bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioturbation and erosion rates along the soil‐hillslope conveyor belt, part 1: Insights from single‐grain feldspar luminescence
Authors: Román‐Sánchez Andrea , Reimann Tony , Wallinga Jakob , Vanwalleghem Tom 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe interplay of bioturbation, soil production and long‐term erosion–deposition in soil and landscape co‐evolution is poorly understood. Single‐grain post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post‐IR IRSL) measurements on sand‐sized grains of feldspar from the soil matrix can provide direct information on all three processes. To explore the potential of this novel method, we propose a conceptual model of how post‐IR IRSL‐derived burial age and fraction of surface‐visiting grains change with soil depth and along a hillslope catena. We then tested this conceptual model by comparison with post‐IR IRSL results for 15 samples taken at different depths within four soil profiles along a hillslope catena in the Santa Clotilde Critical Zone Observatory (southern Spain).In our work, we observed clear differences in apparent post‐IR IRSL burial age distributions with depth along the catena, with younger ages and more linear age–depth structure for the hill‐base profile, indicating the influence of lateral deposition processes. We noted shallower soils and truncated burial age–depth functions for the two erosional mid‐slope profiles, and an exponential decline of burial age with depth for the hill‐top profile. We suggest that the downslope increase in the fraction of surface‐visiting grains at intermediate depths (20 cm) indicates creep to be the dominant erosion process.Our study demonstrates that single‐grain feldspar luminescence signature‐depth profiles provide a new way of tracing vertical and lateral soil mixing and transport processes. In addition, we propose a new objective luminescence‐based criterion for mapping the soil‐bedrock boundary, thus producing soil depths in better agreement with geomorphological process considerations. Our work highlights the possibilities of feldspar single grain techniques to provide quantitative insights into soil production, bioturbation and erosion–deposition. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Migration of barchan dunes in the western Quruq Desert, northwestern China
Authors: Yang Junhuai , Dong Zhibao , Liu Zhengyao , Shi Weikang , Chen Guoxiang , Shao Tianjie , Zeng Hanmin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBarchan dunes are common on Earth, Mars and Titan. Previous studies have shown that their formation, migration and evolution are influenced by the wind regime and other factors, but details vary among regions. Understanding barchan morphology and migration will both improve our understanding of dune geomorphology and provide a basis for describing the environmental conditions that affect the formation and development of these dunes on Earth and other planets. Here, we provide detailed measurements of barchan dune migration in China's Quruq Desert, in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We monitored their migration direction and rate, and their morphological changes during migration, by comparing Google Earth images acquired in 2003 and 2014. The dunes migrated west‐southwest, close to the local resultant drift direction. The migration rate averaged 8.9 to 32.1 m year−1, with obvious spatial variation. In addition to the wind regime, the migration rate depended on dune morphology, density and vegetation cover; the rate was negatively related to dune height, density and vegetation cover, but positively linearly related to the length/width ratio (LU/W) and to the decrease in this ratio from 2003 to 2014. We found correlations among the dune morphometric parameters, but the relationships were weaker than in previous research. Due to the complexity of the factors that affect the processes that underlie sand dune development and migration, the morphological changes during dune migration were also complex. Our measurements suggest that the aeolian environment played a dominant role in dune migration and its spatial variation in the Quruq Desert. These results will support efforts to control dune migration in the western Quruq Desert and improve our understanding of dune morphodynamics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitrimerization: A Novel Concept to Reprocess and Recycle Thermoset Waste via Dynamic Chemistry
Authors: Yue Liang , Bonab Vahab Solouki , Yuan Dian , Patel Ammar , Karimkhani Vahid , Manas‐Zloczower Ica 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA new approach for reprocessing of existing thermoset waste is presented. This work demonstrates that unrecyclable thermoset materials can be reprocessed using the concept of associative dynamic bonding, vitrimers. The developed recycling methodology relies on swelling the thermoset network into a solution of a catalyst, which enables transesterification reactions allowing dynamic bond exchange between ester and hydroxyl groups within the thermoset network. Thermal and mechanical properties for recycled polyurethane and epoxy networks are studied and a strategy to maintain the properties of recycled materials is discussed. The developed methodology promises recycling and even upcycling and reprocessing of previously thought intractable materials. Moreover, processability of vitrimerized thermosets with common thermoplastic manufacturing methods opens up the possibility of tuning recycled networks by adding nanoparticles. This flexibility keeps the application window of recycled thermosets very broad.
Digital Management of Solar Energy En Route to Energy Self‐Sufficiency
Authors: Pagliaro Mario , Meneguzzo Francesco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Internet of Things approach to manage clean electricity produced from sun, wind, and water is, alongside the hydrogen fuel cell and the Li‐ion battery, the key enabling technology for the transition to 100% renewable energy. Practical examples from distant countries are used to show how today's digital control technology is actually used to ease the generation and utilization of clean, reliable, and cheap solar energy on an annual basis. The conclusions are of relevance also to the redesign of energy education programs in response to dramatic changes in energy technologies.
The Constructions and Pyrolysis of 3D Kerogen Macromolecular Models: Experiments and Simulations
Authors: Wang XiaoHe , Huang XianFu , Lin Kui , Zhao Ya‐Pu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKerogens are extracted from deep shales to study pyrolysis of deep shale samples. The 2D molecular models of kerogens are obtained by a series of physical and chemical experiments by which the macromolecular models of kerogens are constructed. Then, the reasonable 3D macromolecular models are established by molecular mechanics and global energy minimization. The effects of temperature and heating rate on the chemical kinetics of kerogen pyrolysis are studied using reactive force field (ReaxFF). The hybrid molecular dynamics/force‐biased Monte Carlo (MD/fbMC) approach is used to simulate the pyrolytic process at the experimental temperature, which is lower than the conventional one. The gaseous products and residues obtained by the simulations agree with the experimental results, which means a reliable simulation method for pyrolysis at experimental temperature is provided. This study constructs the rational macromolecular models of kerogen by experiments, and proposes the mechanisms of typical reactions of kerogen pyrolysis, which may help in understanding the formation of shale oil and gas.
Glutamate versus GABA in neuron–oligodendroglia communication
Authors: Habermacher Chloé , Angulo María C. , Benamer Najate 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn the central nervous system (CNS), myelin sheaths around axons are formed by glial cells named oligodendrocytes (OLs). In turn, OLs are generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during postnatal development and in adults, according to a process that depends on the proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors. The maturation of OL lineage cells as well as myelination by OLs are complex and highly regulated processes in the CNS. OPCs and OLs express an array of receptors for neurotransmitters, in particular for the two main CNS neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and are therefore endowed with the capacity to respond to neuronal activity. Initial studies in cell cultures demonstrated that both glutamate and GABA signaling mechanisms play important roles in OL lineage cell development and function. However, much remains to be learned about the communication of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with oligodendroglia in vivo. This review focuses on recent major advances in our understanding of the neuron–oligodendroglia communication mediated by glutamate and GABA in the CNS, and highlights the present controversies in the field. We discuss the expression, activation modes and potential roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors along OL lineage progression. We review the properties of OPC synaptic connectivity with presynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the brain and consider the implication of glutamate and GABA signaling in activity‐driven adaptive myelination.
Patient perspectives and treatment regret after de‐escalated chemoradiation for human papillomavirus‐positive oropharyngeal cancer: Findings from a phase II trial
Authors: Shaverdian Narek , Hegde John V. , Felix Carol , Hsu Sophia , Basehart Vincent , Steinberg Michael L. , Chen Allen M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe evaluated priorities, expectations, and regret among patients treated on a phase II trial of de‐escalated chemoradiation for human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal cancer.MethodsEligibility included stage III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx, p16‐positivity, age ≥18 years, and Zubrod score 0‐1. Participants were surveyed with validated measures evaluating their treatment experience.ResultsTwenty‐four of 27 (89%) patients participated with a median follow‐up of 24 months. Twenty‐three subjects (96%) selected “being cured” or “living as long as possible” as top priority. No patient reported any regret about the decision to enroll on a de‐escalation protocol. Sixteen participants (67%) found retrospectively reported long‐term swallowing function to be either better than or as originally expected.ConclusionsThese data offer a baseline landscape of perspectives and priorities for patients treated with de‐escalation for HPV‐positive oropharyngeal carcinoma and provide support to the fundamental premise underlying ongoing efforts to establish a new standard of care.
Using machine‐learning methods to support health‐care professionals in making admission decisions
Authors: Luo Li , Li Jialing , Liu Chuang , Shen Wenwu 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundLarge tertiary hospitals usually face long waiting lines; patients who want to receive hospitalization need to be screened in advance. The patient admission screening process involves a health‐care professional ranking patients by analyzing registration information.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to develop a machine‐learning approach to screening, using historical data and the experience of health‐care professionals to develop a set of screening rules to help health‐care professionals prioritize patient needs automatically.MethodsWe used five machine‐learning methods to sequence and predict elective patients: logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), gradient‐boosting decision tree (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and an ensemble model of the four models.ResultsThe results indicate that all of the five models showed a good prioritization performance with high predictive values. In particular, XGBoost had the best predictive performance compared with others in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), with the AUC values of LR, RF, GBDT, XGBoost, and the ensemble model being 0.881, 0.816, 0.820, 0.901, and 0.897, respectively.ConclusionThe results reported here indicate that machine‐learning techniques can be valuable for automating the screening process. Our model can assist health‐care professionals in automatically evaluating less complex cases by identifying important factors affecting patient admission.
Recent advances in the immunological understanding of association between tonsil and immunoglobulin A nephropathy as a tonsil‐induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome
Authors: Harabuchi Yasuaki , Takahara Miki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionImmunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common form of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. It is well known that upper respiratory tract infections, particularly acute tonsillitis, often worsen IgAN. Recent many clinical studies clearly show that tonsillectomy with steroid pulse therapy is the effective treatments for IgAN patients. Recently, the immunological evidence of association between tonsil and IgAN has been reported.MethodsIn this review, the mechanism underlying the onset of IgAN, as a tonsil‐induced autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome (TIAS), is outlined with the main focus on the authors' research results.ResultsIn the tonsils of patients with IgAN, hyperimmune response to the unmethylated deoxycytidyl‐deoxyguanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODN) take place, resulting in hyperproduction of interferon‐γ. The hyperproduction is followed by both overproduction of mutated IgA via B‐cell activating factor (BAFF)/a proliferation‐inducing ligand (APRIL)‐mediated pathways and overexpression of T‐cell receptor Vβ6, CXCR3, and CX3CR1 on tonsillar T cells. These IgA and T cells home to the kidney via the systemic circulation, resulting in nephritis of IgAN.ConclusionsScientific evidence supporting the use of tonsillectomy has gradually accumulated. We hope that many additional researchers will publish new evidence linking the tonsils and kidneys in the future.
Evaluating Drainmod‐s to Predict Drainage Water Salinity and Groundwater Table Depth During Winter Cropping in Heavy‐Textured Paddy Soils
Authors: Davoodi Kolsom , Darzi‐Naftchali Abdullah , Aghajani‐Mazandarani Ghasem 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSimulation models can quickly and cost‐effectively describe various aspects of management practices in newly reclaimed agricultural soils. In this research, the capability of the DRAINMOD‐S model was evaluated to predict the salinity of the subsurface drainage effluents in a newly subsurface drained paddy field during winter cropping. Measurements of groundwater table depths and drainage water salinity were taken in three conventional subsurface drainage systems at the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, northern Iran, during three canola growing seasons (2011–2012, 2015–2016 and 2016–2017). The data were used to calibrate and validate the model. The model provided better predictions of groundwater table depths in shallower drainage systems. Measured and simulated drainage water salinities varied, respectively, from 620 to 1580 and 790–1430 mg l−1 in the calibration process and from 441 to 1640 and 656–1820 mg l−1 in the validation process. The differences between measured and simulated salt loads were in the range of 59–174 and 43–586 kg ha−1 in calibration and validation, respectively. The results indicated that DRAINMOD‐S can be used as a management tool to diminish environmental issues in heavy paddy soils from the viewpoint of salt load. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytotoxicity of biodegradable magnesium alloy WE43 to tumor cells in vitro: Bioresorbable implants with antitumor activity?
Authors: Anisimova Natalia , Kiselevskiy Mikhail , Martynenko Natalia , Straumal Boris , Willumeit‐Römer Regine , Dobatkin Sergey , Estrin Yuri 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this study, a degradable magnesium alloy WE43 (Mg–3.56%Y–2.20%Nd–0.47%Zr) was used as a research object. To refine its microstructure from the initial homogenized one, the alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The data presented show that coincubation of tumor LNCaP and MDA‐MB‐231 cells with the WE43 alloy in the homogenized and the ECAP‐processed states led to a decrease in their viability and proliferation. An increase in the concentration of Annexin V(+) cells during coincubation with samples in both microstructural states investigated was also observed. This is associated with the induction of apoptosis in the cell culture through contact with the samples. Concurrently, a significant drop in the concentration of Bcl‐2(+) cells occurred. It was established that ECAP led to an enhancement of the cytotoxic activity of the alloy against tumor cells. This study demonstrated that alloy WE43 can be considered as a promising candidate for application in orthopedic implants in clinical oncology, where it could play a double role of a mechanically stable, yet bioresorbable, scaffold with local antitumor activity. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:167–173, 2020.
The prognosis value of EphA3 and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy
Authors: Duan Xiuzhi , Xu Xiaoming , Yin Binbin , Hong Bong , Liu Weiwei , Liu Qian , Tao Zhihua 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to preliminarily assess the relationship between erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor A3 (EphA3) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression levels and prognosis in prostate cancer (PCa) to better understand the role of EphA3 in the prognosis and progression of PCa.MaterialsWe investigated the expression of EphA3 and AR in human PCa by immunohistochemistry.ResultsEphA3 and AR were both significantly upregulated in PCa, with expression mainly localized to the nucleus. A high level of AR expression was found in 48.4% of 64 tumor samples, which was significantly more than in the adjacent tissue samples (15.6%) (P < 0.01). The percentage of samples expressing a high level of EphA3 was significantly greater in the PCa samples (54.7%) than in the adjacent tissue samples (20.3%) for the 64 tumors (P < 0.01). The high levels of EphA3 and AR expression in the PCa tissue samples were both correlated with the pathological stage, bladder and rectal invasion, distant metastasis, and preoperative PSA level (both P < 0.05). The survival time was significantly shorter in high levels of AR expression of patients. (P < 0.01). A high level of EphA3 in PCa patients suggests a poor prognosis (P < 0.05). Biochemical recurrence, distant metastasis, and the final scores of EphA3 and AR expression were significantly correlated with the prognosis of PCa (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIncreased EphA3 expression is an independent prognostic factor for a poor outcome and decreased survival in PCa.
Development of novel processes for the aqueous extraction of natural rubber from Taraxacum kok‐saghyz (TK)
Authors: Ramirez‐Cadavid David A , Cornish Katrina , Hathwaik Upul , Kozak Robert , McMahan Colleen , Michel Frederick C 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDTaraxacum kok‐saghyz (TK) is a rubber‐producing plant being developed as a commercial alternative source of natural rubber (NR). The objective of this study was to investigate processes to extract high quality NR at high yield and purity from TK. Rubber is formed in the roots of TK and exists in mostly solid form. Previously used mechanical processes extract NR from TK roots at low purity (< 90%) that does not meet industry standards (≥ 99.8%). To improve this, the effects of root chopping, enzymatic hydrolysis, pebble milling and alkaline pretreatment and purification on NR yield, purity and quality were investigated.RESULTSEnzymatic digestion (with and without alkaline pretreatment), yielded rubber at the highest yield (∼80%) and purity (99.4%). Alkaline pretreatment of roots improved NR yield and did not adversely affect quality. More rubber was extractable from chopped roots than whole roots, but the rubber was less pure. Alkaline purification of the extracted crude rubber further increased rubber purity but reduced rubber molecular weight.CONCLUSIONEnzymatic digestion with or without alkaline pretreatment forms the basis of aqueous processes that could be used for large‐scale, efficient extraction of TK rubber at high yield, purity and quality to meet industry standards for NR. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
An investigation of the standardization of fetal cavum septi pellucidi measurements using three‐dimensional volumes of the fetal head
Authors: Zhao Dan , Cai Ailu , Wang Bing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to measure the maximal width, middle width, and length of the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) in normal fetuses, and compare these measurements obtained in the transthalamic (TT) plane with those obtained in the transventricular (TV) plane.MethodA prospective study was conducted of normal singleton fetuses, ranging from 18 to 36 weeks in gestational age. In each case, a three‐dimensional volume of the fetal head was obtained in the TT plane for further offline measurements, then the maximal width, middle width, and length of the CSP in both the TT and TV planes were measured. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility was assessed, and curve estimation was used to assess the possible relationship between these measurements of CSP and gestational age (GA).ResultsA total of 267 normal fetuses were studied. The CSP width and length in TT and TV planes as a function of GA were analyzed using a quadratic regression model. Intraobserver and interobserver agreement of the CSP measurements was excellent overall (ICCs >0.9), with intraobserver and interobserver differences of less than 4%.ConclusionMeasurements of CSP in the TT and TV planes are equally reproducible.
Novel Star Polymeric Nonionic Surfactants as Crude Oil Emulsion Breakers
Authors: El‐Sharaky El‐Sayed A. , El‐Tabey Amira E. , Mishrif Marwa R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe principle focus of this work is to address the issues associated with the existence of water in crude oil, especially corrosion, scaling, viscosity, and catalyst suppression problems. This work aims to prepare star polymer nonionic surfactants based on (2Z,2′Z,2″Z)‐4,4′,4″‐((nitrilotris(ethane‐2,1‐diyl))tris(oxy))tris(4‐oxobut‐2‐enoic acid) to be used as demulsifiers. To achieve this aim, maleic anhydride was reacted with triethanolamine followed by esterification with the polyethylene oxide polypropylene oxide copolymer (PPO‐PEO 5000) and silicone polyether (ABIL B 8843). The chemical structure of the prepared compounds was assessed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), and 1H NMR. Demulsifier performance was determined by quantifying surface tension (ST), dynamic interfacial tension and interfacial rheology, partition coefficient (PC), and relative solubility number (RSN). The efficacy of the prepared emulsion breakers on asphaltenic crude oil emulsion was examined using the bottle test. The research results demonstrated that the prepared breaker based on the silicone polymer was more efficient in breaking the asphaltenic crude oil emulsion than a block copolymer and EO/PO‐based copolymers at 1500 ppm and after 120 min.