bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agonistic and mating behaviour in two loose-housing systems for sows
Authors: Arey D.S. , Messinger J. , Nobre M. 
Published: June 2019

The mixing of unfamiliar sows usually results in fighting which can have adverse consequences for both welfare and production. It has been suggested that aggression may be moderated by both the presence of a boar and by allowing sows access to feeding stalls (Arey and Edwards, 1998). The objective of this experiment was to investigate these effects on the behaviour of newly weaned sows mixed into two loose-housing systems.In the first system (dynamic), 24 Large White x Landrace mixed parity sows were introduced 4 days post weaning to a dynamic group of 22 sows and 2 boars with a replacement rate of 2 sows per week. Observations were carried out on the 2 newly introduced sows each week. The straw-bedded pen provided 4.5 m2 space per animal. The sows were floor fed 3 kg/sow at 08.00 each day.
The effect of parity, litter size and sow body reserves on Ig content of sow colostrum
Authors: Prieto L. , Prathalingam N.S. , Tarongi A. , Davidson F.M. , English P.R. , Rooke J.A. , Ewen M. , Edwards S.A. 
Published: June 2019

The transfer of passive immunity from sow to piglet is important for neonatal disease resistance. Piglet immune status will be influenced by the Ig concentration in colostrum, the amount of colostrum ingested and the duration of absorption of intact macromolecules across the gut. Despite the importance of the maternal contribution to this process, there has been no published information on the level and variability of colostral Ig concentration in modern sow geno types. A study was therefore designed to remedy this lack of knowledge.Colostrum samples were taken at farrowing, prior to suckling by the first piglet, from 63 Landrace x Large White sows (Pig Improvement Company Ltd) on a large commercial unit in Scotland. During pregnancy, sows were housed in stalls and fed a standard commercial dry sow diet. At 2-3 weeks prior to expected parturition, they were vaccinated against E.coli, A.pleuropneumoniae and Clostridium.
Effect of environmental enrichment on pig welfare as measured by physiological and pathological parameters
Authors: O'Connell N.E. , Beattie V.E. , Moss B.W. 
Published: June 2019

While it is accepted that environmental enrichment can improve the welfare of growing pigs by reducing harmful social behaviour (Beattie et al., 1995), the influence of environmental enrichment on physiological and pathological parameters remains unclear. The objective of this study was to monitor selected physiological and pathological parameters of pigs reared in barren and enriched environments.In a randomised block design, three-hundred and twenty Large White x Landrace pigs were allocated to one of two environmental treatments from birth to slaughter. Five blocks were used, each containing eight groups of eight pigs. In each block, four groups were reared in barren environments which had slatted floors and recommended space allowances. The remaining four groups were reared in enriched environments which had three times the recommended space allowance, solid floors partially bedded with peat and pigs had access to straw from a rack. Both environmental treatments were located in separate buildings.
The influence of environmental enrichment on behaviour, performance and meat quality of domestic pigs
Authors: Beattie V.E. , O'Connell N.E. , Moss B.W. 
Published: June 2019

Environmental enrichment using substrates changes the behaviour of pigs by increasing the time spent exploring the environment and reducing the amount of penmate-directed behaviour (Beattie et al., 1995). The objective of the present study was to assess whether performance and meat quality are also affected by environmental enrichment.In a randomised block design, three-hundred and twenty Large White x Landrace pigs were allocated to one of two environmental treatments from birth to slaughter. Five blocks were used, each containing eight groups of eight pigs. In each block, four groups were reared in barren environments which had slatted floors and recommended space allowances.
Milk production from dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass selected for high water soluble carbohydrate concentrations compared to a control grass
Authors: Miller L. A. , Neville M. A. , Baker D. H. , Evans R. T. , Theodorou M. K. , MacRae J. C. , Humphreys M. O. , Moorby J. M. 
Published: June 2019

The efficiency of grass nitrogen utilisation for milk production tends to be low, due partly to the slow rate of release of energy in the rumen which reduces the efficiency of capture of rapidly degradable plant proteins by the rumen microbial population. When additional sugars are infused into the rumen, microbial protein production is increased (Rooke et al., 1987). The objective of this study was to assess milk production using a grass variety that has been bred to express elevated water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations.Eight multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in mid lactation (176 days ± s.e. 3.6) were used in a continuous design, zero-grazing experiment. Following covariate measurements taken from all animals on a standard grazing diet, four animals were each offered one of two varieties of perennial ryegrass at ad libitum rate: AberDove, bred to express high WSC concentrations; and AberElan, a commercially available variety, used as a control.
Growth and carcass characteristics of camels given different level of protein and energy in Iran
Authors: Rouzbehan Y. , Shadmanesh A. , Debiri N. , Eslami M. 
Published: June 2019

Recently ,there is an incrase interest in fattening camals in Iran .This trial aimed to define the influence of dietary energy and protein levels on performance and carcass quality of camels in khorasan province.For 80 days, nine diets with three metaboliseble energy 10.9, 8.8 or 7.6 MJ /kg DM and three crude protein levels 140, 120, or 100 g/kg DM were offerd ad lib to thirty six camels (mean initial weight 183 kg ± 7.7) , where each treatment were randomly allocated to four animals, that were housed individually. Food intakes were recorded daily. Throughout the trial , all animals were weighed at fortnightly intervals. At the end of the project ,two animals from each treatment were slaughtered and carcass quality were determined. Data were analysed as a 3x3 factorial Anova, with energy and protein were the main effects.
Breed differences in the expression of maternal care at parturition persist throughout the lactation period in sheep
Authors: Pickup H E , Dwyer C M 
Published: June 2019

In the ewe maternal care begins at parturition with grooming of the neonate and cooperation with early sucking attempts (e.g. Shillito-Walser 1978). Subsequently maternal care is expressed through sucking interactions, a close ewe-lamb association and a tendency to seek absent lambs (e.g. Hinch et al 1987). The ewe increasingly controls sucking interactions using a ‘head-up’ posture to signal when the lamb may approach and suck (Lawrence 1984).Two breeds of sheep, Suffolk and Scottish Blackface, are known to differ in their initial maternal behaviour. Blackface ewes spend longer grooming their lambs, show more cooperation with sucking attempts and less negative behaviour such as aggression and rejection, when compared to Suffolk ewes (Dwyer & Lawrence 1998). The aim of this study was to examine whether these breed differences in the expression of maternal care persist throughout the lactation period.
The ‘Livestock Revolution’ – can poor livestock-keepers benefit?
Authors: Peacock Christie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe projected increase in global demand for animal products, recently termed ‘the Livestock Revolution’, presents livestock keepers, in both the developed and the developing world, with many opportunities but also some problems. The increase in demand, mainly in South and South-East Asia, is described, disaggregated by region and product type. Some of the implications, in terms of the environment, public health, grain prices etc, of this increase in demand are also identified.
Identification of the training, advisory and research requirements of milk producers in the South West of England
Authors: Clemens K. , Margerison J. K. 
Published: June 2019

In the UK increasing economic pressure on milk producers has highlighted the need to identify key areas to optimise farm efficiency and profitability. The areas of dairy herd production diseases are a major concern and improvements made in reducing the incidence of disease will improve animal welfare and reduce costs (Kossaibati, M. A. and Esslemont, R. J., 1997)Therefore the aim this research was to identify the training, advisory and research requirements of milk producers in the SW of England.
Testing quantitative genetic selection theory with the mouse: A review
Authors: Eisen E. J. 
Published: June 2019

The theory of quantitative genetics is used to predict certain outcomes in a dynamic population undergoing selection. The goal of this review is to demonstrate the value of the mouse as a model to test quantitative genetic selection theory.Heritablity estimates in a base population are used to predict selection response. How good is this prediction? Sheridan (1988) reported discrepancies between predicted and realized heritabilities in selection experiments with laboratory and farm animals. An updated summary of single-trait selection experiments for different traits in mice indicates good agreement between predicted and realized heritabilities (r = 0.81, P < 0.01), with no suggestion of upward or downward bias in the base estimates (Eisen, 2005).
Reaping the benefits of an equine genome map
Authors: Bailey E. 
Published: June 2019

Genetics has not been a usual academic pursuit in the study of horses. Nutrition, exercise physiology and veterinary topics related to infectious diseases or mechanical defects are more traditional scientific pursuits. Genetics has been left to the realm of horse breeders. Indeed, horse breeders are historically credited with being the leading practitioners of the art and certainly have the longest pedigree records including the Weatherby Studbook and the oral tradition of Arabian horse breeding.On the other hand, modern animal breeder need not yield ground in the area of genetics to horse breeders. Rightfully, our quantitative geneticists can point to the remarkable genetic gains and genetic predictions that have been made with Dairy cattle and since the 1940s,... without benefit of molecular biology!
Late Cenozoic Rocks in the Puerto Penasco Area
Authors: Ekdale A.A. 
Published: June 2019

Pleistocene-Holocene sedimentary rocks, which outcrop along the northern Gulf of California coast in the vicinity of Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, have a very heterogeneous, mixed carbonateclastic composition. Carbonate grains are primarily molluscan, echinoderm, bryozoan and calcareous algal fragments. Terrigenous grains are primarily silicate minerals (e.g., quartz and feldspar) derived from three nearby igneous prominences (the basaltic Punta Peñasco and Cerro Prieto and the granitic Punta Pelicano).Porosity of the sedimentary rocks, which commonly exceeds 50% in many units, may be intergranular and/or moldic. Cements in eolianite, precipitated within the vadose zone, are mainly of the meniscus spar type at grain contacts. Cements in beachrock, precipitated within the intertidal or shallow subtidal zone, include isopachous calcite spar and/or acicular aragonite.
Surficial Physical Sedimentary Structures of Bahia la Choya
Authors: Hayes Michael J. 
Published: June 2019

I observed and measured the orientations of common physical sedimentary structures on the beach and spit, estero, tidal channel, and inner and outer tidal flats of Bahia la Choya. The spit is characterized by wind ripples and the beach typically displays swash marks. Mudcracks typify the high marsh portions of the estero while the meandering estero channel contains ripples and megaripples. The inner and outer tidal flats are dominated by small, ebb-oriented, straight-crested to undulatory current ripples. The current ripples are often superimposed on flood-oriented ridges and runnels of the outer flat. Rill marks, tool marks, and current crescents occur sporadically. Ebb-oriented megaripples, small current ripples, and primary current lineations occur in the tidal channel.Ripple crests trend from N15E - N40E on the southern tidal flats to N10W - N20W on the northern flats. The crests roughly parallel the shoreline and are normal to tidal currents.
Considerations Before Deaccessioning or Disposing of Paleontological Specimens
Authors: Mikulic Donald G. 
Published: June 2019

MUSEUMS HAVE always disposed of unneeded material, and the practice is an important means to keep collections functional and organized. However, it also is a potentially dangerous activity that should be undertaken only as a last resort and not used as a simple way to make collections management more convenient. This is especially true for catalogued or well-labeled specimens, but even “poorly-documented” specimens may have considerable importance. There are numerous examples of collections that have been damaged and irreplaceable material that has been lost to science through poor disposal choices, regardless of the deaccessioning methods used.Methodology and guidelines for deaccessioning fossil materials are presented in DeMouthe et al. (this volume). However, they provide limited information about the preliminary work and policies required to properly identify material that can be disposed of safely. The following is a brief summary of some of the important considerations required to reliably determine the soundness and suitability of specimen disposal plans.
Quo Vadis Tyrannosaurus?: The Future of Dinosaur Studies
Authors: Chure Daniel J. 
Published: June 2019

“Although I work a lot with fossils in my own research on fishes, I do not care to be called a paleontologist; and I am turned off by many aspects of the public-relations hoopla surrounding paleontology, especially dinosaurs…. One could easily argue that the schools' fascination with dinosaurs might also detract from the other aspects of earth science and biological science and, in the end, weaken paleontology's image as an activity for hard-nosed grown-ups.”K.S. Thomson, 1985: p. 73“Let dinosaurs be dinosaurs. Let the Dinosauria stand proudly alone, a Class by itself. They merit it. And let us squarely face the dinosaurness of birds and the birdness of the Dinosauria. When the Canada geese honk their way northward, we can say: “The dinosaurs are migrating, it must be spring!”R.T. Bakker, 1986: p. 462It is a now oft-repeated statement that we are in the Second Golden Age of dinosaur studies. This may at first seem to be yet another overstatement by dinosaur fanatics; in fact, it is substantiated on a number of fronts. Research activity is certainly at an all-time high, with resident dinosaur researchers on every continent (except Antarctica) and dinosaurs known from every continent (including Antarctica). This activity has resulted in a spate of discoveries, including not only new genera and species, but entirely new types of dinosaurs, such as the segnosaurs. Well-known groups are producing surprises, such as armored sauropods and sauropods bearing tail clubs. Good specimens of previously named genera are revealing unsuspected structural features that almost defy explanation, as in the skull of Oviraptor. However, dinosaur studies extend far beyond the traditional emphasis on dinosaur morphology, and encompass paleobiogeography, paleoecology, taphonomy, physiology, tracks, eggs, histology, and extinction, among others. In some cases, several of these studies can be applied to a single taxon or locality to give us a fairly detailed understanding of the paleobiology of some species.
Rapidly Evolving Cirrus Clouds Modulated by Convectively Generated Gravity Waves
Authors: Prasad Abhnil A. , Sherwood Steven C. , Reeder Michael J. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCirrus clouds can strongly affect Earth's radiation balance, but questions remain about their growth mechanisms and rates. Here we show that gravity (buoyancy) waves generated by a storm in Northern Australia on 13 November 2015 caused an observable rippling effect on cirrus clouds up to 1,000 km away, as seen by the recently launched Himawari‐8/9 geostationary satellite. Regional model simulations reproduce the propagation speed of the wave, which agrees with theoretical predictions, and show that the wave amplitude and timing near the tropopause can account for the cirrus modulation. The observed cirrus reach peak optical depths of order 0.3–1.0 and appear roughly in phase with the arrival of the relative humidity maximum, providing new evidence that cirrus clouds can respond rapidly (<30 min) to environmental lifting. Moreover, the edge of a thick anvil cloud attached to the storm itself is observed to expand at the same speed as the wave, showing that the lifting mechanism can also apply to optically thicker ice clouds close to convective centers.
Efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cell by modifying the TiO2 with Ag/TiO2 core–shell nanowires
Authors: Liu Yunyan , Li Shutao , Wang Shuo , Zhao Dong , Wang Rendong , Sun Meiling , Xiu Junshan 
Published: June 2019

Different ratio incorporation of Ag/TiO2 core–shell nanowires (ATCSN) into TiO2 as an electron transport layer of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is studied. This structure can prevent the formation of silver halides between perovskite and silver nanowire. It is found that because of the effective improvement of light absorption and separation of photo‐generated electron–hole pairs, the introduction of ATCSN leads to increase of short current density and photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs. 20 mg incorporation of ATCSN PSCs exhibits the best performance of PCE and a 17.7% increase is achieved compared to the control sample.
Transport dynamics of complex fluids
Authors: Song Sanggeun , Park Seong Jun , Kim Minjung , Kim Jun Soo , Sung Bong June , Lee Sangyoub , Kim Ji-Hyun , Sung Jaeyoung 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Many disordered fluid systems exhibit anomalous transport dynamics, which do not obey Einstein's theory of Brownian motion or other currently available theories. Here, we present a new transport equation governing thermal motion of complex fluidic systems, which provides a unified, quantitative explanation of the mean-square displacement, the non-Gaussian parameter, and the displacement distribution of various complex fluids. The applicability of our theory is demonstrated for molecular dynamics simulation results of supercooled water and dense hard disc fluids and for experimental results of colloidal beads diffusing on lipid tubes. This work suggests previously unexplored directions for quantitative investigation into transport and transport-coupled processes in complex disordered media, including living cells.
Effect of saturation on mechanical behavior of cement mortar based on 8-type tensile test
Authors: Gu C , Xu J Y , Meng B X 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Based on the purpose of revealing the effect of saturation on static tensile mechanical behaviour of cement mortar, the single-axis static tensile test was carried out for 8-type cement mortar specimens with the saturation of 0%, 50%, and100% respectively. The WDW-20 microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine was used in this paper. The date obtained from test indicates that the stress-strain curves of different saturation cement mortar are similar, stress with strain increases, the stress growth rate increases gradually. With the increase of saturation, the static tensile strength of cement mortar gradually decreases, and the stiffness of cement mortar gradually decreases, and the deformation performance gradually improves, and the maximum tensile strain increases gradually. Compared with dry cement mortar specimens, the tensile strength of saturated cement mortar specimens is decreased by 23.36%; the maximum tensile strain of semi-saturated and saturated cement mortar specimens is increased by 4.79% and 23.43% respectively. The elastic modulus of the dry and the semi-saturated cement mortar specimens are similar, when they are under pulled, and are larger than the elastic modulus of saturation cement mortar specimens.
Sequence Division and Sedimentary characteristics of Shahezi formation in Northwest Xujiaweizi fault depression
Authors: Dijiaxiang  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the light of the unclear current conditions of the sequence stratigraphic framework division and sedimentary for Shahezi Formation in Northwest Xujiaweizi fault depression. Based on single well, well logging and seismic data,the stratigraphic sequences of the formatio n are confirmed with the help of Vail sequence stratigraphy theory. Based on the single well facies and source supply, the sedimentary facies types and the distribution characteristics of the Northwest of Xujiaweizi are analyzed. The studies show that Northwest Shahezi Formation can be divided into one second-class sequences and furthermore it can be classified into four third-class sequence; Fan delta sedimentary facies is developed in the west of study area, braided river delta sedimentary facies is developed in the east of study area, lacustrine facies is developed in the central sag; In the Northwest of the Shahezi formation, the area of the lake basin in the early stage of the sedimentary basin is small, and the latter is gradually enlarged, lake facies is the main one and the fan is mainly developed in the East and the West in this area.
Research on carbon dioxide transcritical refrigeration cycle with vortex tube
Authors: Liu Yefeng , Sun Ying , Wang Dongliang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A kind of carbon dioxide transcritical refrigeration cycle with vortex tube is proposed to replace traditional expansion valve to reduce the irreversible loss of the refrigeration system and improve its COP. The mathematic model of carbon dioxide transcritical refrigeration system is built to simulate the effect of the vortex tube performance on the COP. The results show that outlet temperature of gas cooler, the discharge pressure, cold mass fraction and isentropic efficiency of the vortex tube have significant effects on the COP improvement of the proposed system. COP increases with the increase of cold mass fraction, isentropic efficiency of the vortex tube and the gas cooler outlet temperature. However, COP decreases with the increase of the discharge pressure. When the cold mass fraction is 0.8, the COP improvement increases by 12%.
Energy Efficient Rare Earth Lifting Permanent Magnet
Authors: Ding N , Liu C , Duan J S , Jiang S N , Hou Y Q 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nowadays lifting electromagnet is widely used in the world, but its fatal disadvantages are related to the electrical power input. A novel and energy efficient Rare Earth lifting permanent magnet is presented, which can completely overcome the lifting electromagnet disadvantages. In this paper, first, the developed optimization magnetic circuit design rule for Rare Earth lifting permanent magnet is discussed. Second, the lifting permanent magnet magnetic circuit design procedure is introduced. Finally, the invented mechanical drive system is expatiated. Industry prototype is manufactured, and it verifies that the proposed Rare Earth lifting permanent magnet is feasible.
Black shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in southeast Chongqing pore type of reservoir
Authors: Weiqi Xiao , Enhao Xing 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
On the basis of previous research results, a series of studies on black shales of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in southeastern Chongqing have been carried out with thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the pore types of black shale reservoirs in Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in southeastern Chongqing include intergranular pore, intragranular dissolution pore, organic pore and fracture.