bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Madden‐Julian Oscillation Precipitation and Wind Variance Under Global Warming
Authors: Bui Hien X. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is the leading mode of tropical intraseasonal variability, having profound impacts on many weather and climate phenomena across the tropics and extratropics. Previous studies using a limited number of models have suggested complex changes in MJO activity in a warmer climate. While most studies have argued that MJO precipitation amplitude will increase in a future warmer climate, others note that this is not necessarily the case for MJO wind variability. This distinction is important since MJO wind fluctuations are responsible for producing remote impacts on extreme weather through teleconnections. In this study, we examine projected changes of MJO precipitation and wind variance at the end of the 21st century in Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 using the multimodel Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 data set. Under global warming, most models show an increase in MJO band precipitation variance, while wind variability decreases. The discrepancy between MJO precipitation and wind variance changes under global warming is shown to be due to increases in tropical static stability in a warmer climate. The multimodel mean shows a 20% increase in both the 500‐hPa vertical tropical dry static energy gradient and the ratio of intraseasonal precipitation to 500 hPa omega fluctuations, consistent with scaling by weak temperature gradient theory. These results imply that tropical static stability increases may weaken the MJO's ability to influence extreme events in future warmer climate by weakening wind teleconnections, even though MJO precipitation amplitude may increase.
Contributions of Internal Variability and External Forcing to the Recent Pacific Decadal Variations
Authors: Hua Wenjian , Dai Aiguo , Qin Minhua 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThere is substantial uncertainty in the relative contributions of internal variability and external forcing to the recent Pacific decadal variability, especially regarding their linkage with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. By analyzing observations and large ensembles of coupled climate model simulations, here we show that observed Pacific decadal variations since 1920 resulted primarily from internal variability, although greenhouse gas (GHG) and other external forcing did modulate decadal variations in Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) significantly, especially for the period since the early 1990s. Specifically, the GHG‐induced warming and the recovery from the volcanic cooling caused by the 1991 Pinatubo eruption led to large warming in the tropical Pacific during 1993–2012, while recent anthropogenic aerosols contributed to Pacific regional SST variations on multiyear to decadal scales, causing a La Niña‐like cooling pattern in the Pacific since 1998 in some of the models. Our results provide new evidence that both internal variability and external forcing have contributed to the recent decadal variations in Pacific SSTs since the early 1990s, although large uncertainties exist among the model‐simulated effects of anthropogenic aerosols.
Carriers and Sources of Magnetopause Current: MMS Case Study
Authors: Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Wang T.‐Y. , Cao J.‐B. , Trattner K. J. , Bamford R. , Russell C. T. , Bingham R. , Strangeway R. J. , Fear R. C. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe investigate the current carriers and current sources of an ion scale tangential magnetopause current layer using the Magnetospheric Multiscale four spacecraft data. Within this magnetopause current layer, ions and electrons equally contribute to the perpendicular current, while electrons carry nearly all the parallel current. The energy range of all these current carriers is predominantly from middle to high (>100 eV), where particles with higher energies are more efficient in producing the current. By comparing each term, two‐fluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory is able to describe the current sources to a large degree because the sum of all the perpendicular currents from MHD theory could account for the currents observed. In addition, we find that the ion diamagnetic current is the main source of the total perpendicular current, while the curvature current can be neglected. Nevertheless, ions and electrons both carry comparable current due to the redistribution of the electric field and show features beyond the classic Chapman‐Ferraro model, particularly on the front side of the boundary layer where the electric field reversal is most intense. We also show a second, comparative event in which ions do not satisfy MHD theory, while the electrons do. The small‐scale, adiabatic parameter (square of curvature radius/gyroradius) supports our interpretation that this second event contains ion scale substructure. We suggest that comparing the predicted MHD current with plasma current can be a good method to judge whether the MHD theory is satisfied in each specific circumstance, especially for high‐precision Magnetospheric Multiscale data.
Statistical Results of Multiband Chorus by Using THEMIS Waveform Data
Authors: Gao Xinliang , Lu Quanming , Wang Shui 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we have studied thousands of multiband chorus events in the Earth's magnetosphere by utilizing seven‐year THEMIS waveform data. There are two types of multiband chorus events in the magnetosphere: electromagnetic multiband chorus (EM‐MBC) event, where two‐band structure is found in both magnetic and electric spectrograms, and quasi‐electrostatic multiband chorus (QE‐MBC) event, where two‐band structure is only detected in the electric spectrogram. EM‐MBC events preferentially occur at low L‐shells on the nightside but at high L‐shells on the dayside. In EM‐MBC events, lower‐band waves typically have relatively larger magnetic amplitudes (>100 pT) and finite wave normal angles (10°–30°). The magnetic amplitudes of upper‐band harmonic waves are found to be typically smaller than 30 pT and peak in the range of <5 pT. QE‐MBC events tend to be detected at low L‐shells on both dayside and nightside. They distribute mainly at relatively higher magnetic latitudes (6° to 15°) in the dawn sector. Lower‐band chorus in QE‐MBC events are typically highly oblique with very large wave normal angles (>60°), and their electric amplitudes peak in the range of 5–15 mV/m. For upper‐band harmonic waves, their electric amplitudes mainly concentrate in the range of 0.15–0.5 mV/m. MBC events occupy a large population in upper‐band chorus observed in the magnetosphere, which even contribute nearly half of upper‐band chorus within L < 10RE. Our study not only provides the first statistical results of MBC events but also reveals the significant role of the lower band cascade in generating upper‐band chorus waves in the magnetosphere.
Effects of Climate Change on CO2 Concentration and Efflux in a Humic Boreal Lake: A Modeling Study
Authors: Kiuru Petri , Ojala Anne , Mammarella Ivan , Heiskanen Jouni , Kämäräinen Matti , Vesala Timo , Huttula Timo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractClimate change may have notable impacts on carbon cycling in freshwater ecosystems, especially in the boreal zone. Higher atmospheric temperature and changes in annual discharge patterns and carbon loading from the catchment affect the thermal and biogeochemical conditions in a lake. We developed an extension of a one‐dimensional process‐based lake model MyLake for simulating carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics of a boreal lake. We calibrated the model for Lake Kuivajärvi, a small humic boreal lake, for the years 2013–2014, using the extensive data available on carbon inflow and concentrations of water column CO2 and dissolved organic carbon. The lake is a constant source of CO2 to the atmosphere in the present climate. We studied the potential effects of climate change‐induced warming on lake CO2 concentration and air‐water flux using downscaled air temperature data from three recent‐generation global climate models with two alternative representative concentration pathway forcing scenarios. Literature estimates were used for climate change impacts on the lake inflow. The scenario simulations showed a 20–35% increase in the CO2 flux from the lake to the atmosphere in the scenario period 2070–2099 compared to the control period 1980–2009. In addition, we estimated possible implications of different changes in terrestrial inorganic and organic carbon loadings to the lake. The scenarios with plausible increases of 10% and 20% in CO2 and dissolved organic carbon loadings, respectively, produced increases of 2.1–2.5% and 2.2–2.3% in the annual CO2 flux.
The Mechanistic Role of the Central American Seaway in a GFDL Earth System Model. Part 1: Impacts on Global Ocean Mean State and Circulation
Authors: Sentman Lori T. , Dunne John P. , Stouffer Ronald J. , Krasting John P. , Toggweiler J. R. , Broccoli Anthony J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTo explore the mechanisms involved in the global ocean circulation response to the shoaling and closure of the Central American Seaway (CAS), we performed a suite of sensitivity experiments using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model (ESM), GFDL‐ESM2G, varying only the seaway widths and sill depths. Changes in large‐scale transport, global ocean mean state, and deep ocean circulation in all simulations are driven by the direct impacts of the seaway on global mass, heat, and salt transports. Net mass transport through the seaway into the Caribbean is 20.5–23.1 Sv with a deep CAS but only 14.1 Sv for the wide, shallow CAS. Seaway transport originates from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in the Pacific and rejoins it in the South Atlantic, reducing the Indonesian Throughflow and transporting heat and salt southward into the South Atlantic, in contrast to present‐day and previous CAS simulations. The increased southward salt transport increases the large‐scale upper ocean density, and the freshening and warming from the changing ocean transports decreases the intermediate and deep water density. The ocean circulation pathway with a CAS traps heat in the Southern Hemisphere oceans and reduces the northern extent of Antarctic Bottom Water penetration in the Atlantic, strengthening and deepening Atlantic meridional overturning, in contrast to previous studies. In all simulations, the seaway has a profound effect on the global ocean mean state and alters deep water mass properties and circulation in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific basins, with implications for changing deep water circulation as a possible driver for changes in long‐term climate.
Modulation of M1/M2 polarization by capsaicin contributes to the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the lipopolysaccharide-lesioned substantia nigra in vivo
Authors: Bok Eugene , Chung Young Cheul , Kim Ki-Suk , Baik Hyung Hwan , Shin Won-Ho , Jin Byung Kwan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe present study examined the neuroprotective effects of capsaicin (CAP) and explored their underlying mechanisms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-lesioned inflammatory rat model of Parkinson’s dieases (PD). LPS was unilaterally injected into the substantia nigra (SN) in the absence or presence of CAP or capsazepine (CZP, a TRPV1 antagonist). The SN tissues were prepared for immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, western blot analysis, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability evaluation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. We found that CAP prevented the degeneration of nigral dopamine neurons in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the expression of proinflammatory mediators in the LPS-lesioned SN. CAP shifted the proinflammatory M1 microglia/macrophage population to an anti-inflammatory M2 state as demonstrated by decreased expression of M1 markers (i.e., inducible nitric oxide synthase; iNOS and interleukin-6) and elevated expression of M2 markers (i.e., arginase 1 and CD206) in the SN. RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated decreased iNOS expression and increased arginase 1 expression in the CAP-treated LPS-lesioned SN. Peroxynitrate production, reactive oxygen species levels and oxidative damage were reduced in the CAP-treated LPS-lesioned SN. The beneficial effects of CAP were blocked by CZP, indicating TRPV1 involvement. The present data indicate that CAP regulated the M1 and M2 activation states of microglia/macrophage in the LPS-lesioned SN, which resulted in the survival of dopamine neurons. It is therefore likely that TRPV1 activation by CAP has therapeutic potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases, that are associated with neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, such as PD.
Therapeutic effect of dental pulp stem cell transplantation on a rat model of radioactivity-induced esophageal injury
Authors: Zhang Chunwei , Zhang Yichi , Feng Zhenning , Zhang Feifei , Liu Zishuai , Sun Xiaoli , Ruan Mengting , Liu Mingna , Jin Shizhu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDental pulp stem cell (DPSC) transplantation has been demonstrated to promote the regeneration and repair of tissues and organs and is a potentially effective treatment for radioactive esophageal injury. In this study, to explore the therapeutic effects of DPSCs on acute radiation-induced esophageal injury, DPSCs were cultured and transplanted into rats with acute radioactive esophageal injuries induced by radioactive 125I seeds in vivo. In the injured esophagus, PKH26-labeled DPSCs co-localized with PCNA, CK14, CD71, and integrin α6, and the expression levels of these four makers of esophageal stem cells were significantly increased. After DPSC transplantation, the injured esophagus exhibited a greater thickness. In addition, the esophageal function and inflammation recovered faster. The results demonstrated that transplanted DPSCs, which trans-differentiated into esophageal stem cells in vivo, could repair the damaged esophageal tissue.
PIK3CA mutations confer resistance to first-line chemotherapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Wang Qiang , Shi Yan-long , Zhou Kai , Wang Li-li , Yan Ze-xuan , Liu Yu-lin , Xu Li-li , Zhao Shi-wei , Chu Hui-li , Shi Ting-ting , Ma Qing-hua , Bi Jingwang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractChemotherapy represents an important treatment option for colorectal cancer (CRC), but only half of the patients benefit from these regimens. We explored the potential predicting value and mechanism of PIK3CA mutation in CRC chemotherapy. CRC specimens from 440 patients were retrospectively collected and examined with a fluorescence PCR-based method. The correlation of first-line chemotherapy response and PIK3CA mutation was evaluated according to follow-up and medical records. The underlying mechanism of PIK3CA mutation in chemotherapy resistance was assessed with CRC tumors and primary cells. The mutation frequency of the PIK3CA gene in CRC patients was 9.55%, which was correlated with late TNM staging and lower histological grade. The CRC patients with PIK3A mutation showed worse response to first-line chemotherapy than those without PIK3CA mutation. PIK3A mutation tumor cells showed poor sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. PIK3CA mutation induced PI3K/Akt signaling activation to increase LGR5+ CRC stem cells survival and proliferation, from which lead to chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, PIK3CAmutation/LGR5+ expression was an independent detrimental factor for CRC patients. Our findings indicated that PIK3CA mutation induced PI3K/Akt activation contributed to CRC stem cells survival and proliferation, from which cells further resistance to chemotherapy. PIK3CA mutation/LGR5+ expression was a potential biomarker for monitoring chemotherapy resistance in CRC.
An antisense RNA capable of modulating the expression of the tumor suppressor microRNA-34a
Authors: Serviss Jason T. , Andrews Nathanael , Van den Eynden Jimmy , Richter Felix Clemens , Houtman Miranda , Vesterlund Mattias , Schwarzmueller Laura , Johnsson Per , Larsson Erik , Grandér † Dan , Pokrovskaja Tamm Katja 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe microRNA-34a is a well-studied tumor suppressor microRNA (miRNA) and a direct downstream target of TP53 with roles in several pathways associated with oncogenesis, such as proliferation, cellular growth, and differentiation. Due to its broad tumor suppressive activity, it is not surprising that miR34a expression is altered in a wide variety of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. However, the mechanisms by which miR34a is regulated in these cancers is largely unknown. In this study, we find that a long noncoding RNA transcribed antisense to the miR34a host gene, is critical for miR34a expression and mediation of its cellular functions in multiple types of human cancer. We name this long noncoding RNA lncTAM34a, and characterize its ability to facilitate miR34a expression under different types of cellular stress in both TP53-deficient and wild-type settings.
Heterogeneity in tumor chromatin-doxorubicin binding revealed by in vivo fluorescence lifetime imaging confocal endomicroscopy
Authors: Sparks Hugh , Kondo Hiroshi , Hooper Steven , Munro Ian , Kennedy Gordon , Dunsby Christopher , French Paul , Sahai Erik 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe present an approach to quantify drug–target engagement using in vivo fluorescence endomicroscopy, validated with in vitro measurements. Doxorubicin binding to chromatin changes the fluorescence lifetime of histone-GFP fusions that we measure in vivo at single-cell resolution using a confocal laparo/endomicroscope. We measure both intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity in doxorubicin chromatin engagement in a model of peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer, revealing striking variation in the efficacy of doxorubicin–chromatin binding depending on intra-peritoneal or intravenous delivery. Further, we observe significant variations in doxorubicin–chromatin binding between different metastases in the same mouse and between different regions of the same metastasis. The quantitative nature of fluorescence lifetime imaging enables direct comparison of drug–target engagement for different drug delivery routes and between in vitro and in vivo experiments. This uncovers different rates of cell killing for the same level of doxorubicin binding in vitro and in vivo.
TCR signal strength controls thymic differentiation of iNKT cell subsets
Authors: Tuttle Kathryn D. , Krovi S. Harsha , Zhang Jingjing , Bedel Romain , Harmacek Laura , Peterson Lisa K. , Dragone Leonard L. , Lefferts Adam , Halluszczak Catherine , Riemondy Kent , Hesselberth Jay R. , Rao Anjana , O’Connor Brian P. , Marrack Philippa , Scott-Browne James , Gapin Laurent 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDuring development in the thymus, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells commit to one of three major functionally different subsets, iNKT1, iNKT2, and iNKT17. Here, we show that T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal strength governs the development of iNKT cell subsets, with strong signaling promoting iNKT2 and iNKT17 development. Altering TCR diversity or signaling diminishes iNKT2 and iNKT17 cell subset development in a cell-intrinsic manner. Decreased TCR signaling affects the persistence of Egr2 expression and the upregulation of PLZF. By genome-wide comparison of chromatin accessibility, we identify a subset of iNKT2-specific regulatory elements containing NFAT and Egr binding motifs that is less accessible in iNKT2 cells that develop from reduced TCR signaling. These data suggest that variable TCR signaling modulates regulatory element activity at NFAT and Egr binding sites exerting a determinative influence on the dynamics of gene enhancer accessibility and the developmental fate of iNKT cells.
Subclonal mutation selection in mouse lymphomagenesis identifies known cancer loci and suggests novel candidates
Authors: Webster Philip , Dawes Joanna C. , Dewchand Hamlata , Takacs Katalin , Iadarola Barbara , Bolt Bruce J. , Caceres Juan J. , Kaczor Jakub , Dharmalingam Gopuraja , Dore Marian , Game Laurence , Adejumo Thomas , Elliott James , Naresh Kikkeri , Karimi Mohammad , Rekopoulou Katerina , Tan Ge , Paccanaro Alberto , Uren Anthony G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDetermining whether recurrent but rare cancer mutations are bona fide driver mutations remains a bottleneck in cancer research. Here we present the most comprehensive analysis of murine leukemia virus-driven lymphomagenesis produced to date, sequencing 700,000 mutations from >500 malignancies collected at time points throughout tumor development. This scale of data allows novel statistical approaches for identifying selected mutations and yields a high-resolution, genome-wide map of the selective forces surrounding cancer gene loci. We also demonstrate negative selection of mutations that may be deleterious to tumor development indicating novel avenues for therapy. Screening of two BCL2 transgenic models confirmed known drivers of human non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and implicates novel candidates including modifiers of immunosurveillance and MHC loci. Correlating mutations with genotypic and phenotypic features independently of local variance in mutation density also provides support for weakly evidenced cancer genes. An online resourcehttp://mulvdb.orgallows customized queries of the entire dataset.
Priming of dendritic cells by DNA-containing extracellular vesicles from activated T cells through antigen-driven contacts
Authors: Torralba Daniel , Baixauli Francesc , Villarroya-Beltri Carolina , Fernández-Delgado Irene , Latorre-Pellicer Ana , Acín-Pérez Rebeca , Martín-Cófreces Noa B , Jaso-Tamame Ángel Luis , Iborra Salvador , Jorge Inmaculada , González-Aseguinolaza Gloria , Garaude Johan , Vicente-Manzanares Miguel , Enríquez José Antonio , Mittelbrunn María , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInteraction of T cell with antigen-bearing dendritic cells (DC) results in T cell activation, but whether this interaction has physiological consequences on DC function is largely unexplored. Here we show that when antigen-bearing DCs contact T cells, DCs initiate anti-pathogenic programs. Signals of this interaction are transmitted from the T cell to the DC, through extracellular vesicles (EV) that contain genomic and mitochondrial DNA, to induce antiviral responses via the cGAS/STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway and expression of IRF3-dependent interferon regulated genes. Moreover, EV-treated DCs are more resistant to subsequent viral infections. In summary, our results show that T cells prime DCs through the transfer of exosomal DNA, supporting a specific role for antigen-dependent contacts in conferring protection to DCs against pathogen infection. The reciprocal communication between innate and adaptive immune cells thus allow efficacious responses to unknown threats.