bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global environmental drivers of marine fish egg size
Authors: Barneche Diego R. , Burgess Scott C. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo test long‐standing theory on the role of environmental conditions (both mean and predictability) in shaping global patterns in the egg sizes of marine fishes.LocationGlobal (50° S to 50° N).Time period1880 to 2015.Major taxa studiedMarine fish.MethodsWe compiled the largest geo‐located dataset of marine fish egg size (diameter) to date (n = 1,078 observations; 192 studies; 288 species; 242 localities). We decomposed sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll‐a time series into mean and predictability (seasonality and colour of environmental noise – i.e. how predictable the environment is between consecutive time steps), and used these as predictors of egg size in a Bayesian phylogenetic hierarchical model. We test four specific hypotheses based on the classic discussion by Rass (), as well as contemporary life‐history theory, and the conceptual model of Winemiller and Rose ().ResultsBoth environmental mean and predictability correlated with egg size. Our parsimonious model indicated that egg size decreases by c. 2.0‐fold moving from 1 to 30 °C. Environments that were more seasonal with respect to temperature were associated with larger eggs. Increasing mean chlorophyll‐a, from 0.1 to 1 mg/m3, was associated with a c. 1.3‐fold decrease in egg size. Lower chlorophyll‐a seasonality and reddened noise were also associated with larger egg sizes – aseasonal but more temporally autocorrelated resource regimes favoured larger eggs.Main conclusionsOur findings support results from Rass () and some predictions from Winemiller and Rose (). The effects of environmental means and predictability on marine fish egg size are largely consistent with those observed in marine invertebrates with feeding larvae, suggesting that there are important commonalities in how ectotherm egg size responds to environmental change. Our results further suggest that anthropogenically mediated changes in the environment will have profound effects on the distribution of marine life histories.
Using tree species inventories to map biomes and assess their climatic overlaps in lowland tropical South America
Authors: Silva de Miranda Pedro Luiz , Oliveira‐Filho Ary T. , Pennington R. Toby , Neves Danilo M. , Baker Timothy R. , Dexter Kyle G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo define and map the main biomes of lowland tropical South America (LTSA) using data from tree species inventories and to test the ability of climatic and edaphic variables to distinguish amongst them.LocationLowland Tropical South America (LTSA), including Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay.Time periodPresent.Major taxa studiedTrees.MethodsWe compiled a database of 4,103 geo‐referenced tree species inventories distributed across LTSA. We used a priori vegetation classifications and cluster analyses of floristic composition to assign sites to biomes. We mapped these biomes geographically and assessed climatic overlaps amongst them. We implemented classification tree approaches to quantify how well climatic and edaphic data can assign inventories to biomes.ResultsOur analyses distinguish savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) as distinct biomes, with the Chaco woodlands potentially representing a third dry biome in LTSA. Amongst the wet forests, we find that the Amazon and Atlantic Forests might represent different biomes, because they are distinct in both climate and species composition. Our results show substantial environmental overlap amongst biomes, with error rates for classifying sites into biomes of 19–21 and 16–18% using only climatic data and with the inclusion of edaphic data, respectively.Main conclusionsTree species composition can be used to determine biome identity at continental scales. We find high biome heterogeneity at small spatial scales, probably attributable to variation in edaphic conditions and disturbance history. This points to the challenges of using climatic and/or interpolation‐based edaphic data or coarse‐resolution, remotely sensed imagery to map tropical biomes. From this perspective, we suggest that using floristic information in biome delimitation will allow for greater synergy between conservation efforts centred on species diversity and management efforts centred on ecosystem function.
Global patterns of Rhododendron diversity: The role of evolutionary time and diversification rates
Authors: Shrestha Nawal , Wang Zhiheng , Su Xiangyan , Xu Xiaoting , Lyu Lisha , Liu Yunpeng , Dimitrov Dimitar , Kennedy Jonathan D. , Wang Qinggang , Tang Zhiyao , Feng Xiaojuan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimUnderstanding the evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient (i.e. increase in species diversity towards the tropics) is a prominent issue in ecology and biogeography. Disentangling the relative contributions of environment and evolutionary history in shaping this gradient remains a major challenge because their relative importance has been found to vary across regions and taxa. Here, using the global distributions and a molecular phylogeny of Rhododendron, one of the largest genera of flowering plants, we aim to compare the relative contributions of contemporary environment, evolutionary time and diversification rates in generating extant species diversity patterns.LocationGlobal.Time periodUndefined.Major taxa studiedRhododendron.MethodsWe compiled the global distributions of all Rhododendron species, and constructed a dated molecular phylogeny using nine chloroplast genes and seven nuclear regions. By integrating these two datasets, we estimated the temporal trends of Rhododendron diversification, and explored the global patterns of its species diversity, net diversification rates, and species ages. Next, we reconstructed the geographical ancestral area of the clade. Finally, we compared the relative contribution of contemporary environment, time‐for‐speciation, and diversification rates on the species diversity pattern of Rhododendron.ResultsIn contrast to the predictions of the time‐for‐speciation hypothesis, we found that although Rhododendron originated at a temperate latitude, its contemporary species diversity is highest in the tropics/subtropics, suggesting an into‐the‐tropics colonization for this genus. We found that the elevated diversification induced by heterogeneous environmental conditions in the tropics/subtropics shapes the global pattern of Rhododendron diversity.Main conclusionsOur findings support tropical and subtropical mountains as not only biodiversity and endemism hotspots, but also as cradles for the diversification of Rhododendron. Our study emphasizes the need of unifying ecological and evolutionary approaches in order to gain comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying the global patterns of plant diversity.
Sensitivity of mangrove range limits to climate variability
Authors: Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Osland Michael J. , Bardou Rémi , Hinojosa‐Arango Gustavo , López‐Vivas Juan M. , Parker John D. , Rovai André S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimCorrelative distribution models have been used to identify potential climatic controls of mangrove range limits, but there is still uncertainty about the relative importance of these factors across different regions. To provide insights into the strength of climatic control of different mangrove range limits, we tested whether temporal variability in mangrove abundance increases near range limits and whether this variability is correlated with climatic factors thought to control large‐scale mangrove distributions.LocationNorth and South America.Time period1984–2011.Major taxa studiedAvicennia germinans, Avicennia schuaeriana, Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa.MethodsWe characterized temporal variability in the enhanced vegetation index (EVI) at mangrove range limits using Landsat satellite imagery collected between 1984–2011. We characterized greening trends at each range limit, examined variability in EVI along latitudinal gradients near each range limit, and assessed correlations between changes in EVI and temperature and precipitation.ResultsSpatial variability in mean EVI was generally correlated with temperature and precipitation, but the relationships were region specific. Greening trends were most pronounced at range limits in eastern North America. In these regions variability in EVI increased toward the range limit and was sensitive to climatic factors. In contrast, EVI at range limits on the Pacific coast of North America and both coasts of South America was relatively stable and less sensitive to climatic variability.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that range limits in eastern North America are strongly controlled by climate factors. Mangrove expansion in response to future warming is expected to be rapid in regions that are highly sensitive to climate variability (e.g. eastern North America), but the response in other range limits (e.g. South America) is likely to be more complex and modulated by additional factors such as dispersal limitation, habitat constraints, and/or changing climatic means rather than just extremes.
Microglia extensively survey the developing cortex via the CXCL12/CXCR4 system to help neural progenitors to acquire differentiated properties
Authors: Hattori Yuki , Miyata Takaki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNeocortical development proceeds through the formation of new zones in which neural‐lineage cells are organized based on their differentiation status. Although microglia initially distribute homogeneously throughout the growing cerebral wall, they accumulate in the inner cytogenic zone, the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the mid‐embryonic stage. However, the roles of these cells remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that microglia, despite being only a minor population of the cells that constitute the cerebral wall, promote the differentiation of neural progenitor cells by frequently moving throughout the cortex; their migration is mediated by the CXCL12/CXCR4 system. Pulse‐chase experiments confirmed that microglia help Pax6+ stem‐like cells to differentiate into Tbr2+ intermediate progenitors. Further, monitoring of microglia by live imaging showed that administration of AMD3100, an antagonist of CXCR4, dampened microglial movement and decreased microglial surveillance throughout the cortex. In particular, arrest of microglial motion led to a prominent decrease in the abundance of Tbr2+ cells in the SVZ. Based on our findings, we propose that extensive surveillance by microglia contributes to the efficient functioning of these cells, thereby regulating the differentiation of neural stem‐like cells.
Histological features and prognostic significance of treatment effect in lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Scherpelz Kathryn P , Wong Anthony C , Lingen Mark W , Taxy Jerome B , Cipriani Nicole A 
Published: August 2018

Aims and objectivesCervical lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is common. Pre‐operative chemoradiotherapy (preCRT) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (postCRT) is frequently employed in such patients. The prognostic value of viable SCC, treatment effect or no SCC in resected lymph nodes in patients who received or did not receive preCRT and postCRT was investigated.Methods and resultsResected cervical lymph nodes from 146 patients with HNSCC were evaluated for viable SCC, treatment effect or no SCC. Immunostains for Ki67, cyclin D1, caspase 3 and H2AFX were performed on viable SCC or nucleate keratin debris. Clinical and histological data were correlated with tumour recurrence or persistence. Patients with nucleate keratin debris in lymph nodes had outcomes similar to those with diffuse treatment effect and no SCC. Viable tumour in lymph nodes was associated with worse prognosis in patients who received preCRT (P = 0.01). This relative worsening of prognosis was not observed in patients with oropharyngeal SCC or recurrent disease. Lower proliferation index in lymph node SCC was associated with preCRT and with worse outcomes (P = 0.0002). Overall, patients who received preCRT or postCRT had outcomes not significantly different from those who did not.ConclusionThe presence of viable SCC in cervical lymph nodes has prognostic import when taken in context with the patient's history. Viable SCC in lymph nodes was significantly associated with worse outcome among patients with non‐oropharyngeal SCC who received preCRT. Nucleate keratin debris should not be considered viable SCC in lymph nodes.
Move inside the “Bell Jar”: A Property Rights Approach to the Skills of Migrants
Authors: Schlegel Stefan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article develops the idea that control over somebody's migration can be understood as a property right. In the context of migration and development, this means (1) that skills of migrants can be explained as a function of access to property rights; and (2) that the possibilities of investing in these skills could be improved by giving migrants access to property rights over their own migration. Compared with efforts to formalize property rights within developing economies, access to the property right over migration has the important advantage that its value does not depend on the (often dysfunctional) institutions of the country of origin.
Global equity investing: An efficient frontier approach
Authors: Abuaf Niso , Ayala Tracyann , Sinclair Duncan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to test empirically whether emerging‐market portfolios appear on the mean‐variance efficient frontier, investigate whether particular markets provide better diversification benefits, and to ascertain if these relationships are time‐invariant. Countries that are more economically independent from the United States (as measured by relatively low correlations of their stock markets to the United States, or intuitively as being markets whose real and monetary shocks are seemingly independent of the United States) provide better diversification for US investors. Though these relationships are time‐dependent, Mexico and China appear to be the most important diversifiers. We also compare the results of a mean‐variance framework versus a mean‐VaR (value‐at‐risk) framework that may be more applicable when return distributions are non‐normal, for the period May 1988–2018, and find that there are no significant differences.
Family‐focused recovery: Perspectives from individuals with a mental illness
Authors: Waller Susan , Reupert Andrea , Ward Bernadette , McCormick Francis , Kidd Susan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFamily members often provide significant support and care to their relative who has a mental illness. Nonetheless, how family members might be part of an individual's mental health recovery journey is rarely considered. The aim of this study was to investigate how those with a mental illness define ‘family’ and the role of family (if any) in their recovery journey. A qualitative approach was used. Purposive sampling and snowballing were used to recruit and conduct semi‐structured interviews with 12 people who have been diagnosed with a severe mental illness. Participants defined family in various ways with some being very inclusive and others more selective. There was acknowledgement that family contributed to the individual's recovery in a myriad of ways, although the need for boundaries was stressed. While no participants suggested that their family might become active treatment facilitators, they did want clinicians to support them in talking to their family about their mental illness. A multifaceted approach is needed to promote family‐focused recovery practice. The needs of different family members and the needs of the family as a group should be considered concurrently alongside the individual's needs in their recovery plan. Individual and relational components of recovery should be embedded in policy and clinical practice.
In situ toughened two‐phase B12(C, Si, B)3–SiC ceramics fabricated via liquid silicon infiltration
Authors: Sun Mengyong , Bai Yuhang , Li Mingxing , Fan Shangwu , Cheng Laifei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn situ toughened B12(C, Si, B)3–SiC ceramics were successfully fabricated via the liquid silicon infiltration process. Two types of B12(C, Si, B)3 phases, with high and low Si contents, respectively, and plate‐like SiC particles were formed by the reaction between B4C and Si. The in situ toughening mechanism involved two effects: the multiple crack deflections caused by the increased grain boundaries, and the pullout and rupture of a significant amount of plate‐like SiC particles. Block ceramics with a high fracture toughness of 6.5 ± 0.5 MPa·m1/2 were fabricated via the in situ toughening mechanism. A strong interface bond was present between the high‐ and low‐B4C‐content layers in the laminated ceramics, which led to residual compressive stress inside the materials. As a result, the laminated structural design enhanced the fracture toughness to 7.5 ± 0.5 MPa·m1/2.
Preparation and characterization of squalene microcapsules by complex coacervation
Authors: Jin Risheng , Yin Hanling , Wang Haixiang , Zhang Dongdong , Cao Kan , Yuan Chuanxun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study was aimed to enhance the stability of squalene by microencapsulation using gelatin (GE) and gum arabic (GA) as wall materials. The effects of the pH value, the ratio of wall materials to core materials, and the emulsification speed on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) were investigated. The optimal conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiments as follows: the pH value of 3.6, the ratio of wall materials to core materials 1:1, and the emulsification speed 10,000 rpm. Under the optimal conditions, the EE was 68.2%. The microcapsules were characterized by various physicochemical techniques, and it was confirmed that the squalene was successfully microencapsulated. The microencapsulated squalene showed lower decomposition rate, higher glass transition temperature, and lower oxidation values in comparison with unencapsulated squalene. The results revealed that the thermal and oxidation stabilities of squalene were enhanced significantly by microencapsulation.Practical ApplicationsThis article presents an optimized method to encapsulate squalene by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic as wall materials. The stability of squalene was enhanced significantly by microencapsulation, and it provided an effective solution to reduce the loss of squalene in storage and use. Microencapsulated squalene will have more wide application in food industry, higher economic value.
Effect of FTO rs9930506 on obesity and interaction of the gene variants with dietary protein and vitamin E on C‐reactive protein levels in multi‐ethnic Malaysian adults
Authors: Mitra S. R. , Tan P. Y. , Amini F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundIndividual variations of obesity‐related traits can be a consequence of dietary influence on gene variants.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study aimed to evaluate (i) the effect of FTO rs9930506 on obesity and related parameters and (ii) the influence of diet on the above association in Malaysian adults. In total, 79 obese and 99 nonobese Malaysian adults were recruited.ResultsIn comparison with Chinese and Malays, Indians had significantly higher waist circumference (P ≤ 0.001 and P = 0.016), waist–hip ratio (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001), body fat percentage (P = 0.001 and P = 0.042), fasting insulin (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001), homeostatic model assessment‐insulin resistance (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001) and lower high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001), respectively. Indians consumed significantly lower dietary cholesterol (P = 0.002), percentage energy from protein (P < 0.001) and higher fibre (P = 0.006) compared to the other two groups. Malaysian Indians expressed the highest risk allele frequency (G) of FTO rs9930506 compared to the Malays and the Chinese (P < 0.001).No significant association was found between FTO rs9930506 and obesity (dominant model). Risk allele carriers (G) consumed significantly lower vitamin E (P = 0.020) and had a higher fibre intake (P = 0.034) compared to the noncarriers (A). Gene–diet interaction analysis revealed that risk allele carriers (G) had lower high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) levels with higher energy from protein (≥14% day−1; P = 0.049) and higher vitamin E (≥5.4 mg day−1; P = 0.038).ConclusionsThe presence of the risk allele (G) of FTO rs9930506 was not associated with an increased risk of obesity. Malaysian Indians had a significantly higher frequency of the risk allele (G). Indian participants expressed higher atherogenic phenotypes compared to Chinese and Malays. FTO rs9930506 may interact with dietary protein and vitamin E and modulate hsCRP levels.
Influence of the position of the antrostomy in sinus floor elevation assessed with cone‐beam computed tomography: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Kawakami Shunsuke , Lang Niklaus P. , Iida Takahisa , Ferri Mauro , Apaza Alccayhuaman Karol A. , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate dimensional variations of augmented sinus volumes after sinus floor elevation using a lateral approach placing the antrostomy close to the sinus floor or more cranially to it.MethodsTwenty‐four healthy volunteers in need of sinus floor elevation were included in the study. The lateral approach was adopted placing the antrostomy randomly either close to the level of the sinus floor (group A) or approximately 3‐4 mm cranially (group B). Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) was done before surgery (T0) and after 1 week (T1) and 9 months (T2), and analyses on dimensional variations were performed.ResultsCBCT of 10 patients per group were analyzed. At T1, the sinus floor was found to be elevated by 9.8 ± 2.1 mm in group A and 10.9 ± 1.9 mm in group B. At T2, shrinkage of 2.0 ± 1.7 mm in group A and 1.4 ± 2.5 mm in group B was observed. The area was reduced approximately 18‐24% between T1 and T2. The sinus mucosa width increased by 4.3‐5 mm between T0 and T1, and regained the original dimensions at T2.ConclusionsThe more cranial the antrostomy, the greater the augmentation height after 9 months.
Tinea corporis by Microsporum audouinii in a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) from Guinea‐Bissau: A case report
Authors: Melo Pedro , Lança Anabela , Mané Braima Amadeu , Regalla Aissa , Ferreira da Silva Maria Joana , Tavares Luis , Bernardo Fernando , Oliveira Manuela 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report a Microsporum audouinii infection in a female juvenile chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) presenting generalized dermatitis compatible with dermatophytosis. Dermatophyte was identified by macro‐ and microscopic characterization of skin and scales cultures in Mycosel Agar. The topical treatment applied was effective, having the potential for dermatophytosis treatment in immunocompetent primates.