bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Analysis of Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring Data to Assess Possible Relationships between the Sublethal Toxicity of Effluent and Effects on Biota in the Field
Authors: Walker Sherry L. , Lowell Richard B. , Sherry James P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Data from the sublethal toxicity testing of effluents may or may not be predictive of field effects. Although qualitative studies have attempted to support a predictive relationship at select sites, few quantitative studies have been undertaken to establish whether general predictive relationships exist for diverse recipient environments. Since Canada's Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Program encompasses a strong field component as well as a suite of sublethal toxicity tests, the Cycle 2 data set of the Pulp and Paper EEM Program presented an opportunity to elucidate whether relationships exist between various sublethal toxicity endpoints used in EEM and field effects that were determined in surveys of benthic invertebrate communities and fish populations. Sublethal toxicity data and key endpoints from the fish (gonad weight, liver weight and condition) and invertebrate surveys (taxon richness and abundance) were quantitatively analyzed using simple bivariate correlation analysis. Our preliminary analysis of the data did not reveal any meaningful general relationships between the field biomonitoring and sublethal toxicity data collected under the Pulp and Paper EEM Program. Although the sublethal toxicity tests are useful to assess changes in effluent quality, their ability to predict the field effects for the key endpoints that are currently measured for fish and benthos in the Pulp and Paper EEM Program remains unsubstantiated.
Investigation of Cause in Pulp and Paper Environmental Effects Monitoring
Authors: Hewitt L. Mark , Dubé Monique G. , Ribey Sandra C. , Culp Joseph M. , Lowell Richard , Hedley Kathleen , Kilgour Bruce , Portt Cameron , Maclatchy Deborah L. , Munkittrick Kelly R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Programs in Canada have been developed for the pulp and paper and metal mining industries. The EEM Program conducts cyclical evaluations of receiving environments to determine whether effects exist when facilities comply with existing regulations. Investigation of cause (IOC) is a specific stage in the EEM Program that is used after environmental effects in fish and/or benthos have been detected, confirmed and their extent and magnitude have been documented. This paper presents an overview of the processes associated with this phase of monitoring.
The objective of an IOC is to obtain sufficient information so that the source of the effect can be identified and removed, or its effects reduced to an acceptable level. The initial direction of an IOC is dependent upon the type of response patterns observed for fish and/or benthos during EEM cycles and extent/magnitude studies. The framework presented in this paper is based on an amalgamation of research projects conducted at Canadian pulp mills over the last decade and selected studies are summarized as examples. It also represents an integration of several research philosophies and scientific disciplines. The framework is based on national response patterns from the second cycle of pulp and paper EEM studies. IOCs are directed into either an eutrophication-based investigation or a contaminant-based investigation (including metabolic disruption in fish). The framework is constructed with a progression of investigative levels designed to provide more information on the causative factors. Each of these phases also represents a decision point for stakeholders to determine if sufficient information has been attained about the causal factor(s) and whether the IOC should be concluded. It is expected that the framework will evolve with a growing knowledge base of causal factors, as facilities enter into this phase of the EEM Program.
Site Fidelity of Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) in an Atlantic Canadian Estuary
Authors: Skinner Marc A. , Courtenay Simon C. , Parker W. Roy , Curry R. Allen 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The site fidelity of mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) within the upper Miramichi River estuary, New Brunswick, Canada, was investigated to assess the value of using this fish as a sentinel species for monitoring effects of point source anthropogenic effluents such as pulp and paper mill effluent. During the ice-free season (May to November) of 2002, 4123 adult mummichogs (&gt;30 mm TL) were captured, by beach seine and minnow trap, biweekly from four sites within the estuary. Fish were marked intramuscularly using Visible Implant Elastomer (Northwest Marine Technologies, Inc., Shaw Island, Wash., U.S.). Recaptures were made at the marking sites and elsewhere during this period and again during the ice-free season of April to November 2003. A total of 639 (15.5% of those marked) mummichogs were recaptured with 617 (96.6%) found within 200 m of the point of initial release. Twenty-nine of the 617 were recaptured 2 or 3 times at sites of original marking. The remaining 22 recaptured fish moved distances ranging from 600 to 3600 m up- and downstream of initial marking sites. Eighty-two percent of recaptures were made within 12 weeks of the start of marking with the remainder recovered up to 72 weeks later. These findings are consistent with results from studies of mummichog movement in smaller water bodies and other parts of the species' range. With regard to mobility, these results add to the growing body of literature supporting the usefulness of mummichogs as a sentinel species in environmental monitoring programs for point-source impacts in Atlantic Canadian estuaries.
Overview of Methodology and Endpoints in Fathead Minnow Lifecycle Tests Assessing Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents
Authors: Parrott Joanne L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) lifecycle tests have been used to assess the effects of many North American pulp mill effluents. Fish are exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to final effluent, from the egg stage through hatching, juvenile stage and mature adult stage. Outlined here are methods for the lifecycle test (which takes from 4 to 5 months to complete) with sampling of juvenile fish at 1, 2 and 3 months of age, and sampling of mature adults after breeding. The results of most fathead minnow lifecycle studies have shown that pulp mill effluents cause metabolic and reproductive disruption (enlarged livers, reduced egg production, smaller gonads, decreased sex hormones and reduced secondary sex characteristics). Thus, the fathead minnow lifecycle assay is able to mimic the most commonly observed changes seen in wild fish exposed to pulp mill effluents. Sensitive indicators of reproductive effects in fathead minnows exposed for a lifecycle to pulp mill effluents include secondary sex characteristics, time to first reproduction and number of eggs laid. Egg production is often the most sensitive response to pulp mill effluents. Because of the length and cost of full lifecycle tests, a shortened assay using adult fish was developed as a screen for endocrine-disrupting compounds. This assay, the terminal reproduction test, has been used with success on a few pulp mill effluents. The assay exposes fathead minnow breeding pairs for three weeks to effluent, and compares egg production, sex characteristics and bioindicators of reproductive performance in pre-exposure versus post-exposure fish. For assessment of pulp mill effluents, it appears that the sensitivity of the shortened terminal reproductive fathead minnow assay may be improved by assessing bioindicators of reproductive performance (such as circulating levels of sex hormones, and circulating or hepatic vitellogenin) along with changes in secondary sex characteristics and egg production.
Biological Criteria for Municipal Wastewater Effluent Monitoring Programs
Authors: Kilgour Bruce W. , Munkittrick Kelly R. , Portt Cameron B. , Hedley Kathleen , Culp Joseph , Dixit Sushil , Pastershank Georgine 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As part of the long-term strategy for addressing issues related to municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE), Environment Canada is developing environmental quality objectives (EQOs) for the aquatic receiving environment. Recommended biological monitoring components of the aquatic ecosystem include fish communities, benthic macroinvertebrate communities, sentinel fish species and primary producers (macrophytes, attached algae, phytoplankton). A set of criteria was developed for measurable attributes (indicators) of each of those components. Recommended numeric and narrative criteria could be used to determine when MWWE should be managed. Warning-level criteria for indices of benthic community composition are considered effects on indices of composition that deviate from the mean reference response by more than ±2 standard deviations. For sentinel fish population parameters, warning-level effects are considered &gt;25% differences from reference in gonad or liver size, growth, or age, or a &gt;10% change in condition factor. For primary producers, warning-level effects are considered those that coincide with anticipated changes in fish communities based on existing models. Where warning-level criteria are exceeded, it is recommended that monitoring be repeated at two- to three-year intervals. Where continued monitoring demonstrates an increase in the extent or magnitude of effects on indices of benthic community composition, or sentinel fish population parameters, it is recommended that effects be considered unacceptable and that the cause of effects be identified and managed. Losses of non-rare species or shifts in dominance are considered severe fish-community effects that should trigger management (i.e., identification and elimination of causative agents). Domination of the benthic community by one or a few tolerant taxa normally coincides with effects on fish communities, and should also be considered a severe effect that triggers management.
Analyzing the Spatial Distribution of Sediment Contamination in the Lower Great Lakes
Authors: Forsythe K. Wayne , Marvin Chris H. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Despite significant reductions in contaminant concentrations over the past 30 years, large areas within Lake Erie and Lake Ontario still exceed Canadian sediment quality guidelines. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) can persist for long periods of time in the environment and cause significant ecosystem damage. Analyses of the spatial distribution of these contaminants were carried out using a GIS-based kriging technique. Initially, statistically valid results were obtained for three of four contaminants in Lake Erie (HCB, Pb, Hg) and two of four (HCB, Hg) in Lake Ontario. Acceptable concentration estimates were subsequently achieved for all contaminants following log-normal transformation kriging analyses. In general, the concentration of contaminants was lower in sediment collected in Lake Erie than in Lake Ontario. In many areas of Lake Erie, the concentrations were under both the probable effect level (PEL) and the threshold effect level (TEL), which relate to the severity of adverse biological effects that may be expected. Greater concentrations of these contaminants were observed in Lake Ontario sediments, which can be partly explained by the bathymetry and current circulation patterns in the lake.
Diatom- and Chironomid-Inferred Eutrophication of Bouchie Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Heinrichs Markus L. , Cumming Brian F. , Laird Kathleen R. , Hart J. Sanford 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Diatom and chironomid analysis of sediments encompassing the past 400 years from Bouchie Lake, British Columbia, suggests two distinct periods of limnological conditions. Prior to 1950 AD, Fragilaria construens and F. pinnata are the most common diatom species, and Chironomus, Procladius and Tanytarsini dominate the chironomid record. Moderately low nutrient concentrations consistent with oligo-mesotrophic lakes are inferred. From 1950, the diatom assemblage is dominated by Stephanodiscus parvus, a eutrophic indicator, whereas the chironomid communities show a relative increase in littoral taxa coincident with lower head capsule abundance. Higher nutrient levels, specifically total phosphorus, which increased from 8 µg L-1 prior to 1950 to 20 µg L-1 currently, are coincident with midge communities indicative of lower oxygen concentrations. Observed biotic changes and nutrient levels inferred from the sediment core correspond to historical land-use changes.
Removal and Recovery of Cr(VI) from Synthetic and Industrial Wastewater using Bark of Pinus roxburghii as an Adsorbent
Authors: Ahmad Rais , Rao Rifaqat Ali Khan , Masood Mir Mohammad 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the present study, the potential of Pinus roxburghii bark as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals such as Cr(VI), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution at ambient temperature was investigated. Adsorption capacity of the material was found to be 4.15, 3.89, 3.81, 3.53 and 3.01 mg g-1 for Cr(VI), Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Cd(II), respectively, at an initial metal ion concentration of 50 mg L-1 at pH 6.5. The effect of concentration, contact time, adsorbent dose, solution pH, adsorbent particle size, salinity and hardness on the adsorption of Cr(VI) were studied in detail in batch experiments. The equilibrium contact time for Cr(VI) adsorption was found to be 1 h. Adsorption equilibrium data fit well to the Freundlich isotherm in the concentration range studied. The maximum adsorption (96.2%) was recorded at pH 3 for the initial Cr(VI) concentration of 50 mg L-1. The adsorbed metal ions from industrial wastewater were recovered using 0.1 M HCl solution. The column operation was found to be more effective compared to batch process. The percent recovery of Cr(VI) from industrial wastewater by column operation and batch process was found to be 85.8 and 65%, respectively. The results show that Pinus roxburghii bark can be used as a cost-effective adsorbent for the removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from wastewater.
Transport Modelling of Copper Contamination in Groundwater Caused by a Wood Preservation Plant
Authors: Tombul Mustafa , Koparal Ali Savaş , Öğütveren Ülker Bakır 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Contaminants can adhere to soil and subsequent rainfall can leach the adhered contaminant into groundwater. Transport models can determine the main features of contaminant and carrier transport in groundwater systems, and therefore determine potential risks for public health and ecosystems.
In this study, the effect of copper contamination caused by a wood preservation plant near Eskişehir, Turkey, on the possible pollution of drinking water supply wells was investigated with two different models. The first model, which deals with the movement of contaminants to groundwater, is a numerical model known as Flonet/Trans (Waterloo Hydrogeologic 1997). It has been used to investigate the change in contaminants from the source with respect to time and distance. The second model, which measures contaminant movement with respect to time and distance through simulations, is an analytical model known as Multi-Flow. It was used for verification of the first model. Both numerical and analytical models have been successfully applied at the work area for investigation of the effects of copper contamination in groundwater. Using the numerical model, the copper concentration in the first observation well was found to be 1.59 mg L-1, and using the analytical model, the copper concentration was found to be 1.35 mg L-1 after 550 days. The measured quantity was 2.11 mg L-1, thus the analytical model is best used for verification of results obtained by simulations of the numerical model.
Characterization of Leachate from a Woodwaste Pile
Authors: Tao Wendong , Hall Ken J. , Masbough Arash , Frankowski Kevin , Duff Sheldon J.B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Leachate was generated when precipitation percolated through a pile of woodwaste, including trimmings, off-specification wood chips, shredded bark and roots, and sawdust from several cedar processing mills. The “young” woodwaste leachate produced in the pile's placement period was amber, acidic (pH 3.4–3.7), nutrient-poor (inorganic nitrogen 1.4–3.2 mg L-1, orthophosphate 3.3–4.3 mg P L-1), of very high oxygen demand (chemical oxygen demand 12,559–14,254 mg L-1, tannin and lignin 3066–5150 mg L-1 as tannic acid, volatile fatty acids 1564–2132 mg L-1), and very toxic to aquatic life (96-h median lethal concentration of 0.74% leachate). The leachate at 1.5 years old in the closure period had lower oxygen demand and higher ammonia, and became less acidic and darker. The leachate had a 5-day biochemical oxygen demand to chemical oxygen demand ratio of 0.33 in the placement period and 0.14 in the late closure period. Volatile fatty acids accounted for 6 to 34% chemical oxygen demand, varying as the pile developed and with woodwaste age. Tannin and lignin accounted for 33 to 45% chemical oxygen demand. More than 98% contaminants were in dissolved form. The monthly variation of leachate quality was likely a result of both temperature and precipitation. pH was significantly correlated to chemical oxygen demand, tannin and lignin, and volatile fatty acids.
Simulation of the Impact of Higher Ammonia Recycle Loads Caused by Upgrading Anaerobic Sludge Digesters
Authors: Kraemer Jeremy T. , Bagley David M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Upgrading conventional single-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion to an advanced digestion technology can increase sludge stability, reduce pathogen content, increase biogas production, and also increase ammonia concentrations recycled back to the liquid treatment train. Limited information is available to assess whether the higher ammonia recycle loads from an anaerobic sludge digestion upgrade would lead to higher discharge effluent ammonia concentrations. Biowin, a commercially available wastewater treatment plant simulation package, was used to predict the effects of anaerobic digestion upgrades on the liquid train performance, especially effluent ammonia concentrations. A factorial analysis indicated that the influent total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and influent alkalinity each had a 50-fold larger influence on the effluent NH3 concentration than either the ambient temperature, liquid train SRT or anaerobic digestion efficiency. Dynamic simulations indicated that the diurnal variation in effluent NH3 concentration was 9 times higher than the increase due to higher digester VSR. Higher recycle NH3 loads caused by upgrades to advanced digestion techniques can likely be adequately managed by scheduling dewatering to coincide with periods of low influent TKN load and ensuring sufficient alkalinity for nitrification.
Modelling Human Exposure of Methylmercury from Fish Consumption
Authors: Luk Grace K. , Yeung Wai C. Au 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Mercury and its compounds are widely distributed in the environment and the principal cause of methylmercury accumulation in humans is fish consumption. The rate of methylmercury accumulation depends on many factors including the amount, size, type and frequency of fish consumed, as well as contamination levels in the aquatic habitat. The ability to predict accurately human exposure to methylmercury through fish consumption is essential to the setting of public consumption guidelines. This paper describes the development of an innovative method of estimating human exposure to methylmercury through sport fish consumption by mathematical modelling. Through a judicious combination of fish methylmercury bioaccumulation models and survey information on human fish-eating habits, the model allows for a scientifically based estimation of the average daily exposure to methylmercury from fish consumption. It provides a practical tool to estimate the methylmercury uptake from a fish diet as governed by the diet frequency, fish species and fish size. The efficacy of the model is demonstrated by application to six common Lake Ontario fish species. Results showed that the human methylmercury exposure from fish consumption is a serious issue, as demonstrated by the exceedance of the tolerable daily intake levels in many instances. It was also found that the level of human methylmercury uptake depends heavily on the species of fish consumed; among the six species studied, walleye carries the highest risk, followed by yellow perch, while rainbow trout seems to be the safest with the lowest bioaccumulation levels.
Organic Contaminants in Canadian Municipal Sewage Sludge. Part II. Persistent Chlorinated Compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kohli Jagmohan , Lee Hing-Biu , Peart Thomas E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Thirty-five sewage sludge samples collected across Canada were analyzed for 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 17 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and seven selected chlorinated compounds. Samples were prepared by accelerated solvent extraction and standard column cleanup procedures using silica gel and Florisil. Gas chromatography with electron-capture detection was used for the determination of PCBs. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with electron-impact ionization and methane negative ion chemical ionization were used for the detection of PAHs and the chlorinated compounds, respectively. PAHs were detected in nearly all samples, with a total concentration ranging from 0.14 to 209 µg/g (median 3.65 µg/g) on a dry weight basis. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene were present at the highest concentrations, with medians ranging from 0.56 to 0.58 µg/g. PCBs were also found in all samples, with a total PCB concentration ranging from 31 to 323 ng/g. The most abundant PCBs (congeners 52, 101 and 110) had median concentrations of 12 ng/g or above. While pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene were observed in all sludge, at low ng/g levels, no other less chlorinated benzenes have been detected in the same samples. Octachlorostyrene was only found in the Ontario samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 11.5 ng/g (median 0.9 ng/g). For the chlorinated insecticides, only p,p'-DDE, α- and γ-chlordane were found on a more regular basis, with median concentrations of 12.0, 0.4 and 0.8 ng/g, respectively. These results suggest that the above toxic chemicals are occurring in Canadian sewage samples and are persistent enough to survive the existing sewage treatment processes.