bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Nanocellulose-Alginate Nanocomposites for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Drug Carrier
Authors: Evelyna Angela , Astifanni Tiara Khumaira , Ruth Imelda , Asri Lia , Purwasasmita Bambang Sunendar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Root canal treatment failures generally caused by microorganisms that have ability to invade dentinal tubules. Chlorhexidine is widely known to effectively eradicate broad spectrum bacteria that infected dentinal tubules. The delivery of chlorhexidine to the infected site of root canal still becomes an issue. In order to increase the stability and to regulate the release of chlorhexidine, encapsulation of chlorhexidine digluconate was conducted by employing nanocellulose and alginate nanocomposites. Nanocellulose was prepared from palm kernel cake using acid hydrolysis method. Transmission electron microscopy images showed the formation of whisker and fiber nanocellulose with the average diameter of 20 nm. Resulting nanocellulose was combined with alginate in the presence of Ca2+ crosslinker. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed sphere and oval morphologies of microcapsules with diameter of 500 nm. The microcapsules were further loaded with chlorhexidine digluconate 2% (w/v). In vitro drug release properties were evaluated in PBS at pH 7.4 (normal tooth environment) and at pH 5.5 (infected tooth environment). The UV-VIS results showed that chlorhexidine digluconate has higher release rate at pH 5.5 than at pH 7.4, suggesting that the microcapsule is a good candidate for the delivery of chlorhexidine digluconate to the infected root canal tooth environment.
Elastic Modulus Determination of Thermoplastic Polymers with Pulse-Echo Method Ultrasonic Testing
Authors: Judawisastra Hermawan , Claudia  , Sasmita Firmansyah , Agung P Toni 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe determination of the elastic modulus of the structural thermoplastic polymers is especially required during in-service monitoring of the components. This elasticity modulus determination can simplify the inspection process and predict the lifetime of the polymer being used. The elastic modulus of the polymer can be determined by pulse-echo method testing ultrasonic which is easier to use than transmission method. This research aims to determine elastic modulus of thermoplastic polymers i.e. polymethylmethaacrylate (acrylic), polyamide (nylon) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) calculated from measurement of velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic pulse-echo. The research begins by looking at the effect of the use of three different probes to ultrasonic velocity readings. Then elastic modulus of material polymers from ultrasonic velocity was calculated using standard equation. The elastic modulus was compared with the elastic modulus from mechanical testing. A linear model elastic modulus from ultrasonic reading which consists of velocity and apparent attenuation was developed. The results were elastic modulus value obtained from ultrasonic velocity and standard equation had a profound error 98% to 158%, especially for polymer with an eminently low density and high ratio of viscous property to elastic property. The attenuation from ultrasonic reading was influenced by the viscoelastic properties and the elastic modulus from ultrasonic velocity reading was influenced by the density. A linear model for thermoplastic elastic modulus determination based on ultrasonic pulse echo testing has been developed and could reduced the error to 3.45%.
Preparation Of Superhydrophobic Zinc Oxide Nanorods Coating On Stainless Steel Via Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Nuruddin Ahmad , Yuliarto Brian , Kurniasih Santi , Setiyanto Henry , Ramelan Aditianto 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The stearic acid modified zinc oxide nanorod surface was coated with a stainless steel substrate to improve the contact angle and the sliding angle. Facilitated through ZnO seeding on the substrate, the ZnO nanorod was deposited via chemical bath deposition at different precursor concentrations. The surface hydrophobicity was modified by varying concentrations of stearic acid at and submmersion time. The contact angle was investigated in relation to the surface microstructure and modification. Results indicate that the density of ZnO nanorods on the substrate surface and stearic acid coverage are prerequisites for improving surface hydrophobicity. Superhydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 162° was obtained for ZnO deposited with 35 mM zinc nitrate and submerged in 8 mM stearic acid for 36 h, which allowed 5 μL water droplets to slide at 3.8°.
Advancement In Forward Osmosis (FO) Membrane For Concentration Of Liquid Foods
Authors: Handojo L.A. , Khoiruddin K. , Wardani A.K. , Hakim A.N. , Wenten I G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In food processing, concentration of liquid food is one of the important steps required for several purposes. Concentration of liquid food while preserving sensorial and nutritional components is quite challenging, especially for thermal-based concentrating processes. This is due to the significant loss of those components which are heat sensitive. Therefore, considerable efforts have been devoted to develop new concentrating processes which can solve this problem. Among the developed processes, forward osmosis (FO) has been considered as an interesting alternative since it can be operated at low operating pressure and temperature and obtain a concentrated solution with high solid contents. However, there are several challenges in FO operation e.g. fouling phenomena, concentration polarization, and reverse diffusion of solution from draw solution. To address these issues, several developments have been made to prepare membrane which has high hydrophilicity, low fouling tendency, reduced concentration polarization, and low solute diffusion. The desired membrane has been obtained, for example, by modifying selective and support layers of the membrane. This paper reviews advances in FO membrane, including membrane preparation and modification. Principle and important parameters of FO in concentrating liquid foods are overviewed. In addition, challenges and strategies in FO membrane preparation are discussed.
Hydrophilic Modification of Polymeric Membrane using Graft Polymerization Method: A Mini Review
Authors: Pinem J.A. , Wardani A.K. , Aryanti P.T.P. , Khoiruddin K. , Wenten I G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The separation performance of polymeric membrane is strongly influenced by its surface characteristics. In water treatment applications, it is generally accepted that a hydrophilic membrane surface is favorable to enhance water permeate flux and mitigate membrane fouling. Numerous methods, both chemical and physical modification, have been proposed to improve the hydrophilicity of polymeric membranes. Graft polymerization is one of the promising methods to modify polymer membranes by tethering hydrophilic polymer chains onto membrane surface. The existence of hydrophilic chains on the membrane surface facilitates the reduction of interfacial tension with water, thus higher water flux can be obtained. In addition, the increase of membrane hydrophilicity also improves the antifouling resistance. This review provides a concise summary and discussion of the modification of polymeric membranes using graft polymerization method. The effects of graft polymerization on the membrane hydrophilicity as well as the antifouling property are discussed.
Effect Of Silicon On Corrosion Behaviour Of Al-Zn As A Low Voltage Sacrificial Anode For Marine Environment
Authors: Pratesa Yudha , Utama Ahmad A. , Erianto Ardi , Ferdian Deni 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A sacrificial anode is a method for material protection in the sea and coastal area. This method is widely applied in marine, subsea and ship structure. Al-Zn-In, a commercial grade of the sacrificial anode had a weakness in the possibility of stress corrosion cracking due to overprotection. This study tried to substitute indium with silicon as the alloying element with composition 0.5% and 1% wt. However, commercial grade Al ingot contained trace elements such as iron in the significant amount, which could make a β-Al9Fe2Si2 as an iron-rich intermetallic phase. Therefore, this study will also examine the effect of β-Al9Fe2Si2 on alloys corrosion behavior. The alloy was produced through casting process with resistance furnace. Corrosion behavior was characterized by cyclic polarization in 3.5% NaCl solution. Microstructure characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and optical metallography. The result showed that the silicon increases the corrosion rate of Aluminum Zinc (Al-Zn) and reduced the potential protection of the alloy in high strength steel. Our research showed the corrosion took place along the interdendritic area where the β-Al9Fe2Si2 intermetallic phase formed in a micro galvanic manner
Effect of 5-15% Carbon Black Reinforcement on Mechanical Properties and Resistivity of Polyurethane Composites
Authors: Rahmalina Dwi , Irwanto Jefri , Sukma Hendri , Susanto  , Setiawan Indra C. , Suhadi Amin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This research investigated the effects of carbon black-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane matrix composite with variation of 5, 10, and 15 vol.% on mechanical properties and electrical resistance. The composites were produced using injection molding process with temperature of 193 °C, pressure of 30 bar and injection speed of 176 mm/sec. Characterization of composites were conducted by hardness and tensile testing, electrical resistivity measurement and SEM examinations. The results showed that the highest tensile strength of composite of 20.44 MPa is obtained with carbon black 10 vol.% reinforcement. The hardness improved with the increase of carbon black reinforcement, which the highest hardness was produced on carbon black 15 vol.% composite by 89.5 Shore A. The lowest resistivity was achieved in polyurethane composite reinforced with 15 vol.% carbon black of 8.20 x 105 Ω.
Thermal Behaviour Studies on Building Walls based on Type and Composition of the Materials
Authors: Andoni Heri , Jurizat Aldissain , Steven  , Thomas Dixon , Achsani Rizky Amalia , Sutjahja Inge Magdalena , Mardiyati  , Wonorahardjo Surjamanto 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Controlling the thermal behaviour of buildings is very important because it affects the energy use in the buildings and impacts the thermal environment of the area. Thermal behaviour of the building is determined by the type and composition of the building material. This paper shows the thermal behaviour of several types and composition of commonly used building wall materials, i.e. brick, aerated concrete, laminated wood with glass wool insulation, and gypsum with glass wool insulation. For the thermal behaviour measurements, we used wall models exposed to halogen lamps of 2000 watts for 4 hours heating and 4 hours for cooling with a measurement interval of 5-15 minutes. Data retrieval using 8 thermocouples mounted on the surface and inserted inside the wall. The observed thermal behaviour phenomena are the heat flow on the walls, the time delay, and the heat capacity. The results show different maps of the thermal behaviour on the walls and indicating the need for additional thermal insulation material to control the heat release to the outside and inside of the building.
Effect of heat treatment on the stress corrosion cracking (scc) susceptibiliy of the 13Cr martensitic stainless steel for steam turbine blade
Authors: Rusnaldy  , Mabruri Efendi , Nugroho Luky W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Two different constant loads have been used to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of 13 Cr martensitic stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl. The steel specimens were austenitized at 1050°C for 1 hour followed by oil quench to obtain martensite structure. Then, specimens were tempered at 400, 500, 600, 650 and 700°C for 1 hour. To investigate the SCC susceptibility, SCC tests were carried out at two different constant loads of 40% and 80% of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in accordance with the method developed by Nishimura et.al. After the SCC tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the fracture surface on the fractured specimens were conducted to investigate fracture mode. The experimental results showed that the 13Cr martensitic stainless steel was highly susceptible to SCC in a solution 3.5% NaCl at high constant load (80% of UTS) in almost tempered conditions. The least susceptible steel was the tempered one at 700°C. At lower constant load (40% of UTS), the highly susceptible steels were the tempered ones at 400 and 500°C. Steels which were tempered at high tempering temperature were not failed for 240 hours of SCC testing. The mechanism responsible for this susceptibility is thought to be secondary phenomenon where carbide precipitation of M7C or M23C6 occurs. The fracture surfaces exhibited intergranular cracks and dimple rupture fracture for steels tempered at 400, 600 and 650°C and transgranular cracks and cleavage fracture for steels tempered at 500°C.
The Preparation of Electrical Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) from Boron-doped Reduced-Graphene Oxide (B-rGO) Material
Authors: Susanti Diah , Andrameda Yurian Ariandi , Nurdiansah Haniffudin , Purwaningsih Hariyati , Pradesar Yusuf , Ardhyananta Hosta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The increase of human needs to electronic instruments requires sufficient energy storage devices. One of the electrochemistry-based energy storage devices is electrochemical capacitor (EC). The challenge in EC manufacturing is to prepare ECs with high energy and power densities. It depends very much on the ECs material. In this research, graphene, theoretically a single layer of carbon material, was used as the material for electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC), a type of ECs. To enhance the electrical conductivity, graphene was doped with boron using 1 M H3BO3 (boric acid) with volume variations of 1, 2, and 3 ml. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) were used to characterize the structure, morphology and element content of the material. Four Point Probe (FPP) method was used to measure the materials electrical conductivity, while Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) measurement was used to inspect the capacitive properties of the material in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte solution. The best result, 192.5 F/g, was found from B-doped graphene with 2 ml volume of boric acid (equivalent to 4.37 %B). From this experiment, boron doping significantly improved the capacitive properties of graphene-based EDLC.
Detection and Quantification of FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication Mutations Do Not Vary Significantly Between Whole Blood and Blast-Enriched Samples
Authors: Schumacher Jonathan A , Holgard Victoria D , Sial Faryal , Pearson Lauren N , Patel Jay L , Karner Kristin H 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Many commonly used FLT3 mutational assay protocols require a tedious blast enrichment step. We investigated whether elimination of this step would still give equivalent results and compared the accuracy of variant allele fraction (VAF) between polymerase chain reaction/capillary electrophoresis (PCR/CE) vs next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods.

Methods
Total leukocyte vs blast-enriched whole-blood aliquots were tested for FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) and tyrosine kinase domain mutations by PCR/CE. VAF of the ITD mutations was also compared with NGS VAF.

Results
Blast-enriched vs total leukocyte specimens showed 100% concordance in the 25 positive specimens. VAF was consistently lower by NGS, with poorer fidelity to PCR/CE VAF as the ITD size increased.

Conclusions
Our study supports elimination of the blast enrichment step without compromising results or sensitivity. In addition, since NGS shows a loose correlation with PCR/CE quantitative results, NGS VAF should not be reported for FLT3 ITDs.
The Many Faces of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Serei Virian D , Fyfe Billie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to review and illustrate the sometimes diagnostically challenging features of cardiac sarcoidosis. We emphasize variable phenotypes presented at explant and biopsy evaluation and review literature regarding ancillary clinical and pathologic studies to enhance diagnostic accuracy.MethodsA literature review was performed and two cardiac sarcoidosis cases were illustrated.ResultsOur cases and literature review demonstrate the pathologic spectrum of cardiac sarcoidosis. Irregular left ventricular free wall involvement is most common, followed by the interventricular septum and right ventricle. Although granulomas are often composed of tight epithelioid macrophage aggregates, early granulomas comprise loosely associated macrophages with lymphocyte predominance. Chronic disease leads to fibrosis and end-stage heart failure. Sampling errors and variable histology cause low endomyocardial biopsy sensitivity.ConclusionsCurrent guidelines use clinical, radiologic, and immunohistologic criteria for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. Knowledge of these guidelines will assist pathologists in making accurate diagnosis of this disease.
The Cluelessness Objection Revisited
Authors: Yim Lok Lam 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Lenman (2000)'s cluelessness objection against consequentialism states that we are almost entirely clueless to the actual consequences of our action. In ‘Cluelessness,’ Hilary Greaves (2016) distinguishes between ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ cases of cluelessness and argues that the principle of indifference applies to ‘simple’ cases, thereby rescuing the ‘simple’ cases from the cluelessness objection. In this discussion note, I argue that Greaves's distinction between ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ cases fails and cluelessness is more problematic than Greaves believes.
Molecular Phylogeny of Jacanas and its Implications for Morphologic and Biogeographic Evolution
Authors: Whittingham Linda A. , Sheldon Frederick H. , Emlen Stephen T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We compared sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome-b and ND5 genes in a phylogenetic analysis of seven species of jacanas, representing all six genera and including the Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) as an outgroup. When analyzed separately by parsimony and maximum-likelihood bootstrapping, the two genes produced consistent trees, although the ND5 tree was better resolved than the cytochrome-b tree. When combined, the data from the two genes produced a fully resolved tree that was identical to the ND5 tree. This tree had the following form: ((((Irediparra, Microparra), Metopidius), Actophilornis), ((Jacana jacana, J. spinosa), Hydrophasianus)), Rostratula. The phylogeny consists of two major clades that were known to traditional and phylogenetic taxonomists. It also contains sister taxa that are geographically disjunct: the New World Jacana and Asian Hydrophasianus, and the African Microparra and Australian Irediparra. We postulate that this biogeographic pattern results from the extinction of intervening African and Asian taxa, respectively.
Postbreeding Movements of American Avocets and Implications for Wetland Connectivity in the Western Great Basin
Authors: Plissner Jonathan H. , Haig Susan M. , Oring Lewis W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Wetlands in the western Great Basin of the United States are patchily distributed and undergo extensive seasonal and annual variation in water levels. The American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana) is one of many shorebird species that use these wetlands as breeding and migratory stopover sites and must adjust to variable conditions. We used radio telemetry to determine postbreeding, premigratory movement patterns of avocets throughout the region. In 1996 and 1997, 185 breeding adults were captured and fitted with radio transmitters at five breeding areas in Oregon, California, and Nevada. Regular aerial and ground surveys were conducted at the five main study areas from June through September, or until all avocets had left a site. Other wetlands in the western Great Basin also were surveyed by aircraft for the presence of radio-marked birds. Fifty-six percent of radio-marked avocets were still detected in the region at least eight weeks after capture. Each of these individuals was detected at an average of 2.1 lakes (range 0 to 6), with 74% found at more than one lake system. Forty radio-marked individuals moved at least 200 km between wetlands prior to migration, most of which dispersed northward. Male and female patterns did not differ significantly. Overall, movements may be associated with a prebasic molt, exploitation of a superabundant food source in northern lakes, and reconnaissance for future breeding efforts or staging sites. These results also demonstrate wide-ranging patterns of dispersal in this species and suggest a need for the consideration of large-scale habitat connectivity issues in establishing conservation strategies for shorebirds in the western Great Basin.
Game of webs: species and web structure influence contest outcome in black widow spiders
Authors: Jones Cameron , Pollack Lea , DiRienzo Nicholas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPopulation-level trait variation within species plays an often-overlooked role in interspecific interactions. In this study, we compared among-individual variation in web phenotype and foraging behavior between native black widows (Latrodectus hesperus) and invasive brown widows (Latrodectus geometricus). We staged repeated contests whereby native widows defended their webs against intruders of both species to 1) investigate how trait variation mediates web contest outcome among native widows and 2) see whether widow behavior differs in response to an invasive spider. In only one trait, the average number of foraging lines, did black widows differ from brown widows. Black widow residents that built more structural lines were more likely to successfully defend their webs from conspecific intruders (i.e., be the sole spider remaining on the web postinteraction). This association between web structure and contest outcome did not exist in trials between black widows and invasive brown widows; however, in interspecific interactions, these same residents were more likely to have intruders remain on the web rather than drive them away. Surprisingly, brown widows did not usurp black widows. Brown widows were never observed signaling, yet black widow residents signaled equally to intruders of both species. Our results suggest that among-individual variation among native species can influence the response toward invasive competitors and outcome of these interactions.