bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A write‐improved low‐power 12T SRAM cell for wearable wireless sensor nodes
Authors: Sharma Vishal , Vishvakarma Santosh , Chouhan Shailesh Singh , Halonen Kari 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn this work, a data‐dependent feedback‐cutting–based bit‐interleaved 12T static random access memory (SRAM) cell is proposed, which enhances the write margin in terms of write trip point (WTP) and write static noise margin (WSNM) by 2.14× and 8.99× whereas read stability in terms of dynamic read noise margin (DRNM) and read static noise margin (RSNM) by 1.06× and 2.6 ×, respectively, for 0.4 V when compared with a conventional 6T SRAM cell. The standby power has also been reduced to 0.93× with an area overhead of 1.49× as that of 6T. Monte Carlo simulation results show that the proposed cell offers a robust write margin when compared with the state‐of‐the‐art memory cells available in the literature. An analytical model of WSNM for 12T operating in subthreshold region is also proposed, which has been verified using the simulation results. Finally, a small SRAM macro along with its independent memory controller has been designed.
A class of half‐bridge quasi‐Z‐source inverters: Detailed steady‐state analysis in various operating states, design considerations, and derivation of general topology
Authors: Sedaghati Farzad , Shokati Asl Elias 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIn this paper, 2 types of half‐bridge quasi‐Z‐source inverters with detailed analysis are proposed. Unlike the classical half‐bridge inverter, both types of proposed half‐bridge inverters can generate zero voltage level in output. Moreover, lack of continuous input current in conventional half‐bridge inverters is resolved by the second type of proposed inverters. One of the important advantages of proposed inverters is using the 1 impedance network only with 2 capacitors and 2 inductors; whereas, most of the half‐bridge Z‐source inverters have more than 1 impedance network or use additional semiconductor elements. In this paper, operation principles of proposed inverters in different operating modes are discussed. Then, design considerations and calculation of critical Inductance in boundary conditions between 2 different states are provided. Next, power circuit of general topology with multiple DC sources and derivation of subcircuits are proposed. Finally, to verify validity of derived equations, simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software and experimental results are provided.
Metabolic fate of the new synthetic cannabinoid 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat, human, and pooled human S9 studied by means of hyphenated high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Richter Lilian H.J. , Maurer Hans H. , Meyer Markus R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNew psychoactive substances (NPS) are an important issue in clinical/forensic toxicology. 7’N‐5F‐ADB, a synthetic cannabinoid derived from 5F‐ADB, appeared recently on the market. Up to now, no data about its mass spectral fragmentation pattern, metabolism, and thus suitable targets for toxicological urine screenings have been available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the metabolic fate of 7’N‐5F‐ADB in rat, human, and pooled human S9 (pS9). The main human urinary excretion products, which can be used as targets for toxicological screening procedures, were identified by Orbitrap (OT)‐based liquid chromatography–high resolution‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS). In addition, possible differentiation of 7’N‐5F‐ADB and 5F‐ADB via LC–HRMS/MS was studied. Using the in vivo and in vitro models for metabolism studies, 36 metabolites were tentatively identified. 7’N‐5F‐ABD was extensively metabolized in rat and human with minor species differences observed. The unchanged parent compound could be found in human urine but metabolites were far more abundant. The most abundant ones were the hydrolyzed ester (M5), the hydrolyzed ester in combination with hydroxylation of the tertiary butyl part (M11), and the hydrolyzed ester in addition to glucuronidation (M30). Besides the parent compound, these metabolites should be used as targets for urine‐based toxicological screening procedures. Two urine‐paired human plasma samples contained mainly the parent compound (c = 205 μg/L, 157 μg/L) and, at a higher abundance, the compound after ester hydrolysis (M5). In pS9 incubations, the parent compound, M5, and M30 were detectable among others. Furthermore, a differentiation of both compounds was possible due to different retention times and fragmentation patterns.
A tale of two cities: The genetic mechanisms governing calvarial bone development
Authors: Ferguson James W. , Atit Radhika P. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe skull bones must grow in a coordinated, three‐dimensional manner to coalesce and form the head and face. Mammalian skull bones have a dual embryonic origin from cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) and paraxial mesoderm (PM) and ossify through intramembranous ossification. The calvarial bones, the bones of the cranium which cover the brain, are derived from the supraorbital arch (SOA) region mesenchyme. The SOA is the site of frontal and parietal bone morphogenesis and primary center of ossification. The objective of this review is to frame our current in vivo understanding of the morphogenesis of the calvarial bones and the gene networks regulating calvarial bone initiation in the SOA mesenchyme.
Roots point to water sources of Welwitschia mirabilis in a hyperarid desert
Authors: Henschel Joh R. , Wassenaar Theo D. , Kanandjembo Angie , Louw Michele Kilbourn , Neef Götz , Shuuya Titus , Soderberg Keir 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWelwitschia mirabilis is a long‐lived evergreen in the hyperarid Namib Desert; at our study site, rainfall is rare (mean annual precipitation = 31 mm), groundwater deep (57–75 m), and fog frequent (50–90 events per year). By examining root architecture in relation to soil moisture and analysing the isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen of plant and soil water, we established whether welwitschia sources water from a stable supply of deep groundwater, or from shallow moisture originating from fog and dew, or from rainwater at infiltration depth. Isotopes suggested rainwater as principal water source. Most (55%) major roots and fine roots occurred in 10‐ to 66‐cm‐deep layers of gypsum containing 10% moisture. A further 25% of both root types grew in moist sand in petrocalcic horizons at 93‐ to 125‐cm depths. A high density of fine roots (14% of total) grew upwards towards the ground surface in a 1.5‐m radius around plants, an area occasionally wetted by run‐off of fog and dew. We conclude that welwitschia mainly relies on rainwater obtained in perched horizons. Supplemental water is obtained from fog and dew from the surface and potentially from gypsum blocks. Multiple strategies enable this extremely long‐lived evergreen to be resilient against dehydration in hyperarid conditions.
Disease where you dine: plant species and floral traits associated with pathogen transmission in bumble bees
Authors: Adler Lynn S. , Michaud Kristen M. , Ellner Stephen P. , McArt Scott H. , Stevenson Philip C. , Irwin Rebecca E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHotspots of disease transmission can strongly influence pathogen spread. Bee pathogens may be transmitted via shared floral use, but the role of plant species and floral trait variation in shaping transmission dynamics is almost entirely unexplored. Given the importance of pathogens for the decline of several bee species, understanding whether and how plant species and floral traits affect transmission could give us important tools for predicting which plant species may be hotspots for disease spread. We assessed variation in transmission via susceptibility (probability of infection) and mean intensity (cell count of infected bees) of the trypanosomatid gut pathogen Crithidia bombi to uninfected Bombus impatiens workers foraging on 14 plant species, and assessed the role of floral traits, bee size and foraging behavior on transmission. We also conducted a manipulative experiment to determine how the number of open flowers affected transmission on three plant species, Penstemon digitalis, Monarda didyma, and Lythrum salicaria. Plant species differed fourfold in the overall mean abundance of Crithidia in foraging bumble bees (mean including infected and uninfected bees). Across plant species, bee susceptibility and mean intensity increased with the number of reproductive structures per inflorescence (buds, flowers and fruits); smaller bees and those that foraged longer were also more susceptible. Trait‐based models were as good or better than species‐based models at predicting susceptibility and mean intensity based on AIC values. Surprisingly, floral size and morphology did not significantly predict transmission across species. In the manipulative experiment, more open flowers increased mean pathogen abundance fourfold in Monarda, but had no effect in the other two plant species. Our results suggest that variation among plant species, through their influence on pathogen transmission, may shape bee disease dynamics. Given widespread investment in pollinator‐friendly plantings to support pollinators, understanding how plant species affect disease transmission is important for recommending plant species that optimize pollinator health.
Institutional externalities and actor performance in polycentric governance systems
Authors: Mewhirter Jack , Lubell Mark , Berardo Ramiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between institutional externalities and an actor's ability to achieve their goals in the decision‐making forums that exist in polycentric governance systems. We argue that an actor's performance is largely a function of the transaction costs associated with participation in a variety of forums. Institutional externalities—instances where the decisions made in one forum impact another forum—may increase or decrease transaction costs in linked forums, subsequently impacting actor performance. Using survey data collected from forum participants in the California Delta and Tampa Bay watershed governance systems, we examine how the strength of perceived externalities generated between linked forums affects an individual's perceived performance in the forum receiving the externality. We find that externalities are prevalent in both systems, but have varying effects on performance. Externalities, on average, negatively impact actor performance in the California Delta, but neither increase nor decrease performance in Tampa Bay. Further analyses reveal that in both systems, the effect of externalities on performance in the externality‐receiving forum is largely conditional on their performance in the externality‐generating forum. Externalities are negatively associated with forum performance when actors exhibit low levels of performance in the externality‐generating forum. The negative effect is mitigated when actors exhibit higher levels of performance in the externality‐generating forum.
Etherification of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to Biofuel Additive Catalyzed by Aquivion® PFSA Modified Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Dou Youwei , Zhang Mengyuan , Zhou Shuai , Oldani Claudio , Fang Wenhao , Cao Qiue 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Wenhao Fang from Yunnan University, Kunming, China. The cover image shows the preparation of a PFSA‐functionalized silica hybrid solid acid used as an efficient catalyst.
Right‐wing adherence and objective numeracy as predictors of minority group size perceptions and size threat reactions
Authors: Earle Megan , Hodson Gordon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRacial, ethnic, religious, and sexual minority populations are growing rapidly in the West. We investigate predictors and consequences of threat responses to perceived minority group size, and perceptions of minority group size itself. Study 1 (N = 274) finds that right‐wing adherence predicts greater size threat, whereas lower numerical ability predicts larger perceived group size (confirmed in Studies 2–3). Study 2 (Sample 1, N = 124; Sample 2, N = 263) finds that the relation between right‐wing adherence and prejudice toward minorities exhibits an indirect effect via group size threat (but not perceived size), explaining 35–66% of this relation. Study 3 (N = 310) finds a comparable indirect effect explaining 27–40% of this relation, even after statistically controlling for indirect effects of realistic, symbolic, and terroristic threat. These findings provide novel insights into psychological processes surrounding perceived minority group size, identifying size threat as especially crucial in understanding intergroup relations.
Electrochemical Behavior of Electrode Materials (Nickel and Stainless Steels) for Sudomotor Dysfunction Applications: A Review
Authors: Bedioui Fethi , Lair Virginie , Griveau Sophie , Ringuedé Armelle , Zagal José H. , Cassir Michel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis is an overview of the electrochemical characterization of nickel and stainless steel (so‐called SS) as electrodes in medical devices for the early diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy that originates from type‐2 diabetes or cystic fibrosis. The electrical current responses obtained during the clinical tests are related to the amount of chloride present on the sweat. SS electrodes are now used to replace nickel because this later not only presents problems with chloride sensitivity but its contact with skin can cause possible allergic reactions for some patients. For the above reasons, several types of SS were studied. It was shown that some of them perform well and have lower costs than Ni electrodes. We discuss the state of the art of the electrochemical studies conducted with nickel and steels under physiological or biomimetic conditions and discuss the advantages of a particular steel over the others depending on the conditions, especially chloride concentration.
A valve‐based microfluidic device for on‐chip single cell treatments
Authors: Sun Yue , Cai Bo , Wei Xiaoyun , Wang Zixiang , Rao Lang , Meng Qian‐Fang , Liao Qingquan , Liu Wei , Guo Shishang , Zhao Xingzhong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAssays toward single‐cell analysis have attracted the attention in biological and biomedical researches to reveal cellular mechanisms as well as heterogeneity. Yet nowadays microfluidic devices for single‐cell analysis have several drawbacks: some would cause cell damage due to the hydraulic forces directly acting on cells, while others could not implement biological assays since they could not immobilize cells while manipulating the reagents at the same time. In this work, we presented a two‐layer pneumatic valve‐based platform to implement cell immobilization and treatment on‐chip simultaneously, and cells after treatment could be collected non‐destructively for further analysis. Target cells could be encapsulated in sodium alginate droplets which solidified into hydrogel when reacted with Ca2+. The size of hydrogel beads could be precisely controlled by modulating flow rates of continuous/disperse phases. While regulating fluid resistance between the main channel and passages by the integrated pneumatic valves, on‐chip capture and release of hydrogel beads was implemented. As a proof of concept for on‐chip single‐cell treatments, we showed cellular live/dead staining based on our devices. This method would have potential in single cell manipulation for biochemical cellular assays.
Multiobjective optimization for hydro‐photovoltaic hybrid power system considering both energy generation and energy consumption
Authors: Li Fang‐Fang , Qiu Jun , Wei Jia‐Hua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHydropower can be an ideal compensation for fluctuant photovoltaic (PV) power due to its flexibility. In this study, a multiobjective optimization model considering energy generation and consumption simultaneously for a hydro‐PV hybrid power system is proposed. With the daily mean radiation intensity and temperature, the PV power output is calculated. Taking reservoir release as the decision variable, the total energy generation of the hydro‐PV system is maximized. Meanwhile, the gap between the energy generation and the energy consumption is minimized to reduce the abandoned PV power or hydropower. The proposed multiobjective model is optimized by Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithms‐II (NSGA‐II). The Longyangxia Project, the largest hydro‐photovoltaic hybrid power system in the world is taken as the study case to estimate the optimal operational strategies for different objectives in wet year, normal year, and dry year, respectively. The optimal operation process of the reservoir is presented, which is instructive for the operation in the future.
Experimental evaluation of collection, thermal, and conductivity efficiency of a solar distiller pond as a free concentration unit in wastewater treatment process
Authors: Farahbod Farshad , Omidvar Mohammadnabi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe performance of one solar pond as a passive step in distilled and potable water production from desalination effluent is surveyed in this research. This solar pond is proposed in a zero discharge desalination process to prevent the salinity shocking which is made by a brackish water stream that exists from desalination units. The solar pond performance is evaluated by measuring three types of efficiency, experimentally, and mathematically. The efficiencies which are defined and calculated from experimental data are conductivity efficiency, thermal efficiency, and water recovery efficiency. The mathematical results are verified by experimental data which has been obtained during a year. The theoretical modelings show very good agreement with experimental data, especially for water collection and conductivity efficiency evaluation. The relative error of theoretical and experimental results for thermal efficiency evaluation through the day and night is obtained 7.2% and 4.9%, respectively.
Tide‐induced variability in beach surface moisture: Observations and modelling
Authors: Brakenhoff Laura B. , Smit Yvonne , Donker Jasper J. A. , Ruessink Gerben 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe moisture content ws of a beach surface strongly controls the availability of sand for aeolian transport. Our predictive capability of the spatiotemporal variability in ws, which depends to a large extent on water table depth, is, however, limited. Here we show that water table fluctuations and surface moisture content observed during a 10‐day period on a medium‐grained (365μm) planar (1:30) beach can be predicted well with the nonlinear Boussinesq equation extended to include run‐up infiltration and a soil–water retention curve under the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. On the intertidal part of the beach the water table is observed and predicted to continuously fall from the moment the beach surface emerges from the falling tide to just before it is submerged by the incoming tide. We find that on the lower 30% of the intertidal beach the water table remains within 0.1–0.2 m from the surface and that the sand is always saturated (ws≈20%, by mass). Higher up on the intertidal beach, the surface can dry to about 5% when the water table has fallen to 0.4–0.5 m beneath the surface. Above the high‐tide level the water table is always too deep (>0.5 m) to affect surface moisture and, without precipitation, the sand is dry (ws  <  5 − 8%). Because the water table depth on the emerged part of the intertidal beach increases with time irrespective of whether the (ocean) tide falls or rises, we find no need to include hysteresis (wetting and drying) effects in the surface‐moisture modelling. Model simulations suggest that at the present planar beach only the part well above mean sea level can dry sufficiently (ws  <  10%) for sand to become available for aeolian transport. ©2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Salicylate induces anxiety‐like behavior and slow theta oscillation and abolishes the relationship between running speed and fast theta oscillation frequency
Authors: Winne Jessica , Franzon Rafael , de Miranda Aron , Malfatti Thawann , Patriota João , Mikulovic Sanja , Leão Katarina E. , Leão Richardson N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSalicylate intoxication is a cause of tinnitus in humans and it is often used to produce tinnitus‐like perception in animal models. Here, we assess whether salicylate induces anxiety‐like electrophysiological and behavioral signs. Using microwire electrode arrays, we recorded local field potential in the ventral and, in some experiments dorsal hippocampus, in an open field arena 1 hr after salicylate (300 mg/kg) injection. We found that animals treated with salicylate moved dramatically less than saline treated animals. Salicylate‐treated animals showed a strong 4–6 Hz (type 2) oscillation in the ventral hippocampus (with smaller peaks in dorsal hippocampus electrodes). Coherence in the 4–6 Hz‐theta band was low in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus when compared to movement‐related theta coherence (7–10 Hz). Moreover, movement related theta oscillation frequency decreased and its dependency on running speed was abolished. Our results suggest that salicylate‐induced theta is mostly restricted to the ventral hippocampus. Slow theta has been classically associated to anxiety‐like behaviors. Here, we show that salicylate application can consistently generate low frequency theta in the ventral hippocampus. Tinnitus and anxiety show strong comorbidity and the increase in ventral hippocampus low frequency theta could be part of this association.
Environmental enrichment increases prefrontal EEG power and synchrony with the hippocampus in rats with anterior thalamus lesions
Authors: Ulrich Katharina , Spriggs Megg J. , Abraham Wickliffe C. , Dalrymple‐Alford John C. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) are a major interface between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex within an extended Papez circuit. Rat models suggest that the deficits caused by ATN damage, which is associated with “diencephalic amnesia”, can be ameliorated by environmental enrichment (EE) through unknown mechanisms. We examined whether changes in theta rhythmicity within and between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are influenced by EE in rats with ATN lesions. Here, we show that ATN lesions and EE produced essentially opposed functional effects in terms of changes in rhythmicity between two consecutive trials when rats forage for chocolate hail. On the second trial, standard‐housed rats with ATN lesions showed: (a) a clear reduction in prefrontal cortex experience‐dependent power change in the theta band and in two adjacent bands; (b) little change in the theta band in hippocampal area CA1; and (c) only a modest overall reduction in experience‐dependent power change at lower theta frequencies in the dentate gyrus. EE exposure prevented the decrease in prefrontal theta power in rats with ATN lesions, and in fact caused a clear increase in prefrontal cortex power across all bands. While ATN lesions did not reliably affect prefrontal‐CA1 or prefrontal‐dentate theta coherence, EE increased the coherence between prefrontal cortex and area CA1 in both the sham and ATN groups. Thus, EE increases functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus via pathways that bypass the ATN, and increases behaviorally dependent prefrontal rhythmicity. These EEG effects may contribute to improved learning and memory in the ATN‐lesion model of diencephalic amnesia.