bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards typogenetic tools for generative urban aesthetics
Authors: Muehlbauer Manuel 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
Urban typogenetics investigates the use of machine intelligence for the evaluation of performance measures as a decision support system (DSS) with a focus on urban aesthetics evaluation. This framework allows designers to address performance measures, urban measures and aesthetic criteria in an adaptive, interactive generative design approach. The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the structure and the nature of the framework and the application of human-in-the-loop design systems to urban design.

Design/methodology/approach
Significant literature reviewed lead to the identification of an application potential in the decision-making process. This potential is situated around the use of AI for the evaluation of subjective performance criteria in a DSS. Recognising that the key decisions about urban aesthetics are based on the individual evaluation of the designer, an HITL approach for computational design software to support creative decisions is presented in this paper.

Findings
Urban typogenetics for interactive generative urban design allows the exploration of complex design spaces by using a human-in-the-loop design system in the context of urban aesthetics. Hybrid aesthetic evaluation allows the designer to analyse morphological features and urban aesthetics during exploratory search and reveal hidden aspects of the urban context by visualisation of the results of the aesthetic evaluation. Integrating performance measures and urban aesthetics in urban typogenetics addresses major criteria of urban design at the beginning of the creative process.

Originality/value
The use of a broad interactive approach to typogenetic design in an application to urban scenarios is a novel conceptual approach to the design of urban configurations. The suggested adaptive mechanism would allow the user of a typogenetic tool to subjectively evaluate solutions by sight and reason about aesthetic, social and cultural implication of the reviewed design solutions.
It’s all about you: destination marketing campaigns in the experience economy era
Authors: Ketter Eran 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe experience economy is characterized by the consumers’ search for emotions and memorable experiences through consumption. While the experience economy has a fundamental effect on tourists’ decision-making and their consumer behavior, only a limited number of past studies have examined the relations between the experience economy and destination marketing campaigns. To extend the scope of the existing knowledge, this paper aims to explore the use of experience marketing in destination marketing campaigns.Design/methodology/approachThe study conducts a qualitative case study analysis of six national tourism marketing campaigns, i.e. it examines the use of experience marketing in tourism campaigns and the use of the strategic experiential module as an analysis framework for destination marketing campaigns.FindingsThe findings reveal an influence of experience marketing on the examined marketing campaigns as destinations highlight the motifs of memorable experiences, engaging people’s senses and creating meaning. In accordance with the strategic experiential module, the campaigns analyzed shift the marketing focal point from the characteristics of the destination to the tourists’ experiences of sensing, feeling, thinking, acting and relating.Originality/valueThe conclusions of the study contribute both to scholars and practitioners, extending the present knowledge of the link between experience marketing and tourism marketing, illustrating the effect of experience marketing on destination marketing and shedding new light on the role of the experience economy and experience marketing in tourism marketing campaigns.
Reducing risk in reserve selection using Modern Portfolio Theory: Coastal planning under sea‐level rise
Authors: Runting Rebecca K. , Beyer Hawthorne L. , Dujardin Yann , Lovelock Catherine E. , Bryan Brett A. , Rhodes Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractClimate change is expected to impact many species and ecosystem services, although it is difficult to predict when and how these impacts may arise. Due to this uncertainty, it is difficult to plan management actions, such as designating protected areas, intended to adapt to climate change impacts. The danger of ignoring uncertainty is that resulting plans may fail to achieve conservation objectives, yet this is not usually incorporated in conservation planning.Recent studies have accounted for uncertainty by applying Modern Portfolio Theory—an approach for risk‐sensitive resource allocation used in the finance sector—to conservation planning. However, these approaches are not directly applicable to many conservation planning problems that typically include discrete site selection, multiple conservation objectives and a consideration of connectivity.We extend previous applications of Modern Portfolio Theory by incorporating these additional conservation planning requirements in the context of designing a reserve system and apply it to conserving coastal wetlands and associated ecosystem services under uncertain rates of sea‐level rise. This allows us to identify an optimal set of properties to preserve, while maintaining connectivity for landward migration of wetlands and accounting for risk. We compare spatial plans that resulted from our risk‐sensitive approach to reserve selection that ignored risk to determine whether, and how, explicitly accounting for risk alters planning outcomes.We demonstrate that incorporating sea‐level rise, but ignoring uncertainty, is a high‐risk strategy, even when planning for the worst‐case sea‐level rise scenario. In contrast, diversifying site selection through Modern Portfolio Theory can ensure the supply of ecosystem services by reducing the risk of failure across all sea‐level rise scenarios.Synthesis and applications. Climate change will continue to drive profound changes to socio‐ecological systems that are difficult to predict. In this context, risk reduction in spatial planning is a neglected but essential strategy for avoiding comprehensive failure and improving the long‐term effectiveness of conservation efforts. Modern Portfolio Theory, as presented here to account for the characteristics of real‐world conservation planning problems, provides a rigorous way forward in dealing explicitly with risk for many conservation planning exercises.
Technology Transfer and National Efficiency: Does Absorptive Capacity Matter?
Authors: Danquah Michael , Ouattara Bazoumana , Quartey Peter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the moderating effects of absorptive capacity on the role of technology transfer in explaining cross‐country differences in national efficiency. We used data from 18 sub‐Saharan Africa countries over the period 1970–2010 and adopted a stochastic frontier approach. The empirical results show that the coefficients of the interaction terms for measures of technology transfer (trade and machinery imports) and absorptive capacity (relative R&D) are negative and statistically significant. This suggests that absorptive capacity positively influences the degree to which technology transfer affects the efficiency of countries in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Service Delivery versus Moonlighting: Using Data from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Senegal
Authors: Hausken Kjell , Ncube Mthuli 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStriking the proper balance between allocating resources into service delivery for low income which benefits society, and moonlighting elsewhere for additional income, is a challenge. A model is developed for how this balance is struck. When the moonlighting production function is concave, common with good governmental monitoring, an internal equilibrium exists. Otherwise either service delivery or moonlighting arises. The model is applied to teachers and healthcare workers within education and healthcare. Survey data from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Senegal show classroom absence for teachers at 29–52.5 per cent, and facility absence for healthcare workers 20–46 per cent. The model is calibrated against the empirics to assess and quantify the factors driving such results. The factors are the shape of the moonlighting production function which governs alternatives to service delivery, the unit cost of service delivery relative to moonlighting for teachers and healthcare workers, and the salaries for service delivery.
Parathyroid Hormone and Bone in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Kazama Junichiro James , Wakasugi Minako 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBone maintains extracellular calcium levels through a system called bone remodeling. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the major initiator of this system, which is secreted by the information through calcium sensing receptor in parathyroid cells. PTH modifies calcified bone morphology through a process of its bone action. Therefore, extremely hyperactivated parathyroid function seen in patients with chronic kidney disease has been considered to have a negative impact on the bone mechanical properties. While skeletal deformities and fragility fractures were common among dialysis patients up to the 1970s, after which methods for the treatment of hyperparathyroidism were developed, we now seldom encounter those cases with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in Japan. In a three‐dimensional morphometry of biopsied iliac bone samples obtained from dialysis patients, PTH level was inversely correlated with cortical bone thickness, however, this relationship disappeared among those with intact PTH < 1000 pg/mL. Higher PTH levels were associated with more complicated and irregular cancellous bone surface, but this change was not accompanied with decreased cancellous bone connectivity. These findings theoretically support the recent clinical study results that PTH levels no longer show a tight correlation with fracture risk in dialysis patients. Nevertheless, the use of calcium sensing receptor agonist is likely to be associated with reduced hip fracture risk in dialysis patients. Further study is needed to reveal its pharmacological mechanism on bone.
Editorial: Helicobacter pylori resistance and sequential therapy
Authors: Siddique O. , Moss S. F. 
Published: June 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Gatta et al and Gatta and Scarpignato papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14597 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14676.
Editorial: HBsAg serum levels in HBeAg‐negative chronic HBV infection—is it a matter of genotype?
Authors: Alexopoulou A. , Karayiannis P. 
Published: June 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Kuhnhenn et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14636 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14793.
Hit but not down. The substance view in light of the criticism of Lovering and Simkulet
Authors: Friberg‐Fernros Henrik 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn his article ‘The substance view: A critique’, Rob Lovering argues that the substance view –according to which a human person comes into existence at the moment of conception – leads to such implausible implications that this view should be abandoned. I responded to his reductio arguments in ‘A critique of Rob Lovering's criticism of the substance view’ and concluded that his arguments did not justify a rejection of the substance view. Now Lowering and William Simkulet have both responded to my criticism, claiming that my criticism of Lovering's article did not refute his original arguments. In this article I respond to their criticism and conclude that, while the substance view has some less plausible implications, none of them justify a complete refutation of this view.
Narrative Matters: A Monster Calls – a portrayal of dissociation in childhood bereavement
Authors: Ghoshal Nishan , Wilkinson Paul O. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract‘A Monster Calls’ is a children's fantasy novel written by Patrick Ness, based on an original idea by Siobhan David. Released to critical acclaim, the novel was lauded on its dealing of complex issues relating to bereavement and grief in a manner accessible to its younger readers. This article explores how ‘A Monster Calls’ presents a portrayal of a dissociative child in response to bereavement, and what impact this portrayal may have on the novel's younger readership.
搏 Pediatric neurology in China: challenges and solutions
Authors: Jiang Yuwu 
Published: June 2018

中国儿科神经专业‐挑战与对策“搏”这个汉字的含义是面对挑战,勇敢拼搏,不畏艰难。中国儿科神经专业始于1961年,其标志是左启华教授在1961年在北大医院儿科成立了中国第一个儿科神经专业病房。其后直到1980年代,发展相对较慢,1985年,在中华医学会儿科学分会内,左启华教授牵头在国内成立了神经学组,以后又称为中国儿童神经学会(CCNS)。1994年吴希如教授被选为国际小儿神经学会(ICNA)执行委员会委员,标志着中国儿童神经开始融入国际儿科神经领域。2002年吴希如教授在北京主办了第9届国际/第7届亚大小儿神经联合大会。2015年,中国儿童神经医师专业委员会(CAPN)成立。2016年,CAPN在全国范围内开展了儿童医院/综合医院儿科的儿科神经专业医师调查。此调查涉及中国大陆地区31个省,815家医院,共儿童神经专科医师2,295人。其中男性医师占35%,女性医师占65%,从业时间在5年以内占18%,5˜10年以内占28%,10˜20年占24%,超过20年占30%。2015年,在被调查的医院中,因神经系统疾病住院的患儿总数达463,042。此调查仅收集最常见的六类疾病的数据,包括热性惊厥(140,807人)、中枢神经系统感染(126,867人)、癫痫(110,370人)、脑性瘫痪(74,950人)、吉兰巴雷综合征(5,334人)、重症肌无力(4714人)。在我们医院(一个三级儿科神经病学中心),患者的病种构成与全国平均数据存在很大不同。我院2015年的总住院人数(不含脑电图监测病区)为733人,包括难治性癫痫(383人)、自身免疫性疾病(188人)、神经遗传疾病(52人)、神经发育迟缓/倒退性疾病(26人)、中枢神经系统感染(23人)、其他神经障碍疾病(18人)、各类头痛(13人)、肿瘤(8人)、血管性疾病(4人)、其他(18人)。这份调查暴露出中国儿童神经医师面临的2个关键的挑战。首先是儿科神经专业医师(尤其是合格的儿科神经专业医师),严重缺乏而不能满足预期需要。中国国家统计局数据显示,2016年中国有14岁以下儿童2亿3千万,意味着在中国平均每10万14岁以下儿童拥有儿科神经病学专业医师1.0位,而在加拿大每10万19岁以下儿童拥有1.04位。在中国儿科神经专业医师最缺乏的地区(西藏)这个数字为0.2(小于14岁),而在加拿大为0.47(小于19岁);儿科神经专业医师相对最充裕的地区(北京)为3.8,在加拿大为1.61(小于19岁)。这组数据提示,与发达国家/地区相比,中国的儿科神经病学专业服务能力和条件整体不足。但像其他许多医学专业一样,中国不同地区的医疗服务能力差别巨大,欠发达地区医疗资源短缺更加突出。另一个严重的问题是,接受此次调查的医师中,仅有57%的儿科神经专业医生认为自己接受了良好的培训(指到专业的儿童神经中心/科室进修学习至少6个月)。由于这种儿童神经专科医师的缺口,成人神经专科医师为很大一部分儿童提供了神经专科医疗服务,但是这部分成人神经专科医师通常仅接受过有限的儿童神经专科医师所需的特殊知识和技能训练。还有令人担忧的是,很多被调查的儿科神经专科医师表示存在职业倦怠。35%的医师平均每周工作时间超过55个小时,41%的医师劳动时间为45˜55个小时,9%的医生表示一月内值夜班大于8次,52%的医师一个月内值夜班4˜8次。儿童神经专科医师对于工作非常满意的比例仅为4%,较满意为30%,不满意为66%。CAPN和CCNS正在努力协助政府部门解决问题。首先,积极推动儿科神经医师的专科培训和认证,增加高质量的儿科神经专科医师,同时,开展针对未经过专科培训的目前执业的儿科神经医师的大规模培训。为此,CAPN计划进行覆盖全国所有省份的短期培训课程(平均每省份3个城市)。第二,建立及推动儿童神经系统疾病诊治网络的建立,在全国每个省份确定1~2个区域中心,进行重点扶持。同时利用网络技术及远程会诊系统进行疑难病例的会诊。第三,推动儿童神经病学临床及基础研究的开展,提高儿童神经系统疾病的认知及诊疗水平;第四,必须加强国际交流和合作研究。随着中国经济和社会的不断发展,我们相信我们可以成功地应对这些挑战,持续推进中国儿童神经病学的发展。
Do defoliating insects distinguish between symmetric and asymmetric leaves within a plant?
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Zverev Vitali , Zvereva Elena L. 
Published: June 2018

1. Plants represent a highly heterogeneous resource for herbivores. One dimension of this heterogeneity is reflected by the within‐plant variation in the leaf fluctuating asymmetry (FA), i.e. in the magnitude of the random deviations from the symmetry in leaf shape.2. This study is the first to test experimentally the hypothesis that variation in the quality of individual leaves for defoliating insects (11 species) within a plant (seven tree and shrub species) is associated with the FA of these leaves.3. It was demonstrated that specialist defoliators generally distinguish between nearly symmetric (low FA) and highly asymmetric (high FA) leaves, but do not distinguish between discs cut from these leaves. Low‐FA leaves of Salix caprea, Salix myrsinifolia and Populus tremula were of better quality for insects than high‐FA leaves, as demonstrated by both preference tests and performance trials. By contrast, high‐FA leaves of Betula pubescens were of better quality for insects than low‐FA leaves, whereas insects feeding on Alnus incana showed similar responses to high‐ and low‐FA leaves.4. It is concluded that insect herbivores can distinguish between leaves with high and low FA, and that FA may be associated with the quality of an individual leaf for insects, although the direction and strength of the effect of leaf FA on insect preference and performance vary among study systems. The ecological significance of substantial within‐plant variation in leaf FA remains to be explored.
Structural and compositional mismatch between captive and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parrs’ gut microbiota highlights the relevance of integrating molecular ecology for management and conservation methods
Authors: Lavoie Camille , Courcelle Maxime , Redivo Baptise , Derome Nicolas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStocking methods are used in the Province of Quebec to restore Salmo salar populations. However, Atlantic salmon stocked juveniles show higher mortality rates than wild ones when introduced into nature. Hatchery environment, which greatly differs from the natural environment, is identified as the main driver of the phenotypic mismatch between captive and wild parrs. The latter is also suspected to impact the gut microbiota composition, which can be associated with essential metabolic functions for their host. We hypothesized that hatchery‐raised parrs potentially recruit gut microbial communities that are different from those recruited in the wild. This study evaluated the impacts of artificial rearing on gut microbiota composition in 0+ parrs meant for stocking in two distinct Canadian rivers: Rimouski and Malbaie (Quebec, Canada). Striking differences between hatchery and wild‐born parrs’ gut microbiota suggest that microbiota could be another factor that could impact their survival in the targeted river, because the microbiome is narrowly related to host physiology. For instance, major commensals belonging to Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridiacea from wild parrs’ gut microbiota were substituted in captive parrs by lactic acid bacteria from the Lactobacillaceae family. Overall, captive parrs host a generalist bacterial community whereas wild parrs’ microbiota is much more specialized. This is the very first study demonstrating extensive impact of captive rearing on intestinal microbiota composition in Atlantic salmon intended for wild population stocking. Our results strongly suggest the need to implement microbial ecology concepts into conservation management of endangered salmon stocks supplemented with hatchery‐reared parrs.
Pink Salmon induce a trophic cascade in plankton populations in the southern Bering Sea and around the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Batten Sonia Dawn , Ruggerone Gregory T. , Ortiz Ivonne 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe examined the hypothesis of top‐down (predator) control of plankton populations around the Aleutian Islands and in the southern Bering Sea using a 15 year time series (2000–2014) of plankton populations sampled during summer by Continuous Plankton Recorders. Our analyses reveal opposing biennial patterns in abundances of large phytoplankton and copepods. This pattern is likely caused by the predation pressure on copepods from biennially abundant eastern Kamchatka Pink Salmon that results in a trophic cascade. In odd years, Pink Salmon are exceptionally abundant, large copepod abundance is low, and abundance of large diatoms grazed by copepods is high. Furthermore, large copepod abundance was inversely correlated, and diatom abundance was positively correlated, with Pink Salmon abundance. In addition to influencing the abundance of diatoms and large copepods we also report an effect on phytoplankton taxonomic composition. We find regional differences in the expression of these effects with alternating odd/even year patterns being strongest in the central Southern Bering Sea and eastern Aleutians and reduced, or absent, in the western Aleutians. When the abundance of 2013 Pink Salmon was unexpectedly low, there were consequent changes in the plankton populations, with highest recorded numbers in the time series of large copepods and microzooplankton (hard‐shelled ciliates). These findings emphasise the importance of variability in predator abundance and its effect across the ecosystem, which in this case was greater than physical oceanographic variability.
New observations regarding Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer in Mongolia
Authors: Gantuya Boldbaatar , Bolor Dashdorj , Oyuntsetseg Khasag , Erdene‐Ochir Yansan , Sanduijav Ruvjir , Davaadorj Duger , Tserentogtokh Tegshee , Azzaya Dashdorj , Uchida Tomohisa , Matsuhisa Takeshi , Yamaoka Yoshio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in Mongolia is among the highest in the world.MethodsThis was a case‐control study in which upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, gastric histology, Helicobacter pylori testing, and risk factor questionnaires were obtained. Histologic subtypes were determined by Lauren's classification.ResultsWe enrolled 45 gastric cancer and 108 non‐gastric cancer patients. Gastric cancers were located in upper part of stomach in 53.3%, main gastric body in 37.8%, and lower part of stomach in 8.9%. The majority (60%) were diffuse type, followed by intestinal type (36.7%) and indeterminate type (3.3%). H. pylori infections were CagA positive in 100% with cancer vs 81% without cancer (P = .02). The majority of CagA was non‐East Asian type (95% with cancer and 94.1% without cancer). Cancer patients had typically related with excessive use of salt, hot beverages, tobacco smoking, and low ingestion of fruits.ConclusionThe characteristic topography of gastric cancer in Mongolia being in the gastric corpus differed from East Asian countries and was more similar to western countries. The risk factors for gastric cancer in Mongolia were similar to other high‐risk areas (ie, H. pylori infection, excessive use of salt, tobacco smoking, and low ingestion of fruits).
Comparison of patients with hepatic encephalopathy and those with gastric varices before and after balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration
Authors: Ishikawa Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Ryo , Nishimura Tatsuro , Matsuda Takashi , Maeda Masaki , Iwamoto Takuya , Saeki Issei , Hidaka Isao , Takami Taro , Sakaida Isao 
Published: June 2018

AimTo compare the clinical characteristics of patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and those with gastric varices (GV) before and after balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO).MethodsEighty cirrhotic patients who underwent BRTO, including 42 men and 38 women, and whose mean age was 68 years, comprised the HE (n = 18) and GV (n = 62) groups. The patients’ data before and 1 month after BRTO were analyzed.ResultsBefore BRTO, the groups did not differ in their portal flow volume (PFV) or hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). The portal vein (PV) was narrower and the splenic vein (SpV) was wider in the HE group than in the GV group. The SpV flow was hepatofugal in 75.0% of HE patients and hepatopetal in 92.6% of GV patients. The Child–Pugh (CP) score of the HE group was significantly higher than that of the GV group pre‐BRTO. After BRTO, the PFV and HVPG increases in the HE group equaled those in the GV group, and the PV dilation was similar in both groups. Conversely, the SpV was significantly contracted for HE patients, but significantly dilated for GV patients. Postoperatively, the SpV flow was hepatopetal in all patients. Compared to that in the GV group, the CP score decreased markedly in the HE group, and no significant increases in complications occurred post‐BRTO for HE patients.ConclusionsThe HE patients showed distinct portal‐splenic hemodynamics before and after BRTO. Balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration markedly improved hepatic function in the HE group compared with the GV group.
A THEORY OF PRUNING
Authors: Lombardo Giovanni , Uhlig Harald 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOften, numerical simulations for dynamic, stochastic models in economics are needed. Kim et al. (Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 32 2008, 3397–414) proposed “pruning” to deal with the challenge of generating explosive paths when employing second‐order approximations. In this article, we provide a theory of pruning and formulas for pruning of any order. Our approach builds on Judd's Numerical Methods in Economics (1998), chapter 13. We provide a comparison to existing methods.