bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forcing the President's Hand: How the US Congress Shapes Foreign Policy through Sanctions Legislation
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGiven the US president's leading role in many areas of American foreign policy, one might expect the president to prevail in executive-legislative clashes over economic sanctions. In this paper, I show that, with surprising frequency, US legislators overcome presidential opposition to their sanctions proposals and induce the president to take foreign policy actions that he or she would not otherwise take. My argument explains why the president often signs and implements sanctions legislation despite considering it inadvisable, as well as how sanctions legislation can influence foreign policy actions, the behavior of foreign governments, or international diplomacy in other ways. I support the argument with descriptive statistics based on an original data set of over a hundred legislative sanctions proposals and a case study of the effects of legislative initiatives targeting Iran over a period of two decades. The paper's findings show that legislative activity is more important than some previous research on sanctions and US foreign policy suggests.
Systemic pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of nebulized colistimethate sodium in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: Benítez-Cano Adela , de Antonio-Cuscó Marta , Luque Sonia , Sorlí Luisa , Carazo Jesús , Ramos Isabel , Bermejo Silvia , Campillo Nuria , Horcajada Juan P , Samsó Enric , Grau Santiago 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the pharmacokinetics of formed colistin in plasma and the safety of two different high doses of colistimethate sodium administered via nebulization in critically ill surgical patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Patients and methods
Formed colistin plasma concentrations were measured in critically ill surgical patients with pneumonia treated with two different doses of nebulized colistimethate sodium (3 MIU/8 h versus 5 MIU/8 h). Adverse events possibly related to nebulized colistimethate sodium were recorded.

Results
Twenty-seven patients (15 in the 3 MIU/8 h group and 12 in the 5 MIU/8 h group) were included. Colistin plasma concentrations were unquantifiable (<0.1 mg/L) in eight (53.3%) patients in the 3 MIU/8 h group and in seven patients (58.3%) in the 5 MIU/8 h group. Median (IQR) quantifiable colistin plasma concentrations before nebulization and at 1, 4 and 8 h were 0.17 (0.12–0.33), 0.20 (0.11–0.24), 0.17 (0.12–0.23) and 0.17 (0.11–0.32) mg/L, respectively, in the 3 MIU/8 h group and 0.20 (0.11–0.35), 0.24 (0.12–0.44), 0.24 (0.10–0.49) and 0.23 (0.11–0.44) mg/L, respectively, in the 5 MIU/8 h group, with no differences between the two groups at any time. Renal impairment during nebulized treatment was observed in three patients in each group, but was unlikely to be related to colistimethate sodium treatment. Nebulized colistimethate sodium therapy was well tolerated and no bronchospasms or neurotoxicity events were observed.

Conclusions
In this limited observational case series of critically ill patients with HAP or VAP treated with high doses of nebulized colistimethate sodium, systemic exposure was minimal and the treatment was well tolerated.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium from the USA and Pakistan
Authors: Wardenburg Kate E , Potter Robert F , D’Souza Alaric W , Hussain Tahir , Wallace Meghan A , Andleeb Saadia , Burnham Carey-Ann D , Dantas Gautam 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Linezolid is an important therapeutic option for the treatment of infections caused by VRE. Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial and resistance to this antimicrobial agent remains relatively rare. As a result, data on the comparative genomics of linezolid resistance determinants in Enterococcus faecium are relatively sparse.

Methods
To address this knowledge gap in E. faecium, we deployed phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing and Illumina WGS on hospital surface (environmental) and clinical isolates from the USA and Pakistan.

Results
We found complete concordance between isolate source country and mechanism of linezolid resistance, with all the US isolates possessing a 23S rRNA gene mutation and the Pakistan isolates harbouring two to three acquired antibiotic resistance genes. These resistance genes include the recently elucidated efflux-pump genes optrA and poxtA and a novel cfr-like variant. Although there was no difference in the linezolid MIC between the US and Pakistan isolates, there was a significant difference in the geometric mean of the MIC between the Pakistan isolates that had two versus three of the acquired antibiotic resistance genes. In five of the Pakistan E. faecium that possessed all three of the resistance genes, we found no difference in the local genetic context of poxtA and the cfr-like gene, but we identified different genetic contexts surrounding optrA.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate that E. faecium from different geographical regions employ alternative strategies to counter selective pressure of increasing clinical linezolid use.
16 Digestawell® fiber improves in-vitro digestibility of alfalfa and coastal bermudagrass hay fed to horses
Authors: Perron Brittany S , Wagner-Wells Ashley , Boyd Jamie , Girard Ivan , Guiterrez Noheli , Burt Justin C , Splan Rebecca 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Enhanced microbial activity in the equine hindgut increases nutrient availability, reduces fecal waste, and adds value to low quality forages. The dietary supplement DigestaWell® Fiber (DF; fibrolytic cofactors: methionine and B vitamins), designed to increase microbial efficiency, has been shown to improve in-vitro digestibility of alfalfa and tall fescue forages after 48-h incubation. The objective of this study was to determine if DF would improve in-vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and ADF digestibility (ADFD) of alfalfa and coastal bermudagrass hays incubated for 48h or 72h. Utilizing a crossover design, four mature Quarter Horse mares were fed 2% BW daily of alfalfa (AF; 32.8% NDF, 27.1% ADF) or coastal bermudagrass (CB; 63.2% NDF, 35.4% ADF) hay for 19-d periods. DMD and ADFD were determined after 48-h or 72-h incubation with or without treatment (320mg/L DF) at 37.5°C in an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh feces. Forage samples were run in triplicate. Data were transformed to approximate normality, then analyzed using a repeated measures mixed model in SAS with main effects of forage, treatment, incubation time, and feeding period, and statistically significant interactions. Across incubation times, DMD was higher for AF than CB (P < 0.01; 49.4% vs 42.1%). Across forages, DMD was higher at 72h than at 48h incubation (P < 0.01; 47.5% vs 43.9%). DF improved DMD across forages at 48h (P = 0.03), but not at 72h (P = 0.47). Across incubation times, DF improved DMD of CB (P < 0.01), but not AF (P = 0.79). Additionally, across both forages and both incubation times, DF improved ADFD (P < 0.01). In conclusion, DF may improve microbial fermentation in the equine hindgut. Future research should investigate in-vivo effects of oral supplementation of DF on forage digestibility measures.
80 Effectiveness of naturally sourced mixed tocopherols as an antioxidant when compared to Bha and Bht in fresh pork sausage
Authors: Venzor Leila G , Smith William B , Waddell Jolena N , Kinman Lea A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fresh ground pork products are highly susceptible to deteriorative oxidation due to high fat content and increased surface area exposure of proteins. Recent trends and health concerns among consumers have sparked interest in finding alternatives for synthetic ingredients used for preservation of commercially manufactured processed meats. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of naturally sourced mixed tocopherols to a mixture of butylated hydroxylanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on prevention of lipid oxidation and color stability in fresh pork sausage patties. Duplicate batches of pork Boston butt trim and pork back fat were mixed 5:1, respectively, coarse ground, and combined with pork sausage seasoning. Pork mixture was then fine ground and 3175.5 g portions were assigned to one of three treatments: no antioxidants (CON), 0.01% of BHA and 0.01% BHT mixture (SYN), or 0.03% Decanox MTS30P (MTS). Patties (56.7 g) were hand pressed, placed on Styrofoam trays (S4), polyvinyl chloride film overwrapped and positioned in a retail display case. Patties (n = 45) were evaluated for instrumental color (L*, a*, and b*) and display discoloration (1 = very bright, to 8 = tan to brown) in 12-hr intervals for 252 hr. Fifteen patties from each treatment were collected for thiobarbituric acid reactive substance analysis. No differences between treatments (P > 0.05) were found for display discoloration or instrumental color. SYN patties had significantly lower malondialdehyde values (P = 0.047) than both CON and MTS patties at 252 hr. In conclusion, mixed tocopherols were not as effective as synthetic antioxidants in slowing lipid oxidation. However, it can be noted that mixed tocopherols can replace synthetic antioxidants in ground pork sausage and have the same effect on color stability.
119 Foot scoring effects on cow and calf performance at breeding and weaning
Authors: McGuire Clayton L , Powell Jeremy G , Cauble Reagan , Kutz Bryan , Anschutz Karen , Lester Toby D , Gragg Walker 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Foot soundness is essential for optimum performance in beef cattle. When evaluating foot soundness, emphasis is placed on foot angle (FA) and claw set (CS). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foot angle and claw set scores on cowherd performance. Data were collected on 491 crossbred Angus-based cows over a three-year period. At weaning, FA and CS were evaluated according to American Angus Association guidelines. Scores are based on a nine-point scale, where a score of one indicates straight pasterns and short, divergent toes, and nine indicates weak, sunken pasterns and long, curled toes. Cows that exhibited scores ranging from four to six were considered acceptable. If either score fell outside this range, the cow was considered undesirable. Acceptable and undesirable cows were evaluated for performance traits including pre-breeding body weight (PBW), pre-breeding body condition score (PBCS), cow body weight at weaning (CWW), cow body condition score at weaning (WBCS), pregnancy rate, 205 d adjusted weaning weight (AWW), and weaning performance (WP). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.19) for WP, PBW, PBCS, CWW, or pregnancy rate. Cows with acceptable foot scores had a WBCS 5.49% greater (P < 0.001) than undesirable cows. Acceptable cows possessed an average WBCS of 4.9 compared to 4.6 in undesirable cows. Acceptable cows weaned calves 3.39% heavier (P = 0.024) compared to undesirable cows. Acceptable cows weaned calves with a mean AWW of 216.67 kg compared to undesirable cows with a mean of 209.56 kg. The results from this study suggest that cows with acceptable foot scores may maintain more desirable BCS and wean heavier calves. These results could be used to help predict cow performance based on FA and CS.
181 Characterization of feeding-behavior patterns and application of chemometrics to predict residual feed intake based on feeding-behavior traits in growing Holstein heifers
Authors: Johnson Jocelyn R , Parsons Ira L , Carstens Gordon E , Tedeschi Luis Orlindo , Heuer Claas , Deeb Nader 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objectives of this study were to characterize feeding-behavior (FB) patterns in growing dairy heifers with divergent RFI phenotypes (±0.50 SD) and to evaluate the accuracy of partial least squares regression (PLSR) models to predict RFI based on FB traits. Performance, DMI, and FB traits were measured for 70 to 100 d in 15 trials with Holstein heifers (n = 611) fed a corn-silage based ration. Seventeen FB traits were evaluated: frequency and duration of bunk visit (BV) and meal events, head-down duration (HDD), meal length, maximum non-feeding interval, corresponding day-to-day variation (SD) of these traits, and ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, HDD per meal duration, and BV events per meal event. Data were analyzed using a mixed model that included RFI group and trial. The PLSR model for RFI was developed using cross-validation procedures (Leave-One-Out) in JMP (SAS), with FB traits as independent variables. Low-RFI heifers consumed 24% less (P < 0.01) DMI and had lower (P < 0.01) day-to-day DMI variation than high-RFI heifers. Distinct differences were observed in FB patterns between low- and high-RFI heifers (Table 1). Eight of 17 FB traits were included [selected based on variable of importance (VIP) score > 0.80] in the PLSR model that explained 33% of the variation in RFI. Head-down duration had the highest VIP score; accordingly, low-RFI animals had 44% lower HDD and 30 and 40% lower ratios of HDD per BV duration and meal duration, respectively. Additionally, low-RFI animals had 20 and 18% fewer BV and meal events per day, spent 21% less time eating during BV events, and had reduced day-to-day variation in HDD and meal frequency. For this study, distinctive differences were observed in the FB patterns of Holstein heifers with divergent RFI, which explained 33% of the between-animal variation in RFI.
189 Comparison of growth-promoting implant regimens from calfhood to finishing in beef steers: finishing phase
Authors: Ball Jase , Herring Ellen , Kegley Elizabeth B , Richeson John T , Apple Jason K , Tomczak D J , Palmer Elizabeth , Powell Jeremy G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare growth-promoting implant regimens and their effect on growth performance and carcass traits. Crossbred beef steers (n = 106; body weight = 96 ± 3.9 kg; age = 74 ± 2.0 d) were blocked by parity of dam (≤ 2 or > 2 parities), and stratified by birth weight, calf age, calf sire, cow body weight and body condition score then were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) administered Ralgro at branding (D 0), Ralgro at weaning (D 156), and Revalor XS at feedlot processing (D 325; RALG), 2) administered Component E-C at branding, Component TE-G at weaning, and Revalor XS at feedlot processing (COMP), 3) no growth-promoting implant at branding, administered Revalor-G at weaning, and Revalor XS at feedlot processing (N-REV), or 4) no growth-promoting implants administered during any phase of production (CTRL). Quantitative data were analyzed using PROC MIXED, whereas qualitative data were analyzed using the PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. At the end of the stocker phase (d 323), RALG (330 kg), COMP (324 kg), and N-REV (318 kg) were heavier (P = 0.02) compared to CTRL (297 kg). Calves implanted at branding, weaning, and feedlot entry (RALG and COMP) were ≥ 87 kg heavier than CTRL and 17 kg heavier compared to calves implanted only at weaning and feedlot entry (N-REV). Overall ADG during the feedlot phase were greater (P < 0.01) for RALG (2.17), COMP (2.17), and N-REV (2.09) compared to CTRL (1.76 kg). Hot carcass weights were greater (P < 0.01) in implanted steers compared to CTRL; however, quality grade was not affected (P = 0.79) by growth-promoting implant regimen. Implanting steers at branding or weaning may not negatively affect feedlot growth performance or carcass traits.
225 Identifying optimal levels of silage used as a roughage source in finishing beef cattle performance and liver abscess rate
Authors: Wilson Hannah C , Hilscher Henry , Carlson Zachary E , Boyd Bradley M , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Including a roughage source in high grain finishing diets can minimize the potential for acidosis and decreased animal performance. An individual feeding study was conducted comparing different levels of corn silage used as a roughage source on finishing performance and liver abscess rate. Sixty crossbred steers (432 kg ± 0.45 kg) were stratified by BW and assigned randomly to 4 treatments with 15 head per treatment. Treatments consisted of 3 inclusions of corn silage at 0 (CS0), 7.5 (CS7.5) and 15% (CS15) of the diet DM and a control treatment with 7.5% alfalfa (Alf). Steers were fed for 117 d in a Calan gate controlled individual feeding system. Refusals were taken weekly and corrected for DM. There were no differences for final BW (P < 0.88), DMI (P < 0.51), ADG (P < 0.88), or G:F (P < 0.20). There were no differences for carcass characteristics such as HCW (P < 0.83), marbling (P < 0.59), LM area (P < 0.84), or fat thickness due to treatment (P < 0.45). There were also no differences in dressing percentage (P < 0.26) or calculated yield grade (P < 0.63). Only 3 out of the 60 animals had liver abscesses, with 2 animals fed CS0 and 1 animal fed Alf. These data suggest that cattle, typically at high risk for reduced performance, are less likely to experience negative effects of high grain diets, like acidosis, when fed individually. When managed accordingly, no roughage is needed in the diet.
PSIII-9 Heritability estimates for sow prolapse
Authors: Christianson Marcie I , Howard Jeremy , Gray Kent , Supakron China , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Vaginal and rectal prolapse incidence has been increasing in the commercial breeding sow population in the U.S. This has resulted in increased sow breeding mortality rates in the U.S. in recent years. The objective of the present study was to estimate the potential role that genetics plays in the prolapse incidence of the U.S. commercial sow population. Data from 22,577 LW x LR crossbred sows from commercial breeding herds were used in this study. Genetic parameters for prolapse incidence were estimated using AIREMLF90 and THRGIBBS1F90 where an animal and threshold models were implemented. The fixed effects in the models included: contemporary group as farm and year-month of removal and removal parity. A random effect for sow and pedigree based relationship matrix was also included in the model. The highest rectal and reproductive tract prolapse incidence were observed in the 1st and 2nd parities. Moreover, sows born in 2013 were investigated greatest incidence of both prolapse incidence. Heritability estimates for prolapse incidence were 0.03 and 0.003 by using the animal and threshold models. The results from this study indicated that there is very little of any genetic impact on the prolapse incidence. Pork producers identify the environmental effects contributing to prolapse incidence.
PSIV-12 A fortified protein blend as a replacement for animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets: Effects on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring
Authors: Palencia Jorge Y P , Chastain Clayton S , Thayer Morgan T , Duttlinger Alan W , Mills Kayla M , Feldpausch Julie A , Richert Jacob A , Jones Dan B , Asmus Matthew D , Cantarelli Vinícius S , Richert Brian T 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This experiment observed the effects of replacing animal and fish proteins with a fortified protein blend (PROPLEX MVP) on growth performance, immune status, microbial metabolites, and fecal scoring of nursery pigs. A total of 244 barrows and gilts [Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire), avg. 19 d age and BW 5.88 ± 1.38 kg] were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design (2 dietary treatments × 2 feeding programs). The dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CONT) with animal and fish proteins and 2) PROPLEX MVP (MVP100): CONT with MVP replacing 100% of the animal and fish proteins. The feeding programs for each feeding phase were: high budget (H): Phase 1: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 2: 4.5 kg/pig; Phase 3: 6.8 kg/pig and low budget (L): Phase 1: 1.1 kg/pig; Phase 2: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 3: 3.4 kg/pig). For d 0-7, pigs fed CONT had greater ADG, ADFI, and G:F (P < 0.001) compared to MVP100. From d 7 to 14, ADG and G:F were greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed MVP100 compared to CONT pigs and greater for pigs fed the H budget compared to the L budget (P < 0.05). Overall, d 0 to 35, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in pig final BW, overall ADG, and G:F. For week two and most of the experimental period, pigs fed CONT had greater (P < 0.05) fecal scores, more soft and watery feces, and increased diarrhea incidence compared to MVP100 pigs. The total concentration of fecal volatile fatty acids was greater (P < 0.05) in CONT compared to MVP100 fed pigs. In conclusion, the MVP protein blend can be used as a cost effective alternative to animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets without compromising overall growth performance, immune status, and post-weaning diarrhea.
PSIV-20 A 6-phytase, Natuphos® E, target dosing energy release compared with fat in corn, soy diets fed to pigs
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME)-releasing efficacy of a 6-phytase, Natuphos E, on pig performance compared with fat. A total of 1750 weaned, (PIC 337 x Camborough) pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pig/rep x 7 treatments x 10 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight. Treatments consisted of PC, NC1=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -80 Kcal/kg, NC2=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -100 Kcal/kg, NC3=PC- 0.17% Ca, - 0.15% aP, -120 Kcal/kg, NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 FTU/kg. Pigs were fed mash corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatments. In phase 3, ADG was 655, 650, 642, 632, 697, 911 and 724 g, P < 0.05, respectively. FI was 968, 1000, 1004, 1010, 1028, 1023 and 1052,P < 0.05, respectively. FCR was 1.48, 1.54, 1.56, 1.60, 1.47, 1.44 and 1.45, P < 0.05, respectively. NC1, NC2 and NC3 decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and increased (P < 0.05) FCR compared to PC. NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 FTU/kg Natuphos E, increased (P < 0.05) ADG, and decreased (P < 0.05) FCR compared to PC. ADG, FI and FCR of NC1 + 1000, NC2 + 1750 and NC3 + 2500 had a better performance (P < 0.05) than NC1, NC2 and NC3, respectively. In conclusion, 1000, 1750 and 2500 FTU/kg phytase, Natuphos E, met or exceeded (P < 0.05) the performance of 80, 100 and 120 Kcal/kg. 2500 FTU/kg Natuphos E phytase could compensate, performance wise, the reduction of 0.17% Ca, 0.15% aP and 120 Kcal/kg ME in the diet.