bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral, Time-Resolved, Fluorescence Imaging System for Large Sample Sizes: Part II. Detection of Fecal Contamination on Spinach Leaves
Authors: Tewey Kevin , Lefcourt Alan M. , Tasch Uri , Shilts Patrick , Kim Moon S. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. To reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses resulting from fecal contamination in produce fields, a hyperspectral, line-scan, laser-induced fluorescence imaging system was developed with the goal of eventually incorporating the imaging system into a pre-harvest detection apparatus for fecal contamination. The imaging system includes an intensified, gated camera, a spectral adapter, a 355 nm pulsed laser, and laser expansion optics that produce a line-illumination profile. To validate and test the system, spinach leaves inoculated with dilutions of bovine fecal material were imaged repeatedly using a predefined set of imaging parameters. These images were used to evaluate methods for detecting fecal contamination. Methods investigated included ratio, edge, threshold, and slope detection. Differences in the magnitude of averaged intensities for the spectral range of 450-500 nm for regions within fecal contamination sites and in nearby uncontaminated surface areas suggested that the 450-500 nm waveband would be a good region for use in detection tests. Validation tests that used threshold or slope detection, the 450-500 nm waveband, and that took advantage of the slower fluorescence decay rates of fecal contamination sites relative to uncontaminated surface areas showed almost 100% detection of 1:2, 1:10, and 1:100 dilution sites and over 70% detection of 1:200 dilution sites with essentially zero false positives. These results suggest that the imaging system has potential for development of a commercially viable apparatus for pre-harvest detection of fecal contamination in produce fields and for detection of fecal contamination of leafy green vegetables in general. Keywords: Fecal detection, Fluorescence imaging, Food safety, Machine vision, Spinach, Time-resolved imaging.
Methods for Hyperspectral Microscope Calibration and Spectra Normalization from Images of Bacteria Cells
Authors: Eady Matthew B. , Park Bosoon , Yoon Seung-Chul , Haidekker Mark A. , Lawrence Kurt C. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Hyperspectral microscope images (HMIs) have previously shown promise as a means for rapid and early detection of foodborne bacteria at the cellular level. System calibration and data normalization are critical for comparing information obtained from HMIs collected with multiple instruments and system parameters. Here, we implement a wavelength and radiometric calibration for spectral data obtained from a hyperspectral microscope, assess the spatial uniformity of HMIs, and show the need to normalize data from single-cell regions of interest (ROIs). A hyperspectral microscope with a tungsten halogen light source, acousto-optical tunable filter, and electron multiplying camera with variable gain and exposure time settings were used. HMIs were collected at additional gain settings of 0%, 1.6%, 3.5%, and 5.1% along with ten exposure time settings between 100 and 1000 ms with both calibration lamps. Wavelength peak shift started to occur at an exposure time of 600 ms for 1.6% gain, at 400 ms for 3.5% gain, and at 200 ms for 5.1% gain. HMIs of , Typhimurium, and cells were collected to assess spectral data normalcy and the need for preprocessing spectra from single bacteria cells. Spatial characteristics of cells were assessed by HMIs of a glass slide with a micrometer for determining pixel size from the field of view. HMIs were preprocessed by normalizing cell spectra to the light source and applying multiplicative scatter correction. Data normalcy was assessed on both the raw and preprocessed data sets. Preprocessing the data was found to reduce the cell-to-cell variation associated with a single-cell ROI method, while outliers were detected and verified through HMIs as physically different from other cells. Keywords: Bacteria, Calibration, Food safety, Hyperspectral microscope, Pathogen.
Super Absorbent Polymer and Irrigation Regime Effects on Growth and Water Use Efficiency of Container-Grown Cherry Tomatoes
Authors: Suresh Rahul , Prasher Shiv O. , Patel Ramanbhai M. , Qi Zhiming , Elsayed Eman , Schwinghamer Timothy , Ehsan Abdul M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. There is a need to develop innovative techniques to effectively use water in agriculture to meet the growing demands for food. Super absorbent polymers (SAPs), or hydrogels, can absorb and retain large amounts of water against gravitational forces and release it on demand to meet plant water requirements. Being an artificially synthesized compound, it is imperative that SAPs should not introduce toxicity to the growing medium or produce. The objectives of this study were to determine whether SAPs can improve water use efficiency (WUE) and the physiological growth of cherry tomatoes ( var. ) without causing soil toxicity. A pot-trial experiment was carried out in 2014 at the Research Greenhouse of McGill University’s Macdonald Campus (Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada) in a completely randomized design, with three concentrations of SAP (0%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) and three irrigation intervals (daily, each alternate day, and every third day). The mean yield of the experimental cherry tomatoes was statistically significantly higher where 0.5% SAP was applied, compared to where SAP was not applied (p = 0.0056). The mean WUE was also higher where 0.5% SAP was applied when compared to where SAP was not applied (p = 0.05). To ascertain food safety, the presence of free acrylamide monomer in tomatoes was checked. The acrylamide concentrations were below the detection limit of 5 µg kg-1 in all tomato samples. To assess environmental toxicity, a Microtox toxicology analysis was also conducted on the growing medium, which revealed that the SAP used in the study was not toxic. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of SAP could increase yield and WUE of greenhouse-grown cherry tomatoes. It also appears that SAP did not introduce toxic side-effects in the soil nor in the tomatoes, as determined by Microtox acute toxicity test and acrylamide residue analysis with LC-MS. Keywords: Acrylamide, Cherry tomatoes, Greenhouse, Microtox, Monomer, Super absorbent polymer, Toxicity, Water use efficiency, Yield.
Technology and the Effects of Supplemental Irrigation with Catchment Rainwater on Maize in the Hilly-Arid Area of Northern China
Authors: Sun Jianni , Gao Peng , Wang Rongjia , Niu Xiang , Wang Bing 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Efficient use of rainwater is one of the focuses of water resources research around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Following the rainfall-runoff balance principle of cropland and the theory of rainwater reiterative use, an experiment was designed to investigate the technology and effects of supplemental irrigation with catchment rainwater on maize in the hilly-arid area of northern China. The results showed the following: (1) a water cellar with 60 m3 of storage volume provided enough water for 1.33 ha of maize seedlings with no mulching film and for 5.33 ha with mulching film; (2) compared with the non-irrigated control (CK), when maize received 15 to 45 mm of supplemental irrigation at different growth stages, there was a 0.17 m increase in average plant height, a 0.52 to 0.55 cm increase in average stem diameter, and a 2.61 to 2.84 cm increase in average panicle length; and (3) the booting stage of maize was the best stage for increasing production and rainwater use efficiency (RWUE) with supplemental irrigation, which increased maize production by 22.1% on average for the two years of the study and improved RWUE by 5.2% compared with CK on average for the two years. The sufficient amount of supplemental irrigation was 30 mm, and spare rainwater could be used to irrigate a larger area. The results indicate that the best periods for supplemental irrigation of maize in the hilly-arid area of northern China was during sowing in the spring drought and during the growth stage. Keywords: Catchment rainwater, Hilly-arid area, Rainwater use efficiency, Supplemental irrigation, Water cellar.
Analysis of Air Cargo Temperature Variations During Transport Operations
Authors: Pelletier William , Chau Khe V. , Bucklin Ray A. , Brecht Jeffrey K. , Hahn David W. , Émond Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Air transport has unique characteristics that are essential for the transport of perishable products. However, temperature variations during air transport operations may be detrimental to temperature-sensitive products such as fresh horticultural crops, seafood, pharmaceuticals, and others. The literature on the subject remains scarce. In-flight temperatures were monitored during six international shipments using an aircraft container loaded with simulated perishable products. Results highlighted the overriding impact of solar radiation on temperature distribution within aircraft containers during ramp transfers. Extended ramp transfer durations were observed, and for three shipments the total time, outside, on the tarmac exceeded 11 h, resulting in an average product temperature increase of as much as 13°C. In-flight conditions had a smaller impact on the temperature distribution within the load of products. Tests indicated that the core region of the load was exposed to the smallest rate of heat transfer, and the top layer was exposed to the largest rate of heat transfer. Cold room storage of a fully loaded aircraft container proved to be a very inefficient cooling method. Keywords: Aircraft container, Horticultural products, In-flight, Perishables, Ramp, Tarmac.
Sampling Duration and Frequency for Determining Emission Rates from Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barns
Authors: Kafle Gopi   Krishna , Joo HungSoo , Ndegwa Pius   M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The ideal practice for determining gas emission rates from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) is continuous measurement throughout the year to capture diurnal and seasonal variations. However, data that meet this criterion are scarce because this approach is costly and technically challenging. A practical approach with reduced sampling time and frequency without compromising integrity is thus necessary. In this study, we examined five reduced sampling protocols for determining emission rates from naturally ventilated dairy barns: (1) six sampling events, during even months, each event running continuously for 24 h (144 hourly data points); (2) six sampling events, during odd months, each event running continuously for 24 h (144 hourly data points); (3) six sampling events, during even months, each event running continuously for 7 d (1,008 hourly data points); (4) six sampling events, during odd months, each event running continuously for 7 d (1,008 hourly data points); and (5) 12 sampling events, one event every month, each event running continuously for 24 h (288 hourly data points). These five reduced sampling protocols were evaluated against baseline emission rates obtained from a protocol consisting of 12 sampling events, one event every month, each event running continuously for 7 d (2,016 hourly data points). The average baseline emission rates for carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ranged from 7.0 to 10.8 g d-1 AU-1, from 16.9 to 24.3 g d-1 AU-1, and from 0.40 to 0.63 g d-1 AU-1, respectively. Emission rates for CO2 and NH3 obtained from all five reduced sampling protocols had relative biases of less than 20% from the respective baseline emission rates. This implied that even the most reduced sampling protocol (six sampling events per year, each event running continuously for 24 h) would be adequate for determining CO2 and NH3 emission rates. However, for H2S, relative biases of the reduced sampling protocols ranged from 2% to 45%, with a 50% chance of emission rates falling outside ±20% of the baseline emission rates. These protocols, however, are only applicable for quantifying emission rates from barns with steady-state live animal mass. Keywords: Air quality, Emission rates, Air sampling protocol, CAFO, Emission inventories.
Alan Kurdî, deaths in the desert and failed migrants’ processing of dystopic images on social media
Authors: Ojebode Ayobami 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Studies of migration emphasize the role of an imagined better world or utopia in migration intention and decision. That imaginary world is a product not so much of experience but of images conveyed through different sources, especially social media. If utopic images prod migration, do dystopic images of death and suffering en route discourage it? Through a small-N life-world ethnography, this article explores how failed migrants process dystopic images that are connected with migration. Failed migrants, that is, those who attempted migrating but did not succeed, were asked to explore and discuss the viral photograph of Alan Kurdî’s lifeless body on the shores of the Mediterranean and that of migrants who starved to death in Sahara Desert. Though these dystopic images sobered failed migrants, they (the images) did not attenuate their migration desperation. In processing the images, failed migrants deployed three strategies: migrating from fear to faith, migrating from dystopic to utopic platforms and cropping off dystopia. These findings call to question the power of images to influence desperate individuals and lend credence to the tenets of the theory of selectivity. Therefore, efforts aimed at stemming illegal migration might have to do more than frightening intending migrants with dystopic images.
Gendered (im)mobility: Rooted women and waiting Penelopes
Authors: Mata-Codesal Diana 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In rural Mexico, as in many other locations worldwide, women’s mobility is depicted as less natural or more problematic than men’s. Simultaneously, women are perceived as less mobile than their male peers. Does this mean that they move less? Where are these images derived from? Using ethnographic data, this article explores the social construction of (im)mobility in the context of a small village in central Mexico. Mobility and immobility are socially constructed and imbued with different meanings according to gender. Such differences rely on the fact that the borders are not equally significant for men and women. Borders become meaningful partly due to the reasons of border crossing, which are, in this ethnographic case, different according to gender.
George Delemis, photography and the migrant’s distant look
Authors: Perivolaris John 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Discussion begins with a photograph of the author’s great-grandfather, George Delemis, a refugee of the exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey, resulting from the Greco-Turkish war of 1919–21. From there, the author is lead to reflect on his long-term practice as a photographer of refugees and migrants and on the potentially humanistic value of photography to media coverage of migration, as well as to the policy decisions of governments and international organizations such as the UN. Perivolaris argues that creative photography has an invaluable contribution to make to those decisions in helping them adapt to the particularities of different locations, specific sociocultural dynamics and individual migrant experiences.
Decadal biomass and area changes in a multi-species meadow in Singapore: application of multi-resolution satellite imagery
Authors: Bramante James F. , Ali Suryati M. , Ziegler Alan D. , Sin Tsai M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDue to the dearth of information regarding current and changing health of seagrass habitat in the Indo-Pacific region, prior research into global trends of seagrass habitat health has included little data from this region, even though it contains the highest abundance and species diversity of seagrass globally. This study evaluates the suitability of four satellite sensors [Worldview-2 (WV2), Advanced Land Imager (ALI), Enhanced Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+), Operational Land Imager (OLI)] for determining trends in seagrass habitat extent over the past decade in Singapore’s largest seagrass meadow, and thus contributes incrementally to the data available for regional or global analyses of seagrass habitat health. Using all four sensors, we find that seagrass bed extent at Pulau Semakau, Singapore, declined 37% from 2001 to 2015 at an average rate of 3.9% year−1. Using very high spatial resolution satellite images, we calculate that, although bed extent decreased 18% from April 2011 to June 2013, median meadow biomass increased, indicating that complex meadow dynamics may be mediating seagrass response to anthropogenic and environmental pressures. From a technological perspective, we find that, despite their lower spatial resolution, freely available satellite images can be used to measure the extent of a narrow, multi-species seagrass bed and to determine decadal trends reliably.
Antifungal and repellent activities of the essential oils from three aromatic herbs from western Himalaya
Authors: Stappen Iris , Tabanca Nurhayat , Ali Abbas , Wanner Jürgen , Lal Brij , Jaitak Vikas , Wedge David E. , Kaul Vijay K. , Schmidt Erich , Jirovetz Leopold 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this investigation we examined the essential oils of three aromatic plants, Zanthoxylum armatum, Juniperus communis, and Dysphania ambrosioides, which are used by the local population of the western Himalayan region for medicinal purposes. These plants were studied for their antifungal, larvicidal and biting deterrent activities. Additionally, chemical compositions of the oils were determined by GC-MS and their odor evaluated. The main compounds were 2-undecanone (47.7%) and 1,8-cineol (20.5%) from Z. armatum and α-pinene (43.2%) and limonene (34.7%) from J. communis. p-Cymene (36.3%) and ascardiole (31.2%) were found as the main components of D. ambrosioides essential oil. Antifungal activity was evaluated against three Colletotrichum species. Dyspania ambrosioides oil showed the best activity against these strawberry anthracnose causing fungi. It also demonstrated biting deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti similar to DEET as positive control, whereas Z. armatum and J. communis were less effective against Colletotrichum and mosquitoes.
Chemical composition and microbiological evaluation of essential oil from Hyssopus officinalis L. with white and pink flowers
Authors: Baj Tomasz , Korona-Głowniak Izabela , Kowalski Radosław , Malm Anna 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHyssopus officinalis L. is a common plant that is most usually found in three color forms - f. cyaneus (blue), f. ruber Mill. (purple/pink) and f. albus Alef (white). In the present work, we evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils obtained from Polish-sourced white- and pink-flowered H. officinalis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the essential oil has shown that both forms of color have a different content of main components. The principle essential oil component of white-flowered H. officinalis L. was pinocamphone (51%), while pink-flowered H. officinalis L. contained almost equal amounts of pinocamphone (28.8%) and isopinocamphone (21.9%). Of note, the essential oil of the pink form was more active against Grampositive bacteria, especially against Bacillus subtilis.
Nonlinear Bending of Rectangular Magnetoelectroelastic Thin Plates with Linearly Varying Thickness
Authors: Wang Feng , Zheng Yu-fang , Chen Chang-ping 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
With employing the von Karman plate theory, and considering the linearly thickness variation in one direction, the bending problem of a rectangular magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness is investigated. According to the Maxwell’s equations, when applying the magnetoelectric load on the plate’s surfaces and neglecting the in-plane electric and magnetic fields in thin plates, the electric and magnetic potentials varying along the thickness direction for the magnetoelectroelastic plates are determined. The nonlinear differential equations for magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness are established based on the Hamilton’s principle. The Galerkin procedure is taken to translate a set of differential equations into algebraic equations. The numerical examples are presented to discuss the influences of the aspect ratio and span–thickness ratio on the nonlinear load–deflection curves for magnetoelectroelastic plates with linear variable thickness. In addition, the induced electric and magnetic potentials are also presented with the various values of the taper constants.
Hematuria as an adverse outcome following provocative growth hormone stimulation testing in children
Authors: Thirunagari Rajeev , Marrone Alexandra , Elsinghorst Hannah , Mastrandrea Lucy D. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background:
Provocative growth hormone (GH) stimulation testing is used to evaluate short stature and growth failure in children. Agents commonly used for testing include clonidine, arginine and glucagon. While stimulation testing is generally considered safe, gross hematuria has been described as a rare idiopathic complication of GH stimulation testing. This study was designed to estimate the incidence of both microscopic and macroscopic hematuria following GH testing with different provocative agents.

Methods:
Subjects undergoing GH stimulation testing were invited to participate in the study. Prior to testing, vital signs were measured and baseline point-of-care (POC) urinalysis was done. The subjects performed urine testing at home on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 following GH stimulation studies. Families notified the study team with any positive findings and returned the data collection tool by mail.

Results:
In total, 34 subjects aged 11.14±2.71 years (91.2% male) completed the study. Agents used in provocative testing included arginine (73.5%), clonidine (94.1%) and glucagon (32.4%). Three subjects developed hematuria after GH stimulation testing (clonidine/arginine). The hematuria resolved by 7 days after testing. Additional adverse effects included nausea, vomiting and hypotension.

Conclusions:
In this study of children undergoing GH testing, hematuria was identified in three subjects. This study demonstrates that side effects to agents used for GH testing are self-limited, yet not rare, and should be discussed with patients and families prior to stimulation testing.
Porous Materials for Immune Modulation
Authors: Jeong Moonkyoung , Kim Hansol , Park Ji-Ho 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Biocompatible materials have a great potential to engineer immunology towards therapeutic applications. Among them, porous materials have attracted much attention for immune modulation due to their unique porous structure. The large surface area and pore space offer high loading capacity for various payloads including peptides, proteins and even cells. We first introduce recent developments in the porous particles that can deliver immunomodulatory agents to antigen presenting cells for immunomodulation. Then, we review recent developments in the porous implants that can act as a cellattracting/ delivering platform to generate artificial immunomodulatory environments in the body. Lastly, we summarize recent findings of immunogenic porous materials that can induce strong immune responses without additional adjuvants. We also discuss future direction of porous materials to enhance their immunomodulatory potential for immunotherapeutic applications.