bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to Attrition and Factors Associated among Adults enrolled in Pre-Anti- Retroviral Therapy Care in Tepi General Hospital, Ethiopia
Authors: Shaweno Adewo Tamrat , Asefa Henok , Abrha Gesesew Hailay 
Published: June 2018

Pre-antiretroviral therapy (Pre-ART) patient attrition is a growing concern in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, there is little information that assesses the magnitude and its related factors. This study assessed time to attrition and factors associated among adults enrolled in pre ART care at Tepi General Hospital in South West Ethiopia. Records of adult pre-ART patients enrolled at Tepi General Hospital from October 2010 to September 2013 were reviewed to find factors linked with time to attrition. We defined time to attrition as the period a patient was enrolled in pre-ART service till attrition. We Used Kaplan Meir curve to estimate survival time, and log-rank test to compare the time to attrition among different categories of patients. We used Cox hazard model to assess factors related with time to attrition. We followed 652 pre-ART patients for 337.6 person years of follow-up from start up to pre-ART outcomes. Of these, 179 patients were lost to follow up and 37 patients died, contributing to an overall attrition of 33.13%. During the early six months the attrition rate was 89.8%. Not starting cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (AHR=1.51, 95% CI, 1.02-2.25), being co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) (AHR=2.16, 95%CI, 1.35-3.45), living further than 10 km away from the hospital (AHR=1.44, 95%CI, 1.07-2.0), and not disclosed status of HIV(AHR=3.04) were factors significantly associated with time to attrition.
Pre-ART patient attrition rate was high among clients not using cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, TB/HIV co-infected, living > 10 km from a health care facility and with undisclosed HIV status. Close follow-up of clients during the early months' follow-up period is greatly recommended.
Determination of minimum alveolar concentration and cardiovascular effects of desflurane in positive-pressure ventilated sheep
Authors: Columbano Nicolò , Duffee Lauren R. , Melosu Valentino , Scanu Antonio , Dore Simone , Sotgiu Giovanni , Driessen Bernd , Careddu Giovanni M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane (MACDES) and effects on cardiovascular variables in positive-pressure ventilated sheep.
ANIMALS 13 adult female sheep.
PROCEDURES Anesthesia was induced with desflurane. After a 30-minute equilibration at an end-tidal concentration of desflurane (etDES) of 10.5%, an electrical stimulus (5 Hz/ms and 50 mA) was applied for 1 minute or until gross purposeful movement occurred. The etDES was then changed by 0.5% (modified up-down method), depending on whether a positive motor response had been elicited, and stimulation was repeated. The MACDES was the etDES midway between a positive and negative response. After MACDES was determined, etDES was increased to 1.3 and 1.6 MACDES. Animals were allowed to equilibrate for 15 minutes, and cardiovascular, blood gas, acid-base, and hematologic variables were measured. Times to induction of anesthesia, extubation, attainment of sternal position, and standing and duration of anesthesia were recorded.
RESULTS Mean ± SD MACDES was 9.81 ± 0.79%. Times to intubation, extubation, and standing were 4.81 ± 2.21 minutes, 14.09 ± 4.05 minutes, and 32.4 ± 12.5 minutes, respectively. Duration of anesthesia was 226 ± 22 minutes. Heart rate increased significantly at induction of anesthesia but otherwise remained at preanesthetic rates. Arterial blood pressures progressively decreased with increasing etDES; pressures increased slightly only in response to noxious stimulation.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The MACDES determined here compared favorably with that determined for other sheep populations and indicated similar anesthetic potency as in other species. Desflurane caused dose-dependent arterial hypotension, which indicated the need for careful blood pressure monitoring.
Comparison of field surveillance methods for and assessment of factors potentially associated with the presence of free-roaming cats in a mixed-urban environment
Authors: Vincent Emily C. , Yoak Andrew J. , O'Quin Jeanette , Garabed Rebecca B. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 2 methods of surveying free-roaming cats (Felis catus) and identify factors potentially associated with the presence of such cats in a mixed-urban environment.
ANIMALS Free-roaming cats on and near The Ohio State University campus.
PROCEDURES The university campus and surrounding areas were divided into zones classified by land-use category; 100 zones were selected for surveillance of free-roaming cats by the line-transect method (with visual observation). Twenty-three of the 100 zones were selected for surveillance by the trail-camera method (motion-triggered still photography). Food resources in the study site were mapped, and the presence of other animal species was recorded with trail cameras. Potential associations between the number of cat sightings and variables of interest were assessed by statistical methods,
RESULTS There were 6 cat sightings in 5 zones and 92 cat sightings in 9 zones with the line-transect and trail-camera methods, respectively. Cats were most frequently detected off campus and in urban land-use zones. The number of cat sightings with trail cameras was significantly correlated with the density of food resources but not wildlife sightings in the area and was significantly greater at night than during the day.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The number of sightings with the trail-camera method was substantially higher than that obtained with the line-transect method; however, identification of individual cats was generally not possible, and population size could not be estimated with these methods. Communities considering population control for free-roaming cats should consider the use of trail cameras to identify areas with high free-roaming cat activity and observation at night to gather baseline data. Easily accessible food waste may attract free-roaming cats.
Evaluation of topical ophthalmic ganciclovir gel for the treatment of dogs with experimentally induced ocular canine herpesvirus-1 infection
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Nicklin Amanda M. , Spertus Chloe B. , Pennington Matthew R. , Van de Walle Gerlinde R. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of ganciclovir for canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) and to evaluate the efficacy of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel in dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infection.
ANIMALS 10 specific pathogen–free adult Beagles.
PROCEDURES Cytotoxicity and EC50 of ganciclovir for CHV-1 were determined during in vitro experiments. During an in vivo experiment, dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infections received 1 drop of 0.15% ganciclovir (ganciclovir group; n = 5) or artificial tear (control group; 5) ophthalmic gel in both eyes 5 times daily for 7 days, then 3 times daily for 7 days. For each dog, ophthalmic and confocal microscopic examinations were performed at predetermined times to determine severity of ocular disease and inflammation. Conjunctival swab specimens were collected at predetermined times for PCR assay analysis to determine CHV-1 shedding.
RESULTS No in vitro cytotoxic effects were observed for ganciclovir concentrations ≤ 500μM. The EC50 of ganciclovir for CHV-1 was 37.7μM. No adverse effects associated with ganciclovir were observed during the in vivo experiment. Mean ocular disease and inflammation scores for the ganciclovir group were significantly lower than those for the control group. Mean duration of CHV-1 shedding for the ganciclovir group (0.4 days) was significantly shorter than that for the control group (6.2 days).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical administration of 0.15% ganciclovir ophthalmic gel was well tolerated and effective in decreasing clinical disease scores, ocular tissue inflammation, and duration of viral shedding in dogs with experimentally induced ocular CHV-1 infection.
Effects of grape seed extract, lutein, and fish oil on responses of canine lens epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Miller Eric J. , Gemensky-Metzler Anne J. , Wilkie David A. , Wynne Rachel M. , Curto Elizabeth M. , Chandler Heather L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of grape seed extract (GSE), lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids on oxidative stress, migration, proliferation, and viability of lens epithelial cells (LECs).
SAMPLE Lens capsules or cultured LECs obtained from canine cadavers.
PROCEDURES An antioxidant reductive capacity assay was used to determine reducing capability of each substance. The LECs were cultured and incubated with various substances, including N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), when appropriate, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as positive and vehicle control substances, respectively. A dichlorofluorescein assay was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to determine cell viability. Ex vivo posterior capsule opacification (PCO) was used to evaluate LEC migration and proliferation.
RESULTS Antioxidant reductive effects of GSE surpassed those of NAC, lutein, and fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids. The GSE reduced ROS production in LECs, compared with the DMSO vehicle control, whereas lutein was pro-oxidative. All test substances reduced cell viability. Ex vivo PCO was not altered by GSE, was decreased by lutein, and was increased by fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, compared with results for the DMSO vehicle control.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Only GSE had significant antioxidant capabilities and reduced ROS production; however, no effect on ex vivo PCO was detected. Fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids increased ex vivo PCO. No conclusions could be made regarding antioxidant effects of these substances on LECs. These findings suggested that the substances will not decrease PCO.
Modelo de Gestión de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo / Management model for the Polytechnic of Chimborazo
Authors: Soler Gonzalez Rafael , Oñate Andino Mayra , Andrade Merino Raul 
Published: June 2018

En el marco del Proyecto Prometeo, la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) inicia la implementación del Balanced Scorecard (BSC) o Cuadro de Mando Integral, como modelo de Gestión Universitaria. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es implementar en la ESPOCH, el BSC como Modelo de Gestión y establecer Cuadros de Mando para sus Subsistemas y Facultades. Para el desarrollo del trabajo se tuvo en cuenta las teorías de Robert Kaplan y David Norton respecto al BSC, la utilización del Cuadro de Mando ODUN, además, de utilizar métodos comparativos y de análisis con otras experiencias en la gestión universitaria. Finalmente se implementó el BSC que facilitó el Control de Gestión en la ESPOCH.Palabras Clave: Balanced Scorecard, Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad, Cuadro de Mando. Within the Prometeo Project, the Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH) started implementing the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a model of University Management. The objectives of this project are to implement BSC in the ESPOCH, in its five subsystems and seven faculties. In order to develop of the research, we considered the theories of Robert Kaplan and David Norton and the use of the dashboard ODUN. A comparative analysis with other university management methods was carried out. Finally, the BSC was implemented; this benefitted the operational management of ESPOCH.
Liderazgo Educativo en el desarrollo comunitario / Educative leadership in community development
Authors: Valencia Medina Elvia , Robles Altamirano Adriana Lourdes , Chenche Muñoz Felix 
Published: June 2018

El presente artículo es producto de la investigación etnográfica conjunta de docentes y estudiantes de la Universidad Estatal de Milagro, UNEMI, involucrados en el área de Investigación Formativa y Vinculación, iniciada desde la gestión docente al impartir la Asignatura Antropología Cultural, que permitió al aplicar técnicas dialógicas evidenciar la problemática que afectaba a la Ciudadela Huancavilca, sector sureste del cantón Milagro, provincia del Guayas, Ecuador, como es el caso de: apatía por la participación, inexistencia de organización, desunión y desconfianza hacia todo aquel que tenía la intención de liderar acciones ciudadanas. La intervención de la Universidad Estatal de Milagro fue pertinente, analizada la situación se consideró oportuno formar brigadas con los estudiantes, en las cuales se integró a personas de la comunidad mencionada, en el proyecto se aplicó la técnica Observación participante. En el proceso, al trabajar en equipo y en acciones de recreación, deportes, rescate del patrimonio cultural, protección del medio ambiente, emprendimiento educativo-productivo se restauró la confianza; al término del proyecto, se incrementó de 30% a 90% la participación comunitaria, se logró motivar y capacitar, para mejorar las potencialidades y conocimientos de los integrantes de la comunidad.Palabras Clave: Liderazgo educativo, desarrollo comunitario, brigadas, participación, formación ciudadana, trabajo cooperativo. This paper is the result of joint ethnographic research by faculty and students at the Public University of Milagro (UNEMI), involved in the area of Formative Research and Bonding. This initiative by the teaching staff on the Cultural Anthropology course, applied dialogic techniques to highlight the problems affecting the Huancavilca Citadel in the southeastern part of the canton of Milagro, province of Guayas, Ecuador: apathy regarding participation, lack of organization, disunity and distrust of anyone who intended to lead citizen action. The Public University of Milagro activity involved first analyzing the situation and then forming brigades with students, with community participation as observers. In the process, workingin teams and recreational activities, sports, cultural preservation, environmental protection, educational and productive enterprise confidence was restored; at the end of the project increased from 30% to 90% community participation was achieved motivating and training, to enhance the potential and skills of community members.
Estrategias para el cultivo, comercialización y exportación del cacao fino de aroma en Ecuador / Strategies for cultivation, marketing and export of aroma fine cocoa in Ecuador
Authors: Leon Villamar Fersenth , Calderon Salazar Jorge , Mayorga Quinteros Elsa 
Published: June 2018

El ataque de plagas como la “monilla” y la “escoba de bruja” han ocasionado en los últimos años una disminución en la producción y exportación de cacao en Ecuador. Esta situación conllevó a la realización del presente estudio, con el objetivo de explorar los posibles problemas y soluciones que debe enfrentar el sector cacaotero, en sus etapas de cultivo, comercialización, industrialización y exportación. El estudio se llevó a cabo mediante una investigación mixta, de campo y documental. Los resultados evidencian cómo Ecuador podría aumentar significativamente la producción y exportación de cacao si el Gobierno establece como política de Estado mejorar las áreas de cultivo, desarrollando el rendimiento de producción por hectárea; creando incentivos tributarios para atraer la inversión extranjera al sector cacaotero, y aumentando la exportación de cacao semielaborado. Abstract Pest attack as "la monilla" and "witch broom" have caused a decline in production and export of cocoa in Ecuador in recent years. This situation led to the research for making this study in order to explore the possible problems and solutions that cocoa sector has to face during the stages of cultivation, commercialization, industrialization and export. The study was conducted through a mixed research which included field and documentary ones. The results evidence how Ecuador could significantly increase production and export of cocoa if the Government establishes as state policy to improve crop areas, developing the production yield per hectare; creating tax incentives to attract foreign investment to the cocoa sector, and increase the export of semi-finished cocoa.
Facturación electrónica versus facturación clásica. Un estudio en el comportamiento financiero mediante estudios de casos / Classical versus Electronic invoicing. A study of the financial behavior through case studies
Authors: Díaz Córdova Jaime Fabian , Coba Molina Edisson , Bombon Mayorga Adriana 
Published: June 2018

La Facturación Electrónica (F-e) surge por el avance tecnológico, desde la aparición de internet, estos documentos digitales buscan reemplazar a la Factura Tradicional (F-t). Los primeros indicios de facturación electrónica fueron en 1997 a través del Organismo Europe Articule Numbering Associatión (EAN-UCC) actualmente Global System One (GS1). Con la obligatoriedad de aplicar facturación electrónica desde el año 2009, el objetivo de este artículo es evaluar a través de estudios de casos los costos unitarios al emitir facturas tradicionales versus el costo unitario al implementar facturación electrónica. Las variables estudiadas fueron sueldos, suministros, mantenimiento, depreciación en base a los estados financieros reflejados en el formulario 101 ó 102 presentados en el año 2013 al Servicio de Rentas Internas - SRI. Este estudio muestra como los costos para emisión de facturas tradicionales versus facturas electrónicas son variados, la existencia de un ahorro económico al aplicar F-e fluctúa de 32% al 57%, la optimización de costos al cambiar la F-t y la utilidad contable se incrementaría, beneficiando a involucrados como son: la participación de utilidades a los trabajadores, impuesto a la renta y distribución para accionistas. Abstract Electronic Invoicing (EI) arises from technological progress since the advent of the Internet; these digital documents seek to replace the traditional Invoice (TI). The first signs of electronic invoicing were in 1997 through the Organization, Europe Articulate Numbering Association (EAN -UCC) currently Global System One (GS1) which has the obligation to implement electronic invoicing since 2009, the aim of this article is to assess through case studies, the unit costs in issuing traditional bills versus the unit cost by implementing electronic invoicing, the variables studied were: salary, supplies, maintenance, depreciation based on the financial statements reflected on the Form 101 or 102 submitted in 2013 to the Internal Revenue Service - SRI. This study shows how the cost to issue traditional invoices versus electronic invoices are varied and there is an economic saving by applying EI that fluctuates from 32% to 57%, cost optimization by changing the TI and the accounting profits would increase, benefiting to elements such as: profit sharing to workers, income tax and profit sharing to shareholders.
Revisión histórica de los estudios sobre la biología, ecología y toxicología del tiburón azul Prionace glauca en aguas del Pacífico ecuatoriano / Historical review of studies on the biology, ecology and toxicology of blue shark Prionace glauca in the Ecuadorian Pacific waters
Authors: Calle Moran Marcos , Castro Rendon Ruben , Garcia Arevalo Isabel , Cucalon Hidalgo Andrea 
Published: June 2018

El tiburón azul Prionace glauca es una especie que representa gran importancia económica y ecológica. A pesar de dicha relevancia, la información acerca de biología y demás aspectos relacionados con esta población son escasos, la misma que es necesaria para un manejo adecuado de sus pesquerías. El objetivo de este trabajo fue elaborar una revisión histórica de todos los estudios biológicos, ecológicos y toxicólogicos llevados a cabo en los ecosistemas costeros y marinos del Pacífico ecuatoriano. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de diversos documentos como tesis, informes técnicos, publicaciones científicas, entre otros. De acuerdo con resultados obtenidos, en Ecuador se han efectuado cuatro estudios de investigación científica a partir de 2012: dos de Biología (uno de aspectos reproductivos para Santa Rosa de Salinas y otro de edad y crecimiento para Manta), y dos de Ecología y Toxicología (uno sobre la bioacumulación y biomagnificación de mercurio, y otro sobre la concentración de mercurio y cadmio; ambos realizados en Santa Rosa de Salinas). Los trabajos fueron desarrollados por universidades estatales y privadas a través de tesis, mientras que un borrador de publicación científica estaba en preparación, como parte de un proyecto de investigación de una institución de educación superior particular. Abstract Blue shark Prionace glauca is a species that represents a great economic and ecological importance. However, the information related to its biology and others aspects of its population is limited. Nevertheless these kinds of studies are very important for a suitable management of fishery activities. The aim of this research was to develop a historical review for all biological, ecological and toxicological studies made in the coastal and marine ecosystems of the Ecuadorian Pacific. A review of the specialized literature was carried out for many documents such as thesis, technical reports, scientific papers, and others. According to results obtained, in Ecuador there have been four scientific research studies from 2012: These were two of Biology (one of reproductive aspects in Santa Rosa de Salinas and another about age and growth in Manta) and the others two of Ecology and Toxicology (one on mercury bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of mercury, and another on the concentration of mercury and cadmium; both conducted in Santa Rosa de Salinas). The works were developed by state and private universities through thesis, while a draft was in preparation for scientific publication as part of a research project in a private institution of higher education.