bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Tweezer/Guest Complexation with the Participation of Hydrogen Bonds: Toward the Formation of Orthogonal Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Zhu Junlong , Zhong Dongling , Wang Cong , Chen Weiming , Wang Feng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDevelopment of well‐ordered supramolecular assemblies via the biomimetic orthogonal principle has aroused significant attention in recent years. To attain this objective, the elaborate choice of fundamental building blocks, together with the deep insight into mutual interplay among various non‐covalent forces, are of vital importance. Herein, a novel molecular tweezer/guest recognition motif with enhanced binding affinity has been established, by virtue of the formation of intermolecular N−H−N hydrogen bonds. The non‐covalent complexation persists even with the presence of ureidopyrimidinone hydrogen bonding motifs, which facilitate the fabrication of dynamic supramolecular polymers via orthogonal self‐assembly. The study is valuable for designing synthetic supramolecular systems with a higher level of complexity.
Absolute Bioavailability of Osimertinib in Healthy Adults
Authors: Vishwanathan Karthick , So Karen , Thomas Karen , Bramley Alex , English Stephen , Collier Jo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOsimertinib is a third‐generation, central nervous system–active, epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) selective for EGFR‐TKI sensitizing and T790M resistance mutations. This phase 1, open‐label study (NCT02491944) investigated absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral and intravenous (IV) osimertinib. Ten healthy subjects (21–61 years) received a single oral 80‐mg dose concomitantly with a 100 μg (containing 1 μCi) IV microtracer dose of [14C]osimertinib. Oral and IV PK were determined simultaneously for osimertinib and its active metabolites, AZ5104 and AZ7550. High‐performance liquid chromatography and accelerator mass spectrometry were used to characterize IV dose PK. Geometric mean absolute oral bioavailability of osimertinib was 69.8% (90% confidence interval, 66.7, 72.9). Oral osimertinib was slowly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration [tmax] 7.0 hours). Following tmax, plasma concentrations fell in an apparent monophasic manner. IV clearance and volume of distribution were 16.8 L/h and 1285 L, respectively. Arithmetic mean elimination half‐life estimates were 59.7, 52.6, and 72.6 hours for osimertinib, AZ5104, and AZ7550, respectively (oral dosing), and 54.9, 68.4, and 99.7 hours for [14C]osimertinib, [14C]AZ5104, and [14C]AZ7550, respectively (IV dosing). Oral osimertinib was well absorbed. Simultaneous IV and oral PK analysis proved useful for complete understanding of osimertinib PK and showed that the first‐pass effect was minimal for osimertinib.
Redundancy‐bandwidth scalable techniques for signal‐independent element transition rates in high‐speed current‐steering DACs
Authors: Lai Longqiang , Li Xueqing , Yang Huazhong 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis paper presents redundancy‐bandwidth scalable techniques to deal with the intersymbol interference distortions for current‐steering digital‐to‐analog converters in high‐speed applications. A switching strategy that explores the use of redundant current sources is proposed to realize a signal‐independent element transition rate, ie, the number of switching activities during the transition of successive sampling clock cycles. With a certain number of redundant current sources, this strategy significantly reduces the intersymbol interference distortions without oversampling operation or causing signal attenuation, which makes it appealing for high‐speed applications. As analyzed in this paper, the number of required redundant current sources is scalable for different bandwidth requirement in specific applications, leading to 3 redundancy‐bandwidth scalable trade‐offs between the cost from redundant current sources and the high‐dynamic‐range bandwidth. In implementation, we propose a custom‐designed decoder, named as the overlap‐controlled data‐weighted averaging (OC‐DWA). Compared with the existing similar‐purpose designs, the proposed OC‐DWA decoder realizes the current sources selection with a simple barrel rotator, which is of much lower hardware complexity and energy consumption. Simulations of a digital‐to‐analog converter with this decoder exhibit an enhanced dynamic range over the entire Nyquist band, which verifies the redundancy‐bandwidth scalability of the proposed techniques.
Provable analysis and improvement of smart card–based anonymous authentication protocols
Authors: Banaeian Far Saeed , Alagheband Mahdi R. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryNowadays, authentication protocols are essential for secure communications specially for roaming networks, distributed computer networks, and remote wireless communication. The numerous users in these networks rise vulnerabilities. Thus, privacy‐preserving methods have to be run to provide more reliable services and sustain privacy. Anonymous authentication is a method to remotely authenticate users with no revelation about their identity. In this paper, we analyze 2 smart card–based protocols that the user's identity is anonymous. However, we represent that they are vulnerable to privileged insider attack. It means that the servers can compromise the users' identity for breaking their privacy. Also, we highlight that the Wen et al protocol has flaws in both stolen smart card and stolen server attacks and the Odelu et al protocol is traceable. Then, we propose 2 modified anonymous authentication protocols. Finally, we analyze our improved protocols with both heuristic and formal methods.
Development of green extraction processes for Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass valorization
Authors: Sánchez‐Camargo Andrea del Pilar , Pleite Natalia , Mendiola José Antonio , Cifuentes Alejandro , Herrero Miguel , Gilbert‐López Bienvenida , Ibáñez Elena 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present work, the valorization of Nannochloropsis gaditana biomass is proposed within the concept of biorefinery. To this aim, high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) was used to break down the strong cell wall and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 was applied as a first step to extract valuable compounds (such as non‐polar lipids and pigments). Extraction of the remaining residue for the recovery of bioactive compounds was studied by means of an experimental design based on response surface methodology (RSM) employing pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with green solvents such as water and ethanol. Optimum extract was achieved with pure ethanol at 170°C for 20 min, providing an important antioxidant capacity (0.72 ± 0.03 mmol trolox eq g−1 extract). Complete chemical characterization of the optimum extract was carried out by using different chromatographic methods such as reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RP‐HPLC‐DAD), normal‐phase HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection (NP‐HPLC‐ELSD) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (GC‐MS); carotenoids (e.g. violaxanthin), chlorophylls and polar lipids were the main compounds observed while palmitoleic, palmitic, myristic acids and the polyunsaturated eicosapentanoic (EPA) acid were the predominant fatty acids in all PLE extracts.
GO Wrapping Yolk‐Shell S/MnO2 Nanocomposites as High Performance Cathode for Lithium/Sulfur Cells
Authors: Luo Chi , Yan Yin‐Xian , Wan Yong‐Hua , Hao Jun‐Wei , Liu Xiao‐Min , Yang Hui 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe lithium/sulfur cell with high theoretical capacity has drawn much attention recently because of its high energy density and low cost. However, the shuttle effect caused by polysulfide dissolution and migration, and the destruction of cathode particles due to large volume expansion during lithiation, are the key challenges. Here, the novel graphene oxide (GO) wrapping sulfur‐MnO2 (S/MnO2/GO) nanocomposite is prepared with improved rate capability and cyclic performance. The inner layer is the protective layer of MnO2 shell, which accommodates the volume expansion of sulfur and minimizes polysulfides dissolution. The outer layer of fabricated graphene oxide is the stable layer, which gives further protection in suppressing the polysulfides dissolution in case the MnO2 shells crack. The cell with S/MnO2/GO electrode delivers 1378 mAh g−1 initial discharge capacity at the current density of 2 C and remains 818 mAh g−1 over 1000 cycles, which exhibits the very low fading rate of 0.04 % per cycle. Moreover, the S/MnO2/GO nanocomposites can be easily fabricated with our method.
Schweres Los
Authors: Stollberg‐Rilinger Barbara 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGüterverteilungen, Bestrafungen oder auch Wahlen in Ämter – im Europa der frühen Neuzeit wurde vieles nach dem Zufallsprinzip entschieden. Als kommunikativer Vorgang und zeitgebundene symbolische Praxis betrachtet, ist diese Art der Entscheidungsfindung auch ein Mosaikstein zur Kulturgeschichte des Politischen.
Kurs: Ultralangsamer Gakkel‐Rücken
Authors: Schlindwein Vera 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPlattentektonik, vulkanische Aktivität und Spreizung des Ozeanbodens in der Arktis: Die Emmy Noether‐Gruppe MOVE gewinnt nach aufwendigen Forschungs‐expeditionen und Erdbebenmessungen überraschende Erkenntnisse zur Entstehung und Struktur der Ozeanlithosphäre. Ein Werkstattbericht
Inhibition of astroglial connexin43 hemichannels with TAT‐Gap19 exerts anticonvulsant effects in rodents
Authors: Walrave Laura , Pierre Anouk , Albertini Giulia , Aourz Najat , De Bundel Dimitri , Van Eeckhaut Ann , Vinken Mathieu , Giaume Christian , Leybaert Luc , Smolders Ilse 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAccumulating evidence shows a key function for astrocytic connexin43 (Cx43) signaling in epilepsy. However, the lack of experimental distinction between Cx43 gap junction channels (GJCs) and hemichannels (HCs) has impeded the identification of the exact contribution of either channel configurations to epilepsy. We therefore investigated whether TAT‐Gap19, a Cx mimetic peptide that inhibits Cx43 HCs but not the corresponding Cx43 GJCs, influences experimentally induced seizures in rodents. Dye uptake experiments in acute hippocampal slices of mice demonstrated that astroglial Cx43 HCs open in response to the chemoconvulsant pilocarpine and this was inhibited by TAT‐Gap19. In vivo, pilocarpine‐induced seizures as well as the accompanying increase in D‐serine microdialysate levels were suppressed by Cx43 HC inhibition. Moreover, the anticonvulsant action of TAT‐Gap19 was reversed by exogenous D‐serine administration, suggesting that Cx43 HC inhibition protects against seizures by lowering extracellular D‐serine levels. The anticonvulsive properties of Cx43 HC inhibition were further confirmed in electrical seizure mouse models, i.e. an acute 6 Hertz (Hz) model of refractory seizures and a chronic 6 Hz corneal kindling model. Collectively, these results indicate that Cx43 HCs play a role in seizures and underscore their potential as a novel and druggable target in epilepsy treatment.
Neural correlates of processing emotional prosody in unipolar depression
Authors: Koch Katharina , Stegmaier Sophia , Schwarz Lena , Erb Michael , Reinl Maren , Scheffler Klaus , Wildgruber Dirk , Ethofer Thomas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by a biased emotion perception. In the auditory domain, MDD patients have been shown to exhibit attenuated processing of positive emotions expressed by speech melody (prosody). So far, no neuroimaging studies examining the neural basis of altered processing of emotional prosody in MDD are available. In this study, we addressed this issue by examining the emotion bias in MDD during evaluation of happy, neutral, and angry prosodic stimuli on a five‐point Likert scale during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As expected, MDD patients rated happy prosody less intense than healthy controls (HC). At neural level, stronger activation in the middle superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the amygdala was found in all participants when processing emotional as compared to neutral prosody. MDD patients exhibited an increased activation of the amygdala during processing prosody irrespective of valence while no significant differences between groups were found for the STG, indicating that altered processing of prosodic emotions in MDD occurs rather within the amygdala than in auditory areas. Concurring with the valence‐specific behavioral effect of attenuated evaluation of positive prosodic stimuli, activation within the left amygdala of MDD patients correlated with ratings of happy, but not neutral or angry prosody. Our study provides first insights in the neural basis of reduced experience of positive information and an abnormally increased amygdala activity during prosody processing.
Natural biological variation of white matter microstructure is accentuated in Huntington's disease
Authors: Gregory Sarah , Crawford Helen , Seunarine Kiran , Leavitt Blair , Durr Alexandra , Roos Raymund A. C. , Scahill Rachael I. , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Rees Geraint , Langbehn Douglas , Orth Michael 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG‐repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene. Presence of this expansion signifies certainty of disease onset, but only partly explains age at which onset occurs. Genome‐wide association studies have shown that naturally occurring genetic variability influences HD pathogenesis and disease onset. Investigating the influence of biological traits in the normal population, such as variability in white matter properties, on HD pathogenesis could provide a complementary approach to understanding disease modification. We have previously shown that while white matter diffusivity patterns in the left sensorimotor network were similar in controls and HD gene‐carriers, they were more extreme in the HD group. We hypothesized that the influence of natural variation in diffusivity on effects of HD pathogenesis on white matter is not limited to the sensorimotor network but extends to cognitive, limbic, and visual networks. Using tractography, we investigated 32 bilateral pathways within HD‐related networks, including motor, cognitive, and limbic, and examined diffusivity metrics using principal components analysis. We identified three independent patterns of diffusivity common to controls and HD gene‐carriers that predicted HD status. The first pattern involved almost all tracts, the second was limited to sensorimotor tracts, and the third encompassed cognitive network tracts. Each diffusivity pattern was associated with network specific performance. The consistency in diffusivity patterns across both groups coupled with their association with disease status and task performance indicates that naturally‐occurring patterns of diffusivity can become accentuated in the presence of the HD gene mutation to influence clinical brain function.
Frequencies and malignancy rates of 6‐tiered Bethesda categories of thyroid nodules according to ultrasound assessment and nodule size
Authors: Park Vivian Youngjean , Lee Hye Sun , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Kwak Jin Young , Yoon Jung Hyun , Moon Hee Jung 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe malignancy risk of thyroid nodules differs according to Bethesda category, ultrasound features, and nodule size.MethodsIn 2725 thyroid nodules that underwent ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration, frequencies and malignancy rates of Bethesda categories were compared according to size and ultrasound assessment.ResultsWhen comparing the ultrasound suspicious nodules ≤10 mm and >10 mm, the frequency of the benign cytology was statistically higher in the >10 mm group, whereas the nondiagnostic and suspicious for malignancy cytology were higher in the ≤10 mm group. In ultrasound suspicious nodules ≤10 mm, the malignancy rate of the benign cytology group was higher but that of the suspicious for malignancy cytology group was lower than the >10 mm group.ConclusionBenign and suspicious for malignant cytological results are more reliable in thyroid nodules >10 mm compared to ≤10 mm displaying suspicious ultrasound features.
Aggregation‐Enhanced Emission of Fluorescent‐Gemini Surfactants with High Photostability for Cell‐Membrane Imaging
Authors: Peng Jinwen , Deng Junjie , Huang Xuebing , Sun Pengfei , Deng Weixing 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In situ studies of the aggregation behavior of traditional surfactants at the liquid interface using spectroscopic methods are often significantly affected by the large volume of fluorescent groups, such as pyrene. Fluorescent‐Gemini surfactants provide an ideal solution since the fluorescent block can be designed as a spacer or a tail. In this work, we report the synthesis of a new fluorescent‐Gemini surfactant with a rigid spacer (referred to as 8‐TBT‐8). The aggregation behavior and application in cell‐membrane imaging were investigated. The unique aggregation behavior in an organic solvent and aqueous solution was studied using spectroscopy. UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra of 8‐TBT‐8 revealed that this new fluorescent surfactant forms H aggregates in organic solution to give blue emission, whereas it forms J aggregates in aqueous solution to give green fluorescence under UV light. In addition, the fluorescence intensity of 8‐TBT‐8 increases abruptly at concentrations higher than the critical micellization concentration. Good photostability and a unique structure make the synthesized Gemini surfactant very suitable for membrane imaging.
Comparison of Superb Microvascular Imaging With Color Flow and Power Doppler Imaging of Small Hepatocellular Carcinomas
Authors: Dubinsky Theodore J. , Revels Jonathan , Wang Sherry , Toia Giuseppe , Sonneborn Rachelle , Hippe Daniel S. , Erpelding Todd 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI; Toshiba America Medical Systems, Tustin, CA) with conventional color flow Doppler (CFD) and power Doppler (PD) imaging in the liver to distinguish between malignant and benign liver neoplasms.MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board approval (number 449984‐ED), patients undergoing routine pre–radiofrequency ablation planning ultrasound examinations for suspected hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) of less than 2 cm in diameter between January 1, 2015, and July 1, 2016, were prospectively identified. Four readers reviewed the ultrasound images independently for the presence or absence of flow centrally and along the periphery of the lesion.ResultsHigher peripheral vessel grades were found on SMI than CFD (P < .001) and PD (P < .001) imaging: in particular, more grade 2 (39% versus 16% and 11%, respectively) and grade 3 (8% versus 0% and 0%). Overall, more central and peripheral vessels were found on SMI than CFD and PD imaging for both HCC lesions (P < .001) and benign lesions (P < .001). Vascular grades were significantly higher in HCC lesions than benign lesions in nearly all cases, although the corresponding area under the curve values were relatively low, at 0.54 to 0.59 for the central vessel grades and 0.63 to 0.64 for the peripheral vessel grades.ConclusionsMore central and peripheral vessels were found around liver lesions on SMI than on CFD and PD imaging. Although there was significantly more vascularity on the periphery of malignant liver lesions than benign lesions, the overall diagnostic performance based on this criterion alone was relatively low, with an area under the curve of 0.64.
The Impact of Acceptor–Acceptor Homocoupling on the Optoelectronic Properties and Photovoltaic Performance of PDTSQxff Low Bandgap Polymers
Authors: Pirotte Geert , Kesters Jurgen , Cardeynaels Tom , Verstappen Pieter , D'Haen Jan , Lutsen Laurence , Champagne Benoît , Vanderzande Dirk , Maes Wouter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPush–pull‐type conjugated polymers applied in organic electronics do not always contain a perfect alternation of donor and acceptor building blocks. Misscouplings can occur, which have a noticeable effect on the device performance. In this work, the influence of homocoupling on the optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance of PDTSQxff polymers is investigated, with a specific focus on the quinoxaline acceptor moieties. A homocoupled biquinoxaline segment is intentionally inserted in specific ratios during the polymerization. These homocoupled units cause a gradually blue‐shifted absorption, while the highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels decrease only significantly upon the presence of 75–100% of homocouplings. Density functional theory calculations show that the homocoupled acceptor unit generates a twist in the polymer backbone, which leads to a decreased conjugation length and a reduced aggregation tendency. The virtually defect‐free PDTSQxff affords a solar cell efficiency of 5.4%, which only decreases substantially upon incorporating a homocoupling degree over 50%.
Piperine Promotes Glucose Uptake through ROS‐Dependent Activation of the CAMKK/AMPK Signaling Pathway in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Maeda Ayumi , Shirao Takeshi , Shirasaya Daishi , Yoshioka Yasukiyo , Yamashita Yoko , Akagawa Mitsugu , Ashida Hitoshi 
Published: April 2018

ScopeThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing yearly worldwide. Glycemic control is the basis for the treatment of T2DM, as it can prevent the progress of associated complications. Spices possess various health beneficial effects on humans. The aim of this study is to search for spices that can promote glucose uptake and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism(s).Methods and ResultsAmong 24 spice extracts, the extracts from black pepper and white pepper significantly increase glucose uptake in L6 myotubes. Piperine is found to be the active compound in these extracts. Treatment of myotubes with piperine induces the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane by phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). Piperine increases the intracellular Ca2+ level and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1), followed by activation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase‐beta (CaMKKβ) as the upstream events for AMPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, oral administration of piperine to Wistar rats at 0.01 and 0.1 mg kg−1 body weight decreases postprandial hyperglycemia accompanied by GLUT4 translocation and AMPK phosphorylation.ConclusionPiperine in pepper prevents hyperglycemia by GLUT4 translocation through CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling via TRPV1‐dependent increase in the intracellular Ca2+ level and ROS generation.