bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democratic Experimentalism and the Public Sphere
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that democratic-experimentalist forms of judicial review should not be confined to socioeconomic rights but can also be invoked with negative liberties and dignitarian personal rights. An apparent dilemma is this: on the one hand, modern, pluralist democracies are increasingly, and often irreconcilably, divided when it comes to fundamental choices which affect and express the self-understanding of a polity as a whole in matters such as, say, the right to religious freedom, free speech, the rights of transsexuals, and so forth. These matters have even become the subject of entrenched culture wars. And yet, on the other hand, there is an ever-accelerating reliance on courts and the judiciary for addressing those fundamental choices. The judiciary’s influence extends beyond settling disputes and seeps into all aspects of society, codifying the values of our times. But doesn’t this overstretch the resources of consensus-based legality? The concern is that judges are drawn into the crucible of pluralistic politics. By considering the jurisprudence of both the ECtHR and the CJEU, this chapter argues that even here courts can play a benign proceduralizing role, giving voice to the hitherto marginalized. The chapter addresses selected topical issues: the important example of freedom of conscience, which in Europe emerged after many centuries of religious persecution; the clash between free speech and personality rights; and personality rights in the context of (trans-) gender rights and same-sex marriage.
Conclusion
Authors: Gerstenberg Oliver 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
By engaging with democratic-minded objections and rule-of-law based critiques of constitutionalism, this book has suggested that, counterintuitively, a retreat from judicial supremacy becomes the most promising route towards redeeming fundamental social and personal rights under modern conditions of deep moral dissensus and complexity. But this step would indeed amount to an abdication of judicial role and responsibility—as both these critiques fear—unless it goes hand in hand with a moral-practical emphasis on the proceduralizing—that is, forum-creative and agenda-setting—role of courts in the process of a progressive clarification of the meaning of a right. But ongoing deliberation does not mean indefinite postponement of substantive resolution because the underlying proceduralist consensus is robust enough to express a commitment to mutual recognition of participants as stakeholders with legitimate interests. This proceduralist move addresses uncertainty in encouraging joint learning about unforeseen possibilities and limits. It helps legitimize decisionmaking in pluralism by authorizing the participation in the undertakings that concern them and by making a best-practice consensus routinely corrigible. Outcomes are legitimate as long as procedures are sufficiently inclusive to allow citizens whose interpretive views do not prevail to (re-) initiate scrutiny and revision of shared constitutional understandings in the light of new experience. Courts require attentions to relevant reasons. Over time, when interpretive answers have crystallized in the light of experience and mutual reason giving, courts can then shift towards stronger forms of judicial intervention that consolidate best practice. It is this proceduralizing move that Euroconstitutionalism epitomizes.
The First Miracles
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In the first half of the fourth century Christians did not expect to see miracles in their lifetimes. This chapter explains how this attitude changed throughout the following decades. Above all, it emphasizes the importance of the newly created infrastructure of Christian sanctuaries owing to which they developed into healing centres. It discusses their monumental architecture, the teeming crowds of pilgrims, almsgiving practised in martyria, and the presence of the sick in sanctuaries. Also, it sets the belief in power of relics against the wider background of Christian thaumaturgy and addresses the question of how the belief in the power of relics spread throughout the Mediterranean.
Relics and Divination
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As early as in the second half of the fourth century, Gregory of Nazianzus assured his audience that the saints, living or dead, had the power to predict the future. This chapter seeks to explain how such predictions were obtained. There were at least three divinatory practices in which relics could be used: incubation in martyrs’ sanctuaries, interrogation of demoniacs in the presence of relics, and the drawing of lots on martyrs’ tombs. The problem is that the literary evidence for the first practice in the early period is rather scarce, for the second, exceedingly scanty, while for the third it is simply non-existent (we only know about it from material evidence). This reticence of the written sources does not necessarily reflect the actual popularity of these methods and plausibly results from their ambiguous character—neither praised nor condemned, they have left very few traces in literature.
Touching Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
It is often implied that adherents of most religions naturally seek to come close to sacred objects. This chapter shows that in early Christianity this was not always the case. It studies the evolution of attitudes toward the physical remains of saints, dealing with the question of how the taboo of contact with a dead body lost its power. Also, it deals with how close, direct, and frequent the physical contact with relics was, how and how often they were exposed for veneration, whether it was possible to touch a reliquary or relics themselves, how indirect relics were produced, and what made them efficient.
Eastern, Western, and Local Habits in the Cult of Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The cult of relics spread with what was an astonishing speed. This chapter addresses the questions of whether in this process the cult of relics evolved locally, and especially whether the general distinction between Eastern and Western customs is useful for describing it. The chapter argues that although several practices did indeed develop in specific places and remained more popular in their regions of origin, they did proliferate nonetheless. The diversity of customs in this field never disappeared, but is mostly due to limited contacts between different regions and to a lack of interest in making the cult of relics uniform.
Science granting councils in Sub-Saharan Africa: Trends and tensions
Authors: Chataway Joanna , Dobson Charlie , Daniels Chux , Byrne Rob , Hanlin Rebecca , Tigabu Aschalew 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This article documents recent trends in science funding support in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We analyse these trends at the SSA regional level alongside a summary of four case studies of science funding in four Science Granting Councils (SGCs) in East Africa. Our findings support the literature on science funding in SSA regarding low levels of funding, cross-country engagement, and the need for capacity building. However, we also find there are tensions among funding and policy actors around the perceived ways in which investment in science will benefit society. We argue that the narratives and logics of science funders and their roots in ‘Republic of Science’ vs. ‘Embedded Autonomy’ rationales for SGC activity must be more transparent to enable critical engagement with the ideas being used to justify spending.
Virtuous and Wise: Apprehending Female Medical Practice from Hebrew Texts on Women’s Healthcare
Authors: Caballero-Navas Carmen 
Published: February 2019

Summary
In this article, I analyse the attribution of remedies and therapeutic procedures to women, anonymous in the main, embedded in a number of texts belonging to the medieval Hebrew corpus of literature on women’s healthcare. By suggesting a classification of the ways in which both women and their healing activities are referred to, I intend to offer a framework that helps to identify Jewish (and non-Jewish) women’s health agency from medical texts. In addition to textual analysis, I compare some of the mentions with evidences found in a variety of historical and literary sources for the sake of helping to contextualise them.
Anti-biofilm Activity of Graphene Quantum Dots via Self-Assembly with Bacterial Amyloid Proteins
Authors: Wang Yichun , Kadiyala Usha , Qu Zhibei , Elvati Paolo , Altheim Christopher , Kotov Nicholas A. , Violi Angela , VanEpps J. Scott 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBacterial biofilms represent an essential part of Earth’s ecosystem that can cause multiple ecological, technological and health problems. The environmental resilience and sophisticated organization of biofilms are enabled by the extracellular matrix that creates a protective network of biomolecules around the bacterial community. Current anti-biofilm agents can interfere with extracellular matrix production but, being based on small molecules, are degraded by bacteria and rapidly diffuse away from biofilms. Both factors severely reduce their efficacy, while their toxicity to higher organisms create additional barriers to their practicality. In this paper we report on the ability of graphene quantum dots to effectively disperse matureStaphylococcus aureusbiofilms, interfering with the self-assembly of amyloid fibers - a key structural component of the extracellular matrix. Mimicking peptide-binding biomolecules, graphene quantum dots form supramolecular complexes with phenol soluble modulins, the peptide monomers of amyloid fibers. Experimental and computational results show that graphene quantum dots efficiently dock near theN-terminus of the peptide and change the secondary structure of phenol soluble modulins, which disrupts their fibrillation and represents a novel strategy for mitigation of bacterial communities.GQD mediated staphylococcal biofilm dispersal. GQDs interact with PSM peptides and frustrate the fibrillation process. The reduction in amyloid fibers prevents robust stabilization of the biofilm. In addition, there is an increase in free monomeric and oligomeric PSM peptides which trigger dispersal events.
The Crohn’s disease-associated Escherichia coli strain LF82 rely on SOS and stringent responses to survive, multiply and tolerate antibiotics within macrophages
Authors: Demarre Gaëlle , Prudent Victoria , Schenk Hanna , Rousseau Emilie , Bringer Marie-Agnes , Barnich Nicolas , Nhieu Guy Tran Van , Rimsky Sylvie , Monte Silvia De , Espéli Olivier 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAdherent Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains recovered from Crohn's disease lesions survive and multiply within macrophages. A reference strain for this pathovar, AIEC LF82, forms microcolonies within phagolysosomes, an environment that prevents commensal E. coli multiplication. Little is known about the LF82 intracellular growth status, and signals leading to macrophage intra-vacuolar multiplication. We used single-cell analysis, genetic dissection and mathematical models to monitor the growth status and cell cycle regulation of intracellular LF82. We found that within macrophages, bacteria may replicate or undergo non-growing phenotypic switches. This switch results from stringent response firing immediately after uptake by macrophages or at later stages, following genotoxic damage and SOS induction during intracellular replication. Importantly, non-growers resist treatment with various antibiotics. Thus, intracellular challenges induce AIEC LF82 phenotypic heterogeneity and non-growing bacteria that could provide a reservoir for antibiotic-tolerant bacteria responsible for relapsing infections.
Adapted dandelions increase seed dispersal potential when they are attacked by root herbivores
Authors: Bont Zoe , Pfander Marc , Robert Christelle A. M. , Huber Meret , Poelman Erik H. , Raaijmakers Ciska E. , Erb Matthias 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlants allow their offspring to escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how differentTaraxacum officinalepopulations modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack byMelolontha melolonthain the field. Root herbivore attack increases seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that have evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that have evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential is associated with reduced germination, suggesting that adapted plants trade dispersal for establishment. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggests that increased dispersal is not the result of stress flowering. These results suggest that root herbivory selects for genotypes that increase their dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack.
A High-Resolution Head and Brain Computer Model for Forward and Inverse EEG Simulation
Authors: Warner Alexandra , Tate Jess , Burton Brett , Johnson Christopher R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo conduct computational forward and inverse EEG studies of brain electrical activity, researchers must construct realistic head and brain computer models, which is both challenging and time consuming. The availability of realistic head models and corresponding imaging data is limited in terms of imaging modalities and patient diversity. In this paper, we describe a detailed head modeling pipeline and provide a high-resolution, multimodal, open-source, female head and brain model. The modeling pipeline specifically outlines image acquisition, preprocessing, registration, and segmentation; three-dimensional tetrahedral mesh generation; finite element EEG simulations; and visualization of the model and simulation results. The dataset includes both functional and structural images and EEG recordings from two high-resolution electrode configurations. The intermediate results and software components are also included in the dataset to facilitate modifications to the pipeline. This project will contribute to neuroscience research by providing a high-quality dataset that can be used for a variety of applications and a computational pipeline that may help researchers construct new head models more efficiently.
Social history and exposure to pathogen signals modulate social status effects on gene regulation in rhesus macaques
Authors: Sanz Joaquin , Maurizio Paul L. , Snyder-Mackler Noah , Simons Noah D. , Voyles Tawni , Kohn Jordan , Michopoulos Vasiliki , Wilson Mark , Tung Jenny , Barreiro Luis B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSocial experiences are an important predictor of disease susceptibility and survival in humans and other social mammals. Chronic social stress is thought to generate a pro-inflammatory state characterized by elevated antibacterial defenses and reduced investment in antiviral defense. Here, we manipulated long-term social status in female rhesus macaques to show that social subordination alters the gene expression response to ex vivo bacterial and viral challenge. As predicted by current models, bacterial lipopolysaccharide polarizes the immune response such that low status corresponds to higher expression of genes in NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory pathways and lower expression of genes involved in the antiviral response and type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Counter to predictions, however, low status drives more exaggerated expression of both NF-κB and IFN-associated genes after cells are exposed to the viral mimic Gardiquimod. Status-driven gene expression patterns are not only linked to social status at the time of sampling, but also to social history (i.e., past social status), especially in unstimulated cells. However, for a subset of genes, we observed interaction effects in which females who fell in rank were more strongly affected by current social status than those who climbed the social hierarchy. Together, our results indicate that the effects of social status on immune cell gene expression depend on pathogen exposure, pathogen type, and social history – in support of social experience-mediated biological embedding in adulthood, even in the conventionally memory-less innate immune system.
Distinct Regulation of Bioenergetics and Translation by Group I mGluR and NMDAR
Authors: Dastidar Sudhriti Ghosh , Sharma Shreya Das , Chakraborty Sumita , Chattarji Sumantra , Bhattacharya Aditi , Muddashetty Ravi S 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNeuronal activity is responsible for large energy consumption within the brain. However, the cellular mechanisms draining ATP upon the arrival of a stimulus are yet to be explored systematically at the post-synapse. Here we provide evidence that a significant fraction of ATP is consumed upon glutamate stimulation to energize the mGluR-induced protein synthesis. We find that both mGluR and NMDAR alter protein synthesis and ATP consumption with distinct kinetics at the synaptic-dendritic compartments. While mGluR activation leads to a rapid and sustained reduction in the neuronal ATP level, NMDAR activation has no immediate impact on the same. ATP consumption correlates inversely to the kinetics of protein synthesis for both the receptors. We observe a persistent elevation in protein synthesis within 5 minutes of mGluR activation and robust inhibition of the same within 2 minutes of NMDAR activation, assessed by the phosphorylation status of eEF2 and metabolic labeling. However, a delayed protein synthesis-dependent ATP expenditure ensues after 15 minutes of NMDAR activation. We identify a central role for AMPK in this correlation between protein synthesis and ATP consumption. AMPK is dephosphorylated and inhibited upon mGluR activation while it was rapidly phosphorylated upon NMDAR activation. Perturbing AMPK activity disrupts the receptor-specific modulations of eEF2 phosphorylation and protein synthesis. Therefore, our observations suggest that the glutamate receptors required modulating the AMPK-eEF2 signaling axis to alter neuronal protein synthesis and bioenergetics.Short SummaryStimulation of glutamate receptors induces robust protein synthesis within cortical neurons and consumes a significantly large fraction of cellular ATP. Glutamate receptors viz. mGlulR and NMDAR modulate AMPK-eEF2 signaling uniquely leading to the dynamic regulation of protein synthesis and bioenergetics.Key HighlightsProtein synthesis following glutamate receptor activation is responsible for the bulk of the activity-induced ATP consumption in cortical neurons.mGluR and NMDAR regulate protein synthesis with distinct kinetics and dictate the subsequent impacts over neuronal ATP level.Dynamic modulation of AMPK and eEF2 phosphorylation is key to create unique temporal features of receptor-specific protein synthesis and bioenergetics.
Functional characterization of genes mediating cell wall metabolism and responses to plant cell wall integrity impairment
Authors: Engelsdorf Timo , Kjaer Lars , Gigli-Bisceglia Nora , Vaahtera Lauri , Bauer Stefan , Miedes Eva , Wormit Alexandra , James Lucinda , Chairam Issariya , Molina Antonio , Hamann Thorsten 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlant cell walls participate in all plant-environment interactions. Maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) during these interactions is essential. This realization led to increased interest in CWI and resulted in knowledge regarding early perception and signalling mechanisms active during CWI maintenance. By contrast, knowledge regarding processes mediating changes in cell wall metabolism upon CWI impairment is very limited. To identify genes involved and to investigate their contributions to the processes we selected 23 genes with altered expression in response to CWI impairment and characterized the impact of T-DNA insertions in these genes on cell wall composition using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Insertions in 14 genes led to cell wall phenotypes detectable by FTIR. A detailed analysis of four genes found that their altered expression upon CWI impairment is dependent on THE1 activity, a key component of CWI maintenance. Phenotypic characterizations of insertion lines suggest that the four genes are required for particular aspects of CWI maintenance, cell wall composition or resistance to Plectosphaerella cucumerina infection in adult plants. Taken together, the results implicate the genes in responses to CWI impairment, cell wall metabolism and/or pathogen defence, thus identifying new molecular components and processes relevant for CWI maintenance.
Window to the Fluorescence: TheWhiteEye-Color Gene of Western Corn Rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
Authors: Grubbs Nathaniel , Chu Fu-Chyun , Lorenzen Marcé D. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTEye-color mutations have proven useful in multiple insect species to help facilitate the development and use of transgenic tools for functional genomics. While there is species-specific variation in the pigments used to color insect eyes, every species studied thus far requires an ortholog of the ABC transporter genewhitefor proper pigmentation of the eyes. Previously, we generated transgenic western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, and found that their wild-type eye color obscured our ability to visualize a fluorescent marker driven by the widely used 3xP3 eye-specific promoter. Therefore, we sought to identify theD. v. virgiferaortholog ofwhite(Dvvw). Here we report the discovery, cloning, and analysis ofDvvwcDNA and promoter. We also utilize RNA interference to knock downDvvwmRNA in a transgenic strain, thereby demonstrating the utility of eye-color mutations when developing transgenic technologies.
Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group
Authors: Acurio Andrea , Rhebergen Flor T. , Paulus Sarah , Courtier-Orgogozo Virginie , Lang Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.