bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocrust landscape‐scale spatial distribution is strongly controlled by terrain attributes: Topographic thresholds for colonization in a semiarid badland system
Authors: Rodríguez‐Caballero Emilio , Román José Raúl , Chamizo Sonia , Roncero Ramos Beatriz , Cantón Yolanda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiological soil crust, or biocrust communities, are the dominating life form in many extreme habitats, such as arid and semiarid badlands, where water scarcity and highly erodible substrates limit vegetation cover. While climate, soil and biotic factors have been described as environmental filters influencing biocrust distribution in such biomes, little is known about the effect of terrain attributes on creating specific microhabitats that promote or restrict biocrust colonization. This study aimed to identify the main terrain attributes controlling biocrust distribution in the driest badland system in Europe, the Tabernas Badlands (SE Spain). To do this, we analysed the influence of different terrain attributes related to landscape stability and microclimate formation on the spatial distribution of lichen and cyanobacteria, using field measurements and topographical information from a LiDAR survey. Our results showed that the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria‐dominated biocrusts, which are physiologically and morphologically adapted to extreme drought and high UVA radiation, was mostly associated with areas of high potential incoming solar radiation. The exception was bare south‐aspect hillslopes with very high sediment transport potential, where bare physically crusted soils were the dominant ground cover. Lichen‐dominated biocrusts, in contrast, colonized near the top of north‐aspect hillslopes, characterized by low potential incoming solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration, and their cover decreased downstream, as conditions became good enough for vascular plants. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic and Environmental Prospects for Battery Electric‐ and Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Review
Authors: Ajanovic A. , Haas R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDue to the pressing environmental problems coming from the transport sector, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly over the last decade. Although different types of EVs are available on the market, the largest contribution to the reduction of environmental problems could be made through zero‐emission vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Each of these vehicles has some advantages and disadvantages. The problem they share is the high purchase price in comparison to conventional gasoline vehicles. Through the improvement of battery performance, further technological learning and a mix of different direct and indirect supporting policy measures, the competiveness of EVs could be significantly improved. EVs could already contribute to the reduction of emissions today, however the full environmental benefit of BEVs and FCVs is related to the mix of the primary energy sources used for electricity generation and hydrogen production. The increasing use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation makes EVs more environmentally friendly. Since total emissions are also dependent on the embedded emissions of cars, their lifetime as well as their usage (specific vehicle kilometers driven per year) have significant impacts on the total emissions per km driven.
Impairments in remote memory caused by the lack of Type 2 IP3 receptors
Authors: Pinto‐Duarte António , Roberts Amanda J. , Ouyang Kunfu , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe second messenger inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) is paramount for signal transduction in biological cells, mediating Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Of the three isoforms of IP3 receptors identified in the nervous system, Type 2 (IP3R2) is the main isoform expressed by astrocytes. The complete lack of IP3R2 in transgenic mice was shown to significantly disrupt Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes, while leaving neuronal intracellular pathways virtually unperturbed. Whether and how this predominantly nonneuronal receptor might affect long‐term memory function has been a matter of intense debate. In this work, we found that the absence of IP3R2‐mediated signaling did not disrupt normal learning or recent (24–48 h) memory. Contrary to expectations, however, mice lacking IP3R2 exhibited remote (2–4 weeks) memory deficits. Not only did the lack of IP3R2 impair remote recognition, fear, and spatial memories, but it also prevented naturally occurring post‐encoding memory enhancements consequent to memory consolidation. Consistent with the key role played by the downscaling of synaptic transmission in memory consolidation, we found that NMDAR‐dependent long‐term depression was abnormal in ex vivo hippocampal slices acutely prepared from IP3R2‐deficient mice, a deficit that could be prevented upon supplementation with D‐serine ‐ an NMDA‐receptor co‐agonist whose synthesis depends upon astrocytes' activity. Our results reveal that IP3R2 activation, which in the brain is paramount for Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes, but not in neurons, can help shape brain plasticity by enhancing the consolidation of newly acquired information into long‐term memories that can guide remote cognitive behaviors.
When I relive a positive me: Vivid autobiographical memories facilitate autonoetic brain activation and enhance mood
Authors: van Schie Charlotte C. , Chiu Chui‐De , Rombouts Serge A. R. B. , Heiser Willem J. , Elzinga Bernet M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAutobiographical memory is vital for our well‐being and therefore used in therapeutic interventions. However, not much is known about the (neural) processes by which reliving memories can have beneficial effects. This study investigates what brain activation patterns and memory characteristics facilitate the effectiveness of reliving positive autobiographical memories for mood and sense of self. Particularly, the role of vividness and autonoetic consciousness is studied. Participants (N = 47) with a wide range of trait self‐esteem relived neutral and positive memories while their bold responses, experienced vividness of the memory, mood, and state self‐esteem were recorded. More vivid memories related to better mood and activation in amygdala, hippocampus and insula, indicative of increased awareness of oneself (i.e., prereflective aspect of autonoetic consciousness). Lower vividness was associated with increased activation in the occipital lobe, PCC, and precuneus, indicative of a more distant mode of reliving. While individuals with lower trait self‐esteem increased in state self‐esteem, they showed less deactivation of the lateral occipital cortex during positive memories. In sum, the vividness of the memory seemingly distinguished a more immersed and more distant manner of memory reliving. In particular, when reliving positive memories higher vividness facilitated increased prereflective autonoetic consciousness, which likely is instrumental in boosting mood.
Myotomy of sternocleidomastoid muscle as a secondary procedure in laryngectomized patients
Authors: Santoro Giovanni Paolo , Luparello Paolo , Lazio Maria Silvia , Comini Lara Valentina , Martelli Federica , Cannavicci Angelo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe application of specific devices to seal the tracheal stoma in laryngectomized patients is critical for optimal pulmonary and phonatory rehabilitation. Indeed, an excessive stomal depth is one of the main causes of rehabilitation failure. In this context, division of the sternal heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is a common technique, usually performed during the laryngectomy.MethodsWe perform a myotomy of the sternal head of the SCM in deep and narrow tracheal stoma as a secondary procedure under local anesthesia, and here we describe the surgical steps of this procedure.ResultsThe medium depth of the stoma is reduced, and no procedure‐specific complications have been observed. Postoperative morphological features show a flattening of the peristomal area, and all patients have begun regular use of appropriate patches and filters.ConclusionsSecondary section of SCM is a safe, simple, and effective procedure in total laryngectomies with deep and narrow stoma.
Tongue reconstruction: Rebuilding mobile three‐dimensional structures from immobile two‐dimensional substrates, a fresh cadaver study
Authors: Baskin R Michael , Seikaly Hadi , Sawhney Raja , Danan Deepa , Burt Martha , Idris Sherif , Shama Mohamed , Boyce Brian , Dziegielewski Peter T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the two‐dimensional (2D) characteristics of flaps necessary to create three‐dimensional (3D) tongue anatomy.MethodsDissection of 11 fresh, nonpreserved human cadavers was performed. Six defects in each were created: total tongue, total oral tongue, hemiglossectomy, oral hemiglossectomy, total base of tongue, and hemi‐base of tongue. The resections were debulked to create flat, 2D mucosal flaps. The dimensions and shapes of these flaps were determined.ResultsEach specimen showed consistent dimensions and geometry between cadavers. The total tongue was pear‐shaped, the total oral tongue was egg‐shaped, the oral hemi‐tongue was bullet‐shaped, the hemi‐tongue resembled a dagger, the total base of tongue was rectangular, and the hemi‐base of tongue was hour‐glass shaped.ConclusionTypical dimensions and shapes of common tongue defects were determined. It is conceivable that customizing reconstructive flaps based on these data will increase the accuracy of neo‐tongue reconstruction, and thus, improve functional outcomes.
Effect of aspect ratio on saturated boiling flow in microchannels with nonuniform heat flux
Authors: Yan Wen‐Tao , Ye Wei‐Biao , Li Cong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicrochannel two‐phase flow is an effective cooling method used in microelectronics, in which the heat flux density is unevenly distributed usually. The paper is focused on numerical study the effect of aspect ratio on the flow boiling of microchannels with nonuniform heat flux. The heat source is a three‐dimensional (3D) integrated circuit. 3D microchannel model and volume of fluid method are coupled in numerical simulation. The results show that the aspect ratio has no relationship with the two‐phase pressure drop of the microchannel. It has a certain influence on the distribution of bubble shape. In terms of the heat transfer coefficient, the aspect ratio has a certain influence on a section of the inlet. Due to the nucleate boiling, the convective heat transfer in the remaining areas is the dominant factor and the average heat transfer coefficient is mainly determined by the heat flux at the bottom of the channel.
Seasonal controls of meltwater runoff chemistry and chemical weathering at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in central Asia
Authors: Li Xiangying , Ding Yongjian , Han Tianding , Kang Shichang , Yu Zhongbo , Jing Zhefan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTemporal variation of runoff chemistry and its seasonal controls relating to chemical weathering processes and drainage system evolution were examined at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in Xinjiang, China, over a full melt season. The dominant ions in meltwater runoff are HCO3−, Ca2+, and SO42−; and Fe, Sr, and Al are dominant elements. Concentrations of major ions and some elements show periodic variations with seasons and negatively correlate with discharge, whereas other elements (e.g., Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) show a random change, providing insights into the hydrological and physicochemical controls. HCO3− and Ca2+ are primarily derived from calcite, SO42− and Fe mainly come from pyrite, and Sr and Al principally originate from silicate. Hydrochemical fluxes of solutes exhibit strong seasonality but are positively related to discharge, suggesting an increasing release of solutes during higher flow conditions. Solute yields, cation denudation rate, and chemical weathering intensity observed at Urumqi Glacier No.1 are higher than those at most basins worldwide. This suggests that chemical weathering in central Asia may be stronger than at other glacial basins with similar specific discharge. Concentrations of some elements (e.g., Fe, Al, As, Pb, and Zn) are close to or exceed the guidelines for drinking water standards in meltwater‐fed rivers. These rivers may face future challenges of water quality degradation, and relationships between changing flow and water quality conditions should be established soon, given that development of channelized flow is expected to be earlier over a melt season in a warming climate.
ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GROUP HETEROGENEITY AND THE SELF‐GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL‐SCALE WATER CONSERVANCY FACILITIES: BASED ON THE THRESHOLD MODEL OF THE NUMBER OF WATER USER HOUSEHOLDS†
Authors: Luo Fang , Tian Miao , Sun Caihong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSmall‐scale water conservancy facilities are common‐pool resources, the self‐governance performance of which is key to reducing farming costs and determines whether farmers' demand for irrigation is met. The self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities is closely related to institutional arrangements, such as group heterogeneity and the size of the group that use water. According to the stratified random sampling data of 105 villages and 1549 farmers in Hubei, China, and based on the standardization and principal component factor analysis of the variables, the threshold model of the number of water user households is used to analyse the correlation between group heterogeneity and the self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between group heterogeneity and the self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities in small‐sized villages, a non‐significant correlation in middle‐sized villages, and a significant negative correlation in large‐sized villages; thus, there is an inverse U‐shaped relationship between them. The policy enlightenment is as follows: (i) small‐sized villages should accelerate land circulation, and the new‐style agricultural management subjects should adopt a centralized decision‐making manner; (ii) large‐sized villages should establish civil organizations, such as water users' associations and agricultural professional cooperatives. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacists' perceptions and practice changes resulting from emergence of the vancomycin‐piperacillin/tazobactam nephrotoxicity phenomenon
Authors: Hammond Drayton A. , Trivedi Abhaya P. , Esmero Veronica M. , Hamadeh Leena , Heikkinen Benjamin , Tan Carrie , Hanson Amy , Rech Megan A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPurposeTo elucidate the considerations pharmacists have when using concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (VPT) and strategies implemented across hospitals in response to published data on this phenomenon.MethodsA survey of pharmacist members of the infectious diseases and critical care (CC) practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy was conducted. Participants were grouped based on their belief (yes or no) in the association between VPT and acute kidney injury (AKI) and queried regarding AKI with VPT, antimicrobial stewardship practices, and demographics. Descriptive statistics were performed. Between‐group responses were compared using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests.ResultsThere were 238 responses. Most (88.7%) respondents believed combination VPT is associated with greater expected odds of AKI development than vancomycin monotherapy or with cefepime. Nonbelievers more commonly practiced in CC or emergency medicine (P = .006) and less frequently recommended the combination in patients already experiencing AKI (64% vs 7.4%, P < .001) and in patients with chronic kidney disease class III or IV (56.9% vs 3.7%, P < .001). Opinions varied regarding risk factors for and odds of AKI development in specific scenarios. Respondents who believed combination VPT is associated with greater odds of AKI development more frequently provided formal (18% vs 0, P = .01) and informal (73% vs 33.3%, P < .001) education on potential AKI from combination VPT and discouraged empiric combination VPT in favor of other combination(s) (40.8% vs 14.8%, P = .01). Other AMS strategies were used to a similar extent regardless of belief in the association of VPT with AKI.ConclusionMost respondents, particularly those practicing in CC and emergency medicine, believe combination VPT is associated with AKI development. These beliefs have affected antimicrobial recommendations and educational efforts. The impact of these beliefs on patient outcomes and health care expenditures requires further investigation.
Profound vitamin D deficiency in four siblings with Imerslund‐Grasbeck syndrome with homozygous CUBN mutation
Authors: Ciancio Jose I. R. , Furman Mark , Banka Siddharth , Grunewald Stephanie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImerslund‐Grasbeck syndrome (IGS, OMIM 261100) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by vitamin B12 malabsorption resulting in megaloblastic anemia and asymptomatic proteinuria. IGS is caused by bi‐allelic mutations in either CUBN or AMN that respectively encode the cubilin and amnionless subunits of the cobalamin‐intrinsic factor receptor. We report four siblings (three boys, one girl) of non‐consanguineous parents of Jewish background, aged 10 months to 12 years, with homozygous CUBN frameshift c.2614_2615deIGA p.(Asp872LeufisTer3) mutation and typical features of IGS. The two older brothers presented in early infancy with lethargy, mouth ulcerations, eosinophilic enterocolitis, megaloblastic anemia and failure to thrive. Investigations revealed low serum cobalamin levels. Intramuscular hydroxycobalamin supplementation resulted in dramatic resolution of all symptoms including lethargy. A positive impact on their growth curve was seen. Prospective early treatment in the younger siblings prevented these manifestations. Proteinuria with proximal tubulopathy was seen in all patients, plasma protein level and renal function were normal. All children had pronounced vitamin D deficiency and required high doses of oral supplementation. Vitamin B12 treatment could be individually adjusted; requirement decreased with age. Tubulopathy showed improvement over time. Low vitamin D could be explained by cubilin being involved in reabsorption of vitamin carriers.
Human papillomavirus DNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in the Free State, South Africa
Authors: Bulane Atang , Goedhals Dominique , Seedat Riaz Y. , Goedhals Jacqueline , Burt Felicity 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been associated with a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV DNA in archived formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue from patients with histologically confirmed HNSCCs in a South African cohort. A nested PCR was used for the detection of HPV DNA targeting the L1 gene. Positive samples were confirmed using an in‐house hemi‐nested PCR targeting the E6 gene and genotyped by sequence determination of amplicons. HPV DNA was detected in 57/780 (7.3%) samples, with the highest prevalence being in the sinonasal tract (16.0%) and oropharynx (10.8%). HPV16 was the most frequently detected type, being found in 26/57 (45.6%) positive samples. The prevalence of HPV DNA in HNSCCs found in this study was lower than that found in developed countries
Iterative formulation for the skin effect on cylindrical conductors based on the Feynman's approach
Authors: Cardoso Jose Roberto , Salles Mauricio Barbosa Camargo , Pereira Ronaldo F. , Costa Eduardo C. , Sguarezi Filho Alfeu J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOnly qualitative aspects on the skin effect in conductors are properly described in the technical literature on power systems applications. Although the qualitative analysis is an important issue, it is not sufficient for a full approach and proper understanding of this electromagnetic phenomenon in power systems, more specifically in power transmission systems. The present work intends to provide a quantitative analysis of the skin effect on conductors based exclusively on the Maxwell Equations, whereby both physical and mathematical treatments of the phenomenon are properly analysed. This approach contrasts with the traditional one that uses a complex formulation based on both the differential Maxwell equations and potential concepts. Finally, a discussion on the application of the Poynting theorem on the external surface of the cylindrical conductor is presented in order to evaluate not only the resistance, but also the inductance as a function of the frequency, which is not properly discussed in the technical literature on power systems.
The interaction between serum amyloid A and Toll‐like receptor 2 pathway regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Song Li‐Ting , Lai Wen , Li Jia‐Shan , Mu Yu‐Zhu , Li Chang‐Yi , Jiang Shao‐Yun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundSerum amyloid A (SAA) has been identified to trigger inflammation response, and play a crucial role in chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of SAA still remains unclear during the development of periodontitisMethodsSAA mRNA and protein expression were detected in healthy and inflammatory gingival tissues using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Human recombinant SAA (Apo‐SAA), Pam3CSK4 (a Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 ligand), siRNA‐SAA, or TLR2 neutralizing antibody was applied to treat human gingival fibroblasts, respectively, or combined. SAA, TLRs, and inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐8 were analyzed by real‐time PCR, western blotting, or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSAA expression increased in human inflammatory gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis (P <0.05). Apo‐SAA could increase not only the mRNA expression of TLR2 (P <0.05), but also IL‐6 and IL‐8 mRNA and protein levels (P <0.05) which was suppressed by TLR2 antibody in human gingival fibroblasts. Pam3CSK4 increased SAA, IL‐6, and IL‐8 levels (P <0.05). However, the expression of SAA, IL‐6, and IL‐8 decreased after transfection of siRNA‐SAA (P <0.05).ConclusionSAA not only increases in inflammatory gingiva, but also triggers inflammatory cytokine secretion via interacting with TLR2 pathway in human gingival fibroblasts, which indicates that SAA is involved in periodontal inflammation.