bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient and retargetable SIMD translation in a dynamic binary translator
Authors: Fu Sheng‐Yu , Hong Ding‐Yong , Liu Yu‐Ping , Wu Jan‐Jan , Hsu Wei‐Chung 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe single‐instruction multiple‐data (SIMD) computing capability of modern processors is continually improved to deliver ever better performance and power efficiency. For example, Intel has increased SIMD register lengths from 128 bits in streaming SIMD extension to 512 bits in AVX‐512. The ARM scalable vector extension supports SIMD register length up to 2048 bits and includes predicated instructions. However, SIMD instruction translation in dynamic binary translation has not received similar attention. For example, the widely used QEMU emulates guest SIMD instructions with a sequence of scalar instructions, even when the host machines have relevant SIMD instructions. This leaves significant potential for performance enhancement. We propose a newly designed SIMD translation framework for dynamic binary translation, which takes advantage of the host's SIMD capabilities. The proposed framework has been built in HQEMU, an enhanced QEMU with a separate thread for applying LLVM optimizations. The current prototype supports ARMv7, ARMv8, and IA32 guests on the X86‐64 AVX‐2 host. Compared with the scalar‐translation version HQEMU, our framework runs up to 1.84 times faster on Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation 2006 CFP benchmarks and up to 6.81 times faster on selected real applications.
Spatial scaffold effects in event memory and imagination
Authors: Robin Jessica 
Published: February 2018

Spatial context is a defining feature of episodic memories, which are often characterized as being events occurring in specific spatiotemporal contexts. In this review, I summarize research suggesting a common neural basis for episodic and spatial memory and relate this to the role of spatial context in episodic memory. I review evidence that spatial context serves as a scaffold for episodic memory and imagination, in terms of both behavioral and neural effects demonstrating a dependence of episodic memory on spatial representations. These effects are mediated by a posterior‐medial set of neocortical regions, including the parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and angular gyrus, which interact with the hippocampus to represent spatial context in remembered and imagined events. I highlight questions and areas that require further research, including differentiation of hippocampal function along its long axis and subfields, and how these areas interact with the posterior‐medial network.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Neuroscience > Cognition
Anastomose de Riché-Cannieu: estrutura, função e significância clínica
Authors: Caetano Edie Benedito , Vieira Luiz Angelo , Sabongi Neto João José , Caetano Maurício Ferreira , Sabongi Rodrigo Guerra 
Published: February 2018

Resumo
Objetivo Definir a anatomia e a incidência da anastomose de Riché-Cannieu, ou seja, a comunicação entre os nervos medianos e ulnar na palma da mão.
Materiais e Métodos Foram dissecadas 60 mãos de 30 cadáveres frescos de adultos, entre 1979 a 1982, e 20 mãos entre 2011 e 2015, num total de 80 mãos, no Departamento de Anatomia da nossa instituição. A incidência da anastomose de Riché-Cannieu e a inervação dos músculos da região do tênar foram estudadas.
Resultados A anastomose de Riché-Cannieu foi identificada em todas as mãos dissecadas (100%). A anastomose de Riché-Cannieu extramuscular foi registrada em 57 mãos, e a intramuscular, em 19, e a associação das anastomoses extra e intramuscular, em 4 mãos. O componente ulnar da anastomose de Riché-Cannieu foi sempre do seu ramo profundo. O ramo anastomótico oriundo do nervo originava-se do ramo recorrente do nervo mediano na maioria das observações. A dupla inervação mediano-ulnar apenas da cabeça profunda do músculo flexor curto do polegar foi identificada em 29 de 80 mãos. Observou-se dupla inervação apenas da cabeça superficial do músculo flexor curto do polegar em 13 mãos. Foi observada dupla inervação das cabeças superficial e profunda do flexor curto do polegar em 14 mãos. A cabeça oblíqua do adutor do polegar recebeu inervação dupla em 12 mãos. A cabeça profunda do músculo flexor curto do polegar e a cabeça oblíqua do adutor do polegar foram inervadas duplamente em nove mãos. A cabeça transversa do adutor do polegar recebeu inervação dupla em duas mãos. A inervação dupla da cabeça profunda do flexor curto do polegar e da cabeça transversa do adutor do polegar foi observada em uma mão.
Conclusão De acordo com o presente estudo, a anastomose de Riché-Cannieu deve ser considerada uma conexão nervosa normal, e não uma variação anatômica. O conhecimento dessa anastomose é essencial, pois a presença dessa comunicação neural pode resultar em achados clínicos, cirúrgicos e eletromiográficos confusos em casos de lesões ou síndromes compressivas dos nervos mediano ou ulnar.
What Shareholders in Japan Say about Director Pay: Does Article 361 of Japan’s Companies Act Matter?
Authors: MCGINTY Sean , GREEN David 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe modest level and differing structure of compensation Japanese corporate executives receive has sparked recent interest in the determinants of executive pay in Japan. One factor that remains unexamined is the role played by Article 361 of the Companies Act which requires that director pay be set by the general shareholders’ meeting. To explore the question of whether this rule, by giving shareholders a veto over changes to compensation they disagree with, matters to pay in Japan, this article examines the results of the shareholders’ meetings of companies listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange that voted on compensation resolutions in 2014. We find that, while all resolutions were approved, there was significant variation in both what pay directors asked for and how shareholders responded that was correlated with differences in each. The results are consistent with the view that the relevance of the rule varies depending on the context of the company. While at most companies, shareholder voting on pay is relatively uncontroversial, the changing structure of ownership and governance at some provides an avenue through which the rule may now matter to pay.
Improved estimates of glacier change rates at Nevado Coropuna Ice Cap, Peru
Authors: KOCHTITZKY WILLIAM H. , EDWARDS BENJAMIN R. , ENDERLIN ELLYN M. , MARINO JERSY , MARINQUE NELIDA 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAccurate quantification of rates of glacier mass loss is critical for managing water resources and for assessing hazards at ice-clad volcanoes, especially in arid regions like southern Peru. In these regions, glacier and snow melt are crucial dry season water resources. In order to verify previously reported rates of ice area decline at Nevado Coropuna in Peru, which are anomalously rapid for tropical glaciers, we measured changes in ice cap area using 259 Landsat images acquired from 1980 to 2014. We find that Coropuna Ice Cap is presently the most extensive ice mass in the tropics, with an area of 44.1 km2, and has been shrinking at an average area loss rate of 0.409 km2a−1(~0.71% a−1) since 1980. Our estimated rate of change is considerably lower than previous studies (1.4 km2a−1or ~2.43% a−1), but is consistent with other tropical regions, such as the Cordillera Blanca located ~850 km to the NW (~0.68% a−1). Thus, if glacier recession continues at its present rate, our results suggest that Coropuna Ice Cap will likely continue to contribute to water supply for agricultural and domestic uses until ~2120, which is nearly 100 years longer than previously predicted.
What is mood? A computational perspective
Authors: Clark James E , Watson Stuart , Friston Karl J 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe neurobiological understanding of mood, and by extension mood disorders, remains elusive despite decades of research implicating several neuromodulator systems. This review considers a new approach based on existing theories of functional brain organisation. The free energy principle (a.k.a. active inference), and its instantiation in the Bayesian brain, offers a complete and simple formulation of mood. It has been proposed that emotions reflect the precision of – or certainty about – the predicted sensorimotor/interoceptive consequences of action. By extending this reasoning, in a hierarchical setting, we suggest mood states act as (hyper) priors over uncertainty (i.e. emotions). Here, we consider the same computational pathology in the proprioceptive and interoceptive (behavioural and autonomic) domain in order to furnish an explanation for mood disorders. This formulation reconciles several strands of research at multiple levels of enquiry.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: a comparative performance of serological and molecular tests in symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs
Authors: de Carvalho Flávio Luiz Nunes , Riboldi Emeline de Oliveira , Bello Graziele Lima , Ramos Raquel Rocha , Barcellos Regina Bones , Gehlen Mirela , Halon Maria Laura , Romão Pedro Roosevelt Torres , Dallegrave Eliane , Rossetti Maria Lucia Rosa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlthough serological assays have been widely used for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), they present different performances depending on the clinical profile of the dogs. This study evaluated the accuracy of serological tests, immunochromatographic (Dual Path Platform: DPP®) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA EIE®), for CVL in relation to the detection of Leishmania DNA through real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) in samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs from a non-endemic area in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Serum from 140 dogs (39 symptomatic and 101 asymptomatic) was tested by DPP and ELISA followed by real-time PCR. From a total of 140 samples evaluated, Leishmania DNA was detected by real-time PCR in 41.4% (58/140). Moreover, 67.2% of samples positive in real-time PCR were positive in both DPP and ELISA (39/58), showing moderate agreement between methods. In the symptomatic group, one sample non-reactive in both serological assays was positive in real-time PCR, whereas in the asymptomatic group, 17.8% non-reactive or undetermined samples in serological assays were positive in the molecular method. Leishmania DNA was not detected in 17.9% reactive samples by serological assays from the symptomatic group, and in 3.9% from asymptomatic dogs. Real-time PCR demonstrated greater homogeneity between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups compared with DPP and ELISA. The molecular method can help to establish the correct CVL diagnosis, particularly in asymptomatic dogs, avoiding undesirable euthanasia.
An outbreak of Norovirus infections associated with recreational lake water in Western Finland, 2014
Authors: Polkowska A. , Räsänen S. , Al-Hello H. , Bojang M. , Lyytikäinen O. , Nuorti J. P. , Jalava K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn July 2014, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred among visitors to lakes in Tampere, Finland. We conducted a retrospective cohort study using an internet-based survey, solicited by public announcement, to identify source of infection and to implement control measures. Of 1453 persons enrolled in the study, 244 met the case definition (attack rate, 17%). In the pooled univariate analysis, risk factors for gastroenteritis included getting water in the mouth while swimming (Risk ratio (RR) 3.32; 95% Confidence interval (CI), 2.36–4.68) and playing on the wet sand at the beach (RR 1.90; 95% CI 1.50–2.41). In a multivariable analysis (logistic regression), the source of the infection was likely at two lakes (lake A Odds ratio (OR) 1.66; 95% CI 1.15–2.39 and lake B, OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.49–3.72). Norovirus (NoV) was found in 19 stool samples. All water samples from implicated beaches had acceptable values of fecal indicator bacteria and were negative for NoV. The likely source of the outbreak was lake-water contaminated with NoV at two popular lakes. Closure of swimming beaches, advice on hygienic precautions and rapid outbreak alerts were efficient in controlling the outbreak. Results suggest a need for new indicators of water quality and development of evidence-based recommendations regarding timing of safe reopen of recreational water venues associated with outbreaks.
Engineering a lunar photolithoautotroph to thrive on the moon – life or simulacrum?
Authors: Ellery A A 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent work in developing self-replicating machines has approached the problem as an engineering problem, using engineering materials and methods to implement an engineering analogue of a hitherto uniquely biological function. The question is – can anything be learned that might be relevant to an astrobiological context in which the problem is to determine the general form of biology independent of the Earth. Compared with other non-terrestrial biology disciplines, engineered life is more demanding. Engineering a self-replicating machine tackles real environments unlike artificial life which avoids the problem of physical instantiation altogether by examining software models. Engineering a self-replicating machine is also more demanding than synthetic biology as no library of functional components exists. Everything must be constructedde novo. Biological systems already have the capacity to self-replicate but no engineered machine has yet been constructed with the same ability – this is our primary goal. On the basis of the von Neumann analysis of self-replication, self-replication is a by-product of universal construction capability – a universal constructor is a machine that can construct anything (in a functional sense) given the appropriate instructions (DNA/RNA), energy (ATP) and materials (food). In the biological cell, the universal construction mechanism is the ribosome. The ribosome is a biological assembly line for constructing proteins while DNA constitutes a design specification. For a photoautotroph, the energy source is ambient and the food is inorganic. We submit that engineering a self-replicating machine opens up new areas of astrobiology to be explored in the limits of life.
A simple isochore model evidencing regulation risk
Authors: Véhel J. Lévy 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this note, we provide a simple example of regulation risk. The idea is that, in certain situations, the very prudential rules (or, rather, some of them) imposed by the regulator in the framework of the Basel II/III Accords or Solvency II directive are themselves the source of a systemic risk. The instance of regulation risk that we bring to light in this work can be summarised as follows: wrongly assuming that prices evolve in a continuous fashion when they may in fact display large negative jumps, and trying to minimise Value at Risk (VaR) under a constraint of minimal volume of activity leads in effect to behaviours that will maximise VaR. Although much stylised, our analysis highlights some pitfalls of model-based regulation.
Marine spatial planning makes room for offshore aquaculture in crowded coastal waters
Authors: Lester S. E. , Stevens J. M. , Gentry R. R. , Kappel C. V. , Bell T. W. , Costello C. J. , Gaines S. D. , Kiefer D. A. , Maue C. C. , Rensel J. E. , Simons R. D. , Washburn L. , White C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMarine spatial planning (MSP) seeks to reduce conflicts and environmental impacts, and promote sustainable use of marine ecosystems. Existing MSP approaches have successfully determined how to achieve target levels of ocean area for particular uses while minimizing costs and impacts, but they do not provide a framework that derives analytical solutions in order to co-ordinate siting of multiple uses while balancing the effects of planning on each sector in the system. We develop such a framework for guiding offshore aquaculture (bivalve, finfish, and kelp farming) development in relation to existing sectors and environmental concerns (wild-capture fisheries, viewshed quality, benthic pollution, and disease spread) in California, USA. We identify > 250,000 MSP solutions that generate significant seafood supply and billions of dollars in revenue with minimal impacts (often < 1%) on existing sectors and the environment. We filter solutions to identify candidate locations for high-value, low-impact aquaculture development. Finally, we confirm the expectation of substantial value of our framework over conventional planning focused on maximizing individual objectives.
MAP4K3 mediates amino acid-dependent regulation of autophagy via phosphorylation of TFEB
Authors: Hsu Cynthia L. , Lee Elian X. , Gordon Kara L. , Paz Edwin A. , Shen Wen-Chuan , Ohnishi Kohta , Meisenhelder Jill , Hunter Tony , La Spada Albert R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAutophagy is the major cellular pathway by which macromolecules are degraded, and amino acid depletion powerfully activates autophagy. MAP4K3, or germinal-center kinase-like kinase, is required for robust cell growth in response to amino acids, but the basis for MAP4K3 regulation of cellular metabolic disposition remains unknown. Here we identify MAP4K3 as an amino acid-dependent regulator of autophagy through its phosphorylation of transcription factor EB (TFEB), a transcriptional activator of autophagy, and through amino acid starvation-dependent lysosomal localization of MAP4K3. We document that MAP4K3 physically interacts with TFEB and MAP4K3 inhibition is sufficient for TFEB nuclear localization, target gene transactivation, and autophagy, even when mTORC1 is activated. Moreover, MAP4K3 serine 3 phosphorylation of TFEB is required for TFEB interaction with mTORC1-Rag GTPase-Ragulator complex and TFEB cytosolic sequestration. Our results uncover a role for MAP4K3 in the control of autophagy and reveal MAP4K3 as a central node in nutrient-sensing regulation.
Association between causes of peritoneal dialysis technique failure and all-cause mortality
Authors: Chen Jenny H. C. , Johnson David W. , Hawley Carmel , Boudville Neil , Lim Wai H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTechnique failure is a frequent complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD), but the association between causes of death-censored technique failure and mortality remains unclear. Using Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) registry data, we examined the associations between technique failure causes and mortality in all incident PD patients who experienced technique failure between 1989–2014. Of 4663 patients, 2415 experienced technique failure attributed to infection, 883 to inadequate dialysis, 836 to mechanical failure and 529 to social reasons. Compared to infection, the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality in the first 2 years were 0.83 (95%CI 0.70–0.98) for inadequate dialysis, 0.78 (95%CI 0.66–0.93) for mechanical failure and 1.46 (95%CI 1.24–1.72) for social reasons. The estimates from the competing risk models were similar. There was an interaction between age and causes of technique failure (pinteraction < 0.001), such that the greatest premature mortality was observed in patients aged >60 years post social-related technique failure. There was no association between causes of technique failure and mortality beyond 2 years. In conclusion, infection and social-related technique failure are associated with premature mortality within 2 years post technique failure. Future studies examining the associations may help to improve outcomes in these patients.
Nucleophilic 18F-Fluorination of Anilines via N-Arylsydnone Intermediates
Authors: Narayanam Maruthi , Ma Gaoyuan , Champagne Pier , Houk Kendall , Murphy Jennifer 
Published: February 2018

Preparation of [18F]fluoroarenes with nucleophilic [18F]fluoride for positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging ­research is a challenging chemical endeavor. Advances in radiofluorination have soared in the last decade, broadening the availability of potential [18F]fluoroarenes. In this Synpacts article, we highlight the ­recent development from our laboratory of a practical radiofluorination of anilines via N-arylsydnone intermediates to afford [18F]fluoroarenes. Further, we emphasize the utility of this methodology towards peptide labeling applications by preparing an 18F-labeled neuropeptide.1	Introduction2	Nucleophilic Radiofluorination of N-Arylsydnones3	Substrate Scope and Applications4	Conclusion
Hirschsprung Disease beyond Infancy
Authors: Calkins Casey 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHirschsprung disease (HD) is a common cause of neonatal intestinal obstruction in which a variable segment of the distal intestinal tract lacks the normal enteric nervous system elements. Affected individuals present with varying degrees of obstructive symptoms, but today most patients are diagnosed within the first several months of life owing to the well-recognized symptoms and the ease of making the diagnosis by way of the bedside suction rectal biopsy. Thus, for the adult general or colorectal surgeon, the vast majority of patients who present for evaluation will have already undergone surgical treatment within the first year of life by a pediatric surgeon. Despite several safe operative interventions to treat patients with HD, the long-term results are far from perfect. These patients may reach adult life with ongoing defecation disorders that require a systematic evaluation by a multidisciplinary group that should be led by a surgeon with a thorough knowledge of HD operations and the potential problems. The evaluation of these patients will form the basis for the majority of this review—however, some patients manage to escape diagnosis beyond the infant and childhood period—and a section herein will briefly address the case of an older patient who is suspected of having HD.
Anorectal Malformations
Authors: Wood Richard , Levitt Marc 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnorectal malformation are common congenital problems occurring in 1 in 5,000 births and have a spectrum of anatomical presentations, requiring individualized treatments for the newborn, sophisticated approaches to the definitive reconstruction, and management of long-term treatments and outcomes. Associated anomalies related to the cardiac, renal, gynecologic, orthopedic, spinal, and sacral systems impact care and prognosis. Long-term results are good provided there is an accurate anatomical reconstruction and a focus on maximizing of functional results.
Pediatric Crohn's Disease
Authors: von Allmen Daniel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe incidence of Crohn's disease in the pediatric population is increasing. While pediatric patients with Crohn's disease exhibit many of the characteristics of older patients, there are important differences in the clinical presentation and course of disease that can impact the clinical decisions made during treatment. The majority of children are diagnosed in the early teen years, but subgroups of very early onset and infantile Crohn's present much earlier and have a unique clinical course. Treatment paradigms follow the traditional laddered approach, but growth and development represent special considerations that must be given to pediatric-specific complications of the treatment and disease. Surgical intervention is an important component of Crohn's management and is often employed to allow improved nutritional intake or decrease reliance on medical treatments that compromise growth.