bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sluicing and Its Subtypes
Authors: Vicente Luis 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the phenomenon of sluicing, a type of clausal ellipsis whereby an entire interrogative clause is missing save for a wh-phrase. Sluicing consists of a number of subtypes, each one exhibiting its own properties and restrictions. Given that the properties and restrictions of any given subtype tend to be the properties and restrictions of some independently available strategy of wh-question formation, the most parsimonious analysis is the one advanced by Ross (1969) and Merchant (2001): sluicing is a purely PF-side operation, i.e. non-pronunciation of a regular wh-question, without affecting its syntactic or semantic properties. At the same time, we need to contend with the fact that this seems to be only a tendency (albeit a remarkably strong one), rather than an exceptionless generalization: there exist cases of sluicing that appear to resist assimilation to a pure deletion approach. Determining whether they are genuine exceptions (and if so, exactly which factors allow them to be exceptional) is arguably one of the main issues that an eventual comprehensive, insightful theory of the taxonomy of sluicing must resolve.
Varieties of English
Authors: Thoms Gary 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of dialectal variation in English with respect to ellipsis phenomena. The discussion focuses on VP-ellipsis, describing dialectal variation in the range of licensors and in the retention of additional non-finite auxiliaries (e.g. John has been fired and Mary has (been) too). The range of variation attested, drawing upon data from British and North American varieties, provides an instructive test for theories of licensing, pushing in the direction of a theory which pays closer attention to the role of prosody in licensing ellipsis. There is also a discussion of British do, an ellipsis construction which seems to show an interaction between ellipsis licensing and extraction.
French
Authors: Dagnac Anne 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter is a case study of elliptical constructions in French. It reviews the elliptical constructions that French does and does not display, and the language-specific properties some of them show. It argues that French does not display predicate ellipses but only predicate anaphors, including in comparatives. It also shows that not all clausal ellipses may rely on the same mechanism: while the gap following modal verbs in French, known as French Modal Ellipsis, is an ellipsis based on clausal deletion, some cases of sluicing and fragment answers resist such an analysis, while stripping and gapping subsume different types of elliptical phenomena which cannot be given a homogeneous analysis. It also briefly presents the main properties of nominal ellipses and of the various short structures in comparative clauses.
Indonesian
Authors: Fortin Catherine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes ellipsis phenomena in Indonesian (Austronesian; Malayo-Polynesian). Several ellipsis phenomena are attested in Indonesian, including sluicing, fragments, auxiliary-stranding verb phrase ellipsis, pseudogapping, gapping, stripping, conjunction reduction, null complement anaphora, and ellipsis within nominal phrases. Indonesian has the potential to contribute meaningfully to our understanding of the ways in which these phenomena manifest cross-linguistically. One notable feature of Indonesian ellipsis, which is considered in detail, is that it permits prepositions to be omitted in some elliptical contexts, despite preposition stranding being prohibited in non-elliptical contexts. This is unexpected, given the cross-linguistically robust Preposition Stranding Generalization (Merchant 2001), which links a language’s ability to omit a preposition under ellipsis to its ability to strand a preposition via extraction of its complement. Phenomena affected include sluicing, fragments, pseudogapping, stripping, and gapping.
Ellipsis in Dependency Grammar
Authors: Osborne Timothy 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis contribution considers how dependency grammars (DGs) view ellipsis phenomena. For the most part, comprehensive explorations of particular ellipsis phenomena are rare in the tradition of DG, but when ellipsis is examined, there is a tendency to posit the existence of null material/nodes to accommodate aspects of ellipsis. One recent development in the DG tradition that is particularly relevant to the analysis of ellipsis is the catena unit. A catena is a word or combination of words that are linked together by dependencies. Most ellipsis phenomena are eliding catena, whereby these catenae are often not constituents. Given the catena unit, a more economical approach to ellipsis has become possible, one that does not need to resort to movement to vacate the remnant from the encompassing constituent before that encompassing constituent is elided.
Cognition and Expert-Level Proficiency in Intelligence Analysis
Authors: Moore David T. , Hoffman Robert R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Proficiency scaling in the domain of intelligence analysis converges on an answer to the question of what counts as expertise in this domain. Proficiency scales in the domain are based on what are called essential competencies. There are many distinct analytical roles, entailing a specialization of expertise. This chapter discusses macrocognitive models of analyst reasoning and knowledge as a function of proficiency level, including recognition-primed decision making and intuition. This chapter also considers individual differences and conceptualize the different styles to be relatively stable and distinctive approaches to critical thinking. Proficiency scaling entails the issue of whether intelligence analysts are prone to cognitive biases. Analysts must cope with the problem of indeterminate causation, that is, the understanding of events for which there is no single cause, and causal forces include human agency and motivations. Directives in the intelligence community call for robust performance measures, but measuring analyst procedural skills is non-trivial. Finally, the implications for training are discussed.
Visual Rhetoric of Early Christian Reliquaries
Authors: Noga-Banai Galit 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the visual language of early Christian reliquaries produced to contain fragments of sacred saints, sites, and events. It aims to describe and contextualize the representative as well as exceptional cases produced in various places, made of assorted materials, and decorated with diverse and elaborated decorative programs. The chapter illustrates nuances and approaches that were in use throughout the period. Moreover, it shows that the visual rhetoric—that is, the frame, composition, and selection of motifs and scenes—is capable of implying something about the dynamics of the inanimate object and the type of memory it contains. This allows us to discover clues about the visual preferences of the faithful, whether they were exalted bishops or simple pilgrims seeking heaven on earth.
Spolia and the “Victory of Christianity”
Authors: Frey Jon Michael 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the past few decades, the post-Classical reuse of fragments of sculpture and architecture, commonly known as spolia, has become a subject of much scholarly interest. As a result, many of the interpretations first voiced in the Renaissance have been critically assessed. But others have not, such as the idea that the reuse of temple architecture was a statement of Christian victory over paganism. Building on the recent reassessment of evidence for temple conversion in Late Antiquity, this chapter suggests that reuse evoked different reactions from various audiences and at different moments in time. Consequently, it is likely that in many cases the religious interpretation of spolia was not a factor in the initial moment of reuse, but had its origin one or more generations later.
Syria
Authors: Loosley Emma 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Syria occupies a unique place in early Christian archaeology by virtue of the fact that Antioch was the first city where followers of Jesus Christ were referred to as “Christians” and because it is the country in which the only securely dated house church has ever been discovered. Away from the Holy Land and the events of Christ’s life, and the establishment of ecclesiastical authority in Rome and Constantinople, Syria’s significance to archaeologists of Christianity lies in what the country can tell us about the daily lives of early believers. In the hinterland of Antioch hundreds of villages dating to the first seven centuries ce attest to a fully Christian society from the second half of the fourth century onward, and they offer us valuable information about how the church supplanted the state as the source of moral and civic leadership.
Asia Minor
Authors: Talloen Peter 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe early Christian archaeology of Asia Minor has recently developed into a discipline devoted to the contextualized study of the material remains of early Christianity. It has characterized Asia Minor as a region where—save some notable exceptions from mortuary contexts in Central Anatolia—the impact of the new faith on local material culture only became tangible in the course of the fourth century. During the fifth and sixth centuries Christianity would eventually conquer urban and rural landscapes through church construction in traditional as well as new foci of public space. At this time it also moved into the private sphere as household objects became decorated with Christian images and symbols.
The Archaeology of Early Italian Churches in Context, 313–569 CE
Authors: Chavarría Arnau Alexandra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe archaeology of early Christian churches has made important advancements in recent decades in Italy thanks to a large number of new excavations and scientific meetings, as well as the development of the project CARE (Corpus Architecturae Religiosae Europeae (IV–X saec.)), in which most Italian specialists are involved. This chapter suggests new lines of research, thus contributing to a revised historiography of the archaeology of early Christian churches in Italy between the fourth century and the end of the sixth century. It surveys some of the ecclesiastical complexes that have been reanalyzed in recent decades or recently discovered through archaeological excavations.
James and Wittgenstein
Authors: Boncompagni Anna 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
According to a common reading in the Wittgensteinian literature, William James’s writings, especially the psychological ones, were for the Viennese philosopher a paradigmatic example of conceptual confusion. This chapter argues against this reading, although without minimizing the criticism that Ludwig Wittgenstein leveled against James. More specifically, rather than ascertaining whether Wittgenstein was right or wrong about James, the aim is to figure out what picture of James Wittgenstein offers, and if and in what terms anything specifically Jamesian remains in Wittgenstein’s work. Since it was through the Varieties of Religious Experience that Wittgenstein first came into contact with James, religion is the starting point for this reflection. I will then focus on the pragmatic maxim and Wittgenstein’s comments about the pragmatist conception of truth. The three central sections of this chapter deal with psychology. I will then broaden the discussion to the theme of aspect-seeing, and finally, in the last section, examine Wittgenstein’s observations about the “good” in pragmatism in order to draw some concluding remarks.
Self-Assembly of Embryonic and Two Extraembryonic Stem Cell Types Into Gastrulating Embryo-like Structures
Authors: Sozen Berna , Amadei Gianluca , Cox Andy , Wang Ran , Na Ellen , Czukiewska Sylwia , Chappell Lia , Voet Thierry , Michel Geert , Jing Naihe , Glover David M. , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena 
Published: January 2019

(Abstracted from Nature Cell Biology 2018;20:979–989)
Three stem cell types found in the natural embryo differentiate to become 3 distinct tissues: the embryonic tissue or epiblast, the trophectoderm, and the primitive endoderm. Signaling interactions between each of these tissue types are important for morphogenic pathways causing the cell rearrangements of gastrulation and establishing anterior and posterior identity.
Vision-related Quality of Life in Glaucoma Patients and its Correlations With Psychological Disturbances and Visual Function Indices
Authors: Wu Na , Kong Xiangmei , Gao Jian , Sun Xinghuai 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to assess the vision-related quality of life (VR-QoL) in glaucoma patients and its correlations with psychological disturbances and visual function components.

Materials and Methods:
The 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were administered to 428 Chinese glaucoma patients to evaluate their VR-QoL and anxiety and depression disorders, respectively. Sociodemographical and clinical factors were collected at the same time. Univariate analyses were used to investigate the associations between the variables and the VR-QoL. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to identify the independent psychological and visual functional predictors of the VR-QoL. Standardized partial regression analyses were used to reveal the variables that mostly relevant to the VR-QoL.

Results:
The composite score (mean±SD) was 71.88±14.44 for NEI VFQ-25 and 13.17±6.56 for HADS. Visual function indices, including best-corrected visual acuity and mean deviation of both eyes in addition to psychological symptoms including anxiety and depression were both correlated with VR-QoL significantly, even after adjusting for sociodemographical and clinical factors. Standardized partial regression analyses further suggested that psychological disorders, especially anxiety rather than visual function components, were mostly relevant to VR-QoL.

Conclusions:
Deterioration of vision impairment and visual field defects in addition to increased recognition of psychological disturbances reduce the VR-QoL of glaucoma patients significantly. Alleviating psychological symptoms, especially anxiety, perhaps have a greater influence on the improvement of VR-QoL.
The Relationship Between Quantitative Pupillometry and Estimated Ganglion Cell Counts in Patients With Glaucoma
Authors: Chang Dolly S. , Arora Karun , Boland Michael V. , Friedman David S. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
To assess the relationship between pupillary light reflex and estimated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) counts in patients with glaucoma.

Methods:
We recorded and analyzed pupil responses using an automated binocular pupillometer in 148 patients with glaucoma (mean age 67±11, 49% female) and 71 controls (age 60±9.6, 69% female) as part of a prospective clinical study. The amplitude of pupil constriction was calculated as the percentage change in pupil diameter between constriction onset and peak constriction in response to controlled stimuli. The magnitude of a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) was defined as the log of the ratio of the amplitude between 2 eyes multiplied by 10. RGC counts were estimated using empirical formulas that combine estimates from both functional (eccentricity and sensitivity measured by standard automated perimetry) and structural (retinal nerve fiber layer thickness) tests. For analyses performed at the level of individual eyes, we used multilevel modeling to account for between-eye correlations within individuals.

Results:
Eyes with higher estimated RGC counts had a larger pupil response amplitude (z-score=8.24, P<0.001), shorter latency (z=−3.17, P=0.002), faster constriction velocity (z=6.64, P<0.001), shorter time to maximum constriction (z=−1.96, P=0.049), and longer time to maximum dilation (z=6.66, P<0.001). For every 0.3 log unit difference in RAPD score, there was an average decrease in estimated RGC count of 37,817 (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
There is a statistically significant association between estimated RGC count and pupillary response to stimuli. Quantitative pupillography may be useful in diagnosis and monitoring of optic neuropathies.
Risk of Primary Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Tumor After a First Primary Cancer
Authors: Kamath Geetanjali R. , Kim Michelle K. , Taioli Emanuela 
Published: January 2019

Objective
This study aimed to describe the relative and excess risk of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) at least 6 months after the first primary cancer (FPC) among the US population.

Methods
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results Program data were analyzed for patients diagnosed as having FPC from 2000 to 2015 (n = 4,008,092). Standardized incidence ratios, excess risk, and average time to diagnosis of a second primary pancreatic NET were reported by FPC site, stratified by sex and receipt of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

Results
Risk of pancreatic NET was significantly higher after FPC at any site, any solid tumor (standardized incidence ratios, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.5), pancreas, thymus, small intestine, liver, stomach, kidney, lung, and female breast. Excess incidence of pancreatic NET was highest among those with FPC (especially NET) of the pancreas, bladder, thymus, and female breast; those who received radiotherapy/chemotherapy for bladder, melanoma, and stomach cancers; and those who received chemotherapy for uterine, cervical, prostate, and other genital cancers. Time to diagnosis was shortest after pancreatic, liver, lung, and stomach cancer.

Conclusions
Cancer survivors have increased risk and excess incidence of primary pancreatic NET compared with the population, particularly for certain primary sites. High-risk patients should receive regular follow-up screenings, counseling to reduce carcinogen exposure, and lifestyle interventions.
Tocolysis: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hanley Margaret , Sayres Lauren , Reiff Emily S. , Wood Amber , Grotegut Chad A. , Kuller Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2019

Importance
Preterm delivery represents an important cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Various tocolytics have been studied with the objective of stopping preterm labor, increasing gestational age at delivery, and preventing complications related to preterm birth.

Objective
This review aims to summarize the major classes of tocolytics and review the evidence regarding use of each.

Evidence Acquisition
A PubMed search of the following terms was performed to gather relevant data: “tocolytic,” “preterm labor,” “preterm delivery,” “PPROM,” “magnesium,” “indomethacin,” “nifedipine,” and “betamimetics.”

Results
The benefits and risks of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, calcium channel blockers, magnesium, and betamimetics are reviewed. Calcium channel blockers afford superior outcomes in terms of prolonging gestation and decreasing neonatal morbidity and mortality with the fewest adverse effects.

Conclusions and Relevance
Tocolytics, particularly calcium channel blockers, may provide benefit to pregnant women and their infants. Their use should be tailored to the particular clinical circumstances of the patient and used in conjunction with other management strategies (e.g., administration of corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation or magnesium for neuroprotection and transfer to a tertiary medical center). Further research and professional guidelines are needed on optimal use of these agents.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After participating in this activity, the provider should be better able to compare the major classes of tocolytics, including mechanisms of action; distinguish the role tocolytics play in preterm labor and appropriate clinical indication and course; and choose a tocolytic based on evidence regarding the potential benefits and risks.
Napsin A, Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1-Beta (HNF-1β), Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Expression in Arias-Stella Reaction
Authors: Ip Philip P.C. , Wang Szu-Yen , Wong Oscar G.W. , Chow Kin-Long , Lee Horace Hok-Yeung , Cheung Annie N.Y. , Tse Ka-Yu 
Published: January 2019

Background:
The Arias-Stella reaction (ASR) can mimic endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) in small biopsies, especially when drug or pregnancy history is unknown. A panel of immunohistochemical markers comprising napsin A, hepatocyte nuclear factor-1-beta (HNF-1β), estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR) has been found useful in confirming a diagnosis of ECCC. However, the detailed characterization of how expression of this combination of markers in the ECCC mimics ASR has yet to be thoroughly evaluated.

Design:
The frequency and extent of napsin A, HNF-1β, ER, and PR expression in ASR were assessed in a large series. For napsin A, any cytoplasmic staining was considered positive while only nuclear staining was deemed to be positive for HNF-1β, ER, and PR. Immunohistochemical histoscores based on the intensity and extent of staining were calculated.

Results:
Forty cases were gestational and 10 were nongestational ASR. In 19 (38%), the reaction was extensive and involved >50% of the glands. A stromal decidual change was found in 31 (77.5%) of the gestational and 3 (30%) of the nongestational cases. Napsin A was positive in all gestational and 8 of 10 (80%) nongestational ASR. All ASR showed HNF-1β expression. ER expression was reduced in 37 (92.5%) and lost in 3 (7.5%) gestational ASR, and reduced in 9 (90%) and lost in 1 (10%) of nongestational ASR. None of the ASR in our series expressed PR.

Conclusions:
Naspin A and HNF-1β were frequently expressed in both gestational and nongestational ASR, and ER expression was usually either reduced or loss. Interpretation of these markers in small biopsies containing atypical clear cells should be made with caution.
Transplantation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Before Flap Expansion and After Expanded Flap Elevation Result in Different Effects
Authors: Wang Qianwen , Hou Shengchao , Wang Tailing , Guo Xin , Yu Hao , Wang Jiaqi 
Published: January 2019

Background
Studies of using mesenchymal stem cells to assist skin and soft tissue expansion have shown that stem cells can improve expansion efficiency through promoting tissue regeneration. However, the issue that whether the flap viability is also improved is unknown.

Methods
Sixteen pigs were equally divided into 2 groups. A pair of 150 mL expanders was symmetrically inserted into each pig's dorsum. Group 1 received adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) injection before expansion, and group 2 received ADSCs grafting after flap elevation. After 4 weeks' expansion, a random flap measuring 2 cm × 16 cm was elevated along the long axis of each expanded flap on the pigs' back. Flap viability was measured at postoperative day 7. Histological analysis and cell tracking were performed. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was determined.

Results
The flap viability of the ADSCs-grafted expanded flap (75.5 ± 6.6%) was similar to the control (69.4 ± 8.4%) in group 1 (transplantation before expansion). However, in group 2 (transplantation after flap elevation), the ADSCs-grafted expanded flap had a higher flap viability (92.6 ± 5.7%) compared with control (66.2 ± 7.4%). Moreover, the ADSCs-grafted expanded flap in group 1 showed increased skin thickness, collagen content, cells proliferation, vascularization, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Cell tracking showed that the positively stained cell differentiating into an endotheliocyte could be seen in group 2.

Conclusions
Transplantation of ADSCs before tissue expansion does not improve flap viability but can promote tissue regeneration. Injection of ADSCs after flap elevation can increase the surviving rate of the expanded flap.