bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Code of Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors
Authors: Obermann C. Esco 
Published: June 2019

On September 25, 1972, at San Juan, Puerto Rico, the Delegate Assembly of the National Rehabilitation Counseling Association adopted a draft of a Code of Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors. The provisions of the Code were based on responses from many members of the Association who had been invited to report ethical dilemmas they had encountered and to suggest acceptable solutions to those dilemmas. A first draft was published in the Summer, 1971, issue of The Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling. Many additional members responded to the invitation to suggest changes in that draft. It was a revised version of the first draft that was adopted at San Juan.While the vote for adoption was almost unanimous, there were some questions raised during the discussion at San Juan and during the three years that the Code was in preparation that should be shared with all Association members. The questions might be placed in three generic types: (a) Does the profession really need a code of ethics? (b) Can a profession that is generally composed of persons who are employees, as opposed to private practitioners, reasonably expect to set its own ethical standards and abide by them? (c) Would it not be preferable merely to state some very broad principles of ethical behavior and refrain from defining for the members what those principles should mean in practice? The attempt will be made here to summarize the apparent rationales of these questions and what seemed to be the conclusions of the Delegate Assembly concerning them.
Prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and assessment of the social and structural determinants of sexual risk behaviour and health service utilisation among MSM and TG in Terai highway districts of Nepal: Findings based on an Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance survey using respondent driven sampling
Authors: Storm Margrethe , Deuba Keshab , Damas Jose , Shrestha Upendra , Rawal Bir , Bhattarai Rajan , Marrone Gaetano 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background: MSM and TG in Nepal experience considerable discrimination and marginalisation: they are subject to abuse from legal authorities and suffer from mental health issues and substance abuse. This study aims to assess the prevalence of HIV and syphilis, in addition to how individual and socio-structural factors influence sexual risk behaviour and health care service uptake, among MSM and TG in the Terai highway districts of Nepal.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in June 2016 among MSM and TG in eight Terai highway districts of Nepal, recruiting 340 MSM and TG through respondent driven sampling. The primary outcome variables were HIV and syphilis prevalence. The secondary outcome variables were sexual risk behaviour and health care service uptake. Logistic regression models were used to assess the individual and socio-structural determinants of sexual risk behaviour and health care service uptake.

Results: The prevalence of HIV among MSM was 5%, whereas it was 13% in TG. The prevalence of active syphilis was 4% in the MSM group and 11% among TG. Among TG, 76% were involved in sex work, and 51% reported having experienced discrimination in one or more settings. In multivariable analysis, having visited an outreach centre was positively associated with condom use in the most recent sexual encounter among both MSM (AOR: 5.37, 95% CI: 2.42 - 11.94, p<0.001) and TG (AOR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.30 – 6.09, p=0.009). Moreover, in the multivariable regression model assessing factors associated with visited outreach center among MSM, respondents that reported they had been forced to marry a female were 3 times more likely to have visited an outreach centre. Among TG, being open towards family about sexual identity/behaviour were positively associated with having visited an outreach centre.

Conclusions: The high prevalence levels of HIV and syphilis, as well as indicators of marginalisation and discrimination among TG, highlights the increased burden TG in Nepal are facing and the need for tailored interventions for this group. Moreover, since health care service uptake seems to be an important factor in determining sexual risk behaviour among MSM and TG in Nepal, outreach services should be scaled up.
The advantages and disadvantages of short- and long- read metagenomics to infer bacterial and eukaryotic community composition
Authors: Pearman William S , Freed Nikki E , Silander Olin K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background

The first step in understanding ecological community diversity and dynamics is quantifying community membership. An increasingly common method for doing so is through metagenomics. Because of the rapidly increasing popularity of this approach, a large number of computational tools and pipelines are available for analysing metagenomic data. However, the majority of these tools have been designed and benchmarked using highly accurate short read data (i.e. illumina), with few studies benchmarking classification accuracy for long error-prone reads (PacBio or Oxford Nanopore). In addition, few tools have been benchmarked for non-microbial communities.

Results

Here we use simulated error prone Oxford Nanopore and high accuracy Illumina read sets to systematically investigate the effects of sequence length and taxon type on classification accuracy for metagenomic data from both microbial and non-microbial communities. We show that very generally, classification accuracy is far lower for non-microbial communities, even at low taxonomic resolution (e.g. family rather than genus).

Conclusions

We then show that for two popular taxonomic classifiers, long error-prone reads can significantly increase classification accuracy, and this is most pronounced for non-microbial communities. This work provides insight on the expected accuracy for metagenomic analyses for different taxonomic groups, and establishes the point at which read length becomes more important than error rate for assigning the correct taxon.
Analysis of differentially expressed genes during embryogenesis in ovary culture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Deng Ying , Fu Wenyuan , Tang Bing , Tao Lian , Zhang Lu , Zhou Xia , LI Ji , Chen Jinfeng 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background: Ovary culture has been a useful way to generate double haploid (DH) plant in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, the rate of embryo induction is low, and the probability for the induced embryo to grow into normal embryo is low as well. This is largely due to unknown of the mechanism of embryogenesis in cucumber. In this study, the differentially expressed genes during embryogenesis, including the early stages of embryo formation, embryo maturation and shoot formation, was investigated with transcriptomic technique to set up basis for a more efficient ovary culture technology
Results: Cytological observations led to suggestions that cell enlargement is the symbol that gametophytes had switched to the sporophyte development pathway during the early embryogenesis stage. In this stage, RNA-seq revealed 3468 up-regulated genes, including hormone signal transduction genes, hormone response genes and stress-induced genes. The reported embryogenesis-related genes BBM, HSP90 and AGL were also actively expressed during this stage.
The total of 480 genes that function in protein complex binding, microtubule binding, tetrapyrrole binding, tubulin binding and other microtubule activities were continuously up-regulated during the embryo maturation stage, indicating that the cytoskeleton structure was continuously being built and maintained by the action of microtubule-binding proteins and enzyme modification during embryo development.
In the shoot formation stage, 1383 genes were up-regulated, which were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylalanine metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. The shoot formation stage might be regulated by 6 transcription factors that contained a B3 domain, 9 genes in the AP2/ERF family and 2 genes encoded WUS homologous domain proteins.
Conclusions: Findings from this study offer a valuable framework for explaining the transcriptional regulatory mechanism underlying embryogenesis in cucumber ovary culture.
Study protocol of the multi-centre, randomized controlled trial of the Frankfurt Early Intervention Program A-FFIP versus early intervention as usual for toddlers and preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (A-FFIP study)
Authors: Kitzerow Janina , Hackbusch Matthes , Jensen Katrin , Kieser Meinhard , Noterdaeme Michele , Fröhlich Ulrike , Taurines Regina , Geißler Julia , Nicole Wolff , Roessner Veit , Bast Nico , Teufel Karoline , Kim Ziyon , Freitag Christine M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background: Naturalistic developmental behavioural interventions (NDBI) have been shown to improve autism-specific symptoms in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). NDBI approaches, such as the ASD-specific Frankfurt Early Intervention Program for ASD (A-FFIP), are based on ASD-specific developmental and learning aspects. A-FFIP is a low-intensity, cost-effective intervention which can easily be implemented in the local health care / social welfare system. The aim of the present study is to establish one-year efficacy of the manualised early intervention program A-FFIP in toddlers and preschool children with ASD. It is hypothesized that A-FFIP will result in improved ASD-specific symptoms compared to early intervention as usual (EIAU). Child and family specific secondary outcomes, as well as moderators and mediators of outcome will be explored. Methods/design: A prospective multi-centre, parallel-group, randomized, controlled, phase-III trial comparing A-FFIP versus EIAU. A total of 134 children (A-FFIP: 67, EIAU: 67) aged 2;0–5;6 years meeting criteria for ASD (DSM-5) will be included. The primary outcome is the absolute change of the total score of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC-AT) between baseline and 12 months after begin of the interventions. The treatment effect will be tested adjusted for relevant covariates applying a mixed model for repeated measures. Secondary outcomes are BOSCC social communication and repetitive behaviour scores, single ASD symptoms, language, cognition, psychopathology, parental well-being and family quality of life. Predictors, moderators and mediating mechanisms will be explored. Discussion: If efficacy of the manualised A-FFIP early intervention is established, the current study has the potential to change clinical practice strongly towards the implementation of cost-effective evidence based early intervention in ASD. Early intervention in ASD requires specialist training, which subsequently needs to be developed or included into current training curricula.
Tumor necrosis factor-α 308 G&gt;A polymorphism and retinopathy risk in diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Wenna , Zhu Ruilin , Du Jiantong , Yang Liu 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background

Growing evidence has indicated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a candidate for increasing risk of diabetic retinopathy. Lots of researches have suggested that the variation of the TNF-α gene promoter may play a vital role in the risk of this disease. To solve this issue more clearly, we performed an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship of TNF-α -308 G>A polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Literatures were retrieved in a systematic manner and analyzed using STATA Statistical Software. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adopted to estimate the strength of association.

Results

Eight studies with 1, 698 cases and 2, 064 controls were included. Genotypic and allelic comparisons between cases and controls were evaluated. Integral analysis shows a marginal association of the TNF-α -308 A allele polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy. Additionally, in stratified analysis by ethnicity, an association among the European population was found.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis proved that -308 A allele polymorphism in the TNF-α gene potentially raised the risk of diabetic retinopathy and presented a differential frequency in distinct ethnicities.
Effectiveness of a health education program to improve health literacy among females in their 20s: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Kawata Shiho , Saito Emiko 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background

Japanese women cervical cancer rates are rising aged 20-30 years, few opportunities for sex education of appropriate for age are provided to females. Health literacy (HL) is an important concept in women’s health. To improve HL for cervical cancer prevention, we developed a health program for females in their 20s. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the program.

Methods

A quasi-experimental design with control groups was conducted on female undergraduate students. The inclusion criteria for both groups were: (i) Japanese females, (ii) aged 20 years or older. The sample size for each group was set at ≥13 people based in a previous study. The participants were evaluated HL variables: HL scale score, confidence in explaining one’s own body to a medical practitioner (Y/N), knowledge of women’s health, and indicated whether they had undergone cervical cancer screening. Assessments were conducted baseline and 6 months after (follow-up) the program was implemented. Analysis of the results consisted of calculating intergroup comparisons of HL variables at follow-up using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test.

Results

14 students for the intervention group participated in the study, while 60 students for the control group participated. Intergroup pair matching using the variables of concern for one’s own body and HL scale score yielded a total final analysis population of 28 participants (n=14 in each group). Comparison of both groups at follow-up revealed a significant difference in median HL scale score, at 66 in the intervention group versus 60 in the control group (P=.002), also a significant difference in the percentage of participants who felt confident in explaining their own body to a medical practitioner (P<.001), and median knowledge score was 16 in the intervention group and 14 in the control group, which was significantly different (P=.008). There were no significant intergroup differences in cervical cancer screening behaviors.

Conclusions

The results indicated that the program was effective in improving HL, but was not effective in changing cervical cancer screening behavior. Further research is needed to determine how to provide appropriate sex education among females in their 20s.
Did ‘Kin-based Societies’ Exist? On the (De)Construction of an Anthropological Concept
Authors: Ivanović Zorica 
Published: June 2019

Concept of a ‘kin-based society’ relies on the assumption that, in stateless societies, kinship served as a fundamental and sufficient principle of social and political organization. Developed within the evolutionary paradigm, this concept has acquired different forms during the discipline’s history, depending on the theoretical orientation of various anthropologists and their understanding of the notion of ‘kinship’. Speaking from significantly different theoretical positions, anthropologists ranging from Rivers to Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown, to Evans-Pritchard, Fortes and Levi-Strauss, all maintained that kinship formed a basis of social organization, although they did not always agree on the definition of the concept and the type of kinship relations that had this special quality of integrating and organizing the whole of society.
The debates were primarily about whether it was consanguinity or affinity that served as a fundamental factor of forming and reproducing social relations. As modern anthropology rejects the idea that kinship relations can form the basis for social, economic and political integration in any type of society, including those without the state, class or caste system, this article considers the assumptions underpinning the construction of the concept witch for long played such an important role in the discipline’s knowledge but later came to be seriously challenged.
Establishment and Validation of Nutrient Expert System for Radish Fertilization Management in China
Authors: Zhang Jiajia , Ding Wencheng , He Ping , Xu Xinpeng , Abbas Tanveer , Ullah Sami , Ai Chao , Li Mingyue , Cui Rongzong , Jin Chongwei , Zhou Wei 
Published: June 2019

Imbalanced nutrient application has resulted in low productivity and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) for radish (Raphanus sativus L.) production in China. This study aims to introduce a science‐based, cost‐effective, and reliable nutrient management approach to resolve the problem. A radish database from 247 published and unpublished studies with on‐farm experiments from 2000 to 2017 in the main radish‐producing regions in China was established to develop Nutrient Expert (NE) system for radish nutrient management and field experiments were conducted to evaluate its feasibility. The relationships among indigenous soil nutrient supply, yield response (YR), agronomic efficiency (AE), and relative yield were investigated for the establishment of NE system. Results showed that the average indigenous supply of N, P, and K in soil was 118.7, 28.2, and 208.8 kg ha–1, respectively. The mean YR of radish to N, P, and K was 17.7, 10.4, and 10.3 t ha–1, respectively; while the AE of them was 104.7, 105.0, and 69.5 kg kg–1. Significantly negative exponential relationship between YR and indigenous nutrient supply and linear correlation between YR and relative yield were observed. Results demonstrated a quadratic curve relationship between YR and AE. The NE system for radish was developed based on YR and AE, and field experiments validified that NE system significantly enhanced fleshy root yield of radish, profitability, and NUE over those obtained under farmers’ practices (FP). The NE system for radish demonstrated a promising method and will assist Chinese radish growers in achieving effective fertilizer use and higher yield goals.Core Ideas

Soil indigenous nutrient supply, yield response, and agronomic efficiency were analyzed in radish‐producing regions.
The relationships among yield response, indigenous nutrient supply, and agronomic efficiency were determined.
Nutrient Expert for radish was first established based on yield response and agronomic efficiency.
Soil Microbial Communities on Roughs, Fairways, and Putting Greens of Cool‐Season Golf Courses
Authors: Allan‐Perkins Elisha , Manter Daniel K. , Jung Geunhwa 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe microbial communities of golf courses provide many ecosystem functions and could be leveraged to provide better N fertility, biocontrol, and thatch degradation. However, little is known about soil bacterial and fungal communities on golf courses or how management affects them. We used metagenomics to identify the soil‐inhabiting bacteria and fungi among three management areas receiving few (roughs), moderate (fairways), and high (putting greens) inputs on three golf courses to determine how management intensity affects these organisms. Based on β diversity estimates, microbial communities on putting greens were more similar to each other than to the other areas of the golf courses. There were few significant differences in pathogens, biocontrol organisms, xenobiotic detoxifiers, or N‐cycling bacteria among management areas, suggesting soil turf bacteria are resilient to changes from management inputs. Fungal abundance, diversity, and pathogens were significantly affected by management areas, suggesting these organisms respond more drastically to management inputs. This is the first report using metagenomics to describe microbial communities on all three management areas of golf courses, including those managed organically. Our results provide insight on microbial community composition on golf courses, adding to a better understanding of perennial turf phytobiomes and how management intensity affects overall community composition.
Edscottite, Fe5C2, a new iron carbide mineral from the Ni-rich Wedderburn IAB iron meteorite
Authors: Ma Chi , Rubin Alan E. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Edscottite (IMA 2018-086a), Fe5C2, is a new iron carbide mineral that occurs with low-Ni iron (kamacite), taenite, nickelphosphide (Ni-dominant schreibersite), and minor cohenite in the Wedder-burn iron meteorite, a Ni-rich member of the group IAB complex. The mean chemical composition of edscottite determined by electron probe microanalysis, is (wt%) Fe 87.01, Ni 4.37, Co 0.82, C 7.90, total 100.10, yielding an empirical formula of (Fe4.73Ni0.23Co0.04)C2.00. The end-member formula is Fe5C2. Electron backscatter diffraction shows that edscottite has the C2/c Pd5B2-type structure of the synthetic phase called Hägg-carbide, χ-Fe5C2, which has a = 11.57 Å, b = 4.57 Å, c = 5.06 Å, β = 97.7 °, V = 265.1 Å3, and Z = 4. The calculated density using the measured composition is 7.62 g/cm3. Like the other two carbides found in iron meteorites, cohenite (Fe3C) and haxonite (Fe23C6), edscottite forms in kamacite, but unlike these two carbides, it forms laths, possibly due to very rapid growth after supersaturation of carbon. Haxonite (which typically forms in carbide-bearing, Ni-rich members of the IAB complex) has not been observed in Wedderburn. Formation of edscottite rather than haxonite may have resulted from a lower C concentration in Wedderburn and hence a lower growth temperature. The new mineral is named in honor of Edward (Ed) R.D. Scott, a pioneering cosmochemist at the University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, for his seminal contributions to research on meteorites.
Water softeners add comfort and consume water – comparison of selected centralised and decentralised softening technologies
Authors: Tang Camilla , Merks Cornelis Wilhelmus Adrianus Maria , Albrechtsen Hans-Jørgen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Selected technologies for centralised or decentralised drinking water softening were evaluated based on technical, economic, environmental and aesthetic indicators to identify the optimal treatment technology for a given setting. To achieve this, we demonstrated that a number of important indicators beyond hardness reduction and costs have to be included. All the evaluated centralised softening technologies could reduce water hardness to the target of 1.3 mmol/L at the Dutch drinking water treatment plant Beilen. CARIX® treatment and pellet softening with Ca(OH)2 resulted in a lower CCPP90 (0.25–0.30 mmol/L) than nanofiltration (0.30–0.35 mmol/L). Decentralised reverse osmosis had a water consumption of &gt;100%, whereas decentralised cation exchange had a water consumption of 2.5–4.5% which was comparable to centralised pellet softening (3.6%). Except for the electronic water conditioner that does not remove water hardness, the decentralised technologies were 7–10 times more expensive than the centralised technologies per m3 of softened water. The centralised softening technologies furthermore ensured supply of softened water to all customers in a water supply zone. Thus, in areas with hard water and limescale problems, investment in centralised softening at the local water utility is more optimal than widespread implementation of decentralised systems.