bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DFID governance programming in Nigeria: What difference has thinking and working politically made in practice?
Authors: Williams Gareth , Owen Olly , Duncan Alex , Kingsmill William , Paterson Anna 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe UK Department for International Development's country office in Nigeria (DFID Nigeria) has gradually adopted a thinking and working politically (TWP) approach in its governance programming. The initial focus on strengthening analysis has progressively been linked to discussion about the country and programme strategy, as well as programme‐management practices. Important lessons can be learned from this experience on how the TWP approach can be applied in practice. The article addresses three research questions: (1) To what extent have DFID Nigeria and its governance programmes adopted a TWP approach? (2) How has the TWP approach influenced the design and delivery of programming? (3) Has the application of the TWP approach enhanced the results of the DFID governance programming?Using project documentation and wider theoretical literature, but mainly relying on extensive participant observation within DFID Nigeria programmes, the article uses a historical perspective to outline how the TWP approach has been applied in Nigeria over 15 years of programme design, delivery, lesson‐learning and refinement. Published evaluation reports are used to provide evidence of programme results. DFID Nigeria and its programmes have progressively adopted TWP principles. This has led to clear changes in country strategy and programme design, as well as programme‐management practices. There is some evidence that the adoption of these principles has enhanced the results of DFID Nigeria programmes. By focusing on experimentation and “small bets,” TWP has proven relatively successful in generating and supporting ‘islands of effectiveness,’ but has had more limited impact in terms of generating more systemic, transformational change. The results obtained in Nigeria using the TWP approach have depended not only on Nigeria's political economy but also on the political economy of the development agency and donor country. DFID Nigeria's ability to engage in critical self‐reflection and to create an authorizing environment for risk‐taking have been vital to create enabling conditions for the TWP approach. However, other aspects of DFID and the UK's political economy are creating constraints that limit the prospects to go further and to go deeper in adopting the principles of TWP.
A comparative analysis of the safety profile of direct oral anticoagulants using the FDA adverse event reporting system
Authors: DeLoughery Emma P. , Shatzel Joseph J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionDirect oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are being increasingly used. However, unlike warfarin, less is known regarding their long‐term side effects. To better evaluate the rates of DOAC‐related adverse events (AEs) on a population level, we examined AEs reported to the FDA for three commonly used DOACs and warfarin.MethodsWe evaluated the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database, which compiles reported drug‐related AEs from 1969 onwards. The safety profiles of the included drugs were assessed by comparing AEs per outpatient prescription and with proportional reporting ratios (PRR).ResultsRivaroxaban had the highest proportion of reported AEs. Most notably the rate for breakthrough venous thromboembolism (VTE) was higher than other DOACs. Dabigatran had the highest reported rates of ischemic stroke. When the DOAC data were analyzed using PRR, reported rates of VTE were again higher with rivaroxaban while dabigatran again showed slightly higher than expected rates of ischemic stroke. Apixaban did not show higher than expected rates in any category.ConclusionOur analysis found rates of reported breakthrough VTE were significantly higher with rivaroxaban, while apixaban had no higher than expected rates of any studied AEs.
N‐Methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor open‐channel blockers memantine and magnesium modulate nociceptive trigeminovascular neurotransmission in rats
Authors: Hoffmann Jan , Storer Robin James , Park Jeong‐Wook , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExperimental and clinical studies suggest that the low‐affinity N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor open‐channel blockers Mg2+ and memantine are effective in reducing trigeminal nociceptive activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the apparent effectiveness of these channel blockers using a model of trigeminal activation in vivo. Rats were anaesthetized before electrically stimulating the dura mater adjacent the middle meningeal artery. Neurons responding to stimulation were recorded extracellularly using electrophysiological methods. l‐Glutamate or NMDA, and Mg2+, memantine, or sodium controls were applied locally using microiontophoresis. Microiontophoretic application of Mg2+ or memantine into the trigeminocervical complex inhibited mechanically and electrically stimulated craniovascular afferents, and l‐glutamate or NMDA‐evoked neuronal activity at the second‐order trigeminal synapse of craniovascular afferents. By contrast, intravenous administration of MgSO4 (100 mg/kg) or memantine (10 mg/kg) did not significantly affect electrically stimulated afferent‐evoked activity within the trigeminocervical complex. The Mg2+ and memantine concentrations achieved after systemic administration may not effectively inhibit activation of the trigeminocervical complex, perhaps providing an explanation for the relatively poor efficacy of these NMDA receptor open‐channel blockers for headache treatment in clinical studies. Nevertheless, the present results suggest blocking of NMDA‐receptor open channels inhibits nociceptive activation of the trigeminocervical complex. Further exploration of such channel blockers as a therapeutic strategy for primary head pain is warranted.
Reproducibility of interictal spike propagation in children with refractory epilepsy
Authors: Tomlinson Samuel B. , Wong Jeremy N. , Conrad Erin C. , Kennedy Benjamin C. , Marsh Eric D. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryObjectiveInterictal spikes are a characteristic feature of invasive electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in children with refractory epilepsy. Spikes frequently co‐occur across multiple brain regions with discernable latencies, suggesting that spikes can propagate through distributed neural networks. The purpose of this study was to examine the long‐term reproducibility of spike propagation patterns over hours to days of interictal recording.MethodsTwelve children (mean age 13.1 years) were retrospectively studied. A mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 47.2 ± 40.1 hours of interictal EEG recordings were examined per patient (range 17.5‐166.5 hours). Interictal recordings were divided into 30‐minute segments. Networks were extracted based on the frequency of spike coactivation between pairs of electrodes. For each 30‐minute segment, electrodes were assigned a “Degree Preference (DP)” based on the tendency to appear upstream or downstream within propagation sequences. The consistency of DPs across segments (“DP‐Stability”) was quantified using the Spearman rank correlation.ResultsRegions exhibited highly stable preferences to appear upstream, intermediate, or downstream in spike propagation sequences. Across networks, the mean ± SD DP‐Stability was 0.88 ± 0.07, indicating that propagation patterns observed in 30‐minute segments were representative of the patterns observed in the full interictal window. At the group level, regions involved in seizure generation appeared more upstream in spike propagation sequences.SignificanceInterictal spike propagation is a highly reproducible output of epileptic networks. These findings shed new light on the spatiotemporal dynamics that may constrain the network mechanisms of refractory epilepsy.
Sudden change in long‐term ocean climate fluctuations corresponds with ecosystem alterations and reduced recruitment in Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae)
Authors: Toresen Reidar , Skjoldal Hein Rune , Vikebø Frode , Martinussen Monica Bente 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFish stocks vary in abundance. The causes behind the fluctuations may be difficult to determine, especially ones caused by natural fluctuations, but long‐term data series may provide indications of the mechanisms. Assessments show that the recruitment to the Norwegian spring‐spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) has remained low since 2004, a year which produced the last really rich year‐class. Long time‐series of estimated recruitment and mean winter temperature in the ocean showed a significant positive correlation for the period 1921–2004. Here, we show that this positive correlation did not continue from 2005 onwards as the winter temperature increased to high levels while herring recruitment decreased and has remained low. The density of zooplankton in the drift route of the herring larvae dropped significantly after 2004, and their centre of gravity shifted northwards. There may currently be heavy predation on the larvae by Atlanic mackerel (Scomber scombrus, Scombridae), and top‐down regulation is suggested to hamper successful recruitment. Our analysis indicates that the presence of food and overlap with high food concentrations are likely important regulators of survival in herring larvae. The findings may be important for future management and planning of fisheries of this stock because recruitment failure may continue if temperature remains high and food abundance remains low.
Asymmetric news responses of high‐frequency and non‐high‐frequency traders
Authors: Zhang S. Sarah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUsing NASDAQ trade and Reuters news data, I show that the response of aggressive non‐high‐frequency traders (nHFTs) to news is stronger than that of aggressive high‐frequency traders (HFTs). Classifying news into quantitative (“hard”) and less quantitative (“softer”) news, the trading response of aggressive nHFTs to softer news exceeds HFTs’ response. Positive news elicits greater return and nHFT responses than negative news during the 2008 financial crisis period. As this phenomenon persists even after excluding the 2008 short‐sale ban, the results support the hypothesis of nHFTs exhibiting stronger asymmetric responses during crisis periods.
The molecular biogeography of the Indo‐Pacific: Testing hypotheses with multispecies genetic patterns
Authors: Crandall Eric D. , Riginos Cynthia , Bird Chris E. , Liggins Libby , Treml Eric , Beger Maria , Barber Paul H. , Connolly Sean R. , Cowman Peter F. , DiBattista Joseph D. , Eble Jeff A. , Magnuson Sharon F. , Horne John B. , Kochzius Marc , Lessios Harilaos A. , Liu Shang Yin Vanson , Ludt William B. , Madduppa Hawis , Pandolfi John M. , Toonen Robert J. ,   Contributing Members of the Diversity of the Indo‐Pacific Network, Gaither Michelle R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo test hypothesized biogeographic partitions of the tropical Indo‐Pacific Ocean with phylogeographic data from 56 taxa, and to evaluate the strength and nature of barriers emerging from this test.LocationThe Indo‐Pacific Ocean.Time periodPliocene through the Holocene.Major taxa studiedFifty‐six marine species.MethodsWe tested eight biogeographic hypotheses for partitioning of the Indo‐Pacific using a novel modification to analysis of molecular variance. Putative barriers to gene flow emerging from this analysis were evaluated for pairwise ΦST, and these ΦST distributions were compared to distributions from randomized datasets and simple coalescent simulations of vicariance arising from the Last Glacial Maximum. We then weighed the relative contribution of distance versus environmental or geographic barriers to pairwise ΦST with a distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA).ResultsWe observed a diversity of outcomes, although the majority of species fit a few broad biogeographic regions. Repeated coalescent simulation of a simple vicariance model yielded a wide distribution of pairwise ΦST that was very similar to empirical distributions observed across five putative barriers to gene flow. Three of these barriers had median ΦST that were significantly larger than random expectation. Only 21 of 52 species analysed with dbRDA rejected the null model. Among these, 15 had overwater distance as a significant predictor of pairwise ΦST, while 11 were significant for geographic or environmental barriers other than distance.Main conclusionsAlthough there is support for three previously described barriers, phylogeographic discordance in the Indo‐Pacific Ocean indicates incongruity between processes shaping the distributions of diversity at the species and population levels. Among the many possible causes of this incongruity, genetic drift provides the most compelling explanation: given massive effective population sizes of Indo‐Pacific species, even hard vicariance for tens of thousands of years can yield ΦST values that range from 0 to nearly 0.5.
PGT: Visualizing temporal and spatial biogeographic patterns
Authors: Xia Xuhua 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimA geophylogeny, generated by mapping a phylogeny onto geographic regions, graphically summarizes large‐scale genetic variation over space and time, and is consequently crucial for conceptual understanding and visualization of global biogeographic patterns. The rapidly expanding DNA barcoding data with geographic coordinates associated with each specimen have dramatically increased the number of global phylogeographic studies that would benefit from software generating geophylogenies. A number of software programs have been developed, some with advanced features, but they either require additional software or are lacking in quality, especially in geographic resolution.InnovationPGT (Phylogeographic Tree), freely available at http://dambe.bio.uottawa.ca/PGT/PGT.aspx, combines the highest map quality and user‐friendliness. It accesses Microsoft Bing Maps and Google Maps seamlessly and generates geophylogenies on high‐resolution regular or terrain maps. Only a few mouse clicks are needed from PGT installation to the generation of high‐resolution geophylogenies, making PGT perfect for both teaching and research in global ecology and biogeography. The input tree can be in NEXUS or Newick format, and the geographic data with latitude and longitude values can be in tab‐delimited or comma‐delimited format such as those exported from spreadsheet programs. A Quick‐Start guide is included in the built‐in help system.Main conclusionsPGT is simpler, more elegant, and of much higher quality than alternatives for plotting phylogenetic trees over geographic regions for visualizing distribution of biodiversity over space and time.
Retirement migration and transnational grandparental support: a Spanish case study
Authors: REPETTI MARION , CALASANTI TONI 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeople who migrate in retirement often do so to join younger generations who have already migrated, and to help with grandchildren. But what about those retirees who migrate away from their families? Do they still provide grandparental support? To address this question, we examine retirement migrants who reside permanently in their new country, Spain. We find that they are aware of grandparental support expectations, and that their migration decision sometimes creates conflict with their offspring. At the same time, these retirement migrants reshape the meaning of grandparental support. Care considerations influence their destination and housing choices, and they continue to provide care. They feel that their familial relationships are now of a higher quality, despite the distance. At the same time, gender still emerges as a key dimension of grandparental support. The grandparenting of these retirement migrants challenges facile depictions of their motivations and of the equation of quantity and quality of contacts.
Parenteral drug use as the main barrier to hepatitis C treatment uptake in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Rivero‐Juarez A , Tellez F , Castaño‐Carracedo M , Merino D , Espinosa N , Santos J , Macias J , Paniagua‐García M , Zapata‐Lopez A , Collado A , Gómez‐Vidal MA , Perez‐Stachowski J , Muñoz‐Medina L , Fernandez‐Fuertes E , Rivero A ,   the Grupo de estudio de Hepatitis virales (HEPAVIR) of the Sociedad Andaluza de Enfermedades Infecciosas (SAEI)
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesOur objective was to identify patient factors associated with being untreated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in HIV‐coinfected patients.MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was carried out. HIV‐infected patients with active chronic HCV infection included in the HERACLES cohort (NCT02511496) constituted the study population. The main study outcome was receipt of HCV direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) treatment from 1 May 2015 to 1 May 2017. The population was divided into patients who were receiving HCV treatment during follow‐up and those who were not.ResultsOf the 15 556 HIV‐infected patients in care, 3075 (19.7%) presented with chronic HCV infection and constituted the study population. At the end of the follow‐up, 1957 patients initiated HCV therapy (63.6%). Age < 50 years, absence of or minimal liver fibrosis, being treatment‐naïve, HCV genotype 3 infection, being in the category of people who inject drugs using opioid substitutive therapy (OST‐PWID), and being in the category of recent PWID were identified as significant independent risk factors associated with low odds of DAA implementation. When a multivariate analysis was performed including only the PWID population, both OST‐PWID [odds ratio (OR) 0.552; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.409–0.746) and recent PWID (OR 0.019; 95% CI 0.004–0.087) were identified as independent factors associated with low odds of treatment implementation.ConclusionsWe identified factors, which did not include prioritization of a DAA uptake strategy, that limited access to HCV therapy. The low treatment uptake in several populations seriously jeopardizes the elimination of HCV infection in the coming years.
A bibliometric study of the top 100 most‐cited randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses published in endodontic journals
Authors: Ahmad P. , Dummer P. M. H. , Chaudhry A. , Rashid U. , Saif S. , Asif J. A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo identify and analyse the main features of the top 100 most‐cited randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses published in endodontic journals from 1961 to 2018.MethodologyThe Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science ‘All Databases’ was used to search and analyse the 100 most frequently cited randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses having ‘randomized’, ‘randomised’, ‘randomized controlled’, ‘randomised controlled’, ‘randomized controlled trial’, ‘randomized controlled trials’, ‘clinical trial’, ‘systematic’, ‘systematic review’, ‘meta‐analysis’, and ‘meta‐analyses’ in the title section. The ‘International Endodontic Journal’, ‘Journal of Endodontics’, ‘Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology and Endodontology’, ‘Australian Endodontic Journal’, ‘Endodontics & Dental Traumatology’, ‘Endo‐Endodontic Practice Today’ and ‘European Endodontic Journal’ were included in the publication name section. After ranking the articles in a descending order based on their citation counts, each article was cross‐matched with the citation counts in Elsevier's Scopus and Google Scholar. The articles were analysed, and information on citation counts, citation density, year of publication, contributing authors, institutions and countries, journal of publication, study design, topic of the article and keywords was extracted.ResultsThe citation counts of the 100 most‐cited articles varied from 235 to 20 (Web of Science), 276 to 17 (Scopus) and 696 to 1 (Google Scholar). The year in which the top 100 articles were published was 2010 (n = 13). Among 373 authors, the greatest number of articles was associated with three individuals namely Reader A (n = 5), Beck M (n = 5) and Kvist T (n = 5). Most of the articles originated from the United States (n = 24) with the greatest contribution from Ohio State University (USA) (n = 5). Randomized controlled trials were the most frequent study design (n = 45) followed by systematic reviews (n = 30) with outcome studies of root canal treatment being the major topic (n = 35). The Journal of Endodontics published the largest number of included articles (n = 70) followed by the International Endodontic Journal (n = 27). Among 259 unique keywords, meta‐analysis (n = 23) and systematic review (n = 23) were the most frequently used.ConclusionThis study has revealed that year of publication had no obvious impact on citation count. The bibliometric analysis highlighted the quantity and quality of research, and the evolution of scientific advancements made in the field of Endodontology over time. Articles before 1996, that is prior to the CONSORT statement that encouraged authors to include specific terms in the title and keywords, may not have been included in this electronic search.
Office‐based dermatologic diagnostic procedure utilization in the United States Medicare population from 2000‐2016
Authors: Guzman Anthony K. , Kaffenberger Benjamin H. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundPotassium hydroxide preparations (KOH) and tissue examinations for ova and parasites (O&P) are cost‐effective office‐based tests. No studies have quantified their utilization and economic impact.MethodsThe objective is to determine the billing patterns and costs of office‐based diagnostic procedures in the Medicare population. We conducted a cross sectional study using the Part B National Summary Data File (2000–2016) and the Physician and Other Supplier Public Use File (2012–2015) released by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.ResultsIn 2016, the total number of claims among all providers was 28,432 (KOH) and 52,182 (O&P), representing a decrease since 2000 (KOH, −41.8%; O&P, −43.4%). The total claims for in‐office procedures by dermatologists per 10,000 beneficiaries decreased between 2012 and 2015 (KOH, −18.8%; O&P, −26.6%). Fewer dermatologists submitted claims for the tests (KOH, −11.3%; O&P, −16.6%). The total single (SB) and multiple (MB) biopsy claims by dermatologists per 10,000 beneficiaries decreased between 2012 and 2015 (SB, −1.8%; MB, −2.7%). The 2016 aggregate payments (% change since 2000) for KOH and O&P were $163,127.75 (−60.4%) and $299,074.18 (−61.6%), respectively; for SB and MB, they were $240,047,487.98 (+142.3%) and $38,214,117.22 (+79.2%), respectively.ConclusionFewer dermatologists submit claims for KOH and O&P each year. Future studies should evaluate whether this is due to a loss of cost‐efficacy, and secondly, if it is related to decreased reimbursement, burdensome in‐office laboratory regulations, or changing provider preferences.