bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing Policy in Slovakia
Authors: Rentkova Katarína , Gejdos Pavol 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The need for housing is the basic physiological need of a person. The level of satisfaction of housing needs corresponds to the degree of socio-economic development of the given society. The basic criteria are the quality of housing, the availability of housing, the type of ownership, the possibility of purchasing own housing, the financial support and the financial possibilities of the individual / household. A suitable market environment created by the state is also a prerequisite for satisfying the need for housing. The mission of the state is to create an appropriate market environment that combines economic, social and environmental factors. This is the concept of sustainable housing. The analysis focuses on Slovakia and deals in more detail with responsibility and the position of self-government/municipalities in the context of Slovak housing policy. The paper is processed by using a wide scale of the scientific methods and procedures. The first part is based on preparation and explanation of key terms, such as the housing policy, concept of sustainable housing and state housing policy in Slovakia. The paper was elaborated on the basis of a study of related legislation, in particular the Act on the State Fund for Housing Development and the Concept of State Housing Policy - the State Document for the Housing Area. Methodology contains of identification of research assumptions, as well as methods and sources used in the paper. Results part consists of the main findings and is prepared by using a comparative and causal analysis. Statistical data was used to analyse the current state of housing in Slovakia. Prospects housing development in Slovakia are developed by the resulting trends and processing the statistics and are presented at the end of paper.
Water Quality Evolution in Gozna and Secu Reservoirs, Semenic Mountains, Romania
Authors: Armas Andrei , Beilicci Robert , Beilicci Erika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Knowing and tracking the evolution of water quality in reservoirs is very important, especially if one of the functions of the reservoir is to provide the water supply to the localities. The chemical, thermal and physical changes which the flowing water undergoes when it is stilled through hydrotechnical structures, like dams, can seriously contaminate water from the reservoir and the river downstream. The grade of deterioration in the water quality is in general related to the retention time of the reservoir, its storage capacity in relation to the amount of water flowing into it. The parameters of water quality determine the treatment technology and implicit, influence the cost of drinking water. Gozna and Secu reservoirs are located in the Semenic Mountains, were built as multi-purpose systems for water management. Their purpose was to produce hydropower, to supply drinking water to Resita city, mitigate flood waves and to be used as recreational areas. In this paper, the evolution of water quality on both reservoirs is analyzed based on the water samples collected over 11 years’ time period (2001 - 2011). The main water quality parameters from these reservoirs are: water transparency, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, CBO5, CCOMn/O2, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, density, suspensions. On the base of the obtained results from the water quality evolution process analysis, the specialists in the domain can anticipate the problems, causes of water quality degradation and can establish the adequate measures for water quality conservation and improvement. Today, worldwide, is an increasing interest in the reservoir water quality since the water resources are not expanding as fast as the water demands. Because the fresh water becomes more limited (due to pollution, climate change etc.), the quality of the water becomes increasingly important.
The Impact of Timber Roof Framework Over Historical Masonry Structures
Authors: Onescu Eugen , Onescu Iasmina , Mosoarca Marius 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Romania is a European country, crossed by Carpathian Mountains and Danube River, with two important seismic zones. First and most dangerous one is Vrancea zone, near the capital of the country, Bucharest. The second most important seismic area is Banat, characterized by shallow earthquakes and a peak ground acceleration of 0.2. The most important city located in the second seismic zone is Timisoara, a city known in the past as Castrum Regium Themes which dates from 1212. Timisoara has been influenced by many cultures, such as Ottoman, Hungarian and Austrian, influence that can be seen also through the architecture of the city, especially in the historical zones, characterized by 1-4 storey masonry buildings with very complex and elegant timber roof framework. The dominant architectural styles are Secession and Art Nouveau. During the life period of the historical buildings, there were registered few seismic events, but the actual state of the buildings is a good one, with small problems caused by lack of proper maintenance or time-passing over construction materials. The global good behaviour of the buildings from the historical areas of Timisoara, despite the small seismic site-source distance and epicentral depth, remained a subject of interest for years. This article studies if and how the existence of such a complex timber roof framework influence the seismic behaviour of the masonry structure and entire building. The study was made based on non-linear analysis obtained with Tremuri software, determining the seismic vulnerability of the case study buildings with and without considering the timber roof. In the context of Timisoara European Capital of Culture 2021, the assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the most important buildings of the city is highly relevant. In the same time, considering the actual trend of replacing the historical timber roof framework with more modern structures, there is mandatory to understand how this specific timber structure contributes to the structural integrity of the historical masonry buildings.
Education in the Landscape of Historic Urban Systems from the UNESCO World Heritage Lists
Authors: Antolak Mariusz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Education in space is usually associated with nature and takes place in educational paths, in botanical and zoological gardens and other similar spaces. However, education takes place in the open landscape also in other fields. One of them is architecture and urban planning. The aim of the work is to present the results of the research on the issue of education in the landscape of the historic urban systems and discussion on the phenomenon of open space education. 10 objects from Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, Chile, Kenya, Seychelles and Cape Verde inscribed or proposed for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List were selected for the analysis. The article presents a case study of representative facilities - historic urban systems of towns, villages, concentration camps and mission settlements. The content of the information boards located in these places was analysed and the basic information about these objects was summarized in a tabular form. A catalogue of examples of design, exhibition and educational solutions was prepared. Despite the fact that these places have not been inhabited for a long time, in most cases, they are still lively and are visited by tourists from all over the world. The way of spatial development of the analysed objects is diverse and usually consistent with the surrounding space. The content presented on the information boards is, however, clichéd and boring, and the tourists are not willing to acquaint with them. The research shows that the old urban layouts have a great tourist potential. The greater number of tourists poses a threat to the historic systems, but it is also an opportunity for the more effective society education in the field of architecture and urban planning. Tourists expect modern forms of content presentation, and knowledge is most easily absorbed in practice - in the open space. Presentation of too much information is not recommended, and the selection of information materials should be consulted with the potential users of these facilities.
Impact of Additives on the Foamability of a Road Paving Bitumen
Authors: Iwanski Mateusz M , Chomicz-Kowalska Anna , Maciejewski Krzysztof 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Because of the needs for the increased efficiency and environmental concerns that now emerge environmentally friendly techniques are more sought for and more commonly utilized in the road paving industry. Typical asphalt mixes are produced in temperatures exceeding 150˚C depending on the type of asphalt binder used, but new techniques are being developed, permitting decreased production and paving temperatures. One of the most effective techniques that are being studied are the Warm Mix Asphalt and Half Warm Mix Asphalt methods utilizing water based bitumen foaming that allow production of asphalt mixes at temperatures as low as 100˚C. Due to the extremely low processing temperatures, it is often difficult to obtain satisfactory results regarding the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting mixes, specifically the resistance to moisture the damage and resistance to the permanent deformation being in concern. As these issues were found to be originating in the inadequate coating of aggregates, a surface active agent in amounts of 0, 2% - 0, 6% and synthetic wax in amounts of 1, 0% - 2, 5% were added to 50/70 paving bitumen to improve its foamability and coating potential. Foaming characteristics were established in terms of bitumen foam expansion ratio ER and its half-life HL as a function of foaming water content ranging from 1, 5% to 4, 0%. It was found that the addition of surface active agent in the amount of 0, 6% resulted in the most favourable foaming performance at 2, 5% foaming water content, resulting in a doubling in expansion ratio and more than a 2, 5 times increase in half-life compared to the base bitumen. It is believed that the improved foaming characteristics of the bitumen would significantly benefit the performance of a subsequent warm or half-warm asphalt mix.
Examination of Concrete Elements Bending Strength Reinforced by Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste
Authors: Kinasz Roman , Bilozir Vitaliy , Shmyh Roman , Bilozir Volodymyr , Bidenko Ivanna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Ukrainian enterprises of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) waste recycling are still capable of processing only 1 thousand tons, and more than 10 thousand tons of PET granulate are imported to Ukraine every month. Therefore, the issue of reuse and disposal of used polyethylene terephthalate, especially in construction, is one of paramount importance. The aim of the research is experimental-theoretical study of the strength of bending of prisms, reinforced with fibers and strip reinforcement of used PET bottles. Objectives of the research: the study of the percentage of reinforcing fibers in volume (1% and 1.5%) influence on the flexural strength of concrete reinforced prisms, and the possibility of using ribbon reinforcement from used PET bottles for bending concrete elements, elaboration of proposals for the deformation method of calculation of PET fibrobone bent elements. In this research the experimental methods for determining the bending strength of prisms, reinforced by fibrous, trips and PET waste tapes; methods of materials resistance theory have been used. During the research, two concrete prisms of 400x100x10 mm were constructed and tested for compression together with two concrete prisms of three-point bend for a run of 350 mm, two PET-fibrous concrete prisms for bending with percentages of reinforcement in volume of 1% and 1, 5% and two prisms for bending, reinforced with glued PET strips, with 1% reinforcement per section area. As a disperse reinforcement, pre-fabricated PET bottles of 50x3x0.2 mm were used, designed in way that the required length of sealing in the concrete is no longer than half the length of the fibers. Strip fittings are made of 4 fragments of PET bottles of 200x80x0.25 mm in size, glued with cyanacrylate adhesive with each other, and 2 fragments of 120x80x0.2 mm in size, which glued on both ends to 4 glued sheets with a length of 30 mm. Thus, the total length of the reinforcing strip is equal to 380 mm. At the final sections of the tapes, 6 openings with a diameter of 5 mm were punched to improve the anchoring. The reinforcing strips were placed in the forms located 10 mm from the lower edge. According to the results of the tests, the average cubic strength of concrete is 31.21 MPa, of prisms - 23.23 MPa, the initial module of deformation - 28.02·103 MPa. The flexural strength of prisms without a fibre is 58.54 kN·cm, with 1% fibers in volume - 64.31 kN·cm, with 1.5% fibers in volume - 71.84 kN·cm, and of prisms, reinforced with glued PET ribbons – 79.80 kN·cm. As a result of the tests, it was demonstrated that the strength of the tapes was not used properly, and the fracture was fragile due to the loss of adhesion to concrete. Analysis of the results of experimental studies allowed us to develop a deformation methodology of calculating PET-fiber-concrete bending elements.
Contributions for the Rehabilitation of the Castro da Senhora do Bom Sucesso - Mangualde (Portugal)
Authors: Gomes Rodrigues M. V. , Ferreira Gomes L. M. , Cabral de Carvalho A. B. , Miranda Beato C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Portugal is undoubtedly, a destination for the practice of Nature Tourism, containing a vast and rich natural, historical and cultural heritage. This settlement, Castro of Senhora do Bom Sucesso is a place where the surrounding landscape stands out with several mountains around it, in an environment where the flora and fauna, characteristics of this region, stand out. The whole history of the place, refers to a certain period of the past, valuing it and able to make the experience that the Nature Tourism can provide even better. Being one of the highest places in the central region of Portugal, it is for many people, a special place of enjoyment and relaxation. In this place, hundreds of years ago, there were between 80 and 100 houses of ancient people from the Celtic culture. Later, due to the abandonment by Men, these houses became disused, falling into a rapid decay process with the collapse of walls and roofs, making the roads impassable and the place covered with vegetation. Thus, in this work, in methodological terms, based on literature review, the collection of cartographic elements of the place, and in the field and cabinet studies, it was possible to develop an investigation on the Military Heritage of the region, in order to analyze in detail, the relation of the nature of the place with the architecture. This work resulted in a proposal for the site of the former Castro do Bom Sucesso, with the main objective of creating an Ecotourism Park, around the Celtic culture and autochthonous nature, organized in the following main equipment: i) Reception of the Ecotourism Park; (ii) “Celtic Bungalows”; iii) Celtic Interpretation Center; iv) biological pool and v) Camping. The paper presents the main elements developed, from the design to the form and location of the equipment that, to be built, is believed to improve the regional economy through a scientific, didactic, cultural and sustainable tourism.
Vertical Load Generated by Walking Person – Comparative Analysis of Selected Load Models
Authors: Pantak Marek , Marecik Kinga 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The natural vibration frequencies of footbridges with a span length greater than 30 m are very often less than 5.00 Hz. This increases the risk of excitation of vibrations of these footbridges by their users and entails the need to perform their dynamic analyses with the use of appropriate models of the dynamic loads generated by pedestrians. The accurateness of estimation of the value of dynamic loads acting on the structure is one of the important issues from the point of view of the accuracy of dynamic analyses. In the paper, the results of comparative analyses of five selected mathematical models of vertical ground reaction forces (VGRFs) were presented. The modelled forces were compared with the VGRFs acquired during the laboratory measurements of the forces generated by walking people. Moreover, the dynamic analyses of single degree of freedom system (SDOF) were carried out to assess the differences between the dynamic responses caused by analysed load models. Performed analyses showed a good agreement between the time courses of the estimated and measured VGRFs. Nevertheless, because of the simplifications adopted in the individual models some of them allow predicting the lower limit and the other upper limit of the dynamic response of the structure.
Properties of a bond between the steel reinforcement and the new generation concretes – a review
Authors: Kucharska Milena , Jaskowska-Lemanska Justyna 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe constant development of civil engineering has led to the creation of new generation concretes. Normal concrete is modified in order to provide a plethora of new properties, such as better mechanical characteristics, increased durability and lower environmental impact. This paper presents a literature review of bond behaviour in the new generation concretes, in particular high-performance concrete (HPC), self-compacting concrete (SCC) and high-performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC). The bond strength test procedures, as well as bond-slip models, are presented. However, these methods are not entirely accurate in the case of new generation concretes due to various modifications of the materials. The scope of the research included, among other things, the influence of material choice on the bond properties. The paper also delineates the impact of compressive strength of the bond properties in the case of new generation concretes. Last but not least, the effect of rebar location is analysed. The study shows several differences in the bond behaviour of the new generation concretes and normal concrete under investigation.
Comparison of Protective Properties of Concretes with Low Alkali Cement
Authors: Szweda Zofia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Diffusion process determines the rate of chloride ions penetration in concrete and therefore diffusion coefficient values play a major role in the evaluation of protective properties in concrete with reference to reinforcement. This paper describes tests on protective properties of concrete cover made of ordinary concrete and different types of low alkali cement. The tests on four types of concrete mix which differed in a type of used cement was performed. The following types of cement were applied: in concrete C1 - cement CEM I 42.5 R characterised by high heat of hydration, rapid increase in strength and high early strength. In concrete C2 – cement CEM III/A 32.5 N-LH/HSR/NA characterised by high resistance to chemical aggression. In concrete C3 – cement CEM I 42.5 N/SR3/NA with high chemical resistance, particularly to sulphate corrosion, low content of Na2O alkali, tricalcium aluminate C3A and aluminium oxide Al2O3. In concrete C4 – cement CEM IV/B (V) 32.5 R – LH/NA characterised by a stable increase in strength, increased strength during longer stages of concrete curing. Protective properties of concrete cover for reinforcing steel were specified by determining values of chloride diffusion coefficients describing flow rate of chloride ions in wet concrete. Chloride diffusion coefficients were determined on the basis of the thermodynamic model of chloride flow in the electric field. Migration tests in the electric field were used to determine diffusion coefficients. Then, distribution of chloride concentrations in diffusion tests with the forecast distribution of chloride concentrations, taking into account the obtained values of chloride concentrations was compared. Consequently, reliable values of diffusion coefficients were determined. Also the forecast durability of concrete structure made of tested types of concrete was specified.
Waste Reduction by Lean Construction - Office Building Case Study
Authors: Nowotarski Piotr , Paslawski Jerzy , Skwarek Jedrzej 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The proper organization and planning of building processes plays an increasingly important role in building projects, and appropriate management is becoming a more frequent problem. Tools of quality management are very often used in other areas of business, such as automotive, aerospace and production, unfortunately, rarely in the field of construction. The main goal of this article is to show that individual quality management tools and Lean Construction tools can be used in construction, and their use brings significant and visible benefits. Authors present their work as an example of implementing these tools in building processes at the construction of Pixel office buildings in Poznań. Authors present the basic concepts related to quality management and the tools used in the field of Lean Construction as well as assumptions of Lean Management. This aims to introduce the reader to the main concept, assumptions and allows to learn the principles of lean management. The reader needs to be aware, that all company employees and suppliers must be involved in introducing Lean Management to the enterprise, starting with the owner and ending with the employee. It is not possible to implement a lean philosophy into a company, without understanding the basics and purpose for which they were introduced. Practical part of the article is devoted to a detailed analysis construction process using the well-known Six Sigma cycle DMAIC - an abbreviation of the words: Define - Measure - Analyze - Improve - Control. The analysis was carried out on the basis of own knowledge and interviews with the construction management and employees of subcontracting companies present at the construction site. Results are presented in the form of conclusions. It can be said that using quality management tools (mainly Lean Management principles) it is possible to visibly improve building processes and it is likely to achieve better financial and time results during execution of works.