bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
698 PB 306 WETTABILITY AND SURFACE TENSION OF FRUIT SURFACES
Authors: Cisneros-Zevallos L. , Saltveit M. E. , Krochta J. M 
Published: February 2019

Nettability is an important factor to be considered in postharvest treatments such as washing, aqueous dippings, coatings, etc. Pome fruits (ten apple and four pear cultivars) and stone fruits (nectarine and plums) were evaluated for wetting behavior and surface tension at room temperature. Nettability was assessed by measuring contact angles of water. Surface tension was calculated by measuring contact angles of methylene iodide and water or by a series of pure surfactants using Zisman's method. Wetting behavior on apple fruits depended on cultivar, with water contact angles ranging from 75° to 131°. For pear fruits, wetting also depended on cultivar. Calculated surface tensions of pear fruits were in general higher than most apple cultivars tested. In stone fruits, plums presented a high water-repellency with a contact angle of 137°.
The wetting of fruit surfaces seems to be governed by the nature of the chemical groups exposed on the surface of the cuticle and also by the surface roughness, as evidenced by tire high values of some contact angles.
699 PB 309 THE MODE OF CO2 ACTION ON ACC OXIDASE AND ITS ROLE IN INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Gorny James R. , Kader Adel A. 
Published: February 2019

Ethylene biosynthesis of Golden Delicious apple fruit at 20°C is rapidly inhibited by a controlled atmosphere of air + 20% CO2. However, in vitro ACC oxidase activity and ACC content were not significantly different between air and air + 20% CO2 treated fruit, To determine the in vivo effects of CO2 treatment, both in vivo and in vitro enzyme activity essays were performed in en atmosphere of air or air + 20% CO2. Western blots were also performed to quantify the amount of ACC oxidase protein present in the air and air + 20% CO2 treated fruit.
We believe that in vivo cytosolic pH changes, induced by CO2, may reduce the in vivo catalytic capacity of ACC oxidase, end hence significantly reduce ethylene biosynthesis in climacteric tissue,
709 PB 359 SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF STORAGE SCALD DISORDER IN BARTLETT, PACKHAM'S TRIUMPHED `ANJOU' PEAR FRUIT VARIETIES
Authors: Zoffoli Juan P. , Richardson Daryl , Sugar David , Chen Paul 
Published: February 2019

The brown color development on the skin of three varieties of pears (Bartllet, Packham's T. and Anjou) was characterized between 200 and 300 nm from hexane extracts of pear peel discs, with and without the application of the antioxidant Ethoxyquin (2700ppm) during -1°C storage and 20°C ripening. All the varieties presented a main peak at 232nm (afarnesene), which decreased in the storage as scald increased.
Absorbance at 259, 269, and 280nm (conjugated trienes) were characteristic of Anjou and Packham's Triumph fruits susceptible to the disorder. Bartlett fruits had a major peak at 259nm without the other secondary peaks.
The application of ethoxyquin reduced the oxidation of a farnesene, the formation of the conjugated trienes and intensity of scald in Packham's Triumph and Anjou fruits. However in Bartlett fruits this antioxidant was not very effective to reduce the scald.
752 PB 120 TRANSPORT OF TRYPTOPHAN AND CONVERSION TO IAA IN AVOCADO TISSUES
Authors: Bertline Isa , Lovatt Carol J. 
Published: February 2019

Tryptophan is known to be a precursor of IAA in plants. The amount of IAA available for the development of avocado fruit might be a limiting factor for its growth. It is well known that IAA is not transported into developing fruit along its strictly basipetal transport route. Therefore, IAA present in fruit must be synthesized in situ. We investigated the possibility that tryptophan or its metabolites are transported from leaf to fruit.
An HPLC method was developed to quantitatively isolate and measure tryptophan and all well known intermediates in the synthesis of IAA. Avocado leaves were fed L-[side chain-3-14C] tryptophan and its transport and metabolism to IAA within the leaf and within the fruit were monitored over time. Significant movement of tryptophan or a metabolite from leaf to fruit occurs in 24 h.
755 PB 149 IN VIV0 POLLEN GERMINATION AND TUBE ELONGATION ON FEMALE FLOWERS IN `SHAHANI' DATE PLAM
Authors: Tavakkoli Asad , Tafazoli Enayat 
Published: February 2019

Hand pollinated pistilate date palm flowers were removed 2, 6, 10, 16, 20 hours after pollination, fixed. cleared with 8N NaOH and stained with aniline blue. The Fluoresced pollen tubes were abserved under ultra violet microscope. It was noted that under natural conditions with mean temperature of 19C pollen tube reached the ovary after 16 hours.
Viability test of fresh and stored pollen grains using Brewbaker & Kwack's media at room temperature was 85 and 52.5%. respectively.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON HEIGHT CONTROL OF MINI-POINSETTIAS
Authors: Whipker Brian , Hammer P. Allen 
Published: February 2019

Mini-poinsettias are a popular form of potted plant, but there is a need to control plant height because tall growing cultivars are used. A study was conducted to determine the suitability of paclobutrazol to control height of mini-poinsettias. Cuttings of poinsettia cultivars Freedom and Red Sails were taken on 10 Sept. 1993 and rooted under mist. On 11 Oct. when short days began, plant height was measured and 4 plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a volume of 204 ml·m-2: paclobutrazol at 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg·liter-1, plus an untreated control. At anthesis, plant height (pot rim to top of plant) and bract diameter (measured in 2 directions and averaged) were measured. Data for plant height gain (PHG), the difference between plant height at anthesis and when PGRs were applied, and bract diameter were analyzed statistically.
PHG was significantly different at the cultivar × treatment interaction. For `Red Sails' all paclobutrazol treatments significantly retarded PHG, but there were no significant differences in PHG with increased rates of application. For `Freedom' only paclobuuazol rates at 30 and 45 mg·liter-1 significantly retarded PHG. Bract diameter was significantly different at paclobunazol rates 30 mg·liter-1 or greater, with diameter decreasing as the rate of PGR applied increased
808 PB 144 EFFECTIVNESS OF AEROSOL SPRAYS FOR CONTROLLING ROT IN TABLE GRAPES
Authors: Ahmedullah M. Ahmed 
Published: February 2019

Fruit of Vitis vinifera cvs. Flame Seedless, Thompson Seedless and Black Monukka were fumigated with 4, 6 and 8 Deccodione Smoke Tables (DST) for 30 minutes. Fruit was stored at 32 F and high relative humidity. Decay control index, freshness of stems and bleaching around the capstem were recorded at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of storage. Size of the aerosol particles was determined using an electrical aerosol analyzer. Fruit was analysed for Deccodione residues.
Lower rates of the fungicide gave unsatisfactory decay control. Eight DSTs successfully controlled decay upto a period of 14 weeks. There was no bleaching of pigments commonly associated with sulfur dioxide fumigation. Majority of the aerosol particles were between 0.18 and 0.32 micrometers. Deccodione residues on the fruit were within the acceptable limits established for Deccodione. There was no perceptible difference in taste between treated and control fruit. This method of decay control could provide a viable alternative to sulfur dioxide fumigation.
901 PB 538 STUDIES ON PROPAGATION OF GLOBE ARTICHOKE THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Okasha Kh. A. , Ragab M. E. 
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to establish an effective method of micropropagation of globe artichoke from shoot-hp. This study involved establishment of an aseptic culture. multiplication of proliferated shook, rooting of these shook in vitro and adaptation of plantlets for free living
Highest survival percentage with no contamination was achieved after sterilizing the explants with 70% ethanol (5 Sec.) + 1.5 % sodium hypochlorite for 20 min.
The bast results of preventing browning of explants were obtained with 100 mg/1 ascorbic acid.
The highest proliferated shook were obtained when shoot tip with 4 mm length (taken in mid March) were cultured on MS medium with 10mg/1 Kin. + 0.5 mg/l IAA.
The highest multiplication rate was obtained when recultured on MS medium supplemented with 5 mg/1 Kin. + 0.5 mg/1 IAA.
Multiplication rate gradually increased with increasing number of subculturing till Me third subculture but subsequent subculture (4th subculture) had a low rate.
991 REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH RESPONSES TO LOW SOIL WATER POTENTIALS
Authors: Shar Robert E. 
Published: February 2019

Plant water deficits usually result in severe inhibition of shoot growth, while root growth is less inhibited or even promoted. Recent advances in understanding the physiology of the differential responses of root and shoot growth to low water potentials will be reviewed.
While it might be readily accepted that hormones arc important in transducing environmental conditions into growth responses, there is surprisingly little definitive evidence for the role of any hormone in regulating plant growth in soils of low water potential. Using maize seedlings as a model system, the increase in ABA that accompanies plant water deficits has been shown to be required for root growth maintenance, and also to play a role in shoot growth inhibition. The action of ABA in root growth maintenance appears to involve regulation of ethylene synthesis and/or sensitivity, while the mechanism of shoot growth inhibition is not known. Evidence that ABA acts as a root `signal controlling shoot growth in drying soil will also be considered.
The importance of osmotic adjustment as a mechanism of growth maintenance at low water potentials has been questioned by suggestions that solute accumulation may be merely a consequence of stress-induced growth inhibition. Recent studies will be discussed which do not support this idea, and suggest that the response may be useful for crop improvement.
1007 SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
Authors: Uknes S , Delaney T. , Vernooij B. , Friedrich L. , Williams S. , Chandler D. , Weymann K. , Kessmann H. , Alexander D. , Ward E. , Ciba Ryals J. 
Published: February 2019

Systemic acquired resistance is a broad spectrum inducible defense response that is associated with the expression of a set of genes (SAR genes). Expression of one of these genes (PR-1a from tobacco) in transgenic tobacco confers increased tolerance to two oomycete pathogens.
A direct role for salicylic acid (SA) in signaling SAR has been established in tobacco by analysis of transgenic tobacco expressing salicylate hydroxylase (SAH, an enzyme that inactivates SA by conversion to catechol). Tobacco plants that express SAH are blocked in the accumulation of SA and the development of SAR when responding lo TMV. Furthermore, both Arabidopsis and tobacco expressing SAH have altered pathogen induced lesion morphology, exemplified by larger spreading lesions.
Putative mutants in SAR gene expression were isolated by screening M2 Arabidopsis plants for altered expression of PR-1 and PR-2 or for sensitivity to pathogen infection following INA treatment. The putative mutants all into two major classes,constitutive (cim, constitutive immunity) and non-inducible (nim, non-inducible immunity). Several cim mutants exhibits a disease lesion phenotype in the absence of pathogen.
1041 DESIGNING THE NEW LAND GRANT UNIVERSITY
Authors: Meyer James H. 
Published: February 2019

Massive changes occurring in the agricultural industries and expanding societal interests in environmental quality, food safety, competition for natural resources, along with population pressure, are making it `evident Land Grant colleges of agriculture (LGCAs) must reorganize to address a broader interface of both agriculture-related issues and issues relevant to society in general. A reduced focus on agriculture as such must be anticipated, with more emphasis directed toward life sciences, food quality, environmental concerns, and rural-urban interfaces.
Since their establishment in 1862, LGCAs have helped U.S. farmers improve production so much that the numbers of people needed in agricultural sector have plummeted, leaving the status and future of these colleges uneasy. Although the original LGCA model was appropriate for its time, the modern environment at scientific and agricultural universities calls for a new model. To achieve renewal, one must change mindset, revise the mission, provide creative, learning leaders and chart the course for evolution of revitalized institutions.
1060 RESPONSES TO TREATMENTS APPLIED TO LIMBS VS. WHOLE TREES
Authors: Barden John A. , Marini Richard P. , Byers Ross E. 
Published: February 2019

Researchers often apply treatments to limbs rather than to whole trees. This technique allows the application of large numbers of treatments to a limited number of trees, and also allows adequate replication when a chemical is in very limited supply. The obvious assumption is made that results from limb treatments arc representative of those to be expected using whole trees.
Data from several experiments will be discussed that raise serious doubts about the extrapolation of results from limb treatments to whole-trees. The data are from studies with terbacil applied to apple and peach as well as shade treatments to both apple and peach. Girdling studies will also be discussed in which branches isolated by girdling responded very differently than ungirdled branches.
PINE BARK, RICE HULLS, AND OTHER INEXPENSIVE MEDIA FOR GREENHOUSE TOMATO PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTH
Authors: Snyder Richard G. 
Published: February 2019

Successful greenhouse tomato businesses are able to keep production and quality high while maintaining reasonable cost controls. One way of controlling costs is to use growing media that are locally available in good supply, and therefore of low cost. In Mississippi. as in other states in the southeast, pine bark is an available byproduct resource from the forestry industry; fines (<=95mm diameter) can be used as a growing medium following composting. Rice hulls are a readily available waste product from rice mills, especially in the Mississippi Delta region; these are suitable after being crushed and composted.
In comparison to plants grown in rock wool, yield from plants in pine bark fines, rice hulls, or sand were higher, while quality was not significantly different in the l-crop/year system. In a spring crop, yield and quality were higher from plants in pine bark, rice hulls, and rock wool than from those grown in sand. On a per plant basis, cost for the rock wool system, perlite system (pre-bagged), perlite (bulk), peat moss, sand, composted rice hulls, and pine bark lines are $1.50, $1.00, $0.35, $0.60, $0.24, $0.22 and $0.17, respectively. Pine bark and rice hulls are good choices for growing media for greenhouse tomatoes in areas where they are available.
Growth, Foliar Mineral Relations, and Gas Exchange of Mammea americana as Influenced by Salinity
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Zozor Yasmina 
Published: February 2019

Whole plant growth, foliage mineral content, and leaf gas exchange were measured on Mammea americana seedlings exposed to salinity ranging from 0 to 8 dS·m–1 to determine relative tolerance of this species. In one study, growth measured as leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, and total dry mass was reduced by 23 weeks of exposure to salinity. Growth of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈30% below that of control plants. Leaf gas exchange was reduced by salinity to a greater degree than the growth variables. Stomatal conductance of plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 was ≈70% below that of control plants. Plants exposed to 8 dS·m–1 exhibited a seven-fold increase in leaf chloride and 13-fold increase in leaf sodium compared to the control plants. In a second study, 8 weeks of exposure to 8 dS·m–1 reduced net CO2 assimilation and apparent quantum yield to ≈50% of the values for the control plants. Dark respiration was not influenced by salinity. The results indicate that Mammea americana is moderately sensitive to salinity stress.
Geranium and Marigold Response to Fish Waste Compost as a Container Growth Medium and Nitrogen Source
Authors: Hummel Rita L. , Kuo Shiou , Winters Diane , Jellum Eric 
Published: February 2019

A fish waste/hemlock-fi r sawdust compost (FWC) was evaluated as a container growth medium and N source for the greenhouse production of marigold (Tagetes patula `Queen Sophia') and geranium (Pelargonium xhortorum `Sprinter Scarlet') in 10-cm containers. Treatments were a factorial set of three Douglasfir bark (B)/three FWC mixtures (100% FWC; 50% FWC/50% B; 100% B) and three rates of N fertilizer (0, 300 and 600 ppm N) applied every 2 weeks. After the initial irrigation, plants were drip-irrigated to negate leaching from the containers.
Weekly measurements of leachate conductivity, pH, and inorganic N were made on additional replications of the 0-ppm N plants in all growing media. Plant height and width were measured at 2-week intervals and, at the end of the production cycle, flower number, shoot fresh and dry weight, visual quality, and root dry weight were measured. The growing medium by N interaction was significant for all variables. Results indicated that plants receiving 0 ppm N in 100% FWC were larger and of higher quality than plants in 100% B receiving 600 ppm N. In 100% FWC, marigold shoot growth, dry weight, and quality were not influenced by N rate. The observed geranium and marigold growth response indicated that FWC was an effective N source and growing medium when leaching was minimized with drip irrigation.
Evaluation of Zeolite-based Soilless Root Media for Potted Chrysanthemum Production
Authors: Carlino Janet L. , Williams Kimberly A. , Allen Earl R. 
Published: February 2019

Chrysanthemum growth and nutrient leaching of three clinoptilolite-based root media, which were formulated and provided by Boulder Innovative Technologies, Inc. and ZeoponiX, Inc., were compared to the performance of control plants grown in Sunshine Mix #2 (3 peat: 1 perlite, v/v). The control received 210 mg·L–1
N from an 18N–4P–15K soluble fertilizer at each irrigation. The experimental zeolite-based medium NZ, which contained untreated zeolite and received the same soluble fertilizer as the control, leached lower concentrations of NH4-N, K, and PO4-P for most of the production cycle compared to the control. Medium EZ1 was formulated to provide N, P, and K as fertilizer nutrients and produced plants similar to the control based on ratings, height, width, and dry mass, but not fresh mass, at harvest when the fertilizer rate was half of that applied to the control, 105 mg·L–1 N. Medium EZ2, which did not receive P or K from soluble fertilizer, produced plants similar to the control based on rating, height, and dry mass, but not width or fresh mass, with soluble fertilizer input reduced to only N. Tissue N, P, and K concentrations of plants grown in media EZ1 and EZ2 were lower than those of control plants. With further refinements, these zeolite-based products show promise for decreasing nutrient leaching during crop production and allowing for application of lower rates of soluble fertilizers.
(247) Genetic and Environmental Effects on Glucosinolate Content in Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Kang Ji Yeon , Ibrahim Khalid E. , Kim Doo Hwan , Kang Wha-Jeung , Juvik John A. 
Published: February 2019

Gluconasturtiin is a glucosinolate (GS) present in Chinese cabbage and its breakdown product, phenelethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), inhibits phase I enzyme activation of endogenous carcinogenic compounds and enhances phase II enzyme detoxication, reducing cancer risk and promoting health in humans. This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction between the genotype and the environment to influence GSs in Chinese cabbage. Twenty-five accessions were grown in three environments and tissue quantified for GS levels by HPLC. While gluconasturtiin was observed to be the most abundant GS form, 3-indolylmethyl GS (glucobrassicin) and 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl-GS (neoglucobrassicin) were also found. Significant differences were observed among tissues, genotypes and environments in GS concentration and composition. Gluconasturtiin ranged from 0.56 μmol·g-1 DW in leaf tissue of Hau No. 2 to 11.89 μmol·g-1 DW in Chilsung. There were dramatic differences among different tissues of the same genotype with young leaf and root tissues having significantly higher concentrations of gluconasturtiin than other tissues. Gluconasturtiin in Sandong No. 5 ranged from 1.69 μmol·g-1 DW in mature leaves to 18.69 μmol·g-1 DW in root tissue. GS content of the same genotypes in three different environments indicated that plants grown in the greenhouse had higher GS content compared to field grown plants. Results of this study indicate that genotypic variation and the growing environment have substantial effects on GS content in Chinese cabbage. This investigation provides important information for future genetic and molecular studies and has identified Chinese cabbage genotypes that offer superior health benefits to consumers.
The Occurrence of Pecan Kernel Necrosis
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Cheary Becky S. , Carroll Becky L. 
Published: February 2019

Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] kernels (cotyledon) of ‘Pawnee’ displayed a consistent malady not described previously that was designated as “kernel necrosis.” The most severe form of the problem was blackened, necrotic tissue engulfing the basal one-half to one-third of the kernel. The mildest form was darkened tissue in the dorsal grove at the basal end of the kernel. The problem was first observable during the gel stage of kernel development. No symptoms of kernel necrosis were visible on the shuck (involucre). Kernel necrosis was more prominent on ‘Pawnee’, ‘Choctaw’, and ‘Oklahoma’ than other cultivars observed. At maturity, nuts with kernel necrosis had a larger volume than nuts with normal kernels. There were few differences in elemental concentrations of normal kernels from a severely affected orchard and an orchard with little kernel necrosis, and none of the differences appeared to be associated with this disorder. ‘Pawnee’ kernels with necrosis had more phosphorus, zinc, and manganese than normal kernels. Basal segments of necrotic kernels had more boron and acetic acid-extractable and water-soluble calcium than distal segments or normal kernels. Higher elemental concentrations in basal segments of necrotic kernels did not appear sufficient to cause tissue damage.
Soil from the orchard with severe kernel necrosis had unusually high concentrations of nitrate, expressed as nitrogen (NO3-N), in the soil profile. Groundwater used for irrigation was contaminated with 34 mg·L−1 NO3-N. An experiment on ‘Pawnee’ evaluated three nitrogen (N) rates, 0, 0.8 g·cm2 cross-sectional trunk area applied in March, and 1.6 g + 1.6 g + 1.2 g·cm2 cross-sectional trunk area N applied during the second week in March, first week in June, and first week in September, respectively, on the incidence of kernel necrosis, leaf N concentration, soil NO3 concentration, yield, nut quality, and growth over 5 years. Leaf N was affected by treatment only once during the study. Nitrates accumulated in the soil, increasing 24% in 3 years when no supplemental N was applied, except in the contaminated irrigation water. Kernel necrosis was either unaffected by N treatment or during 1 year, kernel necrosis was highest without supplemental N application. Tree yield, kernel quality, and growth were unaffected by N treatment. Yield fluctuations among years were apparent demonstrating that an abundant N supply did not prevent alternate bearing. Kernel necrosis was a severe problem in one orchard and was identified in several orchards at low frequencies. The cause of kernel necrosis remains unknown.