bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Chromatin Architecture of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (
EDC
)
Authors: Mathyer Mary Elizabeth , de Guzman Strong Cristina 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Transcription is a tightly regulated process that enables genomic loci to be expressed in a tissue‐specific manner. The molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation are complex and multimodal, from enzymatic epigenetic modifications associated with either repressed or active chromatin at specific loci to physical enhancer–promoter contacts conducive to gene expression, and the nonrandom positioning of the chromatin within the nucleus. The skin epidermis provides an accessible model to investigate tissue‐specific expression and differentiation. Central to keratinocyte differentiation is the transcriptional activation of many genes encoded by the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC). The past decade has witnessed pivotal discoveries for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation and histone methylation and acetylation in the regulation of the EDC and epidermal differentiation. Moreover, chromatin conformation capture studies have revealed the importance of dynamic chromatin remodelling at the EDC upon epidermal differentiation. The studies, modelled on the EDC and described herein, have revolutionised our understanding of tissue‐specific expression.

Key Concepts

Tissue‐specific transcription is tightly regulated and complex.

Epidermal differentiation and the regulation of the EDC locus provide an accessible model towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of tissue‐specific transcriptional regulation.

Distinct epigenetic patterns of DNA methylation and histone modifications contribute to locus‐specific expression at a genome‐wide level.

Histone methyltransferases JMJD3, EZH2 and SETD8 and histone deacetylase HDAC1/2 modify the chromatin of the EDC to permit proper epidermal development.

The EDC preferentially migrates towards the interior of the nucleus for active transcription.

Enhancers are regulatory elements whose proximal interactions with gene promoters drive tissue‐specific expression.

Epidermal enhancer–promoter interactions are dynamic between proliferative and differentiated keratinocytes with a second class of interactions stable between developmental states.

The capturing of cell type‐specific chromatin states identifies topologically associated domains (TADs) comprised of enriched physical chromatin contacts that include enhancer–promoter interactions.

The EDC is spatially organised into four TADs.
DNA
Replication: Yeast
Authors: Smith Shanna J , Li Caroline M , Raoof Mustafa , Lingeman Robert G , Hickey Robert J , Malkas Linda H 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

DNA replication is a complex biological process essential to maintaining the fidelity of genetic information passed to subsequent generations, while allowing for the mutations necessary for natural selection. The cellular machinery required for DNA replication must be precisely controlled throughout the cycle. A variety of DNA polymerases have proofreading and repairing capabilities to avoid catastrophic errors, thus maintaining genomic stability. Much of the mechanism involved in this process is evolutionarily conserved. Because yeast is a relatively simple and inexpensive organism to work with, much of our understanding of DNA replication in eukaryotes originates from experiments with yeast. The most thoroughly characterized model yeast systems are
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(budding yeast) and
Saccharomyces pombe
(fission yeast).

Key Concepts

Yeast is a good model organism for simplifying and characterising cellular processes, such as DNA replication.

The two most commonly used yeast models are
S. cerevisiae
and
S. pombe
.

DNA replication is a complex biological process essential to genomic replication.

DNA replication is a process that involves timely organisation of proteins and is regulated during the cell cycle by cyclin‐dependent protein kinases.

Termination of DNA replication in yeast is generally not sequence specific, except in special circumstances in the cellular process.
Tracing Pathogen Transmission by Mosquitoes under a Global Change Perspective: On the Role of the Identification of Mosquito Bloodmeals
Authors: la Puente Josué Martínez‐de , Ferraguti Martina , Ruiz Santiago , Montalvo Tomás , Casimiro Soriguer Ramón , Figuerola Jordi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Mosquitoes play a central role in the transmission of vector‐borne pathogens causing important diseases in humans, livestock and wildlife. The identification of mosquito blood feeding preferences represents an essential step in epidemiological studies to identify the potential reservoirs and the contact rates between infective and susceptible hosts. Different methods have been used to trace mosquito bloodmeal origins in ecology and public health studies providing valuable results. These studies are specially relevant under a global change scenario, where habitat alteration and changes in the distribution of the ecological community of mosquitoes could affect the dynamics of transmission of mosquito‐borne pathogens.

Key Concepts

Mosquitoes play a central role in the transmission of many vector‐borne pathogens.

Environmental conditions determine the mosquito community structure in the area, potentially affecting the dynamics of transmission of vector‐borne pathogens.

Female mosquitoes feed on blood to obtain resources for egg development.

The bloodmeals of mosquitoes provide a valuable source of genetic material allowing the identification of vertebrate species origin even to the level of individuals host and the pathogens interacting with them.

Integrating information on the feeding patterns of mosquitoes into epidemiological models contributes to identifying the risk of transmission of vector‐borne pathogens to human and other animals.
GPCR Signal Transduction: Evolution by Gene Duplication
Authors: McMullen Timothy P , Brown Robin Isadora , Ausrafuggaman Nahid , Sahu Alisha , Güler Ali D , Deppmann Christopher D 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Signal transduction cascades initiated by G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) integrate a number of components including seven‐pass transmembrane receptors (7TM), heterotrimeric G‐proteins, downstream protein kinases and responsive transcription factors. This signalling pathway has evolved to facilitate a number of cellular responses related to metabolism, cell proliferation, neurotransmission, DNA repair and many other critical processes. Gene duplication and subfunctionalisation events have contributed to the emergence of several core components of the GPCR signalling pathway over the course of eukaryotic evolutionary history. Four key components of this pathway include GPCRs, receptor‐associated heterotrimeric G‐proteins, downstream kinase targets, such as protein kinase A (PKA) and transcription factors such as cAMP response element binding protein (CREB).

Key Concepts

G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven‐pass transmembrane proteins, which have diversified into five main families over evolutionary time.

Heterotrimeric G‐proteins transduce nuanced responses via different combinations of α, β and γ‐subunits, which have evolved from numerous well‐defined duplication events.

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a downstream hub whose catalytic and regulatory subunits have diversified in eukaryotic lineages.

The cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) function is highly conserved in eukaryotes while the auxiliary components of its pathway have changed.
Oxidation of Alcohols and Amines
Authors: Uyanik Muhammet , Ishihara Kazuaki 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOxidation of alcohols and amines is one of the central reactions in synthetic organic chemistry. Traditionally, highly toxic heavy metal oxidants have been used for these fundamental reactions. Transition metal‐catalyzed oxidation reactions have been extensively investigated, particularly since gaseous oxygen could be used as a stoichiometric oxidant. Nevertheless, more environmentally benign catalytic and chemoselective oxidation methods such as organocatalysis are needed, especially in pharmaceutical industry. Over the past three decades, hypervalent iodine compounds have been the focus of a great attention due to their mild and chemoselective oxidizing properties and their environmentally benign character. This chapter focuses on the design of hypervalent iodine compound reagents or catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols and amine derivatives.
The Evolving Marsick and Watkins (1990) Theory of Informal and Incidental Learning
Authors: Watkins Karen E. , Marsick Victoria J. , Wofford M. Grant , Ellinger Andrea D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractExamples of informal and incidental learning, including an extended discussion of informal learning in flight instruction, are used to illustrate the model of informal and incidental learning in practice, as well as the nonlinear nature of this learning.
Connections, Questions, Controversies, and the Potential Paths Forward
Authors: Nicolaides Aliki , Scully‐Russ Ellen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this final chapter, we identify and elaborate the connections throughout the volume. We explore the philosophical underpinnings of the original model and analyze how the different lenses in these chapters lead the authors to new understandings of informal and incidental learning that trouble some of the features of the original model. We examine how these different lenses impact informal and incidental theory, practice, and research.
Development of a dedicated phantom for multi‐target single‐isocentre stereotactic radiosurgery end to end testing
Authors: Poder Joel , Brown Ryan , Porter Harry , Gupta Rashmi , Ralston Anna 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this project was to design and manufacture a cost‐effective end‐to‐end (E2E) phantom for quantifying the geometric and dosimetric accuracy of a linear accelerator based, multi‐target single‐isocenter (MTSI) frameless stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) technique.MethodA perspex Multi‐Plug device from a Sun Nuclear ArcCheck phantom (Sun Nuclear, Melbourne, FL) was enhanced to make it more applicable for MTSI SRS E2E testing. The following steps in the SRS chain were then analysed using the phantom: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) distortion, planning computed tomography (CT) scan and MRI image registration accuracy, phantom setup accuracy using CBCT, dosimetric accuracy using ion chamber, planar film dose measurements and coincidence of linear accelerator mega‐voltage (MV), and kilo‐voltage (kV) isocenters using Winston‐Lutz testing (WLT).ResultsThe dedicated E2E phantom was able to successfully quantify the geometric and dosimetric accuracy of the MTSI SRS technique. MRI distortions were less than 0.5 mm, or half a voxel size. The average MRI‐CT registration accuracy was 0.15 mm (±0.31 mm), 0.20 mm (±0.16 mm), and 0.39 mm (±0.11 mm) in the superior/inferior, left/right and, anterior/posterior directions, respectively. The phantom setup accuracy using CBCT was better than 0.2 mm and 0.1°. Point dose measurements were within 5% of the treatment planning system predicted dose. The comparison of planar film doses to the planning system dose distributions, performed using gamma analysis, resulted in pass rates greater than 97% for 3%/1 mm gamma criteria. Finally, off‐axis WLT showed MV/kV coincidence to be within 1 mm for off‐axis distances up to 60 mm.ConclusionA novel, versatile and cost‐effective phantom for comprehensive E2E testing of MTSI SRS treatments was developed, incorporating multiple detector types and fiducial markers. The phantom is capable of quantifying the accuracy of each step in the MTSI SRS planning and treatment process.
Use of Wearable Activity Trackers to Improve Physical Activity Behavior in Patients With Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Davergne Thomas , Pallot Adrien , Dechartres Agnès , Fautrel Bruno , Gossec Laure 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveWearable activity trackers (WATs) could be a promising strategy to improve physical activity in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). The aim was to assess the adherence to and effectiveness of WATs to increase physical activity levels in patients with RMDs.MethodsA systematic review was performed to identify all cohorts and controlled trials evaluating WATs in patients with RMDs, published between 2000 and 2018, by searching Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane. Data collected pertained to adherence, effectiveness on physical activity, or effectiveness on symptoms (pain, function, quality of life, or fatigue). Meta‐analyses were performed with a random effects model.ResultsOf 2,806 references, 17 studies were included, with a total of 1,588 patients: 8 studies (47%) in osteoarthritis, 5 (29%) in low‐back pain, and 3 (18%) in inflammatory arthritis. Adherence assessed in 4 studies was high (weighted mean ± SD time worn was 92.7% ± 4.6%). A significant increase in physical activity was noted (mean difference 1,520 steps [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 580, 2,460], I² = 77%; or 16 minutes [95% CI 2, 29] of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, I² = 0%). A significant increase in pain was found for long interventions (>8 weeks) (standardized mean difference 0.25 [95% CI 0.07, 0.43], I² = 0%).ConclusionWATs in patients with RMDs had a high short‐term adherence, with a significant increase in the number of steps and time spent in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, although pain should be monitored. WATs may be an effective option to increase physical activity in this at‐risk population.
Fungal Component Coating Enhances Titanium Implant‐Bone Integration
Authors: Shi Yuchen , Wang Lintao , Niu Yiming , Yu Na , Xing Panfei , Dong Lei , Wang Chunming 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBioactive coating on bone and dental implants is widely used to increase their integration with the host tissue, with millions of implantations performed globally each year. Numerous coating strategies focus on creating a cell‐adhesive surface by employing bone matrix components, but insufficient integration and its associated complications remain a substantial clinical challenge. Designing an implant coating to more comprehensively promote healing while appropriately modulating host immune response is still an unfulfilled promise. This study reports the development of a polysaccharide coating that can improve osseointegration by targeting and regulating inflammatory activity at the implant surface. Zymosan—a fungal component—is screened and covalently grafted onto titanium (Ti) substrates. The zymosan coating specifically stimulates macrophages through toll‐like receptors into a proregenerative phenotype, which produces abundant osteogenic/angiogenic cytokines to enhance osteogenic activities locally. Further assessment in a rat femur condyle defect indicates that zymosan coated at a medium dose (0.1 µg mm−2) remarkably increases the integration of Ti column with bone tissue, causing no abnormality to the host. This is the first demonstration that modulating inflammation with an immunoactive coating material can promote bone‐implant integration, which may inspire new strategies for the design of bone and dental implants.
Incorporating 4D into Bioprinting: Real‐Time Magnetically Directed Collagen Fiber Alignment for Generating Complex Multilayered Tissues
Authors: Betsch Marcel , Cristian Catalin , Lin Ying‐Ying , Blaeser Andreas , Schöneberg Jan , Vogt Michael , Buhl Eva Miriam , Fischer Horst , Duarte Campos Daniela Filipa 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn vitro multilayered tissues with mimetic architectures resembling native tissues are valuable tools for application in medical research. In this study, an advanced bioprinting strategy is presented for aligning collagen fibers contained in functional bioinks. Streptavidin‐coated iron nanoparticles are embedded in printable bioinks with varying concentrations of low gelling temperature agarose and type I collagen. By applying a straightforward magnetic‐based mechanism in hydrogels during bioprinting, it is possible to align collagen fibers in less concentrated hydrogel blends with a maximum agarose concentration of 0.5 w/v%. Conversely, more elevated concentrations of agarose in printable blends show random collagen fiber distribution. Interestingly, hydrogel blends with unidirectionally aligned collagen fibers show significantly higher compression moduli compared to hydrogel blends including random fibers. Considering its application in the field of cartilage tissue engineering, bioprinted constructs with alternating layers of aligned and random fibers are fabricated. After 21 days of culture, cell‐loaded constructs with alternating layers of aligned and random fibers express markedly more collagen II in comparison to solely randomly oriented fiber constructs. These encouraging results translate the importance of the structure and architecture of bioinks used in bioprinting in light of their use for tissue engineering and personalized medical applications.
Toward Mass Production of CVD Graphene Films
Authors: Deng Bing , Liu Zhongfan , Peng Hailin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractChemical vapor deposition (CVD) is considered to be an efficient method for fabricating large‐area and high‐quality graphene films due to its excellent controllability and scalability. Great efforts have been made to control the growth of graphene to achieve large domain sizes, uniform layers, fast growth, and low synthesis temperatures. Some attempts have been made by both the scientific community and startup companies to mass produce graphene films; however, there is a large difference in the quality of graphene synthesized on a laboratory scale and an industrial scale. Here, recent progress toward the mass production of CVD graphene films is summarized, including the manufacturing process, equipment, and critical process parameters. Moreover, the large‐scale homogeneity of graphene films and fast characterization methods are also discussed, which are crucial for quality control in mass production.
Interfacial Defect Vibrations Enhance Thermal Transport in Amorphous Multilayers with Ultrahigh Thermal Boundary Conductance
Authors: Giri Ashutosh , King Sean W. , Lanford William A. , Mei Antonio B. , Merrill Devin , Li Liyi , Oviedo Ron , Richards John , Olson David H. , Braun Jeffrey L. , Gaskins John T. , Deangelis Freddy , Henry Asegun , Hopkins Patrick E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe role of interfacial nonidealities and disorder on thermal transport across interfaces is traditionally assumed to add resistance to heat transfer, decreasing the thermal boundary conductance (TBC). However, recent computational studies have suggested that interfacial defects can enhance this thermal boundary conductance through the emergence of unique vibrational modes intrinsic to the material interface and defect atoms, a finding that contradicts traditional theory and conventional understanding. By manipulating the local heat flux of atomic vibrations that comprise these interfacial modes, in principle, the TBC can be increased. In this work, experimental evidence is provided that interfacial defects can enhance the TBC across interfaces through the emergence of unique high‐frequency vibrational modes that arise from atomic mass defects at the interface with relatively small masses. Ultrahigh TBC is demonstrated at amorphous SiOC:H/SiC:H interfaces, approaching 1 GW m−2 K−1 and are further increased through the introduction of nitrogen defects. The fact that disordered interfaces can exhibit such high conductances, which can be further increased with additional defects, offers a unique direction to manipulate heat transfer across materials with high densities of interfaces by controlling and enhancing interfacial thermal transport.
The Effects of Doping Density and Temperature on the Optoelectronic Properties of Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Thin Films
Authors: Milot Rebecca L. , Klug Matthew T. , Davies Christopher L. , Wang Zhiping , Kraus Hans , Snaith Henry J. , Johnston Michael B. , Herz Laura M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOptoelectronic properties are unraveled for formamidinium tin triiodide (FASnI3) thin films, whose background hole doping density is varied through SnF2 addition during film fabrication. Monomolecular charge‐carrier recombination exhibits both a dopant‐mediated part that grows linearly with hole doping density and remnant contributions that remain under tin‐enriched processing conditions. At hole densities near 1020 cm−3, a strong Burstein–Moss effect increases absorption onset energies by ≈300 meV beyond the bandgap energy of undoped FASnI3 (shown to be 1.2 eV at 5 K and 1.35 eV at room temperature). At very high doping densities (1020 cm−3), temperature‐dependent measurements indicate that the effective charge‐carrier mobility is suppressed through scattering with ionized dopants. Once the background hole concentration is nearer 1019 cm−3 and below, the charge‐carrier mobility increases with decreasing temperature according to ≈T−1.2, suggesting that it is limited mostly by intrinsic interactions with lattice vibrations. For the lowest doping concentration of 7.2 × 1018 cm−3, charge‐carrier mobilities reach a value of 67 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature and 470 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 50 K. Intraexcitonic transitions observed in the THz‐frequency photoconductivity spectra at 5 K reveal an exciton binding energy of only 3.1 meV for FASnI3, in agreement with the low bandgap energy exhibited by this perovskite.
Pairing Toroidal and Magnetic Dipole Resonances in Elliptic Dielectric Rod Metasurfaces for Reconfigurable Wavefront Manipulation in Reflection
Authors: Tsilipakos Odysseas , Tasolamprou Anna C. , Koschny Thomas , Kafesaki Maria , Economou Eleftherios N. , Soukoulis Costas M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA novel approach for reconfigurable wavefront manipulation with gradient metasurfaces based on permittivity‐modulated elliptic dielectric rods is proposed. It is shown that the required 2π phase span in the local electromagnetic response of the metasurface can be achieved by pairing the lowest magnetic dipole Mie resonance with a toroidal dipole Mie resonance, instead of using the lowest two Mie resonances corresponding to fundamental electric and magnetic dipole resonances as customarily exercised. This approach allows for the precise matching of both the resonance frequencies and quality factors. Moreover, the accurate matching is preserved if the rod permittivity is varied, allowing for constructing reconfigurable gradient metasurfaces by locally modulating the permittivity in each rod. Highly efficient tunable beam steering and beam focusing with ultrashort focal lengths are numerically demonstrated, highlighting the advantage of the low‐profile metasurfaces over bulky conventional lenses. Notably, despite using a matched pair of Mie resonances, the presence of an electric polarizability background allows to perform the wavefront shaping operations in reflection, rather than transmission. This has the advantage that any control circuitry necessary in an experimental realization can be accommodated behind the metasurface without affecting the electromagnetic response.