bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waves and Sediment Transport Due to Granular Landslides Impacting Reservoirs
Authors: Li Ji , Cao Zhixian , Liu Qingquan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGranular landslides impacting reservoirs may generate large waves and cause active sediment transport, and an increased understanding of these processes is important for public safety and effective reservoir management. This study investigates the waves and sediment transport caused by landslides impacting reservoirs using a two‐dimensional coupled double‐layer‐averaged shallow water hydro‐sediment‐morphodynamic model. In contrast to existing models, which cannot fully account for sediment transport, the model makes a physical step forward. The model is benchmarked against laboratory experiments of landslide‐generated waves in both two and three dimensions. Based on extended numerical cases, the capability of the model is further demonstrated by comparisons with empirical relationships of waves in 2‐D. In addition, sediment transport is resolved in terms of the sediment concentration and bed deformation. The results show that the wave types and amplitudes in 2‐D are dictated by the sediment transport speed, which also governs the landslide‐to‐wave momentum transfer and the landslide efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the horizontal runout distance to the vertical fall height. With increasing sediment transport speed, landslide‐generated waves in 2‐D vary gradually from smaller nonlinear oscillatory waves to larger waves with solitary‐like wave characteristics, including nonlinear transition waves, solitary waves, and dissipative transient bores. In contrast to the momentum transfer ratio, the landslide efficiency increases with the sediment transport speed and decreases with the reservoir water depth and the lateral spreading in 3‐D cases.
Tracking CO2 Plumes in Clay‐Rich Rock by Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing (DFOSS): A Laboratory Demonstration
Authors: Zhang Yi , Xue Ziqiu , Park Hyuck , Shi Ji‐Quan , Kiyama Tamotsu , Lei Xinglin , Sun Yankun , Liang Yunfeng 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMonitoring the migration of pore pressure, deformation, and saturation plumes with effective tools is important for the storage and utilization of fluids in underground reservoirs, such as geological stores of carbon dioxide (CO2) and natural gas. Such tools would also verify the security of the fluid contained reservoir‐caprock system. Utilizing the swelling strain attributed to pressure buildup and the adsorption of supercritical CO2 on clay minerals, we tracked the fluid plume in a natural clay‐rich Tako sandstone at the laboratory core scale. The strain was measured by a high‐resolution distributed fiber optic strain sensing (DFOSS) tool. The strain changes induced by CO2 adsorptions on clay minerals were significantly greater than those caused by pore pressure alone. The distribution of the swelling strain signals effectively captured the dynamic breakthrough of the CO2 plume from the high‐ to low‐permeability regions in the Tako sandstone. Besides revealing the in situ deformation state, the measured strain changes can track the movement of the CO2 plume as it enters the clay‐rich critical regions in the reservoir‐caprock system. The present findings and potential future applications of DFOSS in the field are expected to enhance the monitoring and management of underground fluid reservoirs.
Large Landscape Urban Irrigation: A Data‐Driven Approach to Evaluate Conservation Behavior
Authors: Quesnel Kimberly J. , Ajami Newsha K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNonresidential irrigation is a unique and important yet understudied urban water sector. Knowing how urban irrigators use water is critical for projecting future demands, planning diverse supply portfolios, and designing conservation strategies. In this study, we developed a holistic, analytical approach to advance knowledge about the temporal and spatial dimensions of nonresidential outdoor water use, also known as large landscape irrigation. Our approach employed data from two forthcoming technologies: dedicated irrigation meters and smart meters (i.e., advanced metering infrastructure). We then applied our methodology to a case study city in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, from 2013 to 2016 during a historic, high‐profile drought. Importantly, we uncovered behavioral differences between customers with potable versus recycled water connections and different subsectors of large landscape irrigation. Overall, conservation patterns mimicked those across California. Although they saved at lower rates, customers with recycled water followed similar conservation trends despite receiving no mandates. A weekly water use model revealed drivers of water demand, while spatial analyses showed hot and cold spots of conservation, with those in higher‐income areas conserving less as the drought progressed. A conditional inference tree partitioned diverse customers based on their conservation rates, identifying characteristics of customers who could provide the most savings in future droughts. As increasing water scarcity and population growth prompt water suppliers to optimize resources through supply diversification and demand‐side management, large landscape irrigation presents one avenue for achieving those goals.
Reactive Random Walk Particle Tracking and Its Equivalence With the Advection‐Diffusion‐Reaction Equation
Authors: Perez Lazaro J. , Hidalgo Juan J. , Dentz Marco 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present a reactive random walk particle‐tracking approach to describe bimolecular chemical reactions and show its equivalence with the advection‐diffusion‐reaction equation. The method is able to efficiently simulate reactions in d‐dimensional systems with homogeneous and spatially variable advection. Reactions among particles are determined by the reaction probability that is given in terms of the reaction rate coefficient, the total number of particles, and an interaction radius that describes the well‐mixed support volume at which all particles have the same probability to interact. The method is meshless and free of numerical dispersion. The method is validated for the bimolecular irreversible chemical reaction A + B→C in scenarios characterized by slow and fast chemical kinetics under diffusion and heterogeneous advection and diffusion.
Remote Sensing of River Bathymetry: Evaluating a Range of Sensors, Platforms, and Algorithms on the Upper Sacramento River, California, USA
Authors: Legleiter Carl J. , Harrison Lee R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRemote sensing has become an increasingly viable tool for characterizing fluvial systems. In this study, we used field measurements with a 1.6‐km reach of the upper Sacramento River, CA, to evaluate the potential of mapping water depths with a range of platforms, sensors, and depth retrieval methods. Field measurements of water column optical properties also were compared to similar data sets from other rivers to provide context for our results. We considered field spectra, a multispectral satellite image, hyperspectral data collected from conventional and unmanned aircraft, and a bathymetric LiDAR and applied a generalized version of Optimal Band Ratio Analysis and the K nearest neighbors regression machine learning algorithm. Linear, quadratic, exponential, power, and lowess Optimal Band Ratio Analysis models enabled flexible curve‐fitting in calibrating spectrally based quantities to depth; an exponential formulation avoided artifacts associated with other model types. K nearest neighbors regression increased observed versus predicted (OP) R2 values, particularly for the satellite image; we also found that preprocessing of satellite images was unnecessary and that a basic data product could be used for depth retrieval. Bathymetric LiDAR was highly accurate and precise in shallow water, but a lack of bottom returns from areas greater than 2 m deep resulted in large gaps in coverage. The maximum detectable depth imposes an important constraint on fluvial remote sensing and a hybrid approach combined with field surveys of deep areas might be a more realistic operational strategy for bathymetric mapping. Future work will focus on scaling up from short reaches to long river segments.
Value of a Limited Number of Discharge Observations for Improving Regionalization: A Large‐Sample Study Across the United States
Authors: Pool S. , Viviroli D. , Seibert J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEven in regions considered as densely monitored, most catchments are actually ungauged. Prediction of discharge in ungauged catchments commonly relies on parameter regionalization. While ungauged catchments lack continuous discharge time series, a limited number of observations could still be collected within short field campaigns. Here we analyze the value of such observations for improving parameter regionalization in otherwise ungauged catchments. More specifically, we propose an ensemble modeling approach, where discharge predictions from regionalization with multiple donor catchments are weighted based on the fit between predicted and observed discharge on the dates of the available observations. It was assumed that a total of 3 to 24 observations from a single hydrological year were available as an additional source of information for regionalization. This informed regionalization approach was tested with discharge observations from 10 different hydrological years in a leave‐one‐out cross validation scheme on 579 catchments in the United States using the HBV runoff model. Discharge observations helped to improve the regionalization in up to 94% of the study catchments in 8 out of 10 discharge sampling years. Sampling years characterized by exceptionally high peak discharge, or high annual or winter precipitation were less informative for regionalization. In the least informative years, model efficiency increased with an increasing number of observations. In contrast, in the most informative sampling year, 3 discharge observations provided as much information for regionalization as 24 discharge observations. Overall, discharge observations were most effective in informing regionalization in arid catchments, snow‐dominated catchments, and winter‐precipitation‐dominated catchments.
Analysis across multiple tumor types provides no evidence that mutant p53 exerts dominant negative activity
Authors: Shahbandi Ashkan , Jackson James G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMissense mutations in the TP53-binding domain predominate, and >30% of these occur in just eight codons. Dominant negative properties of mutant p53, taken together with the mutation susceptibility of the nucleotides in the codon, are believed to explain the prevalence of specific mutations, including hot spots. We analyzed multiple tumor types and found no difference in clinical characteristics or survival between patients with dominant negative p53 mutant tumors and those with TP53 mutations that are predicted to be non-dominant negative. The rate tumors underwent loss of heterozygosity in these respective mutation classes was nearly identical, suggesting that presence of stable, mutant protein with predicted dominant negative activity does not reduce selective pressure to inactivate the wild-type allele. Our data suggest all inactivating mutations of TP53 are equal, and the frequency of dominant negative, hot spot mutations is likely driven more by the relative mutability of the DNA at specific codons.
Rapid and specific processing of person-related information in human anterior temporal lobe
Authors: Platonov Artem , Avanzini Pietro , Pelliccia Veronica , LoRusso Giorgio , Sartori Ivana , Orban Guy A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe anterior temporal lobe (ATL), located at the tip of the human temporal lobes, has been heavily implicated in semantic processing by neuropsychological and functional imaging studies. These techniques have revealed a hemispheric specialization of ATL, but little about the time scale on which it operates. Here we show that ATL is specifically activated in intracerebral recordings when subjects discriminate the gender of an actor presented in a static frame followed by a video. ATL recording sites respond briefly (100 ms duration) to the visual static presentation of an actor in a task-, but not in a stimulus-duration-dependent way. Their response latencies correlate with subjects’ reaction times, as do their activity levels, but oppositely in the two hemispheres operating in a push-pull fashion. Comparison of ATL time courses with those of more posterior, less specific regions emphasizes the role of inhibitory operations sculpting the fast ATL responses underlying semantic processing.
Subpixel three-dimensional laser imaging with a downscaled avalanche photodiode array using code division multiple access
Authors: Xu Fan , Wang Yuan-Qing , Zhang Xiao-Fei , Wang Cai-Yun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractScannerless time-of-flight three-dimensional imaging, the successor to raster scanning three-dimensional imaging, relies on large-scale detector arrays to obtain high pixel resolution; however, manufacturing limitations lead to a bottleneck in imaging resolution. Here, we report a methodology for laser imaging using code division multiple access, which involves three key steps. Optical encoding is carried out for a pulsed laser to generate space-time encoded beams for projection. Optical multiplexing subdivides the backscattered light signals and multiplexes them to a downscaled avalanche-photodiode array. Subpixel decoding decodes the digitized encoded full waveforms and decomposes the features of all subpixels. Accordingly, we design a prototype based on a 64-order encoder and a 4-element avalanche-photodiode array and conduct an outdoor experiment. We demonstrate that the system is capable of obtaining 256 pixels per frame in push-broom mode and reconstruct a three-dimensional image with centimetre-level lateral resolution and range precision at a distance of ∼112 m.
Synergy of surface textures on a hydraulic cylinder piston
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zeng Liangcai , Wu Zhenpeng , Ding Xianzhong , Chen Kuisheng 
Published: December 2018

This paper explores the synergy mechanisms that are associated with the coexistence of multiple textures, to improve the precision control of a hydraulic servo cylinder. Based on the classical Reynolds equation, it establishes a single‐texture and a nine‐texture model to compare and study the synergy of surface textures. The film thickness is obtained under different working conditions for 1 N. Based on this parameter, it compares the simulation results from the two models with the experimental results to determine if the friction coefficient is reduced when multiple textures exist. When multiple textures exist, the inlet pressures of the central texture increase, but the peak pressure and cavitation pressure decrease. The synergy of the textures acts as an ‘average pressure’ and causes the pressure to decrease, which directly decreases the shear force. As the area ratio of the texture increases, the beneficial effect from the synergy gradually increases and then decreases, which implies that there is an optimum area ratio. The depth of the texture was 10 μm and the optimum depth‐to‐diameter ratio was 0.009. When the speed increases for a light load, the oil film thickness increases. However, this phenomenon does not substantially change the synergistic effect.
A new sustainability model for measuring changes in power and access in global commodity chains: through a smallholder lens
Authors: Neimark Benjamin , Osterhoudt Sarah , Alter Hayley , Gradinar Adrian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHigh-value agricultural commodities face substantial economic, environmental and social sustainability challenges. As a result, commodity industries are adopting sustainable supply- and value-chain models to make production more efficient, traceable and risk-averse. These top-down models often focus on giving higher prices to smallholder producers. While an important component of sustainability, this focus on farm-gate prices has shown mixed results in part because they are less effective in highlighting the asymmetrical power relationships and the socio-economic and ecological complexity in high-value commodity production. Here, we use a novel method to measure and visualise changes in smallholder power in Madagascar’s northeast ‘vanilla triangle’—home to about 80% of the world’s high quality vanilla. Our results reveal the paradox that during the recent price surge an overall increase in smallholders’ multi-dimensional power to access economic benefits was accompanied by a decrease in many other equally important measures of sustainability. This illustrates how effective models for understanding global sustainable commodity chains should incorporate smallholders' perspectives that often emphasise complexity and uncertainty, and which aims to increase power and access for producers across both high and low price points.
Exploring the challenges of computational enzyme design by rebuilding the active site of a dehalogenase
Authors: Jindal Garima , Slanska Katerina , Kolev Veselin , Damborsky Jiri , Prokop Zbynek , Warshel Arieh 
Published: December 2018

Significance
The goal of rational computer-aided enzyme design is hampered by the lack of knowledge of the maximum possible rate enhancement. We address this problem by considering the enzyme DhlA, which is naturally adapted for the degradation of dihalogenated ethanes. Using empirical valence bond calculations, we determine the effect of finding mutations that reduce the catalysis and then introducing mutations that restore catalysis. One of our predicted cycles is confirmed experimentally, while the other attempt remains inconclusive. We believe that the proposed strategy provides a very powerful way of validating and refining approaches for computational enzyme design.
Semaphorin signaling via MICAL3 induces symmetric cell division to expand breast cancer stem-like cells
Authors: Tominaga Kana , Minato Hiroshi , Murayama Takahiko , Sasahara Asako , Nishimura Tatsunori , Kiyokawa Etsuko , Kanauchi Hajime , Shimizu Seiichiro , Sato Ayaka , Nishioka Kotoe , Tsuji Ei-ichi , Yano Masao , Ogawa Toshihisa , Ishii Hideshi , Mori Masaki , Akashi Koichi , Okamoto Koji , Tanabe Masahiko , Tada Kei-ichiro , Tojo Arinobu , Gotoh Noriko 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceTumors are composed of both cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and differentiated cancer cells. Each CSC can undergo either a symmetric cell division to produce two CSCs or an asymmetric cell division to produce one CSC and one differentiated cancer cell. It is believed that the rate of symmetric division increases as more CSCs become malignant; however, underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that stimulation with a cytokine, semaphorin (Sema), activates monooxygenase of MICAL3, a cytoplasmic signal transducer, through the neuropilin (NP) receptor that is specifically expressed on the breast CSC plasma membrane. The activation of MICAL3 induces symmetric division of CSCs. Each molecule in this signaling pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for eliminating CSCs.
Climate network percolation reveals the expansion and weakening of the tropical component under global warming
Authors: Fan Jingfang , Meng Jun , Ashkenazy Yosef , Havlin Shlomo , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Climate change could threaten our society through impacts on social, cultural, and natural resources. Here, we develop an approach based on percolation theory and climate network frameworks to detect and quantify the impacts of past and future climate change. Our method of analysis provides a perspective on the evolution of climate systems in response to global warming and can potentially be used for predicting the consequences of future climate changes. Furthermore, our study may also enrich and facilitate the understanding of discontinuous phase transitions.
Differential control of human Treg and effector T cells in tumor immunity by Fc-engineered anti–CTLA-4 antibody
Authors: Ha Danbee , Tanaka Atsushi , Kibayashi Tatsuya , Tanemura Atsushi , Sugiyama Daisuke , Wing James Badger , Lim Ee Lyn , Teng Karen Wei Weng , Adeegbe Dennis , Newell Evan W. , Katayama Ichiro , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi , Sakaguchi Shimon 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceAnti–CTLA-4 mAb is able to augment tumor immunity despite CTLA-4 expression by functionally opposing T cell populations: activated effector T (Teff) cells and FOXP3+CD4+Treg cells. Here we show that anti–CTLA-4 mAb engineered to be cytotoxic depleted Treg cells effectively in vitro in humans and in vivo in mice. It expanded antigen-specific CD8+Teff cells when tumor-antigen stimulation was delayed several days to protect them from killing by the mAb. Anti–CTLA-4 mAb modified to exhibit a lesser or no cell-depleting activity failed to show such effects. This strategy of differentially controlling Treg and Teff cells by cytotoxic anti–CTLA-4 mAb to evoke effective tumor immunity will help in designing cancer immunotherapy targeting other molecules commonly expressed by Treg and Teff cells.
IL-15 is a component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment promoting antitumor responses
Authors: Santana Carrero Rosa M. , Beceren-Braun Figen , Rivas Sarai C. , Hegde Shweta M. , Gangadharan Achintyan , Plote Devin , Pham Gabriel , Anthony Scott M. , Schluns Kimberly S. 
Published: December 2018

Significance
Expression and regulation of IL-15 in the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood and are important as studies have provided correlative data that IL-15 expression within human tumors is a critical factor dictating antitumor responses. Moreover, IL-15 utilizes unique mechanisms that preclude typical expression analyses. Herein we demonstrate using multiple tumor models that soluble (s) IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes are expressed in tumors and regulate tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte numbers. While the levels of sIL-15 complexes are low in established tumors, IL-15–expressing myeloid cells are abundant. Nonetheless, providing a local inflammatory signal upregulates sIL-15 complexes within the tumor and drives tumor regression in an IL-15–dependent manner. Thus, our findings reveal a strategy for unleashing a natural resource within tumors that enhances antitumor responses.
Toward understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Bocci Federico , Gearhart-Serna Larisa , Boareto Marcelo , Ribeiro Mariana , Ben-Jacob Eshel , Devi Gayathri R. , Levine Herbert , Onuchic José Nelson , Jolly Mohit Kumar 
Published: December 2018

SignificanceThe presence of heterogeneous subsets of cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains a clinical challenge. These subsets often occupy different regions in the primary tumor and have varied epithelial–mesenchymal phenotypes. Here, we devise a theoretical framework to investigate how the tumor microenvironment (TME) modulates this spatial patterning. We find that a spatial gradient of EMT-inducing signal, coupled with juxtacrine Notch-JAG1 signaling triggered by inflammatory cytokines in TME, explains this spatial heterogeneity. Finally, in vitro JAG1 knockdown in triple-negative breast cancer SUM149 cells severely restricts the growth of tumor organoid, hence validating the association between JAG1 and CSC fraction. Our results offer insights into principles of spatiotemporal patterning in TME and identify a relevant target to alleviate multiple CSC subsets: JAG1.