bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphetics: When mark-making becomes writing
Authors: Biggs Michael 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Graphetics is the study of how one recognizes text, and how one differentiates it from other marks and drawings, for example when one views a manuscript and has to decide ‘is this writing or just scribble?’. This article focuses on the pragmatics of graphetics and on the (philosophical) complexity of differentiating graphs into linguistic and non-linguistic content, i.e. the difference between seeing and reading. Deciding the identity of marks when interpreting manuscript sources is sometimes problematic, and this article takes some examples from the project to digitize Wittgenstein’s manuscripts, which are especially relevant because he conducts thought-experiments with imaginary letterforms and other ciphers. The method used in this article is a reductive graphological or pragmatic graphetic analysis of the manuscript source. The results of the enquiry are threefold: that all manuscripts should be assumed to be graphical until textual content is discovered (which is the opposite of the normal assumptions about manuscripts by philologists); that ‘being graphical’ is a property not of appearance but of structure; and that a clear differentiation between text and graphics is not always possible. The author believes that the conclusions are fundamental to our interpretation of two-dimensional media, i.e. the differentiation of modes of communication. However, when looking so closely at a problem (letter by letter, mark by mark) it is sometimes difficult to maintain the reader’s awareness of the broader context in which the problem has significance. The latter is an intrinsic problem of the so-called ‘close-reading’ approach in hermeneutics and is relevant to most doctoral/postdoctoral researchers.
Drawing the city – writing the city: Analogue as linguistic form
Authors: McEwan Cameron 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This article, and the accompanying montages, approaches the theme of drawing on text through Aldo Rossi’s linguistic concept of the analogical city. I argue the analogue is a linguistic form that assimilates architecture’s history, transforms its language and develops the material into singular forms for combination and recombination, substitution and displacement, structured by formal syntax and association. The aim is to test the possibility of Rossi’s analogical city as a critical project to reassert the city as an architectural discourse and to develop the analogue as a theoretical and methodological device. The argument is developed through a suite of montages and by constructing a genealogy of the analogical city. The montages speculate about textual processes (seriality, syntax, association, substitution, displacement, combination, recombination) using visual means. They visualize an analogical chain of association between elements of the theory and projects of the city of Piranesi, Le Corbusier and Aldo Rossi. The argument is staged in three sections to put forward a genealogy. The first section situates Rossi’s concept of the analogical city and links the formal syntax of Rossi’s collage project, the Analogical City: Panel, with Giovanni Battista Piranesi’s Campo Marzio. The second section connects the analytical view with which Le Corbusier and Piranesi study Rome in their respective projects, ‘The Lesson of Rome’ and the ‘Views of Rome’, to elucidate linguistic operations including identification, abstraction, distillation and transformation. The last section puts forward the Ville Contemporaine as an Analogical City by closely reading the Piranesian and classical elements of Le Corbusier’s Ville Contemporaine plan. The conclusion is subtitled ‘The Linguistic Form of the City’ and I end with the need to reassert a linguistic approach to architecture and the city with its attendant critical, representational and collective ethos against current instrumental and individualistic discourse.
Biological restoration in permanent tooth: four-year follow-up
Authors: Silva Rafael Menezes , Botelho Letícia Pena , Botelho Adriana Maria , Tavano Karine Taís Aguiar 
Published: April 2018

Biological restorations, involving a technique of uniting autogenous or homogenous dental fragment for use as the primary restorative material, are an alternative for morphological and functional re-establishment of teeth with extensive coronal destruction. Despite the wide range of restorative materials available in dentistry, no material has proved to be as efficient as the natural tooth structure. This article illustrates a therapeutic option for rehabilitating a devitalized mandibular tooth with a weakened coronal remainder by using the biological restoration technique. The authors present the sequence of planning and performing the technique, such as the characteristics of preparation of the tooth and fragment, impression taking, cutting and cementation of the fragment, and the four-year follow-up of the biological restoration, which shows the success of the technique with marginal adaptation and satisfactory esthetic appearance. KeywordsAdhesive; Devitalized tooth; Permanent dental restorations.
SITUAÇÕES DE MORTE E MORRER E AS PSICOPATOLOGIAS ENVOLVIDAS EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES REFUGIADOS – UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA COM METANÁLISE
Authors: Dias Joselito Batista , Rolim Neto Modesto Leite 
Published: April 2018

Introdução: São muito raros os estudos sobre os transtornos mentais envolvidos em situações de morte e morrer, principalmente quando se considera as psicopatologias em crianças e adolescentes refugiados. A consequência é a pequena disponibilidade de dados e ausência de um perfil epidemiológico real, dificultando a adequação das políticas de saúde e a avaliação da efetividade dessas ações junto os sujeitos expostos a situação de refúgio. Método: Revisão sistemática com metanálise seguindo o protocolo PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyse), de 2015 a 2018, através das bases de dados: LILACS – Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, SciELO – Scientific Eletronic Library OnLine e BVS - Virtual Health Library. A análise envolveu as seguintes palavras-chave: “modelos de atenção primária e secundária em saúde mental”, “criança”, “adolescentes”, “políticas e serviços em saúde mental” e “refugiados” através do operador booleano # and. A literatura cinzenta (literatura não controlada por editores científicos ou comerciais), também foi utilizada através da busca manual (handsearching). Resultados: Uma análise conjunta das estratégias pontuadas nos artigos analisados mostra um Odds Ratio combinado de 1,291 IC [1,054 – 1,582] o que demonstra a falta de efetividade do uso das estratégias na elaboração de aparatos institucionais no campo de saúde mental em situações de morte e morrer em crianças e adolescentes refugiados. O valor de “p” da distribuição qui-quadrado resultou em 0,9753 o que rejeita a hipótese de associação entre a presença de estratégias em saúde mental e cuidados paliativos em situações de refúgio. Conclusão: Uma análise combinada de todas as estratégias pontuadas nos estudos analisados demonstra a falta de efetividade da utilização das estratégias na elaboração de aparatos institucionais no campo de saúde mental e processos de morte e morrer. Alguns desafios, porém, permanecem no âmbito do refúgio, tais como fomento da rede de assistência, domínio e ampliação dos recursos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, estímulo à reinserção social, abordagem conjunta da condição clínica, mental e socioeconômica, capacitação dos profissionais de saúde e intervenções em observância à autonomia e às individualidades do sujeito em situações limítrofes naquilo que circunda os indicadores de estresse envolvidos na morte e o morrer.
A Tactical Periodization Approach for Rugby Union
Authors: Tee Jason C. , Ashford Michael , Piggott David 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
THE CONCEPT OF TACTICAL PERIODIZATION HAS BEEN POPULARIZED BY A NUMBER OF SUCCESSFUL, HIGH-PROFILE SOCCER COACHES. MORE RECENTLY, REPORTS HAVE INDICATED THAT TACTICAL PERIODIZATION APPROACHES ARE BEING USED WITHIN ELITE RUGBY UNION. HOWEVER, FEW REPORTS CURRENTLY EXIST, AND RESOURCES FOR COACHES INTERESTED IN USING A TACTICAL PERIODIZATION APPROACH ARE LIMITED. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO DEMONSTRATE HOW TACTICAL PERIODIZATION CAN BE APPLIED IN RUGBY UNION TO HELP COORDINATE LONG-TERM PLANNING, IMPROVE THE SPECIFICITY OF TRAINING, AND PREPARE PLAYERS MORE EFFECTIVELY FOR COMPETITION.
PESQUISA QUALITATIVA: REFLEXÕES GEOGRÁFICAS A PARTIR DE UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE AS CONTRADIÇÕES URBANAS DA CIDADE DE SOROCABA – SP / Qualitative Research: Geographic Considerations from a Case Study on Urban Contradictions of the City of Sorocaba - SP
Authors: Burgos Rosalina 
Published: April 2018

Partindo do entendimento acerca da importância dos caminhos metodológicos da pesquisa qualitativa no âmbito da Geografia, e do posicionamento acadêmico e social do pesquisador na definição do tema, método e metodologia de pesquisa, destaca-se a relação intrínseca entre a natureza qualitativa e quantitativa dos fenômenos analisados. Esta reflexão é tecida com base na temática acerca das possibilidades de pensar e agir pelo direito à cidade, tendo como estudo de caso o processo recente de valorização e segregação espacial da cidade de Sorocaba.Palavras chave: pesquisa qualitativa, valorização espacial, segregação espacial, direito à cidade, cidade de Sorocaba. ABSTRACTBased on the understanding of the importance of methodology of qualitative research in Geography, and academic and social position of the researcher in the theme definition, method and research methodology, in the relationship between qualitative and quantitative analysis on the essence of phenomena. This reflection is based on the theme of the possibilities of thinking and acting for the right to the city, taking as a case study the recent process of spatial valorization of the city of Sorocaba.Key words: qualitative research, valorization of the space, spatial segregation, the right to the city, city of Sorocaba
Análise de viabilidade econômica na implantação de uma agroindústria de produção e processamento de cogumelos
Authors: Heiden Guilherme , Gomes Silva da Luz Maria Laura , Gadotti Gizele Ingrid , Silveira da Luz Carlos Alberto , Maciel Silva Augusto Henrique , Monteiro Rita , Cassalho Matheus , Nascimento Rocha Gean , Maldaner Vanessa 
Published: April 2018

A produção de cogumelos em ambiente protegido é parte de um sistema de produção agrícola especializado, que possibilita o controle e caz de condições edafoclimáticas sem negligenciar o planejamento da produção, dos custos e do mercado. O trabalho teve o objetivo de planejar uma agroindústria de produção de cogumelos que produza duas variedades: L. edodes e A. bisporus e analisar a sua viabilidade técnica-econômica em um sistema de produção em estufas de ambiente controlado. Uma pesquisa de mercado mostrou que uma produção mensal de 400 quilogramas de cogumelos poderia abastecer o comércio local de Pelotas e Porto Alegre, com cogumelos desidratados e in natura. Foi realizada uma análise econômica em cinco cenários, que gerou índices nanceiros, tais como TIR (Taxa Interna de Retorno), VPL (Valor Presente Líquido), TIRm (Taxa Interna de Retorno Modi cada) e payback, comparando-as com uma TMA (Taxa Mínima de Atratividade) de 10,20%. A partir da análise dos cenários concluiu-se que é necessário aumentar a produção para 1224 quilogramas por mês e/ ou praticar preços pelo menos 20% acima daqueles de mercado para obter condições de viabilidade econômica. Nestas condições, os melhores cenários apresentaram payback de 4 e 6 anos.
Hormonal Regulation of CREB Phosphorylation in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus
Authors: Gu Guibao , Rojo Anthony A. , Zee Michele C. , Yu Jianhua , Simerly Richard B. 
Published: April 2018

The anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) is a nodal point in neural circuits regulating secretion of gonadotropin and contains sexually dimorphic populations of hormonally regulated dopamine-, dynorphin-, and enkephalin-containing neurons. Because the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), prodynorphin (PDYN), and proenkephalin (PENK) genes contain cAMP response elements that control their expression in their promoters, we used histochemical methods to determine whether ovarian steroids alter expression of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in the AVPV. Because the ability of CREB to activate transcription depends on phosphorylation at Ser133, we also evaluated the effects of acute steroid treatment on levels of phosphorylated CREB (pCREB) in AVPV neurons by using an antibody that differentiates between CREB and pCREB. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol treatments caused a significant induction in the number of pCREB-immunoreactive nuclei within 30 min that was maintained for at least 4 hr, but did not alter CREB immunostaining in the AVPV. Pretreatment with the estrogen antagonist Nafoxidine blocked this induction. In contrast, acute administration of progesterone to estrogen-primed animals suppressed and then increased pCREB staining in the AVPV at 30 and 60 min, respectively; no significant differences between experimental and control animals were apparent by 2 hr after progesterone treatment. Double-labeling experiments showed that pCREB was colocalized with PDYN, PENK, or TH mRNA in the AVPV, suggesting that pCREB may mediate the effect of steroid hormones on gene expression in these neurons.
Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Novel Dopamine Receptor fromDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Feng Guoping , Hannan Frances , Reale Vincenzina , Hon Yuen Yi , Kousky Christopher T. , Evans Peter D. , Hall Linda M. 
Published: April 2018

A cDNA clone is described that encodes a novel G-protein-coupled dopamine receptor (DopR99B) expressed inDrosophilaheads. The DopR99B receptor maps to 99B3–5, close to the position of the octopamine/tyramine receptor gene at 99A10–B1, suggesting that the two may be related through a gene duplication. Agonist stimulation of DopR99B receptors expressed inXenopusoocytes increased intracellular Ca2+levels monitored as changes in an endogenous inward Ca2+-dependent chloride current. In addition to initiating this intracellular Ca2+signal, stimulation of DopR99B increased cAMP levels. The rank order of potency of agonists in stimulating the chloride current is: dopamine > norepinephrine > epinephrine > tyramine. Octopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are not active (<100 μm). This pharmacological profile plus the second-messenger coupling pattern suggest that the DopR99B receptor is a D1-like dopamine receptor. However, the hydrophobic core region of the DopR99B receptor shows almost equal amino acid sequence identity (40–48%) with vertebrate serotonergic, α1- and β-adrenergic, and D1-like and D2-like dopaminergic receptors. Thus, thisDrosophilareceptor defines a novel structural class of dopamine receptors. Because DopR99B is the second dopamine receptor cloned fromDrosophila, this work establishes dopamine receptor diversity in a system amenable to genetic dissection.
Regulation of Dendritic Spine Density in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons by Steroid Hormones
Authors: Murphy Diane D. , Segal Menahem 
Published: April 2018

The effects of gonadal steroid hormones on dendritic spines were studied in hippocampal neurons that were dissociated and grown in culture for 2–3 weeks. Exposure to estradiol caused up to a twofold increase in dendritic spine density in these neurons. The effect of estradiol was stereospecific and blocked by the steroid antagonist tamoxifen. The estradiol-induced rise in spine density was blocked by the NMDA antagonist APV, but not by the AMPA/KA antagonist DNQX. The estradiol-induced rise in spine density was blocked by the serine/threonine kinase inhibitor H7, but not by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genestein, and was partially mimicked by PMA, an activator of protein kinase C. Estradiol also caused an increase in the fluorescence intensity of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminals, corresponding to presynaptic boutons. Finally, estradiol caused a rise in [Ca]ireactivity of the cultured neurons to topical application of glutamate. These studies are the first to examine receptor and second messenger regulation of dendritic spines, and they illustrate the viability of cultured neurons as a powerful test system to address issues related to the regulation of dendritic spine maturation.
Motor Neurons Are Selectively Vulnerable to AMPA/Kainate Receptor-Mediated InjuryIn Vitro
Authors: Carriedo Sean G. , Yin Hong Z. , Weiss John H. 
Published: April 2018

The nonphosphorylated neurofilament marker SMI-32 stains motor neurons in spinal cord slices and stains a subset of cultured spinal neurons [“large SMI-32(+) neurons”], which have a morphology consistent with motor neurons identifiedin vitro: large cell body, long axon, and extensive dendritic arborization. They are found preferentially in ventral spinal cord cultures, providing further evidence that large SMI-32(+) neurons are indeed motor neurons, and SMI-32 staining often colocalizes with established motor neuron markers (including acetylcholine, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and peripherin). Additionally, choline acetyltransferase activity (a frequently used index of the motor neuron population) and peripherin(+) neurons share with large SMI-32(+) neurons an unusual vulnerability to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated injury. Kainate-induced loss of these motor neuron markers is Ca2+-dependent, which supports a critical role of Ca2+ions in this injury. Raising extracellular Ca2+exacerbates injury, whereas removal of extracellular Ca2+is protective. A basis for this vulnerability is provided by the observation that most peripherin(+) neurons, like large SMI-32(+) neurons, are subject to kainate-stimulated Co2+uptake, a histochemical stain that identifies neurons possessing Ca2+-permeable AMPA/kainate receptor-gated channels. Finally, of possibly greater relevance to the slow motor neuronal degeneration in diseases, both large SMI-32(+) neurons and peripherin(+) neurons are selectively damaged by prolonged (24 hr) low-level exposures to kainate (10 μm) or to the glutamate reuptake blockerl-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (100 μm). During these low-level kainate exposures, large SMI-32(+) neurons showed higher intracellular Ca2+concentrations than most spinal neurons, suggesting that Ca2+ions are also important in this more slowly evolving injury.
TGF-β-Induced Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Neurons Is Prevented by Depolarization
Authors: de Luca Ariane , Weller Michael , Fontana Adriano 
Published: April 2018

The regulation of programmed cell death in the developing nervous system involves target-derived survival factors, afferent synaptic activity, and hormone- and cytokine-dependent signaling. Cultured immature cerebellar granule neurons die by apoptosis within several daysin vitrounless maintained in depolarizing (high) concentrations of potassium (25 mmK+). Here we report that transforming growth factors (TGF)-β1, -β2, and -β3accelerate apoptosis of these neurons when maintained in physiological (low) K+medium (5 mmK+) as assessed by measures of viability, quantitative DNA fragmentation, and nuclear morphology. TGF-β-induced apoptosis of these neurons is not blocked by CNTF and LIF, cytokines that enhance neuronal survival when applied alone, or by IGF-I, which prevents apoptosis upon potassium withdrawal. In contrast, neurons that differentiate in high K+medium for several daysin vitroacquire resistance to TGF-β-mediated cell death. Granule neurons maintained in either low or high K+medium produce latent, but not bioactive, TGF-β1and -β2. Because neutralizing TGF-β antibodies fail to augment survival of low K+neurons, the cerebellar neurons are apparently unable to activate latent TGF-β. Thus, apoptosis of low K+neurons is not attributable to endogenous production of TGF-β. Taken together, our data suggest that TGF-β may limit the expansion of postmitotic neuronal precursor populations by promoting their apoptosis but may support survival of those neurons that have maturated, differentiated, and established supportive synaptic connectivity.
Three-Dimensional Statistical Analysis of Sulcal Variability in the Human Brain
Authors: Thompson Paul M. , Schwartz Craig , Lin Robert T. , Khan Aelia A. , Toga Arthur W. 
Published: April 2018

Morphometric variance of the human brain is qualitatively observable in surface features of the cortex. Statistical analysis of sulcal geometry will facilitate multisubject atlasing, neurosurgical studies, and multimodality brain mapping applications. This investigation describes the variability in location and geometry of five sulci surveyed in each hemisphere of six postmortem human brains placed within the Talairach stereotaxic grid. The sulci were modeled as complex internal surfaces in the brain. Heterogeneous profiles of three-dimensional (3D) variation were quantified locally within individual sulci.Whole human heads, sectioned at 50 μm, were digitally photographed and high-resolution 3D data volumes were reconstructed. The parieto-occipital sulcus, the anterior and posterior rami of the calcarine sulcus, the cingulate and marginal sulci, and the supracallosal sulcus were delineated manually on sagittally resampled sections. Sulcal outlines were reparameterized for surface comparisons. Statistics of 3D variation for arbitrary points on each surface were calculated locally from the standardized individual data. Additional measures of surface area, extent in three dimensions, surface curvature, and fractal dimension were used to characterize variations in sulcal geometry.Paralimbic sulci exhibited a greater degree of anterior– posterior variability than vertical variability. Occipital sulci displayed the reverse trend. Both trends were consistent with developmental growth patterns. Points on the occipital sulci displayed a profile of variability highly correlated with their 3D distance from the posterior commissure. Surface curvature was greater for the arched paralimbic sulci than for those bounding occipital gyri in each hemisphere. On the other hand, fractal dimension measures were remarkably similar for all sulci examined, and no significant hemispheric asymmetries were found for any of the selected spatial and geometric parameters. Implications of cortical morphometric variability for multisubject comparisons and brain mapping applications are discussed.