bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest management in the Sierra Nevada provides limited carbon storage potential: an expert elicitation
Authors: Lalonde Seth J. , Mach Katharine J. , Anderson Christa M. , Francis Emily J. , Sanchez Daniel L. , Stanton Charlotte Y. , Turner Peter A. , Field Christopher B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAnalysis of long‐term trends in forest carbon stocks is challenged by interactions among climate change, wildfire and other disturbances, forest management actions, and heterogeneous vegetation responses. For such circumstances where complex interactions make it difficult to encompass the full range of processes in any one mode of analysis, expert elicitation is a well‐developed method for documenting judgments about uncertainty, based on available evidence, to inform ongoing decision‐making. Applying this method for the Sierra Nevada, we evaluate subjective probabilistic estimates of trends in aboveground forest carbon for different management scenarios toward the goal of maximizing carbon stored, while also considering implications for wildfire risk. The analysis examines the effects of four treatments in isolation (thinning, timber harvesting, prescribed burning, managed wildfire), as well as a user‐defined management portfolio allocating resources across five management practices (thinning, harvesting, prescribed burning, firefighting, and restoration). The expert elicitation suggests that aboveground forest carbon stocks will decline 8%, from 126 to 116 tC/ha, between 2030 and 2100 (median estimate across experts) assuming conventional forest management practices are continued. Out of all surveyed practices, the custom user‐defined management portfolio results in the highest carbon stock of 129 tC/ha which is 11% higher than conventional practice in 2100 at the 50th percentile. The expert elicitation indicates less beneficial carbon sequestration outcomes than recent modeling studies. Suggesting co‐benefits across objectives, 75 experts collectively estimate a 61% likelihood that managing for carbon also reduces wildfire risk. By contrast, decreases in carbon stocks are anticipated for large magnitudes of climate change or substantial decreases in forest management investments.
Responses of non‐native earthworms to experimental eradication of garlic mustard and implications for native vegetation
Authors: Stinson K. A. , Frey S. D. , Jackson M. R. , Coates‐Connor E. , Anthony M. , Martinez K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecent studies in invasion biology suggest that positive feedback among two or more introduced organisms facilitate establishment within a new range and drive changes in native plant communities. Here, we experimentally tested for relationships between native plants and two non‐native organisms invading forest habitats in North America: garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) and earthworms. In two forested sites, we compared understory vegetation and earthworm biomass in plots where garlic mustard was removed for three years, plots without garlic mustard invasion, and plots invaded by garlic mustard that was not removed. Earthworm biomass was highest in the plots with garlic mustard, and long‐term eradication of garlic mustard reduced earthworm biomass to levels similar to those observed in the uninvaded control plots. Invasion treatment, and the interactions between earthworm biomass and treatment, explained most of the variation in plant community composition and diversity—suggesting that earthworms alone do not necessarily drive forest understory floristic patterns. In contrast to broader geographic patterns indicating earthworms as the main driver of vegetation change in the presence of non‐native plants, we show that garlic mustard solely, or in conjunction with earthworm biomass, drives changes in native plant composition and diversity at the scale of individual forests. From a local management perspective, our data suggest that garlic mustard eradication can directly assist in the conservation of native plant communities and simultaneously reduce earthworm biomass.
Grazers affect selection on inflorescence height both directly and indirectly and effects change over time
Authors: Thomann Michel , Ehrlén Johan , Ågren Jon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSelection mediated by one biotic agent will often be modified by the presence of other biotic interactions, and the importance of such indirect effects might change over time. We conducted an 11‐yr field experiment to test the prediction that large grazers affect selection on floral display of the dimorphic herb Primula farinosa not only directly through differential grazing damage, but also indirectly by affecting vegetation height and thereby selection mediated by pollinators and seed predators. Exclusion of large grazers increased vegetation height and the strength of pollinator‐mediated selection for tall inflorescences and seed‐predator‐mediated selection for short inflorescences. The direct effect of grazers on selection resulting from differential grazing damage to the two scape morphs showed no temporal trend. By contrast, the increase in vegetation height in exclosures over time was associated with an increase in selection mediated by pollinators and seed predators. In the early years of the experiment, the indirect effects of grazers on selection mediated by pollinators and seed predators were weak, whereas at the end of the experiment, the indirect effects were of similar magnitude as the direct effect due to differential grazing damage. The results demonstrate that the indirect effects of a selective agent can be as strong as its direct effects, and that the relative importance of direct vs. indirect effects on selection can change over time. A full understanding of the ecological processes governing variation in selection thus requires that both direct and indirect effects of biotic interactions are assessed.
Operation optimization of variable frequency pumps in compound series‐parallel heat transfer systems based on the power flow method
Authors: Shao Wei , Chen Qun , Zhang Meng‐Qi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe optimal match of multiple operation parameters in heat transfer systems (HTSs) is the key to trade‐off heat transfer and flow resistance for energy conservation. For a compound series‐parallel HTS, this study applies the power flow model and the driving‐resistance model to build the heat transfer and fluid flow constraints of the whole system directly, instead of individual components. Utilizing these constraints together with the Lagrange multiplier method offers the optimal operating frequencies of each variable frequency pumps (VFP) with the minimum pumping power consumptions under different heat loads. Operating the experiment platform with the optimized parameters shows that the heat load increment in parallel branches only needs to increase the operating frequency of VFP in the related hot‐water loop, whereas the heat load increment in series branches needs to increases the operating frequencies of VSPs in both cold‐water and the corresponding hot‐water loops. When the heat load varies from 10 to 11 kW in the parallel branch, the downstream, and the upstream of the series branch, the total pumping power consumptions of all VFPs increase by 19.45%, 43.86%, and 39.99%, respectively. It means assigning the additional heat load in the parallel branch is more energy efficient.
The Evidence Trace File: A Data Structure for Virtual Performance Assessments Informed by Data Analytics and Evidence‐Centered Design
Authors: Hao Jiangang , Mislevy Robert J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVirtual performance assessments (VPAs), such as game‐ and simulation‐based assessments, provide promising ways for assessing complex and integrated skills. However, the high cost, long development cycle, and complex scoring process significantly hinder the adoption of VPAs, particularly in large‐scale assessments with tight deadlines and limited budgets. One significant impediment is the lack of consensus about how to capture and store evidence‐bearing process data from each VPA session into a format that facilitates quality checks, scoring, and analysis. In current practice, data from VPAs are generally stored in logs, either as standalone files or as a set of entries in a database. Programmers have long used logs to save process information about software systems for monitoring and debugging the software system itself. These purposes are fundamentally different from the purpose of assessment, which aims to capture evidence to support the measurement of a test taker's proficiency with respect to targeted constructs. Collapsing information that might be needed for the two purposes into a single log file can lead to confusion, even confrontation, among VPA designers, software developers, and scoring experts. To mitigate the problem, in this paper we introduce the notion of a structured evidence trace file (ETF) as distinguished from the familiar but idiosyncratic term, log file. The ETF is intended to express captured telemetry data in a way that meets the needs from the assessment perspective. Its specification as a standalone deliverable allows VPA designers and scoring experts to cleanly define and assure the quality of the information they need from VPA sessions in forms they find most useful for assessment purposes without adding additional complexity or structures for the information that software developers need for debugging purposes. In turn, software developers will be clearly informed about what information is expected from the assessment perspective and can manage the data as they choose as long as they can deliver the specified ETF. In addition to its application in VPAs, the ETF structure can also be employed more generally with digitally based assessments (DBAs) in which response‐process data are captured and used for assessment purposes, such as timing information, response changes, and tool usage in multiple‐choice tests. As a known data structure, it can sometimes also be employed for additional purposes in VPA analysis, such as transmitting information across phases of multiple‐stage analysis.
LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3−δ as a Promising Cathode for Stable Proton‐conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Chen K. , Dai H. , He S. , Bi L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA cobalt‐free material, LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3–δ (LNF), was applied as a potential cathode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) using chemically stable BaZr0.8Y0.2O3–δ (BZY20) electrolyte for the first time. LNF was synthesized, and this material showed a good compatibility with BZY20 at high temperatures. The anode supported BZY20 cell with the LNF cathode was fabricated and tested, which showed a decent cell performance of 217, 107, and 46 mW cm−2 at 700, 650, and 600 °C, respectively. This fuel cell performance was significantly higher than that for the cells using cobalt‐free cathode and BaZrO3‐based electrolyte in literature reports. Furthermore, the polarization resistance of the LNF cathode was restricted to 0.15 Ω cm2 at 700 °C, which was quite small and even can be compared with that for some cobalt‐containing cathodes for BaZrO3‐based cells. These experimental results indicate LNF could be an alternative and promising cathode for proton‐conducting cells with BaZrO3‐based ceramic electrolyte, providing an alternative route for choosing and designing their cathode materials.
Expedited Screening of Active and Regioselective Catalysts for the Hydroformylation Reaction
Authors: Wodrich Matthew D. , Busch Michael , Corminboeuf Clémence 
Published: July 2018

The discovery of new homogeneous catalysts that preferentially form one product over another in regio‐ or enantioselective chemical reactions has traditionally been the province of experimental chemists. Today, computational‐based approaches have carved an increasingly important role, which, for computational catalytic designs, often rely on highly inefficient combinatorial‐based screening methods. To increase the pace of discovery, tools capable of rapidly assessing large numbers of prospective species and identify those possessing desirable properties, such as activity and selectivity, are vital. Here, through the examination of the hydroformylation of 2‐methylpropene, we demonstrate how a new tool built upon molecular volcano plots can be used to quickly predict the activity of molecular catalysts as well as estimate the intrinsic ability of each species to form one regioisomer over the other with striking accuracy. Following training and validation, these regioselective molecular volcanoes are employed to predict catalysts that preferentially form the branched product (2,2‐dimethylpropanal) in violation of Keulemans’ 70‐year‐old law. Eighteen species (out of a total of 68 predicted) were computationally predicted to have regiomeric excess (r.e.) values > 90. Overall, these tools can be used to quickly screen the activity and selectivity of potential catalysis based on two easily computed descriptor variables.
Sediment yield and transport process assessment from reservoir monitoring in a semi‐arid mountainous river
Authors: Millares Agustín , Moñino Antonio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSoil loss, fluvial erosion, and sedimentation are major problems in semi‐arid environments due to the high associated costs of decreasing services such as provisioning and regulating water resources. The objective of this research is to analyse sediment yield in a mountainous semi‐arid basin, paying special attention to the sources of sediment, the associated uncertainties, and the transport processes involved. The segregation hypothesis along a reservoir of the sediment coming from hillslopes or fluvial systems is also evaluated. For this purpose, bottom‐set and deltaic deposits of a reservoir (110 hm3) in southern Spain have been measured and compared with basin erosion and fluvial transport monitoring over a 12‐year period. The volume of sediment stored at the bottomset of the reservoir shows a relative match with parametric predictions based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation/Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation hillslope models and rating curves, estimated as being between 7 and 13 t·ha−1·year−1. Similarly, the measured volume of deltaic deposit fits the average value of stochastic simulations from different bedload transport equations. These contributions represent 50–65% of the total volume measured regarding suspended sediment inputs, way above that described in previous works. This highlights the importance of considering bedload when estimating the useful life of reservoirs in semi‐arid environments. The major differences in sediment grain size between hillslopes and river systems, and the size fractions measured along the reservoir, support the assertion of segregation hypothesis. Nonetheless, based on the processes observed and the uncertainty related to modelling, that assertion has to be taken with caution. At basin scale, a specific sediment yield of between 19 and 24 t·ha−1·year−1 has been estimated, which includes hillslopes and fluvial contributions. This rate is in the range of sediment yield reported for Mediterranean mountain areas of a torrential character. The pulse‐like nature of the system and the spatial heterogeneity of fluvial and hillslope erosion rates points out the importance of considering mid to long‐term and process‐based approaches and emphasizes the limitations of annual estimations for management purposes.
Intracortical Bone Mechanics Are Related to Pore Morphology and Remodeling in Human Bone
Authors: Bakalova Lydia P , Andreasen Christina M , Thomsen Jesper Skovhus , Brüel Annemarie , Hauge Ellen-Margrethe , Kiil Birgitte Jul , Delaisse Jean-Marie , Andersen Thomas Levin , Kersh Mariana E 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

During aging and in osteoporosis, cortical bone becomes more porous, making it more fragile and susceptible to fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the intracortical compression- induced strain energy distribution, and determine whether intracortical pores associated with high strain energy density (SED) in the surrounding bone matrix have a different morphology and distribution, as well as different remodeling characteristics than matrix with normal SED. Fibular diaphyseal specimens from 20 patients undergoing a jaw reconstruction (age range 41 to 75 years; 14 men and 6 women) were studied. Bone specimens were µCT-scanned, plastic embedded, and sectioned for histology. Three-dimensional microfinite element models of each specimen were tested in compression, and the SED of the bone immediately surrounding the intracortical pores was calculated within a plane of interest corresponding to the histological sections. The SED of a pore, relative to the distribution of the SED of all pores in each specimen, was used to classify pores as either a high or normal SED pore. Pores with high SED were larger, less circular, and were located closer to the endosteal surface of the cortex than normal SED pores (p &lt; 0.001). Histological analysis of the remodeling events generating the pores revealed that the high SED pores compared with normal SED pores had 13.3-fold higher odds of being an erosive (70%) or formative (7%) pore versus a quiescent pore (p &lt; 0.001), 5.9-fold higher odds of resulting from remodeling upon existing pores (type 2 pore) versus remodeling generating new pores (type 1 pore) (p &lt; 0.001), and 3.2-fold higher odds of being a coalescing type 2 pore versus a noncoalescing type 2 pore (p &lt; 0.001). Overall, the study demonstrates a strong relationship between cortical bone mechanics and pore morphology, distribution, and remodeling characteristics in human fibular bone. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
SCN5A gene mutations and the risk of ventricular fibrillation and syncope in Brugada syndrome patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Raharjo Sunu Budhi , Maulana Rido , Maghfirah Irma , Alzahra Fatimah , Putrinarita Agnes Dinar , Hanafy Dicky A. , Yuniadi Yoga 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMutations in the gene encoding the main cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) are the commonest genetic cause of Brugada syndrome (BrS). However, the effect of SCN5A mutations on the outcomes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and syncope remains uncertain. To clarify this relationship, a meta‐analysis was performed. A comprehensive search was conducted to identify all eligible studies from PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, ProQuest, Science Direct, Clinical Key, and Cochrane database for cohort studies of BrS populations that had been systematically tested for SCN5A mutations. We did meta‐analysis to see the relationship between SCN5A mutations and the occurrence of VF and/or syncope using RevMan 5.3. Five clinical studies met our criteria and included a total of 665 BrS patients. These studies included 45 patients with VF and 178 patients with syncope. We found that in BrS patients with SCN5A mutations the rate of VF event was 30.7% while in patients without mutations was 28.5% (Risk Ratio [RR] = 1.11, [95% CI: 0.61, 2.00], P = 0.73, I2 = 0%). The occurrence of syncope events was 35.9% in patients with SCN5A mutations and 34.5% in patients without mutations (RR = 1.12, [95% CI: 0.87, 1.45], P = 0.37, I2 = 39%). Furthermore, the occurrence of combined VF and syncope events were similar between the 2 groups (RR = 1.12, [95% CI: 0.89, 1.42], P = 0.34, I2 = 11%). BrS patients with SCN5A mutations exhibit a similar risk of future occurence of VF and/or syncope as compared to those without SCN5A mutations.
Lateglacial/early Holocene palaeoenvironments in the southern North Sea Basin: new data from the Dudgeon offshore wind farm
Authors: Brown Alex , Russell John , Scaife Rob , Tizzard Louise , Whittaker John , Wyles Sarah F. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIt is well known that the North Sea conceals an extensive former landscape of Late Pleistocene and Holocene date that was progressively submerged as result of rising post‐glacial sea levels. Although an increasingly detailed picture is emerging of these submerged palaeolandscapes, well‐dated palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from the North Sea Basin remain few and far between. Pollen, foraminifera, ostracod, plant macrofossil and molluscan data are presented from a radiocarbon‐dated core retrieved from the site of the Dudgeon offshore wind farm, located in the southern North Sea Basin. The palaeoenvironmental analysis provides new data on changing local physical and vegetation environments in the southern North Sea Basin, occurring against a background of global climate change and rising sea levels. Subalpine plant communities gradually gave way to hazel‐dominated woodland during the early Holocene, with freshwater environments replaced by increasing signs of estuarine influence from ca. 9500 to 9000 cal a BP. The thin upper peat (8411–8331 cal a BP) raises the possibility that the final inundation of the Dudgeon site may be linked to meltwater pulses following the collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the draining of the proglacial Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway.
Benefits of wine‐based marination of strip steaks prior to roasting: inhibition of protein oxidation and impact on sensory properties
Authors: Arcanjo Narciza MO , Ventanas Sonia , González‐Mohíno Alberto , Madruga Marta S , Estévez Mario 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of red wine‐based marination on the oxidative stability and overall quality of roasted beef strip steaks. Four treatments were considered, according to the type of wine (300 mL dealcoholized wine/kilogram meat): ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Tempranillo’, ‘Isabel’ (ISA), and a control. The formation of potentially harmful protein oxidation products during roasting, including protein carbonyls and dityrosines, was inhibited by bioactive components of the wine.RESULTSISA marinades were particularly resistant to protein oxidation, which could be due the particular composition of this wine in phenolic compounds. Wine‐based marination was also effective in controlling the formation of lipid‐derived volatile compounds, such as hexanal, octane‐2,5‐dione, and heptan‐2‐one, which led to a reduced perception of rancidity by panelists. Additionally, wines contributed to spicing roasted beef with wine‐derived flavors from esters, alcohols, and lactones.CONCLUSIONSHence, marination may be a feasible means to alleviate the potential negative effects that oxidative reactions cause to meat proteins, improve beef quality, and diversify beef cuts into a variety of safer and more flavored meat products. Among wines, ISA appeared to be most promising in terms of antioxidant protection; however, the limited consumer acceptance of steaks treated with this wine may be regarded as a drawback to be sorted out in future studies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry