bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact assessment of industrial and municipal effluents on surface water - a case study
Authors: Zagorc-Koncan Jana , Cotman Magda 
Published: May 2018

Surface waters are used for disposal of industrial and municipal effluents. The regulations limit effluent concentrations of contaminants to protect rivers and their biota. Only low concentrations of various contaminants are usually found in treated effluents but they have often been accumulated over time in sediments. Sediment quality investigations are necessary beside water quality determination for assessment of harmful impacts of discharges on the river.
The quality evaluation of Krka river was used as a case study for assessment of the impact of effluents from both industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants. The evaluation of the impact of treated wastewaters on the river is based on chemical analysis of river water, sediment, sediment elutriates and pore water (COD, BOD, nutrients and metals) as well as toxicity measurements of river water and sediment elutriates. Sediment elutriates were prepared by natural leaching process simulation. By comparative investigations upstream and downstream from the wastewaters' discharges the influence of pollution upon the Krka river was studied.
The use of particle monitoring in the performance optimisation of conventional clarification and filtration processes
Authors: Standen G. , Insole P. J. , Shek K. J. , Irwin R. A. 
Published: May 2018

The application of laser diffraction particle monitoring to the performance optimisation of a pilot clarifier and full-scale rapid gravity filters (RGF), operating on water supply works in Hampshire, is described. Furthermore the dosing of powdered activated carbon (PAC) into the works' clarifiers has been evaluated in terms of RGF performance. A costly proposal to install a third filter medium was subsequently abandoned when it was found that particle numbers in the filtered water were consistently below 1×102/ml.
Various combinations and doses of coagulants and flocculant aids, shown to give optimum particulates removal during intensive jar testing trials, were transferred to the pilot clarifier. Particle monitoring enabled a more accurate derivation of suitable blanket chemistry and optimum blanket heights than turbidity changes. Raw water turbidities were 10-15 NTU at start-up with corresponding counts beyond the upper limit of the particle monitor. An on-line dilution system was developed to overcome this problem. Latex bead (4.33 μm) and Lycopodium spore (4-5 μm) suspensions (about 1 × 109 particles) were injected into the pilot clarifier to assess the removal efficiency of Cryptosporidium-sized particles. Reductions of about 1.7 log and 2.6 log were achieved for the beads and spores, respectively. Particle distributions of various PAC's and a bentonite were obtained in order to assess their potential effects on the coagulation process during clarification. Bentonite was also beneficial as an on-line means of checking particle monitor response and calibration.
The works' filters achieved 1.5 to 2.0 log removals of 2-5 μm particles without media addition or operational changes. Combined clarification and filtration gave better particulates removal than two-stage microfiltration.
Electrochemical versus photochemical pretreatment of industrial wastewaters
Authors: Ribordy P. , Pulgarin C. , Kiwi J. , Péringer P. 
Published: May 2018

Electrochemical and photochemical treatments have been applied on industrial non-biodegradable effluents originated from a flavour manufacturing facility. The efficiency has been measured in each case. Such an approach has been used before successfully on model substances and is confirmed in the present study as a valid approach for industrial waste water.
During electrochemical treatment, the values for the temperature, pH, electrode characteristics, initial concentration of effluents and NaCl used have been optimized through preliminary experiments. After a charge of 5 Ah/l the TOC observed decreased by 52% and the ratio TOC/COD decreased from 3.3 to 1.7. After electrochemical treatment and chlorine neutralization the effluents become easily biodegradable and no toxicity was observed.
Photo-Fenton system under solar lamp have shown to be efficient in the photochemical degradation of industrial effluent when Fe3+-ion (4.3 mg in 40ml) and H2O2 (30μl/h in 40 ml) is added to the solution. After 10 hours a degradation of 56% of TOC was observed. The toxicity and biodegradability of pretreated wastewater were evaluated after having decomposed the residual H2O2 with catalase. Toxicity did not increase during photochemical treatment but the biodegradability strongly increased.
Change of particle structure of sewage sludges during mechanical and biological processes with regard to the dewatering result
Authors: Nellenschulte Thomas , Kayser Rolf 
Published: May 2018

Particle size seems to be the most important parameter, to describe the dewatering behaviour and result of sludges. But there are many other parameters, which can influence the dewatering result. The dewatering result of a sludge depends on the type of sludge, the mechanical and biological process. Out of the numerous parameters to characterize wastewater sludges five were selected, which describe the properties of the particulate matter. These parameters are the suspended solids (SS), the volatile suspended solids (VSS), the density of the particles (ρ), the fraction of small particles (fines) and a new parameter, called φ-value, which is the ratio of the mass of waste activated sludge to the total mass of sludge. The tested sludges were analysed for the Zeta Potential, but there could not be found a correlation between this parameter and the dewatering result.
Combining the parameters in a model led to an overall sludge parameter, the so-called “Integral Property Parameter, fE”. A correlation between the fE-values and the dewatering results of municipal sludges (n = 49) can be found. A proposal was made to transfer the experimental results to a full scale dewatering process with high performance centrifuges.
The use of oxidation and other processes for the treatment of liquid organic waste at BNFL, Sellafield, UK
Authors: Hutson G. V. 
Published: May 2018

British Nuclear Fuels plc has since its inception 1971 had a policy of reducing its discharges of radioisotopes and other possible hazardous substances to as low as reasonably possible. In support of this, a substantial research & development programme was initiated in the mid nineteen eighties to establish suitable processes for treating both free phase and soluble liquid organic wastes.
This paper describes major processes studied and the selection criteria applied, which has resulted in the choice of alkaline hydrolysis for the free phase waste organics and both catalytic chemical oxidation and electrically enhanced photooxidation for soluble organics.
Adsorption and ion exchange of some groundwater anion contaminants in an amine modified coconut coir
Authors: Baes Aloysius U. , Okuda Tetsuji , Nishijima Wataru , Shoto Eiji , Okada Mitsumasa 
Published: May 2018

The adsorption of nitrate, chromium (VI), arsenic (V) and selenium (VI) anions in an amine modified coconut coir (MCC-AE : with secondary and tertiary amine functionality) were studied to determine the capability of this easily prepared and low-cost material in removing typical groundwater anion contaminants.
Batch adsorption-ion exchange experiments were conducted using 200 mg MCC-AE, initially containing chloride as the resident anion, and 50 ml of different anion-containing water of varying concentrations. It is presumed, at this low pH, that only SeO42− remained as a divalent anion, while monovalent species H2AsO4− and HCrO4− predominated in their respective exchanging ion solutions. The adsorption data were fitted using the Freundlich equation and maximum adsorption for each anion was estimated using their respective Freundlich equation constants. MCC-AE exhibited preference for divalent Cr (VI) and Se (VI) anions compared with the Cl− resident ion. Maximum As (V) adsorption was 0.086 mmol/g, while maximum adsorption of Cr (VI), NO3− and Se (VI) anions was 0.327 mmol/g, 0.459 mmol/g, and 0.222 mmol/g, respectively. The ion exchange capacity of MCC-AE is estimated, based on its exchange capacity for nitrate, to be within 0.46 mmol of positive charges per gram. Similar adsorption experiments were conducted for comparison using commercial chloride-form Amberlite IRA-900 strong base (quaternary amine functionality) anion exchanger, with an exchange capacity of 4.2 meq/g. Maximum adsorption of the different ions in IRA-900 was about 3 times higher for NO3−, 9 times higher for Se (VI), 10 times higher for As (V) and 9 times higher for Cr (VI), than that in MCC-AE. Differences in the ion exchange behavior of MCC-AE and IRA-900 were probably due to the different amine functionalities in the two exchangers. The results suggest that MCC-AE may be used as a low-cost alternative adsorbent/ion exchanger for treatment of anion contaminants in groundwater.
Morpho-chemistry in secondary sludge filtration cakes: a case study
Authors: Deneux-Mustin Sylvie , Lartiges Bruno , Villemin Genevieve , de Donato Philippe , Bersillon Jean-Luc , Thomas Fabien , Snidaro Denis 
Published: May 2018

Light Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM, EDXS), and Fourier Transform Infra Red MicroSpectroscopy (FTIRMS) were used to describe the organization and chemical distribution of major constituents in a sludge filtration cake. Samples were obtained from a municipal wastewater treatment plant using conventional ferric chloride and lime sludge conditioning. Various samples collected at different stages of the process were embedded in an Epoxy resin after acetone-dehydration, and sectioned using an ultra-microtome. The thickness of the sections was adapted to the experimental techniques used.
TEM showed that in the activated sludge, bacterial colonies, isolated bacteria and debris are trapped within a gel matrix of exocellular polymeric substances, whereas those same components are compacted and distorted in the filtration cake. Furthermore, conditioning chemicals appeared in the cake as amorphous aggregated colloids and acicular particles which do not form inside the colonies. A chemical mapping was obtained by determining and integrating FTIR bands characteristics of specific components of the cake. Preliminary results showed that the amounts of resin can be used to assess the relative compacity at different levels of the cake.
Production of glass ceramics from sewage sludge
Authors: Endo Hisashi , Nagayoshi Yoshikazu , Suzuki Kenji 
Published: May 2018

Environmental problems are a worldwide concern. So recycling with a zero-emission objective is being pursued.
For this purpose, a melting process whereby sludge was converted into slag has been developed and commercialized. However, as the glass material of conventional slag is inferior compared to natural stone, the use of slag as a substitute material has been limited. Therefore, glass ceramics technology was studied to produce crystallized glass from sewage sludge. The technology was researched and developed jointly with the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in pursuing the basic study and pilot plant studied from 1991 to 1995. As a result, we have successfully commercialized this technology to convert sewage sludge into a resource as stone-like products, followed successfully by a long pilot operation. Now the commercialized plant of 150 ton-cake/day was installed and has been producing stone products from sewage sludge since 1996. In this paper, we report the results of the latest pilot plant test, and the application study of stone products for recycling use as well. For long decades, we obtain building materials from mountains and forests then built up metropolis. Then the metropolis exhaust waste and surrounding environment is polluted.
We are convinced that this technology may contribute to prevent such environmentally unbalanced cycle.
Membrane operations
Authors: Bilstad Torleiv 
Published: May 2018

The success of any industrial pretreatment program is dependent on correct choice of technology and management. The rapid growth in the industrial sector has increased the mass of toxic and hazardous pollutants to the municipal wastewater treatment works. This may again inhibit the conventional biological treatment processes. Membrane separation is in this context a physical pretreatment process which splits the flow of water in two; a less toxic permeate and a more concentrated retentate. Typically, the volume reduction is one order of magnitude from the feedflow to the retentate.
Engineering contractors in general do not possess proper knowledge of membrane technology to convincingly include membranes as a viable process option in design of pre-treatment systems. Attractive features of membranes are low weight and space requirements without use of chemicals. Moreover, the equipment is modular and can be scaled up or operated at partial capacity.
The paper documents examples of accumulated field experiences with the intention to prove that membrane separation is a mature technology for the industry to utilize and for the engineering contractor to master. Also, the paper conveys information pertinent to advances in membrane separation to better enable academia to adjust curricula to meet industrial demands for separation engineers. The challenge is to pick the right membrane for a specific wastewater and couple the membrane to compatable auxiliary equipment such as pumps, pipes, valves and meters.
Regulating industrial wastewater discharged to public wastewater treatment plants - a conceptual approach
Authors: Grüttner H. 
Published: May 2018

The paper describes some of the basic principles behind the DEPA Guidelines for discharge of industrial wastewater to public sewers set in operation in 1995 and evaluates some of the experiences with the implementation.
It is described how such guidelines support the approach of pollution prevention and the implementation of cleaner technology by putting a stress on the industry. Further an approach for the balance between environmental and technological considerations is introduced.
The need for easily understandable environmental priorities is stressed and a concept for this is presented along with its combination with available technology. Finally expression of the environmental requirements are discussed in relation to environmental and technological considerations.
Pretreatment of tannery wastewaters by an ion exchange process for Cr(III) removal and recovery
Authors: Tiravanti G. , Petruzzelli D. , Passino R. 
Published: May 2018

Conventional treatment of tannery wastewaters includes the physico-chemical treatment in order to precipitate metals (mostly Cr(III). The landfilling disposal of mixed physico-chemical and biological tannery sludges is an economical and environmental problem, due to the saturation of possible sites.
A new process, namely, IERECHROM® (Ion Exchange REcovery of CHROMium), has been developed for removal, recovery and reuse of Cr(III) ionic complex from segregated tannery wastewaters. The process is based on the use of a weak electrolyte macroporous carboxylate resin, retaining the metal of reference together with other trace metals, including aluminum and iron.
A 10 m3/d fully automated pilot plant was assembled and a demonstration campaign was carried out at a medium size Italian tannery by using the IERECHROM process. The adoption of the IERECHROM process simplified the tannery wastewater treatment lay-out as the physico-chemical treatment was not necessary. A considerable decrease in the use of chemical compounds, a sludge production reduced by 80% with respect to the traditional treatment, and lower costs for sludge treatment and disposal were demonstrated.
Combined oxidative and biological treatment for separated streams of tannery wastewater
Authors: Jochimsen Jan C. , Schenk Harm , Jekel Martin R. , Hegemann Werner 
Published: May 2018

The biological treatment of the tannery wastewater substreams beamhouse (BH, pre-tanning steps) and tan-yard wastewater (TY, tanning, & wet-finishing process steps) and the application of an oxidative treatment by ozone, followed by a second aerobic treatment are investigated.
Due to the extremely changing quality of the raw wastewater, esp. TY, the biological pre-treatment could not be stabilized all the time and nitrification was sometimes inhibited. Oxidative treatment distinctly improved the aerobic biodegradability of refractory organic compounds and it was found to be optimal in the range of a specific ozone consumption of about 2 g O3/g DOC0 for both batch experiments and continuous operating conditions.
Moreover, full nitrification could be established during the subsequent aerobic degradation and the remaining ammonia was completely removed. Summing up, it can be stated that the combined oxidative and biological treatment of BH and TY was effective and ensures the meeting of given COD and ammonia-limits for the direct discharge of this special industrial wastewater into rivers.
Anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol using GAC fluidized bed reactors: optimization of the empty bed contact time
Authors: Wilson Gregory J. , Khodadoust Amid P. , Suidan Makram T. , Brenner Richard C. 
Published: May 2018

An integrated reactor system has been developed to remediate pentachlorophenol (PCP) containing wastes using sequential anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation. Anaerobically, PCP was degraded to predominately equimolar concentrations (&gt;99%) of monochlorophenol (MCP) in two GAC fluidized bed reactors at Empty Bed Contact Times (EBCTs) ranging from 18.6 to 1.15 hours. However, at lower EBCTs, MCP concentrations decreased to less than 10% of the influent PCP concentration suggesting mineralization. The optimal EBCT was determined to be 2.3 hours based on PCP conversion to MCPs and stable reactor operation. Decreasing the EBCT fourfold did not inhibit degradation of PCP and its intermediates, thus allowing removal of PCP at much lower detention time and resulting in a significant cost advantage.
Analytical grade PCP was fed via syringe pumps into two fluidized bed reactors at influent concentrations of 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l, respectively. Acting as the primary substrate, ethanol was also fed into the reactors at concentrations of 697 and 1388 mg/l. Effluent PCP and chlorinated phenolic compounds were analyzed weekly to evaluate reactor performance. Biodegradation pathways were also identified. 3-chlorophenol (CP) was the predominant MCP and varied simultaneously with 3,5-dichlorophenol (DCP) concentrations. Likewise, 4-CP concentrations varied simultaneously with 3,4-DCP concentrations.
A second stage aerobic GAC fluidized bed reactor was added after the anaerobic reactor to completely mineralize the remaining MCP and phenols. Data show no presence of phenol and MCP in the effluent or on the GAC. Overall, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fed to the system was reduced from 75 g/d in the influent to less than 1.5 g/d in the effluent.
Introduction of plate settler for combined sewer overflow treatment
Authors: Takayanagi Enao , Abe Takashi , Taruya Takao , Fukui Satoshi 
Published: May 2018

Osaka City is first in Japan to employ plate settler by means of coping with CSO. Construction of the settler at Ebie Sewage Treatment Plant was commenced in 1991, and will be completed in a few years. Prior to the construction was conducted an experiment of settling treatment using sloping-plate with an existing pre-aeration tank. The detention time in the experiment device was about 10 minutes to attain an average removal rate of 70% for influent SS.
This report describes the experiment of the settling treatment using sloping-plates, and outlines the design of plate settler that are currently under construction.
The performance of a novel combined sewer overflow with perforated conical screen
Authors: Jefferies C. , Allinson C. L. , McKeown J. 
Published: May 2018

Increasing concern over the discharge of sewer solids from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) has encouraged the introduction of installations which incorporate either mesh or bar screen arrangements, or both. Gross solids create visual and aesthetic pollution if they reach watercourses. An entirely new arrangement for a CSO with a perforated screen of 6 mm diameter apertures is described in the paper. The arrangement is circular, with tangential flow across the screen to facilitate its cleaning. High velocities across the screen holes ensure that solids which have been prevented from discharging are swept clear from the screen. As a result, a sufficient screen area remains free from trapped solids to permit discharge of flow. The device has been designed to meet all anticipated performance criteria for the removal of solids, and to require a minimum of maintenance.
A thorough testing programme in different conditions is described. Laboratory testing utilised a wide range of gross solids and flows to determine efficiencies of solids removal under all anticipated operating conditions. The performance of the CSO in a sewer environment was evaluated at a sewage treatment works with flows up to 1801/s using both raw and treated sewage to simulate storm sewage of different strengths. Both the device and its testing are described, together with the results of the testing programme.
A treatability index for reservoir water
Authors: Ta C. T. , Woodward C. A. 
Published: May 2018

A Treatability Index is developed to allow comparison of different reservoir waters according to their effects on a water treatments works. For the water treatment works which employs rapid gravity filters, the index is the product of the algal concentration, the clarification coefficients of algae and the filtration rate.
The index is applied to reservoir waters within Thames Water area. Algae observed in reservoirs are grouped according to their shapes. Among these groups, twenty frequently observed species were selected and their clarification coefficients were measured. The treatability index was then evaluated for different waters and at different times of the year. The results were correlated to the filter run lengths and the development of headloss across the filters.
Characterization of biogenic organic matter (BOM)
Authors: Frimmel Fritz H. , Jahnel Jutta , Hesse Sebastian 
Published: May 2018

Biogenic organic matter (BOM) is of ubiquitous relevance in all aquatic systems. This is due to the fundamental function of the natural organic matter in combination with the microbial activity which guarantees the degradation in and the self purification of water in the hydrological cycle. In addition, the refractory part of the widely distributed BOM acts as effective adsorbent for most water constituents, and in case of mobile fractions as active vehicle for pollutants. In contrast to the broad importance of the occurrence and role of BOM, there is a fairly small variety for its analytical characterization. Especially in the field of in-situ measurements and of the determination in the original concentration range of aqueous samples, relatively little data have been collected. This is partly due to the complex structure of BOM, partly to the limited availability of analytical methods suited for that type of investigations.
The aim of the paper is to give typical examples for the a) physical/chemical, b) microbiological and c) technologically orientated methods of the analytical characterization of BOM in aqueous solution and to draw conclusions on the function of BOM in aquatic systems and their use for man.