bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From low to high gear: there has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of evolution
Authors: Reznick David N. , Losos Jonathan , Travis Joseph 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExperimental studies of evolution performed in nature and the associated demonstration of rapid evolution, observable on a time scale of months to years, were an acclaimed novelty in the 1980–1990s. Contemporary evolution is now considered ordinary and is an integrated feature of many areas of research. This shift from extraordinary to ordinary reflects a change in the perception of evolution. It was formerly thought of as a historical process, perceived through the footprints left in the fossil record or living organisms. It is now seen as a contemporary process that acts in real time. Here we review how this shift occurred and its consequences for fields as diverse as wildlife management, conservation biology, and ecosystems ecology. Incorporating contemporary evolution in these fields has caused old questions to be recast, changed the answers, caused new and previously inconceivable questions to be addressed, and inspired the development of new subdisciplines. We argue further that the potential of contemporary evolution has yet to be fulfilled. Incorporating evolutionary dynamics in any research program can provide a better assessment of how and why organisms and communities came to be as they are than is attainable without an explicit treatment of these dynamics.
Microsatellite markers developed using a next‐generation sequencing technique forNeotroglaspp. (Psocodea: Prionoglarididae), cave dwelling insects with sex‐reversed genitalia
Authors: Kamimura Yoshitaka , Abe Jun , Ferreira Rodrigo L. , Yoshizawa Kazunori 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe genusNeotrogla(Psocodea: Prinoglarididae) comprises four named species from Brazil. Females of this cave‐dwelling insect are characterized by a conspicuous penis‐like intromittent organ, termed a gynosome, which is inserted into the vagina‐like male genitalia during copulation. Another evolutionarily novel structure, the spermathecal plate, enables a female to simultaneously store two freshly deposited spermatophores (consisting of sperm and possibly nutritious substances) in her sperm storage organ (spermatheca). It is unknown whether the two spermatophores are derived from two different males. To investigate the mating ecology and population genetic structures of these insects with sex‐reversed genitalia, 16 novel highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized based on ~2,275 Mbp genomic sequences from an undescribedNeotroglaspecies. Our first screening detected 99,888 candidate loci. Similar to other hemipteroid insects studied thus far, AAT motif microsatellites were conspicuously dominant. We further screened 99 sequences, for which 50 pairs of polymerase chain reaction primers were successfully designed. Sixteen of these primers successfully amplified products of the expected size in the 11Neotroglasp. individuals collected from two caves. The number of alleles per loci varied from two to nine, with no significant deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in either population. Although the caves sampled were only approximately 1 km apart, significant genetic differentiation was detected between the two populations. In total, 13, 12, 13 and 11 loci were cross‐amplified inN. aurora,N. brasiliensis,N. curvataandN. truncata, respectively, indicating the applicability of these microsatellite loci for metapopulation genetic studies in multipleNeotroglaspecies.
Influence of solvent and a supplementary step with a finishing instrument on filling material removal from canals connected by an isthmus
Authors: Campello A. F. , Almeida B. M. , Franzoni M. A. , Alves F. R. F. , Marceliano‐Alves M. F. , Rôças I. N. , Siqueira Jr J. F. , Provenzano J. C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effectiveness of a solvent (eucalyptol) in improving filling material removal from canals connected by isthmuses, and the additional cleaning effect of a finishing instrument.MethodologyThe mesial canals from 32 mandibular molars (Vertucci's type II morphology) were instrumented and filled with the single‐cone technique using Reciproc R25 gutta‐percha points (VDW, Munich, Germany) combined with Sealer 26 (Dentsply, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil). Each root was then subjected to retreatment using the Mtwo instrument system (VDW), with or without a solvent (n = 16 per group). The volume of filling material in the canals was assessed by micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) scans taken before and after retreatment. Canals with remnants of filling material received a supplementary procedure with the XP‐endo Finisher R instrument (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux‐de‐Fonds, Switzerland), with or without eucalyptol, and another micro‐CT scan was taken. All retreatment procedures were performed inside a cabinet under a controlled temperature (37 °C). Filling material removal was evaluated in the 5‐mm apical canal system for the canal+isthmus space or the isthmus alone. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the removal of filling material with and without eucalyptol, and after a supplementary approach with XP‐endo Finisher R. The level of significance was set at 5% for all statistical tests (P < 0.05).ResultsThe amount of filling material removed from the canal+isthmus with Mtwo instruments was 83.2% when no solvent was used and 83.8% using the solvent (P > 0.05). When the isthmus area was evaluated separately, most specimens were associated with a reduction in the filling material, with no significant difference between the groups with or without using a solvent (P > 0.05). The supplementary step with XP‐endo Finisher R significantly improved removal of filling material from both canal and isthmus area (P < 0.05), regardless of the use of a solvent (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe use of eucalyptol did not improve filling material removal from Vertucci's type II molar mesial canals and isthmuses. XP‐endo Finisher R significantly enhanced removal of filling material from the canals and isthmuses.
Histopathological features of skin lesions in patients affected by non‐ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras, Central America
Authors: Sandoval Pacheco Carmen Maria , Araujo Flores Gabriela Venicia , Favero Ferreira Aurea , Sosa Ochoa Wilfredo , Ribeiro da Matta Vânia Lúcia , Zúniga Valeriano Concepción , Pereira Corbett Carlos Eduardo , Dalastra Laurenti Marcia 
Published: November 2018

SummaryIn Honduras visceral leishmaniasis and non‐ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) are caused by the species Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. NUCL is the most common clinical form in the southern regions of the country, mainly affecting the young. In view of the lack of knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease pattern caused by L. (L) infantum chagasi in individuals affected by NUCL, the aim of the present study was to describe in detail the histopathological features of the skin lesion caused by the parasite. Biopsies from human NUCL lesions with a positive parasitological diagnosis were collected and processed using standard histological techniques. Paraffin sections stained by haematoxylin and eosin were used to examine the histopathological alterations seen in the skin. The lesions varied between 3 and 5 mm, and the majority of the patients (60%) had a single lesion. Lesions were more frequently seen in females (65%), with an average age of 33.4 years. Microscopically, the skin lesions were characterized by mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis composed of lymphocytes, macrophages and a few plasma cells. The intensity of the infiltration varied from discrete to intense. In both cases, the parasitic infection was discrete. Granulomas were present in 60% of cases and were associated with intense inflammation. The data revealed by the histopathological alterations in the skin of individuals affected by NUCL suggest activation of a cellular immune response that potentially controls parasite spreading.
The studies of cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of composites with ZnO‐doped bioglass
Authors: Ciołek Lidia , Biernat Monika , Jaegermann Zbigniew , Zaczyńska Ewa , Czarny Anna , Jastrzębska Agnieszka , Olszyna Andrzej 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe paper presents results of the studies on porous composites obtained using lyophilization method based on the solutions of the following polymers: chitosan, sodium alginate and polylactide, as well as ZnO‐doped CaO–SiO2–P2O5 bioglass. The researchers took the advantage of zinc ions demonstrating the bactericidal, immune‐stimulating, and tissue‐regenerating functions in the organism. The cytotoxicity of the composites was tested on L929 cells by means of the direct and the indirect contact method. The antibacterial properties were determined against the gram‐negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus at 24, 48 hours, and 7 days. The study demonstrated that changes due to cytotoxicity effect of the composites depend on the type of polymer and on the duration of contact with cells. The composite with polylactide was found to be the least toxic for L929 cells. ZnO added to the chemical composition of bioglass ensured bactericidal effects. The antibacterial properties of the composites depended on the ZnO content, bioglass grain size, polymer type, and composite microstructure. The composites presented in this paper are innovative as biomaterials for filling bone cavities because they can be a matrix for cells and have an antibacterial effect while supporting the regeneration of damaged tissue.
Factors that influence the financial literacy of young Spanish consumers
Authors: Mancebón María‐Jesús , Ximénez‐de‐Embún Domingo P. , Mediavilla Mauro , Gómez‐Sancho José‐María 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study examines the development of mathematical and financial literacy skills amongst 471 students in Spain. Most studies on this topic have looked at either one or the other skill but they have not examined the relationship between the two. The use of simultaneous equations has enabled us to do so. The aim of the paper is to disentangle the factors determining the financial skills of young consumers in Spain. To do this, the PISA Financial Literacy Assessment conducted by the OECD in 2012 is used. Our paper’s main contribution lies in the methodological way to deal with the empirical challenges overshadowing our study. Particularly, our methodological strategy is defined by the application of a multi‐level model of simultaneous equations (MSiEM). This method allows us to take into account the simultaneous determination of math and financial skills at school and the nested structure of the database. This MSiEM permits the identification of the determinants of financial skills, differentiating between the influences operating at school level from those at student level. A first conclusion is that the development of financial abilities of young consumers is mediated by their mathematical skills. A second conclusion, in accordance with those of other international studies, is the importance of the family on the financial literacy of 15‐year‐old Spanish students. The family, a first‐order determinant in reading, science and math scores, is also a key variable in the development of financial skills. Finally, school type (public vs. private) does not display any effect on either the financial or math performance of Spanish young people.
Flow cytometry identification of nonhemopoietic neoplasms during routine immunophenotyping
Authors: Stacchini Alessandra , Aliberti Sabrina , Demurtas Anna , Maletta Francesca , Molinaro Luca , Godio Laura , Papotti Mauro 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionNonhemopoietic neoplasms (NHNs) may be encountered during routine flow cytometry (FC) immunophenotyping. The clue of their presence mainly relies on detection of CD45‐negative (CD45−) cells with altered scatter parameters.MethodsIn this study, we evaluated a monoclonal antibody combination conceived to characterize the CD45− population by FC, suspected of belonging to NHNs, when present. The panel included CD45 for leucocytes identification, CD326 (clones BerEP4 and HEA‐125) to mark epithelial cells, CD33 to identify myeloid cells, CD138 to trace plasma cells and CD56 useful in the identification of neuroendocrine tumours. 7AAD vital dye was used to gate out dead cells. Results were correlated with cytomorphology and confirmed by histological data, if available.ResultsAmong 9422 specimens submitted for routine FC investigation, 47 samples that included fine‐needle aspirates, bone marrow aspirates, tissue biopsies and body fluids had a detectable CD45− population and a sufficient cell amount to be further investigated. FC revealed the presence of CD326‐positive epithelial cells in 38 specimens; altered scatter parameters and variable reactivity to the other antigens tested allowed to suspect NHNs in the remaining nine samples. The presence of NHNs was confirmed in all cases by morphology.ConclusionsThe current results show that when CD45− cells with altered scatter parameters were detected, cytometrists involved in leukaemia/lymphoma diagnosis may require further FC investigations to rapidly identify NHNs in different specimens, thus reducing the time of the immunohistochemical diagnostic workup to reach a final diagnosis.
Assessing the referral of clients with respiratory symptoms to general physicians: a survey of community pharmacists in Beirut
Authors: El Mikati Hala , Maroun Christopher A , Armache Alexandre , Toutonji Amer , El Najjar Mayssam , El-Khatib Farouk M , Ghattas Hala 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The main objective of this study was to assess the ability of community pharmacists practicing in Beirut to identify red flag respiratory symptoms, and therefore to adequately refer clients to a general physician when warranted. Secondary objectives included determining whether demographic factors affect the odds of referral, and to qualify degree of agreement of community pharmacists with a panel of expert physicians.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, pharmacies were randomly selected and invited to complete a self-administered survey, each containing 10 clinical vignettes that combined different characteristics (age group, gender, presenting symptom, duration of symptoms). Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to inspect predictors of referral, correct referral and under-referral.

Key findings
A total of 214 pharmacies were visited and 141 (65.9%) responded. Pharmacists were more likely to refer female patients (P = 0.035) and patients who presented with a longer duration of symptoms (P &lt; 0.001). Correct referral was higher in pharmacies that were more than 20 min away from the nearest hospital (P = 0.013) and with clients who presented with haemoptysis (P &lt; 0.001), dyspnoea (P &lt; 0.001) or wheezing (P &lt; 0.027), while it was lower with female patients (P &lt; 0.001). Under-referral was higher in pharmacies that served more than 500 clients weekly (P = 0.048) and in patients presenting for dry cough (P &lt; 0.001) or productive cough (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
This study has shown that there is a need for further investigation into the practices of community pharmacists of Beirut. An action plan may be advised to alleviate the burden of patients who might currently be under-referred and experience morbidity as a result.
Male sex increases mortality in ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Authors: Weidner Kathrin , Behnes Michael , Rusnak Jonas , Schupp Tobias , Hoppner Jorge , Taton Gabriel , Reiser Linda , Bollow Armin , Reichelt Thomas , Ellguth Dominik , Engelke Niko , Kuche Philipp , Ansari Uzair , El‐Battrawy Ibrahim , Lang Siegfried , Nienaber Christoph A. , Akin Muharrem , Mashayekhi Kambis , Ferdinand Dennis , Weiß Christel , Borggrefe Martin , Akin Ibrahim 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundVentricular tachyarrhythmias are still associated with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is important to stratify high‐risk patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias for their individual risk of future outcomes.AimTo assess the impact of male sex on survival in patients presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias.MethodsAll consecutive patients surviving ventricular tachycardia (VT) and fibrillation (VF) on admission from 2002 to 2016 were included and stratified according to sex differences by propensity score matching. The primary prognostic end‐point was all‐cause mortality at 30 months. Secondary end‐points were all‐cause mortality at 30 days, at index hospitalisation, after discharge, the composite of recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapies, and finally rehospitalisation related to ventricular tachyarrhythmias.ResultsA total of 784 (392 males and 392 females) matched patients was included. The rate of VT and VF was similar in both groups (VT: male 65% vs female 62%; VF: male 35% vs female 38%). Male sex was independently associated with the primary end‐point of all‐cause mortality at 30 months (31% vs 23%; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.432; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.089–1.883; P = 0.010) as well as with the secondary end‐point of all‐cause mortality at index hospitalisation (mortality rate 31% vs 23%; log‐rank P = 0.010; HR = 1.432; 95% CI 1.089–1.883; P = 0.010; mortality rate 10% vs 15%; HR = 1.685; 95% CI 1.117–2.542; P = 0.013). No differences in further secondary end‐points were found. Sex differences of the primary end‐point were predominantly observed in patients with VT at index (mortality rate 28% versus 20%; HR = 1.512; 95% CI 1.040–2.189; P = 0.028), without an ICD and with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥35% (log‐rank values, P < 0.05).ConclusionMales presenting with ventricular tachyarrhythmias on admission were associated with higher all‐cause mortality at 30 months and all‐cause mortality at index hospitalisation.
Inactive Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Worsens Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Drink Low to Moderate Amounts of Alcohol
Authors: Murata Chisato , Suzuki Yoshihiko , Muramatsu Taro , Taniyama Matsuo , Atsumi Yoshihito , Matsuoka Kempei , Watanabe Tetsu , Okazaki Isao 
Published: November 2018

Background: Alcohol intake can have hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to investigate the glycemic control of male patients with diabetes mellitus from the aspect of the genetic status of alcohol metabolism.Methods: One hundred sixty‐three men with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the present study. They were all outpatients at the Diabetes Center of Saiseikai Central Hospital. The genotype of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) gene of each patient was determined by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP), and the patients were divided into those with active or inactive ALDH2 phenotype. We compared the amount of habitual alcohol intake and clinical data that included physical findings and blood chemistry of the patients in the active and inactive ALDH2 groups. The glycemic control of each patient was evaluated by the serum level of HbA1c.Results: Of the 163 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 90 patients had the active ALDH2 phenotype and 73 patients had the inactive ALDH2 phenotype. The mean HbA1c level of the active ALDH2 group was nearly the same as that of the inactive ALDH2 group. However, the HbA1c level of the light‐to‐moderate drinkers (1‐400 g/week) in the inactive ALDH2 group was highest and was significantly higher than the HbA1c level of the light‐to‐moderate drinkers of the active ALDH2 group. The HbA1c of the patients with diabetic complications was higher than the HbA1c of those without diabetic complications in both the active and inactive ALDH2 groups. However, the HbA1c level of the light‐to‐moderate drinkers without diabetic complications in the inactive ALDH2 group was significantly higher and the incidence of 24 hr urinary C‐peptide was higher than the respective level of the light‐to‐moderate drinkers without diabetic complications in the active ALDH2 group.Conclusions: Habitual light‐to‐moderate alcohol intake worsens glycemic control in diabetic patients who have the inactive ALDH2 phenotype. The data on 24 hr urinary C‐peptide level suggested that increased acetaldehyde after light‐to‐moderate drinking by inactive ALDH2 diabetic patients may increase the HbA1c value by the insulin‐resistant condition that resulted in hyperinsulinemia.
Study of Mitochondrial DNA Deletion in Alcoholics
Authors: Tsuchishima Mutsumi , Tsutsumi Mikihiro , Shiroeda Hisakazu , Yano Hirokazu , Ueshima Yasuhiro , Shimanaka Koshi , Takase Shujiro 
Published: November 2018

Background: Recently, it has been reported that single or multiple mitochondrial DNA (Mt‐DNA) deletions have been observed frequently in liver tissue and white blood cells (WBC) obtained from patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this study, we investigated the deletion of the Mt‐DNA encoding adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) region in WBC to clarify whether Mt‐DNA heteroplasmy caused by alcohol drinking is reversible.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 4 healthy volunteers, 56 patients with ALD, and 106 nonalcoholic healthy controls. The Mt‐DNA encoded ATPase region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using two primers: forward primer, 5‘‐AACCAACACCTCTTTACAGTGA; and reverse primer; 5‘‐TTGGTGGGTCATTATGTGTTGT.Results: Heteroplasmy was observed in one volunteer on day 3 and in the remaining persons on day 4 after the start of alcohol consumption. Heteroplasmy was observed for another 6 days after alcohol consumption stopped, but on the 7th day it had disappeared in all volunteers. In WBC Mt‐DNA obtained from ALD patients within 3 days of abstinence, heteroplasmy was observed in 38 of the 56 patients (67.9%), whereas heteroplasmy was not detected in any healthy subjects. In 10 of the 18 ALD patients (56%) who had heteroplasmy within 3 days of abstinence, heteroplasmy disappeared after 4 weeks of abstinence.Conclusion: An acquired mutation of Mt‐DNA, at least in the encoding ATPase region, may result from alcohol drinking and may be reversed by stopping drinking.