bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Chaparro Camila M. , Suchdev Parminder S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAnemia affects a third of the world's population and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality, decreased work productivity, and impaired neurological development. Understanding anemia's varied and complex etiology is crucial for developing effective interventions that address the context‐specific causes of anemia and for monitoring anemia control programs. We outline definitions and classifications of anemia, describe the biological mechanisms through which anemia develops, and review the variety of conditions that contribute to anemia development. We emphasize the risk factors most prevalent in low‐ and middle‐income countries, including nutritional deficiencies, infection/inflammation, and genetic hemoglobin disorders. Recent work has furthered our understanding of anemia's complex etiology, including the proportion of anemia caused by iron deficiency (ID) and the role of inflammation and infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that the proportion of anemia due to ID differs by population group, geographical setting, infectious disease burden, and the prevalence of other anemia causes. Further research is needed to explore the role of additional nutritional deficiencies, the contribution of infectious and chronic disease, as well as the importance of genetic hemoglobin disorders in certain populations.
Orthopedic and orthodontic management in a patient with DiGeorge Syndrome and Familial Mediterranean Fever: A case report
Authors: Cazzolla Angela Pia , Lacaita Maria Grazia , Lacarbonara Vitantonio , Zhurakivska Khrystyna , De Franco Annarosa , Gissi Irene , Testa Nunzio Francesco , Marzo Giuseppe , Lo Muzio Lorenzo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to report the case of the orthopedic and orthodontic treatment in a young patient affected by DiGeorge Syndrome and Familial Mediterranean Fever.Case reportAn 8‐year‐old boy with dysmorphic facial features was brought to our observation. Anamnesis revealed signs of fetal respiratory distress, previous surgically removed subdural hematoma, recurrent episodes of fever, arthralgia, polyserositis, hepatosplenomegaly, chronic interstitial nephritis with hypertension, microprotenuria, normocytic anemia, hyperparathyroidism and secondary amyloidosis. DNA sequencing identified microdeletions on 22q11.2 and MEFV mutation. The patient was in treatment with immunosuppressive agents, colchicine, antihypertensive therapy, calcitriol, erythropoietin, and low‐protein diet. An intraoral and extraoral examination, as well as radiographic and model analysis, were performed in order to define an accurate diagnosis and a proper rehabilitation planning. An orthopedic‐orthodontic treatment was performed and satisfactory final results obtained.ConclusionsLiterature does not describe cases of patients having DiGeorge syndrome associated to Familial Mediterranean Fever undergoing orthodontic and orthopedic treatment. In this patient an early started treatment with a timely management of orthopedic and orthodontic forces allowed to reach positive and stable results.
Facies and evolution of the carbonate factory during the Permian–Triassic crisis in South Tibet, China
Authors: Li Mingtao , Song Haijun , Woods Adam D. , Dai Xu , Wignall Paul B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe nature of Phanerozoic carbonate factories is strongly controlled by the composition of carbonate‐producing faunas. During the Permian–Triassic mass extinction interval there was a major change in tropical shallow platform facies: Upper Permian bioclastic limestones are characterized by benthic communities with significant richness, for example, calcareous algae, fusulinids, brachiopods, corals, molluscs and sponges, while lowermost Triassic carbonates shift to dolomicrite‐dominated and bacteria‐dominated microbialites in the immediate aftermath of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the spatial–temporal pattern of carbonates distribution in high latitude regions in response to the Permian–Triassic mass extinction has received little attention. Facies and evolutionary patterns of a carbonate factory from the northern margin of peri‐Gondwana (palaeolatitude ca 40°S) are presented here based on four Permian–Triassic boundary sections that span proximal, inner to distal, and outer ramp settings from South Tibet. The results show that a cool‐water bryozoan‐dominated and echinoderm‐dominated carbonate ramp developed in the Late Permian in South Tibet. This was replaced abruptly, immediately after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, by a benthic automicrite factory with minor amounts of calcifying metazoans developed in an inner/middle ramp setting, accompanied by transient subaerial exposure. Subsequently, an extensive homoclinal carbonate ramp developed in South Tibet in the Early Triassic, which mainly consists of homogenous dolomitic lime mudstone/wackestone that lacks evidence of metazoan frame‐builders. The sudden transition from a cool‐water, heterozoan dominated carbonate ramp to a warm‐water, metazoan‐free, homoclinal carbonate ramp following the Permian–Triassic mass extinction was the result of the combination of the loss of metazoan reef/mound builders, rapid sea‐level changes across Permian–Triassic mass extinction and profound global warming during the Early Triassic.
Determinants of Social Networks in Rural China: Does Transportation Have a Role to Play?
Authors: Xiong Ailun , Sun Xianhua , Li Hongyi , Westlund Hans 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesIn recent years, the origins and sources of social networks and social capital have been extensively studied. Previous studies have primarily focused on social demographic factors. To enrich our understanding of the determinants of social networks, this article explores the role of mobility in rural China.MethodsDrawing upon a data set from the Chinese General Social Survey, this article first uses clustered effect logit models and then adopts a propensity score matching (PSM) model for a robustness check.ResultsThe results demonstrate that citizens who have access to more advanced transportation modes and spend less time on traveling are more likely to establish weak ties, especially with nonagricultural citizens in prestigious job positions. The results also indicate that strong family ties are not the consequence of mobility. By disaggregating the full sample, this article further reveals that the young, rich, and female citizens reap more benefit from mobility.ConclusionsGiven the great importance of automobiles for strengthening social networks, this article suggests that car sharing/pooling/lifting programs might be a viable solution to social network deficits in rural areas.
The assembly of (+)‐vincadifformine‐ and (−)‐tabersonine‐derived monoterpenoid indole alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus involves separate branch pathways
Authors: Williams Danielle , Qu Yang , Simionescu Razvan , De Luca Vincenzo 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe biological activity of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) has led to their use in cancer treatment and other medical applications. Their biosynthesis has involved the formation of reactive intermediates by responsible enzymes to elaborate several different chemical scaffolds. Modification of scaffolds through different substitution reactions has produced chemically diverse MIAs and related biological activities. The present study characterizes the three‐step pathway involved in the formation of (+)‐echitovenine, the major O‐acetylated MIA of Catharanthus roseus roots, and differentiates it from a parallel pathway involved in the formation of hörhammericine. Separate hydrolases convert a common reactive MIA intermediate to aspidosperma skeletons of opposite specific rotations, that is (+)‐vincadifformine and (−)‐tabersonine, respectively. The formation of (+) minovincinine from (+) vincadifformine 19‐hydroxylase (V19H) is catalyzed by a root‐specific cytochrome P450 with high amino acid sequence similarity to the leaf‐specific tabersonine‐3‐hydroxylase involved in vindoline biosynthesis. Similarly, O‐acetylation of (+)‐minovincinine to form (+) echitovenine involves minovincinine‐O‐acetytransferase. The substrate specificity of V19H and MAT for their respective (+)‐enantiomers defines the separate enantiomer‐specific pathway involved in (+)‐echitovenine biosynthesis and differentiates it from a parallel (−)‐enantiomer‐specific pathway involved in the formation of hörhammericine from (−)‐tabersonine.
The MYB transcription factor Emission of Methyl Anthranilate 1 stimulates emission of methyl anthranilate from Medicago truncatula hairy roots
Authors: Pollier Jacob , De Geyter Nathan , Moses Tessa , Boachon Benoît , Franco‐Zorrilla José M. , Bai Yuechen , Lacchini Elia , Gholami Azra , Vanden Bossche Robin , Werck‐Reichhart Danièle , Goormachtig Sofie , Goossens Alain 
Published: April 2019

SummaryPlants respond to herbivore or pathogen attacks by activating specific defense programs that include the production of bioactive specialized metabolites to eliminate or deter the attackers. Volatiles play an important role in the interaction of a plant with its environment. Through transcript profiling of jasmonate‐elicited Medicago truncatula cells, we identified Emission of Methyl Anthranilate (EMA) 1, a MYB transcription factor that is involved in the emission of the volatile compound methyl anthranilate when expressed in M. truncatula hairy roots, giving them a fruity scent. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) analysis of the fragrant roots revealed the upregulation of a methyltransferase that was subsequently characterized to catalyze the O‐methylation of anthranilic acid and was hence named M. truncatula anthranilic acid methyl transferase (MtAAMT) 1. Given that direct activation of the MtAAMT1 promoter by EMA1 could not be unambiguously demonstrated, we further probed the RNA‐Seq data and identified the repressor protein M. truncatula plant AT‐rich sequence and zinc‐binding (MtPLATZ) 1. Emission of Methyl Anthranilate 1 binds a tandem repeat of the ACCTAAC motif in the MtPLATZ1 promoter to transactivate gene expression. Overexpression of MtPLATZ1 in transgenic M. truncatula hairy roots led to transcriptional silencing of EMA1, indicating that MtPLATZ1 may be part of a negative feedback loop to control the expression of EMA1. Finally, application of exogenous methyl anthranilate boosted EMA1 and MtAAMT1 expression dramatically, thus also revealing a positive amplification loop. Such positive and negative feedback loops seem to be the norm rather than the exception in the regulation of plant specialized metabolism.
The poly(A) polymerase PAPS1 interacts with the RNA‐directed DNA‐methylation pathway in sporophyte and pollen development
Authors: Zhang Yunming , Ramming Anna , Heinke Lisa , Altschmied Lothar , Slotkin R. Keith , Becker Jörg D. , Kappel Christian , Lenhard Michael 
Published: April 2019

SummaryRNA‐based processes play key roles in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. This includes both the processing of pre‐mRNAs into mature mRNAs ready for translation and RNA‐based silencing processes, such as RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Polyadenylation of pre‐mRNAs is one important step in their processing and is carried out by three functionally specialized canonical nuclear poly(A) polymerases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Null mutations in one of these, termed PAPS1, result in a male gametophytic defect. Using a fluorescence‐labelling strategy, we have characterized this defect in more detail using RNA and small‐RNA sequencing. In addition to global defects in the expression of pollen‐differentiation genes, paps1 null‐mutant pollen shows a strong overaccumulation of transposable element (TE) transcripts, yet a depletion of 21‐ and particularly 24‐nucleotide‐long short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting the corresponding TEs. Double‐mutant analyses support a specific functional interaction between PAPS1 and components of the RdDM pathway, as evident from strong synergistic phenotypes in mutant combinations involving paps1, but not paps2 paps4, mutations. In particular, the double‐mutant of paps1 and rna‐dependent rna polymerase 6 (rdr6) shows a synergistic developmental phenotype disrupting the formation of the transmitting tract in the female gynoecium. Thus, our findings in A. thaliana uncover a potentially general link between canonical poly(A) polymerases as components of mRNA processing and RdDM, reflecting an analogous interaction in fission yeast.
A unified DNA sequence and non‐DNA sequence mapping model of complex traits
Authors: Zeng Yanru , Zhu Xuli , Chen Chixiang , Banerjee Kalins , Sun Lidan , Yu Weiwu , Zheng Bingsong , Wu Rongling 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Increasing evidence shows that quantitative inheritance is based on both DNA sequence and non‐DNA sequence variants. However, how to simultaneously detect these variants from a mapping study has been unexplored, hampering our effort to illustrate the detailed genetic architecture of complex traits. We address this issue by developing a unified model of quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping based on an open‐pollinated design composed of randomly sampling maternal plants from a natural population and their half‐sib seeds. This design forms a two‐level hierarchical platform for a joint linkage‐linkage disequilibrium analysis of population structure. The EM algorithm was implemented to estimate and test DNA sequence‐based effects and non‐DNA sequence‐based effects of QTLs. We applied this model to analyze genetic mapping data from the OP design of a gymnosperm coniferous species, Torreya grandis, identifying 25 significant DNA sequence and non‐DNA sequence QTLs for seedling height and diameter growth in different years. Results from computer simulation show that the unified model has good statistical properties and is powerful for QTL detection. Our model enables the tests of how a complex trait is affected differently by DNA‐based effects and non‐DNA sequence‐based transgenerational effects, thus allowing a more comprehensive picture of genetic architecture to be charted and quantified.
np2QTL: networking phenotypic plasticity quantitative trait loci across heterogeneous environments
Authors: Ye Meixia , Jiang Libo , Chen Chixiang , Zhu Xuli , Wang Ming , Wu Rongling 
Published: April 2019

SummaryDespite its critical importance to our understanding of plant growth and adaptation, the question of how environment‐induced plastic response is affected genetically remains elusive. Previous studies have shown that the reaction norm of an organism across environmental index obeys the allometrical scaling law of part‐whole relationships. The implementation of this phenomenon into functional mapping can characterize how quantitative trait loci (QTLs) modulate the phenotypic plasticity of complex traits to heterogeneous environments. Here, we assemble functional mapping and allometry theory through Lokta−Volterra ordinary differential equations (LVODE) into an R‐based computing platform,np2QTL, aimed to map and visualize phenotypic plasticityQTLs. Based onLVODEparameters,np2QTLconstructs a bidirectional, signed and weighted network ofQTL−QTLepistasis, whose emergent properties reflect the ecological mechanisms for genotype−environment interactions over any range of environmental change. The utility ofnp2QTLwas validated by comprehending the genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity via the reanalysis of published plant height data involving 3502 recombinant inbred lines of maize planted in multiple discrete environments.np2QTLalso provides a tool for constructing a predictive model of phenotypic responses in extreme environments relative to the median environment.
The Study of Effects of Olympic-Style Weightlifting Trainings on the Thickness of the Quadriceps Femoris Tendon of Athletes
Authors: Erdağı Kenan , Tüfekçi Osman 
Published: April 2019

Objectives: The study aims to investigate the thickness of the quadriceps femoris tendon in Olympic-style weightlifting athletes and sedentary individuals. Methods: The study included 25 women and 25 men Olympic-style weightlifting athletes aged 18-19 years as the study group and 25 women and 25 men sedentary individuals as the control group. In the study, the thickness of the quadriceps femoris tendon on both knees was measured by ultrasonographic imaging. Results: The mean thickness of the quadriceps femoris tendon was significantly larger in the athletes than in the sedentary individuals. No correlation was found between the age, height, training years of the athletes and the thickness of the quadriceps femoris tendon. Conclusion: It might be stated that Olympic-style weightlifting has a hypertrophic effect on the quadriceps femoris tendon of athletes.
Improved spike inference accuracy by estimating the peak amplitude of unitary [Ca2+] transients in weakly GCaMP6f‐expressing hippocampal pyramidal cells
Authors: Éltes Tímea , Szoboszlay Miklos , Kerti‐Szigeti Katalin , Nusser Zoltan 
Published: April 2019

Key points
The amplitude of unitary, single action potential‐evoked [Ca2+] transients negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability among hippocampal pyramidal cells with similarly low expression levels.
The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency‐dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell‐to‐cell variability.
The main source of spike inference error is variability in the peak amplitude, and not in the decay or supralinearity.
We developed two procedures to estimate the peak amplitudes of unitary [Ca2+] transients and show that spike inference performed with MLspike using these unitary amplitude estimates in weakly GCaMP6f‐expressing cells results in error rates of ∼5%.
AbstractInvestigating neuronal activity using genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators in behaving animals is hampered by inaccuracies in spike inference from fluorescent tracers. Here we combine two‐photon [Ca2+] imaging with cell‐attached recordings, followed by post hoc determination of the expression level of GCaMP6f, to explore how it affects the amplitude, kinetics and temporal summation of somatic [Ca2+] transients in mouse hippocampal pyramidal cells (PCs). The amplitude of unitary [Ca2+] transients (evoked by a single action potential) negatively correlates with GCaMP6f expression, but displays large variability even among PCs with similarly low expression levels. The summation of fluorescence signals is frequency‐dependent, supralinear and also shows remarkable cell‐to‐cell variability. We performed experimental data‐based simulations and found that spike inference error rates using MLspike depend strongly on unitary peak amplitudes and GCaMP6f expression levels. We provide simple methods for estimating the unitary [Ca2+] transients in individual weakly GCaMP6f‐expressing PCs, with which we achieve spike inference error rates of ∼5%.
Effects of occupational exposure to respirable quartz dust on acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Gellissen Johannes , Pattloch Dagmar , Möhner Matthias 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of occupational exposure to respirable quartz (RQ) on first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RQ causes pulmonary diseases like silicosis and has also been linked to cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation is hypothesised as the underlying pathway.MethodsWe performed a 1:3 matched case–control study nested in a cohort of male uranium miners. We included cases (identified from hospital records and validated according to WHO criteria) who had suffered their first AMI while still employed and <65 years of age. Controls were matched by date of birth and Wismut recruitment era. RQ exposure was derived from a job-exposure matrix. We performed a conditional logistic regression adjusted for smoking, metabolic syndrome and baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Subgroups by date of birth and Wismut recruitment era were analysed to minimise the impact of pre-exposures.ResultsThe study base comprised 292 matched sets. The cumulative exposure ranged from 0 to 38.9 mg/m3-years RQ. The adjusted OR of the highest RQ tertile (>14.62 mg/m3-years) was 1.27 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.98). However, for miners born after 1928 and hired in the earliest recruitment era (1946–1954), a significantly elevated risk was seen in the highest RQ tertile (OR=6.47 [95% CI 1.33 to 31.5]; 50 matched sets).ConclusionsAn impact of quartz dust on first AMI was observed only in a small subgroup that had virtually no pre-exposure to RQ. Further studies on the basis of complete occupational history are required to substantiate this finding.
Sexual network characteristics of men who have sex with men with syphilis and/or gonorrhoea/chlamydia in Lima, Peru: network patterns as roadmaps for STI prevention interventions
Authors: Blair Cherie , Passaro Ryan Colby , Segura Eddy R , Lake Jordan E , Perez-Brumer Amaya G , Sanchez Jorge , Lama Javier R , Clark Jesse L 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveWhile men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by Peru’s overlapping HIV and STI epidemics, there are few data on how partnership-level and network-level factors affect STI transmission in Peru. We explored partnership-level and network-level factors associated with gonorrhoea/chlamydia (Neisseria gonorrhoeaeand/orChlamydia trachomatis(NG/CT)) and/or syphilis infection among MSM in Peru.MethodsWe present the results of a cross-sectional secondary analysis of MSM (n=898) tested for syphilis and NG/CT infection as part of the screening process for two STI control trials in Lima, Peru. Participants completed questionnaires on demographics, sexual identity and role, characteristics of their three most recent sexual partners (partner sexual orientation, gender, role, partnership type, partner-specific sexual acts) and 30-day sexual network characteristics (number of sexual partners, partnership types, frequency of anal/vaginal intercourse). Participants were tested for syphilis and urethral, rectal and oropharyngeal NG/CT. Differences in network characteristics were analysed with χ2and Kruskal-Wallis tests.ResultsApproximately 38.9% of participants had a new STI diagnosis (syphilis (rapid plasma reagin ≥16): 10.6%; NG/CT: 22.9%; syphilis-NG/CT coinfection: 5.4%). Condomless anal intercourse (CAI) was not significantly associated with an STI diagnosis. Gay-identified participants with exclusively homosexual networks had a higher prevalence of STIs (47.4%) than gay-identified MSM with only heterosexual/bisexual partners (34.6%, p=0.04), despite reporting fewer sexual partners (any partners: 2, 1–4 vs 3, 2–6; p=0.001; casual partners: 1, 0–3 vs 2, 1–4; p=0.001) and more stable partnerships (1, 0–1 vs 0, 0–1; p=0.003) in the last month.ConclusionsNetwork size and the number of casual sexual partners were associated with NG/CT infection among MSM in Peru. Despite reporting fewer sexual risk behaviours (smaller network size, more stable partnerships, less CAI), MSM with homosexual-only sexual networks had a higher prevalence of NG/CT and syphilis. These findings suggest network composition among MSM in Peru plays an important role in the risk for STI acquisition.