bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Sykes Jim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the conclusion to The Musical Gift, Jim Sykes discusses Sri Lankan versions of viral music videos over the past decade, particularly Pharrell Williams’ video “Happy.” Sykes notes that several people filming themselves dancing to Williams’ song were stopped by the police, who could not comprehend why people were singing and dancing in public outside of the bounds of an official concert. The Sri Lankan “Happy” videos have also been criticized as depicting upper- and middle-class Sri Lankans and thus obscuring the fact that happiness has not been achieved for many Sri Lankans, including those who suffered greatly from the war. Returning to the concept of “the musical gift,” Sykes argues the promotion of public song and dance from and between various communities has a role to play in forging post-war reconciliation and building a “happiness” that emerges from Sri Lankan aesthetics.
The Propaganda Feedback Loop
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents a model of the interaction of media outlets, politicians, and the public with an emphasis on the tension between truth-seeking and narratives that confirm partisan identities. This model is used to describe the emergence and mechanics of an insular media ecosystem and how two fundamentally different media ecosystems can coexist. In one, false narratives that reinforce partisan identity not only flourish, but crowd-out true narratives even when these are presented by leading insiders. In the other, false narratives are tested, confronted, and contained by diverse outlets and actors operating in a truth-oriented norms dynamic. Two case studies are analyzed: the first focuses on false reporting on a selection of television networks; the second looks at parallel but politically divergent false rumors—an allegation that Donald Trump raped a 13-yearold and allegations tying Hillary Clinton to pedophilia—and tracks the amplification and resistance these stories faced.
Polarization in American Politics
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter reviews the political science literature on polarization, showing that polarization in American politics long precedes the internet and results primarily from asymmetric political-elite-driven dynamics. This chapter first considers the polarization of political elites and the public before discussing how social identity begets party affiliation that helps explain why polarization can take on such deeply affective negative responses to partisans of the other party. The chapter shows that party elites, in particular elected representatives, have experienced significant party polarization in the sense that liberals and conservatives have mostly sorted themselves into Democrats and Republicans, respectively, and that the most visible component of this move was the realignment of Southern Democrats to the Republican Party. The broader population, if it has polarized at all, has polarized affectively—in the way it feels about the other party—rather than ideologically, or the practical policy preferences it holds.
Conclusion
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This book has examined how the American political media ecosystem figures in discourses on national politics in general and on presidential politics in particular. It has shown that the internet has no single effect on democracy, news media, or people’s ability to distinguish truth from fiction. Instead, “the internet” is really an integral part of two very different media ecosystems, one of which conforms to the very worst fears of those critical of the effects of the internet on democracy and the other combines attention paid to professional media still pursuing norm-constrained journalism with diverse outlets for mobilization, challenging agenda setting and questioning the mainstream media narrative. These findings suggest that the very introduction of the internet and social media does not itself put pressure on democracy as such, but they also imply that there is no easy fix for epistemic crisis in countries where a hyperpartisan, propaganda-rich environment exists.
Self-gravitating fluids
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter briefly describes ‘perfect fluids’. These are characterized by their mass density ρ(t, xⁱ), pressure p(t, ⁱ), and velocity field v(t, ⁱ). The motion and equilibrium configurations of these fluids are determined by the equation of state, for example, p = p(ρ) for a barotropic fluid, and by the gravitational potential U(t, ⁱ) created at a point ⁱ by other fluid elements. The chapter shows that, given an equation of state, the equations of the problem to be solved are the continuity equation, the Euler equation, and the Poisson equation. It then considers static models with spherical symmetry, as well as polytropes and the Lane–Emden equation. Finally, the chapter studies the isothermal sphere and Maclaurin spheroids.
The kinematics of light
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter embarks on the study of light in the vacuum in special relativity. Here, the chapter represents light by world lines of zero length, that is, by particles that propagate at speed c. Such a description does not include the electromagnetic or quantum wave nature of light, but it does allow the interpretation of experiments which measure light travel times (such as the Sagnac experiment) or aberration effects due to motion of the receiver. The chapter first defines the light lines, or the light-like lines, which are lines of zero length, and one of these lines can represent the world line of a signal or photon. It then turns to a discussion of the Sagnac effect, before finally considering the aberration formulas.
The free field
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter studies the structure of Maxwell’s equations in a vacuum and the action from which they are derived, while emphasizing the consequences of their gauge invariance. Gauge invariance, on the one hand, allows one of the components of the magnetic potential to be chosen freely. Here, the chapter shows how the gauge-invariant version of the Maxwell equations in the vacuum can also be derived directly by extremizing. On the other hand, the chapter argues that gauge invariance imposes a constraint on the initial conditions such that in the end the general solution has only two ‘degrees of freedom’. Finally, the chapter develops the Hamiltonian formalisms in the Maxwell theory and compares them to the formalisms using non-gauge-invariant or massive vector fields.
Electromagnetic waves
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines solutions to the Maxwell equations in a vacuum: monochromatic plane waves and their polarizations, plane waves, and the motion of a charge in the field of a wave (which is the principle upon which particle detection is based). A plane wave is a solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations which depends on only one of the Cartesian spatial coordinates. The monochromatic plane waves form a basis (in the sense of distributions, because they are not square-integrable) in which any solution of the vacuum Maxwell equations can be expanded. The chapter concludes by giving the conditions for the geometrical optics limit. It also establishes the connection between electromagnetic waves and the kinematic description of light discussed in Book 1.
Radiation by a charge
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at the energy radiated by a single charge. After deriving the Larmor formulas, it studies the paradigmatic cases of the radiation of a linearly accelerated charge. Next, it turns to the synchrotron radiation of a charge in circular motion. Finally, the chapter considers the radiation of a charge accelerated by an electromagnetic wave—Thomson scattering, which is when the energy is radiated to infinity. In addition, the chapter also reveals that the hydrogen atom as described by the Rutherford model of an electron orbiting a proton is highly unstable in Maxwell theory.
The equivalence principle
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter recalls several relevant aspects of Newton’s theory of gravity, as well as Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, to describe the conceptual path that Albert Einstein followed in going from the theory of special relativity to general relativity. Looking at 1907 and beyond, the chapter shows that the ambition of Einstein was to construct a theory in which all reference frames (and therefore none) were privileged. Moreover, there were no longer any inertial forces, no ordering of Newton’s absolute space. Therefore, Einstein’s theory was one in which the laws of physics had the same form in all frames, inertial or not, so that no frame could be regarded as being privileged. In brief, he sought a theory of general relativity.
Matter in curved spacetime
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the laws of motion of matter—particles, fluids, or fields—in the presence of an external gravitational field. In accordance with the equivalence principle, this motion will be ‘free’. That is, it is constrained only by the geometry of the spacetime whose curvature represents the gravitation. The concepts of energy, momentum, and angular momentum follow from the invariance of the solutions of the equations of motion under spatio-temporal translations or rotations. The chapter shows how the action is transformed, no longer under a modification of the field configuration, but instead under a displacement or, in the ‘passive’ version, under a translation of the coordinate grid in the opposite direction.
The Einstein equations
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with Einstein equations. In the absence of matter there is no gravitational field, and the spacetime which represents this empty universe is Minkowski spacetime. More precisely, if the gravitational field created by the matter can be neglected, the appropriate framework for describing the matter is that of special relativity. Einstein gravitational equations relate geometry and matter: specifically, they relate the Riemann tensor, or more precisely the Einstein tensor, to the geometrical object describing ‘inertia’, the energy content of the matter—that is, the energy–momentum tensor. These equations form a set of ten nonlinear partial differential equations. The coordinate system can be chosen arbitrarily.
The Schwarzschild solution
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Schwarzschild metric. To find the gravitational potential U produced by a spherically symmetric object in the Newtonian theory, it is necessary to solve the Poisson equation ΔU = 4πGρ. Here, the matter density ρ and U depend only on the radial coordinate r and possibly on the time t. Outside the source the solution is U = –GM/r, where M = 4π ∫ ρr2dr is the source mass. In general relativity the problem is to find the ‘spherically symmetric’ spacetime solutions of the Einstein equations, and the analog of the vacuum solution U = –GM/r is the Schwarzschild metric.
The Schwarzschild black hole
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Schwarzschild black hole. It demonstrates how, by a judicious change of coordinates, it is possible to eliminate the singularity of the Schwarzschild metric and reveal a spacetime that is much larger, like that of a black hole. At the end of its thermonuclear evolution, a star collapses and, if it is sufficiently massive, does not become stabilized in a new equilibrium configuration. The Schwarzschild geometry must therefore represent the gravitational field of such an object up to r = 0. This being said, the Schwarzschild metric in its original form is singular, not only at r = 0 where the curvature diverges, but also at r = 2m, a surface which is crossed by geodesics.
The two-body problem and radiative losses
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins by finding the field created by compact objects in the post-linear approximation of general relativity. The second quadrupole formula is then completely proven. Next, the chapter finds the equations of motion of the bodies in the field which they create to second order in the perturbations, assuming that their velocities are small. It shows that, to correctly describe the radiation reaction at 2.5 PN order, it will prove necessary to iterate Einstein equations a third time. This leads the discussion to the equations of motion, which generalize to order 1/c5 the EIH equations of order 1/c⁲. Finally, the chapter studies the effect of the radiation reaction force on the sources, and shows that there is an energy balance at 2.5 PN order between the energy radiated to infinity and the mechanical energy lost by the system.
Primordial quantum perturbations
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows that fluctuations of quantum origin are generated during inflation and that this process supplies initial conditions compatible with the observations. These fluctuations are therefore an important prediction of inflationary models. The chapter thus begins with a study of perturbations during inflation, proceeding in a similar manner to the previous chapter by finding the perturbation of the energy–momentum tensor of the scalar field. Another method of deriving the equations of motion of the perturbations is to start from the action of general relativity coupled to a scalar field, and expand to second order in the metric and scalar field perturbations. The chapter then proceeds with the determination of the initial conditions and the slow-roll inflation.
The Cartan structure equations
Authors: Deruelle Nathalie , Uzan Jean-Philippe 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Cartan structure equations. It first introduces a 1-form and its exterior derivative, before turning to a study of the connection and torsion forms, thereby expressing the torsion as a function of the connection forms and establishing the torsion differential 2-forms. It then turns to the curvature forms drawn from Chapter 23 and Cartan’s second structure equation, along with the curvature 2-forms. It also studies the Levi-Civita connection. The components of the Riemann tensor are then studied, with a Riemannian manifold, or a metric manifold with a torsion-less connection. The Riemann tensor of the Schwarzschild metric are finally discussed.
How is science to be carried forward, and its conclusions reported?
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The chapter appraises science as an intellectual activity that is appropriately carried out on its own terms. Consequently, it is not appropriate to introduce references to God as a component part of a mathematical proof, nor of a system of forces in the natural world, nor of a sequence of impersonal processes in the biosphere. This does not mean that it is inappropriate to be thankful to God and to celebrate all these aspects of the world as gifts. They can be employed as opportunities to express appreciation through studying and understanding them better in their own right. Nevertheless, there may be processes, such as those which shape a person’s self-identity, in which it is appropriate to recognize God’s more direct role. Good practice concerning acknowledgements sections in scientific publications such as doctoral theses and journal articles is then discussed.
What does it mean to be me?
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The chapter poses questions about personhood, and explores them through some philosophy, extended examples from machine learning and artificial intelligence, and religious reflection. Parfit’s Reasons and Persons and the use of game theory is explored. The question of human free will is framed as centring on the issue of responsibility. Recent advances in AI, especially learning systems such as AlphaGo, are presented. These do not settle any fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness, but they do encourage us to ask what our attitude to autonomous machines should be. The discussion then turns to human evolutionary development, and to what makes humans distinctive, touching on scientific, philosophical, and theological issues. Some aspects of philosophy and theology can be productively approached through storytelling; this fruitful method is seen at work in the Bible. To be responsible lies at the heart of what it means to be human.
The two Tabors
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The book contains three autobiographical chapters, one from each of the authors. In this one Andrew Briggs (A.B.) presents some of his experiences. Professor David Tabor was an important scientific and personal influence on A.B. in his doctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. A visit to Mount Tabor in Israel gave a memorable opportunity for reflection on the connection between spiritual matters and physical, geographical matters. Another important influence was the humble Christian and great nineteenth-century physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell had a verse from Psalm 111 inscribed over the doors of the Cavendish laboratory. When the laboratory was moved into new premises, A.B. asked whether the inscription could be included. This was agreed by the relevant committee. It reads: ‘The works of the Lord are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein’: a lovely motto for scientists.
The deeply subtle nature of physically existing things
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Physics borders onto metaphysics; in particular, it gives insight into the nature of physical reality. This nature is described by quantum mechanics; the chapter aims to show what kind of picture quantum mechanics provides. Physical existence is much more subtle than one might guess. Ordinary objects such as cups and tables are conglomerates not of brick-like particles but of interweaving oscillations like waves on an ocean. A significant aspect is a limit to the validity of reductionism in physical science, seen in the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. Entanglement is described through its experimentally observed nature. It plays a role in some natural phenomena, and it has technological applications to error-correction coding and quantum computing. The main features of these are introduced, in terms accessible to a general reader. A possible role for quantum entanglement in brain function is not established, but neither is it excluded.
A conversation about the themes, continued
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Halvorson Hans , Steane Andrew 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The conversation begun in chapter 2 is continued. Why are we not agnostic, or what is the difference between our stance on uncertainty and agnosticism? A well-thought-through religious commitment involves, for academic types at least, a great deal of intellectual activity, which a typical agnostic response does not. There is more impetus to investigate the basis of our commitment, not less. Meanwhile, science is also a process of learning that involves reasonable commitment, not certainty. And do we have a final word for a certain class of reader: the committed Christian who is nervous of a career in science, or of embracing science in its fullness as a truth-seeking activity, not just as an aid to technology? The authors share their sense of the great value of science and its role as an enricher not an opponent of the aim to know and serve God.
Modern Fortran Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Fortran marches on, remaining one of the principal programming languages used in high-performance scientific, numerical, and engineering computing. A series of significant revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its capabilities, and the latest standard—Fortran 2018—includes many additions and improvements. This second edition of Modern Fortran Explained expands on the first. Given the release of updated versions of Fortran compilers, the separate descriptions of Fortran 2003 and Fortran 2008 have been incorporated into the main text, which thereby becomes a unified description of the full Fortran 2008 version of the language. This is much cleaner, many deficiencies and irregularities in the earlier language versions having been resolved. It includes object orientation and parallel processing with coarrays. Four completely new chapters describe the additional features of Fortran 2018, with its enhancements to coarrays for parallel programming, interoperability with C, IEEE arithmetic, and various other improvements. Written by leading experts in the field, two of whom have actively contributed to Fortran 2018, this is a complete and authoritative description of Fortran in its latest form. It is intended for new and existing users of the language, and for all those involved in scientific and numerical computing. It is suitable as a textbook for teaching and, with its index, as a handy reference for practitioners.
Program units and procedures
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A description of how a complete program is built from a main program and, optionally, subroutines and functions, some or all of which may be packaged into modules. They may themselves contain internal subroutines and functions. The methods by which information is transmitted between these components via arguments, host association, and use association are described. The concepts of scope and recursion are introduced.
Object-oriented programming
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The object-oriented approach to programming and design is characterized by its focus on the data structures of a program rather than the procedures. Often, invoking a procedure with a data object as its principal argument is thought of as ‘sending a message’ to the object. Special language support is typically available for collecting these procedures (sometimes known as ‘methods’) together with the definition of the type of the object. This approach is supported in Fortran by type extension, polymorphic variables, type-bound procedures, abstract types, and finalization.
Correlational Information
Authors: Shea Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Correlation is the first exploitable relation we will consider. Correlations turn into content when they are exploited by a system: the content-constituting correlations are those which unmediatedly explain a system’s performance of its task functions (and thereby qualify as UE correlational information). This chapter shows that this approach works for fixing content in a range of case studies from cognitive science. It does so without having to appeal to representation consumers whose outputs play a content-constituting role. In each case study, contents fixed in this way do a good job of underpinning the characteristic explanatory grammar of representational explanation: correct representation explains successful behaviour and misrepresentation explains failure.