bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsold Timber Offerings in the Northern Region: Trends, Causes, and Disposition
Authors: Schuster Ervin G. , Niccolucci Michael J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Do unsold timber offerings indicate excessive, wasteful timber sales, as critics charge? Or are such offerings a normal part of timber markets and eventually sold? This study assessed unsold offerings in the Northern Region of the USDA Forest Service during 1961-1988 to determine the percentage, duration, and reasons for unsold offerings. About 7% of all offerings are initially unsold; moreover, the percentage has been rising during the past 3 decades. Although specific variables were poorly correlated with unsold offerings, regional timber availability seems to be the most important causal factor. About 60% of the volume in unsold offerings was eventually sold, averaging about 15 months to sell. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):108-111.
An Analysis of the Effects of Northern Spotted Owl Conservation, Harvest Replanning, a Log Embargo, and Recession on the Northwest Log and Lumber Trade
Authors: Flora Donald F. , McGinnis Wendy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Protection of habitat for the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) became a major feature of land management and timber production in the Pacific Northwest in 1990, with designation of about 8 million ac as Habitat Conservation Areas (HCAs), mostly on public lands (USDA Forest Service et al. 1990). Additional owl-conservation provisions were recommended for half the forestland base outside HCAs, including private timberland. Concerns were raised immediately about impacts of these proposals, now being implemented, for the region's timber economy. Our study was aimed at portraying key economic effects of the owl conservation strategy—log and lumber price changes, production and export levels–within the context of rapidly changing policy and economic climates. We estimated the effects of new forest plans (most of which carry harvest reductions independent of provisions for the owl); a new embargo on exports of logs that affects timber from state lands; and the economic recession that continued from late 1990 into 1991. Effects of these conditions were gauged separately and in concert with owl impacts, for western Washington and western Oregon, here termed the fir region. We analyzed the degree to which lumber would substitute for logs in the export market, and likely interactions between domestic and offshore markets. We also assessed the degree to which the policy-driven timber supply changes can be expected to yield less-than-proportionate volume impacts and higher-than-proportionate price movements in the short run. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):87-90.
Site Index and Height Growth Curves for Ponderosa Pine, Western Larch, Lodgepole Pine, and Douglas-Fir in Western Montana
Authors: Milner Kelsey S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height growth patterns from several published site curve sytems for ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var glauca), western larch (Larix occidentalis) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var latifolia) were compared to stem analysis data from western Montana. Most of the published curves had height growth patterns that differed significantly from those in the data. The magnitude of the deviations often varied by level of site index; this appeared to be related to differences in the range of site qualities sampled. Those curves constructed from stem analysis data from geographically similar populations compared most closely. Curves constructed using guide curve techniques showed a consistent tendency to underpredict heights at greater ages. New site index and height growth curves are presented for each species. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):9-14.
Effects of Harvesting Season and Stump Size on Incidence of Annosus Root Disease of True Fir
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Schmitt Craig L. , Hosman Kevin P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A high frequency (89%) of annosus root disease caused by Heterobasidion annosum was found in true fir stumps cut 5 to 10 years earlier in northeastern Oregon. Neither season of harvesting nor stump size significantly affected the amount of stump decay which averaged 51%. Another root pathogen, possibly a species of Armillaria heretofore not recorded in Oregon, was often found in H. annosum-infected stumps. Additional surveys and research are recommended in true fir forests throughout western North America. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):54-56.
Growth of Advance Regeneration in Response to Residual Overstory Treatment in Northern Idaho
Authors: Bassman John H. , Zwier John C. , Olson John R. , Newberry James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of killing a low-volume residual overstory on growth of advance natural regeneration in North Idaho were assessed. Killing this overstory had little effect on subsequent growth of advance regeneration regardless of the basal area killed. Growth of regeneration following release was affected by competition from other advance regeneration and competition from brush. Height-growth response was negligible when density of either advance regeneration or brush were high. Residual tree killing was associated with improved crown vigor of regeneration where residual overstory basal area was high. Height growth of advance regeneration following residual tree killing was highly correlated with prerelease height growth and current crown vigor of advance regeneration. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):78-81.
Bulk Density Changes in Two Central Oregon Soils Following Tractor Logging and Slash Piling
Authors: Davis Scott 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bulk density changes were measured in two soil types within and adjacent to a 20-ha clearcut site in central Oregon. Yarding was done with rubber-tired skidders, and slash was piled with crawler tractors. Bulk density of the 0-20 cm depths was measured with a single probe nuclear gauge at randomly located sites in the clearcut and an adjacent undisturbed area with similar soils. Average bulk densities of sandy loam volcanic ash and cobbly loam soils were 35% and 23% higher, respectively, than undisturbed controls following yarding and piling. Detrimental compaction existed on 60%-66% of the harvest area when defined as either a 15% or 20% increase in bulk density. Compacted areas included skid trails, landings and land subjected to slash piling. The Proctor test and lower energy versions of this test were made on both soils to describe moisture density relationships in response to compactive forces. While the low energy curve appears to provide a good simulation of field bulk density of the cobbly loam soil, it is the moderate energy curve that provides the most reasonable estimate of soil densities after activities on the noncohesive sandy loam volcanic ash soils. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):86-88.
Potential Timber Availability for Mechanized Harvesting in Oregon
Authors: Bettinger Pete , Sessions John , Kellogg Loren 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We assessed the availability of timber for mechanized harvesting in Oregon with regard to timber size, slope class, ownership, and geographic location. Because of the transition from harvesting old-growth to second-growth timber, we predict that most of the Oregon harvest in the next decade will be comprised of trees small enough to permit some form of mechanized harvesting. An analysis of slope classes suggests that almost 60% of western Oregon and 85% of eastern Oregon are potentially accessible for ground-based, in-woods mechanization. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):11-15.
Development and Use of Bounding Functions in a Forest Growth Model
Authors: Dolph K. Leroy , Dixon Gary E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Erroneous predictions of forest growth and yield may result when computer simulation models use extrapolated data in repeated or long-term projections or if the models are used outside the range of data on which they were built. Bounding functions that limit the predicted diameter and height growth of individual trees to maximum observed values were developed to constrain these erroneous predictions in a forest growth and yield simulator. Similar techniques could be useful for dealing with extrapolated data in other types of simulation models. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):24-27.
Boron and Magnesium Fertilization of a Coastal Douglas-Fir Plantation
Authors: Green R. N. , Carter R. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study examines the role of boron and magnesium nutrition in the occurrence of severe growth distortion symptoms in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Skwawka River valley of south coastal British Columbia. Four fertilizer treatments including boron (2.25 kg B/ha), magnesium (42 kg Mg/ha), boron plus magnesium, and a control, were applied in conjunction with planting on a site believed to be deficient in these nutrients. After 5 growing seasons, only treatments containing boron (B and B+Mg) showed improved height growth over the control trees. The incidence of leader dieback, swollen leading shoots, and foliage distortion was significantly related to treatment with virtually no occurrence in plots treated with boron. Seedling uptake of applied boron was high, with foliar concentrations of 45 ppm found after the second growing season. Foliar B levels declined to 13-15 ppm after 5 growing seasons. No significant increase in foliar magnesium levels was detected for either of the magnesium treatments. The reduction in the incidence of leader dieback and shoot and foliar symptoms in seedlings treated with B indicate that these symptoms were the result of boron deficiencies. This is the first study to verify boron deficiency in coastal Douglas-fir through fertilizer trials. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):48-53.
Relationship Between Occurrence of Laminated Root Rot and Site Characteristics in Douglas-Fir Forests of the Northern Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Kastner Walter W. , Goheen Donald J. , Edmonds Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the northern Oregon Coast Range 70- to 100-yr old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands were evaluated to determine rate of infection by laminated root rot, caused by (Phellinus weirii), whether local disease occurrence was associated with site characteristics, and impacts of P. weirii on the number of trees and basal area. Overall infection rate was 5.6%, but varied from 0.0 to 14.7% among stands. There was a significant association between occurrence of P. weirii and slope position. The rate of infection on ridges, upper slopes, middle slopes, and lower slopes was 13.0, 7.3, 4.1, and 0.0%, respectively. Occurrence of P. weirii was independent of plant association and aspect. Infected plots contained 25% less live Douglas-fir basal area and 35% fewer live Douglas-fir trees per ac than uninfected plots. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1):14-17.
Response of Young Ponderosa Pines, Shrubs, and Ferns to Three Release Treatments
Authors: McDonald Philip M. , Abbott Celeste S. , Fiddler Gary O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One-year-old Sierra chinkapin (Castanopsis sempervirens) sprouts, greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula var. platyphylla) seedlings, and new fronds of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens), present in a 1-yr-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) plantation in northern California, were treated once with one of three herbicides (Velpar L, Escort, and Garlon 4) in fall 1986 and spring 1987 and their density and development compared among treatments and to a control. After 6 growing seasons, chinkapin sprouts in the control averaged more than 16,000 per acre, manzanita seedlings over 19,000, and bracken ferns more than 13,000 per acre. After 6 growing seasons, mean ponderosa pine diameter ranged from 2.03 in. in the Velpar treatment to 1.28 in. in the control. Cover of combined shrubs, also after six seasons, was about 3% with Velpar, 7% with Garlon, 20% with Escort, and 51% in the control. Bracken fern cover was greatest (13%) where foliage-active Garlon reduced competing shrubs, and least in the soil-active Velpar treatment (2%) and the control (3%), where heavy competition from shrubs precluded establishment. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1):24-28.
An Analysis of Future Softwood Timber Supply in Western Washington
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Alig Ralph J. , Stevens James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Western Washington faces many changes in its private timber resources, in policies regulating private forest practices, and in management directions on public lands that could markedly alter future timber supplies. Assuming stability of forest practice regulations extant in early 1992 and in past trends in private management, future nonfederal softwood harvest could change little from the average levels of the 1980s. A 70% reduction in national forest harvests could reduce total western Washington cut by less than 10%. Our analysis demonstrates the impacts of uncertainties in this projection, including the basic inventory data, rates of land loss, rates of private management intensification, and future forest practice regulations. A key feature in all scenarios is the limited volume of older timber from which to draw near-term harvest on private lands. Thus, conditions or regulations affecting the availability of older timber or the minimum age of harvest have large near-term harvest impacts. West. J. Appl. For. 9(3):81-87.
Controlling Sprout Clumps of Bigleaf Maple with Herbicides and Manual Cutting
Authors: Wagner Robert G. , Rogozynski Michael W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) clumps were controlled using the herbicides glyphosate, imazapyr, metsulfuron methyl, triclopyr amine, triclopyr ester, and 2,4-DP + 2,4-D; by basal spray, thinline, foliage spray, and on cut surfaces; during early foliar, late foliar, and dormant periods on five sites across western Oregon and Washington. Three timings of manual cutting alone also were compared. Imazapyr foliage sprays, triclopyr ester thinline, dormant 3% triclopyr ester basal spray, late-foliar 2, 4-DP + 2,4-D basal spray, and manual cutting with triclopyr amine cut-surface application provided the best control among the treatments tested over the 3 yr of study. Imazapyr foliage sprays provided the best long-term control by killing most treated clumps. Triclopyr ester thinline treatments provided the most consistent and effective results among the basal applications. Stump applications of triclopyr amine were more effective than manual cutting alone or manual cutting with glyphosate cut-surface application. West. J. Appl. For. 9(4):118-124.
Update on lupus epidemiology: advancing health disparities research through the study of minority populations
Authors: Drenkard Cristina , Lim S. Sam 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
The current review focuses on recent population-based studies that have examined the burden of lupus, disease outcomes, and gaps in quality of care, with an emphasis in research addressing health disparities.

Recent findings
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries underscored higher susceptibility of both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary cutaneous lupus among people of color, compared with whites. Not only does SLE disproportionately strike people from racial and ethnic minorities, those individuals are also at increased risk of developing severe manifestations following SLE diagnosis. Mortality is higher and death occurs at a younger age among blacks, compared with whites. Furthermore, ongoing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-supported population-based lupus cohorts, along with research by other groups, have provided new insight into the role of social determinants on outcomes and opportunities to improve care in diverse lupus populations.

Summary
While descriptive epidemiological efforts have been critical to providing more accurate estimates of the burden and mortality of lupus across diverse demographic groups, emerging research suggests a significant influence of psychosocial and healthcare system factors on disease outcomes. These current efforts represent important steps toward the development of clinical and public health interventions aimed at eliminating health disparities in lupus populations.
An update on the genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Oparina Nina , Martínez-Bueno Manuel , Alarcón-Riquelme Marta E. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this study is to update on the most recent findings on the genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus.Recent findingsOur overview focuses particularly on results from expression quantitative trait loci, exome sequencing, and rare variants and their impact on disease.SummarySystemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease for which a significant number of susceptibility genes have been identified. Several genome-wide association studies were recently published in different populations that provide a better picture of the molecular mechanisms. It is becoming clear that the genetic architecture of lupus is quite well established but more information is required on the role of rare variants.
Role of type I interferons and innate immunity in systemic sclerosis: unbalanced activities on distinct cell types?
Authors: Barrat Franck J. , Lu Theresa T. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
The role of type I IFNs (IFN-I) in the promotion of autoimmunity has been well established. However, its role in the skin fibrosis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) is less clear. IFN-I can participate to tissue repair, and, here, we will consider the extent to which IFN-I's role in SSc skin fibrosis may reflect in part IFN-I functions during wound healing.

Recent findings
Studies are beginning to delineate whether IFN-I has a protective or pathogenic role and how IFN-I affects tissue biology. Recent support for a pathogenic role came from a study depleting plasmacytoid dendritic cells during bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis. The depletion reduced the bleomycin-induced IFN-I-stimulated transcripts and both prevented and reversed fibrosis. Additionally, two recent articles, one identifying SSc endothelial cell injury markers and one showing repressed IFN signaling in SSc keratinocytes, suggest the possibility of unbalanced IFN-I activities on distinct cells types.

Summary
Recent results support a pathogenic role for IFN-I in skin fibrosis, and recent studies along with others suggest a scenario whereby SSc skin damage results from too much IFN-I-activity driving vasculopathy in combination with too little IFN-I-mediated epidermal integrity and antifibrotic fibroblast phenotype.
Modern Outcomes Following Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Authors: McPhail Mark J.W. , Khorsandi Shirin E. , Abbott Laura , Al-Kadhimi Gillian , Kane Pauline , Karani John , O’Grady John , Heaton Nigel , Bomford Adrian , Suddle Abid 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complication of the common genetic condition hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). It is unknown whether HH as an etiology of liver disease impacts the outcome. We compared the results of liver transplantation (LT), surgical resection and locoregional therapies in a matched cohort study and investigated whether HH as an etiology has an impact on survival.

Materials and Methods:
Consecutive patients with HH and HCC (2000 to 2015) were compared with age, sex and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage-matched non-HH HCC cases. Patients were offered curative or noncurative treatment according to BCLC stage and Milan criteria. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality.

Results:
A total of 102 patients (52 HH; total cohort median age: 67 [44 to 78] y, 97% male, Model for End-stage Liver Disease: 9 [5 to 31]) were studied with a median follow-up of 22 (3 to 126) months. Of the HH cases, the median serum ferritin at diagnosis of HCC was 326 (27 to 5718) μg/L and α-fetoprotein 33 (2 to 197,926) kIU/L. Five-year survival for HH patients receiving curative therapy was 77% (80% for LT, 67% for resection/radiofrequency ablation), and 15% (23% for transarterial chemoembolization) for those undergoing noncurative therapy. Survival for HH patients compared with controls was similar (hazard ratio=0.949; P=0.839). On multivariate Cox regression survival analysis, BCLC stage, and diagnosis of ischemic heart disease (but not HH diagnosis) were independently associated with reduced survival.

Conclusions:
Patients with HCC and HH can achieve comparable survival rates following curative or LRT modalities to other liver diseases. The BCLC staging system accurately stratifies survival and excellent 5-year survival is possible following LT in selected patients.
The Role of Partial Breast Radiation in the Previously Radiated Breast
Authors: Korzets Yasmin , Lee Grace , Espin-Garcia Osvaldo , Purdie Thomas , Koch Anne C. , Hodgson David , Barry Aisling , Fyles Anthony 
Published: August 2019

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to analyze breast cancer patients who previously had mantle-field or breast radiation (RT) followed by retreatment with external beam partial breast irradiation (EB PBI).

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed all women with newly diagnosed early-stage breast cancer treated with lumpectomy and partial breast irradiation between 2007 and 2017 who had undergone prior chest or breast RT.

Results:
Of 11 patients recorded, 8 (73%) had Hodgkin lymphoma, and 3 (27%) had ipsilateral breast cancer diagnosis. Median age at initial and second diagnosis was 28 and 48 years, respectively. The lymphoma patients received a dose of 35 Gy in 16 to 20 fractions to a classic mantle-upper abdomen field. Patients with an initial diagnosis of breast cancer received whole-breast RT (2 with 50 Gy/25 fractions, 1 with 40 Gy in 16 fractions). Median time from initial to second diagnosis was 22.6 years (range, 13.5 to 32.6 y). All had early-stage (I to II) invasive ductal carcinoma and were treated with lumpectomy or repeat lumpectomy and EB PBI. Four received a dose of 45 Gy/25 fractions, 4 to 50 Gy/25 fractions, and 3 to 42.4 Gy/16 fractions. All patients received adjuvant systemic treatment. Two patients had toxicity, 1 had grade 1 induration, and the other had grade 2 fat atrophy and grade 1 fibrosis. One patient developed a contralateral breast cancer. No locoregional recurrences were reported at the median follow-up of 4.6 years (range, 0.6 to 10.5 y).

Conclusion:
EB PBI after lumpectomy seems to be a safe and effective RT treatment option for selected patients with prior RT and localized early-stage breast cancer.