bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and upadacitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: A Bayesian network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Song Gwan Gyu , Choi Sung Jae , Lee Young Ho 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe relative efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and upadacitinib were assessed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to conventional synthetic (cs) or biologic (b) disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).MethodWe performed a Bayesian network meta‐analysis to combine direct and indirect evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to examine the efficacy and safety of tofacitinib and upadacitinib in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in RA patients with an inadequate cs‐ or b‐DMARD response.ResultsNine RCTs including 5794 patients met the inclusion criteria. There were 15 pairwise comparisons including 10 direct comparisons of 6 interventions. Upadacitinib 15 mg + MTX and upadacitinib 30 mg + MTX were among the most effective treatments for active RA with an inadequate cs‐ or b‐DMARD response, followed by tofacitinib 10 mg + MTX, tofacitinib 5 mg + MTX, and adalimumab + MTX. Ranking probability based on the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicated that upadacitinib 15 mg + MTX and upadacitinib 30 mg + MTX had the highest probability of being the best treatment in terms of the American College of Rheumatology 20 response rate (SUCRA = 0.820, 0.762), followed by tofacitinib 10 mg + MTX (SUCRA = 0.623), tofacitinib 5 mg + MTX (SUCRA = 0.424), adalimumab + MTX (SUCRA = 0.371), and placebo + MTX (SUCRA = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in the incidence of serious adverse events after treatment with tofacitinib + MTX, upadacitinib + MTX, adalimumab + MTX, or placebo + MTX.ConclusionsIn RA patients with an inadequate response to cs‐ or b‐DMARDs, upadacitinib 15 mg + MTX and upadacitinib 30 mg + MTX were the most efficacious interventions and were not associated with significant risks of serious adverse events.
Why Are People Honest? Internal and External Motivations to Report Honestly
Authors: Murphy Pamela R. , Wynes Michael , Hahn Till‐Arne , Devine Patricia G. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe create and validate measures capturing internal and external motivations to report honestly as trait‐like characteristics. Both measures have high levels of reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. To test their predictive validity, we conduct two experiments. In the first experiment, MTurk participants have the opportunity and incentive to misreport with no immediate consequences, and in the second experiment, participants with management experience report how they would make a hypothetical accounting allocation decision. In both experiments, we find that participants who are higher in internal motivations to report honestly are more likely to report honestly than those lower in internal motivations, confirming this measure's predictive validity. Both experiments also provide limited support for the predictive validity of our external measure, finding that those who are higher in external motivation do not report differently than those who are lower in external motivations in the absence of controls. Our study also reveals that individuals who are higher in internal motivations have a diminished reaction to different management controls: MTurk participants to a control that punishes misreporting, and manager participants to a control that rewards honest reporting. Results suggest that management and those charged with governance should consider that some employees can react negatively to controls that are perceived as constraining. Our measures are useful to researchers who investigate honest reporting by allowing them to identify, ex ante, individuals who want to be honest versus wanting to appear honest.
Transcriptome analysis reveals a complex array of differentially expressed genes accompanying a source‐to‐sink change in phytoplasma‐infected sweet cherry leaves
Authors: Tan Yue , Wang Jiawei , Davis Robert E. , Wei Hairong , Zong Xiaojuan , Wei Wei , Shao Jonathan , Zhao Yan , Liu Qingzhong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSweet cherry (Prunus avium) in China has recently been affected by a destructive disease that is characterised by symptoms of floral virescence and witches'‐broom growths. The etiological agent of the disease is a subgroup 16SrV‐B phytoplasma that is closely related to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi.’ A previous study revealed that photosynthetic activity had significantly declined in symptomatic leaves of the diseased sweet cherry trees. For a deeper view into the infection, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis. A total of 62,410 unigenes were identified; among them, 1,675 were differentially expressed in symptomatic leaves of diseased versus asymptomatic leaves of healthy plants. Phytoplasma infection induced the up‐regulation of a suite of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Expression profiles of genes related to amino acid metabolism, hormone metabolism, and signal transductions were also altered in leaves of phytoplasma‐infected trees. Findings from this study offer clues to understanding host responses to the phytoplasma infection and disease induction in sweet cherry trees. The constellation of differentially regulated genes identified in the present study may be explored as biomarkers for early detection of phytoplasma infection and as potential targets for disease control.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Lung Ultrasound Performed by Novice Versus Advanced Sonographers for Pneumonia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Tsou Po‐Yang , Chen Kenneth P. , Wang Yu‐Hsun , Fishe Jennifer , Gillon Jason , Lee Chien‐Chang , Deanehan Julia K. , Kuo Pei‐Lun , Yu Daniel Ta Yo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundChildhood pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that lung ultrasound (LUS) may be a reliable diagnostic alternative to chest x‐ray for childhood pneumonia. However, it is unclear whether sonographer experience affects the diagnostic accuracy of LUS. We summarize the diagnostic accuracy of LUS for pneumonia and compare the performance between novice and advanced sonographers with a systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsWe searched PubMed and EMBASE from inception to February 2018 for eligible studies that evaluated the utility of LUS in children suspected of having pneumonia against the reference standard of either imaging results alone or a combination of clinical, laboratory, and imaging results. We reported the study using the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies. We used QUADAS‐2 to appraise the included studies’ methodologic quality. We employed a random‐effect bivariate model and a hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic curve to evaluate LUS's performance characteristics. We conducted subgroup analyses and meta‐regression based on level of sonographer training to summarize and compare LUS's diagnostic accuracy for pneumonia between novice (training ≤ 7 days) and advanced sonographers.ResultsTwenty‐five studies (n = 3,353) were included in the meta‐analysis. For diagnosing pneumonia, LUS demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89 to 0.97), specificity of 0.92 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.98), positive likelihood ratio of 12.40 (95% CI = 4.00 to 38.10), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.07 (95% CI = 0.04 to 0.12), with an area under ROC curve of 0.97 (95% CI = 0.95 to 0.98). Meta‐regression revealed a significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy for pneumonia for LUS between novice and advanced sonographers (p < 0.01).ConclusionLUS can accurately diagnose pneumonia in children. However, this test demonstrates operator‐dependent variability, with more experienced sonographers having higher diagnostic accuracy. Further work on evidence‐based educational methods to train novice sonographers in LUS is required.
Deep brain stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex prevents the development and reinstatement of morphine place preference
Authors: Fakhrieh‐Asl Golnaz , Sadr Seyed Shahabeddin , Karimian Seyed Morteza , Riahi Esmail 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in compulsive drug seeking and drug relapse. Its involvement in cue‐, context‐, and stress‐induced reinstatement of drug seeking has also been confirmed in animal models. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was proposed to be an effective intervention for patients with treatment‐refractory addiction. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the potential efficacy of DBS in the OFC for controlling addictive‐like behaviors in rats. Rats were bilaterally implanted with electrodes in the OFC and trained to the morphine conditioned place preference (CPP; 3, 5, and 7 mg/kg). High‐frequency (HF; 130 Hz) or low‐frequency (LF; 13 Hz) DBS‐like stimulation was applied during the conditioning (40 minutes, once daily, 3 days) or extinction (20 minutes, once daily, 6‐10 days) trials. Following the extinction, morphine preference was reinstated by a priming dose of morphine (2 mg/kg). When applied during the conditioning phase, HF‐DBS significantly decreased preference for the morphine‐associated context. HF‐DBS during the extinction phase of morphine CPP reduced the number of days to full extinction of morphine preference and prevented morphine priming–induced recurrence of morphine preference. LF‐DBS did not change any of these addictive behaviors. HF‐DBS had no significant effect on novel object recognition memory. In conclusion, HF‐DBS of the OFC prevented morphine preference, facilitated extinction of morphine preference, and blocked drug priming–induced reinstatement of morphine seeking. These findings may indicate a potential applicability of DBS in the treatment of relapse to drug use. Further studies will be necessary to assess the translatability of these findings to the clinic.
Using wastewater‐based analysis to monitor the effects of legalized retail sales on cannabis consumption in Washington State, USA
Authors: Burgard Daniel A. , Williams Jason , Westerman Danielle , Rushing Rosie , Carpenter Riley , LaRock Addison , Sadetsky Jane , Clarke Jackson , Fryhle Heather , Pellman Melissa , Banta‐Green Caleb J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimsTo perform a wastewater‐based analysis to explore the impact of newly legalized retail cannabis sales on its use and to determine if this approach could estimate the size of the legal market place, which began 1 August 2014 in the study area.DesignLaboratory study of raw wastewater samples collected and analyzed over the 3‐year period from 2014 to 2016.Setting and ParticipantsSamples obtained from the two wastewater treatment plants that serviced a municipality of 200 000 people in the state of Washington, USA.MeasurementsQuantitative analysis of 24‐hour composite influent samples for the metabolite of the active ingredient in cannabis, 11‐nor‐9‐Carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐COOH) were performed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.FindingsWastewater estimates for THC‐COOH increased by 9% per quarter, suggesting a doubling in cannabis consumption from 1 December 2013 to 31 December 2016. State‐sold THC increased at nearly 70% per quarter, while stores operated from 1 August 2014 to 31 December 2016. Estimating the proportion of the total cannabis market supplied by state‐regulated cannabis from these data is not currently achievable.ConclusionA wastewater‐based measure of cannabis consumption suggests a significant increase in consumption in Washington, USA following legalization, and that legal sales appear to have displaced a large portion of the illicit market.
Delivery of surgical care in Samoa: perspectives on capacity, barriers and opportunities by local providers
Authors: Comery Ben , Perry William R. G. , Young Steven , Dare Anna , Matalavea Ben , Bissett Ian P. , Windsor John A. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe Pacific Island nation of Samoa faces a number of challenges in delivering surgical care. Our group aimed to identify the barriers and opportunities to improving the delivery of safe, affordable, timely surgical care in Samoa.MethodsA mixed‐methods approach was undertaken. The quantitative analysis used a modified version of the World Health Organization Emergency and Essential Surgical Checklist while the qualitative methodology used semi‐structured interviews. Respondents were asked to share their views on the capacity, quality, accessibility and future directions of surgery in Samoa. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using open and axial coding techniques.ResultsStakeholders had a positive outlook on the delivery of surgical care, but it was suggested that existing services were not meeting needs. Respondents cited limited access to equipment and resources, compounded by insufficient organizational and logistical infrastructure. Shortage of medical staff and retention was identified as a key issue. Shortcomings in primary care and poor health literacy were seen as significant barriers to accessing care.ConclusionDocumenting locally identified barriers and solutions to surgical care in Samoa is an important first step towards the development of formal strategies for improving surgical services nationally.
Lesion distribution in cases of canine atopic dermatitis in South Australia
Authors: Graham M , Chan WY , Hill P 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the lesion distribution patterns in different breeds of dogs affected by atopic dermatitis in South Australia.MethodsThe presence or absence of erythematous skin lesions in 267 cases of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) was recorded across 36 anatomical sites. Breeds represented by ≥ 9 dogs were included in the analysis. The percentage of dogs showing lesions at each of the body sites was calculated and illustrated on colour‐coded diagrams. Variations in affected body sites within and between breeds were compared using Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA and Dunn's multiple comparison tests.ResultsThe prevalence of skin lesions at different body sites differed significantly both in the population as a whole and within breeds. The sites affected in ≥ 75% dogs were the dorsal and ventral aspects of the front and hind paws. The sites affected in 50–74% were the medial pinnae, axillae, ventral chest, abdomen and perineum. Sites affected in 25–49% of dogs included the face, periocular region and forelimb. Remaining body sites were affected in < 25% of dogs. Analysis at the breed level revealed some differences from this standard distribution pattern.ConclusionThe results of this study confirmed the typical lesion distributions seen in CAD and highlighted some subtle differences in breeds commonly seen in South Australia. This will be useful for clinical practitioners in prioritising differential diagnoses for pruritic skin conditions.
A taxonomy of factors affecting attitudes towards educational technologies for use with technology acceptance models
Authors: Kemp Andrew , Palmer Edward , Strelan Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe aim of this theoretical review was to identify the important factors shown to affect attitudes towards use of educational technologies by students or educators in higher education institutions and organise them into broad, intermediate and narrow groupings. This was done to assist the construction of more objective measurement instruments used in the evaluation of educational technologies. A qualitative review of the influential factors that affect user attitudes, intentions and motivations to use educational technologies was conducted, first by interrogating the fundamental behavioural theories underpinning technology acceptance models, and then by exploring the findings of later and contemporary empirical research conducted in the educational context. Identified factors were grouped to produce an ordered taxonomy of measurement constructs. This taxonomy provides each construct’s lineage back through tertiary, secondary and primary taxonomic groups and provides a greater scope of measurement than commonly used models. Seven primary and twenty two secondary and tertiary taxonomic groups were defined, which collectively comprise sixty one measurement constructs. The taxonomy is designed to reduce measurement bias within studies and also acts as a basis for consistent and objective benchmarking within and across institutions.
Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

Technology acceptance models are derived from a number of foundational behavioural and motivational theories.
The TAM and UTAUT are validated models that appraise attitude and/or behavioural intent to use an educational technology, which nonetheless do not cover the entire scope of what has been shown to be important in various studies.
There is little consistency from study to study of measurement constructs used in technology acceptance models.
What this paper adds

Collection and organisation of the salient measurement constructs into a flexible taxonomy.
Establishment of a consistent measurement scope that is specifically suited to educational technology research.
Establishment of construct lineage that clearly shows similarities and differences between the various constructs.
Implications for practice and/or policy

The taxonomy supports robust instrument construction to improve both convergent and discriminant validity of measurement models.
The taxonomy provides a recommended scope for higher education institutions to measure factors affecting use of various educational technologies.
Consistent use of the taxonomy will provide an objective standard that can be used to compare across institutions or within institutions over time, which assist with benchmarking and management decisions.
The taxonomy can be used as a framework for meta‐analyses or to collate ‘prior’ data to use in Bayesian‐type technology evaluation.
Teacher interventions in students’ collaborative work in a technology‐rich educational makerspace
Authors: Kajamaa Anu , Kumpulainen Kristiina , Olkinuora Helmi‐Riikka 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study reports on an investigation of teacher interventions in students’ collaborative work in an educational makerspace. We draw on a qualitative analysis of video data on teacher–student interaction derived from 94 students (aged 9–12) and their teachers in a Finnish school. The results show that the teacher interventions were both student‐ and teacher‐initiated. Three leading teacher intervention strategies were identified, namely authoritative, orchestrating and unleashing which emerged in teacher–student interactions dealing with conceptual, procedural, technological, behavioural and motivational issues. The study demonstrates the demands makerspaces pose for teacher–student interaction, and how moving from authoritative to collaborative interaction requires collective efforts and cultural change.
Characteristic dynamics of height and weight in preschool boys with constitutional delay of growth and puberty or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , Hoffmann Elisa , Rothermel Juliane , Lehrian Theresa Johanna , Binder Gerhard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveConstitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a frequent variant of the normal leading to short stature and/or pubertal delay. To distinguish CDGP from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), we evaluated height, growth and weight pattern of CDGP and HH in the first 5 years of life.Design and patientsWe studied retrospectively height and weight in the first 5 years (y) of life in 54 boys with CDGP and 8 boys with HH.ResultsIn boys with CDGP, height‐SDS decreased (change −0.94 (interquartile range [IQR] −1.69 to −0.05); P < 0.001) between birth and 2 years. BMI‐SDS decreased (change −0.38 (IQR −1.21‐0.16); P < 0.001) in the same time period. There were no significant changes in height‐SDS or BMI‐SDS between 2 years and 5 years, while height‐SDS (change + 1.49 (IQR 1.02‐1.95); P < 0.001) and BMI‐SDS (change + 0.91 (IQR 0.12‐1.69); P < 0.001) increased between pubertal and adult age. In boys with HH, height‐SDS and BMI‐SDS did not change significantly in the first 5 years of life. Height‐SDS decreased (change −1.39 (IQR −1.96 to −0.67); P = 0.018) significantly between 5 years of life and puberty, while there were no significant changes in BMI‐SDS in this time period. At pubertal age, BMI‐SDS was significantly (P = 0.001) higher in boys with HH compared with boys with CDGP.ConclusionHeight deflection and weight deflection in CDGP occur already during the first two years of life in contrast to HH. This different pattern of growth and weight might be helpful to distinguish CDGP from HH.
Discoid resection for colorectal endometriosis: results from a prospective cohort from two French tertiary referral centres
Authors: Abo C. , Bendifallah S. , Jayot A. , Nyangoh Timoh K. , Tuech J.‐J. , Roman H. , Daraï E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimUsing a prospective database of discoid resection performed in two tertiary referral centres, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility, short‐term complication rates and clinical outcomes, including voiding dysfunction, of the procedure.MethodA retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort database was conducted from February 2010 to October 2017 in two tertiary referral centres. One hundred and forty‐eight consecutive patients scheduled for colorectal endometriosis by discoid resection were enrolled. The median follow‐up was 21 months. All the women underwent complete preoperative assessment (MRI, transvaginal ultrasonography and rectal echo‐endoscopy) before the removal of colorectal endometriosis. Postoperative complications were classified according to the Clavien–Dindo classification system as minor (grades I and II) or major (grades IIIA, IIIB and IV). Cases of voiding dysfunction were also noted.ResultsThe procedure was abandoned in seven patients. In 91 (64.5%) of the remaining 141 patients, the diameter of discoid resection removed was ≥ 30 mm. Surgery was performed by laparoscopy in 137/141 cases (92.7%). Grade I–III complications were observed in 37 patients (26.2%) with 11 grade IIIb (7.8%). Postoperative voiding dysfunction occurred in 16 patients (11.3%), 11 of whom required self‐catheterization for < 1 month. In a multivariate analysis including age, body mass index, lesion size and history of previous surgery for endometriosis, a history of previous surgery was independently correlated to complication outcome (P = 0.043).ConclusionsThis analysis suggests that discoid resection is associated with good short‐term results for women with colorectal endometriosis in a tertiary referral centre as it is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications.