bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Zoledronic Acid Reducing Acute Bone Loss and Fracture Rates in Elderly Postoperative Patients with Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Liu Zhong , Li Chun‐wen , Mao Yi‐fan , Liu Kang , Liang Bo‐cheng , Wu Lian‐guo , Shi Xiao‐lin 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of zoledronic acid on the reduction of acute bone loss and fracture rate in elderly postoperative patients with intertrochanteric fracture.MethodsFrom August 2012 to January 2015, a total of 482 patients with senile osteoporotic femoral intertrochanteric fracture, who accepted proximal femoral intramedullary fixation under anesthesia were analysed. The patients were divided into two groups. Treatment group (353 cases) were treated with 100 mL/5 mg of zoledronic acid injection in 1 week after operation, as well as orally taken 600 mg/d of calcium carbonate and active vitamin D3 400 IU/d. Control group (129 cases) were given the same dose of calcium carbonate and active vitamin D3 orally. Efficacy evaluation were conducted during different periods of medicationResultsCompared with pre‐medication, indexes of bone metabolism (TARP‐5b, CTX) in the treatment group were brought down, especially significantly statistically different after 12 months of medication. The treatment group performed superior to control group in alleviating the pain of back and posture changing (P < 0.05), improving bone density (P < 0.05), depressing re‐fracture rate (P < 0.01) after 24 months of medication. In addition, BP, PF and MH dimension scores were demonstrated with statistical significance (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe application of zoledronic acidin elderly postoperative patients with intertrochanteric fracture can not only relieve acute bone loss, reduce the incidence rate of re‐fracture, alleviate osteoporosis pain and the pain from osteoporotic fracture, but also improve bone metabolism and quality of life, which may offer an acceptable clinical opinion
Autonomous agencies and relational contracts in government bond issues
Authors: Sadeh Tal , Porath Yehuda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article, we examine how national Debt Management Offices (DMOs) in developed countries handle governments’ relational contracts with lenders, which are characterized by potentially important information asymmetries. In response to privileged information, the DMO can adjust the maturity of the auctioned debt perfunctorily – signaling defection from the win‐win spirit of the contract – or consummately – signaling the government's cooperative attitude, and earning the trust of the lenders. We argue that politically autonomous DMOs have more credibility with lenders and can afford less consummate signals. Depending on the electoral cycle and party age, cabinets can press moderately autonomous DMOs to send less consummate signals, but will be less successful with non‐autonomous DMOs, because of their low credibility. We run fixed effects regressions on a unique dataset based on more than 27,500 issues of government debt in 31 mainly Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries during 2004–2012, and a unique compilation of legal texts defining the authority of DMOs.
International spillovers of R&D and marginal social returns
Authors: Ogawa Kazuo , Sterken Elmer , Tokutsu Ichiro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study analyzes marginal social and private returns of R&D investment through the impact of international spillovers of R&D stocks. We compare the marginal social with marginal private returns using data of 27 OECD and EU countries from 1995 to 2008. We consider two channels of R&D spillovers: embodied in trade flows and disembodied by bilateral technological proximity. We find that marginal social returns on R&D are much larger than the marginal private returns for R&D‐intensive countries, in the embodied spillover channel. We also find that the embodied spillover channel through import flows is more important than the disembodied channel.
(Un)Knowing the Rules of the Game: Young Men’s Precarious Talk About “Territory Marking” in Rural Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Vogels Christina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractResearch strongly suggests that the social conditions characteristic of rural communities impact gendered experiences of and beliefs about (hetero)romantic relationships. Largely, this is argued because of the privileging of heteronormative‐gendered roles within rural areas. What also is argued is that this privileging of heteronormativity correlates with the statistically higher rates of oppressive strategies that men are able to use to control their romantic partners. This article contributes to this body of work by analyzing how younger men from a rural high school in Aotearoa/New Zealand talked about the practice of “territory marking,” which involves men using physical violence against one another over women. What was most striking about their talk was how they spoke about this practice, as it was littered with a range of precarious elements. This meant that while it appeared cogent in places, it was also decidedly unknowing, fanciful, and ambiguous. This article will consider what this precarious talk says about how these young men cultivated a rural habitus, motivating them to articulate how idealized masculine bodies should function within public rural spaces. It will also be discussed how the precarious features of their talk signal how such idealized versions of masculinity could be destabilized.
The consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family: an integrative literature review
Authors: Botha Elina , Joronen Katja , Kaunonen Marja 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThe consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family are acknowledged in research, yet to our knowledge, no literature review has been made regarding the overall consequences to the family and infant. This integrative review fills the gap with the aim to review and synthesise current research.AimsTo identify, describe and synthesise previous studies on the consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family.DesignAn integrative review of literature published between January 2008 and April 2018. The search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Medic and Journals@Ovid. Empirical literature reporting the consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family was eligible for inclusion. Quality appraisal was performed using CASP tools and JBI checklists. The extracted data were analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsThirty‐one articles were included in the review. Ten themes were identified: The consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family create desperation. It ruins everyday life, impairs breastfeeding, isolates and casts parents into loneliness, strains and breaks family relationships with feelings of failure as a parent. The excessively crying infant in the family brings a struggle that can lead to physical and mental exhaustion. The infant may have problems later in childhood. Parents are actively trying to solve the problem and to adjust. Time allows survival with traces of negative symptoms, feelings and memories.ConclusionsThe consequences of having an excessively crying infant in the family are harmful to relationships and health. Caring for the crying infant can lead to exhaustion, which might escalate into abuse. These findings help professionals understand this complex phenomenon and encourage actions for concrete support. Further research is required to explore evidence‐based interventions that can help excessively crying infants and their families.
Toll‐like receptor polymorphism in host immune response to infectious diseases: A review
Authors: Mukherjee Suprabhat , Huda Sahel , Sinha Babu Santi P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractImmunopolymorphism is considered as an important aspect behind the resistance or susceptibility of the host to an infectious disease. Over the years, researchers have explored many genetic factors for their role in immune surveillance against infectious diseases. Polymorphic characters in the gene encoding Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play profound roles in inducing differential immune responses by the host against parasitic infections. Protein(s) encoded by TLR gene(s) are immensely important due to their ability of recognizing different types of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This study reviews the polymorphic residues present in the nucleotide or in the amino acid sequence of TLRs and their influence on alteration of inflammatory signalling pathways promoting either susceptibility or resistance to major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and filariasis. Population‐based studies exploring TLR polymorphisms in humans are primarily emphasized to discuss the association of the polymorphic residues with the occurrence and epidemiology of the mentioned infectious diseases. Principal polymorphic residues in TLRs influencing immunity to infection are mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). I602S (TLR1), R677W (TLR2), P554S (TLR3), D299G (TLR4), F616L (TLR5), S249P (TLR6), Q11L (TLR7), M1V (TLR8), G1174A (TLR9) and G1031T (TLR10) are presented as the major influential SNPs in shaping immunity to pathogenic infections. The contribution of these SNPs in the structure‐function relationship of TLRs is yet not clear. Therefore, molecular studies on such polymorphisms can improve our understanding on the genetic basis of the immune response and pave the way for therapeutic intervention in a more feasible way.
Isometric preactivation before active lengthening increases residual force enhancement
Authors: Fukutani Atsuki , Shimoho Kento , Isaka Tadao 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionThe isometric force attained after active stretch is greater than that attained in a purely isometric contraction. This phenomenon is called residual force enhancement (RFE). The purpose was to examine the influence of isometric preactivation conducted just before active stretch on the magnitude of RFE in plantar flexors.MethodsIn the control condition, subjects conducted isometric contraction at 15° of dorsiflexion. In the no preactivation condition, the isometric contraction at 15° of dorsiflexion was conducted after an eccentric contraction from 0° to 15° of dorsiflexion. In the isometric preactivation condition, an isometric contraction was conducted for preactivation before conducting the same routine as in the no preactivation condition. Isometric torque at the end of isometric contraction at 15° of dorsiflexion was compared among conditions to examine whether isometric preactivation affects the magnitude of RFE. The fascicle behaviors of the medial gastrocnemius were recorded by ultrasonography.ResultsThe isometric torque attained in the preactivation condition was greater than that in the control condition (P = 0.017). There was no significant difference between no preactivation and control conditions (P = 0.744). The magnitude of fascicle elongation during active stretch was greater in the preactivation than in the no preactivation condition (P = 0.002).ConclusionCompared to the control condition, greater isometric torque was observed only in the preactivation condition, indicating that substantial RFE was induced only in the preactivation condition. This difference would be explained by the lesser degree of fascicle elongation during active stretch in the no preactivation condition.
Statistical Learning, Implicit Learning, and First Language Acquisition: A Critical Evaluation of Two Developmental Predictions
Authors: Arnon Inbal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe role of distributional information in language learning, and learning more generally, has been studied extensively in both the statistical learning and the implicit learning literatures. Despite the similarity in research questions, the two literatures have remained largely separate. Here, we draw on findings from the two traditions to critically evaluate two developmental predictions that are central to both. The first is the question of age invariance: Does learning improve during development or is it fully developed in infancy? The combined findings suggest that both implicit and statistical learning improve during childhood, contra the age invariance prediction. This raises questions about the role of implicit statistical learning (ISL) in explaining the age‐related deterioration in language learning: Children's better language learning abilities cannot be attributed to their improved distributional learning skills. The second issue we examine is the predictive relation to language outcomes: Does variation in learning predict variation in language outcomes? While there is evidence for such links, there is concern in both research traditions about the reliability of the tasks used with children. We present data suggesting that commonly used statistical learning measures may not capture stable individual differences in children, undermining their utility for assessing the link to language outcomes in developmental samples. The evaluation of both predictions highlights the empirical parallels between the implicit and statistical learning literatures, and the need to better integrate their developmental investigation. We go on to discuss several of the open challenges facing the study of ISL during development.
COPII‐mediated trafficking at the ER/ERGIC interface
Authors: Peotter Jennifer , Kasberg William , Pustova Iryna , Audhya Anjon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoat proteins play multiple roles in the life cycle of a membrane‐bound transport intermediate, functioning in lipid bilayer remodeling, cargo selection and targeting to an acceptor compartment. The Coat Protein complex II (COPII) coat is known to act in each of these capacities, but recent work highlights the necessity for numerous accessory factors at all stages of transport carrier existence. Here, we review recent findings that highlight the roles of COPII and its regulators in the biogenesis of tubular COPII‐coated carriers in mammalian cells that enable cargo transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and ER‐Golgi intermediate compartments, the first step in a series of trafficking events that ultimately allows for the distribution of biosynthetic secretory cargoes throughout the entire endomembrane system.
Comparative histomorphometric analysis of cellular phenotype in canine stifle ligaments and tendon
Authors: Hayashi Kei , Bhandal Jitender , Kim Sun Young , Walsh Nicholas , Entwistle Rachel , Stover Susan M. , Kapatkin Amy S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the density of cellular phenotypes in canine caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL), cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and long digital extensor tendon (LDET).Study designEx‐vivo study.MethodsTen CaCL, CrCL, MCL, and LDET obtained from 1 stifle of 10 dogs with no gross pathology were analyzed histologically. The density of cells with 3 nuclear phenotypes (fusiform, ovoid, and spheroid) was determined within the core region of each specimen.ResultsCells with fusiform nuclei were most dense in the MCL (median [range], 319 [118–538] cells/mm2) and LDET (331 [61–463]), whereas cells with ovoid nuclei were most dense in the CaCL (276 [123–368]) and CrCL (212 [165–420]). The spheroid nuclear phenotype had the lowest density in all structures (31 [5–61] in CaCL, 54 [5–90] in CrCL, 2 [0–14] in MCL, and 5 [0–80] in LDET); however, the CrCL contained a denser population of spheroid cells compared with MCL and LDET (P < .05). Total cell densities did not differ among the 4 structures (P > .05).ConclusionPhenotype density varied within the ligaments and tendon tested here. The cell population of CaCL and CrCL differed from that of dense collagenous tissues such as MCL and LDET.Clinical significanceThe relatively higher density of spheroid phenotype in CrCL may reflect a distinctive native cellular population or a cellular transformation secondary to unique mechanical environment or hypoxia. This intrinsic cellular population may explain altered tissue properties prone to pathological rupture or poor healing potential of the canine CrCL.
Steroid-induced glaucoma and blindness in vernal keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Senthil Sirisha , Thakur Monica , Rao Harsha Laxmana , Mohamed Ashik , Jonnadula Ganesh Babu , Sangwan Virender , Garudadri Chandra Sekhar 
Published: May 2019

PurposeTo report the clinical features, treatment outcomes and blindness associated with steroid-induced glaucoma in vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC).Materials and methodsRecords of patients with VKC, who visited our tertiary centre from 1992 and 2009, were reviewed and those with steroid-induced glaucoma were included in the study. Glaucoma was diagnosed based on intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥22 mm Hg on two consecutive visits (ocular hypertension) and/or glaucomatous optic disc damage. Blindness was defined as best corrected visual acuity of ≤20/400 or visual field <10°.ResultsOf the 4062 VKC subjects, 91 (157 eyes) had steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG), showing a prevalence of 2.24%. Of these 87% were men. The median (IQR) age at onset of VKC was 12 years (7–17). At presentation, the median duration of VKC was 48 months (24–72) and the median duration of steroid usage was 24 months (12–36). The median cup-to-disc ratio (CDR) was 0.9 (0.7–0.9) and median mean deviation was −21.9 dB (−30.0 to –10.2). IOP was medically controlled in 66% eyes (104/157) and 34% eyes (53/157) needed glaucoma surgery. High presenting IOP (OR: 1.04; p=0.05) and increased duration of steroid usage (OR: 1.07; p=0.02) were significantly associated with need for glaucoma surgery. At presentation, 29/91 subjects (31.8%) were bilaterally blind due to SIG. Higher CDR at presentation was significantly associated with blindness in this cohort (p=0.02).ConclusionIn this cohort of VKC with SIG, the disease predominantly affected adolescent males. Glaucoma was severe with one-third needing surgery and one-third blind due to SIG.
Perceptions of postoutbreak management by management and healthcare workers of a Middle East respiratory syndrome outbreak in a tertiary care hospital: a qualitative study
Authors: Al Knawy Bandar Abdulmohsen , Al-Kadri Hanan M F , Elbarbary Mahmoud , Arabi Yaseen , Balkhy Hanan H , Clark Alex 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThis study examines perceptions of the operational and organisational management of a major outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Perspectives were sought from key decision-makers and clinical staff about the factors perceived to promote and inhibit effective and rapid control of the outbreak.SettingA large teaching tertiary healthcare centre in KSA; the outbreak lasted 6 weeks from June 2015.ParticipantsData were collected via individual and focus group interviews with 28 key informant participants (9 management decision-makers and 19 frontline healthcare workers).DesignWe used qualitative methods of process evaluation to examine perceptions of the outbreak and the factors contributing to, or detracting from successful management. Data were analysed using qualitative thematic content analysis.ResultsFive themes and 15 subthemes were found. The themes were related to: (1) the high stress of the outbreak, (2) factors perceived to contribute to outbreak occurrence, (3) factors perceived to contribute to success of outbreak control, (4) factors inhibiting outbreak control and (5) long-term institutional gains in response to the outbreak management.ConclusionManagement of the MERS-CoV outbreak at King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh was widely recognised by staff as a serious outbreak of local and national significance. While the outbreak was controlled successfully in 6 weeks, progress in management was inhibited by a lack of institutional readiness to implement infection control (IC) measures and reduce patient flow, low staff morale and high anxiety. Effective management was promoted by greater involvement of all staff in sharing learning and knowledge of the outbreak, developing trust and teamwork and harnessing collective leadership. Future major IC crises could be improved via measures to strengthen these areas, better coordination of media management and proactive staff counselling and support.
Validity and effectiveness of paediatric early warning systems and track and trigger tools for identifying and reducing clinical deterioration in hospitalised children: a systematic review
Authors: Trubey Rob , Huang Chao , Lugg-Widger Fiona V , Hood Kerenza , Allen Davina , Edwards Dawn , Lacy David , Lloyd Amy , Mann Mala , Mason Brendan , Oliver Alison , Roland Damian , Sefton Gerri , Skone Richard , Thomas-Jones Emma , Tume Lyvonne N , Powell Colin 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo assess (1) how well validated existing paediatric track and trigger tools (PTTT) are for predicting adverse outcomes in hospitalised children, and (2) how effective broader paediatric early warning systems are at reducing adverse outcomes in hospitalised children.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesBritish Nursing Index, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, EMBASE, Health Management Information Centre, Medline, Medline in Process, Scopus and Web of Knowledge searched through May 2018.Eligibility criteriaWe included (1) papers reporting on the development or validation of a PTTT or (2) the implementation of a broader early warning system in paediatric units (age 0–18 years), where adverse outcome metrics were reported. Several study designs were considered.Data extraction and synthesisData extraction was conducted by two independent reviewers using template forms. Studies were quality assessed using a modified Downs and Black rating scale.Results36 validation studies and 30 effectiveness studies were included, with 27 unique PTTT identified. Validation studies were largely retrospective case-control studies or chart reviews, while effectiveness studies were predominantly uncontrolled before-after studies. Metrics of adverse outcomes varied considerably. Some PTTT demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in retrospective case-control studies (primarily for predicting paediatric intensive care unit transfers), but positive predictive value was consistently low, suggesting potential for alarm fatigue. A small number of effectiveness studies reported significant decreases in mortality, arrests or code calls, but were limited by methodological concerns. Overall, there was limited evidence of paediatric early warning system interventions leading to reductions in deterioration.ConclusionThere are several fundamental methodological limitations in the PTTT literature, and the predominance of single-site studies carried out in specialist centres greatly limits generalisability. With limited evidence of effectiveness, calls to make PTTT mandatory across all paediatric units are not supported by the evidence base.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015015326