bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Urinary Excretion of 5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate in Man
Authors: McLEAN ANNE , CHANARIN I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tritium-labeled folic acid was given intravenously to normal male volunteers and the nature of the folate compounds appearing in the urine was studied by column chromatography and microbiologic assay.
Three peaks of activity were obtained and these were due to (a) N10-formyl folate and p-amino-benzoylglutamate, (b) N 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, and (c) pteroylglutamic acid. Peaks (a) and (c) were tritium-labeled, but peak (b), containing 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, was not tritium-labeled.
It was concluded that between one-quarter to one-third of the folic acid activity in urine following a small parenteral dose was due to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, but that this arose by displacement from the tissue (presumably liver) and not from the administered dose of folic acid.
Brief Report: B12 Binding Protein Deficiency in Pernicious Anemia
Authors: LAWRENCE CHRISTINE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When radioactive B12 was added to normal serum, it was bound predominantly to beta globulin. Deficient binding was observed in the serum of five of ten patients with untreated pernicious anemia. Treatment of these patients with B12 restored the beta globulin B12 binding capacity toward normal.
In one of the five patients there was virtually no beta globulin binding of added B12 before treatment. This patient exhibited a malabsorptive pattern Schilling test when first seen. Treatment with B12 was attended by an increase of beta globulin binding capacity, and by return of the ability to absorb oral B12 when given with intrinsic factor. It is possible that these two abnormalities are related in that the beta globulin may have an important role in the absorption and transport of B12.
Inhibition of Erythropoiesis by a Factor Present in the Plasma of Patients with Erythroblastopenia
Authors: JEPSON JOANNE H. , LOWENSTEIN LOUIS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An erythropoietic inhibitor was found in the plasma of each of two patients with erythroblastopenia. Because these plasmas exhibited similar biological behavior to that of antisera to ESF, it is postulated that the inhibitory effect of these plasmas may be due to the formation of antibody directed against ESF.
Origin of Auer Bodies
Authors: FREEMAN JAMES A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Evidence accrued by electron microscopic study of in vitro tissue-cultured leukemic cells supports Ackerman’s histochemical evidence that Auer bodies are formed from azurophilic granules, a circumstance first postulated by Nakashima in 1924. The enzymatic content and structure of these granules conforms to that of lysosomes, according to deDuve’s concept. Therefore the Auer body actually represents an unusual form, or abnormal development, of lysosomes.
Immunofluorescence of Megakaryocytes in the Thrombocytopenic Purpuras
Authors: PIZZI F. , CARRARA P. M. , ALDEGHI A. , ERIDANI S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The fluorescent antibody technic was applied to the study of thrombocytopenic purpuras with a presumable immunologic pathogenesis.
The results of the investigation suggest the hypothesis that some plasma protein material is strongly adherent to the surface of megakaryocytes in more than 50 per cent of cases of chronic ITP.
Studies on the Metabolism of Adenosine and Adenine in Stored and Fresh Human Erythrocytes
Authors: LOWY BERTRAM A. , WILLIAMS MARJORIE K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The metabolism of adenosine-8-C14, at relatively high and low concentrations, was studied in human erythrocytes freshly obtained and after 6 and 9 weeks of storage in ACD. At high adenosine concentration (3.6 µM/ml. cells), considerable conversion to ATP was found in fresh and stored cells, suggesting that direct phosphorylation of adenosine occurred, a reaction that is minimal at low (0.36 µM/ml. cells) adenosine concentration because of extensive rapid deamination. Incorporation of the label via hypoxanthine or adenine is unlikely, since at high adenosine concentration no dilution of ATP labeling in the presence of unlabeled inosine (hypoxanthine) was found, nor was free labeled adenine detected in erythrocyte extracts.
A study of the metabolism of adenine-8-C14 in fresh and stored erythrocytes suggests that the presence of a suitable nucleoside (e.g., inosine) is required for efficient utilization of adenine-8-C14 for ATP formation in the erythrocytes of blood stored for prolonged periods.
Elimination of Chromosome Aberrations from Human Lymphocytes
Authors: NORMAN AMOS , SASAKI M. S. , OTTOMAN R. E. , FINGERHUT A. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The frequency of chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes of 36 hematologically normal women who had received radiation therapy for cervical carcinoma was measured. The decrease with time in the frequency of cells with acentric fragments, of cells with a single dicentric, and of quasidiploid cells can each be represented by a single exponential with an average lifetime, respectively, of 530 ± 64 days, 788 ± 98 days, and 5.55 ± 1.23 x 103 days. Aneuploid cells fall into two classes: One contains no chromosomes with structural aberrations and shows a stable frequency of about 5.8 per cent; the other contains chromosomes with structural aberrations and is eliminated at the same rate as cells with acentric chromosome fragments. The distribution of dicentrics among the lymphocytes at the end of the radiation therapy period is similar to that shown by a population of lymphocytes exposed in vitro to a single dose of about 300 rads.
Cytogenetic and Morphologic Abnormalities in Human Bone Marrow Cells during Cytosine Arabinoside Therapy
Authors: BELL WILLIAM R. , WHANG JACQUELINE J. , CARBONE PAUL P. , BRECHER GEORGE , BLOCK JEROME B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cytogenetic and morphologic abnormalities arising in the bone marrow following therapy with 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine hydrochloride (cytosine arabinoside) were studied with 10 patients with various neoplasms. A 5-day course of daily, rapid administration of the drug was employed at a dose of 150-200 mg./m2 body surface area. Within 24 hours there was a high incidence of chromosomal aberrations in both granulocytic and erythroid marrow cells. These aberrations consisted of chromatid breaks, erosions, despiralization, precocious separation of the chromatids at the centromeric region, and extensive fragmentation. Prominent morphologic abnormalities were seen in nondividing cells of the erythroid series, but were absent from the granulocytic precursors. Following cessation of cytosine arabinoside therapy, the morphologic and cytogenetic abnormalities rapidly returned to normal. These features were discussed in relation to the known pharmacology of cytosine arabinoside.
Studies on Several Genetic Hematologic Traits of Mexicans
Authors: LISKER RUBÉN , ZARATE GRACIELA , LORIA ALVAR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The distribution of abnormal hemoglobins and erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in 2000 Mexican Indians is described. It is pointed out that the frequency of hemoglobin S and G-6-PD deficiency is low and directly related to Negro admixture. On the other hand, two rare mutants were encountered: hemoglobins Mexico and Chiapas, the former in 2 unrelated subjects. The clinical, hematologic, genetic and biochemical characteristics of Hb Chiapas are described.
Analytical Review: Hemostatic Homeostasis
Authors: SPAET THEODORE H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Preservation of the blood fluidity is a primary prerequisite for the maintenance of the circulation and consequently of life itself. The protection against loss of this fluidity is accordingly most effective. Since blood coagulation is a sequential process involving the successive activation of multiple proenzymes79,80 and since each activated enzyme is subject to neutralization in the plasma and cellular clearance, it must be extremely difficult to achieve a significant degree of activation of the later clotting factors in circulating blood. This interpretation of hemostatic homeostasis provides a theoretical basis for doubting blood coagulation as a continuous generalized process in vivo; it buttresses experimental evidence against the generalized coagulation hypothesis.81 Seen from a different perspective, the above concept of hemostatic homeostasis provides a teleological reason for the complexity of the coagulation process: Since so many steps are required, a great variety of independent mechanisms is available for controlling them, and there is corresponding safety in having the control mechanisms unavailable to total destruction by a single disrupting pathway.
Observations on Certain Enzyme Activities of Normal Human Red Cells Treated with Sulfhydryl Compounds
Authors: SIRCHIA GIROLAMO , FERRONE SOLDANO , MILANI ROBERTO , MERCURIALI FRANCESCO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some enzyme activities of normal human red cells treated with AET and cysteine have been investigated. Treated red cells showed low acetylcholinesterase activity and low O2 uptake in the presence of methylene blue; on the contrary, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity and lactic acid production in the presence of glucose were found to be normal. Results are briefly discussed.
Leukocyte Response following Simultaneous Ionizing and Microwave (Radar) Irradiation
Authors: THOMSON R. A. E. , MICHAELSON S. M. , HOWLAND J. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Simultaneous microwave and x-irradiation at a sublethal x-ray dose level modify the hematologic response to x-irradiation. Earlier neutrophil recovery and delayed lymphocyte and hematocrit recovery resulted following simultaneous microwave and x-ray exposure.
The Effects of Phytohemagglutinin on Mouse Spleen Cells in Vivo
Authors: GAMBLE CHARLES N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The intravenous injection of absorbed (erythroagglutinin free) PHA in mice resulted in a marked increase in spleen weights, numbers of nucleated spleen cells, and spleen cells in mitosis. The morphologic changes induced in the splenic lymphocytes were striking and closely paralleled the changes observed following the addition of PHA to cultures of human and animal leukocytes. Observations on the absolute numbers of mature lymphocytes and immature lymphoid and blast cells suggest that the proliferative effect of PHA on spleen lymphocytes is due in part to mitosis following blast cell transformation of mature small lymphocytes. PHA also stimulated the normoblasts and granulocytes present in the mouse spleen to proliferate. The normoblasts showed a single early peak of proliferative activity. The granulocytes showed a similar early increase in numbers, but remained elevated for the duration of the experiment. The lymphoid cells showed an early, primary peak of proliferation as well as a later, secondary, smaller peak which preceded the appearance of serum antibody directed against PHA. The findings suggest that PHA acts as both a nonspecific or nonantigenic stimulus and as an antigenic stimulus to the proliferation of spleen lymphoid cells in vivo.
Erythrocyte Mucoids in Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: TISHKOFF GARSON H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Erythrocyte membrane mucoid composition has been quantitated in 13 normal subjects, 11 subjects with Coombs’ negative hemolytic or blood-loss anemia with reticulocytosis and 7 subjects with acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The stromal protein value was increased in all subjects with anemia and reticulocytosis. The increase in protein paralleled the reticulocyte count. An abnormality of the erythrocyte mucoid composition was observed in acquired autoimmune hemolytic anemia as evidenced by a significant decrease in the fucose to protein ratio. A lesser change was observed in the sialic acid to protein ratio. It is speculated that these changes in membrane mucoid composition may be related to the selective modification of certain red cell, fucose-containing receptors by endogenous enzymes, possibly activated by antigenantibody interaction.
Fast Hemoglobin in Lead Poisoning
Authors: CHARACHE SAMUEL , WEATHERALL DAVID J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. An electrophoretically fast hemoglobin was found in approximately 40 per cent of preschool children with elevated blood lead levels.
2. Fast hemoglobin was found more often in lead-poisoned patients with hypochromic anemia than in patients with normochromic red cells.
3. Fast hemoglobin differed from hemoglobins produced in vitro by incubation with chromate or oxidized glutathione. It had electrophoretic properties similar to that found in a few patients receiving tolbutamide.
4. Fast hemoglobin could not be differentiated from normal hemoglobin A3 by any technic utilized.
5. Both lead and A3 hemoglobins were heterogeneous molecular species.
6. The mechanisms leading to the production of hemoglobin A3 and lead hemoglobin remain unknown.
The Development of Hodgkin’s Disease and Lymphoma during Anticonvulsant Therapy
Authors: HYMAN GEORGE A. , SOMMERS SHELDON C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Six patients in whom Hodgkin’s disease or lymphosarcoma developed during the use of anticonvulsant agents (Dilantin, phenobarbital, Mysoline, Celontin) are reported.
2. The differential diagnosis from pseudolymphoma, the course of these malignant lymphomas, and their therapeutic management are discussed.
3. Based upon information presently available, it could not be determined whether the atypical hyperplasia sometimes observed during anticonvulsant drug therapy is precancerous, or whether these agents may be carcinogenic in certain sensitive individuals.
4. Patients with a seizure disorder who develop lymphoma require standard therapy for both conditions. The anticonvulsant drugs had no evident adverse effect on the course of the lymphoma, although substitution of another agent seems warranted, if possible, for the offending drug.
Characteristics of Cell Proliferation in Four Patients with Untreated Acute Leukemia
Authors: MAUER ALVIN M. , FISHER VIRGINIA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The characteristics of proliferation of leukemic cells in four children with untreated acute leukemia have been studied. In all four of these children a population of marrow leukemic cells was found which were dividing with a generation time of about 15 to 20 hours. In two of these patients it was possible to demonstrate that these dividing cells after one or more mitotic divisions became smaller and stopped dividing. In all of these patients 70 per cent or more of the leukemic cells of the marrow and almost all leukemic cells of the blood were nonproliferative at the time of these studies. These nondividing cells would be relatively unaffected by chemotherapeutic agents designed to inhibit cell division.
Brief Report: Factor VIII (AHF) Concentration in pH 6.5 Citrate-Plasma
Authors: MORRISON FRANCIS S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A by-product of the preparation of platelet concentrates, by recently proposed methods, is fresh citrate-plasma at pH 6.5. Because this plasma might be a useful source of Factor VIII, the activity was investigated. Compared to unaltered citrate-plasma, the activity was found to be 54 per cent. However, after incubation with washed fresh erythrocytes the "acidified" plasma had the same Factor VIII activity as the control.
This suggests that, after infusion, pH 6.5 plasma is probably as effective a source of Factor VIII as ordinary ACD-plasma. This conclusion was supported by observations on Factor VIII concentrates prepared by cryoprecipitation. In such preparations additional ACD and pH are eliminated as factors in the assay system. Factor VIII concentration in the precipitates prepared from acidified plasma was found to be as high as in precipitates prepared from untreated plasma.
Erythropoietin in the Urine of Normal and Erythropoietically Abnormal Human Beings
Authors: VAN DYKE DONALD , NOHR MARY LOU , LAWRENCE JOHN H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A standard method of concentrating urinary erythropoietin and a standard assay procedure can be used to demonstrate the hormone in the urine of normal human beings. The eythropoietically active material recovered produced increasing response to increasing dose and was completely neutralized by rabbit serum containing antibodies to human urinary erythropoietin. The average normal man excretes approximately 1 standard A unit of erythropoietin per day and the average normal woman excretes approximately 0.4 units per day. With the exception of one patient with a renal allograft, and normal subjects living at extremely high altitude, the recovery of erythropoietin from the urine has not been found to exceed normal in patients with polycythemia, whether the polycythemia is primary or secondary to renal pathology. Markedly elevated levels of erythropoietin were found in subjects living at extremely high altitude.
A Series of New Screening Procedures for Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, and Glutathione Reductase Deficiency
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , Halasz Agnes 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new type of screening procedure for the detection of enzymatic defects of the red cell has been described. The blood or red cell sample is added to the reaction mixture. After a suitable period of incubation a drop of the mixture is spotted on filter paper, permitted to dry, and examined for fluorescence under UV light. In this way the oxidation of reduction of pyridine nucleotides is readily evaluated. Reaction mixtures for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency, and glutathione reductase deficiency are described. The same general procedure should be readily adaptable to the detection of other enzymatic deficiencies of red cells, such as phosphogluconate dehydrogenase deficiency or triosephosphate isomerase deficiency.
Cytogenetic and Cytochemical Studies on Marrow Cells in B12 and Folate Deficiency
Authors: MENZIES ROSA C. , CROSSEN PETER E. , FITZGERALD PETER H. , GUNZ FREDERICK W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to define the functional defect in marrow cells in B12 and folate deficiency, ten patients were investigated. Chromosome studies showed alterations similar to those produced experimentally by agents interfering with DNA metabolism. Measurements of the DNA content of individual cells in the resting and synthetic stages of the mitotic cycle suggested arrest of DNA synthesis in a proportion of cells, or alternatively prolongation of the S and G2 phases. It was concluded that in these deficiency states changes in the cellular DNA metabolism may cause disturbances during both the mitotic and intermitotic stages of the cell cycle, and that these may account for the deficient production of the various classes of blood cells.
Ferritin Localization on the Erythroblast Cell Membrane and Ropheocytosis in Hypersiderotic Human Bone Marrows
Authors: TANAKA YASUKAZU , BRECHER GEORGE , BULL BRIAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Preferential ferritin localization on specialized areas of the plasma membrane of erythroblasts with subsequent invagination into ropheocytotic vesicles, and the occurrence of ropheocytosis without ferritin being present in the vesicles, has been previously described.
2. In a study of bone marrows from patients with hypersiderosis we have confirmed the previous observations, but we frequently found nonferritin ropheocytosis in erythroblasts adjacent to ferritin laden reticulum cells. In addition, ferritin localization along the outer surface of erythroblasts was noted, particularly between continuous surfaces of two adjacent erythroblasts. Such intercellular accumulations of ferritin were not necessarily associated with a high ferritin content of adjacent cells.
3. These observations did not favor the hypothesis that ferritin iron was being transferred directly from reticulum cells to adjacent erythroblasts. It is suggested that the accumulation of ferritin along extended stretches of the erythroblast surface may signify that iron which is detached from siderophilin but not immediately transported across the cell membrane is incorporated into apoferritin produced on the cell membrane.
A Study of Histamine in Myeloproliferative Disease
Authors: GILBERT HARRIET S. , WARNER RICHARD R. P. , WASSERMAN LOUIS R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Whole blood histamine content was measured in 80 patients with myeloproliferative disease. Increased levels were found in 60 per cent of patients with uncontrolled polycythemia vera, in 7 per cent of patients with polycythemia vera being controlled by myelosuppressive therapy, and in 71 per cent of a group with "spent" polycythemia, myeloid metaplasia and myelofibrosis.
2. The excretion of histamine in the urine was measured in 60 patients, 30 with elevated blood histamine and 30 with normal blood histamine. The urine findings paralleled the blood findings in 90 per cent of the cases.
3. Measurements of cell-poor and cell-rich fractions of blood showed that the histamine is contained in the white cell fraction. Elevated basophil counts were present in 50 per cent of the patients and occurred with the greatest frequency in the groups with elevated blood and urine histamine. A rough correlation between the basophil count and the histamine content of blood and white cell fractions was observed in normal subjects and most cases with myeloproliferative disease. Data obtained in some cases of myeloproliferative disease suggest that the histamine content of the basophil may be abnormal and that other granulocytes may contribute to the total leukocyte histamine.
4. Myelosuppressive agents produced a reduction in histamine (expressed per 109 myeloid cells) and a decrease in urine histamine as control of the myeloproliferative process was achieved. Treatment with phlebotomy alone produced no change in histamine levels.
5. The incidence of pruritus, upper gastrointestinal distress and urticarial manifestations was increased 7-fold, 4-fold and 12-fold, respectively, in patients with elevated histamine levels as compared with those who had normal histamine levels.
6. Cyproheptadine, a potent antihistaminic, successfully controlled pruritus, relieved pyrosis and suppressed urticarial eruptions in patients with elevated histamine levels. Suppression of the reaction to subcutaneously administered codeine (a histamine-releaser) afforded objective evidence that cyproheptadine blocked the effects of histamine release in vivo.
7. The metabolism of histamine and the role of elevated histamine levels in the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of myeloproliferative disease are discussed.
Brief Note: Tritiated Thymidine as a Cytocidal Agent in Human Leukemia
Authors: GREENBERG MICHAEL L. , CHANANA ARJUN D. , CRONKITE EUGENE P. , SCHIFFER LEWIS M. , STRYCKMANS PIERRE A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two patients with acute leukemia had considerable decreases in leukemic cells in the peripheral blood as well as reduction in size of spleen and leukemic masses after 10 injections of 3H-TDR given over a 5-day period. Each injection was 0.25 µc./Gm. body weight.
2. The pertinent aspects of cytotoxic effects of 3H-TDR are reviewed.
3. The radiation doses delivered to the nucleus are estimated from autoradiographic data.
4. Evidence is presented for the observed effects being due to 3H-TDR.