bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tabel Hidup Nyamuk Vektor Filariasis Limfatik Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) di Laboratorium
Authors: Ramadhani Tri , Yuliani Vina , Hadi Upik Kesumawati , Soviana Susi , Irawati Zubaidah 
Published: October 2019

Latar belakang: Kelangsungan hidup nyamuk merupakan aspek yang penting dalam penularan penyakit tular vektor. Culex quinquefasciatus merupakan vektor filariasis limfatik yang disebabkan oleh wuchereria bancrofti. Pengetahuan kehidupan nyamuk berperan penting dalam keberhasilan program pengendalian vektor. Tujuan penelitian ini mendiskripsikan tabel hidup nyamuk Cx. quinquefasciatus di laboratorium.Metode: Penelitian diawali dengan koleksi larva Cx. quinquefasciatus di Kota Pekalongan, kemudian diidentifikasi dan kolonisasi dalam kondisi laboratorium. Parameter yang diukur meliputi masa inkubasi, ekslosi, eksdisis, ketahanan hidup, laju reproduksi, waktu generasi dan laju pertumbuhan intrinsik. Hasil: Cx. quinquefasciatus mempunyai siklus hidup 12.5 hari. Umur telur, larva, dan pupa masing-masing adalah 2.07; 10.2; dan 2.25 hari. Nyamuk jantan mempunyai ketahanan hidup yang lebih pendek dibandingkan betina. Laju reproduksi bersih (Ro) sebesar 196.75, laju pertumbuhan intrinsik 0.35 dan waktu generasi (T) 14.91 hari.Simpulan: Pertumbuhan populasi Cx. quinquefasciatus dapat diatur dan dikendalikan oleh kelulusan hidup dan mortalitas. ABSTRACTTitle: The Live Table of Vector Lymphatic Filariasis Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the LaboratoryBackground: The survival of a mosquito is an important aspect in the transmission of vector borne disease. Culex quinquefasciatus, which is a vector of lymphatic filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti. The knowledge of mosquito life is important in providing the foundation for the success of the vector control program. The research aim to describe the life table Cx. quinquefasciatus in the laboratoryMethods:. This study was originated from the collecting larve of Cx. quinquefasciatus from Pekalongan City, which were then identified and colonized under laboratory conditions. Parameters measured include the incubation period, ekslosi, eksdisis, survival rate, reproduction rate, and generation time.Results:The results showed that Cx. quinquefasciatus has a 12.5 day life cycle. Egg, larva, and pupa respectively were 2.07; 10.2; and 2.25 days. The males have a shorter survival period compared to the females. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 196.75; the intrinsic growth rate (rm) was 0.35 and the average generation time (T) was 14.91 days.Conclusion : The population growth of Culex quinquefasciatus can be regulated and controlled by life graduation and mortality
A High Performing Group: Relationship between Group Cohesiveness and Work Performance
Authors: Rahman Reezlin , Abdullah Najmiah , Awang Zurina 
Published: October 2019

Working in groups generates more diversity output. A successful organizations usually have a high-performance teams to work together. High-performing teams comprise of structured members who are always aware and ready in every job task. In fact, a minimum supervision can be implemented to this team in order to achieve the organization objectives. One of the criteria that contributes to a high performing team is the group cohesiveness. The cohesiveness of the group will make the group members always united and prioritize the group in an effort to complete a job task. Not exaggerate that, each member of the group will do whatever it takes to achieve the final goal of the group. Among the factors that lead to group cohesiveness are through communication, understandable objectives and group member’s commitment. To ensure the cohesiveness of the group continues, the management should set the organizational goals, provide a conducive working environment, setting clear the goal, expectations and responsibilities, provide appropriate training and staffing and also empower them to act. In a simple understanding, the higher the cohesion in a group, the greater the performance of the work in an organization.
Keywords: High Performance Group, Cohesiveness, Job Performance
Der Marrakesch-Vertrag und seine Umsetzung in Deutschland
Authors: Möller Christiane 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Der „Vertrag von Marrakesch zur Erleichterung des Zugangs für blinde, sehbehinderte oder anderweitig lesebehinderte Personen zu veröffentlichten Werken“ (kurz: „Marrakesch-Vertrag“) gilt heute in 57 Ländern der Erde und regelt in 22 Artikeln die von den Vertragsstaaten umzusetzenden Anpassungsregelungen im Urheberrecht zugunsten von Menschen mit Seh- und Lesebehinderungen. In den Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union trat der Vertrag am 1. Januar 2019 in Kraft. Der Beitrag zeigt, wie im deutschen Urheberrecht die oben genannten Anpassungsregelungen erfolgen.
Patheticness and the Mundane Phenomenalisation of Transcendence according to Kierkegaard
Authors: Gołębiewska Maria 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Referring to the Platonic division between the transcendent and the immanent world as but a manifestation of the former, Søren Kierkegaard grasped the phenomenal character of the earthly world. According to Kierkegaard, in Transcendence, God is, and the transcendent Ideas exist as patterns of beings given to us in temporality, the fontal phenomenal character of which (as manifestations) intertwines with the real mundane ontological character. Kierkegaard argued against the Hegelian theory of dialectics, as well as the pathos theory, presenting dialecticity and patheticness as two ways in which the existing subject refers to the immanent world of temporality and the spiritual realm of Transcendence. The process of phenomenalisation, accomplished along with the existence of all earthly beings, is accompanied by a singular, subjective response of each individual to the immanent world. This response assumes the form of a dialectical balanced reaction, or a pathetic, hyperbolic, in the aesthetic, ethical and religious stages of individual existence (in the religious stage, it is a response to the world of Transcendence). The paper is dedicated to discussing the relations of the process of the phenomenalisation of Transcendence to its individual, religious responses, particularly the relations to the pathetic type of religious response, as indicated by Kierkegaard.
Premotor Cortical-Cerebellar Reorganization in a Macaque Model of Primary Motor Cortical Lesion and Recovery
Authors: Yamamoto Tatsuya , Hayashi Takuya , Murata Yumi , Ose Takayuki , Higo Noriyuki 
Published: October 2019

Neuromotor systems have the capacity for functional recovery following local damage. The literature suggests a possible role for the premotor cortex and cerebellum in motor recovery. However, the specific changes to interactions between these areas following damage remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate potential rewiring of connections from the ipsilesional ventral premotor cortex (ip-PMv) to cerebellar structures in a nonhuman primate model of primary motor cortex (M1) lesion and motor recovery. Cerebellar connections arising from the ip-PMv were investigated by comparing biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) between two groups of maleMacaca mulatta: M1-lesion/motor recovery group and intact group. There were more BDA-labeled boutons and axons in all ipsilesional deep cerebellar nuclei (fastigial, interposed, and dentate) in the M1-lesion/recovery group than in the intact group. The difference was evident in the ipsilesional fastigial nucleus (ip-FN), and particularly observed in its middle, a putative somatosensory region of the ip-FN, which was characterized by absent or little expression of aldolase C. Some of the altered projections from the ip-PMv to ip-FN neurons were confirmed as functional because the synaptic markers, synaptophysin and vesicular glutamate transporter 1, were colocalized with BDA-labeled boutons. These results suggest that the adult primate brain after motor lesions can reorganize large-scale networks to enable motor recovery by enhancing sensorimotor coupling and motor commands via rewired fronto-cerebellar connections.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDamaging the motor cortex causes motor deficits, which can be recovered over time. Such motor recovery may result from functional compensation in remaining neuromotor areas, including the ventral premotor cortex. We investigated compensatory changes in neural axonal outputs from ventral premotor to deep cerebellar nuclei in a monkey model of primary motor cortical lesion and motor recovery. The results showed an increase in premotor projections and synaptic formations in deep cerebellar nuclei, especially the sensorimotor region of the fastigial nucleus. Our results provide the first evidence that large-scale reorganization of fronto-cerebellar circuits may underlie functional recovery after motor cortical lesions.
Against Slave Power? Slavery and Runaway Slaves in Mexico-United States Relations, 1821–1857
Authors: Gurza-Lavalle Gerardo 
Published: October 2019

This work analyses the diplomatic conflicts that slavery and the problem of runaway slaves provoked in relations between Mexico and the United States from 1821 to 1857. Slavery became a source of conflict after the colonization of Texas. Later, after the US-Mexico War, slaves ran away into Mexican territory, and therefore slaveholders and politicians in Texas wanted a treaty of extradition that included a stipulation for the return of fugitives. This article contests recent historiography that considers the South (as a region) and southern politicians as strongly influential in the design of foreign policy, putting into question the actual power not only of the South but also of the United States as a whole. The problem of slavery divided the United States and rendered the pursuit of a proslavery foreign policy increasingly difficult. In addition, the South never acted as a unified bloc; there were considerable differences between the upper South and the lower South. These differences are noticeable in the fact that southerners in Congress never sought with enough energy a treaty of extradition with Mexico. The article also argues that Mexico found the necessary leeway to defend its own interests, even with the stark differential of wealth and resources existing between the two countries.
El presente trabajo analiza los conflictos diplomáticos entre México y Estados Unidos que fueron provocados por la esclavitud y el problema de los esclavos fugitivos entre 1821 y 1857. La esclavitud se convirtió en fuente de conflicto tras la colonización de Texas. Más tarde, después de la guerra Mexico-Estados Unidos, algunos esclavos se fugaron al territorio mexicano y por lo tanto dueños y políticos solicitaron un tratado de extradición que incluyera una estipulación para el retorno de los fugitivos. Este artículo disputa la idea de la historiografía reciente que considera al Sur (en cuanto región), así como a los políticos sureños, como grandes influencias en el diseño de la política exterior, y pone en tela de juicio el verdadero poder no sólo del Sur sino de Estados Unidos en su conjunto. El problema de la esclavitud dividió a Estados Unidos y dificultó cada vez más el impulso de una política exterior que favoreciera la esclavitud. Además, el Sur jamás operó como unidad: había diferencias marcadas entre el Alto Sur y el Bajo Sur. Estas diferencias se observan en el hecho de que los sureños en el Congreso jamás se esforzaron en buscar con suficiente energía un tratado de extradición con México. El artículo también sostiene que México halló el margen de maniobra necesario para defender sus propios intereses, pese a los fuertes contrastes de riqueza y recursos entre los dos países.
Trunk fat and leg fat in relation to free triiodothyronine in euthyroid postmenopausal women
Authors: Nie Xiaomin , Xu Yiting , Ma Xiaojing , Shen Yun , Wang Yufei , Bao Yuqian 
Published: October 2019

Background
A high level of free triiodothyronine (FT3) within the reference range may be a potential metabolic risk marker. However, the relationship between different fat depots and FT3 has remained unclear.

Objective
We aimed to explore the relationships between segmental fat distribution and FT3 in euthyroid middle-aged and elderly men and postmenopausal women.

Methods
A total of 891 subjects (394 men and 497 women) were enrolled. A bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to measure total, trunk, arm and leg fat mass (FM) and fat percentage (fat%). The leg fat mass to trunk fat mass ratio (LTR) was calculated to evaluate the relative distribution of leg fat compared with that of trunk fat. Thyroid hormones were measured by electrochemical luminescence immunoassay.

Results
FT3 in men did not change significantly with increases in LTR quartiles, while FT3 in women decreased significantly (P for trend = 0.004). In multivariate linear regression analysis, multiple metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors were adjusted. The LTR was negatively related to FT3 in women (P < 0.05). After further mutual adjustment for trunk fat and leg fat parameters, trunk FM and fat% were positively related to FT3, while leg FM and fat% were negatively related to FT3 in women (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions
In euthyroid postmenopausal women, trunk fat was positively correlated with FT3, whereas leg fat was negatively correlated with FT3. Our findings supported that a high level of FT3 within the reference range was related to adverse fat distribution.
Diabetic myonecrosis: an uncommon diabetic complication
Authors: Kempegowda Punith , Melson Eka , Langman Gerald , Khattar Fady , Karamat Muhammad , Altaf Quratul-Ain 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Diabetic myonecrosis, also known as diabetic muscle infarction is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus usually associated with longstanding suboptimal glycaemic control. Although theories of atherosclerosis, diabetic microangiopathy, vasculitis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and hypercoagulable state have been proposed to explain the pathophysiology, none of these have been able to individually explain the pathophysiology in entirety. Diabetic renal disease is the most common risk factor for developing DMN and its recurrence. The diagnosis is often missed due to lack of awareness and the presentation mimicking other conditions associated with DM. The routine laboratory investigations are often non-specific and do not provide much value in the diagnosis as well. Muscle biopsy can provide a definite diagnosis but is not currently recommended due to its invasiveness and association with prolonged time to symptoms resolution. Magnetic resonance imaging, in combination with classic history and risk factors can clinch the diagnosis. Treatment is generally analgesia and rest, although the former’s use may be limited in the presence of renal disease.

Learning points:

Diabetic myonecrosis is a rare complication of diabetes mellitus associated with longstanding suboptimal glycaemic control.

Diabetic renal disease is a known risk factor, although the evidence is merely observational.

Although muscle biopsy could provide a definite diagnosis, it is not recommended as it can prolong the disease process and should be reserved only for cases not responding to conventional treatment.

Typical MRI findings in combination with classic symptoms and risk factors can clinch the diagnosis

Current treatment recommendations include NSAIDs and/or aspirin (if not contraindicated) alongside bed rest. Physiotherapy is not recommended in the acute phase but should be started as soon as patient is discharged from hospital.

Optimal glycaemic control is key to prevent recurrence.
Association of adrenal insufficiency with patient-oriented health-care outcomes in adult medical inpatients
Authors: Ebrahimi Fahim , Widmer Andrea , Wagner Ulrich , Mueller Beat , Schuetz Philipp , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Kutz Alexander 
Published: October 2019

Objective
Adrenal insufficiency in the outpatient setting is associated with excess morbidity, mortality, and impaired quality of life. Evidence on its health-care burden in medical inpatients is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the health-care burden of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) among hospitalized inpatients.

Design and methods
In this nationwide cohort study, adult medical patients with either PAI or SAI hospitalized between 2011 and 2015 were compared with propensity-matched (1:1) medical controls, respectively. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause in-hospital mortality. Main secondary outcomes included ICU admission rate, length-of-hospital stay, 30-day and 1-year all-cause readmission rates.

Results
In total, 594 hospitalized cases with PAI and 4880 cases with SAI were included. Compared with matched controls, in-hospital mortality was not increased among PAI or SAI patients, respectively. Patients with adrenal insufficiency were more likely to be admitted to ICU (PAI: OR 1.9 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.72) and SAI: OR 1.5 (95% CI, 1.35 to 1.75)). Length of hospital stay was prolonged by 1.0 days in PAI patients (8.9 vs 7.9 days (95% CI, 0.06 to 1.93)), and by 3.3 days in SAI patients (12.1 vs 8.8 days (95% CI, 2.82 to 3.71)), when compared with matched controls. Patients with SAI were found to have higher 30-day and 1-year readmission rates (14.1 vs 12.1% and 50.0 vs 40.7%; P < 0.001) than matched controls.

Conclusions
While no difference in in-hospital mortality was found, adrenal insufficiency was associated with prolonged length of hospital stay, and substantially higher rates of ICU admission and hospital readmission.
Strategic Management in Emerging Economies: a Research Agenda
Authors: Crittenden Victoria L. , Crittenden William F. 
Published: October 2019

The fragility of the global economy has been evidenced extensively over the past few years. The rapidity at which change can impact worldwide economies has invigorated a major concern in emerging economies. That concern is one of how to play the game when the rules of the game are changing and not completely known. The intent of this research agenda is to fuse early ideas in emerging markets with more recent research from a wide variety of scholars so as to develop a 21st century research agenda for emerging economies. This research agenda offers 20 broad research questions within the emerging economies context, with a major focus on challenges, institutional voids, and growth strategies.
Which Market Entry and Product Line Strategies Ought Organisations to Adopt for Emerging Economies?
Authors: Cherian Joseph , Crooker Karen J. , Knight Peter , McPhaul James B. , Manion Michael T. 
Published: October 2019

Emerging economies offer tremendous potential for organisations seeking to expand globally and to attain the associated rewards. However, organisations differ in their entrepreneurial tendencies to enter new markets and to introduce new products in emerging economies. Organisations also differ in their abilities to manage their development programs, that is, their execution of different types of projects that lead to success in emerging markets. Finally, organisations differ in which overall measures of program performance are consistent with their strategic objectives. This study provides a literature foundation and conceptual framework designed to understand which market entry and product line strategies and performance measures are appropriate for organisations pursuing strategic success in emerging markets.
This study sets forward grounded propositions that different strategic types will vary in their market entry and product line strategies, in the project composition of their development programs, and in the orientations of performance measures used to evaluate their development programs. Prospectors, according to type, will enter emerging economies by introducing new product lines to new customer types, and by emphasizing new-to-the-world products. They will evaluate their development programs with Growth-oriented performance measures. Defenders will more typically occupy secure niches within emerging economies by emphasizing product improvement and cost reduction projects for current types of customers. They will evaluate their development programs with Efficiency-oriented performance measures. Analyzers will either target new customer types with proven products, or serve an existing market niche with new product lines. They will evaluate their development program performance with Strategy-oriented measures.
What Drives the Employment of Public-private Partnerships in Kazakhstan and Russia: Value for Money?
Authors: Mouraviev Nikolai 
Published: October 2019

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are employed in many countries as an alternative method of public service provision in which partners from the public and private sectors share their resources, responsibilities, and risks. Some well-justified factors that drive the partnership development are value for money and lack of budget funding. As PPP drivers may be unique, thepaper surveys the reasons for PPP expansion in two transitional countries, Kazakhstan and Russia. Based on detailed discussion of the commonly employed reasons for partnering (such as greater value for money, or lower total social cost associated with a PPP as opposed to contracting out a service), internal and external PPP drivers in Kazakhstan and Russia have been categorized and examined. Among internal drivers, the need to attract private initiative and funding for upgrading the utilities and housing infrastructure is most influential because of enormity of the task for which governments lack resources. The countries’ intention to align themselves with the requirements of perceived international best practices is yet additional influential driver of external nature. The paper concludes that public policy in the two countries is the major driving force for PPP development although the value for money concept and transaction cost economics appear to be neglected. The emerging PPP policy paradigm in Kazakhstan and Russia has facilitated PPP development in recent years, since 2005. However, lack of reliable solutions and instruments for PPP formation and implementation significantly slows down PPP expansion.
Characterizing Emerging Markets
Authors: Pels Jaqueline , Kidd Tomás 
Published: October 2019

This article looks at Emerging Markets and Low Income Sector characteristics with the scope of understanding the generalizability of the market-based approaches developed in High Income Countries. The literature review highlights that existing studies have not presented clear classifications of characterics and that current listings are partial.
The article adopts and adapts the market environment theory classification and summarizes the published and documented characteristics of EM and LIS. In the process it highlights that it is necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary characteristics and that many of these characteristics overlap. Finally, it builds on the organizational theory distinction between objective and enacted environment to discuss low income sector's emerging market environments as constraints or challenges.
Balancing Market Share Growth and Customer Profitability: Budget Allocation for Customer Acquisition and Retention
Authors: Tsao Hsiu-Yuan , Matthews Lucy M. , Crittenden Victoria L. 
Published: October 2019

This study adds to the knowledge of budget allocation for customer acquisition and retention spending in an inertia segment. The results indicate that when retention spending surpassed the optimal budget allocation, increased spending did not grow the expected value of customer equity. Since the inertia segment is comprised of loyal customers, an examination of brand equity and its role in customer loyalty and its influence on customer equity are discussed.