bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and drivers of peat topographic changes determined from Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry at field plot and laboratory scales
Authors: Li Changjia , Grayson Richard , Smith Mark , Holden Joseph 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLittle is known about the spatial and temporal variability of peat erosion nor some of its topographic and weather‐related drivers. We present field and laboratory observations of peat erosion using Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Over a 12 month period, 11 repeated SfM surveys were conducted on four geomorphological sites of 18–28 m2 (peat hagg, gully wall, riparian area and gully head) in a blanket peatland in northern England. A net topographic change of –14 to +30 mm yr–1 for the four sites was observed during the whole monitoring period. Cold conditions in the winter of 2016 resulted in highly variable volume change (net surface topographic rise first and lowering afterwards) via freeze–thaw processes. Long periods of dry conditions in the summer of 2017 led to desiccation and drying and cracking of the peat surface and a corresponding surface lowering. Topographic changes were mainly observed over short‐term intervals when intense rainfall, flow wash, needle‐ice production or surface desiccation was observed. In the laboratory, we applied rainfall simulations on peat blocks and compared the peat losses quantified by traditional sediment flux measurements with SfM derived topographic data. The magnitude of topographic change determined by SfM (mean value: 0.7 mm, SD: 4.3 mm) was very different to the areal average determined by the sediment yield from the blocks (mean value: –0.1 mm, SD: 0.1 mm). Topographic controls on spatial patterns of topographic change were illustrated from both field and laboratory surveys. Roughness was positively correlated to positive topographic change and was negatively correlated to negative topographic change at field plot scale and laboratory macroscale. Overall, the importance of event‐scale change and the direct relationship between surface roughness and the rate of topographic change are important characteristics which we suggest are generalizable to other environments. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating sand concentrations using ADCP‐based acoustic inversion in a large fluvial system characterized by bi‐modal suspended‐sediment distributions
Authors: Szupiany Ricardo N. , Lopez Weibel Cecilia , Guerrero Massimo , Latosinski Francisco , Wood Molly , Dominguez Ruben Lucas , Oberg Kevin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractQuantifying sediment flux within rivers is a challenge for many disciplines due, mainly, to difficulties inherent to traditional sediment sampling methods. These methods are operationally complex, high cost, and high risk. Additionally, the resulting data provide a low spatial and temporal resolution estimate of the total sediment flux, which has impeded advances in the understanding of the hydro‐geomorphic characteristics of rivers. Acoustic technologies have been recognized as a leading tool for increasing the resolution of sediment data by relating their echo intensity level measurements to suspended sediment. Further effort is required to robustly test and develop these techniques across a wide range of conditions found in natural river systems. This article aims to evaluate the application of acoustic inversion techniques using commercially available, down‐looking acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) in quantifying suspended sediment in a large sand bed river with varying bi‐modal particle size distributions, wash load and suspended‐sand ratios, and water stages. To achieve this objective, suspended sediment was physically sampled along the Paraná River, Argentina, under various hydro‐sedimentological regimes. Two ADCPs emitting different sound frequencies were used to simultaneously profile echo intensity level within the water column. Using the sonar equation, calibrations were determined between suspended‐sand concentrations and acoustic backscatter to solve the inverse problem. The study also analyzed the roles played by each term of the sonar equation, such as ADCP frequency, power supply, instrument constants, and particle size distributions typically found in sand bed rivers, on sediment attenuation and backscatter. Calibrations were successfully developed between corrected backscatter and suspended‐sand concentrations for all sites and ADCP frequencies, resulting in mean suspended‐sand concentration estimates within about 40% of the mean sampled concentrations. Noise values, calculated using the sonar equation and sediment sample characteristics, were fairly constant across evaluations, suggesting that they could be applied to other sand bed rivers. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of some quality parameters of cassava starch and soy protein isolate matrices during deep fat frying in soybean oil
Authors: Omidiran Adebukola T. , Sobukola Olajide P. , Sanni Silifat A. , Sanni Lateef O. , Adebowale Abdulrasaq A. , Shajobi Adebola O. , Kulakow Peter 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSnack industry is recently focused on the production of snacks with minimal oil content and enhanced quality attributes which prompted the need to study the changes in snack matrices produced from cassava starch processed from three varieties of cassava roots (TMS‐950289, TME‐419, and TMS‐30572) and soy protein isolate blends fried in soybean oil. Effect of frying temperature (170–180°C), frying time (2–4 min), soy protein isolate inclusion level (5%–15%) on proximate composition, color changes, expansion, texture, and sensory attributes of the snacks was investigated. Optimization of process variables was carried out based on a factorial design (2 level by 3 factor) in the Design Expert version 6.0.8, and models were generated showing the relationship between the independent variables and the responses. The desired goal for each constraint (processing conditions) was kept within 170–180°C for 2–4 min, while all responses, except chewiness, expansion, yellowness, and protein, were set at minimum. Evaluation of sensory attributes of the optimized sample was carried out to determine its level of desirability. The optimized frying conditions for matrices produced from starches of TMS‐950289 are 170°C/4 min/5% SPI with desirability value of 0.507; from TME‐419 are 180°C/2 min/5% SPI with desirability value of 0.475 while for those from TMS‐30572 are 170°C/4 min/15% SPI with desirability value of 0.459. At higher SPI level, the protein content was high at 170°C. At 4 min frying time for all the varieties, the moisture content reduces. The most desired optimized fried snack produced from starch of TMS‐30572 (containing 15% SPI) had higher crispness and lower oil content than other optimized fried snacks.
Neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints can occur without cellular priming
Authors: Björkman Lena , Christenson Karin , Davidsson Lisa , Mårtensson Jonas , Amirbeagi Firoozeh , Welin Amanda , Forsman Huamei , Karlsson Anna , Dahlgren Claes , Bylund Johan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Recruitment of neutrophils from blood to tissues is a cardinal event in inflammation during which neutrophils switch from a resting, naive state to a preactivated, primed phenotype; the priming process is characterized by alterations in the composition of cell surface adhesins, for example, shedding of l-selectin and mobilization of granule-stored integrins to the cell surface. Ligation of chemotactic receptors and interactions with the endothelial lining are established triggers of neutrophil priming and in line with this, in vivo transmigrated neutrophils obtained from tissues are typically highly primed. We here characterize the priming of neutrophils brought about by in vivo recruitment from blood to inflamed joints by the analyses of synovial fluid and blood from patients with inflammatory arthritis. For comparisons, we used controlled in vivo models of neutrophil transmigration to skin of healthy subjects. In contrast to the residing view and in vivo transmigrated neutrophils from skin models, neutrophils from synovial fluid were often surprisingly resting and phenotypically very similar to naive cells isolated from peripheral blood; synovial fluid cells often retained l-selectin and had undergone minimal up-regulation of integrin receptors. In complete agreement with our in vivo findings, cell-free synovial fluid was potently chemotactic without triggering alteration of surface receptors also in vitro. We conclude that tissue recruitment of neutrophils does not by default trigger l-selectin shedding and granule mobilization, and the chemoattractant(s) guiding neutrophils to synovial fluid apparently operate without inducing cellular priming.
Malaria, anemia, and invasive bacterial disease: A neutrophil problem?
Authors: Mooney Jason P , Galloway Lauren J , Riley Eleanor M 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Invasive bacterial disease is well described in immunocompromised hosts, including those with malaria infection. One bacterial infection frequently observed in children with Plasmodium falciparum infection is nontyphoidal salmonella (NTS) infection, in which a typically intestinal infection becomes systemic with serious, often fatal, consequences. In this review, we consider the role of malaria-induced immunoregulatory responses in tipping the balance from tissue homeostasis during malaria infection to risk of invasive NTS. Also, neutrophils are crucial in the clearance of NTS but their ability to mount an oxidative burst and kill intracellular Salmonella is severely compromised during, and for some time after, an acute malaria infection. Here, we summarize the evidence linking malaria and invasive NTS infections; describe the role of neutrophils in clearing NTS infections; review evidence for neutrophil dysfunction in malaria infections; and explore roles of heme oxygenase-1, IL-10, and complement in mediating this dysfunction. Finally, given the epidemiological evidence that low density, subclinical malaria infections pose a risk for invasive NTS infections, we consider whether the high prevalence of such infections might underlie the very high incidence of invasive bacterial disease across much of sub-Saharan Africa.
The impact of digging on the evolution of the rodent mandible
Authors: McIntosh Andrew F. , Cox Philip G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere are two main (but not mutually exclusive) methods by which subterranean rodents construct burrows: chisel‐tooth digging, where large incisors are used to dig through soil; and scratch digging, where forelimbs and claws are used to dig instead of incisors. A previous study by the authors showed that upper incisors of chisel‐tooth diggers were better adapted to dig but the overall cranial morphology within the rodent sample was not significantly different. This study analyzed the lower incisors and mandibles of the specimens used in the previous study to show the impact of chisel‐tooth digging on the rodent mandible. We compared lower incisors and mandibular shape of chisel‐tooth digging rodents with nonchisel‐tooth digging rodents to see if there were morphological differences between the two groups. The shape of incisors was quantified using incisor radius of curvature and second moment of area (SMA). Mandibular shape was quantified using landmark based geometric morphometrics. We found that lower incisor shape was strongly influenced by digging group using a Generalized Phylogenetic ancova (analysis of covariance). A phylogenetic Procrustes anova (analysis of variance) showed that mandibular shape of chisel‐tooth digging rodents was also significantly different from nonchisel‐tooth digging rodents. The phylogenetic signal of incisor radius of curvature was weak, whereas that of incisor SMA and mandibular shape was significant. This is despite the analyses revealing significant differences in the shape of both mandibles and incisors between digging groups. In conclusion, we showed that although the mandible and incisor of rodents are influenced by function, there is also a degree of phylogenetic affinity that shapes the rodent mandibular apparatus.
Hypoxia‐induced developmental plasticity of larval growth, gill and labyrinth organ morphometrics in two anabantoid fish: The facultative air‐breather Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the obligate air‐breather the blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus)
Authors: Mendez‐Sanchez Jose Fernando , Burggren Warren W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLarval and juvenile air breathing fish may experience nocturnal and/or seasonal aquatic hypoxia. Yet, whether hypoxia induces respiratory developmental plasticity in larval air breathing fish is uncertain. This study predicted that larvae of two closely related anabantid fish—the facultative air breather the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) and the obligate air breathing blue gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus)—show distinct differences in developmental changes in body, gill, and labyrinth morphology because of their differences in levels of dependency upon air breathing and habitat. Larval populations of both species were reared in normoxia or chronic nocturnal hypoxia from hatching through 35–38 days postfertilization. Gill and labyrinth variables were measured at the onset of air breathing. Betta splendens reared in normoxia possessed larger, more developed gills (~3× greater area) than T. trichopterus at comparable stages. Surface area of the emerging labyrinth, the air breathing organ, was ~ 85% larger in normoxic B. splendens compared to T. trichopterus. Rearing in mild hypoxia stimulated body growth in B. splendens, but neither mild nor severe hypoxia affected growth in T. trichopterus. Condition factor, K (~ 1.3 in B. splendens, 0.7 in T. trichopterus) was unaffected by mild hypoxia in either species, but was reduced by severe hypoxia to <0.9 only in B. splendens. Severe, but not mild, hypoxia decreased branchial surface area in B. splendens by ~40%, but neither hypoxia level affected Trichopodus branchial surface. Mild, but not severe, hypoxia increased labyrinth surface area by 30% in B. splendens. However, as for branchial surface area, labyrinth surface area was not affected in Trichopodus. These differential larval responses to hypoxic rearing suggest that different larval habitats and activity levels are greater factors influencing developmental plasticity than genetic closeness of the two species.
Value of fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery MRI data analyzed by the lesion segmentation toolbox in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Wirth Anna M. , Johannesen Siw , Khomenko Andrei , Baldaranov Dobri , Bruun Tim‐Henrik , Wendl Christina , Schuierer Gerhard , Greenlee Mark W. , Bogdahn Ulrich 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundMRI fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) studies reported hyperintensity in the corticospinal tract and corpus callosum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).PurposeTo evaluate the lesion segmentation toolbox (LST) for the objective quantification of FLAIR lesions in ALS patients.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationTwenty‐eight ALS patients (eight females, mean age: 50 range: 24–73, mean ALSFRS‐R sum score: 36) were compared with 31 age‐matched healthy controls (12 females, mean age: 45, range: 25–67). ALS patients were treated with riluzole and additional G‐CSF (granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor) on a named patient basis.Field Strength/Sequence1.5 T, FLAIR, T1‐weighted MRI.AssessmentThe lesion prediction algorithm (LPA) of the LST enabled the extraction of individual binary lesion maps, total lesion volume (TLV), and number (TLN). Location and overlap of FLAIR lesions across patients were investigated by registration to FLAIR average space and an atlas. ALS‐specific functional rating scale revised (ALSFRS‐R), disease progression, and survival since diagnosis served as clinical correlates.Statistical TestsUnivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), repeated‐measures ANOVA, t‐test, Bravais‐Pearson correlation, Chi‐square test of independence, Kaplan–Meier analysis, Cox‐regression analysis.ResultsBoth ALS patients and healthy controls exhibited FLAIR alterations. TLN significantly depended on age (F(1,54) = 24.659, P < 0.001) and sex (F(1,54) = 5.720, P = 0.020). ALS patients showed higher TLN than healthy controls depending on sex (F(1, 54) = 5.076, P = 0.028). FLAIR lesions were small and most pronounced in male ALS patients. FLAIR alterations were predominantly detected in the superior and posterior corona radiata, anterior capsula interna, and posterior thalamic radiation. Patients with pyramidal tract (PT) lesions exhibited significantly inferior survival than patients without PT lesions (P = 0.013). Covariate age exhibited strong prognostic value for survival (P = 0.015).Data ConclusionLST enables the objective quantification of FLAIR alterations and is a potential prognostic biomarker for ALS.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:552–559.
Spatiotemporal variations of magnetic susceptibility in the deep gray matter nuclei from 1 month to 6 years: A quantitative susceptibility mapping study
Authors: Ning Ning , Liu Congcong , Wu Peng , Hu Yajie , Zhang Weishan , Zhang Lei , Li Mengxuan , Gho Sung‐Min , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Guo Hua , Yang Jian , Jin Chao 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundQuantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) is emerging as a technique that quantifies the paramagnetic nonheme iron in brain tissue. Brain iron quantification during early development provides insights into the underlying mechanism of brain maturation.PurposeTo quantify the spatiotemporal variations of brain iron‐related magnetic susceptibility in deep gray matter nuclei during early development by using QSM.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsEighty‐seven infants and children aged 1 month to 6 years.Field Strength/SequenceEnhanced T2*‐weighted angiography using a 3D gradient‐echo sequence at 3.0T.AssessmentQSM was calculated by modified sophisticated harmonic artifact reduction for phase data and sparse linear equations and sparse least squares‐based algorithm. Means of susceptibility in deep gray matter nuclei (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus) relative to that in splenium of corpus callosum were measured.Statistical TestsRelationships of mean susceptibility with age and referenced iron concentration were tested by Pearson correlation. Differences of mean susceptibility between the selected nuclei in each age group were compared by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's Linear Significant Difference (LSD) test.ResultsPositive correlations of susceptibility with both referenced iron concentration and age were found (P < 0.0001); particularly, globus pallidus showed the highest correlation with age (correlation coefficient, 0.882; slope, 1.203; P < 0.001) and greatest susceptibility (P < 0.05) among the selected nuclei.Data ConclusionQSM allows the feasible quantification of iron deposition in deep gray matter nuclei in infants and young children, which exhibited gradual accumulation at different speeds. The fastest and highest iron accumulation was observed in the globus pallidus with increasing age during early development.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy:Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
True complete left bundle branch block reveals dyssynchrony evaluated by semiconductor single‐photon emission computed tomography
Authors: Iiya Munehiro , Shimizu Masato , Fujii Hiroyuki , Suzuki Makoto , Nishizaki Mitsuhiro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundConventional complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) criteria sometimes result in a false‐positive diagnosis that does not represent dyssynchrony. Recently, true CLBBB criteria have been proposed to detect responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), although their correlation with severity of dyssynchrony or natural prognosis is unclear.MethodsNinety‐four consecutive patients (74 ± 9 years, 63 men) with conventional CLBBB during sinus rhythm underwent semiconductor SPECT. They were divided into two groups: patients with true CLBBB and others. True CLBBB was characterized by the mid‐QRS notching/slurring and wide QRS duration (male, ≥140 milliseconds; female, ≥130 milliseconds). Multivariate analysis was performed to detect left ventricular dyssynchrony (LVD), defined as bandwidth ≥145° and/or phase standard deviation (SD) ≥43°. Primary endpoints (hospitalization for heart failure or cardiac death) were evaluated.ResultsTrue CLBBB had wider bandwidth (145 ± 83° vs 110 ± 64°, P = 0.024) and higher phase SD (48 ± 26° vs 35 ± 19°, P = 0.007). Ejection fraction (EF), end‐diastolic volume (EDV), summed rest score (SRS), and the presence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) showed no differences between groups (P = 0.401, 0.591, 0.165, and 0.212, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that true CLBBB, EF, and EDV were significant predictors of LVD (odds ratio, 12.6, 0.90, 1.03; P = 0.003, 0.002, 0.022, respectively). At 3‐year follow‐up (median 667 days), primary endpoints were comparable in both groups (log‐rank, P = 0.92).ConclusionsPatients with true CLBBB had more severe dyssynchrony on single‐photon emission computed tomography than patients with nontrue CLBBB. On the other hand, the two groups showed no differences in EF, EDV, the presence of IHD, hospitalization for heart failure, and cardiac death.
Recycling of Bakery Waste as an Alternative Carbon Source for Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant Production
Authors: Patowary Kaustuvmani , Das Moonjit , Patowary Rupshikha , Kalita Mohan Chandra , Deka Suresh 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProduction of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant (RBS) using discarded mixed bakery waste (BW) employing bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PG1 (identified by 16 s rDNA sequencing) was investigated for bioconversion of the food waste. Dry and powder form BW was supplemented with mineral salt media (MSM) as a sole carbon source for production of RBS. RBS production was measured based on the drop collapse assay and surface tension (ST) reduction of the culture media. Production of RBS in the culture media was enhanced by optimizing the carbon source (BW) concentration and the proper nitrogen source along with the pH of the MSM. Under optimized culture conditions, 11.56 g L−1 day−1 crude biosurfactant (BS) was achieved. The RBS had the ability to reduce the ST of the optimized MSM from 72.0 to 25.8 mN m−1 during culture, where the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the biosurfactant was found to be 100 mg L−1. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (LC‐MS), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the purified BS confirmed that it is of rhamnolipid in nature and it is made up of both monorhamnolipid and dirhamnolipid congeners. Furthermore, the RBS did not express any cytotoxic effect on the cell line of mouse L292 fibroblastic cell indicating the biosafety nature of the high‐value biomolecule.