bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gripped by authority
Authors: Horgan Terry , Timmons Mark 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMoral judgments are typically experienced as being categorically authoritative – i.e. as having a prescriptive force that (i) is motivationally gripping independently of both conventional norms and one's pre-existing desires, and (ii) justificationally trumps both conventional norms and one's pre-existing desires. We argue that this key feature is best accommodated by the meta-ethical position we call ‘cognitivist expressivism’, which construes moral judgments as sui generis psychological states whose distinctive phenomenological character includes categorical authoritativeness. Traditional versions of expressivism cannot easily accommodate the justificationally trumping aspect of categorical authoritativeness, because they construe moral judgments as fundamentally desire-like. Moral realism cannot easily accommodate the aspect of inherent motivational grip, because realism construes moral judgments as a species of factual belief.
On the sharpness of the bound for the Local Converse Theorem of 𝑝-adic 𝐺𝐿_{𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒}
Authors: Adrian Moshe , Liu Baiying , Stevens Shaun , Tam Geo 
Published: February 2018

We introduce a novel ultrametric on the set of equivalence classes of cuspidal irreducible representations of a general linear group

GL

N

{\operatorname {GL}}_{N}

over a non-archimedean local field, based on distinguishability by twisted gamma factors. In the case that

N
N

is prime and the residual characteristic is greater than or equal to

⌊

N
2

⌋

\left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

, we prove that, for any natural number

i
≤

⌊

N
2

⌋

i\le \left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

, there are pairs of cuspidal irreducible representations whose logarithmic distance in this ultrametric is precisely

−
i

-i

. This implies that, under the same conditions on

N
N

, the bound

⌊

N
2

⌋

\left \lfloor \frac {N}{2}\right \rfloor

in the Local Converse Theorem for

GL
N

\operatorname {GL}_N

is sharp.
Reorienting Norwegian mental healthcare services: listen to patients’ learning appetite
Authors: Mjøsund Nina Helen , Eriksson Monica , Espnes Geir Arild , Vinje Hege Forbech 
Published: February 2018

SummaryReorientation of healthcare services towards more efficient health promotion interventions is an urgent matter. Despite policies and guidelines being in place, it is the least developed key action area of the Ottawa charter. User involvement, or the voice of the patient, is missing from the knowledge base of health promotion in the mental healthcare services. The aim of this study was to add experiential knowledge from former patients. We explored the lived experience of 12 former inpatients at a mental healthcare hospital. We describe what they perceive as mental health promoting efforts. A salutogenic theoretical framework and the methodology of interpretative phenomenological analysis were used. The analysis revealed an appetite for learning in order to develop an in depth understanding of their former experiences. This was motivated by a desire to master daily life despite living with an illness and to increase health and well-being. The participants perceived the learning processes within the healthcare setting as mental health promoting. This craving for a better life is compatible with health promotion. It may turn out to be an opportunity to complement the curative activity of healthcare services with health promotion educational activities.
On the origin of phosphorus nitride in star-forming regions
Authors: Mininni C , Fontani F , Rivilla V M , Beltrán M T , Caselli P , Vasyunin A 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We present multitransition observations of phosphorus nitride (PN) towards a sample of nine massive dense cores in different evolutionary stages. Using transitions with different excitation conditions, we have found for the first time that the excitation temperatures of PN are in the range ∼5–30 K. To investigate the main chemical route for the PN formation (surface-chemistry versus gas-phase chemistry), and the dominant desorption mechanism (thermal versus shock), we have compared our results with those obtained from molecules tracing different chemical and physical conditions (SiO, SO, CH3OH, and N2H+). We have found that the PN line profiles are very well correlated with those of SiO and SO in six out of the nine targets, which indicate that PN may be released by sputtering of dust grains due to shocks. This finding is corroborated by a faint but statistically significant positive trend between the PN abundance and those of SiO and SO. However, in three objects the PN lines have no hints of high-velocity wings, which indicates an alternative origin of PN. Overall, our results indicate that the origin of PN is not unique, as it can be formed not only in protostellar shocks, but also in colder and more quiescent gas through alternative pathways.
Theoretical aspects of antimatter and gravity
Authors: Blas Diego 
Published: February 2018

In this short contribution, I review the physical case of studying the gravitational properties of antimatter from a theoretical perspective. I first discuss which elements are desirable for any theory where the long-range interactions between matter and antimatter differ from those of matter with itself. Afterwards I describe the standard way to hide the effects of new forces in matter–matter interactions which still allows one to generate ponderable matter–antimatter interactions. Finally, I comment on some recent ideas and propose some possible future directions.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Antiproton physics in the ELENA era’.
Detection of Plasmodium berghei infected Anopheles stephensi using near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Esperança Pedro M. , Blagborough Andrew M. , Da Dari F. , Dowell Floyd E. , Churcher Thomas S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe proportion of mosquitoes infected with malaria is an important entomological metric used to assess the intensity of transmission and the impact of vector control interventions. Currently the prevalence of mosquitoes with salivary gland sporozoites is estimated by dissecting mosquitoes under a microscope or using molecular methods. These techniques are laborious, subjective, and require either expensive equipment or training. This study evaluates the potential of near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) to identify laboratory reared mosquitoes infected with rodent malaria.MethodsAnopheles stephensimosquitoes were reared in the laboratory and fed onPlasmodium bergheiinfected blood. After 12 and 21 days post-feeding mosquitoes were killed, scanned and analysed using NIRS and immediately dissected by microscopy to determine the number of oocysts on the midgut wall or sporozoites in the salivary glands. A predictive classification model was used to determine parasite prevalence and intensity status from spectra.ResultsThe predictive model correctly classifies infectious and uninfectious mosquitoes with an overall accuracy of 72%. The false negative and false positive rates are, respectively, 30% and 26%. While NIRS was able to differentiate between uninfectious and highly infectious mosquitoes, differentiating between mid-range infectious groups was less accurate. Multiple scans of the same specimen, with repositioning the mosquito between scans, is shown to improve accuracy. On a smaller dataset NIRS was unable to predict whether mosquitoes harboured oocysts.ConclusionsWe provide the first evidence that NIRS can differentiate between infectious and uninfectious mosquitoes. Currently the method has moderate accuracy and distinguishing between different intensities of infection is challenging. The classification model provides a flexible framework and allows for different error rates to be optimised, enabling the sensitivity and specificity of the technique to be varied according to requirements.
Changes in the neuropeptide complement correlate with nervous system architectures in xenacoelomorphs
Authors: Thiel Daniel , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Aguilera Felipe , Hejnol Andreas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNeuropeptides are essential neurosecretory signaling molecules common in protostomes and deuterostomes (together Nephrozoa). Not much, however, is known about the neuropeptide complement of the sister group Xenacoelomorpha. This group is comprised of the three cladesXenoturbella, Nemertodermatida, and Acoela, which differ strongly in their nervous system anatomy. In order to reconstruct the ancestral bilaterian neuropeptide complement and gain insights into neuropeptide evolution within Xenacoelomorpha, we analyzed transcriptomes of 13 acoels, nemertodermatids, andXenoturbellaspecies. Together with motif searches, similarity searches, mass spectrometry and phylogenetic analyses of neuropeptide precursors and neuropeptide receptors, we reconstruct the xenacoelomorph neuropeptide complement. Our comparison of xenacoelomorph GPCRs with cnidarian and nephrozoan neuropeptide receptors shows that the neuropeptide signaling diversified into at least 20 ancestral peptidergic systems in the lineage to Bilateria. We find thatXenoturbellaspecies possess many of the ancestral bilaterian peptidergic systems and only a few clade-specific neuropeptides. Nemertodermatids seem to have nearly the complete complement of ancestral bilaterian systems and several novel neuropeptides. Acoels show an extensive loss of conserved bilaterian systems, but gained the highest number of novel and group-specific neuropeptides. While it is difficult to correlate the emergence of the bilaterian neuropeptide complement with the evolution of centralized nervous systems, we find a correlation between nervous system novelties and the expansion of taxon-specific neuropeptides in Xenacoelomorpha.
Phosphorylation of the exocyst subunit Exo70B2 contributes to the regulation of its function
Authors: Teh Ooi-Kock , Lee Chil-Woo , Ditengou Franck Anicet , Klecker Till , Furlan Giulia , Zietz Marco , Hause Gerd , Eschen-Lippol Lennart , Hoehenwarter Wolfgang , Lee Justin , Ott Thomas , Trujillo Marco 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe exocyst is a conserved hetero-octameric complex that mediates early tethering of post-Golgi vesicles during exocytosis. Its Exo70 subunit functions as a spatiotemporal regulator by mediating numerous interactions with proteins and lipids. However, a molecular understanding of the exocyst functions remains challenging. Exo70B2 localized to dynamic foci at the plasma membrane and transited through Brefeldin A (BFA)-sensitive compartments, indicating that it participates in conventional secretion. Conversely, treatment with the immunogenic peptide flg22 or the salicylic acid (SA) defence hormone analogue Benzothiadiazole (BTH), induced Exo70B2 transport into the vacuole where it colocalized with autophagic markers AUTOPHAGY-RELATED PROTEIN 8 (ATG8) and NEIGHBOR OF BRCA1 GENE 1 (NBR1). According with its role in immunity, we discovered that Exo70B2 interacts with and is phosphorylated by the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MPK3). Mimicking phosphorylation inhibited Exo70B2 localization at sites of active secretion. By contrast, lines expressing phosphonull variants displayed higher Effector-Triggered Immunity and were hypersensitive to BTH, conditions known to induce the secretory pathway. Our results suggest a molecular mechanism by which phosphorylation of Exo70B2 regulates interaction with the plasma membrane, and couples the secretory pathway with cellular signalling.
Revisiting the evolutionary analysis of mammalian CRISPs reveals positive selection
Authors: Vicens Alberto , Treviño Claudia 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs) constitute a versatile family, with functions that include being components of reptilian venom and participation in mammalian reproduction. While non-mammalian vertebrates express a single CRISP gene, mammals generally express three CRISP paralogs. A previous study assessing the molecular evolution of vertebrate CRISPs revealed strong positive selection in reptilian CRISP and negative selection in mammalian CRISPs. In this study, we re-assessed molecular adaptation of mammalian CRISPs through an analysis of larger sequence datasets that represent mammalian diversity. Our analyses show evidence of recent episodes of positive selection for all mammalian CRISPs. Intensity of positive selection was heterogeneous both among CRISP paralogs (being stronger in CRISP3 than in CRISP1 and CRISP2) and across functional domains (having more impact on CRD or PR-1 domain). Analysis of episodic selection did not yield strong signatures of adaptive evolution in any particular mammalian group, suggesting that positive selection was more pervasive on mammalian CRISPs. Our findings provide evidence of adaptive evolution in a family of reproduction-related proteins, and offer interesting insights regarding the role of mammalian CRISPs in fertility and speciation.
Gender balance in time-keeping at life science conferences
Authors: Edlund Petra , Tranfield Erin M. , van Noort Vera , Siu Ting Karen , Tapani Sofia , Hoog Johanna L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractScientific conferences are biased against women when selecting speakers, but recent studies showed a positive trend where the ratio of invited female speakers had increased. We have recorded speaking times at 11 different conferences during 2016-2017 to analyze which factors influenced a speaker’s time keeping. Men and women went over time 47% and 41% of the talks, respectively. In a regression analysis, it was found that the most important factors that influences how long a presenter spoke was 1) their allocated time, 2) their career stage and 3) the level of time keeping enforcement. It was also found that gender and the size of the conference contributed significantly towards the speaker’s timing. Male speakers exceeded their allocated time more frequently than female speakers, especially at large conferences (60% vs 49%). Since conferences are an important arena for science dissemination this might have a negative impact on female scientist’s careers.
Food hardness and stone tool weight in wild primate nut-cracking
Authors: Haslam Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study presents data on average stone tool weights and the hardness of foods processed by the three known stone-tool-using primate species: Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea), bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) and Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). Each of these primates uses stone hammers to crack open nuts in the wild, making them suitable for inter-species behavioural comparison. This work draws on published results to identify a distinct difference in the tool weight/food hardness curve between chimpanzees and the two monkey taxa, with the latter reaching an asymptote in mean tool weight of just over 1 kg regardless of increasing food hardness. In contrast, chimpanzees rapidly increase their tool weight in response to increasing hardness, selecting average masses over 5 kg to process the hardest nuts. Species overlap in their preference for tools of 0.8-1 kg for opening foods of hardness 2-3 kN, suggesting that this conjunction may represent a primate stone-tool-use optimum.
Heterochromatin delays CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis but does not influence repair outcome
Authors: Kallimasioti-Pazi Eirini M , Thelakkad Chathoth Keerthi , Taylor Gillian C , Meynert Alison , Ballinger Tracy , Kelder Martijn , Lalevée Sébastien , Sanli Ildem , Feil Robert , Wood Andrew J 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCRISPR-Cas9 genome editing occurs in the context of chromatin, which is heterogeneous in structure and function across the genome. Chromatin heterogeneity is thought to affect genome editing efficiency, but this has been challenging to quantify due to the presence of confounding variables. Here, we develop a method that exploits the allele-specific chromatin status of imprinted genes in order to address this problem. Because maternal and paternal alleles of imprinted genes have identical DNA sequence and are situated in the same nucleus, allele-specific differences in the frequency and spectrum of Cas9-induced mutations can be attributed unequivocally to epigenetic mechanisms. We found that heterochromatin can impede mutagenesis, but to a degree that depends on other key experimental parameters. Mutagenesis was impeded by up to 7-fold when Cas9 exposure was brief and when intracellular Cas9 expression was low. Surprisingly, the outcome of mutagenic DNA repair was independent of chromatin state, with similar efficiencies of homology directed repair and deletion spectra on maternal and paternal chromosomes. Combined, our data show that heterochromatin imposes a permeable barrier that influences the kinetics, but not the endpoint of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and suggest that therapeutic applications involving low-level Cas9 exposure will be particularly affected by chromatin status.
Understanding policing as a mechanism of cheater control in cooperating bacteria
Authors: Wechsler Tobias , Kümmerli Rolf , Dobay Akos 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPolicing occurs in insect, animal and human societies, where it is used as a conditional strategy to prevent cheating and enforce cooperation. Recently, it has been suggested that policing might even be relevant in enforcing cooperation in much simpler organisms such as bacteria. Here, we used individual-based modelling to develop an evolutionary concept for policing in bacteria, and identify the conditions under which it can be adaptive. We modelled interactions between cooperators, producing a beneficial public good, cheaters exploiting the public good without contributing to it, and public good producing policers that secrete a toxin to selectively target cheaters. We found that toxin-mediated policing is favored when (i) toxins are potent and durable, (ii) cheap to produce, (iii) cell and public good diffusion is intermediate, and (iv) toxins diffuse farther than the public good. Overall, we show that toxin-mediated policing can enforce cooperation, but the parameter space where it is beneficial seems quite narrow. Moreover, we found that policing decays when the genetic linkage between public good and toxin production breaks. This is because policing is itself a public good, offering protection to toxin-resistant mutants that still produce public goods, yet no longer invest in toxins. Our work suggests that very specific environmental conditions are required for genetically fixed policing mechanisms to evolve in bacteria, and offers empirically testable predictions for their evolutionary stability.
Cell atlas of human uterus
Authors: Wu Bingbing , Li Yu , Liu Yanshan , Jin Kaixiu , Zhao Kun , An Chengrui , Li Qikai , Gong Lin , Zhao Wei , Hu Jinghui , Qian Jianhua , Ouyang HongWei , Zou XiaoHui 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARYThe human uterus is a highly dynamic tissue that undergoes repeated damage repair and regeneration during the menstrual cycle, which make it ideal model to study tissue regeneration and pathological process. Stem/progenitors were speculated to be involved in the regeneration of endometrial epithelial and pathogenesis of endometriosis. But the identity, microenvironment and regulatory mechanisms of the uterus epithelial stem/progenitors in vivo remain unclear. Here, we dissected the cell heterogeneities of the full-thickness human uterus epithelial cells (11 clusters), stroma cells (6 clusters), endothelial cells (5 clusters), smooth muscle cells (2 clusters), myofibroblasts (2 clusters) and immune cells (6 clusters) from 2735 single cell by single cell RNA-seq. Further analysis identified a unique ciliated epithelial cell cluster showing characteristics of stem/progenitors with properties of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that mainly localized in the upper functionalis of the endometrium. Ordering the cell subpopulations along the pseudo-space revealed cell clusters possess cellular states of stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the upper functionalis cellular ecosystem of the endometrium. Connectivity map between the human uterus subpopulations revealed potential inflammatory (cytokines and chemokines) and developmental (WNT, FGF, VEGF) signals within the upper functionalis cellular ecosystem of the endometrium, especially from other epithelial clusters, regulating cell plasticity of the EMT-epithelial clusters. This study reconstructed the heterogeneities, space-specific distribution and connectivity map of human uterus atlas, which would provide insight in the regeneration of uterus endometria and reference for the pathogenesis of uterus.
C3: An R package for cross-species compendium-based cell-type identification
Authors: Kabir Md Humayun , Djordjevic Djordje , O’Connor Michael D. , Ho Joshua W. K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCell type identification from an unknown sample can often be done by comparing its gene expression profile against a gene expression database containing profiles of a large number of cell-types. This type of compendium-based cell-type identification strategy is particularly successful for human and mouse samples because a large volume of data exists for these organisms. However, such rich data repositories often do not exist for most non-model organisms. This makes transcriptome-based sample classification in these species challenging. We propose to overcome this challenge by performing a cross-species compendium comparison. The key is to utilise a recently published cross-species gene set analysis (XGSA) framework to correct for biases that may arise due to potentially complex homologous gene mapping between two species. The framework is implemented as an open source R package called C3. We have evaluated the performance of C3 using a variety of public data in NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. We also compared the functionality and performance of C3 against some similar gene expression profile matching tools. Our evaluation shows that C3 is a simple and effective method for cell type identification. C3 is available at https://github.com/VCCRI/C3.