bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Science of Science
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOur mind makes doing science and creating knowledge about the world possible. It allows for vision needed to make observations, memory to recall what we observe, language to express what we observe, and reason to solve problems and develop scientific methods. We have evolved these methodological abilities of the mind over time and use them to be able to study, experiment and acquire knowledge of the world. Our mind shapes how we get by and make sense of our natural and social environment, on the one hand. On the other, we face cognitive and sensory constraints imposed by nature and evolution, and also constraints on the methods and instruments we develop using our mind. They set the scope within which we are able to do science and create knowledge about the world. Many phenomena in the world—given our cognitive and perceptual limitations—fall below or lay beyond the directly observable conditions in which our mind and senses have evolved (from atoms, magnetic fields and gravitation to the speed of light and planetary systems). The further we move away from these conditions—from the surface of the earth, from our ecological niche, from our particular context—we generally require greater abstraction of the phenomena we study. Because our mind makes reasoning and creating knowledge possible, we can best understand our mind’s abilities by studying how they have evolved to enable us to reason and create knowledge the way we do.
History of Science
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractScience has a history, and when we study the history of science including the breakthroughs, theories and the methods used to create them, we can trace their origin to the individuals who developed them. Thomas Kuhn, the most cited and well-known historian of science in the 20th century, offered an explanation of the history of science that viewed scientific change as going through revolutionary paradigm shifts. Yet taking a broader perspective here, we illustrate that science is, on the whole, a cumulative and iterative process of continual refinement. What any one individual can contribute, when we historicise their work, is a piece or connection between already existing pieces, compared to the extensive knowledge and methods developed before them on which they build and make their work possible. To better understand scientific theories and how we develop them cumulatively (such as Darwin’s theory of evolution and Einstein’s theory of special relativity) we cannot view them independent of their historical context and the existing knowledge on which most of their work builds.
Computer Science of Science
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe are constrained by our limited cognitive and computing capacity when studying the world. We are flooded with vast amounts of new data and publications each year, at a pace far exceeding our human abilities to process the expanding influx of information and data. Computers play a central role in science and studying science by expanding our limited cognitive resources, memory and capacity for data processing, statistical analysis and simulations. Computers are crucial in conducting science much more efficiently by automating scientific processes and making it much easier to organise, store and retrieve enormous amounts of data through databases. Computers are used across all research fields, completely transforming the way we do science. A rapid increase in computing power and available data has also accelerated growth in artificial intelligence, providing new opportunities to apply computer technology in science. In the biomedical sciences for example, we now have methods for drug design that automate many mechanical tasks performed by biomedical researchers.
Linguistics of Science
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLanguage plays an essential role in science and understanding science. Without a system of language we would not be able to reason complexly, express our knowledge and do science. It enables us to describe and explain to others what we observe, how we solve problems and the knowledge we acquire about the world. With language we can quickly obtain and pass along methods and bodies of knowledge. How we use language determines how scientific studies are expressed and disseminated and how accessible they are to researchers in the same and other fields—this refers to the communication of science. Written and especially digital documentation allows us to more efficiently share and cumulatively build on vast bodies of knowledge and methods. Yet technical language divides the scientific community in general, including the science of science community.
The Limits of Science: An Overview
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHere we pull together the different evidence to outline the present limits of science. Whether we are nearing the boundaries of science is a fundamental question we have not yet addressed. We know that phenomena like evolution, the periodic table of elements and gravity make up essential pillars of science, so they would unlikely be substituted by completely different breakthroughs and theories that are as extraordinary. Yet many groundbreaking discoveries have still been made since the turn of the millennium, such as CRISPR gene editing in 2012, the Higgs particle in 2012 and the existence of gravitational waves in 2015. These recent discoveries redefined the frontiers of genetics, physics and astronomy and it does not appear that science will stop expanding soon. In general, what and how we comprehend the world is invariably shaped by the scope of our methods and cognitive and sensory abilities—that is, our methodological toolbox—but also often simultaneously by our social, economic and historical influences as well as our human needs and objectives. Together, they set the boundaries within which we are able to perceive, process and understand phenomena in nature and society. Here we explore historically how we have extended the borders of science and provide a general conceptual description of the scope and limits of science.
The Limits of Science: Grounded in the Boundaries of Our Methods and Mind
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHere we explore the foundations and limits of our methods, instruments and mind and how they specifically shape the foundations and present limits of our knowledge and science, influencing the theories about the world we are able to develop and test and those we are not yet able to. No way exists for us to perceive and verify phenomena in the world and deem them reliable except by using our mind and what our mind is methodologically capable of. It is a basic fact of science that our present limits of science are primarily defined by our present cognitive, sensory and methodological limits. We are especially constrained in developing theories about phenomena that go far beyond the environmental and cultural niche we evolved in, such as dark matter, multiple universes, the vastness of the universe and the evolution of conscious experience. We reach the present limits of science, and what science itself is, when our theories involve phenomena that are not observable and thus the theories are not verifiable and empirically reliable using our mind, methods and instruments. This is called here the OVER criterion of science (for observability, verifiability and empirical reliability) and can be applied to assess any scientific theory. It can provide a foundation for grounding science and its central evaluation criteria of empirical testability, verifiability and reliability.
The Limits of Science: Expanding the Limits by Expanding Our Methodological Toolbox
Authors: Krauss Alexander 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe humans are what set the present scope and limits of science: the methods and instruments that we have been able to develop thus far, using our mind and within our broader social context. Inventing new tools is key to filling gaps in our knowledge and pushing our scientific scope and borders. Making breakthroughs is about creating the right new tools that enable redrawing the lines at the borders of science. Here we will explain how we can make advances at the scientific frontier quicker by describing the steps to extend our scientific tools to study the world in novel ways. We will also outline three pathways of the future prospects of science that we can take, and will discuss whether there are pre-established boundaries to our knowledge in some domains.
Construction of a genome-editing system for the thermophilic actinomycete Streptomyces thermodiastaticus K5 strain
Authors: Yamagishi Kenji , Ike Masakazu , Tokuyasu Ken 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thermophilic actinomycetes significantly contribute to the terrestrial carbon cycle via the rapid degradation of lignocellulosic polysaccharides in composts. In this study, a genome-editing system was constructed for the thermophilic actinomycete Streptomyces thermodiastaticus K5 strain, which was isolated from compost. The genome-editing plasmid (pGEK5) harboring nickase Cas9 was derived from the high-copy plasmid pL99 and used for the K5 strain. It was found that pGEK5 could easily be lost from the transformed clone through cultivation on apramycin-free medium and spore formation, enabling its reuse for subsequent genome-editing cycles. With the aid of this plasmid, mutations were sequentially introduced to 2 uracil–DNA glycosylase genes (Udg1 and Udg2) and 1 β-glucosidase gene (Bgl1). Thus, the genome-editing system using pGEK5 enables us to start the functional modification of this thermophilic actinomycete, especially for improved conversion of lignocellulosic biomass.
Radiologic imaging biomarkers in triple-negative breast cancer: a literature review about the role of artificial intelligence and the way forward
Authors: Bhalla Kanika , Xiao Qi , Luna José Marcio , Podany Emily , Ahmad Tabassum , Ademuyiwa Foluso O , Davis Andrew , Bennett Debbie Lee , Gastounioti Aimilia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 10%-15% of breast cancer diagnoses and is an aggressive molecular breast cancer subtype associated with important challenges in its diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication. This poses an urgent need for developing more effective and personalized imaging biomarkers for TNBC. Towards this direction, artificial intelligence (AI) for radiologic imaging holds a prominent role, leveraging unique advantages of radiologic breast images, being used routinely for TNBC diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning, and offering high-resolution whole-tumour visualization, combined with the immense potential of AI to elucidate anatomical and functional properties of tumours that may not be easily perceived by the human eye. In this review, we synthesize the current state-of-the-art radiologic imaging applications of AI in assisting TNBC diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of radiomic and deep learning-based AI developments and their impact on advancing TNBC management over the last decade (2013-2024). For completeness of the review, we start with a brief introduction of AI, radiomics, and deep learning. Next, we focus on clinically relevant AI-based diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic models for radiologic breast images evaluated in TNBC. We conclude with opportunities and future directions for AI towards advancing diagnosis, treatment response predictions, and prognostic evaluations for TNBC.
A02 - BS Ethnic and Social Deprivation Influence Weight Regain Following Roux En-Y Gastric Bypass
Authors: Askar Lina , Karim Seiver , Al-Fagih Othman , Niaz Osamah , Loh Alex Yuen Hua , Razzaq Ahsen , Ahmar Moaz , Sesby-Banjoh Oluwatofunmi , Adil Md Tanveer , Munasinghe Aruna , Rashid Farhan , Jambulingam Periyathambi , Whitelaw Douglas , Jain Vigyan , Al-Taan Omer , Askari Alan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Weight regain is a prevalent issue following Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) surgery for obesity. This study aims to assess the impact of ethnicity and social deprivation on the likelihood of weight regain post-RYGB.

Method
We analysed data from Luton & Dunstable Hospital. Key variables included patient demographics such as sex, age, ethnicity, social deprivation (Indices of Multiple Deprivation – IMD), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) at the time of surgery. Weight regain was defined as the regaining of more than 25% of the Total Body Weight Loss (TBWL) achieved after RYGB.

Results
Out of 1,346 patients who underwent RYGB, 80% were female. The median age was 48 years (IQR: 39-55), and the median BMI was 44.7 kg/m^2 (IQR: 40.6-50.1). At a median follow-up of 39 months, 20.7% experienced weight regain. Multivariable analysis showed that patients from Black (HR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.33-1.81, p=0.009) and Asian (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.23-1.71, p=0.011) ethnic groups, as well as those from more socially deprived backgrounds (HR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.99 – 3.13, p&lt;0.001), were more likely to experience weight regain compared to their White and more affluent counterparts.

Conclusion
Ethnicity and social deprivation significantly influence the likelihood of weight regain following RYGB. The factors contributing to these disparities are likely multifaceted, encompassing genetic, social, and educational elements. Early identification of patients at increased risk of weight regain and the provision of tailored resources can help mitigate this risk and enhance surgical outcomes.
BS O01 - Comparison of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass(RYGBP) and Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy(LSG) in patients with obesity and diabetes mellitus: Meta-analysis and systemic review
Authors: Hamam Yaser , Elsnhory Ahmed , Zedan Esraa , Jayyousi Obada Al , Deeb Haya , Mahmoud Abdelrahman , Ishqair Anas , Osman Sondos , Musa Ayesha , Ocab Naiema , AbdalJawwad Tareq , Zourob Ghadir , Alzaanin Jamila , Alshaikhahmad Raghd 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Laparoscopic Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) are the two procedures used to treat patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). However, it is still unclear which of the two procedures is better for T2DM remission.
This study aims to compare the effectiveness of LSG and RYGB considering important comparison outcomes including diabetes remission, and overall glycemic and metabolic control.

Method
We conducted a comprehensive search of Medline, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, the Web of Science, Clinical Key, Ovid, and Wiley from their inceptions through August 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LSG with RYGB for patients with morbid obesity and T2DM. The data were extracted and pooled using Review Manager software (RevMan5.4).

Results
Eighteen RCTs including 1360 patients were found. After one year, two years, and five years, the RYGB group's BMI was significantly lower than the LSG group's as follows respectively (MD = -1.58, P &lt; 0.0001), (MD = -1.64, P=0.03), and (MD = -2.26, P= 0.0004). Moreover, the LSG group had a higher incidence of diabetes remission than the RYGP group after five years. Although there was no signiﬁcant difference in terms of safety outcomes between both groups, GERD was significantly higher in the LSG group, and dumping syndrome was significantly higher in the RYGB group.

Conclusion
RYGB is more effective in achieving weight loss and reducing BMI, while LSG shows better improvement in diabetes remission, notably for those with high BMI. Both surgeries have similar complication rates, but RYGB has a higher incidence of dumping syndrome and lower rates of GERD compared to LSG.
OGC O02 - Measurement of functional, psychosocial, and quality of life impacts of Robotic versus Hybrid Oesophago-gastrectomy
Authors: Paine Heidi , Rayner Charles , Tehranchi Sam , Luangsomboon Aphiwat , McGuire Anna , Walker Robert , Madhavan Anantha , Singh Pritam , Preston Shaun R , Abbassi-Ghadi Nima 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Since the introduction of Robotic-Assisted Minimally-Invasive Oesophago-gastrectomy (RAMIO), comparisons to other surgical approaches have focussed primarily on peri-operative and oncological outcomes. Few studies have focused on quality-of-life measures once the patient has been discharged home. We sought to compare physical, psychosocial, sleep, pain and employment related measures at six weeks following discharge in patients undergoing RAMIO versus Hybrid Oesophago-gastrectomy.

Method
We performed a prospective cohort study comparing RAMIO and Hybrid Oesophago-gastrectomy. Twenty-five consecutive patients on a curative surgical pathway were recruited to each group. Participants were contacted via telephone pre-operatively and six weeks post-operatively. Parameters studied were: physical activity, social activity, sleep, pain control, and employment. Psychological wellbeing was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and quality of life with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer questionnaires C30 (all cancer patients) and OG25 (patients undergoing oesophago-gastric cancer treatment). Results were analysed using Chi Square and Mann-Whitney-U statistical tests.

Results
There were no differences in age, ASA, or anaerobic threshold between study groups. At six weeks the RAMIO group was more likely than Hybrid to have returned to pre-operative physical and social activity (physical 7/25 vs. 1/25, p=0.04, social 13/25 vs. 5/25, p=0.03). The RAMIO group stopped regular analgesia earlier, and required fewer opiates. Patients were more likely to return to work in the RAMIO group (7/15 vs. 1/12,p=0.04). The RAMIO group had fewer cases of depression (2 vs. 9, p=0.03), lower QLQ C30 and OG25 scores, and reported higher overall health and quality of life scores (p=0.001).

Conclusion
We have demonstrated an improvement in physical and social activity, a faster return to work, a reduction in analgesia requirements, lower rates of depression and improved health and quality of life, six weeks post-operatively when comparing RAMIO to hybrid oesophago-gastrectomy.
This study has highlighted additional considerations for the selection of surgical modality in oesophago-gastrectomy beyond peri-operative outcomes. Further investigation across a larger sample size and longer time frame to quantify the full spectrum of potential benefits of robotic oesophago-gastric surgery is warranted.
BN O06 - CHOLE-SAFE: A pilot curriculum response to reduce bile duct injuries
Authors: Davis Heather , Bowling Kirk 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
The laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a cornerstone of modern benign upper GI surgery; approximately 3% of the population have symptomatic gallstones and over laparoscopic cholecystectomies 61,000 are performed every year in the UK (1). Whilst a relatively safe procedure, bile duct injury (BDI) is an iatrogenic catastrophe with significant consequences to both patient and surgeon. Despite understanding of how such injuries occur and pre-existing consensus methodology in minimising bile duct injuries (2,3); according to the bile duct injury registry incidence has increased. We present a novel curriculum in response.

Method
CHOLE-SAFE has been designed by expert panel with oversight from parent groups including AUGIS and BBUGSS. The course aims to convey a theoretical foundation in safe cholecystectomy, an understanding of relevant human factors in a no blame culture and provides a practical framework for managing difficult cases. A mixed methods course was delivered, with industry support, to a group of national training number registrars. We delivered a series of: didactic lectures, wet lab skills work and simulation and a written exam as a one-day course. Delegates were asked to provide feedback in an anonymous survey.

Results
Although delegates had varying experience, no trainee had performed more than 70 laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two were experienced with X-ray cholangiogram however had only performed one. Most had ultrasound experience, however the average number of ultrasound cholangiograms performed was only 12. 36% of trainees had seen a BDI.
There was no significant difference in procedural confidence after the course. Trainees felt more able to perform X-Ray and ultrasound cholangiogram independently (p&lt;0.05). Before the course 72.7% of delegates felt they knew how to avoid a BDI, 36.4% felt able to manage one; this increased to 100% and 82% respectively after the course.

Conclusion
CHOLE-SAFE demonstrates a robust curriculum in the response to increased incidence of bile duct injury. Trainees benefit from increased understanding of how to avoid and manage complications and technical skill acquisition. Course delivery has been demonstrated to be replicable, feasible and practical to organise. We believe this curriculum to be necessary and addresses a significant training need.
HPB O06 - A computer tomography-based radiomics signature predicts overall survival following curative resection of colorectal liver metastasis: A multicentre, retrospective study
Authors: Mian Areeb , Young Robert , Lakah Adil , Leptidis Ioannis , Jones Robert , Gordon-Weeks Alex 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) has a heterogeneous outcome and improved prognostic biomarkers are needed to aid patient-tailored management. Here, we assess the value of Computer Tomography (CT)-guided radiomics in the prognostication of post-resection CRLM using data from two large tertiary referral centres in the UK.

Method
Patient data was extracted from prospectively maintained databases of patients undergoing CRLM resection at two centres. CRLM and regions of interest from background normal liver were segmented. Radiomics features were extracted from portal venous phase CT images using open-source software. Feature selection techniques were applied. Machine learning models incorporating radiomic or clinical features, and their combination, were developed and assessed for mortality prediction at fixed time points. Cox proportional hazard regression was utilised for risk score generation to classify patients as high or low-risk for overall survival estimation. The models were evaluated on unseen testing data.

Results
Radiomics features (269) were generated from 959 metastases in 399 patients across the two sites. Models with combined clinical and radiomic features performed similarly to those with radiomic features alone, and often outperformed models with clinical features alone demonstrating good discrimination and risk prediction at 2 and 3 years. The computed radiomic scores allowed us to generate Kaplan–Meier curves which showed CRLM patients in the high-risk group had a lower overall survival vs the low-risk group(p&lt;0.05). This risk-score independently predicted mortality in our multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model.

Conclusion
We demonstrate a robust combination of CT-based radiomics features can predict CRLM outcomes across two different hospital sites. Our radiomic risk-scores predicts overall survival and can prognosticate patients into high and low risk groups. These findings support the prognostic utility of CT-based radiomics in patients undergoing resection of CRLM and provide rationale for further investigation in a prospective, multi-centre setting.