bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition in Recent Years
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Shamir Raanan , Broekaert Ilse , Troncone Riccardo 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition has experienced an amazing development in the 50 years of its existence. It grew from a small group of 36 friends who held an informal meeting with some 20 oral presentations to share and discuss their clinical and research work, to a large, multiprofessional society that sets widely recognized standards for clinical care and policy and hosts the world's largest congress of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition with more than 4500 delegates from 100 countries. However, the Society's mission has remained the same: to promote the health of children with special attention to the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and nutritional status, through knowledge creation, the dissemination of science based information, the promotion of best practice in the delivery of care and the provision of high‐quality education. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition's success is based on the enthusiasm and engagement of its membership that contribute extensive volunteer work to support child health, while maintaining a positive spirit of collaboration and friendship, which characterises this Society. This article aims at describing recent developments and the current situation of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Liver Diseases
Authors: Rodijk Lyan H. , den Heijer Anne E. , Hulscher Jan B.F. , Verkade Henkjan J. , de Kleine Ruben H.J. , Bruggink Janneke L.M. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of the study was to determine the neurodevelopmental outcomes of children with liver diseases based on a systematical review of the literature.Method:A literature search according to the PRISMA statement was conducted using predefined search terms in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The inclusion criterion was studies published from 2000 onwards that reported on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of term‐born children with liver diseases. A narrative synthesis was done to appraise the studies.Results:Twenty‐five studies were included (1913 children), 19 of which described children after liver transplantation (LTx; 1372 children). Sixty‐seven percentage of the studies on children with liver diseases who survived with their native livers showed low‐average or abnormal scores on specific subscales of cognitive and behavioral measures. In studies on children after LTx, this was 82%. After LTx, 83% of studies demonstrated impaired outcomes on behavior, whereas 42% of children received special education. Motor development was impaired in 82% of studies in children with native liver and after LTx.Limitations:Studies were heterogenic because of sample sizes, etiology of liver disease and type of assessment tools used.Conclusions:More than two‐third of included studies showed neurodevelopmental deficits in children with liver diseases, affecting all neurodevelopmental areas. Knowledge on risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment is limited and lack of long‐term follow‐up is worrying, especially considering the increasing survival rates, resulting in more at‐risk patients. Studying early predictors and risk factors of abnormal developmental trajectories of children with liver diseases is indicated to assess strategies to improve their long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Subsequent HIV Diagnosis Risk After Syphilis in a Southern Black Population
Authors: Aziz Sulayman , Sweat David 
Published: March 2018

Background
Southern non-Hispanic black persons are disproportionately represented in the HIV epidemic. Those previously diagnosed as having syphilis are at significant risk to become HIV infected within 36 months. Effective prevention strategies such as preexposure prophylaxis should be offered to those at highest risk to maximize prevention efforts.

Methods
HIV-negative persons diagnosed as having primary or secondary (P&S) syphilis during 1998–2014 were matched with incident HIV cases diagnosed during 1998–2016 in Shelby County Tennessee. Person-year HIV incidence rate, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and Cox proportional regression model analyses were performed to explore predicting risk factors and quantifying risk factors associated with HIV-free survival time frames.

Results
Among 2032 HIV-negative non-Hispanic black Shelby County residents diagnosed as having P&S syphilis, 139 (6.8%) were subsequently diagnosed as having HIV infection. Men who have sex with men (MSM) experienced the highest incidence of HIV diagnosis rate (4.98 per 100 person-years, 95% confidence interval, 4.76–5.2). Being male, MSM, younger than 30 years, or coinfected with gonorrhea increased risk of HIV acquisition 2.32, 11.80, 1.67, and 2.44 times, respectively, compared with being female, heterosexual men, 30+ years old, or not infected with other sexually transmitted infections.

Conclusions
Among our population diagnosed as having P&S syphilis, 1 in 6 MSM and 1 in 16 persons coinfected with gonorrhea were subsequently diagnosed as having HIV during 36 months of follow-up. These findings have implications for HIV screening and recruitment as priority preexposure prophylaxis candidates.
Positive Bacteriological Analyses in Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Palmiere Cristian , Tettamanti Camilla 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Increased infection susceptibility in the diabetic population is a controversial issue in the clinical field. The greater frequency of infections in diabetic patients has been speculated as caused by the hyperglycemic environment that favors immune dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the proportion of positive bacterial cultures in a series of diabetic individuals who underwent forensic investigations and assess the frequency of hyperglycemia at the time of death in these cases as well as the percentage of diabetics with cause of death due to bacterial infection. Forensic autopsy cases characterized by positive bacterial cultures and pre-existing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Initial findings revealed that 12% (7/58 cases) of positive bacterial cultures concerned individuals with a pre-existing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Bacterial infection was considered to be the cause of death in 22% (7/31 cases) of diabetics with positive bacterial cultures. Hyperglycemia could be identified in 1 case only at the time of death. These preliminary results highlight the usefulness of systematically performing postmortem bacteriology in the forensic setting to more precisely characterize infectious risk factors in diabetics.
Hand-Arm Bimanual Intensive Therapy Improves Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Surkar Swati M. , Hoffman Rashelle M. , Willett Sandra , Flegle Janice , Harbourne Regina , Kurz Max J. 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
To determine the changes in the prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation following hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT) in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP).

Methods:
Nine children with HCP and 15 children who were developing typically participated in the study. Children with HCP received 50 hours of HABIT. We assessed pre- and post-HABIT PFC activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging. Bimanual coordination and motor task performance were assessed using the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), the average number of shapes matched, the shape matching errors, the reaction time, the 9-hole peg test, and the box and blocks test.

Results:
The PFC activation decreased following HABIT and became similar to what was seen in the children who were developing typically. Post-HABIT PFC activation improvements paralleled with the improvements seen in the AHA and the behavioral outcomes.

Conclusion:
HABIT potentially improves the PFC's involvement in the action planning of the upper extremity movements in children with HCP.
A Pediatric Service-Learning Program in Physical Therapy Education
Authors: Hou Yu-Jen , Liu Wen-Yu , Lin Yang-Hua , Lien Hen-Yu , Wong Alice M. K. , Chen Chien-Min 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
The purpose of this report was to describe a pediatric service-learning program in entry-level physical therapy (PT) education in Taiwan.

Key Points:
To meet the needs of the local community and provide preclinical service-learning experience to PT students with people with physical disability, a service-learning program of a 2-day camp for children with cerebral palsy (CP) was developed in 2012. To date, 356 entry-level PT students have participated in this program, serving 286 children and their families. Important professional attributes, identified by the World Confederation for Physical Therapy guideline, such as altruism, compassion and caring, cultural competence, personal and professional development, professional duty, social responsibility and advocacy, and teamwork, were in the reflective reports of some of the PT students.

Conclusions:
The experiences provided by this pediatric PT service-learning program appear to have the potential to foster the development of professional attributes in entry-level PT students.
Ethical considerations in the design, execution, and analysis of clinical trials of chronic pain treatments
Authors: Rowbotham Michael C. , McDermott Michael P. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
In the field of pain research, clinical trials may randomize over 500 subjects and include more than 150 sites spanning over a dozen countries.

Methods:
This review examines the ethical considerations affecting clinical trial design, execution, and analysis of trials for chronic pain. The Belmont Report has been the touchstone for human studies protection efforts since 1979. Commissioned by the U.S. government in response to ethical failures in medical research, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the report emphasizes 3 basic principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Trial design and sample size have important ethical implications.

Conclusions:
Measures to enhance trial transparency and combat publication and many other types of bias should be implemented.
Results of the Postmarket Clinical Study of the Sientra 207 Highly Cohesive Gel Breast Implants in Primary and Revision Augmentation
Authors: Schwartz Michael R. , Haws Melinda J. , Phillips Ginny 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Board-certified plastic surgeons utilizing the Sientra 207 Highly Cohesive Gel breast implants provided their initial satisfaction with usage and postoperative results on primary and revision augmentation patients, and study participants provided their satisfaction with surgical result.

Methods:
Up to 15 participating investigators at institutional review board–approved sites enrolled up to 180 women who received Sientra 207 implants for primary augmentation or revision augmentation procedures. Investigator and participant assessments were performed preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 months.

Results:
All participating surgeons found the implants to be easy or very easy to implant, and 92 percentage reported satisfaction with surgical results. Patients receiving these implants reported similarly high rates of satisfaction (94%).

Conclusion:
With this combination of high satisfaction and low complication rates, the Sientra 207 silicone breast implants now provide a welcome addition to plastic surgeons’ breast implant options.
A Novel Small-Animal Model of Irradiated, Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Dassoulas Kasandra R. , Wang Jessica S. , Stovall Madeline M. , Lei Serena S. , Thuman Jenna M. , Salopek Lisa S. , Cottler Patrick S. , Pineros-Fernandez Angela , Kim Taeho , Hui CheukKai B. , Archual Anthony , Lin Kant Y. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
There is currently a need for a clinically relevant small-animal model for irradiated, implant-based breast reconstruction. Present models are inadequate in terms of suboptimal location of expander placement and mode of radiation delivery, correlating poorly with the human clinical scenario. The authors hypothesized that by delivering fractionated radiation and placing an expander under the scalp of the animal, they would achieve soft-tissue changes histologically analogous to those seen in human irradiated, implant-based breast reconstruction.

Methods:
This study consisted of 11 immunocompetent, hairless rats divided into three groups as follows: untreated control (n = 3), tissue-expanded scalps (n = 4), and fractionated irradiation plus tissue expansion of the scalp (n = 4). At the completion of the experiment for each group, skin tissue samples were analyzed histologically for vascularity, epidermal and dermal thickness, and collagen fiber alignment or scar formation.

Results:
Expanded rat epidermis was significantly thicker and dermis was more vascular than nonexpanded skin. The authors observed a greater degree of collagen fiber alignment in the expanded group compared with nonexpanded skin. The combination of irradiation and expansion resulted in significant dermal thinning, vascular depletion, and increased scar formation compared with expanded skin alone.

Conclusions:
The authors describe a novel small-animal model for irradiated, implant-based breast reconstruction where histologic analysis shows structural changes in the skin consistent with known effects of radiation therapy and expansion in human skin. This model represents a significant improvement from previous ones and, as such, holds the potential to be used to test new therapeutic agents to improve clinical outcomes.
Vertical Growth Phase as a Prognostic Factor for Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity in Thin Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Appleton Sarah E. , Fadel Zahir , Williams Jason S. , Bezuhly Michael 
Published: March 2018

Background:
The 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines recommended consideration of sentinel lymph node biopsy for thin melanoma (Breslow thickness <1.0 mm) with aggressive pathologic features such as ulceration and/or high mitotic rate. The therapeutic benefit of biopsy-based treatment remains controversial. The authors conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the risk and outcomes of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma, and examined established and potential novel predictors of positivity.

Methods:
Three databases were searched by two independent reviewers for sentinel lymph node positivity in patients with thin melanoma. Study heterogeneity, publication bias, and quality were assessed. Data collected included age, sex, Breslow thickness, mitotic rate, ulceration, regression, Clark level, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and vertical growth phase. Positivity was estimated using a random effects model. Association of positivity and clinicopathologic features was investigated using meta-regression.

Results:
Ninety-three studies were identified representing 35,276 patients with thin melanoma who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy. Of these patients, 952 had a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy, for an event rate of 5.1 percent (95 percent CI, 4.1 to 6.3 percent). Significant associations were identified between positivity and Breslow thickness greater than 0.75 mm but less than 1.0 mm, mitotic rate, ulceration, and Clark level greater than IV. Seven studies reported on vertical growth phase, which was strongly associated with positivity (OR, 4.3; 95 percent CI, 2.5 to 7.7).

Conclusions:
To date, this is the largest meta-analysis to examine predictors of sentinel lymph node biopsy positivity in patients with thin melanoma. Vertical growth phase had a strong association with biopsy positivity, providing support for its inclusion in standardized pathologic reporting.
Quality of Life in Adults with Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Mazzaferro Daniel M. , Naran Sanjay , Wes Ari M. , Magee Leanne , Taylor Jesse A. , Bartlett Scott P. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Although studies have analyzed quality of life in children with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, to date nobody has investigated long-term quality of life in adults with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. The purpose of this study was to compare quality of life in adult nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients with a cohort of unaffected controls.

Methods:
The authors queried their institution’s prospectively maintained craniofacial registry for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients aged 18 years and older, and administered the validated World Health Organization Quality of Life Biomedical Research and Education Foundation questionnaire. Responses were compared, using a two-sample t test, to an age-matched U.S. normative database provided by the World Health Organization.

Results:
One hundred fifty-one adults met inclusion criteria: 52 were successfully contacted and 32 completed the questionnaire. Average age of respondents was 23.0 ± 6.1 years (range, 18.1 to 42.1 years). Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis patients had a superior quality of life compared with comparative norms in all domains: physical health (17.8 ± 2.7 versus 15.5 ± 3.2; p < 0.001), psychological (16.3 ± 2.9 versus 13.8 ± 3.2; p < 0.001), social (16.9 ± 2.6 versus 13.2 ± 3.6; p < 0.001), and environmental (17.2 ± 2.5 versus 11.7 ± 2.7; p < 0.001). Comparison between single-suture subtypes revealed no difference in any quality-of-life domain (p > 0.05).

Conclusions:
Adult patients previously treated for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis perceive their quality of life to be high, superior to that of a normative U.S. sample. Future work will seek to analyze additional patients and better understand the reasons behind these findings.
Requirements for Successful Trachea Transplantation: A Study in the Rabbit Model
Authors: Den Hondt Margot , Vanaudenaerde Bart , Verbeken Erik , Vranckx Jan J. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Although creating a tracheal tube de novo might appear straightforward, the first clinical applications have shown that reconstruction of long-segment tracheal defects remains challenging. In this study, the authors aimed to refine the baseline requirements of successful trachea transplantation by means of three proof-of-concept models in the rabbit.

Methods:
In each model, one characteristic of a perfect tracheal transplant was eliminated. The first model was developed to map out the immunologic response of vascularized allogenic trachea, transplanted without immunosuppression (n = 6). The second model studied (1) the need for wrapping the transplant with a highly vascularized flap and (2) the source of angiogenesis after autologous trachea transplantation (n = 18). In the third model, the authors examined the importance of an inner epithelial covering (n = 12). All models were compared to a control group of heterotopically transplanted vascularized autologous tracheae (n = 6).

Results:
Embedded in an avascular matrix, allogenic chondrocytes were protected from an overt immune response. Orthotopic transplantation without additional external vascular wrap was successful in a well-vascularized environment. Nonetheless, an external vascular source was essential to maintain viability of the construct. Epithelial covering was necessary to prevent secondary healing. Epithelial migration from the anastomoses or graft was not sufficient to cover long-segment defects.

Conclusions:
These experiments provided ample evidence of the importance of baseline requirements when designing a tracheal transplant study. This study confirmed that different tracheal cell types possess different immunologic sensitivities. External revascularization, preferably in a two-stage procedure, and fast reepithelialization were both paramount to successful transplantation.
Carotid Artery Stiffness and Cognitive Decline Among Women With or at Risk for HIV Infection
Authors: Huck Daniel M. , Hanna David B. , Rubin Leah H. , Maki Pauline , Valcour Victor , Springer Gayle , Xue Xiaonan , Lazar Jason , Hodis Howard N. , Anastos Kathryn , Kaplan Robert C. , Kizer Jorge R. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Vascular stiffness is associated with aging and cognitive impairment in older populations without HIV. HIV has been linked to increased vascular stiffness. We examined whether vascular stiffness relates to cognitive decline at younger ages in women with or at risk for HIV.

Methods:
We evaluated the association of carotid artery stiffness with decline in neuropsychological test performance among participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study and assessed whether HIV modified the association. Baseline carotid stiffness, defined by the distensibility index, was determined at a single visit using carotid artery ultrasound. Longitudinal neuropsychological testing from 2004–2016 included Trail Making Tests A and B and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Relationships were assessed with linear mixed-effect models adjusted for demographic, behavioral, cardiometabolic, and neuropsychological factors.

Results:
Among 1662 women (1192 [72%] HIV+), median baseline age was 41 years (interquartile range 34–47), with 60% non-Hispanic black and 28% Hispanic. Lower baseline distensibility (greater carotid stiffness) was associated with greater decline in neuropsychological test scores over 10-year follow-up as measured by Symbol Digit Modalities Test (adjusted β = −0.06 per SD, P < 0.001), Trail Making Test A (β = −0.08 per SD; P < 0.001), and Trail Making Test B (β = −0.08 per SD; P < 0.001). Changes in cognitive function did not differ by HIV serostatus, or HIV-related factors.

Conclusions:
Higher carotid stiffness was independently associated with faster decline in executive functioning, information processing, and psychomotor speed even in mostly middle-aged minority women and regardless of HIV serostatus. Our study highlights the need for cardiovascular risk factor modification to prevent premature cognitive deterioration in this at-risk population.
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Expression in Adrenocortical Carcinoma on 68Ga–Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Arora Saurabh , Damle Nishikant Avinash , Aggarwal Sameer , Passah Averilicia , Behera Abhishek , Arora Geetanjali , Bal Chandrasekhar , Tripathi Madhavi 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We present here a case of metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma with bilateral lung nodules. The patient had been treated with mitotane therapy initially and then was later referred for chemotherapy. There was progression of disease noted on the 18F-FDG PET/CT. 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET/CT was planned to explore the possibility of future treatment with 177Lu-DKFZ-PSMA-617. It revealed peripheral increased uptake of 68Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA equal to liver uptake.