bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Equilibrium Behavior of Nylon 6, Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6/6,6 Copolymer
Authors: Liu Fei F. , Marchildon E. Keith , McAuley Kimberley B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNylon 6 and nylon 6,6 reaction equilibria depend in a complex way on water concentration and temperature. For example, data sets from six research groups reveal that the apparent equilibrium constant for polycondensation increases with water at low water concentrations, reaches a maximum, and then decreases as the water concentration rises further. In this article, semi‐empirical expressions are proposed to describe the experimentally observed equilibrium behavior for the five main reactions that occur during nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 polymerization. Nine side reactions involving amidine ends, cyclopentanone ends, and hydrated carboxyl ends are used to develop expressions that account for the influence of both water and temperature on these equilibrium constants. Excellent fit to the data, over the entire range of the available nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 literature data, suggests that the proposed equations will be helpful for modeling reaction equilibria for nylon 6/6,6 copolymerization.
Patrolling Public Schools: The Impact of Funding for School Police on Student Discipline and Long‐term Education Outcomes
Authors: Weisburst Emily K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAs police officers have become increasingly common in U.S. public schools, their role in school discipline has often expanded. While there is growing public debate about the consequences of police presence in schools, there is scant evidence of the impact of police on student discipline and academic outcomes. This paper provides the first quasi‐experimental estimate of funding for school police on student outcomes, leveraging variation in federal Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) grants. Exploiting detailed data on over 2.5 million students in Texas, I find that federal grants for police in schools increase middle school discipline rates by 6 percent. The rise in discipline is driven by sanctions for low‐level offenses or school code of conduct violations. Further, I find that Black students experience the largest increases in discipline. I also find that exposure to a three‐year federal grant for school police is associated with a 2.5 percent decrease in high school graduation rates and a 4 percent decrease in college enrollment rates.
Communicating “cure” to pediatric oncology patients: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Essig Stefan , Michel Gisela , Dupont Carole , Kiss Alexander , Bergstraesser Eva , Tinner Eva Maria , Kuehni Claudia E. ,   on behalf of the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group (SPOG)
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundUncertainty about cure puts childhood cancer survivors at risk of mental distress. We asked survivors if they had been told they had been cured and investigated associated factors.ProcedureWe used nationwide registry data and a questionnaire survey for ≥five‐year survivors of childhood cancer (n = 301), followed by online focus groups with a purposive sample of Swiss pediatric oncologists (n = 17). Discussions were coded by investigators using thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, 235 among 301 survivors (78%; 95% confidence interval, 73%–83%) reported having been told they were cured. The proportion was 89% (81%–97%) among lymphoma and 84% (77%–91%) among leukemia survivors, but only 49% (33%–65%) among central nervous system tumor survivors. Pediatric oncologists acknowledged that telling survivors they are cured may reassure them that their cancer lies behind them. However, many refrained from telling all patients. Reasons included the possibility of late effects (cure disrupted by a continued need for follow‐up care) or late relapse (uncertainty of biological cure), case‐by‐case strategies (use of “cure” according to individual factors), and reluctance (substitution of noncommittal terms for “cure”; waiting for the patient to raise the topic).ConclusionsNot all physicians tell survivors they have been cured; their choices depend on the cancer type and risk of late effects.
Effects of chemical preservation on bulk and amino acid isotope ratios of zooplankton, fish, and squid tissues
Authors: Hetherington Elizabeth D. , Kurle Carolyn M. , Ohman Mark D. , Popp Brian N. 
Published: February 2019

RationaleIt is imperative to understand how chemical preservation alters tissue isotopic compositions before using historical samples in ecological studies. Specifically, although compound‐specific isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA‐AA) is becoming a widely used tool, there is little information on how preservation techniques affect amino acid δ15N values.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of chemical preservatives on bulk tissue δ13C and δ15N and amino acid δ15N values, measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS), of (a) tuna (Thunnus albacares) and squid (Dosidicus gigas) muscle tissues that were fixed in formaldehyde and stored in ethanol for 2 years and (b) two copepod species, Calanus pacificus and Eucalanus californicus, which were preserved in formaldehyde for 24–25 years.ResultsTissues in formaldehyde‐ethanol had higher bulk δ15N values (+1.4, D. gigas; +1.6‰, T. albacares), higher δ13C values for D. gigas (+0.5‰), and lower δ13C values for T. albacares (−0.8‰) than frozen samples. The bulk δ15N values from copepods were not different those from frozen samples, although the δ13C values from both species were lower (−1.0‰ for E. californicus and −2.2‰ for C. pacificus) than those from frozen samples. The mean amino acid δ15N values from chemically preserved tissues were largely within 1‰ of those of frozen tissues, but the phenylalanine δ15N values were altered to a larger extent (range: 0.5–4.5‰).ConclusionsThe effects of preservation on bulk δ13C values were variable, where the direction and magnitude of change varied among taxa. The changes in bulk δ15N values associated with chemical preservation were mostly minimal, suggesting that storage in formaldehyde or ethanol will not affect the interpretation of δ15N values used in ecological studies. The preservation effects on amino acid δ15N values were also mostly minimal, mirroring bulk δ15N trends, which is promising for future CSIA‐AA studies of archived specimens. However, there were substantial differences in phenylalanine and valine δ15N values, which we speculate resulted from interference in the chromatographic resolution of unknown compounds rather than alteration of tissue isotopic composition due to chemical preservation.
High‐Safety Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Interphases for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Yi , Shi Pengcheng , Xiang Hongfa , Liang Xin , Yu Yan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRapidly developed Na‐ion batteries are highly attractive for grid energy storage. Nevertheless, the safety issues of Na‐ion batteries are still a bottleneck for large‐scale applications. Similar to Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), the safety of Na‐ion batteries is considered to be tightly associated with the electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interphase. Although the knowledge obtained from LIBs is helpful, designing safe electrolytes and obtaining stable interphases in Na‐ion batteries is still a huge challenge. Therefore, it is of significance to investigate the key factors and develop new strategies for the development of high‐safety Na‐ion batteries. This comprehensive review introduces the recent efforts from nonaqueous electrolytes and interphase aspects of Na‐ion batteries, proposes their design strategies and requirements for improving safety characteristics, and discusses the potential issues for practical applications. The insight to formulate safe electrolytes and design the stable interphase for Na‐ion batteries with high safety is intended to be provided herein.
The Texas Drilling Boom and Local Human Capital Investment
Authors: Carpenter Craig Wesley , Anderson David , Dudensing Rebekka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResearchers and citizens alike question the long-term impacts of the shale oil boom on local communities. Studies have considered the boom’s effects on employment, income, mobility, and human capital acquisition. This research specifically builds on research considering shale effects on secondary schooling. Using county-level data from Texas, we investigate two questions: (1) Has the latest oil boom led to a reduction in local high school graduation? (2) Is this effect different for immigrants, a group potentially vulnerable to local wage effects? Findings indicate insignificant overall effects; however, local oil drilling increases immigrant high school dropout rates.
Stepping Stone, Halfway House or Road to Nowhere? Green Support of Minority Government in Sweden, New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate , Moore Sharon 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhilst much has been written about the opportunities and perils of Green participation in national coalition governments, analysis of Greens supporting minority governments is less common and has not focused on comparative-historical trends as this article does. We look beyond single case studies of Green-supported minority governments in order to establish historical party trajectories and policy impact over time in three countries with different political systems. The extent of the comparative work here has never previously been undertaken and establishes that repeat instances of such support can provide the basis for more stable and effective future interparty governing relationships. However, we argue that, whilst trust can build between parties to minority government arrangements over decades, it is not assured, and, whilst Green parties may achieve ministerial control after repeat instances of supporting minority governments, the benefits of doing so are not guaranteed.
Teacher Understanding and Application of Cognitive–Behavioural Approaches for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Ho Betty P. V. , Stephenson Jennifer , Carter Mark 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study provides an in-depth examination of the understanding and implementation of cognitive–behavioural approaches (CBA) by Australian teachers of students with both autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Semistructured interviews were completed with 13 New South Wales teachers and several themes emerged. Interviewed teachers appeared to have limited knowledge about CBA; their description of the application of CBA and their reported practices included few features specific and unique to CBA. They primarily perceived CBA as a tool for behaviour management; addressing emotion was a theme but addressing cognition was not a salient feature of their practice. Most teachers seemed unaware of the potential of CBA in fostering generalisation or maintenance, and important student characteristics appeared to be seldom considered in teacher planning of their CBA programs. Directions for enhancing teacher knowledge and supporting their practice of CBA are suggested.
DERIVED MODELS OF MICE BELOW THE LEAST FIXPOINT OF THE SOLOVAY SEQUENCE
Authors: ADOLF DOMINIK , SARGSYAN GRIGOR 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe introduce a mouse whose derived model satisfies $AD_ + {\rm{\Theta }} \ge \theta _{\aleph _2 } $. More generally, we will introduce a class of large cardinal properties yielding mice whose derived models can satisfy properties as strong as $AD_ + {\rm{\Theta }} = \theta _{\rm{\Theta }} $.
Identification of a MIMO state space model of an F/A-18 aircraft using a subspace method
Authors: Jesus-Mota S. De , Beaulieu M. Nadeau , Botez R. M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical relationship (model) between control deflections and structural deflections of the F/A-18 modified aircraft in the active aeroelastic wing technology program. Five sets of signals from flight flutter tests corresponding to the excited sources were measured by NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. These excitation inputs are: differential ailerons, collective ailerons, collective stabilisers, differential stabilisers, and rudders. The signals to be used by the model are of two types: control deflection time histories and corresponding structural deflections on the wing and trailing-edge flaps. We choose to use the subspace identification method based on reconstructing the observability matrix in order to identify the nonlinear multi-input, linear-in-the-states, multi-output system. We identify models (input/output characteristics) by applying this method for a number of sixteen flight conditions for which the Mach number varies from 0·85 to 1·30 and the altitudes vary from 5,000ft to 25,000ft. Very good results are obtained with a fit between the estimated and the measured signals and a correlation coefficient higher than 90%.
Validation of a noseband pressure sensor algorithm as a tool for evaluation of feeding behaviour in dairy Mediterranean buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)
Authors: Guccione Jacopo , D'Andrea Luigi , Alsaaod Maher , Borriello Giuliano , Steiner Adrian , Ciaramella Paolo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis research communication addresses the goal of validating an algorithm to monitor natural occurrence of feeding behaviours in dairy Mediterranean buffalo based on the output of a noseband pressure sensor (RumiWatch®, halter). Several characteristics of the feeding behaviour were detected with a very high (ruminating boluses), high (chews per bolus) and moderate degree of correlation (chews per minute) with video analyses (gold standard). All of them were associated with a low mean difference with the gold standard, and the mean relative measurement error ranged between low (ruminating boluses) and moderate (chews per bolus and chews per minute). The proportion of correctly detected events for the variables rumination and eating time was 98 and 99%, respectively. The collection of data and subsequent evaluation of the parameters investigated may provide objective information on Mediterranean Buffalo behaviours allowing for reliable studies of the animal welfare in this ruminant in the future.
Crossing the red line: The use of chemical weapons in Syria and what should happen now
Authors: Naqvi Yasmin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe use of chemical weapons in the armed conflict in Syria has attracted universal and widespread condemnation and has led to unified responses by various international bodies. This article examines the international community's responses to chemical weapons use in Syria from the perspective of international law. It also analyzes the potential options for accountability that are available for chemical weapons-related crimes. The intention is ultimately to make the case that the special status the international community has ascribed to chemical weapons crimes could be harnessed to create an accountability mechanism, such as anad hoctribunal, that could help pave the complex road towards a negotiated peace.
Mechanisms Behind the Extratropical Stratiform Low‐Cloud Optical Depth Response to Temperature in ARM Site Observations
Authors: Terai C. R. , Zhang Y. , Klein S. A. , Zelinka M. D. , Chiu J. C. , Min Q. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGround‐based observations from three middle‐ and high‐latitude sites managed by the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program are used to determine the sensitivity of the low‐cloud optical depth to temperature and to test whether observations support mechanisms previously proposed to affect the optical depth feedback. Analysis of cloud optical depth retrievals support previous satellite findings that the optical depth decreases or stays constant with increases in temperature when the cloud is warm but increases when the cloud is cold. The cloud liquid water path sensitivity to warming largely explains the optical depth sensitivity at all sites. Mechanisms examined in this study involve the temperature dependence of (a) the moist‐adiabatic lapse rate, (b) cloud phase partitioning, (c) drying efficiency of cloud top mixing, (d) cloud top inversion strength, and (e) boundary layer decoupling. Mechanism (a) is present across all clouds and explains 30% to 50% of the increase in liquid water path with warming at temperatures below 0 °C. However, the cloud's adiabaticity, the ratio between the liquid water path and its theoretical maximum, is at least as important and determines how the liquid water path sensitivity to temperature varies with temperature. At temperatures below 0 °C, the adiabaticity increases with warming, and the data support mechanism (b). At warmer temperatures, the adiabaticity decreases with warming, overwhelming mechanism (a) and resulting in the liquid water path decreasing with warming. This adiabaticity decrease arises primarily because of mechanism (d), and to a lesser degree because of mechanism (e). No evidence is found supporting mechanism (c).
Possible Evidence for Variation in Magnitude for Marsquakes From Fallen Boulder Populations, Grjota Valles, Mars
Authors: Brown Jason R. , Roberts Gerald P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFollowing observations of mobilized boulder trail populations from Cerberus Fossae, Mars, that have been interpreted as possible evidence of large‐magnitude marsquakes rupturing for distances of ~207 km along exposed active faults, additional boulder trail populations were measured along shorter faults within the region of Grjota Valles (50‐ to 150‐km length) to test the hypotheses that (1) these faults are also candidate locations for marsquakes and (2) that marsquake magnitude might be smaller, limited by fault dimensions available for rupture. For a region containing two en echelon graben, boulder trail data define two anomalies with maxima in (a) boulder trails per kilometer and (b) maximum width of boulder trails, one that is ~116 km in length along strike and the other ~70 km in length along strike. Values for the maxima are 45 trails per kilometer and 5‐m mean trail width for the 70‐km‐long anomaly and 115 trails per kilometer with 5.3‐m mean trail width for the 116‐km‐long anomaly, above background values measured elsewhere along these faults of zero trails per kilometer with zero boulder trail widths. If combined with published data from Cerberus Fossae with an ~207‐km‐long anomaly in boulder trails per km (125 trails per kilometer maxima) and maximum mean boulder trail width (8.5‐m maximum trail width), the three data sets suggest correlations between the (a) along‐strike length of boulder trail anomalies, (b) boulder trails per kilometer, and (c) maximum boulder trail width. If interpreted as due to single marsquakes, and if the dimensions of these anomalies are a proxy for rupture length, when combined, one interpretation of this is that boulders have been mobilized by marsquakes and that the marsquake magnitude is proportional to the along‐strike length of the anomalies. In other words, the data suggest that marsquake magnitude, if that is the cause of the anomalies, is limited by fault length as expected for terrestrial seismically active faults. Such findings suggest that the Martian surface may have been shaken, in the very recent past, by large‐magnitude marsquakes. We discuss this in terms of the seismicity of Mars.
Novel compound heterozygous CDH23 variants in a patient with Usher syndrome type I
Authors: Okano Satomi , Makita Yoshio , Katada Akihiro , Harabuchi Yasuaki , Kohmoto Tomohiro , Naruto Takuya , Masuda Kiyoshi , Imoto Issei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUsher syndrome type I (USH1) is characterized by congenital, bilateral, profound sensorineural hearing loss, vestibular areflexia, and adolescent-onset retinitis pigmentosa. Here, we report a 12-year-old female patient with typical USH1. Targeted panel sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants of the Cadherin 23 (CDH23) gene, which confirmed the USH1 diagnosis. A novel NM_022124.5:c.130G>A/p.(Glu44Lys) was identified, expanding the mutation spectrum of CDH23.
Catalytic inverse vulcanization
Authors: Wu Xiaofeng , Smith Jessica A. , Petcher Samuel , Zhang Bowen , Parker Douglas J. , Griffin John M. , Hasell Tom 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe discovery of inverse vulcanization has allowed stable polymers to be made from elemental sulfur, an unwanted by-product of the petrochemicals industry. However, further development of both the chemistry and applications is handicapped by the restricted choice of cross-linkers and the elevated temperatures required for polymerisation. Here we report the catalysis of inverse vulcanization reactions. This catalytic method is effective for a wide range of crosslinkers reduces the required reaction temperature and reaction time, prevents harmful H2S production, increases yield, improves properties, and allows crosslinkers that would be otherwise unreactive to be used. Thus, inverse vulcanization becomes more widely applicable, efficient, eco-friendly and productive than the previous routes, not only broadening the fundamental chemistry itself, but also opening the door for the industrialization and broad application of these fascinating materials.
Tracking the origin of two genetic components associated with transposable element bursts in domesticated rice
Authors: Chen Jinfeng , Lu Lu , Benjamin Jazmine , Diaz Stephanie , Hancock C. Nathan , Stajich Jason E. , Wessler Susan R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) shape genome evolution through periodic bursts of amplification. In this study prior knowledge of themPing/Ping/PongTE family is exploited to track their copy numbers and distribution in genome sequences from 3,000 accessions of domesticatedOryza sativa(rice) and the wild progenitorOryza rufipogon. We find thatmPingbursts are restricted to recent domestication and is likely due to the accumulation of two TE components,Ping16AandPing16A_Stow, that appear to be critical formPinghyperactivity.Ping16Ais a variant of the autonomous element with reduced activity as shown in a yeast transposition assay. Transposition ofPing16Ainto aStowawayelement generatedPing16A_Stow, the onlyPinglocus shared by all bursting accessions, and shown here to correlate with highmPingcopies. Finally, we show that sustained activity of themPing/Pingfamily in domesticated rice produced the components necessary formPingbursts, not the loss of epigenetic regulation.
Stable salts of the hexacarbonyl chromium(I) cation and its pentacarbonyl-nitrosyl chromium(I) analogue
Authors: Bohnenberger Jan , Feuerstein Wolfram , Himmel Daniel , Daub Michael , Breher Frank , Krossing Ingo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHomoleptic carbonyl radical cations are a textbook family of complexes hitherto unknown in the condensed phase, leaving their properties and applications fundamentally unexplored. Here we report on two stable 17-electron [Cr(CO)6]•+ salts that were synthesized by oxidation of Cr(CO)6 with [NO]+[Al(ORF)4]− (RF = C(CF3)3)) in CH2Cl2 and with removal of NO gas. Longer reaction times led to NO/CO ligand exchange and formation of the thermodynamically more stable 18-electron species [Cr(CO)5(NO)]+, which belongs to the family of heteroleptic chromium carbonyl/nitrosyl cations. All salts were fully characterized (IR, Raman, EPR, NMR, scXRD, pXRD, magnetics) and are stable at room temperature under inert conditions over months. The facile synthesis of these species enables the thorough investigation of their properties and applications to a broad scientific community.