bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource Utilization for Prenatally Diagnosed Single‐Ventricle Cardiac Defects: A Philadelphia Fetus‐to‐Fontan Cohort Study
Authors: Zielonka Benjamin , Snarr Brian S. , Liu Michael Y. , Zhang Xuemei , Mascio Christopher E. , Fuller Stephanie , Gaynor J. William , Spray Thomas L. , Rychik Jack 
Published: May 2019

Background

Healthcare resource utilization is substantial for single‐ventricle cardiac defects (
SVCD
), with effort commencing at time of fetal diagnosis through staged surgical palliation. We sought to characterize and identify variables that influence resource utilization for
SVCD
from fetal diagnosis through death, completed staged palliation, or cardiac transplant.

Methods and Results

Patients with a prenatal diagnosis of
SVCD
at our institution from 2004 to 2011 were screened. Patients delivered with intent to treat who received cardiac care exclusively at our institution were included. Primary end points included the total days hospitalized and the numbers of echocardiograms and cardiac catheterizations. Subanalysis was performed on survivors of completed staged palliation on the basis of Norwood operation, dominant ventricular morphology, and additional risk factors. Of 202 patients born with intent to treat, 136 patients survived to 6 months after completed staged palliation. The median number of days hospitalized per patient‐year was 25.1 days, and the median numbers of echocardiograms and catheterizations per patient‐year were 7.2 and 0.7, respectively. Mortality is associated with increased resource utilization. Survivors had a cumulative length of stay of 57 days and underwent a median of 21 echocardiograms and 2 catheterizations through staged palliation. Right‐ventricle–dominant lesions requiring Norwood operation are associated with increased resource utilization among survivors of staged palliation.

Conclusions

For fetuses with
SVCD
, those with dominant right‐ventricular morphology requiring Norwood operation demand increased resource utilization regardless of mortality. Our findings provide insight into care for
SVCD
, facilitate precise prenatal counseling, and provide information about the resources utilized to successfully manage
SVCD
.
Trajectories of Blood Lipid Concentrations Over the Adult Life Course and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All‐Cause Mortality: Observations From the Framingham Study Over 35 Years
Authors: Duncan Meredith S. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Xanthakis Vanessa 
Published: May 2019

Background

Elevated total cholesterol (
TC
), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
LDL
‐C), triglycerides, and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐
HDL
‐C) and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
HDL
‐C) concentrations correlate with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (
ASCVD
) and mortality. Therefore, understanding how lipid trajectories throughout adulthood impact
ASCVD
and mortality risk is essential.

Methods and Results

We investigated 3875 Framingham Offspring participants (54% women, mean age 48 years) attending ≥1 examination between 1979 and 2014. We evaluated longitudinal correlates of each lipid subtype using mixed‐effects models. Next, we clustered individuals into trajectories through group‐based modeling. Thereafter, we assessed the prospective association of lipid trajectories with
ASCVD
and mortality. Male sex, greater body mass index, and smoking correlated with higher
TC
,
LDL
‐C, triglycerides, non‐
HDL
‐C, and lower
HDL
‐C concentrations. We identified 5
TC
,
HDL
‐C, and
LDL
‐C trajectories, and 4 triglycerides and non‐
HDL
‐C trajectories. Upon follow‐up (median 8.2 years; 199
ASCVD
events; 256 deaths), elevated
TC
(>240 mg/
dL
),
LDL
‐C (>155 mg/
dL
), or non‐
HDL
‐C (>180 mg/
dL
) concentrations conferred >2.25‐fold
ASCVD
and mortality risk compared with concentrations <165 mg/
dL
, <90 mg/
dL
, and <115 mg/
dL
, respectively ([
TC
hazard ratio (
HR
)
ASCVD
=4.17, 95%
CI
1.94–8.99;
TC HR
death
=2.47, 95%
CI
1.28–4.76] [
LDL
‐C HR
ASCVD
=5.09, 95%
CI
1.54–16.85;
LDL
‐C
HR
death
=4.04, 95%
CI
1.84–8.89] [non‐
HDL
‐C HR
ASCVD
=4.60, 95%
CI
1.98–10.70;
LDL
‐C
HR
death
=3.74, 95%
CI
2.03–6.88]). Consistent
HDL
‐C concentrations <40 mg/
dL
were associated with greater
ASCVD
and mortality risk than concentrations >70 mg/
dL
(HR
ASCVD
=3.81, 95%
CI
2.04–7.15;
HR
death
=2.88, 95%
CI
1.70–4.89). Triglycerides trajectories were unassociated with outcomes.

Conclusions

Using a longitudinal modeling technique, we demonstrated that unfavorable lipid trajectories over 35 years confer higher
ASCVD
and mortality risk later in life.
Relationship of the Blood Pressure Categories, as Defined by the ACC/AHA 2017 Blood Pressure Guidelines, and the Risk of Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Low‐Risk Young Adults: Insights From a Retrospective Cohort of Young Adults
Authors: Kim Seolhye , Chang Yoosoo , Kang Jeonggyu , Cho Ara , Cho Juhee , Hong Yun Soo , Zhao Di , Ahn Jiin , Shin Hocheol , Guallar Eliseo , Ryu Seungho , Sung Ki‐Chul 
Published: May 2019

Background

There are limited outcome studies of hypertension among young adults, especially using the new blood pressure (
BP
) categories from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. We examined associations between the new
BP
categories and the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) in low‐risk and young adults.

Methods and Results

A cohort study was performed in 244 837 Korean adults (mean age, 39.0 years;
SD
, 8.9 years) who underwent a comprehensive health examination at Kangbuk Samsung Hospital from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2016; they were followed up for incident
CVD
via linkage to the Health Insurance and Review Agency database until the end of 2016, with a median follow‐up of 4.3 years.
BP
was categorized according to the new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) hypertension guidelines. During 924 420.7 person‐years, 1435 participants developed new‐onset
CVD
(incidence rate of 16.0 per 10
4
person‐years). The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95%
CI
s ) for
CVD
comparing elevated
BP
, stage 1 hypertension, stage 2 hypertension, treated and strictly controlled (systolic
BP
/diastolic
BP
<130/80 mm Hg with antihypertensive use), treated and controlled (systolic
BP
130–139 and diastolic
BP
80 to 89 mm Hg with antihypertensive use), treated uncontrolled, and untreated hypertension to normal
BP
were 1.37 (1.11–1.68), 1.45 (1.26–1.68), 2.12 (1.74–2.58), 1.41 (1.12–1.78), 1.97 (1.52–2.56), 2.29 (1.56–3.37) and 1.93 (1.53–2.45), respectively.

Conclusions

In this large cohort of low‐risk and young adults, all categories of higher
BP
were independently associated with an increased risk of
CVD
compared with normal
BP
, underscoring the importance of
BP
management even in these low‐risk populations.
Telomere Length and Vascular Phenotypes in a Population‐Based Cohort of Children and Midlife Adults
Authors: Nguyen Minh Thien , Vryer Regan , Ranganathan Sarath , Lycett Kate , Grobler Anneke , Dwyer Terence , Juonala Markus , Saffery Richard , Burgner David , Wake Melissa 
Published: May 2019

Background
Telomere length has been inversely associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood, but its relationship to preclinical cardiovascular phenotypes across the life course remains unclear. We investigated associations of telomere length with vascular structure and function in children and midlife adults.

Methods and Results

Population‐based cross‐sectional CheckPoint (Child Health CheckPoint) study of 11‐ to 12‐year‐old children and their parents, nested within the LSAC (Longitudinal Study of Australian Children). Telomere length (telomeric genomic DNA [T]/β‐globin single‐copy gene [S] [T/S ratio]) was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction from blood‐derived genomic DNA. Vascular structure was assessed by carotid intima‐media thickness, and vascular function was assessed by carotid‐femoral pulse‐wave velocity and carotid elasticity. Mean (SD) T/S ratio was 1.09 (0.55) in children (n=1206; 51% girls) and 0.81 (0.38) in adults (n=1343; 87% women). Linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, revealed no evidence of an association between T/S ratio and carotid intima‐media thickness, carotid‐femoral pulse‐wave velocity, or carotid elasticity in children. In adults, longer telomeres were associated with greater carotid elasticity (0.14% per 10–mm Hg higher per unit of T/S ratio; 95% CI, 0.04%–0.2%;
P
=0.007), but not carotid intima‐media thickness (−0.9 μm; 95% CI, −14 to 13 μm;
P
=0.9) or carotid‐femoral pulse‐wave velocity (−0.10 m/s; 95% CI, −0.3 to 0.07 m/s;
P
=0.2). In logistic regression analysis, telomere length did not predict poorer vascular measures at either age.

Conclusions
In midlife adults, but not children, there was some evidence that telomere length was associated with vascular elasticity but not thickness. Associations between telomere length and cardiovascular phenotypes may become more evident in later life, with advancing pathological changes.
Searching for the Hidden “One”: Muslim and Early European Interpretations of the Indian Upaniṣads
Authors: Winter Franz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Upaniṣads are commonly regarded as the ultimate summary of the Indian Weltanschauung. This high esteem is the result of a rather convoluted history of reception in different cultural environments. The article draws on their first interpretations in the Muslim and the European horizon, which are closely interconnected by a fascinating story of translation, namely the Sirr-i akbar of the Mughal prince Dārā Shukūh (1615–1659) and the Oupnek’hat by A. H. Anquetil-Duperron (1731–1805). As will be argued, both mediators have a comparable attitude towards the Indian corpus, and their search for the “one” (= God = Allah) is deeply rooted in perceptions of a single “sacred book” containing the ultimate expression of the truth, which is the object of a “hidden” transmission undetected so far. The goal of this article is to present the common features of their approaches based on a detailed historical examination of the available material.
Including and Excluding Indigenous Religion through Law
Authors: Årsheim Helge 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Across the world, indigenous peoples enjoy unprecedented access to international, regional, and domestic legal remedies to gain protections for their religious, spiritual, and customary identities, beliefs, and practices through a wide spectrum of judicial platforms. These remedies provide a broad, inclusive, and “intersectional” vocabulary for indigenous peoples to formulate their rights claims. Despite the growing interest in research on law and religion and the recognition that international human rights law is vital to the formulation of indigenous rights claims, the nature, scope, and effects of the proliferation of international norms protecting “indigenous religion” has so far not been subject to extensive research. Seeking to address this lacuna in the literature, this article explores the extent to which indigenous peoples involved in two recent Supreme Court decisions in Canada and Norway have chosen to rely on the available vocabulary for the formulation of rights claims related to “indigenous religion.”
The Chicano Movement: Mexican American History and the Struggle for Equality
Authors: Muñoz Carlos 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Chicano/Chicana movement was a product of the global eruption that took place in 1968. A critical understanding of this movement requires that it be put into a historical context and theoretical framework of an indigenous people who were internally colonized by the expanding us Empire after the end of the us-Mexico War of 1846-48. Violent and nonviolent struggles took place prior to the 1960s over the issues of land, social justice, and civil rights. The first nonviolent and largest Mexican American mass protest in us history occurred in the Spring of 1968 in East Los Angeles, California, where over ten thousand Chicano high school students walked out of their inferior and racist barrio high schools. The student walkouts ignited the emergence of the Chicano civil rights movement. The movement’s positive contributions and failures will be discussed. Discussion will conclude with a critical analysis of Mexican American struggles in the present age of “Trumpism”.
International Collaboration: Experiences of Indian Scientists and Engineers after Returning from the United States
Authors: Varma Roli , Sabharwal Meghna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article presents findings on international research collaboration from a National Science Foundation-funded study with 83 faculty in science and engineering (S&E) who returned to India after studying and working in the United States. These faculty members were brought up in the Indian socio-cultural context, but they were professionalized in the scientific culture of Western academia. When they returned to India to take a faculty position, they knew collaborators in the US with desired skills, including their advisors. Yet, returned Indian migrant faculty face significant challenges in establishing successful international research collaboration with their American peers. Interestingly, this is not the case with collaborators from Europe and other parts of the world with whom they had little connection before moving to India. Findings show some inequities that exist between scientists and engineers in the US and India that pertain to resources and attitudes towards collaboration.
Antike Universalgeschichte und Säkularisierung im Melanchthonkreis
Authors: Nahrendorf Carsten 
Published: May 2019

This article argues that the literary reception of Classical historians through Philipp Melanchthon and his students made a decisive contribution to the pluralization and secularization of early Lutheran scholarly culture. It focuses on Georg Major’s hitherto unexplored edition of Justin’s Epitoma, which was printed in Hagenau in 1526, with a second, extended edition appearing in Magdeburg in 1537. Major’s first edition of 1526 is here scrutinized in the broader context of the emergence of Protestant universal history and the forming of Melanchthon’s understanding of the Four Kingdoms of Daniel, which is traditionally seen by scholars as the starting point of the distinction between secular and sacred history. The second edition (1537) includes a general instruction for the study of histories. Based as it is on Cicero’s historical-methodological principles of consilia, acta, and eventus, laid out in De Oratore, this handbook for Protestant Latin-school pupils is rooted in the historical thought of Italian humanists.
The Move towards Gender Equality and Political Participation in Jordan
Authors: Fathi Schirin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper aims to trace the development of women’s political participation in Jordan and the efforts exerted in a top-down and bottom-up approach towards gender equality. Special consideration is accorded to the constitution, in its function as a social contract mirroring societal developments and the role of the monarchy and its available tools to influence decisions and nudge societal development in ways deemed necessary. At the same time the constraints imposed on Jordan due to its special circumstances are pinpointed.
On Texts and Disciplines: How the Prātiśākhyas are Categorised by Their Commentaries
Authors: Ciotti Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between texts and the scholarly categories to which they are attributed. In particular, it focuses on the Prātiśākhyas—grammars of the linguistic features characterising Vedic recitation—and on the position they occupy within the domains of Sanskritic scholarship according to the different views expressed by their commentaries. In fact, the Prātiśākhyas are variously presented as corresponding to specific canonical or non-canonical disciplines, or as piecing together parts of many disciplines. Because of the inherent stylistic difference between the Prātiśākhyas and their commentaries, Vedic scholars found in the latter ones the (textual) space where they could express their opinions regarding the scholarly frame of reference to which the Prātiśākhyas were said to belong.
Self-initiated Expatriates: Taiwanese Migrant Professionals in China’s Global Cities
Authors: Deng Jianbang 
Published: May 2019

This paper explores the migration of Taiwanese skilled professionals to China through interviews taken of expatriates in three large Chinese cities. In recent years, there has been an increase in cases of Taiwanese skilled professionals migrating to China. Nevertheless, this increase originated with less organizational sponsorship than in previous trends. This migration pattern originated mainly by decisions of the expatriates themselves—so-called self-initiated expatriation.Our research shows that Taiwanese skilled professionals who migrated through self-initiated expatriation did not build themselves into a homogeneous group in China’s global cities. Results show also that there have been various patterns of self-directed expatriation. Most such migrants have been categorized as young adventurers, job-seekers, localized professionals, international professionals, and dual-career couples. Through this research, we conclude that as globalization deepens and regional cross-border mobility becomes more commonplace, self-initiated expatriation might gain more influence in the future of skilled migrations.
Tympanomastoidectomy for Cholesteatoma in Children: Audiometric Results
Authors: Tzelnick Sharon , Yaniv Dan , Raveh Eyal , Ulanovski David , Hilly Ohad 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the audiometric outcomes of tympanomastoidectomy in children with cholesteatoma and to evaluate factors that may affect outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. All pediatric patients diagnosed with cholesteatoma who underwent primary canal wall-up tympanomastoidectomy with or without ossicular reconstruction from 2009 to 2016 at a tertiary university-affiliated pediatric medical center were included. Pure tone average (PTA) and air-bone gap (ABG) at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were compared before and after surgery. Results: The cohort included 100 children (104 tympanomastoidectomies) of mean age 10.35 ± 3.6 years. The mean duration of follow-up was 35.4 ± 24.1 months. At surgery, 22 patients (21.2%) had intact ossicular chains, and 82 (78.8%) had ossicular discontinuity. Fifty-three patients (51%) underwent ossicular reconstruction, either partial (34 patients [64.1%]) or total (19 patients [35.8%]). In comparison with preoperative audiometry, there was a statistically significant improvement in PTA-ABG at the first postoperative examination (27.5 ± 12.7 vs 21.1 ± 11.1 dB, P = .001) and at the end of follow-up (20.2 ± 12.7 dB, P = .003) . Overall, values of less than 20 dB were measured in 34% of patients preoperatively and 73% postoperatively. On subgroup analysis, in patients who underwent any ossicular reconstruction, PTA-ABG was significantly improved relative to the preoperative value (28.1 ± 14.7 dB) at both the first (19.1 ± 11.9 dB, P = .006) and last (22.4 ± 15.1 dB, P = .011) audiometry examinations. Conclusions: Hearing outcomes after pediatric cholesteatoma surgery are diverse and related to several factors. The authors found that ossicular reconstruction improves audiometric outcomes, and the changes remain stable over time. Level of Evidence: IIB
Treatment of spontaneous corneal perforation secondary to undiagnosed Sjögren’s syndrome using regenerating agent and autologous serum eye drops
Authors: Tzamalis Argyrios , Matsou Artemis , Anastasopoulos Eleftherios , Ziakas Nikolaos 
Published: May 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report a case of sterile corneal ulcer leading to perforation, which was treated effectively with autologous serum eye drops, topical regenerative agent (poly-carboxymethylglucose sulfate), steroids, and systemic immunosuppression in a patient with undiagnosed primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Methods: A 74-year-old female presented with a month’s history of gradually worsening blurry vision in her left eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed a central descemetocele with excessive corneal stromal melting and absence of signs of infection. A bandage contact lens was applied for tectonic support along with topical corticosteroid and antibiotic drops. Autoimmune screen disclosed a diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome, and the patient was commenced on systemic immunosuppression. Forty-eight hours after presentation, the patient developed a localized corneal perforation, presenting with a flat anterior chamber. Results: Urgent amniotic membrane transplantation was arranged while topical dexamethasone, moxifloxacin, and autologous serum eye drops were administered. After 24 h of intensive topical treatment, a significant reforming of the anterior chamber and subsequent gradual regeneration of the corneal stroma were noted, thus postponing amniotic grafting. The patient remained under close monitoring, showing progressive clinical improvement. Regenerating agent eye drops (Cacicol20®) were also applied over the next month, with careful and slow tapering of topical dexamethasone. Further improvement of corneal thickness was observed, and visual acuity increased to 20/80. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the successful medical treatment of an autoimmune-related sterile corneal perforation without surgical intervention, highlighting the fact that early diagnosis and rigorous medical treatment with autologous serum and regenerating agent eye drops can effectively aid tissue regeneration and favorable visual rehabilitation.
Reviews
Authors: Davies Ian , Torney-Purta Judith , Yang Peidong , Chow Lee-Tat 
Published: May 2019

Political Turbulence: How Social Media Shape Collective Action, Helen Margetts, Peter John, Scott Hale and Taha Yasseri (2016) Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 279 pp., ISBN: 978-0-69115-922-5, h/bk, £22.95
Young People and Active Citizenship in Post-Soviet Times: A Challenge for Citizenship Education, Beata Kyzywosz-Rynkiewicz, Anna M. Zalewska and Kerry J. Kennedy (EDS) (2018) Abington and New York: Routledge, 274 pp., ISBN: 978-1-13867-977-1, h/bk, $160 (USD)
The Meaning of Citizenship in Contemporary Chinese Society, Sicong Chen (2018) Singapore: Springer, 162 pp., ISBN 978-9-81134-854-9, softcover, $109.99 (USD)
Accounting for laser beam characteristics in the design of freeform optics for laser material processing
Authors: Völl Annika , Wester Rolf , Berens Michael , Buske Paul , Stollenwerk Jochen , Loosen Peter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Recently, freeform optics have been introduced for application adapted beam shaping in laser heat treatment. There, intensity distributions are generated that induce previously defined temporal and spatial temperature profiles. To this end, a two-step simulation strategy is necessary, where in the first step the intensity distribution must be derived for which in the second step the freeform optics is calculated. To provide a design that can successfully be integrated in an experimental setup, the incoming laser beam’s characteristics must be accounted for in the derivation of the adapted intensity distribution as well as in the freeform optics design. Here, the two most relevant quantities are the beam’s maximum output power as well as the divergence angle. In this work, strategies are presented that account for the beam’s maximum output power in the derivation of the adapted intensity distribution. Furthermore, stabilizing methods are introduced to enhance the performance of a previously introduced freeform optics design algorithm that takes into account the laser beam’s finite divergence angle but suffers from numerical noise and oscillation problems. A simulation example that uses both techniques is given for (nano)ceramic thin-film laser processing.