bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐species duck harvesting using dynamic programming and multi‐criteria decision analysis
Authors: Johnson Fred A. , Zimmerman Guthrie S. , Huang Min T. , Padding Paul I. , Balkcom Gregory D. , Runge Michael C. , Devers Patrick K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Multiple species are often exposed to a common hunting season, but harvest and population objectives may not be fully achieved if harvest potential varies among species and/or species abundances are not correlated through time. Our goal was to develop an approach for setting a common hunting season that would recognize heterogeneity in species productivity and would select annual hunting seasons conditioned on the status of individual species.

We first used stochastic dynamic programming to generate optimal, state‐dependent harvest strategies for 18 candidate regulatory scenarios. We simulated the performance of these strategies, and then used multi‐criteria decision analysis to identify preferred regulatory scenarios for duck hunting seasons in the Atlantic Flyway of the U.S.

Generally, estimates of annual population size were not correlated among species. Mallards had the highest estimated intrinsic rate of growth, green‐winged teal, wood ducks, and ring‐necked ducks had intermediate values, and goldeneyes were the least productive. Estimated carrying capacity was highest for mallards and lowest for green‐winged teal.

Managers had greatest interest in maximizing season length (33%) and aggregate duck abundance (28%), and less interest in maximizing aggregate harvest (19%) and the number of years between a change in hunting season regulations (19%). Several regulatory scenarios provided acceptable trade‐offs among these objectives.

Synthesis and applications. Separate hunting seasons for various species of game may be untenable, either due to the added cost and regulatory complexity, or because selective harvesting of stocks may be difficult due to problems in species identification. Rather than averaging species‐specific productivities, or basing hunting seasons on the least (or most) productive species, we describe an approach in which productivity and annual population status are considered explicitly for each species. By combining stochastic dynamic programming with multi‐criteria decision analysis, we can identify a regulatory strategy that can address a diverse set of objectives and explicitly recognize the trade‐offs among them. To meet the Atlantic Flyway's objectives as identified by waterfowl managers, our results suggest a regulatory strategy in which the harvest is targeted at 98% of aggregate maximum sustainable yield, most emphasis is placed on accumulating harvests of mallards and wood ducks, and by using a set of regulatory options that are more conservative than those currently in use.
Failure to coordinate management in transboundary populations hinders the achievement of national management goals: The case of wolverines in Scandinavia
Authors: Gervasi Vincenzo , Linnell John D. C. , Brøseth Henrik , Gimenez Olivier 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Large carnivores are expanding in Europe, and their return is associated with conflicts that often result in policies to regulate their population size through culling. Being wide‐ranging species, their populations are often distributed across several jurisdictions, which may vary in the extent to which they use lethal control. This creates the conditions for the establishment of source‐sink dynamics across borders, which may frustrate the ability of countries to reach their respective management objectives.

To explore the consequences of this issue, we constructed a vec‐permutation projection model, applied to the case of wolverines in south‐central Scandinavia, shared between Norway (where they are culled) and Sweden (where they are protected). We evaluated the effect of compensatory immigration on wolverine population growth rates, and if the effect was influenced by the distance to the national border. We assessed to what extent compensatory immigration had an influence on the number of removals needed to keep the population at a given growth rate.

In Norway, the model estimated a stable trend, whereas in Sweden it produced a 10% annual increase. The effect of compensatory immigration corresponded to a 0.02 reduction in population growth rate in Sweden and to a similar increase in Norway. This effect was strong closer to the Norwegian‐Swedish border, but weak when moving away from it. An average of 33 wolverines was shot per year in the Norwegian part of the study area. If no compensatory immigration from Sweden had occurred, 28 wolverines shot per year would have been sufficient to achieve the same goal. About 15.5% of all the individuals harvested in Norway between 2005 and 2012 were compensated by immigrants, causing a decrease in population growth rate in Sweden.

Synthesis and applications. When a population is transboundary, the consequences of management decisions are also transboundary, even though the political bodies in charge of those decisions, the stakeholders who influence them, and the taxpayers who finance them are not. It is important that managers and citizens be informed that a difference in management goals can reduce the efficiency, and increase the costs, of wildlife management.
Mycorrhizal symbioses and the evolution of trophic modes in plants
Authors: Jacquemyn Hans , Merckx Vincent S. F. T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Since the early colonization of land, plants depend, to various extents, on mycorrhizal fungi to meet their nutrient demands. In most mycorrhizal symbioses, plants provide sugars derived from photosynthesis to the fungi, whereas the fungi provide essential minerals to the plant. However, in some plants, the flow of carbon has reversed and the fungi provide carbon to the plants. These plants are called mycoheterotrophs. However, it remains unclear how and under which circumstances trophic modes change and whether transitions in trophic modes are associated with changes in mycorrhizal communities.

Here, we review the available literature on mycorrhizal associations and trophic modes in plants. We first outline how trophic modes can be determined and how they differ across plants. We then investigate the evolutionary context under which mycoheterotrophy originated. We also examine the mycorrhizal communities associating with autotrophic, partially mycoheterotrophic and fully mycoheterotrophic plants within different plant families and investigate whether commonalities can be observed.

Our overview shows that mycoheterotrophy has originated more than 40 times through evolutionary time and can be found in a wide range of plant groups, including liverworts, lycophytes, ferns, monocots and dicots. Partial mycoheterotrophy appears to be much more common than previously anticipated and represents an almost continuous gradient between autotrophy and full mycoheterotrophy.

Comparison of the mycorrhizal communities associating with autotrophic, partial and full mycoheterotrophic plants indicates that, although they share some commonalities, shifts from autotrophy to full mycoheterotrophy are accompanied by either losses or shifts in mycorrhizal partners, suggesting that full or partial loss of photosynthesis selects for different mycorrhizal communities.

Synthesis. Partial mycoheterotrophy appears to be much more common than previously thought and represents an almost continuous gradient from autotrophy to full mycoheterotrophy. Evolution to full mycoheterotrophy is challenging as it requires specific adaptations and often a switch to other mycorrhizal partners. More detailed analyses of the functionality of different mycorrhizal systems co‐occurring in the roots of a single plant and the costs of mycorrhizal switching are needed to understand the precise mechanisms leading to full mycoheterotrophy.
Metagenomic analysis reveals distinct patterns of denitrification gene abundance across soil moisture, nitrate gradients
Authors: Nadeau Sarah A. , Roco Constance A. , Debenport Spencer J. , Anderson Todd R. , Hofmeister Kathryn L. , Walter M. Todd , Shapleigh James P. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis study coupled a landscape‐scale metagenomic survey of denitrification gene abundance in soils with in situ denitrification measurements to show how environmental factors shape distinct denitrification communities that exhibit varying denitrification activity. Across a hydrologic gradient, the distribution of total denitrification genes (nap/nar + nirK/nirS + cNor/qNor + nosZ) inferred from metagenomic read abundance exhibited no consistent patterns. However, when genes were considered independently, nirS, cNor and nosZ read abundance was positively associated with areas of higher soil moisture, higher nitrate and higher annual denitrification rates, whereas nirK and qNor read abundance was negatively associated with these factors. These results suggest that environmental conditions, in particular soil moisture and nitrate, select for distinct denitrification communities that are characterized by differential abundance of genes encoding apparently functionally redundant proteins. In contrast, taxonomic analysis did not identify notable variability in denitrifying community composition across sites. While the capacity to denitrify was ubiquitous across sites, denitrification genes with higher energetic costs, such as nirS and cNor, appear to confer a selective advantage in microbial communities experiencing more frequent soil saturation and greater nitrate inputs. This study suggests metagenomics can help identify denitrification hotspots that could be protected or enhanced to treat non‐point source nitrogen pollution.
Randomized within‐subject trial to evaluate smokers’ initial perceptions, subjective effects and nicotine delivery across six vaporized nicotine products
Authors: Voos Natalie , Kaiser Lisa , Mahoney Martin C. , Bradizza Clara M. , Kozlowski Lynn T. , Benowitz Neal L. , O'Connor Richard J. , Goniewicz Maciej L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsVaporized nicotine products (VNPs) can vary in important characteristics including size, shape, flavor and nicotine yield. We examined whether complex interactions among these characteristics could affect smokers’ VNP perceptions and usage patterns.DesignA within‐subject randomized cross‐over trial.SettingRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.ParticipantsEighteen daily cigarette smokers.MeasurementsParticipants attended eight weekly visits during which they sampled six different VNPs (disposable, rechargeable, eGO, mod, e‐Cigar and e‐Pipe) with tobacco‐flavored e‐liquid. Prior to device use, participants completed product‐ranking questionnaires. Participants completed controlled puffing sessions during each of the six trials, after which satisfaction questionnaires were completed and blood samples were taken.FindingsInitial perceptions showed that the smallest device (disposable) was ranked as safer compared with a larger device (e‐Pipe) (P < 0.05). Participants rated the eGO and mod devices higher on satisfaction and enjoyment from use, taste, pleasantness, harshness (‘throat hit’) and speed of effect, but lower on perceived health risk and embarrassment from use (P < 0.05). All devices had a lower Cmax than the combustible cigarette (P < 0.05), but there were differences among devices (P < 0.05). The mod, e‐Pipe and eGO provided the highest amount of perceived smoking urge relief, and this correlated strongly with Cmax across all devices (R2 = 0.8614, P = 0.007). The perceived speed of urge relief was not correlated with Tmax (R2 = 0.0035, P = 0.911)ConclusionsDaily cigarette smokers testing six types of vaporized nicotine products (VNPs) reported that they varied in taste, amount of withdrawal relief, harshness, embarrassment from use, perceived health risk and subjective and objective nicotine delivery. The eGO and mod models have properties that may make them most effective for cigarette substitution among smokers who intend to switch to a VNP.
Medical complications associated with substance use disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension: electronic health record findings
Authors: Winhusen Theresa , Theobald Jeff , Kaelber David C. , Lewis Daniel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsScreening for substance use disorder (SUD) in general medical settings may be particularly important in patients with comorbid health conditions exacerbated by SUD. This study evaluated whether SUD is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) complications in patients with co‐occurring T2DM and hypertension.DesignAnalysis of a limited data set obtained through IBM Watson Health Explorys, a platform integrating data from electronic health records. Matched controls were defined for each of five SUDs: tobacco use disorder (TUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), cocaine use disorder, cannabis use disorder (CUD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) using Mahalanobis distance within propensity score calipers.SettingAll patients were seen in the MetroHealth System (Cleveland, OH, USA) and had diagnosis codes for T2DM and hypertension.ParticipantsSUD group participants had a diagnosis of abuse/dependence for the substance of interest. Controls for each SUD group had no diagnosis code related to the SUD of interest and were selected to match the SUD patients on demographics, residential zip code median income and body mass index. Total sample sizes for each SUD–control comparison ranged from 1160 for CUD to 22 128 for TUD.MeasurementsOutcome was diagnosis (yes/no) of four T2DM complications (cerebrovascular accident, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic renal disease, myocardial infarction) and all‐cause mortality.FindingsLogistic regressions revealed that SUD was significantly associated with greater risk of cerebrovascular accident [TUD odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, OUD‐OR = 1.94, cocaine use disorder OR = 2.67], diabetic neuropathy [TUD‐adjusted OR (aOR) = 1.47, cocaine use disorder‐aOR = 1.35, AUD‐aOR = 1.27], diabetic renal disease (TUD‐aOR = 1.25, OUD‐OR = 1.34), myocardial infarction (TUD‐OR = 1.96, OUD‐OR = 2.01, cocaine use disorder‐OR = 2.68, CUD‐OR = 2.48, AUD‐OR = 1.42) and mortality (TUD‐OR = 1.15, cocaine use disorder‐OR = 1.61, CUD‐OR = 1.49, AUD‐OR = 1.35).ConclusionsAmong patients in Ohio USA with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, those with substance use disorders appear to have greater risk for T2DM complications and all‐cause mortality.
Testosterone replacement in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism maintains bone density but has only limited osteoanabolic effects
Authors: Antonio L. , Caerels S. , Jardi F. , Delaunay E. , Vanderschueren D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundCongenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare condition characterized by complete sex steroid deficiency. Therefore, CHH is a unique human model to study the impact of long‐term testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) on bone.ObjectiveIn this single‐center retrospective observational study, we assessed the long‐term impact of TRT on femoral and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in adult CHH men.MethodsA total of 25 patients with CHH were included. Femoral and lumbar BMD was assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and reported as T‐scores. In six patients (treatment‐naive group), BMD was measured before start of TRT. The other 19 (pre‐treated group) had received TRT for a median duration of 7 years (range 1–41 years) before first BMD measurement.ResultsAge at which TRT was started ranged from 12 to 57 years old. Median time between first and last DEXA scan was 11 years (range 2–28). At the first DEXA scan, 83% and 61% of CHH patients had lumbar and femoral osteopenia/osteoporosis, respectively. In the treatment‐naive group, the increase in lumbar T‐score was 2.19 ± 0.13 (mean ± SEM, p < 0.01 between first and last DEXA scan) and 1.47 ± 0.29 at femoral level (p < 0.001). For the pre‐treated group, the increase in lumbar and femoral T‐score was 0.77 ± 0.17 (p < 0.001) and 0.19 ± 0.12 (p = 0.13), respectively. However, lumbar and femoral osteopenia/osteoporosis persisted in 61% and 48% of CHH patients even after several years of continuous TRT. Additionally, BMD clearly decreased in patients who interrupted TRT.ConclusionDespite modest improvement after starting TRT, BMD remains in the osteopenic/osteoporotic range in most patients with CHH. However, prolonged TRT prevents further bone loss, both at lumbar and femoral level.
Prematurity alters skin conductance and behavioural scoring after acute stress in term‐equivalent age infants
Authors: Maillard Amelie , Garnier Elodie , Saliba Elie , Favrais Geraldine 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimThe primary objective was to assess the effect of prematurity at term‐equivalent age on skin conductance and behavioural responses to acute stress. The secondary objective was to explore the reliability of skin conductance in detecting neonatal discomfort in preterm and full‐term populations.MethodsVery preterm infants at term‐equivalent age and healthy full‐term neonates, 34 infants in each group, underwent the hip dysplasia screening test. The acute pain in newborn infants (APN) scale was scored before and 15, 45 and 90 seconds after stimulus. Skin conductance was measured in the 30‐second time‐lap before and after stimulus.ResultsThe APN score was lower in preterm infants after intervention (term: 5.4 ± 2.8 vs. preterm: 3.9 ± 2.2; p = 0.03). Peaks‐per‐second, a skin conductance parameter, exhibited lower basal values in preterm infants than in term infants, with similar rise induced by stressful challenge. Peaks‐per‐second values were correlated to the 15‐second APN score in both groups (term: r = 0.55, p < 0.001; preterm: r = 0.43, p = 0.01).ConclusionPreterm birth changed skin conductance signal and behavioural response to stress at term‐equivalent age. The skin conductance device may be an objective tool for a continuous monitoring of acute neonatal stress.
Neural mechanisms of face emotion processing in youths and adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: Kryza‐Lacombe Maria , Brotman Melissa A. , Reynolds Richard C. , Towbin Kenneth , Pine Daniel S. , Leibenluft Ellen , Wiggins Jillian Lee 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesLittle is known about potential differences in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) across development. The present study aimed to characterize age‐related neural mechanisms of BD.MethodsYouths and adults with and without BD (N = 108, age range = 9.8‐55.9 years) completed an emotional face labeling task during fMRI acquisition. We leveraged three different fMRI analytic tools to identify age‐related neural mechanisms of BD, investigating (a) change in neural responses over the course of the task, (b) neural activation averaged across the entire task, and (c) amygdala functional connectivity.ResultsWe found converging Age Group × Diagnosis patterns across all three analytic methods. Compared to healthy youths vs adults, youths vs adults with BD show an altered pattern in response to repeated presentation of emotional faces in medial prefrontal, amygdala, and temporoparietal regions, as well as amygdala‐temporoparietal connectivity. Specifically, medial prefrontal and lingual activation decreases over the course of repeated emotional face presentations in healthy youths vs adults but increases in youths with BD compared to adults with BD. Moreover, youths vs adults with BD show less medial prefrontal activation and amygdala‐temporoparietal junction connectivity averaged over the task, but this difference is not found for healthy youths vs adults.ConclusionAlthough longitudinal confirmation and replication will be necessary, these findings suggest that neural development may be aberrant in BD and that some neural mechanisms mediating BD may differ in adults vs children with the illness.
Individual, situational, and cultural correlates of acquiescent responding: Towards a unified conceptual framework
Authors: Lechner Clemens M. , Partsch Melanie V. , Danner Daniel , Rammstedt Beatrice 
Published: March 2019

Acquiescence (‘yea‐saying’) can seriously harm the validity of self‐report questionnaire data. Towards a better understanding of why some individuals and groups acquiesce more strongly than others do, we developed a unified conceptual framework of acquiescent responding. Our framework posits that acquiescent responding is a joint function of respondent characteristics (e.g. age, education, values), situational/survey characteristics (e.g., interview privacy, respondents’ interest), and cultural characteristics (e.g., social norms, economic development). The framework posits two putative mechanisms through which these characteristics may relate to acquiescence: cognitive processing capacities and deferential communication styles. Multilevel analyses using data from 60 heterogeneous countries from the World Values Survey (N = 90,347) support our framework's proposition that acquiescence is a joint function of respondent, situational, and cultural characteristics. Acquiescence was higher among respondents who were older (over 55 years old), less educated, who valued deference (i.e., conformity and tradition), and, unexpectedly, were male. Interview privacy corresponded to lower acquiescence, but this association was small and vanished after including respondent characteristics. Unexpectedly, acquiescence was higher in interviewees who showed a stronger interest in the interview. Finally, acquiescence was considerably higher in countries with stronger social norms of deference. We discuss implications of these findings for the validity of research based on self‐report data and delineate how our framework can guide future inquiries into acquiescent responding.
The circadian rhythm of corticosteroid‐binding globulin has little impact on cortisol exposure after hydrocortisone dosing
Authors: Melin Johanna , Hartung Niklas , Parra‐Guillen Zinnia P. , Whitaker Martin J. , Ross Richard J. , Kloft Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

SummaryContextOptimization of hydrocortisone replacement therapy is important to prevent under‐ and over dosing. Hydrocortisone pharmacokinetics is complex as circulating cortisol is protein bound mainly to corticosteroid‐binding globulin (CBG) that has a circadian rhythm.ObjectiveA detailed analysis of the CBG circadian rhythm and its impact on cortisol exposure after hydrocortisone administration.Design and MethodsCBG was measured over 24 hours in 14 healthy individuals and, employing a modelling and simulation approach using a semi‐mechanistic hydrocortisone pharmacokinetic model, we evaluated the impact on cortisol exposure (area under concentration‐time curve and maximum concentration of total cortisol) of hydrocortisone administration at different clock times and of the changing CBG concentrations.ResultsThe circadian rhythm of CBG was well described with two cosine terms added to the baseline of CBG: baseline CBG was 21.8 µg/mL and interindividual variability 11.9%; the amplitude for the 24 and 12 hours cosine functions were relatively small (24 hours: 5.53%, 12 hours: 2.87%) and highest and lowest CBG were measured at 18:00 and 02:00, respectively. In simulations, the lowest cortisol exposure was observed after administration of hydrocortisone at 23:00‐02:00, whereas the highest was observed at 15:00‐18:00. The differences between the highest and lowest exposure were minor (≤12.2%), also regarding the free cortisol concentration and free fraction (≤11.7%).ConclusionsCorticosteroid‐binding globulin has a circadian rhythm but the difference in cortisol exposure is ≤12.2% between times of highest and lowest CBG concentrations; therefore, hydrocortisone dose adjustment based on time of dosing to adjust for the CBG concentrations is unlikely to be of clinical benefit.