bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Von PET und PET/CT zur PET/MRT: Ein technologisches Update
Authors: Büther Florian 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet die wichtigsten technologischen Neuerungen auf dem Gebiet der Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (PET) der letzten Jahre. Sowohl auf Seiten der Hardware als auch im Bereich der eingesetzten Algorithmen sorgt der Fortschritt dafür, dass die PET-Bildgebung einer der grundlegenden Pfeiler der nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik bleiben wird. Insbesondere neue Detektoren (Szintillatormaterialien, Lichtdetektoren, Elektronik) – nicht nur für die neue PET/MRT-Bildgebung, sondern auch für die konventionelle PET/CT-Bildgebung – als auch neue Rekonstruktions- und Korrekturmethoden (iterative sowie Flugzeit- und Punktspreizantwort-basierte Rekonstruktionen, Schwächungs- und Bewegungskorrektur) sind für diese Entwicklung verantwortlich. Besonders im Hinblick auf gesteigerte Sensitivitäten und räumliche Auflösung ergeben sich hiermit interessante Perspektiven sowohl für die Grundlagenforschung als auch für klinische Anwendungen.
Neuro-PET – ein Update
Authors: Beyer Leonie , Rominger Axel 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungNeurologische Fragestellungen haben in der Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie seit vielen Jahren einen festen Stellenwert. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden in der Klinik gängige Untersuchungsmethoden bei der Demenzdiagnostik, Abklärung von Bewegungsstörungen sowie der Epilepsiediagnostik unter Berücksichtigung aktueller Leitlinien dargestellt und durch aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Wissenschaft erweitert. Ebenso wird die nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik von Hirntumoren samt theragnostischem Ausblick aufgezeigt. In einem weiteren Subkapitel wird die Entwicklung im Bereich der Neuroinflammation erläutert. Insgesamt lässt sich festhalten, dass in der Neuronuklearmedizin in den letzten Jahren einige Neuentwicklungen hervorgebracht wurden, welche sicherlich ihren Stellenwert auch in der klinischen Routine finden werden.
„Du musst Probleme lösen, nicht neue schaffen“
Authors: Schmidtlein Oliver 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungWelchen Physiotherapeuten verdient ein Leistungssportler? – Oliver Schmidtlein war lange Zeit Physiotherapeut im Profifußball, unter anderem bei 1860 München,
Bayern München und der Deutschen Fußball-Nationalmannschaft. Der richtige Mann also für ein Gespräch darüber, was ein Sportphysiotherapeut mitbringen sollte,
der Topathleten betreuen möchte – und was er besser lassen sollte.
A Single Institution Retrospective Study of the Clinical Efficacy of Tiotropium Respimat in Never-Smoking Elderly Asthmatics with Irreversible Airflow Limitation
Authors: Hara Johsuke , Kasahara Kazuo , Ohkura Noriyuki , Yamamura Kenta , Sakai Tamami , Abo Miki , Ogawa Naohiko , Saeki Keigo , Koba Hayato , Watanabe Satoshi , Uchida Yuka , Tambo Yuichi , Sone Takashi , Kimura Hideharu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Objective In Japan, most asthma deaths occur among the elderly. We should improve the control of asthma in elderly patients to reduce the number of deaths due to asthma. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of tiotropium RespimatⓇ (Tio-Res) in symptomatic, never-smoking, elderly asthmatics with irreversible airflow limitation despite the use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) plus long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA).
Methods The Asthma Control Test™ (ACT), pulmonary function tests, morning and evening peak flow (mPEF, ePEF, respectively, evaluated with an ASSESS® peak flow meter), and respiratory impedance (assessed with MostGraph®) were measured before and after a minimum of one year of Tio-Res 5 µg/day administration. Sixteen symptomatic, never-smoking asthmatics, aged 75 or over with irreversible airflow limitation despite the use of high-dose ICS plus LABA, were analyzed.
Results All patients were female (mean age, 81.6 years). Tio-Res led to statistically significant improvements in the total ACT score (19.9 to 23.6), FVC and FEV1 (1.97 to 2.14 L and 1.13 to 1.23 L, respectively), and mPEF and ePEF (229.9 to 253.8 L/min and 259.8 to 277.4 L/min, respectively). Tio-Res also resulted in statistically significant improvements in respiratory resistance at 5 Hz (R5), respiratory resistance at 20 Hz (R20), R5-R20, low-frequency reactant indices at 5 Hz (X5), resonant frequency (Fres) and low-frequency reactance area (ALX).
Conclusions Our retrospective study suggests that Tio-Res improves symptoms, pulmonary function, and respiratory impedance in symptomatic asthmatics aged 75 or over with irreversible airflow limitation despite the use of high-dose ICS plus LABA.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 5-Oxo-1-Phenylpyrrolidine-3-Carboxylic Acid Analogs
Authors: Devi Poornima , Bishnoi Abha , Srivastava Krishna , Kumar Sunil , Srivastava Ankita , Fatma Shaheen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA number of 5-oxo-1-phenyl-4-(substituted methyl) pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid derivatives bearing pyrrolidine ring and methylamino residues in their structure were synthesized as potential antibacterial drugs. The chemical structures of all the compounds were established by their UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, IR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The in vitro antibacterial screening of all novel compounds was done against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results revealed that compounds 5d, e, f and g showed moderate to good activity against the tested microbes.
Diplopia following Extraoral Maxillary Nerve Blockade for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Chavali Siddharth , Rath Girija P. , Bithal Parmod K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe report a case of diplopia due to reversible abducens nerve block associated with extraoral maxillary blockade of the trigeminal nerve. This complication occurs despite precautions such as aspiration and confirmation of needle tip position with nerve stimulation. Knowledge of this condition and its potential cause should alert the physician to the importance of appropriate injection technique and an understanding of the management protocol.
Mediation through modality shifts in Chinese-English government press conference interpreting
Authors: Xin Li 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates the mediation role of interpreters through modality shifts in Chinese-English diplomatic interpreting. Based on the custom-built corpus of interpreted government press conferences, this article conducts a Systemic Functional Linguistics-informed analysis of modality shifts by examining the ST-TT sentence pairs that present high-frequency Chinese or English modality markers. Results show that: (1) the degree of mediation by the interpreters is fairly high in terms of modality, with 44% of the investigated sentence pairs involving modality shifts; (2) shifts mostly occur in modality value (91%) and orientation (64%) rather than modality type (5%), thus the basic speech function of the clause is minimally changed; (3) shifts within the three dimensions point to general tendencies towards “weakening,” “subjectivization” and “de-obligation,” which reflect the interpreters’ efforts to construct the Chinese officials’ image as audience-friendly and proactive, and to adapt the TT to the English communicative norms; (4) “strengthening” and “objectivization” shifts occur frequently around issues concerning the Chinese government’s responsibility or ability, which reveals the interpreters’ active involvement in presenting the Chinese government as responsible, confident and powerful. The study argues that the press conference interpreters’ active mediation is motivated by their institutional identity as “diplomatic workers” and “government representatives” in the Chinese context.
Hippocampal Shape Maturation in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Lynch Kirsten M , Shi Yonggang , Toga Arthur W , Clark Kristi A ,   Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe hippocampus is a subcortical structure critical for learning and memory, and a thorough understanding of its neurodevelopment is important for studying these processes in health and disease. However, few studies have quantified the typical developmental trajectory of the structure in childhood and adolescence. This study examined the cross-sectional age-related changes and sex differences in hippocampal shape in a multisite, multistudy cohort of 1676 typically developing children (age 1–22 years) using a novel intrinsic brain mapping method based on Laplace–Beltrami embedding of surfaces. Significant age-related expansion was observed bilaterally and nonlinear growth was observed primarily in the right head and tail of the hippocampus. Sex differences were also observed bilaterally along the lateral and medial aspects of the surface, with females exhibiting relatively larger surface expansion than males. Additionally, the superior posterior lateral surface of the left hippocampus exhibited an age–sex interaction with females expanding faster than males. Shape analysis provides enhanced sensitivity to regional changes in hippocampal morphology over traditional volumetric approaches and allows for the localization of developmental effects. Our results further support evidence that hippocampal structures follow distinct maturational trajectories that may coincide with the development of learning and memory skills during critical periods of development.
Role of type 2A phosphatase regulatory subunit B56α in regulating cardiac responses to β-adrenergic stimulation in vivo
Authors: Puhl Sarah-Lena , Weeks Kate L , Güran Alican , Ranieri Antonella , Boknik Peter , Kirchhefer Uwe , Müller Frank U , Avkiran Metin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Aims
B56α is a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit that is highly expressed in the heart. We previously reported that cardiomyocyte B56α localizes to myofilaments under resting conditions and translocates to the cytosol in response to acute β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation. Given the importance of reversible protein phosphorylation in modulating cardiac function during sympathetic stimulation, we hypothesized that loss of B56α in mice with targeted disruption of the gene encoding B56α (Ppp2r5a) would impact on cardiac responses to β-AR stimulation in vivo.

Methods and results
Cardiac phenotype of mice heterozygous (HET) or homozygous (HOM) for the disrupted Ppp2r5a allele and wild type (WT) littermates was characterized under basal conditions and following acute β-AR stimulation with dobutamine (DOB; 0.75 mg/kg i.p.) or sustained β-AR stimulation by 2-week infusion of isoproterenol (ISO; 30 mg/kg/day s.c.). Left ventricular (LV) wall thicknesses, chamber dimensions and function were assessed by echocardiography, and heart tissue collected for gravimetric, histological, and biochemical analyses. Western blot analysis revealed partial and complete loss of B56α protein in hearts from HET and HOM mice, respectively, and no changes in the expression of other PP2A regulatory, catalytic or scaffolding subunits. PP2A catalytic activity was reduced in hearts of both HET and HOM mice. There were no differences in the basal cardiac phenotype between genotypes. Acute DOB stimulation induced the expected inotropic response in WT and HET mice, which was attenuated in HOM mice. In contrast, DOB-induced increases in heart rate were unaffected by B56α deficiency. In WT mice, ISO infusion increased LV wall thicknesses, cardiomyocyte area and ventricular mass, without LV dilation, systolic dysfunction, collagen deposition or foetal gene expression. The hypertrophic response to ISO was blunted in mice deficient for B56α.

Conclusion
These findings identify B56α as a potential regulator of cardiac structure and function during β-AR stimulation.
On Manifolds with Lower Quadratic Curvature Decay and Volume Pinching
Authors: Kang Xiaosong , Xu Xu , Zhang Dunmu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
We give some conditions for a complete noncompact Riemannian manifold with lower quadratic curvature decay to have finite topological type. Most of our curvature conditions are much weaker than the assumptions in Lott [5] and in Sha–Shen [10], hence our results can be viewed as natural generalizations of those works.
Causes of medical errors and its under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors: Mousavi-roknabadi Razieh Sadat , Momennasab Marzieh , Askarian Mehrdad , Haghshenas Abbas , Marjadi Brahmaputra 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the causes of medical errors (ME) and under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses at an Iranian teaching hospital.DesignA qualitative study, based on individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews and content analysis approach.SettingsThe study was conducted at the Pediatric Department of the largest tertiary general and teaching hospital in Shiraz, southern Iran.ParticipantsThe study population was all pediatrics nurses who work at Pediatric Department and they had been trained on ME, as well as methods to report them through the hospital’s ME reporting system. Purposive sampling was used by selecting key informants until data saturation was achieved and no more new information was obtained. Finally, 18 pediatric nurses were interviewed.Main outcome measure(s)Pediatrics nurses’ views on the causes of ME and under-reporting.ResultsWe found five main factors causing ME and under-reporting: personal factors, workplace factors, managerial factors, work culture and error reporting system. These factors were further classified into proximal and distal factors. Proximal factors had direct relationship with ME and distal factors were contextual factors.ConclusionCauses of ME and under-reporting amongst pediatric nurses are complex and intertwined. Both proximal and distal factors need to be simultaneously addressed using context-specific approaches. Further research on other groups of healthcare workers and using a quantitative approach will be beneficial to elucidate the most appropriate interventions.
Legal History As Economic History
Authors: Fleming Anne 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Over the past century, legal history and economic history developed as separate fields of scholarship. Their separation reflects an understanding of law and economy as distinct objects that may be pulled apart and each analysed apart from the other. Yet, even assuming that law and economy are separable, it is undeniable that they interact. This chapter first maps the state of the field over the past several decades, identifying two major questions that have guided much of the scholarship on the border between legal and economic history. It then describes two of the theoretical frameworks available to legal historians for conceptualizing the relationship between law and economy. Finally, it argues that future work on the history of political economy should put aside measuring the impact of law on economy (and vice versa) and instead explore how the boundary between law and economy has been constructed and maintained over time.
Legal History
Authors: Halliday Paul 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the meaning of taking a long view of the law. Artists and writers in Jane Austen’s England thought a lot about perspective and the picturesque: about what it means to choose one position instead of another from which to observe landscapes or human relationships, and thus about what it means to frame and thereby take a view. In legal history, taking a long view shows us that forces that appear motionless were not and are not. By placing previously undetected or unconnected objects—events, texts—in long flows of time, we see when and how human choices redirected those flows. As we do, we appreciate how our law has been and remains a result of conscious efforts to articulate the good and to fashion practices for obtaining it.
Philosophical Analysis and Historical Inquiry
Authors: Del Mar Maksymilian 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between philosophical analysis and historical inquiry, including the specific virtues that historical inquiry brings, what is lost when theorizing is restricted to philosophical analysis, and why this all matters for theorizing law and legal thought. In other words, the chapter attempts to articulate how historical inquiry is generative theoretically and how it can exist, as part of the broader activity of theorizing, in fruitful tension with philosophical analysis. The approach is based on a particular concept of historical inquiry and its resulting historical insights, which is presented in the first part of the chapter. The second part offers some illustrations of the value of historical inquiry for theorizing law and legal thought.
Sociological Jurisprudence and The Spirit of The Common Law
Authors: Morag-Levine Noga 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the work and influence of Roscoe Pound who offered sociological jurisprudence in response to transatlantic-inspired threats to the future of the common law. At issue was the rise of social science as an alternative, civil-law-affiliated, administrative paradigm that simultaneously threatened the academic interests of the law schools, the professional concerns of the bar, and the core constitutional principles of judicial supremacy. Within this context, Pound selectively drew on European social legal theory with the goal of saving the common law from itself. The project consisted of two primary proposals for reform, one focused on the universities, the other on the courts. Through the injection of social-scientific content into legal pedagogy and research, sociological jurisprudence forged a socio-legal paradigm that together with lowering the barriers separating law from society also ensured that law would continue to exist as a distinct field of inquiry in the universities and beyond. Where the courts were concerned, sociological jurisprudence answered pressures for radical curtailment of judicial review with a narrow, formalist, construction of the deficiency at the core of the Lochner Court’s reasoning. It was a problem definition that successfully served to deflect direct attacks on judicial supremacy. Largely hidden going forward has been the extent to which the constitutional battle lines of the early twentieth century were drawn between rival, common law- and civil-law-based paradigms of administrative governance.
Law & Society in Historical Legal Research
Authors: Fisk Catherine L. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief survey of different interdisciplinary approaches to the historical study of law. It then explores the growth of both halves of the law & society dyad. It explains how that growth put pressure on the conjunctive metaphor that has long been used to describe the relationship between law and that which stands outside law, whether it be society, economy, polity, or something else. It suggests that the nature of law & society approaches to history has a great deal to do with what practitioners of the historical study of law conceptualize as being required by the ampersand, or by whatever other metaphor one might put in its place.
Tracing Legal History In Continental Civil Law
Authors: Pihlajamäki Heikki 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief introductory note on the role of legal history in ancient Roman law, and the legal scholarship of medieval glossators and commentators. It then turns to the dominant schools of continental legal scholarship in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the ‘Neo-Bartolists’ and the usus modernus pandectarum. It considers the rise of the Historical School in Germany and the corresponding movements elsewhere in continental Europe. Methodologically, the representatives of the Historical School were the first professional legal historians in the modern sense of the term. Finally, the chapter retells the story of the rise of European legal history in the post-war period, and the recent trends towards a creation of global legal histories. It shows that legal history’s turns have in many ways followed from not only legal scholarship in general, but also from developments in historical science and global politics.
Historical Research On Islamic Law
Authors: Salaymeh Lena 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a partial sketch of recent Islamic legal historiography in the West, with modest suggestions for future research. It suggests that historical research on Islamic law is a burgeoning field facing many of the political and normative challenges of scholarship in Islamic studies more generally. It would behove this field to confront these challenges more directly both by acknowledging them and by recognizing how they influence the contemporary writing of historiography. In turn, it is important to resist allowing contemporary politics to dictate the borders and content of historical research on Islamic law. With a wide array of sources and questions that have not yet been investigated thoroughly, historical research on Islamic law is a field that will continue to grow and to transform in unpredictable ways.
Imperial Law
Authors: Mchugh Paul G. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter attempts to situate imperial law in terms of legal historical research today. It argues that the new-style imperial legal studies have shed the historiography of reception’s fixation upon imperial law as inherently imperative without discarding the interest in institutional culture and its generation of legal meaning. Today’s historian of imperial law will encounter terms such as ‘governmentality’, ‘police’, and ‘subaltern’. They will be seeing law as process and imbricated with other socially constructed activity rather than as fixed and closed. They will be finding a travelling imperium, an ocean-going legalism with nodes and networks rather than one set sedentarily inside a series of fragmenting and territorialized proto-nationial peripheries.
The Transformation of The Common Law
Authors: Parker Kunal M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter traces the transformation of American common law thinking between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In the early twentieth century, many viewed the common law as a kind of ‘unconscious’ lawmaking that had to be repudiated in favour of legislative and administrative ‘conscious’ lawmaking. This pointed to a massive change in the ways in which American legal thinkers would conceive of the place of the common law (indeed, law itself) in the American polity. But even after the common law underwent this change, it is by no means clear that lawmaking would become entirely ‘conscious’ or, in other words, that all elements of ‘unconsciousness’ in lawmaking would be eradicated.
What Do Contracts Histories Tell Us About Capitalism?
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter reads contracts histories as discussions about capitalism. What do histories tell us about capitalism? What kind of concerns do they betray about it? It presents a case study of Britain, the first capitalist nation, in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It argues that histories of contracts of this era, viewed as a whole, address capitalism within the established modes of political-economic debate: origins—when it emerged, a question intertwined with determining what elements were fundamental to capitalism; and distribution—questions of economic, social, and cultural equality in capitalism. The chapter separates and simplifies these themes to introduce existing work and highlight thick points of controversy and research. The second part moves beyond these concerns, and offers two other perspectives on contracts and capitalism: embodiment and nationalism.