bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ifosfamide Encephalopathy and Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
Authors: Primavera Alberto , Audenino Daniela , Cocito Leonardo 
Published: October 2018

Abstract:Background:Ifosfamide (IFX), an alkylating agent and isomer of cyclophosphamide, is used as a single agent or a component of multi-agent chemotherapy in the treatment of ovarian, testicular, head and neck cancers, sarcomas and lymphomas. Encephalopathy is manifested by cerebellar ataxia, confusional state, complex visual hallucinations, extrapyramidal signs, seizures, and mutism.Case reports:We report two patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting with mutism and confusional state after IFX infusion. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) as the cause of confusion was diagnosed on the basis of EEG pattern and the apparent improvement following intravenous administration of diazepam.Conclusions:Electroencephalogram abnormalities during IFX treatment have been described but recordings are only available in six cases. In three of them, paroxysmal alterations warranted the diagnosis of NCSE; however, most cases of IFX encephalopathy might have associated NCSE.
The economic importance of judicial institutions, their performance and the proper way to measure them
Authors: MARCIANO ALAIN , MELCARNE ALESSANDRO , RAMELLO GIOVANNI B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the present paper we contribute to the previous literature on de facto enforcing mechanisms, by focusing on the role of judicial institutions and their performance and measurement. We propose both theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the necessity of a clear distinction between two measures of judicial performance, efficiency and efficacy, which have often been confused in previous literature. Not only might economic actors not be affected to the same extent by these two indicators, but we show that these measures do not even correlate significantly with each other. We also bring evidence against the alleged trade-off between the quality of justice and judicial performance in its quantitative dimension, showing that this relationship is much more complicated than is claimed by some legal scholars.
A New Global Storage‐Area‐Depth Data Set for Modeling Reservoirs in Land Surface and Earth System Models
Authors: Yigzaw Wondmagegn , Li Hong‐Yi , Demissie Yonas , Hejazi Mohamad I. , Leung L. Ruby , Voisin Nathalie , Payn Rob 
Published: October 2018

AbstractReservoir storage‐area‐depth relationships are the most important factors controlling thermal stratification in reservoirs and, more broadly, the water, energy, and biogeochemical dynamics in the reservoirs and subsequently their impacts on downstream rivers. However, most land surface or Earth system models do not account for the gradual changes of reservoir surface area and storage with the changing depth, inhibiting a consistent and accurate representation of mass, energy, and biogeochemical balances in reservoirs. Here we present a physically coherent parameterization of reservoir storage‐area‐depth data set at the global scale. For each reservoir, the storage‐area‐depth relationships were derived from an optimal geometric shape selected iteratively from five possible regular geometric shapes that minimize the error of total storage and surface area estimation. We applied this algorithm to over 6,800 reservoirs included in the Global Reservoir and Dam database. The relative error between the estimated and observed total storage is no more than 5% and 50% for 66% and 99% of all Global Reservoir and Dam reservoirs, respectively. More importantly, the storage‐depth profiles derived from the approximated reservoir geometry compared well with remote sensing based estimation at 40 major reservoirs from previous studies and ground‐truth measurements for 34 reservoirs in the United States and China. The new global reservoir storage‐area‐depth data set is critical for advancing future modeling and understanding of reservoir processes and subsequent effects on the terrestrial hydrological, ecological, and biogeochemical cycles at the regional and global scales.
Combining InSAR and Hydraulic Head Measurements to Estimate Aquifer Parameters and Storage Variations of Confined Aquifer System in Cangzhou, North China Plain
Authors: Jiang L. , Bai L. , Zhao Y. , Cao G. , Wang H. , Sun Q. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGroundwater storage (GWS) depletion and land subsidence caused by groundwater overexploitation threaten water supply and infrastructure security in the North China Plain. However, the aquifer system responses to groundwater changes are poorly understood in this region, although it is extremely important for groundwater management and land subsidence control. In this study, aquifer parameters and GWS variations of the confined aquifer system in central Cangzhou are quantified by using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and hydraulic head measurements. We apply the multitemporal InSAR method to detect land deformation time series with Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) data from 2003 to 2010. Seasonal signals in land deformation and head data are isolated by multichannel singular spectrum analysis to derive the elastic skeletal storativity (Ske). The results reveal a spatially heterogeneous Ske pattern with values ranging from 1.7 × 10−4 to 4.4 × 10−3 that agree well with those derived from pumping tests. An abnormal Skezone is found in the land uplift zone, and a gradual increase of Ske is revealed in the eastern coastal plain, which are likely attributed to the hydrological properties in the aquifer systems. Additionally, we characterize spatiotemporal variations in the total GWS, recoverable GWS, and irreversible GWS. The annual depletion rates of recoverable GWS and irreversible GWS are −0.52 ± 1.27 × 107 and −7.68 ± 2.68 × 107 m3/year, accounting for 6.4% and 93.6% of annual total GWS depletion, respectively, suggesting that previous groundwater pumping practices are unsustainable in this region. Finally, we find a 1‐year lag of the IGWS depletion variations behind the head changes due to low vertical hydraulic conductivities in aquitards.
Novel Coalbed Methane (CBM) Origin Analysis and Source Apportionment Method Based on Carbon Isotope Ratio Using Infrared Dual‐Wavelength Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Zhirong , Sun Pengshuai , Li Zhe , Xia Hua , Cui Xiaojuan , Pang Tao , Wu Bian , Guo Qiang , Shu Chimin , Dong Fengzhong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report the application of an infrared dual‐wavelength laser absorption spectroscopy system, which combines tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy and wavelength modulation integrated cavity output spectroscopy technologies based on two spectroscopic sources operating at 6,029 and 2,310 cm−1, to simultaneously measure the gas concentrations (CH4 and CO2) and carbon isotopic signatures (13C and 12C) in coalbed methane. The Allan variance is used to analyze the optimum mean time (t) and the standard deviation (SD), with t = 450 s, SD = 0.41‰ for 13CH4 monitoring and t = 70 s, SD = 0.17‰ for 13CO2 monitoring. Furthermore, 47 groups of coalbed methane samples collected from the Huaibei‐Qidong coal mine seam are analyzed based on the measured results for carbon isotopes and geophysical geochemistry. The δ13CH4 values of the Qidong coal mine fall between −44.57‰ and −61.57‰, and the δ13CO2 values fall between −21.65‰ and −17.06‰. The genetic types of methane may be divided into biogenic gas, thermogenic gas, and mixture gas. Carbon dioxide may be derived from coal pyrolysis, and it also has the characteristics of carbon‐isotope changes of organic genetic gas. The new approach for analyzing rapid genetic types, methane migration pathways, gas disaster source warning, and coal chemistry studies is expected to be further studied in the future.
MHD Modeling of the Plasma Interaction With Io's Asymmetric Atmosphere
Authors: Blöcker Aljona , Saur Joachim , Roth Lorenz , Strobel Darrell F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIo's atmosphere, with an average equatorial column density of ≥1020 m−2, exhibits significant density variations with latitude and longitude. We apply a 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic model to investigate the effects of atmospheric asymmetries, both locally from volcanic plumes and globally, on the plasma and magnetic field environment of Io. The model takes into account collisions between ions and neutrals, plasma production and loss due to electron impact ionization and dissociative recombination, and the ionospheric Hall effect. Our simulation results show that volcanic plumes influence the plasma interaction locally, generating Alfvén winglets within Io's global Alfvén wing. Signals from individual plumes can however barely be probed by magnetic field measurements during spacecraft flybys at Io. In contrast, the surface number density, scale height, the longitudinal and latitudinal variations of the global atmosphere are crucial factors for modeling and understanding magnetic field and plasma perturbations. Comparing our model results with the magnetic field data from the I24 and I27 flybys of the Galileo spacecraft, we find that the measured perturbations can be primarily caused by the plasma interaction with the longitudinally asymmetric atmosphere. This implies that a significant magnetic induction signal from a partially molten magma ocean is not necessarily required to explain the Galileo magnetometer data.
Recurrent Magnetic Dipolarization at Saturn: Revealed by Cassini
Authors: Yao Z. H. , Radioti A. , Grodent D. , Ray L. C , Palmaerts B. , Sergis N. , Dialynas K. , Coates A. J. , Arridge C. S. , Roussos E. , Badman S. V. , Ye Sheng‐Yi , Gérard J.‐C. , Delamere P. A. , Guo R. L. , Pu Z. Y. , Waite J. H. , Krupp N. , Mitchell D. G. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPlanetary magnetospheres receive plasma and energy from the Sun or moons of planets and consequently stretch magnetic field lines. The process may last for varied timescales at different planets. From time to time, energy is rapidly released in the magnetosphere and subsequently precipitated into the ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Usually, this energy dissipation is associated with magnetic dipolarization in the magnetosphere.This process is accompanied by plasma acceleration and field‐aligned current formation, and subsequently auroral emissions are often significantly enhanced. Using measurements from multiple instruments on board the Cassini spacecraft, we reveal that magnetic dipolarization events at Saturn could reoccur after one planetary rotation and name them as recurrent dipolarizations. Three events are presented, including one from the dayside magnetosphere, which has no known precedent with terrestrial magnetospheric observations. During these events, recurrent energizations of plasma (electrons or ions) were also detected, which clearly demonstrate that these processes shall not be simply attributed to modulation of planetary periodic oscillation, although we do not exclude the possibility that the planetary periodic oscillation may modulate other processes (e.g., magnetic reconnection) which energizes particles. We discuss the potential physical mechanisms for generating the recurrent dipolarization process in a comprehensive view, including aurora and energetic neutral atom emissions.
Magnetotail Configuration During a Steady Convection Event as Observed by Low‐Altitude and Magnetospheric Spacecraft
Authors: Sergeev V. A. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. V. , Singer H. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMotivated by ongoing discussion regarding the magnetic configuration in the near‐Earth and midtail regions and its role in populating the inner magnetosphere during long‐duration steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) events, we analyze a rich collection of observations during ~10 hr of strong, steady solar wind driving. Auroral boundaries and regions of stretched and dipolarized magnetic field in the plasma sheet were monitored using solar electron loss cone anisotropy observed by low‐altitude spacecraft. Following a southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field and a subsequent 3‐ to 4‐hr period of large‐scale substorm‐related reconfigurations and plasma injections, the near‐Earth magnetic configuration evolved into a nonstandard type, which lasted until the end of this SMC event (5 hr). During that time a dipolarized region with complicated Bz landscape persisted in the midtail, while the configuration was very stretched in the near tail. This was manifested as a highly depressed magnetic Bz component at geostationary orbit and as persistent nonadiabatic electron scattering at the periphery of the outer radiation belt. In addition, in situ observations suggest that a thin current sheet extended longitudinally toward the dawn terminator. In the return convection region near the terminator, observations of this azimuthal current sheet were sporadically interrupted/modulated by earthward convecting plasma structures, either remnants of reconnection‐produced plasma bubbles or flapping waves. The hybrid magnetotail configuration (dipolar in the midtail and stretched in the near tail) observed during this long‐duration SMC event poses a challenge for empirical magnetospheric modeling.
Renewed Posteruptive Uplift Following the 2011–2012 Rhyolitic Eruption of Cordón Caulle (Southern Andes, Chile): Evidence for Transient Episodes of Magma Reservoir Recharge During 2012–2018
Authors: Delgado Francisco , Pritchard Matthew , Samsonov Sergey , Córdova Loreto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe VEI 4 rhyolitic eruption of Cordón Caulle volcano in 2011–2012 was immediately followed by ∼0.77 m of exponentially decaying uplift during 2012–2015. In this study, we present evidence of additional transient pulses of inflation with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series during 2016–2018. We also assess whether the 2012–2015 uplift can be explained by viscoelastic relaxation or not. InSAR detected ∼12 cm of uplift during 2016–2017 and ∼5 cm during 2017–2018. The three inflation episodes have very similar spatial scales and can be modeled with the same inflating sill (z ∼ 6 km), but their time evolution is significantly different. Numerical models of a pressurized reservoir surrounded by a viscoelastic shell do not have a better fit than a magma injection model to the 2012–2015 InSAR time series, indicating that magma injection is the most likely mechanism to explain this uplift signal. The spatial similarities of the three pulses suggest that they are produced by episodic magma injection. These magma injection pulses provide the heat to remobilize the crystal mush beneath the volcano on timescales of a few months, but the end of the uplift is not predicted by existing models. None of these uplift pulses were related to abnormal seismicity, and we speculate that they are mostly aseismic because they caused stresses of lower magnitude than the coeruptive stresses. The meter scale displacement observed at Cordón Caulle between 2007 and 2018 suggests that the volcano undergoes episodic cycles of inflation like those observed in silicic calderas.
Causes of Interannual Variation of Summer Mean Alongshore Current Near the East Coast of Korea Derived From 16‐Year‐Long Observational Data
Authors: Park Jae‐Hyoung , Nam SungHyun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInterannual variation in the summer surface current near the east coast of Korea was analyzed using long‐term (~16 years) time series measurements. Significant interannual variations in the summer alongshore current, which have a magnitude comparable to that of the climatological summer mean (equatorward) current, were observed. Positive anomalies (more poleward) occurred during 2001, 2009, 2010, and 2014; negative anomalies (more equatorward) occurred during 2002, 2006, and 2012. A linear combination of equatorward propagating coastal‐trapped waves, forced primarily by remote winds off the Russian coast, and an upwelling/downwelling response to local wind forcing, though contribution of the latter is not as significant as that of the former, successfully reproduced (46%) the observed anomalies in the alongshore current (correlation coefficient of 0.68). The influence of cross‐shore movement of the poleward flowing offshore current explains 35% of the total variance in the interannual anomalies of the alongshore current (correlation coefficient of 0.59), yielding less equatorward or slight poleward current near the coast in 2001 and 2009 with onshore movement of the offshore current. The combined effects of wind and offshore current explain ~72% (correlation coefficient of 0.85) of the anomalies in the alongshore current observed during summer near the east coast of Korea, providing significant implications for interannual current dynamics near the midlatitude western boundary.
Impacts of Diabatic Heating on the Genesis and Development of an Inner Tibetan Plateau Vortex
Authors: Wu Di , Zhang Feimin , Wang Chenghai 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA short‐lived (less than 2 days) inner Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) with heavy precipitation was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, and the sensitivity experiments with and without surface diabatic heating and atmospheric latent heating released by precipitation were conducted to investigate the roles of surface and atmospheric diabatic heating on the genesis and development of TPV. Results show that before the genesis of the TPV, there is an anomalous increase of surface heating flux; while a disturbance of potential vorticity (PV) at 500 hPa moves over this region, the PV is enhanced and induces the generation of TPV. The precipitation in turn reduces the surface heating flux. The release of condensation latent heating by precipitation during the development of TPV does not further contribute to its reinforcement. Instead, it is more likely a result of precipitation, tending to stabilize the atmosphere and conducive to the decay of TPV. The PV diagnoses further reveal that in the early phase, the strong diabatic heating in the lower levels associated with the increasing surface heating flux has a significantly positive contribution to the generation of the TPV. The precipitation results in the decrease of positive diabatic heating contribution at low levels. Inversely, the diabatic heating in the middle levels associated with the released latent heating of precipitation condensation tends to have the negative contribution to TPV, resulting in the decay of TPV. The study of this case can deepen our understanding on the mechanism of TPV and its precipitation.
Constraints on the Noachian Paleoclimate of the Martian Highlands From Landscape Evolution Modeling
Authors: Matsubara Yo , Howard Alan D. , Irwin Rossman P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe progressive degradation and loss of impact craters throughout the Noachian Period on Mars indicate prolonged erosion, rather than only a brief spike around the Noachian/Hesperian transition. The purpose of this study is to determine which suite(s) of geomorphic processes and rates best reproduce the relict Noachian landscape. We modeled the evolution of two study areas in the Martian highlands, Noachis Terra and Terra Cimmeria, to constrain the long‐term erosional processes and rates that prevailed ~4.0–3.7 Ga, before the valley networks formed. Our model runs indicate a very low erosion rate and inefficient runoff production during the Middle and Late Noachian Epochs. The terrestrial equivalent of 2 and 1.5 Myr worth of erosional work under arid to semiarid conditions with inefficient runoff production was required in order to replicate the landscape at Noachis Terra and Terra Cimmeria, respectively, over ~300 Myr. Low areas in the landscape filled with sediments, while mass wasting and fluvial erosion were focused on crater rims and interior walls. The surface characteristics that best reproduce the observed landscape are a bedrock weathering rate around 0.0005–0.001 m/year with regolith that is 100 times more erodible than bedrock, suggesting that impact comminution and aqueous weathering produced abundant transportable material on Noachian Mars. The simulation results suggest that the Noachian paleoclimate was more arid than around the Noachian/Hesperian transition, but it supported occasional precipitation (snow or rain) that weathered surface materials and transported sediments.
A Positive Feedback Between Sediment Deposition and Tidal Prism May Affect the Morphodynamic Evolution of Tidal Deltas
Authors: Zhang Xiaohe , Fagherazzi Sergio , Leonardi Nicoletta , Li Jiufa 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTidal deltas are fragile systems whose morphology can be easily impacted by variations in water and sediment fluxes caused by natural and human processes. Here we explore the relation between tidal prism and sediment dynamics in tidal deltas using the recent evolution of the Yangtze River estuary, China, as an example. Using the numerical model Delft3D, we examine how changes in delta morphology can trigger variations in tidal signal, suspended and bed load transport, and how these could ultimately cause additional morphological changes. Our results show that a positive feedback between sediment deposition and tidal prism dominates the morphodynamic evolution of the delta. Accretion of the shoals in the delta front increases the dissipation of tides and decreases the tidal prism leading to weaker tidal flows. This reduction in tidal currents lowers the sediment flushing capacity of the system, promoting deposition on the shoals and tidal dissipation. This positive feedback potentially traps more sediment in the delta topset and possibly offsets the decrease in sediment load triggered by the construction of upstream dams, often present in tidal deltas.
Boulder Array Effects on Bedload Pulses and Depositional Patches
Authors: Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Tsakiris Achilleas G. , Wyssmann Micah A. , Kramer Casey M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe influence of boulders in high gradient gravel‐bed rivers can be significant. Yet few studies have isolated their role in regulating bedload. It is hypothesized that boulder relative submergence and the corresponding eddies developing around boulders affect the frequency of bedload pulsations and the location of sediment deposits. Results show the occurrence of two distinct timescales in bedload exiting a boulder array, which were identified via time series analysis. These are the small‐scale periodicity, PS, and the large‐scale periodicity, PL. PS was identified in the range of 4–6 min and is believed to result from congested bedload movement due to reduced conveyance area within the array. PL was identified in the range of 8–46 min. It is suggested that PL corresponds to large bedload releases around boulders, which the authors consider to be caused by feedbacks between boulder eddies and bedload deposits. It is also found that boulder submergence and Froude number, Fr, influence the location of predominant deposition. At High Relative Submergence, deposition occurs in the boulder wake regions. At Low Relative Submergence, deposition instead occurs upstream of boulders in locations that depend on Fr. For Fr < 1, material deposits in the stoss of boulders due to the necklace structure of the horseshoe vortex. However, for Fr > 1, material deposits at the flanks of boulders due to the influence of local wave crests around boulders. The trapping efficiency of boulders reduces the dimensionless mean bedload transport rate by three orders of magnitude compared to conditions without boulders.