bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hutcheson
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of the philosopher Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). After a brief discussion of Hutcheson’s place in the history of philosophical ethics, the role of the afterlife in Hutcheson’s defence of virtue is suggested to be secondary to his assumption of self-standing moral reasons. The complexities of Hutcheson’s broadly consequentialist ethics are clarified. His view of the moral sense, and its relation to benevolent affections, is explained. There follows some discussion of Hutcheson’s pluralist view of practical reason, and his position on the pleasures of virtue.
Gay, Tucker, Paley, and Bentham
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the views on self-interest and morality of four key figures in the British utilitarian tradition. The associationist theory of virtue of John Gay (1699–1745) is outlined. It is shown how psychological and rational hedonism are combined with utilitarianism in the work of Abraham Tucker (1705–74). The largely instrumental view taken by William Paley (1743–1805) of the rules of common-sense morality is described, and it is demonstrated how he sometimes slides into a non-instrumental position. The ‘split-level’ act utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) is placed within his largely legislative project. A conclusion outlines several philosophical themes running through the ethics of the period discussed in the book, and the importance of that period as an influence on, and a source for, contemporary ethics.
The Prison as World—The World as Prison
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 deals with two types of metaphors: those that liken the prison to the (or a) world, seeing the prison as a microcosm, and those that project an inverse scenario, in which the world is metaphorically depicted as a prison. After pointing out how prison, as a heterotopia (like hell) is conceived both as lying outside the world and as sharing numerous structural features with it, Section 1.2 moves on to a consideration of early modern similitudes in the ‘character’ literature of Overbury, Dekker, Mynshul, and Fennor. An analysis of two city comedies, Eastward Ho (1605) and The City Gallant (1614) illustrates how prisons were perceived to mirror early modern society. From these instances of the prison as world metaphor, the chapter turns to the world as prison trope, which is exemplified by The Beggar’s Opera as well as in Samuel Beckett’s prose and Edward Bond’s play Olly’s Prison.
Poeta in Vinculis II
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Continuing the contrast between personal accounts of imprisonment and fictional elaborations of carceralities, Chapter 3 concentrates on the twentieth century and on (post)colonial contexts. The three authors discussed at length are Brendan Behan, the Irish dramatist; Ken Saro-Wiwa, the Nigerian author and ecological activist; and Breyten Breytenbach, the South African poet. Whereas Behan’s and Saro-Wiwa’s autobiographical texts, at least on the surface, appear to be quite reliable, i.e. factual, accounts of their imprisonment, their literary work, just like Breytenbach’s, is highly allusive, ironic, and allegorical; they model the carceral experience through distortive lenses of comedy, farce, satire, or parable. The chapter also emphasizes the use of the prison and legal criminalization as major political strategies of discrimination against (ethnic and other) minorities as well as political dissidents.
The Cancer of Punitivity
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 raises crucial ethical and political questions about the practice of punishment by means of the prison. It discusses the central importance of power in the carceral environment and its potential for humanitarian abuse. After a reading of Oscar Wilde’s ‘Ballad of Reading Gaol’ the chapter outlines G. B. Shaw’s and Karl Menninger’s metaphoric thesis of imprisonment as crime and goes on to present an analysis of punitivity in current penal policy and public polemic. The second half of the chapter turns to a delineation of the close affinities between penal punitivity and colonial oppression, analysing memoirs by Robben Island inmates and the Malawian Sam Mpasu, as well as poetry by Dennis Brutus and Jack Mapanje.
Industry and Idleness
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses discourses about labour in the Victorian period and the comparison they draw by means of the slavery metaphor between prisons and factories. Starting out from a consideration of traditional ideas of work as punishing labour, the chapter outlines two aspects of the labour and prison analogy: (a) the status of work in the new penitentiaries, penal servitude establishments, and workhouses; and (b) perceptions of factories as nota bene prisons. Case studies include Charles Reade’s It is Never Too Late To Mend (1856) for (a) and William Godwin’s novel Fleetwood (1805), Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna’s Helen Fleetwood (1841), and Disraeli’s Sybil (1845) for (b). The chapter traces the history of the prison-like factories to its American incarnations in the work of Melville and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle.
Conclusions
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 outlines the major insights gained from the preceding analyses. These are supplemented by a discussion of the results from database researches into prison metaphors documented in several tables and diagrams in the chapter and its appendix. The chapter also returns to the questions of why and how the carceral can become a source of aesthetic pleasure, sifting the uneasy relationship between sensationalism and the evocation of empathy for prisoners in literary texts. As an illustration of the aesthetic potential of the metaphoric prison one section provides an excursus on metapoetic treatments on the confining nature of verse. The coda to the volume attests to the ethical and political relevance of the carceral imaginary and its reflection of fundamental ethical issues raised by the policy of penal imprisonment.
Introduction
Authors: Fludernik Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Introduction offers a theoretical overview of the topic of imprisonment and supplies an initial conspectus of major models of carceral space. It discusses the study’s relationship to Foucault’s seminal Discipline and Punish, elucidating key aspects of this paradigm and explaining how the book extends but also modifies Foucault’s work. The Introduction also provides an explanation of basic terminology in recent metaphor theory, distinguishing between different types of metaphor that will become relevant in the bulk of the study. Another section concentrates on literary topoi and the terminology used in the study of tropes and topoi. The final section delineates the concept of the carceral imaginary and underlines its connection to the politics of punishment as well as issues of ethics and aesthetics.
Material Practice and Resistance to Power
Authors: Schlosberg David , Craven Luke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how critiques of, and resistance to, conventional power structures are a key element of sustainable materialist practice. In particular, we show how sustainable materialist practice goes beyond simple resistance to include both the creation of counterflows of power connected to the circulation of material goods, and a collective and systemic consciousness that sees the creation of new sustainable mega-circulations as its ultimate goal. The ideal is to physically embody, practice, and replicate a real alternative flow, a separate and dynamic food, energy, or fashion system in everyday life. Such an understanding of practice as both resistance and rebuilding of power illustrates how these movements are both innovative and highly political.
Historical Overview of China and Intervention at the UN Security Council
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene regarding China’s record on intervention at the UN Security Council since assuming its seat in 1971. The chapter illustrates how the UN Security Council takes an increasingly expansive view as to what is under its purview—including massive human rights abuses as threats to international peace and security—and the different tools to address these threats (sanctions, the International Criminal Court, peacekeeping operations etc.), against a changing normative discourse regarding the protection of civilians, the responsibility to protect, and the norm of accountability. While China shows calibrated flexibility regarding intervention across the decades, China is still consistent in preferring UN Security Council authorized, consent-based interventions, supported by regional players. However, these principles are applied pragmatically, against an assessment of China’s interests, the circumstances of each country case, and a changing normative framework regarding intervention. In the last decades, there are three trends in China’s approach to intervention: enduring scepticism about the benefits of non-consensual Chapter VII activities; a preference to not make Chapter VII intervention a trend; and the persistence of status as a concern in China’s decision-making. The chapter discusses critical historical cases in detail, including intervention into Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo, Somalia, Rwanda, East Timor, and failed attempts at intervention into Guatemala, Macedonia, Myanmar, and Zimbabwe.
Theory and Empirical Strategy
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on theory and empirical strategy. The chapter defines status and situates it against oft-interchanged concepts like honor, prestige, and reputation, and identifies gaps in the status literature. The chapter then explains when China is most status sensitive—i.e. that status drivers can trump other concerns regarding intervention—when there are two components. First, when China’s peer groups are able to exact social costs or social benefits on China by way of social influence. China’s peer groups are most able to do so when they are cohesive with no significant defectors from the peer group, unified around a single policy position, and willing to exact social costs on China for not executing their policy prescription. With these conditions met, peer groups have narrowed and defined policy options for China, so China can clearly understand what the peer group expectations are. A second component is the presence of a status trigger. Status triggers heighten or accentuate China’s pre-existing status concerns by emphasizing China’s isolation from its peer groups, making China more susceptible to status pressures. Status triggers are either speech acts that draw a contemporary parallel to a low status time in China’s foreign policy or attacks on China’s high-profile status-rewarding events. The chapter specifies why the great powers and the Global South are China’s peer groups for intervention, and debunks the popular assumption that Russia stands as China’s peer in the context of intervention.
Conclusion
Authors: Fung Courtney J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers the conclusion, summarizing the findings of the book regarding China’s status dilemma, pinpointing when status matters to China and how status affects China’s position on intervention. The chapter then discusses the implications for understanding China’s foreign policy and the scope conditions for status, showing that even China’s core interests are permeable to status concerns. The analysis shifts to China as an actor in global governance and China’s contributions to modifying normative discourse regarding global peace and security looking at the developmental peace concept, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the “Community for a Shared Future of Mankind.” Next, the chapter considers implications for International Relations, including understanding status as an element for cooperation—as opposed to conflict—and the external validity of the status dilemma for other rising powers. The chapter closes on the implications for international politics of the contestation of regime change and intervention, and further research avenues regarding the status dilemma, intervention, and China’s behavior at the UN Security Council.
Introduction
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Introducing the themes of the book, this chapter emphasizes that while we are aware of money’s powers, most of us do not generally reflect on how it comes to have these or how they are governed. The first part of the book examines the challenges presented by a global financial system that tends to impede real productivity, exacerbate inequalities, undermine ecological sustainability, and incentivize warfare. The middle chapters consider how recent proposals by political philosophers of modest institutional reforms to achieve global justice through redistribution could be thwarted by the workings of finance in reality. For the problem, as investigated in the later chapters, is that the institutions of the private profit-driven global financial system have been organized more quickly and completely as a normative framework for global order than any political arrangements aimed at promoting public interests in justice and sustainability.
Financialization and the ‘Real Economy’: an Ecological Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Financialization can be criticized for undermining productivity in the ‘real economy’, and this chapter examines that criticism from an ecological perspective. Viewing the economy not only as a set of institutionalized practices, but also as material interaction with the natural world, one appreciates how processes of financialization can inhibit productivity without necessarily inhibiting ecological destructiveness. From an ecological perspective, a ‘real economy’ of tangible processes and assets can clearly be distinguished from monetary conventions of accounting. This is a sharper distinction than is drawn by some orthodox economists because it is more alert to the relevance of the profit motive operating in businesses in the ‘real economy’. Profits have no necessary correlation with productivity, and can sometimes even be achieved by liquidating or exhausting productive capacities.
Quine and the Species Problem
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The goal of this and subsequent chapters is to convince the reader that there is a significant analogy between biological entities like species, clades, and population lineages and linguistic and semantic ones such as words, meanings, concepts, and languages. This chapter’s first sections review some obvious facts about language communities and speakers and some elementary facts about the ways biology thinks about species, and points out that there is indeed a prima facie case for thinking that things like word meanings are analogous to species. The chapter’s later sections argue that if we take the analogy at face value, we can embrace Quine’s conclusion in ‘Two Dogmas of Empiricism’—that there is no theoretically interesting notion of analytic truth, no sort of synonymy that can do epistemological work—while still thinking that the notion of meaning can carry a real theoretical load.
What Are Meanings, That We Might Share Them?
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to sketch an account of meaning as the anchor of linguistic competence—that with which one must be in cognitive contact to qualify as a competent speaker. Meanings supervene on mutual presuppositions among speakers about how people understand one another. When someone uses a word, they can expect others to have these assumptions for making sense of the sentence in which the word is used. The core of this chapter lays out this picture of meaning, discusses how it is related to linguistic competence, and relates meaning in this sense to meaning in the sense of that which a use of a sentence conventionally says. The chapter is bookended with a discussion of philosophical analysis, because a motivation for thinking about meaning in this way is that it makes a case for the importance of something much like philosophical analysis traditionally conceived.
Conceptual Evolution and Reference
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A word’s meaning, according to the argument of Chapter 3, is constituted by certain presuppositions that it is common ground speakers associate with uses of the word. Presumably there can be changes in the things that constitute a word’s meaning from one time to another, without there being change of its meaning—without the word’s coming to have a meaning distinct from that it used to have. This chapter discusses a number of accounts of what might be necessary, sufficient, or necessary and sufficient for change of meaning, though it does not endorse a particular account. Much of the chapter discusses relations between changes in reference and truth conditions and change in meaning, as well as relations among referential indeterminacy, meaning change, and ‘what is said’ by a sentence.
Meaning, Thought, and Thought Ascription
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of propositions and propositional attitudes begun in Chapters 3 and 4. Section 1 sketches a view of attitudes and attitude ascription. Section 2 addresses how truth conditions and linguistic meaning do and do not help to individuate ‘the objects of the attitudes’. Section 3 returns to the last chapter’s discussion of how the reference of another’s words or concepts bears on the truth of an ascription of saying or thought to her.
Sex and Conversation
Authors: Richard Mark 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Recognizing that meanings are species-like suggests a range of questions. Meanings seem relatively static in the short to medium term. When meanings change, that is sometimes driven by relatively simple learning processes. In other cases such change looks to be Darwinian: one can see the individuals constituting a meaning as reproducing, with change in the distribution of meaning-relevant properties in succeeding generations determined by the advantages of one’s lexicon embedding one such property instead of an alternative. Whether the processes of meaning change are Darwinian or not, one can ask to what extent they are essentially arational, and to what extent conscious intervention in conceptual change could be an effective way to change what words mean. This chapter discusses these questions. Its goal is not to definitely answer them but to examine ways we might think about sharpening them enough to have interesting questions to which we might find answers.
The Issue Incentive Model of Party System Attention
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the ‘issue incentive model of party system attention’. This model uses the issue competition literature and policy agenda-setting theory as a platform for building a theoretical framework with individual issues as analytical points of departure, and at the same time, the model focuses on explaining the entire issue agenda and not just individual issues. The issue incentive model explains the issue content of party politics through the incentives that different issues offer to large, mainstream parties. The concept of the party system agenda is a key element in the framework as it is the dependent variable. The model is not focused on explaining party attention at a particular time such as during an election campaign, for instance; focus here is on attention in the medium term such as a decade. The concept of the party system agenda highlights the interaction among political parties and their shared perceptions of which issues are important. The incentives for large, mainstream parties with regard to a particular issue are argued to be decisive; partly because large, mainstream parties are much more flexible in terms of issue attention than niche parties are, and partly because the largest parties traditionally dominate government formation and thus politics. Furthermore, three types of incentives are argued to be particularly decisive for whether large, mainstream parties want to pay attention to an issue: issue characteristics, issue ownership, and coalition considerations.
Data Sources for the Study of the Party System Agenda
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents and discusses the choice of party manifestos rather than media data or expert surveys as the primary data source for studying the development of the party system agenda. It furthermore justifies the use of the CAP coding system rather than the CMP coding system. Comments on the detailed use of the CAP coding system are also provided. How to construct a measure of the party system agenda will likewise be explained. Finally, the chapter discusses which countries and parties are included in the study, and it also provides an empirical classification of the included parties into niche parties as well as small and large, mainstream parties.
Expansion from the Right
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of party system attention to immigration based on the issue incentive model. Two questions are central, namely the general increase in attention to immigration and the pronounced increase in Denmark. Based on the issue incentive model, the issue of immigration shows the importance of problem information. The increased share of foreigners has, combined with the growth of radical right-wing parties, generated more attention to the issue. In all countries, the issue has become an established issue on the party system agenda. The chapter furthermore shows the crucial role of large, mainstream parties’ coalition considerations in explaining how issues can make it to the top of the party system agenda. Only in Denmark has a strong focus on immigration been attractive from a coalition perspective. Denmark is thus the only country studied where immigration has become a central issue in the competition between the large, mainstream parties for office.
Attention to Education in the Post-Industrial Society
Authors: Green-Pedersen Christoffer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of party system attention to education based on the issue incentive model. The analysis shows that large, mainstream parties’ incentives are the key factor in explaining the dynamics of party system attention to education. However, compared to the three issues analysed before, problem characteristics rather than coalition considerations and issue ownership shape the incentives of large, mainstream parties. The fact that education is an obtrusive valence issue relevant to more or less the whole population implies that it is an issue that large, mainstream parties cannot ignore if public debates about policy problems emerge. The increased focus on education and human capital in the knowledge society has thus led to an increased focus on education. This focus has clearly been most pronounced in countries where it has materialized in a debate about the quality of primary schools. In Denmark, and later on also in Sweden, this debate came as a reaction to what was seen as disappointing PISA scores. In the UK, the PISA scores played a limited role in the debate about primary schools.