bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchrotron radiation microtomography of brain hemisphere and spinal cord of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis revealed a correlation between capillary dilation and clinical score
Authors: Saiga Rino , Hoshino Masato , Takeuchi Akihisa , Uesugi Kentaro , Naitou Katsuko , Kamijo Akemi , Kawabe Noboru , Ohtsuka Masato , Takizawa Shunya , Mizutani Ryuta 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMultiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which the myelin sheaths of axons are damaged by the immune response. We report here a three‐dimensional structural analysis of brain and spinal cord tissues of a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE‐induced mice were raised with or without administration of fingolimod, which is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Brains and spinal cords dissected from the EAE mice were lyophilized so as to reconstitute the intrinsic contrast of tissue elements, such as axons, in X‐ray images. Three‐dimensional structures of the brain hemispheres and spinal cords of the EAE mice were visualized with synchrotron radiation microtomography. Microtomographic cross sections reconstructed from the X‐ray images revealed dilation of capillary vessels and vacuolation in the spinal cord of the EAE mice. Vacuolation was also observed in the cerebellum, suggesting that the neuroinflammatory response progressed in the brain. The vessel networks and vacuolation lesions in the spinal cords were modelled by automatically tracing the three‐dimensional image in order to analyze the tissue structures quantitatively. The results of the analysis indicated that the distribution of vacuolations was not uniform but three‐dimensionally localized. The mean vessel diameter showed a linear correlation with the clinical score, indicating that vasodilation is relevant to paralysis severity in the disease model. We suggest that vasodilation and vacuolation are related with neurological symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Ion‐Reagent Interactions Contributing to Ionic Liquid Solvent Effects on a Condensation Reaction
Authors: Keaveney Sinead T. , Harper Jason B. , Croft Anna K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations of solutions of hexan‐1‐amine or 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde in acetonitrile, an ionic liquid/acetonitrile mixture (χIL=0.2), and a number of different (neat) ionic liquids were performed, to further understand the solvent effects on the condensation reaction of these species. This work indicates that, in the presence of an ionic liquid, the amine group of hexan‐1‐amine is exclusively solvated by the components of the ionic liquid, and not by acetonitrile, and that the anion interacts with the aldehyde group of 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde. These interactions showed little dependence on the proportion of the ionic liquid present. When varying the cation of the ionic liquid there were changes in the cation–amine interaction, and 1‐butyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([Bm2im][N(CF3SO2)2]) was found to order more than expected about the amine. This ordering is likely the origin of the large rate constant values determined in [Bm2im][N(CF3SO2)2] for this condensation reaction and explains an anomaly seen previously. When changing the anion, changes were seen in the interactions between both the cation and anion with hexan‐1‐amine, and the anion with 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde. The differing magnitude of these interactions likely causes subtle changes in the activation parameters for this condensation reaction, and provides an explanation for the anomalous rate constant values previously determined when varying the anion.
Life events, coping styles, and psychological well‐being in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol
Authors: Iacopetti Cinzia , Londi Ilaria , Patussi Valentino , Sirigatti Saulo , Cosci Fiammetta 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionChildren living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol might experience more life events, in particular negative, than children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol. They also primarily use less adaptive coping styles and often demonstrate lower resilience. No studies evaluated whether coping styles or psychological well‐being might influence the risk of life events occurrence in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol.MethodsForty‐five children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol and 45 children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol, matched for sex and age, were assessed via the Appendix Life Events of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and the Psychological Well‐Being scales.ResultsChildren living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol had more life events in the 6‐month period before the assessment, mostly negative and neutral, and lower levels of psychological well‐being than children living with parents who do not harmfully consume alcohol. The risk of having experienced at least one negative or neutral life event was higher in children living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol than in their peers and in those with lower psychological well‐being. The risk of having had a positive life event was not related to parents' consumption of alcohol but to avoidant coping and low self‐acceptance behaviours.ConclusionsChildren living with parents who harmfully consume alcohol need interventions aimed at improving psychological well‐being to protect them from life events, especially from negative ones.
Ion‐ and Electron‐Conductive Buffering Layer‐Modified Si Film for Use as a High‐Rate Long‐Term Lithium‐Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Chen Qiulin , Zheng Hongfei , Yang Yifang , Xie Qingshui , Ma Yating , Wang Laisen , Peng Dong‐Liang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe rational design of electrochemically and mechanically stable Si anodes is of great importance for the development of high energy density lithium‐ion batteries. In this study, patterned Si‐based (Si/ZnO/C) trilayer composite films were synthesized by magnetron sputtering with the assistance of a patterned mask. The electron‐conductive C layer at the top of the composite film is deposited to enhance the interfacial stability between active film and electrolyte. The ion‐ and electron‐conductive Li2O–Zn middle layer can be ingeniously introduced by means of the poor reversed conversion reaction between ZnO and Li+ ions after the first cycle. The resultant Si/Li2O–Zn/C trilayer composite film delivers a high reversible capacity of 1536 mAh g−1 after 800 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 and a long high‐rate cycling stability (1400 mAh g−1 after 6000 cycles even at a high current density of 10.0 A g−1). Excellent rate capability and improved Coulombic efficiency are also achieved. The influences of the patterned structure and each modified layer on the electrochemical properties are analyzed systematically. This work offers a new and promising direction to enhance the lithium‐storage properties of Si‐based thin‐film anodes.
Aqueous Dual‐Ion Battery Based on a Hematite Anode with Exposed {1 0 4} Facets
Authors: Tao Yaping , Ding Chunxia , Tan Deming , Yu Feng , Wang Faxing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe aqueous rechargeable lithium battery (ARLB) is one of the most promising devices for large‐scale grid applications. Currently, a key issue for ARLBs is to develop promising anode materials with favorable electrochemical performances. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate an aqueous battery that utilizes the reversible redox reaction with hydroxide ions (OH−) in the hematite (Fe2O3) anode and a commercial Li ion intercalation compound in neutral solution as the cathode. The fabricated aqueous battery displays a reversible capacity of 92 mAh g−1. The morphology of the used Fe2O3 anode with exposed {1 0 4} facets for this aqueous battery is unique and attractive. Importantly, with the dual‐pH neutral–alkaline hybrid electrolyte, many excellent anode materials that previously could only work in alkaline electrolytes can now be successfully combined with commercial cathodes in neutral solutions, which may significantly enrich the range of anode materials for ARLBs. In addition, the reported battery configuration can be extended to other aqueous batteries beyond Li‐ion ones with lower cost.
Zinc‐Incorporated Microporous Molecular Sieve for Mild Catalytic Hydrolysis of γ‐Valerolactone: A New Selective Route for Biomass Conversion
Authors: Lin Wei‐Che , Ye Lin , Wu Simson , Lo Ben , Peng Yung‐Kang , Zhao Pu , McPherson Ian , Tsang Shik Chi Edman 
Published: October 2018

Abstractγ‐Valerolactone (GVL) is regarded as a key platform molecule in the production of fine chemicals such as pentenoic acid (PA) from biomass. Although PA is believed to be the key intermediate in solid‐acid‐catalyzed reactions of GVL, due to subsequent facile decarboxylation reactions further alkene products are formed. Here, by tailoring the acidity of Brønsted acid sites in an aluminophosphate (AlPO) molecular sieve through incorporation of Zn2+ into the framework, we access a new selective and effective catalyst for GVL conversion to PA.
Contemporary analysis of functional immune recovery to opportunistic and vaccine‐preventable infections after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: de Silva Harini D , Ffrench Rosemary A , Korem Maya , Orlowski Eva , Curtis David J , Spencer Andrew , Avery Sharon , Patil Sushrut , Morrissey Catherine Orla 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesInfections are a major cause of mortality after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), and immune recovery is necessary for prevention. Novel transplant procedures have changed the epidemiology of infections but contemporary data on functional immune recovery are limited. In this pilot study, we aimed to measure immune recovery in the current era of alloHSCT.MethodsTwenty, 13, 11, 9 and 9 alloHSCT recipients had blood collected at baseline (time of conditioning) and 3‐, 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐months post‐alloHSCT, respectively. Clinical data were collected, and immune recovery was measured using immunophenotyping, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine analysis and antibody isotyping.ResultsMedian absolute T‐ and B‐cell counts were below normal from baseline until 9‐ to 12‐months post‐alloHSCT. Median absolute CD4+ T‐cell counts recovered at 12‐months post‐alloHSCT. Positive proliferative responses to Aspergillus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), influenza and tetanus antigens were detected from 9 months. IL‐6 was the most abundant cytokine in cell cultures. In cultures stimulated with CMV, EBV, influenza and tetanus peptides, the CD4+ T‐cell count correlated with IL‐1β (P = 0.045) and CD8+ T‐cell count with IFNγ (P = 0.013) and IL‐1β (P = 0.012). The NK‐cell count correlated with IL‐1β (P = 0.02) and IL‐17a (P = 0.03). Median serum levels of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 were normal while IgG4 and IgA were below normal range throughout follow‐up.ConclusionsThis pilot study demonstrates that immune recovery can be measured using CD4+ T‐cell counts, in vitro antigen stimulation and selected cytokines (IFNγ, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐17, IL‐21, IL‐31) in alloHSCT recipients. While larger studies are required, monitoring immune recovery may have utility in predicting infection risk post‐alloHSCT.
Alda‐1, an aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 agonist, causes deterioration in renal functions following ischemia–reperfusion injury due to crystalline nephropathy
Authors: Hammad Fayez T. , Al‐Salam Suhail , Yuvaraju Priya , Lubbad Loay 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRenal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) induces the production of aldehydes which are detoxified by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). Alda‐1 is a selective ALDH2 agonist and its protective effect was demonstrated in several conditions. The effect of Alda‐1 on the kidney or on renal IRI was not investigated. We investigated the effect of Alda‐1 on the renal dysfunction following IRI. Wistar rats underwent left IRI for 40 min. Group‐Alda (n = 11) received Alda‐1 starting 24 h before IRI and continued for 7 days thereafter when renal functions were measured. Group‐Vx (n = 11) underwent similar protocol but received the dissolvent. Alda‐1 did not affect renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate in the left ischemic kidney in Group‐Alda compared to Group‐Vx (3.05 ± 0.50 vs. 3.53 ± 0.70, and 0.40 ± 0.06 vs. 0.51 ± 0.08, respectively, p > .05 for both). However, left renal fractional sodium excretion was higher in Group‐Alda (2.80 ± 0.43 vs. 1.37 ± 0.36, p = .02). Alda‐1 also adversely affected the gene expressions of kidney injury molecule‐1 and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (217 ± 38 vs. 99 ± 13 and 49 ± 13 vs. 20 ± 5, respectively, p < .05 for both) and the alterations in tumor necrosis factor‐α, transforming growth factor‐β1, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, fibronectin 1 and p53 (4.4 ± 0.9 vs. 2.1 ± 0.3, 1.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.1, 30.0 ± 2.7 vs. 11.7 ± 2.3, 3.6 ± 0.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.2 and 1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.9 ± 0.07, respectively, p ≤ .05 for all). This was associated with intratubular crystal deposition suggestive of crystalline nephropathy. Alda‐1 exacerbated the IRI‐induced renal tubular dysfunction and alterations in markers of acute kidney injury, biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis and apoptosis and this was associated with intratubular crystal deposition suggestive of crystalline nephropathy.
Early parenting predicts hippocampal subregion volume via stress reactivity in childhood
Authors: Blankenship Sarah L. , Chad‐Friedman Emma , Riggins Tracy , Dougherty Lea R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRodent models indicate that parenting shapes offspring outcomes by programming the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress and, ultimately, altering brain structure and function. The present study tested this hypothesis and explored possible timing‐dependent associations in a longitudinal sample of children (N = 63). At Time 1 (M = 4.23 ± 0.84 years) and Time 2 (M = 7.20 ± 0.89 years), children completed parent–child interaction tasks and a laboratory stressor after which salivary cortisol samples were collected. At Time 2, children also completed a structural MRI. Analyses revealed timing‐ and region‐dependent associations between early and concurrent parenting and cortisol reactivity and hippocampal subregion volumes. Moreover, greater negative parenting during early childhood predicted greater cortisol reactivity three years later, which, in turn, led to reduced left hippocampal tail volume. Findings suggest that the hippocampus is sensitive to environmental influences during early childhood, a result that parallels findings from rodent models.
Microfluidic electrochemical immunosensor for the trace analysis of cocaine in water and body fluids
Authors: Abdelshafi Nahla A. , Bell Jérémy , Rurack Knut , Schneider Rudolf J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuick but accurate testing and on‐the‐spot monitoring of cocaine in oral fluids and urine continues to be an important toxicological issue. In terms of drug testing, a number of devices have been introduced into the market in recent decades, notably for workplace inspection or roadside testing. However, these systems do not always fulfill the requirements in terms of reliability, especially when low cut‐off levels are required. With respect to surface water, the presence of anthropogenic small organic molecules such as prescription and over‐the‐counter pharmaceuticals as well as illicit drugs like cannabinoids, heroin, or cocaine, has become a challenge for scientists to develop new analytical tools for screening and on‐site analysis because many of them serve as markers for anthropogenic input and consumer behavior. Here, a modular approach for the detection of cocaine is presented, integrating an electrochemical enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) performed on antibody‐grafted magnetic beads in a hybrid microfluidic sensor utilizing flexible tubing, static chip and screen‐printed electrode (SPE) elements for incubation, recognition, and cyclic voltammetry measurements. A linear response of the sensor vs. the logarithm of cocaine concentration was obtained with a limit of detection of 0.15 ng/L. Within an overall assay time of 25 minutes, concentrations down to 1 ng/L could be reliably determined in water, oral fluids, and urine, the system possessing a dynamic working range up to 1 mg/L.
Raw regulates glial population of the eye imaginal disc
Authors: Hans Victoria R. , Wendt Taylor I. , Patel Asmabanu M. , Patel Mit M. , Perez Luselena , Talbot Danielle E. , Jemc Jennifer C. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryGlia are critical for proper development, support, and function of the nervous system. The Drosophila eye has proven an excellent model for gaining significant insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating glial development and function. Recent studies have demonstrated that Raw is required in glia of the central and peripheral nervous systems; however, the function of Raw in glia of the developing eye has not been explored. These studies demonstrate that raw knockdown results in a reduction in the number of glia in the third instar eye imaginal disc and reduced glial spreading across the field of differentiating photoreceptor neurons. Expression of a raw enhancer trap reveals that raw is expressed in eye disc glia. Exploration of the mechanism by which raw knockdown results in glial reduction reveals that Raw is required for glial proliferation and migration into the eye disc. In addition, Raw negatively regulates Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling in glia of the developing eye and increased JNK signaling results in a reduction in the number of glia populating the eye disc, similar to that observed upon raw knockdown. Thus, Raw functions as a critical regulator of glial population of the eye imaginal disc by regulating glial proliferation and migration and inhibiting JNK signaling.
Spatial scale‐dependent phylogenetic signal in species distributions along geographic and elevation gradients in a mountainous rangeland
Authors: Pashirzad Maral , Ejtehadi Hamid , Vaezi Jamil , Shefferson Richard P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe mechanisms determining community phylogenetic structure range from local ecological mechanisms to broad biogeographical processes. How these community assembly processes determine phylogenetic structure and patterns in rangeland communities across multiple spatial scales is still poorly understood. We sought to determine whether the structure of herbaceous and shrub assemblages along local environmental gradients (elevation) and broad geography (latitude) exhibited phylogenetic signal at different spatial scales, across 2,500 ha of a mountainous rangeland. We analyzed species distribution and phylogenetic data at two spatial scales: the community level (1 m2 sample units obtained by stratified random sampling) and the habitat level (plant assemblages identified categorically based on environmental and geographical variables). We found significant phylogenetic signal in structure and pattern at both spatial scales, along local elevational, and latitudinal gradients. Moreover, beta diversity was affected by different environmental variables in herbaceous and shrub species distributions across different spatial scales. Our results highlight the relative importance of local ecological mechanisms, including niche‐based deterministic processes (environmental filtering and species interactions) as well as those of biogeographical processes, such as stochastic dispersal limitation and habitat specialization in plant assemblages of mountainous rangeland.
Extensive diversity of malaria parasites circulating in Central African bats and monkeys
Authors: Boundenga Larson , Ngoubangoye Barthélémy , Mombo Illich Manfred , Tsoubmou Thierry Audrey , Renaud François , Rougeron Virginie , Prugnolle Franck 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe order Haemosporidia gathers many protozoan parasites which are known to infect many host species and groups. Until recently, the studies on haemosporidian parasites primarily focused on the genus Plasmodium among a wide range of hosts. Genera, like the genus Hepatocystis, have received far less attention. In the present study, we present results of a survey of the diversity of Hepatocystis infecting bats and monkeys living in a same area in Gabon (Central Africa). Phylogenetic analyses revealed a large diversity of Hepatocystis lineages circulating among bats and monkeys, among which certain were previously observed in other African areas. Both groups of hosts harbor parasites belonging to distinct genetic clades and no transfers of parasites were observed between bats and monkeys. Finally, within each host group, no host specificity or geographical clustering was observed for the bat or the primate Hepatocystis lineages.
Functional diversity metrics detect spatio‐temporal changes in the fish communities of a Caribbean marine protected area
Authors: Rincón‐Díaz Martha Patricia , Pittman Simon J. , Arismendi Ivan , Heppell Selina S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFunctional diversity (FD) metrics quantify the trait diversity in biological assemblages and act as a proxy for the diverse ecological functions performed in the community. Analyses of FD offer a potentially useful tool to identify functional changes in diverse, complex, and disturbed marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, yet this metric is rarely applied to evaluate community change. Here, we documented spatio‐temporal variability in the trophic function of fish assemblages to identify changes in coral reef communities inside the Buck Island Reef National Monument (BIRNM) in the U.S. Virgin Islands between 2002 and 2010, which included an intense coral bleaching event in 2005. We combined six trait categories related to the trophic function of 95 fish species together with species biomass estimated from underwater surveys to calculate assemblage‐level descriptors of functional richness (FRic), dispersion (FDis), and evenness. We tested the effects of habitat type, time, and their interaction on fish FD using a non−parametric permutational multivariate analysis of variance. We found statistically significant differences for FRic and FDis between habitat types and survey years. Coral reef and other hard bottom areas supported highest levels of trophic functional richness and variation, but low functional redundancy. Fish species exhibited high functional uniqueness within the functional trait space suggesting that a significant decline in fish diversity in the BIRNM would likely result in loss of trophic functions from the fish community. Detection of temporal variations in functional trait composition subsequent to the mass coral bleaching event in 2005 indicates that FD descriptors are sensitive enough to track shifts in the emergent trophic organization of fish communities. In the BIRNM, the trophic organization in fish assemblages did not return to the pre‐bleaching state even after five years of monitoring. We demonstrate a novel way to monitor resilience to disturbance by plotting and tracking the centroid of the functional trait space through time. Our findings demonstrate the utility of FD descriptors to evaluate changes to the functional integrity of diverse and spatially heterogeneous habitat structure across the seascape.