bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Age, Background Noise, Semantic Ambiguity, and Hearing Loss on Recognition Memory for Spoken Sentences
Authors: Koeritzer Margaret A. , Rogers Chad S. , Van Engen Kristin J. , Peelle Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The goal of this study was to determine how background noise, linguistic properties of spoken sentences, and listener abilities (hearing sensitivity and verbal working memory) affect cognitive demand during auditory sentence comprehension.

Method
We tested 30 young adults and 30 older adults. Participants heard lists of sentences in quiet and in 8-talker babble at signal-to-noise ratios of +15 dB and +5 dB, which increased acoustic challenge but left the speech largely intelligible. Half of the sentences contained semantically ambiguous words to additionally manipulate cognitive challenge. Following each list, participants performed a visual recognition memory task in which they viewed written sentences and indicated whether they remembered hearing the sentence previously.

Results

Recognition memory (indexed by
d′
) was poorer for acoustically challenging sentences, poorer for sentences containing ambiguous words, and differentially poorer for noisy high-ambiguity sentences. Similar patterns were observed for
Z
-transformed response time data. There were no main effects of age, but age interacted with both acoustic clarity and semantic ambiguity such that older adults' recognition memory was poorer for acoustically degraded high-ambiguity sentences than the young adults'. Within the older adult group, exploratory correlation analyses suggested that poorer hearing ability was associated with poorer recognition memory for sentences in noise, and better verbal working memory was associated with better recognition memory for sentences in noise.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate listeners' reliance on domain-general cognitive processes when listening to acoustically challenging speech, even when speech is highly intelligible. Acoustic challenge and semantic ambiguity both reduce the accuracy of listeners' recognition memory for spoken sentences.

Supplemental Materials

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.5848059
Die prähospitale Versorgung der schwangeren Traumapatientin
Authors: Weißleder Anne , Fitzgerald Justine , Hossfeld Björn , Lampl Lorenz , Helm Matthias , Treffer Dominik 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDie notfallmedizinische Versorgung von schwangeren Traumapatientinnen ist ein seltenes Einsatzszenario. Das Rettungsteam muss sich mit 2 Patienten auseinandersetzen – der Mutter und dem ungeborenen Kind. Erschwerend tritt hinzu, dass für den Notfallmediziner die Versorgung schwangerer Patientinnen häufig keine Routinetätigkeit darstellt. In dieser Situation ist ein strukturiertes Vorgehen in der Patientenversorgung, unter Beachtung der graviditätsspezifischen Besonderheiten, essenziell.
Subspecialized Radiological Reporting Expedites Turnaround Time of Radiology Reports and Increases Productivity
Authors: Stern Christoph , Boehm Thomas , Seifert Burkhardt , Kawel-Boehm Nadine 
Published: February 2018

Introduction To assess the impact of changing from general to subspecialized reporting on turnaround time of radiology reports (TAT), the fraction of radiology reports available within 24 hours (R< 24 h) and productivity.
Materials and Methods Reporting workflow in our radiology department was changed from general reporting (radiologists report imaging studies of all areas [neuroradiological, abdominal, musculoskeletal imaging et cetera]) to subspecialized reporting (radiologists solely report imaging studies of their subspecialty field [e. g. musculoskeletal]). TAT, R< 24 h and productivity were calculated for a 12-month period of general reporting (January-December 2012) and compared to a 12-month period of subspecialized reporting (April 2014-March 2015) using Mann Whitney U-test, Pearson chi-square test and odds ratios, respectively.
Results Report TAT decreased from a median of 17:04 hours (h) during general reporting to 3:38 h during subspecialized reporting, resulting in a 4.7-fold improvement (p < 0.001). R< 24 h improved significantly from 65 % to 87 % (p < 0.001). The odds of a radiology report being available < 24 h was 3.6- fold higher during subspecialized compared to general reporting. Productivity increased from a median of 301 to 376 (reports/full-time radiologist/month) (p = 0.001).
Conclusion Changing the workflow from general to subspecialized reporting significantly improved the turnaround time of radiology reports, the fraction of radiology reports available within 24 hours and productivity.
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A Trunk Stabilization Exercise Warm-up May Reduce Ankle Injuries in Junior Soccer Players
Authors: Imai Atsushi , Imai Takeshi , Iizuka Satoshi , Kaneoka Koji 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a trunk stabilization exercise warm-up program in reducing the incidence of lower extremity injuries among male junior soccer players. Two junior soccer teams participated in this study. The intervention (INT) team performed three trunk stabilization exercises before practice sessions and games, while a control (CON) team performed their usual warm-up without trunk exercises. Both teams engaged in regular soccer training and games, and were followed for the incidence of injury. As a result, overall injury incidence rates (IRs) were 2.65 injuries/1,000 h and 4.94 injuries/1,000 h in the INT and CON teams, respectively (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.32-0.89, p=0.013). The IR of acute injuries was significantly lower in the INT team (1.91 injuries/1,000 h) than in the CON team (4.06 injuries/1,000 h) (IRR=0.47, 95%CI=0.26-0.84, p=0.009). Regarding injury sites, the IRs of ankle injuries in the INT team (0.32 injuries/1,000 h) were significantly lower than that in the CON team (2.28 injuries/1,000 h) (IRR=0.14, 95%CI=0.04-0.47, p<0.001). These results suggest that a warm-up program comprising trunk stabilization exercises alone can prevent acute injuries, especially ankle injuries.
Die Schlüsselrolle der Multiomics in Prädiktion, Prävention und personalisierter Behandlung vom Glaukom
Authors: Golubnitschaja Olga 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungWeltweit sind derzeit um die 70 Mio. Glaukompatienten registriert. Nach der proliferativen diabetischen Retinopathie ist das Glaukom die zweitführende Ursache menschlicher Blindheit. Diese Gesamtsituation benötigt die Entwicklung neuer, viel effizienterer Konzepte. Innovative Strategien der prädiktiven, präventiven und personalisierten Medizin (PPPM) sollen einen wesentlichen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Glaukomvorsorge und eine personalisierte Behandlung der Betroffenen effektiv zu verbessern. Zu den komplexen PPPM-Maßnahmen gehören: Einführung individualisierter Patientenprofile, „Phänotypisierung“, molekulare Charakterisierung der Krankheitsvorstufen, innovative Screeningprogramme, Patientenstratifizierung, Früh- und Prädiktivdiagnose, gezielte Prävention und Ausarbeitung personalisierter Behandlungsmodalitäten. Die Hauptakteure sind die Glaukomforscher, Augenärzte, Hausärzte, Risikogruppen, spezialisierte medizinische Einheiten, betroffene Patienten und deren Familienmitglieder, Krankenkassen, politische Entscheidungsträger, diagnostische und pharmazeutische Industrie. Von einer effektiven Implementierung der PPPM-Maßnahmen werden sowohl die bereits aufgelisteten Gruppen als auch die Gesamtpopulation profitieren, da die ökonomisch gesehen wesentlich verbesserte Bilanz eine große Rolle im Gesundheitssektor spielen würde.
Molecular design of stable diarylnitroxides
Authors: Magdesieva Tatiana V. , Levitskiy Oleg A. 
Published: February 2018

The review is devoted to diarylnitroxides, which constitute an important type of organic radicals. These compounds are much less investigated than their alkyl counterparts. Meanwhile, they are of great interest, since they provide extensive opportunities for targeted structural modification and control of electronic properties of a molecule for a particular practical application. The existing trends of molecular design of stable diarylnitroxides and general approaches to their synthesis are discussed. Structural details and spin density distribution in diarylnitroxides are considered. Factors determining the stability of both the diarylnitroxide radicals and their oxidized and reduced forms and the redox properties of this class of organic radicals are addressed.
The bibliography includes 128 references.
Two nondescriptivist views of normative and evaluative statements
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe dominant route to nondescriptivist views of normative and evaluative language is through the expressivist idea that normative terms have distinctive expressive roles in conveying our attitudes. This paper explores an alternative route based on two ideas. First, a core normative term ‘ought’ is a modal operator; and second, modal operators play a distinctive nonrepresentational role in generating meanings for the statements in which they figure. I argue that this provides for an attractive alternative to expressivist forms of nondescriptivism about normative language. In the final section of the paper, I explore ways it might be extended to evaluative language.
Identification of proteins that bind to the neuroprotective agent neoechinulin A
Authors: Kamisuki Shinji , Himeno Natsumi , Tsurukawa Yukine , Kusayanagi Tomoe , Takeno Masahiro , Kamakura Takashi , Kuramochi Kouji , Sugawara Fumio 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Neoechinulin A is an indole alkaloid with several biological activities. We previously reported that this compound protects neuronal PC12 cells from cytotoxicity induced by the peroxynitrite generator 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), but the target proteins and precise mechanism of action of neoechinulin A were unclear. Here, we employed a phage display screen to identify proteins that bind directly with neoechinulin A. Our findings identified two proteins, chromogranin B and glutaredoxin 3, as candidate target binding partners for the alkaloid. QCM analyses revealed that neoechinulin A displays high affinity for both chromogranin B and glutaredoxin 3. RNA interference-mediated depletion of chromogranin B decreased the sensitivity of PC12 cells against SIN-1. Our results suggested chromogranin B is a plausible target of neoechinulin A.
Optimal control for Malaria disease through vaccination
Authors: Munzir Said , Nasir Muhammad , Ramli Marwan 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by an amoeba (single-celled animal) type of plasmodium where anopheles mosquito serves as the carrier. This study examines the optimal control problem of malaria disease spread based on Aron and May (1982) SIR type models and seeks the optimal solution by minimizing the prevention of the spreading of malaria by vaccine. The aim is to investigate optimal control strategies on preventing the spread of malaria by vaccination. The problem in this research is solved using analytical approach. The analytical method uses the Pontryagin Minimum Principle with the symbolic help of MATLAB software to obtain optimal control result and to analyse the spread of malaria with vaccination control.
BMP4 facilitates beige fat biogenesis via regulating adipose tissue macrophages
Authors: Qian Shu-Wen , Wu Meng-Yuan , Wang Yi-Na , Zhao Ya-Xin , Zou Ying , Pan Jia-Bao , Tang Yan , Liu Yang , Guo Liang , Tang Qi-Qun 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Thermogenic beige fat improves metabolism and prevents obesity. Emerging evidence shows that the activation of M2 macrophages stimulates beige adipogenesis, whereas the activation of M1 macrophages, which play a major role in inflammation, impedes beige adipogenesis. Thus, the identification of factors that regulate adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) will help clarify the mechanism involved in beiging. Here, we found that one of the secreted proteins in adipose tissue, namely, BMP4, alters the ATM profile in subcutaneous adipose tissue by activating M2 and inhibiting M1 macrophages. Mechanistically, the BMP4-stimulated p38/MAPK/STAT6/PI3K–AKT signalling pathway is involved. Meanwhile, BMP4 improved the potency of M2 macrophages to induce beige fat biogenesis. Considering that the overexpression of BMP4 in adipose tissue promotes the beiging of subcutaneous adipose tissue and improves insulin sensitivity, these findings provide evidence that BMP4 acts as an activator of beige fat by targeting immuno-metabolic pathways.
Graphics for physicists
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
While the visualization of data is critical for many scientific applications, the development of programs to render geometrical forms in real time, providing interactive control over viewpoint and angle, animation, and/or user interaction, can be complicated for a scientist. The need to master unfamiliar technology such as graphics engines, windowing software, and graphical user interfaces constitute major challenges. An introduction to the graphical display of data using the Coin3d toolkit for object modeling and rendering is given. The Qt library for graphical user interfacing and the SoQt package, which serves as “glue” between Qt and Coin3d are also presented. Applications to visualizing fractal geometries, three-dimensional objects, and random data are presented.
The European Court of Justice as a Political Actor
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Chapter 2 summarizes research in political science on the ECJ as a political actor. Discussions about the Court have for a long time focused on the question of ‘judicial activism’ versus member-state control of the Court. The support of the EU’s legal community, the Commission, the litigation of private actors, and member-state courts has been important for the Court’s development of case law. It is argued that current analyses have overlooked the importance of ‘over-constitutionalization’, in light of the Treaty’s detailed policy aims. Case law shares the Treaty’s constitutional status. Its detailed policy prescriptions cannot be overruled. In addition, a Court that pays attention to member states’ preferences will have a significant impact on policy if its rulings establish policy requirements derived from the constitution.
Case-Law Development between Path Dependence and Legal Uncertainty
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns to the analysis of case-law development. The overlapping nature of EU and domestic legal orders, coupled with the great material detail in the EU Treaty, leads to a state of legal uncertainty concerning the reach of EU law. Some private actors benefit from drawing on this supranational, alternative legal setting. The interpretation of the four freedoms and citizenship shows that legal uncertainty about the Treaty’s ever-broader scope is embedded in a path-dependent interpretation of rights. Principles established in one area are transferred to other areas, as most private actors perceive there to be benefits from such a transfer and legitimize their claims through established principles. Legal uncertainty and path dependence appear contradictory, but they are helpful concepts for understanding how the Court can further the stability and predictability of European law while giving new incentives for further integration.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmidt Susanne K. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s findings on whether the ECJ is activist. The impact of the ECJ does not require permanent activism, but rather the Court’s significance is tied to the constitutional nature of its case law. Incremental developments of a constitution have huge implications—those rulings that are deferential to member states cannot offset this importance. Because of the different time perspectives of judicial and political actors, the impact of case law is generally overlooked, as a result of its incremental nature. From a normative perspective, the ECJ’s impact on policy not only leads to further negative integration, but it also withdraws options from majoritarian decision-making. What can be learnt that can be applied to the study of international courts? The chapter closes with a few remarks on where European integration research should go from here.
Selfenergy
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe averaged wave functions allow defining the transport vertex. For the correlation functions this leads to the Generalised Kadanoff and Baym formalism with the Langreth–Wilkins rules. The meaning of the selfenergy is explored. The Green’s function is a secular equation in which the complicated motion of a particle during interaction is represented by the selfenergy. The quasiparticle picture is applicable to long trajectories, where the averaged velocity is of interest. In processes like emission, the Doppler shift depends on the local velocity and one has to return to the microscopic picture. The application scheme how to construct and use the selfenergy is presented.
Properties of Non-Instant and Nonlocal Corrections
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe derived nonlocal and non-instant shifts are discussed with respect to various symmetries and gauges. The classical counterparts are derived and found in agreement with the expected phenomenological ones from chapter 3. The explicit forms of the hard-sphere like offsets and the delay time in terms of the scattering phase shifts are calculated and discussed on the example of nuclear collision. The numerical results reveal an interesting inside into the microscopic correlations developed in dependence on the scattering angle and scattering energy. The just-accomplished derivation of the nonlocal scattering integrals is far from being intuitive. We have reached our task, the kinetic equation, being guided by nothing but systematic implementation of the quasiclassical approximation and the limit of small scattering rates.
Nonequilibrium Quantum Hydrodynamics
Authors: Morawetz Klaus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe balance equations resulting from the nonlocal kinetic equation are derived. They show besides the Landau-like quasiparticle contributions explicit two-particle correlated parts which can be interpreted as molecular contributions. It looks like as if two particles form a short-living molecule. All observables like density, momentum and energy are found as a conserving system of balance equations where the correlated parts are in agreement with the forms obtained when calculating the reduced density matrix with the extended quasiparticle functional. Therefore the nonlocal kinetic equation for the quasiparticle distribution forms a consistent theory. The entropy is shown to consist also of a quasiparticle part and a correlated part. The explicit entropy gain is proved to complete the H-theorem even for nonlocal collision events. The limit of Landau theory is explored when neglecting the delay time. The rearrangement energy is found to mediate between the spectral quasiparticle energy and the Landau variational quasiparticle energy.
Perspectives on Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Isinika Aida Cuthbert 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The chapter frames the book in terms of the recent debates on smallholder agriculture and the empirical context of sub-Saharan Africa and presents the aims of the book. Moreover, it outlines the theoretical basis for the book departing from theoretical perspectives on pro-poor agricultural growth, gender-based differences in agricultural productivity, linkages to the non-farm sector, and gender-based aspects of such diversification. The chapter details the research design employed by the project and how it has evolved over time, and lists the countries and regions in which the data have been collected. The longitudinal data gathered in 2002, 2008 and 2013/15 are described, as are the complementary qualitative data collected since 2008. Finally, the chapter summarizes the structure of the book.
African Smallholder Farmers on the Move: Farm and Non-Farm Trends for Six Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2002–15
Authors: Jirström Magnus , Bustos Maria Archila , Loison Sarah Alobo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad descriptive background of central aspects of smallholder agriculture in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It offers an up-to-date picture of the current trends of crop production, area productivity, levels of commercialization, and sources of cash incomes among 2,500 farming households. Structured around smallholder production, commercialization, and diversification in the period 2002–15, the chapter points on the one hand at persistent challenges such as low crop yields, low levels of output per farm, and a high degree of subsistence farming, and on the other hand at positive change over time in terms of growth in crop production and increasing levels of commercialization. It points at large variations not only between countries and time periods but also at the village levels, where gaps in crop productivity between farms remain large. Implicitly it points at the potential yet to be exploited in the SSA smallholder sector.
Spatial and Gendered Linkages Between Non-Farm Diversification and Farm Productivity in Ghana
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Sarpong Daniel B. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter uses both household panel and cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity; is asks whether the gender of the diversifier matters for the relationship. The full sample results provide no evidence that non-farm earning has any effect on farm labour productivity. Region-specific nuances exist, however. The chapter finds that increasing non-farm earnings reduces average farm productivity in poor regions but not in rich regions. The data also provide support for the hypothesis that the gender of the non-farm diversifier matters. Even so, there are spatial nuances: in agro-ecologically more dynamic regions, farm labour productivity is significantly decreasing with women’s non-farm earnings but increasing with men’s, whereas in less dynamic regions only men’s non-farm earnings exert a significant negative effect on farm labour productivity. The chapter concludes that the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity is context-specific.
Gauge theories
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
After reviewing electrodynamics as the special case of an abelian gauge theory, this local symmetry is generalised to non-abelian gauge theories. The curvature of space-time is introduced as analogue of the non-abelian field-strength. Non-abelian gauge theories are quantised using the Fadeev–Popov method and the resulting Feynman rules are derived.
Renormalisation I: Perturbation theory
Authors: Kachelriess Michael 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
After giving an overview about regularisation and renormalisation methods, this chapter shows the calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron in QED. Using a power counting argument, non-, super- and renormalisable theories are distinguish from one another. The structure of the divergences and perturbative renormalisation is discussed for the case of the λϕ4 theory. regularisation methods, renormalisation schemes, anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, power counting, renormalisation of the λϕ4 theory.