bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Citrus Overwintering Predators, Host Plant Phenology and Environmental Variables on Aphid Infestation Dynamics in Clementine Citrus
Authors: Bouvet Juan Pedro Raul , Urbaneja Alberto , Monzó César 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Spirea citrus aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), are key pests of clementine mandarines in the Mediterranean basin. Severity of aphid infestations is determined by environmental variables, host plant phenology patterns, and the biological control exerted by their associated natural enemies. However, there is no information about the role these limiting and regulating factors play. Aphid densities, citrus phenology, and associated predators that overwinter in the crop were monitored weekly throughout two flush growth periods (February to July) in four clementine mandarin groves; relationships between these parameters and environmental variables (temperature and precipitation) were studied. Our results show exponential increase in aphid infestation levels to coincide with citrus phenological stages B3 and B4; shoots offer more space and nutritional resources for colony growth at these stages. Duration of these phenological stages, which was mediated by mean temperature, seems to importantly determine the severity of aphid infestations in the groves. Among those studied, the micro-coccinellids, mostly Scymnus species, were the only group of predators with the ability to efficiently regulate aphid populations. These natural enemies had the highest temporal and spatial demographic stability. Aphid regulation success was only achieved through early presence of natural enemies in the grove, at the aphid colonization phase. Our results suggest that conservation strategies aimed at preserving and enhancing Scymnus sp. populations may make an important contribution to the future success of the biological control of these key citrus pests.
Varietal and Developmental Susceptibility of Tart Cherry (Rosales: Rosaceae) to Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Kamiyama Matthew T , Guédot Christelle 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive species of vinegar fly that infests soft-skinned and stone fruits. Since its first detection in the United States, D. suzukii has become a prominent economic threat in fruit crop industries, particularly affecting caneberry and sweet cherry growers. This study examined the susceptibility of tart cherries (Prunus cerasus) to D. suzukii and sampled for larvae and adult D. suzukii during the tart cherry growing season. Four tart cherry cultivars (Montmorency, Balaton, Carmine Jewel, and Kántorjánosi) were tested at three different ripeness stages (unripe, ripening, and ripe), in no-choice laboratory bio-assays. Field monitoring and sampling revealed that first adult D. suzukii detection occurred on 16 June, and first field larval D. suzukii detection occurred on 28 July. Adult D. suzukii populations increased through late August, and high numbers of adults overlapped with the tart cherry harvest. Lab assays indicated that tart cherry cultivars generally became more susceptible to D. suzukii as they ripened. As the fruit developed, °Brix (sugar content) increased and firmness generally decreased. Tart cherry °Brix and firmness were not correlated with the number of D. suzukii eggs per gram of fruit, but showed a significant interaction effect with the number of larvae and adults per gram of fruit. This study shows that tart cherries are largely not susceptible to D. suzukii when unripe and become susceptible as soon as the fruits change color, suggesting that fruits should be protected as soon as they begin to ripen and D. suzukii populations begin to rise.
Can the Environment have a Genetic Basis? A Case Study of Seedling Establishment in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: D’Aguillo Michelle C , Edwards Brianne R , Donohue Kathleen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe timing of seed germination determines the environment experienced by a plant’s most vulnerable life stage—the seedling. Germination is environmentally cued, and genotypes can differ in their sensitivity to environmental cues. When genotypes differ in their response to cues, and when cues accurately predict the postgermination environment, the postgermination environment experienced by seedlings can itself have a genetic basis and potential to evolve. We tested for genetic differences in the postgermination environment using Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes that vary in seed dormancy, a trait known to alter germination time. We dispersed seeds into the field in 5 seasonal cohorts over 1.5 years, observed germination timing for 5297 individuals, and measured the soil temperature and moisture experienced by individuals throughout their life cycle. We found that genotypes differed in the environments they experienced during seedling establishment. This environmental variation occurred because genotypes differed in their environmental sensitivity to germination cues, and pregermination cues were correlated with postgermination environments. Seeds exhibited temporal habitat selection by germinating into a nonrandom subset of environmental conditions available, and seed dormancy increased the consistency of habitat selection. Strikingly, the postgermination environment affected fitness by altering the probability of seedling survival such that genotypes that engaged in stronger habitat selection were less likely to reach reproduction. Our results suggest that environmentally cued development may be a widespread mechanism by which genotypes can differ in the environment they experience, introducing the possibility that the environment itself can be inherited and can evolve.
Molecular Phylogeny of Dermacentor parumapertus (Acari: Ixodidae) from Two Locations Within Its Geographical Range
Authors: Portugal J Santos , Allerdice Michelle , Moraru Gail M , King Jonas , Paddock Christopher D , Becker Tom , Smith Travis C , Goddard Jerome 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Dermacentor parumapertus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) is a rather obscure tick found on jackrabbits in the western United States and parts of Canada and Mexico. Specimens from the northern part of their range are consistently different morphologically from ones found in southern and eastern parts of their range (particularly west Texas), leading some researchers to declare the southern form a variety or subspecies. This study examined field-collected adult D. parumapertus from two main locations—Utah and Texas—within its geographic distribution to ascertain the degree of genetic divergence in the two populations based upon both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. In total, 30 D. parumapertus were analyzed by PCR using both mtDNA and nDNA genes, and one D. nitens was included for comparison. Trees were constructed for all mtDNA genes individually, as well as after concatenating mtDNA (COI, COII, 12S) and nDNA (2 ITS2 primers), respectively. All constructed trees were exported to FigTree v1.4.3 and TreeGraph v2.14.1–771 beta for visualization. The majority of the Utah and Texas populations of D. parumapertus separated molecularly in both mtDNA and nDNA trees; however, analysis with mtDNA genes showed that 3/13 (23%) of Utah tick specimens were removed molecularly from other specimens collected at the same location. Thus, there was not enough evidence to declare these two disparate and morphologically different populations as distinct and separate species.
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Service Members with Sleep Disorders
Authors: Hurlston April , Foster Shannon N , Creamer Jennifer , Brock Matthew S , Matsangas Panagiotis , Moore Brian A , Mysliwiec Vincent 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionExcessive daytime sleepiness affects an estimated 20% of the general population. While the prevalence of sleepiness in the military is largely unknown, it is well established that short sleep duration is endemic. The reasons for this include: the demanding nature of their duties, shift work and 24-hour duty periods, deployments and exigencies of military service as well as sleep disorders. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) is the most widely used sleep questionnaire and provides a self-assessment of daytime sleepiness. To date the clinical utility of this questionnaire in differentiating sleep disorders in military patients with sleep disorders has never been evaluated.Materials and MethodsThe primary aim of this manuscript was to assess if Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores differed between military personnel with insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), comorbid insomnia/obstructive sleep apnea (COMISA), and a group with neither insomnia nor obstructive sleep apnea (NISA). This study assessed the clinical utility of the ESS in differentiating sleep disorders amongst a sample (N = 488) of U.S. military personnel with insomnia (n = 92), OSA (n = 142), COMISA (n = 221), and a NISA group (n = 33) which served as the control population.ResultsIn the present sample, 68.4% of service members reported excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) with an ESS &gt; 10. ESS scores differed between military personnel with COMISA (13.5 ± 4.83) and those with OSA only (11.5 ± 4.08; p &lt; 0.001) and the NISA group (9.46 ± 4.84; p &lt; 0.001). Also, ESS scores differed between patients with insomnia only (13.0 ± 4.84) and the NISA group (p &lt; 0.01).ConclusionsOverall, the ESS had poor ability to differentiate sleep disorders. In military personnel, the ESS appears elevated in the most common sleep disorders, likely due to their insufficient sleep, and does not help to differentiate OSA from insomnia. Further studies are required to validate this questionnaire and determine an appropriate threshold value for abnormal sleepiness in the military population.
Naturalness as a Constraint on Priors
Authors: Bradley Darren 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMany epistemological problems can be solved by the objective Bayesian view that there are rationality constraints on priors, that is, inductive probabilities. But attempts to work out these constraints have run into such serious problems that many have rejected objective Bayesianism altogether. I argue that the epistemologist should borrow the metaphysician’s concept of naturalness and assign higher priors to more natural hypotheses.
Robust Estimation of Recent Effective Population Size from Number of Independent Origins in Soft Sweeps
Authors: Khatri Bhavin S , Burt Austin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEstimating recent effective population size is of great importance in characterizing and predicting the evolution of natural populations. Methods based on nucleotide diversity may underestimate current day effective population sizes due to historical bottlenecks, whereas methods that reconstruct demographic history typically only detect long-term variations. However, soft selective sweeps, which leave a fingerprint of mutational history by recurrent mutations on independent haplotype backgrounds, holds promise of an estimate more representative of recent population history. Here, we present a simple and robust method of estimation based only on knowledge of the number of independent recurrent origins and the current frequency of the beneficial allele in a population sample, independent of the strength of selection and age of the mutation. Using a forward-time theoretical framework, we show the mean number of origins is a function of θ=2Nμ and current allele frequency, through a simple equation, and the distribution is approximately Poisson. This estimate is robust to whether mutants preexisted before selection arose and is equally accurate for diploid populations with incomplete dominance. For fast (e.g., seasonal) demographic changes compared with time scale for fixation of the mutant allele, and for moderate peak-to-trough ratios, we show our constant population size estimate can be used to bound the maximum and minimum population size. Applied to the Vgsc gene of Anopheles gambiae, we estimate an effective population size of roughly 6×107, and including seasonal demographic oscillations, a minimum effective population size >3×107, and a maximum <6×109, suggesting a mean ∼109.
Cell-specific CRISPR–Cas9 activation by microRNA-dependent expression of anti-CRISPR proteins
Authors: Hoffmann Mareike D , Aschenbrenner Sabine , Grosse Stefanie , Rapti Kleopatra , Domenger Claire , Fakhiri Julia , Mastel Manuel , Börner Kathleen , Eils Roland , Grimm Dirk , Niopek Dominik 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The rapid development of CRISPR–Cas technologies brought a personalized and targeted treatment of genetic disorders into closer reach. To render CRISPR-based therapies precise and safe, strategies to confine the activity of Cas(9) to selected cells and tissues are highly desired. Here, we developed a cell type-specific Cas-ON switch based on miRNA-regulated expression of anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. We inserted target sites for miR-122 or miR-1, which are abundant specifically in liver and cardiac muscle cells, respectively, into the 3′UTR of Acr transgenes. Co-expressing these with Cas9 and sgRNAs resulted in Acr knockdown and released Cas9 activity solely in hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, while Cas9 was efficiently inhibited in off-target cells. We demonstrate control of genome editing and gene activation using a miR-dependent AcrIIA4 in combination with different Streptococcus pyogenes (Spy)Cas9 variants (full-length Cas9, split-Cas9, dCas9-VP64). Finally, to showcase its modularity, we adapted our Cas-ON system to the smaller and more target-specific Neisseria meningitidis (Nme)Cas9 orthologue and its cognate inhibitors AcrIIC1 and AcrIIC3. Our Cas-ON switch should facilitate cell-specific activity of any CRISPR–Cas orthologue, for which a potent anti-CRISPR protein is known.
Effects of dietary nitrate on inflammation and immune function, and implications for cardiovascular health
Authors: Raubenheimer Kyle , Bondonno Catherine , Blekkenhorst Lauren , Wagner Karl-Heinz , Peake Jonathan M , Neubauer Oliver 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Inorganic dietary nitrate, found abundantly in green leafy and some root vegetables, elicits several beneficial physiological effects, including a reduction in blood pressure and improvements in blood flow through nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide signaling. Recent animal and human studies have shown that dietary nitrate and nitrite also modulate inflammatory processes and immune cell function and phenotypes. Chronic low-grade inflammation and immune dysfunction play a critical role in cardiovascular disease. This review outlines the current evidence on the efficacy of nitrate-rich plant foods and other sources of dietary nitrate and nitrite to counteract inflammation and promote homeostasis of the immune and vascular systems. The data from these studies suggest that immune cells and immune–vasculature interactions are important targets for dietary interventions aimed at improving, preserving, or restoring cardiovascular health.
COMPREHENSIVE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF MIRNAS IN MICE EXPOSED TO LETHAL RADIATION AND/OR RADIO-MITIGATIVE DRUG
Authors: Yamaguchi M , Tsujiguchi T , Kashiwakura I 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New minimally invasive indicators that are capable of predicting the biological effects and radiation damage to various organs and systems are urgently needed for the development of optimal treatment protocols for victims of radiation accidents. In the present study, we focused on microRNA (miRNA) that have recently emerged as biomarkers for predicting and diagnosing various pathological conditions and identified the serum miRNA signatures. All of the mice treated with lethal radiation alone strongly expressed certain serum miRNAs detectable for 24 h after radiation exposure, whereas the administration of radio-mitigative drug immediately after irradiation suppressed these miRNA expressions to the same levels as in control mice. These results suggest that serum miRNAs may reflect the degree of radiation damage and can be used to predict the radiation-mitigative information in victims of accidental radiation exposure.
Digestibility of amino acids, energy, acid hydrolyzed ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber, and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs1
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that digestibility of amino acids (AA), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and values for metabolizable energy (ME) in low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vary among suppliers. In Exp. 1, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, AEE, and NDF, and concentration of ME were determined in eight sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, H, and I). A corn-based basal diet and eight diets containing corn and each source of DDGS were fed to 72 barrows (initial body weight = 18.1 ± 1.3 kg) with eight pigs per diet. Feces and urine were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The ME did not differ among the eight sources of DDGS with the exception that DDGS source E contained less (P &lt; 0.05) ME than DDGS source D. The ATTD of GE did also not differ among the eight sources of DDGS, but ME and ATTD of GE in corn were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the eight sources of DDGS. However, the ATTD of AEE in corn and the eight sources of DDGS was not different, but the ATTD of AEE in DDGS source E was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DDGS source A. The ATTD of NDF in DDGS source D was also greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in DDGS sources E, G, and H, but ATTD of NDF did not differ between corn and the eight sources of DDGS. In Exp. 2, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was determined in seven sources of DDGS (sources A, B, C, D, E, G, and H). Twenty-four barrows (initial body weight = 63.4 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a two-period incomplete Latin square design with eight diets. Seven diets were formulated to contain each of the seven sources of DDGS and an N-free diet was also used. Ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after 5 d of adaptation. There were no differences between pigs fed DDGS sources A and B in SID of AA, and the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp did not differ among DDGS sources A, B, and E. However, SID of most indispensable and dispensable AA except Gly were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DDGS source B than in DDGS sources C, D, E, G, and H. In conclusion, variability in SID of AA, ATTD of NDF and AEE, and ME were observed among the sources of DDGS used in this experiment.
A New Comprehensive Paradigm for Prenatal Diagnosis: Seeing the Forest Through the Trees
Authors: Borrell A. 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;52:563–568)
The prevalence of birth disorders is estimated to be 3% for major fetal malformations, which are thought to be mainly multifactorial in origin, and 3% for genetic anomalies, distributed almost equally between chromosomal anomalies (1%), submicroscopic anomalies (1%), and single-gene disorders (1%) (excluding cancer-predisposing and metabolic syndromes). From their introduction in the 1970s, prenatal diagnosis programs focused primarily on the detection of Down syndrome, the most common cause of intellectual disability, and neural tube defects.
Length of Catheter Use After Hysterectomy as a Risk Factor for Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Karp Natalie E. , Kobernik Emily K. , Kamdar Neil S. , Fore Amanda M. , Morgan Daniel M. 
Published: April 2019

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2018;24:430–434)
A known risk factor for urinary tract infection (UTI) is placement of an indwelling Foley catheter at the time of hysterectomy. To reduce catheter-associated UTI, it is recommended that catheters be removed as soon as possible after surgery.
The American Medical Association Medical Education Innovation Challenge: Incorporating the Student Voice Into Medical Education Transformation
Authors: Elliott Victoria Stagg , Dekhtyar Michael , Pouwels Mellie Villahermosa , Skochelak Susan E. 
Published: April 2019

Problem
Medical education needs to evolve to continue producing physicians who are able to meet the needs of diverse patient populations. Students can be a unique source of ideas about medical education transformation.

Approach
In the fall of 2015, the authors created the American Medical Association Medical Education Innovation Challenge, an incentive-based competition for teams of two to four students. The challenge called for teams to “turn medical education on its head” by proposing a change to some aspect of medical education that would better prepare students to meet the health care needs of the future.

Outcomes
Teams submitted 154 proposals. Themes from the winning teams and those that received an honorable mention included innovative uses of technology, creating physical spaces to pursue solutions to health care problems, wellness education, and longitudinal learning experiences around health equity and advocacy. The authors invited all teams to submit an abstract of their proposal to be published in an abstract book. The four winning teams and the 24 teams that received an honorable mention and submitted an abstract were surveyed to assess the impact of the challenge. Fifteen teams (54%) responded. Ten of those teams (67%) were implementing their idea or a related innovation to some degree.

Next Steps
The American Medical Association continues to run a wide variety of innovation challenges (e.g., Healthier Nation Innovation Challenge, Health Care Interoperability & Innovation Challenge) that draw in diverse stakeholders to solve problems in medical education and the health care system more broadly.
Continuation in Treatment and Maintenance of Custody of Newborns After Delivery in Women With Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Schauberger Charles W. , Borgert Andrew J. , Bearwald Brent 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
To identify variables associated with continuation in treatment and maintenance of custody after pregnancies in women with opioid use disorder (OUD).

Methods:
The medical records of pregnant women with documented OUD from 2011 to 2018 and with at least 6 months follow-up postpartum were retrospectively reviewed.

Results:
Via multivariate analysis, women on opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) were more likely to continue in treatment and maintain custody, whereas women enrolled in a residential treatment program during pregnancy were less likely to continue in treatment or maintain custody. Women who continued in treatment were significantly more likely to maintain custody of their children than those who did not.

Conclusions:
Continuation in treatment and maintenance of custody were closely related. Care providers should attempt to improve both outcomes.