bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The molecular history of IDH‐mutant astrocytomas without adjuvant treatment
Authors: Shi Zhi‐Feng , Li Kay Ka‐Wai , Kwan Johnny Sheung‐Him , Chung Nellie Yuk‐Fei , Wong Sze‐Ching , Chu Abby Wai‐Yan , Chen Hong , Chan Danny Tat‐Ming , Mao Ying , Ng Ho‐Keung 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHypermutation and malignant transformation are potential complications arising from temozolomide treatment of IDH‐mutant gliomas. However, the natural history of IDH‐mutant low‐grade gliomas without temozolomide treatment is actually under‐studied. We retrieved retrospectively from our hospitals paired tumors from 19 patients with IDH‐mutant, 1p19q non‐codeleted Grade 2 astrocytomas where no interim adjuvant treatment with either temozolomide or radiotherapy was given between primary resections and first recurrences. Tissues from multiple recurrences were available from two patients and radiotherapy but not temozolomide was given before the last specimens were resected. We studied the natural molecular history of these low‐grade IDH‐mutant astrocytomas without pressure of temozolomide with DNA methylation profiling and copy number variation (CNV) analyses, targeted DNA sequencing, TERTp sequencing, FISH for ALT and selected biomarkers. Recurrences were mostly higher grades (15/19 patients) and characterized by new CNVs not present in the primary tumors (17/19 cases). Few novel mutations were identified in recurrences. Tumors from 17/19 (89.5%) patients showed either CDKN2A homozygous deletion, MYC or PDGFRA focal and non‐focal gains at recurrences. There was no case of hypermutation. Phylogenetic trees constructed for tumors for the two patients with multiple recurrences suggested a lack of subclone development in their evolution when under no pressure from temozolomide. In summary, our studies demonstrated, in contrast to the phenomenon of temozolomide‐induced hypermutation, IDH‐mutant, 1p19q non‐codeleted Grade 2 astrocytomas which had not been treated by temozolomide, acquired new CNVs at tumor recurrences. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular life history of IDH‐mutant astrocytomas.
Ray Tracing Animated Displaced Micro‐Meshes
Authors: Gruen Holger , Benthin Carsten , Kensler Andrew , Barczak Joshua , McAllister David 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe present a new method that allows efficient ray tracing of virtually artefact‐free animated displaced micro‐meshes (DMMs) [MMT23] and preserves their low memory footprint and low BVH build and update cost. DMMs allow for compact representation of micro‐triangle geometry through hierarchical encoding of displacements. Displacements are computed with respect to a coarse base mesh and are used to displace new vertices introduced during 1 : 4 subdivision of the base mesh. Applying non‐rigid transformation to the base mesh can result in silhouette and normal artefacts (see Figure 1) during animation. We propose an approach which prevents these artefacts by interpolating transformation matrices before applying them to the DMM representation. Our interpolation‐based algorithm does not change DMM data structures and it allows for efficient bounding of animated micro‐triangle geometry which is essential for fast tessellation‐free ray tracing of animated DMMs.
Artificial intelligence for children: UNICEF's policy guidance and beyond
Authors: Liu Suyu , Ding Wenjun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis policy review introduces the Policy Guidance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Children, produced by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). This Policy Guidance is the first international‐level output to boost the development of child‐centred AI and relevant policies. A main contribution of this Policy Guidance is that it outlines the foundations, requirements and specific recommendations for developing child‐centred AI and surrounding policies. The shortcomings of this Policy Guidance are also introduced, especially the insufficient gender responsiveness and age sensitivity, plus relatively low representation of the developing world. Possible suggestions for future updates of the Policy Guidance and improving policies on child‐centred AI are provided in this review, such as the inclusion of a broader age range of children during the consultation process. The coexistence of contributions and limitations of this Policy Guidance reflects the situation of development of child‐centred AI and relevant policies, which is currently immature but promising.
Persistent Chronic Active T‐Cell‐Mediated Rejection After Kidney Transplantation Is Associated With Poor Allograft Survival
Authors: Noguchi Hiroshi , Matsukuma Yuta , Ueki Kenji , Tsuchimoto Akihiro , Nishiyama Kei , Nakano Toshiaki , Kubo Shinsuke , Sato Yu , Kaku Keizo , Okabe Yasuhiro , Nakamura Masafumi 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionHistopathological findings of chronic active T‐cell‐mediated rejection (CA‐TCMR) have been reported to potentially improve with treatment. However, whether this improvement is associated with a better renal prognosis remains unclear. This study was performed to analyze the impact of the histological response to therapy on kidney allograft survival in patients with CA‐TCMR.MethodsThe data of patients diagnosed with CA‐TCMR between January 2018 and May 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. A composite graft endpoint was defined as a two‐fold increase in the serum creatinine level or the development of end‐stage kidney disease.ResultsThirty‐seven patients with CA‐TCMR underwent 46 follow‐up biopsies. Eleven patients who were diagnosed with CA‐TCMR at the last biopsy were classified as the persistent group, while the remaining 26 patients were classified as the transient group. Both before and after treatment, there were no significant changes in serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, or proteinuria in either group. However, the transient group showed a significant reduction in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy without a specific etiology (IFTA). This improvement was attributed to better histopathological Banff scores after treatment. Patients with persistent CA‐TCMR had significantly worse graft survival than those with transient CA‐TCMR (p = 0.002), even after adjusting for significant clinical factors (hazard ratio: 11.4; 95% CI: 1.1–120.0; p = 0.043).ConclusionOur findings suggest that the persistence of histopathologic evidence of CA‐TCMR after treatment is a significant risk factor for allograft loss compared with transient CA‐TCMR.
Food systems in protracted crises: examining indigenous food sovereignty amid de‐development in Kashmir
Authors: Tak Mehroosh , Hussain Sardar Babur , Zargar Haris , Blake Lauren J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHow do protracted crises shape indigenous food systems, and what are their ramifications for food and nutritional security? Building on decolonial and interdisciplinary research approaches, this paper assesses the consequences of militarised violence for Kashmir's food system. We document the impact of settler‐colonialism and conflict‐induced agrarian changes on delocalisation of diets. The protracted nature of the crises has two key implications for changes in dietary patterns. First, land control over common land dispossesses the local population and hinders food production. Second, disenfranchisement from (agricultural) land has led to increased reliance on markets that are flooded by imported foods as local production declines. The paper argues that the state plays an important role in food system changes by destroying local patterns of food production and consumption. Slow violence and agrarian de‐development serve as tools to de‐develop the local food system. Indigenous food cultures form part of everyday resistance and resilience that are operationalised as mitigation and adaptation strategies to address food insecurity.
The effect of high‐fibre diets on glycaemic control in women with diabetes in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jones Danielle , Kyriakidou Anna , Cooper Louise , Atta Nooria , Tobolska Patrycja , Smith Suzanne , Turner Elizabeth , Petry Clive , Gillies Clare , Meek Claire L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDietary fibre improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes, but its therapeutic role in women with diabetes in pregnancy is unclear. We assessed the effect of dietary fibre on markers of glycaemic control in women with diabetes in pregnancy.MethodsWe searched four databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science) to identify RCTs exploring the effect of dietary fibre, high‐fibre diets or fibre supplementation on fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2‐h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and requirement for insulin therapy, among other glycaemic makers in pregnant women with diabetes. Data were pooled for each outcome to calculate change from baseline mean (SD) and overall mean difference (MD) between control and intervention groups.ResultsOf 1462 identified studies, data from 20 eligible trials containing 1061 participants were pooled. On meta‐analysis, a higher fibre intake was associated with reduced FBG (MD: −0.35 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.53, −0.18, p < 0.01), PBG (MD: −0.90 mmol/L, 95% CI: −1.39, −0.40, p < 0.01) and requirement for insulin (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.46, p < 0.01). There was significant heterogeneity for FBG and PBG (>90%), attributable to differences in Intervention type for PBG (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension [DASH] diet, low glycaemic index, supplement; p < 0.01) and study duration (for FBG: p = 0.002; not for PBG). Studies were mostly scored as high risk of bias due to lack of blinding (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool v.2.0).ConclusionHigh‐quality dietary intervention studies in pregnancy are lacking. Our results suggest that high‐fibre diets improve fasting and postprandial glycaemia and reduce the likelihood of requiring insulin in women with diabetes in pregnancy.
Leadership in a social dilemma: Does it matter if the leader is pro‐social or just says they are pro‐social?
Authors: Cartwright Edward , Chai Yidan , Xue Lian 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that pro‐social leaders cooperate, on average, more than pro‐self leaders in social dilemmas. It can, thus, be beneficial for the group to have a pro‐social leader. In this paper we analyze the consequences of a leader informing followers that they are pro‐social (or pro‐self). In doing so, we compare a setting in which the leader's type is truthfully revealed to settings where the leader can ‘hide’ or ‘lie’ about their pro‐sociality. We find that a leader saying they are pro‐social boosts efficiency, even if the signal is not fully credible. Cooperation is highest in a truth setting with a pro‐social leader. We demonstrate that these results are consistent with a belief‐based model of social preference in which the stated type of the leader changes the frame of reference for followers.
Insect biotremology—An introduction
Authors: Nieri Rachele , Beukeboom Leo W. , Mazzoni Valerio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBiotremology, officially coined in 2016, has rapidly emerged as a distinct scientific discipline, focusing on the study of substrate‐borne mechanical waves in animal communication, particularly among insects. Initially seen as a niche within bioacoustics, biotremology is now recognized for its broad significance, rivalling chemical communication in its prevalence. This special issue highlights the multidisciplinary nature of biotremology, with research spanning insect behaviour, ecology and pest management. Studies showcase advances in understanding vibrational communication across diverse insect taxa, the development of new tools for reliable playback experiments and the growing potential of biotremology in applied pest control. This collection provides a snapshot of a dynamic field in rapid expansion, pushing the boundaries of both fundamental research and practical applications.
Executive functions and processing speed in covert cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Jokinen Hanna , Laakso Hanna M. , Arola Anne , Paajanen Teemu I. , Virkkala Jussi , Särkämö Teppo , Makkonen Tommi , Kyläheiko Iiris , Heinonen Heidi , Pitkänen Johanna , Korvenoja Antti , Melkas Susanna 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackground and purposeExecutive dysfunction and slowed processing speed are central cognitive impairments in cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). It is unclear whether the subcomponents of executive functions become equally affected and whether computerized tests are more sensitive in detecting early cognitive changes over traditional tests. The associations of specific executive abilities (cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, working memory) and processing speed with white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were examined.MethodsIn the Helsinki Small Vessel Disease Study, 152 older individuals without stroke or dementia were assessed with brain magnetic resonance imaging and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. WMH volumes were obtained with automated segmentation. Executive functions and processing speed measures included established paper‐and‐pencil tests and the computer‐based Flexible Attention Test (FAT), Simon task and Sustained Attention to Response Task.ResultsWhite matter hyperintensity volume and IADL were associated with multiple cognitive measures across subdomains independently of demographic factors. The highest effect sizes were observed for FAT numbers and number‐letter tasks (tablet modifications from the Trail Making Test), FAT visuospatial span, Simon task and semantic verbal fluency. Some of the widely used tests such as Stroop inhibition, phonemic fluency and digit span were not significantly associated with either WMHs or IADL.ConclusionProcessing speed and executive function subcomponents are broadly related to functional abilities and WMH severity in covert cSVD, but the strength of associations within subdomains is heavily dependent on the assessment method. Digital tests providing precise measures of reaction times and response accuracy seem to outperform many of the conventional paper‐and‐pencil tests.
Transition to seizure in focal epilepsy: From SEEG phenomenology to underlying mechanisms
Authors: Kayabas Mehmet Alihan , Köksal Ersöz Elif , Yochum Maxime , Bartolomei Fabrice , Benquet Pascal , Wendling Fabrice 
Published: October 2024

AbstractObjectiveFor the pre‐surgical evaluation of patients with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy, stereo‐electroencephalographic (SEEG) signals are routinely recorded to identify the epileptogenic zone network (EZN). This network consists of remote brain regions involved in seizure initiation. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying typical SEEG patterns that occur during the transition from interictal to ictal activity in distant brain nodes of the EZN remain poorly understood. The primary aim is to identify and explain these mechanisms using a novel physiologically‐plausible model of the EZN.MethodsWe analyzed SEEG signals recorded from the EZN in 10 patients during the transition from interictal to ictal activity. This transition consisted of a sequence of periods during which SEEG signals from distant neocortical regions showed stereotypical patterns of activity: sustained preictal spiking activity preceding a fast activity occurring at seizure onset, followed by the ictal activity. Spectral content and non‐linear correlation of SEEG signals were analyzed. In addition, we developed a novel neuro‐inspired computational model consisting of bidirectionally coupled neuronal populations.ResultsThe proposed model captured the essential characteristics of the patient signals, including the quasi‐synchronous onset of rapid discharges in distant interconnected epileptogenic zones. Statistical analysis confirmed the dynamic correlation/de‐decorrelation pattern observed in the patient signals and accurately reproduced in the simulated signals.SignificanceThis study provides insight into the abnormal dynamic changes in glutamatergic and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic synaptic transmission that occur during the transition to seizures. The results strongly support the hypothesis that bidirectional connections between distant neuronal populations of the EZN (from pyramidal cells to vaso‐intestinal peptide‐positive interneurons) play a key role in this transition, while parvalbumin‐positive interneurons intervene in the emergence of rapid discharges at seizure onset.
Effect of Surface Roughness and Compressive Residual Stress on the Fatigue Performance of TC4 Titanium Alloy Subjected to Laser Shock Wave Planishing
Authors: Wu Lei , Dai FengZe , Chen XiZhang 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThe milled surface of TC4 titanium alloy was treated by laser shock peening (LSP) and laser shock wave planishing (LSWP) to investigate the effect of compressive residual stress (CRS) and surface roughness (SR) on the vibration fatigue performance. The results demonstrate that although the amplitude of CRS induced by LSWP is lower than that of LSPed specimens, the vibration fatigue life of LSWPed specimens increased by 63.78% due to a significant reduction in SR from Sa 14.1 μm to Sa 4.21 μm. When the SR is low, increasing the amplitude of CRS is more advantageous to enhance fatigue life. The fractographic analysis further confirmed that compared with LSPed and T0.2‐LSWPed specimens, T0.1‐LSWPed specimens have considerably less initial fatigue crack initiation, and the crack initiation location is deeper. The fatigue striation spacing of T0.1‐LSWPed specimens is the smallest (0.25 μm), greatly lowering the fatigue crack growth rate.
Hotter Temperatures Reduce the Diversity and Alter the Composition of Woody Plants in an Amazonian Forest
Authors: Fortier Riley P. , Kullberg Alyssa T. , Soria Ahuanari Roy D. , Coombs Lauren , Ruzo Andrés , Feeley Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTRapid warming and high temperatures are an immediate threat to global ecosystems, but the threat may be especially pronounced in the tropics. Although low‐latitude tree species are widely predicted to be vulnerable to warming, information about how tropical tree diversity and community composition respond to elevated temperatures remains sparse. Here, we study long‐term responses of tree diversity and composition to increased soil and air temperatures at the Boiling River—an exceptional and unique “natural warming experiment” in the central Peruvian Amazon. Along the Boiling River's course, geothermally heated water joins the river, gradually increasing water temperature and subsequently warming the surrounding forest. In the riparian forests along the Boiling River, mean annual and maximum air temperatures span gradients of 4°C and 11°C, respectively, over extremely short distances (< 1 km), with the hottest temperatures matching those predicted for much of the Amazon under future global warming scenarios. Using a new network of 70 woody plant inventory plots situated along the Boiling River's thermal gradient, we observed a ca. 11% decline in tree α‐diversity per 1°C increase in mean annual temperature. We also found that the tree communities growing under elevated temperatures were generally more thermophilic (i.e., included greater relative abundances of species from hotter parts of the Amazon) than the communities in cooler parts of the gradient. Based on patterns at the Boiling River, we hypothesize that global warming will lead to dramatic shifts in tree diversity and composition in the lowland Amazon, including local extinctions and biotic attrition.
Mid‐upper arm circumference as a screening tool for identifying physical frailty in community‐dwelling older adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study
Authors: Kim So Young , Kim Mi Ji , Shin Dong Wook , Won Chang Won , Shim Ha Young , Cho Be Long 
Published: October 2024

AimsFrailty in older adults is influenced by various factors, such as poor nutritional status. Mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) is a validated, simple, and non‐invasive tool for assessing nutritional status. Despite its potential, no study has explored the association between MUAC and physical frailty in older adults. This study aims to investigate this association and assess whether MUAC can be used as a screening tool in community and primary clinical practice.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 1178 participants aged 71.8 to 86.7 years from the 2019 Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS). Physical frailty was defined using the Fried frailty phenotype criteria. MUAC was measured as the average circumference of both upper arms without compressing the subcutaneous tissue. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for physical frailty, stratified by sex, were estimated using multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustments.ResultsMUAC was lower in physically frail men compared with non‐frail men (28.0 ± 2.9 vs. 29.4 ± 2.6 cm, P < 0.001). MUAC was negatively correlated with the Frailty Index (r = −0.155, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that MUAC was an independent factor for physical frailty in men (OR  0.986, 95% CI  0.973–1.000, P = 0.049). The optimal MUAC cutoff for identifying physical frailty in men was 28.2 cm (sensitivity 60.7%, specificity 71.4%, AUC  0.672, 95% CI 0.595–0.749, P < 0.001). No significant results were found for women.ConclusionLow MUAC is significantly associated with physical frailty in older men, suggesting the potential for MUAC to be utilized as a screening tool for physical frailty in community and primary clinical settings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 1292–1299.
The multiple roles of macrophages in peritoneal adhesion
Authors: Yang Shangwei , Zheng Yanhe , Pu Zhenjun , Nian Hongyu , Li Junliang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPeritoneal adhesion (PA) refers to the abnormal adhesion of the peritoneum either with the peritoneum itself or with tissues and organs that is caused by abdominopelvic surgery, abdominal infection or peritoneal inflammation. PA is associated with various clinical complications, such as abdominal pain and distension, intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal disorders and female infertility, and adversely affects the quality of life of patients. Macrophages are essential for PA formation and can undergo polarization into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), which are influenced by the peritoneal microenvironment. By releasing proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, M1 macrophages promote peritoneal inflammatory reactions and the resultant formation of adhesion. In contrast, M2 macrophages secrete anti‐inflammatory cytokines and growth factors to inhibit PA formation and to promote repair and healing of peritoneal tissues, and thereby play a significant anti‐inflammatory role. This review comprehensively explores the function and mechanism of macrophages and their subtypes in PA formation to gain insight into the prevention and treatment of PA based on the modulation of macrophages.