bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boundary‐making in the medico‐legal context: examining doctor–nurse dynamics in post‐sexual assault forensic medical intervention
Authors: McMillan Lesley , White Deborah 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA key dimension of the institutional response to sexual assault is the forensic medical examination of a victim's body conducted for purpose of documenting, collecting and testifying to corroborative evidence. Drawing upon in‐depth interviews with forensic examiners and forensic nurse practitioners in one region of England, this study addresses a gap in the existing research on medico‐legal processes, and critically examines the nature and dynamics of the relationship between doctors and nurses involved in this intervention. Using an analytic framework based on Thomas Gieryn's notion of ‘boundary‐work’, we explore how this historically gendered dyadic relationship is experienced and understood in a context influenced by both medicine and law. We demonstrate very clear boundaries demarcating (i) physicians as experts and nurses as non‐experts in the collection and representation of medical evidence, and, (ii) physicians as equated with technical competence and nurses with ‘caring’ duties. We conclude by positing implications that may stem from these professional relations with respect to sexual assault evidence, professionals and victims.
State of the field: How to study populism and adjacent topics? A plea for both more and less focus
Authors: ROODUIJN MATTHIJS 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAs a result of the steady rise of populist parties and politicians all over the world – and particularly since the Brexit referendum and the election of Donald Trump – populism research has become increasingly popular and widespread. The field, however, also faces some tricky challenges. First, it is easy to confuse populism with related concepts like, for instance, ‘nativism’ and ‘Euroscepticism’. This brings the risk of sloppy conceptualisation, and, as a result, invalid inferences. Second, populism research remains relatively detached from adjacent fields, and fruitful fertilisation across literatures is still rather uncommon. In order to deal with these challenges, populism research should become both more and less focused. How can these two seemingly conflicting recommendations be reconciled? When it comes to conceptualisation/categorisation strategies and drawing conclusions from studies by other researchers, populism scholars should employ a narrow framework and be precise, distinctive and consistent. Yet when it comes to exploring the literature in search of new hypotheses, scholars should employ a more open mind‐set. After all, theories developed in adjacent fields can inspire populism scholars to formulate innovative new questions and expectations.
Nanoemulsions: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Bio‐Based Active Food Packaging
Authors: Espitia Paula J. P. , Fuenmayor Carlos A. , Otoni Caio G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe increasing demands for foods with fresh‐like characteristics, lower synthetic additive and preservative contents, and low environmental footprint, but still safe to consume, have guided researchers and industries toward the development of milder processing technologies and more eco‐friendly packaging solutions. As sustainability acquires an increasingly critical relevance in food packaging, bio‐based and/or biodegradable materials stand out as suitable alternatives to their synthetic counterparts. In this context, the use of nanoemulsions has represented a step forward for improving the performance of sustainable food packaging devices, especially for the successful incorporation of new compounds and functionalities into conventional films and coatings. This class of emulsions, featuring unique optical stability and rheological properties, has been developed to protect, encapsulate, and deliver hydrophobic bioactive and functional compounds, including natural preservatives (such as essential oils from plants), nutraceuticals, vitamins, colors, and flavors. This article presents the surfactants (including naturally occurring proteins and carbohydrates), dispersants, and oil‐soluble functional compounds used for designing food‐grade nanoemulsions intended for packaging applications. The improved kinetic stability, bioavailability, and optical transparency of nanoemulsions over conventional emulsions are discussed considering theoretical concepts and real experiments. Bottom‐up and top‐down approaches of nanoemulsion fabrication are described, including high‐energy (such as high‐pressure homogenizers, microfluidics, ultrasound, and high‐speed devices) and low‐energy methods (for instance, phase inversion and spontaneous emulsification). Finally, incorporation of nanoemulsions in biopolymer matrixes intended for food packaging applications is also addressed, considering current characterization techniques as well as their potential antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens.
Introducing novel advanced practice roles into the health workforce: Dietitians leading in gastrostomy management
Authors: Simmance Natalie , Cortinovis Talya , Green Caitlyn , Lunardi Kim , McPhee Michelle , Steer Belinda , Wai Joseph , Martin Tracey , Porter Judi 
Published: December 2018

AimThe number of advanced practice roles in the Australian health‐care system is growing alongside contemporary health‐care reforms. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of introducing novel advanced practice dietitian roles in gastrostomy tube (g‐tube) management and develop a competency framework for progressing opportunities in dietetics practice and policy.MethodsA questionnaire was distributed to service lead dietitians at six participating health‐care networks at the completion of a dedicated advanced practice funding grant, and at 12‐month follow up. Service changes (e.g. number of dietitians credentialed, service and adverse events, change in patient waiting times and staff satisfaction), enablers and barriers for the implementation of the novel roles (including pre‐, during, and post‐implementation), and clinical costing estimates to measure the financial impact on the health system were investigated. Participant feedback was also used to synthesise the development of an advanced scope of practice pathway to competency.ResultsResponses were received from all participating health‐care networks. Five out of six sites successfully implemented an advanced practice role in g‐tube management, with conservative health system savings estimated at $185 000. Ten dietitians were credentialed, with a further seven trainees in progress. Over 200 service events were recorded, including those diverted from other health professionals. Enabling factors for successful introduction included strong executive and stakeholder support, resources provided by grant funding, and established credentialing governance committees. Barriers included recruitment and governance processes.ConclusionsOpportunities exist for further expansion of advanced and extended practice roles for dietitians to meet future health‐care demands.
Antidiabetic Potential of Green Seaweed Enteromorpha prolifera Flavonoids Regulating Insulin Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Yan Xin , Yang Chengfeng , Lin Guopeng , Chen Yuqing , Miao Song , Liu Bin , Zhao Chao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of water–ethanol extract of green macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera (EPW) and its flavonoid‐rich fraction less than 3 kDa (EPW3) in type 2 diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin and a high‐sucrose/high‐fat diet. The major active compounds were identified using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight‐tandem mass spectrometry. Quantitative gene expression analysis of the insulin signaling pathway was performed. The effects of EPW3 on gut microflora in diabetic mice were analyzed by high‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed EPW3 treatment decreased the fasting blood glucose, improved oral glucose tolerance, and protected against liver and kidney injury with reduced inflammation in diabetic mice. The active principle of EPW3 revealed hypoglycemic effect as indicated by activation of the IRS1/PI3K/AKT and inhibition of the JNK1/2 insulin pathway in liver. Furthermore, the treatment significantly enriched the abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Alisties, which were positive correlation of metabolic phenotypes. These findings indicated that EPW3 possessed great therapeutic potential as adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes.
A Review of Water Quality Responses to Air Temperature and Precipitation Changes 2: Nutrients, Algal Blooms, Sediment, Pathogens
Authors: Coffey Rory , Paul Michael J. , Stamp Jen , Hamilton Anna , Johnson Thomas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this paper we review the published, scientific literature addressing the response of nutrients, sediment, pathogens, and cyanobacterial blooms to historical and potential future changes in air temperature and precipitation. The goal is to document how different attributes of water quality are sensitive to these drivers, to characterize future risk, to inform management responses, and to identify research needs to fill gaps in our understanding. Results suggest that anticipated future changes present a risk of water quality and ecosystem degradation in many United States locations. Understanding responses is, however, complicated by inherent high spatial and temporal variability, interactions with land use and water management, and dependence on uncertain changes in hydrology in response to future climate. Effects on pollutant loading in different watershed settings generally correlate with projected changes in precipitation and runoff. In all regions, increased heavy precipitation events are likely to drive more episodic pollutant loading to water bodies. The risk of algal blooms could increase due to an expanded seasonal window of warm water temperatures and the potential for episodic increases in nutrient loading. Increased air and water temperatures are also likely to affect the survival of waterborne pathogens. Responding to these challenges requires understanding of vulnerabilities, and management strategies to reduce risk.
Reduced Risk of Alcohol‐Induced Pancreatitis With Cannabis Use
Authors: Adejumo Adeyinka Charles , Akanbi Olalekan , Adejumo Kelechi Lauretta , Bukong Terence Ndonyi 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundPancreatitis is an increasingly common clinical condition that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Cannabis use causes conflicting effects on pancreatitis development. We conducted a larger and more detailed assessment of the impact of cannabis use on pancreatitis.MethodsWe analyzed data from 2012 to 2014 of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project—Nationwide Inpatient Sample discharge records of patients 18 years and older. We used the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition codes, to identify 3 populations: those with gallstones (379,125); abusive alcohol drinkers (762,356); and non‐alcohol‐non‐gallstones users (15,255,464). Each study population was matched for cannabis use record by age, race, and gender, to records without cannabis use. The estimation of the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of having acute and chronic pancreatitis (AP and CP) made use of conditional logistic models.ResultsConcomitant cannabis and abusive alcohol use were associated with reduced incidence of AP and CP (aOR: 0.50 [0.48 to 0.53] and 0.77 [0.71 to 0.84]). Strikingly, for individuals with gallstones, additional cannabis use did not impact the incidence of AP or CP. Among non‐alcohol‐non‐gallstones users, cannabis use was associated with increased incidence of CP, but not AP (1.28 [1.14 to 1.44] and 0.93 [0.86 to 1.01]).ConclusionsOur findings suggest a reduced incidence of only alcohol‐associated pancreatitis with cannabis use.
Loss of forest intactness elevates global extinction risk in birds
Authors: Donald P. F. , Arendarczyk B. , Spooner F. , Buchanan G. M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOnly around a third of the world's remaining forest cover survives in the form of Intact Forest Landscapes (IFL), and that proportion is declining. Loss of intactness could impact on biodiversity in many ways but the relationship between intactness and extinction risk has not been quantified. We created Extent of Suitable Habitat (ESH) maps for all the world's forest‐dependent birds and intersected them with an independently derived IFL layer. We also estimate the proportion of the total global range‐rarity of forest‐dependent birds that is captured by IFL. The majority of forest‐dependent bird species are now confined largely or entirely to be degraded, disturbed, or fragmented (non‐IFL) forests. Furthermore, only 22.5% of global hotspots of range‐rarity for forest‐dependent birds are found within intact forests. We find a very strong positive relationship between the global extinction risk of forest‐dependent birds and the proportion of forest within their ESH that is no longer intact. This effect was independent of overall range size and phylogeny. There was also a tendency for extinction risk to be higher in species that lost more intactness in their forest ESHs between 2000 and 2016. Restoring intactness to forest landscapes will reduce global extinction risk in forest‐dependent birds.
Birth cohort effects on the quantity and heritability of alcohol consumption in adulthood: a Finnish longitudinal twin study
Authors: Virtanen Suvi , Kaprio Jaakko , Viken Richard , Rose Richard J. , Latvala Antti 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimsTo estimate birth cohort effects on alcohol consumption and abstinence in Finland and to test differences between birth cohorts in genetic and environmental sources of variation in Finnish adult alcohol use.DesignThe Older Finnish Twin Cohort longitudinal survey study 1975–2011.SettingFinland.ParticipantsA total of 26 121 same‐sex twins aged 18–95 years (full twin pairs at baseline n = 11 608).MeasurementsOutcome variables were the quantity of alcohol consumption (g/month) and abstinence (drinking zero g/month). Predictor variables were 10‐year birth cohort categories and socio‐demographic covariates. In quantitative genetic models, two larger cohorts (born 1901–20 and 1945–57) were compared.FindingsMulti‐level models in both sexes indicated higher levels of alcohol consumption in more recent birth cohorts and lower levels in earlier cohorts, compared with twins born 1921–30 (all P < 0.003). Similarly, compared with twins born 1921–30, abstaining was more common in earlier and less common in more recent cohorts (all P < 0.05), with the exception of men born 1911–20. Birth cohort differences in the genetic and environmental variance components in alcohol consumption were found: heritability was 21% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0–56%] in the earlier‐born cohort of women [mean age 62.8, standard deviation (SD) = 5.3] and 51% (95% CI = 36–56%) in a more recent cohort (mean age 60.2, SD = 3.7) at the age of 54–74. For men, heritability was 39% (95% CI = 27–45%) in both cohorts. In alcohol abstinence, environmental influences shared between co‐twins explained a large proportion of variation in the earlier‐born cohort (43%, 95% CI = 23–63%), whereas non‐shared environmental (54%, 95% CI = 39–72%) and additive genetic influences (40%, 95% CI = 13–61%) were more important among more recent cohorts of men and women.ConclusionThe contribution of genetic and environmental variability to variability in alcohol consumption in the Finnish population appears to vary by birth cohort.
Does a “Blue Revolution” help the poor? Evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Rashid Shahidur , Minot Nicholas , Lemma Solomon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe rapid growth in aquaculture production, globally and in Bangladesh is well documented. Over 2000–2010, per capita production of aquaculture grew 76%, while the consumer price of fish declined 45%. Previous studies have suggested pro‐poor effects of aquaculture based on fish production and consumption patterns. This study attempts to quantify the contribution of aquaculture to income growth and poverty reduction in Bangladesh, using household survey data and a microsimulation approach based on an expanded version of Deaton's concept of net benefit ratio. We estimate that aquaculture's contribution to income growth between 2000 and 2010 was 2.1%, including both price and quantity effects. This income growth was translated into poverty reduction of 1.7 percentage points. Although these estimates seem small, they represent almost 10% of the overall poverty reduction in Bangladesh during the first decade of the 21st century. Put differently, of the 18 million Bengalis who escaped poverty during 2000–2010, about 1.8 million of them managed to do so because of the rapid growth in aquaculture, which contributed to rural income while making fish more accessible to consumers.
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: high prevalence and cost of continued aminosalicylate use in patients with ulcerative colitis escalated to immunosuppressive and biological therapies
Authors: Ma Christopher , Guizzetti Leonardo , Cipriano Lauren E. , Parker Claire E. , Nguyen Tran M. , Gregor James C. , Chande Nilesh , Feagan Brian G. , Jairath Vipul 
Published: December 2018

SummaryBackgroundAminosalicylates are the most frequently prescribed treatment for ulcerative colitis (UC). In the absence of empirical evidence, clinicians are uncertain whether to continue aminosalicylates in patients with UC after escalating therapy.AimsTo quantify concomitant aminosalicylate use in UC randomised clinical trials (RCTs), identify factors associated with their use, and estimate treatment costs of concomitant aminosalicylate therapy.MethodsMEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to 1 March 2017 for placebo‐controlled RCTs of immunosuppressants, biologics, or oral small molecules in adults with UC. The proportion of patients prescribed concomitant aminosalicylates at trial entry was pooled using a random‐effects model. Meta‐regression was performed to assess trial‐level factors associated with aminosalicylate use. Treatment costs were estimated using 2018 formulary data from five Canadian provinces.ResultsThirty‐two trials were included (23 induction only, nine induction, and maintenance trials). The pooled proportion of patients co‐prescribed aminosalicylates was 80.7% (95% CI 75.5%‐85.1%), with considerable observed heterogeneity (I2 = 95%). In univariable meta‐regression, aminosalicylate use was not associated with trial design, setting, year of publication, disease severity, disease duration, or drug class. The estimated direct annual treatment cost of concomitant aminosalicylates is ~$20 million for the Canadian UC population, assuming conservative estimates of UC prevalence, aminosalicylate use and dose, and the lowest cost formulation.ConclusionsApproximately 80% of UC patients entering clinical trials of immunosuppressants, biologics, or oral small molecules continue to use aminosalicylates. An RCT is needed to inform the benefits and harms of continuing vs stopping aminosalicylates in patients escalating therapy.
Estimations of the Joint Distribution of Failure Time and Failure Type With Dependent Truncation
Authors: Cheng Yu-Jen , Wang Mei-Cheng , Tsai Chang-Yu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn biomedical studies involving survival data, the observation of failure times is sometimes accompanied by a variable which describes the type of failure event (Kalbeisch and Prentice, 2002). This paper considers two specific challenges which are encountered in the joint analysis of failure time and failure type. First, because the observation of failure times is subject to left truncation, the sampling bias extends to the failure type which is associated with the failure time. An analytical challenge is to deal with such sampling bias. Second, in case that the joint distribution of failure time and failure type is allowed to have a temporal trend, it is of interest to estimate the joint distribution of failure time and failure type nonparametrically. This paper develops statistical approaches to address these two analytical challenges on the basis of prevalent survival data. The proposed approaches are examined through simulation studies and illustrated by using a real data set.
Right ventricular dyssynchrony and functional capacity before and after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis: Determinants and clinical impact
Authors: Mahfouz Ragab A. , Gouda Mohamed , Galal Islam , Amin Mohamed I. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the utility of right ventricular (RV) dyssynchrony to assess functional capacity utilizing 6‐minute walking test distance (6MWTD) and to measure brain natriuretic peptide levels (BNP) in patients with mitral stenosis (MS) and to study its value to predict adverse outcome following percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV).MethodsA total of 108 patients with moderate to severe MS (26.5 ± 7.5 years) were included in this study. All were candidates for PBMV. RV strain curves were obtained using two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography, and standard deviation (SD) of 4 segments without RV apex (‐SD4) was also assessed. 6MWT and BNP were before and after 12 months following PBMV.ResultsRV‐SD4 was significantly prolonged in patients with MS compared with controls (P < 0.001). Patients with 6MWTD ≤300 m had a significantly increased RV‐SD4 (P < 0.001) and had higher BNP values (P < 0.03) compared with those with 6MWTD >300 m. RV‐SD4 showed a strong correlation with 6MWT and BNP level. RV‐SD4 was the strongest independent predictor of adverse outcome following PBMV (P < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that RV‐SD4 ≥24 ms was the cutoff value which predicts the adverse outcome following PBMV. A considerable improvement of mean 6MWT with significant reduction of BNP levels after 12 months of follow‐up (P < 0.001) in subjects with RV dyssynchrony <24 ms.ConclusionRight ventricular dyssynchrony is a useful predictor of functional status, as assessed with 6MWTD and BNP level in patients with MS. Furthermore, it might be considered as an independent predictor of adverse outcome following PMBV.
Cardiovascular manifestations of Erdheim–Chester disease
Authors: Ghotra Amaninderapal S. , Thompson Kara , Lopez‐Mattei Juan , Bawa Danish , Hernandez Ricardo , Banchs Jose , Palaskas Nicolas , Iliescu Cezar , Kim Peter , Yusuf Syed Wamique , Hassan Saamir A. 
Published: December 2018

IntroductionErdheim–Chester disease is a rare, multisystem hematologic disease. Cardiovascular involvement is seen in patients with Erdheim–Chester disease and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this series, we report various cardiovascular manifestations of patients with Erdheim–Chester disease.MethodsThis study includes patients with Erdheim–Chester disease who were referred to our institution from 12/3/2009 through 12/13/2017. All patients had biopsy‐proven Erdheim–Chester disease. Clinical data, multimodality imaging, and cardiac tests were reviewed.ResultsCardiovascular findings in 24 patients with Erdheim–Chester disease were included in the study. We reviewed available transthoracic echocardiograms, whole body PET/CT scans, and CMR studies. Most patients were male and mean age at the time of diagnosis was 58 years. Pericardial involvement (13%), myocardial infiltration (25%), endocardial involvement (4%), valvular disease (17%), aortic/vascular disease (17%), conduction system infiltration (8%), and coronary artery disease (25%) were present. At a median follow‐up of 5.5 years, mortality was 17%.ConclusionsErdheim–Chester disease can involve various cardiovascular structures and is frequently diagnosed on an imaging modality. Some patients had asymptomatic involvement, but others presented with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, and conduction system abnormalities. Early recognition of cardiovascular involvement of Erdheim–Chester disease is needed because of high morbidity and mortality.