bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Siblings for Glaucoma in the UK
Authors: Vernon S A 
Published: February 2018

The current practice and ideals of ophthalmologists when alerting and screening siblings at risk of chronic simple glaucoma were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Seventy-nine per cent of Trent Region consultants responded, and of these, 18% do not attempt to alert siblings of glaucoma sufferers. Those who do rely on the probands to alert their siblings and the high street optometrists to screen. Under more favourable conditions, all respondents would advise screening for siblings over 40 years of age. Fifty-nine per cent would then advocate the letter as the optimum method of communication and 78% would prefer that an ophthalmologist screen this high risk group. In a pilot study of a hospital-based screening service, siblings living within a 15 mile radius of the hospital were invited by letter to attend for screening. Ninety per cent attended, of whom 12.5% required treatment and a further 11% careful observation. The cost of detecting a case of treatable disease by this strategy was estimated at £138.
Variations in the Prevalence of Spondylolysis in Early British Populations
Authors: Waldron H A 
Published: February 2018

Crude prevalence rates of spondylolysis were estimated in skeletal populations from various periods. There was a steady increase in prevalence from 3.74% in Romano-British to 5.08% in medieval populations, but the rate fell considerably to 1.42% in a population from an 18th/19th century context. This trend was not statistically significant, however. The male/female ratio was approximately unity until the 18th/19th century when the expected male excess appeared. The lesions predominantly affected L5 and all were isthmic in type. Of the total of 52 cases, only four were unilateral. One occurred in the fourth cervical vertebra. There were few complications; spondylolisthesis was noted in four cases and in three there were osteoarthritic changes on the superior margin of the displaced lamina.
A comparative study of Gaussian and non-Gaussian diffusion models for differential diagnosis of prostate cancer with in-bore transrectal MR-guided biopsy as a pathological reference
Authors: Li Chunmei , Chen Min , Wan Ben , Yu Jingying , Liu Ming , Zhang Wei , Wang Jianye 
Published: February 2018

Background Although several studies have been reported on evaluating the performance of Gaussian and different non-Gaussian diffusion models on prostate cancer, few studies have been reported on the comparison of different models on differential diagnosis for prostate cancer. Purpose To compare the utility of various metrics derived from monoexponential model (MEM), biexponential model (BEM), stretched-exponential model (SEM) based diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer. Material and Methods Thirty-three patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. Multi-b value and multi-direction DWIs were performed. In-bore MR-guided biopsy was performed. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pure molecular diffusion (ADCslow), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (ADCfast), perfusion fraction (f), water molecular diffusion heterogeneity index (α), distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC), non-Gaussian diffusion coefficient (MD), and mean kurtosis (MK) values were calculated and compared between cancerous and non-cancerous groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for all parameters and models. Results ADC, ADCslow, DDC, and MD values were significantly lower while MK value was significantly higher in prostate cancer than those of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. ADC, ADCslow, DDC, MD, and MK could discriminate between tumor and non-tumorous lesions (area under the curve, 0.856, 0.835, 0.866, 0.918, and 0.937, respectively). MK was superior to ADC in the discrimination of prostate cancer. DKI was superior to MEM in the discrimination of prostate cancer. Conclusions Parameters derived from both Gaussian and non-Gaussian models could characterize prostate cancer. DKI may be advantageous than DWI for detection of prostate cancer.
Morphologic Evaluation for Safe Le Fort I Osteotomy in Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Watanabe Miki , Watanabe Akira , Takano Nobuo , Saito Chikara , Shibahara Takahiko 
Published: February 2018

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the structure and morphology of the maxilla in patients with cleft lip and palate to ensure safe Le Fort I osteotomy. Patients: A total of 34 sides of 17 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (nonsyndromic cases) were included in this study. The control group included 10 sides of 5 patients who exhibited skeletal mandibular protrusion without malformation. Methods: Finite element analysis was performed to examine the distribution of occlusal force over the maxilla, and continuous 3-dimensional measurement was performed at the sites of stress concentration. Results: In patients with cleft lip and palate, bones at the lateral border of the piriform aperture and the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus were significantly thicker than those in controls ( P < .05). Furthermore, the attachment of the pterygomaxillary junction was wider and thicker ( P < .05), and the anterior distance to the descending palatine artery was shorter ( P < .01) in patients with cleft lip and palate than in controls. Our results further indicated that alveolar bone grafting may significantly influence bone thickness and the attachment state of the pterygomaxillary junction. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the complications of LFI can be reduced in patients with cleft lip and palate by ensuring proper understanding of each patient’s maxillary anatomy and bone thickness, as well as the location of the descending palatine artery and the attachment state of the pterygomaxillary junction.
Gazing into the Abyss of Indebted Society: The Social Power of Money and Debt
Authors: Antoniades Andreas 
Published: February 2018

Ever larger parts of life and nature are integrated in our socio-economic system as future cash flows, augmenting obscure, unstable and unsustainable debt structures. The larger and deeper these debt structures grow, the larger, more multifaceted and destructive the inequality divide in our societies becomes. It is now normal for people to live indebted, as it is normal for young students to have their future monetised through student loans, the debt implications of which may never escape. What forces normalise these abnormal and unsustainable patterns and our rather admissive/submissive response to them? How our lives and future have been monetised and where have our social consent and agency been in these processes? Is there a way out, before crossing the boundary of social sustainability and environmental collapse? The three books examined here offer refreshing and complementary perspectives on these ‘big questions’ on which our monetised future depends. Di Muzio T and Robbins RH (2016) Debt as Power. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Lazzarato M (2015) Governing by Debt. South Pasadena, CA: Semiotext(e). Soederberg S (2014) Debtfare States and the Poverty Industry: Money, Discipline and the Surplus Population. London: Routledge.
Complete Lower Extremity Revascularization via a Hybrid Procedure for Patients with Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Takayama Toshio , Matsumura Jon S. 
Published: February 2018

Background: Complete revascularization, achieving inline flow to the foot through at least 1 patent tibioperoneal artery, is considered to be desirable for treating critical limb ischemia (CLI). Hybrid procedure, combined femoral endarterectomy and endovascular treatment, is commonly performed on patients with CLI because they often present with complicated lower extremity lesions involving the common femoral artery. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of complete revascularization (CR) achieved by hybrid procedure on limb salvage in patients with CLI. Methods: Between February 2010 and January 2016, 95 limbs (82 patients) were treated by lower extremity hybrid procedure; of these 95 procedures, 61 were for patients with CLI. We defined CR as achieving inline flow to the foot through at least 1 patent tibioperoneal artery. Complete revascularization was performed on 37 limbs, and incomplete revascularization (IR) was performed on 24 limbs. Specific variables, including patient age, male–female ratio, Rutherford classification, preoperative and postoperative ankle–brachial pressure indices (ABIs), follow-up duration (months), primary patency rate, assisted primary patency rate, secondary patency rate, and major amputation rate, were analyzed. Results: The mean age was similar between the groups 67.2 years in the CR group and 70.7 years in the IR group ( P = .11). Limb ischemia severity was significantly higher in the CR group: 63% of the patients scored Rutherford 5 in the CR group, compared to 30% in the IR group ( P = .027). Mean postoperative ABI was significantly higher in the CR group (CR: 0.87, IR: 0.53; P = .0001). Major amputation rate was higher in the IR group (CR: 2.7%, IR: 13%; P = .29), and major amputation-free survival rate at 3 years after the index procedure was higher in the CR group (CR: 97%, IR: 81%; P = .054). Conclusion: Complete lower extremity revascularization was beneficial for patients with CLI, avoiding major amputation.
Ultrasonographic movement of the flexor pollicis longus tendon before and after removal of a volar plate for the distal radius fracture
Authors: Nanno Mitsuhiko , Kodera Norie , Tomori Yuji , Takai Shinro 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the movement of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) tendon on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after removal of a volar plate in patients with distal radius fractures using transverse ultrasound and to evaluate the kinematic effects on the FPL by the removal. Methods: Twenty-five patients with distal radius fracture were evaluated quantitatively by transverse ultrasound using coordinates for the movement of the FPL on the distal radius during wrist and finger motions before and after the plate removal. Results: At all wrist positions, during finger motion, the FPL moved significantly more palmarly away from the radius after plate removal compared to before. However, the FPL was still situated more dorsoulnarly compared with unaffected side. Moreover, the FPL moved significantly most dorsally both before and after removal at the wrist dorsal flexion position with finger flexion. Conclusions: These findings suggested that any adhesion between the FPL and the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle was released by removing the plate and that the FPL would approach original tendon movement. Additionally, it is speculated that any remaining atrophy and fibrosis of the PQ may be the reason for more dorsoulnar location of the FPL in the affected side compared with the unaffected one. This ultrasound evaluation may be useful in further understanding the FPL kinematics on the distal radius, and in appropriate treatment of the distal radius fracture with plate fixation for preventing FPL rupture.
Deep crustal structure and tectonic origin of the Tobago-Barbados ridge
Authors: Gomez Shenelle , Bird Dale , Mann Paul 
Published: February 2018

The north–south-trending Tobago-Barbados ridge (TBR) extends 250 km from its southern end at the island of Tobago to its northern end at the island of Barbados. On Tobago, exposed metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks have been identified as fragments of a Mesozoic primitive island arc, whereas on Barbados, exposed sedimentary rocks record Paleogene development of the Barbados accretionary prism (BAP). We integrate gravity data with seismic refraction data, well constraints, and seismic reflection data to improve our understanding of the TBR’s crustal structure, uplift mechanism, along-strike compositional variations in the crust, and tectonic origin. Three 2D gravity models suggest that the TBR is underlain by a “pop-up” crustal block uplifted in the trench between the overriding Caribbean plate and the westwardly subducting South American plate. At approximately 11.75° N, the character of the TBR changes over a distance of 60 km from a symmetrical and more elevated, crystalline, thrust fault-bounded structure to a west-verging thrust belt that is less elevated. The symmetrical pop-up and asymmetrical, west-verging thrust belt accommodate east–west, subduction-related shortening that deforms the westernmost edge of the BAP. We think that the crystalline basement of the southern and central TBR is the buried, northeastern continuation of Mesozoic intraoceanic-arc crust and metamorphic belt of Tobago that accreted along the eastern margin of the Great Arc of the Caribbean during its subduction polarity reversal in the early Cretaceous.
Seismic reservoir characterization of a class-1 amplitude variation with offset turbiditic system located offshore Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: Alvarez Pedro , Marin William , Berrizbeitia Juan , Newton Paola , Barrett Michael , Wood Harry 
Published: February 2018

We have evaluated a case study, in which a class-1 amplitude variation with offset (AVO) turbiditic system located offshore Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa, is characterized in terms of rock properties (lithology, porosity, and fluid content) and stratigraphic elements using well-log and prestack seismic data. The methodology applied involves (1) the conditioning and modeling of well-log data to several plausible geologic scenarios at the prospect location, (2) the conditioning and inversion of prestack seismic data for P- and S-wave impedance estimation, and (3) the quantitative estimation of rock property volumes and their geologic interpretation. The approaches used for the quantitative interpretation of these rock properties were the multiattribute rotation scheme for lithology and porosity characterization and a Bayesian lithofluid facies classification (statistical rock physics) for a probabilistic evaluation of fluid content. The result indicates how the application and integration of these different AVO- and rock-physics-based reservoir characterization workflows help us to understand key geologic stratigraphic elements of the architecture of the turbidite system and its static petrophysical characteristics (e.g., lithology, porosity, and net sand thickness). Furthermore, we found out how to quantify and interpret the risk related to the probability of finding hydrocarbon in a class-1 AVO setting using seismically derived elastic attributes, which are characterized by having a small level of sensitivity to changes in fluid saturation.
Psychotic major depression: challenges in clinical practice and research
Authors: Heslin M. , Young A. H. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryPsychotic major depression is an under-researched and under-identified disorder. We highlight the major challenges both in clinical practice and in conducting research with people with this disorder. We also suggest which major issues need addressing to move treatment and knowledge of this disorder forward.Declaration of interestM.H. and A.H.Y. both report grants from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
French Psychological Literature
Authors: Sibbald John 
Published: February 2018

Annales Médico Psychologiques, vol. ix., x., xi. and xii., for 1867–68.I. Physiology. “The Discoveries and Labours of Galileo,” by M. Parchappe, analysed by M. Brierre de Boismont “Mittermaier, on Capital Punishment, &c.,” by M. Brierre de Boismont. “Medico-psychological Studies on Shakespeare—Hamlet,” by M. Brierre de Boismont.
On Physical Disease from Mental Strain
Authors: Richardson Benjamin W. 
Published: February 2018

In an address I had the honour to deliver before the St. Andrew's Medical Graduates Association in November last, I took the opportunity briefly to direct the attention of those practitioners of medicine who are not specially engaged in the treatment of the insane, to the great importance of recognizing the influence of mental action on physical disease. I ventured to press the fact that the most scientific physicians have fallen into the error of studying, with too exclusive a care, the observable conditions of the body, healthy or diseased, and those agents or agencies for curing diseases which produce the most obvious effects—such as knives and other instruments, anæsthetic vapours, active drugs, heat and cold, electrical shocks, and the like. I admitted that as the pure physical existence is the groundwork and the primary necessity of the highest form of living thinking thing, it is by nature the first duty of the healer to make that corporeal frame pure and whole, but I insisted that it is equally his duty to study what shall enter by the senses or windows of the mind, and though invisibly entering, be potent forces for evil or for good. Because an agency is not visible, not tangible, is it, I asked, less real? If a man lose his mind by the failure of his blood, that, it is said, is plain to understand, for it is physical; but if some horror come upon the man through his mind, so that, like poor Horatio, he is be-chilled“Almost to jelly by the act of fear, Stands dumb, and speaks not,”is not that, too, physical?—an action direct of mind on matter, reversing the physics of the body, and creating disease? It must be so; and in the study of this action, from the universe into the man, there lies, I maintained, a world almost unknown.
Alterations in DNA Damage Response and Repair Genes as Potential Marker of Clinical Benefit From PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade in Advanced Urothelial Cancers
Authors: Teo Min Yuen , Seier Kenneth , Ostrovnaya Irina , Regazzi Ashley M. , Kania Brooke E. , Moran Meredith M. , Cipolla Catharine K. , Bluth Mark J. , Chaim Joshua , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat , Snyder Alexandra , Carlo Maria I. , Solit David B. , Berger Michael F. , Funt Samuel , Wolchok Jedd D. , Iyer Gopa , Bajorin Dean F. , Callahan Margaret K. , Rosenberg Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2018

PurposeAlterations in DNA damage response and repair (DDR) genes are associated with increased mutation load and improved clinical outcomes in platinum-treated metastatic urothelial carcinoma. We examined the relationship between DDR alterations and response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.MethodsDetailed demographic, treatment response, and long-term outcome data were collected on patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with atezolizumab or nivolumab who had targeted exon sequencing performed on pre-immunotherapy tumor specimens. Presence of DDR alterations was correlated with best objective response per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and progression-free and overall survival.ResultsSixty patients with urothelial cancer enrolled in prospective trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies met inclusion criteria. Any DDR and known or likely deleterious DDR mutations were identified in 28 (47%) and 15 (25%) patients, respectively. The presence of any DDR alteration was associated with a higher response rate (67.9% v 18.8%; P < .001). A higher response rate was observed in patients whose tumors harbored known or likely deleterious DDR alterations (80%) compared with DDR alterations of unknown significance (54%) and in those whose tumors were wild-type for DDR genes (19%; P < .001). The correlation remained significant in multivariable analysis that included presence of visceral metastases. DDR alterations also were associated with longer progression-free and overall survival.ConclusionDDR alterations are independently associated with response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma. These observations warrant additional study, including prospective validation and exploration of the interaction between tumor DDR alteration and other tumor/host biomarkers of immunotherapy response.
In vivo three-dimensional tracking of sperm behaviors in the mouse oviduct
Authors: Wang Shang , Larina Irina V. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Mammalian sperm evolutionarily acquired complex mechanisms to regulate their behaviors, which are thought to be crucial in navigating through the female reproductive tract toward fertilization. However, all current knowledge of this process is largely extrapolated from in vitro and ex vivo studies, because in vivo analysis of sperm in their native fertilization environment has not been possible. Here, we report a functional optical coherence tomography approach that allows, for the first time, in vivo three-dimensional tracking of sperm behaviors in the mouse oviduct. Motile sperm are identified with their intrinsic dynamic characteristics. Sperm trajectories are reconstructed in three dimensions with a ∼5 µm spatial resolution, allowing for quantitative analysis of the sperm velocity and location relative to the oviduct. Using this method, we found different behavior patterns, including sperm collection by the oviduct epithelium, spatial dependence of sperm velocity, and sperm grouping and separation as the first in vivo evidence of sperm cooperation in the ampulla, the site of fertilization. This approach opens new avenues to study sperm-oviduct interactions in vivo toward a more complete understanding of fertility and reproductive disorders.
Effects of umbilical cord- and adipose-derived stem cell secretomes on ALDH1A3 expression and autocrine TGF-β1 signaling in human breast cancer stem cells
Authors: Purnamawati Purnamawati , Pawitan Jeanne Adiwinata , Rachman Andhika , Wanandi Septelia Inawati 
Published: February 2018

Background: Nowadays, umbilical cord- and adipose-derived stem cells (UCSCs and ASCs) are the most common sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). As part of the tumor microenvironment, MSCs are known to communicate with cancer cells via their secretomes. Increased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) has been widely used as a common intrinsic stemness marker in normal and cancer stem cells. Our study aimed to elaborate on the effect of UCSC and ASC secretomes on the expression of ALDH1A3, as one of the important variants of ALDH1, TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor type I (TβRI) in human breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Methods: UCSCs and ASCs were cultured in serum-free α-MEM media under standard conditions for 24 hours. The conditioned medium (CM) containing secretomes of UCSCs and ASCs were collected and added 50% (v/v) to the cultured of human BCSCs for 72 hours. The mRNA expressions of ALDH1A3, TGF-β1, and TβRI were determined using quantitative Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-RT-PCR). Results: We found that CM of UCSCs significantly increased the ALDH1A3 expression of BCSCs in parallel with the increase of TGF-β1 and TβRI expressions. Conversely, CM of ASCs had no significant effect on the ALDH1A3 expression, but significantly decreased TGF-β1 and TβRI expressions of BCSCs. These results contradict our published data on ALDH1A1, which is another important variant of ALDH1, as well as data of the pluripotency markers OCT4 and SOX2 expressions. Conclusions: UCSC and ASC secretomes have different regulation on ALDH1A3 expression in human BCSCs, which may be related to the autocrine TGF-β1 signaling in modulating cell proliferation and stemness of BCSCs. Further studies are required to evaluate factors involved in the differential effects of UCSC and ASC secretomes that regulate ALDH1A3 expression in relation to autocrine TGF-β1 signaling and aggressiveness of human BCSCs.