bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐Hospital mortality varies by procedure type among cirrhosis surgery admissions
Authors: Mahmud Nadim , Fricker Zachary , Serper Marina , Kaplan David E. , Rothstein Kenneth D. , Goldberg David S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with cirrhosis have increased peri‐operative mortality risk relative to non‐cirrhotic patients, however, the impact of surgical procedure category on this risk is poorly understood.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of cirrhosis surgery admissions using the National Inpatient Sample between 2012 and 2014 to estimate the adjusted odds of in‐hospital mortality by surgical procedure category.ResultsIn‐hospital mortality differed by surgical procedure category. Relative to major orthopedic surgeries, major abdominal surgeries had the highest odds of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 8.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.96‐11.49), followed by major cardiovascular surgeries (OR 3.45, 95% CI 2.33‐5.09). There was also a significant interaction term, whereby elective/non‐elective admission status impacted in‐hospital mortality risk differently for each surgical procedure category (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn‐hospital mortality varies substantially by surgical procedure type. Accounting for procedure type in models may improve risk prediction for peri‐operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis.
A decomposition scheme for parallelization of system optimal dynamic traffic assignment on urban networks with multiple origins and destinations
Authors: Mehrabipour Mehrzad , Hajibabai Leila , Hajbabaie Ali 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a decomposition scheme to find near‐optimal solutions to a cell transmission model‐based system optimal dynamic traffic assignment problem with multiple origin‐destination pairs. A linear and convex formulation is used to define the problem characteristics. The decomposition is designed based on the Dantzig–Wolfe technique that splits the set of decision variables into subsets through the construction of a master problem and subproblems. Each subproblem includes only a single origin‐destination pair with significantly less computational burden compared to the original problem. The master problem represents the coordination between subproblems through the design of interactive flows between the pairs. The proposed methodology is implemented in two case study networks of 20 and 40 intersections with up to 25 origin‐destination pairs. The numerical results show that the decomposition scheme converges to the optimal solution, within 2.0% gap, in substantially less time compared to a benchmark solution, which confirms the computational efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Various network performance measures have been assessed based on different traffic state scenarios to draw managerial insights.
The sedation practices of paediatric intensive care unit nurses and the influencing factors in China
Authors: Liu Zuojia , Ge Xiaohua 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTNurses play a key role in administering sedation to mechanically ventilated children, which impacts children's psychological, physiological and cognitive changes in the paediatric intensive care unit. This study aimed to survey the sedation practices of paediatric intensive care unit nurses on mechanically ventilated children in China and explored the influencing factors. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted based on electronic questionnaires comprised of the Nurse Sedation Practices Scale (Chinese version) in 14 different types of paediatric intensive care units of 11 academic hospitals in China from 15 February to 15 April 2017. A convenience sample of 495 nurses [73·4% response rate, (674)] completed the survey. Seven units applied Ramsay Sedation Scale as a sedative assessment tool. The majority of the nurses used observed behaviours and physiological changes of the ventilated children as indicators to assess the sedation level, and they had a positive attitude and intention, which may influence practice positively, whereas high clinical workload and the lack of communication between the nurses and families might hinder practice. The practice of sedation varied greatly in different regions, and the respondents of the northwest region scored lower. Paediatric nurses in China rarely used a validated paediatric instrument to assess sedation, and most nurses relied on physiological and behavioural cues. The quality of sedation training, nursing workload and regional economic disparity affected the sedation practice. The restricted visiting policy and lack of clearly defined nursing responsibilities around sedation may hinder effective sedation assessment and management. This study found that there was no paediatric‐validated tool popularized in paediatric intensive care units in China and explored influencing factors. We suggest that a validated tool, high‐quality training and hospital's policy, such as visiting regulation, should be promoted to improve the sedation practice.
Ethical and human rights considerations related to access to anemia diagnosis
Authors: Sinharoy Sheela S. , Fanzo Jessica 
Published: May 2019

AbstractImportant disparities exist in anemia diagnosis globally. We examine individuals’ and populations’ access to anemia diagnosis, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the interpretation of test results through the lens of key ethical considerations. These include the human right to health and the Rawlsian concept of the social contract, as well as ethical principles, such as autonomy, self‐liberty, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. We discuss factors that influence individuals’ and communities’ access to high‐quality health services, including geography, gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Geographic and other differences exist in the types of diagnostic equipment and methods used to diagnose anemia, potentially leading to differential classification of anemia across individuals and populations. A diagnosis of anemia also requires follow‐up to understand etiology and appropriate treatment. However, this is not done consistently, in clinical care or in population‐based surveys. To better understand the problem and track countries’ progress, a need exists for disaggregated, longitudinal quantitative and qualitative data on disparities related to anemia. Moving forward, it will be important for countries to improve equitable access to high‐quality health services, particularly primary health care services, and to address barriers to the ability of individuals or communities to effectively enjoy the right to health.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Platelet count and platelet transfusion for invasive dental procedures in thrombocytopenic patients: A systematic review
Authors: Karasneh Jumana , Christoforou Janina , Walker Jennifer S. , Manfredi Maddalena , Dave Bella , Diz Dios Pedro , Lockhart Peter B. , Patton Lauren L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the evidence for a 50,000/μl platelet count threshold for platelet transfusion for invasive dental procedures in thrombocytopenic patients.Subjects and MethodsWe searched in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library (Wiley) and Scopus from 1960 through April 2018 for studies on patients with quantitative platelet disorders not related to medical co‐morbidities or medications and undergoing invasive dental procedures. Two reviewers conducted assessments independently.ResultsWe found a total of 176 non‐duplicate articles, of which 9 cohort studies met our inclusion criteria. The incidence of postoperative bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients was low (4.9%), and we found no difference in bleeding incidence between patients who had platelet transfusion and those who did not. There was no difference in the mean platelet count for patients with and without bleeding. Different modalities are now available to prevent and control bleeding, which may reduce the need for platelet transfusion.ConclusionsThere is no evidence to support the long‐standing dogma of a need for a platelet count ≥ 50,000/μl for safe invasive dental procedures. Platelet transfusion effectiveness for haemostasis support could not be determined based on available data. Local measures and antifibrinolytics are the mainstay for the prevention and management of bleeding.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Targeting the oral microbiome Part 2: Current knowledge on malignant and potentially malignant oral disorders
Authors: Robledo‐Sierra Jairo , Ben‐Amy Dalit Porat , Varoni Elena , Bavarian Roxanne , Simonsen Janne L. , Paster Bruce J. , Wade William G. , Kerr Alexander R. , Peterson Douglas E. , Frandsen Lau Ellen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII chose the oral microbiome as a focus area. Part 1 presents the methodological state of the science for oral microbiome studies. Part 2 was guided by the question: What is currently known about the microbiome associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa?Materials and MethodsA scoping review methodology was followed to identify and analyse relevant studies on the composition and potential functions of the oral microbiota using high‐throughput sequencing techniques. The authors performed searches in PubMed and EMBASE. After removal of duplicates, a total of 239 potentially studies were identified.ResultsTwenty‐three studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma, two on oral leukoplakia and four on oral lichen planus were included with substantial differences in diagnostic criteria, sample type, region sequenced and sequencing method utilised. The majority of studies focused on bacterial identification and recorded statistically significant differences in the oral microbiota associated with health and disease. However, even when comparing studies of similar methodology, the microbial differences between health and disease varied considerably. No consensus on the composition of the microbiomes associated with these conditions on genus and species level could be obtained. Six studies on oral squamous cell carcinoma had included in silico predicted microbial functions (genes and/or pathways) and found some similarities between the studies.ConclusionsAttempts to reveal the microbiome associated with oral mucosal diseases are still in its infancy, and the studies demonstrate significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity across disease categories. The immense richness and diversity of the microbiota clearly illustrate that there is a need for additional methodologically comparable studies utilising deep sequencing approaches in significant cohorts of subjects together with functional analyses. Our hope is that following the recipe as outlined in our preceding companion paper, that is Part 1, will enhance achieving this in the future and elucidate the role of the oral microbiome in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa.
Using Heading date 1 preponderant alleles from indica cultivars to breed high‐yield, high‐quality japonica rice varieties for cultivation in south China
Authors: Leng Yujia , Gao Yihong , Chen Long , Yang Yaolong , Huang Lichao , Dai Liping , Ren Deyong , Xu Qiankun , Zhang Ya , Ponce Kimberly , Hu Jiang , Shen Lan , Zhang Guangheng , Chen Guang , Dong Guojun , Gao Zhenyu , Guo Longbiao , Ye Guoyou , Qian Qian , Zhu Li , Zeng Dali 
Published: May 2019

SummaryHeading date 1 (Hd1) is an important gene for the regulation of flowering in rice, but its variation in major cultivated rice varieties, and the effect of this variation on yield and quality, remains unknown. In this study, we selected 123 major rice varieties cultivated in China from 1936 to 2009 to analyse the relationship between the Hd1 alleles and yield‐related traits. Among these varieties, 19 haplotypes were detected in Hd1, including two major haplotypes (H8 and H13) in the japonica group and three major haplotypes (H14, H15 and H16) in the indica group. Analysis of allele frequencies showed that the secondary branch number was the major aimed for Chinese indica breeding. In the five major haplotypes, SNP316(C‐T) was the only difference between the two major japonica haplotypes, and SNP495(C‐G) and SNP614(G‐A) are the major SNPs in the three indica haplotypes. Association analysis showed that H16 is the most preponderant allele in modern cultivated Chinese indica varieties. Backcrossing this allele into the japonica variety Chunjiang06 improved yield without decreasing grain quality. Therefore, our analysis offers a new strategy for utilizing these preponderant alleles to improve yield and quality of japonica varieties for cultivation in the southern areas of China.
Development and characterization of marker‐free and transgene insertion site‐defined transgenic wheat with improved grain storability and fatty acid content
Authors: Cao Xuemin , Dong Zhenying , Tian Dong , Dong Lingli , Qian Weiqiang , Liu Jinxing , Liu Xin , Qin Huanju , Zhai Wenxue , Gao Caixia , Zhang Kunpu , Wang Daowen 
Published: May 2019

SummaryDevelopment of marker‐free and transgene insertion site‐defined (MFTID) transgenic plants is essential for safe application of transgenic crops. However, MFTID plants have not been reported for wheat (Triticum aestivum). Here, we prepared a RNAi cassette for suppressing lipoxygenase (LOX) gene expression in wheat grains using a double right border T‐DNA vector. The resultant construct was introduced into wheat genome via Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation, with four homozygous marker‐free transgenic lines (namely GLRW‐1, ‐3, ‐5 and ‐8) developed. Aided by the newly published wheat genome sequence, the T‐DNA insertion sites in GLRW‐3 and GLRW‐8 were elucidated at base‐pair resolution. While the T‐DNA in GLRW‐3 inserted in an intergenic region, that of GLRW‐8 inactivated an endogenous gene, which was thus excluded from further analysis. Compared to wild ‐type (WT) control, GLRW‐1, ‐3 and ‐5 showed decreased LOX gene expression, lower LOX activity and less lipid peroxidation in the grains; they also exhibited significantly higher germination rates and better seedling growth after artificial ageing treatment. Interestingly, the three GLRW lines also had substantially increased contents of several fatty acids (e.g., linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in their grain and flour samples than WT control. Collectively, our data suggest that suppression of grain LOX activity can be employed to improve the storability and fatty acid content of wheat seeds and that the MFTID line GLRW‐3 is likely of commercial value. Our approach may also be useful for developing the MFTID transgenic lines of other crops with enhanced grain storability and fatty acid content.
Revisiting the history of the “Mongolian spot”: The background and implications of a medical term used today
Authors: Zhong Connie S. , Huang Jennifer T. , Nambudiri Vinod E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract“Mongolian spot” is a term still commonly used today and found in many dermatology textbooks. This article examines historic literature to understand the social and political climate at the time of its coining. By doing so, this article critically examines the choice of words in pediatric dermatology and how we can use medical terminology to gain the trust and respect of our patients.
Use of luminometry and flow cytometry for evaluating the effects of cryoprotectants in the gorgonian coral endosymbiont Symbiodinium
Authors: Lin Chiahsin , Chong Gabriella , Wang Li‐Hsueh , Kuo Fu‐Wen , Tsai Sujune 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYCryopreservation has consistently proven to be a viable method for the storage of a wide variety of biological material, and there has been a recent focus on the cryopreservation of Symbiodinium spp. given the role of these dinoflagellates in the biology of the coral hosts with which they regularly associate. The present study aimed to identify the effect of various cryoprotectants (CPAs) on clade G Symbiodinium isolated from the whip coral Junceella fragilis by analyzing (i) dinoflagellate cell membrane integrity (via SYTOX® staining) and (ii) metabolic function (via an ATP assay) after cryopreservation. At low concentrations (1 M), none of the CPAs tested were harmful to the dinoflagellates at up to 60 min of incubation, and methanol and DMSO were the least harmful; neither caused a significant effect on cell ATP content even after 30 min incubations at 4 M concentrations. Detrimental effects of the CPAs increased in the following order: MeOH (lowest) = DMSO < EG < PG < Gly. With respect to the different assays, the ATP bioassay was more sensitive to CPA exposure than SYTOX staining. Given these findings, MeOH and DMSO should see more widespread use in cryopreservation protocols for clade G Symbiodinium, as well as other dinoflagellates.
Traditional Local Justice, Women’s Rights, and the Rule of Law: A Pluralistic Framework
Authors: Facchi Alessandra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe paper focuses on the application of a particular conception of the rule of law to situations characterized by traditional local justice and legal pluralism. While in the twentieth century international rule‐of‐law programmes were directed almost exclusively at state legal system, they have recently begun to take into account traditional local justice, namely, those institutions which in many world regions represent the main form of effective justice. Starting with a review of the positive and negative aspects of traditional local justice from a rule‐of‐law perspective, the paper underlines the widespread lack of protection of human rights, particularly of women’s rights. Discussing vertical rule‐of‐law functions in contexts of legal pluralism the paper stresses the advantages of an approach to the promotion of the rule of law based on mutual recognition and influence between different legal authorities and sources. It is argued that this “interactive” approach appears best suited to the complex frameworks of relations that characterize present‐day systems of deep legal pluralism. Finally, the paper underlines the correspondence between this approach and a conception of the rule of law as an ideal framework of plural interactions characterized by the limits imposed on the law by the law itself, and it discusses its advantages from the perspective of human rights and women’s rights promotion.
The Intrinsic Good of Justice
Authors: Rosebury Brian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSome retributivists claim that when we punish wrongdoers we achieve a good: justice. The paper argues that the idea of justice, though rhetorically freighted with positive value, contains only a small core of universally agreed meaning; and its development in a variety of competing conceptions simply recapitulates, without resolving, debates within the theory of punishment. If, to break this deadlock, we stipulate an expressly retributivist conception of justice, then we should concede that punishment which is just (in the stipulated sense) may be morally wrong.
The Medical Exception to the Prohibition of Killing: A Matter of the Right Intention?
Authors: Den Hartogh Govert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIt has long been thought that by using morphine to alleviate the pain of a dying patient, a doctor runs the risk of causing his death. In all countries this kind of killing is explicitly or silently permitted by the law. That permission is usually explained by appealing to the doctrine of double effect: If the use of morphine shortens life, that is only an unintended side effect. The paper evaluates this view, finding it flawed beyond repair and proposing an alternative explanation. It is not the intention of the doctor that counts, but the availability of an “objective” palliative justification.
Deciphering targets of Th17 cells fate: From metabolism to nuclear receptors
Authors: de Oliveira Boldrini Vinícius , dos Santos Farias Alessandro , Degasperi Giovanna Rosa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEvidence indicates that reprogramming of metabolism is critically important for the differentiation of CD4 + T lymphocytes, and the manipulation of metabolic pathways in these cells may shape their fate and function. Distinct subgroups from T lymphocytes, such as Th17, adopt specific metabolic programmes to support their needs. Some important metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, are considered important for the differentiation of these lymphocytes. Since their discovery nearly a decade ago, Th17 lymphocytes have received significant attention because of their role in the pathology of several immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In this review, it will be discussed as the involvement of T cell metabolism and as metabolic reprogramming in activated T cells dictates fate decisions to Th17. The involvement of nuclear receptors such as RORyt e PPARs in the induction of Th17 cells was also discussed. Understanding the metabolic pathways involved in the differentiation of the distinct subgroups of T lymphocytes helps in the design of promising therapeutic proposals.
Laparoscopic ovariectomy in guinea pigs: A pilot study
Authors: McCready Julianne , Beaufrère Hugues , Singh Ameet , Oblak Michelle , Sanchez Andrea 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic ovariectomy in guinea pigs utilizing 3‐mm minilaparoscopic instruments.Study designExperimental pilot study.AnimalsGuinea pigs (n = 3).MethodsThe guinea pigs were sedated, placed under general anesthesia, and intubated under endoscopic visualization. A 3‐port technique was used with a 3.9‐mm cannula for the endoscope and two 3.5‐mm cannulas accommodating 3‐mm endoscopic instruments including a 3‐mm vessel sealing device, grasping forceps, and endoscopic scissors. The abdomen was insufflated with CO2 to a pressure of 6–8 mm Hg. The guinea pigs were manually tilted 90° laterally to visualize the dorsally positioned ovaries.ResultsThe procedure was successfully performed in all 3 animals. The surgery times were 120, 45, 45 minutes for the 3 guinea pigs, and anesthesia times were 186, 90, and 76 minutes, respectively. Placing the animals in complete lateral recumbency was found to be critical to visualize and manipulate the ovaries. The guinea pigs recovered smoothly from anesthesia.ConclusionLaparoscopic ovariectomy with 3‐mm minilaparoscopic instrumentation using a 3‐port technique was feasible in guinea pigs.Clinical significanceLaparoscopic ovariectomy can be considered as an alternative to open ovariectomy as an elective surgical technique to prevent reproductive disorders in guinea pigs.