bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laminated Glass with Stiff Interlayers – Glass Canopies with Spans up to 1.2 Meters
Authors: Hänig Julian , Bukieda Paulina , Stelzer Ingo , Weller Bernhard 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTStandardised systems for glass canopies, such as terrace roofs or conservatories, mostly consist of laminated glass with standard‐PVB interlayers and span up to 0.8 meters. The industry's wish, however, is to enlarge the span and to increase the transparency as well as brightness in glass canopies by using slender glass structures. To enlarge the spans, the application of stiff interlayers in laminated glass is discussed. Together with Kuraray Europe GmbH, the Technische Universität Dresden evaluated the load bearing capacities of laminated glass canopies with different interlayers and spans up to 1.2 meters in a numerical study. Loads and the resulting load combinations, for the location Germany, were analysed to enable a proper dimensioning of glazings in various spans and glass structures. The aim of the study is to highlight the performance of stiff interlayers in applications with increased span and compare the load bearing capacities to those of standard‐PVB. In this manner, a focus on laminated glass design under different load combinations is set.
Comparison of IGU‐design according to German and European Standards
Authors: Siebert Geralt 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTRecently the German standard for design of glass structures was revised; an updated version was published as draft version by May 2018. On European level the two codes EN16612 and EN16613 for design of “infill‐panels” have been published end of 2017 after a long period of working on it. The work on Eurocode for Glass is not finished yet, but a prCEN/TS was published. In this paper the design of simple Insulating Glass Units (IGU) according to “old” German design standard DIN 18008 (2010), the revised version (2018) and the European EN16612 (2017) will be compared. In a first step, design equations are reviewed, including different values of used parameters and safety factors. As the design equations and procedure is not easy to compare, several examples were calculated to be able to illustrate the differences by comparison of calculation results. In addition, restrictions of different codes are explained. To make it not too complicated, the IGU are set up of single panes only, regarding effects of design of laminated safety glass (LSG) see a separate paper.
Climate Change and its Influence on Glazed Curtain Wall Design
Authors: Arztmann Daniel 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe climate change is a fact and has huge influences on the design of modern building envelopes. The climate change and its effects were analyzed and a management plan for a holistic curtain wall design was developed that helps to reduce the material loss and human suffering and that improves the reconstruction process. A first step of this is an energy efficient curtain wall design that results in a CO2 reduction and influences the frequency and intensity of the climate change as a whole. Secondly, special designed digital simulation processes offer possibilities to check and fine‐tune product characteristics that minimizes the vulnerability in case of extreme weather events. Acute event management can be done by combining disaster prediction tools with early alert systems that can be used to release a home protection service which, for example, shuts down self‐controlled shutters in case of a hurricane. The last step of the management plan deals with a fast recovering of the environment after a natural disaster. Building components are classified into two groups depending on their significance for the curtain wall. Class A components should not be affected in case of an event as they are responsible for the structural stability of the curtain wall or are very expensive. Class B components are cheaper design features or protection devices that are allowed to get damaged and must be designed for easy access and replacement. A final evaluation of the management plan gives information where current glazed curtain wall design provides already good solutions and where additional action and innovation is needed.
Optimized Adhesive for Structural Sealant Glazing in Blast Scenarios
Authors: Nardini Viviana , Mueller Ulli 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTUse of silicone adhesives for structural bonding of glass panels to metallic frame is a well‐established technology in façade applications. Selection of silicone technology is mainly driven by the unique UV resistance and thermal stability offered. However, are these the only factors that can drive technology selection in facade applications? Comprehensive experience gained by Sika over the last 50 years for applications in the Transportation Industry proves that polyurethane (PU) technology can offer valuable opportunities also for structural glazing applications in façades, although PU are usually more sensitive to UV radiations. Provided that existing protective measures are implemented to control UV exposure of bond lines, potential of PU technology in facades can be significant. In this paper, mechanical and application properties of Sikaflex®‐268 PU adhesive are presented and compared to Sikasil® SG‐500, a typical silicone used for structural glazing applications in facades. Comparison of mechanical behavior is based on tests performed at different temperatures, after curing as well as after accelerated aging. Results prove outstanding mechanical performance of Sikaflex®‐268 versus Sikasil® SG‐500, making the PU adhesive especially suitable for those systems where needs for transferring high loads exist. In blast scenarios, Sikaflex®‐268 high‐strength performance under highspeed deformations can introduce significant opportunities for joint reduction or for extending design feasibility in critical systems. Benefits offered by Sikaflex®‐268 are not only limited to its mechanical performance but also to the available application solutions. Boostered version of the product exist for both pump equipment and gun dispenser, with two major advantages in façade applications: a) fast curing during production as well as site applications or reglazing b) no limitations in joint dimensions, which confirms the adhesive potential for design in blast scenarios
Novel FRP Glass Elements for Use in the Building Envelope
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Joachim Alina , Wesner Andreas , Wünsch Jan 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe new element presented here consist of fibre plastic composite and soda‐lime‐silicate glass. It represents a new approach and is technologically different from previous cladding systems. The two materials are bonded permanently without an adhesive. The polymer matrix acts both as a resin in the fibre‐reinforced plastic composite and as an “adhesive” to the glass. The colour of the element is created by adding colouring agents to the matrix.
Translucent wall elements with switchable U‐ and g‐value
Authors: Nestle Nikolaus , Pflug Thibault , Maurer Christoph , Prissok Frank , Hafner Andreas , Schneider Frank 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis contribution will present a concept for translucent wall elements with switchable U‐value and g‐value. The basic concept of the element consists of an translucent insulation panel (preferably realized by a translucent and light‐guiding foam grid or in the future by transparent vacuum glazing) which is arranged inside a glazed closed cavity in a way that thermally driven convection around the element can either be enabled or suppressed. Suppression of convection is realized by a rollable second insulation which at the same time is reflecting incident solar radiation: If the secondary insulation is fully retracted resulting in high U‐value and g‐value and daylight being guided inside the building. By successively rolling down the insulation, convection can be suppressed and the g‐value can be varied from almost unchanged to almost zero. In the case of the secondary insulation being rolled fully down, the U‐value of the element is also minimal. This state is favourable in a cold winter night or during hot daytime hours in winter. The high translucence, low‐U‐value case is favourable in conditions where solar gains and good insulation are favourable and the translucent high‐U‐value case is favourable when no strong energetic separation of interior and exterior conditions is needed. While the rollable insulation element is a rather delicate structure, it nevertheless can be used as a shading device independent of external wind conditions as it is safely housed inside the glazed wall element. In addition to the concept of the wall element, the need for appropriate building control strategies allowing to make optimal use of the element's potential to save energy for lighting, cooling and heating and demonstrators for various design generations of the element are discussed. Furthermore, the potential for including further functionalities such as harvesting thermal or electrical energy from the element's outer surface is addressed as well.
Structural sealant glazing with architecturally designed photovoltaic modules
Authors: Fath Karoline , Rehde Franziska 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAt the Z3 office‐building of Ed. Züblin AG, in 2017 186 architecturally designed photovoltaic modules with a total capacity of approximately 30 kWp have been integrated in the south façade, replacing the existing structural sealant glazing without visible mechanical fasteners. In this paper, the architectural and structural process for this challenging construction project is presented. One focus lays on mechanical tests for the qualification of the module interlayer performed at TU Dresden, which in future construction projects can support the approval procedure for the installation of structural sealant glazing without mechanical fixtures up to a height of 18 m.
Testing Procedure and the Effect of Testing Machinery on Four‐Point Bending of Curved Glass
Authors: Bukieda Paulina , Engelmann Michael , Weller Bernhard 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a method to determine the bending strength of thermally curved glass with the four‐point bending test, which was developed during the research project PRÜFgbGLAS at Technische Universität Dresden. The test procedure as well as the calculative evaluation closely refers to the EN 1288‐3, which defines the determination of the bending strength of flat glass. However, with curved glass specimens, parameters like the bending radius or the chord length, as well as a practical realisation in the industry have to be taken into account. During the project over 360 specimens were tested with recording the strain at the tensions side and the input force. The examined glass thickness ranged from 3 mm to 12 mm and the bending radii from 400 mm to 2000 mm. Besides, four specimens were tested non‐destructively on different testing machineries in collaboration with four specialists from the glass bending industry. This article gives a practical overview over the application of the new aspects to perform a four‐point bending test on a thermally curved glass specimen. It describes the specimen measurement and the modification of the test rig for testing small bending radii. Further, it presents the results of the additional tests on different testing machineries and discuss the deviation of results, which may occur with the new procedure.
The geometrical properties of random 2D Voronoi tesselations for the prediction of the tempered glass fracture pattern
Authors: Pourmoghaddam Navid , Kraus Michael A. , Schneider Jens , Siebert Geralt 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper presents spatial statistical investigations of randomly generated 2D Voronoi tessellations of planar point distributions for the prediction of the fracture pattern of thermally tempered glasses. Statistical distributions of geometrical characteristics of two dimensional Voronoi cells for three types of point processing in the plane of homogeneous Poisson point process (HPP), Matérn Hard‐Core point process (MHCP) and Strauss point process (SP) are numerically obtained based on the computer experiments. In this paper, required parameters of the point processes are presented. Samples of Voronoi cells in two dimensional spaces are generated from the point distributions. The generated random Voronoi tessellations are examined for their uniformity in comparison to a regular honey comb with hexagonal cells. The statistical distributions of geometrical characteristics, the cell area, the cell perimeter and the number of edges per cell are presented for each of the three point processes.
Dimensioning of Elastic Adhesive Joints with Complex Geometries?
Authors: Scherer Thomas , Wittwer Wolfgang , Scherer Christian , Semar Ernst 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe current European standard for dimensioning silicone adhesive joints in structural glazing applications is defined in the ETAG 002. Although there are several decades of field experience with this standard it still has some major limitations and mainly uses an empirical concept based on an average force by area engineering approach. In addition there are a number of other restrictions for example the limitation of specific substrates and rectangular shaped joints with defined aspect ratios as well as the exclusion of joints with non‐coplanar surfaces. The presented investigations are based on a combined numerical and experimental concept and demonstrate that appropriately designed elastic adhesive joints with complex geometries excluded by common standards can be evaluated and validated in a systematic and reliable way. The experimental test may easily be combined with well‐established and proven aging test schemes, for which long‐term reliable field experience is available. In addition any desired safety factor can be added.
Glass Bow for the Iran Mall in Tehran
Authors: El Hayek Ibrahim , Stimpfle Bernd , Sendelbach Michael 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn the North West of Tehran, one of the largest business centres in the Middle East, the Iran Mall, is actually built. It consists of areas for business, sports and cultural activities, and of a large hotel complex. This hotel is dominated by a huge glazing façade rising on the north and the south side almost 100 m up and connecting both lateral façades with a long glazing roof. The glass panes are attached to hybrid system, consisting of horizontal steel frames and prestressed vertical tension rod systems. The roof area consists of Vierendeel frames and circular tubes, with prestressed tension rods in‐between, to support the glazing. This paper is about the central glazing element, the Glass Bow. It describes the design process, analysis and detail design, as well as fabrication, logistics and installation. Parameter studies have been carried out to develop the tension system. Seismic interaction with the main building was taken into account. Glass and supporting structure have been developed to comply with local regulations, and local climatic condition.
Well‐Defined Alkyne Metathesis Catalysts: Developments and Recent Applications
Authors: Ehrhorn Henrike , Tamm Matthias 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAlthough alkyne metathesis has been known for 50 years, rapid progress in this field has mostly occurred during the last two decades. In this article, the development of several highly efficient and thoroughly studied alkyne metathesis catalysts is reviewed, which includes novel well‐defined, in situ formed and heterogeneous systems. Various alkyne metathesis methodologies, including alkyne cross‐metathesis (ACM), ring‐closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM), cyclooligomerization, acyclic diyne metathesis polymerization (ADIMET), and ring‐opening alkyne metathesis polymerization (ROAMP), are presented, and their application in natural product synthesis, materials science as well as supramolecular and polymer chemistry is discussed. Recent progress in the metathesis of diynes is also summarized, which gave rise to new methods such as ring‐closing diyne metathesis (RCDM) and diyne cross‐metathesis (DYCM).
{FeNO}7‐Type Halogenido Nitrosyl Ferrates: Syntheses, Bonding, and Photoinduced Linkage Isomerism
Authors: In‐Iam Areenan , Wolf Markus , Wilfer Claudia , Schaniel Dominik , Woike Theo , Klüfers Peter 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMononitrosyl–iron compounds (MNICs) of the Enemark–Feltham {FeNO}7 type can be divided into a doublet (S=1/2) and a quartet (S=3/2) spin variant. The latter relies on weak‐field co‐ligands such as amine carboxylates. Aqua‐only co‐ligation appears to exist in the long‐known “brown‐ring” [Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+ cation, which was prepared originally from ferrous salts and NO in sulfuric acid. A chloride variant of this species, the green [FeCl3(NO)]− ion, was first prepared analoguosly by using hydrochloric instead of sulfuric acid. As a tetrahedral species, it is the simple prototype of sulfur‐bonded {FeNO}7 (S=3/2) MNICs of biological significance. Although it has been investigated for more than a century, neither clean preparative routes nor reliable structural parameters were available for the [FeCl3(NO)]− ion and related species such as the [FeCl2(NO)2]− ion, a prototypical dinitrosyliron species (a “DNIC”). In this work, both issues have been resolved. In addition, we report on a computational study on the ground‐ and excited‐state properties including an assignment of the chromophoric transitions. Photoinduced metastable isomers were characterised in a combined experimental and computational approach that resulted in the confirmation of a single photoinduced linkage isomer of the paramagnetic nitrosyl–metal coordination entity.
Postfunctionalization of Tris(pyridyl) Aluminate Ligands: Chirality, Coordination, and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: García‐Romero Álvaro , Plajer Alex J. , Álvarez‐Miguel Lucía , Bond Andrew D. , Wright Dominic S. , García‐Rodríguez Raúl 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is Raúl García‐Rodríguez and co‐workers at Universidad de Valladolid and University of Cambridge. The image depicts the formation of a chiral‐at‐aluminium aluminate by the stepwise reaction of two different alcohols and it is a tribute to the oneiric worlds of surrealist painter René Magritte. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201803342.
Chemoselectivity of Tertiary Azides in Strain‐Promoted Alkyne‐Azide Cycloadditions
Authors: Svatunek Dennis , Houszka Nicole , Hamlin Trevor A. , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Mikula Hannes 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe strain‐promoted alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) is the most commonly employed bioorthogonal reaction with applications in a broad range of fields. Over the years, several different cyclooctyne derivatives have been developed and investigated in regard to their reactivity in SPAAC reactions with azides. However, only a few studies examined the influence of structurally diverse azides on reaction kinetics. Herein, we report our investigations of the reactivity of primary, secondary, and tertiary azides with the cyclooctynes BCN and ADIBO applying experimental and computational methods. All azides show similar reaction rates with the sterically non‐demanding cyclooctyne BCN. However, due to the increased steric demand of the dibenzocyclooctyne ADIBO, the reactivity of tertiary azides drops by several orders of magnitude in comparison to primary and secondary azides. We show that this chemoselective behavior of tertiary azides can be exploited to achieve semiorthogonal dual‐labeling without the need for any catalyst using SPAAC exclusively.
Electrochemical and adsorption behaviour of Li+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in LiMn2O4/λ‐MnO2 structures
Authors: Liu Dong‐Fan , Sun Shu‐Ying , Yu Jian‐Guo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractManganese dioxide ion‐sieves are known to be highly efficient lithium adsorbents, owing to their high adsorption capacity and selectivity. However, their manganese dissolution rate during acid desorption is high. Therefore, electrically switched ion exchange (ESIX) was proposed to recover Li+ from brine. Cyclic voltammetry results indicated that ESIX could be applied to capture lithium from the Li+‐containing solutions. Besides, the electrochemical behaviour of Li+ in LiMn2O4/λ‐MnO2 structures was studied, wherein Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ naturally coexisted with Li+ in the brine. No redox peaks were observed between 0.3–1.2 V in the MCl solution (MCl = NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2), and the positions of the redox peaks in the LiCl solution were similar to those in the LiCl and MCl mixed solution, indicating that Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ barely interacted with the λ‐MnO2 electrode under the experimental conditions. Based on the experimental results, the Li+ adsorption capacity was determined to be ∼2 mmol · g−1, and the selectivity coefficients of Li+ for Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were 38.78, 35.63, 29.04, and 120.08, respectively. Furthermore, by using ESIX, the Li+ adsorption capacity of the λ‐MnO2 electrode was 82.8 % of its initial value after 50 adsorption‐desorption cycles. Thus, we concluded that ESIX involving an λ‐MnO2 electrode can be used to separate Li+ from brine with excellent selectivity coefficients.
Inhibition of Human Topoisomerase II by N,N,N‐Trimethylethanammonium Iodide Alkylcarbazole Derivatives
Authors: Saturnino Carmela , Caruso Anna , Iacopetta Domenico , Rosano Camillo , Ceramella Jessica , Muià Noemi , Mariconda Annaluisa , Bonomo Maria Grazia , Ponassi Marco , Rosace Giuseppe , Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Longo Pasquale 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChemotherapy is used for the treatment of all stages of breast cancer, including the metastatic stage of the disease. Treatment regimens are generally tailored for each patient′s particular situation. However, chemotherapeutic agents are the leading cause of serious drug‐related adverse effects; moreover, drug resistance often occurs. In this study, we designed and synthesized a new series of N‐alkylcarbazoles derived from ellipticine, an alkaloid with a carbazole skeleton initially used in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer and later dismissed because of poor aqueous solubility and severe side effects. After evaluating the binding modes of our class of newly synthesized compounds with human topoisomerase II (hTopo II), we performed hTopo II decatenation assays, identifying compound 4 f (2‐(4‐((3‐chloro‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)pentyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)‐N,N,N‐trimethylethanammonium iodide) as a good inhibitor. Moreover, 4 f and 4 g (2‐(4‐((3‐chloro‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)hexyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)‐N,N,N‐trimethylethanammonium iodide) showed a good anti‐proliferative activity toward breast cancer cells, causing apoptosis by activation of the caspase pathway. Interestingly, the activity of these two compounds on triple‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells, which tend to be highly metastatic and aggressive, is strictly connected to the observed inhibition of hTopo II.