bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoration of Tangible and Intangible Artefacts in the Tunisian Landscape: ‘Boutique Hotels’ and the Entrepreneurial Project of Dar Ben-Gacem
Authors: Faleh Majdi 
Published: July 2019

This research stems from a theoretical study of the Medina of Tunis, as a continuity of the author’s doctoral research. The broader study from which the concepts are drawn is part of a PhD project, in architecture and humanities, focused on the effects of globalization on the Medina of Tunis. Studies and publications of the houses of the Medina of Tunis are lacking from the literature, in the Anglo-Saxon world, thus the interest of the author is to build a new body of knowledge examining historical restoration projects in Tunisia. This research article traces the challenges faced by the Medina of Tunis in the twenty-first century. It does so by evaluating a restoration and conversion project of seventeenth century Dar Ben-Gacem into a boutique hotel or ‘Hotel de Charme’. The project is unique as it reflects an architectural and entrepreneurial initiative of its owners aiming to work alongside the Medina’s small businesses, local artisans and the community at large. In this context, this research examines the architectural and socio-cultural challenges faced by the owners as well as the architects to preserve the identity of the building while diversifying the use of its spaces. This study first examines the history of Dar Ben-Gacem and the transition of the traditional courtyard house into a ‘cosmopolitan’ guest house that attracts visitors and tourists from all cultures and nationalities. Later, it explores the motivations and commitments of the owners to revive tangible and intangible artefacts through architecture as well as the social and cultural entrepreneurship of Tunisia’s rich cultural history. Ultimately, this theoretical study evaluates the challenges faced in such projects to revive the cultural heritage of the house while shaping a ‘story’ of a generation. Restoration projects in the Medina vary in scale and purpose. The consideration of both tangible and intangible artefacts in this historical context is highly important as it delves into the question of heritage in the age of tourism and globalization.
COPD beyond proximal bronchial obstruction: phenotyping and related tools at the bedside
Authors: Capron Thibaut , Bourdin Arnaud , Perez Thierry , Chanez Pascal 
Published: July 2019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by nonreversible proximal bronchial obstruction leading to major respiratory disability. However, patient phenotypes better capture the heterogeneously reported complaints and symptoms of COPD. Recent studies provided evidence that classical bronchial obstruction does not properly reflect respiratory disability, and symptoms now form the new paradigm for assessment of disease severity and guidance of therapeutic strategies. The aim of this review was to explore pathways addressing COPD pathogenesis beyond proximal bronchial obstruction and to highlight innovative and promising tools for phenotyping and bedside assessment.Distal small airways imaging allows quantitative characterisation of emphysema and functional air trapping. Micro-computed tomography and parametric response mapping suggest small airways disease precedes emphysema destruction. Small airways can be assessed functionally using nitrogen washout, probing ventilation at conductive or acinar levels, and forced oscillation technique. These tests may better correlate with respiratory symptoms and may well capture bronchodilation effects beyond proximal obstruction.Knowledge of inflammation-based processes has not provided well-identified targets so far, and eosinophils probably play a minor role. Adaptative immunity or specific small airways secretory protein may provide new therapeutic targets. Pulmonary vasculature is involved in emphysema through capillary loss, microvascular lesions or hypoxia-induced remodelling, thereby impacting respiratory disability.
Living well with severe asthma
Authors: Stubbs Michelle A. , Clark Vanessa L. , McDonald Vanessa M. 
Published: July 2019

Living well with severe asthma can be challenging. People with severe asthma can be refractory to treatment, can experience poor symptom control and are at a heightened risk of death. Patients experience symptoms of shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough and wheeze. These symptoms influence many aspects of an individual's life, resulting in emotional, financial, functional and medication-related burdens that negatively impact quality of life. Quality of life is known to be influenced by individual levels of satisfaction that stem from real-life treatment experiences. This experience is portrayed through the lens of the patient, which is commonly referred to as the patient perspective.The patient perspective is only one element of the patient experience. It influences health status, which, in severe asthma, is commonly assessed using validated health-related quality of life measures. A positive patient perspective may be achieved with implementation of management strategies tailored to individual needs. Management strategies developed in partnership between the patient, the severe asthma multidisciplinary team and the general practitioner may minimise disease-related impairment, allowing patients to live well with severe asthma.Key pointsDespite advances in treatment over the past decade, the experience of living with severe asthma has not significantly improved, with high levels of burden influencing the patient perspective.The impact of severe disease is not only restricted to asthma symptoms and acute attacks. It causes significant emotional, financial, functional and medication-related burdens, leading to impaired health-related quality of life.Clinical outcomes should not be stand-alone measures in severe asthma. Nonclinical measures should also be considered when evaluating health-related quality of life.Disease burden may be minimised and quality of life improvedviaself-management strategies, including education sessions, written asthma action plans, symptom monitoring, breathing exercises, physical activity and psychotherapeutic interventions.Educational aimsTo demonstrate the importance of the patient perspective in severe asthma.To identify the significant levels of disease burden associated with severe asthma.To discuss quality of life in severe asthma.To outline strategies that increase well-being in severe asthma.
Microscopic observations of paper and parchment: the archaeology of small objects
Authors: Bicchieri Marina , Biocca Paola , Colaizzi Piero , Pinzari Flavia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study of micro-objects, both inorganic and organic, which can be found associated to parchment or cellulose fibres of books and documents, or in the inks and the dirt, accumulated over the centuries between the pages, can unravel important information on the manufacture of the ancient documents, on their past vicissitudes or on the causes of aging and deterioration of the materials they contain. The results of a critical observation of micrometric objects and structures with a diagnostic or archaeological significance have in some cases been surprising. Apart from the curiosity that certain findings may or may not raise, what needs to be discussed is the fact that some chemical components, usually attributed to the manufacture of materials or the inks may instead have a particular origin and nature, and therefore lead, if not properly highlighted, to some erroneous diagnostics. Examples are given where the information obtained by means of scanning electron microscope imaging and Raman microscopy were coupled with dispersive X-ray microanalysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.
Safe prescribing in cognitively vulnerable patients: the use of the anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) tool in older adult mental health services
Authors: Bishara Delia , Scott Charlotte , Stewart Robert , Taylor David , Harwood Daniel , Codling David , Banwell Christine , Sauer Justin 
Published: July 2019

Aims and methodMedication with anticholinergic action is associated with potentially serious adverse effects in older people. We present an evaluation of a novel anticholinergic burden scale introduced into routine practice in older adult services in the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) NHS Foundation Trust. Our aim was to assess whether this tool improved the accurate identification of anticholinergic medication and guided safer prescribing in cognitively vulnerable older people.ResultsThe introduction of the anticholinergic effect on cognition (AEC) tool into clinical practice led to an increase in the identification and reporting to general practitioners of anticholinergic medication from 11 to 85% of cases (P = 0.0015).Clinical implicationsApplication of the AEC tool led to improved detection of anticholinergic medication and advice to primary care on when a medication review is necessary. This is an important step towards improving the safety of prescribing in this patient group.
Outcome of Infants Younger Than 1 Year With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated With the Interfant-06 Protocol: Results From an International Phase III Randomized Study
Authors: Pieters Rob , De Lorenzo Paola , Ancliffe Philip , Aversa Luis Alberto , Brethon Benoit , Biondi Andrea , Campbell Myriam , Escherich Gabriele , Ferster Alina , Gardner Rebecca A , Kotecha Rishi Sury , Lausen Birgitte , Li Chi Kong , Locatelli Franco , Attarbaschi Andishe , Peters Christina , Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Silverman Lewis B. , Stary Jan , Szczepanski Tomasz , Vora Ajay , Schrappe Martin , Valsecchi Maria Grazia 
Published: July 2019

PURPOSE Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by KMT2A ( MLL) gene rearrangements and coexpression of myeloid markers. The Interfant-06 study, comprising 18 national and international study groups, tested whether myeloid-style consolidation chemotherapy is superior to lymphoid style, the role of stem-cell transplantation (SCT), and which factors had independent prognostic value. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three risk groups were defined: low risk (LR): KMT2A germline; high risk (HR): KMT2A-rearranged and older than 6 months with WBC count 300 × 109/L or more or a poor prednisone response; and medium risk (MR): all other KMT2A-rearranged cases. Patients in the MR and HR groups were randomly assigned to receive the lymphoid course low-dose cytosine arabinoside [araC], 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide (IB) or experimental myeloid courses, namely araC, daunorubicin, etoposide (ADE) and mitoxantrone, araC, etoposide (MAE). RESULTS A total of 651 infants were included, with 6-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival of 46.1% (SE, 2.1) and 58.2% (SE, 2.0). In West European/North American groups, 6-year EFS and overall survival were 49.4% (SE, 2.5) and 62.1% (SE, 2.4), which were 10% to 12% higher than in other countries. The 6-year probability of disease-free survival was comparable for the randomized arms (ADE+MAE 39.3% [SE 4.0; n = 169] v IB 36.8% [SE, 3.9; n = 161]; log-rank P = .47). The 6-year EFS rate of patients in the HR group was 20.9% (SE, 3.4) with the intention to undergo SCT; only 46% of them received SCT, because many had early events. KMT2A rearrangement was the strongest prognostic factor for EFS, followed by age, WBC count, and prednisone response. CONCLUSION Early intensification with postinduction myeloid-type chemotherapy courses did not significantly improve outcome for infant ALL compared with the lymphoid-type course IB. Outcome for infant ALL in Interfant-06 did not improve compared with that in Interfant-99.
Initial Postoperative Hemoglobin Values and Clinical Outcomes in Transfused Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Will Nicholas D. , Kor Daryl J. , Frank Ryan D. , Passe Melissa A. , Weister Timothy J. , Zielinski Martin D. , Warner Matthew A. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND:
Intraoperative red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common, yet transfusion strategies remain controversial as pretransfusion hemoglobin triggers are difficult to utilize during acute bleeding. Alternatively, postoperative hemoglobin values may provide useful information regarding transfusion practices, though optimal targets remain undefined.

METHODS:
This is a single-center observational cohort study of adults receiving allogeneic RBCs during noncardiac surgery from 2010 through 2014. Multivariable regression analyses adjusting for patient illness, laboratory derangements, and surgical features were used to assess relationships between initial postoperative hemoglobin values and a primary outcome of hospital-free days.

RESULTS:
A total of 8060 patients were included. Those with initial postoperative hemoglobin <7.5 or ≥11.5 g/dL had decreased hospital-free days [mean (95% confidence interval [CI]), −1.45 (−2.50 to −0.41) and −0.83 (−1.42 to −0.24), respectively] compared to a reference range of 9.5–10.4 g/dL (overall P value .003). For those with hemoglobin <7.5 g/dL, the odds (95% CI) for secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury (AKI) 1.43 (1.03–1.99), mortality 2.10 (1.18–3.74), and cerebral ischemia 3.12 (1.08–9.01). The odds for postoperative mechanical ventilation with hemoglobin ≥11.5 g/dL were 1.33 (1.07–1.65). Secondary outcome associations were not significant after multiple comparisons adjustment (Bonferroni P < .0056).

CONCLUSIONS:
In transfused patients, postoperative hemoglobin values between 7.5 and 11.5 g/dL were associated with superior outcomes compared to more extreme values. This range may represent a target for intraoperative transfusions, particularly during active bleeding when pretransfusion hemoglobin thresholds may be impractical or inaccurate. Given similar outcomes within this range, targeting hemoglobin at the lower aspect may be preferable, though prospective validation is warranted.
Modular tissue-specific regulation of doublesex underpins sexually dimorphic development in Drosophila
Authors: Rice Gavin R. , Barmina Olga , Luecke David , Hu Kevin , Arbeitman Michelle , Kopp Artyom 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The ability of a single genome to produce distinct and often dramatically different male and female forms is one of the wonders of animal development. In Drosophila melanogaster, most sexually dimorphic traits are controlled by sex-specific isoforms of the doublesex (dsx) transcription factor, and dsx expression is mostly limited to cells that give rise to sexually dimorphic traits. However, it is unknown how this mosaic of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic organs arises. Here, we characterize the cis-regulatory sequences that control dsx expression in the foreleg, which contains multiple types of sex-specific sensory organs. We find that separate modular enhancers are responsible for dsx expression in each sexually dimorphic organ. Expression of dsx in the sex comb is co-regulated by two enhancers with distinct spatial and temporal specificities that are separated by a genitalia-specific enhancer. The sex comb-specific enhancer from D. willistoni, a species that primitively lacks sex combs, is not active in the foreleg. Thus, the mosaic of sexually dimorphic and monomorphic organs depends on modular regulation of dsx transcription by dedicated cell type-specific enhancers.
The dynamics between limited-term and lifelong coinfecting bacterial parasites in wild rodent hosts
Authors: Eidelman Anat , Cohen Carmit , Navarro-Castilla Álvaro , Filler Serina , Gutiérrez Ricardo , Bar-Shira Enav , Shahar Naama , Garrido Mario , Halle Snir , Romach Yoav , Barja Isabel , Tasker Séverine , Harrus Shimon , Friedman Aharon , Hawlena Hadas 
Published: July 2019

Interactions between coinfecting parasites1 may take various forms, either direct or indirect, facilitative or competitive, and may be mediated by either bottom-up or top-down mechanisms. While each form of interaction leads to different evolutionary and ecological outcomes, it is challenging to tease them apart throughout the infection period. To establish the first step towards a mechanistic understanding of the interactions between coinfecting limited-term bacterial parasites and lifelong bacterial parasites, we studied the coinfection ofBartonella sp. (limited-term) and Mycoplasma sp. (lifelong), which commonly co-occur in wild rodents. We infected Bartonella and Mycoplasma-free rodents with each species, and simultaneously with both, and quantified the infection dynamics and host responses. Bartonella benefited from the interaction; its infection load decreased more slowly in coinfected rodents than in rodents infected with Bartonella alone. There were no indications for bottom-up effects, but coinfected rodents experienced various changes, depending on the infection stage, in their body mass, stress levels, and activity pattern, which may further affect bacterial replication and transmission. Interestingly, the infection dynamics and changes in the average coinfected rodent traits were more similar to the chronic effects of Mycoplasma infection, whereas coinfection uniquely impaired the host's physiological and behavioral stability. These results suggest that parasites with distinct life history strategies may interact, and their interaction may be asymmetric, non-additive, multifaceted, and dynamic through time. Since multiple, sometimes contrasting, forms of interactions are simultaneously at play and their relative importance alternates throughout the course of infection, the overall outcome may change under different ecological conditions.1“Parasite” is used throughout the article in its broad definition as an organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by consuming parts of the host resources or components. It damages the host but is rarely lethal in the short term. This term includes herein viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites, and other blood-sucking organisms.
Generation of Active Protease Depending on Peptide-Protein Interactions Using Interaction-Dependent Native Chemical Ligation and Protein Trans-Splicing
Authors: Takahashi Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An artificial signal transduction system has been constructed by employing engineered human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV-1) protease and Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102 (Npu) DnaE intein. While the truncation of four amino acid residues at the N-terminus of HIV-1 protease diminished its activity, the attachment of the PQIT sequence into the truncated protease by protein trans-splicing (PTS) reconstituted the enzymatic activity. By combining interaction-dependent native chemical ligation (IDNCL) with the PTS reaction, the peptide-protein interaction was clearly detected by measuring HIV-1 protease activity. Src homology domain 2 (SH2) of c-Src (SrcSH2) and phosphopeptides were used as model binding pairs. HIV-1 protease activities were dose-dependently increased after the IDNCL-PTS reaction when the peptides containing pYEEI (pY = phosohotyrosine) and pYEE sequences were used as the input peptides. HIV-1 protease activity generated by IDNCL-PTS might activate several enzymes, and therefore, the artificial signal transduction system might be available in synthetic biology.
Fracture resistance and 3D finite element analysis of machined ceramic crowns bonded to endodontically treated molars with two planes versus flat occlusal preparation designs: an in vitro study
Authors: Nabil Omnia , Halim Carl Hany , Mokhtar Ashraf Hassan 
Published: July 2019

Background: The flat occlusal preparation design (FOD) of posterior teeth offers promising results of fracture resistance and stress distribution, but its application in vital teeth is limited as there may be a danger of pulp injury. Although this danger is omitted in endodontically treated teeth, there is no research work assessing the impact of FOD on the fracture resistance and distribution of stresses among these teeth. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of FOD of endodontically treated molars on the fracture resistance and distribution of stresses among a ceramic crown-molar structure when compared to the two planes occlusal preparation design (TOD). Methods: 20 human mandibular molars were endodontically treated and distributed equally to two groups: Group I (TOD) and Group II (FOD). Ceramic CAD/CAM milled lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD) crowns were produced for all preparations and adhered using self-adhesive resin cement. Using a universal testing machine, the fracture resistance test was performed. The fractured samples were examined using a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope to determine modes of failure. Stress distribution was evaluated by 3D finite element analysis, which was performed on digital models of endodontically treated mandibular molars (one model for each design). Results: Group II recorded statistically non-significant higher fracture resistance mean values (3107.2± 604.9 N) than Group I mean values (2962.6 ±524.27 N) as indicated by Student’s t-test (t=0.55, p= 0.57). Also, Group II resulted in more favorable failure mode as compared to Group I. Both preparation designs yielded low von-Mises stresses within the factor of safety. However, the stress distribution among different layers of the model differed. Conclusions: FOD having comparable fracture strength to TOD and a more favorable fracture behavior can be used for the preparation of endodontically treated molars.
Expert quotes and exaggeration in health news: a retrospective quantitative content analysis
Authors: Bossema Francien G. , Burger Peter , Bratton Luke , Challenger Aimée , Adams Rachel C. , Sumner Petroc , Schat Joop , Numans Mattijs E. , Smeets Ionica 
Published: July 2019

Background This research is an investigation into the role of expert quotes in health news, specifically whether news articles containing a quote from an independent expert are less often exaggerated than articles without such a quote. Methods Retrospective quantitative content analysis of journal articles, press releases, and associated news articles was performed. The investigated sample are press releases on peer-reviewed health research and the associated research articles and news stories. Our sample consisted of 462 press releases and 668 news articles from the UK (2011) and 129 press releases and 185 news articles from The Netherlands (2015). We hand-coded all journal articles, press releases and news articles for correlational claims, using a well-tested codebook. The main outcome measures are types of sources that were quoted and exaggeration of correlational claims. We used counts, 2x2 tables and odds ratios to assess the relationship between presence of quotes and exaggeration of the causal claim. Results Overall, 99.1% of the UK press releases and 84.5% of the Dutch press releases contain at least one quote. For the associated news articles these percentages are: 88.6% in the UK and 69.7% in the Netherlands. Authors of the study are most often quoted and only 7.5% of UK and 7.0% of Dutch news articles contained a new quote by an expert source, i.e. one not provided by the press release. The relative odds that an article without an external expert quote contains an exaggeration of causality is 2.6. Conclusions The number of articles containing a quote from an independent expert is low, but articles that cite an external expert do contain less exaggeration.