bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Agreement in the Interpretation of Lung Ultrasound Studies Performed on Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Authors: Millington Scott J. , Arntfield Robert T. , Guo Robert Jie , Koenig Seth , Kory Pierre , Noble Vicki , Mallemat Haney , Schoenherr Jordan R. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesAlthough lung ultrasound (US) has been shown to have high diagnostic accuracy in patients presenting with acute dyspnea, its precision in critically ill patients is unknown. We investigated common areas of agreement and disagreement by studying 6 experts as they interpreted lung US studies in a cohort of intensive care unit (ICU) patients.MethodsA previous study by our group asked experts to rate the quality of 150 lung US studies performed by 10 novices in a population of mechanically ventilated patients. For this study, experts were asked to interpret them without the clinical context, reporting the presence of pneumothorax, interstitial syndrome, consolidation, atelectasis, or pleural effusion.ResultsThe rate of expert agreement depended on how it was defined, ranging from 51% (with a strict definition of agreement) to 57% (with a more liberal definition). Removing cases involving lung consolidation (the most common source of disagreement) improved the rates of agreement to 69% and 86%, respectively.ConclusionsThe frequency of agreement was lower than might have been expected in this study. Several potential reasons are identified, chief among them the fact that ICU patients often develop multiple pulmonary insults, making agreement on a specific primary diagnosis challenging. This finding suggests that the utility of lung US in identifying the main contributing lung condition in ICU patients may be lower than in dyspneic patients encountered in the emergency department. It also raises the possibility that the clinical context is more important for lung US than other imaging modalities.
Documenting the Growth of Ultrasound Research in Emergency Medicine Through a Bibliometric Analysis of Accepted Academic Conference Abstracts
Authors: Prats Michael I. , Bahner David P. , Panchal Ashish R. , King Andrew M. , Way David P. , Lin Stephen , Fox J. Christian , Boulger Creagh T. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesUltrasound (US) has become an indispensable skill for emergency physicians. Growth in the use of US in emergency medicine (EM) has been characterized by practice guidelines, education requirements, and the number of EM US practitioners. Our purpose was to further document the growth of EM US by profiling the breadth, depth, and quality of US‐related research presented at EM's most prominent annual research conference: the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting.MethodsWe reviewed published research abstracts from the annual Society for Academic Emergency Medicine conferences from 1999 to 2015. Abstracts related to US were identified and examined for the number of authors and rigor of the research design. Designs were categorized as experimental, quasiexperimental, and nonexperimental. Abstract submissions were analyzed by the average rate of change over time.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2015, we observed a 10.2% increase in the number of accepted abstracts related to US research. This rate compared to a 3.2% average rate of change for all abstracts in general. The number of unique authors engaged in US research increased at a rate of 26.6%. Of the 602 abstracts identified as US related, only 12% could be considered experimental research.ConclusionsWe observed larger increases in the number of US‐related research relative to the total number of abstracts presented at a national conference. The number of investigators engaging in this research has also steadily increased. The research design of these studies was found to be primarily quasiexperimental. To improve the quality of EM's use of point‐of‐care US, more rigorous research with experimental designs is needed.
Island fox spatial ecology and implications for management of disease
Authors: Resnik Jessica R. , Andelt William F. , Stanley Thomas R. , Snow Nathan P. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTDisease, predation, and genetic isolation resulted in 4 of 6 island fox (Urocyon littoralis) subspecies being listed as endangered in 2004. Potential for disease outbreaks continues to pose a major threat to the persistence of these isolated, endemic populations. We examined how roads influence the spatial ecology of San Clemente Island foxes (U. l. clementae), particularly in regard to spread of disease, to provide management recommendations for preventing or minimizing a disease outbreak on San Clemente Island, California, USA. Home range areas ( = 0.75 km2) and core areas ( = 0.19 km2) of foxes on San Clemente Island were 0.36–1.23 and 2.17 times larger, respectively, than estimates from Santa Cruz Island foxes (U. l. santacruzae). Home ranges and core areas were 78% larger and 73% larger, respectively, for foxes near roads than for foxes away from roads. Home ranges were also largest when foxes were not caring for offspring (i.e., seasons of pup‐independence and breeding). We did not detect any dispersal movements, but foxes living near roads moved 33% farther in 2‐hours periods than foxes not living near roads. Foxes near roads move faster, range more widely, and could more rapidly spread a pathogen throughout the island; therefore, roads might serve as transmission corridors. We recommend reducing this risk by increasing widths of vaccination firewalls (areas where vaccination is used to induce a disease‐resistant or immune population of foxes), ensuring these areas deliberately intersect roads, and vaccinating a higher proportion of foxes living near roads. Disease risk models incorporating these strategies could inform the lowest risk scenarios. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Perspective on Mechanism Development and Structure‐Activity Relationships for Gas‐Phase Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Vereecken L. , Aumont B. , Barnes I. , Bozzelli J.W. , Goldman M.J. , Green W.H. , Madronich S. , Mcgillen M.R. , Mellouki A. , Orlando J.J. , Picquet‐Varrault B. , Rickard A.R. , Stockwell W.R. , Wallington T.J. , Carter W.P.L. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThis perspective gives our views on general aspects and future directions of gas‐phase atmospheric chemical kinetic mechanism development, emphasizing on the work needed for the sustainable development of chemically detailed mechanisms that reflect current kinetic, mechanistic, and theoretical knowledge. Current and future mechanism development efforts and research needs are discussed, including software‐aided autogeneration and maintenance of kinetic models as a future‐proof approach for atmospheric model development. There is an overarching need for the evaluation and extension of structure‐activity relationships (SARs) that predict the properties and reactions of the many multifunctionalized compounds in the atmosphere that are at the core of detailed mechanisms, but for which no direct chemical data are available. Here, we discuss the experimental and theoretical data needed to support the development of mechanisms and SARs, the types of SARs relevant to atmospheric chemistry, the current status and limitations of SARs for various types of atmospheric reactions, the status of thermochemical estimates needed for mechanism development, and our outlook for the future. The authors have recently formed a SAR evaluation working group to address these issues.
Boundary‐Layer Model to Predict Chemically Reacting Flow within Heated, High‐Speed, Microtubular Reactors
Authors: Weddle Peter J. , Karakaya Canan , Zhu Huayang , Sivaramakrishnan Raghu , Prozument Kirill , Kee Robert J. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTChen nozzle experiments are used to study the early‐stage unimolecular decomposition of larger molecules and, sometimes, the following chemistry. The nozzle itself is typically a small‐diameter (order millimeter), short (order 20–50 mm), heated (order 1700 K) tube (nozzle) that exhausts into a vacuum chamber where a variety of diagnostics may be used to measure gas‐phase composition. Under typical operating conditions, the velocities are high and the exhaust flow is near sonic. Quantitatively interpreting the measurements requires a model for flow within the nozzle that is coupled with reaction kinetics simulations. The present model shows that the flow can produce significant radial and axial variations in both the thermodynamic conditions and species concentrations. Thus, plug‐flow models may not be appropriate. Results show that using He as a carrier gas produces much more plug‐like flow than is the case with Ar as the carrier gas. The boundary‐layer model provides a computationally efficient approach to modeling detailed chemical kinetics within Chen nozzles. Results are illustrated using acetaldehyde decomposition kinetics.
Survival and growth of 20 species of trees and shrubs on Appalachian surface mines
Authors: Monteleone Alexis , Skousen Jeff , Shuler Jamie , McDonald Louis , Williams Rick , Holaskova Ida 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Forestry Reclamation Approach recommends that 2 tree types be planted during reclamation reforestation projects to reclaim the site to a forest ecosystem. Late succession trees such as oaks (Quercus), maples (Acer), poplars (Liriodendron), and pines (Pinus) are planted as crop trees, but understory trees and shrubs of native forests are not often planted or planted in fewer numbers, so less is known of their survival and growth in mine soils. This study evaluated survival and growth of 20 species of small trees and shrubs planted on 4 surface mines in Appalachia. Survival and height were determined at the end of the first year after planting, and then again after 7 or 9 years depending on the site's planting date. Soil properties varied across sites with pH ranging from 3.8 to 7.5 and percent soil material (≤2 mm) ranging from 58% to 82%. Extracted nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) were also variable across sites. Five of the 20 species had survival ≥50% (black chokeberry [Aronia melanocarpa Michx.], black cherry [Prunus serotina Ehrh.], Washington hawthorn [Crataegus phaenopyrum L. f.], nannyberry [Viburnum lentago L.], and hazelnut [Corylus avellana L.]). Eleven species survived from 37% to 47% and 4 species experienced ≤30% survival. Almost all species at least doubled their height and many increased 3 to 4 times above their initial planted seedling height. The species that survived ≥50% are recommended for forestry plantings and those that survived ≥37% may be considered as candidates for planting during forestry reclamation.
Antibiotics and microbial resistance in Brazilian soils under manure application
Authors: Camotti Bastos Marilia , Rheinheimer dos Santos Danilo , Aubertheau Élodie , de Castro Lima José Augusto Monteiro , Le Guet Thibaut , Caner Laurent , Mondamert Leslie , Labanowski Jérôme 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnimal manure is commonly used in agriculture as fertiliser. This practice could represent, however, a risk of soil degradation through the accumulation of pharmaceutical residues or resistant microorganisms. Thus, 12 pharmaceuticals (11 antibiotics and 1 nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug) were quantified in soil samples from 15 sites regularly fertilised with different animal manures (dairy cow, pig or poultry litter manure) and from forest sites in southern Brazil. This study (a) investigated the impacts of Brazilian animal waste application on antibiotic levels and induced bacterial resistance of soils and (b) determined whether one type of waste is more polluting than others. Three bacterial resistance genes, namely, sul1, qnr A, and erm, were also quantified to determine the impacts of manure application on the resistance of soil microbial communities. The effect of manure application was confirmed by the presence of antibiotic residues (up to 38.3 μg kg−1) and bacterial resistance modifications of the bacterial community (up to 8.97 × 10−3 copies of genes per bacteria) in the studied soils. Soils amended with pig manure presented the highest antibiotic concentrations. However, soils subjected to dairy cow grazing over long periods of time presented the highest concentrations of sulfonamide resistance gene (sul1). Our results lead us to infer that the type of manure can induce a “specific pollution fingerprint.”
Mortierella elongata's roles in organic agriculture and crop growth promotion in a mineral soil
Authors: Li Fang , Chen Lin , Redmile‐Gordon Marc , Zhang Jiabao , Zhang Congzhi , Ning Qi , Li Wei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe addition of organic amendments contributes substantially to improvements in soil quality and prevents soil degradation. However, very little is known about the responses of dominant fungal strains to organic fertilizers or their functions in the nutrient transformations and crop growth promotion. Here, soils and maize roots were collected from a 35‐year field experiment treated with composted soybean cake. The fungal communities in the bulk soil, rhizosphere, and endosphere were analyzed by deep amplicon sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region gene. Overall, the soil fungal community was dominated by the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. Organic amendments changed the fungal community composition, with significant increase in the relative abundances of Mortierella, Fusarium, and Chaetomiceae in the bulk and rhizosphere soils. Mortierella elongata was the most successful fungi responding to organic inputs as seen by the surge in abundance. Genome characteristics of M. elongata indicated that M. elongata possessed the functional capacity to degrade a range of toxic organics, and thereby improve soil health. Furthermore, M. elongata's capacity to compose recalcitrant substances that can contribute to pools of long‐term stable SOM was confirmed. These findings suggest that M. elongata may be mechanistic in sequestering C in soil. Inoculations of M. elongata into soil significantly increased the levels of plant indole acetic acid and plant biomass. Soil phosphatase and β‐glucosidase activities were also improved. Our study suggests that M. elongata can defend against soil degradation, improve soil health, and stimulate production of plant growth hormones.
The Nagoya Protocol: Legal Protections for Genetic Resources and Ramifications for Aquatic Science
Authors: Kumar Dervla Meegan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOver the last few decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the regulation of genetic resources. The rapid development of biotechnology and the concomitant rise in the sustainability and conservation movements fueled the political will to protect against the exploitation of biodiversity resources. The Nagoya Protocol was specifically drafted to provide legal clarity on access and benefit sharing procedures to promote the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. It may have an impact on how ASLO members conduct their research as the legislation covers the collection, distribution, and use of a broad class of biological and environmental material. Though the Nagoya Protocol went into effect in 2014, many researchers and institutions are still not aware of its existence or its breadth. This article is intended to provide ASLO members with an overview of the Nagoya Protocol, how it may affect their research, and ways in which to ensure compliance with it.
The Promise and Potential of Continental‐Scale Limnology Using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Lakes Assessment
Authors: Pollard Amina I. , Hampton Stephanie E. , Leech Dina M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWhile there are many local and regional sampling efforts in lakes across the U.S., it is often difficult to compile this information into a cohesive framework to make national‐ or continental‐scale conclusions. To address this gap, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency partners with States and Tribes to implement the National Lakes Assessment, which is a national‐scale, coordinated lake sampling program. The resulting data include colocated biological, chemical, habitat, and human use measures that are available to the scientific community. We provide a brief overview of the program, describe the data, and discuss some of the ways the results have been used. The availability of a consistent data set of this magnitude is an impressive and unique resource for the limnological community.
Angular Momentum‐Reversible Near‐Unity Bisignate Circular Dichroism
Authors: Ren Haoran , Gu Min 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBisignate circular dichroism, originated from the Cotton effect, with opposite signs of the chiroptical response is an indispensable property for protein sensing, drug discovery and design, and liquid crystallinity. However, naturally occurring and artificially synthetic chiral structures with random orientations in a bulk sample often exhibit ensemble‐averaged bisignate circular dichroism in absorption with a magnitude less than 0.01. Even though vertically stacked achiral plasmonic nanostructures could enhance the absorption‐based bisignate circular dichroism, the resonance nature of this approach restricts its magnitude less than 0.5. Here, a novel concept of non‐absorption‐based bisignate circular dichroism is demonstrated through the nonresonant angular momentum mode‐sorting sensitivity of a single nanoring slit enclosed by a concentric plasmonic nanogroove coupler. Quasi‐flat bisignate circular dichroism with a near‐unity magnitude is achieved in the visible and near‐infrared wavelength range. Additionally, the new bisignate circular dichroism reveals complete reversibility when the sign of the orbital angular momentum mode of incident light and of the geometrical topological charge of the nanogroove coupler is changed. This work opens exciting avenues for ultrasensitive angular momentum‐dependent stereochemistry and may find promising applications in integrated photonics harnessing switchable chiroptical devices.
Manipulating the Orientations of the Electric and Magnetic Dipoles Induced in Silicon Nanoparticles for Multicolor Display
Authors: Xiang Jin , Li Juntao , Zhou Zhenpeng , Jiang Shuai , Chen Jingdong , Dai Qiaofeng , Tie ShaoLong , Lan Sheng , Wang Xuehua 
Published: April 2018

AbstractArtificial control of colors based on plasmonic and dielectric nanostructures is not only interesting for fundamental research, but also important for practical applications. Apart from spatial resolution, chromaticity, angular independence, and dynamical color‐tuning have emerged as the most desirable functions for structural color. Here, it is shown theoretically that the orientations of the electric or magnetic dipoles induced in a silicon nanoparticle can be manipulated by using an evanescent wave excited by s‐ or p‐polarized light, and it is experimentally demonstrated that the scattering light color can be controlled by simply varying the polarization of the illumination light. It is revealed that the excitation of a silicon nanoparticle using an evanescent wave is equivalent to that of using both the incident and reflected light, enabling the manipulation of the scattering light color by controlling the orientations of the electric and magnetic dipoles. In addition, an enhanced scattering light intensity and a completely dark background are achieved by using evanescent wave excitation. More importantly, a color‐tuning display with a spatial resolution close to the optical diffraction limit, and a good chromaticity on an array of silicon nanopillars fabricated on a silica substrate is demonstrated, which are compatible with the current fabrication technology of silicon chips.
The tree property and the continuum function below
Authors: Honzik Radek , Stejskalová Šárka 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe say that a regular cardinal κ, , has the tree property if there are no κ‐Aronszajn trees; we say that κ has the weak tree property if there are no special κ‐Aronszajn trees. Starting with infinitely many weakly compact cardinals, we show that the tree property at every even cardinal , , is consistent with an arbitrary continuum function below which satisfies , . Next, starting with infinitely many Mahlo cardinals, we show that the weak tree property at every cardinal , , is consistent with an arbitrary continuum function below which satisfies , . Thus the tree property has no provable effect on the continuum function below except for the trivial requirement that the tree property at implies for every infinite κ.
On the universality of the nonstationary ideal
Authors: Cox Sean D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBurke proved that the generalized nonstationary ideal, denoted by NS, is universal in the following sense: every normal ideal, and every tower of normal ideals of inaccessible height, is a canonical Rudin‐Keisler projection of the restriction of NS to some stationary set. We investigate how far Burke's theorem can be pushed, by analyzing the universality properties of NS with respect to the wider class of ‐systems of filters introduced by Audrito and Steila. First we answer a question of Audrito and Steila, by proving that ‐systems of filters do not capture all kinds of set‐generic embeddings. We provide a characterization of supercompactness in terms of short extenders and canonical projections of NS, without any reference to the strength of the extenders; as a corollary, NS can consistently fail to canonically project to arbitrarily strong short extenders. We prove that ω‐cofinal towers of normal ultrafilters, e.g., the kind used to characterize I2 and I3 embeddings, are well‐founded if and only if they are canonical projections of NS. Finally, we provide a characterization of “ is Jónsson” in terms of canonical projections of NS.
Interpenetrated Networks of Nanocellulose and Polyacrylamide with Excellent Mechanical and Absorptive Properties
Authors: Träger Andrea , Carlmark Anna , Wågberg Lars 
Published: April 2018

AbstractComposites based on interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of cellulose nanofibril (CNF) aerogels and polyacrylamide are prepared and exhibit robust mechanical, water retaining, and re‐swelling capacities. Furthermore, their swelling behavior is not affected by an increased ionic strength of the aqueous phase. These unprecedented IPNs combine the water retaining capacity of the polyacrylamide with the mechanical strength provided by the CNF aerogel template. The CNF aerogel/polyacrylamide composites exhibit a compressive stress at break greater than 250% compared with a neat polyacrylamide hydrogel. Furthermore, the composites retain their wet compression properties after drying and re‐swelling, whereas the neat polyacrylamide hydrogels fail at a significantly lower stress and strain after drying and re‐swelling. These composite materials highlight the potential of CNF aerogels to strengthen the mechanical properties and reduce the number of fracture defects during the drying and re‐swelling of a hydrogel. These composites show the potential of being optimized for a plethora of applications, especially in the hygiene field and for biomedical devices.