modifications, including altered stomatal distribution along the leaf blade and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in clear reductions in both photosynthesis and water loss in detached leaves. By contrast, plants with higher auxin sensitivity (entire) increased the photosynthetic capacity, as deduced by higher Vcmax and Jmax coupled with reduced stomatal limitation. Remarkably, our results demonstrate that auxin‐sensitive mutants (dgt) are characterized by impairments in the usage of starch that led to lower growth, most likely associated with decreased respiration. Collectively, our findings suggest that mutations in different components of the auxin signalling pathway specifically modulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes.
Reconsideration of 2008 decision: Food and Drug Administration approval of etanercept for systemic treatment of moderate to severe pediatric psoriasis
Authors: Gatti Jasmine , Lindstrom Jill A. , Beitz Julie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough systemic etanercept was approved in 2004 for adults, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) denied approval for use in children with psoriasis in 2008. Revision of the FDA's risk‐benefit assessment in response to understanding of disease burden, unmet medical need, and the effect of off‐label use in children with psoriasis led to the 2016 approval as the first systemic biologic product for the treatment of children aged 4‐17 with moderate to severe psoriasis. This article delineates the thinking that led to this reconsideration. The underlying thinking paved the way to inform current pediatric drug development as the FDA continues to bring needed medical products to children.
Anatomy of agency capture: An organizational typology for diagnosing and remedying capture
Authors: Rex Justin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent crises and disasters in regulated industries have renewed scholarly attention to regulatory capture. The present research incorporates and builds on these efforts by creating a typology to help researchers and practitioners organize the capture literature. The typology has two dimensions: the degree of coordination within the regulated industry, theagentsof capture; and the scope of capture within the agency and elected officials, thetargetsof capture. I illustrate the utility of the typology by using a case study of banking regulation before the 2008 global financial crisis. The case study uses process‐tracing methodology to weigh evidence about the role and scope of capture in creating the crisis. The contributions of this research are twofold. First, for capture theory, the typology assists in organizing the disparate, multidisciplinary research on capture mechanisms and remedies. Second, for practice, this organization can lead to more accurate diagnoses about the scope of capture and suggest appropriately tailored remedies.
How Concrete Do We Get Telling Stories?
Authors: Vossen Piek , Caselli Tommaso , Cybulska Agata 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWill reading different stories about the same event in the world result in a similar image of the world? Will reading the same story by different people result in a similar proxy for experiencing the story? The answer to both questions is no because language is abstract by definition and relies on our episodic experience to turn a story into a more concrete mental movie. Since our episodic knowledge differs, also the mental movie will be different. Language leaves out details, and this becomes specifically clear when building machines that read texts to represent events and to establish event relations across mentions, such as co‐reference, causality, subevents, scripts, timelines, and storylines. There is a lot of information and knowledge on the event that is not in the text but is needed to reconstruct these relations and understand the story. Machines lack this knowledge and experience and likewise make explicit what it takes to understand stories from text. In this paper, we report on experiments to automatically model event descriptions and instances across different news articles. We will show that event information is scattered over the text but also varies a lot in the degree it abstracts from details, which makes establishing event identity and relations extremely difficult. The variation in granularity of event descriptions seems to vary with pragmatic communicative strategies and defines the problem at different levels of complexity.
The ratio of trichomes to stomata is associated with water use efficiency in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)
Authors: Galdon‐Armero Javier , Fullana‐Pericas Mateu , Mulet Pere A. , Conesa Miquel A. , Martin Cathie , Galmes Jeroni 
Published: August 2018

SummaryTrichomes are specialised structures that originate from the aerial epidermis of plants, and play key roles in the interaction between the plant and the environment. In this study we investigated the trichome phenotypes of four lines selected from the Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum pennellii introgression line (IL) population for differences in trichome density, and their impact on plant performance under water‐deficit conditions. We performed comparative analyses at morphological and photosynthetic levels of plants grown under well‐watered (WW) and also under water‐deficit (WD) conditions in the field. Under WD conditions, we observed higher trichome density in ILs 11‐3 and 4‐1, and lower stomatal size in IL 4‐1 compared with plants grown under WW conditions. The intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was higher under WD conditions in IL 11‐3, and the plant‐level water use efficiency (WUEb) was also higher in IL 11‐3 and in M82 for WD plants. The ratio of trichomes to stomata (T/S) was positively correlated with WUEi and WUEb, indicating an important role for both trichomes and stomata in drought tolerance in tomato, and offering a promising way to select for improved water use efficiency of major crops.
Peripheral capillary non-perfusion in treatment-naïve proliferative diabetic retinopathy associates with postoperative disease activity 6 months after panretinal photocoagulation
Authors: Torp Thomas Lee , Kawasaki Ryo , Wong Tien Yin , Peto Tunde , Grauslund Jakob 
Published: August 2018

Background/aimsWith the perspective to provide individualised panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), we evaluated if retinal peripheral capillary non-perfusion (PCNP) and oximetry, as non-invasive markers of retinal metabolism and function, could predict disease activity 6 months after PRP.MethodsWe performed a prospective, interventional study of patients with treatment-naïve PDR. Retinal oximetry and ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography were performed at baseline (BL) and three (3M) and 6 months (6M) after PRP by a navigated laser system. At 6M follow-up, patients were divided according to disease activity: active or inactive.ResultsWe included 33 eyes, and 69.6% were men. At BL, the median age and duration of diabetes (with IQRs) were 51.6±23.4 and 20.0±15.0 years. Haemoglobin A1cwas 63.0±17.0 mmol/mol and blood pressure was 152±37/82±24 mm Hg. At BL and M6, patients with postoperative disease activity (30.3.%, n=10) had a larger area with PCNP than those with inactive PDR (BL: 51%–75% vs 26%–50%, p=0.03; 6M: 51%–75% vs 26%–50%, p=0.03). The area of PCNP did not change from BL to 6M in either group (inactive PDR: p=0.38, active PDR: p=0.87). Changes in retinal oxygen saturation were not found to be clinical relevant.ConclusionWe found the area of PCNP at all timepoints to be statistically larger in patients with active PDR 6 months after PRP treatment. Therefore, the area of PCNP, at baseline, may serve as a potential predictive marker for PDR activity after treatment.
Outcomes of patients with systolic heart failure presenting with sepsis to the emergency department of a tertiary hospital: a retrospective chart review study from Lebanon
Authors: Abou Dagher Gilbert , Hajjar Karim , Khoury Christopher , El Hajj Nadine , Kanso Mohammad , Makki Maha , Mailhac Aurelie , Bou Chebl Ralphe 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesPatients with congestive heart failure (CHF) may be at a higher risk of mortality from sepsis than patients without CHF due to insufficient cardiovascular reserves during systemic infections. The aim of this study is to compare sepsis-related mortality between CHF and no CHF in patients presenting to a tertiary medical centre.DesignA single-centre, retrospective, cohort study.SettingConducted in an academic emergency department (ED) between January 2010 and January 2015. Patients’ charts were queried via the hospital’s electronic system. Patients with a diagnosis of sepsis were included. Descriptive analysis was performed on the demographics, characteristics and outcomes of patients with sepsis of the study population.ParticipantsA total of 174 patients, of which 87 (50%) were patients with CHF.Primary and secondary outcomesThe primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital lengths of stay, and differences in interventions between the two groups.ResultsPatients with CHF had a higher in-hospital mortality (57.5% vs 34.5%). Patients with sepsis and CHF had higher odds of death compared with the control population (OR 2.45; 95% CI 1.22 to 4.88). Secondary analyses showed that patients with CHF had lower instances of bacteraemia on presentation to the ED (31.8% vs 46.4%). They had less intravenous fluid requirements in first 24 hours (2.75±2.28 L vs 3.67±2.82 L, p =0.038), had a higher rate of intubation in the ED (24.2% vs 10.6%, p=0.025) and required more dobutamine in the first 24 hours (16.1% vs 1.1%, p<0.001). ED length of stay was found to be lower in patients with CHF (15.12±24.45 hours vs 18.17±26.13 hours, p=0.418) and they were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (59.8% vs 48.8%, p=0.149).ConclusionPatients with sepsis and CHF experienced an increased hospital mortality compared with patients without CHF.
National and state patterns of concept-flavoured cigar sales, USA, 2012–2016
Authors: Gammon Doris G , Rogers Todd , Coats Ellen M , Nonnemaker James M , Marynak Kristy L , Kuiper Nicole M , King Brian A 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionCigar sales have increased in the USA in recent years. A growing proportion of cigar sales are of flavoured varieties, many bearing ambiguous or ‘concept’ flavour descriptions (eg, Jazz). This study assessed US cigar sales by flavour category (ie, concept flavoured, characterising flavoured and tobacco), at national, regional and state levels.MethodsSales of cigarillos, large cigars and little cigars from chain, franchise and convenience stores, mass merchandisers, supermarkets, drug, dollar and club stores, and military commissaries during 2012–2016 were acquired from the Nielsen Company. US national-level and state-level sales, including District of Columbia, were analysed by flavour category. Flavour descriptors were classified as ‘tobacco', ‘characterising’ or ‘concept', based on Universal Product Code (UPC)-linked characteristics and brand website and consumer review descriptions.ResultsCigar sales increased by 29% during 2012–2016, driven by a 78% increase in cigarillo sales. The proportion of concept-flavoured sales increased from 9% to 15%, while the proportion of sales decreased for tobacco (50% to 49%) and characterising flavours (eg, cherry) (41% to 36%). Cigarillos had the greatest increase in unique concept flavour descriptions (17 to 46 unique UPCs), with most sales occurring among Sweet, Jazz and Green Sweets concept flavours. By US region, total and concept-flavoured cigarillo sales were highest in the South.ConclusionsFlavoured cigars are increasingly labelled with concept flavours, including in areas with flavoured tobacco sales restrictions. Cigarillos are driving recent increases in US cigar and concept-flavoured cigar sales. It is important to consider concept flavours when addressing flavoured tobacco product sales and use.
Influence of grain type and oil concentration of dried corn distillers’ grain with solubles on ruminal fermentation and in vitro gas production in cattle fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Keomanivong Faithe E. , Ruch Megan C. , Rodenhuis Mary A. , Crouse Matthew S. , Kirsch James D. , Bauer Marc L. , Borhan Md S. , Rahman Shafiqur , Swanson Kendall C. 
Published: August 2018

To determine the effects of grain type (rolled-corn vs. rolled-barley) and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) oil concentration (low = 4.5% vs. moderate = 7.9%) on ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, in vitro enteric methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production, and digestive enzyme activity, eight ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (715 ± 61.4 kg) were used in a 4 × 8 Latin rectangle with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were offered for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods were 24 d with 7 d of diet adaptation, 7 d of sample collection, and a 10 d transition between periods. No differences were observed for ruminal NH3, total VFA concentration, pH, or in vitro concentration of CH4 or CO2 after 24 h of incubation among treatments. The lag time for in vitro gas production and degradation was greater (P = 0.03) from steers fed diets containing rolled-corn than rolled-barley. There were grain type × DDGS interactions (P ≤ 0.02) observed for α-amylase and trypsin activity (U L−1 ruminal fluid). Maltase activity (U L−1 ruminal fluid) was greater (P ≤ 0.01) in steers fed diets containing rolled-corn than rolled-barley and in steers fed diets containing low- compared with moderate-oil DDGS. These results indicate that, although ruminal enzyme activity was influenced, feeding different grain types (rolled-corn vs. rolled-barley) or DDGS with differing oil concentration (moderate vs. low) did not negatively influence ruminal fermentation or in vitro CH4 production.
Effect of He+ ion implantation on Rb+-K+ exchanged KTiOPO4 optical waveguide
Authors: Wang Liang-Ling , Cui Xiao-Jun , Liu Nian-Qiao 
Published: August 2018

We report on the effect of 500 keV He[Formula: see text] ion implantation with a fluence of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2 on Rb[Formula: see text]-K[Formula: see text] ion exchanged KTiOPO4 optical waveguide. The refractive index distribution after ion implantation, ion exchange, and ion implantation and subsequent ion exchange were reconstructed by reflectivity calculation method, inverse Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin, and intensity calculation method, respectively. The near field intensity distribution of the waveguides was simulated by Beam Propagation Method. The phase analysis of the samples was measured by X-ray diffraction technique. The damage layer formed in the depth of maximum nuclear energy deposition by ion implantation acts as a barrier to block the ions diffusion into the sample. Results exhibit that ion implantation and subsequent ion exchange are effective means for optical waveguide formation.