bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Type Curve Development Using Date-Dependent Well Spacing Analysis
Authors: Sharma Akash , Burleson Justin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Field development strategies in unconventional shale reservoirs have increased in intensity over the last few decades. Completion design and well spacing have been key focus variables in the incremental design process. With this wide range of design and development strategies, assets across different basins might end up with wells from a variety of design generations. This could make type curve creation even more complicated as it does not account for impact of hydrocarbon drainage in an area by the older (parent) well on the newer (child) wells. The present paper tackles this issue by addressing type curve development by including date dependent spacing variables to account for the dynamism of field development strategies over the years.
The present paper analyzes the impact of well spacing on type curve development in an asset. Type curve generation is a critical component in evaluation and subsequent planning so de-risking this step is very valuable. A lot of the analysis done in recent years is by considering well spacing as a static variable. The present analysis looks at spacing as a dynamic variable instead to account for time-series based variations. The spacing in the estimation process is also a 3-D spacing algorithm which identifies multiple points along the lateral section of the wellbore for a true evaluation of pressure transient propagation.
The present analysis showed the impact of date dependent well spacing on type curve development. The underestimation of well spacing in well-developed acreages was brought to attention as spacing mean deviations of upto 0.7 Standard Deviation were found between current well speacing and date-dependent well spacing scenarios analyzed. These deviations led to the type curves having upto a 40% EUR differential between estimation processes, with PV10 differentials higher than 100% in some cases. While the degree of impact of time series well spacing varied across the assets evaluated, quantifying the risk in type curve development and subsequent EUR estimation were key conclusions from the analysis.
The present paper presents a novel approach in tackling type curve development for parent and child wells observed across different basins. The paper provides guidelines on creating highly accurate type curves and highlights errors that may arise due to high well density and inter-well interaction by conducting the analysis in the high well density Middle Bakken formation.
Composite Frac Plug Design Optimization for Efficient Hydraulic Fracturing Operations
Authors: Deshpande Kedar. M. , Mirasdar Shailesh. P. , Mhaskar Nauman. A. , Joshi Rohit. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
North American market with growing trend of unconventional shale gas reservoirs has warranted rapid development in hydraulic fracturing technology. The long horizontal wells are completed using multi zone plug and perf method that requires multiple zones to be fracked optimally to minimize nonproductive time (NPT). Frac plugs plays vital role in hydraulic fracturing in isolating the multiple zones of the wellbore for operations up to 10,000 psi pressure and 250°F temperature. In this paper advanced computational analysis is conducted to optimize the composite frac plug design for successful operations. Comprehensive laboratory testing is conducted, and digital solutions are compared against the test data to validate the new composite frac plug design. The traditional frac plug design requires effort in milling out the plug and further flushing out the cuttings that adds to the operational time. An alternative is to utilize composite plug that allows ease in milling and reduction in cuttings than traditional design. Numerical analysis is conducted to evaluate the feasibility of composite frac plug design utilizing three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) simulations to predict the slip holding capacity. Extensive laboratory testing is conducted for the composite frac plug to validate the digital analysis results. FEA simulations are performed for different configurations of frac plug design by varying number of slip buttons and composite material for slips. FEA results underscored best possible slip button configuration that can successfully work at desired pressure and temperature. Laboratory testing corroborated with digital analysis results and indicated as efficient design that reduced NPT and ensured successful hydraulic fracturing operations. This work assisted in optimizing design quickly and reduced time and cost associated with laboratory testing. This work elucidates use of digital solutions along with laboratory testing for design optimization of composite frac plug. This frac plug has been successfully utilized for several jobs in Marcellus shale play.
Developing the Talent of Future Petroleum Engineers by Remotely Monitoring Well Operations
Authors: Al-Fadhli Bashayer , Shaikh Mohammed , Al-Hammadi Anwar , Al-Rasheedi Tahreer , Zada Aydin , Awadh Abdulaziz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper aims to describe an evolving system utilised by young professionals with varying degrees of experience and backgrounds, supported by senior staff, to gain an improved understanding of ongoing well operations. The program has been tailored to the needs and capabilities of the individual, whilst allowing for continued development.
Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC) has several joint venture assets across the globe. In order to assist in the communication with the Kuwait Head Office, KUFPEC has Area Offices to liaise with, and shadow the work carried out by local in-country Operators. However, by doing so the opportunity for Junior Staff, in the Head Office, to be directly involved in Well Operations is restricted. In order to mitigate this, a workflow has been initiated by the South East Asia Region (SEAR) that allows for Junior Staff to track the progress of wells being drilled and by doing so obtain a ‘feel’ for being in an ‘Operational Environment’. The workflow itself is flexible and has been tailored to the individual as well as specific well operations.
In all cases the starting point is establishing the Well Objectives and so a detailed review of a Drilling Program and costs, followed by a Q&A session, is undertaken alongside more Senior Engineers to ‘introduce’ the well. Prior to Spud, ‘Well Montages’ are developed that describe the full information of the operation. The Well Montages are updated daily via Daily Drilling and Daily Geological Reports. An ‘Operational Highlights’ email is communicated to the department each afternoon that summarises the well progress and includes any risks or hazards to be aware of. Throughout the operation the Junior Staff are encouraged to reference the Drilling Program to follow the operations progress. After well completion a short ‘End of Well Summary’ is produced. Initial results of this workflow have been extremely positive. As more wells pass through the workflow the technical understanding of the Junior Staff increases. Their appreciation of specific hazards and uncertainties has improved, and they also have gained an enhanced understanding of Well Operations as well as the associated terminology and abbreviations. Support for the Junior Staff has also been obtained from the Area Offices, who are in direct contact with the operators.
This paper would be of interest to Mentors or Coaches who have an emerging talent pool. The paper outlines a clear and concise method that has been tried and tested and that allows for a Coach to define a workplan specific for the needs of the Junior Engineer, and thereby promote their individual development needs whilst on the job.
Reservoir Souring Tracking; Evaluation & Management to De-Eisk the Development Activities in a Giant Carbonate Reservoir in North Kuwait
Authors: Alkhalifah Hawraa A , Al-Twaitan Tasneem , Chetri Hom 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sabiriyah Mauddud is a giant carbonate reservoir in North Kuwait under active development with water flooding by treated seawater. Reservoir souring occurring at multiple producers has added one more dimension of complexity to be tracked; evaluated & managed. The paper proposal aims to elaborate the challenges and associated mitigations conceived & implemented.
Comprehensive evaluation of all data available pertaining to reservoir souring has been done, based on which a field-wise sampling program has been embarked. The sampling program has been executed in phases in a rationalized manner to provide necessary data & inputs to the overall evaluation using analytical as well as simulation approach. Workflow process has been developed so that the tracking, evaluation & management of reservoir souring continues as a live project during the water flood development for Sabiriyah Mauddud.
A clear linkage has been observed between the injected volumes of seawater and the level of souring. A review of chemicals being used for inhibition of souring indicated that the bacteria becomes insensitive to the dosage used in the past and requires re formulation of the package of chemical dosage. The impact on flowlines and production facilities has been found to be nominal so far but likely to aggravate with time. The possibility of using sour competent metallurgy in future has been flagged for future budgeting, to be first implemented in the facilities with most of Mauddud producers flowing. Any new facility has been recommended with NACE specifications.
A continuous tracking & monitoring of the Reservoir souring lead to opportunistic solutions & mitigations for short-term production & long-term reservoir management requirements with HSE adherence.
Multidisciplinary Data Integration for Predicting Tarmat and Heavy Oil in Minagish Field, Kuwait
Authors: El Gezeery Taher , Halawa Youssef , Al Rashidi Mohamed , El Jeaan Mounirah , Matar Saad , Padhy Girija Shankar , Kasaraneni Pruthviraj , Al-Rashidi Tahani 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a multidisciplinary data integration in order to predict tarmat and heavy oil in Minagish Field. Techniques to detect tarmat are divided into those using logs and those which analyse the composition of oils such as Iatroscan geochemical technique; the later is very useful in detecting tarmat because of the remarkable difference in composition of oils in tarmat compared with the overlying reservoir. The second technique used is the pyrolysis method which detects mobile (Sr+S2a+S2b) and immobile (residual carbon RC) hydrocarbons along with TOC. It aids in identifying the nature of hydrocarbons within the pore structure defined by petrographic studies using polarized microscope and SEM. The samples were screened and analyzed using Rock Eval-reservoir methods in order to identify heavy and light hydrocarbon zones. The pyrolysis results show that there are many intervals of heavier oil intercalated with lighter oil ones. The previous studies of Minagish oil showed that this reservoir is richest in heavy polar compounds (26%) compared to other cretaceous reservoirs in Kuwait. Using the above methods, a new model is conceived with a clear variation in oil homogeneity vertically as well as laterally within the reservoir. In addition to that, faults and biodegradation near the water zone played their role in increasing density of oil and forming heavy oil in the reservoir. Application of magnetic resonance image and chemostratigraphic data are found effective in identifying heavier oil, light hydrocarbons and tarmat in real time mode. The chemostratigraphic interpretation draws certain depositional and/or diagenetic facies with definite elemental signatures. High P and P/Mn ratios are associated with oolite grainstones lithology that have high initial porosities and higher tar content. Also, tarmat is recognized by highly elevated values of Ni, V and S. This study led successfully to explain the production of an incremental volume of heavy oil trapped behind the injector in northeast area of the field.
The neuroprotective effects of xenon on neonatal rats with white matter damage by regulating expression of microRNA-210 and HIF-1α
Authors: yin xiangyun , Zhao Jixiu , Jiang Jian , Xi Hongmin , Li Xianghong , Zhang Lulu , Jiang Hong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: White matter damage is a leading cause of acute mortality and chronic morbidity in preterm birth. Xenon is a general anesthetic with neuroprotective effects. We aimed to reveal the molecular basis and neuroprotective mechanism of Xe intervention in treating white matter damage by detecting the expression level of miR-210 and HIF-1α in brain tissues of 3-day-old neonatal rats.
Methods: Three-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into sham group (Group A, n=24), LPS +HI group (Group B, n=24) and LPS+HI+Xe group (n=72). LPS+HI+Xe group was given Xenon gas inhalation for three hours after treatment of HI at 0h,2h,and 5h,and divided into three subgroups C,D,and E randomly. We investigated the WMD by performing TUNEL and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and examining the expression of miR-210and HIF-1α in brain tissues via RT-PCR and western blot.
Results: Our study shows that the brain tissues of neonatal rat which stained by HE were pale, structure loosen, and psychosis along with apoptosis in group B, Xe treatment improved histological alterations and decreased the number of apoptotic cells in group C . The expression level of miR-210 increased significantly at all time points in group B compared to group A (p<0.05),While that was significantly lower at 0h and 48h than that of group C(p<0.05).Compared with group C,the expression of miR-210 in group D and group E decreased significantly at 0h, 24h and 48h (p<0.05).The level of HIF-1α protein in group B was significantly higher than that of group A at each time point, while significantly lower than that of group C at each time point and that of group D and E at 0h, 24h and 72h (p<0.05).Compared with group C and group D,the expression level of HIF-1α protein decreased significantly at 24h in group E (p<0.05).
Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the expression of HIF-1α and miR-210 increased in periventricular tissues and Xe could relieve the white matter damage by up-regulating the expression of HIF-1α and its target gene miR-210.The Xe therapeutic time window was within 5 hours after intervention, the sooner the better.
Keywords: premature birth, Xenon, microRNA-210, HIF-1α, white matter damage
WITHDRAWN: Determinants Of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Among Adults Undergoing Treatment For Tuberculosis In Tigray Region, Ethiopia: A Case Control Study
Authors: Zereabruk Kidane , Kahsay Tensay , Teklemichael Hiyab , Aberhe Woldu , Hailay Abrha , Mebrahtom Guesh , Bezabih Gebrewahd 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is a type of tuberculosis that is resistant to at least the first line anti-tuberculosis drugs namely, Rifampicin and Isoniazid. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has continued to be a challenge for tuberculosis control globally. Globally 600,000 people were newly eligible for Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment with an estimated 240,000 deaths annually. There are few numbers of multi drug resistant tuberculosis studies in different regions of Ethiopia. However, most of these studies were restricted only to a single hospital and there is no published information regarding multi drug resistant tuberculosis in Tigray region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the determinants of multidrug resistant tuberculosis among adults undergoing treatment for tuberculosis in Tigray region, Ethiopia.Methods A hospital based unmatched case control study was conducted from April to June, 2019. Simple random sampling method was used to select 85 cases and 169 controls. Primary data was collected by face-to-face interview and secondary data by reviewing patients’ charts using pretested structured questionnaires. The data were entered and cleaned using Epi data manager then exported to SPSS for analysis. Binary Logistic regression model was used to test the association between independent and dependent variables. Model fitness was checked using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit and Variance inflation factor was used to assess multi collinearity between the independent variables. Variables at p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate analysis was entered into a multivariable analysis to identify the determinant factors of multi drug resistant tuberculosis. Finally, level of significance was declared at p-value <0.05.Results A total of 254 participants with 85 cases and 169 controls were included in this study. Of the respondents, 62 (36.7%) among the controls and 48 (56.5%) among the cases were living in rural residence. Rural residence [AOR=2.54;95%CI=1.34,4.83], HIV[AOR=4.5;95%CI=1.4,14.2], relapse [AOR=3.86;95%CI;1.98,7.5], return after lost follow up [AOR=6.29;95% 1.64,24.2], treatment failure [AOR=5.87; CI=1.39,24.8] were among the determinants of Multi drug resistance tuberculosis.Conclusion Rural residence, HIV, relapse, return after lost follow up and treatment failure were the identified determinant factors of Multi drug resistance tuberculosis.
Efficacy and safety of Intertan versus proximal femoral nail antirotation in treating intertrochanteric femoral fractures
Authors: Biaoxue Rong , Min Li 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Two different devices, InterTAN and proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA), have been used in treating intertrochanteric femoral fractures (IFFs). This study was to compare the advantages and disadvantages of InterTAN and PFNA in treating IFFs. Methods: The relevant studies were searched from the database of MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrance Library and CNKI. Nineteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 2285 patients were involved in this analysis. Results: Comparing the InterTAN with PFNA, harris hip score and fracture healing time of patients with IFFs did not show significant differences (P = 0.133; P = 0.152). However, compared with PFNA, InterTAN seemed to cause more intraoperative blood loss (standardized mean difference, SMD = -1.45; P<0.001) and take more operative time (SMD = -1.95; P<0.001). But postoperative complications of InterTAN were significantly lower than PFNA (odds ratio, OR = 2.22; P<0.001). Conclusions: InterTAN had the same long-term efficacy as PFNA. Although the surgical operation of PFNA surgery had a relative advantage, InterTAN had a low incidence of postoperative complications.
A new understanding of the H. pylori eradication mechanism
Authors: Su Shanshan , Zheng Guo-qi , Liu Ying-ying , Liang Yu-fei , Song Hui , Yin Wen-jie , Zhang Guo-zun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) cannot usually be detected in the gastric juice and it is thought that H. pylori may be implanted under the mucus layer for long term. The mechanisms of action of proton pump inhibitor (PPI), antibiotics, and bismuth for H. pylori eradication are not entirely clear. Our study aimed to determine the role of PPI on the movement of H. pylori across the mucus layer to the gastric lumen and the mechanism of PPI, antibiotics, and bismuth on H. pylori eradication. Methods: Patients with H. pylori infection were intravenous injected with PPI (intervention group, n=31) or without PPI (control group, n=37). The presence of H. pylori in the gastric juice was evaluated by the rapid urease test (RUT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and culture methods. Results: The H. pylori positive detection rates were all significantly higher among patients in the intervention group than among patients in the control group by the RUT (P < 0.0001), PCR (P < 0.0001), and culturing (P = 0.0386). Conclusion: H. pylori can penetrate across the mucus layer to the gastric lumen following PPI intervention. The direct antimicrobial activity of PPI might because of diminished numbers of H. pylori due to probiotics in the gastric lumen. Antibiotics and bismuth might play a local sterilization role in the gastric lumen when H. pylori penetrate across the mucus layer.
Validation of a questionnaire assessing students’ self-directed and collaborative learning with and without technology in Canadian middle school classrooms
Authors: Labonté Chantal , Smith Veronica R. 
Published: October 2019

In the current study, the researchers examine the validity of a questionnaire assessing students’ perceptions of their self-directed learning and collaborative learning with and without technology with a group of Canadian middle school students. Lee and colleagues (2014) developed an 18-item questionnaire for use in assessing high school students’ perceptions of their learning in Singapore. Three hundred and twenty middle school students from across Alberta, Canada completed the questionnaire. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the questionnaire did not have sufficient model fit. The researchers used a jackknifing procedure to systematically remove four items in order to achieve a psychometrically sound questionnaire. The results suggest that the reduced questionnaire is a useful self-report instrument for assessing Canadian middle school students’ perceptions of their learning.
Dans la présente étude, les chercheurs examinent la validité d’un questionnaire évaluant les perceptions qu’ont les élèves de leur apprentissage autonome et collaboratif, avec et sans technologie, au sein d’un groupe d’élèves d’écoles intermédiaires canadiennes. Lee et ses collègues (2014) ont développé un questionnaire de 18 items pour évaluer les perceptions qu’ont des élèves d’écoles secondaires quant à leur apprentissage. Trois cent vingt élèves d’écoles intermédiaires à travers l’Alberta, au Canada, ont rempli le questionnaire. Les résultats d’une analyse factorielle confirmatoire ont révélé que le questionnaire avait été insuffisamment ajusté au modèle. Les chercheurs se sont servis d’une procédure de jackknife afin de supprimer systématiquement quatre items afin d’obtenir un questionnaire solide sur le plan psychométrique. Les résultats suggèrent que le questionnaire raccourci est un instrument utile pour l’auto-évaluation des perceptions qu’ont des élèves d’écoles intermédiaires quant à leur apprentissage.