bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suburbanization
Authors: Acharya Shrawan Kumar 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe process of moving people and activities out from the core city to the suburbs, the commuting zone, is described as suburbanization. Suburbanization provides the opportunity to work and live separately and is the principal form of contemporary urbanization in the world, including the developing countries. It is facilitated by changes in the production system, improvements in transport technology, rural–urban migration, globalization, urban revitalization, and gentrification of the inner city areas. Suburbanization is constructed as a place for communitarian and sustainable living but has also been seen as anticity, as it has been associated with the decline and shrinkage of cities. As a lived experience and social construct it is a highly contested and hybrid space.
Surabaya
Authors: Silas Johan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSurabaya is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Indonesia, mentioned in historical records as long ago as the thirteenth century. Surabaya has been defeated in wars against the kingdoms of Yogya and Solo, colonized for over three centuries by the Dutch, yet after independence gradually the city managed to develop not only in terms of its built environment, but, most important, the cultural and human sides have been well looked after. Surabaya is an important commercial city in Indonesia, next to Jakarta. The strength of the growth of Surabaya is attributed to the deep involvement of the people and care for the lower income citizens. Thekampungimprovement program (KIP) has been well and consistently implemented and improved, but building a smart city and smart people in a wider way has also been achieved. With significantly high economic growth, Surabaya can also be called an ecological city, comparable to other towns and cities in the world.
Tokyo
Authors: Jacobs Andrew J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLocated in eastern Japan on the Kanto Plain and off Tokyo Bay, the 23Tokubetsu‐Kuencompass the territory formerly known as the City of Tokyo. Host to more than 9 million residents and 8 million workers, the TokyoKuare situated within a city‐region of nearly 37 million inhabitants, with 19 million in employment. Known for its high cost of living and its relatively lower levels of crime, income inequality, and racial‐ethnic diversity, Tokyo represents an interesting case study for scholars and students to compare with Western global city‐regions.
Tourist Bubble/Tourist Enclaves
Authors: Allis Thiago 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Despite increases in and diversification of tourism since the mid‐twentieth century, the tourist bubble or tourist enclave phenomenon, with few exceptions, has been under research scrutiny since the 1990s. Tourism and related activities are intertwined with urban dynamics in different ways, from a quasi‐entire segregation – as in the resort complexes in coastal areas – to situations where the boundaries are blurred – as observed in the downtown requalification interventions since the 1970s in the USA and more recently in several countries (Germany, Spain, and more recently Latin American and Asian nations). Concepts of “tourism urbanization” and “urban tourism precincts” help researchers to understand and discuss the issues and contradictions of the relationship between tourism and urbanism, including some emerging reactions from local communities against the gentrification process associated with tourism development in urban spaces.
Uneven Economic Development
Authors: August Martine 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUneven economic development refers to the unequal patterns of growth and decline that emerge under capitalism, at a range of spatial scales, and that oscillate back and forth across space and over time. Marxist geographers have theorized how contradictions inherent to capitalism generate uneven development, explaining patterns of inner city decline, suburbanization, and gentrification. In the post‐1970s era of financialization and neoliberalism, uneven economic development and income inequality have intensified.
Urban Border
Authors: Jirón Paola 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The study of borders is diverse, in terms of geographic and spatial scales as well as in terms of the types of borders studied and the disciplines that approach them. Border studies have evolved from a fixed territorial demarcation to seeing borders as processes and to a current more complex understanding of the experience of being and living in borders. Urban studies, particularly through urban planning, urban design, and architecture, has used the concept of borders as a planning tool to demarcate urban peripheries, limits, and edges in the city. Moreover, urban segregation and exclusion generally refer to various sorts of borders and boundaries generated in the city. A more contemporary understanding of urban borders sees them as dynamic, constantly shifting and changing; this involves understanding the way they are currently being performed and the implications of living, crossing, and experiencing borders.
Urban Citizenship
Authors: Fenster Tovi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban citizenship is a relatively new and critical concept aimed at challenging the traditional, nationally related, “top‐down” concept of citizenship. It proposes perceiving the citizen, inhabitant, and/or dweller as eligible to possess their rights to the city, the right to appropriate, and the right to participate. This Lefebvrian notion has been challenged by the reality of the 2011 protest movements and recently by the waves of refugees arriving in Europe from Syria, Afghanistan, and other countries.
Urban Consumption
Authors: Giglia Angela 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Consumption is a fundamental part of contemporary city experience, as a result of the global economy and recent changes in the organization of spaces and urban order. Contemporary consumption places and urban practices are more and more articulated one to the other, responding to the socioeconomic stratification and residential location of inhabitants in metropolitan space. Consumption's most important characteristics are examined in this entry, which also indicates the necessity for further research in particular topics such as anticonsumerism networks, domestic consumption, and the illegal economy.
Urban Culture
Authors: Borer Michael Ian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Cities around the world are comprised of heterogeneous persons and ideas. The actions and interactions of people in cities are dependent upon urban dwellers' ability to live, work, and play near, and often with, strangers. This requires both a tolerance of differences and a willingness to accept and subscribe to overarching symbols, narratives, and rules of engagement in public places and spaces. Heterogeneity and the ways that urban dwellers contend with it are the key defining aspects of urban culture throughout contemporary cities.
Urban Entrepreneurial Governance
Authors: Lawton Philip 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlmost three decades since the inception of the term “urban entrepreneurial governance,” this entry traces its shifting role since its inception, to the ways in which it has become increasingly embedded within cities on a global scale. This is demonstrated through an overview of the overlaps between different entrepreneurial strategies, including, for example, the creative class, real estate interests, and the promotion of place‐making strategies. In drawing out the role of these elements, the entry demonstrates how entrepreneurial urban governance has become part of a wider neoliberal shift in contemporary cities that is deeply uneven in its make‐up.
Urban History
Authors: Ibarra Macarena 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUrban history is a field of history that focuses on the study of the city and of its urbanization processes. This field has developed from different traditions according to material and temporal contexts and it has been influenced by the shifts that historiography has experienced from the early twentieth century. Urban history is, naturally, an interdisciplinary field, while the collaborative work with specialists and professionals of diverse backgrounds is crucial for examining its objects of study. The different entities, associations, and societies, created in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, also show how urban history has contributed to urban studies and planning.
Urban Inequalities
Authors: D. Perelman Mariano 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFocusing on the construction of social inequalities entails thinking of processes as relational, complex, and as products of long‐term historical development. It also entails thinking that the asymmetric distribution of territory – among other valuable assets – is at the center of social conflicts and of the (re)production of urban inequalities. Temporalities and the moralities of urban space are part of the way in which urban inequalities are produced and reproduced. The potentiality of the concept of urban inequality lies in the fact that it has the capacity to allow researchers to comprehend relationships between social groups and between them and space. It makes possible the study of social processes, as well as personal and group interactions throughout the entire urban space, unlike studies on segregation or poverty.
Urban Informality
Authors: Kundu Debolina 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe interest in planning theory, particularly focused on housing, and the need to explain a resurgence of the urban informal sector in First and Third World contexts within the framework of globalization have particularly influenced emerging research in this area. The dynamism exhibited by the Asian metropolises and their particular location in national economic and political trajectories result in specific contestations which are manifested spatially and among diverse communities. Emerging global financial, cultural, ideological, and political flows through these cities configure urban informality in unique ways that offer insights on temporospatial processes in cities as well as on transnational urbanism. This entry focuses on the major dimensions of urban informality as a subject, changes over time, and current emphases of work in research theory. It argues that planners across the globe must learn to work with emerging urban forms. Policy epistemologies emerging from such studies are useful not only for cities of the developing world but also more generally for the discipline of urban planning.
Urban Policies
Authors: Mixon Constance A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As cities and their metropolitan regions are home to our most intractable social and economic challenges, the responsibilities and activities falling under the umbrella of urban policy continue to expand. This entry addresses the policies and actions of large cities in the USA, and the changing urban policy landscape of the twenty‐first century. This entry provides a summary of national urban policy in the USA, highlighting its decentralized nature. Unlike many other developed Western democracies, the USA has never had a fully comprehensive national urban policy agenda. Most urban policy in the USA depends on subgovernments. Thus, urban policy in the USA is highly variable and increasingly dependent on market forces.
Urban Poverty
Authors: Cano Ana Belén 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Urban poverty refers to the set of economic and social difficulties that are found in industrialized cities and that are the result of a combination of processes such as the establishment of comfortable living standards, the increase of individualism, processes of social fragmentation, and the dualization of the labor market, which translates into social dualization (a divide between those who find themselves living within the conditions of well‐being and those who remain on the margins, excluded). It has been studied from two main analytical perspectives: the
underclass approach
(the theory that considers that poor people are responsible for their own poverty) and the
poverty approach
(which sees poverty as produced and reproduced by structural social forces). Methodologically, the measurement of urban poverty basically uses two methods: the
identification method
, based on a national minimum income considered indispensable for survival; and the method that analyzes social services users. The conceptual and analytical challenge in analyzing urban poverty requires focusing on the processes that generate urban poverty, such as social dualization, stigmatization, poverty concentration, precariousness, and not merely calculating the level of poverty. It involves analyzing the conditions that lead to the consolidation of situations of poverty, both the processes that generate urban poverty and those that offer a way out of it, in order to understand these processes with a view to acting on them.
Urban Regime Theory
Authors: Smith James M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUrban regime theory has been the leading concept within urban politics for analyzing coalition‐based politics in large US cities. Urban regimes have been studied in numerous settings in the USA and beyond, with a specific focus on the informal relationships between public and private actors that allow city governments to develop and act on a policy agenda. In the early 2010s, the regime approach remained a central feature of the urban politics literature; however, many debates were underway on how to move beyond urban regime theory. These discussions about “next steps” in theory‐building have focused on the ways in which the validity of regime theory has been affected by changes in the global economy, transitions in intergovernmental relations, and scholarly critiques of the theory.
Urban Rescaling
Authors: Lukas Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry presents the evolution of the discussion about urban rescaling, relating it to the more general “scale debate,” on the one hand, and the urban implications of globalization, on the other. Different scale‐related approaches and issues such as global city theory, the rescaling of urban form, the rescaling of state spatiality, urban governance under neoliberalism, and the politics of scale are discussed. It is argued that the debate on urban rescaling has made significant contributions to expanding the conceptual vocabulary of urban and regional studies.
Urban Restructuring
Authors: Schafran Alex 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Urban restructuring
generally refers to long‐term, major changes in the underlying economy, demography, physical layout, architecture, infrastructure, culture, social relations, or politics of city‐regions. Restructuring is by definition a historical concept, always referring to how major facets of an urban space have changed at a foundational level over time. While primarily used at the city‐region scale, it can be used to analyze major underlying changes at any scale. Its primary utility is its flexibility, holism, and lack of fixed definition or geographically specific connotations. Scholars around the world from different fields have embraced the concept as a way to conceptualize the various underlying changes impacting neighborhoods, cities, and regions.
Urban Revolution
Authors: Pradel‐Miquel Marc 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The term “urban revolution” has been used to describe the social transformations that gave rise to city‐states during the Neolithic Age, and more broadly to refer to the growing centrality of urban life. Urban revolution refers to the historical shift from agricultural settlements to complex and dense communities constituting systems of trade and production. The term has also been used to refer to the transition to the traditional city in late capitalism, the expansion of the urban sphere, and the creation of large metropolitan regions in the context of postindustrial economies. The analysis of the urban revolution has engendered considerable debates on the nature of cities and on the elements explaining their growth, as well as debates on the historical formation of the state. More recently, the term has been used to describe the process of planetary urbanization.
Urban Transportation
Authors: Barbero José A. , Galeota Carla 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Population growth, urban expansion, and greater prosperity lead to an increased flow of people and goods in cities. Transport systems face difficulties in coping with these escalations in demand, particularly when individual motorized transport becomes dominant. In this context, the urban mobility agenda is not limited to ensuring the provision of adequate access for people and goods, but should also try to reduce the negative impacts generated by transportation systems. Urban transport is facing a radical change as it looks for solutions compatible with sustainable development. This demands coordination of mobility strategies with other public policies, particularly those directed at urban development, housing, social inclusion, the environment, and energy. The challenge is greater in the developing world cities, where motorization is developing fast, public transport networks are weak, and there are significant financial and institutional barriers.
Wired City
Authors: Dutton William H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the 1970s, telecommunication experts and journalists promoted conceptions of a wired city. They were inspired by the convergence of computing and telecommunications in the design of new cable systems, but their visions focused on the social uses and implications of local and interactive, two‐way communications, in contrast to one‐to‐many national broadcasting networks. Wired cities would reinforce local community news, education, and democracy. The vision fostered wired city projects that experimented with many of the innovations in electronic communication that have since become widely available with the diffusion of the Internet, such as for online news, entertainment, and commerce. However, rising concerns over urban social and economic issues, such as digital divides, created a context in which advances in wireless, big data, and social media help resurrect visions of digital media supporting more responsive urban communities.
Yangtze River Delta
Authors: Shen Jianfa , Kee Gordon 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Centering on Shanghai, the Yangtze River Delta region is emerging as an important global city‐region. The entry introduces the socioeconomic development of the region, then focuses on the regional governance issues induced by the rapid economic and urban development. It argues that the lack of an appropriate governance system resulted in many problems at urban and regional levels, such as vicious intercity competition. Merger of administrative units is a mere palliative but signs of introducing proper regional governance have been seen in recent years. There are both top‐down regional planning efforts and bottom‐up cooperation initiatives. The
YRD Regional Planning
and the CUE Forum are two examples, respectively. The stakeholders' efforts contribute to deeper regional integration both spatially and functionally.
Zoning
Authors: Gatica Yasna Contreras 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Zoning emerged, at the end of the nineteenth century, as an answer to the increasing density of city centers. The origin of zoning theory can be found in Germany as a concept coming from a functional perspective based on the increasing density and height of buildings. In the United States, more specifically in New York, the term was used in 1916 as applied to urban regulation, recognizing not only the difficulties of different land uses, but the interests of private agents and owners of particular spaces in the city, establishing requirements regarding the height of buildings, volumes, and population density within regulations. Zoning criteria in contemporary urban and regional studies give rise to many questions around the production processes of the city and attempts to control and conduct its physical and social occupation, and the conflicts and contradictions produced in the city.
A
msterdam
S
chool, 1910–1930
Authors: de Wit Wim 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The term “Amsterdam School” refers to a group of architects active in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between about 1910 and 1930. These architects, including Michel de Klerk (1884–1923), Pieter L. Kramer (1881–1961), and Hendrik T. Wijdeveld (1885–1987), are especially well known for the public housing blocks they designed in their city during and after World War I. Building primarily in brick, the Amsterdam School architects were able to mold this material into sculptural, often block‐long, structures. Ornamental details, seemingly rising out of the facade's surface, gave those buildings a unified look and helped to avoid the sense that the housing projects consisted of accumulations of relatively small apartments. The monthly journal
Wendingen
(“Turnings” or “Upheavals”) was the mouthpiece for this group of architects. It was published with some interruptions between 1918 and 1932.
Slum Tourism
Authors: Frenzel Fabian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract“Slum tourism” is a growing form of international tourism that is found in many cities around the world. It has been fiercely criticized as voyeuristic, but defended as potentially contributing to poverty relief. In a narrow sense, slum tourism concerns short visits and guided tours through areas of urban poverty. More broadly, slum tourism can be described as a practice that addresses the relationship between poor and nonpoor and thus is connected to the “social question.” Slum tourism is related to a number of cultural and social forms that also address the poor–nonpoor relationship, including literature, film, and art. The economic impact of slum tourism has been discussed mainly with regard to the narrow definition of slum tourism as commoditized tours of poor neighborhoods. More recent approaches to slum tourism propose a broader understanding of its economic, social, and political impacts through the concept of tourist valorization.
Aerotropolis
Authors: Kasarda John D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The aerotropolis is a new urban form that relies on an airport and its integrated surface transportation infrastructure to speedily connect high value, time‐sensitive firms to their distant suppliers, customers, and enterprise partners. It consists of a multimodal airport‐based commercial core (airport city) and outlying corridors and clusters of aviation‐linked businesses and associated mixed‐use commercial/residential developments that benefit from each other and from their accessibility to the airport. The competitive advantages of the aerotropolis along with its key components, planning principles, critiques, and counterpoints are discussed.
Historic Urban Preservation
Authors: Zhang Yue 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHistoric urban preservation is the act or process of maintaining the physical form and original fabric of a building, a site, or an urban area. From ancient times to the age of industrialization, the subject of preservation was expanded from historic monuments to urban texture. Facing the large‐scale urban renewal of the postwar era, policy‐makers in different countries tied historic urban preservation to zoning ordinances and tax policies. While these policies led to the protection and adaptive reuse of historical structures and neighborhoods, they caused gentrification in cities. The concept of historic urban preservation is largely an invention of the West, but it was exported and diffused to the rest of the world in the process of globalization. There has been an increasingly close connection between historic urban preservation and the tourism industry. In many cities, from the East to the West, historic buildings are restored as tourist attractions.