bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some physicochemical properties of tapioca starch during infrared heat treatment
Authors: Uraives P , Choomjaihan P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Applying infrared radiation heat treatment is an alternative production process of modified starch. The infrared radiation heat treatment for modifying tapioca starch was set at 170, 190 and 210°C. The properties of starch including swelling power, total color difference and blue value were determined every 2 h until 20 h of heating. The results showed that increasing the heating temperature and time decreased the blue value of starch-iodine complex. Meanwhile, the swelling power and total color difference increased with the heating temperature and time.
Reducing of weight variation in soaking step of shrimp processing: effects of iced storage time and soaking equipment
Authors: Pinyosak N , Asavasanti S , Tangduangdee C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of shrimp soaking is to improve functional properties and yield of a shrimp product. The weight variation in the soaking step in actual production is larger than that in the laboratory due to many uncontrollable factors that have not been identified. The objective of this work, therefore, was to investigate the causes that provoke the difference in yield calculation between the laboratory and the real production conditions to improve the soaking process of shrimp within the regulated time. First, the effect of storage time in ice (0 and 24 h) on soaking yield variation was studied. Then, the effect of soaking equipment, i.e. flat bottom tank with rod impeller and cone bottom tank with paddle blade impeller, on weight variation was determined. The result revealed that the iced storage time and the design of soaking equipment had no significant effect on the variations of yield and weight (p ≥ 0.05). Nevertheless, water holding capacities after soaking and cooking were significantly influenced by the iced storage period (p < 0.05). The result revealed that the 24-h iced storage significantly reduced the yields of soaking, cooking, and freezing.
Prediction of elemental components of ground bamboo using micro-NIR spectrometer
Authors: Posom J , Saechua W 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The combustion performance depended on heating value of as-received bamboo which involved elemental components (C, H, N, O, S). The experiment using Micro-NIR spectrometer to investigate of 80 ground bamboo samples and partial least squares regression (PLSR) with cross validation technique was used to develop the model. The reference method was performed on the elemental analyser. It was showed that only C (carbon) was efficiently possible to determine with R2 approximately of 0.6, RMSECV 0.612%, SECV 0.616% and Bias 0.001%. Important peaks in regression coefficient plot at wavelengths 1174 nm and 1927 nm corresponded to C-H overtone and C=O str. 2nd overtone for lignin. At wavelength 1395 nm and 1728 nm were related to 2C-H str.+C-H def. and C-H str. overtone for hemi-cellulose. At wavelength 1580 nm, 1632 nm, 1779 nm, 1824 nm, and 2023 nm conformed respectively to O-H str.1st overtone, C-H str.1st overtone, C-H str. overtone, O-H str.+2C-O str. and 2O-H def.+C-O def. for cellulose.
Feasibility on using NIR spectroscopy for the measurement of the textural parameters in mango
Authors: Sharma S , Sirisoomboon P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Texture analysis of different type of mango has been done using several destructive and nondestructive techniques. Puncture test was used for measuring different textural parameters such as initial firmness, average firmness, toughness, rupture force, rupture distance, penetration force in pulp, penetration energy in pulp of mango C.V Namdokmai Sithong. Fourier transform NIR spectroscopy has been used in order to correlate the textural parameters with NIR spectra using partial least square (PLS) regression. Correlation coefficient (r) was obtained for parameters such as average firmness, rupture force of peel, penetration force in pulp, penetration energy in pulp are 0.70, 0.75, 0.71, 0.71 with RMSEP of 0.561 N/mm, 2.37 N, 0.497 N, 1.980 Nmm.
Contradictions of low-emission nZEB buildings
Authors: Severnyák K 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Based on the EPBD 2010 directive and the mandated method of cost-optimum calculation the forthcoming national regulations require “nearly zero energy buildings” which have high energy performance, significant share of renewables in covering the low energy need and harmonizing the requirement system and the cost-optimum all over in Europe. Known intention of the EU Member States as well as some research reports create the impression that predominant use of biomass in the forthcoming years will be the right way to fulfil the above requirements of nearly zero energy buildings. Taking advantage of regulations in many Member States, the amount of yearly primary energy demand is favourably influenced by the low primary energy conversion factor determined by the very states; besides the delivered energy does not decrease. The CO2 neutrality of biomass is not real. It is true that the emission of gas firing far exceeds that of wood firing, but emissions from the production of natural gas might be lower than that of the production of certain wood products. Overall, the lifecycle-based emission of biomass firing for the most converted fuels is already significant. In the case of wood combustion, the local pollutant emissions, which occur in cities, are significant, while the CO2 constraint take place in the forests.
Analysis and Cross-Comparison of Business Models for nearly Zero-Energy Buildings in Europe
Authors: Köhler B , Quast A , Andaloro A , Dinkel A , Knotzer A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) will be the standard for new constructions in Europe from 2019 (public buildings) and 2021 (private buildings). Even though several technologies for realizing nZEBs are already available, their market penetration in Europe is still low. This can be ascribed to both high initial investment for nZEBs and limited adequate business models for several stakeholders along the buildings’ lifecycle. The aim of this paper is to present and analyse examples of existing business models for nZEBs in different European countries. A broad overview of these business models, accompanied by evidence of their key factors and strengths is essential for developing new business models that ensure a cost-optimal nZEB implementation and adequate profitability for all stakeholders involved. Therefore, at first business models of different European markets and nZEB lifecycle phases are searched for and described in a profile-like manner. Secondly, the key factors and strengths of each business model are pointed out. In the end, a cross-comparison of the business models is done according to some key parameters, such as involved stakeholders and covered life cycle phases. This knowledge serves as a basis for the development of innovative nZEB business models. The work presented in this paper is developed in the frame of EU funded project CRAVEzero – Cost Reduction and market Acceleration for Viable nearly zero-Energy buildings which is co-funded by the Intelligent Energy Europe Programme within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union.
Mobile Tiny Houses – Sustainable and Affordable?
Authors: Leindecker H C , Kugfarth D R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The topic of “affordable accommodations” has affected the construction industry and the politics for many years, not least due to sharply rising real estate prices. Building plots in good locations are just as prohibitively expensive for young people as larger apartments in urban areas, especially in big cities. This raises the question: How much does a person need to live? Energy efficiency, sustainability and regionality are as equally important as coziness, which decisively defines the quality of life of the residents. As part of the “klimaaktiv” regional partnership, the Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences has carried out several research projects concerning the topic of small sustainable homes. In cooperation with an Upper Austrian prefabricated house company, a building technology concept for an innovative modular construction system was devised. The aim here was the development of an innovative, high-quality and inexpensive modular system that does not exclude increased ecological standards. As part of an interdisciplinary project, a group of students developed an energy self-sufficient cabin for almost every kind of application. Based on extensive research on existing building systems, a variety of topics were examined. The focus here was on mobility, modular assembly, ecological materials, self-sufficiency, energy efficiency and the water cycle. In the end, a single-family house, which considers most of the aforementioned aspects, was built.
Improving Construction Efficiency with Digital Fabrication. An Environmental Insight
Authors: Kuzmenko K , Féraille A , Baverel O 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of environmental evaluation of innovative shell-nexorade hybrid timber construction system designed within fabrication-aware technic and fabricated using robotic construction technology. The life cycle assessment of construction phase of the system has been performed; a sensitivity study of the robotic system’s outlay has been effectuated. The results show that the contribution of robotic construction system to the overall result is fairly significant and, in some figures, can even exceed the material’s one.
Using a budget approach for decision-support in the design process
Authors: Hollberg A , Lützkendorf T , Habert G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) during the design phase can help to improve the environmental performance of buildings. However, designers and clients find it difficult to set environmental performance targets and interpret the results obtained through LCA in order to improve the building design. Therefore, performance levels or benchmarks are needed that provide design guidance towards reducing the environmental impacts of buildings in the life cycle. This paper uses a dual benchmark approach. The main concept consists in combining building-related top-down targets with building component-related bottom-up benchmarks. The overall top-down targets per capita and year are derived from the capacity of the global eco system. The bottom-up benchmarks for building elements are calculated following a best-in-class (top 5%) approach. A workflow of applying these benchmarks is proposed. It provides guidance on how to optimize the environmental performance of a building and its components efficiently by differentiating between material and design-related options. The approach is exemplified by means of a case study of a multi-family house.
Carbon Heroes Benchmark Program – whole building embodied carbon profiling
Authors: Pasanen P , Castro R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reducing the embodied carbon of the building stock requires a better understanding of the life cycle impacts of the materials used in those buildings. However, the characteristics of the building stock vary significantly by geography and building type. The “Carbon heroes benchmark program” is a cooperative initiative for carbon profiling by building type across different countries. The program’s aim is to create uniform, full life-cycle of materials benchmarks for common building types. The benchmark program is on track to achieve 1000 fully completed and verified buildings by end of 2019, and contains data breakdowns for over 100 different material types and essential structural parts of a building. All data used in the program is rigorously anonymized and statistically small sets of data are also not used to protect data anonymity. The program implements the EN 15978/ISO 21930 standards as the basis of measurement, and includes life-cycle stages A1-A3, A4, B4-B5, and C1-C4. This presentation will share the preliminary findings of this project. 659 verified buildings (February 2019 cutoff), with substantial datasets for many European countries for some of the most common building types. The benchmark is generated using One Click LCA.
A stakeholder- and function-based planning method for space-efficient buildings
Authors: Von Both P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Space efficiency has proved to be one of the basic parameters for achieving a high level of sustainability of buildings. By optimizing the required space to fulfil functional requirements, high potential savings can be achieved in terms of space, material and energy consumption. This presupposes, however, that – following the principles of an integrated design process - the use-related functional requirements of buildings have been determined in the early planning phases and that architects take these functional requirements into account accordingly - also with regard to possible organizational, logistic and process-related options. So, interdependencies and (temporal) overlays can be reflected and the topological structure can be transferred into space-efficient spatial structures. But adequate tools and methods are currently missing that support this process of user-based functional demand planning in the sense of an integrated participatory process. This contribution introduces a methodology for early planning phases, which is based on a stakeholder analysis and helps to specify process-related user functions as well as qualified functional correlations. The functional relationships can be described, for example, spatiotemporally or in relation to the flow of materials and can be mapped in an adjacency matrix. The planner is thus actively encouraged to think about area- and space-related optimization potentials and can transfer the topological structure of functions into an space-efficient floor plan concept. Also a prototypical implementation of this method will be presented as a web-based tool that supports a participatory user and stakeholder-related planning process.
IEA EBC Annex 72 - Assessing life cycle related environmental impacts caused by buildings – targets and tasks
Authors: Frischknecht R , Birgisdottir H , Chae C-U , Lützkendorf T , Passer A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Investment decisions for buildings made today largely determine their environmental impacts over many future decades due to their long lifetimes. Such decisions involve a trade-off between additional investments today and potential savings during use and at end of life - in terms of economic costs, primary energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is suited to identify measures and action to increase the resource efficiency and the environmental performance of buildings and construction. This paper gives an overview of an ongoing international research project within the IEA EBC with the overall aim to harmonise LCA approaches on buildings and foster life cycle thinking in the real estate and construction sectors. The objectives of the project are i) to establish a common methodology guideline to assess the life cycle based environmental impacts caused by buildings, ii) to establish methods for the development of specific environmental benchmarks for different types of buildings, iii) to derive regionally differentiated guidelines and tools for the use of LCA in building design and tools such as BIM, and iv) to improve data availability by developing national or regional databases with regionally differentiated LCA data tailored to the construction sector. To ensure practical solutions a number of case studies will be used to test and illustrate the consensus approaches and research issues.
Application of RecyclingGraphs for the Optimisation of the Recyclability in Building Information Modelling
Authors: Schwede D 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This publication discusses the application of RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrixes in Building Information Modelling (BIM) for the assessment of the ability of structures to be decomposed and their components to be recycled. The assessment of recyclability of designed building parts is a data-rich task which requires expert knowledge and detailed analysis on a small scale, if complete recycling of the material content is desired. Today often only the main content of buildings, such as concrete and steel structures, are recaptured, while components of smaller quantities are lost or in the worst case, if they cannot be separated, lead to deterioration of the main material flows. BIM models will be connected to relevant databases and used in future to support the optimization of building parts for complete recycling through assisted design or even in automated analysis runs and workflows. Structural compositions are described by RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrixes, which’s components represent on the one hand material elements and on the other hand the connections between them. Materials are classified in terms of various characteristics, such as their recyclability, their ability to be incinerated and the harmfulness of their deposition. The connections are evaluated regarding their ability to be disassembled and the compatibility of the materials connected. The structures are translated into ConnectionMatrixes and the aspects of the evaluation are assessed individually and in combination. The translation of BIM models of four wall structures into RecyclingGraphs and ConnectionMatrix representations is analysed and potentials of such representations in new BIM-based workflows are discussed.
The Reporting of End of Life and Module D Data and Scenarios in EPD for Building level Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Anderson J , Rønning A , Moncaster A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper identifies the need for Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) to provide End of Life (EoL) and Module D data for products for use in building level Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Although the provision of data for EN 15804 Modules A4-D is not currently mandatory for EPD, many currently report some or all of these. This paper provides an overview of the existing reporting of the end of life (Modules C1-4) and Module D and the types of scenarios used in European EPD. Using examples from existing EPD for two product groups, this paper examines the variation in approaches to scenarios for Module C and D. It explores the difficulties brought by this variation and discusses benefits from using default national scenarios at end of life, but additionally considers the advantages of providing alternative EoL scenarios for products to promote the circular economy.
Life Cycle Assessment applied to construction and demolition waste treatment: proposal of a Brazilian scenario
Authors: Hackenhaar I C , Waskow R P , Tubino R , Passuello A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Important amounts of construction and demolition wastes (CDW) are currently generated in several countries. Considering the correct management of this kind of residue, and the search for its noblest use, several studies have focused on the environmental potential impacts from CDW management. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is often used to investigate the potential environmental impacts over the life cycle of a product, thus becoming an important tool to support decision-making. CDW recycling process produces coarse, fine and mix aggregate as outputs, characterizing a multifunctional process. But, how CDW’s LCA should be run, considering a circular and more sustainable built environment? Thus, the objective of this work is to explore the basic premises in proposing a product system for the CDW recycling process in Brazil. For this, data available in the literature on the recycling process in Brazil and in other countries support the definition of the product system. The complexity of this management option is explored, considering how the use of the recycled materials interfere in the scope, objective, unit function and other modelling choices, as well as reliability of CDW studies. Finally, the datasets provided by Ecoinvent are examined in order to promote debate on data adaptation, followed by remarks on the most appropriate choices on allocation in the CDW LCA. The cut-off system modelling associated with the new perspective on the avoided burden approach is concluded by the authors to be the most suitable for this waste recycling multifunctional processes. Understanding system models is key. When no inventory adaptation is intended, available inventory datasets are more advisable to be used when performing end of life scenarios only, once burdens differ according to countries management scenarios, as well as life cycle inventory approaches.
Consequential life cycle assessment of Brazilian cement industry technology projections for 2050
Authors: Gomes V , Cunha M P , Saade M R M , Guimarães G D , Zucarato L , Ribeiro C H , Gomes da Silva M 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the upcoming decades, cement production growth is expected to exceed the increase in availability of clinker substitutes. Increased clinker replacement rates in cement and use of alternatives fuels were pointed out as the main alternatives for reducing emissions of the national cement industry, whilst increasing cement production in 2050. Consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) offers a framework to capture environmental consequences from demand alterations. Modelling the cement production and markets involved is however challenging, given conceptual (only unconstrained markets are considered) and practical modelling limitations (e.g. model granularity compatible with CLCA interests). This paper refers to an ongoing work and adopts a two-stage approach to discuss the effects of the change on the average cement production process in Brazil. We first performed a CLCA without formal affected market identification to estimate the potential environmental impacts of the technology change proposed in the Brazilian Cement Technology Roadmap. Secondly, we used a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of the Brazilian economy to (more) realistically foresee short-term effects induced by such change. The CGE model comprises 102 economic activities, including cement production and its production chain. Our results indicate that (i) increasing the proportion of calcined clay and limestone filler as clinker partial substitutes and (ii) excluding charcoal from the fuel mix composition at the kiln would impact all economic sectors. Our preliminary findings suggest that the increased efficiency in cement production would create some rebound effect that would not invalidate the emission benefits from displacing energy and virgin materials. Additional impact categories and consequences in other economic sectors should be further investigated.
Hydrological and thermal response of green roofs in different climatic conditions
Authors: Arkar C , Domjan S , Majkovič D , Šumi J , Medved S 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The paper presents a study on the thermal and hydrological response of lightweight extensive green roofs with lightweight mineral wool growing media in different European climate conditions. The green roof heat and mass transfer model was developed and experimentally validated. It was then integrated into a developed software tool for the whole year analysis of the green roof thermal and hydrological performance. The results of performed numerical analysis showed that heat losses in heating season and heat gains in summer months of the green roof is smaller compared to the reference non-vegetated roof in all considered climate conditions and depends on thickness of lightweight mineral wool growing media and especially on the green roof’s irrigation scenario. The results of numerical analyses also demonstrated that the water retention of green roofs can be considerably improved if irrigation scenario considers the weather forecast. The weather forecast based green roofs´ irrigation also improves retention at stormwater events.