bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of microemulsion-based delivery to improve vitamin E properties: evaluation of the antinociceptive, antioxidant, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities in mice
Authors: Wilhelm Ethel A , Vogt Ane G , Reis Angélica S , Pinz Mikaela P , de Souza Jaqueline F , Haas Sandra E , Pereira Albanin A M , Fajardo André R , Luchese Cristiane 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
A microemulsion-based delivery system was designed to improve vitamin E (VE) properties, and its antinociceptive, antioxidant, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities in mice were evaluated.

Methods
Male Swiss mice received, by intragastric route, canola oil (20 ml/kg), blank microemulsion (B-ME) (20 ml/kg), VE free (VE-F) (200 mg/kg) or VE microemulsion (VE-ME) (200 mg/kg). In acute treatment, a single dose of treatments was administrated and 30 min after behavioural tests were performed. In the subchronic treatment, mice received such treatments, once a day, for 8 days. On the eighth day, behavioural tests were performed.

Key findings
In the subchronic treatment, VE-ME increased entries and spent time in the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test and decreased the immobility time in the tail suspension test, but no change was found after acute treatment. Acute and subchronic treatments with VE-ME increased response latency to thermal stimulus in the hot-plate test. VE-ME decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive species levels in the acute and subchronic protocols. Additionally, in subchronic treatment, VE-ME increased renal catalase activity, but VE-F reduced its activity.

Conclusions
Vitamin E-microemulsions showed antioxidant, antinociceptive, antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like actions; thus, ME-based delivery improved pharmacological properties of VE.
Potential P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interaction of phyllanthin at the intestinal absorptive barrier
Authors: Dunkoksung Wilasinee , Vardhanabhuti Nontima , Jianmongkol Suree 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
This study investigated the absorptive potential of phyllanthin across the polarized Caco-2 monolayers and the potential role of phyllanthin in P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug interaction.

Methods
The absorptive potential of phyllanthin was predicted from its apparent permeability (Papp) across the Caco-2 monolayers under the pH gradient condition (pH 6.5AP–7.4BL) at 37°C. Integrity of paracellular transport was assessed by monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and lucifer yellow (LY) leakage. P-gp-mediated interaction was evaluated by transport studies of phyllanthin and rhodamine-123.

Key findings
The absorptive Papp of phyllanthin (34.90 ± 1.18 × 10−6 cm/s) was in the same rank order as the high permeable theophylline and antipyrine. Phyllanthin transport in the absorptive and secretive directions was comparable (the efflux ratio (ER) of 1.19 ± 0.01). Phyllanthin caused no changes in TEER nor LY leakage in the monolayers. However, phyllanthin increased rhodamine-123 ER in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting its inhibition on P-gp function. In addition, phyllanthin aqueous solubility was &lt;5 μg/ml at 37°C.

Conclusions
Phyllanthin is a highly permeable compound that could passively diffuse through the absorptive barrier via transcellular pathway with little hindrance from P-gp. Phyllanthin could interfere with transport of P-gp drug substrates, when concomitantly administered. In addition, aqueous solubility could be a limiting factor in phyllanthin absorption.
Antidiabetic potential of Musa spp. inflorescence: a systematic review
Authors: de Oliveira Vilhena Raquel , Fachi Mariana M , Marson Breno M , Dias Bruna L , Pontes Flávia L D , Tonin Fernanda S , Pontarolo Roberto 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Extracts of parts Musa spp. have been used for the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine. Studies have shown that these extracts have hypoglycaemic properties. The aim of this work was to gather evidence on the antidiabetic effects of Musa spp. inflorescence.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted with searches in three electronic databases, along with manual searches. Studies evaluating the antidiabetic properties of extracts of flower or bract of the genus Musa (in vitro or in vivo) were included.

Key findings
Overall, 16 studies were found. The reported assays were of hypoglycaemic effects, oral glucose tolerance, inhibitory activities in carbohydrate metabolism and digestive enzymes, enhanced glucose uptake activity and popular use of the extract in patients with diabetes type 2. In vitro studies showed that use of the extract was associated with antidiabetic effects (e.g. increased glucose uptake and inhibition of carbohydrate digestion enzymes). In induced diabetic models, Musa spp. extracts showed dose-dependent glycaemic level reductions compared with pharmacological drugs (P &lt; 0.05).

Summary
In general, promising results regarding antidiabetic activity were found for inflorescence of Musa spp., suggesting that this plant could represent a natural alternative therapy for treating diabetes mellitus type 2.
Transpacific coalescent pathways of coconut rhinoceros beetle biotypes: Resistance to biological control catalyses resurgence of an old pest
Authors: Reil Jonathan Bradley , Doorenweerd Camiel , San Jose Michael , Sim Sheina B. , Geib Scott M. , Rubinoff Daniel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBiological control agents have several advantages over chemical control for pest management, including the capability to restore ecosystem balance with minimal non‐target effects and a lower propensity for targets to develop resistance. These factors are particularly important for invasive species control. The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is a major palm pest that invaded many Pacific islands in the early 20th century through human‐mediated dispersal. Application of the Oryctes nudivirus in the 1960s successfully halted the beetle's first invasion wave and made it a textbook example of successful biological control. However, a recently discovered O. rhinoceros biotype that is resistant to the nudivirus appears to be correlated with a new invasion wave. We performed a population genomics analysis of 172 O. rhinoceros from seven regions, including native and invasive populations, to reconstruct invasion pathways and explore correlation between recent invasions and biotypes. With ddRAD sequencing, we generated data sets ranging from 4,000 to 209,000 loci using stacks and ipyrad software pipelines and compared genetic signal in downstream clustering and phylogenetic analyses. Analysis suggests that the O. rhinoceros resurgence is mediated by the nudivirus‐resistant biotype. Genomic data have been proven essential to understanding the new O. rhinoceros biotype's invasion patterns and interactions with the original biotype. Such information is crucial to optimization of strategies for quarantine and control of resurgent pests. Our results demonstrate that while invasions are relatively rare events, new introductions can have significant ecological consequences, and quarantine vigilance is required even in previously invaded areas.
Association mapping desiccation resistance within chromosomal inversions in the African malaria vectorAnopheles gambiae
Authors: Ayala Diego , Zhang Simo , Chateau Mathieu , Fouet Caroline , Morlais Isabelle , Costantini Carlo , Hahn Matthew W. , Besansky Nora J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractInversion polymorphisms are responsible for many ecologically important phenotypes and are often found under balancing selection. However, the same features that ensure their large role in local adaptation—especially reduced recombination between alternate arrangements—mean that uncovering the precise loci within inversions that control these phenotypes is unachievable using standard mapping approaches. Here, we take advantage of long‐term balancing selection on a pair of inversions in the mosquitoAnopheles gambiaeto map desiccation tolerance via pool‐GWAS. Two polymorphic inversions on chromosome 2 of this species (denoted 2La and 2Rb) are associated with arid and hot conditions in Africa and are maintained in spatially and temporally heterogeneous environments. After measuring thousands of wild‐caught individuals for survival under desiccation stress, we used phenotypically extreme individuals homozygous for alternative arrangements at the 2La inversion to construct pools for whole‐genome sequencing. Genomewide association mapping using these pools revealed dozens of significantSNPs within both 2La and 2Rb, many of which neighboured genes controlling ion channels or related functions. Our results point to the promise of similar approaches in systems with inversions maintained by balancing selection and provide a list of candidate genes underlying the specific phenotypes controlled by the two inversions studied here.
RADseq and mate choice assays reveal unidirectional gene flow among three lamprey ecotypes despite weak assortative mating: Insights into the formation and stability of multiple ecotypes in sympatry
Authors: Hume John B. , Recknagel Hans , Bean Colin W. , Adams Colin E. , Mable Barbara K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAdaptive divergence with gene flow often results in complex patterns of variation within taxa exhibiting substantial ecological differences among populations. One example where this may have occurred is the parallel evolution of freshwater‐resident nonparasitic lampreys from anadromous‐parasitic ancestors. Previous studies have focused on transitions between these two phenotypic extremes, but here, we considered more complex evolutionary scenarios where an intermediate freshwater form that remains parasitic is found sympatrically with the other two ecotypes. Using population genomic analysis (restriction‐associatedDNAsequencing), we found that a freshwater‐parasitic ecotype was highly distinct from an anadromous‐parasitic form (Qlake‐P = 96.8%,Fst = 0.154), but that a freshwater‐nonparasitic form was almost completely admixed in Loch Lomond, Scotland. Demographic reconstructions indicated that both freshwater populations likely derived from a common freshwater ancestor. However, while the nonparasitic ecotype has experienced high levels of introgression from the anadromous‐parasitic ecotype (Qanad‐P = 37.7%), there is no evidence of introgression into the freshwater‐parasitic ecotype. Paradoxically, mate choice experiments predicted high potential for gene flow: Males from all ecotypes were stimulated to spawn with freshwater‐parasitic females, which released gametes in response to all ecotypes. Differentially fixed single nucleotide polymorphisms identified genes associated with growth and development, which could possibly influence the timing of metamorphosis, resulting in significant ecological differences between forms. This suggests that multiple lamprey ecotypes can persist in sympatry following shifts in adaptive peaks, due to environmental change during their repeated colonization of post‐glacial regions, followed by periods of extensive gene flow among such diverging populations.
Delimiting species of marine gastropods (Turridae, Conoidea) using RAD sequencing in an integrative taxonomy framework
Authors: Abdelkrim Jawad , Aznar‐Cormano Laetitia , Buge Barbara , Fedosov Alexander , Kantor Yuri , Zaharias Paul , Puillandre Nicolas 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSpecies delimitation in poorly known and diverse taxa is usually performed based on monolocus, DNA‐barcoding‐like approaches, while multilocus data are often used to test alternative species hypotheses in well‐studied groups. We combined both approaches to delimit species in the Xenuroturris/Iotyrris complex, a group of venomous marine gastropods from the Indo‐Pacific. First, COI sequences were analysed using three methods of species delimitation to propose primary species hypotheses. Second, RAD sequencing data were also obtained and a maximum‐likelihood phylogenetic tree produced. We tested the impact of the level of missing data on the robustness of the phylogenetic tree obtained with the RAD‐seq data. Alternative species partitions revealed with the COI data set were also tested using the RAD‐seq data and the Bayes factor species delimitation method. The congruence between the species hypotheses proposed with the mitochondrial nuclear data sets, together with the morphological variability of the shell and the radula and the distribution pattern, was used to turn the primary species hypotheses into secondary species hypotheses. Allopatric primary species hypotheses defined with the COI gene were interpreted to correspond to intraspecific structure. Most of the species are found sympatrically in the Philippines, and only one is confidently identified as a new species and described as Iotyrris conotaxis n. sp. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the combined monolocus/multilocus approach to delimit species.
Recognition of lettuce downy mildew effector BLR38 in Lactuca serriola LS102 requires two unlinked loci
Authors: Pelgrom Alexandra J. E. , Eikelhof Jelle , Elberse Joyce , Meisrimler Claudia‐Nicole , Raedts Rob , Klein Joël , Van den Ackerveken Guido 
Published: September 2018

SummaryPlant‐pathogenic oomycetes secrete effector proteins to suppress host immune responses. Resistance proteins may recognize effectors and activate immunity, which is often associated with a hypersensitive response (HR). Transient expression of effectors in plant germplasm and screening for HR has proven to be a powerful tool in the identification of new resistance genes. In this study, 14 effectors from the lettuce downy mildew Bremia lactucae race Bl:24 were screened for HR induction in over 150 lettuce accessions. Three effectors—BLN06, BLR38 and BLR40—were recognized in specific lettuce lines. The recognition of effector BLR38 in Lactuca serriola LS102 did not co‐segregate with resistance against race Bl:24, but was linked to resistance against multiple other B. lactucae races. Two unlinked loci are both required for effector recognition and are located near known major resistance clusters. Gene dosage affects the intensity of the BLR38‐triggered HR, but is of minor importance for disease resistance.
‘Certainly theMuslimis the very devil incarnation’: Islamophobia andThe Merchant of Venice
Authors: Awan Imran , Issa Islam 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we examine Shakespeare's sixteenth‐century play,The Merchant of Venice. Anti‐Semitism is a key theme in this play. The well‐known central character, Shylock, is a Jewish man ridiculed and victimised because of his identity. Much literary research has been done on the anti‐Semitism of the play, and many social studies have compared anti‐Semitism and Islamophobia, but scarcely any research brings a Shakespearean play from the sixteenth century into the context of twenty‐first century Islamophobia. There are a number of similarities between the manner in which Shylock is ostracised and the current victimisation that Muslim communities are facing in Europe and more specifically the UK. With this in mind, we explore contextual and thematic elements of this play and argue that it is possible to apply the way Shylock is unfairly victimised on stage because of his identity as a Jew to the treatment of some Muslims today. In particular, the treatment he faces shares stark similarities with the types, impacts and consequences of Islamophobic hate crime today.
HDAC2 dysregulation in the nucleus basalis of Meynert during the progression of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mahady L. , Nadeem M. , Malek‐Ahmadi M. , Chen K. , Perez S. E. , Mufson E. J. 
Published: September 2018

AimsAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by degeneration of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), which provides the major cholinergic input to the cortical mantle and is related to cognitive decline in patients with AD. Cortical histone deacetylase (HDAC) dysregulation has been associated with neuronal degeneration during AD progression. However, whether HDAC alterations play a role in CBF degeneration during AD onset is unknown. We investigated global HDAC protein levels and nuclear HDAC2 immunoreactivity in tissue containing the nbM, changes and their association with neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) during the progression of AD.MethodsWe used semi‐quantitative western blotting and immunohistochemistry to evaluate HDAC and sirtuin (SIRT) levels in individuals that died with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild/moderate AD (mAD) or severe AD (sAD). Quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to identify HDAC2 protein levels in individual cholinergic nbM nuclei and their colocalization with the early phosphorylated tau marker AT8, the late‐stage apoptotic tau marker TauC3 and Thioflavin‐S, a marker of β‐pleated sheet structures in NFTs.ResultsIn AD patients, HDAC2 protein levels were dysregulated in the basal forebrain region containing cholinergic neurons of the nbM. HDAC2 nuclear immunoreactivity was reduced in individual cholinergic nbM neurons across disease stages. HDAC2 nuclear reactivity correlated with multiple cognitive domains and with NFT formation.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that HDAC2 dysregulation contributes to cholinergic nbM neuronal dysfunction, NFT pathology, and cognitive decline during clinical progression of AD.
Comparing Arabidopsis receptor kinase and receptor protein‐mediated immune signaling reveals BIK1‐dependent differences
Authors: Wan Wei‐Lin , Zhang Lisha , Pruitt Rory , Zaidem Maricris , Brugman Rik , Ma Xiyu , Krol Elzbieta , Perraki Artemis , Kilian Joachim , Grossmann Guido , Stahl Mark , Shan Libo , Zipfel Cyril , van Kan Jan A. L. , Hedrich Rainer , Weigel Detlef , Gust Andrea A. , Nürnberger Thorsten 
Published: September 2018

Summary

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial patterns and activate innate immunity against attempted microbial invasions. The leucine‐rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR‐RK) FLS2 and EFR, and the LRR receptor protein (LRR‐RP) receptors RLP23 and RLP42, respectively, represent prototypical members of these two prominent and closely related PRR families.

We conducted a survey of Arabidopsis thaliana immune signaling mediated by these receptors to address the question of commonalities and differences between LRR‐RK and LRR‐RP signaling.

Quantitative differences in timing and amplitude were observed for several early immune responses, with RP‐mediated responses typically being slower and more prolonged than those mediated by RKs. Activation of RLP23, but not FLS2, induced the production of camalexin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RLP23‐regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially expressed upon FLS2 activation. Several positive and negative regulators of FLS2‐signaling play similar roles in RLP23 signaling. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1, a positive regulator of RK signaling, acts as a negative regulator of RP‐type immune receptors in a manner dependent on BIK1 kinase activity.

Our study unveiled unexpected differences in two closely related receptor systems and reports a new negative role of BIK1 in plant immunity.
Weight loss associated with sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibition: a review of evidence and underlying mechanisms
Authors: Lee P. C. , Ganguly S. , Goh S.‐Y. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryWith their novel, insulin‐independent mechanism, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a major turning point in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. At present, there are several SGLT2 inhibitors available or in development, and these oral anti‐hyperglycaemic agents lower plasma glucose through the inhibition of SGLT2‐mediated reuptake of filtered glucose in the kidney. This unique mechanism of action is also expected to result in other beneficial effects, such as weight loss and blood pressure reduction. In various studies, including randomized controlled trials and real‐world studies, patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors have reported weight loss of around 1 to 3 kg. This review describes the characteristics of weight loss associated with SGLT2 inhibitor therapy, the clinical factors affecting SGLT2 inhibitor‐associated weight loss and the possible underlying mechanisms of SGLT2 inhibitor‐associated weight loss, including changes in metabolism and body composition, and the role of a reduction in insulin dose and compensatory hyperphagia. Understanding the weight loss effect of SGLT2 inhibitors, its related factors and underlying mechanisms can aid clinicians in optimal treatment decision‐making, provide valuable insight on both obesity and diabetes management and reveal areas of future research and new therapeutic options.
Choosing the anesthetic and sedative drugs for supraventricular tachycardia ablations: A focused review
Authors: Vladinov Greta , Fermin Lilibeth , Longini Renee , Ramos Yanett , Maratea Edward 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study provides a review of the contemporary literature for the effects of most commonly used anesthetic drugs for sedation and anesthesia during adult electrophysiologic (EP) studies where supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) need to be induced for diagnostic purposes and/or catheter ablation. Some medications may affect cardiac electrophysiology and conduction, altering the ability to induce the arrhythmia, and may have negative impact on mapping and ablation treatment. The objective of the study is to determine the best sedative choice during SVT ablations. The authors searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases for published articles within the past 20 years (1998‐2018) that have evaluated the effects of common anesthetic drugs during SVT ablations. Further articles were identified through crossreferencing, discussion with electrophysiologists, and hand‐searching key electrophysiology and anesthesia journals. Eight review articles, two randomized control trials, six prospective observational studies, one retrospective observational study, and two case reports were included in this review. Seven of the studies focused on the pediatric population. The findings about the effects of the commonly used anesthetics are discussed further in detail. Sevoflurane had no clinically important effects on sinoatrial (SA) node activity, or the normal atrioventricular (AV), or accessory pathway. Midazolam and fentanyl, alone or in combination, neither alter the inducibility of reentrant tachycardia nor have they shown to affect the SA node, refractory periods of AV conduction, or accessory pathways. Similar findings were reported by investigators with propofol, except for ectopic atrial tachycardia in children, which remained un‐inducible in one of the studies. Remifentanil and dexmedetomidine lengthened both sinus cycle and AV conduction. Dexmedetomidine increased the atrial refractory period and diminished atrial excitability. Ketamine shortened atrial conduction and successfully returned prolongation of sinus node conduction due to dexmedetomidine. In conclusion, the current literature regarding sedation for SVT studies in the adult population is sparse. Midazolam, propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil can be used safely in patients undergoing EP studies without significant interference with electrophysiological variables or the inducibility of reentrant tachycardias in usual clinical doses. Low‐dose ketamine has potential use as an adjunctive medication in the EP lab and additional studies would be beneficial. The effects of dexmedetomidine on conduction and arrhythmia inducibility during SVT ablation is not as clear as studies have yielded conflicting results, and may not be the best choice for sedation in this patient population.