bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of Benzodiazepines and Metabolites in Urine by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zheng Yu Zi , Bunch Dustin R , Lembright Katherine , Wang Sihe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are central nervous system depressants that are prescribed to prevent seizures, manage anxiety, or help sleep. When misused, BZDs can lead to addiction and sometimes cause death. Measurement of BZDs in urine is used to identify their use, especially in pain management settings. LC-MS/MS is preferred for these measurements because of its high sensitivity and specificity. Here, we report an LC-MS/MS assay for measuring 7 BZDs and metabolites in urine.

Methods
Urine sample was incubated at 60 °C for 30 min after addition of internal standards and a β-glucuronidase solution. After centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted with methanol and water before being injected onto a C18 analytical column in an LC-MS/MS system for quantification. The analytical time between injections was 4.35 min. The analytes included 7-aminoclonazepam, α-hydroxyalprazolam, α-hydroxytriazolam, oxazepam, lorazepam, nordiazepam, and temazepam.

Results
The lower limit of quantification ranged from 30 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL with an analytical recovery &gt;80% for all 7 analytes. Total CV was &lt;10% for all analytes (3 concentration levels of 100, 2500, and 5000 ng/mL; n = 30 each). This method had 100% agreement with a GC-MS method offered by an independent laboratory for negative urine samples. For the positive urine samples, this method showed a strong correlation (R &gt; 0.96) with the GC-MS method.

Conclusions
The LC-MS/MS assay allows accurate and precise measurement of 7 BZDs and metabolites in a single analytical run with a short analytical run time and broad measuring ranges.
Rapid Underivatized Method for Quantitative Methylmalonic Acid by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Mak Justin , Wong Beverly T , Kwan Tony , Le Anthony , Cowan Tina M 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Increased methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels can aid in assessing vitamin B12 deficiency or abnormal propionate metabolism. MMA analysis by LC-MS/MS is challenging because of both the nanomolar reference range and potential interference from succinic acid, an endogenous isomer. We show that ultrafiltration followed by gradient chromatography permits rapid, sensitive, and selective quantification that is essentially devoid of matrix effects.

Methods
Fifty microliters of serum or plasma were mixed with 50 μL of MMA-d3 and deproteinized by ultrafiltration. Filtrates were analyzed by reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. The clinical performance of the MMA assay was validated using guidelines from both the College of American Pathologists and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Matrix effects were examined by postcolumn infusion, phospholipid analysis, and peak area comparisons.

Results
The analytical measurement range was 0.05 to 100 μmol/L. The resolution between physiological succinic acid and MMA was &gt;2.3. Recovery of MMA averaged 92%, and MMA eluted away from ion suppressants. Direct correlation with our earlier method and with consensus data from external proficiency testing yielded an R 2 ≥ 0.9409 and average biases less than ±5%. In the production environment, ongoing correlation with external proficiency testing yielded an R 2 of 0.9980 and a mean bias of 0.36%. Over 1.7 years, the imprecision of 2 quality control levels was &lt;6.4%.

Conclusions
We combined ultrafiltration, a simple sample extraction method, with gradient chromatography to exclude matrix effects to accurately and precisely quantify MMA.
Physical Response to Pad- and Bag-Based Boxing-Specific Training Modalities
Authors: Finlay Mitchell J. , Greig Matt , McCarthy Jake , Page Richard M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Finlay, MJ, Greig, M, McCarthy, J, and Page, RM. Physical response to pad- and bag-based boxing-specific training modalities. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1052–1061, 2020—This study examined the differences in the physical response elicited from a contemporary Boxing-Specific Exercise Protocol (BSEP) performed using a punch bag and a pad routine. Fourteen male elite amateur boxers (age = 22 ± 2 years; height = 176.9 ± 7.3 cm; body mass = 78.8 ± 8.7 kg; and V̇o
2max = 55.94 ± 5.96 ml·kg−1·min−1) were recruited. The BSEP comprised 3 × 3-minute rounds. Average (HRave) and peak (HRpeak) heart rate, average (V̇o
2ave) and peak oxygen consumption (V̇o
2peak), blood lactate (BLa) concentrations, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and both triaxial and uniaxial PlayerLoad metrics were recorded during each trial. The PlayerLoad metrics were recorded at both the cervical and lumbar spine. BLa increased significantly across rounds, with higher values recorded in the pad trial (pad = 2.7 ± 0.8 mmol·L−1; bag = 2.3 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1). A similar response was also identified for the HRave (pad = 160 ± 9 b·min−1; bag = 150 ± 16 b·min−1) and V̇o
2ave data (pad = 38.00 ± 0.31 ml·kg−1·min−1; bag = 34.40 ± 1.06 ml·kg−1·min−1). A significant main effect for time was also recorded for the RPE data; however, there were no significant differences between trials. Conversely, the triaxial (PLTotal) and medial-lateral (PLML) data were higher in the punch bag trial. There was also a main effect for time for all the PlayerLoad metrics. PLTotal, PLML, and vertical PlayerLoad were significantly higher in the lumbar region when compared with the cervical region. With implications for boxing-specific conditioning, the pad routine was more physiologically demanding, but less mechanically demanding than the bag routine.
Standardization and Methodological Considerations for the Isometric Midthigh Pull
Authors: Comfort Paul , Dos'Santos Thomas , Beckham George K. , Stone Michael H. , Guppy Stuart N. , Haff G. Gregory 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
THE ISOMETRIC MIDTHIGH PULL (IMTP) IS COMMONLY USED TO ASSESS AN ATHLETE'S FORCE GENERATION ABILITY. THIS TEST IS HIGHLY RELIABLE AND IS SIMPLE AND RELATIVELY QUICK TO PERFORM. THE DATA THAT CAN BE DETERMINED FROM THE FORCE–TIME CURVES GENERATED BY THE TEST HAVE BEEN SHOWN TO BE CLOSELY RELATED TO PERFORMANCE CAPACITIES IN A VARIETY OF DYNAMIC ATHLETIC TASKS. HOWEVER, WITHIN THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE, THERE ARE INCONSISTENCIES IN THE DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES AND METHODS USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS THAT MAY IMPACT THE RESULTANT OUTPUT AND THE ABILITY TO COMPARE AND GENERALIZE RESULTS. THEREFORE, THE PRIMARY AIM OF THIS REVIEW IS TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENCES IN IMTP TESTING PROCEDURES AND DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES, WHEREAS IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIAL IMPACT THIS MAY HAVE ON THE DATA COLLECTED. THE SECONDARY AIM IS TO PROVIDE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF TESTING PROCEDURES TO ENSURE THAT FUTURE IMTP DATA ARE OF MAXIMAL BENEFIT TO PRACTITIONERS AND RESEARCHERS. FOR A VIDEO ABSTRACT OF THIS ARTICLE, SEE SUPPLEMENTAL DIGITAL CONTENT 1 (SEE VIDEO, HTTP://LINKS.LWW.COM/SCJ/A249).
Alternate Procedures for Swell Index Testing of Granular Bentonite from GCLs
Authors: Scalia J. , Benson C. H. , Finnegan M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Two procedures are proposed for expediting swell index (SI) tests on the bentonite component of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) based on ASTM D5890, Standard Test Method for Swell Index of Clay Mineral Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners. The Fast Alternative Swell Test procedure involves testing 2.0 g of bentonite that passes the No. 40 sieve but is retained on the No. 60 sieve that is added to the graduated cylinder in 0.5-g increments over a period of 10 s with 1 min between each additional increment; for a single test, this procedure is &gt;50 times faster than the standard SI test. The Multiple Alternative Swell Test procedure involves testing 2.0 g of bentonite that passes the No. 40 sieve but is retained on the No. 60 sieve added to the graduated cylinder in 1.0-g increments over a period of 30 s with a 10-min interval between incremental additions; for ten tests conducted concurrently, this procedure is &gt;10 times faster than the standard SI test. Replicate comparative tests were conducted with seven bentonites used in GCLs with the following hydration liquids: deionized (DI) water; 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mM potassium chloride (KCl); and 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 mM calcium chloride. Both expedited methods yield similar SIs with DI water and KCl solutions and slightly underestimate the SI obtained with the standard method.
Study on Blade Curving Caused by Quenching of the Japanese Sword
Authors: Arimoto Kyozo , Iyota Muneyoshi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Blade curving caused by quenching of the Japanese sword has been recognized by swordsmiths through the ages. In the late 1920s, Denzaburo Hattori noted that, based on his experimental results using cylindrical specimens, sword curving is induced not only by martensitic transformation expansion in the near-edge region but also nonuniform elastic and plastic strains distributed in this section. The presented research is an updated explanation on the subject of prepared Japanese sword (JS)-type specimens made of the same steel and by the same process as the Japanese sword, and model JS-type specimens with almost the same shape as JS-type specimens, which were machined from commercial carbon steel and austenite stainless steel bars. All specimens quenched by a swordsmith using the traditional way showed a usual curved shape with different curvatures. The curving, temperature, hardness, microstructure, and residual stress of the specimens were examined to prepare future simulation works.
Comparative Genomics of Aspergillus flavus S and L Morphotypes Yield Insights into Niche Adaptation
Authors: Ohkura Mana , Cotty Peter J , Orbach Marc J 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Aspergillus flavus, the primary causal agent for aflatoxin contamination on crops, consists of isolates with two distinct morphologies: isolates of the S morphotype produce numerous small sclerotia and lower numbers of conidia while isolates of the L morphotype produce fewer large sclerotia and abundant conidia. The morphotypes also differ in aflatoxin production with S isolates consistently producing high concentrations of aflatoxin, whereas L isolates range from atoxigenic to highly toxigenic. The production of abundant sclerotia by the S morphotype suggests adaptation for long-term survival in the soil, whereas the production of abundant conidia by the L morphotype suggests adaptation for aerial dispersal to the phyllosphere. To identify genomic changes that support differential niche adaption, the sequences of three S and three L morphotype isolates were compared. Differences in genome structure and gene content were identified between the morphotypes. A &gt;530 kb inversion between the morphotypes affect a secondary metabolite gene cluster and a cutinase gene. The morphotypes also differed in proteins predicted to be involved in carbon/nitrogen metabolism, iron acquisition, antimicrobial defense, and evasion of host immunity. The S morphotype genomes contained more intact secondary metabolite clusters indicating there is higher selection pressure to maintain secondary metabolism in the soil and that it is not limited to aflatoxin production. The L morphotype genomes were enriched in amino acid transporters, suggesting efficient nitrogen transport may be critical in the nutrient limited phyllosphere. These findings indicate the genomes of the two morphotypes differ beyond developmental genes and have diverged as they adapted to their respective niches.
Probing Cadherin Interactions in Zebrafish with E- and N-Cadherin Missense Mutants
Authors: Warga Rachel M , Kane Donald A 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Cadherins are cell adhesion molecules that regulate numerous adhesive interactions during embryonic development and adult life. Consistent with these functions, when their expression goes astray cells lose their normal adhesive properties resulting in defective morphogenesis, disease, and even metastatic cancer. In general, classical cadherins exert their effect by homophilic interactions via their five characteristic extracellular (EC) repeats. The EC1 repeat provides the mechanism for cadherins to dimerize with each other whereas the EC2 repeat may facilitate dimerization. Less is known about the other EC repeats. Here, we show that a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC5 repeat of N-cadherin is a dominant gain-of-function mutation and demonstrate that this mutation alters cell adhesion almost to the same degree as a zebrafish missense mutation in the EC1 repeat of N-cadherin. We also show that zebrafish E- and N-cadherin dominant gain-of-function missense mutations genetically interact. Perturbation of cell adhesion in embryos that are heterozygous mutant at both loci is similar to that observed in single homozygous mutants. Introducing an E-cadherin EC5 missense allele into the homozygous N-cadherin EC1 missense mutant more radically affects morphogenesis, causing synergistic phenotypes consistent with interdependent functions being disrupted. Our studies indicate that a functional EC5 repeat is critical for cadherin-mediated cell affinity, suggesting that its role may be more important than previously thought. These results also suggest the possibility that E- and N-cadherin have heterophilic interactions during early morphogenesis of the embryo; interactions that might help balance the variety of cell affinities needed during embryonic development.
PENGEMBANGAN BUKU PENGAYAAN BERMUATAN NILAI-NILAI KONSERVASI HUMANISME DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS KREATIF TEKS CERITA FANTASI
Authors: Farahdila Nonika , Subyantoro Subyantoro 
Published: October 2018

Abstract: A good quality learning sources can support in the learning activity process to develop students' potential. Moreover, a good quality learning sources can attract and stimulate students' interest in learning. In accomplishing those objectives, books hold a strategic role. In that case, it is reasonable to make a development on an enrichment book which not only enriching knowledge, but also skills and shaping a positive personality in students. The purpose of this study is 1) to describe the needs of learners and educators of enrichment books; 2) drafting the enrichment book; and 3) outlining the expert's judgment of the enrichment draft. The content of conservation values of humanism is given in order to instill moral values. This research designs Research and Development (R & D) Thiagarajan model modified in 3 stages, such as define, design, and development. The results of this study are based on the results of questionnaire analysis needs of learners and educators who compiled into principles of book development. These principles include aspects of the material, aspects of presentation, aspects of graphics, aspects of language, aspects of learning materials needs creative writing fantasy story text, and aspects of the needs of the values of conservation of humanism. Abstrak: Sumber belajar yang berkualitas mendukung proses pembelajaran guna mengembangkan potensi peserta didik. Selain itu juga dapat menarik minat dan merangsang peserta didik untuk belajar. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, buku memiliki peran strategis di dalamnya. Oleh karena itu, perlunya pengembangan buku pengayaan yang tidak hanya memperkaya pengetahuan tetapi juga mengembangkan keterampilan dan membentuk kepribadian positif peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsi kebutuhan peserta didik dan pendidik terhadap buku pengayaan dan menyusun draf buku pengayaan serta menguraikan penilaian ahli terhadap draf buku pengayaan. Muatan nilai-nilai konservasi humanisme diberikan dengan tujuan untuk menanamkan nilai-nilai moral. Dengan desain Research and Development (R&D) model Thiagarajan yang dimodifikasi dalam 3 tahap, yaitu define, design, dan development dihasilkan prinsip-prinsip pengembangan buku. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut meliputi aspek materi, aspek penyajian, aspek grafika, aspek bahasa, aspek kebutuhan materi pembelajaran menulis kreatif teks cerita fantasi, dan aspek kebutuhan nilai-nilai konservasi humanisme.
DEMANDA HÍDRICA DO MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.)
Authors: Silva Ana Alexandrina Gama da , Klar Antonio Evaldo 
Published: October 2018

DEMANDA HÍDRICA DO MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) Ana Alexandrina Gama da SilvaEmbrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, CP 44, CEP 49025-040, Aracaju, SE. E-mail: anagama@cpatc.embrapa.brAntonio Evaldo KlarDepartamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, CP 237, CEP 18603-970, Botucatu, SP. E-mail: klar@fca.unesp.brPesquisador Científico do CNPq 1 RESUMO Determinou-se à demanda hídrica e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) do maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.), seleção Sul-Brasil, cultivado sob irrigação localizada, no município de Botucatu-SP (22o 51’ S, 48o 26’ W). A evapotranspiração máxima da cultura (ETc) e a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foram medidas em lisímetros de nível de lençol freático constante, durante o período de 29 de setembro de 2000 a 20 de julho de 2001. Os valores da ETc e ETo foram de 954,98 mm e 1.069,21 mm, respectivamente, durante todo o período medido. Os valores de Kc variaram de 0,42 a 1,12, com os valores máximos registrados entre 150 e 210 dias após o transplantio das mudas no campo (DAT), período correspondente aos estádios fenológicos de florescimento e formação dos frutos. UNITERMOS: Passiflora edulis, evapotranspiração, coeficiente de cultivo (Kc). SILVA, A.A.G. da, KLAR, A.E. YELLOW PASSION FRUIT (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg.) CROP: WATER DEMAND. 2 ABSTRACT Crop water demand and crop water coefficient (Kc = ETc/ETo) of yellow passion fruit were evaluated in constant level lysimeters under drip irrigation from September 21, 2000 to July 31, 2001 in Botucatu-SP. The maximum crop water demand (ETc) and the Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo), measured by lysimeters, were 954.98 mm and 1,069.21 mm, respectively, during all period measured. The values of Kc varied from 0.42 to 1.12 with maximum values registered from 150 to 210 days following transplanting during flowering and fruit formation phases. KEYWORDS: Passiflora edulis, evapotranspiration, crop coefficient (Kc).
PROBABILIDADE DE OCORRÊNCIA DE PERÍODOS SECOS E CHUVOSOS EM PENTECOSTE, CE
Authors: Viana Thales Vinicius de Araujo , Azevedo Benito Moreira de , Bomfim Guilherme Vieira do , Andrade Júnior Aderson Soares de 
Published: October 2018

PROBABILIDADE DE OCORRÊNCIA DE PERÍODOS SECOS E CHUVOSOS EM PENTECOSTE, CE Thales Vinícius de Araújo VianaBenito Moreira de AzevedoGuilherme Vieira do BomfimDepartamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE. CEP60350-550. E-mail: thales@ufc.brAdérson Soares de Andrade JúniorEmbrapa Meio Norte, Teresina, PI, CP, CEP 0164006-220. E-mail: asandrad@carpa.ciagri.usp.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as probabilidades de ocorrência de períodos secos e chuvosos em Pentecoste, CE, a partir de uma série de 23 anos de dados diários de precipitação. Consideraram-se dias secos, os dias que apresentaram déficit hídrico, ou seja, os dias com precipitação nula ou inferior a evapotranspiração de referência. O estudo foi realizado para períodos decendiais, nos meses com precipitação média mensal superior a 60 mm (janeiro a maio). As probabilidades de ocorrência foram estimadas através da cadeia de Markov. A probabilidade de ocorrerem dias com déficit hídrico foi sempre superior a de dias chuvosos. As maiores probabilidades de ocorrerem dias com déficit hídrico foram registradas no primeiro e segundo decêndio de janeiro, primeiro de fevereiro e segundo e terceiro de maio. A maior probabilidade de ocorrência de dias chuvosos foi registrada no terceiro decêndio de março. A probabilidade de ocorrência de quatro dias consecutivos chuvosos foi muito baixa, sendo a maior no terceiro decêndio de fevereiro. UNITERMOS: precipitação, veranico, cadeia de Markov. VIANA, T. V. de A.; AZEVEDO, B. M. de; BOMFIM, G. V.; ANDRADE JÚNIOR, A. S. de A. PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF DRY AND RAINY SPELLS IN PENTECOSTE, CE. 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the probability of dry and rainy spell occurrence in Pentecoste, CE, using a 23 year-data historical series. The current study was accomplished for spells of ten days throughout those months with a monthly mean precipitation larger than 60 mm (January to May). The occurrence probabilities were estimated by means of Markov’s chain. The probability of occurrence of dry days was always superior to the rainy days. The largest probabilities of dry days were registered in the first and second ten day period of January, first ten day period of February and second and third ten day period of May. The largest probability of occurrence of rainy days was registered in the third ten day period of March. The occurrence probability of four rainy serial days was very low, with the largest value in the third ten day period of February. key words: rainfall, sequence of dry days, Markov’s chain.
FILTRAÇÃO LENTA PARA REUTILIZAÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM IRRIGAÇÃO
Authors: Londe Luciana De Resende , Paterniani José Euclides Stipp 
Published: October 2018

FILTRAÇÃO LENTA PARA REUTILIZAÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM IRRIGAÇÃO Luciana de Resende Londe José Euclides Stipp PaternianiFaculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP. CEP 13083 970. E-mail: pater@agr.unicamp.br 1 RESUMO O tratamento de esgotos domésticos por leitos cultivados tem se mostrado eficiente, principalmente na diminuição de sólidos, cor e turbidez. Esta tecnologia, porém, matém ainda uma quantidade alta de coliformes totais e fecais e não elimina a necessidade de tratamentos complementares quando pretende-se reutilizar seu efluente. A proposta deste trabalho é a utilização da filtração lenta como tratamento posterior ao de leitos cultivados, possibilitando a reutilização de águas residuárias em atividades rurais, como a irrigação localizada. Os dois sistemas de tratamento possibilitam simplicidade de instalação e operação e custos reduzidos. Portanto, são adequados em pequenas comunidades ou áreas rurais. Para os ensaios realizados com taxa de filtração igual a 3 m3.m- 2.dia-1, o Filtro Lento reduziu, em média, em 64% a turbidez, 38% a cor, 62% os sólidos suspensos totais, em 92,57% os E. coli e em 85,61% os coliformes totais. Nos ensaios com taxa de filtração igual a 6 m3.m-2.dia-1, a redução em média foi de 72% para turbidez, 44% para cor, 67% para sólidos suspensos totais, 83,87% para E. coli e 82,90% para coliformes totais. UNITERMOS: Leitos Cultivados, qualidade da água, saneamento rural LONDE, L. de R.; PATERNIANI, J. E. S. SLOW SAND FILTRATION FOR IRRIGATION WATER RE-USING 2 ABSTRACT Sewage treatment by constructed wetlands has been very efficient to color, turbidity and solid reduction. However, it still remains a high amount of total and faecal coliforms which requires other treatments before water re-using. This study has evaluated the efficiency of slow sand filtration to treat constructed wetlands effluents and intended to make it possible water re-using at rural works, for example at drip irrigation. Both treatment systems, constructed wetlands and slow sand filtration, require simple installation at low costs. They are advisable for small communities or rural area. Results from tests using 3 m3.m-2.day-1filtration rate have shown reductions of 64% turbidity, 38% apparent color, 62% total solids, 92,57% E. coli and 85,61% total coliforms. Tests at 6 m3.m-2.day-1 filtration rate led to 72%, 44%, 67%, 83,87% and 82,90% reduction for turbidity, apparent color, total solids, E.coli and total coliforms, respectively. KEY-WORDS: constructed wetlands, water quality, rural sanitation.