bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community‐level species’ correlated distribution can be scale‐independent and related to the evenness of abundance
Authors: Chen Youhua , Shen Tsung‐Jen , Condit Richard , Hubbell Stephen P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe spatial distribution of species is not random; instead, individuals tend to gather, resulting in a non‐random pattern. Previous studies used the independent negative binomial distribution (NBD) to model the distributional aggregation of a single species, in which the independence of the distribution of individuals of a species in different quadrats had been assumed. This way of analyzing aggregation will result in the scale‐dependent estimation of the aggregation or shape parameter. However, because non‐random (and therefore non‐independent) distribution of individuals of a species in a finite area can be caused by either correlated or clumped distribution of individuals of a species between neighboring sites, an alternative model would assume that the distribution of individuals of a species over different sampling areas is multinomial. Here, we showed that, by assuming that regional species abundance followed a NBD while using a multinomial distribution to assign individuals of species in different non‐overlapped sampling quadrats that are from a partition of the entire region (quantifying positive correlation or synchrony), the estimation of the shape parameter in this probabilistic model, which is the negative multinomial distribution (NMD), was scale‐invariant (i.e., the estimated shape parameter is identical across different partitions of the study region). Accordingly, the estimation of the shape parameter was related to regional species distribution alone. This implied that, the shape parameter at the community level, using the NMD model, reflected the evenness of interspecific abundance. As a comparison, if the distribution of individuals of a single species followed independent NBDs as studied previously, the shape parameter would measure the evenness of intraspecific abundance (quantifying single‐species’ distributional aggregation). Moreover, our study highlighted the necessity for adjusting the model for the effects of unsampled species when studying community‐level distributional patterns. Collectively, as long as a target area is partitioned into non‐overlapping quadrats (no matter how their sizes vary), the proposed NMD model in this study, along with the independent NBDs model, can be jointly formulated as a framework to reconcile the scale‐dependent debate on the shape parameter, unifying the relationship between inter‐ or intraspecific abundance and distributional patterns.
Sensitive Determination of Nicotine on PolyNiTSPc Electrodeposited Glassy Carbon Electrode: Investigation of Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Acar Elif Turker , Atun Gulten 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we report an electrochemical material for nicotine detection in aqueous solution by using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) electrodeposited with Nickel(II) phthalocyanine‐tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (polyNiTSPc) in Tetra n‐bütil ammonium hydroxide (TnBAH) alkaline solution. The detection performance of the polyNiTSPc/GCE and the reaction mechanism of nicotine electro‐oxidation process is investigated using Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) techniques in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5). The conductivity properties of the bare GCE and polyNiTSPc/GCE were analysed using Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface morphology of bare GCE and polyNiTSPc/GCE are characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). PolyNiTSPc shows high catalytic activity for the electro‐oxidation of nicotine, with the limit of detection at 146 nM nicotine. PolyNiTSPc/GCE can be used as a biosensor with very low detection limit for nicotine. Electrode process for nicotine oxidation is diffusion controlled, including irreversible one‐electron transfer attributed to the nicotine/nicotine‐Δ1′,(5′)‐iminium ion conversion on the polyNiTSPc coated electrode. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the polyNiTSPc against nicotine plays a similar role as CYP2A6 enzyme which catalyses the intermediate reaction product of nicotine‐cotinine transformation in most mammalian species.
Ultrasensitive Genosensor Based on Minor Grove Binding (MGB) Probe for IL28B Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Detection Using SYBR Green as Electrochemical Indicator
Authors: Vasconcelos Luydson R. S. , Moura Patricia , Dutra Rosa F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA genosensor for typing the IL28B single nucleotide polymorphism (rs12979860), an important marker predictive of the treatment response to hepatitis C (HCV) infection was developed. The electrochemical sensor was based on a nanohybrid poly‐pyrrole‐carbon multiwall nanotubes film functionalized with minor groove binding (MGB) oligonucleotides probes to allele C of the IL28B. Individuals with genotype CC are more likely to achieve the virus clearance after HCV treatment (60 %), while homozygous TT (variant) is associated to a poor therapy response (20 %). A conventional SYBR green PCR was performed to obtain amplicons of CC and TT genotypes to test the DNA binding response of an MBG‐genosensor device. The redox response was monitored as hybridization match arose between probes and amplicons. The results showed a significant increase in the current redox peaks after TT genotype amplicons incubations in comparison to CC genotypes, ascribed to the weak SYBR Green intercalation between strands, and exposing the its reactive groups, favouring an increased electrocatalytic response. In conclusion, it was presented a new architecture of a genosensor with On‐Off polarity exploring the high specificity and sensitivity of MGB‐probes with promise application for single nucleotide polymorphism, using Syber Green as electrochemical indicator.
Determination of three Tumor Biomarkers (Homovanillic Acid, Vanillylmandelic Acid, and 5‐Hydroxyindole‐3‐Acetic Acid) Using Flow Injection Analysis with Amperometric Detection
Authors: Němečková‐Makrlíková Anna , Matysik Frank‐Michael , Navrátil Tomáš , Barek Jiří , Vyskočil Vlastimil 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFlow injection analysis with amperometric detection (FIA‐AD) at screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) in optimum medium of Britton‐Robinson buffer (0.04 mol ⋅ L−1, pH 2.0) was used for the determination of three tumor biomarkers (homovanillic acid (HVA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and 5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA)). Dependences of the peak current on the concentration of biomarkers were linear in the whole tested concentration range from 0.05 to 100 μmol ⋅ L−1, with limits of detection (LODs) of 0.065 μmol ⋅ L−1 for HVA, 0.053 μmol ⋅ L−1 for VMA, and 0.033 μmol ⋅ L−1 for 5‐HIAA (calculated from peak heights), and 0.024 μmol ⋅ L−1 for HVA, 0.020 μmol ⋅ L−1 for VMA, and 0.012 μmol ⋅ L−1 for 5‐HIAA (calculated from peak areas), respectively.
Improving Functional Behavior of MCM‐41 by Encapsulating MnO2 Nanorods towards Simultaneous Determination of Purine Bases in DNA Samples
Authors: Gupta Rupali , Yadav Dharmendra Kumar , Ganesan Vellaichamy , Sonkar Piyush Kumar , Yadav Mamta 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMnO2 nanorods incorporated MCM‐41 nanocomposite (MnO2@MCM‐41) is synthesized and employed as an electrode modifier for individual as well as simultaneous detection of purine bases, guanine (GU) and adenine (AD). For this purpose MnO2 nanorods are encapsulated within MCM‐41 by simple one pot synthetic approach. FT‐IR, UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical methods are employed to characterize the nanocomposite and other materials. The electrochemical attributes of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the MnO2@MCM‐41 (represented as GCE/MnO2@MCM‐41) towards the determination of GU and AD is studied in detail. Upon incorporation of MnO2 nanorods on MCM‐41, noticeable upsurge in anodic peak current with a decline in peak potential is observed for both GU and AD oxidations in cyclic voltammetry studies. Individual as well as simultaneous determination of GU and AD are performed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique which offered a linear range of 100 nM to 100 μM for GU and AD with respective limit of detections, 44 and 66 nM. The practical applicability of the GCE/MnO2@MCM‐41 for real world samples analysis is satisfactorily demonstrated with certain DNA samples by DPV.
Bayesian model–data synthesis with an application to global glacio‐isostatic adjustment
Authors: Sha Z. , Rougier J. C. , Schumacher M. , Bamber J. L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) is a crucial component in evaluating sea level change. The GIA process has been simulated globally from various physical forward models, and it can also be measured locally at some GPS stations. In this paper, we combine the physical model simulations and GPS measurements in a Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework to update global GIA. In common with many large‐scale spatial modeling applications, there are two major challenges. One is the scale of the update, which is too large for naïve Gaussian conditioning. The other is the need to represent nonstationarity in the prior. We address the first challenge with the now well‐established stochastic partial differential equations and integrated nested Laplace approximation approach. For a nonstationary global process, we propose two general models that accommodate commonly seen geospatial patterns. We present and compare the GIA result for the two models, alongside the default option of assuming stationarity.
Effect of additional HfO2 layer deposition on heterojunction c‐Si solar cells
Authors: Lee Doo Won , Bhopal Muhammad Fahad , Lee Sang Hee , Lee Ah Reum , Kim Han Jun , Rehman Malik Abdul , Seo Yongho , Lim Kyoung‐jin , Shin Won‐suk , Lee Soo Hong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe efficiency of a heterojunction with intrinsic thin‐layer (HIT) solar cell with an insulator/ITO structure was discussed in this paper. First, the efficiency was analyzed by OPAL 2 simulations. Second, an insulator/ITO structure was experimentally applied to a HIT solar cell. The OPAL 2 simulations using an insulator/ITO/Si structure and a TCO/ITO/Si structure showed that the generation current density in the Si substrate increased when the insulator or TCO layer had a proper thickness. Experimentally, HfO2, a type of insulator, was deposited on a HIT solar cell with a thickness varying from 3 to 15 nm. The average efficiency of the HIT solar cell improved from 18.21% to 20.75% after HfO2 deposition. The highest efficiency was achieved for the 3‐nm‐thick HfO2/HIT solar cell structure, which exhibited the best improvement in the current density of approximately 1.5 mA/cm2. For the external quantum efficiency of the HfO2/HIT solar cell, the total absorption was improved by HfO2 deposition. The results suggest that the HfO2 layer improves the solar cell efficiency of the HIT solar cell by increasing light absorption.
Bridging the Gap between Scientists and Anglers: The Black Bass Conservation Committee's Social Media Outreach Efforts
Authors: Taylor Andrew T , Sammons Steven M 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
As the use of social media becomes more common among fisheries scientists and resource managers, case studies of ongoing outreach efforts can provide insights on how to increase the effectiveness of such programs. Herein, we summarize efforts to engage anglers and the general public with outreach messages related to black bass Micropterus spp. diversity and conservation via the Black Bass Conservation Committee's Facebook page. Specifically, we detail how we continue to build our audience, generate impactful content, and facilitate engagement and interactions with our audience. We end with some lessons learned while running this social media outreach page and discuss the outlook of these efforts, including opportunities to integrate citizen science.
Conservation of Black Bass Diversity: An Emerging Management Paradigm
Authors: Taylor Andrew T , Long James M , Tringali Michael D , Barthel Brandon L 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Black bass Micropterus spp. are quintessential North American sportfishes that support economically valuable fisheries and act as keystone predators within aquatic ecosystems. Despite their prominence among North American fish fauna, a number of taxonomic designations are unresolved and novel forms continue to be identified within drainages of the southeastern USA. We review the current understanding of black bass diversity, including distributions, evolutionary histories, and phylogenetic relationships. We also provide a brief overview of the major paradigms that have been applied to black bass management and highlight an emerging focus on the conservation of black bass diversity. Black bass diversity is threatened by anthropogenic land and water use, fragmentation of fluvial habitats, historic and contemporary stocking of non-native congeners, and climate change. Successful conservation of black bass diversity requires that management agencies prioritize the protection of native species, forms, and lineages within and across jurisdictional boundaries. Collaboration among scientists and resource managers is needed to develop practical ways to ameliorate current problems created by past and present anthropogenic alterations, while also preparing for future challenges like global climate change.
Early HIV treatment and labour outcomes: A case study of mining workers in South Africa
Authors: French Declan , Brink Jonathan , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study examines whether labour outcomes of HIV‐infected workers treated with antiretrovirals are associated with the stage of the disease when commencing therapy. We use data on employment separation and absenteeism from the workplace health programme of South Africa's largest coal mining company over the period of January 2009 to March 2017 in a Cox proportional hazards model. When treatment was initiated at a CD4+ T cell count above 350 cells/μl, the risk of separating from the company was 37% lower and the risk of absence was 20%t lower than initiating at a CD4 count below 200 cells/μl, and these differences persist over time. Also, we find that workers initiating antiretroviral therapy at CD4  ≥  350 have an 8% lower risk of absence prior to treatment. Although many companies and the South African government have adopted universal test‐and‐treat policies aiming to initiate all HIV‐infected people as early as possible, most HIV patients still start treatment late in the disease course when their CD4 counts have fallen to low levels. Our results indicate early HIV detection and treatment could have large productivity gains.
Climate driven coevolution of weathering profiles and hillslope topography generates dramatic differences in critical zone architecture
Authors: Anderson Robert S. , Rajaram Harihar , Anderson Suzanne P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractConsiderable debate revolves around the relative importance of rock type, tectonics, and climate in creating the architecture of the critical zone. We demonstrate the importance of climate and in particular the rate of water recharge to the subsurface, using numerical models that incorporate hydrologic flowpaths, chemical weathering, and geomorphic rules for soil production and transport. We track alterations in both solid phase (plagioclase to clay) and water chemistry along hydrologic flowpaths that include lateral flow beneath the water table. To isolate the role of recharge, we simulate dry and wet cases and prescribe identical landscape evolution rules. The weathering patterns that develop differ dramatically beneath the resulting parabolic interfluves. In the dry case, incomplete weathering is shallow and surface parallel, whereas in the wet case, intense weathering occurs to depths approximating the base of the bounding channels, well below the water table. Exploration of intermediate cases reveals that the weathering state of the subsurface is strongly governed by the ratio of the rate of advance of the weathering front itself controlled by the water input rate, and the rate of erosion of the landscape. The system transitions between these end‐member behaviours rather abruptly at a weathering front speed ‐ erosion rate ratio of approximately 1. Although there are undoubtedly direct roles for tectonics and rock type in critical zone architecture, and yet more likely feedbacks between these and climate, we show here that differences in hillslope‐scale weathering patterns can be strongly controlled by climate.
A multimethod study of inhibitory control and behavioural problems in preschoolers
Authors: Gagne Jeffrey R. , Chang Chi‐Ning , Fang Haolei , Spann Catherine , Kwok Oi‐Man 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLow levels of inhibitory control (IC) are associated with multiple cognitive and socio‐emotional difficulties including externalizing behavioural problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, conclusions depend somewhat on the method of IC assessment. This investigation examined associations between child IC and behavioural problems and maternal depression and anxiety employing a family study design. Child IC was assessed using a parent rating scale, three independent observer ratings, two laboratory‐based temperament episodes, and an executive functioning task. Correlational results showed that parent‐rated IC was associated with all behavioural problems' scales, whereas observed IC was specifically associated with ADHD, aggressive, attention, and externalizing behavioural problems. Structural equation modelling analyses including child age and gender indicated that all IC variables significantly predicted externalizing and ADHD behavioural problems. The model accounted for overlapping variance across parent‐rated IC, child behavioural problems, and maternal mental health symptoms and showed that observed IC predicted externalizing and ADHD behavioural problems over and above these parent–rater effects. Results also showed that maternal depression and anxiety symptoms significantly predicted these behavioural problems even after controlling for the parent‐rater effects. These findings indicate that assessment methods are an important consideration when interpreting the results of early IC investigations.Highlights

Do different measures of inhibitory control (IC) predict behaviour problems during preschool?
SEM analyses indicated that observed IC predicted externalizing and ADHD behaviour problems over and above parent‐rater effects.
Observations of IC show more specificity to externalizing and ADHD problems and are not susceptible to parent‐rater effects.
An unusual presentation of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with ureteric involvement: A case report
Authors: Zahid Nida , Ahmed Rashida , Adil Salman , Ather Hammad 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionNon‐Hodgkin's lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies in the lymphoid system and ureteric involvement by non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma is very rare.Case presentationWe present a 37‐year‐old male, presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms and right flank pain. Initially, he presented with lower urinary tract symptoms without having any evidence of urinary tract infection and was managed for nonspecific cystitis. His ureteral histopathology report indicated a diffused infiltration by malignant lymphoid cells and the final diagnosis revealed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. His positron‐emission tomography scan indicated stage 4 disease with skeletal involvement and he was then treated by rituximab, cyclophosphamide, liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and methylprednisolone chemotherapy. Later, he was also diagnosed with central nervous system lymphoma and died during his stay in the hospital.ConclusionPrimary diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the ureter is extremely rare; however, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with obstructive uropathy as its early detection is crucial for diagnostic and therapeutic treatment.
Whole‐animal accumulation, oxidative stress, transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in the pink shrimp (Pandalus montagui) exposed to teflubenzuron
Authors: Olsvik Pål A. , Aulin Marte , Samuelsen Ole B. , Hannisdal Rita , Agnalt Ann‐Lisbeth , Lunestad Bjørn T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor teflubenzuron, widely used against sea lice in North Atlantic aquaculture, may pose an environmental threat to non‐targeted crustaceans. In this experiment, laboratory acclimated pink shrimp (Pandalus montagui), a species found in fjords with Atlantic salmon farming, were exposed to dietary teflubenzuron for 46 days (control; low dose: 0.01 μg/g; high dose: 0.1 μg/g). The exposure doses represent 0.1% and 1% of a standard treatment dose for Atlantic salmon. Mortality and prevalence of deformities, pharmacokinetics, oxidative stress and transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling were used to assess the response to teflubenzuron exposure. Mortality in the high‐dose group was 25% (five of 20 individuals). No control or low‐dose group shrimps died. Phenotypic responses,i.e., leg deformities (0 control, 6 low, 8 high) and cloudy eyes (0 control, 3 low, 7 high), were observed in some surviving shrimps (control n = 15, low n = 17, high n = 15). Accumulated levels of teflubenzuron in shrimps from the high‐dose group ranged from 4.7 to 369 ng/g wet weight. Transcriptomic profiling showed very few significantly altered genes in the exposed shrimps. Teflubenzuron‐induced changes to the metabolome pointed to well‐known effects of benzoylurea agents, with reduced levels of N‐acetylglucosamine indicating an effect on chitin synthesis. The metabolomic profiling showed that teflubenzuron exposure was associated with reduced energy metabolism. Some metabolites pointed to increased necrosis and/or bacterial overgrowth in the teflubenzuron‐exposed shrimps. In conclusion, this study shows that teflubenzuron causes phenotypic effects in P. montagui exposed to 0.1% of the treatment dose given to Atlantic salmon.
Magel2 Modulates Bone Remodeling and Mass in Prader-Willi Syndrome by Affecting Oleoyl Serine Levels and Activity
Authors: Baraghithy Saja , Smoum Reem , Drori Adi , Hadar Rivka , Gammal Asaad , Hirsch Shira , Attar-Namdar Malka , Nemirovski Alina , Gabet Yankel , Langer Yshaia , Pollak Yehuda , Schaaf Christian Patrick , Rech Megan Elizabeth , Gross-Tsur Varda , Bab Itai , Mechoulam Raphael , Tam Joseph 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Among a multitude of hormonal and metabolic complications, individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) exhibit significant bone abnormalities, including decreased BMD, osteoporosis, and subsequent increased fracture risk. Here we show in mice that loss of Magel2, a maternally imprinted gene in the PWS critical region, results in reduced bone mass, density, and strength, corresponding to that observed in humans with PWS, as well as in individuals suffering from Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS), a genetic disorder caused by a disruption of the MAGEL2 gene. The low bone mass phenotype in Magel2-/- mice was attributed to reduced bone formation rate, increased osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity, and enhanced trans-differentiation of osteoblasts to adipocytes. The absence of Magel2 in humans and mice resulted in reduction in the fatty acid amide bone homeostasis regulator, N-oleoyl serine (OS), whose levels were positively linked with BMD in humans and mice as well as osteoblast activity. Attenuating the skeletal abnormalities in Magel2-/- mice was achieved with chronic administration of a novel synthetic derivative of OS. Taken together, Magel2 plays a key role in modulating bone remodeling and mass in PWS by affecting OS levels and activity. The use of potent synthetic analogs of OS should be further tested clinically as bone therapeutics for treating bone loss. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.