bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continued increase in prevalence of r-type opacities among underground coal miners in the USA
Authors: Hall Noemi B , Blackley David J , Halldin Cara N , Laney A Scott 
Published: April 2019

IntroductionRespirable crystalline silica exposure has been implicated in the resurgence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) in the USA. A 2010 report found an increasing prevalence of r-type opacities, which are associated with silicosis lung pathology, on the radiographs of working underground coal miners in central Appalachia. This analysis updates that report by assessing the prevalence of r-type opacities during 2010–2018 compared with earlier decades.MethodsData from the Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program were used to calculate the prevalence of r-type opacities on radiographs of working underground coal miners. The data were restricted to radiographs taken during 1 January 1980 to 15 September 2018. The presence of r-type opacities was defined as an r-type classification for either the primary or secondary shape/size of small opacities. Prevalence ratios for r-type opacities were calculated using log binomial regression.ResultsRadiograph classifications for 106 506 miners were included in analysis. For the USA overall, the prevalence of r-type opacities among miners with radiographs taken during 2010–2018 compared with 1980–1989 has increased (PR 2.4; 95% CI 1.9 to 3.0). For central Appalachia, the proportion of r-type opacities observed increased when comparing 1980–1989 to 2010–2018 (PR 6.0; 95% CI 4.6 to 7.9).ConclusionsThe prevalence of r-type opacities on the radiographs of Appalachian underground coal miners continues to increase, implicating exposure to crystalline silica in respirable coal mine dust. The current findings underscore the importance of monitoring and controlling exposure to silica in coal mines.
Use and reasons for use of electronic vapour products shaped like USB flash drives among a national sample of adults
Authors: Marynak Kristy L , Ali Fatma Romeh M , Schauer Gillian L , Tynan Michael A , King Brian A 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesAssess use and reasons for use of electronic vapour products (EVPs) shaped like universal serial bus (USB) flash drives among adults in the USA.MethodsData came from SummerStyles, an internet survey of US adults aged ≥18 (N=4088) fielded in June to July 2018. Respondents were shown product images and asked about ever use, current (past 30 days) use and reasons for use. Weighted point estimates and adjusted ORs were assessed.ResultsIn 2018, 7.9% of participants had ever used flash drive-shaped EVPs, including 25.7% of current cigarette smokers and 45.9% of current EVP users. Moreover, 2.0% reported current use, including 6.8% of cigarette smokers and 34.3% of EVP users. Leading reasons for ever use were ‘to deliver nicotine’ (30.7%) and ‘friend or family member used them’ (30.2%).ConclusionsAbout one in 13 US adults have ever used flash drive-shaped EVPs, with use being highest among current EVP users. Nicotine content and friend/family use are drivers of ever use.Public health implicationsUnderstanding use of emerging EVP types can inform strategies to maximise any potential benefits for adult cessation and minimise risks of youth initiation.
The algebraic and geometric classification of nilpotent binary Lie algebras
Authors: Abdelwahab Hani , Calderón Antonio Jesús , Kaygorodov Ivan 
Published: April 2019

We give a complete algebraic classification of nilpotent binary Lie algebras of dimension at most 6 over an arbitrary field of characteristic not 2 and a complete geometric classification of nilpotent binary Lie algebras of dimension 6 over [Formula: see text]. As an application, we give an algebraic and geometric classification of nilpotent anticommutative [Formula: see text]-algebras of dimension at most 6.
Targeted Cancer Next-Generation Sequencing as a Primary Screening Tool for Microsatellite Instability and Lynch Syndrome in Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers
Authors: Christakis Alexander G. , Papke David J. , Nowak Jonathan A. , Yurgelun Matthew B. , Agoston Agoston T. , Lindeman Neal I. , MacConaill Laura E. , Sholl Lynette M. , Dong Fei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground:No consensus guideline has been established for microsatellite instability testing in upper gastrointestinal tract cancers. This study aims to determine whether targeted cancer next-generation sequencing can accurately detect microsatellite instability in upper gastrointestinal tract cancers and screen for patients with Lynch syndrome.Methods:In a cohort of 645 upper gastrointestinal tract cancers, targeted next-generation sequencing assessed microsatellite instability by identifying characteristic insertion and deletion mutations. Sequencing classification was compared with mismatch repair protein IHC. Cancers with microsatellite instability by sequencing were analyzed using a testing protocol to identify patients with Lynch syndrome.Results:Sequencing identified microsatellite instability in 3.6% (23/645) of upper gastrointestinal tract cancers, including 28% (8/29) of small intestinal and 9% (9/97) of gastric carcinomas. In 20 cancers classified as having microsatellite instability, 19 demonstrated loss of expression of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, or MSH6, and one cancer was indeterminate by IHC. In contrast, 52 control cancers demonstrated retained expression of all mismatch repair proteins. Using targeted sequencing as the initial screening test, 1.1% (7/645) of patients were identified to have pathogenic germline variants confirming a diagnosis of Lynch syndrome.Conclusions:Targeted cancer next-generation sequencing is an accurate first-line test to detect microsatellite instability in upper gastrointestinal tract cancers.Impact:This study provides a proof of concept for the use of targeted next-generation sequencing to detect microsatellite instability and screen for Lynch syndrome.
Morphology and Hemodynamics in Isolated Common Iliac Artery Aneurysms Impacts Proximal Aortic Remodeling
Authors: Parker Louis P. , Powell Janet T. , Kelsey Lachlan J. , Lim Brendon , Ashleigh Ray , Venermo Maarit , Koncar Igor , Norman Paul E. , Doyle Barry J. 
Published: April 2019

Objective—
Isolated common iliac artery aneurysms (CIAA) are rare. Their prognosis and influence on aortoiliac blood flow and remodeling are unclear. We evaluated the hypotheses that morphology at and distal to the aortic bifurcation, together with the associated hemodynamic changes, influence both the natural history of CIAA and proximal aortic remodeling.

Approach and Results—

Twenty-five isolated CIAAs (15 intact, 10 ruptured), in 23 patients were reconstructed and analyzed with computational fluid dynamics: all showed abnormal flow. Then we studied a series of 24 hypothetical aortoiliac geometries in silico with varying abdominal aortic deflection and aortic bifurcation angles: key findings were assessed in an independent validation cohort of 162 patients. Wall shear stress in isolated unilateral CIAAs was lower than the contralateral common iliac artery, 0.38±0.33 Pa versus 0.61±0.24 Pa, inversely associated with CIAA diameter (
P
<0.001) and morphology (high shear stress in variants distal to a sharp kink). Rupture usually occurred in regions of elevated low and oscillatory shear with a wide aortic bifurcation angle. Abdominal aortas deflected towards the CIAA for most unilateral isolated CIAAs (14/21). In silico, wider bifurcation angles created high focal regions of low and oscillatory shear in the common iliac artery. The associations of unilateral CIAA with aortic deflection and common iliac artery diameter with bifurcation angle were confirmed in the validation cohort.

Conclusions—
Decreasing wall shear stress is strongly associated with CIAA progression (larger aneurysms and rupture), whereas abnormal blood flow in the CIAA seems to promote proximal aortic remodeling, with adaptive lateral deflection of the abdominal aorta towards the aneurysmal side.
Cord Blood Vitamin D Levels and Early Childhood Blood Pressure: The Healthy Start Study
Authors: Sauder Katherine A. , Stamatoiu Alexandra V. , Leshchinskaya Elina , Ringham Brandy M. , Glueck Deborah H. , Dabelea Dana 
Published: April 2019

Background
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cardiovascular events among adults, but it is unclear whether early‐life vitamin D deficiency influences cardiovascular risk factors in children.

Methods and Results

We measured total and bioavailable 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in cord blood and in blood from 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children, and we assessed cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, arterial stiffness, body size, and adiposity) at 4 to 6 years. We tested for racial/ethnic differences in total and bioavailable 25OHD (n=715) and modeled the adjusted association between cord blood 25OHD and childhood cardiovascular risk factors (n=171). We observed racial/ethnic differences in total and bioavailable 25OHD levels in both cord and child blood samples (all
P
<0.05). Each 25‐nmol/L increase in cord blood total 25OHD was associated with a 2.5–mm Hg (SE 0.8) decrease in systolic blood pressure (
P
=0.002) and a 1.7–mm Hg (SE 0.6) decrease in diastolic blood pressure (
P
=0.01), independent of childhood 25OHD levels, race/ethnicity, and other covariates. There was no association between cord blood total 25OHD and any other cardiovascular risk factors. Cord blood levels of bioavailable and free 25OHD were not associated with any cardiovascular risk factor in childhood.

Conclusions
In this diverse prebirth cohort, we observed lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure among children with higher total 25OHD levels at birth. Our findings suggest that intrauterine exposure to vitamin D may contribute to early‐life programming of offspring blood pressure. Intervention studies are needed to determine whether increasing fetal vitamin D exposure can reduce the risk of elevated blood pressure in childhood.
Safety and Effectiveness of Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Anemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Chun‐Li , Wu Victor Chien‐Chia , Huang Yu‐Tung , Kuo Chang‐Fu , Chu Pao‐Hsien , Chen Yu‐Ling , Wen Ming‐Shien , Chang Shang‐Hung 
Published: April 2019

Background

Major randomized trials assessing non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (
NOAC
s) for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation generally excluded patients with hemoglobin <10 g/dL. This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of
NOAC
s in patients with atrial fibrillation and anemia.

Methods and Results

A cohort study based on electronic medical records was conducted from 2010 to 2017 at a multicenter healthcare provider in Taiwan. It included 8356 patients with atrial fibrillation who had received oral anticoagulants (age, 77.0±7.3 years; 48.0% women). Patients were classified into 2 subgroups: 7687 patients with hemoglobin ≥10 g/
dL
and 669 patients with hemoglobin <10 g/
dL
. A Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the risks of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, bleeding, and death associated with
NOAC
versus warfarin in both subgroups, respectively. In patients with hemoglobin ≥10 g/
dL
,
NOAC
(n=4793) was associated with significantly lower risks of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism, major bleeding, and gastrointestinal tract bleeding than warfarin (n=2894); there was no difference in the risk of death. In patients with hemoglobin <10 g/
dL
,
NOAC
(n=390) was associated with significantly lower risks of major bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.30–0.62) and gastrointestinal tract bleeding than warfarin (n=279), but there was no difference in the risk of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79; 95%
CI
, 0.53–1.17) or death. Subgroup analyses suggested that
NOAC
was associated with fewer bleeding events, irrespective of cancer or peptic ulcer disease history.

Conclusions

In patients with atrial fibrillation with hemoglobin <10 g/
dL
,
NOAC
was associated with lower bleeding risks than warfarin, with no difference in the risk of ischemic stroke/systemic embolism or death.
Environmental DNA and metabarcoding for the study of amphibians and reptiles: species distribution, the microbiome, and much more
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Manenti Raoul , Taberlet Pierre 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the last decade, eDNA and metabarcoding have opened new avenues to biodiversity studies; amphibians and reptiles are animals for which these new approaches have allowed great leaps forward. Here we review different approaches through which eDNA can be used to study amphibians, reptiles and many more organisms. eDNA is often used to evaluate the presence of target species in freshwaters; it has been particularly useful to detect invasive alien amphibians and secretive or rare species, but the metabarcoding approach is increasingly used as a cost-effective approach to assess entire communities. There is growing evidence that eDNA can be also useful to study terrestrial organisms, to evaluate the relative abundance of species, and to detect reptiles. Metabarcoding has also revolutionized studies on the microbiome associated to skin and gut, clarifying the complex relationships between pathogens, microbial diversity and environmental variation. We also identify additional aspects that have received limited attention so far, but can greatly benefit from innovative applications of eDNA, such as the study of past biodiversity, diet analysis and the reconstruction of trophic interactions. Despite impressive potential, eDNA and metabarcoding also bear substantial technical and analytical complexity; we identify laboratory and analytical strategies that can improve the robustness of results. Collaboration among field biologists, ecologist, molecular biologists, and bioinformaticians is allowing fast technical and conceptual advances; multidisciplinary studies involving eDNA analyses will greatly improve our understanding of the complex relationships between organisms, and our effectiveness in assessing and preventing the impact of human activities.
Aggregation Bias and Ambivalent Cases: A New Parameter of Consistency to Understand the Significance of Set-theoretic Sufficiency in fsQCA
Authors: Veri Francesco 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Boolean minimization, used in fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to establish sufficient relationships between conditions and outcome, automatically produces false positive subset relationships in the presence of random data. However, because this type of aggregation bias mainly produces ambivalent subset relationships between the condition(s) and the outcome, such false positives do not pose a problem for the fsQCA results per se. The aggregation bias has a negative impact on fsQCA analysis only because the consistency score is not able to detect set-theoretic subset relationships. Indeed, the existent parameter of consistency does not distinguish whether the subset relationship between conditions and outcome is the result of the mere Boolean minimization or whether it has set-theoretic significance. This article proposes a new consistency formula that provides information about subset relationships between conditions and outcome and detects the difference between randomly-generated subsets and meaningful subset relationships. The new parameter of consistency proposed here can be considered as an additional tool to test the significance of a meaningful sufficient relationship without being subject to the aggregation bias.
Diasporas and Public Diplomacy: Distinctions and Future Prospects
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Diaspora diplomacy encompasses diasporas as: agents in their own right; instruments of other’s diplomatic agendas; and/or intentional or accidental partners with other actors pursuing shared interests. Diaspora diplomacy is not territorially bound, and agendas are fluid. Three important features of diaspora diplomacy distinguish it from public diplomacy more generally. First, the diaspora identity results in specific applications of diplomacy for which diasporans may play a unique role. Second, diasporans’ responses to global crises of identity and inequity yield particular motivations and targets of engagement. Third, diasporans may have an in-between advantage for public diplomacy. The complexity of diaspora diplomacy is likely to increase because of circular migration, layered identities, and continued improvements and access to telecommunications. Researchers and policy-makers should focus attention on how to integrate diasporas into existing efforts to account for the complexity of transnational relations.
Virtue and the “Good Life” in the Book of Job
Authors: Vesely Patricia L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this article, I argue that Job 29 provides an eudaimonic depiction of human happiness whereby virtue, combined with a number of “external goods” is held up as the best possible life for human beings. I compare Job’s vision of the “good life” with an Aristotelian conception of εὐδαιμονία and conclude that there are numerous parallels between Job and Aristotle with respect to their understanding of the “good life.” While the intimate presence of God distinguishes Job’s expectation of happiness with that of Aristotle, Job is unique among other eudaimonic texts in the Hebrew Bible in that expectations of living well are expressed in terms of virtue, rather than Torah piety. In the second portion of the article, I assess Job’s conception of human flourishing from the perspective of the divine speeches, which enlarge Job’s vision of the “good life” by bringing Job face-to-face with the “wild inhabitants” of the cosmos.
Before Wild Things: Maurice Sendak and the Postwar Jewish American Child as Queer Insider-Outsider
Authors: Moskowitz Golan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article analyzes the late Maurice Sendak’s (1928–2012) entry into the field of children’s picture books in the midtwentieth century and his contribution to the affective shift in children’s literature. It examines Sendak’s complex social position and artistic development in the 1940s and 1950s, as well as lesser-known illustrations by Sendak, including collaborations with Ruth Krauss and with the artist’s brother, Jack. These works began to respond to Sendak’s own childhood as a queer son of Eastern European Yiddish-speaking immigrants. They also offered new potential mirrors for midcentury children—perhaps especially queer and otherwise marginalized children—as they navigated cultural gaps between home and the public sphere, as well as between personal orientations and the social pressures of postwar America.
Trials, Errors, and Improvements in Coproduction of Climate Services
Authors: Kolstad Erik W. , Sofienlund Oda N. , Kvamsås Hanna , Stiller-Reeve Mathew A. , Neby Simon , Paasche Øyvind , Pontoppidan Marie , Sobolowski Stefan P. , Haarstad Håvard , Oseland Stina E. , Omdahl Lene , Waage Snorre 
Published: April 2019

AbstractClimate change yields both challenges and opportunities. In both cases, costly adaptations and transformations are necessary and desirable, and these must be based on realistic and relevant climate information. However, it is often difficult for climate scientists to communicate this information to decision-makers and stakeholders, and it can be equally difficult for such actors to interpret and put the information to use. In this essay, we discuss experiences and present recommendations for scientists producing climate services. The basis is our work in several climate service projects. One of them aimed to provide local-scale climate data for municipalities in western Norway and to explore how the data were interpreted and implemented. The project was first based solely on climate science expertise, and the participants did not have sufficient competence on coproduction and knowledge about the regulatory and political landscape in which municipalities operate. Initially, we also subscribed to an outdated idea of climate services, where knowledge providers (climate scientists) “deliver” their information to knowledge users (e.g., municipal planners). Increasingly, as stressed in the literature on coproduction of knowledge, we learned that climate service should be an iterative process where actionable information is coproduced through two-way dialogue. On the basis of these and other lessons learned the hard way, we provide a set of concrete recommendations on how to embed the idea of coproduction from the preproposal stage to beyond the end of climate service projects.
Response of an Antarctic Peninsula Fjord to Summer Katabatic Wind Events
Authors: Lundesgaard Øyvind , Powell Brian , Merrifield Mark , Hahn-Woernle Lisa , Winsor Peter 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFjords along the western Antarctic Peninsula are episodically exposed to strong winds flowing down marine-terminating glaciers and out over the ocean. These wind events could potentially be an important mechanism for the ventilation of fjord waters. A strong wind event was observed in Andvord Bay in December 2015, and was associated with significant increases in upper-ocean salinity. We examine the dynamical impacts of such wind events during the ice-free summer season using a numerical model. Passive tracers are used to identify water mass pathways and quantify exchange with the outer ocean. Upwelling and outflow in the model fjord generate an average salinity increase of 0.3 in the upper ocean during the event, similar to observations from Andvord Bay. Down-fjord wind events are a highly efficient mechanism for flushing out the upper fjord waters, but have little net impact on deep waters in the inner fjord. As such, summer episodic wind events likely have a large effect on fjord phytoplankton dynamics and export of glacially modified upper waters, but are an unlikely mechanism for the replenishment of deep basin waters and oceanic heat transport toward inner-fjord glaciers.
Application of the Synchronized B-Grid Staggering for Solution of the Shallow-Water Equations on the Spherical Icosahedral Grid
Authors: Miura Hiroaki 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A shallow-water model using the hexagonal synchronized B grid (SB grid) is developed on the spherical icosahedral grid. The SB grid adopts the same variable arrangement as the ZM grid, but does not suffer from a computational mode problem of the ZM grid since interactions in the extra degrees of freedom of velocity fields through the nonlinear terms are excluded. For better representations of the geostrophic balance, a quadratic reconstruction of fluid height inside hexagonal/pentagonal cells is used to configure the gradient with the second-order accuracy. When nongeostrophic motions are more dominant than geostrophic ones, smaller-scale noises arise. To prevent a decoupling of the velocity fields, a hyperviscosity is added to force velocities adjacent to each other to evolve synchronously. Some standard tests are performed to examine the SB-grid shallow-water model. The model is almost second-order accurate if both the initial conditions and the surface topography are smooth and if the influence of the hyperviscosity is small. The SB-grid model is superior to a C-grid model regarding the convergence of error norms in a steady-state geostrophically balanced flow test, while it is inferior to that concerning conservation of total energy in a case of flow over an isolated mountain. An advantage of the SB-grid model is that both accuracy and stability are weakly sensitive to whether a grid optimization is applied or not. The SB grid is an attractive alternative to the conventional A grid and is competitive with the C grid on the spherical icosahedral grid.