bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single cell variations in expression of codominant alleles A and B on RBC of AB blood group individuals
Authors: Bajpai Anjali , Jonnalagadda Vidya , Sridevi Badanapuram , Mutthukotti Pathma , Jesudasan Rachel A 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOne of the key questions in biology is whether all cells of a “cell type” have more or less the same phenotype, especially with relation to non-imprinted autosomal loci. Recent studies point to differential allelic expression of autosomal genes being a prevalent phenomenon responsible to confer phenotypic variability at individual cell level. However, most studies have been carried out in actively transcribing cells. Here we display cellular mosaicism arising from differential allelic expression for the cell surface glycoprotein in the enucleated RBCs. We studied the expression of the A and B histo-blood group antigens encoded by the co-dominant alleles in individual RBCs using immunofluorescence. We assessed the relative levels of the co-dominant alleles IA and IB in 2512 RBC from 24 individuals with AB blood group using Cy3- and FITC- tagged antibodies. Quantification of individual fluorescence intensities from each cell and test of their normal distribution revealed that contrary to the general belief that all RBC in AB individuals express both antigens in comparable amounts, they segregated into 4 groups: showing normal distribution for both antigens, either antigen, and neither antigen; the deviation from normal distribution could not be correlated to maternal/paternal origin, thus appear to be stochastic. Surprisingly, very few people showed any correlation between the amounts of these two antigens on RBC. In fact, the ratio of antigen A to B in the entire set of samples spanned over 5 orders of magnitude. This variability in amount of the antigens A and/or B, combined with a lack of correlation between the amounts of these two antigens resulted in unique staining patterns for RBC, generating widespread mosaicism in the RBC population of AB blood group individuals.
Overlapping and unique neural circuits are activated during perceptual decision making and confidence
Authors: Yeon Jiwon , Shekhar Medha , Rahnev Dobromir 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe period of making a perceptual decision is often followed by a period of confidence generation where one rates the likely accuracy of the initial decision. However, it remains unclear whether the same or different neural circuits are engaged during periods of perceptual decision making and confidence generation. To address this question, we conducted two functional MRI experiments in which we dissociated the periods related to perceptual decision making and confidence report by either separating their respective regressors or asking for confidence ratings only in the second half of the experiment. We found that perceptual decision making and confidence reports gave rise to activations in large and mostly overlapping brain circuits including frontal, parietal, posterior, and cingulate regions with the results being remarkably consistent across the two experiments. Further, the confidence report period activated a number of unique regions, whereas there was no evidence for the decision period activating unique regions not involved in the confidence period. We discuss the possible reasons for this overlap and explore their implications about theories of perceptual decision making and confidence generation.
Interactions of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex in hierarchical predictive coding
Authors: Alexander William H. , Womelsdorf Thilo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCognitive control and decision-making relies on the interplay of medial and lateral prefrontal cortex (mPFC/LPFC), particularly for circumstances in which correct behavior requires integrating and selecting among multiple sources of interrelated information. While the interaction between mPFC and LPFC is generally acknowledged as a crucial circuit in adaptive behavior, the nature of this interaction remains open to debate, with various proposals suggesting complementary roles in (i) signaling the need for and implementing control, (ii) identifying and selecting appropriate behavioral policies from a candidate set, and (iii) constructing behavioral schemata for performance of structured tasks. Although these proposed roles capture salient aspects of conjoint mPFC/LPFC function, none are sufficiently well-specified to provide a detailed account of the continuous interaction of the two regions during ongoing behavior. A recent computational model of mPFC and LPFC, the Hierarchical Error Representation (HER) model, places the regions within the framework of hierarchical predictive coding, and suggests how they interact during behavioral periods preceding and following salient events. In this manuscript, we extend the HER model to incorporate real-time temporal dynamics and demonstrate how the extended model is able to capture single-unit neurophysiological, behavioral, and network effects previously reported in the literature. Our results add to the wide range of results that can be accounted for by the HER model, and provide further evidence for predictive coding as a unifying framework for understanding PFC function and organization.
Molecular neuroanatomy of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Howard Derek , Negraes Priscilla , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Kaplan Allan S. , Muotri Alysson , Duvvuri Vikas , French Leon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnorexia nervosa is a complex eating disorder with genetic, metabolic, and psychosocial underpinnings. Using unbiased genome-wide methods, recent studies have associated a variety of genes with the disorder. We characterized these genes by projecting them into aggregated gene expression data from reference transcriptomic atlases of the prenatal and adult human brain. We found that genes from an induced stem cell study of anorexia nervosa are expressed at higher levels in the lateral parabrachial and the ventral tegmental areas. The adult expression enrichment of the lateral parabrachial is confirmed with genes from two independent genetic studies. In the fetal brain, enrichment of the ventral tegmental area is also observed for the six genes near the only common variant associated with the disorder (rs4622308). We also observed signals in the adult and fetal pontine raphe, but they were not observed when using the genes from the genetic studies. In addition to signals related to calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons and the tachykinin, we found more than the expected number of microglia marker genes within the gene sets. Using mouse transcriptomic data, we identified several anorexia nervosa associated genes that are differentially expressed during food deprivation. While these genes that respond to fasting are not enriched in the gene sets, we highlightRPS26which is proximal to rs4622308. We did not observe expression enrichment in the cingulate cortex or hypothalamus suggesting other targets for deep brain stimulation should be considered for severe cases. This work improves our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anorexia nervosa by suggesting disturbances in subcortical appetitive circuits.
Constrained airfoil optimization using the area-preserving free-form deformation
Authors: Leloudas Stavros N. , Strofylas Giorgos A. , Nikolos Ioannis K. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is the presentation of a technique to be integrated in a numerical airfoil optimization scheme, for the exact satisfaction of a strict equality cross-sectional area constraint.

Design/methodology/approach
An airfoil optimization framework is presented, based on Area-Preserving Free-Form Deformation (AP FFD) technique. A parallel metamodel-assisted differential evolution (DE) algorithm is used as an optimizer. In each generation of the DE algorithm, before the evaluation of the fitness function, AP FFD is applied to each candidate solution, via coupling a classic B-Spline-based FFD with an area correction step. The area correction step is achieved by solving a sub problem, which consists of computing and applying the minimum possible offset to each one of the free-to-move control points of the FFD lattice, subject to the area preservation constraint.

Findings
The proposed methodology is able to obtain better values of the objective function, compared to both a classic penalty function approach and a generic framework for handling constraints, which suggests the separation of constraints and objectives (separation-sub-swarm), without any loss of the convergence capabilities of the DE algorithm, while it also guarantees an exact area preservation. Due to the linearity of the area constraint in each axis, the extraction of an inexpensive closed-form solution to the sub problem is possible by using the method of Lagrange multipliers.

Practical implications
AP FFD can be easily incorporated into any 2D shape optimization/design process, as it is a time-saving and easy-to-implement repair algorithm, independent from the nature of the problem at hand.

Originality/value
The proposed methodology proved to be an efficient tool in facing airfoil design problems, enhancing the rigidity of the optimal airfoil by preserving its cross-sectional area to a predefined value.
The role of psychological screening for emergency service responders
Authors: Tehrani Noreen , Hesketh Ian 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role that psychological screening and surveillance can take in improving the delivery of psychological support to emergency service responders (ESRs) at a time of increasing demands and complexity.Design/methodology/approachThe study aims to present and discuss the use of psychological screening and surveillance of trauma exposed emergency service workers.FindingsThe evidence supports the use of psychological screening and surveillance using appropriate validated questionnaires and surveys.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings suggest that emergency services should be using psychological screening and surveillance of ESRs in roles where there is high exposure to traumatic stress.Originality/valueThese findings will help emergency service organisations to recognise how psychological screening and surveillance can be used as part of a wider programme of well-being support. This approach can also help them meet their legal health and safety obligations to protect the psychological health and well-being of their ESRs.
Experiences of Karen refugees with traditional and western medicine in the USA
Authors: Wodniak Natalie R. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to further understand the medical experiences of Karen refugees who have been resettled to the USA. It examines the use of traditional medicine throughout the transition from Burma to the USA, as well as refugees’ experiences in the American healthcare system. This study aims to identify shortcomings in refugees’ access to preferred methods of healthcare.

Design/methodology/approach
Interviews were conducted with 39 Karen refugees in 3 US cities with large populations of refugees from Burma – Fort Wayne, Indiana; Amarillo, Texas; and Buffalo, New York. Participants were asked questions about their healthcare experiences in Burma and the USA, their use of traditional medicine in both countries and their satisfaction with medical care in the USA.

Findings
Nearly all interviewees reported using traditional medicine in Burma, but only six felt able to continue to use traditional methods in the USA. Most participants had positive experiences with healthcare in America, but 15 expressed dissatisfaction with obtaining health insurance and confusion over its coverage. Findings also indicate that refugees do not feel that traditional practices are accepted in the USA.

Research limitations/implications
Due to the language barrier, a phone interpreter was used for non-English-speaking participants, which may have affected proper understanding or clarity of answers.

Practical implications
This study brings to attention the need to improve refugee healthcare by encouraging traditional practices and assisting refugees with obtaining health insurance.

Originality/value
This paper identifies the importance of analyzing the accessibility of various forms of healthcare, including traditional medicine, to refugees in the USA.
Analysis of the impacts of entrepreneurship training on growth performance of firms
Authors: Efobi Uchenna , Orkoh Emmanuel 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
Using quasi-experimental designs, the purpose of this paper is to study the effects of training entrepreneurs and such entrepreneurs going ahead to retrain its workers on the business high-growth performance.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper used a unique evaluation data from the National Business Plan Competition in Nigeria, organized by the Nigerian government in collaboration with the World Bank. The data was analyzed using the Propensity Score Matching technique and complemented with the Difference-in-Difference estimates.

Findings
The authors find from the estimation of this paper that those entrepreneurs who received standard evaluation training and goes ahead to retrain its workers experienced an expansion in the number of employees by two persons, an increase in innovation index by about 3 units. An increase in revenue is also observed, but this increase was not significant at the 1, 5 or 10 per cent levels.

Originality/value
This paper presents an interesting view point on how training within an entrepreneurial venture should be viewed as a ‘two sided coin’. This is such that training the entrepreneur is one side of the story, and the entrepreneur retraining its workers is another important side of the story.
Role of innovations in provision of competitiveness and innovational development of economy and overcoming of “underdevelopment whirlpools” in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe
Authors: Popkova Elena , Gornostaeva Zhanna , Tregulova Natalia 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the role of innovations in provision of competitiveness and innovational development of economy and overcoming of “underdevelopment whirlpools” in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe with the help of a special proprietary methodology.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors substantiate the concept and methodology of calculation of “underdevelopment whirlpools”, perform the analysis of development of “underdevelopment whirlpools” in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe and evaluate the influence of “underdevelopment whirlpools” on competitiveness of these countries’ economy.

Findings
The authors determine the perspectives of overcoming the “underdevelopment whirlpools” in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe and increasing their competitiveness with the help of innovation and develops practical recommendations for creation of innovational economy for the purpose of provision of high competitiveness and overcoming of “underdevelopment whirlpools” in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe and overcoming of strong and growing differentiation of the level of socio-economic development of their sub-systems.

Practical implications
Creation of innovational economy in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe is hindered by multiple obstacles (socio-economic and institutional), the success of overcoming of which determines the realization of a certain scenario of development of events.

Originality/value
The main conclusion is that creation of innovational economy can and should become a new vector of economic growth in Russia and countries of Eastern Europe and overcoming of strong and growing differentiation of the level of socio-economic development of their sub-systems.
Corporate social responsibility practices developed by Mexican family and non-family businesses
Authors: Esparza Aguilar José Luis 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the CSR practices developed by Mexican family and non-family MSMEs. The study also aims to compare the CSR practices carried out by family and non-family businesses in a country with an emergent economy.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper opted for an exploratory study using a sample of 384 businesses was selected in the southern state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, distributed in 245 family and 139 non-family businesses and a questionnaire was applied directly to the managers/owners.

Findings
The results show that family MSMEs develop CSR practices to a higher extent than non-family ones, mainly on environment and societal dimensions. In addition, CSR practices in family-owned enterprises develop to a higher extent when the manager/owner has more years of experience in the business, has a higher university education and the size of the business is larger.

Research limitations/implications
The study was developed exclusively with a MSMEs sample with a scope only on the southern part of Quintana Roo, Mexico; the shortage of business databases and the stratification of businesses based exclusively on the number of employees. This work presents information that contributes to the state of the art, broadening the existing literature related to CSR in businesses of a country with an emergent economy and an environment where the tourism and commercial sectors predominate.

Practical implications
This paper provides information to government institutions for the establishment of public policies targeted for an increase of CSR activities by businesses in the area. Manager and/or owners can understand the importance of implementing CSR activities within the business as a competitive strategy. It is also important for universities, professors/researchers and for all interested parties.

Originality/value
This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence about CSR practices carried out among family and non-family MSMEs in an emergent economy.
The role of information technology in bridging the knowing-doing gap: an exploratory case study on knowledge application
Authors: Haamann Thilo , Basten Dirk 
Published: October 2018

PurposeOrganisations that systematically manage their knowledge based on processes of creating, storing, transferring and applying knowledge are likely to achieve both performance improvements and competitive advantages. However, companies often succeed in the first three processes only, while neglecting knowledge application. The phenomenon of employees not relying on existing knowledge when solving specific problems is referred to as knowing-doing gap. While the existence of this gap is well acknowledged, the purpose of this study is to advance the understanding how respective barriers of knowledge application can be overcome, in particular concerning the role of information technology (IT).Design/methodology/approachThis study applies a case study design, thereby relying on various data sources, such as interviews, documents, field notes, observations and demonstrations. The analysis follows established guidelines for thematic analysis.FindingsAn understanding of knowledge application as a three-step process is derived. The set of knowledge application barriers, identified practices to overcome the barriers and yielded themes that explain the role of IT in bridging the knowing-doing gap are complemented.Research limitations/implicationsThe role of IT in bridging the knowing-doing gap and contributing to the general understanding of the knowing-doing gap by also considering practices concerning the people and process dimensions is illuminated. While IT plays a central role in applying knowledge, successfully overcoming the knowing-doing gap requires organisational practices at the people and processes dimensions that are aligned with the IT. The set of barriers of knowledge application at the individual, group and organisational levels is complemented.Practical implicationsThe practices to bridge the knowing-doing gap at the intersection of the people, processes and technology dimensions are identified. Specifically, the role of IT in overcoming barriers to knowledge application is explored.Originality/valueThis thematic analysis yields a theoretical explanation for knowledge application as a three-step process and suggests practices to bridge the knowing-doing gap for each step. Furthermore, four major themes that explain the role of IT for this process in depth are derived.
Unintended consequences of special-needs law in Ireland and Sweden
Authors: Shine Thompson Mary , Svaerd Ann-Katrin Lena 
Published: October 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to trace parallels in the unintended consequences of interpretations of special-needs law in Ireland and Sweden.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is conceptual, based on Irish and Swedish legal reports, studies and national planning documents on supports for people with disabilities. It begins by discussing unintended consequences, and then analyses the Irish court decision in Sinnott v. Minister for Education (2001), which stated that the State’s obligation to provide for education for people with special education needs (SENs) ceases when they reach 18 years. It considers how economic considerations influenced that decision. The focus then diverts to Sweden’s human rights culture and the 1994 legislation, LSS (Sweden’s Act Concerning Support and Services for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments), which enshrines equality and support for people with disabilities, including personal assistance (PA). Cost-saving restrictions on PA allowances are discussed.

Findings
While the Irish State enacted a law on education rights following the Sinnott case the Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act (2004), or EPSEN (2004), it restricts those rights, and sections remain uncommenced. The case may have exhausted litigation as a remedy for people with SENs. In Sweden, austerity diluted the impact of LSS, leading to reduced entitlements and intrusions on privacy. It allowed legal discourse to dominate discussion. Families were negatively affected. In both countries, human rights may have suffered. Identifying which consequences of the legal actions were unintended, and which party did not intend them, can be problematic.

Practical implications
The paper concludes that the courts limited entitlement to the detriment of people with disabilities, and that caution must be exercised in having recourse to law courts in settling entitlements.

Originality/value
The paper is an original analysis of unintended consequences of legal interventions in special-needs policy. It illustrates difficulties in matching visions and systemic requirements in legal and the educational domains.