bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender inequality in the modern world. Based on the study of international organizations
Authors: Krasnov Yu. K. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction. The article analyzes the results of two studies of international organizations “Women, business and law 2019: decade of reforms” conducted by experts of the World Bank with the involvement of external resources and the non-Governmental organization “World Economic Forum” in Davos, devoted to the study of the situation of gender inequality in the modern world.Materials and methods. The article provides theoretical and empirical analysis of the issues which concern ensuring equality of men and women in law, morality and social practice on the basis of analytical documents and research of international organizations, works of domestic and foreign scientists.The results of the study. The World Bank report shows that over the past decade, 274 reforms have been undertaken in 131 countries around the world to bring about changes in legislation that aim to increase gender equality.In the report of the World Economic Forum on this issue, experts took into account the situation of women in 149 countries.Women’s participation in politics remains the main issue according to the report.Discussion and conclusion. Research into the existing inequalities between men and women in public life highlights several facets of the problem.Firstly, the problem of creating gender within the framework of the socio-constructivist approach is actively discussed.Secondly, there is a production of gender differences in interactions in the public space.Thirdly, in scientific works much attention is paid to practical problems: gender division of labor, representation of women in the structures of power, the emerging structure of sexual and emotional relations, historical changes in structural patterns of behavior.The core of these studies is the search for ways to eliminate inequality in the status of men and women in public life on the basis of the basic UN human rights documents.The guidelines for this search are set by the UN Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), adopted on December 18, 1979 by the UN.
Legal Issues and Prospects for No Placement of Weapons in Outer Space
Authors: Lysenko M. N. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction. The article analyzes the current situation in the use of outer space, which is characterized by the expansion of outer space activities, increased competition and a dangerous trend of the possible placement of weapons in outer space. After examining the existing international outer space law, the author identifies gaps in international treaties that must be addressed in order to prevent the deployment of weapons in outer space. Particular emphasis is placed on the study on the assessment of effectiveness of international legal efforts of the Russian diplomacy in dealing with this urgent task.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study comprises general scientific methods of knowledge: analysis, synthesis, induction/deduction, analogy, as well as special scientific methods: comparative legal, formal legal and statistical methods.Results of the study. It was revealed that international outer space law has been developing from the beginning in the logic of limitations on the military use of outer space. However, they are selective and permit the deployment in outer space of non-nuclear weapon systems. There is a real threat of weapons being deployed in outer space especially because the USA is not even hiding such an intention. A number of negotiating bodies exist to eliminate this threat by international legal means. Russia continues an active diplomatic work in the UN, at the Conference on Disarmament and other locations. The author demonstrates that support for Russian initiatives is growing, but they are persistently confronted by the United States and their allies.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the results of the analysis and expert opinions the author advances specific proposals in support of Russia’s diplomatic efforts to prevent confrontation in outer space. It is recommended that the number of countries which pledged not to be the first to place weapons in outer space should be expanded; that this subject should be included in the BRICS documents; that the second conference on peaceful use of outer space dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Yuri Gagarin space flight should be to be held in Moscow in 2021.
The legal mechanism for changing the individual legal status of representatives of the privileged classes in the Russian Empire in 1801-1815
Authors: Smirnov S. N. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction. The article deals with the issues of policy environment for individual social mobility. It provides the examples of promotion of representatives of the noble and spiritual estates (including foreigners who took Russian citizenship) of the Russian Empire in the early 19th century; the role of noninstitutional factors in upward mobility is noted.Materials and methodology. The methodological basis of the study includes the dialectical, historical, formal-legal, critical-legal methods in the framework of the civilizational approach.Results of the research. At the beginning of the XIX century the system of vertical social mobility was modernized in the Russian Empire, primarily in relation to the representatives of the privileged classes. The legal basis of the mechanism of changing the individual legal status included the normative legal acts and the traditions of joining the service by children from nobily that had developed over the previous century. These traditions can be considered as non-institutionalized practices of advancement on the social ladder. The two main channels of social lift in Russia at that time for representatives of the privileged classes were the army and the state civil service; court service in that period lost its role as a channel of social lift.With the help of this mechanism, representatives of the noble class, as well as individual representatives of the spiritual class, were promoted to the political elite of the country. This mechanism was designed to be applied to both “natural” Russian nationals and foreigners who chose to serve Russia as their main professional career. After 1809 the nobles of Finland received institutional opportunities for professional growth within the Russian system of public service. A successful career in the civil service was also possible for a representative of a foreign state who received Russian citizenship, but only if they had a good education and knowledge in the field of professional activity.Discussion and conclusions. The author substantiates the importance of not only the legislative provisions, but also of the existing factors of “nonlegal” nature in the process of changing the individual legal status, as well as the role of education, which by the beginning of the considered period had become a prerequisite for joining the political elite of the country.
International Anti-Corruption Practices
Authors: Mitin A. N. , Kuznetsov P. Uv. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of problems of corruption in foreign countries. Corruption is seen as the inefficiency of public administration associated with a violation in relations between the principal and the agent: the first receives services, the second provides them.It is noted that corruption is the abuse of state and municipal authorities for private gain. A sharp rise in corruption was noted by researchers in the XIX century. At the same time, the first attempts to counter it at the legislative level appeared. At the end of the 20th century (December 17, 1979), the UN General Assembly adopted the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials. The legal basis for the definition of corruption was the adoption in 2003 of the UN Convention against Corruption, and three years earlier the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. For the first time, the thesis was voiced that the fight against corruption is the responsibility of states, and for its effectiveness a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach is needed. In this regard, researchers decided to note the multiplicity of causes of corruption, highlighting the legal, economic, institutional and sociocultural factors, as well as dividing corruption into white, gray and black. According to the geographical classification and the statement that there are no non-corruption countries, they build several models of corruption: Asian, African, Latin American, European.Researchers agree that the level of corruption in all countries depends on the institutional environment and social conditions; it remains an important political phenomenon.Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientific methods, special methods of cognition of international practice, phenomena and processes (analytical examination, synthesis, system-oriented and functional-analytical approaches, interpretation and characteristics of legal norms, comparative legal analysis).Results. In the course of the analytical study, the resources involved in the orbit of corruption, the terms and definitions of this dangerous phenomenon, the legal basis of such definitions proposed by the international community were characterized. International documents of a recommendatory nature relating to the fight against corruption, state anticorruption programs of individual countries, formed some recommendations of an anti-corruption nature were considered.Discussions and conclusions. The application of an integrated interdisciplinary approach to the formation and implementation of systemic activities in which the democratization of public life and the transparency of the activities of all authorities are obvious and necessary is substantiated.
Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky – the Treaty of Tilsit author
Authors: Sysoev V. D. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction. In Russian historical science, a steady consensus has been established regarding the biography of Prince Dmitry I. Lobanov-Rostovsky. The article is dedicated to him - the hero of the Crimean battles and the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1792, an outstanding peacemaker who made an enormous contribution to the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit, who did much to strengthen the western borders of Russia and the formation of the country’s military reserve in 1812, the commander of the Russian reserve army in 1813. For 10 years he truly was the “Eye of the Emperor” serving as Minister of Justice and Prosecutor General. He was lucky to be a witness to the defeat and flight of Napoleon’s troops outside Russia.Materials and methods. The methodological background of the present research is based on general scientific and specific methods of research into historical and juridical phenomena and processes, as we as system-based comparative statistical analysis.Results of the research. It is revealed and reasonably proved that after the Russian army was defeated in June 1807 near Friedland Alexander I made the right decision to negotiate for truce with Napoleon charging Lobanov-Rostovsky with an assignment to hold the negotiation, who carried out the emperor’s commission brilliantly. The peace was concluded in Tilsit. At that time both Alexander I and Lobanov-Rostovsky realized that a war with France was inevitable. The conclusion of the peace in Tilsit enabled Russia to secure the western frontiers, to prepare the army, to increase its numerical strength and to improve its combat readiness.Discussion and conclusions. The results of the conducted research show as follows: all the activities and the life of Dmitry I. Lobanov-Rostovsky were dedicated to the selfless service to Russia. Whatever posts he held, his activity was based on faith in his people, on the desire to sincerely serve his country.
UPOREDNA ANALIZA ONLAJN VIDLJIVOSTI VISOKOŠKOLSKIH USTANOVA PRIMENOM ALATA INTERNET MARKETINGA
Authors: Jakšić Anja 
Published: October 2019

Učestala upotreba interneta u obrazovanju uslovila je promenu procesa prenošenja znanja i istraživanja u velikoj meri. Samim nastankom interneta, dogodile su se promene u sferi marketinga, te pored dosadašnjeg tradicionalnog marketinga, nastaje internet marketing i velikom brzinom uzima primat u odnosu na sve dosadašnje načine oglašavanja. Cilj ovog rada jeste da istakne značaj, ulogu i prednosti internet marketinga, ali i njegovu primenu u visokom obrazovanju, sa posebnim akcentom na benefite primene alata internet marketinga u visokoškolskim ustanovama. U radu su analizirani najbolji strani i domaći univerziteti i njihova primena onlajn alata internet marketinga.
Bias Feminisme: Isu LGBT, Seks Bebas dan Perubahan Norma Seksualitas
Authors: Rendanody Anggita 
Published: October 2019

Feminisme dimaknai sebagai suatu gerakan atau aksi perlawanan atas dominasi pria dalam kehidupan yang kini dimanifestasikan melalui media massa dan media sosial. Pada hakikatnya, media sosial adalah salah satu jenis media massa. Perbedaan keduanya terletak pada kelembagaan dan pertanggungjawaban atas informasi yang diberikan. Meskipun demikian, keduanya sama-sama menjadi perantara bagi sesama pengguna media. Sama-sama bisa memberikan pengaruh terhadap masyarakat, secara kognitif, afektif dan konatif. Feminisme di dunia virtual hadir dalam kedua bentuk tersebut. Konten yang dimuat di antaranya tentang kekerasan terhadap perempuan; fisik dan nonfisik, penindasan dan pembedaan perlakuan di lingkungan kerja, serta pembedaan peluang untuk mendapatkan pendidikan dan pekerjaan yang setara. Pemuatan konten tersebut memiliki satu tujuan yaitu menyetarakan hak antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Namun jika dicermati, hak yang diperjuangkan oleh feminis tidak melulu perempuan, tetapi juga hak gender; feminin dan maskulin dan hak sebagai manusia atau HAM (Hak Asasi Manusia). Berangkat dari tuntutan atas HAM inilah, muncul gagasan tentang kebebasan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemberitaan media massa (media sosial) terkait feminisme, dengan menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah, dalam penyajian konten seputar feminisme; kesetaraan dan kebebasan perempuan, ada perluasan makna yang mengarah pada kebebasan seksualitas, mengarah pada LGBT dan berubahnya norma sosial tentang seksualitas itu sendiri.
Komunikasi Pelayanan Bimbingan dan Konseling untuk Kemajuan Belajar Mahasiswa
Authors: Mujahid Imam , Ernawati Ernawati , Fadilah Galih Fajar 
Published: October 2019

Layanan bimbingan dan Konseling di berbagai institusi, universitas, perguruan tinggi baik swasta ataupun negeri merupakan bagian penting yang perlu diperhatikan dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat luas, terutama mahasiswa. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mendeskripsikan layanan bimbingan dan konseling di PTKIN. Lokasi penelitian yang di ambil yakni IAIN Surakarta dan UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni diskripsi kualitatif dengan intrument pengumpul data wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian yang dilibatkan yakni, 2 orang psikolog, atau konselor, 2 orang dosen pendamping akademik dan 3 mahasiswa Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan layanan bimbingan dan konseling di PTKIN. Hasil penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa pada setiap PTKIN memiliki program khusus dalam mefasilitasi mahasiswa. Di UIN Sunan Kalijaga terdapat terapi menulis bagi mahasiswa sementara di IAIN Surakarta terdapat Hypnoteraphy.
The Secret Persona Korban Pelecehan Seksual (Komunikasi Interpersonal Antara Ibu dan Anak Korban Pelecehan Seksual di Kuta Baro, Aceh Besar)
Authors: Yanuar Deni , Pratiwi Chaiyumi Syah 
Published: October 2019

Terdapat ikatan istimewa yang terbangun antara anak perempuan dengan ibu. Ibu dan anak diharapkan membangun komunikasi interpersonal yang efektif dan suportif, terlebih lagi pada hubungan ibu dan anak korban pelecehan seksual seperti IM, korban pemerkosaan di Aceh Besar, 2016 silam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimanakahketerbukaan diri antara korban pelecehan seksual dengan ibunya. Fokus dalam penelitian adalah pada kasus penyerangan seksual berat dan keterbukaan diri korban pelecehan seksual terhadap ibunya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan Teori Jendela Johari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaIM menutup diri dari ibunya dikarenakan beberapa faktor yaitu prasangka negatif, stigma sosial negatif terhadap kasus pelecehan seksual, ketidak percayaan dan lebih nyaman dengan teman. Hasil analisa keterbukaan diri IM dalam teori Jendela Johari menunjukkan bahwa dirinya adalah pribadi dengan jendela bertipe “The Secret Persona”. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa IM yang merupakan korban pelecehan seksual memiliki komunikasi interpersonal yang tidak ideal dikarenakan jendela Hidden yang besar.
Intramedullary spinal cord germinoma clinically mimicking multiple sclerosis: A case report
Authors: Kageyama Hiroshi , Suzuki Takamoto , Ohara Yukou 
Published: October 2019

Background:
It is important to differentiate intramedullary neoplastic lesions from nonneoplastic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and other demyelinating or inflammatory diseases.

Case Description:
A 26-year-old Japanese male presented with a history of intracranial germinomas and obstructive hydrocephalus, treated with endoscopic surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Three years later, he developed paresthesias involving the right hand and both lower extremities. The cervical MR scan demonstrated a heterogeneously enhancing intramedullary C1-C2 lesion with surrounding edema. On cytological examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), there were no neoplastic cells. However, the fluid was positive for oligoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) bands. The patient received steroid pulse therapy to address the potential MS diagnosis. The follow-up MR showed reduced edema, but no change in the size of the intramedullary lesion. Therefore, the patient underwent a cervical laminectomy for tumor resection. The pathology was consistent with the same cranial germinoma treated 3 years previously. He subsequently received whole spinal radiation and three courses of chemotherapy.

Conclusion:
Some spinal cord tumors may produce oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF. In this case, an intramedullary C1-C2 spinal cord germinoma was originally misdiagnosed as MS due to the presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in CSF. Differentiating this tumor from MS and initiating appropriate treatment were critical into the care of this patient.
Potensi Ecobrick dalam Mengurangi Sampah Plastik Rumah Tangga di Kecamatan Pontianak Barat
Authors: Andriastuti Bella Tri , Arifin Arifin , Fitria Laili 
Published: October 2019

Abstract Waste management in Pontianak City is still managed improperly so there are still lots of waste dump in landfill area. The purpose of this study are to analyze the amount and the potential of using plastic waste to become ecobrick in West Pontianak Subdistrict. Sampling is accordance with SNI 19-3964-1994 in each village office in the West Pontianak Subdistrict. The total of plastics waste in the West Pontianak Subdistrict is 850.108,20922 kg/year or 850.108 tons/year which consists of plastics waste that can be processed into ecobrick that is 652.306,13825 kg/year or 652,306 tons/year and the generation of plastics waste that cannot be processed into ecobrick is 197.802,07097 kg/year 197,802 tons/year. The potential value of ecobrick in reducing plastics waste in West Pontianak Subdistrict is 77% plastics waste can be processed into ecobrick and by 33% it cannot be processed into ecobrick. Based on this research, the potential of ecobrick produced in 1 year which is 2.481.940 pieces for a 600 ml volume bottle or 1.119.177 units for a 1500 ml volume bottle. Keywords: ecobrick, household waste, plastics waste, Pontianak, IndonesiaAbstrak Pengelolaan sampah di Kota Pontianak masih belum dikelola dengan baik sehingga masih banyak sampah yang berakhir di TPA khususnya sampah plastik. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah menganalisis jumlah timbulan sampah plastik dan menganalisis potensi ecobrick dalam mengurangi sampah plastik rumah tangga di Kecamatan Pontianak Barat. Sampling dilakukan sesuai SNI 19-3694-1994 pada tiap kelurahan di Kecamatan Pontianak Barat. Berdasarkan hasil sampling, total timbulan sampah plastik rumah tangga di Kecamatan Pontianak Barat tahun 2019 yaitu sebesar 850.108,20922 kg/tahun atau 850.108 ton/tahun yang terdiri dari timbulan sampah plastik yang dapat diolah menjadi eobrick yaitu sebesar 652.306,13825 kg/tahun atau 652,306 ton/tahun dan timbulan sampah plastik yang tidak dapat diolah menjadi ecobrick yaitu sebesar 197.802,07097 kg/tahun 197,802 ton/tahun. Nilai potensi ecobrick dalam mengurangi sampah plastik rumah tangga di Kecamatan Pontianak Barat yaitu sebesar 77% sampah plastik dapat diolah menjadi ecobrick dan sebesar 33% tidak dapat diolah menjadi ecobrick. Potensi ecobrick yang dapat dihasilkan dalam 1 tahun yaitu sebanyak 2.481.940 buah untuk botol volume 600 ml atau sebanyak 1.119.177 buah untuk ukuran botol volume 1500 ml. Kata Kunci : ecobrick, sampah rumah tangga, sampah plastik, Pontianak, Indonesia.
BioRobotics: Surveillance and the automation of biological life
Authors: Schaeffer Felicity Amaya 
Published: October 2019

New developments in state surveillance technologies and Biorobotics at Harvard University turn to nature, such as bees, with the goal of automating border control, labor, and to fill the vacuum of disappeared pollinating bees. The turn to insects for use in Automated Intelligence (AI) relies on a racialized understanding of biology, and the body rather than the brain, as the mechanism for automated intelligence with consequences for revitalizing binary notions of primitive from rational intelligence, stripping humans as well as historical and social context from the violent causes and consequences of border governance, automated labor, and ecological disaster.
Conditions for Discussing and Comprehending Georationality
Authors: Rozin Vadim M. 
Published: October 2019

The article examines the debate between, on the one hand, the proponents of the position that European reason and logic are universal and therefore the dialogue between West and East will always be unequal and, on the other hand, the advocates of a pluralistic approach, who defend the equality of parties in the dialogue as well as the independence of cultures and ways of thinking in different regions of the world. The author expands the agenda of the debate, appealing to the authors of the book Dialogue of Cultures in a Globalizing World. In addition, the author clarifies the concept of globalization, used by many participants in the discussion, and also formulates his own understanding of philosophy. The author considers philosophy, firstly, as a way of deconstructing reality that has ceased to respond to the challenges of time, secondly, as a process of the creation of schemes defining new reality and objects and, thirdly, as personal and professional methods for solving these problems. The article also discusses the condition of the comprehension of procedural phenomena. Thus, there is a methodological approach that makes possible, according to Kant, to grasp the essence of complex systemic phenomena. Therefore, the author examines a case in which C.G. Jung talks about one of his own child experiences. The author argues that the conditions of the comprehension of processuality are, on the one hand, the formation of a special integrity that is personality and, on the other hand, its actions, which make it possible to assemble the discrete states identified by the researcher into a single process. The personality is considered as the subject who, starting from ancient culture, aims for independent behavior, partially overcomes social and cultural dependence, begins to build his own world and himself in this world.