bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-image and self-reflection
Authors: Chang Nam Fung 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The futility of decades of government efforts to disseminate Chinese literature has triggered discussions among Chinese scholars on
how to translate and who should be entrusted with this task. Some blame the failure on traditional concepts of translation that
overemphasize faithfulness to the original to the point of disregarding target cultural conditions, but others insist that China
should have control over its cultural export and that Sino-English should be used to internationalize English. Findings show that
traditional concepts should not be blamed, as aggressively source-oriented strategies have been used in outbound translation only
in recent years, and that this shift in translation norms in government-initiated outbound translation has spread to non-literary
text types, and also to Hong Kong and Taiwan. The same kind of aggressiveness has recently been displayed in other forms of
cultural export, triggering resistance in other cultures. All these changes may be attributable to a heightening of cultural
self-image. What is needed to address the issue is cultural self-reflection, which will lead to the awareness that economic growth
does not immediately bring cultural prestige, and that source-initiated cultural export efforts may make little difference in
central cultures. Cultural awareness at a higher level can be achieved only through empathy.
Areal pressure in grammatical evolution
Authors: Cathcart Chundra , Carling Gerd , Larsson Filip , Johansson Niklas , Round Erich 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article investigates the evolutionary and spatial dynamics of typological characters in 117 Indo-European languages. We partition types of change (i.e., gain or loss) for each variant according to whether they bring about a simplification in morphosyntactic patterns that must be learned, whether they are neutral (i.e., neither simplifying nor introducing complexity) or whether they introduce a more complex pattern. We find that changes which introduce complexity show significantly less areal signal (according to a metric we devise) than changes which simplify and neutral changes, but we find no significant differences between the latter two groups. This result is compatible with a scenario where certain types of parallel change are more likely to be mediated by advergence and contact between proximate speech communities, while other developments are due purely to drift and are largely independent of intercultural contact.
Eye movements in vocabulary research
Authors: Pellicer-Sánchez Ana , Siyanova-Chanturia Anna 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The field of vocabulary research is witnessing a growing interest in the use of eye-tracking to investigate topics that have traditionally been examined using offline measures, providing new insights into the processing and learning of vocabulary. During an eye-tracking experiment, participants’ eye movements are recorded while they attend to written or auditory input, resulting in a rich record of online processing behaviour. Because of its many benefits, eye-tracking is becoming a major research technique in vocabulary research. However, before this emerging trend of eye-tracking based vocabulary research continues to proliferate, it is important to step back and reflect on what current studies have shown about the processing and learning of vocabulary, and the ways in which we can use the technique in future research. To this aim, the present paper provides a comprehensive overview of current eye-tracking research findings, both in terms of the processing and learning of single words and formulaic sequences. Current research gaps and potential avenues for future research are also discussed.
Reading a whole book to learn vocabulary
Authors: Nation Paul 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates whether it is a good idea to choose a book that interests you and read it through from the beginning to the end learning all the new words you meet. For the analysis, it is assumed that learners already know the most frequent 3,000 words of English. The criteria used to guide this investigation include the number of unknown words met, the usefulness of the unknown words, the density of the unknown words, and the number of repetitions of the unknown words. Reading a whole book intensively is not a good idea unless the book is a graded reader, a technical text in a relevant subject area, or a set text that would be examined as a part of assessment. Where learners need to do such reading of unsimplified texts, they should be strategic in dealing with unknown vocabulary.
Loanword proportion in vocabulary size tests
Authors: Laufer Batia , Levitzky-Aviad Tami 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We investigated the effect of English-Hebrew loanwords on English vocabulary test scores when the number of loanwords in the test is random and when it is representative of their proportion in the vocabulary lists from which the test items were taken. 303 EFL learners, speakers of Hebrew as L1, at three L2 proficiency levels, received tests with no loanwords, with a representative number of loanwords and with a random number of loanwords in four modalities: word form recall, word meaning recall, word form recognition, word meaning recognition. Though different effects were found for different modalities and different language proficiencies, the score increases from the representative loanword test version to the random loanword version were low and the effect sizes of the differences were very low. We suggest that the inclusion of loanwords in vocabulary tests may not inflate the true vocabulary knowledge score.
The effect of out-of-class exposure to English language media on learners’ vocabulary knowledge
Authors: Peters Elke 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate (1) how often Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are exposed to English language media outside of the classroom, (2) whether current out-of-class exposure to English language media is related to learners’ vocabulary knowledge, and (3) whether length of instruction (three or six years), gender, and out-of-class exposure to English language media affect Flemish learners’ vocabulary. Data were collected with 79 English-as-a-foreign language learners. They were administered a frequency-based vocabulary test and a questionnaire. The findings of this study show that Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are frequently exposed to English language media. The results also indicate a positive relationship between learners’ vocabulary knowledge and exposure to non-subtitled TV programs and movies, the Internet, and written print (books, magazines). Finally, both length of instruction and current out-of-class exposure to English language media had an effect on learners’ vocabulary knowledge, but out-of-class exposure had a larger effect than length of instruction.
Examining incidental vocabulary acquisition from captioned video
Authors: Jelani Nurul Aini Mohd , Boers Frank 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Previous comparisons of vocabulary uptake from captioned and uncaptioned audio-visual materials have almost consistently furnished evidence in favour of captioned materials. However, it is possible that many such comparative studies gave an advantage to the captioned input conditions by virtue of their use of written word prompts in the tests. The present study therefore examines whether aurally presented test prompts yield equally compelling evidence for the superiority of captioned over uncaptioned video. Intermediate EFL learners watched a ten-minute TED Talks video either with or without captions and were subsequently given a word recognition and a word meaning test, with half of the test prompts presented in print and the other half presented aurally. While the results of the word recognition test were inconclusive, the word meaning test yielded significantly better scores by the group that watched the captioned video. However, this was due entirely to their superior scores on the printed word prompts, not the aural ones. This suggests that evaluations of the benefits of captions for vocabulary acquisitions should take input-modality – test-modality congruency into account.
Evaluative morphology in the verbal domain
Authors: Németh Boglárka , Sőrés Anna 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSo far, evaluative morphology has received less attention in the verbal domain than in the nominal and adjectival ones. This paper shows that – besides frequentative morphemes like-gAtand preverbs liketele-‘full’, le- ‘down’, fel ‘up’, etc. – in Hungarian events can be evaluated by means of the verbalizer suffix-kVdik. This formation is unusual in evaluative morphology since it is a category-changing operation. The suffix-kVdikcan be attached to adjectives and to nouns expressing a profession or an occupation. Depending on the speaker’s intention, the morphologically complex verb suffixed with-kVdikcan attribute to the activity an evaluative, mostly pejorative meaning. The paper suggests that this phenomenon goes beyond evaluative morphology and can be better analyzed in terms of morphopragmatics.
What to Eat When Having a Millennial over for Dinner
Authors: Conley Kelsey L , Lusk Jayson L 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMillenials are the generation everyone is talking about and the generation who loves to talk about themselves. More than just a media buzzword, researchers, marketers, and retailers are interested in how the soon‐to‐be‐largest segment of the population is making food purchasing decisions. This paper uses the difference‐in‐difference method to determine the causal “millennial effect” on the share of income spent on various food expenditure categories. Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey was used to identify how young people’s food expenditures compare to older people’s in 2015 and in 1980. Results indicate significant “millennial effects” that might have policy implications for future health care spending. Millennials have higher demand for cereal, beef, pork, poultry, eggs, and fresh fruit and lower demand for “other” food, and for food away from home relative to what would have been expected from the eating patterns of the young and old 35 years prior.
Aortic Pulse Pressure Does Not Adequately Index Cardiovascular Risk Factor-Related Changes in Aortic Stiffness and Forward Wave Pressure
Authors: Motau Tshegofatso H , Norton Gavin R , Sareli Pinhas , Woodiwiss Angela J 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Through the impact of conventional risk factors on arteries, several changes in aortic function contribute to cardiovascular events. It is nevertheless uncertain whether these effects are accurately reflected by changes in central aortic pulse pressure (PPc). We, therefore, aimed to determine the extent to which relations between modifiable risk factors and aortic function translate into increases in PPc.

METHODS
In 1,232 black South Africans from the South West Township (SOWETO) of Johannesburg, we determined risk factors and aortic function from carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), aortic PPc, forward wave pressures (Pf), and reflected (backward) wave pressures (Pb) (applanation tonometry and SphygmoCor software).

RESULTS
With adjustments for alternative risk factors and distending pressure (mean arterial pressure (MAP)), diabetes mellitus (treatment or HbA1c &gt; 6.5%, n = 151) was associated with an increased PWV (7.10 ± 2.09 vs. 6.17 ± 2.00 m/s, P &lt; 0.0001), and Pf (26 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 8 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.005), but neither brachial PP (46 ± 14 vs. 45 ± 13, P = 0.19), PPc (36 ± 12 vs. 35 ± 11 mm Hg, P = 0.48), nor Pb (17 ± 6 vs. 17 ± 6 mm Hg, P = 0.83). Moreover, independent of alternative risk factors and MAP, uncontrolled hypertension (office blood pressure &gt; 140/90 mm Hg, n = 433) was associated with an increased Pf (26 ± 12 vs. 24 ± 10 mm Hg, P &lt; 0.01), but not with changes in brachial PP (45 ± 19 vs. 44 ± 17, P = 0.75), PPc (35 ± 16 vs. 35 ± 15 mm Hg, P = 0.93), or Pb (18 ± 8 vs. 17 ± 8 mm Hg, P = 0.46).

CONCLUSIONS
Neither brachial nor aortic PP are adequate indexes of relations between the modifiable conventional risk factors, uncontrolled hypertension or diabetes mellitus, and risk-related aortic functional changes.
Accurate prediction of orthologs in the presence of divergence after duplication
Authors: Lafond Manuel , Meghdari Miardan Mona , Sankoff David 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Motivation
When gene duplication occurs, one of the copies may become free of selective pressure and evolve at an accelerated pace. This has important consequences on the prediction of orthology relationships, since two orthologous genes separated by divergence after duplication may differ in both sequence and function. In this work, we make the distinction between the primary orthologs, which have not been affected by accelerated mutation rates on their evolutionary path, and the secondary orthologs, which have. Similarity-based prediction methods will tend to miss secondary orthologs, whereas phylogeny-based methods cannot separate primary and secondary orthologs. However, both types of orthology have applications in important areas such as gene function prediction and phylogenetic reconstruction, motivating the need for methods that can distinguish the two types.

Results
We formalize the notion of divergence after duplication and provide a theoretical basis for the inference of primary and secondary orthologs. We then put these ideas to practice with the Hybrid Prediction of Paralogs and Orthologs (HyPPO) framework, which combines ideas from both similarity and phylogeny approaches. We apply our method to simulated and empirical datasets and show that we achieve superior accuracy in predicting primary orthologs, secondary orthologs and paralogs.

Availability and implementation
HyPPO is a modular framework with a core developed in Python and is provided with a variety of C++ modules. The source code is available at https://github.com/manuellafond/HyPPO.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A unifying framework for joint trait analysis under a non-infinitesimal model
Authors: Johnson Ruth , Shi Huwenbo , Pasaniuc Bogdan , Sankararaman Sriram 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Motivation
A large proportion of risk regions identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are shared across multiple diseases and traits. Understanding whether this clustering is due to sharing of causal variants or chance colocalization can provide insights into shared etiology of complex traits and diseases.

Results
In this work, we propose a flexible, unifying framework to quantify the overlap between a pair of traits called UNITY (Unifying Non-Infinitesimal Trait analYsis). We formulate a Bayesian generative model that relates the overlap between pairs of traits to GWAS summary statistic data under a non-infinitesimal genetic architecture underlying each trait. We propose a Metropolis–Hastings sampler to compute the posterior density of the genetic overlap parameters in this model. We validate our method through comprehensive simulations and analyze summary statistics from height and body mass index GWAS to show that it produces estimates consistent with the known genetic makeup of both traits.

Availability and implementation
The UNITY software is made freely available to the research community at: https://github.com/bogdanlab/UNITY.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quantifying the similarity of topological domains across normal and cancer human cell types
Authors: Sauerwald Natalie , Kingsford Carl 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMotivationThree-dimensional chromosome structure has been increasingly shown to influence various levels of cellular and genomic functions. Through Hi-C data, which maps contact frequency on chromosomes, it has been found that structural elements termed topologically associating domains (TADs) are involved in many regulatory mechanisms. However, we have little understanding of the level of similarity or variability of chromosome structure across cell types and disease states. In this study, we present a method to quantify resemblance and identify structurally similar regions between any two sets of TADs.ResultsWe present an analysis of 23 human Hi-C samples representing various tissue types in normal and cancer cell lines. We quantify global and chromosome-level structural similarity, and compare the relative similarity between cancer and non-cancer cells. We find that cancer cells show higher structural variability around commonly mutated pan-cancer genes than normal cells at these same locations.Availability and implementationSoftware for the methods and analysis can be found at https://github.com/Kingsford-Group/localtadsim
Strand-seq enables reliable separation of long reads by chromosome via expectation maximization
Authors: Ghareghani Maryam , Porubskỳ David , Sanders Ashley D , Meiers Sascha , Eichler Evan E , Korbel Jan O , Marschall Tobias 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMotivationCurrent sequencing technologies are able to produce reads orders of magnitude longer than ever possible before. Such long reads have sparked a new interest in de novo genome assembly, which removes reference biases inherent to re-sequencing approaches and allows for a direct characterization of complex genomic variants. However, even with latest algorithmic advances, assembling a mammalian genome from long error-prone reads incurs a significant computational burden and does not preclude occasional misassemblies. Both problems could potentially be mitigated if assembly could commence for each chromosome separately.ResultsTo address this, we show how single-cell template strand sequencing (Strand-seq) data can be leveraged for this purpose. We introduce a novel latent variable model and a corresponding Expectation Maximization algorithm, termed SaaRclust, and demonstrates its ability to reliably cluster long reads by chromosome. For each long read, this approach produces a posterior probability distribution over all chromosomes of origin and read directionalities. In this way, it allows to assess the amount of uncertainty inherent to sparse Strand-seq data on the level of individual reads. Among the reads that our algorithm confidently assigns to a chromosome, we observed more than 99% correct assignments on a subset of Pacific Bioscience reads with 30.1× coverage. To our knowledge, SaaRclust is the first approach for the in silico separation of long reads by chromosome prior to assembly.Availability and implementationhttps://github.com/daewoooo/SaaRclust
On the Topological Rigidity of Compact Self-shrinkers in ℝ3
Authors: Mramor Alexander , Wang Shengwen 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this note we show that self-shrinkers in $\mathbb R^{3}$ are “topologically standard” in that any genus g compact self-shrinker is ambiently isotopic to the standard genus g embedded surface in $\mathbb R^{3}$. As a consequence self-shrinking tori are unknotted.
Long-Term Outcome of Spinal Cord Stimulation in Failed Back Surgery Syndrome: 20 Years of Experience With 224 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Nissen Mette , Ikäheimo Tiina-Mari , Huttunen Jukka , Leinonen Ville , von und zu Fraunberg Mikael 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is a challenging condition that lacks a curative treatment. In selected patients, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has provided a satisfactory outcome.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the long-term outcome of SCS in FBSS, as measured by (1) the explantation rate, (2) complications, and (3) patient satisfaction with the global perceived effect (GPE).

METHODS
We studied 224 consecutive FBSS patients who underwent an SCS trial with surgically implanted leads at our hospital between January 1996 and December 2014. The patients’ satisfaction with the GPE of treatment was measured through a postal questionnaire at the end of follow-up.

RESULTS
Based on a 1-wk trial, permanent SCS was implanted in 175 (78%) patients. Out of these patients, 153 (87%) reported satisfactory outcomes after 2 mo. During the mean follow-up of 6 yr, 34 (19%) of SCS devices were permanently explanted due to inadequate pain relief, and 11 (6%) were explanted for other reasons.
Electrode revision due to inadequate pain relief was done for 22 patients. In total, 26 complications were reported due to: 7 deep infections, 11 hardware malfunctions, 1 subcutaneous hematoma, 4 instances of discomfort due to the pulse generator, and 3 electrode migrations.
One hundred thirty patients (74%) continued with SCS until the end of follow-up. Of them, 61 (47%) returned the questionnaire, and 42 (69%) reported substantially improved or better GPE.

CONCLUSION
SCS can provide a good outcome in the treatment of FBSS. Patient selection could be further improved by developing novel predictive biomarkers.
Models for Analyzing Zero-Inflated and Overdispersed Count Data: An Application to Cigarette and Marijuana Use
Authors: Pittman Brian , Buta Eugenia , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , O’Malley Stephanie S , Liss Thomas , Gueorguieva Ralitza 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionThis article describes different methods for analyzing counts and illustrates their use on cigarette and marijuana smoking data.MethodsThe Poisson, zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP), hurdle Poisson (HUP), negative binomial (NB), zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), and hurdle negative binomial (HUNB) regression models are considered. The different approaches are evaluated in terms of the ability to take into account zero-inflation (extra zeroes) and overdispersion (variance larger than expected) in count outcomes, with emphasis placed on model fit, interpretation, and choosing an appropriate model given the nature of the data. The illustrative data example focuses on cigarette and marijuana smoking reports from a study on smoking habits among youth e-cigarette users with gender, age, and e-cigarette use included as predictors.ResultsOf the 69 subjects available for analysis, 36% and 64% reported smoking no cigarettes and no marijuana, respectively, suggesting both outcomes might be zero-inflated. Both outcomes were also overdispersed with large positive skew. The ZINB and HUNB models fit the cigarette counts best. According to goodness-of-fit statistics, the NB, HUNB, and ZINB models fit the marijuana data well, but the ZINB provided better interpretation.ConclusionIn the absence of zero-inflation, the NB model fits smoking data well, which is typically overdispersed. In the presence of zero-inflation, the ZINB or HUNB model is recommended to account for additional heterogeneity. In addition to model fit and interpretability, choosing between a zero-inflated or hurdle model should ultimately depend on the assumptions regarding the zeros, study design, and the research question being asked.ImplicationsCount outcomes are frequent in tobacco research and often have many zeros and exhibit large variance and skew. Analyzing such data based on methods requiring a normally distributed outcome are inappropriate and will likely produce spurious results. This study compares and contrasts appropriate methods for analyzing count data, specifically those with an over-abundance of zeros, and illustrates their use on cigarette and marijuana smoking data. Recommendations are provided.