bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Fill the Nutrient Gap” analysis: An approach to strengthen nutrition situation analysis and decision making towards multisectoral policies and systems change
Authors: Bose Indira , Baldi Giulia , Kiess Lynnda , de Pee Saskia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractImproved nutrition situation analysis can increase the understanding of the likely magnitude and main causes of the nutrient gap among a particular target group, for example, children under 2 or pregnant and lactating women, in a particular context. The World Food Programme, with input from University of California Davis, International Food Policy Research Institute, Epicentre, Harvard University, Mahidol University, Save the Children, and UNICEF, has developed a framework for strengthened nutrition situation analysis and decision making called the “Fill the Nutrient Gap” (FNG), which aims to support identification of strategies to increase availability, access, and choice of nutritious foods, to ultimately improve nutrient intake. The FNG engages stakeholders from different sectors throughout the analytical process to provide input and discuss findings to collectively identify and prioritize context‐specific strategies. The FNG analysis contributes to better understanding the nutrition situation because it (a) focuses on the dietary intake side of the malnutrition framework and analyses in‐depth the nutrient intake of different target groups; (b) linear programming is used in combination with review of secondary data to characterize barriers to nutrient intake, in particular to understand the availability, cost and affordability of nutritious diets for households and target groups with higher nutritional needs, and model potential interventions to improve them; (c) it links the nutrition situation analysis to decision making by providing an evidence base for decision makers to inform their strategies; (d) it facilitates multisectoral discussion on barriers to nutrient intake and enables a prioritization of context‐specific strategies (both nutrition specific and sensitive) to improve the nutrition situation across food, health, and social protection systems.
Our current sense of anxiety or after Gellner*
Authors: Hall John A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe paper begins by describing three elements of Gellner's social philosophy that lay behind his essentially optimistic version of liberalism. The argument that follows suggests that all these elements – respect for the procedures of modern science, general participation in a growing economy and ‘ironic’ nationalism – are under attack. In consequence, we live again in an age of anxiety.
Risk factors for upper and lower functional gastrointestinal disorders in Persian Gulf War Veterans during and post‐deployment
Authors: Tuteja Ashok K. , Talley Nicholas J. , Stoddard Gregory J. , Samore Matthew H. , Verne G. Nicholas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundGastroenteritis is a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but its role in other functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) is less clear. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of FGIDs in Gulf War (GW) Veterans before, during, and after deployment and to determine whether gastroenteritis was a risk factor for upper and lower FGIDs.MethodsThe Veterans who served during the Persian GW were mailed validated questionnaires inquiring about their bowel habits, psychological and extra‐intestinal symptoms, and quality of life (QOL). The lactulose hydrogen breath test (LBT) was performed for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.Key ResultsData were analyzed from 468 GW Veterans. The prevalence of FGID before, during, and 16 years after deployment was 15.7%, 49.9%, and 64.2%, respectively. New FGIDs during deployment was reported by 41.2%, and during 16 years after deployment, 43.7% acquired new FGIDs. FGIDs were associated with psychological disorders, extra‐intestinal symptoms, and lower QOL. Gastroenteritis was reported by 44.3% of deployed Veterans and was a risk factor for IBS, dyspepsia, and functional diarrhea post‐deployment. The cases and controls did not differ significantly in the frequency of positive LBT.Conclusions and InferencesThere is an increase in the prevalence of FGIDs during deployment, and it persists after deployment. There is a further increase in the prevalence of FGIDs after deployment. In addition to IBS, gastroenteritis during deployment is a risk factor for dyspepsia and functional diarrhea post‐deployment. Therefore, prevention of gastroenteritis during deployment and screening of Veterans for FGIDs post‐deployment would be of value for Veterans' long‐term health.
ΔTraitSDMs: species distribution models that account for local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Benito Garzón Marta , Robson T. Matthew , Hampe Arndt 
Published: January 2019

SummaryImproving our understanding of species ranges under rapid climate change requires application of our knowledge of the tolerance and adaptive capacity of populations to changing environmental conditions. Here, we describe an emerging modelling approach, ΔTraitSDM, which attempts to achieve this by explaining species distribution ranges based on phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of fitness‐related traits measured across large geographical gradients. The collection of intraspecific trait data measured in common gardens spanning broad environmental clines has promoted the development of these new models – first in trees but now rapidly expanding to other organisms. We review, explain and harmonize the main findings from this new generation of models that, by including trait variation over geographical scales, are able to provide new insights into future species ranges. Overall, ΔTraitSDM predictions generally deliver a less alarming message than previous models of species distribution under new climates, indicating that phenotypic plasticity should help, to a considerable degree, some plant populations to persist under climate change. The development of ΔTraitSDMs offers a new perspective to analyse intraspecific variation in single and multiple traits, with the rationale that trait (co)variation and consequently fitness can significantly change across geographical gradients and new climates.
The tomato Pto gene confers resistance to Pseudomonas floridensis, an emergent plant pathogen with just nine type III effectors
Authors: Eckshtain‐Levi N. , Lindeberg M. , Vallad G. E. , Martin G. B. 
Published: January 2019

A newly discovered bacterial species, Pseudomonas floridensis, has emerged as a pathogen of tomato in Florida. This study compares the virulence and other attributes of P. floridensis to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, which causes bacterial speck disease of tomato. Pseudomonas floridensis reached lower population levels in leaves of tomato as compared to the P. syringae pv. tomato strains DC3000 and NYT1. Analysis of the genome sequence of the P. floridensis type strain GEV388 revealed that it has just nine type III effectors including AvrPtoBGEV388, which is 66% identical to AvrPtoB in DC3000. Five of these effectors have been previously reported to be members of a ‘minimal effector repertoire’ required for full DC3000 virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana; however, GEV388 grew poorly on leaves of this plant species compared to the DC3000 minimal effector strain. The tomato Pto gene recognizes AvrPtoB in race 0 P. syringae pv. tomato strains, thereby conferring resistance to bacterial speck disease. Pto was also found to confer resistance to P. floridensis, indicating this gene will be useful in the protection of tomato against this newly emerged pathogen.
Understanding country‐specific determinants of stillbirth using household surveys: The case of Afghanistan
Authors: Christou Aliki , Dibley Michael J. , Rasooly Mohammad Hafiz , Mubasher Adela , Hofiani Sayed Murtaza Sadat , Rashidi Mohammad Khakerah , Kelly Patrick J. , Raynes‐Greenow Camille 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundStillbirth rates in Afghanistan have declined little in the past decade with no data available on key risk factors. Health care utilisation and maternal complications are important factors influencing pregnancy outcomes but rarely captured for stillbirth in national surveys from low‐ and middle‐income countries. The 2010 Afghanistan Mortality Survey (AMS) is one of few surveys with this information.MethodsWe used data from the 2010 AMS that included a full pregnancy history and verbal autopsy. Our sample included the most recent live birth or stillbirth of 13 834 women aged 12‐49 years in the three years preceding the survey. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to identify sociodemographic, maternal, and health care utilisation risk factors for stillbirth.ResultsThe risk of stillbirth was increased among women in the Central Highlands (aRR: 3.01, 95% CI 1.35, 6.70) and of Nuristani ethnicity (aRR: 9.15, 95% CI 2.95, 28.74). Women who did not receive antenatal care had three times increased risk of stillbirth (aRR: 3.03, 95% CI 1.73, 5.30), while high‐quality antenatal care was important for reducing the risk of intrapartum stillbirth. Bleeding, infection, headache, and reduced fetal movements were antenatal complications strongly associated with stillbirth. Reduced fetal movements in the delivery period increased stillbirth risk by almost seven (aRR: 6.82, 95% CI 4.20, 11.10). Facility births had a higher risk of stillbirths overall (aRR: 1.55, 95% CI 1.12, 2.16), but not for intrapartum stillbirths.ConclusionsTargeted interventions are needed to improve access and utilisation of services for high‐risk groups. Early detection of complications through improved quality of antenatal and obstetric care is imperative. We demonstrate the potential of household surveys to provide country‐specific evidence on stillbirth risk factors for LMICs where data are lacking.
Native seeds incorporated into activated carbon pods applied concurrently with indaziflam: a new strategy for restoring annual‐invaded communities?
Authors: Clenet Danielle R. , Davies Kirk W. , Johnson Dustin D. , Kerby Jay D. 
Published: January 2019

Reestablishing native perennial vegetation in annual grass‐invaded rangelands is critical to restoring ecosystems. Control of exotics, often achieved with preemergent herbicides, is essential for successful restoration of invaded rangelands. Unfortunately, desirable species cannot be seeded simultaneously with preemergent herbicide application due to nontarget damage. To avoid this, seeding is commonly delayed at least 1 year. Delaying seeding increases the likelihood that annual grasses will begin reestablishing and compete with seeded species. Activated carbon (AC) can provide preemergent herbicide protection for seeded species because it adsorbs and deactivates herbicides. Previous studies suggest that a cylindrical herbicide protection pod (HPP), containing AC and seeds, allows desired species to be seeded simultaneously with the application of the preemergent herbicide imazapic. Unfortunately, imazapic is only effective at controlling annual grasses for 1–2 years. Indaziflam is a new preemergent herbicide which exhibits longer soil activity, with which HPPs may be useful. To assess this possibility, we evaluated seeding two native species (Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata Nutt ssp. wyomingensis] and bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve]), both incorporated into HPPs and as bare seed, at four application rates of indaziflam in a grow room study. HPPs protected seeded species at low, mid, and high rates of indaziflam. The abundance and size of plants was greater in HPPs compared to bare seed treatments. These results suggest that HPPs can be used to seed native grasses and shrubs simultaneously with indaziflam application.
Political street songs and singers in seventeenth‐century England
Authors: McShane Angela 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBallad singers and sellers were unquestionably important contributors to the urban and rural soundscape in seventeenth century England. They brought the popular musical productions of the metropolis to the provinces and acted as cultural mediators between town and country, centre and periphery, orality and print. While ballads dealing with a wide array of topics were performed and sold on early modern streets for centuries, this article specifically explores the nature and significance of street performance to the newly burgeoning commercial trade in political song that emerged in England from the late 1630s. First, the ‘ballad singer’ is historicised as a newly emerging phenomenon, closely related to the burgeoning printed ballad trade from about the 1590s. Second, the article examines the variegated social profile of performers and the significance of the street as a place for performance in the febrile political environment of the mid‐ and late‐seventeenth century. Finally, the article considers the seventeenth‐century printed ballad sheet itself as an important political performer in the English street.
A Decision‐Centered Method to Evaluate Natural Hazards Decision Aids by Interdisciplinary Research Teams
Authors: Wong‐Parodi Gabrielle , Small Mitchell J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThere is a growing number of decision aids made available to the general public by those working on hazard and disaster management. When based on high‐quality scientific studies across disciplines and designed to provide a high level of usability and trust, decision aids become more likely to improve the quality of hazard risk management and response decisions. Interdisciplinary teams have a vital role to play in this process, ensuring the scientific validity and effectiveness of a decision aid across the physical science, social science, and engineering dimensions of hazard awareness, option identification, and the decisions made by individuals and communities. Often, these aids are not evaluated before being widely distributed, which could improve their impact, due to a lack of dedicated resources and guidance on how to systematically do so. In this Perspective, we present a decision‐centered method for evaluating the impact of hazard decision aids on decisionmaker preferences and choice during the design and development phase, drawing from the social and behavioral sciences and a value of information framework to inform the content, complexity, format, and overall evaluation of the decision aid. The first step involves quantifying the added value of the information contained in the decision aid. The second involves identifying the extent to which the decision aid is usable. Our method can be applied to a variety of hazards and disasters, and will allow interdisciplinary teams to more effectively evaluate the extent to which an aid can inform and improve decision making.
Well‐being and return rate of first‐time whole blood donors
Authors: Jansen Peer , Sümnig Ariane , Esefeld Max , Greffin Klara , Kaderali Lars , Greinacher Andreas 
Published: January 2019

Background and objectivesPrevious studies observed a transient increase in well‐being in about one‐third of regular donors after blood donation. In addition, personal contact with donors after donation seems to increase return rates. We were interested whether changes in well‐being and/or personal contact after the first donation impact return rates of first‐time donors (FTDs).Materials and methodsFirst‐time donors were randomized to a questionnaire group (QG), in which questionnaires assessing the well‐being had to be filled in, or a control group (CG), which was not contacted with a questionnaire. The QG had to complete the same questionnaire three times at the day of the first donation and then four times over an 8‐week period with reminding calls by the study coordinator. Return rates of participants were followed for 12 months.ResultsA total of 102 FTDs participated in the QG and 115 in the CG. Changes in well‐being after the first donation had minimal impact on the return rates. In contrast, contacting FTDs after their first donation had a significant impact on the return rate of male donors (89·2% in the QG vs. 58·3% in the CG; P = 0·001). Females showed no significant difference in return rates between both groups (P = 0·32).ConclusionThe well‐being of FTDs had no influence on their return rate. The intervention of regular contacts during a research project follow‐up resulted in an increased return rate of male but not of female FTDs. The pronounced difference of the impact of this intervention between male and female donors requires further studies.
Potential of using nonwoven polyester fabric (NWPF) as a packing media in multistage passively aerated biological filter for municipal wastewater treatment
Authors: Hellal Mohamed S. , Abou‐Elela Sohair I. , Aly Olfat H. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe performance of a multistage passively aerated biological filter (PABF) packed with Nonwoven polyester fabric (NWPF) for municipal wastewater treatment was investigated under different operating conditions. The system was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 2.3, 1.72 and 1.38 h and corresponding to organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1.77, 2.15 and 2.9 kg BOD/m3. d. Increasing HRT and decreasing OLR, increased dissolved oxygen (DO) and consequently increased the removal rate of organic matters (87%), suspended solids (95.8%) and ammonia (88%). Profile results from different compartments showed that the major part of organic and suspended matters was removed in the upper layers of the system, whereas most of the suspended solids were trapped, while the nitrification process took place in the lower part of the PABF system because of the increase in DO concentrations. The results proved the advantage of using NWPF. It has pleated and rough surface which retain more biomass compared with plain surface. Excess biomass produced from PABF was negligible compared to conventional treatment systems.
A unified three-dimensional model of the lithospheric structure at the subduction corner in southeast Alaska: Summary results from STEEP
Authors: Pavlis Gary L. , Bauer Mark A. , Elliott Julie L. , Koons Peter , Pavlis Terry L. , Ruppert Natalia , Ward Kevin M. , Worthington Lindsay L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe merge structural results from the ST. Elias Erosion/tectonics Project (STEEP), other studies, and seismicity data to build a comprehensive, three-dimensional model of the lithosphere of the subduction corner in southern Alaska. The model is defined by three surfaces: (1) a top of the subducting lithosphere surface, (2) Moho surfaces, and (3) a base of subducting lithosphere surface. We model the eastern edge of the subducting lithosphere using the southern tip of the Yakutat microplate as an anchor. Kinematic reconstructions using that anchor suggest the modern Fairweather fault is likely inherited from motion of the margin in the 6–10 Ma period. We constructed a 4D kinematic model of crustal deformation in the vicinity of Mount St. Elias. We call this model the middlebuster model because the geometry is similar to a two-sided plow with that name. The west side of the plow is the eastern limit of the Aleutian megathrust constructed from the union of constraints from STEEP seismic results and slip models of the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. The east side is inferred from geologic mapping and slip models of the 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquake sequence. The top of the plow is near the Seward Glacier, where previous studies showed near world-record exhumation rates. GPS velocity vectors show a large rotation across the syntaxis at Mount St. Elias. West of the syntaxis, faults inferred from inversion of the GPS data are above the megathrust inferred from seismic imaging. That and other evidence suggest the presence of a wedge of ductile crust that partially decouples the subducting mantle lithosphere from the upper crust in the area near the suture with the Yakutat microplate.
Phosphorus release kinetics and solubility capacity of phosphorus fractionation induced by organic acids from a black soil in northeast China
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Chen Xiangwei , Yang Xitian 
Published: January 2019

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are added to improve the soil P fertility, but the rate of P release can greatly influence its availability. Organic acids are effective in the release of inorganic P (Pi), but the contribution of each Pifraction is not well understood. This study reported the transformation rate of P and solubility of Pifractions induced by organic acids. Path analysis was utilized to explore the direct and indirect effects of Pifractions on the amount of total Pi(TPi) solubilized. Results showed that the P release was initially rapid, followed by a slower release that lasted up to 2160 h, and the Elovich equation was the best-fitted kinetic equation to estimate the transformation rate of available P. The amount of TPi-solubilized by oxalic and citric acids tended to increase with increasing organic acid concentrations. Oxalic acid exhibited a lower TPi-solubility capability than citric acid when the organic acid concentration was ≤1 mmol L−1, whereas citric acid was higher at ≥1.5 mmol L−1. The Al-P-solubilized had the highest content of studied fractions, and path analysis revealed that the Al-P-solubilized exhibited a significant direct effect on TPi-solubilized. Thus, Al-P is a potential P source in black soil.
An Efficient Current Mode MVL Residue Code Checker for Fault-Tolerant Arithmetic
Authors: Towhidy Ahmad , Omidi Reza , Mohammadi Karim 
Published: January 2019

Due to technology scaling, reliability has become one of the biggest challenges in VLSI circuits. A number of techniques have been introduced in the literature, especially for arithmetic and logic unit in computers. One of well-known schemes for fault-tolerant arithmetic is the use of arithmetic residue codes. A key problem with most of the previous works regarding residue-based checker is that these methods impose an unacceptable area penalty. In this paper, we propose a novel residue checker with current mode multi-valued logic (CMMVL). A plain design procedure with arbitrary modulo is introduced; also a more efficient integrated scheme for modulo 3 has been demonstrated. The results of the plain CMMVL scheme showed up to 19.5% and 42.9% lower delay and power consumption, respectively, compared with those of the conventional CMOS. Also, utilizing the integrated CMMVL provided, on average, about 17.7% and 80.2% lower delay and power consumption, respectively.
An introduction to glaciated margins: the sedimentary and geophysical archive
Authors: Le Heron D. P. , Hogan K. A. , Phillips E. R. , Huuse M. , Busfield M. E. , Graham A. G. C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A glaciated margin is a continental margin that has been occupied by a large ice mass, such that glacial processes and slope processes conspire to produce a thick sedimentary record. Ice masses take an active role in sculpting, redistributing and reorganizing the sediment that they erode on the continental shelf, and act as a supply route to large fan systems (e.g. trough mouth fans, submarine fans) on the continental slope and continental rise. To many researchers, the term ‘glaciated margin’ is synonymous with modern day areas fringing Antarctica and the Arctic shelf systems, yet the geological record contains ancient examples ranging in age from Precambrian to Cenozoic. In the pre-Pleistocene record, there is a tendency for the configuration of the tectonic plates to become increasingly obscure with age. For instance, in the Neoproterozoic record, not everyone agrees on the location of rift margins and some fundamental continental boundaries remain unclear. Given these issues, this introductory paper has two simple aims: (1) to provide a brief commentary of relevant Geological Society publications on glaciated margins, with the landmark papers highlighted and (2) to explain the contents of this volume.