bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Laws and the Rights of Women
Authors: Lakshmi P 
Published: July 2019

There exist different personal laws in India. The Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs are governed by Hindu law. Muslim law applies to Muslims. The Christians are governed by Christian law and Parsi law applies to the Parsi. Jews have their own personal law. Women’s rights in relation to marriage and property are not adequately protected under these personal laws. This has resulted in gross violation of human rights of women guaranteed under the Indian Constitution and also under the International Conventions relating to protection of human rights. This paper makes an examination of the provisions
of different personal laws which are discriminatory against women. It recommends the unification of personal laws in the form of a uniform civil code consisting of fair, just and non-discriminatory provisions. The formulation
of a uniform civil code would go a long way in improving the status of women in India.
Violation of Human Rights in Nigeria: An Appraisal of the Activities of the Transnational Oil Corporations in the Niger Delta Region
Authors: C Ogwezzy Michael 
Published: July 2019

Non state actors play a significant role in international relations. They do not hold the characteristics of a legal sovereign but have some measure of control over a country's people and territories. Transnational corporations are non states actors with profit motive that operate in different sovereign states and continents in the world deriving their power most of the time from the law of these states. Economists, lawyers and social scientists alike have for a number of years agreed that foreign investments like TNCs have the potential to act as a catalyst for the promotion or violation of human rights, particularly in developing countries. This is even more so,
considering that corporate investors are often not explicitly obliged under investment agreements to observe human rights even though they exert
considerable power over individuals, communities and indigenous populations. Such assertions have strengthened the normative link between human rights violations and the activities of transnational corporations like the oil companies. It is on this premise that this paper
discusses how the activities of transnational oil corporations in the Niger Delta region have led to violations of human rights and examines how the federal government of Nigeria through legislation has empowered these transnational oil companies to engage in activities that lead directly to such flagrant violation of human rights.
Rise in the Freedom of Contract: Development and Enforceability of Forum Selection Clauses
Authors: Sengupta Shreyan , Dutta Anirudhya 
Published: July 2019

Corporations and business houses of the present day
require sound redressal mechanisms to mitigate
commercial disputes with ease and efficiency. „Forum
selection clauses‟ are an easy way out of the turmoil often
faced by firms during contractual disputes. Traditionally,
the United Kingdom and the United States of America
have been very restrictive about enforcing forum selection
clauses, however liberalizing it very recently. This article
through doctrinal study shows the present situation for
forum selection enforcement in India and United States.
Courts in India generally have followed the trend as laid
down in the United States. There have been diverse
judicial interpretations regarding validity of forum
selections clauses across the common law system. The
article discusses the judicial interpretations which has led
to the evolution and development of such contract
clauses.
The Extent of Mitigation of Risks through Regulation of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Derivative Markets in Different Jurisdictions
Authors: Agrawal Anshul 
Published: July 2019

Over the last decade dealing with derivative financial
instruments (basically forwards, futures, options and
combinations of these), particularly in the Over-The-
Counter derivatives market has become a central activity
for major wholesale banks and financial institutions.
Major new regulatory initiatives are under consideration
in various jurisdictions and also adopted in some, as a
means for increasing transparency and reducing the
various types of risks involved in OTC derivative trading.
This paper tries to understand the concept of derivatives
as a whole. The main aim of the paper will be to analyze
the different types of risks that are involved in OTC
derivative trading. It will put forward these risks in a
manner so as to enable the reader to get an in depth study
of the risks in OTC derivative market through qualitative
and quantitative research. As mentioned above, this
paper will then focus on the regulatory regimes of three
major jurisdictions i.e. India, United States and Europe
and will conclude that these regulations are sufficiently
able to mitigate these risks in their respective
jurisdictions. Lastly, certain measures are recommended
for different jurisdictions so as to further increase the
ambit of sufficiency in mitigating the risks involved.
How Scheduling Can Bias Quality Assessment: Evidence from Food-Safety Inspections
Authors: Ibanez Maria R. , Toffel Michael W. 
Published: July 2019

Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers—and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes inspection quality by altering inspector stringency. Our analysis of thousands of food-safety inspections reveals that inspectors are affected by the inspection outcomes at their prior-inspected establishment (outcome effects), citing more violations after they inspect establishments that exhibited worse compliance levels or trends. Moreover, consistent with negativity bias, the effect is stronger after observing compliance deterioration than improvement. Inspection results are also affected by when the inspection occurs within an inspector’s day (daily schedule effects): Inspectors cite fewer violations after spending more time conducting inspections throughout the day and when inspections risk prolonging their typical workday. Overall, our findings suggest that currently unreported violations would be cited if the outcome effects—which increase scrutiny—were triggered more often and if the daily schedule effects—which erode scrutiny—were reduced. For example, our estimates indicate that if outcome effects were doubled and daily schedule effects were fully mitigated, 11% more violations would be detected, enabling remedial actions that could substantially reduce foodborne illnesses and hospitalizations. Understanding and addressing these inspection biases can help managers and policymakers improve not only food safety but also process quality, environmental practices, occupational safety, and working conditions.This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Atendimento educacional especializado: o que pensam professores sobre sua atuação e formação
Authors: Franco Marco Antonio Melo , Ribeiro Cristiane Dias , De Almeida Fabiana Nascimento 
Published: July 2019

O desafio colocado para a atuação do professor no atendimento educacional especializado (AEE) nos levou a investigar o que pensam professores de AEE acerca da formação docente, particularmente, a formação para atuar no AEE. Trata-se de um estudo de caso desenvolvido com professores de salas multifuncionais (AEE) de escolas públicas do município de Ouro Preto. O Estudo evidencia que embora existam politicas nacionais para a inclusão em educação, nem sempre os municípios desenvolvem essas políticas a contento. Revela que o investimento público na formação do professor tem sido mínimo obrigando o sujeito professor a buscar a sua formação de forma individual e solitária. Podemos dizer que, com muito esforço, esse professor se faz profissional, nesse campo, tecendo remendos na sua formação.
Multivariate Analysis of BOLD Activation Patterns Recovers Graded Depth Representations in Human Visual and Parietal Cortex
Authors: Henderson Margaret , Vo Vy , Chunharas Chaipat , Sprague Thomas , Serences John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNavigating through natural environments requires localizing objects along three distinct spatial axes. Information about position along the horizontal and vertical axes is available from an object’s position on the retina, while position along the depth axis must be inferred based on second-order cues such as the disparity between the images cast on the two retinae. Past work has revealed that object position in two-dimensional (2D) retinotopic space is robustly represented in visual cortex and can be robustly predicted using a multivariate encoding model, in which an explicit axis is modeled for each spatial dimension. However, no study to date has used an encoding model to estimate a representation of stimulus position in depth. Here, we recorded BOLD fMRI while human subjects viewed a stereoscopic random-dot sphere at various positions along the depth (z) and the horizontal (x) axes, and the stimuli were presented across a wider range of disparities (out to ∼40 arcmin) compared to previous neuroimaging studies. In addition to performing decoding analyses for comparison to previous work, we built encoding models for depth position and for horizontal position, allowing us to directly compare encoding between these dimensions. Our results validate this method of recovering depth representations from retinotopic cortex. Furthermore, we find convergent evidence that depth is encoded most strongly in dorsal area V3A.
Effects of aerobic workout on the changes in the characteristics of dynamics of the center of gravity in different age categories
Authors: Szablics P , Orbán K , Szabó S , Dvorák M , Ungvári M , Béres S , Molnár AH , Pintér Z , Kupai K , Pósa A , Varga Cs 
Published: July 2019

Introduction
The quality and function of movements undergo deterioration due to weight gain. Aerobic training normalizes body weight, improves the health status, and in addition, it is expected to improve the dynamics of movements. The aims of this study were to prove the beneficial effects of recreational physical activities on the movements.

Methods
Participants were divided into five different age categories: second childhood, adolescence, mature age I, mature age II, and aging. Squatting and vertical jumping of the participants were measured at the beginning and at the end of a 5-month training program. These movements simulated ordinary daily movements. Changes in the body were determined by InBody230. APAS 3D system was used for movement analysis.

Results
The results showed significant improvements in body weight, fat mass, muscle mass, fat mass–body weight ratio, muscle mass–body weight ratio, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist–hip ratio. During jumping, the lifting and sinking of the center of gravity’s (CG) position and its velocity and acceleration were improved. In case of squatting, the results showed significant improvements in the velocity and acceleration of dynamical characteristics of the CG. Other correlations were observed between changes in body composition and the dynamics of movements.

Discussion
The research proved that recreational training optimized body composition and improved the characteristics of CG’s dynamics. The study suggests considerable connection between body composition and the characteristics of the movements’ dynamics. From this point of view, our training program was the most effective in the working age groups.
Perbandingan Model Problem Based Learning dan Model Inquiry Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA SD
Authors: Unaenah Een , Muawiyah Ima 
Published: July 2019

This study aims to determine whether there is a difference between the problem based learning model and the inquiry model on science learning outcomes. This research method is quantitative research. The sample of this study was taken from 2 classes, experimental class 1 and experimental class 2, with 30 students each. In each research class, two tests were conducted, namely pretest and posttest. The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) Students are still difficult in learning science subjects, 2) Learning models used are less innovative, 3) Motivation of students in participating in science learning is still lacking so students are less motivated and reinforced when the learning process takes place, 4) Monotonous learning, less variative, 5) Lack of student interest in learning. The results revealed that science learning outcomes taught using the problem based learning model with inquiry model differed. This can be seen from the average value of the posttest results of science learning outcomes taught using the problem based learning model is 68.3 and the average score of the posttest learning outcomes in the inquiry model is 76.8. Based on the hypothesis test using the t- test obtained tcount (3.801)> ttable (1.997), the research hypothesis Ho is rejected, meaning that there are differences in learning outcomes of students who are given the Problem Based Learning model with students who are treated by the Inqury model. Keywords: Inquiry, Problem Based Learning, Science
ÇOK BOYUTLU BİR METİN OLARAK MÜZİK VİDEOSU: PERFORMANS VİDEOSU ÖRNEĞİ OLARAK JUDGED TO EXECUTION
Authors: Genç Buket 
Published: July 2019

İletişim bilginin, fikirlerin, duyguların, becerilerin,
vb. belirli araçlar kullanılarak iletilmesidir. Kitle iletişim araçları olarak
nitelendirilen bu araçlar her türlü iletinin (mesajın) alıcıya (hedefe) ulaşmasını
sağlar. Tarihsel açıdan bakıldığında sürekli bir teknolojik gelişim sürecinden
geçen bu araçlar popüler kültürün yaygınlaşmasını sağlar. Kitle iletişim
araçları, endüstrileşmiş ya da bu yolda mesafe almaya çalışan toplumlarda pek
çok açıdan merkezi bir öneme sahiptir. Bu durum, insanların kültürel
gereksinimlerini bütünüyle medya aracılığı ile edindiği anlamına gelmez. Ancak
bu, modern yaşamın vazgeçilmezleri arasında kendine yer bulan kitle iletişim
araçlarının, insanların deneyimlerini anlamlı bir biçimde örgütlemeleri ve bir
düzene sokmaları açısından önemli bir kaynak olduğu gerçeğini de değiştirmez (Erol, 2002: 46). İletişim çalışmalarında
medyanın kavramlaştırılmasında uzun süre etkili olan tekyönlü (monopolistic) ve
ademi-merkeziyetçi (de-centralization) medya olmak üzere iki temel analiz
kategorisi bulunur (Manuel, 1993: 2). Son
yılların gözde iletişim teknolojisi olan internet ise bu geleneksel ikili kategoriyi
bir yandan birleştirip diğer yandan da sınırlarını değiştirerek genişletir. Bu makale, söz konusu çerçevede metin
olgusunu ele alan bir tartışma yapmayı ve buradan hareketle de İzmir’li bir
metal grubu olan Gates of Eternity’nin Judged to Execution
adlı müzik videosu özelinde bir analiz gerçekleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Effects of Yoga Versus Sham Yoga on Oxidative Stress, Glycemic Status, and Anthropometry in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Single-Blinded Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Hegde Shreelaxmi V. , Adhikari Prabha , Kotian Shashidhar M. , Shastry Rajeshwari 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Studies have shown a beneficial role of yoga in tre a t i n g type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study proceeds in the field by providing an active control. We aimed to evaluate the effect of 3 months of yoga on oxidative stress, glycemic status, and anthropometry in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Forty participants were randomized to receive either yoga (n = 20) or sham yoga (n = 20) as a control. Yoga included postures and breathing exercises, and nonaerobic stretching exercise comprised the control. Significant within-group differences in malondialdehyde, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were evident in both groups. Yoga participants had significantly greater improvement in reduced glutathione compared to controls. No significant differences between groups were observed in any other outcome variables. Yoga and sham yoga had identical effects on oxidative stress, glycemic status, and anthropometry in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Levels of reduced glutathione improved only in the yoga group. This research needs to be confirmed by larger and sufficiently powered studies.
Association of hypothyroidism and polycystic ovarian syndrome: a study in a semi urban area
Authors: Ram Babu M. V. , Vittal D. Sai 
Published: July 2019

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome reported to be one of the most common endocrine disorders in the women of the reproductive age, causing oligoovulatory infertility. In many cases, apparently healthy looking women are being diagnosed with either subclinical or overt hypothyroidism after having the symptoms of PCOS. This study was done to analyse the association of PCOS and hypothyroidism in our geographical area.Methods: 50 women of reproductive ages between 18 to 45 years, who were diagnosed with PCOS, based on Rotterdam’s criteria, 2003 and 50 healthy women as controls, were included into the study. After taking the demographic details from all the patients, they were all subjected to ultrasound for the detection of the cysts. Blood was collected for various biochemical tests including the thyroid profile. Results: The mean age of all the patients in the study group was 23.6±7.2 compared to 27.1±4.6 of the healthy controls. The Body Mass Index amongst both the groups was 29.1±3.1 and 23.4±2.9 kg/m2 respectively. The levels of thyroid profile were significantly high among the study group with 58%, 54%, 68% as the number of patients with elevated T3, T4 and TSH values. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 48.3%, while 51.7% of them had overt hypothyroidism. A higher BMI was found among the patients with PCOS and hypothyroidism.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypothyroidism among the PCOS patients is certainly on the rise accentuating its association with this endocrine disorder especially among the young adults.
Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRF-NH2) and its Fragments Bind to α2δ Subunit of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Authors: Skubatz Hanna 
Published: July 2019

Purpose: Gabapentin, a drug for neuropathic pain, exerts its therapeutic effect via inhibition of the a2d subunit of N-type Ca2+ channels. Thus, finding peptides that specifically displace gabapentin from its binding site may lead to the development of new drugs. Methods: Displacement of bound [3H]-gabapentin in membrane preparations of rat cerebral cortex and of human Cav2.2/β3/α2δ1 expressed in CHO cell line. Results: Neuropeptide FLFQPQRF-NH2 specifically displaced bound [3H]-gabapentin in membrane preparations from rats and CHO cells. Truncation of the C-terminus of FLFQPQRF-NH2 by three amino acid residues to produce FLFQP-NH2 improved the displacement of gabapentin. FLFQP-NH2 displaced bound [3H]-gabapentin with IC50 and Ki values of 2.7 µM and 1.7 µM, respectively. Deletion of two amino acid residues (FQ) in the middle of the FLFQP-NH2 sequence yielded FLP-NH2 that displaced bound [3H]-gabapentin with a lower affinity. IC50 and Ki values were 11.9 µM and 7.8 µM, respectively. Neutral binding cooperativity existed when of FLFQP-NH2, FLP- NH2 and gabapentin when incubated together. FLFQPQRF-NH2 but not FLFQP-NH2 displaced bound [3H]-gabapentin to membrane preparations of human Cav2.2/b3/a2d1 expressed in CHO cells. Conclusion: FLFQPQRF-NH2, FLFQP-NH2 and FLP-NH2 displace bound gabapentin in membrane preparations of rat cerebral cortex. Binding cooperativity was detected when GBP/FLFQP-NH2/FLP-NH2 were incubated together. These novel binding sites may provide new approaches to modulate L-type Ca2+ channels.
The role of transposable elements in the ecological morphogenesis under the influence of stress
Authors: Mustafin R. N. , Khusnutdinova E. K. 
Published: July 2019

In natural selection, insertional mutagenesis is an important source of genome variability. Transposons are sensors of environmental stress effects, which contribute to adaptation and speciation. These effects are due to changes in the mechanisms of morphogenesis, since transposons contain regulatory sequences that have cis and trans effects on specific protein-coding genes. In variability of genomes, the horizontal transfer of transposons plays an important role, because it contributes to changing the composition of transposons and the acquisition of new properties. Transposons are capable of site-specific transpositions, which lead to the activation of stress response genes. Transposons are sources of non-coding RNA, transcription factors binding sites and protein-coding genes due to domestication, exonization, and duplication. These genes contain nucleotide sequences that interact with non-coding RNAs processed from transposons transcripts, and therefore they are under the control of epigenetic regulatory networks involving transposons. Therefore, inherited features of the location and composition of transposons, along with a change in the phenotype, play an important role in the characteristics of responding to a variety of environmental stressors. This is the basis for the selection and survival of organisms with a specific composition and arrangement of transposons that contribute to adaptation under certain environmental conditions. In evolution, the capability to transpose into specific genome sites, regulate gene expression, and interact with transcription factors, along with the ability to respond to stressors, is the basis for rapid variability and speciation by altering the regulation of ontogenesis. The review presents evidence of tissue-specific and stage-specific features of transposon activation and their role in the regulation of cell differentiation to confirm their role in ecological morphogenesis.
Genetic approaches to the investigation of serotonergic neuron functions in animals
Authors: Drozd U. S. , Shaburova E. V. , Dygalo N. N. 
Published: July 2019

The serotonergic system is one of the most important neurotransmitter systems that take part in the regulation of vital CNS functions. The understanding of its mechanisms will help scientists create new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of mental and neurodegenerative diseases and find out how this neurotransmitter system interacts with other parts of the brain and regulates their activity. Since the serotonergic system anatomy and functionality are heterogeneous and complex, the best tools for studying them are based on manipulation of individual types of neurons without affecting neurons of other neurotransmitter systems. The selective cell control is possible due to the genetic determinism of their functions. Proteins that determine the uniqueness of the cell type are expressed under the regulation of cell-specific promoters. By using promoters that are specific for genes of the serotonin system, one can control the expression of a gene of interest in serotonergic neurons. Here we review approaches based on such promoters. The genetic models to be discussed in the article have already shed the light on the role of the serotonergic system in modulating behavior and processing sensory information. In particular, genetic knockouts of serotonin genes sert, pet1, and tph2 promoted the determination of their contribution to the development and functioning of the brain. In addition, the review describes inducible models that allow gene expression to be controlled at various developmental stages. Finally, the application of these genetic approaches in optogenetics and chemogenetics provided a new resource for studying the functions, discharge activity, and signal transduction of serotonergic neurons. Nevertheless, the advantages and limitations of the discussed genetic approaches should be taken into consideration in the course of creating models of pathological conditions and developing pharmacological treatments for their correction.