bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Energy-Saving of Urban Tunnel Ventilation Based on the Investigation of the Annual Discount Rate of CO Baseline Emission in City of Shenzhen
Authors: Luo Y. B. , Chen J. X. , Liu W. W. , Zhang X. Y. , Sun P. L. , Liu T. Z. , Bu X. B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Tunnel ventilation problems and energy-saving issues are key factors that have restricted the development of highway tunnels, especially in the context of urban tunnels. In this article, a detailed field measurement was carried out from March 29th to September 16th, 2014, in four typical urban tunnels: Henglongshan Tunnel, Cejiexian Tunnel, Jiuweiling Tunnel, and Dameisha Tunnel in Shenzhen, China. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this article was to optimize the urban tunnel ventilation design system via back calculating a reasonable discount rate of carbon monoxide (CO) baseline emission in the basis of measurement results of traffic flow, air velocity, and CO concentrations within the unban tunnels in Shenzhen. Measurement results reveal that traffic flow in urban tunnels increased to the design level, even beyond the design values. Air velocities in four tunnels were found to be lower than 5 m·s−1 and fluctuated widely during the day. Furthermore, the CO concentration peaks of the Henglongshan Tunnel, Cejiexian Tunnel, Jiuweiling Tunnel, and Dameisha Tunnel stood at 17 cm3·m−3, 7 cm3·m−3, 39 cm3·m−3, and 6 cm3·m−3, respectively. Most importantly, the necessary air volume was calculated in accordance with measured traffic parameters and other parameters in the specification were found to be much higher than actual air supply. Based on large amounts of measured data, the annual discount rates of CO baseline emission which were between 4.9∼12.6 %, have been acquired using the method of inversion calculation for the first time. Therefore, it is recommended to take 8 % as the annual discount rate of CO baseline emission in Shenzhen’s urban tunnel ventilation design; these experimental data also provide a reference for other relevant regions.
Narrowly Confined and Glomerulus-Specific Onset Latencies of Odor-Evoked Calcium Transients in the Juxtaglomerular Cells of the Mouse Main Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Homma Ryota , Lv Xiaohua , Sato Tokiharu , Imamura Fumiaki , Zeng Shaoqun , Nagayama Shin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOdor information is transmitted from olfactory sensory neurons to principal neurons at the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. The intraglomerular neuronal circuit also includes hundreds of interneurons referred to as juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. Stimulus selectivity is well correlated among many JG cells that are associated with the same glomerulus, consistent with their highly homogeneous sensory inputs. However, much less is known about the temporal aspects of their activity, including the temporal coordination of their odor-evoked responses. As many JG cells within a glomerular module respond to the same stimulus, the extent to which their activity is temporally aligned will affect the temporal profile of their population inhibitory inputs. Using random-access high-speed two-photon microscopy, we recorded the odor-evoked calcium transients of mouse JG cells and compared the onset latency and rise time among neurons putatively associated with the same and different glomeruli. Whereas the overall onset latencies of odor-evoked transients were distributed across a ∼150 ms time window, those from cells putatively associated with the same glomerulus were confined to a much narrower window of several tens of milliseconds. This result suggests that onset latency primarily depends on the associated glomerulus. We also observed glomerular specificity in the rise time. The glomerulus-specific temporal pattern of odor-evoked activity implies that the temporal patterns of inputs from the intraglomerular circuit are unique to individual glomerulus–odor pairs, which may contribute to efficient shaping of the temporal pattern of activity in the principal neurons.
Aerobic Glycolysis Is Required for Spatial Memory Acquisition But Not Memory Retrieval in Mice
Authors: Harris Richard A. , Lone Asad , Lim Heeseung , Martinez Francisco , Frame Ariel K. , Scholl Timothy J. , Cumming Robert C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe consolidation of newly formed memories and their retrieval are energetically demanding processes. Aerobic glycolysis (AG), also known as the Warburg effect, consists of the production of lactate from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The astrocyte neuron lactate shuttle hypothesis posits that astrocytes process glucose by AG to generate lactate, which is used as a fuel source within neurons to maintain synaptic activity. Studies in mice have demonstrated that lactate transport between astrocytes and neurons is required for long-term memory formation, yet the role of lactate production in memory acquisition and retrieval has not previously been explored. Here, we examined the effect of dichloroacetate (DCA), a chemical inhibitor of lactate production, on spatial learning and memory in mice using the Morris water maze (MWM).In vivohyperpolarized13C-pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed decreased conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the mouse brain following DCA administration, concomitant with a reduction in the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. DCA exposure before each training session in the MWM impaired learning, which subsequently resulted in impaired memory during the probe trial. In contrast, mice that underwent training without DCA exposure, but received a single DCA injection before the probe trial exhibited normal memory. Our findings indicate that AG plays a key role during memory acquisition but is less important for the retrieval of established memories. Thus, the activation of AG may be important for learning-dependent synaptic plasticity rather than the activation of signaling cascades required for memory retrieval.
Two Compasses in the Central Complex of the Locust Brain
Authors: Pegel Uta , Pfeiffer Keram , Zittrell Frederick , Scholtyssek Christine , Homberg Uwe 
Published: February 2019

Many migratory insects rely on a celestial compass for spatial orientation. Several features of the daytime sky, all generated by the sun, can be exploited for navigation. Two of these are the position of the sun and the pattern of polarized skylight. Neurons of the central complex (CX), a group of neuropils in the central brain of insects, have been shown to encode sky compass cues. In desert locusts, the CX holds a topographic, compass-like representation of the plane of polarized light (E-vector) presented from dorsal direction. In addition, these neurons also encode the azimuth of an unpolarized light spot, likely representing the sun. Here, we investigate whether, in addition toE-vector orientation, the solar azimuth is represented topographically in the CX. We recorded intracellularly from eight types of CX neuron while stimulating animals of either sex with polarized blue light from zenithal direction and an unpolarized green light spot rotating around the animal's head at different elevations. CX neurons did not code for elevation of the unpolarized light spot. However, two types of columnar neuron showed a linear correlation between innervated slice in the CX and azimuth tuning to the unpolarized green light spot, consistent with an internal compass representation of solar azimuth. Columnar outputs of the CX also showed a topographic representation of zenithalE-vector orientation, but the two compasses were not linked to each other. Combined stimulation with unpolarized green and polarized blue light suggested that the two compasses interact in a nonlinear way.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the brain of the desert locust, neurons sensitive to the plane of celestial polarization are arranged like a compass in the slices of the central complex (CX). These neurons, in addition, code for the horizontal direction of an unpolarized light cue possibly representing the sun. We show here that horizontal directions are, in addition toE-vector orientations from the dorsal direction, represented in a compass-like manner across the slices of the CX. However, the two compasses are not linked to each other, but rather seem to interact in a cell-specific, nonlinear way. Our study confirms the role of the CX in signaling heading directions and shows that different cues are used for this task.
Epilepsy Gene Therapy Using an Engineered Potassium Channel
Authors: Snowball Albert , Chabrol Elodie , Wykes Robert C. , Shekh-Ahmad Tawfeeq , Cornford Jonathan H. , Lieb Andreas , Hughes Michael P. , Massaro Giulia , Rahim Ahad A. , Hashemi Kevan S. , Kullmann Dimitri M. , Walker Matthew C. , Schorge Stephanie 
Published: February 2019

Refractory focal epilepsy is a devastating disease for which there is frequently no effective treatment. Gene therapy represents a promising alternative, but treating epilepsy in this way involves irreversible changes to brain tissue, so vector design must be carefully optimized to guarantee safety without compromising efficacy. We set out to develop an epilepsy gene therapy vector optimized for clinical translation. The gene encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1,KCNA1, was codon optimized for human expression and mutated to accelerate the recovery of the channels from inactivation. For improved safety, this engineered potassium channel (EKC) gene was packaged into a nonintegrating lentiviral vector under the control of a cell type-specificCAMK2Apromoter. In a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled preclinical trial, the EKC lentivector robustly reduced seizure frequency in a male rat model of focal neocortical epilepsy characterized by discrete spontaneous seizures. When packaged into an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV2/9), the EKC gene was also effective at suppressing seizures in a male rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. This demonstration of efficacy in a clinically relevant setting, combined with the improved safety conferred by cell type-specific expression and integration-deficient delivery, identify EKC gene therapy as being ready for clinical translation in the treatment of refractory focal epilepsy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPharmacoresistant epilepsy affects up to 0.3% of the population. Although epilepsy surgery can be effective, it is limited by risks to normal brain function. We have developed a gene therapy that builds on a mechanistic understanding of altered neuronal and circuit excitability in cortical epilepsy. The potassium channel geneKCNA1was mutated to bypass post-transcriptional editing and was packaged in a nonintegrating lentivector to reduce the risk of insertional mutagenesis. A randomized, blinded preclinical study demonstrated therapeutic effectiveness in a rodent model of focal neocortical epilepsy. Adeno-associated viral delivery of the channel to both hippocampi was also effective in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. These results support clinical translation to address a major unmet need.
Noradrenergic α1-Adrenoceptor Actions in the Primate Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Datta Dibyadeep , Yang Sheng-Tao , Galvin Veronica C. , Solder John , Luo Fei , Morozov Yury M. , Arellano Jon , Duque Alvaro , Rakic Pasko , Arnsten Amy F.T. , Wang Min 
Published: February 2019

Noradrenergic (NE) α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) contribute to arousal mechanisms and play an important role in therapeutic medications such as those for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about how α1-AR stimulation influences neuronal firing in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a newly evolved region that is dysfunctional in PTSD and other mental illnesses. The current study examined the effects of α1-AR manipulation on neuronal firing in dlPFC of rhesus monkeys performing a visuospatial working memory task, focusing on the “delay cells” that maintain spatially tuned information across the delay period. Iontophoresis of the α1-AR antagonist HEAT (2-{[β-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]aminomethyl}-1-tetralone) had mixed effects, reducing firing in a majority of neurons but having nonsignificant excitatory effects or no effect in remaining delay cells. These data suggest that endogenous NE has excitatory effects in some delay cells under basal conditions. In contrast, the α1-AR agonists phenylephrine and cirazoline suppressed delay cell firing and this was blocked by coadministration of HEAT. These results indicate an inverted-U dose response for α1-AR actions, with mixed excitatory actions under basal conditions and suppressed firing with high levels of α1-AR stimulation such as with stress exposure. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed α1-AR expression presynaptically in axons and axon terminals and postsynaptically in spines, dendrites, and astrocytes. It is possible that α1-AR excitatory effects arise from presynaptic excitation of glutamate release, whereas postsynaptic actions suppress firing through calcium–protein kinase C opening of potassium channels on spines. The latter may predominate under stressful conditions, leading to loss of dlPFC regulation during uncontrollable stress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNoradrenergic stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) is implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental disorders that involve dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region that provides top-down control. However, the location and contribution of α1-ARs to prefrontal cortical physiology in primates has received little attention. This study found that α1-ARs are located near prefrontal synapses and that α1-AR stimulation has mixed effects under basal conditions. However, high levels of α1-AR stimulation, as occur with stress, suppress neuronal firing. These findings help to explain why we lose top-down control under conditions of uncontrollable stress when there are high levels of noradrenergic release in brain and why blocking α1-AR, such as with prazosin, may be helpful in the treatment of PTSD.
Prelimbic Cortical Neurons Track Preferred Reward Value and Reflect Impulsive Choice during Delay Discounting Behavior
Authors: Sackett Deirdre A. , Moschak Travis M. , Carelli Regina M. 
Published: February 2019

In delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward based on the delay to its receipt. The prelimbic cortex (PrL) is heavily interconnected with several brain regions implicated in delay discounting, but the specific contributions of the PrL to delay discounting are unknown. Here, we used multineuron electrophysiological recording methods in Long–Evans male (n= 10) and female (n= 9) rats to characterize the firing dynamics of PrL neurons during discrete cue and lever press events in a delay discounting task. Rats' initial preference for the large reward decreased as delays for that outcome increased across blocks, reflecting classic discounting behavior. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that subgroups of neurons exhibited phasic responses to cue presentations and lever presses. These phasic neurons were found to respond to either large/delay, small/immediate, or both trial types and the percentage of these neurons shifted across blocks as the expected value of the reward changed. Critically, this shift was only seen during trials in which animals could choose their preferred option (free choice trials) and not during trials where animals could choose only one option (forced choice trials). Further, this shift was dependent on rats' inherent impulsivity because high impulsive rats demonstrated a greater percentage of small/immediate-responsive neurons as the task progressed. Collectively, these findings suggest a unique role for the PrL in encoding reward value during delay discounting that is influenced by individual differences in impulsivity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn delay discounting, individuals discount the value of a reward based on the delay to its receipt. Here, we used electrophysiology to investigate the role of the prelimbic cortex (PrL) in this process. We found that subsets of neurons shifted activity as a function of the changing expected delay and reward magnitude, but this shift was only evident during trials in which animals could choose their preferred option. Further, this dynamic neural activity depended on rats' inherent impulsivity, with impulsive rats exhibiting a stronger neural shift toward the immediate reward as the task progressed. These findings suggest a role for the PrL in encoding reward value during delay discounting that is influenced by goal-directed context and individual differences in impulsivity.
A new large Pliosaurid from the Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Sáchica, Boyacá, Colombia
Authors: Páramo-Fonseca María Eurídice , Benavides-Cabra Cristian David , Gutiérrez Ingry Esmirna 
Published: February 2019

A new fossil MP111209-1 found in the Barremian beds of Sáchica, a town near Villa de Leiva representing the more complete skeleton found in the region is described here. After a detailed study of its morphological characteristics, it is evident that the new specimen represents a new genus and species of brachauchenine pliosaurid from Central Colombia that we named Sachicasaurus vitae gen. et sp. nov. Sachicasaurus is a large brachauchenine (almost 10 m in length) characterized by the following combination of characters: skull exceeding two meters in length, transverse constriction in the rostrum, caniniform teeth present, pineal foramen in a very advanced position, palatines separated in the midline by the pterygoids, very short mandibular symphysis (bearing four teeth positions), reduced number of mandibular teeth (less than 20), slender hyoid bones, 12 cervical vertebrae, cervical centra showing ventral foramina, single rib facet in all cervical centra, at least 40 pre-caudal vertebrae, and ilium with a long posterior projection. Although it is difficult to clearly establish the phylogenetic position of Sachicasaurus viate within Brachaucheninae due to its combination of primitive and derived features, the morphological comparisons and the cladistic analysis show an evident phylogenetic proximity of Sachicasaurus to the Aptian-Albian genus Kronosaurus.
Medicalização na educação: refletindo sobre seus desdobramentos na saúde pública e direitos humanos
Authors: Cardoso Daniela De Figueiredo Moitinho , Hashizume Cristina Miyuki 
Published: February 2019

A presente pesquisa aborda as consequências da medicalização na educação a partir de uma reflexão sobre o uso de psicofármacos no controle de comportamentos considerados inadequados para o aprendizado escolar. A partir dessas consequências, refletiremos acerca dos desdobramentos na saúde pública e no debate sobre direitos humanos. Em estudo realizado a respeito dessa temática (CARDOSO, LIMA, HASHIZUME, 2018) discutimos os desafios da formação docente para modificar o uso excessivo de psicofármacos em diagnósticos errôneos que tratam comportamentos inadequados como transtornos. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o papel do professor na garantia de práticas escolares diferenciadas que estejam em acordo com a valorização e respeito aos direitos humanos dos alunos. A partir das leituras realizadas; acreditamos que o professor tem papel decisivo na resolução de problemas de aprendizagem utilizando procedimentos pedagógicos, e não medicamentos. O método utilizado no presente artigo foi bibliográfico por meio de análise de documentos e estado da arte sobre o tema. Utilizamos metodologia qualitativa a partir de análises referentes à legislação existente acerca do assunto, além de publicações realizadas por pesquisadores engajados no movimento do Fórum de Medicalização da Vida e da Sociedade. A análise bibliográfica se fundamentou em trabalhos como teses, e artigos dos seguintes autores: Collares e Moysés (2013); Hashizume e Dietrich (2017); Viègas (2014). A pesquisa possibilitou adentrarmos em uma temática promissora e de suma importância para a atualidade, tendo em vista sua parca discussão na educação. Entendemos que o educador pode auxiliar nessa nova realidade, sendo protagonista e mediador na construção de uma cultura da paz.
Users In The 'Golden' Age Of The Information Society
Authors: Slot Mijke , Frissen Valerie 
Published: February 2019

In the Web 2.0 era it no longer holds to think of users as ‘end-users’, as they have moved to the heart of the value chain. They have become important actors in virtually all elements of online services. In this paper we shall explore these innovative roles of users and reflect on the future impacts of this shift. To support our claims about the innovative roles of users, we have analyzed 150 Web 2.0 services into more detail. In this paper we shall argue that Web
2.0 may be understood as a first sign of what Perez has labelled ‘societal re-engineering’ and ‘creative destruction’. However, as we are still at the beginning of what Perez describes as a potential golden age of the information society, there are also still major uncertainties about the future of the web and the potential impacts this may have. At this point in time it is far from sure whether we are indeed approaching a ‘golden age’ of technological development. To explore the future roles of users, in the final part of the paper we shall therefore also highlight some future aspects from the perspective of changing user-producer relations.
Can Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Be Safely Placed in Patients with Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy? A Retrospective Study of Almost 400,000 Catheter-Days
Authors: Campagna Sara , Gonella Silvia , Berchialla Paola , Morano Giacomo , Rigo Carla , Zerla Pietro Antonio , Fuzzi Raffaella , Corona Gianvito , Storto Silvana , Dimonte Valerio , Mussa Baudolino 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are central venous catheters (CVCs) that are commonly used in onco-hematologic settings for chemotherapy administration. As there is insufficient evidence to recommend a specific CVC for chemotherapy administration, we aimed to ascertain PICC-related adverse events (AEs) and identify independent predictors of PICC removal in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods
Information on adult patients with cancer with a PICC inserted for chemotherapy administration between September 2007 and December 2014 was extracted from six hospital databases. The primary outcome was PICC removal due to PICC-related AEs (occlusion, infection, or symptomatic thrombosis). Independent predictors of PICC removal were identified using a multivariate Cox regression model.

Results
Among the 2,477 included patients, 419 PICC-related AEs (16.9%; 1.09 AEs per 1,000 PICC-days) were reported. AEs increased when PICC was inserted at the brachial site (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.84) and with open systems (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.24–2.88) and decreased in older men (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.49–0.81).

Conclusion
Use of PICC for chemotherapy administration was associated with a low all-AEs rate. The basilic vein was the safer site, and valved systems had fewer AEs than open systems. More research is needed to explore the interaction between AEs, sex, and age.

Implications for Practice
These findings provide clinicians with evidence that peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are safe for chemotherapy administration. They also suggest that clinicians should limit the use of open systems when long chemotherapy regimens are scheduled. Moreover, alternatives to PICCs should be considered when administering chemotherapy to young men.