bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Dual Use Research of Concern’ and ‘Select Agents’
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCreating a suspect community is a time-consuming task and requires persistence. Once achieved, it is difficult to undo. In security terms, inspiring fear of dual use is one of many successful methods used to create suspicion. The concept of dual use research of concern (DURC) is the idea that scientific knowledge can be created by the worthy, stolen by the malevolent and used to make war on the innocent. On campus, ideas about Islam are currently often viewed as if Islam epitomisesDURC. By this means, a Derridean binary opposition springs up between Islam and the rest, whereby that-which-is-Islam is demeaned and the ‘rest’ is privileged. This emanates from political intervention on campus and creates a risk-averse ‘othering’ approach to students’ interaction with Islam and Muslims and the Western world. In order to demonstrate how this political intervention influences the university curriculum and university life on campus, the termdual usewill function here as a heuristic: the ‘metaphor’ ofDURCshows how certain government ideologies are being used on campus to ‘weaponise’ ideas about Islam as if they are malevolent. Using a complementary and mutually enhancing combination of philosophy, empirical research and policy analysis, three positive solutions are proposed that show how important it is that academics be aware of national policy: first, in order to make people cognisant of the urgent need to offer alternatives to the British counter terrorism programme ‘Prevent’ and the work of the Charity Commission with student societies; second, to support the work of academic subject associations; and third, to create a useful debate about free speech.
Is Exposure to Violence a Persistent Risk Factor for Offending across the Life Course? Examining the Contemporaneous, Acute, Enduring, and Long-term Consequences of Exposure to Violence on Property Crime, Violent Offending, and Substance Use
Authors: Farrell Chelsea , Zimmerman Gregory M. 
Published: July 2018

Objectives: To examine the contemporaneous (cross-sectional), acute (1 year), enduring (5–7 years), and long-term (12–13 years) effects of exposure to violence on offending behaviors. Methods: We analyze four waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health ( N = 7,706). Exposure to violence captures direct (interpersonal victimization and violent threats) and indirect (witnessing violence) experiences with violence. Outcome measures include property crime, violent offending, and substance use. A series of logistic regression models examine the acute, enduring, and long-term effects of exposure to violence on the offending outcomes at each study wave, controlling for exposure to violence, lagged dependent variables, and baseline covariates at all previous waves. Results: The effects of exposure to violence on violent offending persist over time, with effects attenuating over time. However, exposure to violence only has contemporaneous and acute effects on property crime and drug use. Conclusions: Long-term effects of exposure to violence on violent offending are not an artifact of confounding with more recent experiences with violence. Both distal and proximate effects of exposure to violence should be addressed in order to adequately disrupt the overlap between exposure to violence and violent offending.
Diffusion tensor imaging findings of the median nerve before and after carpal tunnel corticosteroid injection in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: a preliminary study
Authors: Hsu Yi-Chih , Yang Fu-Chi , Hsu Hsian-He , Huang Guo-Shu 
Published: July 2018

Background Corticosteroid injections are a popular technique for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) treatment and are believed to provide rapid symptom relief. Purpose To use magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) to determine the association between diffusion values of the median nerve (MN) at several anatomic locations and symptom relief in patients with CTS following corticosteroid injection. Material and Methods MR-DTI was performed on 15 wrists of 12 patients with CTS before and two weeks after ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injections. We recorded the patients’ clinical data including sex, age, side of injection, satisfaction, and symptom relief. Satisfaction and symptom relief were rated using a Likert scale and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ) scale. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the MN at the levels of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), pisiform bone, and hamate bone were determined. Results All patients had ≥50% satisfaction on the injection side. In comparison with baseline values, post-injection ADC was significantly lower ( P = 0.001) but FA was not significantly higher ( P = 0.11) at the pisiform bone level on the injected wrists. At the DRUJ and hamate bone levels, no obvious inter-scan change in FA and ADC ( P > 0.05) was observed. The decrease in ADC at the pisiform bone level strongly correlated with the decrease in BCTQ scores (r = 0.628; P = 0.012). Conclusion Symptom relief in patients with CTS receiving corticosteroid injection is related to the change in ADC of the median nerve at the level of the pisiform bone, as determined using MR-DTI.
Does narrative medicine education improve nursing students’ empathic abilities and academic achievement? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Yang Ningxi , Xiao Han , Cao Yingnan , Li Shiyue , Yan Hong , Wang Yifang 
Published: July 2018

Objective To determine the effectiveness of a narrative medicine educational intervention on the empathic abilities and academic achievement of Chinese nursing students. Methods A cluster randomised controlled trial was conducted between January 2015 and July 2017. Six class clusters (two controls, four interventions) comprising 180 nursing students were included in this trial. After pre-tests to obtain baseline measurements, two control classes (Group 1) attended regular medical education courses, two intervention classes (Group 2) received theoretical narrative medicine education for 1 term, and two intervention classes (Group 3) received narrative medicine education that integrated theory with practice for 2 terms. The empathic ability and academic achievement of the groups were compared, and longitudinal changes in empathic ability were measured. Results Students in Group 3 showed higher empathic ability and academic achievement than students in Group 1. Empathic ability was measured at six time points and showed between-group differences. The empathy scores of students in Group 3 increased abruptly after the two-term intervention. Conclusions Narrative medicine education that combines theory with practice is an effective strategy for improving nursing students’ empathic ability and academic achievement.
Ultrastructural changes in red blood cells in aortic dissection patients under extracorporeal circulation: Atomic force microscopy study
Authors: Deng Li , Yang Hui , Meng Weixin , Chen Yue , Hu Guang , Liu Hongyu 
Published: July 2018

Purpose: During extracorporeal circulation in heart surgery, blood is exposed to non-physiological conditions, such as high shear stress, foreign surfaces, turbulence, and hypothermia. These factors cause damage to the red blood cells, which is manifested by immediate and delayed hemolysis or some changes in the mechanical properties of red blood cells, defined as sublethal trauma. Unfortunately, sublethal trauma is hard to detect, and there is not enough morphological evidence regarding red blood cell sublethal trauma. In this study, red blood cell sublethal trauma was observed after extracorporeal circulation by describing ultrastructural changes in red blood cell membranes using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Methods: Venous blood (2 mL) was collected into heparin tubes from preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative aortic dissection patients for comparison with blood from healthy patients. The red blood cell morphological study (malformations percentage, diameter, height, concavity, and roughness) was performed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Results: Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy imaging analysis revealed that the red blood cell shape changed during extracorporeal circulation and that the red blood cell malformation percentage in the postoperative group was higher than those in the preoperative and intraoperative groups. Most morphological parameters had no obvious changes, except roughness (Ra and Rq) in aortic dissection patients. Atomic force microscopy quantitative analysis indicated that the roughness of red blood cell membranes increased during extracorporeal circulation. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ultrastructural morphological damage occurs to red blood cells membranes due to extracorporeal circulation in aortic dissection patients. In addition, we provided a new parameter (Ra and Rq) to evaluate red blood cell sublethal trauma.
Children and E-Cigarettes: A New Threat to Health
Authors: Binns Colin , Lee Mi Kyung , Low Wah Yun 
Published: July 2018

The widespread availability and use of E-Cigarettes in many countries has established the need for an assessment of their effect on children. By the end of 2017 the number published annually on E-Cigarettes had increased to 2976 and included 171 papers on E-Cigarettes and children. The objective of this commentary is to provide a review and public health perspective on the effects of E-cigarettes on children. There are four public health questions to be answered: 1. Are E-Cigarettes and replenishing fluids toxic on accidental ingestion? 2. If children smoke E-Cigarettes is this harmful? 3. Does exposure to second hand vapour from E-Cigarettes cause harm to children? 4. Are children (adolescents) who use E Cigarettes more likely to begin smoking conventional cigarettes? There were 2229 reported exposures to e-cigarette fluids and liquid nicotine in the USA in 2017 causing cardiovascular symptoms of varying severity. No deaths were reported although the potential is always there. Exposure to E-Cigarette vapor is less dangerous than cigarette smoke. However it does damage pulmonary endothelium in experimental models. No long term studies are yet available on chronic diseases although vapor does contain carcinogens. Adolescents who use E-Cigarettes are more likely to become tobacco smokers. Because of the accumulating evidence of harm to children great caution should be exercised in widening the public promotion and usage of E-Cigarettes. Children should avoid any contact with E-cigarettes or their vapour.
Ultrasonographic findings in cats with acute kidney injury: a retrospective study
Authors: Cole Laura P , Mantis Panagiotis , Humm Karen 
Published: July 2018

Objectives The aims of the study were to identify the ultrasonographic findings in cats with acute kidney injury (AKI) and to assess whether they had prognostic value. Methods This was a descriptive case series. A search of the computerised records of the Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (Hatfield, UK) was performed for cats presenting with AKI between 2007 and 2016. Patients were excluded if they had historical data consistent with chronic kidney disease. Ultrasound images were reviewed for the presence of six renal ultrasonographic abnormalities: nephromegaly, cortical and medullary echogenicity, pyelectasia, and retroperitoneal and peritoneal fluid. Ultrasonographic findings were assessed individually and cumulatively to give an ultrasound score out of 6. Ultrasonographic findings were assessed for association with oligouria/anuria and survival. Results Forty-five cats with AKI fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total, 6.7% (3/45) of cats had normal renal size and architecture. The most common renal ultrasonographic findings were nephromegaly, pyelectasia and increased renal echogenicity. The presence of retroperitoneal fluid was associated with oligouria/anuria. Total ultrasound score (out of 6) was significantly associated with oligouria/anuria and 6 month survival. Conclusions and relevance Ultrasonographic findings are common in cats presenting with AKI. The increasing number of renal ultrasonographic abnormalities and the presence of retroperitoneal fluid alone are associated with oligouria/anuria and a higher ultrasound score may suggest a poorer long-term prognosis.
Restoration Provides Hope for Faunal Recovery: Changes in Primate Abundance Over 45 Years in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Omeja Patrick A. , Kalbitzer Urs , Fan Penglai , Lawes Michael J. 
Published: July 2018

In much of the tropics, the proportion of the land covered by regenerating forest surpasses than in primary forest, thus protecting regenerating forest could offer a valuable conservation opportunity, but only if those lands promote faunal recovery. Chapman et al. documented the recovery of populations of six primate species over up to 45 years in Kibale National Park, Uganda and discovered that in preexisting forest, populations of all species grew, except blue monkeys. Populations (except blue monkeys) also increased by colonizing regenerating forests at previously cleared sites. In many cases, populations in these regenerating areas were of comparable size to those in old-growth forest, and there was little evidence that this population increase corresponded with a decline in neighboring old-growth forests. This research demonstrates the potential for management of regenerating forest to be an effective conservation tool and illustrates the importance of conducting and funding long-term monitoring.
Use of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to facilitate the diagnostic and prognostic distinction between type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury
Authors: Sandoval Yader , Smith Stephen W , Sexter Anne , Schulz Karen , Apple Fred S 
Published: July 2018

Aims: First, describe how acute myocardial infarction criteria are used to diagnose type 1 (T1MI) and 2 (T2MI) myocardial infarction. Second, determine whether subjective or objective criteria are used for T2MI. Third, examine outcomes for T2MI based on the presence or absence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia compared with myocardial injury. Methods and results: Post-hoc analysis of UTROPIA (NCT02060760), a prospective, observational, cohort study involving 1640 consecutive emergency department patients with serial high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I among whom 74 (4.5%) had T1MI, 103 (6.3%) T2MI, and 245 (15%) myocardial injury. Compared with T1MI, patients with T2MI were less likely to have ischemic symptoms (97% vs. 83%), Q waves (24% vs. 1%), new ST-T wave changes (74% vs. 51%), new regional wall motion abnormality (64% vs. 11%), and a culprit lesion on coronary angiography (59% vs. 0%) (all p <0.05). T2MIs were more likely to be diagnosed using subjective criteria (symptoms alone) than T1MI (42% vs. 12%, p <0.0001). Patients with objective T2MI, but not subjective T2MI, had a two-fold increase in early mortality compared with myocardial injury, with 30- and 60-day hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of 2.3 (0.9, 6.2) and 2.0 (0.9, 4.7) respectively. Conclusions: Among patients with T2MI, many cases are diagnosed using subjective criteria. The presence of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia may identify a higher-risk group of T2MI patients in whom early outcomes are worse than myocardial injury. Emphasis on using objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to diagnose T2MI may result in a more precise and specific disease definition.
Welcoming Feedback: Using Family Experience to Design a Pediatric Weight Management Program
Authors: Green Jennifer , Wills Alexandra , Mansfield Elizabeth , Sur Deepy , Zenlea Ian S 
Published: July 2018

Objective: To describe an approach using principles of experience-based codesign (EBCD) and quality improvement (QI) to integrate family experience into the development of a pediatric weight management program. Methods: Clinic development occurred in 3 plan, do, study, act (PDSA) cycles that were driven by family experience data. During these cycles, families were engaged in feedback sessions that informed program development. Staff reflected on feedback and designed and tested changes that would improve service delivery. Results: The first PDSA cycle resulted in the fundamental program parameters and a formalized patient engagement strategy. The second cycle focused on pilot programming, and feedback was used to develop the structured group program. During the third cycle, feedback sessions were embedded into the structured group programs. Program changes included focusing on health rather than weight-based outcomes, adjusting the timing of program offerings, increasing experiential learning opportunities, and providing more opportunities for peer support. Conclusions: Both EBCD and QI methodologies informed the process of family engagement and program development. This pragmatic approach might be useful for the development of other family-centered pediatric programs.
Cancer-associated thrombosis in patients with implanted ports: a prospective multicenter French cohort study (ONCOCIP)
Authors: Decousus Hervé , Bourmaud Aurélie , Fournel Pierre , Bertoletti Laurent , Labruyère Carine , Presles Emilie , Merah Adel , Laporte Silvy , Stefani Laetitia , Piano Francesco Del , Jacquin Jean-Philippe , Meyer Guy , Chauvin Franck 
Published: July 2018

Key PointsThe incidence of venous thromboembolism is high in patients with a solid tumor and implanted port in the real-life practice setting. The risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis differ from those for venous thromboembolism unrelated to the catheter.
The metabolic axis of macrophage and immune cell polarization
Authors: Hobson-Gutierrez Spencer A. , Carmona-Fontaine Carlos 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
The extracellular space of solid tumors ranges from being well-nurtured to being completely ischemic and can serve as a source of intratumoral heterogeneity, determining the behavior and molecular profiles of malignant and stromal cells. Here, we discuss how the metabolic tumor microenvironment modulates the phenotypes of the immune cells that infiltrate tumors, with an emphasis on tumor-associated macrophages. These cells constitute a diverse population that has pro-tumoral and anti-inflammatory properties, and are likened to anti-inflammatory ‘M2’ macrophages. Recent findings show how different metabolic microenvironments specify an array of phenotypic changes in macrophages. In tumors, extracellular metabolite levels vary predictably according to proximity to the vasculature, and phenotypic changes in tumor-associated macrophages and in other immune cells are also predictable. We speculate that this ‘metabolic axis’ of macrophage polarization modulates – and is modulated by – the response to inflammatory cues, creating a wide variety of possible phenotypic states. Understanding how extracellular metabolites influence cell phenotypes allows us to predict how tumor-associated macrophages and other tumor cells might change, with the aim of harnessing this predictability for therapy. Overall, we describe an emerging picture in which chemokines, growth factors and the metabolic tumor microenvironment act together to determine the phenotypes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.
Regulation of PI4P levels by PI4KIIIα during G-protein-coupled PLC signaling in Drosophila photoreceptors
Authors: Balakrishnan Sruthi S. , Basu Urbashi , Shinde Dhananjay , Thakur Rajan , Jaiswal Manish , Raghu Padinjat 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
The activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is a conserved mechanism of receptor-activated cell signaling at the plasma membrane. PLC hydrolyzes the minor membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and continued signaling requires the resynthesis and availability of PI(4,5)P2 at the plasma membrane. PI(4,5)P2 is synthesized by the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P). Thus, a continuous supply of PI4P is essential to support ongoing PLC signaling. While the enzyme PI4KA has been identified as performing this function in cultured mammalian cells, its function in the context of an in vivo physiological model has not been established. In this study, we show that, in Drosophila photoreceptors, PI4KIIIα activity is required to support signaling during G-protein-coupled PLC activation. Depletion of PI4KIIIα results in impaired electrical responses to light, and reduced plasma membrane levels of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2. Depletion of the conserved proteins Efr3 and TTC7 [also known as StmA and L(2)k14710, respectively, in flies], which assemble PI4KIIIα at the plasma membrane, also results in an impaired light response and reduced plasma membrane PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 levels. Thus, PI4KIIIα activity at the plasma membrane generates PI4P and supports PI(4,5)P2 levels during receptor activated PLC signaling.
Il Diritto, La Scienza e La Tecnologia
Authors: Magnolo Stefano , Taurino Alessandro 
Published: July 2018

Le nuove tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione giocano un ruolo rilevante per i sistemi sociali coinvolti. Per questo la descrizione teorica della società non può trascurare la dipendenza sempre maggiore della società moderna dalla tecnologia. Il nostro articolo si prefigge l’obiettivo di esaminare il progresso tecnologico dal punto di vista della evoluzione degli strumenti giuridici regolativi delle nuove tecnologie. Si tratta di un punto di vista sociologico-giuridico dove è in gioco la dinamica dell’evoluzione del diritto rispetto alla evoluzione della società. Diversamente da altri settori del diritto, esempio classico il diritto di famiglia, qui non c’è una tradizione consolidata alla quale riferirsi o da rigettare. Ciò significa che le soluzioni devono essere “inventate” alla luce di paradigmi nuovi che, pur facendo appello a figure giuridiche fondamentali, abbiano una capacità visionaria, siano cioè, come dice Luhmann, “gravidi di futuro”. Il nostro discorso partirà dunque da un inquadramento teorico generale delle dinamiche diritto-tecnologia-società per concludere avendo come riferimento il caso specifico della intelligenza artificiale.
Policy Switch e o Efeito dos Desvios de Mandato para a Representação Democrática
Authors: Andrade Mariana Dionísio de 
Published: July 2018

O objetivo do presente ensaio consiste em apresentar o conceito de representação política no contexto da representação por mandato, das dinâmicas de policy switch e da responsividade ínsita ao cargo político, além de responder à seguinte pergunta: qual o efeito dos desvios de mandato para a participação de eleitores no processo de escolha política? Para responder ao problema de pesquisa, é necessário avaliar o nível de equilíbrio entre responsividade das instituições e solidez democrática, o que será realizado a partir de revisão bibliográfica com base na leitura de conceitos expostos por Susan Stokes, Adam Przeworski, Daniel Treisman, Bingham Powell, Bernard Manin, Ana De La O e Oskar Kurer. Para o ensaio, foi realizada abordagem qualitativa, com suporte em dados obtidos pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e Transparência Internacional para análise de possível coincidência entre a percepção da corrupção e a presença de dinâmicas de policy switch no cenário da competição eleitoral em nível presidencial brasileiro no período pós-redemocratização. É possível concluir que os desvios de mandato, incluindo-se a corrupção e as trocas conscientes de plataforma eleitoral pelos atores políticos, afetam em menor medida a participação política quando há uma accountability eleitoral eficiente.