bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Migration, the movement of people from birthplace to other-place, whether within their own borders or internationally, is one of globalization’s leitmotifs. The scale of migration has risen rapidly in recent decades, some of it the ‘pull’ of opportunities in other countries, but much of it the ‘push’ of poverty, unemployment, conflicts, and environmental degradations that make life unlivable for many. Migration can improve the health and well-being of migrants, and the remittances sent home by overseas émigrés can contribute to domestic poverty reduction in the countries they leave. But forced migration, migrant exploitation, and increasing barriers to the lesser-skilled irregular migrants or asylum-seekers most able to benefit by moving abroad have given rise to new global imperatives to ‘manage migration’ ethically and effectively. Both men and women may be vulnerable to exploitation along the migratory path, but women face additional gendered discriminations in the risk of assault and trafficking.
Identifying the Political Drivers of Quality Education
Authors: Hickey Sam , Hossain Naomi , Jackman David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter consolidates findings from the country cases to offer insight into the politics of education reform. It argues that the education sector presents different resources and incentives to political elites, and as such, the political settlement has a direct bearing on the potential for, and delivery of, reforms. At a national level, political dominance can enable elites to overcome vested interests, but may prevent the emergence of coalitions for learning reforms. More competitive polities are more vulnerable to short-termism and vested interests. At the local level, an absence of political dominance combined with decentralisation can lead to innovative solutions to educational challenges. The strategic implications of the analysis presented include that learning reforms should be closely aligned to the dynamics of the political settlement, and underscore the importance of coalition building. Analysis should be sensitive to the sub-national political dynamics, and recognize the value of ‘best-fit’ local solutions.
The Capability Approach and the Economics of Labour Law
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The implications of the capability approach for the positive and normative analysis of labour law are considered in this chapter. It is argued that the capability approach does not offer a complete theory of labour law and does not, in itself, provide substantive guidance for labour law reform, but that it offers a distinct ontological and methodological perspective which can help to reframe the debate over the economic effects of labour law. In its emphasis on the importance of institutions for creating the conditions for human freedom, and in its advocacy of a range of indicators of human well-being beyond those based on economic growth alone, the capability approach underpins the idea that labour law can play a role in creating the conditions for sustainable development.
Capabilities, Utility, or Primary Goods? On Finding a Conceptual Framework for (International) Labour Law
Authors: McDougall Pascal 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues, against both advocates and critics of the capabilities approach (CA), that applying the CA to labour law makes little substantive difference, because it does not provide answers to first-order questions that were not already available. It surveys the main alternatives to the CA: (1) utility/welfare, (2) Rawlsian primary goods, (3) Ronald Dworkin’s ‘resources’, and (4) GA Cohen’s ‘access to advantage’. It claims that all these conceptual frameworks can accommodate roughly the same array of positions as to how to maximize and/or equalize the things that make a life good. The chapter engages with the capability theorists as individuals developing their own substantive positions on politics and ethics, rather than as a group wielding a unified conceptual apparatus leading to common answers that could not be reached with other theories. The chapter then introduces McDougall’s proposed first-order approach to the regulation of employment. That approach, left legal realism, essentially asserts that labour laws on collective bargaining and employment standards are not deviations from competition, freedom of contract, and private property, but are mere reconfigurations of those abstract ideas from one possible instantiation to another. Relying on this ‘bundle of rights’ approach to property and contract, the chapter then provides the briefest of sketches of a set of normative ideals, which revolve around ‘altruism’ and redistribution along class, gender, and racial lines.
Freedom in Work and the Capability Approach
Authors: Salais Robert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This contribution deals with freedom in work, the importance of which is currently rising. New forms of work organizations call for the engagement by employees of their freedom in work to solve by themselves the many unpredictable uncertainties that emerge during the work process. Especially, but not only from women, claims arise not to be victims of discriminations or of harassments (moral or sexual). Facing such trends, firm managements counteract, either in imposing performance targets to workers, or in editing formal declarations. They deny in practice the social, political, and economic value of effective freedom in work (and of mutual respect and reciprocal commitment). It is argued that, to shed public light on such denials, one should interpret those trends in terms of the capability approach. Several issues are discussed: the nature of work activity (instrumental or of value); the valuation problem for the person in mobilizing Sen’s concept of informational basis of judgment in justice; the interconnected meanings of capability, and so on … Institutionalizing freedom in work should focus on deliberation into valuation processes of work, the capability of public functioning, a conception of rights as goals, and the situated state.
Populism and Liberal Democracy
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Based on an original definition of modern populism as “democratic illiberalism” and many years of meticulous research, Takis Pappas marshals extraordinary empirical evidence from Argentina, Greece, Peru, Italy, Venezuela, Ecuador, Hungary, the United States, Spain, and Brazil to develop a comprehensive theory about populism. He addresses all key issues in the debate about populism and answers significant questions of great relevance for today’s liberal democracy, including: • What is modern populism and how can it be differentiated from comparable phenomena like nativism and autocracy? • Where in Latin America has populism become most successful? Where in Europe did it emerge first? Why did its rise to power in the United States come so late? • Is Trump a populist and, if so, could he be compared best with Venezuela’s Chávez, France’s Le Pens, or Turkey’s Erdoğan? • Why has populism thrived in post-authoritarian Greece but not in Spain? And why in Argentina and not in Brazil? • Can populism ever succeed without a charismatic leader? If not, what does leadership tell us about how to challenge populism? • Who are “the people” who vote for populist parties, how are these “made” into a group, and what is in their minds? • Is there a “populist blueprint” that all populists use when in power? And what are the long-term consequences of populist rule? • What does the expansion, and possibly solidification, of populism mean for the very nature and future of contemporary democracy? Populism and Liberal Democracy will change the ways the reader understands populism and imagines the prospects of liberal democracy.
Good Governance on Multiple Levels
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
There are different levels on which the concept and the principles of good governance have been developed: national, regional, and international. On the national level there are the developments of prevention maladministration but also from the regional and the international level there are injections—by harmonization and cooperation between the national governments—for these concepts and principles of good governance on the national level. Where on the national level the original concept of the rule of law was developed to protect the citizens, the concept of democracy made it necessary to provide more influence from the citizens. That was also because of the important realization of social and political rights and the more important active role of the government. In addition to the classical principles, more attention was also given to effectiveness and accountability of governmental institutions. Because of the fragmentation of administrative law there was also more attention given to the development of general administrative law acts on a national level. There were several initiatives of codes for good governance and good administration. There was the development of the regionalization of administrative law. And, especially on an international level, the international institutions were more and more focused on good governance.
Democracy and Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Democracy is about government and governance by the people in different forms. Democracy is direct or by representation. Sovereignty of the people, however, is not the same as democracy. The position of minorities related to majorities, in a democracy, is not always easy to regulate. This situation has made clear that democracy also has qualitative contents and it is even clearer when we speak about democracy in the sense of a liberal democracy or of a social democracy. Two key elements in and topics related to democracy are the participation of the people and the elections by the people and the transparency of the government. There are some restrictions in a representative democracy and, for that reason, participation will be necessary to maintain the connection between the government and the people. But to have an adequate functioning of this participation and of the elections, transparency on behalf of the government is a necessary condition for a democracy.
The Principle of Participation
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Participation is the active involvement of a group of individuals in a collective process on actual or intended actions of administrative authorities. Participation can refer to taking part in preliminary arrangements, influencing decision-makers, or taking part in actual decision-making processes. But participation can also be justified from the point of view of a sensible government finding out potential flaws and realizing ownership. The term ‘public participation’ presumes that the initiative and procedures are in the hands of citizens, the participation process is generally managed by public entities. The participation principle can be also about participation as a right, and the question of what consequences are there for the direct and guiding function of the administration. Participation is important under the democratic rule of law as well. Public participation can be motivated by democratic, constitutional, corporatist, or administrative motives. While the distinction between these motives for participation is not always unequivocal, these do offer an indication of the various perspectives—and consequently motives—of the parties involved in public participation. With regards to participation, a distinction can be made between the type and the level of participation achieved, ie form and degree of participation. Forms of participation are popular initiatives, the citizen’s panel, the referendum, and the community level forms. The degree of participation is quantified by using indicators, including the number of individuals, the time invested in and the frequency of participation, the involvement of individuals, the extent of influence on the process with respect to the issues addressed by the public authority and the level of participation that citizens are entitled to. Citizens could play different roles, for example one of co-decision-making, co-producing, counselling, consultation, or of distributing information.
Conclusions on Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Good governance is a legal concept and a cornerstone of the modern state and presented in the book as the third cornerstone of a modern stone (alongside the rule of law and democracy). We concluded in relation to the development of the concept of good governance in part I that principles of good governance can only be legal principles when they have been somehow codified legal effect. The good governance principles became more concrete by enumerating six groups of principles (properness, transparency, participation, effectiveness, accountability, and human rights) which are found in many documents of national, regional, and international context. From the legal theory approach on good governance we discussed the character of these principles. In part II we specified the principles of good governance and starting with the principle of properness, which has also been developed under the name of the principle of natural justice. The second, the principle of transparency, is connected to the principle of participation which both have roots in the concept of democracy. The principles of effectiveness and accountability both have a relationship to the institutional structure and functioning. The last principle is the human rights principle which is linked to the rule of law but also to democracy. Several principles of good governance were already developed in regulations and in codes which are the building blocks for the development of the right to good governance. The implementation of good governance and the comparison between countries were explained in Part III. After that, the regional level was discussed—the European Union and the Council of Europe were chosen as models as far as it was comparable. The last chapter was about the implementation on the international level.
Templates, Opacity, and Simulations
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “Computer Simulations,” “Computational Science and Its Effects,” “The Philosophical Novelty of Computer Simulation Methods,” and “Numerical Experimentation” by Paul Humphreys. Some major themes are that it is the broader category of computational science, including such methods as machine learning, that is of interest, rather than just the narrower field of computer simulations; that numerical experiments and simulations are only analogous in a very weak sense to laboratory experiments; that computational science is a genuine emplacement revolution; and that syntax is of primary importance in computational modeling. Remarks are made on the logical properties of simulations, on the appropriate definition of a simulation, and on the need to take applied mathematics seriously as an autonomous field of study in the philosophy of mathematics. An argument is given for the conclusion that computational transformations preserve the causal origins of data but not their referential content.
Computational and Conceptual Emergence
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A sixfold taxonomy for emergence is presented into which a variety of contemporary accounts of emergence fit. The first dimension of the taxonomy consists of inferential, conceptual, and ontological emergence; the second dimension consists of diachronic and synchronic versions of each of these types of emergence. The adequacy of weak emergence, a specifically computational form of inferential emergence, is then examined, and its relationship to conceptual emergence and ontological emergence is detailed. Arguments are given assessing whether the end state of a weakly emergent process has to satisfy a novelty condition and new argumet is provided for the conclusion that diachronic emergence involves tokens of states.
Aleatory Explanations
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The question of what role negatively relevant factors should play in explanations that refer to probabilistic causes is addressed. A distinction between contributing and counteracting causes is drawn. Arguments are given that citing the probability value as part of the explanation is unnecessary, that restricting the explanatory factors to only the positively relevant factors is misleading, and that listing some, but not all, of the contributing and counteracting causes allows for partial but true explanations to be given. The canonical explanatory form for probabilistic causal explanations "X because Y despite Z" is introduced and linguistic variants of the canonical form are given.
Explanation, Understanding, Ontology, and Social Dynamics
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Retrospective reflections are provided on the papers “Aleatory Explanations,” “Analytic versus Synthetic Understanding,” “Scientific and Speculative Ontology,” and “Endogenous Uncertainty and the Dynamics of Constraints” by Paul Humphreys. Arguments are given for restricting probabilistic causation to situations in which single case propensities are present and for keeping the pragmatics of explanation as a secondary, rather than a primary, feature of explanations. A finite representation schema for ceteris paribus conditions is provided and some suggestions for how to deal with the pessimistic induction are floated. Some reasons why traditional empiricism should not place constraints on the ontologies we use are given. Motivations for a previously unpublished paper that identifies situations in which individual utility maximization strategies perform worse at the society level than do some common individual strategies are provided and the appropriate role for encouraging certain types of constraints on self-interest is discussed.
The Orthodox struggle to assimilate Palamite thinking
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Palamite controversy originated in Barlaam’s formal complaint that Palamas’ teaching was a cover for the dualist heresy of Bogomilism, or ‘Messalianism’. A series of Constantinopolitan councils upheld Palamas’ orthodoxy, but many of its opponents subsequently abandoned Orthodoxy and joined the Latin Church. Thus the ‘Palamite heresy’ became a weapon, in the confessionally competitive climate of the early modern age, with which Catholic missionaries could attack confidence in the Orthodox Church as a reliable vehicle of salvation. The attempts of Dositheos II of Jerusalem and Nikodemus the Hagiorite to publish the complete works of Palamas came to nothing. The Philokalia in its Slavonic version introduced hesychast theology to Russia but omitted Palamas himself. Palamite thought was appropriated in Russia chiefly by the controversial ‘glorifiers of the Name’, the imiaslavtsy. It was against the background of imiaslavie that the early work on Palamas by the Russian émigrés in Paris was undertaken.
What does doctrinal development mean?
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter, the first to address ‘the larger questions’, discusses the philosophical and theological context in which Palamas worked. The East made a distinction between the ‘outer wisdom’ of the pagan Greek philosophers and the ‘inner wisdom’ of the Church Fathers. Palamas rejected the parity of the two wisdoms espoused by Barlaam, who argued that ‘truth is one’, but did not repudiate philosophy as such. All parties to the controversy, however, gave priority to the Church Fathers, taking as their chief authority Dionysius the Areopagite. The correct exegesis of Dionysius became central to the debate. Methodological issues that were discussed explicitly include the relationship between dogmatic and mystical theology, and between theology and contemplation, and the correct explication (anaptyxis) of Christological dogma. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the different ways in which theological decisions were made authoritative in the East and in the West.
What is the reality of divine–human communion?
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The nature of divine–human communion was the central issue in the hesychast controversy. This raises the question of the nature of divine grace. Basing his discussion on Dionysius the Areopagite, Palamas argues that grace is both the giver and the gift, both essence and energy, for Scripture (Joel 3:1, LXX) says that God will pour out from his Spirit, making a distinction between the pourer and the poured. Palamas’ discussions of how grace is appropriated focus on the vision of light, the meaning of enhypostatic existence, and the nature of symbols. He argues that if grace is merely created, as Akindynos maintained, we could have no communion with God, because we would have nothing bridging the ontological divide between the Creator and the creature.
Moral Psychology with Nietzsche
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book offers both a reading and defense of Nietzsche’s moral psychology, drawing on both empirical psychological results and contemporary philosophical positions and arguments. Among the views explained and defended are: anti-realism about all value, including epistemic value; a kind of sentimentalism about evaluative judgment; epiphenomenalism about certain conscious mental states, including those involved in the conscious experience of willing; and radical skepticism about free will and moral responsibility. Psychological research, from Daniel Wegner’s work on the experience of willing to the famed Minnesota Twin studies, is marshalled in support of the Nietzschean picture of moral psychology. Nietzschean views are brought into dialogue with contemporary philosophical views defended by, among many others, Harry Frankfurt, T.M. Scanlon, Gary Watson, and Derk Pereboom. Nietzsche emerges not simply as a museum piece from the history of ideas, but as a philosopher and psychologist who exceeds David Hume for insight into human nature and the human mind, one who repeatedly anticipates later developments in empirical psychology, and continues to offer sophisticated and unsettling challenges to much conventional wisdom in philosophy.
Blame and Moral Ignorance
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues against the popular view that acting in accordance with one’s principles excuses moral wrongdoing. That is, if one is ignorant of the moral truth, and that ignorance explains one’s wrong actions in the right way, one shouldn’t be blamed for doing the wrong thing. One objection I raise is that there is no good way to make sense of the notion of the ignorance explaining the action in the right way. Another, linking back to the discussion of moral motivation, is that it is rare for moral ignorance to lead to wrong action in the absence of some other blameworthy moral failing. But the chapter ends on a concessive note; there are some rare cases where a false moral belief could excuse certain wrong actions.
Higher-Order Evidence
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses higher-order evidence, i.e. evidence directly about the propriety of having some first-order belief. The mainstream position on higher-order evidence is that it can rationally require changes to first-order beliefs. In particular, it is irrational to both believe something, and think that belief is improper in some or other way. The usual argument for this rests on intuitions about cases. I argue that we haven’t considered enough cases, and that there are cases where level-crossing principles give the wrong answer. In particular, the literature has ignored cases where level-crossing principles implausibly imply we should increase our confidence in target propositions. I reconsider the cases that motivated level-crossing principles, and argue that a careful version of evidentialism can explain them.