bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BayGEN: A Bayesian Space‐Time Stochastic Weather Generator
Authors: Verdin Andrew , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kleiber William , Podestá Guillermo , Bert Federico 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present a Bayesian hierarchical space‐time stochastic weather generator (BayGEN) to generate daily precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures. BayGEN employs a hierarchical framework with data, process, and parameter layers. In the data layer, precipitation occurrence at each site is modeled using probit regression using a spatially distributed latent Gaussian process; precipitation amounts are modeled as gamma random variables; and minimum and maximum temperatures are modeled as realizations from Gaussian processes. The latent Gaussian process that drives the precipitation occurrence process is modeled in the process layer. In the parameter layer, the model parameters of the data and process layers are modeled as spatially distributed Gaussian processes, consequently enabling the simulation of daily weather at arbitrary (unobserved) locations or on a regular grid. All model parameters are endowed with weakly informative prior distributions. The No‐U Turn sampler, an adaptive form of Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, is used to maximize the model likelihood function and obtain posterior samples of each parameter. Posterior samples of the model parameters propagate uncertainty to the weather simulations, an important feature that makes BayGEN unique compared to traditional weather generators. We demonstrate the utility of BayGEN with application to daily weather generation in a basin of the Argentine Pampas. Furthermore, we evaluate the implications of crop yield by driving a crop simulation model with weather simulations from BayGEN and an equivalent non‐Bayesian weather generator.
A Cautionary Tale of Topography and Tilt from Kīlauea Caldera
Authors: Johnson Jessica H. , Poland Michael P. , Anderson Kyle R. , Biggs Juliet 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe conduct finite element analysis to investigate the effect of sharp topography on surface ground deformation caused by pressure changes in a magma reservoir. Tilt data express the horizontal gradient of vertical displacement and therefore can emphasize small variations in deformation that go unnoticed using other methods. We find that the vertical displacement profile at a surface with a cliff can be thought of as the superposition of the deformation from shallow and deeper sources. This combination can create a small peak in vertical displacement that acts as a pseudo‐source, creating a reversal of the deformation gradient and therefore anomalous tilt magnitude and a rotation of up to 180°. We apply these models to Kīlauea Caldera and find that surface geometry creates a tilt rotation of ∼10°, partially explaining anomalous tilt that has been observed. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering topography when assessing tilt measurements at active volcanoes.
The 3‐D Distribution of Artificial Aurora Induced by HF Radio Waves in the Ionosphere
Authors: Kvammen A. , Gustavsson B. , Sergienko T. , Brändström U. , Rietveld M. , Rexer T. , Vierinen J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present 3‐D excitation rate estimates of artificial aurora in the ionosphericFlayer, induced by high‐frequency radio waves from the European Incoherent Scatter heating facility. Simultaneous imaging of the artificial aurora was done with four separate Auroral Large Imaging System stations, permitting tomography‐like 3‐D auroral reconstruction of the enhanced atomic oxygen emissions at 6,300, 5,577, and 8,446 Å. Inspection of the 3‐D reconstructions suggests that the distribution of energized electrons is less extended in altitude than predicted by transport calculations of electrons accelerated to 2–100 eV. A possible reason for this discrepancy is that high‐frequency pumping might induce an anisotropic distribution of energized electrons.
Fluid‐Induced Swarms and Coseismic Stress Transfer: A Dual Process Highlighted in the Aftershock Sequence of the 7 April 2014 Earthquake (Ml 4.8, Ubaye, France)
Authors: De Barros Louis , Baques Marion , Godano Maxime , Helmstetter Agnès , Deschamps Anne , Larroque Christophe , Courboulex Francoise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe upper part of the Ubaye Valley (French Alps) is characterized by alternating mainshock‐aftershock sequences and swarms. Particularly, during the 2012–2015 crisis, four mainshocks with Ml > 3.5 occurred. We here focus on the aftershocks of the largest one (Ml = 4.8, 7 April 2014), in order to better understand the involved processes behind this peculiar seismic behavior. We use template matching detection, waveform classification, and double‐difference relocations to analyze this seismicity, on average and at the scale of the clusters that compose it. Most event sources are aligned along a plane consistent with the mainshock fault (N165, 65°W), but occurred on conjugate structures. A few clusters of seismicity are also observed far from the mainshock source. Our analysis shows that distinct, spatially separated processes are at play. While coseismic stress transfer explains the seismicity close to the mainshock source, fluid‐pressure diffusion and distant stress triggering are required to generate events farther away. The overall distributions in time and magnitude followed a slow Omori's decay and a Gutenberg‐Richter relationship, respectively. However, these classical responses arise from the superposition of very different behaviors, associated with different processes at depth.
The Interaction Between Boundary Layer and Convection Schemes in a WRF Simulation of Post Cold Frontal Clouds Over the ARM East North Atlantic Site
Authors: Lamraoui Fayçal , Booth James F. , Naud Catherine M. , Jensen Michael P. , Johnson Karen L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe correct representation of low‐level midlatitude clouds found in the wake of cold fronts strongly relies on the representation of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and convection processes, which are typically parameterized separately in numerical models. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF), this study investigates how distinct pairs of PBL and convection parameterization schemes represent cloud fraction in the post cold frontal region. The simulations focus on the region of the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic observation site in the Azores Islands in the wake of a cold front that passed on 25 December 2015. Different PBL and convection schemes are combined to create 12 distinct configurations. The main differences between the selected physical parameterizations are the strength of vertical mixing and the entrainment. The simulations produce a wide range of cloud fractions, where some configurations significantly underestimate while others clearly overestimate satellite and surface‐based estimates of cloud fraction. A skill score is used to quantitatively assess the performance of each configuration with respect to ground‐based radar data. The key processes that are found to significantly impact the cloud fraction distribution are the strength of the PBL decoupling, the vertical wind shear, entrainment and detrainment rates in shallow convection, and the occurrence of drizzle. This indicates that to successfully simulate post cold frontal clouds, modeled physics must balance strong internal vertical mixing and weak exchange with the free troposphere. For this case study, cloud fraction was more sensitive to the choice of convection scheme than PBL scheme.
Complementary‐Relationship‐Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982–2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses
Authors: Ma Ning , Szilagyi Jozsef , Zhang Yinsheng , Liu Wenbin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHaving recognized the limitations in spatial representativeness and/or temporal coverage of (i) current ground ETa observations and (ii) land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based ETa estimates due to uncertainties in soil and vegetation parameters, a calibration‐free nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model is employed with inputs of air and dew‐point temperature, wind speed, and net radiation to estimate 0.1°, monthly ETa over China during 1982–2012. The modeled ETa rates were first validated against 13 eddy‐covariance measurements, producing Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values in the range of 0.72–0.94. On the basin scale, the modeled ETa values yielded a relative bias of 6%, and a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.80 in comparison with water‐balance‐derived evapotranspiration rates across 10 major river basins in China, indicating the CR‐simulated ETa rates reliable over China. Further evaluations suggest that the CR‐based ETa product is more accurate than seven other mainstream ETa products. The 31‐year mean annual ETa value decreases from the southeast to the northwest in China, resulting in a country average of 406 ± 15 mm/year. The country‐representative annual ETa rates slightly decreased with a rate of −0.5 mm/year (p = 0.86) during 1982–2012. Annual ETa increased significantly over most parts of western and northeastern China but decreased significantly in many regions of the North China Plain as well as in the eastern and southern coastal regions. The present CR‐based method, with its calibration‐free nature and minimal data requirement, could help future calibrations/verifications of the more complex and more data‐intensive land surface model‐ and remote sensing‐based models.
Deciphering the Variability in Mg/Ca and Stable Oxygen Isotopes of Individual Foraminifera
Authors: Groeneveld Jeroen , Ho Sze Ling , Mackensen Andreas , Mohtadi Mahyar , Laepple Thomas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractForaminifera are commonly used in paleoclimate reconstructions as they occur throughout the world's oceans and are often abundantly preserved in the sediments. Traditionally, foraminifera‐based proxies like δ18O and Mg/Ca are analyzed on pooled specimens of a single species. Analysis of single specimens of foraminifera allows reconstructing climate variability on timescales related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation or seasonality. However, quantitative calibrations between the statistics of individual foraminifera analyses (IFA) and climate variability are still missing. We performed Mg/Ca and δ18O measurements on single specimens from core top sediments from different settings to better understand the signal recorded by individual foraminifera. We used three species of planktic foraminifera (Globigerinoidesruber(s.s.),T.sacculifer, andN.dutertrei) from the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool and one species (G.ruber(pink)) from the Gulf of Mexico. Mean values for the different species of Mg/Ca versus calculated δ18O temperatures agree with published calibration equations. IFA statistics (both mean and standard deviation) of Mg/Ca and δ18O between the different sites show a strong relationship indicating that both proxies are influenced by a common factor, most likely temperature variations during calcification. This strongly supports the use of IFA to reconstruct climate variability. However, our combined IFA data for the different species only show a weak relationship to seasonal and interannual temperature changes, especially when seasonal variability increases at a location. This suggests that the season and depth habitat of the foraminifera strongly affect IFA variability, such that ecology needs to be considered when reconstructing past climate variability.
Can Improved Flow Partitioning in Hydrologic Models Increase Biogeochemical Predictability?
Authors: Shafii Mahyar , Craig James R. , Macrae Merrin L. , English Michael C. , Schiff Sherry L. , Van Cappellen Philippe , Basu Nandita B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHydrologic models partition flows into surface and subsurface pathways, but their calibration is typically conducted only against streamflow. Here we argue that unless model outcomes are constrained using flow pathway data, multiple partitioning schemes can lead to the same streamflow. This point becomes critical for biogeochemical modeling as individual flow paths may yield unique chemical signatures. We show how information on flow pathways can be used to constrain hydrologic flow partitioning and how improved partitioning can lead to better water quality predictions. As a case study, an agricultural basin in Ontario is used to demonstrate that using tile discharge data could increase the performance of both the hydrology and the nitrogen transport models. Watershed‐scale tile discharge was estimated based on sparse tile data collected at some tiles using a novel regression‐based approach. Through a series of calibration experiments, we show that utilizing tile flow signatures as calibration criteria improves model performance in the prediction of nitrate loads in both the calibration and validation periods. Predictability of nitrate loads is improved even with no tile flow data and by model calibration only against an approximate understanding of annual tile flow percent. However, despite high values of goodness‐of‐fit metrics in this case, temporal dynamics of predictions are inconsistent with reality. For instance, the model predicts significant tile discharge in summer with no tile flow occurrence in the field. Hence, the proposed tile flow upscaling approach and the partitioning‐constrained model calibration are vital steps toward improving the predictability of biogeochemical models in tiled landscapes.
Atmospheric Tides at High Latitudes in the Martian Upper Atmosphere Observed by MAVEN and MRO
Authors: England Scott L. , Liu Guiping , Kumar Aishwarya , Mahaffy Paul R. , Elrod Meredith , Benna Mehdi , Jain Sonal , Deighan Justin , Schneider Nicholas M. , McClintock William E. , Evans J. Scott 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGlobal‐scale waves have been seen throughout the Martian atmosphere and can achieve significant amplitude at higher altitudes. Previous observations of the upper atmosphere have also revealed wavenumber‐3 signatures with significant amplitudes that have been interpreted as signatures of diurnal and semidiurnal tides or stationary planetary waves. This study focuses on two intervals during which concurrent observations of the upper thermosphere made in situ, the middle thermosphere made remotely, and the middle atmosphere made remotely provide observations of the atmospheric tides between 50‐ and 200‐km altitude. Focusing on high latitudes, these observations are able to identify strong wavenumber‐3 signatures in the thermosphere that propagate eastward with increasing local time, consistent with an eastward propagating tide. A complementary analysis of the data from the middle atmosphere reveals wavenumber‐3 signatures that move eastward and upward. During the first interval, these analyses reveal a combination of the diurnal tide DE2 and the semidiurnal tide SE1 to be present, while during the second only the semidiurnal SE1 is seen. During both intervals, the observations provide a consistent picture of these waves being present from the middle atmosphere to the upper thermosphere, consistent with the theory that such waves are generated in the lower atmosphere and propagate upward throughout the entire atmosphere.
Breaking the permeability–selectivity trade-off in thin-film composite polyamide membranes with a PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG block copolymer ultrafiltration membrane support through post-annealing treatment
Authors: An Xiaochan , Hu Yunxia , Wang Ning , Wang Tao , Liu Zhongyun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this work, amphiphilic polyethylene glycol-block-polysulfone-block-polyethylene glycol (PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG) was used as a membrane support to fabricate a high-performance thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane. A facile post-annealing approach was developed to simultaneously improve the water permeability and antifouling property of the TFC membrane having the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support without sacrificing its selectivity. The experimental results illustrate that a highly crosslinked polyamide with low reverse salt flux could be formed on the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support, and the post-annealing treatment could tailor the membrane structure and properties of the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support to decrease its structure parameter without affecting the polyamide. The annealed TFC membrane exhibited excellent permeability–selectivity, with a high A/B ratio of 19.6 bar−1 (water permeability coefficient A of 1.76 LMH·bar−1 and NaCl permeability coefficient B of 0.09 LMH). The static and dynamic antifouling performances of the annealed TFC membrane were also demonstrated, finding that little bovine serum albumin (BSA) was adsorbed on the PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG support surface, and a reduced water flux decline and a high water recovery were achieved compared with those of the control sample. Our work demonstrates that the amphiphilic PEG-b-PSF-b-PEG membrane can work as an ideal TFC support to break the permeability–selectivity trade-off of the TFC FO membrane and to improve its antifouling properties through post-annealing treatment.
Ultrathin wide-angle large-area digital 3D holographic display using a non-periodic photon sieve
Authors: Park Jongchan , Lee KyeoReh , Park YongKeun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHolographic displays can provide a 3D visual experience to multiple users without requiring special glasses. By precisely tailoring light fields, holographic displays could resemble realistic 3D scenes with full motion parallax and continuous depth cues. However, available holographic displays are unable to generate such scenes given practical limitations in wavefront modulation. In fact, the limited diffraction angle and small number of pixels of current wavefront modulators derive into a 3D scene with small size and narrow viewing angle. We propose a flat-panel wavefront modulator capable of displaying large dynamic holographic images with wide viewing angle. Specifically, an ultrahigh-capacity non-periodic photon sieve, which diffracts light at wide angles, is combined with an off-the-shelf liquid crystal display panel to generate holographic images. Besides wide viewing angle and large screen size, the wavefront modulator provides multi-colour projection and a small form factor, which suggests the possible implementation of holographic displays on thin devices.
A serum microRNA classifier for the diagnosis of sarcomas of various histological subtypes
Authors: Asano Naofumi , Matsuzaki Juntaro , Ichikawa Makiko , Kawauchi Junpei , Takizawa Satoko , Aoki Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Hiromi , Yoshida Akihiko , Kobayashi Eisuke , Tanzawa Yoshikazu , Nakayama Robert , Morioka Hideo , Matsumoto Morio , Nakamura Masaya , Kondo Tadashi , Kato Ken , Tsuchiya Naoto , Kawai Akira , Ochiya Takahiro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDue to their rarity and diversity, sarcomas are difficult to diagnose. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for a novel diagnostic test for these cancers. In this study, we investigated serum miRNA profiles from 1002 patients with bone and soft tissue tumors representing more than 43 histological subtypes, including sarcomas, intermediate tumors, and benign tumors, to determine whether serum miRNA profiles could be used to specifically detect sarcomas. Circulating serum miRNA profiles in sarcoma patients were clearly distinct from those in patients with other types of tumors. Using the serum levels of seven miRNAs, we developed a molecular detector, Index VI, that could distinguish sarcoma patients from benign and healthy controls with remarkably high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (95%), regardless of histological subtype. Index VI provides an approach to the early and precise detection of sarcomas, potentially leading to curative treatment and longer survival.
Neutrophil activation and NETosis are the major drivers of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Perdomo José , Leung Halina H. L. , Ahmadi Zohra , Yan Feng , Chong James J. H. , Passam Freda H. , Chong Beng H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis (HIT) is a serious immune reaction to heparins, characterized by thrombocytopenia and often severe thrombosis with high morbidity and mortality. HIT is mediated by IgG antibodies against heparin/platelet factor 4 antigenic complexes. These complexes are thought to activate platelets leading to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Here we show that HIT immune complexes induce NETosis via interaction with FcγRIIa on neutrophils and through neutrophil-platelet association. HIT immune complexes induce formation of thrombi containing neutrophils, extracellular DNA, citrullinated histone H3 and platelets in a microfluidics system and in vivo, while neutrophil depletion abolishes thrombus formation. Absence of PAD4 or PAD4 inhibition with GSK484 abrogates thrombus formation but not thrombocytopenia, suggesting they are induced by separate mechanisms. NETs markers and neutrophils undergoing NETosis are present in HIT patients. Our findings demonstrating the involvement of NETosis in thrombosis will modify the current concept of HIT pathogenesis and may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
Female genitalia can evolve more rapidly and divergently than male genitalia
Authors: Simmons Leigh W. , Fitzpatrick John L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMale genitalia exhibit patterns of divergent evolution driven by sexual selection. In contrast, for many taxonomic groups, female genitalia are relatively uniform and their patterns of evolution remain largely unexplored. Here we quantify variation in the shape of female genitalia across onthophagine dung beetles, and use new comparative methods to contrast their rates of divergence with those of male genitalia. As expected, male genital shape has diverged more rapidly than a naturally selected trait, the foretibia. Remarkably, female genital shape has diverged nearly three times as fast as male genital shape. Our results dispel the notion that female genitalia do not show the same patterns of divergent evolution as male genitalia, and suggest that female genitalia are under sexual selection through their role in female choice.
AKT1low quiescent cancer cells in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast
Authors: Kabraji Sheheryar , Sole Xaiver , Huang Ying , Bango Clyde , Sgroi Dennis , Loda Massimo , Ramaswamy Sridhar 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast precedes the development of invasive breast cancer and reflects the genomic changes and protein expression profile of invasive disease. AKT1low cancer cells (QCC) are a rare, drug-tolerant, epigenetically plastic, and quiescent cancer cell subset that we previously identified at a frequency of 0.5–1% in primary breast tumors using the marker profile: AKTlow/H3K9me2low/HES1high. Here we used quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy with computational image analysis to show that AKT1low QCCs are present in DCIS from patients with and without co-existing invasive breast cancer. These data suggest that a drug-resistant, quiescent cancer cell state is present in premalignant breast lesions prior to the development of invasive disease. These findings warrant further study of whether AKT1low QCCs contribute to invasive tumor development and recurrence, similar to their role in more advanced malignancy.