bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of CK7, CK19 and p16 in HPV-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yan Qizhang , Chen Pengning , Chen Xinyu , Chen Guanxi , Luo Lin , Ruan Ping , Yu Dahai , Zeng Xiaojuan , Zhou Mengyu 
Published: November 2024

Background
The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) mediated by human papilloma virus (HPV) has been steadily increasing worldwide. The specific pathogenesis of HPV-mediated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) usually induces carcinogenesis in the oropharynx and the roles of CK7, CK19 and p16 in the carcinogenesis mechanism of HPV-mediated OPSCC still remain uncertain.

Methods
We collected case data and paraffin samples of 69 cases of OPSCC and 40 cases of OSCC from July 2009 to December 2021. Immunohistochemistry was performed on serial paraffin sections from all cases to analyze the expression patterns of CK7, CK19, and p16. HPV-mediated (p16+) and non-HPV-mediated OPSCC were differentiated based on p16 expression. Three to six fields were selected from each case for observation of the expression intensity, localization, and interrelationship of the three proteins.

Results
In both cancerous nests and pericancerous normal epithelium of OPSCC, various expression combinations of CK7, CK19 and p16 were observed, including CK7+CK19+p16+, CK7−CK19+p16+, and CK7+CK19+p16−, while no expression of CK7+CK19−p16+ was found. The expression of CK7 with CK19, CK7 with p16, and CK19 with p16 all showed consistency in OPSCC (P < 0.05) while only the expression of CK7 and CK19 demonstrated consistency in OSCC (P < 0.05). The positive rates and H-scores for CK7/CK19 in HPV-mediated (p16+) OPSCC were significantly higher than those in non-HPV-mediated OPSCC and OSCC (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
These results suggest that CK7, CK19 and p16 may relate to HPV-mediated OPSCC. The interaction of CK7, CK19 and p16 may affect the development of HPV-mediated OPSCC.
Effect of Calcium Sources and Their Mode of Application on Growth and Plant Nutrient Uptake of Two Apple Varieties Grown under High Density Planting System
Authors: Mir Lareb , Reshi Omer , Nazir Shaista , Itoo Hamidullah , Dhekale Bhagyashree , Shahnaz Efath , Hafeez Sabiha , Hussain Syed Mudasir , Kumar Raju , Dar Shahnawaz Rasool 
Published: November 2024

Apples grown in Kashmir province are famous globally, but lack of post-harvest storage facilities deteriorate its quality and market acceptability. Calcium deficiency in acid soils deceives apple fruit quality. Calcium helps to reduce the occurrence of physiological disorders; it also plays essential role to improve growth and quality of produce. Modes of calcium application and its different doses on two apple varieties was tested in 3 factorial randomized block design to improve yield and quality at Ambri Apple Research Centre, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir, India in 2022. Foliar application of calcium to apple is most effective method for escalating fruit calcium content and quality. Among sources and their mode of application calcium nitrate foliar application at the rate of 3, 4 and 5 gram per litre of water performed better than foliar application of calcium chloride at the rate of 3, 4 and 5 gram per litre of water in improving fruit nutrients and yield of Golden Delicious than Red Chief Camspur, whereas soil application of calcium nitrate showed least response to improve fruit nutrient and yield in both varieties. Fruit length and fruit diameter improved with each enhanced calcium concentration in both varieties by different calcium sources and their mode of application. The partitioning of nutrients in plant leaves and fruits differed significantly, and in both varieties were dependent on applied calcium rates, calcium sources and their mode of application. Calcium nitrate foliar spray performed better than calcium chloride foliar spray or soil application of calcium nitrate in improving fruit growth and quality. Our study did not find any adversity of dosage in plants whether applied as foliar or to soil. The best results were observed in foliar application of calcium nitrate @ 5 g per lit water for all the parameters in both the varieties. Results of research evidenced that preharvest calcium sprays increase growth and improved fruit quality that led to reduce deterioration in post-harvest storage.
Anti-oxidant Assessment of Parsonsia straminea (R.Br) F. Muell Stem Bark Crude Extract
Authors: Kemelayefa Ozakieoniso James , Bokolo Bonsome , Awipi Precious 
Published: November 2024

Background: Parsonsia straminea a member of the Apocynaceae family with ancestral record from Australia especially at the tropical region of New South Wales and Queensland has been scientifically been proven for its anti-seizure, anti-narcoleptic potentials, and traditionally use for seizures and movement disorders management among other unconfirmed claims. However, no record of its antioxidant rating, knowing the crucial physiological role of antioxidant in maintaining health of humans. This study evaluated the anti-oxidant of P. straminea stem bark crude extract (PSE).
Methods: Animals were grouped into six (n=5), they were orally treated with 0.2 ml/kg of distilled water as vehicle (VEH) control, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of PSE for 1 day (acute) and 0.2 ml/kg of distilled water as vehicle (VEH) control, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg of PSE for 14 days (sub-acute). At the end of the treatments, serum, liver, kidney and brain were surgically removed according to prescribed methods of antioxidant assay protocol for the in vivo: Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT), Supra-oxide Dismutase (SOD), Malonaldehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) methods of anti-oxidant assessment. Secondary metabolites determination methods of phytochemical determination as well as in vitro: Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) & Ion chelating were done using crude extract of P.straminea stem bark.
Results: The phytochemical evaluation indicates the presence of terpenoids, saponin, flavonoids, phlobatannins, phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, triterpene, phytosterols, and tannin. The in vitro method related parameters revealed remarkable free radical scavenging abilities in an increasing order while the in vivo also showed significant (P<0.05) increase in GSH, CAT, SOD, and decrease in MDA, MPO when compared with the control.
Conclusion: This study suggested that there is anti-oxidant possibilities of P. straminea stem bark through the in vitro and in vivo models in acute and sub-acute phases of exposure.
Agglomeration
Authors: Mori Tomoya 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry provides a review of selected research on the mechanism, spatial scale, and spatial distribution of economic agglomeration. It starts with a classification of the existing models of agglomeration in terms of the sources of agglomeration force suggested by Starrett's spatial impossibility theorem. It then discusses the tension between economies and diseconomies of agglomeration. Finally, it briefly touches on the measures of agglomeration and dynamic aspect of agglomeration.
Agora
Authors: Lois González Rubén C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In ancient Greek cities it was the central and elevated sector where temples and the more remarkable public spaces of the polis were concentrated. By extension, the agora also meant a place for public debate in the city. The agora was located in a prominent and visible place, so it served to establish the symbolic urban center, to define the most important place of decision‐making in the city. Although the agora appeared with temples and other public buildings, the determining factor was the occupation of its outdoor space, where members of the elite talked and where mass meetings of citizens, which were called assemblies, were held. In this way, the agora reinforces the tradition of Mediterranean urbanism in which squares, patios, and outdoor places are most relevant, and take advantage of the possibilities offered by the high number of hours of sunshine throughout the year.
A
hmedabad/
GIFT
City
Authors: Mathur Navdeep , Mittal Harsh , Rajendra Advaita , Pathak Maulik 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Ahmedabad is India's seventh largest city, and host to a cluster of some prominent academic and industrial institutions. From its establishment in 1411, its sultans pioneered a legacy of fine architecture in mosques, temples, and traditional neighborhoods. That trend today is exemplified in modernist buildings by Louis Kahn, Le Corbusier, and Charles Correa among others. In the mid‐twentieth century it was a thriving industrial town, but in the fast urbanizing trend of the twenty‐first century it faced an unprecedented challenge with the decline of its textile mills. The fortunes of these mill workers, whose subsequent unemployment turned them into informal workers, became less closely linked to the financial upswing following economic liberalization, which disproportionately benefited the elites. In keeping with the growing disparity, public investment in urban infrastructure and in beautification projects became more salient and politically profitable. This also caused public and private institutional goals to blur at the boundaries, and governance to shift away from visible and transparent institutions, which were accountable to ordinary citizens, to more joint arrangements between private for‐profit institutions and governmental bodies, which were less transparent in their operations. These new institutional forms, for example those in the Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project and the GIFT City, have become instruments of public decision, exerting control over Ahmedabad's budgets, and therefore manifestations of elite capture of public resources.
Arcades Project/Benjamin
Authors: Schiermer Bjørn 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Walter Benjamin (1892–1940) was a German materialist historian, literary critic, and critical theorist. He counts among the main figures of the (early) Frankfurt School. Benjamin worked on the
Arcades Project
during the last 13 years of his life. The book, which remained unfinished in Benjamin's lifetime, is considered by many to be his major achievement. It encompasses a vast selection of historical materials centered on nineteenth‐century Paris, but also a multitude of theoretical fragments testifying to the many different inspirations coming together in Benjamin's later thought.
Asian Urbanism
Authors: Shin Hyun Bang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry on Asian urbanism begins by examining how Asian urbanism can be seen as bothactually existingandimagined, taking into consideration the ways in which Asian urbanism has entailed the use of successful Asian cities as reference points for other cities in the Global South on the one hand, and how such referencing practices often entail the rendering of Asian urbanism as imagined models and ideologies that are detached from the realities of the receiving end of the model transfer on the other. The ensuing section examines how Asian urbanism can be situated in the context of state–society relations, with a particular emphasis on the role of the Asian states that exhibited developmental and/or authoritarian orientations in the late twentieth century. The penultimate section explores the sociospatiality of Asian urbanism, summarizing some salient characteristics of Asian urbanism. The entry concludes with an emphasis on the need to avoid Asian exceptionalism, and also to have a pluralistic perspective on Asian urbanism while retaining Asia as a unit of analysis.
Athens
Authors: Maloutas Thomas 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Athens is a Mediterranean metropolis developed following push rather than pull factors. Its weakly developed industry and welfare services are reflected in the haphazard shape of its urban tissue. The low level of social and ethnic segregation corresponds to much higher levels of inequality among social and ethnic groups. The structure and property relations in the bulk of the housing stock, the importance of family networks for residential location choices, and the complete absence of social housing for rent have hindered the translation of social to spatial inequality by nurturing forms of spatial coexistence in vertically segregated areas, by keeping young socially mobile households in working‐class neighborhoods, and by reducing the momentum of gentrification.
Barangay
Authors: Porio Emma , Roque‐Sarmiento Emily 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBarangay, known asbalangaiduring the precolonial period, is currently the lowest political administrative unit of the Philippine government. Started as a form of village governance by local chieftains known asdatusorrajahs,barangaygovernance struggled through the colonial Spanish period (whenbarangayswere renamedbarrios) and the American era (when they were known as rural councils). In the postcolonial period it struggled with the highly centralized Philippine state, where citizen engagement was quite low or almost nonexistent. The post‐World War II period saw the resurrection of some form of decentralized governance through the enactment of the Barrio Council Law in 1955. During the martial law years (1972–1986), President Marcos mobilized thebarangaycouncils to provide support for his national agenda of social and political reforms through theBagong Lipunan, or the New Society. But in 1992 the enactment of the Local Government Code and the Urban Development and Housing Act made thebarangaya strong foundational base for the deepening of democratization and decentralization of local governance in the twenty‐first century.
Baudrillard, Jean
Authors: Smith Richard G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractJean Baudrillard invented a unique poststructuralist philosophy, an extensive oeuvre of concepts and ideas that are constantly inviting and receiving renewed attention as world events seem to reinforce the prescience and significance of his philosophy and method for understanding and engaging a contemporary world that is driven to extremes. Unfortunately, the contribution Baudrillard's philosophical method might make to the development of a poststructuralist urban theory remains hidden and undeveloped. This entry explains how Baudrillard is currently misunderstood in urban studies and how his contribution to urban theory would not be his writings on cities per se but the application of his philosophy and method to the urban realm.
Bersih
Authors: Khoo Ying Hooi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Malaysia's mixed model of authoritarianism and democracy provides a challenging environment for the development of social movements. Therefore, the phenomenon of social movements is critical for the development of democracy in Malaysia. The emergence of the Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (Bersih) and its mass rallies in 2007, 2011, 2012, and 2015 have become a defining aspect of Malaysian politics, at times prompting intense political reactions and consequences. The movement has created a space in which ordinary citizens play a crucial role in participating in the political discourse of the country.
Bilbao
Authors: González Pérez Jesús M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Bilbao, a city in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, is one of Spain's seven major metropolitan areas. Its urban morphology and evolution have been linked to industrial development. After a few years in the 1980s in which there was a serious urban crisis and environmental degradation, spurred by, among other factors, a downturn in local industry and a complicated process of adapting to the postindustrial period, Bilbao took a chance with an ambitious urban renewal project backed by a strategic plan. Bilbao's Guggenheim Museum is the new urban hallmark of a series of original, clearly postmodern, architectural projects.
Borderland
Authors: Iossifova Deljana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban borderlands are the sociomaterial spaces in between sociospatially dissimilar, adjacent parts of cities. They can facilitate the social and economic interaction between disparate and otherwise disjointed social groups. This, in turn, can contribute to the emergence of shared understandings and sociospatial identities for these groups. Research on urban borderlands can inform strategies for integration of underprivileged socioeconomic, ethnic, or otherwise marginalized groups.
Burnham, Daniel Hudson
Authors: Ross Eric S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Daniel H. Burnham was an American architect and urban planner. He pioneered modern construction techniques, particularly the steel‐frame and curtain‐wall commercial buildings (skyscrapers) that characterized the Chicago School of architecture, and was one of the most influential figures in the City Beautiful movement. He was responsible for designing Chicago's Columbian Exposition (1893), and for proposing master urban plans for Washington DC (1902), Manila (1905), and Chicago (1909).
City Beautiful Movement
Authors: Freestone Robert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe City Beautiful movement was an early‐twentieth‐century planning paradigm strongest in the United States and with its roots in various social and professional impulses aiming to improve the aesthetic qualities of the urban environment. This entry codifies its values, its main constituent elements, the nature of its proponents, and its outcomes both in the United States and internationally. The movement lost steam as professional planning emerged in the 1910s but the importance of beauty had been successfully engrained in the ideals of comprehensive urban planning.
City Builders
Authors: Hoffman Lily M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
City builders are the actors who develop the urban built environment. They include public, private, and nonprofit sectors, quasi‐governmental organizations such as local development agencies, and residents. In the immediate postwar period in the USA and Western Europe, national policy sponsored urban renewal of downtown areas to remove “blight.” As globalization and economic restructuring revived demand for cities, neoliberal policies encouraged localities to market city‐owned land in partnership with the private sector. Property‐led development has become the dominant planning strategy for stimulating economic growth. This model raises issues regarding current planning assumptions and practice, the social equity of public–private partnerships, and the impact on cities and residents.
City of Culture
Authors: Gold John R. , Gold Margaret M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cities have always been centers of culture and cultural creation, and in recent years cities have recognized the instrumental potential of culture in addressing social and economic change. This entry considers one of the most influential programs to utilize culture in the service of urban strategy: the City of Culture project initiated by the then European Community in 1985, renamed the European Capital of Culture in 2005 and scheduled to last until 2033. Conceived as a summer festival to celebrate European artists and creativity, it has evolved into a year‐long festival with a formal bidding and selection process addressing sustainability and legacy.
Community Development
Authors: Gillis Catherine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Community development” refers to efforts to improve the quality of life in low income communities, and can include infrastructure improvements, the development of affordable housing, and the provision of social services. Participating in development activities can strengthen ties between residents, establish local leadership, and build political power. In practice, the goal of resident‐driven community development can be difficult to achieve, due to the political and economic constraints faced by not‐for‐profit organizations. This field of study offers insight into the changing role of not‐for‐profit organizations in the wake of increased privatization and the defunding of the social welfare state.
Community Unionism
Authors: Simms Melanie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry presents the core ideas and practices of community unionism, emphasizing the links between trade unions (labor unions) and community organizations. After explaining how the concept varies between national settings, the entry provides examples of community union campaigns. The theoretical links between community unionism, social movement theories, and mobilization theories are also explained briefly. The entry concludes by arguing that although community unionism is likely to be a minority movement in countries such as the UK, it remains an important aspect of the debate about how trade unions respond to changes in capitalism, society, and workplaces.
Daily Mobility
Authors: Lulle Thierry 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeople's daily movement from their homes to places of work, study, and other activities has grown. During the 1970s, studies on socioeconomic conditions of transportation multiplied, and the uses of transport and daily travel came to be better understood. In the 1980s came the concept of “daily mobility.” The question is no longerwhatpeople's mobility practices are, but rather,howindividuals and social groups build their spaces of everyday life and territorial identities through mobility. Studies on the relationship between mobility and lifestyle aim to analyze the processes of construction of new urban identities.
D
elhi
Authors: Chakraborty Tathagato 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Delhi, the capital of India, is a spectacular landscape that historically remained as a center of power, politics, and economy. As the colonial capital, Delhi emerged as a counterexample of typical India subcontinental urbanization. Postindependence Delhi's development as a megacity can be attributed to the economic magnetism it exerted on its hinterland that resulted in huge rural–urban migration. Postliberalization Delhi produces a divided landscape of power and prosperity of a global consumer class living in the gated communities, vis‐à‐vis the marginalized millions living in slums without basic infrastructure and resources. The urban landscape of Delhi is a palimpsest of historical, social, political, and economic processes reshaping the world for centuries.
Dual City
Authors: Reichl Alexander J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Dual city” describes a city that is starkly divided into places of wealth and places of poverty with little in between. The concept dates back to the mid‐nineteenth century, and research from the early 1990s documented a number of polarizing trends in the socioeconomic conditions of cities as incomes became more unequal, jobs more concentrated at the high end and low end of the service sector, and neighborhoods more fractured into places of gentrification and abandonment. The dual city concept was ultimately judged too crude and imprecise and it faded from urban research. Nevertheless, the concept served a crucial function by focusing attention on issues of economic restructuring and socioeconomic polarization.
Eminent Domain
Authors: Young Sean L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEminent domain is the power of a government to expropriate private property for the public good. The United States serves as a useful case exemplifying how city, state, and federal governments, or delegates of governments, use eminent domain to promote urban development. The association of economic growth with the public good has come to dominate interpretations of the appropriate use of eminent domain in the United States, prompting controversies related to the importance of private property rights and the responsibilities of governments to serve the common good.