bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcultural psychiatry
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers transcultural psychiatry and culture-bound disorders. It covers culturally influenced variants of universal broad categories of mental disorder, to enable meaningful diagnostic formulation and development of appropriate treatment plans. Summarizing the recent developments in global mental health, it puts cultural context to the presentation of psychiatric disorders, and examples of common cultural concepts of distress are defined.
How screening started
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains how health screening began, how the aims have evolved, how evidence and organisation influenced matters, and how challenges in the future will give rise to continuing change. It begins with Gould’s address in 1900 to the American Medical Association and charts events that led, almost by accident, to the institution of comprehensive annual testing of healthy adults in the USA, and to 5 day hospital-based ‘Human Dry Dock’ screening for Japanese executives. Scientific challenge then came from two randomised control trials, which failed to find benefit, but by then screening had become an important commercial activity. Using the UK cervical screening programme as a case study, the chapter explores how the optimism of the 1960s led through disillusionment, then to programme organisation and, by the 1990s, an era of realism. Evolution of the Wilson and Jungner criteria as an aid for policy making is covered. A key challenge now is to ensure best value policy, high quality systematic programme delivery and informed choice in the face of commercial forces that lead to the glossing over of screening’s complexities and far reaching consequences.
What screening does
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives a deeper understanding of screening, and of the diverse consequences it brings. It illustrates the overdetection problem with reference to mammography breast screening programmes, and explains the ‘popularity paradox’ that this leads to. In the early days, the simplistic notion that screening must automatically be beneficial meant that people only asked ‘why are we not doing it?’ Later scientific challenges brought a new question, ‘How do we tell if screening succeeds in reducing risk?’ This served well as a driving force for better evaluation, but it ignored the need to assess harmful consequences. Growing experience has revealed the need to ask ‘what are all the consequences?’ Different observers see some consequences more starkly than others depending on their viewpoint. This chapter explains why it is important to consider a complete overview of an entire programme and to recognise that overdetection, overtreatment and underdetection, are inevitable features even when screening is delivered to a high quality.
Quality-assuring screening programmes
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains why quality assurance is essential if screening is to do more good than harm. It describes some of the history and thinking that has shaped approaches to quality in industry and in healthcare, starting with an example from the American car industry and focusing on two founding fathers of quality - W Edwards Deming, and Avedis Donabedian. It outlines Donabedian’s seven components of quality, and shows how these encompass the notion of best value in healthcare so that efforts are devoted to improving health and social justice. It then goes on to explain some of the ways of measuring screening quality, setting standards and ensuring standards are met. It uses case histories and practical examples so that the reader can easily apply the lessons in their day to day work.
Day-to-day management of screening programmes for public health practitioners and managers
Authors: Raffle Angela E. , Mackie Anne , Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives the reader an appreciation of main issues that public health practitioners regularly deal with in screening, and how to approach them. This needs management skills and an understanding of screening programmes. Typical problems include preventing screening from starting when there is no sound evidence base, dealing with provision of poor quality screening, implementing policy changes within existing screening programmes, dealing with legal challenges relating to screening, and coping with damage caused by commercially driven provision of screening tests where there is lack of evidence, lack of informed choice, and no provision beyond the initial test. Dealing with any of these matters can involve using the media, and the final section of the chapter gives advice about how to cope when the media spotlight turns on screening. Prostate cancer and ovarian cancer screening are both used as case studies in this chapter.
Evidence mapping to assess the available research on fiber, whole grains, and health
Authors: McKeown Nicola M , Livingston Kara A , Sawicki Caleigh M , Miller Kevin B 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEvidence mapping is a useful methodology for characterizing existing research on a broad topic and identifying gaps in the scientific literature. Evidence mapping entails conducting a systematic literature search and extracting information on study details, often in the form of a database. Researchers at Tufts University and the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute created the Diet-Related Fibers & Human Health Outcomes Database, which is publicly available and updated annually. The database captures intervention studies examining dietary fiber and 10 predefined physiological health outcomes, including weight/adiposity, blood pressure, gut microbiota, and bone health. The database and subsequent potential for evidence mapping may be particularly useful in light of new food labeling requirements by the US Food and Drug Administration that require fibers to have accepted scientific evidence of a physiological health benefit in order to be labeled as “dietary fiber.” Following the success of the fiber database, Tufts University and the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition collaborated to develop a whole grain database and evidence map. This work successfully highlighted the need for better consistency in how whole grains are reported with respect to amount and type of whole grains and intervention compliance.
Molecular bow shock in the 3 kpc Norma Arm
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA molecular bow shock (MBS) at G24.4+00+112 (l ∼ 24${^{\circ}_{.}}$4, b ∼ 0°, vLSR ∼ 112 km s−1) is studied using the 12CO(J = 1–0)-line survey obtained with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope at 20″ (0.71 pc) resolution. The terminal velocity uniquely locates the object at the tangent point of the 3 kpc expanding arm (Norma arm) with the distance of 7.3 kpc. The bow ridge extends over ∼160 pc (1${^{\circ}_{.}}$3) perpendicularly to the galactic plane, and is concave to a ring of H ii-regions centered on G24.6+00 at the same distance. The edge on the down-stream (higher longitude) side of the MBS is extremely sharp, and is associated with several elephant trunks in gear-to-gear contact with the H ii regions. On the up-stream (lower longitude) side of MBS, a broad H i bow is associated at the same velocity. The coherently ordered structure of H i, CO, and H ii gases indicates H i-to-H2transition at the galactic shock followed by efficient star formation due to dual compression, where the molecular gas is shock-compressed from the up-stream side by galactic shock and from the down-stream side by H ii expansion. We propose a scenario of galactic sequential star formation along the spiral arms. We also discuss related ISM phenomena such as the hydraulic jump, bow shock, and Rayleigh–Taylor instability occurring around the MBS.
Generics (UK) Ltd (T/A Mylan) v Warner-Lambert Company LLC
Authors:   Supreme Court
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Patents – Swiss-form claims – Pregabalin – Use in the manufacture or preparation of a medicament for the treating of pain – Construction – Validity – Infringement – Meaning of “for treating” neuropathic pain – Whether central neuropathic pain included – Insufficiency – Biogen insufficiency – Plausibility – Whether plausibility required across full width of claim – Nature of the plausibility requirement – Direct infringement under s.60(1)(b) – Whether intention a necessary element – Nature of the infringement test in relation to claims in Swiss form – Manufacturer liability – “Downstream” liability – Whether subjective intention required – Reasonable foreseeability – The role of packaging – Indirect infringement – Amendment – Post-trial validating amendments – Abuse of process – Discretion – Appeal to Supreme Court
Maternal Care and Global Public Health: Bombay and Manchester, 1900–1950
Authors: Trivedi Lisa 
Published: July 2019

Summary
In the nineteenth century, the British government at home and in the empire promoted the development of public health systems to contain epidemic diseases. By the early twentieth century, the government turned its focus increasingly to children’s physical fitness and, in turn, society’s capacity for both labour and military power. Given the role that women played in reproducing the nation’s prospective power, women were perceived to need intervention not only for their own sake but also for the well-being of the nation’s next generation. This essay considers the historical moment when government officials, social reformers and physicians realised that they needed mothers to live for their nations and states to survive. After reviewing discourses shared by social reformers and government officials in Bombay and Manchester, the essay considers the records of St. Mary’s Hospital and the Nowrosjee Wadia Maternity Hospital to explore the role of physicians in the medicalisation of maternal mortality.
Infraslow coordination of slow wave activity through altered neuronal synchrony
Authors: Dash Michael B 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSlow wave activity (SWA; the EEG power between 0.5 and 4 Hz during non-rapid eye movement sleep [NREM]) is the best electrophysiological marker of sleep need; SWA dissipates across the night and increases following sleep deprivation. In addition to these well-documented homeostatic SWA trends, SWA exhibits extensive variability across shorter timescales (seconds to minutes) and between local cortical regions. The physiological underpinnings of SWA variability, however, remain poorly characterized. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, we observed that SWA exhibits pronounced infraslow fluctuations (~40- to 120-s periods) that are coordinated across disparate cortical locations. Peaks in SWA across infraslow cycles were associated with increased slope, amplitude, and duration of individual slow waves and a reduction in the total number of waves and proportion of multipeak waves. Using a freely available data set comprised of extracellular unit recordings during consolidated NREM episodes in male Long-Evans rats, we further show that infraslow SWA does not appear to arise as a consequence of firing rate modulation of putative excitatory or inhibitory neurons. Instead, infraslow SWA was associated with alterations in neuronal synchrony surrounding “On”/“Off” periods and changes in the number and duration of “Off” periods. Collectively, these data provide a mechanism by which SWA can be coordinated across disparate cortical locations and thereby connect local and global expression of this patterned neuronal activity. In doing so, infraslow SWA may contribute to the regulation of cortical circuits during sleep and thereby play a critical role in sleep function.
Irreversible metabolic abnormalities following chronic upper airway loading
Authors: Assadi Mohammad H , Segev Yael , Tarasiuk Ariel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea increases obesity risk by an unclear mechanism. Here, we explored the effects of upper airway obstruction and its removal on respiratory homeostasis, energy expenditure, and feeding hormones during the sleep/wake cycle from weaning to adulthood.

Methods
The tracheas of 22-day-old rats were narrowed, and obstruction removal was performed on post-surgery day 14. Energy expenditure, ventilation, and hormone-regulated feeding were analyzed during 49 days before and after obstruction.

Results
Energy expenditure increased and body temperature decreased in upper airway obstruction and was only partially recovered in obstruction removal despite normalization of airway resistance. Increased energy expenditure was associated with upregulation of ventilation. Decreased body temperature was associated with decreased brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 level, suppressed energy expenditure response to norepinephrine, and decreased leptin level. Upper airway obstructed animals added less body weight, in spite of an increase in food intake, due to elevated hypothalamic orexin and neuropeptide Y and plasma ghrelin. Animals who underwent obstruction removal fed more due to an increase in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and plasma ghrelin.

Conclusions
The need to maintain respiratory homeostasis is associated with persistent abnormal energy metabolism and hormonal regulation of feeding. Surgical treatment per se may not be sufficient to correct energy homeostasis, and endocrine regulation of feeding may have a larger effect on weight change.
CE: Original Research: The Clinical Research Nurse: Exploring Self-Perceptions About the Value of the Role
Authors: McCabe Margaret , Behrens Liza , Browning Shaunagh , Vessey Judith , Williams Mary Jane 
Published: July 2019

Background:Clinical research nursing is an emerging specialty practice. Clinical research nurses (CRNs) work to make protocol-related care safe for the research subjects while simultaneously maintaining protocol fidelity. They must continuously balance the needs of the research subjects and the study requirements.Purpose:The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe CRNs’ perceptions of the value of their role.Methods:Two focus groups were conducted with a purposive sample of 18 CRNs. An interview guide consisting of eight open-ended items was used. Data analysis used critical elements from Krueger's systematic steps for analyzing focus group data.Results:Five major themes emerged from 168 coded statements contained within the focus group transcripts: comprehensive nursing care of research subjects, training and education of research subjects and staff, contributions to clinical science, unique combination of clinical and critical thinking skills, and CRN practice attributes. Subcategories were also identified. In general, participants felt strongly about the value they added.Clinical research nursing requires the use of a variety of abilities and skills, including critical thinking and problem solving, as well as clinical and research knowledge. The CRNs in this study described incorporating these and other elements into their practice, which they associated with their specialized role. The five themes that emerged help elucidate the importance and utility of including CRNs on research teams.Conclusions:The unique combination of applied research knowledge and expert clinical skills sets the specialty of clinical research nursing apart. The study findings, in particular the five themes, provide an evidence-based framework that will be useful in the development of competencies for CRN specialty practice. In helping to bring research findings to bear on clinical care, the impact of CRNs’ practice extends beyond the individual patient to larger patient populations.
Common Insomnia Drugs Receive Black Box Warning
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: July 2019

A black box warning about the risk of serious injury and potential death as a result of sleepwalking and other complex sleep behaviors has been added to the labeling of the sedative–hypnotic drugs zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone.Serious adverse effects from use of these drugs to treat insomnia include falls with serious injuries, fatal falls, fatal motor vehicle accidents, self-injury, and suicidal attempts and suicides, among others.NPs should not prescribe these drugs to patients who have a history of complex sleep behaviors after taking antiinsomnia drugs. The drugs should be discontinued if patients experience adverse effects.
First Oral Testosterone Product Now Available
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: July 2019

A first oral testosterone product, testosterone undecanoate (Jatenzo), is now available for use in men with low testosterone levels due to medical conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or tumors that have damaged the pituitary gland.This form of testosterone can significantly increase blood pressure. It can also increase hematocrit and prostate specific antigen levels and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Limitations of the Envelope Difference Index as a Metric for Nonlinear Distortion in Hearing Aids
Authors: Kates James M. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
The envelope difference index (EDI) compares the envelopes of two signals. It has been used to measure nonlinear distortion in hearing aids, but it also responds to linear processing. This article compares linear and nonlinear processing effects on the EDI.

Design:
The EDI for spectral tilt and peak clipping distortion is computed to illustrate the effects of linear and nonlinear signal modifications. The EDI for wide dynamic-range compression is then compared with that obtained for linear amplification for a set of standard audiograms to show the expected range of EDI values for linear and nonlinear hearing aid processing. The EDI for hearing aid amplification and compression is also compared with a measure of time-frequency envelope modulation distortion for the same conditions.

Results:
The EDI is shown to be as sensitive to linear amplification as it is to nonlinear processing. The EDI values for spectral tilt can exceed those for peak clipping, and the EDI values for linear amplification exceed those for wide dynamic-range compression for four of the nine audiograms considered. The agreement of the EDI with a nonlinear envelope distortion measure is shown to depend on the long-term spectra of the signals being compared when computing the EDI.

Conclusions:
The accuracy of the EDI as an indicator of nonlinear distortion for sentence materials can be improved by equalizing the long-term spectrum of the processed signal to match that of the unprocessed input. However, the EDI does not have a clear interpretation because of the confound between linear and nonlinear processing effects and the lack of an auditory model in calculating the signal differences.
AVATAR Assesses Speech Understanding and Multitask Costs in Ecologically Relevant Listening Situations
Authors: Devesse Annelies , van Wieringen Astrid , Wouters Jan 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:
There is a high need among clinicians and researchers for an ecologically valid measure of auditory functioning and listening effort. Therefore, we developed AVATAR: an “Audiovisual True-to-life Assessment of Auditory Rehabilitation” which takes important characteristics of real-life listening situations into account, such as multimodal speech presentation, spatial separation of sound sources and multitasking. As such, AVATAR aims to assess both auditory functioning and the amount of allocated processing resources during listening in a realistic yet controllable way. In the present study, we evaluated AVATAR and investigated whether speech understanding in noise and multitask costs during realistic listening environments changed with increasing task complexity.

Design:
Thirty-five young normal-hearing participants performed different task combinations of an auditory-visual speech-in-noise task and three secondary tasks on both auditory localization and visual short-term memory in a simulated restaurant environment. Tasks were combined in increasing complexity and multitask costs on the secondary tasks were investigated as an estimate of the amount of cognitive resources allocated during listening and multitasking. In addition to behavioral measures of auditory functioning and effort, working memory capacity and self-reported hearing difficulties were established using a reading span test and a questionnaire on daily hearing abilities.

Results:
Whereas performance on the speech-in-noise task was not affected by task complexity, multitask costs on one of the secondary tasks became significantly larger with increasing task complexity. Working memory capacity correlated significantly with multitask costs, but no association was observed between behavioral outcome measures and self-reported hearing abilities or effort.

Conclusions:
AVATAR proved to be a promising model to assess speech intelligibility and auditory localization abilities and to gauge the amount of processing resources during effortful listening in ecologically relevant multitasking situations by means of multitask costs. In contrast with current clinical measures of auditory functioning, results showed that listening and multitasking in challenging listening environments can require a considerable amount of processing resources, even for young normal-hearing adults. Furthermore, the allocation of resources increased in more demanding listening situations. These findings open avenues for a more realistic assessment of auditory functioning and individually tuned auditory rehabilitation for individuals of different age and hearing profiles.
From hepatitis C virus immunoproteomics to rheumatology via cross-reactivity in one table
Authors: Kanduc Darja 
Published: July 2019

Purpose of reviewTo give an overview of molecular and immunologic data that link hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to rheumatic diseases in the human host.Recent findingsA high level of peptide sharing exists between immunopositive HCV epitopes and human proteins that, when altered, associate with rheumatic manifestations.SummaryThe findings suggest the involvement of HCV infection in the induction of most rheumatic diseases via a mechanism of autoimmune cross-reactivity.