bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status and future perspectives of endoscopic full‐thickness resection
Authors: Mori Hirohito , Kobara Hideki , Nishiyama Noriko , Masaki Tsutomu 
Published: April 2018

Flexible endoscopy has developed from a diagnostic tool for tissue biopsy sampling to a treatment tool for endoscopic resection of neoplasms in the digestive tract. In the near future, one of the advanced endoscopic techniques, endoscopic full‐thickness resection (EFTR), is expected to be a feasible endoscopic procedure. In the present review, systematic review of conventional exposed EFTR was carried out. Search queries were (endoscopic full‐thickness resection or EFTR) (over‐the‐scope clip or OTSC) (Overstitch System) from 2015 to 2017. Four retrospective, single‐center studies with regard to conventional EFTR were identified. With regard to indication for conventional exposed EFTR, gastrointestinal stromal tumor was a good indication for EFTR. Mean tumor size of all four studies was 20.71 mm. In two studies, endoclips were used to close the resected opening without any complications, but the other two studies reported complications such as delayed perforation even using OTSC. Procedure times were reported from a minimum of 40 min to a maximum of 105 min. We also refer to introduction of a newly developed procedure of EFTR (non‐exposed EFTR), and development of a new suturing device in Japan.
Extremely preterm children exhibit increased interhemispheric connectivity for language: findings from fMRI‐constrained MEG analysis
Authors: Barnes‐Davis Maria E , Merhar Stephanie L , Holland Scott K , Kadis Darren S 
Published: April 2018

AbstractChildren born extremely preterm are at significant risk for cognitive impairment, including language deficits. The relationship between preterm birth and neurological changes that underlie cognitive deficits is poorly understood. We use a stories‐listening task in fMRI and MEG to characterize language network representation and connectivity in children born extremely preterm (n = 15, <28 weeks gestation, ages 4–6 years), and in a group of typically developing control participants (n = 15, term birth, 4–6 years). Participants completed a brief neuropsychological assessment. Conventional fMRI analyses revealed no significant differences in language network representation across groups (p > .05, corrected). The whole‐group fMRI activation map was parcellated to define the language network as a set of discrete nodes, and the timecourse of neuronal activity at each position was estimated using linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer in MEG. Virtual timecourses were subjected to connectivity and network‐based analyses. We observed significantly increased beta‐band functional connectivity in extremely preterm compared to controls (p < .05). Specifically, we observed an increase in connectivity between left and right perisylvian cortex. Subsequent effective connectivity analyses revealed that hyperconnectivity in preterms was due to significantly increased information flux originating from the right hemisphere (p < 0.05). The total strength and density of the language network were not related to language or nonverbal performance, suggesting that the observed hyperconnectivity is a “pure” effect of prematurity. Although our extremely preterm children exhibited typical language network architecture, we observed significantly altered network dynamics, indicating reliance on an alternative neural strategy for the language task.
Delivering development? Evidence on self‐help groups as development intermediaries in South Asia and Africa
Authors: Gugerty Mary Kay , Biscaye Pierre , Leigh Anderson C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDonors and governments increasingly seek to deliver development projects through community‐based organizations such as self‐help groups (SHGs), but little is known about the effectiveness of such arrangements. This article briefly summarizes hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of interventions usingSHGs and presents the results of an evidence review on the impacts of interventions delivered throughSHGs on health, finance, agriculture and empowerment outcomes in South Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa. Though the impacts ofSHG‐based interventions are generally positive, the evidence base is limited and does not generally test whether alternative delivery mechanisms might be more effective.
Helping students to become capable learners
Authors: Black Paul 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe main aim of this article is to argue that the need for teachers and their schools to prepare their students for life beyond their school‐days must be met by requiring teachers themselves to both achieve this aim and produce the evidence of their students’ capability as learners. In so doing, they must change their classroom teaching from a focus on transmission of content knowledge to the active involvement of students in open‐ended and collaborative learning. Achievement of this aim requires that some specific features of pedagogy be implemented in classrooms. In order to do this, teachers will have to develop the linked skills of design of activities, of guidance of students’ progress, of the adaptation of the design through teacher‐student and student‐student interaction, and of making assessments at the many stages of implementation and as a final summation of achievement. So a secondary aim of this article is to review the evidence for work which has studied the development of these skills with and by teachers.
The more‐individuals hypothesis revisited: the role of community abundance in species richness regulation and the productivity–diversity relationship
Authors: Storch David , Bohdalková Eliška , Okie Jordan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSpecies richness increases with energy availability, yet there is little consensus as to the exact processes driving this species–energy relationship. The most straightforward explanation is the more‐individuals hypothesis (MIH). It states that higher energy availability promotes a higher total number of individuals in a community, which consequently increases species richness by allowing for a greater number of species with viable populations. Empirical support for the MIH is mixed, partially due to the lack of proper formalisation of the MIH and consequent confusion as to its exact predictions. Here, we review the evidence of the MIH and evaluate the reliability of various predictions that have been tested. There is only limited evidence that spatial variation in species richness is driven by variation in the total number of individuals. There are also problems with measures of energy availability, with scale‐dependence, and with the direction of causality, as the total number of individuals may sometimes itself be driven by the number of species. However, even in such a case the total number of individuals may be involved in diversity regulation. We propose a formal theory that encompasses these processes, clarifying how the different factors affecting diversity dynamics can be disentangled.
Landscape evolution and nutrient rejuvenation reflected in Amazon forest canopy chemistry
Authors: Chadwick K. Dana , Asner Gregory P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTerra firme forests make up more than three quarters of the western Amazon basin and are often considered functionally homogeneous in regional scale mapping and modelling efforts. However, the landforms underlying these systems are subject to dynamic processes of landscape evolution occurring within an otherwise geomorphically stable terrace formation. These processes may introduce systematic variability in local nutrient status of terra firme ecosystems. We utilised high‐resolution airborne topographic and imaging spectroscopy data, with directed field soil surveys, to reveal that active stream incision and patterns of soil rock derived nutrient availability drive foliar canopy chemistry distributions across seven catchments within a single terrace formation. These results strongly suggest that fine‐scale geomorphic processes directly affect biogeochemical cycles throughout the lowland western Amazon. Furthermore, links between landscape evolution and foliar chemical distributions indicate that geomorphic processes drive the fine‐scale spatial organisation of this tropical ecosystem, with implications for the functional assembly and biogeography of Amazonian forests.
Short‐term prey field lability constrains individual specialisation in resource selection and foraging site fidelity in a marine predator
Authors: Courbin Nicolas , Besnard Aurélien , Péron Clara , Saraux Claire , Fort Jérôme , Perret Samuel , Tornos Jérémy , Grémillet David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSpatio‐temporally stable prey distributions coupled with individual foraging site fidelity are predicted to favour individual resource specialisation. Conversely, predators coping with dynamic prey distributions should diversify their individual diet and/or shift foraging areas to increase net intake. We studied individual specialisation in Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) from the highly dynamic Western Mediterranean, using daily prey distributions together with resource selection, site fidelity and trophic‐level analyses. As hypothesised, we found dietary diversification, low foraging site fidelity and almost no individual specialisation in resource selection. Crucially, shearwaters switched daily foraging tactics, selecting areas with contrasting prey of varying trophic levels. Overall, information use and plastic resource selection of individuals with reduced short‐term foraging site fidelity allow predators to overcome prey field lability. Our study is an essential step towards a better understanding of individual responses to enhanced environmental stochasticity driven by global changes, and of pathways favouring population persistence.
Brainstem leukoaraiosis independently predicts poor outcome after ischemic stroke
Authors: Giralt‐Steinhauer E. , Medrano S. , Soriano‐Tárraga C. , Mola‐Caminal M. , Rasal R. , Cuadrado‐Godia E. , Rodríguez‐Campello A. , Ois A. , Capellades J. , Jimenez‐Conde J. , Roquer J. 
Published: April 2018

Background and purposeIncreased supratentorial white matter hyperintensities volume (S‐WMHV) has been reported to be a predictor of worse outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, few studies have focused on less common locations, such as brainstem white matter hyperintensities (B‐WMH), and their relationship to S‐WMHV. This study aimed to examine whether B‐WMH affect clinical outcome after AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA).MethodsBased on magnetic resonance imaging evidence, B‐WMH were evaluated in 313 prospectively identified patients with AIS/TIA and registered as absent or present. Standardized S‐WMHV was quantified using a validated volumetric image analysis and natural log‐transformed (Log_S‐WMHV). Poor outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3–6 at 3 months after the index event.ResultsBrainstem white matter hyperintensities were detected in 57 (18.2%) patients. In unadjusted analyses for outcome, the presence of B‐WMH was associated with worse outcome, compared with patients without B‐WMH (P = 0.034). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, atrial fibrillation, stroke severity, reperfusion therapies and Log_S‐WMHV, only B‐WMH [odds ratio (OR), 2.46; P = 0.021] and stroke severity (OR, 1.23; P < 0.001) remained independently associated with unfavourable 90‐day modified Rankin Scale score. Patients with B‐WMH were older (OR, 1.06; P < 0.001) and tended to have more hyperlipidaemia (OR, 2.21; P = 0.023) and peripheral arterial disease (OR, 2.57; P = 0.031).ConclusionsBrainstem white matter hyperintensities are an independent predictor of poor outcome after AIS/TIA and this relationship persists after adjustment for important prognostic factors. Our results also show that leukoaraiosis in this location identifies patients with a specific risk factor profile, suggesting differences in the underlying pathogenesis.
Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot
Authors: Rhodin M. , Persson‐Sjodin E. , Egenvall A. , Serra Bragança F. M. , Pfau T. , Roepstorff L. , Weishaupt M. A. , Thomsen M. H. , van Weeren P. R. , Hernlund E. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe main criteria for lameness assessment in horses are head movement for forelimb lameness and pelvic movement for hindlimb lameness. However, compensatory head nod in horses with primary hindlimb lameness is a well‐known phenomenon. This compensatory head nod movement can be easily misinterpreted as a sign of primary ipsilateral forelimb lameness. Therefore, discriminating compensatory asymmetries from primary directly pain‐related movement asymmetries is a prerequisite for successful lameness assessment.ObjectivesTo investigate the association between head, withers and pelvis movement asymmetry in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.Study designExperimental study.MethodsIn 10 clinically sound Warmblood riding horses, forelimb and hindlimb lameness were induced using a sole pressure model. The horses were then trotted on a treadmill. Three‐dimensional optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data from reflective markers attached to the poll, withers and tubera sacrale. The magnitude and side (left or right) of the following symmetry parameters, vertical difference in minimum position, maximum position and range‐up were calculated for head, withers, and pelvis. Mixed models were used to analyse data from induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness.ResultsFor each mm increase in pelvic asymmetry in response to hindlimb lameness induction, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.35–0.55 mm, but towards the contralateral side. In induced forelimb lameness, for each mm increase in head movement asymmetry, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.05–0.10 mm, in agreement with the head movement asymmetry direction, both indicating lameness in the induced forelimb.Main limitationsResults must be confirmed in clinically lame horses trotting overground.ConclusionsThe vertical asymmetry pattern of the withers discriminated a head nod associated with true forelimb lameness from the compensatory head movement asymmetry caused by primary hindlimb lameness. Measuring movement symmetry of the withers may, thus, aid in determining primary lameness location.
Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release
Authors: Abass M. , Picek S. , Garzón J. F. G. , Kühnle C. , Zaghlou A. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundIn horses castration with primary intention healing is usually performed under balanced inhalation anaesthesia. To optimise analgesia, the use of local anaesthesia was tested.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of local mepivacaine before castration with first intention healing under balanced medetomidine‐isoflurane anaesthesia and flunixin meglumine, morphine analgesia on perioperative cytokine levels and pain in horses.Study designProspective blinded clinical study.MethodsTwenty stallions were randomly assigned to control or mepivacaine groups. Flunixin meglumine was administered before sedation with medetomidine and followed by ketamine/diazepam intravenously (i.v.). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and 3.5 μg/kg per hour medetomidine. Mepivacaine horses were given mepivacaine 2% (3.5 mL SC, 1 mL/100 kg intrafunicularly, 2 mL/100 kg intratesticularly) on each side. For recovery, horses were given 2 μg/kg medetomidine i.v. and 0.1 mg/kg morphine i.m. and oral phenylbutazone (0.02 mg/kg q12h) for post‐operative analgesia. One hour before premedication and 4, 8 and 24 h post‐incision, pain was scored with three different pain scales (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain, Horse Grimace Scale, Equine Utrecht University Scale for Composite Pain Assessment) and plasma cytokines (interleukin‐6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) were measured. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and unpaired t‐test, significance level P≤0.05.ResultsHorses in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores and cytokines compared to baseline. Post‐operatively the mepivacaine group exhibited significantly lower pain scores and cytokine levels. Mean heart rate during anaesthesia was significantly lower in the mepivacaine group compared to control group (28.8 ± 1 and 33.2 ± 1.7 respectively). Otherwise there were no differences between the groups.Main limitationsThe decision to provide additional analgesia was based on the attending surgeon's assessment rather than a standardised rescue analgesia plan based on pain scores. The study was only conducted for 24 h post‐castration and complications were not recorded.ConclusionLocal mepivacaine before castration with primary wound closure improved anaesthesia quality, attenuated post‐operative increases in cytokines and reduced post‐operative pain despite balanced anaesthesia with multimodal analgesia in control horses.
Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping Warmbloods
Authors: Pedersen S. K. , Cribb A. E. , Windeyer M. C. , Read E. K. , French D. , Banse H. E. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryBackgroundPrevalence of, and risk factors for, equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) are well established. Limited data exists on risk factors for equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD).ObjectivesTo identify management factors associated with EGGD in show jumping Warmbloods in training. A secondary objective was to identify management factors associated with ESGD.Study designCross‐sectional.MethodsGastroscopies were performed in horses following a 12–16 h fast. Management questionnaires were collected for each horse. Risk factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression modelling.ResultsEighty‐three horses were included in the final analysis. Exercising ≥6 days per week increased the odds of EGGD grade ≥1/4 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–10.7) compared to less frequent exercise. Currently showing increased the risk of EGGD grade ≥2/4 (OR = 10.2; 95% CI, 1.04–100), while competing at the international level decreased the odds of EGGD grade ≥2/4 (OR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01–0.97). Exercise intensity increased the odds of grade ≥1/4 ESGD (OR = 2.8; 95% CI, 1.03–7.8) and feeding beet pulp decreased odds (OR = 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07–0.7). Exercise intensity (OR = 3.8; 95% CI, 1.1–12.8) increased the likelihood of grade ≥2/4 ESGD and feeding beet pulp decreased the odds of grade ≥2/4 ESGD (OR = 0.1; 0.02–0.64) respectively.Main limitationsThis study used a convenience sample of horses within a relatively small (approximately 200 km) geographic radius. The sample size was relatively small, particularly within the international competition level group.ConclusionsTraining and feeding strategies and competition level appear to influence the occurrence of EGGD and ESGD. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of training frequency, duration, and intensity on gastric physiology may clarify the role of exercise in gastric disease.
Determinants of amikacin first peak concentration in critically ill patients
Authors: Boidin Clément , Jenck Sophie , Bourguignon Laurent , Torkmani Sejad , Roussey‐Jean Aurore , Ledochowski Stanislas , Marry Lucie , Ammenouche Nacim , Dupont Hervé , Marçon Frédéric , Allaouchiche Bernard , Bohé Julien , Lepape Alain , Goutelle Sylvain , Friggeri Arnaud 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAmikacin antimicrobial effect has been correlated with the ratio of the peak concentration (Cmax) to the minimum inhibitory concentration. A target Cmax ≥ 60–80 mg/L has been suggested. It has been shown that such target is not achieved in a large proportion of critically ill patients in intensive care units. A retrospective analysis was performed to examine the determinants of Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L on the first peak in 339 critically ill patients treated by amikacin. The influence of available variables on Cmax target attainment was analyzed using a classification and regression tree (CART) and logistic regression. Mean Cmax in the 339 patients was 73.0 ± 23.9 mg/L, with a target attainment rate (TAR, Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L) of 37.5%. In CART analysis, the strongest predictor of amikacin target peak attainment was dose per kilogram of lean body weight (dose/LBW). TAR was 60.1% in patients with dose/LBW ≥ 37.8 vs. 19.9% in patients with lower dose/LBW (OR = 6.0 (95% CI: 3.6–10.2)). Renal function was a secondary predictor of Cmax. Logistic regression analysis identified dose per kilogram of ideal body weight (OR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09–1.17)) and creatinine clearance (OR = 0.993 (95% CI: 0.988–0.998)) as predictors of target peak achievement. Based on our results, an amikacin dose ≥ 37.8 mg/kg of LBW should be used to optimize the attainment of Cmax ≥ 80 mg/L after the first dose in critically ill patients. An even higher dose may be necessary in patients with normal renal function.
Increased CO2 fluxes from a sandy Cambisol under agricultural use in the Wendland region, Northern Germany, three years after biochar substrates application
Authors: Polifka Steven , Wiedner Katja , Glaser Bruno 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn recent years, biochar has been discussed as an opportunity for carbon sequestration in arable soils. Field experiments under realistic conditions investigating the CO2 emission from soil after biochar combined with fertilizer additions are scarce. Therefore, we investigated the CO2 emission and its 13C signature after addition of compost, biogas digestate (originating from C4 feedstock) and mineral fertilizer with and without biochar (0, 3, 10, 40 Mg biochar/ha) to a sandy Cambisol in Northern Germany. Biomass residues were pyrolized at ~650°C to obtain biochar with C3 signature. Gas samples were taken biweekly during the growing season using static chambers three years after biochar substrate addition. The CO2 concentration and its δ13C isotope signature were measured using a gas chromatograph coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results showed increased CO2 emission (30%–60%) when high biochar amount (40 Mg/ha) was applied three years ago together with mineral fertilizer and biogas digestate. On average, 59% of the emitted CO2 had a C3 signature (thus, deriving from biochar and/or soil organic matter), independent of the amount of biochar added. In addition, our results clearly demonstrated that only a small amount of released CO2 derived from biochar. The results of this field experiment suggest that biochar most likely stimulates microbial activity in soil leading to increased CO2 emissions derived from soil organic matter and fertilizers mineralization rather than from biochar. Nevertheless, compared to the amount of carbon added by biochar, additional CO2 emission is marginal corroborating the C sequestration potential of biochar.
The economy by other means: The historiography of capitalism in the modern Middle East
Authors: Cheta Omar Youssef 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe history of modern political economy, a major subfield within Middle Eastern Studies, is largely considered to have been eclipsed by the growing interest in the history and politics of identity in the 1990s. In this article, I explain the newfound academic interest in engaging with capitalism as a historical object in relation to the modern Middle East. I argue that the new rubric of “History of Capitalism,” which was forged in the context of the contemporary crisis of capitalism, has allowed historians to approach the economy anew with analytical tools drawn mainly from cultural history. Based on surveying this new body of scholarship on the modern Middle East, I suggest organizing it around three main themes: Economic Thought, Consumerism, and Infrastructure. After discussing the main research questions animating each of these categories, I conclude by highlighting the potential inherent in the historiographical eclecticism of this wave of interest in studying capitalist processes.