bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building HIV Workforce Capacity Through a Residency Pathway: Outcomes and Challenges
Authors: Budak Jehan Z , Volkman Kathleen , Wood Brian R , Dhanireddy Shireesha 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
To help address the impending HIV physician shortage, we launched an HIV Medicine Pathway within our Internal Medicine Residency in 2008. Between 2015 and 2017, surveys showed a decrease in the number of graduates providing primary care for people living with HIV. We suggest evaluation of long-term outcomes from similar training programs and stronger support for HIV primary care career development.
The Behavioral Science of Firearms
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , Wechsler Hayley , Cramer Robert J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The authors present the most relevant factors and considerations involved in the intersection between behavioral science and firearms. The intent is to provide a comprehensive review of these issues in the context of the professional literatures in these areas and to serve as an informational and educational source for a wide range of readers and as a reference text for practitioners, institutional and law enforcement personnel, legislators, and academicians and students in fields such as psychology, criminal justice, and public health. Concepts are presented using a best-practices model that encourages and promotes empirically supported practice, research, policy, and overall decision-making. This book is distinct from all others published in this area, given its inclusion and integration of the following: (1) a focus on the behavioral science of firearm-related matters; (2) review of the professional literatures and case law/legal statutes, particularly as related to firearm development and use, laws, regulations, violence, suicide, and safety; (3) considerations and information from various relevant areas: psychology, sociology, criminal justice, law, and others specific to the general public (e.g., media); (4) presentation of a framework for the assessment of civilians seeking firearms permits, reinstatement of their firearms subsequent to revocation, and considerations for relevant others, such as military, law enforcement and corrections personnel, and security and armed guards; (5) issues related to treatment and self-care in the context of firearm use and ownership; (6) a focus on how the principles and empirical knowledge within behavioral science can inform and improve firearm-related policy, practice, and research.
Mental Health
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of diagnosable psychiatric disorders, their symptoms, and examples of current theoretical and empirical thought underlying these conditions. In providing a primer concerning mental health, they first review the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), with respect to how psychopathology is defined and the nature of the diagnostic system. They then shift to definitions, key examples, and example theories for (i) clinical disorders (e.g., depressive and anxiety disorders), (ii) personality disorders (with an emphasis on borderline and antisocial personality disorders), and (iii) substance use disorders. While this chapter draws heavily from the DSM-5, such is done primarily for educational and illustrative purposes within the broader context of discussing key issues related to the behavioral science of firearms.
Suicide
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors cover suicide, both generally and more specifically related to firearms. First, they review suicide-related terminology and definitions. Understanding suicide is critically important, especially when considering the professions that interact with potentially suicidal persons with access to firearms, including civilians as well as law enforcement and military personnel. Second, grounded in the best available data concerning and research associated with suicide, the authors provide an overview of various theoretical perspectives as to why people die by suicide and present key risk and protective factors in this regard. In this context, they review firearm-related suicide statistics, risk and protective factors, and relevant laws and critique the limitations of available data and policies. They also outline considerations related to suicide risk assessment, management, and prevention. Finally, they provide various case examples of firearm-related suicides to highlight the need to develop best practices concerning suicide risk and firearm safety.
Evaluation
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors address evaluations across settings and contexts, such as mental health screenings conducted in community, outpatient, and inpatient settings, with particular attention to the considerations necessary for evaluators, including the need to develop and maintain firearm-specific and cultural competence. They present considerations associated with seven firearm-related subcultures that medical and mental health practitioners are likely to encounter with some regularity. They also speak to the importance of researchers, academics, and students developing such competence. They outline the concept of forensic mental health assessment and demonstrate how certain firearm-specific evaluations are a type of this. They provide considerations related to evaluating civilians applying for firearm permits and those seeking reinstatement of gun rights in forfeiture matters. They review the various models of risk assessment and a firearm-specific framework for conducting these evaluations: the Pirelli Firearm-10. Considerations for law enforcement and related professions are also presented.
Treatment
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter is the second part of the section of the book pertaining to the emerging roles of medical and mental health professionals in firearm-related matters. In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of therapeutic interventions, including outlining considerations in the following areas: (i) psychology as a science; (ii) contemporary treatment modalities, such as psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, and dialectical behavioral therapy approaches, among others; (iii) treatment for violence risk and violent offenders; (iv) treatment for victims of violence and domestic violence; (v) treatment for risk of suicide and self-harm; and (vi) youth interventions. The authors also address general considerations for health and wellness, firearm safety, barriers to treatment and restoration of gun rights, and vicarious trauma and self-care for practitioners.
The Pornometric Gospel
Authors: Forster Chris 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The chapter argues that the aesthetic ideology and justification of the centrality of the female nude in art was affected by the widespread circulation of cheap reproductions of nudes (in Salon catalogs or on postcards). While the genre of the nude was central to art, and the training of artists, this value was undermined by the widespread availability of “pornographic” nudes. This chapter traces the response to this altered condition in the work of two artists: Walter Sickert and Wyndham Lewis. Sickert’s Camden Town nudes attempt to recuperate the nude for art through a gritty realism. Wyndham Lewis’s novel Tarr, however, rejects the nude as a subject for art entirely and develops an entire aesthetics predicated on the rejection of the naked body as an appropriate subject for art. The author traces this rejection to the changed status of the nude in an era of mechanically reproduced images.
Where Are We and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Iversen Leslie 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Cannabis research is flourishing despite the difficulties that scientists have in accessing high-quality cannabis. However, many questions remain: Can new medicines be discovered and developed based on the current knowledge of the biosynthesis, actions, and inactivation of endocannabinoids? Can genetic screening identify people who are particularly susceptible to cannabis use disorder and possibly to psychosis? Can researchers pinpoint in more detail how endocannabinoids modulate neural activity and how they change on exposure to stress? Scientific research will tackle all these questions and more in the coming decades. This chapter presents a broad view of the case for medical cannabis, along with some cautions. The case for the legalization of cannabis as a recreational drug is also presented.
Can This Be Art?
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
While philosophers have tried to define art by necessary and sufficient features, this effort has failed. Art is a socially constructed, open concept that eludes formal definition. While art cannot be tightly defined, we can loosely define art by listing possible characteristics of works of art—recognizing that this list must remain an open one. We may not be able define art, but philosophers and psychologists together have revealed the difference between observing something with or without an aesthetic attitude. While any artifact may be used as a work of art, we respond differently to that artifact when we believe it is was created intentionally as a work of art rather than a non-art artifact. We adopt an aesthetic attitude, paying attention to the surface form and the expressive properties of the object. This conclusion is consistent with Kant’s idea of the aesthetic attitude being a form of disinterested contemplation.
Silver Bullets
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Just as we often hear the unsupported claim that any kid could have made a work of abstract expressionism, we also often hear the claim (equally unsupported) that arts education makes our kids smarter. This is a claim about alleged transfer of learning from the arts to a non-arts outcome. Arts-infused schools, it is said, will raise academic achievement and standardized test scores. Music lessons will raise a child’s IQ. Research discussed here tests these claims, showing that they are unsubstantiated. We will have to look elsewhere for the value of an arts education. The more likely outcomes of quality arts education are not IQ and test score improvements but rather broad habits of mind—learning to observe closely, learning to envision, learning to explore and learn from mistakes, learning to stick with something over time, and developing the habits of critique and evaluation and reflection on one’s process.
Bahrain Anno 2017: Peace or Regime-Change?
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Transitional justice addresses conflicts and their resolution with the use of a conceptual and normative apparatus that captures, clarifies and, wherever possible, corrects failed states. These undermine values that derive from humanity, the conditio sine qua non for social cohesiveness. Notwithstanding, the six-year anniversary of the 2011 civil unrest in Bahrain is a reminder of the fact that post-conflict success—which entails compliance with the United Nations rule of law standards—is still a contentious issue. Thus, the national rulers’ interest in maintaining the system may continue to compete with the international stake in legitimate statehood without thereby compelling those in power to consider the constituency that primarily depends upon them for their freedom and welfare: the majority of people in Bahrain. Logically, system-conservation requires peace. Ethically, peace is problematic for the same reason. This accentuates the need for change, especially since (so-called) conflict-resolution has resulted in strict(er) law-and-order measures.
Introductory Note
Authors: Treves Tullio 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The only judgment handed out by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in 2016 concerns the preliminary objections raised by Italy in the M/V Norstar case between Panama and Italy. The judgment of 4 November 2016 rejects all these objections. The case concerned the seizure of a Panama-flagged vessel in a Spanish port, upon request of the Italian authorities in connection with criminal proceedings pending in Italy. The Tribunal found that jurisdiction could be based on Articles 87 and 300 of UNCLOS which, in its view, were “relevant” in the case. Interesting remarks in the judgment concern the notion of international dispute, the “indispensable third party” and exhaustion of local remedies.
The Construction of a Humanized International Law
Authors: Augusto Antônio , Trindade Cançado 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The new jus gentium of our times is centred on the human person, and has much advanced on humanist grounds. The general principles of law form the substratum of the legal order itself. Of great significance is the direct access of individuals to international justice nowadays. The recent cycle of UN World Conferences has, as a common denominator, the particular attention to the conditions of life and needs of protection of human beings. There has been a reassuring gradual expansion of the material content of jus cogens. International jurisprudence has evolved in pursuance of humanist thinking, in the line of jusnaturalism.
The Trojan War and the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter looks at Israeli productions of classical tragedies between 1970 and 1985, against the backdrop of four wars: the Six Day War (1967), the War of Attrition (1967–70), the Yom Kippur War (1973), and the First Lebanon War (1982–5). The tragedies in question recount two fateful and bloody wars of antiquity: the second Persian offensive against Greece (480–479 bce) which serves as the background to Aeschylusʼ The Persians (472 bce), and the Trojan War—the prehistoric battle immortalized by Homer in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and in the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Analysing the Israeli performances, the chapter discusses the theatrical means through which the audiences were encouraged to criticize the hubris of the attackers and pity the sufferings of the victims.
Nissim Aloni
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the theatrical works of the Israeli author, translator, playwright, and director Nissim Aloni, who was the first Israeli director to draw upon ancient Greek myths, classical Greek drama, and the Western theatrical tradition to produce contemporary Israel plays and performances. The sense of foreignness and unfamiliarity evoked by Modernist plays magnified his own sense that—as a Jew, an Israeli, and a product of the twentieth century—he was not part of that long tradition. He therefore sought, in his plays, to bridge gaps, to bring together ancient and new myths, and to build the foundations of a modern Israeli theatre. This discussion focuses in particular on Aloni’s adoption of the dramatic template of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus, and on his attempts to incorporate it into his plots as he sought to create dramatic figures that grapple with their destiny and search for their identity.
The Classical Tradition in University Theatre
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter surveys the history of classical Greek drama productions at the Department of Theatre Arts of Tel Aviv University as the basis for an exploration of the issue of theatre and art education. By analysing the students’ approach to classical Greek drama, we can see how they deal with the interpretative reading, translation, and performance of such texts on stage. We also see how the ancient works invite the students to delve more deeply into their distinctive content and forms; to draw links between theory and practice, and between text and context; to gain a deeper understanding of the issues of style and styling; and to engage in a richer experimentation with various aspects of stage performance—such as pronunciation, diction, voice, movement, music, and mise-en-scène.
Pre-Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Paradoxical as it may seem, memory can pre-date history, and even more surprisingly, forgetting can precede remembering. Historical events are perceived through the ‘prememory’ of reference to memories of previous events. Moreover, concerns of being forgotten, though often unnoticed, can be raised in advance of the unravelling of historical events and their remembrance. The subtle dynamics of this ‘pre-forgetting’, which are embedded into the very earliest stage of memory formation, are demonstrated through an examination of the case of the republican protomartyr William Orr. Remembrance of his trial and execution, in advance of the 1798 rebellion, offered a template for subsequent remembrance of the United Irishmen. Periodic calls to ‘Remember Orr’ were perforated with anxieties of forgetting that sustained forgetful remembrance.
The Generation of Forgetting
Authors: Beiner Guy 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Social forgetting is generated through discreet processing of traumatic historical experiences that cannot be expressed in official representations of public memory. Following the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, former rebels could not be openly memorialised. Epitaphs on graves of United Irishmen were deliberately obscured. Both Catholics and Protestants were unwilling to put their recollections of the rebellion on record. Local memories were noted in travel literature and vernacular poetry offered a medium of remembrance that was less noticeable to outsiders. However, cultural memory can be misleading. Literary representations in historical fiction contributed to social forgetting by covering up less savoury aspects of the rebellion. Towards the end of their lives, elderly members of the generation that had witnessed the events experienced ‘post-memory angst’ and shared with dedicated collectors of historical traditions their memories, which had been shaped through practices of concealment and were full of hesitations.
New Industrial Policy and the Extractive Industries
Authors: Dietsche Evelyn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Industrial policy is back. Advocates for industrial policy argue that the important question is not whether such policies should be applied at all, but how to design and implement them. This chapter explores the new debate on industrial policy in relation to the extractive industries and the extractives-led development agenda. First, there is the argument that host countries should reduce their dependence on the extractive resources sector and diversify their economies. But there is little consensus over how countries should go about this. Second, the universal climate agreement reached at the Paris COP21 in November 2015 mandates that all economies have to move towards more sustainable and resource-efficient growth, with (green) industrial policy playing a critical part in achieving this structural transformation. Third, the liberal capitalist system underpinning the current global economy is under pressure with some political forces now making the case for more inward-looking economic policies and protectionism.
The Macroeconomic Management of Natural Resources
Authors: Henstridge Mark , Roe Alan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Managing natural resource wealth requires accommodating very large increases in investment, production, exports, and government revenues within the economy of the host country, and setting appropriate macroeconomic policies—especially fiscal, monetary, and exchange-rate policies—both to prevent resource wealth from destabilizing the economy and to ensure that its potential for economic development is maximized. This chapter focuses on the complexity of decision-making and policy on the unusual characteristics of the macroeconomic flows of the extractives sector: (i) foreign direct investment, production, exports, and revenues are often large; (ii) for each project there is a strong degree of uniformity in the sequence of activity from discovery through development to production; (iii) the non-renewable resource is finite, and so are the revenues; (iv) commodity prices are often volatile, hence public revenues can be also volatile.
Regulatory Structures and Challenges to Developmental Extractives
Authors: Aubynn Toni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Ghana’s large natural resource endowment of various minerals as well as oil is well known. The country has been mining gold for over a century, ranking second in production in Africa, and has also undergone regulatory transformations resulting in significant improvement in the mining sector. This chapter seeks to share the experience of a regulator and offers some perspectives on the purpose, content, and challenges of the practical regulation of an extractives sector in a lower-middle-income economy. The chapter looks at both the design and content of a regulatory system and throws light on the practical challenges (technical and political) of implementation. In light of the increasing allure of resource nationalism in recent times, the chapter also takes a brief navigation into the manner in which relationships are established and maintained by the regulatory bodies with both large multinational and small artisanal mining operations.
The Taxation of Extractive Industries
Authors: Otto James M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The emphasis of this chapter is on how mines are taxed, not on how tax revenues should be used. However, it is noted that one of the influencing factors that drives fiscal system policy evolution is the issue of whether subnational governments should have additional taxing power or be given special revenue dispensation. It is the author’s experience that devolving additional tax power to subnational governments is often not possible because of constitutional constraints or because central authorities wish to maintain control. The chapter provides an introduction to the various taxation approaches applied to the mining sector and it includes a description of the principal tax types and investment tax incentives. The author concludes that when devising mineral sector fiscal systems governments should carefully assess their fiscal options using a holistic approach that anticipates commodity price cycles, and that mining companies should anticipate fiscal system changes.
Doubling Down
Authors: Heller Patrick R. P. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Many governments have successfully employed state-owned enterprises to exert state control over their oil and gas sectors and capture a larger share of rewards from the industry. However, relying heavily on a national oil company requires adapting to certain challenges for the management of the oil sector and governance of the broader economy. This chapter argues that governments should base decisions concerning the role of a national oil company on a careful assessment of the size of the potential rewards and the state’s tolerance for associated risks. It then examines the most important risk mitigation techniques that governments have used to increase the likelihood that their national oil companies will deliver strong economic returns and remain accountable to citizens.