bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative Data for a Rapid, Automated Test of Spatial Release From Masking
Authors: Jakien Kasey M. , Gallun Frederick J. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to report normative data and predict thresholds for a rapid test of spatial release from masking for speech perception. The test is easily administered and has good repeatability, with the potential to be used in clinics and laboratories. Normative functions were generated for adults varying in age and amounts of hearing loss.

Method
The test of spatial release presents a virtual auditory scene over headphones with 2 conditions: colocated (with target and maskers at 0°) and spatially separated (with target at 0° and maskers at ± 45°). Listener thresholds are determined as target-to-masker ratios, and spatial release from masking (SRM) is determined as the difference between the colocated condition and spatially separated condition. Multiple linear regression was used to fit the data from 82 adults 18–80 years of age with normal to moderate hearing loss (0–40 dB HL pure-tone average [PTA]). The regression equations were then used to generate normative functions that relate age (in years) and hearing thresholds (as PTA) to target-to-masker ratios and SRM.

Results
Normative functions were able to predict thresholds with an error of less than 3.5 dB in all conditions. In the colocated condition, the function included only age as a predictive parameter, whereas in the spatially separated condition, both age and PTA were included as parameters. For SRM, PTA was the only significant predictor. Different functions were generated for the 1st run, the 2nd run, and the average of the 2 runs. All 3 functions were largely similar in form, with the smallest error being associated with the function on the basis of the average of 2 runs.

Conclusion
With the normative functions generated from this data set, it would be possible for a researcher or clinician to interpret data from a small number of participants or even a single patient without having to first collect data from a control group, substantially reducing the time and resources needed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7080878
Asteroseismic potential of CHEOPS
Authors: Moya A. , Barceló Forteza S. , Bonfanti A. , Salmon S. J. A. J. , Van Grootel V. , Barrado D. 
Published: November 2018

Context.Asteroseismology has been impressively boosted during the last decade mainly thanks to space missions such asKepler/K2 and CoRoT. This has a large impact, in particular, in exoplanetary sciences since the accurate characterization of the exoplanets is convoluted in most cases with the characterization of their hosting star. In the decade before the expected launch of the ESA mission PLATO 2.0, only two important missions will provide short-cadence high-precision photometric time-series: NASA–TESS and ESA–CHEOPS missions, both having high capabilities for exoplanetary sciences.Aims.In this work we want to explore the asteroseismic potential of CHEOPS time-series.Methods.Following the works estimating the asteroseismic potential ofKeplerand TESS, we have analysed the probability of detecting solar-like pulsations using CHEOPS light-curves. Since CHEOPS will collect runs with observational times from hours up to a few days, we have analysed the accuracy and precision we can obtain for the estimation ofνmax. This is the only asteroseismic observable we can recover using CHEOPS observations. Finally, we have analysed the impact of knowingνmaxin the characterization of exoplanet host stars.Results.Using CHEOPS light-curves with the expected observational times we can determineνmaxfor massive G and F-type stars from late main sequence (MS) on, and for F, G, and K-type stars from post-main sequence on with an uncertainty lower than a 5%. For magnitudesV <  12 and observational times from eight hours up to two days, the HR zone of potential detectability changes. The determination ofνmaxleads to an internal age uncertainty reduction in the characterization of exoplanet host stars from 52% to 38%; mass uncertainty reduction from 2.1% to 1.8%; radius uncertainty reduction from 1.8% to 1.6%; density uncertainty reduction from 5.6% to 4.7%, in our best scenarios.
Combined geometrical modelling and white-light mass determination of coronal mass ejections
Authors: Pluta Adam , Mrotzek Niclas , Vourlidas Angelos , Bothmer Volker , Savani Neel 
Published: November 2018

Context. We use forward modelling on multi-viewpoint coronagraph observations to estimate the 3-dimensional morphology, initial speed and deprojected masses of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). The CME structure is described via the Graduated Cylindrical Shell (GCS) model, which enables the measurement of CME parameters in a consistent and comparable manner.
Aims. This is the first large-scale use of the GCS model to estimate CME masses, so we discuss inherent peculiarities and implications for the mass determination with a special focus on CME events emerging from close to the observer’s central meridian. Further, we analyse the CME characteristics best suited to estimate the CME mass in a timely manner to make it available to CME arrival predictions.
Methods. We apply the method to a set of 122 bright events observed simultaneously from two vantage points with the COR2 coronagraphs onboard of the twin NASA STEREO spacecraft. The events occurred between January 2007 and December 2013 and are compiled in an online catalogue within the EU FP7 project HELCATS. We statistically analyse the derived CME parameters, their mutual connection and their relation to the solar cycle.
Results. We show that the derived morphology of intense disk events is still systematically overestimated by up to a factor of 2 with stereoscopic modelling, which is the same order of magnitude as for observations from only one vantage point. The overestimation is very likely a combination of projection effects as well as the increased complexity of separating CME shocks and streamers from CME fronts for such events. We further show that CME mass determination of disk events can lead to overestimation of the mass by about a factor of 10 or more, in case of overlapping bright structures.
Conclusions. We conclude that for stereoscopic measurements of disk events, the measurement of the initial CME speed is the most reliable one. We further suggest that our presented CME speed-mass correlation is most suited to estimate the CME mass early from coronagraph observations.
3D-CAM: Delir-Testinstrument für deutschsprachigen Raum übersetzt
Authors: Olbert Maria , Eckert Sophie , Mörgeli Rudolf , Marcantonio Edward , Spies Claudia 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungDas postoperative Delir (POD) ist eine häufige und schwerwiegende Komplikation nach chirurgischen Eingriffen. Darum müssen Patienten postoperativ gezielt auf die Entwicklung eines POD untersucht werden. Hierfür steht die Weiterentwicklung des bekannten Delir-Testinstruments CAM, das 3D-CAM, nun auch in deutscher Fassung zur Verfügung.
Optische Kohärenztomografie bei Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems
Authors: Papadopoulou Athina , Oertel Frederike , Zimmermann Hanna , Zeitz Oliver , Brandt Alexander , Paul Friedemann 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungInflammatorische, degenerative und tumoröse Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS) gehen häufig mit Veränderungen am Augenhintergrund und Sehstörungen einher. Mit der optischen Kohärenztomografie (OCT) hat erstmals eine Methode Einzug in das neuroophthalmologische Methodenspektrum gehalten, die das strukturelle Korrelat dieser Sehstörungen quantitativ und für den klinischen Alltag praktikabel erfassen kann. Das auf Interferometrie beruhende, nicht invasive Verfahren ist in der Lage, hochaufgelöste Volumenaufnahmen der Retina aufzunehmen und die Dicke bzw. das Volumen einzelner Schichten der Netzhaut zu messen. Insbesondere die pRNFL (peripapilläre retinale Nervenfaserschicht) und GCIPL (Ganglienzellschicht und innere plexiforme Schicht zusammen) sind in der Neurologie von großem Interesse, da sie Axone und zugehörige Nervenzellen enthalten, die im weiteren Verlauf den Sehnerv bilden. Bei einer akuten Optikusneuritis (ON) kann eine initiale Schwellung der pRNFL zur Diagnose und Differenzialdiagnose der ON und eine Verdünnung der GCIPL während der ersten 4 Wochen zur Prognose der Visuserholung beitragen. Bei der multiplen Sklerose (MS) ist die Rolle der OCT nicht nur in Zusammenhang mit der ON zu sehen. Auch MS-Augen ohne ON zeigen eine Verdünnung der pRNFL und GCIPL, die mit neurodegenerativen Prozessen im gesamten ZNS korreliert. Mehrere Studien haben Korrelationen zwischen diesen OCT-Parametern und dem Risiko für eine klinische Verschlechterung (Behinderungsprogression), kognitive Defizite, aber auch Krankheitsaktivität bei MS gezeigt, wobei es häufig noch unklar ist, wie dieser Zusammenhang in der Behandlung des individuellen Patienten nutzbar gemacht werden kann. OCT ist in den letzten Jahren zunehmend auch bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie Morbus Parkinson, amyotropher Lateralsklerose und diversen Demenzformen eingesetzt worden. Ein Einsatz in der klinischen Routine ist jedoch noch in deutlich weiterer Ferne als bei entzündlichen ZNS-Erkrankungen, da der klinische Stellenwert von OCT für Diagnostik, Differenzialdiagnostik und Prädiktion bzw. Verlaufsbeurteilung bislang nicht geklärt ist. Dieser Übersichtsartikel soll einen Überblick über die aktuelle Studienlage zu OCT-Parametern und deren Bedeutung bei inflammatorischen, degenerativen und tumorösen Erkrankungen des zentralen Nervensystems schaffen.
Acute Effects of Pedaling Cadence at Low Intensity on Arterial Stiffness in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Yin Jun , Wu Hao , Yu Lan , Zhang Jing , Zhu Weili 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo examine the acute influence of pedaling cadence on arterial stiffness in young men, 15 healthy men (21.8±0.4 years) underwent 3 trials in self-control crossover design: non-cycling control (CON), cycling at 60 (RPM60) and 90 rounds per min (RPM90). Cycling lasted 30 min at intensity of 35% heart rate reserve. Arterial stiffness in cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was measured at baseline (BL), immediately after (0 min) and 40 min after cycling. There were no significant CAVI changes over time in CON. CAVI in RPM60 decreased immediately after exercise and returned to baseline afterwards (6.1±0.2, 5.6±0.2 and 6.0±0.2 at BL, 0 and 40 min, respectively). RPM90 elicited significant CAVI reduction from 6.2±0.2 at BL to 5.5±0.2 at 0 min, and reverted to 5.7±0.1 at 40 min, maintaining significant difference to its baseline. There was no significant CAVI difference between RPM60 and CON, whereas CAVI in RPM90 was significantly lower than that in CON at 0 min (5.5±0.2 vs 6.1±0.2, P<0.01) and 40 min (5.7±0.1 vs 6.3±0.1, P<0.05). Despite equivalent exercise volume, arterial stiffness improvement induced by cycling was influenced by pedaling cadence. Higher cadence resulted in superior effect on arterial stiffness.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; Ecstasy) use and Transitions to Injection Drug use among Street-Involved Youth
Authors: Lake Stephanie , Gaddis Andrew , Tupper Kenneth W. , Nosova Ekaterina , DeBeck Kora 
Published: November 2018

Background Despite the popularity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) among young people across North America and Europe, MDMA is rarely explored in studies of young people at high risk of injecting drugs. We conducted a study among street-involved youth who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada, to understand if use of MDMA is associated with initiation of injection drugs. Methods We followed injection-naïve participants in the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS), an ongoing prospective cohort of street-involved youth aged 14–26 who use illicit drugs. Bivariate and multivariate extended Cox models with time-updated variables were used to examine the association between MDMA use and initiation of injection drug use between September 2005 and May 2015. Results Among 483 youth, 306 (63.4%) had a history of MDMA use and 218 (45.1%) had used MDMA in the previous 6 months at baseline. A total of 105 (21.7%) youth initiated injection drug use over the 10-year period, yielding an incidence density of 8.51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.96–10.30) per 100 person-years. MDMA use was not significantly associated with initiating injection drugs at the bivariate (hazard ratio: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.61–1.42) or multivariate (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.57–1.35) level, after adjusting for socio-demographic and substance use confounders. Conclusions Amid ongoing frequent use of MDMA among some young people in North America, we did not observe an elevated risk of injection initiation among those who used MDMA in this cohort of street-involved youth.
Structural basis of different substrate preferences of two old yellow enzymes from yeasts in the asymmetric reduction of enone compounds
Authors: Horita Shoichiro , Kataoka Michihiko , Kitamura Nahoko , Miyakawa Takuya , Ohtsuka Jun , Maejima Yuko , Shimomura Kenju , Nagata Koji , Shimizu Sakayu , Tanokura Masaru 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Old yellow enzymes (OYEs) are potential targets of protein engineering for useful biocatalysts because of their excellent asymmetric reductions of enone compounds. Two OYEs from different yeast strains, Candida macedoniensis AKU4588 OYE (CmOYE) and Pichia sp. AKU4542 OYE (PsOYE), have a sequence identity of 46%, but show different substrate preferences; PsOYE shows 3.4-fold and 39-fold higher catalytic activities than CmOYE toward ketoisophorone and (4S)-phorenol, respectively. To gain insights into structural basis of their different substrate preferences, we have solved a crystal structure of PsOYE, and compared its catalytic site structure with that of CmOYE, revealing the catalytic pocket of PsOYE is wider than that of CmOYE due to different positions of Phe246 (PsOYE)/Phe250 (CmOYE) in static Loop 5. This study shows a significance of 3D structural information to explain the different substrate preferences of yeast OYEs which cannot be understood from their amino acid sequences.
Abbreviations: OYE: Old yellow enzymes, CmOYE: Candida macedoniensis AKU4588 OYE, PsOYE: Pichia sp. AKU4542 OYE
Accumulation of SOC under organic and no-fertilizations, and its influence on crop yields in Tanzania’s semiarid zone
Authors: Mkonda Msafiri Y. , He Xinhua 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
To estimate differential accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and its ecological significance is very important to smallholder farmers in the Tanzania’s semiarid areas. This study investigated the accumulation of SOC and other important soil nutrients under organic and no-fertilizations, and correlated SOC with crop yields. Using data from long-term experimental study sites of semiarid in Tanzania, we estimated SOC accumulation in different soil treatments and depths where a total of 128 soil samples were collected at the depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm from two villages (sites) with organic fertilization and no-fertilization treatments. Sites under organic fertilization were defined as those which have received manure fertilization for more than 5 years on continuum basis.

Outcomes:
The accumulation of SOC was significantly greater in soils under organic fertilizations (1.15 and 0.80 MgC ha
−1
at soil depth and 20–40 cm) and decreased with increasing soil depths. Similarly, TN and P decreased from 0.40 and 2.40 Mg (0–20 cm) to 0.16 and 2.10 Mg (20–40 cm), respectively. Other important soil nutrients such as calcium (Ca
2+
), potassium (K
+
), magnesium (Mg
2+
), and sodium (Na
+
) had similar pattern. In addition, soil bulk density was less under organic fertilization (1.1 g/cm
3
) than under no-fertilization (1.2 g/cm
3
) and it increased with soil depths. Correspondingly, the crop yields were significantly higher (1.6 tn ha
−1
) under organic fertilizations than (0.6 tn ha
−1
) under no-fertilizations indicating that crop yields were significantly affected by SOC.

Discussion:
Organic fertilization i.e., especially cattle manure in the area has considerable fertility potential. To optimize soil fertility potential, we need to consider such kind of fertilization from household to national level.

Conclusion:
Our results demonstrated that manure application was the best fertilization method for improving soil fertility in most croplands of Tanzania’s semiarid areas, especially in this era of climate change scenarios.
Popular support for the social security system in urban China: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in a Chinese city
Authors: Li Qin , He Alex Jingwei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBecause the legitimacy of the welfare system ultimately depends on citizens’ support, it is vital to understand public welfare attitudes. By analysing primary data collected in Zhuhai City, this study examines Chinese people's attitudes toward contributory social security programmes. The study's bi-dimensional conception of welfare attitudes synthesises the dual roles that people play in social security and examines their respective attitudes. Self-interest and ideology models were both tested in the Chinese context. As ordinary citizens, people's expectation for governmental responsibility in social security appears to be high. As contributors to the system, their willingness to pay premiums is also on the high side. Based on multivariate analysis, this study provides contextual explanations for the attitudinal patterns observed in Zhuhai and interprets the results in reference to the international literature. The article concludes with policy implications for China's social security reforms.
Polymorphisms in TLR4 and TNFA and Risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Development of Active Disease in Contacts of Tuberculosis Cases in Brazil: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cubillos-Angulo Juan Manuel , Arriaga María B , Silva Elisângela C , Müller Beatriz L A , Ramalho Daniela M P , Fukutani Kiyoshi F , Miranda Pryscila F C , Moreira Adriana S R , Ruffino-Netto Antonio , Lapa e Silva Jose R , Sterling Timothy R , Kritski Afrânio L , Oliveira Martha M , Andrade Bruno B 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe role of genetic polymorphisms in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and progression to active TB is not fully understood.MethodsWe tested the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs5743708 (TLR2), rs4986791 (TLR4), rs361525 (TNFA), rs2430561 (IFNG) rs1143627 (IL1B) as risk factors for tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion or development of active TB in contacts of active TB cases. Contacts of microbiologically confirmed pulmonary TB cases were initially screened for longitudinal evaluation up to 24 months, with clinical examination and serial TST, between 1998 and 2004 at a referral center in Brazil. Data and biospecimens were collected from 526 individuals who were contacts of 177 active TB index cases. TST conversion was defined as induration ≥5 mm after a negative TST result (0 mm) at baseline or month 4 visit. Independent associations were tested using logistic regression models.ResultsAmong the 526 contacts, 60 had TST conversion and 44 developed active TB during follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male sex (odds ratio [OR]: 2.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–4.6), as well as SNPs in TLR4 genes (OR: 62.8, 95% CI: 7.5–525.3) and TNFA (OR: 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–9.5) were independently associated with TST conversion. Moreover, a positive TST at baseline (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 2.3–9.7) and SNPs in TLR4 (OR: 6.5, 95% CI: 1.1–36.7) and TNFA (OR: 12.4, 95% CI:5.1–30.1) were independently associated with incident TB.ConclusionsSNPs in TLR4 and TNFA predicted both TST conversion and active TB among contacts of TB cases in Brazil.
Evaluation of the All Right? Campaign’s Facebook intervention post-disaster in Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Calder Kristi , D’Aeth Lucy , Turner Sue , Begg Annabel , Veer Ekant , Scott Jo , Fox Ciarán 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThe All Right? campaign was developed as a mental health promotion campaign following the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquakes. One aspect of the overall campaign was the utilisation of social media as a means of promoting wellbeing messages. This research evaluates the use of the All Right? Facebook page as a means of promoting wellbeing after a major natural disaster. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather data about the social media component of the All Right? campaign. Findings indicate that the All Right? Facebook page has become a valued source of consistent wellbeing tips and advice -‘the place that I go’. Wellbeing reminders posted on the page were especially valued following earthquake aftershocks. High proportions of respondents to a survey (n = 212) linked from the All Right? Facebook page agreed that the page was helpful (98%), gave people ideas of things that they can do to help themselves (96%), and made people think about their wellbeing (93%). Over four fifths (85%) of respondents had done activities as a result of what they saw on the All Right? Facebook page. Success factors for the Facebook page often mirrored those for the campaign itself, including: local research to inform the use of appropriate language for translating evidence-based wellbeing messages into a local setting; not being marketed as a government message; and effectively combining public health and communications expertise. Success factors specific to the Facebook page included: regular posts with a focus on issues that affect everyone in Canterbury post-disaster; timely posts, especially immediately following aftershocks; a consistent tone for the All Right? Facebook page; and balancing wellbeing facts and tips with other content that was relevant to the Canterbury population. The overall success of the All Right? Facebook page was reliant on being part of a trusted population-wide mental health promotion campaign.
Undernutrition and Tuberculosis: Public Health Implications
Authors: Sinha Pranay , Davis Juliana , Saag Lauren , Wanke Christine , Salgame Padmini , Mesick Jackson , Horsburgh C Robert , Hochberg Natasha S 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlmost 800 million people are chronically undernourished worldwide, of whom 98% are in low- and middle-income countries where tuberculosis is endemic. In many tuberculosis-endemic countries, undernutrition is a driver of tuberculosis incidence and associated with a high population attributable fraction of tuberculosis and poor treatment outcomes. Data suggest that undernutrition impairs innate and adaptive immune responses needed to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and may affect responses to live vaccines, such as BCG. Given its impact on tuberculosis, addressing undernutrition will be a vital component of the World Health Organization End TB strategy. This narrative review describes the effect of undernutrition on the immune response, vaccine response, and tuberculosis incidence, severity, and treatment outcomes.