bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Umbra–Penumbra Area Ratio of Sunspots During the Maunder Minimum
Authors: Carrasco V. M. S. , García-Romero J. M. , Vaquero J. M. , Rodríguez P. G. , Foukal P. , Gallego M. C. , Lefèvre L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The Maunder Minimum (MM) was a prolonged period of low solar activity that occurred between 1645 and 1715. The true level of solar activity corresponding to this epoch is still a matter of debate. In order to compare solar activity during the MM with that of other epochs, we have evaluated the umbra–penumbra area ratio (U/P hereafter) during the MM. Thus, we have analyzed 196 sunspot drawings, including 48 different sunspots observed during the period 1660–1709. The mode value of the ratio obtained from the occurrence frequency distribution lies between 0.15 and 0.25. Furthermore, the median and mean values are equal to 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.27 ± 0.08 with a sigma clipping, respectively. These results are consistent with recent research using more modern data. Higher U/P values mean faster sunspot decay rates. From our results, the absence of sunspots during the MM could not be explained by changes in the U/P since the values of the ratio obtained in this work are similar to values found for other epochs.
Stochastic Chemical Evolution of Galactic Subhalos and the Origin of r-process Elements
Authors: Ojima Takuya , Ishimaru Yuhri , Wanajo Shinya , Prantzos Nikos , François Patrik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Mergers of compact binaries (of a neutron star and another neutron star or a black hole, NSMs) are suggested to be the promising astrophysical site of the r-process. While the average coalescence timescale of NSMs appears to be

, most of previous chemical evolution models indicate that the observed early appearance and large dispersion of

in Galactic halo stars at

favors shorter coalescence times of 1–10 Myr. We argue that this is not the case for the models assuming the formation of the Galactic halo from clustering of subhalos with different star formation histories as suggested by Ishimaru et al. We present a stochastic chemical evolution model of the subhalos, in which the site of the r-process is assumed to be mainly NSMs with a coalescence timescale of

. In view of the scarcity of NSMs, their occurrence in each subhalo is computed with a Monte Carlo method. Our results show that the less massive subhalos evolve at lower metallicities and generate highly r-process-enhanced stars. An assembly of these subhalos leaves behind the large star-to-star scatters of

in the Galactic halo as observed. However, the observed scatters of [Sr/Ba] at low metallicities indicate the presence of an additional site that partially contributes to the enrichment of light neutron-capture elements such as Sr. The high enhancements of

at low metallicities found in our low-mass subhalo models also qualitatively reproduce the abundance signatures of the stars in the recently discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II. Therefore, our results suggest NSMs as the dominant sources of r-process elements in the Galactic halo.
Exploring Fundamentally Three-dimensional Phenomena in High-fidelity Simulations of Core-collapse Supernovae
Authors: O’Connor Evan P. , Couch Sean M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The details of the physical mechanism that drives core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) remain uncertain. While there is an emerging consensus on the qualitative outcome of detailed CCSN mechanism simulations in 2D, only recently have high-fidelity 3D simulations become possible. Here we present the results of an extensive set of 3D CCSN simulations using high-fidelity multidimensional neutrino transport, high-resolution hydrodynamics, and approximate general relativistic gravity. We employ a state-of-the-art 20 M
☉ progenitor generated using Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics, and the SFHo equation of state. While none of our 3D CCSN simulations explode within ∼500 ms after core bounce, we find that the presence of large-scale aspherical motion in the Si and O shells aid shock expansion and bring the models closer to the threshold of explosion. We also find some dependence on resolution and geometry (octant versus full 4π). As has been noted in other recent works, we find that the post-shock turbulence plays an important role in determining the overall dynamical evolution of our simulations. We find a strong standing accretion shock instability (SASI) that develops at late times. The SASI produces transient shock expansions, but these do not result in any explosions. We also report that for a subset of our simulations, we find conclusive evidence for the lepton-number emission self-sustained asymmetry, which until now has not been confirmed by independent simulation codes. Both the progenitor asphericities and the SASI-induced transient shock expansion phases generate transient gravitational waves and neutrino signal modulations via perturbations of the protoneutron star by turbulent motions.
Fêtes urbaines en Afrique
Authors: Rajaonah Faranirina V. 
Published: September 2018

La fête des enfants à Antananarivo au temps de la colonisation (1899-1959) Comme toute célébration officielle, la fête des enfants à Madagascar se charge d’une importante connotation politique. Il s’agit pour l’administration coloniale de divertir les sujets, de récompenser les parents d’une abondante main-d’œuvre potentielle, d’embrigader la jeunesse tout en félicitant les meilleurs élèves et de rappeler au « peuple-enfant » malgache la tutelle de la France mère-chérie. Ces aspects fondamentaux de la fête n’ont jamais changé, malgré ses métamorphoses, en particulier son évolution vers une fête des écoles, et malgré le faste plus ou moins grandiose des cérémonies, selon la période. Quoi qu’il en soit, ce fut toujours à Antananarivo que la fête a revêtu le plus d’éclat. Les diverses séquences d’une manifestation qui mobilise aussi les villages des alentours s’inscrivent dans des espaces d’une capitale que l’administration a tenu à investir ou à restructurer. Ainsi, la fête, offerte aux Malgaches, donne l’occasion de mettre en valeur les nouveaux lieux du pouvoir et les réussites urbanistiques. Le gouvernement de Léon Cayla (1930-1939) qui voit l’aménagement, au cœur d’Antananarivo, d’une grande perspective ponctuée par une série de symboles de la présence française, reste, dans la mémoire collective et dans la réalité, la belle époque de la fête des enfants, célébration des parents à la nombreuse progéniture bien portante et du parent par excellence qu’est le Gouverneur général. Effectivement, à la différence du quatorze juillet, cette manifestation est plus en l’honneur du chef de la colonie que de la France. A la différence également du quatorze juillet, elle n’a pas fait l’objet de la part des Malgaches d’une appropriation dans des célébrations privées. La fête des enfants a surtout signifié pour les adultes une obligation : faire en sorte que, via leurs enfants, leur circonscription administrative soit dignement représentée dans le défilé qui met en compétition les cantons. Au lendemain de la fête, seuls les excellents élèves vivent encore dans l’euphorie d’un exceptionnel après-midi passé au « paradis des enfants sages », les jardins de la résidence du Gouverneur général, puis du Haut-Commissaire.
Fêtes urbaines en Afrique
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine 
Published: September 2018

Les célébrations de commémoration qui se sont multipliées en France depuis le bicentenaire de la Révolution ont été utilisées en Afrique francophone dès la colonisation. On distingue trois étapes. La première correspondit à la glorification de l’entreprise coloniale, à l’image du modèle français de l’exposition coloniale. Des cérémonies furent orchestrées par les autorités locales, en particulier le 14 juillet. Ces fêtes coloniales étaient urbaines, à la différence des fêtes villageoises dites « traditionnelles » laissées aux « indigènes ». Dans un deuxième temps, on chercha à impliquer les colonisés, en particulier les vieux et les enfants des écoles. Le mouvement fut initié par le gouvernement de Vichy à l’occasion de la fête de Jeanne d’Arc. Dans l’Afrique indépendante, et depuis les Fêtes de l’indépendance, les fêtes commémoratives, fréquentes et significatives, sont désormais intégrées à la vie politique. Elles visent des objectifs multiples, comme le démontre l’exemple de la Fête du Centenaire de l’Histoire de l’AOF. Comme naguère en métropole, ce sont des fêtes à la fois manipulées et manipulatrices, mais aussi révélatrices de contaminations culturelles et politiques multiples.
Fêtes urbaines en Afrique
Authors: Martin Denis-Constant 
Published: September 2018

Depuis la fin du XIX e siècle, la communauté dite « métisse » du Cap (Afrique du Sud) célèbre le nouvel an par des marches de rues, des compétitions de troupes costumées et des concours de chant. Des éléments empruntés aux Black Face Minstrels américains se sont progressivement imposés comme cadre dominant de l’esthétique du Coon Carnival. Ces fêtes, dont les principales caractéristiques sont identiques à celles de nombreux autres carnavals à travers le monde, ont survécu à la commercialisation comme aux manipulations opérées par les tenants de l’apartheid. La symbolique du carnaval des Coons, sa survie en dépit de tout en ont fait un emblème sous lequel se sont exprimées des conceptions opposées de l’« identité » métisse : totalement dépendante de la culture blanche pour les racistes ; solidaire, créative, moderne pour la très grande majorité des participants au carnaval. L’ambivalence de la figure du Coon permet de mieux comprendre la complexité des attitudes qu’engendre la « nouvelle Afrique du Sud » dans une large partie de la communauté métisse de la province du Cap occidental.
Die ontwikkeling van [ʃ] in Afrikaans
Authors: Wissing Daniel P. 
Published: September 2018

The development of [ʃ] in Afrikaans. This is a follow-up study on a seemingly recent development of the consonant system of Afrikaans that Wissing, Pienaar and Van Niekerk (2015) reported on. They show that the voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ is produced as the [ʃ], a voiceless postalveolar or alveopalatal fricative when immediately following the rhotic /r/, but as [s] in contexts other than this. To establish whether this phenomenon is characteristic of present-day Afrikaans in contrast to the pronunciation of previous generations, a survey was conducted in which the readings of news bulletins by two groups of radio presenters were analysed regarding their acoustic properties. These groups are representative of two generations of Afrikaans speakers, characterised as Oud [Old] and Jonk [Young]. Apart from the fact that the reading by Oud were recorded one to two decades ago (2000–2006), and those by Jonk during 2017, the average ages of these groups were at the time of recording 29 years for Jonk, and 50 years for Oud. A significant difference between the acoustic properties of the fricative /s/ following /r/ of these two groups was found. More specifically, Jonk, unlike Oud, clearly produced this phoneme as [ʃ]. This shows that notable sound shifts might happen within a relatively short time span. The article is concluded by considering a possible explanation of this recent phenomenon within the realm of theories of internal sound change.
Genome-wide differentially methylated genes associated with post-traumatic stress disorder in female rape survivors
Authors: Nöthling Jani , Seedat Soraya , Abrahams Naeemah , Hemmings Sian 
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Alterations to the epigenome in response to psychological trauma have been reported as a mechanism mediating gene and environmental interaction. Differentially methylated genes involved in the biological pathways associated with the adverse phenotypic behavioural presentations in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have previously been identified. However, the majority of studies have focussed on differential methylation of single candidate genes in participants exposed to heterogeneous index traumas. The objective of this study was to identify genome-wide differences in methylation profiles of a group of women exposed to rape, with and without PTSD.Methods: Female isiZulu participants (n = 48) between 18 and 40 years of age, who reported an incident of rape within the previous 20 days, were recruited from three Thuthuzela care centres and a crisis clinic in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. Rape-exposed participants with and without PTSD were matched on HIV status, age, childhood maltreatment and other lifetime trauma exposure, body mass index and smoking status. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and analysed using the Illumina Epic BeadChip microarray. Logistic regression models, adjusting for multiple comparisons, were used to identify differentially methylated genes in participants with and without PTSD at 3 months post-rape.Results: Four hundred twenty-three differentially methylated genomic regions were associated with PTSD status. Paired Box 8 (PAX8), encompassing eight CpG sites (p = 9.14E-20 and Zinc Finger Protein 57 [ZFP57]) and 19 CpG sites (p = 4.84E-18) were among the top 20 genomic regions significantly associated with PTSD in this data set, which were previously found to be associated with PTSD in other traumatised cohorts.Conclusion: PAX8 may be involved in PTSD symptoms related to sleeping difficulties and ZFP57 is believed to be involved in susceptibility to stress governed by differential methylation in hippocampal cells. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to investigate genome-wide profiles of women exposed to rape in Africa. Confirmation of these findings will require replication in larger cohorts.
Simulation-Based Training in Brain Death Determination Incorporating Family Discussion
Authors: Douglas Preston , Goldschmidt Carolyn , McCoyd Matthew , Schneck Michael 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
Good medical care relies on communication as much as technical expertise, yet physicians often overestimate the efficacy of their patient communication skills. Teaching communication skills can be cost- and time-intensive, and efforts have rarely focused on challenging situations, such as conveying the news of a patient's brain death to a family member.

Objective
We developed a resource-sensitive simulation program to teach residents how to diagnose brain death and how to show empathy in discussing the diagnosis with the patient's family.

Methods
From 2015 to 2017, 3 cohorts of incoming neurology residents participated in the 3-day training exercise. The 2-hour preintervention assessment involved making the diagnosis of brain death and sharing the news with an actor portraying the patient's family member. The scoring via checklists consisted of 15 clinical skills, 9 apnea test–related skills, and 37 verbal skills related to family discussion. The 5-hour didactic intervention focused on technical aspects of the brain death examination and lessons in communication with role-playing. The 2-hour postintervention assessment repeated the brain death examination and family discussion simulations. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results
A total of 18 residents (100%) were assessed, with significant differences between preintervention and postintervention testing across all areas, including clinical assessment (45%–76%, P &lt; .001), apnea testing (57%–92%, P &lt; .001), and verbal communication (46%–73%, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
The findings suggest a benefit in simulation training for brain death examination, apnea testing, and the subsequent family discussion regarding the patient's diagnosis.
La participación política de la niñez zapatista en Chiapas. Enseñanza y aprendizaje de la organización y la resistencia indígena
Authors: Rico Montoya Angélica , Corona Caraveo Yolanda , Nuñez Patiño Katia 
Published: September 2018

En este artículo se dan a conocer algunas de las formas específicas de participación y agencia de niñas y niños de comunidades indígenas zapatistas que viven bajo el contexto de contrainsurgencia que se ha estado desarrollando en el sureste mexicano durante los últimos 20 años. Iniciamos con una reflexión acerca de los términos de ciudadanía y participación en cuanto a la pertinencia para abordar el tema que nos ocupa, para plantear posteriormente la importancia de reconocer la complejidad de las situaciones que están viviendo estas niñas y niños, así como la relevancia de tomar en cuenta –más que las diferencias etarias- la pertenencia étnica y las relaciones asimétricas de poder vinculadas con los temas de identidad y resistencia dentro de su propio contexto cultural. Exponemos finalmente algunos ejemplos y testimonios sobre la participación de niñas y niños en tres contextos: el de la familia, el de la escuela y el de la comunidad, para finalizar con un análisis de la participación política de las niñas y los niños en la resistencia zapatista.
Cien años “Declaración de los Derechos del Niño y la Niña de Moscú”. Una memoria
Authors: Liebel Manfred 
Published: September 2018

Han pasado cien años desde que, en el contexto de la Revolución Rusa de Octubre de 1917, surgió una Declaración sobre los Derechos de los Niños y las Niñas que representa la existencia de una corriente emancipadora en la historia de los derechos de la niñez. Esta Declaración iba mucho más lejos de todo lo que hasta aquel momento se había entendido como derechos de la infancia en Europa y más allá, y todavía hoy en día puede proporcionar algún estímulo. Elaborado por educadores comprometidos, no es un documento de los propios niños y niñas, pero representa una posición que podría haber ayudado a dar más peso a sus propias voces y puntos de vista. A continuación presentamos el texto completo de la Declaración, cuyo título original fue Deklaracija prav rebenka.
Efeito do armazenamento em câmara climática sobre a conservação de dietas para cães com diferentes tamanhos de extrusado e locais de inclusão de gordura
Authors: Barros Emily Matsunaga , Lima Daniele , Santos Marley , Souza Camilla , Carneiro Nayara , Oliveira Simone 
Published: September 2018

Objetivou-se relacionar o tamanho de extrusado e a aplicação de gordura no condicionador ou recobrimento com a conservação de alimentos extrusados para cães, armazenados em câmara climática. Avaliaram-se dietas de mesma formulação, sendo: extrusado pequeno (PQ) com aplicação da metade da gordura no condicionador (CO) (PQCO); PQ com aplicação total da gordura no recobrimento (RE) (PQRE); extrusado grande (GR) com CO (GRCO) e GRRE. As dietas foram armazenadas em câmara climática com temperatura e umidade relativa do ar (URA) controladas por 20 semanas. Foram efetuadas análises de atividade de água (Aa), índice de peróxido (IP), umidade (UM), acidez, micotoxinas e colonização fúngica. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de regressão. As Aa e UM comparadas entre GRRE vs GRCO e PQRE vs PQCO apresentaram comportamento quadrático (P<0,001). A acidez apresentou aumento linear (P<0,001) para todos os tratamentos. Observou-se crescimento fúngico em todas as dietas. Alimentos para cães armazenados em condições controladas podem aumentar sua Aa, umidade e acidez, afetando a conservação dos alimentos completos destinados a cães.
Influência de extrato de leveduras sobre produtos de fermentação intestinal e características fecais de cães
Authors: Dos Santos Carolina Dallagassa , Machado Melisa Fructuoso , Fernandes Eduarda Lorena , Franco Milena Coutinho , Do Nascimento Rosandra Colpani , Felix Ananda Portella 
Published: September 2018

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de 2% de extrato de leveduras sobre os produtos de fermentação intestinal e características fecais de cães adultos. Foram avaliadas duas dietas contendo níveis de 0% e 2% de extrato de leveduras. As dietas foram fornecidas durante 25 dias a 16 cães adultos, distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso (n=8). As fezes foram colhidas nos últimos 5 dias experimentais para determinação dos produtos de fermentação intestinal e características fecais. A dieta contendo 2% de extrato de leveduras proporcionou aumento no escore fecal e na concentração de ácido acético (P<0,05). Os resultados indicam que a adição de 2% de extrato de leveduras aumenta a consistência e o ácido acético das fezes de cães.
Low Cost, Robust, Environmentally Friendly Geopolymer–Mesoporous Carbon Composites for Efficient Solar Powered Steam Generation
Authors: Liu Fenghua , Zhao Binyuan , Wu Weiping , Yang Haiyan , Ning Yuesheng , Lai Yijian , Bradley Robert 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHigh‐efficiency, environment friendly, renewable energy‐based methods of desalination represent attractive and potentially very powerful solutions to the long‐standing problem of global water shortage. Many new laboratory‐scale materials have been developed for photothermal desalination but the development of low‐cost, easy‐to‐manufacture, and scalable materials and systems that can convert solar irradiation into exploitable thermal energy in this context is still a significant challenge. This paper presents work on a geopolymer–biomass mesoporous carbon composite (GBMCC) device with mesoporous and macroporous structures for harvesting solar energy, which is then used in a device to generate water vapor with high efficiency using negative pressure, wind‐driven, steam generation. The GBMCC device gives water evaporation rates of 1.58 and 2.71 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 and 3 suns illumination, with the solar thermal conversion efficiency up to 84.95% and 67.6%, respectively. A remarkable, record high water vapor generation rate of 7.55 kg m−2 h−1 is achieved under 1 sun solar intensity at the wind speed of 3 m s−1. This is a key step forward todays efficient, sustainable and economical production of clean water from seawater or common wastewater with free solar energy.
A Ferroelectric/Electrochemical Modulated Organic Synapse for Ultraflexible, Artificial Visual‐Perception System
Authors: Wang Hanlin , Zhao Qiang , Ni Zhenjie , Li Qingyuan , Liu Hongtao , Yang Yunchang , Wang Lifeng , Ran Yang , Guo Yunlong , Hu Wenping , Liu Yunqi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHuman eyes undertake the majority of information assimilation for learning and memory. Transduction of the color and intensity of the incident light into neural signals is the main process for visual perception. Besides light‐sensitive elements that function as rods and cones, artificial retinal systems require neuromorphic devices to transform light stimuli into post‐synaptic signals. In terms of plasticity timescale, synapses with short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term potentiation (LTP) represent the neural foundation for experience acquisition and memory formation. Currently, electrochemical transistors are being researched as STP–LTP devices. However, their LTP timescale is confined to a second‐to‐minute level to give unreliable non‐volatile memory. This issue limits multiple‐plasticity synapses with tunable temporal characteristics and efficient sensory‐memory systems. Herein, a ferroelectric/electrochemical modulated organic synapse is proposed, attaining three prototypes of plasticity: STP/LTP by electrochemical doping/de‐doping and ferroelectric‐LTP from dipole switching. The device supplements conventional electrochemical transistors with 10000‐second‐persistent non‐volatile plasticity and unique threshold switching properties. As a proof‐of‐concept for an artificial visual‐perception system, an ultraflexible, light‐triggered organic neuromorphic device (LOND) is constructed by this synapse. The LOND transduces incident light signals with different frequency, intensity, and wavelength into synaptic signals, both volatile and non‐volatile.