bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree ring record of annual runoff for Issyk Lake, Central Asia
Authors: Zhang Tongwen , Diushen Mamatkanov , Bakytbek Ermenbaev , Shang Huaming , Gao Yaqi , Huang Liping , Zhang Ruibo , Chen Feng , Yu Shulong , Yin Zifeng , Yuan Yujiang 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Revealing hydrologic variations in the past is helpful to understand the dynamic changes and evolution of a given water body. The widespread long-lived spruce forests growing in the mountainous area around Issyk Lake in Central Asia provide a good opportunity for dendrohydrologic studies about that lake. A regional tree-ring width chronology developed for Picea schrenkiana was used to reconstruct 345-year annual runoff for Issyk Lake. Based on frequency of the wettest/driest years and decades, the 20th century was identified as having the most frequent hydrologic fluctuations among the last three centuries. After applying a 21-year moving average, seven wet and six dry periods were found in the runoff reconstruction. The 10- and 2.1–5.4-year cycles of this reconstruction revealed that annual runoff variability of Issyk Lake may be influenced by solar activity and the atmosphere–ocean system. Spatial correlation proves that the runoff reconstruction contains climatic signals representative of a large area, including the western Tien Shan Mountains and Junggar Basin. A comparison between the annual runoff reconstruction and other hydroclimatic reconstructions reveals similar variations, particularly in the high-frequency domain. The annual runoff reconstruction also accurately captures some flood/drought events noted in the meteorological records and hydroclimatic reconstructions of Central Asia.
Polyphenols and Microvascular Function in Humans: A Systematic Review
Authors: Woodward Kirsty A. , Draijer Richard , Thijssen Dick H. J. , Low David A. 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Polyphenol-rich dietary sources are acknowledged to have potential cardiovascular
health benefits, particularly in reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods:
This systematic review sought to determine the effect of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages upon
microvascular function, which is of considerable importance in its contribution towards the pathophysiology of
microvascular-related complications but also in the future development of (macro-vessel) cardiovascular disease.

Results:
Overall, consumption of polyphenol-rich foods and beverages demonstrate improved microvascular
function, although this is dependent upon the polyphenol source, the dose of the product, the duration of consumption
and the population group studied. Most subgroups reviewed suggest an overall beneficial effect on
microvascular function, particularly grape-derived products, cocoa, tea, pine bark and Rutaceae aurantiae. Other
groups remain equivocal and require further study due to the limited research performed to date.

Conclusion:
Polyphenols are abundant in the human diet and this systematic review demonstrates that they are an
inexpensive, non-pharmacological approach for improving cardiovascular health in currently healthy individuals
and in populations with microvascular dysfunction.
Polyphenols: Anti-Platelet Nutraceutical?
Authors: Ludovici Valeria , Barthelmes Jens , Nagele Matthias P. , Flammer Andreas J. , Sudano Isabella 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a disease progressing over many years. Genetic factors,
as well as the exposure to risk factors, are continuously leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular alterations
and, eventually, organ damage, major cardiovascular events and deaths. Oxidative stress, platelet hyperactivity
and low-grade inflammation are important modulators in this context, contributing to plaque formation.
Since platelet activation plays a critical role in the development and progression of atherothrombotic events, the
inhibition of platelet hyperactivity may contribute to decreased atherothrombotic risk. The consumption of bioactive
foods, and plant-derived polyphenols in particular, might impart anti-thrombotic and cardiovascular protective
effects.

Methods:
Aim of this work is to focus on the potential of dietary derived polyphenols to reduce platelet hyperactivity
or hypercoagulability in addition to discussing their possible complementary anti-platelet therapeutic potential.
All the relevant publications on this topic were systematically reviewed.

Results:
Various studies demonstrated that polyphenol supplementation affects platelet aggregation and function
in vitro and in vivo, mainly neutralizing free radicals, inhibiting platelet activation and related signal transduction
pathways, blocking thromboxane A2 receptors and enhancing nitric oxide production. Experimental data concerning
the effect of dietary polyphenols on platelet aggregation in vivo are poor, and results are often conflicting.
Only flavanols clearly mirrored in vivo showed the efficacy in vitro in modulating platelet function.

Conclusion:
Dietary polyphenols, and above all flavanols contained in cocoa and berries, reduce platelet activation
and aggregation via multiple pathways. However, more controlled interventional studies are required to establish
which doses are required as well as what circulating concentrations are sufficient to induce functional antiplatelet
effects.
Cocoa Polyphenols: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Matsumoto Chisa 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Accumulating evidence suggests potential preventive effects of chocolate/cocoa on the
risk of cardio vascular disease (CVD). However, cocoa products also contain high levels of sugar and fat, which
increase CVD risk factors. Even, the identity of the substance in chocolate/cocoa that has a favorable effect on
CVD and CVD risk factors remains unclear, growing evidence from experimental studies suggests that cocoa
polyphenols might be a major contributor to cardiovascular-protective effects. However, epidemiological studies,
which are necessary to evaluate an association between the risk of CVD and cocoa polyphenol, remain sparse.

Methods:
We will discuss recent evidence regarding the association between cocoa polyphenol consumption and
the risks of CVD and its risk factors by reviewing recent epidemiological studies. We shall also provide some
guidance for patient counseling and will discuss the public health implications for recommending cocoa polyphenol
consumption to prevent CVD.

Results:
Epidemiological studies evaluating the association between cocoa polyphenol itself and the risk of CVD
are sparse. However, evidence from limited epidemiological studies suggests that cocoa polyphenol consumption
may lower the risk of CVD.

Conclusion:
Given the potential adverse effects of the consumption of cocoa products with high fat and sugar and
the fact that the most appropriate dose of cocoa polyphenol for cardio-protective effects has not yet been established,
health care providers should remain cautious about recommending cocoa/cocoa polyphenol consumption
to their patients to reduce the risk of CVD, taking the characteristics of individual patients into careful consideration.
An Efficient and Improved Process for the Synthesis of Itopride Hydrochloride and Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride
Authors: Kannan Ponnusamy , Presley Samuel I.D. , Shanmugasundaram Pallikondaperumal , Prakash Nagapillai , Easwaramoorthy Deivanayagam 
Published: April 2018

Aim and Objective: Itopride is a prokinetic agent used for treating conditions like non-ulcer dyspepsia.
Itopride is administered as its hydrochloride salt. Trimethobenzamide is used for treating nausea and vomiting
and administered as its hydrochloride salt. The aim is to develop a novel and environmental friendly
method for large-scale production of itopride and trimethobenzamide.

Materials and Methods:
Itopride and trimethobenzamide can be prepared from a common intermediate 4-
(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzyl amine. The intermediate is prepared from one pot synthesis using Phyrdroxybenzaldehye
and zinc dust and further reaction of the intermediate with substituted methoxy benzoic
acid along with boric acid and PEG gives itopride and trimethobenzamide.

Results:
The intermediate 4-(dimethylaminoethoxy) benzylamine is prepared by treating p-hydroxybenzaldehyde
and 2-dimethylaminoethyl chloride. The aldehyde formed is treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride.
The intermediate is confirmed by NMR and the purity is analysed by HPLC.

Conclusion:
Both itopride and trimethobenzamide were successfully synthesized by this method. The developed
method is environmental friendly, economical for large-scale production with good yield and purity.
Synthesis, Chemistry and Utilities of Diaminoazoles with Special Reference to 3,5-diaminopyrazoles
Authors: Abdelmoniem Amr M. , Elnagdi Mohamed H. , Elsehemy Mohamed S. , El-Seedi Hesham R. , Abdelhamid Ismail A. 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Although the chemistry of heteroaromatic monoamino azoles has been surveyed more
than once in the last decade, the chemistry of the di- and triaminoazoles has not been reviewed. In this article
we will survey the synthesis, chemistry and utility of the diaminoazoles. In this review, the chemistry of the
diaminoazoles as well as their most important utilities will be surveyed.

Objective:
The review focuses on recent progress in diaminoazoles (i.e. diaminopyrazoles, diaminoimidazoles,
diaminotriazoles and diaminothiazole) with especial references to diaminopyrazoles. The synthesis as well as
pharmaceutical utilities are reported. There are several methods for synthesis of diaminopyrazoles. 3,5-
Diaminopyrazole and its derivatives are prepared through the reaction of malononitrile or arylhydrazononitrile
with hydrazine derivatives. 3,4-Diaminopyrazoles are prepared via nitration of 3-aminopyrazole with
subsequent reduction of the produced compound. The diaminopyrazoles have several applications in cosmetic
and pharmaceutical industries. They also have useful utilities as a constituent in oxidative hair dyes.

Conclusion:
We managed to report the common methods for the synthesis of diaminoazoles with especial
reference to aminopyrazoles that are prepared through the reaction of malononitrile or hydrazononitriles with
hydrazine derivatives. Some important applications that include pharmaceutical utilities such as hair dye
constituents are reported.
Modification of Polyfluoro-Containing 3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)flavones by Biogenic Amines and Amino Acids
Authors: Shcherbakov Konstantin V. , Burgart Yanina V. , Saloutin Victor I. , Chupakhin Oleg N. 
Published: April 2018

Aim and Objective: The objective of our work was to study the peculiarities of transformations of
fluorine-containing flavone-3-carboxylates with N-nucleophiles, including biogenic amines and amino acids.

Materials and Methods:
6,7,8-Trifluoro and 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoroflavone-3-carboxylates were involved in interactions
with a number of N-nucleophiles, such as pyrrolidine, morpholine, proline, arginine, gammaaminobutyric
acid, beta-alanine, histamine, dopamine and amantadine under different reaction conditions. All
synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR 1H, 19F, (NMR 13C for some compounds) and IR spectroscopic
data, and elemental analysis.

Results:
3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)polyfluoroflavones react with morpholine, pyrrolidine and L-proline to form 7-
monosubstituted flavone-3-carboxylates. For the reactions of tetrafluoroflavone with pyrrolidine and morpholine,
the formation of 5,7-disubstituted products is also possible. Interaction with gamma-aminobutyric acid
leads to the 4-{[3-ethoxy-2-(2-hydroxypolyfluorobenzoyl)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-enyl]amino}butanoic acids
as a result of the pyrone ring opening. In reactions with dopamine, histamine, L-arginine and β-alanine,
polyfluoroflavone-3-carboxylates underwent a chromone-coumarin rearrangement. 3-(Ethoxycarbonyl)tetrafluoroflavone
forms with amantadine the nucleophilic aromatic substitution product, while trifluoro-substituted
analog gives the chromone-coumarin rearrangement product.

Conclusion:
This work showed possibilities of chemical modification of polyfluorinated flavones in the reactions
with amines depending on the structure of the nucleophilic reagent. Synthesized compounds are of interest
for biological testing.
Synthesis and Applications of Bisheterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Yusuf Mohamad , Thakur Saloni 
Published: April 2018

Background:
The synthesis of a variety of bisheterocyclic compounds has received a great attention
not only as main chain polymers but also because many biologically active natural and synthetic products have
molecular symmetry. In the synthesis of bisheterocyclic, researchers tried to extend the existing method by using
a broad range of protocols to improve the various scope and limitations regarding their yield, purity and
mostly on the various biological applications.
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Objective: The significance of this review lies in the fact that bisheterocycles reported here display diverse
chemical, structural and biological properties which makes them potential candidates for the further investigations.

Conclusion:
This review article is associated with the study of the synthesis and varied applications of different
bisheterocycles. These compounds have been built around the variety of intermediate chains such aliphatic,
olefinic, alkynic and aromatic linkers. The presence of two heterocyclic moieties together in the same molecule
either symmetrically or non-symmetrically has been found to influence the biological profiles of the resultant
bis organic molecules. So, there is plenty of scope upon the development of the new bisheterocyclic in order to
investigate the effect of the length and flexibility of the linkers upon their biological and other properties.
Synthesis of a Series of Chalcones and Related Flavones and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
Authors: Benouda Hind , Bouchal Btissam , Challioui Allal , Oulmidi Abdelkader , Harit Tarik , Malek Fouad , Riahi Abdelkhalek , Bellaoui Mohammed , Bouammali Boufelja 
Published: April 2018

Background:
A series of chalcones and flavones were synthesized from
2’-hydroxyacetophenone and substituted aromatic aldehydes via Simmons-Schmidt condensation
followed by oxidative cyclization.

Methods:
Characterization of the obtained structures was established on the basis of their spectroscopic
data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities against five
bacterial strains (Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella
braenderup, Escherichia coli.) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans, Candida krusei).

Results:
The in vitro bioassay results indicated that some target compounds displayed moderate
(4d, 4e) to high (4a) antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi C. albicans and C. krusei.

Conclusion:
For the antibacterial activity, only products 3d and 4d showed a weak antibacterial
activity. These compounds can lead to the design of new drugs with specific antifungal activity.
PS-b-PEG Block Copolymer for the Compatibility of the Electro Spun Fiber of PS/PEG Blend
Authors: You Minghui , Sun Qixiang , Zhang Shuo , Liu Jingsheng 
Published: April 2018

Background:
The electrospining of Poly (styrene)/poly(ethylene glycol) blend and prepared
electrospun Poly (styrene)/poly(ethylene glycol) are the composite fibers. The Core-shell
structured PS-PEG fibers were founded by polarized optical microscope after electrospinning,
meanwhile, the mechanism of structure was also discussed.

Methods:
The Electro-spinning is a facile method to fabricate polymer fibers. The single-step process
to fabricate poly (styrene)(PS)/poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) polymer nano-fiber meshes had been
investigated, respectively. The morphology and crystallization behavior of the blend were observed
by polarized optical microscopy.

Results:
The clear phase separation of PEG encapsulating on the PS fiber surface, and the nano-fiber
composed of a core-shell structure, furthermore, the core of PS with the shell of PEG were observed,
respectively. To increase the compatibility of the PS/PEG blend, Poly (styrene)(PS)-b-poly(ethylene
glycol)(PEG), synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was introduced. The
addition of the PS-b-PEG block copolymer has no negative effect on the electro-spinning process.

Conclusion:
When the Block copolymer of PS-b-PEG as a compatibilizer was added into the
PS/PEG blend, the homogeneous electrospun fibers without phase separation was obtained. The effect
of PS-b-PEG block copolymer on electrospinning of PS/PEG blend was analyzed by evaluating
the morphology and crystallization behavior of the electrospun fibers. Under polarized optical microscopy
analyses suggest that, it can be found that the phase separation between PS and PEG disappears
due to the introduction of the compatibilizer. Meanwhile, the core-shell structure of PEG/PS
composite fiber was destroyed and PEG evenly dispersed in PS/PEG blend.
Concept of the Hexa-Quad Bimorph Walking Robot and the Design of its Prototype
Authors: Wojtkowiak Dominik , Talaśka Krzysztof , Malujda Ireneusz 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Present-day walking robots can increasingly successfully execute locomotive as well as manipulative functions, which leads to their expansion into more and more applications. This article presents the design of a hexa-quad bimorph walking robot with the ability to move at a relatively high speed in difficult terrain. It also has manipulation capabilities both at a standstill and in motion. This feature of the robot is made possible by the ability to easily change the configuration from six-legged to four-legged by elevating the front segment of its body. Presented prototype will be used in further research to develop the hexa-quad bimorph walking robot.
A Non-Parametric Analysis of Technical Efficiency in Bulgarian Farms Using the Fadn Dataset
Authors: Galluzzo Nicola 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Bulgarian countryside has suffered a significant phenomenon of rural emigration since the early 1970s. The main consequence of rural depopulation has been a decline of investments in Bulgarian farms and in their own level of technical and economic efficiency. The aim of this research was to assess afterwards the enlargement of the European Union in 2007, the technical efficiency by a non-parametric approach such as the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), using some findings and variables investigated in the Farm Accountancy Data Network annual survey from 2007 till 2015. Farms have been stratified into functions of their typology of farming and their geographical localization. Research findings have pointed out that specialized farms as dairy farms and granivores ones have had the highest levels of technical efficiency compared to mixed farms and wine farms. To sum up, financial subsidies allocated by the Common Agricultural Policy have had a positive impact towards farmers, both increasing the technical efficiency and also in reducing the socio-economic marginalization of Bulgarian rural areas.
Interpretations of Innovation in Rural Development. The Cases of Leader Projects in Lecce (Italy) and Granada (Spain) in 2007–2013 Period
Authors: Navarro Francisco , Labianca Marilena , Cejudo Eugenio , de Rubertis Stefano , Salento Angelo , Maroto Juan Carlos , Belliggiano Angelo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In the Leader approach, innovation plays a key role in European territories, especially in marginal and peripheral ones, being essentially assumed, from a programmatic point of view, as social innovation. This paper aims to understand the interpretation and the declination of innovation in the practice of Leader initiative at local scale and analyze contextual factors related to its implementation in two southern provinces of Spain and Italy (Granada and Lecce). The study aims to analyze the projects reported as innovative by the leaders of the Local Action Groups, starting from the literature and using a key Community document entitled “Extended report on preserving the innovative character of LEADER”. Lastly, the study reveals common significant problems linked to local awareness of the role of social innovation, as well as the absence or limitations of key institutions.
Morphological and chemical variability of common oregano (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare) occurring in eastern Poland
Authors: Kosakowska Olga , Czupa Weronika 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Introduction: Common oregano is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, characterized by a high morphological and chemical variability.

Objective: The aim of the work was to determine the diversity of 14 common oregano populations introduced into ex situ conditions, in respect of morphological and developmental traits as well as content and composition of essential oil in herb.

Methods: Observations and harvest of raw material were performed in the second year of plant vegetation. Morphological and developmental characters were estimated. Total content of essential oil was determined according to European Pharmacopoeia 8th. The composition of essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography.

Results: Populations differed in respect of examined traits, i.a.: plant's height from 52.13 to 88.66 cm, number of stems per plant from 45.6 to 123.3, number of internodes per stem from 4.6 to 9.2. Fresh mass of herb was at a level of 249.0–896.6 g per plant. Total content of essential oil ranged from 0.35 to 0.87%. Sabinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, p-cymene, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide were the dominant compounds in essential oil.

Conclusions: Number of stems and fresh mass of herb differentiated examined populations at the highest degree. Most of populations were classified as a sabinyl chemotype rich in sesquiterpenes.
Antioxidant properties of Artemisia absinthium accelerate healing of experimental Achilles tendon injury in rabbits
Authors: Hoseinian Ali , Moslemi Hamid Reza , Sedaghat Reza 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Introduction: Delayed tendon healing is still found to be among the complications that occur most often after tendon repair.

Objective: The role of local injection of Artemisia absinthium was evaluated in healing of experimental Achilles tendon injury in rabbits.

Methods:. In nine adult New Zealand rabbits a partial thickness tenotomy was created on both hindlimbs.

A. absinthium extract and normal saline were respectively injected daily to treatment and control groups for three days.

Results: On the day 7 after injury, the tendon sections showed that healing rate in A. absinthium treated group was higher than that in control group. Furthermore, at days 14 and 28, comparison between A. absinthium treated group and control group demonstrated that A. absinthium increased the healing rate but with no significance.

Conclusions: Results of this study have showed that application of A. absinthium extract can improve healing process of damaged Achilles tendon.
Lichens as a source of chemical compounds with anti-inflammatory activity
Authors: Studzińska-Sroka Elżbieta , Dubino Adrianna 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Symptoms of inflammation accompany a number of diseases. In order to mitigate them, folk medicine has used a variety of medicinal substances, including herbs and mushrooms. Lichens are less known organisms, containing specific secondary metabolites with interesting biological properties. One of their biological actions is the anti-inflammatory activity that has been confirmed by in vitro and animal studies. It has been proven that compounds and extracts from lichens inhibit the enzymes involved in the inflammatory process. The following paper is a review of research on the little-known anti-inflammatory properties of lichens.