bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Site High Rate UASB Anaerobic Demonstration Plant Treatment of NSSC Wastewater
Authors: Habets L. H. A. , Tielbaard M. H. , Ferguson A. M. D. , Prong C. F. , Chmelauskas A. J. 
Published: May 2018

Results of a 19 m3 demonstration plant studies are summarized.
The plant is located at Sturgeon Falls at a NSSC mill and hardboard plant owned by MacMillan Bloedel. The mill discharges 6300 m3/day of waste effluent containing 50 tonnes of BOD and 127 tonnes of COD.
Lab scale testing (1983) and an 18 month 1.4 m3 reactor volume pilot plant study (1985) were completed confirming treatability of the wastewater and suitability of the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) technology among others to successfully treat the mill wastewater. Discharged effluent contains spent sulphite liquor and primary clarifier effluent. As required, the 1.4 m3 Biopaq System successfully achieved BOD reductions in excess of 75 percent at loadings greater than 10 kg COD/m3.d.
As a consequence of this and because of economic considerations, the Biopaq System of Paques-Lavalin was selected for on site demonstration during a 12 months period. This period started in spring 1986. Erection of a full-scale plant is planned to take place in 1988.
The purpose of the on site demonstration study is to confirm wastewater treatability, optimize design loading rates and confirm granular sludge growth. To achieve the objectives and simulate full-scale operating conditions the MacMillan Bloedel pilot plant has been automated and is controlled via a microprocessor incorporating a customized software program. Start-up performance results and operation at incremental loadings under steady state conditions are presented together with the experience gained during extreme variations in mill effluent quality and flow.
Preliminary study results from the first 10 months disclose that a BOD removal efficiency of 80 percent or better is achieved at weekly average loadings of 15 kg COD/m3.d, and the process offers strong resilience to daily swings in wastewater quality. The results also show a net accumulation of granular sludge.
The practical application of this technology from a mill operating perspective is discussed, and the layout for a full-scale installation with projected capital and operating costs is provided.
Most of the contents of this paper was presented at the Tappi 1987 Environmental Conference (Prong etal, 1987). This paper presents the latest results.
Distribution of Chlorinated Organic Substances from Pulp Mills
Authors: Håkanson L. , Jonsson P. , Jonsson B. , Martinsen K. 
Published: May 2018

This is a report from a project sponsored by the National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, “Environment/Cellulose”, which focuses on the chemical character, distribution pattern and potential ecological hazards of chlorinated organic substances from pulp mills. This paper deals primarily with the spread of EOCl in the sediments of the Bothnian Sea and the northern part of the Baltic. Results:–there exists a clear linkage between the spread and the concentration of EOC1 in surficial sediments and the bottom dynamic conditions, such that high contents (highest 903 µg/g ds) generally appear close to the pulp mills and within areas of accumulation, and low contents (&lt; 1 µg/g ds) appear in sediments from areas of erosion and transportation;–diffuse leakage from land, emissions from urban areas, or from steel and petrochemical industries do not seem to be of any major importance for this characteristic distribution pattern of EOC1 in sediments;–sediment core data indicate an ongoing increase in EOCl-contamination;–the concentrations of EOC1 in sediments from lakes and coastal areas far from any known pulp mills are low;–the main conclusion from these studies is that EOC1 is distributed over vast areas and that it is hard or impossible to find any areas in the Bothnian Sea unaffected by these substances.
It should be noted that in all assessments of ecological risks, it is important to have knowledge of the size and character of the impact areas, but that it may be difficult to select biological test organisms and actually establish ecological effects.
The Effect of Unsaturated/Saturated Zone Property upon the Hydrogeochemical and Microbiological Processes Involved in the Migration and Attenuation of Landfill Leachate Components
Authors: Blakey N. C. , Towler P. A. 
Published: May 2018

Landfilling of domestic wastes at ‘dilute and disperse' sites on the two major aquifers in the U.K., the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone and the Cretaceous Chalk, continues to highlight the vulnerability of groundwater resources. This paper describes the findings of hydrogeochemical and microbiological investigations designed to elucidate the processes of migration and attenuation of landfill leachate components which operate in the unsaturated/saturated zone.
Microbial enumeration has shown that bacteria colonise the unsaturated and saturated zones of the Chalk, and the investigated unsaturated zone profile of the Sandstone to a depth of at least 40 m. Domestic waste landfilling on the Chalk appears to result in an increased bacterial population. The high buffering capacity of this rock type has a significant impact on pollution plume development by counteracting the potentially low pH conditions, attributable to volatile acid components of landfill leachate, which inhibit biodegradation. In the Sandstone, increased bacterial populations only correlate with horizons where anaerobic biodegradation has been identified by pore water and gas profile analysis. The limited buffering capacity of this formation indicates that a substantial depth of unsaturated zone is required to provide dilution of landfill leachate so as to maintain biodegradation and significant attenuation of pollution plume development. Simple laboratory activity tests, using recovered core material incubated under aerobic conditions at 10 °C and dosed with a range of concentrations of volatile acid solutions, have highlighted the constraints on biodegradation associated with low buffering capacity.
The long term objective of these studies has been to provide data for landfill design assessments capable of achieving the high standards which present day environmental pressures demand.
Interactions between Free-Living Amoebae and Legionella in the Environment
Authors: Harf C. , Monteil H. 
Published: May 2018

While their presence is common in the environment, culture and isolation of Legionella from environmental waters are fastidious. Free-living amoebae have identical aquatic habitats and are probable natural hosts for Legionella. In the laboratory it was shown that amoebae can feed on Legionella on solid and in liquid medium; both survived after several subcultures of amoebae. Amoebae were isolated from river waters and sediments. Cysts or trophozoites were subcultured; the amoebae were washed and harvested, then lysed by thermal shock and ultrasonic treatment. The lysates were positive for Legionella by IFD with different pools of antisera (A, B and C from CDC, Atlanta). Intra-peritoneal injection of the lysates in guinea-pigs allowed the isolation of L.pneumophila 1 from blood and various organs.
Amoebae are likely to be natural hosts for Legionella and are convenient as an ecological model in the laboratory. Intra-cellular replication and inclusion in resistant cysts of amoebae give them a possibility of survival in unfavourable conditions.
Correlations of the Protozoa, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, with Water Quality Variables in a Watershed
Authors: Rose Joan B. , Darbin Hamid , Gerba Charles P. 
Published: May 2018

A watershed in the western United States was surveyed biweekly for a year for the protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Parasite samples were collected using filtration of 200-1000 L of water, eluted by washing the filter, concentrated and clarified with density gradients. Oocyst and cysts were detected using monoclonal antibodies, in a direct or indirect immunofluorescent assay. The organisms were enumerated on membrane filters using epi-fluorescent microscopy. Number of organisms per liter of water were then calculated. Grab samples were analyzed for total and fecal coliform concentrations as well as turbidities. After log10(y+1.0) transformations, Pearson's correlation coefficients were derived for each variable against all others.
From 39 samples, Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected in 20 and 12 of the samples, respectively, and oocyst concentrations were approximately 10 times higher than cyst levels. The river downstream from the lake ran through an area concentrated with cattle pasture and had the greater numbers of both parasites (1.09 oocysts and 0.22 cysts/L). The lake, although receiving sewage effluents, may have also had lower levels (0.58 oocysts and 0.08 cysts/L) because of dilution and sedimentation.
Coliform levels ranged from 0.12 to 75 CFU/l00ml while fecal coliform levels were slightly lower. Turbidity averaged 55 NTU at the river and 48 NTU at the lake. Correlation coefficients were derived for all variables. Giardia concentrations were significantly correlated to Cryptosporidium concentrations with an r value of 0.778, significant at the 99% confidence level. No other correlations were observed between Giardia and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities nor between Cryptosporidium levels and total or fecal coliforms or turbidities.
Neither bacterial indicator organisms nor turbidity are reliable predictors for the absence of enteric protozoa in the study watershed.
The Approach to Sewage Treatment for the Coastal Towns of the Isle of Thanet, England
Authors: Midmer F. N. , Brown M. J. 
Published: May 2018

The Isle of Thanet in South East England is an important holiday area with a total summer population of 180,000 in the four seaside towns of Birchington, Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate. Sewage is discharged to sea through short sea outfalls causing pollution of local beaches. The feasibility study into possible solutions showed that marine treatment is generally the most cost effective solution for coastal towns and that local solutions were cheaper than area solutions due to the significant impact of transfer costs.
The marine treatment schemes now being built provide preliminary treatment of fine screening and grit removal in enclosed headworks with high velocity, plug flow, operation of the outfalls. Special structures have been provided to protect the tapering manifold multi-port diffusers and to provide access to the outfalls. Installation of the outfalls was successfully achieved from difficult clifftop sites.
Biological Regeneration of Activated Carbon
Authors: Dobrevski I. , Zvezdova L. 
Published: May 2018

This paper reports the results of investigations into the effect of activated carbon pore structure on the process of carbon regeneration. The suitability of several different commercial activated carbons for biological regeneration was investigated. The pore volume, pore radii, and surface area of the carbons were determined by mercury intrusion and BET methods. The adsorption capacities of the carbons were measured in completely mixed batch reactor systems. Heterogeneous micro-organism cultures and crude cell extract were used for bioregeneration of the carbons. The comparative adsorption and bioregeneration studies showed that there was no correlation between the original adsorption capacity and the regenerated adsorption capacity of activated carbons under the range of conditions used. This is due to the pore structure characteristics of the carbons. It has been found that the regenerated adsorption capacity depends on the volume of the pores with radii, r, of 5 - 50 nm (50 - 500 Å).
On the basis of substrate bio-oxidation reactions and the results obtained from identification of some exo-enzymes involved in this bio-oxidation process, the probable mechanism of bioregeneration is discussed.
The Use of Anoxic Selectors for the Control of Low F/M Activated Sludge Bulking
Authors: Shao Y.-J. , Jenkins David 
Published: May 2018

Laboratory and pilot plant experiments on anoxic selector activated sludge systems were conducted on two wastewaters in some cases supplemented with nitrate, acetate or glucose. To prevent bulking sufficient anoxic selector detention time and nitrate levels must be available to reduce selector effluent soluble COD to below 100 mg/l and to reduce readily metabolizable organic matter to virtually zero (&lt; 1 mg/l).
Soluble COD/NO3-N removal stoichiometry is in the range 6.0-6.7. Selector systems have elevated soluble substrate removal and denitrification rates compared to CSTR systems. These rates are not affected greatly by temperature (20-25°C) for CSTR sludges but are for selector sludges. Upon exhaustion of nitrate in a selector soluble COD leaks out of the activated sludge in significant amounts.
Thiothrix sp. and type 021N denitrify only to NO2 and at much slower rates than Zoogloearamigera does to N2. A sequencing batch system provides an optimistic estimate of the SVI that can be obtained by an anoxic selector system.
Water Quality Indices for the Management of Surface Water Quality
Authors: House M. A. , Newsome D. H. 
Published: May 2018

The need for a simple, objective and reproducible numeric scale to represent water quality in terms that all types of user will accept has been apparent for the last twenty years. Subjective classifications of water quality have been made, but they are seldom reproducible and lack sensitivity.
Now, a new family of water quality indices has been developed that can be used either independently or in combination which promise to overcome previous criticisms. They are currently being used by a UK water authority to assess their utility to personnel responsible for both the planning and day-to-day management of surface water quality.
Automatic Warning Stations, Recent Serious Industrial River Pollution Incidents, and Prediction Models of Pollutants Propagation–Some European Examples
Authors: Mousty Paul , Morvan Jean-Paul , Grimaud André 
Published: May 2018

The automatic analysing station located just downstream of the Basel urban area at Huningue, consists of an alarm station linking the automatic detection of certain important pollution parameters (T.O.C., hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides, etc.). and the resulting alarms, to a working mathematical model of pollutant plume propagation, operating on the river between Basel and Strasbourg. This model is keyed to the real flow conditions of the Rhine, determined by life-size tracing operations (using coloured Rhodamine marker). A decisive factor in speeding up the transmission of alarm signals, this system allows, among other things, optimum management of the valves and locks communicating with the Rhine, in order to avoid the penetration of the pollutants into the ramifications of the hydrographic network feeding the groundwater table in Alsace.
The alarm station put into service on the Rhine can look back on 10 years experience in the struggle against accidental pollutions which primarily occurred in the Paris area. There, an important alarm network consisting of eight automatic analysing stations was set up on the rivers Seine, Marne and Oise to protect the most important drinking water supply of France which provides water to more than 4 million inhabitants.
Urban Development in the Danubian Basin and Its Effects on Water Quality–Aspects and Trends
Authors: Vujnovič R. 
Published: May 2018

The fate and future of urbanisation in the Danubian Basin is linked to the processes of urban agglomerations in Europe and it can be expected that increased urban concentrations will develop along the Danube and its main tributaries, just as other regional urban systems develop in Europe.
The natural potential of the Danubian Basin is limited from the point of view of future agglomerations. The main limitations come from the availability of natural water resources, and further, from the limited space for specific uses.
The deterioration of water quality by pollution may additionally restrict the limits of urbanisation; improvement or deterioration of the situation would depend on the location and character of the sources of pollution.
The idea that urban development in the Danubian Basin must be jointly planned by all Danubian countries (in the form of a water master plan or a physical plan of the Basin) becomes increasingly appreciated. The general objective of the plans would be to make the best use of the available space and natural resources of the Danube and tributaries, for the benefit of the people living in the Basin.
Large-Scale Sewage Sludge Composting: A Case for Maintaining a Diversified Program
Authors: Toffey William E. 
Published: May 2018

The Philadelphia Water Department operates the world's largest sewage sludge composting plant – the Sludge Processing and Distribution Center (SPDC). This $80 million plant handles anaerobically digested sewage sludge generated by three regional sewage treatment plants treating 530 million gallons (2,000 million liters) of wastewater daily. SPDC was designed to compost sludge solids in an aerated static pile system of composting. During 1989, the SPDC composted the full 60,000 dry tons (56,000 dry metric tons) of sludge solids it received for processing. The Department has chosen, however, to not compost all incoming sludge solids in the future, but instead to maintain a diversified sludge utilization program. Five reasons have contributed to this decision:SPDC's practicable composting capacity is about two-fifths of its designed capacity.Facility managers have been compelled to consider limiting compost production as a key odor control strategy.Commercial markets for sludge compost have not grown in a one-to-one proportion to the increased production capacity at SPDC.Programs to use or dispose of uncomposted sludge solids are implementable and cost effective.Reliance on any single technology or end use is unacceptably risky.
The planned distribution of sludge products for calendar year 1990, by proportion of total solids and by product weight, consists of: 1) marketing of screened compost (33%), 36,000 metric tons; 2) stripmine reclamation with a cake/compost mix (20%), 45,000 metric tons; 3) landfill disposal of sludge cake (17%), 64,000 metric tons; 4) agricultural use of compost (15%), 40,000 metric tons; 5) agricultural use of sludge cake (10%), 27,000 metric tons; 6) land reclamation use of compost (3%), 10,000 metric tons; and 7) local application of compost (2%), 5,000 metric tons.
Evaluation of Municipal Sludge Drying and Dewatering with Respect to Sludge Volume Reduction
Authors: Smollen Maryla 
Published: May 2018

A number of parameters that influence sludge dewatering behaviour have been identified, but there is a lack of consensus which of these are of the greatest concern in sludge treatment strategies. Moisture retention characteristics were obtained from vacuum drying of centrifuged sludge samples to subdivide moisture into immobilised, physically and chemically bound fractions. Physically bound moisture is responsible for unsatisfactory dewatering by centrifugation. Polyelectrolyte releases some of the immobilised water, but simultaneously increases the physically bound moisture content which gives rise to large energy inputs during mechanical dewatering.
Commonly used dewaterability measurements do not appear to be linked to moisture retention characteristics.
Sustained Shockwave Plasma (SSP) Destruction of Sewage Sludge – A Rapid Oxidation Process
Authors: Mathiesen M. M. 
Published: May 2018

Sewage sludge is destroyed and neutralized in an environmentally safe way by rapid, plasma-assisted oxidation. The material is rendered inert where it is being produced, leaving behind a benign and useful solid oxidation byproduct and producing a clean off-gas. The solid product can be used as a cement or aggregate. The process is based on oxidation enhancement by employment of sustained Shockwave plasma and controlled oxidation to provide an off-gas which can effectively be handled by gas cleaning systems to provide a degree of purity required by the most stringent air quality standards. The process is very compact, owing to very rapid throughput and near-stoichiometric air requirements. It is entirely enclosed.
The Neutrail SSP process comprises three main steps; drying, oxidation and gas cleaning. The oxidation step consists of three distinct sections. It is designed to completely destroy all organic structures, limit acid gas formation and to retain a maximum amount of all volatile heavy metals in the solid residue in a non-leachable form, thereby making it possible to devise a gas cleaning system which can deliver a clean off-gas economically.
Scaling Prodedure for Biofilm Processes
Authors: Manem J. A. , Rittmann B. E. 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a scaling procedure for biofilm processes based on three critical parameters derived from mechanistic models and used as similitude criteria. The advantage of using similitude criteria is that the prototype and scaled processes can have the same performance (e.g., effluent concentration) when the similitude criteria are made equal, even though all the mechanistic parameters are not known and the full kinetic models have not been solved.
This scaling procedure, limited to situations for which the same microorganisms and process type can be assumed, is based on waking equal the three similitude criteria needed in biofilm kinetics: (1) blofilm surface concentration, ϕ1, (2) blofilm shear loss-rate, ϕ2, and (3)mass balance, ϕ3. The three similitude criteria are necessary to give, for the prototype and scaled processes, the same flux Into the blofilm (ϕ1), the same accumulation of blofilm (ϕ2), and the same mass balance on the substrate (ϕ3). When all three criteria are equal, both processes give the same effluent quality. One key finding of the similitude procedure is that the influent concentration, So, cannot remain constant if all three similitude criteria are to be equal simultaneously. The need to alter so is most important when external mass transport resistance and blofilm shear loss are significant. It is only when external mass transport resistance or biofilm shearing is unimportant that similitude can occur with the same so in both processes
This procedure was succesfully applied to scale-down of the nitrification filter of the Croissy water treatment plant (France) for laboratory studies.
Examples for the Upgrading of Existing Activated Sludge Plants for Nutrient Removal
Authors: Maier W. 
Published: May 2018

In view of the new effluent standards in West Germany, including nitrification and phosphorus elimination, many of the existing sewage treatment plants will have to be rebuilt or expanded. Another demand which will have to be dealt with in the near future is denitrification. Under consideration of the large BOD5-loads which were taken into account when designing the plants, many of them nitrify during the summer or can be easily converted to operate with nitrification.
Principles for planning the upgrading of such plants have been laid down in order to achieve the required effluent concentrations.
The application of these principles is demonstrated with examples of upgraded plants.
Short-Term Toxicity of NH3 and Low Oxygen to Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Running Waters and Conclusions for Wet Weather Water Pollution Control Measures
Authors: Gammeter Sonja , Frutiger Andreas 
Published: May 2018

The short-term toxicity of NH3 and low oxygen was determined for different species of aquatic insects (mayflies and stoneflies). The experiments were carried out in laboratory channels. Compared with fish species, the investigated macroinvertebrates were much less sensitive. Hence, if ecotoxicological criteria for the wet weather situation are developed for ammonia and oxygen, the requirements of sensitive fish species should be considered first.
In Switzerland, exceedences of the NH3 short-term threshold concentration caused by combined sewer overflow occur mostly in (too) small receiving waters during summer thunderstorms.