bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak Carbohydrate–Protein Interactions by
NMR
Authors: Nieto Pedro M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides several complementary tools to characterise and study biomolecular interactions between molecules. In particular, the fast and weak interactions between a small ligand and a large receptor can be analysed in the equilibrium state. In adequate conditions, it can characterise if a small molecule is interacting with a protein, if the conformation of the ligand changes upon binding, the regions of the ligand that are involved in the binding, and even the bound conformation within the complex. The process of association‐dissociation should be fast, and consequently, a single set of averaged signals carrying the information of both states detected. Typically, the protein is in lower proportion than the ligand and practically the signals from the ligand dominate the spectra. Besides, as the magnitudes used depend on the tumbling of the molecule (NOE, transfer of magnetisation or relaxation times) the average becomes very displaced towards the complex due to its larger correlation times.

Key Concepts

Fast equilibrium in the NMR time scale between the free and the bound ligand is needed.

Magnitudes depending on the molecular correlation time (dipolar coupling, saturation transference, relaxation times) are monitored.

Small amounts of complex thank the favourable molecular correlation time dominate the average of the corresponding magnitude.

The behaviour of the ligand complexed can be deduced from the observation of the free ligand signals.

In Transfer NOESY, dipolar transference within the bound ligand is observed.

In STD‐NMR transference between the ligand and the receptor, which is proportional to the closeness between ligand and receptor, is monitored.

In relaxation times analysis, differences between bound and free ligand are compared.

The WaterLOGSY experiment traces the magnetisation transfer between water – ligand and receptor.
Molecular Genetics of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Makewita Lara E , Strefford Jonathan C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a B‐cell malignancy and the most prevalent leukaemia in the Western world, most prevalent in elderly individuals. The disease exhibits vast clinical heterogeneity, ranging from a benign disease for many decades, to one requiring immediate treatment. With the application of modern genomic technologies, we now have a detailed view of the genomic architecture of the CLL genome. This includes a detailed catalogue of the genes targeted by copy number changes and mutations in the disease, as well as their clinical impact. In addition, we have an expanding understanding of the epigenetic profile of the disease that gives fundamental insights into the original transforming cell, and the regulatory networks contributing to the disease. This information has considerable clinical implications, improving diagnosis, prognostication and helping to guide therapeutic interventions with greater accuracy.

Key Concepts

CLL is a disease with a very heterogeneous clinical outcome such that patients can exhibit an indolent or a progressive disease resistant to chemo‐immunotherapy.

This reflects considerable biological variability such that the mutational and epigenomic landscape differs between patients.

Only by understanding this biological variability can a patient's clinical heterogeneity be understood.

Immunogenetic analysis, through the study of immunoglobulin structure, has helped divide CLL patients into two prognostically relevant subgroups.

Chromosomal deletions and aneuploidy events, not fusion‐genes and chromosomal rearrangements define CLL, where their presence can aid in patient stratification.

The genome of CLL harbours a relatively low number of somatic lesions, but those that are identified target genes important in DNA damage response, cell cycle control, intracellular signalling, RNA processing and chromatin remodelling.

Epigenetic analysis of CLL provides important information regarding the cell from which the tumour arose, and also the regulatory mechanisms that are dysregulated.
E
lioraea
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Albuquerque Luciana , Rainey Fred A. , Froufe Hugo J. C. , Roxo Inês , Raposo Pedro , Egas Conceição 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

E.li.o.rae'a. N.L. fem. n.
Elioraea
, named in honor of Israeli microbiologist Eliora Z. Ron.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Acetobacteraceae / Elioraea

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–1.0 µm in width and 1.0–1.5 µm in length. Motile by one polar flagellum. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Colonies are nonpigmented. Slightly thermophilic and slightly alkaliphilic. Strictly aerobic. Cytochrome
c
oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive. Facultatively mixotrophic. Thiosulfate is oxidized to sulfate with the enhancement of growth. Organic acids, proline and glutamine, are used as carbon and energy sources; sugars and polyols are not used for growth. Bacteriochlorophyll
a
and
puf
genes are not present. Major respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 10. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and two unidentified aminolipids. Major fatty acids are straight‐chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids including hydroxy derivatives. 16S rRNA gene sequence affiliates this genus to family
Acetobacteraceae
. Isolated from a hydrothermal area.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 70.9 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Elioraea tepidiphila
Albuquerque, Rainey, Nobre and da Costa 2008, 776
VP
.
N
atronovirga
Authors: Mesbah Noha M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Na.tro.no.vir'ga. N.L. n.
natron
derived from Arabic
natrun
soda (sodium carbonate); L. fem. n.
virga
rod. N.L. fem. n.
Natronovirga
a soda requiring rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Natranaerobiales / Natranaerobiaceae / Natronovirga

The genus
Natronovirga
consists of nonmotile, obligately anaerobic bacteria. Cells are straight rods and have a Gram‐type‐positive cell wall. They are extremely halophilic, thermotolerant, and obligately alkaliphilic.
Natronovirga
is chemoorganotrophic and ferments carbohydrates to lactate and acetate. Major cellular fatty acids include iso‐C
15:0
and anteiso‐C
15:0
. The peptidoglycan in the cell wall is of type α‐4‐β Orn‐Gly‐Asp. Endospores have not been observed.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 41.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Natronovirga wadinatrunensis
Mesbah and Wiegel 2009, 2048
VP
.
T
epidisphaerales
Authors: Kovaleva O.L. , Elcheninov A.G. , Kublanov I.V. , Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Te.pi.di.sphae.ra'les. N.L. fem. n.
Tepidisphaera
, type genus of the order;
‐ales
ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Tepidisphaerales
, the order of genus
Tepidisphaera
.

Planctomycetes / Phycisphaerae / Tepidisphaerales

The order
Tepidisphaerales
is circumscribed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. The order currently contains only a single family,
Tepidisphaeraceae
.

Cells are Gram‐negative cocci. Divide by binary fission. Grow organoheterotrophically on simple or complex carbohydrates. Aerobes, facultative anaerobes.

Type genus
:
Tepidisphaera
Kovaleva, Merkel, Novikov, Baslerov, Toshchakov and Bonch‐Osmolovskaya 2015, 553
VP
.
Maximizing rectal dose sparing with hydrogel: A retrospective planning study
Authors: Paetkau Owen , Gagne Isabelle M. , Pai Howard H. , Lam Jacqueline , Goulart Jennifer , Alexander Abraham 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExternal beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer can result in urinary, sexual, and rectal side effects, often impairing quality of life. A polyethylene glycol‐based product, SpaceOAR© hydrogel (SOH), implanted into the connective tissue between the prostate gland and rectum can significantly reduce the dose received by the rectum and hence risk of rectal toxicity. The optimal way to manage the hydrogel and rectal structures for plan optimization is therefore of interest. In 13 patients, computerized tomography (CT) scans were taken pre‐ and post‐SpaceOAR© implant. A prescription of 60 Gy in 20 fractions was planned on both scans. Six treatment plans were produced per anonymized dataset using either a structure of rectum plus the hydrogel, termed composite rectum wall (CRW), or rectal wall (RW) as an inverse optimization structure and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) as a treatment technique. Dose‐volume histogram metrics were compared between plans to determine which optimization structure and treatment technique offered the maximum rectal dose sparing. RW structures offered a statistically significant decrease in rectal dose over CRW structures, whereas the treatment technique (IMRT vs VMAT) did not significantly affect the rectal dose. There was improvement seen in bladder and penile bulb dose when VMAT was used as a treatment technique. Overall, treatment plans using the RW optimization structure offered the lowest rectal dose while VMAT treatment technique offered the lowest bladder and penile bulb dose.
Characterization of the HalcyonTM multileaf collimator system
Authors: Lim Tze Yee , Dragojević Irena , Hoffman David , Flores‐Martinez Everardo , Kim Gwe‐Ya 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo characterize the stacked and staggered dual‐layer multileaf collimator (MLC) on the HalcyonTM system.MethodsThe novel MLC assembly was reviewed and compared to the widely used MillenniumTM 120‐leaf MLC system. We investigated the MLC positioning stability over 70 days using Machine Performance Check (MPC) data. We evaluated the leaf transmission, penumbra, leaf end effect, and leaf edge effect. Leaf transmission through distal, proximal, and both MLC layers was measured with a Farmer chamber, by comparing an open and a closed field. Leaf penumbra was measured using film for three different MLC‐defined field sizes. The leaf end effect was measured with sweeping gap fields of varying gap sizes defined by the distal MLC. The leaf edge effect was evaluated using the Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) for the different banks, gantry positions, and collimator angles. Point dose measurements for 10 test plans were compared to dose predictions of two dose calculation model versions.ResultsFrom MPC data, the largest measured MLC positioning accuracy deviation was within 0.1 mm. The proximal MLC exhibited greater deviations compared to the distal MLC. The distal‐and‐proximal‐combination had reduced inter‐leaf and intra‐leaf transmission compared to delivery with distal‐only. The measured leaf transmission was 0.41% for distal‐only, 0.40% for proximal‐only, and negligible for distal‐and‐proximal‐combination. The leaf end penumbra was wider compared to the leaf edge penumbra. The leaf end effect was measured to be −0.2 mm. The leaf edge effect showed minimal bank, gantry position, and collimator angle dependence. However, a systematic deviation between measurements and treatment planning system handling of the leaf edge effect was observed. The discrepancy between the measured and predicted dose in the 10 test plans improved with the latest version of the dose calculation algorithm.ConclusionThe characteristics of the stacked and staggered dual‐layer MLC on the HalcyonTM system were presented.
Unfounded beliefs among teachers: The interactive role of rationality priming and cognitive ability
Authors: Adam‐Troian Jais , Caroti Denis , Arciszewski Thomas , Ståhl Tomas 
Published: March 2019

SUMMARYPrevious research suggests that unfounded beliefs (UB)—such as conspiracist beliefs and beliefs in the supernatural—stem from similar cognitive and motivational mechanisms. More specifically, it has been demonstrated that cognitive ability is negatively associated with UB but only among individuals who value epistemic rationality. The present study goes beyond previous correlational studies by examining whether the negative association between cognitive ability and UB can be strengthened through a subtle rationality prime. In a large scale online experiment (N = 762 French teachers), we demonstrate that priming rationality (vs. control) does enhance the negative relationship between cognitive ability and adherence to supernatural beliefs, as well as conspiracy mentality (d = 0.2). This effect was not obtained for illusory pattern perception. This study's usefulness as a “proof of concept” for future interventions aimed at reducing UB prevalence among the general public is discussed.
Changes in Alcohol Use and Associations With Disease Activity, Health Status, and Mortality in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Baker Joshua F. , England Bryant R. , Mikuls Ted R. , Hsu Jesse Y. , George Michael D. , Pedro Sofia , Sayles Harlan , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveBetter disease activity and quality of life have been observed among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who drink alcohol. This association might be explained by reverse causality. We undertook this study to identify predictors of change in alcohol use and to evaluate independent associations between alcohol use and RA activity and mortality.MethodsParticipants in Forward, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases, were asked about alcohol use (any versus none), and disease activity was collected through the Patient Activity Scale–II (PAS‐II) on semiannual surveys. We identified factors associated with changes in alcohol use and determined associations between alcohol use and disease activity and mortality using linear and logistic regression models, Cox proportional hazards models, and marginal structural models.ResultsA total of 121,280 observations were studied among 16,762 unique participants. Discontinuation and initiation of alcohol were common among drinkers and abstainers (8.2% and 9.2% of observations, respectively). Greater discontinuation and less initiation were observed with greater disease activity, older age, female sex, nonwhite race, obesity, greater comorbidity, low quality of life, low educational level, low income, and work disability. While alcohol users had lower PAS‐II (β = –0.15 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) –0.18, –0.11], P < 0.001) and a lower mortality (odds ratio 0.87 [95% CI 0.76, 0.98], P = 0.03) in traditional models, associations were not seen in marginal structural models.ConclusionHigher disease activity, disability, comorbidity, and poor quality of life contribute to reductions in alcohol use. Active use and changes in use were not associated with disease activity or mortality when adjusting for confounding, suggesting no clear benefit of alcohol consumption in RA.
Adaptive asymptotical tracking controller design for uncertain nonaffine nonlinear system with high‐order mismatched disturbances
Authors: Sun Haibin , Zong Guangdeng , Li Chaojie , Yu Xinghuo 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this paper, the problem of anti‐disturbance asymptotical tracking control is studied for nonaffine systems with high‐order mismatched disturbances. The disturbances can be described as polynomial functions, which are first estimated by constructing generalized extended state filter. The nonaffine system is changed into an augmented affine system via introducing an auxiliary integrator. A novel adaptive anti‐disturbance tracking controller is recursively designed, where the disturbance estimation is used for feedforward compensation at each step. A sliding mode differentiator is applied to reduce the computational burden taken by the backstepping method. The boundedness of the closed‐loop system is proved based on Lyapunov stability theory and zero error tracking performance is ensured. Finally, a numerical example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Spontaneous Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells on Nanodiamonds
Authors: Taylor Alice C. , González Citlali Helenes , Ferretti Patrizia , Jackman Richard B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe potential use of stem cells in regenerative medicine requires the ability to be able to control stem cell fate as cellular networks are developed. Here, nanodiamonds (≈10 nm) are supported on glass and shown to be an excellent host for the attachment and proliferation of human neural stem cells. Moreover, it is shown that spontaneous differentiation into neurons occurs on nanodiamonds. The use of variously oxygen terminated and hydrogen terminated nanodiamonds has been explored. It is shown that O‐ND monolayers promote the differentiation of human neural stem cells into neurons with increased total neurite length, degree of branching, and density of neurites when compared with H‐NDs or the glass control. The total number of neurites and total neurite length expressing MAP2, a protein enriched in dendrites, is over five times higher for spontaneously differentiated neurones on the O‐NDs compared to the control. The fact that inexpensive nanodiamonds can be attached through simple sonication from water on 2D and 3D shapes indicates significant promise for their potential as biomaterials in which neuro‐regenerative diseases can be studied.
Low‐Threshold Organic Semiconductor Lasers with the Aid of Phosphorescent Ir(III) Complexes as Triplet Sensitizers
Authors: Jiang Yi , Lv Peng , Pan Jin‐Qiang , Li Yan , Lin He , Zhang Xin‐Wen , Wang Jiong , Liu Yuan‐Yuan , Wei Qi , Xing Gui‐Chuan , Lai Wen‐Yong , Huang Wei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrganic semiconductor lasers (OSLs) have emerged as particularly challenging. One of the major issues preventing the successful realization of lasing from organic emitters under electrically pumped conditions is the inevitable population of triplet excitons. Herein, a novel concept is presented to construct triplet–singlet guest–host gain systems with incorporating iridium complexes as the triplet sensitizers and a fluorescent conjugated polymer as the gain media to achieve light amplification. The direct triplet–singlet energy transfer process is confirmed by photoluminescence excitation spectra, photoinduced absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence transients of the blend samples. Successful light amplification with a threefold lower amplified spontaneous emission threshold and much better lasing performance is demonstrated for the resulting triplet–singlet guest–host system as compared with the corresponding gain system without triplet sensitizers. Moreover, under electrically driven conditions, the fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on the triplet–singlet guest–host systems with “triplet sensitizers” exhibit enhanced electrical performance relative to those without. The work suggests an effective general methodology to utilize both the singlet and triplet excitons to contribute to the light amplification with excellent electrical performance in OLEDs, opening prospects toward attempting electrically pumped OSLs.
Synergistic Regulation of Polysulfides Conversion and Deposition by MOF‐Derived Hierarchically Ordered Carbonaceous Composite for High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fang Daliang , Wang Yanlei , Qian Cheng , Liu Xizheng , Wang Xi , Chen Shimou , Zhang Suojiang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo achieve a high sulfur loading is critical for high‐energy lithium–sulfur batteries. However, high sulfur loading, especially at a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio (E/S), usually causes low sulfur utilization, mainly caused by the slow redox kinetics of polysulfides and the passivation of the discharge product, poor electrically/ionically conducting Li2S. Herein, by using cobalt‐based metal organic frameworks (Co‐MOFs) as precursors, a Co, N‐doped carbonaceous composite (Co, N‐CNTs (carbon nanotubes)‐CNS (carbon nanosheet)/CFC (carbon fiber cloth)) is fabricated with hierarchically ordered structure, which consists of a free‐standing 3D carbon fiber skeleton decorated with a vertical 2D carbon nanosheets array rooted by interwoven 1D CNTs. As an effective polysulfides host, the hierarchically ordered 3D conductive network with abundant active sites and voids can effectively trap polysulfides and provide fast electron/ions pathways to convert them. In addition, Co and N heteroatoms can strengthen the interaction with polysulfides and accelerate its reaction kinetics. More importantly, the interwoven CNTs with Co, N‐doping can induce 3D Li2S deposition instead of conventional 2D deposition, which benefits improving sulfur utilization. Therefore, for Co, N‐CNTs‐CNS/CFC electrodes, even at a high sulfur loading of 10.20 mg cm−2 with a low E/S of 6.94, a high reversible areal capacity of 7.42 mAh cm−2 can be achieved with excellent cycling stability.
Electrocontrolled Liquid Marbles for Rapid Miniaturized Organic Reactions
Authors: Liu Zhou , Yang Tiyun , Huang Yuxing , Liu Yang , Chen Liucheng , Deng Libo , Shum Ho Cheung , Kong Tiantian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMiniaturized droplet reactors hold great promise for the development of green and sustainable chemistry. However, handling liquids with small volumes, especially viscous ones, in a convenient and loss‐free manner remains a challenge. Here, by electrically controlling the coalescence and mixing of particle‐coated droplets, also known as liquid marbles, an effective microreactor is demonstrated for miniaturized chemical reactions involving viscous reagents. By applying an electric voltage to marbles, the induced electromixing of marble microreactors promotes the reaction rate and the product yield. The advantages of electromixed marble reactors are manifested by a series of chemical reactions between aldehydes and 2‐methylindole in viscous glycerol solution. The electrically‐controlled coalescence and mixing establish liquid marbles as microreactors for rapid, efficient, and miniaturized chemical reactions.
Progress Report on “From Printed Electrolyte‐Gated Metal‐Oxide Devices to Circuits”
Authors: Cadilha Marques Gabriel , Weller Dennis , Erozan Ahmet Turan , Feng Xiaowei , Tahoori Mehdi , Aghassi‐Hagmann Jasmin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPrinted electrolyte‐gated oxide electronics is an emerging electronic technology in the low voltage regime (≤1 V). Whereas in the past mainly dielectrics have been used for gating the transistors, many recent approaches employ the advantages of solution processable, solid polymer electrolytes, or ion gels that provide high gate capacitances produced by a Helmholtz double layer, allowing for low‐voltage operation. Herein, with special focus on work performed at KIT recent advances in building electronic circuits based on indium oxide, n‐type electrolyte‐gated field‐effect transistors (EGFETs) are reviewed. When integrated into ring oscillator circuits a digital performance ranging from 250 Hz at 1 V up to 1 kHz is achieved. Sequential circuits such as memory cells are also demonstrated. More complex circuits are feasible but remain challenging also because of the high variability of the printed devices. However, the device inherent variability can be even exploited in security circuits such as physically unclonable functions (PUFs), which output a reliable and unique, device specific, digital response signal. As an overall advantage of the technology all the presented circuits can operate at very low supply voltages (0.6 V), which is crucial for low‐power printed electronics applications.