bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric face transplantation: a viable option?
Authors: Dorante Miguel I. , Tasigiorgos Sotirios , Pomahac Bohdan 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Face transplantation is no longer a young field. Reported outcomes suggest that this life-enhancing transplantation is viable and ethically justified for appropriate patients. Given that pediatric hand transplantation has been performed with promising reported outcomes, it is time to consider how to properly expand the field of face transplantation into pediatric patients.

Recent findings
Appropriate collaboration between adult and pediatric colleagues can mitigate risks associated with expanding surgical innovation between respective patient demographics. The reported outcomes of the first pediatric hand transplant question the appropriateness of increasing immunosuppression burden to a patient on an existing regimen for prior solid organ allotransplantion. Young donor allografts prove to be more resilient, however, implying that managing rejection episodes is key to long-term viability. Expanding face transplants into a younger population must consider the social functions of the face, and may facilitate healthy personal development given the cultural value appearance has in real life and in social media.

Summary
We believe that pediatric face transplantation is not just a viable option, but an ethically reasonable one as long as the field proceeds with cautious optimism.
Caring for Parents After the Death of a Child
Authors: October Tessie , Dryden-Palmer Karen , Copnell Beverley , Meert Kathleen L. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To describe the health outcomes of bereaved parents and identify practical strategies for critical care providers as they support and provide anticipatory guidance to bereaved parents.

Data Sources:
PubMed and PsycInfo databases with search terms of bereavement, grief, with parent and pediatric or child complimented by personal experience and knowledge.

Study Selection:
We sought studies describing parental health outcomes and needs of bereaved parents after the death of their child.

Data Synthesis:
A narrative literature review was performed and framed from the perspective of PICU providers who care for bereaved parents. We aimed to describe experiences of grief and short- and long-term consequences and approaches to the care of parents and families in the immediate period and in the months after the death of a child.

Conclusions:
The death of a child is a traumatic experience that can put parents at risk for adverse mental and physical health during bereavement. Health professionals working in PICUs can benefit from knowing these risks to best support bereaved parents, both during their child’s hospitalization and in the early postdeath period. The bereavement experience of parents is an adaptive process, and ongoing professional support may be required for vulnerable families. After the child’s hospitalization and death, a bereavement follow-up meeting with PICU physician(s) and staff may allow parents to gain additional information, emotional support, and provide an opportunity for parents to give feedback on their experiences.
Comparing Youth-Friendly Health Services to the Standard of Care Through “Girl Power-Malawi”: A Quasi-Experimental Cohort Study
Authors: Rosenberg Nora E. , Bhushan Nivedita L. , Vansia Dhrutika , Phanga Twambilile , Maseko Bertha , Nthani Tiyamike , Libale Colleta , Bamuya Catherine , Kamtsendero Linda , Kachigamba Annie , Myers Laura , Tang Jennifer , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Bekker Linda-Gail , Pettifor Audrey E. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) face challenges to seeking HIV and sexual and reproductive health services in sub-Saharan Africa. Integrated approaches designed for AGYW may facilitate service uptake, but rigorous evaluation is needed.

Methods:
Four comparable public-sector health centers were selected in Malawi and randomly assigned to a service delivery model. One offered “standard of care” (SOC), consisting of vertical HIV testing, family planning, and sexually transmitted infection management in adult-oriented spaces, by providers without extra training. Three offered youth-friendly health services (YFHS), consisting of the same SOC services in integrated youth-dedicated spaces and staffed by youth-friendly peers and providers. In each health center, AGYW aged 15–24 years were enrolled and followed over 12 months to determine use of HIV testing, condoms, and hormonal contraception. The SOC and YFHS models were compared using adjusted risk differences and incidence rate ratios.

Findings:
In 2016, 1000 AGYW enrolled (N = 250/health center). Median age was 19 years (interquartile range = 17–21 years). Compared with AGYW in the SOC, those in the YFHS models were 23% [confidence interval (CI): 16% to 29%)] more likely to receive HIV testing, 57% (CI: 51% to 63%) more likely to receive condoms, and 39% (CI: 34% to 45%) more likely to receive hormonal contraception. Compared with AGYW in the SOC, AGYW in the YFHS models accessed HIV testing 2.4 (CI: 1.9 to 2.9) times more, condoms 7.9 (CI: 6.0 to 10.5) times more, and hormonal contraception 6.0 (CI: 4.2 to 8.7) times more.

Conclusions:
A YFHS model led to higher health service use. Implementation science is needed to guide scale-up.
Solid Pseudo-Papillary Tumor Mimicking as Complicated Pseudocyst
Authors: Turpin Sophie , Perron Marjorie , Vairy Stéphanie , Bénali Sébastien , Damphousse Amélie 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Pancreatic neoplasm is very rare in the pediatric population. Malignant tumors represent less than 0.2% of pediatric cancer-related mortality. Pancreas lesions can be from exocrine or endocrine origin or present themselves as cystic masses. Clinical, biological, and radiological findings usually are sufficient to establish diagnosis, but in some cases, they may be misleading. We present the case of a young patient presenting a pancreatic mass where anatomical and metabolic characteristics of the lesion were discordant to the final diagnosis.
Bones and muscular dystrophies: what do we know?
Authors: Wood Claire L. , Straub Volker 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Muscle and bone are intrinsically linked, and therefore, it is not surprising that many muscular dystrophies are associated with impaired bone health and increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporotic fracture is an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. This article will firstly review the general causes of impaired bone health in muscular dystrophies and then focus on the evidence available for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in specific conditions.

Recent findings
With the exception of DMD, there is a paucity of data regarding bone health in muscular dystrophies. However, it appears that in common with all types of muscular dystrophies that cause a significant level of muscle weakness and disability there is an increased risk of falls, fractures and decreased vitamin D levels. A better understanding of the extent of the impaired bone health and underlying causes could help to identify potential new therapeutic agents and aid clinical care.

Summary
It would be prudent for clinicians to assess fracture risk in their muscular dystrophy patients and if appropriate, arrange surveillance and recommend vitamin D supplementation. Additionally, fracture should be considered in any patient presenting with new-onset bone pain.
Artificial intelligence for the public sector: opportunities and challenges of cross-sector collaboration
Authors: Mikhaylov Slava Jankin , Esteve Marc , Campion Averill 
Published: August 2018

Public sector organizations are increasingly interested in using data science and artificial intelligence capabilities to deliver policy and generate efficiencies in high-uncertainty environments. The long-term success of data science and artificial intelligence (AI) in the public sector relies on effectively embedding it into delivery solutions for policy implementation. However, governments cannot do this integration of AI into public service delivery on their own. The UK Government Industrial Strategy is clear that delivering on the AI grand challenge requires collaboration between universities and the public and private sectors. This cross-sectoral collaborative approach is the norm in applied AI centres of excellence around the world. Despite their popularity, cross-sector collaborations entail serious management challenges that hinder their success. In this article we discuss the opportunities for and challenges of AI for the public sector. Finally, we propose a series of strategies to successfully manage these cross-sectoral collaborations.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations’.
Is privacy
privacy
?
Authors: Nissim Kobbi , Wood Alexandra 
Published: August 2018

This position paper observes how different technical and normative conceptions of privacy have evolved in parallel and describes the practical challenges that these divergent approaches pose. Notably, past technologies relied on intuitive, heuristic understandings of privacy that have since been shown not to satisfy expectations for privacy protection. With computations ubiquitously integrated in almost every aspect of our lives, it is increasingly important to ensure that privacy technologies provide protection that is in line with relevant social norms and normative expectations. Similarly, it is also important to examine social norms and normative expectations with respect to the evolving scientific study of privacy. To this end, we argue for a rigorous analysis of the mapping from normative to technical concepts of privacy and vice versa. We review the landscape of normative and technical definitions of privacy and discuss specific examples of gaps between definitions that are relevant in the context of privacy in statistical computation. We then identify opportunities for overcoming their differences in the design of new approaches to protecting privacy in accordance with both technical and normative standards.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations’.
How should we regulate artificial intelligence?
Authors: Reed Chris 
Published: August 2018

Using artificial intelligence (AI) technology to replace human decision-making will inevitably create new risks whose consequences are unforeseeable. This naturally leads to calls for regulation, but I argue that it is too early to attempt a general system of AI regulation. Instead, we should work incrementally within the existing legal and regulatory schemes which allocate responsibility, and therefore liability, to persons. Where AI clearly creates risks which current law and regulation cannot deal with adequately, then new regulation will be needed. But in most cases, the current system can work effectively if the producers of AI technology can provide sufficient transparency in explaining how AI decisions are made. Transparencyex postcan often be achieved through retrospective analysis of the technology's operations, and will be sufficient if the main goal is to compensate victims of incorrect decisions.Ex antetransparency is more challenging, and can limit the use of some AI technologies such as neural networks. It should only be demanded by regulation where the AI presents risks to fundamental rights, or where society needs reassuring that the technology can safely be used. Masterly inactivity in regulation is likely to achieve a better long-term solution than a rush to regulate in ignorance.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations'.
Algorithmic accountability
Authors: Shah Hetan 
Published: August 2018

There is enormous opportunity for positive social impact from the rise of algorithms and machine learning. But this requires a licence to operate from the public, based on trustworthiness. There are a range of concerns relating to how algorithms might be held to account in areas affecting the public sphere. This paper outlines a number of approaches including greater transparency, monitoring of outcomes and improved governance. It makes a case that public sector bodies that hold datasets should be more confident in negotiating terms with the private sector. It also argues that all regulators (not just data regulators) need to wake up to the challenges posed by changing technology. Other improvements include diversity of the workforce, ethics training, codes of conduct for data scientists, and new deliberative bodies. Even if these narrower issues are solved, the paper poses some wider concerns including data monopolies, the challenge to democracy, public participation and maintaining the public interest.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations’.
The public accountability of social platforms: lessons from a study on bots and trolls in the Brexit campaign
Authors: Bastos Marco , Mercea Dan 
Published: August 2018

In this article, we review our study of 13 493 bot-like Twitter accounts that tweeted during the UK European Union membership referendum debate and disappeared from the platform after the ballot. We discuss the methodological challenges and lessons learned from a study that emerged in a period of increasing weaponization of social media and mounting concerns about information warfare. We address the challenges and shortcomings involved in bot detection, the extent to which disinformation campaigns on social media are effective, valid metrics for user exposure, activation and engagement in the context of disinformation campaigns, unsupervised and supervised posting protocols, along with infrastructure and ethical issues associated with social sciences research based on large-scale social media data. We argue for improving researchers' access to data associated with contentious issues and suggest that social media platforms should offer public application programming interfaces to allow researchers access to content generated on their networks. We conclude with reflections on the relevance of this research agenda to public policy.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations'.
Direct Crystal Formation from Micronized Bone and Lactic Acid: The Writing on the Wall for Calcium-Containing Crystal Pathogenesis in Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Bulysheva Anna A. , Sori Nardos , Francis Michael P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionPathological calcium-containing crystals accumulating in the joints, synovial fluid, and soft tissues are noted in most elderly patients, yet arthritic crystal formation remains idiopathic. Interestingly, elevated lactic acid and bone erosion are frequently among the comorbidities and clinical features of patients with highest incidence of crystal arthropathies. This work shows that bone particulates (modeling bone erosion) dissolve in lactic acid and directly generate crystals, possibly presenting a mechanism for crystal accumulation in osteoarthritis.Methods and ResultsMicronized human bone (average particle size of 160μm x 79μm) completely dissolved in lactic acid in 48 hours, and in synovial fluid with 500mM lactic acid in 5 days, generating birefringent rhomboid and rod-shaped crystals. SEM analysis with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of these crystals showed average dimensions of around 2μm x 40μm, which contained oxygen, calcium and phosphorous at 8.64:1.85:1. Raman spectroscopy of the generated crystals further showed 910/cm and 1049/cm peaks, aligning with calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium pyrophosphate, respectively.ConclusionsThis work shows that lactic acid and micronized mineralized bone together directly generate calcium-containing crystals. These observations may provide insights into the elusive etiology of arthritis with crystal involvement, possibly indicating lactic acid as a clinical target for treatment.
A combination of transcription factors mediates inducible interchromosomal pairing
Authors: Kim Seungsoo , Dunham Maitreya J , Shendure Jay 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRemodeling of the three-dimensional organization of a genome has been previously described (e.g. condition-specific pairing or looping), but it remains unknown which factors specify and mediate such shifts in chromosome conformation. Here we describe an assay, MAP-C (Mutation Analysis in Pools by Chromosome conformation capture), that enables the simultaneous characterization of hundreds of cis or trans-acting mutations for their effects on a chromosomal contact or loop. As a proof of concept, we applied MAP-C to systematically dissect the molecular mechanism of inducible interchromosomal pairing between HAS1pr-TDA1pr alleles in Saccharomyces yeast. We identified three transcription factors, Leu3, Sdd4 (Ypr022c), and Rgt1, whose collective binding to nearby DNA sequences is necessary and sufficient for inducible pairing between binding site clusters. Rgt1 contributes to the regulation of pairing, both through changes in expression level and through its interactions with the Tup1/Ssn6 repressor complex. HAS1pr-TDA1pr is the only locus with a cluster of binding site motifs for all three factors in both S. cerevisiae and S. uvarum genomes, but the promoter for HXT3, which contains Leu3 and Rgt1 motifs, also exhibits inducible homolog pairing. Altogether, our results demonstrate that specific combinations of transcription factors can mediate condition-specific interchromosomal contacts, and reveal a molecular mechanism for interchromosomal contacts and mitotic homolog pairing.
A cross-organism framework for supervised enhancer prediction with epigenetic pattern recognition and targeted validation
Authors: Sethi Anurag , Gu Mengting , Gumusgoz Emrah , Chan Landon , Yan Koon-Kiu , Rozowsky Joel , Barozzi Iros , Afzal Veena , Akiyama Jennifer , Plajzer-Frick Ingrid , Yan Chengfei , Pickle Catherine , Kato Momoe , Garvin Tyler , Pham Quan , Harrington Anne , Mannion Brandon , Lee Elizabeth , Fukuda-Yuzawa Yoko , Visel Axel , Dickel Diane E. , Yip Kevin , Sutton Richard , Pennacchio Len A. , Gerstein Mark 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEnhancers are important noncoding elements, but they have been traditionally hard to characterize experimentally. Only a few mammalian enhancers have been validated, making it difficult to train statistical models for their identification properly. Instead, postulated patterns of genomic features have been used heuristically for identification. The development of massively parallel assays allows for the characterization of large numbers of enhancers for the first time. Here, we developed a framework that uses Drosophila STARR-seq data to create shape-matching filters based on enhancer-associated meta-profiles of epigenetic features. We combined these features with supervised machine learning algorithms (e.g., support vector machines) to predict enhancers. We demonstrated that our model could be applied to predict enhancers in mammalian species (i.e., mouse and human). We comprehensively validated the predictions using a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, involving transgenic assays in mouse and transduction-based reporter assays in human cell lines. Overall, the validations involved 153 enhancers in 6 mouse tissues and 4 human cell lines. The results confirmed that our model can accurately predict enhancers in different species without re-parameterization. Finally, we examined the transcription-factor binding patterns at predicted enhancers and promoters in human cell lines. We demonstrated that these patterns enable the construction of a secondary model effectively discriminating between enhancers and promoters.
Circuit Degeneracy Facilitates Robustness and Flexibility of Navigation Behavior in C.elegans
Authors: Ikeda Muneki , Nakano Shunji , Giles Andrew C. , Costa Wagner Steuer , Gottschalk Alexander , Mori Ikue 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAnimal behaviors are robust and flexible. To elucidate how these two conflicting features of behavior are encoded in the nervous system, we analyzed the neural circuits generating a C. elegans thermotaxis behavior, in which animals migrate toward the past cultivation temperature (Tc). We identified multiple circuits that are highly overlapping but individually regulate distinct behavioral components to achieve thermotaxis. When the regulation of a behavioral component is disrupted following single cell ablations, the other components compensate the deficit, enabling the animals to robustly migrate toward the Tc. Depending on whether the environmental temperature surrounding the animals is above or below the Tc, different circuits regulate the same behavioral components, mediating the flexible switch between migration up or down toward the Tc. These context-dependencies within the overlapping sub-circuits reveal the implementation of degeneracy in the nervous system, providing a circuit-level basis for the robustness and flexibility of behavior.
A genetic, genomic, and computational resource for exploring neural circuit function
Authors: Davis Fred P. , Nern Aljoscha , Picard Serge , Reiser Michael B. , Rubin Gerald M. , Eddy Sean R. , Henry Gilbert L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe anatomy of many neural circuits is being characterized with increasing resolution, but their molecular properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we characterize gene expression patterns in distinct neural cell types of theDrosophilavisual system using genetic lines to access individual cell types, the TAPIN-seq method to measure their transcriptomes, and a probabilistic method to interpret these measurements. We used these tools to build a resource of high-resolution transcriptomes for 100 driver lines covering 67 cell types, available athttp://www.opticlobe.com. Combining these transcriptomes with recently reported connectomes helps characterize how information is transmitted and processed across a range of scales, from individual synapses to circuit pathways. We describe examples that include identifying neurotransmitters, including cases of co-release, generating functional hypotheses based on receptor expression, as well as identifying strong commonalities between different cell types.HighlightsTranscriptomes reveal transmitters and receptors expressed inDrosophilavisual neuronsTandem affinity purification of intact nuclei (TAPIN) enables neuronal genomicsTAPIN-seq and genetic drivers establish transcriptomes of 67Drosophilacell typesProbabilistic modeling simplifies interpretation of large transcriptome catalogs