bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial Growth of Irrigated Hybrid Poplar Decreased by Ground Covers
Authors: Shock Clinton C. , Feibert Erik B.G. , Saunders Lamont D. , Seddigh Majid 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four ground covers were compared with bare soil for their effects on the growth of irrigated poplar trees from 1997 through 1999 at the Malheur Experiment Station near Ontario, OR. Stem cuttings of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × P.nigra , clone ‘OP-367’) were planted in April 1997 at a 14 × 14-ft spacing. Ground cover treatments consisted of (1) bare soil maintained with a preplant herbicide and cultivations, (2) mowed weeds, (3) wheat (Triticum aestivum) between tree rows, (4) alfalfa (Medicago sativa) between tree rows, and (5) squash (Cucurbita maxima) between tree rows. The field was irrigated uniformly using micro sprinklers along the tree rows. Wood volume at the end of September in 1997 and 1998 was significantly greater for the bare soil than any ground cover. By the end of September 1998, wood volume in bare soil plots was more than 100% greater than in mowed weed plots, and almost 50% greater than in squash plots. During the third growing season, the incremental growth of wood volume was similar among the bare soil treatment, mowed weeds, and the plots that had previously been planted to squash but remained bare in the third year due to closure of the tree canopy. Without consideration of the economic value of cover crops, results suggest that, in eastern Oregon, poplar wood volume during the first three years is the greatest when the ground is kept bare.West.J. Appl. For. 17(2):61–65.
Three-Year Response of Ponderosa Pine Seedlings to Controlled-Release Fertilizer Applied at Planting
Authors: Fan Zhaofei , Moore James A. , Shafii Bahman , Osborne Harold L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four controlled-release fertilizers (fast release [FR], moderate release [MR], slow release [SR] and slow release with micronutrients extended [ME]) were applied, at rates of 0, 5, 15 and 30 g/seedling, to ponderosa pine seedlings (Pinus ponderosa Doug. ex Laws) immediately after planting. Compared to the controls, the 5 and15 g/seedling of FR or ME fertilizer produced significantly greater caliper growth and the 5 and 15 g/seedling of ME fertilizer and 15 and 30 g of FR fertilizer produced significantly greater height growth after 3 yr. Mortality occurred mainly during the first growing season and varied substantially with fertilizer types and dosage. High dosage (30 g/seedling) generally caused more mortality than other dosage levels. Seventy-eight, 54, 51, and 36% of total nutrients had been released from the FR, MR, SR and ME products, respectively, by late August of the first growing season. Early in the second growing season, the FR product had released 98% of its total nutrients, and the MR, SR, and ME products had released over 90% of their nutrients. The best fertilizer treatment, 15 g of the ME product, produced a 21% diameter increase and a 30% height increase 3 yr after treatment. The relative magnitude of the growth responses is similar to those observed from other adjacent placement, controlled-release, seedling fertilization studies in the Northwest. West. J. Appl. For. 17(3):154–164.
Early Detection of Douglas-Fir Beetle Infestation with Subcanopy Resolution Hyperspectral Imagery
Authors: Lawrence Rick , Labus Mari 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Early detection of insect or pathogen infestations in forests would be useful to forest managers who want to make decisions that minimize timber losses. Typical methods of forest reconnaissance to detect infestations have included analysis of multispectral imagery. Multispectral imagery, however, often lacks the sensitivity to detect subtle changes in tree canopy reflectance because of physiologic stress from insects or pathogens. Most hyperspectral imaging has the sensitivity to detect subtle changes in canopy reflectance but lacks high spatial resolution to identify affected trees. Our study examined the use of subcanopy spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery for differentiating Douglas-fir trees attacked by the Douglas-fir beetle. Comparison of the accuracies of step-wise discriminant analysis and classification and regression tree analysis (CART) revealed that CART provided the best separability among tree health classes (93% overall) because of CART's ability to use different band combinations for each class. Predictive accuracy of the CART method was estimated through cross-validation of the dataset using a jackknife resampling technique. Overall classification accuracy was promising (69%), as was classification among healthy and attacked, but still living, trees (50–70%). The results of our study provide support that hyperspectral imagery might be used for detecting and mapping tree stress in Douglas-fir stands. Although the rapid progress of beetle infestation somewhat limited the ability to differentiate among tree stress classes, which might limit the utility of this approach for fast moving infestations, the results were well beyond what might be expected from alternative detection methods. Slower moving infestations would benefit from the use of hyperspectral imagery because a lower percentage of infested trees would be asymtomatic. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):202–206.
Development of Height-Age Models for Estimating Juvenile Height of Coastal Douglas-Fir in British Columbia
Authors: Nigh Gordon D. , Mitchell Matthew G.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menzeisii) is an important and abundant tree species in coastal British Columbia. Juvenile height estimates are important for management prescriptions and decisions involving regenerating stands. We used 100 plots to investigate the juvenile height growth of coastal Douglas-fir. The growth patterns of the sample trees were observed by felling and splitting them longitudinally and measuring the height of the annual nodes from the point of germination. Sixty-four plots were used to develop a height model as a function of total age and site index. The Chapman-Richards, Gompertz, and modified exponential and power models were fit using nonlinear least squares regression. The models were tested with the remaining 36 plots. The modified exponential and power equation was the best fitting of the three models. None of the models met the regression assumption of independently normally distributed residuals with a mean of zero and a constant variance. The modified exponential and power model was further analyzed using the complete data set by fitting height growth and incorporating a model for serial correlation in the error term to improve the statistical properties of the model. West. J. Appl. For. 18(3):207–212.
A Sensitivity Analysis of the National Fire Management Analysis System
Authors: Schuster Ervin G. , Krebs Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A sensitivity analysis was conducted of the National Fire Management Analysis System (NFMAS) to better understand the relationship between data input and model outcomes, as reflected by changes in C+NVC and MEL program options. Five input variables were selected for sensitization: Unit Mission Costs, Average Acre Costs, Net Value Change, Production Rates, and Escaped Fire Limits. A stratified random sample of 32 national forests was selected, according to the distribution of national forests within Forest Service regions and fire frequency classes, on the basis of historical fire data. NFMAS database tables were obtained and manipulated, with each variable increased and decreased at six levels (±25, ±50, and ±100%). Results indicated that Production Rates was always the most influential variable, Unit Mission Costs was always least influential, and the influence of the other variables depends on the choice of model outcome. In general, greater sensitivity changes resulted in greater changes in model outcome, but no consistent pattern of influence could be found regarding program option.West. J. Appl. For. 19(1):5–12.
Habitat Restoration Across Large Areas: Assessing Wildlife Responses in the Clearwater Basin, Idaho
Authors: Svancara L. K. , Servheen G. , Melquist W. , Davis D. , Scott J. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Over the past century, fire suppression and prevention have altered disturbance regimes across the Pacific Northwest, resulting in a significant divergence of historical and current conditions in forested habitats. To address this continuing trend in habitat changes and begin restoring historical patterns of disturbance, the Clearwater Basin Elk Habitat Initiative (CEI) proposes relatively extensive management actions in the Clearwater basin of north-central Idaho. We attempted to evaluate potential effects of such management actions on selected wildlife species using extant data sets and suggest ways to improve such projects with respect to a multispecies and adaptive management approach. Although there is increased interest in ecosystem management over large areas, the increased scale of analysis and implementation require a substantial increase in the level of species information beyond what currently exists. We conclude that baseline information required for an effective multispecies land-management policy in the Clearwater basin does not exist for many terrestrial wildlife species. To implement a true multispecies or ecosystem approach, wildlife and land managers should cooperate to increase existing population data and modeling efforts for wildlife species in the basin and develop a sustainable monitoring program to evaluate habitat management changes and their influence on wildlife populations within the context of adaptive management theory. Management actions to restore disturbance patterns should attempt spatial and temporal scales that are biologically relevant to the population ecology of species being affected. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2): 123–132.
Height Growth Pattern of Lodgepole Pine in Relation to Natural Subregions in Alberta
Authors: Wang G. Geoff , Huang Shongming , Morgan David J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Based on the provincial stem analysis and permanent sample plot (PSP) data of 1,580 felled dominant and codominant trees, height growth patterns of lodgepole pine were compared among the three major natural subregions [Sub-Alpine (SAL), Upper Foothills (UFH), and Lower Foothills (LFH)] in Alberta. The comparison used the ratio of heights at 70 and 30 years of breast height age (Z ratio) as a quantitative measure of height growth pattern (i.e., the response variable), site index (height at breast height age of 50 years) as the covariate, and natural subregion as the factor. Results indicated that: (1) the height growth pattern in the SAL natural subregion was significantly different from other natural subregions; and (2) no significant differences in height growth pattern were found between other natural subregions. Two polymorphic height and site index curves were developed: one for the SAL natural subregion and the other for the UFH and LFH natural subregions. Comparisons between the two curves and the previously developed provincial curve indicated that, for the same site index, trees in the SAL subregion grow consistently slower after 50 years. When the provincial height and site index curve was applied to the SAL natural subregion, large differences (≤14%) in gross volume estimation were found. However, volume estimation differences were very small (<2%) when the provincial curve was applied to the other two natural subregions. It is recommended that the natural subregion-based curves should be used for predicting lodgepole pine site index or height at any age in the SAL natural subregion. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):154–159.
Five-Year Thinning Response of an Overgrown Douglas-Fir Christmas Tree Plantation
Authors: Hummel S. , Hummel R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 15-year-old Douglas-fir Christmas tree plantation in western Oregon was thinned in 1996 according to regional sawtimber conversion guidelines. The plantation comprised two strata, distinguished by initial planting density (Area 1 = 5 × 5 ft and Area 2 = 10 × 10 ft). Unthinned control plots were established in both Area 1 and Area 2 at the time of the thinning treatment. Five years later, the quadratic mean diameter (QMD) in Area 1 (thinned) was 6.4 in. versus 5.2 in. in Area 1 (unthinned), while in Area 2 (thinned) the QMD was 11.4 in. compared to 9.3 in. in Area 2 (unthinned). Over the same period, the volume/ac in Area 1 (thinned) (1,080 ft3/ac) was nearly twice that of Area 1 (unthinned) (576 ft3/ac). In contrast, the volume/ac in Area 2 (thinned) (2,318 ft3/acre) was almost half that of Area 2 (unthinned) (4,264 ft3/ac). These results suggest that while thinning was timely for Area 1, the thinning treatment could have been delayed for Area 2. By plantation age 30, the treated units in Area 1 and Area 2 have estimated yields of 9.6 and 11.6 thousand bd ft (mbf), respectively, with no additional thinning. Given 2002 average prices for #3 sawmill grade logs, gross return at age 30 would range between $5,000 and $6,000/ac. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):171–174.
A Profile of the Korean Market for Softwood Logs and Lumber
Authors: Blatner Keith A. , Govett Robert L. , Kim Wae-Jung 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Korea is now the fourth largest export market for U.S. wood products, ranking behind Japan, Canada and China. Unfortunately, the general lack of information on the Korean wood products market has hindered the ability of western producers to take full advantage of that market. Data are presented summarizing trends in Korea's domestic softwood production and imports, product distribution, and softwood use in construction and industrial market applications. Specific market opportunities, including the promotion of western style construction techniques, and the potential for substituting western softwood species for tropical hardwoods and other softwood species within the Korean wood products industry are discussed. West J. App. For. 2:17-20, Jan. 1987.
Stem Treatments to Control Tanoak Sprouting
Authors: Tapppeiner II John C. , Pabst Robert J. , Cloughesy Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Applying 2,4-D, triclopyr, and picloram + 2,4-D to cut surfaces of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) on southwest Oregon sites in November or February increased mortality and reduced total sprout length and clump area relative to May or August applications. Injecting the same herbicides into stem frills caused 80 to 99% mean crown dieback for November, February, and May applications, but only 47% for August applications. Spraying triclopyr diluted with diesel oil to 1 5 or 3.0% on stem bases caused 64% mean crown dieback for August applications but only 28% averaged over the other three dates. Both frill and spray treatments reduced by about 1.5 to 3.0 times the sprout length and clump area of trees felled within 3 months of treatments, compared to untreated trees. Tanoak can be effectively controlled by treating cut surfaces when felling, and by stem injection or basal spray 3 months before harvesting or slashing for site preparation. Cut-surface application or injection from fall through early spring is likely to be most effective. West. J. Appl. For. 2(2):41-45, April 1987.
A New Basis for Understory Stocking Standards for Partially Harvested Stands in the British Columbia Interior
Authors: Martin Patrick J. , Bancroft Bryce , Day Ken , Peel Kim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For partially harvested stands in the British Columbia interior, we present a new method for specifying regeneration stocking standards and a procedure for comparing achieved regeneration to the standard. Understory stocking is assessed in terms of the deviation from potential yield that the observed understory tree density represents. For a harvested area, the minimum stocking standard is stated as the maximum allowable mean deviation from potential. Deviation from potential is expressed on a relative (0–1) scale and predicted from overstory basal area and understory tree density. Because of a scarcity of calibration data, we undertook a crude, preliminary calibration of this relationship. As overstory basal area increases, the understory density required to achieve a given degree of understory stocking decreases. Issues pertaining to the stand management context and other approaches to regulating regeneration also are discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 20(1):5–12.
A Density Management Diagram for Even-aged Ponderosa Pine Stands
Authors: Long James N. , Shaw John D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We developed a density management diagram (DMD) for ponderosa pine using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Analysis plots were drawn from all FIA plots in the western United States on which ponderosa pine occurred. A total of 766 plots met the criteria for analysis. Selection criteria were for purity, defined as ponderosa pine basal area ≥80% of plot basal area, and even-agedness, as defined by a ratio between two calculations of stand density index. The DMD is relatively unbiased by geographic area and therefore should be applicable throughout the range of ponderosa pine. The DMD is intended for use in even-aged stands, but may be used for uneven-aged management where a large-group selection system is used. Examples of density management regimes are illustrated, and guidelines for use are provided. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):205–215.
Thinning Alternatives for Ponderosa Pine: Tools and Strategies for Family Forest Owners
Authors: Oester Paul T. , Emmingham William H. , Larson Pat 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Density management of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests is critical for control of beetles, reducing risk of wildfire and capturing monetary, aesthetic, and ecological values. This case study examined periodic growth response of ponderosa pine 5 and 13 years after installation of a trial including three thinning regimes and an unthinned option in the Wallowa Mountains of northeast Oregon. Family forest owners and their advisors whose management goals include reducing fire and beetle risk and producing timber value can use the results of this case study with the stand density index (SDI) to evaluate thinning options. We analyzed mean tree diameter growth and periodic board foot volume growth of 8-in. diameter and larger trees for the four treatments applied to 85–100-year-old stands. Our treatments were used as a local test for SDI management guidelines and forest vegetation simulator (FVS). As expected, significant increases (α=0.05) were found after 13 years in mean diameter growth of trees and periodic board foot volume growth per tree in the wide and free treatments compared to narrow and control. Thinning to 80 ft2 of basal area or the lower management zone SDI in previously unmanaged, 85-year-old ponderosa pine stands provided for faster tree growth, lower risk of mortality from mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), and no appreciable sacrifice in value of stand growth. Total wood fiber production was better for narrow and control, but with greatly increased fire and beetle risk. This work substantiates research results that thinning to carefully prescribed stocking levels can increase volume growth per tree (even free selection) and maintain reasonable stand value growth even though cubic volume growth is diminished. The resulting changes in stand structure and reduced beetle and fire threats improve the odds that family forestland will generate their full potential of monetary and ecological benefits. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):216–223.
Estimation of Crown Cover in Interior Ponderosa Pine Stands: Effects of Thinning and Prescribed Fire
Authors: Vaughn Nicholas , Ritchie Martin W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We evaluated the relationship between crown cover measured with a vertical sight tube and stand basal area per acre in treated (thinned, burned, and thinned and burned) and untreated interior ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) stands in northeastern California. Crown cover was significantly related to basal area at the plot level and stand level. In addition, the relationship was not affected by two extremely different thinning regimes. However, the predicted crown cover was generally lower, for a given level of basal area, in a recently thinned stand than in a stand that had not been recently thinned. Prescribed fire had no detectable effect on the relationship. The maximum measured value of stand level crown cover in untreated stands in this study was about 60 percent. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4): 240–246.
Prescribed Burning Costs and the WUI: Economic Effects in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Berry Alison H. , Donovan Geoffrey , Hesseln Hayley 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Federal fuels managers are increasingly using prescribed fire to decrease hazardous fuels and risks to resources in wildland and urban settings. Two factors have become apparent throughout the last several years: prescribed burning costs are rising, and costs exhibit substantial variability (NIFC 2003). Federal fire managers are bound by federal policy to allocate resources efficiently, yet this is difficult without a full understanding of the cost structure of fuels management. Previous studies have examined factors influencing costs but have also grappled with a lack of consistent or reliable data. This study uses FASTRACS (Fuel Analysis, Smoke Tracking, Report Access Computer System), a database maintained by the Pacific Northwest region of the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. The database provides information for Washington and Oregon on costs, physical site characteristics, and managerial concerns for fuels management activities. Using multiple regression analysis, we show that the cost of fuels management is influenced by the wildland-urban interface, number of acres treated, designated protection areas, slope, elevation, treatment type, fire regime, agency, and season. Prescribed burning in the wildland-urban interface increased costs, ceteris paribus, 139%. Findings with respect to physical site characteristics were similar to those found in previous research.
The Focus of Intensive Silvicultural Research on Coastal Douglas-Fir Over the Last 20 Years
Authors: Moores Andrew , Puettmann Klaus , Maguire Doug 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Silvicultural regimes are becoming more intensive in the US Pacific Northwest, incorporating a multitude of treatments over the length of the rotation. Therefore, there is a need to understand not only how individual treatments affect forest productivity, but also how these treatments interact to determine productivity. To help launch the Planted Forest Productivity and Value Enhancement Program at Oregon State University, an extensive literature search was conducted over 9 different classes of silvicultural treatments and 10 different categories of measured responses. The objective was to examine the scope of our current knowledge base about intensive silvicultural practices in the Pacific Northwest, particularly the mechanisms by which various treatment combinations or regimes control the productivity of coastal Douglas-fir stands. The literature, 1984 through 2004, shows that studies were more likely to focus on a combination of silvicultural treatments or practices if they were applied during similar times of stand development. Very little documented research addressed the interactive effects of treatments applied sequentially over the rotation. Although most studies monitored growth, yield, and tree mortality, fewer studies investigated environmental, physiological, and morphological responses that are key to understanding and predicting how both tested and untested silvicultural regimes will affect forest productivity.