bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
69 The effects of feeding a novel saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additive on the prevalence and abundance of antimicrobial resistance genes in the microbiome(s) of receiving beef calves
Authors: Sommer-Lassa Morgan M , Reecy James , Severin Andrew , Somwarpet-Seetharam Arun , Mayes Mary Sue 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing worldwide health threat. Increases in AMR are preventing the success of therapeutic treatment(s), which leads to diminished animal well-being. Innovative research is needed to explore alternatives (i.e. feed supplementation) to reduce the dependencies of antibiotics in livestock production. Diet composition has previously been shown to play a large role in altering microbial communities. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect a novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additive on the abundance and prevalence of AMR genes present in beef cattle microbiomes (nasal, deep nasopharyngeal cavities, and fecal matter). Samples were collected from weaned steers (n = 32). Steers were fed four different dietary treatments (Control, 12 g/hd/day, 18 g/hd/day, post-transportation 18/g/hd/day). Analyses performed evaluated if AMR gene abundance or prevalence was reduced due to treatment. DNA samples were extracted and whole genome shotgun sequencing was conducted by Illumina Technologies. Sequences were mapped to the UMD 3.1 Bovine reference genome and the National Database of Antibiotic Resistant Organisms (NDARO) (n2= 4,187) to annotate and quantify microbial AMR genes. Hundreds of AMR genes were detected across fecal (371), nasal (363), and deep nasopharyngeal (121) samples. Nasal and deep nasopharyngeal samples primarily aligned to the bovine genome and were not analyzed further. DNA from fecal samples aligned predominantly with microbial genes and were the primary focus of the research. Linear models and treatment contrast analyses were implemented to test for nominally significant treatment differences (P < 0.05). Dietary treatment significantly impacted AMR genes, predominantly Mef(EN2) and Lnu(AN2). On average, Lnu(AN2) and Mef(EN2) AMR gene read abundances were reduced due to dietary treatments by 57% and 55%. In conclusion, feeding this novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additive did significantly reduce AMR gene read abundances. However, further research will increase our understanding of dietary treatment impacts within the fecal microbiome.
73 Effects of vegetable and animal protein sources and nutrient specifications on the nursery pig gut microbiome
Authors: Creager Chloe M , Manu Hayford , Sharma Ashok , Baidoo S K , Gomez Andres 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of different protein sources and nutrient specification levels on the gut microbiome composition of nursery pigs. A total of 120 crossbred gilts (Large White ′ Landrace ′ Duroc, initial BW 6.74 ± 0.06 kg, 18 days of age) were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments: animal protein source with nursery diet specifications (AN); animal protein source with grower diet specifications (AG); plant protein source with nursery specifications (PN); plant protein source with grower diet specifications (PG); plant protein source, nursery diet specifications, and an enzyme + essential oil cocktail (PN+EOE), and plant protein source, grower diet specifications, and an enzyme + essential oil cocktail (PG+EOE). There were 4 pigs per replicate and 5 replications per treatment, in a randomized block design. On d 43, 1 pig per replicate was sacrificed, and cecum and colon digesta samples were collected for gut microbiome analysis and profiled though MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods within R. No differences in alpha or beta diversity were detected based on protein source, nursery diet specification, or inclusion of EOE; however, a number of discriminating taxa were present between pigs fed treatments with different protein sources. For instance, abundance of Parabacteroides was increased in colonic PG samples (P = 0.01) compared with AG, and abundance of Lachnospiraceae was increased in all samples of AG compared with PG (P = 0.009). Eubacterium (P = 0.044) and Turicibacter (P = 0.031) were both more abundant in colonic AN samples when compared with PN samples. In conclusion, the gut microbial communities, at large, in the cecum or colon, were not significantly modified by the presence of different protein sources in nursery diets.
75 Assessment of allometric changes of visceral organs in pigs from birth to 10 kg bodyweight at 14 days post-weaning
Authors: Elefson Sarah K , Matthews James C , Monegue H J , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Visceral organs (VO) play a crucial role in nutrient metabolism needed for growth and development. Although many studies have documented selected VO growth during early development or around the time of weaning, few studies have documented complete VO growth from birth through the post-weaning (PW) period. The objective of this study was to assess allometric changes of VO growth from birth through d 14 PW. Crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to slaughter (n = 6, 3 male and 3 female) for tissue collection at birth (pre-suckle), 1 and 7 days after birth, at weaning (20.0 ± 1.3 d), and days 1, 2, 5, 7, and 14 PW. Pigs were fed a common PW diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) estimates. Body weight (BW) and VO were collected and measured (Table 1). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using GLM procedure of SAS with linear and quadratic effects of age determined by contrast statements. BW, absolute small intestine length (SIL), and absolute large intestine length (LIL) increased (linear, P < 0.001) with age. Absolute stomach, liver, pancreas, and total VO weight (including the previously mentioned organs in addition to heart, lungs, kidneys, and spleen) increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.0001) with pig age and BW. Relative weight (relative to BW) for stomach (0.52 - 0.82%, respectively), liver (2.99 - 3.17%, respectively), pancreas (0.14 - 0.22 %, respectively), and total VO weight (9.95 - 17.64%, respectively) also increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.0008) over time (d 0 - 14 PW). The SIL relative to total intestinal length (83.79 - 82.14%, respectively) and relative LIL (16.21 - 17.86, respectively) did not change (P > 0.05) from birth to d 14 PW. In conclusion, the weight of the assessed VO increased hyperallometrically from birth to d 14 PW.
79 Seeing the whole picture: Utilizing GPS technology to determine distance and time calves devote to walking post-weaning
Authors: Nickles Kirsten , Relling Alejandro E , Parker Anthony 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Common weaning practices in today’s beef industry involve discontinuation of the cow-calf social and nutritional bond. When this bond is discontinued, atypical behaviors of walking and vocalizing are immediately observed in the calf that negatively affect calf welfare. Global positioning systems (GPS) provide an opportunity to quantify the effects of animal activity on welfare. Utilizing GPS technology, we are able to determine total distance walked, speed, total time walking, or total time not walking and the interactions with calf production. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a familiar trainer animal on calf production during weaning and more specifically, common weaning behaviors such as walking utilizing a Garmin® product. A total of 80 Angus x Simmental heifer calves were used in this study. In all four replications, heifer calves were allotted to each treatment group (n = 10), trainer animal or control (TR, CON) on the day of weaning. Calves in the TR group were placed on pasture at weaning with the familiar trainer animal, and control calves were placed in a similar size pasture without a trainer animal. Each calf was also fitted with their own GPS collar that recorded on days 0, 7, and 14 relative to initiation of the study for a full 24 hours before removal. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measurements (SAS 9.4). Placing calves with a familiar trainer animal decreased the distance calves walked (P = 0.001) as well as the amount of time calves were walking (P = 0.001). Placing a familiar trainer animal with calves at weaning, therefore, has an effect on walking distance and amount of time calves devote to walking.
71 Impact of myoglobin oxygenation state at freezing on color stability of frozen and thawed beef
Authors: Henriott Morgan , Ribeiro Felipe , Hart Kellen , Herrera Nicolas , Bland Nicolas , Calkins Chris 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Myoglobin, when oxygenated, is bright red. The deoxygenated form (purple color) is unstable and can be oxidized to metmyoglobin (brown color). This research was conducted to determine if meat frozen in the oxygenated state could retain bright red color during frozen storage, and after thawing, during retail display. Steaks from 18 USDA Choice strip loins were randomly assigned to a myoglobin state [deoxymyoglobin (DeOxy; immediately packaged), low oxygenation (LoOxy; oxygenated for 30 minutes), and high oxygenation (HiOxy; packaged for 24 h in 80% O2)], frozen storage packaging method (vacuum packaged in oxygen permeable or impermeable film), and retail display after two months of frozen storage [0 d (frozen) and 1–7 d (thawed)]. Following storage, frozen steaks were analyzed for objective color (L*, a*, b*), subjective discoloration, and percent oxymyoglobin (via spectrometer). After thawing, steaks were evaluated throughout 7 d of retail display in oxygen-permeable film. For frozen steaks, there were no differences in discoloration (P>.05). The HiOxy steaks retained the highest percentage oxymyoglobin and highest (reddest) a* values after storage, regardless of packaging film. The lowest percent oxymyoglobin (PPPPP < .05). These data suggest that steaks frozen for two months in the high oxygenation state retain superior color appearance while frozen and during the first part of retail display. It is unknown if this advantage would be retained during longer frozen storage.
72 Use of aspirin to intentionally induce gastrointestinal tract barrier dysfunction in feedlot cattle
Authors: Briggs Nathan G , Brennan Kristen M , Nicholls Griffin , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Stress negatively effects gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier function, resulting in compromised animal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aspirin to intentionally induce GIT barrier dysfunction in beef cattle. In experiment 1, sixteen crossbred heifers (425 ± 8.6 kg) were enrolled in 2 experimental periods and allotted by BW to 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg BW aspirin. Four heifers per treatment received the same aspirin dose during each period, which were separated by 4 wks. Heifers were fed a 49.4% corn silage, 50.6% concentrate diet. Aspirin was delivered to animals as an oral bolus. The 200 aspirin treatment was dosed as 100 mg/kg BW aspirin 36 and 24 h prior to Cr-EDTA dosing (1 L; 180 mM). The 50 and 100 aspirin treatments were dosed 24 h prior to Cr-EDTA dosing. Urine was collected every 3 h for 48 h and analyzed for Cr using atomic absorption spectrometry. Serum was collected at 0, 24, and 48 h and analyzed for lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using ELISA. In experiment 2, sixteen crossbred steers (576 ± 14.2 kg) fed the same diet were allotted by BW to the 0 and 200 mg/kg BW aspirin treatments (8 steers/treatment) and were slaughtered 24 h after the last dose. Jejunal tissues were collected and tight junction mRNA expression was determined. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Aspirin linearly increased Cr absorption (P = 0.02) and elimination (P = 0.04) rate and linearly decreased mean retention time of Cr (P = 0.02). Aspirin tended to increase jejunal claudin-1 mRNA expression (P = 0.10) but did not affect serum IL-6 or LBP or expression of other jejunal tight junction mRNA (P ≥ 0.20). This study indicates that aspirin disrupts GIT barrier function in beef cattle and has potential as a model in GIT permeability research.
77 Responses to alfalfa supplementation in mice
Authors: Fries-Craft Krysten , Anast Justin , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Bobeck Elizabeth A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests health benefits from feeding late cutting alfalfa to non-ruminants, but there is a lack of published literature to support these claims. The objective was to compare early (1st) and late (5th) cutting alfalfa as ground hay, aqueous, or chloroform-extracted hay in combination with a gastrointestinal challenge to understand the effect of supplementation form and cutting on the overall health, microbiome, and immune system of mice. 163 C57BL/6J mice were housed for 35 d (Innovive system; 2–4 mice/cage) and fed treatments that consisted of an 18% protein rodent diet (alfalfa-free control), or control supplemented with 1st or 5th cutting 9% ground alfalfa hay, 0.25% aqueous extract (AAE), or 0.25% chloroform extract (CAE). After a 14 d enrichment period, 6 mice/treatment were euthanized for baseline tissue and digesta sampling, and remaining mice were orally gavaged with 2x1010 CFU Citrobacter rodentium. On d18, 22, 28, and 35, 4 mice/treatment were euthanized for sampling. Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded, 13 serum cytokines were measured, and changes in the microbial communities were analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED and linear discrimination analysis effect size (LEfSe), with significance at P ≤ 0.05. No BW differences were observed between treatments at the key timepoints (P > 0.05). Mice fed hay diets ate 16% more per day during the enrichment period (P = 0.03), 19% more from d14–18 (P = 0.001), and 17% more from d18–22 (P = 0.03) versus mice fed AAE. Citrobacter rodentium infection was confirmed via MiSeq in colon digesta. Significant shifts in microbial taxa were observed in mice fed alfalfa hay regardless of cutting (P < 0.05). Cytokine analysis, flow cytometry, and microbiome analysis is ongoing. Preliminary results show that alfalfa form significantly impacts FI and microbiome while cutting impacts weight (P < 0.05).
81 Increasing withdrawal duration of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on finishing pig performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Lerner Annie B , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Allerson Matt W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A total of 860 finishing pigs (PIC C48/L42×327; initially 66.2 kg BW) were used in a 76-d experiment to evaluate the effects of removing corn DDGS from diets at increasing intervals before harvest. Diets contained 40% DDGS prior to the experiment, 0 or 35% DDGS during the experiment from approximately 66 to 82 kg and 0 or 30% DDGS until the completion of the trial. Pen served as the experimental unit, and there were 7 replicate pens/treatment with 23 to 25 pigs/pen. Pens were blocked by BW and allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments, differentiated by the number of days prior to slaughter that diets containing DDGS were withdrawn and replaced with corn-soybean meal-based diets. Withdrawal times were 76, 42, 27, 15, or 0 d (no withdrawal) before harvest. Linear and quadratic response to withdrawal time was evaluated using PROC GLIMMIX. For the overall period (d -76 to 0), as time of DDGS withdrawal increased, ADG and final BW also increased (linear, P < 0.018) and G:F improved (quadratic, P = 0.019). Average daily feed intake quadratically decreased (P = 0.030) with increasing withdrawal time. There was a linear increase (P = 0.010) in HCW, with a marginally significant increase in carcass yield (linear, P = 0.094) with increasing DDGS withdrawal time. Loin depth and lean percentage did not demonstrate any evidence for treatment differences (P > 0.132). Backfat was linearly increased (P = 0.030) with increasing DDGS withdrawal time. Lastly, iodine value (IV) of belly fat was increased (linear, P = 0.001) with increased feeding duration of DDGS. In conclusion, removing pigs from diets containing DDGS for longer periods before slaughter increased ADG and improved G:F, resulting in increased HCW. Belly fat IV was decreased as the length of DDGS withdrawal increased, with the highest IV resulting from pigs that consumed DDGS for the entire experimental period.
84 Improving dietary amino acid balance reduces heat production in lactating sows exposed to heat stress
Authors: Zhang Sai , Johnson Jay S , Trottier Nathalie L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We hypothesized that lactating sows fed a reduced CP (RCP) diet with supplemental AA to improve AA balance produce less metabolic heat (HP) compared with feeding a conventional diet (control). The objective was to measure HP of sows (n = 24) fed control (19.6% CP) or RCP (14.2% CP) under thermoneutral (TN, 21 ± 1.5°C) or cycling heat stress (HS, 32 ± 1.5°C daytime and 24 ± 1.5°C nighttime). Diets contained 0.90% SID Lys and 2,580 kcal/kg. Positive pressure indirect calorimeters were used to measure gas exchange in individual sows with litters (sow + litter), and individual piglets on lactation d 4, 8, 14 and 18, and HP determined overnight (1900–0700) and during daytime (0700–1900). Sow and litter weights were recorded on d 1, 10 and 21. Sow HP was calculated by subtracting litter HP from sow + litter HP based on BW0.75. Model included the fixed effect of diet, random effects of block and sow, sow feed intake as a regression variable and day as the repeated measurement. Compared to control, HP (kcal/h·kg0.75) of RCP was lower (P < 0.01) overnight (5.25 vs. 5.96 ± 0.38), during daytime (6.33 vs. 6.94 ± 0.23), and over 24-h (5.78 vs. 6.46 ± 0.24) under HS. Under TN, HP of RCP tended to differ (P = 0.107) overnight (5.20 vs. 5.90 ±0.57) and over 24-h (5.93 vs. 6.48 ± 0.50) and did not differ (P = 0.190) during daytime (6.66 vs. 7.06 ± 0.52). Under HS, lactation day affected HP (P < 0.05) overnight and over 24-h, with HP increasing from d 1 to 14 and decreasing from d 14 to 18. Under TN, day of lactation did not affect sow HP. Feeding RCP diet to lactating sows decreased HP, and this effect was more pronounced in sows housed under HS.
86 Impact of steeping corn DDGS over 72 hours without or with fiber degrading enzymes and protease alone or in combination on concentration of sugars and organic acids and pH in the liquid medium
Authors: Rho Youngji , Patterson Rob , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We investigated the impact of steeping corn DDGS over 72 h with or without fiber degrading enzymes (FDE) and protease (PRO) on concentration of sugar, acetic and lactic acid, and pH. The concentration of crude fat, CP, NDF and ADF in DDGS sample was 8.6, 30.8, 36.1, 12.2% DM, respectively. Treatments were: 1) DDGS steeped without enzymes (Control), 2) DDGS steeped with FDE (FDE), 3) DDGS steeped with protease (PRO), 4) DDGS steeped with combination (FDEPRO). Enzymes were added at 1% of DDGS. Briefly, 50g of DDGS was mixed with 500-mL water with or without enzymes in sterile plastic bottles and steeped for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72-h at 37℃ with continuous agitation. Samples were aliquoted to individual bottle for each timepoint. At each time point, bottles were pulled out from the incubator for pH measurements and liquid medium supernatant for sugars and acids. Highest arabinose, xylose and glucose was observed at 12 and 24 h, followed by decrease at 48 and 72 h. At 12 h, arabinose was higher (P < 0.05) for FDE and FDEPRO than control. The highest xylose and glucose was seen at 12 h for PRO, FDE and FDEPRO while control was highest at 24 h. Acetic acid and lactic acid increased over time. At 72 h, FEDPRO had highest acetic acid compared to control and PRO, while lactic acid was highest for FDE and FDPRO compared with (P < 0.0001) control and PRO. The pH decreased (P < 0.05) over time for all treatments. At 72 h, FDE had lowest pH followed by FDEPRO, PRO and control (P < .0001). Overall, arabinose, xylose and glucose increased to a certain timepoint and decreased, while lactic and acetic acid increased over time, subsequently leading to lowest pH at 72 h. In conclusion, FDE increased concentration of sugars and acids in steeped DDGS whereas PRO had no effect.
94 Dietary soy isoflavone ingestion alters the acute and recovery immune responses in growing pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Smith Brooke N , Oelschlager Maci , Hannas Melissa , Rasheed Muhammad Shameer Abdul , Dilger Ryan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically-important disease and ingestion of soy isoflavones (ISF) may benefit PRRSV-infected pigs due to demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The objective of this study was to determine long-term effects of feeding ISF on growth performance and both acute and recovery immune responses following PRRSV infection. In total, 96 weaned barrows were group-housed in a BSL-2 containment facility and allotted to 1 of 3 experimental treatments that were maintained throughout the study: non-infected pigs received an ISF-devoid control diet (NC, n = 24), and infected pigs received either the control diet (PC, n = 36) or that supplemented with total ISF in excess of 1,600 mg/kg (ISF, n = 36). Following a 7-day adaptation, weanling pigs were inoculated intranasally with either a sham-control (PBS) or live PRRSV (1×105 TCID50/mL, strain NADC20). After inoculation, individual blood samples (n = 8–12/treatment) were routinely collected to monitor viral clearance, hematological parameters, and anti-PRRSV antibody production, and pen-based oral fluids were used to monitor PRRSV clearance at later growth stages. A 2-way ANOVA (including time effect) was performed to compare NC and PC groups (infection status) and PC and ISF groups (ISF effect within infected pigs). In general, PRRSV infection decreased performance during early growth phases, resulting in 5.4% lower final BW for PC vs. NC pigs (P < 0.05). Dietary ISF elicited inconsistent effects on growth performance, reduced (P < 0.05) longitudinal serum viral loads, and increased (P < 0.05) the rate of PRRSV clearance from oral fluids. Dietary ISF also elicited earlier, more robust anti-PRRSV neutralizing antibody production as compared with PC pigs. Additionally, PC pigs experienced ~50% greater infection-related mortality vs. ISF pigs (P < 0.05), which could have significant economic implications for producers. Overall, dietary ISF ingestion supported immune responses and reduced mortality in PRRSV-infected pigs when fed to growing pigs.