bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Powder Diffraction Data and Unit Cell of Kutnohorite
Authors: Farkas Laszlo , Bolzenius Beda H. , Will Georg 
Published: May 2019

AbstractX-ray powder diffraction data, unit cell parameters and chemical data published previously for kutnohorite, the manganese-rich double carbonate mineral, are critically evaluated and compared with new measurements on a specimen from Chvaletice, Czechoslovakia with a composition Ca (Mn0.64Mg0.23Fe0.13)(CO3)2. Data were collected with a computer controlled diffractometer and analysed with profile analysis techniques. The new powder diffraction data set yields much better data and unit cell parameters than the earlier ones given for kutnohorite on PDF 11-345 (Powder Diffraction File, 1987). A least-squares evaluation resulted in ao = 4.8518(3)Å and co = 16.217(2)Å.
Bentham on Temptation and Deterrence
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInIntroductionBentham considers a difficulty. If the immediate aim of punishment is to deter agents considering breaking the law, then the severity of the threat of punishment must increase if they are strongly tempted to offend. But it seems intuitively that some people who were strongly tempted to offend should be punished leniently. Bentham argues in response that all potential offenders capable of being deterred must be deterred. He makes three mistakes. (i) It is possible that it would produce the most happiness at t2 to punish an offender who could have been deterred at t1, but was not. (ii) The Principle of Utility might condemn the threats that would be needed to deter all potential offenders who can be deterred. (iii) Given the dispositions to reoffend of some strongly tempted offenders, their punishments should be relatively lenient. There is more room for leniency in Bentham's theory than he realized.
Wheat egg in vitro fusion with wheat and green bristlegrass sperm
Authors: Li Dong Xiao , Hu Hai Yan , Ru Zhen Gang , Tian Hui Qiao 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIsolated gametes can be used to investigate fertilization mechanisms, and probe distant hybridization between different species. Pollen grains of wheat and Setaria viridis are tricellular, containing sperm cells at anthesis. Sperm from these plants were isolated by breaking open pollen grains in a osmotic solution. Wheat ovules were digested in an enzyme solution for 20 min, and then transferred to an isolation solution without enzymes to separate egg cells from ovules. The fusion of wheat egg cells with wheat and S. viridis sperm was conducted using an electro-fusion apparatus. Under suitable osmotic pressure (10% mannitol), calcium concentration of 0.001% (CaCl2·2H2O), and a 30–35 V alternating electric field for 15 s, egg cells and sperm adhered to each other and became arranged in a line. Electroporation of the plasma membrane of egg cells and sperm using a 300–500 V direct-current electric field (45 µs amplitude pulse) caused them to fuse.
The Transition of Young People with Disabilities from School to Work and Adult Living
Authors: Parmenter Trevor R. 
Published: May 2019

It is a singular honour for me to have been invited to deliver the inaugural Len Cosson Memorial Lecture. It is obvious that Len’s Stirling contribution to special education in New Zealand will endure. His ability to enthuse peers and students alike will live on and will affect for the better the quality of the lives of young people with disabilities. Despite his untimely death, his family and professional colleagues can be comforted by the knowledge that Len’s ideas and vision will remain a beacon for those who follow in his footsteps. He has provided some very real challenges for the New Zealand Special Education Association - challenges that will be met if you emulate the truly professional approach that he maintained throughout his illustrious career. He obviously lived to the full the values and precepts that many of us aspire to, but often fall short of. While I did not have the privilege of knowing Len, I feel enriched by being in the company of so many people whose lives he touched in such a profound way.In the following presentation I wish to report the results of a study that examined the postschool experiences of 73 young people with a range of disabilities who left a special education facility in NSW in 1985. The roles that work, family support and friendship patterns played in their postschool experiences are analysed. The study points to the need for a more coordinated approach to the planning and delivery of transition education services to young people with disabilities.
Catheter ablation for lone atrial fibrillation in individuals aged under 35 years
Authors: Chen Jindong , Wang Hao , Zhou Mengmeng , Zhao Liang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:To assess the effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation for lone atrial fibrillation in young adults.Methods:This single-centre, retrospective, observational study enrolled 75 consecutive patients (86.7% men) under 35 (median, 30) years old with lone atrial fibrillation (68% paroxysmal, 26.7% persistent, and 5.3% long-standing persistent) without other cardiopulmonary diseases who underwent catheter ablation between April 2009 and May 2017. Procedural endpoints were circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation with pulmonary vein trigger, and target ablation or bidirectional block of lines and disappearance of complex fractionated atrial electrograms for atrial fibrillation with clear and unclear non-pulmonary vein triggers, respectively.Results:Main study outcome was rate of survival free from atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence, which at median 61 (range, 5–102) months follow-up was 62.7% (64.7 and 58.3% for paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, respectively) after single ablation, and 69.3% (68.6 and 70.8% for paroxysmal and non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, respectively) after mean 1.2 ablations (two and three ablations in 11 and 2 patients, respectively). In multivariate analysis, non-pulmonary vein trigger was a significant independent predictor of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia (OR, 10.60 [95%CI, 2.25–49.96]; p = 0.003). There were no major periprocedural adverse events.Conclusions:In patients under 35 years old with lone atrial fibrillation, radiofrequency catheter ablation appeared effective particularly for atrial fibrillation with pulmonary vein trigger and regardless of left atrial size or atrial fibrillation duration or type. Atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence after multiple ablations warrants further study.
Luigi Caranti’s Kant’s Political Legacy
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLuigi Caranti seeks to find a foundation for a contemporary theory of human rights in Kant, as well as contemporary relevance for his project of perpetual peace and his teleology of political progress. I agree with much of what he says, but provide a different account of Kant’s foundations for morality in general and human rights in particular, and defend my critique of Kant’s conception of a guarantee of progress from Caranti’s defence of Kant.
Key Role of the Kuroshio Current in the Formation of Frontal Structure of an Extratropical Cyclone Associated with Heavy Precipitation
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Yoshioka Mayumi K. , Nonaka Masami , Tsuboki Kazuhisa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, the authors examined how the Kuroshio Current affected the frontal structure of an extratropical cyclone associated with heavy precipitation. We focused on an extratropical cyclone and related heavy precipitation on Miyake Island, which is situated near the Kuroshio Current, in January 2017. We first investigated the frontal structure and the attendant precipitation using observational data and objective analysis data. As the cyclone grew around the Kuroshio Current, a nonclassic front (outer front) intensified to the north of a warm front. A line‐shaped precipitation band developed along the outer front, contributing to the heavy precipitation on Miyake Island. The outer front lay along a sea surface temperature (SST) front associated with the Kuroshio Current in its early life stage. To clarify the impact of the SST front on the formation of the incipient outer front, we next conducted cloud‐resolving numerical experiments using SST distributions with and without the oceanic frontal structure. In the real SST experiment, sensible heat supply from the Kuroshio Current was large, while the amount from the ocean on the northern side of the warm current was small. This meridional difference in sensible heating caused frontogenesis along the SST front, which created the incipient front. Consequently, the real SST experiment reproduced the formation of the front. In contrast, the SST sensitivity experiments did not simulate such a sensible heating pattern or front formation. Thus, the Kuroshio Current played a key role in forming the incipient outer front and contributed to the heavy precipitation.
Efficient Determination of Cloud Drop Number Concentration Near the Cloud Base With Parameterization Based on Fundamental Theory and Parcel Model Simulations
Authors: Wang Li‐Jia , Chen Jen‐Ping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn effective parameterization scheme for determining the maximum cloud drop number concentration near the cloud base under given updraft speeds was developed based on a theoretical analysis of the supersaturation development equation with key factors determined from a binned microphysical parcel model. This scheme is mathematically quite straightforward and can be applied to condensation nuclei of any composition and size spectrum. The accuracy of this method is comparable with the most advanced schemes currently available, but it features considerably higher computational efficiency. Sources of error or uncertainty in our scheme are discussed in details.
Regional Widening of Tropical Overturning: Forced Change, Natural Variability, and Recent Trends
Authors: Staten Paul W. , Grise Kevin M. , Davis Sean M. , Karnauskas Kristopher , Davis Nicholas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe width of the tropical Hadley circulation (HC) has garnered intense interest in recent decades, owing to the emerging evidence for its expansion in observations and models and to the anticipated impacts on surface climate in its descending branches. To better clarify the causes and impacts of tropical widening, this work generalizes the zonal mean HC to the regional level by defining meridional overturning cells (RC) using the horizontally divergent wind. The edges of the RC are more closely connected to surface hydroclimate than more traditional metrics of regional tropical width (such as the sea level pressure ridge) or even than the zonal mean HC. Simulations reveal a robust weakening of the RC in response to greenhouse gas increases, along with a widening of the RC in some regions. For example, simulated widening of the zonal mean HC in the Southern Hemisphere appears to arise in large part from regional overturning anomalies over the Eastern Pacific, where there is no clear RC. Unforced interannual variability in the position of the zonal mean HC edge is associated with a more general regional widening. These distinct regional signatures suggest that the RCs may be well suited for the attribution of observed circulation trends. The spatial pattern of regional meridional overturning trends in reanalyses corresponds more closely to the pattern associated with unforced interannual variability than to the pattern associated with CO2 forcing, suggesting a large contribution of natural variability to the recent observed tropical widening trends.
The System Science Development of Local Time‐Dependent 40‐keV Electron Flux Models for Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Boynton R. J. , Amariutei O. A. , Shprits Y. Y. , Balikhin M. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAt geosynchronous Earth orbit, the radiation belt/ring current electron fluxes with energies up to several hundred kiloelectron volts can vary widely in magnetic local time (MLT). This study aims to develop Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous models using system science techniques, which account for the spatial variation in MLT. This is difficult for system science techniques, since there is sparse data availability of the electron fluxes at different MLT. To solve this problem, the data are binned from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) 13, 14, and 15 by MLT, and a separate Nonlinear AutoRegressive eXogenous model is deduced for each bin using solar wind variables as the inputs to the model. These models are then conjugated into one spatiotemporal forecast. The model performance statistics for each model varies in MLT with a prediction efficiency between 47% and 75% and a correlation coefficient between 51.3% and 78.9% for the period from 1 March 2013 to 31 December 2017.
Seismically Induced Soft‐Sediment Deformation Phenomena During the Volcano‐Tectonic Activity of Campi Flegrei Caldera (Southern Italy) in the Last 15 kyr
Authors: Vitale S. , Isaia R. , Ciarcia S. , Di Giuseppe M. G. , Iannuzzi E. , Prinzi E. P. , Tramparulo F. D. A. , Troiano A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report, for the first time, evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformations in the central area of the active Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy). We analyzed the marine‐transitional and continental sequences located along the coastal La Starza cliffs and several stratigraphic logs exposed during the excavation of a 1‐km‐long tunnel in the Pozzuoli area. The successions host several soft‐sediment structures including sand dikes and sand volcanoes, which are largely dated within the 4.55‐ to 4.28‐kyr BP interval. The volcano‐sedimentary sequence, deposited within the Campi Flegrei caldera in the last 15 kyr, is schematically formed by the superposition of three layers with different rheological behaviors; from the base progressing upward we recognize (1) a massive tuff, (2) marine‐transitional sands of the La Starza unit, and (3) a dominance of continental volcanoclastics. We envisage that during unrest episodes of the volcano, which included ground deformation and seismic activity, the whole volcano‐sedimentary pile was deformed through brittle mechanisms with the formation of normal faults. However, the intermediate layer, when subject to seismic shaking, behaved locally as a viscous material facilitating liquefaction processes and lateral spreading deformation. Furthermore, new geophysical, stratigraphic, and structural surveys allowed us to model the deformation evolution of this area over the last 15 kyr. The evidence of seismically induced soft‐sediment deformation within the volcano‐sedimentary record suggests that moderate earthquakes could occur during future volcano‐seismic unrests. Consequently, liquefaction and related gravitational mass movements must be considered as a hazard during these unrest and volcanic crises.
Effect of Cumulative Surface on Pore Development in Chalk
Authors: Yang Y. , Hakim S. S. , Bruns S. , Uesugi K. , Stipp S. L. S. , Sørensen H. O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPore development in natural porous media, as a result of mineral dissolution in flowing fluid, generates complex microstructures. Although the underlying dynamics of fluid flow and the kinetics of the dissolution reactions have been carefully analyzed in many scenarios, it remains interesting to ask if the preferentially developed flow paths share certain general petrophysical properties. Here we combine in situ X‐ray imaging with network modeling to study pore development in chalk driven by acidic fluid flow under ambient condition. We show that the trajectory of a growing pore correlates with the flow path that minimizes cumulative surface—the overall surface area available to fluid within the residence time—calculated along streamlines. This correlation is not a coincidence because cumulative surface determines conversion of reactant and thus defines the position of dissolution front. Model simulations show that, as fluid channelizes, the growth of the leading pore in the flow direction is guided by migration of the most far‐reaching dissolution front, even in an ever‐changing flow field. In addition, we present a complete tomographic time series of microstructure erosion and show a good accord between the in situ observation and the model simulation. Our results suggest that the microscopic pore development is a deterministic process while being sensitive to stochastic perturbations to the migrating dissolution front.
Brittle/Ductile Deformation of Eclogites: Insights From Numerical Models
Authors: Yamato P. , Duretz T. , Angiboust S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHow rocks deform at depth during lithospheric convergence and what are the magnitudes of stresses they experience during burial/exhumation processes constitute fundamental questions for refining our vision of short‐term (i.e., seismicity) and long‐term tectonic processes in the Earth's lithosphere. Field evidence showing the coexistence of both brittle and ductile deformation at high pressure‐low temperature (HP‐LT) conditions particularly fuels this questioning. We here present 2D numerical models of eclogitic rock deformation by simple shear performed at centimeter scale. To approximate the eclogite paragenesis, we considered the deformed medium as composed of two mineral phases: omphacite and garnet. We run a series of models at 2.0 GPa and 550 °C for different background strain rates (from 10−14 s−1 to 10−8 s−1) and for different garnet proportions (from 0% to 55%). Results show that whole rock fracturing can occur under HP‐LT conditions for strain rates larger than ~10−10 s−1. This suggests that observation of brittle features in eclogites does not necessarily mean that they underwent extreme strain rate. Care should therefore be taken when linking failure of eclogitic rocks to seismic deformation. We also explore the ranges of parameters where garnet and omphacite are deforming with a different deformation style (i.e., frictional vs viscous) and discuss our results in the light of naturally deformed eclogitic samples. This study illustrates that effective stresses sustained by rocks can be high at these P‐T conditions. They reach up to ~1 GPa for an entirely fractured eclogite and up to ~500 MPa for rocks that contain fractured garnet.
Quasi 10‐ and 16‐Day Wave Activities Observed Through Meteor Radar and MST Radar During Stratospheric Final Warming in 2015 Spring
Authors: Yu Fan Rong , Huang Kai Ming , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Yi Fan , Gong Yun , Wang Rui , Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBy combining observations from three meteor radars and a mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere radar arranged along the 120°E meridian with reanalysis data from 20 February to 20 May 2015, we study the stratospheric final warming (SFW) in 2015 spring and planetary wave activities from the troposphere to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) at different latitudes. There are two successive warming events with the polar mean temperature rises of 24 and 9 K at 10‐hPa level. By means of the two warming events separated by only several days, the mean temperature increases by nearly 20 K, and the mean zonal wind decreases from more than 30 m/s to about −10 m/s; thus, seasonal transition of the polar circulation is completed. The investigation shows that the quasi 10‐ (Q10DW) and 16− (Q16DW)day waves occur around the SFW. In the troposphere, their amplitudes are close to 10 m/s in the wind field. At 10‐hPa level of the stratosphere, the strong wave activities arise before the SFW, while in the MLT, the waves are amplified following the SFW with the amplitude peaks about 10 days after the SFW onset. The wave amplitude in the MLT tends to increase in the zonal wind but decrease in the meridional wind with decreasing latitude, which is roughly consistent with the Hough modes. Hence, the Q10DW and Q16DW in the MLT are distinct from those in the stratosphere, and they are likely to be generated and strengthened in situ in the upper stratosphere and MLT.
Competing Effects of Droplet Sedimentation and Wind Shear on Entrainment in Stratocumulus
Authors: Schulz Bernhard , Mellado Juan Pedro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe joint effect of droplet sedimentation and wind shear on cloud top entrainment in stratocumulus is investigated with direct numerical simulations. Although it is well understood that droplet sedimentation weakens entrainment while wind shear enhances entrainment, there is no consensus on the magnitude of each process. We find that the entrainment reduction by droplet sedimentation is sufficiently strong to completely compensate the entrainment enhancement by wind shear, and thus, droplet sedimentation and wind shear effects can be equally important for cloud top entrainment. For instance, for the subtropical conditions considered here, droplet sedimentation weakens entrainment by up to 40% while wind shear enhances entrainment by up to 40%. This result implies that the droplet size distribution can substantially affect cloud lifetimes not only because of its effect on rain formation but also because of its effect on cloud top entrainment, which emphasizes the need for a better characterization of droplet size distributions in stratocumulus. A second implication is that entrainment velocity parametrizations should pay equal attention to droplet sedimentation and to wind shear effects.
NiO nanoparticle-decorated SnO2 nanosheets for ethanol sensing with enhanced moisture resistance
Authors: Niu Gaoqiang , Zhao Changhui , Gong Huimin , Yang Zhitao , Leng Xiaohui , Wang Fei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn a high relative humidity (RH) environment, it is challenging for ethanol sensors to maintain a high response and excellent selectivity. Herein, tetragonal rutile SnO2 nanosheets decorated with NiO nanoparticles were synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal process. The NiO-decorated SnO2 nanosheet-based sensors displayed a significantly improved sensitivity and excellent selectivity to ethanol gas. For example, the 3 mol% NiO-decorated SnO2 (SnO2-3Ni) sensor reached its highest response (153 at 100 ppm) at an operating temperature of 260 °C. Moreover, the SnO2-3Ni sensor had substantially improved moisture resistance. The excellent properties of the sensors can be attributed to the uniform dispersion of the NiO nanoparticles on the surface of the SnO2 nanosheets and the formation of NiO-SnO2 p–n heterojunctions. Considering the long-term stability and reproducibility of these sensors, our study suggests that the NiO nanoparticle-decorated SnO2 nanosheets are a promising material for highly efficient detection of ethanol.
Elevational differences in hydrogeomorphic disturbance regime influence sediment residence times within mountain river corridors
Authors: Sutfin Nicholas A. , Wohl Ellen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh-elevation mountain streams are commonly viewed as erosive environments, but they can retain sediment along river corridors for thousands of years. In 2013, an extreme flood evacuated floodplain sediment in the Colorado Front Range, USA. We use fifty-two14C ages collected along four streams prior to the flood to estimate mean residence time of floodplain sediment. Here we show that mountain streams above the elevation of the Pleistocene terminal moraine retain floodplain sediment for longer durations than those at lower elevation, but that wildfires may decrease floodplain sediment residence time at high elevations. Comparison of field sites and differencing of pre- and post-flood lidar show that valley confinement is a significant predictor of residence time, sediment flux, and floodplains disturbed by the 2013 flood. Elevational trends in floodplain disturbance regime also reflect differences in forest type, precipitation pattern, and wildfire regime, which are expected to shift under a changing climate.