bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From “Patrimoine partagé” to “whose heritage”? Critical reflections on colonial built heritage in the city of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Lagae Johan 
Published: February 2018

This paper questions the binary structure of the notion “shared heritage”/ “patrimoine partagé” that has emerged in recent debates on built heritage in former colonial territories. In the discourses of, for instance, ICOMOS, the notion stands for a heritage “shared” by former “colonizers” and former “colonized”, both categories being considered – albeit often implicitly – as homogenous entities. In line with Stuart Hall, I will argue for an approach to colonial built heritage that takes up the more complex nature of the question “whose heritage?” By focusing on the remarkable colonial built architecture of the city of Lubumbashi, situated in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I will make a plea for re-thinking and re-positioning this legacy as a critical filter between colonial history and postcolonial memory, thus extending traditional standards of documenting built legacy through formal description and physical assessment that often isolate buildings from their urban as well as historical contexts (social, economic, cultural and/or political). Being influenced by the work of the Mémoires de Lubumbashi-group as well as recent scholarship in the field of architectural history informed by postcolonial studies, the approach on built heritage presented here is twofold. On the one hand, a plea is made to link the city’s urban form to colonial history by relating it to the cosmopolitan society that produced and experienced it. On the other hand, an approach is suggested that acknowledges how specific urban places and buildings in the city are currently being re-appropriated as “lieux de mémoire” by a variety of agents that do not necessarily (want to) share this heritage.Key words: Colonial Architecture, Built Heritage, Democratic Republic Congo, Lubumbashi
Le sorgho
Authors: Van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2018

L’ouvrage est bien présenté. Des dessins au trait illustrent pas mal de détails botaniques et autres repris dans le texte. Des photos en couleur illustrent des réalités du champ. Le tout est écrit dans un langage bien abordable, même pour des personnes peu formées en la matière. Un lexique à la fin du livre reprend les principaux termes techniques. La liste des références est assez courte. Une liste de liens internet renvoie à des adresses utiles d’organisations travaillant avec le sorgho. Donc, en tout point, ce travail nous paraît bien présenté et bien documenté et écrit par des spécialistes francophones. Il eut été bien si les auteurs avaient invité d’autres spécialistes d’autres pays et organisations à contribuer à cet ouvrage. Aussi, et vu le mandat du CTA (qui dessert aussi les pays anglo- et lusophones, il eut été bien de prévoir une version anglaise et portugaise, voire même une version électronique, et pourquoi pas une application mobile. Vu aussi la vitesse à laquelle se développe le monde, mais aussi la recherche scientifique – aussi sur le sorgho – il serait bien que le CTA se concerte, avec ces partenaires, comment rendre ce genre de publication plus interactive, et aussi de trouver des moyens à ce que le contenu puisse rester à jour. A notre avis, ce dernier point doit impérativement passer par un site web où seront intégrés et présentés les derniers développements scientifiques en la matière, tout en se basant sur le format initial du livre. Ceci nécessite naturellement le développement d’une toute nouvelle approche et attitude des éditeurs envers ce genre de publications. A suivre !
Etudes des composantes du rendement et la qualité nutritionnelle du fourrage de quelques lignées de mil Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. des zones arides en Tunisie
Authors: Loumerem Mohamed , Van Damme Patrick , Kourchani Touhami , Reheul Dirk , Behaeghe Tillo 
Published: February 2018

Un travail d’évaluation de la qualité du fourrage a été effectué sur vingt lignées de mil (Pennisetum glaucum L.) de la collection de l’Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine en Tunisie. L’objectif était de regrouper ces lignées selon leurs richesses en éléments nutritifs. Les analyses suivantes ont été effectuées sur les feuilles, les tiges et la plante entière : taux de matière sèche (MS); taux de matière minérale (MM); teneurs en matières azotées totales (MAT); teneurs en cellulose brute (CB); teneurs en bres insolubles dans les détergents neutres "Nutrient Detergent Fibre" (NDF) et teneurs en fibres insolubles dans les détergents acides, ‘Acid Detergent Fibre’ (ADF). Les analyses statistiques ont permis de regrouper les lignées en quatre groupes. Les lignées 3, 10, 14, 18, 64 et 75 sont les moins riches en ADF, NDF, CB, MAT, MM des tiges et MM des feuilles, tandis que les lignées 19, 46, 49, 107, 125 et 167 ont les teneurs les plus élevées en MATF, MMT et MATT. En outre, les plantes des lignées 49 et 167 présentent des valeurs plus élevées pour l’ADF et le MS des tiges, or que les plantes des lignées 49 et 125 sont beaucoup plus riches en CB des tiges que le reste des lignées. Les lignées 49, 125 et 167 seront maintenues comme des élites et elles seront soumises à des générations de fécondations libres pour tester leur aptitude à la combinaison générale, rechercher l’hétérosis maximale et sélectionner les meilleurs parents jusqu’à l’obtention d’une variété synthétique qui aurait un rendement en fourrage plus élevé que les cultivars couramment utilisés et mieux adaptée au milieu et aux techniques culturales des paysans des régions arides tunisiennes.Mots clés: amélioration génétique, sélection, variété synthétique
Waiting and Disenchantment: Kourouma's 'Les Soleils des Indépendances' and Oupoch's 'En attendant la Liberté'
Authors: Uwah Godwin Okebaram 
Published: February 2018

Like Samuel Beckett's characters in En attendant Godot, the protagonists of Ahmadou Kourouma's Les Soleils des Indépendances and Gnaoulé Oupoh's En Attendant la Liberté wait for something to happen to change their lives. As they wait, they ascribe to the object of waiting an absolute certainty translated in terms of recognition, realization of the promises of independence, continuity of dynasty, freedom, and other good life-values. Ultimately, disenchantment displaces hope; the object of waiting eludes them and their general condition either worsens or, at best, remains static. Paradoxically, the characters continue to wait in anticipation of a turn-around in their destiny. Waiting thus becomes a type of imprisonment. To break the impasse, Oupoh seems to advocate continued struggle and a timely confrontation to effect change. Kourouma, on the other hand, appears to endorse existential revolt and self-abnegation; in his estimation, any change that does not liberate man from his Self merely perpetuates self-imprisonment. But for both the waiting game continues, and so does the paradox.KEYWORDS : West Africa, Kourouma, literature, motives, Oupoh
Sociologcal and Organizational Aspects of Fuel Wood growing in traditional Communities: The Case of Northern Togo
Authors: Van Damme Patrick 
Published: February 2018

As in many other African countries, wood is the most important source of energy for the rural and urban populations of Togo. Traditional attitudes towards trees and prohibitive laws explain why trees are not planted "spontaneously" by local communities even though they are facing serious woodfuel shortage problems. Promotion of tree planting has recently been taken up by government agencies and foreign funded projects. Most of them try to get local communities to plant trees, but their efforts are not always very successful. The reasons are manyfold: - the lack of tradition where tree planting is concerned; - the lack of familiarity with the proposed tree species; - the "delayed reward" when trees have been planted; - the absence of a fuelwood problem, according to the local population ; - the location of the newly planted trees: near the house? at the roadside ? round the field ? - the social organization of the community, and the traditional land tenure system; - the lack of certainty about the ultimate rights to the tree and the possibilities to cut it; - absence of protection of the stands by a lack of motivation of the planter; - in some instances: the price of the plants; - the persons who are asked to plant the trees are not necessarily those that will have to cut them and use the fuelwood.Recently, it has become clear that the key to successful refo- restation lies within the local communities. Small scale approaches may well be the long term solution to the problem of fuelwood and energy supply, and involving women in the project interventions a further step in a more integrated approach. As it is, the recent "social forestry" approach might well be the long expected solution. To meet the objective of having people plant trees, however, it will be necessary to establish a good extension service which not only starts initiatives but also assures a thorough follow up once the planting has started.The problems that have to be overcome - or bypassed - remain difficult, but recent experience has nevertheless given some insight in how to solve them! KEYWORDS: woodfuel, Togo, reforestation, integrated development
Women and Development in the Maghreb. A Socio-Cultural Approach.
Authors: Hachlouf Brahim 
Published: February 2018

The under-development problem of the Third World can not exclusively be attributed to economic backlogging, political crises or supernatural events. The perseverance of old ancestral values, cultural, social and psychological, still remain obstructions to any social evolution in a country. The woman's role in society in these countries, is restricted to house-keeping and the bearing of children. A situation which weighs heavy on their economies. This article will shed light on the essential elements which hinder active woman participation in development of their economies, in particular in the Maghreb- countries. Discussed is their personal status, women's position in education and in the work-force.KEY WORDS: development, emancipation, islam, Maghreb, woman
Namibia, After Three Years: Political Independent but Economic Unstable
Authors: Willemot Yves 
Published: February 2018

Namibia became independent on the 21st of March 1990, after seventy-five years of South African colonial and racial rule. SWAPO fought a long war for liberation, but the independence was also gained thanks to the diplomatic pressure from the United Nations. The United Nations were actively involved in the organisation of the first free elections which were held on the 7th of November 1989. The SWAPO liberation movement became by far the most important political party in the Namibian Parliament. But from the beginning the SWAPO-leaders explained that the past should be forgotten. They promoted a constructive political and economic collaboration with all Namibians, African and European. Due to this atmosphere of reconciliation Namibia had a successful political independence. One of the world's most progressive constitutions was written. It ends all racial discrimination and guarantees an extensive review of the human rights. The rules for the organisation of the legislative, executive and judiciary power are respected by all political parties. Namibia is without any doubt an example for a lot of African countries, which are now making steps towards democracy and multi-partyism. The Namibian government has still a lot of problems to deal with. The major ones are the social and economic inequalities that still exist between African and European Namibians. The conditions of life of the European Namibians are comparable to these in modern western societies, while African Namibians are living in poverty. The government will have to change this, because in the long term one cannot expect to build democracy on empty stomachs. But in order to realize the necessary economic growth, Namibians are also counting on the support and the investments from abroad. A member of government recently said: "Now we've installed democracy and the human rights are respected, where are the foreign in- vestments and the international aid?"
Recent Dutch and Belgian Approaches to Ethnicity in Africa
Authors: Schilder Kees , Van Binsbergen Wim 
Published: February 2018

The papers in the present special issue of Afrika Focus are discussed from a comparative and theoretical perspective, which highlights the shortcomings of current approaches to African ethnicity on two counts: the assumption that ethnicity is a colonial creation, and the over-emphasis on political manipulation. The papers here presented suggest that there is a case for a re-assessment of the limits to ethnic manipulation, and the exploration of the explanatory value of local cultures considered over considerable time periods.
KEY WORDS : ethnicity, Africa, colonialism, culture
Berber Identity and the new Multi-Partyism in Algeria
Authors: Beke Dirk 
Published: February 2018

The article first argues that the present population of Algeria can be designed as Arabo-Berber and Berber. The original inhabitants, collectively identified by most historians as Berbers, formed no physical ethnic unity, but they had a common Berber language and culture. The Islamisation of the population of North Africa proceeded faster and became almost general, this in contrast to the slower and more limited Arabisation. The physical-ethnic process of Arabisation by settlement and fusion was altogether restrained. The Arabisaiton was essentially a cultural process (language, popular culture, customs, politics, science, arts).About one fourth of the present Algerians resisted to (entire) Arabisation. They are living in, or originated from mountain or desert regions (Kabyles, Shawiya, Mozabites, Touareg). Since independence the official policy of Arabisation, against the strong influence of the French language, referred exclusively to Arabic character of the nation. All expressions of the Berber identity, culture and language were oppressed.Since 1980, a growing cultural revival, mainly among the Kabyles, reacted to this policy. The movement was rather cultural than political. The Berber speaking Algerians seem involved into many other regional and national alliances. With the introduction of the multi-partyism, in 1989, two 'Berber' political parties became active: the FFS (Front des Forces socialistes) and the RCD (Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie). Both parties claim to be national parties and insist on defending, besides the recognition of the Berber identity and culture, general political options (socialism, democracy etc.). Electoral results, however, show that their support comes essentially from different factions of the Berber speaking population.It is obvious that the Berber ethnicity is used to gain electoral backing. Besides, today the two 'Berber' parties represent the strongest opposition to the Islamic (= Arabic) fundamentalist party, the FIS (Front islamique de Salut), because of their resistance to social, cultural and political intolerance. Secessionist ideas based on Berber ethnicity live only among a small — but well-organised — minority. At the end of 1992, the Berber ethnicity is in Algeria primarily an element of cultural and regional recognition and only secondary an element of political coherence. Finally, Berber ethnicity has also invalidated the official political myth of the homogeneous Algerian Arabic ethnicity. KEY WORDS: Algeria, Arabs, Berbers, ethnicity, Islam, political parties
Stagnation and Growth of a Rural Centre in the Middle Atlas of Morocco: a Macro-Perspective
Authors: Venema Bernhard 
Published: February 2018

This article describes the backgrounds of stagnation and growth of the rural centre Azrou in Morocco. Before the Protectorate (1912) this centre was the most important market-place for the Beni Mguild cattle-holders. Although it was connected with the international trading route between Tanger, Fez/Meknes and Tafilalt, it remained a secondary trading centre because in the Middle Atlas the central government was not always able to guarantee safe passage of the caravans. At the turn of last century, the growth of Azrou stagnated because trading and manufacturing became concentrated in the cities along the Atlantic coast. Since the Protectorate, Azrou developed into an important rural centre due to the development of the primary sector and trade. This was encouraged by the 'pacification ' of the Middle Atlas, the colonization of part of the area and the foundation of several public and semi-public institutions. Azrou's growth continued in the post-colonial period with a spectacular rate just after independence because the new government admitted free circulation of men. From the new possibilities, migrants from the south (Ait Gheriss) and from the north (Riffis) profited most and the Beni Guild the least.K E Y W O R D S : development of rural centres, migration, North Africa.
Germinación diferencial asociada con viviparidad facultativa en Stenocereus thurberi (Cactaceae): correlaciones climáticas en poblaciones marginales de Sinaloa, México
Authors: Casillas Álvarez Pedro , Reyes Olivas Alvaro , Sánchez-Soto Bardo Heleodoro , García Moya Edmundo , Lugo-García Gabriel Antonio , Soto-Hernández Ramón Marcos 
Published: February 2018

Antecedentes y Objetivos: La germinación precoz (vivípara) de semillas en frutos de Stenocereus thurberi se ha correlacionado con mayor velocidad de germinación de las semillas remanentes. Esta investigación compara la germinación de cinco poblaciones de Sinaloa, México, para determinar: 1) si existe un patrón asociado con la germinación precoz de las semillas y 2) cuánto contribuye el fenómeno vivíparo a la germinación, dada la variación entre frutos, individuos y poblaciones de esta especie.Métodos: Se revisó el nivel de viviparidad de 194 plantas y se separaron las semillas en cuatro probables fuentes de varianza: poblaciones, categorías reproductivas (VV: vivíparas y NV: no vivíparas), plantas dentro de categorías y frutos dentro de plantas. Las respuestas de germinación final (PGF), tiempo medio (TMG), velocidad (VG) y sincronía de germinación (SG) se evaluaron en bloques al azar con tres repeticiones, en unidades experimentales de 25 semillas. Los datos se analizaron con ANOVA’s jerárquicos bajo un modelo lineal mixto.Resultados clave: Las categorías reproductivas explicaron 5-11% de la varianza y mostraron diferencias significativas a favor de las vivíparas, con PGF de 35 vs 19% y 91 vs 72%, VG de 1.5 vs 0.5 y 7.9 vs 5.4 semillas/día, y SG de 0.3 vs 0.1, 0.7 vs 0.5 y 0.8 vs 0.6. Las poblaciones de Buenavista y Tosalibampo tuvieron mayor porcentaje, velocidad y sincronía de germinación (prueba t de Student, P<0.05) que las otras poblaciones.Conclusiones: Existe un patrón de germinación asociado con viviparidad en S. thurberi. La varianza asociada con esta condición depende del ambiente de maduración y germinación de las semillas. Los fenotipos vivíparos germinaron con mayor vigor que los no vivíparos, mostrando potencial para apoyar la incorporación de individuos y el crecimiento de la población en condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino.
SYNTHESIS OF DESGLYMIDODRINE FROM MIDODRINE BY CONVENTIONAL AMIDE HYDROLYSIS METHOD
Authors: Narenderan S. T. , Jupudi Srikanth , Vanaja P. , Meyyanathan S. N. 
Published: February 2018

Objective: The term prodrug involves chemically modifying inert compound which upon administration releases the active parent drug to elicit its pharmacological response within the body. Acting as a α-adrenergic agonist, desglymidodrine an active metabolite of amide prodrug midodrine is used for the treatment of essential and orthostatic hypotension. In the present study synthesis of desglymidodrine from midodrine was reported.Methods: The synthesis was done by the conventional amide hydrolysis method.Results: A novel synthesis of desglymidodrine was successfully achieved and spectrally elucidated by infrared spectroscopy (IR), 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass analysis.Conclusion: The acquired results were found to be accurate, the synthetic route appeared to be simple, cost-effective and time efficient. Hence the synthesized desglymidodrine can be as a reference standard for the estimation of the same.
Developing Online Materials for Tour Guides
Authors: Ratnawati Sinta Dewi 
Published: February 2018

This English for Specific/Occupational Purpose (ESP/EOP) program was meant to answer the needs of the Indonesian migrant labourers to improve their English for future employment as tour guides. The objectives of this research were to identify the contents that should be in the materials, to investigate the students’ response about the later developed materials, and to study the lacks in the program. The material development process underwent the 7 stages of material development proposed by Nation and Macalister (2010), consisted of analysing the environment and the needs, following principles, setting goals and objectives, choosing contents and sequence, finding the format and presentation, monitoring and assessing, and evaluating the course. However, since it is online learning, the stages had to be combined with the stages specifically for online materials proposed by Hartoyo (2012). Thus, the content and sequence choosing stage consisted of the selection of the types of program, materials, software and tasks. The materials consisted of 2 parts which were the tutorials and the lessons. Using the Task-Based Language Teaching approach (Nunan, 2004), the materials were developed and implemented combined with real time online classes. The students’ responses after the implementation were generally positive, although some improvements were still needed.

Keywords: English for specific purpose (ESP), English for occupational purpose (EOP), material development, online learning, English for tour guides, Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
Crimen, castigo, perdón y paz. A la luz de la tradición jurídica de Occidente.
Authors: Ochoa Gavaldón Roberto Xavier 
Published: February 2018

<p>Hablar de la esperanza, del perdón, de la reconciliación es tarea, en última instancia, de la mística. Demanda una interpretación anagógica. Mas Hugo de San Víctor mostró que no se puede acceder a la interpretación anagógica sino a partir del entrenamiento en la interpretación analógica que, a su vez, supone haber hecho el trayecto de la literalidad. En este trabajo, se propone que es preciso, antes de hablar sobre los horizontes de la reconciliación y el perdón, andar el doloroso camino de la literalidad en la historia de la justicia pues, ante todo, las paces o los crímenes son acontecimientos en el curso de la Historia. Así, pues, aquí se inicia el recorrido, por fuerza apenas trazado, de la particular situación en que se encuentran, en Occidente, los ciudadanos frente al Estado moderno: por la concentración del monopolio de la fuerza, expropiados de capacidades tales como la indignación ante la injusticia. Este extravío vuelve inalcanzable horizonte del perdón, si antes no se recupera el sentido humano de lo justo, pues no puede haber una paz digna sin memoria y justicia.</p><p class="p1">Recibido: 23/06/2016 • Aceptado: 31/08/2017</p>
Note sur une nouvelle station d’Asplenium sagittatum (dc.) Bange dans la région de Tlemcen (Algérie occidentale).
Authors: Babali Brahim , Medjahdi Boumediene , Bouazza Mohammed 
Published: February 2018

Les auteurs ont découvert une nouvelle station d’Asplenium sagittatum dans la région de Tlemcen. Cette ptéridophyte est très localisée en Oranie. L’espèce en question n’a pas été revue depuis sa récolte par Pomel en 1874 dans la région de Ghar-Rouban. La présente observation vient ainsi confirmer son existence dans une autre station de la région de Tlemcen en plus de celle de Ghar-Roubane. Ceci confirme aussi sa subsistance malgré la détérioration des habitats par la sécheresse et les actions anthropiques (incendies et pâturage).