bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Monetary Constraints on Tax Justice
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses the hypothesis that a global shift of economic relations in favour of the poor could precipitate a countermovement of asset values in the opposite direction. Some theorists of tax justice have already highlighted a need to impede illicit financial flows, but the further problem identified here is that such flows are not necessarily illegal. ‘Shadow banking’ is so integrated into the global financial structure that licit and illicit flows are intermingled. An especially problematic result is the generation—particularly through the creation of various financial derivatives—of illusory forms of liquidity. These destabilize the financial system, undermining productive economies and ordinary people’s livelihoods. Thus global finance is overrun by ‘mad money’ that is backed by little real collateral but has a very real capacity to increase indebtedness. The monetary system should be brought under accountable political control for justice to be possible in relation to global finance.
Finance, War, and ‘Humanitarian Intervention’
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In view of disturbing hypotheses about the incentive structures of finance-led capitalism, this chapter begins by considering the synergies between finance and that ultimate form of injustice, war. It goes on to examine critically the standards of argument appropriate for recommending military intervention on humanitarian grounds. A particular concern is that sufficient epistemic due diligence should be done with respect to any such case. Given the ascendancy in recent times of a widely held ‘liberal’ belief that humanitarian intervention, and even regime change operations, can quite often be justified, the counter-argument is also considered. In fact, it is argued that protecting people might be more effective if it involved less confrontational methods of discharging humanitarian responsibilities. The chapter closes by reflecting on intriguing similarities and connections between ideas of using military means to humanitarian ends and ideas about money in the global financial system being serviceable to such ends.
Conclusion
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key arguments of the book and indicates questions for further research. It emphasizes that the existing international institutions did not come into being through any constitutional process and are not necessarily suited to achieving what is best for people or planet. Hence proposals of modest reform of the emerging global institutional order may not be a sufficient basis for meeting the imperatives of our age. The financial system needs to be constrained to track more realistically the sense of proportion to be discerned in the natural order of things and in the idea of a rough equality of every human being. The challenge, viewed as a normative objective of global justice, is to supplant the current implicit and private constitution that facilitates the rule of finance globally by arrangements whose immanent purpose is to support the achievement of justice, sustainability, and peace.
What Has Happened to Party Politics in Western Europe?
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Party politics in Western Europe has changed profoundly over the last decades. Long gone are the times when class-based political parties with extensive membership dominated politics. Instead, party politics has become issue-based. Surprisingly few studies have focused on how the issue content of West European party politics has developed over the past decades. This book therefore offers a comprehensive analysis of the issue content of West European party politics. To do so, the book develops a new theoretical model labelled the ‘issue incentive model’ of party system attention. The aim of the model is to explain how much attention issues get throughout the party system, which is labelled ‘the party system agenda’. To explain the development of the party system agenda, one needs to focus on the incentives that individual policy issues offer to large, mainstream parties, i.e. the typical Social Democratic, Christian Democratic, or Conservative/Liberal parties that have dominated West European governments for decades. The core idea of the model is that the incentives that individual policy issues offer to these vote- and office-seeking parties depend on three factors, namely issue characteristics, issue ownership, and coalition considerations. The issue incentive model builds on and develops a top-down perspective according to which the issue content of party politics is determined by the strategic considerations of political parties and their competition with each other.
Everyone Really Loves Health Care
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of party system attention to health care. Based on the issue incentive model, the importance of issue characteristics for understanding the rising party system attention to health care is clear. Health care is an obtrusive issue of great importance to everyone, so large, mainstream parties have a strong incentive to focus on the issue. However, as it is difficult to satisfy public demands, party attention is often an exercise in blame avoidance. Rapid progress within health-care technology has thus generated more party system attention to the issue because parties are struggling to meet public demands while controlling costs. Comparative differences in how much the attention to health care has increased can be explained to some extent by the comparative differences in health-care systems. The more responsibility for health care is concentrated with the state, the more party attention because parties have to address all kinds of questions about service provision. When responsibility is defused to societal actors, political parties attend less to the issue. Also, the analysis reveals no significant party differences in attention to the issue. There are no niche parties on the issue and no strong tendency for the large, mainstream parties to pay more attention to the issue than other parties do. Thus, health care seems to be an issue to which all political parties have to pay attention.
The Devil is in the Detail
Authors: Jetschke Anja , Abb Pascal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the authority of the United Nations Security Council and its politicization by the BRICS. In particular, it explores the patterns of contestation for the reform of the United Nations Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect. How do the BRICS position themselves towards these two issues and how do they justify their demands? Do they build a challengers’ coalition? Using, first, a qualitative analysis of BRICS statements and, second, congruence analysis, this chapter maps and explains the positions of BRICS states on UNSC reform and R2P. We find that BRICS’ individual positions show a convergence on the basic contours of UNSC reform and R2P. The contestation pattern clearly indicates that this group favours the UNSC having strong international authority and also that they share concerns about the liberal content of the UNSC. While there is a strong tendency towards convergence on the one hand, BRICS strongly disagree on the details of the reform of the UNSC—as well as on the implementation of R2P on the other. These differences are so strong that they are unlikely to be resolved in the near future. Congruence analysis shows that power transition theory best explains their agreement ‘in principle’, but that none of the available theories explain their disagreement ‘in detail’. We conclude that, as things stand, the BRICS do not pose a challenge to the status quo in governance within the field of international security.
Cleavages in World Politics
Authors: Binder Martin , Payton Autumn Lockwood 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter systematically examines the potential cleavages that run between the rising and the established powers in international politics. To that end, it analyses and compares the voting behaviour of the BRICS, IBSA, and G7 states in the United Nations General Assembly (GA). GA voting is particularly suited to identify the potential conflict lines between ‘new’ and ‘old’ powers as it runs the gambit of issues confronted in the international system and provides a forum where states can express their preferences relatively freely. Using a spatial model of voting (W-NOMINATE), this chapter analyses more than 500 roll-call votes in the GA over the period 2002–11.
The Eye of the Beholder? The Contestation of Values and International Law
Authors: Liese Andrea , Reiners Nina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter comments on Tiyanjana Maluwa’s analysis of the contestation of value-based norms. It first, referring to the metaphor of the ‘eyes of the beholder’ and the song by Metallica with the same title, answers the question ‘Do I see what you see?’ Second, it is interested in coming closer to an intersubjective ‘truth’, that is a shared understanding for determining the alleged erosion of international law or the value-based legal norms of the United Nations (UN) Charter. By focusing on one of Maluwa’s case studies, it illustrates how conceptual choices may predetermine findings. In other words, they guide ‘into what you read’. Finally, it argues in favour of being more explicit about these choices to let others ‘see what I see’ and therefore to be transparent about the type and form of contestation one seeks to explain.
Introduction
Authors: Kurki Visa A.J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the topic of legal personhood. It presents the central concepts, terminology, and legal doctrines pertaining to legal personhood, and explains the relevance of the notion for various contemporary legal debates. The chapter also presents the book’s methodology, which is a version of the reflective equilibrium. It thus lays the groundwork for one of the central theses the book: that the Orthodox View of legal personhood is unable to explain many of the convictions regarding legal personhood that are accepted widely by jurists in the Western world.
A Short History of the Right-Holding Person
Authors: Kurki Visa A.J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter is a historical survey of the genealogy of legal personhood, offering context for how two central notions of modern legal philosophy—personhood and rights—developed. It traces how the Roman notions of personhood inspired Renaissance-era French and German scholars to start using persona in a distinct legal sense that would then, in nineteenth-century Germany, develop into a definition of persons as right-holders. This view was imported into the English-speaking world by John Austin, who had studied in Bonn, Germany. Austin would later influence the works of such influential jurisprudents as John Salmond and Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld.
Epilogue
Authors: Asseraf Arthur 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The epilogue extends the story to the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) and beyond to the role of news in independent Algeria and post-1962 France. It summarizes the findings of the previous chapters and ties them together by reconsidering the writings of Frantz Fanon on radio and the development of television in the last years of colonial rule. While nationalists hoped that independence would bring uniformity between the media and the people, no such thing happened. This should lead us to consider whether news under colonialism was particularly exceptional, and when, if ever, the news stopped being electric. It ends by considering what might be a new relationship between the historian and the news.
Why VAT?
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 shows that in about half of all countries on the African continent, tax revenue as a percentage of GDP (called the tax ratio) is around 15 per cent or less, which is not enough to finance more human and economic development. The instrument for greater domestic resource mobilization is a broad-based consumption tax, such as a VAT. Current VATs, however, are riddled with exemptions, exclusions and zero rates which depress revenue, are highly distortionary and greatly complicate VAT administration. The abolition of exemptions for goods, services, and entities and, more generally, unnecessary design differentiations would reduce the weight and sway of legal opinions and increase the administrative resources available for monitoring compliance with the VAT. Revenue should benefit.
Overview of VATs in Africa
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides an overview of VATs in Africa, noting their broad characteristics and listing the general issues that arise. Countries with VAT are grouped by the particular regional economic community (REC) of which they are members. Salient features pertaining to the year of introduction, the predecessor sales tax, the range of non-standard exemptions, the rate structures, and the coverage of the excises on luxury goods and services are noted and broadly discussed.
Economic Integration and Tax Coordination in Regional Economic Communities
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the various stages of economic integration that can be distinguished and discusses VAT (and excise tax) coordination in the presence and absence of border controls. All African countries belong to a regional economic community (REC), and often to more than one. The countries are closely monitoring the remarkable combination of free politics and free economics achieved by the common market (now the single market) of the member states of the EU. Free trade and free competition raise the standards of living in participating member countries. In this setting, tax coordination should ensure that equal conditions for competitors are not distorted by discriminatory tax systems—a criterion that is referred to as tax neutrality. At the same time, however, the participating countries should retain as much tax autonomy as possible in order to be able to pursue their own social and economic policy goals.
Lotteries and Gambling
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 15 argues that transactions involved in games of chance should be included in the VAT base, regardless of whether or not lotteries and gambling are subject to externality-correcting excises. The charge should extend to all forms of gaming, except if feasibility considerations (e.g. village cockfights) preclude the effective application of the VAT. The chapter also shows that the reverse-charge approach and the margin method lead to identical outcomes in calculating the VAT liability. To prevent double taxation and diversion of transactions, the VAT paid for the acquisition of non-monetary prizes and awards should be creditable against the VAT on sales of tickets, tokens, and chips. If a casino is part of a larger establishment operated by a registered business, the VAT on a non-monetary prize (say, a night’s stay or meal at a hotel) should be denied to the casino in order to ensure that the prize’s value is taxed once.
The Smell of Drugs
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The new consensus that smells were tiny material effluvia emitted by all objects served to demystify odours and some of their former powers were questioned. Where sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writers had believed that odours could be nutritious, by the early nineteenth century medical writers no longer believed this to be the case. In the world of materia medica doubts were also raised about the ability of odours to communicate medical powers and the capacity of smelling to divine the medical efficacy of materials. This was partly encouraged by a new medical marketplace in which, partly to render medicines palatable to all consumers, drugs were marketed as odourless. Smell was separated from medical efficacy. Yet the materiality and agentive nature of smells meant that their social power was rendered far more significant.
System Failures
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the operations and maintenance of new product and service offerings once they have been deployed; in particular, it addresses dealing with system failures. Addressing system failures is an important aspect of operating and maintaining complex systems, particularly when laced with behavioral and social phenomena. Despite advances in technology and automation, humans will inevitably have roles in addressing failures when detection, diagnosis, and compensation cannot be automated. Human problem-solving involves a mix of pattern recognition and structural sleuthing based on mental models for taskwork and teamwork. Training and aiding can enhance human problem-solving performance by fostering problem-solving strategies and tactics, as well as team coordination.
Health and Well-Being
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the health and well-being of people, looking at how health services are provided in the U.S. delivery ecosystem. Not surprisingly, the emphasis of this chapter is on model-based approaches to support decision-making. Computational modeling can substantially contribute to exploring possible futures for health and well-being. Patient, provider, and payer data sets can be used to parameterize these computational models. Large interactive visualizations can enable a wide range of stakeholders to participate in exploring possible futures. Policy flight simulators can enable projecting likely impacts of policies, for example, alternative payment schemes, before they are deployed. There is enormous variety in healthcare, including patients, providers, and payers, as well as the economic and social circumstances in which they operate. Computational models can be invaluable for projecting the impacts of this variety and considering how both system designs and policy designs should be tailored.
General Square Lattice Vertex Models
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractVertex models more general than the ice model are possible and often have physical applications. The square lattice admits the general sixteen-vertex model of which the special cases, the eight- and the six-vertex model, are the most relevant and physically interesting, in particular through their connection to the one-dimensional integrable quantum mechanical models and the Bethe ansatz. This chapter introduces power- ful tools to examine vertex models, including the R- and L-matrices to encode the Boltzmann vertex weights and the monodromy and transfer matrices, which encode the integrability of the vertex models (i.e. that transfer matrices of different spectral parameters commute). This integrability is ultimately expressed in the Yang–Baxter relations.
Quantum Tavis–Cummings Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter extends the algebraic Bethe ansatz to the quantum Tavis–Cummings model, an N atom generalization of the Jaynes–Cummings model to describe the strong interaction between light and quantum matter. In the case of the quantum Tavis–Cum- mings model there is no underlying vertex model to suggest the constituent building blocks of the algebraic Bethe ansatz approach, e.g.like the L-matrix or ultimately the transfer matrix. The algebraic Bethe ansatz is then first applied to the Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian with an added Stark term using a conjecture for the transfer matrix. The original Tavis–Cummings model and its algebraic Bethe ansatz are obtained in the limit of vanishing Stark term, which requires considerable care.
Bethe Ansatz for the Anisotropic Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter verifies the conjecture for the wave function, the Bethe ansatz wave function, of the anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain by examining first the cases for one, two, and three spin deviations. The equations determining the quasi- momenta are the Bethe ansatz equations, now obtained from the coordinate Bethe ansatz. The Bethe ansatz equations derive from the eigenvalue equation in combination with boundary conditions, here periodic boundary conditions. These quasi-momenta also determine the energy eigenvalue. However, solving the Bethe ansatz equations to obtain a particular state requires more considerations. New variables, called rapidities, are useful. The consideration of the thermodynamic limit then allows to extract information about the ground state and low-lying excitations of the anisotropic quantum spin chain from the Bethe ansatz equations. Furthermore, complex solutions of the Bethe ansatz equations, called strings, are considered.
Thermodynamics of the Repulsive Lieb–Liniger Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses how the Bethe ansatz solution of the one-dimensional Bose gas with repulsive δ-function interaction is extended to finite temperatures, the thermody- namic Bethe ansatz. The excitations of this system consist of particle and hole excitations, which can be described by the corresponding densities of Bethe ansatz roots. It shows how these Bethe ansatz root densities are used to define an appropriate expression for the entropy of the system of Bose particles, which is the main ingredient for the extension of the Bethe ansatz method to finite temperature.
Interaction Rituals and Embodied Choice Theory
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We propose an embodied choice theory, which argues that people make reasonable choices based on the needs and demands of human experience. These choices are driven by cognitive systems that rely heavily upon information that comes from the body’s affective systems including affective somatic markers attached to prior experiences. Megachurches are successful because they meet human emotional needs by providing emotionally powerful interaction rituals. These rituals satisfy people’s individual desires while merging them with the desires of the group. In particular, for many people, megachurches meet six desires: acceptance, a sense of awe, a reliable leader, deliverance, purpose, and a community in which to belong.
Desire for a Reliable Leader
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we show how megachurches meet attendees’ desire for a reliable leader. In megachurches, for those who attend, their desire and the force of feeling, the zenith of emotional energy, is squarely centered on the megachurch pastor. We identify how the charismatic bond between the attendees and their senior pastor is solidified through the demonstration of his perceived extraordinary and ordinary qualities. Allowing followers to see their human side makes charismatic leaders more relatable, authentic, and trustworthy. The pastor is both the central figure around which most activities, and in some sense the lives of individuals, revolve, and the mouthpiece for the explicit articulation of the values, beliefs, morals, and symbols that will define the group. The pastor is the “mutual focus of attention” that contributes to binding the group together and amplifying the emotional energy experienced by attendees.