bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint Treatment of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater – Case Project: City of Kotka, Finland
Authors: Väänänen Pentti , Pouttu Pekka , Kulmala Timo 
Published: May 2018

The National Board of Waters in Finland has proposed a study on the joint treatment of industrial and municipal wastewaters of the City of Kotka. This study is of great interest due to the large forest products industry and food industry in Kotka. All of the wastewaters from the forest products and the food industry and the municipal sewage have been found to be suitable for biological treatment, which makes the joint treatment applicable. An activated sludge process is selected because it takes advantage of the large amount of nutrients in the municipal sewage and it has proved to be the most efficient treatment method for forest industry wastewaters.
However, municipal wastewater contains more nutrients than needed for the biological process, which can cause eutrophication problems in the watercourse. To reduce the pollution caused by the nutrients, chemical treatment of the wastewater is also proposed in the joint treatment. It was concluded that the joint treatment of wastewater is economically, technically and environmentally the best way to arrange wastewater treatment for the industry and the city.
Lead and Cadmium Removal by Ion Exchange
Authors: Maliou E. , Malamis M. , Sakellarides P. O. 
Published: May 2018

The ion exchange properties of the zeolites can be used to remove certain ions from the effluents.
In this work a natural clinoptilolite has been examined systematically in order to evaluate whether this low cost mineral can be employed for the removal of the metals lead and cadmium which are very toxic, even at very low concentrations.
Studies were performed under various conditions such as presence of different cations (Pb, Cd, Na), zeolite grain size, solution temperature. The results obtained indicate that the size of the zeolite does not affect the actual metal uptake at the equilibrium point, but the metal removal is greatly affected when the contact of the solid/liquid phases is short, a very essential parameter for the waste water treatment. For a short contact time the metal quantities removed using small grain size is nearly doubled. The same pattern is followed at higher temperatures, though a slight increase is observed for both zeolite grain sizes and both metals, lead and cadmium. At equilibrium half of the theoretical exchange capacity of the zeolite is used, approximately 1.4 meq/g for lead and 1.1 meq/g for cadmium.
The kinetic curves show very clearly the selectivity of the zeolite for the Pb ions but also significant amounts of cadmium are removed as well.
Volatile Organic Sulfur Compounds Associated with Blue-Green Algae from Inland Waters of Japan
Authors: Tsuchiya Y. , Watanabe M. F. , Watanabe M. 
Published: May 2018

Volatile organic sulfur compounds produced by Microcystis isolated from inland waters of Japan were identified. Compounds with an unpleasant smell have been detected from seven strains of Microcystis aeruginosa and three strains of M.wesenbergii. Isopropyl mercaptan was detected in all strains and isopropyl disulfide from five strains. Methyl isothiocyanate, isopropyl methyl sulfide, and isopropyl methyl disulfide were also found in some strains. Isopropyl mercaptan and isopropyl disulfide were decomposed by chlorination, with the formation of isopropyl sulfonyl chloride. A mutagenicity study of isopropyl sulfonyl chloride and the chlorinated culture media produced by Microcystis was carried out using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay.
Isopropyl sulfonyl chloride exhibited mutagenic activity for strain TA 98 in the presence of S9 mix and for strain TA 100 with and without the S9 mix. Some chlorinated algal cultures showed mutageic activity with strains TA 98 and TA 100, with and without the S9 mix.
Odorous Substances and Cyanobacterial Toxins in Prairie Drinking Water Sources
Authors: Kenefick S. L. , Hrudey S. E. , Prepas E. E. , Motkosky N. , Peterson H. G. 
Published: May 2018

Algal blooms in eutrophic lakes have been regarded by some as primarily an aesthetic nuisance for recreational and drinking water uses despite well documented incidents of livestock and wildlife poisoning attributed to cyanobacterial toxins. A survey was conducted of three eutrophic, water supply lakes and eight rural dugouts experiencing cyanobacterial blooms. Biomass was characterized for dominant cyanobacterial genera and analyses were conducted for the hepatotoxins, microcystin LR and RR and the neurotoxin, anatoxin-a.
Some water samples collected simultaneously were screened for geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol and β-cyclocitral. Results showed that microcystin LR (LD50 of 50 µg/kg in mice) was present in concentrations up to 500 µg/g of algal biomass and microcystin LR levels were generally related to the proportion of Microcystis in the collected algal biomass. There was no relationship between the presence of microcystin LR and the presence of any of the odour compounds. Consequently, cyanobacterial odour-causing compounds in water did not provide reliable warning of the presence of the microcystin LR in these cyanobacterial blooms.
Incidence of Off-Flavors in South African Surface Waters
Authors: Wnorowski A. U. , Scott W. E. 
Published: May 2018

Incidents of odor in selected South African subtropical water bodies, the majority of which are sources of potable water, are presented. The presumed origin, prevalence and frequency of earthy/muddy off-flavors are described. Investigation into odor cases included the following: sensory and instrumental (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) analyses of odorous water samples, enumeration and identification of cyanobacteria, algae and actinomycetes present in the samples and attempts to establish cultures of responsible microorganisms for confirmation of odor production. The possibility of concomitant production of toxins by odor-forming cyanobacteria is also discussed.
Incidence of off-flavors of 30% was established. All affected reservoirs were dominated by cyanobacteria, mainly Microcystis aeruginosa. Odorous substances detected in water were geosmin and dimethyl trisulphide. Efforts to isolate odor-producing organisms in culture were unsuccessful.
From individual case histories studied it is clear that odor incidents in man-made lakes present a serious problem in South Africa. The warmer climatic conditions and seasonally fluctuating water level create additional factors for odor formation, which are different from those experienced in more temperate regions.
Research Agenda for Waste Minimization*
Authors: Peterst R. W. , Daniels E. J. , Wolsky A. M. 
Published: May 2018

Because of the large quantities of materials and energy used by the chemical industry, significant opportunities are available for waste reduction. Waste reduction techniques include improvements in process selectivity and/or conversion, the ability to operate at lower temperatures and/or pressures, processes requiring fewer steps, feedstocks with fewer inherent byproducts, more efficient equipment design, products and/or catalysts with longer lives, more efficient unit operations, innovative process integration, avoidance of heat degradation of reaction products, new uses for otherwise valueless by-products, and elimination of leaks and fugitive emissions. The implementation of waste minimization alternatives in the chemical industry were categorized in terms of near- (0-5 years implementation), mid- (5-10 years), and long-term impacts (10+ years).
*The viewpoints expressed here are not necessarily those of the Laboratory or its sponsors.
A Study of Microbial Problems and Their Control in the Oilfield Waters
Authors: Vossoughi M. , Alemzadeh I. 
Published: May 2018

Microorganisms present in injection water or other oilfield water may cause corrosion or plugging of lines and reservoir formation rock.
It should be pointed out that the mere presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in water does not necessarily mean that they present a problem.
Elimination or reduction of bacteria is justified only if it represents an economical solution to a corrosion or plugging problem.
This paper is an attempt to report the most important bacteria which grow in oilfield of Ahwaz (Iran), in order to control the action and their growth.
Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) were the most important and damaging bacteria in this area. They cause corrosion, and the iron sulfide produced as a product of the corrosion reaction is an excellent,plugging material.
The bacteria have been isolated from black deep sediments of a river in the neighbourhood of Ahwaz in which the sulfate concentration is high enough to promote the activity of SRB. The strains were first cultivated in anaerobic shakeflasks and progressively adapted to the culture contained carbohydrate and yeast extract as a model for primary experiment. The effect of the pH and temperature on the growth of bacteria under continuous cultivation show that the SRB grow under rather extreme conditions e.g. under pH ranging from 4 to 10, and temperature from 20 to 50°c.
Sewage Treatment by UASB-Reactor. Operation Results and Recommendations for Design and Utilization
Authors: Vieira S. M. M. , Garcia A. D. 
Published: May 2018

A 120 m3 UASB reactor for domestic wastewater treatment was designed and built, based upon results obtained through the operation of a 106 L pilot unit. This system was operated for four years for demonstration and technology development purposes. The results obtained in the first year of operation were already previously presented.
After this period, some modifications were carried out aiming at design and operation and maintenance and facilities improvement. This was followed by a continuous 2-year operating period. In this work are presented some of the results obtained in this second phase of operation, with hydraulic retention times ranging from 5 to 15 h, resulting in an effluent with 50 to 150 mg COD.L−1 and 40 to 85 mg BOD.L−1. Some criteria are presented, together with the experience acquired in the development of this technology from the pilot reactor phase. During this period, several lectures and discussions about the system were held in relation to its use, operation and efficiency, leading to considerations about the advantages and convenience of this choice, by establishing a comparison between it and other wastewater treatment processes.
Anaerobic Treatment of Domestic Sewage under Moderate Climatic (Dutch) Conditions Using Upflow Reactors at Increased Superficial Velocities
Authors: van der Last A. R. M. , Lettinga G. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes experiments with domestic sewage using a 120 litre expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and a 205 litre fluidised bed (FB) reactor. Presettled domestic sewage was used in the experiments, because these reactor systems are inadeguate in removing SS. Compared to conventional UASB reactors, the advantage of EGSB systems is the significantly better contact between sludge and wastewater.
A batch recirculation system was used to assess the maximum achievable removal of the different COD fractions under EGSB and UASB conditions. The results obtained with the EGSB reactor reveal a removal efficiency of 90% with respect to the maximum obtainable efficiency of the soluble COD fraction under dry weather conditions. This efficiency can be obtained at hydraulic retention times (HRT) exceeding 3 hours. Even at HRT's ranging from 2 - 1.5 hours, still 84% - 77% of the maximum possible removal efficiency as assessed in batch recirculation experiments can be achieved at temperatures exceeding 13°C.
The advantage of EGSB systems is the high volumetric loading rate that can be applied while maintaining a high removal of the dissolved COD fraction. Moreover, little if any accumulation of inert suspended solids occurs in the sludge bed.
On the other hand, the poor removal of suspended solids can be considered as a disadvantage of these systems in treating domestic sewage.
Conventional FB systems using sand as carrier material were shown to have little prospect for treating settled domestic sewage, because hardly any methanogenic activity will develop in such a system.
However, it was also found that a very satisfactory guality granular sludge developed on settled sewage when operating FB systems in a mode similar to EGSB systems. This granular sludge appeared to be of a guality egual or even better than that of granular seed sludge, cultivated in a UASB reactor treating papermill wastewater.
Anaerobic Biodegradability of the Organic Components of Municipal Solid Wastes (OFMSW)
Authors: Peres C. S. , Sanchez C. R. , Matumoto C. , Schmidell W. 
Published: May 2018

The aim of this research was to study the anaerobic conversion efficiency of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). In order to compare and appraise our techniques and respective conversion efficiencies, primary sewage sludge (PSS) assays were also performed. OFMSW has a high cellulose content (32.9% TS) followed by lignin (12.5% TS), protein (9.61% TS), lipids (5.94% TS) and hemicellulose (5.2% TS). PSS is equally rich in lipids (19.8% TS), protein (18.2% TS) and lignin (19.6% TS), followed by cellulose (13.4% TS) and hemicellulose (5.5% TS).
Assays were run in CSTRbiodigesters operated at 35°C and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). Three organic loading rates - 1.0, 2.7 and 3.8 OFMSW g VS/Lr.d (gram of volatile solids per liter of reactor per day) - were studied. PSS was assayed only at 1.0 g VS/Lr.d.
Concerning the conversion efficiencies, the most important component for the OFMSW anaerobic digestion is cellulose (74.0 - 77.8% conversion), while lipids (70.0 - 80.6% conversion) are the most important for PSS. The biodegradability of the other organic components are also presented and discussed.
Some literature data about OFMSW anaerobic digestion processes are discussed in view of the results presented here.
The similarities between our results and those of the so-called dry fermentation processes are also discussed in order to evaluate efficiencies of biogas and CH4 production versus volatile solids removal.
Location and General Characteristics of Sediment Deposits into Man-Entry Combined Sewers
Authors: Bachoc A. 
Published: May 2018

This study has the following principle aims.
– Identifying the contextual elements of sediment deposits which appear as the most important, or, in a way, as required conditions for clogging. It emerges that a weak slope is not a sufficient condition. We show that the main vulnerable sections are:downstream abrupt changes of geometry (the upper ramifications of man-entry sewers, the slope breakdowns, …)downstream flow losses (diffluence, overflows)under downstream influences (confluence, pumping stations, …). – Clearing the general characteristics of these sediment deposits in French man-entry combined sewers. The mean D50 varies from 1mm (Paris) to more than 2mm. The finest deposits are rather specifically located (upstream of local obstacles, or under downstream influences during dry weather - for instance near a pumping station, in very flat sewers -, or downstream from overflows). – Evaluating the representativeness of the results from more accurate studies carried out in particular places, for instance the Marseille No 13 trunk. – Drawing inferences about knowledge improvements and technical means.
Cake Formation in Cross-Flow Microfiltration Systems
Authors: Pillay V. L. , Buckley C. A. 
Published: May 2018

Cross-flow microfiltration (CFMF) has potentially wide application in the processing of industrial and domestic waste waters. Optimum design and operation of CFMF systems necessitates a knowledge of the characteristic system behaviour, and an understanding of the mechanisms governing this behaviour. This paper is a contribution towards the elucidation and understanding of the behaviour of a woven fibre CFMF operated in the turbulent flow regime.
The characteristic flux-time curve and effects of operating variables on flux are presented for a limestone suspension cross-flow filtered in a 25 mm woven fibre tube. The phenomena contributing to the shape of the flux-time curve are discussed. A model of the mechanisms governing cake growth and limit is presented. Predicted steady-state fluxes show a notably good correspondence with experimentally measured values. It is also found that the flux may not be uniquely defined by the operating conditions, but may also be a function of the operating path taken to reach the operating point. This is of significance in the start-up and operation of CFMF units.
Tubular Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Secunda Mine Water: A Pilot Plant Investigation
Authors: du Plessis G. H. , Swartz J. A. 
Published: May 2018

Secunda Collieries experience a positive water balance. Because of the zero discharge principle applied by Sasol and because it is rather difficult to build storage dams, desalination using a tubular reverse osmosis pilot plant was investigated. The objectives were to prove the technical feasibility of the process and to obtain enough information:to design a full-scale plant andto subsequently do economic evaluations regarding operating and capital costs.
With pretreatment consisting of flocculation/clarification and dual media filtration, excellent results were obtained. Average standard flux was 700 ℓ/m2.d at pressures of ca 4 MPa and at a water recovery of 70% (which was the maximum that could be obtained even with the addition of scale inhibitor). The importance of operating the system at feed water temperatures of ca 25°C was demonstrated. Salt rejection based on conductivity was very constant at ca 96% resulting in permeate conductivity values of ca 20 mS/m. Fouling, which was mainly inorganic in nature, was reversible and could be removed by citric acid washes and regular replacement of sponge balls.
Treatment of mine water using tubular reverse osmosis is a technically feasible process. However, further research is needed to improve overall water recovery.
Ultra- and Nano-Filtration in Advanced Effluent Treatment Schemes for Pollution Control in the Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Zaidi A. , Buisson H. , Sourirajan S. , Wood H. 
Published: May 2018

The kraft pulp and paper industry is currently faced with the challenge of substantially reducing the discharge of conventional and toxic pollutants to the receiving environment without compromising its competitiveness. Ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) are among the various unit processes that are being investigated by researchers interested in developing alternative schemes for meeting this challenge.
The objectives of the work presented here were: (i) to review the potential uses for UF and NF in the kraft pulp and paper industry and (ii) to evaluate the performance of eleven UF and NF membranes using a caustic extraction stage effluent from a kraft mill pulping softwood with a O D55/C45 EO H D bleaching sequence. The experimental work was conducted with two flat-sheets bench-scale units fed in parallel: a low shear and a high shear unit. The most promising UF membrane gave an average permeate flux of 9 m3m2d for a volume reduction factor (VRF) of 30, under high-shear conditions at 0.69 MPa. The associated COD rejections ranged from 85%–90% at a VRF of 1 down to 70–75% at a VRF of 30. While the results demonstrated in this study show promise, further research is needed to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of both high-shear and low-shear equipment for this application as well as options for the reuse or treatment of the diluted and concentrated streams produced by the UF/NF systems.
Use of Radioactive Tracing Techniques to Identify Participate Deposits and Biological Effects of Urban Effluents Discharges from Sewage Outfalls
Authors: Romaña L.-A. , Brisset P. , Pagano G. , Amoux A. , Martin Y. , Caillot A. , Loarer R. 
Published: May 2018

The discharge at sea of domestic effluents can present, in terms of its particulate phase, very different behaviors depending on the quantity discharged, on the type of purification treatment, as well as on the dumping method and on the dumping site. Consequently, it is extremely difficult to identify the relation between the deposits originating from the dumped waste and the modifications undergone by the substrate and by benthic populations. We have therefore focused our efforts on the particular case of East Toulon which is representative of most Mediterranean urban effluents discharges, in order to study the fate and impact of the particulate matter released by the sewage pipe (1,800 m long, 42 m deep) in the area close to its outfall.
The first phase consisted in searching for preferential deposit areas with the use of a radioactive tracer (hafnium) injected for 35 consecutive days on a continuous basis at the outlet of the physico-chemical purification plant. This tracer which fixes itself irreversibly on the particulate matter, was systematically tracked on the sea bottom with a sled carrying a nuclear detection probe. This enabled a cartography of deposits to be established both on a temporal (four times) and a spatial basis.
A multi-disciplinary sediment survey was then conducted, based on these results. Samples were collected at various distances from the outfall. In addition to standard parameters (particle size, matter content), the main toxicants originating from the discharge were examined. Finally, we used the same samples to carry out toxicological assays on sea urchins, based on sediment-induced alterations in embryogenesis, cell division and fertilization. Our findings revealed a non-monotonous trend in the embryo-toxicity of sediments which was satisfactorily consistent with the preferential deposit area of the (toxic) suspended matter originating from the discharge.
Wastewater Treatment of Greater Agadir (Morocco): An Original Solution for Protecting the Bay of Agadir by Using the Dune Sands
Authors: Bennani A. C. , Lary J. , Nrhira A. , Razouki L. , Bize J. , Nivault N. 
Published: May 2018

The wastewater treatment by infiltration-percolation plant at Ben Sergao (a suburb of Agadir, Morocco) foreshadows the installation which will be able to be built for Greater Agadir (first fraction: 40,000 m3/d). The present plant treats 1,000 m3/d of highly concentrated raw effluents which after being decanted in an anaerobic stabilization pond are infiltrated into 5 infiltration basins of 1,500 m2 each, constituted by a bed 2 metres thick of eolian sand drained at its base.
The decanted water infiltrates at the rate of one metre per day. With this process 100 % of the suspended matter, and 95 % of the chemical oxygen demand are removed, 85 % of the nitrogen is oxidized. The parasites are entirely eliminated and the number of fecal coliforms and streptococci is made 10,000 to 100,000 times smaller. A series of experiments of irrigation by the treated effluents is under way.