bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Society for Blood Transfusion international survey on blood product wastage in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Beckman Neil , Ansah Justina , Follea Gilles , Yazer Mark H. 
Published: July 2019

Background and objectivesIn 2015, the ISBT Working Party on Blood Supply Management published the results of an international survey on blood product wastage in hospitals. The responses were predominantly from Europe and North America, and it was decided to form another survey concentrating on low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).Materials and methodsThe survey was designed by the authors and translated into an online survey tool by the ISBT office. A pilot survey was produced and completed by 3 volunteer contributors. Where necessary, amendments were made and the survey was sent by the ISBT to 33 participants from LMIC. The survey was further distributed by participants to colleagues in their or other countries.ResultsIn total, 31 completed surveys were received from 11 different countries. Not all respondents answered all questions meaning different questions may have been answered by a different combination of respondents. The demographics of hospital type, size and distance from the blood supplier varied considerably. Red‐blood‐cell (RBC) wastage was estimated to be <5% (n=9 respondents), 5‐10% (n=3) or 10‐25% (n=5). The most important category of wastage was outdated RBCs in the blood bank or after issue. Wastage as a result of an RBC being issued to a patient and not completely transfused because the patient did not require the entire volume was <10% (n=18), 10‐20% (n=3), 20‐30% (n=1), 40–50% (n=1) and >50% (n=1).ConclusionWastage rates varied considerably between countries, and innovative solutions will be required to reduce this problem.
ERK Regulates HIF1α-Mediated Platinum Resistance by Directly Targeting PHD2 in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Li Zhuqing , Zhou Wei , Zhang Yi , Sun Wei , Yung Mingo M.H. , Sun Jing , Li Jing , Chen Chi-Wei , Li Zongzhu , Meng Yunxiao , Chai Jie , Zhou Yuan , Liu Stephanie S. , Cheung Annie N.Y. , Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Chan David W. , Zheng Wei , Zhu Wenge 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Up to 80% of patients with ovarian cancer develop platinum resistance over time to platinum-based chemotherapy. Increased HIF1α level is an important mechanism governing platinum resistance in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC). However, the mechanism regulating HIF1α stability in PROC remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of HIF1α stability regulation in PROC and explore therapeutic approaches to overcome cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer.

Experimental Design:
We first used a quantitative high-throughput combinational screen (qHTCS) to identify novel drugs that could resensitize PROC cells to cisplatin. Next, we evaluated the combination efficacy of inhibitors of HIF1α (YC-1), ERK (selumetinib), and TGFβ1 (SB431542) with platinum drugs by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, a novel TGFβ1/ERK/PHD2-mediated pathway regulating HIF1α stability in PROC was discovered.

Results:
YC-1 and selumetinib resensitized PROC cells to cisplatin. Next, the prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2) was shown to be a direct substrate of ERK. Phosphorylation of PHD2 by ERK prevents its binding to HIF1α, thus inhibiting HIF1α hydroxylation and degradation—increasing HIF1α stability. Significantly, ERK/PHD2 signaling in PROC cells is dependent on TGFβ1, promoting platinum resistance by stabilizing HIF1α. Inhibition of TGFβ1 by SB431542, ERK by selumetinib, or HIF1α by YC-1 efficiently overcame platinum resistance both in vitro and in vivo. The results from clinical samples confirm activation of the ERK/PHD2/HIF1α axis in patients with PROC, correlating highly with poor prognoses for patients.

Conclusions:
HIF1α stabilization is regulated by TGFβ1/ERK/PHD2 axis in PROC. Hence, inhibiting TGFβ1, ERK, or HIF1α is potential strategy for treating patients with PROC.
Structural and Functional Analyses of an Allosteric EYA2 Phosphatase Inhibitor That Has On-Target Effects in Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Anantharajan Jothi , Zhou Hengbo , Zhang Lingdi , Hotz Taylor , Vincent Melanie Y. , Blevins Melanie A. , Jansson Anna E. , Kuan John Wee Liang , Ng Elizabeth Yihui , Yeo Yee Khoon , Baburajendran Nithya , Lin Grace , Hung Alvin W. , Joy Joma , Patnaik Samarjit , Marugan Juan , Rudra Pratyaydipta , Ghosh Debashis , Hill Jeffrey , Keller Thomas H. , Zhao Rui , Ford Heide L. , Kang CongBao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEYA proteins (EYA1-4) are critical developmental transcriptional cofactors that contain an EYA domain (ED) harboring Tyr phosphatase activity. EYA proteins are largely downregulated after embryogenesis but are reexpressed in cancers, and their Tyr phosphatase activity plays an important role in the DNA damage response and tumor progression. We previously identified a class of small-molecule allosteric inhibitors that specifically inhibit the Tyr phosphatase activity of EYA2. Herein, we determined the crystal structure of the EYA2 ED in complex with NCGC00249987 (a representative compound in this class), revealing that it binds to an induced pocket distant from the active site. NCGC00249987 binding leads to a conformational change of the active site that is unfavorable for Mg2+ binding, thereby inhibiting EYA2′s Tyr phosphatase activity. We demonstrate, using genetic mutations, that migration, invadopodia formation, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells are dependent on EYA2 Tyr phosphatase activity, whereas growth and survival are not. Further, we demonstrate that NCGC00249987 specifically targets migration, invadopodia formation, and invasion of lung cancer cells, but that it does not inhibit cell growth or survival. The compound has no effect on lung cancer cells carrying an EYA2 F290Y mutant that abolishes compound binding, indicating that NCGC00249987 is on target in lung cancer cells. These data suggest that the NCGC00249987 allosteric inhibitor can be used as a chemical probe to study the function of the EYA2 Tyr phosphatase activity in cells and may have the potential to be developed into an antimetastatic agent for cancers reliant on EYA2′s Tyr phosphatase activity.
Pompeian Artifacts and Jesus-Devotion: The Contours of the Issue in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Longenecker Bruce W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Certain Pompeian artifacts have drawn debate as to whether they might be the product of Jesus-devotion within the walls of that small town. This article overviews the context for considering that issue in accordance with the best forms of current historiographical analysis and in light of the full spread of the evidence. To do otherwise is to mire the debate in a problematic web of outdated assumptions. When those assumptions are purged from the interpretive process and the full spread of evidence is taken into account, new interpretive possibilities open up, with important historical implications for our understanding of early forms of Jesus-devotion.
Epistolary Sleight of Hand: Diplomatic Manipulation in Zosimus’ Letter to Patroclus of Arles (Quid de Proculi)
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Zosimus’ Epistula 7 (JK 333 = J3 739, Quid de Proculi) to Patroclus, bishop of Arles, would suggest the normal operations of ecclesiastical judicial procedures: Proclus had been condemned, the validity of an earlier synodal decision had been overturned, and Patroclus’ own authority had been upheld. Appearances, however, can be deceiving. Other letters in Liber auctoritatem ecclesiae Arelatensis, particularly three written by Zosimus also in September 417, inform us about just how controversial were not only Patroclus’ claims to authority in southern Gaul but Zosimus’ support of Patroclus and his assertion that the Roman church had a role in arbitrating these claims. The evidence in the collection is of a dispute conducted with anything but diplomacy. This paper sets Quid de Proculi in its broader context to reveal how both Zosimus and the church of Arles tried, unwittingly or not, to promote a false memory about the church of Arles.
Residual value and assessement of damages under the lex Aquilia
Authors: Dondorp Harry 
Published: July 2019

Summary
Nowadays it is generally held, that the owner who brought an actio legis Aquiliae usually claimed no more than his loss, perhaps already in Ulpian’s time, for certain in Justinian’s. For the sum of condemnation based upon the estimation-clauses of the lex Aquilia would only then exceed his damages, if either the injured object’s value had decreased in the last year or 30 days (Inst. 4,3,9) or the wrongdoer had denied having caused the damage (C. 3,35,4). There is, however, a third reason, which the Roman texts fail to mention: a possible residual value of killed lifestock, wounded slaves, and damaged objects, which benefitted the owner. Only a few later jurists took this into account: in medieval times Jacques de Révigny and Pierre Jacobi, Johann Oldendorp in the Early Modern era. The notion prevailed that the lex Aquilia obliged to pay at least the object’s full value.
The barratry of the shipmaster in early modern law: polysemy and mos Italicus
Authors: Rossi Guido 
Published: July 2019

Summary
‘Barratry’ is a polysemic term: it means deceit, bribe, simony, and fraud of the shipmaster. This article seeks to trace the origins of the word and to explore its different meanings, focusing especially on the influence that older meanings had on the development of more recent ones. This operation is of particular importance to understand the meaning of barratry that would appear for last – that of fraud of the shipmaster. By the time civil lawyers started dealing with maritime barratry, they were already well familiar with the other meanings of the term. This probably favoured the adaptation process, but it also left a deep mark on its outcome: the weight of those other meanings of the same term had a significant influence on the qualification of maritime barratry, an influence otherwise difficult to explain.
The Relationship between the Letters of Al-Iḫlāṣ (Q 112:1-4) and Their Iterations Using B-Spline Function
Authors: Musbah Faoziya S.M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Al-Iḫlāṣ is an important chapter within the Holy Quran (words of God) because it is a brief declaration of the absolute unity of God (Allah). This paper analyzes al-Iḫlāṣ mathematically in order to gain an understanding of the relationship between the letters of this chapter and their iterations. The analyzed two-dimensional data points (xi,yi) define a piecewise linear curve that is shaped like Allah’s name as it is written in Arabic. The B-spline function is used to analyze this data so as to obtain a second degree curve.
Young–Burgess classification: Inter-observer and inter-method agreement between pelvic radiograph and computed tomography in emergency polytrauma management
Authors: Cheung Jason , Wong Cheuk Kei Kathy , Yang Marc Li Chuan , Wong Oi Fung , Cheung Michelle , Lui Chun Tat , Tsui Kwok Leung 
Published: July 2019

Background: While there are intrinsic differences in the pros and cons between plain radiographs and computer tomography, the role of pelvic radiographs in polytrauma management is diminishing as computer tomography scans are becoming more accessible. Previous studies found varying results in the inter-observer agreement in pelvic radiograph interpretations. Objectives: To evaluate inter-observer agreement of classifying pelvic fractures in major trauma patients by emergency physicians, and the inter-method agreement between plain radiographs and computer tomography scans. Methods: Three hundred sixty-nine patients with pelvic trauma were recruited from the trauma registries of four designated trauma centres in Hong Kong, each having one set of anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and pelvic computer tomography scans. Pelvic radiographs were classified by two emergency physicians using Young–Burgess classification, and pelvic computer tomography scans classified by an experienced radiologist. Disagreed pelvic radiographs were evaluated by a senior emergency physician to make a final decision before comparing with computer tomography scans. Cohen’s kappa was used to measure the inter-observer and the inter-method agreements, in the groups ‘mechanism of injury’, ‘stable versus unstable fractures’ and ‘complete classification’. Results: Inter-observer agreements of plain radiograph classification for ‘mechanism of injury’, ‘stable versus unstable fractures’ and ‘complete classification’ were moderate to substantial (κ = 0.72, 0.60 and 0.55, respectively). Inter-method agreement for the three groups between plain radiographs and computer tomography were fair to moderate (κ = 0.42, 0.59 and 0.38, respectively). Conclusion: The inter-method agreement between plain pelvic radiographs and computer tomography scans was fair in classifying pelvic fractures, and moderate in detection of unstable pelvic fractures. If the patient is haemodynamically unstable or when computer tomography is unavailable, it is reasonable to obtain plain radiographs to screen for unstable pelvic fractures to expedite early intervention. A review in the education approach and material of Young–Burgess classification may improve inter-observer agreement.
Judicial Accountability: The Eternal Dilemma
Authors: Singh Udai , Tapas Apoorva 
Published: July 2019

The deliberation on the lack of transparency and the vociferous demand for a mechanism to ensure accountability in public life has gathered momentum in the recent past. Judicial independence and accountability
are the prerequisites for a transparent judiciary enjoying public confidence, which is the hallmark of a healthy democracy. This article seeks to examine the relationship between accountability and independence of the judiciary
in view of the need and urgency of transparency, due to various controversies surrounding the Judiciary. The apparent dichotomy between the two is also elaborated. It is premised that judicial independence has an inextricable relationship with judicial accountability. The dichotomy between the two is rather superimposed and the need of the hour is to dispel this very myth. Viewing accountability to be at loggerheads with independence overlooks their subtle relationship. The former, if unbridled, leads to a crisis of legitimation of the law, posing a challenge for the judiciary to establish its
independence. The element of accountability, thus, needs
to be secured steadfastly and must be seen as a
supplement of independence, and not a hindrance
thereto.
Impact of Clause 49 of Listing Agreement of Securities and Exchange Board of India on Corporate Governance
Authors: Rathna Kumudha 
Published: July 2019

Corporate governance is the current exhortation in India as well as the world over. As an offshoot of economic liberalization, global investment in the form of foreign direct investment and foreign institutional investment
have gained momentum leading to vast economic growth in India. On the other hand, major corporate scams that have occurred worldwide in recent times, have revealed that the need for strict supervision and scrutiny over
corporate management and governance is a sin quo non for the protection of stakeholders and the growth of the nation which has to compete with the multinational companies in the global arena.

Further, in India, most of the listed companies, and substantially all billion-dollar companies, are family-run. A particular characteristic of the Indian corporate landscape, however, is a tendency for individuals (and their families) to establish large interlocking networks of subsidiaries and sister companies that include partially owned, publicly listed companies. Such pyramidal structures can lead to severely inequitable treatment of shareholders. The extent of this control is frequently opaque to outsiders and undisclosed by insiders. A particular need for effective corporate governance in India is, therefore, to encourage the dynamism and
growth of family. The inclusion of Clause 49 by Securities Exchange Board
of India (SEBI) in the listing agreement between companies endeavouring to have their securities listed in stock exchanges has impacted the modality of corporate management.

This research paper examines the impact of clause 49 of listing agreement of SEBI on corporate governance.
The Need for Horizontal Application of Fundamental Rights in India with Reference to State Action Doctrine in the Context of Globalisation
Authors: Paul Sanu Rani 
Published: July 2019

A paradigm shift in the role of the state has taken place
with the emergence of private and private public
participation in the socio welfare sectors of the economy.
These private and public entities through their operations
are making unreasonable interference in the lives of
people thereby violating their fundamental rights. The
judiciary has a significant role to play in protecting and
upholding the fundamental rights of the citizens under
the Constitution of India. But as far as enforcement of
fundamental rights against private or non state actors is
concerned, our judiciary is constrained in a set of narrow
doctrines evolved from time to time. In the present
scenario, an innovative and liberal approach in tune with
the spirit and fundamental values of the Constitution is
the need of the hour. The present study gives an account
of the need for enforcement of fundamental rights in
India against non state actors through an expansion of the
concept of state action.
Demystifying the Crime of Aggression: A Case for the International Criminal Court
Authors: Wanyama Edrine 
Published: July 2019

The crime of aggression forms one of the most
controversial parts of international law in contrast with
the need to protect national sovereignty of a given state
without undue interference. Even with the adoption of
the Rome Statute in 1998, the crime of aggression seems to
have been sidelined in favour of other matters of
international justice concerns that did not directly touch
the political status of the different states parties.
Jurisdictional issues concerning aggression were left
unresolved. The term „aggression‟ was nevertheless given
recognition in the year 2010 at a Review Conference of the
Rome Statute held in Kampala, Uganda, from 31 May to
11 June 2010. However, the concept still remains on paper
due to the postponement in establishing the jurisdiction
of the International Criminal Court till 2017. Currently,
only four states have signed and ratified the amendments
to the Rome Statute 1998 and they are to be enforced over
the next couple of years. This article gives an overview of
the crime of aggression. It examines some of the
contentious issues that may arise in relation to the crime
of aggression.
Explosive Remnants of War: A War after the War?
Authors: Singh Aditya Pratap , Mishra Siddharth 
Published: July 2019

Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) pose significant
humanitarian problems to the civilians as well as to the
governments in post conflict situations. People continue
to be at risk even after the war due to the presence of
ERW. The issue of ERW has in fact shifted the focus of the
international community from the immediate impacts of
the weapons to their long term effects. In response to this,
states concluded a landmark agreement, Protocol V to the
UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons in
2003 (CCW). This Protocol aims at providing a proper
mechanism to deal with ERW threat. Meanwhile, with the
beginning of the new century and the emergence of newly
sophisticated weapons the debate over the ERW got
shifted to one of the most menacing category of weapons
called cluster munitions. Again, responding to the
problem, the state parties adopted the Convention of
Cluster Munitions 2003 which bans the use and
development of these deadly weapons. Both these
instruments suffer from certain inherent limitations.
Despite these limitations they still serve as the last resort
for the civilians as well as for the governments of the war
torn communities in dealing with the catastrophic effects
of ERW.
Informed Consent in Clinical Trials and the Role of Institutional Ethics Committees: A Socio-Legal Analysis
Authors: Harigovind P C 
Published: July 2019

Experimenting new drugs on human beings, is one of the
crucial human right issues faced by the third world
countries in the present century. It is true that the
international law had taken high concern of this social
issue after the Nuremberg Trials. The international law
mandates informed consent to be obtained from the
participants of clinical trials and this is the sole
mechanism through which the rights of the trial subjects
are being protected. The public health issues caused by
illegal and unethical trials over patients are now evident
in Indian health care system. The issue has come up for
consideration before the Supreme Court of India recently.
In India the law runs in tune with the international
parameters for conducting human experimentation. The
law on informed consent has a fatal impact over public
health care issues, especially over the matter of clinical
trials. Recent experiences in India reveal the threats
caused to the society by clinical experimentations. Clinical
trials and allied health issues are also brought to the
notice of the judiciary. The law on informed consent in
India is in its infant state. Exploring the doctrine of
informed consent is crucial to this study. The present
issue of clinical research which threatens the health care system is analysed and the doctrine of informed consent
to regulate the system is assessed to check its efficacy and
veracity. Analysis of the issue will help to communicate to
the public about the need for better exercise of the rights
of those who are subjected to clinical researches. The law
of informed consent is in many ways inadequate to deal
with the issues relating to clinical trials in India. The
doctrine of informed consent has to be redefined to a
great extent. The institutional review boards and Non-
Government Organisations (NGO) can play a vital role in
assuring proper observation of rules relating to regulation
of human trials.
An Analysis of the Scope of Judicial Overreach in the Context of Legislative Intent
Authors: Chatterjee Sreyan 
Published: July 2019

Legislative intent is considered to be one of the aids to
statutory interpretation. This article looks at the
theoretical justifications behind usage of legislative intent
as a tool of statutory interpretation. The monopoly of the
legislature in law making is acknowledged by the
judiciary when it examines the legislative intent in
interpreting statutes. It is argued that this justification is
obsolete and is being increasingly used as a cover for
judicial lawmaking. Without getting into the pros and
cons of judicial overreach, this article analyses the role of
legislative intent-hunting in keeping alive the myth of
legislative supremacy in India. This article calls for
further research on the possibility of restriction of the use
of terminology of ‘legislative intent’ in cases where it is
clearly absent. On the contrary, where the gulf between
statutory text and the intended effect is bridged using
judicial standards and criteria, the said principle should
be termed ‘judicial intention’.