bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baseline Alligator Nesting Data in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge to Inform Monitoring
Authors: Brandt Laura A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Monitoring key ecological attributes helps land managers understand the current state of the resource and decide if management action is necessary. Baseline data on spatial and temporal variability of attributes to be monitored is important for development of successful monitoring programs. In this study, I collected data from 2000 to 2004 on American alligator Alligator mississippiensis nesting in the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge to determine feasibility of conducting alligator nest surveys and collect baseline data on alligator nesting status and variability. I used nest data to provide examples of potential monitoring strategies for tracking trends over time or understanding the effects of different hydrologic conditions on alligator nesting. Conducting ground surveys with airboats in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge proved to be an effective method of finding alligator nests. Number of nests per 1.6 km × 1.6 km (256-ha) plot ranged from 1 to 12, and by year from 28 to 53. Overall, average number of nests per hour ranged from 1.8 ± 0.26 (SE) in 2000 to a low of 0.84 ± 0.08 in 2004. Using data from this study for the six plots sampled each year, and assuming no change in variability, power analysis shows that 10 y of sampling would allow for detection of an annual 10% change in number of nests per hour, with power and level of certainty set equal at 90% (β and α both 0.10). Additionally, 15 y of data would allow for a detection of a 5% change per year. Thirty-seven plots per area would be necessary to assess a 40% difference in number of alligator nests per hour in areas with different hydrologic conditions with power and level of certainty at 90%. Land managers can use these data and analyses, along with examples of monitoring strategies, to guide development of more specific monitoring protocols that address restoration objectives and management actions throughout the Florida Everglades.
FASP, the FASPian Paradox and Specialised Encyclopaedias: Highlighting FASP Relevance in Learning/Teaching Specialised Languages
Authors: Yeught Michel Van der 
Published: December 2018

FASP (fiction à substrat professionnel, profession-based fiction) studies have enjoyed growing academic interest since Petit identified FASP as a new genre of specialised thriller (1999). Yet, what may be called the “FASPian paradox”—the proposition that FASP opens access to specialised language while it is not itself specialised discourse—has not been given sufficient attention although it undermines FASP’s pedagogical relevance. This paper proposes to resolve the paradox by using the notion of “specialised encyclopaedia” derived from Eco (1986) and Lecercle (1990, 1999) in order to move beyond the representation paradigm generally used to defend the validity of FASP as a teaching instrument.
Nanotechnology and the Gray Goo Scenario: Narratives of Doom?
Authors: Fries Marie-Hélène 
Published: December 2018

Le but de cet article est d’étudier la question de l’appartenance ou non des romans de science-fiction au discours scientifique, au même titre que la vulgarisation scientifique ou les articles de recherche, et de voir si le concept de scénario peut mettre en lumière les enjeux scientifiques et politiques liés à cette question. L’analyse de trois exemples de récits de « glue grise » relevant du domaine spécialisé des nanotechnologies, montre qu’ils peuvent être considérés comme des scénarios explorant l’évolution future des techniques émergentes, tout en soulignant l’ambiguïté de la relation entre science et science-fiction pour les technologies novatrices.
Moving Beyond Where and When to the People and Practices That Impact Youth
Authors: Pittman Karen 
Published: December 2018

Descriptors like after-school and out-of-school make it easy for funders and families to understand the basics of what the youth development field offers—places for young people to go when they are not in school. These descriptors, however, do little to promote the youth work profession. Youth work is best practiced in settings that prioritize relationships, promote social and community engagement, and provide opportunities for interest-based skill building and exploration. The value youth workers bring to their practice, as the archive of articles in this journal demonstrates, is not in the basic descriptors of the setting, but in the design of the learning environments. This article explores the need for youth work professionals to use, contribute to, and share our knowledge base within and outside of the field.
Les personnes suicidaires peuvent-elles parler ?
Authors: Baril12 Alexandre 
Published: December 2018

Malgré des appels répétés dans les campagnes de prévention du suicide pour que les personnes suicidaires s’expriment, plusieurs ne se sentent pas en sécurité de le faire. Puisque briser le silence est capital pour prévenir les suicides, la peur de parler est contreproductive. Comment expliquer ces silences ? La thèse défendue est qu’en dépit d’une laïcisation, d’une décriminalisation et même d’une certaine dépathologisation du suicide, les personnes suicidaires, leurs gestes et leurs discours demeurent inintelligibles en fonction d’une injonction à la vie et à la futurité. Des mécanismes sont en place pour culpabiliser, surveiller/punir et pathologiser les personnes suicidaires, les empêchant de parler. Je soutiens l’idée que l’injonction à la vie et à la futurité est promue par l’ensemble des discours actuels sur le suicide. Qu’il s’agisse de l’approche médicale, sociale ou biopsychosociale, les divers modèles sur le suicide aboutissent tous à la même conclusion : le suicide n’est jamais une option. Dans leur condamnation univoque du suicide, ces modèles n’écoutent les personnes suicidaires que dans une logique de surveillance, créant des espaces peu sécuritaires pour s’exprimer. M’inspirant des théories crip et des études du handicap qui critiquent le modèle médical et social du handicap et développent d’autres modèles, je propose l’adoption d’un modèle sociosubjectif du handicap pour interpréter le suicide.
The Genesis of Animal Play
Authors: Burghardt Gordon M. 
Published: December 2018

In The Genesis of Animal Play, Gordon Burghardt examines the origins and evolution of play in humans and animals. He asks what play might mean in our understanding of evolution, the brain, behavioral organization, and psychology. Is play essential to development? Is it the driving force behind human and animal behavior? What is the proper place for the study of play in the cognitive, behavioral, and biological sciences?
The engaging nature of play—who does not enjoy watching a kitten attack a ball of yarn?—has made it difficult to study. Some scholars have called play undefinable, nonexistent, or a mystery outside the realm of scientific analysis. Using the comparative perspectives of ethology and psychology, The Genesis of Animal Play goes further than other studies in reviewing the evidence of play throughout the animal kingdom, from human babies to animals not usually considered playful. Burghardt finds that although playfulness may have been essential to the origin of much that we consider distinctive in human (and mammalian) behavior, it only develops through a specific set of interactions among developmental, evolutionary, ecological, and physiological processes. Furthermore, play is not always beneficial or adaptive.
Part I offers a detailed discussion of play in placental mammals (including children) and develops an integrative framework called surplus resource theory. The most fascinating and most controversial sections of the book, perhaps, are in the seven chapters in part II in which Burghardt presents evidence of playfulness in such unexpected groups of animals as kangaroos, birds, lizards, and "Fish That Leap, Juggle, and Tease." Burghardt concludes by considering the implications of the diversity of play for future research, and suggests that understanding the origin and development of play can shape our view of society and its accomplishments through history.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Modularity
Authors: Institute Konrad Lorenz 
Published: December 2018

Experts from diverse fields, including artificial life, cognitive science, economics, developmental and evolutionary biology, and the arts, discuss modularity.
Modularity—the attempt to understand systems as integrations of partially independent and interacting units—is today a dominant theme in the life sciences, cognitive science, and computer science. The concept goes back at least implicitly to the Scientific (or Copernican) Revolution, and can be found behind later theories of phrenology, physiology, and genetics; moreover, art, engineering, and mathematics rely on modular design principles. This collection broadens the scientific discussion of modularity by bringing together experts from a variety of disciplines, including artificial life, cognitive science, economics, evolutionary computation, developmental and evolutionary biology, linguistics, mathematics, morphology, paleontology, physics, theoretical chemistry, philosophy, and the arts.
The contributors debate and compare the uses of modularity, discussing the different disciplinary contexts of "modular thinking" in general (including hierarchical organization, near-decomposability, quasi-independence, and recursion) or of more specialized concepts (including character complex, gene family, encapsulation, and mosaic evolution); what modules are, why and how they develop and evolve, and the implication for the research agenda in the disciplines involved; and how to bring about useful cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer on the topic. The book includes a foreword by the late Herbert A. Simon addressing the role of near-decomposability in understanding complex systems.
Cognition and Perception
Authors: Raftopoulos Athanassios 
Published: December 2018

An argument that there are perceptual mechanisms that retrieve information in cognitively and conceptually unmediated ways and that this sheds light on various philosophical issues.
In Cognition and Perception, Athanassios Raftopoulos discusses the cognitive penetrability of perception and claims that there is a part of visual processes (which he calls “perception”) that results in representational states with nonconceptual content; that is, a part that retrieves information from visual scenes in conceptually unmediated, “bottom-up,” theory-neutral ways. Raftopoulos applies this insight to problems in philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, and epistemology, and examines how we access the external world through our perception as well as what we can know of that world. To show that there is a theory-neutral part of existence, Raftopoulos turns to cognitive science and argues that there is substantial scientific evidence. He then claims that perception induces representational states with nonconceptual content and examines the nature of the nonconceptual content. The nonconceptual information retrieved, he argues, does not allow the identification or recognition of an object but only its individuation as a discrete persistent object with certain spatiotemporal properties and other features. Object individuation, however, suffices to determine the referents of perceptual demonstratives. Raftopoulos defends his account in the context of current discussions on the issue of the theory-ladenness of perception (namely the Fodor-Churchland debate), and then discusses the repercussions of his thesis for problems in the philosophy of science. Finally, Raftopoulos claims that there is a minimal form of realism that is defensible. This minimal realism holds that objects, their spatiotemporal properties, and such features as shape, orientation, and motion are real, mind-independent properties in the world.
Bradford Books imprint
Rational Action
Authors: Thomas William 
Published: December 2018

The evolution of a set of fields—including operations research and systems analysis—intended to improve policymaking and explore the nature of rational decision-making.
During World War II, the Allied military forces faced severe problems integrating equipment, tactics, and logistics into successful combat operations. To help confront these problems, scientists and engineers developed new means of studying which equipment designs would best meet the military's requirements and how the military could best use the equipment it had on hand. By 1941 they had also begun to gather and analyze data from combat operations to improve military leaders' ordinary planning activities. In Rational Action, William Thomas details these developments, and how they gave rise during the 1950s to a constellation of influential new fields—which he terms the “sciences of policy”—that included operations research, management science, systems analysis, and decision theory.
Proponents of these new sciences embraced a variety of agendas. Some aimed to improve policymaking directly, while others theorized about how one decision could be considered more rational than another. Their work spanned systems engineering, applied mathematics, nuclear strategy, and the philosophy of science, and it found new niches in universities, in businesses, and at think tanks such as the RAND Corporation. The sciences of policy also took a prominent place in epic narratives told about the relationships among science, state, and society in an intellectual culture preoccupied with how technology and reason would shape the future. Thomas follows all these threads to illuminate and make new sense of the intricate relationships among scientific analysis, policymaking procedure, and institutional legitimacy at a crucial moment in British and American history.
Isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi and oomycetes associated with beans and cowpea root diseases in Oman
Authors: Al-Jaradi Asma , Al-Mahmooli Issa , Janke Rhonda , Maharachchikumbura Sajeewa , Al-Saady Nadiya , Al-Sadi Abdullah M. 
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study was to characterize fungal and oomycete species associated with root diseases ofPhaseolus vulgaris,Vigna unguiculata,V. radiataandVicia fabain Oman. Root samples were collected from plants suffering from weakened growth and yellowing symptoms. Fungal species were isolated on 2.5% potato dextrose agar amended with 10 mg l−1rifampicin and 200 mg l−1of ampicillin and identification was based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene (ITS rRNA), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF), beta-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CMD), actin (ACT). Isolations yielded 204 fungal isolates belonging to nine different genera, with most isolates belonging toAlternariaandFusarium. Molecular identification revealed that the isolates belong to 20 fungal species, the most dominant of which wasAlternaria alternata. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on each plant species. The inoculations onP. vulgarisrevealed thatPythium aphanidermatuminduced rotting, damping-off and wilt symptoms whileFusarium equisetiinduced yellowing symptoms on the leaves.Rhizoctonia solaniproduced lesions and root rot onVigna unguiculatawhileCurvularia muehlenbeckiaeandCurvularia caricae-papayaeproduced root lesions on the roots ofV. unguiculataandV. radiata, respectively.Alternaria alternataproduced brown symptoms on the tap root ofVicia faba.P. aphanidermatumresulted in a significant reduction in the fresh weight, dry weight and shoot length ofPhaseolus vulgaris. The study shows that several fungal species can be found associated with the roots of beans andVigna unguiculatain Oman and can result in varying disease symptoms. This is the first report of root lesions produced byCurvularia muehlenbeckiaeon the roots ofV. unguiculataand byC. caricae-papayaeonV. radiataworldwide.
Collaborative Language Learning
Authors: Storch Neomy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Collaborative approaches to language instruction have become widespread, and particularly so with the advent of Web 2.0 tools. The term “collaborative” generally implies asking students to complete a given task in small groups or pairs, thereby sharing the labor. This entry focuses on collaborative writing tasks and the relationships learners form when they work with each other to coauthor a joint text, whether in face‐to‐face or computer‐mediated mode. The argument put forward is that these relationships are important because not all relationships formed are conducive to language learning. Using the model of patterns of interaction established by Storch, the entry explains what the different patterns mean. It then reviews key studies conducted in a range of language learning settings which show (a) that simply assigning learners to work in pairs or small groups will not necessarily mean that they will collaborate; (b) that dialogues in collaborative groups/pairs are rich in language learning opportunities; (c) that interaction in collaborative pairs is more likely to result in language learning gains; and (d) that a number of factors may explain why learners form different patterns of interaction, including learners' relative proficiency, their goals and attitudes, and mode of interaction.
Intercultural Competence
Authors: Byram Michael 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe strong interest in intercultural competence—and related concepts such as transcultural competence—reflects the response to economic and other global changes which have, in many countries, increased mobility motivated by trade and, increasingly, by study abroad. Intercultural competence facilitates success in these endeavors, and is best defined according to what individuals need in specific contexts. Models, which describe aspects of the competences needed to be successful in new environments, derive from various disciplines and have varied purposes. Models are often not only descriptive but also prescriptive, with implicit recommendations as to desirable competences and behavior. Pedagogical models, derived from language teaching, pay more attention to linguistic competence than others and also include general educational aims—the development of the person—as well as the instrumental purposes more prominent in models used to prepare people to engage in commerce with other countries. The assessment of competences in the commercial context is usually based on psychological models. Assessment of intercultural competence acquired during language learning and general education is much less developed, but models and descriptors—“can‐do” statements—are becoming available, and may be used in self‐assessment in particular.
Teaching Vocabulary
Authors: Webb Stuart , Nation Paul 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Teaching vocabulary effectively requires preparation and planning. Teachers need to ensure that their students are spending time learning the words that are most useful to them, and are engaging in a range of activities that will help them learn vocabulary both deliberately and incidentally. Teachers also need to have clear goals for vocabulary learning during the course and need to make their students aware of these goals. It is also important for teachers to use an approach that will help their learners develop comprehensive knowledge of the target words, and to measure vocabulary learning in the course.
Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell Obtained via Treatment by Semiconducting Chemical Additive
Authors: Yu Jae Choul , Badgujar Sachin , Jung Eui Dae , Singh Varun Kumar , Kim Dae Woo , Gierschner Johannes , Lee Eunsong , Kim Yung Sam , Cho Shinuk , Kwon Min Sang , Song Myoung Hoon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe addition of chemical additives is considered as a promising approach for obtaining high‐quality perovskite films under mild conditions, which is essential for both the efficiency and the stability of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Although such additive engineering yields high‐quality films, the inherent insulating property of the chemical additives prevents the efficient transport and extraction of charge carriers, thereby limiting the applicability of this approach. Here, it is shown that organic conjugated molecules having rhodanine moieties (i.e., SA‐1 and SA‐2) can be used as semiconducting chemical additives that simultaneously yield large‐sized perovskite grains and improve the charge extraction. Using this strategy, a high power conversion efficiency of 20.3% as well as significantly improved long‐term stability under humid air conditions is achieved. It is believed that this approach can provide a new pathway to designing chemical additives for further improving the efficiency and stability of PeSCs.
Forecasting Gamma‐Ray Bursts Using Gravitational Waves
Authors: Akcay Sarp 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe intriguing possibility of employing future ground‐based gravitational‐wave interferometers to forecast short gamma‐ray bursts (GRBs) is explored. The forecasting prospect is quantified in terms of an advance‐warning time: the binary‐neutron star (BNS) inspiral time (to merger) from when the interferometer network accumulates a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 15. As sources for the Advanced LIGO–Virgo (ALV) network of 2020, BNS systems at luminosity distances of D ⩽ 200 Mpc are considered, and similarly, BNS systems at D ⩽ 1000 Mpc for Einstein Telescope. It is shown that the ALV network will provide a few minutes of warning time, thus will not forecast GRBs in the 2020s. On the other hand, Einstein Telescope will provide advance‐warning times of more than 5 hours for D ⩽ 100 Mpc. Taking 1 hour as a benchmark advance‐warning time, a corresponding BNS range of roughly 600 Mpc is obtained for Einstein Telescope. Using current BNS event rates, it is shown that Einstein Telescope will forecast GRBs in the 2030s. This warning‐time computation is reapplied to black hole–neutron star inspirals and it is found that one to three tidal disruption events are expected to be forecast by the same detector.
Single Posttranslational Modifications in the Central Repeat Domains of Tau4 Impact its Aggregation and Tubulin Binding
Authors: Ellmer Doris , Brehs Manuel , Haj‐Yahya Mahmood , Lashuel Hilal A. , Becker Christian F. W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA variety of methods have been employed to study the impact of posttranslational modifications on Tau protein function. Here, a semisynthesis strategy is described that enables selective modification within the central repeat domain of Tau4 (residues 291‐321), comprising a major interaction motive with tubulin as well as one of the key hexapeptides involved in Tau aggregation. This strategy has led to the preparation of four semisynthetic Tau variants with phosphoserine residues in different positions and one with a so far largely ignored carboxymethyllysine modification that results from a non‐enzymatic posttranslational modification (nPTM). The latter modification inhibits tubulin polymerization but exhibits an aggregation behavior very similar to unmodified Tau. In contrast, phosphorylated Tau variants exhibit similar binding to tubulin as unmodified Tau4 but show lower tendencies to aggregate.