bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollination and fruit set in two rewardless slipper orchids and their hybrids (Cypripedium, Orchidaceae): large yellow flowers outperform small white flowers in the northern tall grass prairie
Authors: Grantham M. A. , Ford B. A. , Worley A. C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpecies with rewardless flowers often have low fruit to flower ratios, although wide temporal and spatial variation in fruiting success can occur. We compared floral phenotypes, insect visitors and fruiting success in four populations of the small white (Cypripedium candidum) and yellow (C. parviflorum) lady’s slipper orchids and their hybrids near the northern extent of North America’s tall grass prairie.Flower and fruit numbers were observed for two seasons on marked individuals (n = 1811). Floral traits were measured on 82–140 individuals per taxon and analysed in relation to fruiting success. All insects found inside flowers were collected, inspected for pollen smears and measured for comparison to floral features.Among orchid taxa,C. candidumhad the smallest flowers, lowest number and variety of insect visitors, and lowest fruit to flower ratios. These measures were intermediate in hybrids and highest inC. parviflorum, despite low flower numbers in the latter. Within orchid taxa, fruit number was positively related to flower number, but fruit to flower ratios decreased slightly, as would be expected if pollinators left unrewarding patches. Potential pollinators included the dipteranOdontomyia pubescensand hymenopteransAndrenaspp.,Apis melliferaandLasioglossum zonulum.Cypripedium parviflorumhad a reproductive advantage overC. candidumacross multiple populations and years. Hybrids showed segregation for floral traits, and hybrid fruiting success increased with a deeper intensity of yellow pigment and larger escape routes for floral visitors. These same attributes likely contributed to the relatively high fruit set inC. parviflorumin the study region.
Factors Influencing Undergraduate Students’ Intention to Use Evidence‐Based Practice After Graduation: Development and Validation of a Theory‐Based Prediction Model
Authors: Ramis Mary‐Anne , Chang Anne , Nissen Lisa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite curriculum requirements for evidence‐based practice (EBP) to be a key component of undergraduate health students’ training, few studies have investigated factors influential to students’ intention to use EBP after graduation. Self‐efficacy is known to mediate and motivate behavior; therefore, it may be a crucial factor linking undergraduate students’ EBP education and adoption of positive EBP behaviors.AimsTo develop, test, and validate a multivariate, theory‐based prediction model with the outcome of students’ intention to use EBP after graduation.MethodsA correlational study with structural equation modeling was conducted. Model factors were determined from Bandura's self‐efficacy theory and previous literature. An online survey comprised of seven validated scales and a demographic tool was distributed to a sample of undergraduate nursing and paramedic students. Two episodes of data collection were conducted to test and validate the model.ResultsEvidence‐based practice beliefs directly and significantly influenced student intention to use EBP in both models. Sources of EBP self‐efficacy also had significant but indirect influence on the outcome variable. Overall variance for intention to use EBP was 25% for the initial model and 18% for the validated model.Linking Evidence to ActionEvidence‐based practice curriculum that supports positive EBP beliefs and integrates Bandura's sources of self‐efficacy has potential to positively influence students’ intention to use EBP after graduation.
Insights into past ocean proxies from micron-scale mapping of sulfur species in carbonates
Authors: Rose Catherine V. , Webb Samuel M. , Newville Matthew , Lanzirotti Antonio , Richardson Jocelyn A. , Tosca Nicholas J. , Catalano Jeffrey G. , Bradley Alexander S. , Fike David A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Geological reconstructions of global ocean chemistry and atmospheric oxygen concentrations over Earth history commonly rely on the abundance and stable isotopic composition (δ34S) of sulfur-bearing compounds. Carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS), sulfate bound within a calcium carbonate mineral matrix, is among the most commonly interrogated sulfur mineral phases. However, recent work has revealed variability in δ34SCAS values that cannot be explained by evolution of the marine sulfate reservoir, challenging the common interpretation that CAS is inherently a high-fidelity record of seawater sulfate. To investigate the source of this inconsistency, we used X-ray spectromicroscopy to map the micron-scale distribution of S-bearing sedimentary phases in Ordovician-aged (ca. 444 Ma) shallow marine carbonates from Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Clear differences in the abundance of CAS are observed between cements and fossils, suggesting that variance in bulk-rock data could be a consequence of component mixing and that coupled synchrotron-petrographic screening can identify the carbonate components that are most likely to retain primary CAS. Furthermore, we observe multiple, distinct forms of sulfate (both inorganic and organic). Differences in these forms among fossil clades could provide new insights into biomineralization mechanisms in extinct organisms.
Helping Babies Breathe and its effects on intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality in low-resource settings: a systematic review
Authors: Versantvoort Jorien M D , Kleinhout Mirjam Y , Ockhuijsen Henrietta D L , Bloemenkamp Kitty , de Vries Willem B , van den Hoogen Agnes 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAn important factor in worldwide neonatal mortality is the deficiency in neonatal resuscitation skills among trained professionals. ‘Helping Babies Breathe’ (HBB) is a simulation-based training course designed to train healthcare professionals in the initial steps of neonatal resuscitation in low-resource areas. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the available evidence regarding intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality related to the HBB training and resuscitation method.Data sourcesCochrane, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed and Scopus.Study eligibility criteriaConducted in low-resource settings focusing on the effects of HBB on intrapartum-related stillbirths and neonatal mortality.Study appraisalIncluded studies were reviewed independently by two researchers in terms of methodological quality.Data extractionData were extracted by two independent reviewers and crosschecked by one additional reviewer.ResultsSeven studies were included in this systematic review; the selected studies included a total of 230.797 neonates. Significant decreases were found after the implementation of HBB in one of two studies describing perinatal mortality (n=25 108, rate ratio (RR) 0.75; p<0.001), four out of six studies related to intrapartum-related stillbirths (n=125.720, RR 0.31–0.76), in four out of five studies focusing on 1 day neonatal mortality (n=111.289, RR 0.37–0.67), and one out of three studies regarding 7 day neonatal mortality (n=4.390, RR 0.32). No changes were seen in late neonatal mortality after HBB training and resuscitation method.LimitationsIncluded studies in were predominantly of moderate quality, therefore no strong recommendations can be made.Conclusions and implications of key findingsDue to the heterogeneous quality of the studies, this systematic review showed moderate evidence for a decrease in intrapartum-related stillbirth and 1-day neonatal mortality rate after implementing the ‘Helping Babies Breathe’ training and resuscitation method. Further research is required to address the effects of simulation-based team training on morbidity and mortality beyond the initial neonatal period.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018081141.
Simulating vascular leakage on optical coherence tomography angiography using an overlay technique with corresponding thickness maps
Authors: de Carlo Talisa E , Zahid Sarwar , Bohm Kelley J , Chan R V Paul , Lim Jennifer I , Mieler William F 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundTo demonstrate a technique for using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to simulate leakage in eyes with diabetic macular oedema and determine the sensitivity and positive predictive value of detecting leaking microvasculature on OCTA using fluorescein angiography (FA) as the comparative norm.Methods6×6 mm OCT angiograms were overlaid with the corresponding OCT thickness maps. Microvascular abnormalities on the OCT angiogram underlying areas of thickening on the OCT thickness map were assumed to be leaking. Two independent readers blindly read the OCTA overlay images then the FA images cropped to the same approximate region to delineate areas of leaking microvasculature. The results were compared to determine the sensitivity and positive predictive value of OCTA for detection of leaking vessels.Results28 eyes of 19 diabetic patients were included. Each eye demonstrated an average of seven leaking microvascular abnormalities on the OCTA images and 22 leaking abnormalities on the FA images. Sensitivity of leaking microvasculature detection by OCTA was 26.1% and positive predictive value was 68.4%. The correlation coefficient of the two readers’ detection of leaking microvasculature was 0.605 for OCTA reads compared with 0.916 for FA.ConclusionOCTA as a whole can be used to simulate leakage, but currently, sensitivity of the technique is low. Further understanding of the OCTA technology may yield novel means of detecting retinal pathology.
Phenotypic features of patients with complex regional pain syndrome compared with those with neuropathic pain
Authors: Alam Osman H , Zaidi Bilal , Pierce Jennifer , Moser Stephanie E , Hilliard Paul E , Golmirzaie Goodarz , Brummett Chad M 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionWe hypothesized that patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) would describe a more negative pain phenotype including higher pain severity, more neuropathic pain descriptors, more centralized pain symptoms, poorer physical function, and more affective distress when compared with patients with neuropathic pain of the extremities not meeting CRPS criteria.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary pain center. The sample included 212 patients who met Budapest Criteria for CRPS and 175 patients with neuropathic pain of the extremities who did not meet criteria. All patients completed a packet of questionnaires before their initial visit containing validated outcome measures assessing pain severity, pain interference, physical functioning, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing.ResultsPatients with CRPS reported higher physical disability (p=0.022) and more neuropathic pain symptoms (p=0.002) than patients not meeting CRPS criteria, but the groups did not otherwise differ significantly. There were no significant differences in pain severity or affective distress, despite power analyses suggesting the ability to detect small to medium effect sizes (d=0.29; w=0.14). Subanalyses of differences in neuropathic pain symptoms revealed that patients with CRPS, compared with patients not meeting CRPS criteria, were more likely to report pain with light touch (p=0.003), sudden pain attacks (p=0.003), pain with cold or heat (p=0.002), sensation of numbness (p=0.042), and pain with slight pressure (p=0.018).DiscussionCounter to our hypothesis, the present study suggests that patients with CRPS do not have a worse clinical phenotype compared with patients not meeting CRPS criteria, with the exception of higher physical disability and more neuropathic pain symptoms. This corresponds to recent evidence that patients with CRPS are similar to other patient populations with chronic pain.
Exacerbated effects of prorenin on hypothalamic magnocellular neuronal activity and vasopressin plasma levels during salt-sensitive hypertension
Authors: Pitra Soledad , Worker Caleb J. , Feng Yumei , Stern Javier E. 
Published: July 2019

Accumulating evidence supports that the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including prorenin (PR) and its receptor (PRR), two newly discovered RAS players, contribute to sympathoexcitation in salt-sensitive hypertension. Still, whether PR also contributed to elevated circulating levels of neurohormones such as vasopressin (VP) during salt-sensitive hypertension, and if so, what are the precise underlying mechanisms, remains to be determined. To address these questions, we obtained patch-clamp recordings from hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory neurons (MNNs) that synthesize the neurohormones oxytocin and VP in acute hypothalamic slices obtained from sham and deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-treated hypertensive rats. We found that focal application of PR markedly increased membrane excitability and firing responses in MNNs of DOCA-salt, compared with sham rats. This effect included a shorter latency to spike initiation and increased numbers of spikes in response to depolarizing stimuli and was mediated by a more robust inhibition of A-type K+ channels in DOCA-salt compared with sham rats. On the other hand, the afterhyperpolarizing potential mediated by the activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channel was not affected by PR. mRNA expression of PRR, VP, and the Kv4.3 K+ channel subunit in the supraoptic nucleus of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats was increased compared with sham rats. Finally, we report a significant decrease of plasma VP levels in neuron-selective PRR knockdown mice treated with DOCA-salt, compared with wild-type DOCA-salt-treated mice. Together, these results support that activation of PRR contributes to increased excitability and firing discharge of MNNs and increased plasma levels of VP in DOCA-salt hypertension. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our studies support that prorenin (PR) and its receptor (PRR) within the hypothalamus contribute to elevated plasma vasopressin levels in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension, in part because of an exacerbated effect of PR on magnocellular neurosecretory neuron excitability; Moreover, our study implicates A-type K+ channels as key underlying molecular targets mediating these effects. Thus, PR/PRR stands as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurohumoral activation in salt-sensitive hypertension.
JCPDS-lnternational Centre for Diffraction Data Low-Angle Powder Diffraction Study of Silver Behenate
Authors: Blanton T. , Huang T. , Toraya H. , Hubbard C. , Robie S. , Louër D. , Göbel H. , Will G. , Gilles R. , Raftery T. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As a result of interest in the characterization of materials with large d-spacings and layer periodicities, it has become necessary to develop a low-angle diffraction material which has welldefined diffraction peaks down to very small 2θ angles. The use of silver behenate, CH3(CH2)20COO-Ag, was introduced by one of the authors (TB) at the 1991 International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) Annual Meeting and was shown to have a set of well-defined (001) diffraction peaks down to 1.5° 2θ when using CuKα radiation. The silver behenate diffraction peaks were observed to be slightly asymmetric with relatively long tails at the low angle side of the peaks. The average crystallite size along the c-axis was estimated using the Scherrer equation and was found to be 900 Å.
A task group of the JCPDS-ICJDD Data Collection and Analysis Subcommittee was established with the charge of investigating the use of silver behenate as a possible low-angle calibration material for diffraction applications. Utilizing several data collection and data analysis techniques, d001 long-period spacings in the range of 58.219-58.480 Å were obtained. Using the same collected data and one data analysis refinement calculation method resulted in long-period spacing with a range of 58.303-58.425 Å. Data collected using a silicon internal standard and the same singular data analysis calculation method provided d001 values with a range of 58.363-58.381 Å.
The formation of a full-range 2θ diffraction sample was also investigated. Silver behenate and inorganic powders were mixed with an epoxy binder to form a permanent sample which provides diffraction peaks over the entire 2θ range of a powder diffractometer.
Nondestructive Characterization of Multilayer Thin Films by X-ray Reflectivity
Authors: Huang T. C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The X-ray reflectivity technique was used to study the annealing effect on layer structure of Ta/FeMn/NiFe/Cu/NiFe/Ta multilayer thin films on Si substrates. High-resolution specular reflectivity data were collected and analyzed by least-squares refinement. Results on layer thickness, density and roughness were obtained and correlated with the magnetic properties of the films.
Application of Line Modified-Asymmetric Crystal Topography for Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Integrated Circuits
Authors: Green K. A. , Beard W. T. , Zhang X. J. , Armstrong R. W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
X-ray diffraction topography is the name given to several x-ray diffraction techniques where large area x-ray beams diffracted from a crystal provide detailed information about the surface structure and internal perfection of crystal microstructures. Since x-ray topographic techniques are based on Bragg (reflection) or Laue (transmission) diffraction from a crystal lattice, they are extremely sensitive to any atomic lattice imperfections and strains. Alterations of the interplanar spacing as small as one part in ten thousand extending over a reasonable number of atomic ce11 lengths can be recorded as a corresponding change in the diffracted beam intensity. Line Modified-Asymmetric Crystal Topography (LM-ACT) is one such reflection technique that shows particular promise in Che field of microelectronics. The LM-ACT system is designed with low angular divergence in the x-ray beam probe. Low probe beam divergence allows details of device geometries on the order of microns to be resolved in the recorded x-ray intensity variation of the diffracted beam.
The LM-ACT system was applied here to the study of integrated circuits (IC) after specific processing steps were accomplished during IC fabrication and in the final product condition. Topographs obtained from specular crystal surfaces that were implanted through a patterned mask showed contrast variations between the implanted and non-implanted regions; details of the mask patterns have been resolved on the order of a few microns. LMACT topographs from annealed, and unannealed, Implanted specimens showed marked differences and as a result it is suggested that LM-ACT would be beneficial in optimizing the processing schedule for a particular wafer/electronic system. A significant feature of the LM-ACT technique is the capability for producing high resolution stereo-pair topographs that provide quantitative information through the depth of individual process layers in an integrated circuit.
Determination of Z-Profiles of Diffraction Data from τ-Profiles Using a Numerical Linear Inversion Method
Authors: Zhu Xiaojing , Ballard Benjamin , Predecki Paul 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A numerical procedure known as the constrained linear inversion method is employed for obtaining the z-profiles of diffraction data from their τ-profiles. The method was first tested with known z-profiles and gave good agreement with the starting z-profiles even with up to 5% random noise introduced into the τ-profile or up to 10% error in specimen thickness. The procedure was then applied to an experimentally obtained strain profile and a non-oscillatory z-profile was calculated. Although the z-profile obtained could not be verified by an independent method, the success of tests with known z-profiles leads to increased confidence in the numerical method described.
Effect of X-ray Tube Window Thickness on Detection Limits for Light Elements in XRF Analysis
Authors: Whalen Daniel J. , Turner D. Clark 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Widespread interest in light element analysis using XRF has stimulated the development of thin x-ray tube windows. Thinner windows enhance the soft x-ray output of the tube, which more efficiently excite the light elements in the sample. A computer program that calculates the effect of window thickness on light element sample fluorescence has been developed. The code uses an NIST algorithm to calculate the x-ray tube spectrum given various tube parameters such as beryllium window thickness, operating voyage, anode composition, and take-off angle. The interaction of the tube radiation with the sample matrix is modelled to provide the primary and secondary fluorescence from the sample. For x-rays in the energy region 30 - 1000 eV the mass attenuation coefficients were interpolated from the photo absorption data compilation of Henke, et al. The code also calculates the x-ray background due to coherent and incoherent scatter from the sample, as well as the contribution of such scatter to the sample fluorescence. Given the sample fluorescence and background the effect of tube window thickness on detection limits for light elements can be predicted.
Development of a High Sensitivity TXRF with a Novel Monochromator Having Three Selectable Crystals
Authors: Yamada T. , Shoji T. , Funabashi M. , Utaka T. , Arai T. , Wilson R. 
Published: July 2019

Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis of “low Z” elements, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and “high Z” elements, Zr, W, Au, Pb, are required for micro scale semiconductor device production processes. In the past, the W–Lβ X-rays have been used for the analysis of S to Zn.
This paper describes a new three crystal monochromator coupled with a gold direct-drive rotating anode target. This development has produced significant improvements in the sensitivities and LLD's for all measured elements. The monochromator makes the Au Lα (9.71 keV), Au Lβ (11.44 keV) and Au Lγ (13.33 keV) available for routine use in TXRF analyses. The Au Lα X-ray is best used for the lower Z elements, Na to Cu. The best result for W, Cu and Zn are obtained with the Au Lβ X-ray. This is the result of both increased peak intensity and lower background. For the heavier elements, such as Au and Pb, the Au L X-ray yields intensities 100 times higher than what has been achieved in the past.
Total Electron Yield (TEY) A New Approach for Quantitative X-ray Analysis
Authors: Ebel Horst , Svagera Robert , Ebel Maria F. , Zagler Norbert 
Published: July 2019

An irradiation of solid samples with x-rays causes an electron emission from the sample surface, owing to photoabsorption. These electrons can be detected under vacuum conditions and are photo, Auger and secondary electrons. Due to inelastic collisions most of these electrons have lost some of their original kinetic energy along the path from the atom of origin to the surface. With nondispersive electron detection the total electron yield (TEY) is observed.
For measurements performed with a tunable x-ray monochromator information on the qualitative composition can be obtained by the following procedure. The photon energy has to be timed from below to above of one of the absorption edges of a given element. In case of its presence in the specimen an increase of the TEY-signal can be observed.
A New High Dynamic Range X-ray Detector
Authors: Cockerton S. , Tanner B. K. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We describe the design and application to X-ray diffractometry of a new X-ray detector based on a fast, non-hygroscopic, rare earth scintillator. The detector has a background count of 0.1 c.p.s. and a peak count rate in excess of 3 x 106 c.p.s. A good fit is found to the theoretical curve of measured against real count rate for a paralysable detector with 160 ns dead-time.