bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correction of Misspellings and Typographical Errors in a Free-Text Medical English Information Storage and Retrieval System
Authors: Joseph D. M. , Wong Ruth L. 
Published: March 2018

The errors studied are misspellings and typographical errors made by the physician house staff, surgical pathologists, and secretary/typists of a large teaching hospital. The 6,019 errors studies were encountered in the compilation of a LEXICON now containing 24,135 medical and non-medical terms (including errors) from Tissue Examination Request Forms and Surgical Pathology Reports. An automated error correction algorithm was sought to reduce the tedious task of manual encoding of errors, and eliminate the need for storing errors occupying 24.9% of the LEXICON storage space. The errors were classified into 23 types, and it was found that 84.2% of the errors were in the 11 first order categories.Existing error correction algorithms were analyzed with respect to possible application to our medical sample. Two were selected for experimentation, the Baskin-Selfridge algorithm and SOUNDEX. Results showed that Baskin-Selfridge worked quite well, but was too slow to be applied singularly. SOUNDEX was reasonable in speed, but had too many mismatches to be applied singularly in a non-interactive application. SOUNDEX was modified phonologically and with respect to code length in various ways and some experimental data showed improvements.The optimal design for the medical LEXICON sample appears to be a two-step process. The modified version of SOUNDEX will quickly select the most likely corrections for the error (experimental average is 2.38 choices/error). Then the Baskin-Selfridge will decide which, if any, is the actual correct form of the error. By only considering a very small number of choices, the time required for the Baskin-Selfridge algorithm becomes trivial.On the basis of experimental results, it is estimated that this combination will reduce manual encoding of errors by 60—70% and reduce the storage required for the LEXICON by approximately 15%.
Health Care Reorganization and Information System Building in Italy
Authors: De Rosis F. , Pizzutilo S. 
Published: March 2018

Adapting the health care information systems to the evolving needs of prevention and decentralization generally implies a critical choice of the most suitable among existing technical solutions and, in some cases, also the demand for new methods of information organization and processing which respond better to such new needs.This is especially true for Italy, for its present process of the construction of a National Health Service gives priority to primary prevention and decentralization to local authorities not merely of operational functions, but also of power in decision-making. Consequences of these choices are, first of all, the need to review this National Statistical System but also, at a local level, more weight on a specific form of a >system of experts<, the limiting of data banks to small geographic and administrative areas and serious criticism of computer-based population files.
A Modification of the Unilateral Type I External Skeletal Fixator Configuration for Primary or Secondary Support of Supracondylar Humeral and Femoral Fractures
Authors: Schwarz P. D. , Egger E. L. , Piermattei D. L. , Klause S. E. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA modification of the unilateral Type I external skeletal fixator was developed for use in repair of supracondylar femoral and humeral fractures. The application technique and the results of its use in five clinical cases are discussed. In comminuted supracondylar fractures with loss of cortical bone structure, the modified unilateral Type I external skeletal fixator appears to have advantages over other external skeletal fixator configurations and bone plating.A modification of the unilateral Type I external skeletal fixator (ESF) was developed for use in repair of supracondylar femoral and humeral fractures. In comminuted supracondylar fractures with loss of cortical bone structure, the modified Type IESF appears to have advantages over other ESF configurations and bone plating.
Data Screening Methods – Application to Differential Diagnosis in Pancreatic Pathology from Radiological Signs
Authors: Durbec J.-P. , Cornée Jaqueline , Berthezene P. 
Published: March 2018

The practice of systematic examinations in hospitals and the increasing development of automatic data processing permits the storing of a great deal of information about a large number of patients belonging to different diagnosis groups.To predict or to characterize these diagnosis groups some descriptors are particularly useful, others carry no information. Data screening based on the properties of mutual information and on the log cross products ratios in contingency tables is developed. The most useful descriptors are selected. For each one the characterized groups are specified.This approach has been performed on a set of binary (presence—absence) radiological variables. Four diagnoses groups are concerned: cancer of pancreas, chronic calcifying pancreatitis, non-calcifying pancreatitis and probable pancreatitis. Only twenty of the three hundred and forty initial radiological variables are selected. The presence of each corresponding sign is associated with one or more diagnosis groups.
An On-line Computer System for a Rehabilitation Hospital
Authors: Vallbona C. , Spencer W. A. , Levy A. H. , Baker R. L. , Liss D. M. , Pope S. B. 
Published: March 2018

An on-line computer system has been implemented for processing medical information at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research. The major objectives of the system are: 1. to improve the process of patient care by expediting the flow of information among members of the rehabilitation team, 2. to facilitate the utilization of medical data for research purposes, 3. to enhance efficient hospital management, and 4. to obtain accurate data for an effective study of the cost of hospitalization.The system consists of the following interrelated programs: a) recording of physiological monitoring, b) on-line processing of data collected at the bedside, c) processing of laboratory data, d) on-line processing of results of physiological studies, e) processing of data pertaining to treatments administered to patients, f) on-line calculation of fluid and electrolyte requirements, and g) statistical analysis of the hospital census.The on-line computer facility is based on a time-shared teleprocessing system located at Baylor University College of Medicine and time-shared with various departments of the College. Remote terminal units installed at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research are connected by cable with the computer at the College of Medicine.
Computer-Based Exercises in Anemia Diagnosis (PlanAlyzer)
Authors: Beck J. , O´Donnell J. , Hirai F. , Simmons J. , Healy J. , Lyon H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:PlanAlyzer is a microcomputer-based, event-driven system for instructional research in medical education. Aimed at the second year medical student, PlanAlyzer elicits and critiques a student´s approach to the diagnosis of a common medical disorder. In this paper we discuss the concept, development, implementation and formative evaluation of the PlanAlyzer system for the evaluation of anemia.
Effect of a Computer-Assisted General Medicine Diagnostic Consultation Service on Housestaff Diagnostic Strategy
Authors: Bankowitz R. , McNeil M. , Challinor S. , Miller R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Quick Medical Reference (QMR) is a microcomputer-based decision sup´port system designed to provide diagnostic assistance in the field of internal medicine. In addition to providing plausible diagnostic hypotheses based upon patient specific findings, the program highlights history, physical and laboratory items which are potentially useful in discriminating among the diagnoses under consideration. We have evaluated the impact of a computer-assisted diagnostic consultation service on the diagnostic and management strategy of a housestaff in a university internal medicine training program. Differential diagnoses were obtained before and after the use of the program, and a questionnaire was used to asses the educational value of the service and the effect of the service on the diagnosis and planned management. Over an eight week period, 31 cases were identified which met inclusion criteria. The QMR consultation added a diagnosis to the original list in 14 out of 31 cases. The consultation reordered the diagnosis in an additional 7 cases, and in 8 cases a diagnosis was ruled out by the use ofthe program. After the use of the program the housestaff reported they would obtain an additional lab test in 10 cases, change the order of planned tests. in two cases and eliminate a lab test in one case. The use of the program V)las rated as helpful educationally in 81 % of the cases, and helpful with respect to management in also 81 % of the cases.
Health Informatics Education in the Third World
Authors: Rienhoff O. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.
The Postgraduate Medical Informatics Programme at the University of Cape Town
Authors: Hanmer Lynn A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The Medical Informatics education programme at the University of Cape Town was developed as part of the postgraduate education programme run by the Department of Biomedical Engineering. The aim of the programme is twofold:a) To give students a broad background in Medical Informatics, to enable them to participate in the development, planning and management of information systems to support health care in South Africa, andb) To enable them to do a research project in a specialised area, thus learning research techniques, and contributing to the development of Medical Informatics as a discipline.Students benefit from participating in a postgraduate programme in a multidisciplinary department, which is firmly linked to the health care environment. A more specialised Medical Informatics programme is planned, but the multidisciplinary nature of work in this field will continue to be emphasised.
Digital Storage and Simulation of EEG-Data Using a Linear EEG-Model
Authors: Pfurtscheller G. , Schuy S. 
Published: March 2018

A digitized EEG can be reduced to a few parameters (< 15) if an autoregressive model is introduced. These parameters can be stored very economically.With the aid of autoregressive parameters a recursive digital filter is realized which generates the EEG if a random number sequence is given to the filter input. Furthermore, the autoregressive parameters can be used for estimating power density distribution and for building up a non-recursive digital filter based on the inverse autoregressive model which will filter the EEG and detect spikes and other instationarities in the EEG.
After decomposition of the recursive filter into a series of filters of second order it is possible to calculate parameters such as peak frequency, bandwidth and amplitude, which describe the second order filter and thus characterize the frequency components of the EEG.
Computer Support of Medical Decisions in Ambulatory Care
Authors: Vallbona C. , Schade C. P. , Moffet C. L. , Speck C. D. , Osher W. J. , Tristan M. P. 
Published: March 2018

Decision makers in health care systems are giving greater emphasis to ambulatory care because of its recognized magnitude (in terms of volume of services rendered) and its potential cost-effectiveness. A challenge to computer scientists is to develop and evaluate computer support systems for ambulatory care professionals at each one of several critical decision points of the care process. These decision points may be at the level of interaction between patient and physician at the time of each encounter, or at the institutional level where the effect is on the setting in which ambulatory care is delivered.Early experiences of computer applications in ambulatory medicine are helping to delineate areas where there is promise of widespread implementation. One of these areas is the computerization of summary ambulatory medical records such as the health-illness profile. This document serves the dual purpose of facilitating medical decisions at the time of each patient encounter, and administrative decisions made by the clinic directors to meet the health needs of the community.
A Comparison of Body Surface Laplacian and Potential Maps During Paced Ventricular Activation
Authors: Ono K. , Hosaka H. , He B. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The objective of this study is to evaluate the spatial resolution of body surface Laplacian maps (BSLMs) in localizing ventricular electrical activity by means of computer simulation. A 3-D computer heart-torso model was used to simulate cardiac electrical activity and the body surface maps. A two-site pacing protocol was used to generate two simultaneously activated myocardial events on the anterior epicardial wall and the anterior endocardial wall. Following the pacing, the BSLMs and the body surface potential maps (BSPMs) were calculated and compared with the known activation pattern. As a result, the BSLMs showed superior resolution than the BSPMs for localized initial ventricular activity. In summary, the present study suggests that body surface Laplacian mapping may provide a useful methodology for the clinical diagnosis of cardiac electrical abnormalities.
Arrhythmia Curve Interpretation Using a Dynamic System Model of the Myocardial Pacemaker
Authors: Takayanagi K. , Takeuchi A. , Nara Y. , Miyahara H. , Ikeda N. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:A problem of identifying the phase response curve of the myocardial pacemaker was investigated using a simple dynamic system model of cardiac arrhythmia. A hybrid optimization method of a genetic algorithm and a local optimization technique was employed to obtain a solution of the model fitting. The method was applied to two categories of arrhythmias, ventricular parasystole and high-degree AV block. The present study offered a new insight into the mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias.
Detection of “Noisy” Chaos in a Time Series
Authors: Kanters J. K. , Cohen R. J. , Holstein-Rathlou N.-H. , Chon K. H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Time series from biological system often displays fluctuations in the measured variables. Much effort has been directed at determining whether this variability reflects deterministic chaos, or whether it is merely “noise”. The output from most biological systems is probably the result of both the internal dynamics of the systems, and the input to the system from the surroundings. This implies that the system should be viewed as a mixed system with both stochastic and deterministic components. We present a method that appears to be useful in deciding whether determinism is present in a time series, and if this determinism has chaotic attributes. The method relies on fitting a nonlinear autoregressive model to the time series followed by an estimation of the characteristic exponents of the model over the observed probability distribution of states for the system. The method is tested by computer simulations, and applied to heart rate variability data.
Fractal Analyses of HRV Signals: A Comparative Study
Authors: Fischer R. , Akay M. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:In this paper, we have investigated the scaling behavior of the heart rate variability signals using the power spectral density (PSD), the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and dispersive analysis (DA), and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) method. Results suggested the lowest variance for the MLE method, greatest variance for the PSD methods, the other methods somewhere in between.
Nonlinear Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials Elicited by Color Stimulation
Authors: Momose K. , Komiya K. , Uchiyama A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:The relationship between chromatically modulated stimuli and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) was considered. VEPs of normal subjects elicited by chromatically modulated stimuli were measured under several color adaptations, and their binary kernels were estimated. Up to the second-order, binary kernels obtained from VEPs were so characteristic that the VEP-chromatic modulation system showed second-order nonlinearity. First-order binary kernels depended on the color of the stimulus and adaptation, whereas second-order kernels showed almost no difference. This result indicates that the waveforms of first-order binary kernels reflect perceived color (hue). This supports the suggestion that kernels of VEPs include color responses, and could be used as a probe with which to examine the color visual system.
Study of the Lyapunov Exponents in Heart Rate Variability Signals
Authors: Casaleggio A. , Cerutti S. , Signorini M. G. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Heart rate variability signals obtained from 24 h recordings are analyzed for normal and pathological subjects. This time series contains information about the autonomic nervous system action regulating the beat-to-beat heart rate. Nonlinear contributions to the long period variability have been assessed by the calculation of the entire spectrum of Lyapunov exponents, after the system trajectory reconstruction, starting from the original variability signal. The positivity of Lyapunov exponent values, obtained from an unknown process, can establish whether the structure generating it shows nonlinear chaotic characteristics. This is what happens for the cardiovascular signals. Moreover, the different values obtained for the Lyapunov exponents operate a classification among the considered pathophysiological cases.
Validity of Neuropsychological Testing in Young African Children Affected by HIV
Authors: Laughton Barbara , Ratswana Mmule , Familiar Itziar , Fairlie Lee , Vhembo Tichaona , Kamthunzi Portia , Kabugho Enid , Joyce Celeste , Zimmer Bonnie , Ariansen J. , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Boivin Michael , Chernoff Miriam 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Western-constructed neuropsychological tests have been used in low- and middle-income countries to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other chronic illnesses. We explore using such instruments cross-culturally in a sub-Saharan African setting.
Methods IMPAACT P1104S was a 2-year observational study performed at six clinical sites (South Africa—three sites, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) to assess and compare neuropsychological outcomes in three cohorts of children between the ages of 5 and 11 years: HIV-infected (HIV), HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU), and HIV unexposed and uninfected (HU). Descriptive statistics compared sociodemographic characteristics among children at sites. Instruments included the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II) cognitive ability, Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) attention/impulsivity, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) motor proficiency tests, and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF) executive function problems. Test characteristics were assessed using intraclass and Spearman's nonparametric correlations, linear regression, and principal factor analyses.
Results Of the 611 participants, 50% were males and mean age ranged from 6.6 to 8 years. In Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, substantial proportions of families lived in rural settings in contrast to the South African sites. Intraclass correlation coefficients between weeks 0 and 48 were highest for the KABC scores, ranging between 0.42 and 0.71. Correlations among similar test domains were low to moderate but significant, with positive correlation between KABC sequential and TOVA scores and negative correlation between BRIEF and KABC scores. TOVA response time scores correlated negatively with the BOT-2 total points score. Strong and significant associations between individual measures of growth, disability, and development with all test scores were observed. Performance-based measures were markedly lower for HIV compared with HEU and HU participants, even after controlling for age, sex, and site. Factor analyses confirmed the underlying theoretical structure of the KABC scaled item scores.
Conclusion The KABC, TOVA, BRIEF, and BOT-2 were valid and reliable tools for assessing the neuropsychological impact of HIV in four sub-Saharan African countries.
History of Medical Informatics: Fifty Years in Medical Informatics
Authors: Collen Morris 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAn overview of personal experiences in medical informatics based on Dr. Morris Collen’s 50 years of research in the field.A personal reminiscence and historical overview, focusing on the first two decades of medical informatics, when Dr. Collen began working with Dr. Sidney Garfield, the founder of Kaiser Permanente, leading to his involvement in computer-based medical care, through the development of the pioneering Automated Multiphasic Health Testing (AMHT) system, which they introduced into Kaiser clinics in Oakland and San Francisco.Statistical models for medical decision-making based on consultations with Jerzy Neyman and George Dantzig were incorporated into the AMHT, and tested on a large database of cases. Meetings with other pioneers in medical informatics at the Karolinska Institute led to the formation of the early society Salutas Unitas, and the many national and international collaborations which followed during the first two decades helped coalesce the field as clinicians and researchers investigated problems of medical data, decision support, and laboratory, hospital, and library information systems.Dr. Collen’s research and his many medical informatics activities significantly contributed to the growth of the field. The U.S. contributions are covered extensively in his book, A History of Medical Informatics in the United States, 1950-1990. Washington, DC: Am Med Informatics Association 1995.
Evaluation – The Cinderella Science of ICT in Health
Authors: Rigby M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryInformation systems are expensive to create, and consume resources in their operation. They are justified in order to achieve clearly defined objectives in health service quality and efficiency. To ensure that these objectives are being met, and in order to build up an evidence-base to support well focused policies, systems, and practice, evaluation would seem to be fully justified and indeed essential. However, there are major factors jeopardising good evaluation practice, ranging from reluctance to commit resources or expose decisions to scrutiny, through to lack of appreciation of the full range of dimensions which should be studied. This paper seeks to create fuller appreciation of the issues and their importance.Experiential and literature reviews form the basis of an exposition of principles, methods, and key current activities.A summary has been produced of the key challenges to health ICT evaluation, and its adverse comparison with other sectors. An explanation of the viewpoints and levels of health information evaluation is followed by a short history of principal milestones, current scientific methodology activity, and key collaborative activities.The need for a stronger commitment to health ICT evaluation is demonstrated if the application of health informatics systems is to receive due recognition as scientifically and empirically justified. Commitment of resources and scientific endeavour are needed, and thus the recent Declaration of Innsbruck, arising out of an event sponsored by the European Science Foundation, is timely and fully justified.