bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth From INSAT‐3D Imager Over Asian Landmass and Adjoining Ocean: Retrieval Uncertainty and Validation
Authors: Mishra Manoj K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAn algorithm for aerosol optical depth (τ) retrieval from imager data onboard geostationary Indian National Satellite (INSAT‐3D) is described. The basic principles of the algorithm are adopted from Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite Aerosol and Smoke Algorithm, where darkest observations over a time period and constant background aerosol optical depth (τb) value are used to derive surface reflectance. However, in INSAT‐3D algorithm spatially and temporally dynamic τb derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐aqua is used. The theoretical simulations suggest retrieval uncertainty of around ±30–45% depending on the certainty of aerosol optical properties and other parameters used in radiative transfer calculations. Retrieval uncertainty is less over dark regions and lower scattering angles. INSAT‐3D τ at 0.55 μm is derived operationally for the first time over Asia and adjoining ocean at 30‐min temporal resolution. The retrieval algorithm is validated against in situ Sun‐sky radiometer measurements at 26 Aerosol Robotic Network sites and Sun‐photometer measurements during Sagar‐Sampada cruise in the northern Arabian Sea. The validation study encompassing 3,803 and 844 data points over land and ocean stations show correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.91 and 0.79 to 0.91, respectively. The uncertainty of retrievals is within 45% over land and within 30% over ocean. The diurnal variability of INSAT‐3D and Aerosol Robotic Network τ in India and southeast Asia is also presented. The comparison of INSAT‐3D and MODIS‐aqua monthly average τ shows correlation ranging from 0.74 to 0.89 and 0.65 to 0.97 over Indian landmass and adjoining ocean, respectively. The validation suggests that INSAT‐3D can be used for aerosol monitoring and can be merged with MODIS‐aqua/terra aerosol product to generate combined aerosol product at high temporal resolution.
Local and Remote Planetary Wave Effects on Polar Mesospheric Clouds in the Northern Hemisphere in 2014
Authors: France J. A. , Randall C. E. , Lieberman R. S. , Harvey V. L. , Eckermann S. D. , Siskind D. E. , Lumpe J. D. , Bailey S. M. , Carstens J. N. , Russell J. M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObservations by the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) satellite show an anomalous decline in Northern Hemisphere polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) from 26 July to 6 August 2014. The decline is attributed to local warming associated with the quasi‐two‐day wave and interhemispheric coupling (IHC) triggered by planetary wave breaking in the Antarctic (winter) stratosphere. The results indicate that the IHC in 2014 occurred via a pathway that previous studies have not emphasized. Based on observations from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and reanalyses from both the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) and the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM), we argue that a strengthening of the summer easterly jet gave rise to enhanced meridional and vertical shear along its equatorward flank, which supported growth of the two‐day wave. The two‐day wave led to enhanced meridional mixing in northern midlatitudes and a weakening of the northern branch of the mesospheric residual circulation, reducing ascent and warming the polar summer mesopause. In 2014, the five‐day planetary wave modulated the response to IHC such that PMCs persisted in its cold phases even though zonal mean temperatures were too high to support PMCs, and were absent in the warm phases when zonal mean temperatures were low enough to support PMCs.
Assessing the Grell‐Freitas Convection Parameterization in the NASA GEOS Modeling System
Authors: Freitas Saulo R. , Grell Georg A. , Molod Andrea , Thompson Matthew A. , Putman William M. , Santos e Silva Claudio M. , Souza Enio P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe implemented and began to evaluate an alternative convection parameterization for the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) general circulation model (GCM). The proposed parameterization follows the mass flux approach with several closures, for equilibrium and nonequilibrium convection, and includes scale and aerosol aware functionalities. Recently, we extended the scheme to a trimodal spectral size distribution of allowed convective plumes to simulate the transition among shallow, congestus, and deep convection regimes. In addition, the inclusion of a new closure for nonequilibrium convection resulted in a substantial gain of realism in the model representation of the diurnal cycle of convection over the land. We demonstrated the scale‐dependence functionality with a cascade of global‐scale simulations from a nominal horizontal resolution of 50 km down to 6 km. The ability to realistically simulate the diurnal cycle of precipitation over various regions of the earth was verified against several remote sensing‐derived intradiurnal precipitation estimates. We extended the model performance evaluation for weather‐scale applications by bringing together some available operational short‐range weather forecast models and global atmospheric reanalyses. Our results demonstrate that the GEOS GCM with the alternative convective parameterization has good properties and competitive skill in comparison with state‐of‐the‐art observations and numerical simulations.
Formation and focusing of converging sheet electron beam based on field emission
Authors: Burtsev A.A. 
Published: May 2018

The development of compact amplifiers with an average power of the frequency range 0.2–0.3 THz is related to the design of electron‐optical systems using converging sheet beams that allow obtaining sufficiently high current densities with a lower current load on the cathode and with a lower value of the magnetic field. Based on the theory of synthesis the numerical simulation results for electron‐optical systems for the formation of a converging sheet electron beam are presented. Reduction of the current load on the cathode allows the principle of transformation of a cylindrical electron beam into a sheet by employing electrostatic compression of the beam in one plane. A sheet beam electron‐optical system with a field emission cathode with convergence of 10, and with the beam of 0.1 × 1.1 mm2 and current density of 45 A/cm2 has been performed. The electron gun employing the cathode–gate structure with diameter of 1 mm has an emitting current up to 10 mA in experiment. The modulation coefficient of the cathode current for a gun with a sheet electron beam has 0.3% of the anode potential.
Dual‐polarised hybrid feed microstrip patch antenna for multifunction application
Authors: Saeidi‐Manesh H. , Zhang G. 
Published: May 2018

In this Letter, a dual‐polarised aperture‐coupled microstrip patch antenna with low cross‐polarisation and high isolation is presented. A microstrip patch antenna is designed and fabricated to meet the multifunction phased array radar requirements. The proposed single element is fabricated and the measurement results along with simulation results have been presented, showing the performance of the designed single element. An input isolation of better than 50 dB and a cross‐polarisation level of <−30 dB are achieved in the measurements.
Microstructural behaviour and flowing ability of self‐compacting concrete using micro‐ and nano‐silica
Authors: K Nandhini , V Ponmalar 
Published: May 2018

Concrete appears to be the strongest backbone for the building industry as construction material. The chief constituent of concrete is the cement which has a major negative environmental issue causing huge carbon dioxide contribution during the cement production. The cement can be partly replaced by various wastes and by‐products like fly ash, ground granulated blast‐furnace slag, micro‐silica etc. This study is about the utilisation of micro‐ and nano‐silica in self‐compacting concrete (SCC). The replacement level of cement by silica purely depends on its silica content and its structural composition. This is identified solely by the material characterisation techniques in terms of the physical and chemical composition of that particular substitute material. The flowability property as suggested by the European Federation of National Associations Representing for Concrete guidelines was tested on slump flow, J‐ring, V‐funnel, Orimet and L‐Box. The strength parameters are studied for SCC with micro‐silica of 5, 10, 15% and nano‐silica of 1, 2 and 3%. The important study on the microstructural aspect of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis was conducted on concrete at 28 days. Hence, using the by‐products like micro‐silica, the environment can be saved to some extent against the disposal.
Comparison of DMSA Scintigraphy and USG in Detecting Renal Cortical Scars in Children with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Taşbent Fatma , Şahin Özlem 
Published: May 2018

Objective Multiple imaging techniques may be used to evaluate the development of progressive renal damage in children with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of Tc-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy and renal ultrasonography (USG) in detecting renal scars in children with UTIs.
Methods A total of 630 kidneys from 364 children were included in the study and the results of DMSA and USG of children with UTIs were evaluated retrospectively between January 2016 and October 2017. DMSA scintigraphy is accepted as the gold standard and it was compared with USG results.
Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for USG in the detection of renal scarring was found as 57.1, 89.6, 40.8, and 94.4%, respectively.
Conclusions Although USG is known to be safe, readily available, and relatively inexpensive, the sensitivity of USG does not seem to be sufficient to identify the renal parenchymal damage. We concluded that USG cannot replace DMSA in the evaluation of renal scarring.
Accuracy of Adult Children’s Perceptions of Mothers’ Caregiver Preferences
Authors: Suitor J Jill , Gilligan Megan , Rurka Marissa , Peng Siyun , Meyer Jordan , Pillemer Karl 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMost older mothers have strong preferences regarding which offspring will serve as their future caregivers, and violation of these preferences has been found to have consequences for mothers’ psychological well-being. However, no study has examined the accuracy of adult children’s perceptions of their mothers’ caregiver preferences. In this article, we compare mothers’ stated preferences for particular caregivers with their adult children’s perceptions of their mothers’ preferences.Research Design and MethodsData were collected from 675 adult children and their mothers nested within 285 families as part of the Within-Family Differences Study.ResultsOnly 44.6% of adult children accurately reported their mothers’ preferences for particular offspring as caregivers. Consistent with our hypotheses, accuracy was higher when mothers and children shared values regarding filial piety, and lower when children were parents, had poor health, and lived further away. Surprisingly, primary caregivers were substantially less likely to accurately report mothers’ caregiver preferences than were noncaregivers. This counterintuitive pattern can be explained by the finding that most mothers were cared for by children whom they did not prefer and may have therefore been reluctant to share their preferences with those caregivers.Discussion and ImplicationsGiven the negative psychological consequences for mothers whose caregiver preferences are violated, the high level of inaccuracy found among adult children has important implications when mothers face serious health events. These findings underscore the need for intervention efforts to encourage practitioners and clinicians to collect information directly from mothers regarding preferences for particular offspring as caregivers.
Fast-SG: an alignment-free algorithm for hybrid assembly
Authors: Di Genova Alex , Ruz Gonzalo A , Sagot Marie-France , Maass Alejandro 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Long-read sequencing technologies are the ultimate solution for genome repeats, allowing near reference-level reconstructions of large genomes. However, long-read de novo assembly pipelines are computationally intense and require a considerable amount of coverage, thereby hindering their broad application to the assembly of large genomes. Alternatively, hybrid assembly methods that combine short- and long-read sequencing technologies can reduce the time and cost required to produce de novo assemblies of large genomes.

Results
Here, we propose a new method, called Fast-SG, that uses a new ultrafast alignment-free algorithm specifically designed for constructing a scaffolding graph using light-weight data structures. Fast-SG can construct the graph from either short or long reads. This allows the reuse of efficient algorithms designed for short-read data and permits the definition of novel modular hybrid assembly pipelines. Using comprehensive standard datasets and benchmarks, we show how Fast-SG outperforms the state-of-the-art short-read aligners when building the scaffoldinggraph and can be used to extract linking information from either raw or error-corrected long reads. We also show how a hybrid assembly approach using Fast-SG with shallow long-read coverage (5X) and moderate computational resources can produce long-range and accurate reconstructions of the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (Ler-0) and human (NA12878).

Conclusions
Fast-SG opens a door to achieve accurate hybrid long-range reconstructions of large genomes with low effort, high portability, and low cost.
Engagement With Online Tobacco Marketing Among Adolescents in the United States: 2013–2014 to 2014–2015
Authors: Soneji Samir , Yang JaeWon , Moran Meghan Bridgid , Tan Andy S L , Sargent James , Knutzen Kristin E , Choi Kelvin 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
To assess changes in engagement with online tobacco and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) marketing (online tobacco marketing) among adolescents in the United States between 2013 and 2015.

Methods
We assessed the prevalence of six forms of engagement with online tobacco marketing, both overall and by brand, among adolescents sampled in Wave 1 (2013–2014; n = 13651) and Wave 2 (2014–2015; n = 12172) of the nationally representative Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study. Engagement was analyzed by tobacco use status: non-susceptible never tobacco users; susceptible never tobacco users; ever tobacco users, but not within the past year; and past-year tobacco users.

Results
Among all adolescents, the estimated prevalence of engagement with at least one form of online tobacco marketing increased from 8.7% in 2013–2014 to 20.9% in 2014–2015. The estimated prevalence of engagement also increased over time across all tobacco use statuses (eg, from 10.5% to 26.6% among susceptible adolescents). Brand-specific engagement increased over time for cigarette, cigar, and e-cigarette brands.

Conclusion
Engagement with online tobacco marketing, both for tobacco and e-cigarettes, increased almost twofold over time. This increase emphasizes the dynamic nature of online tobacco marketing and its ability to reach youth. The Food and Drug Administration, in cooperation with social networking sites, should consider new approaches to regulate this novel form of marketing.

Implications
This is the first study to estimate the national prevalence of engagement with online tobacco marketing among adolescents over time. The estimated prevalence of this engagement approximately doubled between 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 among all adolescents and, notably, among adolescents at relatively low risk to initiate tobacco use. This increase in engagement could represent public health harm if it results in increased initiation and use of tobacco products. Stronger federal regulation of online tobacco marketing and tighter control of access to tobacco-related content by social media sites could reduce adolescents’ exposure to and engagement with online tobacco marketing.
Clinical and Genomic Characterization of Recurrent Enterococcal Bloodstream Infection in Patients With Acute Leukemia
Authors: Messina Julia A , Sinha Rohita , Starr Kimberly , Arshad Mehreen , Alexander Barbara D , Chao Nelson J , Sung Anthony D 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundRates and risk factors for recurrent enterococcal bloodstream infection (R-EBSI) and whether the same genetic lineage causes index EBSI and R-EBSI are unknown in patients with acute leukemia (AL) receiving chemotherapy.MethodsNinety-two AL patients with EBSI from 2010 to 2015 were included. Enterococcal bloodstream infection was defined by 31 positive blood cultures for Enterococcus faecium or Enterococcus faecalis and fever, hypotension, or chills. Clearance was defined by 31 negative cultures 324 hours after last positive culture and defervescence. Recurrent enterococcal bloodstream infection was defined by a positive blood culture for Enterococcus 324 hours after clearance. Categorical variables were reported as proportions and compared by the χ2 test. Continuous variables were summarized by median and interquartile range (IQR) and compared by the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test. P values &lt;.05 were considered significant. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on available paired BSI isolates from 7 patients.ResultsTwenty-four patients (26%) had 31 episodes of R-EBSI. Median time to R-EBSI (IQR) was 26 (13–50) days. Patients with R-EBSI had significantly longer durations of fever and metronidazole exposure during their index EBSI. Thirty-nine percent of E. faecium R-EBSI isolates became daptomycin-nonsusceptible Enterococcus (DNSE) following daptomycin therapy for index EBSI. Whole-genome sequencing analysis confirmed high probability of genetic relatedness of index EBSI and R-EBSI isolates for 4/7 patients.ConclusionsRecurrent enterococcal bloodstream infection and DNSE are common in patients with AL and tend to occur within the first 30 days of index EBSI. Duration of fever and metronidazole exposure may be useful in determining risk for R-EBSI. Whole-genome sequencing analysis demonstrates that the same strain causes both EBSI and R-EBSI in some patients.
Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes of Adolescents With Acetabular Retroversion Treated Arthroscopically
Authors: Litrenta Jody , Mu Brian , Chen Austin W. , Ortiz-Declet Victor , Perets Itay , Domb Benjamin G. 
Published: May 2018

Background:
Retroversion of the acetabulum is a cause of pincer impingement. Symptomatic retroversion has traditionally been treated with anteverting periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). However, arthroscopic rim trimming can also treat pincer impingement associated with acetabular retroversion. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes and radiographic findings in a series of adolescent patients with symptomatic acetabular retroversion treated arthroscopically.

Methods:
Data were prospectively gathered at a single institution using an established hip preservation registry. Patients below 18 years with a retroverted acetabulum that underwent primary hip arthroscopy with 2-year follow-up were included. Acetabular retroversion was defined by 3 radiographic criteria: the presence of crossover, ischial spine sign, and posterior wall sign. Radiographic measurements of the lateral center-edge angle, anterior center-edge angle, alpha angle, and crossover percentage were reported preoperatively and postoperatively. Patient-reported outcome (PROs) measures included the modified Harris Hip Score, the non-Arthritic Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score Sports Subscale, visual analog scale, and patient satisfaction, recorded at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, postoperatively. In addition, International Hip Outcome Tool scores were gathered at 2 years.

Results:
Between April 2008 and July 2014, there were 43 patients (48 hips) treated with hip arthroscopy who met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 16.1 years (range, 13.9 to 17.9 y) and there were 38 females and 10 males. The average follow-up was 50.4 months, with a minimum of 2 years. Statistically significant improvements in all PROs were found at 2 years postoperatively. There were 9 hips with lateral center-edge angle ≤25 degrees; the PROs of this group was not different than patients with normal coverage. Three patients underwent arthroscopic revision. No patient subsequently underwent anteverting PAO during the study period. There were no reported complications.

Conclusions:
Femoroacetabular impingement caused by acetabular retroversion treated with hip arthroscopy demonstrates good outcomes at 2 years with a low complication rate. Symptomatic adolescents may be safely and successfully treated arthroscopically, potentially avoiding anteverting PAO.

Study Design:
Level of evidence 4—case series.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Reproducibility of Ultrasound-based Metrics for Assessing Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Authors: Quader Niamul , Schaeffer Emily K. , Hodgson Antony J. , Abugharbieh Rafeef , Mulpuri Kishore 
Published: May 2018

Background:
The purposes of this study were to (1) perform a systematic review of articles that reported agreement or reproducibility in repeated diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) using ultrasound imaging, (2) estimate the reproducibility in the available dysplasia metrics, and (3) compare reproducibility of the available dysplasia metrics.

Methods:
A systematic review of the Medline and Embase databases was performed by using a search strategy formulated from our research question: “For infants at risk of DDH, are US imaging-based diagnoses reproducible?” Two reviewers independently identified articles for inclusion in the systematic review, and then assessed the quality of the included studies using the Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies guideline. Variability and agreement-related statistics in the included studies were extracted and included in a meta-analysis for summarizing the available statistics. The reproducibility of the available dysplasia metrics was compared, with a Bonferroni correction made to adjust for multiple comparisons.

Results:
Twenty eight studies were included in the systematic review. Overall, the quality of the included studies was moderate (average, 10.7/15; range, 6 to 12). Graf’s alpha angle had the lowest interexamination variability of the metrics assessed, followed by Graf’s beta angle (the variability of the alpha angle was 10% lower than the variability of the beta angle, P<0.05). However, despite Graf’s angles having lower variability compared with other dysplasia metrics, their actual variability was still problematically high. This finding was supported by the low intraclass correlation and Kappa coefficient values reported in the included studies. There was also evidence to suggest that the reproducibility in DDH diagnosis has potentially worsened over time.

Conclusions:
Overall, we found high variability and low agreement in all reported dysplasia metrics. Furthermore, in the last 3 decades, the repeatability of dysplasia metrics has not markedly improved and may even have declined, indicating a genuine need for improving repeatability and reliability of ultrasound-based DDH diagnosis.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—systematic review of level III studies.