bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural sweeteners
Authors: Balachandran Karthik 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe artificial sweeteners,though marketed as zero calorie food additives, have been found to have several health hazards. Ironically they seem to worsen the metabolic syndrome - the very same disease they are supposed to treat. Natural sweeteners are an alternative to the artificial sweeteners and can be particularly helpful in patients who are newly diagnosed with diabetes. They help in transitioning the patient to a healthier life style. This narrative review, discusses the evidence for and against the use of natural sweeteners in the context of diabetes.
Stress and its effect on noncommunicable disease: An insight
Authors: Ghosh Sankhadeep , Verma Komal 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStressors are an evident part of any individuals life and affects a lot of aspects of any individual. While the young generation or healthy individuals cope with it easily and favorably, however, the older people or unhealthy individuals are affected more adversely in case the stressors are persistent for a long time. This paper deals with providing an insight of the effect of stress on noncommunicable diseases.
Glycemic impact of intensified self monitoring of blood glucose in insulin treated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ugwu Ejiofor , Gezawa Ibrahim , Adeleye Olufunmilayo 
Published: November 2018

Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate if intensified self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) improves glycemic control in insulin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods:Ninety-six adults with stable but poorly controlled [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level >7.5%] T2DM receiving twice-daily biphasic insulin were randomly assigned to either of the two groups: intensive monitors (IM) that performed SMBG at least twice daily or conventional monitors (CM) that performed SMBG at their discretionary frequency for 12 weeks. Demographic, clinical, and glycemic indices, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and HbA1c, were compared at baseline and week 12.
Results:A total of 71 subjects (25 IM and 46 CM) completed the study. Both groups had similar HbA1c at baseline. From baseline to week 12, the IM group had higher mean daily test strip usage (P <0.001), engaged in more frequent insulin dose adjustments (P <0.001), and attained greater daily insulin dosage (P = 0.002). All glycemic indices including FBG, PPG, and HbA1c improved significantly from baseline to week 12 in the IM but not in the CM group. HbA1c level declined by −1.2 ±0.4% in the IM group (P = 0.002). There was no difference in the frequency of hypoglycemia in both groups. The monthly cost of intensified SMBG was nearly four times that of conventional monitoring (P <0.001).
Conclusion:Both short- and long-term glycemic control significantly improved by intensified SMBG in stable but poorly controlled insulin-treated adults with T2DM. Intensified SMBG enabled better self-titration of insulin and probably other self-care practices. This benefit, however, occurred at the expense of costs that may be difficult to sustain in resource-poor countries.
Building the Arrow of Time… Over Time: A Sequence of Brain Activity Mapping Imagined Events in Time and Space
Authors: Gauthier Baptiste , Pestke Karin , van Wassenhove Virginie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
When moving, the spatiotemporal unfolding of events is bound to our physical trajectory, and time and space become entangled in episodic memory. When imagining past or future events, or being in different geographical locations, the temporal and spatial dimensions of mental events can be independently accessed and manipulated. Using time-resolved neuroimaging, we characterized brain activity while participants ordered historical events from different mental perspectives in time (e.g., when imagining being 9 years in the future) or in space (e.g., when imagining being in Cayenne). We describe 2 neural signatures of temporal ordinality: an early brain response distinguishing whether participants were mentally in the past, the present or the future (self-projection in time), and a graded activity at event retrieval, indexing the mental distance between the representation of the self in time and the event. Neural signatures of ordinality and symbolic distances in time were distinct from those observed in the homologous spatial task: activity indicating spatial order and distances overlapped in latency in distinct brain regions. We interpret our findings as evidence that the conscious representation of time and space share algorithms (egocentric mapping, distance, and ordinality computations) but different implementations with a distinctive status for the psychological “time arrow.”
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with concomitant mitral stenosis
Authors: Asami Masahiko , Windecker Stephan , Praz Fabien , Lanz Jonas , Hunziker Lukas , Rothenbühler Martina , Räber Lorenz , Roost Eva , Stortecky Stefan , Pilgrim Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Aims
Multivalvular disease is of increasing concern in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). The objective of the present analysis was to investigate the impact of concomitant mitral stenosis (MS) on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing TAVR for severe, symptomatic aortic stenosis (AS).

Methods and results
Among 1339 patients undergoing TAVR between August 2007 and December 2015, adequate echocardiographic data for the assessment of severity and aetiology of MS was available in 971 (72.5%) patients. Patients were stratified according to degree and aetiology of concomitant MS. Mitral stenosis was documented in 176 (18.1%) TAVR patients (mean mitral valve area 1.9 ± 0.4 cm2) and considered degenerative in 110 (62.5%) and rheumatic in 66 (37.5%) patients, respectively. Mitral stenosis was categorized as moderate/severe in 28 patients (2.9%). Baseline characteristics were comparable between patients with vs. without MS. At 1 year, patients with MS were at increased risk of cardiovascular death [36 (21.4%) vs. 66 (8.7%); adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) 3.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.38–5.56] and disabling stroke [12 (7.1%) vs. 23 (3.0%); HRadj 2.98, 95% CI 1.46–6.09] as compared to patients without MS. Differences in cardiovascular death and disabling stroke emerged within 30 days of the index procedure and were largely driven by a difference in patients with rheumatic MS [cardiovascular death: 7 (10.6%) vs. 24 (3.2%), HRadj 4.80, 95% CI 1.98–11.6; disabling stroke: 4 (6.1%) vs. 16 (2.0%), HRadj 4.18, 95% CI 1.34–13.0].

Conclusion
Concomitant MS was documented in approximately one-fifth of patients undergoing TAVR for severe, symptomatic AS and associated with a three-fold increased risk of cardiovascular adverse events at 1 year. The difference emerged early and was largely driven by patients with rheumatic MS.
A general aerosol-assisted biosynthesis of functional bulk nanocomposites
Authors: Guan Qing-Fang , Han Zi-Meng , Luo Tong-Tong , Yang Huai-Bin , Liang Hai-Wei , Chen Si-Ming , Wang Guang-Sheng , Yu Shu-Hong 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Although a variety of nanoparticles with better-than-bulk material performances can be synthesized, it remains a challenge to scale the extraordinary properties of individual nanoscale units to the macroscopic level for bulk nanostructured materials. Here, we report a general and scalable biosynthesis strategy that involves simultaneous growth of cellulose nanofibrils through microbial fermentation and co-deposition of various kinds of nanoscale building blocks (NBBs) through aerosol feeding on solid culture substrates. We employ this biosynthesis strategy to assemble a wide range of NBBs into cellulose nanofibril-based bulk nanocomposites. In particular, the biosynthesized carbon nanotubes/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites that consist of integrated 3D cellulose nanofibril networks simultaneously achieve an extremely high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, and thus exhibit outstanding performance as high-strength lightweight electromagnetic interference shielding materials. The biosynthesis approach represents a general and efficient strategy for large-scale production of functional bulk nanocomposites with enhanced performances for practical applications. Industrial-scale production of these bulk nanocomposite materials for practical applications can be expected in the near future.
Efficacy of a Postprescription Review of Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents With Feedback: A 4-Year Experience of Antimicrobial Stewardship at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Honda Hitoshi , Murakami Shutaro , Tagashira Yasuaki , Uenoyama Yuki , Goto Kaoru , Takamatsu Akane , Hasegawa Shinya , Tokuda Yasuharu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundAn inpatient antimicrobial stewardship program is vital for judicious antimicrobial use. We began a hospital-wide, postprescription review with feedback (PPRF) in 2014; the present study evaluated its impact on antimicrobial consumption and clinical outcomes over 4 years.MethodsOnce-weekly PPRF for carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam was implemented. We tracked the data on each antimicrobial use as days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient-days (PD). Changes in the incidence of drug-resistant organisms, in-hospital mortality, and length of hospital stay per month were analyzed by an interrupted time series.ResultsCarbapenem use continued to decline in the preintervention and intervention periods (−0.73 and −0.003 DOT/1000 PD, respectively), and although monthly average use remained low in the intervention period (8.3 DOT/1000 PD), more importantly, the postintervention change in the slope diminished significantly. Piperacillin/tazobactam use showed a steeper decline in the intervention period, but the change in the slope was not statistically significant (change in slope: −0.20 DOT/1000 PD per month [P = .16]). Postintervention use of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials including ampicillin/sulbactam (change in slope: +0.58 DOT/1000 PD per month [P &lt; .001]) increased. The antimicrobial cost and the monthly average length of hospital stay also declined (−37.4 USD/1000 PD per month [P &lt; .001] and −0.04 days per month [P &lt; .001], respectively), whereas few postintervention changes in the incidence of drug-resistant organisms were observed.ConclusionsIn our study, the 4-year PPRF for broad-spectrum antimicrobials coincided with a reduction in the use of targeted antimicrobials and resulted in an improvement in 1 patient-centered outcome, thus conferring the additional benefit of reducing expenditures for antimicrobials.
Main Findings and Future Directions in the Behavioral Science of Firearms
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In the final chapter, the authors provide a full overview of the 30 main findings, or take-home messages, from this book. For each finding, the authors present an explanation as well as the implications related to practice, research, and policy. The findings are associated with the main points extracted from each chapter, particularly those that are empirically based and well grounded in the professional research and in professional practice standards. The authors end the chapter and, therefore, this book, with a call for a stepwise, multifaceted approach to addressing firearm-related problems, rooted in non-partisan and multidisciplinary ideals and facilitated by a collaboration between practitioners, academicians, researchers, policymakers, and members of firearm-related subgroups.
Filthy Material
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Modernist literature is inextricable from the history of obscenity. The trials of such figures as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and Radclyffe Hall loom large in accounts of twentieth-century literature. Filthy Material: Modernism and the Media of Obscenity reveals the ways that debates about obscenity and literature were shaped by changes in the history of media. The emergence of film, photography, and new printing technologies shaped how “literary value” was understood, altering how obscenity was defined and which texts were considered obscene. Filthy Material rereads the history of modernist obscenity to discover the role played by technological media in debates about obscenity. The shift from the intense censorship of the early twentieth century to the effective “end of obscenity” for literature at the middle of the century was not simply a product of cultural liberalization but also of a changing media ecology. Filthy Material brings together media theory and archival research to offer a fresh account of modernist obscenity with novel readings of works of modernist literature. It sheds new light on figures at the center of modernism’s obscenity trials (such as Joyce and Lawrence), demonstrates the relevance of the discourse of obscenity to understanding figures not typically associated with obscenity debates (such as T. S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis), and introduces new figures to our account of modernism (such as Norah James and Jack Kahane). It reveals how modernist obscenity reflected a contest over the literary in the face of new media technologies.
Skirmishing with Jolly Roger
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Although James Joyce’s encounter with the book pirate Samuel Roth is well known in the literature on modernism and copyright, this chapter reveals that D. H. Lawrence’s essay “Apropos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover” offers an alternative response to modernist book piracy. While Joyce invokes property and ownership, Lawrence’s response is part of wider ranging meditation on copying itself. Lawrence develops a distinction predicted not on ownership but on authenticity, elaborating the qualities which separate a good copy of his novel from degraded, bad copies. This logic of copying fascinatingly links Lawrence’s response to book piracy to themes that are central to Lawrence’s thinking more broadly, evident in his novels and in his own practice as a painter.
The Science of Marijuana
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used recreational drug after nicotine and alcohol. This book reviews the rapidly growing body of scientific evidence on cannabis—how it works, the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain and body, and the opportunities for new medicines based on such knowledge. The regulation of cannabis use varies considerably throughout the world. This book reviews the rapid changes that have occurred in liberalizing the medical use of cannabis, and in some instances the full legalization of cannabis use, with an emphasis on events in the United States and Canada. The advantages and disadvantages of liberalizing the medical and recreational use of cannabis are discussed in a neutral manner, leaving the reader to decide.
The Pharmacology of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The 19th century was a great era for plant chemistry. Many complex drug molecules, known as alkaloids, were isolated and identified from plants. This chapter discusses the history of the discovery of delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) as the psychoactive substance in cannabis products and also the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors CB-1 and CB-2 in the body and brain. The mechanism of action of cannabinoids on such receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release or other actions is also discussed. In addition, various methods for the ingestion of cannabis, such as smoking and vaping, are reviewed. Synthetic agonists and antagonists at cannabinoid receptors and the proliferation of synthetic agonists as novel psychoactive agents are also discussed.
Peripheral and Central Effects of THC
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Although there is currently only limited knowledge of how activation of the CB-1 receptor in brain leads to the many actions of THC, some general features of cannabinoid control mechanisms are emerging. This chapter discusses THC in relation to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, cardiovascular effects, effects on motility and pain, and behavioral models including the “Billy Martin tetrad.” It also discusses human laboratory models, including studies on learning and memory. A key effect of cannabis is intoxication, and the subjective effects of cannabis are reported in detail. Finally, the value of animal behavior studies is discussed, including discriminative stimulus effects, effects on cognition, and anti-anxiety effects.
Endocannabinoids
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The endocannabinoids are part of a large family of lipid signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid, including the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammation. Far less is known about the newer members of the endocannabinoid group, and it remains unclear whether they all play important functional roles. This chapter reviews the multiple members of this family and their biosynthesis and inactivation. Physiological functions, including retrograde synaptic signaling, control of energy metabolism, regulation of pain sensitivity, and cardiovascular control, are discussed. In addition, the chapter reports the synthesis of novel agonists, antagonists, and compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid inactivation as novel medicines.
How Art Works
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This book is an examination of what psychologists have discovered about how art works—what it does to us, how we experience art, how we react to it emotionally, how we judge it, and what we learn from it. The questions investigate include the following: What makes us call something art? Do we experience “real” emotions from the arts? Do aesthetic judgments have any objective truth value? Does learning to play music raise a child’s IQ? Is modern art something my kid could do? Is achieving greatness in an art form just a matter of hard work? Philosophers have grappled with these questions for centuries, and laypeople have often puzzled about them too and offered their own views. But now psychologists have begun to explore these questions empirically, and have made many fascinating discoveries using the methods of social science (interviews, experimentation, data collection, statistical analysis).
Perennial Questions
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains the approach of the book: taking puzzling questions about the arts, often posed by philosophers, and examining how psychologists have reframed these questions so that they can be addressed empirically. The topics covered in each subsequent chapter are then previewed: Part I (Chapters 1–2) introduces the book and deals with the question of defining art, Part II (Chapters 3–7) is about art and emotion, Part III (Chapters 8–11) is about art and judgment, Part IV (Chapters 12–14) is about how art making affects us, Part V (Chapter 15) is about who becomes an artist, and Part VI (Chapter 16) concludes the book by summarizing the key ways in which psychologists have taken philosophical questions as a jumping off point for examining how we experience art.
Color and Form
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the philosophical puzzle of how abstract arrangement of forms and colors can communicate emotions. Research shows that adults as well as children perceive emotional properties in abstract art (thus not needing to rely on representational cues like weeping people). Our tendency to perceive emotions in abstract visual art is part of a broader tendency to perceive such connotations in simple lines and shapes, and indeed is not limited to art. We see expressive properties in rocks, trees, columns, cracks, drapery, and the like. Such perception is made possible by an isomorphism between physical and mental life: we droop when we are sad; we reach upward when we are striving. Thus, while our perception of emotion in music is in part due to music’s resemblance to speech prosody, our perception of emotion in visual art grows out of our ability to see expressive properties in all visual forms.
Emotions in the Art Museum
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the topic of emotional responses to visual art. There is far less philosophizing about emotional responses to visual art than to music, and there are fewer studies from psychologists about this as well. Existing studies suggest that people have weaker emotional reactions to paintings than to music. Nonetheless, the visual arts (like all arts) can move us strongly, and there is fascinating evidence about the areas of the brain activated when paintings move us—areas that are related to introspection. The chapter concludes with reflection on why it is that people seem to be more willing to report feeling specific emotions in response to music than to the visual arts.
Is It Good? Or Just Familiar?
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the philosophical question of whether aesthetic judgments have truth value or are simply subjective matters of opinion. Whether or not such judgments do have any objective basis, lay people believe that such judgments have no objective basis, classifying them as mere matters of opinion. What then determine our aesthetic preferences? Psychologist James Cutting aims to show that the answer is familiarity: the more familiar we become with a work, the more we value it, and the more we value it, the more we look at it, deepening our familiarity. An alternative interpretation of Cutting’s research is put forward: works make it into the canon because they are of higher objective quality than works that did not make it into the canon. This would explain why some works have withstood the test of time, and have been and continue to be valued for centuries by people from many different artistic cultures.
“But My Kid Could Have Done That!”
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Many of us have a deep mistrust of abstract art. How can we tell if it is any good when we can’t use realism, subject matter, or narrative implications as a guide? In addition, abstract art looks superficially like paintings by preschoolers. This is why people say “My kid could have done that.” This chapter examines studies with adults and children showing that the untutored eye can distinguish works by children (and certain animals) from superficially similar works by abstract expressionist painters. We make this discrimination by perceiving intentionality. A computer can also be programmed to make this discrimination—and at about the same rate of accuracy as a human! The chapter concludes that your kid could not have done that. We see more than we think we do in abstract art. When we evaluate a work of art, we are thinking about the mind that made it.
The Lives of Others
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Both philosophers and psychologists have claimed that fiction makes us more empathetic. Literature introduces us to a much wider range of people than we could ever meet in real life. We empathize with these fictional characters, fearing for their safety, weeping at their suffering. The question discussed in this chapter is again about transfer: does empathizing with fictional characters cause us to empathize more with others very different from ourselves (as fictional characters often are) once we close the pages of our novel? This chapter shows that there is only the weakest of evidence for this rosy view of what reading fiction can do, but goes on to consider how we might gain more convincing evidence. On the other hand, there is stronger evidence that enacting a fictional character leads to greater understanding of others and more altruistic behavior toward others.