bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐Mediated Growth and Size‐Dependent Nanoparticle Reactivity during Ruthenium Atomic Layer Deposition on Dielectric Substrates
Authors: Soethoudt Job , Grillo Fabio , Marques Esteban A. , van Ommen J. Ruud , Tomczak Yoann , Nyns Laura , Van Elshocht Sven , Delabie Annelies 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the growth mechanisms during the early stages of atomic layer deposition (ALD) is of interest for several applications including thin film deposition, catalysis, and area‐selective deposition. The surface dependence and growth mechanism of (ethylbenzyl)(1‐ethyl‐1,4‐cyclohexadienyl)ruthenium and O2 ALD at 325 °C on HfO2, Al2O3, OH, and SiOSi terminated SiO2, and organosilicate glass (OSG) are investigated. The experimental results show that precursor adsorption is strongly affected by the surface termination of the dielectric, and proceeds most rapidly on OH terminated dielectrics, followed by SiOSi and finally SiCH3 terminated dielectrics. The initial stages of growth are characterized by the formation and growth of Ru nanoparticles, which is mediated by the diffusion of Ru species. Mean‐field and kinetic Monte Carlo modeling show that ALD on OSG is best described when accounting for (1) cyclic generation of new nanoparticles at the surface, (2) surface diffusion of both atomic species and nanoparticles, and (3) size‐dependent nanoparticle reactivity. In particular, the models indicate that precursor adsorption initially occurs only on the dielectric substrate, and occurs on the Ru nanoparticles only when these reach a critical size of about 0.85 nm. This phenomenon is attributed to the catalytic decomposition of oxygen requiring a minimum Ru nanoparticle size.
Solution‐Processed 2D Molecular Crystals: Fabrication Techniques, Transistor Applications, and Physics
Authors: Qian Jun , Jiang Sai , Li Songlin , Wang Xinran , Shi Yi , Li Yun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBased on intensive research, organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) will likely remain at the zenith in information science for many years due to their numerous potential applications in portable and smart electronic devices. Elucidating the intrinsic charge‐transport behavior and realizing functional OFETs with superior device characteristics have been the cornerstones for the sustainable advancement in organic electronics. The emerging 2D molecular crystals (2DMCs) have become prosperous in the past few years, because they offer a revolutionary opportunity to overcome these obstacles. In particular, 2DMCs, which display a high uniform morphology, can be prepared using low‐cost and scalable solution‐based techniques. More importantly, their highly tunable molecular arrangement at a 2D limit is extraordinarily beneficial in property exploration and device optimization. In this article, the recent breakthroughs in material preparation, transistor applications, and physics of solution‐processed 2DMCs are reviewed, providing a promising avenue toward high‐performance, multifunctional, and diversiform organic electronic devices.
2D Materials for Lithium/Sodium Metal Anodes
Authors: Zhang Chanyuan , Wang Aoxuan , Zhang Jiahua , Guan Xuze , Tang Wenjing , Luo Jiayan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn view of their high theoretical specific capacity and low electrochemical potential, lithium/sodium metal anodes (MAs) have been revisited in recent years in the context of high‐energy‐density storage systems. However, the infinite volume change and the uncontrollable dendrite growth of MAs during cycles are obstructing the development of commercialization. Numerous strategies have been explored to surmount the barriers, including composite anode preparation, separator modification, artificial solid electrolyte interphase, and solid‐state electrolyte fabrication. With atomic thickness, two‐dimensional (2D) materials possess ultrahigh specific surface area, abundant surface chemistry, and high mechanical strength along with facile processibility. These properties render 2D materials useful in all components of lithium/sodium metal batteries, improving their cycle stability and safety performance of the whole system. Herein, current progress of 2D materials for MAs is summarized. Their limitations are also discussed. New perspectives and future directions for this area are also provided. With numerous new 2D materials discovered or underexplored, it is expected that 2D materials will find great opportunities in high‐energy‐density lithium/sodium metal batteries.
Developing an In Vitro Model to Screen Drugs for Nerve Regeneration
Authors: RAYNER MELISSA L. D. , LARANJEIRA SIMÃO , EVANS RACHAEL E. , SHIPLEY REBECCA J. , HEALY JESS , PHILLIPS JAMES B. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTPeripheral nerve injuries (PNI) have a high prevalence and can be debilitating, resulting in life‐long loss or disturbance in end‐organ function, which compromises quality of life for patients. Current therapies use microsurgical approaches but there is the potential for enhancing recovery through other therapeutic modalities such as; cell‐based conduits, gene therapy and small molecules. A number of molecular targets and drugs which have the potential to improve nerve regeneration have been identified, however, there are challenges associated with moving therapies toward clinical translation. Due to the lack of detailed knowledge about the pro‐regenerative effect of potential drug treatments, there is a need for effective in vitro models to screen compounds to inform future pre‐clinical and clinical studies. The interaction between regenerating neurites and supporting Schwann cells is a key feature of the nerve environment, therefore, in vitro models that mimic this cellular association are useful tools. In this study, we have investigated various cell culture models, including simple monolayer systems and more complex 3D‐engineered co‐cultures, as models for use in PNI drug development. Anat Rec, 301:1628–1637, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Nanoarchitectured Graphene‐Organic Frameworks (GOFs): Synthetic Strategies, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Haque Enamul , Yamauchi Yusuke , Malgras Victor , Reddy Kakarla Raghava , Yi Jin Woo , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Kim Jeonghun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGraphene‐organic frameworks (GOFs) is a new class of graphene‐based materials in which structure and properties can be designed by controlling the length and concentration of organic ligands, comparable to their tunable metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) counterpart. The structural properties (e.g., surface area, pore volume) and physico‐chemical properties (e.g., electronic, thermal, and mechanical) of GOFs can be tuned based on the synthetic conditions. Such GOFs are promising as the next generation of novel materials for a wide range of potential applications such as H2 storage, electronic devices, sensors, drug carriers, etc. Here we report a review summarizing synthetic strategies, properties, and applications of GOFs.
Recognition of Oligosaccharides by Chirality Induced in Europium (III) Compounds
Authors: Wu Tao , Kessler Jiří , Kaminský Jakub , Bouř Petr 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIdentification of saccharides is difficult due to their similar chemical structure. However, they interact very selectively with lanthanide probes. To explore the potential for saccharide recognition, we compare circularly polarized luminescence induced by a variety of oligo‐ and polysaccharides in three europium compounds. Measurement on a standard Raman optical activity spectrometer made it possible to use high excitation powers and provided very distinct spectral patterns, which were sensitive both to the local structure and differences in molecular size. For example, α‐, β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrins provided unique spectroscopic responses. Titration data and molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that CPL spectra carry information about the binding mode and strength between the lanthanide probe and saccharide skeleton.
Improved activity of α‐L‐arabinofuranosidase from Geobacillus vulcani GS90 by directed evolution: Investigation on thermal and alkaline stability
Authors: Sürmeli Yusuf , İlgü Hüseyin , Şanlı‐Mohamed Gülşah 
Published: October 2018

Abstractα‐L‐Arabinofuranosidase (Abf) is a potential enzyme because of its synergistic effect with other hemicellulases in agro‐industrial field. In this study, directed evolution was applied to Abf from Geobacillus vulcani GS90 (GvAbf) using one round error‐prone PCR and constructed a library of 73 enzyme variants of GvAbf. The activity screening of the enzyme variants was performed on soluble protein extracts using p‐nitrophenyl α‐L‐arabinofuranoside as substrate. Two high activity displaying variants (GvAbf L307S and GvAbf Q90H/L307S) were selected, purified, partially characterized, and structurally analyzed. The specific activities of both variants were almost 2.5‐fold more than that of GvAbf. Both GvAbf variants also exhibited higher thermal stability but lower alkaline stability in reference to GvAbf. The structural analysis of GvAbf model indicated that two mutation sites Q90H and L307S in both GvAbf variants are located in TIM barrel domain, responsible for catalytic action in many Glycoside Hydrolase Families including GH51. The structure of GvAbf model displayed that the position of L307S mutation is closer to the catalytic residues of GvAbf compared with Q90H mutation and also L307S mutation is conserved in both variants of GvAbf. Therefore, it was hypothesized that L307S amino acid substitution may play a critical role in catalytic activity of GvAbf.
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase: A novel biomarker and a potential therapeutic target of cervical cancer
Authors: Wang Juan , Wang Yamei , Shen Fangrong , Xu Yanting , Zhang Yinghui , Zou Xinwei , Zhou Jinhua , Chen Youguo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMaternal embryo leucine zipper kinase (MELK) is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, tumor formation etc However, the biological effects of MELK in cervical cancer are still uninvestigated. This study aimed to explore the expression of MELK in cervical cancer, as well as its effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage repair on cervical cancer cell line in vitro and to provide novel ideas for further improving the clinical efficacy of cervical cancer. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, RT‐qPCR, CCK8, and immunofluorescence techniques were used to detect the expression of MELK in cervical cancer tissues, paracancerous tissues, and cervical cancer cell lines. Several cervical cancer cell lines were treated with MELK knockdown by siRNA and MELK selective inhibitor OTSSP167. The effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and colony formation capacity, and tumor cell DNA damage repair‐related factor were detected in cell lines. Our data showed that the high expression rate of MELK in cervical cancer patients was 56.92%. MELK expression in cervical cancer samples was significantly higher than that in paraneoplastic tissues. Highly expressed MELK correlated with the cervical histopathological grading and greatly increased with the cervical histopathological grading, from normal cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to cervical cancer. Moreover, the abnormal expression of MELK was related to cervical cancer metastasis at early stage. The knockdown of MELK with siRNA and OTSSP167 had strong inhibition effects on the proliferation, apoptosis, and colony formation of cervical cancer cells. MELK knockdown could also aggravate the DNA damage of cervical cancer cells possibly by homologous recombination repair pathway. Therefore, MELK may be a predicting marker of poor prognosis of cervical cancer and may also be a new therapeutic target for cervical cancer, providing ideas for improving the therapeutic effect of cervical cancer.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation in an orthotopic heart transplant recipient with bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Akleh Subhi I. , Bandali Alykhan , Edwards Richard 
Published: October 2018

Key Clinical MessageIncreasing longevity of heart transplantation recipients and aging donor population accompanied by the older age at transplantation led to an increase in the prevalence of degenerative valvular disease in particular aortic stenosis. TAVI is considered a safe and feasible alternative compared to conventional SAVR in this high‐risk population.
Synthesis and Active Site Identification of Fe−N−C Single‐Atom Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wan Xin , Chen Weiqi , Yang Jiarui , Liu Mengchan , Liu Xiaofang , Shui Jianglan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFe−N−C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are still inferior to the Pt catalysts. The major downsides of Fe−N−C are the low density and ambiguous structural identification of active sites. Fe−N−C single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have shown great potential for maximizing the active site density and can serve as ideal platforms for investigating the nature of active sites. This review starts with a summary of the latest progress in the synthetic strategy for Fe−N−C SACs, followed by an introduction to the active site identification by atomic‐resolution techniques and electrochemical analyses. Finally, the major challenges are highlighted, and the prospective directions are proposed to guide the development of high‐performance Fe−N−C catalysts.
Cell Cycle Analysis of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells by Multicolor Flow Cytometry
Authors: Galvin Amy , Weglarz Meredith , Folz‐Donahue Kat , Handley Maris , Baum Misa , Mazzola Michael , Litwa Hannah , Scadden David T. , Silberstein Lev 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMaintenance of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence is critical for self‐renewal and differentiation into mature lineages. Therefore, the ability to reliably detect abnormal HSC cycling is essential for experiments that seek to investigate abnormalities of HSC function. The ability to reproducibly evaluate cell cycle status in a rare cell subset requires careful optimization of multiple parameters during cell preparation and sample processing. Here, we describe a method where data acquisition parameters and fluorochrome combination for long‐term HSC staining have been specifically designed for concurrent use with DAPI and Ki‐67 antibodies. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comprehensive survey on modeling of cyber‐physical systems
Authors: Graja Imen , Kallel Slim , Guermouche Nawal , Cheikhrouhou Saoussen , Hadj Kacem Ahmed 
Published: October 2018

SummaryModeling Cyber‐physical systems (CPS) is a challenging step that requires a lot of background from both the cyber and physical fields. However, there is a lack of studies in the existing literature that discuss the state of the art in modeling CPS or explore the research gaps in this area. In this paper, we survey existing approaches to modeling CPS. We focus on studying the considered CPS properties. Based on this study, we classify these properties and discuss their importance in different application domains. Moreover, research directions are presented to address key challenges in the specification of CPS models.
Ribonucleoprotein Transfection for CRISPR/Cas9‐Mediated Gene Knockout in Primary T Cells
Authors: Oh Soyoung A. , Seki Akiko , Rutz Sascha 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 has enabled the rapid and efficient generation of gene knockouts across various cell types of several species. T cells are central players in adaptive immune responses. Gene editing in primary T cells not only represents a valuable research tool, but is also critical for next generation immunotherapies, such as CAR T cells. Broad application of CRIPSR/Cas9 for gene editing in primary T cells has been hampered by limitations in transfection efficiency and the requirement for TCR stimulation. In this article, we provide a detailed protocol for Cas9/gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transfection of primary mouse and human T cells without the need for TCR stimulation that achieves near complete loss of target gene expression at the population level. This approach enables rapid target discovery and validation in both mouse and human primary T cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Photocatalysis in the Dark: Near‐Infrared Light Driven Photoredox Catalysis by an Upconversion Nanoparticle/Photocatalyst System
Authors: Freitag Matthias , Möller Nadja , Rühling Andreas , Strassert Cristian A. , Ravoo Bart Jan , Glorius Frank 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHerein, we present a novel upconversion nanoparticle/photocatalyst system for infrared‐light‐initiated photoredox catalysis. A tailor‐made, metal‐based photoredox catalyst was immobilized by ligand exchange to stabilize NaYF4 upconversion nanoparticles. The absorption properties of the immobilized photoredox catalyst were only negligibly changed and the particles could excite the photoredox catalyst by energy transfer, determined by extensive luminescence spectroscopy and excited‐state lifetime measurements using a 980 nm near‐infrared laser excitation source. The system successfully catalyzed a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ promoted oxidation reaction, normally performed with visible light, by using 980 nm near‐infrared light. Neither the complex nor the particle without immobilized complex was active in this reaction. The presented system enables potential in vivo application of photoredox catalysis, utilizing the biological window of tissues for near‐infrared light by combining the mildness of photoredox catalysis and near‐infrared light.
Application of immunophenotypic analysis in distinguishing chronic myelomonocytic leukemia from reactive monocytosis
Authors: Feng Ru , Bhatt Vijaya Raj , Fu Kai , Pirruccello Samuel , Yuan Ji 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether immunophenotypic profiles detected by flow cytometry are useful in differentiating chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) from reactive monocytosis, and between CMML subtypes.MethodsEight‐color flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype blasts, monocytes, and granulocytes in the bone marrow of 34 patients with CMML and 12 patients with reactive monocytosis.ResultsBone marrow myeloblast, promonocyte, and monocyte counts by flow cytometry were significantly higher in the CMML group than in the reactive monocytosis group. Myeloblast aberrancies were present in all CMML patients as compared with 2 of 12 (16.7%) reactive monocytosis patients (P < 0.001). The number of blast aberrancies ranged from one to nine (median, four) in CMML patients and 94.1% of CMML cases exhibited ≥ two aberrancies. In contrast, two reactive monocytosis cases showed only one phenotypic abnormality of blasts. Monocyte and granulocyte aberrancies were present in 26 of 34 (76.5%) and in 31 of 34 (91.2%) CMML patients, respectively. Decreased side scatter (SSC) and abnormal CD11b/CD13/CD16 maturation pattern in granulocytes were more frequent in CMML than in reactive monocytosis. No significant differences in antigen expression were detected between the CMML subtypes except that altered CD45/SSC pattern on the blasts was more commonly observed in CMML‐0/1 than in CMML‐2.ConclusionsCMML has phenotypic aberrancies in monocytes, granulocytes, and more frequently in myeloblasts. Aberrant expression of two or more antigens in myeloblasts by flow cytometry has a high sensitivity (94.1%) and a high specificity (100%) to differentiate CMML from reactive monocytosis. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Evidence of a role for functional heterogeneity in multidrug resistance transporters in clinical trials of P‐glycoprotein modulation in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Marcelletti John F. , Sikic Branimir I. , Cripe Larry D. , Paietta Elisabeth 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundMultidrug resistance (MDR) transporter proteins such as P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) efflux a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts leading to clinical drug resistance.MethodsThis study examined heterogeneity of MDR functional efflux by AML blasts using two flow cytometry bioassays. Bone marrow specimens (N = 50) from elderly patients with newly diagnosed AML were analyzed for CD34+ blasts with MDR efflux function. Efflux was measured with a fluorescent dye (DiOC2) as a surrogate for oncology drugs that are substrates for MDR efflux. P‐gp‐mediated efflux was differentiated from non‐P‐gp MDR activities using zosuquidar, a highly selective P‐gp modulator. The bioassays included a zosuquidar‐dependent DiOC2 accumulation bioassay that measured only P‐gp. The second method, termed the efflux bioassay, could detect P‐gp and other non‐P‐gp efflux depending on bioassay culture conditions.ResultsSixty‐two percent of the specimens were considered positive for blasts with P‐gp function, and 26% of such P‐gp‐positive specimens also exhibited zosuquidar‐resistant (i.e., non‐P‐gp) MDR efflux activity; 37% of P‐gp‐negative AML blast specimens displayed zosuquidar‐resistant MDR function in the efflux bioassay.ConclusionsThese results confirm the heterogeneous nature of MDR efflux pumps in AML blasts, and provide support for the hypothesis that non‐P‐gp MDR contributed to negative results with zosuquidar in AML trials like ECOG‐ACRIN E3999. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Microbial production of d‐lactic acid from dried distiller's grains with solubles
Authors: Zaini Nurul Aqilah Binti Mohd , Chatzifragkou Afroditi , Charalampopoulos Dimitris 
Published: October 2018

Abstractd‐Lactic acid production is gaining increasing attention due to the thermostable properties of its polymer, poly‐d‐lactic acid . In this study, Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens, was evaluated for its ability to produce d‐lactic acid using Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles (DDGS) hydrolysate as the substrate. DDGS was first subjected to alkaline pretreatment with sodium hydroxide to remove the hemicellulose component and the generated carbohydrate‐rich solids were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase mixture Accellerase® 1500. When comparing separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of L. coryniformis on DDGS hydrolysate, the latter method demonstrated higher d‐lactic acid production (27.9 g/L, 99.9% optical purity of d‐lactic acid), with a higher glucose to d‐lactic acid conversion yield (84.5%) compared to the former one (24.1 g/L, 99.9% optical purity of d‐lactic acid). In addition, the effect of increasing the DDGS concentration in the fermentation system was investigated via a fed‐batch SSF approach, where it was shown that the d‐lactic acid production increased to 38.1 g/L and the conversion yield decreased to 70%. In conclusion, the SSF approach proved to be an efficient strategy for the production of d‐lactic acid from DDGS as it reduced the overall processing time and yielded high d‐lactic acid concentrations.
Sensoren, Wegbereiter, Taktgeber
Authors: Becker Katja 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDie Sonderforschungsbereiche der DFG werden 50 Jahre alt. Wie sie auf vielfältige Weise Impulse in das Wissenschaftssystem gegeben haben – und es auch weiterhin tun können. Ein Blick zurück in die Zukunft
Alles in Echt‐Zeit!
Authors: Liske Jochen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn der chilenischen Atacama‐Wüste entsteht das größte Teleskop der Welt. Mit seiner extrem hohen Messgenauigkeit hoffen Astronomen und Astrophysiker, die Ausdehnungsdynamik des Universiums direkt erfassen zu können.
Alltag ohne Goldrand
Authors: Unterstell Rembert 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWenn das kulturelle Erbe in die Wolke kommt: Ein multimediales Onlineportal führt Dokumente und Objekte zu Leben, Wohnen und Arbeiten im Rheinland des 20. Jahrhunderts zusammen. Eine exemplarische Nahaufnahme zu Chancen und Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung.