bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive reconstruction technique for chronic Achilles tendon tears allows rapid return to walking and leads to good functional recovery
Authors: Bąkowski Paweł , Ciemniewska-Gorzela Kinga , Talaśka Krzysztof , Górecki Jan , Wojtkowiak Dominik , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Piontek Tomasz 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeChronic Achilles tendon tears, including chronic ruptures with end gap over 6 cm making end-to-end suturing impossible, can be treated with autologous hamstring graft reconstruction. The primary goal of this study was to present the biomechanical and long-term clinical results of recently developed minimally invasive Achilles tendon reconstruction technique.MethodsMinimally invasive Achilles tendon reconstruction was applied to 8 foot and ankle cadaveric specimens as well as 18 patients with chronic Achilles tendon tears. Repaired cadavers were subjected to the biomechanical testing using a cyclic loading protocol. Patients with reconstructed Achilles tendon were subjected to the clinical, functional and isokinetic tests at 12 months after the treatment.ResultsAll of tested Achilles cadaveric specimens survived 2 loading blocks (250 cycles of 10–100 N load followed by additional 250 cycles of 10–200 N load). With three specimens, it was possible to perform the third cyclic loading block with 20-300 N load and two specimens survived the fourth block with 20–400 N load. Therefore, a mean number of 838 cycles (±178) within the range of 509–1000 was recorded. Two specimens which survived all 1000 cycles were pulled to failure at 25 mm/s rate. The results obtained in the load to failure testing were as follows: 398 N and 608 N of maximum load. The results of functional heel rise endurance test and single leg hop for distance test indicated a decrease in the endurance and strength of the injured limb. However, the results of the weight-bearing lunge tests indicated no tendency for elongation of the Achilles tendon. A comparative analysis of the isokinetic test results for the non-injured and injured limb was revealed no statistically significant differences for every isokinetic test (n. s.), with significant difference for isometric strength parameters (p = 0.0006).ConclusionsThe results of the biomechanical tests as well as 1-year extensive functional, clinical and isokinetic results of the minimally invasive technique for chronic Achilles tendon tears are encouraging. Patients returned to their normal physical activity, including sport pre-injury level in most cases.Level of evidenceIII
Analytic Combinatorics of Lattice Paths with Forbidden Patterns, the Vectorial Kernel Method, and Generating Functions for Pushdown Automata
Authors: Asinowski Andrei , Bacher Axel , Banderier Cyril , Gittenberger Bernhard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this article we develop a vectorial kernel method—a powerful method which solves in a unified framework all the problems related to the enumeration of words generated by a pushdown automaton. We apply it for the enumeration of lattice paths that avoid a fixed word (a pattern), or for counting the occurrences of a given pattern. We unify results from numerous articles concerning patterns like peaks, valleys, humps, etc., in Dyck and Motzkin paths. This refines the study by Banderier and Flajolet from 2002 on enumeration and asymptotics of lattice paths: we extend here their results to pattern-avoiding walks/bridges/meanders/excursions. We show that the autocorrelation polynomial of this forbidden pattern, as introduced by Guibas and Odlyzko in 1981 in the context of rational languages, still plays a crucial role for our algebraic languages. En passant, our results give the enumeration of some classes of self-avoiding walks, and prove several conjectures from the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. Finally, we also give the trivariate generating function (length, final altitude, number of occurrences of the pattern p), and we prove that the number of occurrences is normally distributed and linear with respect to the length of the walk: this is what Flajolet and Sedgewick call an instance of Borges’s theorem.
Real-time monitoring of driver drowsiness on mobile platforms using 3D neural networks
Authors: Wijnands Jasper S. , Thompson Jason , Nice Kerry A. , Aschwanden Gideon D. P. A. , Stevenson Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Driver drowsiness increases crash risk, leading to substantial road trauma each year. Drowsiness detection methods have received considerable attention, but few studies have investigated the implementation of a detection approach on a mobile phone. Phone applications reduce the need for specialised hardware and hence, enable a cost-effective roll-out of the technology across the driving population. While it has been shown that three-dimensional (3D) operations are more suitable for spatiotemporal feature learning, current methods for drowsiness detection commonly use frame-based, multi-step approaches. However, computationally expensive techniques that achieve superior results on action recognition benchmarks (e.g. 3D convolutions, optical flow extraction) create bottlenecks for real-time, safety-critical applications on mobile devices. Here, we show how depthwise separable 3D convolutions, combined with an early fusion of spatial and temporal information, can achieve a balance between high prediction accuracy and real-time inference requirements. In particular, increased accuracy is achieved when assessment requires motion information, for example, when sunglasses conceal the eyes. Further, a custom TensorFlow-based smartphone application shows the true impact of various approaches on inference times and demonstrates the effectiveness of real-time monitoring based on out-of-sample data to alert a drowsy driver. Our model is pre-trained on ImageNet and Kinetics and fine-tuned on a publicly available Driver Drowsiness Detection dataset. Fine-tuning on large naturalistic driving datasets could further improve accuracy to obtain robust in-vehicle performance. Overall, our research is a step towards practical deep learning applications, potentially preventing micro-sleeps and reducing road trauma.
Influence of particle size on vertical plate penetration into dense cohesionless granular materials (large-scale DEM simulation using real particle size)
Authors: Miyai Shinichiro , Kobayakawa Murino , Tsuji Takuya , Tanaka Toshitsugu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe influence of the particle size on the vertical plate penetration into dense cohesionless granular materials was numerically investigated. Simulations were performed in quasi-two-dimensional conditions by changing the mean particle diametersd50but maintaining the plate thicknessBfromB/d50 = 63–2.6. The initial bulk packing fraction was kept high, irrespective of the particle size. In the smallest particle size case (B/d50 = 63), the size ratio reached almost the same level as that in the laboratory experiments using natural sand particles. The results demonstrated that the mean penetration resistance force acting on the plate tip surface increases with a decrease ofB/d50, while the tangential force acting on the side surfaces does not change withB/d50. Tip resistances increase linearly with the penetration depth, while the tangential resistances increase with the square of the depth regardless ofB/d50. The behavior of the resistance fluctuations changes qualitatively betweenB/d50 = 31 and 21. For all cases, we confirmed the formation of a wedge-shaped flow with a high forward velocity in front of the plate tip. The wedge flow width was larger than the plate thickness by almost a mean particle diameter, and was responsible for the increase in the mean resistance depending on the particle size. For the largeB/d50cases only, the resistance exhibited quasi-periodic fluctuations, which was attributable to the intermittent nucleation and disappearance of the shear bands. Moreover, we investigated the dependence ofB/d50on the band evolutions by analyzing the band thickness.Graphic abstractThe influence of the particle size on the vertical plate penetration into dense cohesionless granular materials was numerically investigated using DEM. Simulations were performed in quasi-two-dimensional conditions by changing the median particle diametersd50but maintaining the plate thicknessB. The initial bulk packing fraction was kept high, irrespective of the particle size. Upper and lower figures show the result of small (B/d50= 63) and large particle size case (B/d50= 21), respectively. In the small particle size case (B/d50= 63), the size ratio reached almost the same level as that in the laboratory and the dynamics of 35.5 million particles was considered. Right and left figures illustrate instantaneous shear strain rate and local packing fraction distributions, respectively. Large qualitative change in the granular behaviors as well as penetration resistance was observed betweenB/d50= 31 and 21. The intermittent nucleation and disappearance of the shear bands were clearly observed only for largeB/d50cases.
Severe pulmonary tuberculosis complicated with insidious pulmonary thromboembolism: a case report and literature review
Authors: Huang Lili , Yin Chunyang , Gu Xiaoyan , Tang Xiaojun , Zhang Xia , Hu Chunmei , Chen Wei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is an acute and severe disease with high mortality, which is prone to be misdiagnosed or ignored especially when complicated with tuberculosis (TB). Even though TB has been considered as a risk factor for PTE, there is rare report of TB with PTE worldwide. Which TB patients are more susceptible to PTE is still not clear. Here, we described a case report of PTE with pulmonary TB in a 28-year-old man, who had no risk factors for pulmonary thrombosis at admission and developed a medium-high PTE after initiating anti-TB therapy. After local thrombolysis with interventional therapy and sequential intravenous thrombolysis, combined with long-term anticoagulation, the PTE of the patient disappeared. At follow-up of 4 months, the patient was re-examined with chest enhanced CT and no obvious emboli was found. We emphasize that acute or severe TB infection should be included in the thromboembolism risk assessment and prophylactic use of anticoagulants may be considered even if there are no other obvious risk factors. Interventional therapy is a good option for thrombolysis treatment if hospital condition permits.
Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANs
Authors: Vougioukas Konstantinos , Petridis Stavros , Pantic Maja 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Speech-driven facial animation is the process that automatically synthesizes talking characters based on speech signals. The majority of work in this domain creates a mapping from audio features to visual features. This approach often requires post-processing using computer graphics techniques to produce realistic albeit subject dependent results. We present an end-to-end system that generates videos of a talking head, using only a still image of a person and an audio clip containing speech, without relying on handcrafted intermediate features. Our method generates videos which have (a) lip movements that are in sync with the audio and (b) natural facial expressions such as blinks and eyebrow movements. Our temporal GAN uses 3 discriminators focused on achieving detailed frames, audio-visual synchronization, and realistic expressions. We quantify the contribution of each component in our model using an ablation study and we provide insights into the latent representation of the model. The generated videos are evaluated based on sharpness, reconstruction quality, lip-reading accuracy, synchronization as well as their ability to generate natural blinks.
Fabrication of aortic bioprosthesis by decellularization, fibrin glue coating and re-endothelization: a cell scaffold approach
Authors: Walawalkar Sonal , Almelkar Shahdab 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Aortic dysfunctions (aneurysm, aortitis) lead to the most serious conditions related to aortic wall with life-threatening complications. The most common modality of management for such conditions is replacement (diseased part) of aorta by a larger diameter stent (reconstructive vascular surgery) which in itself is a big trial. The most natural way is to use a re-endothelized scaffold. Developing a scaffold with biomimetic properties is an experimental aim for most of the scientists and surgeons. We aim to structure a strategy to overcome the well-known problems associated with aorta. In this study, we plan to remold a larger diameter blood vessel such as aorta from xenogeneic origin using different protocols to decellularize and comparing them with normal aorta. The chemicals and enzymes used for bovine aorta decellularization are 1% SDS (group II), 70% ethanol + 0.25% trypsin (group III), 70% ethanol (group IV), and 0.25% trypsin (group V). Group I served as control (without decellularization). Histology and SEM study were conducted for cellular presence/absence in all scaffolds. Later, the scaffolds were coated with the fibrin glue (FG) and endothelial cells were proliferated over them. 3D images were taken showing the remolding of the endothelial cells on FG-coated surfaces. The re-endothelization was confirmed by lectin and vWF+/+ expression. Graft elasticity and burst pressure were confirmed by biomechanical tensile testing. Further, the absence of host tissue DNA and presence of cellular DNA after re-endothelialization were confirmed by PicoGreen assay. The acceptability for metabolically active cellular proliferation on scaffolds and its non-toxicity were proved by cell viability assay. Current findings accomplish that larger diameter aorta extracellular matrix scaffold (group II) can be fabricated and re-endothelialized to develop non-thrombotic surfaces with improved graft patency with promising results compared to other fabricated scaffold groups.
Variations in the Winter Troughs' Position With Local Time, Longitude, and Solar Activity in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres
Authors: Karpachev A. T. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractComprehensive pattern of ionospheric troughs' location in winter for all local times, longitudes, high (HSA), and low (LSA) solar activity, in both hemispheres, is at first investigated. Statistical analysis based on a large dataset of Interkosmos‐19, CHAMP, and Kosmos‐900 satellites was performed for quiet geomagnetic conditions Kp = 1–3. Three troughs were considered: high‐latitude trough (HLT) located inside the auroral oval, main ionospheric trough (MIT) located equatorward from the auroral oval, that is, at subauroral latitudes, and mid‐latitude ring ionospheric trough (RIT). The main purpose was to study the formation of the troughs' diurnal pattern in different conditions. The main problem was to distinguish MIT from RIT and MIT from HLT. For this purpose, early morning hours (04–06 LT), late morning hours (07–10 LT), day, evening, and night conditions were examined. In the early morning sector, RIT was separated from MIT and eliminated from the dataset. In the late morning sector, MIT and HLT were first clearly divided, although only for HSA. During the day, in the Northern Hemisphere under all conditions, HLT is mainly observed, in the Southern Hemisphere at poorly lit longitudes only the daytime MIT, and at well‐lit longitudes only the HLT is observed. The division of MIT and HLT was carried out according to the (statistical) position of the equatorial boundary of the auroral oval precipitation. At night, longitudinal variations in the MIT position determine the asymmetry of the hemispheres. Thus, the occurrence and position of MIT and HLT depend on the hemisphere, longitude, and solar activity.
Three‐Dimensional Fourier Analysis of the Phase Velocity Distributions of Mesospheric and Ionospheric Waves Based on Airglow Images Collected Over 10 Years: Comparison of Magadan, Russia, and Athabasca, Canada
Authors: Tsuchiya Satoshi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Fujinami Hatsuki , Otsuka Yuichi , Nakamura Takuji , Connors Martin , Schofield Ian , Shevtsov Boris , Poddelsky Igor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe studied atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and nighttime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) using a three‐dimensional spectral analysis technique for airglow images at wavelengths of 557.7 nm (altitude: 90–100 km for AGWs) and 630.0 nm (200–300 km for MSTIDs), obtained from Athabasca (ATH), Canada (55°N, 247°E, 2005–2017), and Magadan (MGD), Russia (60°N, 151°E, 2008–2017), over 10–13 years. The AGW propagation direction in summer was from northward to northeastward in ATH and northeastward in MGD with phase speeds of 20–60 m/s. In winter at ATH, they are more omnidirectional with weak preference from northward to southwestward with a speed less than 40 m/s, while another weaker power exists from northeastward to southeastward from 70 to 120 m/s. In winter at MGD, there was no dominant direction in the phase‐velocity spectra with spectral power an order smaller than ATH. We suggest that these AGW characteristics were caused by wind filtering and intensity and locations of tropospheric sources. The MSTIDs at ATH propagated westward in spring and winter and eastward in summer and fall. The MSTIDs at MGD propagated northeastward, eastward, and westward in spring, fall, and winter, respectively, with weaker power than that at ATH. The phase speeds are mostly less than 50 m/s except for fall. The propagation direction tends to change from southwest‐westward in the evening to northeast‐eastward after the midnight at ATH and from south‐southwestward in the evening to north‐northeastward after the midnight at MGD. We discuss possible reasons for these MSTID characteristics at high latitudes based on Perkins and E‐F coupling instabilities, high‐latitude plasma convection, and thermospheric neutral winds.
Optimizing Forest Management Stabilizes Carbon Under Projected Climate and Wildfires
Authors: Krofcheck D.J. , Remy C.C. , Keyser A. R. , Hurteau M.D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractForests provide a broad set of ecosystem services, including climate regulation. Other ecosystem services can be ecosystem dependent and are in part regulated by local‐scale decision‐making. In the southwestern United States, ongoing climate change is exacerbating a legacy of fire‐exclusion that has altered forest structure and increased high‐severity wildfire risk. Management can mitigate this risk by reducing forest density and restoring frequent surface fires, but at the cost of reduced carbon stocks. We sought to quantify the role of management in building adaptive capacity to projected climate and wildfires and the carbon consequences in a forested watershed. We simulated carbon dynamics under projected climate and wildfires and two management scenarios: prioritized and optimized. The prioritized scenario involved thinning and prescribed burning in areas selected by stakeholders to mitigate high‐severity wildfire risk. The optimized scenario used the probability of high‐severity wildfires to locate thinning treatments and increased prescribed fire area burned relative to the prioritized scenario. Both scenarios reduced wildfire severity and significantly increased net photosynthesis relative to no‐management. However, the optimized scenario decreased management‐related losses by 2.4 Mg • C • ha−1 and wildfire emissions by 2.9 Mg • C • ha−1 relative to the prioritized scenario. By decreasing the area thinned and increasing the area burned relative to the prioritized scenario, the optimized scenario halved the time to realize a net carbon benefit relative to no‐management. Given the increasing climatic and disturbance pressures impacting southwestern forests, management will play a critical role in building adaptive capacity and ensuring the continued provision of ecosystem services.
Tectonic Reconstruction of the Ellice Basin
Authors: Benyshek Elizabeth K. , Wessel Paul , Taylor Brian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA geophysical survey of the Ellice Basin, located in the south equatorial Pacific between the Ontong Java and Manihiki plateaus, revealed evidence for an extinct seafloor spreading system between the Pacific Plate and the Manihiki Plate. The spreading occurred during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron, the longest normal period of magnetic polarity from 121 to 83 Ma, and therefore lacks magnetic‐isochron‐derived age and plate motion constraints. Utilizing high‐resolution bathymetric data acquired on survey KM1609 during December 2016–January 2017, morphological and directional analyses were performed on the seafloor spreading fabric. Plate motion between the Pacific Plate and the Manihiki Plate during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron is described by three main stages of spreading. Stage 1 spreading was generally E‐W until a clockwise rotation of the spreading direction rotated transform faults by ~15° and lengthened spreading ridges to form Stage 2 zed pattern rhomboids. An offset between Stage 2 fracture zones evidences the presence of a complex and short‐lived Stage 3. Reconstructions, with respect to the Pacific Plate, are created for each of the three stages. Our reconstructions show that there was an earlier opening history prior to Stage 1 that ultimately reconstructs the Ontong Java and Manihiki plateaus; its quantification will await high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry data closer to the two plateaus.
Determining Characteristic Relative Permeability From Coreflooding Experiments: A Simplified Model Approach
Authors: Rabinovich A. , Anto‐Darkwah E. , Mishra A. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRelative permeability measurements from drainage coreflooding experiments are effective properties that vary with injection rate when capillary heterogeneity effects are present. It is therefore important to estimate the fine‐scale characteristic relative permeability (
), which is independent of flow rate and can be used for accurate reservoir simulation and numerical modeling of coreflooding. Previous methods for
estimation are based on two‐phase flow simulations with fine‐scale heterogeneous permeability and capillary pressure. These are computationally complex and prone to error. This work presents a reduced method, based on a simplified model, requiring only solutions of steady state single‐phase flow equations. The simplified model is used to study a number of synthetic 2‐D permeability realizations and 3‐D core models constructed based on experimental data from previous literature. The
estimation method is tested on these examples and shown to be generally accurate. Cases where estimation error is significant are characterized by low injection rates, large nonwetting phase fractional flow, strong capillary heterogeneity, and small capillary number (ratio between core average pressure drop and capillary pressure drop). The estimation error is believed to be related to errors in the full‐model (two‐phase flow) simulations; that is, we find that for low injection rates, our simulator presents significantly different results compared to a commercial simulator. This could explain the source of mismatch between full and simplified methods and calls for further investigation of inaccuracy in numerical simulations at low flow rates, which could have implications for coreflood modeling and low rate reservoir simulation.