bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic CO2 Emission Records in Scots Pine Growing in the Most Industrialized Region of Poland from 1975 to 2014
Authors: Sensuła Barbara , Michczyński Adam , Piotrowska Natalia , Wilczyński Sławomir 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStable carbon isotope ratios and radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in samples of pine wood (AD 1975–2012) from 3 sites, as well as needles (AD 2012–2014) collected from 15 sites, in a heavily urbanized area in proximity to heavy industrial factories in Poland were analyzed as bio-indicators of CO2 emissions. The sampling sites were located at different distances from point sources. The stable isotopic composition was determined using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and the 14C concentration was determined using a liquid scintillation counter and an accelerator mass spectrometer. Spatial and temporal variability of δ13C and Δ14C in tree ring cellulose and needles was noted in all regions. A negative correlation between δ13C tree ring cellulose and anthropogenic CO2 emissions has been observed. The ratio of δ13C in tree ring cellulose to δ13C in needles created in the same year is equal to 1.2 at the investigated sites.
The optimal extraction and stability of atranorin from lichens, in relation to solvent and pH
Authors: VOS Carlo , MCKINNEY Phillip , PEARSON Colby , HEINY Erik , GUNAWARDENA Gamini , HOLT Emily A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAtranorin is a secondary metabolite found in many lichens. This compound can act as a photo-buffer, supporting its use as a marker of metabolic response to changes in light. In preliminary trials, atranorin was found to be unstable over time when in solution, potentially precluding its usefulness in this capacity. The present study tests the stability of atranorin in different extraction solvents and at different pH values over time using HPLC analysis. We found that atranorin is most stable in acetonitrile, among six tested solvents, and that the presence of strong acid or a strong base destabilizes the compound. We propose that atranorin breaks down through transesterification in methanol and ethanol until an equilibrium is reached, while a strong base breaks down atranorin through saponification and under acidic conditions, atranorin concentration significantly increases with time. Although atranorin levels were found to be stable in whole thallus extracts from fresh lichens using a leaching method, chemicals isolated using chromatographic separation showed similar breakdown to an atranorin standard. In future work on lichens atranorin should be extracted in acetonitrile or acetone without an added base or acid to yield the greatest stability and thus provide more accurate concentration values of atranorin with time using HPLC. The interactions of atranorin with acid and with chloroform need further study.
Can a Software-Based Metronome Tool Enhance Compression Rate in a Realistic 911 Call Scenario Without Adversely Impacting Compression Depth for Dispatcher-Assisted CPR?
Authors: Scott Greg , Barron Tracey , Gardett Isabel , Broadbent Meghan , Downs Holly , Devey Leslie , Hinterman EJ , Clawson Jeff , Olola Christopher 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionImplementation of high-quality, dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-CPR) is critical to improving survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, despite some studies demonstrating the use of a metronome in a stand-alone setting, no research has yet demonstrated the effectiveness of a metronome tool in improving DA-CPR in the context of a realistic 911 call or using instructions that have been tested in real-world emergency calls.HypothesisUse of the metronome tool will increase the proportion of callers able to perform CPR within the target rate without affecting depth.MethodsThe prospective, randomized, controlled study involved simulated 911 cardiac arrest calls made by layperson-callers and handled by certified emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) at four locations in Salt Lake City, Utah USA. Participants were randomized into two groups. In the experimental group, layperson-callers received CPR pre-arrival instructions with metronome assistance. In the control group, layperson-callers received only pre-arrival instructions. The primary outcome measures were correct compression rate (counts per minute [cpm]) and depth (mm).ResultsA total of 148 layperson-callers (57.4% assigned to experimental group) participated in the study. There was a statistically significant association between the number of participants who achieved the target compression rate and experimental study group (P=.003), and the experimental group had a significantly higher median compression rate than the control group (100 cpm and 89 cpm, respectively; P=.013). Overall, there was no significant correlation between compression rate and depth.Conclusion:An automated software metronome tool is effective in getting layperson-callers to achieve the target compression rate and compression depth in a realistic DA-CPR scenario.Scott G, Barron T, Gardett I, Broadbent M, Downs H, Devey L, Hinterman EJ, Clawson J, Olola C. Can a software-based metronome tool enhance compression rate in a realistic 911 call scenario without adversely impacting compression depth for dispatcher-assisted CPR? Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):399–405
A Global Empirical Model for Near‐Real‐Time Assessment of Seismically Induced Landslides
Authors: Nowicki Jessee M. A. , Hamburger M. W. , Allstadt K. , Wald D. J. , Robeson S. M. , Tanyas H. , Hearne M. , Thompson E. M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEarthquake‐triggered landslides are a significant hazard in seismically active regions, but our ability to assess the hazard they pose in near‐real‐time is limited. In this study, we present a new globally applicable model for seismically induced landslides based on the most comprehensive global data set available; we use 23 landslide inventories that span a range of earthquake magnitudes and climatic and tectonic settings. We use logistic regression to relate the presence and distribution of earthquake‐triggered landslides with spatially distributed estimates of ground shaking, topographic slope, lithology, land cover type, and a topographic index designed to estimate variability in soil wetness to provide an empirical model of landslide distribution. We tested over 100 combinations of independent predictor variables to find the best fitting model, using a diverse set of statistical tests. Blind validation tests show that the model accurately estimates the distribution of available landslide inventories. The results indicate that the model is reliable and stable, with high balanced accuracy (correctly versus incorrectly classified pixels) for the majority of test events. A cross‐validation analysis shows high balanced accuracy for a majority of events as well. By combining near‐real‐time estimates of ground shaking with globally available landslide susceptibility data, this model provides a tool to estimate the distribution of coseismic landslide hazard within minutes of the occurrence of any earthquake worldwide for which a U.S. Geological Survey ShakeMap is available.
Groundwater Flow and Exchange Across the Land Surface Explain Carbon Export Patterns in Continuous Permafrost Watersheds
Authors: Neilson Bethany T. , Cardenas M. Bayani , O'Connor Michael T. , Rasmussen Mitchell T. , King Tyler V. , Kling George W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGroundwater flow regimes in the seasonally thawed soils in areas of continuous permafrost are relatively unknown despite their potential role in delivering water, carbon, and nutrients to streams. Using numerical groundwater flow models informed by observations from a headwater catchment in arctic Alaska, United States, we identify several mechanisms that result in substantial surface‐subsurface water exchanges across the land surface during downslope transport and create a primary control on dissolved organic carbon loading to streams and rivers. The models indicate that surface water flowing downslope has a substantial groundwater component due to rapid surface‐subsurface exchanges across a range of hydrologic states, from unsaturated to flooded. Field‐based measurements corroborate the high groundwater contributions, and river dissolved organic carbon concentrations are similar to that of groundwater across large discharge ranges. The persistence of these groundwater contributions in arctic watersheds will influence carbon export to rivers as thaw depth increases in a warmer climate.
Relative Relocations of the North Korean Nuclear Tests From 2006 to 2017 Using the Hi‐Net Array in Japan
Authors: Wang Dun , Hutko Alexander R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrecisely locating sites of nuclear tests is important for the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty and structure studies. Here we apply a relative relocation method to a dense regional seismic array, Hi‐net, to determine the relative locations of the sites of the North Korean nuclear tests from 2006 to 2017. Our results show that the sites of the 2013 to 2017 events are closely located together and within 600 m of the site of the 2009 event. The site of the 2006 event is located ~2 km southeast to the site of the 2009 event. A bootstrap resampling of azimuthal subsets of the array adds confidence to the relative locations. Seismic data recorded at regional distance by a dense network with azimuthal coverage as limited as 80° can resolve the relative locations of the nuclear tests to within a few hundred meters for all but the 2006 event. This approach can be extended to locating natural earthquakes as well.
Observations of Impulsive Electric Fields Induced by Interplanetary Shock
Authors: Zhang Dianjun , Liu Wenlong , Li Xinlin , Sarris Theodore , Xiao Chao , Wygant J. R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe investigate the characteristics of impulsive electric fields in the Earth's magnetosphere, as measured by the Van Allen Probes, in association with interplanetary shocks, as measured by Advanced Composition Explorer and Wind spacecraft in the solar wind from January 2013 to July 2016. It is shown that electric field impulses are mainly induced by global compressions by the shocks, mostly in the azimuthal direction, and the amplitudes of the initial electric field impulses are positively correlated with the rate of increase of the dynamic pressure across the shock in the dayside. It is also shown that the temporal profile of the impulse is related to the temporal profile of the solar wind dynamic pressure, Pd. It is suggested that during the first period of the impulse, the evolution of the electric field is directly controlled by external solar wind forcing, and thus, finite rates of change of Pd should be considered in the study of the interactions between solar wind and magnetosphere. The implications of shock‐induced impulsive electric fields on the acceleration and transport of radiation belt electrons are also discussed.
Variations of the Argentine Gyre Observed in the GRACE Time‐Variable Gravity and Ocean Altimetry Measurements
Authors: Yu Y. , Chao B. F. , García‐García D. , Luo Z. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe investigate the nonseasonal and high‐frequency variations of the Argentine Gyre in the south Atlantic Ocean by analyzing the time‐variable gravity (TVG) measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission in conjunction with the satellite ocean altimetry and two ocean general circulation model outputs (GLORYS2V4 and ECCO V4R3). We solve the empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) and complex EOF and find good agreement between TVG and altimetry observations, confirming the barotropic structure of the Argentine Gyre. In particular, the leading EOF modes of the overall up‐and‐down undulation in TVG and altimetry variations are found to be in pace temporally with the Antarctic Oscillation Index with correlation as high as 0.69 at zero time shift. Furthermore, the leading complex EOF mode signifies a counterclockwise dipole pattern of ~25‐day periodicity within the overall gyre with multiscale amplitude modulation. The fact that GRACE does observe these signals, while the de‐aliasing background ocean model fails to, ascertains that GRACE data have adequate sensitivity to allow the detection of TVG signals at spatial and temporal resolutions higher than practiced hitherto. The ~25‐day oscillation is well recovered in the GLORYS2V4 ocean general circulation model, but not in ECCO V4R3. Our study demonstrates that satellite‐observed TVG fields can be useful in studying oceanographic gyres, particularly the polar gyres, that are not well observed by altimetry and in situ data.
Consideration of the Mechanisms for Tidal Bore Formation in an Idealized Planform Geometry
Authors: Viero Daniele P. , Defina Andrea 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA tidal bore is a positive wave traveling upstream along the estuary of a river, generated by a relatively rapid rise of the tide, often enhanced by the funneling shape of the estuary. The swell produced by the tide grows and its front steepens as the flooding tide advances inland, promoting the formation of a sharp front wave, that is, the tidal bore. Because of the many mechanisms and conditions involved in the process, it is difficult to formulate an effective criterion to predict the bore formation. In this preliminary analysis, aimed at bringing out the main processes and parameters that control tidal bore formation, the degrees of freedom of the problem are largely reduced by considering a rectangular channel of constant width with uniform flow, forced downstream by rising the water level at a constant rate. The framework used in this study is extremely simple, yet the problem is still complex, and the solution is far from being trivial. From the results of numerical simulations, three distinctive behaviors emerged related to conditions in which a tidal bore forms, a tidal bore does not form, and a weak bore forms; the latter has a weakly steep front and after the bore formed it rapidly vanishes. Based on these behaviors, some criteria to predict the bore formation are proposed and discussed. The more effective criterion, suitably rearranged, is checked against data from real estuaries, and the predictions are found to compare favorably with the available data.
Reduced GluN1 in mouse dentate gyrus is associated with CA3 hyperactivity and psychosis-like behaviors
Authors: Segev Amir , Yanagi Masaya , Scott Daniel , Southcott Sarah A. , Lister Jacob M. , Tan Chunfeng , Li Wei , Birnbaum Shari G. , Kourrich Saïd , Tamminga Carol A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecent findings from in vivo-imaging and human post-mortem tissue studies in schizophrenic psychosis (SzP), have demonstrated functional and molecular changes in hippocampal subfields that can be associated with hippocampal hyperexcitability. In this study, we used a subfield-specific GluN1 knockout mouse with a disease-like molecular perturbation expressed only in hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and assessed its association with hippocampal physiology and psychosis-like behaviors. First, we used whole-cell patch-clamp recordings to measure the physiological changes in hippocampal subfields and cFos immunohistochemistry to examine cellular excitability. DG-GluN1 KO mice show CA3 cellular hyperactivity, detected using two approaches: (1) increased excitatory glutamate transmission at mossy fibers (MF)-CA3 synapses, and (2) an increased number of cFos-activated pyramidal neurons in CA3, an outcome that appears to project downstream to CA1 and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, we examined psychosis-like behaviors and pathological memory processing; these show an increase in fear conditioning (FC), a reduction in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the KO animal, along with a deterioration in memory accuracy with Morris Water Maze (MWM) and reduced social memory (SM). Moreover, with DREADD vectors, we demonstrate a remarkably similar behavioral profile when we induce CA3 hyperactivity. These hippocampal subfield changes could provide the basis for the observed increase in human hippocampal activity in SzP, based on the shared DG-specific GluN1 reduction. With further characterization, these animal model systems may serve as targets to test psychosis mechanisms related to hippocampus and assess potential hippocampus-directed treatments.
Genome-wide association analyses identify 143 risk variants and putative regulatory mechanisms for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Xue Angli , Wu Yang , Zhu Zhihong , Zhang Futao , Kemper Kathryn E. , Zheng Zhili , Yengo Loic , Lloyd-Jones Luke R. , Sidorenko Julia , Wu Yeda ,   eQTLGen Consortium, Agbessi Mawussé , Ahsan Habibul , Alves Isabel , Andiappan Anand , Awadalla Philip , Battle Alexis , Beutner Frank , Bonder Marc Jan , Boomsma Dorret , Christiansen Mark , Claringbould Annique , Deelen Patrick , Esko Tõnu , Favé Marie-Julie , Franke Lude , Frayling Timothy , Gharib Sina , Gibson Gregory , Hemani Gibran , Jansen Rick , Kähönen Mika , Kalnapenkis Anette , Kasela Silva , Kettunen Johannes , Kim Yungil , Kirsten Holger , Kovacs Peter , Krohn Knut , Kronberg-Guzman Jaanika , Kukushkina Viktorija , Kutalik Zoltan , Lee Bernett , Lehtimäki Terho , Loeffler Markus , Marigorta Urko M. , Metspalu Andres , Milani Lili , Müller-Nurasyid Martina , Nauck Matthias , Nivard Michel , Penninx Brenda , Perola Markus , Pervjakova Natalia , Pierce Brandon , Powell Joseph , Prokisch Holger , Psaty Bruce , Raitakari Olli , Ring Susan , Ripatti Samuli , Rotzschke Olaf , Ruëger Sina , Saha Ashis , Scholz Markus , Schramm Katharina , Seppälä Ilkka , Stumvoll Michael , Sullivan Patrick , Teumer Alexander , Thiery Joachim , Tong Lin , Tönjes Anke , van Dongen Jenny , van Meurs Joyce , Verlouw Joost , Völker Uwe , Võsa Urmo , Yaghootkar Hanieh , Zeng Biao , McRae Allan F. , Visscher Peter M. , Zeng Jian , Yang Jian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a very common disease in humans. Here we conduct a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with ~16 million genetic variants in 62,892 T2D cases and 596,424 controls of European ancestry. We identify 139 common and 4 rare variants associated with T2D, 42 of which (39 common and 3 rare variants) are independent of the known variants. Integration of the gene expression data from blood (n = 14,115 and 2765) with the GWAS results identifies 33 putative functional genes for T2D, 3 of which were targeted by approved drugs. A further integration of DNA methylation (n = 1980) and epigenomic annotation data highlight 3 genes (CAMK1D, TP53INP1, and ATP5G1) with plausible regulatory mechanisms, whereby a genetic variant exerts an effect on T2D through epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Our study uncovers additional loci, proposes putative genetic regulatory mechanisms for T2D, and provides evidence of purifying selection for T2D-associated variants.
Seipin and the membrane-shaping protein Pex30 cooperate in organelle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Wang Sihui , Idrissi Fatima-Zahra , Hermansson Martin , Grippa Alexandra , Ejsing Christer S. , Carvalho Pedro 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles with central roles in eukaryotic cells. Although the mechanisms involved in biogenesis of these organelles remain elusive, both seem to require the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we show that in yeast the ER budding of these structurally unrelated organelles has remarkably similar requirements and involves cooperation between Pex30 and the seipin complex. In the absence of these components, budding of both LDs and peroxisomes is inhibited, leading to the ER accumulation of their respective constituent molecules, such as triacylglycerols and peroxisomal membrane proteins, whereas COPII vesicle formation remains unaffected. This phenotype can be reversed by remodeling ER phospholipid composition highlighting a key function of these lipids in organelle biogenesis. We propose that seipin and Pex30 act in concert to organize membrane domains permissive for organelle budding, and that may have a lipid composition distinct from the bulk ER.
Single-shot condensation of exciton polaritons and the hole burning effect
Authors: Estrecho E. , Gao T. , Bobrovska N. , Fraser M. D. , Steger M. , Pfeiffer L. , West K. , Liew T. C. H. , Matuszewski M. , Snoke D. W. , Truscott A. G. , Ostrovskaya E. A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA bosonic condensate of exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity is a macroscopic quantum state subject to pumping and decay. The fundamental nature of this driven-dissipative condensate is still under debate. Here, we gain an insight into spontaneous condensation by imaging long-lifetime exciton polaritons in a high-quality inorganic microcavity in a single-shot optical excitation regime, without averaging over multiple condensate realisations. We demonstrate that condensation is strongly influenced by an incoherent reservoir and that the reservoir depletion, the so-called spatial hole burning, is critical for the transition to the ground state. Condensates of photon-like polaritons exhibit strong shot-to-shot fluctuations and density filamentation due to the effective self-focusing associated with the reservoir depletion. In contrast, condensates of exciton-like polaritons display smoother spatial density distributions and are second-order coherent. Our observations show that the single-shot measurements offer a unique opportunity to study fundamental properties of non-equilibrium condensation in the presence of a reservoir.
Extensive intraspecific gene order and gene structural variations between Mo17 and other maize genomes
Authors: Sun Silong , Zhou Yingsi , Chen Jian , Shi Junpeng , Zhao Haiming , Zhao Hainan , Song Weibin , Zhang Mei , Cui Yang , Dong Xiaomei , Liu Han , Ma Xuxu , Jiao Yinping , Wang Bo , Wei Xuehong , Stein Joshua C. , Glaubitz Jeff C. , Lu Fei , Yu Guoliang , Liang Chengzhi , Fengler Kevin , Li Bailin , Rafalski Antoni , Schnable Patrick S. , Ware Doreen H. , Buckler Edward S. , Lai Jinsheng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMaize is an important crop with a high level of genome diversity and heterosis. The genome sequence of a typical female line, B73, was previously released. Here, we report a de novo genome assembly of a corresponding male representative line, Mo17. More than 96.4% of the 2,183 Mb assembled genome can be accounted for by 362 scaffolds in ten pseudochromosomes with 38,620 annotated protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis revealed large gene-order and gene structural variations: approximately 10% of the annotated genes were mutually nonsyntenic, and more than 20% of the predicted genes had either large-effect mutations or large structural variations, which might cause considerable protein divergence between the two inbred lines. Our study provides a high-quality reference-genome sequence of an important maize germplasm, and the intraspecific gene order and gene structural variations identified should have implications for heterosis and genome evolution.