bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal Methods Assessment Through Reduction Algae Count in Uncovered Water Tank
Authors: Jassim Al- Mansori Nesrin , Al deen ali klakeel Saif 
Published: April 2019

The research includes study the effect of three factors (voltage, rotational speed, acidity) with time to remove or reduce the percentage of algae in uncovered water tank; these factors studied combined with each other or individually. the removal percentage of algae increased by increasing the electrical voltage, Best result of removal was obtained when using two factors, change in the voltage (4, 8,12 and 16) vole /cm and speed of rotation (50, 100, 150 and 200) rpm . The rate of removal of algae was 100% at voltage 16 volts with a rotation speed (200) rpm and 40 min.Â Â The values extracted for algae removal showed that the best result was (100%) at (voltage 16 vole/cm and acidity with pH 4) with time 30 min. It can be conclude, the best method to remove or reduction of algae in uncovered tanks was physical one as a compared with the other methods like chemical or biological methods. Therefore, it needs additional requirements unlike physical strategies decrease, the cost and time required to evacuate green growth.Â
Behaviour of Gypsum Plasterboards Under Mechanical Loads and Thermal Effects
Authors: Al-Sibahy Adnan , Tarish Ahmed 
Published: April 2019

This paper presents an experimental study conducted to investigate the behaviour of gypsum plasterboard assemblies subjected to mechanical loads and thermal effects. These assemblies were boxes in shape and connected to reinforced concrete slabs. Each side of gypsum plasterboard was fastened using either two or three bolts. The loads were applied at the assembly centre and the maximum flexural load at failure was recorded. Besides, the elapsed time to failure was monitored.The results obtained showed that the material property of the plasterboard and the method of fastening are governed the global behaviour of the tested samples. The average flexural braking loads at failure were 538 N and 564 N for the assemblies fastened with two and three bolts, respectively. The correspondingÂ failure times under conditions of fire exposure and mechanical loading were 2.1 minutes and 1.7 minutes, respectively. Suitable emended were made for the expressions suggested by the related codes of practice in order to suit the experimental resultsÂ Â
Developing Lightweight Clay Brick Units Using Waste Materials
Authors: Sabah Abed Musaab , Fahad Resan Sa'ad , Kamil Zemam Sajid 
Published: April 2019

The study aims to develop specific lightweight brick units using locally available clay of traditional burned brick units publically used in the south of Iraq using solid wastes. Throughout the study, chemically inaction and difficult to recycling wastes was considered, they were classified into Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and hardwood solid waste which is used to upgrade lightweight characteristic and maintenance required bricks' characteristics and to be introduced as a smart technical way to recycling solid waste. Solid waste is introduced as additive materials and firing fuel enhanced coefficient in the concept of its energy recovery useful in the production process.Â An experimental program was considered including five main series of samples, tested and analyzed in the scope of clay bricks units and in the scope of lightweight constructional related to aerated wall construction units. The verified compressive strengths and other properties of tested specimens were found to confirm bricks class C except for specimens of hardwood of 10% although it assigns less dry density (1.18 g/cm3). In general, as light weight bricks, the characteristics of developed units was found to be within the permitted limits of ASTM C 1389.Â
Traffic Characteristics for A Freeway Normal Section at Baghdad City
Authors: T. S. Al-Obaedi Jalal , Al-temimy Muhanad , Ali Amal 
Published: April 2019

Traffic characteristics at highway sections are usually varying based on many factors including type of highways, geometric design and driversâ€™ behavior at a given area (country).Â This paper focuses on finding the characteristics for traffic on selected normal freeway section at Baghdad city.Â Video recordings and speed gun are used to collect data from a basic freeway section within Mohammed Al-Qassim freeway that represents the busiest freeway at the city.Â The estimated characteristics include the distribution of traffic among the available lanes, desired speed of traffic, lane-changing frequency, and headway distribution.Â For traffic distribution, it is found that traffic concentrates more in off side lane compared with other lanes for moderate to high flow rates.Â Regression models have been developed based on the available lane distribution data.Â The lane found to be increased with the increasing of traffic flow and the desired speeds found to be normally distributed.Â Examining the headway data shows that the shifted negative exponential distribution can be used to represent the headway distribution for low to intermediate traffic flow only.Â The findings of this work provides a good database for traffic characteristics for Iraqi highways as little effort has been given in previous research work.Â Â
A Proposed Approach for Evaluating Soils Optimum Moisture Content Arithmetically and Use Statistical Functions for Checking Method
Authors: Sadiq yasun Azhar , N. Al Abbasi Jamal 
Published: April 2019

The processing of optimum moistureÂ content for specific soils as indicated by ASTM D698 specifications detail relies upon developing the fitting third or second degree bend connection between dampness content versus soil dry unit weight on a fitting bend, the registered optimum moistureÂ substance may contrast for a similar soil as for fitting bend figure and its position. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the optimum moisture content value based on computing average moisture content adapted from standard or modified Proctor compaction test trials and compared it with respect to the computing optimum moisture content using standard method. The research deals with a (52) compaction tests results with a wide range of optimum moisture content and dry unit weight to explore the relationships between them. The study also explores the maximum dry density values which versus standard optimum moisture content and average adopted moisture content. Statistical part depends on evaluating many statistical function values for standard and research method starts by evaluating significance of normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The average differences between standard optimum moisture content and an average value (this study depends) for moisture content was about (-0.20) and an average of differences for dry unit weight values was (0.261).Â Â
The Possibility of Using Navigation GPS Devices in the Survey Engineering
Authors: Abbas Neam Al dami Haidar , Riyadh Abdulridha Isaraa 
Published: April 2019

As a result of the tremendous development in the field of computer technologies, communications and information revolution, new applications which has seen a tremendous development in terms of devices and technologies used in various applications such as a device Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), Total Station, GPS (Surveyor and Navigational)â€¦ etc. In this study, five-ground control points (BM) were made to provide traverse, and these points observed by using three different navigation GPS devices, and observed by using TOTALSTATION device, and using spatial and statistical analysis functions in GIS.Â The study showed that the error in these devices is a random error varies from one device to another. In addition, it showed that the error varies from time to time. Cannot be determined the spread of readings to the observed point (by navigation GPS) in a particular direction or specific frame, as well as the central distance of the readings are changing from one device to another and from point to point.The study recommends that should not be used navigation GPS devices in the survey work.Â In addition, re-survey all areas are observed or defined its borders by using this device (navigation GPS) by serving GPS devices with the required accuracy.Â Â
Optimum Design of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal from Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Hadi Ghawi Ali 
Published: April 2019

In this study, a sewage treatment plant was designed for the city of Al-Nasiriyah in Dhi Qar governorate in southern Iraq serving 316083 inhabitants. The resulting treated water is suitable for agricultural irrigation and can be discharged to the Euphrates River when needed by adding nitrogen and phosphorus removal units to the wastewater treatment plant. The obtained plant design has been verified and optimized by implementing the proposed plant layout in the GPS-X 5.0 modeling and simulation software (Hydromantis). Where the results of the design showed that the total phosphorus flow is higher than the desired limit of 2 mg / L, due to the excessive release during anaerobic digestion. Control of phosphorus concentration can be controlled by adding chemicals (iron or aluminum salts) in different parts of the wastewater treatment plant. In this case, two different control strategies can be implemented: adding aluminum doses in both water and sludge lines (at Chem1 and Chem2 points) or adding aluminum doses in the water line only (at point Chem2). The second strategy showed that it is the most efficient in controlling the concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen produced, which meets the limits of the Iraqi standard of water used in irrigation.Â Â
Carbon Fiber Strengthening of Geopolymer Concrete Wall Panels with Iron Fillings
Authors: Wissam K. Al-Saraj Dr. , Layth Abdulbari Al-Jaberi Dr. , J. AL-Serai Sahar , . . 
Published: April 2019

Wall is a vertical plate member resisting vertical (in-plane) or lateral loads. Load-Bearing walls were referred to RC wall panels which were commonly used as load-bearing structural members, braced and laterally supported by the rest of the structure, local materials such as Metakaolin and alkaline solutions are used to cast (600x400) mm reinforced concrete wall panels with 40 mm thickness. To find the ultimate bearing capacity and lateral deflection of wall panels. Seven specimens are dividedÂ in two groups to study the variation effect of iron filling (0, 0.5, 0.75 andÂ 1.0)%Â Â and carbon fiber (225, 125 and 90 )mm spacing center to center of strips.Â The result shows that the maximum increasing are 17% and 14% for ultimate bearing capacity and cracking load of wall panels respectively, when iron filling is 1%. Also, the using of carbon fiber with 90 mm spacing center to center of strips leds to increasing in ultimate bearing capacity and cracking load by 31% and 7% respectively. Lateral deflection of wall panels was measured and compared with the reference wall to investigate the strengthening effect.Â
Improving the Shear Strength of Lightweight RC Thick Hollow Core Slab Made of Recycled Materials
Authors: Nassif Sabr Yousif , Husain Khalaf Jarallah Dr. , Hassan Issa Abdul Kareem Dr. 
Published: April 2019

This research paper focused on the experimental study about shear behavior of reinforced concrete thick hollow core slab. The reduction hollow length technique was used to resist the shear failure that occurred in the thick hollow core slab. The three hollows were used in tested slabs. The effect of reduction in the length of hollow in the shear region as well as the sides hollow was considered in the shear behavior of the tested hollow core slab. The recyclable material was used to a get of lightweight concrete, where the crushed clay brick was used as a coarse aggregate instead of the gravel. The test was done by applying two line load. The specimens were tested up to failure. The experimental results showed an increase in the shear strength up to 109.52% and an increase in the deflection up to 24% compared with the hollow core slab specimen that all hollow core is accessible. From the experimental result of this investigation can avoid the shear failure subsequently the load devolves from the shear region to the flexural region with change the mode of failure from shear failure to flexural-shear failure.Â Â Â
Utilization Iron Filings and Microwave Heating in Roughening the Surface of Smoothed Coarse Aggregates
Authors: Mohammed Ridha Mahmmod Wajde Laith , S. Alyhya Zainab S. , R. Abdul Rasoul M. , T. Abdulrasool Abdulrasool , . . 
Published: April 2019

Properties of coarse aggregate such as texture have a significant influence on the performance of fresh and hardened concrete. A smooth surface can enhance workability, yet a rougher one offers a stronger bond between aggregate and paste, resulting in higher strength. This research aims to roughen the texture of white smoothed aggregate by using cement-iron filings mortar with the aid of microwave maturation to accelerate the adhesion process of mortar-aggregate surface. The mortar was prepared by mixing an equal weight of cement and iron filings, of a particular size, with sand. Four different periods (2, 4, 6 and 8 mints.)Â of microwave treatment in addition to water curing were considered plus one reference mortar which cured in only air for 24 hrs. The treated aggregate was then used for casting concrete specimens with a w/c ratio of 0.5 in which their properties being determined by means of density, compressive and tensile strengths observations. The main findings revealed that the concrete specimens contained microwave treated aggregate attained higher compressive strength compared with those treated in the air. Data also showed that concrete specimens with microwave treated aggregate possess better tensile properties as a consequence of the improvement in the transition zone.Â Â Â
Design and Manufacturing Loading Rig Machine for Testing Screw Pile Models
Authors: R. Mahmood Mahmood , H. Humaish Asad , K. Khalaf Mustafa 
Published: April 2019

The main objective of this paper is to design, manufacturing and testing of new loading rig machine to install and testing (i.e. compression and tension load capacity) of screw pile models in both cohesive and cohesionless soil layers. The mainframeÂ was fabricated from thick steel sections, 8mm steel plates that welded together to construct a heavy and strong frame, that able to resist the expected loads during installation (linear and rotational movement at the same time) and testing of the screw pile models (model of loading test). Two independent gearbox motors (actuators) are used to supply the rotational and vertical movement.Â To provide precise control of velocity, the master gearbox motor, that can convert the rotary motion to a linear motion for vertical displacementÂ along two screw bars via two ball screw systems,Â and four stainless guided rods to prevent rotation or inclination the bearing plate (rig) which manufactured from high stiffness stainless-steel was used. The second gearbox motor (â€˜slaveâ€™) mounted on the bottom loading plate that rotates the multi-plate screw pile. It was observed that the measured compression and tension load capacity of screw pile models illustrated the actual behavior of such kind of piles and this machine can be used in both conventional piles (i.e. pipe piles) and screw pile model.Â Â
Numerical Evaluation of Seismic Response of Asymmetrical Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings
Authors: J. Hamood Mohammed , A. Ghalib Layla , G. Abdalwahab Ameer 
Published: April 2019

Asymmetrical multi-storey buildings are almost unavoidable in modern structures due to various types of useful and architectural requirements. Latest earthquakes showed that irregular distribution of mass, stiffness and strength cause serious damage in building structural systems. This paper investigates the numerical simulation of buildings with plan irregularity and presents a case study to demonstrate the numerical evaluation of the seismic response of a three real plan-asymmetric reinforced concrete building tested at full scale at the European Laboratory for Structural Assessment of the Joint Research Center, Ispra / Italy within the SPEAR project. The structural evaluation performed through a validated Finite Elements Package, modeled by the general purpose ABAQUS, which is able to run accurate analysis, in particular nonlinear static and dynamic analysis considering both geometric nonlinearity and material inelasticity.Adequacy of the numerical modeling is verified by comparing numerical and experimental results through evaluation of the seismic capacity and dynamic characteristics of the building. The provisions of the adopted seismic code for designing such buildings are also checked over and done with the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis by verifying the proficiency of an analytical model for simulating the nonlinear response of structures considered to conduct an investigation into experiments.Â Â Â
The Environmental Criteria as a Strategy to Adapt Climate Changes in Iraq
Authors: Abed Hassan Susan 
Published: April 2019

The Climate change appears obviously in the world, especially in hot climate regions like Iraq, because of their proximity to the equator and the geographical desert nature, which requires strategies to adapt climate change in effective ways. One of the most prominent of these strategies is the implemented of environmental criteria for buildings, to minimize the climate change effect. This research problem is that no obvious perception for the obstacles and the assistant methods for adopted environmental criteria as a strategy to adapt climate changes in Iraq". To solve this problem a questionnaire were designed about the main research indicators and delivered to the building industry practitioners. Statistical analysis were used to calculate the results, using IBM SPSS V23 software, the results find that the obstacles of application environmental criteria are economic, social, technical, and legislation. And the assistant method includes developing technical aspects, enabling human resources, cooperation with responsible authorities and decision-makers, and community awareness. The results indicated many recommendations for the local government, community organizations and the workers to implement environmental criteria as a strategy to adapted climate change in Iraq.Â Â
Behavior of The RC Slab-Beam System Using Self Compacting Concrete
Authors: A. Alwash Nameer , H. Naser Al-Mamoori Fatimah 
Published: April 2019

The present study includes an experimental investigation of the behavior of square reinforced concrete slabs. These slabs are with and without edge beams under uniformly distributed load with corner supports using two types of self compacting concrete (SCC), the first type of SCC incorporated limestone filler and the other was without filler, the results obtained are compared with those obtained from conventional concrete (CC).The experimental program consists of testing nine square slab samples. Three of these slab samples are flat in shape with panel dimensions of 1050Ã—1050Ã—50 mm depth. The others three slab samples are of the same outer dimensions with surrounding edge beams of depth to slab thickness equal 100/50 and 100 mm width. The last three slab samples are similar to the former slab-beam systems but with increasing the depth of edge beams by 50%.In general, for a specified flat plate panel, the ultimate load carrying capacity can be increased, if the panel is restricted by four surrounding beams. The slab-beam samples with surrounding beams of depth to slab thickness equal to 3 showed greater ultimate load capacity by about 79.37%, 52% and 97.82% when compared with the corresponding flat slabs samples produced using CC, SCC with and without filler, respectively.Â Â
Mapping Climate Changes in Iraq By Using Geographical Information System (GIS)
Authors: Sahib Jawad Zainab , Asaad Tayeb Fatima , Kareem Jebur Asaad Tayeb 
Published: April 2019

The Trapped sunâ€™s thermal radiation in the earthâ€™s atmosphere is known as the greenhouse effect.Â This process is considered very important since it keeps the earth warm and hence possible to live in. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are considered very important contributors to the greenhouse effect. During the last two decades, the level of greenhouse gases has increased, which plays a major role in global warming and climate change. The Middle East is considered among the most affected areas by climate change. In the current study, Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to create some temperature maps that could show the air temperature distribution and difference between two different periods of time (past and recent) in different stations that cover the Iraqi governorates. A spatial interpolation method has been used. This method considers known values of temperature at a given location (stations in the current study) to estimate a continuous surface map during a specific period of time. The results of this study showed no significant increase in the average air temperature values, however the area of high air temperature values is growing during the cold and hot months of the year.Â Â
Studying the Phenol Degradation in Synthetic Wastewater by Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation Process in Batch Reactor
Authors: Yaseen AL Kindi Ghayda , Hammoodi AL Ani Faris 
Published: April 2019

The current paper studies the viability of using a Batch reactor, by five types of Al-Fe pillared clay that prepared from five regions in Iraq for phenol degradation in synthetic wastewater. The operation condition study through variables in (pH, pressure, temperature, pillared load, phenol load). The findings have illustrated that phenol degradation could be increase via incrementing temperature, pressure, pillared load and degrease in phenol load. Phenol good degradation proportion which was 97 %, has been achieved at optimum proportion (pH= 3.9, temperature = 150 °C, pressure = 3.5 MPa, in addition to phenol concentration = 500 mg/l). The two models power-law and Langmuir−Hinshelwood have been used to study the catalytic kinetics of the phenol degradation. From results shown the activation energy for every response equivalent to (37114.014 j/mol) for Anbar (37795, 48783.9, 36628, 40785 j/mol) for Erbil, Mosul, Baghdad and Basra respectively. It was proved that the reaction in this study is under kinetics control.
Rationalization of the Use of Alternative Rolling Stock for Transportation of Vegetable Cargo with Insufficient Number of Grain Hoppers
Authors: Lavrukhin O , Zapara V , Baulina H , Zapara Y , Kyman A 
Published: April 2019

The main problems of transportation of vegetable cargo by the Ukraine railway transport are considered. It was established that as grain export grows rapidly and subject to the current technical condition of the railway, the number of special rolling stock â€“ grain hoppers â€“ is insufficient. The article proposes using an alternative rolling stock â€“ a covered car. The use of metal door panels in the car has been proposed to ensure the car loading without restrictions on the height of loading in the doorway space and the complete safety of the cargo with the increased use of the load capacity of covered cars. The influence of loading density of the loaded cargo on the degree of use of loading capacity and loading volume of the car was investigated when standard wooden door panels are used vs. proposed metal door panels. The study have proved significant economy of the covered car fleet during transportation of vegetable cargo with the use of metal door panels in the loading density range of the cargo from a minimum to 610 kg/m3.Â Â