bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clergy and the Draft
Authors: Riga Peter J. 
Published: September 2018

I suppose I should start this piece by clearly stating that I do not believe in the draft in any form. I happen to hold with Benedict XV that it is an abomination among free men. Yet, if we must have a draft, it must be as equitable as humanly possible. There must be no privileged groups in a truly democratic society; it is, therefore, unjust that seminarians and clergy be exempted from the draft.Before going into the specifics of the argument, I take it as an accepted political as well as theological fact that the absolute pacificist must be exempted from active military duty as long as he is willing to make his contribution to his countrymen in another capacity. This principle was upheld by Vatican II (Pastoral Constitution, par. 79°) and, as such, rejoins a pacifist tradition of the Church almost entirely forgotten for some sixteen hundred years.
For America, A Special Moment
Authors: Brauer Jerald C. 
Published: September 2018

Are we in a watershed period in the world community today? It is impossible to say. In polities, particularly in international relations, there is a general tendency to speak of turning points, basic shifts, or watersheds. This is understandable. Of all forms of politics, foreign affairs is most fraught with danger and frustration. Affairs stumble from crisis to crisis; tension is the common element. Thus concerned men are constantly searching the signs of the times for a genuine turning point in foreign affairs.The basic problem in locating and defining such a turning point is the lack of perspective. It is easier to look backward and to note the fundamental shifts that occurred in foreign affairs than it is to mark a contemporary watershed. The problem is how far back one must look before there is sufficient perspective to analyze both the emergence and the consequence of a basic change in the world situation. A man who can do that in contemporary affairs is a political prophet, but there are few such prophets.
Human Rights and the Peace Movement
Authors: Thayer Frederick C. 
Published: September 2018

Some time ago I did a series of articles for worldview, each concerned with some aspect of what I termed the “nuclear obsession.” I used the phrase to highlight an example of what seemed to me a tendency of the liberal community to become so preoccupied with a single issue, or value, as to lose sight of the damage done to other values held by the same community.As one constantly fascinated with contradictions, I want now to examine the stunning and total contradictions of the two principal positions taken by some adherents of the “New Politics.”
Intervention: a Two-Way Street
Authors: McWilliams Wilson Carey 
Published: September 2018

Pain and tragedy often teach men, and sometimes nations. Comfort mothers conceit more surely than necessity does invention, and torment accompanies die birth of thought as it does that of men. Even in Vietnam there is that much hope; national anguish may lead us. to a new and better understanding of the world and of our role in it, and to a foreign policy which avoids the grim and needless alternatives that have confronted us in Southeast Asia.The hope, however, is ambiguous. Pain should stimulate the search for causes and cures, but it may produce no more than flight. In intellectual as well as physical matters, there are hurts so great as to be “blinding.”
Perpetual Crisis
Authors: Stillman Edmund 
Published: September 2018

The British Minister of Defense, Denis Healy, has informed us that within minutes of the outbreak of hostilities every Soviet fleet unit in the Mediterranean would be sunk. Let us hope that he has supplied us with a long-overdue corrective to the near-hysteria evident in the press about the Soviet naval presence in the area.Presumably by citing the destruction of the Soviet fleet “within minutes” Mr. Healy is making reference to nuclear weapons—a most implausible scenario. But even in a limited encounter, held short of a nuclear exchange, it is hard to believe that the Soviet fleet would fare well in combat.
The Nonproliferation Treaty: An Impossible Alliance?
Authors: Thayer Frederick C. 
Published: September 2018

The Treaty on the Nonprolrferahon of Nuclear Weapons (N.P.T) has been in effect since March of 1970, the debate over its wisdom has quietly passed into history, and we seem to be living comfortably with the notion that its ratification was a significant step toward international peace. I want to suggest here that we have yet to face up to the problems which almost inevitably lie ahead.The N.P.T. as Alliance. The N.P.T. concept dates from a time when most of us looked upon the nuclear world as truly bipolar. Both the U.S. and USSR felt that it would be better to deal with the certainties of this bipolarity than with the uncertainties of proliferation.
We Will do Such Things…
Authors: Pfaff William 
Published: September 2018

The words are those of Mr. Nixon and Mr. Kissinger as they confront North Vietnam. Does North Vietnam resist our will? We will bomb their missiles, their trails and bases. Do they attack again? Do they punish the South Vietnamese? Interfere with our plan to win victory while withdrawing? We will do such things. …Yet we know not what they are. Our bombers make cautionary raids across the border. We feint with naval forces along the North Vietnamese coast. We avow to the North that we will no longer be bound by the conventions of the past. We make vague threats of invasion, deny them, disclaim the denials. Our officials call attention to President Eisenhower's warning, twenty years ago, that he might use nuclear weapons in Korea; then we deny that we would use such weapons—in foreseeable circumstances.
The American Style of War
Authors: Pfaff William 
Published: September 2018

The Calley case has laid bare a neglected fact: Of all the major nations and their armies, the United States and its army have been, in moral terms, the least able to deal with the type of situation Vietnam has presented.The American style of war has always been the engineer's style—for West Point is, traditionally, a school for engineers. We apply technology to grossly defined problems. We seek our military solutions in logistics, sheer manpower and firepower, thus over- powering all discrimination and subtlety. We have no military caste; since the permanent expansion of our standing army in the 1940's, the influence of the old American military families and schools has been submerged, and with it the last vestige of the aristocratic military ethos.
Devil Theories of U. S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Lefever Ernest W. 
Published: September 2018

Devil theories of history and politics are the offspring of curiosity and frustration. Sensitive participants and observers of the human drama want to know why events have turned out as they have, especially when they end in disaster. Why World War I? Why the "fall" of China? Why are we "hogged down" in Vietnam?Every modern man pays lip service to the reality of multiple causation, but the very mystery and complexity of untoward events compel some people to search for the central flaw, the fatal error, the demonic force beneath the misfortune. In this quest modern man is not far removed from his primitive cousin.
The American University Today
Authors: Murchland Bernard 
Published: September 2018

There are presently 6.7 million students in some 2200 American institutions of higher learning. Their numbers have doubled in the past ten years and will double again in the next ten.This statistic alone indicates that the university is no longer a shady retreat where scholars and students leisurely engage in the search for truth. The university has become a major power in our societal life. It shares with society in general a frenzied dynamism, the pursuit of immediate objectives, a labyrinthian structure and the lust for prestige. One couldn't imagine a university without, for example, a well-staffed public relations office. The American university today is in almost all senses of the word a new university.
Of Letters and Encyclicals
Authors: Schall James V. 
Published: September 2018

I was at -St. Peter's on a beautiful Sunday morning in mid-May, and happily tall enough to see Paul VI as he walked down the main aisle in a small procession a bit after ten o'clock and perhaps a bit behind schedule. Everyone applauded him warmly. He responded with his usual shy, yet appreciative smile.The Mass was beautiful and simple. In his brief homily, the pope said it was a commemorative ceremony to recall the eightieth anniversary of the publication of Leo XIII's famous social encyclical Rerum Novarum. Fr. Schall divides his teaching year between the Istituto Sociale of the Gregorian University in Rome and the University of San Francisco.
Old Year Out, New Year in
Authors: Stillman Edmund 
Published: September 2018

The last days of the old year underlined the painful truth once again — America is the blind giant, its three astronauts circling tlie moon in a dizzying display of technologic expertise, while on earth its diplomats and statesmen played out the bizarre farce attending the release of the Pueblo crewmen from North Korean captivity and simultaneously lapsed into an exchange of invective with the Saigon junta we once hailed as a vehicle for the constitutional salvation of South Vietnam.The Apollo 8 journey was, of course, wholly admirable—a stunning reversal of America's space fortunes in little more than a decade. What money, organization, application, and no doubt a vast engineering talent can do, the United States has done in space.
What Student Revolution?
Authors: Stupak Ronald J. 
Published: September 2018

Many intellectuals sensed the dawning of a "new generation" in the activism, idealism, and moral pronouncements of the student movement of the 1960's. This movement seemed to be reaching fruition with the "revolutionary" tremors that the youth culture let loose on college campuses and throughout American society in the wake of Cambodia, Kent State, and Jackson State during the spring of 1970.But less than six months later, the "sounds of silence" on the college campuses became deadening, and the savants of the "new society" expressed disillusionment and bewilderment.
The Dying Frangipanis
Authors: Van Dinh Tran 
Published: September 2018

A Reuters dispatch datelined Hong Kong, May 24, 1972, relayed the following communique from the Pathet Lao News Agency:The bomb tonnage released on the liberated zone in Laos in the first three years under the Nixon Administration is equal in energy to 150 Hiroshima type atomic bombs. On a per capita basis the bomb tonnage dumped on the liberated zone in Nixon's time is the highest in history and Laos is the most heavily bombed country in the world.
Africa's Literature Beyond Politics
Authors: Awoonor Kofi 
Published: September 2018

The literature of contemporary Africa is more than a response to the politics of Africa. It is an aspect of the political debate, of course, but it is also an intrinsically important element in the total African renaissance of our times. True, the earliest beginnings of literature in contemporary Africa are rooted in politics and political protest. (I exclude the African writers of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for the simple reason that most of them did not see fiction, poetry or drama as possible vehicles for their anti-colonial and antislavery protests.)Négritude, the literary movement of the French African and Antillean deracine, was created as a literary response to European cultural imperialism (defined by Gallicism) Its prophets, Césaire of Martinique, Damas of Guyana, and L. S. Senghor of Sengal, expressed the anguish of their delirious alienation, frustration, protest against European culture, and against that romantic glorification of Africa, the Sartrean imaginary continent.
Passing of a (Cold) Warrior
Authors: Smith Gaddis 
Published: September 2018

Dean Acheson, who died at age 78 on October 12, 1971, was the fiercest of American leaders during the formative years of the cold war. As Under Secretary of State and Secretary of State for President Harry S. Truman, he was (to use the arrogant but perfectly accurate title of his memoirs) Present at the Creation of the basic policies which guided American foreign policv for a quarter of a century. In most instances he was the principal author of those policies.Should we view his career with the unstinting admiration naturally expressed by his old boss, Harry Truman, and by President Nixon? Or with condemnation for his militant role in perpetuating the cold war? More appropriately, we should feel sadness that a man of such extraordinary intellectual ability, and the finest master of the English language to serve as Secretary of State since Jefferson, should have applied his talents to waging a form of war rather than searching for peace.
The End of Progress
Authors: Perrin Noel 
Published: September 2018

One of my more sophisticated friends, a poet and fellow teacher at Dartmouth, is firmly convinced that Americans stopped believing in the doctrine of progress about 1920. “No doubt the majority of the uneducated still believe in it,” he concedes. “I imagine they see a slightly improved version of human existence as being issued by some kind of central committee of scientists every fall, just about the time the new cars come out. But no educated man, except maybe an occasional leftover Victorian, supposes any such thing.”I disagree. Even in, 1972, it seems to me, a majority of educated Americans believes in progress—not, obviously, as the product of a central committee but as an impersonal force. And while a wave of skepticism really did arrive some fifty years ago, it involved only a few thousand intellectuals. But I think he is going to be right within the next decade. A much larger wave is curving toward the beach right now. Before it lands, it seems worthwhile to consider what this thing is we have believed in and what the consequences will be when as a society we cease to.
Uruguay: A Marxist Alleluia
Authors: Castro Emilio 
Published: September 2018

Uruguay, with a tradition of democratic stability similar to that of Chile and, to a certain extent, Costa Rica, has characteristics which distinguish it within the Latin American continent. Some of these were highlighted during the last few months of 1971 when Uruguay became a center of world attention: The traditional two-party regime was confronted with a conglomeration of political parties of the Left which appeared capable of coming to power through the elections, thus repeating the phenomenon of Chile.On November 24,1971, the largest political demonstration in the history of Uruguay took place. An enormous crowd, wild with enthusiasm, marched through all parts of Montevideo and gathered in front of the parliament building to express its support for the Frente Amplio (Broad Front).
Eco-Trivia and the politics of Wilderness
Authors: Behan R. W. 
Published: September 2018

Since no movement is without its extremists, we should not be surprised to discover in the current fuss over the environment an element committed to Preserving Our Great National Heritage, the Wilderness. Their devotion to the mystique of wilderness is very nearly tantamount to a new religion.The wilderness bunch is unusual in that they are neither wild-eyed nor, in the conduct of their other day-to-day affairs, abnormal To the contrary, they are handsome, urbane and articulate people, highly educated, often professionally employed, well paid, and more given to conservative suits of expensive tailoring than to the flowing robes of, for example, the Jesus freaks.
Realism and Hope After Niebuhr
Authors: Bennett John C. 
Published: September 2018

I have already lived in three different theological climates, during three periods marked by quite different hopes and expectations for the future of humanity. I am not sure whether or not we are entering a fourth period, but the pattern of both commitments and hopes is less clear than it seemed to be in the recent past.Before 1930 and back into the late nineteenth century there was the period of the Social Gospel, which was a great force in the churches and which reflected the secular expectations of progress that were general at the time. I was part of this movement myself and to a large extent shared its hopes, though I never believed that progress was inevitable or irreversible.
The Politics of Islam
Authors: Montgomery Watt W. 
Published: September 2018

Westerners tend to think of Islam as a “political religion,” or at least as a religion which has an important political component. We speak too about “Islamic history” and “Islamic civilization” and we know that what we are referring to is not purely ecclesiastical or purely religious. Perhaps at the basis of this way of thinking and speaking is the fact that Muhammad was not only a prophet but also a statesman and political leader, and that his influence gave birth to a social entity which is both religious community and body politic.Nonetheless, it is not altogether correct to think of Islam as a political religion.
Revolution/Counterrevolution in Portuguese Africa
Authors: Nevins Lawrence 
Published: September 2018

The assassination of Amίlcar Cabral in January, 1973, was reported in the American news media, but there was no follow-up, and few Americans recognize Cabral's name, or even the name of Portuguese Guinea, the small colony he had hoped to lead to independence.From a geographical point of view the obscprity of Portuguese Guinea might seem well deserved. Wedged between Senegal and the independent Republic of Guinea, it is about 40 per cent the size of Portugal, but its population is less than that of the city of Lisbon. Mostly hot and humid, much of the colony is covered by bayous and salt-water swamps. The people, who until recently were about 99 per cent illiterate, are divided into a number of traditionally antagonistic groups that are religiously, culturally and linguistically distinct.
The Road to Peace in the Middle East
Authors: Goldberg Arthur J. 
Published: September 2018

In light of the recent war between Israel and Egypt and Syria and the uneasy cease-fire which now prevails, it is entirely natural to inquire whether Resolution 242 of the United Nations Security Council, adopted on November 22, 1967, following the Six-Day War, remains operative.In a lecture delivered at Chatham House on April 6, 1971, and in an article published in a recent issue of the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, I stated my conviction that Resolution 242 may ultimately prove to be the basis for a peace settlement in the Middle East. I adhere to this view, despite the recent hostilities still smoldering.There is an important new development which reaffirms my conviction that the guidelines set forth in Resolution 242 are still relevant. That development is the resolution of the Security Council sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union–Resolution 338, adopted on October 22, 1973–calling for a cease-fire in the early hours of the morning of the following day.
Cuba, After Chile's Bloody Fall
Authors: Conway James F. 
Published: September 2018

Laurence Birns's fine article, “Chile: A Bloody Fall” (Worldview, November, 1973), came to my attention after I returned from a few weeks' visit to Cuba, a visit that coincided with the fall of Allende. The overthrow of Allende drew enormous response.“Fidel, Allende, el pueblo les defiende”— Fidel, Allende, the people will defend you—shouted some 500,000 Cubans who jammed the Plaza of the Revolution on the afternoon of September 28 in Havana. A bold-colored outdoor mosaic locates Chile's martyr catty-corner to the Che Guevara monument and just in front of that of Cuba's liberator, José Marti. Allende's finger is pointing skyward in one of his favorite gestures. The inscription below reads: “The forces of fascism will not crush the Chilean people.”
Power and Military Impotence
Authors: Melman Seymour 
Published: September 2018

After twenty-five years of a nuclear-military arms race, it is possible to define significant limits of military power for national security. These limits apply with special force to the nuclear superpowers. These same limits of military power also define new requirements for a disarmament process.Underlying the long discussion of disarmament among nations has been the understanding that lowered levels of armaments produce mutual advantage: the prospect of physical destruction is reduced; and the cost of armaments can be applied to constructive uses. The arms race from 1946 to 1971 between the United States and the Soviet Union has not improved the military security of either nation, and the economic cost to these two countries has exceeded $1,500 billion.
Strawberry Jam and Goncientización
Authors: Jacob Jeffrey C. 
Published: September 2018

The strawberry plant is a stemless, rosaceous herb of the genus Fragaria. The confectioner has a multitude of uses for its fruit, from ice cream toppings to pastry fillings. But in addition to the interest its fruit adds to ouixliet, the strawberry plant is currently making a most improbable social impact: It forms the basis of a program of fundamental socioeconomic reform in Guatemala's central highlands.The story of the role of the strawberry in bringing about basic social change and the practical and theoretical implications of the program of which it is an integral part begins with my father, Carl H. Jacob, a former college professor from southeastern Idaho and a Fulbright lecturer at the national university of El Salvador.
United States Diplomacy and the Free World
Authors: Eden Anthony 
Published: September 2018

The foreign policy of any democratic nation today must be directed toward neutralizing or demolishing threats to its liberties. These are twofold. Totalitarian governments must be countered for their expansive external policies. So-called revolutionary organizations must be met and overcome because their activities are the thin end of the wedge opening the door to total anarchy.I have always believed that there are times when diplomacy can fairly use the balance of power as an aid to peace. Equally, it is important to know where to draw the moral line; one must sometimes sup with the devil, but not fatten him
Teilhard de Chardin in China
Authors: Franklin O'Meara Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was at work in China from 1924 to 1945, the years in which Chinese communism emerged. The Jesuit scientist saw jhis struggle for mastery in a way almost unique for a Westerner. After only a few years in China Teilhard could write: “Politically the situation is more troubled than ever with the Bolshevists gaining the upper hand on the Yangtse. I am beginning to believe that their success will be the signal for the reorganization of China—but at the expense of the Europeans.”Teilhard was pulled by both East and West; from Europe and America came the flow of discovery, and yet Western churches and nations disparaged the new movements under way.
Politics Through Tinted Glass (Brightly)
Authors: Nevins Lawrence 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhat should have been the Soviet Union's great lesson—that beautiful Socialist dreams can easily turn into something far worse than a repressively tolerant bourgeois society, while those with eyes to see refuse to look—is an example that many with eyes to see and ears to hear have yet to consider. The prevailing cold war consensus was responsible for policy errors and misapprehensions of serious consequence, but its perception of Stalin's Soviet Union as an evil and dangerous despotism was correct. Those who had thought otherwise before Khrushchev's famous speech of 1956 were wrong.Hard facts and disturbing clues were available long years before Stalin's fans flip-flopped on cue. The more sophisticated had deliberately refrained from looking at the ugly truth, or had looked and were not repelled. But a majority simply were incapable of assimilating information incompatible with their political mindset, unless it was directly related to matters of personal concern.