bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Development of the Rare and Endangered Moss Molendoa hornschuchiana (Hook.) Lindb. ex Limpr. (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta)
Authors: Vujičić Milorad , Sabovljević Aneta , Šinžar-Sekulić Jasmina , Skorić Marijana , Sabovljević Marko 
Published: February 2019

The high mountain pottioid moss Molendoa hornschuchiana (Hook) Lindb. ex Limpr. is a very rare and critically endangered bryophyte species in Europe in need for ex situ conservation. A 25-year-old herbarium sample was used to revive and propagate this species for further reintroduction and introduction to potential natural habitats. The reviving of “dead” herbarium specimen was achieved by disposing of axenical organisms as well as adjusting condition for developing secondary protonema, bud inductions, and optimization of gametophyte propagation in vitro condition.The influence of exogenously added growth regulators on the morphogenesis of this species was studied. The plants were cultured in the two basic types of media, viz., BCD and half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with different concentrations (0.01–0.3 μM) of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and N6-benzyladenine (BA) under a 16-h photoperiod. The influence of growth regulators on gametophores multiplication in vitro as well as on protonemal diameter was recorded. Well-developed gametophores were obtained on BCD medium, whereas on half-strength MS medium, secondary protonema was produced, both on hormone-free and supplemented substrate exclusively. Based on multiplication index in vitro, maximum development of gametophores was realized on BCD medium supplemented with 0.3 μM IBA and 0.1 μM BA. However, the widest diameter of secondary protonema was obtained on BCD medium enriched with low concentration of both BA (0.01 and 0.03 μM) and constant concentration of IBA (0.03 μM). Chemical names used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N6-benzyladenine (BA), Murashige and Skoog medium (MS).
Deep Soil Cores Reveal Large End‐of‐Season Residual Mineral Nitrogen Pool
Authors: Hirsh Sarah M. , Weil Ray R. 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
Residual mineral N in 0‐ to 210‐cm‐deep soil following summer crops was evaluated.
Soils contained a mean of 253 kg ha−1 mineral N, 115 kg ha−1 as NO3–N.
55% of mineral N was 90‐ to 210‐cm deep, where it is most at risk for leaching loss.
More residual NO3–N remained after soybean than after corn.
Awareness of residual deep N levels is essential to develop N conservation practices.
The amount of mineral N remaining after cash crops informs agronomic and conservation practices. Few studies investigate mineral N below 30 cm, yet deeper N is more at risk for leaching to groundwater. We found, on average, 253 kg ha−1 of mineral N, 115 kg ha−1 in the NO3–N form, remaining after summer cash crop growth in the mid‐Atlantic region. Of this residual mineral N, 55% was 90 to 210 cm deep. More residual NO3–N remained after soybean than after corn. These substantial pools of mineral N remaining deep in the soil profile after productive cash crops, even unfertilized soybean, suggest that practices should be designed to scavenge residual N from deep soil layers in the fall, before it is lost over winter.
Estimating Soil Particle Density using Visible Near‐infrared Spectroscopy and a Simple, Two‐compartment Pedotransfer Function
Authors: Marakkala Manage Lashya P. , Katuwal Sheela , Norgaard Trine , Knadel Maria , Moldrup Per , de Jonge Lis W. , Greve Mogens Humlekrog 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
The two‐compartment pedotransfer function successfully predicted soil particle density.
Vis–NIR showed slightly poorer performance than the two‐compartment function for predicting soil ρd.
Spectroscopy or OM based pedotransfer models gave better estimates of ρd when a wide range in soil OM data was used.
The average particle density (ρd) is a fundamental soil property, used for calculating the total porosity. Traditional ρd measurement by pycnometer method is tedious and time‐consuming. In this study, visible–near‐infrared (vis–NIR) spectroscopy and a simple two‐compartment linear and curvilinear pedotransfer function only requiring knowledge of soil organic matter content (OM) were tested and compared as alternative, indirect, rapid, and cost‐effective methods. Soil ρd was measured by water pycnometer on 179 soils representing a wide range of OM (0.002–0.767 kg kg−1), whereas soil spectra were measured on air‐dry samples by vis–NIR spectroscopy. The ρd models were developed using partial least squares regression with leave‐one‐out‐cross‐validation using vis–NIR spectral data, and a simple two‐compartment pedotransfer function, ρd = A(OM) + B(1 − OM) using the OM content. Predictive abilities of these two methods were tested using three different datasets: (i) minerals soils (OM < 0.1 kg kg−1), (ii) organic soils (OM > 0.1 kg kg−1), and (iii) all soils. Calibrating the two‐compartment pedotransfer function for the entire dataset gave expected values for the individual particle densities of OM (A = 1.244 g cm−3) and mineral particles (B = 2.615 g cm−3). The vis–NIR spectroscopy model successfully predicted soil ρd for the entire dataset (R2 = 0.87, RMSECV = 0.10 g cm−3), with a poorer performance than the two‐compartment linear model (R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.06 g cm−3). Using only the mineral soils data did not suffice to obtain realistic and accurate vis–NIR spectroscopy (R2 = 0.62, RMSECV = 0.02 g cm−3) or OM based (R2 = 0.80, RMSE = 0.02 g cm−3) models for ρd, illustrating the importance of the wide range of OM content considered in the present study.
Bounds to Air‐Flow Patterns during Cyclic Air Injection into Partially Saturated Soils Inferred from Extremum States
Authors: Ben-Noah Ilan , Friedman Shmulik P. 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
The problem of periodic air injection from a point source into the soil is analyzed.
Air content and pressure are bounded by extremum states of instantaneous water relaxation.
Air‐flow pattern determined by two soil parameters and cycle period.
Use of simplified analytical solutions enables a preliminary design of an aeration system.
Soil‐aeration procedures are widely used as an environmental practice for soil and groundwater remediation (removal of volatile compounds and enhancement of biological treatment) and less frequently as an agricultural practice to prevent root O2 deficiency. Analytical solutions to problems of air flow in the soil allow a phenomenological analysis of the physical problem and the effects of the governing parameters, which in turn enables a more systematic design tool for soil‐aeration systems. We present solutions for the air‐pressure distributions resulting from harmonic (sinusoidal) or square‐wave (step‐pulse) air injection into infinite and semi‐infinite (with an atmospheric pressure at the soil surface) soil domains. The approach presented here suggests using exact (analytical) solutions to extreme (unrealistic) conditions, setting the boundaries of the physical span of the flow problem. The simplified analytical solutions, based on assuming instantaneous water relaxation or, alternatively, assuming stagnant water are used to analyze the effects of different air‐injection modes (constant, harmonic, and step‐pulse) on the air‐pressure distribution and radius of influence (ROI) for different values of the governing parameters: source depth, cycle period, and the soil's air‐conductivity parameters. For long cycle periods, square‐pulse and harmonic air injection can increase the maximal ROI compared with that resulting from steady air injection.
On the Information Content of Cosmic‐Ray Neutron Data in the Inverse Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Properties
Authors: Brunetti Giuseppe , Šimůnek Jiří , Bogena Heye , Baatz Roland , Huisman Johan Alexander , Dahlke Helen , Vereecken Harry 
Published: February 2019

Core Ideas
Cosmic‐ray neutron data are used to inversely estimate soil hydraulic properties.
The forward neutron operator COSMIC is coupled with the vadose zone model HYDRUS‐1D.
Bayesian analyses confirm the information content of cosmic‐ray neutron data.
Observations of soil moisture content from remote sensing platforms can be used in conjunction with hydrological models to inversely estimate soil hydraulic properties (SHPs). In recent years, cosmic‐ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has proven to be a reliable method for the estimation of area‐average soil moisture at field scales. However, its use in the inverse estimation of the effective SHPs is largely unexplored. Thus, the main objective of this study was to assess the information content of aboveground fast‐neutron counts to estimate SHPs using both a synthetic modeling study and actual experimental data from the Rollesbroich catchment in Germany. For this, the forward neutron operator COSMIC was externally coupled with the hydrological model HYDRUS‐1D. The coupled model was combined with the Affine Invariant Ensemble Sampler to calculate the posterior distributions of effective soil hydraulic parameters as well as the model‐predictive uncertainty for different synthetic and experimental scenarios. Measured water contents at different depths were used to assess estimated SHPs. The analysis of both synthetic and actual CRNS data from homogenous and heterogeneous soil profiles, respectively, led to confident estimations of the shape parameters α and n, while higher uncertainty was observed for the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, results demonstrated that neutron data are less influenced by local sources of uncertainty compared with near‐surface point measurements. The simultaneous use of CRNS and water content data further reduced the overall uncertainty, opening up new perspectives for the combination of CRNS with other remote sensing techniques for the inverse estimation of the effective SHPs.
Why does Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Need Long-term Management?
Authors: Ruan Xiangyan , Li Meng , Mueck Alfred O. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent female reproductive endocrine disease.
It has been associated with a number of severe reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. However, there are still
open questions especially regarding the best long-term management.

Methods:
We summarized the literature focused on the symptoms and negative long-term consequences of untreated
PCOS and the existing options for the treatment. We reviewed the Pubmed and China National Knowledge
Infrastructure databases and the relevant literature for the last 20 years. Included in this review also are new
results of own (published) research and own experience from treating daily more than 100 PCOS patients.

Results:
Obesity is one of the most common findings. It can cause abnormal ovulations which can lead to infertility.
Important long-term consequences can be adverse pregnancy outcomes. There is an agreement that the risk of
endometrial cancer can be increased. Insulin resistance, important within the pathophysiology of PCOS, predisposes
patients to metabolic dysfunction and increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle modifications
including dietary changes, exercise and weight loss are first-line interventions for many patients. Well known
drug treatments such as metformin, oral contraceptives, etc. should be selected according to the individual situation
and patients' needs. Regarding newer methods in the long-term management of PCOS, we found that orlistat
may help to achieve weight loss and to improve lipid and glucose metabolism.

Conclusion:
In addition to pharmacological interventions, long-term standardized individualized management of
PCOS patients is needed to achieve fertility and to reduce the risk of metabolic related diseases.
Molecular Understanding of the Cardiomodulation in Myocardial Infarction and the Mechanism of Vitamin E Protections
Authors: Zarkasi Khairul Anwar , Jen-Kit Tan , Jubri Zakiah 
Published: February 2019

:Myocardial infarction is a major cause of deaths globally. Modulation of several molecular mechanisms occurs during the initial stages of myocardial ischemia prior to permanent cardiac tissue damage, which involves both pathogenic as well as survival pathways in the cardiomyocyte. Currently, there is increasing evidence regarding the cardioprotective role of vitamin E in alleviating the disease. This fat-soluble vitamin does not only act as a powerful antioxidant; but it also has the ability to regulate several intracellular signalling pathways including HIF-1, PPAR-γ, Nrf-2, and NF-κB that influence the expression of a number of genes and their protein products. Essentially, it inhibits the molecular progression of tissue damage and preserves myocardial tissue viability. This review aims to summarize the molecular understanding of the cardiomodulation in myocardial infarction as well as the mechanism of vitamin E protection.
In Silicoandin VitroEvaluation of Deamidation Effects on the Stability of the Fusion Toxin DAB389IL-2
Authors: Zarkar Nasrin , Khalili Mohammad Ali Nasiri , Ahmadpour Fathollah , Khodadadi Sirus , Zeinoddini Mehdi 
Published: February 2019

Background:DAB389IL-2 (Denileukin diftitox) as an immunotoxin is a targeted pharmaceutical protein and is the first immunotoxin approved by FDA. It is used for the treatment of various kinds of cancer such as CTCL lymphoma, melanoma, and Leukemia but among all of these, treatment of CTCL has special importance. DAB389IL-2 consists of two distinct parts; the catalytic domain of Diphtheria Toxin (DT) that genetically fused to the whole IL-2. Deamidation is the most important reaction for chemical instability of proteins occurs during manufacture and storage. Deamidation of asparagine residues occurs at a higher rate than glutamine residues. The structure of proteins, temperature and pH are the most important factors that influence the rate of deamidation.Methods:Since there is not any information about deamidation of DAB389IL-2, we studied in silico deamidation by Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations using GROMACS software. The 3D model of fusion protein DAB389IL-2 was used as a template for deamidation. Then, the stability of deamidated and native form of the drug was calculated.Results:The results of MD simulations were showed that the deamidated form of DAB389IL-2 is more unstable than the normal form. Also, deamidation was carried by incubating DAB389IL-2, 0.3 mg/ml in ammonium hydrogen carbonate for 24 h at 37o C in order to in vitro experiment.Conclusion:The results of in vitro experiment were confirmed outcomes of in silico study. In silico and in vitro experiments were demonstrated that DAB389IL-2 is unstable in deamidated form.
Phytochemical Constituents of Guggul and their Biological Qualities
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Singh Simranjeet , Singh Ravindra 
Published: February 2019

:
In the herbal drug pharmaceutical industry, guggul is enjoying emergent consumer acceptance
around the world. In the Indian market, more than fifty formulations of guggul have been
introduced by well-known brands including Himalaya, Patanjali and Baidyanath Pharmaceuticals.
Basically, guggul is the gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphora Mukul). It has been
used to treat various ailments including obesity, osteoarthritis, arthritis, constipation, liver disorders,
inflammation, anemia, diabetes, etc. Including medicinal properties, it is used as a good binding
agent and mixed in various herbal formulations. To review the major phytochemical, medicinal properties
and analytical methods involved in the detection of guggul by using the exhaustive bibliographic
research by means of various scientific engines and databases. Guggul contained approximately
66 phytochemical including gallic acid, quercetin, and guggulsterones E and Z. These phytochemicals
have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic,
antivenom and antitumor. It has been noticed that the mode of action of guggulsterone has
not been fully explored. Pharmacology and toxicological studies are very few. These works have
shown huge literature gap, which is to be fulfilled through the detailed in-vivo and in-vitro studies.
Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Valaiyapathi Badhma , Gower Barbara , Ashraf Ambika P. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM) in children is disturbingly increasing
in parallel with the increasing childhood obesity. Better knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of
type 2 DM in children is paramount to devise an effective management plan.

Objective:
Discuss the pathophysiology of type 2 DM in children and adolescents.

Methods and Results:
This is a comprehensive review of the literature on this topic. Type 2 DM in
childhood is viewed as a continuum of insulin resistance (IR) which is determined by an underlying genetic
predisposition, intrauterine environment, excessive food consumption, continued rapid weight
gain, and poor lifestyle. Besides IR, this is compounded by multiple metabolic defects including β-cell
dysfunction and inadequate insulin secretion, α-cell dysfunction, hyperglucagonemia and increased hepatic
glucose production, lipotoxicity, inflammation, deficiencies in incretin production and action, and
increased renal glucose reabsorption. The confluence of genetic and environmental factors underscores
the complexity in disease progression.

Conclusion:
A consistent single risk factor for type 2 DM is obesity and related IR and therefore it is
essential to curtail the progression of obesity. It is important to investigate the role of stringent dietary
and nutritional approaches, medications that enhance β-cell function and insulin sensitivity.
Growth of Diabetes Research in United Arab Emirates: Current and Future Perspectives
Authors: Shieb Mohamad , Koruturk Sema , Srivastava Ankita , Mussa Bashair M. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases in
the UAE. During the last two decades, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has experienced tremendous
development in all fields including DM research. The present study sheds light on the growth in DM
research in UAE and represents a guide for DM researchers to create more focused future directions
in DM research.

Objective:
The main objective of the present study is to investigate and document the changes that
occurred in DM research in the UAE over the last two decades.

Methods:
Several research databases were reviewed and all the articles that involved any form of DM
research within the UAE were selected. Inclusion criteria were: (i) Research studies related to DM
and conducted by institutions based in UAE (ii) Research studies related to DM and conducted in the
population of UAE and (iii) Research articles related to DM and the authors (principal investigators or
co-investigators) are from UAE.

Results:
Between the years of 1996 and 2000, there was an average of 6.4 articles about DM being
published per year. This pattern changed dramatically between years 2011 to 2015 where an average
of 22.8 articles were being published. In addition, a significant increase was noticed in the year 2015
with 42 articles published per year. It was also found that 46.8% articles involved clinical study,
12.1% were basic research, 17.5% cross-sectional studies, 8.91% reviews, 8.2% were cohort and all
the other types of research represented about 5.58%.

Conclusion:
Significant progress has been noticed in DM research in the UAE during the last two
decades. Based on the findings of the present study, more focus should be given to the case reports
and clinical trials.
Virtual Screening for Type II B Inhibitors of B-RafV600E Kinase
Authors: Qiu Kai-Xiong , Zhang Wen , Yu Fang , Li Wei , Sun Zhong-Wen , Zhang Shu-Qun , Chen Ya-Juan , Xie Hui-Ding 
Published: February 2019

Background:
B-RafV600E kinase was identified as an important target in current cancer treatment,
and the type II B inhibitors show good qualities in preclinical studies. Therefore, it is very important
to discover novel II B inhibitors of B-RafV600E kinase.

Methods:
In order to discover novel II B inhibitors of B-RafV600E kinase, virtual screening against ZINC
database was performed by using a combination of pharmacophore modelling, molecular docking, 3DQSAR
model and binding free energy (ΔGbind) calculation studies. The inhibitory activities against A375
cell lines of the hit compounds were tested by using MTT assay.

Results:
Five promising hit compounds were obtained after screening, and all the five hit compounds
showed good inhibitory rates against A375 cell lines.

Conclusion:
The combined approach of the virtual screening in our work is effective, which can be used to
discover novel inhibitors with a new skeleton. In addition, the five compounds obtained from the screening
showed good inhibitory rates against A375 cell lines, which can be considered to develop new II B inhibitors
of B-RafV600E kinase.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Computational Study of (E)-4-(2- cyano-3-(dimethylamino)acryloyl)benzoic Acid from Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Plastic Waste
Authors: Fahim Asmaa M. , Wasiniak Bartłomiej , Łukaszewicz Jerzy P. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are utilized in the separation of a
pure compound from complex matrices. A stable template-monomer complex generates MIPs with
the highest affinity and selectivity for the template. In this investigation, degradation of
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET afforded the (E)-4-(2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino) acryloyl) benzoic
acid (4) (TAM) which used TAM as template which interacts with Methacrylic Acid (MAA)
monomer, in the presence of CH3CN as progen. The TAM-MMA complex interactions are dependent
on stable hydrogen bonding interaction between the carboxylic acid group of TAM and the
hydroxyl group of MMA with minimal interference of porogen CH3CN. The DFT/B3LYP/6-31+G
model chemistry was used to optimize their structures and frequency calculations. The binding energies
between TAM with different monomers showed the most stable molar ratio of 1:4 which was
confirmed through experimental analysis.

Methods:
The present work describes the synthesis of (E)-4-(2-cyano-3-(dimethylamino) acryloyl)
benzoic acid (4) (TAM) from PET waste and formation of molecularly imprinted polymer from
TAM with the methacrylic acid monomer. The optimization of molecular imprinted was stimulated
via DFT/B3LYP/6-31G (d). The imprinted polymer film was characterized via thermal analysis, pore
size, FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy.

Results:
The most stable molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) showed binding energy of
TAM(MMA4)=-2063.456 KJ/mol with a small value of mesopores (10-100 Å). Also, the sorption
capability of TAM-MIPs showed 6.57 mg/g using STP-MIP-9VC. Moreover, the average pore size
ranged between 0.2-1 nm with the BET surface about 300 m2/g.

Conclusion:
The proposed TAM exhibited a high degree of selectivity for MMA in comparison with
other different monomers through hydrogen bond interaction, which was thermally stable, good reproducibility
and excellent regeneration capacity and elucidated in the computational study and analytical
analysis.