bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Method and Ripening Duration on the Content of β-Carotene of Fe’i Banana (Musa troglodytarum L.)
Authors: Leiwakabessy Fredy 
Published: January 2019

Research was conducted to determine the effect of the method and duration of ripening on the content of β-carotene of Fe’i banana, as well as determine the method and duration of ripening is effective in maintaining the nutritional value of Fe’i Banana. Through laboratory experimental with randomized complete design consisting of 19 groups of treatments and three repetitions, the data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests ANOVA and continued with Duncan test. Results of the analysis showed that method ofripening statistically significant difference (p <0,05) on the content of β-carotene in the banana sticks sky. Long ripening length statistically significant difference (p <0, 05) on the content of β-carotene in the Fe’i Banana. Grilled ripening method is more effective against β-carotene content in the Fe’i Banana and takes1 0 minutes of ripening length more effectively on the content of β-carotene on a Fe’i Banana.
Genetic Diversity Analysis Using Resistance Gene Analog-Based Markers to Support Morphological Characterization of Shallots
Authors: Herlina Lina , Reflinur Reflinur , Nugroho Kristianto , Terryana Rerenstradika T. , Sobir Sobir , Maharijaya Awang , Wiyono Suryo 
Published: January 2019

<p>Shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) is one of the most important vegetable crops grown in Indonesia. The limited knowledge available on the genetic diversity and the threat of plant disease have been major problems to maintain high shallot production in Indonesia. Development of molecular markers linked to disease resistance is required for molecular breeding activity in this crop. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity at conserved domain of resistance gene analog (RGA) in a set of 36 Indonesian shallot genotypes to complement morphological characterization. Twelve morphological and fifteen molecular markers traits were investigated in an attempt to characterize and to discriminate the Indonesian shallots genotypes. Characterization at orphological level indicated that phenotypic variance was highest for total bulb weight (TWB, cv = 99.39%) and the least for the plant height (PH, cv = 28.16%). The correlation analysis between traits showed that TWB and number of bulb (NB), TWB and bulb weight per plant (WB), NB and WB, and WB and PH were positively correlated. Molecular analysis revealed a total of 1,512 alleles with an average of 1.946 alleles per locus. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values ranged from 0.253 to 0.676 and six out of 15 RGA markers were highly informative with PIC values ≥0.50. Based on cluster analysis, the 36 Indonesian shallot genotypes were clearly discriminated into six major groups. These results revealed that the RGA-based markers could support the morphological characterization in evaluating the genetic diversity of shallots. </p>
A Compositional Rescaled Exponential Model for Multiphase-Production-Performance Analysis of Boundary-Dominated Gas/Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Will Ryan , Sun Qian , Ayala Luis F. 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Hydrocarbon-reservoir-performance forecasting is an integral component of the resource-development chain and is typically accomplished using reservoir modeling, by means of either numerical or analytical methods. Although complex numerical models provide rigorous means of capturing and predicting reservoir behavior, reservoir engineers also rely on simpler analytical models to analyze well performance and estimate reserves when uncertainties exist. Arps (1945) empirically demonstrated that certain reservoirs might decline according to simple, exponential, hyperbolic, or harmonic relationships; such behavior, however, does not extend to more-complex scenarios, such as multiphase-reservoir depletion. Because of this limitation, an important research area for many years has been to transform the equations governing flow through porous media in such a way as to express complex reservoir performance in terms of closed analytical forms. In this work, we demonstrate that rigorous compositional analysis can be coupled with analytical well-performance estimations for reservoirs with complex fluid systems, and that the molar decline of individual hydrocarbon-fluid fractions can be expressed in terms of rescaled exponential equations for well-performance analysis. This work demonstrates that, by the introduction of a new partial-pseudopressure variable, it is possible to predict the decline behavior of individual fluid constituents of a variety of gas/condensate-reservoir systems characterized by widely varying richness and complex multiphase-flow scenarios. A new four-region-flow model is proposed and validated to implement gas/condensate-deliverability calculations at late times during variable-bottomhole-pressure (BHP) production. Five case studies are presented to support each of the model capabilities stated previously and to validate the use of liquid-analog rescaled exponentials for the prediction of production-decline behavior for each of the hydrocarbon species.
Measuring Simplified Pore-Throat Angularity Using Automated Mathematical Morphology
Authors: Meyer Aurelien G. 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Fluid flow in sedimentary rocks is controlled mainly by the morphology of pore-connecting throats. Pore throats (PTs) typically exhibit diverse converging/diverging morphologies such as biconic, parabolic, or hyperbolic geometries. These different geometries are defined by variable opening angle, or angularity, between the throat walls from the narrowest point of the throat toward the pore body. Importantly, each of these geometries imposes different constraints on fluid flow. However, current pore-level flow models usually favor simple cylindrical or biconic throat morphologies, in part because of the difficulty to extract the throat angularity from pore-space imagery. An image-analysis technique called mathematical morphology has been used to characterize porosity in laterally continuous pore networks (e.g., in sandstones) from thin-section microphotographs. This method allows the extraction of petrophysical parameters such as pore and throat diameters through successive image alterations—namely, erosion/dilation cycles using an expanding structuring element (SE). This study proposes a novel application of this technique and quantifies PT angularity. Angularity can be measured from the throat toward the pore body so that the true geometry—biconic, parabolic, or hyperbolic—can be recognized. The technique is tested on simple geometries to demonstrate the correctness of the mathematic equations involved. Because all equations assume perfect, nonpixelated geometries while images are composed of square pixels, the accuracy of measurements depends strongly on image resolution. Pixelation causes significant fluctuations of ±2 to 10° around the correct angularity values that decrease in amplitude as image resolution increases. Finally, potential implications of this parameter on fluid-flow modeling are discussed.
Usefulness of Airway Scope for Intubation of Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate–Comparison with Macintosh Laryngoscope: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Okumura Yoko , Okuda Masahiro , (Boku) Aiji Sato , Tachi Naoko , Hashimoto Mayumi , Yamada Tomio , Yamada Masahiro 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Airway Scope (AWS) with its plastic blade does not require a head-tilt or separate laryngoscopy to guide intubations. Therefore, we hypothesized that its use would reduce the intubation time (IT) and the frequency of airway complication events when compared with the use of Macintosh Laryngoscope (ML) for infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP).
Methods: The parents of all patients provided written consents; we enrolled 40 infants with CLP (ASA-PS 1). After inducing general anesthesia using sevoflurane and rocuronium, we performed orotracheal intubations using either AWS (n = 20) or ML (n = 20), randomly. We define the duration between manual manipulation using cross finger for maximum mouth opening and the first raising motion of the chest following intubation by artificial ventilation as “IT;” further, the measured IT as primary outcomes. Airway complications were considered secondary outcomes. Moreover, we looked for associations between IT and the patient’s characteristics: extensive clefts, age, height, and weight. We used the Mann–Whitney test and Fisher’s exact probability test for statistical analysis; p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: The mean IT was 31.5 ± 8.3 s in AWS group and 26.4 ± 8.9 seconds in ML group. Statistical significant difference was not found in IT between the two groups. The IT of AWS group was statistically related to extensive clefts. Airway complications were detected in ML group.
Conclusion: AWS is useful for intubation of infants with CLP; it required IT similar to that required using ML, with a lower rate of airway complications.
Trial Registration
UMIN-CTR Registration number UMIN000024763
Registered 8 November 2016
Keywords: Airway Scope, Macintosh Laryngoscope, infant, intubation time
Chemoradiation versus Oesophagectomy for Locally Advanced Oesophageal Cancer in Chinese Patients: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jia Ruinuo , Yin Weijiao , Li Shuoguo , Li Ruonan , Yang Junqiang , Shan Tanyou , Zhou Dan , Wang Wei , Wan Lixin , Zhou Fuyou , Gao Shegan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Surgery is the gold standard treatment for local advanced disease, while definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy (DCRT) is recommended for those who are medically unable to tolerate major surgery or medically fit patients who decline surgery. The primary aim of this trial is to compare the outcomes in Chinese oesophageal squamous cell cancer patients with locally advanced resectable disease who have received either surgery or DCRT.
Methods/design: One hundred ninety-six patients with T1bN+M0 or T2-4aN0-2M0 oesophageal squamous cell cancer will be randomized to the DCRT group or the surgery group. In the DCRT group, patients will be given intensity modulation radiation therapy (IMRT) with 50 Gy/25 fractions and basic chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) regimens. In the surgery group, patients will receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) and standard oesophagectomy. Five years of follow-up will be scheduled for patients. The primary endpoints are 2-year/5-year overall survival; the secondary endpoints are 2-year/5-year progression-free survival, treatment-related adverse events and the patients’ quality of life. The main evaluation methods include oesophagoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography and biopsy, oesophageal barium meal, CT, PET-CT, blood tests, and questionnaires.
Discussion: The preponderant oesophageal cancer pathology type is dramatically different in western Caucasian and Asian oesophageal cancer patients: Caucasian patients present with 80% adenocarcinomas, and Asians patients present with 95% squamous cell carcinomas. This phenomenon needs more in-depth studies to elucidate the differences in these populations. Based on the results of this study, we will show whether DCRT will benefit patients more than oesophagectomy. It will contribute more evidence to the management of oesophageal squamous cell cancer.
Scorpion venom peptide, BmK AGAP as an adjuvant to lidocaine in sciatic nerve block causes dose-dependent increase intensity of sensory block and prolog duration of analgesia in rat.
Authors: Kampo Sylvanus , Zhou	R0 Tingting , Wen Qing-Ping 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background: Various analgesics adjuvants, including opioids, have been tested and demonstrated to be clinically beneficial when added to local anesthetics in an attempt to increase the duration of analgesia with the risk of various adverse effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that scorpion venom peptide, BmK AGAP as an adjuvant to lidocaine causes dose-dependent increase intensity of sensory block and prolong duration of analgesia.
Method: We performed partial sciatic nerve ligation on 60 rats to induce a rapid onset and long-lasting mechanical allodynia. Equal volume (600µl) of preservative-free lidocaine (0.5%) and BmK AGAP (2 or 1 mg/kg) were prepared with saline (0.9%). The rats were randomly allocated into five groups. Group A (n=12) received saline as the negative control; Group B (n=12) received equal volume of lidocaine and saline; Group C (n=12) received lidocaine and BmK AGAP (1 mg/kg); Group D (n=12) received lidocaine along with BmK AGAP (2 mg/kg) and Group E (n=12) sham. We operated on the rats representing the sham group (n=12) and the sciatic nerve exposed but not ligated. The von Frey filaments were used to assessed mechanical allodynia in rats.
Results: The data showed that rats from the lidocaine group exhibited increased 12.51g of PWT. The rats from the BmK AGAP (1 mg/kg) group exhibited increased 13.67g of PWT, whereas the rats from the BmK AGAP (2mg/kg) group exhibited increased 14.78g of PWT compared with the baseline PWT. There was a prolonged duration of increased paw withdrawal threshold in rats that were supplemented with BmK AGAP compared with rats that received lidocaine injection alone. We realized a significant (P< 0.0001) prolonged duration of increased paw withdrawal threshold in rats that were supplemented with BmK AGAP (2 mg/kg) compared with rats that received BmK AGAP (1 mg/kg).
Conclusion: This study finding suggests scorpion venom peptide, BmK AGAP to be a potent analgesic adjuvant. BmK AGAP as an adjuvant to lidocaine in sciatic nerve block increase the intensity of sensory block and prolongs perioperative analgesia without significant adverse effects.
Keywords: Scorpion venom peptide, BmK AGAP, nerve block, adjuvant, perioperative analgesia
Chemical Amendments of Dryland Saline–Sodic Soils Did Not Enhance Productivity and Soil Health in Fields without Effective Drainage
Authors: Birru Girma A. , Clay David E. , DeSutter Thomas M. , Reese Cheryl L. , Kennedy Ann C. , Clay Sharon A. , Bruggeman Stephanie A. , Owen Rachel K. , Malo Douglas D. 
Published: January 2019

Core IdeasThe amount of land impacted by salinity or sodicity is increasing worldwide.Precision conservation can be used to target corrective treatments to problem areas.Chemical amendments did not enhance soil health or plant productivity in northern Great Plains soils that did not have effective drainage systems.The application of chemical amendments as preventative treatment in tile drained North America northern Great Plains fields did not improve soil health (water infiltration and microbial diversity) and either reduced or did not increase crop yields.These results were partially attributed to high subsoil bulk densities and low drainable porosities.A common restoration treatment for saline–sodic soils involves improving soil drainage, applying soil amendments (e.g., CaSO4, CaCl2, or elemental S), and leaching with water that has a relatively low electrical conductivity. However, due to high subsoil bulk densities and low drainable porosities, these treatments many not be effective in glaciated dryland systems. A 3‐yr field study conducted in three model systems determined the impact of chemical amendments (none, CaCl2, CaSO4, and elemental S) on plant growth, microbial composition, temporal changes in electrical conductivity (ECe), and the relative sodium content (%Na). Chemical amendments (i) either reduced or did not increase maize (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) yields; (ii) did not increase water infiltration or microbial biomass as determined using the phospholipid‐derived fatty acid (PLFA) technique; and (iii) did not reduce ECeor %Na. These results were attributed to high bulk densities and low drainable porosities that reducing the drainage effectiveness in the model backslope and footslope soils, the presence of subsurface marine sediments that provided a source for sodium and other salts that could be transported through capillary action to the surface soil, high sulfate and gypsum contents in the surface soil, and relatively low microbial biomass values. The results suggests that an alternative multistep saline sodic soil restoration approach that involves increasing exchangeable Ca+2through enhanced microbial and root respiration and increasing transpiration and soil drainage by seeding full season deep rooted perennial vegetation should be tested.
Productivity, Andrographolide, and NPK Content Influenced with Organics and Inorganics in Kalmegh
Authors: Jat R.S. , Gajbhiye N.A. 
Published: January 2019

Core IdeasIntegrated use of castor cake 2.5 t and NPK 80:30:50 kg ha–1with split application of N (50% at TP and 50% in two splits at 25 and 40 DAP) produced highest dry herbage yield.Combined use of castor cake 2.5 t and NPK 80:30:50 kg ha–1(50% N at TP and 50% at 25 DAP) recor–ded highest quality in terms of andrographolide content.Increased supply of NPK either through organics or inorganics showed positive and linear increase in andrographolide content.Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculataNees) is being used since centuries in Asia as an alternative medicine to cure various health ailments. However, the quality, efficacy, and safety are major challenges due to lack of standard production protocols. A study was conducted with organic and inorganic nutrient sources, and split application of N to increase the herbage yield and quality as well, while maintaining/improving the soil fertility. Castor cake 2.5 t ha−1recorded highest plant height, branches, and plant N and K content, whereas, P content was higher with vermicompost 7.5 t ha−1. Application of NPK 80:30:50 kg ha−1with or without split application of N increased plant height and branches per plant, and plant NPK content. Interaction effects showed that combined use of castor cake 2.5 t ha−1along with NPK 80:30:50 kg ha−1and 2/3 split application of N recorded significantly higher herbage yield (8.1 t ha−1), and andrographolide content (24.2 mg g−1). Positive and linear regression [N (R2= 0.64), P (R2= 0.40) and K (R2= 0.16)], and significant correlation [N (r= 0.80) P (r= 0.63) and K (r= 0.40)] atP= 0.01 were found between NPK applied and andrographolide content in plants. Vermicompost 7.5 t ha−1and NPK 80:30:50 kg ha−1(50% N in 2–3 splits) improved soil NPK content. Thus, integrated use of castor cake 2.5 t ha−1along with NPK 80:30:50 kg ha−1(N in 2/3 split applications) found optimum to harvest maximum commercial produce of better quality and improved soil fertility.
A Metabonomics Approach to Drug Toxicology in Liver Disease and its Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Su Guangyue , Wang Haifeng , Bai Jiao , Chen Gang , Pei Yuehu 
Published: January 2019

Background:
The progression of liver disease causes metabolic transformation in vivo and thus affects
corresponding endogenous small molecular compounds. Metabonomics is a powerful technology which is able to
assess global low-molecular-weight endogenous metabolites in a biological system. This review is intended to provide
an overview of a metabonomics approach to the drug toxicology of diseases of the liver.

Methods:
The regulation of, and relationship between, endogenous metabolites and diseases of the liver is discussed
in detail. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways involved in drug interventions of liver diseases are reviewed. Evaluation
of the protective mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in liver diseases using metabonomics is also reviewed.
Examples of applications of metabolite profiling concerning biomarker discovery are highlighted. In addition,
new developments and future prospects are described.

Results:
Metabonomics can measure changes in metabolism relating to different stages of liver disease, so metabolic
differences can provide a basis for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of various diseases.

Conclusion:
Metabonomics has great advantages in all aspects of the therapy of liver diseases, with good prospects
for clinical application.
Using Sodium Hydride and Potassium Carbonate as Bases in Synthesis of Substituted 2-Amino-4-aryl-7-propargyloxy-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles
Authors: Thanh Nguyen D. , Hai Do S. , Bich Vu T.N. , Hien Pham T.T. , Duyen Nguyen T.K. , Mai Nguyen T. , Dung Tran T. , Van Hoang T.K. , Toan Vu N. , Toan Duong N. , Dang Le H. 
Published: January 2019

Aims and Objective:
1-Alkynes are the important precursors for the CuAAC click chemistry. The
hybrid of 1,2,3-triazole ring to the chromene ring and sugar moiety could bring some remarkable biological
properties. Propargyl derivatives are usually used in the click chemistry. This article reported the synthesis of
2-amino-4-aryl-7-propargyloxy-4-aryl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles using propargyl bromide as alkylation
agent and the use of potassium carbonate and sodium hydride as bases in the conversion of 2-amino-4-aryl-7-
hydroxy-4-aryl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles into corresponding propargyl ethers in Williamson’s ether
synthesis.

Materials and Methods:
The use of CTAB for the synthesis of benzylidene malononitriles and anhydrous potassium
carbonate as a catalyst in absolute ethanol in the synthesis of 2-amino-7-hydroxy-4H-chromene-3-
carbonitriles is an efficient and simple synthetic method. Propargyl ether compounds of these 4H-chromene-3-
carbonitriles were obtained from the alkylation reaction by propargyl bromide. Two procedures were applied:
K2CO3 as a base in acetone solvent (Procedure A) and NaH as a base in DMF solvent (Procedure B). The
single-crystal X-ray structure of propargyl ether 5e has been studied.

Results:
The use of K2CO3 and NaH as bases in the Williamson’s ether synthesis from 2-amino-7-hydroxy-4Hchromene-
3-carbonitriles showed that Procedure B was the better route and gave ethers in the higher yields. 2-
Amino-4-aryl-7-propargyloxy-4-aryl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles were obtained from corresponding 7-
hydroxy-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles. Yields of ethers 5a-i were 70−89% and 80−96%, respectively depending
on the used procedures.

Conclusion:
The described methods are simple, clean and environmentally friendly alternatives for the preparation
of 2-amino-4-aryl-7-hydroxy-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles. The conditions for the transformation of
these compounds into propargyl ethers include dried DMF as a solvent, NaH as a base and reaction time of 2 h
at the room temperature. A series of 2-amino-4-aryl-7-hydroxy-4-aryl-4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles were
obtained based on investigated reaction condition.