bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Skilled Emigration Dynamic: Portuguese Nurses and Recruitment in the Southern European Periphery
Authors: Pereira Cláudia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhilippine and Indian nurses have been emigrating for many years, but Portuguese nurses and other South and East Europeans have recently started to replace them in the UK. This study focuses on the recent migration of Portuguese nurses – both as emigrants and immigrants – within the European area.The research mixes extensive and intensive methodologies. Health agencies started to recruit heavily among Portuguese nurses after 2008, which often led to their decision to leave the country with a guaranteed job abroad. In turn, this dynamic of emigration being motived by institutional and recruitment networks was caused by a structural factor: the barriers erected in 2010 by UK immigration policies against the contracting of nurses from outside the EU, which led the job agencies to search for nurses inside Europe. The chapter’s main finding is that although the push factor of economic recession and increased unemployment that hit the European periphery after the 2008 financial crisis played a role in the outflow of Portuguese nurses, it was the pull factor that was more significant. The second finding is that this new mass emigration of nurses is not just a Portuguese phenomenon but rather is in keeping with other Southern and East European peripheral countries.
Tensions and Struggles in Tackling Bribery at the Firm Level: Perspectives from Buddhist-Enacted Organizational Leaders
Authors: Vu Mai Chi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study explores the role of an informal institution—engaged Buddhism—in leadership responses to issues of bribery at the firm level in the context of Vietnam. In-depth interviews were carried out in Vietnam with 26 organizational leaders who were Buddhist practitioners. The leaders expressed a Buddhist-enacted utilitarian approach based on three context-associated mechanisms: karmic consequences, community and social well-being, and total detachment. These mechanisms manifest in leadership approaches based on the Middle Way, Skillful Means, and Emptiness. They are involved in forming leaders’ perceptions about bribery issues and their enacting of contextual approaches to balance organizational means and ends in tackling ethical issues associated with bribery. The study also sheds light on moral struggles involved in the process of shaping and enacting a Buddhist-enacted utilitarian approach.
Drivers and Inhibitors of Internet Privacy Concern: A Multidimensional Development Theory Perspective
Authors: Hong Weiyin , Chan Frank K. Y. , Thong James Y. L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the drivers and inhibitors of Internet privacy concern. Applying the Multidimensional Development Theory to the online environment, we identify the important factors under four dimensions—i.e., environmental, individual, information management, and interaction management. We tested our model using data from an online survey of 2417 individuals in Hong Kong. The results show that the factors under all four dimensions are significant in the formation of Internet privacy concern. Specifically, familiarity with government legislation, Internet knowledge, benefit of information disclosure, privacy protection, and social presence reduce Internet privacy concern, while individuals’ previous privacy invasion experience, risk avoidance personality, and sensitivity of information requested by websites increase Internet privacy concern. We conducted an analysis of unobserved heterogeneity to confirm the significance of these factors. A follow-up moderation analysis shows that the individual factors (i.e., previous privacy invasion experience, risk avoidance personality, and Internet knowledge) moderate the effects of the information management factor (i.e., information sensitivity) and the interaction management factors (i.e., privacy protection and social presence). The findings provide an integrated understanding of the formation of Internet privacy concern.
Calibration for Epistemic Causality
Authors: Williamson Jon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe epistemic theory of causality is analogous to epistemic theories of probability. Most proponents of epistemic probability would argue that one’s degrees of belief should be calibrated to chances, insofar as one has evidence of chances. The question arises as to whether causal beliefs should satisfy an analogous calibration norm. In this paper, I formulate a particular version of a norm requiring calibration to chances and argue that this norm is the most fundamental evidential norm for epistemic probability. I then develop an analogous calibration norm for epistemic causality, argue that it is theonlyevidential norm required for epistemic causality, and show how an epistemic account of causality that incorporates this norm can be used to analyse objective causal relationships.
Return to Work after Shoulder Replacement for Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis is Similar when Hemiarthroplasty is Compared to Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Liu Joseph N. , Garcia Grant H. , Gowd Anirudh K. , Mahony Gregory , Sinatro Alec , Wu Hao Hua , Dines David M. , Warren Russell F. , Gulotta Lawrence V. 
Published: June 2019

Background Return to work after shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is an important consideration for an aging workforce. Questions/Purposes The aim of this study was to compare the shoulder function, pain levels, and rate of return to work in patients treated with anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) versus humeral hemiarthroplasty (HHA). Methods A retrospective review of consecutive HHA patients was performed of our institution's shoulder arthroplasty registry. Inclusion criteria were pre-operative diagnosis of end-stage OA and more than 2 years’ follow-up. HHA patients were statistically matched to aTSA patients and then screened for pre-operative work status; 26 HHA and 23 aTSA patients worked before surgery. There was no difference in average age (HHA, 62.4 years; aTSA, 61.7 years) or follow-up (HHA, 67.5 months; aTSA, 66.9 months). Results Average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores (HHA, 37.6 to 70.3; aTSA, 35.6 to 80.1) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain scores (HHA, 6.1 to 2.3; aTSA, 6.5 to 0.6) improved in both groups. However, HHA patients had worse final VAS scores, and aTSA patients were more satisfied (100% vs 77%); 61.5% of HHA patients returned to work post-operatively versus 87.0% of aTSA patients. There was no difference in time to return to work (HHA, 1.9 ± 2.3 months; aTSA, 1.3 ± 1.0 months). Conclusion Patients with shoulder OA undergoing aTSA have higher rates of return to work, function, and satisfaction than those undergoing HHA.
Role of Steel Plate Thickness on the Residual Stress Formation and Cracking Behavior During Flame Cutting
Authors: Jokiaho Tuomas , Santa-aho Suvi , Peura Pasi , Vippola Minnamari 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThick wear-resistant steel plates are utilized in challenging applications, which require a high hardness and toughness. However, utilization of the thick plates is problematic as they often have nonuniform mechanical properties along the thickness direction due to the manufacturing-induced segregations. In addition, the processing of thick plates commonly involves flame cutting, which causes several challenges. Flame cutting forms a heat-affected zone and generates high residual stresses during the cutting process. In the worst case, flame cutting causes cracking of the cut edge. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of plate thickness on the residual stress formation and cracking behavior when utilizing flame cutting. Residual stress profiles are measured by X-ray diffraction, plates and cut edges and are mechanically tested and characterized by electron microscopy. The results show that thicker plates generate more unfavorable residual stress state during flame cutting. Thick plates also contain segregations, which have decreased mechanical properties. The combination of high residual tensile stresses and segregations increase the risk of cracking during flame cutting. To prevent the cracking, the residual stresses should be lowered by lower cutting speeds and preheating. In addition, manufacturing practices should be aimed at lowering segregation formation in thick plates.
Association between body fat mass and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga, Colombia
Authors: Serrano Norma C. , Suarez Diana Paola , Silva Adriana Robles , Gamboa-Delgado Edna , Quintero-Lesmes Doris Cristina 
Published: June 2019

Background
Obesity is common among children and teenagers and is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the adult age. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the association between the percentage of body fat and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Material and Methods
About 494 children and adolescents aged 10–20 years were studied. Laboratory tests were made for analyzing cardiovascular risk factors and anthropometric measurements. Percentage body fat was determined with Slaughter equation. Lineal regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between cardiometabolic risk factors and the percentage body fat.

Results
Prevalence of percentage body fat (>26%) was 46.1%. Variables associated with percentage body fat were HOMA-IR – insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure.

Conclusions
Increase in percentage body fat is significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents in Bucaramanga. Early identification and intervention of this population at risk is fundamental.
A basic malware analysis method
Authors: Kara Ilker 
Published: June 2019

With the development and spread of information technologies in recent years, malware has started to manifest itself as a widespread threat that can affect large networks rather than being confined to small attacks. 1 2 3 4 5 As long as the Internet and its connected devices are used, there is the possibility of encountering malicious software every day. And while end-user awareness is increasing in the fight against malware, it is not sufficient to stop malware production and attackers who use malicious software because of vulnerabilities found in systems, errors in the software used and connected networks, and subsequent security vulnerabilities. 6, 7 Malware is a widespread threat and it increases in volume every day. It's essential to understand how it works and how it is evolving. Examining malware and determining how it functions and what its capabilities are is a complex task, made harder by the attackers’ use of anti-forensic features. Dr Ilker Kara of Hacettepe University, Turkey, offers an overview of malware types and forms of attack, and proposes a novel approach to malware analysis, explaining how it works through an example using a real malware attack.
Path following of Nano quad-rotors using a novel disturbance observer-enhanced dynamic inversion approach
Authors: Wang Yuan , Zheng Xiangming 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe model of Nano quad-rotors contains many uncertainties such as an external disturbance from a wind field, highly non-linear strong coupling between variables and body measurement errors. To deal with these uncertainties and control the Nano quad-rotors, a novel data-based disturbance observer (DO) is firstly proposed to observe disturbances from a wind field and perturbations from errors of parameter estimation. Then the DO is used to improve the conventional dynamic inversion (DI) method to obtain an enhanced dynamic inversion (EDI) method, which relies only on roughly estimated geometrical parameters, thus eliminating the largest flaw of conventional DI, namely depending on detailed plant information. Simulation results show that the method proposed achieved good trajectory tracking with only roughly estimated geometrical values under wind field; the DO proposed can accurately estimate disturbance from a wind field and perturbation from error of parameter estimation.
Integral performance optimization for the two-stage-to-orbit RBCC-RKT launch vehicle based on GPM
Authors: Zhang L. , Sun M. , Cheng Q. , Chen Z. , Zhang X. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe takeoff-mass of a two-stage-to-orbit Rocket-Based Combined Cycle Engine-Rocket (RBCC-RKT) launch vehicle is a crucial factor in its comprehensive performance. This paper optimizes the takeoff-mass together with the trajectory by reformulating it to a nonlinear optimal control problem. The range of the second stage rocket mass is considered as a process constraint. When the scopes of initial and terminal states are specified, the problem can be solved by using the Gauss pseudo-spectral method (GPM). In order to reduce the convergent difficulty caused by using table data, the data in different stages are utilized by employing an integrated interpolation strategy through the optimization. Simulation results show that the mass can be effectively optimized to meet the inertia mass ratio constraint of the first-stage, and the separation of Mach number and altitude can be optimized at the same time.
The effects of increased acetate turnover on glucose-induced insulin secretion in lean and obese humans
Authors: Petersen Kitt Falk , Impellizeri Anne , Cline Gary W. , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Increased endogenous acetate production (Ra) in rodents has been shown to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby promote increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), increased ghrelin secretion, hyperphagia and obesity.Aim:To examine whether rates of acetate turnover are different in lean versus obese humans and whether increased acetate turnover promotes increased GSIS and increased ghrelin secretion in humans.Methods:Basal acetate Ra was measured following an overnight fast in lean (BMI: 21.3 ± 1.1 Kg/m2) and obese (30.2 ± 0.9 Kg/m2, P = 0.00001) individuals. The subjects underwent two hyperglycemic (10 mmol/L) clamp studies to measure GSIS during a basal acetate infusion and during a high-dose acetate infusion increasing plasma acetate concentrations ∼5-fold.Results:Basal acetate Ra was 30% higher in the lean compared to the obese subjects (257 ± 27 vs. 173 ± 18 μmol/min; P = 0.025). Basal plasma insulin concentrations were 4-fold higher in the obese than the lean subjects (P = 0.008) and increased 5-fold during hyperglycemia in both groups, independent of changes in plasma acetate concentrations. Fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations were 35% lower in the obese compared to the lean subjects (P = 0.015). During the hyperglycemic clamp, plasma ghrelin decreased by 42% in the lean group (P < 0.022 vs. basal) and did not change in the obese group.Conclusion:Rates of endogenous acetate turnover are ∼30% higher in the lean subjects compared to the obese subjects, and increasing plasma acetate turnover does not promote increased GSIS or ghrelin secretion in either group.
Cell wall dynamics under conditions of diffuse growth in the thick-walled cortical tissue (prosoplectenchyma) of Ramalina usnea
Authors: SANDERS William B. , DE LOS RÍOS Asunción 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA recent field study indicated that thalli of the beard lichen Ramalina usnea undergo diffuse (“intercalary”) growth throughout their length. We examined thallus sections with TEM to better understand how the highly thickened cell walls of the prosoplectenchymatous cortex behave under conditions of continued expansion. Cell protoplasts were surrounded by massive accumulations of structured electron-dense wall layers interspersed with amorphous, electron-transparent substances, visible as concentric rings in transverse section. Nearest the protoplast, electron-dense wall layers were distinct and more or less alternated with irregular deposits of electron-transparent material. With increasing distance from the protoplast, the electron-dense wall layers were increasingly disrupted and intermixed among the electron-transparent materials. New cell branches grew through the accumulated wall materials, interrupting the layers they penetrated while producing their own concentric wall layers. The differing amounts of cell wall material accumulated was further indication of the different relative ages of such neighbouring cells. These observations suggest that cell walls are disrupted by diffuse tissue expansion and continually replaced by new walls and wall materials deposited to their interior at the interface with the protoplast. This pattern of development, documented previously in R. menziesii and U. longissima, suggests that component cells of lichen prosoplectenchyma behave quite differently from those of diffusely expanding filaments studied in non-lichen-forming fungi, where a single, discrete cell wall is maintained throughout growth.
Semantics of higher inductive types
Authors: LUMSDAINE PETER LEFANU , SHULMAN MICHAEL 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHigher inductive typesare a class of type-forming rules, introduced to provide basic (and not-so-basic) homotopy-theoretic constructions in a type-theoretic style. They have proven very fruitful for the “synthetic” development of homotopy theory within type theory, as well as in formalising ordinary set-level mathematics in type theory. In this paper, we construct models of a wide range of higher inductive types in a fairly wide range of settings.We introduce the notion ofcell monad with parameters: a semantically-defined scheme for specifying homotopically well-behaved notions of structure. We then show that any suitable model category hasweakly stable typal initial algebrasfor any cell monad with parameters. When combined with the local universes construction to obtain strict stability, this specialises to give models of specific higher inductive types, including spheres, the torus, pushout types, truncations, the James construction and general localisations.Our results apply in any sufficiently nice Quillen model category, including any right proper, simplicially locally cartesian closed, simplicial Cisinski model category (such as simplicial sets) and any locally presentable locally cartesian closed category (such as sets) with its trivial model structure. In particular, any locally presentable locally cartesian closed (∞, 1)-category is presented by some model category to which our results apply.
Equity for Women and Marginalized Groups in Patriarchal Societies during Forest Landscape Restoration: The Controlling Influence of Tradition and Culture
Authors: Baynes Jack , Herbohn John , Gregorio Nestor , Unsworth William , Tremblay Émilie Houde 
Published: June 2019

SummaryWe explore the difficulty of achieving equity for women in two forest and livelihood restoration (FLR) pilot projects, one each in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the Philippines. We use institutional bricolage as a framework to explain the context and background of stakeholders’ decision-making and the consequent impact on equity and benefit distribution. In the Philippines, material and institutional support was initially successful in assisting participants to establish small-scale tree plantations. A structured approach to institutional development has successfully evolved to meet the needs of women, even though corruption has re-emerged as a destabilizing influence. In PNG, despite success in establishing trees and crops, the participation of women was subjugated to traditional customs and norms that precluded them from engaging in land management decisions. The capacity-building and gender-equity principles of FLR consequently became compromised. We conclude that in some patriarchal societies achieving equity for women will be difficult and progress will be contingent on a detailed understanding of the effects of traditional customs and norms on participation and decision-making.
Temporal changes in left ventricular strain with the development of rejection in paediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Godown Justin , McEachern William A. , Dodd Debra A. , Stanley Michael , Havens Corey , Xu Meng , Slaughter James C. , Bearl David W. , Soslow Jonathan H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Myocardial strain measurements are increasingly used to detect complications following heart transplantation. However, the temporal association of these changes with allograft rejection is not well defined. The aim of this study was to describe the evolution of strain measurements prior to the diagnosis of rejection in paediatric heart transplant recipients.Methods:All paediatric heart transplant recipients (2004–2015) with at least one episode of acute rejection were identified. Longitudinal and circumferential strain measurements were assessed at the time of rejection and retrospectively on all echocardiograms until the most recent negative biopsy. Smoothing technique (LOESS) was used to visualise the changes of each variable over time and estimate the time preceding rejection at which alterations are first detectable.Results:A total of 58 rejection episodes were included from 37 unique patients. In the presence of rejection, there were decrements from baseline in global longitudinal strain (−18.2 versus −14.1), global circumferential strain (−24.1 versus −19.6), longitudinal strain rate (−1 versus −0.8), circumferential strain rate (−1.3 versus −1.1), peak longitudinal early diastolic strain rate (1.3 versus 1), and peak circumferential early diastolic strain rate (1.5 versus 1.3) (p<0.01 for all). The earliest detectable changes occurred 45 days prior to rejection with simultaneous alterations in myocardial strain and ejection fraction.Conclusions:Changes in graft function can be detected non-invasively prior to the diagnosis of rejection. However, changes in strain occur concurrently with a decline in ejection fraction. Strain measurements aid in the non-invasive detection of rejection, but may not facilitate earlier diagnosis compared to more traditional measures of ventricular function.
Assisted dying in the terminally ill: an evaluation of views on euthanasia
Authors: Duxbury Sophie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction:The purpose of this study was to evaluate views and attitudes concerning the legality of assisted death and euthanasia in the UK and to identify the circumstances in which individuals would or would not consider assisted death.Materials and methods:The views of a sample of the general population in the UK were sought through the use of a mixed methods questionnaire open to the public for 3 weeks.Results:The responses of 117 participants were analysed using an SPSS MANOVA statistical test for quantitative data and an in-depth content coding analysis for qualitative responses.Discussion:The majority of respondents, 85·5%, believed that Physician-Assisted Death (PAD) should be legalised in the UK and that individuals should be able to choose when, 88%, and where, 88·9%, they die. Qualitative analysis revealed that more people would consider a PAD for a severe physical terminal illness over mental illness. There was no statistical significance for variables for quantitative data when considering overall demographics, professional and educational backgrounds of the respondents.Conclusion:The majority of respondents in this study indicated that they believe assisted suicide should be made legal and that the option should be available for those who are terminally ill. Views indicated that if assisted dying was legal, it would allow terminally ill patients to die with dignity and without prolonging pain.