bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes Following Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery in the Elderly: A Retrospective Single-Center Review
Authors: Memel Zoe , Chesney Kelsi , Pangal Dhiraj J , Bonney Phillip A , Carmichael John D , Zada Gabriel 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for pituitary adenomas (PAs) is performed on elderly patients with increasing frequency. More research is necessary to assess the risk factors that are associated with TSS in an aging population.

OBJECTIVE
To perform a retrospective study on postoperative safety outcomes following TSS in the elderly population stratified by decade of life.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review of the USC Pituitary Database was conducted to identify patients ≥70 yr, who underwent TSS for PAs between 1995 and 2017. Surgical outcomes were analyzed in elderly (≥70 yr) vs nonelderly (<70 yr) patients. Elderly patients were additionally stratified according to age 70 to 79 vs ≥80 yr.

RESULTS
The cohorts included 115 elderly patients (70-79 yr: 94 patients; ≥80 yr: 21 patients) and 770 nonelderly patients. Elderly patients presented with more vision loss (62% vs 38%, P < .0001), dizziness (17% vs 6%, P = .0001) and altered mental status (7.3% vs 3%, P = .0451). Overall rates of surgical, medical, and endocrine complications were similar; however, elderly patients had significantly higher rates of postoperative hyponatremia (9.3% vs 4.7%, P = .0401) and lower rates of transient diabetes insipidus (0.9% vs 7.9%, P = .0038). Patients ≥ 80 yr had significantly more surgical complications (26.3%) compared to the 70 to 79 group (7.87%; P = .021) and <70 group (12.5%; P = .04).

CONCLUSION
Patients >70 yr are appropriate surgical candidates for TSS given the similar safety outcomes as younger patients. Given the higher propensity for surgical complications; however, a higher level of operative selectivity should be maintained in octogenarian patients.
Stimulation Contractility Gradient of a Neuromuscular Choristoma Within the Sciatic Nerve: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Stone Jonathan J , Amrami Kimberly K , Carter Jodi M , Spinner Robert J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Neuromuscular choristoma (NMC) is a rare congenital nerve lesion that is classified by the presence of heterotopic muscle fibers intercalated within nerve fascicles.
1
The presence of NMC typically causes progressive neuropathy and bony/soft tissue undergrowth, often leading to a shortened atrophic limb.
2,3
The typical appearance of NMC on magnetic resonance imaging is an enlarged fusiform nerve that exhibits minimal gadolinium enhancement.
4
While there is increasing documentation of pathognomonic clinical and radiographic features for various diffuse fusiform peripheral nerve lesions, nerve biopsy is still occasionally required for some patients given the rarity of these diseases and progressive neuropathic features.
The intraoperative appearance of NMC and its unique electrical stimulation properties are quite interesting. Intrafascicular replacement of nerve by skeletal muscle gives the nerve a red beefy color and causes the fascicles to contract with electrical stimulation.
5
In this video, we demonstrate the intraoperative appearance and contractile properties of NMC in a 60-yr-old woman with progressive sciatic neuropathy. Histologic and immunohistochemical studies identified a gradient of intralesional mature skeletal muscle within the NMC, with substantially fewer desmin-positive skeletal muscle fibers in the distal aspect. A gradient of contractility with intraoperative stimulation seemed to correlate with this pathology. These findings suggest that the lesional extent of NMC may not be clinically or grossly evident, reflecting a varying distribution of skeletal muscle within the affected nerve.
The Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board Office for Human Research Protection does not require approval for single participant case studies. The subject involved in this study was not identifiable and the general surgical consent form included permission for intraoperative photos and video.
GWs from compact binaries. Theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAn introduction to recent analytic and numerical breakthroughs in the modelisation of the final phases of the coalescence of compact binaries. Effective one-body technique. Numerical relativity. Spinning binaries. Superkicks and recoil of the final BH. Astrophysical consequences. Coalescences of neutron-star binaries.
Permutations and referential indeterminacy
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter begins with a definition of isomorphism, and then introduces the Push-Through Construction, which allows us to generate many distinct isomorphic copies of a model. Benacerraf and Putnam have used this construction to raise certain problems for realism and the determinacy of reference. These problems seem most threatening in the case of mathematics, where nothing like causation could help pin down reference. In this connection, we introduce Putnam’s famous just-more-theory manoeuvre for the first time, and a position which is vulnerable to it, namely moderate objects-platonism. We then evaluate various attempts to salvage determinacy of reference, including Shapiro’s ante rem structuralism, before outlining a supervaluationist semantics which allows for referential indeterminacy. The appendices to this chapter contain a proof that isomorphism implies elementary equivalence, and a discussion of recent work on eligibility.
Compactness, infinitesimals, and the reals
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOne of the most famous philosophical applications of model theory is Robinson’s attempt to salvage infinitesimals. Infinitesimals are quantities whose absolute value is smaller than that of any given positive real number. Robinson used his non-standard analysis to formalize and vindicate the Leibnizian approach to the calculus. Against this, the historian Bos has questioned whether the infinitesimals of Robinson's non-standard analysis have the same structure as those of Leibniz. We offer a response to Bos, by building valuations into Robinson's non-standard analysis. This chapter also introduces some related discussions of independent interest (compactness, instrumentalism, and o-minimality) and contains a proof of The Compactness Theorem and Gödel’s Completeness Theorem.
Internal categoricity and the natural numbers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe simple conclusion of the preceding chapters is that moderate modelism fails. But this leaves us with a choice between abandoning moderation and abandoning modelism. The aim of this chapter, and the next couple of chapters, is to outline a speculative way to save moderation by abandoning modelism. The idea is to do metamathematics without semantics, by working deductively in a higher-order logic. In this chapter, the focus is on the internal categoricity of arithmetic. After formalising an internal notion of a model of the Peano axioms, we show how to internalise Dedekind’s Categority Theorem. The resulting “intolerance” of Peano arithmetic provides internalists with a way to draw the distinction between algebraic and univocal theories. In the appendices, we discuss how this relates to Parsons’ important work, and establish a certain dependence of the internal categoricity theorem on higher-order logic.
Boolean-valued structures
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChapters 6-12 are driven by questions about the ability to pin down mathematical entities and to articulate mathematical concepts. This chapter is driven by similar questions about the ability to pin down the semantic frameworks of language. It transpires that there are not just non-standard models, but non-standard ways of doing model theory itself. In more detail: whilst we normally outline a two-valued semantics which makes sentences True or False in a model, the inference rules for first-order logic are compatible with a four-valued semantics; or a semantics with countably many values; or what-have-you. The appropriate level of generality here is that of a Boolean-valued model, which we introduce. And the plurality of possible semantic values gives rise to perhaps the ‘deepest’ level of indeterminacy questions: How can humans pin down the semantic framework for their languages? We consider three different ways for inferentialists to respond to this question.
Indiscernibility
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter explores Leibniz's principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles. Model theory supplies us with the resources to distinguish between many different notions of indiscernibility; we can vary: (a) the primitive ideology (b) the background logic and (c) the grade of discernibility. We use these distinctions to discuss the possibility of singling-out “indiscernibles”. And we then use these to distinctions to explicate Leibniz's famous principle. While model theory allows us to make this principle precise, the sheer number of different precise versions of this principle made available by model theory can serve to mitigate some of the initial excitement of this principle. We round out the chapter with two technical topics: indiscernibility in infinitary logic, and the relation between indiscernibility, orders, and stability.
The Origins of Early Christian Graphic Signs
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The first two sections delineate the early history of the nomina sacra, staurogram, and chi-rho, from the late first to third centuries ad as well as relevant early Christian discourse on the symbolic meanings of certain letters and graphic signs, and show how the staurogram and chi-rho developed from utilitarian abbreviation signs into symbolic visual proxies for God and Christological concepts. The next two sections provide an overview of the use of graphic signs as protective seals among various religious communities, with reference to artefacts such as the Bruce Codex and votive leaves from Water Newton, and compare the early usage of more acceptable Christian signs with the concurrent culture of the so-called ‘magical’ characteres. The final section underscores that the early development of Christian graphicacy should be seen in the context of a general predilection for apotropaic graphic devices in the Imperial period, and in late antiquity in particular.
The Power of the Cross and Cruciform Devices in the Carolingian World
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows the unquestionable role of the sign of the cross as the primary sign of divine authority in Carolingian material and manuscript culture, a role partly achieved at the expense of the diminishing symbolic importance of the late antique christograms. It also analyses the appearance of new cruciform devices in the ninth century as well as the adaptation of the early Byzantine tradition of cruciform invocational monograms in Carolingian manuscript culture, as exemplified in the Bible of San Paolo fuori le mura and several other religious manuscripts. The final section examines some Carolingian carmina figurata and, most importantly, Hrabanus Maurus’ In honorem sanctae crucis, as a window into Carolingian graphicacy and the paramount importance of the sign of the cross as its ultimate organizing principle.
In Defense of ‘Ought Implies Can’
Authors: Leben Derek 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo recent papers have presented experimental evidence against the hypothesis that there is a semantic connection between OUGHT and CAN, rather than a pragmatic and defeasible one. However, there are two flaws with their designs. One is temporal ambiguity: just asking whether “x ought to A” is underspecified as to when the obligation exists. Another is failing to distinguish between prior obligations and all-things-considered obligations. To test these potential confounds, the chapter author ran two experiments. The first paired some of the original stories with a visual timeline specifying the time of the obligation. The second flipped the wording of the original “obligated but can’t” question into the reversed: “can’t, but still obligated.” In both experiments, there were large and significant differences between the original and modified conditions. These results undermine the conclusions of the previous experiments and remain consistent with the Semantic Hypothesis.
Inner Sense
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAccording to the inner-sense theory, one finds out about one’s own mind by deploying a (quasi-)perceptual mechanism, or “internal scanner.” The theory defended in TS&K is not a version of the inner-sense theory, but there are commonalities. This chapter examines eight leading objections to the inner-sense theory, and argues that they leave it pretty much unscathed. However, as explained at the end, there are some residual puzzles. Although the inner-sense theory offers a nice explanation of peculiar access, it offers none at all of privileged access. Further, it gives no explanation of why Shoemakerian “self-blindness” does not actually occur. This motivates an examination of some leading alternatives.
The Puzzle of Transparency
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn The World Without, the Mind Within, André Gallois points out that the inference from ‘p’ to ‘I believe that p’ is neither deductively valid nor inductively strong. This is (a version of) the puzzle of transparency—how can such an inference yield knowledge? This chapter examines the puzzle in depth, as it arises for belief, perception, and sensation. Gallois’s own solution to the puzzle is criticized, as are those offered by Richard Moran and Fred Dretske. The puzzle of transparency in the special case of sensations is also discussed, as is the puzzle’s connection with the problem of other minds as discussed by Kripke in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language, and with Hume’s remarks on the self in the Treatise.
Perception and Sensation
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter extends the transparent epistemology of belief and knowledge given in Chapter 5, first to perception and then to sensation. It turns out that these two topics are very closely related. According to a widespread view, to have a bodily sensation—a headache, a tickle in one’s throat, an itch on one’s neck—is to perceive something occurring in one’s body. The chapter argues that this perceptual theory of sensation is correct. The epistemology of one’s bodily sensations thus becomes a special case of the epistemology of one’s perceptions, and the basic transparency account for perception applies. As one might expect, there are some complications.
Different protein localizations on the inner and outer leaflet of cell-sized liposomes using cell-free protein synthesis
Authors: Uyeda Atsuko , Watanabe Takayoshi , Hohsaka Takahiro , Matsuura Tomoaki 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Membranes of living cells possess asymmetry. The inner and outer leaflets of the membrane consist of different phospholipid compositions, which are known to affect the function of membrane proteins, and the loss of the asymmetry has been reported to lead to cell apoptosis. In addition, different proteins are found on the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane, and they are essential for various biochemical reactions, including those related to signal transduction and cell morphology. While in vitro lipid bilayer reconstitution with asymmetric phospholipid compositions has been reported, the reconstitution of lipid bilayer where different proteins are localized in the inner and outer leaflet, thereby enables asymmetric protein localizations, has remained difficult. Herein, we developed a simple method to achieve this asymmetry using an in vitro transcription–translation system (IVTT). The method used a benzylguanine (BG) derivative-modified phospholipid, which forms a covalent bond with a snap-tag sequence. We show that purified snap-tagged protein can be localized to the cell-sized liposome surface via an interaction between BG and the snap-tag. We then show that IVTT-synthesized proteins can be located at the lipid membrane and that different proteins can be asymmetrically localized on the outer and inner leaflets of liposomes.
Does Orthopaedic Outpatient Care Reduce Emergency Department Utilization After Total Joint Arthroplasty?
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Lange Jeffrey K. , Pak Linda M. , Blucher Justin A. , Barton Lauren B. , Sturgeon Daniel J. , Koehlmoos Tracey , Haider Adil H. , Schoenfeld Andrew J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Emergency department (ED) visits after elective surgical procedures are a potential target for interventions to reduce healthcare costs. More than 1 million total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) are performed each year with postsurgical ED utilization estimated in the range of 10%.

Questions/purposes
We asked whether (1) outpatient orthopaedic care was associated with reduced ED utilization and (2) whether there were identifiable factors associated with ED utilization within the first 30 and 90 days after TJA.

Methods
An analysis of adult TRICARE beneficiaries who underwent TJA (2006-2014) was performed. TRICARE is the insurance program of the Department of Defense, covering > 9 million beneficiaries. ED use within 90 days of surgery was the primary outcome and postoperative outpatient orthopaedic care the primary explanatory variable. Patient demographics (age, sex, race, beneficiary category), clinical characteristics (length of hospital stay, prior comorbidities, complications), and environment of care were used as covariates. Logistic regression adjusted for all covariates was performed to determine factors associated with ED use.

Results
We found that orthopaedic outpatient care (odds ratio [OR], 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.77) was associated with lower odds of ED use within 90 days. We also found that index hospital length of stay (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.04-1.10), medical comorbidities (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24), and complications (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 2.24-2.72) were associated with higher odds of ED use.

Conclusions
When considering that at 90 days, only 3928 patients sustained a complication, a substantial number of ED visits (11,486 of 15,414 [75%]) after TJA may be avoidable. Enhancing access to appropriate outpatient care with improved discharge planning may reduce ED use after TJA. Further research should be directed toward unpacking the situations, outside of complications, that drive patients to access the ED and devise interventions that could mitigate such behavior.

Level of Evidence
Level III, therapeutic study.
Trigeminal ganglion transcriptome analysis in 2 rat models of medication-overuse headache reveals coherent and widespread induction of pronociceptive gene expression patterns
Authors: Buonvicino Daniela , Urru Matteo , Muzzi Mirko , Ranieri Giuseppe , Luceri Cristina , Oteri Claudia , Lapucci Andrea , Chiarugi Alberto 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe attempted to gather information on the pathogenesis of medication-overuse headache, as well as on the neurochemical mechanisms through which symptomatic medication overuse concurs to headache chronification. Transcriptional profiles were therefore evaluated as an index of the homeostasis of the trigeminovascular system in the trigeminal ganglion of female rats exposed for 1 month to daily oral doses of eletriptan or indomethacin. We report that both drug treatments change trigeminal ganglion gene expression to a similar extend. Of note, qualitative transcriptomic analysis shows that eletriptan and indomethacin prompt nearly identical, increased expression of genes coding for proteins involved in migraine pathogenesis and central pain sensitization such as neuropeptides, their cognate receptors, prostanoid, and nitric oxide–synthesizing enzymes, as well as TRP channels. These genes, however, were not affected in thoracic dorsal root ganglia. Of note, lowering of orofacial nociceptive thresholds, as well as forepaw hyperalgesia occurred in both indomethacin- and eletriptan-treated rats. Our study reveals that chronic rat exposure to 2 acute headache medications with completely different mechanisms of action prompts pain sensitization with highly similar induction of pronociceptive genes selectively within the trigeminal ganglion. Data further our understanding of medication-overuse headache pathogenesis and provide hints for specific mechanism–based treatment options.
Should thoracic paravertebral blocks be used to prevent chronic postsurgical pain after breast cancer surgery? A systematic analysis of evidence in light of IMMPACT recommendations
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Shastri Uma , McCartney Colin J.L. , Gilron Ian , Fillingim Roger B. , Clarke Hance , Katz Joel , Juni Peter , Laupacis Andreas , Wijeysundera Duminda , Abdallah Faraj W. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The role of thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) in preventing chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after breast cancer surgery (BCS) has gained interest, but existing evidence is conflicting, and its methodological quality is unclear. This meta-analysis evaluates efficacy of PVB, compared with Control group, in preventing CPSP after BCS, in light of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT) recommendations. Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials comparing PVB with Control group for CPSP prevention after BCS. Eligible trials were assessed for adherence to IMMPACT recommendations. The primary outcomes were CPSP at 3 and 6 months, whereas secondary outcomes were PVB-related complications. Data were pooled and analyzed using random-effects modelling. Trial sequential analysis was used to evaluate evidence conclusiveness. Data from 9 studies (604 patients) were analyzed. The median (range) of IMMPACT recommendations met in these trials was 9 (5, 15) of 21. Paravertebral block was not different from Control group in preventing CPSP at 3 months, but was protective at 6 months, with relative risk reduction (95% confidence interval) of 54% (0.24-0.88) (P = 0.02). Meta-regression suggested that the relative risk of CPSP was lower when single-injection (R
2 = 1.00, P < 0.001) and multilevel (R
2 = 0.71, P = 0.01) PVB were used. Trial sequential analysis revealed that 6-month analysis was underpowered by at least 312 patients. Evidence quality was moderate according to the GRADE system. Evidence suggests that multilevel single-injection PVB may be protective against CPSP at 6 months after BCS, but methodological limitations are present. Larger trials observing IMMPACT recommendations are needed to confirm this treatment effect and its magnitude.