bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure of a Hi-Rail Device
Authors: Kaplan Mitchell P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A hi-rail device is a vehicle designed to travel both on roads and on rails. In this case, a truck was modified to accept the wheels for rail locomotion. The rear wheel/axle set was attached to the truck frame. Both the front and rear wheel/axle sets were raised by means of a hydraulic cylinder driven off the PTO of the truck. The wheel/axle set was rigidly fixed into an up or down position by the use of locking pins. It was assumed by the manufacturer that there would be no load on the cylinder once the wheel/axle set was in its locked position. However, as the cylinder pivoted about its mounting trunnion and extended during its motion, it interfered with a frame member. This caused both a bending load and a rotational movement. These effects caused a combination of fretting, galling, and fatigue to the internal thread structure of the clevis. As a result of these deleterious effects, failure of the thread structure of the clevis occurred. The failure occurred where the cylinder rod screws into the clevis. The rod was manufactured from 1045 steel.
Failure Modes and Materials Performance of Railway Wheels
Authors: Liu Z.X. , Gu H.C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this study, the failure modes of cartwheel and mechanical properties of materials have been analyzed. The results show that rim cracking is always initiated from stringer-type alumina cluster and driven by a combination effect of mechanical and thermal load. The strength, toughness, and ductility are mainly determined by the carbon content of wheel steels. The fatigue crack growth resistance is insensitive to composition and microstructure, while the fatigue crack initiation life increases with the decrease of austenite grain size and pearlite colony size. The dynamic fracture toughness, KID, is obviously lower than static fracture toughness, KIC, and has the same trend as KIC. The ratio of KID/sigma YD is the most reasonable parameter to evaluate the fracture resistance of wheel steels with different composition and yield strength. Decreasing carbon content is beneficial to the performance of cartwheel.
An Investigation of Shell and Detail Cracking in Railroad Rails
Authors: Rungta Ravi , Rice Richard C. , Buchheit Richard D. , Broek David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A failure analysis case study on railroad rails is presented. The work, performed under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, addresses the problem of shell and detail fracture formation in standard rails. Fractographic and metallographic results coupled with hardness and residual stress measurements are presented. These results suggest that the shell fractures form on the plane of maximum residual tensile stresses. The formation of the shells is aided by the presence of defects in the material in these planes of maximum residual stress. The detail fracture forms as a perturbation from the shell crack under cyclic loading and is constrained to develop as an embedded flaw in the early stages of growth because the crack is impeded at the gage side and surface of the rail head by compressive longitudinal stresses.
Interpretation of a “Rock Candy” Fracture Exhibited by a Steel Railroad Casting
Authors: Johnson Alan A. , Johnson David N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Following a freight train derailment, part of a fractured side frame was retained for study because a portion of its fracture surface exhibited a rock candy appearance and black scale. It was suspected of having failed, thereby precipitating the derailment. Metallography, scanning electron microscopy, EDXA, and x-ray mapping were used to study the steel in the vicinity of this part of the fracture surface. It was found to be contaminated with copper. Debye-Scherrer x-ray diffraction patterns obtained from the scale showed that it consisted of magnetite and hematite. It was concluded that some copper was accidentally left in the mold when the casting was poured. Liquid copper, carrying with it oxygen in solution, penetrated the austenite grain boundaries as the steel cooled. The oxygen reacted with the steel producing a network of scale outlining the austenite grain structure. When the casting fractured as a result of the derailment, the fracture followed the scale in the contaminated region thus creating the “rock candy” fracture.
Metallographic Characterization of Liquid Metal Embrittlement in a Failed Locomotive Axle
Authors: Wilson B.M. , Weins W.N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Metallography is an important component of failure analysis. In the case of a liquid metal embrittlement (LME) failure it is usually conclusive if a third phase constituent can be formed inside of the cracks after failure. In the case where it is necessary to characterize the third phase material, one can use various x-ray spectrographic techniques in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This study describes those metallographic and SEM analysis techniques for determining the mode of failure for a locomotive traction motor by LME.
İç ve Dış Müşteriler Açısından Kabin Hizmetleri Kalite Algısını Ölçmeye Yönelik Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma
Authors: AKPUR Akın , ZENGİN Burhanettin 
Published: May 2019

Havayolu taşımacılığı, turizmin temelini oluşturan en önemli dinamiklerinden biridir. Sivil hava taşımacılığının 1950’lerden itibaren
gösterdiği gelişme ile uzak mesafelere hızlı, güvenli ve ekonomik ulaşım
sağlanmıştır. Küreselleşme ve liberalleşme ile birlikte dünyada birçok özel
havayolu işletmesi piyasaya girerek havayolu taşımacılığında yoğun rekabet
ortamını oluşturmuştur. Rekabetin en önemli araçlarından biri yüksek hizmet
kalitesidir. Çalışmanın amacı; yolcu ve kabin ekiplerinin hizmet kalitesi
algıları ölçülmeye çalışılarak, iç ve dış müşterilerin kabin hizmetlerine
ilişkin kalite algılarını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu araştırma Türkiye’nin ilk ve
en büyük düşük maliyetli (low-cost) özel bir havayolu işletmesinin yolcu ve
kabin ekipleri ile yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, nicel bir araştırma
olarak tasarlanmış olup veri toplama aracı olarak anket tekniğinden
yararlanılmıştır. Tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden kolayda örnekleme
yöntemi ile 456’sı yolcu 264’ı kabin ekibi olmak üzere toplam 720 anketten
veriler elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS istatistiksel analiz programından yararlanılmış- tır. Faktör analizi,
frekans analizi, korelasyon analizi, Kruskal Wallis Testi, Mann Whitney U
testi, bağımsız iki değişkenli t testi ve tek yönlü Anova testi kullanılarak
bulgular analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre kabin ekiplerinin, hizmet kalitesini yolculara göre daha yüksek
algıladıkları, yolcuların eğitim düzeylerinin hizmet kalitesi algısını
etkilemediği fakat kabin ekiplerinin eğitim düzeyleri ile hizmet kalitesi
algıları arasında anlamlı fark olduğu sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır.
Topkapı Sarayında III. Ahmet Kütüphanesi ve Çini Bezemeleri
Authors: UYSAL Zekiye 
Published: May 2019

İstanbul’un fethinden bir
süre sonra Sultan II. Mehmet tarafından yaptırılan Topkapı Sarayı
(M.1458-1478); 19. Yüzyıl ortalarına kadar diğer sultanların eklettikleri
binalar ve onarımlarla son şeklini almıştır. Saraya yeni bölümler yaptıran
sultanlardan birisi olan III. Ahmet (M.1703-1730), harem bölümüne bir yemiş
odası ve üçüncü avluya bir kütüphane inşa ettirmiştir.Osmanlı tarihi içinde
onun saltanat dönemi “Lâle devri” olarak tanınır. Bu dönemin önde gelen
örneklerinden olan III. Ahmet Kütüphanesi’nin &nbsp;mimarının Beşir Ağa olduğu ileri sürülür.Üçüncü
avludaki Havuzlu köşkün yerine yaptırılan kütüphane (H.1131/M.1719); &nbsp;bodrum kat üzerine oturan kubbeli sofa ve buna
açılan üç eyvandan oluşur.Giriş kanadında üç bölmeli bir revak ve
revakın cephesine bitişik bir çeşme ve revakın orta kısmına bakan küçük boyutlu
ikinci bir çeşme yer alır. Yapı M.1856 yılındaki Enderun yangınında hasar
görmüş, yangından sonraki onarımda giriş cephesinde bazı değişiklikler
yapılmıştır. Kütüphanenin bu yangından önceki görünümü Levnî’nin
minyatürlerinde, Bartlett’in gravüründe ve bir tabloda izlenebilmektedir.
Cumhuriyet döneminde 1924-1999 yılları arasında birkaç kez onarılan yapı, en
son 2014-2018 yılları arasında restore edilmiştir.

III. Ahmet Kütüphanesi; Osmanlı köşk
tiplerinden ilham alan bodrum katlı planı, mermer malzemeyle kaplı anıtsal
cepheleri, ilginç çeşme yapılarıyla ilişkilendirilmiş revakı; zengin alçı
(ştuko) ve çinilerle bezeli iç mekanları, sedef kakmalı pencere
kepenkleri,&nbsp; üst sıra pencerelerinin
revzenleri ve iç mekanda mermer sütunlar, başlıklar ve bunların üst
kısımlarındaki plastik ögeleriyle Lâle devrini en gösterişli biçimde yansıtan
yapılardan birisidir. Fakat iç cepheleri tavana kadar kaplayan çinilerin Lâle
devrinden önceye ait yapılardan getirildikleri bilinmektedir. Bu çinilerin
büyük çoğunluğu 17. yüzyıl ilk yarısına tarihlenebilirler. Bir grup çini ise
üslûp açısından 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına verilebilirler.&nbsp; Lâle devrinin simge yapılarından birisi olan
III. Ahmet Kütüphanesi’nde Klâsik üsluptaki çinilerin kullanılması ilginç bir
tezat oluşturmaktadır.
MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN GEMAR MEMBACA PESERTA DIDIK MELALUI MODEL PREDICT OBSERVE EXPLAIN BERBASIS LITERASI
Authors: Fathiara Anggit , Badarudin Badarudin , Muslim Aji Heru 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK: Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah rendahnya keterampilan berpikir kritis dan sikap gemar membaca peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan sikap gemar membaca peserta didik melalui model pembelajaran Predict Observe Explain (POE) berbasis literasi. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tahapan perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah peserta didik Kelas IV A SDN 4 Kotayasa yang berjumlah 26 peserta didik yang terdiri dari 12 peserta didik laki-laki dan 14 peserta didik perempuan. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan tes keterampilan berpikir kritis, lembar aktivitas guru, lembar aktivitas peserta didik, lembar observasi sikap gemar membaca peserta didik serta lembar skala sikap gemar membaca peserta didik. Hasil peningkatan yang terjadi dapat dilihat pada setiap siklusnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran Predict Observe Explain (POE) berbasis literasi dapat meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan sikap gemar membaca peserta didik pada tema 7 Indahnya Keragaman di Negeriku di kelas IV A SDN 4 Kotayasa, Kecamatan Sumbang, Banyumas. IMPROVING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AND LIKE TO READ OF STUDENTS THROUGH PREDICT OBSERVE EXPLAIN MODELS BASED ON LITERACY ABSTRACT: The background of this study is the low level of critical thinking skills and the reading interest’s students. This study aims to improve critical thinking skills and the reading interest’s students through literacy-based Predict Observe Explain (POE) learning models. This research consists of stages of planning, action, observation and reflection. The subjects of this study were the 4th A grade students of SDN4 Kotayasawhich amount to 26 students consisting of 12 boy and 14 girl. The tools that used for collecting data are tests of critical thinking skills, teacher activity sheets, student activity sheets, observation sheets, attitudes to reading students and scale sheets of attitude to love reading students. The results of the improvements that occur can be seen in each cycle. The results of this study indicate that the use of a literacy based Predict Observe Explain (POE) model can improve the critical thinking skills and the reading attitude of students in Theme 7 “The Beauty of Diversity in My Country”in 4th A grade SDN 4 Kotayasa, Sumbang Sub-District, Banyumas District.
Penerapan Konten E-learning Berbasis SCORM Untuk Meningkatkan Efektivktas Pembelajaran
Authors: Bariah Siti Husnul , Sidik Soni Muhamad 
Published: May 2019

E-learning merupakan salah satu bentuk model pembelajaran yang difasilitasi dan didukung pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Pada sebuah pendidikan seperti Sekolah Menengah Atas sangat dibutuhkan untuk membantu guru dalam meningkatkan efektifitas pembelajaran Beradasrkan pengamat/penelitian sementara yang berkaitan dengan proses pemebelajaran siswa dalam menerima materi masih terfokus pada buku – buku paket yang ada, penerapan teknolgi masih kurang digunakan dalam pembelajaran sehingga terasa kurang efektif dalam penyampaian materi sehingga siswa merasa jenuh. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya pembaharuan dalam pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan efektifitas pembelajaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai hal-hal berikut. Transformasi penyajian materi berstandarisasi scorm (Sharable Content Object Refrence Model), dimana guru dapat mengetahui aktivitas siswa dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar khususnya dalam membaca bahan ajar yang disediakan oleh guru dan sejauh mana efektifitas pemeblajaran dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemebelajaran menggunakan e-learning berstandarisasi scorm. Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metode kuantitatif dan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuasi eksperimen. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua kelas yaitu kelas X 1 Sebagai kelas eksperimen dan kelas X 2 sebagai kkelas Kontrol. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini, didapat berupa data awal yaitu pretest untuk kelas eksperimen dengan nilai rata – rata adalah 59,5 sedangan kelas kontrol mendapatkan nilai rata – rata 49,1. Setelah diterapkan e-learning berbasi scorm dan setelah mendapat perlakuan untuk kelas eksperimen didapat nilai postes dengan rata – rata 81,8 dengan taraf peningkatan 38% dan kelas kontrol sebesar 62,1 dengan taraf 27%. Dan respon tanggapan siswa begitu baik terhadap penerapan e-learning berbasis scorm ini dengan data yang dibuktikakn dengan diperoleh data bahwa 25 siswa atau 94,29 % siswa Kelas X 1 memberi tanggapan sangat baik dan 2 siswa atau 5,71% memberi tanggapan baik. Kesimpulan bahwa penerpan konten e-learning berbasis scorm dapat meningkatkna efektifitas pembelajaran.
Implementasi Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (SAK EMKM) pada Laporan Keuangan di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 (Studi Kasus Pada UMKM di Kota Madiun)
Authors: Kirowati Dewi 
Published: May 2019

UMKM memiliki peranan dalam perekonomian nasional yang terhitung cukup besar yakni 99,9% dan penyerapan tenaga kerja mencapai 97% maka para pelaku UMKM dalam era revolusi industri 4.0 merupakan era baru yang harus dijadikan peluang emas untuk meningkatkan kinerja usahanya. Kemajuan teknologi informasi pelaku bisnis bisa memasarkan produk dan membuat laporan keuangan. Dalam membuat laporan keuangan pelaku UMKM sudah ada standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (SAK EMKM) yang efektif digunakan 1 Januari 2018 dan aplikasi Lamikro yang bisa di akses oleh pelaku bisnis. Aplikasi lamikro ini memudahkan para pelaku bisnis untuk menyusun laporan keuangan secara mandiri karena cukup mengunduh dan mencatat transaksi melalui telepon seluler yang secara otomatis aplikasi tersebut akan menghitung sendiri laba dan rugi. Tehnik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif – kualitatif yang menggambarkan dan menginterprestasikan arti data-data yang telah terkumpul. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagian besar pelaku UMKM di Kota Madiun belum mengimplementasikan SAK EMKM dalam menyusun laporan keuangan dan belum tahu kalau Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM melalui Deputi Bidang Sumber Daya Manusia mengembangkan sebuah aplikasi yang disebut LAMIKRO (Laporan Akutansi Usaha Mikro) untuk membantu pelaku usaha mikro membuat sistem laporan keuangan sederhana dan mudah digunakan. Selain itu para pelaku UMKM masih mengalami kendala – kendala dalam mengimplementasikan SAK EMKM dan aplikasi.
Features of the constituent process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
Authors: Slynko D. V. 
Published: May 2019

The constituent process as a kind of legal process has been researched. Its specific features in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine include the fact that it is the result of legal regulation, not related to the existence of a dispute about the right; consists of a certain sequence of proceedings (in regard to agencies and units – creation, reorganization and liquidation, in regard to officials – appointment and removal); aimed at the formation, development and improvement of the institutional and personnel basis of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; acts as a special regulatory procedure for carrying out management activity of the implementation of the relevant legal norms; ensures the effective functioning of the state administration mechanism in the relevant field.
On the basis of theoretical analysis of legal literature, the author has determined that the regime of the constituent process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs first in its general theoretical aspect distinguishes, first of all the specificity of the formation of the corresponding agencies and units of the state or the appointment of officials depending on their subordinate position within the structure of the Ministry, in particular, and the mechanism of the state in general. It has been argued that the purpose of the constituent process is the formation, development and improvement of the relevant agencies and units, the appointment of officials, as well as their management.
It has been determined that the reasons for the origin of this type of legal process in the activity of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are the relevant legal facts or legal status. One can study the main elements of the procedural form in the constituent process in the activities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which combine the specific features and characteristics of each type of legal process.
The target of a crime under the Article 330 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine
Authors: Boichuk V. Yu. 
Published: May 2019

From the standpoint of philosophical ontology the author has determined the notion and nature of information constituting official information gathered in the course of operative and search or counterintelligence operations and in the defense sphere of the country as the target of a crime under the Art. 330 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The place of this information has been specified in the list of information types determined by the current legislation of Ukraine.
The author has outlined the differences of the official information gathered in the process of operative and search, counterintelligence operations and in the defense field of the country, starting from homogeneous objects, in particular, the target of a crime, stipulated in the Art. 111 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. They are as follows: 1) this information is obtained by authorized subjects in specific areas of social activity – within operative and search, counterintelligence operations, in the defense field of the country; 2) such information has limited access; 3) its disclosure may harm the public interest in the field of counteracting crime or within intelligence activities to the detriment of the state security of Ukraine and the country’s defense capabilities; 4) the assignment of information to such that constitutes official information, is carried out by the state authorities, which conduct operative and search or counterintelligence operations, as well as state agencies, local self-government agencies, enterprises, institutions and organizations in the defense field of the country; it is approved by their regulatory act; 5) documents or other material carriers containing official information are assigned the stamp “For official use”.
The author has outlined the range of subjects defining the lists of official information, which is the target of this crime; and has specified the sub-legal acts defining such lists. The author has grounded the expediency of expanding its content by supplementing other types of official information, namely, disclosing the organization procedure, tactics and methods of conducting operative and search, counterintelligence operations, the number of employees of these units, their technical provision, etc.
Involvement of an expert and conduction of an expert examination within criminal proceedings in the environmental sphere
Authors: Misiura L. Yu. 
Published: May 2019

The types of examinations which can be carried out within criminal proceedings in the environmental sphere have been determined. The procedure for involving an expert and conducting an expert examination within criminal proceedings in the environmental sphere has been revealed. The problematic aspects of an investigator, prosecutor’s activity at the specified stage of pre-trial investigation of criminal offenses against the environment have been highlighted.
It has been noted that during the determination of the types of examinations to be carried out within criminal proceedings in the environmental sphere, an investigator, prosecutor must take into account the circumstances of the case and the complex of tasks that done by the court examination.
The author has researched the problem issues arising at the stage of involving an expert, one of which is the referral to the examination of materials determined by an investigator at his discretion, which are insufficient for the examination. In this regard, the author has offered to extend the content of Part 7 of the Art. 244 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine, providing the necessity to include besides the questions posed to an expert, the list of materials of criminal proceedings (including expert samples) into the content of the decision on the order of conducting the examination, sent for examination, since in most decisions this question is not reflected by the investigating judges.
It has been noted that the absence of a certain subject at the level of criminal procedural law authorized to appoint an audit, inspections within criminal proceedings, sometimes prevents the conduction of an examination. The author has proved the necessity of amending criminal procedural law in order to provide the investigating judge with the authority to appoint audits, inspections within criminal proceedings, as well as the detailed regulation of the procedure for applying to an investigating judge with the request for the appointment of an audit or inspection, requirements for such a request, the procedure and terms of their consideration, procedures for extending the terms of inspection or audit.
According to the results of the study, the author has concluded that the activities of a prosecutor at the stage of involving an expert and conducting an examination within criminal proceedings in the environmental sphere should be focused on the control: the correctness of the definition of the type of expert examination by an investigator and the timeliness of the appeal to the investigating judge with the request for the examination, completeness and quality of materials sent to an expert for the examination, adherence to the procedure for carrying out the examination and compliance with the expert’s opinion with the requirements of the law, etc.