bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence of natural teeth and restorative materials, methods for analysis and quantification: A literature review
Authors: Volpato Claudia Angela Maziero , Pereira Mario Rui Cunha , Silva Filipe Samuel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis review integrates published scientific information about the fluorescence of natural teeth, dental resins and ceramics, and the main methods of analysis and quantification presented in the literature.OverviewFluorescence is an emission of light (photons) by a substance that has absorbed light of higher energy. In natural teeth, it is more intense in the dentin than in the enamel and presents a bluish‐white color. In dental resins and ceramics, fluorescence is obtained by the incorporation of materials that contain rare‐earth luminescence centers (more precisely lanthanide luminescence centers), which allows these artificial materials to simulate natural teeth in a more beautiful and vital‐looking way. However, the lack of knowledge about this optical phenomenon on the part of professionals indicates the need for more scientific studies and dissemination on this topic.ConclusionsAesthetic materials have variable spectral compositions and fluorescence intensities, which are not always compatible with natural teeth. The fluorescence of teeth and restorative materials can be influenced by several factors, such as aging, temperature, and bleaching. Several devices for fluorescence evaluation and quantification are used in studies under different methodologies, but the small number of studies on the subject make it difficult to compare their results.Clinical SignificanceFluorescence is a fundamental optical property for aesthetic rehabilitations since its presence and intensity in the restorative materials allows achieving an aesthetic result much closer to reality. However, the fluorescent behavior of natural teeth and aesthetic restorative materials is not yet fully understood by researchers and clinicians. Greater understanding of this phenomenon will contribute to the selection, indication, and clinical use of these materials.
Two case reports of unusual phimosis in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Hajinasrollah Mostafa , Mohitmafi Soroush , Asadian Asma 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPhimosis is the inability of the penis to protrude from the prepuce. In the present report, we present two cases of phimosis in two rhesus monkeys. Surgical enlargement of preputial orifice was performed for unrestricted movement of penis. The exact cause of this condition is unknown to us.
Patient Expectation and Satisfaction with Different Prosthetic Treatment Modalities
Authors: Colvin Joshua , Dawson Deborah V. , Gu Hongjie , Marchini Leonardo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationships between gender, age, patients’ perceptions about the dentists’ conduct, number of adjustments, treatment type, and expectation prior to prosthetic treatment and patient satisfaction with their treatments.Materials and MethodsData were integrated from four studies that measured patient expectations before treatment and satisfaction after treatment using a visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10. These scores were given for each of four aspects of the therapeutic outcomes: chewing, esthetics, phonetics, and comfort. Patients’ perceptions about the dentists’ conduct was also assessed using a Likert‐scale questionnaire. The total sample size, after combining the data from all four studies, was 223 subjects. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed. The covariates entertained were gender, age, treatment type, patients’ perceptions about the dentists’ conduct, number of adjustments, and expectation prior to denture fabrication.ResultsIn the entire sample, 115 (51.57%) patients were females and 108 (48.43%) were males. They ranged in age from 28 to 81 years old; the mean age was 53.2 years (SD = 11.5). Combining four treatments together, there was no significant difference between patients’ expectation and satisfaction scores for all four items. There were no significant differences between expectation and satisfaction for different genders. Multivariable analysis showed that patient expectation, satisfaction and the difference (satisfaction score–expectation score) scores for all four aspects were associated with treatment type (implant treatments were favored), and expectation prior to prosthetic treatment (the higher the expectation, the higher the satisfaction) was associated with satisfaction and difference scores. Satisfaction and difference scores for chewing were associated with number of adjustments and satisfaction, and satisfaction and difference scores for phonetics and comfort were associated with how well the dentist explained the intended treatment before performing it.ConclusionsPatient satisfaction was associated with treatment type (implant treatments were favored), expectations prior to prosthetic treatment (the higher the expectation, the higher the satisfaction), and how well the dentist explained the intended treatment before performing it.
Viewpoints of adolescents with overweight and obesity attending lifestyle obesity treatment interventions: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Jones H. M. , Al‐Khudairy L. , Melendez‐Torres G. J. , Oyebode O. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundCurrent UK guidance recommends that adolescents with obesity attend a family‐based multi‐component obesity intervention. However, these programmes suffer from low recruitment and high rates of attrition. Understanding the views of adolescents is necessary for developing future interventions. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize and explore the views of adolescents who have attended an obesity intervention.MethodsPublished literature was identified by searching six databases. Studies of adolescents (12–17 years) who attended an obesity intervention were examined. Only studies that collected and analysed data qualitatively were included. Full texts were analysed using thematic synthesis.ResultsTwenty‐eight studies were included. Thirty‐five analytical themes were developed that were broadly divided into seven domains. Key themes included ensuring adolescents receive a ‘tailored intervention’ that involves ‘active engagement’. Support from professionals, family and peers were valued highly. Adolescents expressed ‘prior fears of attending interventions’ and wanted ‘longer term support’. ‘Enjoyment of sport and physical activity’ was evident, and adolescents were strongly motivated by improving body image and social desirability.DiscussionConsidering the views of adolescents attending obesity interventions may help to inform policy makers in the development of future interventions. This may lead to an improvement in recruitment and attrition rates.
Frequency of medication error in pediatric anesthesia: A systematic review and meta‐analytic estimate
Authors: Feinstein Max M. , Pannunzio Anthony E. , Castro Pilar 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundClinical evidence shows that pediatric anesthesia patients are subject to a higher rate of life‐threatening medical errors than their adult counterparts. Medication error in adult anesthesia is estimated to occur to 1 in 133 anesthetic administrations, but such a figure has not been determined for pediatric anesthesia patients. Individual studies of medication error in pediatric anesthesia have ranged from rates of 0.01% to 1.92% of anesthetic uses. The present study is a systematic review that employs a meta‐analytic estimate to determine the rate of medication error in pediatric anesthesia.MethodsA systematic review of the literature on pediatric anesthesia medication error was conducted using Medline, Cochrane Database, PROSPERO, and Clinicaltrials.gov. A meta‐analytic estimate was used to determine the medication error rate for all of the included studies. Subgroup sensitivity analysis was used to evaluate possible sources of heterogeneity in included studies.ResultsOf the 433 initially screened records, 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Meta‐analytic estimate of medication error rate across all studies was 0.08% (95% CI 0.05%‐0.10%), or 1 out of 1250 anesthetics. Ten different countries were represented in the studies. Sample size of anesthetics reported on ranged from 296 to 2 316 635. Data collecting periods ranged from 3 months to 15 years. Six included studies individually reported higher rates of medication error in patients under 1 year of age.ConclusionThe present systematic review revealed a medication error rate of 1 per 1250 anesthetic administrations in pediatric anesthesia. This result is significantly lower than would be expected given reported rates of medication error in adult anesthesia, which raises questions regarding the validity of research methods and reporting of medication error in pediatric anesthesia. Future investigations of medication error should employ methodologies other than self‐reporting of error, such as retrospective chart review.
Enrollment challenges in multicenter, international studies: The example of the GAS trial
Authors: Gentry Katherine R. , Arnup Sarah J. , Disma Nicola , Dorris Liam , de Graaff Jurgen C. , Hunyady Agnes , Morton Neil S. , Withington Davinia E. , McCann Mary Ellen , Davidson Andrew J. , Lynn Anne M. ,   The GAS Trial Consortium
Published: October 2018

SummaryIntroductionRandomized trials are important for generating high‐quality evidence, but are perceived as difficult to perform in the pediatric population. Thus far there has been poor characterization of the barriers to conducting trials involving children, and the variation in these barriers between countries remains undescribed. The General Anesthesia compared to Spinal anesthesia (GAS) trial, conducted in seven countries between 2007 and 2013, provides an opportunity to explore these issues.MethodsWe undertook a descriptive analysis to evaluate the reasons for variation in enrollment between countries in the GAS trial, looking specifically at the number of potential subjects screened, and the subsequent application of four exclusion criteria that were applied in a hierarchical order.ResultsA total of 4023 patients were screened by 28 centers in seven countries. Australia and the USA screened the most subjects, accounting for 84% of all potential trial participants. The percentage of subjects eliminated from the screened pool by each exclusion criterion varied between countries. Exclusion due to a predefined condition (H1) eliminated only 5% of potential subjects in Italy and the UK, but 37% in Canada. Exclusions due to a contraindication or a physician's refusal most impacted enrollment in Australia and the USA. The patient being “too large for spinal anesthesia” was the most commonly cited by anesthetists who refused to enroll a patient (64% of anesthetist refusals). The majority of surgeon refusals came from the USA, where surgeons preferred the patient to receive a general anesthetic. The percentage of approached parents refusing to consent ranged from a low of 3% in Italy to a high of 70% in the USA and Netherlands. The most frequently cited reason for parent refusal in all countries was a preference for general anesthesia (median: 43%, range: 32%‐67%). However, a sizeable proportion of parents in all countries had a contrasting preference for spinal anesthesia (median: 25%, range: 13%‐31%), and 23% of U.S. parents expressed concern about randomization.ConclusionThe GAS trial highlights enrollment challenges that can occur when conducting multicenter, international, pediatric studies. Investigators planning future trials should be aware of potential differences in screening processes across countries, and that exclusions by anesthetists and surgeons may vary in reason, in frequency, and by country. Furthermore, investigators should be aware that the U.S. centers encountered particularly high surgeon and parental refusal rates and that U.S. parents were uniquely concerned about randomization. Planning trials that address these difficulties should increase the likelihood of successfully recruiting subjects in pediatric trials.
The Agential Point of View
Authors: Sorgiovanni Ben 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAgentialist accounts of self‐knowledge seek to do justice to the connection between our identities as rational agents and our capacity to know our own minds. There are two strategies that agentialists have employed in developing their position: substantive and non‐substantive. My aim is to explicate and defend one particular example of the non‐substantive strategy, namely, that proposed by Tyler Burge. In particular, my concern is to defend Burge's claim that critical reasoning requires a relation of normative directness between reviewing and reviewed perspectives. My defence will involve supplementing Burge's view with a substantive agentialist account of self‐knowledge.
Overexpression of particular MADS‐box transcription factors in heat‐stressed plants induces chloroplast biogenesis in petals
Authors: Wang Zhen , Shen Yuxiao , Yang Xiao , Pan Qi , Ma Guangying , Bao Manzhu , Zheng Bo , Duanmu Deqiang , Lin Rongcheng , Larkin Robert M. , Ning Guogui 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChloroplasts convert solar energy into biologically useful forms of energy by performing photosynthesis. Although light and particular genes are known to promote chloroplast development, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the tissue‐specificity and cell‐specificity of chloroplast biogenesis. Thus, the mechanisms that determine whether non‐photosynthetic plastids rather than chloroplasts develop in petals remain largely unexplored. Although heat stress is known to inhibit photosynthesis, we do not know whether heat stress affects chloroplast biogenesis. Here, we report that heat stress up‐regulates the expression of chlorophyll biosynthesis‐related genes and promotes chloroplasts biogenesis in petals overexpressing SOC1 (suppressor of overexpression of CO) and novel SOC1‐like genes. We also found that these specific MADS‐box transcription factors are present in most photosynthetic eukaryotes and that the expression of more than one homolog is observed in chloroplast‐containing tissues. These findings not only provide novel insights into the tissue specificity of chloroplast biogenesis and a method for producing green petals but also are consistent with heat stress influencing chloroplast biogenesis in higher plants.
Tracing the origin of Southwest Japan using the Hf isotopic composition of detrital zircons from the Akiyoshi Belt
Authors: Zhang Xiaojing , Takeuchi Makoto , Lee Hao‐Yang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Permian Akiyoshi Belt, which is the oldest unmetamorphosed accretionary complex in Southwest Japan, plays an important role in understanding the origin of the Japanese Islands; however, its tectonic affinity is still not well constrained. Herein, we present the first Hf isotopic data for U–Pb dated detrital zircons of the Late Permian sandstones in the Akiyoshi Belt. Almost all the late Palaeozoic detrital zircons yielded highly positive ɛHf (t) values compatible with a juvenile source, suggesting that the major provenance of the trench sediments was from the South China block and not from the Bureya‐Jiamusi‐Khanka massif. We propose that in the late Palaeozoic, a block of juvenile lower crust existed outboard of the South China block, and it was being melted during the westward subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific oceanic plate to produce voluminous volcanic and plutonic rocks with positive ɛHf (t) values.
Using Experimental Research Designs to Explore the Scope of Cumulative Culture in Humans and Other Animals
Authors: Caldwell Christine A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn humans, cultural evolutionary processes are capable of shaping our cognition, because the conceptual tools we learn from others enable mental feats which otherwise would be beyond our capabilities. This is possible because human culture supports the intergenerational accumulation of skills and knowledge, such that later generations can benefit from the experience and exploration efforts of their predecessors. However, it remains unclear how exactly human social transmission supports the accumulation of advantageous traits, and why we see little evidence of this in the natural behavior of other species. Thus, it is difficult to know whether the cognitive abilities of other animals might be similarly scaffolded by processes of cultural evolution. In this article, I discuss how experimental studies of cultural evolution have contributed to our understanding of human cumulative culture, as well as some of the limitations of these approaches. I also discuss how similar research designs can be used to evaluate the potential for cumulative culture in other species. Such research may be able to clarify what distinguishes human cumulative culture from related phenomena in nonhumans, shedding light on the issue of whether other species also have the potential to develop cognitive capacities that are outcomes of cultural evolution.
Co‐expression analysis aids in the identification of genes in the cuticular wax pathway in maize
Authors: Zheng Jun , He Cheng , Qin Yang , Lin Guifang , Park Woojun D. , Sun Minghao , Li Jian , Lu Xiaoduo , Zhang Chunyi , Yeh Cheng‐Ting , Gunasekara Chathura J. , Zeng Erliang , Wei Hairong , Schnable Patrick S. , Wang Guoying , Liu Sanzhen 
Published: October 2018

SummaryEpicuticular waxes provide a hydrophobic barrier that protects land plants from environmental stresses. To elucidate the molecular functions of maize glossy mutants that reduce the accumulation of epicuticular waxes, eight non‐allelic glossy mutants were subjected to transcriptomic comparisons with their respective wild‐type siblings. Transcriptomic comparisons identified 2279 differentially expressed (DE) genes. Other glossy genes tended to be down‐regulated in glossy mutants; by contrast stress‐responsive pathways were induced in mutants. Gene co‐expression network (GCN) analysis found that glossy genes were clustered, suggestive of co‐regulation. Genes that potentially regulate the accumulation of glossy gene transcripts were identified via a pathway level co‐expression analysis. Expression data from diverse organs showed that maize glossy genes are generally active in young leaves, silks, and tassels, while largely inactive in seeds and roots. Through reverse genetics, a DE gene homologous to Arabidopsis CER8 and co‐expressed with known glossy genes was confirmed to participate in epicuticular wax accumulation. GCN data‐informed forward genetics approach enabled cloning of the gl14 gene, which encodes a putative membrane‐associated protein. Our results deepen understanding of the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in the accumulation of epicuticular wax, and provide two maize glossy genes and a number of candidate genes for further characterization.
Reduced risk of pneumonia after changes in anesthetic procedures for dogs receiving repeated anesthesia for radiation treatment
Authors: Baetge Courtney , Cummings Kevin J. , Deveau Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRadiation therapy requires repeated anesthetic administration to patients who often have multiple comorbidities contributing to an increased rate of anesthetic complications such as pneumonia. This is a retrospective observational study in which data were collected from 146 medical records of dogs receiving repeat anesthesia for radiation treatment from prior to management changes and compared to data from 149 cases treated after completion of management changes. The objective was to determine if changes in case management protocol that were put in place decreased the risk of pneumonia development among these patients. Management changes that were made included the following: decrease in anticholinergic and pure‐mu opioid use, change in positioning during intubation and recovery, prophylactic treatment of nausea, timing of cuff inflation and deflation, and aseptic handling of intubation equipment. There was a significant association between diagnosis of pneumonia and the following: pre‐ vs. post‐changes to protocol, presence of a neurologic tumor, presence of respiratory disease, presence of megaesophagus, and number of radiation fractions completed. Diagnosis of pneumonia did not vary significantly by age group, body weight category, or sex. In a multivariable logistic regression model that controlled for the effects of the three concurrent diseases and fractions completed, the odds of being diagnosed with pneumonia were approximately 10 times greater among dogs anesthetized prior to management changes (odds ratio = 9.9, 95% CI = 2.0–48.7,P = 0.005).
Long‐term outcome of the transobturator vaginal tape inside out for the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs
Authors: Hamon Martin , Hamaide Annick J. , Noël Stéphanie M. , Claeys Stéphanie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the long‐term efficacy of the transobturator vaginal tape inside out (TVT‐O) in female dogs with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI).Study designRetrospective study.AnimalsIncontinent spayed female dogs (n = 12).MethodsTVT‐O tape was inserted in 12 incontinent bitches diagnosed with USMI. Follow‐up information was evaluated by a telephone questionnaire, and a continence score was attributed.ResultsOne year after surgery, 7 of 12 (58%) dogs were completely continent. Two dogs were removed from the long‐term analysis (1 dead and 1 lost). At a median follow‐up time of 85 months (range, 28‐95), 4 of 10 dogs were completely continent without medical treatment. Incontinence recurred in 6 dogs at a median time of 2 months after surgery (range 1‐20). Among these 6 dogs, 4 regained continence, and 2 had sporadic episodes of incontinence with additional medical treatment. No postoperative complications were encountered.ConclusionTVT‐O alone was successful in maintaining long‐term continence in 40% of the dogs. Additional postoperative medical treatment was effective in restoring continence in another 40% of the dogs.Clinical significanceTVT‐O provides an alternative treatment of USMI in female dogs that is safe and less invasive than standard surgical techniques.