bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic and arthroscopic features of third carpal bone slab fractures and their impact on racing performance following arthroscopic repair in a population of racing Thoroughbreds in the UK
Authors: Baldwin C. M. , Smith M. R. W. , Allen S. , Wright I. M. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBackgroundSlab fractures of the third carpal bone (C3) are a common injury of Thoroughbred racehorses. Results of arthroscopically guided repair have not been reported since the initial description of the technique in 1986. Additionally, fracture details and racing outcomes in a population of Thoroughbreds racing under UK jurisdiction have not previously been described.ObjectivesTo report the frequency distribution of C3 slab fractures and to determine the impact on racing performance following arthroscopically guided repair in a population of Thoroughbred racehorses.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsCase records of Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing arthroscopically guided repair of C3 slab fractures at Newmarket Equine Hospital between 2006 and 2015 were retrieved. Radiographs and arthroscopic studies were reviewed. The effect of demography and fracture morphology on racing outcome was evaluated.ResultsC3 slab fractures occurred most commonly through the radial facet in a frontal plane (45/71 63.4%). Comminution was identified during arthroscopy in 42/71 (59.2%) fractures and occurred most frequently at the palmar margin of the fracture. Forty‐one out of 65 horses (63.1%) raced at least once post‐operatively. Females were less likely to return to racing compared to males (P<0.001). Horses that had raced before injury were more likely (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.4–13.5, P = 0.01) to race after injury compared to horses that were unraced at the time of injury. After injury horses had a small but significant reduction in racing performance.Main limitationsThe series is a preselected population of Thoroughbred racehorses which referring veterinary surgeons considered potential candidates for surgical repair.ConclusionFracture configurations can be identified radiographically but is not a reliable predictor of comminution or other intra‐articular lesions. Arthroscopy not only directs repair but also identifies and facilitates management of concurrent lesions. The results reported should assist in formulating appropriate prognoses for Thoroughbred horses racing in the UK.
Stability analysis in identification of interval type‐2 adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system: Contribution to a novel Lyapunov function
Authors: Zabihi Shesh Poli Mohammad Mahdi , Aliyari Shoorehdeli Mahdi , Moarefianpour Ali 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn recent years, control research has strongly highlighted the issue of training stability in the identification of non‐linear systems. This paper investigates the stability analysis of an interval type‐2 adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (IT2ANFIS) as an identifier through a novel Lyapunov function. In so doing, stability analysis is initially conducted on the IT2ANFIS identifier, while performing the online training of both the antecedent and the consequent parameters by the gradient descent (GD) algorithm. In addition, the same stability analysis is carried out when the antecedent and the consequent parameters are trained by GD and forgetting factor recursive least square (FRLS) algorithms, respectively (GD + FRLS). A novel Lyapunov function is proposed in this study in order for the identifier stability to attain the required conditions. These conditions determine the permissible boundaries for the covariance matrix and the learning rates at every iteration of the identification procedure. Stability analysis reveals that wide range of learning rates is obtained. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that when the permissible boundaries are selected according to the proposed stability analysis, a stable identification process with appropriate performance is achieved.
A clustering‐based feature selection framework for handwritten Indic script classification
Authors: Chatterjee Iman , Ghosh Manosij , Singh Pawan Kumar , Sarkar Ram , Nasipuri Mita 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn India, which has numerous officially recognized scripts, there is a primary need for categorizing the documents on the basis of the scripts used therein. Identification of script used in a document is essential for its effective handling both manually and digitally. Identification of script in a document image is an important research problem in the pattern recognition field, which, at times, suffers from the issue of growing dimensionality of the feature vector and requires an efficient feature selection technique. Keeping this fact in mind, in this paper, we propose a clustering‐based filter feature selection framework in order to extract an optimal and effective feature subset from the original feature vector. The present feature selection methodology is evaluated on a script classification problem involving handwritten documents in 12 major Indic scripts. Experiments are done at word‐level, text‐line‐level, and block‐level. Experiments demonstrate that a reasonable increment in classification accuracy has been realized using comparatively lesser number of features. The proposed framework for feature selection is computationally inexpensive and can be applied to other pattern recognition problems as well.
Developmental temperature affects phenotypic means and variability: A meta‐analysis of fish data
Authors: O'Dea Rose E. , Lagisz Malgorzata , Hendry Andrew P. , Nakagawa Shinichi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFishes are sensitive to their thermal environment and face an uncertain future in a warming world. Theoretically, populations in novel environments might express greater levels of phenotypic variability to increase the chance of surviving—and eventually thriving—in the new conditions. Most research on the effect of the early thermal environment in fish species focuses on average phenotypic effects rather than phenotypic variability, but to understand how fishes will respond to rising temperatures we need to consider both the average response of the population, as well as the breadth of individual responses. Here we present the first meta‐analysis on the effects of developmental temperature in fishes. Using data from 43 species and over 6,000 individual fish, we show that a change in developmental temperature induces a significant change in phenotypic means and variability, but differently depending on whether the temperature is increased or decreased. Decreases in temperature (cool environments) showed a significant decrease in phenotypic means and no change in phenotypic variability. Increases in temperature (warm environments) showed a non‐significant increase in phenotypic means and a marginally significant increase in phenotypic variability. Larger increases in temperature saw greater increases in phenotypic variability, but no increase in the mean phenotypic response. Together, our results suggest that fishes exhibit both directed and stochastic developmental plasticity in response to warming temperatures, which could facilitate or accelerate adaptation to a changing environment.
Responses of benthic algae to nutrient enrichment in a shallow lake: Linking community production, biomass, and composition
Authors: McCormick Amanda R. , Phillips Joseph S. , Ives Anthony R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Understanding how nutrient limitation affects algal biomass and production is a long‐standing interest in aquatic ecology. Nutrients can influence these whole‐community characteristics through several mechanisms, including shifting community composition. Therefore, incorporating the joint responses of biomass, taxonomic composition, and production of algal communities, and relationships among them, is important for understanding effects of nutrient enrichment.

In shallow subarctic Lake Mývatn, Iceland, benthic algae compose a majority of whole‐lake primary production, support high secondary production, and influence nutrient cycling. Given the importance of these ecosystem processes, the factors that limit benthic algae have a large effect on the function and dynamics of the Mývatn system.

In a 33‐day nutrient enrichment experiment conducted in Lake Mývatn, we measured the joint responses of benthic algal biomass, primary production, and composition to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplementation. We enriched N and P using nutrient‐diffusing agar overlain by sediment, with three levels of N and P that were crossed in a factorial design.

We found little evidence of community‐wide nutrient limitation, as chlorophyll‐a concentrations showed a negligible response to nutrients. Gross primary production (GPP) was unaffected by P and inhibited by N enrichment after 10 days, although the inhibitory effect of N diminished by day 33.

In contrast to biomass and primary production, community composition was strongly affected by N and marginally affected by P, with some algal groups increasing and others decreasing with enrichment. The taxa with the most negative and positive responses to N enrichment were Fragilariaceae and Scenedesmus, respectively.

The abundances of particular algal groups, based on standardised cell counts, were related to GPP measured at the end of the experiment. Oocystis was negatively associated with GPP but was unaffected by N or P, while Fragilariaceae and Scenedesmus were positively associated with GPP but had opposite responses to N. As a result, nutrient‐induced compositional shifts did not alter GPP.

Overall, our results show that nutrient enrichment can have large effects on algal community composition while having little effect on total biomass and primary production. Our study suggests that nutrient‐driven compositional shifts may not alter the overall ecological function of algal communities if (1) taxa have contrasting responses to nutrient enrichment but have similar effects on ecological processes, and/or (2) taxa that have strong influences on ecological function are not strongly affected by nutrients.
Public involvement in the dissemination of the North West Coast Household Health Survey: Experiences and lessons of co‐producing research together
Authors: Giebel Clarissa , Hassan Shaima , McIntyre Jason C , Corcoran Rhiannon , Barr Ben , Gabbay Mark , Downing Jennifer , Comerford Terence , Alfirevic Ana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundEngaging with the public is a key element of health research; however, little work has examined experiences of public involvement in research dissemination. The aim of this paper was to assess the extent of public involvement, experiences of public advisers and resulting changes in the dissemination of the North West Coast Household Health Survey (HHS).MethodsThree writing groups allowed public advisers to contribute to the dissemination of the HHS. A public workshop was set up to aid the co‐production of the research evidence and discuss the experiences of public advisers involved with the survey in March 2018. A focus group with public advisers was conducted in August 2018 to understand their experiences of involvement. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and coded by two researchers. Writing groups are still on‐going.ResultsFourteen public advisers contributed via three face‐to‐face writing groups, by actively interpreting findings and helping in the write‐up of research articles and by presenting talks at the public workshop. At the workshop, seven public advisors contributed to setting priorities for data analysis from the HHS. Five public advisers took part in the focus group, which highlighted that whilst public advisers were generally satisfied with their involvement, they would like to be involved in more activities.ConclusionsMembers of the public shaped the dissemination of evidence and provided guidance for future steps. Public advisers were mostly positive about their involvement in the dissemination of the HHS, but highlighted the need for more transparency and support from researchers.
Hepatic sclerosing cavernous haemangioma can mimic the nodular elastosis stage of segmental atrophy
Authors: Findeis‐Hosey Jennifer J , Zhou Zhongren , Gonzalez Raul S 
Published: July 2019

AimsSegmental atrophy (SA) of the liver is a recently described pseudotumour that can show a broad spectrum of histological changes. The previously described histological differential diagnosis of SA has included cystic disease of the liver, amyloid, cancer‐associated elastosis, and epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. We have observed that sclerosing cavernous haemangiomas (SCHs) can mimic the nodular elastosis stage of SA; the aim of this study was to explore this differential diagnosis.Methods and resultsWe identified 20 SCHs and 12 SAs, excluding haemangiomas with treatment effect. Several clinical and morphologic characteristics were examined, and elastin and CD34 staining was performed on cases with available tissue. SA was always asymptomatic, whereas SCH caused symptoms in 56% of patients (P = 0.026); SCH also tended to be larger (mean size: SCH, 47 mm; SA, 16 mm; P = 0.027). Thick‐walled blood vessels were more common in SA than in SCH (92% versus 45%, P = 0.011), as was ductular reaction (50% versus 5%, P = 0.0057). The two lesions had similar rates of border irregularity, residual entrapped hepatocytes, matrix oedema, and at least mild elastic fibrosis as seen on special staining, although staining was typically dense and diffuse in SA. CD34 immunostaining demonstrated at least scattered vessels in all cases of SA and SCH.ConclusionsSCH can mimic SA, although it is generally larger and more often symptomatic. Elastin staining provides a useful adjunct to standard haematoxylin and eosin histological examination in resolving this differential diagnosis.
The improving thick film properties of Er2O3 doping fcc‐ZrO2 type solid electrolyte for SOFC applications
Authors: Yildiz Esra , Özdal Hilal , Kepenek Sevgi Ata , Türkoğlu Orhan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study, the binary system of (ZrO2)1‐x(Er2O3)x was investigated in the doping range of x; 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.12 by the Pechini method. According to X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurement results, Er2O3 doping face‐centered cubic (fcc) ZrO2‐based solid solution was stabilized in the doping range of 0.08 ≤ x ≤ 0.12 at 1200°C for 12 hours. Thick films of fcc‐ZrO2 type powders were produced using ethyl cellulose organic binder mixture and spin‐coating method. The crystallographic, microstructural, and electrical conductivity properties of the thick films were characterized via XRD, SEM, and a.c. impedance measurements, respectively. 8‐ESZ ((ZrO2)1‐x(Er2O3)x, x = 0.08) thick film electrolyte showed the highest electrical conduction level which is 2.51 × 10−2 ohm−1 cm−1 at 850°C under 150 mL min−1 O2 volumetric flow rate. All thick film properties of fcc‐ESZ materials were optimized and improved experimentally for using as a solid electrolyte component in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. A pre‐treatment of 8‐ESZ and the cathode‐supported type electrochemical cell were primarily fabricated. The power density measurements of 40‐LNF (LaNi1‐xFexO3, x = 0.4) Cathode|Cathode Active (50:50 wt % 40‐LNF:8‐ESZ)| 8‐ESZ Electrolyte|Anode Active (60:40 wt % NiO:8‐ESZ)|NiO Anode Electrode cell stack suggest that the produced electrolytes had the usefully properties for SOFC applications.
STING pathway agonism as a cancer therapeutic
Authors: Flood Blake A. , Higgs Emily F. , Li Shuyin , Luke Jason J. , Gajewski Thomas F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe fact that a subset of human cancers showed evidence for a spontaneous adaptive immune response as reflected by the T cell‐inflamed tumor microenvironment phenotype led to the search for candidate innate immune pathways that might be driving such endogenous responses. Preclinical studies indicated a major role for the host STING pathway, a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, as a proximal event required for optimal type I interferon production, dendritic cell activation, and priming of CD8+ T cells against tumor‐associated antigens. STING agonists are therefore being developed as a novel cancer therapeutic, and a greater understanding of STING pathway regulation is leading to a broadened list of candidate immune regulatory targets. Early phase clinical trials of intratumoral STING agonists are already showing promise, alone and in combination with checkpoint blockade. Further advancement will derive from a deeper understanding of STING pathway biology as well as mechanisms of response vs resistance in individual cancer patients.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors: The linchpins of modern immunotherapy
Authors: Wilky Breelyn A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized our approach to cancer treatment in the past decade. While monoclonal antibodies to CTLA‐4 and PD‐1/PD‐L1 have produced remarkable and durable responses in a subset of patients, the majority of patients will still develop primary or adaptive resistance. With complex mechanisms of resistance limiting the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy, it is critical to develop combination approaches to allow more patients to benefit from immunotherapy. In this review, I approach the current landscape of ICI research from the perspective of sarcomas, a rare group of bone and soft tissue cancers that have had limited benefit from checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy, and little investigation of biomarkers to predict responses. By surveying the various mechanisms of resistance and treatment modalities being explored in other solid tumors, I outline how ICIs will undoubtedly serve as the critical foundation for future directions in modern immunotherapy.
T cell receptor‐based cancer immunotherapy: Emerging efficacy and pathways of resistance
Authors: Chandran Smita S. , Klebanoff Christopher A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdoptive cell transfer (ACT) using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐modified T cells can induce durable remissions in patients with refractory B‐lymphoid cancers. By contrast, results applying CAR‐modified T cells to solid malignancies have been comparatively modest. Alternative strategies to redirect T cell specificity and cytolytic function are therefore necessary if ACT is to serve a greater role in human cancer treatments. T cell receptors (TCRs) are antigen recognition structures physiologically expressed by all T cells that have complementary, and in some cases superior, properties to CARs. Unlike CARs, TCRs confer recognition to epitopes derived from proteins residing within any subcellular compartment, including the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. This enables TCRs to detect a broad universe of targets, such as neoantigens, cancer germline antigens, and viral oncoproteins. Moreover, because TCRs have evolved to efficiently detect and amplify antigenic signals, these receptors respond to epitope densities many fold smaller than required for CAR‐signaling. Herein, we summarize recent clinical data demonstrating that TCR‐based immunotherapies can mediate regression of solid malignancies, including immune‐checkpoint inhibitor refractory cancers. These trials simultaneously highlight emerging mechanisms of TCR resistance. We conclude by discussing how TCR‐based immunotherapies can achieve broader dissemination through innovations in cell manufacturing and non‐viral genome integration techniques.
CAR T cells for brain tumors: Lessons learned and road ahead
Authors: Akhavan David , Alizadeh Darya , Wang Dongrui , Weist Michael R. , Shepphird Jennifer K. , Brown Christine E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMalignant brain tumors, including glioblastoma, represent some of the most difficult to treat of solid tumors. Nevertheless, recent progress in immunotherapy, across a broad range of tumor types, provides hope that immunological approaches will have the potential to improve outcomes for patients with brain tumors. Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) T cells, a promising immunotherapeutic modality, utilizes the tumor targeting specificity of any antibody or receptor ligand to redirect the cytolytic potency of T cells. The remarkable clinical response rates of CD19‐targeted CAR T cells and early clinical experiences in glioblastoma demonstrating safety and evidence for disease modifying activity support the potential of further advancements ultimately providing clinical benefit for patients. The brain, however, is an immune specialized organ presenting unique and specific challenges to immune‐based therapies. Remaining barriers to be overcome for achieving effective CAR T cell therapy in the central nervous system (CNS) include tumor antigenic heterogeneity, an immune‐suppressive microenvironment, unique properties of the CNS that limit T cell entry, and risks of immune‐based toxicities in this highly sensitive organ. This review will summarize preclinical and clinical data for CAR T cell immunotherapy in glioblastoma and other malignant brain tumors, including present obstacles to advancement.
‘It is meant to be heart rather than head’; International perspectives of teaching from lived experience in mental health nursing programs
Authors: Bocking Julia , Happell Brenda , Scholz Brett , Horgan Aine , Goodwin John , Lahti Mari , Platania‐Phung Chris , MacGabhann Liam , Greaney Sonya , Granerud Arild , Griffin Martha , Russell Siobhan , Bjornsson Einar , van der Vaart Kornelis Jan , Ellilä Heikki , Hals Elisabeth , Doody Rory , Vatula Annaliina , Pulli Jarmo , Manning Fionnuala , Allon Jerry , Biering Pall 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsumer participation is a clear expectation of contemporary mental health policy. Most activity has concentrated in direct service delivery, and academic roles for mental health consumers have been slow to establish. An international project was undertaken to implement and evaluate meaningful consumer involvement in mental health nursing education. A learning module was co‐produced between ‘Experts by Experience’ (drawing on experience of mental distress and service use) and Mental Health Nurse Academics. This qualitative exploratory study aimed to capture how Experts by Experience perceive their contribution. Interviews were undertaken with Experts by Experience who delivered the learning module. Data were analysed thematically and subsequently interpreted with Critical Social Theory. Two main themes emerged from the findings: ‘there wasn't a barrier’ described how personal narratives enhanced relationships between Experts by Experience and students; and ‘made the human being visible’, described their experiences of allowing students to see the person behind a diagnosis. These findings suggest Experts by Experience teaching is valuable and potentially a tool in redressing stigma. Addressing poor public perceptions could attract higher numbers of quality practitioners to mental health and meet identified workforce shortages. The findings presented here strengthen the evidence base for Expert by Experience roles in mental health professional education. These findings can be considered in international curricula reviews and aid progress towards a more socio‐political, humanistic focus in mental health nursing, congruent with rights‐based reform agendas.