bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closing the gap between palaeontological and neontological speciation and extinction rate estimates
Authors: Silvestro Daniele , Warnock Rachel C. M. , Gavryushkina Alexandra , Stadler Tanja 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMeasuring the pace at which speciation and extinction occur is fundamental to understanding the origin and evolution of biodiversity. Both the fossil record and molecular phylogenies of living species can provide independent estimates of speciation and extinction rates, but often produce strikingly divergent results. Despite its implications, the theoretical reasons for this discrepancy remain unknown. Here, we reveal a conceptual and methodological basis able to reconcile palaeontological and molecular evidence: discrepancies are driven by different implicit assumptions about the processes of speciation and species evolution in palaeontological and neontological analyses. We present the “birth-death chronospecies” model that clarifies the definition of speciation and extinction processes allowing for a coherent joint analysis of fossil and phylogenetic data. Using simulations and empirical analyses we demonstrate not only that this model explains much of the apparent incongruence between fossils and phylogenies, but that differences in rate estimates are actually informative about the prevalence of different speciation modes.
PDL2+ CD11b+ dermal dendritic cells capture topical antigen through hair follicles to prime LAP+ Tregs
Authors: Tordesillas Leticia , Lozano-Ojalvo Daniel , Dunkin David , Mondoulet Lucie , Agudo Judith , Merad Miriam , Sampson Hugh A. , Berin M. Cecilia 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe skin immune system must discriminate between innocuous antigens and pathogens. Antigen applied topically using a Viaskin® patch elicits immune tolerance that can suppress colitis and food allergy. Here we show how topical antigen is acquired and presented by dendritic cells in the skin. Topical antigen is acquired by Langerhans cells (LC) and CD11b+ cDC2s but not cDC1s, and both LCs and CD11b+ cDC2s reaching the lymph node can prime T cells and expand LAP+ Tregs. However, LCs are neither required nor sufficient for T cell priming, and have no role in tolerance induction. Conversely, IRF-4-dependent cDC2s are required for T cell priming. Acquisition of antigen in the dermis, delivery to the draining lymph node, and generation of tolerance are all absent in hairless mice. These results indicate an important function for hair follicle niche and CD11b+ cDC2s in antigen acquisition, and in generation of primary immune tolerance to topical antigens.
Unexpectedly large energy variations from dopant interactions in ferroelectric HfO2 from high-throughput ab initio calculations
Authors: Falkowski Max , Künneth Christopher , Materlik Robin , Kersch Alfred 
Published: December 2018

AbstractInsight into the origin of process-related properties like small-scale inhomogeneities is key for material optimization. Here, we analyze DFT calculations of randomly doped HfO2 structures with Si, La, and VO and relate them to the kind of production process. Total energies of the relevant ferroelectric Pbc21 phase are compared with the competing crystallographic phases under the influence of the arising local inhomogeneities in a coarse-grained approach. The interaction among dopants adds to the statistical effect from the random positioning of the dopants. In anneals after atomic layer or chemical solution deposition processes, which are short compared to ceramic process tempering, the large energy variations remain because the dopants do not diffuse. Since the energy difference is the criterion for the phase stability, the large variation suggests the possibility of nanoregions and diffuse phase transitions because these local doping effects may move the system over the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase boundary.
Triple lead cephalic versus subclavian vein approach in cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation
Authors: Vogler Julia , Geisler Anne , Gosau Nils , Hakmi Samer , Willems Stephan , Rassaf Tienush , Wakili Reza , Kaya Elif 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation is associated with severe complications including pneumo- and hemothorax. Data on a sole cephalic vein approach (sCV), potentially preventing these complications, are limited. The aim of our study was to compare a sole cSV with a subclavian vein approach (SV) in CRT implantations with respect to feasibility and safety. We performed a prospective cohort study enrolling twenty-four consecutive de-novo CRT implantations (group A) using a sCV at two centers. Fifty-four age-matched CRT patients implanted via the SV served (group B) as reference. Procedural success rate and complications were recorded during a follow-up of 4 weeks. All CRTs could be implanted in group A, with 91.7% using cephalic access alone. In group B, CRT implantation was successfully performed in 96.3%. Procedure and fluoroscopy duration were similar for both groups (sCV vs. SV: 119 ± 45 vs. 106 ± 31 minutes, 17 ± 9 vs 14 ± 9 minutes). Radiation dosage was higher in sCV group vs. SV (2984 ± 2370 vs. 1580 ± 1316 cGy*cm2; p = 0.001). There was no case of a pneumothorax in group of sCV, while two cases were observed using SV. Overall complication rate was similar (sCV: 13.0% vs. SV: 12.5%). de-novo CRT implantation using a triple cephalic vein approach is feasible. Procedure duration and complication rates were similar, while radiation dosage was higher in the sCV compared to the SV approach. Despite its feasibility in the clinical routine, controlled prospective studies with longer follow-up are required to elucidate a potential benefit with respect to lead longevity.
Pre-obese children’s dysbiotic gut microbiome and unhealthy diets may predict the development of obesity
Authors: Rampelli Simone , Guenther Kathrin , Turroni Silvia , Wolters Maike , Veidebaum Toomas , Kourides Yiannis , Molnár Dénes , Lissner Lauren , Benitez-Paez Alfonso , Sanz Yolanda , Fraterman Arno , Michels Nathalie , Brigidi Patrizia , Candela Marco , Ahrens Wolfgang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIt is widely accepted that the intestinal microbiome is connected to obesity, as key mediator of the diet impact on the host metabolic and immunological status. To investigate whether the individual gut microbiome has a potential in predicting the onset and progression of diseases, here we characterized the faecal microbiota of 70 children in a two-time point prospective study, within a four-year window. All children had normal weight at the beginning of this study, but 36 of them gained excessive weight at the subsequent check-up. Microbiome data were analysed together with the hosts’ diet information, physical activity, and inflammatory parameters. We find that the gut microbiota structures were stratified into a discrete number of groups, characterized by different biodiversity that correlates with inflammatory markers and dietary habits, regardless of age, gender, and body weight. Collectively, our data underscore the importance of the microbiome–host–diet configuration as a possible predictor of obesity.
Ring shape-dependent self-sorting of pillar[n]arenes assembled on a surface
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Takashima Shu , Inada Natsumi , Asakawa Hitoshi , Fukuma Takeshi , Shoji Yoshiaki , Kajitani Takashi , Fukushima Takanori , Tada Tomofumi , Dotera Tomonori , Kakuta Takahiro , Yamagishi Tada-aki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSelf-sorting, in which multiple components selectively assemble themselves by recognising self from others, is an attractive approach to produce supramolecular assemblies with controlled structures. Lock-and-key type complementary physical interactions are required for self-sorting because selective affinity is necessary to distinguish self from others. Here we show self-sorting behaviour based on a principle of geometrical complementarity by shape during our investigation of assembly of pentagonal pillar[5]arenes and hexagonal pillar[6]arenes on a surface. In the homoassembly systems, anionic pillar[5]arenes and pillar[6]arenes are adsorbed onto positively charged layers of cationic pillar[5]arenes and pillar[6]arenes, respectively, through cationic-anionic electrostatic interactions. In contrast, ionic pillar[5]arenes are adsorbed onto layers constructed from oppositely charged pillar[5]arenes, but ionic pillar[6]arenes are not. Equally, for the reverse combination, ionic pillar[6]arenes are adsorbed onto layers constructed from oppositely charged pillar[6]arenes, but ionic pillar[5]arenes are not. The geometrical complementarity by shape realises effective self-sorting even in non-directional multivalent ionic interactions.
A statistical approach to detect protein complexes at X-ray free electron laser facilities
Authors: Pietrini Alberto , Bielecki Johan , Timneanu Nicusor , Hantke Max F. , Andreasson Jakob , Loh N. Duane , Larsson Daniel S. D. , Boutet Sébastien , Hajdu Janos , Maia Filipe R. N. C. , Nettelblad Carl 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Flash X-ray Imaging (FXI) technique, under development at X-ray free electron lasers (XFEL), aims to achieve structure determination based on diffraction from individual macromolecular complexes. We report an FXI study on the first protein complex—RNA polymerase II—ever injected at an XFEL. A successful 3D reconstruction requires a high number of observations of the sample in various orientations. The measured diffraction signal for many shots can be comparable to background. Here we present a robust and highly sensitive hit-identification method based on automated modeling of beamline background through photon statistics. It can operate at controlled false positive hit-rate of 3 × 10−5. We demonstrate its power in determining particle hits and validate our findings against an independent hit-identification approach based on ion time-of-flight spectra. We also validate the advantages of our method over simpler hit-identification schemes via tests on other samples and using computer simulations, showing a doubled hit-identification power.
Associations of tumor necrosis factor-α polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Huang Xue , Qin Shanyu , Liu Yongru , Tao Lin , Jiang Haixing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground: Recently, the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) polymorphisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) were analyzed by some pilot studies, with inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed the present study to better assess the relationship between TNF-α polymorphisms and the risk of CRC.Methods: Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase and CNKI. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess correlations between TNF-α polymorphisms and CRC.Results: A total of 22 studies were included for analyses. A significant association with the risk of CRC was detected for TNF-α -308 G/A (recessive model: P = 0.004, OR = 1.42, 95%CI 1.12–1.79) polymorphism in overall analyses. Further subgroup analyses based on ethnicity of participants revealed that TNF-α -238 G/A was significantly correlated with the risk of CRC in Caucasians (dominant model: P = 0.01, OR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.26–0.86; overdominant model: P = 0.01, OR = 2.27, 95%CI 1.20–4.30; allele model: P = 0.02, OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.29–0.90), while -308 G/A polymorphism was significantly correlated with the risk of CRC in Asians (recessive model: P = 0.001, OR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.38–3.63).Conclusions: Our findings indicated that TNF-α -238 G/A polymorphism may serve as a potential biological marker for CRC in Caucasians, and TNF-α -308 G/A polymorphism may serve as a potential biological marker for CRC in Asians.
A nonlinear model of the hand-arm system and parameters identification using vibration transmissibility
Authors: Hida Nahid , Abid Mohamed , Lakrad Faouzi 
Published: December 2018

In the present paper a lumped single degree-of-freedom nonlinear model is used to study biodynamic responses of the hand arm system (HAS) under harmonic vibrations. Then, the harmonic balance method is implemented to derive the vibration transmissibility. Furthermore,Padé approximations are used in the identification process of biodynamic characteristics of the HAS model. This process is based on minimizing the distance between the theoretical and the experimentally measured transmissibilities.
The proposed identification workflow is applied to vibrations at the wrist in two cases: 1) the transmissibility versus the grip force for fixed excitation frequencies, and 2) the transmissibility versus the excitation frequency for fixed grip force.
Botulinumtoxin bei Blasenfunktionsstörungen
Authors: Schulte-Baukloh Heinrich , Bauer Ricarda , Jost Wolfgang , Wissel Jörg , van Ophoven Arndt 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungDie neurogene Detrusorhyperaktivität und die nicht-neurogene. sog. idiopathische überaktive Blase (engl. Overactive Bladder OAB) sind gekennzeichnet durch einen imperativen Harndrang mit oder ohne Harninkontinenz, eine deutlich erhöhte Miktionsfrequenz, und sie sind häufig begleitet von einer Nykturie. Als second-line Therapie nach Versagen einer anticholinergen Behandlung dieser Erkrankungen hat sich die OnabotulinumtoxinA Detrusorinjektion fest etabliert. Der Eingriff ist sowohl im stationären als auch im ambulanten Setting und unter Allgemein- oder Lokalanästhesie durchführbar. Nebenwirkungen betreffen hauptsächlich das Auftreten von Harnwegsinfekten sowie – insbesondere bei neurogen bedingten Funktionsstörungen – den Harnverhalt. Wenn der Neurologe Hinweise auf eine Detrusorhyperaktivität hat und bisherige medikamentöse Therapieversuche nicht zu dem gewünschten Erfolg führen, empfiehlt sich somit eine Vorstellung beim Urologen zur Frage der OnabotulinumtoxinA-Detrusorinjektion.Dieser Artikel beschränkt sich auf die zugelassenen Indikationen der OnabotulinumtoxinA Detrusorinjektionen und fasst ihre aktuelle Datenlage zusammen.
Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der Ernährungstherapie von Intensivpatienten
Authors: Koch Alexander , Bündgens Lukas , Herbers Ulf , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank 
Published: December 2018

Was ist neu?
Identifikation von Intensivpatienten mit hohem Risiko einer Mangelernährung Mehr als 50 % der Intensivpatienten weisen bereits bei Aufnahme eine unspezifische Mangelernährung auf, jeder 10. Patient eine Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung. Bei lediglich ⅓ der Intensivpatienten ist keine Mangelernährung nachweisbar. Die Sterblichkeit von Intensivpatienten mit unspezifischer und/oder Protein-Energie-Mangelernährung ist erhöht. Zur Identifikation dieser Risikopatienten sind klinische Scores wie der NRS 2002 etabliert.
Ernährungstherapie kritisch kranker Patienten Zur Ernährungstherapie kritisch kranker Patienten gibt es neue evidenzbasierte europäische (ESPEN) und deutsche Leitlinien (DGEM).
Energiebedarf Die indirekte Kalorimetrie ist weiterhin der Goldstandard zur Bestimmung des Energiebedarfs. Ist eine Kalorimetrie nicht verfügbar, sollte im klinischen Alltag der Energiebedarf in der Akutphase mit 24 kcal/kg KG/d (DGEM-Leitlinie) bzw. 20 – 25 kcal/kg KG/d (ESPEN-Leitlinie) bei nicht adipösen Patienten (BMI < 30 kg/m2) abgeschätzt werden. Bei adipösen Patienten mit einem BMI von 30 – 50 kg/m2 sollte ein Energieziel von 11 – 14 kcal/kg KG/d (tatsächliches Körpergewicht) und bei Patienten mit einem BMI > 50 kg/m2 eines von 22 – 25 kcal/kg (ideales Körpergewicht) erreicht werden.
Proteinbedarf Der Proteinbedarf kritisch kranker Patienten liegt bei 1,2 – 1,3 g/kg KG/d tatsächliches aktuelles Körpergewicht. In der frühen Akutphase (Tag 1 – 3) sollte die Ernährung mit 75 % des Proteinziels begonnen und bis zum Ende dieser Phase auf 100 % gesteigert werden, um eine prognostisch ungünstige hyperkalorische Ernährung in der Akutphase zu vermeiden.
Start der Ernährungstherapie: wann und wie? Die Ernährungstherapie von Intensivpatienten soll innerhalb von 24 – 48 h nach Aufnahme in Form einer frühen enteralen Ernährung initiiert werden.
Zeitpunkt des Erreichens des kalorischen Ziels In zwei großen prospektiven, randomisierten, multizentrischen klinischen Studien (CALORIE und NUTRIREA-2) wurde gezeigt, dass parenterale und enterale Ernährung bei kritisch kranken Patienten in den wichtigen klinischen Endpunkten vergleichbar sind. Eine supplementierende parenterale Ernährung kann in der Akutphase sinnvoll sein, falls das angestrebte (hypokalorische) Energieziel mit enteraler Ernährung allein nicht zu erreichen ist, eine prognostisch ungünstige hyperkalorische Ernährung muss jedoch vermieden werden.
Probiotika Die routinemäßige Anwendung von Probiotika in der Intensivmedizin wird nicht empfohlen.
Gastrale oder post-pylorische Ernährung? Standardapplikationsweg einer enteralen Ernährung sind gastrale Sonden.
Simvastatin-induzierte Myopathie nach Dosiserhöhung
Authors: Kandzia Imke , Kowar Michael , Frackowiak Monika , Jacobs Andreas 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese und klinischer Befund Wir berichten von einem 86-jährigen Patienten, der aufgrund einer zunehmenden Schwäche des rechten Beines aufgenommen wurde.
Untersuchungen und Diagnose Laborchemisch zeigten sich erhöhte Blutspiegel von Kreatinkinase und Kreatinin und im EMG konnte zusätzlich eine pseudomonotone Entladung im Sinne einer neuromuskulären Schädigung nachgewiesen werden. Da anamnestisch eine Erhöhung der Statindosis auf 80 mg täglich vor ca. 6 Monaten zu eruieren war, wurde die Diagnose einer Simvastatin-induzierten Myopathie mit Rhabdomyolyse gestellt.
Therapie und Verlauf Nach Absetzen der Statin-Therapie und unter Flüssigkeitssubstitution zeigten sich sowohl die Laborwerte als auch die klinische Symptomatik deutlich rückläufig.
Folgerung Bei unklarer neurologischer Symptomatik unter Statin-Therapie sollte an eine Statin-induzierte Myopathie gedacht und ggf. die Therapie beendet werden.
Using the Probability of Cesarean from a Validated Cesarean Prediction Calculator to Predict Labor Length and Morbidity
Authors: Hamm Rebecca , Downes Katheryne , Srinivas Sindhu , Levine Lisa 
Published: December 2018

Objective To determine if increasing predicted risk of cesarean was associated with longer labor length and increased morbidity among women undergoing induction with an unfavorable cervix.
Study Design Using a publically available database, we evaluated whether a previously validated prediction model for cesarean delivery after induction was associated with labor length, maternal morbidity (third-/fourth-degree lacerations, endometritis, blood transfusion, wound infection, venous thromboembolism, hysterectomy, intensive care unit admission, and death), and neonatal morbidity (blood transfusion, encephalopathy, intraventricular hemorrhage, severe respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis). Full-term (≥37 weeks) singleton gestations with intact membranes and an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score ≤6 and dilation ≤2 cm) undergoing induction of labor were included.
Results A total of 8,466 women met the inclusion criteria. Each category increase in cesarean probability (<20, 20–39.9, 40–59.9, ≥60%) was associated with an increase in labor length (9.6, 10.8, 11.7, and 11.9 hours, respectively; p < 0.001). With increasing predicted probability of cesarean there, was also a significant increase in maternal morbidity with each category (2.6, 4.7, 5.1, 6.1%; p = 0.001) and increase in neonatal morbidity (0.9, 1.5, 2, 2.2%; p = 0.002).
Conclusion Using a validated prediction model for cesarean delivery among women induced with an unfavorable cervix, increasing predicted probability of cesarean is associated with longer labor length and increased maternal and neonatal morbidity.
Minimally Invasive Interventional Management of Osteoarthritic Chronic Knee Pain
Authors: Jones Mark , Patel Riki , Adamian Leena , Seifert Danica , Thompson William , Viswanath Omar , Urits Ivan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChronic knee pain is a widely prevalent issue that can have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. One of the leading causes of chronic knee pain is osteoarthritis. Total knee replacement is often the last and definitive resort for patients with severe symptomatic osteoarthritis after trial of less invasive interventions with failure to achieve symptomatic relief. Intra-articular injections are a mainstay of adjunctive conservative management and have demonstrated efficacy in reducing pain. Radiofrequency treatment is a viable option for poor surgical candidates, or for patients having persistent, chronic pain following knee surgery. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy is another modality growing in use that may offer short-term symptomatic relief. In this review, we will discuss widely used minimally invasive interventional options for the symptomatic management of osteoarthritic chronic knee pain.
Effects of Surgery and Radiotherapy on Recurrent Skull Base Meningiomas: Clinical and Biological Analyses
Authors: Ichimura Shinya , Kawase Takeshi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe reviewed the medical records of 392 patients who underwent initial surgery for skull base meningiomas between 1983 and 2008. Among them, 32 (8.2%) showed tumor recurrence. Risk factors for recurrence were analyzed clinically and biologically. Recurrent cases were treated with radiotherapy, surgery, or both. In reoperation cases, pathological and biological changes were analyzed and compared between groups with or without radiotherapy. The recurrence rate was statistically high in cases of partial tumor removal and in patients with tumor in the cavernous sinus, tumors with histological WHO (World Health Organization) grade ≥ II or MIB-1 index > 3. The local control rate of postoperative radiotherapy for recurrent cases was 66.7%. Malignant transformation and MIB-1 index elevation was observed more frequently in patients who underwent reoperation after radiotherapy than in the reoperation-only group. Risk factors for recurrence of skull base meningiomas are as follows: (1) partial tumor removal, (2) tumor in the cavernous sinus, (3) histological WHO grade ≥ II, or (4) MIB-1 index > 3. Postoperative radiotherapy might be effective for tumor recurrence. However, the indications for radiotherapy should be carefully considered because postsurgical radiotherapy may increase biological activity, inducing malignant transformation.
Cumulative culture and explicit metacognition: a review of theories, evidence and key predictions
Authors: Dunstone Juliet , Caldwell Christine A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA variety of different proposals have attempted to explain the apparent uniqueness of human cumulative culture as a consequence of underlying mechanisms that are also assumed to be uniquely well-developed in humans. Recently, Heyes and colleagues have proposed explicit (or Type 2) metacognition as a key feature of human cognition that might enable cumulative culture. In the current review we examine these arguments, and consider their plausibility. Firstly we consider whether distinctions between cognitive processes described as explicit/implicit, and Type 1/2 (or Systems 1/2), do indeed capture features that distinguish processes specific to human cognition, versus those that are shared with other species. In particular we consider whether this applies to distinctions relating to metacognitive processes. We also consider the ways in which explicit metacognitive processing might plausibly facilitate cumulative culture. We categorise the potential benefits as either optimising receiver behaviour, or optimising sender behaviour. Within both of these categories benefits could arise as a consequence of more effective representation of either one’s own knowledge state, or that of others. We evaluate the current state of evidence supporting each of these potential benefits. We conclude by proposing methodological approaches that could be used to directly test the theory, and also identify which (if any) of the possible causal mechanisms may be implicated.