bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollen Quantity and Viability Affect Seed Yields from Controlled Pollinations of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Matthews Fred R. , Bramlett David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four quantities (0.25 to 2.00 cm3) and seven viabilities (0 to 89%) of loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) pollen were evaluated in all combinations for their effect on seed yields after use in controlled pollinations. Yields of developed and filled seeds as well as apparent pollination effectiveness were more strongly due to increasing viability than to increasing pollen quantity. The percent of filled seeds was only slightly affected by either pollen viability or quantity. Increased quantities of pollen with viability of less than 50% resulted in only minor increases in seed yields. To compensate for low viability of pollen lots, pine breeders should increase the number of flowers pollinated rather than the quantity of pollen per bag.
South. J. Appl. For. 10:78-80, May 1986.
Performance of Livingston Parish Loblolly Pine in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Powers H. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedlings of Livingston Parish (Louisiana) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) have been widely used across the Gulf and south Atlantic Coastal Plain to reduce the damage caused by the fusiform rust disease. Since this seed-source material provided the first rust-resistant seedlings available to forestland managers, it was used wherever rust damage was heavy, in some cases into the Piedmont north of the recommended area of planting. This paper evaluates the performance of ten-year-old Livingston Parish trees in such an area. The rust resistance of the Livingston Parish trees was outstanding, with 83% being free of disease as compared with only 14% of the commercial controls. There was no difference in growth between the two groups of trees, and ice breakage was not significantly greater in the Livingston Parish trees.
South. J. Appl. For. 10:84-87, May 1986.
Root System Considerations in the Quality of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Carlson W. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A series of studies was carried out to determine quantitative relationships between root system quality parameters and ability to take up water, and expand the root system into adjacent soil. Root system size, described by displacement of water (i.e., root volume), determines the potential for water uptake prior to new root growth. Seedlings of comparatively high root volume also have superior root growth potential (RGP). After new root growth, the potential for water uptake is proportional to the number of new roots produced. The beginning of rapid root growth after planting is dependent on soil temperature. Root growth potential rank of open-pollinated families can change with soil temperature, which also alters RGP within family. Nursery practices that favor production of seedlings with high root volume and high RGP will increase the quality of seedlings of a given height.
South. J. Appl. For. 10:87-92, May 1986.
Impact of Annosus Root Rot Minimal 22 Years After Planting Pines on Root Rot Infested Sites
Authors: Kuhlman E. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mortality due to annosus root rot among trees of seven species on two sites was 6% or less by age ten. Previous stands on these sites had been clearcut because the disease was widespread. After 22 years neither basidiocarps of Heterobasidion annosum nor trees with symptoms of annosus root rot were present in the plantations. Planted seedlings of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), and eastern white (P. strobus L.) pines survived well and at age 22 provided fully stocked to overstocked stands with good basal area and average dbh. Plots direct seeded with loblolly were fully stocked, whereas seeded slash and longleaf plots have always been poorly stocked. Annosus root rot is not a serious threat to regeneration on annosus infested sites.
South J. Appl. For. 10:96-98, May 1986.
Slash Pine Growth and Yield Responses to Sludge Applications
Authors: Riekerk H. , Lutrick M. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sewage sludge was applied to forestland to test the effect of waste utilization on forest growth and yield improvement. Growth and yield improvement were associated with increased acidity and extractable phosphorus (P) in the surface sail. Heavy metal mobility was minimal. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) volume growth and yield improvement were significant at 0.035 ft3/yr and 8.0 ft3/ac/yr, respectively, for each 10 tons/ac of dry weight sludge. Sludge application after tree establishment improved growth by 0.054 ft3/yr and yield by 28.9 ft3/ac/yr. This was a two- to three-fold increase over sludge treatment before tree establishment. Differences were attributed to increased weed competition, disease, and seedling mortality in the pines planted after sludge treatment. Lower sludge rates frequently applied to established stand would be the best procedure for forest growth and yield improvement with a minimum of site problems. South. J. Appl. For. 10:142-45, Aug. 1986.
Influences of Forest Fertilization on South Carolina Deer Forage Quality
Authors: Wood Gene W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growing season application of high phosphate fertilizers to pine stands in South Carolina improved the nutritional value of foliage of some woody species for one to two years. Improvements in forage quality were more frequent on Coastal Plain than on Piedmont sites. The most important change was in increased levels of P in Coastal Plain forages, which are generally low in this nutrient. South. J. Appl. For. 10:203-206, Nov. 1986.
Tree Profile and Volume Ratio Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees on Cutover Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Ledbetter Julia R. , Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are presented for predicting the height and cubic foot volume (ib or ob) to any top diameter limit (ib or ob) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown on cutover site-prepared lands. Example applications of the equations are given. South. J. Appl. For. 10:241-244, Nov. 1986.
Developmental Patterns of Residual Oaks and Oak and Yellow-Poplar Regeneration After Release in Upland Hardwood Stands
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Representative plots in four mixed species, upland hardwood stands in the North Carolina Piedmont were reconstructed to determine height and diameter development patterns. The reconstructed stands were typical of those found in the southeastern United States with variable age structures but still predominantly even-aged. In all four sample plots yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) dominated the oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickories (Carya spp.) for at least 80 years, even when the oaks and hickories were older, residual stems originating before the disturbance that initiated the stand. Suppressed, residual oaks, released by the disturbance, grew more slowly and were of poorer quality and less desirable for commercial uses than the younger oaks, which began height growth immediately after this disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 10:244-248, Nov. 1986.
An Example of Site Classification in the Southeastern Coastal Plain Based on Vegetation and Land Type¹
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Jones S. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A site classification system based on vegetation and land type was developed for the Savannah River Plant (SRP) in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Different positions of the landscape support distinctive plant communities. Late successional plant communities and their immediate predecessors were identified on eight site types along a moisture gradient ranging from dry, sandy uplands to flooded bottoms. Late successional, near-stable plant communities, even in the highly disturbed forest ecosystems of the Southeast, act as integrators of environmental factors to reflectsite potential. Vegetation can supplement information on soils and topography in the delineation and classification of forest sites. Knowledge of site-vegetative relationships would be especially useful in making management decisions regarding wildlife habitat evaluation, hazard rating for insects, diseases, and fires, and estimating potential uses for recreation. Application of the system by practicing foresters is discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):23-28.
Impact of Season of Harvest and Site Quality on Cut-Stump Treatment of Piedmont Hardwoods
Authors: Zedaker Shepard M. , Lewis² James B. , Smith David Wm. , Kreh Richard E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Herbicide treatments were made to the cambial area of Piedmont hardwoods immediately after chainsaw clear-felling using Roundup® Velpar L ®, Tordon 101R®, Garlon 3A®, and Banvel CST®. Evaluations of the materials used were based on both percent kill of treated stumps and percent control of sprouting. Efficacy was determined for stumps treated during the dormant and growing season and for those growing on good versus poor sites. The interaction between herbicide and season of harvest was significant, with Tordon 101R, Velpar L, and Banvel CST all performing better on the dormant season-harvested areas. Garlon 3A and Roundup gave slightly better control of sprouting on the growing season-harvested areas. Based on percent kill, the Roundup, Garlon 3A, and Tordon 101R treatments were significantly more effective in controlling resprouting than the Velpar L and Banvel CST treatments. Two years after treatment, plots receiving the herbicide treatments had significantly less hardwood competition present. The hardwood basal area averaged 16.1 ft²/ac on untreated areas as opposed to 7.0 ft²/ac on the stump treated areas. South.J. AppL For. 11(1):46-49.
Effect of Storage of Loblolly and Slash Pine Cones on Seed Quality
Authors: Bonner F. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of cone storage on seed quality were evaluated in studies conducted in Mississippi and Alabama on drying rates and storage conditions (bag vs. crate). The drying study found that: (1) Cone drying was equally rapid in indoor and outdoor covered conditions and slower in unprotected outdoor conditions; (2) seed extraction efficiency was significantly affected by all treatments with the best efficiency from cones stored outdoors unprotected; and (3) germination rate was more sensitive to treatment conditions than total germination. The second study compared burlap bagsto 20-bushel wirebound crates as storage containers for loblolly (Pinus–taeda L.) or slash (P. elliottii Engelm.) pine cones stored for varying periods. Study results reveal that (1) either bags or crates provide satisfactory storage if handled properly and (2) cone storage (4 weeks for slash,5 to 7 weeks for loblolly) enhances seed quality through apparent improved maturation. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):59-65.
Economic Aspects of Nursery Seed Efficiency
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Advancements in forest nursery management practices are directly tied to the value of the seeds used. When seed value is low and seeds are plentiful (as with wild seeds), old nursery practices that produce 5 plantable seedlings for 10 pure live seeds sown may be economically acceptable.However, with genetically improved seeds having a present value of 2 to 10 cents per seed, better nursery practices must be employed to provide optimum seed utilization. At some nurseries that produce 25 million seedlings and with seed costs of 0.5 cents per pure live seed, increasing nurseryseed efficiency by 10% could result in saving more than $20,000 annually. Also, if increasing nursery seed efficiency results in planting an additional 3,500 acres with improved seedlings, the increase in present value of future volume gains could easily amount to $90,000 peryear. To achieve the goal of producing 8 to 9 seedlings for every 10 pure live seeds sown, forest nurseries must have adequate funding to maintain the best personnel and equipment. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):106-109.
Relationship Between Initial Seedling Height and Survival and Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings Planted During a Droughty Year
Authors: Tuttle C. L. , South D. B. , Golden M. S. , Meldahl R. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling height (measured immediately following planting) was significantly related to survival after two growing seasons. This relationship was negative on sites classified as adverse, with shorter seedlings having better survival than taller ones. Onnonadverse sites, taller seedlings survived as well or better than shorter seedlings. On all sites, initial height was inversely related to total seedling height growth during the first two seasons, permitting shorter seedlings at planting to reach the same total height as taller ones by agetwo. As a result, at age two, initial field height was not significantly related to total height. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):139-143.
Measuring Wildfire Impacts: Method and Case Study
Authors: Mills W. L. , Shnitzler S. D. , Meldahl R. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A discounted cash flow model called the Impact Appraisal Model (IAM) computes the economic impact due to a change in timber production caused by a wildfire. Data requirements for the IAM can be obtained using standard inventory procedures to estimate the pre- and post-fire stand conditionsneeded to initiate a growth and yield simulator. The model is demonstrated using five loblolly plantations that burned in 1980 and 1981. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):143-147.
Taking Increment Cores with Power Tools
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High-quality increment cores can now be extracted from trees by powering increment borers, with light-weight generators to operate electric drills or by using engine-powered drills that weigh less than 9 lb but develop 1.2 hp. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):151-153.
Five Fusiform Rust-Resistant Seed Sources in Coastal South Carolina: A Field Comparison
Authors: Powers H. R. , Matthews F. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bulk collections of seeds from five fusiform rust-resistant sources of loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (P. elliottii var. elliottii) pines were tested for disease resistance and growth potential in coastal South Carolina. Texas and Arkansas loblolly had significantly less rust than trees from other seed sources, although all five resistant sources had significantly less rust infection than commercial checks. Texas loblolly has excellent height growth and was not significantly different from the top-ranked loblolly commercial checks. Arkansas loblolly, although excellent for rust resistance, attained the least height. Trees from the loblolly and slash pine rust-resistant orchards also had good growth and rust resistance. Livingston Parch (Louisiana) loblolly seedlings, which have been widely planted in the South, were not significantly different from the rust-resistant loblolly orchard seedlings in either growth or rust infection. Survival of all seed sources in the test was satisfactory; however, the Livingston Parish and slash commercial check had significantly fewer surviving trees. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):198-201.
Adoption of Silvicultural Practices by Opinion Leaders Who own Nonindustrial Private Forestland
Authors: Haymond Jacqueline L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sixty-three opinion leaders who are nonindustrial private forestland owners in eight rural South Carolina Piedmont counties were interviewed. The number of silvicultural practices used depended on the size of forestland ownership but not on present age, income, or management tenure of owners. The number of practices used was related positively to the owner's professed importance of the value of improving the forest for uses other than timber production. Neither the importance of cost in adopting a practice nor the ease of application were related statistically to silvicultural activity. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):20-23.
Genetic Strategies for Reducing Pitch Canker Incidence in Slash Pine
Authors: Rockwood D. L. , Blakeslee G. M. , Lowerts G. A. , Underhill E. M. , Oak S. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seedlings or ramets from 224 slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) clones were evaluated for resistance to the pitch canker fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reink. (FMS). Heritabilities and associated genetic gains calculated in five field tests suggest that pitch canker incidence can be reduced through appropriate genetic strategies. Three short-term strategies may be used to reduce incidence: use of an east-central Florida seed source, use of seed from resistant clones in existing orchards, and use of seed from seed production areas developed in epidemic areas. Longer term strategies involving new clonal orchards are predicted to decrease incidence significantly. Pitch canker resistance does not appear to be genetically related to good growth or to resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):28-32.
Stand-Level Cubic-Foot Volume Ratio Equations for Planted Loblolly Pine on Site-Prepared Land in the Mid-South Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Ledbetter Julia R. , Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Volume ratio predictor equations are presented for calculating cubic foot volumes per acre to any top diameter limit in loblolly pine plantations on cutover site-prepared land. An illustrative example of the application of the equations is presented. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):7-11.
Profits from Growing Virginia Pine Christmas Trees in Louisiana
Authors: Hu Shih-Chang , Burns P. Y. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Costs and returns involved in growing Virgina pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) Christmas trees are presented as a guide to estimating profit from this enterprise. With the assumptions made, based on research and grower experience in southern Louisiana, the net profit was computed to be $481/ac/yr and the internal rate of return to be 38% for a four-year rotation. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):122-124.
Decision-Making Criteria for Forest Fertilization in the Southeast: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Harding Bruce , Troth John L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An effective operational forest fertilization program requires diagnostic systems that accurately identify a site's nutrient status and also predict stand responses to fertilizers. Diagnostic criteria evaluated over the past 20 years have included visual symptoms, soil analysis, foliar analysis, soil groups, greenhouse studies, experimental fertilization trials, and empirical response models. Each system has associated advantages and limitations when applied on an operational level. The diagnostic techniques used by forest managers will depend on reliability, costs of time and materials, and technical skills needed for implementation. A survey of industrial organizations having operational forest fertilization programs indicated that most were using a combination of methods, in the belief that simultaneous use of several criteria improves the accuracy of diagnosis. In the Lower Coastal Plain, managers most frequently cited soil groups, soil analyses, soil drainage classes, and results from experimental field trials as reliable criteria for making "at-time-of-planting" prescriptions. Knowledge required to manage the nutrition of established stands was generally considered to be more complex. Foliar analysis, soil groups, soil drainage classes, stand attributes, and fertilizer field trials ranked highest in perceived reliability. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):153-160.
Predicting Residuals by Stand Condition and Type of Harvest
Authors: McMinn James W. , Clark Alexander , Loggins Tommy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In mixed pine-hardwood stands in central Georgia, the tonnage of all trees not designated for harvest accounted for 89% of the variation in tonnage of standing residuals after conventional harvesting. Standing residuals weighed 5.4 to 29.3 tons/ac after conventional harvests, but an additional 2 to 13 tons of broken and uprooted material and 1 to 8 tons of hardwood tops would hinder recovery. A whole-tree system, for which small stems were harvested first, recovered 16 to 43 tons/ac, which was 56 to 94% more material than would have been left standing after conventional harvest of the same areas. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):190-193.
Management of Loblolly Pine Clone Banks for Scion Production
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Sprague Jerry R. , Jett J. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Scion production in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clone bank was maximized when scions were clipped from lateral branches only (heavy pruning treatment) as compared to hedging trees or hedging trees plus spraying with benzylaminopurine. Since the growth of the heavily pruned trees was very similar to nonpruned or lightly pruned trees, the use of this treatment is recommended to increase scion production in young pine seed orchards and clone banks that will also be used for breeding. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):231-234.
The Delivery of Semiprimitive Outdoor Recreation Opportunities on the Chattahoochee National Forest and Variations in Timber Demand
Authors: Botkin Martin R. , Devine Hugh A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Chattahoochee Forest Planning Model was modified to include semiprimitive nontimber harvest management prescriptions that equalled the maximum annual production of recreation visitor days of the existing timber harvest prescriptions. The present net value formulation was resolved to determine if the inclusion of the nontimber harvest prescriptions would affect the model's allocation of semiprimitive outdoor recreation resources. The revised model was also subjected to a series of resource allocation sensitivity simulations in which the estimates of future timber demand were varied. The allocation of semiprimitive outdoor recreation resources was influenced by the new prescription only when timber demand was less than 100% of the current timber demand estimate. Actual maximum acreage allocation of semiprimitive resources was achieved when timber demand was 75% of the existing estimate. Doubling the timber demand estimate did not decrease the acres allocated to the semiprimitive resource on the Chattahoochee National Forest. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):246-252
Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth
Authors: Dicke Stephen G. , Toliver John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.
Growth of 65-Year-Old Shortleaf Pine after Hardwood Felling or Removal in a Mixed Stand
Authors: McMinn James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a 65-year-old shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and hardwood stand, hardwoods were felled and left lying at the stump or removed with a whole-tree harvest system. In the 5 years after treatment, residual pines responded in basal area growth to both removal and felling, but there was no significant difference in response between the two treatments. Magnitude of response was related to crown class and pretreatment growth. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):262-263.