bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Agung 1963 volcanic forcing – impact of one or two eruptions
Authors: Niemeier Ulrike , Timmreck Claudia , Krüger Kirstin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In 1963 a series of eruptions of Mt. Agung, Indonesia, resulted in
the third largest eruption of the 20th century and claimed about 1900 lives. Two eruptions of this series injected SO2 into the
stratosphere, which can create a long-lasting stratospheric
sulfate layer. The estimated mass flux of the
first eruption was about twice as large as the mass flux of the
second eruption. We followed the estimated emission profiles and
assumed for the first eruption on 17 March an injection rate of 4.7 Tg SO2 and 2.3 Tg SO2 for the
second eruption on 16 May. The injected sulfur forms a
sulfate layer in the stratosphere. The evolution of sulfur is
nonlinear and depends on the injection rate and aerosol background
conditions. We performed ensembles of two model experiments, one
with a single eruption and a second one with two eruptions. The two smaller
eruptions result in a lower sulfur burden, smaller aerosol particles, and 0.1 to 0.3 Wm−2 (10 %–20 %) lower radiative forcing in monthly mean
global average compared to the individual eruption experiment. The
differences are the consequence of slightly stronger meridional
transport due to different seasons of the eruptions, lower injection
height of the second eruption, and the resulting different aerosol
evolution. Overall, the evolution of the volcanic clouds is different in case
of two eruptions than with a single eruption only. The differences
between the two experiments are significant. We conclude that there
is no justification to use one eruption only and both climatic
eruptions should be taken into account in future emission datasets.
Modelling ice sheet evolution and atmospheric CO2 during the Late Pliocene
Authors: Berends Constantijn J. , de Boer Bas , Dolan Aisling M. , Hill Daniel J. , van de Wal Roderik S. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In order to investigate the relation between ice sheets
and climate in a warmer-than-present world, recent research has focussed on
the Late Pliocene, 3.6 to 2.58 million years ago. It is the most recent
period in Earth's history when such a warm climate state existed for a
significant duration of time. Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2 (∼3.3 Myr ago) is a strong positive excursion in benthic oxygen records in the
middle of the otherwise warm and relatively stable Late Pliocene. However,
the relative contributions to the benthic δ18O signal from
deep ocean cooling and growing ice sheets are still uncertain. Here, we
present results from simulations of the Late Pliocene with a hybrid
ice-sheet–climate model, showing a reconstruction of ice sheet geometry,
sea level and atmospheric CO2. Initial experiments simulating the last
four glacial cycles indicate that this model yields results which are in
good agreement with proxy records in terms of global mean sea level, benthic
oxygen isotope abundance, ice-core-derived surface temperature and
atmospheric CO2 concentration. For the Late Pliocene, our results show
an atmospheric CO2 concentration during MIS M2 of 233–249 ppmv and
a drop in global mean sea level of 10 to 25 m. Uncertainties are larger
during the warmer periods leading up to and following MIS M2. CO2
concentrations during the warm intervals in the Pliocene, with sea-level
high stands of 8–14 m above the present day, varied between 320 and 400 ppmv,
lower than indicated by some proxy records but in line with earlier model
reconstructions.
Three-dimensional inverse modeling of EM-LIN data for the exploration of coastal sinkholes in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Perez-Flores Marco A. , Ochoa-Tinajero Luis E. , Villela y Mendoza Almendra 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In the Yucatán Peninsula (YP), southern Mexico, cities and towns
are settled on a platform of calcareous sedimentary sequence, where karst
processes have formed numerous sinkholes, underground water conduits, and
caverns. Anthropogenic activities there threaten the only source of
freshwater supply, which is in a regional unconfined aquifer; there are no
lakes or rivers on the surface. For the sustainable management of this
resource in the YP, mathematical tools are needed in order to model
groundwater. To determine the geometry of the aquifer, for example the
positions of caves, sinkholes, and underground principal conduits, we
modified a software to invert three-dimensional electromagnetic
low-induction number (3-D EM-LIN) data for a set of profiles at arbitrary
angles. In this study we used the EM-LIN geophysical method to explore the
Chac-Mool sinkhole system in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. We performed
inverse modeling in 3-D using the EM-34 instrument for vertical and
horizontal magnetic dipoles. The 3-D inversion process yields models that
enable us to correlate the path of the underground principal conduits with
the subsurface electrical resistivity. In this work we show that inverse
modeling of EM-LIN data can give us information about how close to surface the underground water conduits and the location of the boundary between
fresh and salty water are.
Eemian Greenland ice sheet simulated with a higher-order model shows strong sensitivity to surface mass balance forcing
Authors: Plach Andreas , Nisancioglu Kerim H. , Langebroek Petra M. , Born Andreas , Le clec'h Sébastien 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The Greenland ice sheet contributes increasingly to global sea level
rise. Its history during past warm intervals is a valuable reference
for future sea level projections. We present ice sheet simulations for
the Eemian interglacial period (∼130 000 to 115 000 years ago), a period with warmer-than-present summer climate over Greenland. The evolution of the Eemian Greenland ice sheet is simulated with a 3-D higher-order ice sheet model, forced with a surface mass balance derived from regional climate simulations. Sensitivity experiments with various surface mass balances, basal friction, and ice flow approximations are discussed. The surface mass balance forcing is identified as the
controlling factor setting the minimum in Eemian ice volume, emphasizing the importance of a reliable surface mass balance model. Furthermore, the results indicate that the surface mass balance forcing is more important than the representation of ice flow for simulating the large-scale ice sheet evolution. This implies that modeling of the future contribution of the Greenland ice sheet to sea level rise highly depends on an accurate surface mass balance.
Examining attitudes toward and ability to interact with an online personal health record: A case study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Mifgai Bandar Faisal , Sharit Joseph , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Asfour Shihab 
Published: August 2019

Objective: This study examined the ability for adults from a developing country to use a personal health record (PHR) to perform health-management tasks. The effects of gender differences as well as differences in attitudes about using the internet to manage health prior to and after exposure to the PHR were also investigated.Methods: A simulation of a PHR based on a well-established U.S. online patient portal was designed and tailored for this particular study population. Two hundred and three adults with a mean age of 40.9 years were recruited from various areas in Saudi Arabia and asked to perform seven common health-management tasks of varying degrees of difficulty. Their electronic health literacy and health numeracy, as well as their attitudes about using online health systems for managing their health prior to and following their interaction with the PHR, were assessed using questionnaires.Results: After controlling for education, perceived health status, and comfort using the internet, electronic health literacy and health numeracy were still found to be significant predictors of participants’ task performance, but only for the more challenging health-management tasks. No important differences based on gender were found. Exposure to the PHR significantly increased the acceptability of using the internet for managing their health.Conclusions: The change in attitudes following interaction with the PHR suggests that many adults in this society could benefit from these electronic health systems, including females who, due to cultural considerations, may desire greater control in managing their health. However, the importance of electronic health literacy and health numeracy suggests the need for designs that minimize the impact of these factors for successful performance of health-management tasks.
Music in The Architect of Ruins, a postmodern novel by Herbert Rosendorfer
Authors: Roguska Agnieszka 
Published: August 2019

Herbert Rosendorfer’s work entitled The Architect of Ruins fits in the postmodern novel trend. Its connections with culture texts include references to literary texts and music pieces. The most important references of the first type seem to be the ones to Jan Potocki’s novel The Saragossa Manuscript. The existence of music compositions in the novel by Rosendorfer, a witter and a musicologist in one person, functions on a number of levels. Here it is worth to mention the concept coined by the Polish scholar Michał Głowiński according to which music may appear in a novel on three levels – when it is an element of the plot, when it constitutes a topic by itself, and when the work of music referred to acquires a symbolic dimension in the context of a music piece. These three literary situations can easily be found in Rosendorfer’s book. What is particularly important and interesting, however, is applying a construction pattern taken from the field of music in a literary work. Such a possibility, i.e., musical elements functioning in in a literary piece, is described in Andrzej Hejmej’s Musicality of a Literary Work. In The Architect of Ruins construction references fit in the specificity of a postmodern novel: as stated by Magdalena Janoszka, Potocki’s The Saragossa Manuscript, which was an important inspiration for Rosendorfer, should be classified as a polyphonic novel. According to Bachtin’s concept, a word does not a exist in an isolated and independent way, but it is an answer to other words written in the past. As a writer and musicologist, Rosendorfer skilfully moves in the field of references to music and literary works – e.g. Mozart’s Don Giovanni and the literary thread of Giacomo Casanova’s Memoirs. In his book, the Austrian writer presents the profiles of musicians – a virtuoso (whom music lovers are desperate to hear live – in vain), an organist performing a truly postmodern Musiquiana, and a vampiric composer stealing every new composition written by his student. This way, in The Architect of Ruins music becomes the material with which the author of the novel co-creates his work as if with literary motifs.
Measuring peripheral nerve involvement in Friedreich’s ataxia
Authors: Creigh Peter D. , Mountain Joan , Sowden Janet E. , Eichinger Katy , Ravina Bernard , Larkindale Jane , Herrmann David N. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveExperimental therapies under development for Friedreich’s Ataxia (FRDA) require validated biomarkers. In‐vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) of skin is a noninvasive way to quantify Meissner’s corpuscle (MC) density and has emerged as a sensitive measure of sensory polyneuropathies. We conducted a prospective, cross‐sectional study evaluating RCM of MCs and conventional peripheral nerve measures as candidate peripheral nerve markers in FRDA.MethodsSixteen individuals with FRDA and 16 age‐ and gender‐matched controls underwent RCM of MC density and morphology, skin biopsies for epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), nerve conduction studies (NCS), and quantitative sensory testing (QST) including touch, vibration, and cooling thresholds.ResultsMC densities were measurable in all participants with FRDA, and were lower at digit V (hand), thenar eminence, and arch (foot) compared to controls. By contrast, sensory NCS showed floor effects and were obtainable in only 13% of FRDA participants. QST thresholds for touch, vibration, and cooling were higher at the hand and foot in FRDA than controls. Reductions in ENFDs were present in more severely affected individuals with FRDA (Friedreich’s Ataxia Rating Scale (FARS) >60) compared to matched controls, although skin biopsies were not well tolerated in children. MC densities, ENFDs, and touch and vibration thresholds were associated with clinical disease severity (FARS and modified FARS) and duration since symptom onset.InterpretationMC density, ENFD, and QST thresholds provide structural and physiologic markers of sensory involvement in FRDA. Longitudinal evaluation is needed to determine whether these measures can identify changes associated with disease progression or treatment.
Perovskite‐Based Phototransistors and Hybrid Photodetectors
Authors: Xie Chao , Liu Chun‐Ki , Loi Hok‐Leung , Yan Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the past several years, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites and all inorganic perovskites have attracted enormous research interest in a variety of optoelectronic applications including solar cells, light‐emitting diodes, semiconductor lasers, and photodetectors for their plenty of appealing electrical and optoelectrical properties. Benefiting from the inherent amplification function of transistors and the pronounced photogating effect, perovskite‐based phototransistors and hybrid photodetectors can provide very high photoresponsivity and gain, rendering them highly promising for some specific applications especially ultrasensitive light detection. A review on the recent progress of phototransistors and hybrid photodetectors using perovskites as light‐sensitive materials is presented. The efforts and development in 3D and 2D perovskite‐based phototransistors, and perovskite/functional material (e.g., graphene, 2D semiconductors, organic semiconductors, and other semiconductors) heterojunction‐based hybrid photodetectors are introduced and discussed systematically. Some processing techniques for optimizing device performance are also addressed. In the final section, a conclusion of the research achievements is presented and possible challenges as well as outlook are provided to guide future activity in this research field.
Chalcogenide Thermoelectrics Empowered by an Unconventional Bonding Mechanism
Authors: Yu Yuan , Cagnoni Matteo , Cojocaru‐Mirédin Oana , Wuttig Matthias 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThermoelectric materials have attracted significant research interest in recent decades due to their promising application potential in interconverting heat and electricity. Unfortunately, the strong coupling between the material parameters that determine thermoelectric efficiency, i.e., the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity, complicates the optimization of thermoelectric energy converters. Main‐group chalcogenides provide a rich playground to alleviate the interdependence of these parameters. Interestingly, only a subgroup of octahedrally coordinated chalcogenides possesses good thermoelectric properties. This subgroup is also characterized by other outstanding characteristics suggestive of an exceptional bonding mechanism, which has been coined metavalent bonding. This conclusion is further supported by a map that separates different bonding mechanisms. In this map, all octahedrally coordinated chalcogenides with good performance as thermoelectrics are located in a well‐defined region, implying that the map can be utilized to identify novel thermoelectrics. To unravel the correlation between chemical bonding mechanism and good thermoelectric properties, the consequences of this unusual bonding mechanism on the band structure are analyzed. It is shown that features such as band degeneracy and band anisotropy are typical for this bonding mechanism, as is the low lattice thermal conductivity. This fundamental understanding, in turn, guides the rational materials design for improved thermoelectric performance by tailoring the chemical bonding mechanism.
Hierarchical Assembly of Prussian Blue Derivatives for Superior Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Yueqing , Chen Si , Zhang Jintao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrussian blue analogues (PBAs) and their derivatives with tailorable physicochemical properties are ideal functional materials for chemical sensing, energy storage, and conversion. Herein, an innovative strategy is demonstrated to prepare PBA nanoarchitectures on various metal substrates. The interfacial redox reactions between metal cyanide ions and metal substrate result in the formation of desirable PBA nanostructures via the in situ precipitation process. Furthermore, the morphology and growth rates of PBAs can be readily regulated by changing the pH value of the reaction solution. The obtained PBA nanostructures can be transformed into the corresponding metal oxides via the simple thermal treatment. More importantly, the hollow oxide derivative manifests considerable catalytic activity with a low potential of 1.53 V to achieve the benchmark current density of 10 mA cm−2 and impressive prolonged durability over 600 h. This novel synthetic approach provides a favorable pathway to synthesize binder‐free PBAs and their derivatives on diverse metal substrates, enabling new kinds of nanoarchitectures with desirable morphology and compositions for specific applications.
Controllable 1D Patterned Assembly of Colloidal Quantum Dots on PbSO4 Nanoribbons
Authors: Enomoto Kazushi , Inoue Daishi , Pu Yong‐Jin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractControl of the 1D self‐assembly pattern of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) on PbSO4 nanoribbon (NRb) templates is achieved. The internal structure of the NRbs is investigated by X‐ray diffraction, revealing the isotropic packing of the PbSO4 nanoclusters in the NRbs. Colloidal QDs in a chloroform/hexane mixture are adsorbed onto the region close to the edges of the NRbs and form a 1D assembly of straight single line or double lines by controlling the amount of OAm. This is the first demonstration of a densely packed 1D self‐assembly of colloidal QDs with a straight line pattern without the use of any molecular bridge or adhesive. Atomic force microscopy measurements of the NRbs show depressions in the phase profile along the width of the NRbs, corresponding to the position of the 1D QD chain. The amount of adsorbed QDs on the NRbs in solution decreases as the addition of OAm increases, suggesting that additional OAm prevents interaction between the QDs and NRbs but facilitates the uniform adsorption of the 1D assembly. The low‐dimensional self‐assembly of colloidal QDs in this study opens up the possibility for the creation of anisotropically assembled QD superstructures.
Signal Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerator at Oil–Water–Solid Multiphase Interfaces and its Application for Dual‐Signal Chemical Sensing
Authors: Jiang Peng , Zhang Lei , Guo Hengyu , Chen Chaoyu , Wu Changsheng , Zhang Steven , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA liquid–solid contact triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) film, a copper electrode, and a glass substrate for harvesting energy in oil/water multiphases is reported. There are two distinctive signals being generated, one is from the contact electrification and electrostatic induction between the liquid (water/oil) and the PTFE film (VTENG and ITENG); and the other is from the electrostatic induction in the copper electrode by the oil/water interfacial charges (ΔVinterface and Iinterface), which is generated only when the liquid–solid contact TENG is inserted across the oil/water interface. The two signals show interesting opposite changing trends that the VTENG and ITENG decrease while the oil/water interfacial signals of ΔVinterface and Iinterface increase after coating a layer of polydopamine on the surfaces of PTFE and glass via self‐polymerization. As an application of the observed phenomena, both the values of ITENG and Iinterface have a good linear relationship versus the natural logarithm of the concentration of the dopamine. Based on this, the first self‐powered dual‐signal detection of dopamine using TENG is demonstrated.
An Electrochemical Gelation Method for Patterning Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels
Authors: Feig Vivian Rachel , Tran Helen , Lee Minah , Liu Kathy , Huang Zhuojun , Beker Levent , Mackanic David G. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDue to their high water content and macroscopic connectivity, hydrogels made from the conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS are a promising platform from which to fabricate a wide range of porous conductive materials that are increasingly of interest in applications as varied as bioelectronics, regenerative medicine, and energy storage. Despite the promising properties of PEDOT:PSS‐based porous materials, the ability to pattern PEDOT:PSS hydrogels is still required to enable their integration with multifunctional and multichannel electronic devices. In this work, a novel electrochemical gelation (“electrogelation”) method is presented for rapidly patterning PEDOT:PSS hydrogels on any conductive template, including curved and 3D surfaces. High spatial resolution is achieved through use of a sacrificial metal layer to generate the hydrogel pattern, thereby enabling high‐performance conducting hydrogels and aerogels with desirable material properties to be introduced into increasingly complex device architectures.
Carbon Allotropes as Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Rajkamal A. , Thapa Ranjit 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAnode materials that exhibit high energy density, high power density, long life cycle, and better safety profile for lithium‐ion batteries are necessary for the development of electric vehicles. Computational and experimental studies to describe the relevant aspects of carbon allotropes as anode materials are discussed, toward the significant improvement of specific power and energy capacity. The role of types of carbon ring and mixed hybridization (sp, sp2, and sp3) in carbon‐based anode materials for Li storage explored. An overview is provided on the procedures used to analyze the storage properties of anode materials using first‐principles theoretical methods such as intercalation energy, volume expansion, and open circuit voltage. Finally, the progress, importance, design, and the challenges of carbon‐based anode materials are comprehensively discussed.
Miniature Pneumatic Actuators for Soft Robots by High‐Resolution Multimaterial 3D Printing
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Fang , Ng Colin Ju‐Xiang , Chen Zhe , Zhang Wang , Panjwani Sahil , Kowsari Kavin , Yang Hui Ying , Ge Qi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMiniature soft robots offer excellent safety and deformability, which are highly desirable in applications such as navigation in confined areas or the manipulation of microscale objects. However, it is difficult to manufacture such robots using traditional processes due to the complexity of their design. While rapidly advancing 3D printing technologies offer manufacturing flexibility, it is still challenging to fabricate soft pneumatic robots on millimeter scales due to the difficulty in making microscale voids and channels, which are essential for pneumatic actuation. A generic process flow for systematic and efficient tailoring of the material formulation and key processing parameters for digital light processing‐based 3D printing of miniature pneumatic actuators for soft robots is presented. The process flow includes selection of photoabsorber and material performance characterization to determine the appropriate material formulation and characterizations for curing depth and XY fidelity to identify the combination of exposure time and sliced layer thickness. By applying the tailored results to a self‐built multimaterial 3D printing system, an assortment of miniature soft pneumatic robots with various structures and morphing modes are printed. Furthermore, potential applications of printed miniature actuators are exemplified by a soft debris remover that navigates in a confined space and collects small objects in a hard‐to‐reach position.