bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical aspects of collateral clinical services by non‐credentialed personnel in international medical crises
Authors: Schachter Madeleine 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe study of global responses to medical crises in developing and under‐developed countries demands reflection about the ethical engagement of non‐credentialed medical personnel in the context of clinical care. The need for, and the desire to contribute by, people and organisations that lack demonstrable or readily transferable credentialed skills must be reconciled with the ethical administration of collateral clinical services. The urgent need for the provision of such services must neither preclude their use nor permit their use irrespective of salient ethical considerations. One way to explore these issues is to examine a recent exemplar of a non‐governmental organisation’s utilisation of non‐credentialed medical personnel during the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone. Although the group lacked clinical proficiency (apart from community health workers), it collaborated with experts in interment to train staff to bury those who had succumbed to the disease in respectful and hygienic individually marked graves. The group leveraged its cultural competency and in‐country presence to judiciously deploy staff, support the workers to combat social ostracism and offer vocational and other education to help them assimilate back into the workforce once the outbreak subsided. The non‐governmental organisation stepped up to do the work that others shunned. And to do it ethically and proficiently. I offer the work to show a compelling and innovative blueprint for ethical mobilisation of non‐credentialed healthcare personnel in a global medical crisis.
Inflammatory bowel disease masquerading as traveller's diarrhoea
Authors: Stewart Adam , Sowden David , Sloss Andrew , Broom Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDiarrhoea that occurs during or after recent travel is predominantly infectious in nature; however, in atypical or prolonged cases a broader range of aetiologies for diarrhoea must be considered, and a careful history and examination may reveal clues to more sinister causes of diarrhoea. We report two cases in which a recent travel history and a positive stool culture or polymerase chain reaction testing for bacterial pathogens delayed the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis. As a result of severe inflammatory bowel disease, colectomy was the final result in both cases. Early consideration of causes other than infection for traveller's diarrhoea may prevent unnecessary morbidity in young patients.
Acute myeloid leukaemia presenting with diabetes insipidus
Authors: Bardin Michele , Ritchie David , McLachlan Robert , Yates Christopher J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA 41‐year‐old man was diagnosed with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism managed with gonadotropins after routine fertility review. Eight months later he presented with new polydipsia and polyuria, lethargy and easy bruising. A full blood count showed 28% circulating blasts. A bone marrow biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia with inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) with additional monosomy 7. Central diabetes insipidus (DI) was diagnosed following a water deprivation test. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed a slightly thickened pituitary stalk, stable Rathke’s cyst, and new absence of the pituitary bright spot. The patient was commenced on desmopressin and induction chemotherapy, subsequently requiring a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow examination at 100 days post‐transplant revealed cytogenetic remission. All symptoms of DI resolved and magnetic resonance imaging showed return of the posterior bright spot and a pituitary stalk of normal thickness. Biochemical hypogonadotropic hypogonadism persisted but was uninterpretable in the context of systemic illness and recent chemotherapy. DI is a rare complication of haematological malignancies, and the prevalence and pathophysiology of DI in this context are poorly understood. Pathogenic mechanisms proposed include leukaemic infiltration of the pituitary, interference with antidiuretic hormone synthesis, and abnormal thrombopoiesis influencing hormone levels. Particular cytogenetic abnormalities such as inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) and monosomy 7 appear to be more commonly associated with DI and also appear to confer worse outcomes. Aetiologies in the literature remain elusive but as DI is a recognised association of haematological malignancies it should be considered in a patient presenting with polydipsia and polyuria.
The effect of peer education on health beliefs about breast cancer screening
Authors: Yurt S. , Saglam Aksut R. , Kadioglu H. 
Published: June 2019

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of peer education about breast cancer screening on the health beliefs of female university students.BackgroundThe breast self‐examination method is an effective technique that is also simple and inexpensive.IntroductionIn recent years, besides the classic methods of providing education on breast self‐examination, it has been observed that the use of the technique of peer education is increasing and more and more studies are being conducted on this method and its effectiveness.MethodsThis study is of quasiexperimental design using a single group, pretest/post‐test model. The study was conducted with 742 university first‐year students. The data for the study were collected using a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Breast Cancer Knowledge Questionnaire, Peer Education Satisfaction Questionnaire and Champion's Health Belief Model Scale.ResultsIt was found that the students’ perception of barriers to performing the breast self‐examination had declined and their self‐efficacy had increased, and that the level of perceived barriers to having a mammogram had decreased and 98% of the students were satisfied with the peer education.ConclusionIt was seen in this study that the level of knowledge of the students about breast cancer, perceived severity, barriers, benefits and self‐efficacy as well as the rate of performing BSE displayed a significant increase after the peer education programme.Implications for nursing and health policyThe method of peer education may be utilized in the effort to increase young women's awareness about breast cancer and ensure that they learn about breast self‐examinations. The peer education model can be useful in providing breast self‐examination education to young people in school. The results of the present study may be beneficial in developing policies on health education on university campuses.
Challenging behaviours: Views and preferences of people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Wolkorte Ria , van Houwelingen Ingrid , Kroezen Marieke 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundChallenging behaviour is a common problem among people with ID and in services for people with ID. This paper aims to provide an overview of the views and preferences of people with ID on challenging behaviour.MethodSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with thirteen adults with mild to moderate ID and seven proxies (family or close associates of adults with ID who were unable to communicate and/or with severe or profound ID) in the Netherlands. The interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.ResultsPeople with ID and (a history of) challenging behaviour have clear views and preferences on factors related to challenging behaviour, assessments, non‐pharmacological and pharmacological interventions and health professionals’ approach.ConclusionsThe identified views and preferences of people with ID are not always in accordance with current procedures and treatments for challenging behaviour and should be included in future care processes and research.
Environmental DNA metabarcoding as an effective and rapid tool for fish monitoring in canals
Authors: McDevitt Allan D. , Sales Naiara Guimarães , Browett Samuel S. , Sparnenn Abbie O. , Mariani Stefano , Wangensteen Owen S. , Coscia Ilaria , Benvenuto Chiara 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe focus on a case study along an English canal comparing environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding with two types of electrofishing techniques (wade‐and‐reach and boom‐boat). In addition to corroborating data obtained by electrofishing, eDNA provided a wider snapshot of fish assemblages. Given the semi‐lotic nature of canals, we encourage the use of eDNA as a fast and cost‐effective tool to detect and monitor whole fish communities.
Piloting a Mathematics‐Writing Intervention with Late Elementary Students At‐Risk for Learning Difficulties
Authors: Hebert Michael A. , Powell Sarah R. , Bohaty Janet , Roehling Julia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHigh‐stakes mathematics assessments require students to write about mathematics, although research suggests students exhibit limited proficiency on such assessments. Students with LD may have difficulties with writing, mathematics, or both. Researchers employed an intervention for teaching students how to organize mathematics writing (MW). Researchers randomly assigned participants (n = 61) in grades 3–5 to receive instruction in MW or information writing. Students receiving MW outperformed control students on a researcher‐developed measure of MW (d = 1.05). Component assessment revealed MW students improved in writing organization (d = 1.49) but not in mathematics content (d = 0.11 ns). Results also indicated MW students outperformed control on percentage of correct MW sequences (d = 0.82). Future directions for MW intervention development are discussed.
Semi‐active algorithm for energy‐based predictive structural control using tuned mass dampers
Authors: Zelleke Daniel H. , Matsagar Vasant A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA novel semi‐active control algorithm is developed and numerically evaluated for the suppression of undesirable structural vibrations. The mechanical energy of the vibrating structure is considered as the primary variable influencing the control action. This intuitive strategy is proposed to realize improved control of structural vibrations. The numerical study conducted reveals that the proposed energy‐based predictive (EBP) algorithm can be implemented on vibration control applications. The energy imparted to the structure is also reduced due to the proposed algorithm. The influence of the parameters of the proposed semi‐active tuned mass damper is studied. Further, the application of the proposed strategy on a realistic structure is numerically demonstrated by implementing the algorithm for the wind response control of a 76‐story benchmark building. The results show that the EBP algorithm is a competitive semi‐active strategy. The robustness of the strategy is also evaluated considering uncertainties in the properties of the benchmark building.
Differences in craniofacial growth of Class II individuals from different decades: A retrospective study
Authors: Rongo Roberto , Martina Stefano , Bucci Rosaria , Valletta Rosa , D’Antò Vincenzo , Martina Roberto 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo detect changes in mandibular growth between a historical group (HG) from the American Association of Orthodontics Foundation Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection (AAOF Legacy) and a contemporary group (CG) of normodivergent or hypodivergent Class II untreated subjects.Setting and Sample Population.The sample included radiographs from the AAOF Legacy and from the University of Naples ‘Federico II’ collected during a previous RCT.Materials & MethodsThe HG was composed of 26 individuals (around 1960) from the AAOF Legacy (15 from the Burlington Growth Study, nine from the Oregon Growth Study and two from the Michigan Growth Study) who were matched by sex, age and race with the 26 individuals of the CG (around 2010). Two lateral cephalograms obtained at T0 and T1 (12 months) were selected, and one examiner performed the cephalometric measurements according to Pancherz's method. The normal distribution of data was confirmed by the Shapiro‐Wilk test, MANOVA analysis and t test for paired and unpaired data were performed. The level of significance was set according to Bonferroni's correction.ResultsAt T0 and T1, the between‐group comparisons revealed greater linear dimensions for Maxillary base, Maxillary incisor and Mandibular incisor in the CG than in the HG (P ≤ 0.002). No significant difference was found in the growth rate for linear skeletal measurement between the HG and the CG.ConclusionsIn this study, the cephalometric analysis showed larger maxillary dimensions for the CG than the HG, while no differences were shown between the growth rate and direction of the two groups.
Exchange rate exposure: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Guangzhong , Wang Ziyue , Zhao Yu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper examines exchange rate exposure using a sample of Chinese firms. To measure RMB exchange rate volatility and jump risk, we apply the autoregressive conditional jump intensity (ARJI) model to the industry‐specific nominal effective exchange rate (I‐NEER) for 13 Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2001 to 2017, We find that exchange rate risks do affect firm value at the industry level, and the effect is more significant for the jump risks that are more difficult to hedge and in the sample period when hedge activities are less likely to occur. Our results suggest that the exposure puzzle could be a result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging. Firm‐level analysis finds that exchange rate risk affects firm value for more than 20% of Chinese firms, and a firm's exchange rate exposure varies with the firm's characteristics.
Volumetric strain measurement of polymeric materials subjected to uniaxial tension
Authors: Andersen Marius , Hopperstad Odd Sture , Clausen Arild Holm 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA novel method for measuring and calculating volumetric strain in circular cylindrical uniaxial tension samples made from polymeric materials is proposed. It is shown that special considerations must be taken when calculating volumetric strain when a sample is in a postnecking state. Solely based on surface data, the key feature of the proposed correction is that it allows for an inhomogeneous distribution of longitudinal strain through the diameter of the sample, where a more traditional approach would be to assume a homogeneous distribution. These two approaches are evaluated by applying them to data from a close‐to‐incompressible steel sample. Whereas the proposed method indicates only a small positive increase in volume, the assumption of a homogeneous distribution results in substantial negative volumetric strains. Applying the two methods to tension samples made from HDPE and PVC, where plastic dilatation is nonlinear, again shows an initial negative volumetric strain for HDPE with the assumption of a homogeneous longitudinal strain. The proposed method predicts close‐to‐zero early‐stage volumetric strain for the same test. The differences are more subtle for samples of PVC. Micrographs obtained with scanning electron microscope show that the dilatation of PVC is related to voiding of the material around filler particles, while the underlying mechanism for HDPE is less clear. The results indicate that earlier reports of negative volumetric strain in polymers subjected to uniaxial tension might be artefacts of the implicit assumption made when calculating the volumetric strain.
A spatially explicit reinforcement learning model for geographic knowledge graph summarization
Authors: Yan Bo , Janowicz Krzysztof , Mai Gengchen , Zhu Rui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWeb‐scale knowledge graphs such as the global Linked Data cloud consist of billions of individual statements about millions of entities. In recent years, this has fueled the interest in knowledge graph summarization techniques that compute representative subgraphs for a given collection of nodes. In addition, many of the most densely connected entities in knowledge graphs are places and regions, often characterized by thousands of incoming and outgoing relationships to other places, actors, events, and objects. In this article, we propose a novel summarization method that incorporates spatially explicit components into a reinforcement learning framework in order to help summarize geographic knowledge graphs, a topic that has not been considered in previous work. Our model considers the intrinsic graph structure as well as the extrinsic information to gain a more comprehensive and holistic view of the summarization task. By collecting a standard data set and evaluating our proposed models, we demonstrate that the spatially explicit model yields better results than non‐spatial models, thereby demonstrating that spatial is indeed special as far as summarization is concerned.
Trends in sex-specific differences in outcomes in extreme preterms: progress or natural barriers?
Authors: Garfinkle Jarred , Yoon Eugene W , Alvaro Ruben , Nwaesei Chuks , Claveau Martine , Lee Shoo K , Shah Prakesh S 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveTo examine the differences and trends of outcomes of preterm boys and girls born at <29 weeks’ gestation.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingData collected by the Canadian Neonatal Network.PatientsNeonates born at <29 weeks’ gestation between January 2007 and December 2016.Main outcome measuresWe examined rate differences in mortality, major morbidities (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, severe brain injury, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising enterocolitis and late-onset sepsis) and care practices (antenatal steroids, magnesium sulfate, maternal antibiotics, ventilation and surfactant administration) between boys and girls and evaluated trends in these rate differences over the study period. Our primary outcome was a composite of mortality and any one of the five morbidities.ResultsOur study included 8219 boys and 6934 girls with median gestational age of 26 (IQR 25–28) weeks. The composite of death or major morbidity was more common in boys (adjusted risk ratio 1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.10) and remained higher in boys over the study period. The gap between boys and girls for mortality, however, decreased over time: the slope for boys was −0.043 (95% CI −0.071 to −0.015) and for girls was −0.012 (95% CI −0.045 to 0.020) (p=0.04). All other morbidities remained higher in boys. Care practices changed at similar rates between the sexes.ConclusionThe difference between the mortality rates for boys and girls decreased over the study period but the difference between rates of the major morbidities was unchanged. More research is needed to understand biological differences and outcome disparities.
Paediatric Horner’s syndrome: is investigation for underlying malignancy always required?
Authors: Braungart Sarah , Craigie Ross J , Farrelly Paul , Losty Paul Damian 
Published: June 2019

Objective
Horner’s syndrome (HS) is characterised by a triad of ocular miosis, ptosis and anhidrosis. HS may be a subtle sign of occult pathology in otherwise asymptomatic children, neuroblastoma (NBL) being the the most common associated malignant tumour. Despite such knowledge, the incidence of underlying malignancy in children with HS remains unclear and robust evidence to guide best clinical practice is sparse. We performed a systematic review of the literature with the aim of identifying the incidence of NBL in children with HS of unknown aetiology, and establishing if screening for NBL should be routinely performed in this patient population.

Methods
Systematic review of the literature (PubMed and Ovid/Medline database, 1961–2018).

Results
The initial search identified 334 manuscripts, of which 8 studies were included in the final analysis. All reports were single-centre retrospective studies without control groups and included a total of 152 patients (age range 0–20 years). All studies investigated patients with HS but without previously established diagnosis. In the studies included, 17 out of a total of 152 patients were diagnosed with a space-occupying lesion. 12 out of the 152 patients were subsequently detected with NBL.

Conclusion
HS in children may be the first sign of occult malignancy. We report the first systematic review that comprehensively investigates the incidence of malignancy in this unique patient cohort. We show that HS of unknown aetiology in children warrants further investigation(s) to exclude an underlying space-occupying lesion. This should include cross-sectional imaging of the brain, neck and thorax, plus urinary catecholamines for prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Serum 25OHD concentration as a predictor of haemoglobin A1c among adults living in the USA: NHANES 2003 to 2010
Authors: Nicolo Michele , Boullata Joseph I 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundVitamin D status influences glucose metabolism. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations have been inversely associated with type 2 diabetes risk. The optimal serum 25OHD level needed for adequate glycaemic control is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship among serum 25OHD concentrations and degree of glucose regulation using percentage of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c%).MethodsData for adults ≥ 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003–2010) were included. A binary logistic regression was used for serum 25OHD (nmol/L) as a continuous variable to determine the OR and 95% CI for HbA1c >6.5%, adjusting for sex, race and body mass index (BMI). Measures of serum 25OHD were grouped into quartiles and entered into a binary logistic regression model to determine the OR and 95% CI for HbA1c >6.5% in an adjusted model.ResultsAcross all NHANES cycles, lower serum 25OHD was associated with greater odds of HbA1c ≥ 6.5% when adjusting for sex, race, age and BMI (NHANES 2003–2004 (N=4402): OR 0.985, 95% CI 0.979 to 0.990; NHANES 2005–2006 (N=4409): OR 0.976, 95% CI 0.969 to 0.982; NHANES 2007–2008 (N=4525): OR 0.989, 95% CI 0.984 to 0.993; and NHANES 2009–2010 (N=5660): OR 0.988, 95% CI 0.984 to 0.991). In an adjusted model, the lowest quartile of serum 25OHD (0–41 nmol/L, N=4879) was associated with greater odds of HbA1c ≥ 6.5% compared with the highest quartile (73–260 nmol/L, N=4472), OR 2.37, 95% CI 2.03 to 2.77. The odds of HbA1c ≥ 6.5% were also greater for adults with serum 25OHD considered to be sufficient compared with the highest quartile, OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.61).ConclusionLower serum 25OHD concentrations are associated with poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥ 6.5%). Sufficient serum 25OHD levels were also associated with poorer blood glucose control. Further research is needed to investigate an optimal serum concentration or threshold to support adequate blood glucose control.