bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double dropping down under: Correlates of simultaneous consumption of two ecstasy pills in a sample of Australian outdoor music festival attendees
Authors: Grigg Jodie , Barratt Monica J. , Lenton Simon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe term ‘double dropping’ refers to a person consuming two drugs simultaneously, typically two ecstasy pills. This practice has been reported in numerous countries, including Australia; however, the prevalence and correlates of double dropping among ecstasy users is unknown. Double dropping is particularly risky when adulteration of ‘ecstasy’ with novel substances and higher dosages of MDMA in pure ecstasy pills have both been increasingly reported. This paper investigates the prevalence and correlates of double dropping in a purposive sample of Australian festival‐goers who used ecstasy at the last festival they attended.Design and MethodsA web survey was completed by almost 2000 Australian festival‐goers. The analytic sample (n = 777) was 59% male and had a median age of 20 years (interquartile range 19–23).ResultsAlmost half (48%) of respondents who used ecstasy pills reported double dropping in association with the last festival attended. Multivariable logistic regression found respondents who were younger, male, more frequent ecstasy users, more frequent festival‐goers, had a preference for electronic dance music, attended a multi‐day festival and used ecstasy in pill form were at greater odds of reporting double dropping at the last festival attended.Discussion and ConclusionsDouble dropping was a commonly reported practice among festival‐goers in this purposive sample. While this practice may reflect historically low‐dose ecstasy pills in Australia, the changing contexts of novel drugs and increasing MDMA purity may warrant consideration of harm‐reduction interventions and drug‐checking services which could help festival‐goers make more informed decisions about drug dosage.
Capturing arthropod diversity in complex cave systems
Authors: Wynne J. Judson , Sommer Stefan , Howarth Francis G. , Dickson Brett G. , Voyles Kyle D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAimIdentify the optimal combination of sampling techniques to maximize the detection of diversity of cave‐dwelling arthropods.LocationCentral‐western New Mexico; north‐western Arizona; Rapa Nui, Chile.MethodsFrom 26 caves across three geographically distinct areas in the Western Hemisphere, arthropods were sampled using opportunistic collecting, timed searches, and baited pitfall trapping in all caves, and direct intuitive searches and bait sampling at select caves. To elucidate the techniques or combination of techniques for maximizing sampling completeness and efficiency, we examined our sampling results using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests, species richness estimators and species accumulation curves.ResultsTo maximize the detection of cave‐dwelling arthropod species, one must apply multiple sampling techniques and specifically sample unique microhabitats. For example, by sampling cave deep zones and nutrient resource sites, we identified several undescribed cave‐adapted and/or cave‐restricted taxa in the south‐western United States and eight new species of presumed cave‐restricted arthropods on Rapa Nui that would otherwise have been missed. Sampling techniques differed in their detection of both management concern species (e.g., newly discovered cave‐adapted/restricted species, range expansions of cave‐restricted species and newly confirmed alien species) and specific taxonomic groups. Spiders were detected primarily with visual search techniques (direct intuitive searches, opportunistic collecting and timed searches), while most beetles were detected using pitfall traps. Each sampling technique uniquely identified species of management concern further strengthening the importance of a multi‐technique sampling approach.Main conclusionsMultiple sampling techniques were required to best characterize cave arthropod diversity. For techniques applied uniformly across all caves, each technique uniquely detected between ~40% and 67% of the total species observed. Also, sampling cave deep zones and nutrient resource sites was critical for both increasing the number of species detected and maximizing the likelihood of detecting management concern species.
Supporting public financial management in conflict‐affected situations: Adapting to change in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
Authors: Pijuan Albert 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article traces the introduction of public financial management (PFM) processes and systems in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs) since they came under the control of the Palestinian Authority (PA). A number of factors combined make for an extremely challenging context for external actors to catalyse change: non‐existent formal central government functions at the time the PA was established, major restrictions in the movement of goods and people, ill‐designed donor budget support and a very asymmetric distribution of power that favours the status quo. An unelected government, donor‐dependency and a suffocating and chronic (yet low‐level) conflict are increasingly de‐incentivizing long‐term institutional reform. Such a complex problem requires multi‐faceted solutions. This article describes a dual delivery model adopted by the Palestinian Governance Facility (PGF) encompassing adaptive interventions that support longer‐term PFM improvements combined with the introduction of a selective workstream targeting service delivery. This focuses on the management of external medical referrals, which emerged as a political problem. A flexible development assistance delivery model can allow reform areas not anticipated at project design to be tackled as they emerge on the political agenda and open the space for political capital. A constant examination of contextual issues and re‐programming of project activities are offering lessons from which to learn and adapt. The ideal coalition involves flexible, aligned donors and relevant “institutional entrepreneurs” from within local organizations, with direct access to politicians. If high‐level government buy‐in falters, a coalition of technocrats may help construct and broker problems from which to gain political access.
Hypothalamic AMPK and energy balance
Authors: López Miguel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the main cellular energy sensor. Activated following a depletion of cellular energy stores, AMPK will restore the energy homoeostasis by increasing energy production and limiting energy waste. At a central level, the AMPK pathway will integrate peripheral signals (mostly hormones and metabolites) through neuronal networks. Hypothalamic AMPK is directly implicated in feeding behaviour, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). It also participates in other metabolic functions: glucose and muscle metabolisms, as well as hepatic function. Numerous anti‐obesity and/or antidiabetic agents, such as nicotine, metformin and liraglutide, are known to induce their effects through a modulation of AMPK pathway, either at central or at peripheral levels. Moreover, the weight‐gaining side effects of antipsychotic drugs, such as olanzapine, are also mediated by hypothalamic AMPK. Therefore, considering hypothalamic AMPK as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases appears as an interesting strategy due to its implication in feeding and energy expenditure, the two sides of the energy balance equation.
Economic transition and the rise of alternative institutions
Authors: Lamberova Natalia , Sonin Konstantin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe economic transition from socialism in Russia has not resulted in the emergence of impersonal, rule‐based institutions. Instead, the natural demand for institutions that protect property rights has led to the emergence of alternative, inefficient institutions such as that of cronyism – the practice of appointing personal acquaintances of the political leader to key positions. A political leader not constrained by institutions appoints cronies, as competent subordinates are more prone to switching allegiance to a potential challenger. As competence makes a bigger difference in a rule‐based environment, such a leader has no interest in any institutional development. In a simple empirical exercise, using a dataset that covers the richest Russians, we find a positive and significant effect of direct connections to the personal circle of President Putin on the wealth of businessmen. The magnitude of the effect varies at different levels of rents available for redistribution and ‘network centrality of a businessman’: it is higher during the years of high oil prices, but is attenuated by the prominence of the businessman in the network.
Distinct changes in composition of soil organic matter with length of cropping time in subsoils of a Phaeozem and Chernozem
Authors: Zhang Y.‐L. , Li L.‐J. , Yao S.‐H. , Mao J.‐D. , Schmidt‐Rohr K. , Olk D. C. , Cao X.‐Y. , Cui J.‐F. , Zhang B. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryDeeper soil horizons might provide an opportunity to enhance C sequestration because soil organic matter (SOM) at depth is assumed to be stable. However, it is unknown whether the stable composition of organic carbon in subsoils changes with the length of cropping time and the type of soil. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects on the chemical structures of SOM of cropping time after conversion from grassland to arable land under a Phaeozem and Chernozem in northeast China. Near‐quantitative multiple cross‐polarization (multiCP)13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied, and 11 types of carbon (C) functional groups were identified. Principal component analysis of these functional groups showed that the chemical composition of SOM was differentiated by soil type and depth. The Phaeozem and Chernozem profiles differed mainly in their relative proportions of aromatic C–C and (CH2)ngroups: the Phaeozem contained relatively more aromatic C–C, whereas the Chernozem contained relatively more (CH2)ngroups. The fused‐ring aromatic C–C carbon was probably derived from char‐like organic matter generated by burning of plant litter or from SOM humification, whereas the (CH2)ngroups were likely to be from plant‐ or microbially‐derived residues. The main differences between top‐ and sub‐soils were the occurrence of more protonated C in the topsoils and more non‐protonated C in the subsoils. With increasing length of cropping time, aromatic C–C and C–O groups and COO/N–C=O groups increased, but (CH2)ngroups decreased in the Phaeozem subsoils and increased in the Chernozem subsoils. Our findings suggested that leaching and soil moisture might influence the origin, redistribution and transformation of the recalcitrant components of SOM in the soil profile, resulting in changes in SOM composition under different climates and soil types.HighlightsCharacterization of chemical structures of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil profiles by solid‐state13C NMRSOM composition varied between a Phaeozem and Chernozem and to a larger extent in the subsoilsFused‐ring aromatics and (CH2)ngroups accumulated in subsoils of the Phaeozem and Chernozem, respectivelySOM composition of subsoil changed probably with precipitation‐controlled translocation or transformation
Simultaneous determination of soil bulk density and water content: a heat pulse‐based method
Authors: Lu Y. , Horton R. , Ren T. 
Published: July 2018

SummarySoil bulk density (ρb) and volumetric water content (θ) determine the volume fractions of soil solids, water and air, and influence mass and energy transfer in soil. It is desirable to monitorρbandθconcurrently and non‐destructively. We present a heat pulse‐based method for simultaneous determination ofρbandθfrom soil thermal properties. The method uses equations that relateρbandθto soil volumetric heat capacity (C) and to soil thermal conductivity (λ). We developed a three‐step procedure to calculateρbandθfromCandλmeasured by a heat pulse sensor, with soil texture and specific heat of soil solids knowna priori. Laboratory evaluation of soil samples with various textures showed that the three‐step method provided reliable estimates ofρbandθatθvalues greater than the critical water content (θc) whenλstarted to respond notably to increases inθ. This method provides a new way to determineρbandθsimultaneously with heat pulse sensors.HighlightsWe developed an approach to determine soil bulk density (ρb) and water content (θ) simultaneously with a heat pulse sensor.We estimatedρbandθfrom soil thermal properties based on heat capacity and thermal conductivity models.The new approach provided reliableρbandθvalues at water contents >θc, the critical value.At θ < θc, the approach gave unstable results because soil thermal conductivity was insensitive to ρb.
Is the adsorption of soil organic matter to haematite (α‐Fe2O3) temperature dependent?
Authors: Nguyen M. L. , Hockaday W. C. , Lau B. L. T. 
Published: July 2018

SummarySoil organic matter interactions with minerals are a key determinant in the long‐term protection and sequestration of carbon in soils and sediments. Climate warming could potentially alter the dynamics of the Earth's largest carbon pools through processes controlling the formation of mineral–organic associations (MOAs). We studied the adsorption of Elliott soil humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) to the iron oxide mineral haematite (α‐Fe2O3) at temperatures from 15 to 35°C through batch sorption experiments. The ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° of sorption were derived for HA and FA and suggested that formation of MOAs was spontaneous and exothermic. The Langmuir sorption coefficients for HA and FA decreased with warming, but the maximum sorption capacities were not temperature dependent. The decrease in sorption coefficient was less when the temperature was increased from 30 to 35°C than from 15 to 30°C. Our infrared, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy analysis of the bound and unbound HA and FA revealed preferential adsorption of oxygen‐ and hydrogen‐substituted aromatic and aliphatic carbon, which was independent of temperature. The adsorption of a hydrophobic probe molecule, Rose Bengal, to haematite increased with warming. Our results suggest that (i) MOAs in warmer climates might be less sensitive to temperature changes, (ii) the amount of iron oxide‐associated organic matter might remain unchanged with warming and (iii) hydrophobic interactions with iron oxides may be temperature dependent.Highlights
How does temperature affect the formation of soil organic matter–iron oxide associations?
Warming can change the sorption of organic matter on to minerals thus altering carbon dynamics
Warming decreases sorption coefficients, but does not affect maximum sorption capacities
The amount of iron oxide-associated organic matter might remain unchanged with warming
Nonlinear dynamics and noise in fisheries recruitment: A global meta‐analysis
Authors: Munch Stephan B. , Giron‐Nava Alfredo , Sugihara George 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe relative importance of environmental and intrinsic controls on recruitment in fishes has been studied for over a century. Despite this, we are not much closer to predicting recruitment. Rather, recent analyses suggest that recruitment is virtually independent of stock size and, instead, seems to occur in distinct environmental regimes. This issue of whether or not recruitment and subsequent production are coupled to stock size is highly relevant to management. Here, we apply empirical dynamical modelling (EDM) to a global database of 185 fish populations to address the questions of whether or not variation in recruitment is (a) predictable and (b) coupled to stock size. We find that a substantial fraction of recruitment variation is predictable using only the observed history of fluctuations (~40% on average). In addition, although recruitment is often coupled to stock size (107 of 185 stocks), stock size alone explains very little of the variation in recruitment; In ~90% of the stocks analysed, EDM forecasts have substantially lower prediction error than models based solely on stock size. We find that predictability varies across taxa and improves with the number of generations that have been sampled. In the light of these results, we suggest that EDM will be of greatest use in managing relatively short‐lived species.
Dependency of Antarctic zooplankton species on ice algae‐produced carbon suggests a sea ice‐driven pelagic ecosystem during winter
Authors: Kohlbach Doreen , Graeve Martin , Lange Benjamin A. , David Carmen , Schaafsma Fokje L. , van Franeker Jan Andries , Vortkamp Martina , Brandt Angelika , Flores Hauke 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHow the abundant pelagic life of the Southern Ocean survives winter darkness, when the sea is covered by pack ice and phytoplankton production is nearly zero, is poorly understood. Ice‐associated (“sympagic”) microalgae could serve as a high‐quality carbon source during winter, but their significance in the food web is so far unquantified. To better understand the importance of ice algae‐produced carbon for the overwintering of Antarctic organisms, we investigated fatty acid (FA) and stable isotope compositions of 10 zooplankton species, and their potential sympagic and pelagic carbon sources. FA‐specific carbon stable isotope compositions were used in stable isotope mixing models to quantify the contribution of ice algae‐produced carbon (αIce) to the body carbon of each species. Mean αIce estimates ranged from 4% to 67%, with large variations between species and depending on the FA used for the modelling. Integrating the αIce estimates from all models, the sympagic amphipod Eusirus laticarpus was the most dependent on ice algal carbon (αIce: 54%–67%), and the salp Salpa thompsoni showed the least dependency on ice algal carbon (αIce: 8%–40%). Differences in αIce estimates between FAs associated with short‐term vs. long‐term lipid pools suggested an increasing importance of ice algal carbon for many species as the winter season progressed. In the abundant winter‐active copepod Calanus propinquus, mean αIce reached more than 50% in late winter. The trophic carbon flux from ice algae into this copepod was between 3 and 5 mg C m−2 day−1. This indicates that copepods and other ice‐dependent zooplankton species transfer significant amounts of carbon from ice algae into the pelagic system, where it fuels the food web, the biological carbon pump and elemental cycling. Understanding the role of ice algae‐produced carbon in these processes will be the key to predictions of the impact of future sea ice decline on Antarctic ecosystem functioning.
The baby business booms: Economic geographies of assisted reproduction
Authors: Schurr Carolin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper explores how reproductive life has changed through the development, transnational spread, and commercialization of assisted reproductive technologies (in vitro fertilization, gamete donation, and surrogacy). (Economic) geography has been slow to take up the vibrant debates in anthropology, sociology, gender studies, and other neighboring disciplines on assisted reproductive technologies and their effects on society, kinship, and reproduction. In this paper, I argue that an analysis of the fast‐growing transnational market of assisted reproduction has much to gain from economic geographies with their interest in the making of markets across borders and feminist economic geographers' engagement with how new forms of gendered and racialized divisions of labor intersect with particular economic, cultural, political, and social contexts. I discuss literature on assisted reproductive technologies and their transnational economies against the background of these two issues—the transnational making of fertility markets and the global division of reproductive labor along axes of gender, race, class, and nationality. The conclusion points out the need for articulatinggeographies of assisted reproductionthat integrate a geographic perspective into the study of assisted reproductive technologies andreproductive economic geographiesthat push the boundaries of economic geography towards the economies of (assisted) reproduction.
Factors that promote new or continuous participation in social group activity among Japanese community‐dwelling older adults: A 2‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Nemoto Yuta , Nonaka Kumiko , Hasebe Masami , Koike Takashi , Minami Ushio , Murayama Yoh , Murayama Hiroshi , Matsunaga Hiroko , Fukaya Taro , Kobayashi Erika , Maruo Kazushi , Fujiwara Yoshinori 
Published: July 2018

AimIdentifying factors that influence participation in social group activities in older adults might be helpful in promoting social participation in this population. We examined factors related to new or continuous participation in social group activities according to group type.MethodsWe carried out a community‐based, longitudinal study with a 2‐year follow‐up period. Of 7608 older adults aged ≥65 years, 3380 completed the follow‐up survey and were included in the analysis. We examined private group (hobbies, sports and volunteering; PrG) and public group (neighborhood associations and senior citizen clubs; PuG) activity.ResultsFor PrG, 39.6% of the participants were engaged at baseline, 25.5% initiated participation and 9.5% withdrew during the study period. For PuG, 20.8% of the participants were engaged at baseline, 10.8% initiated participation and 31.5% withdrew during the study period. Logistic regression analysis showed mental health, self‐rated health, employment, relationships with neighbors, subjective economic status, educational attainment and participation in PuG were related to new participation in PrG. Mental health, employment and relationships with neighbors were significantly related to continuous participation. For PuG, mental health, sex and relationships with neighbors were significantly related to new participation, whereas sex, relationships with neighbors and educational attainment were related to continuous participation.ConclusionsThe rate of new and continuous participation in PrG was higher than that in PuG, and different related factors were identified as existing between social group types. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1259–1266.
Carotenoid profile produced by Bacillus licheniformis Rt4M10 isolated from grapevines grown in high altitude and their antioxidant activity
Authors: Cohen Ana C. , Dichiara Elisa , Jofré Viviana , Antoniolli Andrea , Bottini Rubén , Piccoli Patricia 
Published: July 2018

SummaryBacillus licheniformis (BL) strains are used for industrial production of exoenzymes, antibiotics and secondary metabolites, and also serve as probiotics. Some strains sequester heavy metals, promoting plant growth or inducing plant systemic resistance against stresses. However, investigations on the biological functions and applicability of carotenoids produced by BL had been less studied. In this study, the carotenoid profile produced by BL Rt4M10 was characterised during the accumulation period of culture and in response to diphenylamine (DPA), inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis. The antioxidant scavenging capacities of the carotenoid extracts against oxidative reactions inside the microbial cell and in vitro were also evaluated. Eighteen different carotenoids were analysed; their profile was modified along bacterial growth. DPA decreased carotenoid production by 70%, as well as the cells’ survival in hydrogen peroxide and the antioxidant capacity, thus demonstrating the role of carotenoids from Rt4M10 in oxidative stress.