bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating wind turbine fatalities using integrated detection trials
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Bell Douglas A. , Walther Erika L. , Leyvas Elizabeth , Standish Skye , Mount Joanne , Karas Brian 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTFatality monitoring at wind projects requires carcass detection trials to adjust fatality estimates for the proportion of fatalities not found. However, detection trials vary greatly in metric, duration, carcass monitoring schedule, species, number placed, state of decomposition, whether placed within or outside search areas, and other factors. We introduce a new approach for estimating fatalities by quantifying overall detection rates rather than separate rates for searcher detection error and carcass persistence, and by leaving placed and found fatality carcasses undisturbed throughout monitoring. We placed 2 fresh‐frozen bird carcasses weekly at random sites within fatality search areas and on randomized days Monday–Friday at Sand Hill and Santa Clara wind projects, Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California, USA. To estimate detection rates, we used logit regression to fit detection outcomes on body mass, which served as an axis of similitude between placed trial carcasses and fatality finds. Adjusted carcass placement rates among species detected by searchers regressed on true placement rates with a slope of 1.0 so long as sufficient numbers of trial carcasses were placed, thus validating our approach as an unbiased estimator. Our approach generally estimated lower fatality rates than did conventional approaches, the latter of which demonstrated biases in searcher detection rates and carcass persistence rates whether based on proportion of carcasses remaining or mean days to removal. Our approach also revealed detection errors that highlight the difficulty of finding and identifying the remains of dead animals, and which warrant routine reporting. Despite averaging only a 5‐day search interval on intensively grazed annual grasslands where ground visibility was usually high, our experienced fatality monitors averaged 4.3 searches/first carcass detection, failed to detect 25% of 75 species represented by placed carcasses, and misidentified carcasses to species among 44% of species detected. Estimates of time since death also suffered bias and large error. Our approach more realistically simulates carcass detection probabilities associated with fatality monitoring, is less costly, facilitates hypothesis testing, eliminates multiple sources of error and bias suspected of conventional methods, and enables quantification of errors in estimated time since death, species identifications, and false negative findings. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Isoconversional Kinetics of Thermal Processes in Mixtures Based on Metakaolin and Sodium Hydroxide
Authors: Prokof'ev Valery Yu. , Gordina Natalya E. , Khramtsova Alexandra P. , Konstantinova Ekaterina M. , Voynova Viktoriya V. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the thermal behavior of the mixtures 6Al2Si2O7: 12NaOH and 6Al2Si2O7: 12NaOH: 2Al2O3 which are designed for synthesis of LTA (Linde type A) zeolite. XRD, SEM, and Synchronous thermal analysis (STA) have been used. It was found that after evaporating suspensions, molding pellets, and drying, small amounts of LTA and sodium hydroaluminates have been formed in the sample. The removal of crystallization water occurs on heating up to 400°C. In the temperature range from 400 to 850°C, Na6Al4Si4O17 and Na8Al4Si4O18 are synthesized by interaction of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide. The formation of mullite and nepheline is also observed. It was shown that preactivation of powders in the vibratory mill allows reducing the starting temperature of synthesis at 50–100°C. For the range 400–850°C using Ozawa–Flynn–Wall analysis, the values of apparent activation energy and preexponential factor have been calculated. It was established that the apparent activation energy for mixtures without preactivation made 200–290 kJ mol−1. After preactivation, E values decreased to 130–170 kJ mol−1. Also it was shown that alumina excess inhibits nepheline and mullite formation.
Has the management of pediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland changed?
Authors: Janz Tyler A. , Camilon P. Ryan , Nguyen Shaun A. , Levi Jessica R. , Lentsch Eric J. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives/HypothesisTo examine the evolving changes in management of pediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of a large population database.MethodsPediatric patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were included from 1973 to 2014 based on a diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition codes: C07.9: parotid gland and 8430/3: mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Patients were included from ages 0 to 18 years. Patients were categorized into 5‐ or 6‐year cohorts based on their year of diagnosis. Two‐year and 5‐year survival was calculated using actuarial or life‐table analysis.ResultsOne hundred sixty‐nine pediatric cases were identified. Eighty of the 169 cases (47.4%) were diagnosed from 2005 to 2014. The number of cases increased steadily across cohorts over time since 1995. Pediatric patients tended to be diagnosed in adolescence (mean age: 13.4 years, range: 3.0–18.0 years). Most patients received surgical management as a part of their case (95.3% of total cohort). The 5‐year disease‐specific survival was > 90% for each cohort.ConclusionsThe age‐adjusted incidence rate of pediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland remains low and is not greatly changing. This cancer is most likely diagnosed in adolescence affecting both male and female patients equally. Analysis of cases since 1973 revealed that most patients continue to receive surgical care. Survival for these pediatric patients continues to remain excellent. Healthcare providers should note these updates in pediatric mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland as effective diagnosis and management continues to lead to good survival outcomes.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 128:2408–2414, 2018
Pediatric oncology as a Learning Health System: Ethical implications for best available treatment protocols
Authors: van der Graaf Rieke , Dekking Sara A. , de Vries Martine C. , Zwaan Christian Michel , van Delden Johannes J.M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionPediatric oncology is often considered as a field in which research and care are highly integrated. We believe that this integration can be seen as a so‐called Learning Health System, a system in which research is considered an important means to continuously improve the practice of care. In order to substantiate our assumption of pediatric oncology as an LHS, we will analyze so‐called “best available treatment protocols.” These protocols always contain research elements, even if themain goal of these protocols is to treat children diagnosed with cancer.MethodsWe will analyze the implications for ethical review and informed consent if these protocols had to function as exponents of pediatric oncology an LHS.ResultsAn analysis of best available treatment protocols teaches us how these protocols integrate care and research and how these protocols can be seen as exponents of a system where care and research need no longer be sharply distinct practices.DiscussionFurther intervention in the field of pediatric oncology is essential to also meet the requirements for an ethically responsible LHS.ConclusionBest available treatment protocols, which combine research and care, can be seen as examples of pediatric oncology as an LHS. However, in order to prevent that research elements in these protocols will be overlooked, we will have to find new ways to accommodate for the oversight of these protocols, such as multifaceted review and risk‐adapted approaches. Moreover, informed consent process must be changed in order for patients to understand how care and research are integrated in these protocols.
Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Thermoresponsive Hybrid Nanogels Using a Novel Ulvan‐Acrylate Crosslinker as Potential Carriers for Protein Encapsulation
Authors: Morelli Andrea , Puppi Dario , Cheptene Victoria , Disgraziati Dunia , Ruggeri Giacomo , Chiellini Federica 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of the present study is the design and development of thermoresponsive nanogels based on ulvan, a sulphated heteropolysaccharide of algal origins with unique biological and chemical properties. Hybrid nanogels are successfully synthesized by means of UV‐initiated radical copolymerization ofN‐vinylcaprolactam with an ulvan derivate as a novel crosslinker. In nanogels, the ulvan‐grafted poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) chains represent the thermoresponsive component. The most promising candidates, selected after a thorough physical–chemical characterization of nanogels in terms of size and responsivity to thermal variation at physiological conditions, are loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model bioactive compound. The developed nanogels display BAS loading efficiency values similar to those obtained by using synthetic crosslinkers, and thus indicating the suitability of the developed ulvan‐acrylate to act as novel macromolecular crosslinker for thermoresponsive nanogels preparation.
Synthesis and Enhanced Photofluorescence of Pyrazoline‐Ester Copolymers from Bisdiazoacetates and Diacrylates
Authors: Cao Ting , Chen Cheng , Liu Li Jian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPhotofluorescent pyrazoline‐ester copolymer is synthesized from bisdiazoacetate and diacrylate through two tandem 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions at room temperature. The first 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition takes place between bisdiazoacetate and diacrylate, and produces the diazoacetate and acrylate‐terminated pyrazoline monomer that undergoes second 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition further to form pyrazoline‐ester copolymer in excellent yield (up to 90%) with number‐average molecular weights (Mn) in the range of 6100–17900 g mol−1. The optimized bisdiazo and dialkene are 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethyl bisdiazoacetate and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate, from which the pyrazoline‐ester copolymer with Mn 17900 g mol−1 is obtained in 97% yield and the maximum emission intensity (I/N) is enhanced to be as high as 19 × 104 a.u.. The pyrazoline‐ester copolymers are down/upconversion fluorescence materials, which emit 320–330 nm UV light through the excitation of both mid‐UV and visible light, and could find wide application in the optical field.
Rolling of 3D Printed Dual‐Layer Beam into a Cylinder by Ethanol Absorption
Authors: Choi Woorim , Kim Tae‐Young , Lee Yong‐Gu 
Published: April 2018

Abstract4D printing is an extension to 3D printing whereby a printed shape programmatically undergoes shape transformation through external stimulations. There is an increasing interest in this field because of its potential applications. However, many demonstrated shape transformations work on simple and limited geometrical shapes. In this work, the formation of a cylinder from a printed flat dual‐layer beam when exposed to ethanol is demonstrated. The newly formed cylinder retains its shape even when the ethanol is removed through the use of a locking mechanism. The proposed method can be used for building medical stents or various sensors and actuators that require cylindrical shapes.
Effects of functional green advertising on self and others
Authors: Mo Ziying , Liu Matthew Tingchi , Liu Yongdan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study examines the effects of a functional green advertising promoting the environmental advantages of a product. It presents the results of three experiments designed to (a) explore consumers’ perceptions of a functional green ad's effects on themselves and others, (b) determine how those perceptions are influenced by consumer environmental concern, and (c) examine how individualism–collectivism relates to self–other effect perceptions. Findings indicate that (a) consumers believe that functional green advertising exerts a stronger influence on others’ purchase decisions than on their own purchase decisions; (b) the self–other difference is more salient among consumers with high environmental concern; (c) in the individualistic culture, the perceived effectiveness on self, not on others, predicts consumers’ support for the regulation of functional green ads, while this effect is reversed when consumers are in collectivistic cultures. The study's findings extend several lines of research, including the literature on green advertising and the third‐person effect.
A spatiotemporal Evaluation of Atlantic Sea Scallop Placopecten magellanicus Habitat in the Gulf of Maine Using a Bioclimate Envelope Model
Authors: Torre Michael P. , Tanaka Kisei R. , Chen Yong 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A bioclimate envelope model was developed to evaluate the impacts of climate variability on spatiotemporal availability of suitable habitat for the Atlantic sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus in the Gulf of Maine (GOM). Bioclimate envelopes were established through habitat suitability indices (HSIs) based on bottom temperature, bottom salinity, current velocity, depth, and bottom composition. The relationship between Atlantic sea scallop abundance and each environmental variable was quantified using suitability indices, which were generated based on standardized scallop abundance sampled over 10 years of dredge survey data. Boosted regression tree models were used to determine the relative importance of each environmental variable to scallop abundance, thereby establishing a weighting scheme within the HSI. A regional circulation model was coupled with the weighted HSI to hindcast spatiotemporal dynamics of suitable habitat for Atlantic sea scallop in coastal and offshore waters of the GOM from 1978 to 2013. Higher habitat suitability was found along inshore areas compared with offshore areas. Model predictions indicated an increasing trend in habitat suitability in inshore waters since 1978 and decreasing habitat suitability in offshore waters. This research provides a novel modeling framework with which to enhance research and management of commercially valuable Atlantic sea scallop stocks over broad spatiotemporal scales in the climatically altered GOM.
Activity and selectivity cliffs for DPP‐IV inhibitors: Lessons we can learn from SAR studies and their application to virtual screening
Authors: Ojeda‐Montes María José , Gimeno Aleix , Tomas‐Hernández Sarah , Cereto‐Massagué Adrià , Beltrán‐Debón Raúl , Valls Cristina , Mulero Miquel , Pujadas Gerard , Garcia‐Vallvé Santiago 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV (DPP‐IV) has emerged over the last decade as one of the most effective treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, and consequently (a) 11 DPP‐IV inhibitors have been on the market since 2006 (three in 2015), and (b) 74 noncovalent complexes involving human DPP‐IV and drug‐like inhibitors are available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The present review aims to (a) explain the most important activity cliffs for DPP‐IV noncovalent inhibition according to the binding site structure of DPP‐IV, (b) explain the most important selectivity cliffs for DPP‐IV noncovalent inhibition in comparison with other related enzymes (i.e., DPP8 and DPP9), and (c) use the information deriving from this activity/selectivity cliff analysis to suggest how virtual screening protocols might be improved to favor the early identification of potent and selective DPP‐IV inhibitors in molecular databases (because they have not succeeded in identifying selective DPP‐IV inhibitors with IC50 ≤ 100 nM). All these goals are achieved with the help of available homology models for DPP8 and DPP9 and an analysis of the structure–activity studies used to develop the noncovalent inhibitors that form part of some of the complexes with human DPP‐IV available at the PDB.
VMAT optimization with dynamic collimator rotation
Authors: Lyu Qihui , O'Connor Daniel , Ruan Dan , Yu Victoria , Nguyen Dan , Sheng Ke 
Published: April 2018

PurposeAlthough collimator rotation is an optimization variable that can be exploited for dosimetric advantages, existing Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) optimization uses a fixed collimator angle in each arc and only rotates the collimator between arcs. In this study, we develop a novel integrated optimization method for VMAT, accounting for dynamic collimator angles during the arc motion.MethodsDirect Aperture Optimization (DAO) for Dynamic Collimator in VMAT (DC‐VMAT) was achieved by adding to the existing dose fidelity objective an anisotropic total variation term for regulating the fluence smoothness, a binary variable for forming simple apertures, and a group sparsity term for controlling collimator rotation. The optimal collimator angle for each beam angle was selected using the Dijkstra's algorithm, where the node costs depend on the estimated fluence map at the current iteration and the edge costs account for the mechanical constraints of multi‐leaf collimator (MLC). An alternating optimization strategy was implemented to solve the DAO and collimator angle selection (CAS). Feasibility of DC‐VMAT using one full‐arc with dynamic collimator rotation was tested on a phantom with two small spherical targets, a brain, a lung and a prostate cancer patient. The plan was compared against a static collimator VMAT (SC‐VMAT) plan using three full arcs with 60 degrees of collimator angle separation in patient studies.ResultsWith the same target coverage, DC‐VMAT achieved 20.3% reduction of R50 in the phantom study, and reduced the average max and mean OAR dose by 4.49% and 2.53% of the prescription dose in patient studies, as compared with SC‐VMAT. The collimator rotation co‐ordinated with the gantry rotation in DC‐VMAT plans for deliverability. There were 13 beam angles in the single‐arc DC‐VMAT plan in patient studies that requires slower gantry rotation to accommodate multiple collimator angles.ConclusionsThe novel DC‐VMAT approach utilizes the dynamic collimator rotation during arc delivery. In doing so, DC‐VMAT affords more sophisticated intensity modulation, alleviating the limitation previously imposed by the square beamlet from the MLC leaf thickness and achieves higher effective modulation resolution. Consequently, DC‐VMAT with a single arc manages to achieve superior dosimetry than SC‐VMAT with three full arcs.
Robin‐Neumann transmission conditions for fluid‐structure coupling: Embedded boundary implementation and parameter analysis
Authors: Cao Shunxiang , Main Alex , Wang Kevin G. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryPartitioned procedures are appealing for solving complex fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) problems, as they allow existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational structural dynamics algorithms and solvers to be combined and reused. However, for problems involving incompressible flow and strong added‐mass effect (eg, heavy fluid and slender structure), partitioned procedures suffer from numerical instability, which typically requires additional subiterations between the fluid and structural solvers, hence significantly increasing the computational cost. This paper investigates the use of Robin‐Neumann transmission conditions to mitigate the above instability issue. Firstly, an embedded Robin boundary method is presented in the context of projection‐based incompressible CFD and finite element–based computational structural dynamics. The method utilizes operator splitting and a modified ghost fluid method to enforce the Robin transmission condition on fluid‐structure interfaces embedded in structured non–body‐conforming CFD grids. The method is demonstrated and verified using the Turek and Hron benchmark problem, which involves a slender beam undergoing large transient deformation in an unsteady vortex‐dominated channel flow. Secondly, this paper investigates the effect of the combination parameter in the Robin transmission condition, ie, αf, on numerical stability and solution accuracy. This paper presents a numerical study using the Turek and Hron benchmark problem and an analytical study using a simplified FSI model featuring an Euler‐Bernoulli beam interacting with a two‐dimensional incompressible inviscid flow. Both studies reveal a trade‐off between stability and accuracy: smaller values of αf tend to improve numerical stability, yet deteriorate the accuracy of the partitioned solution. Using the simplified FSI model, the critical value of αf that optimizes this trade‐off is derived and discussed.
A continuation method for rigid‐cohesive fracture in a discontinuous Galerkin finite element setting
Authors: Hirmand M. Reza , Papoulia Katerina D. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAn energy minimization formulation of initially rigid cohesive fracture is introduced within a discontinuous Galerkin finite element setting with Nitsche flux. The finite element discretization is directly applied to an energy functional, whose term representing the energy stored in the interfaces is nondifferentiable at the origin. Unlike finite element implementations of extrinsic cohesive models that do not operate directly on the energy potential, activation of interfaces happens automatically when a certain level of stress encoded in the interface potential is reached. Thus, numerical issues associated with an external activation criterion observed in the previous literature are effectively avoided. Use of the Nitsche flux avoids the introduction of Lagrange multipliers as additional unknowns. Implicit time stepping is performed using the Newmark scheme, for which a dynamic potential is developed to properly incorporate momentum. A continuation strategy is employed for the treatment of nondifferentiability and the resulting sequence of smooth nonconvex problems is solved using the trust region minimization algorithm. Robustness of the proposed method and its capabilities in modeling quasistatic and dynamic problems are shown through several numerical examples.
Low‐trust bureaucracy: Understanding the Mexican bureaucratic experience
Authors: Peeters Rik , Trujillo Jiménez Humberto , O'Connor Elizabeth , Ogarrio Rojas Pascual , González Galindo Michele , Morales Tenorio Daniela 
Published: April 2018

SummaryLatin American bureaucracies are notorious for their inefficiency and opacity, yet there is very little empirical research done on what exactly constitutes the “bureaucratic experience” for citizens and what the costs of bureaucratic dysfunction are. To improve our understanding of this topic, 5 cases of Mexican citizens' encounters with public bureaucracies are used to develop the notion of “low‐trust bureaucracy”: public organisations in which access to services is unreliable and the levels of control towards both citizens and bureaucrats are excessive. This bottom‐up analysis of administrative practices contributes to our understanding of the ineffectiveness of government programmes and services, but also of how bureaucracies in developing countries amplify social inequality rather than function as a social equaliser. Furthermore, this article adds new insights to the existing understanding of administrative burdens as a result of either political tactics or mere benign neglect. The data presented here suggest that structural and intractable characteristics of the broader administrative context, such as authoritarian legacies, can produce behavioural patterns that shift bureaucratic attention away from a fair and efficient service provision.