bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Lasting Designer Insulin with Glucose‐Dependent Solubility Markedly Reduces Risk of Hypoglycemia
Authors: Qiu Yibo , Agrawal Rahul , Chen Diao , Zheng Nan , Durupt Griffin , Kim Jin Hwan , Fisher Simon J. , Chou Danny Hung‐Chieh 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInsulin analogs are key to blood glucose management for millions of people with diabetes. Nonetheless, the risk of hypoglycemia still exists because this insulin remains bioactive at normal or low blood glucose conditions. Here, the aim is to incorporate phenylboronic acids on insulin glargine to create a glucose‐responsive designer insulin termed “PBA‐F‐glargine.” It is hypothesized that by inserting a glucose responsive moiety, this designer insulin increases the therapeutic window and reduces the risk of insulin‐induced hypoglycemia. Chemical methods are used to incorporate phenylboronic acids into insulin glargine. Biochemical and cell‐based assays are used to confirm that the designer insulin PBA‐F‐glargine preserves insulin bioactivity. In comparison to commercial glargine, in vitro experiments demonstrate that PBA‐F‐glargine has similar bioactivity and increased solubility that is glucose‐dependent. In vivo experiments demonstrate that PBA‐F‐glargine has 88% bioactivity as compared to glargine at hyperglycemic levels, yet has only 30% bioactivity at euglycemic levels. This threefold difference in bioactivity demonstrates that PBA‐F‐glargine is responsive to glucose concentrations. In comparison to commercial glargine, PBA‐F‐glargine reduces iatrogenic hypoglycemia by 15‐fold. In conclusion, PBA‐F‐glargine has a glucose‐dependent in vivo bioactivity that markedly reduces the risk of hypoglycemia.
Numerical and experimental analysis of forced convection in rib‐roughened channels with moisture‐permeable walls
Authors: Sylvester Alexander , Engarnevis Amin , Kadylak David , Huizing Ryan , Rogak Steven , Green Sheldon 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRibbed features can promote mixing and improve convective heat and mass transfer in channels. This can be beneficial in certain exchangers, such as Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs), which employ moisture‐permeable membranes to transfer both latent and sensible heat. In this work, a computational fluid dynamics model with experimental validation was used to study angled rib mixing features in compact channels. Results show that, relative to a smooth channel, the ribs increase the channel Sherwood and Nusselt numbers by a larger fraction than the corresponding increase in friction factor. For a typical commercial grade ERV, total effectiveness can be improved by over 10% for an equal pressure drop by adding ribs and slightly increasing the channel height. A custom test stand and rib‐forming technique were developed to validate the simulation predictions. The experiments confirm the net benefit of ribbed channels and agree with the simulation results within experimental uncertainty.
First report of laticifers in lianas of Malpighiaceae and their phylogenetic implications
Authors: Pace Marcelo R. , Cunha Neto Israel L. , Santos‐Silva Leyde N. N. , Melo‐de‐Pinna Gladys F. A. , Acevedo‐Rodríguez Pedro , Almeida Rafael F. , Amorim André M. , Angyalossy Veronica 
Published: September 2019

PremiseLaticifers have evolved multiple times in angiosperms and have been interpreted as a key innovation involved in plant defense mechanisms. In Malpighiaceae, laticifers were previously known from a single lineage of trees and shrubs, the Galphimia clade, but with detailed anatomical analyses here, we show that their distribution is broader in the family, also encompassing large clades of lianas.MethodsFrom 15 genera, 70 species of Malpighiaceae were surveyed through careful anatomical ontogenetic analysis of roots, stems, and leaves and detailed histochemical tests to elucidate the nature of laticifers and latex in the family.ResultsArticulated anastomosing laticifers were encountered in roots, stems, and leaves of two distantly related megadiverse genera of Malpighiaceae lianas: Stigmaphyllon (stigmaphylloid clade) and Tetrapterys s.s. (tetrapteroid clade). From the apex downward, in Stigmaphyllon the laticifers are derived from the procambium and from the cambium during its early activity and are present in the outermost part of the vascular cylinder of stems and leaves and in the pericycle of roots, whereas in Tetrapterys s.s. they are derived from the ground meristem, procambium, and cambium throughout the plant body and are present in the cortex and pith, either the pericycle in roots or the outermost part of the vascular system in stems and leaves, and the primary and secondary phloem.ConclusionsLaticifers seem to have evolved at least three times independently in Malpighiaceae, once in a lineage of trees and shrubs and twice in two distantly related megadiverse lianescent lineages. Laticifer evolution in Malpighiaceae is homoplastic and may be related to increases in species diversification.
Linking coordinated hydraulic traits to drought and recovery responses in a tropical montane cloud forest
Authors: Berry Z. Carter , Espejel Ximena , Williams‐Linera Guadalupe , Asbjornsen Heidi 
Published: September 2019

PremiseUnderstanding plant hydraulic functioning and water balance during drought has become key in predicting species survival and recovery. However, there are few insightful studies that couple physiological and morphological attributes for many ecosystems, such as the vulnerable Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (TMCF). In this study, we evaluated drought resistance and recovery for saplings for five tree species spanning deciduous to evergreen habits from a Mexican TMCF.MethodsIn drought simulations, water was withheld until plants reached species‐specific P50 or P88 values (pressures required to induce a 50 or 88% loss in hydraulic conductivity), then they were rewatered. Drought resistance was considered within the isohydric–anisohydric framework and compared to leaf gas exchange, water status, pressure–volume curves, specific leaf area, and stomatal density.ResultsThe TMCF species closed stomata well before significant losses in hydraulic conductivity (isohydric). Yet, despite the coordination of these traits, the traits were not useful for predicting the time needed for the species to reach critical hydraulic thresholds. Instead, maximum photosynthetic rates explained these times, reinforcing the linkage between hydraulic and carbon dynamics. Despite their varying hydraulic conductivities, stomatal responses, and times to hydraulic thresholds, 58 of the 60 study plants recovered after the rewatering. The recovery of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance can be explained by the P50 values and isohydry.ConclusionsThis study raises new questions surrounding drought management strategies, recovery processes, and how lethal thresholds are defined. Further studies need to consider the role of water and carbon balance in allowing for both survival and recovery from drought.
Photocatalytic Aerobic Double Friedel‐Crafts Reaction of Glycine Derivatives with Anilines: An Efficient Synthesis of Diarylmethanes
Authors: Sun Bin , Yang Jin , Zhang Liang , Shi Rongcheng , Zhang Xun , Xu Tengwei , Zhuang Xiaohui , Zhu Rui , Yu Chuanming , Jin Can 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA mild and efficient aerobic double Friedel‐Crafts reaction of glycine derivatives with anilines has been developed with the assist of a photocatalytic system involving inexpensive Eosin Y as a photocatalyst. Under the optimized conditions, a range of N‐arylglycine derivatives underwent this oxidative coupling reaction smoothly to give the desired diarylmethane derivatives with high para‐regioselectivities in moderate to excellent yields. Moreover, mechanistic studies revealed that this transformation followed a radical‐mediated pathway. This strategy featured mild conditions, operational simplicity, wide substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
Low‐Barrier and Canonical Hydrogen Bonds Modulate Activity and Specificity of a Catalytic Triad
Authors: Kumar Prashasti , Agarwal Pratul K. , Waddell M. Brett , Mittag Tanja , Serpersu Engin H. , Cuneo Matthew J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe position, bonding and dynamics of hydrogen atoms in the catalytic centers of proteins are essential for catalysis. The role of short hydrogen bonds in catalysis has remained highly debated and led to establishment of several distinctive geometrical arrangements of hydrogen atoms vis‐à‐vis the heavier donor and acceptor counterparts, that is, low‐barrier, single‐well or short canonical hydrogen bonds. Here we demonstrate how the position of a hydrogen atom in the catalytic triad of an aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme leads to a thirty‐fold increase in catalytic turnover. A low‐barrier hydrogen bond is present in the enzyme active site for the substrates that are turned over the best, whereas a canonical hydrogen bond is found with the least preferred substrate. This is the first comparison of these hydrogen bonds involving an identical catalytic network, while directly demonstrating how active site electrostatics adapt to the electronic nature of substrates to tune catalysis.
Highly Robust but Surface‐Active: An N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Stabilized Au25 Nanocluster
Authors: Shen Hui , Deng Guocheng , Kaappa Sami , Tan Tongde , Han Ying‐Zi , Malola Sami , Lin Shui‐Chao , Teo Boon K. , Häkkinen Hannu , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSurface organic ligands play a critical role in stabilizing atomically precise metal nanoclusters in solutions. However, it is still challenging to prepare highly robust ligated metal nanoclusters that are surface‐active for liquid‐phase catalysis without any pre‐treatment. Now, an N‐heterocyclic carbene‐stabilized Au25 nanocluster with high thermal and air stabilities is presented as a homogenous catalyst for cycloisomerization of alkynyl amines to indoles. The nanocluster, characterized as [Au25(iPr2‐bimy)10Br7]2+ (iPr2‐bimy=1,3‐diisopropylbenzimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) (1), was synthesized by direct reduction of AuSMe2Cl and iPr2‐bimyAuBr with NaBH4 in one pot. X‐ray crystallization analysis revealed that the cluster comprises two centered Au13 icosahedra sharing a vertex. Cluster 1 is highly stable and can survive in solution at 80 °C for 12 h, which is superior to Au25 nanoclusters passivated with phosphines or thiols. DFT computations reveal the origins of both electronic and thermal stability of 1 and point to the probable catalytic sites. This work provides new insights into the bonding capability of N‐heterocyclic carbene to Au in a cluster, and offers an opportunity to probe the catalytic mechanism at the atomic level.
Identification of the C‐Glycoside Synthases during Biosynthesis of the Pyrazole‐C‐Nucleosides Formycin and Pyrazofurin
Authors: Ren Daan , Wang Shao‐An , Ko Yeonjin , Geng Yujie , Ogasawara Yasushi , Liu Hung‐wen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractC‐Nucleosides are characterized by a C−C rather than a C−N linkage between the heterocyclic base and the ribofuranose ring. While the biosynthesis of pseudouridine‐C‐nucleosides has been studied, less is known about the pyrazole‐C‐nucleosides such as the formycins and pyrazofurin. Herein, genome screening of Streptomyces candidus NRRL 3601 led to the discovery of the pyrazofurin biosynthetic gene cluster pyf. In vitro characterization of gene product PyfQ demonstrated that it is able to catalyze formation of the C‐glycoside carboxyhydroxypyrazole ribonucleotide (CHPR) from 4‐hydroxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP). Similarly, ForT, the PyfQ homologue in the formycin pathway, can catalyze the coupling of 4‐amino‐1H‐pyrazole‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid and PRPP to form carboxyaminopyrazole ribonucleotide. Finally, PyfP and PyfT are shown to catalyze amidation of CHPR to pyrazofurin 5′‐phosphate thereby establishing the latter stages of both pyrazofurin and formycin biosynthesis.
Accessing Difluoromethylated and Trifluoromethylated cis‐Cycloalkanes and Saturated Heterocycles: Preferential Hydrogen Addition to the Substitution Sites for Dearomatization
Authors: Zhang Xue , Ling Liang , Luo Meiming , Zeng Xiaoming 
Published: September 2019

AbstractReported here is a straightforward process in which a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene/Rh catalyst system facilitates the preferential addition of hydrogen to the substitution sites of difluoromethylated and trifluoromethylated arenes and heteroarenes, leading to dearomative reduction. This strategy enables the diastereoselective synthesis of cis‐difluoromethylated and cis‐trifluoromethylated cycloalkanes and saturated heterocycles, and even allows formation of all‐cis multi‐trifluoromethylated cyclic products with a defined equatorial orientation of the di‐ and trifluoromethyl groups. Deuterium‐labeling studies indicate that hydrogen preferentially attacks the substitution sites of planar arenes, resulting in dearomatization, possibly with heterogeneous Rh as the reactive species, followed by either reversible or irreversible hydrogen addition to the nonsubstitution sites.
Antioxidant Activity and Total Polyphenols Content of Camellia Oil Extracted by Optimized Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Wang Weifang , Han Sai , Jiao Zhen , Cheng Jiangrui , Song Junying 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this study, Camellia oil is co‐extracted from Camellia oleifera seeds and green tea scraps by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2), which is optimized on the extraction yield, ABTS‐scavenging activity, and total polyphenols content (TPC) of oil by single‐factor experiments combined with response surface methodology (RSM). The extraction temperature, pressure, dynamic time, carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate, and seed mass ratio were investigated with single‐factor experiments. The results indicated the optimum CO2 flow rate and dynamic extraction time were 15 L hour−1 and 60 min (i.e., 2.382 kg CO2/100 g sample). Furthermore, the complicated effects of extraction temperature (40–50 °C), pressure (20–30 MPa), and seed mass ratio (0.25–0.75) were optimized by RSM based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The models with high R‐squared values were obtained and used to predict the optimum operating conditions of the process. Under the optimum operating conditions (i.e., temperature of 46 °C, pressure of 30 MPa, and seed mass ratio of 0.35), the extraction yield, ABTS‐scavenging activity, and TPC of oil were 14.43 ± 0.17 g/100 g sample, 73.70 ± 0.34%, and 2.18 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g oil, which were in good agreement with the predicted values. In addition, the experiments indicated that the Camellia oil obtained was rich in polyphenols, resulting in better oxidation stability and antioxidant activity than the original oil.
Fault tolerant control for a class of nonlinear system with actuator faults
Authors: Ma Liling , Huang Yuan , Zhou Lushan , Wang Junzheng , Shi Dawei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work, a fault tolerant control scheme is proposed for a class of nonlinear system with actuator faults. In this fault tolerant control strategy, an estimator is designed to estimate both the system states and the fault signal simultaneously. Based on these estimations, the control law is constructed to achieve the fault tolerant control for the nonlinear system considered. It is shown that the estimation error and the system state can be guaranteed to be bounded. The obtained theoretic results have been verified through the simulation examples on the three‐tank system.
Cover Image, Volume 13, Issue 5
Authors: Dessbesell Luana , Souzanchi Sadra , Venkateswara Rao Kasanneni Tirumala , Carrillo Alejandro Alarcon , Bekker Devon , Hall Kristen Amanda , Lawrence Katherine Mary , Tait Carolyn Lindsay Judge , Xu Chunbao (Charles) 
Published: September 2019

The cover image is based on the Review Article Production of 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) from Starch, Glucose or High Fructose Corn Syrup: Techno‐economic Analysis by Chunbao (Charles) Xu et al., DOI: 10.1002/bbb.2014.
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Modeling the hazard of transition into the absorbing state in the illness‐death model
Authors: Tassistro Elena , Bernasconi Davide Paolo , Rebora Paola , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Antolini Laura 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe illness‐death model is the simplest multistate model where the transition from the initial state 0 to the absorbing state 2 may involve an intermediate state 1 (e.g., disease relapse). The impact of the transition into state 1 on the subsequent transition hazard to state 2 enables insight to be gained into the disease evolution. The standard approach of analysis is modeling the transition hazards from 0 to 2 and from 1 to 2, including time to illness as a time‐varying covariate and measuring time from origin even after transition into state 1. The hazard from 1 to 2 can be also modeled separately using only patients in state 1, measuring time from illness and including time to illness as a fixed covariate. A recently proposed approach is a model where time after the transition into state 1 is measured in both scales and time to illness is included as a time‐varying covariate. Another possibility is a model where time after transition into state 1 is measured only from illness and time to illness is included as a fixed covariate. Through theoretical reasoning and simulation protocols, we discuss the use of these models and we develop a practical strategy aiming to (a) validate the properties of the illness‐death process, (b) estimate the impact of time to illness on the hazard from state 1 to 2, and (c) quantify the impact that the transition into state 1 has on the hazard of the absorbing state. The strategy is also applied to a literature dataset on diabetes.
Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with alcoholism induces anxiety/depression behaviors and decreases brain mGluR1/PKC ε levels in mouse
Authors: Zhao Wenbo , Hu Ying , Li Chuangang , Li Ning , Zhu Shaowei , Tan Xu , Li Meng , Zhang Yue , Xu Zheng , Ding Zhaoxi , Hu Lingming , Liu Zengxun , Sun Jinhao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRecent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota participates in the psychiatric behavior changes in disorders associated with alcohol. But it still remains unknown whether alcoholism is involved in changes in gut microbiota and its underlying mechanism is also not clear. Here, we tested the gut microbiota of patients with alcoholism and conducted fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from patients with alcoholism to C57BL/6J mice whose gut microbiota had been sharply suppressed with antibiotics (ABX). Then we evaluated their alcohol preference degree, anxiety, and depression‐like behaviors and social interaction behaviors, together with molecular changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Our data indicated that the gut microbiota of patients with alcoholism was drastically different from those of the healthy adults. The abundance of p_Firmicutes was significantly increased whereas p_Bacteroidetes was decreased. Compared to mice transplanted with fecal microbiota from healthy male adults, the mice accepting fecal microbiota from patients with alcoholism showed (a) anxiety‐like and depression‐like behaviors, (b) decreased social interaction behaviors, (c) spontaneous alcohol preference, and (d) decreased brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), alpha 1 subunit of GABA type A receptor (α1GABAAR) in mPFC and decreased metabotropic glutamate receptors 1 (mGluR1), protein kinase C (PKC) ε in NAc. Overall, our results suggest that fecal microbiota from patients with alcoholism did induce a status like alcohol dependence in C57BL/6J mice. The decreased expression of BDNF, α1GABAAR, and mGluR1/ PKC ε may be the underlying mechanism.
Current trend of worsening prognosis of prostate small cell carcinoma: A population‐based study
Authors: Wang Jili , Liu Xiaoyan , Wang Yan , Ren Guoping 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the accurate age‐adjusted incidence of prostate small cell carcinoma (SCC), update the clinical and pathological characteristics, as well as survival data of prostate SCC from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) datasets.MethodsA total of 260 patients with prostate SCC were selected from the SEER database of the National Cancer Institute between 2004 and 2015. Age‐adjusted incidence (AAI) rates, the observed and relative survival rates were evaluated over time by the SEER*Stat Software version 8.3.5. Overall survival (OS) rates that stratified by summary stage and treatment effects were evaluated by Kaplan‐Meier method. The significant differences were assessed in a log‐rank test. Univariate and multivariate cox hazard regression analysis were performed to determine independent predictors of OS.ResultsThe incidence of prostate SCC has increased over time. The average age of prostate SCC patients was 70.25 years. More than 90% of tumors were poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. The majority of prostate SCC (77.7%) was at stage IV. 49% of patients had lymph node metastases and 68% of patients presented distant metastases (Compared with 60.5% of patients with distant metastases between 1973‐2003). Interestingly only 23.5% patients had high level PSA (>10 ng/mL). 58.8% of patients underwent chemotherapy, 25.4% of patients were treated by surgery, and 31.9% of patients were treated by radiotherapy. The observed survival rates of 1‐year, 2‐year, and 5‐year were 42.1%, 22.1%, and 12.5%, respectively (Compared with 47.9%, 27.5%, and 14.3%, respectively, between 1973 and 2003). Chemotherapy prolonged the OS of patients with regional (distant) metastases from 3 months (2 months) to 12 months (9 months). Multivariate cox regression analysis showed age, race, and stage were independent prognostic factors for prostate SCC patients.ConclusionProstate SCC is a highly malignant cancer and our analysis of recent data has shown its incidence is increasing. Incidence rate of metastatic prostate SCC has increased and the survival rates have worsened in recent years. However, chemotherapy shows some survival benefit for prostate SCC patients with regional and distant metastasis over other treatment methods. Further work is needed to understand the reason prognosis of this type prostate cancer is worsening.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Ruthenium Complexes with Heteroaromatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Rogala Patrycja , Czerwonka Grzegorz , Michałkiewicz Sławomir , Hodorowicz Maciej , Barszcz Barbara , Jabłońska‐Wawrzycka Agnieszka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of two new ruthenium complexes againstE. coli,S. aureus,P. aeruginosaPAO1 (laboratory strain) andP. aeruginosaLES B58 (clinical strain) were evaluated. Complexes,mer‐[RuIII(2‐bimc)3] ⋅ H2O (1) andcis‐[RuIVCl2(2,3‐pydcH)2] ⋅ 4H2O (2), were obtained using aromatic carboxylic acid ligands, namely, 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylic acid (2‐bimcH) and pyridine‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid (2,3‐pydcH2). Compounds were physicochemically characterized using X‐ray diffraction, Hirshfeld surface analysis, IR and UV/VIS spectroscopies, as well as magnetic and electrochemical measurements. Structural characterization revealed that Ru(III) and Ru(IV) ions in the complexes adopt a distorted octahedral geometry. The intermolecular classical and weak hydrogen bonds, andπ⋅⋅⋅πcontacts significantly contribute to structure stabilization, leading to the formation of a supramolecular assembly. Biological studies have shown that the Ru complexes inhibit the growth of bacteria and biofilm formation by the tested strains and the complexes seem to be a potential as antimicrobial agents.