bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coordinated Credit Spaces: The Globalization of Chinese Development Finance
Authors: Chin Gregory T. , Gallagher Kevin P. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThis article examines the emergence of Chinese development finance on the global stage and evaluates the extent to which it differs from, complements and/or competes with the Western‐backed development finance institutions. Whereas the new, China‐backed multilaterals are closer to the Western model, especially the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, this analysis finds that China's national development finance is significantly distinct along three parameters — the scale and business model of Chinese finance relative to its Western counterparts, the composition and approach of China's lending portfolio, and the governance of China's development finance institutions. These differences can be seen as complements to the Western‐backed system, given that much of Chinese development finance has flowed into countries and sectors in which Western development finance institutions have ventured to a lesser extent. However, the globalization of Chinese development finance, patterned on the international diffusion of what is coined in this article as the ‘coordinated credit space model’, contrasts with Western development finance, governance and business models, and has triggered a competitive stance from Western actors. Either contestation or convergence are possible trajectories for the future, and the outcome will be determined by whichever can produce conditions akin to the ‘politics of productivity’.
White matter hyperintensities and recurrent stroke risk in patients with stroke with small‐vessel disease
Authors: Park J.‐H. , Heo S. H. , Lee M. H. , Kwon H. S. , Kwon S. U. , Lee J. S. ,   the PICASSO investigators
Published: January 2019

Background and purposeWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a predictor of stroke among elderly individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the association between WMH severity and the risk of recurrent vascular events among Asian patients with ischaemic stroke with small‐vessel disease (SVD) including micro/macrobleeds and lacunes.MethodsData from participants (n = 1454) in the PICASSO (PreventIon of CArdiovascular Events in iSchemic Stroke Patients with High Risk of Cerebral HemOrrhage) trial were reviewed. The severity of WMH in baseline brain magnetic resonance imaging scans was assessed using the Fazekas scale. The association between WMH severity and stroke (ischaemic or hemorrhagic) and major vascular events (MVEs) (a composite of stroke/myocardial infarction/vascular death) was assessed.ResultsStudy patients had a significant burden of SVD: Fazekas score 0 (n = 2), 1 (n = 426), 2 (n = 650) and 3 (n = 376) [median Fazekas score 2 (mean follow‐up, 1.9 ± 1.3 years)]. The stroke incidence rate per 100 personyears was 2.6 in the Fazekas 0–1 group, 3.6 in the Fazekas 2 group and 7.0 in the Fazekas 3 group, and the rates for MVEs were 3.3, 4.3 and 7.6, respectively. Compared with the Fazekas 0–1 group, the Fazekas 3 group was associated with a higher risk of stroke [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–3.88; P = 0.011], ischaemic stroke (adjusted HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.07–4.15; P = 0.031), hemorrhagic stroke (adjusted HR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.09–12.70; P = 0.036) and MVEs (adjusted HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.20–3.66; P = 0.010).ConclusionAdvanced WMH in Asian patients with ischaemic stroke with SVD burden was associated with an increased risk of recurrent vascular events. It may exert an effect as a prognostic indicator in high risk of recurrent vascular events.
No additive genetic variance for tolerance to ethynylestradiol exposure in natural populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Marques da Cunha Lucas , Uppal Anshu , Seddon Emily , Nusbaumer David , Vermeirssen Etienne L.M. , Wedekind Claus 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOne of the most common and potent pollutants of freshwater habitats is 17‐alpha‐ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic component of oral contraceptives that is not completely eliminated during sewage treatment and that threatens natural populations of fish. Previous studies found additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 in different salmonid fishes and concluded that rapid evolution to this type of pollution seems possible. However, these previous studies were done with fishes that are lake‐dwelling and hence typically less exposed to EE2 than river‐dwelling species. Here, we test whether there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 also in river‐dwelling salmonid populations that have been exposed to various concentrations of EE2 over the last decades. We sampled 287 adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) from seven populations that show much genetic diversity within populations, are genetically differentiated, and that vary in their exposure to sewage‐treated effluent. In order to estimate their potential to evolve tolerance to EE2, we collected their gametes to produce 730 experimental families in blockwise full‐factorial in vitro fertilizations. We then raised 7,302 embryos singly in 2‐ml containers each and either exposed them to 1 ng/L EE2 (an ecologically relevant concentration, i.e., 2 pg per embryo added in a single spike to the water) or sham‐treated them. Exposure to EE2 increased embryo mortality, delayed hatching time, and decreased hatchling length. We found no population differences and no additive genetic variance for tolerance to EE2. We conclude that EE2 has detrimental effects that may adversely affect population even at a very low concentration, but that our study populations lack the potential for rapid genetic adaptation to this type of pollution. One possible explanation for the latter is that continuous selection over the last decades has depleted genetic variance for tolerance to this synthetic stressor.
Tilapia fisheries in Guangdong Province, China: Socio‐economic benefits, and threats on native ecosystems and economics
Authors: Gu Dang En , Yu Fan Dong , Yang Ye Xin , Xu Meng , Wei Hui , Luo Du , Mu Xi Dong , Hu Yin Chang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTilapia is one of the groups of fish species most widely cultured globally. China has been the largest producer of tilapia in the world since 1990s. Guangdong Province produces almost 40% of all tilapia in China because of its suitable geography and weather conditions, and tilapia culture has brought considerable economic benefits. Unfortunately, many of the biological traits that make tilapia popular for culture also contribute to its success as an invader. Tilapia has invaded natural waters and has become the dominant fish in many rivers of Guangdong Province, causing economic loss in capture fisheries, and affecting native fish species, biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. Poor fishery management, water quality degradation and biodiversity loss have all facilitated the tilapia invasion. Tilapia have filled the niches left vacant by now locally extinct native species resulting from environmental changes in freshwater ecosystems of the province. The introduction of tilapia has both advantages and disadvantages, which should be managed to use effectively the various tilapia species in aquaculture while controlling their spread in natural waters.
Risk management within the cannabis industry: Building a framework for the cannabis industry
Authors: Parker Karen A. , Di Mattia Attilio , Shaik Fatima , Cerón Ortega Juan Carlos , Whittle Robert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThirty states and the District of Columbia have legalized the use of cannabis for medicinal and/or recreational use by either formally or informally de‐criminalizing its use. However, cannabis remains a Schedule 1 drug under the Federal Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. Sections 801 through 812), leaving federal law in conflict with the laws of over half of the states. As a result, market participants in legal cannabis businesses face risks due to the industry's unique legal status within the United States. We examine the risks and challenges deemed by the cannabis industry as the top risks facing the industry's continued future growth and its sustainability. In addition to general risks inherent in a nascent industry, a legal cannabis business faces additional risks, such as risks in its banking and finance activity, placement of insurance, payment of taxes, and managing its supply chain. These legal businesses also face true legal risk from the possibility of being shut down by the federal government and seizure of assets and product under the CSA. This paper also examines whether the cannabis industry would benefit from a futures market to mitigate price risk.
Hierarchy theory reveals multiscale predictors of Arkansas darter (Etheostoma cragini) abundance in a Great Plains riverscape
Authors: Wellemeyer Juju C. , Perkin Joshuah S. , Jameson Mary Liz , Costigan Katie H. , Waters Ryan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Landscape ecology and its emphasis on relationships between spatial heterogeneity, scale, and ecological processes can be applied to manage stream ecosystems as riverscapes. Hierarchy theory, a central tenet of riverscape ecology, allows for investigating ecological relationships between aquatic organisms and habitat by exploring the nested interactions inherent in reaches, segments, and basins. Arkansas darter Etheostoma cragini is a Great Plains fish endemic to the Arkansas River basin and is listed as in need of conservation in all five states within its range in North America. The aim of this study was to develop empirical models describing relationships between Arkansas darter abundance and local habitats, and identify the appropriate scale(s) for assessing and managing populations.

We used Arkansas darter abundance data collected from stream sample units as a fixed grain size (102 m) and compiled datasets at three hierarchical spatial extents, including reach (103 m), nested within segment (104 m), nested within basin (105 m) in southcentral Kansas. We fit generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess scale‐specific relationships between Arkansas darter abundance and local habitat dimensions (stream depth and width) and heterogeneity (canopy cover, overhanging vegetation, and woody structure).

Habitat parameters included in best‐supported GLMMs differed among extents. Variation in Arkansas darter abundance was explained by canopy cover and channel depth at the reach (54% explained) and segment (56%) extents, and stream width and depth at the basin extent (37%). Partial dependence plots from multiple regression GLMMs revealed that Arkansas darter abundance was negatively correlated with increasing channel depth across all extents, increasing canopy cover at reach and segment extents, and increasing channel width at the basin extent.

Our results highlight scale‐specific relationships between Arkansas darter abundance and local habitats across multiple spatial extents. These findings provide direction for assessing stream fish ecology pattern‐process relationships at the appropriate spatial scales and benefit native fish conservation by highlighting the application of hierarchy theory to address management challenges.
Efficacy of local anaesthetic solutions on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Nagendrababu V. , Pulikkotil S. J. , Suresh A. , Veettil S. K. , Bhatia S. , Setzer F. C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe management of pain during root canal treatment is important. The aim of this systematic review and network meta‐analysis was to identify the anaesthetic solution that would provide the best pulpal anaesthesia for inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) treating mandibular teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) were searched to identify studies up to October 2018. Randomized clinical trials comparing at least two anaesthetic solutions (lidocaine (lignocaine), articaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine or mepivacaine) used for IANB for treatment of irreversible pulpitis were included. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Pairwise meta‐analysis, network meta‐analysis using a random‐effects model, and SUCRA ranking were performed. The network meta‐analysis estimated the probability of each treatment performing best. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach. In total, 11 studies (n = 750) were included in the meta‐analysis. The network meta‐analysis revealed that only mepivacaine significantly increased the success rate of IANB compared to lidocaine (RR, 1.42 [95% CI 1.04–1.95]). However, no significant differences in the success rate of IANB were observed between mepivacaine and other anaesthetic agents (articaine and bupivacaine). Of all anaesthetic agents, mepivacaine (SUCRA = 0.81) ranked first in increasing the success rate of IANB, followed by prilocaine (SUCRA = 0.62), articaine (SUCRA = 0.54), bupivacaine (SUCRA = 0.41) and lidocaine (SUCRA = 0.13). The overall quality of evidence was very low to moderate. In conclusion, based on the evidence from the randomized clinical trials included in this review, mepivacaine with epinephrine demonstrated the highest probability of providing effective pulpal anaesthesia using IANB for teeth with irreversible pulpitis compared to prilocaine, articaine, bupivacaine and lidocaine. Further, high‐quality clinical trials are needed to support the conclusion of this review.
Burden of medically attended influenza in Norway 2008‐2017
Authors: Hauge Siri Helene , Bakken Inger Johanne , de Blasio Birgitte F. , Håberg Siri E. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThe burden of influenza in Norway remains uncertain, and data on seasonal variations and differences by age groups are needed.ObjectiveTo describe number of patients diagnosed with influenza in Norway each season and the number treated in primary or specialist health care by age. Further, to compare the burden of seasonal influenza with the 2009‐2010 pandemic outbreak.MethodsWe used Norwegian national health registries and identified all patients diagnosed with influenza from 2008 to 2017. We calculated seasonal rates, compared hospitalized patients with patients in primary care and compared seasonal influenza with the 2009‐2010 pandemic outbreak.ResultsEach season, on average 1.7% of the population were diagnosed with influenza in primary care, the average rate of hospitalization was 48 per 100 000 population while the average number of hospitalized patients each season was nearly 2500. The number of hospitalized influenza patients ranged from 579 in 2008‐2009 to 4973 in 2016‐2017. Rates in primary care were highest among young adults while hospitalization rates were highest in patients 80 years and older and in children below 5 years. The majority of in‐hospital deaths were in patients 70 years and older. Fewer patients were hospitalized during the 2009‐2010 pandemic than in seasonal outbreaks, but during the pandemic, more people in the younger age groups were hospitalized and fatal cases were younger.ConclusionInfluenza causes a substantial burden in primary care and hospitals. In non‐pandemic seasons, people above 80 years have the highest risk of influenza hospitalization and death.
Damage evolution in a self‐healing air plasma sprayed thermal barrier coating containing self‐shielding MoSi2 particles
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhang Xun , van der Zwaag Sybrand , Sloof Willem G. , Xiao Ping 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA self‐healing thermal barrier coating (TBC) system is manufactured by air plasma spraying (APS) and tested by thermal cycling. The ceramic topcoat in the self‐healing APS TBC system consists of an yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) matrix and contains self‐shielding aluminium containing MoSi2 healing particles dispersed close to the topcoat/bond coat interface. After spraying the healing particles the material was annealed to promote the formation of an oxygen impermeable Al2O3 shell at the MoSi2‐TBC interfaces by selective oxidation of the aluminium fraction. The samples were subsequently thermally cycled between room temperature and 1100°C. The study focussed on the spontaneous formation of the Al2O3 shell as well as the subsequent damage evolution in the APS produced TBC during thermal cycling. Experimental evidence showing characteristic signs of crack healing in the topcoat is identified and analysed. The study shows that while the concept of the self‐healing APS TBCs containing self‐shielding MoSi2 particles is promising, future study is needed to improve the protectiveness of the Al2O3 shells by further tailoring the aluminium content in the MoSi2 and the particle shape to avoid the premature oxidation of the healing particles and maximise crack healing efficiency.
Is disability really an obstacle to success? Impact of a disability simulation on motivation and performance
Authors: Cohen J. , Schiffler F. , Rohmer O. , Louvet E. , Mollaret P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn Western societies, statistics on the integration of people with disabilities into the labor market consistently indicate that this category of workers faces serious discrimination. Research has evidenced negative perceptions about their occupational skills, despite positive beliefs about their personal qualities. The main purpose of this study was to show how these subjective beliefs about disability can shape performance (speed and accuracy, Studies 1, 3, and 4) and self‐reported motivation (Studies 2, 3, and 4) of able‐bodied persons simulating a disability. Participants were 281 French students without disabilities who carried out a task either with or without a simulated disability. This simulated disability constituted an actual handicap to perform the task (Studies 1 and 2) or not (Studies 3 and 4). The first three studies were focused on cognitive abilities, whereas Study 4 introduced a job interview component. Results consistently showed that participants in the simulated disability situation completed the task more accurately than controls, but took more time to do so. Higher degrees of motivation and perseverance are found for participants in the simulated disability situation, except in a job interview setting. These results are important for understanding how subjective beliefs about persons with disabilities can constitute objective barriers to social participation, and more specifically, to access to the labor market.
Using Z and age‐equivalent scores to address WISC‐IV floor effects for children with intellectual disability
Authors: Toffalini E. , Buono S. , Zagaria T. , Calcagnì A. , Cornoldi C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition often produces floor effects in individuals with intellectual disability. Calculating respondents' Z or age‐equivalent scores has been claimed to remedy this problem.MethodThe present study applied these methods to the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition scores of 198 individuals diagnosed with intellectual disability. Confirmatory factor analysis and profile analysis were conducted using a Bayesian approach.ResultsThe intelligence structure in intellectual disability resembled the one previously reported for typical development, suggesting configural but not metric invariance. When Z or age‐equivalent scores (but not traditional scaled scores) were used, the average profile resembled the one previously reported for other neurodevelopmental disorders.ConclusionsBoth methods avoided any floor effects, generating similar but not identical profiles. Despite some practical and conceptual limitations, age‐equivalent scores may be easier to interpret. This was true even for a subgroup of individuals with more severe disabilities (mean IQ < 43).
Semiautomated Assessment of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Jung Flora , Kazemifar Samaneh , Bartha Robert , Rajakumar Nagalingam 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in several cognitive processes including executive function. Degenerative changes of ACC are consistently seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, volumetric changes specific to the ACC in AD are not clear because of the difficulty in segmenting this region. The objectives of the current study were to develop a precise and high‐throughput approach for measuring ACC volumes and to correlate the relationship between ACC volume and cognitive function in AD.METHODSStructural T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images of AD patients (n = 47) and age‐matched controls (n = 47) at baseline and at 24 months were obtained from the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) database and studied using a custom‐designed semiautomated segmentation protocol.RESULTSACC volumes obtained using the semiautomated protocol were highly correlated to values obtained from manual segmentation (r = .98) and the semiautomated protocol was considerably faster. When comparing AD and control subjects, no significant differences were observed in baseline ACC volumes or in change in ACC volumes over 24 months using the two segmentation methods. However, a change in ACC volume over 24 months did not correlate with a change in mini‐mental state examination scores.CONCLUSIONSOur results indicate that the proposed semiautomated segmentation protocol is reliable for determining ACC volume in neurodegenerative conditions including AD.
Downregulated miR‐27b promotes keratinocyte proliferation by targeting PLK2 in oral lichen planus
Authors: Chen Junjun , Du Guanhuan , Chang Yuzhou , Wang Yufeng , Shi Linjun , Mi Jun , Tang Guoyao 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundMicroRNA‐27b (miR‐27b) was recently found to be significantly downregulated in oral lichen planus (OLP). However, evidence of the function of miR‐27b in OLP remains limited.MethodsInitially, miR‐27b expression in OLP was verified using the quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Functionally, gain‐/loss‐of‐function studies were then conducted using miR‐27b mimics/inhibitor to investigate cell growth in human oral keratinocytes (HOKs). Mechanistically, subsequent miRNA target analyses including a starBase database analysis and a luciferase reporter assay were performed to predict and validate the direct target, respectively. In addition, overexpression/knockdown assays of target(s) of miR‐27b were performed to investigate its functional significance and qRT‐PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate the target(s) of miR‐27b mRNA and protein levels, respectively.ResultsMicroRNA‐27b was significantly downregulated in OLP tissues when compared with healthy control tissues. Bioinformatics predicted that Polo Like Kinase 2 (PLK2) might be a potential target of miR‐27b, while the luciferase reporter assay results showed the direct inhibition of the plk2‐3′untranslated region by miR‐27b. Moreover, functional analysis indicated that downregulated miR‐27b caused an increase in cell growth in HOKs, and correspondingly, overexpression of PLK2 promoted HOK proliferation.ConclusionsThere were aberrant expressions of miR‐27b and PLK2 in OLP tissues. Decreased miR‐27b may have induced cell proliferation by increasing the levels of PLK2 in HOKs, which provides a new perspective into the potential mechanisms underlying OLP development.