bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Warming of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers Along the West Coast of the United States
Authors: Gonzales Katerina R. , Swain Daniel L. , Nardi Kyle M. , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Diffenbaugh Noah S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) often generate extreme precipitation, with AR temperature strongly influencing hydrologic impacts by altering the timing and magnitude of runoff. Long‐term changes in AR temperatures therefore have important implications for regional hydroclimate—especially in locations where a shift to more rain‐dominated AR precipitation could affect flood risk and/or water storage in snowpack. In this study, we provide the first climatology of AR temperature across five U.S. West Coast subregions. We then assess trends in landfalling AR temperatures for each subregion from 1980 to 2016 using three reanalysis products. We find AR warming at seasonal and monthly scales. Cool‐season warming ranges from 0.69 to 1.65 °C over the study period. We detect monthly scale warming of >2 °C, with the most widespread warming occurring in November and March. To understand the causes of AR warming, we quantify the density of AR tracks from genesis to landfall and analyze along‐track AR temperature for each month and landfall region. We investigate three possible influences on AR temperature trends at landfall: along‐track temperatures prior to landfall, background temperatures over the landfall region, and AR temperature over the coastal ocean adjacent to the region of landfall. Generally, AR temperatures at landfall more closely match coastal and background temperature trends than along‐track AR temperature trends. The seasonal asymmetry of the AR warming and the heterogeneity of influences have important implications for regional water storage and flood risk—demonstrating that changes in AR characteristics are complex and may not be directly inferred from changes in the background climate.
Estimation of Surface Heat Fluxes Over the Central Tibetan Plateau using the Maximum Entropy Production Model
Authors: Li Na , Zhao Ping , Wang Jingfeng , Deng Yi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSurface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau have been estimated using the maximum entropy production (MEP) model with the surface energy balance and the observation data from the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment (TIPEX‐III). The MEP surface heat fluxes are highly correlated with those of the TIPEX‐III observations. The agreement between the MEP and TIPEX‐III heat fluxes is higher when the observed surface energy balance closure is better. The errors of the MEP heat fluxes are smaller compared to those of the fluxes derived from the bulk transfer method, the Land Data Assimilation Systems, and the Simple Biosphere Model version 2 reported in the previous studies. The values of MEP sensible and latent heat fluxes tend to be less than those of the previous bulk heat fluxes. Thus, the MEP model can reasonably estimate surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau.
Influence of Summer Sublimation on δD, δ18O, and δ17O in Precipitation, East Antarctica, and Implications for Climate Reconstruction From Ice Cores
Authors: Pang Hongxi , Hou Shugui , Landais Amaelle , Masson‐Delmotte Valérie , Jouzel Jean , Steen‐Larsen Hans Christian , Risi Camille , Zhang Wangbin , Wu Shuangye , Li Yuansheng , An Chunlei , Wang Yetang , Prie Frederic , Minster Bénédicte , Falourd Sonia , Stenni Barbara , Scarchilli Claudio , Fujita Koji , Grigioni Paolo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn central Antarctica, where accumulation rates are very low, summer sublimation of surface snow is a key element of the surface mass balance, but its fingerprint in isotopic composition of water (δD, δ18O, and δ17O) remains unclear. In this study, we examined the influence of summer sublimation on δD, δ18O, and δ17O in precipitation using data sets of isotopic composition of precipitation at various sites on the inland East Antarctica. We found unexpectedly low δ18O values in the summer precipitation, decoupled from surface air temperatures. This feature can be explained by the combined effects of weak or nonexistent temperature inversion and moisture recycling associated with sublimation‐condensation processes in summer. Isotopic fractionation during the moisture‐recycling process also explains the observed high values of d‐excess and 17O‐excess in summer precipitation. Our results suggest that the local cycle of sublimation‐condensation in summer is an important process for the isotopic composition of surface snow, water vapor, and consequently precipitation on inland East Antarctica.
Characterization of Thermospheric Vertical Wind Activity at 225‐ to 295‐km Altitude Using GOCE Data and Validation Against Explorer Missions
Authors: Visser T. , March G. , Doornbos E. N. , de Visser C. C. , Visser P. N. A. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecently, the horizontal and vertical cross wind at 225‐ to 295‐km altitude were derived from linear acceleration measurements of the Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite. The vertical component of these wind data is compared to wind data derived from the mass spectrometers of the Atmosphere Explorer C and E and Dynamics Explorer 2 satellites. From a statistical analysis of the 120‐s moving‐window standard deviation of the vertical wind (σ(Vz)), no consistent discrepancy is found between the accelerometer‐derived and the mass spectrometer‐derived data. The validated Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer data are then used to investigate the influence of several parameters and indices on the vertical wind activity. To this end, the probability distribution of σ(Vz) is plotted after distributing the data over bins of the parameter under investigation. The vertical wind is found to respond strongly to geomagnetic activity at high latitudes, although the response settles around a maximum standard deviation of 50 m/s at an Auroral Electrojet index of 800. The dependence on magnetic local time changes with magnetic latitude, peaking around 4:30 over the polar cap and around 01:30 and 13:30 in the auroral oval. Seasonal effects only become visible at low to middle latitudes, revealing a peak wind variability in both local summer and winter. The vertical wind is not affected by the solar activity level.
Linking the resistome and plasmidome to the microbiome
Authors: Stalder Thibault , Press Maximilian O , Sullivan Shawn , Liachko Ivan , Top Eva M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious human health threat. While a range of environments have been identified as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), we lack understanding of the origins of these ARGs and their spread from environment to clinic. This is partly due to our inability to identify the natural bacterial hosts of ARGs and the mobile genetic elements that mediate this spread, such as plasmids and integrons. Here we demonstrate that the in vivo proximity-ligation method Hi-C can reconstruct a known plasmid-host association from a wastewater community, and identify the in situ host range of ARGs, plasmids, and integrons by physically linking them to their host chromosomes. Hi-C detected both previously known and novel associations between ARGs, mobile genetic elements and host genomes, thus validating this method. We showed that IncQ plasmids and class 1 integrons had the broadest host range in this wastewater, and identified bacteria belonging to Moraxellaceae, Bacteroides, and Prevotella, and especially Aeromonadaceae as the most likely reservoirs of ARGs in this community. A better identification of the natural carriers of ARGs will aid the development of strategies to limit resistance spread to pathogens.
Position and orientation of the westerly jet determined Holocene rainfall patterns in China
Authors: Herzschuh Ulrike , Cao Xianyong , Laepple Thomas , Dallmeyer Anne , Telford Richard J. , Ni Jian , Chen Fahu , Kong Zhaochen , Liu Guangxiu , Liu Kam-Biu , Liu Xingqi , Stebich Martina , Tang Lingyu , Tian Fang , Wang Yongbo , Wischnewski Juliane , Xu Qinghai , Yan Shun , Yang Zhenjing , Yu Ge , Zhang Yun , Zhao Yan , Zheng Zhuo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProxy-based reconstructions and modeling of Holocene spatiotemporal precipitation patterns for China and Mongolia have hitherto yielded contradictory results indicating that the basic mechanisms behind the East Asian Summer Monsoon and its interaction with the westerly jet stream remain poorly understood. We present quantitative reconstructions of Holocene precipitation derived from 101 fossil pollen records and analyse them with the help of a minimal empirical model. We show that the westerly jet-stream axis shifted gradually southward and became less tilted since the middle Holocene. This was tracked by the summer monsoon rain band resulting in an early-Holocene precipitation maximum over most of western China, a mid-Holocene maximum in north-central and northeastern China, and a late-Holocene maximum in southeastern China. Our results suggest that a correct simulation of the orientation and position of the westerly jet stream is crucial to the reliable prediction of precipitation patterns in China and Mongolia.
Inter-outbreak stability reflects the size of the susceptible pool and forecasts magnitudes of seasonal epidemics
Authors: Rypdal Martin , Sugihara George 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor dengue fever and other seasonal epidemics we show how the stability of the preceding inter-outbreak period can predict subsequent total outbreak magnitude, and that a feasible stability metric can be computed from incidence data alone. As an observable of a dynamical system, incidence data contains information about the underlying mechanisms: climatic drivers, changing serotype pools, the ecology of the vector populations, and evolving viral strains. We present mathematical arguments to suggest a connection between stability measured in incidence data during the inter-outbreak period and the size of the effective susceptible population. The method is illustrated with an analysis of dengue incidence in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where forecasts can be made as early as three to four months ahead of an outbreak. These results have immediate significance for public health planning, and can be used in combination with existing forecasting methods and more comprehensive dengue models.
The metabolites NADP+ and NADPH are the targets of the circadian protein Nocturnin (Curled)
Authors: Estrella Michael A. , Du Jin , Chen Li , Rath Sneha , Prangley Eliza , Chitrakar Alisha , Aoki Tsutomu , Schedl Paul , Rabinowitz Joshua , Korennykh Alexei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNocturnin (NOCT) is a rhythmically expressed protein that regulates metabolism under the control of circadian clock. It has been proposed that NOCT deadenylates and regulates metabolic enzyme mRNAs. However, in contrast to other deadenylases, purified NOCT lacks the deadenylase activity. To identify the substrate of NOCT, we conducted a mass spectrometry screen and report that NOCT specifically and directly converts the dinucleotide NADP+ into NAD+ and NADPH into NADH. Further, we demonstrate that the Drosophila NOCT ortholog, Curled, has the same enzymatic activity. We obtained the 2.7 Å crystal structure of the human NOCT•NADPH complex, which revealed that NOCT recognizes the chemically unique ribose-phosphate backbone of the metabolite, placing the 2′-terminal phosphate productively for removal. We provide evidence for NOCT targeting to mitochondria and propose that NADP(H) regulation, which takes place at least in part in mitochondria, establishes the molecular link between circadian clock and metabolism.
A mechanism for reversible mesoscopic aggregation in liquid solutions
Authors: Chan Ho Yin , Lubchenko Vassiliy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSolutions of proteins and other molecules exhibit puzzling, mesoscopically sized inclusions of a solute-rich liquid, well outside the region of stability of the solute-rich phase. This mesoscopic size is in conflict with existing views on heterophase fluctuations. Here we systematically work out a microscopic mechanism by which a metastable solute-rich phase can readily nucleate in a liquid solution. A requisite component of the mechanism is that the solute form long-lived complexes with itself or other molecules. After nucleated in this non-classical fashion, individual droplets grow until becoming mechanically unstable because of a concomitant drop in the internal pressure, the drop caused by the metastability of the solute-rich phase. The ensemble of the droplets is steady-state. In a freshly prepared solution, the ensemble is predicted to evolve in a way similar to the conventional Ostwald ripening, during which larger droplets grow at the expense of smaller droplets.
Structural assembly of the tailed bacteriophage ϕ29
Authors: Xu Jingwei , Wang Dianhong , Gui Miao , Xiang Ye 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe mature virion of the tailed bacteriophage ϕ29 is an ~33 MDa complex that contains more than 450 subunits of seven structural proteins assembling into a prolate head and a short non-contractile tail. Here, we report the near-atomic structures of the ϕ29 pre-genome packaging head (prohead), the mature virion and the genome-emptied virion. Structural comparisons suggest local rotation or oscillation of the head-tail connector upon DNA packaging and release. Termination of the DNA packaging occurs through pressure-dependent correlative positional and conformational changes in the connector. The funnel-shaped tail lower collar attaches the expanded narrow end of the connector and has a 180-Å long, 24-strand β barrel narrow stem tube that undergoes conformational changes upon genome release. The appendages form an interlocked assembly attaching the tail around the collar. The membrane active long loops at the distal end of the tail knob exit during the late stage of infection and form the cone-shaped tip of a largely hydrophobic helix barrel, prepared for membrane penetration.
Natural variation of BSK3 tunes brassinosteroid signaling to regulate root foraging under low nitrogen
Authors: Jia Zhongtao , Giehl Ricardo F. H. , Meyer Rhonda C. , Altmann Thomas , von Wirén Nicolaus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDevelopmental plasticity of root system architecture is crucial for plant performance in nutrient-poor soils. Roots of plants grown under mild nitrogen (N) deficiency show a foraging response characterized by increased root length but mechanisms underlying this developmental plasticity are still elusive. By employing natural variation in Arabidopsis accessions, we show that the brassinosteroid (BR) signaling kinase BSK3 modulates root elongation under mild N deficiency. In particular, a proline to leucine substitution in the predicted kinase domain of BSK3 enhances BR sensitivity and signaling to increase the extent of root elongation. We further show that low N specifically upregulates transcript levels of the BR co-receptorBAK1to activate BR signaling and stimulate root elongation. Altogether, our results uncover a role of BR signaling in root elongation under low N. The BSK3 alleles identified here provide targets for improving root growth of crops growing under limited N conditions.
A double-slit proposal for quantum annealing
Authors: Munoz-Bauza Humberto , Chen Huo , Lidar Daniel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe formulate and analyze a double-slit proposal for quantum annealing, which involves observing the probability of finding a two-level system (TLS) undergoing evolution from a transverse to a longitudinal field in the ground state at the final time tf. We demonstrate that for annealing schedules involving two consecutive diabatic transitions, an interference effect is generated akin to a double-slit experiment. The observation of oscillations in the ground state probability as a function of tf (before the adiabatic limit sets in) then constitutes a sensitive test of coherence between energy eigenstates. This is further illustrated by analyzing the effect of coupling the TLS to a thermal bath: increasing either the bath temperature or the coupling strength results in a damping of these oscillations. The theoretical tools we introduce significantly simplify the analysis of the generalized Landau-Zener problem. Furthermore, our analysis connects quantum annealing algorithms exhibiting speedups via the mechanism of coherent diabatic transitions to near-term experiments with quantum annealing hardware.
Association of birth weight with functional ovarian reserve during menacme estimated by serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone
Authors: Lima Maria L. S. , Romão Gustavo S. , Bettiol Heloisa , Barbieri Marco Antonio , Ferriani Rui A. , Navarro Paula A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo investigate the relationship of birth weight (BW) of females born at full term with functional ovarian reserve (FOR) during menacme, based on serum level of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), among women who were 34–35 years old. This prospective birth cohort study assessed all women who were born in Ribeirão Preto City, State of São Paulo (Brazil) between June 1, 1978 and May 31, 1979. The primary endpoint was serum AMH, a marker of FOR, and its correlation with the BW of females classified as small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational (LGA). We included 274 women in this study, 19 were SGA, 238 were AGA, and 17 were LGA. The average of AMH concentration was not significantly different (p = 0.11) among women in the SGA group (2.14 ng/mL), AGA group (2.13 ng/mL), and LGA group (2.57 ng/mL). An analysis of variance indicated that the three groups also had no significant differences in the percentage of women who had adequate AMH levels (1 ng/mL; p = 0.11). There were no significant differences in the serum concentrations of AMH among 34 and 35 year-old women who were born at full term and classified as SGA, AGA, and LGA. Our sample size allowed detection of major differences between these groups (effect size of 0.8). Association of birth weight of females born at full term with functional ovarian reserve during menacme estimated by serum concentration of anti-Müllerian hormone.
Machine-learning Approach for the Development of a Novel Predictive Model for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sato Masaya , Morimoto Kentaro , Kajihara Shigeki , Tateishi Ryosuke , Shiina Shuichiro , Koike Kazuhiko , Yatomi Yutaka 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBecause of its multifactorial nature, predicting the presence of cancer using a single biomarker is difficult. We aimed to establish a novel machine-learning model for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using real-world data obtained during clinical practice. To establish a predictive model, we developed a machine-learning framework which developed optimized classifiers and their respective hyperparameter, depending on the nature of the data, using a grid-search method. We applied the current framework to 539 and 1043 patients with and without HCC to develop a predictive model for the diagnosis of HCC. Using the optimal hyperparameter, gradient boosting provided the highest predictive accuracy for the presence of HCC (87.34%) and produced an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.940. Using cut-offs of 200 ng/mL for AFP, 40 mAu/mL for DCP, and 15% for AFP-L3, the accuracies of AFP, DCP, and AFP-L3 for predicting HCC were 70.67% (AUC, 0.766), 74.91% (AUC, 0.644), and 71.05% (AUC, 0.683), respectively. A novel predictive model using a machine-learning approach reduced the misclassification rate by about half compared with a single tumor marker. The framework used in the current study can be applied to various kinds of data, thus potentially become a translational mechanism between academic research and clinical practice.
Retinal Oxygen Delivery, Metabolism and Extraction Fraction and Retinal Thickness Immediately Following an Interval of Ophthalmic Vessel Occlusion in Rats
Authors: Blair Norman P. , Tan Michael R. , Felder Anthony E. , Shahidi Mahnaz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLimited knowledge is currently available about alterations of retinal blood flow (F), oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen metabolism (MO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), or thickness after the ophthalmic blood vessels have been closed for a substantial interval and then reopened. We ligated the ophthalmic vessels for 120 minutes in one eye of 17 rats, and measured these variables within 20 minutes after release of the ligature in the 10 rats which had immediate reflow. F, DO2 and MO2 were 5.2 ± 3.1 μL/min, 428 ± 271 nL O2/min, and 234 ± 133 nL O2/min, respectively, that is, to 58%, 46% and 60% of values obtained from normal fellow eyes (P < 0.004). OEF was 0.65 ± 0.23, 148% of normal (P = 0.03). Inner and total retinal thicknesses were 195 ± 24 and 293 ± 20 μm, respectively, 117% and 114% of normal, and inversely related to MO2 (P ≤ 0.02). These results reflect how much energy is available to the retina immediately after an interval of nonperfusion for 120 minutes. Thus, they elucidate aspects of the pathophysiology of nonperfusion retinal injury and may improve therapy in patients with retinal artery or ophthalmic artery obstructions.
240Pu/239Pu and 242Pu/239Pu atom ratios of Japanese monthly atmospheric deposition samples during 1963–1966
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoshihito , Aoyama Michio , Takaku Yuichi , Igarashi Yasuhito , Hattori Michinari , Hirose Katsumi , Hisamatsu Shun’ichi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlobal fallout plutonium isotopic ratios from the 1960s are important for the use of Pu as environmental tracers. We measured the 240Pu/239Pu and 242Pu/239Pu atomic ratios of monthly atmospheric deposition samples collected in Tokyo and Akita, Japan during March 1963 to May 1966. To our knowledge, our results represent the first data measured for actual atmospheric deposition samples collected continuously during the 1960s. Both atomic ratios increased rapidly from March 1963 to June 1963, followed by a gradual increase until September 1963. Then, both ratios declined with a half-life of approximately 5.6 months. The observed temporal changes of the ratios were likely caused by the upper-stratospheric input of nuclear debris from high-yield atmospheric nuclear weapon testing during 1961–62, followed by its downward transport to the troposphere.
Source attribution of Campylobacter jejuni shows variable importance of chicken and ruminants reservoirs in non-invasive and invasive French clinical isolates
Authors: Berthenet Elvire , Thépault Amandine , Chemaly Marianne , Rivoal Katell , Ducournau Astrid , Buissonnière Alice , Bénéjat Lucie , Bessède Emilie , Mégraud Francis , Sheppard Samuel K. , Lehours Philippe 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCampylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Mainly isolated from stool samples, C. jejuni can also become invasive. C. jejuni belongs to the commensal microbiota of a number of hosts, and infection by this bacterium can sometimes be traced back to exposure to a specific source. Here we genome sequenced 200 clinical isolates (2010–2016) and analyzed them with 701 isolate genomes from human infection, chicken, ruminants and the environment to examine the relative contribution of different reservoirs to non-invasive and invasive infection in France. Host-segregating genetic markers that can discriminate C. jejuni source were used with STRUCTURE software to probabilistically attribute the source of clinical strains. A self-attribution correction step, based upon the accuracy of source apportionment within each potential reservoir, improved attribution accuracy of clinical strains and suggested an important role for ruminant reservoirs in non-invasive infection and a potentially increased contribution of chicken as a source of invasive isolates. Structured sampling of Campylobacter in the clinic and from potential reservoirs provided evidence for variation in the contribution of different infection sources over time and an important role for non-poultry reservoirs in France. This provides a basis for ongoing genomic epidemiology surveillance and targeted interventions.