bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical etching of Sb2Se3 solar cells: surface chemistry and back contact behaviour
Authors: Shiel Huw , Hutter Oliver S , Phillips Laurie J , Turkestani Mohammed Al , Dhanak Vin R , Veal Tim D , Durose Ken , Major Jonathan D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of (NH4)2S and CS2 chemical etches on surface chemistry and contacting in Sb2Se3 solar cells was investigated via a combination of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and photovoltaic device analysis. Thin film solar cells were produced in superstrate configuration with an absorber layer deposited by close space sublimation. Devices of up to 5.7% efficiency were compared via current–voltage measurements (J–V) and temperature-dependent current–voltage (J–V–T) analysis. XPS analysis demonstrated that both etching processes were successful in removing Sb2O3 contamination, while there was no decrease in free elemental selenium content by either etch, in contrast to prior work. Using J–V–T analysis the removal of Sb2O3 at the back surface in etched samples was found to improve contacting by reducing the potential barrier at the back contact from 0.43 eV to 0.26 eV and lowering the series resistance. However, J–V data showed that due to the decrease in shunt resistance and short-circuit current as a result of etching, the devices show a lower efficiency following both etches, despite a lowering of the series resistance. Further optimisation of the etching process yielded an improved efficiency of 6.6%. This work elucidates the role of surface treatments in Sb2Se3 devices and resolves inconsistencies in previously published works.
Variation in chick-a-dee call sequences, not in the fine structure of chick-a-dee calls, influences mobbing behaviour in mixed-species flocks
Authors: Landsborough Blaine , Wilson David R , Mennill Daniel J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhen animals vocalize under the threat of predation, variation in the structure of calls can play a vital role in survival. The chick-a-dee calls of chickadees and titmice provide a model system for studying communication in such contexts. In previous studies, birds’ responses to chick-a-dee calls covaried with call structure, but also with unmeasured and correlated parameters of the calling sequence, including duty cycle (the proportion of the calling sequence when a signal was present). In this study, we exposed flocks of Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and heterospecific birds to playback of chick-a-dee calls and taxidermic models of predators. We quantified birds’ responses to variation in number of D notes and duty cycle of the signalling sequence. Chickadees and heterospecific birds responded more intensely to high-duty-cycle treatments, and equally to treatments where duty cycle was held constant and the number of D notes varied. Although our study does not disentangle the effects of call rate and duty cycle, it is the first to investigate independently the behavioural responses of birds to variation in structural and sequence-level parameters of the chick-a-dee call during a predator confrontation. Critically, our results confirm that the pattern previously observed in a feeding context holds true in a mobbing context: variation in calling sequences, not in call structure, is the salient acoustic feature of chick-a-dee calls. These results call into question the idea that chick-a-dee call structure carries allometric information about predator size, suggesting instead that sequence-level parameters play a central role in communication in a mobbing context.
Ovarian cholesterol efflux: ATP-binding cassette transporters and follicular fluid HDL regulate cholesterol content in mouse oocytes†
Authors: Quiroz Alonso , Molina Paz , Santander Nicolás , Gallardo Daniel , Rigotti Attilio , Busso Dolores 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High density lipoproteins (HDL) take up cholesterol from peripheral tissues via ABC transporters and deliver it to the liver via scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-B1). HDL are the main lipoproteins present in follicular fluid (FF). They are thought to derive from plasma, but their origin is still controversial. SR-B1 knock-out (KO) mice have provided important evidence linking HDL metabolism and female fertility. These mice have cholesterol-rich circulating HDL and female infertility that can be restored by treating mice with the cholesterol-lowering drug probucol. Ovulated oocytes from SR-B1 KO females are dysfunctional and show excess cholesterol. The mechanisms explaining the contribution of FF HDL to oocyte cholesterol homeostasis are unknown. Here, using quantitation of filipin fluorescence we show that in SR-B1 KO ovaries, cholesterol excess is first observed in immature oocytes in antral follicles. By performing cross-transplant experiments between WT and apolipoprotein A-I deficient (ApoA-I KO) mice, which lack the main protein component of HDL, we provide evidence supporting the plasmatic origin of FF HDL. Also, we demonstrate that probucol treatment in SR-B1 KO females results in lowering of cholesterol content in their oocytes. Incubation of oocytes from SR-B1 KO mice with purified WT HDL reduces their cholesterol content, suggesting that HDL promote efflux of excess cholesterol from oocytes. In agreement with this hypothesis, we identified ABC transporters in oocytes and observed that ABCA1 KO oocytes have excess cholesterol and lower viability than WT oocytes.
Percutaneous coronary intervention to left anterior descending artery/right coronary artery bifurcation: this is not a typo! A case report
Authors: Khan Usman Azhar , Sharma Divyesh , McGlinchey Paul , Peace Aaron 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAnomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) is a rare congenital anomaly. A single coronary artery arising from the left sinus of Valsalva, with the RCA originating from the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is extremely rare. We report the case of an anomalous origin of the RCA from the mid LAD with a significant bifurcation lesion, in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome, endangering both the RCA and LAD territories.Case summaryAn 85-year-old female presented with a non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Transradial coronary angiography revealed an anomalous origin of the RCA arising from the mid LAD beyond a large first septal perforator. There was significant stenosis involving anomalous RCA/LAD bifurcation classified as Medina 1, 1, 1. Following discussion at heart team meeting, she underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention. The LAD/RCA bifurcation was treated using a two-stent culotte technique without any complications. Computed tomography coronary angiogram was performed which confirmed a benign course of the anomalous RCA anterior to aorta and pulmonary artery.DiscussionThis anomaly poses a significant challenge in revascularization due to the large area of myocardium subtended by the LAD and RCA and usually an acute angle of bifurcation. Moreover, CTCA can be useful to ascertain the course of anomalous RCA.
A case report of a giant hiatal hernia mimicking an ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Rubini Gimenez Maria , Gonzalez Jurka Leander , Zellweger Michael J , Haaf Philip 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) can be a life-threatening condition. However, identification of patients with ACS can be challenging, especially among women, and clinical presentation can often overlap with other medical entities.

Case summary
A 61-year-old woman with a history of stable bronchial asthma presented with worsening dyspnoea for spiroergometry. During bicycle exercise testing, she developed acute chest pain and her electrocardiogram showed significant ST-segment elevations. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin was elevated and a coronary angiography was performed showing normal coronary arteries. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed no signs of myocardial infarction, myocarditis or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy but the incidental finding of a giant hiatal hernia impeding the filling of the left atrium. The giant hernia was surgically corrected, and the patient’s exertional dyspnoea fully relieved during follow-up.

Discussion
Hiatal hernia might compress cardiac structures, cause exertional dyspnoea and mimic ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
Myocardial protection in the arterial switch operation: Custodiol versus cold blood cardioplegia
Authors: Pérez-Andreu Joaquín , Fernández-Doblas Joaquín , Sao Avilés Augusto , de la Torre García Teresa , Roses Noguer Ferrán , Abella Raúl F 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe optimal myocardial protective solution in the neonatal arterial switch operation remains controversial. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that Bretschneider’s histidine–tryptophan–ketoglutarate crystalloid solution (Custodiol) offers protection at least similar to that of cold blood cardioplegia.METHODSPatients who underwent the neonatal arterial switch operation with Custodiol between January 2016 and December 2018 (n = 23) were compared with an historical cohort from August 2010 to December 2015 in which cold blood cardioplegia was used (n = 41). A linear mixed-effect model for repeated measures was performed to test the recovery of myocardial function based on inotropic and vasoactive inotropic scores, cardiac enzyme release and left ventricular ejection fraction.RESULTSPatients in the cold blood cardioplegia group had higher inotropic scores in the first 24 h (0 h, P = 0.001 and 24 h, P = 0.006) and higher vasoactive inotropic scores in the first 72 h (0 h, 24 h and 48 h, P &lt; 0.001; 72 h, P = 0.012). Cardiac troponin-I concentrations were higher in the cold blood cardioplegia group at postoperative hours 1–72 (1 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h, P &lt; 0.001; 48 h, P = 0.001 and 72 h, P = 0.003). Creatinine-kinase-MB concentrations were higher in the cold blood cardioplegia group at postoperative hours 1–24 (1 h, 6 h and 12 h, P &lt; 0.001; 24 h, P = 0.042). The left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the Custodiol group just after the operation (P = 0.005), at 24 h (P = 0.001) and on the first day without inotropic support (P = 0.011).CONCLUSIONSNeonatal myocardium protected with Custodiol during the arterial switch operation presented optimal ventricular function recovery with less inotropic support and less myocardial damage compared with cold blood cardioplegia.
BEEF SPECIES-RUMINANT NUTRITION CACTUS BEEF SYMPOSIUM: A role for beef cattle in sustainable U.S. food production1
Authors: Gleason Claire B , White Robin R 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe increasing global population, limited resource availability, and global focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions put pressure on animal agriculture industries to critically evaluate and optimize the role they play in a sustainable food production system. The objective of this review is to summarize evidence of the various roles that the U.S. beef industry plays in the U.S. and global agricultural systems. As the world’s largest beef producer, the United States reaps considerable economic benefit from the beef industry through strong domestic and international demand, as well as employment opportunities for many Americans. Beef production contributes to GHG emissions, land use, and water use, among other critical environmental impacts but provides an important source of essential micronutrients for human consumption. The U.S. beef industry provides sufficient product to meet the protein, vitamin B12, omega-3 and -6 fatty acid requirements of 43, 137, 47, and 487 million people, respectively. In the United States, beef production was estimated to account for 53% of GHG emissions from U.S. animal agriculture and 25% of GHG emissions from all of U.S. agriculture. Footprinting studies suggest that much of the land use and water use associated with beef production are attributed to the development of feed crops or pastureland. On a global scale, beef from U.S. origin is exported to numerous developed and developing countries, representing an important international nutrient routing. Along with other prominent beef-producing nations, the United States continues to pursue a greater level of sustainability in its cattle industry, which will bear important implications for future global food security. Efforts to reduce the environmental impacts of beef production will likely be the strongest drivers of enhanced sustainability.
Prewar Domestic Conditions and Civilians in War
Authors: Bulutgil H Zeynep 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the past fifteen years, the study of civilians in war (i.e., violence against civilians as well as civilian strategies for survival during wars) has emerged as a research agenda separate from the study of the causes of wars. Up to now, this research agenda has largely been dominated by studies that emphasize the military balance of power or the nature of material resources available to the fighting parties. The books under review in this article push the literature on civilians in war significantly forward by focusing on prewar social, political, and institutional factors. Based on the findings of the books, this review essay identifies three such factors. First, the organizational skills that civilian leaders develop in the prewar period shape resistance against military actors during wars. Second, political party affiliation, revealed through prewar elections, influences the patterns of violence against civilians during wars. Finally, the dominant state ideology that precedes wars can impact both civilian victimization and the extent to which civilians can evade such violence. The article both assesses the books’ contributions and offers ways in which these contributions can be refined by future research.
Scope of the Problem
Authors: McAnally Heath B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This program and book are predicated on the relationship between chronic preoperative pain and worsened elective surgical outcomes. Preexisting chronic pain and associated factors (e.g., anxiety and pain catastrophizing, poor physical health maintenance, toxic substance use, etc.) predict poor outcomes including increased hospital length of stay and unplanned admissions/readmissions, chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) and disability, chronic postoperative opioid use and dependence, and even surgical complications and failures. The potential cost of nonoptimized preoperative chronic pain in the context of these various suboptimal outcome measures is staggering and may well run into the tens if not hundreds of billions of dollars.
How monetary policy changes bank liability structure and funding cost
Authors: Girotti Mattia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
US banks obtain most of their funding from a combination of low-interest deposits and high-interest deposits. Using local demographic variations as instruments for banks’ liability composition, I show that when monetary policy tightens, banks with a larger proportion of low-interest deposits on their balance sheet experience larger increases in their high-interest deposit rate and lend less. This happens because tight monetary policy reduces the supply of low-interest deposits to banks, and banks react by issuing more high-interest deposits. As it is increasingly expensive, that substitution is not complete, and leads to a reduction in lending.
Regression of Recurrent Spinal Cord High-Grade Glioma After Convection-Enhanced Delivery of Nimustine Hydrochloride: Case Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Endo Toshiki , Inoue Tomoo , Sugiyama Shinichiro , Saito Ryuta , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Spinal cord high-grade glioma has poor prognosis. Especially, no treatment protocols have been established for recurrent cases.

OBJECTIVE
To apply a novel treatment method, convection-enhanced delivery (CED), for recurrent high-grade glioma. CED can deliver chemotherapeutic agents directly into the intramedullary lesion and possibly lead to remarkable regression of enlarging tumors that are, otherwise, difficult to control.

METHODS
Two patients developed high-grade glioma in the thoracic spinal cord. Partial resection and chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced remission of the disease. However, following the initial treatment, recurrence was noted in the spinal cord at 6 and 12 mo, respectively. No effective treatment was available for these recurrent lesions. Therefore, the authors decided to use CED to infuse nimustine hydrochloride (ACNU) directly into the spinal cord. During the procedure, the infusion cannula was inserted into the spinal cord lesion under intraoperative computed tomography scan.

RESULTS
After ACNU CED, successive magnetic resonance imaging confirmed remarkable shrinkages of the tumors in both cases. However, the patient's preinfusion symptoms, including bilateral lower extremity weakness, did not change after the treatment. Importantly, overall survivals of the 2 patients were as long as 67 and 33 mo.

CONCLUSION
The authors report the first 2 cases of recurrent spinal cord high-grade glioma. ACNU CED dramatically regressed enhanced mass lesions and provided local tumor controls in the spinal cord.
Neutral iron line in the supernova remnant IC 443 and implications for MeV cosmic rays
Authors: Nobukawa Kumiko K , Hirayama Arisa , Shimaguchi Aika , Fujita Yutaka , Nobukawa Masayoshi , Yamauchi Shigeo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We report a discovery of bright blob-like enhancements of an Fe i K$\alpha$ line in the northwest and the middle of the supernova remnant (SNR) IC 443. The distribution of the line emission is associated with molecular clouds interacting with the shock front, and is totally different from that of the plasma. The Fe i K$\alpha$ line has a large equivalent width. The most plausible scenario for the origin of the line emission is that the MeV protons accelerated in the shell leak into the molecular clouds and ionized the Fe atoms therein. The observed Fe i K$\alpha$ line intensity is consistent with the prediction of a theoretical model in which MeV protons are accelerated along with GeV and TeV protons at the SNR.
The use of rapamycin to treat vascular tumours and malformations: A single-centre experience
Authors: Tole Soumitra , Fantauzzi Michelle , Cottingham Diana , Amaral Joao G , John Philip R , Lara-Corrales Irene , Pope Elena , Carcao Manuel D 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the safety and efficacy of rapamycin in treating children with vascular tumours and malformations.Study designWe performed a retrospective review at a large tertiary care paediatric centre to assess the efficacy and safety of using rapamycin to treat vascular tumours and malformations. Response to therapy was defined by patient-reported symptom improvement, radiological reduction in size of lesions, and/or improvement of laboratory parameters.ResultsForty-two patients (7 with vascular tumours and 35 with vascular malformations) have been treated with rapamycin. Despite 33 of 42 patients being diagnosed in the first year of life, the median age of initiating rapamycin was 11 years. Of the 38 children treated for a minimum of 4 months, 29 (76%) exhibited a clinical response. Twenty-one patients had follow-up imaging studies and of these, 16 (76%) had radiographic decrease in lesion size. Median time to demonstration of response was 49 days. All five children with vascular tumours and all three children with vascular malformations under the age of 4 years showed a clinical response. Response rate was lower for children ≥ 4 years of age (0/2, 0% for vascular tumours; 21/28, 75% for vascular malformations). No patient experienced an infection directly related to rapamycin or discontinued rapamycin due to toxicity.ConclusionsRapamycin is safe and efficacious in most children with select vascular tumours and malformations. Young children appear to respond better, suggesting that early initiation of rapamycin should be considered.
DETERMINATION OF ACTIVITY PROFILE OF 137CS IN CONCRETE CORE SAMPLES
Authors: Dolniak Jakub , Lištjak Martin , Slaninka Alojz , Nečas Vladimír 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Decommissioning of nuclear building structures usually leads to large amounts of low-level radioactive waste. Using a reliable method to determine the contamination depth, it is indispensable prior to the start of decontamination works and for minimising the radioactive waste volume and the total workload. This paper deals with the possibilities of determination of depth distribution of activity of 137Cs and depth of contamination. The method described in this paper is based on concrete core sampling and laboratory gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements.
“It Has a Way of Getting in Your Blood When You’re Basque”: Basque Sheepherders, Race, and Labor, 1880–1959
Authors: Aquino Mariel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite their small numbers, Basque sheepherders became prototypical figures in the history the American West, viewed as elusive, mysterious men hidden in high pastures tending their enormous herds for months at a time. Basques became so associated with herding that even when the Immigration Act of 1924 placed severe restrictions on the number of Spanish nationals who could immigrate, American herders lobbied for special legislation that would allow them to keep importing sheepherders from Spain. This article contends that this preference for Basque herders arose not from Basques’ particular expertise but from narratives of their ancient origins and racial distinctiveness. Both Basques and non-Basques developed constructions of Basqueness that emphasized the group’s non-“Latin” status, thus placing Basques in an advantageous position in the American ethnoracial hierarchy relative to other Southern European ethnic groups. These narratives allowed sheepherding to be racialized as a Basque profession and also underlined Basques’ European Indigeneity—an Indigeneity that was to some extent transferred to the American West.
Are We Witnessing a Paradigm Shift?: A Systematic Review of Social Media in Residency
Authors: Economides James M. , Choi Youna K. , Fan Kenneth L. , Kanuri Arjun P. , Song David H. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
As social media’s applications continue to evolve, the pitfalls and dangers associated with misuse have been accentuated in the literature. Consequently, academic institutions across the nation have implemented social media policies. This study is aimed to evaluate the state of social media literature examining postgraduate trainees (residents/fellows).

Methods:
A systematic search was performed identifying peer-reviewed publications presenting original research. Studies published through December 8, 2018, focusing on social media use among postgraduate trainees were considered for inclusion.

Results:
Fifty-three studies were categorized into 4 domains: (1) resident recruitment, (2) graduate medical education, (3) professional development, and (4) academic scholarship. Thirty-four (64.15%) investigated social media’s impact on professional development, of which 16 (47.05%) highlighted the detrimental potential on trainee professionalism. The remaining 18 (52.94%) focused on promoting social media training during residency, and/or enhancing social media competency to benefit professional development. Fourteen (26.42%) rationalized social media use in augmenting graduate medical education. Ten (18.87%) assessed social media’s influence on resident recruitment, of which 7 (70%) depicted use as a screening instrument for program directors on resident applicants. Two (3.77%) of the studies introduced social media as a platform for academic scholarship with indicators as altmetrics.

Conclusions:
The well-established disadvantages of social media use by the postgraduate trainee continue to persist in the literature. However, there is recognition of social media as a valuable resource in influencing resident recruitment, graduate medical education, professional development, and academic scholarship, representing a paradigm shift—from cautiously avoidant to thoughtful capitalization on its immense potential.