bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Tutor and Bird’s Own Song Experience to Neural Selectivity in the Songbird Anterior Forebrain
Authors: Solis Michele M. , Doupe Allison J. 
Published: April 2018

Auditory neurons of the anterior forebrain (AF) of zebra finches become selective for song during song learning. In adults, these neurons respond more to the bird’s own song (BOS) than to the songs of other zebra finches (conspecifics) or BOS played in reverse. In contrast, AF neurons from young birds (30 d) respond equally well to all song stimuli. AF selectivity develops rapidly during song learning, appearing in 60-d-old birds. At this age, many neurons also respond equally well to BOS and tutor song. These similar neural responses to BOS and tutor song might reflect contributions from both song experiences to selectivity, because auditory experiences of both BOS and tutor song are essential for normal song learning. Alternatively, they may simply result from acoustic similarities between BOS and tutor song. Understanding which experience shapes selectivity could elucidate the function of song-selective AF neurons.To minimize acoustic similarity between BOS and tutor song, we induced juvenile birds to produce abnormal song by denervating the syrinx, the avian vocal organ, before song onset. We recorded single neurons extracellularly in the AF at 60 d, after birds had had substantial experience of both the abnormal BOS (tsBOS) and tutor song. Some neurons preferred the unique tsBOS over the tutor song, clearly indicating a role for BOS experience in shaping neural selectivity. In addition, a sizable proportion of neurons responded equally well to tsBOS and tutor song, despite their acoustic dissimilarity. These neurons were not simply immature, because they were selective for tsBOS and tutor song relative to conspecific and reverse song. Furthermore, their similar responses to tsBOS and tutor song could not be attributed to residual acoustic similarities between the two stimuli, as measured by several song analyses. The neural sensitivity to two very different songs suggests that single AF neurons may be shaped by both BOS and tutor song experience.
Segregation of On and Off Bipolar Cell Axonal Arbors in the Absence of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Günhan-Agar Emine , Kahn Dianna , Chalupa Leo M. 
Published: April 2018

Retinal cells that respond selectively to light onset or offset are segregated into On and Off pathways. Here, we describe the development of cone bipolar cells whose axonal arbors at maturity synapse onto ganglion cell dendrites confined to On and Off strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In particular, we sought to determine whether the formation of this segregated pattern is dependent on the presence of ganglion cells. Developing bipolar cells were visualized using an antibody against recoverin, the calcium binding protein that labels On and Off cone bipolar cells in the adult rat retina. Recoverin-positive cells were apparent in the ventricular zone on the day of birth [postnatal day 0 (P0)], before bipolar cells begin to migrate to the inner nuclear layer. Two distinct strata were first apparent in the IPL at P8, with the Off pathway maturing earlier than the On pathway. There was no indication of exuberant bipolar cell projections. Throughout development, there were also a small number of recoverin-positive cells of unknown origin in the ganglion cell layer.To assess whether the formation of On and Off cone bipolar cell projections is dependent on the presence of ganglion cells, these target neurons were eliminated by unilateral section of the optic nerve. This was done on the day of birth, resulting in a total loss of ganglion cells 5–6 d before bipolar cell axons innervate the IPL. In retinas with optic nerve sections, On and Off cone bipolar cells were present, albeit at a lower than normal density, and the axonal arbors of these interneurons were organized into two distinct strata. This indicates that ganglion cells are not essential for the formation of segregated On and Off bipolar cell inputs. These results lend support to the hypothesis that specific ingrowth patterns of bipolar cell terminal arbors could regulate the formation of stratified retinal ganglion cell dendrites.
Membrane Mechanisms Underlying Contrast Adaptation in Cat Area 17In Vivo
Authors: Sanchez-Vives Maria V. , Nowak Lionel G. , McCormick David A. 
Published: April 2018

Contrast adaptation is a psychophysical phenomenon, the neuronal bases of which reside largely in the primary visual cortex. The cellular mechanisms of contrast adaptation were investigated in the cat primary visual cortexin vivothrough intracellular recording and current injections. Visual cortex cells, and to a much less extent, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons, exhibited a reduction in firing rate during prolonged presentations of a high-contrast visual stimulus, a process we termed high-contrast adaptation. In a majority of cortical and dLGN cells, the period of adaptation to high contrast was followed by a prolonged (5–80 sec) period of reduced responsiveness to a low-contrast stimulus (postadaptation suppression), an effect that was associated, and positively correlated, with a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and an increase in apparent membrane conductance. In simple cells, the period of postadaptation suppression was not consistently associated with a decrease in the grating modulated component of the evoked synaptic barrages (the F1 component).The generation of the hyperpolarization appears to be at least partially intrinsic to the recorded cells, because the induction of neuronal activity with the intracellular injection of current resulted in both a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and a decrease in the spike response to either current injections or visual stimuli. Conversely, high-contrast visual stimulation could suppress the response to low-intensity sinusoidal current injection.We conclude that control of the membrane potential by intrinsic neuronal mechanisms contributes importantly to the adaptation of neuronal responsiveness to varying levels of contrast. This feedback mechanism, internal to cortical neurons, provides them with the ability to continually adjust their responsiveness as a function of their history of synaptic and action potential activity.
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediates Retinal Apoptosis in Ischemic Proliferative Retinopathy
Authors: Sennlaub Florian , Courtois Yves , Goureau Olivier 
Published: April 2018

Ischemic proliferative retinopathy (e.g., diabetes mellitus, retinopathy of prematurity, or retinal vein occlusion) is a major cause of blindness worldwide. Apart from neovascularization, ischemic proliferative retinopathy leads to retinal degeneration. Apoptosis has been ascribed to be the leading mechanism in ischemic retinal degeneration. We showed recently that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed in the avascular retina in proliferative retinopathyin vivoand that iNOS expression in retinal glial cells is responsible for retinal neuronal cell deathin vitro. Here we show that retinal apoptosis and subsequent degeneration occur in the murine model of ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Furthermore, because NO can have beneficial or detrimental effects in the retina, we analyzed the role of iNOS on retinal apoptosis in ischemic proliferative retinopathy. Using iNOS knock-out mice and iNOS inhibitor 1400W, we demonstratein vivothat iNOS expression induces apoptosis locally in the inner nuclear layer of the avascular retina and that protein nitration may be involved in this process.These findings are the first evidence for retinal apoptosis in an animal model of ischemic proliferative retinopathy, demonstrating that iNOS plays a crucial role not only in retinal neovascular disease but also in retinal degeneration. We show that it is an ideal target to protect the hypoxic retina from degeneration and to improve its vascularization.
Localized Neuronal Outgrowth Induced by Long-Term Sensitization Training inAplysia
Authors: Wainwright Marcy L. , Zhang Han , Byrne John H. , Cleary Leonard J. 
Published: April 2018

Biophysical, biochemical, and morphological studies have implicated sensory neurons as key sites of plasticity in the formation and retention of the memory of long-term sensitization inAplysia californica. This study examined the effects of different sensitization training protocols on the structure of sensory neurons mediating the tail-siphon withdrawal reflex. A 4 d training period produced a robust localized outgrowth in these sensory neurons observed 24 hr after the end of training. These changes are consistent with previous results in siphon sensory neurons (Bailey and Chen, 1988a). In contrast, 1 d of sensitization training, which has been shown to effectively induce long-term behavioral sensitization and synaptic facilitation (Frost et al., 1985; Cleary et al., 1998), is not associated with morphological changes in tail sensory neurons at either 24 hr or 4 d after training. Similarly, a single treatment with the growth factor TGF-β, which also induced facilitation, did not alter sensory neuron morphology. The different effectiveness of the two protocols was not simply a reflection of the number of stimuli presented, because a 1 d massed training protocol did not produce sensitization 24 hr after training, nor did it induce neuronal outgrowth.These results suggest that extensive sensitization training is required to induce neuronal outgrowth in tail sensory neurons, indicating that the memory of long-term sensitization induced by 1 d of training is mechanistically different from that induced by 4 d of training. Moreover, the induction of a form of long-term sensitization associated with neuronal outgrowth does not appear to be a function of the amount of stimulation but does appear to be dependent on the temporal spacing of the stimulation over multiple days.
MÜZEDE ÇEVRE EĞİTİMİ KAPSAMINDA OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEMİ ÇOCUKLARINA YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ KAYNAKLARININ ANLATILMASI
Authors: Dilli Rukiye , Bapoğlu Dümenci S.Seda , Turgut Kesebir Güneş 
Published: April 2018

Merak ve ilginin en üst düzeyde olduğu okul öncesi
dönemde verilecek olan çevre eğitimi, çocukta çevreye karşı farkındalığı
artırdığı bilinmektedir. Fakat eğitimin ilk kademesi olan bu dönemde, çevre
eğitimi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaların istenilen düzeyde olmadığı
anlaşılmıştır. Bu çerçevede araştırmanın amacı; çevre eğitimi kapsamında okul
öncesi dönemi çocuklarına, yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının tanıtılması ve
temiz bir çevre için yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının gerekliliğinin
anlatılmasıdır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu; kamu kurum kreşinde eğitim
almakta olan 6 yaş grubu 12 çocuk oluşturmaktadır. Karma yöntem olarak hazırlanan araştırmada
nitel ve nicel veriler bir arada kullanılmıştır. Nicel verilerin elde
edilmesinde Gülay (2011) tarafından geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan
Çevre Ölçeği (CATES –PV) kullanılmıştır.
Nitel verileri ise, araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan açık uçlu
sorulara çocukların verdikleri yanıtlar ve çizdikleri resimler oluşturmuştur.
Nicel verilerin analizi ve yorumlanması sürecinde çocukların çevre ölçeğine
verdikleri cevaplar doğrultusunda ön test-son test puanları karşılaştırılmış ve
son test lehine anlamlı bir farklılık elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda
soyut bir kavram olan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının tanımlanması ve
çeşitlerinin öğretilmesinin yanı sıra çevreye karşı farkındalık
kazandırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu sonucun pekiştirilmesinde müze eğitimi
etkinlikleri de büyük rol oynamıştır.
Identifying Risk Factors for Healthcare-Associated Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sultan Amira M. , Seliem Wael A. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives: Acinetobacter baumannii is a causative pathogen of various healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and is particularly prevalent in high-risk hospital settings. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with HAIs caused by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This prospective study was performed between January 2013 and June 2014 among NICU patients at the Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt. Neonates who developed HAIs due to CRAB were assigned to a case group, while those infected with carbapenem-sensitive A. baumannii (CSAB) were assigned to a control group. Results: Among the 124 neonates who developed A. baumannii-caused HAIs during the study period, 91 (73.4%) were caused by CRAB and 33 (26.6%) were caused by CSAB. Prematurity, premature rupture of the membranes (PROM), a previous stay in another hospital, prolonged NICU stay, the presence of invasive devices, previous exposure to carbapenems or aminoglycosides and prolonged antibiotic therapy before infection were significantly associated with CRAB-caused HAIs. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified prematurity (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 25.3; P <0.01), mechanical ventilation (aOR = 18.9; P <0.01) and the previous use of carbapenems (aOR = 124.7; P <0.01) or aminoglycosides (aOR = 22.6; P = 0.04) to be independent risk factors for CRAB infections. Conclusion: Various risk factors were significantly associated with CRAB-caused HAIs among the studied NICU patients.
Evaluation of a Clinical Pharmacist Intervention on Clinical and Drug-Related Problems Among Coronary Heart Disease Inpatients: A pre-experimental prospective study at a general hospital in Indonesia
Authors: Sagita Vina A. , Bahtiar Anton , Andrajati Retnosari 
Published: April 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the role of a clinical pharmacist intervention in decreasing subsequent clinical and drug-related problems (DRPs) among coronary heart disease (CHD) inpatients with at least one previous DRP. Methods: This pre-experimental study with a pre-post design was carried out from January to April 2017 among inpatients with at least one previous DRP at a general hospital in Tangerang District, Banten, Indonesia. Clinical and DRPs were documented prospectively by a clinical pharmacist, with DRPs classified using Version 6.2 of the DRP classification scheme of the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe Foundation. The intervention consisted of a discussion of identified DRPs with physicians, patients, pharmaceutical logistics clerks, nurses and nutritionists. Following this, any subsequent clinical and DRPs were re-identified and further interventions were conducted as necessary. Results: A total of 75 inpatients were included in the study. Pre-intervention, there were 443 DRPs and 202 clinical problems. The most frequent DRPs were adverse drug reactions (52.6%), followed by drug effects (41.8%). Most DRPs were of moderate severity and would have resulted in moderate consequences had the pharmacist not intervened. The interventions resulted in a significant reduction in the number of DRPs, type of DRPs and number of clinical problems (P <0.05 each). Patients with complications were 26.047 times more likely to have no reduction or an increased number of clinical problems compared to patients without complications (P <0.05). Conclusion: Clinical pharmacist interventions were found to reduce subsequent DRPs and clinical problems among CHD patients with at least one previous DRP.
A critical reading of the scene of wives' violence in Survey studies An analytical study
Authors: Afify Prof.Dr. Amina M. Biomy 
Published: April 2018

The importance of the present study stems from the problematic nature of the marital relationships and their societal dimensions that stimulate some wives to murder their husbands with intention. Hence, the question of this study runs so: What are the motives and societal dimensions that stimulate the wives to kill their husbands as mentioned in previous studies. In order to find answers to this main question, the study makes use of the diagnostic and analytical approach. That is to realize the aims of the study and to identify the dimensions of wives' violence in addition to determining the factors that produce violence in the family.
Study Systematic Approach - The main objective of the study is: The Detection of the social dimensions and motives of violence among wives for some models of social heritage.
The study belongs to descriptive studies. The study used the qualitative method through analysis of the models of previous studies in addition to the analysis of Feminism Approach issues explaining women's crimes. The study relied on the tool of content analysis for several sources, including scientific messages, periodicals and scientific journals, Arab and international to analyze models of previous studies on the objectives of the current study
The Orphic Theogonic Poems Attributed to Linos. Notes on the Testimony of Pausanias
Authors: Sobolewska Mariola 
Published: April 2018

I will discuss the connection between Linos and Orphics as it is outlined in the Description of Greece. Pausanias writes that Linos propagated in his songs the genealogy of the first deities of the Greek pantheon. According to Pausanias, this genealogy was similar to the one in Hesiod’s Theogony. Pausanias himself believed that the majority of Linos’ works were inauthentic. He was of the opinion that if Linos wrote anything, none of it has survived. However, no one has tried to explain why so many works were attributed to Linos. In my article I try to answer to this question.
Structured Educational Intervention Leads to Better Infant Positioning in the NICU
Authors: Masri Saadieh , Ibrahim Perla , Badin Daniel , Khalil Samar , Charafeddine Lama 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe purpose is to test the effectiveness of an educational intervention in improving infant positioning because positioning may interfere with neuromotor development.MethodsA quality improvement (QI) project was initiated to increase knowledge and improve the compliance of nurses and physicians in infant positioning using the Infant Positioning Assessment Tool (IPAT). The project was part of Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care Assessment Program (NIDCAP) training. It included informal discussion and practice about infant positions.Main Outcome VariablesStaff knowledge, IPAT score.ResultsFifty-two pediatric residents and 39 NICU nurses participated in this project. The mean knowledge assessment test score improved significantly for both nurses (p< .0001) and residents (p< .0001) postintervention; IPAT scores increased significantly from 3.4 (±2. 5) to 8.1 (±2.7) (p< .001).ConclusionNurses’ education with hands-on practice improved infant positioning in the NICU; this may lead to fewer positional deformities and possibly an improved developmental outcome.
Promoting Newborn Safety Using the RAPPT Assessment and Considering Apgar Criteria: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Ludington-Hoe Susan M. , Morrison-Wilford Barbara L. , DiMarco Marguerite , Lotas Marilyn 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe aim of this project was to evaluate the implementation of the Respiratory, Activity, Perfusion, Position, and Tone (RAPPT) instrument in assessing the infant’s transition to extrauterine life while in skin-to-skin contact (SSC).Sample/DesignNurses (n= 17) completed a pretest and posttest of RAPPT and Apgar scoring knowledge, attended an in-service about accurate scoring, and were observed during 17 deliveries when newborns were in SSC.Outcome VariablesPrimary variables were knowledge scores, use of RAPPT, and accurate RAPPT scoring. Apgar scoring was also measured.ResultsKnowledge scores increased significantly after education, RAPPT scores were correctly assessed, and 1 of 17 newborns had a sudden unexpected postnatal collapse. Apgar scoring accuracy did not change and nurses reported that their Apgar scores were based on their overall impressions of the infant instead of Apgar criteria.
Implementing a Systematic Process for Consistent Nursing Care in a NICU: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: McCarley Renay Marie , Dowling Donna A. , Dolansky Mary A. , Bieda Amy 
Published: April 2018

AimThe global aim of this quality improvement project was to develop and implement a systematic process to assign and maintain consistent bedside nurses for infants and families.MethodsA systematic process based on a primary care nursing model was implemented to assign consistent care for a 48-bed, single-family room NICU.ResultsFour PDSA cycles were necessary to obtain agreement from the nursing staff as to the best process for assigning primary nurses. Post-intervention data revealed a 9.5 percent decrease of consistent caregivers for infants in the NICU ≤ 28 days and a 2.3 percent increase of consistent caregivers for infants in the NICU ≥ 29 days.ConclusionAlthough these findings did not meet the goal of the specific aim, a systematic process was created to assign bedside nurses to infants. Further PDSAs will be needed to refine the process to reach the aim.
Hidradenocarcinoma do Escroto com Metastização Ganglionar
Authors: Simões Maria Inês , Marcão Isabel , Toscano Mário , Borges Luís 
Published: April 2018

O hidradenocarcinoma é uma neoplasia rara das células écrinas das glândulas sudoríparas, geralmente assintomática e de crescimento lento, com maior incidência entre os 50 e os 80 anos, atingindo ambos os sexos e com localização preferencial nas regiões palmar, plantar, frontal, axilar e nuca. Tem um comportamento agressivo, com alta taxa de recorrência local e metastização à distância, associando-se a mau prognóstico. Apresentamos um caso raro de hidradenocarcinoma do escroto manifestado por metastização ganglionar justificando exercício de diagnóstico diferencial clínico e histológico de adenopatia inguinal num adulto jovem.
Association of Anger Expression-Out with NK Cell Counts in Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Kakoo-Brioso Estela , Costa Luís , Ouakinin Sílvia 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: There is growing evidence describing the relation between psychological factors and the progression of colorectal cancer. Several mechanisms have been proposed but the one showing more promising evidence relies on the modulation of the antitumoral immune response by psychological factors, particularly through natural killer cells. We aimed to study the relation between natural killer cell count and anxiety, depression and anger state, trait and expression in 54 pre-surgical colorectal cancer patients.Material and Methods: We measured peripheral blood natural killer cell count and applied the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to 54 pre-surgical colorectal cancer patients. We used the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test when appropriate to compare independent groups.Results: Patients with higher Anger Expression-Out had lower natural killer cell numbers than patients with lower Anger Expression-Out (p value = 0.008). No relation was found between natural killer cell levels and Anger State, Anger Trait, or Anger Expression-In. No difference in natural killer cell count was found between patients with and without clinical anxiety or depression.Discussion: These results suggest that, in colorectal cancer patients, natural killer cell counts are influenced by Anger Expression-Out, but not by clinical anxiety or depression.Conclusion: The unregulated emotional expression might be a conditioning factor of innate immunity. Additional studies are needed to further investigate this relation and to ascertain the clinical impact of therapeutic interventions regarding emotional regulation on the anti-tumoral immune response.