bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where does a nation’s wealth go? Evidence from a third world country
Authors: Khan Wahaj Ahmed , Jawaid Syed Tehseen , Arif Imtiaz 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to determine the preferable destinations of money laundered from Pakistan by using the Walker’s Gravity Model and to estimate the amount of money laundered through 156 countries. The research aims to facilitate policymakers and regulators to provide more efficient guidelines to counter the problem of money laundering.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a descriptive and quantitative approach. This study uses the Walker’s Gravity Model updated by Unger et al. (2006) to measure money laundering in Pakistan; Walker’s Gravity Model was first developed by John Walker in 1994.

Findings
The results indicate that Pakistani money launderers preferred countries having large financial sectors and political stability to hide their illegal money. In addition, the study estimates the amount of money laundered and shows that Pakistan has lost bulk of funds.

Research limitations/implications
The major limitation is the non-availability of reliable data as the activity is hidden. Reliable data is either not available officially or scattered. Available data only reflect aspects that are reported. Non-availability of statistics for all years and countries resulted in the omission of some countries.

Practical implications
The study helps legislators and policymakers, including the Ministry of Finance, State Bank of Pakistan, Securities and Exchange Commission Pakistan, and other regulators, including law enforcement agencies and financial institutions, in formulating effective policies, regulations and internal control.

Originality/value
The study helps to identify the need of estimating the amount of money laundered to fight the problem effectively. Very few efforts have made to determine the size and the amount of money laundered, and this is the first study to determine the amount of money flowing out of Pakistan with the purpose of laundering.
Updates on Hong Kong’s anti-money laundering laws
Authors: Yim Foster Hong-Cheuk , Lee Ian Philip 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to discuss the latest developments of anti-money laundering (AML) laws in terms of case law and intended legislation amendments.

Design/methodology/approach
In terms of AML case law, the authors analyze three judgments from the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. In terms of the intended legislation amendments, the authors outline salient points from the two amendment bills submitted to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

Findings
With the developments in AML case law and the intended legislation amendments, Hong Kong is expected to have a positive result in the Financial Action Task Force Mutual Evaluation in October/November 2018.

Originality/value
A robust AML/counter-terrorist financing regime is the bedrock of Hong Kong’s reputable status as an international financial center. This paper seeks to illicit meaningful interactions amongst all stakeholders.
FATF and money laundering in Iran
Authors: Rahmdel Mansour 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The aim of this paper is considering that obtaining illegitimate property and obtaining property illegally is morally outrageous. The law also condemns it as a crime. The act of those who launder the proceeds of crime is also condemned. This condemnation is almost universal. So, money laundering as a way of diversion of the origin of the illegal gains into legitimate currency or other assets has been criminalized in most of the countries, including in Iran. Before criminalization of money laundering, there were different laws which referred to the case without referring to the term of money laundry. According to Article 49 of the Iranian Constitution “all proceeds of illegal sources like embezzlement, bribery, gambling and other ways should be confiscated.”

Design/methodology/approach
Article 662 of the Islamic Penal Code (IPC) ratified in 1996 criminalized dealing with the proceeds of theft and Note 2 of Article 119 of the Penal Code of the Armed Forces criminalized obtaining the proceeds of embezzlement. But, in 2008, to follow the international conventions, especially Article 3 of the psychotropic substances 1988 in Vienna and also Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations on Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, the legislator ratified the anti-money laundering code (AMLC). The methodology is an analytical one. The author using an analytical method, has analyzed the subject with consideration of Iran’s situation, as well as international documents and FATF’s recommendations.

Findings
The author has studied the issue, believing that domestic regulations of Iran comply with international regulations and FATF recommendations. The current paper considers the different aspects of the AMLCs in Iran in relation to FATF recommendations.

Originality/value
The author confirms the originality of the paper and declares that he has referred all the other materials.
Is tackling Trade Based Money Laundering (TBML) through stricter reporting regulation the most effective response?
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThis paper (written in August 2015) aims to discuss the regulatory approach to detecting and preventing trade-based money laundering (TBML) by using the example of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and its use of geographic targeting orders.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses both theoretical and empirical reports on TBML to explore whether increased regulation will ultimately achieve the ends it claims to offer.FindingsThe main findings from the analysis are that increased regulation has been found to have a negative impact on improving TBML detection. There is evidence that it causes an over-defensive response from banks that leads to a decrease in useful information to financial intelligence units.Research limitations/implicationsThe research topic is very new and an emerging topic; therefore, analysis papers and other academic writing on this topic are limited.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for both the regulatory and the banking/financial service sectors.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is the deeper analysis of a specific TBML case, and the focus is on both the theoretical and empirical implications of the approach being used.
AML/CFT in Myanmar: a review of recent developments
Authors: Thompson Rhys 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) developments in Myanmar in light of its recent political and economic transition from military rule to a civilian, democratic government. This paper will discuss the changes in Myanmar’s AML/CFT frameworks, as well as international blacklisting and sanctions that have targeted Myanmar since the late 1990s. It also highlights issues that are likely to challenge Myanmar’s ability to ensure compliance with international best practices, especially as the local financial sector expands and foreign investment increases.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws on available literature and open source reporting.

Findings
This review is a timely update of Myanmar’s progress with its AML/CFT frameworks at a time that it is trying to encourage foreign investment and engagement and international businesses. But while Myanmar’s “opening” is seen by many as an opportunity, it still presents significant AML/CFT risks for investors because of a considerable lack of technical expertise, as well as financial and human resources to ensure compliance and enforcement occur.

Originality/value
Myanmar is a very under-researched area and has had minimal focus on its AML/CFT frameworks or the risks present in the economy. This paper will be a useful source for researchers, academics, policymakers, lawyers and private sector actors seeking to engage or invest in Myanmar’s economy.
Real estate money laundering in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland
Authors: Johannes Teichmann Fabian Maximilian 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate how criminals launder money in the real estate business in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative content analysis of 58 semi-standardized expert interviews with both criminals and prevention experts and a quantitative survey of 184 compliance officers led to the identification of concrete techniques of money laundering in the real estate sector.FindingsReal estate companies in German-speaking countries in Europe continue to be extraordinarily suitable for money laundering. In particular, they can be used for placement, layering and integration, combined with violations of the tax code. Most importantly, however, they are the vehicles for one of the very few profitable methods of laundering money.Research limitations/implicationsAs the qualitative findings are based on semi-standardized interviews, these are limited to the 58 interviewees’ perspectives.Practical implicationsThe identification of gaps in existing anti-money laundering mechanisms is meant to provide compliance officers, law enforcement agencies and legislators with valuable insights into how criminals operate.Originality/valueWhile the existing literature focuses on organizations fighting money laundering and on the improvement of anti-money laundering measures, this paper describes how money launderers operate to avoid getting caught. Both prevention and criminal perspectives are taken into account.
Choose your weapon
Authors: Cassella Stefan D. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Civil forfeiture is an increasingly common way for governments to relieve criminal wrongdoers of the proceeds of their crimes and to restore the property to the victims of the offense. The question that is asked, however, is this: Is civil forfeiture an essential tool that is needed to fill a gap in the arsenal of weapons available to law enforcement or is it a prosecutorial shortcut that allows cases to be closed without obtaining the evidence needed to obtain a criminal conviction in cases that should be prosecuted criminally. The answer is that it is both. When properly used, civil forfeiture is an essential tool that provides a means of recovering property, but it is a tool that can also be used to save time and money even though the investment of those resources in bringing a criminal to justice would better serve the public interest. The aim of this paper is to show why this is so.

Design/methodology/approach
Analysis of the use of civil forfeiture in the USA.

Findings
Civil forfeiture is an essential law enforcement tool.

Originality/value
While undeniably an essential law enforcement tool, civil forfeiture is sometimes used as a shortcut to conserve resources.
Examining the effect of employee green involvement on perception of corporate social responsibility
Authors: Srivastava Anugamini Priya , Shree Sonal 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the extent to which green involvement (GI) can affect employee perception of corporate social responsibility (CSR), with the intervening role of green training (GT).Design/methodology/approachThe sample for the study was collected from employees working in tourist hotels. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the fit of the hypothesized model, and hierarchical regression analysis to test the hypothesis.FindingsThe results showed that GI of employees has a positive and significant relationship with their perception of CSR. The study further revealed that when there is an increase in GT, the relationship between GI and perception of CSR gets more positive.Originality/valueIt adds value to the ongoing research in the field of environment, training and CSR. The findings will be helpful for policy makers and researchers in the field of stakeholder management.
A new insight into alumni satisfaction model for Islamic higher education institutions (IHEI)
Authors: Rafik Abdur , Priyono Anjar 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore and decompose a satisfaction model using alumni’s perspective for Islamic-based higher education institutions (IHEI) with the antecedent of perceived quality and value and the consequence of loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach
A study was used, using 44-item, a ten-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered to 360 alumni from various classes started from the 1970s till 2000s. Theoretical-based, national qualification framework of Indonesian higher education and management-based considerations were involved in developing a survey. Data were analyzed using partial least square-structural equation model and decomposed into strategic management map using importance-performance matrix analysis.

Findings
The most important determinants of alumni satisfaction and loyalty in IHEI is the IHEI’s ability to develop career capability through enriching knowledge. Moreover, the presence of good environment and Islamic value embodiment supporting learning programs on campus is the most significant trigger for the knowledge development.

Research limitations/implications
The results were generated from a specific department. Additional studies are needed to test if the results are not department (institution)-specific.

Practical implications
This study provides strategic directions for management to improve the critical aspects of the system by providing the inputs to the extent to which the service quality delivered may contribute to end-customers’ satisfaction.

Originality/value
It contributes to the literature on satisfaction and service quality issues by incorporating ideological aspect, by investigating the feasible model of customer satisfaction in the perspective of alumni for IHEI.
Changes in African large carnivore diets over the past half‐century reveal the loss of large prey
Authors: Creel Scott , Matandiko Wigganson , Schuette Paul , Rosenblatt Elias , Sanguinetti Carolyn , Banda Kambwiri , Vinks Milan , Becker Matthew 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Globally, large carnivores are declining due to direct persecution, habitat loss, and prey depletion. The effects of prey depletion could be amplified by changes in the composition of the herbivore (prey) community that provoke changes in carnivore diets, but this possibility has received little attention.

We tested for changes over the past half‐century in prey selection by the large carnivore guild in Zambia's Kafue National Park (KNP).

Across 52 predator–prey dyads, 71% of the observed changes showed that large prey have become less important and small prey have become more important. Consequently, dietary niche breadth has decreased for KNP carnivores and niche overlap has increased.

We tested whether changes in the importance of prey species are related to their current abundance and uniformly found that prey that have increased in importance are now relatively common, while those that have decreased in importance are now relatively rare. We identify four potential effects of these changes for conservation (through intraguild competition, group size, the energetics of hunting, and vulnerability to snaring) that warrant investigation.

Synthesis and applications. Patterns of prey selection by the large carnivores in Kafue National Park (KNP) have changed appreciably over the past half‐century. Decreased predation on large prey, which are now relatively rare, has caused niche compression and increased overlap in carnivore diets. Predation by all KNP large carnivores now concentrates on four small prey species that remain relatively abundant (impala, puku, lechwe, and warthog). Methods to detect such changes in interactions between species are well‐established, but are rarely applied to large carnivore‐ungulate systems. To guide conservation of ecosystem function, monitoring programmes should consider whether prey depletion alters the patterns of predation or competition within the predator guild because these interactions strongly affect the distribution and abundance of both predators and prey. If the patterns seen in KNP are general, then where carnivores are limited by prey depletion, conservation efforts will be most effective if they focus on mitigating the loss of large prey. In KNP, targeted efforts to protect prey larger than 200 kg, particularly buffalo, should be a priority.
Shifting species and functional diversity due to abrupt changes in water availability in tropical dry forests
Authors: Raymundo Diego , Prado‐Junior Jamir , Alvim Carvalho Fabrício , Santiago do Vale Vagner , Oliveira Paulo Eugênio , van der Sande Masha T. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Recent insights show that tropical forests are shifting in species composition, possibly due to changing environmental conditions. However, we still poorly understand the forest response to different environmental change drivers, which limits our ability to predict the future of tropical forests. Although some studies have evaluated drought effects on tree communities, we know little about the influence of increased water availability.

Here, we evaluated how an increase in water availability caused by an artificial reservoir affected temporal changes in forest structure, species and functional diversity, and community‐weighted mean traits. Furthermore, we evaluated how demographical groups (recruits, survivors and trees that died) contributed to these temporal changes in tropical dry forests.

We present data for the dynamics of forest change over a 10‐year period for 120 permanent plots that were far from the water’s edge before reservoir construction and are now close to the water’s edge (0–60 m). Plots close to the water’s edge had an abrupt increase in water availability, while distant plots did not.

Plots close to the water’s edge showed an increase in species and functional diversity, and in the abundance of species with traits associated with low drought resistance (i.e., evergreen species with simple leaves and low wood density), whereas plots far from the water’s edge did not change. Changes in overall community metrics were mainly due to recruits rather than to survivors or dead trees. Overall stand basal area did not change because growth and recruitment were balanced by mortality.

Synthesis. Our results showed that tropical dry forests can respond quickly to abrupt changes in environmental conditions. Temporal changes in vegetation metrics due to increased water availability were mainly attributed to recruits, suggesting that these effects are lasting and may become stronger over time. The lack of increase in basal area towards the water’s edge, and the shift towards higher abundance of soft‐wooded species, could reduce the carbon stored and increase the forest’s vulnerability to extreme weather events. Further “accidental” large‐scale field experiments like ours could provide more insights into forest responses and resilience to global change.
Nebivolol ameliorated kidney damage in Zucker diabetic fatty rats by regulation of oxidative stress/NO pathway: Comparison with captopril
Authors: Wang Yan , An Wenjing , Zhang Fei , Niu Mengzhen , Liu Yu , Shi Ruizan 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe aim was to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of nebivolol on renal damage in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, in comparison with those of atenolol and captopril. Animals were divided into: control lean Zucker rats, ZDF rats, ZDF rats orally treated with nebivolol (10 mg/kg), atenolol (100 mg/kg) or captopril (40 mg/kg) for 6 months. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), blood glucose, kidney structure and function, plasma and kidney levels of nitric oxide (NO) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and oxidant status were evaluated. Kidney expressions of adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms 2 and 4 and subunit p22phox, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, endothelial NOS (eNOS) uncoupling, protein arginine N‐methyltransferase (PRMT) 1, and dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) 1 and 2 were tested. All drugs induced a similar control of SBP. Nebivolol did not affect the increased plasma glucose. Unlike atenolol, nebivolol prevented the decrease in plasma insulin, and, like captopril, it reduced plasma lipid contents. Nebivolol ameliorated, to a greater extent than captopril, damages to renal structure and function, which were associated with an improvement in interlobular artery dysfunction. Nebivolol elevated kidney phosphorylation of AMPK, attenuated NOX4 and p22phox expression and oxidative stress marker levels. Nebivolol increased plasma and renal NO, enhanced expressions of eNOS, p‐eNOS and neuronal NOS, and suppressed eNOS uncoupling and inducible NOS expression. High ADMA in plasma and kidney were decreased by nebivolol through increasing DDAH2 and decreasing protein arginine N‐methyltransferase 1. Long‐term treatment of nebivolol ameliorated diabetic nephropathy, at least in part, via regulation of renal oxidative stress/NO pathway.
An anti‐asthmatic activity of natural Toll‐like receptor‐4 antagonist in OVA‐LPS‐induced asthmatic rats
Authors: Thakur Vandana R. , Beladiya Jayesh V. , Chaudagar Kiranj K. , Mehta Anita A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryToll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system and activation of TLR4 signaling has a significant role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Therefore, our objective was to identify the natural TLR4 antagonist and evaluate its activity in experimentally induced asthma. Soya lecithin origin phosphatidylcholine (soya PC) was identified as a natural TLR4 antagonist by computational study. Based on the computational study, TLR4 antagonist activity of soya PC was confirmed in in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neutrophil adhesion assay. In the in vivo study, rats were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) (100 μg/kg, i.p.) on the 7th, 14th and 21st days and challenged intranasally with OVA (100 μg/100 μL) and LPS (10 ng/100 μL), 4 days/wk for 3 weeks. At the end of the experiment, we performed lung function parameters (respiratory rate, tidal volume, airflow rate), inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐4, IL‐5, IL‐13), total and differential leukocytes in blood as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) and histological examinations. The computational study indicated that TLR4 antagonist activity of soya PC is due to linoleic acid (18:2) fatty acid chain. Soya PC significantly suppressed the LPS‐induced neutrophil adhesion in a concentration‐dependent manner to 1 μg/mL. The treatment of soya PC (5 and 10 mg/kg, 18 days, i.p.) significantly improved the lung function parameters, total and differential leukocyte counts in blood and BALf in asthmatic rats. This efficacy of soya PC was in extent similar to dexamethasone (2.5 mg/kg, 18 days, i.p.). However, soya PC was superior to dexamethasone in terms of benefits. The protective action of soya PC may be due to TLR4 antagonist activity and linoleic acid composition.