bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACUTE HAEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS
Authors: Gilmour William N. 
Published: February 2018

1. A series of 328 cases of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children is analysed. 2. In the first group ofseventy-seven cases from 1944 to 1950 penicillin gave excellent results. 3. After 1950 the disease took on new characteristics in terms of frequency, severity and age incidence, with the appearance of a staphylococcus resistant to penicillin: 251 cases are recorded from 1951 to 1960. 4. The importance of the early assessment ofthe disease into degrees of severity is emphasised as the surgeon's guide in his form of management. 5. The value of operative decompression is discussed. 6. The frequent and dire consequences of hip joint involvement are analysed and draillage of the hip joint is described.
THE EFFECT OF IMPLANTING VARIOUS SUBSTANCES INTO ARTIFICIALLY CREATED CIRCUMSCRIBED DEFECTS IN RAT FEMURS
Authors: Melcher A. H. , Irving J. T. 
Published: February 2018

1. The effect of implanting heterogenous anorganic bone, homogenous organic bone, autogenous compact bone from the iliac crest, and autogenous bony callus into circumscribed defects in the femur of albino rats of the Wistar strain is described. 2. Neither heterogenous anorganic bone nor homogenous organic bone appeared to induce new bone formation in a healing defect. 3. Some of the osteogenic cells of autogenous callus implants survived transplantation to a bone defect and gave rise to new bone formation. This did not occur when compact bone from autogenous iliac crest was implanted. 4. Implants of autogenous callus, autogenous compact bone, homogenous organic bone and heterogenous anorganic bone all impeded the normal development of host bone trabeculae in a healing bone defect, seemingly because they acted as physical barriers to the proliferating host callus. None of the implant materials appeared to suppress the healing reaction ofthe host. 5. Implanted homogenous organic bone was removed and replaced by host bone more quickly than was implanted heterogenous anorganic bone, and it appears to be the better material for grafting into bone defects. 6. Autogenous callus or autogenous cancellous bone is a superior implant material to autogenous compact bone and is the bone graft material of choice. 7. The absorption of all the implant materials used in this investigation was associated with the presence of multinucleated giant cells. 8. The activity of multinucleated giant cells may be influenced by the organic matrix of the material which is to be absorbed. 9. Except when fresh autogenous callus was implanted into the defects, the rate of healing in the grafted defects was slower than that in the control defects. In the defects grafted with fresh autogenous callus the healing rates of the control and grafted defects were the same.
STUDIES IN THE TRANSPLANTATION OF BONE, V. The Capacity of Fresh and Treated Homografts of Bone to Evoke Transplantation Immunity
Authors: Burwell R. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2018

1. Experiments to examine the antigenicity of homologous bone tissues in rats are reported. The tissues studied included fresh marrow-free cortical bone blocks and chips, fresh, boiled, frozen and freeze-dried marrow-containing iliac bone, fresh iliac bone devoid of marrow, and fresh red marrow. 2. The various tissues were transplanted from hooded to Wistar rats. Three weeks later a skin graft from each donor was transplanted to its respective host to detect the presence of transplantation immunity, which was indicated by the early rejection of the skin graft. 3. Homografts of fresh cortical bone evoked transplantation immunity indicating that it contained transplantation antigens which were also in the skin. 4. Homografts of fresh marrow-containing iliac bone also evoked transplantation immunity, which was shown to be caused by the red marrow. 5. Fresh iliac homografts devoid of marrow did not elicit transplantation immunity. This suggests that iliac bone tissue may not contain transplantation antigens or that the small amount of iliac bone inserted was insufficient. 6. Microscopy of the grafts, removed after three weeks, showed that the inflammatory infiltrations around the bone homografts and autografts were not very different, but that the amount of new bone formed was different. The autografts produced a lot of new bone, the homografts only a little. 7. It is suggested that the immune response evoked in the host by the foreign graft impairs the formation of new bone by fresh homografts of cortical blocks, cortical chips and marrow-containing iliac bone. 8. The impairment of new bone formation by homografts of marrow-free iliac bone is discussed. Such bone grafts fail to evoke detectable transplantation immunity. Why these grafts do not form more new homologous bone than the other homografts studied, is not clear. 9. Homografts of boiled and frozen iliac bone do not evoke any detectable change in the sensitivity of the host to donor tissue. 10. Homografts of freeze-dried marrow-containing iliac bone elicit a slight but significant prolongation of the survival of skin homografts. The implication, in terms of modern immunological theory, is that in such grafts certain tissue antigens still persist.
ISCHIO-PUBIC "OSTEOCHONDRITIS"
Authors: Byers Paul D. 
Published: February 2018

1. A child with so-called ischio-pubic osteochondritis is reported from whom the affected ramus was resected. The features observed in the resected specimen were those of a normal closing epiphysis. 2. The literature is reviewed with emphasis on other children who had biopsies and on large scale radiographic surveys of normal children. 3. The conclusions are that the changes in the ischio-pubic synchondrosis cannot justifiably be called osteochondritis, and that they require further investigation, which can most profitably be done at necropsy.
DELAYED TRAUMATIC TETRAPLEGIA
Authors: Scott P. J. 
Published: February 2018

1. The theories that have been advanced to explain the occurrence of traumatic tetraplegia in patients without evidence of vertebral column injury are reviewed. 2. Traumatic tetraplegia of delayed onset is described in a middle-aged man with ankylosing spondylitis. There was no injury of the vertebral column. 3. The reasons are given for suggesting that the tetraplegia was caused by injury to the arterial supply of the cord.
THE TREATMENT OF FRACTURE-SEPARATION OF THE CAPITULAR EPIPHYSIS
Authors: Crabbe W. A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Seventeen children with fracture-separations of the capitular epiphysis are reviewed. 2. Soft-tissue suture was used in eleven and metallic fixation in six children. 3. There was one bad result because of faulty technique but all the other children obtained good results. 4. Soft-tissue suture was found to be a simple procedure with none of the complications of wire fixation.
CYST FORMATION IN OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Ondrouch A. S. 
Published: February 2018

1. The cause of cyst formation lies in the major overloading of certain regions caused by the unevenness of the articular surface produced by the arthritic process. 2. Photoelasticity investigations disclose an overburdening of the bone beneath the surface of the joint, which in turn markedly resembles the shapes of actual cysts. 3. The results of this investigation fit organically into the logical sequence of processes in accordance with our theory. 4. This theory is further borne out by the successful formation of cyst phenomena in healthy joints by overloading (Trias 1961). 5. Our theory has no immediate practical bearing on the treatment of arthritic cysts. However, it uncovers certain interesting aspects of the behaviour of bone tissues under mechanical overloading above the limits of biological, though below those of mechanical bearing capacity. Conclusions arising therefrom might in many respects be useful in research into the physiology of bone.
AGE CHANGES IN THE ORGANIC FRACTION OF BONE
Authors: Smith J. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. The relative concentrations of organic material in adjacent microscopic regions of bone have been studied by three methods, and the results suggest that this concentration varies considerably. 2. The variations in the organic concentration in bone have been correlated with the age of the bone and its inorganic concentration. 3. It is suggested that the progressive calcification of bone as its age increases, occurs, to some extent, at the expense of the organic fraction of the tissue.
OSTEOPOROSIS IN PATIENTS WITH FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES
Authors: Stevens Jack , Abrami George 
Published: February 2018

1. It is now more than three years since a group of ninety-one patients with transcervical fracture of the neck of the femur were examined for osteoporosis at the time of injury using a histological or a radiographic technique, or a combination of both methods. 2. After patients with basal fractures were excluded, ninety fractures in eighty-eight patients were available for review and sixty-six (74 per cent) were adequately followed up. 3. In this series the fate of the fracture did not appear to be influenced by the presence or absence of osteoporosis, or by the degree of osteoporosis. 4. The incidence of osteoporosis increased with advancing age, but this increased incidence did not appear to be responsible for the greater proportion of failures after the age of sixty-five. 5. In this series of patients examination for osteoporosis was made by methods which were believed to be the best available at the time. The possibility that these are not absolutely reliable cannot be ruled out.
TRANSPLANTATION OF THE GREATER TROCHANTER IN ARTHROPLASTY OF THE HIP
Authors: Charnley John , Ferreira A. De S.D. 
Published: February 2018

1 . The results of transplanting the greater trochanter in 225 "low-friction" arthroplasties of the hip have been examined. 2. Non-union occurred in an average of 7 per cent of cases. 3. When non-union occurred the results still showed improvement. 4. Four different methods of fixation were used, of which that using two wires, crossed in the horizontal and coronal planes, never failed to secure union. 5. Transplantation of the greater trochanter to the best position is only possible if the neck of the femur is shortened or if the centre of motion of the arthroplasty is displaced medially by deepening the acetabulum, or by a combination of both. 6. In the best position the transplanted trochanter considerably improved active abduction against gravity.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS IN CONGENITAL DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Dooley B. J. 
Published: February 2018

In this review of 106 cases it appears that immobilisation of a contracted, dislocated or subluxated hip in an extreme position in plaster as the initial treatment caused vascular damage to the femoral epiphysis in approximately 50 per cent of cases. Preliminary frame reduction in the dislocated hips slowly stretches the soft tissues and allows adaptation of the vessels to the position required for reduction. Open reduction would seem to reduce the incidence of osteochondritic changes. When a hip is immobilised in plaster the extreme of any position, particularly with regard to rotation, should be avoided.
DELTA PHALANX
Authors: Jones G. Blundell 
Published: February 2018

1. Delta phalanx is a rare congenital abnormality not to be confused with other forms of angular deformity of the phalanges. 2. The deformity needs radical treatment by repeated surgery because there is no tendency to spontaneous correction and growth of the phalanx is prevented by the epiphysial deformity.
BONE PRODUCTION IN NON-OSTEOGENIC FIBROMA
Authors: Morton K. S. 
Published: February 2018

1 . Six patients have been presented in whom an established diagnosis of non-osteogenic fibroma of bone was made. Metaplastic bone was identified within the tumour tissues. 2. Three other patients are reported in whom the diagnosis appeared to be, on radiological and histological grounds, either fibrous dysplasia or non-osteogenic fibroma. 3. This evidence has convinced the author that the two lesions are frequently not distinctive and that they are, in fact, closely related. Because the natural history of the two conditions, especially in their simple or monostotic form, is also the same, there is good reason to consider them as varying histological manifestations of the same pathogenetic process.
UNREDUCED POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER TREATED BY OPEN REDUCTION AND TRANSPOSITION OF THE SUBSCAPULARIS TENDON
Authors: Oyston J. K. 
Published: February 2018

1 . A case of posterior dislocation of the shoulder treated by open reduction and obliteration of the defect in the head of the humerus by implantation of the subscapularis tendon is reported. 2. It is suggested that this method is indicated in cases in which there is a deep V-shaped depression on the anterior aspect of the humeral head.
HYDATID DISEASE OF BONE IN AUSTRALASIA
Authors: Alldred A. J. , Nisbet N. W. 
Published: February 2018

1 . The incidence of hydatid disease in bone is discussed and the relevant literature reviewed. 2. The parasitology and methods of control are described. 3. The pathology of hydatid disease affecting bone is described. 4. An analysis of fifty-three cases is made showing that the disease commonly occurs in the spine, the long bones, the ribs and scapula, and the pelvis and hip. The treatment and prognosis of each group is discussed. 5. Three cases of hydatid disease of bone occurring in animals are described.
THE RESULTS OF OSTEOTOMY FOR EARLY PRIMARY OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP
Authors: Harris N. H. , Kirwan E. 
Published: February 2018

1. The clinical and radiological results of seventy-one osteotomies for primary osteoarthritis of the hip performed with internal fixation have been examined two to eight years after operation. Advanced cases where osteotomy would have been purely a salvage procedure were excluded. 2. The hips were divided into two groups: one in a relatively early and the other in a later intermediate stage of the disease. The two criteria for inclusion in the "early" group were a) fiexion movement of 90 degrees or more, either with the patient conscious or completely relaxed under anaesthesia, and b) no collapse of bone seen in the radiograph. 3. The clinical results show that early osteotomy seldom fails to give relief of pain, which is closely correlated with improved function and a favourable assessment of the operation by the patient. A good range of flexion, not less than 70 degrees and frequently 90 degrees, is retained when the criteria mentioned above obtain. 4. The radiological assessment was based upon examination of the joint space, the cystic appearances and the degree of collapse of bone, if any, as seen in serial films. There was convincing evidence of regression indicating arrest of the arthritic process in 70 per cent of the "early" cases. 5. Regression after osteotomy appears to be a well-defined process which is more commonly observed and more complete when the osteotomy is performed sooner rather than at a later stage of the disease. With few exceptions a good radiological result is associated with a good clinical result. 6. Some of the possible causes of failure are discussed. Osteotomy is more likely to fail if delayed till stiffness is severe and collapse of bone has begun. Large cysts, rapid advance of the disease, and a valgus osteotomy in the presence of lateral subluxation may also prejudice the results. 7. This review offers good support for Nissen's suggestion that in primary osteoarthritis of the hip osteotomy should be performed early, while the joint is still mobile and capable of repair, in order to retain good function. 8. Relief from pain is not the only consideration in deciding when to operate; the prospects of arresting the disease and of stimulating a healing reaction in the disordered cancellous bone and articular cartilage by early osteotomy should always be kept in mind. 9. In many respects the findings of this review are complementary to those of Postel and Vaillant (1962) who reported excellent results from varus osteotomy of Pauwels' type in a series of cases of subluxation of the hip with pain but without frank secondary osteoarthritic change.
TRANSARTICULAR NAILING FOR FRACTURES OF THE FEMORAL NECK
Authors: Jarry Leo 
Published: February 2018

1. A technique of transarticular nailing for subcapital and transcervical fractures of the neck of the femur is described. 2. Forty-four operations have been done, and twenty-one patients have been under observation for periods of from one to six years. In one of these pseudarthrosis has developed; in two others there has been delayed union. 3. The method gives sound fixation by a "squeezing effect" on the proximal fragment, which is enhanced by the locking of the adjacent articulation. 4. It is presented as an alternative to prosthetic replacement for treatment of femoral neck fracture in the aged. The nail damages the articular surface of the acetabulum but not the femoral head. 5. The importance of care after operation is stressed. 6. The advantages of the method, the role of circulatory changes in the femoral head and the mechanics of transarticular fixation are discussed.
MONARTHRITIS
Authors: Pitkeathly D. A. , Griffiths H. E. D. , Catto M. 
Published: February 2018

1. Forty-five patients with monarthritis of at least six months duration have been reviewed. Arthrotomy and synovial biopsy were carried out in every case. The period of follow-up varied from two to eight years from the time of biopsy. A re-examination of the biopsy material was made at the time of clinical assessment. 2. Twelve patients (27 per cent) were diagnosed as having definite or probable rheumatoid arthritis. Four patients (9 per cent) had psoriatic arthropathy and six (13 per cent) had a persistent monarthritis of undetermined type. A further four patients (9 per cent) had polyarthritis of undetermined type, ten (22 per cent) were diagnosed as having osteoarthritis and seven (16 per cent) were completely normal (self-limiting joint disease). 3. There was a moderately good relationship between biopsy findings suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis and the eventual clinical outcome. 4. Monarthritis of the wrist was followed in every case by the development of significant disease, either rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthropathy. 5. Rheumatoid arthritis may remain monarticular for many years. 6. It is concluded that thorough investigation of patients with monarthritis is of considerable help in diagnosis and prognosis.
CHANGES IN SERUM CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS DURING STILBOESTROL TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS
Authors: Parfitt A. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. The changes in serum calcium and phosphorus which occurred in forty-one patients with post-menopausal osteoporosis during treatment with stilboestrol were examined. 2. There was a fall of approximately 15 per cent in mean serum phosphorus and of approximately 3 per cent in mean serum calcium. 3. The fall in serum calcium is considered to furnish some evidence against the theory that the primary action of stilboestrol is a reduction in calcium excretion.
A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF CEMENT TO ANCHOR THE FEMORAL HEAD PROSTHESIS
Authors: Charnley John 
Published: February 2018

It has been shown by mechanical analysis that by using cement to bond the stem of a femoral head prosthesis to bone two advantages are obtained when the conditions are compared with conventional methods. 1. "Fretting" between the implant and the living bone is eliminated. This source of persistent relative movement is probably the most important starting point for the progressive loosening of weight-bearing implants. 2. When cement is used the bond with the bone is exposed to stresses which are of an order three hundred times less than the shear strength of bone. The conventional prostheses expose the bond to compressive stresses which are near to the failure limits of the compressive strength of bone, especially in elderly patients with atrophic cortical bone in the femoral neck.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND ANASTOMOSES OF ARTERIES SUPPLYING THE HEAD AND NECK OF THE FEMUR
Authors: Sevitt S. , Thompson R. G. 
Published: February 2018

1. At necropsy the arterial distribution within the head and neck of the femur was investigated by arteriographic injection in fifty-seven uninjured hips of mostly elderly subjects. 2. Before injection all vessels to the head except for one or more particular groups were divided. 3. The superior retinacular arteries were found to be the most important arterial supply to the head. Through the widely distributed branches of their lateral epiphysial vessels (superior capital) they supplied the superior, medial, central and usually the lateral parts of the head: through anastomoses they could also supply the anterior and posterior segments, the subfovea and the inferior sector, which receive separate contributions. Sometimes the inferior or the lateral connections were defective. 4. The arteries in the ligamentum teres were either absent or unimportant for the head in most subjects. Either the vessels in the ligament never reached the head or they supplied only a limited subfoveal zone. In only one out of sixteen specimens was the whole head injected through the vessels of the ligamentum teres. 5. The inferior retinacular arteries were found to be of subsidiary importance and generally supplied a variable infero-lateral part of the head, particularly posteriorly. In a small number there was an anastomotic supply to other parts of the head, but only in two out of sixteen specimens was nearly all the head injected through these vessels. 6. The regular anastomotic supply from the superior retinacular arteries to the subfovea and to the inferior part of the head was in curious contrast to the infrequent anastomotic filling of the lateral epiphysial arteries from the inferior retinacular or ligamentum teres arteries. 7. Vessels within the femoral neck sometimes supplied the lateral part of the head but never the medial three-quarters. 8. The neck of the femur received important branches from the superior retinacular arteries but only in a small number (15 per cent) was part of it entirely dependent on this supply.