bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grazer Ecology
Authors: Joern Anthony , Raynor Edward J. 
Published: June 2018

Grazing systems, grass-like vegetation interacting with their large mammal grazers, are important globally, where estimates of their potential extent (depending on classifications) range from 30 to 70 percent of the terrestrial land surface and show a major presence on five continents. In grasslands and savanna ecosystems, the grazing energy channel is prominent (~50 percent of energy flows through herbivores), unlike energy flow in more arid ecosystems where the detrital energy channel predominates. While variable, estimates of consumption of above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) by native large mammal herbivores ranges from 1 (desert grassland) to ~64 percent (mesic grasslands), and cattle remove 15–80 percent (see chapter by J. K. Detling, “Grasslands and Savannas: Regulation of energy flow and nutrient cycling by herbivores,” in Concepts of Ecosystem Ecology: A Comparative View, edited by L. R. Pomeroy and J. J. Alberts [New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988], pp. 131–154). Consequently, in addition to altered aboveground biomass, one expects significant system responses to grazers, including altered plant community species composition, changed plant morphology and population structure, impacted nutrient cycles, and altered habitat structure in turn affecting animal species distributions both native and exotic. Examples of each of these responses are provided in this article. Our bibliography takes a decidedly grazer-centric view. Topics in grazing ecology are wide ranging, where both plant and grazer responses are studied as we attempt to integrate the many moving parts operating at multiple scales to understand responses from multiple perspectives. These include an understanding of the role of disturbances (fire, drought, herbivory), internal dynamics driving fire-grazer interactions, variable environmental conditions (especially primary production and rainfall), resource heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales, variable herbivore body size, different digestive physiologies of herbivores, sedentary presence and migratory movement of large mammalian herbivores in response to variable environmental conditions, and trophic control of food webs including bottom-up/top-down regulation with important roles for direct and indirect species interactions. Combined, many factors contribute to a range of equilibrial and nonequilibrial interpretations of key responses and patterns of grazing ecology with important implications for management and conservation of these systems worldwide. Much of grazing ecology focuses on the interactions of large mammal herbivores with vegetation structure and plant communities. Much less is known about invertebrate grazers, although they can be important participants as well. This article deals primarily with vertebrate grazers, factors affecting grazing dynamics, and examples of the effects of grazing on grassland structure and function.
Physical Impairments Associated With Post–Intensive Care Syndrome: Systematic Review Based on the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework
Authors: Ohtake Patricia J , Lee Alan C , Scott Jacqueline Coffey , Hinman Rana S , Ali Naeem A , Hinkson Carl R , Needham Dale M , Shutter Lori , Smith-Gabai Helene , Spires Mary C , Thiele Alecia , Wiencek Clareen , Smith James M 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Post–intensive care syndrome (PICS) is a constellation of new or worsening impairments in physical, mental, or cognitive abilities or a combination of these in individuals who have survived critical illness requiring intensive care.

Purpose
The 2 purposes of this systematic review were to identify the scope and magnitude of physical problems associated with PICS during the first year after critical illness and to use the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework to elucidate impairments of body functions and structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions associated with PICS.

Data Sources
Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCO), Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception until March 7, 2017.

Study Selection
Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full text to independently determine study eligibility based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Data Extraction
Study methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Data describing study methods, design, and participant outcomes were extracted.

Data Synthesis
Fifteen studies were eligible for review. Within the first year following critical illness, people who had received intensive care experienced impairments in all 3 domains of the ICF (body functions and structures, activity limitations, and participation restrictions). These impairments included decreased pulmonary function, reduced strength of respiratory and limb muscles, reduced 6-minute walk test distance, reduced ability to perform activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, and reduced ability to return to driving and paid employment.

Limitations
The inclusion of only 15 observational studies in this review may limit the generalizability of the findings.

Conclusions
During the first year following critical illness, individuals with PICS experienced physical impairments in all 3 domains of the ICF.
Visions of Colonial Nairobi: William Simpson, Health, Segregation and the Problems of Ordering a Plural Society, 1907–1921
Authors: Greenwood Anna , Topiwala Harshad 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The 1915 Simpson Report made public health recommendations for Nairobi that were heralded as ground-breaking. Of particular interest to the colonial authorities was Professor Simpson’s suggestion to racially segregate Nairobi to prevent diseases said to emanate from its Indian bazaar. Rather than being novel, this article shows that these recommendations were typical of enthusiasm for segregation in other parts of Empire, as well as being in line with earlier health reform proposals for Nairobi. Furthermore, although public health justified racially discriminatory practices for European ends, this was not a predictable story of Indians uniting against segregation and Europeans campaigning for it. Indeed, the debates stimulated by Simpson reveal some disunity amongst Kenyan Indians. Additionally, when segregation plans were dropped in 1921 Indians continued to live in their own sub-communities in Nairobi, indicating that opposition to segregation was as much a symbolic political battle than a cultural necessity.
Can Maintenance of Certification Work? Associations of MOC and Improvements in Physicians’ Knowledge and Practice
Authors: Price David W. , Biernacki Helene , Nora Lois Margaret 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
To summarize the findings of studies, conducted by individuals both internal and external to the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) Member Boards, of the associations of Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and improvements in physicians’ knowledge and patient care processes or outcomes.

Method
The authors conducted a narrative review of studies identified by searching PubMed and Web of Science for English-language articles from the United States published between 2000 and May 2017. To be included, articles had to examine the relationship of MOC to physician knowledge, clinical practice processes, or patient care outcomes. The initial search yielded 811 articles. After two rounds of review and excluding those articles that did not fit the study criteria, 39 articles were included for analysis.

Results
The 39 included studies were conducted by or included diplomates of 12 ABMS Member Boards. Twenty-two studies examined MOC processes that were developed by an ABMS Board; 17 examined interventions that were developed by nonboard entities but accepted for MOC credit by an ABMS Board. Thirty-eight studies examined a single component of MOC; 24 studied the improvement in medical practice component. Thirty-seven studies reported at least one positive outcome.

Conclusions
Most of the studies included in this review highlighted circumstances in which MOC was associated with positive impacts on physician knowledge and patient care processes or outcomes. Future collaborative research is needed to improve the relevance, helpfulness, and generalizability of continuing certification to different physicians across specialties and practice settings.
Effects of Various Trajectories on Tissue Preservation in Cochlear Implant Surgery: A Micro-Computed Tomography and Synchrotron Radiation Phase-Contrast Imaging Study
Authors: Schart-Morén Nadine , Agrawal Sumit K. , Ladak Hanif M. , Li Hao , Rask-Andersen Helge 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) anatomy and potential damage to the hook region of the human cochlea following various trajectories at cochlear implantation (CI). The goal was to determine which of the approaches can avoid lesions to the soft tissues, including the basilar membrane and its suspension to the lateral wall. Currently, there is increased emphasis on conservation of inner ear structures, even in nonhearing preservation CI surgery.

Design:
Micro-computed tomography and various CI approaches were made in an archival collection of macerated and freshly fixed human temporal bones. Furthermore, synchrotron radiation phase-contrast imaging was used to reproduce the soft tissues. The 3D anatomy was investigated using bony and soft tissue algorithms, and influences on inner ear structures were examined.

Results:
Micro-computed tomography with 3D rendering demonstrated the topography of the round window (RW) and osseous spiral laminae, while synchrotron imaging allowed reproduction of soft tissues such as the basilar membrane and its suspension around the RW membrane. Anterior cochleostomies and anteroinferior cochleostomies invariably damaged the intracochlear soft tissues while inferior cochleostomies sporadically left inner ear structures unaffected.

Conclusions:
Results suggest that cochleostomy approaches often traumatize the soft tissues at the hook region at CI surgery. For optimal structural preservation, the RW approach is, therefore, recommended.
First Place: A prospective, randomized controlled trial of the impact of written discharge instructions for postoperative opioids on patient pain satisfaction and on minimizing opioid risk exposure in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Singh Supriya , Clarke Collin , Lawendy Abdel Rehman , Macleod Mark , Sanders David , Tieszer Christina 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Prescription opioid misuse is a significant issue with multiple consequences for our patients and society. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of a postoperative pain guideline pamphlet on patient pain satisfaction, on number of patients seeking a renewal prescription, and on appropriate disposal of leftover prescription medication.

Methods:
This prospective, randomized controlled trial included patients aged 18 to 65 yr undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery, who were opioid naïve and had no preexisting chronic pain conditions. Patients consenting to participate were divided into low-, medium-, and high-use groups according to anticipated postoperative prescription narcotic usage. Patients in each group were randomized to the control group that received no written discharge instructions, or the intervention group that received written instructions outlining postoperative pain expectations and recommendations for opioid medication usage and disposal. Both groups received equivalent prescriptions targeted to the use group (low, medium, or high). At the 4-week postoperative mark, a telephone interview was conducted to evaluate the primary outcome of pain satisfaction using a modified brief pain inventory. Secondary outcomes included renewal of opioid prescription and disposal method of leftover medication.

Results:
A total of 80 patients were recruited for this study. Of the 80 patients, 22 were classified as low use, 45 moderate use, and 13 high use. There was no difference among group demographics, other than the surgery being performed. Of the 80 patients, 41 received postoperative pain instructions and 39 did not. On average, pain satisfaction postoperatively was 8.19/10, where 10/10 represented completely satisfied. Interference scores averaged 27.18/70. Interestingly, only seven patients (six moderate use and one high use) used the entirety of their prescription, and only five patients required a renewal of their prescription. Only five patients returned their surplus medication to the pharmacy despite 41 patients receiving direct instructions to do so.

Conclusions:
Written discharge instructions in this patient population did not appear to improve postoperative pain scores. Interestingly, this study captured that a small percentage of postoperative pain medication prescriptions are completely utilized. Even more concerning is the fact that very little of the leftover pain medication is disposed of appropriately. Overprescribing narcotic medication may contribute to the issue of opioid abuse, and we should consider our role in minimizing opioid prescriptions postoperatively.
Efficacy and Safety of a Low-Level Light Therapy for Androgenetic Alopecia: A 24-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Self-Comparison, Sham Device-Controlled Trial
Authors: Mai-Yi Fan Sabrina , Cheng Yu-Pin , Lee Ming-Yung , Lin Sung-Jan , Chiu Hsien-Yi 
Published: June 2018

BACKGROUND
Previous studies have reported the benefits of low-level/light laser therapy (LLLT) for the promotion of hair regrowth. However, the effectiveness of LLLT for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is still a topic of debate.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the efficacy and safety of LLLT on hair regrowth in patients with AGA.

METHODS
This 24-week, randomized, double-blind, self-comparison, sham device-controlled trial enrolled 100 patients with AGA. All participants were randomly assigned to receive the investigational LLLT on one side of the head and sham light treatment on the contralateral side, 3 times weekly for 30 minutes each, over a 24-week period. Global scalp photography, phototrichogram assessment, the investigator's global assessment (IGA) of hair regrowth, and the subject's assessment of the treatment satisfaction were used for evaluation.

RESULTS
After 24 weeks of treatment, the LLLT-treated scalp exhibited significantly greater hair coverage than the sham light-treated side (14.2% vs. 11.8%, p < .001). A significantly greater improvement from baseline in hair thickness, hair count, hair coverage, and IGA were also observed in the LLLT-treated side than in the sham light-treated side at the 12- and 24-week visits. No serious adverse events were observed.

CONCLUSION
The use of LLLT might be an effective, safe, well-tolerated treatment for AGA.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHOROIDAL VASCULATURE IN MYOPIC MACULOPATHY WITH OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Wong Chee Wai , Teo Yi Chong Kelvin , Tsai Shih Tsiang Andrew , Ting Shu Wei Daniel , Yeo Yew San Ian , Wong Wen Kuan Doric , Lee Shu Yen , Wong Tien Yin , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
To characterize the choriocapillaris (CC) in highly myopic eyes with myopic maculopathy, using optical coherence tomographic angiography.

Methods:
Prospective, clinic-based study of 42 eyes of 38 patients with high myopia (≤−6 diopters and axial length ≥26.5 mm). Myopic maculopathy was graded from fundus photographs according to the Meta-Analysis for Pathologic Myopia classification. Macular 3 × 3 mm en face optical coherence tomographic angiographic images were obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography and graded for CC flow impairment as follows: 1) intact CC, 2) focal (<1 mm2), and 3) extensive (>1 mm2).

Results:
Of the 42 eyes, 17 (39.5%) had tessellated fundus, 20 (46.5%) had diffuse, and 6 (14.0%) had patchy atrophy. Choriocapillaris flow impairment was observed in all eyes with diffuse and patchy atrophy. Even in eyes with tessellated fundus only, CC signal voids were seen in 3 eyes (17.6%). With increasingly severe myopic maculopathy, the pattern of CC flow impairment changed from predominantly focal to predominantly extensive.

Conclusion:
Choriocapillaris flow impairment was observed in many highly myopic eyes, even in those with mild fundus changes, and worsened with increasing severity of myopic maculopathy. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess whether CC flow impairment predicts the risk of myopic maculopathy progression.
VALIDITY AND EFFICACY OF INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING DURING INITIAL VITRECTOMY FOR RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT: VISUAL OUTCOMES IN MACULA-SPARING CASES
Authors: Akiyama Kunihiko , Fujinami Kaoru , Watanabe Ken , Fukui Masaki , Tsunoda Kazushige , Noda Toru 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
To compare the visual outcomes and prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) growth postoperatively between eyes treated with and without internal limiting membrane peeling during vitrectomy for macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Methods:
Fifty-five consecutive cases who underwent vitrectomy for macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were reviewed retrospectively. The inclusion criteria were a minimal 6-month follow-up postoperatively and spectral domain optical coherence tomographic images available at follow-up. Cases with any pre-existing macular condition possibly affecting the visual prognosis were excluded. All cases were divided into two groups: 22 cases without internal limiting membrane peeling (Group 1) and 33 cases with internal limiting membrane peeling (Group 2). The two groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher exact test in terms of the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) before vitrectomy, postoperative BCVA, and the presence of postoperative ERM growth. Postoperative BCVA and ERM growth were determined at 6 months, 12 months, and the last visit. The visual outcomes were also analyzed between cases with and without postoperative symptomatic ERM growth, which caused visual impairment and required surgical removal.

Results:
The mean postoperative BCVAs were 0.00, −0.08, and −0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution in Group 1, and −0.08, −0.08, and −0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution in Group 2 at 6 months, 12 months, and the last visit, respectively, and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups at each time point except for at 12 months (P = 0.027). An ERM developed in 14 cases in Group 1, 7 of which were symptomatic. No cases in Group 2 had ERM growth. The prevalence of ERM growth was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in Group 1 than Group 2. The BCVA was significantly worse at 6 months (P = 0.011), 12 months (P = 0.003), and the last visit (P = 0.019) in 7 cases with symptomatic ERMs (median, 0.30, 0.15, and 0.10 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively) than in 48 cases without symptomatic ERMs (median, −0.08, −0.08, and −0.08 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, respectively).

Conclusion:
Internal limiting membrane peeling did not result in decreased visual acuity postoperatively in cases with a macula-sparing rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, and the procedure significantly prevented postsurgical ERM growth. Symptomatic ERMs led to decreased visual acuity even after surgical removal. These results support the validity and efficacy of internal limiting membrane peeling for preventing ERM growth after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair.
Immune Cells on the Donor Corneal Endothelium After Corneal Transplantation
Authors: Okumura Naoki , Inoue Ryota , Nakano Shinichiro , Imai Hirofumi , Matsumoto Daiki , Kayukawa Kanae , Wakimasu Koichi , Kitazawa Koji , Koizumi Noriko , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to investigate the existence of presumed immune cells observed by contact specular microscopy in patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on consecutive patients who underwent follow-up visits between January and March 2015 for previously performed PK or DSAEK. Presumed immune cell–suspected “cell-like white dots” were evaluated by scanning slit contact specular microscopy. The association between the grading of presumed immune cells with clinical parameters, such as corneal endothelial cell density, time after surgery, and the titer of steroid administration, was also investigated.

Results:
A total of 54 eyes of 54 patients who underwent PK (32 eyes/32 patients) and DSAEK (22 eyes/22 patients) were evaluated, and suspected immune cells were observed in all patients. In the PK and DSAEK groups, the number of patients in the presumed immune cell grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 19, 10, 2, and 1 and 10, 8, 2, and 2, respectively (P = 0.663). No statistically significant association was found between the immune cell grades and the clinical parameters.

Conclusions:
Immune cells were observed on the corneal endothelial grafts in all 54 patients who underwent PK or DSAEK. Although the number of immune cells varied between patients and showed no correlation with clinical parameters, it would be beneficial to conduct a future prospective study to analyze the effect of immune cells on postoperative corneal endothelial cell loss.
Familial Risks of Glaucoma in the Population of Sweden
Authors: Li Xinjun , Sundquist Jan , Zöller Bengt , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Glaucoma has a familial component but detailed data on the modification of familial risks are lacking. The aim of the study was to determine detailed familial risks for medically diagnosed glaucoma based on nationwide hospital and population records.

Materials and Methods:
Subjects were obtained from the multigeneration register, contains the Swedish population in families, and glaucoma patients were identified from the hospital discharge register (1987-2012) and the outpatient register (2001-2012). Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated as the ratio of observed to expected number of cases.

Results:
Familial risks were increased in both male and female individuals. Concordant familial risks were generally higher than discordant risks. For example, familial concordant risks were SIR=3.25 (95% confidence interval, 3.16-3.35) for primary open-angle glaucoma, 9.93 (95% confidence interval, 7.30-13.22) for primary angle-closure glaucoma. Very high familial risks were observed if ≥2 relatives were affected, for example, the high-risk group of multiple affected siblings with an SIR>20. The spouse risk was modestly increased 1.20.

Conclusions and Relevance:
Family history of glaucoma is a strong predictor for glaucoma, and is a potential useful tool in clinical risk assessment. Our data emphasize the contribution of familial factors to the glaucoma.