bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More than Money: Venture Capitalists on Boards
Authors: Amornsiripanitch Natee , Gompers Paul A , Xuan Yuhai 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We explore patterns of board structure and function in the venture capital industry, identifying factors that influence whether venture capitalists receive a board seat and whether they take action to help portfolio companies in which they invest. In a comprehensive sample of US-based and non-US-based companies, we find that a venture capital firm’s prior relationship with the founder, lead investor status, track record, network size, and geographical proximity to the portfolio company are positively correlated with its likelihood of taking a board seat in an investment round. When venture capital investors serve on the board, portfolio companies tend to recruit managers and board members from these investors’ network and are more likely to exit via relationship-based acquisitions. These patterns are particularly strong for successful and well-connected venture capitalists on the board.
On Nudging’s Supposed Threat to Rational Decision-Making
Authors: Houk Timothy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNudging is a tool of libertarian paternalism. It involves making use of certain psychological tendencies in order to help people make better decisions without restricting their freedom. However, some have argued that nudging is objectionable because it interferes with, or undermines, the rational decision-making of the nudged agents. Opinions differ on why this is objectionable, but the underlying concerns appear to begin with nudging’s threat to rational decision-making. Those who discuss this issue do not make it clear to what this threat to rationality amounts. In this paper I evaluate what effect nudging has on our decision-making and I argue that it does not typically interfere with our rationality in a problematic way. Perhaps nudging is objectionable for other reasons, but we should not argue that nudging is objectionable based on concerns about rational decision-making.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation and Classification of the Anatomy Variations of Vertebral Artery at the Craniovertebral Junction in 120 Patients of Basilar Invagination and Atlas Occipitalization
Authors: Li Teng , Yin Yi-heng , Qiao Guang-yu , Wang Hua-wei , Yu Xin-guang 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Patients with basilar invagination and atlas occipitalization usually present abnormal anatomy of the vertebral arteries (VAs) at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ).

OBJECTIVE
To describe and further classify different types of VA variations at the CVJ with 3D visualization technology.

METHODS
One hundred twenty patients with basilar invagination and atlas occipitalization who had undergone 3-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) were retrospectively studied. Imaging data were processed via the separating, fusing, opacifying, and false-coloring-volume rendering technique. Abnormal anatomy of the VA at the CVJ was categorized and related anatomic parameters were measured.

RESULTS
Seven different types were classified. Type I, VAs enter the cranium after leaving VA groove on the posterior arch of atlas (26.7% of 240 sides); Type II, VAs enter an extraosseous canal created in the assimilated atlas lateral mass-occipital condyle complex before reaching the cranium (53.3%); Type III, VA courses above the axis facet or curves below the atlas lateral mass then enter the cranium (11.7%); Type IV, VAs enter the spinal canal under the axis lamina (1.3%); Type V, high-riding VA (31.3%); Type VI, fenestrated VA (2.9%); Type VII, absent VA (4.2%). Distance from the canal of Type II VA to the posterior facet surface of atlas lateral mass (5.51 ± 2.17 mm) means a 3.5-mm screw can be safely inserted usually. Shorter distance from the midline (13.50 ± 4.35) illustrates potential Type III VA injury during exposure. Decreased height and width of axis isthmus in Type V indicate increased VA injury risks.

CONCLUSION
Seven types of VA variations were described, together with valuable information helpful to minimize VA injury risk intraoperatively.
A Teams Perspective on Workplace Aging and Retirement
Authors: Salas Eduardo , Paoletti Jensine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring the past decades, population aging, later retirements, and a shift to team-based work have left organizations with challenges associated with age-diverse teams and retirement from a team-based work structure. However, limited research has investigated the interplays between teams, aging, and retirement. Here, we overview the research at the intersection on aging and teams and discuss how aging is often a proxy for variables of organizational interest. Next, we outline the challenges associated with age-related faultlines and age discrimination. We then highlight areas for future research, such as team cognition and compositional changes associated with teammate retirement. Lastly, we discuss inclusive diversity training and bidirectional mentorships as potential organizational interventions for more cohesive age-diverse teams.
The first potential fossil record of a dibamid reptile (Squamata: Dibamidae): a new taxon from the early Oligocene of Central Mongolia
Authors: Čerňanský Andrej 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Dibamid reptiles have a known current distribution on two continents (Asia and North America). Although this clade represents an early-diverging group in the Squamata and thus should have a long evolutionary history, no fossil record of these peculiar burrowing squamate reptiles has been documented so far. The fossil material described here comes from the early Oligocene of the Valley of Lakes in Central Mongolia. This material consists of jaws and is placed in the clade Dibamidae on the basis of its morphology, which is further confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. In spite of the fragmentary nature of this material, it thus forms the first, but putative, fossil evidence of this clade. If correctly interpreted, this material demonstrates the occurrence of Dibamidae in East Asia in the Palaeogene, indicating its distribution in higher latitudes than today. The preserved elements possess a unique combination of character states, and a new taxon name is therefore erected: Hoeckosaurus mongoliensis sp. nov. The dentary of Hoeckosaurus exhibits some characters of the two extant dibamid taxa. However, the open Meckel’s groove, together with other characters, show that this group was morphologically much more diverse in the past.
Tofacitinib Trial Prompts FDA Review of Adverse Effects
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2019

A required postmarketing clinical trial of tofacitinib (Xeljanz, Xeljanz XR) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis found an increased risk of pulmonary embolism and death when patients were treated with 10 mg twice daily compared with the currently approved 5 mg twice daily dose.NPs are encouraged to follow tofacitinib's dosing guidelines when treating rheumatoid arthritis.
Role of T cells in non-immediate drug allergy reactions
Authors: Gómez E. , Ruano M. , Somoza M.L. , Fernández J. , Blanca-López N. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of reviewNonimmediate drug hypersensitivity reactions (NI-DHR) constitute the most complex group of drug allergy, with many drugs involved. Both parent drugs and their reactive metabolites can be implicated. Although with some drugs the number of metabolites is limited, with others it is quite extensive and many still remain to be identified. The diagnostic approaches are insufficient for the diagnosis and realistic approaches that reproduce the pathological response are lacking.Recent findingsA wider view has now been considered, with the inclusion of several mechanisms that may contribute to drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR): the classical hapten hypothesis, the danger signal and the pharmacological interaction. Monitoring the acute response provides relevant information about the mechanisms involved, with the identification of a large number of genes that can be over-expressed or under-expressed in the acute phase of the response. Assessment of risk of developing reactions can be verified by HLA associations.SummaryFurther knowledge of these NI-DHR, including molecular genetics and transcriptomic analysis, has enabled a better understanding and management of these reactions.
Communities of Practice in Peer Review: Outlining a Group Review Process
Authors: Nagler Alisa , Ovitsh Robin , Dumenco Luba , Whicker Shari , Engle Deborah L. , Goodell Kristen 
Published: May 2019

Traditional peer review remains the gold standard for assessing the merit of scientific scholarship for publication. Challenges to this model include reliance on volunteer contributions of individuals with self-reported expertise; lack of sufficient mentoring and training of new reviewers; and the isolated, noncollaborative nature of individual reviewer processes.
The authors participated in an Association of American Medical Colleges peer-review workshop in November 2015 and were intrigued by the process of group peer review. Subsequent discussions led to shared excitement about exploring this model further. The authors worked with the staff and editors of Academic Medicine to perform a group review of 4 submitted manuscripts, documenting their iterative process and analysis of outcomes, to define an optimal approach to performing group peer review.
Individual recommendations for each manuscript changed as a result of the group review process. The group process led to more comprehensive reviews than each individual reviewer would have submitted independently. The time spent on group reviews decreased as the process became more refined. Recommendations aligned with journal editor findings. Shared operating principles were identified, as well as clear benefits of group peer review for reviewers, authors, and journal editors.
The authors plan to continue to refine and codify an effective process for group peer review. They also aim to more formally evaluate the model, with inclusion of feedback from journal editors and authors, and to compare feedback from group peer reviews versus individual reviewer feedback. Finally, models for expansion of the group-peer-review process are proposed.
Psoriatic spondylitis or ankylosing spondylitis with psoriasis: same or different?
Authors: Chandran Vinod 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of reviewOf the four musculoskeletal domains of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), the axial domain is the least studied. With the advent of targeted therapy that is efficacious in some but not all manifestations of spondyloarthritis (SpA), there is interest in understanding the similarities and differences between axial PsA (axPsA) and ankylosing spondylitis. Moreover, there is also interest in evaluating the axial domain in PsA clinical trials, domain that has traditionally been ignored in such studies. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the differences between ankylosing spondylitis and axPsA.Recent findingsRecent observational studies have shown that axPsA forms part of the SpA spectrum, flanked by peripheral PsA on one side and ankylosing spondylitis on the other. Thus, axial disease is more severe in ankylosing spondylitis, whereas peripheral disease is more severe in axPsA. However, the overall disease burden and impact is similar. The expression of axPsA is influenced by age, disease duration, sex and HLA-B∗27 status.SummaryaxPsA has not been properly defined hampering research into pathogenesis, disease impact and treatment. Research to define prevalence, clinical features, impact, similarities and differences with other axial SpA, and treatment is an unmet need.
Renal insufficiency and bone loss
Authors: Ott Susan M. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review
Patients with chronic kidney disease have a high risk of fractures and no established treatments that have been shown to prevent the bone disease. The physiology of renal osteodystrophy is complex and recently more factors have been found that complicate the mineral metabolism. The recognition that vascular calcifications are related to bone disease has made treatment even more challenging.

Recent findings
The most exciting new findings relate to the signaling pathways that are seen in kidney disease and how they cause abnormalities in bone physiology. In particular, wnt and activin signaling pathways are seen early in the course of renal disease. The bones react by increasing FGF-23, which targets both renal phosphate secretion and a variety of other systemic effects. Secreted klotho is another newly described hormone with effects on several systems.
Clinical studies have focused on treatments for hyperparathyroidism and phosphate, and frustrating limitations of the treatments used for ordinary osteoporosis.

Summary
Treatment of bone disease in patients with chronic kidney disease is challenging, and understanding the physiological pathways could lead to novel therapies.
Resuscitation Guided by Volume Responsiveness Does Not Reduce Mortality in Sepsis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ehrman Robert R. , Gallien John Z. , Smith Reid K. , Akers Katherine G. , Malik Adrienne N. , Harrison Nicholas E. , Welch Robert D. , Levy Phillip D. , Sherwin Robert L. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
Resuscitation with IV fluids is a critical component in the management of sepsis. Although the optimal volume of IV fluid is unknown, there is evidence that excessive administration can be deleterious. Static measures of volume status have not proven to be meaningful resuscitative endpoints. Determination of volume responsiveness has putative benefits over static measures, but its effect on outcomes is unknown. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if resuscitation with a volume responsiveness-guided approach leads to improved outcomes in septic patients.

Data Sources:
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception until April 2018.

Study Selection:
Prospective studies of patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock that compared volume responsiveness-guided fluid resuscitation to standard techniques and reported mortality data.

Data Extraction:
We extracted study details, patient characteristics, volume responsiveness assessment method, and mortality data.

Data Synthesis:
Of the 1,224 abstracts and 31 full-texts evaluated, four studies (total 365 patients) met inclusion criteria. Using random effects modeling, the pooled odds ratio for mortality at time of longest follow-up with a volume responsiveness-guided strategy was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.49–1.54). Pooling of clinical data was not possibly owing to heterogeneity of reporting in individual studies.

Conclusions:
We found no significant difference in mortality between septic patients resuscitated with a volume responsiveness-guided approach compared with standard resuscitative strategies. It remains unclear whether the findings are due to the small sample size or a true lack of efficacy of a volume responsiveness-guided approach.
Recommendation of New Medical Alarms Based on Audibility, Identifiability, and Detectability in a Randomized, Simulation-Based Study
Authors: Bennett Christopher , Dudaryk Roman , Crenshaw Nichole , Edworthy Judy , McNeer Richard 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
Accurate and timely identification of existing audible medical alarms is not adequate in clinical settings. New alarms that are easily heard, quickly identifiable, and discernable from one another are indicated. The “auditory icons” (brief sounds that serve as metaphors for the events they represent) have been proposed as a replacement to the current international standard. The objective was to identify the best performing icons based on audibility and performance in a simulated clinical environment.

Design:
Three sets of icon alarms were designed using empirical methods. Subjects participated in a series of clinical simulation experiments that examined the audibility, identification accuracy, and response time of each of these icon alarms. A statistical model that combined the outcomes was used to rank the alarms in overall efficacy. We constructed the “best” and “worst” performing sets based on this ranking and prospectively validated these sets in a subsequent experiment with a new subject sample.

Setting:
Experiments were conducted in simulated ICU settings at the University of Miami.

Subjects:
Medical trainees were recruited from a convenience sample of nursing students and anesthesia residents at the institution.

Interventions:
In Experiment 1 (formative testing), subjects were exposed to one of the three sets of alarms; identical setting and instruments were used throughout. In Experiment 2 (summative testing), subjects were exposed to one of the two sets of alarms, assembled from the best and worst performing alarms from Experiment 1.

Measurements and Main Results:
For each alarm, we determined the minimum sound level to reach audibility threshold in the presence of background clinical noise, identification accuracy (percentage), and response time (seconds). We enrolled 123 medical trainees and professionals for participation (78 with < 6 yr of training). We identified the best performing icon alarms for each category, which matched or exceeded the other candidate alarms in identification accuracy and response time.

Conclusions:
We propose a set of eight auditory icon alarms that were selected through formative testing and validated through summative testing for adoption by relevant regulatory bodies and medical device manufacturers.
A 360° Rotational Positioning Protocol of Organ Donors May Increase Lungs Available for Transplantation*
Authors: Mendez Marissa A. , Fesmire Alyssa J. , Johnson Scott S. , Neel Dustin R. , Markham Lori E. , Olson Jody C. , Ott Melissa , Sangha Harbaksh , Vasquez Donald G. , Whitt Stevan P. , Wilkins Harry E. , Moncure Michael 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
To evaluate the improvement in lung donation and immediate lung function after the implementation of a 360° rotational positioning protocol within an organ procurement organization in the Midwest.

Design:
Retrospective observational study.

Setting:
The Midwest Transplant Network from 2005 to 2017. Rotational positioning of donors began in 2008.

Subjects:
Potential deceased lung donors.

Interventions:
A 360° rotational protocol. Presence of immediate lung function in recipients, change in Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio during donor management, initial and final Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio, and proportion of lungs donated were measured. Outcomes were compared between rotated and nonrotated donors.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 693 donors were analyzed. The proportion of lung donations increased by 10%. The difference between initial Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio and final Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio was significantly different between rotated and nonrotated donors (36 ± 116 vs 104 ± 148; p < 0.001). Lungs transplanted from rotated donors had better immediate function than those from nonrotated donors (99.5% vs 68%; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
There was a statistically significant increase in lung donations after implementing rotational positioning of deceased donors. Rotational positioning significantly increased the average difference in Pao
2:Fio
2 ratios. There was also superior lung function in the rotated group. The authors recommend that organ procurement organizations consider adopting a rotational positioning protocol for donors to increase the lungs available for transplantation.
Epidemiology of Hospital-Onset Versus Community-Onset Sepsis in U.S. Hospitals and Association With Mortality: A Retrospective Analysis Using Electronic Clinical Data
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Wang Rui , Zhang Zilu , Fram David , Kadri Sameer S. , Klompas Michael 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
Prior studies have reported that hospital-onset sepsis is associated with higher mortality rates than community-onset sepsis. Most studies, however, have used inconsistent case-finding methods and applied limited risk-adjustment for potential confounders. We used consistent sepsis criteria and detailed electronic clinical data to elucidate the epidemiology and mortality associated with hospital-onset sepsis.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
136 U.S. hospitals in the Cerner HealthFacts dataset.

Patients:
Adults hospitalized in 2009–2015.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We identified sepsis using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adult Sepsis Event criteria and estimated the risk of in-hospital death for hospital-onset sepsis versus community-onset sepsis using logistic regression models. In patients admitted without community-onset sepsis, we estimated risk of death associated with hospital-onset sepsis using Cox regression models with sepsis as a time-varying covariate. Models were adjusted for baseline characteristics and severity of illness. Among 2.2 million hospitalizations, there were 95,154 sepsis cases: 83,620 (87.9%) community-onset sepsis and 11,534 (12.1%) hospital-onset sepsis (0.5% of hospitalized cohort). Compared to community-onset sepsis, hospital-onset sepsis patients were younger (median 66 vs 68 yr) but had more comorbidities (median Elixhauser score 14 vs 11), higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores (median 4 vs 3), higher ICU admission rates (61% vs 44%), longer hospital length of stay (median 19 vs 8 d), and higher in-hospital mortality (33% vs 17%) (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). On multivariate analysis, hospital-onset sepsis was associated with higher mortality versus community-onset sepsis (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 2.0–2.2) and patients admitted without sepsis (hazard ratio, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.9–3.2).

Conclusions:
Hospital-onset sepsis complicated one in 200 hospitalizations and accounted for one in eight sepsis cases, with one in three patients dying in-hospital. Hospital-onset sepsis preferentially afflicted ill patients but even after risk-adjustment, they were twice as likely to die as community-onset sepsis patients; in patients admitted without sepsis, hospital-onset sepsis tripled the risk of death. Hospital-onset sepsis is an important target for surveillance, prevention, and quality improvement initiatives.