bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nesting ecology of a naturalized population of MallardsAnas platyrhynchosin New Zealand
Authors: Sheppard Jennifer L. , Amundson Courtney L. , Arnold Todd W. , Klee David 
Published: August 2018

Investigating the reproductive ecology of naturalized species provides insights into the role of the source population's characteristics vs. post‐release adaptation that influence the success of introduction programmes. Introduced and naturalized MallardsAnas platyrhynchosare widely established in New Zealand (NZ), but little is known regarding their reproductive ecology. We evaluated the nesting ecology of female Mallards at two study sites inNZ(Southland and Waikato) in 2014–15. We radiotagged 241 pre‐breeding females with abdominal‐implant transmitters and measured breeding incidence, nesting chronology and re‐nesting propensity. We monitored 271 nests to evaluate nest survival, clutch and egg size, egg hatchability and partial clutch depredation. Breeding incidence averaged (mean ± se) 0.91 ± 0.03, clutch size averaged 9.9 ± 0.1 eggs, 94 ± 2% of eggs hatched in successful nests, partial depredation affected 6 ± 1% of eggs in clutches that were not fully destroyed by predators, and re‐nesting propensity following failure of nests or broods was 0.50 ± 0.003. Nesting season (first nest initiated to last nest hatched) lasted 4.5 months and mean initiation date of first detected nest attempts was 28 August ± 3.3 days. Smaller females were less likely to nest, but older, larger or better condition females nested earlier, re‐nested more often and laid larger clutches than did younger, smaller or poorer condition females. Younger females in Southland had higher nest survival; cumulative nest survival ranged from 0.25 ± 0.007 for adult females in Waikato to 0.50 ± 0.007 for yearling females in Southland. Compared with Mallards in their native range, the nesting season inNZwas longer, clutches and eggs were larger, and nest survival was generally greater. Different predators and climate, introgression with native heterospecifics and/or the sedentary nature of Mallards inNZmay have contributed to these differences.
Orexins increase the firing activity of nigral dopaminergic neurons and participate in motor control in rats
Authors: Liu Cui , Xue Yan , Liu Mei‐Fang , Wang Ying , Liu Zi‐Ran , Diao Hui‐Ling , Chen Lei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOrexin is a member of neuropeptides which is involved in the central motor control. The substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is an important nucleus participating in motor control under both physiological and pathological conditions. Morphological studies reveal that orexinergic neurons located in lateral hypothalamus innervate the SNc. Both orexin‐1 receptors (OX1R) and orexin‐2 receptors (OX2R) are expressed in the SNc. To investigate the effects of orexins on SNc, single unit in vivo extracellular recordings and behavioral tests were performed in this study. Micro‐pressure administration of orexin A and orexin B significantly increased the spontaneous firing rate of nigral DAergic neurons by 65.87 ± 7.73% and 90.49 ± 17.83%, respectively. The excitatory effects of orexin A on nigral DAergic neurons were mainly mediated by OX1R, while OX2R were involved in the increase in firing rate induced by orexin B. Selectively blocking OX1R and OX2R significantly decreased the firing rate of nigral DAergic neurons by 36.77 ± 6.26% and 32.04 ± 6.12%, respectively, which suggested that endogenous orexins modulated the spontaneous firing activity of nigral DAergic neurons. Finally, both elevated body swing test and haloperidol‐induced postural behavioral test showed that unilateral microinjection of orexin A and orexin B induced significantly contralateral‐biased swing and deflection behavior. Meanwhile, the specific OX1R and OX2R antagonists produced opposite effects. The present electrophysiological and behavioral studies suggested that orexins increased the firing activity of nigral DAergic neurons and participated in central motor control.Open PracticesOpen Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge.For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
image
Spinal Cord Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Casserly Courtney , Seyman Estelle E. , Alcaide‐Leon Paula , Guenette Melanie , Lyons Carrie , Sankar Stephanie , Svendrovski Anton , Baral Stefan , Oh Jiwon 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSESpinal cord atrophy (SCA) is an important emerging outcome measure in multiple sclerosis (MS); however, there is limited consensus on the magnitude and rate of atrophy. The objective of this study was to synthesize the available data on measures of SCA in MS.METHODSUsing published guidelines, relevant literature databases were searched between 1977 and 2017 for case‐control or cohort studies reporting a quantitative measure of SCA in MS patients. Random‐effects models pooled cross‐sectional measures and longitudinal rates of SCA in MS and healthy controls (HCs). Student's t‐test assessed differences between pooled measures in patient subgroups. Heterogeneity was assessed using DerSimonian and Laird's Q‐test and the I 2‐index.RESULTSA total of 1,465 studies were retrieved including 94 that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pooled estimates of mean cervical spinal cord (SC) cross‐sectional area (CSA) in all MS patients, relapsing‐remitting MS (RRMS), all progressive MS, secondary progressive MS (SPMS), primary‐progressive MS (PPMS), and HC were: 73.07 mm2 (95% CI [71.52‐74.62]), 78.88 mm2 (95% CI [76.92‐80.85]), 69.72 mm2 (95% CI [67.96‐71.48]), 68.55 mm2 (95% CI [65.43‐71.66]), 70.98 mm2 (95% CI [68.78‐73.19]), and 80.87 mm2 (95% C I [78.70‐83.04]), respectively. Pooled SC‐CSA was greater in HC versus MS (P < .001) and RRMS versus progressive MS (P < .001). SCA showed moderate correlations with global disability in cross‐sectional studies (r‐value with disability score range [−.75 to −.22]). In longitudinal studies, the pooled annual rate of SCA was 1.78%/year (95%CI [1.28‐2.27]).CONCLUSIONSThe SC is atrophied in MS. The magnitude of SCA is greater in progressive versus relapsing forms and correlates with clinical disability. The pooled estimate of annual rate of SCA is greater than reported rates of brain atrophy in MS. These results demonstrate that SCA is highly relevant as an imaging outcome in MS clinical trials.
Long‐term effects of nutrient enrichment controlling plant species and functional composition in a boreal rich fen
Authors: Øien Dag‐Inge , Pedersen Bård , Kozub Łukasz , Goldstein Klara , Wilk Mateusz 
Published: August 2018

AbstractQuestionsHow does long‐term increase in nutrient availability affect species composition, species diversity and functional composition in boreal rich fens, and how does this differ from short‐term effects? What are the possible mechanisms behind the observed changes, and how does nutrient limitation influence species diversity in these communities?LocationSølendet Nature Reserve, central Norway.MethodsA full‐factorial field experiment. Plots in two localities received one of following treatments (n = 3): no nutrient addition (control), N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK addition. Cover of plant species was recorded before treatment, and after two and 15 years of treatment.ResultsTwo years of nutrient addition caused small changes in species composition, but addition of NP led to large increase in abundance of species with high ability to exploit the added nutrients—a direct result of the elimination of nutrient limitation in the communities. After 15 years of nutrient addition there were significant changes following three different pathways, one for each of N, P and NP addition. The addition of NP led to large community shifts, considerable species turnover and reduced species and functional richness, mainly caused by increase in cover of highly competitive and tussock‐forming grasses like Deschampsia cespitosa, Festuca ovina and Molinia caerulea, out‐competing other species, especially bryophytes. Addition of N led to smaller changes in species turnover, and without clear dominant species. Addition of P led to considerable species turnover, but no reduction in species or functional richness, and the bryophyte diversity increased. This is explained by the bryophytes’ association with N‐fixing cyanobacteria, suggesting less N limitation and a greater ability to utilize the added P when vascular plants suffer from N shortage. In addition, bryophytes are more sensitive to low P availability, due to larger P requirements compared to vascular plants. There was no effect of K addition.ConclusionsBoth N and P limitation is essential for the maintenance of high species diversity in boreal rich fens, and P limitation controls bryophyte diversity. From a management perspective, N and P limitation is vital in the conservation of boreal rich fens or when a functional fen system is reestablished through restoration measures.
X‐ray computed tomography of extraterrestrial rocks eradicates their natural radiation record and the information it contains
Authors: Sears Derek W. G. , Sehlke Alexander , Friedrich Jon M. , Rivers Mark L. , Ebel Denton S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe radiation record of extraterrestrial rocks provides important insights into their thermal and radiation history. For meteorites this relates to their orbits, thermal history, terrestrial age, preatmospheric size and shape, and possibly cosmic ray exposure age. For meteorites from the Moon and Mars, the radiation record allows insights into transit times. For Martian surface samples, the radiation record enables estimates of their sedimentary age. Despite this, there is a growing tendency to artificially expose these samples to large radiation doses by the use of X‐ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, often as part of their initial examination. In order to understand the effect of synchrotron microCTon meteorites, we placed samples of the Bruderheim L6 chondrite in theCTimaging port of the Advanced Photon Source at the Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. Monoenergetic X‐ray beams of 25 and 46 keV and a high flux broad spectrum beam were used. The synchrotronCTprocedure exposed the samples to radiation doses significantly higher than the natural doses observed for meteorites (1670 to ~10,000 Gyr, compared to ~1000 Gyr for natural samples). It is clear thatCTimaging, whether using a laboratory system as in our previous report or using the synchrotron source, makes measurement of the natural radiation record of the samples impossible. Samples should not be placed in aCTscanner without due consideration of the loss of unique information for these valuable extraterrestrial samples.
Metabolomic signature of the postprandial experience
Authors: Malagelada Carolina , Pribic Teodora , Ciccantelli Barbara , Cañellas Nicolau , Gomez Josep , Amigo Nuria , Accarino Anna , Correig Xavier , Azpiroz Fernando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundIngestion of a meal up to maximal tolerance induces unpleasant fullness sensation and changes in circulating metabolites. Our aim was to evaluate the relation between postprandial sensations and the metabolomic responses to a comfort meal.MethodsIn 32 non‐obese healthy men, homeostatic sensations (hunger/satiety, fullness), hedonic sensations (digestive well‐being, mood), and the metabolomic profile in plasma (low‐molecular weight metabolites and lipoprotein profiles) were measured before and 20 minutes after a comfort meal (warm ham and cheese sandwich and juice; total 300 mL; 425 kcal). Perception was measured on 10 cm scales and the metabolomic response by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Key ResultsThe comfort meal induced homeostatic sensations (satiety and fullness) associated with a positive hedonic reward (enhanced digestive well‐being and mood) and a clear change in the metabolomic profile with a sharp discrimination between the pre and postprandial state by a non‐supervised principal component analysis. The change in circulating metabolites correlated with the postprandial sensations: the increase in alanine correlated with the increase in fullness (R = 0.50; P = 0.004) and well‐being (R = 0.50; P = 0.004); the increase in glucose correlated with the sensation of fullness (R = 0.40; P = 0.023) and enhanced mood (R = 0.41; P = 0.020).Conclusion and inferencesMetabolomic changes in the response to a meal may provide an objective index of the postprandial experience, which may have clinical implications in the management of patients with poor meal tolerance or meal‐related symptoms.
Are language features and emotion regulation related to maternal depression in autism and language delay?
Authors: Özyurt Gonca , Dinsever Eliküçük Çağla , Tufan Ali Evren , Baykara Burak 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundLanguage and communication are very important in child social, emotional and cognitive development. Delay in language is usually the first complaint for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental language delay (DLD). This study evaluated language features and emotion regulation skills in children diagnosed withASDandDLDand their association with maternal depression.MethodThe sample consisted of children aged 24–54 months diagnosed withASD(n= 31), or withDLD(n= 45), and 52 healthy controls. The Test of Early Language Development (TELD‐3) was used to evaluate language profiles, and the beck depression inventory (BDI) was used to examine maternal depression. Children's emotion regulation skills were evaluated using the emotion regulation checklist.ResultsChildren withDLDhad a significantly higher developmental age, were linguistically more developed and had better emotion regulation than theASDgroup. All domains of language onTELD‐3 except expressive syntax were more developed inDLD. MaternalBDIscore did not differ significantly betweenDLDandASD. Both of these disorders were not associated with maternal depression.ConclusionChildren withDLDwere less impaired than children withASD, both in terms of language and in emotion regulation.
Steric Demand and Rate‐determining Step for Photoenolization of Di‐ortho‐substituted Acetophenone Derivatives
Authors: Das Anushree , Thomas Suma S. , Garofoli August A. , Chavez Kevin A. , Krause Jeanette A. , Bohne Cornelia , Gudmundsdottir Anna D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLaser flash photolysis of ketone 1 in argon‐saturated methanol yields triplet biradical 1BR (τ = 63 ns) that intersystem crosses to form photoenols Z‐1P (λmax = 350 nm, τ ~ 10 μs) and E‐1P (λmax = 350 nm, τ > 6 ms). The activation barrier for Z‐1P re‐forming ketone 1 through a 1,5‐H shift was determined as 7.7 ± 0.3 kcal mol−1. In contrast, for ketone 2, which has a less sterically hindered carbonyl moiety, laser flash photolysis in argon‐saturated methanol revealed the formation of biradical 2BR (λmax = 330 nm, τ ~ 303 ns) that intersystem crosses to form photoenol E‐2P (λmax = 350 nm, τ > 42 μs), but photoenol Z‐2P was not detected. However, in more viscous basic H‐bond acceptor (BHA) solvent, such as hexamethylphosphoramide, triplet 2BR intersystem crosses to form both Z‐2P (λmax = 370 nm, τ ~ 1.5 μs) and E‐2P. Thus, laser flash photolysis of ketone 2 in methanol reveals that intersystem crossing from 2BR to form Z‐2P is slower than the 1,5‐H shift of Z‐2P, whereas in viscous BHA solvents, the 1,5‐H shift becomes slower than the intersystem crossing from 2BR to Z‐2P. Density functional theory and coupled cluster calculations were performed to support the reaction mechanisms for photoenolization of ketones 1 and 2.
Temperature‐sensitive wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr15 is effective against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK
Authors: Gao L. , Babiker E. M. , Nava I. C. , Nirmala J. , Bedo Z. , Lang L. , Chao S. , Gale S. , Jin Y. , Anderson J. A. , Bansal U. , Park R. F. , Rouse M. N. , Bonman J. M. , Bariana H. 
Published: August 2018

The wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), race TTKSK and related races pose a serious threat to world wheat production. Knowing the effectiveness of wheat stem rust resistance (Sr) genes against Pgt race TTKSK is fundamental in mitigating this threat through resistance breeding. Sr15 was previously identified as being ineffective against Pgt race TTKSK. Here, multirace disease phenotyping data, linkage analyses, allelism testing and haplotype analyses are presented to support the conclusion that Sr15 is effective against Pgt race TTKSK. Resistance to race TTKSK was mapped to Sr15 in a biparental population. Thirty‐two accessions with Sr15 displayed seedling resistance phenotypes against race TTKSK. However, these accessions were susceptible as seedlings at high temperatures (22–25 °C), consistent with previous reports that the interaction between avirulent Pgt isolates and Sr15 is temperature‐sensitive. Markers STS638, wri4 and KASP_IWB30995 were found to predict the presence of Sr15, suggesting the utility of these assays for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programmes. The effectiveness of Sr15 to specific Pgt races and temperatures makes it a less‐desirable TTKSK‐effective gene. Wheat lines assayed as resistant to race TTKSK at the seedling stage may possess Sr15 and breeders should be aware of the limitations of Sr15 for conferring stem rust resistance.
Physical abuse of the elderly: a 4‐year retrospective evaluation in the emergency department
Authors: Altintop Ismail , Tatli Mehmet 
Published: August 2018

AimElderly physical abuse (EPA) is defined as injury or assault to or the restriction of an elderly person. Although EPA is an important social problem, its diagnosis is difficult because of tendency to cover up the event. In this study, patients aged 65 years and over who presented at the emergency department (ED) for forensic reasons and in whom physical abuse was suspected were examined. The aim of this study was to raise ED awareness of EPA and thereby to contribute to treatment plans for these patients in the ED.MethodsThe study was conducted over a 4‐year period between January 2013 and January 2017. Patients were selected retrospectively from the hospital information system according to the following criteria: (i) admission to ED with trauma; (ii) aged 65 and older; and (iii) evaluated as having forensic trauma by an ED specialist based on either the patient's history or the specialist's observations and suspicions.ResultsThe patients included 80 men (69%) and 36 women (31%), with a mean age of 73.92 ± 7.08 years. The length of ED stay was 0–1 h in 27.6% of patients and 1–6 h in 46.6%. When the causes of physical trauma were examined, general assault was seen as the most prevalent, occurring in nearly 63% of the patients.ConclusionsThere may be three conclusions for the current study: First, although EPA is a rare problem for patients referred to emergency services, health professionals should be suspicious when examining patients 65 years or older because of the difficulties of diagnosing EPA. Second, in patients with no history of suspicious trauma or suspicious radiological imaging results, EPA is also common. Third, because of the undetected EPA mechanism, patients should be examined forensically in suspicious cases and deaths.
Cortisol response to awakening in prepubertal children and adults: Magnitude and variability
Authors: Bernsdorf Manja , Schwabe Lars 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWithin the first 30–45 min after awakening, there is a characteristic rise in cortisol that is referred to as cortisol awakening response (CAR). Over the past decades, the CAR has become an important biomarker, mainly because of its reported association with health and disease. Previous research showed that the CAR can already be reliably assessed in infants and children. Yet, earlier findings on the influence of age have been inconsistent, and limited attention has been devoted to prepubertal children. Here, we aimed to contrast the magnitude and stability of the CAR in prepubertal children and adults. To this end, 24 healthy adults between 35 and 50 years of age and 24 healthy children between 6 and 9 years of age collected four salivary cortisol samples within 45 min after awakening on 4 separate days, 2 weekdays, and 2 weekend days. Our results showed that there was a marked CAR on weekdays and weekend days in both adults and children. In children, however, the CAR was overall significantly attenuated relative to adults. Moreover, while the cortisol increases after awakening were, both on weekdays and weekend days, highly correlated in adults, there were no such associations in children. Together, these data suggest that the CAR is less pronounced and less stable in prepubertal children compared to adults. Such age differences need to be taken into account when using the CAR as a biomarker in clinical settings.
The RAF‐like mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinases RAF22 and RAF28 are required for the regulation of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Bo , Liu Guting , Zhang Jing , Li Yuan , Yang Hailian , Ren Dongtao 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn Arabidopsis, embryonic development follows a stereotypical pattern of cell division. Although many factors have been reported to participate in establishment of the proper embryonic pattern, the molecular mechanisms underlying pattern formation are unclear. In this study we showed that RAF22 and RAF28, two RAF‐like mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) in Arabidopsis, are involved in the regulation of embryogenesis. The double knockout mutant of RAF22 and RAF28 was embryo lethal. A large proportion of the raf22−/−raf28+/− mutant embryos exhibited various defects, including disordered proembryo cell divisions, disruption of the bilaterally symmetrical structure, abnormally formative divisions of hypophysis and exaggerated suspensor growth. Whereas the kinase active form of RAF22 could complement these embryonic aberrant phenotypes, the kinase inactive form could not. The restrictive expression of the basal cell fate marker WOX8 in the abnormally dividing suspensor cells and the apical cell linage marker WOX2 in the abnormal proembryos indicated that apical and basal cell fates were unchanged in the abnormal embryos. The polar distribution of the auxin maxima and the PIN1 and PIN7 auxin transporters was markedly altered in the abnormal embryos. Our results suggest that RAF22 and RAF28 are important components of embryogenesis and that auxin polar transport may be involved in this regulation.
Hybridization‐facilitated genome merger and repeated chromosome fusion after 8 million years
Authors: Mandáková Terezie , Guo Xinyi , Özüdoğru Barış , Mummenhoff Klaus , Lysak Martin A. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe small genus Ricotia (nine species, Brassicaceae) is confined to the eastern Mediterranean. By comparative chromosome painting and a dated multi‐gene chloroplast phylogeny, we reconstructed the origin and subsequent evolution of Ricotia. The ancestral Ricotia genome originated through hybridization between two older genomes with n = 7 and n = 8 chromosomes, respectively, on the Turkish mainland during the Early Miocene (c. 17.8 million years ago, Ma). Since then, the allotetraploid (n = 15) genome has been altered by two independent descending dysploidies (DD) to n = 14 in Ricotia aucheri and the Tenuifolia clade (2 spp.). By the Late Miocene (c. 10 Ma), the latter clade started to evolve in the most diverse Ricotia core clade (6 spp.), the process preceded by a DD event to n = 13. It is noteworthy that this dysploidy was mediated by a unique chromosomal rearrangement, merging together the same two chromosomes as were merged during the origin of a fusion chromosome within the paternal n = 7 genome c. 20 Ma. This shows that within a time period of c. 8 Myr genome evolution can repeat itself and that structurally very similar chromosomes may originate repeatedly from the same ancestral chromosomes by different pathways (end‐to‐end translocation versus nested chromosome insertion).