bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The presentation and management of platelet disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Goldman Bernardus G. , Hehir Mark P. , Yambasu Sahr , O'Donnell Edward M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThrombocytopenia, defined as a platelet count less than 150 000 per microlitre, occurs in 7%‐12% of all pregnancies. Apart from anaemia, it is the most common haematological disorder in pregnancy. Despite its frequent occurrence, thrombocytopenia often leads to difficulties of diagnosis and management in pregnancy. Typically, a pregnant woman will have platelet counts of 150 000 to 450 000 per microlitre and platelet counts may be slightly lower than those of healthy, non‐pregnant controls. Approximately, 8% of pregnant women will develop mild thrombocytopenia (100 000‐150 000 per microlitre) and while 65% of these women will have no underlying pathology, all pregnant women with platelet counts of less than 100 000 per microlitre should undergo further clinical and laboratory assessment. Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy occurs as a result of multiple distinct conditions, we present four cases of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy encountered in our unit over a 12‐month period. These include gestational thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and thrombocytopenia absent radius (TAR) syndrome. The literature review of these cases highlights the significance of identification, understanding pathophysiology and a multidisciplinary approach to these conditions. We refresh knowledge on these conditions and emphasise the importance of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy.
Vestibular modulation of peripersonal space boundaries
Authors: Pfeiffer Christian , Noel Jean‐Paul , Serino Andrea , Blanke Olaf 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHuman–environment interactions are mediated through the body and occur within the peripersonal space (PPS), the space immediately adjacent to and surrounding the body. The PPS is taken to be a critical interface between the body and the environment, and indeed, body‐part specific PPS remapping has been shown to depend on body‐part utilization, such as upper limb movements in otherwise static observers. How vestibular signals induced by whole‐body movement contribute to PPS representation is less well understood. In a series of experiments, we mapped the spatial extension of the PPS around the head while participants were submitted to passive whole‐body rotations inducing vestibular stimulation. Forty‐six participants, in three experiments, executed a tactile detection reaction time task while task‐irrelevant auditory stimuli approached them. The maximal distance at which the auditory stimulus facilitated tactile reaction time was taken as a proxy for the boundary of peri‐head space. The present results indicate two distinct vestibular effects. First, vestibular stimulation speeded tactile detection indicating a vestibular facilitation of somatosensory processing. Second, vestibular stimulation modulated audio‐tactile interaction of peri‐head space in a rotation direction‐specific manner. Congruent but not incongruent audio‐vestibular motion stimuli expanded the PPS boundary further away from the body as compared to no rotation. These results show that vestibular inputs dynamically update the multisensory delineation of PPS and far space, which may serve to maintain accurate tracking of objects close to the body and to update spatial self‐representations.
Modulation of task‐related cortical connectivity in the acute and subacute phase after stroke
Authors: Larsen Lisbeth H. , Zibrandtsen Ivan C. , Wienecke Troels , Kjaer Troels W. , Langberg Henning , Nielsen Jens B. , Christensen Mark S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe functional relevance of cortical reorganization post‐stroke is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated task‐specific modulation of cortical connectivity between neural oscillations in key motor regions during the early phase after stroke. EEG and EMG recordings were examined from 15 patients and 18 controls during a precision grip task using the affected hand. Each patient attended two sessions in the acute and subacute phase (median of 3 and 34 days) post‐stroke. Dynamic causal modelling (DCM) for induced responses was used to investigate task‐specific modulations of oscillatory couplings in a bilateral network comprising supplementary motor area (SMA), dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and primary motor cortex (M1). Fourteen models were constructed for each subject, and the input induced by the experimental manipulation (task) was set to inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Bayesian model selection favoured a fully connected model. A reduced coupling from SMA and intact M1 in the γ‐band (31–48 Hz) to lesioned M1 in the β‐band (15–30 Hz) was observed in patients in the acute phase compared to controls. Behavioural performance improved significantly in the subacute phase, while an increased positive coupling from intact PMd to lesioned M1 and a less negative modulation from lesioned M1 to intact M1 were observed for patients compared to controls both from the γ‐band to the β‐band. We infer that the observed differences in cross‐frequency cortical interactions are important for functional recovery.
Freedom and poverty in the Kantian state
Authors: Hasan Rafeeq 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe coercive authority of the Kantian state is rationally grounded in the ideal of equal external freedom, which is realized when each individual can choose and act without being constrained by another's will. This ideal does not seem like it can justify state‐mandated economic redistribution. For if one is externally free just as long as one can choose and act without being constrained by another, then only direct slavery, serfdom, or other systems of overt control seem to threaten external freedom. Yet Kant endows the freedom‐based state with considerable powers of economic redistribution. I argue that recent commentary has misunderstood both Kant's account ofwhypoverty is a form of freedom‐threatening dependence and the extent of the Kantian state's powers for remedying poverty. Criticizing Arthur Ripstein and the Kantianism of the “Toronto‐School,” I argue that the most salient notion of dependence at issue within the Kantian framework is not the direct control of the choice‐making capacities of another but asymmetrical influence in a power relationship. For Kant, poverty is fundamentally a problem of structural disempowerment.
Modeling fitness changes in wild Atlantic salmon populations faced by spawning intrusion of domesticated escapees
Authors: Castellani Marco , Heino Mikko , Gilbey John , Araki Hitoshi , Svåsand Terje , Glover Kevin A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGenetic interaction between domesticated escapees and wild conspecifics represents a persistent challenge to an environmentally sustainable Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. We used a recently developed eco‐genetic model (IBSEM) to investigate potential changes in a wild salmon population subject to spawning intrusion from domesticated escapees. At low intrusion levels (5%–10% escapees), phenotypic and demographic characteristics of the recipient wild population only displayed weak changes over 50 years and only at high intrusion levels (30%–50% escapees) were clear changes visible in this period. Our modeling also revealed that genetic changes in phenotypic and demographic characteristics were greater in situations where strayers originating from a neighboring wild population were domestication‐admixed and changed in parallel with the focal wild population, as opposed to nonadmixed. While recovery in the phenotypic and demographic characteristics was observed in many instances after domesticated salmon intrusion was halted, in the most extreme intrusion scenario, the population went extinct. Based upon results from these simulations, together with existing knowledge, we suggest that a combination of reduced spawning success of domesticated escapees, natural selection purging maladapted phenotypes/genotypes from the wild population, and phenotypic plasticity, buffer the rate and magnitude of change in phenotypic and demographic characteristics of wild populations subject to spawning intrusion of domesticated escapees. The results of our simulations also suggest that under specific conditions, natural straying among wild populations may buffer genetic changes in phenotypic and demographic characteristics resulting from introgression of domesticated escapees and that variation in straying in time and space may contribute to observed differences in domestication‐driven introgression among native populations.
Fuzzy time series model based on weighted association rule for financial market forecasting
Authors: Cheng Ching‐Hsue , Chen Chung‐Hsi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFuzzy time series have been used to forecast future problems based on historical data. However, previously fuzzy time series methods have some problems: (a) subjectively determined the length of intervals, (b) only discusses the relations for previous period and next period in forecasting stage, and (c) no appropriately consider the weights of fuzzy relations. Based on these reasons, this study proposes a novel fuzzy time series model with 3 focuses: (a) proposing a spread partition algorithm to calculate the length of intervals under the given number of linguistic value and automatically determine the lower bound and upper bound of universe, (b) considering multi‐order fuzzy relation, and (c) building weighted fuzzy association rules based on Apriori's association rules and compute the cardinality of each fuzzy relation. That is, this study proposed a novel method based on Apriori's large itemsets to build the weighted fuzzy time series model for solving forecast problems. To verify the proposed model, the gold price data sets and exchange rates are employed as experimental data sets. This study compared the proposed model with other methods for forecasting accuracy, and the comparison results shown that the proposed method is better than other methods in root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error criteria.
Development of a new semianalytical approach for 2D analysis of crack propagation problems
Authors: Yazdani M. , Khaji N. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study offers novel progresses for a semianalytical method to simulate 2D propagation of cracks based on linear elastic fracture mechanics. For this purpose, a new algorithm is proposed on the basis of the linear elastic fracture mechanics for crack propagation in single‐mode and mixed mode. Herein, discretization is only performed on the boundaries of the problem by using specific subparametric elements and higher‐order Chebyshev polynomials as mapping functions. Implementing the weighted residual method and by taking Clenshaw‐Curtis numerical quadrature, diagonal Euler's differential equations are obtained. Consequently, once the local coordinate origin is assumed at the tip of the crack, the stress intensity factors can be derived directly. In accordance with the rate of maximum energy release as a propagation criterion and by proposing a new quasi‐automatic remeshing procedure based on domain division, the crack propagation is applied here. Based on the new presented algorithm, application of the new semianalytical method to crack propagation analysis is more flexible and efficient. By taking this advantage, relatively coarse and simple discretization compared with other computational methods may be used. By modelling 4 benchmark problems with a few numbers of degrees of freedom, the validity and accuracy of the current method is illustrated. Results show that the presented algorithm is applicable for efficient and precise prediction of crack trajectories.
Measuring and evaluating ecological flows from streams to regions: Steps towards national coverage
Authors: McKenna James E. , Reeves Howard W. , Seelbach Paul W. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Living aquatic communities are largely determined and maintained by the volume and quality of flowing waters, both within lotic systems and in receiving waters of coastal systems. However, flow is one of the most frequently and extensively altered features of rivers and streams; alteration effects are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Lotic systems vary and different fish species need different environmental conditions, and distinct problems are evident at various spatial scales. New synoptic flow and biological information now make it possible to evaluate the effects of altered flows throughout the Great Lakes Region at scales from the stream reach to the Region.

We used estimates of river and streamflow and observed fish abundances to develop tools that specify the response of fish to alterations in those flows. We fit the logistic model to a cumulative fish abundance curve as a function of yield providing an empirical means to develop models of the response of cumulative fish abundance to flows.

Response zones of yield for each species in each system type (based on size and thermal class) illustrate how criteria may be developed that can be used in decision‐making for management of flows. In our example application, we evaluate both the general response of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundances (and fish diversity) to changes in flows and assess the sensitivity of each stream fish community to flow alteration. Mapping stream sensitivity to flow alteration throughout the US Great Lakes Region with a multiscale spatial framework showed how regional variability in sensitivity for any fish species or assemblage may be evaluated and provides managers with information to help determine where the best opportunities for protection or restoration of streamflows and associated communities exist.

These results provide valuable tools and critical information to managers responsible for balancing water uses and maintaining high quality lotic ecosystems. These methods may be applied to any geographic region and can be extended nationally or globally, where flow, temperature, fish and landscape data are available.
Testing for seasonality in alpine streams: How does altitude affect freshwater insect life cycles?
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Altitudinal offset in adult emergence has been well characterised for terrestrial insects, but remains poorly understood for freshwater insect assemblages. Stream insects, like their terrestrial counterparts, are expected to exhibit phenology gradients, with delayed emergence associated with increasing altitude (Hopkins' Law).

We analysed the collection records of the entire endemic stonefly fauna from New Zealand's mainland (99 species, 19 genera, four families) to test for intraspecific and interspecific correlations between altitude and adult emergence.

Intraspecific analyses of widespread New Zealand plecopteran taxa indicate that high‐altitude populations emerge substantially later than those at lower elevations, with 25 of 31 widespread stonefly taxa yielding significant positive associations between altitude and emergence date. Similar patterns were detected for interspecific comparisons, even when phylogenetic relationships were considered, with high‐altitude taxa emerging substantially later than lowland counterparts.

In a number of species, delays in emergence (mean: 5.3 ± 2.0 days/100 m) exceeded those previously reported for terrestrial insect taxa and also exceeded values originally predicted under Hopkins' Law. These findings suggest that stream‐insect life cycles have potential to be highly sensitive to temperature shifts and thus raise questions about their response to anthropogenic climate impacts.
Long‐term effects of climate change on carbon flows through benthic secondary production in small lakes
Authors: Belle Simon , Musazzi Simona , Tõnno Ilmar , Poska Anneli , Leys Bérangère , Lami Andrea 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

A palaeolimnological study, covering the last c. 12,000 years, was conducted in a small subalpine lake located in the Alps to study climate change impacts on carbon flows through food webs in small lakes. We used analysis of sedimentary pigments and carbon stable isotopic composition of chironomid remains (δ13CHC) to reconstruct past dynamics of phytoplankton community and carbon sources sustaining benthic consumers.

Chironomid biomass was sustained by a combination of allochthonous, autochthonous and CH4‐derived organic matters, and their relative contributions were correlated to changes in temperature. Relatively high terrestrial contributions to chironomid biomass were observed during period of the Holocene when in‐lake production was low. Relatively high incorporation of CH4‐derived carbon to chironomid biomass was found during anoxic events co‐occurring with the Holocene thermal maximum.

Results were then compared with those collected in a small boreal lake in Estonia. We tested the hypothesis that responses in carbon flows through benthic food web to past climate change would be similar between these lakes. We found a negative correlation between δ13CHC values of both lakes and inferred air temperature, suggesting that temperature was the major driver to different food sources being incorporated into chironomid biomass.

Our study demonstrated that air temperature was the principal driver of the energy flows through benthic food web in the studied small lakes. We conjectured that carbon cycling in food webs of small lakes might be strongly sensitive to climate change.
Drought timing and local climate determine the sensitivity of eastern temperate forests to drought
Authors: D'Orangeville Loïc , Maxwell Justin , Kneeshaw Daniel , Pederson Neil , Duchesne Louis , Logan Travis , Houle Daniel , Arseneault Dominique , Beier Colin M. , Bishop Daniel A. , Druckenbrod Daniel , Fraver Shawn , Girard François , Halman Joshua , Hansen Chris , Hart Justin L. , Hartmann Henrik , Kaye Margot , Leblanc David , Manzoni Stefano , Ouimet Rock , Rayback Shelly , Rollinson Christine R. , Phillips Richard P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractProjected changes in temperature and drought regime are likely to reduce carbon (C) storage in forests, thereby amplifying rates of climate change. While such reductions are often presumed to be greatest in semi‐arid forests that experience widespread tree mortality, the consequences of drought may also be important in temperate mesic forests of Eastern North America (ENA) if tree growth is significantly curtailed by drought. Investigations of the environmental conditions that determine drought sensitivity are critically needed to accurately predict ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. We matched site factors with the growth responses to drought of 10,753 trees across mesic forests ofENA, representing 24 species and 346 stands, to determine the broad‐scale drivers of drought sensitivity for the dominant trees inENA. Here we show that two factors—the timing of drought, and the atmospheric demand for water (i.e., local potential evapotranspiration;PET)—are stronger drivers of drought sensitivity than soil and stand characteristics. Drought‐induced reductions in tree growth were greatest when the droughts occurred during early‐season peaks in radial growth, especially for trees growing in the warmest, driest regions (i.e., highestPET). Further, mean species trait values (rooting depth and ψ50) were poor predictors of drought sensitivity, as intraspecific variation in sensitivity was equal to or greater than interspecific variation in 17 of 24 species. From a general circulation model ensemble, we find that future increases in early‐seasonPETmay exacerbate these effects, and potentially offset gains in C uptake and storage inENAowing to other global change factors.
Differentiation of high‐latitude and polar marine faunas in a greenhouse world
Authors: Crame J. Alistair , McGowan Alistair J. , Bell Mark A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThe aim was to investigate those factors that influenced the differentiation of high‐latitude and polar marine faunas on both ecological and evolutionary time‐scales. Can a focus on a greenhouse world provide some important clues?LocationWorld‐wide, but with particular emphasis on the evolution of Antarctic marine faunas.Time periodEarly Cenozoic era and present day.Major taxa studiedMollusca, especially Neogastropoda.MethodsThe Early Cenozoic global radiation of one of the largest extant marine clades, Neogastropoda, was examined, and detailed comparisons were made between two tropical localities and Antarctica. High‐ to low‐latitude faunal differentiation was assessed using Sørensen's dissimilarity index, and component species in each of the three faunas were assigned to 29 families and family groups. Relative diversity distributions were fitted to these three faunas and two modern ones to assess the contrast in evenness between high‐ and low‐latitude assemblages.ResultsBy the Middle Eocene, a distinct high‐latitude neogastropod fauna had evolved in Antarctica. In addition, the distribution of species within families in this fauna is statistically significantly less even than that in the tropics. Indeed, there is no detectable difference in the scale of this separation from that seen today. Exactly as in the modern fauna, Middle Eocene Antarctic neogastropods are dominated by a small number of trophic generalist groups.Main conclusionsAs the hyperdiverse Neogastropoda clade radiated globally through the Early Cenozoic, it differentiated into distinct high‐ and low‐latitude components. The fact that it did so in a greenhouse world strongly suggests that something else besides temperature was involved in this process. The predominance of generalist feeding types in the Antarctic fossil faunas is linked to the phenomenon of a seasonally pulsed food supply, exactly as it is today. Seasonality in primary productivity may act as a fundamental control on the evolution of large‐scale biodiversity patterns.
Ethical agro‐food networks in global peripheries, Part I: The rise and recommodification of fair trade and organics
Authors: Bidwell Simon , Murray Warwick E , Overton John 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRapid global growth of ethical agro‐food networks such as fair trade, organics, and geographical indications has been accompanied by an increasing volume of research, but, as yet, there has been little comparative or integrated study of these networks from the perspective of development geography. Focussing particularly on Latin America, this two‐part series of articles summarises the state of the art and proposes an integrated research agenda on the significance of ethical agro‐food networks as strategies for de‐commodification in global peripheries. The first article provides an overview of research on fair trade and organic networks, which has mainly focussed on export commodities such as coffee, cacao, and bananas. Despite evidence of some livelihood benefits from fair trade and organic networks for well‐organised small producers and their communities, these studies show a general tendency for recommodification and the capture of added value by powerful market players.
Investigation of luminescence properties of Pb2+‐doped Sr2B2O5 phosphor
Authors: Yildiz Esra , Erdoğmuş Ertuğrul 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA near‐UV emitting phosphor, Pb2+‐doped Sr2B2O5 was synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method at 900°C for 3 hours in air. The structure of the phosphor was verified by X‐ray diffraction study which shows monoclinic phase. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the formation of Sr2B2O5. The excitation and emission spectra of the synthesized phosphors were investigated at room temperature with photoluminescence spectrophotometer. The emission and excitation bands of Pb2+‐doped Sr2B2O5 were observed at 370 and 289 nm, respectively. The dependence of the PL intensities on the Pb2+ concentration for the Sr2−xPbxB2O5 (0.01 ≤ x ≤ 0.03) phosphors was studied and it was observed that the concentration quenching of Pb2+ in Sr2B2O5 is 0.025 mol.