bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Febuxostat for Cerebral and CaRdiorenovascular Events PrEvEntion StuDy
Authors: Kojima Sunao , Matsui Kunihiko , Hiramitsu Shinya , Hisatome Ichiro , Waki Masako , Uchiyama Kazuaki , Yokota Naoto , Tokutake Eiichi , Wakasa Yutaka , Jinnouchi Hideaki , Kakuda Hirokazu , Hayashi Takahiro , Kawai Naoki , Mori Hisao , Sugawara Masahiro , Ohya Yusuke , Kimura Kazuo , Saito Yoshihiko , Ogawa Hisao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimsTo compare the occurrence of cerebral, cardiovascular, and renal events in patients with hyperuricaemia treated with febuxostat and those treated with conventional therapy with lifestyle modification.Methods and resultsThis multicentre, prospective, randomized open-label, blinded endpoint study was done in 141 hospitals in Japan. A total of 1070 patients were included in the intention-to-treat population. Elderly patients with hyperuricaemia (serum uric acid &gt;7.0 to ≤9.0 mg/dL) at risk for cerebral, cardiovascular, or renal disease, defined by the presence of hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, renal disease, or history of cerebral or cardiovascular disease, were randomized to febuxostat and non-febuxostat groups and were observed for 36 months. Cerebral, cardiovascular, and renal events and all deaths were defined as the primary composite event. The serum uric acid level at endpoint (withdrawal or completion of the study) in the febuxostat (n = 537) and non-febuxostat groups (n = 533) was 4.50 ± 1.52 and 6.76 ± 1.45 mg/dL, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). The primary composite event rate was significantly lower in the febuxostat group than in non-febuxostat treatment [hazard ratio (HR) 0.750, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.592–0.950; P = 0.017] and the most frequent event was renal impairment (febuxostat group: 16.2%, non-febuxostat group: 20.5%; HR 0.745, 95% CI 0.562–0.987; P = 0.041).ConclusionFebuxostat lowers uric acid and delays the progression of renal dysfunction.RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01984749).
Effects of home visits for pregnant and postpartum women on premature birth, low birth weight and rapid repeat birth: a meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Liu Na , Li Ping , Wang Jie , Chen Dandan , Sun Weijia , Zhang Wei 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Home visits seem promising for improving the health of women and infants during pregnancy and postpartum. This review aimed to quantitatively analyse the effects of home visits delivered during pregnancy and postpartum on premature birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and rapid repeat birth (RRB).

Methods
Literature was retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from January 1960 to October 2018 and the references lists of related studies and reviews were also screened. Eligible papers were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focussed on home visits conducted with women during pregnancy or postpartum and reported at least one of the following results: PTB, LBW and RRB. Fixed- or random-effects models were used to analyse the pooled results.

Results
Fourteen RCTs were included. Pooled estimates showed a beneficial effect on LBW (odds ratio (OR) = 0.83; P = 0.03; low-quality evidence) and RRB in the professional-visit subgroup (OR = 0.62; P = 0.003; moderate-quality evidence). However, there was insufficient evidence to support the favourable effects of home visits on PTB (OR = 0.96; P = 0.59, moderate-quality evidence) and RRB in the non-professional-visit subgroup (OR = 0.86; P = 0.53, moderate-quality evidence). The overall methodological quality was moderate. Egger’s test suggested no publication bias for PTB and LBW.

Conclusion
This meta-analysis is the first to suggest that home visits can prevent and decrease LBW and RRB; however, it remains unclear whether home visits benefit PTB. Therefore, home visits can be an alternative and complementary part of primary health care for women, especially those with risk factors.
Moderation of the Association Between Chronic Medical Conditions and Functional Limitations Over Time by Physical Activity: Effects of Age
Authors: Rector Jerrald L , Marceau Kristine , Friedman Elliot M 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Age-related accumulation of chronic medical conditions increases disability in older adults. Physical activity potently combats chronic conditions and disability. However, it is unclear whether activity maintenance alleviates the effects of chronic conditions on disability and if this buffering effect differs with age. This study examined whether long-term physical activity can forestall functional limitations in the face of accumulating chronic conditions among middle-aged and older adults.

Methods
Participants (n = 2,119; 54.7% female) were from the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. Self-reported physical activity, number of chronic conditions, and functional limitations were obtained across 18–20 years. Functional limitations were regressed against the change in chronic conditions, physical activity, and their interaction over time in a multilevel model of change. Baseline age was added as an additional moderator.

Results
Faster accumulation of chronic conditions [B(SE) = 2.08(0.32), p &lt; .001] and steeper declines in activity [B(SE) = −2.29(0.41), p &lt; .001] were associated with greater increases in functional limitations over time. Among those with faster-than-average increases in conditions, those who maintained activity had a slower progression of functional limitations, compared to those whose activity declined more rapidly [B(SE) = −11.18(3.96), p = .005]. Baseline age moderated the buffering effect of activity maintenance; older adults were protected against functional limitations only when conditions accumulated slowly [B(SE) = 0.23(0.08), p = .005].

Conclusion
This study provides evidence for an age-dependent buffering effect of activity maintenance on the longitudinal relationship between chronic conditions and functional limitations. Intervention strategies using physical activity to forestall disability should target midlife adults and consider the rate of condition accumulation.
Numerical approximation of curve evolutions in Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Barrett John W , Garcke Harald , Nürnberg Robert 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe introduce variational approximations for curve evolutions in two-dimensional Riemannian manifolds that are conformally flat, i.e. conformally equivalent to the Euclidean plane. Examples include the hyperbolic plane, the hyperbolic disc and the elliptic plane, as well as any conformal parameterization of a two-dimensional manifold in ${{\mathbb{R}}}^d$, $d\geqslant 3$. In these spaces we introduce stable numerical schemes for curvature flow and curve diffusion, and we also formulate schemes for elastic flow. Variants of the schemes can also be applied to geometric evolution equations for axisymmetric hypersurfaces in ${{\mathbb{R}}}^d$. Some of the schemes have very good properties with respect to the distribution of mesh points, which is demonstrated with the help of several numerical computations.
Distinct molecular assembly of homologous peroxiredoxins from Pyrococcus horikoshii and Thermococcus kodakaraensis
Authors: Himiyama Tomoki , Oshima Maki , Uegaki Koichi , Nakamura Tsutomu 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Peroxiredoxins from Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhPrx) and Thermococcus kodakaraensis (TkPrx) are highly homologous proteins sharing 196 of the 216 residues. We previously reported a pentagonal ring-type decameric structure of PhPrx. Here, we present the crystal structure of TkPrx. Despite their homology, unlike PhPrx, the quaternary structure of TkPrx was found to be a dodecamer comprised of six homodimers arranged in a hexagonal ring-type assembly. The possibility of the redox-dependent conversion of the molecular assembly, which had been observed in PhPrx, was excluded for TkPrx based on the crystal structure of a mutant in which all of the cysteine residues were substituted with serine. The monomer structures of the dodecameric TkPrx and decameric PhPrx coincided well, but there was a slight difference in the relative orientation of the two domains. Molecular assembly of PhPrx and TkPrx in solution evaluated by gel-filtration chromatography was consistent with the crystallographic results. For both PhPrx and TkPrx, the gel-filtration elution volume slightly increased with a decrease in the protein concentration, suggesting the existence of an equilibrium state between the decameric/dodecameric ring and lower-order assembly. This structural assembly difference between highly homologous Prxs suggests a significant influence of quaternary structure on function, worthy of further exploration.
Knowledge From Vice: Deeply Social Epistemology
Authors: Levy Neil , Alfano Mark 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In the past two decades, epistemologists have significantly expanded the focus of their field. To the traditional question that has dominated the debate — under what conditions does belief amount to knowledge? — they have added questions about testimony, epistemic virtues and vices, epistemic trust, and more. This broadening of the range of epistemic concern has coincided with an expansion in conceptions of epistemic agency beyond the individualism characteristic of most earlier epistemology. We believe that these developments have not gone far enough. While the weak anti-individualism we see in contemporary epistemology may be adequate for the kinds of cases it tends to focus on, a great deal of human knowledge production and transmission does not conform to these models. Furthermore, the dispositions and norms that are knowledge-conducive in the familiar cases may not be knowledge-conducive generally. In fact, dispositions that, at an individual level, count as epistemic vices may be epistemic virtues in common social contexts. We argue that this overlooked feature of human social life means that epistemology must become more deeply and pervasively social.
Curbing Their Antagonism: Topics Associated with a Reduction in Personal Attacks at Prime Minister’s Questions
Authors: Waddle Maurice , Bull Peter 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study of leaders’ exchanges in Prime Minister’s Questions considers the potential for foreign policy debate to be associated with uncharacteristic personal respect between political opponents. Using an existing dataset coded for a specific form of verbal aggression—personal attacks—questions to the Prime Minister spanning a 37-year period were further analysed for policy topic. Compared to questions and responses focused on domestic policies, foreign policy exchanges were significantly lower in personal attacks. Discussion includes the possibility of this being a British example of the old US adage politics stops at the water’s edge. Credible theoretical explanations include intergroup theories, and one linked to another US political science phenomenon (the rally ‘round the flag effect), specifically, patriotism.
Plant AP180 N-Terminal Homolog Proteins Are Involved in Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis during Pollen Tube Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Kaneda Minako , van Oostende-Triplet Chlo� , Chebli Youssef , Testerink Christa , Bednarek Sebastian Y , Geitmann Anja 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPolarized cell growth in plants is maintained under the strict control and exquisitely choreographed balance of exocytic and endocytic membrane trafficking. The pollen tube has become a model system for rapid polar growth in which delivery of cell wall material and membrane recycling are controlled by membrane trafficking. Endocytosis plays an important role that is poorly understood. The plant AP180 N-Terminal Homolog (ANTH) proteins are putative homologs of Epsin 1 that recruits clathrin to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) containing membranes to facilitate vesicle budding during endocytosis. Two Arabidopsis ANTH encoded by the genes AtAP180 and AtECA2 are highly expressed in pollen tubes. Pollen tubes from T-DNA inserted knockout mutant lines display significant morphological defects and unique pectin deposition. Fluorescent tagging reveals organization into dynamic foci located at the lateral flanks of the pollen tube. This precisely defined subapical domain coincides which clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and PIP2 localization. Using a liposome-protein binding test, we showed that AtECA2 protein and ANTH domain recombinant proteins have strong affinity to PIP2 and phosphatidic acid containing liposomes in vitro. Taken together these data suggest that Arabidopsis ANTH proteins may play an important role in CME, proper cell wall assembly and morphogenesis.
Modeling Epidemics in Seed Systems and Landscapes To Guide Management Strategies: The Case of Sweet Potato in Northern Uganda
Authors: Andersen K. F. , Buddenhagen C. E. , Rachkara P. , Gibson R. , Kalule S. , Phillips D. , Garrett K. A. 
Published: February 2019

Seed systems are critical for deployment of improved varieties but also can serve as major conduits for the spread of seedborne pathogens. As in many other epidemic systems, epidemic risk in seed systems often depends on the structure of networks of trade, social interactions, and landscape connectivity. In a case study, we evaluated the structure of an informal sweet potato seed system in the Gulu region of northern Uganda for its vulnerability to the spread of emerging epidemics and its utility for disseminating improved varieties. Seed transaction data were collected by surveying vine sellers weekly during the 2014 growing season. We combined data from these observed seed transactions with estimated dispersal risk based on village-to-village proximity to create a multilayer network or “supranetwork.” Both the inverse power law function and negative exponential function, common models for dispersal kernels, were evaluated in a sensitivity analysis/uncertainty quantification across a range of parameters chosen to represent spread based on proximity in the landscape. In a set of simulation experiments, we modeled the introduction of a novel pathogen and evaluated the influence of spread parameters on the selection of villages for surveillance and management. We found that the starting position in the network was critical for epidemic progress and final epidemic outcomes, largely driven by node out-degree. The efficacy of node centrality measures was evaluated for utility in identifying villages in the network to manage and limit disease spread. Node degree often performed as well as other, more complicated centrality measures for the networks where village-to-village spread was modeled by the inverse power law, whereas betweenness centrality was often more effective for negative exponential dispersal. This analysis framework can be applied to provide recommendations for a wide variety of seed systems. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Microstructure of Ingestive Behavior in Mus Musculus
Authors: Onnis Giorgio , Layco-Bader Ethel , Tecott Laurence 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTWe describe a novel quantitative home cage monitoring (HCM) approach for dissecting spontaneous patterns of ingestive and locomotor behaviors into a hierarchically organized series of behavioral facets or endophenotypes. Fine-grained analyses of a large multimodal 16-strain behavioral dataset collected from 169 mice revealed bouts of feeding, drinking and locomotor behaviors occurring within animals’ Active States. We have automated the detection of these bouts and their discrete properties including bout sizes, rates, durations, and intensities. We have developed a hierarchically organized model of behavioral organization enabling analysis of relationships among Active/Inactive State properties and those of feeding, drinking and locomotor bouts. Robust and analogous patterns of interrelationships among these endophenotypes were found for feeding, drinking behaviors, and these differed markedly from those for locomotor behaviors. For feeding and drinking, patterns of reciprocal relationships were observed for pairs of endophenotypes at multiple hierarchical levels. Moreover, endophenotype variability was highest at lowest hierarchical levels progressively diminished at higher levels, so that variability of gross levels of food and water intake were much less than those of their lower level determinants. By contrast, interrelationships among locomotor endophenotypes differed markedly from those of ingestive behavior. Altogether, these findings raise the possibility that behavioral regulation of food and water intake may make an important contribution to the homeostatic maintenance of energy and volume balance.
Significant temporal shifts on clonal and plasmid backgrounds of Enterobacteriaceae producing acquired AmpC in Portuguese clinical settings
Authors: Ribeiro T. G. , Novais Â. , Rodrigues C. , Nascimento R. , Freitas F. , Machado E. , Peixe L. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVESTo provide detailed molecular data on clinical acquired AmpC (qAmpC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae from two different periods (2002-2008 and 2010-2013) in order to clarify the contribution of clonal and plasmid genetic platforms for the current epidemiological scenario concerning extended-spectrum beta-lactams resistance.METHODSWe analysed 1246 Enterobacteriaceae non-susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins from 2 hospitals and 1 community laboratory between 2010 and 2013. Bacterial identification, antibiotic susceptibility, identification of qAmpC and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, clonal (PFGE, MLST) and plasmid (S1-/I-CeuI-PFGE, replicon typing, hybridization) analysis were performed by standard methods. WGS was performed in two ST11-K. pneumoniae isolates harbouring DHA-1.RESULTSThe occurrence of qAmpC was lower (2.6%) than that observed in a previous survey (7.4%), and varied slightly over time. Isolates produced DHA-1 (53%), CMY-2 (44%) or DHA-6 (3%), but significant epidemiological changes were observed in the two surveys. While DHA-1 persisted in different institutions by selection of a worldwide epidemic IncR plasmid in a ST11 harbouring KL105, CMY-2 rates increased over time linked to IncI1 plasmids (instead of IncK or IncA/C2) in multiple E. coli clones.CONCLUSIONSThe higher frequency of DHA-1 qAmpC in these species contrasts with the scenario of most European countries. Furthermore, the different genetic backgrounds associated with either ESBL or qAmpC in our country might have contributed to their differential expansion.
synder: inferring genomic orthologs from synteny maps
Authors: Arendsee Zebulun , Wilkey Andrew , Singh Urminder , Li Jing , Hur Manhoi , Wurtele Eve Syrkin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOrtholog inference is a key step in understanding the evolution and function of a gene or other genomic feature. Yet often no similar sequence can be identified, or the true ortholog is hidden among false positives. A solution is to consider the sequence’s genomic context. We present the generic program,synder, for tracing features of interest between genomes based on a synteny map. This approach narrows genomic search-space independently of the sequence of the feature of interest. We illustrate the utility ofsynderby finding orthologs for theArabidopsis thaliana13-member gene family of Nuclear Factor YC transcription factor across the Brassicaceae clade.
Orthogonal Representations of Object Shape and Category in Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Human Visual Cortex
Authors: Zeman Astrid A. , Ritchie J. Brendan , Bracci Stefania , de Beeck Hans Op 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDeep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are gaining traction as the benchmark model of visual object recognition, with performance now surpassing humans. While CNNs can accurately assign one image to potentially thousands of categories, network performance could be the result of layers that are tuned to represent the visual shape of objects, rather than object category, since both are often confounded in natural images. Using two stimulus sets that explicitly dissociate shape from category, we correlate these two types of information with each layer of multiple CNNs. We also compare CNN output with fMRI activation along the human visual ventral stream by correlating artificial with biological representations. We find that CNNs encode category information independently from shape, peaking at the final fully connected layer in all tested CNN architectures. Comparing CNNs with fMRI brain data, early visual cortex (V1) and early layers of CNNs encode shape information. Anterior ventral temporal cortex encodes category information, which correlates best with the final layer of CNNs. The interaction between shape and category that is found along the human visual ventral pathway is echoed in multiple deep networks. Our results suggest CNNs represent category information independently from shape, much like the human visual system.
The relative importance of biotic and abiotic determinants of temporal occupancy for avian species in North America
Authors: Taylor Sara Snell , Umbanhowar James , Hurlbert Allen H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimWe examined the relative importance of competitor abundance and environmental variables in determining the species distributions of 175 bird species across North America. Unlike previous studies, which tend to model distributions in terms of presence and absence, we take advantage of a geographically extensive dataset of community time series to model the temporal occupancy of species at sites throughout their expected range.LocationNorth America.Time period2001-2015.Major taxa studied175 bird species.MethodsWe calculated variation in temporal occupancy across geographic range and used variance partitioning and Bayesian hierarchical models to evaluate the relative importance of 1) the abundance of potential competitors and 2) the environment (elevation, temperature, precipitation, vegetation index) for determining temporal occupancy. We also created a null model to test whether designated competitor species predicted variation in occupancy better than non-competitor species.ResultsOn average, the environment explained more variance in occupancy than competitor abundance, but this varied by species. For certain species, competitor abundance explained more variance than the environment. Species with larger range sizes, larger range overlap with competitors, and that occurred at higher mean temperatures had a higher proportion of variance explained by the environment than competitor abundance. The abundance of competitor species had a stronger effect on focal species occupancy than non-competitor species in the null model.Main conclusionsTemporal occupancy represents a new way of describing species distributions that is complementary to presence/absence or abundance. Geographic variation in temporal occupancy was explained by both biotic and abiotic drivers, and abiotic drivers explained more variation in temporal occupancy than abundance on average. Species traits also play a role in determining whether variation in temporal occupancy is best explained by biotic or abiotic drivers. The results of our study can improve species distribution models, particularly by accounting for competitive interactions.