bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformational changes in Chikungunya virus E2 protein upon heparan sulfate receptor binding explain mechanism of E2–E1 dissociation during viral entry
Authors: Sahoo Bibekananda , Chowdary Tirumala Kumar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReceptor binding is the first step in viral cell entry. In enveloped virus cell entry, viral and host membrane fusion follows receptor binding. Viral surface receptor-binding protein associates with membrane fusion protein and masks its structure, to prevent pre-mature fusion activity. Dissociation of receptor-binding protein from fusion protein is an essential step before membrane fusion. Mechanism of receptor binding leading to dissociation of receptor binding and fusion protein is poorly understood in alphaviruses. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus, re-emerged as a global pathogen in recent past. CHIKV surface envelope proteins, E2 and E1, function as receptor binding and fusion protein, respectively. Site of heparan sulfate (HS) receptor binding on E2–E1 heterodimer and its effect on E2–E1 heterodimer conformation is not known. Using molecular docking, we mapped HS binding to a positively charged pocket on E2 that is structurally conserved in alphaviruses. Based on our results from docking and sequence analysis, we identified a novel HS-binding sequence motif in E2. Purified E2 binds to heparin and HS specifically through charge interactions. Binding affinity of E2 to HS is comparable with other known HS–protein interactions (Kd ∼ 1.8 μM). Mutation of charged residues in the predicted HS-binding motif of E2 to alanine resulted in reduction of HS binding. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on E2, after docking HS, predicted allosteric domain movements. Fluorescence spectroscopy, far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments on HS-bound E2 corroborate our findings from MD simulations. We propose a mechanism where receptor-binding results in allosteric domain movements in E2, explaining E2–E1 dissociation.
Carbon cycling and interior evolution of water-covered plate tectonics and stagnant-lid planets
Authors: Höning Dennis , Tosi Nicola , Spohn Tilman 
Published: June 2019

Aims. The long-term carbon cycle for planets with a surface entirely covered by oceans works differently from that of the present-day Earth because inefficient erosion leads to a strong dependence of the weathering rate on the rate of volcanism. In this paper, we investigate the long-term carbon cycle for these planets throughout their evolution.
Methods. We built box models of the long-term carbon cycle based on CO2 degassing, seafloor-weathering, metamorphic decarbonation, and ingassing and coupled them with thermal evolution models of plate tectonics and stagnant-lid planets.
Results. The assumed relationship between the seafloor-weathering rate and the atmospheric CO2 or the surface temperature strongly influences the climate evolution for both tectonic regimes. For a planet with plate tectonics, the atmospheric CO2 partial pressure is characterized by an equilibrium between ingassing and degassing and depends on the temperature gradient in subduction zones affecting the stability of carbonates. For a stagnant lid planet, partial melting and degassing are always accompanied by decarbonation, such that the combined carbon content of the crust and atmosphere increases with time. While the initial mantle temperature on planets with plate tectonics only affects the early evolution, it influences the evolution of the surface temperature of stagnant-lid planets for much longer.
Conclusions. For both tectonic regimes, mantle cooling results in a decreasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressure. For a planet with plate tectonics this is caused by an increasing fraction of subduction zones that avoid crustal decarbonation, and for stagnant-lid planets this is caused by an increasing decarbonation depth. This mechanism may partly compensate for the increase of the surface temperature due to increasing solar luminosity with time, and thereby contribute to keeping planets habitable in the long-term.
Period spacings of gravity modes in rapidly rotating magnetic stars
Authors: Prat V. , Mathis S. , Buysschaert B. , Van Beeck J. , Bowman D. M. , Aerts C. , Neiner C. 
Published: June 2019

Context.Stellar magnetic fields are often invoked to explain the missing transport of angular momentum observed in models of stellar interiors. However, the properties of an internal magnetic field and the consequences of its presence on stellar evolution are largely unknown.Aims.We study the effect of an axisymmetric internal magnetic field on the frequency of gravity modes in rapidly rotating stars to check whether gravity modes can be used to detect and probe such a field.Methods.Rotation is taken into account using the traditional approximation of rotation and the effect of the magnetic field is computed using a perturbative approach. As a proof of concept, we compute frequency shifts due to a mixed (i.e. with both poloidal and toroidal components) fossil magnetic field for a representative model of a known magnetic, rapidly rotating, slowly pulsating B-type star: HD 43317.Results.We find that frequency shifts induced by the magnetic field scale with the square of its amplitude. A magnetic field with a near-core strength of the order of 150 kG (which is consistent with the observed surface field strength of the order of 1 kG) leads to signatures that are detectable in period spacings for high-radial-order gravity modes.Conclusions.The predicted frequency shifts can be used to constrain internal magnetic fields and offer the potential for a significant step forward in our interpretation of the observed structure of gravity-mode period spacing patterns in rapidly rotating stars.
The essential elements of dust evolution
Authors: Jones A. P. , Ysard N. 
Published: June 2019

Context. There remain many open questions relating to the depletion of elements into dust, e.g., exactly how are C and O incorporated into dust in dense clouds and, in particular, what drives the disappearance of oxygen in the denser interstellar medium?
Aims. This work is, in part, an attempt to explain the apparently anomalous incorporation of O atoms into dust in dense clouds.
Methods. We re-visit the question of the depletion of the elements incorporated into the carbonaceous component of interstellar dust, i.e., C, H, O, N and S, in the light of recent analyses of the organics in comets, meteorites and interplanetary dust particles.
Results. We find that oxygen could be combined with ≈10–20 % of the carbon in the dust in dense regions in the form of a difficult to observe, organic carbonate, (−O−O>C =O), which could explain the unaccounted for 170–255 ppm oxygen depletion.
Conclusions. We conclude that, while C, O and N atoms are depleted into an amorphous a-C:H:O:N phase, we posit that a significant fraction of C and O atoms could be sequestered into an organic carbonate, which provides a viable solution to the oxygen depletion problem. Further, the thermal or photolytic decomposition of this carbonate may have a bearing on the formation of CO2 in the ISM.
High-resolution evaluation of the U5(n,f) cross section from 3 keV to 30 keV
Authors: Duran I. , Paradela C. , Caamaño M. , Cabanelas P. , Tassan-Got L. , Audouin L. 
Published: June 2019

235U neutron-induced fission cross-section is commonly used as reference for determining other isotope fission cross-section. However, below 150 keV this cross section is only included as Standard at the thermal point and recently its integral value between 7.8 eV and 11 eV [1]. The resolved resonance region, spanning up to 2.25 keV, has been reevaluated with high resolution in the last ENDF/B-VIII release [2] and a SAMMY resonance analysis was done by L. Leal et al. [3] including the CERN-nTOF experimental work of Paradela el al. [4] up to 10 keV, taken into account the IAEA Reference file.
In this work the 235U(n,f) low-background and high-resolution experimental data obtained at the CERN-nTOF facility is combined with previous high-resolution experimental data, in order to produce a very fine grid dataset with normalisation to the IAEA Reference file. The extremelyhigh energy calibration required to reproduce the resonance sharp profiles is based on the nTOF DAQ system with a resolution below 0.1% with reference to the 8.78 eV resonance and to the sharp Al(n,g) capture dip at 5.904 keV.
The comparison of the so-evaluated profile with the experimental data and with the evaluated ones will be discussed.
Die endoskopische Karpaltunnelspaltung im monoportalen Verfahren
Authors: Hessenauer Maximilian Emanuel Thomas , Horch Raymund E. 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Karpaltunnelsyndrom stellt eines der häufigsten Beschwerdebilder in der Handchirurgie dar. Therapie der Wahl ist beim neurophysiologisch gesicherten Karpaltunnelsyndrom die operative Spaltung des Retinaculum musculorum flexorum. Die minimalinvasive endoskopische Karpaltunnelspaltung kann eine verbesserte Rekonvaleszenz bei gleichzeitig hoher Patientensicherheit gegenüber klassischen offenen Verfahren vorweisen. In der vorliegenden Videopublikation stellen wir das Operationsverfahren zur Karpaltunnelspaltung im monoportalen endoskopischen Vorgehen dar. Zudem berichten wir unsere Therapieerfahrungen in über 800 Fällen.
Ablative Verfahren in der Therapie von Lebermetastasen
Authors: Schnitzbauer Andreas , Bechstein Wolf Otto , Vogl Thomas 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungWenn keine extrahepatischen Metastasen vorliegen, kann ein verbessertes Überleben mit chirurgischen und interventionellen Techniken erreicht werden. Interventionelle Techniken sind entweder definiert als perkutane oder intraoperative Laparoskopie bzw. die Anwendung von thermischer Ablation. In diesem Review konzentrieren wir uns hierbei auf die beiden etablierten Techniken der Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) und der Mikrowellenablation (MWA) zur Therapie von kolorektalen Lebermetastasen. Diese beiden Techniken erlauben eine sichere Ablation von Metastasen bis zu 3 cm Größe und haben eine niedrige Komplikationsrate. In aktuellen Leitlinien haben beide Therapien ihren Stellenwert. Im Falle von schwierig zu resezierenden Metastasen stellen sie eine gute Alternative dar. Weiterhin können sie in Kombination mit Chirurgie eingesetzt werden, um das chirurgische Trauma zu reduzieren. Bei Rezidivmetastasen kann die Durchführung einer Intervention aufgrund des operativen Traumas niedrigere Morbidität für den Patienten bedeuten. Darüber hinaus sind die interventionellen Verfahren in Kombination mit einer systemischen Therapie der alleinigen Chemotherapie überlegen.
Röntgenstrahlenexposition in der Handchirurgie durch den
OrthoScan Mini-C-Arm: eine 1-Jahres Fallserie
Authors: Hohendorff Bernd , Sauer Henning , Biber Franz , Franke Jörg , Müller Lars Peter , Ries Christian 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Mobile Röntgenbildgebungssysteme sind im Operationssaal
Standard. In der Handchirurgie haben sich Mini-C-Arme durchgesetzt. Leider wird
die Strahlenexposition durch einen Mini-C-Arm häufig verharmlost.
Methoden Während eines Jahres wurde die intraoperative Strahlenexposition
durch den OrthoScan High Definition Mini-C-Arm mit Flachbilddetektor bei allen
Operationen an der Hand und am Handgelenk, die von drei erfahrenen Handchirurgen
durchgeführt wurden, mittels Kopfband- und Fingerringdosimetern gemessen.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 213 Patienten unter Verwendung des OrthoScan
High Definition Mini-C-Arm operativ behandelt. Die von allen drei Handchirurgen
applizierte Gesamtstrahlendosis innerhalb von 12 Monaten betrug 9033,39 mGy bei
einer Gesamtstrahlungszeit von 376:38 min. Bei einem Operateur wurde während
eines Monats an beiden Fingerringdosimetern eine Strahlenexposition von jeweils
2,0 mSv nachgewiesen. Bei allen anderen Dosimetern lag die monatliche
Strahlenexposition unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze von < 0,3 mSv.
Schlussfolgerung Die Grenzwerte der jährlichen Strahlenexposition für
allgemein und beruflich exponierte Personen von 50 mSv für die Hand und 20 mSv
für die Augenlinse werden bei rund 100 Operationen/Operateur/Jahr unter
Verwendung des OrthoScan Mini-C-Arms nicht erreicht. Erst ab einer
Röntgenstrahlendosis von ca. 800–1000 mGy/Monat ist die Strahlenexposition mit
einem Fingerringdosimeter (Messbereich von 0,3 mSv–10 Sv) beim Handchirurgen
nachweisbar. Auf Grund des potentiellen Gesundheitsrisikos infolge einer
stochastischen Strahlenwirkung sollten alle möglichen Schutz- und
Verhaltensmaßnahmen konsequent befolgt werden.
Immunomodulatory Second-Line Therapies for Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Lambert Michele P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractManagement of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is complex requiring communication between patients and caregivers to establish a mutual understanding of the impact of the patient's disease on quality of life, the current symptoms and risk of morbidity/mortality and the goals of therapy. The currently available second-line therapies for ITP provide potential for management of thrombocytopenia and bleeding symptoms with medical therapy or surgical intervention potentially offering long-term remission. All therapies are associated with potential side effects and necessary monitoring or modifications/risks and careful discussion of these is necessary to determine the optimal therapy for each patient. This review covers second-line therapies for ITP and discusses the currently available information on immunomodulatory second-line treatments for ITP.
Oxidative DNA Damage and NOX4 Levels in Children with Undescended Testes
Authors: Avci Veli , Ayengin Kemal , Alp Hamit Hakan 
Published: June 2019

Background Undescended testis (UDT) is a common urological disorder. Patients with UDT have a risk of malignancy and infertility. The development of these conditions may be due to oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between these parameters by detecting oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine/106 deoxyguanosine), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4) levels in children with UDT and healthy control group.
Materials and Methods The blood samples were obtained from 30 patients with UDT and 40 healthy male subjects. The levels of oxidative DNA damage were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography method. We used commercially available kits that use enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method to measure IMA, MDA, and NOX4 levels.
Results The levels of MDA, IMA, NOX4, and oxidative DNA damage in children with UDT were statistically significantly higher than control group. In addition, we found that the levels of NOX4, IMA, and oxidative DNA damage after 12 months of age was significantly higher than before 12 months of age.
Conclusion We identified increased lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, IMA, and NOX4 levels in children with UDT. Delay in the treatment of UDT may cause oxidative damage. That is why, according to us the antioxidant treatment may be beneficial in children with UDT.
AlGaInAs/InP semiconductor lasers with an increased electron barrier
Authors: Marmalyuk A.A. , Ivanov A.V. , Kurnosov V.D. , Kurnosov K.V. , Ladugin M.A. , Lobintsov A.V. , Padalitsa A.A. , Romantsevich V.I. , Ryaboshtan Yu.L. , Sapozhnikov S.M. , Svetogorov V.N. , Simakov V.A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study of AlGaInAs/InP semiconductor lasers with different barrier layers. The use of strained layers with an increased band gap as blocking barriers limiting carrier leakage is shown to increase the output power of the lasers at a given pump current.
Effect of Cd content in barriers on the threshold energy of Auger recombination in waveguide structures with HgTe/CdxHg1 – xTe quantum wells, emitting at a wavelength of 18 μm
Authors: Fadeev M.A. , Dubinov A.A. , Aleshkin V.Ya. , Rumyantsev V.V. , Utochkin V.V. , Gavrilenko V.I. , Teppe F. , Hübers H.-W. , Mikhailov N.N. , Dvoretskii S.A. , Morozov S.V. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The threshold energy of Auger recombination in HgTe/Cd
x
Hg1 – x
Te heterostructures with quantum wells (QWs) is analysed numerically for different compositions of the solid solution in barriers. It is demonstrated that the threshold energy depends nonmonotonically on the cadmium content in barriers and reaches a maximum at x ∼0.6 – 0.7. A comparison of the results of numerical calculations with experimental data on the temperature quenching of stimulated emission in a Cd0.1Hg0.9Te/Cd0.65Hg0.35Te structure gives grounds to expect a more than twofold increase in the quenching temperature of stimulated emission in structures with pure HgTe QWs and barriers with a high (∼0.6) cadmium content.
Present tense verb morphology of Spanish HL and L2 children in dual immersion
Authors: Fernández-Dobao Ana , Herschensohn Julia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe provide a snapshot of childhood morphology development in our investigation of two profiles of bilinguals (age 9–10) in an English-Spanish dual immersion academic setting: Spanish heritage language (SHL,n = 21) and second language (SL2,n = 41) children. Three tasks were given to the 62 bilinguals and 15 age-matched controls (Spanish first language, SL1): oral comprehension of 20 singular-plural present verbs, written sentence production of 10 similar verbs, and a meaning-focused writing task. SHL children were comparable to controls in production of number agreement, and showed no asymmetry between comprehension and production. SL2 learners showed lower accuracy than both SHL and SL1 children. A similar pattern was observed when person agreement and tense, aspect, mood and vowel errors were considered. The most common error among SHL and SL2 children was overregularization of stem vowels, a typical developmental error. The Feature Reassembly model of grammar can accommodate the range of possibilities represented by the data we present.
Differential cellular contractility as a mechanism for stiffness sensing
Authors: Dunlop Carina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their environments is fundamental to a range of cellular behaviours, with substrate stiffness increasingly being found to be a key signalling factor. Although active contractility of the cytoskeleton is clearly necessary for stiffness sensing in cells, the physical mechanisms connecting contractility with mechanosensing and molecular conformational change are not well understood. Here we present a contractility-driven mechanism for linking changes in substrate stiffness with internal conformational changes. Cellular contractility is often assumed to imply an associated compressive strain. We show, however, that where the contractility is non-uniform, localized areas of internal stretch can be generated as stiffer substrates are encountered. This suggests a physical mechanism for the stretch-activation of mechanotransductive molecules on stiffer substrates. Importantly, the areas of internal stretch occur deep within the cell and not near the cellular perimeter, which region is more traditionally associated with stiffness sensing through e.g. focal adhesions. This supports recent experimental results on whole-cell mechanically-driven mechanotransduction. Considering cellular shape we show that aspect ratio acts as an additional control parameter, so that the onset of positive strain moves to higher stiffness values in elliptical cells.
Synthesis, properties, and applications of large-scale two-dimensional materials by polymer-assisted deposition
Authors: Ren Hongtao , Liu Yachao , Zhang Lei , Liu Kai 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted considerable attention because of their novel and tunable electronic, optical, ferromagnetic, and chemical properties. Compared to mechanical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition, polymer-assisted deposition (PAD) is more suitable for mass production of 2D materials owing to its good reproducibility and reliability. In this review, we summarize the recent development of PAD on syntheses of 2D materials. First, we introduce principles and processing steps of PAD. Second, 2D materials, including graphene, MoS2, and MoS2/glassy-graphene heterostructures, are presented to illustrate the power of PAD and provide readers with the opportunity to assess the method. Last, we discuss the future prospects and challenges in this research field. This review provides a novel technique for preparing 2D layered materials and may inspire new applications of 2D layered materials.
Bilayer tellurene–metal interfaces
Authors: Pang Hua , Yan Jiahuan , Yang Jie , Liu Shiqi , Pan Yuanyuan , Zhang Xiuying , Shi Bowen , Tang Hao , Yang Jinbo , Liu Qihang , Xu Lianqiang , Wang Yangyang , Lv Jing 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Tellurene, an emerging two-dimensional chain-like semiconductor, stands out for its high switch ratio, carrier mobility and excellent stability in air. Directly contacting the 2D semiconductor materials with metal electrodes is a feasible doping means to inject carriers. However, Schottky barrier often arises at the metal–semiconductors interface, impeding the transport of carriers. Herein, we investigate the interfacial properties of BL tellurene by contacting with various metals including graphene by using ab initio calculations and quantum transport simulations. Vertical Schottky barriers take place in Ag, Al, Au and Cu electrodes according to the maintenance of the noncontact tellurene layer band structure. Besides, a p-type vertical Schottky contact is formed due to the van der Waals interaction for graphene electrode. As for the lateral direction, p-type Schottky contacts take shape for bulk metal electrodes (hole Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) ranging from 0.19 to 0.35 eV). Strong Fermi level pinning takes place with a pinning factor of 0.02. Notably, a desirable p-type quasi-Ohmic contact is developed for graphene electrode with a hole SBH of 0.08 eV. Our work sheds light on the interfacial properties of BL tellurene based transistors and could guide the experimental selections on electrodes.
Substrates and interlayer coupling effects on Mo1−xWxSe2 alloys
Authors: Liang Fang , Xu Hejun , Dong Zuoyuan , Xie Yafeng , Luo Chen , Xia Yin , Zhang Jian , Wang Jun , Wu Xing 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides alloys are potential materials in the application of photodetectors over a wide spectral range due to their composition-dependent bandgaps. The study of bandgap engineering is important for the application of 2D materials in devices. Here, we grow the Mo1−x
W
x
Se2 alloys on mica, sapphire and SiO2/Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Mo1−x
W
x
Se2 alloys are grown on the mica substrates by CVD method for the first time. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy is used to investigate the effects of substrates and interlayer coupling force on the optical bandgaps of as-grown Mo1−x
W
x
Se2 alloys. We find that the substrates used in this work have an ignorable effect on the optical bandgaps of as-grown Mo1−x
W
x
Se2. The interlayer coupling effect on the optical bandgaps of as-grown Mo1−x
W
x
Se2 is larger than the substrates effect. These findings provide a new way for the future study of the growth and physical properties of 2D alloy materials.