bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of a method for the localization of displaced maxillary canines using a single panoramic radiograph
Authors: Chaushu S. , Becker A. , Chaushu G. 
Published: February 2018

The present study was initiated to determine the validity and reproducibility of a method previously reported for localization of displaced maxillary canines by panoramic radiographs. Eleven dental specialists (five orthodontists, five surgeons, and one radiologist) and five (final year) dental students were asked to interpret initial panoramic radiographs of 20 patients with 26 unerupted canines. The method contends that, provided that the radiographic image of the unerupted canines superimposes on the root of the lateral incisor at a height coronal to the apical third, a ratio between the widest mesiodistal dimension of the affected canine and the homolateral central incisor [Canine‐Incisor Index (CII)] of more than 1.15 indicates palatal displacement. Among the observers, the measurement error was small, insufficient to cause overlap between the ranges of values for the CII of buccal and palatal canines. Inter‐observer reproducibility was high. Without exception, all observers correctly diagnosed the location of each of the impacted canines. The CII cut‐off point of 1.15, which was arbitrarily chosen in the previous work, was shown to be valid to differentiate buccal from palatal displacement.The present method is rapid, simple, accurate, and easily taught to dental students or dental specialists, with the simplest of initial instruction. While confirmations with other radiographic techniques is strongly advised before a definitive treatment is undertaken, this method has merit in providing more information than has been available from the panoramic radiograph hitherto, to satisfy the needs of an initial orthodontic consultation.
Diagnosis of Compressed Nerve Root in Lumbar Disc Herniation Patients by Surface Electromyography
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Yan‐cheng , Zheng Chen‐fan , Miao Jun , Chen Hui , Quan Hai‐ying , Yan Song‐hua , Zhang Kuan 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo establish a logistic regression model using surface electromyography (SEMG) parameters for diagnosing the compressed nerve root at L5 or S1 level in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH).MethodsThis study recruited 24 patients with L5 nerve root compression and 23 patients with S1 nerve root compression caused by LDH from May 2014 to May 2016. SEMG signals from the bilateral tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius were measured. The root mean square (RMS), the RMS peak time, the mean power frequency (MPF), and the median frequency (MF) were analyzed. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values were calculated separately. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the kappa value were used to evaluate the accuracy of the SEMG diagnostic model.ResultsThe accuracy of the SEMG model ranged from 85.71% to 100%, with an average of 93.57%. The sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and kappa value of the logistic regression model were 0.98 ± 0.05, 0.92 ± 0.09, 0.95 ± 0.04 (P = 0.006), and 0.87 ± 0.11, respectively (P = 0.001). The final diagnostic model was: ; y = 10.76 − (5.95 × TA_RMS Ratio) − (0.38 × TA_RMS Peak Time Ratio) – (5.44 × 44 × LG_RMS Peak Time Ratio). L5 nerve root compression is diagnosed when P < 0.5 and S1 nerve root compression when P ≥ 0.5.ConclusionsThe logistic regression model developed in this study showed high diagnostic accuracy in detecting the compressed nerve root (L5 and S1) in these patients with LDH.
Bayesian Non-Parametric Generation Of Fully Synthetic Multivariate Categorical Data in the Presence of Structural Zeros
Authors: Manrique-Vallier Daniel , Hu Jingchen 
Published: February 2018

SummaryStatistical agencies are increasingly adopting synthetic data methods for disseminating microdata without compromising the privacy of respondents. Crucial to the implementation of these approaches are flexible models, able to capture the nuances of the multivariate structure in the original data. In the case of multivariate categorical data, preserving this multivariate structure also often involves satisfying constraints in the form of combinations of responses that cannot logically be present in any data set—like married toddlers or pregnant men—also known as structural zeros. Ignoring structural zeros can result in both logically inconsistent synthetic data and biased estimates. Here we propose the use of a Bayesian non-parametric method for generating discrete multivariate synthetic data subject to structural zeros. This method can preserve complex multivariate relationships between variables, can be applied to high dimensional data sets with massive collections of structural zeros, requires minimal tuning from the user and is computationally efficient. We demonstrate our approach by synthesizing an extract of 17 variables from the 2000 US census. Our method produces synthetic samples with high analytic utility and low disclosure risk.
It is only fair: blood donors are more sensitive to violations of fairness norms than nondonors – converging psychometric and ultimatum game evidence
Authors: Ferguson E. , Lawrence C. 
Published: February 2018

Background and ObjectivesThe design of effective donor recruitment campaigns requires an accurate understanding of donor motivations. This requires cross‐validation of theoretically derived, psychometrically assessed motivations with behavioural preferences. Theoretical models suggest that blood donors should be more sensitive than nondonors to violations of fairness norms. Specifically, active blood donors, compared to nondonors, should endorse beliefs of reciprocal fairness, norms of both positive and negative reciprocity and reject more unfair offers in a behavioural economic game (the ultimatum game). This study is the first to test this hypothesis.Materials and MethodsTwo studies are reported. One experimental psychometric study (N = 400) and one behavioural economic game using the ultimatum game (N = 60).ResultsConsistent with the predictions, active and lapsed donors, compared to nondonors, were more likely to endorse beliefs of reciprocal fairness and active donors to endorse norms of both positive and negative reciprocity and reject more unfair offers in the ultimatum game. This pattern of motivations was unique to blood donors and not observed for other health (i.e. being on the organ donor register) and nonhealth (e.g. volunteering) prosociality.ConclusionBlood donors have a heightened sensitivity to unfairness violations. This indicates a very clear and specific line for the development of interventions that align fairness, self‐interest and reciprocity, for example voluntary reciprocal altruism (VRA). We also highlight the importance of establishing intervention development within a clinical trials model and emphasize why experimental work of this type is vital.
Abrogation of fluid suppression in intracranial postcontrast fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging: A clinical and phantom study
Authors: Dickinson Peter J. , Jones‐Woods Sarah , Cissell Derek D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPostcontrast, fluid–attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences are reported to be of variable value in veterinary and human neuroimaging. The source of hyperintensity in postcontrast‐T2 FLAIR images is inconsistently reported and has implications for the significance of imaging findings. We hypothesized that the main source of increased signal intensity in postcontrast‐T2 FLAIR images would be due to gadolinium leakage into adjacent fluid, and that the resulting gadolinium‐induced T1 shortening causes reappearance of fluid hyperintensity, previously nulled on precontrast FLAIR images. A retrospective, descriptive study was carried out comparing T2 weighted, pre‐ and postcontrast T1 weighted and pre‐ and postcontrast weighted T2 FLAIR images in a variety of intracranial diseases in dogs and cats. A prospective, experimental, phantom, in vitro study was also done to compare the relative effects of gadolinium concentration on T2 weighted, T1 weighted, and FLAIR images. A majority of hyperintensities on postcontrast‐T2 FLAIR images that were not present on precontrast FLAIR images were also present on precontrast T2 weighted images, and were consistent with normal or pathological fluid filled structures. Phantom imaging demonstrated increased sensitivity of FLAIR sequences to low concentrations of gadolinium compared to T1 weighted sequences. Apparent contrast enhancement on postcontrast‐T2 FLAIR images often reflects leakage of gadolinium across normal or pathology specific barriers into fluid‐filled structures, and hyperintensity may therefore represent normal fluid structures as well as pathological tissues. Findings indicated that postcontrast‐T2 FLAIR images may provide insight into integrity of biological structures such as the ependymal and subarachnoid barriers that may be relevant to progression of disease.
What matters most to people in retirement villages and their transition to residential aged care
Authors: Yeung Polly , Good Gretchen , O'Donoghue Kieran , Spence Sarah , Ros Blanka 
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION: As older people age and become frail, their decline in independence and concomitant changing care needs may force them to move from retirement village to a residential aged care (RAC) facility. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to subjective wellbeing among older people living in retirement villages in Aotearoa New Zealand and to compare results with the data from the residents of the care home facilities co-located with the retirement villages.METHOD: This study is mainly quantitative in nature to examine what factors contributed to subjective wellbeing among older people living in retirement villages. Descriptive and regression analyses were used with data collected in 2016 from residents of two retirement villages (N = 163) from one aged residential care provider in Aotearoa New Zealand and they were then compared with already-published data on RAC residents. In addition, four village residents participated in semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: Results showed that retirement village residents reported being generally satisfied with their living environment and their overall wellbeing is positively influenced by their social and psychological milieu.CONCLUSIONS: This research provides insights on what matters most to retirement village residents’ subjective wellbeing, which includes a dignified environment enhancing positive mental health, relationship building and reducing loneliness and isolation. Results were also compared with feedback from care home residents co-located in the same estate to provide an indicative picture for comparison against other studies to inform and expand choices for older people to consider when relocating in late-life.
Developmental Trends and Determinants of Physical Activity From Adolescence to Adulthood Differ by Ethnicity/Race and Sex
Authors: Miller Jonathan , Pereira Mark , Wolfson Julian , Laska Melissa , Nelson Toben , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: February 2018

Background:Interventions to raise population physical activity generally show modest effects; one possible reason is that trends and determinants of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) differ between population subgroups. This study examined differences in trends and determinants of reported MVPA by ethnicity/race and sex in a 15-year longitudinal study.Methods:Participants (n = 2092) in the Project Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults study were surveyed on MVPA behavior and potential determinants from adolescence to young adulthood. Generalized estimating equations were used to model age trends in MVPA and associations with determinants.Results:Mean MVPA declined by 2.1 hours per week over 15 years of follow-up from adolescence to young adulthood. Asian males reported the lowest levels of MVPA at each age. Nonwhite females reported less MVPA than white females at each age. The association of body mass index (BMI) with MVPA differed by sex and ethnicity/race. Asian males and females showed lower levels of MVPA at both low and high BMI.Conclusions:Interventions to increase MVPA may need to begin earlier among Asian men and nonwhite women than among other groups. Asian adolescents with lower BMI show lower MVPA and may benefit from additional intervention efforts compared with Asian adolescents with normal BMI.
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Efficacy of a Novel and Long-Acting Fungicidal Azole, PC1244, on Aspergillus fumigatus Infection
Authors: Colley Thomas , Sehra Gurpreet , Chowdhary Anuradha , Alanio Alexandre , Kelly Steven L. , Kizawa Yasuo , Armstrong-James Darius , Fisher Matthew C. , Warrilow Andrew G. S. , Parker Josie E. , Kelly Diane E. , Kimura Genki , Nishimoto Yuki , Sunose Mihiro , Onions Stuart , Crepin Damien , Lagasse Franz , Crittall Matthew , Shannon Jonathan , McConville Matthew , King-Underwood John , Naylor Alan , Bretagne Stéphane , Murray John , Ito Kazuhiro , Strong Pete , Rapeport Garth 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

The antifungal effects of the novel triazole PC1244, designed for topical or inhaled administration, against
Aspergillus fumigatus
were tested in a range of
in vitro
and
in vivo
studies. PC1244 demonstrated potent antifungal activities against clinical
A. fumigatus
isolates (
n
= 96) with a MIC range of 0.016 to 0.25 μg/ml, whereas the MIC range for voriconazole was 0.25 to 0.5 μg/ml. PC1244 was a strong tight-binding inhibitor of recombinant
A. fumigatus
CYP51A and CYP51B (sterol 14α-demethylase) enzymes and strongly inhibited ergosterol synthesis in
A. fumigatus
with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 8 nM. PC1244 was effective against a broad spectrum of pathogenic fungi (MIC range, <0.0078 to 2 μg/ml), especially
Aspergillus terreus
,
Trichophyton rubrum
,
Candida albicans
,
Candida glabrata
,
Candida krusei
,
Cryptococcus gattii
,
Cryptococcus neoformans
, and
Rhizopus oryzae
. PC1244 also proved to be quickly absorbed into both
A. fumigatus
hyphae and bronchial epithelial cells, producing persistent antifungal effects. In addition, PC1244 showed fungicidal activity (minimum fungicidal concentration, 2 μg/ml) which indicated that it was 8-fold more potent than voriconazole.
In vivo
, once-daily intranasal administration of PC1244 (3.2 to 80 μg/ml) to temporarily neutropenic, immunocompromised mice 24 h after inoculation with itraconazole-susceptible
A. fumigatus
substantially reduced the fungal load in the lung, the galactomannan concentration in serum, and circulating inflammatory cytokine levels. Furthermore, 7 days of extended prophylaxis with PC1244 showed
in vivo
effects superior to those of 1 day of prophylactic treatment, suggesting accumulation of the effects of PC1244. Thus, PC1244 has the potential to be a novel therapy for the treatment of
A. fumigatus
infection in the lungs of humans.
Do patients with blunt thoracic aortic injury present to hospital with unstable vital signs? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bade-Boon Jordan , Mathew Joseph K , Fitzgerald Mark C , Mitra Biswadev 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundBlunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) is an uncommon diagnosis, usually developing as a consequence of high-impact acceleration–deceleration mechanisms. Timely diagnosis may enable early resuscitation and reduction of shear forces, essential to prevent worsening of the injury prior to definitive management. Death is commonly due to haemorrhagic shock, but clinical features may be absent until sudden and massive haemorrhage.ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review was to determine the proportion of patients with BTAI who present with unstable vital signs.MethodsManuscripts were identified through a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases, focusing on subject headings and keywords related to the aorta and trauma. Mechanisms of injury, haemodynamic status and mortality from the included manuscripts were reviewed. Meta-analysis of presenting haemodynamic status among a select group of similar papers was conducted.ResultsNineteen studies were included, with five selected for meta-analysis. Most reported cases of BTAI (80.0%–100%) were caused by road traffic incidents, with mortality consistently higher among initially unstable patients. There was statistically significant heterogeneity among the included studies (P<0.01). The pooled proportion of patients with haemodynamic instability in the setting of BTAI was 48.8% (95% CI 8.3 to 89.4).ConclusionsNormal vital signs do not rule out aortic injury. A high degree of clinical suspicion and liberal use of imaging is necessary to prevent missed or delayed diagnoses.
Upregulated galectin-3 is not a critical disease mediator of cardiomyopathy induced by β2-adrenoceptor overexpression
Authors: Nguyen My-Nhan , Su Yidan , Kiriazis Helen , Yang Yan , Gao Xiao-Ming , McMullen Julie R. , Dart Anthony M. , Du Xiao-Jun 
Published: February 2018

Preclinical studies have demonstrated that anti-galectin-3 (Gal-3) interventions are effective in attenuating cardiac remodeling, fibrosis, and dysfunction. We determined, in a transgenic (TG) mouse model of fibrotic cardiomyopathy, whether Gal-3 expression was elevated and whether Gal-3 played a critical role in disease development. We studied mice with fibrotic cardiomyopathy attributable to cardiac overexpression of human β2-adrenoceptors (β2-TG). Cardiac expression levels of Gal-3 and fibrotic or inflammatory genes were determined. The effect of Gal-3 inhibition in β2-TG mice was studied by treatment with Gal-3 inhibitors ( N-acetyllactosamine and modified citrus pectin) or by deletion of Gal-3 through crossing β2-TG and Gal-3 knockout mice. Changes in cardiomyopathy phenotypes were assessed by echocardiography and biochemical assays. In β2-TG mice at 3, 6, and 9 mo of age, upregulation of Gal-3 expression was observed at mRNA (~6- to 15-fold) and protein (~4- to 8-fold) levels. Treatment of β2-TG mice with N-acetyllactosamine (3 wk) or modified citrus pectin (3 mo) did not reverse cardiac fibrosis, inflammation, and cardiomyopathy. Similarly, Gal-3 gene deletion in β2-TG mice aged 3 and 9 mo did not rescue the cardiomyopathy phenotype. In conclusion, the β2-TG model of cardiomyopathy showed a robust upregulation of Gal-3 that correlated with disease severity, but Gal-3 inhibitors or Gal-3 gene deletion had no effect in halting myocardial fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. Gal-3 may not be critical for cardiac fibrogenesis and remodeling in this cardiomyopathy model. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed a robust upregulation of cardiac galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression in a mouse model of cardiomyopathy attributable to cardiomyocyte-restricted transgenic activation of β2-adrenoceptors. However, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of Gal-3 did not confer benefit in this model, implying that Gal-3 may not be a critical disease mediator of cardiac remodeling in this model.
Genetic Hitchhiking and Population Bottlenecks Contribute to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of African Descent
Authors: Lachance Joseph , Berens Ali J. , Hansen Matthew E.B. , Teng Andrew K. , Tishkoff Sarah A. , Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in African and African American men are greatly elevated compared with other ethnicities. This disparity is likely explained by a combination of social, environmental, and genetic factors. A large number of susceptibility loci have been reported by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the contribution of these loci to prostate cancer disparities is unclear. Here, we investigated the population structure of 68 previously reported GWAS loci and calculated genetic disparity contribution statistics to identify SNPs that contribute the most to differences in prostate cancer risk across populations. By integrating GWAS results with allele frequency data, we generated genetic risk scores for 45 African and 19 non-African populations. Tests of natural selection were used to assess why some SNPs have large allele frequency differences across populations. We report that genetic predictions of prostate cancer risks are highest for West African men and lowest for East Asian men. These differences may be explained by the out-of-Africa bottleneck and natural selection. A small number of loci appear to drive elevated prostate cancer risks in men of African descent, including rs9623117, rs6983267, rs10896449, rs10993994, and rs817826. Although most prostate cancer–associated loci are evolving neutrally, there are multiple instances where alleles have hitchhiked to high frequencies with linked adaptive alleles. For example, a protective allele at 2q37 appears to have risen to high frequency in Europe due to selection acting on pigmentation. Our results suggest that evolutionary history contributes to the high rates of prostate cancer in African and African American men.
Significance: A small number of genetic variants cause an elevated risk of prostate cancer in men of West African descent. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2432–43. ©2018 AACR.
An Apparent Contradiction in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Genesis 25:20–26: Was Rebekah Barren for Twenty or Twenty-Two Years?
Authors: Zhakevich Iosif J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
While the Hebrew Bible does not specify the duration of Rebekah’s barrenness, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (TgPsJ) Gen. 25:21 introduces a comment that Rebekah was barren for twenty-two years. This appears to produce an inconsistency, both between the Hebrew Bible and TgPsJ, and within the TgPsJ narrative itself. Two references to Isaac’s age—in the context of his relationship to Rebekah—seem to suggest that Rebekah was barren for twenty years: At 25:20, Isaac marries Rebekah when he is forty; and at 25:26, Esau and Jacob are born when Isaac is sixty. This twenty-year gap presumably reveals the twenty years of Rebekah’s barrenness. Indeed, scholars have suggested that TgPsJ’s ‘twenty-two years’ be emended to ‘twenty years’. This article, however, contends that TgPsJ’s ‘twenty-two years’ should be retained, and that the text of TgPsJ proves to be a coherent text when read in the greater context of biblical and Jewish tradition about Isaac and Rebekah.
Comparison of Nonlinear Local Lyapunov Vectors and Bred Vectors in Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Error Growth
Authors: Feng Jie , Li Jianping , Ding Ruiqiang , Toth Zoltan 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Instabilities play a critical role in understanding atmospheric predictability and improving weather forecasting. The bred vectors (BVs) are dynamically evolved and flow-dependent nonlinear perturbations, indicating the most unstable modes of the underlying flow. Especially over smaller areas, however, BVs with different initial seeds may to some extent be constrained to a small subspace, missing potential forecast error growth along other unstable perturbation directions.
In this paper, the authors study the nonlinear local Lyapunov vectors (NLLVs) that are designed to capture an orthogonal basis spanning the most unstable perturbation subspace, thus potentially ameliorating the limitation of BVs. The NLLVs are theoretically related to the linear Lyapunov vectors (LVs), which also form an orthogonal basis. Like BVs, NLLVs are generated by dynamically evolving perturbations with a full nonlinear model. In simulated forecast experiments, a set of mutually orthogonal NLLVs show an advantage in predicting the structure of forecast error growth when compared to using a set of BVs that are not fully independent. NLLVs are also found to have a higher local dimension, enabling them to better capture localized instabilities, leading to increased ensemble spread.