bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
88 The Efficacy and Safety of Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension (AMPH EROS) in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kando Judith C. , King Thomas , Pardo Antonio , Herman Barry K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOBJECTIVESTo determine the efficacy and safety of amphetamine extended-release oral suspension (AMPH EROS) in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with placebo in a dose-optimized, randomized, double-blind study.METHODSThe efficacy of AMPH EROS was evaluated in a laboratory classroom study conducted in 108 pediatric patients (aged 6–12 years) with ADHD. The study began with an open-label dose optimization (5weeks) with an initial AMPH EROS dose of 2.5 or 5mg once daily in the morning. The dose could be titrated every 4–7 days in increments of 2.5–10mg until an optimal dose or the maximum dose of 20mg/day was reached. Subjects were required to tolerate a minimal dose of 10mg/day. Subjects then entered a 1-week randomized, double-blind treatment phase with the individually optimized dose or placebo. At the end of the week, raters evaluated the attention and behavior of the subjects in a laboratory classroom using the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP-C) rating scale. SKAMP-C is a 13-item teacher-rated scale that assesses manifestations of ADHD in a classroom setting.The primary efficacy endpoint was change from pre-dose in the SKAMP-C score at 4hours post dose. The key secondary endpoint efficacy parameters were onset and duration of clinical effect. The change scores from pre-dose SKAMP-C scores at post dose time points (1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13hours) were used to evaluate the key secondary efficacy endpoints.RESULTSMore boys (68.7%) than girls participated in the study. The study population was 55.6% white, most patients had inattentive or combined type ADHD presentations. The primary efficacy endpoint, the change from pre-dose SKAMP-C score at 4hours post dose was statistically significantly improved (p<0.0001) compared with placebo. Each of the secondary efficacy endpoints were also significantly improved (p<0.0001 at each time point) compared with placebo. Adverse events reported (frequency >5%) reported during the dose optimization phase were decreased appetite, insomnia, affect lability, upper abdominal pain, mood swings, and headache.CONCLUSIONSAMPH EROS was effective in reducing symptoms or ADHD from 1 to 13hours after dosing. Adverse events reported were consistent with those of other amphetamine products.Funding Acknowledgements: This study was supported by Tris Pharma, Inc.
Implementation of stepped care for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome in community-based mental health care: outcomes at post-treatment and long-term follow-up
Authors: Janse Anthonie , van Dam Arno , Pijpers Coby , Wiborg Jan F. , Bleijenberg Gijs , Tummers Marcia , Twisk Jos , Nikolaus Stephanie , Knoop Hans 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground:Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Stepped care for CFS, consisting of a minimal intervention followed by face-to-face CBT, was found efficacious when tested in a CFS specialist centre. Stepped care implemented in a community-based mental health centre (MHC) has not yet been evaluated.Aims:(1) To test the effectiveness of stepped care for CFS implemented in a MHC at post-treatment and at long-term follow-up; and (2) compare post-treatment outcomes of implemented stepped care with treatment outcomes of a CFS specialist centre.Method:An uncontrolled study was used to test effectiveness of stepped care implemented in a MHC (n = 123). The outcomes of implemented care were compared with the outcomes of specialist care reported in previous studies (n = 583). Data on outcomes from implemented stepped care were gathered at post-treatment and at long-term follow-up. Mixed models were used as method of analysis.Results:Fatigue decreased and physical functioning increased significantly following implemented stepped care (both p < .001). The follow-up was completed by 94 patients (78%) within 1–6 years after treatment. Treatment effects were sustained to follow-up. Patients in the MHC showed less improvement directly following stepped care compared with patients in a CFS specialist centre (p < .01).Conclusion:Implemented stepped care for CFS is effective with sustained treatment gains at long-term follow-up. There is room for improvement when compared with outcomes of a CFS specialist centre. Some suggestions are made on how to improve stepped care.
Public health and the ultra-processed food and drink products industry: corporate political activity of major transnationals in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Mialon Mélissa , Gomes Fabio da Silva 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify examples of the ‘corporate political activity’ (CPA) of the industry producing and selling ultra-processed food and drink products (UPP) in Latin America and the Caribbean.DesignSearches were conducted on the national websites and social media accounts of large industry actors. Coding was deductive and based on a framework for classifying the CPA of the food industry.SettingFifteen countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.ParticipantsTwelve members of the International Food and Beverage Alliance (IFBA) and major trade associations and chambers of commerce in the region.ResultsDuring the current pilot study, more than 200 examples of CPA were found in Latin America and the Caribbean. The UPP industry lobbied governments during the development of national health policies. UPP companies tried to build alliances with health professionals, but also with communities where they operated and with policy makers. In addition, the UPP industry fought against regulation in court and proposed weaker alternatives to public health policies, such as self-regulation.ConclusionsFood systems in low- and middle-income countries, including in Latin America and the Caribbean, are increasingly penetrated by the UPP industry. These countries are at risk of being influenced by the CPA strategies described in the present study. There is a need to further identify, monitor and evaluate the impact of these CPA strategies on public health policies and public opinion in the region, in order to develop mechanisms to effectively prevent such interference.
Earthquake Stress Drop and Arias Intensity
Authors: Baltay Annemarie S. , Hanks Thomas C. , Abrahamson Norman A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe determine earthquake stress drops directly from the Arias intensity database of NGA‐West2. Arias intensity (Arias, 1970, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4167721) is an engineering measure proportional to the integral of the absolute value of acceleration squared, over the significant duration of the signal. As such, it is closely related to root mean square acceleration and can readily be connected to earthquake stress drop (Hanks & McGuire, 1981, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/71/6/2071/102118/the-character-of-high-frequency-strong-ground). Arias intensity records out to 100‐km yield stable stress drops for moderate‐to‐large magnitude earthquakes, M6.5+; for smaller events ~M4.5–6.5, only closer‐in records yield stable results. For the 116 events considered, stress drops are about 35% larger for class 1 mainshocks than for traditional on‐fault class 2 aftershocks, and smaller for those aftershocks close to the main fault plane. Aftershock stress drops show large variability, however, implying that on average they rerupture weakened patches but can also rupture intact rock or high‐stress asperities. We observe an increase of stress drop with earthquake depth similar to that of other studies but do not find any significant faulting mechanism dependence. The variability of the Arias intensity‐based stress drop is lower than that of eGf‐based stress drops from Baltay et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006736; 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046698), and nearly on par with variability seen in ground‐motion prediction equations. The Arias intensity stress drop is a novel and promising method to estimate stress drop without the need for path and site corrections and yields further insight into the connection between source physics and ground motion.
Flow and Drag in a Seagrass Bed
Authors: Monismith Stephen G. , Hirsh Heidi , Batista Natasha , Francis Holly , Egan Galen , Dunbar Robert B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe report direct measurement of drag forces due to tidal flow over a submerged seagrass bed in Ngeseksau Reef, Koror State, Republic of Palau. In our study, drag is computed using an array of high‐resolution pressure measurements, from which values of the drag coefficients, CD, referenced to measured depth‐averaged velocities, V, were inferred. Reflecting the fact that seagrass blades deflect in the presence of flow, we find that CD is O(1) when flows are weak and tends toward a value of 0.03 at the highest velocities, behavior that is consistent with existing theory for canopy flows with flexible canopy elements. A limited subset of velocity profiles obey the law of the wall, producing values of shear velocity that, while noisy, broadly agree with values inferred from the pressure measurements.
Impact Fragmentation and the Development of the Deep Lunar Megaregolith
Authors: Wiggins Sean E. , Johnson Brandon C. , Bowling Tim J. , Melosh H. Jay , Silber Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe megaregolith of the Moon is the upper region of the crust, which has been extensively fractured by intense impact bombardment. Little is known about the formation and evolution of the lunar megaregolith. Here we implement the Grady‐Kipp model for dynamic fragmentation into the iSALE shock physics code. This implementation allows us to directly simulate tensile in situ impact fragmentation of the lunar crust. We find that fragment sizes are weakly dependent on impactor size and impact velocity. For impactors 1 km in diameter or smaller, a hemispherical zone centered on the point of impact contains meter‐scale fragments. For an impactor 1 km in diameter this zone extends to depths of 20 km. At larger impactor sizes, overburden pressure inhibits fragmentation and only a near‐surface zone is fragmented. For a 10‐km‐diameter impactor, this surface zone extends to a depth of ~20 km and lateral distances ~300 km from the point of impact. This suggests that impactors from 1 to 10 km in diameter can efficiently fragment the entire lunar crust to depths of ~20 km, implying that much of the modern day megaregolith can be created by single impacts rather than by multiple large impact events.
Coccolithophore Growth and Calcification in an Acidified Ocean: Insights From Community Earth System Model Simulations
Authors: Krumhardt K. M. , Lovenduski N. S. , Long M. C. , Levy M. , Lindsay K. , Moore J. K. , Nissen C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAnthropogenic CO2 emissions are inundating the upper ocean, acidifying the water, and altering the habitat for marine phytoplankton. These changes are thought to be particularly influential for calcifying phytoplankton, namely, coccolithophores. Coccolithophores are widespread and account for a substantial portion of open ocean calcification; changes in their abundance, distribution, or level of calcification could have far‐reaching ecological and biogeochemical impacts. Here, we isolate the effects of increasing CO2 on coccolithophores using an explicit coccolithophore phytoplankton functional type parameterization in the Community Earth System Model. Coccolithophore growth and calcification are sensitive to changing aqueous CO2. While holding circulation constant, we demonstrate that increasing CO2 concentrations cause coccolithophores in most areas to decrease calcium carbonate production relative to growth. However, several oceanic regions show large increases in calcification, such the North Atlantic, Western Pacific, and parts of the Southern Ocean, due to an alleviation of carbon limitation for coccolithophore growth. Global annual calcification is 6% higher under present‐day CO2 levels relative to preindustrial CO2 (1.5 compared to 1.4 Pg C/year). However, under 900 μatm CO2, global annual calcification is 11% lower than under preindustrial CO2 levels (1.2 Pg C/year). Large portions of the ocean show greatly decreased coccolithophore calcification relative to growth, resulting in significant regional carbon export and air‐sea CO2 exchange feedbacks. Our study implies that coccolithophores become more abundant but less calcified as CO2 increases with a tipping point in global calcification (changing from increasing to decreasing calcification relative to preindustrial) at approximately ∼600 μatm CO2.
Thank You to Our 2018 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Hauck, Steven A. , Baratoux David , Stanley Sabine 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPeer review is an act of serving the community. Each peer review leads to sharper, more accurate, more impactful science, and clearer communication. Reviews from independent colleagues help bring the strengths and opportunities for improvement in scientific work into focus. Each year in planetary science, new ideas and places are explored; new understanding of our planet, its neighbors, and distant exoplanets is uncovered. Ensuring that the lessons of those discoveries can lead to new breakthroughs rests on the accuracy and accessibility of science we share. In 2018, we were humbled by the 756 peer reviews from 460 individuals that JGR: Planets received. Thank you for your efforts, your insights, and your service on behalf of the planetary science community.
Thank You to Our 2018 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Welling Daniel T. , Knipp Delores J. , Hapgood Michael , Liu Huixin , O'Brien T. Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPeer review remains one of the most important service activities for scientists.Through the time‐consuming process of peer review, community volunteers set the bar for the quality of science that is shared with each other and with the world. Attentive, patient, and critical review is required to maintain rigorous and accurate scientific reporting. Reviewers donate their time and effort with little incentive outside of the knowledge that they are contributing to sustain scientific rigor.Space Weather is fortunate to be able to continually rely on our reviewers to maintain a journal that receives and publishes high‐quality, high‐impact articles. We recognize the time, effort, and dedication each review requires. For this, we extend a heartfelt thank you to all of our 2018 reviewers. We sincerely appreciate your choice to respond positively to our review requests. Last year, Space Weather received 785 peer reviews from 354 individuals. The reviewers who contributed three or more reviews are recognized in italics below. Thank you all for your contributions in 2018.
Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Zachs Daniel P. , Offutt Sarah J. , Graham Rachel S. , Kim Yohan , Mueller Jerel , Auger Jennifer L. , Schuldt Nathaniel J. , Kaiser Claire R. W. , Heiller Abigail P. , Dutta Raini , Guo Hongsun , Alford Jamu K. , Binstadt Bryce A. , Lim Hubert H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTargeted noninvasive control of the nervous system and end-organs may enable safer and more effective treatment of multiple diseases compared to invasive devices or systemic medications. One target is the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that consists of the vagus nerve to spleen circuit, which has been stimulated with implantable devices to improve autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here we report that daily noninvasive ultrasound (US) stimulation targeting the spleen significantly reduces disease severity in a mouse model of inflammatory arthritis. Improvements are observed only with specific parameters, in which US can provide both protective and therapeutic effects. Single cell RNA sequencing of splenocytes and experiments in genetically-immunodeficient mice reveal the importance of both T and B cell populations in the anti-inflammatory pathway. These findings demonstrate the potential for US stimulation of the spleen to treat inflammatory diseases.
DIY productive failure: boosting performance in a large undergraduate biology course
Authors: Chowrira Sunita G. , Smith Karen M. , Dubois Patrick J. , Roll Ido 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStudents in first-year university courses often focus on mimicking application of taught procedures and fail to gain adequate conceptual understanding. One potential approach to support meaningful learning is Productive Failure (PF). In PF, the conventional instruction process is reversed so that learners attempt to solve challenging problems ahead of receiving explicit instruction. While students often fail to produce satisfactory solutions (hence “Failure”), these attempts help learners encode key features and learn better from subsequent instruction (hence “Productive”). Effectiveness of PF was shown mainly in the context of statistical and intuitive concepts, and lessons that are designed and taught by learning scientists. We describe a quasi-experiment that evaluates the impact of PF in a large-enrollment introductory university-level biology course when designed and implemented by the course instructors. One course-section (295 students) learned two topics using PF; another section (279 students) learned the same topics using an active learning approach, which is the standard in this course. Performance was assessed on the subsequent midterm exam, after all students had ample opportunities for practice and feedback, and after some time has elapsed. PF students scored nearly five percentage-points higher on the relevant topics in the subsequent midterm exam. The effect was especially strong for low-performing students. Improvement on the final exam was only visible for low-performing students. We describe the intervention and its potential to transform large introductory university courses.
Oral and Subcutaneous Administration of a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Molecular Imaging Agent Detects Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Bhatnagar Sumit , Khera Eshita , Liao Jianshan , Eniola Victoria , Hu Yongjun , Smith David E. , Thurber Greg M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes irreversible damage to the joints. However, effective drugs exist that can stop disease progression, leading to intense interest in early detection and treatment monitoring to improve patient outcomes. Imaging approaches have the potential for early detection, but current methods lack sensitivity and/or are time-consuming and expensive. We examined potential routes for self-administration of molecular imaging agents in the form of subcutaneous and oral delivery of an integrin binding near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging agent in an animal model of RA with the long-term goal of increasing safety and patient compliance for screening. NIR imaging has relatively low cost, uses non-ionizing radiation, and provides minimally invasive spatial and molecular information. This proof-of-principle study shows significant uptake of an IRDye800CW agent in inflamed joints of a collagen antibody induced arthritis (CAIA) mouse model compared to healthy joints, irrespective of the method of administration. The imaging results were extrapolated to clinical depths in silico using a 3D COMSOL model of NIR fluorescence imaging in a human hand to examine imaging feasability. With target to background concentration ratios greater than 5.5, which are achieved in the mouse model, these probes have the potential to identify arthritic joints following oral delivery at clinically relevant depths.
Regime shift in fish assemblage structure in the Yangtze River following construction of the Three Gorges Dam
Authors: Gao Xin , Fujiwara Masami , Winemiller Kirk O. , Lin Pengcheng , Li Mingzheng , Liu Huanzhang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDams have well-documented ecological impacts on downstream river segments; however, long-term impacts of river impoundment have rarely been investigated in upstream reaches. Using data from long-term standardized surveys, we analyzed temporal changes in fish assemblages in the Yangtze River upstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) before, during and after its construction. Our analysis indicated fish assemblage regime shifts in the two closer reaches in 2008, in accordance with the filling to 172.5 m in 2008; and in the other reach, farthest from the TGD, in 2011, indicating timing of the effects being related to distance. These shifts were evident in relative abundance of native fish species rather than non-native species and have altered community structures and functional groups. Relative abundance of the lotic guilds declined in the two closer reaches, but increased in the farthest. Invertivores declined, but piscivores and opportunistic life-history strategists increased in all reaches. We conclude that construction of TGD had led to significant changes in species distributions influenced by species functional traits. Our findings emphasize the need for long-term monitoring of fish assemblages before and after dam construction in order to understand ecological responses to hydrological changes for effective resource management in regulated rivers.
Waves in spatio-spectral and -temporal coherence of evolving ultra-intense twin beams
Authors: Peřina Jan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWaves in the spatio-spectral and -temporal coherence of evolving ultra-intense twin beams are predicted: Twin beams with low intensities attain maximal coherence in the beam center until certain threshold intensity is reached. Then the area of maximal coherence moves with increasing intensity from the beam center towards its edges leaving the beam center with low coherence (the first coherence wave). For even larger intensities, a new coherence maximum is gradually built in the beam center with the increasing intensity and, later, it again moves towards the beam edges forming the second coherence wave. Rotationally-symmetric twin beams are analyzed within a three-dimensional model that couples spectral and spatial degrees of freedom. Relation between the twin-beam coherence and its local density of modes during the nonlinear evolution is discussed.
Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is activated in odontomas, reduces Sema3A expression to regulate odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation and tooth germ development
Authors: Fujii Shinsuke , Nagata Kengo , Matsumoto Shinji , Kohashi Ken-ichi , Kikuchi Akira , Oda Yoshinao , Kiyoshima Tamotsu , Wada Naohisa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOdontomas, developmental anomalies of tooth germ, frequently occur in familial adenomatous polyposis patients with activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. However, roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in odontomas or odontogenic cells are unclear. Herein, we investigated β-catenin expression in odontomas and functions of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in tooth germ development. β-catenin frequently accumulated in nucleus and/or cellular cytoplasm of odontogenic epithelial cells in human odontoma specimens, immunohistochemically. Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibited odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation in both cell line and tooth germ development, while inducing immature epithelial bud formation. We identified Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) as a downstream molecule of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and showed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling-dependent reduction of Sema3A expression resulted in suppressed odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation. Sema3A expression is required in appropriate epithelial budding morphogenesis. These results suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling negatively regulates odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation and tooth germ development through decreased-Sema3A expression, and aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may associate with odontoma formation.