bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pharmacological management of agitated and aggressive behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bak Maarten , Weltens Irene , Bervoets Chris , De Fruyt Jürgen , Samochowiec Jerzy , Fiorillo Andrea , Sampogna Gaia , Bienkowski Przemyslaw , Preuss W. Ulrich , Misiak Blazej , Frydecka Dorota , Samochowiec Agnieszka , Bak Emma , Drukker Marjan , Dom Geert 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Non-pharmacological interventions preferably precede pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. Reviews of pharmacological interventions remain descriptive or compare only one compound with several other compounds. The goal of this study is to compute a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect on restoring calmness after a pharmacological intervention, so a more precise recommendation is possible.Method:A search in Pubmed and Embase was done to isolate RCT’s considering pharmacological interventions in acute agitation. The outcome is reaching calmness within maximum of 2 h, assessed by the psychometric scales of PANSS-EC, CGI or ACES. Also the percentages of adverse effects was assessed.Results:Fifty-three papers were included for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Most frequent studied drug is olanzapine. Changes on PANNS-EC and ACES at 2 h showed the strongest changes for haloperidol plus promethazine, risperidon, olanzapine, droperidol and aripiprazole. However, incomplete data showed that the effect of risperidon is overestimated. Adverse effects are most prominent for haloperidol and haloperidol plus lorazepam.Conclusion:Olanzapine, haloperidol plus promethazine or droperidol are most effective and safe for use as rapid tranquilisation. Midazolam sedates most quickly. But due to increased saturation problems, midazolam is restricted to use within an emergency department of a general hospital.
Hippocampal subfield volumes in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Authors: Han Kyu-Man , Kim Aram , Kang Wooyoung , Kang Youbin , Kang June , Won Eunsoo , Tae Woo-Suk , Ham Byung-Joo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground:The hippocampus is not a uniform structure, but rather consists of multiple, functionally specialized subfields. Few studies have explored hippocampal subfield volume difference in the same sample of major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) cases. We aimed to investigate the difference of hippocampal subfield volume between patents with MDD and BD and healthy controls (HCs).Methods:A total of 102 MDD and 55 BD patients and 135 HCs were recruited and underwent T1-weighted image. Hippocampal subfield volume was calculated by automated segmentation and volumetric procedures developed by Iglesias et al. and implemented in FreeSurfer. Volume differences between the groups were analyzed using the analysis of covariance and controlling for age, sex, and total intracranial cavity volume.Results:Patients with MDD had significantly reduced volumes in the bilateral cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), CA4, the granule cell layer (GCL), molecular layer (ML), whole hippocampus, the left CA2/3, and right presubiclum and subiculum. Patients with BD had significantly reduced volumes in the right CA1, GCL, and the whole hippocampus as compared to HCs. No significant volume differences were observed between the MDD and BD groups. Illness duration was negatively correlated with volumes of the left CA1, CA4, ML, presubiculum, subiculum, and the whole hippocampus in patients with BD.Conclusion:We observed hippocampal subfield volume reductions in both MDD and BD, a finding which more prominent in MDD. The inverse correlation between BD illness duration and hippocampal subfield volume may evidence the neuroprogressive nature of BD.
Maternal neglect and the serotonin system are associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Baxter Alexander , Wood Elizabeth K. , Barr Christina S. , Kay Daniel B. , Suomi Stephen J. , Higley J. Dee 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEnvironmental and biological factors contribute to sleep development during infancy. Parenting plays a particularly important role in modulating infant sleep, potentially via the serotonin system, which is itself involved in regulating infant sleep. We hypothesized that maternal neglect and serotonin system dysregulation would be associated with daytime sleep in infant rhesus monkeys. Subjects were nursery-reared infant rhesus macaques (n = 287). During the first month of life, daytime sleep-wake states were rated bihourly (0800–2100). Infants were considered neglected (n = 16) if before nursery-rearing, their mother repeatedly failed to retrieve them. Serotonin transporter genotype and concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were used as markers of central serotonin system functioning. t tests showed that neglected infants were observed sleeping less frequently, weighed less, and had higher 5-HIAA than non-neglected nursery-reared infants. Regression revealed that serotonin transporter genotype moderated the relationship between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep: in subjects possessing the Ls genotype, there was a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and daytime sleep, whereas in subjects possessing the LL genotype there was no association. These results highlight the pivotal roles that parents and the serotonin system play in sleep development. Daytime sleep alterations observed in neglected infants may partially derive from serotonin system dysregulation.
Parenting × Brain Development interactions as predictors of adolescent depressive symptoms and well-being: Differential susceptibility or diathesis-stress?
Authors: Deane Camille , Vijayakumar Nandita , Allen Nicholas B. , Schwartz Orli , Simmons Julian G. , Bousman Chad A. , Pantelis Christos , Whittle Sarah 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIt is unclear how individual differences in parenting and brain development interact to influence adolescent mental health outcomes. This study examined interactions between structural brain development and observed maternal parenting behavior in the prediction of adolescent depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. Whether findings supported diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility frameworks was tested. Participants completed observed interactions with their mothers during early adolescence (age 13), and the frequency of positive and aggressive maternal behavior were coded. Adolescents also completed structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at three time points: mean ages 13, 17, and 19. Regression models analyzed interactions between maternal behavior and longitudinal brain development in the prediction of late adolescent (age 19) outcomes. Indices designed to distinguish between diathesis-stress and differential susceptibility effects were employed. Results supported differential susceptibility: less thinning of frontal regions was associated with higher well-being in the context of low levels of aggressive maternal behavior, and lower well-being in the context of high levels of aggressive maternal behavior. Findings suggest that reduced frontal cortical thinning during adolescence may underlie increased sensitivity to maternal aggressive behavior for better and worse and highlight the importance of investigating biological vulnerability versus susceptibility.
Improved Accuracy for Trace Element Analysis of Al and Ti in Quartz by Electron Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Cui Ji-Qiang , Yang Shui-Yuan , Jiang Shao-Yong , Xie Jing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe trace elements in quartz, Al and Ti, contain considerable information about mineral genesis, and determining their concentrations is of great importance in geology. Electron probe microanalysis has the advantages of non-destructive testing and high spatial resolution; however, it is a challenge to improve the accuracy and precision of trace element detection using this method. The important factors affecting accuracy include the fragility of quartz lattices at high beam currents and the methods used to determine the background. In this paper, the peaks of Al-Kα and Ti-Kα, and their backgrounds, were found to exhibit intensity variations at high beam currents and small beam diameters; therefore, it is necessary to select a large beam diameter (up to 20 µm) to avoid variations in intensity at high currents (500 nA). For background determination of Al, a multipoint background method is proposed to determine the background value, which greatly improves the accuracy of the results. For Ti, the choice of background measurement does not affect the result. In addition, it is verified that the background obtained from other quartz samples can be used as the background of an unknown quartz sample, which reduces the analysis time and minimizes sample damage.
Persistent and aggressive interactions with the police: potential mental health implications
Authors: Hirschtick J.L. , Homan S.M. , Rauscher G. , Rubin L.H. , Johnson T.P. , Peterson C.E. , Persky V.W. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Aims
Little is known about the potential health impact of police encounters despite a ubiquitous police presence in many disadvantaged urban environments. In this paper, we assess whether persistent or aggressive interactions with the police are associated with poor mental health outcomes in a sample of primarily low-income communities of colour in Chicago.

Methods
Between March 2015 and September 2016, we surveyed 1543 adults in ten diverse Chicago communities using a multistage probability design. The survey had over 350 questions on health and social factors, including police exposure and mental health status. We use sex-stratified logistic regression to examine associations between persistent police exposure (defined as a high number of lifetime police stops) or aggressive police exposure (defined as threat or use of police force during the respondent's most recent police stop) and the presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depressive symptoms.

Results
Men reporting a high number of lifetime police stops have three times greater odds of current PTSD symptoms compared with men who did not report high lifetime police stops (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3–7.6), after adjusting for respondent age, race/ethnicity, education, history of homelessness, prior diagnosis of PTSD and neighbourhood violent crime rate. Women reporting a high number of lifetime police stops have two times greater odds of current PTSD symptoms, although the results are not statistically significant after adjustment (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.9–4.2). Neither persistent nor aggressive police exposure is significantly associated with current depressive symptoms in our sample.

Conclusions
Our findings support existing preliminary evidence of an association between high lifetime police stops and PTSD symptoms. If future research can confirm as causal, these results have considerable public health implications given the frequent interaction between police and residents in disadvantaged communities in large urban areas.
Significance of Acetate as a Microbial Carbon and Energy Source in the Water Column of Gulf of Mexico: Implications for Marine Carbon Cycling
Authors: Zhuang Guang‐Chao , Peña‐Montenegro Tito D. , Montgomery Andrew , Montoya Joseph P. , Joye Samantha B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAcetate is a key intermediate of organic matter mineralization, but its metabolism remains largely unconstrained in the pelagic ocean. We conducted an integrated biogeochemical study to investigate microbial acetate cycling in the northern Gulf of Mexico with the goal of elucidating the importance of acetate as a carbon and energy source. Acetate was used primarily as an energy source, as evidenced by observed oxidation rates (rate constant k: 0.06–0.22 day−1) that varied between 42% and 96% of total biological acetate uptake (i.e., assimilation + oxidation; k: 0.06–0.34 day−1). The assimilation of acetate into biomass (k: 0.01–0.20 day−1) illustrated the potential significance of acetate as a biomass carbon source, particularly in nutrient‐rich coastal waters. No relationship between acetate assimilation or oxidation and environmental factors, such as chlorophyll and nutrients, was observed. However, elevated acetate uptake in reduced oxygen waters characterized by particulate organic carbon mineralization suggests that acetate metabolism may be a good proxy for particulate organic carbon breakdown. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that SAR11 Alphaproteobacteria were the most abundant heterotrophic bacteria and suggest that they may utilize acetate. At some sites, acetate carbon may have accounted for up to 50.4% of the bacterial carbon production. These results suggest that acetate may serve as an important carbon and energy source for heterotrophic bacteria thus revealing a potentially significant role of acetate for dissolved organic carbon cycling in the ocean.
Seismic Imaging and Physical Properties of the Endeavour Segment: Evidence that Skew Between Mantle and Crustal Magmatic Systems Governs Spreading Center Processes
Authors: Arnoux G. M. , Toomey D. R. , Hooft E. E. E. , Wilcock W. S. D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe invert Pg, PmP, and Pn traveltimes from an active‐source, multiscale tomography experiment to constrain the three‐dimensional isotropic and anisotropic P wave velocity structure of the topmost oceanic mantle and crust and crustal thickness variations beneath the entire Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The isotropic velocity structure is characterized by a semicontinuous, narrow (5‐km‐wide) crustal low‐velocity volume that tracks the sinuous ridge axis. Across the Moho, the low‐velocity volume abruptly broadens to approximately 20 km in width and displays a north‐south linear trend that connects the two overlapping spreading centers bounding the segment. From the seismic results, we estimate the thermal structure and melt distribution beneath the Endeavour segment. The thermal structure indicates that the observed skew, or lateral offset, between the crustal and mantle magmatic systems is a consequence of differences in mechanisms of heat transfer at crustal and mantle depths, with the crust and mantle dominated by advection and conduction, respectively. Melt volume estimates exhibit significant along‐axis variations that coincide with the observed skew between the mantle and crustal magmatic systems, with sites of enhanced crustal melt volumes and vigorous hydrothermal activity corresponding to regions where the mantle and crustal magmatic systems are vertically aligned. These results contradict models of ridge segmentation that predict enhanced and reduced melt supply beneath the segment center and ends, respectively. Our results instead support a model in which segment‐scale skew between the crustal and mantle magmatic systems governs magmatic and hydrothermal processes at mid‐ocean ridges.
An Approximate Approach to Nonisothermal Emplacement of Kilometer‐Sized Kilometer‐Deep Sills at Calderas
Authors: Amoruso Antonella , Crescentini Luca 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCaldera unrest is often caused by kilometer‐sized kilometer‐deep sills. Still unanswered questions include the following: How do sills spread? Why can magma propagate for kilometers without solidifying? Why do ground deformation data rarely, if ever, detect sill propagation? We show that kilometer‐sized kilometer‐deep magmatic sills spread like hydraulic fractures in an infinite medium. How magma propagates depends on overburden pressure, magma viscosity, injection rate, and difference between magma and rock temperatures. A small lag, filled with vapors from the fluid and/or the rock, exists between the propagating magma and fracture fronts. If the sill spreads along an interface, the lag slightly affects isothermal sill spreading but takes a key role in the case of nonisothermal propagation: A sill would stop after few tens of meters without it, unless magma intrudes rocks that are as hot as the solidification temperature or has unrealistic overpressures, because spreading velocity decreases soon to the critical value at which the tip becomes blocked with solidified magma. The lag defers magma solidification as heat exchange between the magma and the rock is effective only behind the thermal‐insulating lag, where magma has some finite thickness and sill opening grows with distance from the tip faster than thickness of solidified magma. Thus, the critical velocity decreases, allowing greater maximum sill sizes. We also show that the ground deformation pattern does not change appreciably over time if the final sill radius is smaller than 2 to 3 km, explaining why deformation is usually attributed to the inflation of a stationary source.
The Effect of Water on Fe‐Mg Interdiffusion Rates in Ringwoodite and Implications for the Electrical Conductivity in the Mantle Transition Zone
Authors: Zhang Baohua , Yoshino Takashi , Zhao Chengcheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe determined the kinetics of Fe‐Mg interdiffusion in ringwoodite aggregates as a function of water content (up to ~6,000 wt. ppm H2O) at 20 GPa and 1,373–1,673 K by the diffusion couple method. The dependence of Fe‐Mg interdiffusivity (DFe‐Mg) on Fe concentration was determined using the Boltzmann‐Matano method. The experimentally reported DFe‐Mg in ringwoodite within 0 ≤ XFe ≤ 0.1 could be fitted by the relation
, where E* = (1 − XFe)EMg + XFeEFe (EMg = 140 ± 5 kJ/mol, EFe = 4 ± 2 kJ/mol), D0 =
× 10−10 m2/s, n = −0.21 ± 0.10, r = 0.25 ± 0.03, and α = −24 ± 4. The water content exponent r of 0.25 suggests a nonnegligible role of water in enhancing Fe‐Mg interdiffusion in ringwoodite. The length scale over which the chemical heterogeneities are homogenized by Fe‐Mg interdiffusion in the mantle transition zone is estimated to be only a few hundred meters even assuming the whole Earth age. Comparison between the conductivities predicted from Fe‐Mg interdiffusion and those obtained from magnetotelluric surveys suggests that around 0.1 wt.% water can account for the high conductivity anomalies (~10−0.6–10−1 S/m) observed in the lower part of the mantle transition zone.
Electrical Conductivity of NaCl‐Bearing Aqueous Fluids to 900 °C and 5 GPa
Authors: Guo Haihao , Keppler Hans 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe electrical conductivity of aqueous fluids containing 0.01, 0.1, and 1 M NaCl was measured in a piston‐cylinder apparatus up to 900 °C and 5 GPa. The conductivity generally increases with NaCl concentration, while the pressure and temperature effects are more complex. At 1–2 GPa, the effect of temperature on conductivity is small, while at higher pressures, conductivity increases with temperature. Pressure also enhances conductivity, but only above 300–400 °C. This effect may be due to enhanced ion dissociation in response to an increasing dielectric constant. However, at lower temperatures, conductivity decreases with pressure, probably due to an increase in fluid viscosity. The measured conductivities of NaCl‐H2O fluids up to 900 °C and 5 GPa are reproduced (R2 = 0.953) by a numerical model with log σ = −0.919 − 872.5/T + 7.61 log ρ + 0.852 log c + log Λ0, where σ is the conductivity in S/m, T is temperature in K, c is NaCl concentration in wt%, ρ is the density of pure water (in g/cm3) at given pressure and temperature, and Λ0 is the molar conductivity of NaCl in water at infinite dilution (in S·cm2·mol−1), Λ0 = 1,573 − 1,212 ρ + 537,062/T – 208,122,721/T2. We use our data to model the elevated electrical conductivity in the mantle wedge above subducted slabs. We find that due to the strong conductivity enhancement, in most cases less than one volume percent of aqueous fluid with moderate salinity is sufficient to explain the observed conductivity anomalies.
Evidence of Freezing Pressure in Sea Ice Discrete Brine Inclusions and Its Impact on Aqueous‐Gaseous Equilibrium
Authors: Crabeck O. , Galley R. J. , Mercury L. , Delille B. , Tison J.‐L. , Rysgaard S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSea ice in part controls surface water properties and the ocean‐atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases at high latitudes. In sea ice, gas exists dissolved in brine and as air bubbles contained in liquid brine inclusions or as bubbles trapped directly within the ice matrix. Current research on gas dynamics within the ocean‐sea ice‐atmosphere interface has been based on the premise that brine with dissolved air becomes supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere during ice growth. Based on Henry's law, gas bubbles within brine should grow when brine reaches saturation during cooling, given that the total partial pressure of atmospheric gases is above the implicit pressure in brine of 1 atm. Using high‐resolution light microscopy time series imagery of gas bubble evolution inside discrete brine pockets, we observed bubbles shrinking during cooling events in response to the development of freezing pressure above 3 atm. During warming of discrete brine pockets, existing bubbles expand and new bubbles nucleate in response to depressurization. Pressure variation within these inclusions has direct impacts on aqueous‐gaseous equilibrium, indicating that Henry's law at a constant pressure of 1 atm is inadequate to assess the partitioning between dissolved and gaseous fractions of gas in sea ice. This new evidence of pressure build‐up in discrete brine inclusions controlling the solubility of gas and nucleation of bubbles in these inclusions has the potential to affect the transport pathways of air bubbles and dissolved gases within sea ice‐ocean‐atmosphere interface and modifies brine biochemical properties.
CO2 Dynamics Are Strongly Influenced by Low Frequency Atmospheric Pressure Changes in Semiarid Grasslands
Authors: Moya M. R. , Sánchez‐Cañete E. P. , Vargas R. , López‐Ballesteros A. , Oyonarte C. , Kowalski A. S. , Serrano‐Ortiz P. , Domingo F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDue to their large carbon storage capacity and ability to exchange subterranean CO2 with the atmosphere, soils are key components in the carbon balance in semi‐arid ecosystems. Most studies have focused on shallow (e.g., <30 cm depth) soil CO2 dynamics neglecting processes in deeper soil layers where highly CO2‐enriched air can be stored or transported through soil pores and fissures. Here, we examine the relationship among variations in subterranean CO2 molar fraction, volumetric water content, soil temperature and atmospheric pressure during three years within soil profiles (0.15, 0.50, and 1.50 m depths) in two semi‐arid grasslands located in southeastern Spain. We applied a wavelet coherence analysis to study the temporal variability and temporal correlation between the CO2 molar fraction and its covariates (soil temperature, soil moisture and atmospheric pressure). Our results show that CO2 dynamics are strongly influenced by changes in atmospheric pressure from semidiurnal, diurnal and synoptic to monthly time‐scales for all soil depths. In contrast, only weak daily dependencies were found at the surface level (0.15 m) regarding soil temperature and volumetric water content. Atmospheric pressure changes substantially influence variations in the CO2 content (with daily fluctuations of up to 2000 ppm) denoting transportation through soil layers. These results provide insights into the importance of subterranean storage and non‐diffusive gas transport that could influence soil CO2 efflux rates, processes that are not considered when applying the flux‐gradient approach and, which can be especially important in ecosystems with high air permeability between the unsaturated porous media and the atmosphere.