bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel combustion model based on the fast chemistry assumption for the simulation of turbulent buoyant flames
Authors: Motaghian Shahrooz , Beji Tarek 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper, a combustion model based on the fast chemistry assumption is proposed for the large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent buoyant flames. Transport and chemistry are decoupled. Contrary to commonly applied models, the proposed approach does neither rely on a constant nor the cell size and ignores sub-grid scale mixing. In order to assess the proposed model, a 37 cm methane flame is simulated and the EDM model is considered as the reference model. The results indicate that the new model is capable of predicting the average temperature and velocity on the burner’s centerline reasonably accurately. The comparison between the reference and the proposed models reveals that the EDM model requires recalibration for the coarser grid because it is cell size-dependent. Contrarily, the proposed model shows lower grid sensitivity and no need for recalibration. In general, the proposed model is more reliable in problems where the appropriate constant for EDM is unknown.
Numerical simulations of propane pool fires with the EDC / finite rate chemistry approach using global reaction mechanisms
Authors: Thabari Jeri At , Maragkos Georgios , Kruljevic Boris , Snegirev Alexander , Moorthamers Youk , Merci Bart 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Large-eddy simulations (LES) of propane gaseous pool fires with the eddy dissipation concept (EDC) combustion model, considering finite rate chemistry effects, are presented in this study. Two global (2-step) chemical reaction mechanisms for propane are explored with different grid resolutions. The study aims to investigate the performance of the employed approach towards predicting the flow field, the flame temperature, and the concentration of minor species (carbon monoxide). The selected mechanisms are also studied in mixture fraction space using a 0D CMC code to complement the LES simulations. The results demonstrate minor differences between the two mechanisms for the predicted flame temperature and the resulting flow field. Nevertheless, the production of CO was significantly different between the two mechanisms. In addition, the numerical predictions on coarse grids were strongly grid sensitive and could not accurately resolve the flame dynamics, illustrating the increased grid requirements associated with the use of finite rate chemistry.
Study of a fire in a tunnel during construction phase
Authors: Leclerc Côme , Mehaddi Rabah , Acem Zoubir , Masselin Bertrand , Boulet Pascal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this paper the propagation of smoke was studied experimentally and numerically in a tunnel during excavation, considering that the tunnel was closed on the side of the Tunnel Boring Machine, with no specific ventilation system to control the smoke. The analysis of the results focused on the smoke layer in the gallery and the plume at the tunnel exit on the access shaft side, identifying smoke-free zones that could facilitate access by emergency services. The presence of an external wind above the shaft was seen to disturb the flow at the exit, possibly also affecting the smoke flow in the tunnel.
Enhancing high-resolution fuel maps in WUI areas: El Pont de Vilomara fire, a case study
Authors: Śanchez P. , González I. , Cortés A. , Margalef T. , Carrillo C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A precise understanding of the spatial distribution of fuels and buildings at high resolution is crucial for analysing, modelling, and predicting fire behaviour in Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) areas. However, the challenging and costly nature of estimating and mapping forest fuel attributes presents obstacles to global efforts in creating high-resolution fuel maps. This work addresses these limitations by proposing a strategy to generate high-resolution fuel maps based on the 1 km resolution FirEUrisk fuel map and transforming it into an enriched 20 m resolution fuel map, incorporating constructions and water masks. For simulation purposes, the forest fire spread simulator FARSITE has been used. The proposed enhanced downscaling strategy has been tested on a forest fire that occurred in July 2022 in the village El Pont de Vilomara in Catalonia (north-east of Spain). This work highlights how detailed mapping can significantly improve the precision of forest fire simulations, especially in WUI areas. The higher resolution fuel map provides a more accurate representation of fire behavior (SC 0.8 vs. 0.7) while maintaining the same fire detection (POD) as the unchanged fuel map but significantly reducing false alarms (lower FAR). This improvement contributes to proactive fire prevention strategies and ensures an immediate and effective emergency response.
Development of large lab-scale fire dynamics experiments relevant for Scandinavian wildfire behaviour
Authors: Aamodt Edvard , Jiang Lei , Fjellgaard Mikalsen Ragni , Olav Snersrud Dag , Vermina Plathner Frida , Sjöström Johan , Rosnes Magne , Synnøve Skilbred Ellen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Scandinavian countries have in later years seen several severe wildfires and is expected to exhibit more severe fire danger. While direct flame spread has been an important topic in wildfire research, there is a need for development and to ensure that experimental methods are relevant for Scandinavian wildfire characteristics. To ensure relevant lab conditions for fire-resilient material development work, large lab-scale (2×4 meters) experiments were conducted on various fuels. Its fire behaviour (such as rate of spread, fireline intensity and flame length) was compared with ongoing wildfire field studies from ongoing field studies in boreal and hemiboreal Sweden. The lab fire experiments show good potential to mimic relevant natural wildfire conditions in the laboratory once a standard design fire exposure for fire resilient materials is developed.
A full-scale experimental study of oxygen reduction systems for ASRS applications
Authors: Kostka S , Xin Y 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Full-scale experiments were conducted to determine the limiting oxygen concentration for fire propagation (LOCFP) required to protect Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS). The LOCFP is a key parameter for any Oxygen Reduction System (ORS) installation and represents the maximum oxygen concentration allowed to provide protection in a facility. The LOCFP is dependent on the material properties, environment, geometry and ignition conditions. Previous full-scale experiments have been conducted for typical warehouse storage arrangements represented by FM Global standard commodities. As warehouses increasingly shift to ASRS, factors such as smaller flue space and container geometry can affect the LOCFP. The current study utilized an enclosure in which a 7-tier high 2×2 array of mini-load ASRS (ML-ASRS) was ignited using a premixed burner to evaluate flame propagation at reduced oxygen levels. The adequate LOCFP was defined by the extent of fire propagation contained within the fuel array over the ignition duration. Results show that geometry has noticeable effects on the LOCFP, and increasing the quantity of participating material around the ignition area tends to lower the LOCFP. In contrast to previous work, where the external material was the main factor affecting the LOCFP, ASRS applications are quite sensitive to the internal contents that play a major role in the fire propagation. Corrugated products stored within the ML-ASRS containers reduce the oxygen concentration required for protection relative to plastic commodities alone. The LOCFP values of the internal contents generally aligned with values previously found for their respective standard commodities.
Study of the cooling of a metal plate at high temperature by water spraying
Authors: Cappon Laurine , Mehaddi Rabah , Beji Tarek , Acem Zoubir 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Experiments to cool a steel plate at high temperature by spraying water droplets were carried out using four different nozzles (TG-SS1, TG-SS3, TG-SS5, TG-SS10), in order to assess their effectiveness. Two plate thicknesses were studied. The surface temperature was measured at several points positioned diagonally on the plate: in the centre, near the edge and in between, using K-type thermocouple wires welded directly to the surface of the plate with a separate contact. This technique ensures accurate temperature measurement throughout the cooling process. The spray nozzles have been characterised to obtain an average droplet velocity Vmean
and a Sauter mean diameter (D
32). Prior to spraying, the plate was heated by a radiant panel to reach steady-state temperatures, ranging from 120°C to 650°C. During cooling, the plate continued to be heated by the radiant panel. Heat flux (

Q
˙

) and heat transfer coefficient (HT C) were calculated from the temperature data. It was found that high levels of critical heat flux (MW.m−2
) were achieved in the centre of the plate, ranging from 0.86 MW.m−2
, for the TG-SS1 nozzle to 3.58 MW.m−2
, for the TG-SS10 nozzle. In the same time, the convective heat transfer coefficient also reached high values ranging respectively from 5.5 kW.m−2.K−1
(TG-SS1 nozzle) to 27 kW.m−2.K−1
(TG-SS10 nozzle). It was concluded that the mass flux of water is the parameter with the greatest influence on cooling efficiency.
A pilot study of vision-based real-time detection of invisible gas leak and fire
Authors: Duong Dana , Ko Yoon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The detection of gas leak/fire is a critical element in the safe production, transportation, storage and dispensing of many industrial gases including hydrogen. A novel background detection methodology for IR-insensitive gases was explored in this work. This methodology extracted IR data to a certain target frequency and processed to filter the background signals of the adjacent air and inverse the movements of gas in comparison to the background pixels. Results from the IR data indicate that the background detection methodology is possible and visually outperforms the native FLIR HSM filter. The methodology was capable of capturing both hot-gas and cold-gas flow. Due to the nature of the methodology, detection limits were found to be ΔT∼30 °C for cold-gas helium and ΔT∼20 °C for hot-gas helium, with better ability to detect as the temperature differences increase.
Virtual experiments yield comparable results to physical experiments on evacuation decision-making
Authors: Balboa Adriana , Cuesta Arturo , Alvear Daniel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) is fast becoming a key instrument in research on human behaviour in fire. However, reports on the validity of results produced by VR are very limited. In this study we conducted virtual experiments on evacuation decision making, which were later replicated in a real environment. Results of the two sets of experiments (6 trials each) were then compared. We found no significant differences between responses of participants in the virtual experiments and participants in the physical experiments. The results are consistent with recent findings attesting to the possibility to conduct realistic experimentation through VR environments while retaining confidence in the resulting data.
Assessing the Impact of Bjørnis the Fire Bear: A Study on Fire Safety in Norwegian Households
Authors: Fjellgaard Mikalsen Ragni , Siren Fjærestad Janne , Fredagsvik Nora , Nergård Annette , Steen-Hansen Anne 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present research explores the influence of Bjørnis the Fire Bear on residential fire safety in Norway. Our survey, comprising 1275 participants, reveals that Bjørnis spurred the adoption of 5181 fire safety measures among the respondents, averaging 4.1 measures per household. The data suggests a positive association between exposure to Bjørnis and an increased number of safety measures implemented. These results highlight Bjørnis’ efficiency in fostering awareness about fire safety, potentially serving as a model for introducing or sustaining similar mascots and initiatives on a global scale.
Sense-making of Fire Safety Deemed-to-Satisfy Solutions in the Modern Built Environment
Authors: Mohan A T , Seligmann B , Van Coile R , Lange D 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Fire safety has long been delivered under the assumption that the use of deemed-to-satisfy (DtS) solutions results in specifications for buildings which are appropriately safe in the event of fire. This has the consequence that regulatory compliance can be achieved through the application of DtS solutions without further deliberation, or (in a performance-based regime) through the comparison of the performance of a performance-based design with that of a DtS design. However, recent research, recent incidents, emerging technologies, methods and materials of construction should have the fire engineering community questioning the suitability of DtS solutions. This article highlights potential limitations of DtS solutions from the perspective of developing a fire safety strategy. Specific emphasis is placed on the changing context of fire safety given the rising complexities in modern buildings. The changing context is conceptualised using a sense-making device called the Cynefin framework. A view through the Cynefin lens highlights the need for a deliberative and critical approach to the adoption of DtS solutions considering: (i) the challenges of identifying the non-linear cause-and-effect relationships, especially taking into account changing contexts; (ii) the impact of knee-jerk rulemaking i.e., the introduction of rules in the absence of supporting theoretical knowledge.
Numerical simulations of short-range wildfire firebrand exposure to industrial cylindrical storage tank
Authors: Dossi S , Planas E , Pastor E 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Increasing wildfire frequency and intensity indicate the need for improved wildfire Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) methodologies for industrial components. Firebrand exposure, the leading cause of infrastructure wildfire ignition, has not been considered in wildfire QRA frameworks. This paper proposes a methodology to simulate and quantify firebrand contact exposure to an industrial storage tank using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). A low aspect-ratio cylindrical tank obstacle is exposed to constant Lagrangian particles flux (2.5 particles m−2s−1) under varying wind speeds (4ms−1, 7ms−1 and 10ms−1), with varying particle densities (50 kgm−3, 100 kgm−3 and 300 kgm−3). Constant-mass spherical particles simulate firebrands. The highest firebrand landing densities occur at the tank and floor intersection, in two regions located perpendicular to wind direction, and at the tank’s windward recirculation zone edge. The highest landing densities are reached with highest wind speed tested, and with 100 kgm−3 particle density, reaching 7 times the inlet flux in [particles m
−2
]. The highest firebrand amount that reaches the storage tank roof, especially vulnerable to ignition, occurs at 10 ms−1 wind with the lowest particle density tested (50 kgm−3). Results allow quantification of firebrand contact exposure around an industrial critical component; contributing to future comprehensive wildfire NaTech QRA methodologies.
The effectiveness of low-pressure water mist systems on battery fire extinguishing
Authors: Kraus-Namroży Natalia , Brzezińska Dorota , Brzezińska Maria , Brzeziński Mateusz 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Due to the increase in areas of Li-ion battery use, their fire prevention and protection aspects have become an urgent need. This article presents real-scale battery fire tests and the effectiveness of low-pressure water mist systems on battery package extinguishing. The experiments show that battery fire can lead to an uncontrolled increase in temperature, jet flamming, or explosion, but water mist installation can decrease the temperature of the modules and control the fire propagation.
Timber crib fuel source of BS 8414 testing method
Authors: Chotzoglou Konstantinos , Fateh Talal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Since Grenfell Tower tragedy in 2017, the timber fire source and the design details of an External Wall System (EWS) specified in BS 8414 have received a lot of criticism. The present study deploys a multi-scale test series for evaluating the timber crib source of the BS 8414 and providing data for benchmarking the heat generated and façade exposure in the test method. Wood’s thermal characterization is investigated using results obtained from a bomb calorimeter test (ISO 1716) at different moisture levels. On a large scale, tests are undertaken to evaluate the crib fire characteristics in both free-burn and within the BS 8414 combustion chamber built with an inert façade extending above. The timber cribs are placed on a balance under an oxygen calorimetry hood measuring mass loss and heat release rate. Measurements included temperature within the chamber and the incident heat flux in front of the crib and on the inert façade. Good repeatability was observed, and reproducibility was compared against historical data and ongoing studies at European level. The exposed surface of the façade received high-intensity heat flux levels, enough for igniting different materials. Benchmarking data of this study may assist scientific and advisory committees in standardization and regulatory levels to enhance the safety of high-rise buildings.
Spectral analysis of radiation emitted by flames from several liquid and solid fuels
Authors: Parent Gilles , Erez Giacomo , Boulet Pascal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper focuses on the analysis of radiation emitted by flames fueled by diesel, kerosene, heptane, polyurethane foam, and wood, conducted at a medium scale. The emitted radiation was studied using a Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometer covering the wavenumber range of 700 - 5500 cm−1 (corresponding to the wavelength range of 1.82 - 14.3 μm). In addition, opacity measurements were performed at different wavelengths (410, 520, 785, 1650, and 3800 nm) using laser beams passing through the flames. The optical thickness was plotted against wavelength, and two different behaviors were observed. For kerosene, diesel, and PU foam, the optical thickness showed a characteristic straight line on a log-log scale, which is typical of soot, as their optical properties follow an inverse power law with wavelength. Heptane and wood showed significantly lower optical thickness, consistent with their lower soot production. Their optical thickness does not follow a straight line on a log-log scale. Transmittance measurements were used to calculate the equivalent flame emissivity at different wavelengths, which allowed an equivalent flame temperature to be derived by fitting the intensity spectrum with a 1D model of radiation emitted by a homogeneous isothermal column.
Test protocols and criteria for PV roofs fire behaviour characterization
Authors: Cancelliere Piergiacomo , Manzini Giovanni , Traina Giombattista , Parolini Fabio 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) installations leads to a more significant consideration of the fire risk associated with the photovoltaic modules’ installation. Given the importance and interest of all stakeholders in fire safety, both internationally and nationally, a process focused on fire risk assessment and mitigation has been started. This paper focuses on photovoltaic systems applied on residential and industrial building rooftops that are not integrated into the roof tiling (BAPV). Fires triggered directly by the photovoltaic system or where the photovoltaic system is involved could occur on these installations. This paper outlines an experimental campaign developed for assessing the fire risk of photovoltaic installations on roofs. The fire experiments and the test rigs proposed have been developed starting from current international and European regulations. Furthermore, considering the European specifications for construction products, the research program carried out proposes new test protocols and fire behaviour rating criteria of the photovoltaic modules coupled with building roofs system of. The fire rating criteria for PV and building’s roof are based on some of the main calorimetry variables already used in the European building products reaction to fire classification (THR – Total Heat Release, FIGRA – FIre Growth RAte). The actual novelty of these protocols lies in testing the PV module and roofing material samples as a single specimen. Such configuration permits the assessment of the interaction between building roofs and PV modules as a whole in case of fire. Test protocols and fire criteria are resumed also in the Italian standard CEI TS 82-89:2023 based on this work.
Detecting urban fires after the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake using satellite data
Authors: Iwami T 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake caused an urban fire in Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture. Fire detection using satellite data has been considered mainly for forest fires. In this paper, we attempt to detect fires in urban areas. In fire detection using infrared satellite data, we showed that it is possible to detect urban fires using existing fire detection algorithms, while in the fire detection using SAR satellite data, the technology for forest fires cannot be directly used for urban fires because of the different reflectance characteristics of the target. We compared the fire area inside and outside the burned area of an urban fire and clarified the differences in reflectance characteristics. Then, detection of urban fire areas was conducted using deep learning. Although the trial was conducted with limited data, it was confirmed that the detection could be done with high accuracy.
Analysis of the Exitation Dynamics in 2D Semiconductor Nanostractures Induced by a Quantum Electromagnetic Field Under the Kerr Phase Modulation
Authors: Tereshchenko I A , Tikhonova O V 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The peculiarities of the excitation in planar nanostructures induced by a nonclassical field under the impact of cross phase modulation are analyzed. The possibility to controllably enhance a certain excitation channel by varying field frequency detuning from resonance is demonstrated. The effect of formation of entangled two mode field states similar to the Schrodinger’s cat state under the influence of the cross-phase modulation is revealed. The influence of the correlated two mode squeezed vacuum field state is studied and the effect of enhancement of even excitation channels due to photon correlations in the field modes is found. The obtained results open new prospects to control the hybrid electron-photon systems and to develop a fully quantum photon-matter interface on the basis of the 2D nanomaterials.
Degenerate bound states in the continuum in a grating waveguide: Method of infinite-grating eigenmodes vs numerical Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA)
Authors: Reynolds Cole , Kocharovsky Vitaly 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We reveal the origin and describe properties of degenerate bound states in the continuum which appear when a conventional symmetry-protected bound state in the continuum meets a leaking waveguide eigenmode. A degenerate bound state in the continuum emerges due to a destructive interference of two crossing, non-leaking odd-parity and leaking even-parity, infinite-grating eigenmodes experiencing parity symmetry breaking at their crossing point.