bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the utility of the Prescribing Safety Assessment in pharmacy education in England: experiences of pre-registration trainees and undergraduate (MPharm) pharmacy students
Authors: Hardisty Jessica , Davison Kathryn , Statham Louise , Fleming Gail , Bollington Lynne , Maxwell Simon 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objectives
(i) To provide a preliminary indication of the performance of pharmacy undergraduate students and pre-registration pharmacy trainees in the Prescribing Safety Assessment (PSA). (ii) To determine the feasibility of administering and delivering the PSA in schools of pharmacy. (iii) To examine the potential relevance of the PSA and associated training materials to pharmacy education. (iv) To assess the attitudes of the cohort towards the PSA and their readiness to prescribe.

Methods
Four schools of pharmacy in England recruited final year undergraduate pharmacy students and pre-registration pharmacy trainees undertaking training with both hospital and community pharmacy employers in their locality to undertake the PSA. Performance data and feedback from candidates were obtained.

Key findings
Pre-registration pharmacy trainees in community (n = 27) and hospital (n = 209) settings mean average scores were 86.3% and 85.3%, respectively. There was a significant performance differential between undergraduate pharmacy students (n = 397) and those in pre-registration training, with the mean average score for undergraduate students being 73.0% (t test P &lt; 0.05). Candidates felt their current course did prepare them for the PSA, some highlighted that additional curriculum content would be needed should this become a compulsory high-stakes assessment for pharmacy trainees. The majority of candidates felt that this assessment was useful and applicable to their training.

Conclusions
The PSA process and associated learning tools could be introduced to pre-registration pharmacy education to support trainees in their development towards future prescribing roles.
Abstract egalitarianism and men as victims: strategic choice of frames by men's rights organisations
Authors: Palmer Zachary D. , Subramaniam Mangala 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDeparting from the typical emphasis on the oppressed and the frames they deploy to make claims for rights, we analyse the frames deployed by a dominant group – in this case, organisations within the men's rights movement. Adopting a purposive comparative lens, we examine how men's rights organisations strategically shape and use frames across the sub‐national, national, and transnational levels. Using textual data from the websites of three men's rights organisations – a US‐based transnational organisation, one national organisation based in India, and one sub‐national organisation based in Pune, India – we discern two key frames deployed by the organisations: abstract egalitarianism and men as victims. However, the organisations emphasise different aspects of each of the two frames based on cultural context, either focusing on specific laws and their implementation or adopting a notion of a general “global culture”.
Cryofixation during live‐imaging enables millisecond time‐correlated light and electron microscopy
Authors: FUEST M. , NOCERA G.M. , MODENA M.M. , RIEDEL D. , MEJIA Y.X. , BURG T.P. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryCorrelating live‐cell imaging with electron microscopy is among the most promising approaches to relate dynamic functions of cells or small organisms to their underlying ultrastructure. The time correlation between light and electron micrographs, however, is limited by the sample handling and fixation required for electron microscopy. Current cryofixation methods require a sample transfer step from the light microscope to a dedicated instrument for cryofixation. This transfer step introduces a time lapse of one second or more between live imaging and the fixed state, which is studied by electron microscopy. In this work, we cryofix Caenorhabditis elegans directly within the light microscope field of view, enabling millisecond time‐correlated live imaging and electron microscopy. With our approach, the time‐correlation is limited only by the sample cooling rate. C. elegans was used as a model system to establish compatibility of in situ cryofixation and subsequent transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images of in situ cryofixed C. elegans show that the ultrastructure of the sample was well preserved with this method. We expect that the ability to correlate live imaging and electron microscopy at the millisecond scale will enable new paradigms to study biological processes across length scales based on real‐time selection and arrest of a desired state.Lay DescriptionResearchers seek to link cellular functions to their smallest structural components. Currently this requires correlation of two imaging techniques, live imaging and electron microscopy. Current correlative methods, however, have limited time resolution due to the sample preparation procedures for electron microscopy. Following live imaging, samples are transferred from the light microscope to a cryofixation, or ultra‐fast freezing, instrument. The biological process progresses until the sample freezes, 1 second or more after the last live image. In this work, samples are cryofixed directly within the light microscope field of view. By eliminating the transfer step, time correlation between light and electron microscopy images of our samples is limited only by the freezing rate to the order of milliseconds rather than seconds.
Phase‐shifting differential interference contrast microscope with Savart shear prism and rotatable analyser
Authors: LIN S.‐T. , TRỊNH H.‐X. , CHEN Z.‐W. , LEE T.‐H. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryA novel differential interference contrast microscope (DICM) is proposed in this research. It is constituted by inserting a Savart shear prism between the objective and sample of a polarising microscope having a rotatable analyser as the phase‐shifter, and it is with the ability to enhance image contrast using the principle of shearing interferometry. This letter is to introduce the configuration, interpret the interference patterns and present the experimental setup of the DICM. In addition, this letter is to display the experimental results from the uses of the setup; the results demonstrate the validity and ability of the DICM.
Countermovement Mobilization and State Raids on Minority Religious Communities
Authors: Wright Stuart A. , Palmer Susan J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn ongoing study of government raids on minority religious communities in 19 Western‐style democracies over seven‐plus decades shows a dramatic increase in raids beginning in the 1990s. Two distinct and related patterns are found to explain this escalation in frequency. Both patterns involved countermovement mobilization by coalitions of oppositional groups that effectively framed new or nontraditional religious movements (NRMs) as threats to their own members and the larger society, thereby prompting state actions of social control. The patterns are distinguished by a new relationship of countermovement actors to the state. In one pattern, we found the development of a transnational network forging a common collective action frame, movement ideology, and organizational strategy. Seizing political opportunities in the wake of increasing concerns regarding child endangerment, countermovement actors targeted NRMs as harbingers of child abuse and pressed authorities to take action. In the second pattern, we found a concentration of raids in one country (France). Here, the oppositional networks were not simply third‐party interest groups but were fully integrated into the state apparatus, hence awarded power and given extraordinary influence. Consequently, state raids increased exponentially. The study also provides five years of new data from a previous report examining their impact on the larger set of findings and identifying new trends.
Sequential Refined Partitioning for Probabilistic Dependence Assessment
Authors: Werner Christoph , Bedford Tim , Quigley John 
Published: August 2018

AbstractModeling dependence probabilistically is crucial for many applications in risk assessment and decision making under uncertainty. Neglecting dependence between multivariate uncertainties can distort model output and prevent a proper understanding of the overall risk. Whenever relevant data for quantifying and modeling dependence between uncertain variables are lacking, expert judgment might be sought to assess a joint distribution. Key challenges for the use of expert judgment for dependence modeling are over‐ and underspecification. An expert can provide assessments that are infeasible, i.e., not consistent with any probability distribution (overspecification), and on the other hand, without making very restrictive parametric assumptions an expert cannot fully define a probability distribution (underspecification). The sequential refined partitioning method addresses over‐ and underspecification while allowing for flexibility about which part of a joint distribution is assessed and its level of detail. Potential overspecification is avoided by ensuring low cognitive complexity for experts through eliciting single conditioning sets and by offering feasible assessment ranges. The feasible range of any (sequential) assessment can be derived by solving a linear programming problem. Underspecification is addressed by modeling the density of directly and indirectly assessed distribution parts as minimally informative given their constraints. Hence, our method allows for modeling the whole distribution feasibly and in accordance with experts' information. A nonparametric way of assessing and modeling dependence flexibly in such detail has not been presented in the expert judgment literature for probabilistic dependence models so far. We provide an example of assessing terrorism risk in insurance underwriting.
Valuable components of CyberGIS: Expert viewpoints through Q‐method interviews
Authors: Bowlick Forrest J. , Goldberg Daniel W. , Bednarz Sarah 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCyberGIS is an interdisciplinary field that merges components of cyber‐infrastructure, geographic information science, and spatial analysis. This fusion combines the technical capabilities of advanced cyber‐infrastructure with the spatial analysis capabilities of GIS. How expert GIS practitioners perceive, use, and value the various components of CyberGIS is unknown, making student preparation for CyberGIS competency difficult. To address this gap, we reviewed the CyberGIS literature to develop a set of 37 key CyberGIS concepts. Then, we used Q‐methodology to interview 20 expert GIS users to understand the components of CyberGIS they viewed as most applicable to their GIS practice. Three distinct conceptions of CyberGIS expertise emerged: the spatial analyst, the domain‐specific problem solver, and the CyberGIS‐enabled computer scientist. The CyberGIS‐enabled computer scientist emphasized the underlying technologies which allow spatial analysts to discover and implement advanced methods and processes in GIS, which are then utilized by problem solvers to address domain‐focused issues. These three contrasting perceptions of CyberGIS expertise raise questions about the nature of curriculum and instruction appropriate to develop competent CyberGIS practitioners. With the identified variety of expert practices concerning CyberGIS, confusing practices and contrasting visions of the nature of CyberGIS reveal a need for instructional organization.
Two months sodium nitrate supplementation alleviates testicular injury in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic male rats
Authors: Oghbaei Hajar , Alipour Mohammad Reza , Hamidian Gholamreza , Ahmadi Mahdi , Ghorbanzadeh Vajihe , Keyhanmanesh Rana 
Published: August 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can low‐dose inorganic nitrate supplementation prevent testicular structural and functional alterations in streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic male rats?

What is the main finding and it's important?
Treatment with a low dose of inorganic nitrate for 2 months had protective effects on the male reproductive system in diabetic rats including improved body weight loss, sperm and testis parameters, spermatogenesis index and testicular histology as well as increased serum testosterone levels. These favourable effects may be associated with increased serum insulin and decreased serum glucose, and with modulation of apoptosis in testis.

AbstractInorganic nitrate supplementation is a possible therapeutic agent in diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrate on the reproductive system in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic male rats. Fifty male Wistar rats were allocated randomly to five groups: control (C), control plus nitrate (CN), diabetic (D), diabetic plus insulin (DI) and diabetic plus nitrate (DN). Sodium nitrate was administered for 2 months in the drinking water (100 mg l−1) of the CN and DN groups. Insulin was injected at 2–4 U daily in the DI group. Serum glucose level and body weight were measured at the beginning of the study and at regular intervals. At the end of the study, serum levels of glucose, insulin, nitrogen oxides (NOx), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were assessed as well as sperm parameters, testis morphometry and histology, and testicular miR‐34b and p53 mRNA expression. Nitrate treatment in diabetic rats significantly improved sperm parameters, epididymal weight, spermatogenesis and testicular histology as well as decreasing serum glucose and testicular p53 gene and miR‐34b expression, although it had no effect on serum LH and FSH levels. In diabetic rats, serum insulin and NOx, body weight, testicular and epididymal weight, sperm count and motility, testis morphology, spermatogenesis indices, Johnsen's score, and testosterone were significantly lower than in controls. Nitrate administration increased serum insulin, NOx and testosterone levels in the DN group. Consuming water supplemented with sodium nitrate could improve diabetes‐induced testicular functional and structural disorders; these favourable effects may be related to increased serum insulin and decreased serum glucose, as well as modulation of apoptosis in testis.
Short‐term feeding of a ketogenic diet induces more severe hepatic insulin resistance than an obesogenic high‐fat diet
Authors: Grandl Gerald , Straub Leon , Rudigier Carla , Arnold Myrtha , Wueest Stephan , Konrad Daniel , Wolfrum Christian 
Published: August 2018

Key points
A ketogenic diet is known to lead to weight loss and is considered metabolically healthy; however there are conflicting reports on its effect on hepatic insulin sensitivity.
KD fed animals appear metabolically healthy in the fasted state after 3 days of dietary challenge, whereas obesogenic high‐fat diet (HFD) fed animals show elevated insulin levels.
A glucose challenge reveals that both KD and HFD fed animals are glucose intolerant.
Glucose intolerance correlates with increased lipid oxidation and lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER); however, all animals respond to glucose injection with an increase in RER.
Hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps with double tracer show that the effect of KD is a result of hepatic insulin resistance and increased glucose output but not impaired glucose clearance or tissue glucose uptake in other tissues.
AbstractDespite being a relevant healthcare issue and heavily investigated, the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still incompletely understood. It is well established that increased endogenous glucose production (EGP) leads to a progressive increase in glucose levels, causing insulin resistance and eventual loss of glucose homeostasis. The consumption of high carbohydrate, high‐fat, western style diet (HFD) is linked to the development of T2D and obesity, whereas the consumption of a low carbohydrate, high‐fat, ketogenic diet (KD) is considered healthy. However, several days of carbohydrate restriction are known to cause selective hepatic insulin resistance. In the present study, we compare the effects of short‐term HFD and KD feeding on glucose homeostasis in mice. We show that, even though KD fed animals appear to be healthy in the fasted state, they exhibit decreased glucose tolerance to a greater extent than HFD fed animals. Furthermore, we show that this effect originates from blunted suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin, rather than impaired glucose clearance and tissue glucose uptake. These data suggest that the early effects of HFD consumption on EGP may be part of a normal physiological response to increased lipid intake and oxidation, and that systemic insulin resistance results from the addition of dietary glucose to EGP‐derived glucose.
RenderMan
Authors: Christensen Per , Fong Julian , Shade Jonathan , Wooten Wayne , Schubert Brenden , Kensler Andrew , Friedman Stephen , Kilpatrick Charlie , Ramshaw Cliff , Bannister Marc , Rayner Brenton , Brouillat Jonathan , Liani Max 
Published: August 2018

Pixar’s RenderMan renderer is used to render all of Pixar’s films and by many film studios to render visual effects for live-action movies. RenderMan started as a scanline renderer based on the Reyes algorithm, and it was extended over the years with ray tracing and several global illumination algorithms.
This article describes the modern version of RenderMan, a new architecture for an extensible and programmable path tracer with many features that are essential to handle the fiercely complex scenes in movie production. Users can write their own materials using a bxdf interface and their own light transport algorithms using an integrator interface—or they can use the materials and light transport algorithms provided with RenderMan. Complex geometry and textures are handled with efficient multi-resolution representations, with resolution chosen using path differentials. We trace rays and shade ray hit points in medium-sized groups, which provides the benefits of SIMD execution without excessive memory overhead or data streaming. The path-tracing architecture handles surface, subsurface, and volume scattering. We show examples of the use of path tracing, bidirectional path tracing, VCM, and UPBP light transport algorithms. We also describe our progressive rendering for interactive use and our adaptation of denoising techniques.
Cases and Regulation of Advance Decisions in Germany
Authors: Albers Marion 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The article clarifies principles, provisions and shortcomings of regulating advance decisions with a view to current regulatory approaches in Germany. The legal framework of instructional directives has been fundamentally amended in 2009. But recent cases illustrate some of the difficulties that arise and several decisions of the highest courts have reopened controversial discussions. The article argues that both the making and the implementation of advance directives involve decisions made under conditions of uncertainty. Regulations must be and are already quite complex. Even so, problems are predictable if advance decisions are not embedded in a broader context of advance care planning.
From Legislative Shortcomings towards Better Human Rights Protection — Analysis of Legislation on the Emergency Medical Services in Finland and Estonia
Authors: Uusitalo Jenna 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Emergency medical service (EMS) is designed, above all, to provide urgent treatment for patients with sudden life-threatening diseases or injuries. In wider context, however, EMS is a part of state’s constitutional obligation to guarantee adequate medical care. Therefore, this analysis of how EMS legislation has been drafted and implemented in practice can also be seen to reflect the state’s attitude towards the protection of human rights. A comparison between legal provisions on EMS in Finland and Estonia has been performed in order to illustrate these differentiations. Essentially, the article argues that Estonian EMS legislation seems to contribute more significantly to human rights protection, whereas Finland is more economically oriented in its attitude. However, both jurisdictions also contain some advantageous provisions, which could enhance the quality and improve the recognition of human rights in other states as well.
Discovery of the first pincer wasp (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) from Rovno amber
Authors: PERKOVSKY EVGENY E. , OLMI MASSIMO 
Published: August 2018

Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) are recorded for the first time from Rovno amber (Ukraine), following the discovery of one female of Dryinus janzeni Olmi. Holotypes of D. balticus (Olmi) and D. bruesi (Olmi) previously assigned to the Baltic amber, were actually collected on the coast of Denmark, so that they have to be recorded as specimens in Scandinavian (Danish) amber. As a result, true records of Dryinus species of group 3 (Olmi 1993) in Baltic amber are three: D. janzeni, D. bruesi, because of a second specimen found in true Baltic amber, and D. velteni Olmi. Dryinidae are the 33th hymenopteran family known from Rovno amber. Three species, D. janzeni, D. bruesi and D. balticus are known from understudied Rovno and Scandinavian amber originated from the warmer south coast of the Subparathetys. Dryinus janzeni is the 115th hymenopteran species known from Rovno amber and the first Dryinus record from Ukraine.
Reduced Wet-Season Length Detected by Satellite Retrievals of Cloudiness over Brazilian Amazonia: A New Methodology
Authors: Sena Elisa T. , Dias M. A. F. Silva , Carvalho L. M. V. , Dias P. L. Silva 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the variability of the seasonal cycle of convection in the Brazilian Amazon basin during the last decades, and examines physical mechanisms that potentially trigger these modifications. A new methodology to evaluate the onset and length of the rainy season using long-term cloud fraction observations from geostationary satellites is proposed and the connection between cloud cycle variability, surface properties, and thermodynamic and dynamic conditions is explored. The results show that cloud cover has significantly decreased over the last decades. The decline in cloudiness is steeper at 1200 UTC (0800 LT), when a trend of up to −6% decade−1 is observed over the central and eastern Amazon. High-cloud-cover reduction is the major contributor to the observed decline in total cloud fraction. Delayed onsets and a reduction of up to 4 days yr−1 in the northern and central Amazon wet-season length are observed. Correlation analyses indicate that the El Niño phenomenon affects the interannual variability of cloudiness in the Amazon, leading to delayed onset and early demise of the rainy season. The tropical South Atlantic, the Pacific warm pool, and the North Atlantic tripole also play a small, but significant, role in the Amazon’s cloudiness variability. The decrease in cloudiness over the Amazon basin reduces the amount of solar radiation reflected back to space while increasing irradiance at the surface. This local warming alters surface heat fluxes and the atmospheric thermodynamic profile, further affecting cloud development. The strong tendencies reported here indicate a significant shift in the Amazonian hydroclimate during the last few decades.