bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental alcohol use disorder and offspring marital outcomes
Authors: Salvatore Jessica E. , Larsson Lönn Sara , Long Elizabeth C. , Sundquist Jan , Kendler Kenneth S. , Sundquist Kristina , Edwards Alexis C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsWe tested whether parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) predicted adult offspring's likelihood of marriage and marriage to an AUD‐affected spouse; whether effects differed as a function of the sex or number of affected parents; and whether they were robust to confounders.DesignSex‐stratified Cox and logistic regression models.SettingSweden.ParticipantsA total of 1 171 070 individuals (51.40% male) born 1965–75.MeasurementsObtained from legal, medical and pharmacy registries. Predictor was parent AUD. Outcomes were marriage and spouse AUD. Adjustments included offspring birth year and AUD; and parental education, marriage, divorce, criminal behavior and drug abuse.FindingsMale and female offspring of AUD‐affected parents were more likely to marry at younger ages (< 25), illustrative unadjusted hazard ratio (HR)age 20 = 1.22 (1.17, 1.28) and 1.34 (1.20, 1.39) and were less likely to marry at older ages (> 25), HRage 30 = 0.79 (0.78, 0.81) and 0.82 (0.81, 0.84). Parental AUD was associated with higher odds of having an affected spouse for males and females, odds ratio (OR) = 1.47 (1.38, 1.57) and 1.63 (1.56, 1.70). Effects were more pronounced for those with two versus one AUD‐affected parent and adjustments attenuated effects negligibly. Daughters of affected mothers (versus fathers) were more likely to have AUD‐affected husbands, OR = 1.68 (1.54, 1.84) versus 1.56 (1.48, 1.64), while there was no difference in sons.ConclusionsIn Sweden, parental alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with a higher probability of marriage at younger ages, a lower probability of marriage at older ages and a higher likelihood of marriage to an affected spouse compared with no parental AUD. Most of these effects become stronger when the number of AUD‐affected parents increases from one to two, and most effects hold after controlling for parents’ socio‐economic status, marital history, other externalizing disorders and offspring's own AUD status. Daughters of affected mothers are more likely to have an affected spouse.
Nonparametric kernel estimation of the impact of tax policy on the demand for private health insurance in Australia
Authors: Gong Xiaodong , Gao Jiti 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThis paper is motivated by our attempt to answer a policy question: how is private health insurance take‐up in Australia affected by the income threshold at which the Medicare Levy Surcharge (MLS) kicks in? We propose a new difference deconvolution kernel estimator for the location and size of regression discontinuities. We also propose a bootstrapping procedure for estimating the confidence interval for the estimated discontinuity. Performance of the estimator is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations before it is applied to estimating the effect of the income threshold of MLS on the take‐up of private health insurance in Australia, using contaminated data.
Cost‐effectiveness of surveillance schedules in older adults with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Heijnsdijk Eveline A.M. , Nieboer Daan , Garg Tullika , Lansdorp‐Vogelaar Iris , de Koning Harry J. , Nielsen Matthew E. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo estimate the cost‐effectiveness of surveillance schedules for non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) amongst older adults.Patients and MethodsWe developed a MIcrosimulation SCreening ANalysis (MISCAN) microsimulation model to compare the cost‐effectiveness of various surveillance schedules (every 3 months to every 24 months, for 2, 5 or 10 years or lifetime) for older adults (aged 65–85 years) with NMIBC. For each surveillance schedule we calculated total costs per patient and the number of quality adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs), as incremental costs per QALY gained, were calculated using a 3% discount.ResultsAs age increased, the number of QALYs gained per patient decreased substantially. Surveillance of patients aged 65 years resulted in 2–7 QALYs gained, whereas surveillance at age 85 years led to <1 QALY gained. The total costs of the surveillance schedules also decreased as age increased. The ICER of 6‐monthly surveillance at age 65 years for lifetime was $4999 (American dollars)/QALY gained. Amongst patients aged >75 years, the incremental yield of QALY gains for any increase in surveillance frequency and/or duration was quite modest (<2 QALYs gained).ConclusionWith increasing age, surveillance for recurrences leads to substantially fewer QALYs gained. These data support age‐specific surveillance recommendations for patients treated for NMIBC.
Nitric oxide and its role as a non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Sanders Kenton M , Ward Sean M 
Published: August 2018

NO is a neurotransmitter released from enteric inhibitory neurons and responsible for modulating gastrointestinal (GI) motor behaviour. Enteric neurons express nNOS (NOS1) that associates with membranes of nerve varicosities. NO released from neurons binds to soluble guanylate cyclase in post‐junctional cells to generate cGMP. cGMP‐dependent protein kinase type 1 (PKG1) is a major mediator but perhaps not the only pathway involved in cGMP‐mediated effects in GI muscles based on gene deletion studies. NOS1+ neurons form close contacts with smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα+ cells, and these cells are electrically coupled (SIP syncytium). Cell‐specific gene deletion studies have shown that nitrergic responses are due to mechanisms in SMCs and ICC. Controversy exists about the ion channels and other post‐junctional mechanisms that mediate nitrergic responses in GI muscles. Reduced nNOS expression in enteric inhibitory motor neurons and/or reduced connectivity between nNOS+ neurons and the SIP syncytium appear to be responsible for motor defects that develop in diabetes. An overproduction of NO in some inflammatory conditions also impairs normal GI motor activity. This review summarizes recent findings regarding the role of NO as an enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc
Monetary policy tradeoffs between financial stability and price stability
Authors: Shukayev Malik , Ueberfeldt Alexander 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe analyze the impact of interest rate policy on financial stability in an environment where banks can experience runs on their short‐term liabilities forcing them to sell assets at fire‐sale prices. Price adjustment frictions and a state‐dependent risk of financial crisis create the possibility of a policy tradeoff between price stability and financial stability. Focusing on Taylor rules with monetary policy possibly reacting to banks’ short‐term liabilities, we find that the optimized policy uses the extra tool to support investment at the expense of higher inflation and output volatility.
Could a higher inflation target enhance macroeconomic stability?
Authors: Dorich José , St‐Pierre Nicholas Labelle , Lepetyuk Vadym , Mendes Rhys R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecent international experience with the effective lower bound on nominal interest rates has rekindled interest in the benefits of inflation targets above 2%. We evaluate whether an increase in the inflation target to 3% or 4% could improve macroeconomic stability in the Canadian economy. We find that the magnitude of the benefits hinges critically on two elements: (i) the availability and effectiveness of unconventional monetary policy (UMP) tools at the effective lower bound and (ii) the level of the real neutral interest rate. In particular, we show that when the real neutral rate is in line with the central tendency of estimates, raising the inflation target yields some improvement in macroeconomic outcomes. There are only modest gains if effective UMP tools are available. In contrast, with a deeply negative real neutral rate, a higher inflation target substantially improves macroeconomic stability regardless of UMP.
Monetary policy and macroprudential policy: Different and separate?
Authors: Svensson Lars E. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper discusses how monetary and macroprudential policies can be distinguished, how appropriate goals for the two policies can be determined, whether the policies are best conducted separately or coordinately and by the same or different authorities and how they can be coordinated when desired. The institutional frameworks in Canada, Sweden and the UK are briefly compared. The Swedish example of monetary policy strongly “leaning against the wind” and the subsequent policy turnaround is summarized, as well as what estimates have been found of the costs and benefits of leaning against the wind.
Extreme long‐term voice outcomes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced non‐laryngeal head and neck cancer: Eight‐year post‐treatment analysis
Authors: Davies‐Husband Cameron , Murphy Jennifer , Kelly Charles , Drinnan Michael , Paleri Vinidh 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundThe long‐term effect of concurrent chemoradiation on voice outcomes in the context of non‐laryngeal head and neck cancer is not established.MethodsA prospective, observational study to evaluate the voice quality in disease‐free patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation for advanced non‐laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Voice assessment occurred at four distinct time‐points: pretreatment, 3, 12 and 92.6 months (mean) post‐treatment in 34, 21 and nine patients, respectively. The authors used a combination of subjective (VoiSS questionnaire), expert rater‐assessed (GRBAS scale) and acoustic analysis of the fundamental frequency to assess voice outcomes. Ethical approval was obtained from the United Kingdom National Research Ethics Service.ResultsBoth the VoiSS impairment and GRBAS domains continued to deteriorate over time from pre‐treatment to 92.6 months post‐treatment (P = 0.03). There was a strong correlation between increase in total VoiSS and GRBAS scores (r = 0.93). Acoustic analysis demonstrated no statistically significant variation in fundamental frequency.ConclusionRadiation therapy for advanced non‐laryngeal head and neck has a significant, deleterious effect on voice, which is apparent up to eight years post‐treatment.
Evaluation of the Paris System in atypical urinary cytology
Authors: Mikou P. , Lenos M. , Papaioannou D. , Vrettou K. , Trigka E‐A. , Sousouris S. , Constantinides C. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveOur aim was to evaluate the Paris System for reporting urinary cytology, especially in the field of atypia.MethodsDuring the last year, 104 urinary cases had atypical cytology. These cases were reviewed and reclassified by three cytopathologists using the Paris criteria. Cyto‐histological correlation was performed in 47 cases. Additionally, all cytology diagnoses were correlated with double immunocytochemistry for p53 and CK20 result. Interobserver consistency was also evaluated.ResultsOut of 104 atypical cases, 30 were classified as benign, 49 atypical and 25 suspicious for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). Diagnostic consistency between the three observers reached 93.27%. Using the new criteria, only 47.1% of the cases remained in the atypical category. The rate of HGUC histology was 14.3%, 26.7% and 96% in the benign, atypical and suspicious for HGUC cytological categories, respectively. Immunocytochemistry positivity was observed in 25.9%, 41.8% and 80% of the cases in the three diagnostic groups.ConclusionsThe Paris System for reporting urinary cytology provides clear, easy to adopt criteria, which lead to diagnostic categories with clinical significance, facilitating patient management decisions.
Nutritional status of rural community‐dwelling older people and changes after following nutritional recommendations
Authors: Spirgienė Lina , Damulevičienė Gytė , Tomkevičiūtė Jūratė , Riklikienė Olga 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundIt is crucial that community nurses in remote areas are competent to recognize the risk of malnutrition in older people and be able to help them to improve their nutritional status.AimTo examine the factors associated with malnutrition and the impact of nutritional recommendations in rural community‐dwelling older people.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional descriptive study.MethodThe study was conducted in 2014 in a rural primary health care setting in Lithuania with 169 older people. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment tool. Older people who were at risk of malnutrition or were already malnourished (n = 82) received written nutritional recommendations and were reassessed after 6 months.ResultsNutritional status was normal for 51.5% of participants, 43.2% had risk of malnutrition, and 5.3% had malnutrition. Risk of malnutrition or malnutrition was associated with chronic and intermittent pain, chewing difficulties, swallowing disorders, dental problems, and medication use. The nutritional status of participants at risk of malnutrition or malnourished had improved 6 months later.ConclusionsRisk of malnutrition or malnutrition was prevalent among rural community‐dwelling older. The study highlighted that positive health outcomes are achievable in undernourished or at risk of malnutrition older people when nutritional recommendations are applied with minimal resources.
Influence of calcium content on the atomic structure and phase formation of alkali‐activated cement binder
Authors: Si Ruizhe , Guo Shuaicheng , Dai Qingli 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe effects of calcium on the atomic structure of alkali‐activated binder materials were investigated. The alkali‐activated binder samples with varied Ca/Si ratios were first statically examined with both the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and total scattering function analysis. The added calcium can reorder the atomic structure of the alkali‐activated materials and enhance its crystallization based on the X‐ray pair distribution function (PDF) and XRD analysis. In situ PDF experiments were undertaken to examine the evolution of the atomic structure of calcium‐contained geopolymer. The increase in calcium content accelerated the dissolution of precursor and the formation of the binder. It was shown that the additional Ca(OH)2 could serve as nucleation sites for the precipitation of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate gel to accelerate the reaction. PDF analysis and XRD characterization enable the examination of the phase development of alkali‐activated materials at the atomic scale.
Structural dependence of chemical durability in modified aluminoborate glasses
Authors: Mascaraque Nerea , Januchta Kacper , Frederiksen Kristine F. , Youngman Randall E. , Bauchy Mathieu , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlkali and alkaline earth aluminoborate glasses feature high resistance to cracking under sharp contact loading compared to other oxide glasses. However, due to the high content of hygroscopic B2O3, it is expected that applications of these glasses could be hindered by poor chemical durability in aqueous solutions. Indeed, the compositional and structural dependence of their dissolution kinetics remains unexplored. In this work, we correlate the dissolution rates of aluminoborate glasses in acidic, neutral, and basic solutions with the structural changes induced by varying the aluminum‐to‐boron ratio. In detail, we investigate a total of seventeen magnesium, lithium, and sodium aluminoborate glasses with fixed modifier content of 25 mol%. We show that the structural changes induced by alumina depend on the network modifier. We also demonstrate a correlation between the chemical durability at various pH values and the structural changes in Mg‐, Li‐ and Na‐aluminoborate glasses. The substitution of alumina by boron oxide leads to a general decrease in chemical corrosion in neutral and acidic solutions. The lowest dissolution rate value is observed in Mg‐aluminoborate glasses, as a consequence of the intermediate character of magnesium which can increase the network cross‐linking. For basic solutions, the chemical durability is almost constant for the different amount of alumina in the three series, likely because B2O3 is susceptible to nucleophilic attack, which is favored in high‐OH− solutions.
Aristotelian Appeals and the Role of Candidate‐Generated Videos in Talent Assessment
Authors: Huber Amy , Pable Jill 
Published: August 2018

AbstractVideos made by job candidates can be an effective means of promoting their qualifications, thus potentially helping them secure a job. However, little past research has focused on the impact of such videos on reviewers’ appraisals of a prospective candidate. Using Aristotle's means of persuasion as a methodological framework, this study first identified the most sought after candidate attributes identified by hiring firms, then explored the degree to which firm representatives felt two candidate‐generated videos demonstrated these attributes. Findings suggest reviewers deemed the attributes characterised by pathos (emotional connections) as most important and found this quality to be most evident in the videos. As such, videos may provide the means to inject pathos into a job candidate's self‐promotional materials not possible in more traditional application packages. However, while such videos offer advantages over traditional candidate collateral, their potency can elicit strong and sometimes unintended reactions.
Effects of phylogeny and geography on ecomorphological traits in passerine bird clades
Authors: Phillips Anna G. , Töpfer Till , Rahbek Carsten , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Fritz Susanne A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimTo compare phylogenetic effects with geographic effects across multiple clades of passerine birds to understand the roles of evolutionary history and geographic patterns on the ecomorphological characteristics of species.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe combine phylogenetic and geographic approaches to investigate and compare their effects on patterns of ecomorphological distinctness, i.e. the relative position of species in multidimensional ecomorphological trait space. The trait space was based on measurements from preserved specimens, representing ecologically relevant morphological adaptations across almost 500 species in eight clades of the order Passeriformes.ResultsEcomorphological distinctness increased with phylogenetic distance across species in all clades, whereas there was no significant relationship between geographic and ecomorphological distinctness in any clade. However, we observed a significant interaction between phylogenetic and geographic effects on ecomorphological distinctness. Closely related species were ecomorphologically indistinct if in geographic proximity, while at large geographic distances, there was no relationship between phylogenetic and ecomorphological distinctness.Main conclusionsWe conclude that phylogenetic relationships are influential in shaping ecomorphological traits in passerine bird clades, but that this effect depends on the geographic distributions of species. Closely related species were only ecomorphologically similar when geographically close, suggesting a signal of allopatric speciation. Our results imply that studies identifying phylogenetic effects in species’ traits should not focus exclusively on these but instead evaluate the interaction of phylogenetic effects with geographic effects.
Getting personal on overdiagnosis: On defining overdiagnosis from the perspective of the individual person
Authors: Hofmann Bjørn 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHow can overdiagnosis be defined, explained, and estimated on an individual level? The answers to this question are essential for persons to be able to make informed choices and give valid consents for tests. Traditional conceptions of overdiagnosis tend to depend on counterfactual thinking and prophetic abilities as you would have to know what would happen in the future if you did not test now. To avoid this, overdiagnosis can be defined in terms of the chance of diagnosing a person with a disease when this does not avoid or reduce manifest disease. To be able to relate this to 1's own life and deliberation, I argue that we need answers to specific questions such as the following: If I am tested, and the test and subsequent test results are positive, but I am not treated, what is the chance that I would not experience and suffer from manifest disease? A definition of overdiagnosis that aims at providing answers to this question is as follows: Prospectively overdiagnosis (of an individual person) is given by the estimated chance that a person having a positive test result would not experience and suffer from manifest disease if not treated or followed up in any way. Getting personal on overdiagnosis directs the attention of overdiagnosis estimates towards what matters in medicine: the experience of individual persons.
The evolution of GRADE (part 3): A framework built on science or faith?
Authors: Mercuri Mathew , Gafni Amiram 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRationale, Aims, and ObjectivesThe Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework has undergone several modifications since it was first presented as a method for developing clinical practice recommendations. In the previous two articles of this series, we showed that absent, in the first three versions of GRADE, is a justification (theoretical and/or empirical) for why the presented criteria for determining the quality of evidence and the components for determining the strength of a recommendation were included (and others not included) in the framework. Furthermore, it was often not clear how to operationalize and integrate the criteria/components when using the framework. In part 3 of this series, we examine the literature since version 3 to see if the GRADE working group has provided an overall justification scheme for GRADE or clear instruction on how to operationalize and integrate the criteria/components in the framework.MethodsNarrative review.ResultsGRADE has undergone further modification since the last version was presented. In the recent literature, we see additional shifts in terminology (eg, “quality of evidence” is now “certainty of evidence”), clarification on the construct of certainty of evidence, continued emphasis on “transparency” and new emphasis on “trustworthiness,” the addition of health equity as a component for determining strength of a recommendation, and the development of the Evidence to Decision frameworks. However, these modifications have done little to improve the justification scheme that sustains GRADE or clarify how to operationalize the criteria/components.ConclusionsIf we desire that our clinical recommendations be based on scientific teaching rather than faith‐based preaching, then the GRADE framework should be justified theoretically and/or empirically. Until such time that the working group provides a theoretical justification that the use of the GRADE framework should produce valid recommendations, and/or empirical evidence to support that it does, enthusiasm for the framework should be tempered.