bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio-inspired counter-current multiplier for enrichment of solutes
Authors: Brubaker Kyle , Garewal Armand , Steinhardt Rachel C. , Esser-Kahn Aaron P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractImproving the efficiency of gas separation technology is a challenge facing modern industry, since existing methods for gas separation, including hollow-fiber membrane contactors, vacuum swing adsorption, and cryogenic distillation, represents a significant portion of the world’s energy consumption. Here, we report an enhancement in the release rate of carbon dioxide and oxygen of a thermal swing gas desorption unit using a counter-current amplification method inspired by fish. Differing from a conventional counter-current extraction system, counter-current amplification makes use of parallel capture fluid channels separated by a semipermeable membrane in addition to the semipermeable membrane separating the capture fluid channel and the gas release channel. The membrane separating the incoming and outgoing fluid channels allows gas that would normally exit the system to remain in the desorption unit. We demonstrate the system using both resistive heating and photothermal heating. With resistive heating, an increase in release rate of 240% was observed compared to an equivalent counter-current extraction system.
Development of a high-throughput assay for rapid screening of butanologenic strains
Authors: Agu Chidozie Victor , Lai Stella M. , Ujor Victor , Biswas Pradip K. , Jones Andy , Gopalan Venkat , Ezeji Thaddeus Chukwuemeka 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe report a Thermotoga hypogea (Th) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-dependent spectrophotometric assay for quantifying the amount of butanol in growth media, an advance that will facilitate rapid high-throughput screening of hypo- and hyper-butanol-producing strains of solventogenic Clostridium species. While a colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium chloride-based assay for quantitating butanol in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth has been described previously, we determined that Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) ADH used in this earlier study exhibits approximately 13-fold lower catalytic efficiency towards butanol than ethanol. Any Sc ADH-dependent assay for primary quantitation of butanol in an ethanol-butanol mixture is therefore subject to “ethanol interference”. To circumvent this limitation and better facilitate identification of hyper-butanol-producing Clostridia, we searched the literature for native ADHs that preferentially utilize butanol over ethanol and identified Th ADH as a candidate. Indeed, recombinant Th ADH exhibited a 6-fold higher catalytic efficiency with butanol than ethanol, as measured using the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH that accompanies alcohol oxidation. Moreover, the assay sensitivity was not affected by the presence of acetone, acetic acid or butyric acid (typical ABE fermentation products). We broadened the utility of our assay by adapting it to a high-throughput microtiter plate-based format, and piloted it successfully in an ongoing metabolic engineering initiative.
Direct DNA and RNA detection from large volumes of whole human blood
Authors: Cai Dongyang , Behrmann Ole , Hufert Frank , Dame Gregory , Urban Gerald 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPCR inhibitors in clinical specimens negatively affect the sensitivity of diagnostic PCR and RT-PCR or may even cause false-negative results. To overcome PCR inhibition, increase the sensitivity of the assays and simplify the detection protocols, simple methods based on quantitative nested real-time PCR and RT-PCR were developed to detect exogenous DNA and RNA directly from large volumes of whole human blood (WHB). Thermus thermophilus (Tth) polymerase is resistant to several common PCR inhibitors and exhibits reverse transcriptase activity in the presence of manganese ions. In combination with optimized concentrations of magnesium ions and manganese ions, Tth polymerase enabled efficient detection of DNA and RNA from large volumes of WHB treated with various anticoagulants. The applicability of these methods was further demonstrated by examining WHB specimens collected from different healthy individuals and those stored under a variety of conditions. The detection limit of these methods was determined by detecting exogenous DNA, RNA, and bacteria spiked in WHB. To the best of our knowledge, direct RNA detection from large volumes of WHB has not been reported. The results of the developed methods can be obtained within 4 hours, making them possible for rapid and accurate detection of disease-causing agents from WHB.
Transcriptome changes induced by abiotic stresses in Artemisia annua
Authors: Vashisth Divya , Kumar Ritesh , Rastogi Shubhra , Patel Vikas Kumar , Kalra Alok , Gupta Madan Mohan , Gupta Anil Kumar , Shasany Ajit Kumar 
Published: February 2018

AbstractArtemisia annua is known to be the source of artemisinin worldwide which is an antimalarial compound but is synthesised in very limited amount in the plant. Most research laid emphasis on the methods of enhancing artemisinin but our study has been planned in a way that it may simultaneously address two problems encountered by the plant. Firstly, to know the effect on the artemisinin content in the era of climate change because the secondary metabolites tend to increase under stress. Secondly, to identify some of the stress responsive genes that could help in stress tolerance of the plant under abiotic stress. Hence, the A. annua plants were subjected to four abiotic stresses (salt, cold, drought and water-logging) and it was observed that the artemisinin content increased in all the stress conditions except drought. Next, in order to identify the stress responsive genes, the transcriptome sequencing of the plants under stress was carried out resulting in 89,362 transcripts for control and 81,328, 76,337, 90,470 and 96,493 transcripts for salt, cold, drought, and water logging stresses. This investigation provides new insights for functional studies of genes involved in multiple abiotic stresses and potential candidate genes for multiple stress tolerance in A. annua.
Coupling a single solid-state quantum emitter to an array of resonant plasmonic antennas
Authors: Pfeiffer Markus , Atkinson Paola , Rastelli Armando , Schmidt Oliver G. , Giessen Harald , Lippitz Markus , Lindfors Klas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPlasmon resonant arrays or meta-surfaces shape both the incoming optical field and the local density of states for emission processes. They provide large regions of enhanced emission from emitters and greater design flexibility than single nanoantennas. This makes them of great interest for engineering optical absorption and emission. Here we study the coupling of a single quantum emitter, a self-assembled semiconductor quantum dot, to a plasmonic meta-surface. We investigate the influence of the spectral properties of the nanoantennas and the position of the emitter in the unit cell of the structure. We observe a resonant enhancement due to emitter-array coupling in the far-field regime and find a clear difference from the interaction of an emitter with a single antenna.
Three dimensional metal/N-doped nanoplate carbon catalysts for oxygen reduction, the reason for using a layered nanoreactor
Authors: Yeganeh Ghotbi Mohammad , Javanmard Arash , Soleimani Hassan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA layered nanoreactor (zinc hydroxide gallate/nitrate nanohybrid) has been designed as a nano-vessel to confine the gallate/nitrate reaction inside zinc hydroxide layers for production of metal/nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts. Metals (Fe2+, Co2+ and Ni2+) doped and bare zinc hydroxide nitrates (ZHN) were synthesized as the α-phase hydroxide hosts. By an incomplete ion-exchange process, nitrate anions between the layers of the hosts were then partially replaced by the gallate anions to produce the layered nanoreactors. Under heat-treatment, the reaction between the remaining un-exchanged nitrate anions and the organic moiety inside the basal spacing of each nanohybrid plate resulted in obtaining highly porous 3D metal/nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets. These catalysts were then used as extremely efficient electrocatalysts for catalyzing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). This study is intended to show the way to get maximum electrocatalytic activity of the metal/N-doped carbon catalysts toward the ORR. This exceptionally high ORR performance originates from the increased available surface, the best pore size range and the uniform distribution of the active sites in the produced catalysts, all provided by the use of new idea of the layered nanoreactor.
Combined use of CEMIP and CA 19-9 enhances diagnostic accuracy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Lee Hee Seung , Jang Chan Young , Kim Sun A , Park Soo Been , Jung Dawoon E. , Kim Bo Ok , Kim Ha Yan , Chung Moon Jae , Park Jeong Youp , Bang Seungmin , Park Seung Woo , Song Si Young 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCarbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 is the only diagnostic marker used in pancreatic cancer despite its limitations. Here, we aimed to identify the diagnostic role of CEMIP (also called KIAA1199) combined with CA 19-9 in patients with pancreatic cancer. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected patient samples was performed to determine the benefit of diagnostic markers in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. We investigated CEMIP and CA 19-9 levels in 324 patients with pancreatic cancer and 49 normal controls using serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Median CA 19-9 and CEMIP levels were 410.5 U/ml (40.8–3342.5) and 0.67 ng/ml (0.40–1.08), respectively, in patients with pancreatic cancer. The AUROC for CA 19-9 and CEMIP were 0.847 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.806–0.888) and 0.760 (95% CI: 0.689–0.831), respectively. Combination of CA 19-9 with CEMIP showed markedly improved AUROC over CA 19-9 alone in pancreatic cancer diagnosis (0.94 vs. 0.89; P < 0.0001). CEMIP showed a diagnostic yield of 86.1% (68/79) in CA 19-9 negative pancreatic cancer. Combined use with CEMIP showed significantly improved diagnostic value compared with CA 19-9 alone in pancreatic cancer. Especially, CEMIP may be a complementary marker in pancreatic cancer patients with normal CA 19-9 levels.
Akzidentelle Kohlenmonoxidintoxikation bei einer Familienfeier
Authors: Simon Christoph , Meininger Dirk 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungBei einer Familienfeier kommt es zu einer akzidentellen Kohlenmonoxidintoxikation der gesamten Familie. Betroffen sind 7 Erwachsene und 4 Kinder. Beschrieben werden mögliche Gefahrenstellen, die Pathophysiologie und die Symptome einer Kohlenmonoxidintoxikation im Allgemeinen, wie auch in der Schwangerschaft. Was muss der ersteintreffende Notarzt beachten? Welche Gefahren drohen, wie sieht die Therapie aus und was ist organisatorisch zu bedenken?
Bedeutung der Helicobacter-pylori-Diagnostik beim Glaukom
Authors: Joachim Stephanie 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDas Glaukom zählt zu den häufigsten Erblindungsursachen weltweit. Auch wenn mehrere Risikofaktoren dieser Erkrankung, wie z. B. ein erhöhter Augeninnendruck und ein fortgeschrittenes Alter, bereits bekannt sind, ist der Pathomechanismus der Erkrankung noch nicht vollständig verstanden. In jüngster Zeit haben mehrere Studien die Rolle einer Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion in der Pathogenese des Glaukoms untersucht. In einigen Arbeiten wurde ein Zusammenhang aufgezeigt, während andere nicht zu dieser Schlussfolgerung kamen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass eine Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion wahrscheinlich mit einem erhöhten Risiko für ein primäres Offenwinkel- oder Normaldruckglaukom einhergeht. Doch werden in Zukunft größere Studien mit strengen Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien sowie altersentsprechenden Kontrollgruppen benötigt, um zu klären, ob eine Helicobacter-pylori-Infektion mit einem erhöhten Risiko für ein Glaukom zusammenhängt.
Brandgase und ihre notfallmedizinische Therapie
Authors: Sefrin Peter 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDer Leser wird über den Stellenwert der Brandgase beim Einsatz als Notarzt informiert. Prädiktoren wie auch die Therapie des Inhalationstraumas werden dargestellt. Im Rettungsdienst sind heute Indikatoren zur Detektion von Gefährdungen durch Brandgase vorhanden. Vorgestellt werden die Symptome und die Detektion der differenten Brandgase und deren spezielle Therapie. Besonderer Wert wird auf die Beachtung des Selbstschutzes gelegt.
Schwere akzidentelle Intoxikation durch Koffeinextrakt
Authors: Wellershoff Gerald 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungKoffein ist die weltweit am häufigsten konsumierte stimulierende Substanz. Schwere Koffeinintoxikationen sind selten, aber mitunter fatal. Die Kasuistik beschreibt eine potenziell letale Intoxikation durch reinen Koffeinextrakt infolge „akzidenteller“ Überdosierung. Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, sowie Klinik und Therapie der Koffeinintoxikation werden erläutert.
Characterization of Severe Arterial Phase Respiratory Motion Artifact on Gadoxetate Disodium-Enhanced MRI – Assessment of Interrater Agreement and Reliability
Authors: Ringe Kristina , Luetkens Julian , Fimmers Rolf , Hammerstingl Renate , Layer Günter , Maurer Martin , Nähle Claas Philip , Michalik Sabine , Reimer Peter , Schraml Christina , Schreyer Andreas , Stumpp Patrick , Vogl Thomas , Wacker Frank , Willinek Winfried , Kukuk Guido 
Published: February 2018

Purpose To assess the interrater agreement and reliability of experienced abdominal radiologists in the characterization and grading of arterial phase gadoxetate disodium-related respiratory motion artifact on liver MRI.
Materials and Methods This prospective multicenter study was initiated by the working group for abdominal imaging within the German Roentgen Society (DRG), and approved by the local IRB of each participating center. 11 board-certified radiologists independently reviewed 40 gadoxetate disodium-enhanced liver MRI datasets. Motion artifacts in the arterial phase were assessed on a 5-point scale. Interrater agreement and reliability were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Kendall coefficient of concordance (W), with p < 0.05 deemed significant.
Results The ICC for interrater agreement and reliability were 0.983 (CI 0.973 – 0.990) and 0.985 (CI 0.978 – 0.991), respectively (both p < 0.0001), indicating excellent agreement and reliability. Kendall’s W for interrater agreement was 0.865. A severe motion artifact, defined as a mean motion score ≥ 4 in the arterial phase was observed in 12 patients. In these specific cases, a motion score ≥ 4 was assigned by all readers in 75 % (n = 9/12 cases).
Conclusion Differentiation and grading of arterial phase respiratory motion artifact is possible with a high level of inter-/intrarater agreement and interrater reliability, which is crucial for assessing the incidence of this phenomenon in larger multicenter studies.
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Lessons from pathological analysis of recurrent early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia after complete endoscopic radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Wang Wen-Lun , Chang I-Wei , Chen Chien-Chuan , Chang Chi-Yang , Tseng Cheng-Hao , Tai Chi-Ming , Lin Jaw-Town , Wang Hsiu-Po , Lee Ching-Tai 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a treatment option for early esophageal squamous cell neoplasia (ESCN); however, long-term follow-up studies are lacking. The risks of local recurrence and “buried cancer” are also uncertain.
Methods Patients with flat-type ESCN who were treated with balloon-type ± focal-type RFA were consecutively enrolled. Follow-up endoscopy was performed at 1, 3, and 6 months, and then every 6 months thereafter. Endoscopic resection was performed for persistent and recurrent ESCN, and the histopathology of resected specimens was assessed.
Results A total of 35 patients were treated with RFA, of whom 30 (86 %) achieved a complete response, three were lost to follow-up, and five (14 %) developed post-RFA stenosis. Two patients had persistent ESCN and received further endoscopic resection, in which the resected specimens all revealed superficial submucosal invasive cancer. Six of the 30 patients with successful RFA (20 %) developed a total of seven episodes of local recurrence (mean size 1.4 cm) during the follow-up period (mean 40.1 months), all of which were successfully resected endoscopically without adverse events. Histological analysis of the resected specimens revealed that six (86 %) had esophageal glandular ductal involvement, all of which extended deeper than the muscularis mucosae layer. Immunohistochemistry staining for P53 and Ki67 suggested a clonal relationship between the ductal involvement and epithelial cells. None of the tumors extended out of the ductal structure; no cases of cancer buried beneath the normal neosquamous epithelium were found.
Conclusions Because ductal involvement is not uncommon and may be related to recurrence, the use of RFA should be conservative and may not be the preferred primary treatment for early ESCN.
Mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic compounds to carboxylic acids
Authors: Andrushkevich Tamara V. , Chesalov Yuriy A. 
Published: February 2018

The results of studies on the mechanism of heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of organic compounds of different chemical structure to carboxylic acids are analyzed and generalized. The concept developed by Academician G.K.Boreskov, according to which the direction of the reaction is governed by the structure and bond energy of surface intermediates, was confirmed taking the title processes as examples. Quantitative criteria of the bond energies of surface compounds of oxidizable reactants, reaction products and oxygen that determine the selective course of the reaction are presented.The bibliography includes 195 references.
From lexical bundles to surprisal and language models
Authors: Schneider Gerold , Grigonyte Gintare 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We exploit the information theoretic measure of surprisal to analyze the formulaicity of lexical sequences. We first show the prevalence of individual lexical bundles, then we argue that abstracting to surprisal as an information-theoretic measure of lexical bundleness, formulaicity and non-creativity is an appropriate measure for the idiom principle, as it expresses reader expectations and text entropy. As strong and gradient formulaic, idiomatic and selectional preferences prevail on all levels, we argue for the abstraction step from individual bundles to measures of bundleness. We use surprisal to analyse differences between genres of native language use, and learner language at different levels: (a) spoken and written genres of native language (L1); (b) spoken and written learner language (L2), across selected written genres; (c) learner language as compared with native language (L1). We thus test Pawley and Syder (1983)’s hypothesis that native speakers know best how to play the tug-of-war between formulaicity (Sinclair’s idiom principle) and expressiveness (Sinclair’s open-choice principle), which can be measured with Levy and Jaeger (2007)’s uniform information density (UID) which is a principle of minimizing comprehension difficulty. Our goal to abstract away from word sequences also leads us to language models as models of processing, first in the form of a part-of-speech tagger, then in the form of a syntactic parser. While our hypotheses are largely confirmed, we also observe that advanced learners bundle most, and that scientific language may show lower surprisal than spoken language.
Fine-tuning lexical bundles
Authors: Grabowski Łukasz 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter has two major aims. First, it attempts to extend earlier research on recurrent phraseologies used in the pharmaceutical field (Grabowski 2015) by exploring the use, distribution and functions of lexical bundles found in English texts describing drug-drug interactions. Conducted from an applied perspective, the study uses 300 text samples extracted from DrugDDI Corpus originally collected in the Drugbank database (Segura-Bedmar et al. 2010). Apart from presenting new descriptive data, the second aim of the chapter is to reflect on the ways lexical bundles have been typically explored across different text types and genres. The problems discussed in the chapter concern the methods used to deal with structurally incomplete bundles, filter out overlapping bundles, and select, for the purposes of qualitative analyses, a representative sample of bundles other than the most frequent ones. This chapter is therefore meant to help researchers fine tune the methodologies used to explore lexical bundles depending on the specificity of the research material, research questions and scope of the analysis.
Blogging around the world
Authors: Kopaczyk Joanna , Tyrkkö Jukka 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The borderless nature of blogging raises the question whether the traditional regionally defined varieties of English continue to hold true (see Crystal 2011). In order to investigate the extent to which the language published online without external intervention is similar around the world, this chapter investigates repetitive patterns, or 3-grams, found in blogs in the 583-million-word GloWbE corpus (Davies 2013). The data shows two types of repetitive word sequences: universal, or those that are frequent in all or most of the nineteen geographic locations represented in the corpus, and localised, or those unique to specific regions. We explore multiple ways of approaching the regional distribution of universal and localised 3-grams, such as statistical similarity measures (Jaccard coefficient and hierarchical clustering) and network visualisations. Three correlated research issues are addressed by this study: (1) the ratio of 3-grams in blogs from various World Englishes, which will shed light onto the degree of formulaicity in Web Englishes around the world; (2) the overlaps between various locations in terms of preferred sequences, which may point to local or global standardization hubs on the level of sentence and text construction; (3) finally, the status of model-providing varieties for internet communication, especially American English, in view of the most frequent 3-grams from other locations (cf. Mair 2013).
Numerical quadrature
Authors: Boudreau Joseph F. , Swanson Eric S. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the numerous applications of numerical quadrature (integration) in classical mechanics, in semiclassical approaches to quantum mechanics, and in statistical mechanics; and then describes several ways of implementing integration in C++, for both proper and improper integrals. Various algorithms are described and analyzed, including simple classical quadrature algorithms as well as those enhanced with speedups and convergence tests. Classical orthogonal polynomials, whose properties are reviewed, are the basis of a sophisticated technique known as Gaussian integration. Practical implementations require the roots of these polynomials, so an algorithm for finding them from three-term recurrence relations is presented. On the computational side, the concept of polymorphism is introduced and exploited (prior to the detailed treatment later in the text). The nondimensionalization of physical problems, which is a common and important means of simplifying a problem, is discussed using Compton scattering and the Schrödinger equation as an example.