bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast or slow? Decision-making styles in small family and nonfamily firms
Authors: Pimentel Duarte , Scholten Marc , Couto Joao Pedro 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore differences in the decision-making styles between family and nonfamily firms, while assessing how family participation relates to the use of decision-making styles within family firms.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 155 firms, located in the Azores, Portugal, 82 family controlled and 73 nonfamily controlled firms. All firms included in the sample are small-sized privately owned enterprises. Business owners and managers responded to a decision-making styles questionnaire, followed, in the case of family firms, by the report of the number of family members actively involved in the business.FindingsResults show that there are no differences in the use of rational decision making between family and nonfamily firms. However, nonfamily firms show higher levels of experiential decision making than family firms. Results also show that family participation plays a key role in guiding the decisional process, by promoting the use experiential decisions and inhibiting the adoption of a rational decision-making styles in family firms.Research limitations/implicationsFrom a theoretical perspective, this study opens the door to new research on an under investigated topic in the family business literature. It contributes with initial notions that may help profile the decisional style within small family firms, while revealing how family participation affects it. Thus, creating a fertile ground of discussion that can be an impulse for more research in this area.Practical implicationsFrom an applied perspective, assessing the influence of family participation in the adoption of a decisional style is potentially valuable for practitioners as well as for owners and managers. Providing them with clues that may help them better understand the basis of their decisions which can benefit their relations with other family members, as with customers, partners and suppliers that play a key role in the firm’s growth, profitability and adaptability.Social implicationsFrom a social point of view, showing that family firms tend to be rational in their decisions may help create a more reputable and credible image surrounding these firms that are sometimes perceived as less professional than nonfamily firms. Thus, a more solid reputability can help improve their relationship with important partner institutions (e.g. financial, governmental), becoming more attractive to private and public investment, which can translate into win-win situations.Originality/valueThis study responds to a gap in the literature, by exploring the use of experiential vs rational decision-making styles in small family and nonfamily firms. This study also contributes to the understanding of the decision making within family firms, by assessing the role of family participation in the adoption of a decisional style.
Preparation of hierarchical porous carbon with high capacitance
Authors: Guan Yuming , Mu Jingbo , Che Hongwei , Zhang Xiaoliang , Zhang Zhixiao 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to design carbon electrode materials for high performance electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) with pores that are large enough and have suitable pore size distribution for the electrolyte to access completely to improve EDLCs’ electrochemical performance.

Design/methodology/approach
This study develop an improved traditional KOH activation method, and a series of micro-meso hierarchical porous carbons have been successfully prepared from phenol formaldehyde resin by combining polyethylene glycol (PEG) and conventional KOH activation.

Findings
As evidenced by N2 adsorption/desorption tests, the obtained samples present Types IV and I-IV hybrid shape isotherms compared with KOH-activated resin (typical of Type I). The sample AC2-7-1, which the addition quantity of PEG is 25 per cent PF (weight ration) activated at 700? For 1 h is considered as the optimum preparation condition. It exhibits the highest specific capacitance value of 240 F/g in 30 wt% KOH aqueous electrolytes because of its higher specific surface area (2085 m2/g), greater pore volume (1.08 cm3/g) and the maximum mesoporosity (43 per cent). In addition, the capacity decay of this material is only 3.1 per cent after 1000 cycles.

Originality/value
The materials that are rich in micropores and mesopores show great potential in EDLC capacitors, particularly for applications where high power output and good high-frequency capacitive performances are required.
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations promote ant tending of aphids
Authors: Kremer Jenni M. M. , Nooten Sabine S. , Cook James M. , Ryalls James M. W. , Barton Craig V. M. , Johnson Scott N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnimal mutualisms, which involve beneficial interactions between individuals of different species, are common in nature. Insect–insect mutualism, for example, is widely regarded as a keystone ecological interaction. Some mutualisms are anticipated to be modified by climate change, but the focus has largely been on plant–microbe and plant–animal mutualisms rather than those between animals.Ant–aphid mutualisms, whereby ants tend aphids to harvest their honeydew excretions and, in return, provide protection for the aphids, are widespread. The mutualism is heavily influenced by the quality and quantity of honeydew produced by aphids, which is directly affected by host plant quality. As predicted increases in concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) are widely reported to affect plant nutritional chemistry, this may also alter honeydew quality and hence the nature of ant–aphid mutualisms.Using glasshouse chambers and field‐based open‐top chambers, we determined the effect ofeCO2on the growth and nutritional quality (foliar amino acids) of lucerne (Medicago sativa). We determined how cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) populations and honeydew production were impacted when feeding on such plants and how this affected the tending behaviour of ants (Iridomyrmexsp.).eCO2stimulated plant growth but decreased concentrations of foliar amino acids by 29% and 14% on aphid‐infested plants and aphid‐free plants, respectively. Despite the deterioration in host plant quality undereCO2, aphids maintained performance and populations were unchanged byeCO2. Aphids induced higher concentrations of amino acids (glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid) important for endosymbiont‐mediated synthesis of essential amino acids. Aphids feeding undereCO2also produced over three times more honeydew than aphids feeding under ambientCO2, suggesting they were imbibing more phloem sap ateCO2. The frequency of ant tending of aphids more than doubled in response toeCO2.To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the effects of atmospheric change on an ant–aphid mutualism. In particular, these results highlight how impending changes to concentrations of atmosphericCO2may alter mutualistic behaviour between animals. These could include positive impacts, as reported here, shifts from mutualism to antagonism, partner switches and mutualism abandonment.
Effects of the Kv7 voltage‐activated potassium channel inhibitor linopirdine in rat models of haemorrhagic shock
Authors: Nassoiy Sean P. , Babu Favin S. , LaPorte Heather M. , Byron Kenneth L. , Majetschak Matthias 
Published: April 2018

SummaryRecently, we demonstrated that Kv7 voltage‐activated potassium channel inhibitors reduce fluid resuscitation requirements in short‐term rat models of haemorrhagic shock. The aim of the present study was to further delineate the therapeutic potential and side effect profile of the Kv7 channel blocker linopirdine in various rat models of severe haemorrhagic shock over clinically relevant time periods. Intravenous administration of linopirdine, either before (1 or 3 mg/kg) or after (3 mg/kg) a 40% blood volume haemorrhage, did not affect blood pressure and survival in lethal haemorrhage models without fluid resuscitation. A single bolus of linopirdine (3 mg/kg) at the beginning of fluid resuscitation after haemorrhagic shock transiently reduced early fluid requirements in spontaneously breathing animals that were resuscitated for 3.5 hours. When mechanically ventilated rats were resuscitated after haemorrhagic shock with normal saline (NS) or with linopirdine‐supplemented (10, 25 or 50 μg/mL) NS for 4.5 hours, linopirdine significantly and dose‐dependently reduced fluid requirements by 14%, 45% and 55%, respectively. Lung and colon wet/dry weight ratios were reduced with linopirdine (25/50 μg/mL). There was no evidence for toxicity or adverse effects based on measurements of routine laboratory parameters and inflammation markers in plasma and tissue homogenates. Our findings support the concept that linopirdine‐supplementation of resuscitation fluids is a safe and effective approach to reduce fluid requirements and tissue oedema formation during resuscitation from haemorrhagic shock.
How do parents’ educational fields affect the choice of educational field?
Authors: Helland Håvard , Wiborg Øyvind N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study examines the links between parental education and students’ choice of field of study in Norwegian higher education. In our interpretation of the results, we suggest a status group perspective that integrates risk aversion models, micro‐class theory, and cultural reproduction schemes. Complete Norwegian register data for all individuals born from 1955 to 1980 allow for a fine‐grained examination of diverse fields of study not attempted in earlier studies. The findings reveal that intergenerational reproduction of educational fields is widespread, but its extent varies across fields of study. The tendency is most pronounced among children of professional, educated parents with masters and higher‐level degrees. Moreover, the analysis shows that students who do not choose the same field as their parents nonetheless tend to choose educational fields close to those of their parents.
The birthweight toll of mining pollution: evidence from the most contaminated mine site in the Andean region
Authors: Arrieta A , Guillen J 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of mining pollution on birthweight.DesignA retrospective before‐and‐after study with an untreated comparison group.SettingLa Oroya, a mining town in the Peruvian Andes, considered the most contaminated town in the Andean region.PopulationAll pregnant women who delivered in the social security healthcare system in years 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009. A total of 214 983 births records were used, 957 from La Oroya and 214 026 from the rest of the country.MethodsA difference‐in‐difference estimation is used to assess the effect of mining pollution on birthweight before and after two business policy changes: a partial environmental improvement and a subsequent closure of smelter operations in La Oroya. Birthweight was compared with a group not affected by the environmental changes in La Oroya.Main outcome measuresBirthweight in grams.ResultsA steep reduction in mining pollution due to the closure of smelter operations in La Oroya showed an increased birthweight of 71.6 g after controlling for socio‐economic and medical characteristics. None of the environmental improvements prior to the closure had a statistically significant effect on birthweight.ConclusionsMining pollution in La Oroya had a negative impact on birthweight. Partial environmental improvements were not enough to improve birthweight. Only after the closure of all mining and smelter operations in La Oroya was a significant gain in birthweight shown.Tweetable abstractThe closure of the most contaminated mine site in the Andean region increased birthweight by 72 g.
Economic development and democracy: An electoral connection
Authors: KNUTSEN CARL HENRIK , GERRING JOHN , SKAANING SVEND‐ERIK , TEORELL JAN , MAGUIRE MATTHEW , COPPEDGE MICHAEL , LINDBERG STAFFAN I. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractScholars continue to debate whether economic development affects regime type. This article argues that a clear relationship exists between development and the electoral component of democracy, but not – or at least less so – between development and other components of broader understandings of democracy. This is so because development enhances the power resources of citizens and elections provide a focal point for collective action. The theory is tested with two new datasets – Varieties of Democracy and Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy – that allow us to disaggregate the concept of democracy into meso‐ and micro‐level indicators. Results of these tests corroborate the theory: only election‐centred indicators are robustly associated with economic development. This may help to account for apparent inconsistencies across extant studies and shed light on the mechanisms at work in a much‐studied relationship. Further analysis shows that development affects electoral democracy by reducing electoral fraud, election violence and vote buying.
Rebleeding rate and risk factors in nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced enteropathy
Authors: Park Junseok , Jeon Seong Ran , Kim Jin‐Oh , Kim Hyun Gun , Lee Tae Hee , Cho Jun‐Hyung , Ko Bong Min , Lee Joon Seong , Lee Moon Sung 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVELimited evidence is available on rebleeding due to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)‐induced enteropathy. Previous studies have primarily analyzed endoscopic findings. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate their clinical implications for patients. This study aimed to evaluate the rebleeding rate and its related risk factors in patients with NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy.METHODSOf 402 patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding who were evaluated with capsule endoscopy, 49 were diagnosed with NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy. The clinical characteristics of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. The Charlson comorbidity index was used to stratify the comorbidities. For patients who used additional drugs that influenced their tendency to bleeding, the odds ratio was calculated and used for a quantitative comparison.RESULTSThe rebleeding rate in patients with NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy was 20.4%, within a mean duration of 23.4 months. Age ≥65 years (hazard ratio [HR] 8.628, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.152–64.625), no additional use of mucoprotective agents (HR 11.712, 95% CI 1.278–76.098) and the continuation of NSAIDs after the first bleeding episode (HR 9.861, 95% CI 1.395–98.344) were independently related to rebleeding due to NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy. The underlying comorbidities, drug‐related rebleeding risk scores and therapeutic use of proton pump inhibitors were not significantly different (P = 0.209, 0.212 and 0.720, respectively).CONCLUSIONSApproximately one‐fifth of patients with NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy showed rebleeding within 2 years. A careful long‐term follow‐up should be offered to elderly patients with NSAIDs‐induced enteropathy who need continuous NSAID treatment without the additional use of mucoprotective medications.
Image‐based management of empiric lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) without biopsy: Predictors from a 10‐year single institution experience
Authors: Hasan Shaakir , Colonias Athanasios , Mickus Timothy , VanDeusen Matthew , Wegner Rodney E. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThere is emerging reliance on clinical imaging for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation of early stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients deemed too high risk for biopsy. We report our experience of clinically diagnosed NSCLC treated empirically with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) to validate the imaging parameters used for management in this high‐risk population.MethodsWe reviewed 101 empiric lung SBRT cases and profiled imaging specifics of computed tomography and positron emission tomography for diagnosis and follow‐up. Secondarily, we identified potential correlates of disease progression with Cox regression multivariate analysis.ResultsFifty‐seven men and 43 women aged 45–94 (median 76) were treated with a median dose of 48 Gy in four fractions. The median nodule diameter was 1.6 cm (0.6–4.5 cm) and most were spiculated (n = 58), right‐sided (n = 63), and in the upper lobe (n = 68). Median follow‐up and survival rates were 14 and 28 months, respectively. Local control at three years was 94%. Freedom from any progression at one and three years was 85% and 69%, respectively. Toxicity ≥ grade 3 included two grade 3 dyspneas. A pre‐treatment standard uptake value > 4.1 was the only significant predictor of disease progression.ConclusionThis study illustrates the instrumental role of modern clinical imaging for the effective management of presumed early stage NSCLC treated with empiric lung SBRT. As lung SBRT without tissue confirmation becomes more common, hopefully these assertions can be prospectively validated.
Lifelong reduction in complex IV induces tissue‐specific metabolic effects but does not reduce lifespan or healthspan in mice
Authors: Deepa Sathyaseelan S. , Pharaoh Gavin , Kinter Michael , Diaz Vivian , Fok Wilson C. , Riddle Kaitlyn , Pulliam Daniel , Hill Shauna , Fischer Kathleen E. , Soto Vanessa , Georgescu Constantin , Wren Jonathan D. , Viscomi Carlo , Richardson Arlan , Van Remmen Holly 
Published: April 2018

SummaryLoss of SURF1, a Complex IV assembly protein, was reported to increase lifespan in mice despite dramatically lower cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity. Consistent with this, our previous studies found advantageous changes in metabolism (reduced adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial biogenesis) in Surf1−/− mice. The lack of deleterious phenotypes in Surf1−/− mice is contrary to the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to aging. We found only a modest (nonsignificant) extension of lifespan (7% median, 16% maximum) and no change in healthspan indices in Surf1−/− vs. Surf1+/+ mice despite substantial decreases in COX activity (22%–87% across tissues). Dietary restriction (DR) increased median lifespan in both Surf1+/+ and Surf1−/− mice (36% and 19%, respectively). We measured gene expression, metabolites, and targeted expression of key metabolic proteins in adipose tissue, liver, and brain in Surf1+/+ and Surf1−/− mice. Gene expression was differentially regulated in a tissue‐specific manner. Many proteins and metabolites are downregulated in Surf1−/− adipose tissue and reversed by DR, while in brain, most metabolites that changed were elevated in Surf1−/− mice. Finally, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt)‐associated proteins were not uniformly altered by age or genotype, suggesting the UPRmt is not a key player in aging or in response to reduced COX activity. While the changes in gene expression and metabolism may represent compensatory responses to mitochondrial stress, the important outcome of this study is that lifespan and healthspan are not compromised in Surf1−/− mice, suggesting that not all mitochondrial deficiencies are a critical determinant of lifespan.
Necroptosis increases with age and is reduced by dietary restriction
Authors: Deepa Sathyaseelan S. , Unnikrishnan Archana , Matyi Stephanie , Hadad Niran , Richardson Arlan 
Published: April 2018

SummaryNecroptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death pathway that is highly proinflammatory due to the release of cellular components that promote inflammation. To determine whether necroptosis might play a role in inflammaging, we studied the effect of age and dietary restriction (DR) on necroptosis in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), a major source of proinflammatory cytokines. Phosphorylated MLKL and RIPK3, markers of necroptosis, were increased 2.7‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, in eWAT of old mice compared to adult mice, and DR reduced P‐MLKL and P‐RIPK3 to levels similar to adult mice. An increase in the expression of RIPK1 (1.6‐fold) and MLKL (2.7‐fold), not RIPK3, was also observed in eWAT of old mice, which was reduced by DR in old mice. The increase in necroptosis was paralleled by an increase in 14 inflammatory cytokines, including the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 (3.9‐fold), TNF‐α (4.7‐fold), and IL‐1β (5.1‐fold)], and 11 chemokines in old mice. DR attenuated the expression of IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐1β as well as 85% of the other cytokines/chemokines induced with age. In contrast, inguinal WAT (iWAT), which is less inflammatory, did not show any significant increase with age in the levels of P‐MLKL and MLKL or inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Because the changes in biomarkers of necroptosis in eWAT with age and DR paralleled the changes in the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, our data support the possibility that necroptosis might play a role in increased chronic inflammation observed with age.
Likelihood Ratios for the Emergency Physician
Authors: Peng Paul , Coyle Andrew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe concept of likelihood ratios was introduced more than 40 years ago, yet this powerful metric has still not seen wider application or discussion in the medical decision‐making process. There is concern that clinicians‐in‐training are still being taught an oversimplified approach to diagnostic test performance and have limited exposure to likelihood ratios. Even for those familiar with likelihood ratios, they might perceive them as mathematically cumbersome in application, if not difficult to determine for a particular disease process. This article takes a conceptual approach to likelihood ratios and applies them to two clinical settings: 1) severe intracranial injury after minor head trauma and 2) suspected pulmonary embolism with shortness of breath. Likelihood ratios are the most appropriate metric for efficient rational clinical examination and can prevent unnecessary and wasteful treatments and procedures.
IL‐10 polymorphisms and T‐cell subsets could affect the clinical presentation and outcome of childhood immune thrombocytopenia in Egyptian population
Authors: Soliman Mohamed A. , Helwa Mohamed A. , Fath‐Allah Samar K. , El‐Hawy Mahmoud A. , Badr Hassan S. , Barseem Naglaa Fathy 
Published: April 2018

The aim is to study IL‐10 polymorphisms and IL‐10 level and assess their relation to T‐cell subsets in childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). In all, 40 (25 acute, 15 chronic) ITP child patients were investigated at time of presentation, compared to 15 healthy, age‐ and gender‐matched controls and followed up for 1 year to determine chronic cases. Studying the effect of IL‐10 promoter polymorphism was done by PCR‐RFLP, IL‐10 level was determined by ELISA, natural killer cells and T‐cell subsets were evaluated by flow cytometry. Subjects with IL‐10 promoter (1082 AA and 592 AA) genotypes had lower IL‐10 levels and had lower CD4%, higher CD8%, lower CD4/CD8 ratio and lower T‐reg%. IL‐10 polymorphisms had no effect on NK%. IL‐10 serum levels and IL‐10 promoter polymorphic genotype frequencies are not different between ITP cases and controls; however, in ITP patients, IL‐10 promoter (1082 AA and 592 AA) genotypes and associated lower CD4, higher CD8, lower CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with more severe thrombocytopenia at presentation and had a poorer response to first‐line treatment. Patients with lower T‐reg cells had a higher tendency to develop chronic ITP. IL‐10 level and polymorphisms as well as disturbed T‐cell subsets percentages are demonstrable effectors of immune dysfunction in ITP and can affect the presentation and outcome of childhood ITP.