bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIAS IN THE RAT
Authors: KODICEK E. , CARPENTER K. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In agreement with findings by other workers, rats in acute pteroylglutamic acid deficiency showed leukopenia and growth depression followed by death, without any significant change in the red cell picture.
2. In chronic deficiency, however, produced by the addition of small pteroylglutamic acid doses given intermittently, a severe anemia was obtained after seventy days.
3. The anemia was macrocytic and "normochromic." Price-Jones curves showed a preponderance of macrocytes with anisocytosis. This agreed with findings by other workers for other species.
4. The anemia could be cured by single doses of 40 µg. or more of pteroylglutamic acid.
5. There was no significant difference between sexes to pteroylglutamic acid deficiency. Reduction in the protein content of the diets, containing 1 per cent sulfasuxidine, from 18 per cent to 10.5 per cent, produced no significant difference in the time of onset and severity of the blood symptoms.
6. These results were not due to infection with Bartonella muris. This infection produced a macrocytic anemia of a different type, and was curable by treatment with neoarsphenamine.
DANGEROUS UNIVERSAL DONORS
Authors: ERVIN DONALD M. , CHRISTIAN RICHARD M. , YOUNG LAWRENCE E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Severe hemolytic reactions were observed in 3 group A (subgroup A1) recipients transfused with group O whole blood or plasma. In one case, 10 ml. of a commerical preparation of soluble A and B factors had been added to 500 ml. of whole blood prior to the transfusion and it is believed that the reaction might have been even more serious had not this material been added.
2. The anti-A antibodies in the serum of the dangerous universal donors causing the hemolytic reactions fixed complement, acted as hemolysins, were difficult to neutralize with soluble A and B factors, were capable of giving positive Coombs tests and their ability to agglutinate A cells was enhanced by the presence of normal human serum. These characteristics were similar to those observed in serum from donors known to be actively immunized against the A factor, but the stimulus for development of "immune" anti-A antibodies in the dangerous group O donors was not apparent.
3. Small amounts of immune A antibody were consistently demonstrated in 12 of 100 random group O sera which, after neutralization, produced indirect Coombs tests with A1 cells and agglutinated A1 cells suspended in compatible normal human serum.
4. Screening procedures for elimination of dangerous group O donors are discussed.
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A simple and rapid test for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is described. The test is based upon the activation by thrombin of the hemolytic factor in serum which destroys the red cells of this disease.
2. It is believed that the test is specific for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Circulating erythropoietic precursors assessed in culture: characterization in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Ogawa M , Grush OC , O'Dell RF , Hara H , MacEachern MD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Circulating erythropoietic precursors in normal men and patients with hemoglobinopathies were characterized in culture. Blood mononuclear cells harvested with a modification of the Ficoll-Isopaque technique were cultured in methylcellulose for 14 days. The majority of erythropoietic colonies consisted of several subcolonies assuming the morphology of erythropoietic “bursts” described in murine marrow cultures. Time course studied of colony formation from marrow and blood nucleated cells confirmed that the circulating erythropoietic precursors represented only early stages of development. Peak sedimentation velocity of the circulating precursors analyzed using a Staput apparatus averaged 5.31 mm/hr and corresponded with that of the early erythropoietic precursors in human marrow. One ml of blood yielded an average of 153 colonies in normal men and 785 colonies in patients with hemoglobinopathies. No correlation was observed between colony formation and reticulocyte indices of individual patients. Examination of the proliferative state of the erythropoietic precursors using high specific activity tritium-labeled thymidine revealed that almost none of the cells in normal men or patients with hemoglobinopathies were in the DNA synthetic phase.
Blood Cell Formation in Certain Teleost Fishes
Authors: CATTON W. T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The blood cells of trout and roach consist of nucleated erythrocytes and reticulocytes, nucleated thrombocytes, coarse and fine granulocytes, and lymphocytes of varying sizes. It is difficult to distinguish any cells showing characteristics similar to those of the monocytes of mammals. Immature cells occur more frequently in the blood than is the case in mammals.
2. The coarse granulocytes very commonly escape from the blood vessels, and have been observed in large numbers in the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, in the gill epithelia, and in the peritoneum. These cells migrate to the epithelial surface, where they undergo changes in structure leading to the formation of a characteristic discharge pattern of their granules. It is proposed that the "granules" are in reality vesicles with fluid contents, which are ultimately discharged at epithelial surfaces.
3. The hematopoietic organs of these fishes are chiefly the intertubular tissues of the kidneys; in the trout the spleen is also active; in the roach, only the kidney is active; in the perch, only the spleen is active.
4. Two alternative hypotheses of blood cell formation are proposed. On the first hypothesis, the common stem cell is described as a "large lymphoid hemoblast," which gives rise to granulocytes by direct transformation and undergoes mitotic division to give rise to "small lymphoid hemoblasts." From the latter develop the erythrocytes, thrombocytes and blood lymphocytes.
On the second hypothesis, the large lymphoid hemoblast, derived by transformation of reticular cells is the precursor solely of the granulocytes, and the small lymphoid hemoblast is to be derived from endothelial cells and is the precursor of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. In this case the large cell is to be compared with the "primitive white cell" of Doan, Cunningham and Sabin, and the small cell with the "megaloblast" of the same authors. No evidence however is available of the derivation of small hemoblasts from endothelial cell components of the reticulo-endothelium.
5. In the maturation of the erythrocyte in teleost fishes, there is a progressive increase in the size of the cell; in mammals and birds there is a decrease in size. In both cases there is a decrease in size in granulocyte maturation.
6. There are no essential differences between the blood cells and hematopoietic processes of the freshwater and marine teleost fishes examined.
Variation and Error in Eosinophil Counts of Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: BEST WILLIAM R. , SAMTER MAX 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The literature on eosinophil variations under various stresses is reviewed in the light of recent interest in the adrenal cortex as a regulator of blood eosinophil levels. Chamber eosinophil counts are necessary for accuracy in these studies. Phloxine-propylene glycol or eosin-acetone stains with standard white cell pipets and chambers may be employed for simple and satisfactory chamber counts.
2. Statistical formulae are applied to chamber eosinophil counts and marrow differential counts to delineate the theoretic errors. Actual observations differ slightly from the predicted results but substantiate the appreciable intrinsic errors frequently seen.
3. Studies on physiologic variation are reviewed. There are significant minute-to-minute fluctuations as well as a more marked diurnal trend in eosinophil levels with a mid-morning low and a night-time peak. Comparison of single morning eosinophil levels with single noon specimens may be misleading.
4. Oral ephedrine is a potent eosinopenic agent.
5. Repeated tests of the eosinopenic response to ephedrine or epinephrine frequently show significant variation in the same subject.
6. Many patients with various diseases fail to react adequately to ephedrine or epinephrine.
7. Repeated and controlled observations are necessary before conclusions regarding pituitary-adrenal function can be drawn from eosinophil counts alone.
A Method for Quantitative Estimation of Mast Cells in the Bone Marrow of the Rat
Authors: MOTA IVAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Observations of thick smears of marrow obtained from the femur, tibia, humerus, sternum, and ribs (in rats), showed that in the first three bones, the number of mast cells was much higher than in the latter two bones.
A method for the quantitative estimation of the total number of nucleated cells and of mast cells in the bone marrow of rats is presented. The method involves dilution of the marrow, in a red cell pipet, with a 1:50,000 solution of toluidine blue in 3 per cent acetic acid. This method confirmed the results of mast-cell distribution obtained in the study of marrow smears.
Case Report: Cholelithiasis in Severe Mediterranean (Cooley’s) Anemia
Authors: SMITH CARL H. , MORGENTHAU JOAN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of cholelithiasis is reported in a child with the severe form of Mediterranean anemia. The patient was one of a group of children with this disease but without biliary tract symptoms on whom a roentgenographic survey was carried out. Cholecystitis subsequently occurred in this patient, and a cholecystectomy was performed.
Cholelithiasis occurs as a complication of severe Mediterranean anemia, less frequently than in spherocytic or in sickle cell anemia but on a comparable etiologic basis.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism in Pernicious Anemia
Authors: SCHEINBERG PERITZ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism were measured in 16 patients with pernicious anemia. Seven of the patients were restudied in various stages of therapy.
2. The patients fell into two equal groups, those with severe anemia and those with moderate or no anemia. In the first group, cerebral blood flow was increased and cerebral vascular resistance decreased; in the second group, cerebal blood flow was decreased and vascular resistance increased. In both groups, cerebral oxygen and glucose consumption was decreased, as was cerebral venous oxygen tension .
3. There was a good correlation between the mental status defects and cerebral oxygen consumption and between severity of neurologic involvement and cerebral oxygen consumption. There was no correlation between cerebro-vascular resistance and cerebral oxygen consumption, nor between degree of anemia and cerebral oxygen consumption.
4. Specific therapy resulted in a moderate increase in cerebral oxygen consumption and cerebro-vascular resistance. In no instance did cerebral oxygen consumption become normal.
5. The disparity between the functional ability of the patients and the low values for cerebral metabolism is discussed.
6. It is concluded that pernicious anemia results in specific nervous system involvement not related to the anemia, and that this damage is at least partially irreversible in many patients.
Case Report: Splenectomy in Sickle Cell Anemia: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: SHOTTON DONALD , CROCKETT CHARLES L. , LEAVELL BYRD S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of sickle cell anemia who had numerous hemolytic crises and also hypersplenic effects such as pancytopenia was treated by splenectomy with marked improvement in general condition and in the blood. The literature relating to this subject is reviewed. Those cases with the largest spleens appear to have shown the most striking degrees of improvement.
2. In cases of sickle cell anemia showing various indications of hypersplenism, and excessive hemolysis, splenectomy may be a rational therapeutic procedure.
Observations on the Phosphatase Content of Blood and Bone Marrow Cells in Normal and Pathologic Hemopoiesis
Authors: KERPPOLA WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The alkaline and acid phosphatase content of blood and bone marrow has been studied by the methods of Gomori-Takamatsu and Gomori in normal individuals and in a great number of different diseases. The presence of a particular phosphatase is related to cellular reaction. Alkaline phosphatase was found in orthochromic normoblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, metamyelocytes and older megakaryocytes. Acid phosphatase was demonstrated in basophilic normoblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their juvenile forms and in young megakaryocytes. In red blood cells and young megakaryocytes phosphatase was present chiefly in the nuclei, in leukocytes and older megakaryocytes in the cytoplasm.
By studying erythropoiesis, especially during active regeneration of blood, it has been shown that alkaline phosphatase plays a decisive part in the disappearance of the normoblast nucleus. In certain diseases abnormality is observed in the disappearance of the normoblast nucleus (effort syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis). In others acid phosphatase occurs in large amounts in the youngest normoblasts (polycythemia vera, rheumatoid arthritis, nephritis). At the same time phosphatase may also be found in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and their juvenile forms. In rare cases of severe anemia alkaline phosphatase (panmyelophthisis) or acid phosphatase (achrestic anemia) is noted in large amounts in nucleated red cells and in leukocytes.
Only alkaline phosphatase is present in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and metamyelocytes in leukemias, myeloma, Hodgkin’s and Paget’s disease, and in some malignant tumors of the skeleton and the liver.
Several circumstances indicate that phosphatases might destroy cells or their nuclei. In some cases phosphatase activity is physiologic, in others phosphatase concentration is related to accelerated or malignant growth of bone marrow or tissue associated with blood formation. Finally there are cases in which there is as yet no explanation for the appearance of phosphatases.
Tail Blood Eosinophil Levels in Several Inbred Strains of Mice Under Standard Conditions
Authors: HALBERG FRANZ , BITTNER JOHN J. , VISSCHER MAURICE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Data have been presented, showing that it is possible to standardize conditions under which absolute eosinophil levels in the tail blood of mature male mice characteristic for different strains can be obtained.
2. The highest eosinophil levels were found in the strain of mice with the lowest susceptibility to mammary cancer among the stocks tested.
3. The absence of the mouse mammary cancer milk agent did not affect the characteristic eosinophil morning level in A or Z mice.
4. Emphasis is placed upon the necessity of rigid control of the circumstances of observation if reproduceable results are to be obtained in the study of eosinophil levels.
Infectious Mononucleosis: the Prognostic Significance of Various Changes of the Blood Leukocytes
Authors: STEVENS JOHN E. , BAYRD EDWIN D. , HECK FRANK J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Peripheral blood smears were studied in 25 selected cases of infectious mononucleosis. In 7 the onset was acute and the course severe, in 6 the onset was acute and the course mild, in 6 the onset was gradual and the course severe, and in 6 the onset was gradual and the course mild. The predominance of any of the various types of lymphocytes of infectious mononucleosis was not noted to bear any relationship to the clinical course, although type III lymphocytes and granulocytic immaturity may be more frequently seen when the onset is acute. When toxic changes are present in the granulocytes, the clinical course is likely to be severe.
Observations on the Hemolytic Mechanism of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: CLAPP MARY P. , WILLIAMS MARJORIE J. , MENDEL JULIUS L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. It has been shown that PNH hemolysis can be inhibited in vitro in the following ways: (a) addition of fluoride, phosphate, citrate, oxalate and calcium ions; (b) inactivation at 56 C.; (c) adsorption of a globulin from serum.
2. The action of at least two serum factors ins PNH hemolysis has been demonstrated. One of these factors is heat labile and magnesium dependent and the other is an adsorbable globulin.
3. It is believed that the heat labile factor must react with the cells prior to the adsorbable factor if hemolysis is to occur.
4. The resemblance of these factors to the components of complement is briefly discussed.
Blood Changes in Hemolytic Anemia under ACTH Therapy
Authors: HANSEN KAI BENT , ANDERSEN JøRGEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case has been reported of a 76 year old man, who, while in the hospital, developed a rather severe acquired, hemolytic anemia with positive Coombs test. Electrophoresis showed serum protein values within normal limits. ACTH was given for ten days and the reaction followed by electrophoretic tracings. A rather strange elevation of gamma globulins was seen during treatment. Simultaneously the Coombs test became negative. Later in the period of treatment, gamma globulins decreased to normal level and the Coombs test again became positive. These findings and the possibility of viral infection as an etiologic factor in hemolytic anemia are discussed.
The Anticoagulant Effect of Bacterial Polysaccharides in Normal and Thrombocytopenic Plasma of Leukemia
Authors: FREEMAN GUSTAVE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bacterial polysaccharides from cultures of Friedländer’s bacillus and Serratia marcescens (Shear’s P-25) tend to prolong the coagulation time of diluted plasma in vitro. This activity appears to be parallel to, but limited with respect to, that of heparin. The anticoagulant effect of bacterial polysaccharide as well as that of heparin is likely to be enhanced in thrombocytopenic plasma of children with acute leukemia.
The Nutritional Status of Folic Acid in Persons with Leukemia and Its Possible Relation to Effects of Aminopterin Therapy
Authors: SWENDSEID MARIAN E. , SWANSON ANN LOUISE , MEYERS MURIEL C. , BETHELL FRANK H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Folic acid excretion following test doses of the vitamin has been measured in 31 cases of leukemia. Although the percentage excretion values varied widely, the average values were significantly lower in cases of both chronic and acute leukemia than in a series of normal subjects. However, this evidence of depletion of body stores of folic acid occurred more frequently and with a greater degree of severity in cases of chronic leukemia, particularly, those with lymphocytic involvement. This suggests that the degree of folic acid nutritional depletion is related to the varying clinical results obtained with antagonist therapy in chronic and acute leukemia.
Certain Endocrine Influences Governing the Leukocytic Response to Fever
Authors: HUBLER WILLIS L. , HIGGINS GEORGE M. , HERRICK J. F. , WOODS MARY J. , CHRISTENSEN GLEN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A study is reported of the influences exerted on the levels of the circulating eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils of rats in which body temperatures have been elevated for one hour to 41.0 or to 41.5 C. by means of the Raytheon microwave diathermy apparatus. Preliminary studies were made to determine the influence exerted on these blood categories by the restrictions imposed on the animals such as confinement in cages and insertion of rectal thermistors: factors incident to the experimental procedure. Data were assembled on intact animals, trained to cage confinement and to thermistor implacement, and on such animals subjected to the elevated temperatures. Data were also assembled on adrenalectomized animals, hypophysectomized animals, hypophysectomized-adrenalectomized animals and adrenal-demedullated animals. These data warrant the following conclusions:
1. Cage restrictions and the insertion of the thermistor into the rectum resulted in a mild form of stress inducing a slight eosinopenia, a lymphopenia and a mild neutrophilia. The energy of the microwaves, applied for one hour, greatly accentuated those changes, resulting in marked eosinopenia and lymphopenia, with a greatly increased neutrophilia. When temperatures ranging from 41.0 to 41.5 C. were induced for one hour in previously trained rats, the total eosinophil tabulation decreased in four hours from a control level of 171 ± 24 cells per cu. mm. of blood to 41 ± 5 cells, a decline of 76 per cent. The total number of mononuclear leukocytes decreased from a control level of 19,940 ± 1,000 cells to 8,330 ± 810 cells immediately after heating, while the total number of neutrophilic leukocytes increased from a control level of 3,580 ± 650 cells per cu. mm. to 8,770 ± 1,920 cells at two hours after heating.
2. Adrenalectomy altered the hemograms of rats subjected to those elevated temperatures, by abolishing the eosinopenic and the lymphopenic trends but it did not alter the neutrophilia.
3. Removal of the pituitary gland from animals prior to the increases in their temperatures resulted in an average decrease in the number of eosinophils, a decrease which was not considered significant. The number of neutrophilic leukocytes remained high.
4. When animals lacking both pituitary gland amid adrenal glands were subjected to the same energy for one hour no significant alterations in the number of eosinophils, of lymphocytes or of neutrophils were recorded.
5. The adrenal medulla did not appear to play a significant role in the chain of events leading to the characteristic hemogram in animals subjected to fever. In adrenal-demedullated animals an eosinopenia, a lymphopenia and a neutrophilia occurred as in normal intact animals.
6. The conclusion seems warranted that hyperpyrexia has produced pituitary and adrenocortical stimulation.
The Blood Picture of Pyridoxine Deficiency in the Monkey
Authors: POPPEN KENNETH J. , GREENBERG L. D. , RINEHART J. F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Pyridoxine deficiency in the monkey results in a severe anemia characterized by hypochromia, increase in mean diameter, decrease in mean cell thickness, dehydration, the appearance of "target" cells and increased resistance to hemolysis.
2. The administration of pyridoxine results in restoration of hematologic values to normal, correction of dehydration and disappearance of "target" cells.
3. Further evidence is offered relating "target" cells to dehydration and, in addition, possibly to hepatic damage.
4. A delayed macrocytic anemia which was not corrected by low doses of vitamin B12, folic acid or iron is described in control animals. This anemia occurred chronologically one to two years later than the induced anemia of pyridoxine deficiency and is not necessarily related. The cause of this anemia is unknown.
5. Normal hematologic data on twenty-one M. rhesus monkeys is presented.
Case Report: Erythroblastosis and Leukemia
Authors: VERLOOP M. C. , DEENSTRA H. , VAN DER HOEVEN L. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The authors report the case of a man, 29 years old, who presented initially a marked erythroblastosis (10,000 to 150,000 erythroblasts per mm.3) in the peripheral blood. Originally, a great hyperplasia of the red system in the bone marrow existed. Gradually this morbid growth of the "red" system was superseded by a proliferation of myeloblasts.
After an illness of about one year’s duration the patient died in a myeloblastic "crisis."
It is pointed out that owing to prolongation of life in this case through repeated blood transfusions and penicillin, the opportunity was presented to observe different hematologic syndromes in the same patient. With the common use of potent therapeutic procedures this situtation is now increasingly present. It may lead to the ultimate recognition that different hematologic syndromes are in reality different manifestations of the same disease.
The various diseases in which an erythroblastosis may occur are discussed.