bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting for twin births in sample size calculations for randomised trials
Authors: Yelland Lisa N. , Sullivan Thomas R. , Collins Carmel T. , Price David J. , McPhee Andrew J. , Lee Katherine J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundIncluding twins in randomised trials leads to non‐independence or clustering in the data. Clustering has important implications for sample size calculations, yet few trials take this into account. Estimates of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC), or the correlation between outcomes of twins, are needed to assist with sample size planning. Our aims were to provideICCestimates for infant outcomes, describe the information that must be specified in order to account for clustering due to twins in sample size calculations, and develop a simple tool for performing sample size calculations for trials including twins.MethodsICCs were estimated for infant outcomes collected in four randomised trials that included twins. The information required to account for clustering due to twins in sample size calculations is described. A tool that calculates the sample size based on this information was developed in Microsoft Excel and in R as a Shiny web app.ResultsICCestimates ranged between ‐0.12, indicating a weak negative relationship, and 0.98, indicating a strong positive relationship between outcomes of twins. Example calculations illustrate how theICCestimates and sample size calculator can be used to determine the target sample size for trials including twins.ConclusionsClustering among outcomes measured on twins should be taken into account in sample size calculations to obtain the desired power. OurICCestimates and sample size calculator will be useful for designing future trials that include twins. Publication of additionalICCs is needed to further assist with sample size planning for future trials.
Financial Development and Inequality in the Global Economy
Authors: Ehrlich Maximilian v. , Seidel Tobias 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe build a heterogeneous firms model with firm‐specific wages and credit frictions to study the role of financial development for inequality in the global economy. If there are many small (non‐exporting) firms, better access to external funds reduces wage and profit inequality as well as unemployment. In contrast, if there are many large (exporting) firms, financial development might have opposite effects – especially if trade costs are low. In summary, the implications of financial development for inequality depend on the size distribution of firms and on the costs of exporting. Trade liberalization, however, raises inequality unambiguously.
The distinctive South and the invisible North: Why urban ethnography needs regional sociology
Authors: Garner Betsie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article is a review of urban ethnography's Northern bias and regional sociology's Southern bias. I begin by arguing that these two subfields have reified the South's reputation for regional distinctiveness and rendered the North's regional characteristics invisible. To illustrate why urban ethnography needs regional sociology, I explain how the reluctance to view Northern cities through a regional lens has resulted in canonical conceptualizations of “the street” that lack precision and clarity. I conclude with a discussion of how efforts to revive regional sociology by conducting ethnographic research in Southern cities will need to expand beyond the study of the South to achieve lasting impact in urban ethnography more broadly.
When does power trigger approach motivation? Threats and the role of perceived control in the power domain
Authors: Deng Mianlin , Zheng Mufan , Guinote Ana 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt is widely believed that power activates the behavioral approach system (Guinote, ; Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, ); however, findings are inconsistent. Here we discuss evidence suggesting that perceived threats to control in the power domain are key determinants of the association between power and approach motivation. We propose that objective or subjective threats to the exercise of power trigger behavioral inhibition, conflicts between approach and behavioral inhibition, and reactive, negatively valenced approach motivation. Furthermore, threatened power holders reassert power—in particular by using coercion—as defense against threat. We discuss literature in support of these hypotheses involving external threats (e.g., instability, illegitimacy, and uncertainty) and subjective states (anxiety, motivation to maintain power, perceived incompetence, submissiveness, and perceptions of low power) that trigger the perception of lack of control in the power domain and undermine the positive tone of power holders' approach motivation.
Insight into Energy Conservation via Alternative Carbon Monoxide Metabolism in Carboxydothermus pertinax Revealed by Comparative Genome Analysis
Authors: Fukuyama Yuto , Omae Kimiho , Yoneda Yasuko , Yoshida Takashi , Sako Yoshihiko 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Carboxydothermus
species are some of the most studied thermophilic carboxydotrophs. Their varied carboxydotrophic growth properties suggest distinct strategies for energy conservation via carbon monoxide (CO) metabolism. In this study, we used comparative genome analysis of the genus
Carboxydothermus
to show variations in the CO dehydrogenase-energy-converting hydrogenase gene cluster, which is responsible for CO metabolism with H
2
production (hydrogenogenic CO metabolism). Indeed, the ability or inability to produce H
2
with CO oxidation is explained by the presence or absence of this gene cluster in
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans
,
Carboxydothermus islandicus
, and
Carboxydothermus ferrireducens
. Interestingly, despite its hydrogenogenic CO metabolism,
Carboxydothermus pertinax
lacks the Ni-CO dehydrogenase catalytic subunit (CooS-I) and its transcriptional regulator-encoding genes in this gene cluster, probably due to inversion. Transcriptional analysis in
C. pertinax
showed that the Ni-CO dehydrogenase gene (
cooS-II
) and distantly encoded energy-converting-hydrogenase-related genes were remarkably upregulated with 100% CO. In addition, when thiosulfate was available as a terminal electron acceptor in 100% CO, the maximum cell density and maximum specific growth rate of
C. pertinax
were 3.1-fold and 1.5-fold higher, respectively, than when thiosulfate was absent. The amount of H
2
produced was only 62% of the amount of CO consumed, less than expected according to hydrogenogenic CO oxidation (CO + H
2
O → CO
2
+ H
2
). Accordingly,
C. pertinax
would couple CO oxidation by Ni-CO dehydrogenase II with simultaneous reduction of not only H
2
O but also thiosulfate when grown in 100% CO.

IMPORTANCE
Anaerobic hydrogenogenic carboxydotrophs are thought to fill a vital niche by scavenging potentially toxic CO and producing H
2
as an available energy source for thermophilic microbes. This hydrogenogenic carboxydotrophy relies on a Ni-CO dehydrogenase-energy-converting hydrogenase gene cluster. This feature is thought to be common to these organisms. However, the hydrogenogenic carboxydotroph
Carboxydothermus pertinax
lacks the gene for the Ni-CO dehydrogenase catalytic subunit encoded in the gene cluster. Here, we performed a comparative genome analysis of the genus
Carboxydothermus
, a transcriptional analysis, and a cultivation study in 100% CO to prove the hydrogenogenic CO metabolism. Results revealed that
C. pertinax
could couple Ni-CO dehydrogenase II alternatively to the distal energy-converting hydrogenase. Furthermore,
C. pertinax
represents an example of the functioning of Ni-CO dehydrogenase that does not always correspond to its genomic context, owing to the versatility of CO metabolism and the low redox potential of CO.
A 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase gene probably involved in the synthesis of terpenoids in Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum
Authors: Gao Wenjie , Wang Xiang , Purente Nuananong , Muhammad Luqman , Zhou Yunwei , He Miao 
Published: May 2018

Terpenoids are important secondary metabolites in plants. The synthesis of terpenoids involves a key enzyme, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). In an aromatic ornamental plant, Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum, terpenoids were found to be an important component in leaf secretions. To study the regulatory mechanism of terpenoid synthesis in C. indicum var. aromaticum, we cloned the DXR gene from C. indicum var. aromaticum, named CiDXR, based on transcriptome data. CiDXR is 1419 bp, encoding a polypeptide chain of 472 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatic analysis showed that CiDXR was highly similar to DXRs from other plant species. The protein product of CiDXR was analyzed for physical and chemical properties, and secondary and tertiary structures. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is an effective exogenous elicitor that can impact the synthesis of secondary metabolites by regulating the expression of a series of specific key enzymes. In our study, MeJA treatment was used to study the relationship between CiDXR expression and terpenoid metabolism. The expression pattern of CiDXR was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Leaves expressed the highest level of CiDXR mRNA. In addition, CiDXR expression was found to be activated by MeJA, up to 20-fold at 24 h post induction. The MeJA treatment significantly affected the relative contents of the secretion products, and the induction effect was maximal at 24 h, consistent with the expression of CiDXR. This study shows that CiDXR may play a key regulatory role in the control of terpenoid synthesis in C. indicum var. aromaticum.
Cloning and function analysis of ClNAC9 from Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium
Authors: Dong Fengli , Huang He , Liu Jie , Zhang Mi , Zhou Yunwei , Dai Silan 
Published: May 2018

NAC transcription factors have been found to play an important role in several plant development programs and stress responses. In this study, a NAC gene, ClNAC9 (Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium NAC gene), was isolated from a cDNA library constructed according to the known expressed sequence tag sequence. The cDNA full-length sequence of ClNAC9 is comprised of 881 bp, encoding a putative protein of 217 amino acids. ClNAC9 has a conserved NAC domain in the N-terminus — the NAM domain. ClNAC9 is highly similar to other NACs, especially SENU5 subgroup members. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ClNAC9 controlled by the CaMV-35S promoter was generated and subjected to saline, alkaline, and drought stresses for morphological and physiological assays. Morphological analyses showed that transgenic plants had enhanced tolerance to saline, alkaline, and drought stresses, as indicated by improved physiological traits, including higher superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation. Moreover, overexpression of ClNAC9 enhanced up-regulation of RD29A, RD26, MYB2, and MYB96 expression, and reduced HAB1 expression under saline, alkaline, and drought treatments. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ClNAC9 is likely related to saline, alkaline, and drought resistances and overexpression of ClNAC9 increases the saline, alkaline, and drought resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis.
Inexpensive Cu2SnS3 grown by room-temperature aqueous bath electrodeposition for thin film solar cells
Authors: Patel Biren , Mukhopadhyay Indrajit , Ray Abhijit 
Published: May 2018

We report the growth of Cu2SnS3 (CTS) thin films on F-doped SnO2 (FTO) glass substrates at room-temperature by low-cost electrodeposition technique using an aqueous medium without the evolution of hydrogen. Electrolyte concentration and deposition potential were optimized under the limits of water hydrolysis. As-deposited films are post-annealed in the presence of the sulphur flakes to establish the stoichiometry. The annealed films were found to contain high phase purity and favorable optical properties to be useful for the photovoltaic applications. Optical data reveal that the CTS films have direct optical bandgap of 1.25 eV with an absorption coefficient of the order of 104 cm[Formula: see text]. A photovoltaic cell architecture of Glass/FTO (back contact)/CTS/CdS/Al:ZnO/Al (front contact) exhibited an open circuit voltage of 28 mV, a short circuit current density of 8.4 [Formula: see text]A/cm2 and the fill factor of 25%. The absorber thickness optimization and the use of Mo-coated glass as a back contact improve the solar cell parameters. A further study in this aspect is under way.
Association of Diabetic Status and Glycemic Control With Ischemic and Bleeding Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: The 5‐Year CORONOR Registry
Authors: Lemesle Gilles , Meurice Thibaud , Tricot Olivier , Lamblin Nicolas , Bauters Christophe 
Published: May 2018

Background
The relation between diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, and ischemic and bleeding events is poorly described in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease receiving modern secondary prevention.

Methods and Results
The multicenter CORONOR (Suivi d'une cohorte de patients Coronariens stables en région Nord‐pas‐de‐Calais) registry enrolled 4184 outpatients with stable coronary artery disease, including 1297 patients (31%) with diabetes mellitus. A recent glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was available for 1146 diabetic patients, and 48% had HbA1c ≥7%. We analyzed 5‐year ischemic (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke) and bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium ≥3) outcomes, according to diabetic status and glycemic control. When compared with nondiabetic patients, the ischemic risk was higher in diabetic patients with HbA1c ≥7% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25–1.93) but not in diabetic patients with HbA1c <7% (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.83–1.36). Diabetic patients with HbA1c ≥7% were at higher risk than diabetic patients with HbA1c <7% (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.09–1.98). When compared with nondiabetic patients, the bleeding risk was higher in diabetic patients, with HbA1c <7% (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.04–2.67) and in those with HbA1c ≥7% (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.07–2.86). No difference in bleeding risk was observed between diabetic patients with HbA1c ≥7% versus those with HbA1c <7%. Similar results were obtained when adjusted for baseline characteristics.

Conclusions
The 5‐year increased risk of ischemic events in patients with stable coronary artery disease with diabetes mellitus was restricted to those with HbA1c ≥7%. By contrast, the increase in bleeding risk associated with diabetes mellitus was observed in patients with HbA1c ≥7% and in patients with HbA1c <7%. The level of HbA1c should be taken into account for future research and may help physicians to manage prolonged antithrombotic therapies in this high‐risk subgroup.
The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology on quality of life: The sentinel experience of anger, hypervigilance and restricted affect
Authors: Forbes David , Nickerson Angela , Bryant Richard A , Creamer Mark , Silove Derrick , McFarlane Alexander C , Van Hooff Miranda , Phelps Andrea , Felmingham Kim L , Malhi Gin S , Steel Zachary , Fredrickson Julia , Alkemade Nathan , O’Donnell Meaghan 
Published: May 2018

Background: It is unclear which specific symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are related to poor perceived quality of life. Objective: To investigate the influence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology on quality of life in traumatic injury survivors. Method: Traumatic injury survivors completed questionnaires on post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology and quality of life at 3 months ( n = 987), 12 months ( n = 862), 24 months ( n = 830) and 6 years ( n = 613) post trauma. Results: Low quality of life was reported by 14.5% of injury survivors at 3 months and 8% at 6 years post event. The post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters that contributed most to poor perceived quality of life were numbing and arousal, the individual symptoms that contributed most were anger, hypervigilance and restricted affect. Conclusions: There was variability in the quality of life of traumatic injury survivors in the 6 years following trauma and a consistent proportion reported low quality of life. Early intervention to reduce anger, hypervigilance and restricted affect symptoms may provide a means to improving the quality of life of traumatic injury survivors.
Repair of Primary Cleft Palate and Oronasal Fistula With Acellular Dermal Matrix: A Systematic Review and Surgeon Survey
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Samargandi Osama A. , Wong Alison , Graham M. Elise , Bezuhly Michael 
Published: May 2018

Objective: The current review and survey aim to assess the effectiveness of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) in the repair of cleft palate and oronasal fistula and to evaluate the current trends of ADM use in palate surgery. Design: A systematic review of English articles was conducted using MEDLINE (1960 to July 1, 2016), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (1960 to July 1, 2016), and EMBASE (1991 to July 1, 2016). Additional studies were identified through a review of references cited in initially identified articles. Search terms included “cleft palate,” “palatal,” “oronasal fistula,” “acellular dermal matrix,” and “Alloderm®.” An online survey was disseminated to members of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association to assess current trends in ADM use in palate surgery. Study Selection: All studies evaluating the outcome of primary palate repair or repair of oronasal fistula with the use of aceullar dermal matrix products were included in the review. Results: Twelve studies met inclusion criteria for review. Studies were generally of low quality, as indicated by methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) scores ranging from 7 to 14. The pooled estimate for fistula formation after primary palatoplasty following ADM use was 7.1%. The pooled estimate for recurrence of fistula after attempted repair using ADM was 11%. Thirty-six cleft surgeons responded to the online survey study. Of these, 45% used ADM in primary cleft palate repair, while 67% used ADM for repair of oronasal fistulae. Conclusion: Use of ADM products is commonplace in palate surgery. Despite this, there is a paucity of high-quality data demonstrating benefit. Further randomized controlled trials examining ADM in palate surgery are required to help develop structured guidelines and improve care.
Fire in operating theatres: DaSH-ing to the rescue
Authors: Wilson Liam , Farooq Omer 
Published: May 2018

Operating theatres are dynamic environments that require multi professional team interactions. Effective team working is essential for efficient delivery of safe patient care. A fire in the operating theatre is a rare but potentially life threatening event for both patients and staff. A rapid and cohesive response from theatre and allied staff including porters, fire safety officer etc is paramount. We delivered a training session that utilised in situ simulation (simulation in workplace). After conducting needs analysis, learning objectives were agreed. After thorough planning, the date and location of the training session were identified. Contingency plans were put in place to ensure that patient care was not compromised at any point. To ensure success, checklists for faculty were devised and adhered to. A medium fidelity manikin with live monitoring was used. The first part of the scenario involved management of a surgical emergency by theatre staff. The second part involved management of a fire in the operating theatre while an emergency procedure was being undertaken. To achieve maximum learning potential, debriefing was provided immediately after each part of the scenario. A fire safety officer was present as a content expert. Latent errors (hidden errors in the workplace, staff knowledge etc) were identified. Malfunctioning of theatre floor windows and staff unawareness about the location of an evacuation site were some of the identified latent errors. Thorough feedback to address these issues was provided to the participants on the day. A detailed report of the training session was given to the relevant departments. This resulted in the equipment faults being rectified. The training session was a very positive experience and helped not only in improving participants’ knowledge, behaviour and confidence but also it made system and environment better equipped.
Metformin prevents nerve growth factor-dependent proliferative and proangiogenic effects in epithelial ovarian cancer cells and endothelial cells
Authors: Garrido Maritza P. , Vera Carolina , Vega Margarita , Quest Andrew F.G. , Romero Carmen 
Published: May 2018

Background: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by exacerbated angiogenesis regulated by proangiogenic and growth factors. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is overexpressed in EOC where it promotes proliferation as well as survival and is considered a proangiogenic factor. Metformin, a drug commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, is attributed to antineoplastic effects, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Given that current therapies yield modest results in EOC patients, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of metformin on NGF-enhanced proliferation of EOC cells and the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. Methods: A2780 (EOC), HOSE (human ovarian surface epithelial) and EA.hy926 (endothelial) cells were treated with NGF and metformin. Cell viability, cell proliferation and cell cycle were evaluated in all three cell lines, and the angiogenic potential in endothelial EA.hy926 cells. Results: NGF enhanced cell proliferation in A2780, HOSE and EA.hy926 cells ( p < 0.05), while metformin treatment decreased cell proliferation in A2780 and EA.hy926 cells ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the NGF-enhanced angiogenic score in EA.hy926 cells was prevented by metformin ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Given that NGF plays a significant role in EOC progression, our current findings suggest that metformin holds considerable promise as an adjuvant treatment in ovarian cancer.
Vaccine therapy in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Avigan David , Rosenblatt Jacalyn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Immune-based therapy has emerged as a paradigm shift in cancer therapy with dramatic responses observed in previously incurable disease. Cancer vaccines are being developed to disrupt tumor-associated tolerance and activate and selectively expand tumor-specific lymphocytes within the native effector cell repertoire while maintaining immune-regulatory protection against autoimmunity. Although individual antigen approaches result in immune response with a suggestion of clinical effect in some settings, broader efficacy may be dependent on presentation of multiple antigens that capture clonal diversity presented in the context of functionally potent antigen-presenting cells. The use of whole cell–based strategies such as dendritic cell/tumor fusions have yielded provocative results in single-arm studies and are currently being explored in multicenter randomized trials. The posttransplant setting is a potentially promising platform for vaccination due to cytoreduction and relative depletion of inhibitory accessory cells fostering greater immune responsiveness. Integration of these efforts with other immunotherapeutic strategies and agents that target the tumor microenvironment is being studied in an effort to generate durable immunologic responses with clinically meaningful impact on disease.