bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fe–Co magnetic nanoclusters by density functional theory calculations
Authors: Cutrano C. S. , Lekka Ch. E. 
Published: August 2018

We present density functional theory results referring to the structural, electronic and magnetic properties of 13, 55, 147 and 309 Fe–Co (magnetic–magnetic) icosahedral nanoclusters (ICO) comparing with our previous results on Fe–Cu (magnetic–nonmagnetic). It came out that the Fe atoms always favour the edge surface sites exhibiting higher average magnetic moment (MM) for Fe and FeCo ICOs than FeCu while the local Fe MM is greater for FeCu12 and Fe6Cu49 ones. This is due to the strong hybridisation of Fe 3d–Co 3d states, while in Fe–Cu the Fe spin down states are restricted close to fermi without been affected by the corresponding Cu states. These results could be used for the design of environmental sustainable smart magnetic alloys. This is part of a thematic issue on Nanoscale Materials Characterisation and Modeling by Advances Microscopy Methods - EUROMAT.
Darwin’s other big idea
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The idea that males and females often look, sound, smell, and behave differently is uncontroversial. Where those differences came from, however, and what role they play in various species—including humans—is not. ‘Darwin’s other big idea’ outlines Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory: differential reproduction based on sexual competition, whether between the members of one sex for access to the other, or by selection of particular mating partners. Differences in reproductive parts directly involved in sperm or egg production—primary sexual characteristics—were relatively easy to explain. The other kinds of sexual differences, he proposed, could evolve in one of two ways: male–male competition resulting in weapons, or female choice resulting in ornaments, but this was highly controversial.
Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
‘Mating systems, or who goes with whom, and for how long’ examines the variation in how males and females associate during the breeding season, ranging from brief couplings with multiple partners to lifelong monogamy. It also shows how the discovery that females mate with many partners, even in supposedly monogamous species such as songbirds, was made possible by modern genetic techniques. Variation in mating systems holds considerable implications for the operation of sexual selection. The way that animal mating systems have been explained historically is outlined before considering how a more contemporary understanding of genetic and social relationships has reshaped our thinking and how understanding a species’ mating system can have practical applications.
How sex makes species survive
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
How new species come about is one of the most fundamental questions in biology. And because that process involves reproduction, and because reproduction often (though not always) means sexual selection, it should come as no surprise that sexual selection has often been thought to play a role in speciation—the way that new species arise and are maintained. ‘How sex makes species survive’ explains that sexual selection, and the dizzying array of ornaments and weapons it produces, is now recognized to be far more than simply a means for females to recognize a male of the appropriate species. It can also be the engine that drives new species to come about.
Conclusions, and where to from here
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
‘Conclusions, and where to from here’ concludes that animals are far more variable in their sexual behaviour than is commonly believed, which means that they do not set a model for natural human behaviour, regardless of how we define it. Females are not always the more caring sex, males are not always more competitive than females, and mate choice and competition take many forms. Under the same selective pressures—to survive long enough to reproduce and to pass on genes to subsequent generations—animals have evolved many different solutions. New areas of sexual selection research include the use of genomics to understand the evolution of alternative reproductive behaviour and for better understanding sexual conflict.
Innovation: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
What is innovation? How is innovation used in business? How can we use it to succeed? Innovation: A Very Short Introduction looks at what innovation is and why it affects us so profoundly. It examines how it occurs, who stimulates it, how it is pursued, its outcomes—both positive and negative—and how it plays an essential role in economic and social development. Considering innovation today, and discussing future disruptive technologies such as AI, which have important implications for work and employment, this VSI considers the extent to which our understanding of innovation has developed over the past century and how it might be used to interpret the global economy.
London’s wobbly bridge: learning from failure
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
‘London’s wobbly bridge: learning from failure’ considers the ways in which much progress in science, engineering, and innovation is built upon failure. It is because of risks and uncertainties that there is so much failure in innovation; however failures provide valuable opportunities for future improvements. Innovation encourages organizational and personal learning but requires strong leadership to outweigh the potential negative outcomes. There is continuing debate on the impact of innovation on employment and its effect on the quantity and quality of jobs. Economic wealth depends upon improved productivity, and this is frequently driven by innovation. Innovation and improvements in technology and organization contribute to what is known as multi-factor productivity.
Thomas Edison’s organizational genius
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
‘Thomas Edison’s organizational genius’ uses examples of Thomas Edison’s work to show how he pioneered a highly structured way of organizing innovation. He developed the phonograph, electric light bulb, and electrical power distribution, and improved the telephone, telegraph, and motion picture technology, as well as founding numerous companies, including General Electric. He always pursued several lines of research, wishing to keep options open until the strongest contender emerged. By working on numerous projects simultaneously, Edison hedged his bets so future income streams did not depend upon one development. Further examples of other businesses using Edison’s ideas on workplace, structures, people, creativity, and technology include IDEO, Toyota, 3M, Google, and Amazon.
Innovating the future
Authors: Dodgson Mark , Gann David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The challenges and opportunities for innovation are immense. As well as creating new sources of wealth, innovation is essential if we are to cope with climate change, provide better water and food, improve health and education, and produce energy sustainably. The keys to future innovativeness lie in an organization’s ability to foster creativity and to make decisions and choices based on being well prepared, informed, and connected. The challenge is in encouraging, selecting, and configuring the best ideas. ‘Innovating the future’ considers the roles of governments and universities in innovation and different innovation strategies. It also discusses the relationship between innovation and automation in the form of AI and robots.
checkMyIndex: a web-based R/Shiny interface for choosing compatible sequencing indexes
Authors: Varet Hugo , Coppée Jean-Yves 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Summary
When sequencing several libraries simultaneously, the selection of compatible combinations of indexes is critical for ensuring that the sequencer will be able to decipher the short, sample-specific barcodes added to each fragment. However, researchers have few tools to help them choose optimal indexes. Here, we present checkMyIndex, an online R/Shiny application that facilitates the selection of the right indexes as a function of the experimental constraints.

Availability and implementation
checkMyIndex is available free of charge at https://checkmyindex.pasteur.fr as an online, web-based R/Shiny application. The source code is available on GitHub at https://github.com/PF2-pasteur-fr/checkMyIndex.
Dentate Granule Neurons Generated During Perinatal Life Display Distinct Morphological Features Compared With Later-Born Neurons in the Mouse Hippocampus
Authors: Kerloch Thomas , Clavreul Solène , Goron Adeline , Abrous Djoher Nora , Pacary Emilie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn nonhuman mammals and in particular in rodents, most granule neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) are generated during development and yet little is known about their properties compared with adult-born neurons. Although it is generally admitted that these populations are morphologically indistinguishable once mature, a detailed analysis of developmentally born neurons is lacking. Here, we used in vivo electroporation to label dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in mouse embryos (E14.5) or in neonates (P0) and followed their morphological development up to 6 months after birth. By comparison with mature retrovirus-labeled DGCs born at weaning (P21) or young adult (P84) stages, we provide the evidence that perinatally born neurons, especially embryonically born cells, are morphologically distinct from later-born neurons and are thus easily distinguishable. In addition, our data indicate that semilunar and hilar GCs, 2 populations in ectopic location, are generated during the embryonic and the neonatal periods, respectively. Thus, our findings provide new insights into the development of the different populations of GCs in the DG and open new questions regarding their function in the brain.
Anti-anginal drugs–beliefs and evidence: systematic review covering 50 years of medical treatment
Authors: Ferrari Roberto , Pavasini Rita , Camici Paolo G , Crea Filippo , Danchin Nicolas , Pinto Fausto , Manolis Athanasios , Marzilli Mario , Rosano Giuseppe M C , Lopez-Sendon José , Fox Kim 
Published: August 2018

AbstractChronic stable angina is the most prevalent symptom of ischaemic heart disease and its management is a priority. Current guidelines recommend pharmacological therapy with drugs classified as being first line (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, short acting nitrates) or second line (long-acting nitrates, ivabradine, nicorandil, ranolazine, and trimetazidine). Second line drugs are indicated for patients who have contraindications to first line agents, do not tolerate them or remain symptomatic. Evidence that one drug is superior to another has been questioned. Between January and March 2018, we performed a systematic review of articles written in English over the past 50 years English-written articles in Medline and Embase following preferred reporting items and the Cochrane collaboration approach. We included double blind randomized studies comparing parallel groups on treatment of angina in patients with stable coronary artery disease, with a sample size of, at least, 100 patients (50 patients per group), with a minimum follow-up of 1 week and an outcome measured on exercise testing, duration of exercise being the preferred outcome. Thirteen studies fulfilled our criteria. Nine studies involved between 100 and 300 patients, (2818 in total) and a further four enrolled greater than 300 patients. Evidence of equivalence was demonstrated for the use of beta-blockers (atenolol), calcium antagonists (amlodipine, nifedipine), and channel inhibitor (ivabradine) in three of these studies. Taken all together, in none of the studies was there evidence that one drug was superior to another in the treatment of angina or to prolong total exercise duration. There is a paucity of data comparing the efficacy of anti-anginal agents. The little available evidence shows that no anti-anginal drug is superior to another and equivalence has been shown only for three classes of drugs. Guidelines draw conclusions not from evidence but from clinical beliefs.
Temporal–spatial, spectral, and source level distributions of fin whale vocalizations in the Norwegian Sea observed with a coherent hydrophone array
Authors: Garcia Heriberto A , Zhu Chenyang , Schinault Matthew E , Kaplan Anna I , Handegard Nils Olav , Godø Olav Rune , Ahonen Heidi , Makris Nicholas C , Wang Delin , Huang Wei , Ratilal Purnima 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo better understand fin whale vocalization behaviour in the Norwegian and Barents Seas, a large-aperture densely sampled coherent hydrophone array was deployed in late winter 2014 to monitor their vocalizations instantaneously over wide areas via passive ocean acoustic waveguide remote sensing (POAWRS). Here, we (i) provide a time-frequency characterization for different call types observed (20 Hz pulses, 130 Hz upsweeps, 30–100 Hz downsweep chirps, and 18–19 Hz backbeats); (ii) compare their relative abundances in three different coastal regions off Alesund, Lofoten, and Northern Finnmark; (iii) estimate the temporal and spatial distributions; (iv) source level distributions; and (v) probability of detection (PoD) regions for the more abundant 20 Hz pulse and 130 Hz upsweep call types. The fin whale vocalizations received over the diel cycle (24 h) were significantly more abundant by a factor of roughly seven off Northern Finnmark than the other two regions, associated with fish feeding activities. The source levels are estimated to be 190.5±7.4 dB for the fin whale 20 Hz pulses and 170.3 ± 5.2 dB for the 130 Hz upsweeps. We find that fin whales are capable of producing each vocalization type either independently or simultaneously with other types, and the 20 Hz sound production in the fin whales involves a mechanism that generates a significantly less-intense second-order harmonic of the fundamental.
Corporate Management, Labor Relations, and Community Building at the East India Company’s Blackwall Dockyard, 1600–57
Authors: Pettigrew William A , Smith Edmond 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This essay offers a social history of the labor relations established by the English East India Company at its Blackwall Dockyard in East London from 1615–45. It uses all of the relevant evidence from the company’s minute books and printed bylaws and from petitions to the company to assemble a full account of the relationships formed between skilled and unskilled workers, managers, and company officials. Challenging other historians’ depictions of early modern dockyards as sites for class confrontation, this essay offers a more agile account of the hierarchies within the yard to suggest how and why the workforce used its considerable power to challenge management and when and why it was successful in doing so. Overall, the essay suggests that the East India Company developed and prioritized a broader social constituency around the dockyard over particular labor lobbies to preempt accusations that it abdicated its social responsibilities. In this way, the company reconciled the competing interests of profit (as a joint stock company with investors) and social responsibility by, to some extent, assuming the social role of its progenitor organizations—the livery company and the borough corporation.
Thermodynamics and mathematics
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Most school mathematics is about how one variable, y, varies with respect to one other variable, x, according to an equation such as y = 3x2. Equations like this underpin the student’s knowledge of algebra, and differential and integral calculus. Thermodynamics, however, is necessarily about how a variable, such as the pressure P, varies with respect not to one but to three variables simultaneously – for example, the mole number n, the volume V, and the temperature T. This makes the algebra of thermodynamics more complex, and also implies that mutual changes between pairs of variables is described not in terms of total derivatives of the form dy/dx, but rather by partial derivatives of the form (∂P/∂T)V. Many students find the leap from dy/dx to (∂P/∂T)V very difficult - the purpose of this chapter is therefore to build the reader’s confidence in understanding, and manipulating, functions of two and three variables.
Introductory Rotational Dynamics
Authors: Mann Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of circular motion and rotations, whose applications to chemical systems are plentiful. Circular motion is the book’s first example of a special case of motion using the laws developed in previous chapters. The chapter begins with the basic definitions of circular motion; as uniform rotation around a principle axis is much easier to consider, it is the focus of this chapter and is used to develop some key ideas. The chapter discusses angular displacement, angular velocity, angular momentum, torque, rigid bodies, orbital and spin momenta, inertia tensors and non-inertial frames and explores fictitious forces as well as transformations in rotating frames.
Gravity Reframed
Authors: Wittman David M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The effects of gravity disappear in freely falling laboratories.Within such a laboratory, a freely falling particle appears to have no forces on it—it is an inertial particle following the rules of special relativity. We therefore expect it to follow a worldline of maximum proper time. This chapter develops thinking tools for identifying paths of maximum proper time in the presence of gravity, where clocks have altitudedependent tick rates; these include graphical tools as well as a qualitative description of the geodesic equation. The reward: we find that altitude‐dependent time by itself explains all the trajectories we associate with everyday gravity. Gravity is not a force at all, it is a differential flow of time. This explains why freely falling particles feel no force. It also abolishes the need to explain how “the force of gravity” manages to accelerate all particles equally, regardless of their mass or other properties.
Environmental health in Australia: overlooked and underrated
Authors: Whiley H , Willis E , Smith J , Ross K 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Improvements in environmental health have had the most significant impact on health status. In Australia, life expectancy has significantly increased through provision of vaccination, safe food and drinking water, appropriate sewage disposal and other environmental health measures. Yet the profession that is instrumental in delivering environmental health services at the local community level is overlooked. Rarely featuring in mainstream media, the successes of Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) are invisible to the general public. As a consequence, students entering university are unaware of the profession and its significant role in society. This has resulted in there being too few EHOs to meet the current regulatory requirements, much less deal with the emerging environmental health issues arising as a consequence of changing global conditions including climate change. To futureproof Australian society and public health this workforce issue, and the associated oversight of environmental health must be addressed now.
Reduced myocyte complex N‐glycosylation causes dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ednie Andrew R. , Deng Wei , Yip Kay-Pong , Bennett Eric S. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTProtein glycosylation is an essential posttranslational modification that affects a myriad of physiologic processes. Humans with genetic defects in glycosylation, which result in truncated glycans, often present with significant cardiac deficits. Acquired heart diseases and their associated risk factors were also linked to aberrant glycosylation, highlighting its importance in human cardiac disease. In both cases, the link between causation and corollary remains enigmatic. The glycosyltransferase gene, mannosyl (α‐1,3‐)‐glycoprotein β‐1,2‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat1), whose product, N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (GlcNAcT1) is necessary for the formation of hybrid and complex N‐glycan structures in the medial Golgi, was shown to be at reduced levels in human end‐stage cardiomyopathy, thus making Mgat1 an attractive target for investigating the role of hybrid/complex N‐glycosylation in cardiac pathogenesis. Here, we created a cardiomyocyte‐specific Mgatl knockout (KO) mouse to establish a model useful in exploring the relationship between hybrid/complex N‐glycosylation and cardiac function and disease. Biochemical and glycomic analyses showed that Mgat1KO cardiomyocytes produce predominately truncated N‐glycan structures. All Mgat1KO mice died significantly younger than control mice and demonstrated chamber dilation and systolic dysfunction resembling human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Data also indicate that a cardiomyocyte L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel (Cav) subunit (α281) is a GlcNAcT1 target, and Mgat1KO Cav activity is shifted to more‐depolarized membrane potentials. Consistently, Mgat1KO cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling is altered and contraction is dyssynchronous compared with controls. The data demonstrate that reduced hybrid/complex N‐glycosylation contributes to aberrant cardiac function at whole‐heart and myocyte levels drawing a direct link between altered glycosylation and heart disease. Thus, the Mgat1KO provides a model for investigating the relationship between systemic reductions in glycosylation and cardiac disease, showing that clinically relevant changes in cardiomyocyte hybrid/complex N‐glycosylation are sufficient to cause DCM and early death.—Ednie, A. R., Deng, W., Yip, K.‐P., Bennett, E. S. Reduced myocyte complex N‐glycosylation causes dilated cardiomyopathy. FASEB J. 33, 1248–1261 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The Diabetic Foot Amputation Decision-Making Process
Authors: Wang Shou-Yu , Liu Ju-Fen , Huang Yu-Ping , Chang Ying-Ying 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
Diabetes has been the fourth leading cause of death in Taiwan since 2002 and is one of the top four most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Patients who have diabetic foot, as well as their families, are faced with the burden of possible limb amputation. The aim of this study was to explore the amputation decision-making process with patients with diabetic foot and their families.

METHODS:
Grounded theory was used in this study. Data from 16 participants at a regional hospital in Taiwan were collected using purposive sampling. The data analysis was conducted through open coding, axial coding, selective coding, and memo writing.

RESULTS:
The study revealed that the core factor in the decision-making process was “amputation in order to survive.” Patients and families additionally considered “the devastation of experiencing multiple diseases,” “treatment of poorly healing wounds,” and “facing the decision of whether to undergo amputation.”

CONCLUSIONS:
After understanding the patients’ decision-making process regarding amputation, healthcare providers should be encouraged to empathize with such patients. Further, providers should respect the patients’ and families’ decision and provide them with necessary care. Future research should explore professional perspective and family members’ care process for amputees to understand the decision-making process of patients who require amputation.