bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin in Cultures on the Lactate Dehydrogenases of Lymphocytes from Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: RABINOWITZ YALE , DIETZ ALBERT A. , Lubrano Tina , Schimo Inge , Wilhite Betty A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Normal lymphocytes show significant increases in their total LDH content and proportion of M-LDH during the first 24 hours of culture with PHA, while most of them undergo blast-cell formation in three days. The changes in LDH occur before mitosis is a factor in altering the cell population and apparently is the result of PHA action at the genetic loci controlling the synthesis of M- and H-LDH polypeptide subunits.
2. The capacity of lymphocytes from patients with CLL to produce blast-cells and to increase their total LDH activity and M-LDH content varied inversely with the height of the peripheral WBC counts. Sometimes prolongation of incubation to five days permitted LDH and blast-cell changes to become discernible. This perhaps resulted from increase by mitosis in the numbers of cells capable of reacting to PHA.
3. Increase in total LDH and proportion of M-LDH promotes glycolysis which may be needed to supply increased energy requirements for both blast-cell formation and mitosis.
Tissue Culture of Primitive Human Myeloid Cells for the Study of Cellular Proliferation
Authors: SHOHET STEPHEN B. , GARDNER FRANK H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sera from two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia obtained within one hour after irradiation of the spleen inhibited the growth of a stable cell line derived from the blood of a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. This inhibitory factor was stable in vitro for one half hour at 55 C. and for 3 days at -80 C.
Serum from a patient with metastatic carcinoma of the breast following thoracic irradiation did not have a similar effect.
Formation of Cytoplasmic Granules in Human Eosinophilic Myelocytes: An Electron Microscope Autoradiographic Study
Authors: FEDORKO MARTHA E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The intracellular flow of tritiated lysine in human eosinophilic myelocytes was studied by electron microscope autoradiography so that information could be obtained on the formation of eosinophil granules. Bone marrow particles obtained from a patient with a marked increase in the number of bone marrow eosinophils were incubated in vitro for periods up to 150 minutes. The percentage of cytoplasmic grains over the Golgi complex rose from 11 percent at 5 minutes to 28 percent by 30 minutes and fell to 15 percent at 150 minutes. Grains over cytoplasmic granules steadily rose to 37 percent by 150 minutes. These results are statistically significant and demonstrate that: human eosinophilic myelocytes are able to form cytoplasmic granules under the in vitro conditions employed, and that intracellular amino acids or proteins flow through the Golgi complex before incorporation into granules.
Granulocyte Transit from Bone Marrow to Blood
Authors: MALONEY MARY A. , PATT HARVEY M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The release of granulocytes from marrow to blood was studied in the dog by hourly sampling of the peripheral blood from 48 to 143 hours after injection of tritiated thymidine. Labeled granulocytes were classified by grain count and cells with 30 or more grains were considered to represent the progeny of a single generation. The blood curve for the most heavily labeled cells was corrected for exponential cell loss with a T½ of 6 hours. It was possible in this way to determine that granulocyte release from bone marrow was normally distributed with a mean time from labeling as a myelocyte to appearance in blood of 102 ± 13.8 hours. The mean transit time of segmented granulocytes in marrow is about 50 hours, which is indicative of a much larger pool of mature cells than formerly thought.
Chromosomal Studies in Erythroleukemia and Chronic Erythremic Myelosis
Authors: CASTOLDI GIANLUIGI , YAM LUNG T. , MITUS W. J. , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chromosome studies were performed in four cases of erythroleukemia, in one case of acute erythremic myelosis and in one case of chronic erythremic myelosis. Abnormalities were encountered in all of these cases. No consistent patterns were found although clonal lines could be detected in three cases. A common feature in five of the cases was a variable degree of involvement of the chromosomes of the G group (presence of G monosomy in two cases, Ph1-like chromosome in two cases, and a slight reduction in size of a small acrocentric chromosome in 40 per cent of the metaphases in the case of chronic erythremic myelosis). C trisomy was present in one case. These findings indicate that the involvement of groups G and C may represent an important feature of the Di Guglielmo syndrome and suggest a close relationship of this disorder with other myeloproliferative diseases.
In Vitro Measurements of the Effects of Anticoagulants on the Flow Properties of Blood: The Relationship of these Effects to Red Cell Shrinkage
Authors: ROSENBLUM WILLIAM I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Citrate and oxalate increased the viscosity of blood as measured in a capillary viscosimeter. The elevated viscosity was accompanied by erytrhocyte shrinkage, manifest by the decreased hematocrit of blood anticoagulated with either of these agents. Plasma viscosity was not affected. EDTA, which does not alter cell size or shape, also failed to alter blood viscosity, while citrate no longer affected viscosity, if utilized in ACD solution, a milieu which prevents cell shrinkage. When erythrocytes were suspended in hypertonic NaCl, "blood" viscosity was also elevated in comparison to that of suspensions in lower concentrations of NaCl. The data indicate that blood viscosity will be elevated by anticoagulants which are permitted to shrink erythrocytes.
Brief Report: Presence of Erythropoietin in the Plasma of One Anephric Patient
Authors: NAETS J. P. , WITTEK M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thirty-seven plasma samples from eleven anemic anephric patients have been assayed for erythropoietin determination. In one case, a high titer of the hormone was observed after a severe hemorrhage. The significance of this finding is discussed.
Brief Report: Vitamin B12 and Folate Activity in Normal Human Platelets
Authors: WEISS HARVEY J. , KELLY ALAN , HERBERT VICTOR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The vitamin B12 and folate content of human platelets have been determined. The B12 concentration was sixfold that in red cells and one-sixth that in leukocytes. In normal whole blood, with a platelet count of 300,000 per cu. mm., the B12 activity contributed by platelets would be 6-21 pg. per ml. The contribution of platelets to the folate activity of normal whole blood averaged 0.4-1.7 ng. per ml. The folate activity in platelets was one-fifth that in an equal volume of red cells, but unlike red cell folate, was not increased by incubating platelet extracts with plasma.
Characterization and Measurement of Heme Synthetase in Normal Human Bone Marrow
Authors: BOTTOMLEY SYLVIA S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The heme synthetase step in human bone marrow has been characterized in a crude lysate as an enzymatic reaction in that it has a pH optimum of 7.4, is heat labile, and at optimum substrate concentrations is linear with time and enzyme concentration over the first 30 minutes. The Km of iron was found to be 1.7 x 10-5M and for protoporphyrin 1.8 x 10-6M.
High iron concentrations do not affect the enzyme but ascorbic acid and glutathione were found to augment the activity of the enzyme. Pyridoxine and high protoporphyrin concentrations inhibit heme synthetase activity. A negative feedback control of heme synthetase by heme is present in human red cell precursors.
Thrombocytopenic Effect of Ethanol Infusion
Authors: POST ROBERT M. , DESFORGES JANE F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Transient thrombocytopenia was induced by ethanol infusion in an alcoholic patient with transient thrombocytopenia. A fall in activity of Cr51 labeled platelets paralleled the fall in platelet count, but no hepatic or splenic sequestration could be demonstrated. It is postulated that ethanol produced a metabolic alteration in the platelets which led to aggregation and temporary sequestration at an unknown site.
The Effects of Varying Concentrations of Phytohemagglutinin and Conditions of Incubation on the Enhanced Survival of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: RICHTER MAXWELL , NASPITZ CHARLES K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Various concentrations of PHA were utilized to determine the optimal subthreshold concentration of PHA for the maintenance of lymphocytes in vitro. Although 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 ml. of PHA (diluted one hundred-fold) appeared to be similar in effectiveness during the initial 35 days of culture, 0.1 or 0.3 ml. of PHA were more effective over longer periods of time.
2. Whether the culture medium was changed at weekly intervals or not had little effect on the culture during the initial 35 days. Over the long run, however, changing the culture medium every week resulted in a larger number of surviving lymphocytes.
3. Many phagocytic cells could be observed during the entire period of cultare. Most conspicuous were clumps of cells consisting of a central macrophage surrounded by blasts and a few small and medium-sized lymphocytes.
Absorption of Liver-bound Vitamin B12 in Relation to Intrinsic Factor
Authors: OKUDA KUNIO , TAKARA ISAO , FUJII TERUMI 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rat liver containing radioactive native B12 was prepared by repeated injections of 57Co-OH-B12, and absorption of liver B12 was measured in patients with pernicious anemia and in subjects without stomach, using physiologic doses. It was found that absorption of liver B12 was very poor, not superior to that of free OH-B12, and coadministration of IFC markedly enhanced absorption.
In vitro digestion of rat liver with several enzymes, as determined from liberation of dialyzable radioactivity, suggested its easy digestibility. Biochemical studies of the dialyzable products of liver containing 57Co-B12 failed to demonstrate any detectable quantities of radioactivity other than free 57Co-OH-B12. A study in which cow liver powder mixed with a small quantity of 57Co-CN-B12 was fed to humans and digestion of liver was estimated from the reduction in absorption of radioactivity, indicated that most of the extractable liver B12 was liberated free in the intestine. Thus, no evidence has been obtained for the production of B12-peptide complexes from liver by digestion that require no IF for absorption.
Hemoglobin Gun Hill: An Unstable Protein Associated with Chronic Hemolysis
Authors: RIEDER RONALD F. , BRADLEY THOMAS B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new unstable hemoglobin variant, hemoglobin Gun Hill, is reported. Two members of a Caucasian family were found to be heterozygous for the abnormal hemoglobin. Evidence of mild chronic hemolysis was found in both individuals.
Heinz-Ehrlich bodies were absent from the peripheral blood of the patients with hemoglobin Gun Hill, but Heinz-like inclusions were readily produced in their red cells upon in vitro incubation with the redox dyes brilliant cresyl blue or new methylene blue. Precipitation of hemoglobin occurred when solutions of hemoglobin Gun Hill were exposed to the dyes or were heated to 50 C. Previous studies have shown that there is a deletion of five amino acids in the β chains of hemoglobin Gun Hill. This results in impaired heme binding, and the abnormal molecule lacks half the expected number of heme groups. These structural alterations are probably responsible for the instability of the abnormal hemoglobin.
Studies of the relative rates of synthesis of hemoglobins A and Gun Hill, using in vitro and in vivo technics, indicated an increased turnover rate for the variant protein. The evidence also suggested that hemoglobin Gun Hill is synthesized more rapidly than hemoglobin A.
Effect of Streptokinase on Hemostasis
Authors: HIRSH JACK , BUCHANAN MICHAEL , GLYNN MICHAEL F. , MUSTARD JAMES F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of streptokinase on hemostasis was studied by direct observation of hemostatic plugs in the rabbit mesentery. Infusion of streptokinase did not produce dissolution of hemostatic plugs which were already formed. It did cause a delay in the formation of a platelet mass capable of arresting bleeding from injured vessels. In contrast to systemic infusion, topical application of streptokinase did produce disruption of hemostatic plugs which were already formed. Comparison of the electronmicroscopic appearances of plugs from the control and streptokinase infused animals revealed a lack of fibrin around the plugs in the streptokinase treated animals but no significant difference in platelet morphology. In vitro tests with ADP, thrombin and collagen on platelet-rich plasma from the streptokinase infused animals did not show any difference in platelet aggregation between the pre-and postinfusion samples, even though streptokinase infusion produced a marked increase in plasma fibrinolytic activity. It is suggested that streptokinase infusions, which produce only a slight fall in the plasma fibrinogen level, impair hemostatic plug formation by digestion of fibrin as it is formed around the aggregated platelets.
Leukocyte Labeling with 51Chromium
Authors: MCMILLAN ROBERT , SCOTT JAMES L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for labeling concentrated leukocytes in vitro with radioactive chromium is described. Intravascular survival data and organ distribution of the 51Cr-labeled leukocytes of ten hematologically normal subjects are presented and compared with the results of sequential or simultaneous granulocyte survival determinations using 32DFP. Both granulocytes and lymphocytes are labeled by 51Cr. No evidence of diminished cell viability or significant elution or reutilization of the label could be demonstrated by in vitro studies. Curves of both 51Cr and 32DFP leukocyte radioactivity in the circulation were exponential, with average T 1/2 values of 10.5 and 10.3 hours respectively, reflecting the random departure of labeled granulocytes from the circulation. An early rapid phase of label disappearance was noted in the 51Cr studies, attributable to label elution or the disappearance of labeled non-granulocytic leukocytes. Body counting rate curves during the first 12 hours parallel the disappearance of leukocyte and plasma radioactivity; a later plateau reflects radioactivity in RBC contaminating the concentrated leukocyte suspensions. No evidence of pulmonary or splenic sequestration was noted. Estimations of granulocytic pool sizes from the 51Cr data compared poorly with data derived using 32DFP, probably as a result of the early elution of a portion of the radiochromate from the labeled cells or from the more rapid disappearance of 51Cr-labeled mononuclear cells. Epinephrine infusion after injection of labeled leukocytes produced peripheral leukocytosis, increased counting rates over the lungs, liver and heart and a marked diminution in counting rates over the spleen suggesting that a significant portion of the marginal granulocytic pool is located in the spleen.
We conclude that the 51Cr labeling technic will be useful in the study of the intravascular survival and tissue distribution of cells not labeled with 32DFP, and that its use will supplement the study of granulocytes labeled with 32DFP.
Monoclonal Gammopathy in a Child with Leukemia
Authors: STOOP JAN W. , ZEGERS BEN J. M. , VAN DER HEIDEN CEES , BALLIEUX RUDY E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the case history of a boy found to suffer from acute blastic leukemia at the age of two years. Manifestations of an intracranial localization of the leukemic process occurred several times in the course of the next 18 months; a generalized relapse responded well to therapy.
The boy subsequently developed a severe refractory virus infection of the skin and suffered a few other virus infections, without any of the usual changes in the morphology of the blood. A few weeks later he developed a monoclonal gammopathy of the IgG class type L with Bence Jones proteinuria, likewise of type L.
The possible causes of this clinical course and of the paraproteinemia are discussed.
Megakaryocyte Maturation Rate in Thrombocytopenic Rats
Authors: EBBE SHIRLEY , STOHLMAN FREDERICK , DONOVAN JANET , OVERCASH JOAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increased production of platelets was apparent during recovery from acute thrombocytopenia in rats. Preceding this there was acceleration of maturation of megakaryocytes as determined from the pattern of labeling with 3HTdR. Turnover of an increased number of megakaryocytes was indicated by maintenance of normal megakaryocyte differential counts in the presence of accelerated maturation.
Brief Report: Quantitative Studies on the Flicker Phenomenon in the Erythrocytes
Authors: BURTON ALEXIS L. , ANDERSON WALLACE L. , ANDREWS ROBERT V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A technic has been described which allows one to analyze the vibratory variation of density which is visible inside the cytoplasm of the erythrocytes and has been termed "flicker." Further investigations will be performed, dealing with variations of physical conditions and with the action of various chemicals in order to determine whether or not this phenomenon is related to a metabolic activity.
The Genetic Basis of Hereditary Elliptocytosis With Hemolysis
Authors: PEARSON HOWARD A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two pedigrees containing cases of hemolytic elliptocytosis provide insight into the genetic basis of hemolytic elliptocytosis. One demonstrates non-interaction of genes for G6PD elliptocytosis. In the second, a woman with benign elliptocytosis, had children with hemolytic elliptocytosis by two unrelated fathers. Variable expression of a dominant gene is supported as the most likely explanation for the variability of spectrum of clinical severity in the hereditary elliptocytic syndromes.
Leukemia in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta) Following Exposure to Whole-Body Proton Irradiation
Authors: SIEGAL ALAN M. , CASEY HAROLD W. , BOWMAN ROBERT W. , TRAYNOR JOSEPH E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) developed acute granulocytic leukemia 2½ years after whole-body irradiation with protons. This is the third reported case of primate leukemia following irradiation.
Euchrysine, A Supravital Fluorescent Lysosomal Stain: Technic and Application for Hematologic Investigation
Authors: BLUME R. S. , GLADE P. R. , CHESSIN L. N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Euchrysine, a fluorescent aminoacridine dye which is selectively accumulated in lysosomes, has been used in an investigation of cells of hematopoietic origin. The technics for its preparation and use are described as well as the characteristics and patterns of lysosomal fluorescence for 1) primary lysosomes in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells; 2) secondary lysosomes; and 3) lysosomes and lysosomal aggregates in states of altered lymphoid proliferation. Euchrysine fluorescent staining appears to be a convenient and reliable technic for the identification of lysosomes in hematologic investigation.
Abnormal Nucleic Acid Metabolism of Lymphocytes in Plasma Cell Myeloma and Macroglobulinemia
Authors: SALMON SYDNEY E. , FUDENBERG H. HUGH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Twenty-six patients with multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia of Waldenström were studied clinically and immunologically with characterization of their paraproteins and normal immunoglobulins, as well as by in vitro culture of their peripheral lymphocytes for evaluation of DNA and RNA synthesis after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. The lymphocytes of the patients were found to be significantly deficient in response to PHA as compared to normals and patients with benign hypergammaglobulinemia. Levels of normal immunoglobulins were reduced in almost all of the paraproteinemic patients, but there was not a direct correlation between lymphocyte unresponsiveness and immunoglobulin deficiency. The defect in lymphocyte function appeared to be cellular inasmuch as normal lymphocytes had normal DNA synthesis when cultured in myeloma plasma. The decrease in lymphocyte nucleic acid synthesis appeared to be unrelated to immunoglobulin class, quantitative levels or antigenic characteristics of the patients’ paraproteins. Untreated myeloma patients with a past history of infection had lower levels of lymphocyte DNA synthesis than those patients who lacked such a history, suggesting a relationship between the in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA and the in vivo response to the antigenic challenge of bacterial infection.
Combination Chemotherapy in Lymphosarcoma and Reticulum Cell Sarcoma
Authors: HOOGSTRATEN BARTH , OWENS ALBERT H. , LENHARD RAYMOND E. , GLIDEWELL OLIVER J. , LEONE LOUIS A. , OLSON KENNETH B. , HARLEY JOHN B. , TOWNSEND STUART R. , MILLER SHERWOOD P. , SPURR CHARLES L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patients with lymphosarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma were randomly allocated to treatment with cyclophosphamide alone or to two dosage levels of combinations of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone. Remission induction was significantly better for the combinations with lymphosarcoma patients and for the high dose combination with reticulum cell sarcoma patients. Toxicity, more pronounced with high combination, was tolerable. Remissions as measured by decrease in tumor size were associated with improvement in hemoglobin, performance, food intake, weight and fever. The study provides impetus for further trial with other drug combinations and schedules.
Release of Folate by Rat Liver and Spleen Slices
Authors: MAGNUS ERIK M. , DEMPSEY HUGH , BUTTERWORTH C. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The effects of rat plasma and chicken pancreas have been appraised concerning their role in releasing bound folate from rat liver and spleen slices in vitro. Net changes in folate concentration of the bathing solution have been determined by bacteriologic assay employing L. casei as the test organism.
2. Both rat plasma and chicken pancreas extract enhance the release of folate from liver slices in comparison with saline controls. Rat plasma was as effective in liberating bound folate from liver as a 1:25 dilution of conventionally-prepared chicken pancreas extract. The evidence suggests that a considerable portion of liver folate exists in an insoluble form which is bound to cellular structures.
3. Mature red cells appeared to be impermeable to high concentrations of natural folate released from liver.
4. Spleen slices released folate to the supernatant fluid when incubated with chicken pancreas extract, although at levels approximately one-tenth as great as liver slices. When spleen slices were incubated for short periods with plasma, evidence was obtained favoring a flux of folate into surviving cells.