bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalized spot auto-focusing method with a high-definition auto-correlation function in transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Isakozawa Shigeto , Baba Misuzu , Amano Junpei , Sakamoto Shohei , Baba Norio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe spot auto-focusing (AF) method with a unique high-definition auto-correlation function (HD-ACF) proposed in the previous paper is improved and is now applicable to general specimens at a wide range of magnifications. According to the definition where the AF is defocused to obtain the highest resolution, the proposed method achieves the sharpest HD-ACF profile in the AF spot image. The relationship where the sharpest HD-ACF profile gives the highest resolution is theoretically explained, and practical AF examples for different specimens and magnifications are experimentally demonstrated. Specimens include a yeast cell thin section at 10-k magnification, a standard grating replica used as a ruler at 50-k, a crystal lattice of graphitized carbon at 400-k and a 60°-tilted thin section (yeast cell) at 10-k. Different procedures are prepared to actively identify the defocus position that gives the sharpest HD-ACF profile. Every AF result demonstrates the highest-resolution image.
Hilastērion (Rom. 3:25) and the Union of Divine Justice And Mercy. Part II: Atonement in the old Testament and in Romans 1–5
Authors: Hultgren Stephen 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Part II of this study explains how the convergence of temple and martyrdom theologies demonstrated in Part I helps us understand ἱλαστήριον in the context of Romans 1–5. Biblical ‘atonement’ is multifaceted, comprehending expiation and forgiveness, as well as removal of divine wrath. In the LXX the ἱλάσκομαι word group is also complex, retaining propitiatory overtones from classical usage (although it may often be better to speak of God removing his own wrath), while taking on the additional meaning of expiation and forgiveness. The Pentateuchal ἱλαστήριον is a ‘place’ for such ‘atonement’. Amidst many proposals, ‘the place of atonement’ with allusion to the כַּפֹּרֶת remains the most likely meaning for ἱλαστήριον in Rom. 3:25. Christ is the ‘place’ where divine justice and mercy meet. His death is the visible manifestation of divine justice, the consequence of humanity’s collective sin, which was ‘building up’ towards a permanent breach in the relationship between God and humanity. Christ’s death is also a ransom and the means by which God objectively removes sin and so frees humanity from death. Paul radically reconfigured martyrdom theology, which offered a way of thinking about how divine justice and mercy can meet in the death of a person.
Acute Pain Medicine Services
Authors: Warlick Alicia Lopez , Bullock W. Michael , Gulur Padma 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how defining the structure and procedures of an acute pain service (APS) is essential to its success. The regional anesthesiologist will lead the efforts, choosing specific peripheral nerve blocks and multimodal analgesic techniques in the preoperative block area and continuing care in the operating room and later in the postoperative area. The APS extends to the patient floors, where a pain management plan is established by the acute pain specialist and augmented by knowledgeable practitioners in this area. Measuring outcomes such as pain scores and functional status is important; such data should be collected and reported to keep the goals of the APS patient centered and to demonstrate value for the hospital. Finally, the goals of the APS should align with the clinical and financial goals of the hospital it serves.
Pain Management for Whipple Surgery
Authors: Nguyen Linh T. , Soliz Jose M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses pain management in pancreatic cancer patients undergoing a Whipple procedure, in whom controlling pain is challenging in the presence of patient comorbidities such as liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation on anticoagulants. Most drugs are metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. A multimodal pain management approach can most effectively minimize the undesirable side effects of opioids. Peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial blocks are excellent options. Traditionally, epidurals were commonly used for pain management for Whipple surgeries. However, transversus abdominis plane blocks have gained popularity partly with the increasing availability of portable ultrasounds, the lack of sympathectomy and resultant hypotension with the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, and the presence of contraindications to neuraxial anesthesia. The World Health Organization devised a 3-step ladder to guide physicians worldwide in the management of cancer pain, and this guide serves as an important conceptual framework for the treatment of chronic somatic, visceral, and neuropathic pain. The ladder is also useful for “step-down” analgesia in the perioperative period.
Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Persinger Aaron , Gonzales Jeffrey 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the average length of stay after colorectal surgery has decreased from 8 to 10 days in the mid-1990s to 1 to 2 days with a laparoscopic approach in the setting of an enhanced recovery program. The time it takes a patient to return to his or her baseline functional status has also been reduced. This has been achieved by comprehensively addressing the negative physiologic effects of the stress response associated with surgery. Properly timed interventions such as preoperative preparation of the patient, various regional anesthesia techniques, avoidance of medication side effects, and avoidance of postoperative complications seem to work synergistically to speed recovery. This chapter outlines preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations that may help patients make it through their perioperative journey with increased safety, comfort, and efficiency.
Polytrauma
Authors: Shields Cynthia H. , Bleckner Lisa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pain management of the polytrauma patient requires thorough understanding of the patient’s history, complete examination, and consideration of the trajectory of care. Multimodal options for treatment include medications, regional anesthesia, and nonmedication treatments. Rapid management of pain is critical to prevent development of chronic pain and possibly for the prevention phantom limb pain. This chapter reviews the important features of the history and physical exam of a polytrauma patient. Treatment options for pain are discussed. The risks of multimodal analgesia, including oversedation and prolonged high dose opioid use are discussed. Compartment syndrome is an important concern in this population and is reviewed considering the potential for masking its detection with regional anesthesia.
Valvular heart disease
Authors: Mantovani Francesca 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Valvular heart disease is common, and any of the four valves of the heart can be affected, although left-sided valvular disease is far commoner than right-sided disease. Treatment depends on the valvular disease type and severity but, when severe and symptomatic, usually involves mechanical intervention. Asymptomatic patients without objective parameters suggesting high morbid or lethal risk are closely observed clinically, until surgical indications develop. Although often prescribed, no rigorous evidence supports pharmacological therapy in most chronic valve diseases, although drugs may be useful in acute valvular diseases or as a bridge to surgery in severely decompensated patients. Moreover, given the rising proportion of frail older people with symptomatic degenerative valve disease, in whom the risks of mechanical intervention are prohibitive, medical treatment could be the only option.
Coalescent Theory of Migration Network Motifs
Authors: Alcala Nicolas , Goldberg Amy , Ramakrishnan Uma , Rosenberg Noah A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNatural populations display a variety of spatial arrangements, each potentially with a distinctive impact on genetic diversity and genetic differentiation among subpopulations. Although the spatial arrangement of populations can lead to intricate migration networks, theoretical developments have focused mainly on a small subset of such networks, emphasizing the island-migration and stepping-stone models. In this study, we investigate all small network motifs: the set of all possible migration networks among populations subdivided into at most four subpopulations. For each motif, we use coalescent theory to derive expectations for three quantities that describe genetic variation: nucleotide diversity, FST, and half-time to equilibrium diversity. We describe the impact of network properties on these quantities, finding that motifs with a high mean node degree have the largest nucleotide diversity and the longest time to equilibrium, whereas motifs with low density have the largest FST. In addition, we show that the motifs whose pattern of variation is most strongly influenced by loss of a connection or a subpopulation are those that can be split easily into disconnected components. We illustrate our results using two example data sets—sky island birds of genus Sholicola and Indian tigers—identifying disturbance scenarios that produce the greatest reduction in genetic diversity; for tigers, we also compare the benefits of two assisted gene flow scenarios. Our results have consequences for understanding the effect of geography on genetic diversity, and they can assist in designing strategies to alter population migration networks toward maximizing genetic variation in the context of conservation of endangered species.
Octavia Butler
Authors: Holden Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2019

Octavia E. Butler (b. 1947–d. 2006), one of the first African American science fiction (sf) authors, remains the most prominent African American women science fiction author. She was born to Laurice and Octavia M. Butler in Pasadena, CA. Her father died when she was a toddler and she was raised an only child by her mother and grandmother. Her family called her “Junie” but most of her friends called her Estelle. An avid reader her entire life, Butler wrote her first sf story when she was about twelve years old after she watched sci-fi B-movie “The Devil Girl from Mars” and realized she could write a better story. She earned an associate’s degree from Pasadena City College and took classes at both Cal State and UCLA. At the behest of Harlan Ellison, whom she met at the “Open Door” Workshop, she attended the Clarion Science Fiction Writers Workshop in 1971, after which she sold her first two stories, one of which, “Crossover,” was published in 1971. She published her first novel, Patternmaster, in 1976, and went on to publish a total of twelve novels, seven short stories, and ten Essays. Two additional short stories, both written early in her career, were published posthumously in 2014. Butler also gave numerous Interviews and presentations at sf conventions and conferences. Her writings transformed the science fiction field by showing us futures—usually difficult futures—in which African American women play primary roles and futures in which being black was not exceptional. She brought together multiple genres—slave narrative, fantasy, science fiction, dystopia, historical narrative, and vampire literature—and transformed sf tropes—including alien invasion, first contact, post-apocalypse, cyborgs, genetic manipulations, and others—in her boundary-breaking sf. Butler often commented that her fiction addressed three sometimes overlapping audiences: those interested in feminism, African American literature, and science fiction. Her fiction was nominated for and won the top science fiction awards, including two Hugos, two Nebulas, two Science Fiction Chronicle awards, and a Locus award. Butler was the first sf author to receive a MacArthur “genius” grant (1995) and also won a Lifetime Achievement Award in Writing from the PEN American Center (2000). Butler’s fiction and life has had a significant influence on the sf genre and field. Teaching at Clarion West, participating in panel discussions, and offering advice and mentorship, Butler inspired many from the recent generation of sf writers of color and has been claimed by the Afrofuturism movement. Her untimely death rocked the sf world, depriving society of a necessary critical and intuitive voice.
Police Union Contracts: An Analysis of Large Cities
Authors: Harris Christopher , Sweeney Matthew M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The impact of police union contracts on administrators’ ability to hold their officers accountable is an understudied are of police accountability. While there is anecdotal evidence that some contracts contain provisions that could militate against accountability, and some scholarship has reviewed state Law Enforcement Officer’s Bill of Rights and found troublesome provisions, whether or not municipal police contracts routinely contain similar provisions is unknown. The research conducted herein is designed to address this knowledge gap. We review 47 contracts from some of the largest cities in the USA with a view towards finding provisions which could impede misconduct investigations, along with describing the frequency and contours of those provisions. Using directed content analysis, we find provisions across several domains of interest—including citizen complaints, police interrogations, disciplinary hearings, and police disciplinary records—within union contracts that could shield officers from accountability, and discuss their implications.
Osteogenesis effects of magnetic nanoparticles modified-porous scaffolds for the reconstruction of bone defect after bone tumor resection
Authors: Li Ming , Liu Jianheng , Cui Xiang , Sun Guofei , Hu Jianwei , Xu Sijia , Yang Fei , Zhang Licheng , Wang Xiumei , Tang Peifu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The treatment of bone defect after bone tumor resection is a great challenge for orthopedic surgeons. It should consider that not only to inhibit tumor growth and recurrence, but also to repair the defect and preserve the limb function. Hence, it is necessary to find an ideal functional biomaterial that can repair bone defects and inactivate tumor. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have its unique advantages to achieve targeted hyperthermia to avoid damage to surrounding normal tissues and promote osteoblastic activity and bone formation. Based on the previous stage, we successfully prepared hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds and verified its good osteogenic properties, in this study, we produced an HAP composite PLGA scaffolds modified with MNPs. The composite scaffold showed appropriate porosity and mechanical characteristics, while MNPs possessed excellent magnetic and thermal properties. The cytological assay indicated that the MNPs have antitumor ability and the composite scaffold possessed good biocompatibility. In vivo bone defect repair experiment revealed that the composite scaffold had good osteogenic capacity. Hence, we could demonstrate that the composite scaffolds have a good effect in bone repair, which could provide a potential approach for repairing bone defect after bone tumor excision.
Moral Education in Japan: The Disjoint Between Research on Policy and Research on Practice
Authors: BAMKIN Sam 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Moral education has the explicit aim of contributing to the character formation of Japanese citizens through school education. For this reason, policy intentions for moral education, as communicated by official documents such as curricula and textbooks and by political discourse, hold great significance. Document-based studies on policy intent have expanded in recent years. In particular, there has been sustained interest in the potential of moral education for statist indoctrination and, often incompatibly, its potential for cultivating a modern democratic society. Less developed, however, is research that directly addresses how moral education is implemented in schools and classrooms. This research on practice is important to understand what moral education is and the extent to which policy intentions are realised. Moreover, practice-based research undertaken during times of reform can provide a window into understanding the role of the school in shaping how moral education changes and the enactment of school reform more generally. Ultimately, this knowledge is important to understand the actual effect of moral education and the manifest relationship between individual, school and the state.
Exploring the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cognitive Functions and Mental Health Status in Subjects Under Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Authors: Ghaderi Amir , Rasouli-Azad Morad , Farhadi Mohammad Hassan , Mirhosseini Naghmeh , Motmaen Maryam , Pishyareh Ebrahim , Omidi Abdollah , Asemi Zatollah 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to several mental complications including cognitive deficits, depression, and anxiety in patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). This study was designed to explore the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive functions and mental health parameters in subjects under MMT.Methods:This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out among 64 patients under MMT. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either 50,000 IU vitamin D supplements (n = 32) or placebo (n = 32) every 2 weeks for 24 weeks. Cognitive functions and mental health parameters were taken at baseline and posttreatment to evaluate relevant variables.Results:After the 24-week intervention, compared with the placebo, serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels significantly increased in participants who received vitamin D supplements (β 14.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.17–15.83;P < 0.001). In addition, compared with the placebo, subjects who received vitamin D had a significant reduction in Iowa Gambling Task (β −6.25; 95% CI, −8.60 to −3.90;P < 0.001), and significant increases in Verbal Fluency Test (β 2.82; 95% CI, 0.78–4.86;P = 0.007), Immediate Logic Memory (β 1. 32; 95% CI, 0.27–2.37;P = 0.01), Reverse Digit Span (β 2.06; 95% CI, 1.18–2.94;P < 0.001) and visual working memory (β 0.75; 95% CI, 0.33–1.16;P = 0.001). Also, vitamin D supplementation significantly improved BDI (β −2.76; 95% CI, −3.97 to −1.55;P < 0.001) compared with the placebo. When we applied Bonferroni correction, LM-Immediate (P = 0.07) became nonsignificant, and other mental health parameters did not alter.Conclusions:Overall, taking 50,000 IU vitamin D supplements every 2 weeks for 24 weeks by patients under MMT had beneficial effects on cognitive functions and some mental health parameters. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Deficient Inhibitory Endogenous Pain Modulation Correlates With Periaqueductal Gray Matter Metabolites During Chronic Whiplash Injury
Authors: Serrano-Muñoz Diego , Galán-Arriero Iriana , Ávila-Martín Gerardo , Gómez-Soriano Julio , Florensa José , García-Peris Antonio , Romero-Muñoz Luis M. , Barriga-Martín Andrés , Taylor Julian 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
This study examined predictive correlations between periaqueductal gray (PAG) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) metabolite levels with deficient inhibitory endogenous pain modulation (EPM), including sensory and affective measures of pain during chronic whiplash injury (WHI).

Materials and Methods:
Healthy patients, and participants with chronic WHI, without (WHI-noP) or with pain (WHI-P), were screened with the Douleur Neuropathique 4 tool (DN4). EPM was assessed with C6 tonic heat pain stimuli with a Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) protocol. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy quantified ACC and PAG metabolite levels.

Results:
WHI-P participants were characterized with high pain intensity and interference, and lower quality of life scores, compared with WHI-noP. Inhibitory CPM at 30 seconds was identified in the healthy noninjured (−45±16%; P<0.001) and WHI-noP groups (−36±8%; P<0.001). However, inhibitory EPM was not detected in the WHI-P group (−25±15%; P=0.06). Best fit and stepwise multiple regression revealed that the PAG glutamate/myoinositol metabolite ratio (P=0.01) and total creatine levels (P=0.02) predicted loss of EPM in the WHI-P group (r
2=0.71, α=0.97). Although myoinositol predicted loss of EPM in the ACC (P=0.04), this was below statistical power (r
2=0.31; α=0.56). The ACC N-acetyl-aspartate/myoinositol ratio (P=0.006) predicted chronic pain (DN4, r
2=0.53; α=0.87).

Discussion:
The results of this study demonstrate deficient EPM at 30 seconds during tonic heat pain stimulation in WHI-P participants, compared with noninjured healthy volunteers or individuals with WHI-noP. In addition, quantification of PAG and ACC metabolites related to glutamate and glia predicted central chronic pain mechanisms related to loss of inhibitory EPM, while ACC metabolites characterized chronic pain described by descriptors and sensory changes.
What’s New in Pediatric Orthopaedic Trauma: The Upper Extremity
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Pooya , Rickert Kathleen D. , Edmonds Eric W. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Upper extremity fractures are the most common fractures in children. Many high-quality studies have been reported regarding operative and nonoperative treatment of different upper extremity fractures in children. This review will summarize the literature on 4 major upper extremity fractures in children over the past 5 years.

Methods:
PubMed and Embase databases were queried for publications in the English language on supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures, lateral humeral condyle fractures, medial epicondyle fractures, and clavicle fractures from January 1, 2013 until November 1, 2018. Papers believed to yield significant findings to our profession were included in this review.

Results:
A total of 1150 studies were related to the search terms, and after cursory assessment, the authors elected to fully review 30 papers for this publication: 12 related to SCH fractures, 10 related to lateral condyle humerus fractures, 3 related to medial epicondyle humerus fractures, and 5 involving clavicle fractures. The level of evidence for these studies was either level III or IV.

Conclusions:
SCH fractures are increasingly being treated at trauma centers or pediatric hospitals in the United States. The rate of open reduction in this fracture type is decreasing overall, but the flexion type SCH fractures (especially in the setting of ulnar nerve injury) continue to be at increased risk of requiring open reduction. There has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of lateral condyle humerus fractures, wherein authors have demonstrated successful management with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning when an adjunct arthrogram is performed demonstrating articular congruity. More studies are needed to find the optimal treatment for displaced medial epicondyle and clavicle fractures in adolescents, as results to date do not necessarily mirror those seen in the adult population.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.