bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Frontiers of Philanthro‐capitalism: Digital Technologies and Humanitarianism
Authors: Burns Ryan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDigital technologies that allow large numbers of laypeople to contribute to humanitarian action facilitate the deepening adoption and adaptation of private‐sector logics and rationalities in humanitarianism. This is increasingly taking place through philanthro‐capitalism, a process in which philanthropy and humanitarianism are made central to business models. Key to this transformation is the way private businesses find supporting “digital humanitarian” organisations such as Standby Task Force to be amenable to their capital accumulation imperatives. Private‐sector institutions channel feelings of closeness to aid recipients that digital humanitarian technologies enable, in order to legitimise their claims to “help” the recipients. This has ultimately led to humanitarian and state institutions re‐articulating capitalist logics in ways that reflect the new digital humanitarian avenues of entry.In this article, I characterise this process by drawing out three capitalist logics that humanitarian and state institutions re‐articulate in the context of digital humanitarianism, in an emergent form of philanthro‐capitalism. Specifically, I argue that branding, efficiency, and bottom lines take altered forms in this context, in part being de‐politicised as a necessary condition for their adoption. This de‐politicisation involves normalising these logics by framing social and political problems as technical in nature and thus both beyond critique and amenable to digital humanitarian “solutions”. I take this line of argumentation to then re‐politicise each of these logics and the capitalist relations that they entail.
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells induce regulatory T cells in chronically HBV infected patients with high levels of hepatitis B surface antigen and persist after antiviral therapy
Authors: Pal Sourina , Nandi Madhuparna , Dey Debangana , Chakraborty Bidhan Chandra , Shil Achintya , Ghosh Saurabh , Banerjee Soma , Santra Amal , Ahammed S. K. Mahiuddin , Chowdhury Abhijit , Datta Simanti 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundCD4+ regulatory T‐cells (Tregs) expand during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and inhibit antiviral immunity, although the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been linked with T‐cell dysfunction but questions remain regarding their persistence/profile/function in chronically HBV infected patients.AimTo characterise MDSC in different phases of chronic HBV infection namely, immune‐tolerant (IT), hepatitis B e‐antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B (EP‐CHB), inactive carriers (IC) and hepatitis B e‐antigen‐negative chronic hepatitis B (EN‐CHB), to investigate their role in Treg induction and evaluate the effect of anti‐viral therapy on these cells.MethodsMultiparametric flow cytometry, cell‐sorting and co‐culture assays were performed along with longitudinal immune monitoring of CHB patients receiving tenofovir.ResultsHLA‐DR‐CD11b+CD33hi‐Monocytic‐MDSC (M‐MDSC) were enhanced in IT, EP‐CHB and EN‐CHB compared with IC, and this was related to increasing hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) concentration. IT and EP‐/EN‐CHB displayed elevated frequency of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg that positively correlated with that of M‐MDSC. However, both M‐MDSC and HLA‐DR‐CD11b+CD33low‐granulocytic‐MDSC from IT and EP‐/EN‐CHB expressed high transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10). Co‐culture of sorted HLA‐DR‐CD33+‐MDSC with autologous MDSC depleted‐PBMC from IT and CHB but not from IC, increased CD4+CD25+FOXP3+‐iTreg and CD4+FOXP3‐IL‐10+‐Tr1‐cells through a cell‐contact independent mechanism. While MDSC‐derived TGF‐β and IL‐10 promoted development of iTreg, only IL‐10 appeared to be crucial for Tr1 induction. One year of tenofovir treatment failed to normalise MDSC frequency/function or reduce Treg percentage and serum HBsAg levels, despite reduction in viral load.ConclusionsWe established a previously unrecognised role of MDSC in Treg development in IT and EP‐/EN‐CHB via TGF‐β/IL‐10‐dependent pathways and both cell‐types persisted after anti‐viral therapy. Hence, therapeutic targeting of MDSC or reducing circulating HBsAg level together with tenofovir‐therapy might be more effective in restricting HBV persistence and disease progression.
Long‐term recovery of the functional community assembly and carbon pools in an African tropical forest succession
Authors: Bauters Marijn , Vercleyen Oscar , Vanlauwe Bernard , Six Johan , Bonyoma Bernard , Badjoko Henri , Hubau Wannes , Hoyt Alison , Boudin Mathieu , Verbeeck Hans , Boeckx Pascal 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOn the African continent, the population is expected to expand fourfold in the next century, which will increasingly impact the global carbon cycle and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, it is of vital importance to understand how carbon stocks and community assembly recover after slash‐and‐burn events in tropical second growth forests. We inventoried a chronosequence of 15 1‐ha plots in lowland tropical forest of the central Congo Basin and evaluated changes in aboveground and soil organic carbon stocks and in tree species diversity, functional composition, and community‐weighted functional traits with succession. We aimed to track long‐term recovery trajectories of species and carbon stocks in secondary forests, comparing 5 to 200 + year old secondary forest with reference primary forest. Along the successional gradient, the functional composition followed a trajectory from resource acquisition to resource conservation, except for nitrogen‐related leaf traits. Despite a fast, initial recovery of species diversity and functional composition, there were still important structural and carbon stock differences between old growth secondary and pristine forest, which suggests that a full recovery of secondary forests might take much longer than currently shown. As such, the aboveground carbon stocks of 200 + year old forest were only 57% of those in the pristine reference forest, which suggests a slow recovery of aboveground carbon stocks, although more research is needed to confirm this observation. The results of this study highlight the need for more in‐depth studies on forest recovery in Central Africa, to gain insight into the processes that control biodiversity and carbon stock recovery.
Dutch disease and the oil boom and bust
Authors: Smith Brock 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the oil price boom in the 1970s and the subsequent bust on non‐oil economic activity in oil‐dependent countries. During the boom, manufacturing exports and output increased significantly relative to non‐oil countries. These measures decreased gradually during the bust and subsequent period of low prices, displaying a positive relationship with oil prices. However, exports of agricultural products sharply decreased during the boom. Imports of all types of goods displayed strong pro‐cyclicality with respect to oil prices. The results suggest that increased local demand and investment spillovers from the windfall resulted in increased manufacturing activity.
Chronicity of mental comorbidity in children with new‐onset physical illness
Authors: Reaume Shannon V. , Ferro Mark A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundEvidence suggests that physical and mental illnesses are strongly correlated in children. This study examined patterns of the chronicity of multimorbidity (co‐occurring physical and mental illness); estimated homotypic continuity; and modelled factors associated with chronicity in children newly diagnosed with a chronic physical illness.MethodsChildren aged 6–16 years diagnosed with one of asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, food allergy, or juvenile arthritis were recruited from two children's hospitals and followed for 6 months. Child mental illness was measured using the parent‐reported Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Ontario Child Health Study Emotional Behavioural Scales at baseline and 6 months later. Children were stratified into three groups: no multimorbidity, acute (multimorbidity at only one assessment), and persistent (multimorbidity at both assessments).ResultsForty‐nine children were available for analysis: no multimorbidity (n = 18), acute (n = 13), and persistent (n = 18). Homotypic continuity was highest for conduct disorder (67.5%) and lowest for major depression (16.7%). Unadjusted analyses showed positive associations between child and parent behavioural symptoms, as well as family functioning with persistent multimorbidity. These associations remained after adjustment, ranging from odds ratio (OR) = 1.29 [1.01, 1.64] for depression to OR = 1.61 [1.11, 2.33] and OR = 1.61 [1.10, 2.35] for attention‐deficit hyperactivity and oppositional defiant, respectively, in child models. In parent models, associations remained for parental anxiety (OR = 1.18 [1.04, 1.34]) and stress (OR = 1.15 [1.02, 1.31]).ConclusionsMultimorbidity is persistent in children newly diagnosed with physical illnesses, regardless of the mental comorbidity experienced. Integrating family‐centred mental health services soon after the diagnosis of a physical illness should be prioritized in pediatric settings.
Difference in the frequency of pouchitis between ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis: is the explanation in peripouch fat?
Authors: Gao X. H. , Li J. Q. , Khan F. , Chouhan H. , Yu G. Y. , Remer E. , Stocchi L. , Hull T. L. , Shen B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimPatients with ulcerative colitis (UC) have an unexplained higher incidence of pouchitis and a greater amount of peripouch fat compared with patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). The aims of this study were to compare the peripouch fat areas between patients with UC and patients with FAP, and to explore relationship between peripouch fat and pouchitis or chronic antibiotic‐refractory pouchitis (CARP).MethodPatients with an abdominal CT image from our prospectively maintained Pouch Database were included. Abdominal fat and peripouch fat were measured on CT images at different levels or planes. Comparisons of peripouch fat and CARP were performed before and after propensity score matching.ResultsA total of 277 patients with UC and 40 patients with FAP were included. Compared with patients with FAP, patients with UC were found to have a higher incidence of pouchitis (58.5% vs 15.0%, P < 0.001) and CARP (24.5% vs 2.5%, P = 0.002) and a higher total peripouch fat area (P = 0.030) and mesenteric peripouch fat area (P = 0.022) at Level‐3. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that diagnosis (UC vs FAP) and peripouch fat areas at Level‐3 and Level‐5 were independent risk factors for CARP. With propensity score matching, 38 pairs of patients with UC and FAP were matched successfully. After matching, patients with UC were found to have higher total peripouch fat area and higher mesenteric peripouch fat area at Level‐3, and a higher incidence of pouchitis (57.9% vs 13.2%, P < 0.001) and CARP (23.7% vs 2.6%, P = 0.007).ConclusionOur study demonstrates that patients with UC have more peripouch fat than those with FAP, which may explain the difference in the frequency of pouchitis and CARP between these groups of patients.
Variant‐specific discrepancy when quantitating BCR‐ABL1 e13a2 and e14a2 transcripts using the Europe Against Cancer qPCR assay
Authors: Kjaer Lasse , Skov Vibe , Andersen Morten T. , Aggerholm Anni , Clair Philippe , Gniot Michal , Soeby Karen , Udby Lene , Dorff Mikkel H. , Hasselbalch Hans , Pallisgaard Niels 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveMolecular monitoring of treatment response in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia is performed using the Europe Against Cancer (EAC) qPCR assay using the International Scale (IS). The assay amplifies both e13a2 and e14a2 BCR‐ABL1 transcript variants. Observing distinct variant‐dependent amplification curves during qPCR, we aimed to determine if this affected quantitation of BCR‐ABL1.MethodsWe investigated the qPCR efficiency at three Danish diagnostic centers (Zealand University Hospital [ZUH], Aarhus University Hospital [AU], and Rigshospitalet [RH]) on cell lines expressing either the e13a2 or e14a2 BCR‐ABL1 transcript variants and compared %IS values from 219 chronic myeloid leukemia patients from the centers with either the e13a2 (n = 113) or e14a2 (n = 106) transcript variants obtained by qPCR with absolute quantitation by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR).ResultsAlthough no significant differences were found in amplification efficiencies of the transcript variants, Bland‐Altman analysis of qPCR vs ddPCR values for patient samples revealed a significant average difference in the bias between variants (e3a2/e14a2) of 4.6‐, 6.5‐, and 1.8‐fold for ZUH, AU, and RH, respectively. Furthermore, qPCR %IS values of diagnostic patient samples revealed a significant 4.7‐fold difference between the e13a2 and e14a2 variants.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the EAC qPCR assay may underestimate the e14a2 variant compared to the e13a2 variant.
Intra‐splenic administration of phenylephrine in a horse to induce splenic contraction in a case of nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon non‐responsive to intravenous phenylephrine administration
Authors: Loomes K. , Anderson J. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis case report describes the successful use of intra‐splenic administration of phenylephrine (PE) in a surgical case of nephrosplenic entrapment (NSE) to induce splenic contraction after intravenous phenylephrine administration failed to elicit a response.
Lumbar fractures in a 5‐year‐old Warmblood cross gelding
Authors: Nagy A. , Quiney L. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis case report describes multiple lumbar vertebral fractures in a 5‐year‐old Warmblood cross gelding used for low‐level exercise, with no known history of trauma. Clinical signs included intermittent severe pain, distress and unwillingness to move. When the horse was in less severe pain, he tilted the pelvis to one side when walking and also when trotting. Fracture of the 6th lumbar vertebral body was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography and confirmed by post‐mortem computed tomography. Post‐mortem examination also revealed a complete fracture of the 3rd lumbar vertebral body. Previously, lumbar fractures have only been reported in racing breeds and ante mortem diagnosis has been limited to scintigraphy.
Ex vivo evaluation of the distribution of a mixture of mepivacaine 2% and iopromide following local infiltration of the infraorbital nerve via the infraorbital foramen
Authors: Weber S. , Ohlerth S. , Mosing M. , Torgerson P. R. , Fürst A. , Bischofberger A. S. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the distribution pattern of two different volumes of a mepivacaine 2%/iopromide mixture along the infraorbital nerve using a controlled injection pressure. Infraorbital nerve blocks were performed at the infraorbital foramen with two different volumes (group 10: 10 mL or group 15: 15 mL) using a 22 gauge, 3 cm long needle and a standardised injection pressure in 10 cadaver skulls. Ten minutes after injection, computed tomography was performed in all skulls. Images were analysed for needle position, length of the iopromide column, filling percentage of the infraorbital canal, presence of iopromide at the maxillary foramen, volume of leakage, length and angle of the infraorbital canal and pathological changes. Percentage of infraorbital canal filling ranged from 74% ± 0.23 to 86.9% ± 0.24 and iopromide was present at the maxillary foramen in 70–90% of the blocks of groups 15 and 10 respectively; neither variables differed significantly between groups 15 and 10 (P = 0.582 and P = 0.244 respectively). Mean leakage retrograde into the rostrally surrounding tissue and into the maxillary sinus was significantly greater in group 15 (7.9 cm3 ± 4.2) than group 10 (3.02 cm3 ± 3.13), P = 0.008. Older horses were significantly associated with higher filling percentages (P = 0.049), whereas filling percentages or whether the mixture reached the maxillary foramen were not associated with any of the other variables. Infraorbital nerve blocks using 10 and 15 mL result in complete filling of the infraorbital canal in the majority of horses. This block may result in sufficient analgesia of Triadans 06 to 11 and offer a suitable safe alternative to maxillary nerve blocks.
The climate sensitivity of carbon, timber, and species richness covaries with forest age in boreal–temperate North America
Authors: Thom Dominik , Golivets Marina , Edling Laura , Meigs Garrett W. , Gourevitch Jesse D. , Sonter Laura J. , Galford Gillian L. , Keeton William S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractClimate change threatens the provisioning of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity (ESB). The climate sensitivity of ESB may vary with forest development from young to old‐growth conditions as structure and composition shift over time and space. This study addresses knowledge gaps hindering implementation of adaptive forest management strategies to sustain ESB. We focused on a number of ESB indicators to (a) analyze associations among carbon storage, timber growth rate, and species richness along a forest development gradient; (b) test the sensitivity of these associations to climatic changes; and (c) identify hotspots of climate sensitivity across the boreal–temperate forests of eastern North America. From pre‐existing databases and literature, we compiled a unique dataset of 18,507 forest plots. We used a full Bayesian framework to quantify responses of nine ESB indicators. The Bayesian models were used to assess the sensitivity of these indicators and their associations to projected increases in temperature and precipitation. We found the strongest association among the investigated ESB indicators in old forests (>170 years). These forests simultaneously support high levels of carbon storage, timber growth, and species richness. Older forests also exhibit low climate sensitivity of associations among ESB indicators as compared to younger forests. While regions with a currently low combined ESB performance benefitted from climate change, regions with a high ESB performance were particularly vulnerable to climate change. In particular, climate sensitivity was highest east and southeast of the Great Lakes, signaling potential priority areas for adaptive management. Our findings suggest that strategies aimed at enhancing the representation of older forest conditions at landscape scales will help sustain ESB in a changing world.
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of a self‐report (DEMQOL) and carer proxy (DEMQOL‐PROXY) measure of health‐related quality of life in people with dementia
Authors: Niikawa Hirotoshi , Kawano Yoshiyuki , Yamanaka Katsuo , Okamura Tsuyoshi , Inagaki Hiroki , Ito Kae , Awata Shuichi 
Published: April 2019

AimThe DEMQOL is a self‐report measure of subjective quality of life of people with dementia, and the DEMQOL‐PROXY is a carer proxy version. The study aimed to develop Japanese versions of the DEMQOL and DEMQOL‐PROXY, and test their reliability and validity.MethodsTranslation, reverse translation and equivalency evaluation by the original author were used to develop Japanese versions of the DEMQOL (DEMQOL‐J) and DEMQOL‐PROXY (DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J). Interviews were carried out with 90 pairs of people with dementia and their carers to assess their quality of life using the DEMQOL‐J, DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J and other quality of life scales. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Test–retest reliabilities were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients. Criterion validity was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsData from 87 pairs who completed the interviews were analyzed. Cronbach's alphas for the DEMQOL‐J and DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J were 0.930 and 0.927, respectively. For 27 pairs who were re‐interviewed, the intraclass correlation coefficients for the DEMQOL‐J and DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J were 0.942 (P < 0.001) and 0.942 (P < 0.001), respectively. Both the DEMQOL‐J and DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J correlated significantly with other quality of life scales (the Quality of Life ‐ Alzheimer's Disease instrument, the EuroQol‐5D‐3L and the World Health Organization Well‐Being Index‐5‐J; P < 0.001). There was also a significant correlation between the DEMQOL‐J and the DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J (r = 0.645, P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionsThe DEMQOL‐J and DEMQOL‐PROXY‐J are reliable and valid measures of dementia‐specific quality of life. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 487–491.
The challenges of the faculty members’ commitment: The role of university brand
Authors: Sheikh Alireza , Aghaz Asal 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCommitment in the knowledge‐intensive sectors has today become a key organisational dilemma as well as a serious managerial concern. In the university setting, faculty members’ commitment to various stakeholder bases and the subsequent implications have hitherto been studied only to a limited extent. Through a quantitative survey, this paper studies university professors’ various modes of commitment and investigates the role of university brand in the context of Iranian universities. The findings reveal that university professors with higher level of professional commitment tend to be more organisationally committed. Furthermore, it is shown that university brand can increase the impact of professional commitment on organisational commitment.
Low‐calorie sweetener use, weight, and metabolic health among children: A mini‐review
Authors: Young Jordan , Conway Ellen M. , Rother Kristina I. , Sylvetsky Allison C. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryA reduction in the consumption of added sugars and sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a key focus of public health recommendations for a healthy diet among children. One approach to lower added sugar intake is to instead use low‐calorie sweeteners (LCSs), which contain no or few calories. Consumption of LCSs is increasing worldwide, with the most marked rise observed among children and adolescents. However, the extent to which LCS consumption is helpful or harmful for weight management is controversial, particularly when LCS consumption begins in childhood. Herein, we summarize the limited existing literature examining effects of paediatric LCS consumption on appetite, energy intake, and body weight. While positive associations between LCS consumption and weight gain are reported in observational analyses, the majority of intervention studies, some of which blinded children to the contents of the drinks, report benefits of LCSs for reducing excessive child weight gain. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain LCS effects on body weight, including LCS‐induced promotion of appetite and energy intake. Yet studies assessing effects of beverages with LCSs (LCSBs) compared with SSBs on child appetite report mixed findings. Some demonstrate that children completely compensate for the diluted energy content of LCSBs by eating more solid food calories at subsequent meals compared with children administered SSBs, while others report a reduction in total energy intake with LCSB ingestion. Given the limited studies and resulting uncertainty as to whether LCSs benefit or worsen weight and metabolic health in children is integral that effects of LCS use during childhood continue to be investigated in future prospective studies.