bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulated Dehydration for Enhanced Anodic Performance of Bacterial Cellulose derived Carbon Nanofibers
Authors: Illa Mani Pujitha , Khandelwal Mudrika , Sharma Chandra S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCarbon nanofibers (CNF) have shown to improve electrochemical performance when used as anode materials in Lithium‐ion batteries. Bacterial cellulose (BC), which is naturally produced as a hydrogel, yields CNF upon drying followed by pyrolysis. The BC derived CNF, primarily involving freeze‐drying, have been successfully tested as a potential anode material. However, in order to enhance the anodic performance, we need to tune the physiochemical properties of BC. This work is a first of its kind attempt to systematically study the effect of dehydration conditions (namely, oven and freeze drying) of bacterial cellulose hydrogel (produced using two bacterial strains) on the microstructural properties and electrochemical performance of as‐derived CNF. Finally, we demonstrate the use of oven‐dried bacterial cellulose as a sustainable and scalable precursor for CNF with a reversible capacity of 440 mAhg−1 at 0.2 C‐rate with ∼99% coulombic efficiency after 100 continuous charge/discharge cycles.
Slow Dynamics of Premelting Water Molecules Confined in a Hydrophilic Nanoporous Space
Authors: Ohata Yuki , Kamebuchi Hajime , Watanabe Keisuke , Kouchi Takaya , Suzuki You , Imaizumi Taku , Sugaya Tomoaki , Mizuno Motohiro , Tadokoro Makoto 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe mobility, thermal behaviour, and crystal structures of water molecules confined within a one‐dimensional (1‐D), nanoporous single crystal in the premelting state were investigated in this study. Water clusters confined within the hydrophilic crystal revealed a premelting phase that was intermediate between the frozen and melted states. Water molecules in the premelting phase moved slowly. Heat capacity measurements showed that this motion could continue for approximately 24 hours after annealing at 160 K, although this could not be confirmed with solid‐state 2H‐NMR analysis. X‐ray diffraction analysis established the coexistence of crystal structures in the frozen and premelting states at 165 K. These results represent a valuable contribution to understanding the dynamic properties of water confined within nanoscale spaces.
Stationary and Nonstationary Ion and Water Flux Interactions in Kidney Proximal Tubule: Mathematical Analysis of Isosmotic Transport by a Minimalistic Model
Authors: Larsen Erik Hviid , Sørensen Jens Nørkær 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOur mathematical model of epithelial transport (Larsen et al. Acta Physiol. 195:171–186, 2009) is extended by equations for currents and conductance of apical SGLT2. With independent variables of the physiological parameter space, the model reproduces intracellular solute concentrations, ion and water fluxes, and electrophysiology of proximal convoluted tubule. The following were shown:Water flux is given by active Na+flux into lateral spaces, while osmolarity of absorbed fluid depends on osmotic permeability of apical membranes.Following aquaporin “knock-out,” water uptake is not reduced but redirected to the paracellular pathway.Reported decrease in epithelial water uptake in aquaporin-1 knock-out mouse is caused by downregulation of active Na+absorption.Luminal glucose stimulates Na+uptake by instantaneous depolarization-induced pump activity (“cross-talk”) and delayed stimulation because of slow rise in intracellular [Na+].Rate of fluid absorption and flux of active K+absorption would have to be attuned at epithelial cell level for the [K+] of the absorbate being in the physiological range of interstitial [K+].Following unilateral osmotic perturbation, time course of water fluxes between intraepithelial compartments provides physical explanation for the transepithelial osmotic permeability being orders of magnitude smaller than cell membranes’ osmotic permeability.Fluid absorption is always hyperosmotic to bath.Deviation from isosmotic absorption is increased in presence of glucose contrasting experimental studies showing isosmotic transport being independent of glucose uptake.For achieving isosmotic transport, the cost of Na+recirculation is predicted to be but a few percent of the energy consumption of Na+/K+pumps.
Platelet and White Blood Cell (WBC) Counts in the First Trimester and Pregnancy Outcome: Prospective Controlled Study
Authors: Al-Husban Naser , Al-Atrash Hiba , Alhayek Nour , Al-Soud Kawther , Alhusban Muna 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn pregnancy, there is usually a degree of thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis. Our aim was to find out if raised platelet and white blood cell counts (WBC) in the first trimester above 300 ⅹ 109/L and 10 ⅹ 103/mm3, respectively are related to the pregnancy outcome. This is a prospective controlled trial at Jordan University hospital in the period between June 2017 to September 2018. Pregnant women were enrolled in the study any time less than 14 weeks with platelet count of 300 ⅹ 109/L or more and white blood cell count of 10.0 ⅹ 103/mm3 or more (study group, 100 pregnant women). The control group (84 pregnant women) were recruited at the same time. There was a statistically significant increased risk of miscarriage in the study group, P value 0.018, and a statistically significant increased risk of preterm delivery, P value 0.001. There was also a higher risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in the study group than the control, 11.2 versus 3.8%, odds ratio 3.169, but this difference wasn’t statistically significant. Pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes had statistically significant higher risk of preterm deliveries, lower birth weight, higher risk of neonatal intensive care unit admission than those without membrane rupture. Elevated platelet and WBC counts in the first trimester are associated with increased risk of miscarriage, increased risk of preterm delivery and relatively increased risk of PPROM. This can serve as an early warning for adverse pregnancy outcome.
On quantum implication
Authors: Younes Yousef , Schmitt Ingo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLogic is an algebraic structure that defines a set of abstract rules which govern an area of interest. The abstraction property of the rules makes them reusable tools to model different problems and to reason with them. The proliferation of quantum theory brought attention to quantum logic which is a lattice of projectors and it is of importance to quantum computing. Unfortunately, basic tools like implication are not sufficiently studied in that logic, which prevents us from exploiting the power of quantum mechanics in reasoning. This note investigates the implication issue in quantum logic and defines a quantum implication operator for compatible events as well as for incompatible events. The suggested operator depends both on the angle between the vector sub-spaces of the involved events and the angles between the system state and the vector sub-spaces. It differentiates between three cases depending on the angle between the events’ sub-spaces. The article further shows through an example that some classical reasoning rules such as Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens hold given the suggested implication.
Testing donation menus: on charitable giving for cancer research – evidence from a natural field experiment
Authors: BAGGIO MARIANNA , MOTTERLINI MATTEO 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBehavioral economics research has helped with understanding charitable behavior and has shown that charities can encourage donations by carefully designing their pledges. However, there is still scope to extend current research on who gives, what drives the decision to donate and at what levels, especially when behavioral insights are applied in context. In cooperation with a major Italian charity for cancer research, this study implements a natural direct mail field experiment, with over 150,000 letters sent to donors. By exploring the behavioral responses to different donation anchors, evidence was found that, within the given framework, including donation menus significantly increased the average amount donated without affecting the likelihood of donation. Furthermore, introducing additional explanations of how to make a payment significantly increased overall returns. Lastly, individual heterogeneity (high- and low-frequency donors, as well as senior and junior donors) had a direct effect on donations.
A bound on the vertical transport of heat in the ‘ultimate’ state of slippery convection at large Prandtl numbers
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Whitehead Jared P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn upper bound on the rate of vertical heat transport is established in three dimensions for stress-free velocity boundary conditions on horizontally periodic plates. A variation of the background method is implemented that allows negative values of the quadratic form to yield ‘small’ ($O\left(1/ \mathit{Pr}\right)$) corrections to the subsequent bound. For large (but finite) Prandtl numbers this bound is an improvement over the ‘ultimate’$R{a}^{1/ 2} $scaling and, in the limit of infinite$Pr$, agrees with the bound of$R{a}^{5/ 12} $recently derived in that limit for stress-free boundaries.
Late Permian rugose corals from Gyanyima of Drhada, Tibet (Xizang), Southwest China
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Wang Xiangdong , Zhang Yichun , Cao Changqun , Lee Dongjin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe rugose corals described in this study were collected from the Gyanyima section in the Ngari region of southwestern Tibet (Xizang) and are assigned to three genera and 11 species, including a new genus and seven new species:Waagenophyllum(Waagenophyllum)ngarienseHe, 1990;W. (W.)elegantulumHe in Luo et al., 1989;W. (W.)minutumZhao, 1981;W. (W.)tachtabulasicumIlyina, 1997;W. (W.)gyanyimaensen. sp.,W. (W.)intermediumn. sp.,Waagenophyllum(Liangshanophyllum)clisicolumellumn. sp.,Ipciphyllum naoticumn. sp.,I. floricolumellumn. sp.,I. zandaensen. sp., andGyanyimaphyllum crassiseptatumn. gen. n. sp. Ontogeny and intraspecific variation are given special attention when describing and discussing these taxa. Coral reefs, withWaagenophyllumas the major skeletal reef builder, occur in several horizons in the uppermost part of the section. The accompanying foraminifers indicate the rugose coral fauna is a late Permian Changhsingian age. Therefore, this is possibly one of the latest Permian rugose coral reefs in the world known up to now.UUID:http://zoobank.org/b9e621cb-197d-4208-8267-14d62f382a1b
Correlation between white blood cell count and mood-stabilising treatment response in two bipolar disorder trials
Authors: Köhler-Forsberg Ole , Sylvia Louisa G. , Bowden Charles L. , Calabrese Joseph R. , Thase Michael E. , Shelton Richard C. , McInnis Melvin , Tohen Mauricio , Kocsis James H. , Ketter Terence A. , Friedman Edward S. , Deckersbach Thilo , Ostacher Michael J. , Iosifescu Dan V. , McElroy Susan , Nierenberg Andrew A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground:Immune system markers may predict affective disorder treatment response, but whether an overall immune system marker predicts bipolar disorder treatment effect is unclear.Methods:Bipolar CHOICE (N = 482) and LiTMUS (N = 283) were similar comparative effectiveness trials treating patients with bipolar disorder for 24 weeks with four different treatment arms (standard-dose lithium, quetiapine, moderate-dose lithium plus optimised personalised treatment (OPT) and OPT without lithium). We performed secondary mixed effects linear regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, smoking and body mass index to investigate relationships between pre-treatment white blood cell (WBC) levels and clinical global impression scale (CGI) response.Results:Compared to participants with WBC counts of 4.5–10 × 109/l, participants with WBC &lt; 4.5 or WBC ≥ 10 showed similar improvement within each specific treatment arm and in gender-stratified analyses.Conclusions:An overall immune system marker did not predict differential treatment response to four different treatment approaches for bipolar disorder all lasting 24 weeks.
No calm after the storm—diaspora influence on bilateral emergency aid flows
Authors: Platte Hendrik 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study analyzes how migrants affect their host country's foreign policy toward their home country by measuring their influence on bilateral emergency aid. I develop the argument that besides political lobbying and the targeting of aid by the donor country, migrants affect emergency aid by providing a linkage between the countries and increasing the salience of a disaster abroad. The empirical analysis shows that the location and size of a country's diaspora is an important predictor of emergency aid flows after natural disasters. Interaction effects provide support for the linkage argument: while the diaspora effect does not increase with the host country's level of democracy, it is strongest with the least severe and most distant disasters.
Evolution of thermally generated neutron-star magnetic Fields
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Hernquist Lars E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStrongly magnetized neutron stars are believed to underlie a variety of astrophysical systems, although conflicting observational and theoretical evidence has led to debate on the origin and stability of these magnetic fields. Here we describe a new model of neutron star magnetic moments, assuming that the fields are generated at birth and following their evolution to ages as large as the Hubble time. With realistic thermal evolution and conductivities, isolated neutron stars will maintain large magnetic dipole fields. As suggested elsewhere field modification under mass accretion might lead to torque decay. We identify an operative mechanism for this process; the results of this unified picture are in agreement with observations of a wide range of neutron star systems.
Relativistic Shock Waves and the Excitation of Plerions
Authors: Arons Jonathan , Gallant Yves A. , Hoshino Masahiro , Langdon A. Bruce , Max Claire E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe shock termination of a relativistic magnetohydrodynamic wind from a pulsar is the most interesting and viable model for the excitation of the synchrotron sources observed in plerionic supernova remnants. We have studied the structure of relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in plasmas composed purely of electrons and positrons, as well as those whose composition includes heavy ions as a minority constituent by number. We find that relativistic shocks in symmetric pair plasmas create fully thermalized distributions of particles and fields downstream. Therefore, such shocks are not good candidates for the mechanism which converts rotational energy lost from a pulsar into the nonthermal synchrotron emission observed in plerions. However, when the upstream wind contains heavy ions which are a minority constituent by number density, but carry the bulk of the energy density, much of the energy of the shock goes into a downstream, nonthermal power-law distribution of positrons with energy distribution N(E)dE ∝ E–s. In a specific model presented in some detail, s = 3. These characteristics are close to those assumed for the pairs in macroscopic MHD wind models of plerion excitation. The essential mechanism is collective synchrotron emission of left-handed extraordinary modes by the ions in the shock front at high harmonics of the ion-cyclotron frequency, with the downstream positrons preferentially absorbing almost all of this radiation, mostly at their fundamental (relativistic) cyclotron frequencies. Possible applications to the models of plerions and to constraints on theories of energy loss from pulsars are briefly outlined.
The Energy Emission of Sheets in the The Pulsar Magnetosphere
Authors: Tong Yi  , Yuan Li Zhong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe present a possible emission mechanism based on the idea of current sheets in magnetohydrodynamice. The current sheets are formed close to the light cylinder due to a relativistic effect involving partly frozen-in particles. We estimate that the energy emitted by the current sheets fits the observations fairly well.
New Evidence on the Shape of Pulsar Beams
Authors: Narayan Ramesh , Ostriker J.P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFrom a study of the intensity and polarization data of a large number of pulsars, Lyne and Manchester (1988) showed that pulsar beams are essentially circular in cross-section, and confirmed that pulse widths are inversely correlated with pulse period. Using a homogeneous sub-sample of 80 “cone-dominated” pulsars from their compilation, we find an inverse correlation between pulse width and radio luminosity. We conclude that pulsar beams become wider at lower luminosities. This effect is expected since pulse profiles are observed to fall-off smoothly at their edges, thus showing that pulsar beams do not have sharp edges. If beams do become wider at lower luminosities, then some of the dispersion in the observed pulsar luminosities is not intrinsic, but merely due to varying offsets of the line-of-sight from the beam center. In view of this, one should re-examine the usual procedure of independently modeling the luminosity and beaming in pulsar statistics calculations. We expect that a self-consistent approach that includes luminosity and beaming within a single model will indicate that the “effective” beam size for statistical calculations is significantly larger (by a factor ~2) than the size one usually estimates based on the observed sample of high-luminosity pulsars.
Two Remarkable Examples of Conal Profile Evolution
Authors: Hankins T. H. , Rankin Joanna M. , Stinebring D. R. , McKinnon M. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPulsar 0301+19, whose two well-separated components provide a textbook example of the conal double profile, apparently evolves to ajeingle form at frequencies above 5 GHz. PSR 2016+28, by contrast, exhibits a single form above 200 MHz, but bifurcates strongly and very asymmetrically below 100 MHz. In few pulsars can we see the full possibilities of conal profile evolution so clearly manifested.
On the Separation of the Components in the Mean Pulse Profile of PSR 1451-68 and their Spectral Behavior
Authors: Wu Xinji , Xu Wen , Rankin Joanna M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe have developed a method to understand the detailed structure of the mean pulse profile of pulsars, namely, the Gaussian fit separation of the average profile (GFSAP) method, in which we assume the total profile is the superposition of several individual Gaussian-distributed components. Linear polarization data is used to simplify the fitting. The components of PSR 1451–68 are separated and their spectral indices calculated. We find that the profile of PSR 1451–68 is actually quintuple instead of triple, which is in agreement with the idea that quintuple is the prototype shape of pulsar profiles. The core component is shown to have the steepest spectrum, while the inner cone has the flattest. Another conclusion from PSR 1451–68 is that the core width does not change with frequency.
Mean Pulse Polarizations of 8 Southern Pulsars at 1560 MHz
Authors: Wu Xinji , Manchester R. N. , Lyne A. G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe present the results of mean pulse polarization observations at 1560 MHz of 8 pulsars with high southern latitude, large values of dispersion measure, short period and low flux density. All of these pulsars have strong linear polarization with a mean value of 47% and no previously published polarization data.
An Analytical Solution of the Problem of Plasma Ejection from the Magnetosphere of an Axisymmetric Rotator
Authors: Bogovalov S. V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe flow of e+e− plasma ejected by an axisymmetrically rotating magnetized neutron star is considered in a hydrodynamical approximation. It is shown that in the vicinity of the light cylinder a helical discontinuity is formed. The transformation of toroidal magnetic field energy into plasma energy takes place at this discontinuity. Particles are accelerated to an energy of 10TeV for a neutron star with the characteristics of the Crab pulsar.
Spatial Structure Variations of Pulsar Emission Sources
Authors: Smirnova T. V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDiffractive scintillations from large-scale irregularities of the interstellar medium were observed for 5 strong pulsars at 102.7 MHz. The shifts of the time cross-correlation function of intensity variations at different longitudes of the profile were obtained as a function of longitude separation (phase curve). The shift is defined by the transverse separation of the pulsar emission sources. The maximum values of the spatial separation are: 1-2 x 108 cm. We show that the phase curves are inconsistent with the dipole model of the magnetosphere and change from day to day not only in amplitude, but also in direction.
Coherent Radio-Emission Mechanisms for Pulsars
Authors: Melrose D. B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCoherent emission mechanisms may be classified as (i) maser mechanisms, attributed to negative absorption by resonant particles in a resistive instability, (ii) a reactive or hydrodynamic instability, or (iii) to emission by bunches. Known coherent emission mechanisms in radio astronomy are plasma emission in solar radio bursts, maser emission in OH and other molecular line sources, electron-cyclotron maser emission from the planets, and pulsar emission. Pulsar radio emission is the brightest of all known coherent emission, and its brightness temperature is close to the maximum conceivable in terms of energy efficiency. Three possible pulsar radio emission mechanisms warrant serious consideration in polar cap models; here these are called coherent curvature emission, relativistic plasma emission, and free electron maser emission, respectively.1.Coherent curvature emission is attributed to emission by bunches. There is a fundamental weakness in existing theoretical treatments which do not allow for any velocity dispersion of the particles. There is no satisfactory mechanism for the formation of the required bunches, and were such bunches to form they would quickly lose their ability to emit coherently due to the curvature of the field lines.2.Relativistic plasma emission is a multistage emission process involving the generation of plasma turbulence and the partial conversion of this turbulence into escaping radiation. In pulsars the dispersion characteristics of the relativistic electron-positron plasma determines the form of the turbulence, which may be in either longitudinal waves or Alfvèn-like waves. Various instabilities have been suggested to produce turbulence, and a streaming instability is one possibility. Alternatively, in a detailed model proposed by Beskin et al. (1988) the instability depends intrinsically on the curvature of the field lines, and in a theory discussed by Kazbegi et al. (1988), a cyclotron instability generates the turbulence relatively far from the neutron star.3.Free electron maser emission or linear acceleration emission requires an oscillating electric field, postulated to be due to a large amplitude electrostatic wave. A recent analysis of this mechanism (Rowe 1992) shows that it allows emission in two different regimes that provide a possible basis for the interpretation of core and conal emission in pulsars. Effective maser emission seems to require Lorentz factors smaller than other constraints allow.Other suggested theories for the emission mechanism include one that arises from a loophole in the proof that curvature absorption cannot be negative, and another that involves a closed “electrosphere” in which the radio emission is attributed to emission by bunches formed as a result of pair production due to a primary charge accelerated towards the star by its Coulomb field.