bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Margaret Cavendish
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Margaret Cavendish, a seventeenth-century philosopher, scientist, poet, playwright, and novelist, went to battle with the great thinkers of her time, and in many cases arguably got the better of them, but she did not have the platform that she would have had in the twenty-first century. She took a creative and systematic stand on the major questions of philosophy of mind, epistemology, metaphysics, and political philosophy. She defends a number of theses across her corpus: for example, that human beings and all other members of the created universe are wholly material; that matter is eternal; that the universe is a plenum of contiguous bodies; that matter is generally speaking knowledgeable and perceptive and that non-human creatures like spiders, plants, and cells exhibit wisdom and skill; that motion is never transferred from one body to another, but bodies always move by motions that are internal to them; that sensory perception is not via impressions or stamping; that we can have no ideas of immaterials; and that creatures depend for their properties and features on the behavior of the beings that surround them. Cavendish uses her fictional work to further illustrate these views, and in particular to illustrate the view that creatures depend on their surroundings for their social and political properties. For example, she crafts alternative worlds in which women are not seen as unfit for roles such as philosopher, scientist, and military general, and in which they flourish. This volume of Cavendish’s writings provides a cross-section of her interconnected writings, views, and arguments.
Philosophical and Physical Opinions
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Philosophical and Physical Opinions. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: whether or not there are inherent capability differences between men and women; gender; atomism; whether or not goodness and badness are objective qualities in the natural world; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the struggle for creatures to maintain their structural integrity; striving; individuation; creation; annihilation; chance; causation; teleology; knowledge; motion; perception; mental illness and the brain; and physicians and disease. The chapter begins with a note that Cavendish writes “To the Two Universities” in which she says that the main reason for differences in the skills and capacities of women and men is that men have put into place structures that make it impossible for women to develop and flourish. She also looks ahead to a future time when different structures will be in place and the self-same work that she has produced in the seventeenth century will have an opportunity to secure a foothold.
Introduction
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
English terrorist Guy Fawkes is the source of our present-day words “guy” and its plural “guys.” After almost succeeding in lighting 36 barrels of gunpowder under the House of Lords on November 5, 1605, Fawkes was put to death within two short months. But his name lived on, thanks to the act of Parliament declaring every November 5 henceforth as a day of thanksgiving to God for delivering them from Gunpowder Treason. From the start, November 5 was a popular holiday, concluding with bonfires where effigies of Guy, soon called “guys,” were burned. Thus the way opened for “guy” to refer by extension to the lowest sort of man, then in due course to a man of odd or ridiculous dress and appearance, then gradually, at least in the United States, to any man of any class or bearing, even fully respectable. And then, even more strangely, the masculine “guy” became gender-neutral “guys.” And so it became the present-day standard second-person plural pronoun, taking the place of plural “you,” which had taken the place of singular “thou,” which had disappeared from everyday use in the 1700s. It was not until the later 20th century that “you guys” was inclusive enough to be the standard second-person plural, but that space had remained unfilled, and “guys” or “you guys” fit in so well that nowadays we hardly even notice.
The Original Guy
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
“Guy,” a French name brought across the Channel by Normans in 1066, had become a familiar English name long before Guy Fawkes was born in 1570. The name was memorable enough that while supervising delivery of gunpowder to the disused cellar under the House of Lords, Guy Fawkes adopted a bland, inconspicuous pseudonym: John Johnson. If he had maintained that pseudonym until his death a few months later, this book wouldn’t exist. “You johns” couldn’t succeed like “you guys.” Fawkes was born to a Protestant father and a Catholic mother. The father died when Guy was 8, so the rest of his upbringing was presumably Catholic. Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth’s government (and then James’s government after her death in 1603) continued in frequency and intensity, though never successful. Fawkes meanwhile embarked on a military career, fighting with distinction for many years in the English Regiment of the Catholic Spanish Brigade in the Netherlands. For his expertise in undermining and gunpowder, Robert Catesby recruited him for the most horrendous Catholic plot ever, to blow up the House of Lords with Lords, Commons, government officials, and royalty assembled for the opening day of Parliament. At the last minute a search party caught Fawkes red-handed, turning him over to anti-Catholic King James VI for interrogation, and he soon admitted his real name. Modern experiments confirm that 36 barrels of gunpowder would indeed have destroyed the House of Lords and everyone in it.
First Bonfire Day
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
English authorities were thankful almost beyond measure for the last-minute thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot. In place of the plotters’ planned explosion, throughout London bonfires were lit on November 5, 1605, to celebrate this escape from treason. In gratitude, Parliament in January passed a Fifth of November Act, decreeing that every November 5 henceforth should be celebrated as a holiday and day of thanksgiving, Attendance at special church services was mandated for the morning, while evenings centered on bonfires, often complete with fireworks mocking the failure of the explosion planned for the House of Lords. As a typical example, a few days after that first November 5 William Barlow, bishop of Rochester, gave a sermon comparing Guy Fawkes to Caligula and Nero.
Gunpowder Days in England
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In addition to the celebrations of Gunpowder Day every November 5, Guy Fawkes appears in 17th-century literature as an arch-villain. Thomas Decker wrote a play in 1611 that encounters Guy in Hell. In 1614 in his play “Bartholomew Faire”; Ben Jonson’s character Lanthorn boasts of his success as a puppeteer with the topic of the Gunpowder Plot. In 1622 young John Milton wrote a 226-line poem in Latin referring to Gunpowder Treason. By 1641, Francis Herring could make Fawkes a son of the devil. The poem “Remember, Remember” reflects the later development of November 5. As the centuries went on, anti-Catholic sentiment in England finally diminished, making Fawkes even more the focus of what often now was called Guy Fawkes Day.
My Pronoun, ’tis of Thee
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 interrupts the narrative to explain the importance of the further development of “Guy” to “guy” or “guys.” It tells about the second-person personal pronouns of English from Old English times, a thousand years ago, to the present. These are words we regularly use in speech and writing: first-person singular “I” and plural “we,” third person “he, she, it” and “they,” and then the second person, which happens to have undergone major changes in the past few centuries. Originally the second-person singular was “thou,” the plural “you.” But then, like several other European languages, the second-person plural was seen as more polite than “thou,” so “you” became second-person singular too. That was fine, except now a listener couldn’t tell whether a speaker was referring just to the listener or to the whole group. So with “you” solidly entrenched as second-person singular, a substitute had to be found for second-person plural. One possibility was “y’all,” still preferred in the American South, but that can be used for the singular too. Eventually, while the vacancy remained empty two centuries later, a successful substitution emerged, none other than the “guys” most of use as second-person plural today.
Guys in Rags
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter resumes the narrative, with numerous examples of the development of the meaning of “guy” and “guys” from 1640 to 1908. “Guy” first extended from designating a person’s name to include also an effigy of that person, then sometimes to more than just one effigy or any effigy, not just the effigy of Guy Fawkes. And gradually, in the 18th century, “guy” began to designate any living man of low class who, to use the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, was “habited in grotesquely ragged and ill-assorted garments.” That allowed “guy” to expand further, to a man with any garish outfit, not necessarily ragged or ill-assorted. Conversely, any man could be a guy by overdressing or otherwise calling attention to himself by his costume. By 1908, “guy” could refer to any lower-class man, as well as any man if he dressed funny.
Roadblocks
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For the most part, the gradual expansion of the meaning of “guy” to include everyone, male and female and GLBTQ, has slipped by without particular notice by the general public, and even by linguists. There’s no mystery about Guy Fawkes being the starting point that leads as far from that beginning as groups of women calling each other “you guys,” but neither is there much interest—except in two quarters that object: the feminist movement and the Old South of the United States. Feminists who want the inherently sexist English language to become gender neutral object to the expansion of “guys” to include women as well as men. As a result, some people try to avoid “guys,” though the alternatives aren’t that obvious, at best a plain “you all.” The other objection comes from Southerners, who don’t so much object to “guys” as keep to their well-established older alternative “y’all.” The boundary between “guys” or “you guys” and “y’all” has remained firm for the last century, perhaps getting its strength as one last means of holding the line against the northern states.
Villain Becomes Hero
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Another diversion is necessary to acknowledge the return of Guy Fawkes in the present day. No, it’s not his Second Coming, but there is awareness of Guy Fawkes as a role model for modern-day activists and protesters. It has come particularly from Alan Moore and David Lloyd, creators of the graphic novel “V for Vendetta,” a serial first published as a book in 1988. It imagines a ruthless Fascist regime in England in the 1990s, opposed by a lone rebel who calls himself simply V, and who always wears a mask that is a simplified adaptation of the sketches of Guy Fawkes back in the 1600s, but with a smile. The resemblance to Fawkes is emphasized at the very beginning, where unlike Fawkes he casually blows up the houses of Parliament after reciting “Remember, remember, the fifth of December” to a young woman he has just rescued from the police. The story became a movie with Hugo Weaving as V and Natalie Portman as the rescued girl Evey. The masks were used by Occupy protesters and others early in the 21st century. Rather than an arch-villain, V and the mask now signal opposition to government tyranny. This chapter briefly cites Guy Fawkes’s 19th-century adaptations and references, including the beginning of Thomas Hardy’s 1888 novel, Return of the Native.
Guys Victorious
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
“You guys” or plain “guys” has now become the standard second-person plural personal pronoun used by most of us. We know that because we don’t have to stop and think about it; we just use it as the normal way to designate a group of people. In linguistic terms, it’s now unmarked, as it has been from the start; if it were marked, that is noticed, every time it’s used, that would be a sign that it’s not the regular plural. But it is. What about the competition? It has the advantage over “yous,” “you-uns,” and “yinz” by being less conspicuous and thus less likely to encounter objections for any reason. “You folks” and “you people” are impeccable, but they carry implications; the former is too folksy for some occasions, “you people” a little condescending for others. Without being obvious, “you guys” has a hint of friendship or camaraderie. “You guys” also has the advantage over “y’all,” in being clearly only plural, where “y’all” can be singular too. And “y’all” is strongly linked to the South, whereas “you guys” is tied to no particular region.
Future Guys
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
So “you guys” and plain “guys” have succeeded in filling the vacuum in second-person plural pronouns left by the departure of “thou.” What’s next? Four possible futures come to mind: (1) “guys” could continue to extend its hegemony over other candidates for the role of addressing groups; (2) like the plural, the singular “guy” could extend refer not just to a male but to any human being; (3) “guys” could be excoriated sufficiently by those who object to its wider use, so it would retreat to meaning males only; and (4) student activists could follow the example of “guy” and “guys” and use their own names as second-person plural pronouns that everyone should use.
2004
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the practices of the 2004 presidential campaigns. This election cycle exhibits an important shift from the mass media campaigning paradigm to the networked media campaigning paradigm. Howard Dean’s remarkable rise in the polls and financial largesse came after capitalizing on the affordances of DCTs for two-step flow. The best illustration of this paradigm shift, though, is in the candidacy of Wesley Clark, which started as a “netroots” movement and eventually became a frontrunner campaign. The clash between the netroots and a new way of campaigning and the historically professional way of mass-mediated campaigning illustrates the paradigm shift. In the meantime, George Bush continued to build a comprehensive data file of offline and online voter behavior for microtargeted messaging. And John Kerry conducted analytic testing of website design and e-mail messaging features to maximize effects. Both practices were harbingers of future election cycles.
2008
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
If the 2004 presidential campaigns demonstrated a paradigm shift as mass-mediated campaigning gave way to networked media campaigning (which in turn changed the power dynamic between supporters and campaigns), the 2008 election was about learning to control supporters through networked interactivity to the campaigns’ greatest advantage. The Obama campaign built on not just the innovations from 2004 but also on the earlier practices from 2000 and 1996, establishing an effective digital media strategy for fundraising and organizing. Other candidates, especially Democratic primary candidate Hillary Clinton and Republican primary candidate Ron Paul, experimented with and centralized DCTs as key components of their campaigns. The financial disadvantage John McCain’s campaign had compared to Obama in the general election was substantial. McCain's campaign had little choice but to focus on tried-and-true mass mediated campaigning and could not fully build enough with DCTs to work their advantage.
2016
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The quest for data-driven campaigning in 2012—creating massive databases of voter information for more effective micro-targeting—found greater efficacy and new controversy in 2016. The Trump campaign capitalized on the power of digital advertising to reach the public to engage in unprecedented mass-targeted campaigning. His campaign spent substantially more on Facebook and other digital media paid ads than Clinton. Yet, the company that Trump worked with, Cambridge Analytica, closed up shop in 2018 under a cloud of controversy about corrupt officials and voter manipulation in several countries, as well as ill-begotten data of Facebook users that drove their micro-targeting practices. The Clinton campaign modeled itself on data-driven successes of the Obama campaign, yet the algorithms that drove their decision making were flawed, thereby leading her campaign to underperform in essential swing states. Similar to the Romney campaign’s Narwhal challenges on Election Day when the campaign effectively was flying blind on get-out-the-vote numbers, the Clinton plane was flying on bad coordinates, ultimately causing her campaign to crash in critical swing states.
Externality as Symbol
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Architecture is the first of Hegel’s “individual arts”—which also include sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—discussed in Part III of his lectures on aesthetics. These arts are defined by the senses they engage. Architecture’s task is to give shape to tactile materials in order to house the spiritual. Hegel describes architecture’s origins in the Tower of Babel and figures representing natural forces, then considers the emergence of architecture proper in Egyptian pyramids. Architecture reached its highest point in the classical world, where its function—housing the spiritual—was made explicit by structures that balanced the organic and the mathematical. Romantic architecture, for instance the gothic splendor of the Cologne Cathedral, instead hides its functionality and becomes more sculptural. Hegel also discusses horticulture as an example of humans defining space in an architectural way.
“From Slave to Citizen”
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers Saint Elizabeths during the post-Reconstruction era and examines the medical professions’ changing ideas about black mental illness and black Washingtonians’ interactions with the hospital in a new era of limited citizenship. A postemancipation discourse emerged among physicians in the 1880s and 1890s that fundamentally differed from the antebellum medical consensus that insanity was rare among black people. Instead physicians began to attribute a perceived increase of black insanity to freedom itself. What the psychiatric profession—which now included individuals trained in neurology—could not agree upon was whether blacks’ new susceptibility to madness was a result of their cultural or biological underdevelopment. Despite this new consensus that associated black mental illness with freedom, this chapter argues that the increased admissions of African Americans to Saint Elizabeths in the 1890s was more the result of black families assertively using the federal institution as an important resource.
Mental Hygiene and the Limits of Reform
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines key innovations that began to project Saint Elizabeths’ psychiatric authority into the community—specifically, the outpatient clinic, psychiatric social work, and child guidance centers. Broadly defined as mental hygiene, these efforts were aimed at reducing the number of institutionalized patients and providing them follow-up care. They were also aimed at preserving the mental health of individuals and consequently preventing their institutionalization in the first place. The chapter is in part concerned with how black patients and their family members shaped the outpatient experience. It also addresses the role of Washington’s segregationist culture and politics in limiting these larger mental hygiene reforms among the District’s African American community.
Whither the Negro Psyche
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the desegregation of the hospital’s wards in the 1950s. It begins by examining the emergence of a universalist turn within psychiatry that rejected earlier assumptions about the existence of racially distinct psyches. By the 1940s and 1950s psychiatrists began to think about mental illness among African Americans on a par with mental illness among whites. This was reinforced by advances in psychopharmacology and the development of social psychiatry, the latter of which took seriously the role of racism in producing mental illness. This universalist turn was more responsible than grassroots activism or government directives for the racial integration of Saint Elizabeths’ wards, although the latter did play a role. Despite the ascendancy of a nonracialist conception of the psyche in the postwar period, however, racism and racial ambivalence continued to play a part in defining the experience of African American patients.
From Model to Emblem
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the comprehensive community mental health care movement, deinstitutionalization in the 1970s, and the transfer of control of Saint Elizabeths from the federal government to the District in the 1980s. It focuses on the Area D Community Mental Health Center, which was located at Saint Elizabeths and served mainly low-income black neighborhoods in Southeast and Southwest Washington, DC. It looks at how efforts to provide mental health care and other services to so-called ghetto residents were undercut by disinvestment in urban areas. Dwindling resources and services, combined with deinstitutionalization, contributed to a growing epidemic of homelessness in the nation’s capital. But the community mental health care movement and the ultimate transfer of the hospital to the District reveal the ways that black Washingtonians invested their relationship to Saint Elizabeths with their claims to being equal citizens of the District and of the nation.
Humility in Competitive Contexts
Authors: Austin Michael W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, it is argued that humility is an apt trait for competitive contexts. This claim is important in part because one might think that humility is a virtue in some realms of life but not others, and it is likely that many would include competitive contexts in the latter. In support of the claim that humility is apt for such contexts, I first describe particular conceptions of the virtue of humility and of the trait of competitiveness. Next, I discuss some possible problems that arise when we consider how the virtue of humility might function in competitive contexts. Finally, I demonstrate that humility is in fact an apt trait for the competitive realms of sport, business, and academia.
Introduction to Temple Renovation in the Ancient Near East and Beyond
Authors: Davis Andrew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of temple renovation as a distinct literary topos and shows its close association with royal ideology. Both points are made with evidence drawn from a variety of historical and cultural contexts, ranging from ancient to modern. Next, the chapter surveys previous studies of temple renovation in ancient Near Eastern contexts and previews the contents of the chapters that follow. Finally, it discusses some methodological issues related to the present study, especially issues around the production and promulgation of royal inscriptions and biblical texts.