bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a comprehensive model of face impressions: What we know, what we do not, and paths forward
Authors: Hehman Eric , Stolier Ryan M. , Freeman Jonathan B. , Flake Jessica K. , Xie Sally Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA person's impression of another depends upon three sources of variance. The characteristics of the target, the characteristics of the perceiver, and the interplay between the two. Researchers have dedicated different amounts of study to these three sources of variance, and therefore they differ in how well they are understood. The present work will first review the portions of the face impression process that are understood well, then identify and discuss portions of the process less well understood. We will then question to what extent the current state of knowledge will generalize to novel targets and populations. Finally, we will review several modeling approaches that can accommodate relatively unexamined yet important sources of variance in impression formation, suggesting a clear path forward toward a comprehensive understanding of face impressions.
Characteristic findings by phototrichogram in southern Chinese women with Female pattern hair loss
Authors: Mai Weihua , Sun Yixian , Liu Xingwei , Lin Daojian , Lu Dongqing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the characteristics of hairs in Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) patients and healthy females in Southern China.Materials and methodsThree fundamental hair parameters in different scalp areas of 90 Southern Chinese FPHL patients and 83 healthy controls were analyzed by phototrichogram.ResultsFemale pattern hair loss patients showed reduced hair density, hair diameter, and terminal/vellus hair ratio. The reduction correlated with the severity of Ludwig staging. Midscalp was the most affected area in FPHL, but occipital and temporal sites were also involved. In normal women, the highest hair density was observed in midscalp, followed by occipital and temporal areas. Peak hair density at midscalp sites was reached at 20s group, then declined with age. Maximum hair diameter at midscalp and occipital sites occurred in 40s group. Terminal/vellus hair ratio tended to increase with age and peak on 50‐60s group.ConclusionReduced hair density and hair diameter, and miniaturization of hair follicles are the characteristics of FPHL in Southern Chinese women. Occipital and temporal sites are also affected in FPHL. Age‐associated changes might have an influence on the hair condition. The values of hair parameters obtained in this study will help to establish reference data for better evaluation of hair disorders.
The role of purple pens in learning to prescribe
Authors: Kinston Ruth , McCarville Niamh , Hassell Andrew 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundMedical doctors are required to prescribe drugs safely and effectively upon qualification, a skill that many feel poorly prepared to undertake. To better prepare doctors, a whole‐task approach that develops knowledge and skills, but that also considers the effect of the complex clinical workplace on prescribing, is optimal. We describe an evaluation of an experiential learning programme that allows senior medical students to gain experience with inpatient prescribing during their hospital assistantship.MethodsA standard operating procedure (SOP) for medical student transcribing was implemented by the teaching hospitals associated with a single medical school. This included medical student prescriptions being written in purple ink. The evaluation consisted of an audit of transcribing activity and a student survey. We evaluated the usage of the initiative, adherence to the SOP and the propensity for error.ResultsThe survey was completed by 38 out of a possible 108 fifth‐year students. All respondents agreed that the programme was helpful in aiding them to learn about prescribing. A total of 247 prescriptions for 50 patients were audited: 25.1% of the prescriptions written by students required some form of amendment by the supervising doctor or pharmacist; three (1.2%) prescription errors remained unidentified; and none presented a patient safety risk.ConclusionsThe purple‐pen scheme affords medical students the opportunity to prescribe in the workplace, where they face authentic challenges when safely contributing to patient care. The identification of prescribing errors, feedback and the learners’ own reflections helped the learners to focus on areas for improvement in prescribing prior to qualification.
Adjuvant β-Lactam Therapy Combined with Vancomycin for Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacteremia: Does β-Lactam Class Matter?
Authors: Dilworth Thomas J. , Casapao Anthony M. , Ibrahim Omar M. , Jacobs David M. , Bowers Dana R. , Beyda Nicholas D. , Mercier Renee-Claude 
Published: January 2019

We analyzed the impact of vancomycin (VAN) combined with adjuvant β-lactam therapy (Combo) on persistent (≥5 days) methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
bacteremia versus VAN alone by using pooled data from two previously published observational studies (
n
= 156). Combo was inversely associated with persistent bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio, 0.460; 95% confidence interval, 0.229 to 0.923).
A woman’s place is in theatre: women’s perceptions and experiences of working in surgery from the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland women in surgery working group
Authors: Bellini Maria Irene , Graham Yitka , Hayes Catherine , Zakeri Roxanna , Parks Rowan , Papalois Vassilios 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveSurgery remains an inherently male-dominated profession. The aim of this study was to survey women working within the discipline, to understand their current perceptions, providing insight into their practical day-to-day lives, supporting an action-oriented change.Design and settingThe link to a confidential, online survey was distributed through the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI) social media platforms on Facebook and Twitter over a 2-week period in October 2017.ParticipantsWomen working in surgical specialties and actively responding to the link shared through the ASGBI social media platforms. No patients were involved in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were analysed through a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis was undertaken using a constant comparative analysis of the participants’ comments, to identify salient patterns (themes).ResultsA total of 81 female participants replied (42% response rate based on the Facebook group members), with 88% (n=71) perceiving surgery as a male-dominated field. Over half had experienced discrimination (59%, n=47), while 22% (n=18) perceived a ‘glass ceiling’ in surgical training. Orthopaedics was reported as the most sexist surgical specialty by 53% (n=43). Accounts of gendered language in the workplace were reported by 59% (n=47), with 32% (n=25) of surveys participants having used it. Overall, a lack of formal mentorship, inflexibility towards part-time careers, gender stereotypes and poor work–life balance were the main perceived barriers for women in surgical careers.ConclusionThese findings highlight the implicit nature of the perceived discrimination that women report in their surgical careers. The ASGBI acknowledges these perceptual issues and relative implications as the first of many steps to create an action-oriented change by allowing all staff, regardless of gender, to reflect on their own behaviour, perceptions and the culture in which they work.
Mineral–fluid interactions in the late Archean Closepet granite batholith, Dharwar Craton, southern India
Authors: Słaby E. , Gros K. , Förster H.-J. , Wudarska A. , Birski Ł. , Hamada M. , Götze J. , Martin H. , Jayananda M. , Moyen J.-F. , Moszumańska I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The chemical composition of different rocks as well as volatile-bearing and volatile-free minerals has been used to assess the presence of fluids in the Closepet batholith and to estimate the intensity of the fluid–rock interactions. The data were processed using polytopic vector analysis (PVA). Additional data include measurements of water content in the structure of volatile-free minerals and an examination of growth textures. The composition of mineral domains indicated formation/transformation processes with common fluid–mineral interactions. In general, the results suggested that the processes occurred in a ternary system. Two end-members were likely magmas and the third was enriched in fluids. In contrast, analysis of the apatite domains indicated that they likely formed/transformed in a more complex, four-component system. This system was fluid-rich and included hybrid magma with a large mafic component. PVA implies that the fluids do not appear to come from one source, given their close affinity and partial association with mantle-derived fluids. A dynamic tectonic setting promoting heat influx and redistribution, and interaction of fluids suggests that the formation/transformation processes of minerals and rocks occurred in a hot-spot like environment.
AUKE
Authors: Debrunner Thomas , Saeedi Sajad , Kelly Paul H. J. 
Published: January 2019

Focal-plane Sensor-Processor Arrays (FPSPs) are new imaging devices with parallel Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) computational capabilities built into every pixel. Compared to traditional imaging devices, FPSPs allow for massive pixel-parallel execution of image processing algorithms. This enables the application of certain algorithms at extreme frame rates (>10,000 frames per second). By performing some early-stage processing in-situ, systems incorporating FPSPs can consume less power compared to conventional approaches using standard digital cameras. In this article, we explore code generation for an FPSP whose 256 × 256 processors operate on analogue signal data, leading to further opportunities for power reduction—and additional code synthesis challenges.
While rudimentary image processing algorithms have been demonstrated on FPSPs before, progress with higher-level computer vision algorithms has been sparse due to the unique architecture and limits of the devices. This article presents a code generator for convolution filters for the SCAMP-5 FPSP, with applications in many high-level tasks such as convolutional neural networks, pose estimation, and so on. The SCAMP-5 FPSP has no effective multiply operator. Convolutions have to be implemented through sequences of more primitive operations such as additions, subtractions, and multiplications/divisions by two. We present a code generation algorithm to optimise convolutions by identifying common factors in the different weights and by determining an optimised pattern of pixel-to-pixel data movements to exploit them. We present evaluation in terms of both speed and energy consumption for a suite of well-known convolution filters. Furthermore, an application of the method is shown by the implementation of a Viola-Jones face detection algorithm.
Biophysicochemical Motifs in T-cell Receptor Sequences Distinguish Repertoires from Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte and Adjacent Healthy Tissue
Authors: Ostmeyer Jared , Christley Scott , Toby Inimary T. , Cowell Lindsay G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractImmune repertoire deep sequencing allows comprehensive characterization of antigen receptor–encoding genes in a lymphocyte population. We hypothesized that this method could enable a novel approach to diagnose disease by identifying antigen receptor sequence patterns associated with clinical phenotypes. In this study, we developed statistical classifiers of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires that distinguish tumor tissue from patient-matched healthy tissue of the same organ. The basis of both classifiers was a biophysicochemical motif in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of TCRβ chains. To develop each classifier, we extracted 4-mers from every TCRβ CDR3 and represented each 4-mer using biophysicochemical features of its amino acid sequence combined with quantification of 4-mer (or receptor) abundance. This representation was scored using a logistic regression model. Unlike typical logistic regression, the classifier is fitted and validated under the requirement that at least 1 positively labeled 4-mer appears in every tumor repertoire and no positively labeled 4-mers appear in healthy tissue repertoires. We applied our method to publicly available data in which tumor and adjacent healthy tissue were collected from each patient. Using a patient-holdout cross-validation, our method achieved classification accuracy of 93% and 94% for colorectal and breast cancer, respectively. The parameter values for each classifier revealed distinct biophysicochemical properties for tumor-associated 4-mers within each cancer type. We propose that such motifs might be used to develop novel immune-based cancer screening assays.Significance:This study presents a novel computational approach to identify T-cell repertoire differences between normal and tumor tissue.See related commentary by Zoete and Coukos, p. 1299
NQO1-dependent, Tumor-selective Radiosensitization of Non–small Cell Lung Cancers
Authors: Motea Edward A. , Huang Xiumei , Singh Naveen , Kilgore Jessica A. , Williams Noelle S. , Xie Xian-Jin , Gerber David E. , Beg Muhammad S. , Bey Erik A. , Boothman David A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Development of tumor-specific therapies for the treatment of recalcitrant non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) is urgently needed. Here, we investigated the ability of β-lapachone (β-lap, ARQ761 in clinical form) to selectively potentiate the effects of ionizing radiation (IR, 1–3 Gy) in NSCLCs that overexpress NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1).

Experimental Design:
The mechanism of lethality of low-dose IR in combination with sublethal doses of β-lap was evaluated in NSCLC lines in vitro and validated in subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models in vivo. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) studies comparing single versus cotreatments were performed to validate therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action.

Results:
β-Lap administration after IR treatment hyperactivated PARP, greatly lowered NAD+/ATP levels, and increased double-strand break (DSB) lesions over time in vitro. Radiosensitization of orthotopic, as well as subcutaneous, NSCLCs occurred with high apparent cures (&gt;70%), even though 1/8 β-lap doses reach subcutaneous versus orthotopic tumors. No methemoglobinemia or long-term toxicities were noted in any normal tissues, including mouse liver that expresses the highest level of NQO1 (∼12 units) of any normal tissue. PK/PD responses confirm that IR + β-lap treatments hyperactivate PARP activity, greatly lower NAD+/ATP levels, and dramatically inhibit DSB repair in exposed NQO1+ cancer tissue, whereas low NQO1 levels and high levels of catalase in associated normal tissue were protective.

Conclusions:
Our data suggest that combination of sublethal doses of β-lap and IR is a viable approach to selectively treat NQO1-overexpressing NSCLC and warrant a clinical trial using low-dose IR + β-lap against patients with NQO1+ NSCLCs.
The sTRA Plasma Biomarker: Blinded Validation of Improved Accuracy Over CA19-9 in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Staal Ben , Liu Ying , Barnett Daniel , Hsueh Peter , He Zonglin , Gao ChongFeng , Partyka Katie , Hurd Mark W. , Singhi Aatur D. , Drake Richard R. , Huang Ying , Maitra Anirban , Brand Randall E. , Haab Brian B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurpose:The CA19-9 biomarker is elevated in a substantial group of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but not enough to be reliable for the detection or diagnosis of the disease. We hypothesized that a glycan called sTRA (sialylated tumor-related antigen) is a biomarker for PDAC that improves upon CA19-9.Experimental Design:We examined sTRA and CA19-9 expression and secretion in panels of cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and primary tumors. We developed candidate biomarkers from sTRA and CA19-9 in a training set of 147 plasma samples and used the panels to make case–control calls, based on predetermined thresholds, in a 50-sample validation set and a blinded, 147-sample test set.Results:The sTRA glycan was produced and secreted by pancreatic tumors and models that did not produce and secrete CA19-9. Two biomarker panels improved upon CA19-9 in the training set, one optimized for specificity, which included CA19-9 and 2 versions of the sTRA assay, and another optimized for sensitivity, which included 2 sTRA assays. Both panels achieved statistical improvement (P &lt; 0.001) over CA19-9 in the validation set, and the specificity-optimized panel achieved statistical improvement (P &lt; 0.001) in the blinded set: 95% specificity and 54% sensitivity (75% accuracy), compared with 97%/30% (65% accuracy). Unblinding produced further improvements and revealed independent, complementary contributions from each marker.Conclusions:sTRA is a validated serological biomarker of PDAC that yields improved performance over CA19-9. The new panels may enable surveillance for PDAC among people with elevated risk, or improved differential diagnosis among patients with suspected pancreatic cancer.
Physical Education and Children with CHARGE Syndrome: Research to Practice
Authors: Lieberman Lauren J. , Haibach Pamela , Schedlin Haley 
Published: January 2019

Introduction Children with CHARGE syndrome often experience significantly delayed motor development, which affects their performance in many motor skills and physical activities. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of physical education provided to children with CHARGE syndrome. There were five main areas of focus: (1) physical education setting, (2) modes of communication, (3) modifications, (4) successful units, and (5) difficult units in physical education. Methods A validated questionnaire was completed by 26 parents of children aged 6–19 with CHARGE syndrome who were attending an international CHARGE conference for families. The questionnaire was used as the primary source to obtain parents’ perspectives on the physical education experiences of their children with CHARGE syndrome. The results of the feedback from parents were used to offer practical suggestions for physical education programming. Results The results revealed that the physical education placement affects children's success and parents’ satisfaction with regard to physical education. Also, children who had support staff, such as a teacher's aide, paraeducator, or intervenor in physical education had a more successful experience. A variety of communication methods were used with children with CHARGE syndrome. The physical education units that the parents documented as being successful were swimming, scooters, bowling, fencing, T-ball, dancing, rock climbing, floor hockey, field hockey, and gymnastics. The units that the children struggled with the most were fundamental motor skills, such as skipping, running, hopping, and any sports unit with a fast-moving ball. Discussion Physical education placements, communication, and modifications must be individualized for each child with CHARGE syndrome. In addition, support staff must be trained specifically for the unique needs of a child and the core curricular area of physical education. Implications for Practitioners Suggestions for improving the physical education program are included to increase children's involvement in class and success in the specific units that are offered.
Parents’ Perspectives on Braille Literacy: Results from the ABC Braille Study
Authors: Kamei-Hannan Cheryl , Sacks Sharon Zell 
Published: January 2019

Introduction Parents who were the primary caretakers of children in the Alphabetic and Contracted Braille Study (ABC Braille Study) revealed their perspectives about braille literacy. Methods A 30-item questionnaire was constructed by the ABC Braille research team, and researchers conducted telephone interviews with 31 parents who were the primary caregivers of children in the ABC Braille Study. The questions investigated how often the parents read to their children, whether print or braille books were available at home, what their primary goals were for their children, and whether they knew braille. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Demographic information was also gathered and analyzed. Last, the parents were separated into two groups on the basis of the students’ achievement, and data on the parents of the high-achieving students were compared with data on the parents of the low-achieving students. Results The data from the interviews showed that the participants often read to their children and provided them with some braille books. The primary goals of the parents were that their children learn to read and write braille, and the parents indicated that braille would be the primary medium throughout their children's lives. Although many parents knew at least the braille alphabet (20 of the 31 participants), only 3 of the 31 indicated that they know contracted braille. The findings revealed a slight relationship between the parents’ level of education and the children's reading performance. Discussion The participants placed a high value on supporting literacy at home by reading to their children, learning some braille, and providing their children with books. However, the availability of braille books at home was limited in comparison to the availability of print books, and the participants’ knowledge of contracted braille was limited. Implications for Practitioners The involvement of parents is critical to promoting positive literacy experiences at home. Teachers of students with visual impairments are regarded as the primary support persons who provide resources for parents of children who are learning braille, including resources for learning braille and braille materials for use at home.
Barriers to Low Vision Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Southall Kenneth , Wittich Walter 
Published: January 2019

Introduction This study sought to describe and better understand barriers to accessing low vision rehabilitation services. Methods A qualitative description research paradigm was employed. Focus group participants were recruited through their involvement in the Montreal Barriers Study in Montreal, Canada. Six focus groups (n = 21 participants) were conducted to assess perspectives (both positive and negative) about accessing low vision rehabilitation services, and in particular the barriers to accessing these services. Interview transcripts were prepared and analyzed using content analysis. Results Analyses revealed barriers inherent to the person (perceived ability to comfortably engage in activities of daily living and gradual participatory losses); the clinic (inefficiencies in educating clientele about low vision rehabilitation services, and problems and dissatisfaction associated with ophthalmic consultations); and society (fears associated with having stereotypes applied and transportation is the setting where clashes occur). Discussion The generated themes revealed barriers to low vision rehabilitation services inherent to the individual, to interactions with vision health professionals, and to interactions with the sighted community. A representative model is proposed. The model design highlights three elements arising from the analyses: the time elapsed since the onset of the vision loss; the complex interactions between the individual, the healthcare setting, and the society; and the overall dynamic nature of help-seeking. Implications for practitioners There is a need for improved communication between consumers and providers to facilitate clients seeking out low vision rehabilitation services. Providers should solicit user perspectives and attempt to achieve a good fit between client needs and services adopted.