bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gradients of season length and mortality risk cause shifts in body size, reserves and reproductive strategies of determinate growers
Authors: Ejsmond Maciej J. , McNamara John M. , Søreide Janne , Varpe Øystein 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The theory of life‐history evolution investigates how growth‐reproduction trade‐offs drive evolution of body size in uni‐ and multivoltine (one or more generations per year) arthropods. Existing theory does not predict how the length of the feeding season (season length hereafter) affects body size in semivoltine (i.e., juvenile period longer than 1 year) determinate growers and usually ignores that uni‐ and semivoltine arthropods accumulate large reserves to cover costs of diapause and future reproduction.

Here, we present how the trade‐offs between growth, storage and reproduction drive evolution of body mass and reproductive strategy in arthropods with determinate growth. Our life‐history model concerns high‐latitude marine copepods living in a strongly seasonal environment.

We find that small changes in season length and mortality rate translate into abrupt shifts in lean body mass (a proxy for body size). Body size shifts are caused by a change from multi‐ to uni‐ and semivoltine life cycles with semivoltine life histories selected for in short seasons and only if background mortality is low. Shifts in the number of generations per year do not translate into shifts in the mass of lipid reserves. The model predicts less reserves the shorter the winter. Season length alone is not a sufficient predictor of the degree of capital breeding. Storing for reproduction is strongly selected for under short season but low mortality rate. Hence, capital breeding contributes to fitness in uni‐ and semivoltine organisms whereas multivoltines are income breeders. We also show that storing reserves for diapause and capital breeding trades off with adult size of determinately growing arthropods.

Our results, in particular regarding optimal body size, reproductive strategy (income‐to‐capital breeding) and degree of storage are relevant to a number of determinate growers, including insects and crustaceans.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
‘It's just an excuse to slut around’: gay and bisexual mens’ constructions of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a social problem
Authors: Pawson Mark , Grov Christian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSince the 2012 FDA approval of HIV Pre‐exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) as a method to prevent HIV, its uptake among gay and bisexual men has been met with conflict. Drawing on discussions of PrEP from focus groups with gay and bisexual men in New York City (N = 5 groups, n = 32 participants), we sought to make meaning of the moral debate surrounding the implementation of biomedical HIV prevention medications. Grounded in the constructionist perspective on social problems, this case study focuses on the competing claims making activities gay and bisexual men engage in when framing PrEP and PrEP users. As HIV prevention is a communicative endeavour, analysing the micro level social problems work on PrEP provides key insight into the subcultural norms and values that shape sexual health practices and beliefs within gay and bisexual communities.
Low major trauma confidence among emergency physicians working outside major trauma services: Inevitable result of a centralised trauma system or evidence for change?
Authors: Putland Mark , Noonan Michael , Olaussen Alexander , Cameron Peter , Fitzgerald Mark 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveRegionalised civilian trauma systems improve patient outcomes, but may deskill clinicians outside major trauma services (MTSs). We aimed to characterise experience and confidence in trauma management among emergency physicians working in MTS to those working elsewhere.MethodsEmergency physicians working within the Victorian State Trauma System were surveyed about their pre‐ and post‐fellowship training experience, their estimated hours per fortnight in different centres, the frequency of performance/supervision of critical emergency skills and their confidence in a range of trauma skills.ResultsThe 138 respondents analysed represented 33% of active Victorian FACEMs. The cohort were mostly males (69.6%), younger than 50 (75.4%) and were generally (69.6%) six or more years post‐fellowship. FACEMs working in a MTS were more likely to have been a trauma registrar prior to fellowship (13.3% vs 3.7%, P = 0.046). MTS clinicians performed more, supervised more and were more confident in trauma team leading, traumatic airway management and rapid infusion catheter and multi‐access catheters. Confidence in trauma team leading was only associated with exposure to performance or supervision of trauma team leading. Performance of trauma team leading was more common in clinicians at a MTS (odds ratio 3.19, 95% CI 1.00–10.20, P = 0.05).ConclusionExposure to major trauma is associated with time spent working in a MTS and exposure is associated with confidence. A mature inclusive trauma system must ensure clinicians across the system gain the experience or training to provide trauma care that will result in similar outcomes for patients regardless of initial presenting hospital.
Short‐term high‐fat diet exacerbates insulin resistance and glycolipid metabolism disorders in young obese men with hyperlipidemia, as determined by metabolomics analysis using ultra‐HPLC–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Feng Rennan , Sun Guozhang , Zhang Yunbo , Sun Qintong , Ju Liyan , Sun Changhao , Wang Cheng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly worldwide, and dietary intake is strongly associated with obesity‐related chronic diseases. However, key metabolic perturbations in obese young men with hyperlipidemia after high‐fat diet (HFD) intervention are not yet clear, and remain to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a short‐term HFD on glycolipid metabolism, insulin resistance (IR), and urinary metabolomic profiling in young obese men with hyperlipidemia.MethodsSixty young men (19–25 years; 30 normal weight, 30 obese with hyperlipidemia) were enrolled in the study. Differences in metabolomic profiling of urine between normal‐weight and obese young men before and after 3 days intake of the HFD were investigated using ultra‐HPLC–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.ResultsAfter the HFD intervention, total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) were significantly increased and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly decreased in obese men, but only TC was significantly increased in normal‐weight subjects. Based on metabolic differences, normal‐weight and obese men, and obese men before and after the HFD intervention could be separated into distinct clusters. Seventeen major metabolites were identified that were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycolipid metabolism and IR; the changes in these metabolites suggest metabolic changes in young obese males after short‐term HFD intake.ConclusionsThe findings of this study may contribute to increased understanding of the early biological adaptations of obesity with hyperlipidemia to HFD for the early prevention and control of diabetes and IR.
Analysis of topoisomerase I expression and identification of predictive markers for efficacy of topotecan chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer
Authors: Lv Chunxin , Liu Xiuju , Zheng Qiwen , Chen Hanxiao , Yang Xue , Zhong Jia , Wang Yuyan , Duan Jianchun , Wang Zhijie , Bai Hua , Wu Meina , Zhao Jun , Wang Jie , Wang Ziping , An Tongtong , Zhuo Minglei 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundWe evaluated topoisomerase I (TOPO1) expression in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and identified predictive factors for the efficacy of second‐line topotecan chemotherapy.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the records of SCLC patients treated in our department from January 2007 to December 2016 who received second‐line topotecan chemotherapy. Patients with archived tumor samples were enrolled. TOPO1 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and the relationships between TOPO1 expression, clinical factors, chemotherapy efficacy, and survival were analyzed.ResultsOf the 78 patients enrolled, 67 showed TOPO1 expression (85.9%). Patients were divided into strong (n = 43) or weak (n = 35) expression groups based on staining intensity. Disease control rates for topotecan were 39.5% and 14.3% in the strong and weak groups, respectively (P = 0.014). Second‐line median progression‐free survival was 2.2 and 2.0 months (P = 0.057), and median overall survival was 8.1 and 6.0 months (P = 0.199) in the strong and weak positive groups, respectively. Patients were also divided into sensitive (n = 47) and refractory (n = 31) disease groups according to the duration from the onset of first‐line therapy to relapse. Median second‐line progression‐free survival was 2.2 and 1.8 months in the sensitive and refractory relapse groups, respectively (P = 0.005).ConclusionsTOPO1 expression was prevalent in SCLC patients. Strong expression was associated with an elevated disease control rate after second‐line topotecan chemotherapy. Patients with sensitive disease that relapsed after first‐line chemotherapy had better survival than refractory patients who received second‐line topotecan chemotherapy.
Breeding for robustness: investigating the genotype‐by‐environment interaction and micro‐environmental sensitivity of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Agha S. , Mekkawy W. , Ibanez‐Escriche N. , Lind C. E. , Kumar J. , Mandal A. , Benzie J. A. H. , Doeschl‐Wilson A. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryRobustness has become a highly desirable breeding goal in the globalized agricultural market. Both genotype‐by‐environment interaction (G × E) and micro‐environmental sensitivity are important robustness components of aquaculture production, in which breeding stock is often disseminated to different environments. The objectives of this study were (i) to quantify the degree of G × E by assessing the growth performance of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) across three countries (Malaysia, India and China) and (ii) to quantify the genetic heterogeneity of environmental variance for body weight at harvest (BW) in GIFT as a measure of micro‐environmental sensitivity. Selection for BW was carried out for 13 generations in Malaysia. Subsets of 60 full‐sib families from Malaysia were sent to China and India after five and nine generations respectively. First, a multi‐trait animal model was used to analyse the BW in different countries as different traits. The results indicate a strong G × E. Second, a genetically structured environmental variance model, implemented using Bayesian inference, was used to analyse micro‐environmental sensitivity of BW in each country. The analysis revealed the presence of genetic heterogeneity of both BW and its environmental variance in all environments. The presence of genetic variation in residual variance of BW implies that the residual variance can be modified by selection. Incorporating both G × E and micro‐environmental sensitivity information may help in selecting robust genotypes with high performance across environments and resilience to environmental fluctuations.
Burned, Broke, and Brilliant: Latinx Community Workers’ Experiences Across the Greater Toronto Area's Non‐Profit Sector
Authors: Cahuas Madelaine Cristina 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper explores how women and non‐binary Latinx community workers (LCWs), in the Greater Toronto Area, navigate multiple interlocking forces of oppression like racialisation, heterosexism and neoliberalism, when advancing social justice across the non‐profit sector. Using an intersectionality framework in tandem with testimonio methodology, including 37 testimonios, a workshop and participant observation, I show how LCWs are constrained by, but also contest, a white neoliberal non‐profit funding structure and patriarchal political system. I also explore how community work has contradictory effects on the mental, physical and economic wellbeing of LCWs. Lastly, I demonstrate how LCWs persist by weaving together their family and community histories, personal experiences and women of colour feminisms to enact a Latinx decolonial feminist praxis. I consider what lessons a Latinx decolonial feminist praxis can bring to bear on debates in human geography around neoliberalism, the non‐profit sector and social justice transformation.
Shaping parents, shaping penises: How medical teams frame parents’ decisions in response to hypospadias
Authors: Roen Katrina , Hegarty Peter 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionPsychological research provides insights into how parents approach medical decisions on behalf of children. The medical decision of concern here is the surgical alteration of a hypospadic penis, whose urethral opening does not appear at the tip. Hypospadias surgery is routinely carried out in infancy, despite criticism by international organizations concerned about children's rights. The focus of this study is on the framing of hypospadias surgery.ObjectivesThe objective was to examine how health professionals frame hypospadias and hypospadias surgery in medical and non‐medical ways.DesignThis was a qualitative study designed to build on the experimental research of Streuli et al. who investigated how medical versus non‐medical information affects decision‐making about non‐essential childhood genital surgery.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 32 health professionals. Theoretically informed thematic analysis was used to examine how health professionals talk about hypospadias surgery and about supporting parents to make treatment decisions.ResultsThe analysis suggests that medical professionals’ engagement with parents underestimates the effect of framing in influencing parental decisions about hypospadias surgery. Some psychological specialists in this area are actively framing hypospadias in ways that enable some parents to choose a non‐medical pathway. Psychologically informed ways of talking about a child's genital difference focus on psychological qualities, including affect, well‐being, and unconditional positive regard.ConclusionsThe best interests of children with hypospadias may well be served when psychological pathways are highlighted, providing opportunities to support the flourishing of children whose genital appearance raises the question of medical intervention.
Statement of Contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Framing significantly affects medical decision‐making in ways that people typically fail to perceive.

Parents frequently consent to non‐essential hypospadias (penile) surgery for their sons, despite the risks and ethical concerns.

What does this study add?

Medical teams could do more to consider framing when counselling parents about their son's hypospadias.

Psychological specialists can help parents to frame their son's penile difference in terms of well‐being and love.

The best interests of children with hypospadias may be served by highlighting psychological care pathways.
Weekly carfilzomib and dexamethasone in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: A phase 1 and PK/PD trial
Authors: Maruyama Dai , Tobinai Kensei , Chou Takaaki , Taniwaki Masafumi , Shumiya Yoshihisa , Iida Shinsuke 
Published: July 2018

This open‐label multicenter phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly carfilzomib and dexamethasone (Cd) in Japanese patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Carfilzomib was administered by 30‐minute intravenous infusion on Days 1, 8 and 15 in a 28‐day cycle starting at 20 mg/m2 on Day 1/Cycle 1 and 70 mg/m2 thereafter until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. Dexamethasone 40 mg was administered on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 in Cycles 1‐9 and on Days 1, 8 and 15 thereafter. Six patients were enrolled between March 2015 and June 2015. Patients had received a median of 4.5 (range, 4‐8) prior regimens; all patients had previous therapies with bortezomib and immunomodulatory drugs. Of the 6 patients, 1 had a dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), and tolerability was confirmed. The DLT was grade 3 thrombotic microangiopathy, which was considered serious and occurred on Day 11/Cycle 1. All 6 patients (100%) experienced at least 1 grade ≥3 adverse event (AE). Two patients (33.3%) experienced AE (also considered adverse drug reactions) leading to study discontinuation: thrombotic microangiopathy (Day 11/Cycle 1) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (Day 6/Cycle 2). The overall response rate was 83.3% (95% confidence interval, 43.6‐97.0). The weekly Cd regimen at a carfilzomib dose of 20/70 mg/m2 was well‐tolerated among Japanese patients with RRMM. Our results could be the basis for the further development of carfilzomib treatment considering safety profiles including microangiopathy‐related events and efficacy.
Could packers manipulate spot markets by tying contracts to futures prices? And do they?
Authors: Xia Tian , Crespi John M. , Dhuyvetter Kevin C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSome producers, policy makers, and researchers claim that packers influence cash prices through contracts tied to futures prices. This paper provides a theoretical and empirical study on the price effects of contract‐pricing terms linked to futures price and the related formula pricing terms linked to a cash price. We show that contract‐pricing terms tied to a cattle futures price can theoretically be used to reduce the cash price. Furthermore, the model demonstrates that such tied‐to‐a‐futures‐price contract‐pricing clauses and the related tied‐to‐a‐cash‐price formula pricing clauses can be substitutable tools for packers to depress the cash cattle price. Nevertheless, although empirical results are consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model they show that while such manipulations may occur, their market power impact appears quite small.
Consumer preference for infant milk‐based formula with select food safety information attributes: Evidence from a choice experiment in China
Authors: Yin Shijiu , Lv Shanshan , Chen Yusheng , Wu Linhai , Chen Mo , Yan Jiang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe melamine milk powder incident in China undermined consumers’ confidence in dairy products including infant milk‐based formula (IMF). In this study, three quality IMF product attributes are considered in a choice experiment survey in China including organic label, traceability information, and country of origin (COO). Results reveal that consumers have the highest willingness to pay (WTP) for an organic label from the United States. Traceability information regarding milk production was preferred the most. Consumers prefer IMF originated from the United States and New Zealand over China. Consumer heterogeneity was revealed through a latent class model. Compared to price‐sensitive consumers, certification‐inclined consumers had significantly higher WTP for organic labels. Origin‐preferred consumers displayed higher WTP for IMF produced in the United States and New Zealand, and concerned consumers had higher WTP for all food safety informational attributes. The conclusions of this paper should not only aid Chinese domestic producers and policy makers, they should also provide references for organic certification bodies and dairy enterprises from around the world for their business decision making.
Initial experience with bosentan for the management of pulmonary hypertension after heart transplantation
Authors: Santiago‐Vacas Evelyn , Farrero Marta , Ivey‐Miranda Juan B. , Castel Maria Ángeles , García‐Álvarez Ana , Rios José , Perez‐Villa Felix 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary hypertension (PH) after heart transplantation (HT) is associated to right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and increased morbidity and mortality. We present our experience with bosentan for the treatment of PH after HT.MethodsA retrospective evaluation of patients with PH receiving bosentan post‐transplant was performed. Pulmonary hemodynamics before and after bosentan (BG) and clinical outcomes were assessed and compared to a historical control group (CG) not receiving bosentan.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2016, 21 patients were treated post‐transplant with bosentan. Twenty‐four hours after bosentan initiation, there were significant decreases in systolic (42.5 ± 8 to 38.1 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.015), diastolic (21.4 ± 4 to 17.8 ± 6 mm Hg, P = 0.008) and mean (29.6 ± 5 to 25 ± 6 mm Hg, P = 0.001) pulmonary artery pressures (PAP), transpulmonary gradient (13.1 ± 3 to 9.7 ± 4 mm Hg, P < 0.001), diastolic gradient (5.2 ± 4 to 2.3 ± 3 mm Hg, P = 0.001) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (2.2 ± 1 to 1.6 ± 1WU, P = 0.015). This effect was maintained at day 3. Compared with CG, BG showed significantly more decrease in PVR (0.7 ± 0.9 vs 0.3 ± 1.7WU, P = 0.025) and mean PAP (4.6 ± 5.2 vs 1.5 ± 4.4 mm Hg, P = 0.040). RV function 7 days post‐transplant was significantly better in BG compared to CG, P = 0.004. There were not clinically significant interactions between bosentan and immunosuppressive treatment.ConclusionsBosentan, initiated early post‐transplant, was associated with a significant decrease in PVR. Bosentan was well tolerated and did not interact with immunosuppressive treatment.
Fractionation of three different lignins by thermal separation techniques—A comparative study
Authors: Rohde Viktoria , Böringer Sarah , Tübke Beatrice , Adam Christian , Dahmen Nicolaus , Schmiedl Detlef 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSeparation of the heterogeneous lignin macromolecule in fractions with increased homogeneity, as well as different structural (molar mass) and functional (hydroxy groups, ‐OH) features is important in terms of its use as a chemical building block. For this purpose, three thermal separation techniques were investigated and compared: solvent extraction, successive precipitation and ultrafiltration. One important issue in this context is the utilization of organic solvents with low boiling points to ensure a simple and efficient recovery. In addition to a softwood Kraft lignin (Indulin AT) as reference lignin, two sulfur‐free Organosolv lignins from short rotation coppice (“poplar with bark”) and from the energy grass Miscanthus × gigantheus were investigated. The lignins were separated into low, medium and high molecular weight fractions. Due to the different initial structural features and the associated varying solubility properties in such lignins, different organic solvents were needed for dissolution and precipitation of the individual lignin fractions. The polarity of the used solvent is one key factor regarding the yield of the soluble fraction and the success of molecular sorting into low, medium, and high molecular weight. Further structural features, for example the aliphatic OH‐group content increased with rising molecular weight of poplar, miscanthus, and Kraft lignin from minimum 0.72, 0.3, and 1.6 mmol/g to maximum 2.4, 1.6, and 2.8 mmol/g, respectively. The number of phenolic OH‐groups decreased from maximum 3.8, 4.3, and 4.2 to minimum 1.4, 2.7, and 2.9, respectively. The presented work illustrate options regarding the molecular sorting of several lignin types with three thermal techniques into fractions differing in key properties (yield, molecular weight, polydispersity, functional groups) for material applications.