bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
India's national security: challenges and dilemmas
Authors: Pant Harsh V. , Bommakanti Kartik 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
India faces a very challenging strategic environment, with its immediate opponents possessing significant capabilities and militaries that are modernizing rapidly. This article explores the opportunities, challenges and constraints confronting the Indian state in building its military strength to deal with its variegated threat environment. It examines how India has dealt with the use of force and how it seeks to shape its armed forces in the face of new threats and emerging capabilities. This article explores six key areas of enquiry and is correspondingly structured. First, how does the Indian state view the use of force? Second, what has the Indian state's recent experience been with conflict and to what extent has it influenced its thinking? Third, how does the Indian state view the future character of conflict? Fourth, what conclusions has India drawn about the role of alliances and strategic partners in dealing with the nature of the conflict it faces? Fifth, how does the Indian state intend to configure its forces to deal with this evolving nature of conflict? Finally, what do all these factors mean for its defence acquisitions? As an emerging power, India has to contend with these questions and the measures it has put in place are still a work in progress. There remains a fundamental need for greater integration across the Indian security sphere—in interservice arrangements, in procurement processes, and in broader strategic thinking and planning.
Australia, the utility of force and the society-centric battlespace
Authors: Kelton Maryanne , Sullivan Michael , Bienvenue Emily , Rogers Zac 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Greater uncertainty characterizes Australia's strategic environment. Power transitions in the Indo-Pacific test US primacy at a time when Australia as a major US alliance partner is encountering new asymmetric, society-centric threats from state and non-state actors in what is called the ‘cognitive battlespace’. This is a different kind of warfare, utilizing information as military force. Threats take the form of direct manipulation of interconnected, information-rich environments. Securing the national interest from society-centric threats involving the ‘weaponization of information’, especially of social media and the global corporate platforms upon which they operate, poses considerable strategic, conceptual and technological challenges for Australia's civilian and military cyber-defence agencies. We begin by briefly reviewing the evolution of the strategic culture underpinning Australia's understanding and use of military force, arguing that it is shaped largely by historical insecurity borne from a deeply embedded social sense of isolation and an unquestioned strategic imperative to rely on alliances with ‘great and powerful friends’. We give a brief account of Australia's ‘last wars’ which saw it deploy to Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria and note the evolving cyber-enabled changes to the battlefield. We then argue that the new cyber-threats target the domestic fabric of liberal democracies and market economies, posing risks to all military and civilian institutions as well as weakening citizens' belief in the values which underpin them. Finally, we examine Australia's evolving integration with US networked cyber capabilities, and legislative and bureaucratic reforms to counter foreign political interference campaigns, asking whether they are sufficient.
Start-ups, job creation, and founder characteristics
Authors: Brown J David , Earle John S , Kim Mee Jung , Lee Kyung Min 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Analyzing data on all US employers in a cohort of entering firms, we document a highly skewed size distribution, such that the largest 5% account for over half of cohort employment at firm birth and more than two-thirds at firm age 7. Analyzing linked survey-administrative data, we find that female, African–American, and younger founders are initially less likely to start large firms. The gender gap persists through firm age 7, while racial and age gaps do not. Education is positively associated with start-up size, except for graduate degrees. Prior entrepreneurship and founding team size are positively associated, but team diversity is not. Specifications with capital and industry controls illuminate roles of financial constraints and sectoral choice.
Prevalence of voriconazole-resistant invasive aspergillosis and its impact on mortality in haematology patients
Authors: Resendiz-Sharpe Agustin , Mercier Toine , Lestrade Pieter P A , van der Beek Martha T , von dem Borne Peter A , Cornelissen Jan J , De Kort Elizabeth , Rijnders Bart J A , Schauwvlieghe Alexander F A D , Verweij Paul E , Maertens Johan , Lagrou Katrien 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Increasing resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus to triazoles in high-risk populations is a concern. Its impact on mortality is not well understood, but rates from 50% to 100% have been reported.

Objectives
To determine the prevalence of voriconazole-resistant A. fumigatus invasive aspergillosis (IA) and its associated mortality in a large multicentre cohort of haematology patients with culture-positive IA.

Methods
We performed a multicentre retrospective study, in which outcomes of culture-positive haematology patients with proven/probable IA were analysed. Patients were stratified based on the voriconazole susceptibility of their isolates (EUCAST broth microdilution test). Mycological and clinical data were compared, along with survival at 6 and 12 weeks.

Results
We identified 129 A. fumigatus culture-positive proven or probable IA cases; 103 were voriconazole susceptible (79.8%) and 26 were voriconazole resistant (20.2%). All but one resistant case harboured environment-associated resistance mutations in the cyp51A gene: TR34/L98H (13 cases) and TR46/Y121F/T289A (12 cases). Triazole monotherapy was started in 75.0% (97/129) of patients. Mortality at 6 and 12 weeks was higher in voriconazole-resistant cases in all patients (42.3% versus 28.2%, P = 0.20; and 57.7% versus 36.9%, P = 0.064) and in non-ICU patients (36.4% versus 21.6%, P = 0.16; and 54.4% versus 30.7%; P = 0.035), compared with susceptible ones. ICU patient mortality at 6 and 12 weeks was very high regardless of triazole susceptibility (75.0% versus 66.7%, P = 0.99; and 75.0% versus 73.3%, P = 0.99).

Conclusions
A very high prevalence of voriconazole resistance among culture-positive IA haematology patients was observed. The overall mortality at 12 weeks was significantly higher in non-ICU patients with voriconazole-resistant IA compared with voriconazole-susceptible IA.
Online health community experiences of sexual minority women with cancer
Authors: Lee Young Ji , Kamen Charles , Margolies Liz , Boehmer Ulrike 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objective
The study sought to explore online health communities (OHCs) for sexual minority women (SMW) with cancer by conducting computational text analysis on posts.

Materials and Methods
Eight moderated OHCs were hosted by the National LGBT Cancer Network from 2013 to 2015. Forty-six SMW wrote a total of 885 posts across the OHCs, which were analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count and latent Dirichlet allocation. Pearson correlation was calculated between Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count word categories and participant engagement in the OHCs. Latent Dirichlet allocation was used to derive main topics.

Results
Participants (average age 46 years; 89% white/non-Hispanic) who used more sadness, female-reference, drives, and religion-related words were more likely to post in the OHCs. Ten topics emerged: coping, holidays and vacation, cancer diagnosis and treatment, structure of day-to-day life, self-care, loved ones, physical recovery, support systems, body image, and symptom management. Coping was the most common topic; symptom management was the least common topic.

Discussion
Highly engaged SMW in the OHCs connected to others via their shared female gender identity. Topics discussed in these OHCs were similar to OHCs for heterosexual women, and sexual identity was not a dominant topic. The presence of OHC moderators may have driven participation. Formal comparison between sexual minority and heterosexual women’s OHCs are needed.

Conclusions
Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the experiences of SMW cancer survivors and can inform the development of tailored OHC-based interventions for SMW who are survivors of cancer.
Screening Sugars Can Benefit the Parasitoid Cotesia chilonis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Without Benefiting Its Host, Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Tian Jun-Ce , Chen Yang , Shelton Anthony M , Zheng Xu-Song , Xu Hong-Xing , Lu Zhong-Xian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Most adult parasitoids depend on carbohydrate-rich food as an energy source for longevity, fecundity, and mobility. Thus, providing sugars has been proposed as a technique to maximize the biological control efficacy of parasitoids. However, the sugars provided for parasitoids need to be carefully selected because herbivore hosts might also benefit. Here we explore the effects of 12 naturally occurring sugars on the longevity and fecundity of the rice pest, Chilo suppressalis, and the longevity of its parasitoid, Cotesia chilonis, as well as the effect of sugars on sugar consumption of C. chilonis. Results showed that none of the tested sugars significantly impacted the longevity of C. suppressalis, but fructose, glucose, maltose, and sucrose significantly increased its fecundity. The longevity of C. chilonis was significantly increased when fed fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, and melezitose. Our data suggest that C. chilonis consumed larger quantities of glucose, fructose, and sucrose followed by maltose, melezitose, and trehalose and the longevity of C. chilonis was positively correlated to sugar consumption. Our data also suggest that the herbivore C. suppressalis and its parasitoid C. chilonis responded differently to trehalose and melezitose. Although additional studies are needed, our data suggest that these sugars could be considered as candidate components for sugar sprays to enhance the activity and efficacy of C. chilonis, but without benefiting its pest host.
In the mood for learning? How the thought collectives of designers and engineers co-create innovations
Authors: Punstein Anna Mateja , Glückler Johannes 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article, we argue that learning across fields depends on the social construction of (in)commensurability rather than on the ‘distance’ between bodies of knowledge. Building on Fleck’s (1935) original concept of thought collectives, we examine how two professions, engineers and industrial designers, often fail yet sometimes succeed to make their knowledge commensurable and co-create innovation. Empirically, we draw on qualitative fieldwork in Baden-Württemberg to identify three types of relations between industrial design and technical innovation: separation (design without designers), sequential collaboration (shallow and aesthetic design), and co-creation (pervasive design). We extend the concept of inter-collective learning geographically and explore how place and various scales of space affect local thought styles, the retention of thought solidarity and the emergence of new temporary thought collectives.
Sodium Ascorbate as a Potential Toxicant in Attractive Sugar Baits for Control of Adult Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: McDermott Emily G , Morris Erin K , Garver Lindsey S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAttractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) can be an effective vector control tool, especially in areas where aerial or aquatic applications of pesticides are undesirable or impractical. In general, there is a need to develop novel or alternative insecticides for vector control, and there is a demand from consumers for more ‘natural’ pest control products. Sodium ascorbate (SA) is a naturally occurring antioxidant compound, found in fruits and vegetables, and is available commercially in the United States as a food additive and supplement. In this study, we continuously exposed groups of adult Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae), Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, and Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva; Diptera: Psychodidae) to ATSBs containing SA in concentrations of 6, 8, 10, and 20%, and tracked their mortality over 10 d. We also exposed insects to a 20% SA–ATSB on a single day to determine the effect of a single exposure to the bait on mortality. Concentrations of ≥8% SA significantly reduced survival of both mosquito species over 10 d compared with sugar-fed controls. Sand fly mortality was inconsistent. A single exposure to 20% SA significantly reduced the survival of An. stephensi. Mosquitoes exposed to SA exhibited elevated catalase levels and cell death. The use of SA in ATSBs may be most effective in areas where sugar sources are scarce, and where mosquito species frequently sugar-feed. SA sugar baits may be a particularly attractive option for the general public looking to control mosquito populations using ‘natural’ alternatives to synthetic insecticides.
Distances and parallax bias in Gaia DR2
Authors: Schönrich Ralph , McMillan Paul , Eyer Laurent 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We derive Bayesian distances for all stars in the radial velocity sample of Gaia DR2, and use the statistical method of Schönrich, Binney & Asplund to validate the distances and test the Gaia parallaxes. In contrast to other methods, which rely on special sources, our method directly tests the distances to all stars in our sample. We find clear evidence for a near-linear trend of distance bias f with distance s, proving a parallax offset δp. On average, we find ${\delta _{\rm p}}= -0.054 \, {\rm mas}$ (parallaxes in Gaia DR2 need to be increased) when accounting for the parallax uncertainty underestimate in the Gaia set (compared to ${\delta _{\rm p}}= -0.048 \, {\rm mas}$ on the raw parallax errors), with negligible formal error and a systematic uncertainty of about $0.006 \, {\rm mas}$. The value is in concordance with results from asteroseismic measurements, but differs from the much lower bias found on quasar samples. We further use our method to compile a comprehensive set of quality cuts in colour, apparent magnitude, and astrometric parameters. Lastly, we find that for this sample δp appears to strongly depend on σp (when including the additional $0.043 \, {\rm mas}$) with a statistical confidence far in excess of 10σ and a proportionality factor close to 1, though the dependence varies somewhat with σp. Correcting for the σp dependence also resolves otherwise unexplained correlations of the offset with the number of observation periods ${n_{\rm vis}}$ and ecliptic latitude. Every study using Gaia DR2 parallaxes/distances should investigate the sensitivity of its results on the parallax biases described here and – for fainter samples – in the DR2 astrometry paper.
Painting with baryons: augmenting N-body simulations with gas using deep generative models
Authors: Tröster Tilman , Ferguson Cameron , Harnois-Déraps Joachim , McCarthy Ian G 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Running hydrodynamical simulations to produce mock data of large-scale structure and baryonic probes, such as the thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich (tSZ) effect, at cosmological scales is computationally challenging. We propose to leverage the expressive power of deep generative models to find an effective description of the large-scale gas distribution and temperature. We train two deep generative models, a variational auto-encoder and a generative adversarial network, on pairs of matter density and pressure slices from the BAHAMAS hydrodynamical simulation. The trained models are able to successfully map matter density to the corresponding gas pressure. We then apply the trained models on 100 lines of sight from SLICS, a suite of N-body simulations optimized for weak lensing covariance estimation, to generate maps of the tSZ effect. The generated tSZ maps are found to be statistically consistent with those from BAHAMAS. We conclude by considering a specific observable, the angular cross-power spectrum between the weak lensing convergence and the tSZ effect and its variance, where we find excellent agreement between the predictions from BAHAMAS and SLICS, thus enabling the use of SLICS for tSZ covariance estimation.
Fluorescent C ii* 1335Å emission spectroscopically resolved in a galaxy at z = 5.754
Authors: Bosman Sarah E I , Laporte Nicolas , Ellis Richard S , Ouchi Masami , Harikane Yuichi 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of the first spectroscopically resolved C ii/C ii* 1334, 1335 doublet in the Lyman-break galaxy J0215–0555 at zLyα = 5.754. The separation of the resonant and fluorescent emission channels was possible thanks to the large redshift of the source and long integration time, as well as the small velocity width of the feature, 0.6 ± 0.2Å. We model this emission and find that at least two components are required to reproduce the combination of morphologies of C ii* emission, C ii absorption and emission, and Lyman-α emission from the object. We suggest that the close alignment between the fluorescence and Lyman-α emission could indicate an ionization escape channel within the object. While the faintness of such a C ii/C ii* doublet makes it prohibitively difficult to pursue for similar systems with current facilities, we suggest it can become a valuable porosity diagnostic in the era of JWST and the upcoming generations of ELTs.
Profiling the genome-wide landscape of tandem repeat expansions
Authors: Mousavi Nima , Shleizer-Burko Sharona , Yanicky Richard , Gymrek Melissa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTandem repeat (TR) expansions have been implicated in dozens of genetic diseases, including Huntington’s Disease, Fragile X Syndrome, and hereditary ataxias. Furthermore, TRs have recently been implicated in a range of complex traits, including gene expression and cancer risk. While the human genome harbors hundreds of thousands of TRs, analysis of TR expansions has been mainly limited to known pathogenic loci. A major challenge is that expanded repeats are beyond the read length of most next-generation sequencing (NGS) datasets and are not profiled by existing genome-wide tools. We present GangSTR, a novel algorithm for genome-wide genotyping of both short and expanded TRs. GangSTR extracts information from paired-end reads into a unified model to estimate maximum likelihood TR lengths. We validate GangSTR on real and simulated data and show that GangSTR outperforms alternative methods in both accuracy and speed. We apply GangSTR to a deeply sequenced trio to profile the landscape of TR expansions in a healthy family and validate novel expansions using orthogonal technologies. Our analysis reveals that healthy individuals harbor dozens of long TR alleles not captured by current genome-wide methods. GangSTR will likely enable discovery of novel disease-associated variants not currently accessible from NGS.
High-protein diet with renal hyperfiltration is associated with rapid decline rate of renal function: a community-based prospective cohort study
Authors: Jhee Jong Hyun , Kee Youn Kyung , Park Seohyun , Kim Hyoungnae , Park Jung Tak , Han Seung Hyeok , Kang Shin-Wook , Yoo Tae-Hyun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of a high-protein diet with renal hyperfiltration (RHF) on decline of kidney function has rarely been explored. We investigated the association between a high-protein diet, RHF and declining kidney function.MethodsA total of 9226 subjects from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a community-based prospective study (2001–14), were enrolled and classified into quartiles according to daily amount of protein intake based on food frequency questionnaires. RHF was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with residuals of >95th percentile after adjustment for age, sex, history of hypertension or diabetes, height and weight. Rapid decline of renal function was defined as decline rate of eGFR >3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year.ResultsThe relative risk of RHF was 3.48-fold higher in the highest than in the lowest protein intake quartile after adjustment for confounding factors [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–8.71]. The mean eGFR decline rate was faster as quartiles of protein intake increased. Furthermore, the highest quartile was associated with 1.32-fold increased risk of rapid eGFR decline (95% CI 1.02–1.73). When subjects were divided into two groups with or without RHF, the highest quartile was associated with a rapid decline in renal function only in RHF subjects (odds ratio 3.35; 95% CI 1.07–10.51). The sensitivity analysis using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–15) data with 40 113 subjects showed that higher quartile was associated with increased risk for RHF.ConclusionsA high-protein diet increases the risk of RHF and a rapid renal function decline in the general population. These findings suggest that a high-protein diet has a deleterious effect on renal function in the general population.
Polysomy is associated with poor outcome in 1p/19q codeleted oligodendroglial tumors
Authors: Chen Hui , Thomas Cheddhi , Munoz Felipe Andres , Alexandrescu Sanda , Horbinski Craig M , Olar Adriana , McGuone Declan , Camelo-Piragua Sandra , Wang Lu , Pentsova Elena , Phillips Joanna , Aldape Kenneth , Chen Wen , Iafrate A John , Chi Andrew S , Zagzag David , Golfinos John G , Placantonakis Dimitris G , Rosenblum Marc , Ohman-Strickland Pamela , Hameed Meera , Snuderl Matija 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundChromosomal instability is associated with earlier progression in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)–mutated astrocytomas. Here we evaluated the prognostic significance of polysomy in gliomas tested for 1p/19q status.MethodsWe analyzed 412 histologic oligodendroglial tumors with use of 1p/19q testing at 8 institutions from 1996 to 2013; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for 1p/19q was performed. Polysomy was defined as more than two 1q and 19p signals in cells. Tumors were divided into groups on the basis of their 1p/19q status and polysomy and were compared for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsIn our cohort, 333 tumors (81%) had 1p/19q loss; of these, 195 (59%) had concurrent polysomy and 138 (41%) lacked polysomy, 79 (19%) had 1p/19q maintenance; of these, 30 (38%) had concurrent polysomy and 49 (62%) lacked polysomy. In agreement with prior studies, the group with 1p/19q loss had significantly better PFS and OS than did the group with 1p/19q maintenance (P &lt; 0.0001 each). Patients with 1p/19q loss and polysomy showed significantly shorter PFS survival than patients with 1p/19q codeletion only (P &lt; 0.0001), but longer PFS and OS than patients with 1p/19q maintenance (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.0001). There was no difference in survival between tumors with &gt;30% polysomic cells and those with &lt;30% polysomic cells. Polysomy had no prognostic significance on PFS or OS in patients with 1p/19q maintenance.ConclusionsThe presence of polysomy in oligodendroglial tumors with codeletion of 1p/19q predicts early recurrence and short survival in patients with 1p/19q codeleted tumors.