bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth, development, and biomass partitioning of the perennial grain crop Thinopyrum intermedium
Authors: Jungers J.M. , Frahm C.S. , Tautges N.E. , Ehlke N.J. , Wells M.S. , Wyse D.L. , Sheaffer C.C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) is a perennial grass that is being domesticated and improved for use as a grain crop. As a perennial grain crop, intermediate wheatgrass has the potential to produce economically viable, food‐grade grain while providing environmental benefits such as reduced erosion and nitrate leaching. To guide agronomic activities for this new crop, more information on intermediate wheatgrass growth and development is needed. We sampled plants every 3–5 days throughout the growing season at three environments to measure growth and development in response to accumulating growing degree days (GDD). A numerical growth index was used to quantify morphological development. Growth index, plant height, biomass, height of the tallest node, and biomass partitioning to leaf, stem, and inflorescence were modelled as a function of GDD. We predicted dates (in GDD and day of the year) for critical morphological events as they relate to grain crop production using model equations. The fraction of total biomass allocated to leaves decreased and stems increased in response to GDD, and both components represented equal proportions of aboveground biomass at plant maturity. Growth and development was similar across environments, but variation in yield components (e.g., 50 seed weight, seed mass inflorescence−1) was observed. Our results provide the first quantification of growth and development of intermediate wheatgrass, and have application to growers seeking to determine optimal timing of agronomic practices, as well as crop modellers working to integrate new crops into simulation models. As intermediate wheatgrass expands as a perennial grain crop, growth and development should be measured in a broader range of temperature and precipitation conditions.
The relationship between pre‐operative hypertension and intra‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with postoperative morbidity
Authors: Crowther M. , van der Spuy K. , Roodt F. , Nejthardt M. B. , Davids J. G. , Roos J. , Cloete E. , Pretorius T. , Davies G. L. , van der Walt J. G. , van der Westhuizen C. , Flint M. , Swanevelder J. L. C. , Biccard B. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryHypertension is not consistently associated with postoperative cardiovascular morbidity and is therefore not considered a major peri‐operative risk factor. However, hypertension may predispose to peri‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with peri‐operative morbidity and mortality, such as intra‐operative hypotension and tachycardia. The objective of this study was to determine whether pre‐operative hypertension was independently associated with haemodynamic changes known to be associated with adverse peri‐operative outcomes. We performed a five‐day multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study which included all adult inpatients undergoing elective, non‐cardiac, non‐obstetric surgery. We recruited 343 patients of whom 164 (47.8%) were hypertensive. An intra‐operative mean arterial pressure of < 55 mmHg occurred in 59 (18.2%) patients, of which 25 (42.4%) were hypertensive. Intra‐operative tachycardia (heart rate> 100 beats.min−1) occurred in 126 (38.9%) patients, of whom 61 (48.4%) were hypertensive. Multivariable logistic regression did not show an independent association between the stage of hypertension and either clinically significant hypotension or tachycardia, when controlled for ASA physical status, functional status, major surgery, duration of surgery or blood transfusion. There was no association between pre‐operative hypertension and peri‐operative haemodynamic changes known to be associated with major morbidity and mortality. These data, therefore, support the recommendation of the Joint Guidelines of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) and the British Hypertension Society to proceed with elective surgery if a patient's blood pressure is < 180/110 mmHg.
Lung ultrasound compared with chest X‐ray in diagnosing postoperative pulmonary complications following cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Touw H. R. , Parlevliet K. L. , Beerepoot M. , Schober P. , Vonk A. , Twisk J. W. , Elbers P. W. , Boer C. , Tuinman P. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPostoperative pulmonary complications are common after cardiothoracic surgery and are associated with adverse outcomes. The ability to detect postoperative pulmonary complications using chest X‐rays is limited, and this technique requires radiation exposure. Little is known about the diagnostic accuracy of lung ultrasound for the detection of postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery, and we therefore aimed to compare lung ultrasound with chest X‐ray to detect postoperative pulmonary complications in this group of patients. We performed this prospective, observational, single‐centre study in a tertiary intensive care unit treating adult patients who had undergone cardiothoracic surgery. We recorded chest X‐ray findings upon admission and on postoperative days 2 and 3, as well as rates of postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications that required therapy according to the treating physician as part of their standard clinical practice. Lung ultrasound was performed by an independent researcher at the time of chest X‐ray. We compared lung ultrasound with chest X‐ray for the detection of postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications. We also assessed inter‐observer agreement for lung ultrasound, and the time to perform both imaging techniques. Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the time to detection of clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications by both modalities. We recruited a total of 177 patients in whom both lung ultrasound and chest X‐ray imaging were performed. Lung ultrasound identified 159 (90%) postoperative pulmonary complications on the day of admission compared with 107 (61%) identified with chest X‐ray (p < 0.001). Lung ultrasound identified 11 out of 17 patients (65%) and chest X‐ray 7 out of 17 patients (41%) with clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications (p < 0.001). The clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications were detected earlier using lung ultrasound compared with chest X‐ray (p = 0.024). Overall inter‐observer agreement for lung ultrasound was excellent (κ = 0.907, p < 0.001). Following cardiothoracic surgery, lung ultrasound detected more postoperative pulmonary complications and clinically‐relevant postoperative pulmonary complications than chest X‐ray, and at an earlier time‐point. Our results suggest lung ultrasound may be used as the primary imaging technique to search for postoperative pulmonary complications after cardiothoracic surgery, and will enhance bedside decision making.
A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON FARMER COOPERATIVES: PERFORMANCE, OWNERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE, FINANCE, AND MEMBER ATTITUDE
Authors: GRASHUIS Jasper , SU Ye 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe empirical literature on farmer cooperatives is now fast emerging and developing in the areas of performance, ownership and governance, finance, and member attitude. We discuss 56 peer‐reviewed publications to illustrate the main findings and conclusions while outlining challenges and opportunities for future research. Generally, cooperative membership is found to positively impact price, yield, input adoption, income, and other indicators of member performance, yet there is growing evidence of an uneven distribution of benefits for small and large producers. In terms of structure, evidence of a causal relationship of ownership and governance to performance has been elusive, yet there are now many findings of inherent equity and long‐term debt constraints, often in the context of consolidation to drive scale and scope economies. Further inefficiency is observed to be driven by increased heterogeneity in member attitudes and objectives, in particular in terms of commitment and participation. Thus, overall, empirical work portrays farmer cooperatives as flawed and complex business organizations which nonetheless have a strong positive impact on its members. While applied research may progress in various directions, a general improvement in empirical methodologies is needed to allow robust analysis of mixed objectives in dynamic environments.
Speaking in riddles: The Panama Papers and the global financial services sector
Authors: Cloke Jonathan , Brown Ed 
Published: March 2018

In 2007, on the cusp of the economic crisis, a paper was published in Growth and Change (June 2007) entitled “Shadow Europe: alternative European financial geographies,” which began to tackle the idea of shadow finance in Europe and the size and inseparability of what was regarded as “shadow” from “normal” financial flows. A number of the observations made have proved remarkably prescient and one particular phrase stands out in the light of the recent revelations about the so‐called Panama Papers in 2016: “Strategically important flows of capital derived from complex underground production systems that have seldom been analyzed in detail move through the European financial networks that connect to offshore tax havens (Christensen, 2003). These havens are not a separate and distinct entity from the financial networks that connect world cities but rather a vital counterpart on which the functioning of the cities connected via those networks depends” (2007, p. 319). The revelation of the Panama Papers constitutes a new critical juncture from which to re‐visit that 2007 paper and to re‐examine the state of knowledge on shadow and formal financial flows.
Trends in Use of Paracetamol in the Nordic Countries
Authors: Wastesson Jonas W. , Martikainen Jaana E. , Zoëga Helga , Schmidt Morten , Karlstad Øystein , Pottegård Anton 
Published: March 2018

AbstractParacetamol (acetaminophen) is one of the most commonly used analgesics in Europe; however, both the safety and efficacy of paracetamol have recently been questioned. Little is known about cross‐national differences in the sales of paracetamol. Using national wholesale statistics and nationwide prescription drug registers, we investigated trends in total and prescribed use of paracetamol in the Nordic countries. The total sales of paracetamol (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system code: N02BE01) measured as defined daily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants/day, and the sales by prescription (users per 1000 inhabitants/year), increased in the Nordic countries from 2000 to 2015. The total sales were highest in Denmark throughout the period, with 65 DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day and lowest in Iceland with 30 DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day in 2015. The cross‐national difference in total sales of paracetamol was smaller in 2015 than in 2000. The proportion of paracetamol (DDD per 1000 inhabitants/day) sold by prescription was also highest in Denmark (78%), compared with 75% in Finland, 69% in Sweden, 61% in Norway and 38% in Iceland. Paracetamol by prescription was more common at older ages and among women. Total and prescribed sales of paracetamol have increased in all five Nordic countries over time. Cross‐national differences exist, with highest sales per capita in Denmark throughout the period.
The Coping with Unusual Experiences for Children Study (CUES): A pilot randomized controlled evaluation of the acceptability and potential clinical utility of a cognitive behavioural intervention package for young people aged 8–14 years with unusual experiences and emotional symptoms
Authors: Jolley Suzanne , Kuipers Elizabeth , Stewart Catherine , Browning Sophie , Bracegirdle Karen , Basit Nedah , Gin Kimberley , Hirsch Colette , Corrigall Richard , Banerjea Partha , Turley Grainne , Stahl Daniel , Laurens Kristin R. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesHealth care guidelines recommend psychological interventions for childhood unusual experiences that are associated with distress or adverse functional impact (UEDs), based on adult, rather than child‐specific, evidence. We report the first randomized controlled evaluation of the acceptability and potential clinical utility of cognitive behavioural therapy for childhood UEDs (CBT‐UED).DesignPilot randomized controlled trial.MethodsParticipants aged 8–14 years were recruited from referrals to community services for children with emotional/behavioural problems and screened for self‐reported UEDs.ResultsOf around 1,000 referrals over 36 months, 304 (30%) were identified to the research team, 174 (57%) were successfully contacted, 110 (63%) consented to screening, 96 (87%) attended a screening assessment, and 51 (53%) reported UEDs. Forty‐nine (96%) consented to randomization to either CBT‐UED (9–12 weekly sessions of 40–50 min, adjunctive to usual care, n = 24) or treatment‐as‐usual/waitlist control (TAU/WL, n = 25). Childhood internalizing emotional symptoms (e.g., feeling ‘nervous’/'scared’/’tearful’/’worried’/'sick’; proposed primary outcome), UEDs, depression, anxiety, and childhood psychopathology (secondary outcomes) were measured at baseline, at 12 weeks, and, where therapy was ongoing but incomplete (<12 sessions) at 12 weeks, at end‐of‐treatment (EOT). Twenty‐two CBT‐UED participants (92%) attended ≥5 sessions. Forty‐four participants (90%) completed 12‐week assessments (CBT‐UED, n = 21/24, 88%; TAU/WL, n = 23/25, 92%). Preliminary findings were encouraging for emotional symptoms and UEDs, but otherwise mixed.ConclusionsRetention, screening, and consent rates were as anticipated; recruitment took longer than planned. Trial procedures were acceptable to young people, their families, and clinicians. Therapy exceeded 12 weeks, but was well‐received, with no serious adverse events attributed to participation. Further evaluation is needed.Practitioner points

Around half of 8‐ to 14‐year‐olds in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services reported distressing unusual experiences.

An age‐adapted cognitive behavioural intervention appears feasible, and safe to deliver, with the potential to augment standard care.

This is a pilot study, and further evaluation is needed.

Longer term outcomes should be a focus of future evaluation.
A Path Analysis of Nutrition, Stimulation, and Child Development Among Young Children in Bihar, India
Authors: Larson Leila M. , Martorell Reynaldo , Bauer Patricia J. 
Published: March 2018

Nutrition plays an important role in the development of a child, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries where malnutrition is often widespread. The relation between diet, hemoglobin, nutritional status, motor development, stimulation and mental development was examined in a cross‐sectional sample of 1,079 children 12–18 months of age living in rural Bihar, India. Path analysis revealed associations between (a) length‐for‐agez‐scores and motor development, standardized β (β) = .285,p < .001, and (b) motor and all mental development outcomes (language: β = .422; personal‐social: β = .490; memory: β = .139; and executive function: β = .072, allp < .001). Additionally, stimulation was significantly associated with language scores and hemoglobin concentration with memory. These findings inform interventions aimed at improving child development in Northern India.
Mental Transformation Skill in Young Children: The Role of Concrete and Abstract Motor Training
Authors: Levine Susan C. , Goldin‐Meadow Susan , Carlson Matthew T. , Hemani‐Lopez Naureen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe examined the effects of three different training conditions, all of which involve the motor system, on kindergarteners’ mental transformation skill. We focused on three main questions. First, we asked whether training that involves making a motor movement that is relevant to the mental transformation—either concretely through action (action training) or more abstractly through gestural movements that represent the action (move‐gesture training)—resulted in greater gains than training using motor movements irrelevant to the mental transformation (point‐gesture training). We tested children prior to training, immediately after training (posttest), and 1 week after training (retest), and we found greater improvement in mental transformation skill in both the action and move‐gesture training conditions than in the point‐gesture condition, at both posttest and retest. Second, we asked whether the total gain made by retest differed depending on the abstractness of the movement‐relevant training (action vs. move‐gesture), and we found that it did not. Finally, we asked whether the time course of improvement differed for the two movement‐relevant conditions, and we found that it did—gains in the action condition were realized immediately at posttest, with no further gains at retest; gains in the move‐gesture condition were realized throughout, with comparable gains from pretest‐to‐posttest and from posttest‐to‐retest. Training that involves movement, whether concrete or abstract, can thus benefit children's mental transformation skill. However, the benefits unfold differently over time—the benefits of concrete training unfold immediately after training (online learning); the benefits of more abstract training unfold in equal steps immediately after training (online learning) and during the intervening week with no additional training (offline learning). These findings have implications for the kinds of instruction that can best support spatial learning.
Programme fidelity of specialized early intervention in Denmark
Authors: Melau Marianne , Albert Nikolai , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: March 2018

AimSpecialized early intervention (SEI) treatment in meta‐analysis has proven to be effective, compared to usual treatment, in treating first‐episode psychosis, and the dissemination of SEI services is increasing. A prerequisite for upholding positive effects is to ensure fidelity to the treatment concept once tested. The aim of this study was to map programme fidelity of SEI teams in Denmark by testing a newly developed fidelity scale.MethodsThe 18‐item SEI fidelity scale was assessed by visiting SEI teams in person. The scale is divided into 2 dimensions: one concerning the structure and the other concerning the character and content of the treatment. Interviews were conducted with team leaders, patients and members of the staff, and team conferences were observed. Satisfactory fidelity can be obtained at 2 levels: an elite level and an adequate level.ResultsIn total, 96% (n = 22) of the Danish SEI teams participated in the fidelity study. An elite fidelity score was achieved by 32% of the teams, scoring 15 or 16 on the 18‐point scale; 27% reached adequate level. With regard to the structural domain of the scale, we found variation among the teams.ConclusionsThe multimodal approach was found to be very efficient in evaluating elements critical to SEI teams in Denmark. A low score on the structural domain could, in the long term, lead to an inability to maintain a well‐functioning team and provide high‐quality treatment.
THE AUTHOR AND HIS CORPSE: GERMAN CLASSICAL CULTURE IN THE NATIONAL CINEMA OF OCCUPIED GERMANY
Authors: Wolpert Daniel Jonah 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe status of German high culture and that of German national identity have historically been bound up with each other in a unique way, setting the German national project apart in Europe as what Friedrich Meinecke, among others, described as a ‘Kulturnation’. With the appearance of his work Die deutsche Katastrophe in 1946, Meinecke sought to revisit his discussion of Germany as a nation defined by his earlier conception of cultural value as a means to recover moral standing for a defeated and shamed nation, thereby challenging the Allied occupiers’ disparagement of Germany as barbarous and foolish. By examining two films, Georg Klaren's 1947 Soviet Zone adaptation of Georg Büchner's Woyzeck and Karl‐Heinz Stroux's 1949 filming of Goethe's Werther, produced in the Tri‐Zone just before the founding of the Federal Republic, this article casts new light on this dilemma of cultural self‐definition through the popular medium of cinema. Both films feature the authors themselves as diegetic mediators for the adaptations of their work. The article examines the choices of Büchner and Goethe as authors for the screen and looks at the role they fulfil in a project to recuperate German cultural and national identity under Allied occupation.
FOUR ILLUSTRATED NEWS MAGAZINES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CULTURAL INTERACTIONS IN POST‐WAR GERMANY
Authors: Knowles Christopher , Vossen Julia 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTNewspapers and magazines are cultural products and can therefore be considered as works of fiction as well as fact. This article discusses the creation of the news magazine Der Spiegel as an example of cultural transfer, providing an insight into the diverse origins of Der Spiegel, the influence of the magazine on post‐war German journalism, and the adoption of British and American models by much of the German press. The origins, format, content, and writing style of four magazines published in the US, Britain, and Germany are analysed and compared: the US magazine Time, the British weekly magazine News Review, Diese Woche, the immediate precursor to Der Spiegel, and Heute, an illustrated feature magazine published in the US Zone of Germany. All four magazines used colourful language and stylistic devices to interpret the news as well as report it and sometimes peddled a fiction of objectivity that was in fact highly opinionated. Diese Woche was no different in this respect from Time and News Review. The idea that British and American news reporting was accurate and truthful and never mixed fact and opinion, whereas it was only the German press that mixed information with tendentious comment, was one of many myths circulated in post‐war Germany.