bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking habitat composition, local population densities and traffic characteristics to spatial patterns of ungulate‐train collisions
Authors: Jasińska Karolina D. , Żmihorski Michał , Krauze‐Gryz Dagny , Kotowska Dorota , Werka Joanna , Piotrowska Diana , Pärt Tomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

The total length of railways worldwide exceeds 1 million kilometres and recent railway development directly impacts wildlife because of animal‐train collisions. Few studies, however, have analysed factors driving ungulate‐train collisions.

We analysed over 3,500 ungulate‐train collisions including roe deer, red deer, wild boar, and moose collected in 2012–2015 in Poland. We compared train traffic characteristics (e.g. traffic intensity, speed, rail curvature), land‐use and habitat characteristics (e.g. share of forests and build‐up areas) and local ungulate population densities at collision sites and random sites distributed along the rail network.

Forest coverage generally increased, while urban areas decreased ungulate collision risk. Local density of ungulate species had a strong positive relation to the relative collision risk in all four ungulate species, but above certain densities, the risk levelled off for all four species.

Train speed and train traffic intensity were positively associated with elevated collision risk in all four species, but the latter in a nonlinear manner reached an asymptote at the level of c. 10 trains per day. Rail curvature also increased probability of collisions with roe deer and red deer and possibly also wild boar.

Mortality rate of ungulates on railways in Poland is estimated to be 0.13%–0.42% of annual hunting bags of studied species assuming that only one individual is killed at each occasion and ignoring undetected collisions. These values are expected to increase in the near future due to increasing train speed in Central European countries.

Synthesis and applications. Ungulate‐train collisions spots are characterized by surrounding forest, rail curvature, high train speed, and a moderate to high train traffic intensity. To reduce collision risk in a cost‐effective way, we suggest prioritization of mitigation actions at sections of the railway characterized by those factors, for example, by fencing and various warning devices. Due to nonlinear correlation between collision risk and population density, reducing density of ungulates will most likely reduce collision risk only marginally, and only in regions of low population densities where collision risk is relatively low anyway.
People and Power: Democracy after Brexit
Authors: Ainsley Claire 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe result of the 2016 European Union (EU) referendum revealed a disconnect between policy makers and the public, particularly those who could be considered part of Britain’s contemporary working class. Whilst there has been significant attention paid to the parliamentary activity to agree the terms under which Britain will leave the EU, there has been comparatively less attention paid to the causes of the vote, and what can be done to improve public trust in democracy. This article proposes a new public attitudes‐led policy‐making model, using democratic innovations and design thinking, to reconnect policy making to the public and improve political equality.
Pilot Study to Detect Changes in Blood Flow in the External Auditory Meatus During Hemodialysis
Authors: Yoowannakul Suree , Leung Terence S , Davenport Andrew 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBlood flow to internal organs is reported to fall during hemodialysis (HD). As such, noninvasive monitoring devices are required to detect changes in perfusion, which could then be used for therapeutic interventions. We report on a pilot study monitoring blood flow in the outer auditory meatus. We measured the maximum pulse wave amplitude and indicators of blood flow by analyzing red and green color changes in the outer auditory meatus from video recordings made using an otoscope fitted with a digital camera during HD treatments. We studied 61 patients, 43 (71.5%) male, mean age 64.9 ± 12.7 years. Weight fell from 72.8 ± 22.5 kg predialysis to 71.5 ± 22.1 kg postdialysis (P < 0.001). BP did not significantly change (predialysis 142 ± 29/67 ± 18 to 143 ± 25/68 ± 17 mm Hg postdialysis). The maximum pulse wave amplitude in the external auditory meatus fell from 0.21 (0.1–0.55) to 0.14 (0.04–0.4) after 90 min, P < 0.001, and remained low thereafter, and the change at the end of the dialysis session was associated with percentage weight loss (r = −0.37, P = 0.003). Green and red pixel values did not change (predialysis 0.339 [0.333–0.345] to 0.302 [0.291–0.33] post, and 0.301 [0.293–0.328] predialysis to 0.339 [0.334–0.347] post, respectively). This pilot study showed that the maximum pulse wave amplitude measured in the external auditory meatus fell during the dialysis session, and that the fall was associated with fluid removal. This could potentially lead to the development of a monitoring device, which could fit in the ear and record during the dialysis session.
Ultrastructure of sensilla on the maxillary and labial palps of three species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)
Authors: Liu Zhiping , Yu Wei , Wu Xuan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost species of Staphylinidae are predators in an agroecosystem. They acquire prey information from their environment through receptors. In this study, the sensilla on maxillary and labial palps of Philonthus kailiensis, Philonthus lewisius and Quedius robustus were examined with scanning electron microscopy to identify and analyse the external morphology and distribution of the sensilla to enhance our knowledge of the sensilla of Staphylinidae and provide a rationale of taxonomical studies on the two genus. Results showed that the sensilla are classified into six types: Böhm bristles, sensilla chaetica, sensilla furcate, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla placodea and sensilla basiconica. No sexual dimorphism exists among the three species. The relationships and functions of sensilla on maxillary and labial palps were also speculated. There may be a certain correlation between the sensilla on maxillary and labial palps of the staphylinid and its habitat.
Time to onset of gastrointestinal bleeding in the SUP‐ICU trial: A pre‐planned substudy
Authors: Granholm Anders , Lange Theis , Anthon Carl Thomas , Marker Søren , Krag Mette , Meyhoff Tine Sylvest , Wise Matt P. , Borthwick Mark , Bendel Stepani , Keus Frederik , Guttormsen Anne Berit , Schefold Joerg C. , Wetterslev Jørn , Perner Anders , Møller Morten Hylander 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundThe aetiology and risk factors for clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding (CIB) in adult ICU patients may differ according to the onset of CIB, which could affect the balance between benefits and harms of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP).MethodsWe assessed the time to CIB in the Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in the Intensive Care Unit (SUP‐ICU) trial. We assessed if associations between baseline characteristics including allocation to SUP and CIB changed during time in the ICU, specifically in the later (after day 2) compared to the earlier (first 2 days) period, using Cox models adjusted for SAPS II and allocation to SUP. Additionally, we described baseline characteristics and CIB episodes stratified by earlier/later/no CIB and 90‐day mortality status.ResultsClinically important gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 110/3291 (3.3%) patients after a median of 6 (interquartile range 2‐13) days; 25.5% of the episodes occurred early. Higher SAPS II was consistently associated with increased risk of CIB (hazard ratio (HR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01‐1.05 in the earlier period vs HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01‐1.03 in the later period; P = .37); university hospital admission was associated with decreased risk of earlier CIB (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.14‐0.63); this significantly increased in the later period (to HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.53‐1.37; P = .02). Patients with later compared to earlier CIB received more transfusions and had more diagnostic/therapeutic procedures for CIB.ConclusionsClinically important gastrointestinal bleeding mostly occurred more than 2 days after randomization. University hospital admission was associated with significantly decreased risk of CIB in the earlier period only.
Impacts of the timing of the discovery of a subsequent event on the auditors’ approach to subsequent events
Authors: Phang Soon‐Yeow 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the underlying causes affecting auditors’ approaches to subsequent events. As auditors are required to perform the majority of subsequent events procedures near the due date of the audit report, I examine whether auditors are less likely to make adjustments or disclosures regarding subsequent events that occur after the audit completion, but before issuing the audit report. Results indicate that auditors were less likely to adjust Type I events that occurred after audit completion when the risk was low, but not when the risk was high. This was not the case for Type II events, which only require disclosure.
Loss of β‐arrestin2 in D2 cells alters neuronal excitability in the nucleus accumbens and behavioral responses to psychostimulants and opioids
Authors: Porter‐Stransky Kirsten A. , Petko Alyssa K. , Karne Saumya L. , Liles L. Cameron , Urs Nikhil M. , Caron Marc G. , Paladini Carlos A. , Weinshenker David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPsychostimulants and opioids increase dopamine (DA) neurotransmission, activating D1 and D2 G protein‐coupled receptors. β‐arrestin2 (βarr2) desensitizes and internalizes these receptors and initiates G protein‐independent signaling. Previous work revealed that mice with a global or cell‐specific knockout of βarr2 have altered responses to certain drugs; however, the effects of βarr2 on the excitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and its role in mediating the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse are unknown. D1‐Cre and D2‐Cre transgenic mice were crossed with floxed βarr2 mice to eliminate βarr2 specifically in cells containing either D1 (D1βarr2‐KO) or D2 (D2βarr2‐KO) receptors. We used slice electrophysiology to characterize the role of βarr2 in modulating D1 and D2 nucleus accumbens MSN intrinsic excitability in response to DA and tested the locomotor‐activating and rewarding effects of cocaine and morphine in these mice. Eliminating βarr2 attenuated the ability of DA to inhibit D2‐MSNs and altered the DA‐induced maximum firing rate in D1‐MSNs. While D1βarr2‐KO mice had mostly normal drug responses, D2βarr2‐KO mice showed dose‐dependent reductions in acute locomotor responses to cocaine and morphine, attenuated locomotor sensitization to cocaine, and blunted cocaine reward measured with conditioned place preference. Both D2βarr2‐KO and D1βarr2‐KO mice displayed an enhanced conditioned place preference for the highest dose of morphine. These results indicate that D1‐ and D2‐derived βarr2 functionally contribute to DA‐induced changes in MSN intrinsic excitability and behavioral responses to psychostimulants and opioids dose‐dependently.
Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: Recent advances and future perspectives
Authors: Das Dibash K. , Graham Zachary A. , Cardozo Christopher P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMyokines are molecules produced and secreted by skeletal muscle to act in an auto‐, para‐ and endocrine manner to alter physiological function of target tissues. The growing number of effects of myokines on metabolism of distant tissues provides a compelling case for crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs to regulate metabolic homoeostasis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the impact on metabolism of several canonical and recently identified myokines. We focus specifically on myostatin, β‐aminoisobutyric acid, interleukin‐15, meteorin‐like and myonectin, and discuss how these myokines are induced and regulated as well as their overall function. We also review how these myokines may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers that reflect whole‐body metabolism and how they may be attractive therapeutic targets for treating muscle and metabolic diseases.
Histochemical and ultrastructural investigations on the renal parenchyma of the Egyptian Nile Monitor Lizard (Varanus niloticus)
Authors: Awad Mahmoud , Mohamadain Dalia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractVaranus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1766), the Nile monitor lizard, is considered the largest lizard in Africa and one of the most widespread. The Egyptian Nile monitor lizard exists in variable habitats, from grasslands to rainforests. This study pointed to investigate the light and ultrastructural features of the renal tissue of this lizard. Microscopically, the lizard nephron deprived from loop of henle and no demarcation could be detected between the cortical and medullary tissues. The renal corpuscles were small, but complex structures. The proximal convoluted tubules were lined by acidophilic cuboidal cells with hemosiderin pigment in their apical cytoplasm. The cytoplasm of the distal convoluted tubular cells reacted strongly with alcian blue stain. The sexual segment of the lizard kidney was lined with high columnar cells with massive periodic acid–Schiff‐positive/alcian blue‐negative supra‐nuclear granules. Ultrastructurally, the basal infoldings of the proximal convoluted cells were evident. Supra‐nuclear electron‐dense vesicles were detected in the cytoplasm of the sexual segment cells. In summary, the kidney of the Egyptian Nile monitor lizard shares many histochemical features with other reptiles. However, they own several structural specializations in order to adapt to their harsh environments. Future studies focusing on the histochemical components of the sexual segment secretion would be required.
The importance of the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system on human skin equivalent design
Authors: Vidal Yucha Sarah E. , Tamamoto Kasey A. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe skin is a highly complex organ, responsible for sensation, protection against the environment (pollutants, foreign proteins, infection) and thereby linked to the immune and sensory systems in the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous (NIC) system. Cutaneous innervation is a key part of the peripheral nervous system; therefore, the skin should be considered a sensory organ and an important part of the central nervous system, an ‘active interface’ and the first connection of the body to the outside world. Peripheral nerves are a complex class of neurons within these systems, subsets of functions are conducted, including mechanoreception, nociception and thermoception. Epidermal and dermal cells produce signalling factors (such as cytokines or growth factors), neurites influence skin cells (such as via neuropeptides), and peripheral nerves have a role in both early and late stages of the inflammatory response. One way this is achieved, specifically in the cutaneous system, is through neuropeptide release and signalling, especially via substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Cutaneous, neuronal and immune cells play a central role in many conditions, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, UV‐induced immunosuppression, herpes and lymphomas. Therefore, it is critical to understand the connections and interplay between the peripheral nervous system and the skin and immune systems, the NIC system. Relevant in vitro tissue models based on human skin equivalents can be used to gain insight and to address impact across research and clinical needs.
A review of the use of transient elastography in the assessment of fibrosis and steatosis in the post–liver transplant patient
Authors: Winters Adam C. , Mittal Rasham , Schiano Thomas D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLiver biopsy is considered the gold standard method for diagnosing and staging liver disease, particularly in the post‐liver transplant setting. Given the invasive nature of biopsy, alternate means for accurately assessing liver fibrosis and steatosis are preferred especially as the number of patients with fatty liver disease is increasing. Transient elastography has been validated as a useful tool for evaluation of liver fibrosis, as has controlled attenuation parameter index as a tool for assessing steatosis. It is a non‐invasive, rapid, and highly reproducible approach to demonstrate the presence of fibrosis among non‐transplant patients with chronic liver disease of various etiologies. However, it has not yet found wide acceptance in liver transplant recipients. There are few published studies evaluating the merits and applicability of transient elastography to assess allografts after liver transplantation. We review the published data on the use of transient elastography with concurrent controlled attenuation parameter in liver transplant recipients and recommend its greater use to follow allograft function over time.
Concurrent cutaneous localization of Langerhans cell sarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma in a patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma
Authors: Papoudou‐Bai Alexandra , Vassou Amalia , Marinos Leonidas , Papathanasiou Konstantina , Kapsali Eleni , Kanavaros Panagiotis 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe phenomenon of histiocytic/dendritic cell sarcomas arising through transformation of a pre‐existed lymphoproliferative disease is called transdifferentiation. Langerhans cell sarcoma transdifferentiating from chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma is extremely rare and all the reported cases were localized in lymph nodes. We present a case of concurrent cutaneous localization of Langerhans cell sarcoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, in which the chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma preceded the development of the Langerhans cell sarcoma. A cutaneous lesion from a 63‐year‐old patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma was biopsied. The histologic examination revealed a mixture of two cell populations infiltrating diffusely the dermis. The first was composed of small lymphoid cells with somewhat monotonous appearance and mild nuclear atypia positive for PAX5, CD79a, CD20, CD23, CD5, and LEF1. The second was composed of large cells with abundant cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei. These cells were positive for CD1a, CD207, and S100 protein and exhibited a high mitotic rate and a high MIB‐1 immunostaining index. Therefore, two different entities, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and Langerhans cell sarcoma, were detected in the same skin fragment. The patient died 3 years after initial diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.
Addressing gaps in transversal educational contents in undergraduate dental education. The audio‐visual ‘pill of knowledge’ approach
Authors: Vázquez‐Rodríguez Inés , Rodríguez‐López Melina , Blanco‐Hortas Andrés , Da Silva‐Domínguez José Luis , Mora‐Bermúdez María Jesús , Varela‐Centelles Pablo , Santana‐Mora Urbano 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionTraining on impression disinfection is often limited to brief explanations in the clinic. This investigation assessed knowledge on this topic amongst clinical students in our university, produced a pill of knowledge to suit their needs, and evaluated its impact and acceptance.Material and MethodsA pre‐post study was designed to identify knowledge gaps using an anonymous, voluntary self‐applied questionnaire before and after watching an audio‐visual clip (pill of knowledge). All 136 students in the school were invited to enter the study (estimated sample size: 116).ResultsParticipants: 109 (26.6% in 3rd year; 37.6% in 4th year and 39.4% in 5th year). Participation dropped 10.29% (n = 95) in the post‐intervention survey. Knowledge improvement was higher for those impression materials included in the pill. Most students (68.4%) reported to know more about impression disinfection after the pill and 70.5% felt more able to achieve correct disinfection. The pill was particularly well received (86.3%). All students would recommend it to their peers, and 93.5% are willing to receive pills on other topics.DiscussionOur results disclosed an important gap in knowledge, which can be filled by a single, brief and concise pill adapted to the intended audience. Once made readily available through digital repositories, it may help solve this problem, given the ubiquitous presence of mobile devices.ConclusionsOur results found pills of knowledge as a useful approach to facilitating undergraduates’ learning process. This method, using suitable information and communication technologies, has the potential to improve the performance on certain clinical tasks.
Centennial decline in North Sea water clarity causes strong delay in phytoplankton bloom timing
Authors: Opdal Anders Frugård , Lindemann Christian , Aksnes Dag L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith climate warming, a widespread expectation is that events in spring, such as flowering, bird migrations, and insect bursts, will occur earlier because of increasing temperature. At high latitudes, increased ocean temperature is suggested to advance the spring phytoplankton bloom due to earlier stabilization of the water column. However, climate warming is also expected to cause browning in lakes and rivers due to increases in terrestrial greening, ultimately reducing water clarity in coastal areas where freshwater drain. In shallow areas, decreased retention of sediments on the seabed will add to this effect. Both browning and resuspension of sediments imply a reduction of the euphotic zone and Sverdrup's critical depth leading to a delay in the spring bloom, counteracting the effect of increasing temperature. Here, we provide evidence that such a transparency reduction has already taken place in both the deep and shallow areas of the North Sea during the 20th century. A sensitivity analysis using a water column model suggests that the reduced transparency might have caused up to 3 weeks delay in the spring bloom over the last century. This delay stands in contrast to the earlier bloom onset expected from global warming, thus highlighting the importance of including changing water transparency in analyses of phytoplankton phenology and primary production. This appears to be of particular relevance for coastal waters, where increased concentrations of absorbing and scattering substances (sediments, dissolved organic matter) have been suggested to lead to coastal darkening.