bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enemy release from the effects of generalist granivores can facilitate Bromus tectorum invasion in the Great Basin Desert
Authors: Lucero Jacob E. , Schaffner Urs , Asadi Ghorbanali , Bagheri Alireza , Rajabov Toshpulot , Callaway Ragan M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe enemy release hypothesis (ERH) of plant invasion asserts that natural enemies limit populations of invasive plants more strongly in native ranges than in non‐native ranges. Despite considerable empirical attention, few studies have directly tested this idea, especially with respect to generalist herbivores. This knowledge gap is important because escaping the effects of generalists is a critical aspect of the ERH that may help explain successful plant invasions. Here, we used consumer exclosures and seed addition experiments to contrast the effects of granivorous rodents (an important guild of generalists) on the establishment of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) in western Asia, where cheatgrass is native, versus the Great Basin Desert, USA, where cheatgrass is exotic and highly invasive. Consistent with the ERH, rodent foraging reduced cheatgrass establishment by nearly 60% in western Asia but had no effect in the Great Basin. This main result corresponded with a region‐specific foraging pattern: rodents in the Great Basin but not western Asia generally avoided seeds from cheatgrass relative to seeds from native competitors. Our results suggest that enemy release from the effects of an important guild of generalists may contribute to the explosive success of cheatgrass in the Great Basin. These findings corroborate classic theory on enemy release and expand our understanding of how generalists can influence the trajectory of exotic plant invasions.
Effects of polyploidy on the coordination of gene expression between organellar and nuclear genomes in Leucanthemum Mill. (Compositae, Anthemideae)
Authors: Oberprieler Christoph , Talianova Martina , Griesenbeck Joachim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhole‐genome duplications (WGD) through polyploid speciation are associated with disruptions of well‐tuned relationships among the three plant cell genomes. Key metabolic processes comprising multi‐subunit enzyme complexes, for which partner proteins are both nuclear‐ and plastid‐encoded, are dependent on maintenance of stoichiometric ratios among the subunits to avoid cytonuclear imbalances after WGDs. By using qPCR for gene copy and transcript number quantification, we have studied the relationship of subunit expression in the two gene pairs rbcL/rbcS (the two subunits of RuBisCO) and psbA/psbO (two members of photosystem II) in closely related members of Leucanthemum (Compositae, Anthemideae), comprising a diploid, a tetraploid, and a hexaploid species. While gene copy numbers exhibit the expected pattern of an increase in the nuclear‐encoded partner gene relative to the plastid‐encoded one, we find that the two partner gene systems behave differently after WGD: While in the psbA/psbO partner gene system, shifts in the gene copy balance caused by polyploidization are not accommodated for through changes in transcription intensities of the two partner genes, the rbcL/rbcS system even shows an unexpected reversed dosage effect with up‐regulated transcription intensities on both the nuclear and the plastidal side. We interpret the behavior of the psbA/psbO partner gene system as being due to the stoichiometrically relaxed relationship between the two gene products caused by a fast, damage‐provoked combustion of the psbA gene product (the D1 core protein of PSII). Conversely, the finely tuned expression dependencies of the rbcL/rbcS system may be the reason for the observed positive feedback runaway signal as reaction to gene copy imbalances caused by a polyploidization shock.
Spatial trophic cascades in communities connected by dispersal and foraging
Authors: García‐Callejas David , Molowny‐Horas Roberto , Araújo Miguel B. , Gravel Dominique 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPairwise interactions between species have both direct and indirect consequences that reverberate throughout the whole ecosystem. In particular, interaction effects may propagate in a spatial dimension, to localities connected by organismal movement. Here we study the propagation of interaction effects with a spatially explicit metacommunity model, where local sites are connected by dispersal, foraging, or by both types of movement. We show that indirect pairwise effects are, in most cases, of the same sign as direct effects if localities are connected by dispersing species. However, if foraging is prevalent, this correspondence is broken, and indirect effects between species often have a different sign than direct effects. This highlights the importance of indirect interactions across space and their inherent unpredictability in complex settings with species foraging across local patches. Further, the effect of a species over another in a local patch does not necessarily correspond to its effect at the metacommunity scale; this correspondence is again mediated by the type of movement across localities. Every species, despite their trophic position or spatial range, displays a non‐zero net effect over every other species in our model metacommunities. Thus we show that local dynamics and local interactions between species can trigger indirect effects all across the set of connected patches, and these effects have a distinct signature depending on whether the prevalent connection between patches is via dispersal or via foraging. However, the magnitude of this effect between any two species strongly decays with the distance between them. These theoretical results strengthen the importance of considering indirect effects across species at both the community and metacommunity levels, highlight the differences between types of movement across locations, and thus open novel avenues for the study of interaction effects in spatially explicit settings.
Detection of Allergenic Lysozyme during Winemaking with an Electrochemical Aptasensor
Authors: Titoiu Ana Maria , Porumb Roxana , Fanjul‐Bolado Pablo , Epure Petru , Zamfir Medana , Vasilescu Alina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this work we investigate the performance of a simple, disposable electrochemical aptasensor for lysozyme and its usefulness for monitoring the allergen risk along wine production. The sensor relies on screen‐printed gold electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles as the electrochemical transducer, with detection by cyclic voltammetry. This simple method is characterized by a detection limit of 0.32 μg.mL−1 lysozyme and a linear range of 1–10 μg.mL−1, being appropriate for the analysis of lysozyme‐treated wines. Several white wines where sulphur dioxide was partially replaced by lysozyme were produced and analyzed with the aptasensor at critical stages during wine production. The results obtained with the aptasensor were moreover compared with those recorded in parallel by a standard method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The specific advantages brought by the use of nanomaterial and the limitations of the sensor are discussed. The sensor allowed evaluating the effect of various technological steps along wine production on the content of lysozyme.
Prediction and multi‐objective optimization of tidal current turbines considering cavitation based on GA‐ANN methods
Authors: Sun Zhaocheng , Li Zengliang , Fan Menghao , Wang Meng , Zhang Le 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs a new type of energy, tidal current energy is increasingly gaining attention worldwide. However, the tidal current energy development field faces a key technical problem of how to improve the generation efficiency and service life of tidal current generators. In this study, an innovative optimized design method of the horizontal axis tidal turbine was applied to the rotor blade design. To be specific, blade cavitation was considered as a factor for optimization and then was improved using a modern optimization method that combined artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms, solving for a numerical solution. In the optimization program, the annual energy output and the superficial area of the rotor blade served as the optimization goals, and the chord length and the twist angle served as the optimization variables. The cavitation constraint was different from the traditional method in that the judgment criterion of occurrence of cavitation was no longer the minimum pressure coefficient but the maximum stress coefficient. The combination of the artificial neural network and the genetic algorithm not only realized high optimization accuracy but also greatly saved computation time. To verify the validity of the optimization method, a 1 MW turbine was designed, and the optimal solution was chosen from the formed Pareto optimal solution set for modeling, and the new model was compared with the model quoted in the reference. The simulation result shows that the turbine designed using the optimization method not only reduces the surface area of the rotor blade and improves the annual energy output, but also remarkably improves the blades' cavitation resistance. The optimization analysis and comparison using different cavitation judgment criteria shows that the cavitation resistance of blades obtained using the maximum stress coefficient as the judgment criterion is more advantageous.
The research of coal seam gas pressure and initial gas emission characteristics of borehole
Authors: Zeng Jianhua , Tian Shixiang , Wu Guiyi , Zuo Yunjun , Xu Shiqing , Pei Peng , Wang Chen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGas pressure is one of the major factors to characterize the outburst danger of coal seams. Generally, the process of gas pressure determination is complicate and cannot ensure the accuracy of results, which may cause a wrong identification of outburst danger. This paper discussed and revealed a positive correlation between initial gas emission and gas pressure, which provides a new approach to identify the outburst danger by initial gas emission. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the liner equation of gas pressure and initial gas emission was deduced. Laboratory experiments under adsorption and desorption of CO2 and N2 were performed using coal samples from Weishe coal mine. The data of initial gas emission under different gas pressure were recorded, and the fitting curves were obtained. The results show a positive correlation between initial gas emission and gas pressure, and the curve of N2 was below the CO2. Especially, while the adsorption gas pressure was under 0.663 and 0.675 MPa, the difference of corresponding initial gas emission was only 0.01 L/s, which indicates the high degree of correlation. The results validated the theoretical and practical feasibility to identify the coal and the gas outbursts through initial gas emission.
Model instability in predictive exchange rate regressions
Authors: Hauzenberger Niko , Huber Florian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper we aim to improve existing empirical exchange rate models by accounting for uncertainty with respect to the underlying structural representation. Within a flexible Bayesian framework, our modeling approach assumes that different regimes are characterized by commonly used structural exchange rate models, with transitions across regimes being driven by a Markov process. We assume a time‐varying transition probability matrix with transition probabilities depending on a measure of the monetary policy stance of the central bank at home and in the USA. We apply this model to a set of eight exchange rates against the US dollar. In a forecasting exercise, we show that model evidence varies over time, and a model approach that takes this empirical evidence seriously yields more accurate density forecasts for most currency pairs considered.
The Lower Yangtze area: A next shale gas block for China? Preliminary potential assessment from some geology and organic geochemistry information
Authors: Du Xue‐Bin , Lu Yong‐Chao , Chen Ping , Li Xiang‐Quan , Song Xiao‐Dong 
Published: July 2019

In the last several years, the massive success of the Fuling shale gas field in south‐western China has shown great potential in finding giant shale gas fields in the Upper Yangtze area, and it has also attracted the increasing attention from geologists to find more shale gas reservoirs around the world. However, there is still a great dispute as to whether the neighbouring Lower Yangtze area is a next potential shale gas block in China. In this study, we evaluate preliminarily the shale gas potentials of five important sets of marine shales based on systematic analyses for the sedimentary environment, thickness, total organic carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, and other organic geochemistry parameters of both geological records from outcrops and wells in the Lower Yangtze area. The first two sets of marine shales occur in the Lower Cambrian and the Ordovician, and they all are of over–high organic maturity due to strong effects from regional tectonic movements and thus have poor potential. Although the Lower Silurian shales are widely distributed in the Lower Yangtze region, a terrigenous delta, a low amount of organic matter (TOC < 1.2%), and late tectonic activity together created unfavourable conditions for the generation and accumulation of the Lower Silurian shale gas. The Permian black shales occur in the Middle and Upper Permian. Several proxies, such as the appropriate maturity (vitrinite reflectance Ro of approximately 2.0%), abundant organic matter (TOC of approximately 4 wt%), good total hydrocarbon potential (S1 + S2), and high level of hydrocarbon conversion have resulted in good conditions for shale gas generation. However, the relative thinness (only 30 m), severe tectonic modification, and regional cap rock are not favourable for shale gas preservation. The Lower Yangtze area therefore is not an excellent block for shale gas exploration compared to its neighbouring Upper Yangtze area. However, in some areas with less structural deformation, the possibility of finding shale gas reservoirs cannot be ruled out, especially for the Permian shales, which had a greater opportunity to generate and accumulate shale gas than the other marine shales. In addition, for new shale gas exploration breakthroughs in the future, structural studies are essential in offering better understanding of the preservation conditions in the Lower Yangtze area.
The lexical semantics of adjective–noun phrases in the human brain
Authors: Fyshe Alona , Sudre Gustavo , Wehbe Leila , Rafidi Nicole , Mitchell Tom M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs a person reads, the brain performs complex operations to create higher order semantic representations from individual words. While these steps are effortless for competent readers, we are only beginning to understand how the brain performs these actions. Here, we explore lexical semantics using magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of people reading adjective–noun phrases presented one word at a time. We track the neural representation of single word representations over time, through different brain regions. Our results reveal two novel findings: (a) a neural representation of the adjective is present during noun presentation, but this representation is different from that observed during adjective presentation and (b) the neural representation of adjective semantics observed during adjective reading is reactivated after phrase reading, with remarkable consistency. We also note that while the semantic representation of the adjective during the reading of the adjective is very distributed, the later representations are concentrated largely to temporal and frontal areas previously associated with composition. Taken together, these results paint a picture of information flow in the brain as phrases are read and understood.
Brain‐based ranking of cognitive domains to predict schizophrenia
Authors: Karrer Teresa M. , Bassett Danielle S. , Derntl Birgit , Gruber Oliver , Aleman André , Jardri Renaud , Laird Angela R. , Fox Peter T. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Grisel Olivier , Varoquaux Gaël , Thirion Bertrand , Bzdok Danilo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSchizophrenia is a devastating brain disorder that disturbs sensory perception, motor action, and abstract thought. Its clinical phenotype implies dysfunction of various mental domains, which has motivated a series of theories regarding the underlying pathophysiology. Aiming at a predictive benchmark of a catalog of cognitive functions, we developed a data‐driven machine‐learning strategy and provide a proof of principle in a multisite clinical dataset (n= 324). Existing neuroscientific knowledge on diverse cognitive domains was first condensed into neurotopographical maps. We then examined how the ensuing meta‐analytic cognitive priors can distinguish patients and controls using brain morphology and intrinsic functional connectivity. Some affected cognitive domains supported well‐studied directions of research on auditory evaluation and social cognition. However, rarely suspected cognitive domains also emerged as disease relevant, including self‐oriented processing of bodily sensations in gustation and pain. Such algorithmic charting of the cognitive landscape can be used to make targeted recommendations for future mental health research.
Endoglin (CD105) expression in neurofibromatosis type 2 vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Marioni Gino , Nicolè Lorenzo , Cazzador Diego , Pavone Chiara , D'Avella Domenico , Martini Alessandro , Mazzoni Antonio , Zanoletti Elisabetta 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant, multiple neoplasia syndrome characterized by bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs). Endoglin is a proliferation‐associated protein expressed in angiogenic endothelial cells. The aim of this study was to investigate endoglin expression in a series of NF2‐associated VSs, as compared with a group of sporadic VSs.MethodsUsing image analysis, vessel cross‐sectional area (AA) and density (VD) were calculated from CD105 expression in 7 NF2‐associated VSs and 14 size‐matched sporadic VSs.ResultsThere were no significant differences between NF2‐associated VSs and sporadic cases in terms of AA (P = .28), or VD (P = .39). A positive correlation emerged between tumor growth rate (measured on contrast‐enhanced MRI) and VD in the cohort of NF2‐associated VSs (rho = 0.95, P = .05).ConclusionsFurther investigations are needed to ascertain the feasibility of (a) measuring circulating endoglin levels to monitor tumor growth rate and (b) targeting tumor neoangiogenesis with anti‐endoglin approaches in NF2‐associated VS.
The causes of aging and relationship between aging and health expenditure: An econometric causality analysis for Turkey
Authors: Boz Canser , Ozsarı S.Haluk 
Published: July 2019

SummaryIntroductionDemographic changes since the second half of the last century have led to an aging population, and this is considered an important economic and social problem worldwide. In addition to the social, economic, and political effects of aging, the relationship between aging and health expenditure is also being recognized in recent years. The two main generally accepted underlying causes of aging populations are longer life expectancy and lower fertility. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of aging and the relationship between health expenditure and aging using causality econometric models on data samples from Turkey.MethodsThe Toda and Yamamoto causality approach, which is currently the preferred method, was chosen to obtain robust results on dual causality relationships between aging, fertility, life expectancy, and health expenditures. The data used in the estimation of causality were obtained from Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) statistics for Turkey, and the E‐Views 8.0 econometric package program was used to predict causality.ResultsAccording to causality analysis, fertility rate resulted in population aging in Turkey for the period between 1975 and 2016, apart from a one‐way causality between population aging and health expenditure in Turkey.ConclusionAs aging has multiple social, political, and economic effects, the development and implementation of new policies toward the elderly and aging of population are very important.
Second law analysis for chemically reacting natural convective second‐grade fluid flow between porous parallel plates with Hall and Ion slip
Authors: Ramesh K. , Ojjela Odelu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, we performed the entropy generation of free convective chemically reacting second‐grade fluid confined between parallel plates in the influence of the Hall and Ion slip with heat and mass fluxes. Let there be a periodic suction/injection along with the plates, the governing flow field equations are reduced as a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using appropriate similarity transformations then solved numerically with shooting method based on Runge‐Kutta 4th order scheme. The results are analyzed for velocity in axial and radial directions, temperature distribution, concentration distribution, entropy generation number, Bejan number, mass and heat transfer rates with respect to distinct geometric, and fluid parameters and shown graphically and tables. It is observed that the entropy generation is enhanced with Prandtl number, whereas decreases with a second‐grade parameter, the effects of Hall and Ion slip parameters on velocity components, temperature and entropy generation number are the same. The entropy generation number the fluid is enhanced with the suction‐injection parameter whereas, the concentration of the fluid decreases with the increasing of chemical reaction parameter.
Expanding perspectives: A social inequities lens on intimate partner violence, reproductive justice, and infant mental health
Authors: Grady Gloria , Hinshaw‐Fuselier Sarah , Friar Norah 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIntimate partner violence (IPV) poses a threat to the attainment of reproductive justice. Women who experience IPV are limited in their ability to parent their children in a secure and nurturing environment, which can have negative effects on the mother and child immediately and long‐term, potentially distressing reproductive well‐being across generations. Societal inequities faced by women, particularly women of color, within education, economic, and legal systems are associated with risk factors for IPV. This article will use national‐ and state‐level data with case examples and the lens of reproductive justice to consider the impact of and potential solutions to historical and institutional inequities related to IPV.
Modeling the conditional distribution of financial returns with asymmetric tails
Authors: Thiele Stephen 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes a conditional density model that allows for differing left/right tail indices and time‐varying volatility based on the dynamic conditional score (DCS) approach. The asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimates are presented under verifiable conditions together with simulations showing effective estimation with practical sample sizes. It is shown that tail asymmetry is prevalent in global equity index returns and can be mistaken for skewness through the center of the distribution. The importance of tail asymmetry for asset allocation and risk premia is demonstrated in‐sample. Application to portfolio construction out‐of‐sample is then considered, with a representative investor willing to pay economically and statistically significant management fees to use the new model instead of traditional skewed models to determine their asset allocation.