bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finding common ground: how the development of theory in public health research can bring us together
Authors: Gauffin Karl , Dunlavy Andrea 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWithin the past few decades, the academic discipline of public health has taken root in universities around the world. As a young and multidisciplinary field with a dual-research/practice focus and a tradition that emphasises method development, the use of theory in public health research has often been neglected. In this article, we argue that explicit utilisation of theory is crucial to further the development of public health as an academic discipline. By examining three core areas of academic activity at universities—education, research and public outreach—we illustrate the role theory plays in establishing public health as an independent research discipline. We discuss the importance and benefits of including theoretical reasoning in teaching, research articles and communication with non-academic audiences. We also highlight the role of postgraduate students and junior researchers who, thanks to a combination of experience and receptiveness, play an important role in developing public health theory. We believe that a key to a successful process of establishing public health as an academic discipline lies in the development of a transdisciplinary approach to the research subject. This will equip public health researchers with appropriate tools to take on the public health challenges of the future.
Using Character-Grams to Automatically Generate Pseudowords and How to Evaluate Them
Authors: König Jemma , Calude Andreea S , Coxhead Averil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper provides a practical solution to the problem of generating (good) pseudowords, which are commonly used in vocabulary testing and experimental research in applied linguistics, and introduces an empirically founded solution to evaluating the suitability of pseudowords for different tasks. In the first part of the paper, we propose a novel way of generating pseudowords—a character-gram chaining algorithm. A major advantage of the algorithm is that it does not require any knowledge of the language, thereby facilitating the generation of pseudowords in any language. Secondly, there is currently a lack of formal criteria for evaluating pseudowords, both in terms of (i) their orthographic fit in the target language they are intended for and (ii) their suitability for use in various lexical processing and language teaching tasks. In the second part of the paper, we argue for the need to evaluate pseudowords, propose a set of linguistic criteria for evaluating the generated pseudowords, and provide a comparison with other current pseudoword lists using this criteria.
Negative Pressure From an Internal Spiral Tissue Expander Generates New Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in an In Vivo Animal Model
Authors: Rigotti Gino , Chirumbolo Salvatore , Cicala Francesca , Parnigotto Pier Paolo , Nicolato Elena , Calderan Laura , Conti Giamaica , Sbarbati Andrea 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundTissue expanders are widely utilized in plastic surgery. Traditional expanders usually are “inflatable balloons,” which are planned to grow additional skin and/or to create space to be filled, for example, with an implant. In very recent years, reports suggest that negative pressure created by an external device (ie, Brava) induces both skin expansion and adipogenesis.ObjectivesThe authors evaluated and assessed the adipogenetic potential of a novel internal tissue expander in an in vivo animal model.MethodsNew Zealand female rabbits were enrolled in the study. A prototype spiral inner tissue expander was employed. It consisted of a-dynamic conic expander (DCE) with a valve at the end: when empty, it is flat (Archimedean spiral), whereas when filled with a fluid, it takes a conic shape. Inside the conic spiral, a negative pressure is therefore created. DCE is implanted flat under the latissimus dorsi muscle in experimental animals (rabbit) and then filled to reach the conical shape. Animals were investigated with magnetic resonance imaging, histology, and transmission electronic microscopy at 3, 6, and 12 months.ResultsMagnetic resonance imaging revealed a marked increase in newly formed adipose tissue, reaching its highest amount at 12 months after the DCE implantation. Histology confirmed the existence of new adipocytes, whereas transmission electronic microscopy ultrastructure confirmed that most of these new cells were mature adipocytes.ConclusionsTensile stress, associated with negative-pressure expanders, generated newly white subcutaneous adipose tissue.
From Prior Information to Saccade Selection: Evolution of Frontal Eye Field Activity during Natural Scene Search
Authors: Glaser Joshua I , Wood Daniel K , Lawlor Patrick N , Segraves Mark A , Kording Konrad P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prior knowledge about our environment influences our actions. How does this knowledge evolve into a final action plan and how does the brain represent this? Here, we investigated this question in the monkey oculomotor system during self-guided search of natural scenes. In the frontal eye field (FEF), we found a subset of neurons, “Early neurons,” that contain information about the upcoming saccade long before it is executed, often before the previous saccade had even ended. Crucially, much of this early information did not relate to the actual saccade that would eventually be selected. Rather, it related to prior information about the probabilities of possible upcoming saccades based on the presaccade fixation location. Nearer to the time of saccade onset, a greater proportion of these neurons’ activities related to the saccade selection, although prior information continued to influence activity throughout. A separate subset of FEF neurons, “Late neurons,” only represented the final action plan near saccade onset and not prior information. Our results demonstrate how, across the population of FEF neurons, prior information evolves into definitive saccade plans.
CGRP derived from cardiac fibroblasts is an endogenous suppressor of cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Li Wenqun , Zhang Zheng , Li Xiaohui , Cai Jifeng , Li Dai , Du Jie , Zhang Bikui , Xiang Daxiong , Li Niansheng , Li Yuanjian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aims
Aberrant activation of cardiac fibroblasts leads to cardiac fibrosis, and evolving evidences suggest that endogenous bioactive substances derived from cardiac fibroblasts regulate cardiac fibroblasts activation in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Here we first presented evidence that cardiac fibroblasts can synthesize and secrete calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of cardiac fibroblasts-derived CGRP in cardiac fibroblasts activation and its regulative mechanism.

Methods and results
The abundantly expression of CGRP in rat, mouse, and human myocardium allowed us to explore the cellular origin of CGRP, and found that the cardiac CGRP was mainly derived from cardiac fibroblasts. Activating TRPA1 with a specific agonist allyl isothiocyanate promoted the synthesis and secretion of CGRP, as well as intracellular Ca2+. These effects were reversed by TRPA1-specific antagonist HC030031 and Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. TGF-β1 was applied to induce the activation of cardiac fibroblasts, and found that TGF-β1 can increase the mRNA expression and secretion levels of CGRP in cardiac fibroblasts. Either CGRP8–37 (CGRP receptor antagonist) or α-CGRP small interfering RNA (siRNA) aggravated TGF-β1-induced proliferation, differentiation, collagen production, and instigated inflammation in cardiac fibroblasts. Moreover, TGF-β1-induced NF-κB activation including IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation were also promoted by CGRP8–37 and α-CGRP siRNA. NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC) reversed the effects of CGRP8–37 on NF-κB activation. The promotive effects of CGRP8–37 on TGF-β1-induced activation of cardiac fibroblasts were all reversed by PDTC. Monocrotaline (MCT) induces pulmonary arterial hypertension, progressively leading to right ventricular fibrosis. This model of cardiac fibrosis was developed here to test the potentially beneficial effects of TRPA1 activation in vivo. The non-toxic TRPA1 agonist Cinnamaldehyde (CA) inhibited MCT-induced elevation in right ventricle systolic pressure, RV/LV + S, and right ventricular collagen accumulation, as well as down-regulation of CGRP. CA increased the synthesis and secretion of CGRP, and inhibited TGF-β1-induced activation in cardiac fibroblasts.

Conclusion
Our data suggested an autocrine role for cardiac fibroblasts-derived CGRP in suppressing activation of cardiac fibroblasts through inhibiting NF-κB activation. Increasing autocrine CGRP by activating TRPA1 can ameliorate cardiac fibrosis. These findings support the notion that CGRP derived from cardiac fibroblasts is an endogenous suppressor of cardiac fibrosis.
The past, present, and future of the regulation of offshore chemicals in the North Sea—a United Kingdom perspective
Authors: Sühring R , Cousins A , Gregory L , Moran C , Papachlimitzou A , Phillips C , Rowles R , Supple S , Wilczynska M , Birchenough S N R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The North Sea is one of the most studied and exploited ecosystems worldwide. The multiple uses from industrial, transport, as well as recreational activities have required researchers, regulators, and legislators to understand and, where possible, to minimize any expected negative environmental impacts. As with any international sea, assessing the current pressures and management actions resulting from these activities is centred on several national and international legislative instruments. This variety of co-existing legislations makes development processes and regulatory assessments cumbersome and time consuming. Hence there is a need to integrate environmental risk assessment and management across sectors, ensuring smart, cost-effective data generation, as well as supporting and standardizing environmental practices. This paper provides an overview of the changing regulatory frameworks regarding offshore chemicals used in the oil and gas industry, and the process of chemical risk assessment conducted under the Offshore Chemical Notification Scheme (ONCS) in the UK. Our view of methodological, research, and regulatory needs and challenges that should be addressed to ensure an adequate and sustainable assessment of offshore chemical use in the North Sea is discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the issues faced regarding chemicals used in the UK oil and gas sector with respect to declining hydrocarbon production.
Oxandrolone in the Treatment of Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Ring Justine , Heinelt Martina , Sharma Shubham , Letourneau Sasha , Jeschke Marc G 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSevere burns induce a profound hypermetabolic response, leading to a prolonged state of catabolism associated with organ dysfunction and delay of wound healing. Oxandrolone, a synthetic testosterone analog, may alleviate the hypermetabolic catabolic state thereby decreasing associated morbidity. However, current literature has reported mixed outcomes on complications following Oxandrolone use, specifically liver and lung function. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis studying the effects of Oxandrolone on mortality, length of hospital stay, progressive liver dysfunction, and nine secondary outcomes. We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Databases of Systematic Reviews and Randomized Controlled Trials. Thirty-one randomized control trials and observational studies were included. Basic science and animal studies were excluded. Only studies comparing Oxandrolone to standard of care, or placebo, were included. Oxandrolone did not affect rates of mortality (relative risk [RR]: 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47 to 1.08; P = .11) or progressive liver dysfunction (RR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.85; P = .88), but did decrease length of stay in hospital. Oxandrolone significantly increased weight regain, bone mineral density, percent lean body mass, and decreased wound healing time for donor graft sites. Oxandrolone did not change the incidence of transient liver dysfunction or mechanical ventilation requirements. There is evidence to suggest that Oxandrolone is a beneficial adjunct to the acute care of burn patients; shortening hospital stays and improving several growth and wound healing parameters. It does not appear that Oxandrolone increases the risk of progressive or transient liver injury, although monitoring liver enzymes is recommended.
Factors Affecting Research Productivity of Burn Surgeons: Results from a Survey of American Burn Association Members
Authors: Elkbuli Adel , Narvel Raed Ismail , Zajd Sarah , Hai Shaikh , McKenney Mark , Boneva Dessy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While previous studies have examined factors that affect research productivity for surgeons in general, few studies address research productivity specifically of burn specialists. This study aimed to identify factors that promote and impede research participation and productivity of burn surgeons and help elucidate what changes can be made by departments/divisions to improve the research productivity. A 44-question anonymous research survey tool was administered to burn surgeons who are members of the American Burn Association (ABA). The questions analyzed factors such as demographics, career accomplishments, current institution type, educational background, research background, barriers to conducting research, and current research productivity. Chi-square tests were used to analyze significance at P &lt; .05. Most respondents reported not having any protected research time (71.4%) or resources provided by their institution (84.5%). A majority believed increasing regulatory policies/institutional review board restrictions have negatively impacted productivity (65.1%). Factors associated with positive impact on research productivity included having a mentor, conducting research prior to completing residency, and provision of research resources from the institution such as statistical support, start-up funds, grant writing support, and laboratory space. Age and sex had no statistical impact on research productivity. Burn surgeons are more likely to publish research and to receive grants when they have mentors, a history of research prior to completion of residency, and research resources from their institution. Barriers to research productivity include lack of institutional support, lack of protected research time, and increased regulatory policy.
A NEW TL-DOS NEUTRON DOSEMETER FOR MEASUREMENTS OF THE PERSONAL DOSE EQUIVALENT HP(10)
Authors: Heiny M , Busch F , Kröninger K , Theinert R , Walbersloh J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new thermoluminescence albedo dosemeter with improved properties is developed as part of the TL-DOS project. The dosemeter measures the neutron and photon whole-body dose of radiation workers. The TL-DOS neutron dosemeter is presented and its results of well-known field measurements as well as field calibrations are shown. Its advantages, such as its potential to measure the high-linear energy transfer peaks, its improved detector sensitivity and long detector lifetime, are explained. The new dosemeter is compared to a thermoluminescence albedo dosemeter already used in routine dosimetry in Germany.
Effects of holes in plastic film on the storage losses in total mixed ration silage in round bales
Authors: Restelatto Rasiel , Novinski Charles O , Silva Eduardo P A , Pereira Lucelia M , Volpi Denise , Zopollatto Maity , Daniel João L P , Schmidt Patrick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
The ensilage of total mixed ration (TMR) is a technology designed to help farmers with limitations to provide a balanced diet for their herds. Our aim was to evaluate the conservation of TMR ensiled in round bales with or without holes in the wrapping plastic film. Eight round bales of a corn silage-based TMR of 1,000 kg (370 kg DM/m3) were prepared. Ten days (d) after ensiling, four bales were randomly punctured with two holes of 25 cm2 each in opposite sides of the bale. The temperature in the center of the bales was recorded during the storage using dataloggers. After 60 d of storage, bales were weighted to assess dry matter (DM) recovery. Silages were sampled for measuring DM content, chemical composition, pH, lactic acid, and microbial counts. The temperature of the sliced bale face was assessed by infrared thermography. The holes in the plastic affected the DM content, DM recovery, and pH, whereas lactic acid, microbial counts, and temperature were not affected by treatments. The holes in the sealing plastic film should be avoided. However, holes of 25 cm2 each were not capable of causing expressive losses in TMR silage stored in 1,000 kg bales.
A NanoLuc luciferase-based assay enabling the real-time analysis of protein secretion and injection by bacterial type III secretion systems
Authors: Westerhausen Sibel , Nowak Melanie , Torres-Vargas Claudia , Bilitewski Ursula , Bohn Erwin , Grin Iwan , Wagner Samuel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of secretion through bacterial protein secretion systems is impeded by a lack of assays to quantitatively assess secretion kinetics. Also the analysis of the biological role of these secretion systems as well as the identification of inhibitors targeting these systems would greatly benefit from the availability of a simple, quick and quantitative assay to monitor principle secretion and injection into host cells. Here we present a versatile solution to this need, utilizing the small and very bright NanoLuc luciferase to assess secretion and injection through the type III secretion system encoded bySalmonellapathogenicity island 1. The NanoLuc-based secretion assay features a very high signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity down to the nanoliter scale. The assay enables monitoring of secretion kinetics and is adaptable to a high throughput screening format in 384-well microplates. We further developed NanoLuc and split-NanoLuc-based assays that enable the monitoring of type III secretion-dependent injection of effector proteins into host cells.ImportanceThe ability to secrete proteins to the bacterial cell surface, to the extracellular environment, or even into target cells is one of the foundations of interbacterial as well as pathogen-host interaction. While great progress has been made in elucidating assembly and structure of secretion systems, our understanding of their secretion mechanism often lags behind, not last because of the challenge to quantitatively assess secretion function. Here, we developed a luciferase-based assay to enable the simple, quick, quantitative, and high throughput-compatible assessment of secretion and injection through virulence-associated type III secretion systems. The assay allows detection of minute amounts of secreted substrate proteins either in the supernatant of the bacterial culture or within eukaryotic host cells. It thus provides an enabling technology to elucidate the mechanisms of secretion and injection of type III secretion systems and is likely adaptable to assay secretion through other bacterial secretion systems.
Towards a moss sclerophylly continuum: Evolutionary history, water chemistry and climate control traits of hygrophytic mosses
Authors: Fernández‐Martínez Marcos , Berloso Ferran , Corbera Jordi , Garcia‐Porta Joan , Sayol Ferran , Preece Catherine , Sabater Francesc 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Mosses are amongst the oldest and simplest plants, they can be found almost everywhere in the world, and they condition the structure and function of many ecosystems. Their sensitivity to environmental changes makes them very interesting subjects of study in ecology, and understanding them can provide insights into the evolutionary history of plants. However, the study of moss traits and their relationship with their environment is far behind that of vascular plants.

We sampled 303 assemblages of aquatic and semi‐aquatic (hygrophytic) mosses growing in semi‐natural springs distributed around the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula to study how moss traits vary depending on their evolutionary history, climate and water chemistry. To do so, we analysed 30 moss species and 17 traits using phylogenetic comparative methods and an extended RLQ analysis, accounting for spatial and phylogenetic information. We hypothesized that there is a sclerophylly continuum in mosses living across a gradient of high and low water conductivity springs that may mimic sclerophylly in vascular plants that live in stressful environments.

Results indicated that life‐forms and, especially, morphological traits were well preserved phylogenetically and responsive to water chemistry and climate. That combined with spatial autocorrelation in environmental variables resulted in a clustered distribution of phylogenetically closely related mosses in space. Mosses living in springs with a warm and dry climate that discharge hard water mainly presented species with needle‐like leaves, were denser, and had lower water absorption capacity. The opposite was found in cold, humid and soft water springs.

Synthesis. Our results suggest that climate and water chemistry are main determinants of traits of hygrophytic mosses and of species distributions. We found evidence of a potential sclerophylly continuum in moss traits, which we hypothesize may be mainly related to physical and physiological constraints produced by water chemistry. Our findings describe moss sclerophylly in a gradient of water conductivity similar to that found in vascular plants with water availability and temperature. Further experimental studies will be required to confirm the observations found in this study.

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