bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Global Agenda: 1997–2001
Authors: Gannon John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The National Intelligence Council’s role in nontraditional threats grew considerably under John Gannon’s chairmanship to include major studies on issues such as technological innovation, narcotics, HIV/AIDS, and global migration. These and other reports informed the production of the highly acclaimed Global Trends 2015, which took its predecessor report several steps further, particularly in its engagement of nongovernmental experts and organizations. On a more contentious note, the Republican takeover of the House of Representatives in 1994 led to creation of a commission led by Donald Rumsfeld to look into what was seen by some as a too-sanguine assessment of the nuclear proliferation threat. The Rumsfeld Commission’s focus on North Korea, Iran, and Iraq was a harbinger of the George W. Bush administration’s focus on the “axis of evil” and its fateful invasion of Iraq in 2003, with Rumsfeld playing a lead role as secretary of defense.
The Trauma of 9/11: 2001–2002
Authors: Helgerson John L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
John Helgerson’s tenure began just six weeks before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The terrorist threat had been the subject of major analyses produced during John Gannon’s tenure; it became the overwhelming priority after 9/11. Helgerson describes the early responses as well as the longer-term analyses of the evolving terrorist threat and the new landscape of counterterrorist cooperation with traditional allies and former adversaries alike. The US intervention in Afghanistan to topple the Taliban regime gave way to a new focus on Iraq. The ostensible rationale for the invasion of Iraq was a controversial national intelligence estimate on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Although the NIE was published in the interval between Helgerson’s tenure and his successor’s, the chapter assesses the estimate and the decision to go to war in Iraq through the analysis of National Intelligence Officer Paul Pillar, who straddled both tenures.
Envisioning the Future as a Working Mother
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins before a woman even becomes pregnant. Many women spend years focusing on building a career, taking the time to build essential human capital skills that make them valuable resources in the workforce. However, there comes a time when most women begin to think actively about their future and determine whether or not that includes having children. When women have built a career and a personal life that they find satisfying, it becomes hard to imagine how children can be integrated into the mix. In this chapter we explore questions women often have at this important juncture in life, including: How does having a baby impact a woman’s career? How much does it cost to have a child? How does having a baby affect personal freedom?
Nine Months and Counting
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the foundations of working motherhood as women become pregnant and begin to negotiate professional and mothering roles as they disclose their pregnancies at work and prepare for maternity leave. We discuss three significant adjustments most women experience as they begin to integrate pregnancy and work. The first is a psychological adjustment that starts as a pregnant woman begins to envision her future identity as a working mother. The second adjustment is a physical one that stems from how a woman copes with her changing body in the workplace. The last adjustment is an interpersonal one and relates to how a pregnant woman manages interactions with her boss and her colleagues. We explore various ways women navigate these adjustments and how they set women up for positively integrating work and motherhood.
The Ethics of Universal Health Insurance
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Millions of Americans lack health insurance, and thousands suffer and die every year. Philosophers have argued that an ideal society would avoid these problems by guaranteeing affordable access to health insurance, but what about people’s concerns that a universal health insurance system would be inefficient, create excessive fiscal risk, or impose high taxes and other personal costs? This book examines the ethical issues raised by these objections. It shows that the ethical principles underlying these concerns are legitimate and that they might even justify opposition to poorly designed universal health insurance plans. However, the objections do not undercut the moral case for adopting a well-designed universal health insurance system that improves on the gains made in the Affordable Care Act. Addressing these objections is important because they are philosophically rich and interesting, and since the objections help drive actual disagreements about health policy, responding to them also contributes to the real-world case for universal access to health insurance. Understanding these issues in the health care debate has larger upshots as well. It leads us to a deeper understanding of progressive and conservative views on distributive justice, and it provides a framework for analyzing debates about any part of the social safety net—in America and elsewhere.
Introduction
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Most Americans see the need for a national health policy that guarantees reasonable access to health insurance for all citizens, but some worry that a universal health insurance system would be inefficient, create excessive fiscal risk, or demand too much of them, either by increasing their taxes or by rendering their own health insurance unaffordable. After describing these three objections and the role they play in health care debates, the introduction outlines the contents of each chapter. It concludes with some remarks about how data will be handled in the book’s later chapters.
The Ethical Issues Raised in Health Care Debates
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This book will ask whether universal health insurance systems are objectionable on the ground that they are inefficacious, fiscally risky, or require that individuals bear excessive personal costs. These issues are of serious philosophical interest, but there is also substantial evidence that opinions about fiscal risk, efficacy, and personal cost drive many Americans’ actual views on health care. This chapter surveys the polling data about these issues. The end of the chapter discusses the limitations of this evidence as well as alternative hypotheses about the drivers of the health care debate.
Personal Cost
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Some people object to social minimum programs, including certain health care programs, because they believe the programs impose excessive taxes and other personal costs on those who fund them. This chapter argues that the most plausible philosophical reconstruction of this objection would rely on a personal cost principle which says that, in general, the proper level of the social minimum is at least partly a function of whether the benefits provided by the social minimum programs outweigh the costs, when judged on a scale that assigns disproportionate weight to those who bear the costs. It is argued that the personal cost principle can find a place within several plausible theories of justice, and that, in addition, the benefits of a well-designed universal health insurance system outweigh its costs.
The Case for Universal Health Insurance
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The previous chapters have examined three significant objections to universal health insurance—objections focused on fiscal risk, efficacy, and personal cost. This chapter synthesizes the responses to those concerns, revealing that they fit together into a single, coherent outlook on the ethics of health care. It is argued that in light of the considerations offered in previous chapters, the Affordable Care Act is problematic—deserving of support only in the face of inferior alternatives. In contrast, there are no similar problems with well-designed single-payer or regulated-market systems. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the next steps in a complete case for universal health insurance.
Christian Character Formation
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This work investigates worship and formation in view of Christian anthropology, particularly union with Christ. Traditions which value justification by faith wrestle to some degree with how to describe and encourage ethical formation when salvation and righteousness are presented as gracious and complete. The dialectic of law and gospel has suggested to some that forgiveness and the advocacy of ethical norms contend with each other. By viewing justification and formation in light of Christ’s righteousness which is both imputed and imparted, it is more readily seen that forgiveness and ethics complement each other. In justification, God converts a person, by which he grants new character. Traditional Lutheran anthropology says that this regeneration grants a new nature in mystical union with Jesus Christ. Considering Oswald Bayer’s “suffering” the word of Christ, Louis-Marie Chauvet’s “symbolic order” and Bernd Wannenwetsch’s understanding of worship as Christianity’s unique “form of life,” Grobien argues that worship practices are the foundational and determinative context in which grace is offered and in which the distinctively Christian ethos supports virtues consistent with Christian character. This understanding is also coordinated with Stanley Hauerwas’s narrative ethics and Luther’s teaching of virtue and good works in view of the Ten Commandments.
Christian Virtue and “Meta-virtues”
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The new character of the life in union with Christ and formed in the worship of the Church nourishes the fundamental virtues of faith and love. Having established the theological underpinnings of the Christian character and the community setting in which it comes into existence and grows, this chapter considers the virtues of this Christian character and argues for a particular understanding of virtue in view of Luther’s teaching on virtue and good works. Although Luther’s criticism of Aristotelian philosophy was so strong that he rarely even used the term “virtue,” he speaks of “good works” as inclinations that grow out of faith and love. Faith inclines a person toward worship, thanks, and praise of God. Love inclines Christians to see themselves in the place of their neighbors in accordance with the Golden Rule and to act according to the neighbor’s benefit.
The Many Deaths of Peter and Paul
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There was never a single story about the deaths of Peter and Paul, and attempts to create a master, seamless narrative of either death or both deaths misrepresent the ancient evidence. From the earliest literary accounts, authors told the stories differently based upon the needs of their own contexts. This volume examines major narrative elements of the martyrdom accounts and explores the variety concerning whether the apostles died separately or together, why they died, when they died, where they died, and what happened to their bodies after their deaths. It also explores divergent presentations of Peter and Paul themselves and of their primary adversaries, the antichrist figures Nero and Simon Magus. The study treats the various martyrdom accounts as products of social memory and thus attempts to explain why the different accounts present the purported same events so differently.
Justifying Death
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There was no single tradition about the deaths of Peter and Paul. Instead, there existed a cluster of traditions with some overlap on basic points, but much variety on other details. This chapter explores the explanations for the apostles’ deaths. In some sources Peter rouses the ire of the emperor through his preaching on chastity (Acts of Peter), while Paul is viewed as a political revolutionary (Acts of Paul). However, other, typically later authors emphasize the joint martyrdom tradition and link their deaths to the conflict with Simon Magus. This chapter analyzes texts reflecting each explanation and demonstrates that none can be read at face value, because each is a product of its particular social and political context.
Epigenetics and twin studies:
Authors: van Dongen Jenny , Boomsma Dorret I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Throughout life, human traits are characterized by variability: they show variation between people and within persons over a time period. Such variation between and within persons can be related to genotype or environment and can be examined in studies of mono- and dizygotic twins. Increasingly, twins are also studied to examine variation at the molecular level, including variation in epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation. These mechanisms regulate how the DNA code is used in cells and are increasingly recognized as important contributors to phenotypic differences. In the brain, epigenetic mechanisms are crucial to development and synaptic plasticity, and are probably at the molecular basis of processes such as learning and memory. Epigenetic mechanisms represent a biological path through which environment and DNA-sequence variants may exert their effects on complex traits. When studying epigenetic mechanisms in human traits and understanding the sources of epigenetic variation twin-based research offers exceptional opportunities. This chapter describes epigenetic mechanisms and the value of twin research, with a focus on DNA methylation and traits related to cognitive and mental health.
Gene–environment interactions in animal models of depression and anxiety
Authors: Felice Daniela , Gururajan Anand , O’Leary Olivia F , Cryan John F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders cause the greatest global disability in terms of impact on the individual, family, and society at large. The etiology of these disorders is multifactorial and includes complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. This chapter reviews preclinical studies assessing the importance of gene–environment (G×E) interaction. Specifically, we focus on G×E studies assessing the roles of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, serotonergic system, GABAergic system, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) system. Finally, novel candidate target genes for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders are considered.
Methods and theoretical approaches:
Authors: St Pierre Celine L , Sharif Kayvon , Funsten Emily , Palmer Abraham A , Parker Clarissa C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Anxiety, depression, and stress-related disorders are complex neurobehavioral diseases with a partially heritable genetic basis. This chapter explores how the appropriate use of rodent models can illuminate the neurobiological underpinnings of these disorders. Because these psychiatric disorders are uniquely human, rodent models typically model individual components rather than trying to recapitulate the disease itself. This chapter considers how both intermediate phenotypes and rodent models fit into this framework. Integrating these two concepts can be bidirectional: studying intermediate phenotypes in rodent models may lead to identifying risk genes that are present in humans, or human studies may uncover genetic variants linked to intermediate phenotypes and subsequent experiments in rodents may be employed to examine the causal mechanisms. This dynamic interplay is explored throughout the chapter.
Missing heritability in studies of trait anxiety and amygdala function:
Authors: Canli Turhan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Ask any parent how early they could discern the temperament of their child, or when they noticed differences in temperament among their children, and the answer is likely to be: “almost immediately.” Anecdotally, personality traits are present from the first days of life and remain relatively stable throughout its course, suggesting a strong biological basis for these predispositions. Behavioral geneticists have quantified the heritability of personality traits, and molecular studies have eagerly sought to discover their associated genes. Curiously, the anticipated bonanza of gene discoveries has not materialized: heritability has gone missing. This chapter discusses the view on missing heritability and argues that current approaches have fallen short of expectations. Four ways in which missing heritability may be hiding in plain sight are presented. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions for research that will hopefully find what has been missing thus far from our understanding of genes, brains, and behavioral traits.
Electrocortical endophenotypes of anxiety
Authors: Mueller Erik M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Individual differences in dispositional anxiety and risk for anxiety disorders are heritable. Because robust direct associations between single gene variants and complex anxiety-related phenotypes remain sparse, it is important to identify brain “endophenotypes” that mediate the relationship between genotypes and dispositional anxiety. Due to its high temporal resolution, electroencephalography (EEG) is an ideal non-invasive tool to study individual differences in basic fear and anxiety-related neural processes, which often occur within few hundred milliseconds after threat signals appear. In this chapter, putative anxiety-related EEG markers are presented including the C1, P100, N1, N170, NoGo-N2, P300, Late Positive Potential, Feedback-Related Negativity, Error-Related Negativity, frontal midline theta, and N300H brain–heart-coupling components. For each marker, heritability estimates and/or tentative associations with single gene variants are presented and discussed. While individual differences in anxiety-related EEG activity seem genetically influenced, more replication studies are needed to confirm specific links between gene variants and anxiety-related EEG markers.
Genetic effects on peripheral psychophysiological measures of emotion processing
Authors: Conzelmann Annette , Pauli Paul , Prehn-Kristensen Alexander , Renner Tobias 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of genetic effects on two peripheral psychophysiological measures of emotion processing in humans: the startle reflex and electrodermal activity. The affect modulation of the startle reflex is an indicator of the valence dimension of emotion processing, whereas electrodermal activity (skin conductance level and responses) reflects the arousal dimension of emotion processing. Both measures have shown potential in studies of genetic effects on emotion processing, considering that they are less susceptible to social influence in comparison to subjective measures of emotion, they are also easily accessible in large samples and the affective startle, in particular, can be also measured in animals. However, there are also conflicting discussions about their usability. Further studies should follow in different laboratories and with different paradigms to verify the reliability and generalizability of genetic association reported to date. In addition, larger sample sizes would be necessary in order to be able to investigate gene×gene and gene×environment effects in healthy volunteers and clinical samples.
Understanding risk and resilience in maltreated children:
Authors: Kaufman Joan , Montalvo-Ortiz Janitza L , Lee Richard S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Individuals with a history of child abuse are at high risk for a broad range of psychiatric and substance use disorders. This chapter reviews key findings from research on the genetics of child abuse-related psychiatric disorders, neuroimaging investigations with maltreated youth, and resiliency studies. Relevant empirical work in the field was reviewed, with an emphasis on prior reviews, meta-analytic studies, and recent publications. Genetic factors are not associated with distinct psychiatric disorders but rather diverse clinical phenotypes, and a history of abuse is frequently associated with alterations in structural and functional brain changes across multiple brain regions and circuits that mediate a wide variety of emotional and cognitive processes. Heterogeneity in clinical outcome and brain measures varies as a function of a wide range of factors, and emerging findings on genetic and neural plasticity offers significant promise in understanding risk and resilience in maltreated youth. Child maltreatment is a strong predictor of early onset of psychiatric illness, increased comorbidity, and poor treatment response; however, a history of abuse need not lead to the development of psychiatric problems. Risk is altered by genetic factors, and can be ameliorated by positive factors in the environment—including the availability of positive support, enrichment experiences, and the delivery of evidence-based psychotherapeutic clinical interventions. Future multidisciplinary and translational studies will help to further delineate the mechanisms by which experiences of maltreatment confers risk for psychopathology, as well as help to further delineate factors associated with resiliency.
Genetics of impulsivity, anger, and aggression as risk factors for suicidal behavior
Authors: Rujescu Dan , Giegling Ina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Suicidal behavior is a major health problem causing more than 1 million deaths worldwide each year. The risk of suicide-related behavior is supposed to be determined by a complex interplay of sociocultural factors, psychiatric history, personality traits, and genetic as well as neurobiological vulnerability. Personality traits like impulsivity, anger or aggression are valuable intermediate phenotypes in the search for the genetics of such a complex trait. This review will summarize genetic factors of phenotypes as risk factors for suicidal behavior. There is hope that simpler, quantifiable measures will be more elementary compared to clinical phenotypes. It is assumed that the number of genes required to produce variations in these traits may be fewer than those involved in producing a diagnostic entity. Further understanding of the genetics and pathophysiology of suicidal behavior is therefore very important.
Therapygenetics:
Authors: Coleman Jonathan RI , Lester Kathryn J , Eley Thalia C 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Therapygenetics refers to the prediction of psychological therapy outcomes from genetic markers. The rationale for this research derives from the gene–environment interaction literature, which has shown that individual differences in susceptibility to the environment are at least partly due to genetic variation for a wide range of phenotypes. While initially framed within the context of the diathesis-stress model, this idea has since been developed in a number of ways. Most notably, some genetic markers that place an individual at risk of a poor outcome following a stressful event may reflect environmental susceptibility markers, and thus may also enhance the likelihood of an individual benefiting from a positive environment, including psychological intervention. This chapter reviews the current evidence from candidate gene and genome-wide association studies that genetic factors can explain individual differences in response to psychological therapy. As this is a field in its infancy, future directions and opportunities are outlined. Following an initial discussion on the need to move toward a “therapygenomics” approach utilizing genome-wide methodologies, the importance of identifying mechanisms underlying associations between genes and psychological therapy outcomes is outlined. Finally, the possible future clinical implications of therapygenetics work, both scientific and ethical, are considered.