bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasars Have Fewer Close Companions than Normal Galaxies
Authors: Yue Minghao , Fan Xiaohui , Schindler Jan-Torge , McGreer Ian D. , Huang Yun-Hsin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We investigate the distribution of companion galaxies around quasars using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys Wide Field Camera (ACS/WFC) archival images. Our master sample contains 532 quasars that have been observed by HST ACS/WFC, spanning a wide range of luminosity (−31 < M

i
(z = 2) < −23) and redshift (0.3 < z < 3). We search for companions around the quasars with a projected distance of 10 kpc < d < 100 kpc. Point spread function subtraction is performed to enhance the completeness for close companions. The completeness is estimated to be high (>90%) even for the faintest companions of interest. The number of physical companions is estimated by subtracting a background density from the number density of projected companions. We divide all the companions into three groups (faint, intermediate, and bright) according to their fluxes. A control sample of galaxies is constructed to have a similar redshift distribution and stellar mass range as the quasar sample using the data from HST deep fields. We find that quasars and control sample galaxies have similar numbers of faint and bright companions, while quasars show a 3.7σ deficit of intermediate companions compared to galaxies. The numbers of companions in all three groups do not show strong evolution with redshift, and the number of intermediate companions around quasars decreases with quasar luminosity. Assuming that merger-triggered quasars have entered the final coalescence stage during which individual companions are no longer detectable at large separations, our result is consistent with a picture in which a significant fraction of quasars is triggered by mergers.
Impact of Cosmic-Ray Feedback on Accretion and Chemistry in Circumstellar Disks
Authors: Offner Stella S. R. , Gaches Brandt A. L. , Holdship Jonathan R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We use the gas-grain chemistry code uclchem to explore the impact of cosmic-ray feedback on the chemistry of circumstellar disks. We model the attenuation and energy losses of the cosmic rays as they propagate outward from the star and also consider ionization due to stellar radiation and radionuclides. For accretion rates typical of young stars of

M
⊙ yr−1, we show that cosmic rays accelerated by the stellar accretion shock produce an ionization rate at the disk surface ζ ≳ 10−15 s−1, at least an order of magnitude higher than the ionization rate associated with the Galactic cosmic-ray background. The incident cosmic-ray flux enhances the disk ionization at intermediate to high surface densities (Σ > 10 g cm−2), particularly within 10 au of the star. We find that the dominant ions are C+, S+, and Mg+ in the disk surface layers, while the

ion dominates at surface densities above 1.0 g cm−2. We predict the radii and column densities at which the magnetorotational instability (MRI) is active in T Tauri disks and show that ionization by cosmic-ray feedback extends the MRI-active region toward the disk midplane. However, the MRI is only active at the midplane of a minimum-mass solar nebula disk if cosmic rays propagate diffusively (ζ ∝ r
−1) away from the star. The relationship between accretion, which accelerates cosmic rays, the dense accretion columns, which attenuate cosmic rays, and the MRI, which facilitates accretion, creates a cosmic-ray feedback loop that mediates accretion and may produce variable luminosity.
A Prospective New Diagnostic Technique for Distinguishing Eruptive and Noneruptive Active Regions
Authors: Pagano Paolo , Mackay Duncan H. , Yardley Stephanie L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Active regions are the source of the majority of magnetic flux rope ejections that become coronal mass ejections (CMEs). To identify in advance which active regions will produce an ejection is key for both space weather prediction tools and future science missions such as Solar Orbiter. The aim of this study is to develop a new technique to identify which active regions are more likely to generate magnetic flux rope ejections. The new technique will aim to (i) produce timely space weather warnings and (ii) open the way to a qualified selection of observational targets for space-borne instruments. We use a data-driven nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) model to describe the 3D evolution of the magnetic field of a set of active regions. We determine a metric to distinguish eruptive from noneruptive active regions based on the Lorentz force. Furthermore, using a subset of the observed magnetograms, we run a series of simulations to test whether the time evolution of the metric can be predicted. The identified metric successfully differentiates active regions observed to produce eruptions from the noneruptive ones in our data sample. A meaningful prediction of the metric can be made between 6 and 16 hr in advance. This initial study presents an interesting first step in the prediction of CME onset using only line-of-sight magnetogram observations combined with NLFFF modeling. Future studies will address how to generalize the model such that it can be used in a more operational sense and for a variety of simulation approaches.
Inverse Compton Scattering of the Central Source Photons as an X-Ray Emission Mechanism on Kiloparsec Scales in PKS 1127–145
Authors: Butuzova Marina S. , Pushkarev Alexander B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The beamed inverse Compton/cosmic microwave background model has generally been used for the interpretation of X-ray radiation from kiloparsec-scale jets of core-dominated quasars. Recent Fermi-LAT and HST observations have brought this model into question. We examine the assumption that X-rays from the kiloparsec-scale jet of the quasar PKS 1127−145 are produced by inverse Compton scattering of the central source emission. In this context, we show that both similarity and distinction between the observed radio and X-ray spectral indices for some of the jet knots can be explained under a single power-law electron energy distribution. We derive that the viewing angle of the kiloparsec-scale jet is about 35° and the jet has a moderate relativistic speed of ≈0.8c. The predicted gamma-ray flux of the jet is found to be a few orders of magnitude lower than the minimum flux level measured by Fermi-LAT, further supporting our scenario.
A Global Two-scale Helicity Proxy from π-ambiguous Solar Magnetic Fields
Authors: Brandenburg Axel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
If the α effect plays a role in the generation of the Sun’s magnetic field, the field should show evidence of magnetic helicity of opposite signs at large and small length scales. Measuring this faces two challenges: (i) in weak-field regions, horizontal field measurements are unreliable because of the π ambiguity, and (ii) one needs a truly global approach to computing helicity spectra in the case where one expects a sign reversal across the equator at all wavenumbers. Here we develop such a method using spin-2 spherical harmonics to decompose the linear polarization in terms of the parity-even and parity-odd E and B polarizations, respectively. Using simple one- and two-dimensional models, we show that the product of the spectral decompositions of E and B, taken at spherical harmonic degrees that are shifted by one, can act as a proxy of the global magnetic helicity with a sign that represents that in the northern hemisphere. We then apply this method to the analysis of solar synoptic vector magnetograms, from which we extract a pseudo-polarization corresponding to a “π-ambiguated” magnetic field, i.e., a magnetic field vector that has no arrow. We find a negative sign of the global EB helicity proxy at spherical harmonic degrees of around 6. This could indicate a positive magnetic helicity at large length scales, but the spectrum fails to capture clear evidence of the well-known negative magnetic helicity at smaller scales. This method might also be applicable to stellar and Galactic polarization data.
The Habitability of GJ 357D: Possible Climate and Observability
Authors: Kaltenegger L. , Madden J. , Lin Z. , Rugheimer S. , Segura A. , Luque R. , Pallé E. , Espinoza N. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The GJ 357 system harbors three planets orbiting a bright, nearby M2.5V star at 9.44 pc. The innermost planet, GJ 357b (TOI-562.01), is a hot transiting Earth-sized planet with Earth-like density, which receives about 12 times the irradiation Earth receives from the Sun, and was detected using data from TESS. Radial velocities discovered two more planets in the system at 9.12 (GJ 357 c) and 55.6 days (GJ 357 d), with minimum masses of 3.59 ± 0.50 and 6.1 ± 1 Earth masses, and an irradiation of 4.4 and 0.38 Earth’s irradiation, respectively. GJ 357 d receives slightly less stellar irradiation than Mars does in our own solar system, which puts it in the Habitable Zone (HZ) for its host star. GJ 357 d could not have been detected with TESS and whether it transits remains an open question. Here we model possible conditions within which GJ357 d could sustain surface habitability and present planetary models as well as synthetic transmission, reflection, and emission spectra for a range of models for GJ 357 d from water worlds to Earth-like models. With Earth-analog outgassing rates, GJ 357 d would be a frozen rocky world; however, with an increased CO2 level, as would be expected if a geological cycles regulates CO2 concentration like on Earth, the planet models show temperate surface conditions. If we can detect a transit of GJ 357 d, it would become the closest transiting, potentially habitable planet in the solar neighborhood. Even if GJ 357 d does not transit, the brightness of its star makes this planet, in the HZ of a close-by M star, a prime target for observations with Extremely Large telescopes as well as future space missions.
Économie des conflits : revue de la littérature et guide à l’intention des acteurs de l’aide extérieure
Authors: Rohner Dominic 
Published: September 2019

Cet essai est une analyse documentaire dont l’objectif est de donner une vue d’ensemble des récents travaux de recherche en matière d’économie des conflits, traitant les principales conséquences et causes profondes des guerres civiles. Déjà abondante, la littérature dans ce domaine est en plein essor : partant de ce constat, notre analyse ne peut être que sélective. Nous mettrons l’accent tout particulièrement sur le potentiel d’applications pratiques des résultats par les acteurs de l’aide extérieure internationale. Plus précisément, nous examinerons les outils de prévision à la pointe des technologies, permettant une meilleure protection des activités courantes. En outre, nous étudierons des résultats empiriques récents portant sur des politiques publiques et sur des programmes et initiatives spécifiques de développement, susceptibles, ou non, de contribuer à la réduction des conflits.
Écoles paysannes et rendement du cacao au Cameroun
Authors: Kamdem Cyrille Bergaly 
Published: September 2019

L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer l’effet des écoles paysannes sur la production du cacao dans les régions du Centre et du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun, au moyen de la méthode quasi- expérimentale. Cette méthode utilise les techniques des modèles « propensity score matching » (PSM) et « endogenous switching regression » (ESR). Les données utilisées proviennent des enquêtes de l’International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) réalisées en 2009 auprès de 201 producteurs de cacao dans les régions du Centre-Est et du Sud-Ouest du Cameroun. Les résultats montrent que les écoles paysannes ont un effet positif et statistiquement significatif sur le rendement du cacao par hectare. Cet effet est estimé à une augmentation de 17 % et 29 % du rendement par hectare lorsqu’on utilise la technique des cinq voisins les plus proches et la technique du kernel, respectivement. Il est recommandé d’améliorer la qualité de la formation dans les écoles paysannes afin d’accroître leur impact sur le rendement du cacao. Il est également recommandé de promouvoir les écoles paysannes dans les villages où il n’y en a pas afin d’augmenter substantiellement le niveau national de la production du cacao, qui est l’un des principaux objectifs de la politique agricole du Cameroun. La politique de renforcement des écoles paysannes doit prendre en compte les organisations paysannes, les vulgarisateurs et les agriculteurs expérimentés en tant qu’acteurs principaux de la mise en œuvre du modèle des écoles paysannes. L’évaluation de l’impact montre que l’amélioration des compétences des agriculteurs augmenterait considérablement la production du cacao. Notre cadre d’analyse intéresse les décideurs politiques car il peut leur permettre d’identifier les conditions d’amélioration du rendement du cacao à travers les écoles paysannes et de concevoir des stratégies de motivation efficaces.
Impact de l’expérimentation de coopération entre médecin généraliste et infirmière Asalée sur l’activité des médecins
Authors: Loussouarn Christophe , Franc Carine , Videau Yann , Mousquès Julien 
Published: September 2019

Dans de nombreux pays, les politiques et réformes ont explicitement encouragé l’intégration des organisations de soins primaires et la coopération pluri-professionnelle afin d’améliorer l’efficience productive et allocative de l’offre de soins et lutter contre l’inégale répartition géographique des médecins. En France, la Direction de la Sécurité sociale et une association dénommée Asalée (« Action de santé libérale en équipe », depuis 2004) ont mis en place une expérimentation destinée à favoriser l’intégration verticale et le travail en équipe entre médecins généralistes et infirmières par la mise en place de nouveaux modes de rémunération et la formation d’infirmières sélectionnées. Cet article évalue l’extension de cette expérimentation sur la période 2010-2016 en étudiant l’influence de cette coopération, mais aussi de l’organisation et des incitations financières à l’œuvre, sur l’activité des médecins généralistes appréhendée à partir de trois indicateurs : le nombre de jours travaillés, de patients rencontrés (en file active et, parmi eux, ceux inscrits médecin traitant) et d’actes (consultations au cabinet et visites à domicile). Nous contrôlons autant que possible des biais d’endogénéité et de sélection en recourant à un design cas-témoins, selon une méthode d’appariement exact, et des méthodes d’estimation en différence de différences sur données de panel. Dans ce cadre, nous montrons un effet positif du dispositif mais relativement modeste sur le nombre de jours travaillés par les médecins (+1,2 %) et un effet plus marqué sur le nombre de patients rencontrés (+7,55 %) et inscrits médecin traitant (+6,87 %). En revanche, aucun effet significatif n’est mis en évidence sur le nombre de consultations et visites. Codes JEL : C31, C33, I11, J22, L23
Healthcare Quality, Patients’ Satisfaction, and Hospital Incentives in France
Authors: Lescher Myriam , Sirven Nicolas 
Published: September 2019

Les autorités sanitaires françaises ont récemment produit et mis à disposition du public un large éventail de mesures de la qualité des soins hospitaliers, régulièrement mises à jour ( www.scopesante.fr ). La théorie économique appliquée aux marchés des soins de santé prédit que les coûts de surveillance engagés par les autorités de santé au bénéfice du patient (le principal) pour signaler la qualité des hôpitaux (les agents) devraient inciter ces derniers à améliorer les indicateurs de qualité et de sécurité des soins (IQSS). Cependant, les patients se réfèrent rarement à l’information clinique, technique de qualité des soins afin de discriminer les hôpitaux; et sont davantage enclins à utiliser des évaluations subjectives (telles que le bouche-à-oreille) dont la satisfaction des patients peut être un indicateur indirect. A l’aide d’un échantillon unique de données concernant 2 323 hôpitaux en France métropolitaine et en surmontant les problèmes de sélection inhérents à notre échantillon, nous trouvons une forte corrélation entre une mesure standardisée de la satisfaction des patients, e-satis , et diverses mesures des IQSS. Nos résultats suggèrent que, puisque les patients utilisent un signal qui transmet des informations sur la qualité, les hôpitaux pourraient être incités à améliorer la qualité des soins. Codes JEL: I18, L25, C34
L’influence des accidents de la route sur les trajectoires professionnelles des personnels en fin de carrière, à partir de la cohorte Gazel
Authors: Sanchez Marc-Antoine , Barnay Thomas , Marsaudon Antoine , Rochaix Lise 
Published: September 2019

L’objectif de cet article est d’évaluer l’effet des accidents de la route sur les trajectoires professionnelles des employés de court et moyen terme d’EDF-GDF en fin de carrière, à partir de la cohorte Gazel sur la période 2002-2014. Cette étude permet d’identifier les stratégies d’adaptation de l’entreprise et de l’accidenté, qui conduisent à modifier la trajectoire professionnelle à la suite d’un tel choc exogène. Elle permet d’apprécier les marges de manœuvre dont disposent réellement les acteurs, dans un contexte marqué par la volonté de réformer les retraites, tout particulièrement pour les régimes spéciaux, comme c’est le cas pour EDF-GDF. La base Gazel permet de caractériser les différents types d’accidents de la route afin de distinguer leurs impacts sur les changements de trajectoires professionnelles des individus en fin de carrière. La méthode des doubles différences avec appariement par score de propension est utilisée. Au total, 4066 individus ont été victimes d’accidents de la route sur la période d’étude. En moyenne plus âgées, les victimes sont issues de catégories socio-professionnelles plus défavorisées et les hommes sont surreprésentés. Les résultats suggèrent une sortie plus précoce du marché du travail possible grâce à des mécanismes de reclassement qui permettraient d’ouvrir des droits à un départ anticipé du marché. Par ailleurs, les victimes d’accidents de la route subissent moins de changements de trajectoire à la suite d’un accident de la route sans impact sur la santé. Classification JEL : J26, J24, J32, I10
Design and Demonstration of Glass Panel Embedding for 3D System Packages for Heterogeneous Integration Applications
Authors: Ravichandran Siddharth , Yamada Shuhei , Ogawa Tomonori , Shi Tailong , Liu Fuhan , Smet Vanessa , Sundaram Venky , Tummala Rao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article demonstrates a next-generation high-performance 3D packaging technology with smaller form factor, excellent electrical performance, and reliability for heterogeneous integration. High-density logic-memory integration, today, is built predominantly using interposers which are fundamentally limited in assembly pitch and interconnect lengths, and they also are expensive as the package sizes increase. On the other hand, high-frequency applications continue to use laminates which are also limited by package size and ability to integrate many components. Wafer-level fan-out (WLFO) packaging promises better performance and form factor at lower costs, but current WLFO packages are mold-based and hence are limited to small packages. This article presents a 3D packaging technology using glass panel embedding (GPE) for high-performance with potential for large body size heterogeneous integration applications. The tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion of glass allows a reliable direct board attach of large GPE packages that not only benefits the form factor and signal speed but also provides radical benefits to power delivery. Unlike interposers and silicon bridges, GPE packages are not bump-limited and can support I/O densities comparable with backend-of-line with silicon-like redistribution wiring at much lower costs. The fundamental limitations such as die shift and poor dimensional stability of current organic WLFO packages are addressed by parametric process improvements to reduce die shift to &lt;2 μm while also improving the RDL surface planarity for high-yielding fine-line structures and integrating through glass via (TGV) in the fan-out region for 3D packaging. This article describes the fabrication process for 3D GPE, leading to demonstration of a technology using embedding of chips with all-Cu interconnections at 40-μm I/O pitch with TGVs at 300-μm pitch, thus enabling double-side RDL and assembly of chips to achieve three levels of device integration.
One-Minute Deep Breathing Assessment and its Relationship to 24-h Heart Rate Variability Measurements
Authors: McCraty Rollin , Atkinson Mike , Dispenza Joe 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Heart rate variability (HRV), the change in the time intervals between successive pairs of heartbeats, is influenced by interdependent regulatory systems operating over different time scales to adapt to psychological challenges and environmental demands. Low ageadjusted HRV is predictive of upcoming health challenges in healthy people as well as a wide range of diseases in patients and correlates with allcause mortality. 24h HRV recordings are considered the “gold standard” and have greater predictive power on health risk than shortterm recordings. However, it is not typically costeffective or practical to acquire 24h HRV recordings. This has led to the growing use of shortterm recordings in research and clinical assessments.

Objective:
The first study examined the correlations between a 10min restingstate period, a 1min paced deep breathing protocol, response to handgrip, and 24h HRV measures in 28 healthy individuals. Based on the results of the initial study, the primary study examined the correlations between the 1min paced deep breathing assessment and 24h measures in a general population of 805 individuals.

Results:
The highest correlations for the HRV variables were with the vagally mediated sources of HRV. The 1min paced deep breathing was positively correlated with 24h highfrequency power (r = 0.60, P < 0.01), root mean square of successive difference (r = 0.62, P < 0.01), lowfrequency (LF) power (r = 0.64, P < 0.01), veryLF power (r = 0.57, P < 0.01) total power (r = 0.42, P < 0.01), standard deviation of normaltonormal interval (SDNN) index (r = 0.59, P < 0.01), and SDNN (r = 0.41, P < 0.01).

Conclusions:
The findings from this study suggest that the 1min paced deep breathing protocol is an ideal shortterm assessment that can be used in a health risk screening context. When low values are observed, it is recommended that a 24h assessment be conducted.
On Some Topological Properties of Fourier Transforms of Regular Holonomic -Modules
Authors: Ito Yohei , Takeuchi Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe study Fourier transforms of regular holonomic ${\mathcal{D}}$-modules. In particular, we show that their solution complexes are monodromic. An application to direct images of some irregular holonomic ${\mathcal{D}}$-modules will be given. Moreover, we give a new proof of the classical theorem of Brylinski and improve it by showing its converse.