bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperativismo, autonomía y poder: el movimiento cooperativista en México durante el cardenismo
Authors: Nava Hernández Eduardo , Barajas Pérez Beny Oliver 
Published: September 2019

Propósito: exponer y reflexionar críticamente acerca de cuál fue el papel del movimiento cooperativista en México durante el gobierno del general Lázaro Cárdenas del Río y su relación con este. Descripción: se revisan los antecedentes del cooperativismo desde la Revolución mexicana y su uso fundamentalmente político en torno al nuevo régimen; se presenta un análisis exploratorio del proyecto cooperativista bajo el cardenismo. Punto de vista: se recupera el tema político del cooperativismo como instrumento de hegemonía del nuevo régimen y cómo esta impactó sobre los trabajadores del cooperativismo; asimismo, cómo se diluyó para estos la posibilidad de asumir la conducción social y la de integrarse a la alianza dominante en la etapa desarrollista y en el periodo actual de reestructuración capitalista. Conclusiones: la experiencia del movimiento cooperativista en el cardenismo muestra la necesidad de contextualizar social e históricamente su acción para trazar sus objetivos y estrategias en cada periodo. El cooperativismo mexicano durante los años veinte y treinta del siglo XX pone en evidencia cómo la obtención de ventajas y avances inmediatos puede representar un pacto de compromiso inconveniente a la larga para la autonomía del movimiento cooperativista, sobre todo, si ese desarrollismo llega a su fin.
Medición de la pobreza multidimensional en América Latina a través de modelos estructurales
Authors: Laverde Rojas Henry , Gómez Ríos John Jairo 
Published: September 2019

Introducción: el presente artículo estima un índice de pobreza multidimensional mediante un método que permite obtener las ponderaciones que se asocian a indicadores utilizados. En la literatura, generalmente, para calcular este tipo de medidas compuestas, se asignan valores arbitrarios a dichas ponderaciones. Por lo tanto, esta manera de operar deja por fuera las subjetividades presentes que pueden darse en los cómputos al establecer arbitrariamente los pesos, evitando los sesgos de estimación. Metodología: la metodología utilizada es conocida como mínimos cuadrados parciales en modelos de ruta (pls-pmpor sus siglas en inglés). El modelo presentado estima las ponderaciones bajo un sistema de ecuaciones que permite observar de manera objetiva la importancia relativa de los indicadores relacionados con la pobreza. Resultados: el aporte fundamental de este artículo es que, a diferencia de otros estudios que emplean enfoques multidimensionales, se consigue estimar de manera sistemática las ponderaciones que cada dimensión aporta a la construcción del indicador de pobreza. Un segundo aporte de este estudio es que obtiene las ponderaciones mediante una novedosa metodología, la cual ha sido poco explorada en áreas de economía. Conclusiones: la aplicación empírica de la metodología propuesta permite dilucidar las grandes diferencias entre dos países latinoamericanos. Esto revela los marcados contrastes entre estos dos países a pesar de estar en regiones relativamente cercanas.
Investigating (Im)politeness in online forums between English speakers and English as a foreign language learners
Authors: Alipour Mohammad , Tajfar Soroor 
Published: September 2019

This study investigated the use of (im)politeness and disagreement in online discussion forums among English speakers and English as a foreign language (EFL) learners. It also explored how internet forum browsers judge (im)politeness and parameters of relational work ((in)appropriateness and negatively/positively marked behaviour) in disagreement. Three hundred and sixty disagreement responses were analysed following a list of disagreement strategies. The most frequent strategy applied by English speakers was 'making scornful and humiliating statements', while EFL learners used 'showing unmitigated disagreement' and 'showing smileys' as the highest and lowest ones. Most of the strategies used by English speakers were judged as polite and appropriate, but neither negatively nor positively marked, while 13 types of EFL strategies were considered as polite, but neither appropriate and positively marked nor inappropriate and negatively marked. Further, the three parameters had positive relationships with one another. This study provides worthwhile information for improving teaching communication skills in EFL courses.
Keywords: (Im)Politeness, disagreement, English as a foreign language learners, interactional and discursive approach, online forum
The effect of watching captioned TV series on speaking accuracy of Iranian advanced EFL learners
Authors: Tajgozari Mostafa 
Published: September 2019

The present study aimed to find out the effect of watching captioned TV series on speaking accuracy of Iranian advanced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner. To do so, 66 advanced learners were selected out of 104 ones, using Oxford Placement Test. The researchers assigned the participants randomly into three groups, one control and two experimental, each including 22 learners. One of the experimental groups watched the series with English subtitles and the other group with Persian subtitles while the control group (CG) watched the same series without any subtitles. The form of the pre-test and post-test was semi-structured interview. Before the treatment, the participants were asked questions about friendship, similar to the theme of the series and after the treatment they were asked the same questions as the post-test. The results indicated that both English and Persian subtitling had a positive impact on the accuracy of Iranian advanced English learners. Furthermore, it was found that oral accuracy did not considerably change in the CG, but there were significant improvements in English subtitle and Persian subtitle groups in oral accuracy. Moreover, the study has insights and implications for EFL/English as second language teachers and curriculum designers.
Keywords: Advanced English as a Foreign Language learners, English subtitles, Persian subtitles, speaking accuracy
Patients’ and tutors’ evaluations of Medicine students’ consultations in General Practice/Family Medicine in Coimbra
Authors: Santiago Luiz Miguel , Silva Inês , Simões José Augusto 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Undergraduate teaching of General Practice/Family Medicine (GP/FM) must ensure students acquire the necessary competencies and skills to perform an adequate GP/FM consultation with adequate annotations (the SOAP model) and classifications.Objective To study and to correlate students’ evaluation by tutors and patients in specific consultations in the formal practical evaluation of GP/FM Curricular Unit of the Integrated Masters on Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra (IMM-FMUC) in the academic years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019.Methods Observational study of the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 academic years of the assessment grids for tutor’s evaluation of SOAP performance and fluency in consultation and for patient’s evaluation of the student ‘performance, in the convenience sample of those who chose to be so evaluated.Results We studied a population of 435 (67,7%) out of a universe of 646 students, 125 (28,7%) males, ns by sex and academic year who performed this evaluation. In a mark up to 20 from tutors, difference was found for Plan (P) mark, higher in 2018-2019 (18,38±2,18 vs 18,54±2,11, p=0,005) of the SOAP methodology evaluation. Patients’ evaluation was not different 19,34±1,70 vs 19,35±1,40, p=0,091. A positive significant correlation was found between tutors and patients marks (ρ=0,278; p<0,001), as well as between tutor mark and final mark (ρ=0,958; p<0,001) and patient and final marks (ρ=0,465; p<0,001). Final marks were not different in both years, 18,61±1,38 vs 18,78±1,15, p=0,158.Conclusions This innovative model of evaluation of student’s performance in medical appointment, showed a significant positive moderate correlation between patients’ and tutors’ marks in the setting of GP/FM at the IMM-FMUC, and was not different between years. Yearly evaluation must be continued.
Design of a Conceptual Framework of Performance Improvement of Academic Department Chair
Authors: Mirzazadeh Azim , Jalili Mohammad , Fotouhi Akbar , kohan nooshin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background The academic department chair occupies a significant position within academic medicine. The present study was designed to identify major factors that may influence on effective performance of academic department chair. This factors is presented in the form of conceptual framework. Methods First, a literature review was conducted. Then, the perceptions of stakeholders were collected via two focus group discussions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. In the next step, a framework was developed to help performance improvement of department chairs. Finally, the Performance Improvement Plan (PIP) was developed. Results Four theme statements were formulated. After that, the conceptual framework of performance improvement of academic department Chair developed. Based this conceptual framework, factors lead into performance improvement of academic department chair include: performance evaluation, job and work design, planning for change and resiliency, educational and non-educational support, motivational efforts, organization culture and organizational knowledge management. Conclusions We designed a framework for performance improvement of academic department chair. It is important because it recognizes the process that top managers would look out for maintain quality in academic departments. The main point of the framework is to choose the proper intervention to performance improvement of department chairs.
Correlation between Antibiotic Resistance of Main Gram-Negative Pathogens and Antibiotic Consumption in a General Hospital of China
Authors: Shen Shaoqing , Wang Rui , Wang Jin , Cai Yun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Purpose Our hospital is a newly established hospital in China, which is located in the tropics. Better depicting antibiotic consumption and antibiotic resistance may help better develop and implement an antibiotic stewardship with regional characteristics.Methods Total antibiotic prescriptions, patient days and microbiological data from January 2014 to December 2017 were collected. Antibiotic use density (AUD) was expressed as daily defined dose (DDD) and normalized per 100 patient-days. The resistance rates of Gram-negative pathogens against commonly used antibiotics were calculated. The relationship between antibiotic consumption and bacterial resistance rate was described by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results Different from mainland China, A. baumannii was the leading Gram-negative pathogen, followed by K. pneumoniae , E. coli and P. aeruginosa . The AUD was gradually increased from 2014 to 2016, while it was slowly decreased in 2017. Ceftazidime/tazobactam, levofloxacin and meropenem were the top three consumed antibiotics. The proportion of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria was increased (>40%) before 2016, and it was decreased in 2017. The prevalence of MDR A. baumannii and MDR P. aeruginosa was correlated with the AUD of β-lactam/lactamase inhibitors, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems. The increased AUD of meropenem had positive effects on the incidence of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa .Conclusions Our study showed that there was an association between the resistance density of Gram-negative pathogens and the consumption of β-lactam/lactamase inhibitors, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. Collectively, a multifaceted antimicrobial stewardship is necessary to decrease resistance density of available antibiotics.
OBSTETRIC PROBLEMS IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN
Authors: Yakovleva O. V. , Glukhova T. N. , Rogozhina I. E. 
Published: September 2019

Objective: to study the features of the course of pregnancy and childbirth in HIV-infected women in the Saratov region according to a retrospective analysis of case histories for 2013–2018. Materials and methods. A retrospective clinical and statistical analysis of the course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period was carried out according to medical records of 282 HIV-infected pregnant women who were treated at the State Agrarian Medical Center (Engels, Saratov Region, Russia) in 2013–2018. (main group). The comparison group consisted of patients who were not infected with HIV who were treated at the SAUS EOC in 2013–2018. To assess the statistical significance of differences, the standard statistical analysis software package STATISTICA 10,0 was used. Results. Compared to 2013, in 2018, the age of HIV-infected pregnant women has decreased (p<0,05). HIV-infected people are less likely to go to a maternity clinic before the 12th week of pregnancy (p<0,05). A high frequency of co-infection of HIV-infected women with urinary infection (p<0,05) and genital tract (p<0,05), hepatitis C viruses (p<0,05) and B (p<0,05), and syphilis was found anamnesis (p<0,05). A high susceptibility of these women to viral infections was noted: acute respiratory viral infection (p<0,05), genital herpes virus (p<0,05), cytomegalovirus infection (p<0,05). The incidence of sexually transmitted infections is high: urogenital chlamydia (p <0,05), trichomonas colpitis (p<0,05). HIV-infected pregnant women have an increased incidence of anemia (p<0,05), chronic pyelonephritis (p<0,05), and skin diseases (p<0,05), and body mass deficiency is more common (p<0,05). In case of HIV infection, the frequency of operative delivery (p<0,05), premature birth (p<0,05), the frequency of formation of a low-weight fetus at a time of gestation (p<0,05), as well as perinatal mortality (p<0,05). The reserve for reducing perinatal mortality for newborns from HIV-infected mothers is in the pregravid period, testing for HIV, hepatitis C virus, correction of the patient’s weight, elimination of the iron deficiency condition, detection and rehabilitation of urogenital foci. When taking to a dispensary account, control and correction of anemia, chronic infectious diseases, monitoring of the state of the vaginal biocenosis are necessary, in the second half of pregnancy — control of fetal growth.
THE ETHNIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMBINATION OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN WOMEN WITH INFERTILITY AND GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Leshchenko O. Ya. , Malanova A. B. 
Published: September 2019

Genital TB is the cause of tubal-peritoneal infertility in 60–95% of clinical observations. The aim of the study was to reveal the peculiarities of reproductive disorders and combinations of sexually transmitted infections and conditionally pathogenic microflora in women with genital tuberculosis in Russian and Buryat ethnic groups. Materials and methods. The main group consisted of 92 women 32,7±4,8 years with tuberculosis of genital organs, 56 (61%) Russians and 36 (39%) Buryat. 115 women without genital tuberculosis 31,4±7,1 years, respectively, Russian and Buryat women made a comparison group. Results. The frequency of tubal peritoneal infertility among Russians and Buryats was 67,9% and 63,9%, (Pc2>0,05) in the main group. The duration of infertility for more than 5 years was 55,6% Russian and 37,5% Buryat (Pc2<0,05) in the main group. The combination of trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and viral infection was more often detected in women with reproductive disorders and genital tuberculosis 60,9% versus 45,2% (Pc2>0,05) without statistical difference in ethnic groups. Viral infection (cytomegalovirus and herpes of type 1, 2) was significantly more often detected in women with genital tuberculosis than in 28,3% versus 14,8%, (Pc2<0,05). Conclusion. A high incidence of genital infections and opportunistic microflora was detected in women at risk of genital tuberculosis with reproductive disorders irrespective of the presence of genital tuberculosis — 81,6%, indicating that clinical manifestations of genital tuberculosis and its combination with sexual infections in women with infertility are not specific. Experts detect Urogenital TB already in irreversible anatomical changes when the prospects of recovery of reproductive function are unsatisfied even using modern IVF.
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN HIV INFECTION
Authors: Azovtseva O. V. , Viktorovа E. A. , Murochkin V. V. , Shelomov A. S. , Bakulina E. G. , Veber V. R. 
Published: September 2019

A feature of the HIV epidemic is currently a large number of comorbid and severe forms of the disease, with frequent involvement in the pathological process of the brain. Methods of in vivo verification of brain damage in clinical practice is sufficient, but in some cases they are limited by financial availability and time factor. Correct and timely deciphering of the nature of brain damage is necessary for the choice of treatment tactics, and as a consequence, reducing mortality. Objective: to study the epidemiology, clinic and pathomorphology of brain damage in HIV infection in conditions of urgent and planned admission of patients to a specialized hospital. Materials and methods. Clinical and pathomorphological studies of HIV-infected patients (n=85) receiving specialized medical care were carried out. The final diagnosis was made taking into account clinical, laboratory and morphological data on the classification of ICD-10 in accordance with the domestic requirements of the formulation of comorbid diagnosis. Conclusion. Brain lesions are clinically and morphologically detected in most HIV-infected patients. Opportunistic and secondary diseases with brain damage have their clinical picture, but it is not specific. From the timely decoding of the nature of brain damage depends on the choice of treatment tactics and, as a consequence, reducing the risk of death. Therefore for verification of the etiological agent, you need to conduct a comprehensive examination: clinical (neurological, psychological distress) and laboratory (cellular composition of CSF protein level and glucose) and bacteriological (seeding of CSF on the flora, on Wednesday Saburo to identify mushrooms on medium Bactec and Lowenstein-Jensen medium for detection of M.tuberculesis); immunological (number of CD4-lymphocytes, at.gondii IgM, at.gondii IgG antibodies), molecular genetic (HIV RNA; DNA HSV1, 2; VZV DNA; DNA EBV; CMV DNA; DNA ВГЧ6; T.gondii DNA; DNA of M.tuberculesis; DNA Cr.neoformans; JC virus DNA) and radiological (MRI brain) research methods. The structure of brain damage in deceased patients was dominated by toxoplasmosis in 28,8% of cases; neuroinfection of unspecified etiology in 28,8% and herpesvirus lesion in 11,9%. Rarely met: tuberculosis 8,47%; candidiasis 8,47%; PML 3,39%; cryptococcosis 3,39%; b-cell lymphoma with brain metastases 3,39%.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS, COMBINED WITH HIV INFECTION IN THE TB FACILITY OF THE FEDERAL PENITENTIARY SERVICE, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF DRUG RESISTANCE OF THE PATHOGEN
Authors: Borovitsky V. S. 
Published: September 2019

The aim: the effectiveness of the treatment tuberculosis combined with HIV infection in TB facilities of the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN), depending on the type of drug resistance. Materials and methods. 239 prisoners sick TB with HIV co-infection. Age: from 19 to 56 years. Results. At 50% Patients with tuberculosis, co-infected with HIV infection at Anti-tuberculosis Institution Federal Penitentiary Service will be discontinued as a result of bacterial excretion microscopy within 2 months with drug-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mb) 3 months from the mono-and poly-resistant and 4 months multidrug resistant (MDR). By results of seeding for 3 months drug-sensitive Mb, mono-and poly-resistant; and 4 months MDR. Will be closed cavity disintegration within 3 months from the mono-resistant, 4 months for drug-sensitive Mb, 5 months with poly- and MDR Mb.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN IN SAINT-PETERSBURG
Authors: Mozaleva O. L. , Samarina A. V. 
Published: September 2019

Analysis of the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women is important for organizing effective care for this group of patients and further reducing the frequency of mother-to-child transmission. Between 2014 and 2017 in Saint-Petersburg, there were 2524 deliveries in HIV-infected women who were observed during pregnancy, mainly in the Saint-Petersburg AIDS Center (AIDS Center). The average frequency of perinatal HIV transmission over the study period in the city was 1,3%, which is lower than the average for Russia. Out of 2524 women recently confined, 1858 HIV-infected women, who were observed during pregnancy at the AIDS Center in 2014–2017, were enrolled. Risk groups for perinatal HIV transmission in Saint-Petersburg are HIV-infected pregnant women: external or internal migrants, women with late registration at the dispensary registration for pregnancy in the antenatal clinic and the AIDS Center and, accordingly, late initiation of perinatal HIV transmission, active consumers of surfactants, pregnant women with low adherence to observation in medical institutions and to getting antiretroviral agents. The increase in coverage of the city’s population with HIV testing reveals new infections, including among women of reproductive age, as well as their partners. The timely use of ARV at the planning stage of pregnancy reduces perinatal HIV transmission and the risks of opportunistic diseases. The availability of medical care and free distribution of ARV drugs to all pregnant women who applied to the AIDS Center helps to reduce perinatal HIV transmission, including among internal and external migrants who do not have a permanent registration in Saint-Petersburg. Counseling women at the planning stage and during pregnancy by various specialists of the AIDS Center (gynecologists, infectious disease specialists, psychologists, narcologists) allows one to form a commitment to monitoring, to receiving ARV, giving up bad habits, to reduce the incidence of HIV-dissidence.
THE CHANGE IN THE INCIDENCE OF SOME HERPES VIRUS INFECTIONS IN POPULATIONS WITH A HIGH PREVALENCE OF HIV INFECTION
Authors: Bayanova T. A. , Kudryavtseva D. P. , Plotnikova Yu. K. , Botvinkin A. D. 
Published: September 2019

Objective: to characterize the structure and dynamics of the incidence of herpes virus infections (recorded in statistical forms) in a region with a high prevalence of HIV infection. Materials and methods. The state medical statistics for the Irkutsk region for the first 20 years after the start of the spread of HIV infection (2002–2017) was used as the material for the study. At the first stage, a retrospective analysis of the incidence of herpes virus infections was performed. The long-term incidence of herpes virus infections among children, adolescents and adults was compared with the prevalence of HIV infection in the population with the calculation of the Spearman correlation. At the second stage, a cohort study was conducted. The incidence rates of cytomegalovirus infection were compared in a cohort of patients with HIV infection and among the rest of the population. Relative risks of cytomegalovirus infection detection were assessed over the years 2008 and 2015. Conclusion. By 2017, the prevalence of HIV infection in the general population reached 1,7%. There was a direct strong correlation (0,7–0,8) between the prevalence of HIV infection and the incidence of chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis and cytomegalovirus infection. Starting in 2007, incidence of herpes virus infections was increased among children as well as among adults. In 2008–2015 the relative risk of cytomegalovirus infection in a cohort of HIV patients increased from 70,1 to 130,3. The incidence of herpes simplex among HIV patients was also increased.