bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing satellite‐derived soil moisture and its relationship with rainfall over India
Authors: Vezhapparambu Sajith , Madhusoodanan M. S. , Sharma T. B. Vrinda , Ramesh Maneesha Vinodini 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture is important since the feedback between soil moisture and precipitation is a key control of the climate. This is also important as soil moisture data is a key input in regional climate models. The inter‐annual and inter‐decadal variability of soil moisture has been investigated here using the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative active and passive combined soil moisture product over different climate regimes of India. The observed soil moisture and rainfall are positively correlated and their relationship in this study suggests that both positive and negative feedback occur. The analysis showed an increasing soil moisture trend with a significant increase in the monsoon and autumn seasons for the past two decades over central India, where the frequency of extreme precipitation increased in the same period. An overall increase in soil moisture over the western arid region is also significant. A decreasing trend in soil moisture prevailed throughout the monsoon season over eastern India, where monsoon depressions make landfall, signalling the recent climate trends over the Indian subcontinent.
Robotically Simulated Pivot Shift That Represents the Clinical Exam
Authors: Colbrunn Robb W. , Dumpe Jarrod E. , Nagle Tara F. , Kolmodin Joel D. , Barsoum Wael K. , Saluan Paul M. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTA thorough understanding of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) function and the effects of surgical interventions on knee biomechanics requires robust technologies and simulation paradigms that align with clinical insight. In vitro orthopedic biomechanical testing for the elucidation of ACL integrity doesn't have an established testing paradigm to simulate the clinical pivot shift exam on cadaveric specimens. The study aim was to develop a robotically simulated pivot shift that represents the clinical exam. An orthopedic surgeon performed a pivot shift on an instrumented ACL‐deficient cadaver leg to capture 6 degree‐of‐freedom motion/loads. The same knee was mounted to the robot and the sensitivity of the motion/loading profiles quantified. Three loading profile candidates that generated positive pivot shifts on the instrumented knee were selected and applied to 7 ACL‐intact/deficient specimens and resulted in the identification of a profile that was able to induce a positive pivot shift in all ACL‐deficient specimens (
p < 0.001). The simulated shifts began at 22 ± 8° and ended at 33 ± 6° of flexion with the average magnitude of the shifts being 12.8 ± 3.2 mm in anterior tibial translation and 17.6 ± 4.3° in external tibial rotation. The establishment and replication of a robotically simulated clinical pivot shift across multiple specimens show the robustness of the loading profile to accommodate anatomical and experimental variability. Further evaluation and refinement should be undertaken to create a useful tool in evaluating ACL function and reconstruction techniques. Statement of clinical significance: Creation and successful demonstration of the simulated clinical pivot shift validates a profile for robotic musculoskeletal simulators to analyze ACL related clinical questions. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2601–2608, 2019
Size‐controlled graphene‐based materials prepared by annealing of pitch‐based cokes: G band phonon line broadening effects due to high pressure, crystallite size, and merging with D′ band
Authors: Pillet G. , Sapelkin A. , Bacsa W. , Monthioux M. , Puech P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe influence of high pressure in the range of 0–15 GPa on the linewidth and the position of the Raman G band is investigated for graphene‐based materials with controlled crystallite sizes, La, obtained from pitch‐based cokes by increasing annealing temperature. It is observed that the linewidth of the G band increases significantly above the critical pressure, Pc ≈ 10 GPa, for all samples, whereas at atmospheric pressure, the linewidth neither depends on variation in the measurement temperature (<400 K) nor on excitation wavelengths. The crystallite size (varied using different annealing temperatures) is found not to influence the critical pressure associated with the modification of carbon hybridization. At the same time, the G band linewidth increases significantly for smaller crystallite sizes depending on the annealing temperature at atmospheric pressure due to the merging of the D′ and G phonon bands. This merging of the bands can be explained by a single phonon involved in two physical Raman processes, which cannot be discriminated.
Synthesis of ionic liquids with multifunctional tribological properties as excellent single‐component package additives for turbine oils
Authors: Keshavarz Shahriyar , Naimi‐Jamal Mohammad R. , Izadmanesh Yahya , Dekamin Mohammad G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree benzotriazole‐bearing imidoazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) have been synthesized. The ILs were identified by 1HNMR and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that they are highly nonvolatile and have extremely high flash points. The synthesized ILs were used in turbine oil formulation, and their lubrication properties were critically examined and compared to commercially available package additives. The tribological tests proved that the ILs act as an effective antifriction, antiwear (AW), and extreme pressure (EP) additives. Performance studies indicated that the synthesized ILs impart excellent antioxidation and corrosion protection to the lubricant with minimum acidity change. The elemental analysis proved absence of toxic and dangerous elements in the lubricant, a confirmation that the ILs are potential environmentally friendly lubricants. The results also confirmed that the synthesized ILs are ideal single‐component package additives in the lubricant industry, i.e., one molecule imparts several favorable functionalities to the lubricant..
Effect of welding speed on microstructure and corrosion resistance of Al–Li alloy weld joint
Authors: Yang Mei , Lu Jingxiang , Chen Jing , Li Yang , Liu Yang , Yang Honglang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe corrosion resistance of a weld has a great impact on the service life of the joint. Changes in welding parameters can cause changes to the heat input, which affect the formation of the weld bead and the precipitation of the second phase, which determines the corrosion resistance of the weld. In this paper, the effect of a change in the welding speed on 2195 aluminium–lithium (Al–Li) alloy joints welded by laser and metal inert gas (laser‐MIG) hybrid welding using Al–Si welding wire was studied. The macrostructure and microstructure of the weld were characterized by optical microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the predominant precipitates in the laser‐MIG hybrid welded Al–Li alloy were the θ (Al2Cu) and T (Al–Li–Si) phases. As the welding speed increased from 11.5 mm/s to 16.5 mm/s, the heat input decreased, and the amount of the precipitated phase increased. Intergranular corrosion and electrochemical experiments were carried out on the weld seam, and the corrosion resistance was tested. With increasing welding speed, the corrosion resistance of the weld decreased. The high potential of the precipitated phase decreased the corrosion resistance of the weld joint.
Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles in 2D and 3D: Recent Advances and Future Trends
Authors: Ghosh Sujit Kumar , Böker Alexander 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor more than a century, it has been known that emulsions consisting of two immiscible liquids can be rendered from coalescence by means of solid particles, coined as Pickering emulsions. Based on this discovery, novel materials as a result of the formation of 2D and 3D assemblies of nanostructures at liquid–liquid interfaces have been synthesized. These materials have received considerable attention due to several unique attributes of the nanoscale materials within these assemblies and their utilization in a wide arena of niche applications. With the progressive advent of the synthetic strategies of the nanostructures, these assemblies can be engendered to create membranes and capsules with high mechanical strength and desirable porosity and even can be made stimuli‐responsive. The nanostructures, ranging from inorganic particles to proteins to polymeric architectures, possess their stabilizing effects due to excess attachment energies and lead to the maneuvering of exciting structural design, such as colloidosomes and yeastosomes. The ability of the different kind of particles at the nanoscale dimension to self‐assemble at the liquid–liquid interface into ordered superstructures has substantial potential toward the design of exotic electronic, catalytic, optical, magnetic, and biomimetic materials.
Block and Graft Copolymers Made of 16‐Membered Macrolactones and l‐Alanine: A Comparative Study
Authors: Tinajero‐Díaz Ernesto , Martínez de Ilarduya Antxon , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBlock and graft poly(macrolactone)‐poly(α‐amino acid) copolymers made of l‐alanine and pentadecalactone or globalide respectively, are prepared. A sequential ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) copolymerization route consisting of two stages, the first devoted to the preparation of the amino‐functionalized poly(macrolactone) and the second to the amino‐initiated polymerization of l‐alanine N‐carboxyanhydride (Ala‐NCA), is followed for the synthesis of both types of copolymers. Poly(l‐alanine) segment lengths are accurately controlled by adjusting the macroitiator/Ala‐NCA ratio used for reaction in the second stage. Block copolymers are semicrystalline with the poly(pentadecalactone) block crystallizes well in a separate phase and the poly(α‐amino acid) block arranged in either the α‐helical or β‐sheet structure in a ratio that is depending on composition and temperature. Graft copolymers are amorphous but with the poly(α‐amino acid) side chains arranged in a more or less regular conformation. Nanoparticles with a diameter of around 300 nm and moderate positive Z‐potential can be obtained from the block copolymers by self‐assembling in water whereas graft copolymers are unable to render recognizable objects of nanometer‐dimension under similar conditions.
ICAR ATRP Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly Using a Mixture of Macroinitiator/Stabilizer with Different Molecular Weights
Authors: Cao Mengya , Zhang Yixiang , Wang Jian , Fan Xiaoshan , Wang Guowei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe poly[oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate]s, POEOMA24 and POEOMA78 with average degree of polymerization (DP) of 24 and 78, respectively, are separately achieved by initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of OEOMA300 monomer. The mixtures of [POEOMA24]0/[POEOMA78]0 = 1/1, 2/1, or 4/1 are employed as macroinitiator/stabilizer to practice the ICAR ATRP polymerization‐induced self‐assembly (PISA) of benzyl methacrylate (BnMA) at 65 °C. When the obtained dispersions are sequentially cooled to room temperature, diluted into ethanol, and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement, the cases of [POEOMA24]0/[POEOMA78]0 = 1/1 or 2/1 and target DPPBn
MA = 100 or 200 lead to nanoparticles with irregular sizes, while the cases of [POEOMA24]0/[POEOMA78]0 = 4/1 and target DPPBn
MA = 300 give the regular ones. When the obtained dispersions at a high temperature (65 °C) are directly diluted into room temperature ethanol and observed by TEM, nanoparticles with light contrast but clear contour can be observed. The results show that the higher content of POEOMA78 tends to improve the solubility of diblock copolymer and thus leads to insufficient stabilization of the nanoparticles. The morphological difference from the room‐temperature and 65 °C dispersions help elucidate the intrinsic character of the PISA system.
Thermally Induced Reversible Self‐Assembly of Apoferritin–Block Copolymer Complexes
Authors: Korpi Antti , Skumial Piotr , Kostiainen Mauri A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProtein cages are interesting building blocks for functional supramolecular assemblies. A multi‐responsive system composed of apoferritin and thermo‐responsive block copolymers complexed through electrostatic interactions is described here. The polymers are linear chains with cationic and thermo‐responsive blocks, and both diblock and triblock copolymers are studied. The apoferritin can be reversibly assembled and disassembled in aqueous solutions by altering the temperature and electrolyte concentration of the solutions. The control over the conditions is straightforward and all the components can be recovered, offering a potential alternative for systems requiring chemical or genetic modification of proteins.
Dual‐band reconfigurable coding metasurfaces hybridized with vanadium dioxide for wavefront manipulation at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Wang Hongjun , Deng Li , Zhang Chen , Qu Meijun , Wang Ling , Li Shufang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this article, we propose a frequency reconfigurable reflective coding metasurface hybridized with vanadium dioxide (VO2) meta‐atoms for wavefront manipulation at terahertz (THz) frequencies using the Pancharatnam‐Berry (PB) phase principle. At room temperature, the meta‐atoms can achieve a nearly constant 180° reflection phase difference illuminated by linearly x‐ and y‐polarized waves while maintaining almost consistent reflection amplitude within 3.76 to 3.84 THz, corresponding to the conductivity of . Once the temperature is increased and VO2 is in a fully metallic state with the conductivity of , the meta‐atoms operate at 1.18 to 1.47 THz. Flexible controls of scattering patterns of the PB coding metasurface can be realized utilizing the meta‐atoms. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the designed VO2‐based metasurface can generate multibeams as expected. This work opens a pathway in designing frequency reconfigurable coding metasurface to generate multibeams in THz, which holds great potential in new concept antennas for future wireless communication systems.
A compact planar antenna with extended patch and truncated ground plane for ultra wide band application
Authors: Baudha Sudeep , Basak Amartya , Manocha Mayank , Yadav Manish V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this article, a compact broadband planar monopole microstrip patch antenna with extended patch and a truncated ground plane is proposed for ultra‐wideband application. The optimal dimensions of the proposed antenna are 20 × 20 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate that is a low‐cost commercially available substrate with εr = 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025. The impedance bandwidth (defined by the magnitude of S11 less than −10 dB) of the proposed antenna is 127% (3.13‐14.07 GHz). The peak gain and radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna are 3.4 dB and 78%, respectively. The proposed antenna exhibits a stable radiation pattern at the operating band. The simulated results of the proposed antenna are observed to be in agreement with the measured results when fabricated. The proposed antenna supports various frequency bands such as ultra‐wideband, 3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands, 5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands, X Band (8‐12 GHz), satellite communication, and other wireless communication services. The proposed design and its various results have been discussed in further detail.
Simple method for computing scattered radiation in breast tomosynthesis
Authors: Diaz Oliver , Elangovan Premkumar , Young Kenneth C. , Wells Kevin , Dance David R. 
Published: August 2019

PurposeVirtual clinical trials (VCT) are a powerful imaging tool that can be used to investigate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) technology. In this work, a fast and simple method is proposed to estimate the two‐dimensional distribution of scattered radiation which is needed when simulating DBT geometries in VCTs.MethodsMonte Carlo simulations are used to precalculate scatter‐to‐primary ratio (SPR) for a range of low‐resolution homogeneous phantoms. The resulting values can be used to estimate the two‐dimensional (2D) distribution of scattered radiation arising from inhomogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms used in VCTs. The method has been validated by comparing the values of the scatter thus obtained against the results of direct Monte Carlo simulation for three different types of inhomogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms.ResultsDifferences between the proposed scatter field estimation method and the ground truth data for the OPTIMAM phantom had an average modulus and standard deviation of over the projected breast area of 2.4 ± 0.9% (minimum −17.0%, maximum 27.7%). The corresponding values for the University of Pennsylvania and Duke University breast phantoms were 1.8 ± 0.1% (minimum −8.7%, maximum 8.0%) and 5.1 ± 0.1% (minimum −16.2%, maximum 7.4%), respectively.ConclusionsThe proposed method, which has been validated using three of the most common breast models, is a useful tool for accurately estimating scattered radiation in VCT schemes used to study current designs of DBT system.
Using Side-Scan Sonar and N-Mixture Modeling to Estimate Atlantic Sturgeon Spawning Migration Abundance
Authors: Vine Joshua R. , Kanno Yoichiro , Holbrook S. Chad , Post William C. , Peoples Brandon K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Understanding the relationship between number of spawners and recruitment is essential for managing fish populations. Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus (ATS) are endangered anadromous fish inhabiting the rivers, estuaries, and marine environments along the Atlantic coast of North America. Atlantic Sturgeon are periodic life history strategists that exhibit both spring and fall spawning migrations. Traditional capture–mark–recapture techniques can be used to estimate spawning run abundance but are resource intensive and potentially stressful on migrating individuals. Noninvasive methods, such as side-scan sonar, can be a less stressful alternative to estimating abundance. We sampled the uppermost portion of the Savannah River, USA, over 50 occasions from August to November 2017 using side-scan sonar. Bayesian N-mixture modeling was used to estimate spawner abundance and covariate effects based on spatially and temporally replicated count data obtained from sonar recordings. We detected at least one ATS on each sampling occasion and estimated a maximum daily spawner abundance between 35 and 55 individuals (95% credible interval) within the sampled area during the 2017 fall spawning season. Maximum discharge significantly affected ATS detection, and site average maximum depth significantly affected ATS abundance. Our results suggest that side-scan sonar can be used as an alternative to traditional mark–recapture techniques for spawner abundance estimation. Routine sampling by using our methods will efficiently produce spawning run estimates and provide insight regarding the effects of environmental covariates on spawner abundance seasonally.
Optimizing acquisition and fitting conditions for 1H MR spectroscopy investigations in global brain pathology
Authors: Hoefemann Maike , Adalid Victor , Kreis Roland 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeTo optimize acquisition and fitting conditions for nonfocal disease in terms of voxel size and use of individual coil element data. Increasing the voxel size yields a higher signal‐to‐noise ratio, but leads to larger linewidths and more artifacts. Several ways to improve the spectral quality for large voxels are exploited and the optimal use of individual coil signals investigated.MethodsTen human subjects were measured at 3 T using a 64‐channel receive head coil with a semi‐LASER localization sequence under optimized and deliberately mis‐set field homogeneity. Eight different voxel sizes (8 to 99 cm3) were probed. Spectra were fitted either as weighted sums of the individual coil elements or simultaneously without summation. Eighteen metabolites were included in the fit model that also included the lineshapes from all coil elements as reflected in water reference data. Fitting errors for creatine, myo‐Inositol and glutamate are reported as representative parameters to judge optimal acquisition and evaluation conditions.ResultsMinimal Cramér‐Rao lower bounds and thus optimal acquisition conditions were found for a voxel size of ~ 70 cm3 for the representative upfield metabolites. Spectral quality in terms of lineshape and artifact appearance was determined to differ substantially between coil elements. Simultaneous fitting of spectra from individual coil elements instead of traditional fitting of a weighted sum spectrum reduced Cramer‐Rao lower bounds by up to 17% for large voxel sizes.ConclusionThe optimal voxel size for best precision in determined metabolite content is surprisingly large. Such an acquisition condition is most relevant for detection of low‐concentration metabolites, like NAD+ or phenylalanine, but also for longitudinal studies where very small alterations in metabolite content are targeted. In addition, simultaneous fitting of single channel spectra enforcing lineshape and coil sensitivity information proved to be superior to traditional signal combination with subsequent fitting.
Food management of early introduced caprine and bovine herds in the early Neolithic site of La Draga (Banyoles): An isotopic approach
Authors: Navarrete Vanessa , Tornero Carlos , Balasse Marie , Saña Maria 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe arrival of early farmers and their livestock in the western Mediterranean during the early Neolithic marked a new way of life for the north‐east Iberian Peninsula. Given the permanence of the introduced economic strategies, which are still practiced today, and their apparently momentous outcome, this process has generally been explained as a success. The introduction of livestock must have played a fundamental role, but we know little about how these newly arrived domestic animals were managed. In this sense, the management of food habits of domestic animals could be a key factor to understand the success of different herding systems during the introduction and adaptation of domesticates in the Iberian Peninsula. Sequential analyses of δ13C and δ18O values in tooth enamel crowns are here used to provide detailed information about dietary inputs of early caprine and bovine herds introduced into the Iberian Peninsula. Our study was carried out at La Draga (5314–5209 cal BC), a site on the eastern side of Lake Banyoles (Girona, NE Iberian Peninsula). Data show that caprine and bovine herds were fed with variable foddering strategies. Sheep reflect feeding in the swamps or on forest resources with reduced seasonal dietary changes. Goat and cattle herds display food habits that could involve foddering on stored agricultural by‐products during specific season times, probably linked to reproductive and productive strategies. This information helps to reconstruct how these early Neolithic communities found the way to success in the new territories of the western Mediterranean.