bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of the potential of environmental DNA as a tool for the detection of avian species
Authors: Ushio Masayuki , Murata Koichi , Sado Tetsuya , Nishiumi Isao , Takeshita Masamichi , Iwasaki Wataru , Miya Masaki 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBirds play unique functional roles in the maintenance of ecosystems, such as pollination and seed dispersal, and thus monitoring bird species diversity is a first step towards avoiding undesirable consequences of anthropogenic impacts on bird communities. In the present study, we hypothesized that birds, regardless of their main habitats, must have frequent contact with water and that tissues that contain their DNA that persists in the environment (environmental DNA; eDNA) could be used to detect the presence of avian species. To this end, we applied a set of universal PCR primers (MiBird, a modified version of fish/mammal universal primers) for metabarcoding avian eDNA. We confirmed the versatility of MiBird primers by performing in silico analyses and by amplifying DNAs extracted from bird tissues. Analyses of water samples from zoo cages of birds with known species composition suggested that the use of MiBird primers combined with Illumina MiSeq could successfully detect avian species from water samples. Additionally, analysis of water samples collected from a natural pond detected five avian species common to the sampling areas. The present findings suggest that avian eDNA metabarcoding would be a complementary detection/identification tool in cases where visual census of bird species is difficult.
Structural characterisation of the catalytic domain of botulinum neurotoxin X - high activity and unique substrate specificity
Authors: Masuyer Geoffrey , Zhang Sicai , Barkho Sulyman , Shen Yi , Henriksson Linda , Košenina Sara , Dong Min , Stenmark Pål 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most potent toxins known and are also used to treat an increasing number of medical disorders. There are seven well-established serotypes (BoNT/A-G), which all act as zinc-dependent endopeptidases targeting specific members of the SNARE proteins required for synaptic vesicle exocytosis in neurons. A new toxin serotype, BoNT/X, was recently identified. It cleaves not only the canonical targets, vesicle associated membrane proteins (VAMP) 1/2/3 at a unique site, but also has the unique ability to cleave VAMP4/5 and Ykt6. Here we report the 1.35 Å X-ray crystal structure of the light chain of BoNT/X (LC/X). LC/X shares the core fold common to all other BoNTs, demonstrating that LC/X is a bona fide member of BoNT-LCs. We found that access to the catalytic pocket of LC/X is more restricted, and the regions lining the catalytic pocket are not conserved compared to other BoNTs. Kinetic studies revealed that LC/X cleaves VAMP1 with a ten times higher efficiency than BoNT/B and the tetanus neurotoxin. The structural information provides a molecular basis to understand the convergence/divergence between BoNT/X and other BoNTs, to develop effective LC inhibitors, and to engineer new scientific tools and therapeutic toxins targeting distinct SNARE proteins in cells.
Early direct competition does not determine the community structure in a desert riparian forest
Authors: Wu Guilin , Jiang Shaowei , Liu Hui , Zhu Shidan , Zhou Duoduo , Zhang Ying , Luo Qi , Li Jun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn riparian zones along the Tarim River in northeastern China, the co-dominance by Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima at the early succession stage shifts to P. euphratica dominance in the late stages. However, little is known about how this shift is mediated by the highly variable water conditions in riparian zones. Here we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which we measured the physiological and morphological traits of these two co-occuring species grown in mixtures under simulated favorable groundwater condition and no groundwater availability. Results indicated that T. ramosissima, in comparison to P. euphratica, had much lower WUE, less proportion of root biomass under favorable groundwater condition. Under no groundwater condition, T. ramosissima also showed higher maximal quantum yield of PSII which allowed it to accumulate higher aboveground and total biomass. Therefore, regardless of groundwater conditions, T. ramosissima exhibited superior competitive advantages against P. euphratica under direct competition condition, which demonstrates that the dominance shift was not resulted from the direct competition at seedling stage. Our findings further imply that a strategy of “sit and wait” in P. euphratica might favor its growth and survival when suffered flooding disturbances, thus allowing P. euphratica not being excluded through competition at early successional stage.
Directly converting carbon dioxide to linear α-olefins on bio-promoted catalysts
Authors: Guo Lisheng , Sun Jian , Ji Xuewei , Wei Jian , Wen Zhiyong , Yao Ruwei , Xu Hengyong , Ge Qingjie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlthough considerable efforts have been made in converting carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons via hydrogenation processes, precise control of C–C coupling towards heavy olefins remains a challenge. Here we report a carbon dioxide hydrogenation to olefin process that achieves 72% selectivity for alkenes and 50.3% selectivity for C4–18 alkenes, of which formation of linear α-olefins accounts for 80%. The process is catalyzed by carbon-supported iron, commonly used in C–C coupling reactions, with multiple alkali promoters extracted from corncob. The design is based on the synergistic catalysis of mineral elements in biomass enzyme on which carbon dioxide can be directly converted into carbohydrate. The mineral elements from corncob may promote the surface enrichment of potassium, suppressing the secondary hydrogenation of alkenes on active sites. Furthermore, carburization of iron species is enhanced to form more Fe5C2 species, promoting both the reverse water–gas shift reaction and subsequent C–C coupling.
In Situ ‘Trans-Metal Trapping’: An Efficient Way to Extend the Scope of Aromatic Deprotometalation
Authors: Erb William , Mongin Florence , Brikci-Nigassa Nahida , Bentabed-Ababsa Ghenia 
Published: March 2018

Deprotometalation is an efficient method to functionalize regioselectively aromatic compounds including heterocycles. This short review shows how it is possible to intercept aryllithiums (and other polar arylmetals) as soon as they are formed by in situ ‘trans-metal trapping’. The approach avoids long contact between aryllithiums and sensitive substrates. In addition, it allows less activated substrates to be deprotonated by non-nucleophilic lithium amides. While using chloro­silanes and borates still arouses the interest of chemists, more recently, methods based on zinc, aluminum and gallium have appeared, enabling this chemistry to grow dramatically.1	Introduction2	Silicon-Based In Situ Traps3	Boron-Based In Situ Traps4	Zinc-Based In Situ Traps5	Aluminum- and Gallium-Based In Situ Traps6	Other In Situ Traps7	Continuous-Flow In Situ ‘Trans-Metal Trapping’8	Conclusion
EEG: Stellenwerte und technische Voraussetzungen der EEG-Untersuchung
Authors: Hartl Elisabeth , Noachtar Soheyl 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDie EEG-Kommission der DGKN hat Richtlinien für die Durchführung und die Auswertung der EEG-Untersuchung formuliert, mit dem Ziel der Sicherung von Qualität und Vergleichbarkeit von Befunden [1]. Diese Mindestanforderungen umfassen definitionsgemäß nicht das gesamte für eine qualifizierte Ausführung erforderliche Wissen. Eine umfassende Darstellung der Elektroenzephalografie geben entsprechende Lehrbücher [2].
Judicial Federalism and Representation
Authors: Kastellec Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractI examine the relationship between judicial federalism and state-level representation. I develop a framework in which federal courts establish a federal “floor” in a policy area, thus creating an asymmetry—states with lower levels of policy must shift policy to the floor, whereas states with higher levels of policy above the floor are unaffected. I use the framework to recast the “countermajoritarian difficulty” as an issue of federalism. To illustrate the framework, I present a quantitative analysis of the legalization of same-sex marriage in all 50 states, using data on public opinion, federal and state judicial decisions, and state-level policy.
‘An Overpowering “Itch for Writing”’: R.K. Philp, John Denman and the Culture of Self-Improvement
Authors: Chase Malcolm 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
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After a briefly prominent career in Chartism, Robert Kemp Philp (1819–82) became one of the most widely published authors in Victorian Britain, promoting self-help and self-improvement through education. From a background in magazine journalism, he moved to producing serialised reference works which, when completed, were re-published in book form. This hybridisation of periodical journalism and the non-fiction book created a genre distinct from popular novels, non-fiction and magazines, yet one which was indebted to all three. The best known, Enquire Within Upon Everything (1856) sold almost 1.3 million copies by 1900 and remained in print until 1973. However, Philp has not enjoyed an enduring reputation: almost all his work was published anonymously, while the consumption of popular non-fiction has been largely overlooked in histories of the printed word. John Denman (fl. 1863–9) inhabited the shadier world of horse racing, where he was a high-stakes gambler and promoted off-course betting after it was criminalised. The article establishes a profound connection between the apostle of self-improvement and the mercurial man of the Turf: Denman was Philp’s alias. Their careers are reconstructed and analysed. Social ambition and a desire for fame impelled Philp to be a profligate author; but both he and his alter ego claimed to systematise hitherto opaque, confusing and inaccessible fields of knowledge. Philp took significant risks legally, financially and with his family’s reputation and well-being. This contrasts sharply with the picture of domestic contentment Philp assiduously promoted as a writer, but ideals of self-improvement underpinned them both.
Effects of rumen-protected arginine supplementation and arginine-HCl injection on site and extent of digestion and small intestinal amino acid disappearance in forage-fed steers1
Authors: Meyer Allison M , Klein Sharnae I , Kapphahn Marsha , Dhuyvetter Dan V , Musser Robert E , Caton Joel S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Four ruminally and intestinally cannulated steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate effects of rumen-protected Arg supplementation or intravenous Arg injection on small intestinal delivery of AA, site and extent of digestion, and ruminal fermentation. Steers were fed grass hay (7.2% CP, 67.6% NDF, 0.29% Arg) for ad libitum intake with no additional Arg (CON), 54-mg L-Arg/kg BW injected intravenously (Arg-INJ), 180-mg rumen-protected L-Arg/kg BW daily (Arg-RP180), or 360-mg rumen-protected L-Arg/kg BW daily (Arg-RP360). Half of each treatment dose was administered twice daily. Each period had a 7-d washout of hay only followed by a 14-d treatment and collection period. Ruminal disappearance (%) of Arg was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for both Arg-RP treatments than CON and Arg-INJ, although the amount of Arg disappearing was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P &lt; 0.001). Duodenal flow and small intestinal disappearance (g/d) of Arg was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P &lt; 0.004). Ileal flow of Arg was greatest in Arg-RP360, intermediate in Arg-RP180, and least in CON (P = 0.01) because the proportional small intestinal disappearance of Arg was not different (P = 0.96). Steers fed Arg-RP360 had greater (P = 0.01) ileal flow of Orn and tended to have greater (P = 0.09) ileal flow of Glu than all other treatments. There were no differences in hay or total DMI, microbial efficiency, or OM, NDF, or ADF digestibility (P ≥ 0.10). Total N intake and duodenal N flow were greater in Arg-RP360 than all other treatments (P ≤ 0.02). Total tract N digestibility was greatest in Arg-RP360, followed by Arg-RP180, and least in CON and Arg-INJ (P = 0.003). Ruminal ammonia was greater (P = 0.004) in Arg-RP360 compared with CON and Arg-INJ and greater (P = 0.06) in Arg-RP180 than CON. There was no effect of treatment (P ≥ 0.37) on total VFA, acetate, propionate, or butyrate concentrations. Results indicate that feeding rumen-protected Arg increases small intestinal Arg flow with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and total tract digestibility of OM and fiber.
Open Lung Biopsy in Nonresolving Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Commonly Identifies Corticosteroid-Sensitive Pathologies, Associated With Better Outcome*
Authors: Gerard Ludovic , Bidoul Thomas , Castanares-Zapatero Diego , Wittebole Xavier , Lacroix Valérie , Froidure Antoine , Hoton Delphine , Laterre Pierre-François 
Published: March 2018

Objectives:
Approximately half of the patients undergoing lung biopsy for nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome exhibit another histologic pattern than diffuse alveolar damage, with some of the pathologies characterized by a potential response to corticosteroids. This study aimed to assess whether open lung biopsy performed in the ICU for nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome was able to identify steroid-sensitive diseases and whether patients with a steroid-sensitive pathology experienced different clinical courses and outcomes.

Design:
Retrospective analysis.

Setting:
One 22-bed mixed ICU within a tertiary medical center.

Patients:
Patients age greater than or equal to 16 years old who met the Berlin definition for acute respiratory distress syndrome and underwent open lung biopsy from January 2007 to January 2017.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
During the study period, 695 patients diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome were identified, 51 (7%) of whom underwent open lung biopsy. An alternative diagnosis to diffuse alveolar damage was found in 29 patients (57%), and a steroid-sensitive pathology was identified in 19 (37%). In-hospital and 180-day mortality rates were 55% and 61%, respectively. There was a significant difference in hospital mortality and 180-day mortality rates between patients with steroid-sensitive pathology and those with steroid-resistant pathology (37% vs 65%; p < 0.045 and 37% vs 75%; p < 0.007, respectively). We did not identify any variable that could reliably predict a steroid-sensitive histologic pattern before open lung biopsy.

Conclusions:
Open lung biopsy was able to identify a steroid-sensitive pathology in a significant proportion of nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. These patients had a better outcome, with lower hospital mortality and 180-day mortality.
Lymphatic Drainage of the Splenic Flexure Defined by Intraoperative Scintigraphic Mapping
Authors: Vasey Carolyn E. , Rajaratnam Siraj , O’Grady Gregory , Hulme-Moir Mike 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:
The optimal surgical management of splenic flexure cancer is debated, partly because of an incomplete understanding of the lymphatic drainage of this region.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aimed to evaluate the normal lymphatic drainage of the human splenic flexure using laparoscopic scintigraphic mapping.

DESIGN:
This was a clinical trial.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a single tertiary care center.

PATIENTS:
Thirty consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resections without splenic flexure pathology were recruited.

INTERVENTION:
Technetium-99m was injected subserosally at the splenic flexure.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Lymphatic scintigraphic mapping was undertaken at 15, 30, and 60 minutes using a laparoscopic gamma probe at the left branch of the middle colic, left colic, inferior mesenteric, and ileocolic (control) lymphovascular pedicles.

RESULTS:
Lymphatic drainage at 60 minutes was strongly dominant in the direction of the left colic pedicle (96% of patients), with a median gamma count of 284 (interquartile range, 113–413), versus the left branch of the middle colic count of 31 (interquartile range, 15–49; p < 0.0001). This equated to a median 9.2-times greater flow to the left colic versus the middle colic. Counts at the left colic were greater than all of the other mapped sites at 15, 30, and 60 minutes (p < 0.001), whereas middle colic and inferior mesenteric artery counts were equivalent. The protocol increased operative duration by 20 to 30 minutes without complications.

LIMITATIONS:
These results report lymphatic drainage from patients with normal splenic flexures, and caution is necessary when extrapolating to patients with splenic flexure cancers.

CONCLUSIONS:
The lymphatic drainage of the normal splenic flexure is preferentially directed toward the left colic in the high majority of cases. Retrieving these nodes should be prioritized in splenic flexure cancer resections, with important secondary emphasis on left middle colic nodes, supporting segmental (left hemicolectomy) resection as the procedure of choice. Additional development of colonic sentinel node mapping using these techniques may contribute to individualized surgical therapy morbidity. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A495.
Clinical Signatures of Mucinous and Poorly Differentiated Subtypes of Colorectal Adenocarcinomas by a Propensity Score Analysis of an Independent Patient Database from Three Phase III Trials
Authors: Kanda Mitsuro , Oba Koji , Aoyama Toru , Kashiwabara Kosuke , Mayanagi Shuhei , Maeda Hiromichi , Honda Michitaka , Hamada Chikuma , Sadahiro Sotaro , Sakamoto Junichi , Saji Shigetoyo , Yoshikawa Takaki 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:
Although colorectal cancer comprises several histological subtypes, the influences of histological subtypes on disease progression and treatment responses remain controversial.

OBJECTIVE:
We sought to evaluate the prognostic relevance of mucinous and poorly differentiated histological subtypes of colorectal cancer by the propensity score weighting analysis of prospectively collected data from multi-institute phase III trials.

DESIGN:
Independent patient data analysis of a pooled database from 3 phase III trials was performed.

SETTINGS:
An integrated database of 3 multicenter prospective clinical trials (the Japanese Foundation for Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer 7, 15, and 33) was the source of study data.

INTERVENTIONS:
Surgery alone or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was offered in patients with resectable colorectal cancer.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
To balance essential variables more strictly for the comparison analyses, propensity score weighting was conducted with the use of a multinomial logistic regression model. We evaluated the clinical signatures of mucinous and poorly differentiated subtypes with regard to postoperative survival, recurrence, and chemosensitivity.

RESULTS:
Of 5489 patients, 136 (2.5%) and 155 (2.8%) were pathologically diagnosed with poorly differentiated and mucinous subtypes. The poorly differentiated subtypes were associated with a poorer prognosis than the “others” group (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.00–2.87; p = 0.051), particularly in the patient subgroup of adjuvant chemotherapy (HR, 2.16). Although the mucinous subtype had a marginal prognostic impact among patients with stage I to III colorectal cancer (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.90–1.96), it was found to be an independent prognostic factor in the subpopulation of patients with stage II disease, being associated with a higher prevalence of peritoneal recurrence.

LIMITATIONS:
The treatment regimens of postoperative chemotherapy are now somewhat outdated.

CONCLUSIONS:
Both mucinous and poorly differentiated subtypes have distinct clinical characteristics. Patients with the mucinous subtype require special attention during follow-up, even for stage II disease, because of the risk of peritoneal or local recurrence. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A531.
Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy: Results at 10-Year Follow-up
Authors: Bellio Gabriele , Pasquali Arianna , Schiano di Visconte Michele 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:
Despite the advantages of stapled hemorrhoidopexy reported in the literature in terms of postoperative pain, hospital stay, and duration of convalescence, it was described to have a higher recurrence rate compared with conventional hemorrhoidectomy.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction after stapled hemorrhoidopexy at 10-year follow-up.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective cohort analysis conducted on prospectively collected data.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a single tertiary care center.

PATIENTS:
Eighty-six consecutive patients treated with stapled hemorrhoidopexy for grade 3 hemorrhoidal prolapse between January and December 2006 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Patients satisfaction and recurrence rates were measured.

RESULTS:
Eighty-six patients (45 men and 41 women; median age, 49 y (range, 31–74 y)) underwent stapled hemorrhoidopexy. Eight patients had urinary retention during the immediate postoperative period, and 2 patients required a reoperation for suture line bleeding. The median hospital stay was 12 hours (range, 12–96 h). No suture line dehiscence, rectovaginal fistula, pelvic sepsis, anal abscess, or anal stenosis was recorded during the follow-up. Seventy-seven patients (90%) completed the expected follow-up, with a median duration of 119.0 months (range 115.4–121.8 mo). Among them, 30 patients (39%) experienced a recurrent hemorrhoidal prolapse, 8 of whom needed a reoperation. Thirty-four patients (44%) reported urge to defecate with a median visual analog scale of 1 (range, 1–7). Six patients (8%) reported gas leakage at the last follow-up visit, whereas no liquid or solid stool leakage was recorded. Satisfaction rate at 10-year follow-up was 68%.

LIMITATIONS:
The study was limited by its small sample size and lack of a control group.

CONCLUSIONS:
The high recurrence rate and low patient satisfaction rate showed that stapled hemorrhoidopexy reduces its efficacy in the long-term. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A510.