bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the protective effects of zinc butyrate in IPEC-J2 cells and grower pigs under heat stress1
Authors: Mani Venkatesh , Rubach Jon K , Sanders David J , Pham Thoai , Koltes Dawn A , Gabler Nicholas K , Poss Mitchell J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental stressor primarily affecting swine performance through negative effects on intestinal health. Zinc and butyric acid supplementation help maintain intestinal integrity and barrier function, and has been shown to be beneficial to swine during stress conditions. We tested a novel formulation of zinc butyrate (ZnB) to study whether it has protective effects toward swine using pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and in a grower swine HS trial. IPEC-J2 cells were grown either under an inflammatory challenge (Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide) or HS (41.5 °C for 48 h) using Transwell plates. The tight junction integrity of the cells under various treatments, including ZnB, zinc sulfate, and calcium butyrate, was followed over a period of 36 to 48 h by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). During inflammatory challenge, ZnB-treated cells had the greatest TER (P &lt; 0.05) at 36 h. When the cells were exposed to HS at 41.5 °C, ZnB-treated cells had similar TER to the cells incubated at 37.0 °C, indicating significant protection against HS. In the swine trial (two dietary treatments, control and an encapsulated form of 40% zinc butyrate [E-ZnB] in hydrogenated palm oil pearls, 12 pigs per treatment), grower gilts (35 ± 1 kg) were supplemented with E-ZnB for 24 d before being subjected to biphasic HS for 7 d, 30 to 32 °C for 8 h and 28 °C for 16 h, for a total duration of 56 h of HS. At the end of the HS phase, half the pigs were euthanized from each treatment (n = 6 per treatment), and growth performance was calculated. During the HS phase, average daily gain (ADG; 0.53 vs. 0.79 kg) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 0.33 vs. 0.43) were greater in the E-ZnB group (P &lt; 0.05). Although in vivo intestinal permeability increased during the HS phase (P &lt; 0.05), no differences were observed in the present study for the intestinal health parameters measured including TER, villus height:crypt depth ratio, and in vivo and ex vivo intestinal permeability between the two treatment groups. In conclusion, results presented here demonstrate that E-ZnB supplementation during HS improves ADG and G:F in grower pigs. Although we could not measure any differences, the mode of action of butyric acid and zinc suggests that the performance improvements are related to improved intestinal health.
Sacropelvic Fixation With S2 Alar Iliac Screws May Prevent Sacroiliac Joint Pain After Multisegment Spinal Fusion
Authors: Unoki Eiki , Miyakoshi Naohisa , Abe Eiji , Kobayashi Takashi , Abe Toshiki , Kudo Daisuke , Shimada Yoichi 
Published: March 2019

Study Design.
A retrospective study.

Objective.
To examine the postoperative incidence of sacroiliac joint pain (SIJP) at the lower fusion level following multisegment fusion.

Summary of Background Data.
Recently, multisegment fusion is being increasingly performed. While proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) commonly develops following multisegment fusion, SIJP also commonly occurs following this surgery. In surgery for adult spinal deformity, fixation is often extended to the pelvis to include the sacroiliac joint. Therefore, the question of whether SIJP occurs in such cases is interesting. Here, we examined postoperative incidence of SIJP at the lower fusion level, including the incidence of PJK, and postoperative lumbopelvic alignment.

Methods.
Participants included 77 patients who underwent corrective fusion (≥3 segments). Patients were divided into three groups based on the lower fixation end: L5 (L5), S (sacrum), and P (pelvis). In the P group, an S2 alar iliac screw was used. Postoperative incidence of SIJP and PJK in each group was examined along with lumbopelvic parameters.

Results.
SIJP incidence was 16.7%, 26.1%, and 4.2% in the L5, S, and P groups, respectively, indicating the highest value in the S group and a significantly lower value in the P group. PJK incidence was 23.3%, 30.4%, and 29.2% in the L5, P, and S groups, respectively, with no significant differences. Regarding postoperative lumbopelvic parameters, there was no significant difference between the groups; however, lumbar lordosis tended to be better in the P group.

Conclusion.
SIJP incidence was extremely high with fixation to the sacrum, and in the group with fixation to the pelvis, there was hardly any SIJP. Sacropelvic fixation using S2 alar iliac screws could prevent SIJP onset following multisegment fusion.

Level of Evidence: 3
Intensivists Performed Percutaneous Bicaval Double-Lumen Echo-Guided Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation at Bedside in Newborns and Children: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Moscatelli Andrea , Febbo Francesca , Buratti Silvia , Pezzato Stefano , Bagnasco Francesca , Lampugnani Elisabetta , Nuri Halkawt , Buffelli Francesca , Grasso Chiara , Castagnola Elio 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To describe a single institution experience on echo-guided percutaneous bicaval double lumen extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation performed at the bedside by intensivists.

Design:
Retrospective observational study.

Setting:
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation team of a tertiary care children’s hospital.

Patients:
All patients 0–14 years old undergoing venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation from January 1, 2013, to January 1, 2018.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Thirty children underwent 32 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs. Median age at enrollment was 2 months (interquartile range, 0–20.5 mo), 65.6% of the runs (21 patients) were performed in newborns (n = 13, 40.6%) or infants (n = 8, 25%). Median preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation index was 66.9 (interquartile range, 50–85.6). Major comorbidities were present in 50% of patients. All patients were cannulated percutaneously. In two cases cannulation occurred from the left internal jugular vein. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was effective in increasing pH, arterial oxygen saturation, Pao
2, and lowering Paco
2. The overall differences in pre and postextracorporeal membrane oxygenation values were statistically significant, while stratifying patients according to the cannula diameter (mm)/major diameter of the cannulated internal jugular vein (mm) ratio (> 0.67 or ≤ 0.67), statistical significance was reached only for the highest ratio. Complications were observed in three runs: two cannula tip dislocations in the right atrium and one limited flow in the only case in which an Avalon cannula was not used. In 20 cases (62.5% of 32 runs), the cannulated vessel was patent at follow-up or autopsy. A ratio less than or equal to 0.67 or greater than 0.67 did not influence the occurrence rate of complications, nonpatency of the internal jugular vein, death for intracranial bleeding and death at 30 days from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation discontinuation. Overall cumulative survival at 30 days from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation discontinuation was 60% (95% CI, 40–75), with a survival advantage in the case of ratio greater than 0.67 (65%; 95% CI, 44–80 vs 25%; 95% CI, 0–60).

Conclusions:
The described technique proved to be feasible, safe, and effective. Further investigation is needed.
The New Public Health Workforce: Employment Outcomes of Public Health Graduate Students
Authors: Krasna Heather , Kornfeld Julie , Cushman Linda , Ni Shuyue , Antoniou Pantelis , March Dana 
Published: March 2019

Context:
Much has been written about the public health workforce, but very little research has been published—and none in a peer-reviewed journal or other report since 1992—regarding the employment outcomes and employment sectors of graduate students pursuing public health as an area of study.

Objectives:
Our objectives were to review the literature and analyze data regarding the employment outcomes of public health graduate students and to examine how public health schools and programs might respond to changes in the sectors hiring their graduates.

Design:
We reviewed the literature regarding the employment of public health graduates; analyzed 5 years of graduate outcomes from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health using logistic regression; and we examined data collected by the Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health.

Participants:
The study included data from surveys of 2904 graduates of Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, across 5 graduating cohort years, for whom there were employment sector data available for 1932.

Results:
Much of the research on the public health workforce has defined it as governmental public health. Across each of 5 graduating classes from Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, the odds of for-profit sector employment increased by 23% (2012-2016), while hiring by government agencies declined or remained flat. Publicly available employment data from the Web sites of schools of public health and from surveys by the Association of Schools & Programs of Public Health show that hiring of new graduates by for-profit corporations now either closely matches or exceeds governmental hiring at many schools of public health.

Conclusions:
Public health graduates are increasingly working outside of government, and additional analyses are required to determine whether core competencies of public health curricula reflect the needs of the employers that are hiring public health graduates today. Schools and programs of public health should invest in their career services offices and gather input from employers that are currently hiring their graduates, especially as the sectors hiring them may be changing.
Polygenic risk score for Alzheimer’s disease and trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors in children
Authors: Korologou-Linden Roxanna S , O’Keeffe Linda , Howe Laura D , Smith George Davey , Jones Hannah , Anderson Emma L , Stergiakouli Evie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractINTRODUCTIONCardiometabolic factors are implicated in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease and may lie on the pathways linking genetic variants to Alzheimer’s disease across the life course. We examined whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) were associated with cardiometabolic health indicators through childhood and adolescence.METHODSIn 7,977 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we tested whether a PRS for Alzheimer’s disease was associated with trajectories of cardiometabolic risk factors. We examined trajectories for height 1-18 years; lean and fat mass 9-18 years; systolic and diastolic blood pressure 7-18 years; glucose and C-reactive protein 9-18 years; insulin 10-18 years; high and low-density lipoproteins and triglycerides birth-18 years. We also examined birthweight, interleukin-6 (IL-6) at age 9 years and physical activity at ages 11, 12, and 15 years.RESULTSNo consistent associations were observed between the PRS excluding genetic variants in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene region and cardiometabolic factors trajectories across childhood and adolescence.CONCLUSIONWe did not detect evidence to suggest that the PRS for Alzheimer’s disease acts through childhood and adolescent cardiometabolic risk factors. Further studies should examine whether these associations emerge later in adulthood when variation in cardiometabolic risk factors is likely to be greater.
Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression (SAINT-TRD)
Authors: Cole Eleanor J. , Stimpson Katy H. , Bentzley Brandon S. , Gulser Merve , Cherian Kirsten , Tischler Claudia , Nejad Romina , Pankow Heather , Choi Elizabeth , Aaron Haley , Espil Flint M. , Pannu Jaspreet , Xiao Xiaoqian , Duvio Dalton , Solvason Hugh B. , Hawkins Jessica , Guerra Austin , Jo Booil , Raj Kristin S. , Debattista Charles , Keller Jennifer , Schatzberg Alan F. , Sudheimer Keith D. , Williams Nolan R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCurrent treatments for depression are limited by suboptimal efficacy, delayed response, and frequent side effects. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation treatment that is FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Recent methodological advancements suggest iTBS could be improved through 1) treating with multiple sessions per day at optimally-spaced intervals, 2) applying a higher overall pulse-dose of stimulation and 3) precision targeting of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) to subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) circuit. We examined the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of an accelerated, high-dose, resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)-guided iTBS protocol for TRD termed ‘Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT)’.MethodsTwenty-one participants with TRD received open-label SAINT. FcMRI was used to individually target the region of L-DLPFC most anticorrelated with sgACC. Fifty iTBS sessions (1800 pulses per session, 50-minute inter-session interval) were delivered as 10 daily sessions over 5 consecutive days at 90% resting motor threshold (adjusted for cortical depth). Neuropsychological testing was conducted before and after SAINT.ResultsNineteen of 21 participants (90.48%) met criteria for remission (≤10 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) immediately after SAINT. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated no negative cognitive side-effects. There were no seizures or other severe adverse events.DiscussionOur accelerated, high-dose, iTBS protocol with fcMRI-guided targeting (SAINT) was well tolerated and safe. Efficacy was strikingly high, especially for this treatment-resistant population. Double-blinded sham-controlled trials are required to confirm the high remission rate found in this initial study.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT03240692
Genetic Testing Preferences and Intentions in U.S. Patients with Clinically Diagnosed Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Wand Hannah , Sturm Amy C. , Erby Lori , Kindt Iris , Klein William M. P. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTPurposeFamilial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common Mendelian disorder characterized by elevated LDL cholesterol levels, which if untreated can cause premature heart disease. Less than 10% of cases in the US are diagnosed, and uptake of genetic testing is suboptimal. This study investigates decisionmaking factors associated with intentions to have FH genetic testing among patients clinically diagnosed with FH.MethodsClinically diagnosed adults with FH and no genetic testing were recruited through the FH Foundation and lipid clinics. Participants completed a survey containing items capturing various reasons to engage in genetic testing.ResultsExploratory factor analysis of survey items identified three factors: (1) aversion to FH genetic information, (2) curiosity regarding medical/family history, (3) and psychological reassurance. Psychological reassurance was, in turn, the only significant predictor of genetic testing intentions. The effect of reassurance was qualified by aversion such that the inverse association between aversion and genetic testing intentions was greater among those with low perceived reassurance.ConclusionFindings suggest that clinically diagnosed patients’ decisions about FH genetic testing are driven principally by psychological reassurance.
Increasing global heterogeneity in the life expectancy of older populations
Authors: Joe William , Liou Lathan , Subramanian S V 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTWith overall global improvements in life expectancy, one important concern is whether there is cross-country convergence in life expectancy at various ages. Insights in convergence patterns can help realign research priorities help governments better structure health investments across various age groups. We reveal global patterns in life expectancy improvements and identify convergent clubs in life expectancy at various ages for 201 countries / areas between 1950 and 2015. In the case of life expectancy at younger ages, most countries are moving in the same direction, but we observe significant cross-country variation for older adults and the elderly. Further, we observe increasing variance in life expectancy for older adults and elderly across countries. Increasing global heterogeneity in survival experience of older adults and the elderly population thus has remained a neglected aspect in the discussions on global life expectancy improvements. Data, research and policy focus beyond life-expectancy at birth is therefore critical to accelerate survival gains among older adults and elderly, particularly from the developing world.
Multivariate Genome-wide Association Analyses Reveal the Genetic Basis of Seed Fatty Acid Composition in Oat (Avena sativaL.)
Authors: Carlson Maryn O. , Montilla-Bascon Gracia , Hoekenga Owen A. , Tinker Nicholas A. , Poland Jesse , Baseggio Matheus , Sorrells Mark E. , Jannink Jean-Luc , Gore Michael A. , Yeats Trevor H. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTOat (Avena sativaL.) has a high concentration of oils, comprised primarily of healthful unsaturated oleic and linoleic fatty acids. To accelerate oat plant breeding efforts, we sought to identify loci associated with variation in fatty acid composition, defined as the types and quantities of fatty acids. We genotyped a panel of 500 oat cultivars with genotyping-by-sequencing and measured the concentrations of ten fatty acids in these oat cultivars grown in two environments. Measurements of individual fatty acids were highly correlated across samples, consistent with fatty acids participating in shared biosynthetic pathways. We leveraged these phenotypic correlations in two multivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) approaches. In the first analysis, we fitted a multivariate linear mixed model for all ten fatty acids simultaneously while accounting for population structure and relatedness among cultivars. In the second, we performed a univariate association test for each principal component (PC) derived from a singular value decomposition of the phenotypic data matrix. To aid interpretation of results from the multivariate analyses, we also conducted univariate association tests for each trait. The multivariate mixed model approach yielded 148 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a 10% false-discovery rate, compared to 129 and 73 significant SNPs in the PC and univariate analyses, respectively. Thus, explicit modeling of the correlation structure between fatty acids in a multivariate framework enabled identification of loci associated with variation in seed fatty acid concentration that were not detected in the univariate analyses. Ultimately, a detailed characterization of the loci underlying fatty acid variation can be used to enhance the nutritional profile of oats through breeding.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of synthetic microbial consortia in microfluidic devices
Authors: Alnahhas Razan N. , Winkle James J. , Hirning Andrew J. , Karamched Bhargav , Ott William , Josić Krešimir , Bennett Matthew R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSynthetic microbial consortia consist of two or more engineered strains that grow together and share the same resources. When intercellular signaling pathways are included in the engineered strains, close proximity of the microbes can generate complex dynamic behaviors that are difficult to obtain using a single strain. However, when a consortium is not cultured in a well-mixed environment the constituent strains passively compete for space as they grow and divide, complicating cell-cell signaling. Here, we explore the temporal dynamics of the spatial distribution of consortia co-cultured in microfluidic devices. To do this, we grew two different strains ofEscherichia coliin microfluidic devices with cell-trapping regions (traps) of several different designs. We found that the size and shape of the traps are critical determinants of spatiotemporal dynamics. In small traps, cells can easily signal one another but the relative proportion of each strain within the trap can fluctuate wildly. In large traps, the relative ratio of strains is stabilized, but intercellular signaling can be hindered by distances between cells. This presents a trade-off between the trap size and the effectiveness of intercellular signaling, which can be mitigated by controlling the initial seeding of cells in the large trap. These results show how synthetic microbial consortia behave in microfluidic traps and provide a method to help remedy the spatial heterogeneity inherent to different trap geometries.
Phylogeography and Evolutionary analysis of African Rotavirus A genotype G12 reveals district genetic diversification within Lineage III
Authors: Motayo Babatunde Olanrewaju , Oluwasemowo Olukunle , Olusola Babatunde Adebiyi , Opayele Adewale Victor , Faneye Adedayo Omotayo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRotavirus genotype G12 has become one of the most prevalent genotypes of rotavirus in Africa. To understand the drivers for its genetic diversity we investigated the Bayesian phylogeney, evolution and population demography of the genotype G12 Africa. Rotavirus genotype G12, VP7 sequences were downloaded and aligned from twelve African countries (n=96). Phylogenetic analysis, Evolutionary analysis and Bayesian Phylogeography was carried out, using MEGA Vs 6, BEAST, and SPREAD3. Phylogeny showed that all the African sequences fell into lineage III diversifying into two major clades. The evolutionary rate was 1.678×10-3(95%HPD, 1.201×10-3-2.198×10-3) substitutions/ site/ year. The MCC tree topology clustered into three lineages (II, III, IV), African strains diversified into three clusters within lineage III. South Africa was the epicentre of viral dispersal. This study shows the potential for genetic diversification of Rotavirus G12 in Africa, continuous molecular surveillance across Africa is recommended to help control effort.HighlightsOur study revealed that African G12 rotaviruses have diversified into 3 clades within their parental lineage III based on geographic boundaries.Nigeria was identified Nigeria as country of origin, while South Africa served as the epicentre of dispersal of the genotype across Africa.We also discovered that they have a constant demographic profile. Our findings reveal the potential for rapid genetic diversity of Rotavirus G12 and highlight the importance of molecular surveillance in Rotavirus control effort.
Inhibition of the Dead Box RNA Helicase 3 prevents HIV-1 Tat and cocaine-induced neurotoxicity by targeting microglia activation
Authors: Aksenova Marina , Sybrandt Justin , Cui Biyun , Sikirzhytski Vitali , Ji Hao , Odhiambo Diana , Lucius Matthew D. , Turner Jill R. , Broude Eugenia , Peña Edsel , Lizarraga Sofia , Zhu Jun , Safro Ilya , Wyatt Michael D , Shtutman Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHIV-1 Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) is commonly seen in HIV-infected patients. Viral proteins including Tat cause neuronal toxicity and is worsened by drugs of abuse. To uncover potential targets for anti-HAND therapy, we employed a literature mining system, MOLIERE. Here, we validated Dead Box RNA Helicase 3 (DDX3) as a target to treat HAND via a selective DDX3 inhibitor, RK-33. The combined neurotoxicity of Tat protein and cocaine was blocked by RK-33 in rat and mouse cortical cultures. Transcriptome analysis showed that Tat-activated transcripts include makers and regulators of microglial activation, and RK-33 blocked Tat-induced activation of these mRNAs. Elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines was also inhibited by RK-33. These findings show that DDX3 contributes to microglial activation triggered by Tat and cocaine, and DDX3 inhibition shows promise as a therapy for HAND. Moreover, DDX3 may contribute to the pathology of other neurodegenerative diseases with pathological activation of microglia.