bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy dose prescription and reporting: Sum and substance of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report 83 for veterinary medicine
Authors: Rohrer Bley Carla , Meier Valeria S. , Besserer Juergen , Schneider Uwe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInstitutions’ adherence to protocol, quality assurance, and radiation parameter reporting are key to adequately interpret and compare treatment outcomes in radiation oncology. In 2017, the editorial board for Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound adapted author guidelines on “technical information for radiation therapy (RT)”. These guidelines provide a framework to report the RT treatment process in manuscripts resulting from veterinary clinical trials. In spite of this framework, however, in implementing IMRT, we have identified different “interpretations” of the extended prescription and reporting recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU 83), even within our small team. In the following commentary review, we provide a short summary of various detailed aspects of the ICRU 83 recommended (IMRT) prescription and reporting, including (a) absorbed target dose specification and prescription, (b) homogeneity and conformity, and (c) reporting of absorbed dose in organs at risk. In particular, we want to share our thoughts on possible dangers of noncompliance in adhering to protocol, prescription, and reporting. As veterinary IMRT publications still sparsely adhere to the recommendations of the ICRU, we were motivated to summarize the recommendations to facilitate appropriate reporting for IMRT in future veterinary studies.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase ameliorates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced hepatic steatosis by enhancing β-oxidation of fatty acid in mice
Authors: Yao Liu , Cao Boyang , Cheng Qian , Cai Wenbin , Ye Chenji , Liang Jing , Liu Wenli , Tan Lu , Yan Meng , Li Bochuan , He Jinlong , Hwang Sung Hee , Zhang Xu , Wang Chunjiong , Ai Ding , Hammock Bruce D. , Zhu Yi 
Published: February 2019

Hepatic steatosis is the beginning phase of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a significant risk factor. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) hydrolyzes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and other epoxy fatty acids, attenuating their cardiovascular protective effects. However, the involvement of sEH in HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis is unknown. The current study aimed to explore the role of sEH in HHcy-induced lipid disorder. We fed 6-wk-old male mice a chow diet or 2% (wt/wt) high-metnionine diet for 8 wk to establish the HHcy model. A high level of homocysteine induced lipid accumulation in vivo and in vitro, which was concomitant with the increased activity and expression of sEH. Treatment with a highly selective specific sEH inhibitor (0.8 mg·kg−1·day−1 for the animal model and 1 μM for cells) prevented HHcy-induced lipid accumulation in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of sEH activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), as evidenced by elevated β-oxidation of fatty acids and the expression of PPAR-α target genes in HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis. In primary cultured hepatocytes, the effect of sEH inhibition on PPAR-α activation was further confirmed by a marked increase in PPAR-response element luciferase activity, which was reversed by knock down of PPAR-α. Of note, 11,12-EET ligand dependently activated PPAR-α. Thus increased sEH activity is a key determinant in the pathogenesis of HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis, and sEH inhibition could be an effective treatment for HHcy-induced hepatic steatosis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the current study, we demonstrated that upregulation of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is involved in the hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-caused hepatic steatosis in an HHcy mouse model and in murine primary hepatocytes. Improving hepatic steatosis in HHcy mice by pharmacological inhibition of sEH to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α was ligand dependent, and sEH could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Motoneuron firing properties are modified by trans-spinal direct current stimulation in rats
Authors: Bączyk M. , Drzymała-Celichowska H. , Mrówczyński W. , Krutki P. 
Published: February 2019

Spinal polarization evoked by direct current stimulation [trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS)] is a novel method for altering spinal network excitability; however, it remains not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine whether tsDCS influences spinal motoneuron activity. Twenty Wistar rats under general pentobarbital anesthesia were subjected to 15 min anodal ( n = 10) or cathodal ( n = 10) tsDCS of 0.1 mA intensity, and the electrophysiological properties of their motoneurons were intracellularly measured before, during, and after direct current application. The major effects of anodal intervention included increased minimum firing frequency and the slope of the frequency-current ( f-I) relationship, as well as decreased rheobase and currents evoking steady-state firing (SSF). The effects of cathodal polarization included decreased maximum SSF frequency, decreased f-I slope, and decreased current evoking the maximum SSF. Notably, the majority of observed effects appeared immediately after the current onset, developed during polarization, and outlasted it for at least 15 min. Moreover, the effects of anodal polarization were generally more pronounced and uniform than those evoked by cathodal polarization. Our study is the first to present polarity-dependent, long-lasting changes in spinal motoneuron firing following tsDCS, which may aid in the development of more safe and accurate application protocols in medicine and sport. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Trans-spinal direct current stimulation induces significant polarity-dependent, long-lasting changes in the threshold and firing properties of spinal motoneurons. Anodal polarization potentiates motoneuron firing whereas cathodal polarization acts mainly toward firing inhibition. The alterations in rheobase and rhythmic firing properties are not restricted to the period of current application and can be observed long after the current offset.
МЕТОДИ ЛІКУВАННЯ ОЖИРІННЯ У ПІДЛІТКІВ
Authors: Artemenko A. S. , Naumova L. V. 
Published: February 2019

У статті висвітлено особливості лікування ожиріння у підлітків. Проаналізовано принципи дієтотерапії, гіпнозу та оперативних втручань щодо корекції цього стану. Розглянуто основні моменти, на які необхідно звернути увагу під час лікування підліткового ожиріння.
Antiatherogenic Effect of Resveratrol Attributed to Decreased Expression of ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1)
Authors: Seo Youngsik , Park Jinsun , Choi Woosoung , Ju Son Dong , Sung Kim Yoo , Kim Min-Kyun , Yoon Bo-Eun , Pyee Jaeho , Tae Hong Jin , Go Young-Mi , Park Heonyong 
Published: February 2019

Objective—
Increasing evidence shows that resveratrol has antiatherogenic effects, but its underlying mechanisms are unknown. Thus, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiatherogenic effect of resveratrol.

Approach and Results—

Using the previously established mouse atherosclerosis model of partial ligation of the left carotid artery, we evaluated the role of resveratrol in antiatherosclerosis. We attempted to determine the mechanisms associated with focal adhesions using vascular endothelial cells. The results showed that resveratrol stimulated focal adhesion kinase cleavage via resveratrol-increased expression of lactoferrin in endothelial cells. Furthermore, we found that an N-terminal focal adhesion kinase fragment cleaved by resveratrol contained the FERM (band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin)-kinase domain. Furthermore, resveratrol inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated adhesion of THP-1 human monocytes by decreased expression of ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1). A decreased ICAM-1 level was also observed in the left carotid artery of mice treated with resveratrol. To understand the relationship between resveratrol-induced antiinflammation and focal adhesion disruption, endothelial cells were transfected with FERM-kinase. Ectopically expressed FERM-kinase, the resveratrol-cleaved focal adhesion kinase fragment, was found in the nuclear fraction and inhibited the transcription level of
icam-1
via the Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-antioxidant response element complex. Finally, ectopically expressed FERM-kinase blocked tumor necrosis factor-α- or IL- (interleukin) stimulated monocytic binding to endothelial cells.

Conclusions—
Our results show that resveratrol inhibits the expression of ICAM-1 via transcriptional regulation of the FERM-kinase and Nrf2 interaction, thereby blocking monocyte adhesion. These suppressive effects on the inflammatory mechanism suggest that resveratrol delayed the onset of atherosclerosis.
Stimulation of Caveolin-1 Signaling Improves Arteriovenous Fistula Patency
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Isaji Toshihiko , Hu Haidi , Yamamoto Kota , Bai Hualong , Santana Jeans M. , Kuo Andrew , Kuwahara Go , Foster Trenton R. , Hanisch Jesse J. , Yatsula Bogdan A. , Sessa William C. , Hoshina Katsuyuki , Dardik Alan 
Published: February 2019

Objective—
Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the most common access created for hemodialysis; however, many AVF fail to mature and require repeated intervention, suggesting a need to improve AVF maturation. Eph-B4 (ephrin type-B receptor 4) is the embryonic venous determinant that is functional in adult veins and can regulate AVF maturation. Cav-1 (caveolin-1) is the major scaffolding protein of caveolae—a distinct microdomain that serves as a mechanosensor at the endothelial cell membrane. We hypothesized that Cav-1 function is critical for Eph-B4–mediated AVF maturation.

Approach and Results—

In a mouse aortocaval fistula model, both Cav-1 mRNA and protein were increased in the AVF compared with control veins. Cav-1 KO (knockout) mice showed increased fistula wall thickening (
P
=0.0005) and outward remodeling (
P
<0.0001), with increased eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) activity compared with WT (wild type) mice. Ephrin-B2/Fc inhibited AVF outward remodeling in WT mice but not in Cav-1 KO mice and was maintained in Cav-1 RC (Cav-1 endothelial reconstituted) mice (WT,
P
=0.0001; Cav-1 KO,
P
=0.7552; Cav-1 RC,
P
=0.0002). Cavtratin—a Cav-1 scaffolding domain peptide—decreased AVF wall thickness in WT mice and in Eph-B4 het mice compared with vehicle alone (WT,
P
=0.0235; Eph-B4 het,
P
=0.0431); cavtratin also increased AVF patency (day 42) in WT mice (
P
=0.0275).

Conclusions—
Endothelial Cav-1 mediates Eph-B4–mediated AVF maturation. The Eph-B4-Cav-1 axis regulates adaptive remodeling during venous adaptation to the fistula environment. Manipulation of Cav-1 function may be a translational strategy to enhance AVF patency.
Antihyperglycemic and Blood Pressure Effects of Empagliflozin in Black Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C. , Izzo Joseph L. , Lee Jisoo , Meng Leslie , George Jyothis , Salsali Afshin , Seman Leo 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor indicated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), can lower blood pressure (BP) and reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM and preexisting cardiovascular disease. Its effects in blacks have been understudied.

Methods:
In this 24-week study, 150 blacks with T2DM and hypertension had glycohemoglobin (primary end point), office and 24-hour ambulatory BP, body weight, and safety assessments. After a 2-week, open-label, placebo run-in, patients were randomly assigned to once daily empagliflozin (10 mg for the first 4 weeks, then force-titrated to 25 mg until week 24) or placebo. A mixed-effects model for repeated measures was performed on the primary and 2 key secondary end points, and an analysis of covariance for nonrepeated measures with last observation carried forward was performed for 2 other key secondary end points. Hierarchical testing was applied for these end points.

Results:

Overall, 52.7% of participants were men, mean (SD) age, 56.8 (9.3) years; mean duration of T2DM, 9.3 (7.1) years. The baseline values of key parameters (mean [SD]) were as follows: glycohemoglobin, 8.59 (1.02)%; ambulatory systolic BP, 146.3 (11.0) mm Hg; and ambulatory diastolic BP, 89.4 (8.1) mm Hg. By week 24, the mean (standard error) change in glycohemoglobin in the empagliflozin group was –0.77 (0.15%) in comparison with an increase of 0.07 (0.16%) in the placebo group; placebo-corrected difference, –0.78% (95% CI, –1.18 to –0.38;
P
=0.0002). Reductions in body weight by week 24 were –2.38 (0.38) empagliflozin and –0.80 (0.47) placebo; the placebo-corrected difference was –1.23 kg (95% CI, –2.39 to –0.07;
P
=0.0382). Empagliflozin significantly reduced 24-hour ambulatory systolic BP versus placebo by weeks 12 and 24 (placebo-corrected difference, –5.21 mm Hg [95% CI, –9.24 to –1.18;
P
=0.0117] and –8.39 mm Hg [95% CI, –13.74 to –3.04;
P
=0.0025], respectively). Diastolic BP was also reduced.

Conclusions:
In blacks with T2DM, empagliflozin reduced glycohemoglobin, body weight, and BP. The effect of empagliflozin on BP increased from 12 to 24 weeks, suggesting a full antihypertensive effect takes ≥6 months to be fully realized. At week 24, the placebo-subtracted BP effect was similar to standard antihypertensive monotherapies, suggesting that empagliflozin may be beneficial for this high-risk population.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02182830.
Achievement of Guideline-Recommended Weight Loss Among Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Obesity
Authors: Dearborn Jennifer L. , Viscoli Catherine M. , Young Lawrence H. , Gorman Mark J. , Furie Karen L. , Kernan Walter N. 
Published: February 2019

Background and Purpose—
The proportion of patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and obesity who successfully achieve goals for weight reduction recommended by major professional organizations is unknown.

Methods—

We examined the experience of participants in the placebo group of the IRIS trial (Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke) with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m
2
at entry. Patients were of age ≥40 years, with a qualifying stroke or TIA within 180 days of randomization and documented insulin resistance without diabetes mellitus. Weights at baseline and at years 1 and 2 after entry were analyzed to determine the proportion of patients achieving a 5% weight loss and achievement of body mass index <27 kg/m
2
.

Results—

Of 1937 subjects assigned to placebo, 855 (44%) had obesity at entry. Median age of these 855 subjects was 60 years (interquartile range, 53–68), 41% were women, and median time from stroke/TIA to trial entry was 79 days. Among 788 subjects in the trial at 1 year, 166 (21%) had lost at least 5% of their starting weight and 12 (2%) had achieved a body mass index <27 kg/m
2
. One hundred nine (14%) participants gained at least 5% of their baseline weight at 1 year. Among 744 subjects in the trial at 2 years, 185 (25%) had lost at least 5% of their baseline weight and 23 (3%) had achieved a body mass index <27 kg/m
2
. One hundred forty (19%) participants gained at least 5% of their starting weight at 2 years.

Conclusions—
Only one quarter of obese patients with a recent ischemic stroke or TIA lost a clinically significant amount of weight after their vascular event. Many patients gained weight. Enhancing weight loss after ischemic stroke or TIA may help improve functional outcome and reduce risk for future vascular events, but clinical trials are needed to test and confirm these potential benefits.
Correction to "A description of four new species of Clavicornaltica Scherer from Continental Asia"
Authors: KONSTANTINOV ALEXANDER S. , DUCKETT CATHERINE N. 
Published: February 2019

We recently published descriptions of four species of Clavicornaltica Scherer from Continental Asia (Konstantinov and Duckett 2005). These species were compared to known species including Clavicornaltica australis Konstantinov. Due to an unfortunate event the figure showing the male genitalia of C. australis was omitted. This figure shown below (Fig. 1) is cited in the discussion on page 62 as figure 32.
Representation of U.S. Warm Temperature Extremes in Global Climate Model Ensembles
Authors: Hogan Emily , Nicholas Robert E. , Keller Klaus , Eilts Stephanie , Sriver Ryan L. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Extreme temperature events can have considerable negative impacts on sectors such as health, agriculture, and transportation. Observational evidence indicates the severity and frequency of warm extremes are increasing over much of the United States, but there are sizeable challenges both in estimating extreme temperature changes and in quantifying the relevant associated uncertainties. This study provides a simple statistical framework using a block maxima approach to analyze the representation of warm temperature extremes in several recent global climate model ensembles. Uncertainties due to structural model differences, grid resolution, and internal variability are characterized and discussed. Results show that models and ensembles differ greatly in the representation of extreme temperature over the United States, and variability in tail events is dependent on time and anthropogenic warming, which can influence estimates of return periods and distribution parameter estimates using generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions. These effects can considerably influence the uncertainty of model hindcasts and projections of extremes. Several idealized regional applications are highlighted for evaluating ensemble skill and trends, based on quantile analysis and root-mean-square errors in the overall sample and the upper tail. The results are relevant to regional climate assessments that use global model outputs and that are sensitive to extreme warm temperature. Accompanying this manuscript is a simple toolkit using the R statistical programming language for characterizing extreme events in gridded datasets.
Computer-assisted detection of metastatic lung tumors on computed tomography
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Sakane Tomoya , Isogai Jun , Suzuki Yoshio , Miki Soichiro , Nomura Yukihiro , Nakajima Jun 
Published: February 2019

Background This retrospective study examined the performance of computer-assisted detection in the identification of pulmonary metastases. Methods Fifty-five patients (41.8% male) who underwent surgery for metastatic lung tumors in our hospital from 2005 to 2012 were included. Computer-assisted detection software configured to display the top five nodule candidates according to likelihood was applied as the first reader for the preoperative computed tomography images. Results from the software were classified as “metastatic nodule”, “benign nodule”, or “false-positive finding” by two observers. Results Computer-assisted detection identified 85.3% (64/75) of pulmonary metastases that radiologists had detected, and 3 more (4%, 3/75) that radiologists had overlooked. Nodule candidates identified by computer-assisted detection included 86 benign nodules (median size 3.1 mm, range 1.2–18.7 mm) and 121 false-positive findings. Conclusions Computer-assisted detection identified pulmonary metastases overlooked by radiologists. However, this was at the cost of identifying a substantial number of benign nodules and false-positive findings.
Biomechanical Testing of Three Alternative Quadrupled Tendon Graft Constructs With Adjustable Loop Suspensory Fixation for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Compared With Four-Strand Grafts Fixed With Screws and Femoral Fixed Loop Devices
Authors: Vertullo Christopher J. , Piepenbrink Marina , Smith Patrick A. , Wilson Adrian J. , Wijdicks Coen A. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Quadrupled semitendinosus (ST) grafts for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction have advantages of greater graft diameter and gracilis (G) preservation compared with doubled ST-G grafts. However, a paucity of biomechanical data are available regarding different preparation techniques for these constructs. Purpose: To biomechanically analyze 3 alternative tendon constructs fixed with adjustable suspensory fixation devices on the femur and tibia compared with a matched 4-strand construct fixed with a tibial screw and femoral fixed loop device. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Three alternative quadrupled tendon preparation techniques with suspensory fixation (grafts constructs A, B, and C) were compared with a 4-strand screw-fixed loop device construct (graft construct D) in matched diameter bovine tendon graft and porcine tibia models. Graft constructs were tested with a 3-stage cyclic loading protocol (1000 cycles in position control and 1000 cycles each from 10 to 250 N and from 10 to 400 N), followed by a pull to failure. In graft construct A, the graft ends were whipstitched and tied over the tibial button; in graft construct B, the graft ends functioned as pulleys; and in graft construct C, a continuous loop was created. Initial, dynamic, and total elongation, stiffness, and ultimate failure load were recorded. Results: Graft construct D had the highest initial (0.51 ± 0.29 mm) and total (3.53 ± 0.98 mm) elongation compared with the 3 quadrupled constructs ( P < .001 each). Graft construct B had lower total elongation (2.13 ± 0.31 mm) compared with graft construct A (2.40 ± 0.30 mm) ( P = .004) and graft construct C (2.53 ± 0.21 mm) ( P = .007). Graft construct C had a higher ultimate failure load (1097 ± 79 N) compared with graft construct A (988 ± 112 N) ( P = .001), graft construct B (973 ± 137 N) ( P = .022), and graft construct D, which had the lowest failure load (767 ± 182 N) ( P < .001). Conclusion: The 3 quadrupled tendon suspensory fixation constructs exhibited small yet statistically significant biomechanical differences among each other. Constructs that used tibial screw fixation had lower ultimate failure load and higher total elongation compared with the quadrupled tendon constructs. Clinical Relevance: Total elongation for the screw fixation group was higher than the threshold of clinical failure, which may allow for graft construct elongation during the postoperative rehabilitation phase. Biomechanical properties of the 3 quadrupled tendon suspensory graft constructs may be clinically comparable, albeit statistically different.