bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation Control byRNA
Authors: Goldman Emanuel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTranslation control by ribonucleic acid (RNA) refers to the process by which protein synthesis is regulated by structural elements in RNA (primary, secondary or tertiary), oftencis‐acting in the messenger RNA encoding the protein being synthesised, and alsotrans‐acting in a number of systems. This article covers the historical early recognition of translation control by RNA in the RNA bacteriophage and extends the concept to include many additional examples of secondary structure control, or ‘riboswitches’, and other methods of controlling access by ribosomes to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), including the role of small regulatory RNAs. Effects of RNA primary sequences on translation are also covered, including initiation signals, recoding (e.g. translational frameshifts), codon bias, translational attenuation and antisense regulation. mRNA stability is also considered, as well as an RNA‐based mechanism to facilitate translation termination, transfer‐messenger ribonucleic acid (tmRNA).Key ConceptsmRNA secondary/tertiary structure can obscure or expose translation start sites and can be altered by conditions in the cell to regulate translation initiation (riboswitches).Translational coupling requires translation of an upstream gene before ribosomes can translate the downstream gene. Often used to promote equimolar levels of proteins that are utilised in comparable amounts (enzyme subunits), or for inhibition of more than one gene in an operon (ribosomal protein operons).Small RNAs, generally antisense RNA, can bind to mRNA to inhibit translation starts, or in some cases, to facilitate translation starts. Often requires a protein chaperone‐like Hfq.Antisense RNAs often lead to degradation of the RNA target. In eukaryotes, this is termed ‘ribonucleic acid interference’ (RNAi).Primary sequences in mRNA can also affect translation efficiency, including choice of start codon, or quality of the ribosome‐binding site, or as a target for a repressor protein (translational ‘operators’).Primary sequences in mRNA can in some instances trigger ‘recoding’, in which the mRNA is translated in an unexpected way, such as causing translational frameshifts, or incorporation of selenocysteine in response to a UGA codon.In the phenomenon of ‘translational attenuation’, the primary sequence encodes an inhibitory peptide that potentiates the ribosome to be inhibited by otherwise sub‐lethal concentrations of antibiotic, thereby exposing a downstream translation start for the antibiotic resistance gene.Codon bias can affect the efficiency of translation, where common codons in a given organism are almost exclusively used for highly expressed proteins, and rare codons for that organism used at a much higher frequency in poorly expressed proteins. Usually correlates to cognate tRNA levels.mRNA stability is a determinant of the amount of protein expressed; stability can be affected by bothcis‐ andtrans‐acting elements.tmRNA (transfer‐messenger ribonucleic acid) is a mechanism in bacteria for orderly termination of translation when there is a vacant A site on the ribosome.
Secondary Metabolites: Attracting Pollinators
Authors: Sosenski Paula , Parra‐Tabla Víctor 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Flowers present visual and chemical signals that mediate the interaction between plants and pollinators, who transfer pollen between flowers of different plants while foraging for nectar and/or pollen. This process favours the sexual reproduction of plants and covers the energy requirements of floral visitors. Colour and floral scent, as well as the chemical composition of nectar and pollen that constitute floral rewards, are among the attraction attributes. The expression of these attributes is the result of the production of a set of secondary metabolites such as pigments, volatile organic compounds and chemical compounds in nectar and pollen. In addition to attracting pollinators, these metabolites can repel natural enemies of plants (florivores, nectar robbers, microorganisms) or pollinators (pathogens), potentially affecting the outcome of pollination, and eventually the production of fruits and seeds.

Key Concepts

Most flowering plants that depend on pollinators for reproducing sexually have developed visual (colour) and chemical (scent) floral signals, as well as floral rewards (pollen and nectar), to increase the attraction of pollinators.

Secondary metabolites produced by flowering plants mediate the visual and chemical communication between plants and other organisms. While this communication is essential for pollination, it can also mediate the interaction of plants with florivores, nectar robbers, seed predators, microorganisms and pollinator pathogens that could affect pollination.

Pollinators are able to perceive variation in visual and chemical attributes of plants from the same or different species, affecting visitation rates and plant fitness.

Pigments are the secondary metabolites responsible for the synthesis of colour in different floral organs (petals, sepals, sexual organs) and floral rewards (pollen and nectar).

Floral volatiles are organic compounds emitted by flowers that mediate chemical communication in specialist and generalist plant–pollinators interactions.

Secondary metabolites in the nectar of various species include alkaloids, phenols and nonessential amino acids that can affect the preferences and foraging behaviour of pollinators, either by attracting or deterring them.

The impact of secondary metabolites in attracting different pollinators can result in pre‐reproductive isolation between plants and eventually contribute to their divergence.
Ethical Aspects of Interventional Neuroscience: Nanoneuronal Interfaces
Authors: Keskinbora Kadircan H , Jameel Muslim A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe emerging scientific field of nanotechnology enabled humankind to manipulate the environment at the molecular and atomic levels, and it has the potential to revolutionize all scientific fields. Medicine is a prominent field that has witnessed a nanotechnological revolution. However, due to the current views in philosophy and ethics, this emerging technology can be considered inconsistent or conflicting with what most ethicists in the area of medicine hold to be true. Nanotechnology and neuroscience are raising unavoidable questions concerning the ethical justification of human enhancement and intervention. Enhancement can be ethically justifiable when physicians work beyond the limits of traditional goals and ethical principles of medicine, and philosophers are called for new sets of values from which we can derive the traditional views of personhood, the ethical values from where our sense of personhood, value or identity comeand be consistent with current human conditions. This article argues the features of these questions of beneficence and probable problems of nanotechnology in the framework of human dignity and personal identity.Key ConceptsNanotechnology has reformed the medical field approaches and protocols by allowing the professionals to manipulate the biological structures and offering new insights into radical new treatments.Beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy and justice are the principles – the four pillars – that constitute the core of all health practitioners.Nanotechnological intervention is ethical if the patient expressed his/her own desires with rational arguments and are being in possession of all relevant facts and possible consequences without committing logical errors.Brain enhancement is ethical since it can be viewed as a struggle to improvement in learning and developmental capacities, and there is no rule that can view this as unethical endeavors.The mortal character of our sense of personhood does not mean that our values and our sense of identity are currently conditioned by our temporal limits and must always be so conditioned.
A Novel Blood‐Based Colorectal Cancer Diagnostic Technology Using Electrical Detection of Colon Cancer Secreted Protein‐2
Authors: Jeun Minhong , Lee Hyo Jeong , Park Sungwook , Do Eun‐ju , Choi Jaewon , Sung You‐Na , Hong Seung‐Mo , Kim Sang‐Yeob , Kim Dong‐Hee , Kang Ja Young , Son Hye‐Nam , Joo Jinmyoung , Song Eun Mi , Hwang Sung Wook , Park Sang Hyoung , Yang Dong‐Hoon , Ye Byong Duk , Byeon Jeong‐Sik , Choe Jaewon , Yang Suk‐Kyun , Moinova Helen , Markowitz Sanford D. , Lee Kwan Hyi , Myung Seung‐Jae 
Published: April 2019

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is the second‐leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide, which may be effectively reduced by early screening. Colon cancer secreted protein‐2 (CCSP‐2) is a promising blood marker for CRC. An electric‐field effect colorectal sensor (E‐FECS), an ion‐sensitive field‐effect transistor under dual gate operation with nanostructure is developed, to quantify CCSP‐2 directly from patient blood samples. The sensing performance of the E‐FECS is verified in 7 controls and 7 CRC samples, and it is clinically validated on 30 controls, 30 advanced adenomas, and 81 CRC cases. The concentration of CCSP‐2 is significantly higher in plasma samples from CRC and advanced adenoma compared with controls (both P < 0.001). Sensitivity and specificity for CRC versus controls are 44.4% and 86.7%, respectively (AUC of 0.67), and 43.3% and 86.7%, respectively, for advanced adenomas (AUC of 0.67). CCSP‐2 detects a greater number of CRC cases than carcinoembryonic antigen does (45.6% vs 24.1%), and the combination of the two markers detects an even greater number of cases (53.2%). The E‐FECS system successfully detects CCSP‐2 in a wide range of samples including early stage cancers and advanced adenoma. CCSP‐2 has potential for use as a blood‐based biomarker for CRC.
Room Temperature Processed Highly Efficient Large‐Area Polymer Solar Cells Achieved with Molecular Engineering of Copolymers
Authors: Rasool Shafket , Vu Doan Van , Song Chang Eun , Lee Hang Ken , Lee Sang Kyu , Lee Jong‐Cheol , Moon Sang‐Jin , Shin Won Suk 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe room temperature (RT) processability of the photoactive layers in polymer solar cells (PSCs) from halogen‐free solvent along with their highly reproducible power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) and intrinsic thickness tolerance are extremely desirable for the large‐area roll‐to‐roll (R2R) production. However, most of the photoactive materials in PSCs require elevated processing temperatures due to their strong aggregation, which are unfavorable for the industrial R2R manufacturing of PSCs. These limiting factors for the commercialization of PSCs are alleviated by synthesizing random terpolymers with components of (2‐decyltetradecyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole and bithiophene substituted with methyl thiophene‐3‐carboxylate (MTC). In contrast to the temperature‐dependent PNTz4T polymer, the resulting random terpolymers (PNTz4T‐MTC) show better solubility, slightly reduced crystallinity and aggregation, and weaker intermolecular interaction, thus enabling PNTz4T‐MTC to be processed at RT from a halogen‐free solvent. Particularly, the PNTz4T‐5MTC‐based photoactive layer exhibits an excellent PCE of 9.66%, which is among the highest reported PCEs for RT and ecofriendly halogen‐free solvent processed fullerene‐based PSCs, and a thickness tolerance with a PCE exceeding 8% from 100 to 520 nm. Finally, large‐area modules fabricated with the PNTz4T and PNTz4T‐5MTC polymer have shown 4.29% and 6.61% PCE respectively, with an area as high as 54.45 cm2 in air.
Reverse‐Graded 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites for Efficient Air‐Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Yi , Chu Huailong , Tian Yuyang , Chen Baoquan , Wu Kaifeng , Wang Junhui , Yang Xichuan , Cai Bin , Zhang Yongfei , Zhao Jijun 
Published: April 2019

Abstract2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites (RPPs) have emerged as a promising solar cell material. A group of novel RPPs with cyclohexane methylamine (CMA) as a spacer cation is presented. Unlike previously reported RPPs, the deposited films of (CMA)2(MA)n−1PbnI3n+1 (MA is CH3NH3+, n = 1, 2, 3, …) exhibit multiple phases with reverse‐graded quantum well (QW) distribution; small n (n = 2) RPPs are located at the surface and large n (n ≥ 10) RPPs at the bottom. This has three advantages: (a) The outer, more moisture resistant, small n RPPs create a stable barrier that protects the vulnerable large n RPP lattice from being attacked by water molecules. (b) It forms a type‐II band alignment between different phases, which favors self‐driven charge transport. (c) The natural structure of graded QWs expands the range of photon collection. Attributed to these properties, the best efficiency of 15.05%, with high open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.10 V for a first‐generation solar cell containing (CMA)2(MA)8Pb9I28, is achieved. A notable enhancement in short wavelength is observed in the Incident photon‐to‐current conversion efficiency spectra. This device shows significantly improved long‐term stability, retaining ≈95% of the initial efficiency after 4600 h exposure in ambient conditions with 40–70% relative humidity.
Poisoning effects of lead species on the V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 type NH3‐selective catalytic reduction catalyst
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Lu Qiang , Iqbal Tahir , Arain Zulqarnain , Han Jian , Wu Yang‐wen , Liu Ding‐jia , Yang Yong‐ping 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHeavy metal Pb is an inevitable ingredient of coal‐fired flue gas and has been proven to be a source of inhibiting effect on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst. In this paper, two types of Pb‐poisoned catalyst, prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation and solid diffusion methods, are studied to unveil the poisoning effects of lead species on the V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 catalyst. The activity test results showed that lead species loaded by the incipient wetness impregnation method exhibited a significant inhibiting effect on the denitrification efficiency of the catalyst although a negligible activity loss was observed on the samples from the solid diffusion method. Characterizations of fresh and Pb‐poisoned catalysts from incipient wetness impregnation method were applied using comprehensive techniques such as X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), NH3‐temperature programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD), X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and so forth. The analytical results indicated that a phase transformation occurred in tungsten species and the amorphous WO3 converted into PbWO4, causing the accumulation and valence imbalance of active vanadium phase, which further decreased the surface acidity and activity of the V2O5‐WO3/TiO2 catalyst.
Mouse Extraocular Muscles and the Musculotopic Organization of Their Innervation
Authors: Bohlen Martin O. , Bui Kevin , Stahl John S. , May Paul J. , Warren Susan 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe organization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their motor nuclei was investigated in the mouse due to the increased importance of this model for oculomotor research. Mice showed a standard EOM organization pattern, although their eyes are set at the side of the head. They do have more prominent oblique muscles, whose insertion points differ from those of frontal‐eyed species. Retrograde tracers revealed that the motoneuron layout aligns with the general vertebrate plan with respect to nuclei and laterality. The mouse departed in some significant respects from previously studied species. First, more overlap between the distributions of muscle‐specific motoneuronal pools was present in the oculomotor nucleus (III). Furthermore, motoneuron dendrites for each pool filled the entire III and extended beyond the edge of the abducens nucleus (VI). This suggests mouse extraocular motoneuron afferents must target specific pools based on features other than dendritic distribution and nuclear borders. Second, abducens internuclear neurons are located outside the VI. We concluded this because no unlabeled abducens internuclear neurons were observed following lateral rectus muscle injections and because retrograde tracer injections into the III labeled cells immediately ventral and ventrolateral to the VI, not within it. This may provide an anatomical substrate for differential input to motoneurons and internuclear neurons that allows rodents to move their eyes more independently. Finally, while soma size measurements suggested motoneuron subpopulations supplying multiply and singly innervated muscle fibers are present, markers for neurofilaments and perineuronal nets indicated overlap in the size distributions of the two populations. Anat Rec, 302:1865–1885, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Preparation and characterization of curcumin‐loaded polymeric nanomicelles to interference with amyloidogenesis through glycation method
Authors: Mirzaie Zeinab , Ansari Mojtaba , Kordestani Soheila Salahshour , Rezaei Mehran Habibi , Mozafari Masoud 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAmyloid fibrils, including β‐amyloid (Aβ) fibrils, are protein aggregates that form under certain conditions, associated with neurodegeneration that interfere with neural synaptic transmission resulting in some neural disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study is to inhibit amyloidogenesis by using preparatory polymeric nanomicelles as therapeutic agents and also as nanocarriers for curcumin to target Aβ fibrils through the glycation method of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the presence of phosphate‐buffered saline. Polymeric nanomicelles were prepared from phosphatidylethanolamine‐distearoyl methoxypolyethylene glycol conjugates in the presence and absence of curcumin and then the morphological and structural characteristics of the nanomicelles were characterized in detail. Following the preparation of unloaded and curcumin‐loaded nanomicelles with the desired size and properties, their effects on BSA glycation/fibrillation process were investigated. The samples were analyzed by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence and advanced glycation end (AGE) products autofluorescence measurements. The results showed that ThT fluorescence related to the formation of β‐sheets and AGE autofluorescence (associated with AGE production) decreased in the presence of curcumin‐loaded nanomicelles more than other samples. In conclusion, the promising effect of curcumin‐loaded nanomicelles on inhibition of amyloidogenesis through glycation process due to curcumin release and thus their ability to prevent the formation and accumulation of amyloid fibrils and so to suppress the Alzheimer's disease progression has been proven and can go for further investigations.
Cilostazol protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by activating transcription factor EB (TFEB)
Authors: Li Jiangjin , Xiang Xiaoli , Xu Zuo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough cilostazol was proved to have antitumor biological effects, its function in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms were not fully illustrated yet. In this study, a rat model of I/R injury was constructed and quantitative real‐time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence (IF) assay were performed. Our results showed that cilostazol increased LC3 II/LC3 I ratio, reduced p62 abundance, and promoted the expressions of LAMP1, LAMP2, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D, indicating that cilostazol could activate autophagy and elevated lysosome activation. Following analysis showed that cilostazol enhanced nuclear protein expression of transcription factor EB (TFEB), an important regulator of autophagy‐lysosome pathway. Furthermore, CCI‐779, an inhibitor of TFEB, could reverse the effects of cilostazol on autophagic activity and lysosome activation. Importantly, cilostazol suppressed I/R injury‐induced apoptosis by decreasing the cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay showed that cilostazol reduced the serum levels of CTn1 and CK‐MB and decreased infract size caused by I/R injuries. Altogether this study suggested that cilostazol protects against I/R injury by regulating autophagy, lysosome, and apoptosis in a rat model of I/R injury. The protective mechanism of cilostazol was partially through increasing the transcriptional activity of TFEB.
Emotion sensitivity and self‐reported symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder across the lifespan: A population‐based sample approach
Authors: Rutter Lauren A. , Scheuer Luke , Vahia Ipsit V. , Forester Brent P. , Smoller Jordan W. , Germine Laura 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms show deficits in emotion processing, but results of prior studies have been conflicting, and little is known about developmental trajectories of emotion processing over time. We examined the association between GAD symptoms and sensitivity to recognizing emotional facial expressions (emotion sensitivity: ES) for three emotions (happiness, anger, fear) in a large, diverse, population‐based sample. We hypothesized that higher anxiety scores would be associated with poorer performance, and expected that ES performance and anxiety scores would decline across the lifespan.MethodParticipants were 7,176 responders to a web‐based ES study (age range = 10–96 years old).ResultsHigher GAD‐7 scores were associated with poorer ES performance for all emotion categories (happiness, anger, fear). The relationship between GAD‐7 and ES scores remained significant after controlling for the effects of age and sex, and there was no significant interaction, indicating that the relationship does not change across age. Age significantly predicted ES and GAD‐7 scores across emotions, with older ages showing lower ES scores and lower anxiety.ConclusionsIn the largest study of its kind, GAD symptoms were associated with impaired ES performance across three emotion types. Future research should explore the connection between anxiety symptoms, cognitive processing, and social processing to better characterize the mechanisms of how GAD is linked with both social and non‐social information processing. Future work may also look at if ES is related over time to changes in anxiety, making it a promising target for intervention.
Temperature Swing Adsorption in Natural Gas Processing: A Concise Overview
Authors: Berg Frederik , Pasel Christoph , Eckardt Tobias , Bathen Dieter 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo enable the technical use of natural gas, efficient gas processing is essential. Various components such as water, sulphur compounds, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and heavy hydrocarbons must be removed. Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) is a commonly used way of removing some of these components. This paper describes where TSA is used in the natural gas treatment process and outlines the application of commercial adsorbents in TSA plants. The state of research on adsorbents and process control in TSA plants in natural gas processing is discussed.
Reductive Silylation Using a Bis‐silylated Diaza‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene
Authors: Beagan Daniel M. , Huerfano I. J. , Polezhaev Alexander V. , Caulton Kenneth G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract1,4‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)‐1,4‐diaza‐2,5‐cyclohexadiene, 1, was tested as a reagent for the reductive silylation of various unsaturated functionalities, including N‐heterocycles, quinones, and other redox‐active moieties in addition to deoxygenation of main group oxides. Whereas most reactions tested are thermodynamically favorable, based on DFT calculations, a few do not occur, perhaps giving limited insight on the mechanism of this very attractive reductive process. Of note, reductive silylation reactions show a strong solvent dependence where a polar solvent facilitates conversions.