bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deaf Education in Ethiopia
Authors: Tedla Tadesse Abera 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of deaf education in Ethiopia. It covers the country’s history of special needs education, the history of deaf education, the status of sign language, teachers’ training and communication approaches in the classroom, and classroom access services. In addition to describing student- and school-related challenges to deaf education, it outlines coping mechanisms used by deaf students and opportunities created by legislation. Deaf education in Ethiopia is better than it was decades ago, but it still has far to go. Recommendations are made to pave the way forward in the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing learners. Where available, relevant empirical evidence is provided.
Deaf Education Policies in Zimbabwe
Authors: Musengi Martin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses prospects in the education of students who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) in light of the dichotomy between Zimbabwean government curriculum policy and the reality of implementation in a context where there are many different languages and cultures. Policy co-articulation in the education of students who are DHH is influenced by overlaps in changing perceptions of disability, the increasing availability of audiometric technology, and the Deaf community’s lobbying for the use of Zimbabwean Sign Language. Educational provision for DHH students has grown from five special schools with 800 students in 1981 to the current six special schools and ninety mainstream units catering for nearly 2,600 students. The chapter analyzes the discourses that dominate policymaking and implementation in these special schools and mainstream units, as they are the major site of struggles on interpreting and implementing policies for DHH students in Zimbabwe.
Deaf Education in Jordan: Current Situation, Obstacles, and Future Aspirations
Authors: Al-Zboon Eman 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a review of deaf education in Jordan, emphasizing the following issues: the current state of deaf education in Jordan, including the role of the Jordanian Royal Family; the history of deaf education in Jordan; the policy framework; the provision of services, including the curriculum, use of sign language, and teacher preparation and professionalism; and current challenges, including the prevalence of hearing loss, early childhood education, the emotional characteristics and mental health of deaf students, and technology. These issues are discussed in light of the available supporting research. The chapter provides a description of a Jordanian model school for deaf people in the Middle East, the Holy Land Institute for the Deaf. Recommendations and goals are also outlined.
Introduction
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A revolution is needed not only in the practice of criminal justice but also in its grammar, particularly its moral grammar. The terminology utilized to speak of why, how, and whom we hold accountable for violations of the law is incoherent given the ancient conversion-based paradigm for addressing serious social misconduct. As a result, we are left without an antidote to some expression of violence as the only unifying principle in the various justifications offered for the practice of criminal detention.
The State of Penal Ideology and Penal Affairs
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the two metaethical errors upon which the current system of criminal justice is based: the lack of a life-affirming moral ontology and dualism. The chapter reveals that all philosophical foundations upon which the system is constructed are predicated upon subjective appropriations of reality that can do no other than lead to an emotivism between competing subjectivities that, in turn, can only be adjudicated by the threat or use of violence. The chapter then reviews contemporary scholarship on the penal state to underscore the contention that the only justification for incarceration that honors the dignity of the confined and trusts in their capacity to overcome alienation and violence without need of forcible intervention is conversion.
It Is Wrong to Punish Anyone for Any Reason
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The first chapter argued that violence is the default value of all justifications for criminal detention. This chapter then investigates retribution; deterrence; incapacitation, and, to some degree, rehabilitation to reveal this coercive mechanism always in play. It concentrates mostly upon an exposition and critique of the retributive position since its underlying perception of personhood is shared by most proponents of the other positions. It then maintains that the historical and moral antidote to the ontology of violence is provided by an approach to human malfeasance found in the penitential and monastic ethos of early Catholicism. It was there that the belief that no one needs to be punished to come to full personhood was given institutional basis not only in the sacrament of penance but in the moral and methodological guidelines of the monastic prison.
What Is Wrong with Rehabilitation?
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter first shows the equivocal nature of the definition of rehabilitation or desistance. It then provides what it sees to be the rudiments that the varying approaches to the concept have in common. These common assumptions mirror the commitments of the other common justifications for detention: social conservatism, dualism, and the ever-present threat of coercive force for those who fail to participate or do so in an uncooperative manner. The chapter then critiques what it sees to be the four dominant expressions of the rehabilitative philosophy: Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR); the Good Lives Model (GLM); the virtuous prison; and restorative justice. Although the chapter is critical of all four of the above formulations, an effort is made to show how various aspects of the conversion paradigm are evident in these approaches. Thus, the chapter is more an invitation to dialogue and to expand the moral horizon of rehabilitative discourse than a dismissive diatribe.
Conclusion
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The revolution needed in criminal justice begins with the sense that in the human drama to varying degrees all are sacred and all are villains. This universal human contradiction is reconciled through conversion–the expansion of intellectual, moral, and spiritual vision to include to an ever–widening degree everyone and everything. No one ever needs to be punished to achieve this level of integrity since the longing for participation and full communion is a property of the human spirit. Thus, the only persons who need criminal detention are the wilfully violent and predatory-not for the purpose of punishment but as members of a community of wounded healers who are loved into sociability.
Online Dating Sites as Public Accommodations
Authors: Bedi Sonu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The internet is often thought of as the quintessential forum for the exercise of First Amendment rights. This characterization seems all the more apt for commercial online dating websites where individuals express and act upon their preferences for romantic partners. This chapter qualifies this view, arguing that parts of the internet are also social institutions that are within the scope of justice. In particular, the chapter argues that online commercial dating websites are public accommodations, providing their customers an important and widely needed service: the ability to find romantic partners. As public accommodations, it is clear that these sites should not unjustly discriminate in providing their services. Drawing on recent case law, this chapter goes further, arguing that these sites should also not facilitate racial discrimination. Even though racial preferences for romantic partners implicate rights to speech and association, it is unjust for commercial online dating websites to enable and thereby explicitly endorse these preferences.
The Meaning of Silence in Cyberspace
Authors: Brown Alexander 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It has been argued in the literature on hate speech and subordination theory that even ordinary hate speakers who are not “figures of authority” in the conventional sense can possess the power or authority to subordinate (rank as inferior, deny rights and powers, or legitimate discrimination against) the targets of their hate speech in virtue of the fact that when witnesses to the hate speech remain silent they “license” or grant authority to the hate speaker. A typical example is when a hate speaker targets a victim on public transport and other passengers remain silent. The aim of this chapter is to examine the extent to which this account of licensing is applicable to online hate speech or cyberhate. More generally, the chapter explores whether the potentially distinctive nature of online communication changes the meaning of silence such that it becomes difficult to interpret silence in cyberspace as acquiescence, licensing, or complicity.
The Future of Judicial Selection
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 then brings the book to conclusion by discussing the future of judicial selection. After summarizing the discussions in the previous six chapters, it notes that the ultimate ambition of a legal culture paradigm is to render judges independent enough to follow the law, adhere to the established legal process, and administer justice, without being so independent as to enable them to disregard those objectives in pursuit of their personal agendas. To that end, the chapter indicates that rather than trying to achieve an impossible consensus, the country should embrace the diversity of approaches that allows states to choose for themselves which selection process best suits their individual historical and other circumstances, whether that be appointive, elective, or something in-between such as a qualified election.
The Necessity of Execution
Authors: Yost Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates a more robust thesis about execution—namely, that legal authorities are morally required to execute some murderers. As in the previous chapter, the goal is to present a compelling case for the existence of retributivist reasons to execute. The first half grapples with the most rigorous philosophical defense of the death penalty in the literature: Matthew Kramer’s purgative rationale holds that moral communities must execute defilingly evil offenders in order to avoid complicity with the offender’s disparagement of humanity. Kramer’s program is noteworthy owing to its focus on extreme wrongdoing and corresponding modesty of scope. The second half reconstructs Immanuel Kant’s retributivist justification of capital punishment. Kant’s work is the locus classicus of retributivist arguments for the death penalty, and he offers a sophisticated justification of capital punishment that is philosophically important in its own right. Chapter 2 also canvasses some of Kant and Kramer’s vulnerabilities.
The Argument for Abolition
Authors: Yost Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The centerpiece of the book defends the principle of remedy and the expanded asymmetry principle, and presents the resulting abolitionist argument. The principle of remedy states that legal institutions must correct their mistakes, and the asymmetry principle holds that underpunishment is preferable to overpunishment. The chapter begins with a brief for the necessity of remedying mistakes, discussing the contemporary legal practices that endorse this obligation and detailing its retributivist bona fides. After clarifying the nature of the imperative, it shows how it functions alongside irrevocability to ground abolitionism. The chapter also unpacks the retributivist challenge and the pro tanto reasons to punish implicit therein. To repel the challenge, an appeal is made to the expanded asymmetry principle, which states that legal institutions must err on the side of leniency even in the face of retributive reasons to punish. After reconstructing recent justifications of the principle, and illuminating their infelicities, a new defense is supplied.
In Defense of Religious Freedom
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for religious freedom as a universal human right. It argues that religion is a universal human phenomenon and a good that merits protection by the law. It argues against the “new critics,” who hold that there is no universal phenomenon called religion, that religion and religious freedom are inventions of the modern West and have deep Protestant roots, that the West has imposed religious freedom through its power in colonialist and imperialist fashion, particularly vis-à-vis Islam, and that religious freedom ought not to be exported through the foreign policies of Western states. To each of these assertions, the chapter offers counterarguments.
Religiously Free States in the Muslim World
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins the book’s analysis of religious freedom in Muslim-majority states by looking at the first of three categories of regimes that are defined by their political theology. This category is religiously free states. It defines the basic features of religiously free states, portraying them through the concept of positive secularism. It then looks closely at the 11 countries that fit this category. It notes that seven of these are in West Africa and identifies the historical and cultural roots of this region’s common religious freedom. This chapter begins to make the case for diversity in the Muslim world and for the possibility and presence of religious freedom in that same world.
Beyond Multiculturalism
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this introductory chapter we discuss the assumption of post-materialism championed by Inglehart (1990, 1995): the idea that some groups, such as middle-class urban dwellers, are ideologically or politically predisposed toward environmentalism. We then consider an alternative, vulnerability politics, wherein peoples’ interest in protecting the environment may instead be conditioned by how directly vulnerable they are to the fragility of that environment. The national government’s failures to implement multicultural rights in Ecuadorian indigenous communities, combined with the failures of indigenous communities themselves to unify, open the way for polycentric pluralism to represent indigenous and other environmental interests. This chapter defines these terms and lays out its challenge to the post-materialist argument by showing that strong environmental attitudes can occur precisely where Inglehart says they should not, such as in poor rural areas rather than in affluent urban ones. We situate our study and explain that understanding environmentalism in Ecuador’s Amazon is a matter of realizing that non-Western cultural values, individual political struggles, and material vulnerabilities condition people’s attitudes. More specifically, concern for the environment may be linked to rational self-interest and political identities, rather than being entirely conditioned by the structural cause of material well-being. Once we have established the importance of rational environmentalism by individuals, we then evaluate attitudes in subsequent chapters through this lens.
Crude Bargaining
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In chapter 4, we further explore how individual-level preferences relating to people’s willingness to mobilize in opposition to extraction also impacts collective action. We evaluate political activity by mobilized groups, particularly indigenous groups, addressing their internal divisions and efforts by the state to weaken opposition and win extraction. We further aggregate our unit of analysis in this chapter, focusing on indigenous groups within the extractive frontier of the Amazon region rather than on the individuals surveyed. Using a comparison of survey results from the northern, central, and southern “extractive frontiers,” we show that environmental attitudes are driven by the geopolitics of negotiating oil contracts. Much of the chapter explores differences in social movement strategies among groups in different areas of the Amazon. The northern part of the Amazon region has been extensively drilled for oil but with notorious environmental degradation along the way, the central part of the Amazon region is in the process of being leased in oil blocks for drilling, and the southern part of the territory is a pristine rainforest untouched as yet by oil extraction. We argue that different groups’ exposures to vulnerability affect how they view the environment and thus whether they will allow extraction on their lands.
Exploring the Contradiction of Extractive Populism Between Domestic and International Politics in Ecuador
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on polycentric pluralism, mostly at the international and national levels, sidelining vulnerability as a principal cause of environmental attitudes. After briefly introducing rationales behind the interaction between international and domestic policy positions, we show that while there is consensus among Ecuadorians that foreign extractive interests are threats to the Amazon, Ecuadorians are divided along party lines regarding the government’s pursuit of extraction, illustrating the political—rather than cultural—nature of the extractive debate in Ecuador. The upshot is that the Correa administration tried but failed to maintain both its international and domestic images as an environmental force, funding discretionary programs (including “green” ones) through oil drilling. Furthermore, consistent with our argument that polycentric pluralism has been the form that interest articulation takes, variations in approval of policies are more readily explained by cleavages defined by vulnerability and political party affiliation rather than by ethnic identity.
The Social Construction of Great Power Management, 1815–1822
Authors: Raymond Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that secondary rules help to explain the emergence of active practices of great power management of the international system after the Napoleonic Wars. Actors were aware of themselves as joint participants in a practice of rule-making and interpretation. They presented proposals according to the rules of that practice, both criticizing and justifying proposals on procedural grounds. The chapter covers the initial creation of great power management in the Congress of Vienna, and its development in the initial conferences of the Concert of Europe at Aix-la-Chapelle, Troppau, Laibach, and Verona. Actors who more skillfully employed secondary rules were more successful in obtaining their goals. Talleyrand secured France’s readmission to the ranks of the great powers, and Metternich and Castlereagh consistently employed procedural rules to achieve their objectives. Procedural rules also help explain the failure of the Tsar’s proposed Holy Alliance in contrast to the substantively similar Quadruple Alliance.
Social Practices of Rule-Making and the Global War on Terror
Authors: Raymond Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines public dialogue between al-Qaeda and the United States from 1996 until the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Both sides spoke clearly and consistently about actual and preferred rules for the international system, and the way they should be applied; and both sides engaged in procedural criticism and justification. Both sides knew that conflict was overdetermined, and that they had deep disagreements about relevant social practices of rule-making. So why engage in futile dialogue? Attempts to reach like-minded audiences clearly matter, but esoteric appeals about legitimate rule-making procedures are typically not expected to move political audiences. The chapter argues that participants on both sides had internalized ideas about legitimate rule-making practices, and tied these understandings to conceptions of the appropriate nature and ends of political community. The case demonstrates the emotional power of secondary rules, and the difficulty of resolving conflict in the absence of common rule-making practices.
Rules for State Conduct in the Cyber Domain
Authors: Raymond Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the puzzling 2013 agreement of the UN Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on cybersecurity that existing international law applies to state military use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and the 2015 GGE report that extended the consensus reached in 2013. These important developments in the emergence of rules and norms for cyberspace took place despite deteriorating relations between the United States and Russia. They also took place despite increasing global contention over Internet governance and cybersecurity issues more broadly, and occurred with less controversy than related (but lower-priority) Internet governance issues. The chapter argues that the 2013 and 2015 GGE reports were reached in large part as a result of a conscious process of rule-making and interpretation structured by agreed-upon secondary rules, and that the timing of the agreements reflected emerging consensus among participants despite remaining divergence on substantive preferences about governance arrangements for cyberspace.
Conclusion
Authors: Raymond Mark 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the main argument of the book concerning the nature and operation of social practices of rule-making and reviews the main findings from the four empirical cases. It then discusses the book’s significance. It sheds light on how to resolve comparability issues and investigate scope conditions among various proposed mechanisms for creating shared knowledge such as rules and institutions. It extends the range of applications of the practice-turn to the practice of rule-making, and identifies synergies between rule and practice constructivisms. It also demonstrates that the study of social practices of rule-making improves existing explanations of change in international systems. In doing so, it highlights the importance of these practices to contemporary global governance, as well as the overlooked importance of global governance for the study of international systems and world orders. Finally, it demonstrates the book’s utility for studying hierarchy and authority in world politics.
Introduction
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The introduction outlines the main themes and explains the theoretical and methodological framework of the book. The author introduces the Indigenous communities in which the fieldwork was conducted, explains the methodology and case selection and discusses the rationale for the comparative approach. It considers the complexity of the concept of gender from an Indigenous perspective. Secondary literature on Indigenous feminist analyses of self-determination is also discussed, especially that produced in the United States. The original research is also framed and contextualized in the broader, ongoing conversation on Indigenous self-determination and Indigenous feminist analyses in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.