bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Spatial Coherence of Magnetic Ejecta: Measurements of Coronal Mass Ejections by Multiple Spacecraft Longitudinally Separated by 0.01 au
Authors: Lugaz Noé , Farrugia Charles J. , Winslow Reka M. , Al-Haddad Nada , Galvin Antoinette B. , Nieves-Chinchilla Teresa , Lee Christina O. , Janvier Miho 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Measurements of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) by multiple spacecraft at small radial separations but larger longitudinal separations is one of the ways to learn about the three-dimensional structure of CMEs. Here, we take advantage of the orbit of the Wind spacecraft that ventured to distances of up to 0.012 au from the Sun–Earth line during 2000–2002. Combined with measurements from the Advanced Composition Experiment, which is in a tight halo orbit around L1, the multipoint measurements allow us to investigate how the magnetic field inside magnetic ejecta (MEs) changes on scales of 0.005–0.012 au. We identify 21 CMEs measured by these two spacecraft for longitudinal separations of 0.007 au or more. We find that the time-shifted correlation between 30 minute averages of the non-radial magnetic field components measured at the two spacecraft is systematically above 0.97 when the separation is 0.008 au or less, but is on average 0.89 for greater separations. Overall, these newly analyzed measurements, combined with 14 additional ones when the spacecraft separation is smaller, point toward a scale length of longitudinal magnetic coherence inside MEs of 0.25–0.35 au for the magnitude of the magnetic field, but 0.06–0.12 au for the magnetic field components. This finding raises questions about the very nature of MEs. It also highlights the need for additional “mesoscale” multipoint measurements of CMEs with longitudinal separations of 0.01–0.2 au.
In Search of Recent Disruption of (3200) Phaethon: Model Implication and Hubble Space Telescope Search
Authors: Ye 叶泉 Quanzhi 志 , Wiegert Paul A. , Hui 许文 Man-To 韬 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Near-Earth asteroid (3200) Phaethon is notable for its association with a strong annual meteor shower, the Geminids, indicative of one or more episodes of mass ejection in the past. The mechanism of Phaethon’s past activity is not yet understood. Here, we present a Hubble Space Telescope (HST) search of meter-sized fragments in the vicinity of Phaethon, carried out during Phaethon’s historic approach to Earth in mid-December of 2017. Numerical simulations conducted to guide HST’s pointing also show that the dynamical evolution of Phaethon-originated particles is quick, as ejected materials take no longer than ∼250 years to spread to the entire orbit of Phaethon. Our search was completed down to a 4 m class limit (assuming Phaethon-like albedo) and was expected to detect 0.035% of particles ejected by Phaethon in the past several decades. The negative result of our search capped the total mass loss of Phaethon over the past few dozen orbits to be 1012 kg at the 3σ level, taking the best estimates of size power-law from meteor observations and spacecraft data. Our result also implies a millimeter-sized dust flux of

within 0.1 au of Phaethon, suggesting that any Phaethon-bound mission is unlikely to encounter dense dust clouds.
Delayed Stellar Mass Assembly in the Low Surface Brightness Dwarf Galaxy KDG 215∗
Authors: Cannon John M. , Shen Zili , McQuinn Kristen B. W. , Bartz Joshua , Bralts-Kelly Lilly , Bulatek Alyssa M. , Chinski Sarah , Ford Robert N. , Gordon Alex J. R. , Helmel Greta , Hollenbach Sam , McGlasson Riley A. , Mizener Andrew , Page Tylyn , Retza William , Rusch Moritz , Taft Sarah , Dolphin Andrew E. , Karachentsev Igor , Salzer John J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present H i spectral line and optical broadband images of the nearby low surface brightness dwarf galaxy KDG 215. The H i images, acquired with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, reveal a dispersion-dominated interstellar medium with only weak signatures of coherent rotation. The H i gas reaches a peak mass surface density of 6 M
⊙ pc−2 at the location of the peak surface brightness in the optical and the ultraviolet. Although KDG 215 is gas-rich, the Hα non-detection implies a very low current massive star formation rate. In order to investigate the recent evolution of this system, we have derived the recent and lifetime star formation histories from archival Hubble Space Telescope images. The recent star formation history shows a peak star formation rate ∼1 Gyr ago, followed by a decreasing star formation rate to the present day quiescent state. The cumulative star formation history indicates that a significant fraction of the stellar mass assembly in KDG 215 has occurred within the last 1.25 Gyr. KDG 215 is one of only a few known galaxies that demonstrates such a delayed star formation history. While the ancient stellar population (predominantly red giants) is prominent, the look-back time by which 50% of the mass of all stars ever formed had been created is among the youngest of any known galaxy.
Synchrotron Radiation from Electrons with a Pitch-angle Distribution
Authors: Yang Yuan-Pei , Zhang Bing 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In most astrophysical processes involving synchrotron radiation, the pitch-angle distribution of the electrons is assumed to be isotropic. However, if electrons are accelerated anisotropically, e.g., in a relativistic shock wave with an ordered magnetic field or in magnetic reconnection regions, the electron pitch angles might be anisotropic. In this Letter, we study synchrotron radiation from electrons with a pitch-angle distribution with respect to a large-scale uniform magnetic field. Assuming that the pitch-angle distribution is normal with a scatter of σ

p
and that the viewing direction is where the pitch-angle direction peaks, we find that for electrons with a Lorentz factor γ, the observed flux satisfies F

ν
∝ ν
2/3 for ν ≪ ν
cr (ν
cr is the critical frequency of synchrotron), if σ

p
≲ 1/γ is satisfied. On the other hand, if σ

p
≫ 1/γ, the spectrum below ν
cr is a broken power law with a break frequency

, e.g.,

for ν ≪ ν
br and

for

. Thus, the ultimate synchrotron line of death is F

ν
∝ ν
2/3. We discuss the application of this theory to blazars and gamma-ray bursts.
A verbal descriptor incremental pain scale developed by South African Tswana-speaking patients with low back pain
Authors: Yazbek Michelle , Stewart Aimee V. , Bentley Alison 
Published: August 2018

Background: Measuring pain in patients whose home language is not English can be difficult as there may not be a scale available in their home language. Scales devised in other countries may also not be accurate after translation.Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and test a new verbal pain descriptor scale in a Tswana-speaking population in South Africa with low back pain.Method: Two separate Tswana-speaking groups (20 males and 20 females) of patients with low back pain were asked to describe each of four categories of pain: mild, moderate, severe and worst. They then voted and descriptions obtaining more than 70% of the vote were taken to the next round of voting with both groups together. A final scale of one description for each category of pain (Tswana Verbal Pain Descriptor Scale – TVPDS) for both males and females was tested on a sample of 250 patients with low back pain and against three other non-verbal pain scales.Results: All items on the final scale were approved by at least 70% of both male and female participants. The scores for the TVPDS correlated well with present pain perception (r = 0.729, p < 0.0001) measured on the numerical visual analogue scale. The TVPDS correlated well with the Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (r = 0.695, p < 0.0001) and the Pakistani Coin Pain Scale (r = 0.717, p < 0.0001).Conclusion: The TVPDS has the potential to be a useful clinical scale but more testing in other languages is still required.Clinical implications: This pain scale has the potential to be a useful scale to use for Tswana-speaking persons with low back pain and could also be useful for persons of other languages, if translated.
Clinical and demographic profile of catatonic patients who received electroconvulsive therapy in a South African setting
Authors: Odayar Kavendren , Eloff Ingrid , Esterhuysen Willem 
Published: August 2018

Background: Catatonia is a psychomotor dysregulation syndrome seen in several illnesses. Uncertainties exist regarding its prevalence and causes. While some research shows a strong association with mood disorders, other data show catatonia to be strongly associated with schizophrenia. Data from low- and middle-income countries are required.Aim: To determine the clinical and demographic profile of patients with catatonia that received electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) between 01 January 2012 and 31 December 2014.Setting: The study was conducted at Elizabeth Donkin Psychiatric Hospital in Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape. The hospital has mostly patients admitted under the Mental Health Care Act 17 of 2002 as Involuntary Mental Health Care Users.Method: A retrospective chart review was conducted. Using the hospital ECT database, all files of patients who received ECT for catatonia were identified. Demographics, psychiatric and medical diagnoses, signs of catatonia and other data were abstracted from these files.Results: Forty-two patients received ECT for catatonia, of whom 34 (80.95%) were diagnosed with a psychotic illness. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis (n = 19; 45.24%), followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition (n = 8; 19.05). Human immunodeficiency deficiency virus was the cause in 75.00% of the patients whose medical conditions caused catatonia. Seven (16.67%) patients had mood disorders, with bipolar I disorder accounting for 6 (14.29%) of these.Conclusion: Psychotic disorders were more frequent than mood disorders in the sample. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis, followed by psychotic disorder owing to a general medical condition.
Post-traumatic stress disorder among the staff of a mental health hospital: Prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Olashore Anthony A. , Akanni Oluyemi O. , Molebatsi Keneilwe , Ogunjumo John A. 
Published: August 2018

Background: Mental health service providers are frequently exposed to stress and violence in the line of duty. There is a dearth of data concerning the psychological sequelae of the frequent exposure to stress and violence, especially among those who work in resource-limited countries such as Botswana.Aim: To determine the prevalence and predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among mental health workers in a tertiary mental health institute in Botswana.Setting: The study was conducted in Sbrana Psychiatric Hospital, which is the only referral psychiatric hospital in Botswana.Methods: The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 201 mental health workers completed a researcher-designed psycho-socio-demographic questionnaire, which included one neuroticism item of the Big Five Inventory, and a PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), which was used to assess symptoms of PTSD.Results: Majority of the study participants were general nurses (n = 121, 60.5%) and females (n = 122, 60.7%). Thirty-seven (18.4%) of the participants met the criteria for PTSD. Exposure to violence in the past 12 months (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.49–7.16) and high neuroticism score (AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.19–6.24) were significantly associated with the diagnosis of PTSD among the participants.Conclusion: Post-traumatic stress disorder could result from stressful events encountered in the course of managing patients in mental health institutes and departments. Pre-placement personality evaluation of health workers to be assigned to work in psychiatric units and post-incident trauma counselling of those exposed to violence may be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of PTSD in mental hospital health care workers.
Mass Media, Consumerism and National Identity in Postwar Japan
Authors: Smith Martyn David 
Published: August 2018

Mass Media, Consumerism and National Identity in Postwar Japan addresses Japan’s evolving nationalism and national identity in relation to its newly rising consumerism during the two decades from 1952 to 1972, through a study of the transformation of the print media and the market for weekly and monthly magazines.
Martyn Smith argues that the transformation of the print media in the 1950s and 1960s expanded the possibilities for social, individual and national identities in Japan. From the late 1950s, the growth in the market for weekly magazines was fuelled by the huge potential for advertising revenue, the rapid development of the Japanese economy, and the necessity for the growth of a consumer society. This resulted in the merging of national identity with individual subjectivity – which this book describes as –national subjectivity’ – as the Japanese media promoted individual consumption to aid the recovery of the Japanese nation as a whole.
Examining housewife magazines such as Fujin Koron, Fujin no Tomo and Fujin Gaho, as well as news magazines such as Mainichi Graph and Asahi Graph, and publications aimed at young people – Shukan Heibon and Heibon Punch – Smith shows how the relationship of nationalism to everyday life is best understood by taking into account the changing nature of consumption in the period. By presenting an alternative to the traditional –top-down’ narrative of state-driven economic nationalism, this book therefore makes a unique contribution to the study of postwar Japanese history and Japanese nationalism.
Of Many Minds inMiddlemarch
Authors: Star Summer J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article considers the prominence and ambivalent value of multitasking in Middlemarch, arguing that such ambivalence is evident in two respects and important in another. It is evident in the way characters of striking efficiency and duplicity provide counterweights to each other, and in the way the narrative resists a normative account of “mind.” It is important, I argue, for thinking about the particularly moral attitude toward mental experience that Middlemarch performs. Eliot was not simply trying to portray mental experience “realistically” in Middlemarch; rather, through the mental diversity of her characters—minds diverse within themselves and ineffably diverse from each other—she was expressing realism as a particular mode of attention: a movement toward and commitment to complexity, arrested at the moment of encounter, attention, acknowledgment. My concern in this article is to explain why that embodied state of attention, evoked by multitasking, was particularly important to the representation of human minds.
Trends in Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis and Deep Vein Thrombosis Rates After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Bawa Harpreet , Weick Jack W. , Dirschl Douglas R. , Luu Hue H. 
Published: August 2018

Introduction:
Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are at high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) postoperatively, necessitating the use of prophylaxis medications. This investigation used a large claims database to evaluate trends in postoperative DVT prophylaxis and rates of DVT within 6 months after THA or TKA.

Methods:
Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental and Coordination of Benefits databases were reviewed from 2004 to 2013 for patients who underwent THA or TKA. Data were collected on patient age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and hypercoagulability diagnoses. Postoperative medication claims were reviewed for prescribed aspirin, warfarin, enoxaparin, fondaparinux, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.

Results:
A total of 369,483 patients were included in the analysis, of which 239,949 patients had prescription medication claims. Warfarin was the most commonly prescribed anticoagulant. Patients with a hypercoagulable diagnosis had markedly more DVTs within 6 months after THA or TKA. More patients with a hypercoagulable diagnosis were treated with warfarin or lovenox than other types of anticoagulants. A multivariate regression analysis was performed, showing that patients prescribed aspirin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban were markedly less likely than those prescribed warfarin or enoxaparin to have a DVT within 6 months after THA or TKA.

Conclusion:
After THA and TKA, warfarin is the most commonly prescribed prophylaxis. Patients with hypercoagulability diagnoses are at a higher risk of postoperative DVT. The likelihood of DVT within 6 months of THA and TKA was markedly higher in patients treated with warfarin and lovenox and markedly lower in those treated with aspirin, fondaparinux, and rivaroxaban.

Level of Evidence:
Level III
Using Three-Dimensional Printing to Enhance Cross-Sectional Anatomy Instruction
Authors: Casciato Dominick J. , Builes Natalie A. , Singh Bibi N. 
Published: August 2018

Background:The increased use of external interventions to diagnose and treat podiatric medical pathologies has warranted a greater understanding of the lower extremity in the transverse plane. Films, prosections, and plastinated cross sections have long been used alongside traditional instruction to assist students in anatomical studies. These methods, however, often fail to provide the tactile component of anatomical dissection and may obscure or exclude the requisite structures for identification by medical students. Such teaching techniques prove costly, time sensitive, and dated compared with the relatively less expensive and customizable nature of three-dimensional (3-D) printing.Methods:Limb length was measured on a cadaveric specimen, and eight cross sections of equal width were excised. Manual sketches of these sections were then digitized and 3-D printed.Results:Three-dimensional printing provides a safe and reproducible means to construct customizable cross sections of the lower extremity. Moreover, this method proves to be relatively inexpensive.Conclusions:Advancing traditional didactic teaching with the use of cost-effective 3-D printing can facilitate the visuospatial comprehension of lower-extremity anatomy. The evolution of 3-D printing enhances the clinical skills essential for the interpretation of imaging studies as well as planning for surgical procedures such as external fixation application.
Recent Progress in Coaxial Electrospinning: New Parameters, Various Structures, and Wide Applications
Authors: Yoon Jihyun , Yang Ho‐Sung , Lee Byoung‐Sun , Yu Woong‐Ryeol 
Published: August 2018

AbstractElectrospinning, a common method for synthesizing 1D nanostructures, has contributed to developments in the electrical, electrochemical, biomedical, and environmental fields. Recently, a coaxial electrospinning process has been used to fabricate new nanostructures with advanced performance, but intricate and delicate process conditions hinder reproducibility and mass production. Herein, recent progress in new emerging parameters for successful coaxial electrospinning, and the various nanostructures and critical application areas resulting from these activities. Relationships between the new parameters and final product characteristics are described, new possibilities for nanostructures achievable via coaxial electrospinning are identified, and new research directions with a view to future applications are suggested.
Designing Liquid‐Infused Surfaces for Medical Applications: A Review
Authors: Howell Caitlin , Grinthal Alison , Sunny Steffi , Aizenberg Michael , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe development of new technologies is key to the continued improvement of medicine, relying on comprehensive materials design strategies that can integrate advanced therapeutic and diagnostic functions with a variety of surface properties such as selective adhesion, dynamic responsiveness, and optical/mechanical tunability. Liquid‐infused surfaces have recently come to the forefront as a unique approach to surface coatings that can resist adhesion of a wide range of contaminants on medical devices. Furthermore, these surfaces are proving highly versatile in enabling the integration of established medical surface treatments alongside the antifouling capabilities, such as drug release or biomolecule organization. Here, the range of research being conducted on liquid‐infused surfaces for medical applications is presented, from an understanding of the basics behind the interactions of physiological fluids, microbes, and mammalian cells with liquid layers to current applications of these materials in point‐of‐care diagnostics, medical tubing, instruments, implants, and tissue engineering. Throughout this exploration, the design parameters of liquid‐infused surfaces and how they can be adapted and tuned to particular applications are discussed, while identifying how the range of controllable factors offered by liquid‐infused surfaces can be used to enable completely new and dynamic approaches to materials and devices for human health.
Colored, Daytime Radiative Coolers with Thin‐Film Resonators for Aesthetic Purposes
Authors: Lee Gil Ju , Kim Yeong Jae , Kim Hyun Myung , Yoo Young Jin , Song Young Min 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently developed approaches in passive radiative cooling enable daytime cooling via engineered photonic structure layouts. However, the use of these daytime radiative coolers is restricted owing to their nonaesthetic appearance resulted from strong solar reflection. Therefore, this article introduces a colored passive radiative cooler (CPRC) capable of generating potential cooling power, based on a thin‐film optical resonator embedded in an efficient thermal emission structure. This CPRC not only selectively emits infrared wave through the atmospheric transparency window but also displays subtractive primary colors to exhibit the desired appearance. Theoretical analysis and systematic experiments prove the possibility of subambient cooling via CPRC by lowering the temperature to 3.9 °C below the ambient air in the daylight. This is the first example of coloring radiative cooler by photonic structures. Successful demonstration of cooling/coloring behavior with wearable electronic devices under solar irradiation represents a major step forward in the field of temperature‐sensitive, flexible, wearable electronic/optoelectronic devices.
Multifunctional Mesoporous Silica Nanoprobes: Material Chemistry–Based Fabrication and Bio‐Imaging Functionality
Authors: Yu Luodan , Lin Han , Lu Xiangyu , Chen Yu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNanoparticles‐based bioimaging probes are attracting broad attention for various biomedical applications. As one of the mostly explored nanoplatforms, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) show high clinical‐translation potential for diagnostic probing/imaging. Based on their tunable morphology, abundant surface chemistry, and well‐defined mesostructure, MSNs are regarded as the desirable platforms for constructing diverse nanoprobes via incorporation of a variety of functional moieties or components. In this review, the authors summarize and discuss recent progress in the rational design and fabrication of multifunctional mesoporous silica‐based composite nanoprobes for versatile bioimaging applications. Four kinds of methodologies for the fabrication of these mesoporous silica‐based nanoprobes are discussed, including encapsulating functional nanoparticles within a mesoporous silica shell, assembling functional nanoparticles on the surface of MSNs, dispersing nanoparticles into the nanometer‐scale mesopores of MSNs, and doping functional moieties into the framework of MSNs. The applications of mesoporous silica nanoprobes in magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, computed tomography imaging, fluorescence imaging, positron emission computed tomography, photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and even multimodality imaging are discussed in detail. The biosafety of MSN‐based composite nanoplatforms as bioimaging nanoprobes is also highlighted, accompanied by a deep discussion on facing the challenges and future developments for guaranteeing their further potential clinical translation.