bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduktion der individuellen Stressvulnerabilität durch Sport und Diät bei schizophrenen Psychosen
Authors: Falkai P. , Keller-Varadi C. , Malchow B. , Schmitt A. 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Bei der Entwicklung schizophrener Psychosen spielen neben genetischen Risikofaktoren auch Umwelt-Risikofaktoren eine bedeutende Rolle. Zu den gemeinsamen Risikofaktoren, zumindest für ganze Bevölkerungsgruppen, können z.B. Konstellationen wie das Aufwachsen in einer Großstadt über 100 000 Einwohnern gezählt werden. Zu den eher individuellen Risikofaktoren, die den Verlauf negativ beeinflussen, sind der Mangel an Bewegung und eine einseitige Diät zu nennen. Hierzu sollen die Aspekte des gezielten körperlichen Trainings (Sport) und Modifikationen der individuellen Ernährung (Diät) dargestellt werden. Ziel: Beide Risikokonstellationen müssen früh erkannt werden und können somit gut beeinflusst werden, wie erste Studien mit aerobem Training sowie aus einer Kombination verbesserter Diät und optimierter körperlicher Fitness zeigen. Dieses sind zwei Beispiele, um das das individuelle Risiko zu modulieren und somit Effekte der Urbanisierung auszugleichen.
Using Ambulatory Assessment for experience sampling and the mapping of environmental risk factors in everyday life
Authors: Reichert M. , Törnros T. , Hoell A. , Dorn H. , Tost H. , Salize H.-J. , Meyer-Lindenberg A. , Zipf A. , Ebner-Priemer U. W. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Background: Psychiatric research is increasingly interested in the influence of social and environmental contexts on human health. According to recent findings, specific impacts of urban upbringing relate to the heightened prevalence of mental disorders. Although this is a major societal problem, it remains unknown which environmental components (e.g., psychosocial stressors, rare nature exposure) are responsible. Method: We introduce Ambulatory Assessment (AA) as a methodological approach to investigate contextual influences. GPS-triggered electronic diaries are suitable to capture data in everyday life, gathering information on both context and mental states to assess dynamic processes in real-life and real-time. Result: A longitudinal study at the Central Institute for Mental Health in Mannheim combines AA, fMRI and epigenetic approaches to investigate environmental factors influencing mental health. The findings might be incorporated in urban planning to reduce mental disorders.
Predictors and mechanisms of conversion to psychosis
Authors: Cannon T. D. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Background: Identifying predictors and elucidating mechanisms underlying onset of psychosis are critical for the development of preventive interventions. Methods: This paper reviews findings on risk prediction algorithms and potential mechanisms of onset in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Results: An independently validated individualized risk calculator is available that incorporates risk factors from clinical, demographic, neurocognitive, and psychosocial assessments to predict likelihood of conversion to psychosis among individuals who meet criteria for a prodromal risk syndrome. At risk individuals who convert to psychosis show a steeper rate of gray matter reduction, most prominent in prefrontal cortex, compared with those who do not. Higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines at baseline predicted the accelerated reduction in prefrontal gray matter. These same markers are associated with microglial-mediated synaptic pruning and dendritic retraction in animal models. Conclusions: Processes that modulate microglial activation, such as dysregulated immune function and deficient synaptic plasticity, may represent convergent mechanisms that influence brain dysconnectivity and risk for onset of psychosis.
Early medication discontinuation in first episode schizophrenia – beneficial or risky?
Authors: Wunderink L. , Riesbeck M. , Gaebel W. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Background: After acute treatment of a first episode in schizophrenia, continued antipsychotic maintenance treatment (MT) is effective regarding (positive) symptom remission and relapse prevention. Nevertheless, due to unwanted effects patients and clinicians sooner or later are faced with the decision to continue or discontinue antipsychotics. Evidence indicates that risk for relapse or symptom recurrence is 2- to 5-times higher after personalized dose-reduction (PDR) or complete drug discontinuation, even if early intervention in case of early warning signs of relapse is applied. Method: A recent 7-year follow up of an 18 months RCT comparing MT with PDR however, revealed advantages of PDR regarding functional outcome and recovery. Although only one study with its specific characteristics limits generalization, the findings have newly fueled the debate whether early drug discontinuation-strategies have more risks or benefits. Result: The paper discusses the pros and cons of early drug discontinuation-strategies, in particular of PDR, after a first episode in schizophrenia and summarizes the empirical evidence to support patients and clinicians in this essential treatment decision.
Brain stimulation methods for patients with schizophrenia – new therapies on the horizon?
Authors: Palm U. , Padberg F. , Wobrock T. , Hasan A. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques offer new promising treatment options in schizophrenia. However, the evidence from meta-analyses and randomized clinical studies is limited. Results: For repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) the clinical efficacy is highest for the 1-Hz rTMS over the left temporal cortex to improve auditory hallucinations, nevertheless there are studies showing no benefit. For negative symptoms rTMS could be offered keeping in mind the good tolerability. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has a good risk-benefit ratio, but the evidence for schizophrenia symptoms is still derived from small sample studies. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the treatment option with the highest clinical efficacy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, catatonia or other defined treatment circumstances, but has more adverse side effects. More research is needed to understand which stimulation technique could be recommended for a certain patient.
Improving outcomes: Factors influencing help-seeking behaviors in immigrants and ethnic minorities with first-episode psychosis
Authors: Berg A. O. , Leopold K. , Zarafonitis-Müller S. , Nerhus M. , Stouten L. H. , Bechdolf A. , Melle I. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Background: Immigrants have increased risk of a poor recovery from first episode psychosis (FEP). Early treatment can improve prognosis, but having an immigrant background may influence pathways to care. Method: We present research of service use and factors influencing treatment outcome in immigrants with FEP. Service use was assessed in in-patients at an early intervention center in Berlin, Germany. Duration of untreated psychosis and beliefs about illness was assessed in a FEP study in Oslo, Norway and cognitive functioning in patients with FEP schizophrenia from the regular mental health services in The Hague, the Netherlands. The proportion of immigrants in Berlin and Oslo was at level with the local populations, while the proportion in The Hague appeared to be higher. Result: There were clear indications that mental health literacy, probably based in different cultural expectations, were lower in first generation immigrants (FGI). Findings regarding clinical insight were ambiguous. There were also indications that FGI had more cognitive problems, based in higher stress levels or in cognitive styles. Early psychosis services must take issues of immigration and ethnicity into consideration.
Der Einfluss kurzzeitigen und länger anhaltenden Stresses sowie einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Intervention auf die Ticsymptomatik
Authors: Bodmer B. , Buse J. , Rößner V. 
Published: September 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Ticsymptomatik unterliegt einem physiologischen, unregelmäßigen und individuellen Schwankungsverlauf. Weiterhin werden Tics durch u.a. psychosozialen Stress moduliert, welcher ein Prädiktor für die zukünftige Entwicklung der Ticsymptomatik zu sein scheint. Interessanterweise zeigen Patienten mit einer Ticstörung (TS) im Vergleich zu gesunden Menschen eine erhöhte Anzahl an belastenden Lebensereignissen mit berichteten erhöhten Stressleveln. Außerdem scheinen Patienten mit TS physiologische Veränderungen in der Stressantwort zu zeigen. Methode: Um den Einfluss einzelner belastender Lebensereignisse mit psychosozialem Stress auf die Ticsymptomatik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu untersuchen, wurden in einer experimentellen Studie der Forschungsgruppe um Prof. Veit Rößner physiologische Parameter mit einer standardisierten Methode erhoben und mit einer objektiven Erfassung von Tics kombiniert. Psychosozialer Stress wurde mit dem Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) erzeugt. Ergebnis: Dabei zeigten die Patienten mit TS erhöhte Werte im Speichelcortisol, der Herzrate und der Hautleitfähigkeit während einer Stressbedingung. In der Stressbedingung wurden jedoch entgegen der Erwartung weniger Tics als in einer Entspannungs- und Konzentrationsbedingung beobachtet. Diese Erkenntnisse sind auch für verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von Ticstörungen (z.B. CBIT) bedeutsam, da Stress Einfluss auf den Behandlungserfolg haben kann.
Milnacipran in der Praxis
Authors: Hienert M. , Spies M. , Lanzenberger R. , Kasper S. 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungMilnacipran gehört neben Venlafaxin und Duloxetin zur Gruppe der Serotonin-Noradrenalin-Wiederaufnahmehemmer (SNRI). In Österreich ist das Psychopharmakon seit 1998 und nun auch in Deutschland als Antidepressivum zugelassen, während es in den USA zur Therapie des Fibromyalgie-Syndroms eingesetzt wird. Die gleich starke Affinität für den Serotonin-sowie den Noradrenalintransporter und die sich daraus ergebenden klinischen Eigenschaften machen Milnacipran zu einem in dieser Wirkstoffklasse besonderen Medikament. In diesem Artikel wird anfangs auf die neurobiologischen Hintergründe der Depression und dem ihr zugrundeliegenden Erklärungsmodell, der Monoaminmangel-Hypothese, eingegangen. Im Anschluss werden die molekularen und klinischen Effekte von Milnacipran sowie die Neben- und Wechselwirkung dieses Psychopharmakons erläutert. Für den Kliniker bildet dieser Artikel eine praxisnahe Darstellung über Neurobiologie, Pharmakologie und Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieses First-Line Antidepressivums.
A metaphysics for practical knowledge
Authors: Frost Kim 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIs Anscombean practical knowledge independent of what the agent actually does on an occasion? Failure to understand Anscombe’s answer to this question is a major obstacle to appreciating the subtlety and plausibility of her view. I argue that Anscombe’s answer is negative, and turns on the nature of mistakes in performance, and reveals a distinctive implicit metaphysics of mind and knowledge, structured by related capacities and exercises of capacities. If my interpretation is correct, then practical knowledge shares features with knowledge-how and knowledge-that, but deserves its own epistemic category.
How to tell essence (when you sense one)
Authors: Ivanov Ivan V. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHow could perceptual experiences reveal matters of essentiality? Answering this question is crucial for vindicating a thesis about the epistemic import of experience, commonly known as Revelation. The thesis comes in a weak and a strong version. Only on the strong one could it make up an authoritative piece of common sense. But this version also seems to demand too much of our experiences, namely that they can reveal essentiality. However, the impression that our experiences are not suited for this turns out to be due to a non-mandatory assumption about how the revelation of essentiality would work.
A concise synthesis of peramine, a metabolite of endophytic fungi
Authors: Ito Shinsaku , Yamamoto Yuta , Nishikawa Toshio 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
The total synthesis of peramine, a natural product isolated from an endophytic fungi, has been achieved in four steps and 34% overall yield from known compounds. The key step was the one-pot construction of the pyrrolopyrazinone ring from pyrrole amide and propargyl bromide. The preparation of peramine-d4 as an internal standard for quantitative analysis by MS is also described.
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin potentiates the BITC-induced anti-cancer effect through modulation of the Akt phosphorylation in human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Yang Qifu , Miyagawa Miku , Liu Xiaoyang , Zhu Beiwei , Munemasa Shintaro , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Murata Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Yoshimasa 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) is an effective agent for the removal of plasma membrane cholesterol. In this study, we investigated the modulating effects of MβCD on the antiproliferation induced by benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), an ITC compound mainly derived from papaya seeds. We confirmed that MβCD dose-dependently increased the cholesterol level in the medium, possibly through its removal from the plasma membrane of human colorectal cancer cells. The pretreatment with a non-toxic concentration (2.5 mM) of MβCD significantly enhanced the BITC-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction, which was counteracted by the cholesterol supplementation. Although BITC activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, MβCD dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation level of Akt. On the contrary, the treatment of MβCD enhanced the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinases, but did not potentiate their BITC-induced phosphorylation. These results suggested that MβCD might potentiate the BITC-induced anti-cancer by cholesterol depletion and thus inhibition of the PI3K/Akt-dependent survival pathway.
Abbreviations: CDs: cyclodextrins; MβCD: methyl-β-cyclodextrin; ITCs: isothiocyanates; BITC: benzyl isothiocyanate; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PDK1: phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; MAPK: mitogen activated protein kinase; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; PI: propidium iodide; FBS: fatal bovine serum; TLC: thin-layer chromatography; PBS(-): phosphate-buffered saline without calcium and magnesium; MEK: MAPK/ERK kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
Simultaneous collection of the portal and superior vena cava blood in conscious rats defined that intestinal epithelium is the major site of glucuronidation, but not sulfation and methylation, of quercetin
Authors: Tanaka Seiya , Oyama Manami , Nishikawa Miyu , Ikushiro Shinichi , Hara Hiroshi 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
Quercetin is a flavonoid with many physiological effects. Absorbed quercetin is rapidly conjugated in the intestinal epithelium and liver. Different positional isomers of quercetin conjugates have different physiological properties. However, the mechanisms of quercetin conjugation in the intestine are not fully clarified. We examined the regioselective quercetin conjugate formation in the intestine after oral administration of quercetin glycosides, by simultaneous sampling of blood from the portal vein and superior vena cava, and quantifying various positional isomers of quercetin glucuronides and sulfates in conscious rats. Concentrations of quercetin glucuronides were higher in blood from the portal vein than the superior vena cava, showing that glucuronidation mainly occurred in the intestine. Such differences were not observed for quercetin sulfates. Regioselectivity of the intestinal glucuronidation in quercetin hydroxyl groups were 7- &gt;3′- &gt;3- &gt;4′-OH. Quercetin was mainly sulfated on 3′-OH at 30 min, but on 4′-OH at 240 min.
bcGST—an interactive bias-correction method to identify over-represented gene-sets in boutique arrays
Authors: Wang Kevin Y X , Menzies Alexander M , Silva Ines P , Wilmott James S , Yan Yibing , Wongchenko Matthew , Kefford Richard F , Scolyer Richard A , Long Georgina V , Tarr Garth , Mueller Samuel , Yang Jean Y H 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Gene annotation and pathway databases such as Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes are important tools in Gene-Set Test (GST) that describe gene biological functions and associated pathways. GST aims to establish an association relationship between a gene-set of interest and an annotation. Importantly, GST tests for over-representation of genes in an annotation term. One implicit assumption of GST is that the gene expression platform captures the complete or a very large proportion of the genome. However, this assumption is neither satisfied for the increasingly popular boutique array nor the custom designed gene expression profiling platform. Specifically, conventional GST is no longer appropriate due to the gene-set selection bias induced during the construction of these platforms.

Results
We propose bcGST, a bias-corrected GST by introducing bias-correction terms in the contingency table needed for calculating the Fisher’s Exact Test. The adjustment method works by estimating the proportion of genes captured on the array with respect to the genome in order to assist filtration of annotation terms that would otherwise be falsely included or excluded. We illustrate the practicality of bcGST and its stability through multiple differential gene expression analyses in melanoma and the Cancer Genome Atlas cancer studies.

Availability and implementation
The bcGST method is made available as a Shiny web application at http://shiny.maths.usyd.edu.au/bcGST/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GenomeFlow: a comprehensive graphical tool for modeling and analyzing 3D genome structure
Authors: Trieu Tuan , Oluwadare Oluwatosin , Wopata Julia , Cheng Jianlin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Three-dimensional (3D) genome organization plays important functional roles in cells. User-friendly tools for reconstructing 3D genome models from chromosomal conformation capturing data and analyzing them are needed for the study of 3D genome organization.

Results
We built a comprehensive graphical tool (GenomeFlow) to facilitate the entire process of modeling and analysis of 3D genome organization. This process includes the mapping of Hi-C data to one-dimensional (1D) reference genomes, the generation, normalization and visualization of two-dimensional (2D) chromosomal contact maps, the reconstruction and the visualization of the 3D models of chromosome and genome, the analysis of 3D models and the integration of these models with functional genomics data. This graphical tool is the first of its kind in reconstructing, storing, analyzing and annotating 3D genome models. It can reconstruct 3D genome models from Hi-C data and visualize them in real-time. This tool also allows users to overlay gene annotation, gene expression data and genome methylation data on top of 3D genome models.

Availability and implementation
The source code and user manual: https://github.com/jianlin-cheng/GenomeFlow.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Azure-winged magpies solve string-pulling tasks by partial understanding of the physical cognition
Authors: Wang Lin , Luo Yunchao , Wang Xin , Maierdiyali Abudusaimaiti , Chang Hao , Li Zhongqiu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
String-pulling is one of the most widely used paradigms in animal cognition research. We investigated how azure-winged magpies Cyanopica cyanus solve multiple-string problems that they have never encountered before. In Experiment 1, the strings were arranged in parallel, slanted, or crossed to investigate what rules azure-winged magpies use to solve multiple spatial relations of strings. Experiment 2 assessed whether the subjects understood the connection between the string and the bait while taking advantage of broken strings. In Experiment 3, the subjects were confronted with strings of different lengths attached to rewards in order to explore whether the string length, as a proxy for the pulling efficiency or reward distance, was crucial for the birds’ choice of which string to pull. Generally, the birds were successful in tasks where the reward was close to the correct string’s end, and they relied on a “proximity rule” in most cases. The results showed that azure-winged magpies had a partial understanding of the physical principles underlying the string-pulling but were stumped by complex spatial relations. They likely relied on simple strategies such as the proximity rule to solve the tasks. The effects of individual difference and experiential learning on string-pulling performance are also discussed.
Sharp and telling
Authors: Tybjerg Karin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Surgical instrument collections have been used in a multitude of ways – as tools, taxonomies, teaching aids, representation, historical highlights and public displays – and they provide a key to understanding the shifting relations between surgery, medical museums and medical history. Tracing the uses of the surgical instrument collections from the Royal Danish Academy of Surgery and the Medical Historical Museum at the University of Copenhagen reveals a network of disciplinary and institutional changes from the late nineteenth to early twenty-first century. The history of the collections maps relations between scientific and cultural historical collections and between medicine and history. In the same way as surgical instruments have connected the surgeon’s hand to the patients’ body, the surgical instrument collections connect together the public, medical practice and history.
Cardiac Microvascular Dysfunction in Women Living With HIV Is Associated With Cytomegalovirus Immunoglobulin G
Authors: Knudsen Andreas , Thorsteinsson Kristina , Christensen Thomas E , Hasbak Philip , Ripa Rasmus Sejersten , Panum Inge , Lebech Anne-Mette , Kjaer Andreas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
People living with HIV (PLWH) appear to be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and this is possibly more pronounced in women living with HIV (WLWH). In the general population, men are more likely to develop obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), and women often present with a nonobstructive pattern with cardiac microvascular dysfunction. We investigated cardiac microvascular function in men and women living with HIV and tested for association with cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG), as this has been associated with CVD in PLWH.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study, 94 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy were scanned with 82Rb positron emission tomography/computed tomography at rest and during adenosine-induced stress, which enables the quantification of the myocardial flow reserve (MFR). CMV IgG was measured in plasma.

Results
WLWH had significantly lower MFR compared with men living with HIV (MLWH; P = .003), and &gt;45% of the women had an MFR indicative of cardiac microvascular dysfunction, whereas this was only true for 24% of men (P = .03). CMV IgG concentrations were inversely associated with MFR among WLWH but not MLWH (P = .05 for interaction).

Conclusions
In this first study comparing MFR in women and men living with HIV, we found that WLWH had significantly lower MFR than MLWH and 45% of the women had cardiac microvascular dysfunction despite younger age and lower cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, CMV IgG was inversely associated with MFR among women but not men. This calls for attention to CVD among young WLWH even with low cardiovascular risk.