bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Treatment Allocation in Two‐Way Nested Designs
Authors: van Breukelen Gerard J. P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The usual treatment allocation in randomized trials and their factorial and nested extensions is balanced, that is, with equal sample size in each treatment arm. This is optimal only when the variances and study costs are the same in both treatment arms or when the ratio of treatment‐specific variances is equal to the ratio of treatment‐specific costs. Focusing on 2 × 2 cluster randomized trials with a quantitative outcome, this article shows the effects of heterogeneity of variance and costs on the optimal treatment allocation. Essentially, that allocation assigns a larger part of the sample to the treatment arm with a larger variance and lower costs. Since outcome variances are unknown in the design stage of a trial, references are given to robust design.
Group Testing for Identification
Authors: Bilder Christopher R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGrouping (pooling) items together and testing them as one unit for a binary trait is the process known concurrently as group testing and pooled testing. As long as trait prevalence is small, group testing can lead to significant reductions in the number of tests when compared to testing each item individually. The purpose of this article is to outline commonly used group‐testing algorithms and describe how to calculate their corresponding operating characteristics. Focus is on using group testing to identify whether an item has a particular trait rather than estimating the probability an item has this trait.
Real‐World Effectiveness of Common Treatment Strategies for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results From a Canadian Cohort
Authors: Chhabra Amieleena , Oen Kiem , Huber Adam M. , Shiff Natalie J. , Boire Gilles , Benseler Susanne M. , Berard Roberta A. , Scuccimarri Rosie , Feldman Brian M. , Lim Lily Siok Hoon , Barsalou Julie , Bruns Alessandra , Cabral David A. , Chédeville Gaëlle , Ellsworth Janet , Houghton Kristin , Lang Bianca , Morishita Kimberly , Rumsey Dax G. , Rosenberg Alan M. , Tse Shirley M. , Watanabe Duffy Karen , Duffy Ciaran M. , Guzman Jaime ,   ReACCh‐Out Investigators
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveUndervaluing the effectiveness of conventional treatments may lead to overtreatment with biologic medications in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Using data from a nationwide inception cohort and strict methods to control bias, the aim of our study was to estimate the real‐world effectiveness of simple JIA treatment strategies recommended in current guidelines.MethodsChildren with JIA who were recruited at 16 Canadian centers from 2005 to 2010 were followed for up to 5 years. For each child, all observed treatment changes over time were assessed by independent physicians using prospectively collected data and published response criteria. Success was defined as attainment of inactive disease or maintenance of this state when stepping down treatment; minimally active disease was deemed acceptable for children with polyarticular JIA. Success rates were calculated for treatments tried ≥25 times, and logistic regression analysis identified features associated with success.ResultsA total of 4,429 treatment episodes were observed in 1,352 children. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) monotherapy was attempted 697 times, mostly as initial treatment when <5 joints were involved, with a 54.4% success rate (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 50.3–58.6). NSAIDs plus joint injections had a 64.7% success rate (95% CI 59.8–69.7). Adding methotrexate to NSAIDs and/or joint injections (attempted 566 times) had a 60.5% success rate (95% CI 55.7–65.3). In adjusted analyses, each additional active joint reduced chances of success for treatment with NSAIDs (odds ratio [OR] 0.90 [95% CI 0.85–0.94]) and for methotrexate combinations (OR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94–0.99]). Each additional year after disease onset reduced chances of success for treatment with methotrexate combinations (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.72–0.95]).ConclusionThese real‐world effectiveness estimates show that conventional nonbiologic treatment strategies that are recommended in current guidelines are effective in achieving treatment targets in many children with JIA.
Recent Advances on Black Phosphorus for Biomedicine and Biosensing
Authors: Ge Xiaoxiao , Xia Zhonghong , Guo Shaojun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBlack phosphorus nanostructures (nano‐BPs) include BP nanosheets, BP quantum dots, and BP nanoparticles. Since first being discovered in 2014, nano‐BP has become one of the most popular nanomaterials. Nano‐BP has many unique properties, such as excellent surface activity, tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, moderate on/off ratio, excellent biocompatibility, good biodegradation, etc., all of which make nano‐BP particularly attractive in biomedicine and biosensing. This review article comprehensively summarizes recent advances in synthesis, functionalization, biomedicine, and biosensing applications of nano‐BP. Different methods are first introduced, such as mechanical cleavage, liquid‐phase ultrasonic exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, solvothermal treatment, and acoustic‐microfluidic stripping, for making the nano‐BP. Then two strategies are emphasized to enhance ambient stability of nano‐BP, namely physical encapsulation and chemical modification. Next, how to develop nano‐BP as advanced imaging agents, nanocarriers, and nanomedicine for bioimaging (fluorescence imaging, thermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging) and disease treatment (phototherapy and photo/chemical/immune synergistic therapy) is demonstrated. The biosensing applications on nano‐BP is introduced, including electrochemical biosensor, fluorescence biosensor, chemiluminescence biosensor, electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor, and colorimetric biosensor. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on nano‐BP in bioapplications are discussed.
Biomimetic Materials with Multiple Protective Functionalities
Authors: Liu Zenghe , Zhang Luzhi , Guan Qingbao , Guo Yifan , Lou Jiaming , Lei Dong , Wang Shuliang , Chen Shuo , Sun Lijie , Xuan Huixia , Jeffries Eric Meade , He Chuanglong , Qing Feng‐Ling , You Zhengwei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNatural tissues possess superior material properties such as self‐healing, mechanical robustness, and mechanical gradients that allow organisms to adapt and survive in dangerous environments. Although highly desired, imparting synthetic materials with these biomimetic protective features remains a challenge. Here, the versatile dimethylglyoxime–urethane (DOU) moiety is used to create a multifunctional polyurethane (DOU‐PU). The reactivities of DOU including reversible dissociation, metal coordination, photolysis enabled self‐healing, high strength and toughness, mechanical gradient formation, and spatially controlled functionalization. By incorporating DOU, a multifunctional protective film is produced with superior resistance to mechanical damage, rapid room temperature self‐healing, and anti‐counterfeiting features. This super biomimetic film is expected to be very useful for the protection of various types of valuable objects such as electronics, diplomas, currency, and automobiles.
A Hierarchical Nanoparticle‐in‐Micropore Architecture for Enhanced Mechanosensitivity and Stretchability in Mechanochromic Electronic Skins
Authors: Park Jonghwa , Lee Youngoh , Barbee Meredith H. , Cho Soowon , Cho Seungse , Shanker Ravi , Kim Jinyoung , Myoung Jinyoung , Kim Minsoo P. , Baig Chunggi , Craig Stephen L. , Ko Hyunhyub 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBiological tissues are multiresponsive and functional, and similar properties might be possible in synthetic systems by merging responsive polymers with hierarchical soft architectures. For example, mechanochromic polymers have applications in force‐responsive colorimetric sensors and soft robotics, but their integration into sensitive, multifunctional devices remains challenging. Herein, a hierarchical nanoparticle‐in‐micropore (NP‐MP) architecture in porous mechanochromic polymers, which enhances the mechanosensitivity and stretchability of mechanochromic electronic skins (e‐skins), is reported. The hierarchical NP‐MP structure results in stress‐concentration‐induced mechanochemical activation of mechanophores, significantly improving the mechanochromic sensitivity to both tensile strain and normal force (critical tensile strain: 50% and normal force: 1 N). Furthermore, the porous mechanochromic composites exhibit a reversible mechanochromism under a strain of 250%. This architecture enables a dual‐mode mechanochromic e‐skin for detecting static/dynamic forces via mechanochromism and triboelectricity. The hierarchical NP‐MP architecture provides a general platform to develop mechanochromic composites with high sensitivity and stretchability.
Valley‐Hall Photonic Topological Insulators with Dual‐Band Kink States
Authors: Chen Qiaolu , Zhang Li , He Mengjia , Wang Zuojia , Lin Xiao , Gao Fei , Yang Yihao , Zhang Baile , Chen Hongsheng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExtensive researches have revealed that valley, a binary degree of freedom (DOF), can be an excellent candidate of information carrier. Recently, valley DOF is introduced into photonic systems, and several valley‐Hall photonic topological insulators (PTIs) are experimentally demonstrated. However, in the previous valley‐Hall PTIs, topological kink states only work at a single frequency band, which limits potential applications in multiband waveguides, filters, communications, and so on. To overcome this challenge, here a valley‐Hall PTI, where the topological kink states exist at two separated frequency bands, is experimentally demonstrated in a microwave substrate‐integrated circuitry. Both the simulated and experimental results demonstrate the dual‐band valley‐Hall topological kink states are robust against the sharp bends of the internal domain wall with negligible intervalley scattering. This work may pave the way for multichannel substrate‐integrated photonic devices with high efficiency and high capacity for information communications and processing.
Spontaneous Self‐Assembly of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets into Cuboid Crystals with High Intensity Blue Emission
Authors: Bi Chenghao , Wang Shixun , Kershaw Stephen V. , Zheng Kaibo , Pullerits Tönu , Gaponenko Sergey , Tian Jianjun , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractColloidal all‐inorganic perovskite nanocrystals have gained significant attention as a promising material for both fundamental and applied research due to their excellent emission properties. However, reported photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) of blue‐emitting perovskite nanocrystals are rather low, mostly due to the fact that the high energy excitons for such wide bandgap materials are easily captured by interband traps, and then decay nonradiatively. In this work, it is demonstrated how to tackle this issue, performing self‐assembly of 2D perovskite nanoplatelets into larger size (≈50 nm × 50 nm × 20 nm) cuboid crystals. In these structures, 2D nanoplatelets being isolated from each other within the cuboidal scaffold by organic ligands constitute multiple quantum wells, where exciton localization on potential disorder sites helps them to bypass nonradiative channels present in other platelets. As a result, the cuboid crystals show an extremely high PL QY of 91% of the emission band centered at 480 nm. Moreover, using the same synthetic method, mixed‐anion CsPb(Br/Cl)3 cuboid crystals with blue emission peaks ranging from 452 to 470 nm, and still high PL QYs in the range of 72–83% are produced.
Mapping first‐line health care providers' roles, practices, and impacts on care for workers with compensable musculoskeletal disorders in four jurisdictions: A critical interpretive synthesis
Authors: Hudon Anne , Lippel Katherine , MacEachen Ellen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundFirst‐line health care providers are the primary access point for workers' benefits. However, little is known about their impact on quality of care and return‐to‐work. Our objective was to critically compare literature on the practices of first‐line providers for workers with musculoskeletal injuries in Ontario and Quebec (Canada), Washington State (United States), and Victoria (Australia).MethodsA critical interpretive synthesis of peer‐reviewed scientific literature was conducted. The search across six databases yielded 59 relevant publications that were critically appraised.ResultsThree themes emerged: 1) how policies about first‐line health care providers' modulate worker access to care, 2) how these providers' roles, practices, and training shape disability management, and 3) how the quality of care and disability outcomes are evaluated.ConclusionsFirst‐line health care providers have a critical influence on workers' trajectories of care. A focus on their role while taking the complexity of the context into account will help orient future policy changes.
Work injuries in internal migrants to Alberta, Canada. Do workers' compensation records provide an unbiased estimate of risk?
Authors: Cherry Nicola , Galarneau Jean‐Michel , Haan Michael , Haynes Whitney , Lippel Katherine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionIt is not known whether out‐of‐province Canadians, who travel to Alberta for work, are at increased risk of occupational injury.MethodsWorkers' compensation board (WCB) claims in 2013 to 2015 for those injured in Alberta were extracted by home province. Denominator data, from Statistics Canada, indicated the numbers from Alberta and Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) employed in Alberta in 2012. Both datasets were stratified by industry, age, and gender. Logistic regression estimated the risk of a worker from NL making a WCB claim in 2013 or 2014, stratified by time lost from work. Bias from under‐reporting was examined in responses to injury questions in a cohort of trades' workers across Canada and in a pilot study in Fort McMurray, Alberta.ResultsInjury reporting rate in workers from NL was lower than those from Alberta, with a marked deficit (odds ratio [OR] = 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12‐0.27) for injuries resulting in 1 to 30 days off work. Among the 1520 from Alberta in the trades' cohort, 327 participants reported 444 work injuries: 34.5% were reported to the WCB, rising to 69.4% in those treated by a physician. A total of 52 injuries in Alberta were recorded by 151 workers in the Fort McMurray cohort. In logistic regression, very similar factors predicted WCB reporting in the trades and Fort McMurray cohorts, but those from out‐of‐province or recently settled in Alberta were much less likely to report (OR = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.00‐0.40).ConclusionDifferential rates of under‐reporting explain in part the overall low estimates of injuries in interprovincial workers but not the deficit in time‐loss 1 to 30 days.
Sickness presenteeism: Are we sure about what we are studying? A research based on a literature review and an empirical illustration
Authors: Navarro Albert , Salas‐Nicás Sergio , Llorens Clara , Moncada Salvador , Molinero‐Ruíz Emilia , Moriña David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere has been an increasing interest in studying sickness presenteeism (SP). An ever‐increasing amount of scientific literature is published using this term, yet there appears to be considerable heterogeneity in how it is assessed, which could result in substantial differences in the definition and interpretation of the phenomenon really being studied. We aim to discuss what really is being studied, depending on how the phenomenon is operationalized, measured, and analyzed.MethodsA study based on a literature review and an empirical illustration using data of the third Spanish Psychosocial Risks Survey (2016).ResultsDifferences are observed based on the population in which SP is measured, the cut‐off points used to define a worker as presenteeist, the reasons for an SP episode and even an analysis of the phenomenon treated as a count or as a dichotomous.ConclusionsWithout being completely exclusive, it seems that restricting the population of analysis to only those workers who consider that they should not have gone to work due to their health, and/or establishing low cut‐off points to define someone as presenteeist, would more clearly delimit the study of SP to the exercise of a right to sick leave. In contrast, working with the entire population or using high cut‐off points appears to relate the study of SP more with health status and less with the exercise of rights. On the other hand, taking the reasons for SP into account would probably help to improve interpretation of the phenomenon.
Pain in hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome: New insights using new criteria
Authors: Bénistan Karelle , Martinez Valeria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFeatures of the pain in hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (hEDS) are complex and insufficiently known by clinicians. We enrolled 37 hEDS patients. Disease status was ascertained using revised 2017 International Classification criteria, in the EDS French National Reference Center. Patients were evaluated with a clinical examination, quantitative sensory testing, and validated questionnaires. Thirty‐seven patients were evaluated. Pain had appeared at 10 ± 5 years old and became chronic at 20 ± 9 years old. hEDS was diagnosed at only 24 ± 10 years old. Ninety‐seven percent of them had severe chronic pain, which gradually increased over time in 75% of them. The main location of pain was in joints and predominated in lower limbs. Patients with a generalized presentation of pain had older chronic pain and a higher impact on the affective component. Neuropathic pain was frequent in the most painful joint and associated with heat hypoesthesia. An asymmetric proprioception was found in one third of the patients. A very high rate of attempted suicide was observed. To conclude, pain in hEDS is severe, chronic, and disabling. Sensorial and proprioceptive sensibilities are also affected. Peripheral neuropathic pain is frequent and central sensitization appears to be a key step in the evolution of disease.
A Comprehensive Review of Materials with Catalytic Effects in Li–S Batteries: Enhanced Redox Kinetics
Authors: Lim Won‐Gwang , Kim Seoa , Jo Changshin , Lee Jinwoo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are cost‐effective and high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the insulating nature of active materials, the shuttle effect, and slow redox kinetics lead to severe capacity decay and low rate capabilities. Numerous multimodal approaches have been attempted to tackle these issues and have pushed the cycle stability and energy density to higher levels. Recently, accelerating the redox kinetics using catalytic materials has been considered as a means to realize high‐performance LSBs. In this Minireview, we provide an insightful overview of the advances in the design of LSB catalytic materials and mechanistic descriptions of their catalytic activities.
Nature's Combinatorial Biosynthesis Produces Vatiamides A–F
Authors: Moss Nathan A. , Seiler Grant , Leão Tiago F. , Castro‐Falcón Gabriel , Gerwick Lena , Hughes Chambers C. , Gerwick William H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHybrid type I PKS/NRPS biosynthetic pathways typically proceed in a collinear manner wherein one molecular building block is enzymatically incorporated in a sequence that corresponds to gene arrangement. In this work, genome mining combined with the use of a fluorogenic azide‐based click probe led to the discovery and characterization of vatiamides A–F, three structurally diverse alkynylated lipopeptides, and their brominated analogues, from the cyanobacterium Moorea producens ASI16Jul14‐2. These derive from a unique combinatorial non‐collinear PKS/NRPS system encoded by a 90 kb gene cluster in which an upstream PKS cassette interacts with three separate cognate NRPS partners. This is facilitated by a series of promiscuous intermodule PKS‐NRPS docking motifs possessing identical amino acid sequences. This interaction confers a new type of combinatorial capacity for creating molecular diversity in microbial systems.
Strong Metal–Support Interactions between Copper and Iron Oxide during the High‐Temperature Water‐Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Zhu Minghui , Tian Pengfei , Kurtz Ravi , Lunkenbein Thomas , Xu Jing , Schlögl Robert , Wachs Israel E. , Han Yi‐Fan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe commercial high‐temperature water‐gas shift (HT‐WGS) catalyst consists of CuO‐Cr2O3‐Fe2O3, where Cu functions as a chemical promoter to increase the catalytic activity, but its promotion mechanism is poorly understood. In this work, a series of iron‐based model catalysts were investigated with in situ or pseudo in situ characterization, steady‐state WGS reaction, and density function theory (DFT) calculations. For the first time, a strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) between Cu and FeOx was directly observed. During the WGS reaction, a thin FeOx overlayer migrates onto the metallic Cu particles, creating a hybrid surface structure with Cu‐FeOx interfaces. The synergistic interaction between Cu and FeOx not only stabilizes the Cu clusters, but also provides new catalytic active sites that facilitate CO adsorption, H2O dissociation, and WGS reaction. These new fundamental insights can potentially guide the rational design of improved iron‐based HT‐WGS catalysts.
A Smart Photochromic Semiconductor: Breaking the Intrinsic Positive Relation Between Conductance and Temperature
Authors: Sun Cai , Yu Xiao‐Qing , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Guo Guo‐Cong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBreaking the intrinsic rule of semiconductors that conductivity increases with increase of temperature and realizing a dramatic dropping of conductivity at high temperature may arouse new intriguing applications, such as circuit overload or over‐temperature protecting. This goal has now been achieved through T‐type electron‐transfer photochromism of one organic semiconductor assembled by intermolecular cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions. Conductivity of the viologen‐based model semiconductor (H2bipy)(Hox)2 (H2bipy=4,4′‐bipyridin‐1,1′‐dium; ox=oxalate) increased by 2 orders of magnitude after photoinduced electron transfer (a record for photoswitchable organic semiconductors) and generation of radical cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions, and fell by approximately 81 % at 100 °C through reverse electron transfer and degeneration of the radical cation⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The model semiconductor has at least two different electron transfer pathways in the decoloration process.
Katalytische Synthese von Kaliumacyltrifluoroboraten mithilfe chemoselektiver Kreuzkupplung eines bifunktionalen Reagenzes
Authors: Wu Dino , Fohn Nicole A. , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractKaliumacyltrifluoroborate (KATs) werden immer wichtigere funktionelle Gruppen, und somit werden auch allgemeine Methoden für ihre Synthese benötigt. Wir berichten hier über ein bifunktionelles Iminiumreagenz, das sowohl ein Zinn‐Nukleophil als auch eine Trifluoroboratgruppe aufweist. Durch diese Kombination kann man mit Aryl‐ und Vinylhalogeniden chemoselektive Pd0‐katalysierte Migita‐Kosugi‐Stille‐Kreuzkupplungen durchführen, um das entsprechende KAT zu erhalten. Diese Methode macht es zum ersten Mal möglich, α,β‐ungesättigte Acyltrifluoroborate sowie Vorstufen zu Aminosäure‐KATs herzustellen.