bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eyes on the future – evidence for trade‐offs between growth, storage and defense in Norway spruce
Authors: Huang Jianbei , Hammerbacher Almuth , Weinhold Alexander , Reichelt Michael , Gleixner Gerd , Behrendt Thomas , van Dam Nicole M. , Sala Anna , Gershenzon Jonathan , Trumbore Susan , Hartmann Henrik 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Carbon (C) allocation plays a central role in tree responses to environmental changes. Yet, fundamental questions remain about how trees allocate C to different sinks, for example, growth vs storage and defense.

In order to elucidate allocation priorities, we manipulated the whole‐tree C balance by modifying atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] to create two distinct gradients of declining C availability, and compared how C was allocated among fluxes (respiration and volatile monoterpenes) and biomass C pools (total biomass, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and secondary metabolites (SM)) in well‐watered Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. Continuous isotope labelling was used to trace the fate of newly‐assimilated C.

Reducing [CO2] to 120 ppm caused an aboveground C compensation point (i.e. net C balance was zero) and resulted in decreases in growth and respiration. By contrast, soluble sugars and SM remained relatively constant in aboveground young organs and were partially maintained with a constant allocation of newly‐assimilated C, even at expense of root death from C exhaustion.

We conclude that spruce trees have a conservative allocation strategy under source limitation: growth and respiration can be downregulated to maintain ‘operational’ concentrations of NSC while investing newly‐assimilated C into future survival by producing SM.
Multiple osteolytic lesions of the jaws in a patient with neurofibromatosis type I. A case report and focused literature review
Authors: Tosios K.I. , Delli K. , Makris N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe describe the case of a patient diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) where unusually extensive and multiple osteolytic lesions of both jaws consistent with central giant cell granulomas (CGCG) caused massive bone destruction and left her almost “jawless.” The patient was a 58‐year‐old woman who at the age of 15 years was diagnosed with NF1 and at the age of 53 years underwent radiation therapy for nasal obstruction due to CGCG. The most significant intraoral findings were brown tumors on the maxillary gingiva; bilateral expansion of the hard palate; and a yellow mass on the floor of the mouth. Head and neck examination revealed mandibular asymmetry and features consistent with NF1. Panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomography disclosed multiple radiolucent masses. Although the occurrence of multiple CGCG of the jaws in patients with NF1 is rare, early diagnosis, regular follow‐up and proper therapeutic intervention may limit the extent of bone destruction.
Extreme Betting
Authors: González de Prado Salas Javier 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt is often thought that bets on the truth of known propositions become irrational if the losing costs are high enough. This is typically taken to count against the view that knowledge involves assigning credence 1. I argue that the irrationality of such extreme bets can be explained by considering the interactions between the agent and the bookmaker. More specifically, the agent’s epistemic perspective is altered by the fact that the bookmaker proposes that unusual type of bet. Among other things, being willing to offer a bet with unnecessarily harmful losing costs is likely to undermine the baseline level of trustworthiness required for it to be rational to engage in betting exchanges. This sort of explanation does not require granting either that we assign credence lower than 1 to known propositions or that knowledge is sensitive to practical stakes. Moreover, I show that, in our ordinary lives, we frequently perform actions that we know would be disastrous if certain conditions did not obtain. This behaviour can be seen as a form of implicit extreme betting and, nevertheless, it is often rational.
A consensus opinion amongst stakeholders as to benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment for cardiovascular health
Authors: Landry Shane A. , Banks Siobhan , Cistulli Peter A. , Hamilton Garun S. , Héraud Laure , Kairaitis Kristina , Lubke Steven , Mukherjee Sutapa , Roebuck Teanau , Soda Joesph , Umbers Darren , Rajaratnam Shantha M. W. , Mansfield Darren 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Whether treatment of OSA improves cardiovascular risk remains controversial. Our aim was to determine a consensus opinion of key sleep medicine stakeholder groups as to the cardiovascular benefits of treating moderate–severe OSA.MethodsA multidisciplinary panel was assembled from representatives from the Australasian Sleep Association, Sleep Health Foundation, Australasian Sleep Technologists Association, the Sleep Health Foundation Business Council and the Sleep Disorders Australia patient support group. Three statements reflecting areas of controversy related to cardiovascular benefits of OSA treatment were created. A modified RAND/UCLA appropriateness methodology was applied determining the panel's level of consensus and agreement with each statement.ResultsVoting results indicated the panel: (1) remained unsure whether moderate–severe OSA treatment improves rates of cardiovascular events/death, (2) agreed that moderate–severe OSA treatment improves blood pressure in patients with hypertension and (3) mostly agreed that moderate–severe OSA treatment improves left ventricular function in patients with heart failure. Consensus of opinion was achieved for statements (1) and (2), but was narrowly missed for statement (3).ConclusionThe panel believed that findings from large‐scale randomized trials indicate that treatment of moderate–severe OSA has not been established to improve cardiovascular event or morbidity/mortality rates. Strong evidence supports the ability of treatment to reduce blood pressure. Whilst many panel members believed that treatment improves left ventricular function, some were uncertain of the clinical significance of this secondary endpoint measure derived from lesser quality evidence.
Validation of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Using Epidemiological Data from Outbreaks of Waterborne Gastrointestinal Disease
Authors: Burch Tucker 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe assumptions underlying quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are simple and biologically plausible, but QMRA predictions have never been validated for many pathogens. The objective of this study was to validate QMRA predictions against epidemiological measurements from outbreaks of waterborne gastrointestinal disease. I screened 2,000 papers and identified 12 outbreaks with the necessary data: disease rates measured using epidemiological methods and pathogen concentrations measured in the source water. Eight of the 12 outbreaks were caused by Cryptosporidium, three by Giardia, and one by norovirus. Disease rates varied from 5.5 × 10−6 to 1.1 × 10−2 cases/person‐day, and reported pathogen concentrations varied from 1.2 × 10−4 to 8.6 × 102 per liter. I used these concentrations with single‐hit dose–response models for all three pathogens to conduct QMRA, producing both point and interval predictions of disease rates for each outbreak. Comparison of QMRA predictions to epidemiological measurements showed good agreement; interval predictions contained measured disease rates for 9 of 12 outbreaks, with point predictions off by factors of 1.0–120 (median = 4.8). Furthermore, 11 outbreaks occurred at mean doses of less than 1 pathogen per exposure. Measured disease rates for these outbreaks were clearly consistent with a single‐hit model, and not with a “two‐hit” threshold model. These results demonstrate the validity of QMRA for predicting disease rates due to Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
Media Disaster Reporting Effects on Public Risk Perception and Response to Escalating Tornado Warnings: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Zhao Mengtian , Rosoff Heather , John Richard S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrevious research has evaluated public risk perception and response to a natural hazards in various settings; however, most of these studies were conducted either with a single scenario or after a natural disaster struck. To better understand the dynamic relationships among affect, risk perception, and behavioral intentions related to natural disasters, the current study implements a simulation scenario with escalating weather intensity, and includes a natural experiment allowing comparison of public response before and after a severe tornado event with extensive coverage by the national media. The current study also manipulated the display of warning information, and investigated whether the warning system display format influences public response. Results indicate that (1) affect, risk perception, and behavioral intention escalated as weather conditions deteriorated, (2) responses at previous stages predicted responses at subsequent stages of storm progression, and (3) negative affect predicted risk perception. Moreover, risk perception and behavioral intention were heightened after exposure to the media coverage of an actual tornado disaster. However, the display format manipulation did not influence behavioral responses. The current study provides insight regarding public perception of predisaster warnings and the influence of exposure to media coverage of an actual disaster event.
Globalization and urban polarization
Authors: Venables Anthony J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExternal trade affects the internal spatial structure of an economy, promoting growth in some cities or regions and decline in others. Internal adjustment to these changes has often proved to be extremely slow and painful. This paper combines elements of urban and international economics to draw out the implications of trade shocks for city performance. Localization economies in production of internationally tradable goods mean that cities divide into two types, those producing tradables and those specializing in sectors producing just for the national market (nontradables). Negative trade shocks (and possibly also some positive ones) reduce the number of cities engaged in tradable production, increasing the number producing just nontradables. This has a negative effect across all nontradable cities, which lose population and land value. Remaining tradable cities boom, gaining population and land value. Depending on the initial position, city size dispersion may increase, thus raising the share of urban land rents in national income and reducing the share of labor.
Complexities in spatial center derivation
Authors: Murray Alan T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe center of a spatial object or set of objects is a rather straightforward and well understood descriptor. Beyond providing a statistically oriented interpretation of the middle of something, the center often has much significance in terms of locating services and activities, but may also represent a place of political/historical importance, a site that explains the occurrence of events, or a position that avoids conflict. Even so, precise definition and specification of the spatial center is difficult, as many alternatives exist for such a descriptor in practice. This is because different interpretations of a spatial center are inevitable depending on context, theory, and operational nuances. As a result, a range of approaches may reflect the necessary descriptive flexibility, depending on the type of evaluation being carried out. While legacy mathematical and statistical thinking may point to particular alternatives, spatial significance and bias remain questionable for some approaches as they are not generally well understood. Further, a host of other considerations, such as direct and indirect summary along with homogeneous and heterogeneous attribute distribution, contribute additional levels of detail to choices for best characterizing a center. Definitions and approaches used to specify the center of a spatial object, or set of objects, are detailed to demonstrate the significance of spatial context, and are used to show that expanded interpretations are possible.
Effectiveness of interventions for unstable patients on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: results of a cluster‐randomised evaluation
Authors: Fox Matthew P. , Pascoe Sophie J. S. , Huber Amy N. , Murphy Joshua , Phokojoe Mokgadi , Gorgens Marelize , Rosen Sydney , Wilson David , Pillay Yogan , Fraser‐Hurt Nicole 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundAs loss from HIV care is an ongoing challenge globally, interventions are needed for patients who don't achieve or maintain ART stability. The 2015 South African National Adherence Guidelines (AGL) for Chronic Diseases include two interventions targeted at unstable patients: early tracing of patients who miss visits (TRIC) and enhanced adherence counselling (EAC).MethodsAs part of a cluster‐randomised evaluation at 12 intervention and 12 control clinics in four provinces, intervention sites implemented the AGL interventions, while control sites retained standard care. We report on outcomes of EAC for patients with an elevated viral load (>400 copies/ml) and for TRIC patients who missed a visit by >5 days. We estimated risk differences (RD) of 3 and 12‐month viral resuppression (<400 copies/ml) and 12‐month retention with cluster adjustment using generalised estimating equations and controlled for imbalances using difference‐in‐differences compared to all eligible in 2015, prior to intervention roll‐out.ResultsFor EAC, we had 358 intervention and 505 control site patients (61% female, median ART initiation CD4 count 154 cells/μl). We found no difference between arms in 3‐month resuppression (RD: −1.7%; 95%CI: −4.3% to 0.9%), but <20% of patients had a repeat viral load within 3 months (19.8% intervention, 13.5% control). Including the entire clinic population eligible for EAC with a repeat viral load at all evaluation sites (n = 934), intervention sites showed a small increase in 3‐month resuppression (28% vs. 25%, RD 3.0%; 95%CI: −2.7% to 8.8%). Adjusting for baseline differences increased the RD to 8.1% (95% CI: −0.1% to 17.2%). However, we found no differences in 12‐month suppression (RD: 1.5%; 95% CI: −14.1% to 17.1% but suppression was low overall at 40%) or retention (RD: 2.8%; 95% CI: −7.5% to 13.2%). For TRIC, we enrolled 155 at intervention sites and 248 at control sites (44% >40 years, 67% female, median CD4 count 212 cells/μl). We found no difference between groups in return to care by 12 months (RD: −6.8%; 95% CI: −17.7% to 4.8%). During the study period, control sites continued to use tracing within standard care, however, potentially masking intervention effects.ConclusionsEnhanced adherence counselling showed no benefit over 12 months. Implementation of the tracing intervention under the new guidelines was similar to the standard of care. Interventions that aim to return unstable patients to care should incorporate active monitoring to determine if the interventions are effective.
Menstrual hygiene management and school absenteeism among adolescent students in Indonesia: evidence from a cross‐sectional school‐based survey
Authors: Davis Jessica , Macintyre Alison , Odagiri Mitsunori , Suriastini Wayan , Cordova Andreina , Huggett Chelsea , Agius Paul A. ,   Faiqoh , Budiyani Anissa Elok , Quillet Claire , Cronin Aidan A. , Diah Ni Made , Triwahyunto Agung , Luchters Stanley , Kennedy Elissa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) knowledge and practices among adolescent schoolgirls in Indonesia, and assess factors associated with poor MHM and school absenteeism due to menstruation.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey enrolled a representative sample of urban and rural school‐going girls aged 12–19 years in four provinces of Indonesia. A semi‐structured, self‐administered questionnaire obtained socio‐demographic characteristics, knowledge, practices and attitudes related to menstruation, MHM and school absenteeism. School water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities were also assessed. Univariate weighted population prevalence was estimated and multivariable logit regression analyses applied to explore associations.ResultsA total of 1159 adolescent girls with a mean age of 15 years (SD = 1.8) participated. Most girls (90.8%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 79.7–96.1) had reached menarche. Over half (64.1%, 95% CI = 49.9–76.2) reported poor MHM practices, and 11.1% (95% CI = 8.1–15.2) had missed one or more days of school during their most recent menstrual period. Poor MHM practices were associated with rural residence (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.13–2.64), province (various AOR), lower school grade (AOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.05–2.74) and low knowledge of menstruation (AOR = 3.49, 95% CI = 1.61–7.58). Absenteeism was associated with living in rural areas (AOR = 3.96, 95% CI = 3.02–5.18), province (various AOR), higher school grade (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI = 2.08–4.38), believing menstruation should be kept secret (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.03–2.11), experiencing serious menstrual pain (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.06–2.68) and showed mixed associations with school WASH facilities.ConclusionsHigh prevalence of poor MHM and considerable school absenteeism due to menstruation among Indonesian girls highlight the need for improved interventions that reach girls at a young age and address knowledge, shame and secrecy, acceptability of WASH infrastructure and menstrual pain management.
The health consequences of falsified medicines‐ A study of the published literature
Authors: Rahman Mohammad Sofiqur , Yoshida Naoko , Tsuboi Hirohito , Tomizu Naoki , Endo Jamie , Miyu Onishi , Akimoto Yoshio , Kimura Kazuko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse and present the literature describing the health consequences of falsified medicines, focusing on mortality and morbidity, as well as the scale of the issue, the geographic extent, the medicines affected, and the harm caused at both the individual and population levels.MethodsWe searched for articles in PubMed, using pre‐optimized keywords ‘(counterfeit OR fake OR bogus OR falsified OR spurious) AND (medicine OR drug)’. Searches up to February 2017 yielded 2006 hits, of which 1791 were full‐length articles in English. Among them, we found 81 papers that qualitatively or quantitatively described 48 incidents in which falsified medicines caused patients to suffer serious adverse effects, injury, symptoms or death.ResultsThe distribution of incidents was examined according to the economic status of the countries involved, regional location in the world, therapeutic category of the medicines, number of incidents and victims by year, and characteristics of the falsified medicines. Among the 48 reported incidents, 27 (56.3%) occurred in developing countries and 21 (43.7%) in developed countries. These incidents involved a total of approximately 7200 casualties including 3604 deaths.ConclusionsDespite the poor quality of much of the reported data, the results of this study indicate that all types of medications have been targeted for falsification, and falsified medicines have had a serious impact on the health of both adults and children worldwide, with similar numbers of incidents in developing and developed countries.
Soluble CD40L and CD62P levels differ in single‐donor apheresis platelet concentrates and buffy coat–derived pooled platelet concentrates
Authors: Sut Caroline , Tariket Sofiane , Aloui Chaker , Arthaud Charles‐Antoine , Eyraud Marie‐Ange , Fagan Jocelyne , Chavarin Patricia , Hamzeh‐Cognasse Hind , Laradi Sandrine , Garraud Olivier , Cognasse Fabrice 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUNDPlatelet storage lesions are structural and biochemical changes in platelet concentrates (PCs), and depend on variables in collection and processing, as well as secondary procedures and storage conditions; such lesions can be mitigated by the use of platelet additive solutions (PASs).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis study investigated release of the inflammatory markers sCD40L and sCD62P by single‐donor apheresis platelet concentrates (SDA‐PCs) and buffy coat–derived pooled platelet concentrates (PPCs) before and after storage. SDA‐PC and PPC samples (n = 9089) processed by various methods and stored for different durations were obtained following production in one regional setting, the French National Blood Service. Soluble factors were quantified in PC supernatants immediately after processing and at the time of delivery, using biological testing technology (Luminex).RESULTSSDA‐PCs appeared more activated than PPCs at the end of the production step (i.e., prior to storage); however, proinflammatory soluble factors exhibited greater increases in PPCs than in SDA‐PCs during storage. In SDA‐PCs, PAS‐D (65%) led to reduced secretion of sCD62P, but favored secretion of sCD40L, compared with the alternative PAS‐E.CONCLUSIONThese data stress the importance of the production (processing) steps of PC manufacture and of storage. The extent to which they affect patient outcomes awaits further investigation in clinical studies.
A repeated cross‐sectional study of the epidemiology of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae in free‐living Canada geese in Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Vogt Nadine A. , Pearl David L. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Reid‐Smith Richard J. , Mulvey Michael R. , Janecko Nicol , Mutschall Steven K. , Jardine Claire M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFrom May through October 2016, we conducted a repeated cross‐sectional study examining the effects of temporal, spatial, flock and demographic factors (i.e. juvenile vs. adult) on the prevalence of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae among 344 fresh faecal samples collected from Canada geese (Branta canadensis) from four locations where birds nested in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter among all fresh faecal samples was 9.3% and was greatest in the fall when these birds became more mobile following the nesting season. Based on 40 gene comparative genomic fingerprinting (CGF40), the increase in prevalence noted in the fall was matched by an increase in the number of unique CGF40 subtypes identified. Resistance to colistin was detected most commonly, in 6% of Escherichia coli isolates, and was highest in the late summer months. All colistin‐resistant isolates were negative for the mcr‐1 to mcr‐5 genes; a chromosomal resistance mechanism (PmrB) was identified in all of these isolates. The prevalence of samples with E. coli exhibiting multi‐class resistance or extended spectrum beta‐lactamase was low (i.e. <2% of samples). The intra‐class correlation coefficients, estimated from the variance components of multilevel logistic regression models, indicated that the shedding of Campylobacter and antimicrobial resistant E. coli among geese within a flock (i.e. birds collected from the same site on the same day) was moderately correlated. Spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal clusters identified using the spatial scan statistic, largely supported the findings from our multi‐level models. Salmonella was not isolated from any of the fresh faecal samples collected suggesting that its prevalence in this population of birds was very low.