bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chimpanzee and gorilla humor: progressive emergence from origins in the wild to captivity to sign language learning
Authors: McGhee Paul 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article examines available (mainly anecdotal) evidence related to the experience of humor among chimpanzees and gorillas in the wild, in captivity and following systematic sign language training. Humor is defined as one form of symbolic play. Positive evidence of object permanence, cross-modal perception, deferred imitation and deception among chimpanzees and gorillas is used to document their cognitive capacity for humor. Playful teasing is proposed as the primordial form of humor among apes in the wild. This same form of humor is commonly found among signing apes, both in overt behavior and in signed communications. A second form of humor emerges in the context of captivity, consisting of throwing feces at human onlookers—who often respond to this with laughter. This early form of humor shows up in signing apes in the form of calling others “dirty,” a sign associated with feces. The diversity of forms of signing humor shown by apes is linked to McGhee, Paul E.Humor: Its origin and development. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman & Co, McGhee, Paul E.Understanding and promoting the development of children’s humor. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. model of humor development.
How one mad scientist grasped the profound potential of humor and changed the face of nursing
Authors: Buxman Karyn 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The history of nursing and the history of humor theory become intertwined with the help of a look-alike-mad-scientist, Dr Paul McGhee. A review is given as to how McGhee played the role of catalyst, pioneer and mentor to many in the health profession and the impact that has resulted in the nursing profession.
Three problems connected with the use of diachronic corpora
Authors: Rissanen Matti 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In compiling and testing the diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts, our project group has come across three problems which arise from the use of computer corpora in studies of syntax and vocabulary. While these problems are mainly associated with work on diachronic corpora, they may be universal enough to deserve somewhat more general consideration. They could be called “The philologist’s dilemma”, “God’s truth fallacy”, and “The mystery of vanishing reliability”. The first could be described as pedagogical, the second methodological and the third pragmatic.
From broadcast archive to language corpus: Designing and investigating a sociohistorical corpus fromDesert Island Discs
Authors: Smith Nicholas , Waters Cathleen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aims of this paper are twofold: i) to present the motivation and design of a sociohistorical corpus derived from the popular BBC Radio show,Desert Island Discs(DID); and ii) to illustrate the potential of the DID corpus (DIDC) with a case study. In an era of ever-increasing digital resources and scholarly interest in recent language change, there remains an enormous disparity between available written and spoken corpora. We describe how a corpus derived from DID contributes to redressing the balance. Treating DID as an example of a specialized register, namely, a ‘biographical chat show’, we review its attendant situational characteristics, and explain the affordances and design features of a sociolinguistic corpus sampling of the show. Finally, to illustrate the potential of DIDC for linguistic exploration of recent change, we conduct a case study on two pronouns with generic, impersonal reference, namelyyouandone.
The relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression in medical science students in the southeast of Iran
Authors: Baloochi Ali , Abazari Farokh , Mirzaee Moghaddameh 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundDue to their presence in clinical educational settings when dealing with patients, medical science students are more affected by mental disorders than other students. Some experts believe that spiritual intelligence enhances people adaptability and compatibility and creates calm in humans, especially in stressful situations.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and aggression among students of medical sciences in the southeast of Iran.MethodsThis analytical-descriptive study was conducted among bachelor students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran and examples of the research were selected from the Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Public Health, Paramedical and Management by a stratified random sampling method. To examine samples questionnaires were used which examined students’ demographic information, and included King’s 24-item Questionnaire of Spiritual Intelligence and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). After completing the questionnaires, data were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SPSS version18) with a significance level (p < 0.05).ResultsThe results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between spiritual intelligence and aggression of students (r = −0/19, p = 0/001). Results also showed that Students of Medical Sciences in the Southeast of Iran with a spiritual intelligence average score of 52.28 have an average spiritual intelligence and those with an aggression average score of 78.57 have higher aggression than average.ConclusionThe results showed that with increasing spiritual intelligence, aggression decreases. The results can be used by policymakers and managers to take steps to reduce aggressive behaviors and mental disorders and for the promotion of spiritual intelligence of students of medical sciences.
Notes on Test and Estimation in Comparison of Three Treatments under A Simple Carry-Over Three-Period Model
Authors: Lui Kung-Jong 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Under the three-treatment three-period crossover design with simple carry-over effects, we derive the least-squares estimators for period effects, treatment effects and carry-over effects, as well as their covariance matrix in closed and explicit expressions. Using Monte Carlo simulation, we compare the test procedure adjusting carry-over with that ignoring carry-over with respect to Type I error and power. We further compare interval estimators adjusting carry-over with those ignoring carry-over with respect to the coverage probability and the average length. When the variation of responses within patients is small, the test procedure and interval estimators ignoring carry-over can lose accuracy in the presence of carry-over effects. When the variation of responses within patients is large, this loss of accuracy may become small or even minimal. We note that the loss of efficiency due to the adjustment of carry-over under the simple carry-over three-period crossover design is moderate, and is much less than that found for a two-period crossover design. We use the double-blind three-period crossover trial comparing formoterol solution aerosol and salbutamol suspension aerosol with a placebo for patients suffering from exercise-induced asthma on the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) to illustrate the use of test procedures and interval estimators discussed here.
Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of heavy oil in an O2/CO2 atmosphere
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Liu Ming , Cheng Xingxing , He Yusheng , Hu Yingjie , Ma Chunyuan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Although heavy oil is an abundant and promising energy source, its processing and utilization are complicated due to its high density, low hydrogen/carbon ratio, and high asphaltene content. Fortunately, these problems can be mitigated by the application of oxy-fuel combustion. To gain deeper insights into the above technology, the characteristics of heavy oil combustion in an O2/CO2 atmosphere was investigated using non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. We demonstrate that the combustion process consisted of four stages. Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons reacted at low temperature, whereas heavy ones required a higher temperature. Increasing the concentration of oxygen resulted in increased TGA and DSC peak intensities and decreased peak widths, and these peaks were shifted to lower temperatures. Coat-Redfern and Flynn-Wall-Ozzawa methods were used to evaluate the kinetic parameters (E, A) of the oxidation process, showing that the high-temperature activation energy was much higher than the low-temperature one due to the different molecular weights of the oxidized substrates in each region. The reaction was demonstrated to be diffusion-controlled, as reflected by the lower activation energy at high oxygen concentration and high temperature, with the influence of oxygen concentration on QO processes being much more obvious than that on SO ones.
A PBM-CFD Model with Optimized PBM-Customized Drag Equations for Chemisorption of CO2 in a Bubble Column
Authors: Liu Qi , Liang Xiao-Fei , Luo Xian-Jin , Luo Zheng-Hong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach based on two-fluid model (TFM) is introduced to describe the reversible two-step reactions found in the chemisorption process of${\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2}$by an aqueous${\text{NaOH}}$solution in a lab-scale bubble column reactor. The population balance model (PBM) is applied to track the bubble size distribution with considering the coalescence and breakage terms, which then leads to a CFD-PBM model for describing the chemisorption of CO2in an aqueous${\text{NaOH}}$solution. Drag force is considered for the interfacial momentum transfer and a modified PBM-customized drag model with the correction factor is subsequently adopted, in which the contribution of different bubble size groups in each computational cell is computed. The tested boundary conditions include superficial gas velocities, gas-inlet sparger and the reactor dimension. Detailed and comprehensive investigations are done in the evolution of gas holdup, pH value, concentration distribution and bubble diameter distribution which are essential in optimizing the reactor performance in terms of yield and selectivity. Importantly, the current CFD-PBM model is able to predict the entire reaction process.
Simultaneous Diesel and Oxygen Transfer Rate on the Production of an Oil-degrading Consortium in an Airlift Bioreactor: High-dispersed Phase Concentration
Authors: Dutta Abhishek , Valdivia-Rivera Sergio , Lizardi-Jiménez Manuel Alejandro 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to simultaneously evaluate diesel transfer rate (DTR) and oxygen transfer rate (OTR) on the production of an oil-degrading consortium in a three-phase airlift bioreactor (ALB) working at high hydrocarbon phase concentration with the purpose of determine whether the oxygen transfer rate is increased or diminished by an increase in the oil-phase concentration. Increase in hydrocarbon concentration allows an increase in DTR and a consequently higher DTR/OTR ratio thus avoiding hydrocarbon mass transfer limitations. This study demonstrates evidence that at high diesel concentrations, the main carbon fate is the production of biosurfactants.
Design of Filter based Wide Area Damping Controllers in Power System
Authors: Bhadu Mahendra , Senroy Nilanjan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the concept of analog filter circuit is used for designing of wide area damping controller (WADC) in power system. The designed continuous mode filter based WADC is robust enough to deal with the problem of imperfect communication medium, which include process noise, measurement noise and signal latency in wide area remote signal. Residue method is used for the selection of wide area control signal and controller location. Modelling of imperfect communication network is done using Pade approximation and by inserting Gaussian random noise. The effectiveness of filter based WADC as a power system stability agent is assessed in the frequency domain using two typical test power systems and via appropriate time domain simulations based upon the non-linear model on MATLAB/Simulink software platform.
Real Time Harmonic Mitigation Using Fuzzy Based Highly Reliable Three Dual-Buck Full-Bridge APF for Dynamic Unbalanced Load
Authors: Patel Ranjeeta , Panda Anup Kumar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study presents a highly reliable 3-phase 4-wire, three dual-buck full-bridge shunt active power filter (3 DB FB APF) for distribution system. The proposed topology uses three single phase dual buck full bridge inverter sharing the same dc-link capacitor with high utilization of dc-bus voltage. The dual buck inverter circuit composed of one power switch and one diode leg instead of two power switches conventional inverter leg effectually eliminate the undesirable “shoot-through” phenomenon occurs in conventional inverter circuit. The fuzzy and adaptive hysteresis current controller based id-iqcontrol strategy has been adopted to generate optimized switching frequency. For validation, the proposed topology is implemented in the OPAL-RT LAB using OP5142-Spartan 3 FPGA. The dynamic performance of the proposed 3 DB FB APF is assessed for sinusoidal, unbalanced and non-sinusoidal voltage source condition with unbalanced non-linear load that is when both three-phase and single-phase loads are present in the system. Besides, the results with proportional-integral (PI) controller are compared with FLC in terms of harmonic compensation. Furthermore, a comparison has been made between split capacitor dual buck half bridge active power filter (2C DB HB APF) and proposed 3 DB FB APF based on switch power rating.
Official bilingualism meets de facto multilingualism: public service interpreting for the Chinese in Catalonia
Authors: Vargas-Urpi Mireia 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Catalonia is well known for being a bilingual region with language policies that give full support to promoting Catalan. More recently, the number of languages spoken in Catalonia has risen significantly due to immigration flows, while immigration policies encourage all citizens living in Catalonia to be able to communicate in Catalan with the public Administration. The same immigration policies, however, also acknowledge that interpreting (or intercultural mediation) may be necessary to facilitate immigrants’ rights to access public services during the first few years they are living in Catalonia. This article analyses the relationship between a minoritized language (Catalan), a dominant language (Spanish) and a group of recently arrived languages (Standard Chinese and other Chinese varieties) from the perspective of public service interpreting. It discusses some of the results of an empirical qualitative research which included: (a) interviews with public service interpreters and intercultural mediators working with Chinese living in Catalonia, (b) interviews with managers and coordinators in charge of interpreting or mediation services, and (c) questionnaires answered by Chinese users of public services in Catalonia. This research depicts a complex reality: it not only reflects interpreters’ and managers’ biases towards Spanish or Catalan, often motivated by their place of origin or life experience, but also the challenges when dealing with linguistic variation, i.e. the variety of languages (geolects and mutually unintelligible dialects) included under the umbrella term of Chinese.
Aged coconut oil with a high peroxide value induces oxidative stress and tissue damage in mercury-treated rats
Authors: Abarikwu Sunny O. , Njoku Rex-Clovis C. , Onuah Chigozie L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Exposure to mercury (Hg) and the ingestion of peroxidized edible oil represent a health risk. This study evaluated the effects of peroxidized coconut oil (CO) on the liver and kidney of rats treated with Hg.

Methods
Male albino Wistar rats were administered HgCl2 and CO separately or as a combination for 21 days. The concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which were used as markers of oxidative stress were measured in the liver and kidney homogenates. The activities of gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the levels of bilirubin and creatinine (CREA) as markers of liver and kidney functions were analyzed in the serum.

Results
The level of MDA in the kidney and liver homogenates was significantly increased in the HgCl2, CO, and CO+HgCl2 groups when compared to control values (p<0.05). Liver SOD activity and GSH level were increased and CAT activity was decreased, whereas kidney GSH level and SOD activity were decreased and CAT activity was increased in the CO and CO+HgCl2 groups when compared to control values (p<0.05). The increase in CREA and bilirubin levels as well as γ-GT and LDH activities observed in the CO+HgCl2 group when compared to the control values (p<0.05) were associated with pathological changes in both tissues, and were considered to be due to oxidative stress.

Conclusions
In summary, peroxidized CO and Hg alone or in combination induces oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of rats.
Effects of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and diminazene aceturate administration on the blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature of Wistar albino rats
Authors: Adeleye Olushola Emmanuel , Ale Jude Makinde , Sogebi Emmanuella Olubanke Amope , Durotoye Ladoke A. , Adeleye Adenike Iyabo , Adeyemi Samuel Olufemi , Olukunle Johnny Olufemi 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background:
This study was carried out to determine the blood pressure changes in experimentally Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected Wistar albino rats and diminazene aceturate-treated rats.

Methods:
Twenty-four rats were purchased and divided into four groups consisting of six rats each. Control group (CON) received 0.5 mL of distilled water, i.m., infected but not treated group (INF) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL i.m., infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (INFDIM) received 2×106 trypanosome/mL, 3.5 mg/kg, i.m.) and non-infected but diminazene aceturate-treated group (DIM) received 3.5 mg/kg, i.m. and served as negative control. The blood pressures were measured using a CODA 2® non-invasive blood pressure monitor (Kent Scientific, USA). The results were compiled and statistical analysis was done with significance set at p≥0.05.

Results:
The values of the blood pressure readings of the Trypanosoma-infected INF (137.0±2.0 mmHg) and diminazene-treated rats INFDIM (125.0±7.5 mmHg) when compared to the control group (168.0±3.0 mmHg) were significantly lower (p≤0.05) at the end of day 7. The heart rate was also significantly reduced in the INF (403.5±1.5 beats/min) and DIM (445.0±24 beats/min) groups of rats when compared with the control group (613.0±2.0 beats/min) at the end of day 8.

Conclusion:
The findings indicate the significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rates during Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection and with diminazene aceturate administration. Hence, caution should be exercised when treating trypanosome-infected patients with diminazene aceturate.
Orphan drugs: trends and issues in drug development
Authors: Rana Proteesh , Chawla Shalini 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Research in rare diseases has contributed substantially toward the current understanding in the pathophysiology of the common diseases. However, medical needs of patients with rare diseases have always been neglected by the society and pharmaceutical industries based on their small numbers and unprofitability. The Orphan Drug Act (1983) was the first serious attempt to address the unmet medical needs for patients with rare diseases and to provide impetus for the pharmaceutical industry to promote orphan drug development. The process of drug development for rare diseases is no different from common diseases but involves significant cost and infrastructure. Further, certain aspect of drug research may not be feasible for the rare diseases. The drug-approving authority must exercise their scientific judgment and ensure due flexibility while evaluating data at various stages of orphan drug development. The emergence of patent cliff combined with the government incentives led the pharmaceutical industry to realize the good commercial prospects in developing an orphan drug despite the small market size. Indeed, many drugs that were given orphan designation ended up being blockbusters. The orphan drug market is projected to reach $178 billion by 2020, and the prospects of research and development in rare diseases appears to be quite promising and rewarding.
The Distribution of Household Savings in Germany
Authors: Späth Jochen , Schmid Kai Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAgainst the ongoing assessment of the root causes of rising economic inequality in industrialized countries, analyses of the distribution of savings along the income and wealth distribution are of high interest. We analyze the concentration of household savings in Germany by estimating saving amounts, saving rates and shares in aggregate savings across income and wealth groups. Our calculations are based on the Sample Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (EVS), containing more than 40,000 households in Germany. We show that the concentration of savings is substantial: while the top income decile’s share in total savings reaches 60 percent, the lower half of the income distribution on average does not save at all. Across wealth groups the concentration of savings is somewhat less pronounced. We also look beyond the top income threshold underlying the EVS (18,000 euros of monthly net household income) and demonstrate that corrected saving rates for the top income groups are considerably higher than those derived from the EVS alone. Hence, the top income groups’ shares in aggregate savings exceed estimated shares solely based on EVS data, revealing a substantially more pronounced concentration of savings along the income distribution.
Outlawing orality: Western Yiddish reflexes in German fiction
Authors: Schäfer Lea 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study analyses how fictional languages can be influenced by natural languages exemplified by the use of Yiddish. It shows how a fictional language can be a data source for research on historical development of Western Yiddish (WY) and its sociolinguistic situation. In contrast to the varieties of Eastern Yiddish (EY), which are still spoken today, Western Yiddish was given up during the complex acculturation process of West-Ashkenazic Jewry during the nineteenth century. As a language driven by a pejorative view of language variations and by growing antisemitism, Yiddish found its way into German fiction, where it is still used in contemporary fiction as a means of characterising Jewish figures. This article presents the main results of a corpus study on 53 of such fictional texts from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.The Yiddish examples in Yiddish script will be primarily quoted in their original form and then be transliterated following the YIVO romanisation system (cf. Weinreich 1968).It will be shown that reflexes of spoken WY can be found in these imitations of Yiddish. This data can be used as secondary evidence of WY structures. Furthermore, the data gives an impression of the intensity of the language contact situation between German and Yiddish. In addition it gives insights into mechanisms of how German Jews were excluded from the German ideal of aSprachnation.