bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fate and Effect of Detergent Chemicals in the Marine and Estuarine Environment
Authors: Stalmans M. , Matthijs E. , de Oude N. T. 
Published: May 2018

Detergents are high-volume consumer products which are discharged directly into domestic sewage after their use. They are removed in the treatment of domestic sewage and via instream removal mechanisms in surface waters. Important removal mechanisms are biological degradation, adsorption to sediments, etc. The degree of removal mainly depends on the physico-chemical and environmental properties of the chemical and on the type of sewage treatment. The continuous removal processes, combined with the continuous discharge to surface waters via treated or untreated sewage effluents, results in the presence of detergent chemicals in surface waters, where they can further biodegrade. Detergent chemicals can thus, ultimately, enter the marine environment.
Data are presented on the discharged amounts of detergent ingredients, such as surfactants and phosphates, to surface waters and to the North Sea.
Furthermore, the fate and effects of a typical surfactant in the marine and estuarine environment are described. Monitoring data for one of the major anionic surfactants, Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonate (LAS), are presented. A comparison of the measured concentrations of LAS with the concentrations, predicted on the basis of a measured dilution of the river water with sea water, shows that this surfactant continues to biodegrade under marine conditions.
Development and Applications of a Wellhead Protection Area Delineation Computer Program
Authors: Guiguer N. , Franz T. 
Published: May 2018

In the last few years, groundwater management has concentrated on the protection of groundwater quality. An increasing number of countries has adopted policies to protect vital groundwater resources from deterioration by regulating human interaction with the subsurface, the use of potential contaminants, land use restrictions, and waste transport and storage.
One of the more common regulatory approaches to the protection of groundwater focuses on public water supplies to reduce the potential of human exposure to hazardous contaminants. Under the framework of the Safe Drinking Water Act amended by U.S. Congress in 1986, The U.S.EPA (1987) issued guidelines for the delineation of wellhead protection areas, recommending the use of analytical and numerical models for the identification of such areas.
In this study, the theoretical background for the development of one such numerical model is presented. Two real-world applications are discussed: in the first case history, the model is applied to a Superfund Site in Puerto Rico as a tool for assessment of the effectiveness of a proposed pump-and-treat scheme for aquifer remediation. Based on simulation results for the evolution of the existing contaminant plume it was verified that such a scheme would not work with the proposed purging wells. The second case history is the delineation of a wellhead protection area in the Town of Littleton, Massachusetts, and subsequent design of a monitoring well network.
Multivariate Analysis of a Coastal Phreatic Aquifer Using Hydrochemical and Isotopic Indicators, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Hernández M. A. , González N. , Levin M. 
Published: May 2018

Hydrochemical and isotopic indicators were used to improve diagnosis in an area where the outcrops of the hydrogeological units were previously defined. Environmental isotopes (18 Oxygen, Deuterium and Tritium) have been applied while interpretation with both tools (Chlorides-18 Oxygen) was done as well.
The use of this kind of tracers allowed us to settle the hydrodynamic mechanisms, specially the recharge zones with nearly 10 TU values and how underground discharge occurs in lowlands, beach, Samborombon Bay and Samborombon River. Looking for a compatibility between hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry with those hydrogeological parameters, multivariate analysis was used. A matrix of 14 characters for 8 groups and 10 characters for 21 samples yielded correlation levels up to .98 and are shown through phenograms and principal components diagrams.
Process Development in Phenolic Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Teixeira A. C. , Balassiano G. L. 
Published: May 2018

The limitation on the level of phenolic compounds in industrial waste water requires from Nitroclor the treatment of the mother liquors coming from its nitrophenols production unit, previous to sending them to biological treatment.
The literature and the accumulated experience during the last years show that nitrophenolic compounds removal at high temperatures is potentially dangerous due to the thermal instability characteristic of these products.
It was developed a new process minimizing the thermal risks and recovering nitrophenols with high purity.
Evaluation of Toxicity Test Procedure To Define Loading Rates in a Land Treatment System
Authors: Casarini D. C. P. , Cunha R. C. A. , Sato M. I. Z. , Sanchez P. S. 
Published: May 2018

Land treatment is categorized as an option to treat hazardous organic waste in soils. This treatment relies on detoxification, degradation, and immobilization of hazardous wastes constituents within the defined treatment zone to ensure the protection of surface water, groundwater and soil.
The use of an appropriate battery of acute toxicity screening tests provides an acceptable method to estimate the initial application rates to be used in subsequent land treatment systems. This paper describes the Microtox acute toxicity test that has been developed and proposed by EPA - Environmental Protection Agency, to estimate the initial loading rates in a land treatment unit (EPA, 1986). The procedure involves conducting a sequence of Microtox tests on the water-soluble fraction of the soi], the waste, and selected waste-soil combinations. The results are used to establish a range of loading rates, which graphically are correlated with the EC50 or TU (toxic unit) to define the test loading rate which does not impact the biological activities of soil microorganisms.
The Effect of Water Purification Ecological Engineering on the Cao Yang Round Creek
Authors: Chongxiao Wang , Jie Cai , Jiaxin Zhou , Sailan Xu , Yiping Yu , Zhixing Wang , Xiangming Xu 
Published: May 2018

It nas been proved that planting various aquatic vascular plants with proper arrangements of time and space in tne eutropnic water of tne Cao Yang Round Creek nas formed an effective and stable ecological system for purifying water. Within two years, the water quality of the Round Creek has been improved significantly. The density of algae (content of chlorophyll a) has dropped by 95%, the total suspended solids is decreased by more tnan 90%, and COD is also reduced by 50%. The transparency of the water has increased from 15cm Before treatment to 53cm after treatment. Some parts of tne Creek are clear enough to see the bottom, to count tne fish. At the same time, beautification and planting of plants on the water surface has been carried our, together with the purification of the water. In this way, tne sightseeing value of water body is also increased.
The paper intends to probe an efficient way of harnessing the eutropnic water By practicing witn purification, Deautification and plant planting all at one time.
The Provincial Water Supply in Thailand and the Water Decade
Authors: Lowatanatrakul Wanchai 
Published: May 2018

In order to comply with the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade Plan (1981-1990), the Thai Government has set up a target that by the year 1990 not less than 95 percent of the Thai population, or more than 50 million persons, will be served with clean water, compared with 40 percent at the outset of the Decade.
However, in 1985, due to several constraints, the Provincial Waterworks Authority (PWA) revised its own target to cover only about 70% by the end of 1990. In 1988 it was estimated that about 2.883 million people in PWA's service areas or about 58.0 percent can be served by PWA's systems. If the number of population in service areas increases by 2.5% per year, PWA has to increase the number of connections at the rate of 12.62% per year for the remaining two years of the Decade in order to meet the 7 0% coverage target in 1990.
A budget of about 7,485 million baht (US $299 million) was allocated in FY 1980-89 for the expansion of water supply systems and services. It was estimated that the budget in 1990 should not be less than 1,950 million baht if the same target is to be accomplished. At any rate, there are still many constraints that could hamper the achievement, such as:–inadequate water resources, both in terms of quantity and quality due, to a great extent, to deforestation and pollution from factories and farming activities, etc.–inadequate manpower and equipment,–inadequate budget.–inadequate tariff, since the present tariff only covers operating expenditure but not future capital investments.
Microbial Degradation of Pentachlorophenol and Lindane in Laboratory-Scale Activated Sludge Reactors
Authors: Jacobsen B. N. , Nyholm N. , Pedersen B. M. , Poulsen O. , Østfeldt P. 
Published: May 2018

The microbial degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and lindane in the activated sludge process was studied. 14 steady-state experimental runs were performed in single-stage activated sludge reactors under various operating conditions. PCP and lindane mixed with three other model compounds were added to the feed as secondary substrate, with synthetic sewage as primary substrate. Reactor concentrations (dissolved) of the model compounds were in the range of 1-200 µg/l.
For PCP, the biodegradation increased with increasing solids retention time SRT. This indicates that degradation takes place by catabolic growth of a specific fraction of the biomass. At SRT &gt; 8 days the 1st order biodegradation rate constant was about 2.5 × 10−3 1/(mg MLSS day) at a temperature of 15°C.
For lindane, the reverse relation was observed. Increased degradation was observed with increasing degradation of primary substrate. This indicates the presence of other mechanisms such as co-metabolism or probably reductive dechlorination.
In relation to upgrading of wastewater treatment plants to biological nutrient removal, xenobiotic compounds behaving like PCP are expected to be increasingly degraded. For compounds behaving like lindane, co-metabolic activity can be stimulated in plug-flow reactors rather than CSTR, and anaerobic zones in the activated sludge process may play an important role for the degradation.
The Anaerobic Biodegradability and Methanogenic Toxicity of Pulping Wastewaters
Authors: Sierra-Alvarez R. , Kortekaas S. , van Eekert M. , Lettinga G. 
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various pulping conditions and different lignocellulosic feedstocks on the anaerobic treatability of pulping wastewaters. Wastewaters were prepared from lignocellulosic feedstocks commonly used in the forest industry, namely, pine, spruce and birch wood, and wheat straw. The pulping conditions used were representative of those applied in TMP and soda pulping processes.
The anaerobic biodegradability and the methanogenic toxicity of the various wastewaters were evaluated in standardized batch bioassays using anaerobic granular sludge. The acidification of the TMP wastewaters (conversion to CH4 and VFA) ranged from 68 to 87% of the total COD, indicating their high anaerobic biodegradability. TMP wastewaters were non-toxic to methane bacteria at concentrations expected in paper mill wastewaters. No inhibition was observed at 10 g COD/l. In contrast, wastewaters prepared in alkaline conditions were poorly biodegradable (approx. 50% acidification) and they caused severe inhibition of the methanogenic activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 5.4 g COD/l.
Additional experiments showed that wood resin components, poorly solubilized at acidic to neutral pH, but easily extractable in alkali, are responsible for most of the methanogenic toxicity observed in alkaline pulping wastewaters. These results indicated that contact of wood with alkali contributes significantly to increase the methanogenic toxicity of the pulping wastewater.
Criteria for Nutrient-Balanced Operation of Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Grau Petr 
Published: May 2018

Though N and/or P are most frequently the limiting nutrients in industrial applications of the activated sludge process, attention has to be given also to other potentially limiting nutrients, especially Fe, Mg and Mo. Two different mechanisms exist in nutrient-limited biomass; multiple limitation of the growth rate and single nutrient limitation of the biomass crop.
It is suggested that effluent concentrations of both NH3-N and NO−3-N are used as control parameters for nitrogen dosing adjustment. It is also suggested that dosing of both ammonia and nitrate to supplement nitrogen is considered for situations sensitive to total nitrogen discharge. The rationale for this is that excessive concentration of nitrate can be easily denitrified while excessive concentration of ammonia is not easy to remove in pulp and paper wastewaster treatment plant conditions.
Soluble orthophosphate is not an adequate control parameter for phosphate dosing since some of the phosphate precipitates can be utilized by microorganisms. Appropriate methods for assessing their availability to microorganisms in real situations are still missing.
Environmentally Desirable Approaches for Regulating Effluents from Pulp Mills
Authors: Sprague John B. 
Published: May 2018

An overall strategy of regulation should always include three tactics: (1) discharge limits at the end of the effluent pipe, based on a reasonable level of industrial technology; (2) water-quality-based limits, strict enough to eliminate sublethal effects beyond a mixing zone; and (3) periodic ecological surveys to check the effectiveness of the first two approaches. Sets of increasingly restrictive “Levels of Achievement” should be formulated to provide steps for management. The final level should represent an ultimate goal of eliminating deleterious discharges, i.e. the effluent-free mill.
Recent Australian regulations for kraft mills give a balanced blend of all three tactics. Federal requirements in U.S.A. also have the three tactics, with good water-quality limits for sublethal toxicity, but a blind spot for organochlorines. Canadian federal regulations continue to focus only on tactic no. 1, with little acknowledgment of the receiving ecosystems, although some provinces add that. Both Sweden and Finland regulate by tactic no. 1, but from a background of site-specific knowledge and needs; relatively uniform sites in the Baltic for Swedish mills, and a diversity of freshwater locations for Finnish ones.
Biological Removal of Iron from Groundwater
Authors: Viswanathan M. N. , Boettcher B. 
Published: May 2018

Host of the soluble iron in groundwater exists in complexes with organic matter. Removal of iron, complexed with organic matter, is difficult and requires the use of a strong oxidant such as ozone, chlorine, etc. This increases capital and operating costs of water treatment plants. Iron oxidizing bacteria like Gallionellaferruginea are known to oxidize iron and derive the energy for the reduction of CO2.
A biological reactor was developed, based on these principles, to remove iron from groundwater. The reactor was successful in reducing iron levels in groundwater from 2.5-3.0 mg/l to about 0.1 mg/l. It was observed that, apart from Gallionellaferruginea, Sphaerotilus spp. were also present in the reactor column. No major problems with respect to clogging of filters or the reactor column were experienced.
Membrane Bioreactor on Domestic Wastewater Treatment Sludge Production and Modeling Approach
Authors: Chaize S. , Huyard A. 
Published: May 2018

The membrane bioreactor, with an increase of biomass concentration in the aeration tank, permit work with low F/M ratio and a reduction in sludge production. The membrane bioreactor potentialities have been tested on a laboratory pilot for domestic wastewater treatment. Various operating conditions (HRT, SRT) were applied to investigate organic and nitrogen removal as well as sludge production.
Two modeling approaches were tested (maintenance phenomena, single sludge simulation process) with unsuccessfull predictions. Futher investigations are needed to better understand biological kinetics and phenomena in membrane bioreactor and to obtain higher flux on membrane processes.
Disinfection and Clarification of Treated Sewage by Advanced Microfiltration
Authors: Kolega M. , Grohmann G. S. , Chiew R. F. , Day A. W. 
Published: May 2018

A study was conducted to investigate the use of an advanced membrane microfiltration system to disinfect and clarify secondary and primary treated sewage. The membrane microfiltration system tested incorporated a patented gas backwashing technique which significantly reduces fouling.
A comprehensive microbiological testing program established that all indicator bacteria and viruses were removed by this system. Testing for chemical quality showed significant reductions in BOD, suspended solids, turbidity, phosphorus, oil/grease and heavy metals.
Consistent filtration rates over several months were achieved without significant biological fouling. The study conclusively showed the capability of the microfiltration system to disinfect and clarify treated sewage.
Wastewater Disposal by Sub-Surface Trickle Irrigation
Authors: Oron G. , DeMalach Y. , Hoffman Z. , Keren Y. , Hartman H. , Plazner N. 
Published: May 2018

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the reuse of domestic, secondary treated wastewater for irrigation of edible crops. Corn was irrigated under on-surface and subsurface trickle systems with effluent and compared with on-surface trickle irrigation applying fresh water.
The results indicate that under sub-surface trickle irrigation fruit contamination is minimal.
Control of Industrial Wastewater Discharges in the North West of England
Authors: Belshaw C. , Fisher T. J. 
Published: May 2018

North Nest Water (NHW) manage a scheme to ensure the efficient control of industrial effluent discharges to protect the environment, the Company's assets, assist in meeting short- and long-term Water Quality objectives, whilst highlighting present and future problems.
Guidelines have been developed based on a policy of encouraging the treatment of industrial effluent in admixture with domestic sewage, provided that this can be satisfactorily achieved. Discharges of industrial effluent can be made only with the consent of the controlling Company and an extensive service for the reception and treatment of industrial effluent is offered.
The legal framework necessary to facilitate control, evolved over many years, has continued to develop and expand to encompass U.K. and European legislation. Aspects relevant to industrial effluent control and regulation are outlined and discussed.
Charging for the reception, conveyance and treatment of industrial effluent forms an important part of the control mechanism and ensures that industry pays a fair price for the service provided.
Increasing pressure to reduce inputs to the environment of dangerous substances has resulted in legislation, both national and international, which has a major impact on the business of waste water treatment. A description of the U.K. approach to the incorporation of European Community and North Sea conference requirements into its own legislative framework is included.
The Treatment of Wastewater from Coke Oven and Chemical Recovery Plants by Means of Bioferric Process – An Innovative Technique
Authors: Littleton X. , Ren Z. 
Published: May 2018

The treatment of wastewater from coal-derived liquor is considered to be extremely difficult because of large quantities and fluctuating concentrations of toxic chemicals. This paper describes the performance of an innovative technique, - the Bioferric process as it compared to conventional activated sludge during pilot, semiscale and full-scale tests of wastewater treatment coke oven and chemical recovery plants.
Bioferric sludge uses the affinity of ferric hydroxide floc for the bacterial surface to create a dense, strong adsorptive and good settling sludge. As a result, the biomass can be operated at 7,000 to 9,000 mg/l, with SVI ranging between 50 to 90 and F/M ratios of 0.1. These levels can be realized without requiring additional oxygen. Due to the low F/M ratio, sludge production is markedly reduced. An additional benefit is iron-rich enhances sludge dewatering.
The pilot study showed that the bioferric process maintained average phenol removal at 99.93% even with influent cyanide as high as 40 mg/l. Especially under accidental spills, BOD, COD and cyanide removal were still at 98%, 81.3% and 98% respectively. In contrast, phenol, BOD, COD and cyanide removal were 80.7%, 19.7%, 25.8% and 72% respectively using conventional activated sludge. Full-scale tests confirmed the conclusions of the pilot study under conditions with high fluctuations of influent flow rate and toxic contents. They showed that the bioferric process always maintains a stable operation with effluent phenol, cyanide, BOD far below the required discharge standards and all at negligible increased cost.
Potential Problems Using the TCLP to Determine BDAT Compliance
Authors: Reynolds C. C. 
Published: May 2018

A major result of the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) is that all listed hazardous wastes must be treated prior to land disposal. When evaluating treatment options, generators will want to know whether the treated waste meets the Best Demonstrated Achievable Technology (BDAT) criteria for land disposal. To avoid enforcement action and penalties, analytical data must confirm that the treated waste meets BDAT criteria.
Many BDAT criteria are based on the constituent concentration in the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) extract of the waste. Since the TCLP uses an acidic solution to leach the waste constituents, reported results may be influenced by hydrolysis, interfering compounds or laboratory contamination. Sufficient quality assurance samples must be analyzed for the data to be court defensible.
This paper proposes methods for minimizing analytical problems and obtaining representative data. A case illustrates several of the problems and related solutions.
Optimizing Nitrogen Removal Reactor Configurations by On-Site Calibration of the IAWPRC Activated Sludge Model
Authors: Lesouef A. , Payraudeau M. , Rogalla F. , Kleiber B. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes a modified version of the IAWPRC model and the techniques used to calibrate it on site. Growth rate of autotrophic bacteria and the inert wastewater fractions were measured by simple methods, both in laboratory pilots and on full scale.
Model predictions were compared to full scale results in large plants (&gt; 100 000 P E). Measured autotrophic growth rates ranged from 0.3 to 0.65 1/d, depending on wastewater toxicity. Most model constants compared well with original IAWPRC proposals, and several wastewater types were identified. Parameters to establish a suspended solids balance are given.
Different configurations of plants for nitrogen removal were investigated, including conventional recirculation, sludge reaeration (RDN) and step feed alternate zone denitrification.