bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOIL ORGANIC MATTER STATUS IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL SEQUENCE OF FORMER SHORELINE OF DISAPPEARING SUMOWSKIE LAKES, NORTH-EASTERN POLAND
Authors: Markiewicz Maciej , Mendyk Łukasz , Gonet Sławomir S. 
Published: April 2019

<p>The aim of the study has been to define the stocks and the basic properties of soil organic matter in agricultural-used soil sequence located in the former shoreline of disappearing lakes. The study area is located in the catchment of the Sumowskie Lakes, the Brodnica Lake District, North-Eastern Poland. The investigations involved preparation of five soil pits located in the south-western part of the former Sumowskie Lake bottom and on the southern slope of the adjacent kame hill. The greatest soil transformation is reflected in the quality and quantity of the soil organic matter. Indexes of organic matter quality and TOC stocks are significantly changing along the studied transect. The strongly humidified organic matter is found in mursh horizons. Gyttja layers above the groundwater level have a medium humification index. Horizons saturated with water are very low humidified. TOC stocks drop along the analysed soil sequence from the biogenic plain to the top of the kame hill.</p><p> </p><p>Celem badań było określenie zasobów i podstawowych właściwości materii organicznej sekwencji rolniczo użytkowanych gleb dawnej strefy brzegowej zanikających jezior. Obszar badań był zlokalizowany w zlewni jezior Sumowskich na Pojezierzu Brodnickim w Polsce północno-wschodniej. Analizowano transekt składający się z pięciu profili glebowych znajdujących się w pd.-zach. części dawnego Jeziora Sumowskiego. Obejmował on dno dawnego jeziora oraz przylegające wzgórze kemowe. Największe zróżnicowanie gleb dotyczyło ilości i jakości glebowej materii organicznej. Zarówno właściwości materii organicznej, jak i jej zasoby wyraźnie różnicują się w analizowanym transekcie. Materia organiczna poziomów murszowych gleb pojeziornych odznacza się najwyższym stopniem humifikacji, warstwy gytii, powyżej poziomu wód gruntowych, pośrednim, a poziomy nasycone wodą najniższym spośród analizowanych. Zasoby węgla organicznego zmniejszają się wzdłuż transektu od gleb pojeziornych do szczytu pagórka kemowego (pararędziny).</p>
Causes of Excess Deaths in Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria: A Time-Series Estimation
Authors: Cruz-Cano Raul , Mead Erin L. 
Published: April 2019

Objectives. To determine the number and causes of excess deaths in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria made landfall on September 20, 2017. Methods. We obtained monthly vital statistics data on all deaths from January 2008 through October 2017. We conducted a time-series analysis to estimate excess mortality in September and October 2017 overall and by age, sex, and cause of death. Results. We estimated a total of 1205 excess deaths (95% confidence interval [CI] = 707, 1702). Excess deaths were slightly higher among men than women (632 and 579 deaths, respectively) and found only among people aged 60 years or older (1038 deaths). Most excess deaths occurred from heart disease (253 deaths), “other” causes (204 deaths), diabetes (195 deaths), Alzheimer’s disease (122 deaths), and septicemia (81 deaths). Conclusions. The number of excess deaths was similar to recent government estimates. However, this study is the first to identify the causes of death that were exacerbated by the disaster. Public Health Implications. An accurate estimation of the top causes of excess mortality can help authorities plan resource allocation for the island’s recovery and for the prevention of deaths in future disasters.
Features of low-temperature storage of streptomyces strains - producers of glycosidaz inhibitors
Authors: Printseva A. A. , Sharova N. Yu. , Vybornova T. V. , Manzhieva B. S. 
Published: April 2019

The aim of the work is to study the inhibitory activity of the Streptomyces lucensis VKPM Ac-1743 and Streptomyces violaceus VKPM Ac-1734 strains stored at –18 °C in a 15 % glycerol solution and in a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution.The object of the study was the actinomycete strains of S. lucensis VKPM Ac-1743 and S. violaceus VKPM Ac-1734 producers of glycosidase inhibitor, which is a micro-ingredient for creating products with a low glycemic index. The storage time was nine months. Bookmark storage was performed by flushing with a taped agar starchcontaining environment of Capek. For comparison, we studied the properties of cultures stored at +4 °C without cryoprotectant.Deep cultivation of Streptomyces strains was carried out in a periodic manner on a medium containing corn starch hydrolyzate under the Multitron incubator shaker (INFORS,Switzerland).Inhibitory activity was determined in inactivated native solutions by a colorimetric method with respect to pancreatic α-amylase, a test glycosidase involved in carbohydrate metabolism, and whose activity was chosen as a criterion for assessing the hypoglycemic action of the inhibitor. The proteinase activity of the inactivated native solution was determined by a modified method using a casein substrate.The experimental data were processed using the methods of mathematical statistics and Excel XP programs.As a result of the research, it was established that the actinomycete strains of S. lucensis and S. violaceus, the producers of glycosidase inhibitors, can maintain inhibitory activity during low-temperature storage for nine months.For the S. lucensis actinomycete strain, stored in a 15 % glycerol solution at – 18 °C, the maximum inhibitory activity is 48 hours in the biotechnological process and is (3686 ± 300) IU/cm3 native solution, and for theviolaceus strain – (3150 ± 200) IU/cm³of the native solution, respectively.For the strain of actinomycete S. lucensis, stored in 0.9 % sodium chloride solution at a temperature of – 18 °C, the maximum inhibitory activity accounts for 72 h of the biotechnological process and is (2600 ± 200) IU/cm³ of the native solution, and for the strain S. violaceus the maximum inhibitory activity accounts for 24 hours of the biotechnological process and is (3530 ± 200) IU/cm³ of the native solution.At a storage temperature of +4 °C, the inhibitory activity for the strain of actinomycete S. lucensis is (560 ± 20) IU/cm³of native solution, and for the strain of S. violaceus – (1747 ± 100) IU/cm³ of native solution, respectively. On the basis of the data obtained, it can be concluded that a temperature of –18 °C is preferred for long-term storage.During the cultivation of Streptomyces strains, proteinase activity ranged from (0,012 ± 0,001) U/cm³ to (0,072 ± 0,002) U/cm³.The obtained data can be applied in further studies to develop conditions for long-term storage of collection crops.
Quantification of Leaf Growth, Height Increase, and Compensatory Root Water Uptake of Sunflower in Heterogeneous Saline Soils
Authors: Lei Guoqing , Zeng Wenzhi , Zhu Jiangxu , Zha Yuanyuan , Fang Yuanhao , Song Yixiao , Chen Mingyuan , Qian Yingzhi , Wu Jingwei , Huang Jiesheng 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
Compensatory growth and root water uptake are observed in heterogeneous saline soils.
Three types of indexes are proposed to determine the heterogeneous water and salt stresses.
Critical compensation factors for each growth stages of sunflower are determined and linked with heterogeneous soil water and salt.
ABSTRACTTo characterize the crop growth and root water uptake (RWU) under heterogeneous soil water and salt (SWS) conditions, 2‐yr subplot experiments with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were conducted at the Yichang experimental station in the Hetao Irrigation District (HID), China. Three types of stress indices, including average (αmean, ω), positional (αupper, αdeeper), and extreme (αsmax, αsmin) indices, were defined to quantify the heterogeneity of the SWS stresses at each growth stage of sunflower. The relative increase in the leaf area index (REDLAI) and height (REDH) of sunflower were quantified based on correlation analyses with SWS heterogeneity indices. The critical compensation factor (ωc) of RWU at different sunflower growth stages was inversely calculated based on the Feddes Jarvis (FJ) model and quantified using a defined soil environmental stress factor (δ). The results showed that the vertical heterogeneity of SWS gradually improved and that soil stress indices varied with sunflower growth. The relatively high correlations of REDLAI and REDH with the ω (average stress coefficient weighted by the root length density) were determined, and quantitative relationships of the REDLAI and REDH with the ω at different growth stages were established. Furthermore, relatively high coefficient of determination (R2) values of quantitative relationships between ωc and δ were acquired (0.75, 0.78, 0.64, and 0.46 at the seedling, budding, flowering, and maturity stages, respectively). The proposed methods could improve the prediction of crop leaf growth, height development, and compensatory root water uptake (CRWU) based on SWS information in salt‐affected regions.
Improving Zinc Concentration and Bioavailability of Wheat Grain through Combined Foliar Applications of Zinc and Pesticides
Authors: Wang Shaoxia , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Liu Ke , Fei Peiwen , Chen Juan , Li Xiushuang , Ning Peng , Chen Yanlong , Shi Jianglan , Tian Xiaohong 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
Foliar zinc (Zn) applied together with any pesticides caused similar increase in whole grain and grain milling fractions Zn concentrations as compared with foliar Zn application alone.
Foliar Zn applied simultaneously with pesticides significantly increased estimated Zn bioavailability in whole grain and grain milling fractions; the increases were comparable to foliar Zn application alone.
Higher Zn concentration and bioavailability in whole grain with Zn applied at milk stage with or without pesticides indicated efficient absorption of Zn by wheat plants compared with Zn applied at flowering stage.
ABSTRACTFoliar ZnSO4 application has been shown to be effective for increasing Zn concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain but is time and energy consuming. For promoting adoption of this practice by growers, a field experiment was conducted in two seasons to evaluate the effects of foliar Zn combined with six commonly used pesticides (three insecticides and three fungicides) applied at flowering or milk stage on Zn concentration and bioavailability in wheat grain and its milling fractions. Grains were fractionated into flour and bran for analysis of Zn, phytic acid (PA), and other nutrients (protein, P, K, Fe, and Mn). The results showed that foliar application of Zn together with various pesticides, irrespective of pesticide type, was as effective as foliar Zn application alone in improving Zn concentrations in whole grain and in its milling fractions. Combined foliar application of Zn with pesticides did not increase PA concentration but significantly increased the estimated Zn bioavailability in flour by 79.2%, in bran by 95.4%, and in grain by 94.5%. Zinc foliar application (with or without pesticides) at milk stage resulted in a higher Zn concentration and bioavailability in whole grain than Zn applied at flowering stage. There were no adverse effects of combined foliar application of Zn and pesticides on grain yield and other nutrients. Therefore, foliar Zn application can be safely applied with commonly used fungicides or insecticides (particularly at milk stage) to enrich Zn of the whole grain and particularly the flour and represents a useful practice for overcoming human Zn deficiency.
Comparing Biological and Conventional Chemical Soil Tests in Long‐Term Tillage, Rotation, N Rate Field Study
Authors: Bavougian Christina M. , Shapiro Charles A. , Stewart Zachary P. , Eskridge Kent M. 
Published: April 2019

Core Ideas
Haney N and P tests were correlated with conventional soil NO3–N and Mehlich III P.
Corn and soybean yields were generally not correlated with soil health indicators.
Haney and conventional soil test methods had similar laboratory precision as determined by sensitivity ratio analysis.
Haney Soil Health Tests generated additional information, particularly about organic C and N fractions, that is not available from conventional chemical soil tests.
The Haney Soil Health Tool is a suite of tests integrating chemical and biological factors to provide a sophisticated analysis of soil nutrient availability. This research was conducted to determine if Haney tests (including H3A and water extracts, Solvita 24‐h CO2 evolution, and Soil Health Calculation [SHC]) can add value to conventional chemical soil testing methods and increase knowledge of the effects of tillage systems, crop rotation, and N rate on soil health and corn grain yield. We studied rainfed continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and corn following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under three tillage systems and three N rates in a long‐term field experiment in northeast Nebraska. The H3A ammonium, H3A inorganic N, and water‐extractable total N tests detected more differences (significant F tests for main effects and interactions involving all treatments) than conventional NO3–N analysis (which detected the interaction of rotation × N rate). Water‐extractable organic C detected more differences than LOI. There was a three‐way interaction of tillage × rotation × N rate for Solvita and SHC; high N and intensive tillage mostly corresponded to low Solvita and SHC values. We did not expect the treatments to affect P or K directly, but the tillage × rotation interaction was significant for Mehlich III P, tillage for H3A organic P, and N rate for H3A inorganic and total P. Correlation analysis confirmed linear relationships between many Haney and conventional soil tests, and we concluded via sensitivity ratio calculations that the tests offered similar precision.
The Knowledge Management System in Organizations as a Tool of Labor Increase Efficiency: Stages of Construction
Authors: Кочнева Оксана , Kochneva Oksana 
Published: April 2019

Knowledge management became known as a technology (concept, direction) of management in the second half of the XX century. The National Standard of the Russian Federation GOST R ISO 9001-2015 “Quality management system. Requirements” was introduced on November 1, 2015. It contained a section entitled “Organization Knowledge”, which caused normative interest in this administrative tool. The transition period was three years.
Knowledge management has been the focus of scientific and educational publications. The interest is caused primarily by a search for optimal ways of system's effective functioning under the conditions of “society of knowledge”. It means a need for permanent innovation, prompt adaptation to changes, information space digitalization, etc. An analysis of prominent studies allowed the author to create a knowledge management system (KMS) for organizations. The research highlighted the main stages of KMS design and a number of significant problems of socio-psychological nature that accompany it. The algorithm is not highly versatile in nature, since formation of KMS depends on many characteristics of the company – its resources, size, stage of life cycle, degree of processes routinization, scope of activities, personal characteristics of leader and the team, cross-cultural specificity, environmental factors, etc. It can contribute to the holistic understanding about the main stages of the process and its key problems.
Mortgage Loan as the Main Tool for Solving the Housing Problem of Russia
Authors: Бабина Светлана , Babina Svetlana , Назаренкова Софья , Nazarenkovaa Sofya 
Published: April 2019

The housing problem is extremely urgent for Russian citizens. This problem can be solved by mortgage lending in the market economy environment. The present research features the development of mortgage housing loans and identifies the existing problems in order to find ways to strengthen the mortgage capital market.
The study is based on theoretical and methodological works on the theory of mortgage lending. It involves a comparative-historical analysis in the application to the mortgage capital market, as well as an analysis of the dynamic series based on statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Bank of Russia, and the Agency for Mortgage and Housing Crediting.
The paper presents a retrospective analysis which makes it possible to conclude that, despite all the difficulties of socioeconomic development, mortgage lending has become an independent institution of the modern economic system of Russia. In conditions of economy stabilization, loans are becoming more affordable, and banks offer a variety of mortgage products on various terms. However, the position of the Russian mortgage market is still seriously inferior to that of developed countries. The authors propose several approaches to the development of the mortgage housing market, which may contribute to its further development and, thus, increase the role of mortgage in solving the housing problem, as well as construction volumes, production in related industries, and the Russian economy as a whole.
What Players of Virtual Reality Exercise Games Want: Thematic Analysis of Web-Based Reviews
Authors: Faric Nuša , Potts Henry W W , Hon Adrian , Smith Lee , Newby Katie , Steptoe Andrew , Fisher Abi 
Published: April 2019

Background
Physical activity (PA) is associated with a variety of physical and psychosocial health benefits, but levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA remain low worldwide. Virtual reality (VR) gaming systems involving movement (VR exergames) could be used to engage people in more PA.

Objective
This study aimed to synthesize public reviews of popular VR exergames to identify common features that players liked or disliked to inform future VR exergame design.

Methods
We conducted a thematic analysis of 498 reviews of the 29 most popular exergames sold in the top 3 VR marketplaces: Steam (Valve Corporation), Viveport (Valve Corporation), and Oculus (Oculus VR). We categorized reviews as positive and negative as they appeared in the marketplaces and identified the most common themes using an inductive thematic analysis.

Results
The reviews were often mixed, reporting a wide variety of expectations, preferences, and gaming experiences. Players preferred highly realistic games (eg, closely simulated real-world sport), games that were intuitive (in terms of body movement and controls), and games that provided gradual increases in skill acquisition. Players reported feeling that they reached a high level of exertion when playing and that the immersion distracted them from the intensity of the exercise. Some preferred features included music and social aspects of the games, with multiplayer options to include friends or receive help from experienced players. There were 3 main themes in negative reviews. The first concerned bugs that rendered games frustrating. Second, the quality of graphics had a particularly strong impact on perceived enjoyment. Finally, reviewers disliked when games had overly complex controls and display functions that evoked motion sickness.

Conclusions
Exergames prove to be a stimulating avenue for players to engage in PA and distract themselves from the negative perceptions of performing exercise. The common negative aspects of VR exergames should be addressed for increased uptake and continued engagement.
Major Adverse Kidney Events in Pediatric Sepsis
Authors: Weiss Scott L. , Balamuth Fran , Thurm Cary W. , Downes Kevin J. , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Laskin Benjamin L. 
Published: April 2019

Background and objectives
Major adverse kidney events, a composite of death, new kidney replacement therapy, or persistent kidney dysfunction, is a potential patient-centered outcome for clinical trials in sepsis-associated kidney injury. We sought to determine the incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days and validate this end point in pediatric sepsis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We conducted a retrospective observational study using the Pediatric Health Information Systems Plus database of patients >6 months to <18 years old with a diagnosis of severe sepsis/septic shock; orders for bacterial blood culture, antibiotics, and at least one fluid bolus on hospital day 0/1; and known hospital disposition between January 2007 and December 2011. The primary outcome was incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days. Major adverse kidney events within 30 days were validated against all-cause mortality at hospital discharge, hospital length of stay, total hospital costs, hospital readmission within 30 days and 1 year, and lowest eGFR between 3 months and 1 year after discharge. We reported incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days with 95% confidence intervals using robust SEM and used multivariable logistic regression to test the association of major adverse kidney events within 30 days with hospital costs and mortality.

Results
Of 1685 admissions, incidence of major adverse kidney events within 30 days was 9.6% (95% confidence interval, 8.1% to 11.0%), including 4.5% (95% confidence interval, 3.5% to 5.4%) death, 1.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.1% to 2.3%) kidney replacement therapy, and 5.8% (95% confidence interval, 4.7% to 6.9%) persistent kidney dysfunction. Patients with versus without major adverse kidney events within 30 days had higher all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (28% versus 1%; P<0.001), higher total hospital costs ($61,188; interquartile range, $21,272–140,356 versus $28,107; interquartile range, $13,056–72,697; P<0.001), and higher proportion with eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 between 3 months and 1 year after discharge (19% versus 4%; P=0.001). Major adverse kidney events within 30 days was not associated with length of stay or readmissions.

Conclusions
In children with sepsis, major adverse kidney events within 30 days are common, feasible to measure, and a promising end point for future clinical trials.

Podcast
This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2019_04_18_CJASNPodcast_19_05_.mp3
Social Media, Religion, Gender and Politics in Malaysia: A Case of the Social Media Usage by Sarawak Muslim Female Candidates in Batang Sadong and Batang Lupar in the 2018 Malaysian General Election
Authors: Isnin Nadrawina 
Published: April 2019

The 14th Malaysian General Election (GE2018) had changed the political landscape in Malaysia. For the very first time, the ruling party of Barisan Nasional failed to dominate the government in all states except that of Pahang, Perlis, and Sarawak. This study is intended to discuss the scenario of GE2018 by focusing on the election results among female candidates in Sarawak. Ten female candidates participated in GE2018 as compared to a total of 78 candidates to grab 31 Parliamentary seats in Sarawak. Meaning, merely 12.82 percentages of female candidates competed in GE2018. Nevertheless, out of ten female election candidates competing, only five (4 PBB + 1 DAP) won which was 16.12 percentages of winning whilst a big portion of the percentages of 83.87 went to the winning male election candidates. Interestingly, the usage of social media is frequently used by the candidates in GE2018. Hence, this work focuses on the usage of social media among two female Muslim election candidates from a political party of Parti Bumiputera Bersatu Sarawak (PBB). The findings reveal that the frequent usage of Facebook has positive and negative impacts on both female candidates. Even though both female candidates win the election but one has an increased in votes and majority votes whilst the other has a drastic decrease of votes and majority votes obtained.