bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: David Roman , Holliday Ian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter returns to the book’s core research question: what are the prospects for liberal democracy in Myanmar? It reviews answers generated by the six preceding substantive chapters, and pulls them together into a conclusion. It notes that the political situation inside the country is better at the end of the 2010s than it was at the beginning, with solid popular support for the shift away from authoritarianism. It further notes that opportunities for progress remain available within the political culture and society. In particular, the large cohort of NLD supporters has liberal inclinations that could be developed further. In a still rather traditional society, however, hierarchy continues to dominate. This places the onus on leadership, which to date has been lacking. It concludes that further movement away from the semi-democracy of Myanmar’s current hybrid regime towards one that can fairly be labelled liberal democracy is likely to be difficult, though not impossible.
A first-order inquisitive semantics
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chapter 4 defines an inquisitive semantics for the language of firstorder logic, which includes the logical connectives (conjunction, disjunction, negation, and implication) as well as universal and existential quantifiers.The semantics of these connectives and quantifiers is given in terms of the algebraic operations on propositions identified in the previous chapter. The main features of the system are highlighted, and illustrated with a range of examples. In Chapters 5–10, a number of linguistic applications of this logical framework are discussed.
The Power of Your Life
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This book explores a century of business development in The South African Life Assurance Company, from a specific local focus to a national conglomerate expanding into global insurance markets. Established as a strategic vehicle to address Afrikaner economic marginalization and abject poverty at the beginning of the twentieth century, Sanlam has displayed both path dependence and a dynamic adaptability to complex changing contexts to become a global player. The strategic convergence of economic empowerment through the mobilization of savings into insurance products, as well as Afrikaner nationalism, assisted this growth. Sanlam has played an a-typical role in the economic empowerment of an ethnic entity through extensive investments into the industrializing South African economy. This strategic diversion created operational limitations that were only resolved early in the twenty-first century. As globalization, financial deregulation, and weakened Afrikaner political and social hegemony manifested, strategic change management relied on the path dependence of empowerment strategies to address new markets with similar needs to those of the early stakeholder market of 1918. The former mutual life office demutualized operations to become a diversified financial services group of companies operating across almost the entire African continent, as well as in India, Malaysia, and the UK. This volume presents a business history of strategic management of an insurance enterprise, and its transformation from a defined cultural context into an international empowerment strategy through innovation on all levels of business operation and organization.
Growing opportunity on African soil
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
White South Africans were equally divided amongst themselves as the people of colour were divided amongst themselves at the beginning of the twentieth century. After the devastation of the South African War (1899–1902) Afrikaners devised different strategies to address their marginalization. From within, Afrikaner empowerment manifested on different levels, as described in this chapter. This context explains the decision to establish an insurance company. This chapter explains the crucial establishment years of the self-driven salvation strategy which included the formation of Santam and Sanlam. Afrikaners had no experience, nor expertise, in insurance, but relied on intra-Afrikaner social capital and supportive networks of non-Afrikaners to establish Sanlam.
Forty years: protection, isolation, and diversification, 1945–1985
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In tandem with international economic growth, Sanlam displayed progressive growth in the insurance and investment markets between 1945 and 1985. In a period of mounting political opposition against the National Party Government, international sanctions resulted in protectionist policies, which limited investment opportunities to the financial sector. Growing concentration and inward-looking industrial policies offered insurance companies investments outside insurance. Sanlam diversified extensively outside insurance in property and industrial conglomerates. By 1985 this portfolio called for strategic redirection. Afrikaner empowerment resulted in a notable presence of Afrikaners in industry and mining, with Sanlam as anchor shareholder. In 1954 the Sanlam Private Act terminated the parent relationship with Santam. Sanlam rose to the second position amongst long-term insurers in South Africa, using product innovation, technology, and distribution innovation.
Wealthsmiths™: a century later
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
During the last five of the first hundred years (2013–2018) of the life insurance company, the strategic repositioning as a financial services group has been the foundation of future expansion. Committed to the South African market, Sanlam seeks synergies with global partners as well. Constrained by depressed market conditions since mid-2014, management placed emphasis on human capital and strategy for further expansion. The group has sustained a century of adaptation of fundamentally changing context. The future is grounded in strategic partnerships to deliver innovative financial services where the Sanlam past expertise is best suited to add value. The quality of human capital, innovation, and strategic management are the keystones of the group future.
Agro-Processing and Horticultural Exports from Africa
Authors: Fukase Emiko , Martin Will 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Sub-Saharan African exports of horticultural and processed agricultural products are growing in line with the major shift towards these products in world markets. Continued growth in these exports may be vitally important for expanding returns from African agriculture and for increasing its overall exports. Policy reforms such as reductions in the tariff escalation facing Africa, improvements in the productivity of agricultural processing, and reductions in trade barriers within Africa and beyond would all further stimulate exports of processed agriculture. While essential, expansion of these exports should be regarded as complements to—rather than substitutes for—development of other dynamic export sectors.
Trade in Services
Authors: Hoekman Bernard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the literature on trade in services, with an emphasis on recent analyses of services trade policies and their effects. African trade is heavily concentrated in agricultural and natural resource-based commodities; the agricultural sector continues to be a major source of employment and economic activity. Trade volumes have risen since the 1990s and exports of some industrial and processed products have been increasing, however, intra-regional trade remains well below potential and the challenge of diversification continues to prevail. There are encouraging prospects for accelerating trade growth as a result of policy reforms. A premise of this chapter is that a precondition for leveraging trade opportunities is a substantial reduction in trading and transaction costs for African firms beyond the current focus on actions to facilitate trade and focus more on improving the performance of a variety of services, including transport, logistics, and related services.
Industries without Smokestacks
Authors: Gebreeyesus Mulu 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Although the manufacturing sector is known to have a unique role in structural transformation, the industries without smokestacks that include tradable services (e.g. IT, tourism, and transport), horticulture, and agro-industry can provide new opportunities for export development in low-income countries and in turn drive economic growth. With vast natural and man-made tourist attractions and diversified agroecological advantage, Ethiopia is particularly well positioned to exploit the opportunities in industries without smokestacks. This study takes the case of Ethiopia and examines the current state and contribution of the industries without smokestacks to the economy and exports with the aim of improving our understanding of the major bottlenecks and solutions to unlocking the potential of these industries. It gives special attention to the horticulture and tourism industries, given the huge unexploited potential of these sectors in Ethiopia.
The Agro-Processing Industry and its Potential for Structural Transformation of the Ghanaian Economy
Authors: Owoo Nkechi S. , Lambon-Quayefio Monica P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter examines the role of the agro-processing economy as a crucial engine for structural transformation in Ghana. We first discuss the evolutionary process of policies that have been enacted to promote the activities of the agricultural sector, and how these may have affected the agro-processing sector, given existing linkages. We also provide a discussion of the evolution and structure of agro-processing firms in Ghana, with some emphasis on their performance and constraints. We describe value chain activities of four key agro-processing subsectors in Ghana, in addition to case studies of firms in the fruit and fruit juices and nuts and oils subsectors. We emphasize the potential of the Ghanaian agro-processing industry in contributing to sustained growth and development.
Prospects for Information and Communications Technology-Enabled Services in Kenya
Authors: Ngui Dianah , Kimuyu Peter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Kenya is the largest economy in East Africa. It is also the most diversified when the ratio of agriculture to other sectors is compared. Services form a small but fast-growing sector; however, national income and export revenue are dominated by agriculture. Kenya has experienced tremendous growth in ICT which drives economic growth. This growth can be ascribed to the embrace of technology for the distribution of information and service delivery improvement. Kenya shows it has the potential to become a global leader in ICT services. In addition to contributing to GDP, ICT enables innovation, production, and efficiency gains across several sectors key to Kenya’s economic growth. ICT services-led innovations such as M-PESA, the pioneering mobile money platform, have led to financial inclusion. Kenya’s overall ranking within the African region as measured by the International Telecommunications Union ICT Development Index is higher than Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Ethiopia.
Employment and Productivity Growth in Tanzania’s Service Sector
Authors: Ellis Mia , McMillan Margaret , Silver Jed 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
During 2002–12, Tanzania’s economy grew more rapidly than at any other time in its history. More than three-quarters of its labour productivity growth is accounted for by structural change; the remainder is largely attributable to within-sector productivity growth in agriculture. The growth attributable to structural change is almost entirely explained by a rapid decline in the agricultural employment share and an increase in the non-agricultural private sector employment share—with 11.4% of employment growth in the private non-agricultural economy due to the expansion of the formal private sector; the remaining 88.6% occurred in the informal sector. This chapter assesses the role that services have played in Tanzania’s recent growth and the role that they could play in its economic future.
Industries without Smokestacks in Uganda and Rwanda
Authors: Spray John , Wolf Sebastian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, tax administration data is used to map the characteristics of ‘industries without smokestacks’ in Uganda and Rwanda, and assess their potential to drive economic transformation and growth. The authors find that industries without smokestacks feature prominently among the top thirty most productive industries in both countries. The authors single out three firm characteristics that most high-productivity industries without smokestacks in the data sets share, and distil policy lessons. Then it is examined whether these industries also exhibit cross-industry spillovers in economic performance. The authors find that all of the top ten most interconnected industries of the economy are either in manufacturing or services. Finally, the authors show that growth in output and productivity in these industries is a strong indicator of overall economic growth.
(Dis)connected Empires
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
(Dis)connected Empires takes the reader on a global journey to explore the triangle formed during the sixteenth century between the Portuguese empire, the empire of Kōtte in Sri Lanka, and the Catholic Monarchy of the Spanish Habsburgs. It explores nine decades of connections, cross-cultural diplomacy, and dialogue to answer one troubling question: why, in the end, did one side decide to conquer the other? To find the answers, this book explores the imperial ideas that shaped the politics of Renaissance Iberia and sixteenth-century Sri Lanka. It argues that, whilst some of these ideas and the political idioms built around them were perceived as commensurate by the various parties involved, differences also emerged early on. This prepared the ground for a new kind of conquest politics, which changed the inter-imperial game at the end of the sixteenth century. The transition from suzerainty-driven to sovereignty-fixated empire building changed the face of Lankan and Iberian politics forever, and is of relevance to global historians at large. Through its scrutiny of diplomacy, political letter-writing, translation practices, warfare, and art, (Dis)connected Empires paints a troubling panorama of connections breeding divergence and leading to communicational collapse. It explores a key chapter in the pre-history of British imperialism in Asia, highlighting how diplomacy and mutual understandings can, under certain conditions, produce conquest. It also connects the histories of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This is a timely intervention in the current debate on the future of Global History.
(Dis)connecting Empires
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chapter 1 drafts a roadmap for a critical connected history of empires in the early modern world. It asks where exactly ‘connections’ sit with regard to the global and the local. For an understanding of global connections, local contexts remain key. There, we can seek out the ‘cultural history of the political’ and examine the role played by communication and translation. The notion that unfolding European-Asia dialogues can be sliced up into rigid ‘phases’ (e.g. ‘commerce’ to ‘conquest’) is reductive. At the heart of all interactions is the possibility of violence. Violence is not a monopoly of states in the modern sense of the word, but of polities that entertain a complex relationship with space, through layered suzerainties translatable across Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas. The ‘Imperial Theme’ identified by Frances Yates calls to be made to work across the globe. It could foment the formulation of a general theory of the imperial in the early modern world.
The Matrioshka Principle and Its Discontents
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chapter 3 explains on what grounds Lankan rulers remained committed to the idea of co-opting the Portuguese through tributary diplomacy, against the backdrop of a growing regional conflict involving the Muslim Mappilas of South India. Negotiations culminated in 1542 with the reception in Lisbon of an embassy sent by king Bhuvanekabāhu VII of Kōṭṭe to John III of Portugal. In addition to a magnificent ivory casket, significant archival materials survive today to give us a detailed picture of how the inter-imperial deal was imagined in the Lankan capital along the lines of the principle of nesting empires, the ‘Matrioshka principle’. These papers also show the limitations of the conversation. A picture emerges that is at once astounding in the way it contains two very different but commensurable imperial models, and ominous in the way these two models do not quite talk to each other in the way the elite of Kōṭṭe expected.
Moving into the Native Ground
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Much of the second half of the sixteenth century was spent, even after the brutal looting in 1551 of the most sacred site of Lankan Buddhism at Kōṭṭe, in wars during which Portuguese troops followed Lankan orders. If comparisons with the New World can be made, then it is not so much with reference to the ‘Middle Ground’ paradigm coined by Richard White, as to the ‘Native Ground’ identified by historians such as Kathleen DuVal and Pekka Hämäläinen in other parts of North America. The kingdom of Kōṭṭe itself was constantly besieged by rival Lankan forces. In Colombo, an increasingly complex Mestizo society appeared, especially after this city absorbed the royal court of Kōṭṭe in 1565. The new capital remained politically dependent on the old imperial project of Kōṭṭe, but also became a potential breeding ground for plans of conquest—some inspired by Spanish deeds—that could not be controlled indefinitely by the Lankan elite.
Exorbitant Enlightenment
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Exorbitant Enlightenment offers new ways to think about eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century literature and culture. It brings into focus a constellation of relatively unknown, pre-1790s Anglo-German relations in Britain, many of which are so radical—so exorbitant—that they ask us to fundamentally rethink the way we do literary and intellectual history, especially when it comes to Enlightenment and Romanticism. This polyglot book delivers two of the great, untold stories of the eighteenth century. The first story uncovers a forgotten Anglo-German network of thought and writing in Britain between 1700 and 1790. From this Anglo-German context emerges the second story: a set of radical figures and institutions that are exorbitant, they leave the specified tracks of literary history and present us with a literary history that explodes the difference between the Enlightenment and Romanticism. These figures and institutions include the Moravians in 1750s London, Henry Fuseli (1741–25), and Johann Caspar Lavater (1741–1801), but also the two most radical, notorious, and most exorbitant figures: William Blake (1757–1827) and Johann Georg Hamann (1730–88). Over eight comparative chapters, the book presents a constellation of case studies that show how these figures and institutions shake up our common understanding of British literary and European intellectual history. Exorbitant Enlightenment takes seriously, and pays particular attention to, the exorbitant dimensions of Blake and Hamann and how once we take them seriously, these exorbitant figures allow us to uncover and address some of our own critical orthodoxies.
Unexpected Connections
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter establishes the historical background for the book. By drawing on previously little-used materials (from unpublished archival manuscripts to court records, book history, philosophy, belles lettres, and travelogues) it shows that, contrary to common belief, there was a wide-ranging, significant Anglo-German community in pre-1790s London in which German literature had a considerable presence. Drawing on archival and cross-disciplinary work, the chapter establishes the importance of German figures and communities, especially ecclesiastical, for London’s literary circles, most of which are either forgotten or never discussed and do not fit into generally accepted literary history. The recovery is important for literary-historical reasons, but also in order to lay the ground for a study of the exorbitant figures, such as Blake, Hamann, Fuseli, or Lavater, that emerge from it.
Blake and Hamann
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes Blake’s and Hamann’s radical propositions about language and reason. For them, language is both ‘the mother of reason and revelation’ but ‘also the centre point of the misunderstanding of reason with itself’. In contrast to the emerging Lockean philosophical status quo of the times, they reject any functional account of language, and instead argue that poetry lies at the origin of all creative thinking (‘poetry is the mother-tongue of the human race’). Blake and Hamann create an account of language (the ‘uterus of thought’) that presents poetic expression as the most concentrated and truthful way of generating meaning, not just in the past, but also today. Crucially, for Blake and Hamann, language and reason are inextricably connected, suggesting that thinking itself is poetical. In their exorbitant epistemology and ontology, Blake and Hamann emerge as two major critics of the eighteenth-century linguistic thinking and philosophy.
Every Letter Has a Body
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this chapter the discussion turns to Blake’s and Hamann’s understanding of the inextricable link between language and sexuality. Both Blake and Hamann believed that language is always bodily and physical. Since the most direct way to describe the body is through its sexuality, they argue that language is also ultimately sexual. Other than most Christian thinkers, Blake and Hamann both believe that this sexual aspect is something to be celebrated, and any attempt to purify language from its corporeality is misguided. Language, down to particular letters, turns out to be the locale where the physical and the metaphysical ultimately intersect. This chapter provides comparative readings across their works, and a detailed reading of Hamann’s New Apology of the Letter h. Taken together, these readings situate the two authors as new, critical voices in the study of sexuality and language in eighteenth-century thinking and writing.
Introduction
Authors: Regier Alexander 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Introduction to the book lays out the aims of the project, formulates its major contributions, and explains its structure. It introduces the category of the ‘exorbitant’ as an important new way of a multilingual way of studying the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries allows us to reconceptualize the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and modernity. It also discusses why the book chapters function as ‘constellations’, rather than sequentially, a methodological background that is inspired by Walter Benjamin. This chapter gives two concentrated examples of the main contributions of the book. It shows the need for our recovery of a rich yet unknown Anglo-German context in pre-1790 Britain by offering a new reading of Robinson Crusoe in this light (Crusoe’s original name is ‘Kreutznaer’; he is a second-generation German immigrant). Correspondingly, it introduces some of the main historical and theoretical affinities between William Blake and Johann Georg Hamann.