bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tools for adaptive governance for complex social-ecological systems: a review of role-playing-games as serious games at the community-policy interface
Authors: Edwards Peter , Sharma-Wallace Lisa , Wreford Anita , Holt Lania , Cradock-Henry Nicholas A , Flood Stephen , Velarde Sandra J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The management of natural resources—from forests to fisheries to freshwater—is becoming increasingly complex and requires new tools and processes for engaging with individuals, communities, and decision-makers. Policy makers and practitioners have begun using serious games (SGs) (those used for purposes other than entertainment) to overcome some of the complex challenges of governing resources in social-ecological systems. This paper uses a systematic literature review methodology to assess role-playing SGs for natural resource management. Fifty-two articles from the role-playing game (RPG) subset of SGs are identified, synthesised and analysed using a multi-criteria evaluation framework. First, we explore three theoretical and conceptual elements of games: principles of RPGs, functions of games, and (practical) game characteristics. We evaluate game elements, including game design, adherence to reality and the degree to which games integrate elements of participatory—and action research. These dimensions of RPGs are then analysed and discussed. Particular attention is paid to the value and application of RPGs to address complex problems with interacting environmental, social, cultural and economic challenges, and the extent to which they can inform adaptive governance solutions. Results show that RPGs can be a valuable tool at different levels; however, we also identify important gaps in the current state of knowledge, in particular, related to bridging community—and higher-level decision-making scales through RPGs.
Fréchet analysis of variance for random objects
Authors: Dubey Paromita , Müller Hans-Georg 
Published: August 2019

Summary
Fréchet mean and variance provide a way of obtaining a mean and variance for metric space-valued random variables, and can be used for statistical analysis of data objects that lie in abstract spaces devoid of algebraic structure and operations. Examples of such data objects include covariance matrices, graph Laplacians of networks and univariate probability distribution functions. We derive a central limit theorem for the Fréchet variance under mild regularity conditions, using empirical process theory, and also provide a consistent estimator of the asymptotic variance. These results lead to a test for comparing $k$ populations of metric space-valued data objects in terms of Fréchet means and variances. We examine the finite-sample performance of this novel inference procedure through simulation studies on several special cases that include probability distributions and graph Laplacians, leading to a test for comparing populations of networks. The proposed approach has good finite-sample performance in simulations for different kinds of random objects. We illustrate the proposed methods by analysing data on mortality profiles of various countries and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
‘Cut and Paste’ Constitution-Making in Timor-Leste
Authors: Wallis Joanne E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When Timor-Leste (re)gained its independence in 2002, it appeared to be a triumph of international state building. In a relatively short period, a massive United Nations (UN)-run mission had purportedly built the institutions of a liberal democratic state. State building took place in a highly globalized context; there was a large UN presence as well as international non-governmental organizations, academics, journalists, and activists. In addition, many exiled Timorese leaders returned to play a role. While constitution making was central to state building, there are questions about the legitimacy, effectiveness, and stability of the Timor-Leste Constitution and the state institutions that it created. This article focuses on three aspects of the interplay between the global and local during the constitution-making process. First, it considers the relationship between the UN and Timorese elites, finding that the UN adopted a hands-off approach that created space for certain elites to dominate and politicize the process. These returning exiles engaged in ‘cut and paste’ constitution making, with much of the Timor-Leste Constitution based on the 1989 version of the Portuguese Constitution (modified to an extent by the 1990 Mozambican Constitution). Second, it analyses whether the constitution-making process was a true exercise of the constituent power of the Timorese people and concludes that the dominance of certain elites contributed to social division. Third, it discusses the significance of public participation, noting that minimal participation has meant that the Constitution does not reflect the views of most Timorese people. This is even though the principle of ‘popular sovereignty’ implies that, at least in states that aspire to be liberal democracies, people should be given the opportunity to participate in making their state’s Constitution. It concludes by arguing that the Timorese people missed the opportunity for their Constitution to define the political bond between them and embed state institutions in the local context.
Quantitative imaging of water, ice and air in permafrost systems through petrophysical joint inversion of seismic refraction and electrical resistivity data
Authors: Wagner F M , Mollaret C , Günther T , Kemna A , Hauck C 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARY
Quantitative estimation of pore fractions filled with liquid water, ice and air is crucial for a process-based understanding of permafrost and its hazard potential upon climate-induced degradation. Geophysical methods offer opportunities to image distributions of permafrost constituents in a non-invasive manner. We present a method to jointly estimate the volumetric fractions of liquid water, ice, air and the rock matrix from seismic refraction and electrical resistivity data. Existing approaches rely on conventional inversions of both data sets and a suitable a priori estimate of the porosity distribution to transform velocity and resistivity models into estimates for the four-phase system, often leading to non-physical results. Based on two synthetic experiments and a field data set from an Alpine permafrost site (Schilthorn, Bernese Alps and Switzerland), it is demonstrated that the developed petrophysical joint inversion provides physically plausible solutions, even in the absence of prior porosity estimates. An assessment of the model covariance matrix for the coupled inverse problem reveals remaining petrophysical ambiguities, in particular between ice and rock matrix. Incorporation of petrophysical a priori information is demonstrated by penalizing ice occurrence within the first two meters of the subsurface where the measured borehole temperatures are positive. Joint inversion of the field data set reveals a shallow air-rich layer with high porosity on top of a lower-porosity subsurface with laterally varying ice and liquid water contents. Non-physical values (e.g. negative saturations) do not occur and estimated ice saturations of 0–50 per cent as well as liquid water saturations of 15–75 per cent are in agreement with the relatively warm borehole temperatures between −0.5  and 3 ° C. The presented method helps to improve quantification of water, ice and air from geophysical observations.
Screening Mammography: There Is Value in Screening Women Aged 75 Years and Older
Authors: Destounis Stamatia , Arieno Andrea , Santacroce Amanda 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Patient screening mammography records performed in women aged 75 years and older were reviewed to evaluate the value of screening in this population, by determining the incidence of cancer diagnosed and associated outcomes.

Methods
Data from patients aged 75 years and older who presented for screening mammography and underwent biopsy with resultant malignant pathology were retrospectively collected and analyzed to record patient demographics and outcomes.

Results
From 2007–2017, there were 763,256 screening mammography appointments in 130,232 patients, with 3716 patients diagnosed with 4412 screen-detected malignancies (5.8 per 1000 cancers). In women aged 75 years and older, 76,885 (76,885 per 130,232, 10.1%) screening mammograms were performed in 18,497patients, with 643 malignancies diagnosed in 614 women eligible for study inclusion (8.4 per 1000 cancers). Lesions frequently presented as a mass with or without calcifications (472 per 643, 73%). A majority (529 per 643, 82%) was invasive; 79% (507 per 643) stage 0 or 1, and 63% (407 per 643) grade 2 or 3. Lymph node–positive status was confirmed in 7% of patients (46 per 614). Surgical intervention was pursued by 98% of patients (599 per 614).

Conclusion
Screening mammograms in women aged 75 years and older comprise a small percentage of the total screening examinations; however, they represented a significant portion of all patients diagnosed with screen-detected cancers, showing a substantial cancer detection rate. Most tumors were low stage, intermediate to high grade, and invasive. The majority had treatment involving surgery, suggesting these women are in good health and want to pursue surgical intervention. Screening mammography should be performed in this age group.
Investigation of the cumulative number of chromosome aberrations induced by three consecutive CT examinations in eight patients
Authors: Abe Yu , Noji Hideyoshi , Miura Tomisato , Sugai Misaki , Kurosu Yumiko , Ujiie Risa , Tsuyama Naohiro , Yanagi Aki , Yanai Yukari , Ohba Takashi , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Kamiya Kenji , Yoshida Mitsuaki A , Sakai Akia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In our previous study, we found that chromosomes were damaged by the radiation exposure from a single computed tomography (CT) examination, based on an increased number of dicentric chromosomes (Dics) formed in peripheral blood lymphocytes after a CT examination. We then investigated whether a cumulative increase in the frequency of Dics and chromosome translocations (Trs) formation could be observed during three consecutive CT examinations performed over the course of 3–4 years, using lymphocytes in peripheral bloods of eight patients (five males and three females; age range 27–77 years; mean age, 64 years). The effective radiation dose per CT examination estimated from the computational dosimetry system was 22.0–73.5 mSv, and the average dose per case was 40.5 mSv. The frequency of Dics formation significantly increased after a CT examination and tended to decrease before the next examination. Unlike Dics analysis, we found no significant increase in the frequency of Trs formation before and after the CT examination, and we observed no tendency for the frequency to decrease before the next CT examination. The frequency of Trs formation was higher than that of Dics formation regardless of CT examination. Furthermore, neither analysis of Dics nor Trs showed a cumulative increase in the frequency of formation following three consecutive CT examinations.
Malaria prevention in the older traveller: a systematic review
Authors: Del Prete Viola , Mateo-Urdiales Alberto , Bueno-Cavanillas Aurora , Ferrara Pietro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Older travellers are at higher risk of malaria-related morbidity and mortality compared with younger people. Yet, prevention of malaria in this specific group of travellers is a long-standing issue in travel medicine. The aim of this research was to synthetize the existing evidence about this important topic, highlighting older travellers’ attitudes and practises toward malaria prevention. Searches were performed on PubMed, Embase, EuropePMC, Web of Science, WHOLIS and LILACS databases for relevant studies reporting malaria prevention measures in older travellers. To measure malaria prevention in the older traveller population, the main information outcomes were obtained from the ABCD framework that included travellers’ ‘Awareness’ towards pre-travel health advice, their utilisation of ‘Bite-prevention measures’ and adherence to ‘Chemoprophylaxis’. Data on ‘Diagnosis’-related outcomes were excluded for not being measures of malaria prevention. Three evaluators independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the quality of the included articles. The research protocol was registered with PROSPERO (protocol number CRD42019124202). Out of the 899 titles and abstracts screened, 13 articles were included in this review synthesis. These studies included a wide range of interventions for malaria prevention: no relevant differences in pre-travel healthcare attendance were found depending on age; older travellers were found to be less likely to comply with bite-prevention measures; three high-quality studies reported that adherence to chemoprophylaxis significantly increased with age, while three studies did not find age-related differences in travellers’ adherence. Overall, prevention of malaria in the older traveller has received limited attention from the scientific community. Older travellers seem to be less likely to comply with bite-prevention measures, but there was high heterogeneity across the reports. This population group demands particular attention and tailored health advice before travelling to malaria endemic areas. More research is required on how to improve malaria prevention in the older traveller.
The Impact of Plasma Instabilities on the Spectra of TeV Blazars
Authors: Batista Rafael Alves , Saveliev Andrey , de Gouveia Dal Pino Elisabete M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relativistic jets from blazars are known to be sources of very-high-energy gamma rays (VHEGRs). During their propagation in the intergalactic space, VHEGRs interact with pervasive cosmological photon fields such as the extragalactic background light (EBL) and the cosmic microwave background (CMB), producing electron-positron pairs. These pairs can upscatter CMB/EBL photons to high energies via inverse Compton scattering, thereby continuing the cascade process. This is often used to set limits on intergalactic magnetic fields (IGMFs). However, the picture may change if plasma instabilities, arising due to the interaction of the pairs with the intergalactic medium (IGM), cool down the electrons/positrons faster than inverse Compton scattering. As a consequence, the kinetic energy lost by the pairs to the IGM could cause a hardening in the observed gamma-ray spectrum at energies below ∼100 GeV. Here we study several types and models of instabilities and assess their impact for interpreting observations of distant blazars. Our results suggest that plasma instabilities can describe the spectra of some blazars and mimic the effects of IGMFs, depending on parameters such as intrinsic spectrum of the object, the density and temperature of the IGM, and the luminosity of the beam. On the other hand, we find that for our fiducial set of parameters plasma instabilities do not have a major impact on the spectra of some of the blazars studied. Therefore, they may be used for constraining IGMFs.
Chemical evolution of HC3N in dense molecular clouds
Authors: Yu Naiping , Wang Jun-Jie , Xu Jin-Long 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigated the chemical evolution of HC3N in six dense molecular clouds, using archival available data from the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) and the Millimeter Astronomy Legacy Team Survey at 90 GHz (MALT90). Radio sky surveys of the Multi-Array Galactic Plane Imaging Survey (MAGPIS) and the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS) indicate these dense molecular clouds are associated with ultracompact H ii (UCH ii) regions and/or classical H ii regions. We find that in dense molecular clouds associated with normal classical H ii regions, the abundance of HC3N begins to decrease or reaches a plateau when the dust temperature gets hot. This implies UV photons could destroy the molecule of HC3N. On the other hand, in the other dense molecular clouds associated with UCH ii regions, we find the abundance of HC3N increases with dust temperature monotonously, implying HC3N prefers to be formed in warm gas. We also find that the spectra of HC3N (10-9) in G12.804−0.199 and RCW 97 show wing emissions, and the abundance of HC3N in these two regions increases with its non-thermal velocity width, indicating HC3N might be a shock origin species. We further investigated the evolutionary trend of N(N2H+)/N(HC3N) column density ratio, and found this ratio could be used as a chemical evolutionary indicator of cloud evolution after the massive star formation is started.
Enhancing digestibility of corn fed to pigs at two stages of growth through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Petry Amy L , Gould Stacie A , Jones Cassandra K , Stark Charles R , Fahrenholz Adam C , Patience John F 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The experimental objective was to determine the role of mean particle size (PS), grinding method, and body weight (BW) category on nutrient, fiber, and energy digestibility of corn. A total of 48 barrows were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six dietary treatments for 11 d at two BW categories (55 kg and 110 kg). The six treatments consisted of corn ground at three different targeted mean PSs (300, 500, and 700 µm) using either a roller mill or a hammermill. Fecal samples were collected for the last 3 d of each feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Finishing pigs had greater apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N than growing pigs (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P &lt;0.01, respectively). The ATTD of DM, GE, and N was similar in pigs fed hammermilled corn across all PS treatments. However, in roller-milled corn, they increased as PS was reduced (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in growing pigs was similar between corn ground at 700 and 500 µm, but it was increased by further reducing PS to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In finishing pigs, the ATTD of AEE increased as mean PS decreased from 700 to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). The ATTD of AEE was similar in hammermilled corn at all three PS treatments. On the other hand, the ATTD of AEE was similar in corn ground in a roller mill to 700 and 500 µm, but it increased when PS was reduced to 300 µm (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, reducing PS of corn with a roller mill increased digestibility of energy and nutrients, but there was less effect using a hammermill. It is possible that differences in SD, distribution, chemical composition, and the shape of the particles resulting from the two grinding processes help to explain the different response.
Perceptions, attitudes and practices towards scabies in communities on the Bijagós Islands, Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Lopes Maria João , da Silva Eunice Teixeira , Ca Janete , Gonçalves Adriana , Rodrigues Amabelia , Mandjuba Cristóvão , Nakutum Jose , D’Alessandro Umberto , Achan Jane , Logan James , Bailey Robin , Last Anna , Walker Steve , Marks Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundScabies is highly endemic among impoverished populations and has been recently included in the WHO’s list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Community support and behavioural changes are essential for the success of control interventions. This study aimed to explore beliefs, prevention attitudes and healthcare-seeking behaviours towards scabies in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau.MethodsData were collected through two methods. Community key informants (community members, community health workers, healthcare workers and traditional healers) were interviewed using snowball sampling. A questionnaire covering perceptions, attitudes and practices was administered to community members using random cluster sampling. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was applied to identify themes. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data analysis.ResultsThere was a satisfactory awareness about scabies, but perceptions about disease causation and transmission were imprecise. Misconceptions about personal hygiene as the primary measure for scabies prevention were recurrent. Some participants recognised the importance of early treatment to interrupt transmission. Treatment of close contacts was not considered important. Costs were the main determining factor for treatment choice between traditional healer and the local health centre. Late presentation and delayed treatment were common and associated with poverty and stigmatisation. Scabies impaired quality of life by affecting social interactions, health, fitness to work and school attendance.ConclusionsThere is a need to improve education, recognition, management and affordable access to treatment. Community education, healthcare workers’ training and skin NTD integrated control programmes should address the challenges highlighted in this study.
Setting a new standard for the harmonization of secured transactions law: the new Belgian Pledge Registry
Authors: Baeck Joke Rachel , Heytens Lize 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At present, the notice filing system under Article 9 of the United States Uniform Commercial Code is seen as the most influential model worldwide for a registry of security rights in movables. However, the US system, established in 1952 and currently still in transition towards electronic filing, does not meet state-of-the-art technology standards. By contrast, the Belgian Pledge Registry, operational since 1 January 2018, is a fully automated electronic registry system that benefits from the advantages of modern technology. The question therefore arises whether the Belgian Pledge Registry has the potential to become a new additional leading model for registration of security interests in movables. To answer this question, we will test the extent to which the Belgian Pledge Registry meets the current international standards for a modern and efficient registry of security rights in movables, as set out in United Nations Commission on International Trade Law instruments and the European Draft Common Frame of Reference.
Chemokine receptors ACKR2 and CCR1 coordinate macrophage dynamics and mammary gland development
Authors: Wilson Gillian J , Fukuoka Ayumi , Love Samantha R , Kim Jiwon , Pingen Marieke , Hayes Alan J , Graham Gerard J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMacrophages are key regulators of developmental processes, including those involved in mammary gland development. We previously demonstrated that the atypical chemokine receptor, ACKR2, contributes to control of ductal epithelial branching in the developing mammary gland by regulating macrophage dynamics. ACKR2 is a chemokine-scavenging receptor, which mediates its effects through collaboration with inflammatory chemokine receptors (iCCRs). Here we reveal that ACKR2, and the iCCR CCR1, reciprocally regulate branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland, whereby stromal ACKR2 modulates levels of the shared ligand CCL7 to control the movement of a key population of CCR1-expressing macrophages to the ductal epithelium. In addition estrogen, which is essential for ductal elongation during puberty, upregulates CCR1 expression on macrophages. The age at which girls develop breasts is decreasing, which raises the risk of diseases including breast cancer. This study presents a previously unknown mechanism controlling the rate of mammary gland development during puberty and highlights potential therapeutic targets.SummaryIn the mammary gland during puberty, availability of the chemokine CCL7 is controlled by a scavenging receptor ACKR2 and provides a key signal to macrophages which have the receptor CCR1. Together, this controls the timing of development.