Macrophage mediated recognition and clearance ofBorrelia burgdorferinelicits MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signals that contribute to phagocytosis and inflammation
Authors: Benjamin Sarah J. , Hawley Kelly L. , Vera-Licona Paola , La Vake Carson J. , Cervantes Jorge L. , Burns Rachel , Luo Oscar , Ruan Yijun , Caimano Melissa J. , Radolf Justin D. , Salazar Juan C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLyme disease is a tick-borne illness caused by the spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi(Bb). It is believed that the robust inflammatory response induced by the host’s innate immune system is responsible for the clinical manifestations associated with Bb infection. The macrophage plays a central role in the immune response to many bacterial infections and is thought to play a central role in activation of the innate immune response to Bb. Previous studies have shown that following phagocytosis of spirochetes by macrophages, phagosome maturation results in degradation ofBband liberation of bacterial lipoproteins and nucleic acids, which are recognized by TLR2 and TLR8, respectively, and elicit MyD88-mediated phagosome signaling cascades. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) fromMyD88−/−mice show significantly reduced spirochete uptake and inflammatory cytokine production when incubated withBb ex vivo. Paradoxically, additional studies revealed that Bb-infectedMyD88−/−mice exhibit inflammation in joint and heart tissues. To determine the contribution of MyD88 to macrophage-mediated spirochete clearance, we compared wildtype (WT) andMyD88−/−mice using a murine model of Lyme disease.MyD88−/−mice showed increased Bb burdens in hearts 28 days post infection, while H&E staining and immunohistochemistry showed significantly increased inflammation and greater macrophage infiltrate in the hearts ofMyD88−/−mice. This suggests that Bb triggers MyD88-independent inflammatory pathways in macrophages to facilitate cell recruitment to tissues. Upon stimulation with Bbex vivo, WT andMyD88−/−BMDMs exhibit significant differences in bacteria uptake, suggesting that MyD88 signaling mediates cytoskeleton remodeling and the formation of membrane protrusions to enhance bacteria phagocytosis. A comprehensive transcriptome comparison in Bb-infected WT andMyD88−/−BMDMs identified a large cohort of MyD88-dependent genes that are differentially expressed in response to Bb, including genes involved in actin and cytoskeleton organization (Daam1, Fmnl1). We also identified a cohort of differentially-expressed MyD88-independent chemokines (Cxcl2, Ccl9) known to recruit macrophages. We identified master regulators and generated networks which model potential signaling pathways that mediate both phagocytosis and the inflammatory response. These data provide strong evidence that MyD88-dependent and -independent phagosomal signaling cascades in macrophages play significant roles in the ability of these cells to phagocytose Bb and mediate infection.AUTHOR SUMMARYMacrophages play prominent roles in bacteria recognition and clearance, includingBorrelia burgdorferi(Bb), the Lyme disease spirochete. To elucidate mechanisms by which MyD88/TLR signaling enhances clearance ofBbby macrophages, we studied Bb-infected wildtype (WT) and MyD88−/− mice and Bb-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Bb-infected MyD88−/− mice show increased bacterial burdens, macrophage infiltration and altered gene expression in inflamed heart tissue. MyD88−/− BMDMs exhibit impaired uptake of spirochetes but comparable maturation of phagosomes following internalization of spirochetes. RNA-sequencing of infected WT and MyD88−/− BMDMs identified a large cohort of differentially expressed MyD88-dependent genes involved in re-organization of actin and cytoskeleton during phagocytosis along with several MyD88-independent chemokines involved in inflammatory cell recruitment. We computationally generated networks which identified several MyD88-independent master regulators (Cxcl2andVcam1) and MyD88-dependent intermediate proteins (RhoqandCyfip1) that are known to mediate inflammation and phagocytosis respectively. These results provide mechanistic insights into MyD88-mediated phagosomal signaling enhancing Bb uptake and clearance.