bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methicillin-susceptible and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: Nationwide Estimates of 30-Day Readmission, In-hospital Mortality, Length of Stay, and Cost in the United States
Authors: Inagaki Kengo , Lucar Jose , Blackshear Chad , Hobbs Charlotte V 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Information on outcomes of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively) bacteremia, particularly readmission, is scarce and requires further research to inform optimal patient care.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database, capturing 49.3% of US hospitalizations. We identified MSSA and MRSA bacteremia using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification among patients aged ≥18 years. Thirty-day readmission, mortality, length of stay, and costs were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression, logistic regression, Poisson regression, and generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link, respectively.

Results
Of 92 089 (standard error [SE], 1905) patients with S. aureus bacteremia, 48.5% (SE, 0.4%) had MRSA bacteremia. Thirty-day readmission rate was 22% (SE, 0.3) overall with no difference between MRSA and MSSA, but MRSA bacteremia had more readmission for bacteremia recurrence (hazard ratio, 1.17 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.02–1.34]), higher in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.07–1.23]), and longer hospitalization (incidence rate ratio, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.06–1.11]). Readmission with bacteremia recurrence was particularly more common among patients with endocarditis, immunocompromising comorbidities, and drug abuse. The cost of readmission was $12 425 (SE, $174) per case overall, and $19 186 (SE, $623) in those with bacteremia recurrence.

Conclusions
Thirty-day readmission after S. aureus bacteremia is common and costly. MRSA bacteremia is associated with readmission for bacteremia recurrence, increased mortality, and longer hospitalization. Efforts should continue to optimize patient care, particularly for those with risk factors, to decrease readmission and associated morbidity and mortality in patients with S. aureus bacteremia.
Career incentives in political hierarchy: evidence from Imperial Russia†
Authors: Gokmen Gunes , Kofanov Dmitrii 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This paper studies political career incentives in a nondemocratic historical setting to assess early political institutions. We construct a novel panel database of governors of Imperial Russia in 91 provinces between 1895 and 1914. Measuring an imperial governor’s performance by his ability of peacekeeping, we test whether the central authorities in the Russian Empire resorted to career incentives to improve the performance of provincial governors. We find that the central administration promoted better performing governors only in the peripheral provinces (oblasts), but not in the main ones (gubernias). In addition, we show that political connections had no significant effect on career prospects.
Falls After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Individualized Multimodal Falls Prevention Education
Authors: Hill Anne-Marie , McPhail Steven M , Haines Terry P , Morris Meg E , Etherton-Beer Christopher , Shorr Ronald , Flicker Leon , Bulsara Max , Waldron Nicholas , Lee Den-Ching A , Francis-Coad Jacqueline , Boudville Amanda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Older people are at high risk of falls after hospital discharge. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of providing individualized falls prevention education in addition to usual care on falls rates in older people after hospital discharge compared to providing a social intervention in addition to usual care.

Methods
A randomized clinical trial at three hospitals in Western Australia: participants followed for 6 months after discharge. Baseline and outcomes measured by assessors masked to group allocation. Participants: aged 60 years and over, admitted for rehabilitation. Eligibility included: cognitively able to undertake education (Abbreviated mental test score &gt;7/10). Intervention: tailored education comprising patient video and workbook, structured discussion and goal setting led by trained therapist. Main outcomes: falls in the 6 months after discharge; proportion of participants sustaining one or more falls.

Results
There were 382 (194 intervention; 188 control) participants (mean age 77.7 [SD 8.7] years). There were 378 falls (fall rate per 1,000 patient-days, 5.9 intervention; 5.9 control) reported by 164 (42.9%) participants in the 6 months following hospital discharge; 188 (49.7%) of these falls were injurious. There were no significant differences in falls rates between intervention and control groups: (adjusted IRR, 1.09; 95% CI [0.78 to 1.52]) or the proportion of participants who fell once or more (adjusted OR, 1.37; 95% CI [0.90 to 2.07]).

Conclusions
Providing individualized falls prevention education prior to discharge did not reduce falls at home after discharge. Further research is warranted to investigate how to reduce falls during this high-risk transition period.
Interrelated Neuromuscular and Clinical Risk Factors That Contribute to Falls
Authors: Ward Rachel E , Quach Lien , Welch Sarah A , Leveille Suzanne G , Leritz Elizabeth , Bean Jonathan F 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Neuromuscular and clinical factors contribute to falls among older adults, yet the interrelated nature of these factors is not well understood. We investigated the relationships between these factors and how they contribute to falls, which may help optimize fall risk assessment and prevention.

Methods
A total of 365 primary care patients (age = 77 ± 7, 67% female) were included from the Boston Rehabilitative Impairment Study of the Elderly. Neuromuscular measures included leg strength and leg velocity, trunk extensor endurance, and knee range of motion. Clinical measures included memory, executive function, depressive symptoms, pain, sensory loss, vision, comorbidity, physical activity, mobility self-efficacy, and psychiatric medication. Factor analysis was used to evaluate clustering of factors. Negative binomial regression assessed the relationship of factors with three-year fall rate. Interactions were tested to examine whether clinical factors modified the relationship between neuromuscular factors and falls.

Results
Three factors emerged: (i) neuromuscular factors, pain, and self-efficacy; (ii) memory; and (iii) executive function. Having three neuromuscular impairments predicted higher fall rate (incidence rate ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.39 [1.82–6.32]) but was attenuated by memory (1.69 [1.10–2.61]), mobility self-efficacy (0.99 [0.98–0.99]), psychiatric medication use (1.54 [1.10–2.14]), and pain (1.13 [1.04–1.23]). Pain modified the relationship between neuromuscular impairment burden (number of neuromuscular impairments) and falls. Having three neuromuscular impairments was associated with a higher fall rate in patients with high levels of pain (5.73 [2.46–13.34]) but not among those with low pain.

Conclusions
Neuromuscular impairment burden was strongly associated with fall rate in older adults with pain. These factors should be considered together during fall risk assessment, post fall assessment, and prevention.
How Older Men With Multimorbidity Relate to Successful Aging
Authors: Jønsson Alexandra Ryborg , Reventlow Susanne , Guassora Ann Dorrit 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesResearch on successful aging gives limited attention to the role of suffering from multiple chronic conditions (multimorbidity) in combination with notions of masculinity. We address this by bringing into focus how older men with multimorbidity within the Nordic Model welfare system relate to successful aging. The objective is to bring new insights into key elements of how masculinity, multimorbidity and cultural context create alternative individual versions of successful aging.MethodThe article draws on a long-term fieldwork (18 months) among older men (n=7), who were part of a larger study that also included older women. The fieldwork consisted of 28 interviews with participating men. These data were supplemented by 124 hr of informal chats and observations as well as 32 hr of clinical encounters with health services. Data analysis followed a thematic approach.ResultsAnalysis revealed that older men with multimorbidity understood core components of successful aging, yet did not closely follow them, and instead came up with alternative, gendered interpretations. This process involved three themes centered around independency of: (a) unaided successful aging, (b) vicarious successful aging, and (c) masculine successful aging.DiscussionOur study contributes to research on perceptions of successful aging with insights to the role of cultural context, gender and multimorbidity. Living with multimorbidity challenges the ability of the men to positively frame themselves as successfully aging older adults; however, they navigate this dilemma by constructing their own experiences in their own terms of independence.
Coring induced sediment fabrics at IODP Expedition 347 Sites M0061 and M0062 identified by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS): criteria for accepting palaeomagnetic data
Authors: Snowball Ian , Almqvist Bjarne , Lougheed Bryan C , Wiers Steffen , Obrochta Stephen , Herrero-Bervera Emilio 
Published: February 2019

SUMMARY
Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility data obtained from discrete subsamples recovered from two Integrated Ocean Drilling Program sites (Expedition 347 sites M0061 and M0062 in the Baltic Sea) by an Advanced Piston Corer are compared to results obtained on subsamples recovered by replicate 6-m-long Kullenberg piston cores. Characteristic natural remanence directions were obtained from the total of 1097 subsamples using principal component analyses. The three principal anisotropy axes of subsamples taken from Advanced Piston Core liners align to the subsample axes, with the maximum axis (K1) parallel to the split core surfaces, possibly caused by outwards relaxation of the core-liners after splitting. A second anomalous anisotropy fabric is characterized by steep values of the angular difference between the inclination of the minimum anisotropy axes (K3) and that expected for horizontal bedding (90°). This fabric is confined to the upper 1–2 m of the Kullenberg cores and specific sections of the advanced piston cores, and we attribute it to conical deformation caused by either excessive penetration speeds and downwards dragging of sediment along the edge of the liner or stretching caused by undersampling. By using our data in an example, we present a protocol to accept palaeomagnetic secular variation data that uses (i) a threshold 90-K3 value of 15°, combined with a modelled, locally applicable minimum inclination of 65° and (ii) an A95 cone of confidence based on Fisher statistics applied to virtual geomagnetic pole distributions.
Traction and strain-rate at the base of the lithosphere: an insight into cratonic survival
Authors: Paul Jyotirmoy , Ghosh Attreyee , Conrad Clinton P 
Published: February 2019

SUMMARY
Cratons are the oldest parts of the lithosphere, some of them surviving since Archean. Their long-term survival has sometimes been attributed to high viscosity and low density. In our study, we use a numerical model to examine how shear tractions exerted by mantle convection work to deform cratons by convective shearing. We find that although tractions at the base of the lithosphere increase with increasing lithosphere thickness, the associated strain-rates decrease. This inverse relationship between stress and strain-rate results from lateral viscosity variations along with the model’s free-slip condition imposed at the Earth’s surface, which enables strain to accumulate along weak zones at plate boundaries. Additionally, we show that resistance to lithosphere deformation by means of convective shearing, which we express as an apparent viscosity, scales with the square of lithosphere thickness. This suggests that the enhanced thickness of the cratons protects them from convective shear and allows them to survive as the least deformed areas of the lithosphere. Indeed, we show that the combination of a smaller asthenospheric viscosity drop and a larger cratonic viscosity, together with the excess thickness of cratons compared to the surrounding lithosphere, can explain their survival since Archean time.
On Non-localization of Eigenvectors of High Girth Graphs
Authors: Ganguly Shirshendu , Srivastava Nikhil 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We prove improved bounds on how localized an eigenvector of a high girth regular graph can be, and present examples showing that these bounds are close to sharp. This study was initiated by Brooks and Lindenstrauss [6] who relied on the observation that certain suitably normalized averaging operators o nhigh girth graphs are hyper-contractive and can be used to approximate projectors onto the eigenspaces of such graphs. Informally, their delocalization result in the contrapositive states that for any $\varepsilon \in (0,1)$ and positive integer $k,$ if a $(d+1)-$regular graph has an eigenvector that supports $\varepsilon $ fraction of the $\ell _2^2$ mass on a subset of $k$ vertices, then the graph must have a cycle of size $\log _{d}(k)/\varepsilon ^2)$, up to multiplicative universal constants and additive logarithmic terms in $1/\varepsilon $. In this paper, we improve the upper bound to $\log _{d}(k)/\varepsilon $ up to similar logarithmic correction terms; and present a construction showing a lower bound of $\log _d(k)/\varepsilon $ up to multiplicative constants. Our construction is probabilistic and involves gluing together a pair of trees while maintaining high girth as well as control on the eigenvectors and could be of independent interest.
On Automorphisms of Enveloping Algebras
Authors: Tikaradze Akaki 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Given an algebraic Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ over $\mathbb{C}$, we canonically associate to it a Lie algebra $\mathcal{L}_{\infty }(\mathfrak{g})$ defined over $\mathbb{C}_{\infty }$, the reduction of $\mathbb{C}$ modulo the infinitely large prime, and show that for a class of Lie algebras, $\mathcal{L}_{\infty }(\mathfrak{g})$ is an invariant of the derived category of $\mathfrak{g}$-modules. We give two applications of this construction. First, we show that the bounded derived category of $\mathfrak{g}$-modules determines algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ for a class of Lie algebras. Second, given a semi-simple Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ over $\mathbb{C}$, we construct a canonical homomorphism from the group of automorphisms of the enveloping algebra $\mathfrak{U}\mathfrak{g}$ to the group of Lie algebra automorphisms of $\mathfrak{g}$, such that its kernel does not contain a non-trivial semi-simple automorphism. As a corollary, we obtain that any finite subgroup of automorphisms of $\mathfrak{U}\mathfrak{g}$ is isomorphic to a subgroup of Lie algebra automorphisms of $\mathfrak{g}.$
A Global Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among People Who Inject Drugs—Do Gender-Based Differences Vary by Country-Level Indicators?
Authors: Leung Janni , Peacock Amy , Colledge Samantha , Grebely Jason , Cunningham Evan B , Hickman Matthew , Vickerman Peter , Stone Jack , Trickey Adam , Dumchev Kostyantyn , Lynskey Michael , Hines Lindsey , Griffiths Paul , Mattick Richard P , Degenhardt Louisa , Larney Sarah 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Women-specific factors exist that increases vulnerability to drug-related harms from injection drug use, including blood-borne viruses (BBVs), but gender-based differences in BBV prevalence have not been systematically examined.

Methods
We conducted meta-analyses to estimate country, regional, and global prevalence of serologically confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV; based on detection of anti-HCV antibody), and hepatitis B virus (HBV; based on detection of HBV surface antigen) in people who inject drugs (PWID), by gender. Gender-based differences in the BBV prevalence (calculated as the risk among women relative to the risk among men) were regressed on country-level prevalence and inequality measures (Gender inequality index, Human development index, Gini coefficient, and high, low or middle income of the country).

Results
Gender-based differences varied by countries and regions. HIV prevalence was higher among women than men in sub-Saharan Africa (relative risk [RR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8–4.4) and South Asia (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.7); anti-HCV was lower among women in the Middle East and North Africa (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, .5–.7) and East and Southeast Asia (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, .7–.9). Gender-based differences varied with country-levels of the BBV prevalence in the general population, human development, and income distribution.

Conclusion
HIV was more prevalent in women who inject drugs as compared to their male counterparts in some countries, but there is variation between and within regions. In countries where women are at higher risks, there is a need to develop gender-sensitive harm-reduction services for the particularly marginalized population of women who inject drugs.
Immunotherapy for skin cancer
Authors: Paulson Kelly G , Lahman Miranda C , Chapuis Aude G , Brownell Isaac 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAmong all tumor types, skin cancers are profoundly sensitive to immunotherapy. Indeed, the recently reported response rates for anti-PD-1 (anti-programmed-death 1) therapy for cutaneous malignant melanomas (MM), Merkel cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and Kaposi sarcomas are all above 40%. This unique immunogenicity renders skin cancers as a paradigm for tumor–immune interactions and is driven by high mutational burdens, over-expressed tumor antigens and/or viral antigens. However, despite the clear demonstration of immunologic cure of skin cancer in some patients, most tumors develop either early (primary) or late (adaptive) resistance to immunotherapy. Resistance mechanisms are complex, and include contributions of tumor cell-intrinsic, T cell and microenvironment factors that have been recently further elucidated with the advent of single-cell technologies. This review will focus on the exciting progress with immunotherapy for skin cancers to date, and also our current understanding of the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy.
Assessing randomness in case assignment: the case study of the Brazilian Supreme Court
Authors: Marcondes Diego , Peixoto Cláudia , Stern Julio Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Sortition, i.e. random appointment for public duty, has been employed by societies throughout the years as a firewall designated to prevent illegitimate interference between parties in a legal case and agents of the legal system. In judicial systems of modern western countries, random procedures are mainly employed to select the jury, the court and/or the judge in charge of judging a legal case. Therefore, these random procedures play an important role in the course of a case, and should comply with some principles, such as transparency and complete auditability. Nevertheless, these principles are neglected by random procedures in some judicial systems, which are performed in secrecy and are not auditable by the involved parties. The assignment of cases in the Brazilian Supreme Court is an example of such a procedure, for it is performed using procedures unknown to the parties involved in the judicial cases. This article presents a review of how sortition has been historically employed by societies and discusses how Mathematical Statistics may be applied to random procedures of the judicial system, as it has been applied for almost a century on clinical trials, for example. A statistical model for assessing randomness in case assignment is proposed and applied to the Brazilian Supreme Court. As final remarks, guidelines for the development of good randomization procedures are outlined.
Disorders of consciousness, memory, and will
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines major psychiatric disorders as disorders of consciousness, memory, and will. All of these disorders involve disturbances in how the brain processes and integrates information about the body and external world. Distorted mental content in these psychopathologies impairs the capacity to consider different action plans, and to form and execute particular plans in particular actions. Dysfunctional mental states correlating with dysfunctional neural states impair the capacity for flexible behavior and adaptability to the environment. This dysfunction also impairs the capacity for insight into a psychiatric disorder and understanding the need for and motivation to seek treatment.
Neuromodulation: Control, identity, and justice
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses concerns that people with devices in their brains regulating neural and mental functions are not in control of their thoughts and actions. It defends the view that, by restoring motor and mental capacities, deep brain stimulation enables autonomous agency that has been impaired or undermined by a psychiatric disorder. There is shared control between the person and the device. Neuromodulation does not necessarily cause substantial changes in a person’s mental states and alter her identity. Rather than disrupting psychological connectedness and continuity, deep brain stimulation and other techniques can re-establish these relations and return the patient to her premorbid self. In some cases, symptom relief may result in significant personality changes. The chapter also considers social justice issues regarding access to neuromodulating devices.
Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary
Authors: Kochanek Patrick M , Tasker Robert C , Carney Nancy , Totten Annette M , Adelson P David , Selden Nathan R , Davis-O’Reilly Cynthia , Hart Erica L , Bell Michael J , Bratton Susan L , Grant Gerald A , Kissoon Niranjan , Reuter-Rice Karin E , Vavilala Monica S , Wainwright Mark S 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to identify and synthesize research produced since the second edition of these Guidelines was published and incorporate new results into revised evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients. This document provides an overview of our process, lists the new research added, and includes the revised recommendations. Recommendations are only provided when there is supporting evidence. This update includes 22 recommendations, 9 are new or revised from previous editions. New recommendations on neuroimaging, hyperosmolar therapy, analgesics and sedatives, seizure prophylaxis, temperature control/hypothermia, and nutrition are provided. None are level I, 3 are level II, and 19 are level III. The Clinical Investigators responsible for these Guidelines also created a companion algorithm that supplements the recommendations with expert consensus where evidence is not available and organizes possible interventions into first and second tier utilization. The complete guideline document and supplemental appendices are available electronically (https://doi.org/10.1097/PCC.0000000000001735). The online documents contain summaries and evaluations of all the studies considered, including those from prior editions, and more detailed information on our methodology. New level II and level III evidence-based recommendations and an algorithm provide additional guidance for the development of local protocols to treat pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Our intention is to identify and institute a sustainable process to update these Guidelines as new evidence becomes available.