bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assortative mating for major psychiatric diagnoses in
two population-based samples
Authors: MAES H. H. M. , NEALE M. C. , KENDLER K. S. , HEWITT J. K. , SILBERG J. L. , FOLEY D. L. , MEYER J. M. , RUTTER M. , SIMONOFF E. , PICKLES A. , EAVES L. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies on assortment for psychiatric
disorders have reported discrepant
findings. We aimed to test whether there is a significant association for
psychiatric diagnoses,
including alcoholism, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder,
panic disorder and
phobias between husbands and wives in two population-based samples. We
further evaluated
whether marital resemblance occurs primarily within or across psychiatric
disorders and if
assortment for psychopathology is primary or secondary to assortment for
correlated variables.Methods. A model for mate selection addressed whether the correlation
between mates for
psychiatric disorders arises from direct assortment (primary homogamy)
or through correlation
with other variables for which assortment occurs (secondary homogamy) or
through cross-variable
assortment. The model accounted for within-person co-morbidity as well
as across-spouse data.Results. Findings suggested that a moderate degree of assortment
exists both within and across
psychiatric diagnoses. Only a small amount of the observed marital resemblance
for mental illness
could be explained by assortment for correlated variables such as age,
religious attendance and
education. Similar results were obtained for the two samples separately
and confirmed in their joint
analysis, revealing that the co-morbidity and assortment findings, except
for the marital correlation
for age, religious attendance and education, replicate across samples.Conclusions. Significant but moderate primary assortment exists
for psychiatric disorders. The bias
in twin studies that have ignored the small amount of assortment is negligible.
Partners in life and in death: the suicide pact in
England and Wales 1988–1992
Authors: BROWN MARTIN , BARRACLOUGH BRIAN 
Published: July 2002

Background. We describe the epidemiology of suicide pacts in England and Wales and assess the
health, circumstances and motivation of those who died in pacts; the first such account for 35 years.Methods. We have analysed the death certificates, coroners' records and medical notes of all people
who died in suicide pacts in England and Wales between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 1992.Results. The 124 suicides in 62 pacts accounted for 0·6% of all suicides giving a rate of 0·6 per
million. The average age was 56 years. Poisoning by car exhaust or medicines caused 95% of deaths,
both members of each pair using the same method. Forty-eight pacts were between married couples,
five between blood relatives. Mental disorder was present in half and medical illness in one-third.
Motives were avoiding loss of a partner from ill-health in 26 pacts, euthanasia in nine, thwarted love
in four.Conclusions. The findings are similar to those of 35 years ago except the incidence of pacts is less.
Improved management of illness might avoid some pacts especially when partners in an enduring,
affectionate relationship, with few social ties, are both ill.
Assessing the capacity of people with intellectual
disabilities to be witnesses in court
Authors: GUDJONSSON G. H. , MURPHY G. H. , CLARE I. C. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. People with intellectual disabilities who have been victims or other witnesses of crime
have had limited access to the criminal justice system, often on the basis of assumptions about their
incapacity to be interviewed by the police and to give evidence in court. The aim of this study was
to assess their capacity to be witnesses in court.Methods. Forty-nine men and women with intellectual disabilities, all of whom were potential
witnesses of ill-treatment, were assessed in order to provide advice, initially to the police, about their
capacity to be interviewed for judicial purposes. The assessments included evaluations of each
person's intellectual ability, memory, acquiescence, suggestibility, and their ability to explain
concepts relating to the oath.Results. Only 37 (76%) were able to complete the assessments. Most of those with a Full Scale IQ
score of [ges ] 60 had a basic understanding of the oath, compared with only a third of those with IQ
scores between 50 and 59, and none of those with IQ scores < 50. Nevertheless, some of the people
who were unable to demonstrate an understanding of the oath did understand the words ‘truth’ and
‘lie’, especially when asked about these concepts in relation to concrete examples.Conclusions. While intellectual ability appears to be the best overall predictor of the capacity of
people with intellectual disabilities to act as witnesses, confining witnesses to those who could
explain the meaning of the oath would mean that a number of persons who might be interviewed
by the police and subsequently appear in court could be excluded from the judicial process.
What contributes to depression in Parkinson's disease?
Authors: SCHRAG A. , JAHANSHAHI M. , QUINN N. P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Depression is a common problem in patients with Parkinson's disease, but its
mechanism is poorly understood. It is thought that neurochemical changes contribute to its
occurrence, but it is unclear why some patients develop depression and others do not. Using a
community-based sample of patients with Parkinson's disease, we investigated the contributions of
impairment, disability and handicap to depression in Parkinson's disease.Methods. Ninety-seven patients seen in a population-based study on the prevalence of Parkinson's
disease completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Clinical and historical information on
symptoms and complications of Parkinson's disease were obtained from the patients by a
neurologist. In addition, clinician and patient ratings of disability on the Schwab and England scale
were obtained and a quality of life questionnaire was completed.Results. Moderate to severe depression (BDI [ges ] 18) was reported by 19·6% of the patients. Higher
depression scores were associated with advancing disease severity, recent self-reported deterioration,
higher akinesia scores, a mini-mental score of < 25 and occurrence of falls. Disability as rated by
the neurologist accounted for 34% of the variance of depression scores. Self-reported impairment
of cognitive function and the feeling of stigmatization accounted for > 50% of the variance of
depression scores.Conclusions. Depression in patients with Parkinson's disease is associated with advancing disease
severity, recent disease deterioration and occurrence of falls. Regression analysis suggests that
depression in Parkinson's disease is more strongly influenced by the patients' perceptions of
handicap than by actual disability. The treatment of depression should therefore be targeted
independently of treatment of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and consider the
patients' own perception of their disease.
Executive function and attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder: stimulant medication and better executive
function performance in children
Authors: KEMPTON S. , VANCE A. , MARUFF P. , LUK E. , COSTIN J. , PANTELIS C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Executive function deficits have been reported repeatedly in children with Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Stimulant medication has been shown to be effective in
improving cognitive performance on most executive function tasks, but neuropsychological tests of
executive function in this population have yielded inconsistent results. Methodological limitations
may explain these inconsistencies. This study aimed to measure executive function in medicated and
non-medicated children with ADHD by using a computerized battery, the Cambridge Neuropsychological
Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), which is sensitive to executive function deficits
in older patients with frontostriatal neurological impairments.Methods. Executive function was assessed in 30 children with ADHD: 15 were stimulant medication
naïve and 15 were treated with stimulant medication. These two groups were compared to 15 age,
sex and IQ matched controls.Results. The unmedicated children with ADHD displayed specific cognitive impairments on
executive function tasks of spatial short-term memory, spatial working memory, set-shifting ability
and planning ability. Impairments were also seen on spatial recognition memory and delayed
matching to sample, while pattern recognition memory remained intact. The medicated children
with ADHD were not impaired on any of the above executive function tasks except for deficits in
spatial recognition memory.Conclusions. ADHD is associated with deficits in executive function. Stimulant medication is
associated with better executive function performance. Prospective follow-up studies are required
to examine these effects.
Independence, privacy and risk: two
contrasting approaches to residential care
for older people
Authors: BLAND ROSEMARY 
Published: July 2002

One of the main reasons older people give for their reluctance to consider
residential care as a way of meeting their support needs is the fear of losing
their independence. Research has confirmed that such anxiety is well-founded.
This paper explores how far two different approaches to residential care
enable older people who become residents to maintain their autonomy and
independence. It traces the historical development of residential care and of
hotels, using a case study of a private residential home run by former hoteliers
to compare its approach to ‘the residential task’ with that adopted in local
authority homes. Attention is focused on the translation of the core values of
independence, privacy, dignity, choice and rights into a daily reality for
residents. It is suggested that there are both structural and individual factors
which account for the differences observed.The paper draws tentative conclusions as to why a ‘service’ rather than a
‘social care’ approach may be more successful in enabling older people to
preserve their autonomy and privacy after moving into a care home.
‘Represent’: race, space and place in rap music
Authors: Forman Murray 
Published: July 2002

Say somethin' positive, well positive ain't where I liveI live around the corner from West HellTwo blocks from South Shit and once in a jail cellThe sun never shined on my side of the street, see?(Naughty By Nature, ‘Ghetto Bastard (Everything's Gonna Be Alright)’, 1991, Isba/Tommy Boy Records)If you're from Compton you know it's the 'hood where it's good(Compton's Most Wanted, ‘Raised in Compton’, 1991, Epic/Sony)IntroductionHip hop's capacity to circumvent the constraints and limiting social conditions of young Afro-American and Latino youths has been examined and celebrated by cultural critics and scholars in various contexts since its inception in the mid-1970s. For instance, the 8 February 1999 issue of US magazine Time featured a cover photo of ex-Fugees and five-time Grammy award winner Lauryn Hill with the accompanying headline ‘Hip-Hop Nation: After 20 Years – how it's changed America’. Over the years, however, there has been little attention granted to the implications of hip hop's spatial logics. Time's coverage is relatively standard in perceiving the hip hop nation as a historical construct rather than a geo-cultural amalgamation of personages and practices that are spatially dispersed.
Technology, Implementation and Policy Issues for the Modernisation
of
GPS and its Role in a GNSS
Authors: McDonald Keith D. 
Published: July 2002

This and the following six papers were selected from the many papers

presented at the 9th World Congress
of the International Association of Institutes of Navigation (IAIN)
held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 17–21 November 1997.During the past several years, a number of important investigations,
policy initiatives and
national commitments relating to the future of GPS,
GLONASS and their augmentations have
occurred. Substantive and on-going studies of the character and configuration
of a Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have also been evaluated
worldwide, especially by the
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). These efforts have been
principally directed
toward the definition of near- and far-term GNSS
implementations that meet the needs and
concerns of the international community. This paper briefly reviews some
of the investigations
and addresses, in particular, the concerns and requirements that may affect
the future
capabilities and the dual (civil/military) character of
GPS. The main issues relating to the
modernisation of GPS and its subsequent transition
to a component of a GNSS with a viable
international character are presented. These include a discussion of new
signal structure
options, certain changes in operating frequencies, increased signal power
levels, other system
alternatives and their potential impact on system performance. International
issues are briefly
addressed, including future performance capabilities, assurance of service,
economic
participation and benefit, reasonable cost, standards and international
participation.
Biodiversity as an environmental service in Brazil's Amazonian forests: risks, value and conservation
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M. 
Published: July 2002

The environmental service provided by the great biodiversity of Amazonian forests is one of several factors leading to the conclusion that much greater efforts are warranted to reduce the destruction of these forests. Risks to biodiversity in Amazonian forests include deforestation, logging, fires, fragmentation, depletion of fauna, invasion by exotic species, and climate change. Financial values assigned to biodiversity depend strongly on the purposes of valuation. Utilitarian benefits include the values of presently-marketed and presently-unexploited forest products, and the monetary value of environmental benefits. Non-monetary values of Amazonian forests are also essential components of decision-making on conservation. Measures of ‘willingness to pay’ and ‘willingness to accept’ can be useful as indicators of potential financial flows, but should not be confused with the true values of the forests to society. Valuation for the purpose of setting penalties for destruction of biodiversity is an important legal question in Brazil and must take into consideration additional factors.Conservation of biodiversity in Brazil includes creation of various types of protected areas. The status of these areas varies greatly, with practice frequently deviating from official requirements. Creating reserves that include human occupants has a variety of pros and cons. Although the effect of humans is not always benign, much larger areas can be brought under protection regimes if human occupants are included. Additional considerations apply to buffer zones around protected areas. The choice and design of reserves depends on the financial costs and biodiversity benefits of different strategies. In Brazil, rapid creation of lightly-protected ‘paper parks’ has been a means of keeping ahead of the advance of barriers to establishment of new conservation units, but emphasis must eventually shift to better protection of existing reserves. Indigenous peoples have the best record of maintaining forest, but negotiation with these peoples is essential in order to ensure maintenance of the large areas of forest they inhabit. The benefits of environmental services provided by the forest must accrue to those who maintain these forests. Development of mechanisms to capture the value of these services will be a key factor affecting the long-term prospects of Amazonian forests. However, many effective measures to discourage deforestation could be taken immediately through government action, including levying and collecting taxes that discourage land speculation, changing land tenure establishment procedures so as not to reward deforestation, revoking remaining incentives, restricting road building and improvement, strengthening requirements for environmental impact statements (RIMAs) for proposed development projects, and creating employment alternatives.
AMPA-selective glutamate receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR4
in the cat retina: An immunocytochemical study
Authors: QIN PU , POURCHO ROBERTA G. 
Published: July 2002

(article appeared in Visual Neuroscience (1999),
16, 1105–1114.)Due to an oversight, Table 2 that appeared on p. 1106
of Visual Neuroscience 16:6 had errors in the
body of the Table. A corrected version of Table 2 is
printed below.Cambridge University Press and the authors regret any
inconvenience that this inadvertent error may have caused.
Variations in age, size at maturity and gestation duration among two neighbouring populations of the alpine salamander (Salamandra lanzai)
Authors: Miaud C. , Andreone Franco , Ribéron Alexandre , De Michelis Sara , Clima Valentina , Castanet Jacques , Francillon‐Vieillot Hélène , Guyétant Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe describe the age structures of two neighbouring terrestrial salamander populations. The skeletochronological method was also used on larvae in utero and on new‐born individuals. The age of adults was 8–24 years in population A, while males reached maturity at 3–5 years old and the youngest females were 6 years old in population B. Males and females from population B were also larger than those in population A. For the first time, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) were also found in the humerus of intra‐uterine larvae and new‐born individuals, indicating that young can spend up to 3 years in utero (population B) and up to 4 years (population A) before hatching. Growth of adults (fitted by the Bertalanffy model) also exhibited differences in growth coefficient (k) and mean asymptotic length (SVLmax) between sexes and populations. Local climatic conditions differed between the two areas of these populations and we hypothesize that the number of rainy days directly influences foraging during the short period of activity (< 3 months), leading to a delay in age at maturity, smaller length and growth rate, and increased gestation duration in the drier environment. The discussion is focused on proximate environmental influences on the variation of length and associated life‐history traits in ectotherms, especially in terrestrial salamanders.
Making decisions for the mentally incapacitated adult
Authors: Glover-Thomas Nicola 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionThis paper considers the approach to decision-making on behalf of mentally incapacitated
adults. It updates and revises the 1996 article Ethical Aspects of the Law Commission
Report on Mental Incapacity in this journal. The Law Commission
Report No. 231, Mental Incapacity, issued in February 1995, was
the final outcome of a lengthy and wide-ranging process of consultation. This process
resulted in four consultation papers over a period of four years. The Government did not support the Law Commission’s draft bill on mental incapacity and a further consultation period was initiated (Who Decides? Making Decisions on Behalf of Mentally Incapacitated Adults, Cm. 3803). This process culminated in October 1999 when the Lord Chancellor’s Office issued its report, Making
Decisions (Cm. 4465). This policy statement sets out the Government’s
proposals to improve the decision-making process for those who are incapable of making
decisions for themselves or who cannot communicate their decisions.
“GENRE” AND “DISCOURSE” IN VICTORIAN CULTURAL STUDIES
Authors: Williams Carolyn 
Published: July 2002

By what criteria is one to isolate the unities with which one is dealing . . . What is the legitimate level of formalization?—Foucault, The Archaeology of KnowledgeBOTH “DISCOURSE” AND “GENRE,” like all constructed and generalizing categories, have a purely formalizing aspect as well as a historical, effective (or political) aspect. They name and group things abstractly, but those names themselves are shaped and precipitated in history and, in turn, they exert a powerful shaping force on historical life.
Variation of winter road surface temperature due to topography and application of Thermal Mapping
Authors: Shao J , Swanson J C , Patterson R , Lister P J , McDonald A N 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is known that topography is an important factor controlling the variation of road surface temperature (RST). In order to explore possible relationships between RST and topography, the authors used Thermal Mapping data obtained by a vehicle‐mounted thermometer in a mountainous area in Nevada, USA, under different weather conditions in December 1994. The data were validated against the measurements of road surface sensors. After that, a step‐wise regression technique is employed to find out possible statistic relationships between RST and altitude at different surveying routes. It was found that the relationships exhibited different characteristics in different climate domains and under different weather types. In most cases, the relationships were non‐linear. In order to obtain more information about the cause of the residuals and the variation, the error of regression fitting is related to near‐ground meteorological parameters (air temperature, dew point and wind, etc.). This study proved that Thermal Mapping is a reliable and effective method to display spatial variation of road surface temperature. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Editorial
Authors: Salkovskis Paul 
Published: July 2002

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy is growingThere has been a steady increase in the flow of manuscripts to this journal, and I'm glad to say that the quality of
submissions has commensurately improved. However, these trends have obviously created a problem, which is that
there was simply not enough space for the range of excellent articles we have been receiving. The Association has
therefore decided to increase the size of the journal by 25%. This should allow us to sustain a relatively short
publication lag, and to maintain the mix of high quality clinical, theoretical and research material that has been the hallmark
of the journal. Thanks to Cambridge University Press, particularly Janet Miles, for continued support and in making
the transition to the larger size so straightforward. Of course, one of the reasons that we receive so many manuscripts
is the fact that we are now one of the largest circulation journals in the field.As ever, there are other changes in the journal. Nick Tarrier leaves us after a very long and distinguished period as
assistant editor. Thanks to you Nick (but don't assume that this means that you won't get more manuscripts!) Within
the editorial office during 2000 we have had additional assistance from Patrick McKnight, who has now moved on,
and we would like to thank him for the excellent work he put in. Caroline Bradley has retired from the post of assistant
editor; we are grateful to her for her work in this capacity. By way of consolation for our editorial losses, Hermine
Graham and Elizabeth Kuipers have joined the editorial team as assistant editors. I'm looking forward to working with
them over the coming years.