bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The
Drosophila melanogaster
Gut Microbiota Provisions Thiamine to Its Host
Authors: Sannino David R. , Dobson Adam J. , Edwards Katie , Angert Esther R. , Buchon Nicolas 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

The microbiota of
Drosophila melanogaster
has a substantial impact on host physiology and nutrition. Some effects may involve vitamin provisioning, but the relationships between microbe-derived vitamins, diet, and host health remain to be established systematically. We explored the contribution of microbiota in supplying sufficient dietary thiamine (vitamin B
1
) to support
D. melanogaster
at different stages of its life cycle. Using chemically defined diets with different levels of available thiamine, we found that the interaction of thiamine concentration and microbiota did not affect the longevity of adult
D.
melanogaster
. Likewise, this interplay did not have an impact on egg production. However, we determined that thiamine availability has a large impact on offspring development, as axenic offspring were unable to develop on a thiamine-free diet. Offspring survived on the diet only when the microbiota was present or added back, demonstrating that the microbiota was able to provide enough thiamine to support host development. Through gnotobiotic studies, we determined that
Acetobacter pomorum
, a common member of the microbiota, was able to rescue development of larvae raised on the no-thiamine diet. Further, it was the only microbiota member that produced measurable amounts of thiamine when grown on the thiamine-free fly medium. Its close relative
Acetobacter pasteurianus
also rescued larvae; however, a thiamine auxotrophic mutant strain was unable to support larval growth and development. The results demonstrate that the
D. melanogaster
microbiota functions to provision thiamine to its host in a low-thiamine environment.

IMPORTANCE
There has been a long-standing assumption that the microbiota of animals provides their hosts with essential B vitamins; however, there is not a wealth of empirical evidence supporting this idea, especially for vitamin B
1
(thiamine). To determine whether this assumption is true, we used
Drosophila melanogaster
and chemically defined diets with different thiamine concentrations as a model. We found that the microbiota does provide thiamine to its host, enough to allow the development of flies on a thiamine-free diet. The power of the
Drosophila
-microbiota system allowed us to determine that one microbiota member in particular,
Acetobacter pomorum
, is responsible for the thiamine provisioning. Thereby, our study verifies this long-standing hypothesis. Finally, the methods used in this work are applicable for interrogating the underpinnings of other aspects of the tripartite interaction between diet, host, and microbiota.
Rapid Growth of Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
during Human Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Forsyth Valerie S. , Armbruster Chelsie E. , Smith Sara N. , Pirani Ali , Springman A. Cody , Walters Matthew S. , Nielubowicz Greta R. , Himpsl Stephanie D. , Snitkin Evan S. , Mobley Harry L. T. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) strains cause most uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). These strains are a subgroup of extraintestinal pathogenic
E. coli
(ExPEC) strains that infect extraintestinal sites, including urinary tract, meninges, bloodstream, lungs, and surgical sites. Here, we hypothesize that UPEC isolates adapt to and grow more rapidly within the urinary tract than other
E. coli
isolates and survive in that niche. To date, there has not been a reliable method available to measure their growth rate
in vivo
. Here we used two methods: segregation of nonreplicating plasmid pGTR902, and peak-to-trough ratio (PTR), a sequencing-based method that enumerates bacterial chromosomal replication forks present during cell division. In the murine model of UTI, UPEC strain growth was robust
in vivo
, matching or exceeding
in vitro
growth rates and only slowing after reaching high CFU counts at 24 and 30 h postinoculation (hpi). In contrast, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) strains tended to maintain high growth rates
in vivo
at 6, 24, and 30 hpi, and population densities did not increase, suggesting that host responses or elimination limited population growth. Fecal strains displayed moderate growth rates at 6 hpi but did not survive to later times. By PTR,
E. coli
in urine of human patients with UTIs displayed extraordinarily rapid growth during active infection, with a mean doubling time of 22.4 min. Thus, in addition to traditional virulence determinants, including adhesins, toxins, iron acquisition, and motility, very high growth rates
in vivo
and resistance to the innate immune response appear to be critical phenotypes of UPEC strains.

IMPORTANCE
Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) strains cause most urinary tract infections in otherwise healthy women. While we understand numerous virulence factors are utilized by
E. coli
to colonize and persist within the urinary tract, these properties are inconsequential unless bacteria can divide rapidly and survive the host immune response. To determine the contribution of growth rate to successful colonization and persistence, we employed two methods: one involving the segregation of a nonreplicating plasmid in bacteria as they divide and the peak-to-trough ratio, a sequencing-based method that enumerates chromosomal replication forks present during cell division. We found that UPEC strains divide extraordinarily rapidly during human UTIs. These techniques will be broadly applicable to measure
in vivo
growth rates of other bacterial pathogens during host colonization.
The “ḥadīṯ literature”: What is it and where is it?
Authors: Burge Stephen R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article seeks to explore what the ḥadīṯ literature is from a theoretical perspective. Developing ideas first formulated by Andrew Newman, it will be argued that the “ḥadīṯ literature” is an abstract concept, which, subsequently, raises a number of issues and questions. Using a comparison of two works on ǧihād as a case study—al-Biqāʿī’s (d. 885/1480) Ḏayl al-istišhād bi-āyāt al-ǧihād and al-Suyūṭī’s (d. 911/1505) Arbaʿūn ḥadīṯan fī faḍl al-ǧihād—questions around the “ḥadīṯ literature” and what it is will be raised. The discussion will focus on the way in which the ḥadīṯ found in ḥadīṯ collections are affected by a compiler’s own personal discourse and historical context. It will be argued that a paradox emerges in which ḥadīṯ are both part of an abstract, atemporal “ḥadīṯ literature,” but, at the same time, rooted in the theological and historical context of the compiler.
Intensification of Convective Rain Cells at Warmer Temperatures Observed from High-Resolution Weather Radar Data
Authors: Peleg Nadav , Marra Francesco , Fatichi Simone , Molnar Peter , Morin Efrat , Sharma Ashish , Burlando Paolo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between air temperature and convection by analyzing the characteristics of rainfall at the storm and convective rain cell scales. High spatial–temporal resolution (1 km, 5 min) estimates from a uniquely long weather radar record (24 years) were coupled with near-surface air temperature over Mediterranean and semiarid regions in the eastern Mediterranean. In the examined temperature range (5°–25°C), the peak intensity of individual convective rain cells was found to increase with temperature, but at a lower rate than the 7%°C−1 scaling expected from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, while the area of the individual convective rain cells slightly decreases or, at most, remains unchanged. At the storm scale, the areal convective rainfall was found to increase with warmer temperatures, whereas the areal nonconvective rainfall and the stormwide area decrease. This suggests an enhanced moisture convergence from the stormwide extent toward the convective rain cells. Results indicate a reduction in the total rainfall amounts and an increased heterogeneity of the spatial structure of the storm rainfall for temperatures increasing up to 25°C. Thermodynamic conditions, analyzed using convective available potential energy, were determined to be similar between Mediterranean and semiarid regions. Limitations in the atmospheric moisture availability when shifting from Mediterranean to semiarid climates were detected and explain the suppression of the intensity of the convective rain cells when moving toward drier regions. The relationships obtained in this study are relevant for nearby regions characterized by Mediterranean and semiarid climates.
An Assessment of the XBT Fall-Rate Equation in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ribeiro Natalia , Mata Mauricio M. , de Azevedo José Luiz L. , Cirano Mauro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study a set of 157 collocated XBT (DB/T7 type) and CTD stations distributed across three different regions of the Southern Ocean is explored using the manufacturer’s fall-rate equation (FRE), which is a classic correction method, and new correction methods to investigate how the regional environment characteristics may impact a probe’s descent and the corresponding depth estimates. Regional coefficients were estimated for all three basins and for the Southern Ocean as a whole. The manufacturer’s FRE proved to perform better in high latitudes than in the rest of the World Ocean, overestimating the true depth by only 2%. The overall depth bias was positive, further supporting the hypothesis of a regional dependence of the XBT fall rate on water temperature, which leads to a general overestimation of ocean heat content in the upper layer (~4.79 × 109 J or ~10%). The pure thermal bias was found to be mostly negative, which is likely to be related to temperature errors. However, the Southern Ocean region is notoriously undersampled when compared to the rest of the World Ocean as well, as it is associated with strong spatial and temporal variability, thus raising the overall uncertainty on that estimate. Moreover, although the manufacturer’s FRE has a satisfying performance in the Southern Ocean, the current community’s recommended correction method still leads to improved temperature values in those waters. Finally, more studies are needed in order to fully understand the XBT regional bias and its implications for climate studies in the region.
Near-Surface Current Mapping by Shipboard Marine X-Band Radar: A Validation
Authors: Lund Björn , Haus Brian K. , Horstmann Jochen , Graber Hans C. , Carrasco Ruben , Laxague Nathan J. M. , Novelli Guillaume , Guigand Cédric M. , Özgökmen Tamay M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment (LASER) involved the deployment of ~1000 biodegradable GPS-tracked Consortium for Advanced Research on Transport of Hydrocarbon in the Environment (CARTHE) drifters to measure submesoscale upper-ocean currents and their potential impact on oil spills. The experiment was conducted from January to February 2016 in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) near the mouth of the Mississippi River, an area characterized by strong submesoscale currents. A Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG) marine X-band radar (MR) on board the R/V F. G. Walton Smith was used to locate fronts and eddies by their sea surface roughness signatures. The MR data were further processed to yield near-surface current maps at ~500-m resolution up to a maximum range of ~3 km. This study employs the drifter measurements to perform the first comprehensive validation of MR near-surface current maps. For a total of 4130 MR–drifter pairs, the root-mean-square error for the current speed is 4 cm and that for the current direction is 12°. The MR samples currents at a greater effective depth than the CARTHE drifters (1–5 m vs ~0.4 m). The mean MR–drifter differences are consistent with a wave- and wind-driven vertical current profile that weakens with increasing depth and rotates clockwise from the wind direction (by 0.7% of the wind speed and 15°). The technique presented here has great potential in observational oceanography, as it allows research vessels to map the horizontal flow structure, complementing the vertical profiles measured by ADCP.
Advancing from Convection-Allowing NWP to Warn-on-Forecast: Evidence of Progress
Authors: Lawson John R. , Kain John S. , Yussouf Nusrat , Dowell David C. , Wheatley Dustan M. , Knopfmeier Kent H. , Jones Thomas A. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Warn-on-Forecast (WoF) program, driven by advanced data assimilation and ensemble design of numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems, seeks to advance 0–3-h NWP to aid National Weather Service warnings for thunderstorm-induced hazards. An early prototype of the WoF prediction system is the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Experimental WoF System for ensembles (NEWSe), which comprises 36 ensemble members with varied initial conditions and parameterization suites. In the present study, real-time 3-h quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) during spring 2016 from NEWSe members are compared against those from two real-time deterministic systems: the operational High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR, version 1) and an upgraded, experimental configuration of the HRRR. All three model systems were run at 3-km horizontal grid spacing and differ in initialization, particularly in the radar data assimilation methods. It is the impact of this difference that is evaluated herein using both traditional and scale-aware verification schemes. NEWSe, evaluated deterministically for each member, shows marked improvement over the two HRRR versions for 0–3-h QPFs, especially at higher thresholds and smaller spatial scales. This improvement diminishes with forecast lead time. The experimental HRRR model, which became operational as HRRR version 2 in August 2016, also provides added skill over HRRR version 1.
Implications of Environmental Differences on Strategies of Multinationals' Manufacturing Subsidiaries*
Authors: Vachani Sushil 
Published: March 2018

In this article, Sushil Vachani develops four propositions about how multinationals' operations are affected by differences in the environments of lessdeveloped countries(LDCs), middle-income countries(MICs), and developed countries(DCs). First, LDCs will be less inclined to host multinationals that have advertisingbased assets than those which have R & D based assets. Second, the proportion of multinationals' subsidiaries formed through acquisition will be smaller in LDCs than in DCs and MICs. Third, within LDCs (and MICs and DCs), the size of the country's industrial base is a contributing factor in the formation of multinational subsidiaries by acquisition. Fourth, the size of the local market has an important bearing on the proportion of export-oriented subsidiaries in a country. Vachani examines each of these propositions using a database of overseas subsidiaries of Fortune 500 multinationals. Drawing implications for managers of multinationals, the author emphasizes the importance of taking into account the differences in the political and econpmic environment of LDCs, MICs, and DCs when formulating business strategy.
A multicenter, prospective, single arm, open label, observational study of sTMS for migraine prevention (ESPOUSE Study)
Authors: Starling Amaal J , Tepper Stewart J , Marmura Michael J , Shamim Ejaz A , Robbins Matthew S , Hindiyeh Nada , Charles Andrew C , Goadsby Peter J , Lipton Richard B , Silberstein Stephen D , Gelfand Amy A , Chiacchierini Richard P , Dodick David W 
Published: March 2018

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS) for the preventive treatment of migraine. Background sTMS was originally developed for the acute treatment of migraine with aura. Open label experience has suggested a preventive benefit. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sTMS for migraine prevention. Methods The eNeura SpringTMS Post-Market Observational U.S. Study of Migraine (ESPOUSE) Study was a multicenter, prospective, open label, observational study. From December 2014 to March 2016, patients with migraine (n = 263) were consented to complete a 1-month baseline headache diary followed by 3 months of treatment. The treatment protocol consisted of preventive (four pulses twice daily) and acute (three pulses repeated up to three times for each attack) treatment. Patients reported daily headache status, medication use, and device use with a monthly headache diary. The primary endpoint, mean reduction of headache days compared to baseline, was measured over the 28-day period during weeks 9 to 12. The primary endpoint was compared to a statistically-derived placebo estimate (performance goal). Secondary endpoints included: 50% responder rate, acute headache medication consumption, HIT-6, and mean reduction in total headache days from baseline of any intensity. Results Of a total of 263 consented subjects, 229 completed a baseline diary, and 220 were found to be eligible based on the number of headache days. The device was assigned to 217 subjects (Safety Data Set) and 132 were included in the intention to treat Full Analysis Set. For the primary endpoint, there was a −2.75 ± 0.40 mean reduction of headache days from baseline (9.06 days) compared to the performance goal (−0.63 days) ( p < 0.0001). The 50% responder rate of 46% (95% CI 37%, 56%) was also significantly higher ( p < 0.0001) than the performance goal (20%). There was a reduction of −2.93 (5.24) days of acute medication use, headache impact measured by HIT-6, −3.1 (6.4) ( p < 0.0001), and total headache days of any intensity −3.16 days (5.21) compared to the performance goal (−0.63 days) ( p < 0.0001). The most common adverse events were lightheadedness (3.7%), tingling (3.2%), and tinnitus (3.2%). There were no serious adverse events. Conclusions This open label study suggests that sTMS may be an effective, well-tolerated treatment option for migraine prevention. Trial registration number NCT02357381
The Influence of Ruptured Scar Pattern on the Healing Potential of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant Cells
Authors: Kirizuki Shinsuke , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Ueha Takeshi , Uefuji Atsuo , Inokuchi Takao , Takayama Koji , Hashimoto Shingo , Hayashi Shinya , Matsushita Takehiko , Kuroda Ryosuke 
Published: March 2018

Background: Vascular CD34+ cells in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissues have a potential for high proliferation and multilineage differentiation, which can accelerate tendon-bone healing after ACL reconstruction. To predict outcomes of ACL reconstruction with remnant preservation or ruptured tissue incorporation, patient characteristics should be considered. However, the influence of ACL remnant morphologic pattern on healing potential remains unknown. Hypothesis: The healing potential of ACL remnants could differ among their morphologic patterns. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: ACL remnant tissues were harvested from patients aged <35 years who received primary ACL reconstruction within 3 months after injury. The tissues were evaluated according to the Crain classification (4 patterns). The patterns were divided into 2 groups: the reattachment group (Crain I-III) and the nonreattachment group (Crain IV). ACL remnant cells were characterized via fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The potential for proliferation and multilineage differentiation was assessed and compared between the groups. Results: The ratio of CD34+ cells was significantly higher in the nonreattachment group than in the reattachment group. In early passages, the nonreattachment group had a significantly higher expansion potential than the reattachment group. In the evaluation of osteogenic and endothelial differentiation potential, the nonreattachment group showed a higher potential in immunohistochemical/histochemical staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis as compared with the reattachment group. Conclusion: In the subacute phase, ACL remnant tissue of the nonreattachment group possibly has a higher healing potential than that of the reattachment group. Clinical Relevance: If healing potential differs among the morphologic patterns of ACL remnants, surgeons may expect the healing potential when preserving remnants.
Targeting dysfunctional beta-cell signaling for the potential treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Fenske Rachel J , Kimple Michelle E 
Published: March 2018

Since its discovery and purification by Frederick Banting in 1921, exogenous insulin has remained almost the sole therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. While insulin alleviates the primary dysfunction of the disease, many other aspects of the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus are unaffected. Research aimed towards the discovery of novel type 1 diabetes mellitus therapeutics targeting different cell signaling pathways is gaining momentum. The focus of these efforts has been almost entirely on the impact of immunomodulatory drugs, particularly those that have already received FDA-approval for other autoimmune diseases. However, these drugs can often have severe side effects, while also putting already immunocompromised individuals at an increased risk for other infections. Potential therapeutic targets in the insulin-producing beta-cell have been largely ignored by the type 1 diabetes mellitus field, save the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. While there is preliminary evidence to support the clinical exploration of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor-based drugs as type 1 diabetes mellitus adjuvant therapeutics, there is a vast space for other putative therapeutic targets to be explored. The alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric Gzprotein (Gαz) has been shown to promote beta-cell inflammation, dysfunction, death, and failure to replicate in the context of diabetes in a number of mouse models. Genetic loss of Gαzor inhibition of the Gαzsignaling pathway through dietary interventions is protective against the development of insulitis and hyperglycemia. The multifaceted effects of Gαzin regards to beta-cell health in the context of diabetes make it an ideal therapeutic target for further study. It is our belief that a low-risk, effective therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus will involve a multidimensional approach targeting a number of regulatory systems, not the least of which is the insulin-producing beta-cell.Impact statementThe expanding investigation of beta-cell therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus is fundamentally relevant and timely. This review summarizes the overall scope of research into novel type 1 diabetes mellitus therapeutics, highlighting weaknesses or caveats in current clinical trials as well as describing potential new targets to pursue. More specifically, signaling proteins that act as modulators of beta-cell function, survival, and replication, as well as immune infiltration may need to be targeted to develop the most efficient pharmaceutical interventions for type 1 diabetes mellitus. One such beta-cell signaling pathway, mediated by the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric Gzprotein (Gαz), is discussed in more detail. The work described here will be critical in moving the field forward as it emphasizes the central role of the beta-cell in type 1 diabetes mellitus disease pathology.