bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing and the Inclusive Communities Project Case
Authors: Tegeler Philip D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) provisions of the 1968 Fair Housing Act require affirmative steps by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and its grantees to promote residential integration. By the beginning of the Obama administration, compliance with this provision had become an empty bureaucratic ritual for many jurisdictions and was identified as a key civil rights reform for the new HUD secretary. The final AFFH rule, issued in 2015, represents an important modernization of the Fair Housing Act’s AFFH provision and also signals a new kind of partnership among federal, state, and local governments to address racial and economic segregation.
Enabling More Families with Housing Vouchers to Access Higher-Opportunity Neighborhoods
Authors: Sard Barbara 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) program, which helps more than two million low-income households—nearly half with minor children in the home—to pay for modestly priced, decent-quality homes in the private market. The program has reduced housing cost burdens, decreased homelessness, and increased housing stability, but vouchers currently do less than they could to help families live in low-poverty, high-opportunity neighborhoods. Public housing agencies have flexibility to implement strategies to improve location outcomes in their HCV programs. But unless changes in federal policy encourage them to take such steps and to modify counterproductive policies—and reliable funding is available to maintain the number of families receiving HCV assistance and to administer the program effectively—there is little reason to expect better results. Federal, state, and local agencies can make four sets of interrelated policy changes that will help families in the HCV program to live in better locations.
Promoting Poverty Deconcentration and Racial Desegregation through Mixed-Income Development
Authors: Joseph Mark L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the achievements and limitations of mixed-income development as a desegregation strategy. Mixed-income development has proven to be an effective way to harness private-sector interest in urban revitalization in order to generate the production of high-quality affordable housing. Beyond the goals of physical redevelopment and residential integration, there is evidence that mixed-income approaches promote stable, safe communities. After 20 years of the HOPE VI initiative, the federal government sought to enhance the mixed-income approach by launching Choice Neighborhoods in 2010. Significant questions remain about how to increase the benefits to low-income households through this approach and how to avoid reinforcing stigma and marginalization within the new developments. After briefly reviewing the history of mixed-income housing and the theoretical propositions underlying it, this chapter reviews the evidence of its benefits and shortcomings as a desegregation approach and proposes an array of strategies for strengthening the approach.
Being and Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Being and Motion offers an original philosophical ontology of movement. The history of philosophy has systematically explained movement as derived from something else that does not move: space, eternity, force, and time. Why, when movement has been central to human societies, did a philosophy based on movement never take hold in the West? This book is the first major work of systematic ontology to answer this question and finally overturn this long-standing metaphysical tradition by placing movement at the heart of philosophy. In doing so, Being and Motion provides a completely new understanding of the most fundamental categories of ontology from the ground up: quality, quantity, relation, modality, and others. It also provides the first history of the philosophy of motion, from the early prehistoric mythologies up to contemporary ontologies. More than at any other time in human history, we live in an age defined by movement and mobility, and yet we lack a single contemporary ontology that takes this seriously as a starting point for philosophy. Being and Motion sets out to remedy this lacuna in contemporary thought by providing a historical ontology of our present: an ontology of movement.
Philosophy of Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a definition of the philosophy motion and a review of the history of the ontology of motion. It contrasts the ontology of motion with the ontology of becoming found in other theorists. It puts forward a definition and direction for a new ontology of motion. The philosophy of motion is defined as the analysis of phenomena across social, aesthetic, scientific, and ontological domains from the perspective of motion. The historical precursors of this ontology are discussed, and an abbreviated history of the main ideas and contributions of three major philosophers of motion (Lucretius, Marx, and Bergson) is provided.
Confluence
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that if the flows of being are pedetic and capable of bifurcation, then it is also possible for them to flow together in a confluence. A confluence is the intersection or connection of two or more flows that intersect one or more times. In this type of connection, multiple flows move together and intersect with one another without directly folding back over themselves. Being connects because it moves together following a multiplicity of pedetic trajectories. The chapter provides a theory of events and constellations, and gives examples of plant growth and political struggle.
Centripetal Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that being is in motion, but that motion appears first and foremost historically as space. During the period of time roughly defined as the Neolithic (10,000 bce–5000 bce), movement begins to take on a certain dominant mode of distribution or circulation, defined by an inward trajectory from the periphery toward a center. This centripetal motion is the condition for the dominant description of being’s motion as fundamentally spatial. This chapter describes the defining features of centripetal motion, which is an entirely real and kinetic condition, not a metaphysical concept. The centripetal motion of being is the condition for the ontological description of being as space, and its inscription through speech.
Writing I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that writing did not emerge out of nowhere. It took thousands of years for it to rise to its place of kinetic dominance, particularly toward the end of the ancient period. Writing emerged, like the concept of eternity, through four similar kinetic operations, resulting in a reproducible pattern of centrifugal motion. These operations were not evolutionary or developmental. Three of the four sections in this chapter look at one of the four major kinographic operations as it emerged during a certain time: the introduction of the first tokens of the ancient Near East, dating from around 8500 bce, around the time of the invention of agriculture; their storage in clay spheres around 3700–3500 bce; and the first abstract inscriptions as numbers (3400 bce) and pictographs on tablets (3300 bce). The fourth of these operations, the creation of written letters in alphabetic systems around 1850 bce, will be addressed in Chapter 22.
Medieval Theology II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the second kinetic operation or feature in the ontological description of force is the externalization of motion. Kinetically, the externalization of motion occurs when a flow becomes disjoined or released from a field of circulation. Once such a flow breaks free or bifurcates from the conjunction of a circulatory system, it is then capable of folding itself into a new series of junctions in a new field or connecting to another field elsewhere. When the internal motion of circulation, like that of a rotating sphere, for instance, appears to transfer its motion to another body as a cause, agent, or force, what occurs kinetically is not the transfer of a metaphysical substance, but the continuation of the same movement, circulated differently. This chapter treats this issue historically within the early modern concept of medieval impetus and the clockwork universe.
The Book II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The argument of this chapter is that while the printing press undoubtedly introduced several novelties into graphic and social circulation, it was not the bringer of a radically new kinographic regime. Kinetically speaking, it was a modification and intensification of the already dominant tensional regime of the codex. Just because there were more books in more hands does not mean the regime of motion changed, only that it was intensified and in some ways modified. The printed codex is still a codex, and it therefore follows much of the same material kinetic functions as the manuscript codex. The printed codex thus secured and intensified what the manuscript codex had already begun: the dominance of a new bibliographic regime of motion defined by the primary features of binding and comprehension.
Elastic Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins Part IV by offering a purely kinomenological theory of the elastic motions that define the appearance of being as time. Time, like space, eternity, and force, is an ontological description structured according a specific regime of motion. Part IV argues that the concept of time is a fundamentally kinetic concept. With some exceptions, almost all modern ontologies of the eighteenth through twentieth centuries, in one way or another, accept the reality and foundational nature of time. The thesis of this chapter is that temporal being is defined by a material and kinetic elasticity of motion. This elastic pattern of motion is defined by seriality, subjectivity, and elastic subjectivity.
The Keyboard I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that alongside the historical rise of ontological descriptions of time, a new regime of inscription also emerged: typography. Just as the ontologically descriptive regime of force was inscribed in the tensional regime of the book, so the rise of the descriptive regime of time, from the late eighteenth century to the present, was predominantly inscribed in an elastic regime of the keyboard. Writing and books did not disappear during this time, of course, but were instead taken up and modified within a new kinographic regime defined by the elastic oscillations of the keyboard.
The Transformation of the Chinese Economy
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter presents an analysis of the growth of the Chinese economy since the late 1970s, and the various phases of economic reform during that period. It shows the ways in which China became increasingly integrated with the global economy through trade and inward investment, and later, by outward foreign direct investment. Key aspects of the economic reforms discussed are those of the financial sector that led to the creation of the policy banks, and enterprise reform, leading to changes in the management of state-owned enterprises and the growth of the private sector. Developments in the Chinese labour market affecting employment, wages, and productivity are also considered. Finally, the negative environmental impacts of China’s rapid economic growth and the responses to it are discussed.
China’s Economic Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter considers three key aspects of China’s economic impact on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). First, the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities, which benefitted a number of SSA economies in the short and medium term, are looked at. China’s major contribution to development in the region has been through financing and building infrastructure. Finally, the impact on SSA manufacturing is analyzed. Despite concerns about the negative impact on domestic industry, it only appears to be a major problem in South Africa. However, optimistic views of the potential for Chinese firms to contribute to industrialization in the region appear over-optimistic. The chapter also includes case studies of the impact of China’s economic involvement in Angola, Ethiopia, and South Africa, which represent three different types of Sino-African relations.
Basic Social Security
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical origins of social assistance (including social cash transfers) in North and South, and maps the field in conceptual terms. It is argued that the emergence of social assistance was part of the rise of the modern state, and later of the welfare state, involving a bureaucratization and nationalization of poverty. Since the 1990s and the 2000s, poverty and social assistance respectively have been ‘globalized’: international organizations have turned to the issue, and cash transfers have spread across the global South and have even become an electoral issue. Drawing on Georg Simmel and T. H. Marshall, the chapter shows that social assistance may involve exclusions and stigma, but can be a vital component of social citizenship rights if society recognizes the legitimacy of the claims of the poor. The chapter also shows how social assistance has contributed to social citizenship in European countries.
Models of Social Cash Transfers
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Around 2000, poverty had moved to the top of global agendas, but there was no clear idea what policies would be appropriate. By the mid-2000s, a consensus among international organizations on social cash transfers had emerged. This chapter investigates what models of cash transfers were proposed by international organizations, and why, considering that global actors of all political leanings had rejected the idea of cash transfers well into the 1990s. The analysis draws on unique qualitative data on all major international organizations involved. It is argued that the idea of social cash transfers marks a paradigm shift in global anti-poverty policy, driven by pioneering country examples, sectional interests of international organizations, and new discursive frames. However, the idea of cash transfers was discursively reduced to four partial models that define the field to the present day, reflecting mandates of lead organizations and adding up to a fragmented and incomplete universalism.
Parliaments in Time
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This book sheds light on the institutional development of four (emerging) Western European parliaments. Parliaments in Western Europe are noteworthy for several reasons. Their institutional designs differ remarkably, with distinct consequences for their policy output. Scholars have diagnosed the decline of legislatures for over a century now. Based on a model of distributive bargaining over legislative procedures, this book engages in a comparative process-tracing analysis of ninety reforms, which restructured control over the plenary agenda and committee power in Britain, France, Sweden, and Germany between 1866 and 2015. The analysis presented suggests that legislators in Western Europe rationalize procedures as a response to growing levels of legislative workload. As a consequence, legislatures evolve towards one of two procedural ideal types: talking or working legislatures. In talking legislatures, governments enjoy privileges in legislative agenda-setting (resulting in centralized agenda control) and committees are weak. In contrast, working legislatures combine decentralized agenda control with powerful committees. Which path legislators chose is determined by the appearance of anti-system obstruction. If anti-system parties obstruct legislative business, legislators surrender ancient procedural privileges and agree to a centralization of agenda control. Otherwise, their demand for legislative mega-seats on committees triggers the evolution of working legislatures. If legislators fail to respond to an anti-system threat, legislative procedures break down. For this reason, the central aim of procedural reforms in Western European parliaments is to maintain legislative democracy. Rather than a decline of legislatures, for talking legislatures to successfully overcome an anti-system threat indicates the resilience of legislative democracy.
A Dynamic Partisan Perspective on Procedural Reform
Authors: Koß Michael 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter introduces the dynamic partisan perspective on procedural change. Leaders are expected to prefer creating mega-seats in the cabinet (and centralize agenda control), whereas followers prefer (powerful) legislative committees under decentralized agenda control. Leaders’ and followers’ procedural preferences are operationalized by means of the framing of their respective reform proposals. Leaders are expected to emphasize a majoritarian vision of legislative democracy, while followers espouse a proportional vision. All else being equal, followers enjoy a better bargaining position because the proportional vision is more in line with the legislative state of nature. Therefore, the procedural path chosen hypothetically depends on the occurrence of anti-system obstruction which alters followers’ preferences. The chapter closes by discussing the temporal, substantial, and spatial boundaries of the cases selected here. Accordingly, failed and successful procedural reforms in four Western European countries (Britian, France, Sweden, and Germany) will be analysed over the 1866–2015 period.
The Deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills Equation in Geometry and Physics
Authors: Collins Tristan C. , Xie Dan , Yau Shing-Tung 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the mathematics and physics of the deformed Hermitian–Yang–Mills equation, a fully non-linear geometric PDE on Kähler manifolds, which plays an important role in mirror symmetry. The chapter discusses the physical origin of the equation, and some recent progress towards its solution. In addition, in dimension 3, it proves a new Chern number inequality and discusses the relationship with algebraic stability conditions.
Restrictions of Heterotic G2 Structures and Instanton Connections
Authors: de la Ossa Xenia , Larfors Magdalena , Svanes Eirik E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter revisits recent results regarding the geometry and moduli of solutions of the heterotic string on manifolds Y with a G2 structure. In particular, such heterotic G2 systems can be rephrased in terms of a differential Ď acting on a complex Ωˇ∗(Y,Q), where Ωˇ=T∗Y⊕End(TY)⊕End(V), and Ď is an appropriate projection of an exterior covariant derivative D which satisfies an instanton condition. The infinitesimal moduli are further parametrized by the first cohomology HDˇ1(Y,Q). The chapter proceeds to restrict this system to manifolds X with an SU(3) structure corresponding to supersymmetric compactifications to four-dimensional Minkowski space, often referred to as Strominger–Hull solutions. In doing so, the chapter derives a new result: the Strominger–Hull system is equivalent to a particular holomorphic Yang–Mills covariant derivative on Q|X=T∗X⊕End(TX)⊕End(V).
Introduction
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The first chapter discusses why a framework like inquisitive semantics is needed for a satisfactory analysis of information exchange. In particular, it argues that neither declarative nor interrogative sentences can be fully understood in isolation. Further, it is argued that semantic theories which aim to cover both declarative and interrogative sentences should not employ two different notions of semantic content, one for declaratives and one for interrogatives, but should rather be based on a single notion of semantic content that is general enough to capture both the information that sentences convey and the issues that they may raise.This requires a new formal notion of issues, which forms the cornerstone of inquisitive semantics.
Basic operations on propositions
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers what the basic operations are that can be performed on propositions in inquisitive semantics. In the classical setting, where propositions are simple sets of worlds, one can form the intersection or the union of two propositions, or the complement of a single proposition. These operations play a central role in logic and in semantic analyses of natural languages: conjunction and disjunction are standardly taken to express intersection and union, respectively, while negation is standardly taken to express complementation. It is shown that these operations have natural counterparts in the inquisitive setting, even though propositions are no longer simple sets of worlds.
Propositional attitudes
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In Chapter 8 it is shown that inquisitive semantics gives rise to a new view on propositional attitudes, especially those that are relevant for information exchange. Namely, besides the familiar informationdirected attitudes like knowing and believing, it allows us tomodel issuedirected attitudes like wondering and being curious as well. This also leads to a semantic treatment of the verbs that are used to express such attitudes. Among other things, this treatment explains the selectional restrictions of verbs like wonder, i.e. why they only take interrogative complements, while verbs like know take both declarative and interrogative complements.
Telecommunication and ICT-Based Services Trade
Authors: Frischtak Cláudio R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a basic understanding of emerging key information and communication technologies which are increasingly critical for economic growth and development. It establishes the distance to high-quality access to the internet for the least developed and other countries. Broad-based access is key in order to make use of ICT-related innovations. The chapter underlines the importance of governments creating a more open and competitive environment in order to attract infrastructure investment in terms, among others, of fibre-optic rings and cable links, foster rivalry among suppliers of services, thereby benefiting users and consumers with lower prices and better-quality services. Ultimately, the challenge is, through sound public policy, to steer societies from being marginalized by the major technological changes in information and communication.
Tourism Global Value Chains and Africa
Authors: Daly Jack , Gereffi Gary 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Tourism is an important driver of economic growth around the world. While Europe remains the most visited continent in the world, Asia Pacific and Africa had the highest growth rates in visitors over the decade spanning 2005–14. With a wide array of animals and picturesque landscapes, Africa has long captured the imagination of international leisure travellers. In more recent years, the growing diversity of experiences in countries such as South Africa has helped fuel a record number of visitors. While the economic importance of tourism to Africa is a central characteristic throughout the continent, there is variance in its profile at both the regional and country levels. North Africa is the most vibrant tourism destination on the continent. Southern Africa has the second largest total tourism receipts behind North Africa, with its relatively high leisure spending. Central Africa, meanwhile, has the most underdeveloped tourism industry in the world.