bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“You Possess The Land That Belongs To All Salvadorans”: Archbishop Óscar Romero and Ordinary Violence
Authors: Whelan Matthew Philipp 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe essay focuses on the notion of ordinary violence in the homiletical and literary corpus of Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador. Focusing especially on the reality of landlessness, I attend to Romero’s characterization of the inability of people to access land and livelihood as itself a form of violence, which he understands to be an attack upon the dignity of those deprived of what they need to survive and to flourish. The essay then turns to the assumptions about the world that make the perception of ordinary violence possible, arguing that such violence assumes and elaborates upon the theological grammar of creation as a common gift. I proceed to sketch the moral and theological landscape opened up by this belief about creation, suggesting some of the possibilities it generates for moral description and agency. For instance, Romero’s understanding of ordinary violence considerably complicates commonplace conceptions of thievery—a complexity especially evident in his claim that some Salvadoran oligarchs are like thieves because they take the land that belongs to all.
‘Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?’*
Authors: Kolstø Pål 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAccording to Ernest Gellner's celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that ‘nationalism and imperialism are polar types’. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a deeper disagreement on what the phenomenon of nationalism actually is? In the lecture, I discuss the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ as used in the standard literature and find that numerous historical actors take pride in being both nationalists and imperialists. I distinguish between overseas colonial empires and contiguous land‐based empires and demonstrate that in both cases, ‘imperialist nationalism’ can be found. In the latter case, nationalism can take the shape of either ‘nation‐building imperialism’, in which nationalists strive for cultural homogenisation throughout the state, or ‘ethnocratic imperialism’, in which the distinction between ‘the imperial nation’ and other national groups is retained. In overseas colonial empires, I find only ethnocratic imperialism. As a case study, I analyse how Russian nationalists have related to the fact that Russia has historically been an Empire.
Plant performance response to eight different types of symbiosis
Authors: Gibert Anais , Tozer Wade , Westoby Mark 
Published: January 2019

Summary

Almost all plant species interact with one or more symbioses somewhere within their distribution range.

Bringing together plant trait data and growth responses to symbioses spanning 552 plant species, we provide for the first time on a large scale (597 studies) a quantitative synthesis on plant performance differences between eight major types of symbiosis, including mycorrhizas, N‐fixing bacteria, fungal endophytes and ant–plant interactions.

Frequency distributions of plant growth responses varied considerably between different types of symbiosis, in terms of both mean effect and ‘risk’, defined here as percentage of experiments reporting a negative effect of symbiosis on plants. Contrary to expectation, plant traits were poor predictors of growth response across and within all eight symbiotic associations. Our analysis showed no systematic additive effect when a host plant engaged in two functionally different symbioses.

This synthesis suggests that plant species’ ecological strategies have little effect in determining the influence of a symbiosis on host plant growth. Reliable quantification of differences in plant performance across symbioses will prove valuable for developing general hypotheses on how species become engaged in mutualisms without a guarantee of net returns.
Plant nyctinasty – who will decode the ‘Rosetta Stone’?
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Takeuchi Yusuke , Muraoka Yuki 
Published: January 2019

SummaryNyctinasty is the circadian rhythmic nastic movement of leguminous plants in response to the onset of darkness, a unique and intriguing phenomenon that has attracted attention for centuries. The movement itself is caused by the asymmetric volume change of motor cells between the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaflet. Recently, we identified the ion channels responsible for the volume change of motor cells during the leaf‐opening process of Samanea saman; the asymmetric expression of SsSLAH1, which is under the control of SsCCA1, was found to play a key role in this process. Here, we summarize the history of the study of nyctinasty, our current results and several insights for further study.
Preoperative circulating platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts predict survival in oral cancer
Authors: Diao Pengfei , Wu Yaping , Ge Han , Li Jin , Zhang Wei , Huang Rong , Wang Yanling , Cheng Jie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveCirculating immune‐inflammatory cells have been increasingly recognized as robust prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Here, we sought to evaluate the prognostic values of preoperative peripheral platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte quantitation in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Materials and methodsA total number of 309 patients with primary OSCC surgically treated at our institutions were retrospectively included. Detailed demographic, clinicopathological, laboratory, and follow‐up data were collected. The Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression assay were performed to assess the prognostic values. A new prognostic risk score was developed and designed as PNL (platelet–neutrophil–lymphocyte) score based on combined preoperative platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes via calculating the regression coefficients of each type of cell by Cox regression analysis.ResultsHigh platelet counts (≥266 × 109/L), neutrophil counts (≥2.8 × 109/L), PNL scores, and low lymphocyte counts (<1.4 × 109/L) significantly associated with reduced overall and disease‐free survival (Kaplan–Meier, p < 0.05, Log‐rank test). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses revealed that individual platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte quantitation, and PNL score were independent prognostic predictors for patient survival. Moreover, receiver operating characteristics curve revealed superior prognostic utility of PNL score for OSCC.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that preoperative circulating platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and PNL score serve as noninvasive, low‐cost, and powerful prognostic predictors for patients with OSCC.
A Lead Seal from the Laodikeia‐Kandilkiri Excavations and an Overall Assessment of Seal Use in South‐Western Anatolia During the Early Bronze Age
Authors: Oğuzhanoğlu Umay 
Published: January 2019

SummaryKandilkırı, one of the two prehistoric settlements of the ancient city of Laodikeia on the Lykos River (Laodicea ad Lycum), was settled during the Early Bronze Age (EBA) 2 and 3 periods. The present study attempts to provide an overall assessment of questions pertaining to seals and sealing practices in south‐western Anatolia, raised due to the discovery of a lead stamp seal at Kandilkırı. In EBA 2, metal seals appeared alongside the pre‐existing clay ones, and by the end of the EBA 3, negatives of metal seals seem to have been added to the ‘trinket mould’ repertoire of artisans, who mainly cast lead and were active along the trade routes. The custom of seal usage in the Near East seems to have been partially adopted in south‐west Anatolia in the EBA, then passed to mainland Greece from this region. It is proposed that the south‐western corner of Anatolia might have played a more active role in the transport of Near Eastern ideas as a result of its closer proximity to the Mediterranean coast, and that at least a part of this connection might have been established via sea routes.
FUNNELS AS INDICATORS OF STORAGE ACTIVITIES IN THE IRON II SOUTHERN LEVANT
Authors: Faust Avraham 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAlthough literally hundreds of houses have been excavated in the southern Levant, it is not easy to use them to study past spatial activities. While modern excavations allow high‐resolution reconstructions, due to the costs involved only a limited number of houses are excavated nowadays in their entirety; the recording of the hundreds of houses excavated until the 1960s was partial and much of the material (e.g. botanical remains, bones, charred material, etc.) was not even collected. Some of the older reports recorded the distribution of macro‐artefacts, mainly pottery, and a concentration of storage vessels, for example, may indicate that a room was used for storage. The products stored, however, cannot usually be determined. This article suggests that the volumes and forms of funnels may indicate whether they funnelled dry products, liquids or precious fluids, and can therefore be used to identify specialized activities even from reports of older excavations, when other lines of evidence are lacking.
Distribution of mid‐peripheral cones in emmetropic and myopic subjects using adaptive optics flood illumination camera
Authors: Woog Kelly , Legras Richard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeWe measured in vivo cone photoreceptors up to 24° of eccentricity along the horizontal meridian of healthy human retina. We also investigated the impact on cone densities of axial eye length elongation occurring with myopia.MethodsUsing a flood illumination device coupled with an adaptive optics system, rtx1™, ( www.imagine-eyes.com), 55 right healthy retinas were imaged along the horizontal (i.e. nasal and temporal) meridian over a 48° field (i.e. from 3° to 24° each 3°). Then, cones were manually detected within 80 × 80 pixel regions of interest. Cone density and packing geometry (i.e. number of neighbours) were calculated (AOdetect software™). Subjects were divided into three groups: a group of 36 emmetropic (i.e. refractive error from −0.25D to +0.50D) subjects; a group of 10 low myopic subjects (i.e. refractive error from −0.50D to −2.50D); and a group of nine high myopic subjects (i.e. >−2.50D).ResultsCone density decreased with eccentricity in both semi‐meridians. The decrease in cone photoreceptors occurred mainly in the first 9°. The difference of cone density between the nasal and temporal semi‐meridian increased with eccentricity from 0.6% at 3° to 26% at 24°. Average cone density of emmetropes (850 cones deg−2 or 11 087 cones mm−2), low myopes (830 cones deg−2 or 9731 cones mm−2), and high myopes (912 cones deg−2 or 9744 cones mm−2), suggested that the retinas of the high myopic subjects were more stretched than the low myopic subjects retinas and even more stretched than that of the emmetropes. The axial eyeball elongation (square of the ratio of the axial eye length of 9%) seems to explain the cone density (11%) difference between emmetropes and low myopes. However, while the eyeball elongation between low and high myopes is still important (i.e. 11%), cone density difference between both populations was negligible (i.e. 3%). The ratio of cone density varied from −17% to 22% as a function of eccentricity involving that the retinal stretching is not uniform along the horizontal meridian.ConclusionThe difference of cone density (i.e. cone mm−2) between groups supports the hypothesis that the retina is stretched with the eyeball elongation. However, this elongation does not seem to be uniform along the horizontal meridian favouring the hypothesis of a local elongation of the retina.
Prediction of mortality following pediatric heart transplant using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Miller Rebecca , Tumin Dmitry , Cooper Jennifer , Hayes Don , Tobias Joseph D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundOptimizing transplant candidates’ priority for donor organs depends on the accurate assessment of post‐transplant outcomes. Due to the complexity of transplantation and the wide range of possible serious complications, recipient outcomes are difficult to predict accurately using conventional multivariable regression. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of 3 ML algorithms for predicting mortality after pediatric HTx.MethodsWe identified patients <18 years of age receiving HTx in 2006‐2015 in the UNOS Registry database. Mortality within 1, 3, or 5 years was predicted using classification and regression trees, RFs, and ANN. Each model was trained using cross‐validation, then validated in a separate testing set. Model performance was primarily evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve.ResultsThe training set included 2802 patients, whereas 700 were included in the testing set. RF achieved the best fit to the training data with AUCs of 0.74, 0.68, and 0.64 for 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year mortality, respectively, and performed best in the testing data, with AUCs of 0.72, 0.61, and 0.60, respectively. Nevertheless, sensitivity was poor across models (training: 0.22‐0.58; testing: 0.07‐0.49).DiscussionML algorithms demonstrated fair predictive utility in both training and testing data, but the sensitivity of these algorithms was generally poor. With the registry missing data on many determinants of long‐term survival, the ability of ML methods to predict mortality after pediatric HTx may be fundamentally limited.
Pious voices: Blind Spanish prayer singers
Authors: Gomis Juan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis essay aims to provide an overview on the topic of street singers in Early Modern Spain, addressing issues such as the different categories of performers, their multiple repertoires and their publics and reception. It also focuses on a characteristic Spanish figure: ciegos copleros. The role played in Spain by the blind as sellers of prints and reciters of ballads since the 16th century is well known. Spanish literature has described very often these characters, and research carried out by authors such as Pedro Cátedra, Jean‐François Botrel or Joaquín Díaz, among others, has shed light over the topic. However, there is a fundamental aspect which has been almost ignored by historiography: since the 14th century, Spanish blind people started to associate themselves in brotherhoods. Thanks to this corporate tradition, the blind succeeded in obtaining, in the 16th century, the monopoly over the reciting of prayers in streets. This essay aims to analyze this activity, highlighting how it was organized by these brotherhoods as if they were real guilds. By doing so, we try to deepen our understanding over the role played by the blind as cultural mediators.
Still People of the Book A History of the Church in 100 Objects, MikeAquilina and GraceAquilina, Ave Maria, 2017 (ISBN 978‐1‐59471‐750‐5), 448 pp., pb $24.95
Authors: Bugyis Eric 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe recent turn to ‘material religion’ in the academic study of religion offers a new opportunity for scholars and practitioners to take the embodied, devotional lives of adherents seriously. In their new book, A History of the Church in 100 Objects, Mike and Grace Aquilina might be productively read as responding to this new openness on the part of scholars by presenting Roman Catholic history as told through those objects that have guided the practices of the faithful. Despite their protestations to the contrary, however, the story that they tell is still mostly determined by the authoritative interpretation of sacred texts instead of ordinary interactions with sacred objects.
Agent‐Based Recovery Model for Seismic Resilience Evaluation of Electrified Communities
Authors: Sun Li , Stojadinovic Bozidar , Sansavini Giovanni 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this article, an agent‐based framework to quantify the seismic resilience of an electric power supply system (EPSS) and the community it serves is presented. Within the framework, the loss and restoration of the EPSS power generation and delivery capacity and of the power demand from the served community are used to assess the electric power deficit during the damage absorption and recovery processes. Damage to the components of the EPSS and of the community‐built environment is evaluated using the seismic fragility functions. The restoration of the community electric power demand is evaluated using the seismic recovery functions. However, the postearthquake EPSS recovery process is modeled using an agent‐based model with two agents, the EPSS Operator and the Community Administrator. The resilience of the EPSS–community system is quantified using direct, EPSS‐related, societal, and community‐related indicators. Parametric studies are carried out to quantify the influence of different seismic hazard scenarios, agent characteristics, and power dispatch strategies on the EPSS–community seismic resilience. The use of the agent‐based modeling framework enabled a rational formulation of the postearthquake recovery phase and highlighted the interaction between the EPSS and the community in the recovery process not quantified in resilience models developed to date. Furthermore, it shows that the resilience of different community sectors can be enhanced by different power dispatch strategies. The proposed agent‐based EPSS–community system resilience quantification framework can be used to develop better community and infrastructure system risk governance policies.
The influence of an older sibling on preschoolers’ lie‐telling behavior
Authors: Nagar Pooja Megha , Williams Shanna , Talwar Victoria 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the present study, children’s (2‐ to 5‐years old) lie‐telling was examined in relation to theory of mind (first‐order false belief understanding), executive functioning (measuring inhibitory control in conjunction with working memory), and presence of siblings in the home (no siblings vs. siblings; younger siblings vs. older siblings). Lie‐telling was observed using a temptation resistance paradigm. Overall, of the 152 (74.9%) children who peeked at the toy, 73 (48%) lied during the temptation resistance paradigm. Children with higher scores on measures of first‐order false belief understanding, and measures that relied on inhibitory control, were more likely to lie compared to their truthful counterparts. Additionally, children with older siblings were more likely to lie to the research assistant, and this relationship was independent of performance on cognitive tasks. Overall, results demonstrate that having an older sibling has an independent, direct effect on the development of young children’s lie‐telling abilities, irrespective of cognitive ability. These findings support the argument that lie‐telling is a behavior that is facilitated by both cognitive and social factors.
We Never Change, Do We? Economic Anxiety and Far‐Right Identification in a Postcrisis Europe*
Authors: Kates Sean , Tucker Joshua A. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveMacro‐level studies have consistently found a connection between economic crises and support for far‐right parties. However, research on the micro foundations for this electoral support has generally found little or no correlation between an individual's economic environment and far‐right voting. We test one possible explanation for this seeming paradox, namely, that determinants of far‐right identification differ across time and particularly in times of crisis.MethodsUtilizing traditional representative data from Eurobarometer surveys in a manner that strips away confounding issues generally found in the extant literature, we directly test whether individuals concerned about their personal economic situation, or that of their country, are more likely to identify with far‐right ideological beliefs during economic crises.ResultsUltimately, we find little evidence to support the claim that the Great Recession of 2007–2009 and its aftermath shifted the determinants of support for far‐right ideology, though prospective pocketbook concerns do increase the likelihood of identifying with the far right.ConclusionsWe discuss the implications of these findings and offer additional avenues for future research.
15N Fertilizer recovery in different tillage–straw systems on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico
Authors: Grahmann Kathrin , Dittert Klaus , Verhulst Nele , Govaerts Bram , Buerkert Andreas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with 15N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer 15N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered 15N (15N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil 15N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg 15N ha−1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled 15N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.
Maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes associated with long‐term use of corticosteroids during pregnancy
Authors: AlSaad Doua , Lindow Stephen , Lee Ben H , Tarannum Asma , Abdulrouf Palli Valapila 
Published: January 2019

AbstractKey content

Antenatal corticosteroid use is strongly associated with reduced neonatal mortality and morbidity arising from preterm delivery.

Betamethasone and dexamethasone are the corticosteroids of choice to enhance fetal lung maturation in this situation.

Maternal medical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies may necessitate long‐term use of corticosteroids during pregnancy.

The maternal, fetal and neonatal effects in pregnant women using chronic corticosteroids are reviewed. The question as to whether the standard course of antenatal corticosteroids is necessary if preterm delivery is anticipated is discussed.

Learning objectives

To review the production of endogenous corticosteroids in pregnancy.

To be aware of the effect of chronic corticosteroid use on fetal lung maturity during pregnancy.

To appreciate the maternal, fetal and neonatal effects of exogenous corticosteroid use in pregnancy.

Ethical issues

Is the fluorinated antenatal corticosteroids course given for preterm delivery indicated in women using corticosteroids on a chronic basis?

What are the fetal and neonatal outcomes of chronic corticosteroid use by the pregnant woman?

How should women taking chronic corticosteroids be managed?