bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of nitrate compared with urea fertilizer in a semiarid climate of the northern Great Plains
Authors: Engel Richard E. , Romero Carlos M. , Carr Patrick , Torrion Jessica A. 
Published: July 2019

Fertilizer NO3-N may represent a benefit over NH4-N containing sources in semiarid regions where rainfall is often not sufficient to leach fertilizer-N out of crop rooting zones, denitrification concerns are not great, and when NH3 volatilization concerns exist. The objective of our study was to contrast plant-N derived from fertilizer-15N (15Ndff), fertilizer-15N recovery (F15NR), total N uptake, grain yield, and protein of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from spring-applied NaNO3 relative to urea and urea augmented with urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT). We established six fertilizer-N field trials widespread within the state of Montana between 2012 and 2017. The trials incorporated different experimental designs and 15N-labeled fertilizer-N sources, including NaNO3, NH4NO3, urea, and urea + NBPT. Overall, F15NR and 15Ndff in mature crop biomass were significantly greater for NaNO3 than urea or urea + NBPT (P < 0.05). Crop 15Ndff averaged 53.8%, 43.9%, and 44.7% across locations for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Likewise, crop F15NR averaged 52.2%, 35.8%, and 38.6% for NaNO3, urea, and urea + NBPT, respectively. Soil 15N recovered in the surface layer (0–15 cm) was lower for NaNO3 compared with urea and urea + NBPT. Wheat grain yield and protein were generally not sensitive to improvements in 15Ndff, F15NR, or total N uptake. Our study hypothesis that NaNO3 would result in similar or better performance than urea or urea + NBPT was confirmed. Use of NO3-N fertilizer might be an alternative strategy to mitigate fertilizer-N induced soil acidity in semiarid regions of the northern Great Plains.
History of Fortran
Authors: Metcalf Michael 
Published: July 2019

Questions often arise that relate to the history of Fortran and to the development of its various standards: "why was feature x included/excluded?" "which statement was in which standard?" "was there a conspiracy to do this, that or the other?" etc.
Answers to all these questions and more can be found in the literature. I have assembled a short list of books, journals and Web links that should be relatively easy to find or obtain in a good academic library, in the hope that it can be of service to such enquirers.
Dynamics of the power-duration relationship during prolonged endurance exercise and influence of carbohydrate ingestion
Authors: Clark Ida E. , Vanhatalo Anni , Thompson Christopher , Joseph Charlotte , Black Matthew I. , Blackwell Jamie R. , Wylie Lee J. , Tan Rachel , Bailey Stephen J. , Wilkins Brad W. , Kirby Brett S. , Jones Andrew M. 
Published: July 2019

We tested the hypotheses that the parameters of the power-duration relationship, estimated as the end-test power (EP) and work done above EP (WEP) during a 3-min all-out exercise test (3MT), would be reduced progressively after 40 min, 80 min, and 2 h of heavy-intensity cycling and that carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion would attenuate the reduction in EP and WEP. Sixteen participants completed a 3MT without prior exercise (control), immediately after 40 min, 80 min, and 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise while consuming a placebo beverage, and also after 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise while consuming a CHO supplement (60 g/h CHO). There was no difference in EP measured without prior exercise (260 ± 37 W) compared with EP after 40 min (268 ± 39 W) or 80 min (260 ± 40 W) of heavy-intensity exercise; however, after 2 h EP was 9% lower compared with control (236 ± 47 W; P < 0.05). There was no difference in WEP measured without prior exercise (17.9 ± 3.3 kJ) compared with after 40 min of heavy-intensity exercise (16.1 ± 3.3 kJ), but WEP was lower ( P < 0.05) than control after 80 min (14.7 ± 2.9 kJ) and 2 h (13.8 ± 2.7 kJ). Compared with placebo, CHO ingestion negated the reduction of EP following 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise (254 ± 49 W) but had no effect on WEP (13.5 ± 3.4 kJ). These results reveal a different time course for the deterioration of EP and WEP during prolonged endurance exercise and indicate that EP is sensitive to CHO availability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The parameters of the power-duration relationship [critical power (CP) and the curvature constant (W′)] have typically been considered to be static. Here we report the time course for reductions in CP and W′, as estimated with the 3-min all-out cycle test, during 2 h of heavy-intensity exercise. We also show that carbohydrate ingestion during exercise preserves CP, but not W′, without altering muscle glycogen depletion. These results provide new mechanistic and practical insight into the power-duration curve and its relationship to exercise-related fatigue development.
Red Blood Cell Distribution Width Predicts Pulmonary Hypertension Secondary to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Yang Jie , Liu Chuanmei , Li Lingling , Tu Xiongwen , Lu Zhiwei 
Published: July 2019

Purpose. This study aims at investigating the predictive value of red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in pulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods. 213 eligible in-hospital COPD patients were reviewed between May 2016 and May 2018, including 39 cases with PH and 174 without PH. Clinical data including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and results of ultrasound scans, imaging examinations, and laboratory tests were recorded.Results. Increased RDW level was observed in COPD patients with PH compared with COPD patients without PH, with 15.10 ± 1.72% versus 13.70 ± 1.03%, respectively (p<0.001). RDW shared positive relationships with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (p=0.001,r = 0.513), pulmonary artery (PA) systolic pressure (p=0.014,r = 0.390), and PA-to-ascending aorta (A) ratio (PA : A) (p=0.001,r = 0.502). Multivariate analysis indicated that RDW, BNP, and PA : A > 1 were the independent risk factors of PH secondary to COPD (p<0.05). The AUC of the RDW in patients with PH was 0.749 ± 0.054 (p<0.001). The optimal cutoff value of RDW for predicting PH was 14.65, with a sensitivity and a specificity value of 69.2% and 82.8%, respectively.Conclusion. RDW is significantly increased in COPD patients with PH and thus may be a useful biomarker for PH secondary to COPD.
Endothelial Mineralocorticoid Receptors Contribute to Vascular Inflammation in Atherosclerosis in a Sex-Specific Manner
Authors: Moss M. Elizabeth , Lu Qing , Iyer Surabhi L. , Engelbertsen Daniel , Marzolla Vincenzo , Caprio Massimiliano , Lichtman Andrew H. , Jaffe Iris Z. 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) activation is associated with cardiovascular ischemia in humans. This study explores the role of the MR in atherosclerotic mice of both sexes and identifies a sex-specific role for endothelial cell (EC)-MR in vascular inflammation.

Approach and Results:
In the AAV-PCSK9 (adeno-associated virus-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) mouse atherosclerosis model, MR inhibition attenuated vascular inflammation in males but not females. Further studies comparing male and female littermates with intact MR or EC-MR deletion revealed that although EC-MR deletion did not affect plaque size in either sex, it reduced aortic arch inflammation specifically in male mice as measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, MR-intact females had larger plaques but were protected from vascular inflammation compared with males. Intravital microscopy of the mesenteric vasculature demonstrated that EC-MR deletion attenuated TNFα (tumor necrosis factor α)-induced leukocyte slow rolling and adhesion in males, while females exhibited fewer leukocyte-endothelial interactions with no additional effect of EC-MR deletion. These effects corresponded with decreased TNFα-induced expression of the endothelial adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and E-selectin in males with EC-MR deletion compared with MR-intact males and females of both genotypes. These observations were also consistent with MR and estrogen regulation of ICAM-1 transcription and E-selectin expression in primary cultured mouse ECs and human umbilical vein ECs.

Conclusions:
In male mice, EC-MR deletion attenuates leukocyte-endothelial interactions, plaque inflammation, and expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1, providing a potential mechanism by which the MR promotes vascular inflammation. In females, plaque inflammation and leukocyte-endothelial interactions are decreased relative to males and EC-MR deletion is not protective.
Diagnostic Impact of
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F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and White Blood Cell SPECT/Computed Tomography in Patients With Suspected Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Chronic Infection
Authors: Calais Jérémie , Touati Aziza , Grall Nathalie , Laouénan Cédric , Benali Khadija , Mahida Besma , Vigne Jonathan , Hyafil Fabien , Iung Bernard , Duval Xavier , Lepage Laurent , Le Guludec Dominique , Rouzet François 
Published: July 2019

Background:

Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) chronic infection diagnosis is challenging because the clinical presentation is frequently misleading and echocardiography may be inconclusive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and radiolabeled white blood cells single photon emission CT/CT in a cohort of patients who underwent both scans for suspicion of CIED infection and inconclusive routine investigations.

Methods:

Forty-eight consecutive patients with suspicion of CIED infection who underwent both
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT and white blood cell single photon emission CT/CT in a time span ≤30 days were retrospectively included. The final diagnosis of CIED infection by the endocarditis expert team was based on the modified Duke-Li classification at the end of follow-up.
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F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT and white blood cell single photon emission CT/CT scans were independently analyzed blinded to the patients’ medical record.

Results:

In the overall study population, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were respectively 80%, 91%, 80%, and 91% for
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT and 60%, 100%, 100%, and 85% for white blood cell single photon emission CT/CT. Addition of a positive nuclear imaging scan as a major criterion markedly improved the Duke-Li classification at admission. Semiquantitative parameters did not allow to discriminate between definite and rejected CIED infection. Prolonged antibiotic therapy before imaging tended to decrease the sensitivity for both techniques.

Conclusions:
Nuclear imaging can improve the diagnostic performances of the Duke-Li score at admission in a selected population of patients with suspected CIED infection, particularly when the infection was initially graded as possible. Whenever possible, imaging should be performed before or early after antibiotic initiation.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction in Disaggregated Asian and Hispanic Subgroups Using Electronic Health Records
Authors: Rodriguez Fatima , Chung Sukyung , Blum Manuel R. , Coulet Adrien , Basu Sanjay , Palaniappan Latha P. 
Published: July 2019

Background

Risk assessment is the cornerstone for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (
ASCVD
) treatment decisions. The Pooled Cohort Equations (
PCE
) have not been validated in disaggregated Asian or Hispanic populations, who have heterogeneous cardiovascular risk and outcomes.

Methods and Results

We used electronic health record data from adults aged 40 to 79 years from a community‐based, outpatient healthcare system in northern California between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2015, without
ASCVD
and not on statins. We examined the calibration and discrimination of the
PCE
and recalibrated the equations for disaggregated race/ethnic subgroups. The cohort included 231 622 adults with a mean age of 53.1 (SD 9.7) years and 54.3% women. There were 56 130 Asian (Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, Japanese, Vietnamese, and other Asian) and 19 760 Hispanic (Mexican, Puerto Rican, and other Hispanic) patients. There were 2703 events (332 and 189 in Asian and Hispanic patients, respectively) during an average of 3.9 (SD 1.5) years of follow‐up. The
PCE
overestimated risk for
NHW
s, African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics by 20% to 60%. The extent of overestimation of
ASCVD
risk varied by disaggregated racial/ethnic subgroups, with a predicted‐to‐observed ratio of
ASCVD
events ranging from 1.1 for Puerto Rican patients to 1.9 for Chinese patients. The
PCE
had adequate discrimination, although it varied significantly by race/ethnic subgroups (C‐indices 0.66–0.83). Recalibration of the
PCE
did not significantly improve its performance.

Conclusions

Using electronic health record data from a large, real‐world population, we found that the
PCE
generally overestimated
ASCVD
risk, with marked heterogeneity by disaggregated Asian and Hispanic subgroups.
The Camels of Charles the Bald
Authors: Ottewill-Soulsby Samuel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article investigates a previously neglected aspect of diplomatic relations between the Carolingians and the Umayyads of al-Andalus, the camels sent by Emir Muḥammad I to Charles the Bald, King of the West Franks, in 865. In addition to being placed within a diplomatic and historiographical context, the meaning of these animals needs to be understood within the traditions both of the donor and the recipient. The unusual nature of camels for both al-Andalus and Francia is explored. For both Muḥammad and Charles and their respective courts, camels would have been resonant of eastern monarchy, strengthening a claim to parity with other Islamic rulers for the former, while contributing to Charles’s presentation of himself as a Solomonic king.
Did Descartes Die of Poisoning?
Authors: Ebert Theodor 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The paper discusses the circumstances of the fatal illness and the death of René Descartes in 1650 at the French embassy in Stockholm. It considers the hitherto available evidence, in particular the main medical documents: two letters, the first written in Dutch by Descartes’ servant, Henri Schluter, the second written in Latin by the Dutch doctor Johann van Wullen. English translations of these two documents are given respectively in Appendix 1 and Appendix 3 of this paper. Other documents, letters by the French ambassador, Pierre Chanut, or the report in the Descartes biography by Adrien Baillet, are also discussed. An analysis of the documentary evidence indicates a high probability that Descartes was poisoned with arsenic on two occasions, on February 2nd and again on February 8th, the second poisoning proving to be fatal. The paper then discusses the questions of ‘whodunnit’ and why.
Variability of Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic Signals in Sea Surface Salinity in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Trott Corinne B. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Roman-Stork Heather L. , Murty V. S. N. , Gnanaseelan C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) significantly impact southwest monsoon precipitation and Bay of Bengal (BoB) variability. The response of ISOs in sea surface salinity (SSS) to those in the atmosphere is investigated in the BoB from 2005 to 2017. The three intraseasonal processes examined in this study are the 30–90-day and 10–20-day ISOs and 3–7-day synoptic weather signals. A variety of salinity data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite missions and from reanalysis using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and operational analysis of Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) were utilized for the study. It is found that the 30–90-day ISO salinity signal propagates northward following the northward propagation of convection and precipitation ISOs. The 10–20-day ISO in SSS and precipitation deviate largely in the northern BoB wherein the river runoff largely impacts the SSS. The weather systems strongly impact the 3–7-day signal in SSS prior to and after the southwest monsoon. Overall, we find that satellite salinity products captured better the SSS signal of ISO due to inherent inclusion of river runoff and mixed layer processes. CFSv2, in particular, underestimates the SSS signal due to the misrepresentation of river runoff in the model. This study highlights the need to include realistic riverine freshwater influx for better model simulations, as accurate salinity simulation is mandatory for the representation of air–sea coupling in models.
The Extreme Precipitation Index (EPI): A Coupled Dynamic–Thermodynamic Metric to Diagnose Midlatitude Floods Associated with Flow Reversal
Authors: Milrad Shawn M. , Atallah Eyad H. , Gyakum John R. , Isphording Rachael N. , Klepatzki Jonathon 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The extreme precipitation index (EPI) is a coupled dynamic–thermodynamic metric that can diagnose extreme precipitation events associated with flow reversal in the mid- to upper troposphere (e.g., Rex and omega blocks, cutoff cyclones, Rossby wave breaks). Recent billion dollar (U.S. dollars) floods across the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes were associated with flow reversal, as long-duration ascent (dynamics) occurred in the presence of anomalously warm and moist air (thermodynamics). The EPI can detect this potent combination of ingredients and offers advantages over model precipitation forecasts because it relies on mass fields instead of parameterizations. The EPI’s dynamics component incorporates modified versions of two accepted blocking criteria, designed to detect flow reversal during the relatively short duration of extreme precipitation events. The thermodynamic component utilizes standardized anomalies of equivalent potential temperature. Proof-of-concept is demonstrated using four high-impact floods: the 2013 Alberta Flood, Canada’s second costliest natural disaster on record; the 2016 western Europe Flood, which caused the worst flooding in France in a century; the 2000 southern Alpine event responsible for major flooding in Switzerland; and the catastrophic August 2016 Louisiana Flood. EPI frequency maxima are located across the North Atlantic and North Pacific mid- and high latitudes, including near the climatological subtropical jet stream, while secondary maxima are located near the Rockies and Alps. EPI accuracy is briefly assessed using pattern correlation and qualitative associations with an extreme precipitation event climatology. Results show that the EPI may provide potential benefits to flood forecasters, particularly in the 3–10-day range.
Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Designation of Adverse and Nonadverse Histopathological Findings in Toxicity Studies: The Pathologist’s Dilemma
Authors: Gopinath Chirukandath , Mowat Vasanthi 
Published: July 2019

In this opinion piece, we discuss some proposed principles for designating adversity and nonadversity of histopathological changes. The suggested approach categorizes the classes of findings noted in toxicity studies with illustrations and examples and suggests adversity or nonadversity for each class, in the authors’ opinions, with rationales. Although the suggestions and examples offered in this opinion piece are generally in agreement with Society of Toxicologic Pathology best practices guideline on adversity, the authors suggest and highlight occasional divergences and differences of opinion. This is because making an adversity call is a complex and challenging topic that is difficult to simplify. Some of the challenges in deciding on adversity are discussed, especially those related to making an adversity call on a histopathological finding in isolation, based on the nature and extent of severity. The authors demonstrate some of these situations with examples. Finally, the authors suggest, in contrast to the guidelines, occasional use of a separate category for findings that are less easily classified. [Box: see text]
Medical assistance in dying: implications for health systems from a scoping review of the literature
Authors: Fujioka Jamie K. , Mirza Raza M. , Klinger Christopher A. , McDonald Lynn P. 
Published: July 2019

Objective Medical assistance in dying (MAiD) is the medical provision of substances to end a patient’s life at their voluntary request. While legal in several countries, the implementation of MAiD is met with ethical, legislative and clinical challenges, which are often overshadowed by moral discourse. Our aim was to conduct a scoping review to explore key barriers for the integration of MAiD into existing health systems. Methods We searched electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO) and grey literature sources from 1990 to 2017. Studies discussing barriers and/or challenges to implementing MAiD from a health system’s perspective were included. Full-text papers were screened against inclusion/exclusion criteria for article selection. A thematic content analysis was conducted to summarize data into themes to highlight key implementation barriers. Results The final review included 35 articles (see online Appendix 1). Six categories of implementation challenges emerged: regulatory (n = 26), legal (n = 15), social (n = 9), logistical (n = 9), financial (n = 3) and compatibility with palliative care (n = 3). Within four of the six identified implementation barriers (regulatory, legal, social and logistical) were subthemes, which described barriers related to legalizing MAiD in more detail. Conclusion Despite multiple challenges related to its implementation, MAiD remains a requested end-of-life option, requiring careful examination to ensure adequate integration into existing health services. Comprehensive models of care incorporating multidisciplinary teams and regulatory oversight alongside improved clinician education may be effective to streamline MAiD services.
Resisting gentrification: The theoretical and practice contributions of social work
Authors: Thurber Amie , Krings Amy , Martinez Linda S , Ohmer Mary 
Published: July 2019

Summary Gentrification is changing the landscape of many cities worldwide, exacerbating economic and racial inequality. Despite its relevance to social work, the field has been conspicuously absent from scholarship related to gentrification. This paper introduces the dominant view of gentrification (a political economic lens), highlighting its contributions and vulnerabilities, then introduces four case studies that illuminate the distinct contributions of social work to broaden the ways in which gentrification is theorized and responded to within communities. Findings When gentrification is analyzed exclusively through a political economy lens, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners are likely to focus on changes in land and home values, reducing the adverse effects of gentrification to a loss of affordable housing. A singular focus on affordable housing risks paying insufficient attention to racial struggle, perpetuating damage-based views of poor people and neighborhoods, and obfuscating political, social, and cultural displacements. Social work practice—including social action group work, community organizing, community development, and participatory research and planning—offers a holistic approach to understanding, resisting, and responding to gentrification and advance equitable development in the city. Applications By exploring social work practice that amplifies residents’ and change makers’ efforts, advances existing community organizing, produces new insights, builds inter-neighborhood and interdisciplinary collaborations, and facilitates social action and policy change, this paper helps community practitioners to reimagine the role of social work research and practice in gentrifying neighborhoods.