bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faces under continuous flash suppression capture attention faster than objects, but without a face evoked steady-state visual potential: Is curvilinearity responsible for the behavioral effect?
Authors: Engell Andrew D. , Quillian Henry 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFace perception is a vital part of human social interactions. The social value of faces makes their efficient detection evolutionarily advantageous. It has been suggested that this might occur nonconsciously, but experimental results are equivocal thus far. Here, we probe nonconscious face perception using a novel combination of binocular rivalry with continuous flash suppression, and steady-state visually evoked potentials. In the first two experiments, participants viewed either non-face objects, neutral faces (Study 1), or fearful faces (Study 2). Consistent with the hypothesis that faces are processed nonconsciously, we found that faces broke through suppression faster than objects. We did not, however, observe a concomitant face-selective SSVEP. Study 3 was run to reconcile this paradox. We hypothesized that the faster breakthrough time was due to a mid-level visual feature, curvilinearity, rather than high-level category membership, which would explain the behavioral difference without neural evidence of face-selective processing. We tested this hypothesis by presenting participants with four different groups of stimuli outside of conscious awareness: rectilinear objects (e.g., chessboard), curvilinear objects (e.g., dartboard), faces, and objects that were not dominantly curvilinear or rectilinear. We found that faces and curvilinear objects broke through suppression faster than objects and rectilinear objects. Moreover, there was no difference between faces and curvilinear objects. These results support our hypothesis that the observed behavioral advantage for faces is due to their curvilinearity, rather than category membership.HighlightsFaces presented outside of awareness do not evoke a steady-state visually evoked potential.This is true for both neutral and fearful faces.However, faces do breakthrough interocular suppression faster than objects.Curvilinear objects breakthrough interocular suppression faster than rectilinear objects.The breakthrough time advantage for faces over objects is due to their curvilinearity.
Consumption of a Western-style diet modulates the response of the murine gut microbiome to ciprofloxacin
Authors: Cabral Damien J. , Wurster Jenna I. , Korry Benjamin J. , Penumutchu Swathi , Belenky Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDietary composition and antibiotic use are known to have major impacts on the structure and function of the gut microbiome, often resulting in dysbiosis. Despite this, little research has been done to explore the role of host diet as a determinant of antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption.Here, we utilize a multi-omic approach to characterize the impact of Western-style diet consumption on ciprofloxacin-induced changes to gut microbiome community structure and transcriptional activity. We found that mice consuming a Western-style diet experienced a greater expansion ofFirmicutesfollowing ciprofloxacin treatment than those eating a control diet. At the transcriptional level, we found that ciprofloxacin induced a reduction in the abundance of TCA cycle transcripts on both diets, suggesting that carbon metabolism plays a key role in the response of the gut microbiome to this antibiotic. Despite this shared response, we observed extensive differences in the response of the microbiota to ciprofloxacin on each diet. In particular, at the whole-community level we detected an increase in starch degradation, glycolysis, and pyruvate fermentation following antibiotic treatment in mice on the Western diet, which we did not observe in mice on the control diet. Similarly, we observed diet-specific changes in the transcriptional activity of two important commensal bacteria,Akkermansia muciniphilaandBacteroides thetaiotaomicron, involving diverse cellular processes such as nutrient acquisition, stress responses, and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate that host diet plays a key role in determining the extent of disruption of microbiome composition and function induced by antibiotic treatment.ImportanceWhile both diet and antibiotics are individually known to have profound impacts on gut microbiome composition, little work has been done to examine the effect of these two factors combined. A number of negative health outcomes, including diabetes and obesity, are associated with diets high in simple sugars in fats but low in host-indigestible fiber, and some of these outcomes may be mediated by the gut microbiome. Likewise, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and the resulting dysbiosis is associated with many of the same detrimental side effects. Previous work has shown that nutrient availability, as influenced by host diet, plays an important role in determining the extent of antibiotic-induced disruption to the gut microbiome. Due to the growing incidence of disorders related to antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, it is essential to determine how the prevalence of high fat and sugar “Western”-style diets impacts the response of the microbiome to antibiotics.
Towards a fine-scale population health monitoring system
Authors: Belbin Gillian M , Wenric Stephane , Cullina Sinead , Glicksberg Benjamin S , Moscati Arden , Wojcik Genevieve L , Shemirani Ruhollah , Beckmann Noam D , Cohain Ariella , Sorokin Elena P , Park Danny S , Ambite Jose-Luis , Ellis Steve , Auton Adam ,   CBIPM Genomics Team,   CBIPM Genomics Team,   Regeneron Genetics Center, Bottinger Erwin P. , Cho Judy H , Loos Ruth JF , Abul-husn Noura S , Zaitlen Noah A , Gignoux Christopher R , Kenny Eimear E 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding population health disparities is an essential component of equitable precision health efforts. Epidemiology research often relies on definitions of race and ethnicity, but these population labels may not adequately capture disease burdens specific to sub-populations. Here we propose a framework for repurposing data from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in concert with genomic data to explore enrichment of disease within sub-populations. Using data from a diverse biobank in New York City, we genetically identified 17 sub-populations, and noted the presence of genetic founder effects in 7. By then linking community membership to the EHR, we were able to identify over 600 health outcomes that were statistically enriched within a specific population, with many representing known associations, and many others being novel. This work reinforces the utility of linking genomic data to EHRs, and provides a framework towards fine-scale monitoring of population health.
ProfilingAPOL1Nephropathy Risk Variants in Genome-Edited Kidney Organoids with Single-Cell Transcriptomics
Authors: Liu Esther , Radmanesh Behram , Chung Byungha H. , Donnan Michael D. , Yi Dan , Dadi Amal , Smith Kelly D. , Himmelfarb Jonathan , Li Mingyao , Freedman Benjamin S. , Lin Jennie 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundDNA variants inAPOL1associate with kidney disease, but the pathophysiological mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Model organisms lack theAPOL1gene, limiting the degree to which disease states can be recapitulated. Here we present single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of genome-edited human kidney organoids as a platform for profiling effects ofAPOL1risk variants in diverse nephron cell types.MethodsWe performed footprint-free CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to knock inAPOL1high-risk G1 variants at the native genomic locus. iPSCs were differentiated into kidney organoids, treated with vehicle, IFN-γ, or the combination of IFN-γ and tunicamycin, and analyzed with scRNA-seq to profile cell-specific changes in differential gene expression patterns, compared to isogenic G0 controls.ResultsBoth G0 and G1 iPSCs differentiated into kidney organoids containing nephron-like structures with glomerular epithelial cells, proximal tubules, distal tubules, and endothelial cells. Organoids expressed detectableAPOL1only after exposure to IFN-γ. scRNA-seq revealed cell type-specific differences in G1 organoid response toAPOL1induction. Additional stress of tunicamycin exposure led to increased glomerular epithelial cell dedifferentiation in G1 organoids.ConclusionsSingle-cell transcriptomic profiling of human genome-edited kidney organoids expressingAPOL1risk variants provides a novel platform for studying the pathophysiology of APOL1-mediated kidney disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGaps persist in our mechanistic understanding of APOL1-mediated kidney disease. The authors apply genome-edited human kidney organoids, combined with single-cell transcriptomics, to profileAPOL1risk variants at the native genomic locus in different cell types. This approach captures interferon-mediated induction ofAPOL1gene expression and reveals cellular dedifferentiation after a secondary insult of endoplasmic reticulum stress. This system provides a human cellular platform to interrogate complex mechanisms and human-specific regulators underlying APOL1-mediated kidney disease.
KIAA0319 influences cilia length, cell migration and mechanical cell-substrate interaction
Authors: Diaz Rebeca , Kronenberg Nils M. , Martinelli Angela , Liehm Philipp , Riches Andrew C. , Gather Malte C. , Paracchini Silvia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFollowing its association with dyslexia in multiple genetic studies, the KIAA0319 gene has been extensively investigated in different animal models but its function in neurodevelopment remains poorly understood.We developed the first cellular knockout model for KIAA0319 via CRISPR-Cas9n to investigate its role in processes suggested but not confirmed in previous studies, including cilia formation and cell migration. We found that KIAA0319 knockout increased cilia length and accelerated cell migration. Using Elastic Resonator Interference Stress Microscopy (ERISM), we detected an increase in cellular force for the knockout cells that was restored by a rescue experiment. Combining ERISM and immunostaining we show that KIAA0319 depletion reduces the number of podosomes formed by the cells.Our results suggest an involvement of KIAA0319 in cilia biology and force regulation and show for the first time that podosomes exert highly dynamic, piconewton vertical forces in epithelial cells.
Salivary molecular spectroscopy: a rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment
Authors: Caixeta D.C. , Aguiar E. M. G. , Cardoso-Sousa L. , Coelho L.M.D , Oliveira S.W. , Espindola F.S. , Raniero L , Crosara K.T.B. , Baker M.J. , Siqueira W.L. , Sabino-Silva R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMonitoring of blood glucose is an invasive, painful and costly practice in diabetes. Consequently, the search for a more cost-effective (reagent-free), non-invasive and specific diabetes monitoring method is of great interest. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used in diagnosis of several diseases, however, applications in the monitoring of diabetic treatment are just beginning to emerge. Here, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to evaluate saliva of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D) and diabetic 6U-treated of insulin (D6U) rats to identify potential salivary biomarkers related to glucose monitoring. The spectrum of saliva of ND, D and D6U rats displayed several unique vibrational modes and from these, two vibrational modes were pre-validated as potential diagnostic biomarkers by ROC curve analysis with significant correlation with glycemia. Compared to the ND and D6U rats, classification of D rats was achieved with a sensitivity of 100%, and an average specificity of 93.33% and 100% using bands 1452 cm−1and 836 cm−1, respectively. Moreover, 1452 cm−1and 836 cm−1spectral bands proved to be robust spectral biomarkers and highly correlated with glycemia (R2of 0.801 and 0.788, P < 0.01, respectively). Both PCA-LDA and HCA classifications achieved an accuracy of 95.2%. Spectral salivary biomarkers discovered using univariate and multivariate analysis may provide a novel robust alternative for diabetes monitoring using a non-invasive and green technology.
Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) reduces circulating Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in vivo
Authors: Mukherjee Niladri , Joardar Nikhilesh , Mukherjee Suprabhat , Sinha Babu Santi P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe present study enumerates the effectiveness of ethanolic leaf extract of A. indica against circulating microfilariae (mf) of D. immitis in vivo of Canis familiaris. An ethanolic extract was prepared from the leaves of A. indica (EEA) and treated on dogs infected with the filarial nematode Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of canine cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis. Before treatment, all the infected dogs were vigilantly supervised for any natural fluctuation of mf count. Two doses; 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight/twice a day; both for 15 days were selected for in vivo tests along with a control group which received an empty capsule during the study period. The highest reduction of circulating mf was counted on day 60, showing mf reduction of 77.9% and 86.7% respectively for the two doses. Thereafter mf density increased with a minor change and maintained reduction of 49.5% and 64.1% on day 180 respectively. Additionally, no appreciable side effects in the treated dogs were recorded as evident from serum toxicity parameter analyses. In conclusion, the ethanolic formulation of A. indica leaves possesses considerable effectiveness against D. immitis in vivo with no toxic modification in the host after exposure. Thus, EEA appears to be a good alternative remedy against heartworm infection in infected dogs.
Escherichia ruysiae sp. nov., isolated from an international traveller
Authors: van der Putten Boas C.L. , Matamoros S. , Mende D.R. ,   COMBAT consortium, Schultsz C. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe Escherichia genus comprises four species and at least five lineages currently not assigned to any species, termed ‘Escherichia cryptic clades’. We isolated an Escherichia strain from an international traveller and resolved the complete DNA sequence of the chromosome and an IncI multi-drug resistance plasmid using Illumina and Nanopore whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Strain OPT1704T can be differentiated from existing Escherichia spp. using biochemical (VITEK2) and genomic tests (average nucleotide identity [ANI] and digital DNA:DNA hybridisation [dDDH]). Phylogenetic analysis based on alignment of 16S rRNA sequences and 682 concatenated core genes showed similar results. Our analysis further revealed that strain OPT1704T falls within Escherichia cryptic clade IV, and is closely related to cryptic clade III. Combining our analyses with publicly available WGS data of cryptic clades III and IV from Enterobase confirmed the close relationship between clades III and IV (>96% interclade ANI), warranting assignment of both clades to the same novel species. We propose E. ruysiae sp. nov. as a novel species, encompassing Escherichia cryptic clades III and IV (type strain OPT1704T = NCCB 100732T = NCTC 14359T).Author notesThe Genbank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain OPT1704T is LR745848. The Genbank accession number for the complete genome sequence of strain OPT1704T is CABVLQ000000000.
Gaining, maintaining and repairing organisational legitimacy
Authors: Kuruppu Sanjaya C. , Milne Markus J. , Tilt Carol A. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how legitimacy is gained, maintained or repaired through direct action with salient stakeholders and/or through external reporting, by using a number of empirical case vignettes within a single case study organisation.Design/methodology/approachThe study investigates a foreign affiliate of a large multinational organisation involved in an environmentally sensitive industry. Data collection included semi-structured interviews with 26 participants, organisational reports and participation in the organisation’s annual environmental management seminar and a stakeholder engagement meeting.FindingsFour vignettes featuring environmental issues illustrate the complexity of organisational responses. Issue visibility, stakeholder salience and stakeholder interconnectedness influence a company’s action to manage legitimacy. In the short-term, environmental issues which affected salient stakeholders resulted in swift and direct action to protect pragmatic legitimacy, but external reporting did not feature in legitimacy management efforts. Highly visible issues to the public, regulators and the media, however, resulted in direct action together with external reporting to manage wider stakeholder perceptions. External reporting was used superficially, along with a broad suite of communication strategies, to gain legitimacy in the long-term decision about the company’s future in New Zealand.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper outlines how episodic encounters to manage strategic legitimacy with salient stakeholders in the short-term are theoretically distinct, but nonetheless linked to continual efforts to maintain institutional legitimacy. Case vignettes highlight how pragmatic legitimacy via dispositional legitimacy can be managed with direct action in the short-term to influence a limited range of salient stakeholders. The way external reporting features in legitimacy management is limited, although this has predominantly been the focus of prior research. Only where an environmental incident damages legitimacy to a larger number of stakeholders is external reporting also used to buttress community support.Originality/valueThe concept of legitimacy is comprehensively applied, linking the strategic and institutional arms of legitimacy and illustrating how episodic actions are taken to manage legitimacy in the short-term with continual efforts to manage legitimacy in the long-term. Stakeholder salience and networks are brought in as novel theoretical extensions to provide a deeper understanding of the interrelationships between these key concepts with a unique case study.
Health behaviors and goal setting among Karen youth
Authors: Danner Christine , Freeman Katie , Friedrichsen Samantha , Brandenburg Dana 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe and compare the health behaviors of Karen youth with that of the other subpopulation seen at a Minnesota clinic.Design/methodology/approachDemographic information and data on health status, recommended health behaviors and goal-setting patterns were collected via a review of the medical records of patients seen at a family medicine residency clinic in St Paul, Minnesota during a one-year period (July 2015–June 2016). Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Data on Karen patients were compared with data on other populations.FindingsThe study included 765 youths aged 3–17 years. The Karen youth in the study engaged in recommended health behaviors more frequently than their peers on almost every measure. There were statistically significant differences in the amount of sleep, intake of fruits and vegetables, screen time, number of active days per week and consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks between the Karen and their peers overall. Karen youth also reported consuming fewer sweets and fried or processed food than their peers, and they had lower BMI percentiles than other youth.Research limitations/implicationsThe study relied on participant self-report, which is subject to potential inaccuracies in recall and reporting.Originality/valueTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study detailing health behaviors of Karen youth in the USA. The findings suggest a window of opportunity to support and empower Karen families to maintain healthy habits in order to prevent the development of chronic disease in this community.
Factors of subjective household economic well-being in transition countries
Authors: Salnikova Daria 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between social capital and subjective ranking of household economic well-being in transition countries. The current study tests whether the performance of formal institutions moderates this link.Design/methodology/approachThe analyses are based on the data from the second wave of the Life in Transition Survey. The measures “generosity of welfare policy (social safety nets)” and “ability of formal institutions to control inflation” were provided by the Bertelsmann Transformation Index Project. The study uses four measures of social capital: trust in family, trust in friends and acquaintances, trust in most people and the number of support sources. To test the hypotheses, the study employs mixed-effects regression models.FindingsThe study indicates a significant positive effect of social capital on subjective household well-being. Formal institutions do not have a significant effect on subjective ranking of household well-being. The evidence on institutions as moderators rejects the substitution effect between formal institutions and social capital. Higher generosity of welfare policy institutions and higher ability of formal institutions to control inflation strengthen the positive effect of particular trust (trust in family and trust in friends and acquaintances) on subjective ranking on the ladder of social standing (subjective ranking of household well-being), which is in line with the “crowding in” theory.Originality/valueThe paper adds on the limited research on transition countries. The paper contributes to the discussion on “crowding in” and “crowding out” effects of formal institutions on social capital.
Unpacking the monolith
Authors: Miner Michael A. 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
The term STEM often remains an undifferentiated category, especially at the graduate level. Conceptualizing STEM as a monolithic category, rather than as a combination of distinct fields, prevents researchers from understanding and documenting the full range of persistent inequality within scientific disciplines at the graduate level and throughout the lifespan. The purpose of this paper is to address two oversights prior to degree completion within the context of the USA by asking two specific questions: To what extent is gender associated with choice of discipline within STEM graduate education? In the USA, do gender differences in STEM fields depend on citizenship status?

Design/methodology/approach
Using data from the 2015 International STEM Graduate Student in the US Survey, this study employs multinomial logistic regression analyses and presents predicted probabilities to assess differences of enrollment in STEM fields by gender and citizenship status.

Findings
Results show that domestic women were less likely to enroll in computer sciences and engineering when compared to domestic men. However, in contrast to domestic students, there were no gender differences among international students’ enrollment in engineering.

Research limitations/implications
This paper shows the importance and complexity of how gender intersects with citizenship status in enrollment patterns in STEM graduate fields. The survey included the top 10 universities in the USA based on the total enrollment of international students, and it is unclear if there exists differences in these selected students and schools when compared to students at colleges and universities that enroll less international graduate students.

Originality/value
The author makes the case to disaggregate STEM to better assess how specific fields can be modified to attract graduate students worldwide. This paper accentuates the significance of gender and citizenship status for understanding differences in choice of discipline among graduate students in STEM.