bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cirrus Horizontal Heterogeneity and 3‐D Radiative Effects on Cloud Optical Property Retrievals From MODIS Near to Thermal Infrared Channels as a Function of Spatial Resolution
Authors: Fauchez T. , Platnick S. , Sourdeval O. , Wang C. , Meyer K. , Cornet C. , Szczap F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo retrieve cloud optical properties, current satellite operational imager algorithms simplify the forward radiative transfer problem by assuming that cloudy pixels are horizontally homogeneous and radiatively independent. This study investigates the effects of cirrus horizontal heterogeneity and 3‐D radiative effects on cloud optical thickness (COT) and ice crystal effective radius (CER) retrievals obtained using simulated nadir near‐infrared/shortwave‐infrared (NIR/SWIR) reflectances at 0.86 and 2.13 μm and thermal infrared (TIR) radiances at 8.5, 11.0, and 12.0 μm, first separately and next using the five wavelengths together. Synthetic cirrus radiation fields are generated using a cirrus 3‐D cloud generator and a 3‐D radiative transfer code. When both cloud 3‐D and heterogeneity effects are considered, the solar reflectance‐based retrievals have the largest errors (up to 10% for COT and 80% for CER, depending on solar angles) for spatial resolutions less than 500–1,000 m, while the TIR‐based retrievals have the largest errors (up to 30% for COT and 50% for CER) above this resolution due to parallel homogeneous approximation bias. Therefore, TIR radiance‐based retrievals are preferable for spatial resolutions equal or higher than ~500 m to 1 km, while NIR/SWIR reflectance‐based retrievals are preferable for coarser spatial resolutions. The combination of NIR/SWIR and TIR measurements performed better together than individually for CER retrieval only for resolutions coarser than 2.5 km because 3‐D effects are negligible at this scale. Thus, the spectral dependence of subpixel cloud horizontal heterogeneity and 3‐D radiative effects has strong consequences when simultaneously using different channels for retrieving cirrus properties.
Radiatively Induced Precipitation Formation in Diamond Dust
Authors: Zeng Xiping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRadiative cooling leads to the formation of dew and frost. This process is extended into a numerical model to simulate the ice crystal characteristics of diamond dust. The model replicates the low ice crystal concentration of diamond dust and the precipitation in stationary air. Its results are consistent with the arctic observations that large ice crystals grow while small ones sublimate and partly explain the geographic and seasonal distributions of diamond dust such as the high frequency of diamond dust in the arctic regions and winter. Furthermore, its results show that plate/column‐like ice crystals with radiative cooling grow in expense of quasi‐spherical ice particles, partly explaining the ice crystal shapes observed in diamond dust.
Real‐Time Control of Urban Headwater Catchments Through Linear Feedback: Performance, Analysis, and Site Selection
Authors: Wong B. P. , Kerkez B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe real‐time control of urban watersheds is now being enabled by a new generation of “smart” and connected technologies. By retrofitting stormwater systems with sensors and valves, it becomes possible to adapt entire watersheds dynamically to individual storms. A catchment‐scale control algorithm is introduced, which abstracts an urban watershed as a linear integrator delay dynamical system, parameterizes it using physical watershed characteristics, and then controls network flows using aLinear Quadratic Regulator. The approach is simulated on a 4‐km2urban headwater catchment in Ann Arbor, Michigan, demonstrating the gains of a stormwater system that can adaptively balance between flood mitigation and flow reduction. We introduce an equivalence analysis and illustrate the performance of the controlled watershed across large events (30‐year storms) to show the uncontrolledpassivewatershed can only match it during smaller events (10‐year storm). For these smaller events, the storage volume of the controlled storage nodes (ponds, basins, and wetlands) could be reduced as much as 50% and still achieve the same performance of the controlled watershed. A controller placement analysis is also carried out, whereby all possible combinations of controlled sites are simulated across a wide spectrum of design storms. We show that the control of every storage node may not be needed in a watershed, but rather that in our case study a small subset (30%) of the overall watershed can be controlled in coordination to achieve outcomes that match a fully controlled system, even when tested across a long‐term rainfall record and under noisy sensor measurements.
Precise Temporal Disaggregation Preserving Marginals and Correlations (DiPMaC) for Stationary and Nonstationary Processes
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , Markonis Yannis , Lombardo Federico , AghaKouchak Amir , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and temperature are often measured or simulated by climate models at coarser spatiotemporal scales than those needed for operational purposes. This has motivated more than half a century of research in developing disaggregation methods that break down coarse‐scale time series into finer scales, with two primary objectives: (a) reproducing the statistical properties of the fine‐scale process and (b) preserving the original coarse‐scale data. Existing methods either preserve a limited number of statistical moments at the fine scale, which is often insufficient and can lead to an unrepresentative approximation of the actual marginal distribution, or are based on a limited number of a priori distributional assumptions, for example, lognormal. Additionally, they are not able to account for potential nonstationarity in the underlying fine‐scale process. Here we introduce a novel disaggregation method, named Disaggregation Preserving Marginals and Correlations (DiPMaC), that is able to disaggregate a coarse‐scale time series to any finer scale, while reproducing the probability distribution and the linear correlation structure of the fine‐scale process. DiPMaC is also generalized for arbitrary nonstationary scenarios to reproduce time varying marginals. Additionally, we introduce a computationally efficient algorithm, based on Bernoulli trials, to optimize the disaggregation procedure and guarantee preservation of the coarse‐scale values. We focus on temporal disaggregation and demonstrate the method by disaggregating monthly precipitation to hourly, and time series with trends (e.g., climate model projections), while we show its potential to disaggregate based on general nonstationary scenarios. The example applications demonstrate the performance and robustness of DiPMaC.
Dietary Gluten Intake and Risk of Microscopic Colitis Among US Women without Celiac Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Po-Hong , Lebwohl Benjamin , Burke Kristin E. , Ivey Kerry L. , Ananthakrishnan Ashwin N. , Lochhead Paul , Olen Ola , Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Richter James M. , Chan Andrew T. , Khalili Hamed 
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE:
Microscopic colitis is a common cause of chronic watery diarrhea among the elderly. Although the prevalence of celiac disease appears to be higher in patients with microscopic colitis, the relationship between dietary gluten intake and risk of microscopic colitis among individuals without celiac disease has not been explored.

METHODS:
We conducted a prospective study of 160,744 US women without celiac disease enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and the NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was estimated using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Microscopic colitis was confirmed through medical records review. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to estimate the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS:
We documented 219 incident cases of microscopic colitis over more than 20 years of follow-up encompassing 3,716,718 person-years (crude incidence rate: 5.9/100,000 person-years) in NHS and NHSII. Dietary gluten intake was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis (P
trend = 0.88). Compared to individuals in the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted gluten intake, the adjusted HR of microscopic colitis was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.77–1.78) for the middle quintile and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.67–1.58) for the highest quintile. Additional adjustment for primary dietary sources of gluten including refined and whole grains did not materially alter the effect estimates (All P
trend ≥ 0.69). The null association did not differ according to lymphocytic or collagenous subtypes (P
heterogeneity = 0.72) and was not modified by age, smoking status, or body mass index (All P
interaction ≥ 0.17).

CONCLUSIONS:
Dietary gluten intake during adulthood was not associated with risk of microscopic colitis among women without celiac disease.
Genetics of self-reported risk-taking behaviour, trans-ethnic consistency and relevance to brain gene expression
Authors: Strawbridge Rona J. , Ward Joey , Lyall Laura M. , Tunbridge Elizabeth M. , Cullen Breda , Graham Nicholas , Ferguson Amy , Johnston Keira J. A. , Lyall Donald M. , Mackay Daniel , Cavanagh Jonathan , Howard David M. , Adams Mark J. , Deary Ian , Escott-Price Valentina , O’Donovan Michael , McIntosh Andrew M. , Bailey Mark E. S. , Pell Jill P. , Harrison Paul J. , Smith Daniel J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRisk-taking behaviour is an important component of several psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Previously, two genetic loci have been associated with self-reported risk taking and significant genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders was identified within a subsample of UK Biobank. Using the white British participants of the full UK Biobank cohort (n = 83,677 risk takers versus 244,662 controls) for our primary analysis, we conducted a genome-wide association study of self-reported risk-taking behaviour. In secondary analyses, we assessed sex-specific effects, trans-ethnic heterogeneity and genetic overlap with psychiatric traits. We also investigated the impact of risk-taking-associated SNPs on both gene expression and structural brain imaging. We identified 10 independent loci for risk-taking behaviour, of which eight were novel and two replicated previous findings. In addition, we found two further sex-specific risk-taking loci. There were strong positive genetic correlations between risk-taking and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Index genetic variants demonstrated effects generally consistent with the discovery analysis in individuals of non-British White, South Asian, African-Caribbean or mixed ethnicity. Polygenic risk scores comprising alleles associated with increased risk taking were associated with lower white matter integrity. Genotype-specific expression pattern analyses highlighted DPYSL5, CGREF1 and C15orf59 as plausible candidate genes. Overall, our findings substantially advance our understanding of the biology of risk-taking behaviour, including the possibility of sex-specific contributions, and reveal consistency across ethnicities. We further highlight several putative novel candidate genes, which may mediate these genetic effects.
SMRT-Cappable-seq reveals complex operon variants in bacteria
Authors: Yan Bo , Boitano Matthew , Clark Tyson A. , Ettwiller Laurence 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrent methods for genome-wide analysis of gene expression require fragmentation of original transcripts into small fragments for short-read sequencing. In bacteria, the resulting fragmented information hides operon complexity. Additionally, in vivo processing of transcripts confounds the accurate identification of the 5′ and 3′ ends of operons. Here we develop a methodology called SMRT-Cappable-seq that combines the isolation of un-fragmented primary transcripts with single-molecule long read sequencing. Applied to E. coli, this technology results in an accurate definition of the transcriptome with 34% of known operons from RegulonDB being extended by at least one gene. Furthermore, 40% of transcription termination sites have read-through that alters the gene content of the operons. As a result, most of the bacterial genes are present in multiple operon variants reminiscent of eukaryotic splicing. By providing such granularity in the operon structure, this study represents an important resource for the study of prokaryotic gene network and regulation.
Coordinate regulation of mutant NPC1 degradation by selective ER autophagy and MARCH6-dependent ERAD
Authors: Schultz Mark L. , Krus Kelsey L. , Kaushik Susmita , Dang Derek , Chopra Ravi , Qi Ling , Shakkottai Vikram G. , Cuervo Ana Maria , Lieberman Andrew P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNiemann–Pick type C disease is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in NPC1, a multipass transmembrane glycoprotein essential for intracellular lipid trafficking. We sought to define the cellular machinery controlling degradation of the most common disease-causing mutant, I1061T NPC1. We show that this mutant is degraded, in part, by the proteasome following MARCH6-dependent ERAD. Unexpectedly, we demonstrate that I1061T NPC1 is also degraded by a recently described autophagic pathway called selective ER autophagy (ER-phagy). We establish the importance of ER-phagy both in vitro and in vivo, and identify I1061T as a misfolded endogenous substrate for this FAM134B-dependent process. Subcellular fractionation of I1061T Npc1 mouse tissues and analysis of human samples show alterations of key components of ER-phagy, including FAM134B. Our data establish that I1061T NPC1 is recognized in the ER and degraded by two different pathways that function in a complementary fashion to regulate protein turnover.
Efficient search of compositional space for hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites via Bayesian optimization
Authors: Herbol Henry C. , Hu Weici , Frazier Peter , Clancy Paulette , Poloczek Matthias 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAccelerated searches, made possible by machine learning techniques, are of growing interest in materials discovery. A suitable case involves the solution processing of components that ultimately form thin films of solar cell materials known as hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs). The number of molecular species that combine in solution to form these films constitutes an overwhelmingly large “compositional” space (at times, exceeding 500,000 possible combinations). Selecting a HOIP with desirable characteristics involves choosing different cations, halides, and solvent blends from a diverse palette of options. An unguided search by experimental investigations or molecular simulations is prohibitively expensive. In this work, we propose a Bayesian optimization method that uses an application-specific kernel to overcome challenges where data is scarce, and in which the search space is given by binary variables indicating whether a constituent is present or not. We demonstrate that the proposed approach identifies HOIPs with the targeted maximum intermolecular binding energy between HOIP salt and solvent at considerably lower cost than previous state-of-the-art Bayesian optimization methodology and at a fraction of the time (less than 10%) needed to complete an exhaustive search. We find an optimal composition within 15 ± 10 iterations in a HOIP compositional space containing 72 combinations, and within 31 ± 9 iterations when considering mixed halides (240 combinations). Exhaustive quantum mechanical simulations of all possible combinations were used to validate the optimal prediction from a Bayesian optimization approach. This paper demonstrates the potential of the Bayesian optimization methodology reported here for new materials discovery.
Characterisation of pathogen-specific regions and novel effector candidates in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
Authors: Armitage Andrew D. , Taylor Andrew , Sobczyk Maria K. , Baxter Laura , Greenfield Bethany P. J. , Bates Helen J. , Wilson Fiona , Jackson Alison C. , Ott Sascha , Harrison Richard J. , Clarkson John P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA reference-quality assembly ofFusarium oxysporumf. sp.cepae(Foc), the causative agent of onion basal rot has been generated along with genomes of additional pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates of onion. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a single origin of the Foc pathogenic lineage. Genome alignments with otherF.oxysporumff. spp. and non pathogens revealed high levels of syntenic conservation of core chromosomes but little synteny between lineage specific (LS) chromosomes. Four LS contigs in Foc totaling 3.9 Mb were designated as pathogen-specific (PS). A two-fold increase in segmental duplication events was observed between LS regions of the genome compared to within core regions or from LS regions to the core. RNA-seq expression studies identified candidate effectors expressedin planta, consisting of both known effector homologs and novel candidates. FTF1 and a subset of other transcription factors implicated in regulation of effector expression were found to be expressedin planta.
A method of determining heated ancient nephrite jades in China
Authors: Bao Yi , Zhao Chaohong , Li Yuesheng , Yun Xuemei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAncient jade is one of the most significant cultural relics in China. Despite the increasingly important role of heated jades in ancient jade study, there are still few in-depth material studies on heated jades for the time being, which results in limitations on archaeological research and conservation. In order to evaluate the appearance change of nephrite jades, we employ the heating simulation experiment to present these change under different heating temperature ranging from 100 °C to 1300 °C. In this study, a nondestructive identification method proposed is to help determine whether the ancient jades were heated before and what the approximate heating temperature was from 100 °C to 1300 °C though phase transformation, structure change and colour variation with several advanced characterization methods such as the X-ray diffraction (XRD), the thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA), the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The hierarchy of colour (from ~500 °C) and structure (from ~800 °C) on heated jades in the jade research field were first proposed and discuss here. This method is considered useful and valuable in the study and protection of Chinese ancient jades.
Role of blood urea nitrogen in predicting the post-discharge prognosis in elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Ren Xiaohong , Qu Wei , Zhang Lijuan , Liu Miao , Gao Xuling , Gao Yuting , Cheng Xiaodan , Xu Weiwei , Liu Youhong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBlood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a surrogate marker for neurohormonal activation, but the association between BUN and the post-discharge prognosis in elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is not well defined. We explored the association between BUN and post-discharge all-cause mortality in 652 elderly patients (73.9 ± 7.8 yr) with ADHF. All patients were followed for a mean duration of 32 months (12–69 months). BUN was analyzed both as a continuous variable and according to two categories: low BUN group (BUN < 15.35 mmol/L, N = 361) and high BUN group (BUN ≥ 15.35 mmol/L, N = 291). The risk of all-cause mortality increased by 1.6% per 1 mmol/L increase in BUN concentration when BUN was used as a continuous variable [hazard ratio (HR): 1.016, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.006–1.026, p = 0.002]. BUN maintained an independent and significant positive correlation with all-cause mortality as a categorical variable (HR: 1.355, 95% CI: 1.023–1.794, p = 0.034 for the high BUN group). The BUN C-statistic for predicting all-cause mortality was 0.624 (95% CI: 0.585–0.661). The cut-off value for BUN was 15.35 mmol/L with sensitivity of 0.58 and specificity of 0.63. The prognostic performance of BUN was similar to brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) for predicting all-cause mortality (C-statistic: z = 0.044, p = 0.965). These results suggest that BUN is an independent predictor of post-discharge all-cause mortality in elderly patients with ADHF and its prognostic performance was similar to that of BNP.
Transferrin as a thermosensitizer in radiofrequency hyperthermia for cancer treatment
Authors: Chung Hea-Jong , Lee Heui-Kwan , Kwon Ki Beom , Kim Hyeon-Jin , Hong Seong-Tshool 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOne of the main characteristics of cancer tissues is poor development of neovascularization that results in a limited blood circulation. Because of this phenomenon, it is harder for cancer tissues to diffuse their elevated heat into other parts of the body. The scientific principle of radiofrequency hyperthermia relies on this quality of cancer tissues which with higher temperature becomes more apparent. Despite the obvious necessity to selectively heat the cancer tissue for radiofrequency hyperthermia, a proper thermosensitizer has not been developed until now. Here, we show that transferrin containing ferric ion could be an ideal thermosensitizer for the increased efficiency of radiofrequency hyperthermia. In our result, the ferric ion-enriched cancer tissues dramatically react with 13.56 MHz radiofrequency wave to cause cancer-selective dielectric temperature increment. The overall anticancer efficacy of a 13.56 MHz radiofrequency hyperthermia using transferrin as a thermosensitizer was much higher than the oncotherapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel, successfully eradicating cancer in a tumor-xenografted mouse experiment.
Super-silent FRET Sensor Enables Live Cell Imaging and Flow Cytometric Stratification of Intracellular Serine Protease Activity in Neutrophils
Authors: Craven Thomas H. , Avlonitis Nicolaos , McDonald Neil , Walton Tashfeen , Scholefield Emma , Akram Ahsan R. , Walsh Timothy S. , Haslett Chris , Bradley Mark , Dhaliwal Kevin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSerine proteases are released by neutrophils to act primarily as antimicrobial proteins but excessive and unbalanced serine protease activity results in serious host tissue damage. Here the synthesis of a novel chemical sensor based on a multi-branched fluorescence quencher is reported. It is super-silent, exhibiting no fluorescence until de-quenched by the exemplar serine protease human neutrophil elastase, rapidly enters human neutrophils, and is inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. This sensor allows live imaging of intracellular serine protease activity within human neutrophils and demonstrates that the unique combination of a multivalent scaffold combined with a FRET peptide represents a novel and efficient strategy to generate super-silent sensors that permit the visualisation of intracellular proteases and may enable point of care whole blood profiling of neutrophils.