bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clubroot disease in Latin America: distribution and management strategies
Authors: Botero A. , García C. , Gossen B. D. , Strelkov S. E. , Todd C. D. , Bonham‐Smith P. C. , Pérez‐López E. 
Published: March 2019

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important disease of cruciferous crops worldwide. In Latin America (from Mexico to Chile, including the Caribbean), most of the area in cruciferous crops is devoted to oilseed rape (Brassica napus; c. 230 600 ha) in Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, while cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and Brussels sprouts (40 900 ha) are cropped intensively on small acreages across the region. Although clubroot is present in most Latin American countries, there have been very few studies of P. brassicae. Clubroot research in Latin America has focused mainly on adapting disease management strategies developed in temperate climates to tropical climates, including liming, biological control and genetic resistance. This review summarizes the management strategies used in Latin America to reduce the impact of clubroot, including novel strategies when compared with temperate regions, such as a crop rotation with aromatic plant species and the use of biological control with Trichoderma spp. Latin America has unique characteristics relative to temperate countries such as high humidity, warm temperatures and acidic soil that impact the interaction between P. brassicae and its plant hosts, so more research is required.
Time‐Varying Risk Measurement for Ship Collision Prevention
Authors: Huang Yamin , van Gelder P. H. A. J. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe propose an innovative time‐varying collision risk (TCR) measurement for ship collision prevention in this article. The proposed measurement considers the level of danger of the approaching ships and the capability of a ship to prevent collisions. We define the TCR as the probability of the overlap of ships’ positions in the future, given the uncertainty of maneuvers. Two sets are identified: (1) the velocity obstacle set as the maneuvers of the own ship that lead to collisions with target ships, and (2) the reachable velocity set as the maneuvers that the own ship can reach regarding its maneuverability. We then measure the TCR as the time‐dependent percentage of overlap between these two sets. Several scenarios are presented to illustrate how the proposed measurement identifies the time‐varying risk levels, and how the approach can be used as an intuitively understandable tool for collision avoidance.
Merleau‐Ponty’s Reading of Kant’s Transcendental Idealism
Authors: Somers‐Hall Henry 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore Merleau‐Ponty’s ambivalent relationship with Kant’s transcendental philosophy. I begin by looking at several points of convergence between Kant and Merleau‐Ponty, focusing on the affinities between Kant’s account of transcendental realism and Merleau‐Ponty’s notion of objective thought. I then show how Merleau‐Ponty’s analysis of Kant’s paradox of asymmetrical objects points to a parallel in Kant’s thought to Merleau‐Ponty’s thesis of the primacy of perception. In the second part of the paper, I show why Merleau‐Ponty believes that, despite the promise of Kant’s thought, he fails to adequately escape from objective thought. After presenting the central claims of the transcendental deduction, I piece together Merleau‐Ponty’s criticism of it by answering three questions: For Merleau‐Ponty, how do we encounter the world prior to reflection? How is experience constituted? And what leads Kant to mischaracterise experience in his own transcendental philosophy?
Kant on Ethical Institutions
Authors: DiCenso James J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper analyzes the ethical‐political dilemma in Kant’s work, sometimes expressed through the metaphor of the “crooked wood of humanity.” Kant separates external and internal freedom and the types of legislation each form of freedom requires (coercive and noncoercive). Yet, he also argues that corrupt political institutions adversely affect individual ethical development, and, reciprocally, corrupt inner dispositions of a populace adversely affect the establishment of just political institutions. I argue that a major way in which Kant addresses this vicious circle is through ethical institutions, that is, noncoercive public resources for articulating and disseminating the principles of the moral law. I discuss the idea of an ethico‐civil society or ethical community formulated in theReligionas an ideal model for ethical institutions mediating the ethical and the legal‐political in a noncoercive, progressive manner.
Freedom as (Self‐)Expression: Natality and the Temporality of Action in Merleau‐Ponty and Arendt
Authors: McMahon Laura 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper draws on the philosophies of Maurice Merleau‐Ponty and Hannah Arendt in order to explore the nature of free action. Part one outlines three familiar ways in which we often understand the nature of freedom. Part two argues that these common understandings of freedom are rooted in impoverished conceptions of time and subjectivity. Part three engages with Arendt’s conception of natality alongside Merleau‐Ponty’s conception of expression in order to argue that the freely acting self draws in improvisational manners on the resources of a shared past in order to open unprecedented spaces of meaning for the future, and in so doing at once discovers and institutes herself as the self that she is. Part four draws on an example of anti‐oppressive political action in order to argue that free action not only has the power to inaugurate new spaces of shared meaning for the future, but also to change the sens of the shared past. By the same token, free action is vulnerable in its ontological status and ethical meanings to the events and judgments of the future. Part five argues with both Merleau‐Ponty and Arendt that ethical‐political actors can do no better than to cultivate a political virtù while facing up to the inherently transgressive dimensions of free action in a shared historical world.
Theory of mind as a mechanism linking mother–toddler relationship quality and child–friend interaction during the preschool years
Authors: McElwain Nancy L. , Ravindran Niyantri , Emery Helen T. , Swartz Rebecca 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChildren's relationships with parents and peers have been examined as predictors and outcomes, respectively, of theory of mind (ToM). Yet, these two lines of inquiry have remained largely distinct. The current study bridges this gap. Mother–child coordinated interaction and attachment security (continuous rating) were assessed at 2.8 years (N = 128 dyads), ToM was assessed at 3.3, 4.8, and 5.4 years, and child–friend interaction was observed at 4.8 and 5.4 years. Controlling for child expressive language ability at 2.8 years, mother–child coordinated interaction predicted more complex child–friend play and less child–friend conflict via more advanced ToM. No indirect effects from attachment security to friendship quality via ToM emerged. Attachment group status (secure vs. insecure), however, moderated ToM‐friendship associations, such that (a) more advanced ToM predicted more socially complex play with friends, and (b) more conflict with friends predicted more advanced ToM, but only for children classified as secure.
Androgens drive microvascular endothelial dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: role of the endothelin B receptor
Authors: Usselman Charlotte W. , Yarovinsky Timur O. , Steele Frances E. , Leone Cheryl A. , Taylor Hugh S. , Bender Jeffrey R. , Stachenfeld Nina S. 
Published: March 2019

Key points
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex syndrome with cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity and insulin resistance.
PCOS is also associated with high androgens, increases the risk of cardiovascular dysfunction in women. Due to the complexity of PCOS, had it has been challenging to isolate specific causes of the cardiovascular dysfunction.
Our measure of cardiovascular dysfunction (endothelial dysfunction) was most profound in lean women with PCOS.
The endothelin‐1‐induced vasodilation in these PCOS subject, was dependent on the ETBR but was not NO‐dependent.
We also demonstrated oestrogen administration improved endothelial function in lean and obese women with PCOS likely because oestrogen increased NO availability.
Our studies indicate a primary role for androgens in cardiovascular dysfunction in PCOS.
AbstractEndothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is an indicator of endothelial injury and dysfunction and is elevated in women with androgen excess polycystic ovary syndrome (AE‐PCOS). The endothelin B receptor (ETBR) subtype mediates vasodilatation, but is blunted in women with PCOS. We hypothesized that androgen drives endothelial dysfunction in AE‐PCOS women and oestradiol (EE) administration reverses these effects. We assessed microvascular endothelial function in women with (7 lean and 7 obese) and without AE‐PCOS (controls, 6 lean, 7 obese). Only obese AE‐PCOS women were insulin resistant (IR). We evaluated cutaneous vascular conductance (%CVCmax) with laser Doppler flowmetry during low dose intradermal microdialysis ET‐1 perfusions (1, 3, 4, 5 and 7 pmol) with either lactated Ringer solution alone, or with ETBR (BQ‐788), or nitric oxide (NO) inhibition (l‐NAME). Log[ET‐1]–%maxCVC dose–response curves demonstrated reduced vasodilatory responses to ET‐1 in lean AE‐PCOS (logED50, 0.59 ± 0.08) versus lean controls (logED50, 0.49 ± 0.09, P < 0.05), but not compared to obese AE‐PCOS (logED50, 0.65 ± 0.09). ETBR inhibition decreased ET‐1‐induced vasodilatation in AE‐PCOS women (logED50, 0.64 ± 0. 22, P < 0.05). This was mechanistically observed at the cellular level, with ET‐1‐induced, DAF‐FM‐measurable endothelial cell NO production, which was abrogated by dihydrotestosterone in an androgen receptor‐dependent manner. EE augmented the cutaneous vasodilating response to ET‐1(logED50 0.29 ± 0.21, 0.47 ± 0.09, P < 0.05 for lean and obese, respectively). Androgens drive endothelial dysfunction in lean and obese AE‐PCOS. We propose that the attenuated ET‐1‐induced vasodilatation in AE‐PCOS is a consequence of androgen receptor‐mediated, suppressed ETBR‐stimulated NO production, and is reversed with EE.
Interaction between Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens and Host Cell Mitochondria
Authors: Spier Anna , Stavru Fabrizia , Cossart Pascale 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
Mitochondria are essential and highly dynamic organelles whose morphology is determined by a steady-state balance between fusion and fission. Mitochondrial morphology and function are tightly connected. Because they are involved in many important cellular processes, including energy production, cell-autonomous immunity, and apoptosis, mitochondria present an attractive target for pathogens. Here, we explore the relationship between host cell mitochondria and intracellular bacteria, with a focus on mitochondrial morphology and function, as well as apoptosis. Modulation of apoptosis can allow bacteria to establish their replicative niche or support bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, bacteria can manipulate mitochondrial morphology and function through secreted effector proteins and can also contribute to the establishment of a successful infection, e.g., by favoring access to nutrients and/or evasion of the immune system.
Type I Secretion Systems—One Mechanism for All?
Authors: Spitz Olivia , Erenburg Isabelle N. , Beer Tobias , Kanonenberg Kerstin , Holland I. Barry , Schmitt Lutz 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Type I secretion systems (T1SS) are widespread in Gram-negative bacteria, especially in pathogenic bacteria, and they secrete adhesins, iron-scavenger proteins, lipases, proteases, or pore-forming toxins in the unfolded state in one step across two membranes without any periplasmic intermediate into the extracellular space. The substrates of T1SS are in general characterized by a C-terminal secretion sequence and nonapeptide repeats, so-called GG repeats, located N terminal to the secretion sequence. These GG repeats bind Ca
2+
ions in the extracellular space, which triggers folding of the entire protein. Here we summarize our current knowledge of how Gram-negative bacteria secrete these substrates, which can possess a molecular mass of up to 1,500 kDa. We also describe recent findings that demonstrate that the absence of periplasmic intermediates, the “classic” mode of action, does not hold true for all T1SS and that we are beginning to realize modifications of a common theme.
Upper Windermere Supergroup and the transition from rifting to continent-margin sedimentation, Nadaleen River area, northern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Moynihan David P. , Strauss Justin V. , Nelson Lyle L. , Padget Colin D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNeoproterozoic–Cambrian rocks of the Windermere Supergroup and overlying units record the breakup of Rodinia and formation of the northwestern Laurentian ancestral continental margin. Understanding the nature and timing of this transition has been hampered by difficulty correlating poorly dated sedimentary successions from contrasting depositional settings across Mesozoic structures. Here we present new litho- and chemo-stratigraphic data from a Cryogenian–lower Cambrian succession in east-central Yukon (Canada), establish correlations between proximal and distal parts of the upper Windermere Supergroup and related strata in the northern Canadian Cordillera, and consider implications for the formation of the northwestern Laurentian margin. The newly defined Nadaleen Formation hosts the first appearance of Ediacaran macrofossils, while the overlying Gametrail Formation features a large negative carbon isotope anomaly with δ13Ccarb values as low as –13‰ that correlates with the globally developed Shuram-Wonoka anomaly. We also define the Rackla Group, which includes the youngest (Ediacaran) portions of the Windermere Supergroup in the northern Cordillera. The top of the Windermere Supergroup is marked by an unconformity above the Risky Formation that passes into a correlative conformity in the Nadaleen River area. This surface has been interpreted to mark the top of the rift-related succession, but we draw attention to evidence for tectonic instability through the early-middle Cambrian and argue that the transition from rifting to post-rift thermal subsidence is marked by a widespread unconformity that underlies upper Cambrian carbonate rocks. This is younger than the interpreted age of the rift to post-rift transition elsewhere along the ancestral western Laurentian continental margin.
Dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors: a nationwide prospective register-based cohort study
Authors: Mubanga Mwenya , Byberg Liisa , Egenvall Agneta , Sundström Johan , Magnusson Patrik Karl Erik , Ingelsson Erik , Fall Tove 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo study the association between dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors.DesignA nationwide register–based cohort study and a cross-sectional study in a subset.SettingA cohort of 2 026 865 participants was identified from the Register of the Total Population and linked to national registers for information on dog ownership, prescribed medication, hospital admissions, education level, income and country of birth. Participants were followed from 1 October, 2006, to the end of the study on 31 December, 2012, assessing medication for a cardiovascular risk factor, emigration and death. Cross-sectional associations were further assessed in 10 110 individuals from the TwinGene study with additional adjustment for professional level, employment status, Charlson comorbidity index, disability and tobacco use.ParticipantsAll Swedish residents aged 45–80 years on 1 October, 2006.Main outcome measuresInitiation of medication for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders, the results indicated slightly higher likelihood of initiating antihypertensive (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03) and lipid-lowering treatment (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) in dog owners than in non-owners, particularly among those aged 45–60 years and in those owning mixed breed or companion/toy breed dogs. No association of dog ownership with initiation of treatment for diabetes was found in the overall analysis (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.01). Sensitivity analyses in the TwinGene cohort indicated confounding of the association between dog ownership and prevalent treatment for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, respectively, from factors not available in the national cohort, such as employment status and non cardiovascularchronic disease status.ConclusionsIn this large cohort study, dog ownership was associated with a minimally higher risk of initiation of treatment for hypertension and dyslipidaemia implying that the previously reported lower risk of cardiovascular mortality among dog owners in this cohort is not explained by reduced hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These observations may suffer from residual confounding despite access to multiple important covariates, and future studies may add valuable information.
Towards a decision support tool for intensive care discharge: machine learning algorithm development using electronic healthcare data from MIMIC-III and Bristol, UK
Authors: McWilliams Christopher J , Lawson Daniel J , Santos-Rodriguez Raul , Gilchrist Iain D , Champneys Alan , Gould Timothy H , Thomas Mathew JC , Bourdeaux Christopher P 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveThe primary objective is to develop an automated method for detecting patients that are ready for discharge from intensive care.DesignWe used two datasets of routinely collected patient data to test and improve on a set of previously proposed discharge criteria.SettingBristol Royal Infirmary general intensive care unit (GICU).PatientsTwo cohorts derived from historical datasets: 1870 intensive care patients from GICU in Bristol, and 7592 from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-III.ResultsIn both cohorts few successfully discharged patients met all of the discharge criteria. Both a random forest and a logistic classifier, trained using multiple-source cross-validation, demonstrated improved performance over the original criteria and generalised well between the cohorts. The classifiers showed good agreement on which features were most predictive of readiness-for-discharge, and these were generally consistent with clinical experience. By weighting the discharge criteria according to feature importance from the logistic model we showed improved performance over the original criteria, while retaining good interpretability.ConclusionsOur findings indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach to ready-for-discharge classification, which could complement other risk models of specific adverse outcomes in a future decision support system. Avenues for improvement to produce a clinically useful tool are identified.
Training non-physician anaesthetists in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative investigation of providers’ perspectives
Authors: Edgcombe Hilary , Baxter Linden S , Kudsk-Iversen Soren , Thwaites Victoria , Bulamba Fred 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesTo explore the views of non-physician anaesthesia providers (NPAPs) and their colleagues regarding the effectiveness of NPAP training programmes in three contrasting sub-Saharan African countries.DesignThis was a qualitative exploratory descriptive study. Semistructured interviews were conducted online, recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically using NVivo.SettingParticipants’ homes or workplaces in Sierra Leone, Somaliland and Uganda.Participants15 NPAPs, physician anaesthetists and surgeons working in the countries concerned.ResultsThree major themes were identified: (1) discrepancy between urban training and rural practice, (2) prominent development of attitudes outside the curricular set during training, including approaches to learning and clinical responsibility and (3) the importance of interprofessional relationships developed during training for later practice.ConclusionsAnaesthesia providers in different cadres and very different country contexts in sub-Saharan Africa describe common themes in training which appear to be significant for their later practice. Not all these issues are explicitly planned for in current training programmes, although they are important in the view of providers. Subsequent programme development should consider these themes with a view to enhancing the safety and quality of anaesthesia practice in this context.
Injury incidence and risk factors: a cohort study of 706 8-km or 16-km recreational runners
Authors: Dallinga Joan , Van Rijn Rogier , Stubbe Janine , Deutekom Marije 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesTo report (1) the injury incidence in recreational runners in preparation for a 8-km or 16-km running event and (2) which factors were associated with an increased injury risk.MethodsProspective cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants (n=5327) received a baseline survey to determine event distance (8 km or 16 km), main sport, running experience, previous injuries, recent overuse injuries and personal characteristics. Three days after the race, they received a follow-up survey to determine duration of training period, running distance per week, training hours, injuries during preparation and use of technology. Univariate and multivariate regression models were applied to examine potential risk factors for injuries.Results1304 (24.5%) participants completed both surveys. After excluding participants with current health problems, no signed informed consent, missing or incorrect data, we included 706 (13.3%) participants. In total, 142 participants (20.1%) reported an injury during preparation for the event. Univariate analyses (OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) and multivariate analyses (OR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.5) showed that injury history was a significant risk factor for running injuries (Nagelkerke R-square=0.06).ConclusionAn injury incidence for recreational runners in preparation for a running event was 20%. A previous injury was the only significant risk factor for running-related injuries.