bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Updated Crustal Thickness Map of Central South America Based on Receiver Function Measurements in the Region of the Chaco, Pantanal, and Paraná Basins, Southwestern Brazil
Authors: Rivadeneyra‐Vera Carolina , Bianchi Marcelo , Assumpção Marcelo , Cedraz Victoria , Julià Jordi , Rodríguez Martín , Sánchez Leda , Sánchez Gerardo , Lopez‐Murua Luciana , Fernandez Gonzalo , Fugarazzo Rafael ,   The “3‐Basins” Project Team
Published: July 2019

AbstractPrevious compilation of crustal structure in South America had large unsampled areas including the thin crust in the Sub‐Andean lowlands, largely estimated by gravity data, and the sparsely sampled Amazon Craton. A deployment of 35 seismic stations in Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay improved the coverage of the Pantanal Basin in Western Brazil, the intracratonic Paraná and the Chaco Basins. Crustal thicknesses and Vp/Vs ratios were estimated with a modified H‐k method by producing three stacked traces to enhance the three Moho conversions (the direct Ps and the two multiples Ppps and Ppss). This modified method gives lower uncertainties than previous studies and shows more regional consistency between nearby stations. The temporary stations and the Brazilian Network (RSBR) have characterized the crustal structure as follows. The Paraná Basin has a thick crust 40–45 km and average Vp/Vs ratio (1.71–1.77), while the Chaco Basin has a slightly thinner crust (35–40 km) and higher Vp/Vs ratio (1.75–1.79). This confirms the lack of widespread magmatic underplating in the Paraná Basin that could be related to the origin of the flood basalts during the South Atlantic opening. A belt of thin crust (30–35 km) with low Vp/Vs (<1.74) is confined to the eastern edge of the Pantanal Basin. Normal crust (38–43 km) is observed along the western edge of the Pantanal, from the southern part of the Amazon craton to the Rio Apa cratonic block. This study, combined with other published data, provides an updated crustal thickness map of South America.
The Case for Combining a Large Low‐Band Very High Frequency Transmitter With Multiple Receiving Arrays for Geospace Research: A Geospace Radar
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Chau J. L. , Coles W. A. , Milla M. A. , Obenberger K. , Vierinen J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe argue that combining a high‐power, large‐aperture radar transmitter with several large‐aperture receiving arrays to make a geospace radar—a radar capable of probing near‐Earth space from the upper troposphere through to the solar corona—would transform geospace research. We review the emergence of incoherent scatter radar in the 1960s as an agent that unified early, pioneering research in geospace in a common theoretical, experimental, and instrumental framework, and we suggest that a geospace radar would have a similar effect on future developments in space weather research. We then discuss recent developments in radio‐array technology that could be exploited in the development of a geospace radar with new or substantially improved capabilities compared to the radars in use presently. A number of applications for a geospace radar with the new and improved capabilities are reviewed including studies of meteor echoes, mesospheric and stratospheric turbulence, ionospheric flows, plasmaspheric and ionospheric irregularities, and reflection from the solar corona and coronal mass ejections. We conclude with a summary of technical requirements.
Giant non-linear susceptibility of hydrogenic donors in silicon and germanium
Authors: Le Nguyen H. , Lanskii Grigory V. , Aeppli Gabriel , Murdin Benedict N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImplicit summation is a technique for the conversion of sums over intermediate states in multiphoton absorption and the high-order susceptibility in hydrogen into simple integrals. Here, we derive the equivalent technique for hydrogenic impurities in multi-valley semiconductors. While the absorption has useful applications, it is primarily a loss process; conversely, the non-linear susceptibility is a crucial parameter for active photonic devices. For Si:P, we predict the hyperpolarizability ranges from χ(3)/n3D = 2.9 to 580 × 10−38 m5/V2 depending on the frequency, even while avoiding resonance. Using samples of a reasonable density, n3D, and thickness, L, to produce third-harmonic generation at 9 THz, a frequency that is difficult to produce with existing solid-state sources, we predict that χ(3) should exceed that of bulk InSb and χ(3)L should exceed that of graphene and resonantly enhanced quantum wells.
Evolution in action: habitat transition from sediment to the pelagial leads to genome streamlining in Methylophilaceae
Authors: Salcher Michaela M , Schaefle Daniel , Kaspar Melissa , Neuenschwander Stefan M , Ghai Rohit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The most abundant aquatic microbes are small in cell and genome size. Genome-streamlining theory predicts gene loss caused by evolutionary selection driven by environmental factors, favouring superior competitors for limiting resources. However, evolutionary histories of such abundant, genome-streamlined microbes remain largely unknown. Here we reconstruct the series of steps in the evolution of some of the most abundant genome-streamlined microbes in freshwaters (“Ca. Methylopumilus”) and oceans (marine lineage OM43). A broad genomic spectrum is visible in the family Methylophilaceae (Betaproteobacteria), from sediment microbes with medium-sized genomes (2–3 Mbp genome size), an occasionally blooming pelagic intermediate (1.7 Mbp), and the most reduced pelagic forms (1.3 Mbp). We show that a habitat transition from freshwater sediment to the relatively oligotrophic pelagial was accompanied by progressive gene loss and adaptive gains. Gene loss has mainly affected functions not necessarily required or advantageous in the pelagial or is encoded by redundant pathways. Likewise, we identified genes providing adaptations to oligotrophic conditions that have been transmitted horizontally from pelagic freshwater microbes. Remarkably, the secondary transition from the pelagial of lakes to the oceans required only slight modifications, i.e., adaptations to higher salinity, gained via horizontal gene transfer from indigenous microbes. Our study provides first genomic evidence of genome reduction taking place during habitat transitions. In this regard, the family Methylophilaceae is an exceptional model for tracing the evolutionary history of genome streamlining as such a collection of evolutionarily related microbes from different habitats is rare in the microbial world.
In-operando high-speed microscopy and thermometry of reaction propagation and sintering in a nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Kline Dylan J. , Zachariah Michael R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn important proposed mechanism in nanothermites reactions — reactive sintering — plays a significant role on the combustion performance of nanothermites by rapidly melting and coalescing aggregated metal nanoparticles, which increases the initial size of the reacting composite powders before burning. Here, we demonstrate a high-speed microscopy/thermometry capability that enables ~ µs time and ~ µm spatial resolution as applied to highly exothermic reaction propagation to directly observe reactive sintering and the reaction front at high spatial and temporal resolution. Experiments on the Al+CuO nanocomposite system reveal a reaction front thickness of ~30 μm and temperatures in excess of 3000 K, resulting in a thermal gradient in excess of 107 K m−1. The local microscopic reactive sintering velocity is found to be an order of magnitude higher than macroscale flame velocity. In this observed mechanism, propagation is very similar to the general concept of laminar gas reaction theory in which reaction front velocity ~ (thermal diffusivity x reaction rate)1/2.
Noncovalently fused-ring electron acceptors with near-infrared absorption for high-performance organic solar cells
Authors: Huang Hao , Guo Qingxin , Feng Shiyu , Zhang Cai’e , Bi Zhaozhao , Xue Wenyue , Yang Jinjin , Song Jinsheng , Li Cuihong , Xu Xinjun , Tang Zheng , Ma Wei , Bo Zhishan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNon-fullerene fused-ring electron acceptors boost the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells, but they suffer from high synthetic cost and low yield. Here, we show a series of low-cost noncovalently fused-ring electron acceptors, which consist of a ladder-like core locked by noncovalent sulfur–oxygen interactions and flanked by two dicyanoindanone electron-withdrawing groups. Compared with that of similar but unfused acceptor, the presence of ladder-like structure markedly broadens the absorption to the near-infrared region. In addition, the use of intramolecular noncovalent interactions avoids the tedious synthesis of covalently fused-ring structures and markedly lowers the synthetic cost. The optimized solar cells displayed an outstanding efficiency of 13.24%. More importantly, solar cells based on these acceptors demonstrate very low non-radiative energy losses. This research demonstrates that low-cost noncovalently fused-ring electron acceptors are promising to achieve high-efficiency organic solar cells.
Paternal-age-related de novo mutations and risk for five disorders
Authors: Taylor Jacob L. , Debost Jean-Christophe P. G. , Morton Sarah U. , Wigdor Emilie M. , Heyne Henrike O. , Lal Dennis , Howrigan Daniel P. , Bloemendal Alex , Larsen Janne T. , Kosmicki Jack A. , Weiner Daniel J. , Homsy Jason , Seidman Jonathan G. , Seidman Christine E. , Agerbo Esben , McGrath John J. , Mortensen Preben Bo , Petersen Liselotte , Daly Mark J. , Robinson Elise B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are established associations between advanced paternal age and offspring risk for psychiatric and developmental disorders. These are commonly attributed to genetic mutations, especially de novo single nucleotide variants (dnSNVs), that accumulate with increasing paternal age. However, the actual magnitude of risk from such mutations in the male germline is unknown. Quantifying this risk would clarify the clinical significance of delayed paternity. Using parent-child trio whole-exome-sequencing data, we estimate the relationship between paternal-age-related dnSNVs and risk for five disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD), congenital heart disease, neurodevelopmental disorders with epilepsy, intellectual disability and schizophrenia (SCZ). Using Danish registry data, we investigate whether epidemiologic associations between each disorder and older fatherhood are consistent with the estimated role of dnSNVs. We find that paternal-age-related dnSNVs confer a small amount of risk for these disorders. For ASD and SCZ, epidemiologic associations with delayed paternity reflect factors that may not increase with age.
Discovery of new materials using combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput characterization of thin-film materials libraries combined with computational methods
Authors: Ludwig Alfred 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis perspective provides an experimentalist’s view on materials discovery in multinary materials systems—from nanoparticles over thin films to bulk—based on combinatorial thin-film synthesis and high-throughput characterization in connection with high-throughput calculations and materials informatics. Complete multinary materials systems as well as composition gradients which cover all materials compositions necessary for verification/falsification of hypotheses and predictions are efficiently fabricated by combinatorial synthesis of thin-film materials libraries. Automated high-quality high-throughput characterization methods enable comprehensive determination of compositional, structural and (multi)functional properties of the materials contained in the libraries. The created multidimensional datasets enable data-driven materials discoveries and support efficient optimization of newly identified materials, using combinatorial processing. Furthermore, these datasets are the basis for multifunctional existence diagrams, comprising correlations between composition, processing, structure and properties, which can be used for the design of future materials.
Notch-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis is required for zebrafish spinal cord morphogenesis
Authors: Sharma Priyanka , Saraswathy Vishnu Muraleedharan , Xiang Li , Fürthauer Maximilian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe morphogenesis of the nervous system requires coordinating the specification and differentiation of neural precursor cells, the establishment of neuroepithelial tissue architecture and the execution of specific cellular movements. How these aspects of neural development are linked is incompletely understood. Here we inactivate a major regulator of embryonic neurogenesis - the Delta/Notch pathway - and analyze the effect on zebrafish central nervous system morphogenesis. While some parts of the nervous system can establish neuroepithelial tissue architecture independently of Notch, Notch signaling is essential for spinal cord morphogenesis. In this tissue, Notch signaling is required to repress neuronal differentiation and allow thereby the emergence of neuroepithelial apico-basal polarity. Notch-mediated suppression of neurogenesis is also essential for the execution of specific morphogenetic movements of zebrafish spinal cord precursor cells. In the wild-type neural tube, cells divide at the organ midline to contribute one daughter cell to each organ half. Notch signaling deficient animals fail to display this behavior and therefore form a misproportioned spinal cord. Taken together, our findings show that Notch-mediated suppression of neurogenesis is required to allow the execution of morphogenetic programs that shape the zebrafish spinal cord.
Optimal design of lattice structures for controllable extremal band gaps
Authors: Choi Myung-Jin , Oh Myung-Hoon , Koo Bonyong , Cho Seonho 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents very large complete band gaps at low audible frequency ranges tailored by gradient-based design optimizations of periodic two- and three-dimensional lattices. From the given various lattice topologies, we proceed to create and enlarge band gap properties through controlling neutral axis configuration and cross-section thickness of beam structures, while retaining the periodicity and size of the unit cell. Beam neutral axis configuration and cross-section thickness are parameterized by higher order B-spline basis functions within the isogeometric analysis framework, and controlled by an optimization algorithm using adjoint sensitivity. Our optimal curved designs show much more enhanced wave attenuation properties at audible low frequency region than previously reported straight or simple undulated geometries. Results of harmonic response analyses of beam structures consisting of a number of unit cells demonstrate the validity of the optimal designs. A plane wave propagation in infinite periodic lattice is analyzed within a unit cell using the Bloch periodic boundary condition.
Reliability of Total Grain-Size Distribution of Tephra Deposits
Authors: Pioli L. , Bonadonna C. , Pistolesi M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTotal Grain-Size Distribution (TGSD) of tephra deposits is key to the characterization of explosive volcanism, plume-dispersal modeling, and magmatic fragmentation studies. Nonetheless, various aspects that includes deposit exposure and data fitting make its determination extremely complex and affect its representativeness. In order to shed some lights on the reliability of derived TGSDs, we examine a large TGSD dataset in combination with a sensitivity analysis of sampling strategies. These analyses are based both on a well-studied tephra deposit and on synthetic deposits associated with a variety of initial eruptive and atmospheric conditions. Results demonstrate that TGSDs can be satisfactorily fitted by four distributions (lognormal, Rosin-Rammler, and power-law based either on the absolute or cumulative number of particles) that capture different distribution features. In particular, the Rosin-Rammler distribution best reproduces both the median and the tails of the TGSDs. The accuracy of reconstructed TGSDs is strongly controlled by the number and distribution of the sampling points. We conclude that TGSDs should be critically assessed based on dedicated sampling strategies and should be fitted by one of the mentioned theoretical distributions depending on the specific study objective (e.g., tephra-deposit characterization, physical description of explosive eruptions, tephra-dispersal modeling).
Gate Tuning of Synaptic Functions Based on Oxygen Vacancy Distribution Control in Four-Terminal TiO2−x Memristive Devices
Authors: Nagata Zenya , Shimizu Takuma , Isaka Tsuyoshi , Tohei Tetsuya , Ikarashi Nobuyuki , Sakai Akira 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent developments in artificial intelligence technology has facilitated advances in neuromorphic computing. Electrical elements mimicking the role of synapses are crucial building blocks for neuromorphic computers. Although various types of two-terminal memristive devices have emerged in the mainstream of synaptic devices, a hetero-synaptic artificial synapse, i.e., one with modulatable plasticity induced by multiple connections of synapses, is intriguing. Here, a synaptic device with tunable synapse plasticity is presented that is based on a simple four-terminal rutile TiO2−x single-crystal memristor. In this device, the oxygen vacancy distribution in TiO2−x and the associated bulk carrier conduction can be used to control the resistance of the device. There are two diagonally arranged pairs of electrodes with distinct functions: one for the read/write operation, the other for the gating operation. This arrangement enables precise control of the oxygen vacancy distribution. Microscopic analysis of the Ti valence states in the device reveals the origin of resistance switching phenomena to be an electrically driven redistribution of oxygen vacancies with no changes in crystal structure. Tuning protocols for the write and the gate voltage applications enable high precision control of resistance, or synaptic plasticity, paving the way for the manipulation of learning efficiency through neuromorphic devices.
Study of Gene Expression Profiles of Breast Cancers in Indian Women
Authors: Malvia Shreshtha , Bagadi Sarangadhara Appala Raju , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Chintamani Chintamani , Bhatnagar Amar , Arora Deepshikha , Sarin Ramesh , Saxena Sunita 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer among women globally. In India, the incidence of breast cancer has increased significantly during the last two decades with a higher proportion of the disease at a young age compared to the west. To understand the molecular processes underlying breast cancer in Indian women, we analysed gene expression profiles of 29 tumours and 9 controls using microarray. In the present study, we obtained 2413 differentially expressed genes, consisting of overexpressed genes such asCOL10A1,COL11A1,MMP1,MMP13,MMP11,GJB2, andCST1and underexpressed genes such asPLIN1,FABP4,LIPE,AQP7,LEP,ADH1A,ADH1B, andCIDEC. The deregulated pathways include cell cycle, focal adhesion and metastasis, DNA replication, PPAR signaling, and lipid metabolism. Using PAM50 classifier, we demonstrated the existence of molecular subtypes in Indian women. In addition, qPCR validation of expression of metalloproteinase genes,MMP1,MMP3,MMP11,MMP13,MMP14,ADAMTS1, andADAMTS5showed concordance with that of the microarray data; wherein we found a significant association ofADAMTS5down-regulation with older age (≥55 years) of patients. Together, this study reports gene expression profiles of breast tumours from the Indian subcontinent, throwing light on the pathways and genes associated with the breast tumourigenesis in Indian women.
Human menstrual blood-derived stromal/stem cells modulate functional features of natural killer cells
Authors: Shokri Mohammad-Reza , Bozorgmehr Mahmood , Ghanavatinejad Alireza , Falak Reza , Aleahmad Mehdi , Kazemnejad Somaieh , Shokri Fazel , Zarnani Amir-Hassan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the maintenance of a successful pregnancy, their cytotoxic activity should be tightly controlled. We hypothesized that endometrial mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (eMSCs) could potentially attenuate the functional features of NK cells. Herein, we assessed immunomodulatory effects of menstrual blood-derived stromal/stem cells (MenSCs), as a surrogate for eMSCs, on NK cells function. Our results showed that MenSCs induced proliferation of NK cells. However, IFN-γ/IL-1β pretreated MenSCs significantly inhibited NK cell proliferation. Of 41 growth factors tested, MenSCs produced lower levels of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1–4, VEGF-A, β-NGF, and M-CSF compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). MenSCs displayed high activity of IDO upon IFN-γ treatment. The antiproliferative potential of IFN-γ/IL-1β-pretreated MenSCs was mediated through IL-6 and TGF-β. MenSCs impaired the cytotoxic activity of NK cells on K562 cells, consistent with the lower expression of perforin, granzymes A, and B. We also observed that in vitro decidualization of MenSCs in the presence of IFN-γ reduced the inhibitory effect of MenSCs on NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 target cells. Additionally, MenSCs were found to be prone to NK cell-mediated lysis in an MHC-independent manner. Our findings imply that dysregulation of NK cells in such pregnancy-related disorders as miscarriage may stem from dysfunctioning of eMSCs.
Integrative multi-omic analysis identifies new drivers and pathways in molecularly distinct subtypes of ALS
Authors: Morello Giovanna , Guarnaccia Maria , Spampinato Antonio Gianmaria , Salomone Salvatore , D’Agata Velia , Conforti Francesca Luisa , Aronica Eleonora , Cavallaro Sebastiano 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Increasing the chances of success for future clinical strategies requires more in-depth knowledge of the molecular basis underlying disease heterogeneity. We recently laid the foundation for a molecular taxonomy of ALS by whole-genome expression profiling of motor cortex from sporadic ALS (SALS) patients. Here, we analyzed copy number variants (CNVs) occurring in the same patients, by using a customized exon-centered comparative genomic hybridization array (aCGH) covering a large panel of ALS-related genes. A large number of novel and known disease-associated CNVs were detected in SALS samples, including several subgroup-specific loci, suggestive of a great divergence of two subgroups at the molecular level. Integrative analysis of copy number profiles with their associated transcriptomic data revealed subtype-specific genomic perturbations and candidate driver genes positively correlated with transcriptional signatures, suggesting a strong interaction between genomic and transcriptomic events in ALS pathogenesis. The functional analysis confirmed our previous pathway-based characterization of SALS subtypes and identified 24 potential candidates for genomic-based patient stratification. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive “omics” analysis of molecular events characterizing SALS pathology, providing a road map to facilitate genome-guided personalized diagnosis and treatments for this devastating disease.