bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social media and orthodontic treatment from the patient’s perspective: a systematic review
Authors: Papadimitriou Aikaterini , Kakali Lydia , Pazera Pawel , Doulis Ioannis , Kloukos Dimitrios 
Published: April 2019

Summary

Background
Social media are one of the most common and easily accessible ways of gaining information about orthodontic treatment.

Objective
The main objective of this study was to systematically search the literature and determine the various aspects of the interrelationship between social media and orthodontics from the patient’s perspective.

Search methods
Electronic database searches of published and unpublished literature were performed. The reference lists of all eligible articles were hand-searched for additional studies.

Selection criteria
Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies were included.

Data collection and analysis
Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed individually and in duplicate by the first two authors.

Results
One RCT, three retrospective, and four cross-sectional studies were deemed as eligible for inclusion in this review. The studies included patient’s statements in social media or results from questionnaires given to patients. The social media reported were with order of frequency: Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, Google+, Pinterest, and Instagram. The feelings the patients expressed seemed to be more positive than negative: enthusiasm, self-esteem and pleasure, excitement about the aesthetic result, excitement after braces removal but also antipathy, annoyances, reduced self-esteem, and impatience for removing mechanisms. In addition, one study referred to bullying through Twitter.

Limitations
The high amount of heterogeneity precluded a valid interpretation of the results through pooled estimates.

Conclusions and implications
This systematic review demonstrated that information about orthodontics, how the patient feels, and other psychosocial facets are spread through social media. It is intuitive that research relating to the effects and impact of orthodontic interventions should account not only for the physical impacts of treatment but also to encompass patient-centered outcomes.

Registration
The protocol of this study was not registered in publicly assessable database.

Conflicts of interest
None to declare.
Does Empathy Have a Cost? Older Adults and Social Partners Experiencing Problems
Authors: Huo Meng , Fuentecilla Jamie L , Birditt Kira S , Fingerman Karen L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Empathy underlies older adults’ awareness and responses to their social partners’ needs, but it is unclear whether such awareness is beneficial or harmful to older adults’ well-being. We examined whether older adults’ empathy was associated with having encounters with social partners incurring problems and their own well-being throughout the day.

Research Design and Methods
Participants were adults aged more than 65 years from the Daily Experiences and Well-being Study. These older adults (n = 313) rated empathy and indicated social partners’ problems (e.g., health, emotional, and financial problems) in a baseline interview. They also reported encounters with social partners and their mood every 3 hr over 5–6 days.

Results
Multiple regressions showed that more empathic older adults reported a greater proportion of social partners with major life problems than less empathic older adults. Older adults’ empathy was not associated with their contact or negative encounters with social partners experiencing problems. Multilevel models revealed that encounters with these social partners had negative consequences for older adults’ mood throughout the day; however, these consequences were reduced in more empathic older adults.

Discussion and Implications
This study emphasizes the importance of empathy in late life and refines our understanding of older adults’ social lives and well-being. Findings carry implications for interventions that aim to protect older adults’ well-being when their close others incur crises.
The Real Cost: Alaska’s innovative media campaign to raise awareness about the direct and indirect costs of smoking to society
Authors: Pizacani Barbara , Rohde Kristen , Fenaughty Andrea , Tutiakoff Tiffany 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Smoking incurs heavy financial costs for direct medical expenditures and lost productivity related to premature death. The Alaska Tobacco Prevention and Control Program designed a media campaign called ‘The Real Cost’ to raise awareness of the economic cost of smoking to all Alaskans, regardless of their smoking status. The campaign presented this information through television and radio ads between December 2012 and March 2013. The first ad, ‘Dream Scene’, focused on overall cost of smoking to Alaska. The second ad, ‘Oil Change’, focused on lost productivity. We conducted three cross-sectional telephone surveys, one prior to the campaign and one after each ad was run to assess changes in beliefs associated with the main campaign messages. At Survey 2, we observed increased adjusted odds of agreement with the main campaign message, ‘I am affected financially by other people’s smoking’ (adjusted odds ratio = 4.5, 95% confidence interval = 3.0–6.7). At Survey 3, we observed elevated adjusted odds of agreement for beliefs related to all campaign messages. This campaign was successful in raising knowledge and awareness of the cost of smoking on a societal level among adult, nonsmoking residents of Alaska.
Derived Categories of Families of Sextic del Pezzo Surfaces
Authors: Kuznetsov Alexander 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe construct a natural semiorthogonal decomposition for the derived category of an arbitrary flat family of sextic del Pezzo surfaces with at worst du Val singularities. This decomposition has three components equivalent to twisted derived categories of finite flat schemes of degrees 1, 3, and 2 over the base of the family. We provide a modular interpretation for these schemes and compute them explicitly in a number of standard families. For two such families the computation is based on a symmetric version of homological projective duality for ${{\mathbb{P}}}^2 \times{{\mathbb{P}}}^2$ and ${{\mathbb{P}}}^1 \times{{\mathbb{P}}}^1 \times{{\mathbb{P}}}^1$, which we explain in an appendix.
An intuitionistic logic for preference relations
Authors: Maffezioli Paolo , Naibo Alberto 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe investigate in intuitionistic first-order logic various principles of preference relations alternative to the standard ones based on the transitivity and completeness of weak preference. In particular, we suggest two ways in which completeness can be formulated while remaining faithful to the spirit of constructive reasoning, and we prove that the cotransitivity of the strict preference relation is a valid intuitionistic alternative to the transitivity of weak preference. Along the way, we also show that the acyclicity axiom is not finitely axiomatizable in first-order logic.
Ability of Two Commercially Available Host-Targeted Technologies to Reduce Abundance of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in a Residential Landscape
Authors: Jordan Robert A , Schulze Terry L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Host-targeted technologies provide an alternative to the use of conventional pesticide applications to reduce the abundance of Ixodes scapularis Say, the vector for an array of tick-associated human diseases. We compared the ability of Damminx Tick Tubes (Damminix) and SELECT Tick Control System (Select TCS) bait boxes to control host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs in a wooded residential environment. Small mammals accepted and used Select TCS bait boxes with greater frequency compared to Damminix tubes over the course of the 2-yr trial. Nymphal tick infestation prevalence and intensity on captured mice and chipmunks provided no conclusive evidence of a treatment effect during May–June of both years. However, both treatments had a measurable effect on larval tick burdens in July–August and the magnitude of the effect was greater at the Select TCS-treated area and reflected the fact that Select TCS effectively treated chipmunks, while Damminix did not. Deployment of Damminix resulted in 27.6 and 20.3% control of questing nymphs in treated areas at 1 yr and 2 yr postintervention, while Select TCS bait boxes provided 84.0 and 79.1% control, respectively. The economics of residential tick control using these products in wooded residential landscapes is discussed.
How Cognitive Frameworks Shape the American Approach to International Relations and Security Studies
Authors: Cheng Christine , Brettle Alison 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhy do American perspectives of international relations (IR) continue to hold sway over an increasingly diverse discipline? What actually constitutes “Americanness” in IR? Who is considered “American” in IR? These are the central questions we explore in this essay. Drawing on cognitive and behavioral insights from social psychology, we argue that there is a distinct “American approach” to international relations and security studies and that this approach is a product of Western cognitive frames. We identify three factors that represent the American approach's hyper-Westernized framing: individualism, equality, and a preference for causal rather than contextual analysis, and a preference for egalitarianism. We argue that these are reinforced by two social identity processes—academic identity and national identity. The consequences of “being American” in IR and security studies suggest not only problems of attention and accuracy, but an inherent failure to appreciate that Western—and particularly, American—ways of seeing and valuing the world are not universal.
Effect of Clinically Uninfected Orthopedic Implants and Pacemakers/AICDs in Low-Risk Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection on Crude Mortality Rate: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Large Cohort Study
Authors: Kaasch Achim J , Kern Winfried V , Joost Insa , Hellmich Martin , Seifert Harald , Rieg Siegbert 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
The standard treatment duration in low-risk Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream (SAB) is 14 days. However, it is unclear whether an extended course of antimicrobial therapy is necessary in patients with clinically uninfected prosthetic joints/osteosyntheses or pacemakers/automated implanted cardioverter-defibrillators (AICDs). Thus, we compared the duration of antimicrobial therapy and outcomes in patients with and those without clinically uninfected foreign bodies.

Methods
We conducted a post hoc analysis of data from the prospective Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection Cohort (INSTINCT) study. Adult low-risk patients who survived ≥4 days were assessed for duration of treatment, SAB-related events (attributable death, relapse, or new deep-seated infection), and survival.

Results
Of the 1288 patients enrolled, 292 satisfied criteria for low-risk SAB. Forty-three patients (15%) had a clinically uninfected pacemaker/AICD or orthopedic implant. Patients with foreign bodies were significantly older (mean age, 72 vs 62 years for those without; P &lt; .001; P = .9) and had a higher Charlson score (median, 3 vs 2; P = .06). The total duration of antimicrobial therapy (median, 18 vs 17 days, respectively; P = .7), all-cause mortality rate (16% vs 14%; P = .7), and prevalence of SAB-related events within 90 days were similar (2% vs 2%) in the 2 groups. At 1-year follow-up, SAB-related events were more frequent in patients with foreign bodies (7% vs 4% in those without; P = .4) (hazard ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, .35–5.69; in a multivariable Cox model), but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
Low-risk patients with clinically uninfected foreign bodies received a similar duration of antimicrobial therapy without a significant impact on mortality rate. The observed higher hazard ratio of SAB-related events within 1 year necessitates additional studies before recommendations concerning treatment duration in this patient subgroup can be adapted or modified.
A Decade On: Systematic Review of ClinicalTrials.gov Infectious Disease Trials, 2007–2017
Authors: Jaffe Ian S , Chiswell Karen , Tsalik Ephraim L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Registration of interventional trials of Food and Drug Administration–regulated drug and biological products and devices became a legal requirement in 2007; the vast majority of these trials are registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. An analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov offers an opportunity to define the clinical research landscape; here we analyze 10 years of infectious disease (ID) clinical trial research.

Methods
Beginning with 166 415 interventional trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov from 2007–2017, ID trials were selected by study conditions and interventions. Relevance to ID was confirmed through manual review, resulting in 13 707 ID trials and 152 708 non-ID trials.

Results
ID-related trials represented 6.9%–9.9% of all trials with no significant trend over time. ID trials tended to be more focused on treatment and prevention, with a focus on testing drugs, biologics, and vaccines. ID trials tended to be large, randomized, and nonblinded with a greater degree of international enrollment. Industry was the primary funding source for 45.2% of ID trials. Compared with the global burden of disease, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and hepatitis C trials were overrepresented, and lower respiratory tract infection trials were underrepresented. Hepatitis C trials fluctuated, keeping with a wave of new drug development. Influenza vaccine trials peaked during the 2009 H1N1 swine influenza outbreak.

Conclusions
This study presents the most comprehensive characterization of ID clinical trials over the past decade. These results help define how clinical research aligns with clinical need. Temporal trends reflect changes in disease epidemiology and the impact of scientific discovery and market forces. Periodic review of ID clinical trials can help identify gaps and serve as a mechanism to realign resources.
Chekhov’s corner: Using Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opiate Epidemic in the public health classroom
Authors: Basch Corey H , Wagner Victoria H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Narratives can provide an interesting approach to health communication, incorporating anecdotes, imagery, and details that resonate with readers. Given this context, the purpose of this study was to explore the use of Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opiate Epidemic to define and demonstrate an understanding of Ethos, Pathos and Logos.

Methods
This qualitative, cross-sectional education research was based on the use of Dreamland: The True Tale of America's Opiate Epidemic by Sam Quinones in an undergraduate elective. The elective course focused on using popular literature to promote a better understanding of health concepts. The assignment focused on the applicability of models of persuasion (Ethos, Pathos, and Logos) used in this book. Responses (n = 18) were compiled and reviewed following the basic premise of the Grounded Theory approach. This allowed for the identification and development of overarching themes in a way that gives a sense of how students applied this reading to the aforementioned directed question regarding models of persuasion.

Results
In establishing Ethos, the author’s background as a journalist and the detailed interviews with credible sources were two major themes. Student quotations demonstrate that Pathos in this book was exemplified by presenting many different aspects of a complicated epidemic, rife with possibilities for evoking emotion. Illustrative quotations indicate that students are critically analyzing the text.

Conclusion
Narratives can serve as a vehicle that influences people’s understandings and beliefs, potentially promoting change in behavior or attitudes. They can enhance public health education and learning in an enriching and cross-disciplinary way.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN RADIOCESIUM DEPOSITION ON THE FUKUSHIMA FLOODPLAIN
Authors: Nakanishi T , Sato S , Matsumoto T 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There has been significant concern about increases in the exposure dose in living areas due to the accumulation of radiocesium discharged from contaminated mountainous forests in Fukushima. In this study, we investigated the history of radiocesium deposition on several floodplains in Fukushima following the nuclear power plant accident. Radiocesium concentrations in river suspended particles and the air dose rates on the floodplains were observed continuously. The annual sediment accumulation on the floodplains was 5.5–200 kg m−2, and the observed radiocesium concentration decreased with the decrease in the radiocesium concentration of suspended particles. The air dose rates on the floodplains were gradually decreasing with time. In 2015, with heavy flood discharge, a sediment accumulation of 180–200 kg m−2 and a sharp decrease in the air dose rate were observed at the Takase River, which does not have a reservoir. Conversely, the sediment accumulation at the Ukedo River was significantly reduced due to deposition in an upstream reservoir.
B-104 Presence of HIV-1 RNA in extracellular vesicles from HIV-1 cART-treated cells
Authors: Kashanchi Fatah , Demarino Catherine , Pleet Michelle , Barclay Robert , Royal Walter , Noren Hooten Nicole 
Published: April 2019

HIV-1 is a complex retrovirus that produces chronic infection affecting approximately 40 million people worldwide and 1.1 million new infections each year.
We have previously shown that during infection, EVs contain a non-coding HIV-1 RNA, which has been shown to elicit responses in recipient cells (1–3).
First, we investigated the effect of exosomes derived from uninfected cells on latent HIV-1–infected cells and found that there is an abundant level of short noncoding RNA in infected cells, arguing that a true “transcriptional latency” may not exist in vivo since cells are constantly in contact with exosomes from uninfected cells.
A possible mechanism for this finding revealed that the exosomes cause an increase in RNA Polymerase II loading onto the DNA within the infected cells; this was possibly driven by the presence of specific kinases in the exosomes, some of which were unique to T-cell-derived and myeloid-derived exosomes. Subsequently transcribed viral transcripts, which include TAR and a novel RNA termed “TAR-gag”, can then be packaged into exosomes and potentially be exported to neighboring uninfected cells. TAR-gag is a long, noncoding RNA that is 615 bases long, contains the TAR element, and terminates within the p17 region of HIV-1 gag (1). In the presence of transcription inhibitors F07#13 (a Tat peptide mimetic) and CR8#13 (an ATP-binding analog of Cdk9), TAR-gag is capable of binding to SWI/SNF components in the nucleus, including the mSin3A/HDAC-1 complex, and serves as a scaffolding RNA. Additionally, TAR-gag can recruit suppressive factors and RNA-binding proteins to the HIV-1 promoter, resulting in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) (2).
In our most recent data, we found altered levels of genomic RNA within EVs while other RNAs, such as TAR RNA, remained unaffected by the addition of cART treatment in both cell lines, primary macrophages, and patient biofluids. Furthermore, we determined possible mechanisms involved in the selective packaging of HIV-1 RNA products into EVs specifically, an increase in EV-associated RNA-binding protein hnRNPA2/B1, and a “reader” for methylated RNA.
C-106 Tumor targeting antibodies to improve tumor immunity: The role of microbiota
Authors: Fu Yang-Xin 
Published: April 2019

Tumor cells express a panel of surface molecules to promote their growth and evade immune responses, such as oncogenic receptors, PD-L1, andCD47. Tumor targeting antibodies have been designed to kill tumor cells. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including stress-induced apoptosis, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, complement dependent cytotoxicity, and increased phagocytosis. We have now observed that anti-Her2/neu-mediated tumor regression depends on MyD88, interferon, CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Anti-CD20 mediated tumor eradication depends on IFN and CD8. CD47 is highly expressed stem-like cancer cells that are more resistant to conventional treatment. Using xenograft and in vitro models, anti-CD47antibody (Ab) that blocks SIRP signaling by CD47 is thought to enhance “eat me” signaling to kill tumor cells by macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Our study is revealing that local anti-CD47 antibody regresses tumor cells depending on cGAS/STING but not MyD88, IFN, and CD8+ T cells. Therefore, our studies have now revealed a distinct mechanism for antibody-mediated tumor regression that include different innate sensing and adaptive pathways and open new avenues for combinational therapies with other conventional drugs andimmunotherapy.
We have further observed that the anti-tumor efficacy of anti-CD47 antibody blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota are generally hypothesized to influence anti-tumor responses by initiating gut immunity. However, we observed the primary site of enhancing anti-tumor immunity is inside tumor by microbiota. Furthermore, intratumoral administration of a microbiota isolated from tumor tissues restore anti-tumor immunity in non-responder of anti-CD47 treatment. Together, our study has identified gut microbiota colonized in the tumor sites facilitates CD47-based immunotherapy by STING signaling and has applicability to improve anti-CD47 immunotherapy.
D-101 Expression of evolutionarily novel genes in tumors—The possible role of tumors in evolution
Authors: Kozlov Andrei 
Published: April 2019

Earlier I formulated the hypothesis of the possible evolutionary role of tumors. This hypothesis suggests that heritable tumors at earlier stages of progression supply evolving multicellular organisms with extra cell masses for the expression of newly evolving genes. After expression of novel genes in tumor cells, tumors differentiate in new directions and may give rise to new cell types, tissues and organs (A.P. Kozlov, “Evolution by Tumor Neofunctionalization”, Elsevier/Academic Press, 2014).
In my lab we described several genes with dual specificity—evolutionary novel genes expressed specifically or predominantly in tumors (OTP, ESRG, PVT1, ELFN1-AS1, HHLA1, DCD, SPRR1A, CLLU1, PBOV1 and others).
We also described the evolutionary novelty of the whole classes of genes expressed predominantly in tumors, that is, CT-X genes and genes of noncoding tumor specifically expressed RNAs.
We studied the phylogenetic distribution of the orthologs of genes expressed in tumors and found that different functional gene classes have different evolutionary novelty. Some of them are enriched by evolutionarily novel genes. We showed the evolution of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and differentiation genes occurred in a parallel way, which supports the participation of tumors in the origin of new cell types. Some human genes which determine progressive traits originated in fishes and were first expressed in fish tumors.
The existing data obtained in our lab and by other authors suggest that genes originated by gene duplication; from endogenous retroviruses; by exon shuffling; and de novo are expressed in tumors, sometimes with high tumor specificity.
The conclusion will be made that the expression of evolutionarily novel genes in tumors may be a novel biological phenomenon with important evolutionary role.