bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Heavy Metals Pollution Index and Water Quality Monitoring of the Zarrineh River, Iran
Authors: Poshtegal Maryam Khalilzadeh , Mirbagheri Seyed Ahmad 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Water pollution is the most important reason to monitor and assess water quality. The chemical, physical, and biological quality of natural waters may be affected by anthropogenic activities such as industrial, urban, and agricultural activities. In the present study, the water quality of the Zarrineh River, one of the main rivers supplying water in the northwest of Iran, was investigated. A total of 21 sites were selected for surface water sampling during spring and winter (dry and wet) seasons. The concentrations of the metals aluminum, iron, barium, chromium, arsenic, copper, manganese, nickel, selenium, lead, and zinc were determined for source partition and heavy metal pollution index (HMPI) assessment during both the spring and winter seasons. Four important dominant factors in the principal component analysis depicted, in toto, 76.22 percent of the variance, with an initial eigenvalue greater than 1. The calculated HMPI for all the seasons and sampling stations was 66, fluctuating between 30 and 170 in single water sampling sites. The results showed that almost all locations fall into the high classes of the HMPI, but below the critical pollution index limit of 100. Apart from the gold mining establishments and industrial factories, the reasons for the increased concentrations of metals in the Zarrineh River may be attributed in particular to anthropogenic and mining activities.
Rock Mass Characterization and Stability Evaluation of Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Keystone, South Dakota
Authors: Poluga S. Lindsay , Shakoor Abdul , Bilderback Eric L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to characterize the rock mass at Mount Rushmore National Memorial (MORU) and to evaluate the stability of the presidential sculptures. The sculptures are carved in granite, but quartz-mica schist and minor outcrops of pegmatite are also present within the site area. We divided the MORU area into four “regions” to collect discontinuity data. Since the sculptures were not accessible during this study, we used light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and Split-FX software to determine the orientations of both the discontinuities and the slopes on the sculptures. The rock mass characterization results, using both the Rock Mass Rating system and the Q-system, indicate the granite, schist, and pegmatite classify as fair to good rock. Kinematic analysis results indicate that the potential for planar, wedge, and toppling failures exists for various slopes on each of the sculptures. The factor of safety (FS) values against planar and wedge sliding, ignoring cohesion, range from 0.1 to 0.8 and from 0.2 to 1.3, respectively. Since failures have not been observed at the memorial, we back-calculated the amount of cohesion required to raise the FS values to >1. The back-calculation results show that both cohesion and friction contribute to stability of the sculptures. Using the Slide program, we performed an overall slope probabilistic analysis for the slopes on which the MORU sculptures are located. The analysis determines the mean factor of safety (FSM), reliability index (RI), and probability of failure (PF) for the slopes. For the static condition, the analysis resulted in FSM, RI, and PF values ranging from 3.3 to 4.5 percent, 3.3 to 7.8 percent, and 0 percent, respectively. With a seismic load coefficient of 0.14 applied to the slopes, the corresponding values were: 2.6 to 4.1 percent, 2.9 to 4.7 percent, and 0 percent. For both the static and seismic conditions, the results indicate that, overall, the slopes of the sculptures are stable.
Phytoremediation Ability of the New Heavy Metal Accumulator Plants
Authors: Mohsenzadeh Fariba; , Mohammadzadeh Roghayeh; 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Environmental pollution with heavy metals is a global disaster. This study investigated metal-accumulating ability of plants growing in a lead and zinc mine area located in Hamedan, Iran. Three dominant plants, including Conium maculatum, Stachys inflata, and Reseda lutea, were collected, and the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the aerial parts of the plants and in the soils, collected from the mine area and out of the mine, were measured via atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of all the metals in the soil of the mine were greater than the control area (1 km out of mine area); Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd were 120, 17, 17, 2.6, and 40 times higher than in the control area, respectively. In the studied plants, Pb and Zn were the highest in C. maculatum (1,200 and 820 mg kg−1, respectively). The highest concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Cd were in S. inflata (140, 96, and 20 mg kg−1, respectively). Phytoremediation tests were done using experimental pots, and results indicate that the plant species are effective accumulator plants for the phytoremediation of heavy metal–polluted soils. Specifically, C. maculatum was effective in removing Pb and Zn, S. inflata was effective in reducing Ni, and R. lutea was effective in reducing Cu.
Thermal Remote Sensing For Moisture Content Monitoring of Mine Tailings: Laboratory Study
Authors: Zwissler Bonnie , Oommen Thomas , Vitton Stan , Seagren Eric A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Mining produces massive volumes of mine tailings that are deposited into large-scale mine tailings impoundments. A key environmental objective of managing these large impoundments is mitigating fugitive dust emissions by monitoring and controlling moisture, because moisture directly affects the tailings’ strength and the ability to apply dust control measures using motorized equipment. Therefore, understanding the spatial and temporal variations in moisture content for surface tailings is critical for characterizing dust susceptibility and trafficability. Remote sensing has been proven to be a useful tool for similar applications. This study utilized laboratory testing conducted on iron mine tailings to verify that: (1) a relationship exists between moisture content and strength for the surface of mine tailings, and (2) thermal remote sensing can be used to infer spatial variations in moisture content for surface tailings. Multivariate regressions were developed to identify the critical remote sensing and climatic variables and evaluate their influence in remotely measured moisture content. For tailings samples collected from two different North American iron mines, regressions using sample temperature and ambient humidity were able to predict surface moisture content (R2> 0.9).
Gatun Dam—megastructure of the Panama Canal
Authors: Rogers J. David , Barrelier Manuel H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The kingpin structure of the American scheme to construct a ship canal across Panama in 1907–1914 was an earthen dam of unprecedented scale and scope at Gatun, to retain the aggregate flow of the Chagres River and its principal tributaries. Upon this structure alone, the entire plan rested, because it created the man-made lake rising 85 ft (25.9 m) above sea level, which allowed ships to cross the 550 ft (167.6 m) continental divide between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Everything about Gatun Dam was enormous. Its dimensions were without precedent: a crest length of 8,200 ft (2,500 m) and a maximum width of 2,300 ft (701 m). With a height of 105 ft (32 m) above sea level, it stored sufficient water to maintain an operating pool covering 164 mi2 (425 km2). At its center was the most critical structure, a mass concrete spillway capable of passing flood flows of the unpredictable Chagres River. The biggest problem with the site was the underlying geology, which included two deepley incised paleo-channels. The massive embankments were placed over these paleo-channels, which were up to 258 ft (78.6 m) deep. The channel infill of the upper 50 ft (15.2 m) was of relatively low permeability, mostly sandy silts and clay. There were more pervious sands and gravel lying beneath these, which allowed deep seepage cutoffs to be precluded.
Grout Curtain Construction At Bolivar Dam, Ohio
Authors: Nield Michael C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Bolivar Dam, located in eastern Ohio, is an embankment dam constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1937 as part of the Muskingum River Basin Project for flood control. As a result of seepage concerns observed at the dam during several flood events over the life of the project, seepage reduction measures, including a partial-depth seepage barrier wall through the embankment and a grout curtain in the left abutment, were designed and constructed. These dam safety modifications were constructed between 2014 and 2016. During flood events, Bolivar Dam experiences excessive seepage through the glacial outwash foundation as well as through a network of open joints within the left bedrock abutment. Seepage in the bedrock abutment could erode/scour the dam embankment at the bedrock contact, potentially leading to dam failure. To lower this potential risk of dam failure in the left abutment, a grout curtain was constructed between the new seepage barrier wall and an existing grout curtain across the emergency spillway. The new grout curtain is designed to impede groundwater seepage, resulting in reduced groundwater velocity/energy downstream of the grout curtain, thereby decreasing its potential to scour or transport fine-grained embankment material. The double-line grout curtain is approximately 65 ft (19.8 m) deep and 400 ft (121.9 m) long and was completed in November 2015 as part of a major dam safety modification project. Two thin limestone units encountered during drilling proved to be problematic and posed various challenges during construction. It was common during drilling to lose water circulation within the vicinity of these limestone units, which then required the use of downstaged grouting methods. The majority of the grout volume for the project was placed within these downstaged intervals. This article presents the risk-informed decisions that were made during both design and construction of the grout curtain and includes various lessons that were learned during this process.
The Setting and Age of the Bermuda Zn-Pb Showing, Grinnell Peninsula, Devon Island: Implications for MVT Mineralization in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: MITCHELL IAIN , LINNEN ROBERT L. , CREASER ROBERT A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Bermuda Zn-Pb showing is hosted by dolomitized Blue Fiord Formation of Devonian age, located east of the Ensorcellement dome on the Grinnell Peninsula of Devon Island. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal calcite indicate that the mineralization precipitated from low-temperature, highly saline brines. The δ34S compositions of sphalerite, galena, and marcasite range from 16.1‰ to 35.2‰. Consequently, the Bermuda showing is interpreted to be Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) mineralization. The apparent age of mineralization has been determined by the Rb-Sr method from sphalerite separates, and a Late Devonian age of 357 ± 50 Ma (MSWD=65), with an initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7083 ± 0.0020 is indicated. This date, within error, is the same as the Polaris deposit. This suggests that the mineralization formed during the Ellesmerian Orogen, although it is also possible that mineralization is associated with extension, related to the opening of the Sverdrup basin. The strontium and sulfur isotopes and fluid inclusion analyses indicate the involvement of a brine that acquired its salinity from interaction with evaporites, lower in the stratigraphic succession. The Polaris mine is the type deposit in the Cornwallis Zn-Pb district and is hosted by the Thumb Mountain Formation. The results of this study are significant because they demonstrate that regional brine movement is more widespread than previously recognized, and that MVT mineralization in the Cornwallis Zn-Pb district is not restricted to the Thumb Mountain Formation.
Geology of the Izok Massive Sulfide Deposit, Nunavut Territory, Canada
Authors: MORRISON IAN R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Izok Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is located 265 km south of Kugluktuk (Coppermine), Nunavut Territory, Canada, in the west-central Slave structural province. The Izok deposit is owned 100% by Inmet Mining Corporation and represents one of the largest undeveloped zinc-copper resources in North America.
The Izok deposit is hosted within and near the top of a thick sequence of predominantly felsic pyroclastic rocks of late Archean age. The hanging-wall stratigraphy includes additional felsic volcaniclastic rocks, andesitic and basaltic flows, thin sulfide-rich iron formations, and turbiditic sedimentary rocks. The felsic volcanic rocks are intruded by intermediate dikes and sills, followed by gabbroic dikes and sills. Both intrusive suites are interpreted to be volcanic feeders to the overlying flows. All lithologies are subsequently cut by younger, irregular, granitic pegmatite and diabase dikes. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks are regionally metamorphosed to pyroxene hornfels grade.
The massive sulfides occur within a large (kilometer-scale) Na-depleted sericitic alteration zone. The immediate footwall and hanging-wall rocks to the deposit are characterized by zones of muscovite-biotite-sillimanite, lesser chlorite-biotite-cordierite, and locally intense silicification and sodium metasomatism. All lithologies have been affected by younger Ca-metasomatism.
As currently defined, the Izok deposit comprises a cluster of five complexly zoned composite lenses: the Northwest, North, Central West, Central East, and Inukshuk lenses. The first four lenses are amenable to open-pit mining, whereas the Inukshuk lens will require underground development. The total indicated mineral resource presently stands at 16.5 million tonnes with a grade of 2.2% Cu, 11.4% Zn, 1.1% Pb, and 60 g/t Ag. Inmet Mining Corporation is presently reviewing the economic feasibility of developing the property.
Count regression models for under-five deaths in rural Ethiopia
Authors: mihret Yenew Alemu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Under-five mortality is defined as the likelihood for a child born alive to die between birth and fifth birth day. Mortality of under the age of five has been the main target of public health policies and is a common indicator of mortality levels, especially in developing countries. It is also viewed as an indicator of the level of development, health and socioeconomic status of the population. The objective of this study was to identify determinants of under-five mortality in Ethiopia using the 2011 EDHS data. To achieve the objective of this study descriptive statistics and count regression models were used for data analysis using socio-economic, demographic and environmental related variables as explanatory variables and the number of under-five deaths per mother as the response variables. According to Ethiopian Demography health Survey, 2011 report the level of under-five mortality in rural parts of Ethiopia is 114 deaths per 1000 live births. Factors influencing the number of under-five deaths have been identified. The study revealed that mother’s age at the first birth, breastfeeding status, wealth index, current mother working, region and mother’s level of education had statistically significant on the number of under-five deaths in rural parts of Ethiopia.
Biochemical Properties and Potential Application of Proteases from Alkalophilic Bacillus lehensis G1
Authors: Noorul Aini Sulaiman  , Nor Muhammad Mahadi  , Nur Zazarina Ramly  
Published: July 2019

The biochemical properties of extracellular proteases enzymes from Malaysia Alkalophilic’s bacteria, Bacillus lehensis G1, were investigated. The secreted enzymes were tested on 2% of skim milk agar. Results demonstrated that the enzyme could maintain the activity up to 60°C within an extensive range of pH from 3 to 11 with the optimal pH and temperature of 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. The proteases activity were also observed to be increased in the presence of several ions such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and Co2+. Whilst, the enzyme activity was marginally inhibited with the addition of Ca2+, K+ and Ni2+ with the residual activity of 85%, 81%, and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, the extracellular proteases have shown to be compatible with several Malaysia commercial liquid detergents, which could be beneficial for stain removal. The potential application of proteases in gelatine decomposition from used X-ray films was also determined in this article.
Pencirian enzim ekstraselular protease daripada bakteria Alkalophilic Bacillus lehensis G1 dari Malaysia telah dikaji. Enzim protease yang dirembeskan diuji pada agar susu skim 2%. Keputusan menunjukkan protease ekstraselular mampu mengekalkan aktiviti sehingga suhu 60°C di dalam julat pH yang luas iaitu 3 hingga 11 dengan suhu optimum pada 40°C dan pH optimum pada 7.0. Aktiviti enzim juga diperhatikan akan meningkat dengan penambahan beberapa ion iaitu Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ dan Co2+. Manakala aktiviti protease didapati sedikit direncat dengan kehadiran ion Ca2+, K+ dan Ni2+ dengan baki aktiviti sebanyak 85%, 81% dan 75%. Protease ekstraselular juga didapati serasi dengan beberapa cecair detergen komersial dari Malaysia, yang menunjukkan protease ini boleh dimanfaatkan sebagai pembersih kotoran pada pakaian. Selain itu, potensi kegunaan protease yang dihasilkan oleh B. lehensis G1 ke atas penguraian gelatin dari filem X-ray yang telah digunakan juga telah dilakukan di dalam kajian ini.
1D Air Pressure Fluctuations Cannot Fully Explain the Natural Pressure‐Pumping Effect on Soil Gas Transport
Authors: Laemmel Thomas , Mohr Manuel , Schack‐Kirchner Helmer , Schindler Dirk , Maier Martin 
Published: July 2019

While gas transport in soil is commonly assumed to be driven by molecular diffusion, pressure‐pumping due to small air pressure fluctuations was found to enhance the gas transport rate during periods of high wind speed. A possible explanation is related to the vertical oscillating movement of gas in the air‐filled pore space due to these air pressure fluctuations. Exposing granular and artificial samples to vertical air pressure fluctuations with realistic amplitudes and frequencies in the laboratory, we show that they indeed can increase the effective gas diffusivity through the samples. The enhancement of gas diffusivity was higher for samples characterizing by a low bottleneck area and a low bottleneck density and it was lower for samples with small bottleneck length. However, there was a significant discrepancy between the gas transport enhancement observed in the field and under laboratory conditions by comparable soil air movement due to oscillating flow. The exclusive consideration of vertical air pressure fluctuations in the laboratory seems insufficient to explain effects of the pressure‐pumping in the field on soil gas transport rates.Core Ideas
1D vertical air pressure fluctuations can enhance gas transport through soil samples.
The effect increases by increasing amplitudes and frequencies of air pressure fluctuations.
Bottlenecks in soil porous structure substantially contribute to the effect.
The effect observed in the laboratory was not as strong as in the field observations.
We hypothesize that the in situ pressure pumping effect is not exclusively driven by 1D vertical air pressure fluctuations.
Nitrogen Management for Forage Winter Cereals in the Northeastern USA
Authors: Lyons Sarah E. , Ketterings Quirine M. , Ort Shona , Godwin Gregory S. , Swink Sheryl N. , Czymmek Karl J. , Cherney Debbie J. , Cherney Jerome H. , Meisinger John J. , Kilcer Tom F. 
Published: July 2019

Forage double cropping can be a beneficial practice for dairy farmers in the northeastern United States, providing an additional, harvestable crop plus many environmental benefits. Triticale (×TriticosecaleWittm.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), and cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) are forage double crop options in New York that require nitrogen (N) management. From 2013 to 2016, 62 N‐rate trials were conducted across New York with five N rates (0, 34, 67, 101, and 135 kg N ha−1) applied in four replications at spring dormancy break. Forage was harvested at flag‐leaf stage in May (Feekes stage 9). Soil samples were taken prior to N‐application at dormancy break. Management practices and field characteristics were evaluated as predictors (using classification tree analyses) for yield and the most economic rate of N (MERN) at dormancy break, determined using a quadratic plateau model. Approximately one‐third of the sites did not respond in yield to spring N application, averaging 4.3 Mg DM ha−1. Of the remaining sites, ∼80% had MERNs ranging from 47 to 112 kg N ha−1, averaging 77 kg N ha−1, with yields at the MERN from 2.2 to 6.9 Mg DM ha−1, averaging 4.2 Mg DM ha−1. Yield could not accurately be predicted statistically. However, low‐yielding sites lacked fall manure application and well‐drained soils. We conclude that forage winter cereal fields with well‐drained soils, recent manure applications, and timely planting may not need additional N at dormancy break, while others require approximately 19 kg N ha−1per Mg DM ha−1.Core IdeasN management is needed for optimum performance of forage winter cereal crops in New York.Yields of 1.0 to 6.9 Mg DM ha−1were found in New York (4.1 Mg DM ha−1average).Winter cereals required approximately 19 kg of N per 1 Mg DM for optimum forage yield.Soil drainage, manure history, and planting date affected N needs.Nitrogen rates beyond plant needs for optimum yield can increase crude protein.
Stress Effects on Soil Freezing Characteristic Curve: Equipment Development and Experimental Results
Authors: Mu Q.Y. , Zhou C. , Ng C.W.W. , Zhou G.G.D. 
Published: July 2019

Core IdeasA triaxial apparatus is developed to measure stress‐dependent SFCC.Unfrozen water content of clay and sand increases with increasing confining stress.Stress effects on the SFCC of clay are more significant than sand.The soil freezing characteristic curve (SFCC) defines the relationship between soil temperature and unfrozen water content. This curve is important for predicting water flow and heat conduction in frozen soils, as well as freezing heave and thawing settlement. So far, SFCCs reported in the literature were usually determined at zero stress. To investigate stress effects on SFCC, a stress‐ and temperature‐controlled triaxial apparatus was developed in this study. The unfrozen volumetric water content was measured using a newly developed noninvasive time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe. The new apparatus was used to measure SFCCs of two typical soils (i.e., clay and sand) at different stress conditions (i.e., 30, 100, and 200 kPa). Each specimen was subjected to compression, and then a cycle of freezing and thawing. As expected, for both soils, the saturated water content prior to freezing was smaller at higher stresses because of compression. During the subsequent freezing and thawing, the soil specimen at a higher stress was able to retain more liquid water than that at a lower stress. The higher unfrozen water retention capacity at higher stresses is mainly because the pore size of a soil specimen becomes smaller during compression. Hence, more water can retain a liquid state due to the enhanced capillarity. On the other hand, stress effects on the SFCC were found to be more significant for clay than for sand. This is likely because the stress‐induced change in pore size distribution is larger in clay due to its higher compressibility.