bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Practices for Growing Kenaf in Iowa: I. Morphology, Stem, and Fiber Yield
Authors: Bourguignon Marie , Moore Kenneth J. , Lenssen Andrew W. , Baldwin Brian S. 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Two kenaf cultivars were compared for stem fiber yield under combinations of planting rate, row spacing, and N fertilization rate.
Tainung 2 produced greater stem fiber yield than Whitten.
Nitrogen fertilization rate did not influence stem fiber yield.
Stand density, core/bast fiber ratio, and basal stem diameter were influenced by three‐way interactions.
ABSTRACTKenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a promising biorenewable resource for producing natural fibers but few studies have investigated the crop when grown in cooler climates, such as the American Midwest. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the agricultural practices (row spacing, seed, and N rates) leading to optimal kenaf dry matter (DM) stem and fiber yield in cultivars Tainung 2 and Whitten; (ii) evaluate stem height, basal diameter, and leaf area index (LAI) over the growing season; and (iii) assess the influence of management practices on fiber (bast and core lignocellulose) composition, and–2C, N, and total ash concentration. Kenaf cultivars Tainung 2 and Whitten were planted in Boone County, Iowa,–2in 2014 and 2015 at 247,000 or 371,000 seed ha−1, in 38‐cm or 76‐cm rows that received 0, 56, 112, 168, or 224 kg N ha−1. Stand density, core:bast fiber ratio, and basal stem diameter were influenced by three‐way interactions. Stem height at harvest was influenced by the main effects of row spacing, seeding rate, and N fertilization rate. Nitrogen fertilization did not influence stem DM yield, regardless of application rate. Kenaf is a promising multi‐purpose crop that could contribute to the natural fiber marker, as well as diversifying the landscape. Kenaf is well adapted to Iowa and can be produced with a range of management practices.
Current Insights into the Effectiveness of Riparian Management, Attainment of Multiple Benefits, and Potential Technical Enhancements
Authors: Stutter Marc , Kronvang Brian , Ó hUallacháin Daire , Rozemeijer Joachim 
Published: March 2019

Buffer strips between land and waters are widely applied measures in diffuse pollution management, with desired outcomes across other factors. There remains a need for evidence of pollution mitigation and wider habitat and societal benefits across scales. This paper synthesizes a collection of 16 new primary studies and review papers to provide the latest insights into riparian management. We focus on the following areas: (i) diffuse pollution removal efficiency of conventional and saturated buffer strips, (ii) enhancing biodiversity of buffers, (iii) edge‐of‐field technologies for improving nutrient retention, and (iv) potential reuse of nutrients and biomass from buffers. Although some topics represent emerging areas, for other well‐studied topics (e.g., diffuse pollution), it remains that effectiveness of conventional vegetated buffer strips for water quality improvement varies. The collective findings highlight the merits of targeted, designed buffers that support multiple benefits, more efficiently interrupting surface and subsurface contaminant flows while enhancing diversity in surface topography, soil moisture and C, vegetation, and habitat. This synthesis also highlights that despite the significant number of studies on the functioning of riparian buffers, research gaps remain, particularly in relation to (i) the capture and retention of soluble P and N in subsurface flows through buffers, (ii) the utilization of captured nutrients, (iii) the impact of buffer design and management on terrestrial and aquatic habitats and species, and (iv) the effect of buffers (saturated) on greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for pollution swapping.Core Ideas
We present an updated synthesis on riparian management incorporating insights from 16 new papers.
Topics cover diffuse pollution, biodiversity, new technologies, and biomass reuse.
The synthesis shows a move toward designed elements to improve riparian functions.
Humic Substances Extracted by Alkali Are Invalid Proxies for the Dynamics and Functions of Organic Matter in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Kleber Markus , Lehmann Johannes 
Published: March 2019

The conceptual rigor of using organic materials extracted from soil by alkali, called humic substances, as proxies for soil organic matter has been questioned for almost 180 years. However, the humic substances paradigm, i.e., the understanding that alkali‐extracted humic substances are newly synthesized materials with unique properties that are distinct from non‐humic organic matter, continues to be propagated throughout the literature. Here, we revisit the mechanistic background of the extraction process to show that alkaline extraction is unable to discriminate for the chemical history of a compound. For this reason, alkaline extraction cannot distinguish between (i) materials that have undergone secondary synthesis or humification (“humic” substances), and (ii) materials that are decorated with ionizable functional groups for other reasons, such as oxidative depolymerization (“non‐humic” substances). While this mechanistic consideration alone renders invalid a distinction between humic substances and non‐humic substances based on alkaline extraction, we further show that the evidence available to date does not support the assumption that processes of secondary synthesis create quantitatively significant proportions of “chemically reactive, yet recalcitrant” materials in natural environments. Any definition of humic substances that invokes both alkaline extraction and secondary synthesis is thus flawed on at least two accounts: (i) alkaline extraction is unable to achieve its purpose of separating humic from non‐humic substances, and (ii) the assertion that the extracted materials have unique molecular properties as a consequence of secondary synthesis cannot be proven because alkaline extraction cannot separate materials created by secondary synthesis from other, ionizable organic compounds. Finally, we point out that since the definition of humic substances is tied to the alkaline‐extraction procedure, neither the existence of operationally defined humic substances in the environment nor their chemical integrity during the course of alkaline extraction can be independently verified. We conclude that organic materials extracted by alkali require appropriate nomenclature and rigorous definition to merit consideration in teaching, research, and application.Core Ideas
Alkaline extraction cannot distinguish between humic substances and non‐humic substances.
Alkaline extraction cannot discriminate for products of secondary synthesis.
The humic paradigm needs to be set aside.
Is the Laser Diffraction Method Reliable for Soil Particle Size Distribution Analysis?
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Lijuan , Wendroth Ole , Liu Baoyuan , Cheng Congcong , Huang Tingting , Shi Yangzi 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
LDM was evaluated by SPM and SEM for soil PSD determination.
LDM significantly overestimated sand and silt but underestimated clay contents compared to SPM.
LDM resulted in soil texture class shifts in nearly half of the soil samples in contrast to SPM.
Linear conversions were significant for sand and silt but not for clay contents from LDM to SPM.
LDM held statistically similar median particle sizes with SEM for PSDs within the clay fraction.
The laser diffraction method (LDM) has been increasingly applied for quantifying soil particle size distribution (PSD), owing to its advantages of rapid analysis, high reproducibility, and continuous PSD measurement for a wide range of size fractions. However, some ambiguities exist regarding the comparability of results with those obtained using other classical methods. The objective of the current study was to evaluate LDM‐derived PSDs via comparisons with PSDs obtained with the standard sieve–pipette method (SPM) and from the absolute method of microscopy. A total of 277 soil samples were collected at different soil depths in a typical cropland in the northeast mountainous region of Beijing and analyzed with both SPM and LDM. Due to time and labor constraints, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on 100 samples randomly selected for the PSDs within the clay fraction withdrawn by SPM. The results manifested on the average 18.9% underestimation of clay content and 25.3% overestimation of silt content by LDM compared to SPM. These disagreements directly caused the shifts of soil texture class in 44.8% of the soil samples. Significant linear regression equations were generated to convert LDM–derived sand and silt contents to SPM–derived ones (p < 0.01). The linear conversions for the clay content were only significant for the calibration samples, but possessed negative coefficients of determination for the validation set. According to SEM, silt‐sized particles were wrongly included in the clay fraction identified by SPM. Eliminating such particles, the clay contents corrected by SEM were significantly lower when assuming the shape of clay particles < 2 µm as plates or discs with constant thickness–diameter ratio of 1/10, and higher when considering the clay particles as spheres for volume calculation, in contrast to those measured by LDM (P < 0.01). Detailed volume‐based PSDs within the clay fraction were further compared between SEM and LDM, revealing dissimilar PSD patterns but statistically similar median particle diameters. These findings suggest the effectiveness of LDM in soil PSD determination. Future work is needed to systematically quantify the impact of other possible factors such as clay mineralogy and refractive index on LDM‐derived PSDs.
Effects of Citrate on the Rates and Mechanisms of Phosphate Adsorption and Desorption on a Calcareous Soil
Authors: Bulmer David , Hamilton Jordan , Kar Gourango , Dhillon Gurbir , Si Bing C. , Peak Derek 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Citrate and Ca influence the P sorption in calcareous soil.
Labile Ca influences the citrate‐enhanced P desorption.
The soil P reactions obey the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics.
P sorption in calcareous soil is Ca‐concentration dependent.
Adsorption at the soil–water interface is a fundamental chemical process that often controls the retention of compounds in soils. The rates of adsorption therefore have a vital role in the fate and transport of phosphate in the soil environment. In this study, the effects of a range of organic acid (citrate) levels and soil Ca levels on phosphate (PO43−) adsorption and desorption were investigated in detail through a combination of laboratory (miscible displacement kinetics) and synchrotron‐based X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. A pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model was applied to the data that provided good fits for the entire datasets (both adsorption and desorption) with a single set of equations. In general, it was observed that citrate directly competed for adsorption sites in soils with reduced levels of Ca but in soils high in labile Ca, citrate was not competitive in desorbing P. The most likely explanation for this is that citrate instead chelates with Ca to form soluble complexes when an excess of Ca is present.
Recognizing factors affecting decline in groundwater level using wavelet-entropy measure (case study: Silakhor plain aquifer)
Authors: Komasi Mehdi , Sharghi Soroush 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The most important approach to identify the behavior of hydrological processes is time series analysis of this process. Wavelet-entropy measure has been considered as a criterion for the degree of time series fluctuations and consequently uncertainty. Wavelet-entropy measure reduction indicates the reduction in natural time series fluctuations and thus, the occurrence of an unfavorable trend in time series. In this way, to identify the main cause of declining aquifer water level in the Silakhor plain, monthly time series of rainfall, temperature and output discharge were divided into three different time periods. Then, these time series were decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet transform and then, the wavelet energies were computed for these decomposed time series. Finally, wavelet-entropy measure was computed for each different time period. Given the entropy reduction of about 71, 13 and 10.5% for discharge, rainfall and temperature time series respectively, it can be concluded that fluctuation decrease of discharge time series has relatively more effect on groundwater level oscillation patterns with respect to the rainfall and temperature time series. In this regard, it could be concluded that the climate change factors are not facing significant changes; thus, human activities can be regarded as the main reason for the declining groundwater level in this plain.
Methodological proposal for conceptualization and classification of interactions between groundwater and surface water
Authors: Ballesteros-Navarro Bruno J. , Díaz-Losada Elisabeth , Domínguez-Sánchez José A. , Grima-Olmedo Juan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Water management plans require comprehensive knowledge of physical processes and principles controlling water resources. These mechanisms, subject to limitations, can interact in complex ways, which makes it challenging to design guidelines to achieve optimum water resources use, taking into account economic, social and environmental factors. The relationship between rivers and aquifers defines different forms of interaction between superficial water and groundwater. These processes have great relevance in inland water management and protection against pollution, as well as dependent ecosystems. Under the current legislative framework in Europe, i.e., the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) and the Groundwater Directive 2006/118/EC, calculation of flow direction and exchange rates between groundwater bodies and associated surface systems are key aspects of river basin management plans. This paper examines conditioning factors of exchange processes, related basic physical principles, and criteria for establishing different conceptual models, providing a typology for systematic classification of groundwater–surface water interactions.
Funda menty teolo giczno -społ eczn e wycho wan ia patriotyczn ego w katechezie i na lekcji religii
Authors: Czekalski Ryszard , Bednarczyk Rafał 
Published: March 2019

Z działalnością pastoralną i katechetyczną Kościoła w Polsce zwłaszcza w ostatnichstuleciach było wyraźnie powiązane wychowanie patriotyczne. W szeregachduchowieństwa nigdy też nie brakowało żarliwych patriotów oddanych sprawie wolności Ojczyzny. To pozwoliło wytworzyć i rozwinąć wśród Polaków świadomośćnaturalnego powiązania pomiędzy katolicyzmem i patriotyzmem. Obecnie,gdy cieszymy w naszej Ojczyźnie wolnością i pokojem, Polacy mogą swobodnierozwijać wychowanie patriotyczne w rodzinie, w szkole, w Kościele i życiu publicznym.Badania socjologiczne podkreślają, że dla Polaków jedną z najważniejszychwartości jest patriotyzm, który nadal powinien być łączony z wychowaniemreligijnym. Do głównych zadań katechezy szkolnej i parafialnej w dziedziniewychowania patriotycznego należą: kształtowanie postawy miłości Boga i bliźniego(co służy także poszanowaniu przedstawicieli innych narodów), rozwijanieświadomości obowiązków obywatelskich, pielęgnowanie szacunku wobec symbolii tradycji narodowych, walka z wadami i grzechami narodowymi, zaszczepianietroski o poznawanie historii i geografii Polski.
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists for Nephroprotection: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis A. , Memmos Evangelos , Alexandrou Maria-Eleni , Papagianni Aikaterini 
Published: March 2019

Background:
The use of single RAS-blockade is currently the recommended first-line treatment for
proteinuric diabetic or non-diabetic nephropathy, as these agents were repeatedly shown in studies with hard renal
outcomes to retard the progression of renal injury. However, CKD will continue to progress on optimum single
RAS-blockade, and other options to ameliorate renal injury were explored. Dual RAS-blockade was associated
with an increased risk of adverse-events with no apparent benefits and, therefore, is currently abandoned.

:
Based on the phenomenon of aldosterone escape and the well-documented harmful effects of aldosterone on renal
tissue, several randomized trials have studied the effects of a MRA in diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy.

Method:
This is a review of the literature in relevance to data evaluating the effect of MRA on renal outcomes.

Results:
Studies with spironolactone and eplerenone added to single RAS-blockade showed that these agents are
associated with greater reductions in urine albumin or protein excretion compared to either placebo or dual RASblockade.
However, studies with these agents on hard renal outcomes are currently missing and the reasonable
skepticism of physicians on the real-world incidence of hyperkalemia in CKD patients are limiting their use. A
non-steroidal MRA, finerenone, has also great potency in decreasing albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy with
possibly lower rates of hyperkalemia. Two multi-center clinical trials examining the effect of finerenone on hard
cardiovascular and renal outcomes are currently ongoing.

Conclusion:
MRAs are able to reduce albuminuria and proteinuria on top of single RAS-blockade in patients
with proteinuric CKD. Ongoing clinical trials are expected to clarify whether such an effect is accompanied by
delay in CKD progression.
One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis and Molecular Docking of Some Novel 2-Thiazolyl Pyridines as Potent Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Shaaban Mohamed E.B. , Rabee Kamal A. , El-Shemy Heba N. , Abdallah Abanoub M. , Metz Peter 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Thiazoles and pyridines are versatile synthetic scaffolds possessing wide
spectrum of biological effects including potential antimicrobial activity.

Objective:
In the efforts to develop suitable antimicrobia drugs, medicinal chemists have focused on
thiazole derivatives. A novel series of 2-thiazolyl pyridines was prepared in a one-pot three-component
reaction using 2-bromoacetyl pyridine as a starting precursor.

Method:
Structure of the synthesized compounds was elucidated by spectral data (FT-IR, 1H NMR,
13C NMR, and mass) and elemental analyses. The prepared compounds were screened for their in vitro
antimicrobial activity.

Results:
The results revealed that compounds 4a,b,e-g and 12 showed promising activity. Molecular
docking studies using MOE software were carried out for compounds 4a and 4b which exhibited potent
activities indicated by the diameter zones (4a; 3.6, 4.0, 1.2 mm) (4b; 4.2, 3.5, 1.5 mm) and the
binding affinities (4a; -5.7731, -5.3576, -4.6844 kcal mol-1) (4b; -5.9356, -2.8250, -5.3628 kcal mol-1)
against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, respectively.

Conclusion:
This paper describes a facile and efficient MCR for synthesis of 2-thiazolyl pyridines
from reaction of 2-bromoacetyl pyridine with different reagents. There was an agreement between the
values of binding affinities and interactions and the data obtained from the practical antimicrobial
screening of the tested compounds.
Novel GLI3 Mutations in Chinese Patients with Non-syndromic Post-axial Polydactyly
Authors: Chen X. , Yuan L. , Xu H. , Hu P. , Yang Y. , Guo Y. , Guo Z. , Deng H. 
Published: March 2019

Background:Polydactyly, characterized by supernumerary digits in the upper or lower extremities, is the most common congenital digital abnormalities. It derives from the defective patterning of anteroposterior axis of the developing limb, with various etiology and clinical heterogeneity. The patients with post-axial polydactyly type A (PAPA) have the typical symptom of a well-formed supernumerary digit outside the fifth digit.Objective:The aim of present study was to identify the causative mutations of two unrelated Han Chinese patients with non-syndromic PAPA.Methods:Two unrelated Han Chinese patients and 100 ethnicity-matched, unrelated normal controls were recruited for this study. BGISEQ-500 exome sequencing was performed in the two patients, followed by validation in the patients and 100 controls by using Sanger sequencing.Results:Two mutations in the GLI family zinc finger 3 gene (GLI3), including a frameshift mutation c.3437_3453delTCGAGCAGCCCTGCCCC (p.L1146RfsX95) and a nonsense mutation c.3997C>T (p.Q1333X), were identified in two patients but were absent in the 100 healthy controls.Conclusion:The two GLI3 mutations, p.L1146RfsX95 and p.Q1333X, may account for non-syndromic PAPA in the two patients, respectively. The findings of this study may expand the mutational spectrum of GLI3-PAPA and provide novel insights into the genetic basis of polydactyly.
Structure Based Drug Design and Molecular Docking Studies of Anticancer Molecules Paclitaxel, Etoposide and Topotecan using Novel Ligands
Authors: Yadav Manisha , Dhagat Swasti , Eswari Jujjavarapu S. 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Tubulin is the biochemical target for several clinically used anticancer
drugs as it helps in the formation of mitotic spindle during mitosis stage of cell division. Many of
the anti-cancer drugs are known to interact with tubulin and microtubules including some plant alkaloids,
such as paclitaxel, etoposide and topotecan. In silico drug design of these molecules were
performed prior to testing these drugs in vitro. In silico drug design of these anti-cancer drugs becomes
a challenge due to the complex structure of target protein. This challenge was overcome by
predicting the structure of the target protein (tubulin) by homology modeling.

Methods:
In this study, computer aided drug designing approach was applied to predict the suitable
docking site in target protein and the interaction of tubulin protein with paclitaxel, etoposide
and topotecan was explored by molecular docking using Schrödinger software. Docking score and
glide energy were determined with ligands to validate their anticancer properties.

Results:
The results indicate that etoposide is the best drug for tubulin with a docking score of -
4.916 and glide energy of -46.470 kcal/mol compared to paclitaxel and topotecan.

Conclusion:
The testing of these drugs in silico provides an alternate to in vitro testing of these
molecules on cancer cell lines which is a time and cost intensive process. The in silico study of parameters,
such as docking score and glide energy, will help pharmacists in developing new molecules
as targets for cancers in a time and cost-effective manner.