bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer by Steady Streaming in a Horizontal Annulus with Inner Heating at Boundary Vibration
Authors: Kozlov N V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Convection and heat transfer are studied experimentally in a horizontal annulus, the outer wall of which is formed by an elastic silicone tube, and the inner one – by a copper cylindrical heat exchanger. The working volume is filled with a viscous fluid. T he temperature of the outer boundary is kept constant. At the inner boundary, a constant heat generation power is maintained. The elastic outer wall is driven in a periodic motion by two linear motors, installed symmetrically to the left and to the right of the container and performing synchronous oscillations. Thermal measurements are carried out at steady state temperature. In the absence of vibrations, free convection is observed. Vibrations lead to the generation of steady averaged flows in the form of a system of eight pairs of rolls, parallel to the cylinder axis. Vibrational convection enhances heat transfer across the annulus. The structure of steady flows and the rate of heat transfer are determined by the interaction between two convective mechanisms.
Velocity Distribution in Rough Pipe: the Model Based on the Analytical Description of Resistance Curves in Nikuradse’s Experiments
Authors: Dudar O 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Calculation and optimization of such complex systems as ventilating networks, water supply systems, etc. taking into account roughness of a surface and possible processes of heat and mass transfer demands use simple hydrodynamic models, which are at the same time sufficiently exact for engineering calculations. The goal of this paper is to develop such model. Prandtl’s model of a two-layer flow in the smooth pipe with the linear law of velocity distribution for a near-wall laminar layer and the logarithmic law for a turbulent core is used as a basis, which spreads to a case of rough pipes. The velocity profile equation and also the equations for the coordinate Yb
of the laminar and turbulent border and its velocity Ub
are derived. This paper is based on the use of the analytical description of Nikuradse’s experimental curves λ(Re,δ) (λ is the resistance coefficient, δ is the relative roughness) which earlier was found by the author. The dependence λ(Re*,δ) (Re* is the dynamic Reynolds number) is included into all above-mentioned equations. Results of numerical calculations of Yb
and Ub
as functions of Re* for the values of δ which are the same as in Nikuradse’s experiments are given. The calculation of velocity profiles for some values of Re* and δ is also fulfilled. Comparisons with the experimental velocity profiles obtained by Nikuradse demonstrate a good agreement.
Two-Phase System in a Rotating Cylindrical Cavity under the Transverse Vibrations
Authors: Karpunin I E , Kozlov N V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The effect of large-amplitude translational vibrations on the dynamics of a two-phase system (light cylinder in liquid or two immiscible liquids, placed in a rotating cylindrical cavity) is studied experimentally. The experiments are run at high rotation rate, when under the action of centrifugal force the light phase is located near the rotation axis. Vibrations are perpendicular to the rotation axis and their frequency is close to the rotation rate. When the frequencies coincide, the vibrations change the centrifugal field configuration. The light phase column shifts stationary in the rotating frame of reference.
Dynamics of Vapor-Gas Bubbles in a Liquid Near Solid Surfaces with Different Properties
Authors: Lyubimova T P , Rybkin K A , Fattalov O O , Filippov L O 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the dynamics of vapor-gas bubbles arising in a distilled water and watersalt solutions as a result of coalescence of cavitation bubbles formed under the action of ultrasound (US) near solid surfaces with different properties has been experimentally investigated. Experiments have shown a significant effect of salt concentration in water and properties of solid surface on the behavior of bubbles, both under the action of ultrasonic and after its shutdown. In distilled water, mobile bubbles were observed on hydrophilic surface of wood, most of which are detached from the surface and rise after US shutdown. Bubbles on the hydrophobic surface of fluoroplastic, on the contrary, remain motionless both during the exposure to ultrasonic and after its shutdown. In a 20% aqueous solution of NaCl under the action of ultrasound on the hydrophilic surface, the bubbles remain stationary, and at the time of the shutdown of the ultrasound only a small part of them rise. In similar conditions, mobile bubbles are observed on the hydrophobic surface that rise when the ultrasonic is switched off.
A method of determining geometry of cone beam CT scanner
Authors: Tischenko O , Nezhad N Saeid , Hoeschen C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The task of determining the geometry of a cone-beam CT scanner with flat panel detector and circular/spiral source trajectory is considered. Accomplishing this task implies analyzing projections of a set of points referred to as calibrating set or calibrating phantom. We take advantage of the fact that observed coordinates of a point’s projection are rational functions of the point’s location. Unknown coefficients of these functions can be recovered exactly from six projections of the point. Location of the source as well as position and orientation of the detector are determined in the scanner reference frame, which is constituted by rotation axis and central plane of the scanner. Two different projections of a calibrating set are enough to solve the task if the source trajectory is a circle. In applications where a shift of an object transversally to the central plane is required, two additional projections have to be collected in order to identify the direction of the shift. The developed formalism becomes especially simple when the detector is aligned with the rotation axis. In this case four projections of a single calibrating point rotated successfully about the rotation axis are sufficient. The error analysis carried out in the paper shows that the magnitude of deviation from the true values is of the order of the magnitude of measurement errors.
Full life course analysis of birdsong reveals maturation and senescence of highly repeatable song characteristics
Authors: Zipple Matthew N , Nowicki Stephen , Searcy William A , Peters Susan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSignalers may benefit in some contexts from advertising their ages, for example in courting potential mates. Receivers in turn may benefit from assessing a signaler’s age, even in cases where their doing so is against the signaler’s interests. Indicators of age contained in signals thus may have important fitness consequences for both signalers and receivers. In birds, males of many species have been shown to display delayed maturation of their songs, resulting in older males singing songs that are higher in quality in one or more characteristics. Conversely, it seems possible that songs might eventually deteriorate with age as an aspect behavioral senescence. Studies of birdsong long enough to test both possibilities are quite uncommon, with nearly all studies aspect of age-dependent changes in birdsong spanning 3 or fewer years of males’ lives. Here, we present the longest longitudinal analysis of male birdsong to date, in which we analyze songs recorded for 4–11 years of the lives of captive male swamp sparrows. We find that males displayed delayed maturation of three song characteristics: song rate, song length, and consistency between songs. Delayed maturation was followed by behavioral senescence of three characteristics: song rate, stereotypy within songs, and consistency between songs. Because song quality declined in males beyond 2 years of age, this evidence is inconsistent with a signaling system in which females both prefer increasingly older males and are able to accurately determine male age through song assessment. Rather, our evidence suggests that swamp sparrows should be able to use song to distinguish intermediate-aged males from 1-year-old and very old males.
Improving the Use of Personal Protective Equipment: Applying Lessons Learned
Authors: Reddy Sujan C , Valderrama Amy L , Kuhar David T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Unrecognized transmission of pathogens in healthcare settings can lead to colonization and infection of both patients and healthcare personnel. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important strategy to protect healthcare personnel from contamination and to prevent the spread of pathogens to subsequent patients. However, optimal PPE use is difficult, and healthcare personnel may alter delivery of care because of the PPE. Here, we summarize recent research from the Prevention Epicenters Program on healthcare personnel contamination and improvement of the routine use of PPE as well as Ebola-specific PPE. Future efforts to optimize the use of PPE should include increasing adherence to protocols for PPE use, improving PPE design, and further research into the risks, benefits, and best practices of PPE use.
Cost-effectiveness of an Environmental Cleaning Bundle for Reducing Healthcare-associated Infections
Authors: White Nicole M , Barnett Adrian G , Hall Lisa , Mitchell Brett G , Farrington Alison , Halton Kate , Paterson David L , Riley Thomas V , Gardner Anne , Page Katie , Gericke Christian A , Graves Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a significant patient safety issue, with point prevalence estimates being ~5% in high-income countries. In 2016–2017, the Researching Effective Approaches to Cleaning in Hospitals (REACH) study implemented an environmental cleaning bundle targeting communication, staff training, improved cleaning technique, product use, and audit of frequent touch-point cleaning. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the environmental cleaning bundle for reducing the incidence of HAIs.

Methods
A stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial was conducted in 11 hospitals recruited from 6 Australian states and territories. Bundle effectiveness was measured by the numbers of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, Clostridium difficile infection, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections prevented in the intervention phase based on estimated reductions in the relative risk of infection. Changes to costs were defined as the cost of implementing the bundle minus cost savings from fewer infections. Health benefits gained from fewer infections were measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and net monetary benefit of adopting the cleaning bundle over existing hospital cleaning practices.

Results
Implementing the cleaning bundle cost $349 000 Australian dollars (AUD) and generated AUD$147 500 in cost savings. Infections prevented under the cleaning bundle returned a net monetary benefit of AUD$1.02 million and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $4684 per QALY gained. There was an 86% chance that the bundle was cost-effective compared with existing hospital cleaning practices.

Conclusions
A bundled, evidence-based approach to improving hospital cleaning is a cost-effective intervention for reducing the incidence of HAIs.
Shoal familiarity modulates effects of individual metabolism on vulnerability to capture by trawling
Authors: Hollins J P W , Thambithurai D , Van Leeuwen T E , Allan B , Koeck B , Bailey D , Killen S S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Impacts of fisheries-induced evolution may extend beyond life history traits to more cryptic aspects of biology, such as behaviour and physiology. Understanding roles of physiological traits in determining individual susceptibility to capture in fishing gears and how these mechanisms change across contexts is essential to evaluate the capacity of commercial fisheries to elicit phenotypic change in exploited populations. Previous work has shown that metabolic traits related to anaerobic swimming may determine individual susceptibility to capture in trawls, with fish exhibiting higher anaerobic performance more likely to evade capture. However, high densities of fish aggregated ahead of a trawl net may exacerbate the role of social interactions in determining an individual fish’s behaviour and likelihood of capture, yet the role of social environment in modulating relationships between individual physiological traits and vulnerability to capture in trawls remains unknown. By replicating the final moments of capture in a trawl using shoals of wild minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus), we investigated the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture among shoals of both familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. We expected that increased shoal cohesion and conformity of behaviour in shoals of familiar fish would lessen the role of individual metabolic traits in determining susceptibility to capture. However, the opposite pattern was observed, with individual fish exhibiting high anaerobic capacity less vulnerable to capture in the trawl net, but only when tested alongside familiar conspecifics. This pattern is likely due to stronger cohesion within familiar shoals, where maintaining a minimal distance from conspecifics, and thus staying ahead of the net, becomes limited by individual anaerobic swim performance. In contrast, lower shoal cohesion and synchronicity of behaviours within unfamiliar shoals may exacerbate the role of stochastic processes in determining susceptibility to capture, disrupting relationships between individual metabolic traits and vulnerability to capture.
Long-term outcomes of cryoballoon-based left atrial appendage isolation in addition to pulmonary vein isolation in persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yorgun Hikmet , Canpolat Uğur , Okşul Metin , Şener Yusuf Ziya , Ateş Ahmet Hakan , Crijns Harry J G M , Aytemir Kudret 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsPulmonary vein isolation (PVI) alone in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) is not as successful as in paroxysmal AF, and recent data indicate the key role of non-PV triggers. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of left atrial appendage isolation (LAAi) as an adjunct to PVI using cryoballoon (CB) in persistent AF.Methods and resultsWe compared 144 persistent AF patients (59 ± 10 years, 51% females) who underwent PVI combined with LAAi with a propensity-score matched cohort of 138 persistent AF patients (59 ± 6 years, 52% female) in whom PVI-only was performed. Baseline and follow-up data including electrocardiography (ECG), 24-h Holter ECG’s, and echocardiography were recorded for all patients. Atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence was defined as detection of AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia (≥30 s) after a 3-month blanking period. At a mean of 30.5 ± 5.6 months follow-up, 85 (61.6%) patients in the PVI-only group and 109 (75.7%) patients in the PVI+LAAi group were free of ATa after the index procedure (P = 0.008). Ischaemic stroke/transient ischaemic attack was detected in 4 (2.9%) patients in PVI-only group and in 5 (3.5%) patients in the PVI+LAAi group (P = 0.784). Cox regression analysis revealed that the PVI-only strategy was found as a significant predictor for recurrence (hazard ratio 3.01, 95% confidence interval 1.81–5.03; P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur findings indicated that CB-based LAAi+PVI was associated with a favourable efficacy compared to PVI-only strategy in patients with persistent AF. Although ischaemic event rates were similar between the groups, rigorous adherence to anticoagulation regime is paramount in order to prevent thrombo-embolic complications.
Biomarkers for Aging Identified in Cross-sectional Studies Tend to Be Non-causative
Authors: Nelson Paul G , Promislow Daniel E L , Masel Joanna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiomarkers are important tools for diagnosis, prognosis, and identification of the causal factors of physiological conditions. Biomarkers are typically identified by correlating biological measurements with the status of a condition in a sample of subjects. Cross-sectional studies sample subjects at a single timepoint, whereas longitudinal studies follow a cohort through time. Identifying biomarkers of aging is subject to unique challenges. Individuals who age faster have intrinsically higher mortality rates and so are preferentially lost over time, in a phenomenon known as cohort selection. In this article, we use simulations to show that cohort selection biases cross-sectional analysis away from identifying causal loci of aging, to the point where cross-sectional studies are less likely to identify loci that cause aging than if loci had been chosen at random. We go on to show this bias can be corrected by incorporating correlates of mortality identified from longitudinal studies, allowing cross-sectional studies to effectively identify the causal factors of aging.
“In the Bengali Vocabulary, There Is No Such Word as Care Home”:Caring Experiences of UK Bangladeshi and Indian Family Carers of People Living With Dementia at Home
Authors: Herat-Gunaratne Ruminda , Cooper Claudia , Mukadam Naaheed , Rapaport Penny , Leverton Monica , Higgs Paul , Samus Quincy , Burton Alexandra 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
We aimed to explore experiences of South Asian carers of people with dementia receiving health or social care in the United Kingdom, purposively recruited to encompass a range of migration, economic and cultural experiences. While previous work in this area has reported carers’ understanding of, and attitudes to dementia, we explored how carers’ cultural identities and values influenced their experiences, negotiation of the caring role and relationship with services.

Research Design and Methods
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 Bangladeshi and Indian family carers of people living with dementia at home. We recruited participants from community settings in London and Bradford, UK. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and thematically analyzed.

Results
We identified 4 themes: an expectation and duty to care, expectation and duty as a barrier to accessing formal care (family carer reluctance, care recipient reluctance, and service organization), culturally (in)sensitive care, and the importance of support from informal care networks.

Discussion and Implications
Interviewees described tensions between generations with different understandings of familial care obligations. Expectations to manage led to burden and guilt, and the cost of caring, in terms of lost employment and relationships was striking. Unlike in previous studies, interviewees wanted to engage and be supported by services, but were frequently offered care models they could not accept. There was a tension between a state-provided care system obliged to provide care when there are no alternatives, and family carers who feel a duty to always provide alternatives. Informal social networks often provided valued support.
PapG subtype-specific binding characteristics of Escherichia coli towards globo-series glycosphingolipids of human kidney and bladder uroepithelial cells
Authors: Legros Nadine , Ptascheck Stefanie , Pohlentz Gottfried , Karch Helge , Dobrindt Ulrich , Müthing Johannes 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in humans. P-fimbriae are key players for bacterial adherence to the uroepithelium through the Galα1–4Gal-binding PapG adhesin. The three identified classes I, II and III of PapG are supposed to adhere differently to host cell glycosphingolipids (GSLs) of the uroepithelial tract harboring a distal or internal Galα1–4Gal sequence. In this study, GSL binding characteristics were obtained in a nonradioactive adhesion assay using biotinylated E. coli UTI and urine isolates combined with enzyme-linked NeutrAvidin for detection. Initial experiments with reference globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer, Galα1–4Galβ1–4Glcβ1–1Cer), globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer, GalNAcβ1–3Galα1–4Galβ1–4Glcβ1–1Cer) and Forssman GSL (GalNAcα1–3GalNAcβ1–3Galα1–4Galβ1–4Glcβ1–1Cer) revealed balanced adhesion toward the three GSLs for PapG I–mediated attachment. In contrast, E. coli carrying PapG II or PapG III increasingly adhered to growing oligosaccharide chain lengths of Gb3Cer, Gb4Cer and Forssman GSL. Binding studies with GSLs from human A498 kidney and human T24 bladder epithelial cells, both being negative for the Forssman GSL, revealed the less abundant Gb4Cer vs. Gb3Cer as the prevalent receptor in A498 cells of E. coli expressing PapG II or PapG III. On the other hand, T24 cells exhibited a higher relative content of Gb4Cer vs. Gb3Cer alongside dominant binding of PapG II- or PapG III–harboring E. coli toward Gb4Cer and vastly lowered attachment to minor Gb3Cer. Further studies on PapG-mediated interaction with cell surface–exposed GSLs will improve our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of P-fimbriae-mediated adhesion and may contribute to the development of antiadhesion therapeutics to combat UTIs.
Complete Breast MRI Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Prediction of Pathologic Complete Response
Authors: Chen Christina A , Hayward Jessica H , Woodard Genevieve A , Ray Kimberly M , Starr Christopher J , Hylton Nola M , Joe Bonnie N , Lee Amie Y 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess the negative predictive value (NPV) of breast MRI in detecting residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in women with invasive breast cancer, overall and by tumor subtype.

Methods
An institutional review board approved retrospective study from January 2010 through December 2016 identified patients with invasive breast cancer who achieved complete MRI response to NAC, defined as the absence of residual enhancement in the tumor bed above background parenchymal enhancement. During the study period, it was our routine practice to assign a BI-RADS 1 or 2 assessment to these cases. The NPV was defined as the ability of a complete MRI response to predict pathologic complete response (pCR) at final surgical pathology. Statistical analyses were performed using a Fisher exact test.

Results
Among 244 patients who underwent MRI to assess NAC response, 38 (16%) were determined to have complete MRI response by the interpreting radiologist. Of these, 20/38 (53%) had pCR. Complete MRI response did not significantly predict pCR for the total group (P &lt; 0.9). However, NPVs significantly varied by molecular subtype (P &lt; 0.004). True negative MRIs by tumor subtype were 2/10 (20%) for hormone receptor (HR)+/HER2–, 3/10 (30%) for HR+/HER2+, 6/8 (75%) for HR–/HER+, and 9/10 (90%) for triple negative (TN) subtypes. Complete MRI response significantly predicted pCR for only the TN subtype (NPV 90%; P &lt; 0.02).

Conclusions
In patients with complete MRI response, 53% had pCR. While MRI lacks sufficient NPV to obviate the need for surgical excision, it may add prognostic value for certain molecular subtypes. The TN subtype demonstrated the highest NPV.