bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New insights into transreaction mechanism between poly (ethylene terephthalate) and bisphenol A polycarbonate in melt
Authors: Mikhaylov Pavel A. , Filatova Marina P. , Kulichikhin Valeriy G. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn the present study, the macromolecular chain composition of copolymers prepared by the reactive blending of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC) in the presence of Ti(OBu)4 catalyst was tested using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The NMR spectra were meticulously analyzed across all regions, revealing unexpected results that provide new insights into the transreaction mechanism occurring between these two polymers in the melt phase. It was found that only two primary reactions occurred: the formation of a bisphenol A terephthalate bond accompanied by the release of ethylene carbonate and the formation of an aliphatic–aromatic ether bond with the release of CO2. The release of ethylene carbonate during the PET‐PC blending led to a loss of ethylene glycol (EG). The kinetics of EG loss and ether bond formation were examined. A new transreaction mechanism for PET‐PC reactive blending is proposed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Sol–Gel Synthesis of Porous Na2Ti6O13: Effects of Polyethylene Glycol on Photocatalytic Degradation of Ofloxacin
Authors: Dong Yangqing , Zhang Wenjie , Ye Chang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPolyethylene glycol (PEG) modified Na2Ti6O13(m = gram of PEG in the precursor) samples are synthesized via a sol–gel method to determine the effects of PEG on the porosity and activity of Na2Ti6O13. PEG prohibited the growth of Na2Ti6O13 crystals in a rhombic system. The Na2Ti6O13(m) samples prepared using PEG are quite porous without large and dense particles. PEG obviously increased the porosity in Na2Ti6O13(m), while the specific surface area increased from 4.3 m2 g−1 (Na2Ti6O13) to 15.7 m2 g−1 (Na2Ti6O13(1.5)), and the pore volume increased from 0.0072 to 0.0265 cm3 g−1 at the same time. The bandgap energies of Na2Ti6O13, Na2Ti6O13(0.5), Na2Ti6O13(1.5) and Na2Ti6O13(2.5) are 3.15, 3.31, 3.53, and 3.58 eV, respectively. The photoluminescence intensities of the Na2Ti6O13(m) samples are in the reducing sequence: Na2Ti6O13, Na2Ti6O13(2.5), Na2Ti6O13(0.5) and Na2Ti6O13(1.5). The initial ofloxacin molecules in the solution are almost fully degraded after 70 min of irradiation using Na2Ti6O13(1.5), while the degradation efficiency of Na2Ti6O13 is only 61.0% at the same time.
Screening and identification of viruses in termites: behavior‐regulating roles of RcBsV and RcBV
Authors: Huang Qinge , Hassan Ali , Long Qi , Xie Jiatao , Huang Qiuying 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDTermites live underground in a social setting having continuous contact with microorganism. However, there is no comparative study on virus diversity and relative abundance between termites, castes and body parts in termites. To address this gap, pseudergates of Cryptotermes declivis, workers of the Odontotermes formosanus, and workers, soldiers and alates of the Reticulitermes chinensis were used as experimental materials to perform virome sequencing, virus annotations and their relative abundance analysis.RESULTSIt was found that three termites showed different virome taxonomic compositions, abundances and distributions. Small number of viruses were detected in the head, which indicated that the diversity of the virus in the thorax‐abdomen is greater than that in the head. Notable differences in viruses between castes in R. chinensis were observed. Eight candidate viruses from the virome of R. chinensis were cloned and identified. To check the influences of viruses on termite behaviors, RNA interference of R. chinensis betsystermes virus (RcBsV) and R. chinensis bracovirus (RcBV) was successfully performed. The relative abundance of the two targeted viruses were significantly decreased in workers of R. chinensis fed on dsRcBsV and dsRcBV. The duration of aggressive behaviors significantly increased, while altruistic behaviors significantly decreased, suggesting that the reduced relative abundance of RcBsV and RcBV resulted in the disruption of normal social behaviors in termites.CONCLUSIONThese findings enhance our understanding of viral diversity in different termites and castes and its behavioral impacts on termites, which can be used to control termites. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The probability distribution of relative humidity in the lower troposphere
Authors: Shakespeare Callum J. , Roderick Michael L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWater vapour in the lower troposphere plays a major role in the energy balance at the Earth's surface through modifying radiative and latent heat fluxes. Here we develop an analytic model for the probability density function (PDF) of relative humidity in the lower troposphere based on the advection–condensation paradigm. Our theory represents a significant advance on previous work by describing the continuous vertical structure of the PDF throughout the lower troposphere, including the sub‐cloud layer. The PDF depends on only three parameters: the decay scale of saturation specific humidity with height, the near‐surface relative humidity, and the strength of the mean vertical (synoptic) motion at a given location. The theoretical PDFs closely match those derived from the ERA5 reanalysis at both global and regional scales. Our theory thus provides a basis to understand the distribution of tropospheric water vapour better in current and future climates.
Dynamic Process Dispersion Monitoring Through Bayesian‐Driven Smoothing Adjustments
Authors: Khan Imad , Albogamy Fahad R. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis study introduces a Bayesian adaptive exponentially weighted moving average (AEWMA) control chart designed to monitor process dispersion in case of normal distribution by integrating various loss functions. It exhibits robust performance in identifying shifts in process dispersion across different scales. Evaluation involves Monte Carlo simulations to calculate run length characteristics and a comprehensive comparative analysis against existing charts. Our findings emphasize the increased sensitivity of the Bayesian AEWMA control chart to shifts of different magnitudes. Furthermore, an experiment was performed in the context of another field, specifically semiconductor manufacturing, to compare the performance of the proposed Bayesian control chart using different loss functions. It showed that the suggested chart was much better than the existing control charts in terms of observing out‐of‐control signals. In summary, this article develops an innovative approach with various loss function approaches and improves the accuracy and efficiency depending on the dispersion change in the Phase II process, thus it is a valuable contribution to the further development of the quality control and monitoring process.
Output Feedback Control for T‐S Fuzzy Markov Jump Systems Subjected to Parameter‐Dependent Dissipative Performance
Authors: Wang Jian , Dong Jiuxiang 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis article is committed to the matter of asynchronous dynamic output feedback control for a class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy Markov jump systems. The principal concept is to construct a high‐level Markovian process governed controller under an asynchronous event‐triggered scheme and to develop a time‐varying dissipative index. As a salient feature that distinguishes it from the reported works with the common index, this paper firstly proposes a dissipative index with mode and membership functions‐dependence. Secondly, governed by the high‐level Markovian process, the asynchronous dynamic output feedback controller is constructed under the mode‐dependent partitioned regions. Meanwhile, to mitigate the communication pressure, an asynchronous dynamic event‐triggered mechanism is investigated with making allowances for the inaccessible system mode. What's more, as a first effort, this article presents a unified framework for co‐designing the strategy of asynchronous event generators and controllers. This is done under the proposed performance index and the mode‐dependent fuzzy state‐space partitions, resulting in more design flexibility. Based on the mode and region‐dependent Lyapunov functional, sufficient criteria are obtained to ensure the proposed dissipative performance and stochastic stability. Eventually, the practicabilities and advantages of the theoretic results are illustrated by a modified tunnel diode circuit model.
Innovative Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of Isoxazolo[5,4‐b]Pyridines from Aryl Glyoxal, 5‐Aminoisoxazoles, and Malononitrile in Acetic Acid as a Solvent and Catalyst
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Hosseini Seyed Ali 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this work, a novel strategy for the straightforward synthesis of isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines from a one‐pot reaction of aryl glyoxal, 5‐aminoisoxazoles, and malononitrile under ultrasound (US) irradiation is described. In the reaction, acetic acid has a dual role as solvent and catalyst. The advantages of this reaction include easy purification of products, raw materials with easy access, short reaction time, high efficiency, and green conditions by utilizing ultrasound irradiation as an energy source and using acetic acid as solvent and Lewis acid. The synthesis achieved high yields of isoxazolo[5,4‐b]pyridines with a broad substrate scope, successfully producing twelve diverse derivatives. The methodology capitalizes on the benefits of sonochemistry, which accelerates reaction rates and improves selectivity while minimizing waste. The proposed mechanism involves a series of reactions including Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, and subsequent cyclization processes. This approach not only streamlines the synthesis of complex heterocycles but also aligns with environmentally friendly practices.
Novel Spirooxindole–Benzofuran Scaffold: Potential Inhibition Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting MDM2‐p53 Interaction
Authors: Al‐Muhanna Muhanna K. , Barakat Assem , Islam Mohammad Shahidul , Ali M. , Alayyaf Abdulmajeed Abdullah , Zia Komal , Ul‐Haq Zaheer , Dömling Alexander , El‐Senduny Fardous F. , Badria Farid A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe synthesized a novel compound library featuring a spirooxindole core structure combined with various heterocycles, including benzofuran, benzothiophene, and thiophene scaffolds. Evaluation using MTT assays against HepG2, 4T1, and MDA‐MB‐231 cells revealed the most potent candidate, spirooxindole hybrid 5c, with an IC50 of 5 ± 0.6 µM against HepG2, inducing G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, inhibition of the wound healing, and induction of ROS. Selected spirooxindole conjugates exhibited significant inhibitory potential against MDM2, with KD values ranging from 0.0531 to 16.8 µM. Notably, the salt of spirooxindole analogue 5q demonstrated the highest inhibitory activity at KD = 53.1 nM. Molecular docking studies revealed excellent accommodation of the designed compounds within the MDM2 receptor. All compounds displayed favorable ADME profiles, suggesting their potential as lead compounds for further optimization.
Facile Synthesis of Perovskite SrSnO3/N‐rGO Composite as a Durable Electrocatalyst for Effective Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Behera Debendra , Nayak Bibhuti Bhushan , Soren Siba , Parhi Purnendu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDesigning a low‐cost, long‐lasting, and active electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial to replace the high‐cost commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst. We have examined the electrocatalytic activity of a stannate‐based perovskite system modified with N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (SrSnO3/NrGO). The sol–gel method was used to synthesize SrSnO3 nanoparticles. Later on, hydrothermal technique was employed to prepare SrSnO3/rGO and SrSnO3/NrGO, respectively. We assessed the ORR performance of all the three synthesized catalyst. Compared to SrSnO3 and SrSnO3/rGO, the composites, SrSnO3/NrGO exhibit more activity in oxygen reduction processes in a 0.1 M KOH medium with an onset potential of 0.84 V versus RHE. In addition, SrSnO3/NrGO exhibits superior stability and better methanol tolerant when compared to commercial Pt/C (20 wt%).
Synthesis of γ‐ and β‐Carbolines via Diphenyl Phosphate‐Mediated Condensation of 3/2‐Carbonyl‐2/3‐Vinylindoles with Phenyl Hydrazine Followed by Electrocyclization
Authors: Agneswaran Rudrasenan , Mohanakrishnan Arasambattu K. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA facile synthesis of 3‐alkyl‐2‐aryl substituted γ‐carboline derivatives is reported involving diphenyl phosphate catalyzed condensation of 3‐(acetyl/propionyl)‐2‐(nitroaryl)vinyl‐1‐phenylsulfonylindoles with phenyl hydrazine followed by concurrent electrocyclization and aromatization through elimination of aniline. This strategy could be successfully explored with 1‐phenylsulfonylindole‐3/2‐carboxaldehydes containing vinyl unit at 2/3‐position to afford the respective γ‐and β‐carboline derivatives. The domino reaction of easily accessible 2/3‐carbonyl indoles containing a vinyl unit at the adjacent positions with phenyl hydrazine as an amine source afforded a wide variety of carboline derivatives in good to acceptable yields. The synthetic utility of a representative γ‐carboline could be demonstrated via transformation into the corresponding indolo[a]carboline framework.
Membraneless Compartmentalization of Cell‐Free Transcription‐Translation by Polymer‐Assisted Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation
Authors: Izri Ziane , Noireaux Vincent 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLiving cells use liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) to compartmentalize metabolic functions into mesoscopic‐sized droplets. Deciphering the mechanisms at play in LLPS is therefore critical to understanding the structuration and functions of cells at the subcellular level. Although observed and achieved to a significant degree of control in vivo, the reconstitution of LLPS integrating advanced biological functions, such as gene expression, has been so far limited in vitro. LLPS of cell‐free transcription‐translation (TXTL) reactions require multi‐step experimental approaches that lack biomimetic and have relatively poor efficacy, thus limiting their usage in cell‐free engineered systems such as synthetic cells. Here the polymer‐assisted LLPS of TXTL reactions are reported as the single‐pot one‐step compartmentalization of a model complex metabolic system obtain without using solvents or surfactants. LLPS occurs by adding the biocompatible polymers poly(ethylene glycol), poly(vinyl alcohol), and dextran to a TXTL reaction, that remains highly active. These polymers serve as partitioning agents that localize TXTL in mesoscopic‐sized droplets rich in dextran. Cytoplasmic and membrane‐interacting proteins are synthesized preferentially inside these droplets, and localize either uniformly or preferentially at the interface, depending on their nature. The LLPS‐TXTL system presented in this work is a step toward the design of synthetic membraneless active organelles.
Dynamics of Ferroelectric Flux Closure Array in Oxide Superlattices
Authors: Tanwani Mohit , Gupta Pushpendra , Powar Sadanand , Das Sujit 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTopological polar soliton such as skyrmions, merons, vortices, flux closures represent topologically nontrivial structures with their stability governed by specific boundary conditions. These polar solitons can be utilized in enhancing memory density and reducing energy consumption in nanoelectronic devices. Flux closure domains exhibit high density and thermal stability, with a strain gradient as large as ≈106 m−1 at the core, which is tunable by adjusting the materials thickness, periodicity. The practical utilization of topological structures like flux closure in advanced applications requires the ability to manipulate them using external stimuli and ensuring their stability under thermal excitation. In this study, piezo‐force microscopy is employed to investigate the manipulation of flux closure nano‐domains through external electric field and temperature to observe their evolution. The findings demonstrate that the application of electric field can create or annihilate these nano‐domains and modify their density. Temperature variations significantly affect the density of flux closure domains, domain walls, correlating with enhanced capacitance of the system. This is crucial for improving the memory density of storage devices. Thus, by adjusting the density of these domains, it is possible to tailor the functional properties of nanoelectronic devices, such as capacitance and electromechanical response, enabling advanced application.
Self‐Cleaning and Anticorrosive Silica Microsphere@Boron Nitride Nanosheets Core–Shell Hierarchical Structure for Highly Efficient Passive Radiative Cooling
Authors: Zhang Beiyi , Bao Yao , Lin Yibing , Chen Jing , Sun Jingwen , Wang Jilin , Yu Yuanlie 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPassive radiative cooling is a promising technology that can achieve high‐efficient cooling by reflecting solar radiation while simultaneously emitting heat without consuming energy. However, to precisely construct the microstructure of the materials is crucial to maximize their performance. Herein, a self‐cleaning and anticorrosive 3D silica microsphere@boron nitride nanosheets core–shell hierarchical structure (SiO2@BNNSs) stacked coating is fabricated on the surface of aluminum oxide substrate. The cooperative integration of prominently sunlight reflective BNNSs and highly selective infrared emissive SiO2 microspheres, combined with sunlight scattering brought by the 3D interconnecting configuration, results in an outstanding solar radiation reflectance of 0.84 and a mid‐infrared emittance of 0.82 for the SiO2@BNNS coating. These features enable the SiO2@BNNS coating to exhibit excellent passive radiative cooling performances with high temperature drop of ≈17.5 °C on sunny day and ≈8.1 °C on overcast day, respectively. More importantly, the SiO2@BNNS coating also exhibits self‐cleaning performance and corrosion resistance in both acidic and alkaline conditions, ensuring the preeminent stability over a long time for various practical applications. This work demonstrates that the hybridization of the high reflection, scattering, and emittance of different materials through reasonable structure design can achieve high‐efficient passive radiative cooling, offering promising prospect for energy‐saving cooling technology.
Screening Oxidoreductase Activities of Nanozymes: Toward Activity‐Tailored Guidelines
Authors: Mirra Giulia , Cursi Lorenzo , Boselli Luca , Pompa Pier Paolo 
Published: December 2024

Nanozymes (NZs) are nanomaterials able to mimic natural enzymes, offering the advantages of better durability, wider range of operational conditions, and easier functionalization. In addition, some NZs exhibit multiple enzyme‐like activities and effective tandem/self‐cascade reactions. In this context, metallic and metal–oxide nanoparticles are among the most promising candidates for biomedical/biotechnological applications, thanks to their efficient oxidoreductase activities. However, characterizing NZs is challenging because the experimental set‐up of different assays strongly influence their performances. Consequently, currently available literature provides limited understanding of the characteristics of the various NZs, especially in terms of activity‐related performance, hindering their optimal selection and applicative potential. Here, leveraging on accurate characterization methodology, we report a direct comparison of several NZs (gold‐Au, platinum‐Pt, palladium‐Pd, ceria, iron oxide) possessing multi‐enzymatic activities. Our main findings indicate that 1) PtNZs outperform the other tested NZs in catalase‐like activity; 2) Pt and PdNZs present superior superoxide dismutase‐like activity; 3) for peroxidase‐ and oxidase‐like activity, the best‐performing NZ is substrate‐dependent; 4) competitive reactions in multifunctional NZs play a key role in their specific performance, and AuNZs can be the optimal choice in some peroxidase/oxidase configurations; 5) metallic NZs are more efficient than metal‐oxide ones, but 6) ceria presents unique phosphatase‐like activity.
Merging Ajaniopsis (Asteraceae), an endangered genus endemic to the Tibet Plateau, into Artemisia: Implications for systematics and conservation
Authors: Wei Meng , Niu Guo‐Hao , Jiao Bo‐Han , Chen Xi‐Yang , Leostrin Artem , Seregin Alexey P. , Erst Andrey S. , Jabbour Florian , Wang Wei , Gao Tian‐Gang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAjaniopsis is a monotypic genus of Asteraceae endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, growing on alpine scree slopes. It has been widely recognized as a separate genus and employed in many evolutionary and ecological analyses for its unique morphological characters. Despite being treated as an endangered species and once included in lists of key protected plant species, its systematic position has never been critically evaluated in a phylogenetic context. Furthermore, neither its past nor future distributional range has been assessed or predicted. In this study, we undertook morphological and molecular investigations to elucidate its systematics, and employed niche modeling to evaluate its historical, current, and potential future distributional range. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on the plastid genome and two nuclear DNA regions, show that Ajaniopsis is deeply nested in the mega‐diverse genus Artemisia. Morphological analysis indicates that its unique characters are also present in many distantly related species of Artemisia, implying significant convergent evolution. Consequently, Ajaniopsis can be reduced into Artemisia rather than being considered a distinct genus. Niche modeling reveals that its distributional range underwent a dramatic contraction ca. 3.3 Ma and is likely to continue shrinking in the future. This dramatic range contraction might be associated with climate changes and human activities in its unique habitat. Therefore, immediate in situ conservation is imperative for this critically endangered species, necessitating the establishment of a nature reserve on the Tibetan Plateau. Our studies highlight that it is beneficial to explore the evolutionary history of endangered species in detail when drafting conservation strategies.
Superseding the neotypification of Celastrus montanus Roth (Celastraceae) – A name linked to a medicinally important plant
Authors: Bhat Abhishek T. , Prabhukumar Konickal Mambetta , Rana Tikam Singh 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCelastrus montanus (≡ Gymnosporia montana), the type of the genus Gymnosporia is an important medicinal plant whose name had previously been neotypified. Original material has been found to be extant and thus, the previous neotypification is superseded and a suitable specimen in B is selected as lectotype.