bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The General Theory of “Hysteretic Damping”
Authors: Bishop R. E. D. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper is the second of a series of three. The first dealt with the steady forced harmonic motion of a simple oscillator with one degree of freedom when “ hysteretic damping ” is present; by this it is meant that a damping force exists which is in phase with velocity but whose magnitude is proportional to displacement. The present paper is devoted to the formulation of a general theory of small hysteretically damped vibration in which the existence is postulated of damping forces which act between pairs of points such that they are in phase with the relative velocities and their magnitudes are proportional to relative displacements. The theory is presented in general terms and use is made of Lagrange’s equations with a new type of “ dissipation function ”; this is comparable with that of Rayleigh for viscous damping. It is shown that this theory generally leads to simpler algebra than does that of viscous damping. Moreover, it will be shown in a later paper that the nature of forced and damped oscillation may be thought of in terms of modes more simply than is the case with the more familiar viscous damping.
Supersonic Bangs
Authors: Sambasiva Rao P. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe non-linear theory of supersonic bangs, obtained in Part 1 for a body accelerating along a straight path, is extended to include curved paths. The basic theory remains the same. The important parameter, which appears in the theory, is the acceleration component along the ray, the rays being lines drawn from points on the flight path at an angle cos-1(1/M) with the direction of motion. It is found that the only essential effect of the curvature of the path is in the modification of this acceleration component to include a term due to the transverse acceleration. With this modification the main results are formally the same as in Part I.The strength of the bow shock is obtained, and it is found that the effect of the curvature of the path is more pronounced at points on the inside of the curve, and in general it becomes greater as the distance from the body increases. A simple asymptotic formula is obtained which predicts the strength of the shock with an error of less than five per cent, at distances of the order of a hundred body-lengths. Finally, the theory is compared and contrasted with the recent work by Warren.
Argon plasma coagulation tonsillectomy versus coblation tonsillectomy: a comparison of efficacy and safety
Authors: Loh R , Stepan L , Zhen E , Shaw C-K L 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundTonsillectomy is one of the most common otolaryngological procedures. Nonetheless, there is still no universally approved ‘gold standard’ technique.ObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficacy of argon plasma coagulation and coblation techniques in tonsillectomy.MethodsA multi-institutional, retrospective cohort study was conducted, comprising 283 patients who underwent bilateral tonsillectomies performed by a single surgeon between 2014 and 2017. The outcome measures included: operative time, intra-operative blood loss, post-operative pain and post-operative haemorrhage.ResultsIn the argon plasma coagulation group, mean operative time and post-operative haemorrhage rate were significantly reduced, p = 0.0006 and p = 0.003 respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of post-operative pain and intra-operative blood loss.ConclusionThe argon plasma coagulation technique is easy, safe and efficacious. Argon plasma coagulation tonsillectomy seems cost-effective compared to coblation tonsillectomy: the single-use disposable electrode tip and wand used in this study cost AUD$76.50 and AUD$380 respectively. Argon plasma coagulation appears to be a favourable alternative to current modalities such as coblation.
Anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract of the female of the biting midgeculicoides nubeculosusMeigen (Diptera: Heleidae=Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Megahed M. M. 
Published: June 2019

The alimentary tract of femaleCulicoides nubeculosusis simple. There is much similarity between it and that of other nematoceran and brachyceran bloodsucking flies.Among the interesting features observed are the following:1. The mid-gut is composed of two portions, a tubular anterior segment and a dilated stomach, which show structural differences.2. The peritrophic membrane, which is absent in the unfed female, forms around the ingested blood. Its substance is secreted by the epithelium of the stomach.3. A simple rectal valve guards the opening of the small intestine into the rectum.4. The Malpighian tubules are two in number, and they give attachment to muscular branches from different sources.5. There are six accessory glands arranged in a rosette around the mouth of each salivary gland proper. Some of them may sometimes function as reservoirs for the secretion of the salivary glands proper.In one specimen, tumours at the base of the stomach and abnormal features in the Malpighian tubules were observed.
The life history and development ofToxocara cati(Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2019

1. An account is given of the history, synonymy and host-range ofToxocara cati.2. Eggs ofT. catiwere fed to various animals, and the second-stage larvae were found in the tissues of earthworms, cockroaches, chickens, mice, dogs, lambs and cats.3. Cats were successfully infected by feeding eggs ofT. catiand by feeding mice harbouring larvae in the tissues.4. In egg-infected cats the larvae were found in the liver, lungs, muscles and tracheal washings as well as in the digestive tract, indicating that they migrate through the tissues.5. In mice the larvae were found in the liver, lungs and muscles, but did not reach the alimentary tract. Changes occurred in the mouth region of the larvae in mouse tissues between 8 and 11 days after infection, but no actual moult was observed. No significant growth of the larvae was observed in mouse tissues.6. In mouse-infected cats the larvae were mostly confined to the wall and contents of the digestive tract.7. It appeared that the second moult occurred in the stomach wall of egg-infected cats at 3–10 days after infection; moulting larvae measuring 0·353–0·423 mm. in length; in a mouse-infected cat moulting larvae (length 0·459–0·765 mm.) were observed at 6 days after infection.8. In both egg- and mouse-infected cats the third-stage larvae grew in the stomach wall and moulted for the third time at a length of 0·9–1·2 mm. This occurred at about 10 days in mouse-infected cats and at about 19 days in egg-infected cats.9. The smallest fourth-stage larvae were found in the stomach contents whence they passed into the intestine. Probably they are at first attached to the wall and later become free in the intestinal contents.10. The fourth-stage larvae have lips resembling the adult; sexual differentiation occurs during this stage, being first evident at 1·5 mm.11. The fourth moult occurs in the intestine at a length of approximately 4·5–5·5 mm.12. In the adult stage the lateral alae gradually disappear and the cervical alae reach the adult form at a length of approximately 45 mm. The smallest female observed containing eggs in the vagina measured 55 mm. in length. Eggs were first observed in the faeces at 56 days after infection by eggs.13. The evidence from experimental and natural infection indicated that infection of cats withT. catialways takes place after birth.14. No larvae were found in the alimentary tract of dogs following experimental infection either with eggs or with infected mice.15. The relationship of the life history ofT. catito that of other ascaridid species, to the feeding habits of the definitive hosts, and in relation to the occurrence of human infection with this parasite is discussed.
Studies in histomoniasis
Authors: Horton-Smith C. , Long P. L. 
Published: June 2019

1. Suspensions made from infected caecal material, derived from chickens which had been artificially infected with Histomonas meleagridis by the administration of embryonated Heterakis ova, can be used to transmit the organisms to other chickens when administered per os.2. Infections with histomonad suspensions can only be obtained in chickens that have been starved, or in chickens that are feeding but have received an alkali mixture immediately before the suspension is administered. The highest incidence of infections is obtained by administering suspensions to starved chickens that have received 1 g. alkali mixture beforehand.3. Successful infection appears to depend upon the pH of the gizzard and, possibly, of the upper intestine. The incidence of lesions produced by feeding suspension is increased as the contents of the gizzard become alkaline. It is also suggested that the consistency of the food may play a part, as coarse food, along with the infective material, is retained in the gizzard until it is completely ground up and mixed with the gastric juice.4. In one series of passages the suspension became attenuated after fourteen passages through chickens. In other cases suspensions became attenuated after only six passages through chickens.5. The courses of infections produced by histomonad suspensions and Heterakis ova are compared.6. The advantages of the method of using histomonad suspensions are discussed in their relation to the screening of chemotherapeutical agents.
Modification and elimination of the bacterial flora in cultures ofEntamoeba invadensRodhain, 1934
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2019

1. Cysts, formed in a strain ofE. invadensgrowing with a mixed bacterial flora, were sterilized of all but one species of bacterium (organismx), by treatment with chemicals. Strains ofE. invadensderived from these cysts were prepared, growing with organismxand eitherBact. coliorB. megatherium.2. A monobacterial strain ofE. invadens, growing withBact. colialone, was obtained by maintaining a dibacterial strain, growing with organismxandBact. coli, for 72 days in medium containing gentian violet.3. A monobacterial strain ofE. invadens, growing withStaph. albus, was prepared from cysts, produced in the monobacterial strain ofE. invadens + Bact. coli, and sterilized by treatment with chemicals.4. An axenic strain ofE. invadenswas prepared by maintaining the monobacterial strain ofE. invadens + Staph. albus, in saline-liver medium containing antibiotics. This axenic strain has now been maintained for over 14 months in saline containing untreated, sterile liver, but no antibiotics.
A Late Minoan III ‘kitchen’ at Makritikhos (Knossos) (Knossos Survey 90)
Authors: Hood Sinclair , de Jong Piet 
Published: June 2019

In the summer of 1951 N. Dadoudis, while digging a deep trench to bury stones from a plot of land belonging to him on the east edge of Makritikhos village, about 250 metres north of the Palace of Minos, found a complete Minoan amphora (Plan, Fig. 5, no. 3). He reported this discovery to the Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, Dr. N. Platon, who invited Piet de Jong, then the School's Curator at Knossos, to examine the area. Excavation revealed a small room, against the east wall of which the amphora had evidently once stood. The room was cleared by Piet de Jong assisted later by Sinclair Hood. To judge from the character of the vases found in it, the room might have been used as a kitchen.The ground on the edge of Makritikhos village here slopes steeply down through a series of terraces to the bed of the Kairatos stream about 40 metres to the east. The ‘Kitchen’ lay just below a high bank, forming the western boundary of the plot of ground, with the natural rock exposed at the north end and Minoan house walls showing in it to the south. There seems to have been a marked slope down towards the north as well as to the east here in Minoan times. The wall a–a (Fig. 2) at the north end of the original trench dug by Dadoudis, of squared limestone blocks measuring up to about half a metre in length and 0–35 thick, lay at a lower level than the Kitchen, although it appeared to be of the same period with it. A roughly constructed wall b–b south of a–a may have supported a terrace marking this change in ground level. The corner d–d of another, presumably contemporary, house built of squared limestone blocks was exposed in the south part of the original trench.
Euripides, Medea 108–110
Authors: Jocelyn H. D. 
Published: June 2019

Herwerden altered μεγαλό- to μελανόσπλαγχνος. Dr Diggle (P.C.Ph.S. n.s. XV (1969), 38–9) commends this alteration, alleging that Medea suffers from melancholy and adducing a number of passages of Greek verse which refer to blackness of viscera or soul.These passages are a mixed lot. The Homeric φρένες ἀμφὶ μέλαιναι2 is formulaic and seems to be used in descriptions of almost every imaginable emotional state. At Aeschylus, Choeph. 413–14 σπλάγχνα δέ μοι (Schütz: μου Μ) κελαινοῦται πρὸς ἔπος κλυούσᾳ Pers. 115–16 ταῦτά μοι μελαγχίτων φρὴν ἀμύσσεται φόβῳ, Suppl. 785 κελαινόχρως δὲ πάλλεται μου καρδία, the emotion is fear.
An Historical Introduction to the Teaching of International Law in Canada: Part II
Authors: Macdonald R. St. J. 
Published: June 2019

The teaching of international law at Queen’s University in its early years took place mainly in the faculty of arts and science. The first, short-lived, law school offered a course of lectures from 1861 to 1864 and again from 1880 to 1883, when the faculty was disbanded, not to re-open until 1957. During the period 1861 to 1864 no specific course in international law was offered in the law school or in the faculty of arts.When lectures in the law school resumed in 1880, one of the courses offered was Roman Law, for which one lecture per week was given. The texts to be consulted in this course included, strange to say, Kent’sCommentary on International Lawand Wheaton’sElements of International Law. It is possible that at this time instruction in international law was offered in the faculty of arts as well as in the law school. For example, in the examination for the gold medal in political economy the following question was asked: “Would abolition of tolls on the Welland Canada be a Free Trade or Protective measure? How does the Treaty of Washington affect the imposition of those tolls?” The second part of the question indicates that some reference to the law of treaties might have been made during the teaching of the course.
The Right of Secession in Public International Law
Authors: Turp Daniel 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn light of the numerous secessionist claims witnessed by the international community, it is of great interest to ascertain if international law provides for a right of secessionist self-determination. An analysis of treaty provisions encompassing the right of self-determination of peoples, namely the United Nations Charter and the Human Rights Covenants, suggests that the latter treaties consecrate an authentic right to secede. Such a right appears to be unhindered by any customary norm which would prohibit secession as a means of implementation of the right of self-determination of peoples, seeing that the practice of States is clearly divided on the issue of secession. It is submitted, however, that there is a need for more detached criteria with respect to the right of secession, its beneficiaries and its conditions of exercise and, consequently, for an acknowledgement, to the benefit of the international community as a whole, of the legitimacy of national affirmations and secessionist claims.
Allocation of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: Efforts at Codification and the Experience of Canada and the United States
Authors: Wouters Patricia K. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireEn juillet 1992, la Commission du droit international (CDI) a adopté en première lecture un ensemble de projets d'articles intitulé “Droit relatif aux utilisations des cours d'eaux internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. ” Les gouvernements ont été invités à se prononcer sur ce projet d'articles jusqu'à la fin 1992.La présente étude démontre que la Commission du droit international, l'International Law Association (ILA), et l'Institut de droit international (IDI) ont tous insisté sur l'importance de deux principes, l'“utilisation équitable” et l’ “obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables,” dans l'élaboration des règles relatives à l'attribution de droits pour les utilisations des cours d'eaux internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. À l'inverse de l'approche accordant la priorité au principe de l'utilisation équitable, adoptée par l'ILA et l'IDI, la CDI considère que la règle stipulant l'obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables constitue la norme fondamentale.À cet égard, un examen de la pratique bilatérale du Canada et des États-Unis, entre autres cette relative aux fleuves St-Mary et Milk, Columbia, Flathead et à la déviation de Chicago, révèle que ces deux États ont adopté une approche fondée sur la règle de l'“utilisation équitable,.” Ainsi te présent article mène à la conclusion que la Commission du droit international devrait revoir sa position relative à la place occupée par la règle de l'obligation de ne pas causer de dommages appréciables.
The Iran-Iraq War Revisited: Some Reflections on the Role of International Law
Authors: Wang Erik B. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLe conflit Iran-Irak a été une guerre d'une extrême violence qui n'a respecté aucune des règles du droit international. L'auteur analyse en particulier trois aspects de ce conflit: l'usage illégal de la force, l'usage des armes chimiques ainsi que les attaques contre les'navires neutres. A la lumière de toutes ces violations du droit international, la communauté internationale, dont le Canada, n'a pas su réagir avec succès. Quelle leçon peut-on en retenir pour les autres conflits régionaux? L'intervention active de tierces parties à un conflit est donc plutôt l'exception que la règle. Afin de bénéficier d'une telle intervention de la communauté internationale, il faudrait une initiative américaine ou celle d'un autre membre permanent du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies.
Moving on from Rio: Recent Initiatives on Global Forest Issues
Authors: Saunders Phillip M. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireComme la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement ( CNUED) faisait face à une scission Nord-Sud sur la question des forêts au Sommet de Rio, elle n'a pas réussi à conclure un accord obligatoire dans ce domaine et s'est contentée à la place d'une "Déclaration de principes non juridiquement contraignante mais faisant autorité, pour un consensus mondial sur la gestion, la conservation et l'exploitation écohgiquement viable de tous les types de forêts. "Les Prinâpes directeurs sur les forêts ont été vivement critiqués parce qu'ils étaient mal orientés et inefficaces. De plus, le fait qu'aucune convention n'a été conclue a été considéré comme un échec important du Sommet de Rio.Ce commentaire examine les initiatives touchant les forêts qui ont été prises après la Conférence des Nations Unies, ainsi que U rôle joué par le Canada dans la poursuite d'un dialogue informel ne débouchant pas sur une convention. On soutient que les défis importants auxquels fait face le secteur des forêts concernent le développement et non le droit et que la négociation d'un instrument juridique obligatoire ne devrait pas être considérée comme une condition indispensable à l'accomplissement de progrès en matière de développement durable des forêts. On devrait plutôt juger toutes les formes de négociation et d'entente en fonction de l'importance de leurs contributions à l'utilisation durable des forêts du monde entier. De ce point de vue, les efforts déployés après la conférence sont utiles et pertinents, car il est nécessaire de prendre des mesures pour régler ce grave problème.
La procédure des rapports périodiques en application des traités relatifs aux droits de la personne: L'aprés-conférence de Vienne
Authors: Bouthillier Yves Le , Rouget Didier 
Published: June 2019

SummaryMember states to a human rights treaty have an obligation to provide periodic reports. These reports allow the United Nations to verify that states are complying with the treaty. After discussing the essential procedural aspects of these reports, the authors disclose the problems of this system and conclude with some potential reforms designed to enhance the protection of human rights in the implementation of these international treaties.
The Status of Indigenous Peoples under International Law: Greenland and the Right to Self-Determination
Authors: Harhoff Frederik 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL'autodétermination des peuples autochtones suscite la controverse en droit international contemporain depuis que le processus de décolonisation s'est achevé, à la fin des années 1960. Parce qu’ils craignaient avant tout des désordres nationaux, de nombreux pays ont refusé de reconnaître que les peuples autochtones ont le droit de se séparer du territoire national et d'obtenir leur indépendance. Cependant, même la reconnaissance d'un droit moins vaste, soit un droit de recevoir un statut spécial et d'obtenir l'autonomie politique dans le cadre des frontières étatiques existantes, demeure une question litigieuse, car aucune définition claire des bénéficiaires et de la substance de ces droits ne peut être établie. De toute façon, la disparité des conditions politiques, économiques, sociales et climatiques dans lesquelles vivent les peuples autochtones du monde entier rend futile la création d'un seul et unique concept d'autodétermination qui s'appliquerait au monde entier. Pour sortir de cette impasse, on propose d'adopter une approche procédurale, au lieu d'essayer de fixer ces questions dans des termes juridiques stricts.Le fait de qualifier le concept d'autodétermination de processus, au lieu de le décrire comme étant une série de règles exactes et préétablies, a pour avantage d'apporter un élément de flexibilité, car il permet aux deux parties, c'est-à-dire les États et les peuples autochtones, de trouver des appuis pour défendre leurs intérêts et d'imaginer une solution viable qui tienne compte des circonstances particulières de chaque cas. Mais toutes les parties concernées devraient tout d'abord accepter trois conditions préalables:(1) Le droit de sécession immédiate et d'indépendance complète, en tant qu'aspect du droit à l'autodétermination, devrait être réservé aux peuples autochtones des territoires d'outre-mer.(2) Les États ont le devoir de favoriser l'autonomie de leurs peuples autochtones et le fardeau de prouver qu 'ih offrent la plus grande autonomie possible aux peuples autochtones vivant sur leurs territoires.(3) Une fois que des ententes relatives à l'autonomie ont été conclues, les États ne peuvent pas les révoquer, les abréger ou les modifier unilatéralement.L'auteur de cette note examine ensuite le régime d'autonomie du Groenland et conclut que ce régime semble satisfaire aux critères énoncés, bien que la question du statut actuel du Groenland (et des îles Faroe) au sein du royaume danois demeure incertaine sur le plan constitutionnel. Le régime d'autonomie implique un transfert irrévocable des pouvoirs législatifs et administratifs des autorités danoùes aux autorités du Groenland, ce qui a pour effet de créer un régime juridique indépendant au Groenland. Par ailleurs, il est entendu que le régime d'autonomie du Groenland permet d'établir un système judiciaire indépendant, si les tribunaux danois du Groenland ne reconnaissent pas la validité de la Loi d'autonomie du Groenland.