bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cometary topography and phase darkening
Authors: Vincent J.-B. 
Published: January 2019

Aims. Cometary surfaces can change significantly and rapidly as a result of the sublimation of their volatile material. Many authors have investigated this evolution; topographic data from all comets visited by spacecrafts have been used previously to derive a quantitative model that relates large-scale roughness (i.e. topography) with the evolution state of the nucleus for Jupiter-family comets (JFCs). Ground-based observers have published measurements of the phase functions of many JFCs and reported a trend in the phase darkening, with primitive objects showing a stronger darkening than evolved objects.
Methods. We used a numerical implementation of this previous topographic description to build virtual comets and measure the phase darkening induced by the different levels of macro-roughness. We then compared our model with other published values.
Results. We find that pure geometric effects such as self-shadowing can represent up to 22% of the darkening that is observed for more primitive objects, and 15% for evolved surfaces. This shows that although physical and chemical properties remain the main contributor to the phase darkening, the additional effect of the topography cannot be neglected.
Akute Entzündungen in der Zahn-Mund-Kiefer-Heilkunde
Authors: Schule Roland 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungNach den altbekannten Regeln der Pathohistologie laufen akute Entzündun gesetzmäßig ab. Auslöser einer Reaktion in diesem Sinne können mechanische, physikalische, chemische, thermische und psychische Faktoren sein. Überschreitet der einwirkende Reiz eine bestimmte Schwelle, so reagiert das biologische System mit nachfolgenden Zellreaktionen. Der erhöhte Blutdruck sorgt für vermehrten Antransport von Abwehrzellen und Reparaturbausteinen. Es kommt zu Infiltration und Sekretion. Die Folge sind lokale Zeichen und Empfindungen, die wir in der Kaskade zusammenfassen: Dolor, Rubor, Calor, Tumor. Diese schematische Beschreibung einer akuten Entzündung deckt sich komplett mit den in der Homöopathie gelehrten „akuten Krankheiten“, selbst die Causa als Beginn einer Erkrankung wird hier vorgestellt. Bei den akuten Behandlungen in der Zahn-Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZMK) finden wir diese Phänomene in allen Gewebebereichen – Zahnnerv, Kieferknochen, Schleimhäuten und Zahnbett, Kiefergelenk und Kaumuskulatur. Im folgenden Beitrag werden 3 ausgewählte Kasuistiken vorgestellt, die alle aufgrund zahnmedizinischer Diagnose nach den Regeln der ZMK unter homöopathischer Begleitung behandelt werden.
Influenza und das Symptomenlexikon
Authors: Rohrer Anton 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungWie erfolgreich die homöopathische Behandlung bei Influenza ist, zeigen 3 Fallberichte. Durch die Gabe der passenden Arznei konnte innerhalb von 2 Tagen eine deutliche Verbesserung der Beschwerdesymptomatik wahrgenommen werden.
Exenatide Delays Gastric Emptying in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus but not in Those with Gastroparetic Conditions
Authors: Beti Christelle , Stratmann Bernd , Bokman Georgy , Dreier Jens , Hauber Michael , Lee-Barkey Young , Fischer Manfred , Knabbe Cornelius , Tschoepe Diethelm 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effect of the treatment with glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists on gastric emptying in patients with diabetes with and without gastroparesis is analysed. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus subjected to GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy with exenatide were examined before and shortly after initiation of treatment. Gastric half-emptying time was determined by 13C-octanoic breath test; routine laboratory parameter as well as active GLP-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, proinsulin and C-peptide levels were determined in fasting state as well as postprandial secretion within 1 h after a standardised meal. Thirty patients’ data sets were available for evaluation, of those 20 patients had no gastroparesis and 10 patients showed pathological results following the breath test. Gastric half-emptying time was prolonged in nearly all patients who presented without gastroparesis at initiation of treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists, only 2 patients with pre-existing mild gastroparesis had worsening of gastric emptying. No effect was detected on leptin and ghrelin levels. Postprandial GLP-1 concentrations measured as AUC after meal decreased significantly. Fasting insulin and C-peptide levels increased significantly without effect on postprandial levels. Proinsulin levels – fasting as well as AUC – decreased non-significantly. Patients reported comparable perception of therapeutic effects. Treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists may be applied in patients with pre-existing gastroparesis; no effect in terms of worsening of symptoms compared to those without gastroparesis was detected. Patients reported outcome was independent from underlying gastroparesis. Negative effects on gastric emptying were only detected in patients without or with mild gastroparesis.
Kombinierte Immuncheckpoint-Inhibition bei inoperablem Gingivamelanom
Authors: Neumann M. , Ruppel E. , Unger S. , Zahn A. , Ludwig-Peitsch W. 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungSchleimhautmelanome sind seltene Formen von Melanomen mit einer ungünstigen Prognose. Bei Fehlen von therapierelevanten Mutationen und Inoperabilität stellt die Therapie mit Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren eine aussichtsreiche Option dar. Die Kombination aus dem PD-1-Antikörper Nivolumab und dem CTLA4-Antikörper Ipilimumab ist effektiver, jedoch auch erheblich toxischer als die Monotherapie mit PD-1-Antikörpern. Wir berichten über eine 57-jährige Patientin mit einem lymphogen metastasierten inoperablen Gingivamelanom im Stadium IIID, die mit einer Kombination aus Nivolumab und Ipilimumab behandelt wurde und hierunter multiple autoimmunvermittelte Nebenwirkungen einschließlich eines Schubs einer rheumatoiden Arthritis, einer Autoimmunkolitis, einer Autoimmunthyreoiditis und einer Autoimmunhepatitis entwickelte. Diese konnten mithilfe von systemischen Steroiden und symptomatischer Therapie beherrscht werden und es konnte eine anhaltende partielle Remission bei guter Lebensqualität erzielt werden. Unser Fall liefert ein Beispiel für den erfolgreichen Einsatz von Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren bei seltenen Melanom-Entitäten, veranschaulicht jedoch auch die Bedeutung von intensivem Monitoring besonders bei Patienten mit zugrunde liegenden Autoimmunerkrankungen.
Negotiating digital surveillance legislation in post-Snowden times
Authors: Tiainen Minna 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the digital era, when security agencies world-wide have been challenging basic democratic principles with
massive data gathering, Finland has had a different approach: it has conducted no large-scale surveillance of citizens’ online
activities. Now, however, the country is planning such a vast expansion of state surveillance that the constitution itself must be
altered. The present article examines one key point in this legislative process to see how the new surveillance measures are
argued for and criticized, and how the differing points of view are negotiated to ultimately enable political action. Drawing
particularly on Fairclough and Fairclough’s (2012) approach to argumentation in
political discourse, the article finds that surveillance is promoted as essential for national security, and criticized especially
for its economic risks, consequences for civil rights and questionable effectiveness. Despite this range of critical perspectives,
only economic considerations become a topic of extended deliberation.
How well can intelligibility of closely related languages in Europe be predicted by linguistic and non-linguistic
variables?
Authors: Gooskens Charlotte , Heuven Vincent J. van 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We measured mutual intelligibility of 16 closely related spoken languages in Europe. Intelligibility was
determined for all 70 language combinations using the same uniform methodology (a cloze test). We analysed the results of 1833
listeners representing the mutual intelligibility between young, educated Europeans from the same 16 countries.
Lexical, phonological, orthographic, morphological and syntactic distances were computed as linguistic variables.
We also quantified non-linguistic variables (e.g. exposure, attitudes towards the test languages). Using stepwise regression
analysis the importance of linguistic and non-linguistic predictors for the mutual intelligibility in the 70 language pairs was
assessed.
Exposure to the test language was the most important variable, overriding all other variables. Then, limiting the
analysis to the prediction of inherent intelligibility, we analysed the results for a subset of listeners with no or little
previous exposure to the test language. Linguistic distances, especially lexical distance, now explain a substantial part of the
variance.
Lexical expansion in Ghanaian English from a diachronic perspective
Authors: Brato Thorsten 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a real-time structural and semantic analysis of lexical expansion in the Nativization phase of Ghanaian English based on the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana (HiCE Ghana) and the written-printed sections of the Ghanaian component of ICE. Taking a comprehensive list of previously attested ‘Ghanaianisms’ – innovative lexical items of English and local origin – as a starting point, the paper shows that traditional word-formation processes like derivation or compounding play only a subordinate role and that semantic shift is the most important process used in both periods. While the corpora are comparatively small for lexical research, the results still provide a useful starting point to better our understanding of how Ghanaian English has evolved over the past 40 years.
Semiotic signature of transformation in a diachronic corpus of a South African political party
Authors: Antia Bassey E. , Hendricks Tamsyn 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Corpus analysis has become established as an approach to the study of language description or for applied pursuits in language teaching, terminology, and so on. However, because of the social indexicalities of language use, corpora can also inform studies of social phenomena. This chapter draws on social semiotics to argue that, in the analysis of social phenomena, meanings that are socially significant can be read not only from what is said in corpora, but also from a range of other resources, such as names of persons and places as well as language choices made in texts. This chapter thus uses two heuristics, onomastics and discursive mono-/multilingualism, to query a diachronic corpus associated with a South African political party for evidence of whether or not the party has over time become more inclusive, contrary to its discursive positioning by a rival party as an untransformed organisation. The analysis shows evidence of the party opening up to diversity in terms of race, gender, geography, and language choice, but the finding raises the question of the relationship between semiotic evidence and reality.
DIII-D research towards establishing the scientific basis for future fusion reactors
Authors: Petty C.C. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
DIII-D research is addressing critical challenges in preparation for ITER and the next generation of fusion devices through focusing on plasma physics fundamentals that underpin key fusion goals, understanding the interaction of disparate core and boundary plasma physics, and developing integrated scenarios for achieving high performance fusion regimes. Fundamental investigations into fusion energy science find that anomalous dissipation of runaway electrons (RE) that arise following a disruption is likely due to interactions with RE-driven kinetic instabilities, some of which have been directly observed, opening a new avenue for RE energy dissipation using naturally excited waves. Dimensionless parameter scaling of intrinsic rotation and gyrokinetic simulations give a predicted ITER rotation profile with significant turbulence stabilization. Coherence imaging spectroscopy confirms near sonic flow throughout the divertor towards the target, which may account for the convection-dominated parallel heat flux. Core-boundary integration studies show that the small angle slot divertor achieves detachment at lower density and extends plasma cooling across the divertor target plate, which is essential for controlling heat flux and erosion. The Super H-mode regime has been extended to high plasma current (2.0 MA) and density to achieve very high pedestal pressures (~30 kPa) and stored energy (3.2 MJ) with H
98y2  ≈  1.6–2.4. In scenario work, the ITER baseline Q  =  10 scenario with zero injected torque is found to have a fusion gain metric

independent of current between q
95  =  2.8–3.7, and a lower limit of pedestal rotation for RMP ELM suppression has been found. In the wide pedestal QH-mode regime that exhibits improved performance and no ELMs, the start-up counter torque has been eliminated so that the entire discharge uses  ≈0 injected torque and the operating space is more ITER-relevant. Finally, the high-

(⩽3.8) hybrid scenario has been extended to the high-density levels necessary for radiating divertor operation, achieving ~40% divertor heat flux reduction using either argon or neon with P
tot up to 15 MW.
Neurostimulation Reveals Context-Dependent Arbitration Between Model-Based and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Weissengruber Sebastian , Lee Sang Wan , O’Doherty John P , Ruff Christian C 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
While it is established that humans use model-based (MB) and model-free (MF) reinforcement learning in a complementary fashion, much less is known about how the brain determines which of these systems should control behavior at any given moment. Here we provide causal evidence for a neural mechanism that acts as a context-dependent arbitrator between both systems. We applied excitatory and inhibitory transcranial direct current stimulation over a region of the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex previously found to encode the reliability of both learning systems. The opposing neural interventions resulted in a bidirectional shift of control between MB and MF learning. Stimulation also affected the sensitivity of the arbitration mechanism itself, as it changed how often subjects switched between the dominant system over time. Both of these effects depended on varying task contexts that either favored MB or MF control, indicating that this arbitration mechanism is not context-invariant but flexibly incorporates information about current environmental demands.
Distinct Structure of Cortical Population Activity on Fast and Infraslow Timescales
Authors: Okun Michael , Steinmetz Nicholas A , Lak Armin , Dervinis Martynas , Harris Kenneth D 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Cortical activity is organized across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Most research on the dynamics of neuronal spiking is concerned with timescales of 1 ms–1 s, and little is known about spiking dynamics on timescales of tens of seconds and minutes. Here, we used frequency domain analyses to study the structure of individual neurons’ spiking activity and its coupling to local population rate and to arousal level across 0.01–100 Hz frequency range. In mouse medial prefrontal cortex, the spiking dynamics of individual neurons could be quantitatively captured by a combination of interspike interval and firing rate power spectrum distributions. The relative strength of coherence with local population often differed across timescales: a neuron strongly coupled to population rate on fast timescales could be weakly coupled on slow timescales, and vice versa. On slow but not fast timescales, a substantial proportion of neurons showed firing anticorrelated with the population. Infraslow firing rate changes were largely determined by arousal rather than by local factors, which could explain the timescale dependence of individual neurons’ population coupling strength. These observations demonstrate how neurons simultaneously partake in fast local dynamics, and slow brain-wide dynamics, extending our understanding of infraslow cortical activity beyond the mesoscale resolution of fMRI.
Improving Dietary Protein Quality Reduces the Negative Effects of Physical Inactivity on Body Composition and Muscle Function
Authors: Arentson-Lantz Emily J , Galvan Elfego , Ellison Jennifer , Wacher Adam , Paddon-Jones Douglas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Brief periods of physical inactivity can compromise muscle health. Increasing dietary protein intake is potentially beneficial but complicated by difficulties reconciling anabolic potential with a realistic food volume and energy intake. We sought to determine whether increasing dietary protein quality could reduce the negative effects of physical inactivity.

Methods
Twenty healthy, older men and women completed 7 days of bed rest followed by 5 days of rehabilitation. Volunteers consumed a mixed macronutrient diet (MIXED: N = 10; 68 ± 2 years; 1,722 ± 29 kcal/day; 0.97 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day) or an isoenergetic, whey-augmented, higher protein quality diet (WHEY: N = 10; 69 ± 1 years; 1,706 ± 23 kcal/day; 0.90 ± 0.01 g protein/kg/day). Outcomes included body composition, blood glucose, insulin, and a battery of physical function tests.

Results
During bed rest, both groups experienced a 20% reduction in knee extension peak torque (p < .05). The WHEY diet partially protected leg lean mass (−1,035 vs. −680 ± 138 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .08) and contributed to a greater loss of body fat (−90 vs. −233 ± 152 g, MIXED vs. WHEY; p < .05). Following rehabilitation, knee extension peak torque in the WHEY group fully recovered (−10.0 vs. 2.2 ± 4.1 Nm, MIXED vs. WHEY; p = .05). Blood glucose, insulin, aerobic capacity, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) changes were similar in both dietary conditions (p > .05).

Conclusions
Improving protein quality without increasing total energy intake has the potential to partially counter some of the negative effects of bed rest in older adults.
Low mutation burden and frequent loss of CDKN2A/B and SMARCA2, but not PRC2, define premalignant neurofibromatosis type 1–associated atypical neurofibromas
Authors: Pemov Alexander , Hansen Nancy F , Sindiri Sivasish , Patidar Rajesh , Higham Christine S , Dombi Eva , Miettinen Markku M , Fetsch Patricia , Brems Hilde , Chandrasekharappa Settara C , Jones Kristine , Zhu Bin , Wei Jun S ,   National Intramural Sequencing Center (NISC) Comparative Sequencing Program,   National Cancer Institute (NCI) Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics (DCEG) Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Mullikin James C , Wallace Margaret R , Khan Javed , Legius Eric , Widemann Brigitte C , Stewart Douglas R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a tumor-predisposition disorder caused by germline mutations in NF1. NF1 patients have an 8–16% lifetime risk of developing a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), a highly aggressive soft-tissue sarcoma, often arising from preexisting benign plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) and atypical neurofibromas (ANFs). ANFs are distinct from both PN and MPNST, representing an intermediate step in malignant transformation.

Methods
In the first comprehensive genomic analysis of ANF originating from multiple patients, we performed tumor/normal whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 16 ANFs. In addition, we conducted WES of 3 MPNSTs, copy-number meta-analysis of 26 ANFs and 28 MPNSTs, and whole transcriptome sequencing analysis of 5 ANFs and 5 MPNSTs.

Results
We identified a low number of mutations (median 1, range 0–5) in the exomes of ANFs (only NF1 somatic mutations were recurrent), and frequent deletions of CDKN2A/B (69%) and SMARCA2 (42%). We determined that polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2) genes EED and SUZ12 were frequently mutated, deleted, or downregulated in MPNSTs but not in ANFs. Our pilot gene expression study revealed upregulated NRAS, MDM2, CCND1/2/3, and CDK4/6 in ANFs and MPNSTs, and overexpression of EZH2 in MPNSTs only.

Conclusions
The PN-ANF transition is primarily driven by the deletion of CDKN2A/B. Further progression from ANF to MPNST likely involves broad chromosomal rearrangements and frequent inactivation of the PRC2 genes, loss of the DNA repair genes, and copy-number increase of signal transduction and cell-cycle and pluripotency self-renewal genes.
Free Primary Education, Timing of Fertility, and Total Fertility
Authors: Zenebe Gebre Tihtina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This study employs a difference-in-differences estimation strategy to study the causal impacts of free primary education (FPE) on women’s schooling and fertility-related outcomes using the 1990s FPE reform of Malawi. The results show that full exposure to FPE at the mean value of the reform’s potential impact led to an 18.5 percentage points increase in the probability of ever enrolling in school and 1.2 years of additional schooling. Furthermore, the reduced form estimates suggest that full exposure to FPE increased age at first marriage and at first childbirth by almost 0.79 and 0.98 years respectively. The study also finds statistically significant reductions at all ages between age 14 and 24 in the total number of children to which women give birth. By age 24, for example, full exposure to FPE at the mean value of the reform’s potential impact led to 0.28 fewer children. In addition, there is evidence showing that exposure to FPE led to increased spacing between the first two births (about six additional months) if the first child is female. The study explores several channels through which FPE may affect fertility-related outcomes. Postponement of marriage and first childbirth, increased contraceptive use, and changes in mate characteristics all play a role.
Pilot Trial of a Combined Cognitive Processing Therapy and Smoking Cessation Treatment
Authors: Dedert Eric A. , Resick Patricia A. , Dennis Paul A. , Wilson Sarah M. , Moore Scott D. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: January 2019

Objective/Background:
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and smoking are often comorbid. Combining PTSD and smoking cessation treatments could increase access to each treatment and could provide improved rates of smoking cessation through reductions in PTSD and depressive symptoms.

Participants:
Participants were veterans with current PTSD who smoked cigarettes and were willing to initiate treatment for both problems.

Method:
We conducted a randomized pilot trial (n = 40) to explore feasibility and estimate effect sizes of a treatment combining trauma-focused Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) with smoking cessation counseling and pharmacotherapy, relative to the same smoking cessation treatment without CPT.

Results:
Rates of bioverified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of treatment or at 6-month follow-up were similar across treatments. Relative to the comparison, the combined CPT and smoking cessation treatment were associated with moderate-to-large effect sizes at end of treatment for reductions in PTSD symptoms, Cohen's d = 0.718, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.078–1.358, that decreased by the 6-month follow-up, Cohen's d = 0.306, 95% CI = −0.334 to 0.946; and large reductions in depressive symptoms that were maintained to the 6-month follow-up, Cohen's d = 1.007, 95% CI = 0.367–1.647.

Conclusions:
This pilot trial did not detect a difference in smoking cessation when combining CPT to smoking cessation treatment, relative to smoking cessation treatment without CPT. However, results suggest that combining CPT and smoking cessation treatment was associated with both reductions of psychiatric symptoms along with smoking abstinence rates similar to previous smoking cessation trials in veterans with PTSD.