bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Myo‐inositol pathway does not contribute to ascorbic acid synthesis
Authors: Ivanov Kavkova E. , Blöchl C. , Tenhaken R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants predominantly occurs via a pathway with d‐mannose and l‐galactose as intermediates. One alternative pathway for AsA synthesis, which is similar to the biosynthesis route in mammals, is controversially discussed for plants. Here, myo‐inositol is cleaved to glucuronic acid and then converted via l‐gulonate to AsA. In contrast to animals, plants have an effective recycling pathway for glucuronic acid, being a competitor for the metabolic rate. Recycling involves a phosphorylation at C1 by the enzyme glucuronokinase.

Two previously described T‐DNA insertion lines in the gene coding for glucuronokinase1 show wild type‐like expression levels of the mRNA in our experiments and do not accumulate glucuronic acid in labelling experiments disproving that these lines are true knockouts. As suitable T‐DNA insertion lines were not available, we generated frameshift mutations in the major expressed isoform glucuronokinase1 (At3g01640) to potentially redirect metabolites to AsA.

However, radiotracer experiments with 3H‐myo‐inositol revealed that the mutants in glucuronokinase1 accumulate only glucuronic acid and incorporate less metabolite into cell wall polymers. AsA was not labelled, suggesting that Arabidopsis cannot efficiently use glucuronic acid for AsA biosynthesis.

All four mutants in glucuronokinase as well as the wild type have the same level of AsA in leaves.
Resilience of Critical Infrastructures: Review and Analysis of Current Approaches
Authors: Curt Corinne , Tacnet Jean‐Marc 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn crisis situations, systems, organizations, and people must react and deal with events that are inherently unpredictable before they occur: vital societal functions and thus infrastructures must be restored or adapted as quickly as possible. This capacity refers to resilience. Progress concerning its conceptualization has been made but it remains difficult to assess and apply in practice. The results of this article stem from a literature review allowing the analysis of current advances in the development of proposals to improve the management of infrastructure resilience. The article: (i) identifies different dimensions of resilience; (ii) highlights current limits of assessing and controlling resilience; and (iii) proposes several directions for future research that could go beyond the current limits of resilience management, but subject to compliance with a number of constraints. These constraints are taking into account different hazards, cascade effects, and uncertain conditions, dealing with technical, organizational, economical, and human domains, and integrating temporal and spatial aspects.
Do subsidised export loans increase exports?
Authors: Akgündüz Yusuf Emre , Kal Süleyman Hilmi , Torun Huzeyfe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTurkey's export rediscount credit programme provides credit to exporting firms that is both easy to acquire and is offered at a low interest rate. We follow the performance of firms that first received the credit in 2012 when the amount of credit provided went up dramatically in 2012. We use propensity score matching to construct a control group of firms with which we compare the credit‐receiving firms before and after 2012 in a difference‐in‐differences framework. These firms have increased their exports substantially in the following years compared to the matched firms with similar propensities to receive the rediscount credit. We find that firms that received the rediscount credit increased their exports by 65% and total sales by 19% compared to matched firms. We find no statistically significant effects on domestic sales and profits. We also find suggestive evidence that the effects are larger for smaller firms and the effects fade away after a certain amount of credits.
Applying newer parameter Ret‐He (reticulocyte haemoglobin equivalent) to assess latent iron deficiency (LID) in blood donors–study at a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Tiwari Aseem K , Bhardwaj Gunjan , Arora Dinesh , Aggarwal Geet , Pabbi Swati , Dara Ravi C , Sachdev Ritesh , Raizada Arun , Sethi Monisha 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundIt is important to detect Latent Iron Deficiency (LID) to prevent development of an overt iron deficiency anemia. Early detection is difficult by using conventional hematological and biochemical parameters. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is presently the gold standard for diagnosing LID. We evaluated the utility of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (Ret‐He), a newer hematological parameter, to predict LID in blood donors as compared to sTfR.MethodsThis was a randomized prospective study performed on 501 donor samples over a period of three‐months. All donors were included after administering medical history questionnaire and a brief physical examination in accordance with national guidelines (Hb ≥12.5). Additional samples were collected during donation according to the institutional standard operating procedure (SOP). All hemograms were performed on the Sysmex XE‐2100 analyzer which included Ret‐He. sTfR was measured in batch assays by ELISA (Biovendor, Czech Republic). Ret He <28 pg and sTfR≥3μg/ml were used to diagnose LID. Serum Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and Serum Ferritin were also measured simultaneously.ResultsOf the 501 blood donors, sTfR and Ret‐He detected LID in 148 and 135 donors respectively. In comparison to sTfR, Ret‐He had sensitivity of 92.7%, a specificity of 97.16%, PPV of 93.1% and NPV of 96.3%. Serum Ferritin, TIBC and serum Iron had comparatively lower sensitivity of 87.16%, 79.7% and 77.7% respectively.ConclusionRet‐He can be used as a routine screening test to detect LID in blood donors. This could provide an opportunity to make appropriate and timely interventions like dietary changes or drug supplementation.
Retirement, job satisfaction and attitudes towards mandatory accreditation: a Danish survey study in general practice
Authors: Kirstine Andersen Merethe , Pedersen Line Bjørnskov , Waldorff Frans Boch 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesThis study aims to analyse the associations between general practitioner (GP) retirement, job satisfaction and attitudes towards a mandatory accreditation scheme. External interventions such as mandatory accreditation schemes may be perceived negatively by GPs, causing early retirement from practice. In Denmark, almost half of the GPs had negative attitudes prior to the implementation of a mandatory accreditation scheme, constituting a possible risk of early practice retirement.SettingIn January 2015 all 3,404 Danish GPs were invited to participate in a survey on attitudes towards a forthcoming mandatory accreditation programme.Participants1,906 GPs (56%) answered the questionnaire. In total, 391 (11%) retired from practice in the following period from 1 January 2015 to 31 January 2017. Of these, 193 GPs (49%) answered the questionnaire.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was GP retirement. Labour union data on practice retirement were linked with data from the questionnaire survey on job satisfaction and attitudes prior to implementation of mandatory accreditation. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between practice retirement and job satisfaction and attitudes towards accreditation.ResultsPractice retirement was associated with job dissatisfaction (OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.7). Retirement was not associated with any of the other surveyed attitudinal variables. Retirement rate was relatively high in the accreditation start-up period.ConclusionPractice retirement was associated with job dissatisfaction but not to a priori attitudes towards an upcoming mandatory accreditation programme. However, the retirement rate was relatively high in the start-up period of the accreditation programme. Future research should evaluate the effects of external interventions on preterm retirement from general practice.Trial registration numberNCT02762240.
Association of socioeconomic factors and the risk for unintentional injuries among children in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sato Nobuhiro , Hagiwara Yusuke , Ishikawa Junta , Akazawa Kohei 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesWhile Japan has socioeconomic issues, such as income inequality, little is known about the association between socioeconomic factors and the risk of unintentional childhood injuries. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic factors on the risk for unintentional injuries among preschool children in Japan.DesignCross-sectional study using data from a web-based questionnaire survey.SettingJapan (January 2015).Participants1000 households with preschool children under 6 years of age.Outcome measuresMultivariate logistic regression was performed to analyse the influence of socioeconomic factors on the incidence of unintentional injuries.ResultsOverall, 976 households were eligible for the analysis, with 201 households reporting unintentional injuries. The incidence rates for unintentional injury were estimated to be constant across all strata constructed using combinations of socioeconomic factors. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed no significant differences in socioeconomic factors between households that reported unintentional injuries and those that did not.ConclusionThe findings of our study demonstrated that unintentional injuries among preschool children occurred at approximately fixed rates, independent of socioeconomic factors. Accordingly, prevention strategies for unintentional injuries that concern socioeconomic disadvantages should be avoided in Japan.
Therapeutic interventions in children and adolescents with patellar tendon related pain: a systematic review
Authors: Cairns George , Owen Timothy , Kluzek Stefan , Thurley Neal , Holden Sinead , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Dean Benjamin John Floyd 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveEvaluate effectiveness and harms of interventions for patellar tendon related pain in children and adolescents.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, CINAHL via Ebsco, SportDiscus up until 24 November 2017 were searched.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesInclusion criteria were (1) controlled or randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), (2) participants with diagnosis of patellar tendon related disorder, (3) participants≤18 years of age at enrolment and (4) published in a peer-reviewed English or Scandinavian language journal.ResultsOf 530 studies identified, eight were included after screening, with three included in data synthesis. To be included in data synthesis, we required studies to have included (and have data available for) a minimum of 10 participants under 18 years. All studies were rated as being at high risk of bias. For adolescents with patellar tendinopathy, one RCT compared eccentric exercises to usual care and found no difference between groups. In adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), injection of local anaesthetic with dextrose proved superior to either usual care or local anaesthetic alone (three armed RCTs). In a retrospective case controlled study in adolescents with OSD, surgery provided no benefit over conservative management in terms of persistent symptoms and had a higher complication rate.ConclusionThere is weak evidence to support the use of dextrose injection with local anaesthetic and no evidence to support the use of specific types of exercises to treat children/adolescents with OSD/patellar tendinopathy. Until further evidence arises, clinicians should include load modification and advise on a return to sport based on symptoms.
An Analytical Cache Performance Evaluation Framework for Embedded Out-of-Order Processors Using Software Characteristics
Authors: Ji Kecheng , Ling Ming , Shi Longxing , Pan Jianping 
Published: August 2018

Utilizing analytical models to evaluate proposals or provide guidance in high-level architecture decisions is been becoming more and more attractive. A certain number of methods have emerged regarding cache behaviors and quantified insights in the last decade, such as the stack distance theory and the memory level parallelism (MLP) estimations. However, prior research normally oversimplified the factors that need to be considered in out-of-order processors, such as the effects triggered by reordered memory instructions, and multiple dependences among memory instructions, along with the merged accesses in the same MSHR entry. These ignored influences actually result in low and unstable precisions of recent analytical models.
By quantifying the aforementioned effects, this article proposes a cache performance evaluation framework equipped with three analytical models, which can more accurately predict cache misses, MLPs, and the average cache miss service time, respectively. Similar to prior studies, these analytical models are all fed with profiled software characteristics in which case the architecture evaluation process can be accelerated significantly when compared with cycle-accurate simulations.

We evaluate the accuracy of proposed models compared with
gem5
cycle-accurate simulations with 16 benchmarks chosen from Mobybench Suite 2.0, Mibench 1.0, and Mediabench II. The average root mean square errors for predicting cache misses, MLPs, and the average cache miss service time are around 4%, 5%, and 8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average error of predicting the stall time due to cache misses by our framework is as low as 8%. The whole cache performance estimation can be sped by about 15 times versus
gem5
cycle-accurate simulations and 4 times when compared with recent studies. Furthermore, we have shown and studied the insights between different performance metrics and the reorder buffer sizes by using our models. As an application case of the framework, we also demonstrate how to use our framework combined with McPAT to find out Pareto optimal configurations for cache design space explorations.
Fixation Differences in Visual Search of Accident Scenes by Novices and Expert Emergency Responders
Authors: Prytz Erik G. , Norén Caroline , Jonson Carl-Oscar 
Published: August 2018

Objective: We sought to investigate whether expert–novice differences in visual search behavior found in other domains also apply to accident scenes and the emergency response domain. Background: Emergency service professionals typically arrive at accidents only after being dispatched when a civilian witness has called an emergency dispatch number. Differences in visual search behavior between the civilian witness (usually a novice in terms of emergency response) and the professional first responders (experts at emergency response) could thus result in the experts being given insufficient or erroneous information, which would lead them to arrive unprepared for the actual situation. Method: A between-subjects, controlled eye-tracking experiment with 20 novices and 17 experts (rescue and ambulance service personnel) was conducted to explore expert–novice differences in visual search of accident and control images. Results: The results showed that the experts spent more time looking at task-relevant areas of the accident images than novices did, as predicted by the information reduction hypothesis. The longer time was due to longer fixation durations rather than a larger fixation count. Conclusion: Expert–novice differences in visual search are present in the emergency domain. Given that this domain is essential to saving lives and also relies heavily on novices as the first link in the chain of response, such differences deserve further exploration. Application: Visual search behavior from experts can be used for training purposes. Eye-tracking studies of novices can be used to inform the design of emergency dispatch interviews.
Confrontation and Insurgency in Borneo, 1960–90
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: August 2018

A considerable literature has accumulated on the ‘Confrontation’ conflict over the formation of Malaysia in the mid-1960s. Many accounts are of variable quality, especially where they lack knowledge of the local political and social context or ignore the complexity of often intertwined events. Conclusions from such limited studies can be misleading. This article identifies some aspects of the conventional narrative that should be revisited, particularly the crucial role of the related anti-colonial insurgency and its social and economic roots, the dynamics of the Indonesian intervention and the wider historical context in which the conflict should be placed. Despite British claims of military success and undoubted logistical and diplomatic achievement, Confrontation was in many respects a ‘phoney war'. Nevertheless, the Borneo conflict had far-reaching consequences, as well as providing valuable lessons in the development and containment of insurgency. It secured the establishment of Malaysia. It accelerated Britain's withdrawal from its long imperial presence ‘East of Suez', while confirming American dominance for the next 50 years of one of the world's strategic keypoints. It underpinned the development of authoritarian government in democratic guise. Hence it eased the way to the devastation of the Borneo rainforest with still incalculable global consequences.
Field study assessing the performance of a patient-side blood test to determine neuter status in female cats based on detection of luteinising hormone
Authors: Morrow Lisa D , Gruffydd-Jones Timothy J , Skillings Elizabeth , Welsh C Philippa , Murray Jane K 
Published: August 2018

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the performance of a patient-side blood test in determining neuter status in female cats. Methods Residual blood samples from female cats of unknown neuter status that were admitted to four cat adoption centres in the UK were tested for luteinising hormone (LH) using the Witness LH test (Zoetis). A positive LH test result indicated that the cat was neutered. Cats were assessed for evidence of a surgical scar suggestive of prior neutering; if none was found, an exploratory laparotomy was performed to confirm neuter status. The LH test performance was assessed (sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value). Results Two hundred and thirty-six cats had both LH test and exploratory laparotomy data. The specificity of the test in detecting neutered cats was 100% (95% confidence interval 96.2–99.9) and the sensitivity was 69% (95% confidence interval 59.3–76.8). The prevalence of neutered cats in this sample was 49%. The positive and negative predictive values were 1 and 0.77, respectively. Conclusions and relevance The Witness LH test correctly detected all unneutered cats and thus there were no false-positive results that incorrectly indicated a cat was neutered. This study therefore suggests that positive LH test results avoid the need to perform surgery to confirm neuter status. This has significant welfare benefits for cats as it provides a lower risk, faster and less traumatic alternative to surgery and, in the shelter setting, it will have a positive impact on the cost, speed of assessment and time to rehoming of cats.
Cross-linguistic influence in unbalanced bilingual heritage speakers on subsequent language acquisition: Evidence from pronominal object placement in ditransitive clauses
Authors: Lorenz Eliane , Bonnie Richard J , Feindt Kathrin , Rahbari Sharareh , Siemund Peter 
Published: August 2018

Aims and objectives: The main objective of this study is to find evidence for the Linguistic Proximity Model, which allows for facilitative and non-facilitative cross-linguistic influence (CLI) from all previously known languages in third language (L3) acquisition. We target CLI in L3 English based on bilingual heritage speakers (Russian-German and Turkish-German) in comparison with second language acquisition of monolingual German speakers. Methodology: We examine the outcome of an English word order test. The participants produced sentences based on randomly ordered words. The focus of this study is the placement of direct and indirect pronominal objects with varying ditransitive verbs. Data analysis: 195 students in school years 7 and 9, separated into three language groups, participated in the study: German monolinguals ( nG7 = 47; nG9 = 64), Russian-German bilinguals ( nR7 = 19; nR9 = 30) and Turkish-German bilinguals ( nT7 = 19; nT9 = 16). The placement of pronominal objects in the sentence task is compared to results from equivalent word order tests in English, German, Russian and Turkish that were repeated with native speakers. Findings: We find some support for the Linguistic Proximity Model because the outcome shows that facilitative and non-facilitative CLI is possible from both the heritage language and the majority language. Determining factors are the background languages, the age of the participants and frequency. However, the majority language, German, displays the strongest influence of both background languages due to its dominant status. Originality: This study provides further support for the Linguistic Proximity Model, by using a sentence completion task with unbalanced bilingual heritage speakers. Significance/implications: We provide evidence for showing that both facilitative and non-facilitative influence from all previously known languages of bilingual heritage speakers is possible and verifiable. We therefore add to the field of L3 acquisition and the discussion about current models of CLI.
Sciatic nerve and sacral 2 nerve root decompression by aberrant hypogastric vein branch causing persistent sciatica
Authors: Kale Ahmet , Basol Gulfem , Uzun Dogus Navdar , Usta Taner 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: The aim of this case to present a woman with neurovascular entrapment causing persistent sciatica. We presented the surgical management and the feasibility, safety, and early postoperative outcomes, as well as step-by-step explanation of the surgical technique that it was enriched via original video footage. Case description: A 29-year-old woman has been suffering from chronic pelvic pain and sciatica for 1 year. She had received medical physical treatment for 6 months and did not have any response to pain. Her visual analog scale score was 8/10 points. Neurovascular entrapment was considered as a preliminary diagnosis. The laparoscopic approach showed that an aberrant hypogastric vein branch compressing the sciatic nerve and sacral 2 nerve root. The decompression of these nerves was performed successfully. The total operation time was 50 min. There was no intraoperative and postoperative complication. The visual analog scale score on the postoperative 24th-h was 1/10 point (on 11-point numeric scale). The patient was discharged on the second day postoperatively. In the first-month follow-up, patient’s visual analog scale score was 7/10 point (on 11-point numeric scale). In the 12th-month follow-up, patient’s pelvic pain has decreased dramatically (visual analog scale score rate was 0/10 point) and also had no dyspareunia. Conclusion: A gynecologist should be aware of diagnosis of vascular entrapment in the chronic pelvic pain. Moreover, knowledge of pelvic neuroanatomy and clinical neurology is mandatory for surgeons. The surgical management of neurovascular entrapment is a safe, feasible, and curative option when performed by experienced surgeons.