bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutions for the taking: property rights and the settlement of the Cape Colony, 1652–1750
Authors: Dye Alan , La Croix Sumner 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe examine the formation of property rights in land during the early settlement by the Dutch of the Cape Colony at the southern tip of Africa. After its founding in 1652 as a provisioning outpost for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the colonial government promoted settlement initially by granting land with well‐specified and enforced property rights in restricted zones near Cape Town. By 1714 it transitioned to accommodate rapidly expanding settlement by creating a weaker form of property rights, the loan farm, which was imprecisely defined and had limited government enforcement. We develop a profit‐maximizing monopsony model to explain the VOC's choice to transition from the better‐specified land grant to the less well‐specified loan farm. We conclude that the decline in the population size and ability of the Khoikhoi, the Cape's original inhabitants, to organize effective resistance to the Dutch invasion was critical to the transition, as it lowered the costs of private enforcement of settlers’ territorial claims. The choice of property rights thus enabled and encouraged the rapid taking by European settlers of the western Cape of Africa for the expansion of the Dutch colony's pastoral economy.
Local adaptation primes cold‐edge populations for range expansion but not warming‐induced range shifts
Authors: Hargreaves Anna L. , Eckert Christopher G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAccording to theory, edge populations may be poised to expand species’ ranges if they are locally adapted to extreme conditions, or ill‐suited to colonise beyond‐range habitat if their offspring are genetically and competitively inferior. We tested these contrasting predictions by transplanting low‐, mid‐, and high‐elevation (edge) populations of an annual plant throughout and above its elevational distribution. Seed from poor‐quality edge habitat (one of two transects) had inferior emergence, but edge seeds also had adaptive phenology (both transects). High‐elevation plants flowered earlier, required less heat accumulation to mature seed, and so achieved higher lifetime fitness at and above the range edge. Experimental warming improved fitness above the range, but eliminated the advantage of local cold‐edge populations, supporting recent models in which cold‐adapted edge populations do not facilitate warming‐induced range shifts. The highest above‐range fitness was achieved by a ‘super edge phenotype’ from a neighbouring mountain, suggesting key adaptations exist regionally even if absent from local edge populations.
Scurvy in a hemodialysis patient. Rare or ignored?
Authors: Panchal Sarju , Schneider Christine , Malhotra Kunal 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChronic kidney disease and dialysis brings with it a plethora of complications, including malnutrition. Strict dietary restrictions in hemodialysis (HD) patients further complicate the picture as it increases the risk of deficiency of micronutrients, specifically water‐soluble vitamins. Today, there is a lack of concrete guidelines concerning recommendations on vitamin supplementation in HD patients. This lack of data is partly due to our incomplete understanding of handling of vitamins in a uremic state. There is a dire need for more data on the impact of dialysis and uremic state on water‐soluble vitamins to facilitate appropriate preventative supplementation. We present a case of scurvy in a HD patient that will contribute toward the understanding of vitamin status in HD. We hope it will aid in screening HD patients for vitamin C deficiency and individualizing supplementation of vitamin C.
High‐risk symptoms do not predict gastric cancer precursors
Authors: Da Ben , Jani Niraj , Gupta Nikhil , Jayaram Preeth , Kankotia Ravi , Yao Yu Chung , Dinis‐Ribeiro Mario , Buxbaum James 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground & Study AimsGastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is the most common precursor of gastric cancer. Our aim is to determine if presenting symptoms predict gastric cancer precursor lesions in a high‐risk population.Patient and MethodsConsecutive unique patients evaluated by endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms at the Los Angeles County Hospital between 2010 and 2014 were evaluated. Presenting symptoms were classified as low‐ or high‐risk depending on the procedure indication as coded using the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative (CORI) system. Endoscopy and histology results were used to classify findings as benign, GIM, high‐risk GIM, or malignant. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with premalignant or malignant gastric findings who had high‐risk clinical indications for endoscopy relative to those with benign results.ResultsA total of 3699 patients underwent endoscopy to evaluate upper gastrointestinal symptoms. There were 373 (10.1%) patients with GIM of which 278 had high‐risk GIM. One hundred and sixty (4.3%) patients were diagnosed with gastric cancer. High‐risk indications for upper endoscopy predicted gastric cancer (OR 1.8 [95% CI 1.3‐2.6]) but not GIM (OR 1.0 [0.8‐1.3]) or high‐risk GIM (OR 0.9 [0.7‐1.2]). Hispanic or Asian patients and patients >50 years old were more likely to have GIM, high‐risk GIM, and cancer.ConclusionsPerformance of upper endoscopy for high‐risk indications is inadequate to detect GIM and marginal for malignancy. At risk patients should undergo upper endoscopy for both low‐ and high‐risk symptoms. Screening certain populations deserve additional study and may, in fact, be cost‐effective.
A systematic review to assess the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties for caries risk assessment tools for young children
Authors: Christian Bradley , Armstrong Rebecca , Calache Hanny , Carpenter Lauren , Gibbs Lisa , Gussy Mark 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundAt present, there are numerous caries risk assessment tools (CRATs) being promoted for disease management. The evidence to inform CRAT selection however is unclear.AimThis review aimed to assess the strength of evidence to inform the selection of CRATs for children ages 6 years and less.DesignMEDLINE was the principal search database for this review. Other key databases, the reference lists of included articles, known cariology literature and experts were also consulted. Peer‐reviewed papers describing CRATs and their development methodology were included. The Consensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist guided the quality assessment. The reporting of the key measurement properties (reliability, validity, and responsiveness) informed the quality assessment.ResultsThe search resulted in 10 papers, reporting on eight different CRATs. The identified CRATs were as follows: Caries Management By Risk Assessment (CAMBRA), Cariogram, National University of Singapore CRAT (NUS‐CRAT), MySmileBuddy, Dundee Caries Risk Assessment Model, University of North Carolina Risk Assessment Models, University of Michigan paediatric dental clinic caries risk assessment sheet, and American Academy of paediatric Dentistry (AAPD) CRAT. Common across all CRATs was the lack of information to determine the levels of evidence for the measurement properties of reliability and construct validity. Studies on tools that were assessed as having strong evidence for content validity identified the relevant risk factors for caries in the population being studied, before developing and testing their respective CRATs.ConclusionsThe evidence to inform the selection of current CRATs for children is mostly yet to be established. Overall, the NUS‐CRAT studies reported the most information to inform the assessment of its measurement properties, and as a result, this tool attained a higher quality rating than other CRATs studied.
Y‐chromosome haplotype analysis revealing multiple paternal origins in swamp buffaloes of China and Southeast Asia
Authors: Wang Shaoqiang , Xia Xiaoting , Zhang Tao , Sun Ting , Dang Ruihua , Huang Yongzhen , Lan Xianyong , Chen Hong , Lei Chuzhao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo further probe into the paternal origins and domestication area of swamp buffaloes, we examined Y‐chromosome diversity of 482 bulls representing 22 populations from China and Southeast Asia. A total of 40 bovine Y‐chromosome‐specific microsatellite (Y‐STR) markers were screened in this study. The results showed that seven Y‐STR markers (UMN2405, UMN0504, UMN0103, UMN1307, BC1.2, UMN0304 and INRA008) were specific and polymorphic in male swamp buffaloes, which can define 9 Y‐haplotypes corresponding to four Y‐haplogroups (Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4). Haplogroup Y1 was predominant (83.4%) in all swamp buffalo populations, indicating haplogroup Y1 was the major domestication event of swamp buffalo. In addition, the abundant genetic background and backbone of haplogroup Y1 suggested Yangtze Valley as the major domestication area of swamp buffalo. Interestingly, haplogroup Y4 was only confined in Hainan Island which was more ancient than other haplogroups. We hypothesized that haplogroup Y4 was the descendants of the wild Asian buffalo trapped on Hainan Island in prehistoric glacier period and preserved by later introgression into domesticated cows after the domestication. In conclusion, our findings revealed four divergent paternal origins in swamp buffaloes based on Y‐STR markers.
A comparison between modified and conventional surgical techniques for surgical lip repositioning in the management of the gummy smile
Authors: Alammar Asmaa , Heshmeh Omar , Mounajjed Radek , Goodson Michaela , Hamadah Omar 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare conventional and modified lip repositioning surgical techniques used for management of gummy smile involving hyperactive lip elevator muscles.Methods and Materials.A prospective study was conducted between April 2016 and May 2017. Twenty two adult patients aged 18‐38 years with gummy smile ranging from 4 to 6 mm because of soft tissue disorders were included in the study. All patients were treated in the oral and maxillofacial department at Damascus University. The sample was divided into two groups of 11 patients. The first group was treated by the conventional standard technique, and the second group treated by a modified study technique. The amount of gingival display in full smile was evaluated in both groups following each intervention.ResultsBoth groups exhibited a statistically significant reduction in the measurement of gummy smile at month 1 and 6 postoperatively (P < .05), but there was no significant difference in gingival display at 3 months in either group postoperatively (P > .05). The recent study showed a significant difference in gingival display between 3 and 6 months postoperatively in group 1, but no significant difference in group 2.ConclusionThis study showed that the modified technique utilized in treating gummy smile has less relapse after surgery, shows excellent cosmesis and compared to the conventional technique, greater sustainability.Clinical significanceThe recent increase in demand for an esthetic smile has led to the development a modification of conventional lip repositioning for correcting gummy smile by myotomy of lip elevator muscles. This modified technique offers less relapse and greater stability post‐operatively than the conventional technique.
New Zealand rickettsia‐like organism (NZ‐RLO) and Tenacibaculum maritimum: Distribution and phylogeny in farmed Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Brosnahan Cara L. , Munday John S. , Ha Hye Jeong , Preece Mark , Jones John B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA total of 777 fish from three growing regions of New Zealand Chinook salmon farms comprising of five sites were tested. Quantitative PCR was used to determine the distribution of New Zealand rickettsia‐like organism and Tenacibaculum maritimum. Genetic information from these bacteria were then compared with strains reported worldwide. Using this information, suggested associations of pathogens with clinically affected fish were made. NZ‐RLO was detected in two of the three regions, and T. maritimum was detected in all regions. Three strains of NZ‐RLO were identified during this study. Based on analysis of the ITS rRNA gene, NZ‐RLO1 appears to be part of an Australasian grouping sharing high similarity with the Tasmanian RLO, NZ‐RLO2 was shown to be the same as an Irish strain, and NZ‐RLO3 was shown be closely related to two strains from Chile. Based on multi‐locus sequence typing, the New Zealand T. maritimum was the same as Australian strains. NZ‐RLOs were detected more frequently in fish with skin ulcers than fish without skin ulcers. While additional research is required to investigate the pathogenicity of these organisms, this is the first time that NZ‐RLOs have been associated with the development of clinical infections in farmed Chinook salmon.
Persistent amnion‐chorion membrane separation
Authors: Gerson Kristin D. , Modest Anna M. , Hecht Jonathan L. , Young Brett C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimFetal membranes are composed of the amnion and chorion, which fuse during the early second trimester. Persistent separation confers increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. This study characterizes sonographic and placental findings associated with persistent amnion‐chorion (AC) membrane separation.MethodsThis is a case series of 23 patients carrying singleton pregnancies with persistent AC membrane separation after 16 weeks’ gestation diagnosed by ultrasound from 2010 to 2016 at our institution. Twenty placentas were available for analysis.ResultsObstetrical complications occurred in 13 (56.5%) cases; two (8.7%) cases resulted in intrauterine fetal demise. Fetal malformations were reported in eight (34.8%) cases. Four (17.4%) neonates were small‐for‐gestational age (SGA; <10th percentile). Placental size measured ≤10th percentile for gestational age in eight (40%) cases. Placental cord insertion was marginal or velamentous in eight (34.8%) cases. Maternal and/or fetal placental perfusion abnormalities occurred in 11 (55%) cases.ConclusionAC membrane separation is associated with adverse obstetrical outcomes, placental abnormalities, including marginal and velamentous cord insertion, placental growth restriction and placental perfusion defects. This membrane complication is associated with increased incidence of fetal malformations in the absence of identifiable genetic etiologies.
Patterns and costs of health‐care utilisation in Australian children: The first 5 years
Authors: Hayes Alison J , Brown Victoria , Tan Eng Joo , Chevalier Anna , D’Souza Mario , Rissel Chris , Baur Louise A , Wen Li Ming , Moodie Marj L 
Published: November 2018

AimTo describe patterns of health‐care utilisation and costs of a cohort of Australian children in the first 5 years of life and to investigate demographic factors associated with high health‐care utilisation.MethodsThis was a secondary data analysis of prospectively linked health‐care utilisation data, including primary and secondary health‐care consults, hospitalisations and emergency. The subjects were 350 children from a disadvantaged area of Sydney. Outcomes were the frequency and cost of all health‐care consults from birth to 5 years of age. Multivariable logistic regression examined the odds of being a high health‐care user in relation to child and family characteristics.ResultsChildren had more health‐care consults and higher annual health‐care costs in the first 2 years of life (mean 12 health‐care visits per year, mean cost Australian dollars (AUD) 1400 per child) than in the next 3 years (8 visits per year, AUD 900 per child). Primary care consults formed 86% of all health‐care encounters but only contributed to 30% of the total costs. Factors positively associated with frequent use of health care in the first 2 years of life included being male, mother not married/de facto and annual household income of less than AUD 40000. Frequent users mostly accessed primary care services. There was no association between demographic factors and frequent use of health care in years 3–5 of life.ConclusionsChildren from low‐income or single‐parent families may require additional support services during the first 2 years of life. Maintaining or increasing access to free or very low‐cost primary health‐care services for disadvantaged families will promote equity in health.
Evidence of predation risk increases with body size in a diminutive snake
Authors: Taylor Q. , Cox C. L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPredator‐based selection is ubiquitous and can be a major driver of phenotypic and life‐history evolution. However, how characteristics of individual prey species influence predation risk is unknown for many taxa. This dearth of information on what factors can drive predation risk is particularly profound for small terrestrial vertebrates. We focused our research on the rough earth snake (Haldea striatula), which is ideal for this research because they are small, abundant and subject to predation from a host of predators. We then tested for the role of sex, color morph and body size on the likelihood that a snake would experience attempted predation. This was accomplished by coupling the (1) examination of natural history specimens for evidence of predation and (2) use of clay models of rough earth snakes to test for variation in predation in a natural setting. For the natural history study, we found that scars on specimens increased in frequency with body size, but wound frequency did not differ based upon color pattern or sex. For the clay model study, we found that attack rates increased with model size. Our results suggest that predation risk increases with body size in these diminutive snakes, perhaps due to greater detection probability or different predatory assemblages for larger snakes. More broadly, our results suggest that predator‐based selection may drive smaller body size, which has implications for understanding the diversity of body size in snakes.
Nutritional status and risk factors for stunting in preschool children in Bhutan
Authors: Kang Yunhee , Aguayo Víctor M. , Campbell Rebecca K. , Dzed Laigden , Joshi Vandana , Waid Jillian L. , Gupta Suvadra Datta , Haselow Nancy J. , West Keith P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChildhood malnutrition remains endemic in South Asia, although the burden varies by country. We examined the anthropometric status and risk factors for malnutrition among children aged 0–59 months through the 2015 National Nutrition Survey in Bhutan. We assessed in 1,506 children nutritional status (byz‐scores of height‐for‐age [HAZ], weight‐for‐height [WHZ], and weight‐for‐age [WAZ]), estimating prevalence, adjusted for survey design, of stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight (<−2 for HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ and >2 for WHZ). Children were also assessed for pedal oedema. We conducted multivariable linear/logistic regression analysis to identify child, maternal, and household risk factors for childhood undernutrition and overweight, excluding children with oedema (1.7%). Mean (SE) HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ were −0.82 (0.13), 0.10 (0.04), and −0.42 (0.05), respectively. Prevalence of stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight were 21.2%, 2.6%, 7.4%, and 2.6%, respectively. In multivariable regressions, risk of stunting significantly increased by age: 5.3% at <6 months (reference), 16.8% at 6–23 months (OR = 3.06, 95% CI [0.63, 14.8]), and 25.0% at 24–59 months (OR = 5.07, [1.16, 22.2]). Risk of stunting also decreased in a dose–response manner with improved maternal education. None of the examined variables were significantly associated with wasting or overweight. Despite a WHZ distribution comparable with the World Health Organization reference (with ~2.6% vs. an expected 2.5% of children beyond 2 z in each tail), stunting persists in one fifth of preschool Bhutanese children, suggesting that other nutrient deficits or nonnutritional factors may be constraining linear growth for a substantial proportion of children.
Proceedings of the ‘Working together to consider the role of biofortification in the global food chain’ workshop
Authors: Lockyer S. , White A. , Walton J. , Buttriss J. L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA workshop, jointly hosted by the British Nutrition Foundation, HarvestPlus and the UK government's Department for International Development, was held in May 2018 in London to discuss the potential of introducing biofortified foods into the UK market. Forty delegates from academia, the food industry and non‐government organisations (NGOs) attended. The workshop included presentations outlining the findings of research into the efficacy of biofortified crops in developing countries, the current situation in the UK in terms of micronutrient intakes and status, regulatory issues and consumer acceptability insights. Group work focused on challenges and opportunities relating to introducing biofortified foods into developed markets, in particular aspects relating to consumers (e.g. awareness and understanding of micronutrients and intakes in the UK; potential demand and marketing strategies for biofortified foods); crop growers (e.g. would existing biofortified crops be suitable for the UK climate and who would absorb any additional related costs?); the relevance and acceptability of various biofortified foods in the UK (e.g. based on current dietary patterns and preferences); manufacturers and retailers (e.g. smallholders in the developing world could be linked to the UK food industry; nutrition claims could be utilised); public health (e.g. identification of priorities; potential beneficiaries and ways to target these); regulation (e.g. could a minimum crop micronutrient content be made mandatory?); and research (e.g. to further prove efficacy; consumer insights). Four themes emerged: crop research; consumer education and awareness; standards; and public health research. These were used to identify various challenges, opportunities, beneficiaries, stakeholders, necessary actions and immediate next steps that could form the basis of future work streams designed to explore bringing biofortified foods to the UK market.
Mechanisms underlying the effects of nutrition, adiposity and physical activity on colorectal cancer risk
Authors: Malcomson F. C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLifestyle factors including diet, body fatness and physical activity modulate the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) and it is estimated that over half of CRC cases in the UK are linked to such factors. This review focuses on describing the underlying mechanisms behind the effects of lifestyle factors (predominantly dietary) for which there is strong (convincing or probable) evidence for effects on CRC risk, described in the recently published World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research colorectal cancer report. These include a protective effect of physical activity, wholegrains and dietary fibre, dairy products and calcium supplements, and increased risk associated with red and processed meats, alcoholic drinks and higher body fatness. The postulated mechanisms underlying the effects of lifestyle on CRC risk, including effects on inflammation, insulin resistance and the microbiome, and affecting pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair and apoptosis are described. Epigenetic mechanisms that are dysregulated in colorectal carcinogenesis leading to aberrant patterns of DNA methylation and aberrant expression of microRNAs may also be modulated by lifestyle factors and consequently modulate CRC risk. It is likely that an interplay of these mechanisms is involved in the modulation of CRC risk as well as a combination of these lifestyle factors.