bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An iterative reconstruction algorithm for digital breast tomosynthesis imaging using real data at three radiation doses
Authors: Polat Adem , Yildirim Isa 
Published: February 2018

BACKGROUND: Iterative image reconstruction in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) is a developing modality that produces three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images of a breast to detect suspicious lesions. Algebraic reconstruction technique (ART), one of the iterative image reconstruction methods, was applied to reconstruct 3D data of breast and is becoming as one alternative method for the conventional image reconstruction techniques such as filtered back projection (FBP) in DBT imaging. OBJECTIVE: A new majorization-minimization (MM) algorithm was presented for TV denoising of signals. In the field of DBT, however, the algorithm has not yet been applied. In this study, we proposed a new method of “ART+TV3D+MM,” which applies (MM) algorithm to the images reconstructed by ART+TV3D for different imaging dose levels to investigate a possible reduction of radiation dose. METHODS: Projections of a real breast phantom (CD Pasmam 1054) were acquired with a Siemens MAMMOMAT DBT system. The proposed new method was repeated and tested with 3 different radiation dose levels. The quality of the images reconstructed using the proposed new method were compared with those generated by the commonly used FBP method using both qualitative and quantitative assessments. RESULTS: The new method showed superior results in terms of visual assessment, contrast to noise ratios (CNR), full width at half maximum (FWHM) values and 1D profiles compared with FBP of the Siemens MAMMOMAT. CNR values were evaluated for two different region of interests (ROIs). For instance, CNR values of ROI-2 of FBP and of new method were 1.670 and 1.978 at 100 mAs, respectively. Moreover, while CNR value of ROI-1 of FBP at 100 mAs was 0.955, CNR value of ROI-1 of using new method at 100 mAs was 48.163. FWHM values for FBP and the new method were 2.328 and 1.765 at 56 mAs, 2.032 and 1.661 at 100 mAs, and 2.111 and 1.736 at 199 mAs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results support that using the new method of “ART+TV3D+MM” could help decrease the radiation dose level, which is one of the most critical limitations of DBT imaging.
Prevalence of malocclusion among the age group of 15-25 years in Bangladeshi population
Authors: Jubayer Shamim , Kader Md Abdul , Sharmin Salma , Sultana Nasrin , Mamun Mohammad Shamim Al 
Published: February 2018

Aims: A cross sectional study was carried out to explore the Prevalence of malocclusion among the age group of 15-25 years in Bangladeshi population.Material and methods: A total of 431 samples were purposively selected. Data were collected by oral examination, model and face to face interview using the structured questionnaire and a standard format was prepared to record the data.Results: The responded of the study were 17 to 25 years. Their mean ages were 20.64 ±1.61 years. Male 33% and female 67%. Among the respondent 82.6% have class I molar relation, 12.06% class II and 5.34 % class III molar relation. Among class I group 74% have malocclusion and 26% normal occlusion that is 78.42% respondent has malocclusion. In residential status 86% are urban. 96% of the respondent brushes their tooth two times and 4% once regularly. 13% of the respondent never visits dental chamber in their life time.Conclusion: Most common malocclusion was class I followed by class II and class III. The systemic implementation of preventive oral care and community oriented health programs are needed for the continuous promotion of oral health care of Bangladesh.Ban J Orthod & Dentofac Orthop, April 2014; Vol-4 (1-2), P.8-11
Antimicrobial evaluation of the crude extract of symbiotic fungi from marine sponge Reniera japonica
Authors: Bai Xuelian , Dong Menglian , Lai Tongfei , Zhang Huawei 
Published: February 2018

<p>Marine sponge-derived microbes are one of the rich sources of bioactive natural products with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. The present work focuses on the isolation and antimicrobial screening of the marine sponge-associated fungi from Reniera japonica MNP-2016. The results indicated that five fungi (L1-2, L2-1, L4, L8-1 and L14) were successfully isolated. Bioassay tests showed that only strain L14 had strong inhibitory effect on the pathogens, Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. 18S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that strain L14 was ascribed to Aspergillus genus. To the best of our knowledge, this work was the first report on the isolation and antimicrobial evaluation of fungi from R. japonica.</p><p><strong>Video Clip of Methodology</strong>:</p><p>1 min 13 sec: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/RSA2icw3emg">Full Screen</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSA2icw3emg">Alternate</a></p>
Dome effect of black carbon and its key influencing factors: a one-dimensional modelling study
Authors: Wang Zilin , Huang Xin , Ding Aijun 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) has been identified to play a critical role in
aerosol–planetary boundary layer (PBL) interaction and further
deterioration of near-surface air pollution in megacities, which has
been referred to as the “dome effect”. However, the impacts of key
factors that influence this effect, such as the vertical
distribution and aging processes of BC, as well as the underlying land
surface, have not been quantitatively explored yet. Here, based on
available in situ measurements of meteorology and atmospheric
aerosols together with the meteorology–chemistry online coupled
model WRF-Chem, we conduct a set of parallel simulations to
quantify the roles of these factors in influencing the BC dome
effect and surface haze pollution. Furthermore, we discuss the main implications
of the results to air pollution mitigation in China. We found that
the impact of BC on the PBL is very sensitive to the altitude of aerosol
layer. The upper-level BC, especially that near the capping
inversion, is more essential in suppressing the PBL height and
weakening the turbulent mixing. The dome effect of BC tends to be
significantly intensified as BC mixed with scattering
aerosols during winter haze events, resulting in a decrease in PBL
height by more than 15 %. In addition, the dome effect is more
substantial (up to 15 %) in rural areas than that in the urban
areas with the same BC loading, indicating an unexpected regional
impact of such an effect to air quality in countryside. This
study indicates that China's regional air pollution would greatly
benefit from BC emission reductions, especially those from
elevated sources from chimneys and also domestic combustion
in rural areas, through weakening the aerosol–boundary layer
interactions that are triggered by BC.
Fire intensity impacts on post-fire temperate coniferous forest net primary productivity
Authors: Sparks Aaron M. , Kolden Crystal A. , Smith Alistair M. S. , Boschetti Luigi , Johnson Daniel M. , Cochrane Mark A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Fire is a dynamic ecological process in forests and impacts the carbon (C) cycle through direct combustion emissions, tree mortality, and by impairing the ability of surviving trees to sequester carbon. While studies on young trees have demonstrated that fire intensity is a determinant of post-fire net primary productivity, wildland fires on landscape to regional scales have largely been assumed to either cause tree mortality, or conversely, cause no physiological impact, ignoring the impacted but surviving trees. Our objective was to understand how fire intensity affects post-fire net primary productivity in conifer-dominated forested ecosystems on the spatial scale of large wildland fires. We examined the relationships between fire radiative power (FRP), its temporal integral (fire radiative energy – FRE), and net primary productivity (NPP) using 16 years of data from the MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) for 15 large fires in western United States coniferous forests. The greatest NPP post-fire loss occurred 1 year post-fire and ranged from −67 to −312 g C m−2 yr−1 (−13 to −54 %) across all fires. Forests dominated by fire-resistant species (species that typically survive low-intensity fires) experienced the lowest relative NPP reductions compared to forests with less resistant species. Post-fire NPP in forests that were dominated by fire-susceptible species were not as sensitive to FRP or FRE, indicating that NPP in these forests may be reduced to similar levels regardless of fire intensity. Conversely, post-fire NPP in forests dominated by fire-resistant and mixed species decreased with increasing FRP or FRE. In some cases, this dose–response relationship persisted for more than a decade post-fire, highlighting a legacy effect of fire intensity on post-fire C dynamics in these forests.
Framing Climate Goals in Terms of Cumulative CO2‐Forcing‐Equivalent Emissions
Authors: Jenkins S. , Millar R. J. , Leach N. , Allen M. R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions and CO2‐induced warming is determined by the Transient Climate Response to Emissions (TCRE), but total anthropogenic warming also depends on non‐CO2 forcing, complicating the interpretation of emissions budgets based on CO2 alone. An alternative is to frame emissions budgets in terms of CO2‐forcing‐equivalent (CO2‐fe) emissions—the CO2 emissions that would yield a given total anthropogenic radiative forcing pathway. Unlike conventional “CO2‐equivalent” emissions, these are directly related to warming by the TCRE and need to fall to zero to stabilize warming: hence, CO2‐fe emissions generalize the concept of a cumulative carbon budget to multigas scenarios. Cumulative CO2‐fe emissions from 1870 to 2015 inclusive are found to be 2,900 ± 600 GtCO2‐fe, increasing at a rate of 67 ± 9.5 GtCO2‐fe/yr. A TCRE range of 0.8–2.5°C per 1,000 GtC implies a total budget for 0.6°C of additional warming above the present decade of 880–2,750 GtCO2‐fe, with 1,290 GtCO2‐fe implied by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 median response, corresponding to 19 years' CO2‐fe emissions at the current rate.
Low‐Fe(III) Greenalite Was a Primary Mineral From Neoarchean Oceans
Authors: Johnson Jena E. , Muhling Janet R. , Cosmidis Julie , Rasmussen Birger , Templeton Alexis S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBanded iron formations (BIFs) represent chemical precipitation from Earth's early oceans and therefore contain insights into ancient marine biogeochemistry. However, BIFs have undergone multiple episodes of alteration, making it difficult to assess the primary mineral assemblage. Nanoscale mineral inclusions from 2.5 billion year old BIFs and ferruginous cherts provide new evidence that iron silicates were primary minerals deposited from the Neoarchean ocean, contrasting sharply with current models for BIF inception. Here we used multiscale imaging and spectroscopic techniques to characterize the best preserved examples of these inclusions. Our integrated results demonstrate that these early minerals were low‐Fe(III) greenalite. We present potential pathways in which low‐Fe(III) greenalite could have formed through changes in saturation state and/or iron oxidation and reduction. Future constraints for ancient ocean chemistry and early life's activities should include low‐Fe(III) greenalite as a primary mineral in the Neoarchean ocean.
Skilful Seasonal Predictions of Summer European Rainfall
Authors: Dunstone Nick , Smith Doug , Scaife Adam , Hermanson Leon , Fereday David , O'Reilly Chris , Stirling Alison , Eade Rosie , Gordon Margaret , MacLachlan Craig , Woollings Tim , Sheen Katy , Belcher Stephen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractYear‐to‐year variability in Northern European summer rainfall has profound societal and economic impacts; however, current seasonal forecast systems show no significant forecast skill. Here we show that skillful predictions are possible (r ~0.5, p < 0.001) using the latest high‐resolution Met Office near‐term prediction system over 1960–2017. The model predictions capture both low‐frequency changes (e.g., wet summers 2007–2012) and some of the large individual events (e.g., dry summer 1976). Skill is linked to predictable North Atlantic sea surface temperature variability changing the supply of water vapor into Northern Europe and so modulating convective rainfall. However, dynamical circulation variability is not well predicted in general—although some interannual skill is found. Due to the weak amplitude of the forced model signal (likely caused by missing or weak model responses), very large ensembles (>80 members) are required for skillful predictions. This work is promising for the development of European summer rainfall climate services.
Water Transport through Ultrathin Polyamide Nanofilms Used for Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Jiang Zhiwei , Karan Santanu , Livingston Andrew G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThin‐film composite membranes comprising a polyamide nanofilm separating layer on a support material are state of the art for desalination by reverse osmosis. Nanofilm thickness is thought to determine the rate of water transport through the membranes; although due to the fast and relatively uncontrolled interfacial polymerization reaction employed to form these nanofilms, they are typically crumpled and the separating layer is reported to be ≈50–200 nm thick. This crumpled structure has confounded exploration of the independent effects of thickness, permeation mechanism, and the support material. Herein, smooth sub‐8 nm polyamide nanofilms are fabricated at a free aqueous–organic interface, exhibiting chemical homogeneity at both aqueous and organic facing surfaces. Transfer of these ultrathin nanofilms onto porous supports provides fast water transport through the resulting nanofilm composite membranes. Manipulating the intrinsic nanofilm thickness from ≈15 down to 8 nm reveals that water permeance increases proportionally with the thickness decrease, after which it increases nonlinearly to 2.7 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 as the thickness is further reduced to ≈6 nm.
Lipase‐Triggered Water‐Responsive “Pandora's Box” for Cancer Therapy: Toward Induced Neighboring Effect and Enhanced Drug Penetration
Authors: Wang Cheng , Chen Shaoqing , Wang Yunxin , Liu Xuerong , Hu Fuqiang , Sun Jihong , Yuan Hong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractInsufficient drug release as well as poor drug penetration are major obstacles for effective nanoparticles (NPs)‐based cancer therapy. Herein, the high aqueous instability of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) is employed to construct doxorubicin (DOX) preloaded and monostearin (MS) coated “Pandora's box” (MS/ACC–DOX) NPs for lipase‐triggered water‐responsive drug release in lipase‐overexpressed tumor tissue to induce a neighboring effect and enhance drug penetration. MS as a solid lipid can prevent potential drug leakage of ACC–DOX NPs during the circulatory process, while it can be readily be disintegrated in lipase‐overexpressed SKOV3 cells to expose the ACC–DOX core. The high aqueous instability of ACC will lead to burst release of the encapsulated DOX to induce apoptosis and cytotoxicity to kill the tumor cells. The liberated NPs from the dead or dying cells continue to respond to the ubiquitous aqueous environment to sufficiently release DOX once unpacked, like the “Pandora's box”, leading to severe cytotoxicity to neighboring cells (neighboring effect). Moreover, the continuously released free DOX molecules can readily diffused through the tumor extracellular matrix to enhance drug penetration to deep tumor tissue. Both effects contribute to achieve elevated antitumor benefits.
Performance Improvement of Graphene/Silicon Photodetectors Using High Work Function Metal Nanoparticles with Plasma Effect
Authors: Hu Ming , Yan Yucong , Huang Kun , Khan Afzal , Qiu Xiaodong , Xu Dikai , Zhang Hui , Yu Xuegong , Yang Deren 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGraphene/silicon (Gr/Si) photodetectors have attracted much attention recently for their simple fabrication and satisfactory performance. However, the responsivity is relatively low compared to other visible detectors. Herein, plasma effects are induced to enhance the photon absorption by covering random platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) on top of the devices. Consequently, a stronger built‐in electric field in the Gr/Si photodetectors is generated due to the high work function of Pt. Their responsivity can reach up to 1.68 × 107 AW−1, which is one order of magnitude higher than the pristine devices. Furthermore, the response time is found to be less than 180 ns because of low trap states density at interface. The obtained results suggest a facile and universal way to optimize the performance of Gr/Si photoelectric devices.
Gold‐catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 2‐Aryl‐2‐(arylamino)‐3‐butyn‐1‐ols toward 2‐(2′‐Aminoaryl)‐2,5‐dihydrofurans
Authors: Yang Jianlin , Wu Yuanhua , Zhang Ming , Zhu Dunru , Shen Ruwei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn interesting and highly selective gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of 2‐aryl‐2‐(arylamino)‐3‐butyn‐1‐ols to afford 2‐(2′‐aminoaryl)‐2,5‐dihydrofurans has been reported. The reaction is atom economic and highly efficient, and tolerates many functional groups including the cyano and allyl groups. A plausible mechanism for this new cycloismerization is also proposed.magnified image
Relationships of working conditions, health problems and vehicle accidents in bus rapid transit (BRT) drivers
Authors: Gómez‐Ortiz Viviola , Cendales Boris , Useche Sergio , Bocarejo Juan P. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to estimate accident risk rates and mental health of bus rapid transit (BRT) drivers based on psychosocial risk factors at work leading to increased stress and health problems.MethodsA cross‐sectional research design utilized a self‐report questionnaire completed by 524 BRT drivers.ResultsSome working conditions of BRT drivers (lack of social support from supervisors and perceived potential for risk) may partially explain Bogota's BRT drivers’ involvement in road accidents. Drivers’ mental health problems were associated with higher job strain, less support from co‐workers, fewer rewards and greater signal conflict while driving.ConclusionsTo prevent bus accidents, supervisory support may need to be increased. To prevent mental health problems, other interventions may be needed such as reducing demands, increasing job control, reducing amount of incoming information, simplifying current signals, making signals less contradictory, and revising rewards.
A challenge‐response endoscopic sinus surgery specific checklist as an add‐on to standard surgical checklist: an evaluation of potential safety and quality improvement issues
Authors: Sommer Doron D. , Arbab‐Tafti Sadaf , Farrokhyar Forough , Tewfik Marc , Vescan Allan , Witterick Ian J. , Rotenberg Brian , Chandra Rakesh , Weitzel Erik K. , Wright Erin , Ramakrishna Jayant 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to develop and evaluate the impact of an aviation‐style challenge and response sinus surgery–specific checklist on potential safety and equipment issues during sinus surgery at a tertiary academic health center. The secondary goal was to assess the potential impact of use of the checklist on surgical times during, before, and after surgery. This initiative is designed to be utilized in conjunction with the “standard” World Health Organization (WHO) surgical checklist. Although endoscopic sinus surgery is generally considered a safe procedure, avoidable complications and potential safety concerns continue to occur. The WHO surgical checklist does not directly address certain surgery‐specific issues, which may be of particular relevance for endoscopic sinus surgery.MethodsThis prospective observational pilot study monitored compliance with and compared the occurrence of safety and equipment issues before and after implementation of the checklist. Forty‐seven consecutive endoscopic surgeries were audited; the first 8 without the checklist and the following 39 with the checklist. The checklist was compiled by evaluating the patient journey, utilizing the available literature, expert consensus, and finally reevaluation with audit type cases. The final checklist was developed with all relevant stakeholders involved in a Delphi method.ResultsImplementing this specific surgical checklist in 39 cases at our institution, allowed us to identify and rectify 35 separate instances of potentially unsafe, improper or inefficient preoperative setup. These incidents included issues with labeling of topical vasoconstrictor or injectable anesthetics (3, 7.7%) and availability, function and/or position of video monitors (2, 5.1%), endoscope (6, 15.4%), microdebrider (6, 15.4%), bipolar cautery (6, 15.4%), and suctions (12, 30.8%).ConclusionThe design and integration of this checklist for endoscopic sinus surgery, has helped improve efficiency and patient safety in the operating room setting.
Rasterkraftmikroskopie für die molekulare Strukturaufklärung
Authors: Gross Leo , Schuler Bruno , Pavliček Niko , Fatayer Shadi , Majzik Zsolt , Moll Nikolaj , Peña Diego , Meyer Gerhard 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMit der Rastersondenmikroskopie kann man auf einer Oberfläche adsorbierte Moleküle individuell und mit hoher Auflösung untersuchen. Die Technik, die bei tiefen Temperaturen und im Ultrahochvakuum durchgeführt wird, liefert Informationen über Struktur, Konfiguration, Ladungszustand, Aromatizität und die Beteiligung von Resonanzstrukturen. Durch Funktionalisierung der Spitze eines Rasterkraftmikroskops mit einem CO‐Molekül können Einzelmoleküle mit atomarer Auflösung abgebildet werden, ihre Adsorptionsgeometrie kann gemessen und die Bindungsordnungen im Molekül können bestimmt werden. Mit der Rastertunnelmikroskopie und der Kelvinsondenkraftmikroskopie kann man zudem die Elektronendichte der molekularen Grenzorbitale bzw. die Ladungsverteilung innerhalb des Moleküls kartieren. In Kombination ergeben diese Methoden ein hochauflösendes Verfahren zur Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von Einzelmolekülen. Die Empfindlichkeit auf Einzelmoleküle sowie die Option, durch Manipulation von Atomen mit der Spitze des Mikroskops chemische Reaktionen auszulösen, eröffnen einzigartige chemische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und heben die Rastersondenmikroskopie von den klassischen Methoden zur molekularen Strukturaufklärung heraus. Somit kann die Rasterkraftmikroskopie nicht nur bei der Identifizierung von schwer zu bestimmenden Naturstoffen helfen, sondern sie ist auch ein leistungsstarkes und besonders gut geeignetes Instrument, um Oberflächenreaktionen zu untersuchen und Radikale und molekulare Mischungen zu charakterisieren. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir auf, welche Entwicklung die hochauflösende Rastersondenmikroskopie mit funktionalisierter Spitze bei der molekularen Strukturaufklärung und ‐charakterisierung in den vergangenen Jahren genommen hat, und erörtern die Herausforderungen der kommenden Jahre.