bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecology of Pseudodiaptomus annandalei in tropical aquaculture ponds with emphasis on the limitation of production
Authors: GrØnning Josephine , Doan Nam X , Dinh Nguyet T , Dinh Khuong V , Nielsen Torkel Gissel 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The calanoid copepod Pseudodiaptomus annandalei is used as live feed in aquaculture because of its nutritional value and the ability to cope with environmental fluctuations in outdoor ponds. However, little knowledge exists on its ecology. Here we investigated the ecology of P. annandalei in an aquaculture pond in Vietnam. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and biomass of protozoans and copepods were monitored every other day for 1 month. Experiments on protozoan growth and grazing by P. annandalei were also conducted. Copepod fecal pellet production and temperature-dependent egg hatching rates were likewise quantified. Despite very high phytoplankton biomass, biomass of P. annandalei was surprisingly low. Copepod production was estimated from three independent methods: clearance, weight-specific egg production rate (SEP) and specific fecal pellet production rate. SEP proved to be accurate to predict the in situ population growth in the pond. A simple model for production of P. annandalei based on SEP was developed. Our study extends our knowledge of how environmental conditions in the pond may affect the population dynamics and production of copepods. The results have important implications for pond managements ensuring stable copepod production and harvest.
Revisiting the Epistemic Regress of Dispositions
Authors: Kodaj Daniel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pandispositionalists have not refuted the charge that their ideology precludes knowledge of the external world. Their replies boil down to the claim that some dispositions (viz introspectively accessible properties of epistemic subjects) can be detected without the mediation of their effects. But this reply is ineffective if the regress is restated in terms of mind-independent domains of science.
SELECTION OF SUITABLE SAMPLING TOOL FOR RELIABLE SOIL SAMPLING NOT ONLY AFTER RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT
Authors: Setnička Michal , Kroupa Tomáš , Čtvrtečková Alena , Marek René 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective of this research was to develop a sampling protocol for contaminated soils after a large radiological accident. One of the criteria for good sampling method is reproducibility and accuracy of large number of samples collected in short time. Members of the chemical laboratories of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech Republic (FRS CR), which are included in Radiation Monitoring Network, tested four tools in different soil types. More than 100 samples were collected. Root auger and square soil sampler seem to be the best for reliable soil sampling. Modifications of the root auger decreased of relative error of sampling to 7.5%. The root auger is recommended as a first-choice sampling tool based on: (1) ease, (2) operator safety, (3) collection of a representative sample (4) applicability to most soil types and (5) enabling collection of depth-discrete samples.
RADIATION MONITORING SYSTEM USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICELS
Authors: Lüley Jakub , Čerba Štefan , Vrban Branislav , Osuský Filip , Sľuka Ondrej 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even with the very low probability of events leading to leakage of radioactive particles outside the nuclear facility (&lt;10−4 per reactor per year), R&D of systems that could mitigate the impact of these events cannot be neglected. For such a purpose, the RMS-00x radiation monitoring system could be used, which is a modular system covering the functionality of dose rate measurement, air sampling and radiation map creation without requiring the human personnel to be present at the measurement site. Before this system is used in real conditions, its components must be thoroughly calibrated, based on certified measurement equipment and state-of-art simulation tools. This article deals with the description of the RMS-00x sensor modules and demonstrates their functionality in combination with unmanned aerial vehicle. In addition, demonstration of the use of the developed technology was carried out as part of the regular emergency planning and preparedness of Nuclear Power Plant Jaslovské Bohunice (EBO) nuclear power plant on 26 October 2017.
POSTAL TLD AUDIT OF HETEROGENEITY CORRECTIONS IN RADIOTHERAPY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Kapuciánová Michaela , Ekendahl Daniela 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the Czech Republic, a more advanced version of postal audit in radiotherapy (RT) is available. It covers dose measurements with thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) in more complex conditions of irradiation, when dose distribution is affected by heterogeneities in the irradiated volume. Relative deviation between doses measured with TLDs and doses stated by RT centre should not exceed 3%. During 2015–2017, all Czech RT centres equipped with modern linear accelerators were subjected to this more advanced TLD audit. A total of 70% of participants complied with the limit of 3% in the first round of this audit.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures After Multilevel Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Multilevel Degenerative Disc Disease
Authors: Scott-Young Matthew , McEntee Laurence , Zotti Mario , Schram Ben , Furness James , Rathbone Evelyne , Hing Wayne 
Published: August 2019

Study Design.
Case series

Objective.
The aim of this study was to assess the patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient satisfaction of multilevel lumbar total disc arthroplasty (TDA) for symptomatic multilevel degenerative disc disease (MLDDD).

Summary of Background Data.
TDA has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of symptomatic single level degenerative disc disease. There is minimal PROMs data on the mid- to long-term outcomes of multilevel TDA constructs.

Methods.
Prospectively collected PROMs were analyzed from patients receiving multilevel TDA for symptomatic MLDDD. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months, then yearly. PROMs included patient satisfaction, Visual Analog Score back and leg, Oswestry Disability Index, and Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire.

Results.
One hundred twenty-two patients (77 men, 45 women) who had preoperative and at least 24-month follow-up data were included. The average age was 42 ± 8.2 years (range 21–61) and mean follow-up 7.8 years (range 2–10). The majority received two-level TDA, except two patients (1.6%) who received three-level TDA. The two- to three-level TDA's were at the levels L3–4, L4–5, and L5-S1, whereas most two levels (n = 110, 90.2%) were at L4–5 and L5-S1; the remainder (n = 10, 8.2%) being at L3–4 and L4–5. Implants used were Charité (DePuy Spine, Raynham, MA) in 119 patients (240 levels) and InMotion (DePuy Spine) in 3 patients (6 levels). Improvement in pain and disability scores were both clinically and statistically significant (P < 0.001), and this improvement was sustained in those patients over the course of their follow-up. Ninety-two percent of patients reported good or excellent satisfaction with treatment at final review.

Conclusion.
Multilevel TDA constructs for MLDDD demonstrate favorable and sustained clinical outcomes at mid- to long-term follow-up.

Level of Evidence: 4
Utility of Thoracolumbar Low-Dose CT With Model-Based Iterative Reconstruction for Measuring Pedicle Diameter Using a Radiation Dose Less Than a One-Time Lumbar X-Ray
Authors: Masamoto Kazutaka , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Otsuki Bungo , Hara Kentaro , Fukushima Yasuhiro , Koizumi Koji , Shimizu Takayoshi , Shimizu Yu , Morizane Kazuaki , Murata Koichi , Matsuda Shuichi 
Published: August 2019

Study Design.
Retrospective.

Objective.
To evaluate the image quality of low-radiation-dose computed tomography (LD-CT) of the thoracolumbar spine, using model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) for measuring pedicle diameter.

Summary of Background Data.
MBIR can drastically reduce radiation dose but its utility in spine surgery planning is unknown.

Methods.
We identified patients (mean age, 70.5 ± 13.3 yrs) who incidentally underwent both standard-radiation-dose CT (SD-CT) with hybrid iterative reconstruction and LD-CT with MBIR of the thoracolumbar spine within 2 years. We compared radiation dose, subjective image sharpness, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio for the two tests. Additionally, inner pedicle diameters were measured on SD-CT (DSD) and LD-CT (DLD), and statistically compared.

Results.
We included 24 CT and 84 pedicles for each CT group. The radiation dose of LD-CT estimated by volume CT dose index was 1.21 ± 0.42 mGy, one-sixth the dose of SD-CT. The effective dose of LD-CT was 0.58 ± 0.31 mSv, equivalent to or less than that of a one-time lumbar X-ray in a previous report. LD-CT was significantly inferior in subjective image sharpness for the contour of vertebrae and trabecular structure, but superior for signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio. The intra-rater reliability (intra-RR) and inter-RR for DLD were 0.985 and 0.892, respectively, comparable to those of DSD. DLD was consistently 0.30 mm smaller than DSD when compared within the same pedicle, regardless of pedicle diameter.

Conclusion.
LD-CT with MBIR produced a radiation dose equivalent to a one-time lumbar X-ray and provided excellent images for measuring pedicle diameter. LD-CT can be a substitute for SD-CT when planning spine surgery if the relationship between DSD and DLD is sufficiently understood.

Level of Evidence: 3
Safety and Efficacy of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in Craniofacial Surgery
Authors: Ramly Elie P. , Alfonso Allyson R. , Kantar Rami S. , Wang Maxime M. , Siso J. Rodrigo Diaz , Ibrahim Amel , Coelho Paulo G. , Flores Roberto L. 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is one of the most commonly used osteogenic agents in the craniofacial skeleton. This study reviews the safety and efficacy of rhBMP-2 as applied to craniofacial reconstruction and assesses the level of scientific evidence currently available.

Methods:
An extensive literature search was conducted. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case series and reports in the English language as well as Food and Drug Administration reports were reviewed. Studies were graded using the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence Scale. Data heterogeneity precluded quantitative analysis.

Results:
Seventeen RCTs (Levels of evidence: Ib-IIb) were identified evaluating the use of rhBMP-2 in maxillary sinus, alveolar ridge, alveolar cleft, or cranial defect reconstruction (sample size: 7–160; age: 8–75 years). Study designs varied in rigor, with follow-up ranging 3–36 months, and outcome assessment relying on clinical exam, radiology, and/or histology. There was wide variation in rhBMP-2 concentrations, carriers, and controls. Most studies evaluating rhBMP-2 for cranial defect closure, mandibular reconstruction, or distraction osteogenesis consisted of retrospective cohorts and case reports. The evidence fails to support RhBMP-2 use in maxillary sinus wall augmentation, calvarial reconstruction, mandibular reconstruction, or distraction osteogenesis. RhBMP-2 may be effective in alveolar reconstruction in adults, but is associated with increased postoperative edema.

Conclusions:
A risk–benefit ratio favoring rhBMP-2 over alternative substitutes remains to be demonstrated for most applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Long-term data on craniofacial growth is lacking, and using rhBMP-2 in patients younger than 18 years remains off-label.
A Deep Learning Approach in Rebubbling After Descemet's Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Hayashi Takahiko , Tabuchi Hitoshi , Masumoto Hiroki , Morita Shoji , Oyakawa Itaru , Inoda Satoru , Kato Naoko , Takahashi Hidenori 
Published: August 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of deep learning in judging the need for rebubbling after Descemet's endothelial membrane keratoplasty (DMEK).

Methods:
This retrospective study included eyes that underwent rebubbling after DMEK (rebubbling group: RB group) and the same number of eyes that did not require rebubbling (non-RB group), based on medical records. To classify the RB group, randomly selected images from anterior segment optical coherence tomography at postoperative day 5 were evaluated by corneal specialists. The criterion for rebubbling was the condition where graft detachment reached the central 4.0-mm pupil area. We trained nine types of deep neural network structures (VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, Xception, DenseNet121, DenseNet169, and DenseNet201) and built nine models. Using each model, we tested the validation data and evaluated the model.

Results:
This study included 496 images (31 eyes from 24 patients) in the RB group and 496 images (31 eyes from 29 patients) in the non-RB group. Because 16 picture images were obtained from the same point of each eye, a total of 992 images were obtained. The VGG19 model was found to have the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of all models. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the VGG19 model were 0.964, 0.967, and 0.915, respectively, whereas those of the best ensemble model were 0.956, 0.913, and 0.921, respectively.

Conclusions:
This automated system that enables the physician to be aware of the requirement of RB might be clinically useful.
A Qualitative Review of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Blair Alex B. , Sorber Rebecca , Rozich Noah S. , Burkhart Richard A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched to identify relevant original articles investigating neoadjuvant therapy in resectable PDAC. Qualitative analyses were performed to investigate patient selection, disease stage, impact on perioperative outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. Forty-three studies met inclusion criteria for this review. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for upfront resectable PDAC is cost-effective, safe, may result in lower stage disease and has potential survival advantages. With proper patient selection, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is an appropriate approach for upfront resectable PDAC. Nevertheless, the risk for disease progression and losing a curative surgical window highlights the need for appropriate patient identification, further discovery of superior biomarkers or molecular profiles representative of positive treatment response, and additional prospective comparative study.
Brief Report: Diagnostic Accuracy of Oral Mucosal Transudate Tests Compared with Blood-Based Rapid Tests for HIV Among Children Aged 18 Months to 18 Years in Kenya and Zimbabwe
Authors: Dziva Chikwari Chido , Njuguna Irene N. , Neary Jillian , Rainer Crissi , Chihota Belinda , Slyker Jennifer A. , Katz David A. , Wamalwa Dalton C. , Oyiengo Laura , Bandason Tsitsi , McHugh Grace , Dauya Ethel , Mujuru Hilda , Stewart Kearsley A. , John-Stewart Grace C. , Ferrand Rashida A. , Wagner Anjuli D. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Gaps persist in HIV testing for children who were not tested in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programs. Oral mucosal transudate (OMT) rapid HIV tests have been shown to be highly sensitive in adults, but their performance has not been established in children.

Methods:
Antiretroviral therapy-naive children aged 18 months to 18 years in Kenya and Zimbabwe were tested for HIV using rapid OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody test on oral fluids (OMT) and blood-based rapid diagnostic testing (BBT). BBT followed Kenyan and Zimbabwean national algorithms. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the national algorithms as the reference standard.

Results:
A total of 1776 children were enrolled; median age was 7.3 years (interquartile range: 4.7–11.6). Among 71 children positive by BBT, all 71 were positive by OMT (sensitivity: 100% [97.5% confidence interval (CI): 94.9% to 100%]). Among the 1705 children negative by BBT, 1703 were negative by OMT (specificity: 99.9% [95% CI: 99.6% to 100.0%]). Due to discrepant BBT and OMT results, 2 children who initially tested BBT-negative and OMT-positive were subsequently confirmed positive within 1 week by further tests. Excluding these 2 children, the sensitivity and specificity of OMT compared with those of BBT were each 100% (97.5% CI: 94.9% to 100% and 99.8% to 100%, respectively).

Conclusions:
Compared to national algorithms, OMT did not miss any HIV-positive children. These data suggest that OMTs are valid in this age range. Future research should explore the acceptability and uptake of OMT by caregivers and health workers to increase pediatric HIV testing coverage.
Raising animals without antibiotics: producer and veterinarian experiences and opinions
Authors: Singer Randall S. , Porter Leah J. , Thomson Daniel U. , Gage Mallory , Beaudoin Amanda , Wishnie Jennifer K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnsuring the safety, health, and overall well-being of animals raised for food is both an ethical obligation and a critical component of providing safe food products. The use of antibiotics for maintaining animal health has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the rise of antibiotic resistance globally. Some U.S. producers, especially in the poultry industry, have responded by eliminating their antibiotic use. The number of animals raised without antibiotics (RWA) is growing in the U.S., but there are concerns that RWA practices might negatively impact animal health and welfare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to survey U.S. veterinarians and producers about their experiences and opinions regarding RWA production. Veterinarians, farmers, ranchers, producers, and other stakeholders involved in raising broilers, turkeys, swine, beef cattle or dairy cattle were surveyed. Of the 565 completed responses received, 442 self-reported as practicing veterinarians or producers. Just over half of respondents reported having past or current experience with RWA programs. The main indicated reasons for raising animals without antibiotics were market driven; switching to RWA production was less commonly made for health-related reasons, such as to reduce antibiotic resistance or to improve animal health and welfare. Although respondents felt that RWA production has negative impacts on animal health and welfare, they overwhelmingly (>70%) indicated that the customer (retailer/restaurant/food service) believes that animal and health welfare will be significantly improved. Veterinarians and producers indicated that RWA programs will increase production costs with questionable effect on meat, egg or dairy consumer demand. Many respondents felt that there are times when the RWA label takes priority over animal health and welfare. Respondents generally felt that there was a need for increased auditing/assessment of animal health and welfare in RWA systems.
Horizontal ‘gene drives’ harness indigenous bacteria for bioremediation
Authors: French Katherine E. , Zhou Zhongrui , Terry Norman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEngineering bacteria to clean-up oil spills is rapidly advancing but faces regulatory hurdles and environmental concerns. Here, we develop a new technology to harness indigenous soil microbial communities for bioremediation by flooding local populations with catabolic genes for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation. Overexpressing three enzymes (almA, xylE, p450cam) inE.coliled to degradation rates of 60-99% of target hydrocarbon substrates. Mating experiments, fluorescence microscopy and TEM revealed indigenous bacteria could obtain these vectors fromE.colithrough several mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), including conjugation and cytoplasmic exchange through nanotubes. Inoculating petroleum-polluted sediments withE.colicarrying the vector pSF-OXB15-p450camfusion showed that theE.colidie after five days but a variety of bacteria received and carried the vector for over 60 days after inoculation. Within 60 days, the total petroleum hydrocarbon content of the polluted soil was reduced by 46%. Pilot experiments show that vectors only persist in indigenous populations when “useful,” disappearing when this carbon source is removed. This approach to remediation could prime indigenous bacteria for degrading pollutants while providing minimal ecosystem disturbance.
AANAT1 functions in astrocytes to regulate sleep homeostasis
Authors: Davla Sejal , Artiushin Gregory , Chitsaz Daryan , Li Sally , Sehgal Amita , van Meyel Donald J. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryCharacteristic features of sleep are conserved among species [1], and from humans to insects sleep is influenced by neural circuits involving monoamines such as serotonin and dopamine [2]. Glial cells have been increasingly implicated in mechanisms of baseline and homeostatic sleep regulation in mammals and flies [3–11], but it remains unknown whether and how glia might influence monoaminergic control of sleep. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and a homeostatic drive to compensate for prolonged wakefulness, and growing evidence suggests that neural mechanisms controlling homeostatic sleep can be discriminated from those controlling baseline sleep [12–15]. In Drosophila, mutants of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (AANAT1lo) have normal baseline amounts of sleep and motor activity, but increased rebound sleep following deprivation [16]. AANAT1 can acetylate and inactivate monoamines in vitro [17], but the role of AANAT1 in vivo remains poorly understood. We find AANAT1 to be expressed in astrocytes and subsets of neurons in the adult Drosophila brain, with levels in astrocytes declining markedly overnight. In sleep-deprived AANAT1 mutant flies, heightened rebound sleep is accompanied by increased serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain. In neurons, AANAT1 functions to limit the quantity and consolidation of nighttime sleep, but in astrocytes AANAT1 constrains the amount of rebound sleep that flies take in response to sleep deprivation. These findings distinguish sleep-control functions of AANAT1 in neurons and astrocytes, and identify a critical role for astrocytes in the regulation of monoamine bioavailability and calibration of the response to sleep need.HighlightsThe monoamine catabolic enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (AANAT1) is expressed by astrocytes and subsets of serotonergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the adult brain of Drosophila.AANAT1 limits accumulation of serotonin and dopamine in the brain upon sleep deprivation.Loss of AANAT1 from astrocytes, but not from neurons, causes flies to increase their daytime rebound sleep in response to overnight sleep deprivation.