bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmounted Doesn’t Mean Unprocessed: A Case Study of Exporting Australian Herbarium Specimens
Authors: Hirst Sarah , Jobson Peter 
Published: June 2018

In 2017, two incoming international herbarium loans were confiscated and destroyed by the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture and Water Resources (DAWR). Following these regrettable incidents, communication has improved between Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC) and Plant Import Operations Branch of DAWR. The outcome is that new protocols now exist for shipment of plant material between herbaria based on the recognition by DAWR that all herbarium specimens are in fact processed (pressed, dried and frozen) even if they are not fully mounted (Brown et al, this conference). Simultaneously, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) had been reported to be destroying incoming unmounted specimens, thus making it difficult to send unmounted exchange material overseas, and particularly to the USA.
Using the documentation developed for incoming overseas loans by MAHC and, encouraging the receiving institution in the USA to acquire a USDA 588 Importing Permit for unprocessed plant specimens (non-loan, unmounted herbarium specimens), it was possible to export unmounted herbarium specimens and dried DNA samples into the USA. Excluding the USA specific requirements, we were also able to export exchange material and dried DNA samples to Singapore and Sweden.
Books and Drawers full of Moths
Authors: Fleury Kane , Burns Emma , Anderson Barbara , Hoare Robert , Ohlemuller Ralf 
Published: June 2018

The Otago Museum houses one of New Zealand’s largest Lepidoptera collections that consists of more than 31,000 macro moth specimens collected across New Zealand over the last 30 years. Alongside this collection, supplementary information is found in detailed field notebooks that cover, for most sites, the total abundance of the different species present in these samples. We have been able to use the notebooks to work out the sampling intensity and sites to map both the collections and the abundances to some degree.
It is impractical to collect everything. As a result, the common species are left out of collections and the rare and unusual sightings fill the collections. When planning to resample collecting sites to investigate changes in ecosystems, just relying on collections for species presence and absence would skew the results. It should also be noted that field notebooks are not a panacea for biological information as the information in them ages, so too can the reliability and accuracy of the notes within.
Here we discuss how the field notebook data compares with the information accompanying the specimens housed within the museum collection. This is a recently digitised collection and allows an insight into the collectors sampling, vouchering and data practices and how these can affect modern interpretation and variation in repeat sampling.
HIV care and treatment clinic performance following President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief-funded infrastructure improvement in Tanzania
Authors: Idindili Boniphace M. , King Simon J. , Stolka Kristen , Mashasi Irene , Bashosho Philberth , Karungula Happy , Chintowa Florida , Mwakabole Godfrey , Ashburn Kimberly , Do Barbara , Goco Norman 
Published: June 2018

Purpose: To assess how the infrastructure improvements supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) contributed to facility-level quarterly and annual new patient enrolment in HIV care and treatment and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake and retention in care.Methods: Aggregate quarterly and annual facility-based HIV care and treatment data from the CDC-managed PEPFAR Reporting Online and Management Information System database collected between 2005 and 2012 were analysed for the 11 rural and 32 urban facilities that met the eligibility criteria. Infrastructure improvements, including both renovations and new construction, occurred on different dates for the facilities; therefore, data were adjusted such that pre- and post-infrastructure improvements were aligned and date-time was ignored. The analysis calculated the mean (95% confidence interval) number of patients per facility who were (1) newly enrolled in HIV care, (2) patients initiated on ART, (3) patients retained in care, defined as alive and on ART, and (4) reasons for attrition, defined as transferred out, lost to follow-up, deceased or stopped ART.Results: The overall mean number of adult patients newly enrolled in HIV care clinics per quarter declined from 187.7 (151.4–223.9) to 135.2 (117.4–152.9) after infrastructure improvements but was not statistically significant (p = 0.20). However, the mean number of patients who were alive and remained on ART increased from 193.2 (145.3–241.1) to 273.2 (219.0–327.3) after improvements in both rural and urban facilities, although not significantly (p = 0.59). A similar picture was observed for overall paediatric enrolment and retention in care. Health facility-specific case studies show variations in new patient enrolment and retention in care between health facilities depending on the catchment area, population HIV prevalence and coverage of ART facilities. Regarding attrition, the mean number of adult patients lost to follow-up changed from 76.6 (20.8–132.3) to 139.4 (79.6–199.1) (p = 0.65) among rural facilities, while the mean number of children lost to follow-up increased significantly from 3.4 (0.5–6.3) to 8.7 (5.0–12.3) (p = 0.02) after improvements.Conclusion: Patient retention in care improved in HIV care and treatment facilities with infrastructure improvements. However, the overall number of patients newly enrolled and initiated on ART declined and attrition increased in facilities after improvements.
A new genus and three new species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from Sri Lanka
Authors: Kanesharatnam Nilani , Benjamin Suresh P. 
Published: June 2018

A new genus of jumping spiders, Bavirectagen. nov. is proposed to include the type species B. flavopuncta gen. et sp. nov. and Bavirecta exilis (Cao et al., 2016) gen. et comb. nov. Distinguishing characters of Bavirecta gen. nov. include: 1) tubular abdomen, 2) enlarged front legs, 3) straight and pointed embolus, broadest proximal lobe with black blotches, 4) prolateral tegular lobe, 5) widely separated anterior atria. Furthermore, two new species, Schenkelia aurantia sp. nov. (♂♀) and Brancus calebi (♂) sp. nov., are described and diagnosed. Mogrus frontosus (Simon, 1871) is redescribed based on a male collected from Mandaitivu Island of Jaffna District in Sri Lanka. The genera Brancus Simon, 1902, Mogrus Simon, 1882 and Schenkelia Lessert, 1927 are reported for the first time from Sri Lanka (Brancus and Schenkelia are recorded for the first time outside Africa).
Einfluss von Umlenkbelastungen auf die Ermüdung von Spanngliedern im nachträglichen Verbund
Authors: Remitz Jörn , Empelmann Martin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBei Spanngliedern im nachträglichen Verbund treten im Bereich von Umlenkungen im Kontaktbereich zwischen Spannstahl und Hüllrohr hohe Umlenkbelastungen auf. Diese können unter zyklischer Belastung zu Reibdauerbeanspruchungen zwischen Spannstahl und Hüllrohr führen und die Ermüdungsfestigkeit des Spannstahls reduzieren. Da die Umlenkbelastung auf die am Hüllrohr anliegenden Spannstähle maßgeblich von der Spannstahlanordnung und ‐anzahl im Hüllrohr abhängig ist, wurden zunächst zugelassene Spanngliedkonfigurationen hinsichtlich der, aus der Spannstahlanordnung entstehenden, lokalen Kontaktkräfte zwischen Spannstahl und Hüllrohr untersucht (Stapelfaktor). Um die Auswirkungen der resultierenden Umlenkbelastungen auf das Ermüdungsverhalten des Spannstahls zu bestimmen, wurde anschließend die am iBMB, Fachgebiet Massivbau der TU Braunschweig vorhandene Datenbank mit Ermüdungsversuchen ausgewertet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl die Spannstahlanordnung und ‐anzahl im Hüllrohr als auch die resultierende Umlenkbelastung auf einzelne Spannstähle einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf das Ermüdungsverhalten von Spanngliedern haben. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und darauf aufbauend ein Vorschlag zur Berücksichtigung von Umlenkbelastungen beim Nachweis der Ermüdung von Spanngliedern im nachträglichen Verbund vorgestellt.
Addressing the Effects of Size‐dependent Absorption, Scattering, and Near‐field Enhancements in Plasmonic Catalysis
Authors: Geonmonond Rafael S. , da Silva Anderson G. M. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , de Freitas Isabel C. , Ando Rômulo A. , Alves Tiago V. , Camargo Pedro H. C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStudies on surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) mediated catalytic transformations have focused on quantification of reaction rates and investigation on enhancement mechanisms. However, the establishment of structure‐performance relationships remains limited. For instance, the importance of nanoparticle size remains overlooked, and relatively large nanoparticles (>50 nm in size) are generally employed as catalysts. Herein, we unravel how plasmon decay pathways (absorption and scattering efficiencies) and electric field enhancements as a function of size dictate plasmonic catalytic performances. We employed Ag NPs having 12–50 nm in size as a proof‐of‐concept catalysts, and the LSPR‐mediated oxidation of p‐aminothiophenol to p,p′‐dimercaptoazobenzene as a model reaction. Our data and simulations revealed that the LSPR‐mediated activities displayed a volcano‐type variation with size, which was dependent on the balance among near field enhancements, absorption, and scattering. As this transformation is driven by the charge‐transfer of LSPR‐excited hot‐electrons to adsorbed O2 molecules, the variations in the optical absorption as a function of size represented the dominant contribution to the plasmonic catalytic activities. We believe our results shed important insights over the optimization of physical and chemical parameters in plasmonic nanoparticles in order to maximize plasmonic catalytic activities.
Parsing Stem Cell Lineage Development Using High Content Image Analysis of Epigenetic Spatial Markers
Authors: Kim Joseph J. , Moghe Prabhas V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol for acquiring and analyzing high‐content super‐resolution images of human stem cell nuclei for the characterization and classification of the cell differentiation paths based on distinct patterns of epigenetic mark organization. Here, we describe the cell culture, immunocytochemical labeling, super‐resolution imaging parameters, and MATLAB‐based quantitative image analysis approaches for monitoring human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) as the cells differentiate towards various lineages. Although this protocol uses specific cell types as examples, this approach could be easily extended to a variety of cell types and nuclear epigenetic and mechanosensitive biomarkers that are relevant to specific cell developmental scenarios. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanism of Magnesium's Influence on Calcium Carbonate Crystallization: Kinetically Controlled Multistep Crystallization
Authors: Zhang Jie , Dong Chunhua , Sun Yuzhu , Yu Jianguo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCrystallization of calcium carbonate under high concentration of magnesium (Mg/Ca > 5) follows a multistep pathway that is controlled by kinetics. There is a high concentration of calcium ions (supersaturated) that stably coexisted with the amorphous calcium carbonate and monohydrocalcite in our experiments. The authors propose that most of the calcium ions in the solution existed as the prenucleation cluster that had been stabilized by the hydrated magnesium ions. The dehydration free energy barrier of magnesium is higher than that of removing hydrated magnesium ions from the prenucleation cluster. Thereby, the prenucleation cluster slowly evolves into a more ordered structure by removing the hydrated magnesium ions, which is faster than the dehydration of magnesium. In addition, the crystallization via the agglomeration of the prenucleation clusters is one of the major pathways. However, before transforming into more ordered structure with less hydrated magnesium ions, prenucleation cluster was inactive in agglomeration. Thus, the oscillation of calcium concentration is observed in the continuous feeding crystallization reactor, due to the accumulation of active prenucleation cluster before rapid crystallization happened in the solution.
Neutronen für die Analyse von Wasserstoff in Festkörpern
Authors: Foest R. , Schmidt M. , Kruth A. , Richter D. , Schmidt S. M. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryNeutrons for the analysis of hydrogen in solidsRecent advancement of renewable energy applications lead to increased focus in materials and surface science on hydrogen technologies. Neutron‐based analytical methods are wellsuited to detect structural sites and dynamics of hydrogen in solids. Because of its large incoherent scattering cross‐section, very small quantities of hydrogen are detectable. This article gives an overview over fundamental aspects of neutron methods and discusses some selected examples of analysis techniques. Results of structural investigations, for kinetics observed by quasielastic scattering as well as decomposition mechanisms investigated by non‐elastic scattering are shown for alanates, as important materials for hydrogen storage. Furthermore, small angle diffraction studies of the mesoscopic structure of polymer membranes and of electrodes for fuel cells are presented. Finally, observations of geometric changes in thin metal oxide layers due to incorporation of hydrogen by neutron reflectometry are described.
An assessment of mosquito collection techniques for xenomonitoring of anopheline-transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana
Authors: Opoku Millicent , Minetti Corrado , Kartey-Attipoe Worlasi D. , Otoo Sampson , Otchere Joseph , Gomes Bruno , de Souza Dziedzom K. , Reimer Lisa J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMonitoring vectors is relevant to ascertain transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF). This may require the best sampling method that can capture high numbers of specific species to give indication of transmission. Gravid anophelines are good indicators for assessing transmission due to close contact with humans through blood meals. This study compared the efficiency of an Anopheles gravid trap (AGT) with other mosquito collection methods including the box and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention gravid, light, exit and BioGent-sentinel traps, indoor resting collection (IRC) and pyrethrum spray catches across two endemic regions of Ghana. The AGT showed high trapping efficiency by collecting the highest mean number of anophelines per night in the Western (4.6) and Northern (7.3) regions compared with the outdoor collection methods. Additionally, IRC was similarly efficient in the Northern region (8.9) where vectors exhibit a high degree of endophily. AGT also showed good trapping potential for collectingAnopheles melaswhich is usually difficult to catch with existing methods. Screening of mosquitoes for infection showed a 0.80–3.01%Wuchereria bancroftiand 2.15–3.27%Plasmodiumspp. inAnopheles gambiae. The AGT has shown to be appropriate for surveyingAnophelespopulations and can be useful for xenomonitoring for both LF and malaria.
Trench Bending Initiation: Upper Plate Strain Pattern and Volcanism. Insights From the Lesser Antilles Arc, St. Barthelemy Island, French West Indies
Authors: Legendre L. , Philippon M. , Münch Ph. , Leticée J. L. , Noury M. , Maincent G. , Cornée J. J. , Caravati A. , Lebrun J. F. , Mazabraud Y. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe upper plate deformation pattern reflects the mechanical behavior of subduction zones. Here we focus on the consequences of the entrance of a buoyant bank into the Caribbean subduction zone during the Eocene by studying the oldest exposed rocks belonging to the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. Using a novel geochronological data set, we show that the volcanic arc activity on the island of St. Barthelemy spanned over the mid‐Eocene to early Miocene with a westward migration of the tectono‐volcanic activity, which is comparable to what has already been observed on other volcanic islands in the Lesser Antilles. The kinematics analysis allows us to identify a switch in the stress field from pure to radial extension at the Oligo‐Miocene hinge with a subhorizontal σ3 that has a mean trend of N20°. A three‐step restoration of the regional deformation indicates that this switch from pure parallel‐to‐the‐trench extension to radial extension may reflect a strain partitioning initiation affecting the upper Caribbean Plate in response to trench bending that followed the entrance of the Bahamas Bank into the subduction zone. We show that the northern end of the Lesser Antilles arc shows a tectono‐volcanic evolution which is similar to the southern one. The north‐south dichotomy in the perpendicular‐to‐the‐trench extension, 15% in the north versus 30% in the south, may reflect different slab ends that are highly curved to the north (restraining the extension in the upper plate) versus a tear to the south (allowing a larger amount of extension within the upper plate).
High throughput screening of mitochondrial bioenergetics in human differentiated myotubes identifies novel enhancers of muscle performance in aged mice
Authors: Biesemann Nadine , Ried Janina S. , Ding-Pfennigdorff Danping , Dietrich Axel , Rudolph Christine , Hahn Steffen , Hennerici Wolfgang , Asbrand Christian , Leeuw Thomas , Strübing Carsten 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a contributor to age-related muscle loss and functional impairment. Therefore, we developed a high throughput screening strategy that enabled the identification of compounds boosting mitochondrial energy production in a human skeletal muscle cell model. Screening of 7949 pure natural products revealed 22 molecules that significantly increased oxygen consumption and ATP levels in myotubes. One of the most potent compounds was the flavanone hesperetin. Hesperetin (10 µM) increased intracellular ATP by 33% and mitochondrial spare capacity by 25%. Furthermore, the compound reduced oxidative stress in primary myotubes as well as muscle tissue in vivo. In aged mice administration of hesperetin (50 mg/kg/d) completely reverted the age-related decrease of muscle fiber size and improved running performance of treated animals. These results provide a novel screening platform for the discovery of drugs that can improve skeletal muscle function in patients suffering from sarcopenia or other disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Low Carb – Trend oder optimale Ernährung?
Authors: Rust Petra 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungSeit 30 Jahren laufen kontroverse Debatten über die optimale Ernährung zur Senkung des Risikos für Übergewicht, Diabetes mellitus und
Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Manche Autoren sind der Überzeugung, dass ein Anstieg der Kohlenhydratzufuhr zulasten der Fettzufuhr für die Adipositasepidemie in
Nordamerika und manchen Teilen Europas verantwortlich ist. Dem widersprechen allerdings ansteigende Adipositasraten in China, wo die traditionelle „Low Fat,
High Carb“ Ernährung durch eine relativ fettreiche und kohlenhydratärmere Diät verdrängt wurde.
Cadaveric Study of Angiosomes of Anterior Tibial and Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Authors: Paranjape V. , Kulkarni J. , Swamy P.V. , Shevade S. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction Angiosome formed by Anterior tibial artery and dorsalis pedis artery supply the ankle and the dorsum of foot. Both the vessels shows variation in termination and branching pattern.
Materials and Methods 50 free formalin preserved limbs were dissected for the study.
Results and Conclusion Anterior tibial artery showed variation in termination in 16%, most common of them was formation of loop with perforating branch of peroneal artery in 10%, bifurcation in to medial and lateral tarsal artery in 4% and trifutcation in 2%. Branching pattern of dorsalis pedis artey was variable in 18%, medial and lateral tarsal arteries were not branches of dorsalis pedis artery in 14% and 16% respectively. Arcuate artery was absent in 10%, when present it was branch of dorsalis pedis artery in 96%, perforating branch of peroneal artery in 2% and loop of medial and lateral tarsal artery in 2%. First dorsal metatarsal artery was not branch of dorsalis pedis artery in 4%. Lateral tarsal artery was constantly found in all the dissected limbs. Thorough knowledge of variation about branching pattern of arterial tree is clinically important for accuracy in interpretation of angiographs, Doppler study of lower limb vessels and optimum use of vascular pedicle for myocutaneous flaps. Importance of palpation of peripheral pulse in lateral tarsal artery is discussed in the study.
Toxoplasmic Infection-induced Injury in the Ileal Myenteric Plexus in Rats Depends on the Dose of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts
Authors: Tironi L. , Beraldi E. , Borges S. , Massocato C. , Vieira S. , Sant'ana D. , Araújo E. , Buttow N. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction The present study evaluated the effects of different inocula of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on the ileal myenteric plexus in rats.
Materials and Methods Male Wistar rats, 60 days old, were distributed into four groups: control group (CG; which received saline solution) and groups that were infected with 100 (TG100), 1000 (TG1000), and 5000 (TG5000) T. gondii oocysts. Thirty days after infection, the rats were sacrificed, and the ileum was collected to make whole-mount preparations that were subjected to immunofluorescence staining to observe the general neuronal population (HuC/D), nitrergic neurons (nNOS), and enteric glial cells (S100). Morphometric and quantitative analyses of myenteric neurons were performed.
Results The infections with different T. gondii inocula did not cause neuronal or glial loss, but cause neuronal hypertrophy in general population and nitrergic subpopulation in infected groups. Conclusion: Changes in neuronal morphology were observed in the TG5000 group, including the presence of vacuoles, translocation of Hu protein to the nucleus, and dendritic distortions, suggesting functional alterations in these cells.
Sparse Labeling and Neural Tracing in Brain Circuits by STARS Strategy: Revealing Morphological Development of Type II Spiral Ganglion Neurons
Authors: Ibrahim Leena A , Huang Junxiang J , Wang Sheng-zhi , Kim Young J , Zhang Li I , Tao Huizhong W 
Published: June 2018

AbstractElucidating axonal and dendritic projection patterns of individual neurons is a key for understanding the cytoarchitecture of neural circuits in the brain. This requires genetic approaches to achieve Golgi-like sparse labeling of desired types of neurons. Here, we explored a novel strategy of stochastic gene activation with regulated sparseness (STARS), in which the stochastic choice between 2 competing Cre-lox recombination events is controlled by varying the lox efficiency and cassette length. In a created STARS transgenic mouse crossed with various Cre driver lines, sparse neuronal labeling with a relatively uniform level of sparseness was achieved across different brain regions and cell types in both central and peripheral nervous systems. Tracing of individual type II peripheral auditory fibers revealed for the first time that they undergo experience-dependent developmental refinement, which is impaired by attenuating external sound input. Our results suggest that STARS strategy can be applied for circuit mapping and sparse gene manipulation.