bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical fitness interventions for nonambulatory stroke survivors: A mixed‐methods systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lloyd Megan , Skelton Dawn A. , Mead Gillian E. , Williams Brian , van Wijck Frederike 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionPhysical fitness training after stroke is recommended in guidelines across the world, but evidence pertains mainly to ambulatory stroke survivors. Nonambulatory stroke survivors (FAC score ≤2) are at increased risk of recurrent stroke due to limited physical activity. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence regarding case fatality, effects, experiences, and feasibility of fitness training for nonambulatory stroke survivors.MethodsEight major databases were searched for any type of study design. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, and assessed study quality, using published tools. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was used. Following their separate analysis, qualitative and quantitative data were synthesized using a published framework.ResultsOf 13,614 records, 33 studies involving 910 nonambulatory participants met inclusion criteria. Most studies were of moderate quality. Interventions comprised assisted walking (25 studies), cycle ergometer training (5 studies), and other training (3 studies), mainly in acute settings. Case fatality did not differ between intervention (1.75%) and control (0.88%) groups (95% CI 0.13–3.78, p = 0.67). Compared with control interventions, assisted walking significantly improved: fat mass, peak heart rate, peak oxygen uptake and walking endurance, maximum walking speed, and mobility at intervention end, and walking endurance, balance, mobility, and independent walking at follow‐up. Cycle ergometry significantly improved peak heart rate, work load, peak ventilation, peak carbon dioxide production, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and fasting glucose, and independence at intervention end. Effectiveness of other training could not be established. There were insufficient qualitative data to draw conclusions about participants' experiences, but those reported were positive. There were few intervention‐related adverse events, and dropout rate ranged from 12 to 20%.ConclusionsFindings suggest safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of adapted fitness training for screened nonambulatory stroke survivors. Further research needs to investigate the clinical and cost‐effectiveness as well as experiences of fitness training—especially for chronic stroke survivors in community settings.
Neural bases of enhanced attentional control: Lessons from action video game players
Authors: Föcker Julia , Cole Daniel , Beer Anton L. , Bavelier Daphne 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe ability to resist distraction and focus on‐task‐relevant information while being responsive to changes in the environment is fundamental to goal‐directed behavior. Such attentional control abilities are regulated by a constant interplay between previously characterized bottom‐up and top‐down attentional networks. Here we ask about the neural changes within these two attentional networks that may mediate enhanced attentional control.Materials and MethodsTo address this question, we contrasted action video game players (AVGPs) and nonvideo game players (NVGPs) in a Posner‐cueing paradigm, building on studies documenting enhanced attentional control in AVGPs.ResultsBehavioral results indicated a trend for more efficient target processing in AVGPs, and better suppression in rare catch trials for which responses had to be withheld. During the cue period, AVGPs recruited the top‐down network less than NVGPs, despite showing comparable validity effects, in line with a greater efficiency of that network in AVGPs. During target processing, as previously shown, recruitment of top‐down areas correlated with greater processing difficulties, but only in NVGPs. AVGPs showed no such effect, but rather greater activation across the two networks. In particular, the right temporoparietal junction, middle frontal gyrus, and superior parietal cortex predicted better task performance in catch trials. A functional connectivity analysis revealed enhanced correlated activity in AVGPs compared to NVGPs between parietal and visual areas.ConclusionsThese results point to dynamic functional reconfigurations of top‐down and bottom‐up attentional networks in AVGPs as attentional demands vary. Aspects of this functional reconfiguration that may act as key signatures of high attentional control are discussed.
Sleep‐disordered breathing, brain volume, and cognition in older individuals with heart failure
Authors: Moon Chooza , Melah Kelsey E. , Johnson Sterling C. , Bratzke Lisa C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground and purposeSleep‐disordered breathing is common in individuals with heart failure and may contribute to changes in the brain and decreased cognition. However, limited research has explored how the apnea‐hypopnea index contributes to brain structure and cognition in this population. The aims of this study were to explore how the apnea‐hypopnea index is associated with brain volume and cognition in heart failure patients.MethodsData of 28 heart failure patients (mean age = 67.93; SD = 5.78) were analyzed for this cross‐sectional observational study. We evaluated the apnea‐hypopnea index using a portable multichannel sleep‐monitoring device. All participants were scanned using 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological tests. Brain volume was evaluated using a voxel‐based morphometry method with T1‐weighted images. We used multiple regressions to analyze how the apnea‐hypopnea index is associated with brain volume and cognition.ResultsWe found an inverse association between apnea‐hypopnea index scores and white matter volume (β = −0.002, p = 0.026), but not in gray matter volume (β = −0.001, p = 0.237). Higher apnea‐hypopnea index was associated with reduced regional gray and white matter volume (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Cognitive scores were not associated with the apnea‐hypopnea index (p‐values were >0.05).ConclusionFindings from this study provide exploratory evidence that higher apnea‐hypopnea index may be associated with greater brain volume reduction in heart failure patients. Future studies are needed to establish the relationship between sleep‐disordered breathing, brain volume, and cognition in heart failure samples.
Psychology, community, and the recovering racist
Authors: Tuffin Keith , Brittain Eleanor , Maydell Elena 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study adds to the tradition of studying race talk in the context of a flash point in biculturalism in Aotearoa New Zealand. The research examined constructions of the Mayor of New Plymouth (Andrew Judd) following his advocacy for extended Māori representation on the New Plymouth District Council. Data comprised reports, editorials, opinion pieces, and letters to the local newspaper immediately after Judd's appearance on a nationally broadcast current affairs television show when he announced the end of his mayoralty. The analysis considered constructions of Judd as both hero and anti‐hero, with complimentary constructions of the local community as racist, or not. In subscribing to the view for extended representation on the grounds of cultural constituency, Judd was variously positioned as culturally and politically naïve, as a hero for the cause for greater political representation for Māori, and an anti‐hero responsible for letting his own community down and bringing negative publicity to the town he was meant to serve. Judd was the target of abuse that prompted him to end his mayoralty, and this abuse stimulated constructions of widespread community racism. The discussion includes an interrogation of what it means to be a recovering racist, and finally, it is argued that the analysis provides further evidence of the sinuousness of racism.
Roles of Albumin‐Binding Proteins in Cancer Progression and Biomimetic Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Zhao Pengfei , Wang Yonghui , Wu Aihua , Rao Yuefeng , Huang Yongzhuo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNutrient transporters have attracted significant attention for their promising application in biomimetic delivery. Due to the active consumption of nutrients, cancer cells generally overexpress nutrient transporters to meet their increased need for energy and materials. For example, albumin‐binding proteins (ABPs) are highly overexpressed in malignant cells, stromal cells, and tumor vessel endothelial cells responsible for albumin uptake. ABP (e.g., SPARC) is a promising target for tumor‐specific drug delivery, and albumin has been widely used as a biomimetic delivery carrier. Apart from the transportation function, ABPs are closely associated with neoplasia, invasion, and metastasis. Herein, a summary of the roles of ABP in cancer progression and the application of albumin‐based biomimetic tumor‐targeted delivery through the ABP pathway is presented.
Contribution of cooking and drying to the structure of couscous grains made from durum wheat semolina
Authors: Bellocq Bettina , Ruiz Thierry , Cuq Bernard 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground and objectivesDuring the processing of couscous grains of durum wheat semolina, the steam cooking and the drying stage helps strengthen the structure and reaches the end‐properties of the product. The objective of the present work was to investigate the physicochemical mechanisms generated during the steam cooking stage, under different water contents, and the drying stage, under different temperatures.FindingsThe physicochemical characteristics of couscous grains (size, shape, compactness, water content, extent of starch gelatinization, microstructure, and texture) were measured during processing. These mechanisms are promoted by high temperatures during processing under different conditions of water contents and by water transfer. The mechanisms were discussed in regard to the state diagram of the wheat components and the hydrotextural diagram.ConclusionsDuring the steam cooking and the drying stages, the grains remain saturated by interstitial water, which means that the deformation mechanisms of the grains compensated the variations of the water content.Significance and noveltyAn analytical drying model describes the kinetics of average water contents during the first part of the drying stage and allows modelling the changes in compactness and the subsequent changes in diameter for the agglomerates of couscous grains.
Microwave‐Promoted ortho‐C−H Bond (Hetero)arylation of Arylpyrimidines in Water Catalyzed by Ruthenium(II)−Carboxylate
Authors: Drev Miha , Grošelj Uroš , Ledinek Bine , Perdih Franc , Svete Jurij , Štefane Bogdan , Požgan Franc 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEfficient diarylation of ortho‐C−H bonds of 2‐arylpyrimidines was achieved by Ru(II)−carboxylate‐catalyzed reaction with aryl bromides in water, whereas meta‐substituted phenylpyrimidines selectively led to monoarylation. The reaction is strongly accelerated under microwave irradiation, and is compatible with various functional groups on both coupling partners. As established from Hammett plots, electron‐withdrawing groups on the pyrimidine substrates facilitate the arylation, while both, electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups on the aryl bromides lead to a faster reaction. The C−H functionalization of 2‐arylpyrimidines with heteroaryl halides provides potential multidentate ligands.
Role of the Strong Lewis Base Sites on Glucose Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Yazdani Parviz , Wang Bo , Gao Feng , Kawi Sibudjing , Borgna Armando 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis work reports the individual role of strong Lewis base sites on catalytic conversion of glucose hydrogenolysis to acetol/lactic acid, including glucose isomerisation to fructose and pyruvaldehyde rearrangement/hydrogenation to acetol/lactic acid. La2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, and Pr6O11 were selected as representative oxides consisting of different base sites. The basicity of these lanthanide oxides was characterised by CO2‐TPD and DRIFT spectroscopy. It was found that lanthanide cation‐oxygen pairs, Brønsted OH group coordinated with one Lanthanide cation, and lanthanide cation near lanthanide cation‐oxygen pairs are the dominant base sites as compared to the other base sites on La2O3, Nd2O3, Sm2O3 and Pr6O11. In addition, the relative concentration of the base sites is different over the examined lanthanide oxides. These unique properties of lanthanide oxides are used to understand the individual role of base sites on the reactions mentioned above. Then, the catalytic results were correlated with the base properties of these lanthanide oxides. Based on this correlation, the base site requirements for each reaction were identified. In this regard, Brønsted OH group coordinated with one Lanthanide cation over Nd2O3 is found to be the suitable base site for glucose isomerisation. On the other hand, lactic acid is produced as the main product in glucose hydrogenolysis over lanthanide cation near lanthanide‐oxygen pairs on Pr6O11. Finally, lanthanide‐oxygen pairs over La2O3 are suitable base sites for retro‐aldol condensation of fructose to C3 chemicals.
Additive‐free Semihydrogenation of an Alkynyl Group to an Alkenyl Group over Pd−TiO2 Photocatalyst Utilizing Temporary In‐situ Deactivation
Authors: Kojima Yasumi , Fukui Makoto , Tanaka Atsuhiro , Hashimoto Keiji , Kominami Hiroshi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLindlar's catalyst, i. e., calcium carbonate‐supported palladium (Pd) modified with lead, has been used for semihydrogenation of an alkynyl group in the presence of hydrogen gas (H2). We examined hydrogenation of an alkynyl group in organosilane and hydrocarbon in methanolic suspensions of a Pd‐loaded titanium(IV) oxide (Pd−TiO2) photocatalyst without the use of additives and H2. In the photocatalytic reaction, Pd particles worked as co‐catalysts for hydrogenation and alkyne hydrogenation had priority to alkene hydrogenation. Since the Pd co‐catalyst was temporarily deactivated during the reaction owing to accumulation of the oxidized product(s) of methanol, the capacity of hydrogenation of the unsaturated C−C bond was limited. By optimizing the capacity and amount of alkynes, almost complete semihydrogenation of alkynes was achieved under a poison‐free condition. Pd−TiO2 can be regenerated by very simple treatments, i. e., washing and drying at room temperature.
Mono‐Atomic Fe Centers in Nitrogen/Carbon Monolayers for Liquid‐Phase Selective Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Lv Li‐Bing , Yang Shi‐Ze , Ke Wen‐Yu , Wang Hong‐Hui , Zhang Bing , Zhang Pengfei , Li Xin‐Hao , Chisholm Matthew F. , Chen Jie‐Sheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTwo‐dimensional catalyst supports with mono‐atomic transition metals stabilized in special surface pockets conceptually promise excellent catalytic activity. Similar heterogenized mono‐atomic metal‐based catalysts usually suffer from poor stability in liquid‐phase reaction system, whilst highly ligand‐stabilized metal‐centers are less accessible for reactions. We report a two‐dimensional mono‐atomic Fe/N/C layered nanostructure (2D‐FeNC), generated through the direct polycondensation of C,N‐containing molecules and Fe salts. With a 2D structure similar to graphene, the ultrathin CN support act as a solid ligand, leaving the z‐direction open at molecular scale. This approach significantly promotes reactivity and the mass transfer to the Fe centers, here exemplified by the selective oxidation of alcohols using molecular oxygen. The catalysts show also high mechanical and chemical stability for good to excellent reusability.
Electrophile, Substrate Functionality, and Catalyst Effects in the Synthesis of α‐Mono and Di‐Substituted Benzylamines via Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis in Flow
Authors: Vilé Gianvito , Richard‐Bildstein Sylvia , Lhuillery Arnaud , Rueedi Georg 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe report herein the facile and one‐pot synthesis of α‐mono‐ and di‐substituted benzylamines from cheap and readily available α‐amino acids, via photocatalytic decarboxylative arylation in flow. This enables to access intermediates and building blocks that are difficult to obtain via other synthetic routes, but are key for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. The optimal decarboxylative conditions were identified through a high‐throughput evaluation of catalysts, organic or inorganic bases, ligands, and reaction parameters (i. e., contact time, temperatures, and photoelectron power). The reaction turned out to be electronically controlled as the yields increased with increasing electron‐density on the aryl moiety. The results were correlated with the redox properties of the photocatalysts, deriving catalyst structure‐performance relationships which can facilitate the future identification of even better materials. In addition, compared to traditional batch chemistry, the use of a flow protocol led to quicker reactions (30 min instead of 12–72 h) and ensured more predictable reaction scale‐ups.
Structural Advantage Induced by Sulfur to Boost the Catalytic Performance of FeNC Catalyst towards the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Luo Ergui , Xiao Meiling , Wang Yuemin , Ge Junjie , Liu Changpeng , Xing Wei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAmong various replacement candidates for precious‐metal catalysts towards the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of fuel cells, FeNC material has been perceived as the most promising one. Herein, we report an FeNC catalyst featured with highly uniform texture and high BET specific surface area. This catalyst was synthesized by a facile one‐step pyrolysis process accompanied by the sulfur‐induced in situ delamination effect, using glucose, trithiocyanuric acid and ferrous gluconate as precursors. The structural characteristics led to increased exposed active sites, which may be responsible for the dramatically improved activity of the final S‐doped FeNC catalyst with elevated half‐wave potentials in both acid (0.76 V vs. 0.68 V) and alkaline (0.87 V vs. 0.84 V) media compared to the sulfur‐free control sample.
Theoretical Insights into the Nature of Oxidant and Mechanism in the Regioselective Syn‐dihydroxylation of an Alkene with a Rieske oxygenase inspired Iron Catalyst
Authors: Roy Lisa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSelective C=C bond oxidation is a fundamental process in Nature and has potential utility in organic synthesis. Herein, ab initio and density functional techniques are employed to investigate the nature of the oxidant and mechanism in alkene oxidation by two H2O2 activating Rieske oxygenase inspired iron catalysts, one of which is more sterically encumbered. Electronic structure analysis reveals that the mechanism involves a water‐assisted homolytic O−O bond cleavage of the peroxide moiety to generate an FeIV(O.)OH radical intermediate, followed by epoxidation or syn‐dihydroxylation of the alkene substrate. Furthermore, it is shown that a greater degree of structural reorganization due to higher steric repulsion between the substrate and bulky substituents selectively avoids epoxidation in one of the complexes, thus directing it towards exclusive hydroxylation. Additionally, the rate‐determining barrier for cis‐diol release is curtailed by ∼14 kcal/mol due to synergistic assistance from Lewis acid. Our study therefore highlights the crucial role of ligand modification and additives which can be further engineered to achieve enzyme‐like optimum activity.
Assessment of a Thermally Modified Cellulose Acetate Forward‐Osmosis Membrane Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zyaie Javad , Sheikhi Mohammad , Baniasadi Javad , Sahebi Soleyman , Mohammadi Toraj 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA) flat sheet membranes were fabricated and evaluated in a forward‐osmosis process. Effects of CA concentration, coagulation bath temperature, and annealing thermal treatment on both membrane structure and performance were investigated. NaCl rejection of the optimum membrane was determined utilizing a reverse‐osmosis setup based on conductivity measurements. Two validated models were obtained by means of response surface methodology based on Box‐Behnken design. The optimum operating pressure, temperature, and draw solution concentration were assessed as well.
CuCo2S4 Nanosheets Coupled With Carbon Nanotube Heterostructures for Highly Efficient Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Li Mei‐Ling , Xiao Kang , Su Hang , Li Nan , Cai Yue‐Peng , Liu Zhao‐Qing 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHighly efficient electrode materials with high specific capacitance, good rate capability, and durable cycling stability are of great importance for supercapacitors (SCs). Herein, we report a highly active electrode material based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the supporter and copper cobalt bimetallic sulfide as the active material. The CuCo2S4/CNTs electrode exhibits a good electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity of 1690.3 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, good rate capability with 62.6 % capacitance retention at 50 A g−1, and good cycling stability that retains about 95.5 % of the capacitance after 10 000 cycles. The asymmetric supercapacitors (ACS) are self‐assembled by using CuCo2S4/CNTs as the positive electrode and CNTs as the negative electrode, exhibiting a high energy density of 37.32 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800.7 W kg−1. This work provides directly empirical evidence for the design and optimization of the supercapacitive performance of transition‐metal compounds.
High Performance N‐Doped Carbon Electrodes Obtained via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Macroalgae for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Ren Meng , Jia Ziyang , Tian Zhongwei , Lopez Diana , Cai Jinjun , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Jorge A. Belen 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe conversion of bio‐waste into useful porous carbons constitutes a very attractive approach to contribute to the development of sustainable energy economy, even more as they can be used in energy storage devices. Here we report the synthesis of N‐doped carbons from hydrothermal carbonization of macroalgae, Enteromorpha prolifera (EP), followed by a mild KOH activation step. The obtained N‐doped carbons exhibited surface areas of up to ∼2000 m2/g with N‐loadings varied in the range of 1.4∼2.9 at %. By modifying activation temperature, we were able to tune the surface chemistry and porosity, achieving excellent control of their properties. The specific capacitance reached values of up to 200 F/g at 1 A/g in 6 M KOH for the sample obtained at activation temperature of 700 °C (AHC‐700). The symmetric supercapacitor using the sample activated at 800 °C (AHC‐800) as electrodes exhibited the highest cycling stability of the samples studied in this work, with capacitance retention of up to 96 % at 10 A/g, even after 10,000 cycles, constituting the highest reported for biomass‐derived carbon electrodes. These results show the great potential of N‐doped carbons as electrodes for supercapacitors and confirm the excellent electrochemical properties of biomass‐derived carbons in energy storage technologies.