bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) Herbal Coffee Beverages: A study of physicochemical characteristic and consumer perception towards sensory properties
Authors: Ariefandi Noor , Rizki Viki Maulina , , Djumarti 
Published: September 2018

Herbal coffee is one of the coffee diversivication product that has been well recognized in the market. The addition of herbs or spices, such as ginger, pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia), Panax (from the genus of Panax L.) and Habbatussauda (black cumin/black seed/Nigella sativa) in the coffee, not only offer an enhanced flavor characteristic, but more importantly also offer the consumer to gain a health benefit which are possessed by the herbs used. Cardamom (Amonum cardomum) is commonly recognized as a food spices to add flavor to dishes. Cardamom is also known as a herb that possess health benefit such as the medicine for tonsil and throat inflammation, fever, asthma and fatigue reliever. This research was aimed to develop a herbal coffee containing the extract of cardamom and to study the characteristic of herbal coffee obtained physicochemically and by sensory analysis. Crystallized coffee and sugar mixture was blended with cardamom extract by several ratio, which were 90%:10%, 80%:20%, 70%:30%, 60%:40% and 50%:50% to obtain ready to drink cardamom herbal coffee. The mixtures and control (without the addition of cardamom) were then subjected for consumer perception by testing it to 30 panelist based on hedonic sensory test. The 3 mixtures that were choosen were then analysed for its physicochemical characteristic such as its powder and brewing appearrance, insoluble solids, reducing sugar and caffein concentration. The result showed that the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% cardamom extracthad good preferences to consumer, which 10% of addition resulted the highest preferences. The hedonic sensory test resulted the preferences of the aforementioned herbal coffee on color, aroma, taste and flavor was 3.37; 3.14; 3.30; 3.27 and 3.37 (on scale 1 to 5), respectively, representing moderately like to like preferences.The physiscochemical analysis show that the mixture contain 0.17% of insoluble solid, 0.13% of reducing sugar and 0.45% caffeine which comply the Indonesia standard of SNI 4446:1998. This result show that the cardamom herbal coffee is potential to be developed as on of coffee diversification product. Keywords: coffee mix, herbal, cardamom, coffee diversification.
Study on the presence and influence of phenolic compounds in callogenesis and somatic embryo development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.).
Authors: Pancaningtyas Sulistyani 
Published: September 2018

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) like most tropical trees is recalcitrant in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis is generally efficient micropropagation technique to multiply elite material. However, Somatic embryogenesis in cocoa is difficult and this species is considered as recalcitrant. One of the factors often considered as a component of in vitro recalsitrance is a high phenolic content and oxidation of these compounds. In cocoa tissue culture accumulate large amounts of poliphenolics compounds which probably impair further development. This study was conducted to investigate the composition of phenolic compounds in cocoa flower and leaves, and their changes troughout the somatic embryogenesis process. Calli were induced in cacao floral and leaves explants on a half-strenght Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/L Glucose and combination of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) with kinetin (kin). Total polyphenol content was observed on Sulawesi 1 cocoa clone. Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were also compared. The percentage of callus production from flower tissue is 85%, percentage of embryogenic callus 40 %, although the percentage of somatic embryo production from embryogenic callus callus is 70%. The conservation of callus into somatic embryos followed by decline in phenol content and an increase in peroxidase. The synthesis kinetics for these compounds in calli, under different somatic embryogenesis conditions, revealed a higher concentration under non-embryogenic conditions. So that, phenolic compound can influence the production of calli and an absence the phenolic compound can enhance production of somatic embryo.Kata kunci: Theobroma cacao L., polifenol, embrio somatik, kalus, flavonoid, katekin, in vitro recalcitance
Phenology of Flowering and Pod Maturity on Some Cocoa Clones (Theobroma cacao L)
Authors: Sari Indah Anita , Susilo Agung Wahyu 
Published: September 2018

Phenology of flowering is an important aspect in the growth cycle of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) because the performance of plant especially flowering is linked with anthesis time, time and duration of stigma receptivity, fruit formation, crossing, and seed development which determine the plant breeding programs . Research was conducted at the Kaliwining experimental station of Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI). The cocoa plant was originated from top grafting seedling with the age of eight years. Design of experiment was randomized complete block design consisted of eight clones as treatment with three replications. Each plot consisted of 20 sample flowers. The parameters observed were phenology of flowering and pod maturity. Phenology of flowering observed were age of flowering, number of opened flower buds, number of flower buds that dropped before being opened, number of flower buds that dropped after being opened, and number of opening flowers that developed into tiny fruits. Observation on pod and been quality was done on pod size, pod weight, pod length, pod girth, and bean number. The result of experiment showed that difference in phenologyof flowering and age of pod maturity existed within eight cocoa clones tested. KKM 22 showed the shortest flowering age and pod maturity, and lowest number of beans. The highest success of pollination was observed on Sca 6 and KW 617. ICCRI 03, Sulawesi 03, ICCRI 07, KKM 22 and KW 617 showed relative low success of pollination, that iswas between 10 to 17.6%. Age of flower opening did not significantly influence age of pod maturity, on the other hand it did not negatively influence percentage of flower opening and percentage of pollinated flowers. The characteristic of flowering age had high genetic coefficient of variation as well as high estimated value of heritability. Percentage number of flower buds that dropped before open showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, however the estimated heritability was grouped in low category. The characteristic of pod maturity age, percentage of flower opening and bean number in each pod had low values of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation,and low heritability.
Impacts of export tax of cocoa beans on Indonesian economy.
Authors: Effendi Yuventus 
Published: September 2018

In recent years, there is a significant decline of cocoa beans in terms of exports value and share after 2010. Several studies claimed that this downward trend was caused by the introduction of an export tax on cocoa beans in 2010. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the impacts of decreasing cocoa beans exports to the Indonesian economy. Therefore, this study aimed to simulate the impacts of the imposition of export tax on cocoa beans to the economy as well as unemployment. Methodology of this study utilised the Input-Output Table. In particular, this study calculated the impacts of export tax on cocoa beans to the changes of output, primary inputs, and unemployment in several scenarios. The main result of this study was that at extreme scenario, where the cocoa beans sector’s export was eliminated, the impacts on the whole economy and unemployment were insignificant. Moreover, this study found that the impacts on value added such as decreasing of profit were relatively higher than decreasing ra te on the output and others value added such as salary and wages and indirect taxes. On the other hand, this study argued that even though the introduction of export tax effectively reduced raw cocoa beans exports, there was an increasing on the exports’ value on the down stream industries.
O direito à “outra” memória – sobre 'Ainda estou aqui', de Marcelo Rubens Paiva
Authors: Magalhães Santos Guidio Milena Cláudia 
Published: September 2018

Este texto trata do livro de memórias Ainda estou aqui, de Marcelo Rubens Paiva, naquilo que permite pensar que questões acerca da tomada de posição do escritor, do uso de arquivos, da vida enquanto matéria viva da ficção, embora sejam postas, geralmente, como uma certa conformação da literatura aos ditames do presente, podem, ao contrário, ressaltar modos como o literário, na constituição de seu ter-lugar, não se isenta de apontar os limites de outros discursos, em uma espécie de altercação contra o já dito. A montagem documental do livro de Paiva, na qual são dispostos artigos de jornais, peças processuais, depoimentos, e, mesmo, fotografia, faz com que a história seja decomposta, expondo a violência com que se constrói. Sem autocomiseração, o autor expõe dois lutos: aquele que teve início com a tortura e morte de seu pai, o deputado Rubens Paiva, pela ditadura militar brasileira e o que vivencia no momento em que escreve, quando acompanha o desenvolvimento do Alzheimer em sua mãe, Eunice Paiva. Ele traça o perfil da protagonista, que, nos lampejos de lucidez, repete: “Ainda estou aqui”, apontando como o luto sem fim pelo pai e o luto por etapas da mãe são narrativas que dizem muito sobre o estado de coisas do presente. Esta leitura baseia-se, sobretudo, em reflexões de Didi-Huberman, Jacques Rancière e Jacques Derrida acerca do político, de tomadas de posição e de democracia.
Securities Law Expertise and Corporate Disclosure
Authors: Bozanic Zahn , Choudhary Preeti , Merkley Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
We examine whether securities lawyers involved in SEC comment letter inquiries act as client advocates by resisting disclosure changes or as gatekeepers by encouraging disclosure transparency. Consistent with an advocacy role, we find that securities lawyers' involvement in SEC comment letters is associated with resisting disclosure inquiries through redacting information from filings and issuing fewer amendments to previous disclosures. Our evidence also supports the view that the role of securities lawyers extends beyond the specific inquiry; their involvement is associated with improved readability and more cautionary language in the subsequent 10-K, and fewer future restatements and comment letters. Last, we find that securities lawyers serve more of an advocacy role when proprietary costs are high and when the inquiry involves a possible amendment, but more of a gatekeeper role when an inquiry is more complex.
JEL Classifications: M41
Book-Talk: An Activity to Motivate Learners to Read Autonomously in a Foreign Language
Authors: Nishizawa Hitoshi , Yoshioka Takayoshi , Ichikawa Yuri 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the last decade, extensive reading (ER) had been incorporated into English as a foreign language (EFL) education in various Japanese institutions. It restored the once broken balance of accuracy and fluency in traditional English education, and assisted reluctant EFL learners to start reading. However, ER required rather longer term for elementary learners to enjoy its benefits and the learners needed an extra encouragement to continue ER for the longer term. Book-talk was such an activity to encourage learners to read voluntary and to improve their language skills additionally. In a book-talk, several learners sat around a table, introduced the books they had read during the week, and accepted questions and comments from the others in turn. It also fitted well in lessons because 3-minute talks and 2-minute Q&A of six members took only 30 minutes. We will report how the activity motivated elder students, who had three or more years’ experience of ER, to continue their reading outside the class, and how it encouraged autonomous ER of adult EFL learners, who were reading English books borrowing from the college library. A combination of few talks and many readings worked well in EFL settings.
Multicultural Education and Educational Process at Slovak Universities
Authors: Sirotova Mariana 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Migration issues and the development of social relations to people of different cultures make multicultural education a frequently discussed topic in Slovakia these days. When it comes to culture, diversity, variety and plurality dominate because of the existence, as well as interactions, of different ethnicities, races or nations. School education focuses on drawing attention to the existence of such differences or specificities, therefore multicultural education is becoming more and more important. At higher education institutions, multicultural education is especially important in case of the students who are to become teachers themselves. Development of positive qualities and approaches, including the acceptance of cultural differences, should necessarily be a part of the pre-gradual preparation of teachers. The article presents a content analysis of student essays on the perception and understanding of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as was one of the elements of multicultural education at HEIs.
The Visegrad Group as an Ambitious Actor of (Central-)European Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Cabada Ladislav , Waisová Šárka 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Even after achieving its goals, i.e. the entrance of member states into NATO and the EU, the Visegrad Group has managed to profile itself as a significant collective actor. Analyses to date clearly show that the group is able to function as a distinct and even key actor in various policies, including those within the EU; this statement is without doubt valid primarily for the region of the European neighborhood policy and the Eastern partnership, but also for enlargement policy and its clear targeting of the Western Balkans. We can also observe a highly proactive approach in issues linked to security, primarily in the energy sector and recently also cyber security. Nonetheless, all of these and many other significant V4 activities have been overshadowed of late by dispute between the group and a significant portion of members states on perspectives regarding the migration crisis including the tools to deal with it or preventive measures to prevent it from continuing or repeating. This stance on the issue, however, can be seen as proof of the relative power and success of the V4.
Helminths of the Mallard, Anas Platyrhynchos (Aves, Anatidae), in Ukraine: Analysis of the Diversity in Mixed Forest Zone and the Black Sea Region
Authors: Syrota Ya. Yu. , Greben O. B. , Poluda A. M. , Maleha O. M. , Lisitsyna O. I. , Kornyushin V. V. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Thirty-eight Mallards were collected on the territory of Ukrainian Polissia to study the fauna of their gastro-intestinal helminths. Materials were collected in 1998-2000, 2014 and 2016 on the territory of Volyn and Chernihiv Regions. In total, 33 species of helminths were found. Th e prevalence of cestode infection was 78.9 %. We found 18 cestode species: Aploparaksis furcigera, Cloacotaenia megalops, Dicranotaenia coronula, Diorchis acuminatus, D. stefanskii, Fimbriaria fasciolaris, F. teresae, Microsomacanthus compressa, M. spiralibursata, M. paracompressa, M. paramicrosoma, M. parvula, M. hopkinsi, Platyscolex ciliata, Retinometra venusta, Sobolevicanthus aculeostyleticus, S. gracilis, S. stolli. Th e prevalence of trematode infection was 73.7 %. Th ere were 10 trematode species: Bilharziella polonica, Apatemon gracilis, Echinoparyphium aconitum, E. cinctum, Echinostoma revolutum group, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Notocotylus attenuatus, Parastrigea robusta, Prosthogonimus ovatus, P. cuneatus.Th e prevalence of nematode infection was 7.9 %. Th ere were four nematode species: Capillaria anatis, Capillariidae gen. sp., Eucoleus contorta, Tetrameres fi ssispina. Th e prevalence of an acanthocephalan Filicollis anatis was 18.4 %. Th e most common species of helminths were A. furcigera, B. polonica, A. gracilis, Echinostoma revolutum group, F. fasciolaris, H. conoideum. Th e helminth faunas of Mallards from the territory of Ukrainian Polissia and from the Black Sea Region of Ukraine were compared. Th e results of comparison demonstrated a high level of their qualitative similarity.
Metazoan Parasites and Health State of European Eel, Anguilla Anguilla (Anguilliformes, Anguillidae), From Tonga Lake and El Mellah Lagoon in the Northeast of Algeria
Authors: Bakaria F. , Belhaoues S. , Djebbari N. , Tahri M. , Ladjama I. , Bensaad L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine metazoans parasite communities of European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in freshwater (Tonga Lake) and brackish water (El Mellah lagoon) in the northeast of Algeria. Six parasite taxa were collected: one monogenean, Pseudodactylogyrus sp.; two crustaceans, Ergasilus sp. and Argulus foliaceus; two nematodes, Cucullanus sp. and Anguillicola crassus; one cestode, Bothriocephalus claviceps. Th e most prevalent parasite taxa in freshwater were Pseudodactylogyrus sp., A. crassus and Bothriocephalus claviceps; whereas in the brackish water, eels were infected mainly with A. crassus. Th e characteristics of the parasite component community structure revealed low parasite species diversity and high dominance values in eels from the two localities. Both communities were dominated by a single parasite species: Tonga eels by the monogenean Pseudodactylogyrus sp. and El Mellah lagoon eels by the nematode A. crassus, verified by high Berger-Parker dominance values of 0.76 and 0.87 respectively.
The First Record of Parthenitae and Cercariae of Plagiorchis Multiglandularis (Trematoda, Plagiorchiidae) in Lymnaea Stagnalis in Ukraine
Authors: Zhytova E. P. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Parthenitae and cercariae of Plagiorchis. multiglandularis Semenov, 1927 are recorded in Lymnaea stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) for the fi rst time in Ukraine; their morphological characteristics are specifi ed. Diagnostic characters of P. multiglandularis parthenitae and cercariae found in Ukrainian Polissia are compared with those from other regions. To confi rm the validity of the species, a comparison of the morphometric data of this trematode larvae with the cercariae of Plagiorchis elegans (Rudolphi, 1802) Braun, 1902, found in molluscs L. stagnalis, L. ralustris and L. corvuses, was performed. It was determined that P. multiglandularis cercariae diff er from those of P. elegans in size and position of the penetration glands.
Species Structure of Oribatid Mite Population (Acari, Oribatea) in the Forest Floor Litter in the Reclaimed Territories (Ukraine)
Authors: Didur O. O. , Kulbachko Yu. L. , Pakhomov O. Ye. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The features of the structure of the population of oribatid mites (Oribatida) as primary destructors of dead plant material that provide such ecosystem service as improvement of soil fertility are considered. Studies were performed in various stratigraphic types of artifi cial edaphotopes in the reclaimed sites of “Pavlogradskaya” query (Pavlograd, Dnipropetrovsk Region, Ukraine), which were planted with eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana Linnaeus). Th e amount of oribatid mite species in the forest litter of studied forest plantation varied from 16 to 25. Minimal number of species (16) and minimal population density of oribatid mites (4720 ind./m2) was established for calcic chernozem topsoil type with sand interlayer, which can be explained by lower thickness of the forest fl oor litter within this reclamation type.
Revisión crítica de la dimensión Gobierno Corporativo en los cuestionarios de los Índices de Sostenibilidad
Authors: Andreu Pinillos Alberto , Fernández-Fernández José-Luis , Fernández Mateo Joaquín 
Published: September 2018

Los índices globales de sostenibilidad más utilizados por las empresas (FTSE4Good, CDP, MSCI, Goldman Sachs, SUSTAINALYTICS, DJSI), dedican una parte de su análisis a los aspectos del gobierno corporativo, ya que se ha demostrado empíricamente la existencia de una correlación entre la dimensión del gobierno y el éxito de la sostenibilidad. Sin embargo, a pesar de esta unanimidad en incluir los aspectos de gobierno, los índices no comparten ni objetivos, ni metodología, ni un cuestionario común, por lo que es complejo tener una visión global sobre qué aspectos vinculados al gobierno corporativo tienen mayor impacto en la sostenibilidad. La oportunidad de la investigación radica en hacer una revisión crítica sobre el tratamiento que ofrecen actualmente los índices de sostenibilidad a la dimensión gobierno corporativo, para conocer si, como consecuencia de la ausencia de una metodología común, se está preguntando por todas las variables que se deberían tener en cuenta, o están obviando algunas.
Hubungan Lama Membaca dan Menggunakan Komputer Dengan Ametropia pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah Semester VII Tahun Ajaran 2016-2017
Authors: ANGRIYANTO KEVIN 
Published: September 2018

<p><strong>Latar Belakang: </strong>Ametopia merupakan kelainan refraksi pada mata yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan. Faktor lingkungan seperti kebiasaan beraktivitas dalam jarak dekat termasuk bermain komputer dan membaca dalam jarak dekat merupakan salah satu faktor resiko yang memegang peranan penting pada terjadinya ametropia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah aktivitas melihat jarak dekat berpengaruh terhadap ametropia mahasiswa FK Hangtuah semester VII.</p><p><strong>Metode: </strong>Penelitian ini adalah penelitian observasional analitik. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah semester VII sebanyak 70 orang. Data tentang lama membaca dan menggunakan komputer pada mahasiswa diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuisioner, sedangkan status refraksi mahasiswa diperoleh dengan menggunakan Snellen chart dan kartu kacamata.</p><p><strong>Hasil: </strong>Dari 70 sampel, perempuan 38 (54,3%) dan laki – laki 32 (45,7%). Didapatkan 43 orang (61,4%) menderita ametropia sedangkan 27 orang (38,6%) tidak menderita miopia. Analisa data menggunakan korelasi Spearman menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara membaca dan menggunakan komputer dengan resiko terjadinya ametropia dengan nilai p&lt;0,05 (p&lt;α) dengan hubungan yang searah.</p><p>S<strong>impulan: </strong>Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara lama melihat dari jarak dekat dengan resiko ametropia pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hang Tuah semester VII.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>Lama membaca, lama menggunakan komputer, aktivitas melihat dekat, ametropia</p>
Transición de la natalidad de Siles (Jaén) en el siglo XX : tasa bruta, proporción secundaria por sexos, generalidad, ilegitimidad y estacionalidad
Authors: Beteta Avio Ramón 
Published: September 2018

<p>En el presente trabajo se analiza la transición de la tasa bruta, proporción secundaria por sexos, gemelaridad, ilegitimidad y estacionalidad de la natalidad en la población de Siles (Jaén) a lo largo del siglo XX. Se ha fotografiado digitalmente e informatizado todas las actas de bautizos registradas desde 1900 a 1999 en los libros originales de la parroquia del pueblo, y tomado datos en el Registro Civil, totalizando 10.793 nacimientos. La tasa bruta ha pasado de 51,44‰ en 1900 a 11,51‰ en 1999. Se registra para la centuria una tasa de masculinidad del 102,65. Las frecuencias de gemelos presentan un índice total de gemeralidad de 8,98‰; el 4,447‰ en la dizigótica y el 4,54‰ en la monozigótica. La tasa global de ilegitimidad observada es del 4,52%. La estacionalidad registra máximos en el mes de agosto y mínimos en noviembre y diciembre. Se estima que la emigración ha sido el factor que más ha influido en la transición de la natalidad. </p>