bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Comparison of Complementary Methods to Study Potential Skin and Inhalational Exposure to Pathogens During Personal Protective Equipment Doffing
Authors: Therkorn Jennifer , Drewry David , Andonian Jennifer , Benishek Lauren , Billman Carrie , Forsyth Ellen R , Garibaldi Brian T , Nowakowski Elaine , Rainwater-Lovett Kaitlin , Sauer Lauren , Schiffhauer Maggie , Maragakis Lisa L 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundFluorescent tracers are often used with ultraviolet lights to visibly identify healthcare worker self-contamination after doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE). This method has drawbacks, as it cannot detect pathogen-sized contaminants nor airborne contamination in subjects’ breathing zones.MethodsA contamination detection/quantification method was developed using 2-µm polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) to investigate skin contamination (via swabbing) and potential inhalational exposure (via breathing zone air sampler). Porcine skin coupons were used to estimate the PSL swabbing recovery efficiency and limit of detection (LOD). A pilot study with 5 participants compared skin contamination levels detected via the PSL vs fluorescent tracer methods, while the air sampler quantified potential inhalational exposure to PSLs during doffing.ResultsAverage PSL skin swab recovery efficiency was 40% ± 29% (LOD = 1 PSL/4 cm2 of skin). In the pilot study, all subjects had PSL and fluorescent tracer skin contamination. Two subjects had simultaneously located contamination of both types on a wrist and hand. However, for all other subjects, the PSL method enabled detection of skin contamination that was not detectable by the fluorescent tracer method. Hands/wrists were more commonly contaminated than areas of the head/face (57% vs 23% of swabs with PSL detection, respectively). One subject had PSLs detected by the breathing zone air sampler.ConclusionsThis study provides a well-characterized method that can be used to quantitate levels of skin and inhalational contact with simulant pathogen particles. The PSL method serves as a complement to the fluorescent tracer method to study PPE doffing self-contamination.
Causes and Clinical Features of Childhood Encephalitis: A Multicenter, Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Britton Philip N , Dale Russell C , Blyth Christopher C , Clark Julia E , Crawford Nigel , Marshall Helen , Elliott Elizabeth J , Macartney Kristine , Booy Robert , Jones Cheryl A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
We aimed to determine the contemporary causes, clinical features, and short-term outcome of encephalitis in Australian children.

Methods
We prospectively identified children (≤14 years of age) admitted with suspected encephalitis at 5 major pediatric hospitals nationally between May 2013 and December 2016 using the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) Network. A multidisciplinary expert panel reviewed cases and categorized them using published definitions. Confirmed encephalitis cases were categorized into etiologic subgroups.

Results
From 526 cases of suspected encephalitis, 287 children met criteria for confirmed encephalitis: 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52%–63%) had infectious causes, 10% enterovirus, 10% parechovirus, 8% bacterial meningoencephalitis, 6% influenza, 6% herpes simplex virus (HSV), and 6% Mycoplasma pneumoniae; 25% (95% CI, 20%–30%) had immune-mediated encephalitis, 18% acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and 6% anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis; and 17% (95% CI, 13%–21%) had an unknown cause. Infectious encephalitis occurred in younger children (median age, 1.7 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.1–6.9]) compared with immune-mediated encephalitis (median age, 7.6 years [IQR, 4.6–12.4]). Varicella zoster virus encephalitis was infrequent following high vaccination coverage since 2007. Thirteen children (5%) died: 11 with infectious causes (2 influenza; 2 human herpesvirus 6; 2 group B Streptococcus; 2 Streptococcus pneumoniae; 1 HSV; 1 parechovirus; 1 enterovirus) and 2 with no cause identified. Twenty-seven percent (95% CI, 21%–31%) of children showed moderate to severe neurological sequelae at discharge.

Conclusions
Epidemic viral infections predominated as causes of childhood encephalitis in Australia. The leading causes include vaccine-preventable diseases. There were significant differences in age, clinical features, and outcome among leading causes. Mortality or short-term neurological morbidity occurred in one-third of cases.
Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 Host Responses in Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Determined by Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Volk Cecilia F , Burgdorf Sarah , Edwardson Graham , Nizet Victor , Sakoulas George , Rose Warren E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Patient interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 responses early in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SaB) are associated with bacteremia duration and mortality. We hypothesized that these responses vary depending on antimicrobial therapy, with particular interest in whether the superiority of β-lactams links to key cytokine pathways.

Methods
Three medical centers included 59 patients with SaB (47 methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA], 12 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus [MSSA]) from 2015–2017. In the first 48 hours, patients were treated with either a β-lactam (n = 24), including oxacillin, cefazolin, or ceftaroline, or a glyco-/lipopeptide (n = 35), that is, vancomycin or daptomycin. Patient sera from days 1, 3, and 7 were assayed for IL-1β and IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Results
On presentation, IL-10 was elevated in mortality (P = .008) and persistent bacteremia (P = .034), while no difference occurred in IL-1β. Regarding treatment groups, IL-1β and IL-10 were similar prior to receiving antibiotic. Patients treated with β-lactam had higher IL-1β on days 3 (median +5.6 pg/mL; P = .007) and 7 (+10.9 pg/mL; P = .016). Ex vivo, addition of the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra to whole blood reduced staphylococcal killing, supporting an IL-1β functional significance in SaB clearance. β-lactam–treated patients had sharper declines in IL-10 than vancomycin or daptomycin –treated patients over 7 days.

Conclusions
These data underscore the importance of β-lactams for SaB, including consideration that the adjunctive role of β-lactams for MRSA in select patients helps elicit favorable host cytokine responses.
Targeting HSP90 attenuates angiotensin II-induced adventitial remodelling via suppression of mitochondrial fission
Authors: Huang Gaojian , Cong Zhilei , Wang Xiaoyan , Yuan Yanggang , Xu Renjie , Lu Zhaoyang , Wang Xuelian , Qi Jia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aims
Adventitial remodelling presenting with the phenotypic switch of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) to myofibroblasts is reportedly involved in the evolution of several vascular diseases, including hypertension. In our previous study, we reported that heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibition by 17-dime-thylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) markedly attenuates angiotensin II (AngII)-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by simultaneously inhibiting several key signalling and transcriptional pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells; however, little is known about its role on AFs. Given that the AF phenotypic switch is likely to be associated with mitochondrial function and calcineurin (CN), a client protein of HSP90 that mediates mitochondrial fission and function, the aim of this study was to investigate whether mitochondrial fission contributes to phenotypic switch of AF, and if it does, we further aimed to determine whether HSP90 inhibition attenuates mitochondrial fission and subsequently suppresses AF transformation and adventitial remodelling in AngII-induced hypertensive mice.

Methods and results
In primary mouse AFs, we found that CN-dependent dephosphorylation of Drp1 induced mitochondrial fission and regulated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, which stimulated AF proliferation, migration, and phenotypic switching in AngII-treated AFs. Moreover, AngII was found to increase the binding of HSP90 and CN in AFs, while HSP90 inhibition significantly reversed AngII-induced mitochondrial fission and AF phenotypic switching by modulating the CN-dependent dephosphorylation of Drp1. Consistent with the effects in AFs, in an animal model of AngII-induced adventitial remodelling, 17-DMAG markedly reduced mitochondrial fission, AF differentiation, vessel wall thickening, and fibrosis in the aortic adventitia, which were mediated by CN/Drp1 signalling pathways.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that CN/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission may be essential for understanding adventitial remodelling in hypertension and that HSP90 inhibition may serve as a novel approach for the treatment of adventitial remodelling-related diseases.
Statistics on mortality following acute myocardial infarction in 842 897 Europeans
Authors: Alabas Oras A , Jernberg Tomas , Pujades-Rodriguez Mar , Rutherford Mark J , West Robert M , Hall Marlous , Timmis Adam , Lindahl Bertil , Fox Keith A A , Hemingway Harry , Gale Chris P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aims
To compare ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) mortality between Sweden and the UK, adjusting for background population rates of expected death, case mix, and treatments.

Methods and results
National data were collected from hospitals in Sweden [n = 73 hospitals, 180 368 patients, Swedish Web-system for Enhancement and Development of Evidence-based care in Heart disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies (SWEDEHEART)] and the UK [n = 247, 662 529 patients, Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP)] between 2003 and 2013. There were lower rates of revascularization [STEMI (43.8% vs. 74.9%); NSTEMI (27.5% vs. 43.6%)] and pharmacotherapies at time of hospital discharge including [aspirin (82.9% vs. 90.2%) and (79.9% vs. 88.0%), β-blockers (73.4% vs. 86.4%) and (65.3% vs. 85.1%)] in the UK compared with Sweden, respectively. Standardized net probability of death (NPD) between admission and 1 month was higher in the UK for STEMI [8.0 (95% confidence interval 7.4–8.5) vs. 6.7 (6.5–6.9)] and NSTEMI [6.8 (6.4–7.2) vs. 4.9 (4.7–5.0)]. Between 6 months and 1 year and more than 1 year, NPD remained higher in the UK for NSTEMI [2.9 (2.5–3.3) vs. 2.3 (2.2–2.5)] and [21.4 (20.0–22.8) vs. 18.3 (17.6–19.0)], but was similar for STEMI [0.7 (0.4–1.0) vs. 0.9 (0.7–1.0)] and [8.4 (6.7–10.1) vs. 8.3 (7.5–9.1)].

Conclusion
Short-term mortality following STEMI and NSTEMI was higher in the UK compared with Sweden. Mid- and longer-term mortality remained higher in the UK for NSTEMI but was similar for STEMI. Differences in mortality may be due to differential use of guideline-indicated treatments.
Antegrade transapical branch deployment for endovascular aortic-arch repair by in situ fenestration
Authors: Murakami Takashi , Kishimoto Noriaki , Sohgawa Etsuji , Shibata Toshihiko 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A 76-year-old man presented with an aortic arch aneurysm and was considered a candidate for endovascular aortic arch repair by in situ fenestration. Alternative access routes were explored because of atherosclerotic disease of the descending aorta and bilateral carotid arteries. Transapical deployment of both an aortic and a branched stent grafts was successfully conducted without cerebral complications. The transapical access might have the potential to reduce the risks of complications related to large bore-sheath insertion to the carotid arteries.
What causes sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction?
Authors: Packer Milton 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sudden death characterizes the mode of demise in 30–50% of patients with chronic heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction. Occasionally, these events have an identifiable pathophysiological trigger, e.g. myocardial infarction, catecholamine surges, or electrolyte imbalances, but in most circumstances, there is no acute precipitating mechanism. Instead, adverse left ventricular remodelling and fibrosis creates an exceptionally fragile and highly vulnerable substrate, which can be characterized using the model developed in theoretical physics of ‘self-organizing criticality’. This framework has been applied to describe the genesis of avalanches, nodes of traffic congestion unrelated to an accident, the abrupt system-wide failure of electrical grids, and the initiation of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Self-organizing criticality within the ventricular myocardium relies on complex adaptations to progressive stress and stretch, which evolve inevitably to an abrupt end (termed ‘cascading failure’), even though the rate of deterioration of the underlying disease process has not changed. The result is acute circulatory collapse (i.e. sudden death) in the absence of an identifiable triggering event. Cascading failure in a severely remodelled or fibrotic heart can become manifest electrically as a first-time ventricular tachyarrhythmia that is responsive to the shock delivered by an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Alternatively, it may present as an acute mechanical failure, which is manifest as (i) asystole, bradyarrhythmia, or electromechanical dissociation; or (ii) incessant ventricular fibrillation that persists despite repetitive ICD discharges; in both instances, the sudden deaths cannot be prevented by an ICD. This conceptual framework explains why anti-remodelling and antifibrotic interventions (i.e. neurohormonal antagonists and cardiac resynchronization) reduce the risk of sudden death in patients with heart failure in the absence of an ICD and provide incremental benefits in those with an ICD. The adoption of anti-remodelling and antifibrotic treatments may explain why the incidence of sudden death in clinical trials of heart failure has declined dramatically over the past 10–15 years, independent of the use of ICDs.
‘Real-world’ observational studies in arrhythmia research: data sources, methodology, and interpretation. A position document from European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific HRS (APHRS), and Latin America HRS (LAHRS)
Authors: Torp-Pedersen Christian , Goette Andreas , Nielsen Peter Bronnum , Potpara Tatjana , Fauchier Laurent , John Camm Alan , Arbelo Elena , Boriani Giuseppe , Skjoeth Flemming , Rumsfeld John , Masoudi Frederick , Guo Yutao , Joung Boyoung , Refaat Marwan M , Kim Young-Hoon , Albert Christine M , Piccini Jonathan , Avezum Alvaro , Lip Gregory Y H ,   External Reviewers, Gorenek Bulent , Dagres Nikolaos , Violi Francesco , Du Xin , Akao Masaharu , Choi Eue-Keun , Lopes Renato D , Ozcan Evren Emin , Lane Deirdre , Marin Francisco , Gale Christopher Peter , Vernooy Kevin , Kudaiberdieva Gulmira , Kutyifa Valentina , Traykov Vassil B , Guevara Carolina , Chao Tze-Fan , Al-Khatib Sana M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The field of observational studies or “real world studies” is in rapid development with many new techniques introduced and increased understanding of traditional methods. For this reason the current paper provides an overview of current methods with focus on new techniques. Some highlights can be emphasized: We provide an overview of sources of data for observational studies. There is an overview of sources of bias and confounding. Next There is an overview of causal inference techniques that are increasingly used. The most commonly used techniques for statistical modelling are reviewed with focus on the important distinction of risk versus prediction. The final section provides examples of common problems with reporting observational data.
How to perform electroanatomic mapping-guided cardiac resynchronization therapy using Carto 3 and ESI NavX three-dimensional mapping systems
Authors: Huang Henry D , Sharma Parikshit S , Nayak Hemal M , Serafini Nicholas , Trohman Richard G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aims
To examine the feasibility and safety of a novel protocol for low fluoroscopy, electroanatomic mapping (EAM)-guided Cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT-D) implantation and using both EnSite NavX (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) and Carto 3 (Biosense Webster, Irvine, CA, USA) mapping systems.

Methods and results
Twenty consecutive patients underwent CRT implantation using either a conventional fluoroscopic approach (CFA) or EAM-guided lead placement with Carto 3 and EnSite NavX mapping systems. We compared fluoroscopy and procedural times, radiopaque contrast dose, change in QRS duration pre- and post-procedure, and complications in all patients. Fluoroscopy time was 86% lower in the EAM group compared to the conventional group [mean 37.2 min (CFA) vs. 5.5 min (EAM), P = 0.00003]. There was no significant difference in total procedural time [mean 183 min (CFA) vs. 161 min (EAM), P = 0.33] but radiopaque contrast usage was lower in the EAM group [mean 16 mL (CFA) vs. 4 mL (EAM), P = 0.006]. Likewise, there was no significant change in QRS duration with BiV pacing between the groups [mean −13 (CFA) vs. −25 ms (EAM), P = 0.09].

Conclusion
Electroanatomic mapping-guided lead placement using either Carto or ESI NavX mapping systems is a feasible alternative to conventional fluoroscopic methods for CRT-D implantation utilizing the protocol described in this study.
‘La maleureuse bataille’: fifteenth-century French reactions to Agincourt
Authors: Taylor Craig 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article examines the military and political impact of the battle of Agincourt in France and the way in which this defeat was remembered up until the end of the Hundred Years’ War. The English presented their victory as a sign of God’s support for Henry V and his claims in France, but the French preferred to understand their defeat as a divine punishment for their sins. This led to debate about who had incurred God’s wrath, as civilians blamed soldiers, soldiers blamed their aristocratic leaders, and partisans for the Armagnac and Burgundian factions blamed one another. But most French commentators attempted to bridge these divisions, or at least to minimize the damage by attributing the disaster to the actions of foolish young hot-heads and to cowards. This avoided the need to name and shame specific noblemen, but also meant that only the most traditional lessons were highlighted from this defeat.
Frankia-Enriched Metagenomes from the Earliest Diverging Symbiotic Frankia Cluster: They Come in Teams
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Van , Wibberg Daniel , Vigil-Stenman Theoden , Berckx Fede , Battenberg Kai , Demchenko Kirill N , Blom Jochen , Fernandez Maria P , Yamanaka Takashi , Berry Alison M , Kalinowski Jörn , Brachmann Andreas , Pawlowski Katharina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFrankia strains induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on roots of actinorhizal plants. Phylogenetically, Frankia strains can be grouped in four clusters. The earliest divergent cluster, cluster-2, has a particularly wide host range. The analysis of cluster-2 strains has been hampered by the fact that with two exceptions, they could never be cultured. In this study, 12 Frankia-enriched metagenomes of Frankia cluster-2 strains or strain assemblages were sequenced based on seven inoculum sources. Sequences obtained via DNA isolated from whole nodules were compared with those of DNA isolated from fractionated preparations enhanced in the Frankia symbiotic structures. The results show that cluster-2 inocula represent groups of strains, and that strains not represented in symbiotic structures, that is, unable to perform symbiotic nitrogen fixation, may still be able to colonize nodules. Transposase gene abundance was compared in the different Frankia-enriched metagenomes with the result that North American strains contain more transposase genes than Eurasian strains. An analysis of the evolution and distribution of the host plants indicated that bursts of transposition may have coincided with niche competition with other cluster-2 Frankia strains. The first genome of an inoculum from the Southern Hemisphere, obtained from nodules of Coriaria papuana in Papua New Guinea, represents a novel species, postulated as Candidatus Frankia meridionalis. All Frankia-enriched metagenomes obtained in this study contained homologs of the canonical nod genes nodABC; the North American genomes also contained the sulfotransferase gene nodH, while the genome from the Southern Hemisphere only contained nodC and a truncated copy of nodB.
Draft Genome of Busseola fusca, the Maize Stalk Borer, a Major Crop Pest in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Hardwick Kayla M , Ojwang' Awino Maureiq Edith , Stomeo Francesca , Maina Solomon , Bichang’a Gladys , Calatayud Paul-André , Filée Jonathan , Djikeng Appolinaire , Miller Caitlin , Cepko Leah , Darby Alistair C , Le Ru Bruno , Schaack Sarah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca, is an important Lepidopteran pest of cereal crops in Central, East, and Southern Africa. Crop losses due to B. fusca feeding activity vary by region, but can result in total crop loss in areas with high levels of infestation. Genomic resources provide critical insight into the biology of pest species and can allow for the development of effective management tools and strategies to mitigate their impact on agriculture. To this end, we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the genome of B. fusca. The total assembled genome size was 492.9 Mb with 19,417 annotated protein-coding genes. Using a comparative approach, we identified a putative expansion in the Chorion gene family, which is involved in the formation of the egg shell structure. Our analysis revealed high repeat content within the B. fusca genome, with LTR sequences comprising the majority of the repetitive sequence. We hope genomic resources will provide a foundation for future work aimed at developing an integrated pest management strategy to reduce B. fusca’s impact on food security.
Change in Mobility: Consistency of Estimates and Predictors Across Studies of Older Adults
Authors: Cornman Jennifer C , Glei Dana A , Weinstein Maxine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study compares estimates and determinants of within-individual changes in mobility across surveys of older U.S. adults.

Methods
Data come from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Measures of mobility comprise self-reported level of difficulty with walking several blocks, going up several flights of stairs, lifting and carrying 10 pounds, and stooping. Predictors include sociodemographic characteristics and indicators of health and health behaviors. We pool the datasets and estimate weighted lagged dependent variable logistic regression models for each activity, assessing cross-study differences using interaction terms between a survey indicator and relevant variables.

Results
Estimates of declines in mobility differ substantially across surveys for walking, lifting and carrying, and stooping, but there are no between-survey differences in the probability of (not) recovering from a limitation. With the exception of age, determinants of change are similar between studies. For lifting/carrying and stooping, the age-related increase in developing limitations is less steep at younger ages for HRS respondents than MIDUS respondents, but steeper at older ages.

Discussion
To compare estimates of mobility change across surveys, mobility measures would need to be harmonized. Determinants of mobility change, however, are more comparable.