bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guest Editorial: Knowledge Capture and Containment Are Critical to Safe Operations
Authors: Kelleher Michael 
Published: January 2019

Guest editorial
Thirty years after Piper Alpha and the subsequent Cullen Inquiry into the disaster, which made 106 recommendations accepted by the oil and gas industry, safety remains a priority and a concern.
In recent years, operators and the supply chain have worked in a relatively constrained, low-cost environment. The dramatic shift to producing hydrocarbons at lower cost, with fewer people, while transitioning to a more environmentally friendly and sustainable energy future is well under way and will undoubtedly have impacts long into the future.
Business leaders and workers must take responsibility for increased investment in healthy, safe working practices and work closely with regulators globally to manage risk. Regulators remain vigilant toward major accident hazard management (MAHM). They are watching for gaps in safety-related skills that may potentially arise and lead to a higher incidence of major accidents in an industry cautiously stabilizing after the downturn.
Knowledge loss, from the enforced mass departure of an aging and skilled workforce within the industry, is a concern as highlighted by a recent report from an industry/government working group in Norway, which reviewed offshore health, safety, and environmental (HSE) performance. It commented that although the level of HSE offshore Norway was high, safety challenges have risen in the past few years.1
Plugging the Skills and Knowledge Gap
New research has revealed that recruitment is firmly back on the agenda after 4 years of consistent reductions, spurred by cost-efficiency measures. According to A Test of Resilience, DNV GL’s ninth annual report on the outlook for the oil and gas industry, more than a third (34%) of the 791 senior professionals surveyed expect to grow their workforce in 2019—more than three times as many respondents than 4 years ago (10%). Over a third (39%) also expect to increase the use of contractors this year.
However, skills shortages and an aging workforce have resurfaced as a major concern. The issue takes joint second place as a perceived barrier to growth, alongside the oil price and the state of the global economy. Competitive pressure is viewed as the greatest challenge. The study also found a leap of 20 percentage points over the past 2 years in the number of respondents looking to increase or maintain investment in training and competence, up from 65% in 2017 to 88% for the year ahead.
Technology Focus: Drilling Systems Automation and Management (February 2019)
Authors: Macpherson John 
Published: January 2019

Technology Focus
Drilling systems automation requires a digital backbone. One segment of that backbone is the interval between the drill bit and the surface. Most drilling operations use mud-pulse telemetry to transport data over that interval, or electromagnetic or acoustic telemetry. These methods provide a low data rate, topping out at approximately 40 bits/second in one direction, and some suffer from nonstationary latency. This is not an ideal digital backbone for systems automation.
Wired pipe removes both the bandwidth and latency barriers of the available measurement-while-drilling (MWD) telemetry systems. This innovation came to market around 2007, after approximately a 5-year development period. The introduction predates the systems automation of drilling, and the first applications focused on getting image data to surface for fast decisions on wellbore quality and updating the drilling plan, for example. Even in those early trials, the ability of wired pipe to affect performance by rapid updating to surface of downhole parameters was quite apparent. Now, various operators, as part of drilling systems automation, have run it in extensive tests, and paper SPE 191574 presents the latest in these trials.
It will be interesting, in the next few years, to see if the adoption of wired pipe advances the movement of quality data to surface and the tight real-time control of downhole drilling systems. Certainly, it seems to fill the role from a technical standpoint. The issue of adoption primarily concerns viable business models and vision, the latter not just from operators but also from all participants in drilling operations.
Human interaction in systems automation and drilling management is a key issue, and, while papers have described the levels of automation technology, few case studies have shown its relationship to actual drilling technologies. Paper SPE 191408 outlines the mapping between directional drilling and systems automation and serves to stimulate thought as other drilling technologies move into automation. One of those technologies is the use of engineering (physics-based) models in real time. Here, data quality is important, as measurements merge with contextual information in real time, as described in paper SPE 191426. This paper is quite important, showing the use of physics-based and data-driven models in parallel (the digital-twin paradigm) to effect real-time event detection.
The three selected papers tell a story that reflects the drilling systems automation path: digital backbone, methodology, and applications. This approach may be simplistic, but the story does help clarify a young technology that sometimes seems overly energetic and chaotic. Nevertheless, it is full of promise.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 191939 An Open Approach to Drilling Systems Automation by Hans-Uwe Brackel, Baker Hughes, a GE company, et al.
SPE 191672 Managing the Drilling Function by John Willis, Occidental Oil and Gas, et al.
Study of Carbonate Reservoirs Examines Fines Migration in CO2-Saturated-Brine Flow
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 189569, “Fines Migration During CO2-Saturated Brine Flow in Carbonate Reservoirs With Some Migratory Clay Minerals—Malaysian Formations,” by Y. Sazali, Petronas; S. Godeke, SPE, Universiti Brunei Darussalam; W.L. Sazali and J.M. Ibrahim, Petronas; G.M. Graham and S.L. Kidd, Scaled Solutions; and H.A. Ohen, SPE, HPO Global Resources Ventures, prepared for the 2018 SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, 7–9 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
A high-carbon-dioxide (CO2) carbonate gas field offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, is scheduled for development. Reservoirs in this region have an average clay content of 8%; more than 50% of this clay content is migratory illite, and 15% is migratory kaolinite. Therefore, fines migration exacerbated by this low-permeability rock becomes a potential production and injection problem. A study was conducted involving rock mineralogy and dynamic flow to evaluate factors contributing to potential fines-migration damage within the production and injection interval.
Introduction
Migration of fines is associated with oil and gas production in sandstones as well as carbonate reservoirs. Fine particles located on the surface of rock grains are affected by adhesion, drag, and electrostatic and gravitational forces. Drag and lifting forces detach the particle, whereas adhesion, electrostatic, and gravitational forces press the particle to the surface. Generally, the main sources of movable fine particles in sandstone reservoirs are kaolinite and illite clays. Kaolinite particles are flat plates usually stacked in the form of booklets. The surface area of clay minerals, for example, typically is large because of their structure and small size and is more reactive and prone to mobilization and migration.
Once mobilized, the fine particles are retained by size exclusion if their size exceeds the pore-throat size of the matrix. Fines damage also occurs when several small fine particles reach a larger pore throat at the same time and compete for passage through the throat with the result of bridging and sedimentation.
Usually, in the case of gas/water flow, the fines move with the wetting water phase. However, fines movement taking place before water movement has been observed in a number of gas reservoirs. The in-situ mobilization and migration of fines without a mobile wetting phase is primarily caused by hydrodynamic drag that exceeds the critical rate to mobilize the fines. It has long been realized during corefloods that colloidal controlled release of particles leading to fines migration may be caused by salinity change following flow rate that causes the fines to bridge at the pore throat. Generally, a decrease in salinity or an increased rate of salinity change leads to particle mobilization. This decrease in permeability caused by decreasing salt concentration has been found to be nonmonotonic.
The Effect of Vuggy Porosity on Straining in Porous Media
Authors: Khan Hasan J. , Prodanovic Maša , DiCarlo David A. 
Published: January 2019

Summary
A formation-damage experimental study is conducted on synthetic homogeneous and vuggy cores. Glass beads of 1.0 mm are sintered to form a uniform core with a porosity of 42%, and finer-sized glass beads (25 and 100 µm) are used as the infiltrates. Glass beads are used as the matrix and infiltrate to reduce surface forces, and the flow is gravity dominated. Dissolvable inclusions are added during the sintering process to create vugs in the core. The pore-size to vug-size ratio is 1:100. The injected-particle sizes are chosen such that straining is the dominant trapping mechanism during the flow experiment. Infiltrate particles are injected at different flow configurations, and the resultant porosity, permeability, and effluent volume are measured. The results can be summarized as follows: Vugs get up to 32% smaller caused by the flow for the infiltrate, while the maximum change in the porosity is observed at the bottom end of the core, vug shape changes to a smoother and rounded surface, and particles go deeper (8 mm more) into the formation when vugs are present, causing damage deeper inside the formation.
Niger Response to Nitrogen and Seeding Depth in the Northern Great Plains
Authors: May William E. , Wood Mathew D. , Del Piero Karelia 
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and seeding depth on the development and yield of niger.
There was a linear increase in grain yield, 76 kg ha–1 as the N rate increased from to 10 to 110 kg N ha–1.
Seeding depth impacted plant density and visible row, but the niger compensated and grain yield was not affected by seeding depth.
A niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) cultivar has been selected to grow on the Northern Great Plains of North America; however, agronomic management practices in a no‐till cropping system regarding seeding depth and nitrogen (N) fertilization have yet to be developed for this region. Two experiments were conducted at Indian Head, SK, Canada from 2011 to 2017 to determine the response of niger to varying N fertilizer rates and seeding depths. Five rates of N (10, 35, 60, 85, and 110 kg N ha−1) and four seeding depths (surface, 0.6, 1.27, and 2.5 cm below soil surface) were applied in separate single factor experiments. Nitrogen fertilizer rate affected niger development. As N rate increased, there was a linear delay in the appearance of visible rows. Plant height and kernel weight were affected by N rate and year, grain yield was affected by year, and there was a linear increase of 18% in grain yield as the N rate increased from 10 to 110 kg N ha−1. Niger plant density was affected by seeding depth, where plant density increased linearly with decreasing seeding depth in 2014, 2015, and 2017, while there was a negative quadratic relationship in 2016. This effect on plant density did not impact grain yield. In conclusion, niger grain yield benefitted from increased levels of N fertilizer and that growers can use a wide range of seeding depths to place niger seed in soil moist enough to support germination and emergence.
Urban Allotment Gardens for the Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Trace Element Pollution
Authors: Izquierdo‐Díaz Miguel , Holm Peter E. , Barrio‐Parra Fernando , De Miguel Eduardo , Lekfeldt Jonas Duus Stevens , Magid Jakob 
Published: January 2019

This study evaluates the results of the characterization of air pollution in urban green areas using edible plants. To this purpose, we examined the effect of location (i.e., three different levels of pollution), substrate (peat moss and vermiculite), and plant species (oilseed rape [Brassica napus L.] and kale [Brassica oleracea L.]) on the accumulation of trace elements on leaves. A total of 36 samples of unwashed leaves were digested with HNO3–H2O2 and analyzed for 27 elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Considering the location, plants exposed next to the road showed higher contents of traffic‐related elements, and additionally, outdoors samples were enriched in marine aerosol ions. Cadmium and Pb concentrations did not exceed the European legal maximum levels for vegetables, so their consumption would be safe for human health. Results support the hypothesis that edible plants such as kale and rapeseed could be used as bioindicators of atmospheric pollution.Core Ideas
Atmospheric biomonitoring using edible plants is feasible in urban environments.
Vegetables grown near roadsides are enriched in traffic‐related trace elements.
Hydroponic urban agriculture products seem to be safe for human consumption.
Winter Phosphorus Release from Cover Crops and Linkages with Runoff Chemistry
Authors: Cober James R. , Macrae Merrin L. , Van Eerd Laura L. 
Published: January 2019

Cover crops (CC) have both agronomic and environmental benefits but also have the potential to increase losses of dissolved reactive P after freeze–thaw cycles (FTC). This field study, conducted over one nongrowing season (NGS) in Ontario, Canada, characterized water‐extractable P (WEP) content in different CC species and compared observed changes in plant WEP content with changes in P content in soil, surface runoff, and shallow groundwater (5–25 cm). Five plots (0.4 ha) of cereal rye (Secale cereal L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleoferus Metzg Stokes), oat (Avena sativa L.), and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were established after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest. Throughout the NGS (October–April), CC shoot tissues and surface soil were routinely sampled for WEP analyses, and groundwater and runoff water samples were collected after rain and snowmelt. Responses to FTC varied among CC species, with P released from frost‐intolerant species but not frost‐tolerant species. Although CC released P, the top 5 cm of soil contained greater WEP than plants at all times, and the changing WEP content in CC over the NGS was not reflected in soil or water P concentrations. These results suggest that the degree of frost exposure should be considered in the selection of CC species in cold regions; however, in temperate regions with snow cover that insulates the soil surface from heavy frost, P release from vegetation may not lead to increased P loss in runoff.Core Ideas
Winter P release from cover crops was compared with runoff concentrations in a field setting.
Water‐extractable P did not increase after frost in frost‐tolerant species.
Water‐extractable P increased after frost in frost‐intolerant species.
Surface soils contained a larger pool of available P than cover crops.
Phosphorus released from cover crops was not reflected in surface or subsurface water.
Survey of US wastewater for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Hoelle Jill , Johnson James R. , Johnston Brian D. , Kinkle Brian , Boczek Laura , Ryu Hodon , Hayes Sam 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
A survey for antibiotic-resistant (AR) Escherichia coli in wastewater was undertaken by collecting samples from primary clarifiers and secondary effluents from seven geographically dispersed US wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Samples were collected at each WWTP in cool and summer months and cultured using selective media. The resulting isolates were characterized for resistance to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, presence of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, and phylogroups and sequence types (STs). In total, 322 AR E. coli isolates were identified, of which 65 were imipenem-resistant. Of the 65 carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC) isolates, 62% were positive for more than one and 31% were positive for two or more of carbapenemase and ESBL genes targeted. The most commonly detected carbapenemase gene was blaVIM (n = 36), followed by blaKPC (n = 2). A widespread dispersal of carbapenem-resistant STs and other clinically significant AR STs observed in the present study suggested the plausible release of these strains into the environment. The occurrence of CREC in wastewater is a potential concern because this matrix may serve as a reservoir for gene exchange and thereby increase the risk of AR bacteria (including CR) being disseminated into the environment and thence back to humans.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Microbial risk assessment of drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) in Mahasarakham province of Thailand
Authors: Wibuloutai Jindawan , Thanomsangad Pornpilai , Benjawanit Kannika , Mahaweerawat Udomsak 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This investigation aimed to assess the microbial quality of drinking water produced by drinking water filtration dispenser toll machines (DFTMs) to assess the health risk of DFTM water. A total of 210 samples were randomly collected of 70 DFTMs within a radial distance of 500 metres around Mahasarakham University. The prevalence of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in the DFTM water was 54.17% and 16.67% with an average concentration of 1.04 log cfu/ml and 0.26 log cfu/ml, respectively. The risk calculation (using the @Risk program based on drinking water consumption of 2 L/day) indicated that the probability of exposure was 1.67 E-01, while the probability of illness due to E. coli and S. aureus was 2.08 E-03 and 1.58 E-05 and the risk of illness was 1.13 E-03 and 2.64 E-06, respectively. The sanitation status and drinking water quality related to health would be influenced by other pathogens due to the poor hygienic conditions of DFTMs and improper environments.
Nutrient concentration in sediments accumulated in pre-treatment basins of urban LID technologies
Authors: Geronimo F. K. F. , Maniquiz-Redillas M. C. , Hong J. S. , Kim L. H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this study, the contribution of pre-treatment basins of low impact development (LID) technologies to nutrient reduction performance was evaluated by understanding the distribution of nutrient in sediments accumulated in each system. The captured sediments were mostly silt to medium sand ranging from 9% to 92% of the sediments collected. Greater average N and P concentrations were found in silt particles amounting to 345 mg/kg and 696 mg/kg, respectively compared to sand and gravel. Although, N concentrations in accumulated sediments were found to be highly variable at different particle sizes (CV: 0.24 to 0.77) compared to P concentration (CV: 0.08 to 0.36) attributed to effective P treatment mechanism through deposition compared to complex nitrogen removal mechanisms. In addition, the difference between N and P concentrations of sediments collected in the pre-treatment basins of LID technologies and in-situ soil was attributed to the continuous pollutant input to the LID technologies during storm events. The study proved that pre-treatment basins of stormwater LID technologies reinforced the nutrient removal performances through sediment retention. The findings of this research may be used to design pre-treatment basins of LID technologies considering nutrients as a limiting factor.
Quando características do ambiente de trabalho afetam negativamente o trabalhador: relacionando clima e estresse organizacional
Authors: Zarife Pricila de Sousa 
Published: January 2019

Este artigo teve por objetivo investigar o papel preditor do clima organizacional no estresse organizacional, construto que envolve características da organização potencialmente estressoras. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo survey, com participação de 432 profissionais vinculados a instituições públicas, empresas privadas e de economia mista do Distrito Federal. A coleta de dados se deupela aplicação da escala de clima organizacional (ECO) e da escala de estresse organizacional (EEO), além de questionário sociodemográfico para caracterização da amostra. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados indicaram que o clima organizacional mais característico do relacionamento entre chefes e subordinados foi o caloroso, sugerindo valorização dos colaboradores e reconhecimento dos resultados. O clima quente foi o mais característico do relacionamento entre os colegas de trabalho, indicativo de relações cooperativas e amigáveis. Ainda, foi identificado um nível baixo de estresse organizacional. As análises de correlação indicaram que todas as dimensões de clima organizacional se mostraram significativamente associadas ao estresse organizacional, variando entre moderadas e altas. Quatro dimensões de clima organizacional se constituíram preditoras significativas da variável critério: gelado, frio, úmido e caloroso, explicando 34% da variância. Implicações, limitações do estudo e perspectivas futuras de pesquisa são apresentadas no artigo.
Pharmacotherapy of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review of the Current Treatments
Authors: Iacono Pierluigi , Toto Lisa , Costanzo Eliana , Varano Monica , Parravano Maria Cristina 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is the fourth most frequent retinal disorder in
terms of prevalence. It typically occurs in young subjects and affects men more often than women. CSC is characterized
by serous retinal detachment (SRD) involving mainly the macular area. The clinical course is usually selflimited,
with spontaneous resolution within 3 months. The persistence of SRD or multiple relapse may result in a
chronic form of CSC distinguished by permanent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor damage.
As the pathogenetic mechanism of CSC primarily involves RPE and choroidal vascularization, the current therapeutic
approaches aim to restore the normal functions of RPE and normal choroidal vascular permeability. In this
review, the authors aim to summarize the current therapeutic approach to CSC.

Methods:
A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in PubMed by searching for relevant studies
on the current therapeutic options for CSC, including simple observation, conventional laser treatment, subthreshold
laser treatment (SLT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin, treatment with mineralocorticoid
receptor (MR) antagonists and treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs.

Results:
Since most cases resolve spontaneously, the most common initial CSC treatment is observation. Current
evidence suggests that PDT and SLT are valuable in improving visual acuity, reducing subretinal fluid and maintaining
long-term effectiveness. No clear evidence of efficacy has been achieved for anti-VEGF. MR antagonists
might be a viable choice for the treatment of chronic CSC.

Conclusion:
The pathophysiology of CSC remains poorly understood and as a consequence, the gold standard of
care for CSC is yet to be defined. To date, PDT and SLT continue to offer good clinical outcomes. Positive preliminary
results seem to emerge from the studies of MR antagonists.