bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid and Electrified Vehicles
Authors: Rizzoni Giorgio , Peng Huei 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the past successes and future challenges of model-based approaches for the analysis, design, and control of hybrid vehicles. Hybrid and electrified vehicles have demonstrated significant fuel economy improvement, especially for city driving, and are gaining market acceptance. The success of hybrid vehicles in Japan demonstrates the potential for hybrid vehicles in other urban markets with high fuel prices, such as large cities in Europe and Asia. Hybrid vehicles are generally classified according to their powertrain architecture. The electric grid and the transportation system are the two largest sectors that produce greenhouse gas emissions. When large numbers of vehicles are electrified and draw power from the electric grid, it is important to aim for reduced overall greenhouse gas emissions, rather than just shifting emissions from tailpipes to power plant stacks. The article concludes that the design, modeling, and control of hybrid vehicles is a subject rich in research opportunities for the dynamic systems and control community.
Reconfigureable Logic Control for Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Tilbury Dawn M. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This article explores optimistic use of reconfigurable logic control for manufacturing systems. The rapid advancement of computing and networking technologies is enabling more data to be gathered, stored, and analyzed. It is possible for all of the machines in a manufacturing plant to be connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), with their production data stored either in a local database or in a cloud system. This opens up new avenues for online decision-making based on real-time data coming from the system. However, it also introduces significant cybersecurity challenges that will need to be addressed for successful deployment. Traditionally, security in a manufacturing plant was handled through physical separation and access gates with badge identification. Connecting the manufacturing plant to the Internet results in multiple opportunities for improving performance through better data analytics, as well as myriad challenges for safety, security, and privacy.
Modeling of Moisture Transport Into an Electronic Enclosure Using the Resistor-Capacitor Approach
Authors: Staliulionis Ž. , Conseil-Gudla H. , Mohanty S. , Jabbari M. , Ambat R. , Hattel J. H. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to model moisture ingress into a closed electronic enclosure under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. As a consequence, an in-house code for moisture transport is developed using the Resistor-Capacitor (RC) method, which is efficient as regards computation time and resources. First, an in-house code is developed to model moisture transport through the enclosure walls driven by diffusion, which is based on the Fick's first and second law. Thus, the model couples a lumped analysis of moisture transport into the box interior with a modified one-dimensional (1D) analogy of Fick's second law for diffusion in the walls. Thereafter, under non-isothermal conditions, the moisture RC circuit is coupled with the same configuration of thermal RC circuit. The paper concerns the study of the impact of imperfections in the enclosure for the whole diffusion process. Moreover, a study of the impact of wall thickness, different diffusion coefficient, and initial conditions in the wall for the moisture transport is accomplished. Comparison of modeling and experimental results showed that the RC model is very applicable for simple and rough enclosure design. Furthermore, the experimental and modeling results indicate that the imperfections, with certain limits, do not have a significant effect on the moisture transport. The modeling of moisture transport under non-isothermal conditions shows that the internal moisture oscillations follow ambient temperature changes albeit with a delay. Although, moisture ingress is slightly dependent on ambient moisture oscillations; however, it is not so dominant until equilibrium is reached.
On
Coexistence of Fractional-Order Hidden
Attractors
Authors: Borah Manashita 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This paper proposes new fractional-order (FO) models of seven nonequilibrium and stable equilibrium systems and investigates the existence of chaos and hyperchaos in them. It thereby challenges the conventional generation of chaos that involves starting the orbits from the vicinity of unstable manifold. This is followed by the discovery of coexisting hidden attractors in fractional dynamics. All the seven newly proposed fractional-order chaotic/hyperchaotic systems (FOCSs/FOHSs) ranging from minimum fractional dimension (nf) of 2.76 to 4.95, exhibit multiple hidden attractors, such as periodic orbits, stable foci, and strange attractors, often coexisting together. To the best of the our knowledge, this phenomenon of prevalence of FO coexisting hidden attractors in FOCSs is reported for the first time. These findings have significant practical relevance, because the attractors are discovered in real-life physical systems such as the FO homopolar disc dynamo, FO memristive system, FO model of the modulation instability in a dissipative medium, etc., as analyzed in this work. Numerical simulation results confirm the theoretical analyses and comply with the fact that multistability of hidden attractors does exist in the proposed FO models.
Fourier Spectral Phase Field Simulations of Elastically Anisotropic Heterogeneous Polycrystals
Authors: Allen J. B. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In this study, we developed a multi-order, phase field model to compute the stress distributions in anisotropically elastic, inhomogeneous polycrystals and study stress-driven grain boundary migration. In particular, we included elastic contributions to the total free energy density and solved the multicomponent, nonconserved Allen–Cahn equations via the semi-implicit Fourier spectral method. Our analysis included specific cases related to bicrystalline planar and curved systems as well as polycrystalline systems with grain orientation and applied strain conditions. The evolution of the grain boundary confirmed the strong dependencies between grain orientation and applied strain conditions and the localized stresses were found to be maximum within grain boundary triple junctions.
Fabrication
of a Cell Culture Plate With a Three-Dimensional Printed Mold and Thermal Analysis of PDMS-Based
Casting Process
Authors: Min
Zaw Myo , Hedrich William
D. , Munuhe Timothy , Hossein
Banazadeh Mohamad , Wang Hongbing , Andrew
Gadsden S. , Zhu Liang , Ma Ronghui 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based casting method was used to fabricate PDMS cell culture platforms with molds printed by a fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer. Cell viability study indicated that the produced plates have the suitable biocompatibility, surface properties, and transparency for cell culture purposes. The molds printed from acrylonitrile-butadiene-syrene (ABS) were reusable after curing at 65 °C, but were damaged at 75 °C. To understand thermal damage to the mold at elevated temperatures, the temperature distribution in an ABS mold during the curing process was predicted using a model that considers conduction, convection, and radiation in the oven. The simulated temperature distribution was consistent with the observed mold deformation. As the maximum temperature difference in the mold did not change appreciably with the curing temperature, we consider that the thermal damage is due to the porous structure that increases the thermal expansion coefficient of the printed material. Our study demonstrated that FDM, an affordable and accessible three-dimensional (3D) printer, has great potential for rapid prototyping of custom-designed cell culture devices for biomedical research.
Natural Frequency Analysis of a Spar-Type Offshore Wind Turbine Tower With End Mass Components
Authors: Ye Kan , Ji Jinchen 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Different from the fixed-based wind turbines, the floating type wind turbines are regarded as under a free–free end operating condition. The tower structure of a floating offshore wind turbine is an integrated part connecting the nacelle and support platform. An analytic solution is presented in this technical brief for the free-vibration of the tower structure of a spar-type offshore wind turbine. The tower structure is modeled as a free–free beam based on Euler–Bernoulli beam-column theory. The platform and the nacelle are considered as two large mass components connected by torsion springs at two tower ends with different stiffness. The effects of system parameters on the natural frequencies are investigated under a range of variables, including the tower structure parameters, platform and nacelle parameters, and the connection types. Nonlinear relationships between those variables and the natural frequency of the tower structure are numerically found and some design issues are discussed for the spar-type floating wind turbines.
Analytical Solution of Temperature Distribution in a Nonuniform Medium Due to a Moving Laser Beam and a Double Beam Scanning Strategy in the Selective Laser Melting Process
Authors: Loh Loong-Ee , Song Jie , Guo Fenglin , Bi Guijun 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) has received increasing attention in recent years as an innovative manufacturing technique. The present SLM process only uses a single laser beam to melt and consolidate the powder, which may result in excessive evaporation. In this paper, a double beam scanning strategy is investigated in which the first laser beam preheats the powder just below the sintering point while the second laser beam completely melts the powder. An analytical solution on the temperature distribution heated by a moving laser beam in the powder-bulk domain is derived and is used to determine the critical radius of the first laser beam. The single and double beam scanning strategies are compared numerically and it is found that double beam scanning can effectively reduce material evaporation and increase the amount of powder melted in the SLM process.
Numerical
Simulation of Temperature Field in Indirect Thermal Washing for Wax
Cleaning
Authors: Ligang Zhang , Fei
Fu Xiao , Sining Qu , Shibin Li , Bing Guan 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Wax deposition in oil pipelines brings a critical operational challenge in the oil development, and the indirect thermal washing is a most common and effective method of wax cleaning. The temperature field in thermal washing is the basis for making a reasonable plan to wash and remove wax well. In this paper, the wells of sucker rod pump in Da Qing oil field are selected as research objects, a new method which is based on heat-fluid coupling method is proposed for predicting temperature field during the thermal washing process. The temperature field of the annulus of tubing and casing and the temperature field of the annulus of rod and tubing are simulated with different thermal washing parameters. In the indirect thermal washing, the temperature in annulus of tubing and casing gradually decreases from wellhead to the bottom, while the temperature in the annulus of rod and tubing increases from bottom to the wellhead. With the increase of temperature and flow rate of thermal washing fluid, the temperature in annulus of tubing and casing and the temperature in annulus of rod and tubing are both increasing, but the rise rate is different at different depths. Compared to the measured results, the coincidences rate is in the range of 93.67%–99.31%. The research results can guide effectively the thermal washing operation.
A Higher-Order Theory for Open and Closed Curved Rods and Tubes Using a Novel Curvilinear Cylindrical Coordinate System
Authors: Arbind A. , Srinivasa A. R. , Reddy J. N. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In this study, the governing equation of motion for a general arbitrary higher-order theory of rods and tubes is presented for a general material response. The impetus for the study, in contrast to the classical Cosserat rod theories, comes from the need to study bulging and other deformation of tubes (such as arterial walls). While Cosserat rods are useful for rods whose centerline motion is of primary focus, here we consider cases where the lateral boundaries also undergo significant deformation. To tackle these problems, a generalized curvilinear cylindrical coordinate (CCC) system is introduced in the reference configuration of the rod. Furthermore, we show that this results in a new generalized frame that contains the well-known orthonormal moving frames of Frenet and Bishop (a hybrid frame) as special cases. Such a coordinate system can continuously map the geometry of any general curved three-dimensional (3D) structure with a reference curve (including general closed curves) having continuous tangent, and hence, the present formulation can be used for analyzing any general rod or pipe-like 3D structures with variable cross section (e.g., artery or vein). A key feature of the approach presented herein is that we utilize a non-coordinate “Cartan moving frame” or orthonormal basis vectors, to obtain the kinematic quantities, like displacement gradient, using the tools of exterior calculus. This dramatically simplifies the calculations. By the way of this paper, we also seek to highlight the elegance of the exterior calculus as a means for obtaining the various kinematic relations in terms of orthonormal bases and to advocate for its wider use in the applied mechanics community. Finally, the displacement field of the cross section of the structure is approximated by general basis functions in the polar coordinates in the normal plane which enables this rod theory to analyze the response to any general loading condition applied to the curved structure. The governing equation is obtained using the virtual work principle for a general material response, and presented in terms of generalized displacement variables and generalized moments over the cross section of the 3D structure. This results in a system of ordinary differential equations for quantities that are integrated across the cross section (as is to be expected for any rod theory).
Pitfalls of Conducting and Interpreting Estimates of Energy Availability in Free-Living Athletes
Authors: Burke Louise M. , Lundy Bronwen , Fahrenholtz Ida L. , Melin Anna K. 
Published: July 2018

The human body requires energy for numerous functions including, growth, thermogenesis, reproduction, cellular maintenance, and movement. In sports nutrition, energy availability (EA) is defined as the energy available to support these basic physiological functions and good health once the energy cost of exercise is deducted from energy intake (EI), relative to an athlete’s fat-free mass (FFM). Low EA provides a unifying theory to link numerous disorders seen in both female and male athletes, described by the syndrome Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, and related to restricted energy intake, excessive exercise or a combination of both. These outcomes are incurred in different dose–response patterns relative to the reduction in EA below a “healthy” level of ∼45 kcal·kg FFM−1·day−1. Although EA estimates are being used to guide and monitor athletic practices, as well as support a diagnosis of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport, problems associated with the measurement and interpretation of EA in the field should be explored. These include the lack of a universal protocol for the calculation of EA, the resources needed to achieve estimates of each of the components of the equation, and the residual errors in these estimates. The lack of a clear definition of the value for EA that is considered “low” reflects problems around its measurement, as well as differences between individuals and individual components of “normal”/“healthy” function. Finally, further investigation of nutrition and exercise behavior including within- and between-day energy spread and dietary characteristics is warranted since it may directly contribute to low EA or its secondary problems.
Patient-ventilator asynchrony in preterm infants on nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation
Authors: de Waal Cornelia G , van Leuteren Ruud W , de Jongh Frans H , van Kaam Anton H , Hutten Gerard J 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence of patient-ventilator asynchrony and different types of asynchrony in preterm infants treated with non-synchronised nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (nIPPV).DesignAn observational study was conducted including preterm infants born with a gestational age (GA) less than 32 weeks treated with non-synchronised nIPPV. During 1 hour, spontaneous breathing was measured with transcutaneous electromyography of the diaphragm simultaneous with ventilator inflations. An asynchrony index (AI), a percentage of asynchronous breaths, was calculated and the incidence of different types of inspiratory and expiratory asynchrony were reported.ResultsTwenty-one preterm infants with a mean GA of 26.0±1.2 weeks were included in the study. The mean inspiratory AI was 68.3%±4.7% and the mean expiratory AI was 67.1%±7.3%. Out of 5044 comparisons of spontaneous inspirations and mechanical inflations, 45.3% of the mechanical inflations occurred late, 23.3% of the mechanical inflations were early and 31.4% of the mechanical inflation were synchronous. 40.3% of 5127 expiratory comparisons showed an early termination of ventilator inflations, 26.7% of the mechanical inflations terminated late and 33.0% mechanical inflations terminated in synchrony with a spontaneous expiration. In addition, 1380 spontaneous breaths were unsupported and 611 extra mechanical inflations were delivered.ConclusionNon-synchronised nIPPV results in high patient-ventilator asynchrony in preterm infants during both the inspiratory and expiratory phase of the breathing cycle. New synchronisation techniques are urgently needed and should address both inspiratory and expiratory asynchrony.
Does a multidisciplinary approach have a beneficial effect on the development of a structured patient handover process between acute surgical wards in one of Scotland’s largest teaching hospitals?
Authors: Ramsay Neil , Maresca Gianluca , Tully Vicki , Campbell Kevin 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundEffective handover is key in preventing harm.1In the Acute Surgical Receiving Unit of Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, large numbers of patients are transferred daily. However, lack of medical handover during transfer means important tasks are missed. Our aim was to understand and reflect on the current system and test changes to improve medical handover.AimOur aim was to ensure that 95% of patients being transferred from the Acute Surgical Receiving Unit receive a basic medical handover within 2 months.MethodsInitially, we collated issues that were missed when patients were transferred. These data coupled with questionnaire data from members of the team fed into the creation of a handover tool. We proposed to link our tool with the nursing handover, hence creating one unified handover tool. We completed six full Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles (two on communication to aide handover and four on the tool itself) to assess and develop our tool.ResultsBy our final PDSA cycle, 84% (33/39) of the patients had a handover, meaning no tasks were missed during transfer. After 4 months, 9 out of 10 staff felt that the introduction of the handover sheet made the handover process smoother and 8 out of 10 felt that the handover sheet improved patient safety and quality of care.ConclusionsImproving handover can be challenging. However, we have shown that a relatively simple intervention can help promote better practice. Challenges are still present as uptake was only 84%, so work still has to be done to improve this. A wider cultural change involving communication and education would be required to implement this tool more widely.
Impact of straight to test pathways on time to diagnosis in oesophageal and gastric cancer
Authors: Jones James Andrew , Catton James , Howard Glen , Leeder Paul , Brewer Lesley , Hatton James , Shaw Dominick E 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundCancer survival in the UK has doubled in the last 40 years; however, 1-year and 5-year survival rates are still lower than other countries. One cause may be a delay between referral into secondary care and subsequent investigation. We set out to evaluate the impact of a straight to test pathway (STTP) on time to diagnosis for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer.MethodsSix hospital Trusts across the East Midlands Clinical Network introduced a STTP enabling general practitioners to refer patients with suspected UGI cancer (oesophageal/gastric) for immediate investigation, without the need to see a hospital specialist first. Data were collected for all patients referred between 2013 and 2015 with suspected UGI cancer and stratified by STTP or traditional referral pathway. Overall time from referral to diagnosis was compared. Data from two Trusts who did not implement STTP acted as control.Results340 patients followed the STTP pathway and 495 followed the traditional route. STTP saved a mean of 7 days from referral to treatment (with a 95% CI of 3 to 11 days, p<0.008) and a mean of 16 days from referral to diagnosis, when compared with a traditional referral pathway. The number of diagnostic tests performed using STTP or traditional referral pathways were similar.ConclusionA STTP is associated with an overall reduction of 1 week from referral to treatment for UGI cancer. The approach is feasible and did not require more resource. Larger studies are required to assess whether this time saving translates into improved cancer outcomes.
Duration of corticosteroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: improving prescribing practices on clinical teaching units with peer-to-peer teaching
Authors: Matte Catherine , Hoang Johnston , Jayaraman Dev , Green Laurence , Morin Suzanne N 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionThe most recent Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease consensus recommends a 5-day course of corticosteroid (CS) therapy for acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (ACOPDE). As inappropriate use of CS therapy is associated with adverse events, we implemented a peer-to-peer education intervention to improve adherence to guidelines for patients with ACOPDE admitted to a medical clinical teaching unit at a tertiary care university centre.MethodsOur study was a before–after design study with a concurrent control of a 15 min peer-to-peer educational intervention targeting medical residents at the beginning of a 4-week rotation for 12 consecutive months. Another medical teaching unit within the same university network, but at a different site, served as a concurrent control. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who received appropriate duration of CS therapy (5 days) for ACOPDE during the intervention period as compared with the 12-month preintervention period at the intervention and control hospitals.ResultsFollowing the intervention, there was an increase in the proportion of patients receiving appropriate duration of CS therapy (34.2% to 51.3%, p=0.02) at the intervention hospital and no significant difference at the control hospital (22.8% to 34.1%, p=0.15). This effect was maintained at the intervention hospital 3 months postintervention period.ConclusionA short peer-to-peer educational intervention targeting medical residents on a clinical teaching unit improved adherence to appropriate duration of CS therapy for ACOPDE.