bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Physiology and Mode of Action of the Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Parka S. J. , Soper O. F. 
Published: May 2019

The substituted 2,6-dinitroanilines were first reported as herbicides in 1960. At the present time, there are 14 2,6-dinitroaniline herbicides in various stages of product development. Literature on absorption, translocation, and mode of action of the dinitroaniline herbicides refers almost entirely to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline]. These herbicides do not directly inhibit the germination of seed. Inhibition of lateral root development is the most characteristic growth response. Swelling of the root tip is a universally recognized morphological effect caused by these compounds. The cells in this region are multinucleate, indicating that the mitotic process has been disrupted. Examination of these cells shows an increase in the percentage of cells in arrested metaphase due to the disruption of spindle microtubules. Inference is made that the dinitroaniline herbicides affect chromosomes in a manner similar to colchicine, but research with pig brain (Sus scrofa) microtubules has shown that effects of the herbicide on microtubular protein is different.Injury to the top of plants is recognized by stunting, development of dark green color, and swelling and brittleness of the stem or hypocotyl. The major sites of uptake are the shoot of monocots and the hypocotyl or hypocotyl hook for dicots. Exposure of seedling roots to the dinitroaniline herbicides does not kill the plant, but exposure of the young shoot will result in death. Available data indicate that the dinitroaniline herbicides are either absorbed or adsorbed by the roots due to the proximity of the roots to the herbicide, but that translocation from the root to the top is minimal. When a dinitroaniline was found in the plant, the parent compound was the major product present with metabolites equal to 5% or less.Insufficient information is available to accurately describe effects of these herbicides on plant carbohydrates, lipids, and nitrogenous compounds. The effect of trifluralin on RNA and DNA varies with the plant species, treatment time, concentration of herbicide, and plant part investigated, but differences observed do not correlate with dinitroaniline-susceptible and resistant species. Enzyme activity does not appear to be greatly inhibited by the dinitroaniline herbicides. However, the dinitroaniline herbicides interfere with photosynthesis and respiration in vivo and in vitro.The phytotoxic action of trifluralin can be antidoted with the organophosphorus insecticides, phorate [0,0-diethyl-S-(ethylthiomethyl)-phosphorodithioate], disulfoton [0,0-diethyl-S-2-(ethylthioethyl)-phosphorodithioate], and externally applied lipids such as D-α-tocopherol. There is a strong correlation that seeds with a high lipid content are resistant to trifluralin and those with a low lipid content are susceptible. Despite all the work that has been conducted, the mode of action of the dinitroaniline herbicides is still unclear.
REQUISITI PER LA STABILITÀ DELLE COALIZIONI
Authors: Pappalardo Adriano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNegli ultimi cinquanta anni, almeno una mezza dozzina di sistemi politici europei sono stati contemporaneamente retti da governi di coalizione. Ciononostante, la riflessione politologica sulle cause che ne determinano la stabilità e la dissoluzione è ancor oggi assai embrionale e frammentaria. Nella letteratura sull'argomento, per lo piú costituita da studi monografici e descrittivi sulla Terza e sulla Quarta Repubblica e sulla Germania di Weimar, la relativa stabilità di certe coalizioni è generalmente attribuita alla abilità degli attori nel sottrarsi alle decisioni controverse. Nessuno dei tentativi di sistemazione teorica finora compiuti in chiave comparata si è rivelato soddisfacente, cosicché, mentre alcuni continuano a parlare di «intrinseca instabilità» dei governi di coalizione, per altri questi non sono meno stabili dei monocolore e, in alcuni casi, «figurano fra i piú stabili governi democratici del mondo».
L'ORIZZONTE TEMPORALE DEI REGIMI DEMOCRATICI
Authors: Zannoni Paolo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneUno dei temi piú problematici ed importanti dibattuti oggi nella scienza politica è l'orizzonte temporale dei regimi democratici. La sua problematicità consiste nel fatto che non si sa con certezza se l'esistenza di una forma democratica di governo influenzi l'orizzonte temporale dei regimi politici. È ipotesi assai frequente nella letteratura politologica degli ultimi venti anni, da Lippmann a Rawls, che i sistemi politici democratici siano affetti da miopia nel prendere le decisioni politiche, in quanto legati alle preferenze immediate dei cittadini. Questa ipotesi, per quanto interessante, non è però stata fino ad ora suffragata da sufficienti dati empirici.
LA SCIENZA POLITICA NELLA REPUBBLICA FEDERALE TEDESCA
Authors: Caciagli Mario 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneDopo un primo periodo di avvio incerto e pieno di ostacoli di varia natura, da una decina d'anni a questa parte la scienza politica — tanto come disciplina di insegnamento universitario, quanto come settore specialistico di studi — ha conosciuto nella Repubblica federale tedesca (e a Berlino Ovest) una improvvisa e rigogliosa espansione. La crescita quantitativa in istituti, cattedre, numero di studenti, pubblicazioni e produzione scientifica è stata in quest'ultimo periodo a dir poco imponente. Nel 1974 è stato possibile constatare, da parte di chi ne è direttamente interessato, che « la scienza politica in Germania è, sulla base del numero dei posti di insegnamento, la piú sviluppata in Europa ». C'è parso questo uno dei motivi piú validi per redigere questa rassegna e render conto di una situazione che può essere di un qualche interesse per chi si occupa nel nostro paese di studi politologici e della loro organizzazione.
IL PLURALISMO RIVISITATO
Authors: Dahl Robert A. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa lotta di singoli e di gruppi per ottenere l'autonomia in rapporto al controllo su terzi è, come i tentativi di acquisire il controllo sugli altri, una tendenza fondamentale della vita politica. Le lotte per l'autonomia derivano da conflitti e fratture; quando queste lotte, come spesso si verifica, hanno successo, portano a loro volta a tendenze pluralistiche. Dato che i conflitti e le fratture sono onnipresenti, lo sono anche le tendenze al pluralismo.
L'ANALISI DELLA CLASSE PARLAMENTARE: PROBLEMI E PROSPETTIVE
Authors: Cotta Maurizio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNegli ultimi vent'anni gli studi sul personale parlamentare dei paesi dell'area occidentale (e, nel periodo piú recente, anche di altre aree) non sono stati pochi. Si può anzi dire che, nello studio delle istituzioni parlamentari, questo tema è stato tra quelli che piú hanno avuto successo, forse solo superato dagli studi in chiave di decision-making. C'è dunque materia per tentare un bilancio di questo lavoro di ricerca e per delinearne le prospettive. Tracciare un bilancio significa fare una disamina dei modi nei quali questo tema è stato impostato ed evidenziare i risultati che ne sono stati ricavati. Ma, soprattutto, significa valutare l'utilità esplicativa di queste ricerche — al di là del loro apporto puramente descrittivo — entro una piú vasta interpretazione di certe realtà politiche, quali il sottosistema parlamentare o la classe dirigente politica in generale. Mi preme insistere su questo punto perché un esame degli studi che potremmo dire di «sociologia parlamentare» rivela che, in buona parte di essi, la preoccupazione per i risvolti teorici è assai ridotta o comunque limitata alla problematica interna a questo approccio.
Frequency effects on spelling in Hebrew-speaking younger and older adults
Authors: Kavé Gitit , Gorokhod Rita , Yerushalmi Ayelet , Salner Neta 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrevious research has documented conflicting findings regarding the effect of word frequency on spelling in older adults. The current study examines spelling in Hebrew, in which it is easier to define the type of likely misspellings in each word. Younger and older Hebrew speakers spelled 120 single words that differed in word and letter frequency. Results show that all participants made more phonological substitutions of target letters on low-frequency words and on words with low-frequency letters. Yet, younger adults had a lower percentage of correct responses than did older adults, especially on low-frequency words. Vocabulary knowledge eliminated this age effect. We suggest that aging leads to greater reliance on full lexical retrieval of spelling instead of on sublexical phoneme-to-grapheme processing, due to years of exposure to written language, increase in vocabulary, and consolidation of orthographic representations.
Detection of Molecular Microwave Transitions in the 3 mm Wavelength Range in Comet Kohoutek (1973f)
Authors: Buhl D. , Huebner W. F , Snyder L. E. 
Published: May 2019

We have recently reported detection of hydrogen cyanide and the first quantitative observations of the velocities of neutral gas jets in the inner part of the coma while the comet was at small heliocentric distances (Huebner, et al., 1974). Now we report the detection of two line transitions from unidentified cometary molecules, provide further evidence of the variability of neutral gas jets, and give a summary of our search program for microwave transitions in molecules of cometary origin.The observations presented here were made with a 3-mm line receiver mounted on the 11-m NRAO radio dish at Kitt Peak. Observations were carried out before perihelion (15 to 20 December 1973) and after perihelion (3 to 7 January 1974). During these periods the comet was between 0.3 and 0.5 AU heliocentric distance.
A Kinematographic Study of the Tail of Comet Kohoutek (1973f)
Authors: Jockers K. , Roosen R. G. , Cruikshank D. P. 
Published: May 2019

By combining observations of Comet Kohoutek (1973 f) made in the Southwest US, Alaska and Hawaii, a cometary tail movie has been made. Parts of the movie were shown at the conference and some frames of the movie are reproduced in Fig. 1, In this paper we give some details of the observations and describe what we see on the movie.Observers who contributed to the movie are listed in Table 1 with their institutions, instruments, and site locations. In all but one case, fast Schmidt cameras were used; high-speed optics are needed for this work because the interval between successive pictures should not exceed 15 minutes if plasma tail motions are to be properly visualized. The 36 cm f/2 Schmidt camera of the Joint Observatory for Cometary Research (JOCR) is clearly well-suited because of its flat field of about 8 x 10°.
3D Manipulation of an Active Steerable Needle via Actuation of Multiple SMA Wires
Authors: Konh Bardia , Sasaki Dayne , Podder Tarun K. , Ashrafiuon Hashem 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMany medical procedures such as brachytherapy, thermal ablations, and biopsies are performed using needle-based procedures. In this work, 3D manipulation of an active needle realized by multiple Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators was first predicted by Finite Element Analyses (FEA), and then demonstrated by a fabricate prototype. The FEA results were validated by planar deflection of an active needle. A similar FEA was developed to predict 3D manipulation of the active needle. For 17-gage needle, a maximum of 26° reversible deflection was achieved in 3D space via actuation forces of a 0.127 mm SMA wire. A scaled prototype was also developed and tested to show the feasibility of developing a 3D steering active needle with multiple actuators.
A Comprehensive Look at the Results of Special Education
Authors: Gardner James M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Literature on the effects of segregated vs. integrated school experience for mildly intellectually handicapped children is considered in the light of four questions: (1) What is the effect upon the person of being labelled and segregated? (2) Does segregation provide a better learning experience? (3) Does segregation provide for better social and emotional adjustment? and (4) What alternatives are available? In general, the literature supports the view that integration is more desirable both in terms of intellectual and emotional gain.
Monitoring Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes One and Two Years After the Lac-Mégantic Train Derailment Tragedy (Eastern Townships, Quebec, Canada)
Authors: Généreux Mélissa , Maltais Danielle , Petit Geneviève , Roy Mathieu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:In July 2013, a train carrying 72 cars of crude oil derailed in the town of Lac-Mégantic (Eastern Townships, Quebec, Canada). This disaster provoked a major conflagration, explosions, 47 deaths, the destruction of 44 buildings, the evacuation of one-third of the local population, and an unparalleled oil spill. Notwithstanding the environmental impact, many citizens of this town and in surrounding areas have suffered and continue to suffer substantial losses as a direct consequence of this catastrophe.Problem:To tailor public health interventions and to meet the psychosocial needs of the community, the Public Health Department of Eastern Townships has undertaken repeated surveys to monitor health and well-being over time. This study focuses on negative psychosocial outcomes one and two years after the tragedy.Methods:Two cross-sectional surveys (2014 and 2015) were conducted among large random samples of adults in Lac-Mégantic and surrounding areas (2014: n = 811; 2015: n = 800), and elsewhere in the region (2014: n = 7,926; 2015: n = 800). A wide range of psychosocial outcomes was assessed (ie, daily stress, main source of stress, sense of insecurity, psychological distress, excessive drinking, anxiety or mood disorders, psychosocial services use, anxiolytic drug use, gambling habits, and posttraumatic stress symptoms [PSS]). Exposure to the tragedy was assessed using residential location (ie, six-digit postal code) and intensity of exposure (ie, intense, moderate, or low exposure; from nine items capturing human, material, or subjective losses). Relationships between such exposures and adverse psychosocial outcomes were examined using chi-squares and t-tests. Distribution of outcomes was also examined over time.Results:One year after the disaster, an important proportion of participants reported human, material, and subjective losses (64%, 23%, and 54%, respectively), whereas 17% of people experienced intense exposure. Participants from Lac-Mégantic, particularly those intensely exposed, were much more likely to report psychological distress, depressive episode, anxiety disorders, and anxiolytic drug use, relative to less-exposed ones. In 2015, 67% of the Lac-Mégantic participants (76% of intensely exposed) reported moderate to severe PSS. Surprisingly, the use of psychosocial services in Lac-Mégantic declined by 41% from 2014 to 2015.Conclusion:The psychosocial burden in the aftermath of the Lac-Mégantic tragedy is substantial and persistent. Public health organizations responding to large-scaling disasters should monitor long-term psychosocial consequences and advocate for community-based psychosocial support in order to help citizens in their recovery process.
Keeping two languages apart: Connective processing in both languages of Russian–German bilinguals
Authors: Mak Pim , Lomako Julia , Gagarina Natalia , Abrosova Ekaterina , Tribushinina Elena 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMultilingual children are faced with the task of selectively using the linguistic systems of their languages. Previous research has shown that although bilinguals may make more errors in production and comprehension than their monolingual peers, less cognitively demanding processing experiments may reveal target-like performance. This has been attributed to several factors, among which language transfer and processing limitations. In this study we investigate the processing of additive connectives in both languages of German–Russian bilingual children using the Visual World Paradigm. Previous research has shown that bilingual children make many errors in the production of these connectives in Russian. The results show that the processing behaviour in both languages of the bilingual children does not differ from that of their monolingual peers. This finding is compatible with the view that errors in production and in more demanding comprehension tasks are due to processing limitations.
Obese women’s perceptions of weight gain during pregnancy: a theory-based analysis
Authors: Nagourney Emily M , Goodman Dina , Lam Yukyan , Hurley Kristen M , Henderson Janice , Surkan Pamela J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Excess gestational weight gain (GWG) in obese women is linked to adverse maternal outcomes and is particularly pervasive among African Americans, who have the highest obesity rates in the USA. A better understanding of culturally relevant attitudes and perceptions of GWG is needed to develop targeted interventions to prevent excess GWG among this group.Design:Using the constructs of Social Cognitive Theory, we explored attitudes and perceptions surrounding diet and exercise among low-income obese African-American pregnant women in Baltimore. We conducted twenty-one semi-structured in-depth interviews with pregnant adult women.Setting:Participants were recruited from a referral clinic for obese pregnant women at a large urban hospital in Baltimore, MD, USA.Participants:Twenty-one low-income African-American adult females in the first two trimesters of pregnancy with BMI &gt; 30·0 kg/m2.Results:Lack of knowledge was not the main obstacle to healthy behaviours during pregnancy. Rather, food cravings and fatigue, an unhealthy physical food environment, limited self-efficacy for controlling excessive GWG, and a lack of adequate emotional and informational support impacted women’s agency. While digital technology was discussed as a vehicle to promote maintenance of a healthy weight in pregnancy, further research is needed to test how it can be used to empower women to engage in healthy behaviours during pregnancy.Conclusion:Interventions to prevent excess GWG among African-American pregnant women should harness support from partners and family and must go beyond sharing of clinical knowledge to also include strategies that improve the food environment, diet quality and self-efficacy.
Liposarcoma of the left hemithorax and implications of MDM2
Authors: Stolten Michael , Sahasrabudhe Deepak , Constine Louis 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Use of molecular information to guide clinical management of thoracic liposarcoma following resection.Case presentation:We present a case of a large liposarcoma of the left hemithorax. Initial biopsy consistent with lipoma however following resection pathology showed well-differentiated liposarcoma. Clinical data and molecular information including MDM2 from the tumour were employed in decision making regarding subsequent adjuvant radiation therapy versus close observation.Conclusion:Improved molecular characterisation has increased the precision of histological diagnoses and prediction of outcomes for many cancers. These may continue to help guide and strengthen clinical decision making and recommendations as they pertain to adjuvant therapy versus observation in the case of this patient.
The Women's Movement Knocks on the Door: Theorizing the Strategy, Context and Impact of Frauen Macht Politik (FraP!) on Women's Representation in Swiss Politics
Authors: Cowell-Meyers Kimberly B. 
Published: May 2019

“Get up, stand up and live! That's a movement.” — Elisabeth Joris (Joris 2015b)
Are women's parties effective? More than 50 women's parties have emerged since 1990 in countries all over the world, contesting and winning seats in local, national, and regional legislatures. Although women's parties are not infrequent, appear in a variety of contexts, and advance common agendas related to inclusion and equality, we know very little about their experiences or whether they have been able to achieve their goals. In this article, Frauen Macht Politik (FraP!) is examined to consider whether and how women's parties present an avenue for advancing women's movement goals. The evidence shows that forming a party can help the movement to set the public agenda, can increase the attention paid to their issues, and can influence the formal institutions of politics. Many variables neglected elsewhere in the literature shape the ability of niche parties to affect the commitments of more established parties: the nature of the small party; its composition, intent, reach, and resources; its institutional context; and the boundaries of the organization. These features also determine the extent to which women's movements can use a political party to influence the representativeness of a political system.
Perspective on Landfalling Frequency and Genesis Location Variations of Southern China Typhoon During Peak Summer
Authors: Zhang Chengyang , Hu Chundi , Huang Gang , Yao Cai , Zheng Zhihai , Wang Teng , Wu Zeming , Yang Song , Chen Dake 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIncreasing intense landfalling typhoons (LFTYs) are of great coastal threatens to southern China. However, changes in genesis location and landfalling frequency of western North Pacific (WNP) LFTY dedicated to southern China remain unclear. Here we identified such LFTYs during peak summer and found that most LFTYs formed south of 20°N and the LFTY genesis locations over southern WNP have also experienced a sharp interdecadal shift since 1998, which are mainly attributed to the large‐scale environment changes induced by the Mega‐La Niña‐like climate shift. However, LFTY frequency (= “landfalling frequency of southern China typhoon”) shows a slight increasing trend but without significant interdecadal variation. Variations of LFTY frequency are mainly affected by the easterly steering flows near 20°N over the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea, which are closely linked to the WNP subtropical high activity. Our results provide a new perspective on the LFTY activities dedicated to southern China.
MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset
Authors: Yamazaki Dai , Ikeshima Daiki , Sosa Jeison , Bates Paul D. , Allen George H. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Global Surface Water Occurrence, and OpenStreetMap). We developed a new algorithm to extract river networks near automatically by separating actual inland basins from dummy depressions caused by the errors in input elevation data. After a minimum amount of hand editing, the constructed hydrography map shows good agreement with existing quality‐controlled river network data sets in terms of flow accumulation area and river basin shape. The location of river streamlines was realistically aligned with existing satellite‐based global river channel data. Relative error in the drainage area was <0.05 for 90% of Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) gauges, confirming the accuracy of the delineated global river networks. Discrepancies in flow accumulation area were found mostly in arid river basins containing depressions that are occasionally connected at high water levels and thus resulting in uncertain watershed boundaries. MERIT Hydro improves on existing global hydrography data sets in terms of spatial coverage (between N90 and S60) and representation of small streams, mainly due to increased availability of high‐quality baseline geospatial data sets. The new flow direction and flow accumulation maps, along with accompanying supplementary layers on hydrologically adjusted elevation and channel width, will advance geoscience studies related to river hydrology at both global and local scales.