bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual upper semicontinuity and subgame perfect $$\epsilon $$-equilibria in games with almost perfect information
Authors: Flesch János , Herings P. Jean-Jacques , Maes Jasmine , Predtetchinski Arkadi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study games with almost perfect information and an infinite time horizon. In such games, at each stage, the players simultaneously choose actions from finite action sets, knowing the actions chosen at all previous stages. The payoff of each player is a function of all actions chosen during the game. We define and examine the new condition of individual upper semicontinuity on the payoff functions, which is weaker than upper semicontinuity. We prove that a game with individual upper semicontinuous payoff functions admits a subgame perfect $$\epsilon $$
ϵ
-equilibrium for every $$\epsilon >0$$

ϵ
>
0

, in eventually pure strategy profiles.
A Note on Lange on Contingent Necessity-Makers
Authors: Wildman Nathan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLange (Analysis 68:120–128, 2008) has argued that contingencies lack the modal strength to be necessity-makers. Here, I argue that Lange’s case turns upon a faulty premise, and that there is no obvious fixes he might pursue. The general upshot is that his argument gives us no reason to think that contingencies could not be necessity-makers after all.
The Materiality and Social Agency of theMalaḥfa(Mauritanian Veil)
Authors: Wiley Katherine Ann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:This article examines themalaḥfa, a veil that has long been popular in Mauritania, using the scholarship of materiality to analyze how it and the wearer co-constitute each other. This approach demonstrates how the malaḥfa’s particular form and fabric provide women with certain constraints and possibilities; women activate these qualities to exercise agency, be it in redefining their positions in the social hierarchy, exercising control in their relationships, or asserting authority over others. Focusing on the malaḥfa’s materiality illustrates how such garments can be central to women’s agency and power, and demonstrates how women shape the broader social hierarchy.
How are maternal dietary patterns and maternal/fetal cytokines associated with birth weight? A path analysis
Authors: Ma Liping , Lu Qinggui , Ouyang Jingyi , Huang Jie , Huang Shaoming , Jiao Changya , Zhang Zheqing , Mao Limei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate how maternal dietary patterns and maternal/fetal cytokines are associated with birth weight and whether cytokines mediate the association. A total of 469 pregnant women and their children were recruited for this prospective study. Dietary patterns in pregnancy were identified using factor analysis of data from three consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Maternal and umbilical blood serum cytokines (adiponectin (APN), IL-6 and interferon-γ) were measured via ELISA. Path analysis was used to explore the relationships between maternal diet, cytokines and birth weight. Four dietary patterns were identified: a mainly fruit, dairy products and poultry diet (FDP); a mainly vegetables, beans and pork diet (VBP); a mainly fish, shrimp and soup diet (FS) and a mainly tuber and egg diet (TE). Path analysis showed the order of effects of dietary patterns on birth weight was FS>FDP>TE>VBP (β=0·130, 0·109, –0·094 and 0·046, respectively). Only the TE pattern’s effect was negative. Maternal and fetal APN were positively associated with birth weight (β=0·045 and 0·226, respectively), and they mediated the association between the TE pattern and birth weight (indirect effect was 5·3 %). Maternal IL-6 was negatively associated with birth weight (β=–0·067) and mediated the association between maternal FDP and VBP patterns and birth weight (indirect effects were 10·1 and 100·0 %, respectively). All variables in the path explained 33·6 % of variation. These results suggested that maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy are associated with birth weight and mediated directly and indirectly through some maternal/fetal serum cytokines.
Payment of a Fine by a Person Other than the Defendant—Law and Policy
Authors: Bein Dan 
Published: May 2019

The main modes of punishment in our penal system are imprisonment, suspended imprisonment and fines, the last being the most frequently used. Fines as a mode of punishment becomes more and more popular the more it is realized that a short sentence of imprisonment often serves no useful purpose and is sometimes even harmful. Furthermore, as criminal law expands into new areas, as a means for the enforcement of administrative regulations, on public health, road traffic, national economy, etc., fines are used more since in many of these cases imprisonment is not regarded as a suitable sanction.Every one of the known aims of the penal sanction (retribution, deterrence, resocialization in their various aspects or, possibly a mere warning can be best achieved when the sentence is inflicted upon the defendant personally. There is no point, for instance, in imprisoning another person in place of the defendant or placing another on probation. In the same way fines too should be paid by the offender and not by anyone else.In practice, the problem of another person taking upon himself the defendant's penalty arises mainly in respect to fines, because it is not likely that one person would be willing to suffer imprisonment on behalf of another and furthermore, the means of identification used by the prison authorities makes this extremely difficult.
The Right of a Defaulting Party to Restitution When a Contract has not Been Rescinded
Authors: Friedmann Daniel , Maoz Asher 
Published: May 2019

Is a party who breaks his contract entitled to restitution? This is one of the most difficult problems in the law of contracts. Williston, for instance, remarks:Few questions in the law have given rise to more discussion and difference of opinion than that concerning the right of one who has materially broken his contract without legal excuse to recover for such benefit as he may have conferred on the other party by part performance of an indivisible contract or by the performance of an indivisible fraction of a divisible portion of a contract. A satisfactory solution is not easy.We shall examine this question in light of the provisions of the Contracts (Remedies for Breach of Contract) Law, 1970.Sec. 9 of the Law reads as follows:(a) Where the contract is rescinded, the person in breach shall restore to the injured party what he has received thereunder, or, if restitution is impossible or unreasonable or the injured party so chooses, shall pay him the value thereof; and the injured party shall restore to the person in breach what he has received under the contract, or, if restitution is impossible or unreasonable or the injured party so chooses, shall pay him the value thereof.(b) Where part of the contract is rescinded, the provisions of subsection (a) shall apply to what the parties have received under that part.
Is the State Subject to the Rule of Law?
Authors: Potchebutzky Jacob 
Published: May 2019

Sec. 42 of the Interpretation Ordinance [New Version] provides that: “Save as may be otherwise expressly provided therein, no enactment shall affect any right of, or impose any obligation upon, the State.”It is generally accepted that the source of the section lies in the traditional supremacy of the English Crown. Since the Crown is the lawmaker it cannot be fettered by the laws it makes unless there is express provision to that effect. On the other hand where laws confer rights upon the Crown, a contrary rule sometimes operates that a statute is to be interpreted in favour of the Crown, since in enacting it the King's subjects act as grantors of rights and the rule against derogation from grant takes effect. In point of logic, however, even without express provision there is nothing to prevent a lawgiver from placing restrictions upon himself.In Jewish thought indeed although the law emanates from the Almighty, who is indeniably Supreme Authority—”the King of Kings”—it is deemed to apply even to Him.It is surprising therefore to note that even in the United States, that model of democracy where the rights of the individual are so protected, the English approach has been adopted and extended to every government body even in the area of private law.
The Labour Courts and Their Place in the Legal and Labour Relations Systems of Israel
Authors: Bar-Niv Zvi H. 
Published: May 2019

One of the events marking the legal development of this country which has taken place since the first International Congress of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists, is the coming into being of a new system of Courts—the Labour Courts. Israel thus joined the ever increasing number of states having a special judiciary to adjudicate in matters of labour.The Law establishing the Labour Courts came into operation on September 1, 1969, exactly four years ago. This period is too short for a sound evaluation and because of my position, I am to some extent, disqualified from evaluating results and achievements, even in as far as already warranted by experience.Being fully aware of these limitations, in this address I will try to present this new component of the Judiciary of Israel, and to outline the place of the Labour Courts in the Legal and Labour Relations Systems of Israel.Before dealing with the Labour Courts, their composition and jurisdiction, it would, I believe be proper to make some remarks on the labour relations system of Israel, and to comment on some basic features of our labour law. This has to be done, since the Labour Courts, although institutionally and constitutionally part of the Judiciary, are an integral component of the labour relations system, just as the Judiciary as a whole is an integral component of the socio-economic and political system of any state.
Criminal Responsibility: A Survey of Developments in Israel Legislation and Precedent
Authors: Levy Yuval 
Published: May 2019

It is difficult to compress within thirty minutes or so, a talk on the general part of the criminal law in Israel, its sources, development, present status and future projection. The very nature of the topic, the wealth of detail connected with issues of criminal responsibility, the multitude of theories and controversial approaches, prevents this, particularly when bearing in mind that in such a talk one purports to cover a period of twenty-five years of dynamic development with a law operating in a changing society, in an emerging State in a world in flux.I shall thus merely attempt to outline some of the salient features of legislation and precedent in the field of criminal responsibility, employing broad generalizations, and perhaps glean in some detail certain opinions—touching variously upon the responsibility issue—which appear to be in the nature of landmark decisions, introducing a new trend in the development of the law.
International Law, Conflict Resolution and Peace Research: A Concise Orientation
Authors: Boasson Charles 
Published: May 2019

It is my contention that the concepts which hide behind the terms constituting the title of this essay, have many traits in common and to a large extent deal with the same problem.This, however, is not sufficiently admitted. Further theoretical and philosophical clarification is overdue.In the first place the theorist in each field finds it difficult to confess to what extent the prevailing terminology is misleading; the more so because in spite of defective terminology he is—in a general way—in agreement with his fellow-specialists as to the object of their study.In the second place the theorist in each field, finding it hard enough to follow the torrent of literature in his chosen specialty, tends to neglect developments in fields which however closely interrelated are considered to be distinct.
Illegal Associations in English Law
Authors: Rosenthal Abraham 
Published: May 2019

One cannot overemphasize the basic rule that the maxims ex turpi causa and in pari delicto operate negatively, that is to say, only so as to bring about the rejection of actions tainted with illegality in its widest sense; but they never operate so as to outlaw culprits or deprive even habitual offenders of their civil rights.Some doubt may, however, arise whether the same rule applies to illegal associations. After all, associations are not natural human beings, whose rights as such are regarded as fundamental human rights or safeguarded by Bills of Rights. Associations and corporations, of all kinds, owe their very existence to a legal concept which regards them as something additional, sometimes even entirely different from their members.It is not self-evident then, that illegal associations should or should not be recognized for any civil law purpose, and it is not surprising, therefore, that there has been a diversity of legal opinion on that point.
Independent Development of Israeli Law
Authors: Friedmann Daniel 
Published: May 2019

It is not always easy to decide when we must turn to English law. And once it has been determined that reference to English law is appropriate, there is the further question of the substance and application of principles drawn from English law. In such case, English law forms part of the local law, and need not be ascertained as required by the rules of private international law in respect of foreign law.This makes the local law directly dependent upon English case-law, which itself is constantly being renewed and developed. Such dependence may seem to impair the independence of the Israeli legal system. The question could not, of course, be raised during the Mandatory period at a time when there existed a possibility of appeal from the Mandatory Supreme Court to the Privy Council in Westminster. But after the establishment of the State Cheshin J. said:It is unthinkable that a sovereign nation with its own laws and its own legal system would continue to be subject to the authority of a foreign nation's legal system and to changes in rulings which are likely to be introduced in her courts, only because in the past, when there was a strong tie between the two nations, the former drew from the legal system of the latter.
Rural–urban differentials in fertility levels and fertility preferences in West Bengal, India: a district-level analysis
Authors: Chatterjee Sayantani 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFertility in West Bengal is one of the lowest in India, and this relies heavily on the use of traditional methods of contraception. Social scientists and demographers have pointed to the historical role of the diffusion process of adhering to a small family size. The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Kolkata district, the state capital, is the lowest in the country, and has been a centre of low fertility historically. However, stark differences in rural–urban fertility rates have existed over the last few decades in West Bengal, but these have now started to narrow. This study aimed to capture the macro-level rural–urban differences in fertility levels and preferences in the West Bengal, and understand how socioeconomic factors affect these. Data were drawn from the Census of India (2011) and NFHS-4 (2015–16). Using census data and the Reverse-Surviving Method, the TFR of West Bengal was estimated to be 1.9, varying between 2.1 and 1.7 in rural and urban areas. The rural–urban gap in the district-level fertility rates was prominent, specifically in districts with higher levels of fertility. Kolkata, Hugli and North Twenty-Four Parganas had the lowest-low fertility (TFR = <1.5). Fewer than half of women with only one living child wanted further children, and this was somewhat higher in rural areas. Around 40% of women had achieved their desired number of children. However, a substantial proportion (43.1%) had a lower number of children than desired, varying between 45.9% and 41.7% in urban and rural areas, respectively. Contraception use, female education and age at marriage, along with the other socioeconomic factors, had a greater influence on rural fertility rates than on urban counterparts in the districts of West Bengal. Further research should be directed at understanding the contemporary fertility decline as well as the gap between ideal and desired number of children, specifically in those districts with very low fertility rates.
POTERE, SCAMBIO E CONFLITTO
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: May 2019

Introduzione≪ Potere ≫ e ≪ conflitto ≫ sono due termini di cui pare non si possa fare a meno, anche se ci si può preoccupare di quel che dicono i puristi metodologici. Siamo propensi a credere che, se potessimo capire la distribuzione del potere e le linee e le quantità di conflitto, avremmo la chiave per la spiegazione degli avvenimenti politici nel mondo intero, in una società specifica o in un gruppo — associazione o organizzazione — facente parte di una società.
OPINIONI POLITICHE DELLE CORRENTI DEMOCRISTIANE IN EMILIA-ROMAGNA
Authors: Leonardi Robert 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl problema delle cause e degli effetti del frazionismo nei partiti politici ha sollevato la curiosità e, molte volte, lo stupore sia dei politologi che dei cittadini comuni in molti e diversi sistemi politici. Questo interesse si è rivelato particolarmente elevato tra gli studiosi della politica italiana. Il frazionismo nei maggiori partiti di governo apparentemente è la chiave per comprendere parecchi collegamenti cruciali nel sistema politico italiano fra: 1) l'organizzazione partitica formale descritta negli statuti dei partiti e l'impegno informale quotidiano degli attivisti di partito; 2) la struttura organizzativa del partito in quanto sistema di autorità e il potere gestito dai rappresentanti del partito in parlamento, nei consigli regionali e comunali, ecc.; 3) gli incentivi per l'impegno dei leaders di partito e le motivazioni degli elettori che votano per un partito piuttosto che per un altro; 4) l'ideologia che definisce lo spazio politico occupato da un partito e le realtà che stanno alla base del conseguimento e dell'amministrazione del potere politico, e 5) la necessità di una disciplina di partito e la necessità, al tempo stesso, di un'appropriata autonomia per gli attivisti di partito per lo svolgimento dei loro ruoli politici.
REFERENDUM ABROGATIVO E CLASSE POLITICA
Authors: Armaroli Paolo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl referendum abrogativo ha avuto scarsa fortuna da noi. Ciò era forse prevedibile fin dal momento in cui l'istituto fu inserito nella carta costituzionale. A raccogliere l'eredità degli entusiasmi ultrademocratici del primo dopoguerra, non eravamo rimasti che noi, o quasi, difatti. Oggi, comunque, questa scarsa fortuna dell'istituto È un fatto non contestabile: bastino a riprova questi pochi dati. La legge di attuazione dei referendum e dell'iniziativa popolare delle leggi è intervenuta soltanto nel 1970, a 22 anni, dunque, dall'entrata in vigore della costituzione. A tutt'oggi, a più di 4 anni dalla legge istitutiva, si è svolto un solo referendum, il 12 e 13 maggio di quest'anno; e per di più, dopo ben 3 anni dalla sua richiesta. Le altre iniziative che sono state tentate, sono tutte abortite, essendo stato impossibile raccogliere il mezzo milione di firme necessario per mettere in moto la macchina del referendum.
HIV transmission between spouses living in Lu'an city, Anhui province, China: a longitudinal study
Authors: Ma Gongyan , Chen Haiyan , Chen Jin , Jiang Zhenghao , Ma Tai 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission rate in HIV serodiscordant couples, in addition to the relevant influencing factors. From January 1999 to August 2016, patients with HIV/AIDS (index cases) along with their fixed partners were registered and monitored to determine the rate of HIV transmission between couples, as well as relevant influencing factors. A total of 231 HIV-positive couples were investigated, of these, 45-negative (19.48%) partners were infected with HIV via sexual transmission prior to diagnosis of the first case detected in couples. After diagnosis, the transmission rate between spouses was 0.39 per 100 person-years (2/507.7), and the cumulative transmission rate was 1.08% (2/186), which was significantly lower than the transmission rate before diagnosis (χ2 = 35.714, P < 0.001). Among the 119 HIV/AIDS patients who received antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transmission rate was 0 (0/119), whereas the transmission rate was 2.99% (2/67) in HIV/AIDS patients who did not receive ART. In addition, HIV transmission rate in serodiscordant couples was high prior to diagnosis of the index case. However, following diagnosis, the transmission rate was reduced, and the risk of transmission in the index case with antiviral treatment was null. Therefore, a prompt intervention in HIV discordant couples with ART of index case is vital to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Impact evaluation of DC operating condition on DPD linearizability and power efficiency in GaN-based power amplifiers
Authors: Jędrzejewski Konrad , Rosołowski Dawid W. , Wojtasiak Wojciech 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper presents the results of studies on the effect of transistor DC operating conditions on GaN power amplifiers’ (PAs) power efficiency and linearity improved by digital predistortion (DPD). The single-ended 10 W (ISM2.45 GHz) and 150 W (3.4/3.6 GHz) GaN HEMT PAs excited by wideband LTE20 E-TM1.1 signal were tested. To check the applicability of the small-signal approach for designing of LTE signals’ PAs, the 150 W PA using transistor model extracted fromS-parameters measured at the properly selected operating points was designed. The conventional DPD based on the indirect learning architecture and the memory polynomial model of PA non-linearity was implemented. The results of the research show that in case of class A and B PAs operating up to several dozen watts, an additional improvement in adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) of the order of a few dB only by an increase in the quiescent drain current of PA transistor can be achieved. However, a noticeable ACLR improvement with a coincident increase in power-added efficiency (PAE) can be obtained by choosing the compromise DC operating point and using DPD. In the case of high-PAs, the linearity and efficiency are strongly dependent on the load of a transistor, thus the role of DPD is significantly increased.