Abstract CT090: Rational design of an oncolytic virus permits use of interferon beta as a pharmacodynamic marker for clinical application
Authors: Cripe Timothy P. , Bakkum-Gamez Jamie , Merchan Jaime R. , Lacy Martha Q. , Patel Manish R. , Powell Steven , Strauss James , Zhang Lianwen , Sakuma Toshie , Diaz Memy , Packiriswamy Nandakumar , Upreti Deepak , Brunton Bethany , Jevremovic Dragan , Russell Stephen J. , Bexon Alice , Peng Kah-Whye 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Introduction. Voyager-V1 (VV1) is an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus engineered to express human interferon beta (IFNβ) to enhance cellular antitumor immune responses and tumor selectivity. VV1 also contains the human sodium iodide symporter (NIS) as an imaging gene. We report here the novel use of virus-encoded IFNβ as a PD marker using correlative data from three Phase I trials of VSV-IFNβ-NIS in patients with refractory cancers (n=46).
Methods. 46 patients with solid tumors (n=34) and hematological malignancies (n=12) received 1 dose of VV1 either intratumorally (ITu) or intravenously (IV) at doses ranging from 3 x 106 to 5 x 1010 TCID50. Plasma IFNβ levels were collected pre-treatment, 4 hours post-infusion, Day 2 (24-hour), Day 3, 8, 15 and 29 (IT only). Samples were processed using a standard IFNβ specific ELISA kit.
Results. ITu dose escalation is complete with 27 patients treated and no DLTs. IV escalation is ongoing at 5 x 1010 TCID50 with 19 patients treated to date. In the ITu study, plasma IFNβ levels at 24h were undetected at the lowest dose levels (up to 1 x 107 TCID50), and became detectable from 3 x 107 TCID50. In the IV patients, IFNβ was detectable at all dose levels (5 x 109 through 5 x 1010 TCID50) with the highest peak and longest duration in a patient with metastatic endometrial cancer coincident with shrinkage of multiple tumors. The IFNβ produced by virus-infected cells can be differentiated from the acute innate antiviral responses by magnitude of response and AUC as the majority of the inflammatory cytokines returned to baseline by 48h. Peak IFNβ levels were variable between patients, likely reflecting heterogeneity in tumor susceptibility to VV1, ranging from 1.4pg/mL to 656pg/mL across 6 patients (mean 153pg/ml) at the highest ITu dose. Plasma IFNβ 24 hours post-therapy of &gt;20pg/mL appears to predict for RECIST 1.1-evaluated SD vs PD, p=0.048 in the ITu patients. Peak IFNβ ranged from 18 to 1700 pg/mL across 9 patients (mean=442pg/ml) at 1.7 x 1010 in the IV study. Peak IFNβ was highest in two cases of endometrial cancer (1500 and 1700 pg/ml). The patient with the highest IFNβ levels on the IV trial showed 16.7% tumor shrinkage at the first tumor evaluation. SPECT imaging, which shows location of viral replication, was positive in 50% of ITu injected tumors, also validating of VV1 infection of target cells. To date, SPECT images were negative in the IV trial despite IFNβ positivity, reflecting IFNβ as a more sensitive PD marker of viral infection. IHC staining of tumor biopsies collected pre-treatment and 1 month after VSV showed increased numbers of CD3, CD8, CD68, PDL1 or PD1 in some injected or noninjected tumors. Other immune markers and tumor gene signatures are also being evaluated.
Conclusions. Plasma IFNβ has emerged as a simple and convenient biomarker of viral replication in tumors. IFNβ will be used in future studies as a PD marker to assess the impact of immune-modulating combination drugs with VV1.
Citation Format: Timothy P. Cripe, Jamie Bakkum-Gamez, Jaime R. Merchan, Martha Q. Lacy, Manish R. Patel, Steven Powell, James Strauss, Lianwen Zhang, Toshie Sakuma, Memy Diaz, Nandakumar Packiriswamy, Deepak Upreti, Bethany Brunton, Dragan Jevremovic, Stephen J. Russell, Alice Bexon, Kah-Whye Peng. Rational design of an oncolytic virus permits use of interferon beta as a pharmacodynamic marker for clinical application [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT090.