bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion in motion: Facial dynamics affect infants' neural processing of emotions
Authors: Quadrelli Ermanno , Conte Stefania , Macchi Cassia Viola , Turati Chiara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractResearch investigating the early development of emotional processing has focused mainly on infants' perception of static facial emotional expressions, likely restricting the amount and type of information available to infants. In particular, the question of whether dynamic information in emotional facial expressions modulates infants' neural responses has been rarely investigated. The present study aimed to fill this gap by recording 7‐month‐olds' event‐related potentials to static (Study 1) and dynamic (Study 2) happy, angry, and neutral faces. In Study 1, happy faces evoked a faster right‐lateralized negative central (Nc) component compared to angry faces. In Study 2, both happy and angry faces elicited a larger right‐lateralized Nc compared to neutral faces. Irrespective of stimulus dynamicity, a larger P400 to angry faces was associated with higher scores on the Negative Affect temperamental dimension. Overall, results suggest that 7‐month‐olds are sensitive to facial dynamics, which might play a role in shaping the neural processing of facial emotional expressions. Results also suggest that the amount of attentional resources infants allocate to angry expressions is associated to their temperamental traits. These findings represent a promising avenue for future studies exploring the neurobiological processes involved in perceiving emotional expressions using dynamic stimuli.
Netted crop covers reduce honeybee foraging activity and colony strength in a mass flowering crop
Authors: Evans Lisa J. , Cutting Brian T. , Jochym Mateusz , Janke Milena A. , Felman Crystal , Cross Sarah , Jacob Marine , Goodwin Mark 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe widespread use of protective covers in horticulture represents a novel landscape‐level change, presenting the challenges for crop pollination. Honeybees (Apis mellifera L) are pollinators of many crops, but their behavior can be affected by conditions under covers. To determine how netting crop covers can affect honeybee foraging dynamics, colony health, and pollination services, we assessed the performance of 52 nucleus honeybee colonies in five covered and six uncovered kiwifruit orchards. Colony strength was estimated pre‐ and postintroduction, and the foraging of individual bees (including pollen, nectar, and naïve foragers) was monitored in a subset of the hives fitted with RFID readers. Simultaneously, we evaluated pollination effectiveness by measuring flower visitation rates and the number of seeds produced after single honeybee visits. Honeybee colonies under cover exhibited both an acute loss of foragers and changes in the behavior of successful foragers. Under cover, bees were roughly three times less likely to return after their first trip outside the hive. Consequently, the number of adult bees in hives declined at a faster rate in these orchards, with colonies losing on average 1,057 ± 274 of their bees in under two weeks. Bees that did forage under cover completed fewer trips provisioning their colony, failing to reenter after a few short‐duration trips. These effects are likely to have implications for colony health and productivity. We also found that bee density (bees/thousand flowers) and visitation rates to flowers were lower under cover; however, we did not detect a resultant change in pollination. Our findings highlight the need for environment‐specific management techniques for pollinators. Improving honeybee orientation under covers and increasing our understanding of the effects of covers on bee nutrition and brood rearing should be primary objectives for maintaining colonies and potentially improving pollination in these systems.
The use of cattle Bos taurus for restoring and maintaining holarctic landscapes: Conclusions from a long‐term study (1946–2017) in northern England
Authors: Hall Stephen J. G. , Bunce Robert G. H. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Cattle Bos taurus can perform valuable ecological functions in the maintenance of high nature value (HNV) pastoral systems. They have also attracted attention as potentially filling the ecological niches of megaherbivores, notably the extinct aurochs Bos primigenius, in rewilding initiatives. Native cattle breeds are recognized under the 1992 Rio Convention as components of biodiversity. They are used in HNV settings, but their conservation as breeds has rarely been an important consideration for their management in these contexts.

The Chillingham herd has been kept under minimal management in Chillingham Park (northern England) for several centuries. Chillingham Park is not a rewilding scenario, but the long‐term study of the cattle can be informative for the design of rewilding schemes that involve cattle as megaherbivores. The pastures of the park are species‐rich seminatural grasslands.

To 2004, pasture management was influenced by the need to provide herbage for a flock of sheep that was under separate ownership, as well as for the cattle. Surveys of the vegetation conducted in 1979 and 2006–2008 showed a decline of plant species richness (species per 100 m2 quadrat) from 33.8 in 1979 to 22.6 in 2006–2008. This was acceptable as the conservation priority has always been the cattle herd. With removal of the sheep from 2004, it became possible to include recovery of plant diversity as a management goal.

In 2017, the cattle numbered 111 (64 in 1979). Plant species richness in 2017 had increased to 26.3 species per quadrat. It has therefore been possible at Chillingham both to conserve the cattle herd and to improve plant diversity. While providing basic information of relevance to the management of cattle in free‐ranging situations, this study also suggests a general principle, that the management of pastoral landscapes by native breeds of cattle, can deliver multiple conservation benefits.
Genetic changes caused by restocking and hydroelectric dams in demographically bottlenecked brown trout in a transnational subarctic riverine system
Authors: Klütsch Cornelya F. C. , Maduna Simo N. , Polikarpova Natalia , Forfang Kristin , Aspholm Paul Eric , Nyman Tommi , Eiken Hans Geir , Amundsen Per‐Arne , Hagen Snorre B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHabitat discontinuity, anthropogenic disturbance, and overharvesting have led to population fragmentation and decline worldwide. Preservation of remaining natural genetic diversity is crucial to avoid continued genetic erosion. Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) is an ideal model species for studying anthropogenic influences on genetic integrity, as it has experienced significant genetic alterations throughout its natural distribution range due to habitat fragmentation, overexploitation, translocations, and stocking. The Pasvik River is a subarctic riverine system shared between Norway, Russia, and Finland, subdivided by seven hydroelectric power dams that destroyed about 70% of natural spawning and nursing areas. Stocking is applied in certain river parts to support the natural brown trout population. Adjacent river segments with different management strategies (stocked vs. not stocked) facilitated the simultaneous assessment of genetic impacts of dams and stocking based on analyses of 16 short tandem repeat loci. Dams were expected to increase genetic differentiation between and reduce genetic diversity within river sections. Contrastingly, stocking was predicted to promote genetic homogenization and diversity, but also potentially lead to loss of private alleles and to genetic erosion. Our results showed comparatively low heterozygosity and clear genetic differentiation between adjacent sections in nonstocked river parts, indicating that dams prevent migration and contribute to genetic isolation and loss of genetic diversity. Furthermore, genetic differentiation was low and heterozygosity relatively high across stocked sections. However, in stocked river sections, we found signatures of recent bottlenecks and reductions in private alleles, indicating that only a subset of individuals contributes to reproduction, potentially leading to divergence away from the natural genetic state. Taken together, these results indicate that stocking counteracts the negative fragmentation effects of dams, but also that stocking practices should be planned carefully in order to ensure long‐term preservation of natural genetic diversity and integrity in brown trout and other species in regulated river systems.
Dynamics of telomere length in captive Siamese cobra (Naja kaouthia) related to age and sex
Authors: Singchat Worapong , Kraichak Ekaphan , Tawichasri Panupong , Tawan Tanapong , Suntronpong Aorarat , Sillapaprayoon Siwapech , Phatcharakullawarawat Rattanin , Muangmai Narongrit , Suntrarachun Sunutcha , Baicharoen Sudarath , Punyapornwithaya Veerasak , Peyachoknagul Surin , Chanhome Lawan , Srikulnath Kornsorn 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTelomeres comprise tandem repeated DNA sequences that protect the ends of chromosomes from deterioration or fusion with neighboring chromosomes, and their lengths might vary with sex and age. Here, age‐ and sex‐related telomere lengths in male and female captive Siamese cobras (Naja kaouthia) were investigated using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction based on cross‐sectional data. A negative correlation was shown between telomere length and body size in males but not in females. Age‐related sex differences were also recorded. Juvenile female snakes have shorter telomeres relative to males at up to 5 years of age, while body size also rapidly increases during this period. This suggests that an accelerated increase in telomere length of female cobra results from sex hormone stimulation to telomerase activity, reflecting sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits. This might also result from amplification of telomeric repeats on sex chromosomes. By contrast, female Siamese cobras older than 5 years had longer telomeres than males. Diverse sex hormone levels and oxidative stress parameters between sexes may affect telomere length.
Does trait variation within broadly distributed species mirror patterns across species? A case study in Puerto Rico
Authors: Umaña María N. , Swenson Nathan G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough populations are phenotypically diverse, the majority of trait‐based studies have focused on examining differences among species. The justification for this broadly applied approach is based on the assumption that differences among species are always greater than within species. This is likely true for local communities, but species are often broadly distributed across a wide range of environments and patterns of intraspecific variation might surpass differences among species. Therefore, an appropriate interpretation of the functional diversity requires an assessment of patterns of trait variation across different ecological scales. In this study, we examine and characterize patterns of leaf trait variation for species that are broadly distributed along an elevational gradient. We focus on seven leaf traits that represent a main axis of functional differentiation in plants reflecting the balance between photosynthetic efficiency, display, and stomatal conductance. We evaluated patterns of trait variance across ecological scales (elevation, species, populations, and individuals) and examined trait covariance at both within species and across species levels, along the elevation gradient. Our results show three key patterns: (1) intraspecific leaf trait variation for broadly distributed species is comparable to the interspecific trait variation, (2) the trait variance structure is highly variable across species, and (3) trait coordination between pairs of leaf traits is evident across species along the gradient, but not always within species. Combined, our results show that trait coordination and covariance are highly idiosyncratic across broadly distributed and co‐occurring species, indicating that species may achieve similar functional roles even when exhibiting different phenotypes. This result challenges the traditional paradigm of functional ecology that assumes single trait values as optimal solutions for environments. In conclusion, patterns of trait variation both across and within species should be considered in future studies that assess trade‐offs among traits over environmental gradients.
Population‐based cohort study of hospital delivery volume, geographic accessibility, and obstetric outcomes
Authors: Aubrey‐Bassler F. Kris , Cullen Richard M. , Simms Alvin , Asghari Shabnam , Crane Joan , Wang Peizhong P. , Godwin Marshall 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine associations between geographic accessibility, delivery volume, and obstetric outcomes.MethodsPopulation‐based cohort study of linked hospital administrative, census, and geospatial data (2006–2009) from all Canadian jurisdictions except Quebec. Perinatal mortality and major maternal morbidity/mortality were compared across categories of road distance and hospital delivery volume.ResultsAmong 820 761 mothers delivering 827 504 neonates, travel distance had minimal effect on perinatal mortality. Compared with mothers travelling 0–9 km, the odds of adverse maternal outcomes was decreased for women travelling modest distances (20–49 km, odds ratio, 0.80 [95% confidence interval, 0.75–0.86]), and increased thereafter (50–99 km, 0.99 [0.89–1.10]; 200–299 km, 1.44 [1.10–1.87]; >400 km, 2.22 [1.06–4.63]). Relative to high‐volume hospitals (>2500 deliveries/year), adverse maternal outcomes were less likely for hospitals with 1000–2499 (0.90 [0.86–0.95]), and roughly equivalent for hospitals with 200–499 (1.34 [1.22–1.48]) and 500–999 (1.27 [1.17–1.39]) deliveries/year. Odds of perinatal mortality ranged from 1.04 (0.73–1.49; 100–199 deliveries/year) to 1.50 (1.04–2.16; 50–99 deliveries/year); the pattern did not suggest causality.ConclusionMaternal outcomes worsen when travel distance is greater than 200 km, and improve when delivery volume exceeds 1000 deliveries per year.
The relationship among social support, self‐esteem, affect balance and loneliness in individuals with substance use disorders in China
Authors: Xia Mengfan , Yang Chunyu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study analyzed the potential mediating role of self‐esteem and affect balance on the relationship between social support and loneliness. Respondents were 426 substabce use disorders from the Shifosi and Dalianshan rehab facilities in China who had completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scales, and UCLA Loneliness Scale. The results indicated that self‐esteem and affect balance fully mediated the relationship between perceived social support and loneliness and all the paths, ranging from social support through self‐esteem and affect balance to loneliness, were significant. Finally, we analyzed possible approaches to decreasing individuals with substance use disorders' loneliness.
HIF‐1α facilitates osteocyte‐mediated osteoclastogenesis by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway in vitro
Authors: Zhu Jie , Tang Yi , Wu Qing , Ji Ying‐Chen , Feng Zi‐Fan , Kang Fei‐Wu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOsteocytes, entrapped within the mineralized bone matrix, has been found to have numerous functions such as acting as an orchestrator of bone remodeling through regulation of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity and also functioning as an endocrine cell. Due to a specialized morphology and surrounding structure, osteocytes are more tolerant to hypoxia during osteoporosis, fracture, osteoarthritis, and orthodontic–orthognathic combination therapy. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) is one of the master regulators of hypoxia reactions, playing an important role in bone modeling, remodeling, and homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the pivotal functional role of HIF‐1α in osteocytes initiating of bone remodeling under hypoxia. In the present study, the osteoclasts formation induced by RAW264.7 was significantly promoted in conditioned media (CM) from osteocytic MLO‐Y4 exposed to hypoxia in vitro. Therefore, hypoxic MLO‐Y4 cells simulated by 100 μmol/L CoCl2 or 2% O2 stably expressed HIF‐1α proteins and upregulated the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level. Furthermore, with the Knockdown of HIF‐1α, the expression of RANKL mRNA and protein decreased after transient transfection. In addition, the phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) was also correlated with HIF‐1α and RANKL levels under hypoxia. Then AG490, a JAK2 inhibitor, inhibited p‐JAK2, p‐STAT3 and RANKL expression. It was possible that AG490 disturbed the contact of HIF‐1α and RANKL by JAK2/STAT3 pathway, influencing osteoclastogenesis. Our findings suggested that HIF‐1α promoted the expression of RANKL by activating JAK2/STAT3 pathway in MLO‐Y4 cells, and enhanced osteocyte‐mediated osteoclastic differentiation in vitro.
An extension to the collisional model of the energetic cost of support qualitatively explains trotting and the trot–canter transition
Authors: Usherwood James R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe majority of terrestrial mammals adopt distinct, discrete gaits across their speed range. Though there is evidence that walk, trot and gallop may be selected at speeds consistent with minimizing metabolic cost (Hoyt and Taylor, 1981,Nature,291, 239–240), the mechanical causes underlying these costs and their changes with speed are not well understood. In particular, the paired, near‐simultaneous contacts of the trot is puzzling as it appears to demand a high mechanical work that could easily be avoided with distributed contacts, as with a “running walk” gait or “tolt.” Here, a simple condition is derived—a ratio including the pitch moment of inertia and back length—for which trotting is energetically advantageous because it avoids the energetic consequences of pitching. Pitching could also be avoided if the impulses from the legs were orientated through the center of mass. A range of idealized gaits is considered that achieve this zero‐pitch condition, and work minimization predicts a transition from trot to canter at intermediate speeds. This can be understood from the geometric principles of achieving a “pseudoelastic” collision with each impulse (Ruina et al., 2005,J Theoretical Biol,14, 170‐192). However, at high speeds, a transition back to trot is predicted that is not observed in nature.
The multiple flavors of GoU pairs in RNA
Authors: Westhof Eric , Yusupov Marat , Yusupova Gulnara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWobble GU pairs (or GoU) occur frequently within double‐stranded RNA helices interspersed within the standard G═C and A─U Watson‐Crick pairs. However, other types of GoU pairs interacting on their Watson‐Crick edges have been observed. The structural and functional roles of such alternative GoU pairs are surprisingly diverse and reflect the various pairings G and U can form by exploiting all the subtleties of their electronic configurations. Here, the structural characteristics of the GoU pairs are updated following the recent crystallographic structures of functional ribosomal complexes and the development in our understanding of ribosomal translation.
Motion‐Induced Signal Loss in In Vivo Cardiac Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging
Authors: Stoeck Christian T. , Scott Andrew D. , Ferreira Pedro F. , Tunnicliffe Elizabeth M. , Teh Irvin , Nielles‐Vallespin Sonia , Moulin Kevin , Sosnovik David E. , Viallon Magalie , Croisille Pierre , Kozerke Sebastian , Firmin David N. , Ennis Daniel B. , Schneider Jurgen E. 
Published: April 2019

Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:319–320.
Glycerol acetylation considering competing dimerization
Authors: Soares André V.‐H. , Kale Sumeet S. , Armbruster Udo , Passos Fabio B. , Umbarkar Shubhangi B. , Dongare Mohan K. , Martin Andreas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGlycerol acetylation is a very interesting reaction for studies of consecutive kinetics. In this short communication, we present a pseudo‐homogeneous model for the synthesis of triacetyl glycerol from the reaction of glycerol and acetic acid over strongly acidic Amberlyst‐15 and Amberlyst‐70 catalysts, considering a dimerization of diacetyl glycerol (DAG) into diglycerol tetraacetate as a parallel reaction and compare the results with a model without side reactions. The best fits were obtained for apparent zeroth‐order dimerization and first‐order consecutive reactions in the presence of acetic acid in excess and with removal of water. An adaptation was made for DAG. The proposed model shows that the formation of DAG is faster than the consumption of glycerol, which could be an explanation for the occurrence of DAG dimerization instead of other parallel reactions in acetylation.
Beyond Touch: Cultivating Caring Atmospheres in Arid America
Authors: Vine Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAll across the arid and semi‐arid lands of the American Southwest, people are grappling with the transgressive movements and toxic possibilities of particulate matter pollution. Based on an ethnography of environmental injustice and everyday life in rural Eastern California, this article examines the practical acts of positive air‐conditioning through which patients, parents, and carers respond to the onset of dust‐aggravated respiratory illness; an effect of the particulate matter first unleashed by the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in the early twentieth century and now compounded by the state's “historic” drought. While some seek to cultivate the breathability of domestic spaces, others try to hold the City of Los Angeles accountable for the disastrous social and material effects of its actions. Playing close attention to these varied practices of space‐making reveals the uneven geographies of risk and responsibility associated with the abrasive atmospheres of late industrialism, as well as shining fresh light on the mediation of atmospheric care in times of anthropogenic environmental crisis.
An iterative polynomial chaos approach toward stochastic elastostatic structural analysis with non‐Gaussian randomness
Authors: Nath Kamaljyoti , Dutta Anjan , Hazra Budhaditya 
Published: April 2019

SummaryStochastic analysis of structure with non‐Gaussian material property and loading in the framework of polynomial chaos (PC) is considered. A new approach for the solution of stochastic mechanics problem with random coefficient is presented. The major focus of the method is to consider reduced size of expansion in an iterative manner to overcome the problem of large system matrix in conventional PC expansion. The iterative method is based on orthogonal expansion of stochastic responses and generation of an iterative PC based on the responses of the previous iteration. The polynomials are evaluated using Gram‐Schmidt orthogonalization process. The numbers of random variables in PC expansion are reduced by considering only the dominant components of the response characteristics, which is evaluated using Karhunen‐Loève (KL) expansion. In case of random material field problem, the KL expansion is used to discretize and simulate the non‐Gaussian random field. Independent component analysis (ICA) is carried out on the non‐Gaussian KL random variables to minimize statistical dependence. The usefulness of the proposed method in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency is examined. From the numerical analysis of three different types of structural mechanics problems, the proposed iterative method is observed to be computationally more efficient and accurate than conventional PC method for solution of linear elastostatic structural mechanics problems.