bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Utility Succession and Workforce Development Planning
Authors: Clark David K. 
Published: August 2019

Key TakeawaysBeginning in late 2018, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California's Engineering Services Group reassessed its programs to help address high turnover resulting from retirements.Engineering Services’ 2019 plan includes skills‐based and diversity‐enhancing programs to provide on‐the‐job training opportunities and augment professional development.Though roughly 25% of Engineering Services staff will likely be replaced over the next five years, the implementation of programs to attract, retain, and provide ongoing training for employees will help ensure a diverse and flexible workforce.
Bringing Agriculture and Drinking Water Utilities Together for Source Water Protection
Authors: Mehan G. Tracy , Carpenter Adam T. 
Published: August 2019

Key TakeawaysWhile point‐source discharges are regulated for source water contamination, that's not necessarily the case with agricultural nonpoint sources.Partnerships between drinking water utilities and farmers benefit from a mutual understanding of each partner's efforts and challenges in source water protection.Examples of long‐standing collaborations between utilities and agricultural interests serve as models for new source water protection projects.The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 mandates that 10% of all conservation funds or $4 billion over 10 years is to be spent on source water protection.
Asymmetry of the group context effect on delay discounting
Authors: Yi Richard , Lee Juhan , Bettis Jama 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBinary choice delay discounting tasks require participants to indicate preference between smaller, immediate, and larger, delayed rewards. Previous research indicates that when the delayed reward is shared with others, the delayed outcome is preferred compared with when the outcomes are for the self only, resulting in lower rates of delay discounting. The present series of studies sought to replicate and extend this finding. Study 1 compared delay discounting on a standard task in which both immediate and delayed outcomes are for the self and a group context task where the delayed outcome was shared with one other person. Replicating previous results, group context resulted in lower rates of delay discounting, and this effect was independent of how the shared outcome was presented. Study 2 compared delay discounting on a standard task and a group context task where the immediate outcome was shared. In contrast to Study 1, group context resulted in higher rates of delay discounting, suggesting that preference in intertemporal choice tracks the shared outcome. Moreover, this effect was not independent of how the shared outcome was presented. This is the first study to reveal that group context, when applied to the immediate outcome, can result in higher rates of delay discounting.
What Is and Isn't in a Name
Authors: Frumer Yulia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough I remain sympathetic to the narrative behind the notion of “History of Knowledge,” I argue against redrawing the disciplinary boundaries around “knowledge,” as opposed to retaining the term “science.” This is not because I think there is no place for a “history of knowledge,” and not because I am concerned that such a redrawing of disciplinary boundaries would open the floodgates of “anything goes.” Rather, I am doubtful that problems of demarcation and exclusion can be resolved solely by changing a name. I draw on my personal experience as an East Asianist to suggest that the challenges I faced trying to fit into the community of historians of science and technology would not have been solved by renaming the discipline. At the same time, I also argue that changes can and do happen without a change of name. And finally, I maintain that the word “science” has important connotations that we do not want to give up.
Adult height, body mass index change, and body shape change in relation to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk: A population‐based case‐control study in China
Authors: Yang Xiaorong , Zhang Tongchao , Yin Xiaolin , Yuan Ziyu , Chen Hui , Plymoth Amelie , Jin Li , Chen Xingdong , Lu Ming , Ye Weimin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe relationship between risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adult height, changes in individual body mass index (BMI) and body shape is not established. We performed a large population‐based case‐control study, which enrolled a total of 1414 ESCC cases and 1989 controls in a high‐incidence area in China. Using face‐to‐face interview with a structured questionnaire, information on participants' heights, weights, and perceived body shapes at 20 years of age was collected. Additionally, data on weight and perceived body shape among the same participants 10 years prior to ascertainment were collected using the same method. Odd ratios (ORs) of ESCC risk in relation to BMI and body shape were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. The adjusted results indicated that ESCC risk in adults rapidly rose as height increased, plateauing at 170 cm among men and 157 cm among women. Among participants who were underweight, normal weight, or thinner than body shape 4, body weight loss was associated with increased risk of ESCC, and body weight gain was associated with decreased incidence of ESCC (ORs ranging from 0.40 to 0.76). Notably, however, changes in body weight did not significantly affect ESCC risk among participants who were overweight, obese, or larger than body shape 3. Maintaining a fit body shape and a reasonable BMI is advisable and of vital importance to reduce the risk of ESCC, especially in high‐risk areas.
The piloting of a brief relational psychodynamic protocol (psychodynamic addiction model) for problem gambling and other compulsive addictions: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Mooney Angela , Roberts Amanda , Bayston Andrew , Bowden‐Jones Henrietta 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe paper describes a treatment pilot for gambling and compulsive addiction within an NHS problem gambling clinic. The pilot study used a brief relational psychodynamic treatment protocol specifically designed to meet the needs of a group of patients who had not responded to CBT and who had other addictions or co‐morbidities. Seventy‐two (n = 72) patients were offered 12 sessions of therapy by four psychodynamic counsellors. Results were assessed using scores from a pre‐ and post‐treatment patient health questionnaire, the generalised anxiety disorder—7 (GAD‐7) and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Weekly feedback and supervision from counsellors and patients were used to assess the treatment model. The results highlighted that the psychodynamic addiction model was associated with reduced depression (Mean = 14.9; SD: 6.7), anxiety (Mean = 11.5; SD: 5.9), and gambling severity (p < .001), suggesting that a relational psychodynamic treatment is needed for complex patients with compulsive addiction, where CBT had not been successful. These results also highlight the importance of the therapeutic relationship as a critical factor in the treatment of patients with compulsive addiction problems.
Subtle forms of racism in strategy documents concerning Roma inclusion
Authors: Popoviciu Salomea , Tileagă Cristian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the ways in which national governments address the social inclusion of disadvantaged and disenfranchised groups in official strategy documents of the state. Data for this study come from a corpus of four key government strategy papers concerning Roma inclusion published by the Romanian Government between 2001 and 2015. This paper specifically looks at the ways in which strategy documents frame the problem of “crime” in the context of Roma inclusion. Texts were analysed using a critical frame analysis approach complemented by insights from discursive research. The findings highlight that although generally government policy on the Roma adopts and promotes a progressive/liberal agenda that aligns with EU strategic goals, pronounced ambivalence towards Roma people and subtle forms of racism are still present and persist.
Graphostromols A–K, Eleven New Chained Polyketides from the Deep‐Sea‐Derived Graphostroma sp
Authors: Niu Siwen , Xie Chun‐Lan , Xia Jin‐Mei , Zhong Tianhua , Luo Zhuhua , Shao Zongze , Yang Xian‐Wen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChromatographic separation of the AcOEt extract of the fermented cultures of the deep‐sea‐derived fungus Graphostroma sp. resulted in the isolation of 11 new chained polyketides, namely graphostromols A–K (1–11). The structures of the new compounds were established by the extensive analyses of their NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS data. The absolute configuration at C‐11 in 1 was determined on the basis of the modified Mosher's method. Compounds 1–5, bearing a 2,2,10,10‐tetramethyldodecane skeleton, were discovered for the first time from nature. All isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicities against five different cancer cell lines (HeLa, Eca‐109, Biu‐87, Bel‐7402, and PANC‐1). However, none showed positive effects.
Different properties between spontaneous and volume‐activated chloride currents in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma and its normal counterpart cells
Authors: Tang Xinwei , Feng Jiezhu , Peng Zihan , Hou Xiuying , Zuo Wanhong , Chen Lixin , Wang Liwei , Zhu Linyan 
Published: August 2019

Although the spontaneous chloride currents (SCC) have been well studied in the normal cells, its properties and roles in neoplasms cells are still unknown. Here, we found that the SCC was manifested in the poorly differentiated human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE‐2Z cells, with some differences such as lower occurrence and bigger current density than those of the volume‐activated chloride currents (VACC). NPPB, a chloride channel blocker, inhibited the SCC much stronger than the VACC. Down‐regulation of chloride channel ‐3 (ClC‐3), a volume and mechanically dependent ion channel, could significantly decrease the VACC, but not in SCC. The occurrence, latency, and mean density of the SCC were much lower in the normal nasopharyngeal NP69‐SV40T cells than those in CNE‐2Z cells. Our results demonstrated that the spontaneous electrical reactivity of neoplasm cells is higher than that of normal cells, which probably relates to their high physiological activity of neoplasm cells.Significance of the studySpontaneous chloride currents (SCC) are well known in excitable tissues and regulate a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. During our researching on the volume‐activated chloride currents (VACC) in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE‐2Z cells, SCC could be also observed with different properties from VACC. Meanwhile, the occurrence, latency, and mean density of the SCC were much higher in CNE‐2Z cells than those in normal nasopharyngeal NP69‐SV40T cells. Our results revealed the expression and characteristics of SCC in carcinoma cells and provided a preliminary experimental basis for further exploring the function of SCC in tumour cell biology.
Electrochemical Activity Determination of Catechol‐O‐methyl Transferase by Selective Dopamine Detection
Authors: Göbel Gero , Talke Anja , Ahnert Uwe , Lisdat Fred 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor the treatment of Parkinson's disease, as one of the most frequent diseases of the central nervous system, several key enzymes for dopamine metabolism [e. g. catechol‐O‐methyl transferase (COMT)] are drug targets. For an efficient and long‐lasting treatment, the activity of this enzyme should be monitored. In this study, an electrochemical approach using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is introduced for the activity determination. The applied electrode material, fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO), is characterized by a clear discrimination between substrate and product of COMT, a high stability of the dopamine signal during consecutive measurements, and a linear dependency on the dopamine concentration in the range of the maximum reaction rate of COMT. Despite these advantageous results, dopamine detection in the complete activity assay is influenced by each of the added essential assay components, even though none of the added components reveal a current signal at the FTO electrode itself. After adjusting the potential range and the assay composition, these effects can be circumvented. By following the dopamine concentrations during COMT action, it can be shown that the activity of COMT can be detected by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at an FTO electrode and, by analyzing different COMT amounts, quantification can be demonstrated.
Electrodeposited Cu2O Films on Gas Diffusion Layers for Selective CO2 Electroreduction to Ethylene in an Alkaline Flow Electrolyzer
Authors: Anastasiadou Dimitra , Schellekens Maarten , de Heer Michiel , Verma Sumit , Negro Emanuela 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNovel electrodes for the electroreduction of CO2 were prepared by the electrodeposition of copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) catalytic films on a gas diffusion layer. Different electrodes were prepared by varying the deposition time, corresponding to catalyst loadings of 0.37, 0.74, 2.22, 3.70 mg cm−2 and a total charge density of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 C cm−2, respectively. The electrodes were characterized with SEM, XRD, and UPD. The effect of catalyst loading on the selectivity towards ethylene was investigated in an alkaline flow electrolyzer under ambient conditions. The electrodes were found to be highly selective (>60 %) towards ethylene. The 1 C cm−2 electrode reached Faradaic efficiency values as high as 67 % at industrially relevant current densities of 183 mA cm−2, −0.8 V cathode overpotential and 36 % cell energy efficiency. This performance was attributed to the interplaying role of applied potential, local pH, availability of active sites, and reduced CO2 mass transport limitations.
Stereoselective Thioconjugation by Photoinduced Thiol‐ene Coupling Reactions of Hexo‐ and Pentopyranosyl d‐ and l‐Glycals at Low‐Temperature—Reactivity and Stereoselectivity Study
Authors: Kelemen Viktor , Bege Miklós , Eszenyi Dániel , Debreczeni Nóra , Bényei Attila , Stürzer Tobias , Herczegh Pál , Borbás Anikó 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA comprehensive optimization and mechanistic study on the photoinduced hydrothiolation of different d‐ and l‐ hexo‐ and pentoglycals with various thiols was performed, at the temperature range of RT to −120 °C. Addition of thiols onto 2‐substituted hexoglycals proceeded with complete 1,2‐cis‐α‐stereoselectivity in all cases. Hydrothiolation of 2‐substituted pentoglycals resulted in mixtures of 1,2‐cis‐α‐ and ‐β‐thioglycosides of varying ratio depending on the configuration of the reactants. Hydrothiolation of unsubstituted glycals at −80 °C proceeded with excellent yields and, except for galactal, provided the axially C2‐S‐linked isomers with high selectivity. Cooling was always beneficial to the efficacy, increased the yields and in most cases significantly raised the stereoselectivity. The suggested mechanism explains the different conformational preferences of the intermediate carbon‐centered radicals, which is a crucial factor in the stereoselectivity of the reactions.
Simultaneous determination of guaifenesin enantiomers and ambroxol HCl using 50‐mm chiral column for a negligible environmental impact
Authors: Tantawy Mahmoud A. , Yehia Ali M. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChiral stationary phases are conveniently used for enantiomeric separation of drugs by liquid chromatography. Consumption of large volumes of hazardous solvents is considered as a common challenge for the sustainability of this technique. To this end, a columnar chromatography has been adopted using 50‐mm‐length stationary phases. The study comprised five Phenomenex Lux cellulose‐ and amylose‐based columns for the separation of guaifenesin (GUA) enantiomers. In addition, an experimental design was used to optimize the gradient profile for the separation of racemic GUA and ambroxol HCl (AMB) binary mixture. The chromatographic method was achieved using Lux Cellulose‐1 (50 × 4.6 mm) as a chiral stationary phase and ethanol/water as a mobile phase with linear gradient elution of 20% to 70% ethanol in 6 minutes at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1and UV detection at 270 nm. Linearity ranges were found to be 50 to 1000 μg mL−1and 15 to 450 μg mL−1for each GUA enantiomer and AMB, respectively. Environmental, health and safety tool was used to assess and compare greenness of the proposed and reported methods. Short column indeed reduces the environmental impact by decreasing waste by about 60% and utilizing only 1‐mL ethanol in the mobile phase. The proposed method is a safer alternative for the simultaneous determination of drugs in their combined pharmaceutical formulation. The method has been validated and compared favorably with a reported one.
Essentielle Spurenelemente und toxische Metallverbindungen
Authors: Hufnagel Matthias , Niemand Rebecca K. , Strauch Bettina M. , Hartwig Andrea 
Published: August 2019

ZusammenfassungMetallverbindungen sind ubiquitär in der Erdkruste vorhanden und unverzichtbar für viele technische Anwendungen. Auch Spurenelemente sind in biologischen Systemen essentiell. Allerdings sind einige Metallverbindungen toxisch und sogar krebserzeugend, und auch bei Spurenelementen kommt der zellulären Homöostase eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Ein wichtiger Aspekt ist die Rolle von Metallionen bei der Aufrechterhaltung der Stabilität des Genoms. Während Spurenelemente beispielsweise als Bestandteile von Zink‐bindenden Domänen entscheidend zum korrekten Ablauf von DNA‐Reparaturprozessen und Tumorsuppressorfunktionen beitragen, sind es genau diese Strukturen, die besonders empfindliche Angriffspunkte für toxische Metallionen darstellen können. Aber auch Spurenelemente können toxisch sein, wenn die bei ausgewogener Ernährung gut regulierten intrazellulären Gehalte beispielsweise durch zu hohe Aufnahmemengen oder durch nicht physiologische Aufnahmewege deutlich überschritten werden. Einen vielversprechenden Ansatz zur Aufklärung von Wirkungsmechanismen bietet eine kürzlich etablierte High‐Throughput‐RT qPCR‐Methode, die es ermöglicht, den Einfluss auf 95 ausgewählte Gene, die eine wichtige Rolle bei der Aufrechterhaltung der genomischen Stabilität spielen, in 96 Proben parallel zu untersuchen. Neben der Erstellung toxikologischer „Fingerprints“ ermöglicht dieses System die Betrachtung von Dosis‐Wirkungs‐Beziehungen, vergleichende Untersuchungen unterschiedlicher Metallspezies sowie detaillierte mechanistische Analysen beispielsweise metallhaltiger Nanopartikel. Alle diese Aspekte sind wichtige Voraussetzungen für eine wissenschaftlich basierte Nutzen‐Risiko‐Bewertung.
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of peripheral arterial revascularization in high‐risk statin‐treated patients: A large administrative retrospective analysis
Authors: Toth Peter P. , Philip Sephy , Hull Michael , Granowitz Craig 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPeripheral artery disease (PAD) is common, and although it is associated with cardiovascular (CV) morbidity, mortality, reduced quality of life, and increased health care burden, PAD data are relatively scarce. Elevated triglycerides (TG) are associated with and are a risk factor for PAD.HypothesisLarge administrative retrospective data may provide further insight into the relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and peripheral arterial revascularization in high‐risk statin‐treated patients.MethodsThis retrospective administrative claims analysis of the Optum Research Database included statin‐treated patients aged ≥45 years with diabetes and/or atherosclerotic CV disease enrolled in 2010 and followed for ≥6 months. Patients with TG ≥150 mg/dL were propensity score‐matched to a comparator cohort with TG <150 mg/dL and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol >40 mg/dL (n = 23 181 in each cohort). A sub‐analysis was conducted in patients with TG 200‐499 mg/dL and a matched comparator cohort (n = 10 990). Clustered P‐values were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model with cohort as the independent variable (α, 0.05).ResultsMultivariate analysis showed a 37% higher rate of peripheral arterial revascularization in the elevated‐TG cohort vs the comparator cohort (hazard ratio [HR] 1.370, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.263‐1.486; P < .001). Results in the high‐TG sub‐cohort were similar, with a 49% higher rate of revascularization vs the comparator cohort (HR 1.489; 95% CI, 1.348‐1.644; P < .001).ConclusionsThis large administrative retrospective analysis of high‐risk statin‐treated patients showed that elevated TG (≥150 mg/dL) and high TG (200‐499 mg/dL) were significant predictors of peripheral arterial revascularization; this warrants further study.
Anatomically based simulation of hepatic perfusion in the human liver
Authors: Ma Renfei , Hunter Peter , Cousins Will , Ho Harvey , Bartlett Adam , Safaei Soroush 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLiver structures of a healthy subject are digitised and segmented from computed tomography (CT) images, and hepatic perfusion is modelled in the hepatic artery and portal vein of the healthy subject with structured tree‐based outflow boundary conditions. This self‐similar structured tree is widely used in the literature, eg, blood flow simulation in larger systemic arteries and cerebral circulation, and is used in this study to model the effect of the smaller hepatic arteries and arterioles, as well as the smaller hepatic portal veins and portal venules. Physiologically reasonable results are obtained. Since the structured tree terminates at the size of the microvasculature system in liver lobules, the structured tree boundary condition will enable the proposed organ‐level model of hepatic arterial flow to be easily connected to tissue‐level models of liver lobules. Blood flow in the hepatic vein is also modelled in this subject with three‐element Windkessel model as outflow boundary conditions. The benefit of integrating the perfusion in all hepatic vascular vessels is that it helps us analyse some complicated clinical phenomenon more efficiently, eg, one possible application is to obtain the portal pressure gradient (PPG) to help examine the reliability of hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) as an indirect measure of portal pressure. Moreover, since four to six generations of hepatic vessels, which are sufficient for liver classification analysis, were employed in the model, this study is setting the computational foundation of a potentially handy surgical tool.
Perceptions of the “anorexic voice”: A qualitative study of health care professionals
Authors: Graham Meghan R. , Tierney Stephanie , Chisholm Amy , Fox John R.E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPeople with anorexia nervosa (AN) often report experiencing a highly critical inner voice (AV) focused on their eating, shape, and weight. There are promising preliminary findings for its role in the treatment of AN, and the support of staff is vital for the AV to be embedded in treatment, but their views remain unknown. The aims of this study were to undertake a qualitative exploration of the perceptions of the AV among health care professionals (HCPs) in specialist eating disorder services. A thematic analysis was applied to interviews with 15 HCPs, including nurses, therapists, psychiatrists, health care assistants, psychologists, and dietitians. Two overarching themes were identified: “The AV is a vehicle for increasing compassion” and “It's not a one‐size‐fits‐all.” The AV was seen as a means of developing and sustaining compassion, but participants noted that it does not resonate for all clients. All HCPs in this study believed that there was potential benefit in utilizing the AV in their work with people with AN, and it is likely that doing so would help to reduce burnout and frustration within clinical teams.