bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Resolution Morphology of Lunar Lava Tube Pits Using Photogrammetric Modeling of Multiple Stereo Images
Authors: Zhou Miyu , Ye Zhen , Huang Rong , Zhou Changyu , Chen Chen , Chen Hao , Xu Yusheng , Tong Xiaohua 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUnderground lava tubes are promising candidates for the construction of lunar bases because they are believed to offer good protection against radiation and harsh thermal environments on the lunar surface. Although the extent and structures of the underground lava tubes are uncertain, previously identified “skylights”, believed to represent places where lava tube roofs have collapsed, may provide insights into tube structures. Unfortunately, owing to the steep slopes, considerable depth, and associated difficult illumination conditions, the availability of detailed morphologic models of these pits is limited. In this study, we reconstruct the topography of lava tube pits using a refined photogrammetric approach. We use improved census cost for disparity search, refined point cloud coarse‐to‐fine registration, and weighted fusion of point clouds from several matched stereo image pairs to obtain a high‐resolution topographic model. Experiments are conducted for two prominent skylights, that is, the Mare Tranquillitatis Pit and the Marius Hills Hole, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Several LRO NAC image pairs are selected from images covering these two areas, and fused topographic models with a spatial resolution of 2 are generated. The quality of our generated topographic models is validated against terrain products provided by the LROC team. Compared to these previous models, our model is generated based on a much denser point cloud and provides better coverage and more details. Benefiting from the detailed three‐dimensional models, morphological analysis is carried out to investigate the geometric dimensions (e.g., depth, diameters, slopes) of the lava tube pits.
Practitioners’ Needs for Addressing the Challenges of Sea‐Level Rise—A Qualitative Assessment
Authors: Hirschfeld D. , Archie K. M. , Mateo E. , Arnott J. C. , Vano J. A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPractitioners at the local and regional scale are under increased pressure to reduce risks to people and property posed by the threats of sea‐level rise (SLR) and associated impacts. To achieve this, a dialog between practitioners and scientists is imperative. Current research documents impacts of SLR, evaluates local SLR adaptation activities, identifies barriers to action, and works to assess local adaptive capacity. Despite this work, there has been little qualitative assessment of practitioners' needs when it comes to translating SLR science into local changes. To fill this gap, we used a combination of semi‐structured interviews and surveys. The interviews revealed practitioners’ needs, the tools they use, the challenges they face, and the contexts in which they make decisions. The survey allowed practitioners to rank potential interventions according to the level of impact they believed it would have on coastal adaptation planning. In total our study includes the perspectives of 142 practitioners from 24 states, Puerto Rico, the Mariana Islands, and Barbados. Corroborating earlier work, we find that resources broadly and funding specifically is the largest barrier faced by practitioners. We find that practitioners need more localized information and models supported by on the ground monitoring, decision support resources that allow for comparison of different scenarios, and communication tools that will enable them to engage with key audiences. These needs suggest a critical shift toward building trusted relationship between scientists and local practitioners and the need to bolster organizations that can support a bridge between these two contexts.
Exploring Thermospheric Disturbance Patterns Through Space‐Borne Accelerometer Measurement Errors: A Weighted Accelerometer 1B Dataset of GRACE C
Authors: Tzamali Myrto , Pagiatakis Spiros 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSatellite measurements are essential for understanding Earth's complex system, yet they often lack a reliable a‐priori covariance matrix. This study presents a new methodology to enhance the reliability of satellite measurements by deriving experimental covariance matrices from the original observation. We focus on the accelerometer measurements (1A dataset) from the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) C satellite. Using autocorrelation analysis, we create a block‐diagonal covariance matrix for the 1A dataset. We then apply a low‐pass Gaussian filter that integrates this covariance matrix into the least squares estimation, resulting in a refined 1B dataset that minimizes spikes and spurious accelerations while preserving measurement error. Our variance analysis uncovers disturbances linked to geomagnetic storms and the satellite's transitions through Earth's shadow and terminator, with fluctuations notably peaking during the equinoxes.
Three‐Dimensional Crustal Channel Flows Beneath the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau Revealed by Full‐Waveform Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Li Cong , Yu Chunquan , Hillenbrand Ian , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe growth process of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau remains a fundamental yet unresolved question. Knowledge of detailed lithospheric structures and their potential linkages with surface features offers crucial insights. Here, we present a high‐resolution 3‐D lithospheric velocity model of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using full‐waveform ambient noise tomography. Our model reveals two prominent low‐velocity anomalies within the middle and lower crust with new characteristics in spatial distribution: Anomaly 1 lies beneath the plateau, and Anomaly 2 beneath the craton has two branches aligning with the Sichuan‐Youjiang tectonic boundary and the eastern margin of the Emeishan igneous province. Furthermore, these two anomalies appear interconnected at deep crust beneath the northern margin of the Emeishan igneous province. We propose that observed crustal velocity lows indicate partially melted materials transported from the high plateau into the cratonic crust along pre‐existing weak zones, which were reactivated during recent continental deformation.
A Test of Functional Balance Theory for Wetland Biomass Allocation in a Global Change Experiment
Authors: Bruns Nicholas E. , Noyce Genevieve L. , Megonigal J. Patrick , Kirwan Matthew L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractForecasts of root growth and carbon sequestration under global change are compromised by uncertainty in how plants will allocate biomass between above and belowground pools. Here, we develop a simple model to assess whether functional balance theory can explain a complex biomass allocation response observed in a brackish marsh under experimental warming and elevated CO2. Our model shows how treatment‐driven changes in nitrogen supply and demand can explain divergent observations of root growth (i.e., maximum responses under intermediate warming and elevated CO2). The model also reveals a surprising interaction between warming and eutrophication, where enhanced N loading to coastal marshes may reduce adverse impacts of warming on root growth. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis for incorporating biomass allocation into forecast models of marsh evolution. They also provide a general example of using ecological theory to decompose complex net responses observed in multi‐factor global change experiments into constituent processes.
Continuable Weathering of Silicate Minerals Driven by Fungal Plowing
Authors: Li Zi‐Bo , Lu Xiancai , Li Gaojun , Jin Zhangdong , Liu Lianwen , Yin Zongjun , Zhu Maoyan , Teng Hui Henry , Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSilicate weathering acts as a significant carbon sink and sustains ecosystems by supplying essential elements, thus shaping Earth's habitability. However, our understanding the evolution of silicate weathering rates remains incomplete, with most knowledge focusing on rate decreases at solution‐silicate interfaces, while reactivity at fungi‐weathered silicate interfaces is poorly understood. This study shows that the fungus Talaromyces flavus significantly enhances the dissolution of olivine and lizardite covered by Si‐rich layers up to 3.6 μm thick by one to two orders of magnitude compared to abiotic conditions. Initially, fungal hyphae create dissolution channels ∼10–65 nm deep, promoting element release from altered layers and underlying pristine minerals while oxidizing structural Fe(II). Over time, hyphae penetrate these altered layers, exposing and etching the underlying minerals. Our data suggest that fungal etching and penetration degrade the altered layers, leading to increased interdiffusion of weathering agents and released cations, thereby continuously driving silicate weathering.
Storm Dynamics Control Sedimentation and Shelf‐Bay‐Marsh Sediment Exchange Along the Louisiana Coast
Authors: Georgiou Ioannis Y. , FitzGerald Duncan M. , Sakib Md Mohiuddin , Messina Francesca , Kulp Mark A. , Miner Michael D. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHurricanes can benefit wetland accretion by augmenting the delivery of mineral sediment, an essential process allowing marshes to offset submergence during rising sea levels. Using Hurricane Gustav (2008, Louisiana) as a control, we examined eight synthetic storms with varying characteristics (track, speed, intensity, size) to evaluate sediment exchange between the inner shelf and bay and bay‐to‐marsh interfaces. All storms showed net landward sediment exchange from the inner shelf to the bay to the marsh—storms with closer proximity, higher intensity, and slower forward speed positively correlated with net sediment exchange; storm size had little impact. Except for slow‐moving storms (½ speed of Gustav), our analyses suggest that most hurricane scenarios cause net bay erosion, because more sediment is conveyed to landward wetlands than is replenished from erosion of the inner shelf. Our results suggest that the ongoing deepening of the bay will likely worsen because of rising sea levels.
Refining the Global Picture: The Impact of Increased Resolution on CO2 Atmospheric Inversions Using OCO‐2 XCO2 Retrievals
Authors: Lloret Zoé , Chevallier Frédéric , Cozic Anne 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe threat posed by the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere motivates a detailed and precise estimation of CO2 emissions and removals over the globe. This study refines the spatial resolution of the CAMS/LSCE inversion system, achieving a global resolution of 0.7° latitude and 1.4° longitude, or three times as many grid boxes as the current operational setup. In a 2‐year inversion assimilating the midday clear‐sky retrievals of the column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (XCO2) from NASA's second Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO‐2), the elevated resolution demonstrates an improvement in the representation of atmospheric CO2, particularly at the synoptic timescale, as validated against independent surface measurements. Vertical profiles of the CO2 concentration differ slightly above 22 km between resolutions compared to AirCore profiles, and highlight differences in the vertical distribution of CO2 between resolutions. However, this disparity is not evident for XCO2, as evaluated against independent reference ground‐based observations. Global and regional estimates of natural fluxes for 2015–2016 are similar between the two resolutions, but with North America exhibiting a higher natural sink at high resolution for 2016. Overall, both inversions seem to yield reasonable estimates of global and regional natural carbon fluxes. The increase in calculation time is less than the increase in the number of operations and in the volume of input data, revealing greater efficiency of the code executed on a graphics processing unit. This allows us to make this higher resolution the new standard for the CAMS/LSCE system.
Role of Aerosol Ice‐Nucleus Effect in the Development of the “21⋅7” Henan Extreme Precipitation
Authors: Wang Weishan , Chen Guoxing , Zhang Yijun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe aerosol ice‐nucleus (IN) effect, affecting heterogeneous ice nucleation and ultimately shaping cloud properties and precipitation efficiency, remains poorly understood and is overlooked in most operational numerical weather models. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the role of aerosol IN effect in the “21⋅7” Henan extreme precipitation event using two simulations based on an aerosol‐aware configuration of the WRF model. One prescribed spatially uniform ice nucleation particles (INP) concentration (labeled CTL), whereas the other incorporated MERRA2 aerosol concentration fields to represent a more realistic INP spatial distribution (labeled M2), which is marked by a west‐east gradient with higher INP concentration in the west. Results show that M2 simulated heavier precipitation near Zhengzhou closer to the observation regarding both spatial distribution and intensity than the CTL simulation. This improvement is attributed to an INP‐induced feedback akin to the aerosol lifetime effect. Specifically, the M2 simulation had higher INP concentration in the west, causing increased rates of heterogeneous ice nucleation as the convection progressed from west to east. This released additional latent heat, intensifying the convection and subsequently enhancing homogeneous ice nucleation, yielding more but smaller cloud ice particles in M2. These ice particles had reduced sedimentation speeds and lower aggregation rates, suppressing precipitation upstream of Zhengzhou. The intensified convection, carrying more water, propagated eastward, ultimately resulting in extremely heavy precipitation near Zhengzhou. This study underscores the aerosol IN effect on cloud microphysics, convection intensity, and regional rainfall distribution, elucidating the crucial role of aerosol‐meteorology coupling in accurately simulating moderate deep convective cloud precipitation.
A Climatological Study of the Frequency Spectra of Vertical Winds From MU Radar Data (1987–2022)
Authors: Luce Hubert , Nishi Noriyuki , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this paper, we present a statistical analysis of the frequency spectra of vertical velocity W based on data collected by the VHF middle and upper atmosphere (MU) radar from 2.025 to 19.875 km altitude during several days per month over 36 years (1987–2022). We analyzed the mean spectral slopes in the band [0.5–6 hr], which is in the core of the period range for internal gravity waves at the MU radar latitude (∼36° N). First, we tested the performance of several spectral estimators when data are missing to minimize estimation bias on and variance. Second, we analyzed the properties of . We found a dependence on radar echo power aspect ratio and power imbalance between oblique beams maybe due to contaminations of measurements by the horizontal wind . After corrections, we found that: (a) in the troposphere ( is almost seasonally invariant (∼−0.8) despite the strong variability of and (b) is highly variable in the stratosphere ( from ∼0 to −1.2 and shows a clear exponential dependence on at least up to . An empirical expression of the apparent frequency spectra in the stratosphere is with, for example, and . From numerical simulations, we show that Doppler shift effects cannot explain the dependence on . Therefore, the variation of with may represent a real change in the shape of the intrinsic frequency spectrum, which is not considered in the theoretical models.
Unsupervised Coherent Noise Removal From Seismological Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data
Authors: Konietzny Sebastian , Lai Voon Hui , Miller Meghan S. , Townend John , Harmeling Stefan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent advances in sensing technologies, particularly Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), have significantly improved the collection and analysis of seismological data. DAS is a powerful method for detecting vibrations from various sources, including earthquakes. However, the vast amount of data produced by DAS requires sophisticated analytical methods to differentiate between signals of interest and noise, such as traffic signals. We introduce an innovative approach by extending the Noise2Self framework to effectively remove unwanted, structured coherent noise from DAS data. By creating masks based on the characteristics of traffic signals, we isolate and preserve earthquake signals while maintaining the denoising performance of the original Noise2Self approach, which reduces noise without requiring clean reference data. To evaluate our method, we used synthetic data generated from seismic recordings of closely spaced seismometers and then applied our approach to data from a DAS array crossing the Alpine Fault near Haast, New Zealand. Our results demonstrate that our model successfully removes traffic noise and other non‐coherent noise while preserving seismic signals, leading to improvements in both Signal‐to‐Noise Ratio (SNR) and waveform coherence. Evaluations on real‐world DAS data further confirm the robustness of our method, positioning it as a valuable tool for analyzing large‐scale DAS data sets in various geoscientific contexts. This approach, which we refer to as “CoherentNoise2Self” to emphasize the extension of Noise2Self to coherent noise, advances the capabilities for near real‐time monitoring and analysis of seismic DAS data.
Dimethyl fumarate and extracorporeal photopheresis combination-therapy synergize in inducing specific cell death and long-term remission in cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Authors: Şener Özge Ç. , Melchers Susanne , Tengler Luisa , Beltzig Paul L. , Albrecht Jana D. , Tümen Deniz , Gülow Karsten , Utikal Jochen S. , Goerdt Sergij , Hein Tobias , Nicolay Jan P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are characterized by high relapse rates to initially highly effective therapies. Combination therapies have proven beneficial, particularly if they incorporate extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP). The NF-κB inhibitor dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has proven a new, effective drug in CTCL in a clinical phase II study. In vitro experiments with patient-derived SS cells and the CTCL cell lines HH, HuT 78, and SeAx revealed a synergistic effect of DMF and ECP on cell death induction in CTCL cells. Furthermore, an additional increase in the capacity to inhibit NF-κB in CTCL was detected for the combination treatment compared to DMF monotherapy. The same synergistic effects could be measured for ROS production via decreased Thioredoxin reductase activity and glutathione levels. Consequently, a cell death inhibitor screen indicated that the DMF/ECP combination treatment induces a variety of cell death mechanisms in CTCL. As a first step into clinical translation, 4 patients were already treated with the DMF/ECP combination therapy with an overall response rate of 100% and a time to next treatment in skin and blood of up to 57 months. Therefore, our study introduces the combination treatment of DMF and ECP as a highly effective and long-lasting CTCL therapy.
Size-selective microfluidics delineate the effects of combinatorial immunotherapy on T-cell response dynamics at the single-cell level
Authors: Chatterjee Ayan , Bandyopadhyay Aniket , Maiti Tapas Kumar , Kanti Bhattacharyya Tarun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCellular communication at the single-cell level holds immense potential for uncovering response heterogeneity in immune cell behaviors. However, because of significant size diversity among different immune cell types, controlling the pairing of cells with substantial size differences remains a formidable challenge. We developed a microfluidic platform for size-selective pairing (SSP) to pair single cells with up to a fivefold difference in size, achieving over 40% pairing efficiency. We used SSP to investigate the real-time effects of combinatorial immunotherapeutic stimulation on macrophage T-cell interactions at the single-cell level via fluorescence microscopy and microfluidic sampling. While combinatorial activation involving toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) has improved therapeutic efficacy in mice, its clinical success has been limited. Here, we investigated immune synaptic interactions and outcomes at the single-cell level in real time and compared them with bulk-level measurements. Our findings, after tracking and computationally analyzing the effects of sequential and spatiotemporal stimulations of primary mouse macrophages, suggest a regulatory role of rapamycin in dampening inflammatory outputs in T cells.
Reformed islets: a long-term primary cell platform for exploring mouse and human islet biology
Authors: Haq N. , Toczyska K. W. , Wilson M. E. , Jacobs M. , Zhao Min , Lei Y. , Shen Z. , Pearson J. A. , Persaud S. J. , Pullen T. J. , Bewick G. A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPancreatic islets are 3D micro-organs that maintain β-cell functionality through cell–cell and cell-matrix communication. While primary islets, the gold standard for in vitro models, have a short culture life of approximately 1–2 weeks, we developed a novel protocol that employs reformed islets following dispersion coupled with a fine-tuned culture environment. Reformed islets exhibit physiological characteristics similar to primary islets, enabling high-resolution imaging and repeated functional assessment. Unlike other in vitro platforms, reformed islets retain an immune population, allowing the study of interactions between β cells and resident and infiltrating immune cells. Analyses showed that reformed islets have a similar composition and cytoarchitecture to primary islets, including macrophages and T cells, and can secrete insulin in response to glucose. Reformed islets exhibited partial dedifferentiation compared to native islets but were otherwise transcriptionally similar. The reformed islets offer a useful platform for studying diabetes pathology and can recapitulate both T1DM and T2DM disease milieus, providing an advantage over other models, such as mouse and human β-cell lines, which lack the input of non-β-endocrine cells and immune cell crosstalk.
BAP1 inactivation promotes lactate production by leveraging the subcellular localization of LDHA in melanoma
Authors: Zheng Guopei , Shi Jiahao , Li Qian , Jin Xiaoliang , Fang Yan , Zhang Zhe , Cao Qin , Zhu Lili , Shen Jianfeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) acts as a tumor suppressor and can affect the cell cycle, tumor immunity, and cellular metabolism through multiple pathways. In melanoma, BAP1 mutations promote tumor cell glycolysis, leading to increased lactate production. The tumor microenvironment with high lactate levels is often associated with immunosuppression and tumor progression. The inhibitory effect of BAP1 on glycolysis has been found in a variety of tumors, but the specific mechanism by which BAP1 inhibits lactate production still needs to be elucidated. In this study, we show that BAP1 can interact directly with lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), causing LDHA to accumulate in the nucleus. Conversely, BAP1 deletion leads to the accumulation of LDHA in the cytoplasm, catalyzing the production of lactate from pyruvate that results in increased lactate levels inside and outside the cell. By elucidating the interaction between BAP1 and LDHA and the subsequent effects on lactate production in melanoma cells, this work provides insights into the mechanism of BAP1-mediated metabolic regulation. Furthermore, it may provide novel directions for the clinical treatment of BAP1-mutant melanoma.