bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techno‐economic performance of sustainable international bio‐SNG production and supply chains on short and longer term
Authors: Batidzirai Bothwell , Schotman Geert S. , van der Spek Mijndert W. , Junginger Martin , Faaij André P. C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSynthetic natural gas (SNG) derived from biomass gasification is a potential transport fuel and natural gas substitute. Using the Netherlands as a case study, this paper evaluates the most economic and environmentally optimal supply chain for the production of biomass based SNG (so‐called bio‐SNG) for different biomass production regions and location of final conversion facilities, with final delivery of compressed natural gas at refueling stations servicing the transport sector. At a scale of 100 MWth, in, delivered bioSNG costs range from 18.6 to 25.9$/GJdelivered CNGwhile energy efficiency ranges from 46.8–61.9%. If production capacities are scaled up to 1000 MWth, in, SNG costs decrease by about 30% to 12.6–17.4$ GJdelivered CNG−1. BioSNG production in Ukraine and transportation of the gas by pipeline to the Netherlands results in the lowest delivered cost in all cases and the highest energy efficiency pathway (61.9%). This is mainly due to low pipeline transport costs and energy losses compared to long‐distance Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) transport. However, synthetic natural gas production from torrefied pellets (TOPs) results in the lowest GHG emissions (17 kg CO2e GJCNG−1) while the Ukraine routes results in 25 kg CO2e GJCNG−1. Production costs at 100 MWthare higher than the current natural gas price range, but lower than the oil prices and biodiesel prices. BioSNG costs could converge with natural gas market prices in the coming decades, estimated to be 18.2$ GJ−1. At 1000 MWth, bioSNG becomes competitive with natural gas (especially if attractive CO2prices are considered) and very competitive with oil and biodiesel. It is clear that scaling of SNG production to the GWthscale is key to cost reduction and could result in competitive SNG costs. For regions like Brazil, it is more cost‐effective to densify biomass into pellets or TOPS and undertake final conversion near the import harbor. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Nachrechnung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von mehrfeldrigen Spannbetonbrücken mit geringer Bügelbewehrung
Authors: Huber Tobias , Huber Patrick , Kleiser Michael , Kollegger Johann 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDie Beurteilung der Tragfähigkeit von bestehenden Spann betonbrücken ist seit geraumer Zeit fest im Aufgabenfeld des Bauingenieurs verankert. Bedeutende Änderungen in der Normung führten dazu, dass der Querkraftnachweis bei vorgespannten Brücken mit den derzeit gültigen Regelungen in der Bestandsbewertung oftmals nicht erfüllt werden kann. An der TU Wien wurde deshalb ein neues Nachweismodell entwickelt, welches eine adäquate Abbildung des Tragverhaltens ermöglicht. Nach erfolgreicher Anwendung bei Einfeldträgern werden nun an der Innenstütze von mehrfeldrigen Spannbetonbrücken acht Versuche zur Verifikation der Modellannahmen vorgestellt. Der Versuchsaufbau und die Versuchskörper wurden zur realitätsnahen Abbildung der Schnittgrößenkonfiguration (großes negatives Moment kombiniert mit abfallender Querkraft) von vorgespannten Brücken im Maßstab 1:2 konzipiert. Der Einfluss des Vorspanngrades, der Querschnittsform, der Querkraftbewehrung und der Schubschlankheit wurde unter dieser Konfiguration erstmalig systematisch untersucht. Die Evaluierung der Ergebnisse mit den Regelwerken der österreichischen Nachrechnungsrichtlinie und eine Parameterstudie zeigen das hohe Potenzial des FSC‐Modells („flexural‐shear crack“) auf.
Nachrichten des Verbandes Biologie, Biowissenschaften & Biomedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Graw Jochen 
Published: August 2018

Wissenschaft & GesellschaftEU ForschungsförderungBiodiversitätskonventionFachgesellschaftenJahrestreffen der FachgesellschaftenLandesverbändeTreffen der LandesverbändeBerlin‐BrandenburgHessenNRW
The Anatomy Lesson of Willem Röell, painted in 1728
Authors: IJpma F F A , van Gulik T M 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The Anatomy Lesson of Willem Röell, painted by Cornelis Troost in 1728, should be considered a group portrait of the Amsterdam Guild of Surgeons. Professor Röell, praelector anatomiae (lecturer in anatomy) of the Surgeons' Guild, was portrayed while performing an anatomical dissection of the knee joint in the corpse of an elderly man. The three surgeons in the painting, dressed in fashionable suits, held important positions as governors of the Guild. The Guild assistant, holding a box containing surgical instruments, is standing in the background (left corner).
This painting did not record a real anatomical demonstration, as held in the Guild's anatomy theatre, but served as a group portrait. Every person in the painting had to pay a fee to the artist for the privilege of posing in this masterpiece. In the 18th century, the painting was on display on the wall of the boardroom of the Surgeons' Guild in the Waag (weigh house) at the Nieuwmarkt in Amsterdam, among other group portraits that had been painted for the Guild in the 17th and 18th centuries. These works of art were painted to commemorate the praelector anatomiae, governors and surgeons of the Guild. Today, this painting is on display in the Amsterdam Museum in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Read more about the stories behind this masterpiece in an essay online.
In silico analytico‐mathematical interpretation of biopolymeric assemblies: Quantification of energy surfaces and molecular attributes via atomistic simulations
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Choonara Yahya E. , Pillay Viness 
Published: August 2018

AbstractStatic‐lattice atomistic simulations, in vacuum and solvent phase, have been recently employed to quantify the “in vitro—in vivo—in silico” performance‐correlation profile of various drug delivery systems and biomaterial scaffolds. The reactional profile of biopolymers was elucidated by exploring the spatial disposition of the molecular components with respect to the formulation conditions and the final release medium. This manuscript provides a brief overview of recently completed and published studies related to molecular tectonics of: (a) the nanoformation and solvation properties of the surfactant‐emulsified polymeric systems; (b) the formation and chemistry of polyelectrolyte complexes; (c) the effect of a plasticizer and/or drug on the physicomechanical properties of biomedical archetypes; (d) the molecular modeling templates to predict stimuli‐ and environmentally esponsive systems; and (e) the polymer‐mucopeptide complexes and intermacromolecular networks. Furthermore, this report provides a detailed account of the role of molecular mechanics energy relationships toward the interpretation and understanding of the mechanisms that control the formation, fabrication, selection, design, performance, complexation, interaction, stereospecificity, and preference of various biopolymeric systems for biomedical applications.
Derivation of neural crest stem cells from human epidermal keratinocytes requires FGF‐2, IGF‐1, and inhibition of TGF‐β1
Authors: Tseropoulos Georgios , Moghadasi Boroujeni Samaneh , Bajpai Vivek K. , Lei Pedro , Andreadis Stelios T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNeural crest (NC) cells play a central role in forming the peripheral nervous system, the craniofacial skeleton, and the pigmentation of the skin during development due to their broad multilineage differentiation potential into neurons, Schwann cells, melanocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, we identified an easily accessible source of pluripotent NC stem cells from human inter‐follicular keratinocyte (KC) cultures (KC‐NC). In this work, we examined specific conditions for the derivation of NC from KC cultures. More specifically, we examined the role of two growth factors, FGF2 and IGF1, in NC proliferation and in expression of two potent NC transcription factors, Sox10 and FoxD3. Using specific chemical inhibitors, we uncovered that the downstream regulatory pathways AKT/PI3K, MEK/ERK, and JNK/cJun may be critical in Sox10 and FoxD3 regulation in KC‐NC. The TGF‐β1 pathway was also implicated in suppressing Sox10 expression and NC proliferation. In summary, our study shed light into the role of FGF2, IGF1, and TGF‐β1 on the induction of NC from KC cultures and the pathways that regulate Sox10 and FoxD3. We also established culture conditions for sustaining KC‐NC multipotency and, therefore, the potential of these cells for regenerative medicine and cellular therapies.
A collaborative and open solution for large‐scale online learning
Authors: Zhou Qingguo , Sun Hongyu , Zhou Rui , Sun Geng , Shen Jun , Li Kuan‐Ching 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCollaborative Open Online Courses (COOC), designed as the enhanced variance of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC), inherently combines the advantages of high‐quality online resources and face‐to‐face classroom teaching. It stimulates the collaboration and improvement of courses between educators and learners, by realizing the innovation for dynamic and real‐time education process, fostering professional skill acquisition and development as well. In this paper, we propose the novel concept and architectural design of COOC that provides the online course, courseware, and online experimental platform, built on top of third party's open source platforms. The preparation of courses is based on GitHub that facilitates multipoint‐to‐multipoint online courses and concurrent compilation of textbook based on GitBook, by providing open source textbooks and rapid updates as well as remote operations through online experimental platforms. The major differences between MOOC and COOC include decentralized platform and adoption of concepts through crowdsourcing, where instructors, professionals, and learners are able to set up and modify the courses independently and concurrently, empowering the course's construction based on the collaborative, open and shared textbooks, and online experimental platform. Users, including both teachers and learners, are also able to browse, download, and make use of courses in this platform. With embedded intellectual property and quality control mechanisms, such as Creative Commons (CC) licenses, COOC platform can generate and offer high‐quality courses and textbooks of emerging knowledge rapidly through consistent updates by professionals, students, and elites in related domains. The proposed design has been tested at trial Chinese universities and initial feedback from instructors and students are very positive. Insights on techniques and related information are provided, to best adapt to any vocational education level, subject matter, or courseware provider.
A Review on Biodiesel Production through Heterogeneous Catalysis Route
Authors: Sahu Gajanan , Gupta Navneet Kumar , Kotha Akhil , Saha Sujan , Datta Sudipta , Chavan Prakash , Kumari Neelam , Dutta Pashupati 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDepletion of oil reserves, increasing prices of petroleum products, and environmental concerns related to air pollution are the main driving forces for utilizing renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels. Vegetable oils can be used to produce biodiesel. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification of vegetable oil with alcohol using homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. In the industry, biodiesel is produced by heterogeneous catalysts due to high activity and selectivity, better reusability, reduction in processing steps, and wastes. The catalytic activity of catalysts depends on the strength and type of intrinsic basic or/and acid properties. Biodiesel production using heterogenous catalysts depends on the various reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst amount, and stirring speed. In this paper, the catalytic transesterification of various feedstocks such as edible oil, non‐edible oil, and waste using heterogeneous catalysts has been reviewed and optimization parameters for maximum biodiesel production have been summarized.
FMRP regulates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the miR‐181a‐CaM‐CaMKII pathway
Authors: Zhao Xin , Wang Yang , Meng Chao , Fang Ningyuan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRNA binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs have emerged as crucial post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Although the role of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) has been well studied in the brain, the function of FMRP in endothelial cells remains unknown. In our study, we showed that FMRP controlled human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation and angiogenesis via the miR‐181a‐mediated calmodulin (CaM)/CaMKII pathway. The knockdown of FMRP induced miR‐181a expression and contributed to endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we identified CaM as a downstream target of miR‐181a in endothelial cells. Additionally, tumor necrosis factor‐ɑ (TNF‐ɑ) treatment specifically decreased the activity of the CaM/CaMKII pathway through the dephosphorylation of FMRP and upregulation of miR‐181a. Finally, the overexpression of constitutively phosphorylated FMRP rescued the TNF‐ɑ‐impaired endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis by activating the CaM/CaMKII pathway and downregulating miR‐181a, which suggested there was a pivotal role of FMRP in vascular integrity in response to inflammatory stimuli. Thus, our study supports a novel function and mechanism involving FMRP and the miR‐181a‐CaM‐CaMKII pathway may be a therapeutic target for protecting against inflammation‐induced vascular diseases.
Direct physiologic assessment of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: Enhanced diagnostics or illusion of insight?
Authors: McElhinney Doff B. 
Published: August 2018

Key Points

Fractional flow reserve and intravascular ultrasound evaluation are technically feasible in patients with congenitally abnormal coronary arteries arising from the wrong aortic sinus, including those with a slitlike orifice and presumed intramural course.
Incorporation of fractional flow reserve and intravascular ultrasound into the evaluation of adults with anomalous coronary artery origins will provide additional data and may be useful in risk assessment, although these data should be interpreted with caution, as the validity of fractional flow reserve findings in this population has not been established.
The applicability of fractional flow reserve thresholds for acute coronary syndromes to patients with anomalous coronary artery origins is unknown. Further study will be needed to determine how best to incorporate fractional flow reserve data in the evaluation and management of these patients.
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress in polytrauma
Authors: Tunney Ruth , Scott Jennifer , Rudralingam Velauthan , Liong Sue , Athwal Varinder S. 
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical MessageSecondary sclerosing cholangitis is a recently identified phenomenon affecting the biliary tree. A subtype has been described in critically ill patients (SSC‐CIP). However, underlying mechanisms are unknown, and few cases have been reported following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We present a 19‐year‐old male with SSC‐CIP after ECMO following major trauma.
Nano Impact Electrochemistry: Effects of Electronic Filtering on Peak Height, Duration and Area
Authors: Kanokkanchana Kannasoot , Saw En N. , Tschulik Kristina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNano impact electrochemistry is used to measure a transient signal while a nanoparticle (NP) hits an electrode due to its motion in a solution. A variety of information can be obtained from this current pulse, yet its accurate measurement is challenging due to its short duration (μs to s) and small amplitude (≤10 nA). A typically used low bandwidth low‐pass filter can improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio, but it may cost severely in the accuracy of the data. Here, we demonstrate the effects of electronic filters by using generated current impulses with duration from 125 μs to 8 ms. Initially, a system dedicated to measure short and low current impulses was employed. There, an 8th order Bessel filter was used and the effect of varying the cut‐off frequency between 50 Hz and 20 kHz on the impulse response is studied. Even though the charge is generally conserved by the filter, amplitude and duration of the pulse vary greatly in dependence of the cut‐off frequency. In comparison, the response of widely used potentiostats was tested and significant deviations of the measured signal from the input were detected. Supported by destructive nano impact experiments with Ag NPs in KCl(aq), we show how the filtering affects the experimentally determined size of Ag NPs and Cl− diffusion coefficient, using impact charges and duration, respectively. As a result, we suggest a general guideline to researchers for accurate electrochemical nano impact measurements, in particular with respect to current peak duration analysis.
Facet‐Resolved Electrochemistry of Polycrystalline Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: Microscopic Factors Determining the Solvent Window in Aqueous Potassium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Liu Dan‐Qing , Chen Chang‐Hui , Perry David , West Geoff , Cobb Sam J. , Macpherson Julie V. , Unwin Patrick R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA systematic examination of the microscopic factors affecting the aqueous solvent (electrolyte) window of polycrystalline (p) boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes in chloride‐containing salt solutions is undertaken by using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) in conjunction with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and Raman microscopy. A major focus is to determine the effect of the local boron doping level, within the same orientation grains, on the solvent window response. EBSD is used to select the predominant (110) orientated areas of the surface with different boron‐doped facets, thereby eliminating crystallographic effects from the electrochemical response. Voltammetric SECCM is employed, whereby a cyclic voltammogram is recorded at each pixel mapped by the meniscus‐contact SECCM cell. The data obtained can be played as an electrochemical movie of potential‐resolved current maps of the surface to reveal spatial variations of electroactivity, over a wide potential range, including the solvent (electrolyte) window. Local heterogeneities are observed, indicating that the solvent window is mainly linked to local dopant levels, with lower dopant levels leading to a wider window, that is, slower electrode kinetics for solvent/electrolyte electrolysis. Furthermore, the effects of O‐ and H‐surface termination of the BDD surface are investigated for the same electrode (in the same area). The surface termination is a particularly important factor: the solvent window of an H‐terminated surface is wider than for O‐termination for similar boron dopant levels. Furthermore, the anodic potential window of the O‐terminated surface is greatly diminished due to chloride electro‐oxidation. These studies provide new perspectives on the local electrochemical properties of BDD and highlight the importance of probing the electrochemistry of BDD at the level of a single crystalline grain (facet) to unravel the factors that control the solvent (aqueous) window of these complex heterogeneous electrodes.
Electrochemical and Operando Spectroscopic Studies of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6‐δ Anode Catalysts in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Operating with Direct Alcohol Fuels
Authors: Bode Gregory L. , McIntyre Melissa D. , Neuberger Daniel M. , Walker Robert A. , Thorstensen Brad P. , Eigenbrodt Bryan C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA combination of operando Raman spectroscopy and chronoamperometry was used to examine the carbon tolerance of Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6‐δ (SFMO) electrode catalysts when operating with direct methanol and ethanol fuels in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Chronoamperometry studies revealed that these devices could maintain a steady power density output under typical SOFC operating conditions. High‐temperature Raman measurements of SFMO coupons exposed to methanol and ethanol (and their gas phase pyrolysis products) showed the presence of spectroscopic features associated with ordered and disordered forms of graphitic carbon. However, once SFMO was employed as an anode in an electrolyte‐supported SOFC, the graphite features disappear implying that these materials are not susceptible to carbon accumulation in functioning devices. These electrochemical and operando Raman measurements provided insight into SFMO's ability to act as an effective anode catalyst for SOFCs operating with direct alcohol fuel sources.
Obtaining P2‐Na0.56[Ni0.1Co0.1Mn0.8]O2 Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries by using a Co‐precipitation Method
Authors: Zhang Zhaokun , Meng Yan , Wang Yujue , Yuan Hongyan , Xiao Dan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor the sake of achieving the practical application of sodium‐ion batteries, extensive efforts have been made to improve the electrochemical performance of cathode materials. A simple co‐precipitation route is successfully developed to synthesize nanowires of transition metal hydroxides through a sodium peroxide pouring process instead of the traditional sodium hydroxide dropping approach. After a subsequent annealing process, a well‐crystallized P2‐Na0.56[Ni0.1Co0.1Mn0.8]O2 layered cathode material is obtained. Owing to such an exquisite architecture, this material possesses an excellent electrochemical performance, exhibits a reversible capacity of 188 mAh g−1 at 48 mA g−1 in the voltage range of 1.5‐4.1 V with nearly 99.7 % coulombic efficiency and retains approximately 80.2 % of the initial capacity after 50 cycles. Moreover, even at an extremely high current density of 2400 mA g−1, it delivers a capacity of 134 mAh g−1 and remains at 76 mAh g−1 after 1500 cycles, which surpasses most reported layered transition metal oxide cathode materials. This strategy of providing a strong oxidizing environment during the co‐precipitation process is especially crucial for obtaining materials with excellent electrochemical performances for future energy storage application.
A Review of Mathematical Programming in Integrated Iron‐ and Steelmaking
Authors: van Beek Mathias 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper presents and reviews the current application fields of mathematical programming in integrated iron‐ and steelmaking research. Three different fields of mathematical programming applications are identified and discussed: unit operation optimization, by‐product gas distribution, and integrated system optimization and design. Based on current research activities in the iron and steel industry, development trends for mathematical programming in integrated iron‐ and steelmaking research, such as the cogeneration of chemicals aided by renewable energy grid integration, are presented.