bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Aerobic Tandem Dehydrogenative Povarov/Aromatization Reaction: Synthesis of Isocryptolepines
Authors: Schendera Eva , Unkel Lisa‐Natascha , Huyen Quyen Phung Phan , Salkewitz Gwen , Hoffmann Frank , Villinger Alexander , Brasholz Malte 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA metal‐free, photoinduced aerobic tandem amine dehydrogenation/Povarov cyclization/aromatization reaction between N‐aryl glycine esters and indoles leads to tetracyclic 11H‐indolo[3,2‐c]quinolines under mild conditions and with high yields. The reaction can be performed by using molecular iodine along with visible light, or by combining an organic photoredox catalyst with a halide anion. Mechanistic studies reveal that product formation occurs through a combination of radical‐mediated oxidation steps with an iminium ion or N‐haloiminium ion [4+2]‐cycloaddition, and the N‐heterocyclic products constitute new analogues of the antiplasmodial natural alkaloid isocryptolepine.
Prostate cancer in young men: An emerging young adult and older adolescent challenge
Authors: Bleyer Archie , Spreafico Filippo , Barr Ronald 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundRecent observations suggest that prostate cancer is an increasing disease among older adolescents and young adults.MethodsIncidence, mortality, and survival data were obtained from the US National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease database.ResultsWorldwide, the incidence of prostate cancer has increased in all groups between ages 15 and 40 years and increased globally at a steady rate averaging 2% per year since 1990 (P < .01). In the United States, this age group was >6 times more likely than older men to have distant disease at diagnosis. Stage for stage, their survival rate improved less than in older men. Whereas the overall 5‐year relative survival rate in the United States for men diagnosed between ages 40 and 80 years was between 95% and 100%, it was 30% in those aged 15 to 24 years, 50% in those aged 20 to 29 years, and 80% in those aged 25 to 34 years.ConclusionsProstate cancer in older adolescent and young adult men has increased in most countries. There is some evidence that this may be caused in part by underdiagnosis, prostate‐specific antigen screening, and overdiagnosis. It also may be caused by trends in obesity, physical inactivity, HPV infection, substance exposure, environmental carcinogens, and/or referral patterns. How the biology of these cancers differs from that in older men and how the etiologies vary from country to country remain to be determined.
Nanoinformatics in Drug Delivery
Authors: Sason Hagit , Shamay Yosi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe use of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery, though well established, is still a growing and developing field of research with potential benefits to many biomedical problems. There is a plethora of nano‐carriers with myriads of designs of shapes, sizes and composition that involves complex, trial and error based preparation protocols. The digital age brought an information revolution with automated data analysis, machine learning and data mining applied to almost every field of research including drug delivery. Indeed, nanomedicine has benefitted from the use of data science and information science to optimize, standardize, and understand the synthesis, characterization, and biological effects of nanomaterials. This short review will describe several concepts and a few examples of nanoinformatics, including Nano‐Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (Nano‐QSAR), the use of computational methods for predicting different properties of nanomedicine in drug delivery and propose an outlook for the future.
Primary tumor‐secreted VEGF induces vascular hyperpermeability in premetastatic lung via the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway
Authors: Li Ranran , Qi Yana , Jiang Man , Zhang Tiehong , Wang Hongwei , Wang Liguang , Han Mingyong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrimary tumor can induce the formation of premetastatic niche. The hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic niche is the first step in the development of metastasis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of vascular hyperpermeability remain to be elucidated. In this study, 4T1 breast cells were injected into the breasts of mice to establish a tumor model. Our results showed that primary tumors induced hyperpermeability of the vessels in the premetastatic lung. Subsequent studies showed that the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was elevated in the tumor‐bearing mice serum and the levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and ZO‐1 were decreased in the premetastatic lung. In vitro studies demonstrated that VEGF increased the permeability of dextran and decreased the levels of occludin and ZO‐1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, the hyperpermeability of vessels and the degradation of occludin was blocked by bevacizumab. Overexpression of occludin alleviated the VEGF‐induced hyperpermeability. Further investigations revealed that VEGF‐induced occludin phosphorylation at Ser‐490 and ubiquitination. Finally, we showed that VEGF accelerated the process of occludin degradation through the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. In conclusion, primary tumor‐secrete VEGF induce the occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination and downregulation, resulting in the disruption of TJs and hyperpermeability of vessels in premetastatic lung. The occludin phosphorylation/ubiquitination pathway may be the mechanism of VEGF‐induced vascular hyperpermeability in the lung premetastatic niche.
Identification of Hatchery-Reared Lake Sturgeon Using Natural Elemental Signatures and Elemental Marking of Fin Rays
Authors: Loeppky A. R. , McDougall C. A. , Anderson W. G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Stock enhancement programs often involve the introduction of hatchery-reared fish into wild environments, with the goal of increasing the abundance of a particular stock. To measure the success of stocking efforts for depressed populations, hatchery-reared individuals must be distinguishable from naturally spawned fish, potentially many years after release. Biological tags are attractive due to their ability to batch-mark whole cohorts in a cost-effective manner, with minimal disruption to hatchery procedures and reduced handling stress inflicted on individuals during the marking process. Elemental marking may occur naturally or via deliberate manipulation of the concentration of specific elements to create recognizable elemental signatures in the hard structures of fish (e.g., fin rays and otoliths). In this study, elemental signatures in the fin rays of known hatchery-released Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens (ages 1–7) were quantified via laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to assess whether the ambient water chemistry in a groundwater-fed hatchery would create an elemental signature that facilitated discrimination of hatchery-reared individuals from those naturally spawned in the wild. The concentrations of divalent trace elements, particularly Mn, within the first growth band of hatchery-reared fish were significantly different from those of wild conspecifics, allowing us to accurately classify hatchery- versus wild-spawned individuals with 99% success. In addition, we conducted a preliminary experiment to test the validity of two separate 24-h immersions in 86Sr and 137Ba (immersions were conducted 30 d apart) to induce multiple combination marks in the fin rays of juvenile Lake Sturgeon. Fin rays collected 60 d after the second immersion were analyzed for isotopic ratios via LA ICP-MS, and results indicated that elemental marking at both time points was achieved with 100% success. Induction of a combination of isotopic signatures could enable hatcheries to track the success of families or stocking groups within a single year-class or across multiple year-classes.
Do universal social and emotional learning programs for secondary school students enhance the competencies they address? A systematic review
Authors: van de Sande Marion C. E. , Fekkes Minne , Kocken Paul L. , Diekstra René F. W. , Reis Ria , Gravesteijn Carolien 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhile universal school‐based social and emotional learning (SEL) programs claim to target various SEL competencies, earlier reviews have not provided a clear overview of the competencies in question. We therefore wished to identify the competencies targeted in SEL programs for secondary school students. We also aimed to examine the effects of these programs on SEL competencies and psychosocial health. The specific SEL competencies directly addressed in the programs' primary learning targets were identified based on the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL) framework for SEL. Five bibliographic databases (PubMed, PsychINFO, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), Applied Science Premier (ASP), and Web of Science) were searched for relevant research papers published between 2014 and 2018. We included 40 studies that investigated 32 programs focusing on two or more SEL competencies. While most programs targeted four or five of the SEL competencies, many of the included studies did not measure the programs' effects on all the competencies targeted. Our results showed that the SEL programs had substantial effects on the SEL competencies they addressed and on psychosocial health. Although the programs focused predominantly on self‐management skills and relationship skills, the largest summary effects were found for self‐awareness and social awareness.
Impact of positive surgical margin length and Gleason grade at the margin on biochemical recurrence in patients with organ‐confined prostate cancer
Authors: Preisser Felix , Coxilha Gilberto , Heinze Alexander , Oh Su , Chun Felix K‐H. , Sauter Guido , Pompe Raisa S. , Huland Hartwig , Graefen Markus , Tilki Derya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPositive surgical margins (PSMs) represent a poor prognostic factor at radical prostatectomy (RP). To investigate the impact of PSM, its length, the focality, and the PSM Gleason, on biochemical recurrence (BCR) in organ‐confined RP patients.MethodsWithin a high‐volume center database, we identified patients who harbored organ‐confined (pathologic stage T2 disease) prostate cancer (PCa) at RP (2010‐2016). Kaplan‐Meier analyses and multivariable Cox regression models were used to test the effect of the PSM on the BCR risk.ResultsOverall, 8770 patients were identified. Of those, 6.6% (n = 579) harbored PSM. BCR‐free survival at 72 months after RP was 77.7% vs 89.0% for patients with vs without PSM (P < .001). BCR‐free survival rates at 72 months were 77.4% vs 73.6% (P = .1) for unifocal vs multifocal PSM, 77.2% vs 71.8% (P = .03) for Gleason pattern 3 vs ≥4 at the margin and 88.4% vs 66.3% (P < .001) for <3 vs ≥3 mm length of margin. In multivariable Cox models PSM was an independent predictor for BCR (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.40, P < .001). However, in subgroups with PSM, only ≥3 mm PSM represented an independent predictor (HR = 1.93, P = .04), while focality and Gleason at the margin were no significant predictors.ConclusionPSM represents an independent predictor for BCR in organ‐confined PCa at RP. Moreover, Gleason ≥4 at the margin and ≥3 mm PSM length were associated with worse BCR‐free survival. Closer surveillance of patients with organ‐confined PCa at RP and PSM can help to identify those who qualify for early salvage radiotherapy.
A Light‐Driven Microgel Rotor
Authors: Zhang Hang , Koens Lyndon , Lauga Eric , Mourran Ahmed , Möller Martin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe current understanding of motility through body shape deformation of micro‐organisms and the knowledge of fluid flows at the microscale provides ample examples for mimicry and design of soft microrobots. In this work, a 2D spiral is presented that is capable of rotating by non‐reciprocal curling deformations. The body of the microswimmer is a ribbon consisting of a thermoresponsive hydrogel bilayer with embedded plasmonic gold nanorods. Such a system allows fast local photothermal heating and nonreciprocal bending deformation of the hydrogel bilayer under nonequilibrium conditions. It is shown that the spiral acts as a spring capable of large deformations thanks to its low stiffness, which is tunable by the swelling degree of the hydrogel and the temperature. Tethering the ribbon to a freely rotating microsphere enables rotational motion of the spiral by stroboscopic irradiation. The efficiency of the rotor is estimated using resistive force theory for Stokes flow. This research demonstrates microscopic locomotion by the shape change of a spiral and may find applications in the field of microfluidics, or soft microrobotics.
How the Badger Became Tuberculous
Authors: Cassidy Angela 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter tells the story of how—amid the social political and economic turmoil of the early 1970s—Britain moved from optimism to panic about bTB, and from a single dead badger to a full-scale culling policy in a few short years. It will introduce the key political, social and environmental contexts of the time, and many of the dramatis personae who were to shape debates over badgers and bTB for many years to come. These included MAFF field officers, veterinarians and scientists who first became aware of and were charged with investigating the problem; the naturalists and zoologists knowledgeable about badgers and other wildlife; the policymakers and politicians who acted upon this knowledge; badger protection campaigners; and the organisms themselves—mycobacteria, cows and badgers.
Cutting the Cake of Science and Policy
Authors: Cassidy Angela 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe publication of the Krebs review in 1997—shortly after the election of the New Labour government—marked a crucial turning point in British debates over badgers and bTB. Not only was it authored by a senior ecologist, it advocated a different organising principle for government research into bTB—that of the randomised controlled trial. These arguments were congruent with political ideas about ‘evidence-based policy’, resulting in the commissioning of the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). This chapter will investigate the ‘backstage’ of bTB policy up to, during and in the ongoing aftermath of the RBCT. It will also explain the post-2010 return of government to badger culling in terms of behind the scenes epistemic rivalries between the worlds of animal health, disease ecology and badger protection.
Mastery in Endocrine Surgery
Authors: Doherty Gerard M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe IAES is critical for surgeons who wish to have a high‐impact career, that is, a career affecting the health of strangers. The IAES is a platform designed for exposure to the multiplicity of approaches to patients with endocrine surgical problems. Our international membership shares its knowledge and experience freely, educating one another about our varied contexts of care, and range of solutions. Our membership model supports and encourages participation from a diverse assortment of sites. The IAES is the intersection of the various national and continental echo‐chambers of our groups organized inside of their prevailing paradigms where most participants practice along similar principles and care frameworks. This professional association is our chance to understand what works in other systems, so that we have that information available to us to apply in our home system. The IAES experience is indispensable in creating mastery in endocrine surgery.
Seismic risk of critical facilities in the Dominican Republic: case study of school buildings
Authors: Rojas-Mercedes N. J. , Di Sarno L. , Simonelli A. L. , Penna A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The island of Hispaniola, shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is located in a subduction zone between the North America plate and the Caribbean plate. In addition, there are 13 geological faults in the interior of the island, some of which have shown the potential to generate earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and higher. Thus, the whole island is considered to be a high seismic risk region. In the past 100 years, several earthquakes have affected both parts of the island. In the case of the Dominican Republic, two earthquakes stand out: a magnitude 8.1 earthquake on August 4, 1946, north of the Samaná Province, which caused a tsunami, soil liquefaction, and the loss of about 100 lives, and a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on September 22, 2003, in the city of Puerto Plata, which caused significant damage for infrastructures. Among the observed effects, the partial and total collapse of several school buildings had a remarkable impact on local communities. In addition to the high seismic risk, a large part of the national infrastructure may exhibit high vulnerability to earthquakes because the seismic regulations had been the same for 32 years, namely from 1979 to 2011. During these three decades, thousands of structures were built nationwide, including essential facilities such as hospitals and schools. Considering that the current student population in public schools in the Dominican Republic is over 2 million, with the majority attending buildings that were designed with the 1979 seismic code and which proved to be highly vulnerable during the Puerto Plata earthquake, it is vital to take measures that reduce the risk and minimize potential earthquake damage to school buildings. In this context, the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC) has undertaken recently a project with the main objective to assess the seismic vulnerability of 22 schools located in the San Cristóbal Province, in the south of the Dominican Republic. The latter schools were all built prior to the adoption of the current updated seismic code. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the Fernando Cabral Ortega School. Although only the results of a single RC building are presented, the response of such structure can be considered representative of a portfolio of existing schools in Dominican Republic.
Sachstandsbericht: Strukturierte medizinische Ersteinschätzung in Deutschland (SmED)
Authors: Graf von Stillfried D. , Czihal T. , Meer A. 
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung
Ab 01.01.2020 müssen die Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen eine telefonische Ersteinschätzung im 24/7-Betrieb anbieten. Ziel ist die Ersteinschätzung der Dringlichkeit akuter Beschwerden und eine Vermittlung an die angemessene Versorgungsstufe. Sehr schwer kranke Patienten müssen unmittelbar der Notfallversorgung, weniger oder nicht dringliche Anliegen alternativen Versorgungsangeboten zugeführt werden. Diese anspruchsvolle Aufgabe werden Fachpersonen übernehmen, die durch geeignete Software unterstützt werden. Im Ausland existieren hierfür Vorbilder. Das Zentralinstitut für die kassenärztliche Versorgung (Zi) überträgt gemeinsam mit der Health Care Quality System GmbH (HCQS) das in Teilen der Schweiz bereits angewendete Swiss Medical Assessment System (SMASS) für eine Anwendung in Deutschland. Das System soll unter dem Namen Strukturierte medizinische Ersteinschätzung in Deutschland (SmED) im Jahr 2019 in den Arztrufzentralen unter der Nummer 116117 eingeführt werden. Auch eine Anwendung für den sogenannten „gemeinsamen Tresen“ von Bereitschaftsdienstpraxen und Krankenhausnotaufnahmen wird entwickelt. Beide Anwendungen werden in dem vom Innovationsfonds geförderten DEMAND-Projekt evaluiert. Die Entwicklung von SmED erfolgt unter Einbeziehung von Vertretern des Marburger Bundes sowie der Deutschen Gesellschaft Interdisziplinäre Notfall- und Akutmedizin (DGINA) und Deutschen Interdisziplinären Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI). Eine technische Integration mit der 112 ist in Arbeit.
Coupled shallow-water fluid sloshing in an upright annular vessel
Authors: Turner M. R. , Rowe J. R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The coupled motion of shallow-water sloshing in a horizontally translating upright annular vessel is considered. The vessel’s motion is restricted to a single space dimension, such as for Tuned Liquid Damper systems. For particular parameters, the system is shown to support an internal 1 : 1 resonance, where the frequency of coupled sloshing mode which generates the vessel’s motion is equal to the frequency of a sloshing mode which occurs in a static vessel. Using a Lagrangian Particle Path formation, the fully nonlinear motion of the system is simulated using an efficient numerical symplectic integration scheme. The scheme is based on the implicit-midpoint rule which conserves energy and preserves the energy partition between the fluid and the vessel over many time-steps. Linear and nonlinear results are presented, including those showing the system transitioning to higher-frequency eigenmodes as the fluid depth is reduced.
Relationship between the lipid composition of maternal plasma and infant plasma through breast milk
Authors: Furse Samuel , Billing Georgia , Snowden Stuart G. , Smith James , Goldberg Gail , Koulman Albert 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionThis study was motivated by the report that infant development correlates with particular lipids in infant plasma.ObjectiveThe hypothesis was that the abundance of these candidate biomarkers is influenced by the dietary intake of the infant.MethodsA cohort of 30 exclusively-breastfeeding mother–infant pairs from a small region of West Africa was used for this observational study. Plasma and milk from the mother and plasma from her infant were collected within 24 h, 3 months post partum. The lipid, sterol and glyceride composition was surveyed using direct infusion MS in positive and negative ion modes. Analysis employed a combination of univariate and multivariate tests.ResultsThe lipid profiles of mother and infant plasma samples are similar but distinguishable, and both are distinct from milk. Phosphatidylcholines (PC), cholesteryl esters (CEs) and cholesterol were more abundant in mothers with respect to their infants,e.g.PC(34:1) was 5.66% in mothers but 3.61% in infants (p = 3.60 × 10−10), CE(18:2) was 8.05% in mothers but 5.18% in infants (p = 1.37 × 10−11) whilst TGs were lower in mothers with respect to their infants,e.g.TG(52:2) was 2.74% in mothers and 4.23% in infants (p = 1.63 × 10−05). A latent structure model showed that four lipids in infant plasma previously shown to be biomarkers clustered with cholesteryl esters in the maternal circulation.ConclusionThis study found evidence that the abundance of individual lipid isoforms associated with infant development are associated with the abundance of individual molecular species in the mother’s circulation.
On the Production of Severely Deformed Workpieces in Large Scales: A Step Towards Industrialization
Authors: Bagherpour E. , Mortezaei S. , Ebrahimi R. , Miyamoto H. , Qods F. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractImprovement of the functional properties of aluminium and its alloys by grain refinement is an effective way to increase their applications. The capability of severe plastic deformation methods to produce ultrafine-grained materials has been well established. However, their industrial application is limited because of the required additional equipment and limitation of the product size. Due to the direct extrusion characteristic of the simple shear extrusion (SSE) method and consequently the minimal additional tools and expenses, SSE is a good candidate for commercialization. The aim of this research is to scale up the SSE products to facilitate their potential use in practical applications. To overcome the limitation on the length of the plunger and reduce the load of the SSE process, a design is proposed in the current research. Microstructural investigations and mechanical tests of commercial pure aluminium (AA1050) workpieces confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design on the grain refinement and its capability to reduce the processing load.