bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-44 Categorical Errors on the Benton Visual Retention Test are Systemically Related to Specific Factorial Components of Intelligence
Authors: Gukasyan M , Moses J , Greenman K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
We investigated the factorial relationship of the six categories of memory errors of the BVRT to the four factorial variables of the WAIS to determine the relationship between cognitive and nonverbal memory variables.

Methods
A sample of 134 diagnostically mixed ambulatory American Veteran patients with a wide variety of mixed neuropsychiatric diagnoses and with or without general medical problems who had completed the WAIS-3, and the BVRT were examined. There were no demographic or diagnostic exclusion criteria.

Results
The 6 types of BVRT memory errors (omissions, distortions, perseverations, rotations, misplacements, and size errors) were factored using principal component analysis. The four WAIS 3 and six BVRT components were jointly factored to examine for systematic relationships between memory and cognitive domains. The analysis identified specific factorial relationships of BVRT error type to each of the four factorial components of the WAIS. POI was related to rotation errors, VCI was related to size errors, PSI specifically related to omissions and WMI to distortions. Misplacement and perseveration errors were related to each other but not to factorial constructs of the WAIS.

Conclusions
There are specific and robust relationships among BVRT errors and dimensional cognitive variables.
A-45 Systematic Relationships of the Benton Visual Retention Test to Intelligence, Language and Demographics
Authors: Gukasyan M , Moses J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
We investigated the factorial relationships of WAIS 3, BVRT, Visual Naming and demographic variables to better understand factorial relationships among those variables.

Methods
A sample of 126 ambulatory American Veteran patients who presented for clinical evaluation with a wide variety of mixed neuropsychiatric diagnoses and general medical diagnoses were studied. There were no demographic or diagnostic exclusion criteria.

Results
Our first analysis demonstrated robust independent relationships of age to a late occurring BVRT item group and education to an early occurring BVRT item group. A two factor solution for the items of the multilingual aphasia exam visual naming subtest from previous research showed systematic and robust relationships of one visual naming factor to VCI and the other visual naming factor to PSI only. Factor scales were computed to represent the orthogonal factors for the new variables in each of these analyses. Factor scales from the first two analyses were factored together to produce a four-part solution that explained 86% of the variance. POI was related to the late BVRT item group and age. The early BVRT item grouping was related to educational level, VCI, PSI and both visual naming components. WMI was independent of demographic, linguistic and BVRT variables.

Conclusions
There are factorial relationships between factorial components of nonverbal memory, intelligence, naming and demographic variables.
A-48 The Role of Processing Speed in Verbal and Nonverbal Learning within a Clinical Sample of Older Adults.
Authors: Hawley N , Brunet H , Miller J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Prior research revealed that processing speed predicts nonverbal learning in healthy older adults (Tam & Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2013). This study aims to examine the role of processing speed in both verbal and nonverbal learning in a clinical sample. We expect that processing speed will lend the most variance to the initial learning trials.

Method
Records from 718 patients were reviewed (mean age = 74). Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted using Brief Visuospatial Memory Test –Revised (BVMT-R) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test –Revised (HVLT-R) learning trials as outcome variables. Demographics were entered in a first step followed by BVMT-R copy or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Digit Span –longest digit span forward raw score, to account for visuoconstruction or simple auditory attention for nonverbal and verbal learning outcomes respectively. A processing speed composite of sample-standardized raw scores was entered in a final step.

Results
Processing speed accounted for 5.4% of the variance in BVMT-R trial 1, 7.5% of the variance in trial 2, and 8.5% of the variance in trial 3, all p < .001. Processing speed accounted for 6.6% of the variance in HVLT-R trial 1, 11.1% of the variance in trial 2, and 11.5% of the variance in trial 3, all p < .001.

Conclusions
Processing speed significantly predicted all verbal and nonverbal learning trials. Contrary to our hypotheses, processing speed actually had a greater contribution during subsequent learning trials. These findings have implications for evaluating memory performance in patients with syndromes where processing speed is typically affected (e.g., cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease).
A-50 A Comprehensive Neuropsychological Case Study of a Child with Perinatal Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Perez Delgadillo P , Hernandez L , Sadurni C , Santiago C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) remains present in 60% of births in the United States1. Current literature links hyperbilirubinemia with neurodevelopmental problems, particularly with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), general learning difficulties, and non-progressive developmental delays. Moderate elevations in bilirubin are also suggested to increase the risk for cognitive, perceptual, motor, and auditory disorders. Imaging studies have shown selective patterns of injury to specific brain regions associated with deficits in executive function, including impulse control and working memory as well as different subtypes of attention problems grounded in reward circuitry system dysfunction in children with bilirubin encephalopathy.

Method
Neuropsychological functioning of a 12-year old Hispanic female with a history of high levels of perinatal bilirubin, and subsequent developmental and cognitive difficulties in speech, learning, attention and memory as well as problems with socialization and anxiety is presented with the purpose of adding to existing literature. Comprehensive neuropsychiatric interview and neuropsychological testing was completed.

Results
Results revealed several areas of neurocognitive weaknesses with deficits in areas of intellectual functioning, learning (reading and mathematics), expressive language, visual memory, attention, and auditory processing. Emotional and behavioral measures evidenced significant deficits in social-emotional functioning, particularly with interpersonal skills, sense of adequacy, and self-reliance, which resulted in increased anxiety contributing to cognitive and academic deficits.

Conclusions
Neuropsychological profile was consistent with cognitive, academic, behavioral and emotional manifestations theoretically associated with neuropathological findings in hyperbilirubinemia. Furthermore, similar to existing literature, cognitive deficits were observed in the absence of a clear cause of neonatal jaundice following a full-term, uncomplicated pregnancy.
A-51 A Novel Memory Catastrophizing Scale
Authors: VanLandingham H , Alasantro L , Wagner G , Rosen J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
A weak relationship exists between subjective memory complaints and performance on objective measures of learning and memory. A memory catastrophizing scale may explain this relationship. Our objective is to preliminarily explore a scale which assesses catastrophizing.

Method
The sample consisted of 46 patients (21 normal profiles, 25 mild cognitive impairment; mean age 56.1 ± 15.4) in a community-based neurology clinic. Each patient completed a clinical interview and comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The California Verbal Learning Test II (CVLT-II) was used to assess memory; the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess depressive and anxiety symptoms; a novel Memory Catastrophizing Scale (MCS) was used to assess subjective memory.

Results
A reliability analysis revealed internal consistency throughout the MCS (Cronbach’s alpha = .958). A bivariate correlation revealed that memory catastrophizing was significantly positively correlated with depressive (r = 0.623, p < 0.01) and anxiety (r = 0.433, p < 0.01) symptomology. Bivariate correlations demonstrated significant positive correlations between subjective memory complaints and memory (CVLT-II SDFR r = 0.502, p < .05; SDCR r = 0.434, p = 0.05; LDCR r = 0.512, p < .05) only among NP patients. The mean MCS score was 26 (±17), with a median of 17, a skewness of 0.40 and kurtosis of -0.77.

Conclusion
Our results support past research suggesting that there is a weak relationship between subjective and objective memory performances. Catastrophizing as a concept may explain the relationship between mood and performance on testing, especially amongst individuals without a known neurological pathology seeking treatment at a community-based neurological clinic.
A-56 Predicting Performance on the Raven’s Matrices from the Findings of the Boston Longitudinal MIDUS Study
Authors: Cabrera C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
To examine the relationship between different cognitive measures and Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM) during midlife.

Methods
Data was derived from a de-identified MIDUS-II database (n = 328, 57.8% male, Mage = 48.14, Meducation = 15.8, 93% Caucasian). All participants were administered cognitive tests consisting of several measures of cognitive ability (Trails-B, Vocabulary, Forward & Backward-Digit-Span, and Digit-Symbol-Substitution-Test (DSST)) and RPM.

Results
Pearson correlations were conducted between cognitive performance on various measures and performance on RPM. Using a Bonferroni correction across all correlations, p-value was set at .001. Better performance on RPM was negatively associated with Trails-B (r(139) = -.446,p = .001) and positively associated with Vocabulary (r(168) = .424,p = .001), Forward-Digit-Span (r(168) = .318,p = .001), Backward-Digit-Span (r(166) = .257,p = .001), DSST (r(166) = .516,p = .001).

Conclusions
Results suggest that DSST is the strongest predictor of RPM performance, followed by Trails-B. Reasons for the strong DSST correlation suggest the shared component of sustained attention, processing speed, working memory and set shifting. A moderate association with Trails-B implies the shared components of visual-conceptualization, visual motor tracking, and working memory. Both DSST and Trails-B not only require working memory, but also visuospatial skills, suggesting the use of high-level processes may be required for successful performance on the RPM. Moreover, visuospatial skills may be more strongly related to fluid intelligence than other abilities. This suggests that visualization skills to perceive and mentally reproduce patterns, mental rotation, and flexibility of closure to detect a stimulus hidden within a complex figure are all essential in RPM performance. Future studies should focus on gender and age differences in relation to visuospatial skills, specifically the age at which these differences occur.
A-57 Processing Speed and Executive Function Contributions to Rey Complex Figure Copy Performance in Rehabilitation Patients
Authors: Mullen C , Rolin S , Davis J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) is a widely used measure of visuoconstruction and memory. Prior research examined contributions of cognitive domains other than visuospatial ability on RCFT performance. This study compared processing speed, visuospatial ability, and executive function in predicting RCFT copy (RCFT-C) trial performance in a rehabilitation setting.

Method
Participants (N = 156) were categorized by diagnosis into TBI (n = 99), stroke (n = 34), and mixed (n = 23) groups. Outcome measures included the RCFT, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV), Trail Making Test (TMT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and phonemic word generation (FAS). Diagnostic groups were compared on the RCFT-C. Outcome measure correlations were calculated. Measures were combined using principle components analysis into executive function (EXFX: TMT-B, FAS, and WCST), processing speed (SPD: TMT-A, Coding, and Symbol Search), and visuospatial ability (VIS: Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, and Visual Puzzles) scores. Nested regression models predicting RCFT-C were fitted using four predictor blocks (demographics, SPD, EXFX, and VIS).

Results
Groups differed on RCFT-C (p < .001) with the stroke and mixed groups performing worse than the TBI group. RCFT and WAIS-IV subtests showed the following correlations: verbal (r = .27-.42, p < .001); visuospatial (r = .38-.42, p < .001); working memory (r = .20-.30, p < .02); and processing speed (r = .33-.35, p < .001). Regression models supported independent contributions of EXFX, SPD, and VIS with R2 changes of .06, .16, and .08, respectively.

Conclusions
In addition to expected contributions from executive function and visuospatial ability, processing speed contributes significantly to RCFT-C performance in rehabilitation patients.
A-62 The Philips IntelliSpace Cognition Platform: Ability to Classify a Mixed Clinical Sample
Authors: Vermeent S , Van Elswijk G , Schmand B , Klaming L , Miller J , Dotsch R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
We developed a cloud-based platform, Philips Intellispace Cognition (ISC), containing tablet-based versions of conventional cognitive tests. We investigated the battery’s sensitivity for subtle cognitive impairment in a mixed clinical sample.

Method
The sample consisted of 221 healthy participants and 98 traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke patients who all scored above the MMSE-2 cutoff of 24, but reported subjective cognitive complaints. All completed the following ISC tests: Phonetic Fluency; Semantic Fluency; Trail-Making; Stroop; O-Cancellation; Star-Cancellation; Digit Span; Rey Auditory Verbal Learning; Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. We used ROC analyses to investigate our ability to distinguish the patient and healthy samples. Specifically, we assessed the area under the curve (AUC), where a value of .50 indicates random classification and 1 indicates perfect distinguishability. To this end, we compared sensitivity of cognitive domain scores distilled from the ISC tests (using confirmatory factor analysis) with the sensitivity of MMSE-2 scores. The cognitive domains were executive functioning, processing speed, working memory, memory, and visuospatial ability.

Results
The AUC of the MMSE-2 was .46, as expected given the fact that all patients scored above the cut-off. The AUCs of the model domain scores ranged from .56 to .73. The differences between these AUCs and the MMSE AUC were all significant (ps ≤ .004), except for visuospatial ability (p = .070).

Conclusions
The ISC test battery was able to pick up on cognitive impairment in a mixed clinical sample consisting of patients that all scored normally on the MMSE-2. These findings show the usefulness of the digital platform in clinical practice.
A-63 The Fatigue Severity Scale and Depression in an Aging Population
Authors: Kaplan N , Leavitt M , Miller J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is often used in clinical populations in which fatigue is a common symptom (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Despite the prevalence of fatigue in depression, relatively few investigations have examined the relationship between the FSS and mood symptoms, particularly in aging populations with concerns of memory loss. Thus, the primary aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the relationship between fatigue symptoms and depression among older adults evaluated in a cognitive disorders clinic.

Method
Data were collected as part of a neuropsychological battery administered to patients presenting to clinic due to complaints of memory impairment. Scores on the FSS and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were collected from 430 patients (48.10% women). Mean age was 74.97 years (SD = 5.81) and 147 subjects were diagnosed with depression, based on a score of 10 or above on the GDS.

Results
We observed a small, but significant inverse relationship between age and scores on the FSS [r = -.103, p = .033], such that older adults endorsed less severe fatigue. A moderate, positive relationship between FSS and GDS was observed [r = .416, p = .000]. Comparing FSS endorsement between depressed and non-depressed individuals finds individuals with depression endorsed significantly greater levels of fatigue than non-depressed individuals, even after accounting for the effects of age [F(1, 427) = 85.79. p < .001; Cohen's d = 0.96].

Conclusion
Present findings suggest that older adults do not necessarily endorse higher rates of fatigue on the FSS. However, the presence of depression in older adults has large effects on fatigue severity.
A-66 Wechsler Test of Adult Reading is a More Useful Indicator of Premorbid Cognitive Functioning than the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test in Blast Exposed Veterans
Authors: Tadrous-Furnanz S , Clark J , Zaccari B , Storzbach D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The primary objective of this study was to compare the utility of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) with the Reynolds Intellectual Screening Test (RIST) as a measure of premorbid cognitive functioning among blast-exposed Veterans.

Method
Sixty-nine Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF) Veterans enrolled at the VA Portland Health Center who passed the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) were given the WTAR, RIST, and the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). Data was analyzed using bi-variate correlational analyses and linear regressions.

Results
Scores on the WTAR were correlated significantly ( p < .05) with RIST, academic achievement, executive functioning (phonemic fluency), and multiple measures of attention, verbal learning and memory, and visuospatial skills. The WTAR was more consistently and strongly associated with those cognitive outcomes than the RIST. A stepwise linear regression was conducted to examine which of these cognitive domains loaded the highest on the WTAR. The overall attention index was the single most significant contributor to WTAR score, F(1,67) = 23.23, p < .001. Phonemic fluency added a significant proportion to the variance in WTAR scores Δr2 = .10, F (2, 66) = 18.30, p < .001.

Conclusions
The utility of word reading measures as indicators of premorbid functioning across multiple domains has been recently questioned. The current data suggests that for blast-exposed Veterans, the WTAR is indeed associated with cognitive functioning in attention, learning/memory, and executive functioning, even more so than the RIST. In particular, the WTAR appears related to attention.
A-71 Comparing College Athletes and Non-Athlete Controls on the ImPACT Validity Indices at Baseline
Authors: Greenberg L , Merrit V , Arnett P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
In the context of sports-related concussion (SRC) evaluations, athletes have been shown to “sandbag” their baseline testing in order to improve their chances of return-to-play post-concussion. To circumvent this problem, performance validity tests are often administered. The ImPACT, a widely used computerized program in SRC evaluations, has five embedded validity indices (VIs); however, indications of their use as measures of effort have not been well established. With this in mind, we aimed to compare performance on the ImPACT VIs between athletes and non-athlete controls at baseline. Given the incentive to “sandbag” by at least some players, it was hypothesized that athletes would demonstrate poorer performance on all VIs than controls.

Method
Participants included 1,254 college students (70% male; 77.3% Caucasian) divided into two groups: athletes (n = 929) and non-athlete controls (n = 325). All participants completed the ImPACT individually. Primary outcomes of interest included the five ImPACT VIs: Impulse Control Composite, X’s and O’s Total Incorrect, Word Memory Learning Percent Correct, Design Memory Learning Percent Correct, and Three Letters Total Letters Correct.

Results
Independent samples t-tests revealed that athletes performed worse than controls on 4 of the 5 VIs (p = < .001 to .028; d = 0.13 to 0.23). The only VI that was not significantly different between groups was Three Letters (p>.05, d = 0.11).

Conclusion
Consistent with our hypotheses, findings generally showed that athletes demonstrated worse performance on the ImPACT VIs compared to non-athlete controls. Although future research is needed to validate the utility of the VIs, our results suggest that these scores may be useful in detecting suboptimal baseline performance.
A-77 Validity Testing with Youth Populations: D-KEFS Trail Making Test Conditions 4:2 Ratio as an Embedded Validity Indicator
Authors: Kaswan N , Thompson R , Adler J , Hirst R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The Trail Making Test B:A ratio is an embedded validity indicator (EVI) for neuropsychological assessment (NA; Ruffolo, Guilmette, & Willis, 2000). Recent literature supports D-KEFS Trail Making Test Conditions 4:2 (analogous to B:A) ratio (D-KEFS 4:2) as an EVI (Erdodi et al., 2018). The present study sought to assess the utility of D-KEFS 4:2 as an EVI for youth populations, using the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) to operationalize effort.

Method
102 children (81.2% male, Mage = 11.88) completed a NA, including D-KEFS 4:2 and TOMM. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis calculating Area Under the Curve (AUC) determined whether D-KEFS 4:2 accurately categorized participants’ effort (represented by TOMM performance).

Results
D-KEFS 4:2 (cut-off = 1.60: Erdodi et al., 2018) produced sensitivity of 9.09% and specificity of 91.25% in predicting TOMM performance on Trial 1 (TOMM1; AUC = 0.488) and 0.00% and 91.09% in predicting Trial 2 (TOMM2; AUC = 0.772). As a TOMM2 cut-off of 49 is suggested as more sensitive to inadequate effort, another analysis showed D-KEFS 4:2 yielded sensitivity of 33.33% and specificity of 91.92% (AUC = 0.710) in predicting TOMM2 performance with the more conservative cutoff.

Conclusions
This study suggests that D-KEFS 4:2 is an adequate EVI in predicting suboptimal effort when operationalized by TOMM performance, particularly when more conservative TOMM cutoffs are used. D-KEFS 4:2 detected true effortful performance with excellent specificity but exhibited poor detection of suboptimal performance. As a result, D-KEFS 4:2 has utility as an EVI in youth populations, but should not be used independently.