bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updating for externalists
Authors: Gallow J. Dmitri 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe externalist says that your evidence could fail to tell you what evidence you do or not do have. In that case, it could be rational for you to be uncertain about what your evidence is. This is a kind of uncertainty which orthodox Bayesian epistemology has difficulty modeling. For, if externalism is correct, then the orthodox Bayesian learning norms of conditionalization and reflection are inconsistent with each other. I recommend that an externalist Bayesian reject conditionalization. In its stead, I provide a new theory of rational learning for the externalist. I defend this theory by arguing that its advice will be followed by anyone whose learning dispositions maximize expected accuracy. I then explore some of this theory's consequences for the rationality of epistemic akrasia, peer disagreement, undercutting defeat, and uncertain evidence.
A ROCK inhibitor promotes keratinocyte survival and paracrine secretion, enhancing establishment of primary human melanocytes and melanocyte–keratinocyte co‐cultures
Authors: Mi Jun , Feng Yang , Wen Jie , Su Yiqun , Xu Lin , Zu Tingjian , Liu Chang , Fisher David E. , Wu Xunwei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrimary melanocytes isolated from skin and expanded in culture have been widely used for laboratory research and clinical applications. The conventional method to isolate primary melanocytes from skin usually requires about 3–4 weeks of culture for melanocytes to grow sufficiently to passage. Considering that melanocytes comprise only 3%–7% of epidermal cells in normal human skin, it would be extremely helpful to increase the isolation efficiency and shorten the initial culture time to quickly meet various application needs. Here, we report that adding Y‐27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor, into the initial culture medium for 2 days can dramatically increase the yield of melanocytes. We found that Y‐27632 can promote keratinocyte attachment and survival in the melanocyte culture system, resulting in not only better recovery, but also increased proliferation of melanocytes by a paracrine signaling pathway. More specifically, Y‐27632 significantly induced keratinocyte expression of stem cell factor, which played an important role in enhancing the growth of melanocytes. In summary, Y‐27632 could profoundly enhance the yield of primary melanocytes in the initial culture through paracrine effects on keratinocytes.
Linear and exponential sunscreen behaviours as an explanation for observed discrepancies in sun protection factor testing
Authors: Trullàs Carles , Granger Corinne , Lim Henry W. , Krutmann Jean , Masson Philippe 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn vivo testing of sun protection factor (SPF) values can show considerable interlaboratory variability. We studied the underlying reasons and clinical implications.MethodsFollowing the ISO 24444:2010 SPF testing method, seven contract research organizations (CROs) tested eight sunscreens marketed as SPF50 or SPF50+ and the reference SPF15 sunscreens P2 and P3 and SPF43 P6. We analysed differences in the products and CRO testing methods with regard to SPF variability. We tested the erythema prevention capacity of five of the products in subjects exposed to high doses of natural sunlight in Mauritius.ResultsSun protection factor values varied dramatically between different CROs for some, but not all of the sunscreens. Those with the largest variability had an SPF50+, and their SPF values differed from a maximum of 62.4 to a minimum of 5.5. These products did not share a common sun‐filter composition, and some CROs used low and others high irradiation dose regimens. When comparing these two regimens, test products fell into two categories: (i) they either behaved similarly (“linear”) or (ii) they behaved differently (“exponential”). In the outdoor clinical study, exponential and linear sunscreens did not differ in their photoprotection capacities.ConclusionDifferences in reported SPF values depend on the linear vs exponential behaviour of such products if subjected to low‐ vs high‐dose test regimens. Under real‐time exposure to natural sunlight, exponential and linear sunscreens did not differ in their erythema prevention capacity. Laboratory SPF testing of exponential sunscreens bears the risk of underestimating their in‐use SPF.
The quarantine root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii – a potential threat to Portugal and Europe
Authors: Santos D. , Abrantes I. , Maleita C. 
Published: August 2019

In 2017, during a survey on subsistence farms and gardens in Coimbra region, Portugal, 40 infected root samples were collected and 47 root‐knot nematode (RKN) isolates identified, based on esterase phenotype. The phenotypes A2, H1, Hi2/Hi4, I1/I2/I3 and J3 associated to five Meloidogyne species (M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. hispanica, M. incognita and M. javanica) were found in 43 RKN isolates. The esterase phenotype En2/En4/En5, corresponding to M. enterolobii (=M. mayaguensis), was detected in four RKN isolates from Cereus hildmannianus (Cactaceae), Lampranthus sp. (Aizoaceae), Physalis peruviana (Solanaceae) and Callistemon sp. (Myrtaceae) infected roots. In order to validate the biochemical identification of the M. enterolobii isolates, molecular studies performed with species‐specific primers yielded the expected fragment of c.520 bp, and the amplification of cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II regions of 800 bp. The DNA sequences of one of the isolates were compared with available Meloidogyne species sequences in databases. The Portuguese isolate grouped with 99–100% bootstrap support with all M. enterolobii sequences included for comparison, confirming the presence of this RKN species in Portugal. In the EPPO region, M. enterolobii has been reported in France and Switzerland and intercepted in the Netherlands, Germany and the UK associated with plant material from Asia, South America and Africa. Taking into account the pathogen aggressiveness and its distribution, there is a high probability of its spread not only in the Mediterranean region but also in Europe, and of it becoming a threat to the agricultural economy, where there are no effective strategies for its control.
It's All Relative: Understanding “Women Friendliness” Between and Within States
Authors: Pyeatt Nicholas , Yanus Alixandra B. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveIn this article, we reexamine how the entry and success of women state legislative candidates is affected by local political context.MethodsWe use evidence from state legislative elections from 2001 to 2010 to test our hypotheses.ResultsWe find that female candidates’ emergence and success are affected by the district's context relative to both all districts nationally and all districts within that state. Intrastate comparisons are particularly influential in districts that are less women friendly using a national comparison.ConclusionsOur findings underscore the importance of considering multiple dimensions of political context as scholars attempt to understand the variation in political representation of women state legislators.
External validity of randomized controlled trials of interventions in venous leg ulceration: A systematic review
Authors: Gethin Georgina , Ivory John D. , Connell Lauren , McIntosh Caroline , Weller Carolina D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe set out to evaluate quality of reporting of data related to external validity from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing treatment interventions for active venous leg ulcers. Using a systematic review study design, we identified 144 full‐text RCTs of treatment interventions, where the wound was assessed and published in English from 1998 to 2018. We found that the median study sample size was 75.5. Weighted mean wound size was 13.22 cm2 and weighted mean wound duration was 22.20 months. Forty‐six (32%) reported numbers screened for eligibility and 27 (19%) reported the number who declined to participate; 19 (13%) reported on patient ethnicity; 60 (42%) reported comorbidities; and 5 (4%) reported current medication use. When reported, 60/102 (59%) excluded patients with an ankle‐brachial pressure index <0.8; 68/135 (50%) were conducted in Europe, 6/135 (4%) in Asia, and 74/104 (71%) were conducted in outpatient facilities; 3 (2%) reported socioeconomic factors and 88 (61%) reported on adverse events. We concluded that there is inadequate reporting of data related to external validity in reports of RCTs assessing venous leg ulcers treatment interventions. Significant variability exists in the ankle‐brachial pressure index cutoff point for inclusion or exclusion, making generalizability difficult to assess.
Impact of antimicrobial stewardship managed by clinical pharmacists on antibiotic use and drug resistance in a Chinese hospital, 2010–2016: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Wang Huaguang , Wang Han , Yu Xiaojia , Zhou Hong , Li Boyu , Chen Gang , Ye Zhikang , Wang Ying , Cui Xiangli , Zheng Yunying , Zhao Rui , Yang Hui , Wang Zihui , Wang Peng , Yang Chunxia , Liu Lihong 
Published: August 2019

Objectives‘National Special Stewardship in the Clinical Use of Antibiotics’ was put forward in July 2011 in China. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the impact of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) managed by clinical pharmacists on antibiotic utilisation, prophylaxis and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).DesignThis was a retrospective observational study of trends in antibiotic use and AMR in the context of AMS.SettingBeijing Chaoyang Hospital, a 1400-bed tertiary hospital, in China.Data and participantsAntibiotic prescriptions from 820 doctors included all outpatients (n=17 766 637) and inpatients (n=376 627) during 2010–2016. Bacterial resistance data were from all inpatients (n=350 699) during 2011–2016.InterventionsMultiaspect intervention measures were implemented by clinical pharmacists (13 persons), for example, formulating the activity programme and performance management, advising on antibacterial prescriptions and training.Outcome measuresThe proportion of antibiotic prescriptions among outpatients and inpatients, intensity of consumption in defined daily dose (DDD)/100 bed-days, antibiotic prophylaxis in type I incision operations and resistance rates ofEscherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniaeandPseudomonas aeruginosawere retrospectively analysed.ResultsThe proportion of antibiotic prescriptions decreased in outpatients (from 19.38% to 13.21%) and in inpatients (from 64.34% to 34.65%), the intensity of consumption dropped from 102.46 to 37.38 DDD/100 bed-days. The proportion of antibiotic prophylaxis decreased from 98.94% to 18.93%. The proportion of rational timing of initial dose increased from 71.11% to 96.74%, the proportion of rational duration rose from 2.84% to 42.63%. Time series analysis demonstrated the resistance rates ofE. coliandP. aeruginosato fluoroquinolones decreased, the incidence rate of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusalso decreased, whereas the resistance rates ofE. coliandK. pneumoniaeto carbapenems increased. The antibiotic use was partly positively correlated with AMR.ConclusionsAMS had an important role in reducing antibiotic use and surgical antibiotic prophylaxis. The AMR was positively correlated with antibiotic consumption to some extent.
Prognostic factors in low back pain individuals undergoing steroid and anaesthetic intra-articular facet joint infiltration: a protocol for a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study
Authors: Rodrigues João Carlos , Poetscher Arthur Werner , Lenza Mario , Gotfryd Alberto Ofenhejm , Martins Filho Délio Eulálio , Rodrigues Luciano Miller Reis , Garcia Rodrigo Gobbo , Rosemberg Laercio Alberto , Barros Durval do Carmo Santos , Kihara Filho Eduardo Noda , Ferretti Mario , Bang Gilbert Sung Soo 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionLumbar pain of facet origin is a common problem worldwide. For those patients not responding to traditional treatment, one approach may be intra-articular infiltration of corticoid and anaesthetic. However, despite the increasing demand for this procedure, no consensus exists regarding its therapeutic value. The selection of eligible participants may be a determining factor since only those with an inflammatory process will benefit from the use of corticosteroids. This study aims to identify differences in disability, pain and quality of life scores in individuals with and without facet joint inflammation who were diagnosed using MRI.Method and analysisThis prospective cohort will include individuals older than 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of facet syndrome who underwent intra-articular infiltration. Changes in scores of pain, disability and quality of life questionnaires at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of follow-up compared with baseline will be analysed. An MRI examination performed before infiltration will help to distinguish between exposed (with inflammation) and non-exposed (non-inflammation) groups with facet syndrome. The primary outcome will be the disability questionnaire (Roland Morris), and the secondary outcomes will be the score questionnaires for pain (Visual Analogue Scale), quality of life (EuroQol Quality of Life Questionnaire) and disability (Oswestry).Ethics and disseminationThe Internal Review Board approved this study, which started only after the approval number (5291417.0.0000.0071) was received. All recruited participants will receive a verbal explanation about the purpose of the study, and their decision to participate will be free and voluntary. All participants enrolled in the study will provide a signed informed consent form including confidentiality terms. The results obtained in this study will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed scientific journals to disseminate the knowledge.Trials registration numberNCT03304730; Pre-results.
Communicating benign biopsy results by telephone in the NHS Breast Screening Programme: a protocol for a cluster randomised crossover trial
Authors: Williamson Sian Zena , Johnson Rebecca , Sandhu Harbinder Kaur , Parsons Nicholas , Jenkins Jacquie , Casey Margaret , Kearins Olive , Taylor-Phillips Sian 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionOne of the main harms from breast cancer screening is the anxiety caused by false positive results. Various factors may be associated with false-positive anxiety. One modifiable factor may be the method of communication used to deliver results. The aim of this study is to measure the effect on anxiety of receiving benign biopsy results in-person or by telephone.Methods and analysisThis is a multi-centre cluster randomised crossover trial in the English National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) involving repeated survey measures at four time points. Participants will be women of screening age who have a biopsy following a suspicious mammography result, who ultimately receive a benign or normal (B1) result. Centres will trial both telephone and in-person results on a month-by-month basis, being randomised to which communication method will be trialled first. Women will be blinded to the method of communication they will receive. The analysis will compare women who have received telephone results and women who have received in-person results. The primary outcome measure will be anxiety (measured by the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire) after receiving results, while controlling for baseline anxiety. Secondary outcome measures will include anxiety at 3 and 6 months post-results, understanding of results and patient preferences for how results are communicated. Qualitative telephone interviews will also be conducted to further explore women’s reasons for communication preferences. Qualitative and quantitative data will be integrated after initial separate analysis using the pillar integration process.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Public Health England Breast Screening Programme Research Advisory Committee, (BSPRAC_0013, ODR1718_040) and the National Health Service Health Research Authority (HRA) West Midlands—Coventry & Warwickshire Research Ethics Committee (17/WM/0313). The findings from this study will be disseminated to key stakeholders within the NHSBSP and via academic publications.Trial registration numberISRCTN36997684Trial sponsorThis research is part of a PhD award and is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council Doctoral Training Centre at the University of Warwick and Public Health England. The sponsor for this research is Jane Prewett (sponsorship@warwick.ac.uk).
Behavioural analysis of postnatal physical activity in the UK according to the COM-B model: a multi-methods study
Authors: Ellis Kate , Pears Sally , Sutton Stephen 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveDevelop a behavioural analysis of factors influencing postnatal physical activity (PA) according to the ‘capability, opportunity, motivation and behaviour’ (COM-B) model of behaviour to inform intervention development using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW).DesignCross-sectional, multi-method study using semi-structured interviews and a quantitative questionnaire.SettingChildren’s centres and mother and baby groups in Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, UK.ParticipantsConvenience samples of postnatal women were interviewed (n=16) and completed the questionnaire (n=158).MethodsSemi-structured interviews followed a preprepared topic guide exploring the COM-B model components and analysed using framework analysis. The questionnaire, based on the self-evaluation of behaviour questionnaire, was adapted using patient and public involvement and findings from the interviews. Questionnaire participants rated their agreement with 22 predefined statements related to COM-B model components. Mean, SD and 95% CI were calculated and each item categorised according to importance. Demographic data were collected.ResultsThe questionnaire identified that new mothers would be more active if they had more time, felt less tired, had accessible childcare, were part of a group, advised by a healthcare professional, able to develop a habit and had more motivation. Additional themes emerging from qualitative data were engaging in PA groups with other new mothers, limited physical stamina following complicated births, social interaction, enjoyment and parental beliefs as motivation, provision of child-friendly PA facilities and environments and babies’ unpredictable routines.ConclusionThe behavioural analysis presented in this paper identifies and adds detail on the range of factors influencing the target behaviour. Some are unique to the target population, requiring targeted interventions for postnatal women, whereas some are individualised, suggesting the need for individually tailored interventions. We will use the behavioural analysis presented to design an intervention using the subsequent steps in the BCW.
Integrating tobacco cessation into routine dental practice: protocol for a qualitative study
Authors: Shah Rachana , Shah Rupal , Shah Sujal , Bhojani Upendra 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionCombined efforts to encompass different aspects of tobacco control have been in place for some time. Despite the recognition of the need to offer support to tobacco users to quit tobacco use, such support remains highly inadequate in India. However, little is known about the practice of oral health professionals (OHP) and the experiences and expectations of dental patients in the context of tobacco cessation (TC) services. In this article, we describe the protocol of a doctoral research project that explores OHPs and their patients in an Indian city. The aims are (A) to understand the functioning of the oral healthcare system towards TC and what changes to it will be needed to benefit TC and (B) to capture the views of dental patients on TC services provided by OHPs.Methods and analysisA cross-sectional qualitative study based on individual interviews with OHPs and dental patients will be carried out in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. The OHP will be purposively selected from two major organisation types: (1) single-doctor dental clinics and (2) dental hospital attached to teaching institutions. The sample population will be divided into two subgroups: general OHP (dentists practising general dentistry irrespective of their qualification) and prosthodontists (dentists with a specialisation in prosthodontics). We will sample dental patients through convenient sampling from a public teaching hospital and select private dental care facilities. The sampling of OHPs and dental patients will continue until we reach data saturation. Interviews will be audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and coded by hand. The interview transcript will subsequently be analysed using thematic content analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe study received ethical approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmedabad. The findings will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and to the study participants.
Mapping the evidence of intimate partner violence among women living with HIV/AIDS in Africa: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Meskele Mengistu , Khuzwayo Nelisiwe , Taylor Myra 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionAmong women living with HIV, intimate partner violence (IPV) is increasingly recognised worldwide as a serious public health concern. The understanding of the link between IPV and HIV is currently inconclusive and information concerning the IPV experiences of HIV-infected women is insufficient. This protocol aims to map evidence of IPV against women living with HIV/AIDS in Africa.Methods and analysisWe will search and review peer-reviewed and review articles. The comprehensive search will include the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE with full text via EBSCO host, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus. The advanced search will use MeSH terms. Grey literature will also be included. The titles of the studies from the database searches will be screened, and duplicates will be removed. The abstract screening will be done independently by two reviewers, followed by the full-text screening which will be based on the eligibility criteria. The six methodological stages in this review will be to: identify the research questions; identify relevant studies; select the studies; chart the data; collate, summarise and report the results; and thereafter undertake consultations. The quality of studies included in the review will be determined by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. NVIVO software V.11 will be used to undertake a thematic analysis of each of the studies and to extract the relevant outcomes.DisseminationThe results of this study will be disseminated through publication, and presented at conferences related to IPV.Scoping review registrationCurrently, a scoping review is not eligible for registration on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews.