bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Cannabinoids in Breast Milk Using QuEChERS and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ramnarine Rhea S , Poklis Justin L , Wolf Carl E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Use of marijuana and cannabinoids has been on the rise in recent years, including in childbearing women. This has resulted in cannabinoids being more frequently identified in breast milk as a result of its high lipid content and cannabinoids having a high lipophilicity, thereby exposing the breastfeeding infant to cannabinoids and other marijuana constituents. Presented is a method for the analysis of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) in breast milk. THC, CBN, CBD and their isotopically labeled standards were extracted from breast milk using a modified QuEChERS method and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. As a result of the high lipid content of breast milk, saponification of the lipids was necessary to improve overall extraction efficiency. The process efficiency percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 55%, 80% and 25%, respectively. The recovery percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 95%, 118% and 85%, respectively. The matrix effect percentage for THC, CBD and CBN are 53%, 66% and 26%, respectively. Linearity was assessed from 1 to 100 ng/mL for THC, CBN and CBD and had r2 &gt; 0.996. Validation controls were prepared at 1, 3, 20, 80 and 300 ng/mL (dilution control), and the bias was determined to be less than ±20% with %CVs &lt;15% for all controls. Due to the limited access of genuine breast milk for routinely preparing matrix matched calibration and control materials, Enfamil® Premium™ Newborn Infant Formula (0–3 months) was evaluated as a breast milk substitute. No significant differences were observed for THC, CBN and CBD using either breast milk or formula as the matrix; thus, it was determined to be an acceptable breast milk matrix substitute. The modified QuEChERS method was determined to be a robust, reliable method for the determination of THC, CBN and CBD in breast milk.
Massive lymphatic leakage after lung cancer surgery via median sternotomy
Authors: Minegishi Kentaro , Tsubochi Hiroyoshi , Hamamoto Kohei , Endo Shunsuke 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We report a case of intractable chylothorax after right upper lobectomy and nodal dissection via median sternotomy for lung cancer in a 67-year-old man. Lymphangiography (LAG) with lipiodol and sequential computed tomography showed the thoracic duct in the left posterior mediastinum and massive lymphatic leakage in the anterior and middle mediastinum. The Chylous leakage was resolved by LAG with lipiodol. Our findings suggest that variation of the thoracic duct should be evaluated by LAG when intractable chylothorax or chylomediastinum develops after anterior mediastinal surgery.
German Jews between Freud, Marx, and Halakha: Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Erich Fromm, and the Psychoanalysis of Jewish Ritual in 1920s Heidelberg1
Authors: Lerner Paul 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This essay explores the psychoanalytic sanitarium (Therapeutikum) directed by Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and Erich Fromm in Heidelberg from 1924 to 1928. The Therapeutikum aimed to combine adherence to Jewish ritual with psychoanalytic practice and radical politics for a group of German Jews who were rethinking their Orthodox backgrounds in light of new intellectual and political currents and modern sensibilities. Visitors to the sanitarium included many leading German-Jewish thinkers, and Heidelberg’s proximity to Frankfurt placed the Therapeutikum in the orbit of the Institute for Social Research and near a major hub in the renaissance of Jewish learning then occurring. At the centre of the article is a discussion of essays by Fromm-Reichmann and Fromm that subjected Jewish ritual (kashrut and shabbat) to psychoanalytic investigation. Appearing in Imago in 1927, the articles marked the two writers’ public break with Orthodox Judaism. This essay argues that the Imago articles marked a crucial moment in the political, intellectual, and religious history of German Jewry. Even if the Fromms’ synthesis of Freudianism, radical politics, and Judaism was conceptually shaky, their sanitarium illustrates the centrality of psychoanalysis—as a sensibility, a hermeneutic and above all a way of creating social and communal bonds—to a generation of German Jews navigating the challenges of German and Jewish modernity.
On the radiation energy density in the jet of high-energy-emitting BL Lac objects and its impact on their multimessenger role
Authors: Tavecchio F , Oikonomou F , Righi C 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWe examine the potential multimessenger role of BL Lac objects emitting at high energy (so-called HBL) focusing on the limits on the energy density of soft radiation in the jet frame, a critical parameter that regulates the proton cooling and the fragmentation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray nuclei possibly accelerated in the jet. We show that (under the assumption that the high-energy emission bump is dominated by inverse Compton emission) the energy density of any external soft radiation field (e.g. produced by a layer surrounding the jet or in the accretion flow) cannot be larger than few times that associated with the observed synchrotron radiation produced in the emission region. Quite interestingly, the constraint that we derive is generally stronger than the limit obtained from the condition that the source is transparent to very high-energy γ-rays. Using this constraint, we can derive a robust upper limit for the efficiency of the photopion reaction leading to the emission of PeV neutrinos, fπ ≲ 10−5, which makes HBL quite inefficient neutrino sources. For the photodisintegration of nuclei, the results are more dependent on the spectral properties of the radiation field. The photodisintegration efficiency is safely below 1 (and nuclei can escape intact) for a ‘canonical’ spectrum of the soft radiation field ∝ ν−0.5. For radiation fields characterized by a softer spectrum and extended over a large portion of the jet, the efficiency increases and for an appreciable fraction of the sources nuclei with energies above 1019 eV might suffer significant photodisintegration.
GK Car and GZ Nor: two low-luminous, depleted RV Tauri stars
Authors: Gezer I , Van Winckel H , Manick R , Kamath D 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We performed a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of two RV Tauri stars: GK Car and GZ Nor. Both objects are surrounded by hot circumstellar dust. Their pulsation periods, derived from ASAS (All Sky Automated Survey) photometric time-series, have been used to derive their luminosities and distances via the period–luminosity–distance (PLC) relation. In addition, for both objects, Gaia distances are available. The Gaia distances and luminosities are consistent with the values obtained from the PLC relationship. GK Car is at distance of 4.5 ± 1.3 kpc and has a luminosity of 1520 ± 840 L⊙, while GZ Nor is at distance of 8.4 ± 2.3 kpc and has a luminosity of 1240 ± 690 L⊙. Our abundance analysis reveals that both stars show depletion of refractory elements with [Fe/H] = −1.3 and [Zn/Ti] = +1.2 for GK Car and [Fe/H] = −2.0 and [Zn/Ti] = +0.8 for GZ Nor. In the WISE(Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer) colour–colour diagram, GK Car is located in the RV Tauri box as originally defined by Lloyd Evans and updated by Gezer et al., while GZ Nor is not. Despite this, we argue that both objects are surrounded by a gravitationally bound disc. As depletion is observed in binaries, we postulate that both stars are binaries as well. RV Tauri stars are generally acknowledged to be post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars. Recent studies show that they might be either indeed post-AGB or post-red giant branch (post-RGB) objects depending on their luminosity. For both objects, the derived luminosities are relatively low for post-AGB objects, however, the uncertainties are quite large. We conclude that they could be either post-RGB or post-AGB objects.
Energy equipartition between stellar and dark matter particles in cosmological simulations results in spurious growth of galaxy sizes
Authors: Ludlow Aaron D , Schaye Joop , Schaller Matthieu , Richings Jack 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The impact of 2-body scattering on the innermost density profiles of dark matter haloes is well established. We use a suite of cosmological simulations and idealized numerical experiments to show that 2-body scattering is exacerbated in situations where there are two species of unequal mass. This is a consequence of mass segregation and reflects a flow of kinetic energy from the more to less massive particles. This has important implications for the interpretation of galaxy sizes in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, which nearly always model stars with less massive particles than are used for the dark matter. We compare idealized models as well as simulations from the eagle project that differ only in the mass resolution of the dark matter component, but keep subgrid physics, baryonic mass resolution, and gravitational force softening fixed. If the dark matter particle mass exceeds the mass of stellar particles, then galaxy sizes – quantified by their projected half-mass radii, R50 – increase systematically with time until R50 exceeds a small fraction of the redshift-dependent mean interparticle separation, l (${\rm R_{50}} \gtrsim 0.05\times l$). Our conclusions should also apply to simulations that adopt different hydrodynamic solvers, subgrid physics, or adaptive softening, but in that case may need quantitative revision. Any simulation employing a stellar-to-dark matter particle mass ratio greater than unity will escalate spurious energy transfer from dark matter to baryons on small scales.
The impact of asymmetric neutrino emissions on nucleosynthesis in core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Fujimoto Shin-ichiro , Nagakura Hiroki 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the impact of asymmetric neutrino emissions on the explosive nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). We find that the asymmetric emissions tend to yield larger amounts of proton-rich ejecta (electron fraction, Ye &gt; 0.51) in the hemisphere of the higher νe emissions, meanwhile neutron-rich matter (Ye &lt; 0.49) are ejected in the opposite hemisphere of the higher ${\bar{\nu }}_{\rm e}$ emissions. For larger asymmetric cases with $\ge 30\, {\rm per\, cent}$, the neutron-rich ejecta is abundantly produced, in which there are too much elements heavier than Zn compared to the solar abundances. This may place an upper limit of the asymmetric neutrino emissions in CCSNe. The characteristic features are also observed in elemental distribution; (1) abundances lighter than Ca are insensitive to the asymmetric neutrino emissions; (2) the production of Zn and Ge is larger in the neutron-rich ejecta even for smaller asymmetric cases with $\le 10\, {\rm per\, cent}$. We discuss these observational consequences, which may account for the (anti)correlations among asymmetries of heavy elements and neutron star kicks in supernova remnants (SNRs). Future SNR observations of the direct measurement for the mass and spatial distributions of α elements, Fe, Zn, and Ge will provide us the information on the asymmetric degree of neutrino emissions.
An H i absorption distance to the black hole candidate X-ray binary MAXI J1535–571
Authors: Chauhan J , Miller-Jones J C A , Anderson G E , Raja W , Bahramian A , Hotan A , Indermuehle B , Whiting M , Allison J R , Anderson C , Bunton J , Koribalski B , Mahony E 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
With the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) we monitored the black hole candidate X-ray binary MAXI J1535–571 over seven epochs from 2017 September 21 to October 2. Using ASKAP observations, we studied the H i absorption spectrum from gas clouds along the line of sight and thereby constrained the distance to the source. The maximum negative radial velocities measured from the H i absorption spectra for MAXI J1535–571 and an extragalactic source in the same field of view are −69 ± 4 and −89 ± 4 km s−1, respectively. This rules out the far kinematic distance ($9.3^{+0.5}_{-0.6}$ kpc), giving a most likely distance of $4.1^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$ kpc, with a strong upper limit of the tangent point at $6.7^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$ kpc. At our preferred distance, the peak unabsorbed luminosity of MAXI J1535–571 was &gt;78 per cent of the Eddington luminosity, and shows that the soft-to-hard spectral state transition occurred at the very low luminosity of (1.2–3.4) × 10−5 times the Eddington luminosity. Finally, this study highlights the capabilities of new wide-field radio telescopes to probe Galactic transient outbursts, by allowing us to observe both a target source and a background comparison source in a single telescope pointing.
Sharp kinking of a coiled-coil in MutS allows DNA binding and release
Authors: Bhairosing-Kok Doreth , Groothuizen Flora S , Fish Alexander , Dharadhar Shreya , Winterwerp Herrie H K , Sixma Titia K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) corrects mismatches, small insertions and deletions in DNA during DNA replication. While scanning for mismatches, dimers of MutS embrace the DNA helix with their lever and clamp domains. Previous studies indicated generic flexibility of the lever and clamp domains of MutS prior to DNA binding, but whether this was important for MutS function was unknown. Here, we present a novel crystal structure of DNA-free Escherichia coli MutS. In this apo-structure, the clamp domains are repositioned due to kinking at specific sites in the coiled-coil region in the lever domains, suggesting a defined hinge point. We made mutations at the coiled-coil hinge point. The mutants made to disrupt the helical fold at the kink site diminish DNA binding, whereas those made to increase stability of coiled-coil result in stronger DNA binding. These data suggest that the site-specific kinking of the coiled-coil in the lever domain is important for loading of this ABC-ATPase on DNA.
The Lack of Mitochondrial Thioredoxin TRXo1 Affects In Vivo Alternative Oxidase Activity and Carbon Metabolism under Different Light Conditions
Authors: Florez-Sarasa Igor , Obata Toshihiro , Del-Saz Nï¿½stor Fernï¿½ndez , Reichheld Jean-Philippe , Meyer Etienne H , Rodriguez-Concepcion Manuel , Ribas-Carbo Miquel , Fernie Alisdair R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) constitutes a nonphosphorylating pathway of electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain that provides flexibility to energy and carbon primary metabolism. Its activity is regulated in vitro by the mitochondrial thioredoxin (TRX) system which reduces conserved cysteines residues of AOX. However, in vivo evidence for redox regulation of the AOX activity is still scarce. In the present study, the redox state, protein levels and in vivo activity of the AOX in parallel to photosynthetic parameters were determined in Arabidopsis knockout mutants lacking mitochondrial trxo1 under moderate (ML) and high light (HL) conditions, known to induce in vivo AOX activity. In addition, 13C- and 14C-labeling experiments together with metabolite profiling were performed to better understand the metabolic coordination between energy and carbon metabolism in the trxo1 mutants. Our results show that the in vivo AOX activity is higher in the trxo1 mutants at ML while the AOX redox state is apparently unaltered. These results suggest that mitochondrial thiol redox systems are responsible for maintaining AOX in its reduced form rather than regulating its activity in vivo. Moreover, the negative regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by the TRX system is coordinated with the increased input of electrons into the AOX pathway. Under HL conditions, while AOX and photosynthesis displayed similar patterns in the mutants, photorespiration is restricted at the level of glycine decarboxylation most likely as a consequence of redox imbalance.
Soluble expression and purification of high-bioactivity recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 by codon optimisation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Wei , Zhang Caiqian , Wu Yeqing , Su Xiuping 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We developed a simple method of preparing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) with high biological activity. This rhBMP-2 was overproduced in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with thioredoxin 6xHis-tag at its amino terminus.
The cDNA fragment of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP-2) fused to the secretion signal of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) was expressed under T7 promoter in E. coli. After DNA sequence confirmation, the recombinant vector pETpho-bmp2 was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). rhBMP-2 was produced by the recombinant strain pETpho-bmp2/BL21 (DE3) in a soluble form with an yield of 6.2 mg/L culture. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results showed that the molecular weight of the product was approximately 28 kD. Moreover, rhBMP-2 was secreted as a dimer with a natural structure. rhBMP-2, purified by Ni Nitrilotriacetic acid Agarose (Ni-NTA) affinity chromatography, was used to examine osteosarcoma MG-63 cells and assay the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results showed that rhBMP-2 induced MG-63 cell differentiation. When the final concentration was 500 ng/mL, the effect was more remarkable and ALP activity reached 525% compared with that of the control group.
Increased prevalence of small airways dysfunction in patients with systemic sclerosis as determined by impulse oscillometry
Authors: Bonifazi Martina , Sverzellati Nicola , Negri Eva , Pomponio Giovanni , Seletti Valeria , Bonini Matteo , Fraticelli Paolo , Paolini Luca , Mattioli Massimo , Franchi Matteo , Tramacere Irene , Poletti Venerino , La Vecchia Carlo , Gasparini Stefano , Gabrielli Armando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The prevalence and clinical implications of small airways involvement in SSc are still to be fully elucidated. The goal of the present work is to assess the prevalence of small airways dysfunction by impulse oscillometry and to determine whether it correlates with selected disease-related features and respiratory-related quality of life.

Methods
Ninety-four SSc patients and 93 healthy controls were studied by impulse oscillometry measurements. Small airways dysfunction was defined as the difference between resistance at low frequency, i.e. 5 Hz, and resistance at high frequency, i.e. 20 Hz, termed ‘R5-R20’, ⩾0.07 kPa/l/s. The St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire was used to measure health impairment in SSc patients. Radiological features of small airways disease and parenchymal abnormalities on high resolution CT chest scans were jointly assessed by two thoracic radiologists.

Results
Small airways dysfunction was present in 21.5% of the SSc patient cohort, with a prevalence almost 5-fold higher compared with controls, and it was significantly associated with worse respiratory-related quality of life. Radiological features consistent with small airways abnormalities were detected in 25% of SSc patients, mostly in the absence of interstitial lung changes. Combining functional and radiological evaluations, one-third of the SSc cohort showed at least one feature of small airways involvement, which was associated with the lcSSc phenotype and with longer disease duration.

Conclusion
The current study strengthens the hypothesis that small airway dysfunction might be a feature of SSc-related lung involvement, providing the first data on its significant impact on respiratory-related quality of life. A full assessment of lung function in SSc patients should include impulse oscillometry as a complementary technique, due to potential clinical and therapeutic implications.
The Seychelles Juvenile Court and the Right to a Fair Trial: Implementing Article 19(2) of the Constitution, Sections 94–98 of the Children Act and the Children Act (Juvenile Court) Rules
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Seychelles Juvenile Court, the Court, was established under section 93 of the Children Act with the mandate to hear charges against children. The procedure that has to be followed by the court is laid down in sections 94–98 of the Act and the Juvenile Court Rules. The Act and the Rules have to be implemented in full compliance with the constitution. Article 19 of the Constitution provides for the right to a fair trial and the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal of Seychelles have developed rich jurisprudence on this right. Under the doctrine of precedent, this jurisprudence binds the Juvenile Court. In this article, the author analyses the judgments and orders of the court between 2012 and June 2019 to establish how it has dealt with the right to a fair trial. This analysis shows that although in the majority of cases the court has done its best to implement the Act and the Rules, there are many instances in which its approach is contrary to the provisions of the Act, the Rules, the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and/or the Court of Appeal and also the Constitution. The author highlights some of the issues that have to be addressed by the court to better implement the Act, the Rules and the Constitution to protect the right to a fair trial.
Evaluation of an Innovative Curriculum Enhancement: The Conversation Project
Authors: Pagano Michael , Mager Diana R. , O’Shea Eileen R. , O'Sullivan Cynthia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two northeast nursing schools piloted an innovative curriculum to teach The Conversation Project (TCP) to the next generation of nurses. The goal was to educate 26 graduate nursing students about how to have end-of-life and advance care planning conversations with people before they experience a crisis. The focus of assignments was on communicating newly learned TCP information. Postreflections demonstrated that participants felt their communication skills had been enhanced while their anxieties were reduced. The students’ abilities to have end-of-life conversations increased.
Pharmacologic Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Using a Protocol
Authors: Gibson Brandi L. , Coe Kristi , Bradshaw Wanda 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The opioid epidemic in the United States has reached unprecedented proportions with far-reaching impacts on the most vulnerable population. The number of neonates born addicted to opioids has grown exponentially over the last several decades, leading to increased neonatal intensive care unit admissions and rising healthcare costs. Recent studies have yielded mixed results regarding which medication is most effective at relieving the symptoms of opioid withdrawal and reducing the weaning timeframe for babies with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).

Purpose:
To explore and compare the effectiveness of morphine versus methadone in the treatment for NAS using a standardized protocol.

Method:
A literature search of PubMed and CINAHL was performed. The search yielded 10 quantitative studies that were analyzed for potential practice changes.

Conclusion:
Based on current literature, following a standardized, stringent weaning protocol is more beneficial than the pharmacologic agent used. Studies reveal shorter weaning times and hospital stays in almost every group that followed rigid guidelines.

Implication for Research:
Although current studies are promising for the desired outcome, more research is needed to develop appropriate protocol-based weaning regimens for management of NAS.

Implication for Practice:
As the occurrence of NAS continues to rise, its management must vigorously meet the challenges of the diagnosis. Institutions should reevaluate their current protocols based on reassuring data showing that stringent guidelines using morphine or methadone can improve clinical outcomes, reduce hospital length, and lower healthcare costs.