bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐licensing agreements in presence of technological improvements
Authors: Hosseini Seyed H. , Gray Richard , Torshizi Mohammad 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between technologies that firms expect to achieve after cross‐licensing (CL) and their incentives for signing CL agreements in a multiproduct‐firm setting. Results indicate that if markets are bounded substantial technological improvements that result in removal of firms’ current products from the market may in fact reduce firms’ incentives to negotiate a CL deal. This may also give firms an incentive to agree upon a tacit collusion by which they limit the utilization of CL technologies. However, when markets are unbounded, the prospect of capturing new markets and charging royalty fees can significantly increase firms’ incentives for CL. The rationale behind our modeling assumptions is discussed using example from agriculture biotechnology industry.
The genomics of domestication special issue editorial
Authors: Kantar Michael B. , Bruford Michael W. , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDomestication has been of major interest to biologists for centuries, whether for creating new plants and animal types or more formally exploring the principles of evolution. Such studies have long used combinations of phenotypic and genetic evidence. Recently, the advent of a large number of genomes and genomic tools across a wide array of domesticated plant and animal species has reinvigorated the study of domestication. These genomic data, which can be easily generated for nearly any species, often provide great insight with or without a reference genome. The comparison of genome wide data from domestic and wild species has ignited a wave of insight into human, plant, and animal history with a new range of questions becoming accessible. With this in mind, this issue of Evolutionary Applications includes eleven papers covering a wide range of perspectives and methodologies relevant to understanding genomic variation under domestication.
Metabarcoding using multiplexed markers increases species detection in complex zooplankton communities
Authors: Zhang Guang K. , Chain Frédéric J. J. , Abbott Cathryn L. , Cristescu Melania E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMetabarcoding combines DNA barcoding with high‐throughput sequencing, often using one genetic marker to understand complex and taxonomically diverse samples. However, species‐level identification depends heavily on the choice of marker and the selected primer pair, often with a trade‐off between successful species amplification and taxonomic resolution. We present a versatile metabarcoding protocol for biomonitoring that involves the use of two barcode markers (COI and 18S) and four primer pairs in a single high‐throughput sequencing run, via sample multiplexing. We validate the protocol using a series of 24 mock zooplanktonic communities incorporating various levels of genetic variation. With the use of a single marker and single primer pair, the highest species recovery was 77%. With all three COI fragments, we detected 62%–83% of species across the mock communities, while the use of the 18S fragment alone resulted in the detection of 73%–75% of species. The species detection level was significantly improved to 89%–93% when both markers were used. Furthermore, multiplexing did not have a negative impact on the proportion of reads assigned to each species and the total number of species detected was similar to when markers were sequenced alone. Overall, our metabarcoding approach utilizing two barcode markers and multiple primer pairs per barcode improved species detection rates over a single marker/primer pair by 14% to 35%, making it an attractive and relatively cost‐effective method for biomonitoring natural zooplankton communities. We strongly recommend combining evolutionary independent markers and, when necessary, multiple primer pairs per marker to increase species detection (i.e., reduce false negatives) in metabarcoding studies.
Melt property variation in GeSe2‐As2Se3‐PbSe glass ceramics for infrared gradient refractive index (GRIN) applications
Authors: Yadav Anupama , Buff Andrew , Kang Myungkoo , Sisken Laura , Smith Charmayne , Lonergan Jason , Blanco Cesar , Antia Michael , Driggers Megan , Kirk Andrew , Rivero‐Baleine Clara , Mayer Theresa , Swisher Andrew , Pogrebnyakov Alexej , Hilton AR , Whaley Greg , Loretz Thomas J. , Yee Anthony , Schmidt Greg , Moore Duncan T. , Richardson Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMelt size‐dependent physical property variation is examined in a multicomponent GeSe2‐As2Se3‐PbSe chalcogenide glass developed for gradient refractive index applications. The impact of melting conditions on small (40 g) prototype laboratory‐scale melts extended to commercially‐relevant melt sizes (1.325 kg) have been studied and the role of thermal history variation on physical and optical property evolution in parent glass, the glass’ crystallization behavior and postheat‐treated glass ceramics, is quantified. As‐melted glass morphology, optical homogeneity and heat treatment‐induced microstructure following a fixed, two‐step nucleation and growth protocol exhibit marked variation with melt size. These attributes are shown to impact crystallization behavior (growth rates, resulting crystalline phase formation) and induced effective refractive index change, neff, in the resulting optical nanocomposite. The magnitude of these changes is discussed based on thermal history related melt conditions.
Prognostic role of the preoperative serum albumin : globulin ratio after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Otsuka Masafumi , Kamasako Tomohiko , Uemura Toshihiro , Takeshita Nobushige , Shinozaki Tetsuo , Kobayashi Masayuki , Komaru Atsushi , Fukasawa Satoshi 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo elucidate the effects of the preoperative albumin : globulin ratio on the survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 124 consecutive patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who underwent radical nephroureterectomy at Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan between 2002 and 2015. The albumin : globulin ratio was defined: albumin / (total protein − albumin). Associations between preoperative clinicopathological factors, including the albumin : globulin ratio, and recurrence‐free survival, cancer‐specific survival and overall survival were assessed. The log–rank test and Cox proportional hazards models were used for univariate and multivariable analyses, respectively. The study cohort was separated into two groups based on the optimal albumin : globulin ratio cut‐off value determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsThe median survival time was 55 months (interquartile range 28–76 months), and 31 patients died during follow up. A low preoperative albumin : globulin ratio <1.40 was associated with tumor grade and surgical margin status. Kaplan–Meier analyses showed that a low albumin : globulin ratio was more significantly correlated with worse recurrence‐free survival, cancer‐specific survival and overall survival. Multivariate analyses showed that a low albumin : globulin ratio was an independent predictive factor associated with poor recurrence‐free survival (hazard ratio 3.758; P = 0.0028), cancer‐specific survival (hazard ratio 5.687; P = 0.0044) and overall survival (hazard ratio 3.124; P = 0.0030).ConclusionsA low albumin : globulin ratio is an independent predictive factor associated with poor prognosis in upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy.
BMP‐2 induces human mononuclear cell chemotaxis and adhesion and modulates monocyte‐to‐macrophage differentiation
Authors: Pardali Evangelia , Makowski Lena‐Maria , Leffers Merle , Borgscheiper Andreas , Waltenberger Johannes 
Published: August 2018

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a cardiovascular risk factor which leads to atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease characterized by the infiltration of mononuclear cells in the vessel. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 is a cytokine which has been recently shown to be elevated in atherosclerosis and T2DM and to contribute to vascular inflammation. However, the role of BMP‐2 in the regulation of mononuclear cell function remains to be established. Herein, we demonstrate that BMP‐2 induced human monocyte chemotaxis via phosphoinositide 3 kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinases. Inhibition of endogenous BMP‐2 signalling, by Noggin or a BMP receptor inhibitor, interfered with monocyte migration. Although BMP‐2 expression was increased in monocytes from T2DM patients, it could still stimulate their migration. Furthermore, BMP‐2 interfered with their differentiation into M2 macrophages. Finally, BMP‐2 both induced the adhesion of monocytes to fibronectin and endothelial cells (ECs), and promoted the adhesive properties of ECs, by increasing expression of adhesion and pro‐inflammatory molecules. Our data demonstrate that BMP‐2 could exert its pro‐inflammatory effects by inducing monocyte migration and adhesiveness to ECs and by interfering with the monocyte differentiation into M2 macrophages. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which BMP‐2 may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
MRI Findings and Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Microvascular Decompression for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Authors: Jani Ronak H. , Hughes Marion A. , Ligus Zachary E. , Nikas Alexandra , Sekula Raymond F. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEGlossopharyngeal neuralgia causes extreme paroxysmal pain in the posterior pharynx, tonsillar region, base of tongue, or deep ear, that is, the distribution of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Some cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia are associated with neurovascular conflict, usually by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Such symptomatic compression occurs only in proximal, centrally myelinated portions of the glossopharyngeal nerve near the brainstem. Microvascular decompression provides effective and durable pain relief for properly selected patients with medically refractory glossopharyngeal neuralgia.The purpose of this study is to describe a tailored MRI evaluation of neurovascular conflict in glossopharyngeal neuralgia to improve candidate selection for microvascular decompression.METHODSOur team developed a glossopharyngeal neuralgia imaging and evaluation protocol including a grading system for neurovascular conflict of the glossopharyngeal nerve and applied it to evaluate candidates for microvascular decompression.RESULTSOur team grades neurovascular conflict as “contact” (vessel touching nerve without intervening cerebrospinal fluid) versus “deformation” (deviation or distortion of nerve from its normal course by the offending vessel). MRIs of patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia demonstrate proximal neurovascular conflict. Postoperative MRI demonstrates separation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the offending vessel.CONCLUSIONA tailored glossopharyngeal neuralgia imaging evaluation protocol is presented. We believe this approach has helped improve microvascular decompression outcomes and reduce unnecessary procedures at our institution. Further research may elucidate whether clinical and imaging features, including neurovascular conflict severity, predict surgical outcome for glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
Damage Classification for Masonry Historic Structures Using Convolutional Neural Networks Based on Still Images
Authors: Wang Niannian , Zhao Qingan , Li Shengyuan , Zhao Xuefeng , Zhao Peng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractManual inspection (i.e., visual inspection and/or with professional equipment) is the most predominant approach for identifying and assessing superficial damage of masonry historic structures at present. However, this method is costly and at times difficult to apply to remote structures or components. Existing convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based damage detection methods have not been specifically designed for the multiple damage identification of masonry historic structures. To overcome these limits, a deep architecture of CNN damage classification techniques for masonry historic structures is proposed in this article using a sliding window‐based CNN method to identify and locate four categories of damage (intact, crack, efflorescence, and spall) with an accuracy of 94.3%. This is the first attempt to identify the multidamage of historic masonry structures based on CNN techniques and achieve excellent classification results. The data are only trained and tested from images of the Forbidden City Wall in China, and the pixel resolutions of stretcher brick images and header brick images are 480 × 105 and 210 × 105, respectively. Two CNNs (AlexNet and GoogLeNet) are both trained on a small dataset (2,000 images for training, 400 images for validation and testing) and a large dataset (20,000 images for training, 4,000 images for validation and testing). The performance of the trained model (94.3% accuracy) is examined on five new images with 1,860 × 1,260 pixel resolutions.
Chronic nausea and orthostatic intolerance: Diagnostic utility of orthostatic challenge duration, Nausea Profile Questionnaire, and neurohumoral measures
Authors: Wagoner Ashley L. , Tarbell Sally E. , Shaltout Hossam A. , Diz Debra I. , Weese‐Mayer Debra E. , Fortunato John E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic nausea in pediatrics is a debilitating condition with unclear etiology. We aimed to define hemodynamic and neurohumoral characteristics of chronic nausea associated with orthostatic intolerance in order to improve identification and elucidate mechanism.MethodsChildren (10‐18 years) meeting Rome III criteria for functional dyspepsia with nausea and symptoms of orthostatic intolerance (OI) completed a Nausea Profile Questionnaire followed by prolonged (45 minutes rather than the traditional 10 minutes) head‐upright tilt (HUT) (70° tilt up) test. Circulating catecholamines, vasopressin, aldosterone, renin, and angiotensins were measured supine and after 15 minutes into HUT. Beat‐to‐beat heart rate and blood pressure were continuously recorded to calculate their variability and baroreflex sensitivity.Key ResultsWithin 10 and 45 minutes of HUT, 46% and 85% of subjects, respectively, had an abnormal tilt test (orthostatic hypotension, postural orthostatic tachycardia, or syncope). At 15 and 45 minutes of HUT, nausea was elicited in 42% and 65% of subjects respectively. Higher Nausea Profile Questionnaire scores correlated with positive HUT testing at 10 minutes (P = 0.004) and baroreflex sensitivity at 15 minutes (P ≤ 0.01). Plasma vasopressin rose 33‐fold in subjects with HUT‐induced nausea compared to twofold in those who did not experience HUT‐induced nausea (P < 0.01).Conclusions and InferencesIn children with chronic nausea and OI, longer duration HUT elicited higher frequency of abnormal tilt testing and orthostatic‐induced nausea. The Nausea Profile Questionnaire predicted the orthostatic response to tilt testing. Exaggerated vasopressin release differentiated patients with HUT‐induced nausea (vs those without nausea), suggesting a possible mechanism for chronic nausea in childhood.
Effects of cortical anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on swallowing biomechanics
Authors: Doeltgen Sebastian H. , Rigney Lakkari , Cock Charles , Omari Taher 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAnodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has demonstrated effects on corticobulbar excitability and swallowing function as assessed via clinical rating scales in stroke cohorts. Biomechanical effects of anodal tDCS on swallowing remain largely unexplored. We investigated how anodal tDCS applied over the floor of mouth (FOM) representation on the primary motor cortex affects swallowing biomechanics in healthy participants.MethodsAnodal and sham tDCS were applied for 20 minutes at 1.5 mA. Corticobulbar excitability was assessed using motor evoked potentials at baseline and 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes post‐tDCS, as assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Swallowing function was assessed pre‐ and post‐tDCS using routine clinical assessments (Study 1) and pharyngeal high resolution impedance manometry (Study 2).Key ResultsStudy 1 (n = 17) showed increased corticobulbar excitability and performance on a skilled swallowing task following anodal wetDCS, but not sham tDCS. In Study 2 (n = 10) anodal tDCS resulted in increased bolus admittance across the upper esophageal sphincter, but decreased pharyngeal and upper esophageal contractile vigor.ConclusionsClinical improvements of dietary intake are likely driven by swallowing neuroplastic reorganization which improves bolus admittance across the upper esophageal sphincter (UES).InferencesThe documented changes make motor cortical application of anodal tDCS a promising adjunct to swallowing rehabilitation practice.
Emotions, Attitudes, and Reasons
Authors: Epley Kelly 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOur emotional faculties respond to successes, gains, advantages, threats, losses, obstacles, and other personally significant objects or situations, producing positive or negative evaluations of them according to their perceived import. Being an evaluative response is a feature that emotions share with paradigm attitudes (beliefs, intentions, judgments, etc.). However, recently philosophers have been reluctant to treat emotions as attitudes. The usual reasons given have to do with the automaticity of emotions and their occasional recalcitrance. In this article, I argue that these things shouldn't disqualify emotions from counting as genuine attitudes. Our emotions do bear the kind of relationship with our reasons that is characteristic of our attitudes.
Ontogeny, sex and adult tissues influence activities of detoxification enzymes in the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonicaNewman)
Authors: Adesanya Adekunle W. , Held David W. , Liu Nannan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe detoxification enzymes superfamilies of cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathioneS‐transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CoE) play important roles in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous substrates. Despite their importance in insect physiology and ecology, the relative activities of these enzyme systems among developmental stages, sexes and tissues of insect species have not been studied extensively. In the present study, we determine the relative activities of these enzymes in eggs, larval stages, adults of each sex and different tissues of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonicaNewman) in response to model exogenous substrates. The effect of food deprivation on enzyme activities is also examined in adult gut tissue. In this scarab species, ontogeny influences enzyme activities and catalytic efficiency, with eggs exhibiting only GST activity, first‐instar larvae exhibiting GST and CoE activities, and other life stages exhibiting P450 7‐ethoxycoumarinO‐deethylation (ECOD), GST and CoE activities. Second‐instar larvae have the highest GST activity, whereas third‐instar larvae have the highest P450 and CoE activities. Male and female adults show differences in P450 ECOD activity but not in CoE activity. Adult tissues vary in enzyme activities, with midgut tissues having the greatest P450 ECOD and CoE activities. A feeding bout of 24 h induces the optimal activities of P450 ECOD, GST and CoE in the gut of adult beetles. Interestingly, activity of GST is induced upon prolonged starvation. The findings of the present study highlight the apparent importance and contribution of detoxification enzymes in the physiology and ecology of this economically‐important pest.
Right ventricular structure and function in senior and academy elite footballers
Authors: Popple Emily , George Keith , Somauroo John , Sharma Sanjay , Utomi Victor , Lord Rachel , Cooper Robert , Malhotra Aneil , Forster Jan , Oxborough David 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsRight ventricular (RV) adaptation is a common finding in the athlete's heart. The aim of this study was to establish the extent of RV structural and functional adaptation in elite and academy professional footballers compared to age‐matched controls.Methods and ResultsA total of 100 senior and 100 academy elite footballers and 20 senior and 19 academy age‐matched controls were recruited. All participants underwent 2D, Doppler, tissue Doppler, and strain (ε) echocardiography of the right heart. Structural indices were derived and indexed allometrically for individual differences in body surface area. Standard RV function was assessed alongside peak RV ε and strain rate (SR). Senior football players had larger scaled RV structural parameters than academy players for the RV outflow (RVOTplax) (32.7 ± 4.2 and 29.5 ± 4.0 mm(m2)0.326, P < 0.001), the proximal RV outflow (RVOT1) (26.6 ± 3.5 and 24.7 ± 3.9 mm(m2)0.335, P < 0.001), the basal RV inflow (RVD1) (33.1 ± 4.1 and 30.7 ± 3.2 mm(m2)0.404, P = 0.020), RV length (RVD3) (66.5 ± 6.1 and 62.9 ± 5.1 mm(m2)0.431, P < 0.001), and RV diastolic area (RVDarea) (16.9 ± 2.6 and 15.7 ± 2.6 mm(m2)0.735, P < 0.001). Both academy and senior football players demonstrated larger scaled structural RV parameters in comparison with age‐matched controls. Systolic SR (SRS) was lower in the senior players compared to academy players in the mid (−1.52 ± 0.49 and −1.41 ± 0.34 L/s, P = 0.019) and apical (−1.97 ± 0.74 and −1.72 ± 0.42 L/s, P = 0.025) wall regions, respectively.ConclusionRight ventricular structural adaptation occurs in both senior and academy football players with senior players having larger RV dimensions. Although senior players have slightly lower peak SRS than academy players, all global ε and SR are within normal ranges.
The relation between children’s task‐specific competence and mothers’ controlling practices
Authors: Robichaud Jean‐Michel , Bureau Julien S. , Ranger Francis , Mageau Geneviève A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the guided learning domain of socialization, studies examining the antecedents of controlling parenting suggest that children’s lack of competence in a task could trigger controlling practices in that task. However, a stringent test of this relation remains to be conducted. This study examined this relation using a sample of 101 children (Mage = 10.21 years) and their mothers, a standardized measure of children’s competence in a task that was unfamiliar to the participants, and multi‐informant observational measures of maternal controlling practices during a mother–child interaction involving that task (rated by an independent coder and the children). Path analyses showed that children’s initial lack of competence in a task was related to higher levels of coded maternal controlling practices during a subsequent mother–child interaction involving that task, which in turn were positively linked to children’s perceptions of their mothers’ practices as controlling. A bootstrap analysis also confirmed that the indirect link from children’s competence to perceived maternal controlling practices through coded maternal controlling practices was significant. These effects were observed while controlling for mothers’ self‐reported controlling parenting style and perceptions of their children’s academic skills. Implications of these findings for the promotion of optimal parenting and future research directions are discussed.