bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil fungal community assembly processes under long‐term fertilization
Authors: Shi Yu , Dang Keke , Dong Yuanhua , Feng Maomao , Wang Boren , Li Jiangang , Chu Haiyan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the processes that regulate communities of microorganisms is a key issue and focus in microbial ecology. Although fungi play a critical role in soil biogeochemical cycling, their community assembly processes remain largely unknown, especially in agricultural soils. In this study, we investigated the relative importance of five community assembly processes (variable selection, homogeneous selection, homogeneous dispersal, dispersal limitation and an undominated process) in soil fungal communities under long‐term (28 years, 1990–2018) fertilization management consisting of 12 different treatments in triplicate field plots. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 18S rRNA eukaryotic gene, we observed that fungal communities in manure treatments were all structured primarily by homogeneous dispersal, whereas the communities in chemical fertilizer treatments were structured primarily by homogeneous dispersal and an undominated process. Soil calcium played an important role in shaping the soil fungal community, whereas soil organic matter concentrations had a considerable impact on the soil fungal phylogenetic community composition. Overall, our results suggest that fertilization management should be considered as a key factor driving microbial community assembly processes in farmed soils.Highlights
Soil Ca played a key role in shaping eukaryotic microbial community
Chemical fertilization resulted in homogenous selection and undominated processes.
A combination of chemical and manure fostered homogenous selection processes.
The immunosuppressive functions of two novel tick serpins, HlSerpin‐a and HlSerpin‐b, from Haemaphysalis longicornis
Authors: Wang Fanqi , Song Zhenyu , Chen Jing , Wu Qihan , Zhou Xia , Ni Xiaohua , Dai Jianfeng 
Published: October 2019

SummarySerpins are evolutionarily conserved serine protease inhibitors that are widely distributed in animals, plants and microbes. In this study, we reported the cloning and functional characterizations of two novel serpin genes, HlSerpin‐a and HlSerpin‐b, from the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis of China. Recombinant HlSerpin‐a and HlSerpin‐b displayed protease inhibitory activities against multiple mammalian proteases. Similar to other tick serpins, HlSerpin‐a and HlSerpin‐b suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐1β from lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated mouse bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) or mouse bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The minimum active region (reaction centre loop) of HlSerpin‐a, named SA‐RCL, showed similar biological activities as HlSerpin‐a in the protease inhibition and immune suppression assays. The immunosuppressive activities of full‐length HlSerpin‐a and SA‐RCL are impaired in Cathepsin G or Cathepsin B knockout mouse macrophages, suggesting that the immunomodulation functions of SA and SA‐RCL are dependent on their protease inhibitory activity. Finally, we showed that both full‐length HlSerpins and SA‐RCL can relieve the joint swelling and inflammatory response in collagen‐induced mouse arthritis models. These results suggested that HlSerpin‐a and HlSerpin‐b are two functional arthropod serpins, and the minimal reactive peptide SA‐RCL is a potential candidate for drug development against inflammatory diseases.
The relationship between pressure injury complication and mortality risk of older patients in follow‐up: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Song Yi‐Ping , Shen Hong‐Wu , Cai Ji‐Yu , Zha Man‐Li , Chen Hong‐Lin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPressure injuries (PIs) have now become a common complication of the elderly patients. Some studies have observed that pressure injuries may increase mortality, but this area of evidence has not been evaluated and summarised. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality of patients with pressure injuries and those without pressure injuries. A meta‐analysis of observational studies was performed. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to April 2019. Studies about mortality among the elderly patients with and without pressure injuries were included. Methodological quality was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). The fixed effect or random effect model was determined by the test of heterogeneity. The subgroup analysis was performed based on the pressure injuries stages, the region, and the type of study design. The meta‐regression analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the mortality and patients' enrolled year, average age, the incidence of pressure injuries, and gender ratio. The sensitivity analysis was used to explore the impact of an individual study by excluding one at a time. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in terms of the comparison of two groups were extracted for meta‐analysis. A survival curve between two groups by individual patient‐level was drew. Eight studies with 5523 elderly patients were included in the analysis. Follow‐up periods for the included studies ranged from about 0.5 to 3 years. The elderly patients who complicated with pressure injuries had a higher risk of death. The pooled HR was 1.78 (95% CI 1.46‐2.16). A funnel plot showed no publication bias. Further subgroup analysis showed that HR values for the patient stage 3 to 4 pressure injuries (HR:2.41; 95% CI:1.08‐5.37) were higher than stage 1‐4 and 2‐4 pressure injuries (HR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.35‐2.05; HR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.16‐2.60). The meta‐regression analysis found that patients' enrolled year, average age, the incidence of pressure injuries, and gender ratio were not the sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses showed that the outcomes of the study did not change after removing the Onder's article. The survival curve at the individual patient‐level also indicated that patients complicated with pressure injuries significantly increased the risk of death (HR: 1.958; 95% CI: 1.79‐2.14) in elderly patients. Our meta‐analysis indicated that patients complicated with pressure injuries are estimated to have a two times higher risk on mortality compared with patients without pressure injuries during the 3 years follow‐up period. Particular attention should be given to the elderly patients who are at higher risk for mortality.
Humanitarian Protection as a European Public Good: The Strategic Role of States and Refugees
Authors: Lutz Philipp , Kaufmann David , Stünzi Anna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe surge of refugees arriving in Europe has accentuated the malfunctioning of the common European asylum system: the lack of coordination between nation states and failure in the common protection of refugees were the main outcomes of the so‐called refugee crisis. This article builds on the literature on public goods and policy compliance in order to explain the failure of European countries to provide humanitarian protection to refugees. A sequential game‐theoretical model serves to demonstrate the strategic interaction between states and refugees in European asylum policy. The analysis demonstrates that although both groups of actors benefit from a functioning European asylum system, they also have few incentives to contribute to the public good. States aim to reduce their individual refugee burden and refugees seek protection in their preferred destination country. The findings suggest that an effective provision of refugee protection requires both member states and refugees to contribute mutually to the public good.
Anadromy and heterogenous population of a tropical shad Tenualosa ilisha in Malaysia, as revealed by otolith microchemistry and molecular evidence
Authors: Arai Takaomi , Taha Hussein , Amalina Razikin , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Chang Chih‐Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTenualosa ilisha was found recently in the Perak River in western Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses suggest that T. ilisha has two genetically distinct populations/groups: (i) Peninsular Malaysia (Malaysia population), and (ii) Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, India and Bangladesh (Indian Ocean population). The results also suggest that the T ilisha population in Peninsular Malaysia is genetically heterogeneous with a typical anadromous migration pattern.
Microtomographic characterization of calcifications in canine mammary tumours
Authors: Reis Joana , Oliveira Teresa , Pereira Alfredo , Infante Paulo , Leal Nuno , Faísca Pedro 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe present work describes the microtomographic characterization of macro‐ and microcalcifications present in excised canine mammary glands. In human breast cancer, microcalcifications are highly relevant for diagnosis and prognosis, often being the sole element determining biopsy. Canine mammary tumours are considered a model for human breast cancer, but the morphological features of calcifications had still to be studied in this species. The objective of this research is to contribute to the characterization of the mineralization features of the canine mammary gland. In the present study, the excised mammary glands of 33 bitches underwent fluoroscopic examination. In 30 of the samples, the presence of calcification was suspected, and multiple biopsies were taken of these areas. Biopsy fragments underwent microtomographic scanning. Microcalcifications were found in non‐neoplastic glandular tissue, benign and malign lesions, as it is known to happen in humans. Qualitative evaluation regarding morphology of the imaged calcifications showed similarities to breast cancer findings, based on the BI‐RADS 2013 classification, such as pleomorphism and shape. No differences in the quantitative morphological parameters of volume, surface, surface/volume, SMI and structure thickness were found when macrocalcifications were considered. However, although significant differences existed in these parameters between microcalcifications from malignant canine mammary tumours and the two other groups, none were found between non‐neoplastic and benign tumours. Findings further support the use of this spontaneous animal model for the study of human breast cancer, considering how clinically relevant microcalcifications are in humans.
The effect of tadalafil on reepithelialization and scarring of partial thickness porcine burns
Authors: Goldsmith Katherine , Goradia Eshani , McClain Steve A , Sandoval Steve , Singer Adam J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBurn conversion from second to third degree is common leading to delayed healing and scarring. We hypothesized that tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) that results in vasodilation, would reduce burn conversion leading to faster reepithelialization and less scarring of partial thickness porcine burns. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, animal experiment using six female pigs (25–30 kg). We created 20 standardized partial thickness burns on each of the animals with an aluminum bar preheated to 80 °C and applied for 20 seconds to the pigs' dorsum. Three animals each were randomized to oral tadalafil 2.5 mg or control vehicle once daily for 1 week. Main outcomes were time to reepithelialization and depth of scarring at 28 days. A sample of 60 burns in each treatment group had 80% power to detect a 2‐day difference in time to reepithelialization. Mean (95% CI) time to reepithelialization in burns treated with tadalafil and control were 14.9 (14.1–15.7) vs. 19.7 (18.2–21.3) days, respectively; mean difference 4.8 (3.1–6.6) days. After controlling for pig and within pig differences, mean time to reepithelialization was 6.5 (3.7–9.3) days shorter in burns treated with tadalafil compared with controls. Mean (95% CI) scar depth in burns treated with tadalafil and control were 2.7 (2.3–3.1) vs. 3.7 (3.1–4.2) mm. respectively, mean difference 1 (0.3–1.7) mm. After controlling for pig and within pig differences, scar depth in tadalafil‐treated burns was 1.5 (0.7–2.3) mm lower compared with controls. We conclude that once daily oral tadalafil shortened time to reepithelialization and reduced scarring in a partial thickness porcine burns model.
Equivalence of Milnor and Milnor-Lê fibrations for real analytic maps
Authors: Cisneros-Molina José Luis , Menegon Aurélio 
Published: October 2019

In [J. Milnor, Singular points of complex hypersurfaces, Annals of Mathematics Studies, No. 61 (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1968).] Milnor proved that a real analytic map [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], with an isolated critical point at the origin has a fibration on the tube [Formula: see text]. Constructing a vector field such that (1) it is transverse to the spheres, and (2) it is transverse to the tubes, he “inflates” the tube to the sphere, to get a fibration [Formula: see text], but the projection is not necessarily given by [Formula: see text] as in the complex case. In the case [Formula: see text] has isolated critical value, in [J. L. Cisneros-Molina, J. Seade and J. Snoussi, Milnor fibrations and [Formula: see text]-regularity for real analytic singularities, Internat. J. Math. 21(4) (2010) 419–434.] it was proved that if the fibers inside a small tube are transverse to the sphere [Formula: see text], then it has a fibration on the tube. Also in [J. L. Cisneros-Molina, J. Seade and J. Snoussi, Milnor fibrations and [Formula: see text]-regularity for real analytic singularities, Internat. J. Math. 21(4) (2010) 419–434.], the concept of [Formula: see text]-regularity was defined, it turns out that [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-regular if and only if the map [Formula: see text] is a fiber bundle equivalent to the one on the tube. In a more general setting, the corresponding facts are proved in [J. L. Cisneros-Molina, A. Menegon, J. Seade and J. Snoussi, Fibration theorems and [Formula: see text]-regularity for differentiable maps-germs with non-isolated critical value, Preprint (2017).], showing that if a locally surjective map [Formula: see text] has a linear discriminant [Formula: see text] with isolated singularity and a fibration on the tube [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-regular if and only if the map [Formula: see text] (with [Formula: see text] the radial projection of [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text]) is a fiber bundle equivalent to the one on the tube. In this paper, we generalize this result for an arbitrary linear discriminant by constructing a vector field [Formula: see text] which inflates the tube to the sphere in a controlled way, it satisfies properties analogous to the vector field constructed by Milnor in the complex setting: besides satisfying (1) and (2) above, it also satisfies that [Formula: see text] is constant on the integral curves of [Formula: see text].
Slave Self-Activity and the Bourgeois Revolution in the United States: Jubilee and the Boundaries of Black Freedom
Authors: Kelly Brian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
For more than a generation, historical interpretations of emancipation in the United States have acknowledged that the slaves played a central role in driving that process forward. This is a critically important advance, and one worth defending. But it is also a perspective whose influence seems increasingly precarious. This article explores the complex relationship between the slaves’ ‘revolution from below’ and the bourgeois revolution directed from above, in part through an appraisal of W.E.B. Du Bois’s argument about the ‘slaves’ general strike’ and the wider revolutionary upheaval encompassing civil war and reconstruction. Grounded in a close familiarity with sources and interpretive trends, the article offers a detailed reading of shifting perspectives in current historiography, a comprehensive review of left engagement with Du Bois’s work, and an extended ‘critical and sympathetic’ appraisal of his major work from within the framework of the Marxist tradition.
A holistic re-interpretation of the phylogeny of the Pycnogonida Latreille, 1810 (Arthropoda)*
Authors: BAMBER ROGER N. 
Published: October 2019

The internal and external relationships within the Class Pycnogonida are rationalized based on the entire history of whole-animal understanding, detailed morphometrics, the fossil record, larval structure, mathematical multivariate analyses, and molecular analyses (electrophoretic protein and DNA). The pre-Jurassic fossils are placed in separate orders, with the Lower Silurian Haliestes giving the clearest indications of the form of a hypothetical “protopycnogonid”. Living forms, together with some Lower Devonian and the Jurassic fossils, are retained in the Order Pantopoda. No relationships to other Classes of the Arthropoda are yet indicated, and the concept of the Pycnogonida as a sister group to the Euarthropoda is maintained. The Pantopoda are divided into two suborders, isolating the Austrodecidae. The remaining taxa are classified into six superfamilies, on a consensus of overall morphological trends, larval forms, and the findings of the only previous comprehensive morphological multivariate analysis, and recent molecular analyses. The Colossendeidae, Pycnogonidae and Rhynchothoracidae are isolated within their own superfamilies. The Ammotheidae sensu lato is subdivided (within one superfamily), unfortunately leaving a number of genera incertae sedis. The Nymphonidae, Callipallenidae and Pallenopsidae are associated within another superfamily. The Jurassic fossils are placed within the Endeidae within a superfamily together with the Phoxichilidiidae, while some Lower Devonian fossils remain incertae sedis. Diagnoses are given as appropriate where possible.
Weevils, weevils, weevils everywhere*
Authors: OBERPRIELER ROLF G. , MARVALDI ADRIANA E. , ANDERSON ROBERT S. 
Published: October 2019

An overview is presented of the progress made on the taxonomy, classification and phylogeny of weevils in the 250 years since the first taxonomic descriptions of weevils by Carolus Linnaeus. The number of described weevils species is calculated to be about 62 000 and the likely total number of existing species 220 000, indicating that we have described just over a quarter of the diversity of this important group of beetles and that, at current rates of discovery and description, it will take another 650 years or so to describe the rest. Within the framework of the current concept of weevil phylogeny, a brief account is given of the seven main weevil lineages (families), and of the subfamilies of the largest of them, the Curculionidae, summarising their diversity, distribution and biology and identifying the major classificatory problems remaining in each. In conjunction with the phylogenetic hypothesis of weevil relationships and their fossil record, which is briefly summarised, the evolutionary history of weevils is mapped as a sequence of key evolutionary innovations that together have led to the phenomenal diversification and success of weevils.
Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813 (Insecta), Caddisflies*
Authors: HOLZENTHAL RALPH W. , BLAHNIK ROGER J. , PRATHER AYSHA L. , KJER KARL M. 
Published: October 2019

The taxonomy, diversity, and distribution of the aquatic insect order Trichoptera, caddisflies, are reviewed. The order is among the most important and diverse of all aquatic taxa. Larvae are vital participants in aquatic food webs and their presence and relative abundance are used in the biological assessment and monitoring of water quality. The species described by Linnaeus are listed. The morphology of all life history stages (adults, larvae, and pupae) is diagnosed and major features of the anatomy are illustrated. Major components of life history and biology are summarized. A discussion of phylogenetic studies within the order is presented, including higher classification of the suborders and superfamilies, based on recent literature. Synopses of each of 45 families are presented, including the taxonomic history of the family, a list of all known genera in each family, their general distribution and relative species diversity, and a short overview of family-level biological features. The order contains 600 genera, and approximately 13,000 species.
Invertebrate systematics or spineless taxonomy?*
Authors: WHEELER QUENTIN D. 
Published: October 2019

What progress has been made since these words were written by Wilson more than twenty years ago? The answer is a mixed one. We have so far to go in our inventory of Earth’s species that it is easy to be discouraged by advances measured in hundreds of thousands of new species rather than millions. Yet there has been progress and the potential exists for rapid advances. Excellent work continues to be done as evidenced by this special issue of ZooTaxa and the burgeoning popularity of this e-journal. Innovative new funding has appeared at the U. S. National Science Foundation including the Partnerships to Enhance Expertise in Taxonomy (PEET), Assembling the Tree of Life (AToL), and particularly encouraging, the Revisionary Syntheses in Systematics (RevSys) and Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (PBI) projects that focus specifically on descriptive taxonomy. Most promising is an emerging new field, cybertaxonomy, that represents the convergence of traditional taxonomic goals with new, equally ambitious ones, fueled by the full potential of cyberinfrastructure, digital technology, information science, and computer engineering (Atkins et al. 2003, Page et al. 2005, Wheeler 2004, Wheeler et al. 2004).
The Tree of Life Web Project*
Authors: MADDISON DAVID R. , SCHULZ KATJA-SABINE , MADDISON WAYNE P. 
Published: October 2019

The Tree of Life Web Project (ToL) provides information on the Internet about our current knowledge of the evolutionary tree of life and associated information about characteristics and diversity of life on Earth. Development of this open-access, database-driven system began in 1994; its official release was in 1996. Core scientific content in the project is compiled collaboratively by more than 540 biologists, all experts in particular groups of organisms, from over 35 countries. Additional learning materials are contributed by over 200 students, teachers, and amateur scientists, while images, movies, and sounds are contributed by both of these groups and over 200 media-only contributors. Administration of the project follows a hierarchical, community-based model, with authors for different parts of the ToL chosen by the scientists working in that particular field. The goals of the project are to document all species on Earth, as well as all significant clades; to provide basic information about the phylogeny of life; to share this information with other databases and analytical tools; and to encourage understanding and appreciation for biodiversity, evolution, and the interrelationships of Earth's wealth of species. Here we provide an outline of the goals and history of the project; the current content, administration, architecture, contributors, and audience, the challenges we have faced, and the future of the project.