bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U.S. Opioid Epidemic: Impact on Public Health and Review of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs)
Authors: Bote Sunghee H 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: In recent years, the devastating effects of U.S. opioid epidemic has been making news headlines. This report explores background information and trends on opioid misuse, overdose fatalities and its impact on public health. In addition, various efforts to improve surveillance, timeliness of data and Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) integration and interoperability are reviewed.Method: PubMed and internet searches were performed to find information on the U.S. opioid epidemic. In addition, searches were performed to retrieve information about PDMPs and state-specific mandates along with presentation slides and learnings from the 2018 National Rx Drug Abuse & Heroin Summit in Atlanta, GA.Results: It is clear that the U.S. opioid epidemic has a tremendous impact on public health including the next generation of children. Various data, surveillance & technology-driven efforts including CDC-Funded Enhanced State Opioid Overdose Surveillance Program (ESOOS) and use of telemedicine for opioid use disorder treatment aim to improve prevention, treatment and targeted interventions. In addition, PDMP integration and interoperability efforts are advancing to provide prescribers meaningful decision support tools.Discussion: The opioid epidemic has a complex impact on public health intertwined with variable factors such as mental health and social determinants of health. Given the statistics and studies that suggest many of the illicit opioid users start with prescription opioids, continued advancement in the area of PDMP integration and interoperability is necessary. The PDMP integrated clinical decision support systems need to supply to healthcare providers access to complete, timely and evidence-based information that can meaningfully inform prescribing decisions and communication with patients that affect measurable outcomes. Conclusion: While Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) are valuable tools for providers in making informed prescribing decisions, the variable state mandates and varying degrees of integration and interoperability across states may limit their potential as meaningful decision support tools. Sharing best practices, challenges and lessons learned among states and organizations may inform strategic and systematic use of PDMPs to improve public health outcomes.Key Words: opioid epidemic, prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs), prescription monitoring programs (PMPs)
Willingness to Use Mobile based e-Partograph and Associated Factors among Care Providers in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Endehabtu Berhanu Fikadie , Endehabtu Berhanu Fikadie , Tadesse Yared , Gelagay Abebaw Addis , Tilahun Binyam , Mekonnen Zeleke Abebaw , Gashu Kassahun Dessie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground: The proper use of Partograph supports to capture key maternal and fetal data. Paper-based Partograph are prone to error, incompleteness, delayed decisions and loss of clients’ information. Electronic (e-Partograph) enables to easily retain and retrieve client data to ensure quality of care. Mobile technologies found an opportunity for resource-limited countries to improve access and quality of health care. Evidences were lacking on end users’ acceptance to e-Partograph.Objective: This study aimed to assess obstetric care providers’ willingness to use mobile based e-Partograph and its associated factors.Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 30, 2016 to January 21, 2017. A total 466 obstetric care providers were selected using multistage sampling technique in North Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were entered in to Epi info version 7 and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Cronbach’s Alpha test was calculated to evaluate the reliability of data. A multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with dependent variable. Adjusted odds ratio with 95%CI was used to determine the presence of association.Results: The study found that 460(99.6%) of care providers owned mobile phone. Smartphone owners accounted only 102(22%). Of them, 205(46%) were willing to use mobile-phone for e-Partograph. Care providers aged >30 years (AOR=2.85, 95% C.I: 1.34-6.05), medical doctors and higher level clinicians (AOR=8.35, 95% C.I: 2.07-33.63), Health Center (AOR=4.41, 95% C.I:.10-9.26), favorable attitude towards Partograph (AOR=2.76, 95% C.I: 1.49-5.09) and related in-service trainings (AOR=7.63, 95% C.I: 3.96-14.69) were enabling factors for willingness to use mobile phone.Conclusions: Almost all obstetric care providers had access to mobile phone, however; smartphone ownership is still low. Willingness to use mobile-phone for e-Partograph was low. Younger aged, lower level clinicians, Hospital based workers, unfavorable attitude on Partograph and lack of in-service trainings were main factors for non-willingness. Hence awareness creation on partograph use and digital capacity building are crucial for effective e-partograph management. Key words: e-Partograph, Ethiopia, Obstetric care provider, Willingness
Malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPTi) pharmacovigilance in Malawi: A case of Lilongwe district.
Authors: Kubalalika Prestor J 
Published: September 2019

Background: Intermittent Preventive Treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in infants (SP-IPTi) is a malaria control strategy which, together with the delivery of routine childhood immunizations, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was implemented in Lilongwe district of Malawi from September 2008 to November in 2009. A study was performed by Lilongwe District Health Office (DHO) in collaboration with funding from UNICEF to evaluate the safety of SP-IPTi and identify potential new Adverse Events (AEs) spontaneously identified, reported, monitored and evaluated.Methods: A cohort event monitoring study was conducted on 15, 000 infants in 4 Health Facilities (HFs) after administration of SP-IPTi to infants during routine immunizations. A total number of about 50 Community Health Workers (CHWs) and volunteers were trained in pharmacovigilance and supervised by senior personnel in all the five HFs.Infants received half tablets of SP immediately after receiving DPT-HepB+Hib (Pentavalent) 2 vaccine / (IPTi 1), Pentavalent 3 /(IPTi 2) at 10 and 14 weeks respectively and Measles vaccines/(IPTi 3) at 9 months. These children were recorded and their mothers were given diary cards with pictures of possible AEs. Community Health Workers (CHWs) and volunteers followed up every child after 10 days of administration/registration to collect the diary cards where parents indicated the types of AEs they observed on their children as well as starting and end dates of such possible AEs.The indicated AEs were entered into a computer database from all the collected diary cards according to HFs. Possible side effects/AEs that were looked for were; persistent crying, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, skin rashes, abdominal pains, insomnia, nausea, mouth sores, and itching among other related possible side effects.Results: A total of 15,105 children received the IPTi and were followed in all four health facilities. Out of this, 50.3% (7,594) were male while 49.7% (7, 511) were females. Of these, 19.2% [1247], 95% CI (276-304) developed AEs as follows; 42% persistent crying, 28% fever, 18% vomiting, 5.2% skin rashes and 6.8% presented with other minor symptoms while 80.8% (13,858) did not develop any side effects. 43.2% (1254) of those who showed symptoms were IPTi1 recipients, 35.3% (1022) received IPTi2 while 21.5% (624) were from those who received IPTi3.  Conclusions: This study showed that simultaneous administration of SP-IPTi together with immunizations was a safe strategy for implementation with very minimal serious AEs to infants. In this case therefore strategies towards strengthening such spontaneous reporting in Malawi should not only be left to service providers but also to beneficiaries or their caregivers.
Ghosts of Abolition in Oliver Twist
Authors: Teets Anthony 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Oliver Twist the hero and the myth, the serialized fiction and the novel, were all born at the crux of British emancipation, and though numerous critics have noted that Dickens's novel is built around social historical realities of the early 1830s, it remains to tell that story from a viewpoint that includes the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, the period of slave-apprenticeship, and the compensation to former slave owners. Though often considered separately, this article argues that Dickens considered the effects of abolition to intertwine discursively with the New Poor Law, Vagrancy Acts, and legislative reforms concerning animal cruelty. The article emphasizes the West Indian plot involving Oliver's half-brother Monks as crucial in unifying the novel's concern with social justice. In arguing that the various reforms participated in the creation of new categories for defining populations, Ian Hacking's concept of “historical ontology” is used to consider the ways institutions and legislative bodies create new kinds of persons over time. Dickens's use of metaphor and metonymy translate social realities into fictional characters. Though Oliver is financially rewarded with an inheritance from the West Indian estate, it is Dickens's novel that relieved his readers' social anxieties with a literary compensation.
Queer Circuits: Dynamic Forms, Description, and Teleoskepticism in Dickens'sGreat Expectations
Authors: Leclercq Virginia M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article draws on the concepts of “chrononormativity” and “teleoskepticism” from current debates in queer theory to explore the formal work of description in Dickens's novel (1861–1862). Where formalism and narrative theory have traditionally assumed that narrative action lends dynamism to the novel form, this article draws on Dickens's descriptions of Miss Havisham to propose the concept of dynamic stasis, a form that occurs not in the plotted activity of the text but in its descriptions. Rather than interrupting the narrative action, these descriptions are themselves dynamic forms that force us to reconsider the formal dynamics of the novel and the stability of the closure derived from heteronormative sociotemporal forms, like the marriage plot or the bildungsroman.
New George Eliot Studies: From Time's Up to the Anthropocene
Authors: Carroll Alicia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIt is wonderfully clear from recent work that as George Eliot rapidly approaches her bicentenary, she matters more than ever. In reading her, many of the scholars reviewed here are inclined to point out the gender inequities she experienced in life (pay inequity, for example) or the inaccuracy of gendered assumptions about her life and work which have gone unchallenged. From the ecology of Middlemarch to the character of Eliot as “Editress” of The Westminster Review, recent scholars have brought a new George Eliot into the twenty-first century, challenging old dogma (even the once sacred “death of the author”) along the way. While new attention has been paid to George Eliot's individual work as an editor, new approaches also tend to place her in the field of cultural production, often among other women, stressing the collective, social nature of women's professional experiences in, for example, the British Library's Round Reading Room, or on staff at periodicals. The now venerable field of periodical studies as well as the recent digitization of materials has facilitated a new feminist scholarship that digs deep into the collective experiences of being a professional woman writer in the Victorian period.
Comprehensive analysis of in-hospital delirium after major surgical oncology procedures
Authors: Bandini Marco , Marchioni Michele , Preisser Felix , Nazzani Sebastiano , Tian Zhe , Graefen Markus , Montorsi Francesco , Saad Fred , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Schips Luigi , Briganti Alberto , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Very few population-based assessments of delirium have been performed to date. These have not assessed the implications of delirium after major surgical oncology procedures (MSOPs). We examined the temporal trends of delirium following 10 MSOPs, as well as patient and hospital delirium risk factors. Finally, we examined the effect of delirium on length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and hospital charges.
Methods: We retrospectively identified patients who underwent prostatectomy, colectomy, cystectomy, mastectomy, gastrectomy, hysterectomy, nephrectomy, oophorectomy, lung resection, or pancreatectomy within the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2003‒2013). We yielded a weighted estimate of 3 431 632 patients. Multivariable logistic regression (MLR) analyses identified the determinants of postoperative delirium, as well as the effect of delirium on length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and hospital charges.
Results: Between 2003 and 2013, annual delirium rate increased from 0.7 to 1.2% (+6.0%; p<0.001). Delirium rates were highest after cystectomy (predicted probability [PP] 3.1%) and pancreatectomy (PP 2.6%) and lowest after prostatectomy (PP 0.15%) and mastectomy (PP 0.13%). Advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 3.80), maleness (OR 1.38), and higher Charlson comorbidity index (OR 1.20), as well as postoperative complications represent risk factors for delirium after MSOPs. Delirium after MSOP was associated with prolonged length of stay (OR 3.00), higher mortality (OR 1.15) and increased in-hospital charges (OR 1.13).
Conclusions: No contemporary population-based assessments of delirium after MSOP have been reported. According to our findings, delirium after MSOP has a profound impact on patient outcomes that ranges from prolonged length of stay to higher mortality and increased in-hospital charges.
Quand les artistes jugent les théâtres. La valeur différenciée des lieux de spectacle à l’aune des carrières artistiques
Authors: Langeard Chloé , Liot Françoise , Rui Sandrine 
Published: September 2019

Cet article se propose de réintroduire la dimension artistique dans l’évaluation des théâtres, sans considérer celle-ci uniquement du point de vue des oeuvres. Cette focalisation sur la valeur artistique, de même que les récents et nombreux travaux sur les métiers artistiques, a laissé dans l’ombre le rôle joué par les lieux dans l’organisation de la profession. Quelle est la valeur d’un théâtre pour les artistes amenés à fréquenter ces lieux de création, de production et de diffusion de leurs oeuvres ? À l’appui d’une enquête qualitative menée auprès de metteurs en scène et de chorégraphes, nous montrerons que les artistes convoquent trois dimensions dès lors qu’ils sont amenés à juger de la valeur d’un théâtre : matérielle et technique, le théâtre est apprécié en tant qu’outil de travail ; identitaire et artistique, le théâtre est évalué en tant que partenaire ; réputationnelle, le théâtre est considéré en tant qu’intermédiaire. Au final, la prise en compte de cette évaluation tridimensionnelle met au jour une hiérarchie complexe entre les théâtres, lesquels apparaissent comme un outil de régulation important de la profession. En tant qu’acteur intermédiaire sur le marché du travail artistique, les théâtres contribuent à la valorisation et à la sélection sociale des créateurs. Plus encore, cette hiérarchisation entre théâtres révèle une division horizontale du travail largement dépendante du parcours de l’artiste et des conditions d’élaboration de son oeuvre.
Milankovitch forcing of Early Jurassic wildfires
Authors: Hollaar Teuntje Parnassia , Baker Sarah Jane , Deconinck Jean-Francois , Mander Luke , Ruhl Micha , Hesselbo Stephen P , Belcher Claire M 
Published: September 2019

The Early Jurassic was characterized by major climatic and environmental perturbations which can be seen preserved at high resolution on orbital timescales. The Early Jurassic is a period of overall global warmth, and therefore serves as a suitable modern-day analogue to understand changes in the Earth System. Presently, Earth’s climate is warming and the frequency of large wildfires appears to be increasing. Recent research has indicated that Quaternary deposits reveal that wildfires respond to orbital forcings; however, to date no study has been able to test whether wildfire activity corresponds to changes over Milankovitch timescales in the deep past.
A high-resolution astrochronology exists for the Upper Pliensbachian in the Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole (NW Wales). Ruhl et al. (2016) show that elemental concentration recorded by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF), changes mainly at periodicities of ~21,000 year, ~100,000 year and ~400,000 year, and which can be related to visually described sedimentary bundles. We have quantified the abundance of fossil charcoal at a high resolution (10-15 cm) to test the hypothesis that these well-preserved climatic cycles influenced fire activity throughout this globally warm period.
Preliminary results suggest that variations in charcoal abundance are coupled to Milankovitch forcings over periods of ~21,000 and ~100,000 years. We suggest that these changes in fire relate to changes in seasonality and monsoonal activity that drove changes in vegetation that are linked to variations in the orbital forcing. Supplementary to the charcoal record, a high-resolution clay mineralogy dataset has been generated to further explain the climatic cyclicity observed in the wildfire record regarding the hydrology on land.
Validation of the RayStation Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm using realistic animal tissue phantoms
Authors: Schreuder Andries N. , Bridges Daniel S. , Rigsby Lauren , Blakey Marc , Janson Martin , Hedrick Samantha G. , Wilkinson John B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to validate the RayStation Monte Carlo (MC) dose algorithm using animal tissue neck phantoms and a water breast phantom.MethodsThree anthropomorphic phantoms were used in a clinical setting to test the RayStation MC dose algorithm. We used two real animal necks that were cut to a workable shape while frozen and then thawed before being CT scanned. Secondly, we made a patient breast phantom using a breast prosthesis filled with water and placed on a flat surface. Dose distributions in the animal and breast phantoms were measured using the MatriXX PT device.ResultsThe measured doses to the neck and breast phantoms compared exceptionally well with doses calculated by the analytical pencil beam (APB) and MC algorithms. The comparisons between APB and MC dose calculations and MatriXX PT measurements yielded an average depth difference for best gamma agreement of <1 mm for the neck phantoms. For the breast phantom better average gamma pass rates between measured and calculated dose distributions were observed for the MC than for the APB algorithms.ConclusionsThe MC dose calculations are more accurate than the APB calculations for the static phantoms conditions we evaluated, especially in areas where significant inhomogeneous interfaces are traversed by the beam.
Iridium(III)‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling of Salicylic Acids with Alkynes: Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1‐Naphthol Derivatives
Authors: Hirosawa Keishi , Usuki Yoshinosuke , Satoh Tetsuya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe iridium(III)‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of salicylic acids with diarylacetylenes proceeds smoothly accompanied by decarboxylation to produce 5,6,7,8‐tetraarylnaphthalen‐1‐ols selectively. This reaction can be conducted even without addition of external oxidant. The same kind of naphthalen‐1‐ol derivative can also be synthesized predominantly by the reaction of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid with diphenylacetylene. Some of naphthalen‐1‐ols prepared exhibits unique optical properties.magnified image
Aqueous Batteries Operated at −50 °C
Authors: Nian Qingshun , Wang Jiayue , Liu Shuang , Sun Tianjiang , Zheng Shibing , Zhang Yan , Tao Zhanliang , Chen Jun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInsufficient ionic conductivity and freezing of the electrolyte are considered the main problems for electrochemical energy storage at low temperatures (low T). Here, an electrolyte with a freezing point lower than −130 °C is developed by using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive with molar fraction of 0.3 to an aqueous solution of 2 m NaClO4 (2M‐0.3 electrolyte). The 2M‐0.3 electrolyte exhibits sufficient ionic conductivity of 0.11 mS cm−1 at −50 °C. The combination of spectroscopic investigations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that hydrogen bonds are stably formed between DMSO and water molecules, facilitating the operation of the electrolyte at ultra‐low T. Using DMSO as the electrolyte additive, the aqueous rechargeable alkali‐ion batteries (AABs) can work well even at −50 °C. This work provides a simple and effective strategy to develop low T AABs.
Geometric E→Z Isomerisation of Alkenyl Silanes by Selective Energy Transfer Catalysis: Stereodivergent Synthesis of Triarylethylenes via a Formal anti‐Metallometallation
Authors: Faßbender Svenja I. , Molloy John J. , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Gilmour Ryan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn efficient geometrical E→Z isomerisation of alkenyl silanes is disclosed via selective energy transfer using an inexpensive organic sensitiser. Characterised by operational simplicity, short reaction times (2 h), and broad substrate tolerance, the reaction displays high selectivity for trisubstituted systems (Z/E up to 95:5). In contrast to thermal activation, directionality results from deconjugation of the π‐system in the Z‐isomer due to A1,3‐strain thereby inhibiting re‐activation. The structural importance of the β‐substituent logically prompted an investigation of mixed bis‐nucleophiles (Si, Sn, B). These versatile linchpins also undergo facile isomerisation, thereby enabling a formal anti‐metallometallation. Mechanistic interrogation, supported by a theoretical investigation, is disclosed together with application of the products to the stereospecific synthesis of biologically relevant target structures.
Infrared Fingerprint Engineering: A Molecular‐Design Approach to Long‐Wave Infrared Transparency with Polymeric Materials
Authors: Kleine Tristan S. , Lee Taeheon , Carothers Kyle J. , Hamilton Meghan O. , Anderson Laura E. , Ruiz Diaz Liliana , Lyons Nicholas P. , Coasey Keith R. , Parker Wallace O. , Borghi Ludovico , Mackay Michael E. , Char Kookheon , Glass Richard S. , Lichtenberger Dennis L. , Norwood Robert A. , Pyun Jeffrey 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOptical technologies in the long‐wave infrared (LWIR) spectrum (7–14 μm) offer important advantages for high‐resolution thermal imaging in near or complete darkness. The use of polymeric transmissive materials for IR imaging offers numerous cost and processing advantages but suffers from inferior optical properties in the LWIR spectrum. A major challenge in the design of LWIR‐transparent organic materials is that nearly all organic molecules absorb in this spectral window which lies within the so‐called IR‐fingerprint region. We report on a new molecular‐design approach to prepare high refractive index polymers with enhanced LWIR transparency. Computational methods were used to accelerate the design of novel molecules and polymers. Using this approach, we have prepared chalcogenide hybrid inorganic/organic polymers (CHIPs) with enhanced LWIR transparency and thermomechanical properties via inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur with new organic co‐monomers.