bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of inhaled heliox on peak flow rates in normal and brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Benavides Kathryn , Rozanski Elizabeth , Anastasio John D. , Bedenice Daniela 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundHeliox, a mixture of helium and oxygen, alleviates airway obstruction in people and improves air flow, and its use has been proposed in dogs. Brachycephalic dogs have naturally occurring airway obstruction where heliox might be a useful therapeutic option.ObjectiveThe purposes of this study were to (1) determine the impact of breathing heliox on peak inspiratory and expiratory flows (PIF/PEF) in healthy dogs and (2) determine if brachycephalic dogs and mesocephalic dogs have similar responses to inhaled heliox.AnimalsEleven healthy dogs: 5 mesocephalic and 6 brachycephalic dogs.MethodsA prospective study. Tidal breathing flow‐volume loops were recorded when dogs were breathing room air (nitrogen‐oxygen) and heliox. Peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates were recorded and the subjective shape of loops assessed. Peak inspiratory and expiratory flows pre‐ and post‐heliox were compared using a Mann‐Whitney Rank sum test with a P‐value of <.05 considered significant.ResultsIn inhaled heliox, PIF and PEF were evaluated by tidal breathing flow‐volume loops. In mesocephalic dogs, PIF increased from a median of 820 mL/s (range, 494‐1010 mL/s) to 1386 mL/s; P = .02; and for PEF from 688 mL/s to 1793 mL/s (P = .04), whereas in brachycephalic dogs, the median PIF increased from 282 mL/s to 694 mL/s; P = .01 and the median PEF increased from 212 mL/s to 517 mL/sec; P = .03. Brachycephalic dogs showed normalization of loop shapes.Conclusions and clinical importanceHeliox improves flow rate and appears to improve flow patterns in brachycephalic dogs.
Scaling up Spatial Development: A Closer Look at Children's Scaling Ability and Its Relation to Number Knowledge
Authors: Jirout Jamie J. , Holmes Corinne A. , Ramsook Kizzann Ashana , Newcombe Nora S. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTSpatial skills are consistently linked to mathematical reasoning, and are sensitive to intervention. One important spatial skill is spatial scaling. We evaluated whether (1) a playful scaling game might promote learning by providing feedback during play, and (2) spatial scaling is related to number‐line estimation (NLE) based on the mutual reliance on relative magnitude reasoning. Forty‐eight children, ages 5.5–8.3, completed a playful scaling game and a NLE task. Results show that children improve from the first to second half of the task, especially for more difficult trials and for the lowest performing children. In addition, scaling and NLE relate when controlling for age and vocabulary. Similar improvement on the task and relations to NLE were observed in a conceptual replication (N = 52). These results provide support for further study of improving spatial scaling in children, with the possibility to test whether scaling could support related mathematical skills as well.
CalY is a major virulence factor and a biofilm matrix protein
Authors: Candela Thomas , Fagerlund Annette , Buisson Christophe , Gilois Nathalie , Kolstø Anne‐Brit , Økstad Ole Andreas , Aymerich Stéphane , Nielsen‐Leroux Christina , Lereclus Didier , Gohar Michel 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe extracellular biofilm matrix often contains a network of amyloid fibers which, in the human opportunistic pathogen Bacillus cereus, includes the two homologous proteins TasA and CalY. We show here, in the closely related entomopathogenic species Bacillus thuringiensis, that CalY also displays a second function. In the early stationary phase of planktonic cultures, CalY was located at the bacterial cell‐surface, as shown by immunodetection. Deletion of calY revealed that this protein plays a major role in adhesion to HeLa epithelial cells, to the insect Galleria mellonella hemocytes and in the bacterial virulence against larvae of this insect, suggesting that CalY is a cell‐surface adhesin. In mid‐stationary phase and in biofilms, the location of CalY shifted from the cell surface to the extracellular medium, where it was found as fibers. The transcription study and the deletion of sipW suggested that CalY change of location is due to a delayed activity of the SipW signal peptidase. Using purified CalY, we found that the protein polymerization occurred only in the presence of cell‐surface components. CalY is, therefore, a bifunctional protein, which switches from a cell‐surface adhesin activity in early stationary phase, to the production of fibers in mid‐stationary phase and in biofilms.
Compassion in nursing: Solution or stereotype?
Authors: Tierney Stephanie , Bivins Roberta , Seers Kate 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCompassion in healthcare has received significant attention recently, on an international scale, with concern raised about its absence during clinical interactions. As a concept, compassionate care has been linked to nursing. We examined historical discourse on this topic, to understand and situate current debates on compassionate care as a hallmark of high‐quality services. Documents we looked at illustrated how responsibility for delivering compassionate care cannot be consigned to individual nurses. Health professionals must have the right environmental circumstances to be able to provide and engage in compassionate interactions with patients and their relatives. Hence, although compassionate care has been presented as a straightforward solution when crisis faces health services, this discourse, especially in policy documents, has often failed to acknowledge the system‐level issues associated with its provision. This has resulted in simplistic presentations of ‘compassion’ as inexpensive and the responsibility of individual nurses, a misleading proposal that risks devaluing the energy and resources required to deliver compassionate care. It also overlooks the need for organisations, not just individuals, to be charged with upholding its provision.
The Selaginella rhizophore has a unique transcriptional identity compared with root and shoot meristems
Authors: Mello Alison , Efroni Idan , Rahni Ramin , Birnbaum Kenneth D. 
Published: December 2018

Summary

The genus Selaginella resides in an early branch of the land plant lineage that possesses a vasculature and roots. The majority of the Selaginella root system is shoot borne and emerges through a distinctive structure known as the rhizophore, the organ identity of which has been a long‐debated question.

The rhizophore of Selaginella moellendorffii – a model for the lycophytes – shows plasticity to develop into a root or shoot up until 8 d after angle meristem emergence, after which it is committed to root fate. We subsequently use morphology and plasticity to define the stage of rhizophore identity.

Transcriptomic analysis of the rhizophore during its plastic stage reveals that, despite some resemblance to the root meristem, rhizophore gene expression patterns are largely distinct from both shoot and root meristems.

Based on this transcriptomic analysis and on historical anatomical work, we conclude that the rhizophore is a distinct organ with unique features.
An auxin signaling gene BnaA3.IAA7 contributes to improved plant architecture and yield heterosis in rapeseed
Authors: Li Haitao , Li Juanjuan , Song Jurong , Zhao Bo , Guo Chaocheng , Wang Bo , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Jing , King Graham J. , Liu Kede 
Published: December 2018

Summary

Plant architecture is the key factor affecting overall yield in many crops. The genetic basis underlying plant architecture in rapeseed (Brassica napus), a key global oil crop, is elusive. We characterized an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)‐mutagenized rapeseed mutant, sca, which had multiple phenotypic alterations, including crinkled leaves, semi‐dwarf stature, narrow branch angles and upward‐standing siliques.
We identified the underlying gene, which encodes an Aux/IAA protein (BnaA3.IAA7). A G‐to‐A mutation changed the glycine at the 84th position to glutamic acid (G84E), disrupting the conserved degron motif GWPPV and reducing the affinity between BnaA3.IAA7 and TIR1 (TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1) in an auxin dosage‐dependent manner. This change repressed the degradation of BnaA3.IAA7 and therefore repressed auxin signaling at low levels of auxin that reduced the length of internodes. The G84E mutation reduced branch angles by enhancing the gravitropic response.
The heterozygote +/sca closely resembled a proposed ideal plant architecture, displaying strong yield heterosis through single‐locus overdominance by improving multiple component traits.
Our findings demonstrate that a weak gain‐of‐function mutation in BnaA3.IAA7 contributes to yield heterosis by improving plant architecture and would be valuable for breeding superior rapeseed hybrid cultivars and such a mutation may increase the yield in other Brassica crops.
Homoeostatic maintenance of nonstructural carbohydrates during the 2015–2016 El Niño drought across a tropical forest precipitation gradient
Authors: Dickman Lee Turin , McDowell Nate G. , Grossiord Charlotte , Collins Adam D. , Wolfe Brett T. , Detto Matteo , Wright S. Joseph , Medina‐Vega José A. , Goodsman Devin , Rogers Alistair , Serbin Shawn P. , Wu Jin , Ely Kim S. , Michaletz Sean T. , Xu Chonggang , Kueppers Lara , Chambers Jeffrey Q. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) are essential for maintenance of plant metabolism and may be sensitive to short‐ and long‐term climatic variation. NSC variation in moist tropical forests has rarely been studied, so regulation of NSCs in these systems is poorly understood. We measured foliar and branch NSC content in 23 tree species at three sites located across a large precipitation gradient in Panama during the 2015–2016 El Niño to examine how short‐ and long‐term climatic variation impact carbohydrate dynamics. There was no significant difference in total NSCs as the drought progressed (leaf P = 0.32, branch P = 0.30) nor across the rainfall gradient (leaf P = 0.91, branch P = 0.96). Foliar soluble sugars decreased while starch increased over the duration of the dry period, suggesting greater partitioning of NSCs to storage than metabolism or transport as drought progressed. There was a large variation across species at all sites, but total foliar NSCs were positively correlated with leaf mass per area, whereas branch sugars were positively related to leaf temperature and negatively correlated with daily photosynthesis and wood density. The NSC homoeostasis across a wide range of conditions suggests that NSCs are an allocation priority in moist tropical forests.
Does Electoral Proximity Enhance National Pride? Evidence from Monthly Surveys in a Multi‐ethnic Society – Latvia
Authors: Nakai Ryo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis research focuses on how elections affect national pride, one of the core components of an individual's sense of nationalism. Recent studies have found that elections can be crucial moments in enhancing nationalistic sentiment. I conducted an in‐depth survey of research polling in Latvia, where the ethnic majority–minority structure is clear and issues of nationalism have long been salient. It therefore offers an interesting case for observing whose national pride can be changed over the short term during the electoral season. Survey research conducted repeatedly both before and after the general election produced the following findings: 1) an electoral enhancement effect on national pride exists, regardless of ethnic majority or minority status; 2) the pride of those who support the party of the incumbent prime minister is enhanced as elections get closer, but that of radical right party supporters is not. These results shed light on yet another aspect of the connection between elections and nationalism.
An Empirical Assessment of the Swedish Bullionist Controversy*
Authors: Herger Nils 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn the 18th century, a fierce political debate broke out in Sweden about the causes of an extraordinary depreciation of the currency. More specifically, the deteriorating value of the Swedish currency was blamed arbitrarily on monetary causes (e.g., the overissuing of banknotes) and on non‐monetary causes (such as balance‐of‐payments deficits). This paper provides a comprehensive empirical assessment of this so‐called “Swedish Bullionist Controversy”. The results of vector autoregressions suggest that increasing amounts of paper money did give rise to inflation and a depreciation of the exchange rate. Conversely, non‐monetary factors were probably less important for these developments.
Affective Intentionality and Affective Injustice: Merleau‐Ponty and Fanon on the Body Schema as a Theory of Affect
Authors: Whitney Shiloh 
Published: December 2018

AbstractI argue that there is an affective injustice in gendered and racialized oppression. To account for this, we must deny the opposition of affect and intentionality often assumed in the philosophy of emotion and the affective turn: while affect and intentionality are not opposed in principle, affective intentionality may be refused uptake in oppressive practices. In section 1, I read Merleau‐Ponty’s theory of the body schema as a theory of affect that accommodates my account of affective injustice and aligns with accounts of affect transmission and circulation in feminist philosophies of the affective turn. This is crucial for understanding Fanon’s contribution to the theory of the body schema, in which it is susceptible to historical‐racial “affective disorders.” In sections 2–4, I distinguish three types of affective injustice: affective marginalization, exploitation, and violence. In section 2 I develop an intersectional feminist account of this distinction drawing on Lorde and Lugones and raise questions about the limits of framing the issue of affective injustice in terms of intentionality as opposed to a more psychoanalytic conceptual vocabulary that accommodates the displacement of affective force. In sections 3 and 4, I explore these affective injustices through an analysis of Fanonian concepts, showing how the theory of the body schema can accommodate not only affective intentionality but also the oppressive disjunction of affect and intentionality, as well as forms of affective injustice that exceed the oppressive disabling of sense‐making and involve the exploitative and violent displacement of affective force.
Aristotle on theArchaiof Practical Thought
Authors: Elliott Jay R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractScholars have long debated how exactly Aristotle thinks that agents acquire the distinctivearchai(“principles” or “starting‐points”) that govern their practical reasoning. The debate has traditionally been dominated by anti‐intellectualists, who hold that for Aristotle all agents acquire theirarchaisolely through a process of habituation in the nonrational soul. Their traditional opponents, the intellectualists, focus their argument on the case of the virtuous person, arguing that in Aristotle’s view virtuous agents acquire theirarchaithrough a process of reasoning. I intervene in this debate in two main ways: first, I press a heretofore underappreciated objection against anti‐intellectualism, that it is inconsistent with Aristotle’s account ofakrasia; and second, I urge that all sides in the debate would benefit from more sustained attention to Aristotle’s nonvirtuous character types. In the final section, I suggest that proper consideration of the full breadth of Aristotle’s account of character points in the direction of a new approach that I call “character pluralism,” according to which Aristotle’s moral psychology does not involve a single conception of psychic structure or moral development that is equally applicable to all character types.
A dissection model for mapping complex traits
Authors: Sang Mengmeng , Shi Hexin , Wei Kun , Ye Meixia , Jiang Libo , Sun Lidan , Wu Rongling 
Published: December 2018

SummaryMany quantitative traits are composites of other traits that contribute differentially to genetic variation. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of these composite traits can benefit by incorporating the mechanistic process of how their formation is mediated by the underlying components. We propose a dissection model by which to map these interconnected components traits under a joint likelihood setting. The model can test how a composite trait is determined by pleiotropic QTLs for its component traits or jointly by different sets of QTLs each responsible for a different component. The model can visualize the pattern of time‐varying genetic effects for individual components and their impacts on composite traits. The dissection model was used to map two composite traits, stemwood volume growth decomposed into its stem height, stem diameter and stem form components for Euramerican poplar adult trees, and total lateral root length constituted by its average lateral root length and lateral root number components for Euphrates poplar seedlings. We found the pattern of how QTLs for different components contribute to phenotypic variation in composite traits. The detailed understanding of the genetic machineries of composite traits will not only help in the design of molecular breeding in plants and animals, but also shed light on the evolutionary processes of quantitative traits under natural selection.
Platelet storage properties are associated with donor age: in vitro quality of platelets from young donors and older donors with and without Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bontekoe Ido J. , van der Meer Pieter F. , Verhoeven Arthur J. , de Korte Dirk 
Published: December 2018

Background and ObjectivesPreviously it has been shown that platelet (PLT) storage performance is consistent by donor. Differences involved metabolic activity, which might be caused by mitochondrial (dys)function, associated with age and age‐related diseases like Type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to test PLTs from young donors in comparison with PLTs from older donors with or without diagnosis for T2D.Materials and methodsFifteen whole blood donors <30 year were selected, and single‐donor platelet concentrates (sPC) were prepared from buffy coats (BC) and plasma. Also, 2 × 11 sPC were prepared from matched donors >45 years with and without T2D. The sPC were stored for 8 days and analysed at regular intervals for in vitro quality.ResultsDonors were 24 ± 3, 60 ± 7 (without T2D) and 59 ± 8 (with T2D) years old. All sPC groups had comparable volume and PLT content. On Day 8, sPC from young donors showed higher pH37°C than sPC from older donors (6.84 ± 0.15 vs. 6.40 ± 0.48, P < 0.01), due to lower lactate production. Also, CD62P expression (22.9 ± 7.4 vs. 48.8 ± 24.0%, P < 0.01) and HSR reflected better in vitro quality. PLT storage properties of sPC obtained from T2D donors (pH = 6.51 ± 0.35) were not different from sPC of matched donors (pH = 6.40 ± 0.48). No differences in mitochondrial membrane potential were detected between the groups.ConclusionPlatelets from young donors exhibited the best storage conditions. On average, PLTs from older donors showed poorer in vitro quality but, considering the sub‐optimal storage conditions, the implications for the daily blood bank routine is probably small. No association with T2D was found.
Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment
Authors: Chen W‐B , Chen B‐M 
Published: December 2018

SummaryAlthough preference for NH4+, NO3− or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO3−, NH4NO3 and NH4+) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO3− alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH4+ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO3− or NH4NO3 were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH4+alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO3− rather than NH4+, and changes in NO3− played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH4+. Our results implied that decreasing NO3− may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO3−. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.
Toward a solution for cardiac failure in the newborn
Authors: Platt Jeffrey L. , West Lori J. , Chinnock Richard E. , Cascalho Marilia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe newborn infant with severe cardiac failure owed to congenital structural heart disease or cardiomyopathy poses a daunting therapeutic challenge. The ideal solution for both might be cardiac transplantation if availability of hearts was not limiting and if tolerance could be induced, obviating toxicity of immunosuppressive therapy. If one could safely and effectively exploit neonatal tolerance for successful xenotransplantation of the heart, the challenge of severe cardiac failure in the newborn infant might be met. We discuss the need, the potential for applying neonatal tolerance in the setting of xenotransplantation and the possibility that other approaches to this problem might emerge.