bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russia
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Russian anti-corruption legislation generally consists of federal laws, including codified acts. Recent developments in Russian anti-corruption legislation have mainly been aimed at stiffening the penalties for corruption-related offenses and making legal entities carry out their anti-corruption duties more effectively. In the last few years enforcement trends show that Russian law enforcement authorities are increasingly focusing on investigating corruption-related offenses committed by public officials rather than in the commercial sector. Russian law envisages both criminal and administrative liability for corruption-related offenses (save for corporate entities, which cannot be held criminally liable), including a wide variety of penalties that depend on, among other things, the amount of the bribe given and whether there are any aggravating circumstances. There is practically no difference in the way that bribery of domestic and foreign officials is treated under Russian anti-corruption legislation. Broad investigative powers are vested in investigators rather than prosecutors—the latter mainly having the role of monitoring law enforcement authorities’ compliance with the law and representing the state in criminal proceedings in court. No obligation to cooperate with investigators and prosecutors is specifically imposed in the Russian law of criminal procedure, but there are special rules governing participation by persons (including witnesses and injured parties) in criminal proceedings.
Tunisia
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
At the forefront of the “Jasmine Revolution” in 2011, Tunisia ousted an autocrat and expressly provided for the prevention of corruption in its new constitution. While its stated commitment to anti-corruption in the aftermath of the Arab Spring is laudatory, Tunisia is still inching incrementally toward laws and policies that uphold transparency and accountability. This chapter examines Tunisia’s legal and regulatory anti-corruption regime, including but not limited to criminal and civil codes and treaty obligations, under its new constitution. It concludes that while Article 10 of the Tunisian Constitution and the legal reforms that have followed are a strong declaration of intent to change course, “[h]istory will judge if they fulfill their promise.”
The United Arab Emirates
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) anti-corruption framework targets bribery of domestic and foreign officials, corruption, and even facilitation payments. The laws, which appear in legislative initiatives regulating a variety of industries and areas, create a robust system to combat both public and private-sector corruption and bribery. A 2016 amendment to the Federal Penal Code strengthened the legal framework against public corruption, fraud, and embezzlement with a view to strengthening the laws that protect the public trust. The anti-corruption framework can be found primarily in the UAE’s civil law, its Federal Human Resources Law, and its penal code. The enforcement is handled by the police, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the Ministry of Justice, and the State Audit Institution. Given the increased international cooperation between regulatory agencies, the UAE’s enforcement agencies and its regulators will be at the forefront of the global fight against corruption. This is especially true given the UAE’s growing importance in regional and global financial markets.
United Kingdom
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The United Kingdom was one of the first countries in the world to have explicit statutory provisions outlawing bribery, and has had a long-standing legislative framework prohibiting fraud and misconduct in public office. Nevertheless, historically, these laws were rarely used. Following recommendations by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the UK adopted its first comprehensive anti-corruption legislation in the form of the Bribery Act 2010 (“Bribery Act”), which went into force in July 2011. The Bribery Act is now considered arguably one of the most stringent anti-corruption statutes in the world, criminalizing both public and commercial bribery. In recent years, the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) has demonstrated an increased willingness to take a more aggressive approach to enforcing the Bribery Act, as illustrated by the SFO’s deferred prosecution agreement with Rolls Royce Plc in January 2017, which resulted in a record-breaking £497 million settlement.
The Delicate Task: Guide to Investigating Allegations of Company-Internal Misconduct
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Conducting internal investigations requires a delicate balancing act for lawyers. The most immediate goal of any internal investigation is discovering the truth. But in the complicated real world occupied by today’s companies, the search for the truth finds itself in constant tension with other important, and often outcome-determinative, considerations. Nevertheless, it is critical that companies conduct an appropriately scaled, appropriately overseen investigation. This chapter first discusses the value of an internal investigation. It then offers a few words on the role of the board of directors when management or a board member is implicated, before describing in detail the basic steps a company should follow in conducting its investigation.
Voluntary Disclosures
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the course of doing business, company managers may discover that the company has violated the law, thereby exposing the company to potential civil or criminal liability. When this occurs, an inevitable question is whether the company should voluntarily disclose this information to the government. To be sure, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) has strongly encouraged companies to self-report their misdeeds. However, disclosure is not without serious risks and potential consequences. Determining whether to self-report requires careful evaluation of multiple considerations. This chapter discusses in depth those considerations, and fully outlines both the benefits and risks of voluntary disclosure.
On the Anti-Bribery “Watchlist”: Compliance and Labor/Anti-Trafficking Issues
Authors: Boutros Andrew 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Today’s companies must understand and prevent the myriad problems flowing from labor issues. Increasingly demanding, serious compliance attention and resources are now being focused on the emerging area of human anti-trafficking and forced labor laws and regulations as they relate to business supply chains. These mandates include the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, the Executive Order on Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal Contracts, and the UK Modern Slavery Act of 2015. By enlisting or conscripting companies into the fight against human trafficking, child labor, and other “forced” or “coerced” labor practices, these laws introduce a wholly new compliance reality requiring accountability and supply chain compliance.
Islam as Social Movement
Authors: Bamyeh Mohammed A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The chapter identifies five common features of modern Islamic social movements: 1) They tend to begin as mutual aid societies rather than as clearly defined political entities; 2) they offer themselves up as ways for society at large to organize itself outside the state; 3) they signify the increasing politicization of society itself; 4) they are only partially oriented to capturing state power; and 5) they tend to transform when they capture the state or become part of it. The jihadist movements are treated as a sub-case of Islamic mobilization, and the chapter considers five theses concerned specifically with jihadism: 1) jihadism as generic radicalism camouflaged in religious language; 2) jihadism as fusion of two previously distinct theaters (local wars and global youth culture); 3) jihadism as Islamized traces of former, secular regimes; 4) jihadism as nihilism borne out of a sense of impasse; and 5) jihadism as critical mimicry of government ideology.
Introduction: Crime and Punishment as a Philosophical Novel
Authors: Guay Robert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter raises the questions of what the relationship of philosophy and literature might be and, in particular, what might make Crime and Punishment a distinctively philosophical novel. Rather than trying to provide a general answer, I argue that the individual essays of this collection implicitly address these questions by calling for philosophical attention to particular elements of human experience. I then review the diversity of approaches the essays take up in doing so: for example, looking to the workings of language to understand the character of the mind, finding an affective orientation to human existence as a whole, gaining access to a practical standpoint, and responding to a utopian criticism of the traditional family.
Portrayals of Mind
Authors: Hagberg Garry L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This essay offers readings of episodes from Crime and Punishment, in particular Raskolnikov’s receipt of the letter from his mother and his discussions with Zametov and with Porfiry Petrovich, with a view to identifying how Dostoevsky depicts the nature of the mind. In Dostoevsky’s picture, it is shown, mental privacy is itself socially grounded and contextual, and subject to destabilizing self-descriptions; mental contents are knowable only through our discursive connection to others; and the expressive potential of language far exceeds anyone’s intentional control. Dostoevsky’s presentation of the mind is compared to the philosophical views of Wollheim, Moran, and Murdoch.
Love, Suffering, and Gratitude for Existence
Authors: Furtak Rick Anthony 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This essay examines the transformation of Raskolnikov’s characteristic emotions toward his crime and toward his entire life in the world. Specifically, I argue that it is through Raskolnikov’s capacity to feel guilt over a particular deed that he overcomes his ambivalent emotions toward the limits of finite human existence. His commission of a crime and the subsequent experience of guilt allow him to redefine his predominant attitude toward the world. For much of the novel, Raskolnikov seems to wish that he could hover tentatively above finite existence rather than be immersed in it, but through his experience of guilt Raskolnikov develops his potential to care for others. His eventual guilt and remorse for what he has done are thus not only about the murder: these emotions show Raskolnikov’s willingness to accept the intricate ways in which he is implicated in a finite, temporal, historically situated existence. Only thus can Raskolnikov wholeheartedly begin a morally accountable life among others. What is affectively at issue for Dostoevsky’s protagonist, as I will show, is the tension between his general antipathy for the world and his capacity to love.
Crime and Expression
Authors: Guay Robert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that the narrative of Crime and Punishment somewhat inadvertently functions as an extended commentary on the nature of agency. My claim, that is, is that each of Dostoevsky’s characters, including Raskolnikov at various points in time, represents a plausible approach to understanding the ways in which an agent relates to his deeds. Dostoevsky dramatizes these relations as ending in sometimes spectacular failures, with the result that narrative events become difficult to characterize in intentional terms. Raskolnikov, oddly, switches among all these forms of relationship, but does not arrive at a satisfactory connection to his actions until he is able to recognize himself in his deeds. The drama of Crime and Punishment thus functions as an argument for treating agency as expressive, and so a matter of realizing in the world deeds that are rationally responsive and adequate to one’s own understanding of them.
Physiognomy
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall considered his new science a part of physiognomy, the idea that physical features are revealing of character. This idea, accepted by Hippocrates and promoted by the Aristotelians, can also be found in Galen’s influential writings from the second century ad, as well as in later books with pictures of men having features like cows and lions and personalities to match. Lavater’s well-illustrated physiognomy books from the 1770s were still very popular when Gall developed his doctrine. But unlike his predecessors, who he depreciated, Gall focused entirely on the head, and related cranial features to distinct higher brain parts, which he associated with different functions. In brief, his physiognomy, with its emphasis on the brain and its functions, represented a major break with past formulations and was presented as revolutionary.
A Man of Skulls, and More
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall used various methods when studying people and animals, including dissecting brains, studying individuals with brain damage and diseases, and correlating brain development with the advent of specific behaviors. His primary method, however, was examining the heads and skulls of groups of people either very strong or unusually weak in a behavioral trait, or interviewing people with unusual cranial features, and correlating his craniological observations (e.g., bumps, depressions) with specific mental functions. As shown in this chapter, he had to rely heavily on skulls because he did not have access to adequate numbers of brains of exceptional people, other than lunatics and criminals, and because he did not have good ways of preserving the brains he could get. He also collected skulls showing age-related changes, and amassed a large number of head casts of living or deceased exceptional men, women, and children.
Hostility in Vienna
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall remained in Vienna until 1805. He would have liked to continue working there but was prohibited from giving lectures (even in his home) by Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, who was guided by court physician Andreas Joseph von Stifft. The charges levied against Gall in 1801 were that he did not have a proper license to lecture, which was absurd, and that he was preaching unacceptable materialism. Gall’s listeners made notes of his lectures, and some were published. As for the charges, there are records showing how he responded to them in thoughtful detail, and that he also had some supporters. But things did not go his way and after a while he felt it best to leave Vienna voluntarily, at least for a while, given the power plays, conservative politics, and the ban now limiting his activities. He had several research assistants during his time in Vienna, the most important being Johann Spurzheim, who was a skilled dissector and strong in theology and philosophy. Gall met him in 1800 and hired him in 1804, after the emperor’s decrees restricted his lecturing to the Viennese.
A Detour to Holland, Switzerland, and Back to Germany
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall’s scientific travels took him from the German states to the Netherlands in 1806, where his ideas were already known to many people, having been covered in periodicals and books, as well as through word of mouth. But although the Dutch had been intrigued by physiognomy, they were less than enthusiastic about Gall, who did not help his cause by how he reacted to small audiences and some fellow scientists. This part of his journey included stops in Utrecht, Amsterdam, the Hague, and Leiden. Tepid receptions made him anxious to return to the German states, starting with Cologne, where he also experienced a lack of interest. Things improved when he made his way to Frankfurt and then to some smaller German cities, and he was able to see his parents in Tiefenbronn. Gall had previously made a short stop in Heidelberg, returning there early in 1807 and entering into a vitriolic debate with Jakob Fidelis Ackermann, who criticized virtually everything Gall did in a book. He then went to Munich, where he met with anatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring, who was polite but felt Gall was a poor listener and not always right. Zurich, Bern, and some other Swiss cities followed, and once again Weimar. By the fall of 1807, he dropped his plans to go to Russia and instead turned to Paris, not expecting to spend the rest of his life there.
The Long-Awaited Volumes
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGall was already starting to write a book about organology while in Vienna. It had been approved by the censor and he had a subscription to back it. But he did not complete it there or during his lecture-demonstration tour prior to entering France. He did, however, continue to collect more case studies and feedback along the way and in Paris, where he was helped with his French. Gall knew this book was important for his legitimacy as a serious scientist and for his legacy, and he spent a small fortune on the four volumes and magnificent accompanying atlas. Titled Anatomie et Physiologie du Système Nerveux en Général, et du Cerveau en Particulier, it came out between 1810 and 1819, with Spurzheim (who left him in the interim) as his co-author on the first two volumes and the atlas. To his dismay, Gall discovered that the set was too expensive for most of his readers to afford. This revelation led him to publish a less expensive “small edition” without the detailed neuroanatomy and the costly atlas, his Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau et sur Celles de Chacune de ses Parties, which left his organologie virtually unchanged and was completed in 1825. The latter was translated into English a decade later, seven years after his death, and it allowed a broader audience to follow his logic and see his evidence for multiple, independent organs of mind associated with discrete cortical territories.
PresentingOrganologie
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn his Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau, Gall dispensed with his extensive neuroanatomy and focused exclusively on his organologie. He began with a discussion about the brain becoming more complex as one ascended the ladder to humans, showing where we fit into the animal kingdom. He then turned to the faculties being innate, while recognizing that learning might teach us how to control some inborn propensities. He also explained why he dismissed metaphysics from his formulation, yet why his doctrine should not be regarded as materialist, fatalistic, or destructive of free will. In his second volume, he made the case for multiple organs of mind and dispensed with earlier notions. His next volume presented his various methods, showed his awareness of the power of converging operations, and laid out his reasons for making cranioscopy his primary method for determining the faculties of mind and the parts of the brain associated with them. The importance of dealing with exceptional people and animals is also made clear here. At the end of his third volume, he presented his evidence for the most primitive of his 27 faculties, continuing on to his eight distinctly human faculties in his fifth volume. New works on the brain by other authors are covered in his sixth volume, with commentary about each.
Spurzheim’s “Phrenology” and Gall in Britain
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough the British were kept aware of Gall’s doctrine from 1800 on, their reactions to it were muted until Spurzheim left him, made his way to London in 1814, and immediately began to promote what would soon become known as “phrenology” (a term he did not coin but began to use in 1818) in books and lecture-demonstrations throughout the British Isles. Anxious to stand out on his own after first associating himself with his more famous mentor, Spurzheim took it upon himself to modify Gall’s system, renaming some of the 27 faculties, adding a few new ones, and reclassifying them in what he considered a superior way. His first books appeared in English in 1815, and he was prolific. Gall was so bothered by the inroads Spurzheim was making that he visited London in 1823 to set the record straight. To his dismay, his lectures were not well attended and he cut his tour short. Spurzheim engaged in some well-covered debates with John Gordon, who considered the doctrine “a collection of mere absurdities,” and later with William Hamilton in Edinburgh. He also found a disciple in Edinburgh, George Combe, whose efforts would lead to the first phrenological society and journal, and in 1828 (the year of Gall’s death) a best-selling book, his Constitution of Man.
The virtue of narrowing: the fiscal federalism setting
Authors: Salmon Pierre 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter mainly discusses the empirical work in the domain of local (subcentral) finance involving yardstick competition. It begins with a short section on the systemic novelty introduced by yardstick competition into the theory of fiscal federalism. The central part of the chapter focuses on the empirical arguments developed to probe the presence of yardstick competition and yardstick voting in various data sets. Then, some queries are formulated about the exact nature of what has been established empirically so far. It seems clearly confirmed that some form of yardstick competition or yardstick voting is at work in different settings. That result is important but the findings should not be supposed to validate the game-theoretical analysis or the pure mimicking behavior assumption typically associated with the empirical studies. Alternative approaches are considered toward the end of the chapter.
“We Are Not Trying to Make a Political Piece”
Authors: Ebright Ryan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Steve Reich and Beryl Korot’s 1993 video opera, The Cave, addresses a potent political subject: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet shortly after its premiere, they publicly disavowed art’s capacity to effect political or social change. This disavowal belies the explicitly political genesis of The Cave, the development of which throughout the 1980s coincided with rising Arab-Israeli tensions and the First Intifada. Early sketches, outlines, and descriptions of The Cave reveal that the pair initially viewed their quasi-opera as a step toward “reconciling the family of man.” By 1993, however, they instead adopted a seemingly apolitical stance, shying away from answering the fundamental question they had set out to answer: How can Jews and Muslims live together peacefully? This chapter argues that traces of this bid for peace remain in the opera’s music, text, and narrative structure, and that despite its purported neutrality, The Cave espouses an Americanized vision of Arab-Israeli reconciliation.
That’s All It Does
Authors: Tenzer Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Though integral to his formation as a composer, Steve Reich’s studies of Balinese gamelan have been overlooked. In part this is because of a certain redundancy: features of Balinese overlap significantly with the West African music whose impact on Reich’s formative works of the 1970s has been amply demonstrated. These include predominance of percussion, repetitive cyclic structures, interlocking rhythms, systems of oral transmission, and the nonprofessional ethos of the performing ensemble’s interactive behaviors. But what of the features of the Balinese music Reich studied and did not assimilate? Among these are malleable tempo, extended and minimally repetitive cycles, and tonally hierarchic melodies rooted in Southeast Asian traditions of sung poetry. Their eschewal opens pathways for insight into Reich’s music, as well as his cultural subjectivity, in the process illuminating unsuspected aesthetic affinity between his detractors among “uptown” composition apologists of the time and traditional Balinese musicians.