bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term immunosuppression for CNS mouse xenotransplantation: Effects on nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and neuroprotective carotid body cell therapy
Authors: Villadiego Javier , Romo‐Madero Sonia , García‐Swinburn Roberto , Suárez‐Luna Nela , Bermejo‐Navas Alfonso , Echevarría Miriam , Toledo‐Aral Juan J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe use of long‐term immunosuppressive treatments on neural transplantation has been controversial during the last decades. Although nowadays there is a consensus about the necessity of maintaining a permanent state of immunosuppression to preserve the survival of cerebral grafts, little is known about the effects that chronic immunosuppression produces both on the neurodegenerative process and on transplants function.MethodsHere, we establish a new immunosuppressive protocol, based on the discontinuous administration of CsA (15 mg/kg; s.c.) and prednisone (20 mg/kg; s.c.), to produce long‐term immunosuppression in mice. Using this treatment, we analyse the effects that long‐term immunosuppression induces in a chronic 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6,‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of parkinsonism and on the neuroprotective and neurorestorative anti‐parkinsonian actions exerted by rat carotid body (CB) xenografts.ResultsThis protocol preserves the survival of rat CB xenotransplants maintaining the general wellness of the grafted mice. Although permanent immunosuppression does not prevent the MPTP‐induced cell death of nigral neurons and the consequent degeneration of dopaminergic striatal innervation, allowing for its use as Parkinson's disease (PD) model, it reduces the microglial activation and slightly declines the striatal damage. Moreover, we reported that chronic administration of immunosuppressant drugs does not alter the neuroprotective and restorative anti‐parkinsonian actions of rat CB xenografts into parkinsonian mice.ConclusionsThis new immunosuppressive protocol provides a new murine model to assay the long‐term effects of cerebral xenografts and offer a pharmacological alternative to the commonly used genetic immunodeficient mice, allowing the use of genetically modified mice as hosts. In addition, it will permit the experimental analysis of the effects produced by human CB xenografts in the chronic PD murine model, with the final aim of using CB allografts as an option of cell therapy in PD patients.
Baited vaccines: A strategy to mitigate rodent‐borne viral zoonoses in humans
Authors: Mendoza Emelissa J. , Warner Bryce , Kobinger Gary , Ogden Nicholas H. , Safronetz David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRodents serve as the natural reservoir and vector for a variety of pathogens, some of which are responsible for severe and life‐threatening disease in humans. Despite the significant impact in humans many of these viruses, including Old and New World hantaviruses as well as Arenaviruses, most have no specific vaccine or therapeutic to treat or prevent human infection. The recent success of wildlife vaccines to mitigate rabies in animal populations offers interesting insight into the use of similar strategies for other zoonotic agents of human disease. In this review, we discuss the notion of using baited vaccines as a means to interrupt the transmission of viral pathogens between rodent reservoirs and to susceptible human hosts.
Research on Risk Measurement in Financial Market Based on GARCH-VaR and FHS——An Example of Chinese Bond Market
Authors: Chen Shaozhen , Zhang Bangqian , Deng Jinjin 
Published: June 2018

Accurately measuring the risk of bond market is very important for improving the risk management level of bond market and maintaining the stability of the financial system. Taking ChinaBond New Composite Wealth (gross) Index as the research object, this paper selects the closing price from January 1, 2002 to March 30, 2018, establishes the GARCH, EGARCH and GJR-GARCH model based on normal distribution and t distribution, and finds out the volatility aggregation and the leverage effect of the bond market. Then, this paper use two methods to measure the risk of the bond market: first, we estimate the value at risk (VaR) of the bond market by the parameter method, using conditional variance estimated by the GARCH models, and we carry out backtesting analysis and the Kupiec failure rate test on measurement accuracy of VaR. The results show that t distribution hypothesis and elimination of autocorrelation of the yield rate can improve the accuracy and robustness of the estimation of the VaR; second, we simulate the future revenue path of the bond market and compare it with the actual loss, using Filtered Historical Simulation (FHS) based on Bootstrap method. The results show that the bond market has leverage effect. The maximum possible loss under extreme conditions can be far greater than the maximum possible revenue. But the estimated VaR under 95% confidence level can predict future risks very well. Finally, according to the conclusion, this paper puts forward some suggestions for regulators and investors from the perspective of risk management.
Effects of living at moderate altitude on pulmonary vascular function and exercise capacity in mice with sickle cell anaemia
Authors: Ferguson Scott K. , Redinius Katherine , Yalamanoglu Ayla , Harral Julie W. , Hyen Baek Jin , Pak David , Loomis Zoe , Hassell Daniel , Eigenberger Paul , Nozik‐Grayck Eva , Nuss Rachelle , Hassell Kathryn , Stenmark Kurt R. , Buehler Paul W. , Irwin David C. 
Published: June 2018

Key points
Sickle cell disease (SCD) results in cardiopulmonary dysfunction, which may be exacerbated by prolonged exposure to environmental hypoxia.
It is currently unknown whether exposure to mild and moderate altitude exacerbates SCD associated cardiopulmonary and systemic complications.
Three months of exposure to mild (1609 m) and moderate (2438 m) altitude increased rates of haemolysis and right ventricular systolic pressures in mice with SCD compared to healthy wild‐type cohorts and SCD mice at sea level.
The haemodynamic changes in SCD mice that had lived at mild and moderate altitude were accompanied by changes in the balance between pulmonary vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin receptor expression and impaired exercise tolerance.
These data demonstrate that chronic altitude exposure exacerbates the complications associated with SCD and provides pertinent information for the clinical counselling of SCD patients.
AbstractExposure to high altitude worsens symptoms and crises in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, it remains unclear whether prolonged exposure to low barometric pressures exacerbates SCD aetiologies or impairs quality of life. We tested the hypothesis that, relative to wild‐type (WT) mice, Berkley sickle cell mice (BERK‐SS) residing at sea level, mild (1609 m) and moderate (2438 m) altitude would have a higher rate of haemolysis, impaired cardiac function and reduced exercise tolerance, and that the level of altitude would worsen these decrements. Following 3 months of altitude exposure, right ventricular systolic pressure was measured (solid‐state transducer). In addition, the adaptive balance between pulmonary vascular endothelial nitric oxide synthase and endothelin was assessed in lung tissue to determine differences in pulmonary vascular adaptation and the speed/duration relationship (critical speed) was used to evaluate treadmill exercise tolerance. At all altitudes, BERK‐SS mice had a significantly lower percentage haemocrit and higher total bilirubin and free haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05 for all). right ventricular systolic pressures in BERK‐SS were higher than WT at moderate altitude and also compared to BERK‐SS at sea level (P < 0.05, for both). Critical speed was significantly lower in BERK‐SS at mild and moderate altitude (P < 0.05). BERK‐SS demonstrated exacerbated SCD complications and reduced exercise capacity associated with an increase in altitude. These results suggest that exposure to mild and moderate altitude enhances the progression of SCD in BERK‐SS mice compared to healthy WT cohorts and BERK‐SS mice at sea level and provides crucial information for the clinical counselling of SCD patients.
CDC’s Active People, Healthy NationSM: Creating an Active America, Together
Authors: Fulton Janet E. , Buchner David M. , Carlson Susan A. , Borbely Deborah , Rose Kenneth M. , O’Connor Ann E. , Gunn Janelle P. , Petersen Ruth 
Published: June 2018

Physical activity can reduce the risk of at least 20 chronic diseases and conditions and provide effective treatment for many of these conditions. Yet, physical activity levels of Americans remain low, with only small improvements over 20 years. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considered what would accelerate progress and, as a result, developed Active People, Healthy NationSM, an aspirational initiative to improve physical activity in 2.5 million high school youth and 25 million adults, doubling the 10-year improvement targets of Healthy People 2020. Active People, Healthy NationSM will implement evidence-based guidance to improve physical activity through 5 action steps centered on core public health functions: (1) program delivery, (2) partnership mobilization, (3) effective communication, (4) cross-sectoral training, and (5) continuous monitoring and evaluation. To achieve wide-scale impact, Active People, Healthy NationSM will need broad engagement from a variety of sectors working together to coordinate activities and initiatives.
Optimization of Antimicrobial Treatment to Minimize Resistance Selection
Authors: Guardabassi Luca , Apley Mike , Olsen John Elmerdahl , Toutain Pierre-Louis , Weese Scott 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTOptimization of antimicrobial treatment is a cornerstone in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Various national and international authorities and professional veterinary and farming associations have released generic guidelines on prudent antimicrobial use in animals. However, these generic guidelines need to be translated into a set of animal species- and disease-specific practice recommendations. This article focuses on prevention of antimicrobial resistance and its complex relationship with treatment efficacy, highlighting key situations where the current antimicrobial drug products, treatment recommendations, and practices may be insufficient to minimize antimicrobial selection. The authors address this topic using a multidisciplinary approach involving microbiology, pharmacology, clinical medicine, and animal husbandry. In the first part of the article, we define four key targets for implementing the concept of optimal antimicrobial treatment in veterinary practice: (i) reduction of overall antimicrobial consumption, (ii) improved use of diagnostic testing, (iii) prudent use of second-line, critically important antimicrobials, and (iv) optimization of dosage regimens. In the second part, we provided practice recommendations for achieving these four targets, with reference to specific conditions that account for most antimicrobial use in pigs (intestinal and respiratory disease), cattle (respiratory disease and mastitis), dogs and cats (skin, intestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory disease), and horses (upper respiratory disease, neonatal foal care, and surgical infections). Lastly, we present perspectives on the education and research needs for improving antimicrobial use in the future.
A reevaluation of the Burnt Bluff Group (Llandovery, Silurian, Michigan Basin) from subsurface and outcrop data: Development of a time-transgressive depositional model
Authors: Voice P.J. , Harrison W.B. , Grammer G.M. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Previous work shows that the Burnt Bluff Group was deposited as a series of shallow- to moderate-water-depth facies in a tropical marine setting in the Michigan Basin during the Llandoverian. New interest in the unit for both hydrocarbon resources (subsurface) and aggregate resources (outcrop) is driving research in this poorly understood unit. New cores, as well as investigation of the outcrop belt in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, allow further elaboration of the depositional model. The traditional interpretation of the Burnt Bluff Group consists, in stratigraphic order, of the open-marine deposits of the Lime Island Formation, the restricted lagoonal–tidal flat Byron Formation, and the open-marine deposits of the Hendricks Formation. The contacts with the underlying Cataract Group and overlying Manistique Group are gradational. Identification and description of facies in both cores and outcrop sections provide new constraints on the stratigraphic nomenclature of the Burnt Bluff Group. New outcrop and core data require the revision of the depositional model for portions of the group because typical Byron-like facies are found interbedded with Hendricks-like facies in both the Byron and Hendricks Formations. Limited age data from published research combined with the new facies model for the Burnt Bluff Group suggest that the unit was deposited as a time-transgressive package on a carbonate ramp during the Llandoverian.
Evaporite facies of the Michigan Basin
Authors: Harrison III William B. , Voice Peter J. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The Michigan Basin is one of the world’s important sedimentary basins that contains significant quantities of evaporites. Here, evaporites are found in deposits of Ordovician through Mississippian age rocks; however, most of the thick evaporite accumulations occur in Silurian and Devonian intervals. Halite is most significant in the Silurian Salina Group, with a maximum aggregate thickness of halite exceeding 650 m (2150 ft). During the earliest evaporite deposition in the Salina Group (A-1 Evaporite), sylvite was widely deposited in the north-central portion of the basin within the upper 91.4 m (300 ft) of the formation. Devonian salt is also present in the north-central portion of the basin in the Horner Member of the Lucas Formation, where maximum aggregate net thickness of halite reaches 125 m (410 ft). Recrystallization of much of the halite obscures the primary depositional crystal geometry; however, some well-preserved beds do show crystal growth that is interpreted as bottom-growth chevrons, which likely suggest shallow-water deposition. Throughout the rest of the Michigan Basin, in both space and time, the evaporite phase deposited is CaSO4. In the shallowest portions of the Mississippian Michigan Formation, the sulfate mineral phase is gypsum; everywhere else in the basin, all the evaporitic sulfate deposits are anhydrite. Although the dehydration of the gypsum to anhydrite has slightly altered the original depositional morphology, some primary growth geometry is still evident. Subtidal and sabkha morphologies can be documented in all the anhydrite/gypsum deposits of the Michigan Basin. Based on historic production, evaporite minerals have added an estimated $15.5 billion (in 2013 dollars) to the industrial mineral economy of Michigan since the first commercial development in the 1860s.
Windward vs. leeward variability of faunal distribution in a Silurian (Wenlockian) pinnacle reef complex—Ray Reef, Macomb County, Michigan
Authors: Trout Jennifer L. , Grammer G. Michael , Harrison III William B. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Despite extensive research on Silurian (Niagaran–Wenlockian) reefs, most studies concerning faunal abundance and distribution have been qualitative studies with an emphasis on taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolution. This study is the first quantitative study of relative abundance and distribution of fauna throughout a single Wenlockian reef located in the southern trend of the Michigan Basin. Building on an established sequence stratigraphic framework with wind directions surmised from known paleogeographic location, the purpose of this study was threefold: (1) to quantitatively determine the relative abundances of fauna from subsurface cores of Ray Reef and show how they are tied to the established sequence stratigraphic framework; (2) to determine if the probable wind and current directions, along with water depth, influenced the morphology and distribution of fauna on the reef; and (3) to analyze the influence of wind and current on syndepositional marine cementation.
Relative faunal abundance differed among the leeward, windward, and reef crest locations. Overall faunal density was highest in the crest and lowest along the leeward side of the reef complex. Diversity was highest in the crestal portion of the reef complex and in the reef core facies, in general. Changes in faunal morphology and community replacement were seen repeatedly through all cores in association with shallowing-upward conditions, which coincided with third-order stratigraphic and higher-frequency sequence stratigraphic cyclicity. The percentage of syndepositional marine cement was highest on the windward side and lowest on the leeward side. As has been reported in other reef complexes of varying geological ages, results of this study indicate that the core of the Silurian reef was composed mostly of rubble or debris, relative to the smaller proportion of in situ fauna.
Late Mississippian (Chesterian) through early Pennsylvanian (Atokan) strata, Michigan Basin, USA
Authors: Towne Shannon M. , Venable Niah B.H. , Barnes David A. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The Carboniferous Michigan Basin is the subject of conflicting interpretations resulting from the lack of detailed stratigraphic analysis of relevant rock units. In this study, an ~610 m (2000 ft) section of recently acquired core material was evaluated on the basis of lithofacies and stacking patterns, stratigraphic contacts, and well-established regional geologic relations of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian strata.
The Bayport formation is composed of seven distinct primary depositional lithofacies reflecting open-marine and shoal-water to restricted peritidal environments, typically capped by an exposure surface. Carbonate-dominated strata of the Bayport formation are interstratified but ultimately transition up section into siliciclastic-dominated strata (previously called the Parma Sandstone) deposited in tidally influenced, estuarine facies. Late Mississippian Bayport strata are sharply overlain by Pennsylvanian-aged siliciclastic lithofacies of the Saginaw Formation. These facies were deposited in a range of terrestrial and marginal-marine environments, from coarse-grained fluvial sandstones at the base (previously known as the Grand River Formation), to the finer-grained channel sandstones and floodplain mudstones of mixed fluvial and estuarine systems in the middle Saginaw Formation. Carbonaceous shales, mudstones, and thin coal intervals characterize the middle to upper Saginaw Formation.
In the southern Michigan Basin, an important unconformity at the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian contact is represented by either an incised valley-fill succession or a prominent paleosol above the Bayport formation at the base of the Absaroka section in the Saginaw Formation. In upthrown areas adjacent to a major wrench fault, the Lucas fault in south-central Michigan, the Bayport formation is transitional upward from an intensely karsted limestone to a red-bed paleosol and then to primarily carbonaceous mudrock of the Saginaw Formation. In downthrown areas adjacent to the fault, the formation contact, and systemic unconformity, is a sandstone-on-sandstone contact. Climate-sensitive strata indicate a significant transition from predominantly arid conditions in the Mississippian Bayport formation to humid climate conditions in the Pennsylvanian Saginaw Formation across the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian systemic boundary. Previously, the Bayport formation was considered Meramecian in age; however, palynologic analyses of samples collected from core within the interval indicate a Chesterian (late Mississippian) age, representing a significant revision of existing Michigan Basin stratigraphy.
The making of evidence-informed health policy in Cambodia: knowledge, institutions and processes
Authors: Liverani Marco , Chheng Kannarath , Parkhurst Justin 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionIn global health discussions, there have been widespread calls for health policy and programme implementation to be informed by the best available evidence. However, recommendations in the literature on knowledge translation are often decontextualised, with little attention to the local systems of institutions, structures and practices which can direct the production of evidence and shape whether or how it informs health decisions. This article explores these issues in the country setting of Cambodia, where the Ministry of Health has explicitly championed the language of evidence-based approaches to policy and planning.MethodsResearch for this paper combined multiple sources and material, including in-depth interviews with key informants in Phnom Penh and the analysis of documentary material and publications. Data collection and analysis focused on two key domains in evidence advisory systems: domestic capacities to generate health policy-relevant evidence and institutional mechanisms to monitor, evaluate and incorporate evidence in the policy process.ResultsWe identified a number of structural arrangements that may increasingly work to facilitate the supply of health-related data and information, and their use to inform policy and planning. However, other trends and features appear to be more problematic, including gaps between research and public health priorities in the country, the fragmented nature of research activities and information systems, the lack of a national policy to support and guide the production and use of evidence for health policy, and challenges to the use of evidence for intersectoral policy-making.ConclusionsIn Cambodia, as in other low/middle-income countries, continued investments to increase the supply and quality of health data and information are needed, but greater attention should be paid to the enabling institutional environment to ensure relevance of health research products and effective knowledge management.