bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation Districts
Authors: Belussi Fiorenza , Sedita Silvia Rita 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry aims to clarify the origin and development of the notion of innovation districts. The definition includes the recognition of the debate around two of the most relevant concepts in the management and economic geography fields: those of industrial districts and clusters. The content spans from the Marshallian echo to the Porterian view and up to the most recent conceptualization of territorial agglomerations, which assigns a crucial role to the complex system of interactions between district firms and external organizations. Innovation processes in districts are triggered by the international exposure of local firms, by networking abilities, and by knowledge recombination, which also allow firms to face periods of global crisis, enhancing the resilience capacity of innovation districts. Finally, a discussion of the most common measures of the innovation performance of districts closes the entry.
Kampung
Authors: Guinness Patrick 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKampungare off‐street neighborhoods found in the cities of Malaysia and Indonesia. Condemned by urban planners for their untidy appearance and feared by middle‐class and elite urban residents for their diverse and often unlicensed housing, livelihoods, and sociopolitical governance,kampunghave more recently been acknowledged for their residents' contribution to city life and economy. As urban migration continueskampungpopulations expand, providing security and hope for new migrants within the rich and creative neighborhood groupings of thekampung.
K
erner Commission Report/1968 Riots
Authors: Ribeiro Alyssa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Kerner Commission Report sought to understand the context of riots in the 1960s. Released in 1968, it outlined conditions in black neighborhoods and offered policy recommendations for improvement. Weeks after the report's release, widespread disorder erupted in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. Political and budgetary constraints prevented adoption of the report's recommendations to address the widening gap between black and white Americans.
L
agos
Authors: Bigon Liora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
With a projected population of 18.9 million residents for 2025, Lagos, Nigeria, is the largest urban agglomeration on the African continent. This primate coastal city is located in Western Africa, which is the second most rapidly urbanizing subregion in Africa. In light of the city's history in the precolonial, colonial, and postindependence eras and its present infrastructure crisis, current challenges and new perspectives in urban studies research are brought to the fore.
Land Titling
Authors: Ugartamendía Mariana Relli , Rio Juan Pablo Del 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Land titling involves the transfer of real property rights over a certain portion of land, accredited through a public document that entitles the owner(s) to exclude others from their use and usufruct. Of the multiple available forms of land tenure, public policies have predominantly conceived the transfer of individual land titles as the most effective way to ensure the security of land tenure for its beneficiaries. In addition, since the 1990s, ensuring real property rights, developing markets, and enhancing credit access have consistently been part of the policy prescriptions within the poverty reduction agenda of development and international lending agencies. However, multiple controversies have surrounded land titling policies. There is a growing international consensus that questions the paradigm of transferring individual land titles as being the most effective mechanism to provide secure land tenure.
L
atino Gentrification
Authors: Inzulza‐Contardo Jorge 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Gentrification” is a term that Ruth Glass coined to describe the particular social displacement in the early 1960s in London. Fifty years later, this concept has found a wider context around the globe, with different approaches including more urban settings, key actors, and policies when compared to its foundations. “Latino gentrification” is one of these contemporary explanations, used to describe the physical and socioeconomic patterns of change that have modified the urban morphology and the social capital of Latin American inner cities, mainly since the 1990s. Thus, the key patterns discussed here – urban setting, globalization and capital accumulation, gentrifier profile and new trends in housing, and active state intervention – help in understanding the contemporary trends in gentrification and cultural impacts in Latin American neighborhoods. Replacement rather than displacement and the strong links between gentrification and globalization are raised as the main differences between European and Latin American cities.
Local and Transnational Citizenship
Authors: Faist Thomas 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Citizenship constitutes a mechanism of social closure, securing opening toward the members and closing against aliens. Over the past decades, political discourses, practices, and legislation have reflected not only changing understandings of national citizenship but also the emergence of citizenship “below” on the local and regional level and “above” on the trans‐ and supranational level, in the guise of dual citizenship and European Union citizenship. These forms of citizenship carry the potential to alleviate the exclusions produced by national citizenship.
London
Authors: del Cerro Santamaría Gerardo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry discusses the main aspects of London's development since the expansion of the British empire in the nineteenth century. The keys to the city's transformation from imperial to postimperial urban center in the mid‐twentieth century are highlighted in the first section. The entry then reviews restructuring and globalization in London starting in the 1970s, a set of processes that significantly altered the city's socioeconomic structure. During those years, London became a city at the top of the global hierarchy and a center of command for the global financial economy, and it still plays these roles today. The entry goes on to discuss urban megaprojects in London, which have long shaped the city's physical form and, importantly, influenced its economy. Some of the main contemporary megaprojects in the city are Thames Gateway, Battersea Power Station redevelopment, King's Cross redevelopment, East–West Crossrail and DP World London Gateway. The entry concludes with a reflection on the challenges and prospects for the British capital in its role as a quintessential global city.
L
os
A
ngeles School
Authors: Esfahani Azadeh Hadizadeh 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Los Angeles (LA) School of urbanism emerged as a critique of the Chicago School and its perceived insufficiency in representing contemporary cities and urban processes. It flourished through the research and study of a group of scholars based in Los Angeles during the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars associated with the LA School argued that restructuration happened in an urban context and that the Chicago and the modernist approaches linked to it could no longer explain present‐day cities and their processes, whereas LA, as emblematic of postmodern urbanism, provides guidelines and principles for interpreting the sociospatial context of late twentieth‐century cities. In contrast to the Chicago School, the LA School does not regard the development of cities as occurring linearly and as based on a general order; rather, random and chaotic process influenced by global structures influence urban processes and forms. Therefore, instead of centered cities with homogeneous districts, we have polynucleated cities full of difference and diversity.
M
angunwijaya,
Y
.
B
.
Authors: Widodo Johannes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya (familiarly known as “Romo Mangun”) was born in Ambarawa, Central Java, on May 6, 1929, and died in Jakarta on February 10, 1999. He is known as a Catholic diocesan priest, architect, humanist, writer, novelist, social worker, human rights activist, and recipient of the Aga Khan Award in 1992 for his project in Kampung Kali Code, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Megaprojects
Authors: Smith James M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Megaproject developments (large‐scale, expensive, urban development projects) and political discussions regarding their necessity, or feasibility, are often framed from the perspective of a city's economic growth and competitiveness with other cities. In addition to altering the physical landscape of cities, megaprojects also affect the mode and character of local governance. While requiring the interaction of several levels of government, they also induce a politics of expertise that has the potential to push discussions about project feasibility out of the spotlight, with clear implications for the character of urban democracy and transparency. Thus, megaprojects should be viewed as a central aspect of contemporary urban planning, governance, and economics.
Metropolitan Resilience
Authors: Kegler Harald 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the term “resilience,” or “metropolitan resilience,” has positioned itself for a precipitous career in research and urban policy. Resilience as a concept is becoming more and more widely accepted and is likely to become the standard for urban development policy. The worldwide program of the Rockefeller Foundation's 100 Resilient Cities is an expression of this. Generally, resilience is a fundamental property of natural and social systems that include the city, region, or metropolis. The term means self‐renewal in a broad sense. Resilience itself as a term is neutral and is derived from the Latinresilire(rebound). It concerns how individuals or communities deal with environmental changes in the sense of preserving the system. It is a matter of survivability, safeguarding the habitat, adaptation to global challenges, and renewal following crises. Resilience refers to the ability of societies or ecosystems to respond to disturbances or shocks and to maintain their system functions. Resilience refers to a capacity for resistance to disturbances and crisis phenomena combined with a learning capacity for future challenges.
Mumbai
Authors: Shaban Abdul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Mumbai is the largest city of South Asia and the commercial and financial capital of India. The city is known for its Bollywood movie industry and also its underworld. The city attracts migrants from across India and is known for its large slums. It is also known as “slumdog city” and “city of dreams,” from where many have risen to repute and fame through its vibrant industries and Bollywood.
Municipal Socialism
Authors: Copus Colin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe entry explores how the term municipal socialism can be seen as somewhat of a misnomer and more generally refers to a period of social reform introduced through municipal government by those that were often far from socialist in their political views. The entry, using English local government as a context, examines two identifiable phases of what might be termed “municipal socialism”: the first, when early municipal reformers used local government to introduce service and infrastructural improvements through the ownership or provision of basic service such as water, gas, electricity, and transport. The second phase, in the 1980s, had a more explicitly socialist context where a number of Labour‐controlled councils engaged in political warfare against the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher. The article deliberately challenges what we might understand by the term municipal socialism.
Narco‐Culture
Authors: Ruiz Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNarco‐culture is a Latin American phenomenon derived from drug traffickers' subculture. It involves a disregard for life, flirting with death, ostentatious displays of money, extravagant desires, and certain musical styles like the Mexican narco ballad or funk from the Brazilian slums. Narco‐cultures legitimize social practices that in turn normalize the actions associated with narco‐trafficking, via diverse objects, products, meanings, and codes. It has grown and is now accepted at a national level throughout Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. This includes not just the narcos' self‐representations but the complex network of cultural practices and representations, ambiguous and sometimes contradictory, that has become the way in which we understand that world.
Neighborhood Effects in
E
urope
Authors: Musterd Sako 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neighborhood effects in Europe seem to be milder than in the USA. This relates to the differences between their institutional contexts and welfare regimes. However, in Europe too, neighborhood effects are significant and nontrivial. This entry focuses on Europe and discusses experiences and expectations regarding neighborhood effects, methodological challenges, and some examples of findings of recent research, taking contextual differences into account. Some European countries have high quality large‐scale longitudinal data, allowing for less biased and more detailed investigations of neighborhood effects on various outcomes at different geographic scales. However, this does not make qualitative research superfluous. In this entry examples will be given of both types of approaches to studying neighborhood effects.
N
eo‐
M
arxian Analysis
Authors: Nevarez Leonard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Neo‐Marxian analysis in urban and regional studies emerged in the 1960s to address contemporary elements of capitalist society that Marx overlooked in his nineteenth‐century writings: the role of cities in capitalist accumulation, the persistence of landed capital, and the contested, potentially revolutionary features of social space. Neo‐Marxian analysis originally developed along dual approaches found in Marx's writings, philosophical humanism and scientific structuralism, to debate the phenomenal primacy of the city as social space and collective consumption. Class conflict has been emphasized as a force in industrial location, while neo‐Marxian and neo‐Weberian analyses have been synthesized to interpret the centrality of urban growth in urban politics. The entry concludes by addressing new inquiries into scalar shifts of capitalist accumulation and urban governance.
New Economic Geography
Authors: Hassink Robert , Gong Huiwen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New economic geography is a term used in two ways in the international literature. First, and foremost, it is used to refer to the work done by Paul Krugman and other economists, who developed abstract models to explain spatial concentration and specializations leading to persistent regional economic disparities. Their main contribution has been to put geography back on the map of economists. According to economic geographers, however, geographical economics has not taken geography seriously enough. This criticism mainly stems from scholars who have themselves been active in a strand of literature in economic geography, which, rather confusingly, has also been called new economic geography or the cultural turn in economic geography. The evolutionary economic geography paradigm provides solutions to some of the shortcomings of both strands of research going on in new economic geography.
New Urbanism
Authors: Trudeau Dan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New Urbanism is a contemporary movement within the urban design and planning fields to change the ways in which cities and neighborhoods are built. Initiated by architects, urban designers, and other urbanists concerned with the built environment, this movement's proponents advocate the development of compact, mixed‐use, mixed‐income, and pedestrian‐oriented built environments. Emerging in the USA, the movement draws together a number of ideas about urbanism and urban design from European and American contexts. Efforts to leverage these ideas to influence design has been most apparent in North America, especially at the scale of neighborhood development. While New Urbanism has been incorporated into development, debate continues about its effects. This entry explores the origins of New Urbanism, the current state of scholarship on the movement, and opportunities for future directions in understanding this movement.
Niemeyer,Oscar
Authors: Lara Fernando Luiz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOscar Niemeyer deserves worldwide acclaim as an architect who anticipated by 20 years the modernist need for expression and subjectivity. When he designed the Pampulha buildings in 1941–1942 the world was not ready, and he was criticized for being too sensuous, too expressive, too baroque. When, two decades later, modern architects all over the world were claiming that less is more, very few remembered that in Brazil such freshness and freedom had been built since the 1930s. Niemeyer himself loved to recall that when Walter Gropius visited his house at Canoas in 1953 he dismissed it by saying that it was beautiful but could not be mass produced. As time would prove, Niemeyer's forms, not all mass produced, were reproduced all over the world, the Pampulha and Alvorada curves used in structures from Canada to India, from Australia to Russia. Living two weeks short of 105 years, he certainly enjoyed seeing his curves everywhere.
Orangi Pilot Project
Authors: Hasan Arif 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) in Karachi was established in 1980 to upgrade the informal settlements in Orangi Township. Its first program was in sanitation. A component‐sharing model was developed whereby communities built and financed on‐site infrastructure and the government built and financed offsite infrastructure. The OPP supported the communities with technical assistance and managerial guidance and supported the state with participatory mapping and community support. The sanitation program led to a number of other community initiatives, not only in Karachi but all over Pakistan, such as housing, savings, disaster relief and rehabilitation, health and education. It has influenced policy and government implementation methodologies and reached out to a population of over 2 million.
Pearl River Delta
Authors: Yeh Anthony G. O. , Yang Fiona F. , Xu Jiang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
At the forefront of China's economic reforms and open door policy in 1978, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) has been one of the most frequently studied Chinese economic regions. This entry examines the economic growth and transformation of the PRD from special economic zones to “world factory” in China through the influence of the “front shop, back factory” model with Hong Kong. It also discusses the impacts of the recent industrial restructuring, characterized by the decline in export‐oriented industries and the rise of producer services. In a new regional production and operation environment, the urban problems of the PRD cities, which pose new challenges for urban and regional planning in managing the growth and transformation of the PRD are identified.
Postmodernism
Authors: Leontidou Lila 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Debates on postmodernism (the cultural and aesthetic movement) and postmodernity (the historical period) may have petered out during the twenty‐first century, but the marks they have left on geography and urban studies – as well as architecture, literature, and so on – are quite deep. This entry focuses on debates especially since the 1990s, distinguishing postmodernism from postmodernity and poststructuralism. It is structured on the basis of the disciplines affected by its advances and innovations: art, architecture, science, literature, geography. It then differentiates Northern from Southern postmodern cityscapes in the course of the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, expanding on Southern alternatives to capitalism and modernity.
Production of Space/Lefebvre
Authors: Goonewardena Kanishka 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The production of space is a concept produced by the prolific French Marxist philosopher Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991), who proposed a novel conception of totality as a mediated articulation of three levels of social reality: the immediate level of everyday life; the intermediate level of the urban; and the global or the most general level of state and capital. The strategic mediating position occupied by spatial production in this Lefebvrean view of the world suggests that space plays a pivotal – and potentially revolutionary – role in the making and unmaking of everyday life as much as state and capital. Lefebvre's wide‐ranging oeuvre, including
The Production of Space
and
The Urban Revolution
, can therefore be read today as a prophetic theorization of the centrality of architecture, urban planning, and other modes of producing space to the greatest contemporary challenges before humanity, especially sociospatial polarization, political alienation, and climate change.
Public Transportation Systems
Authors: Mulley Corinne , Nelson John D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Public transportation systems are important in a world where our cities need sustainability to mitigate the costs of transportation and climate change. This entry examines the connections between transport policy and public transport delivery, how public transport systems impact on land use and vice versa, and the take‐up of public transport by users. In terms of public transportation planning the entry discusses how modern network planning points to policy decisions which frame the type of urban area that emerges. Also discussed is the role of new information in terms of geographical information systems and big data on planning outcomes. Regulatory frameworks and reform are addressed for impact on the delivery of public transport. The entry also looks to the future and highlights the role of new modes of public transport and new forms of delivery and hypothesizes how this might change the view on what is meant by public transportation systems.
Public–Private Partnership
Authors: Corcoran Thomas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPublic–private partnerships have shaped the development of geographic regions and cities in industrialized nations since at least the early eighteenth century. Today, new accords between business interests and city governments continue to shape paths for capital to flow across the globe. As industry and technology transform the way populations communicate, travel, and labor, collaboration between the state and private enterprise morph along with changes in capitalistic production. Globalization too has proved to be a windfall for public–private partnerships; emerging markets embedded within burgeoning metropolises entice capital investment alongside the undertakings of new experiments for urban governance.
Queer Spaces
Authors: Schuster Nina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The concept of queer spaces conveys a critique of heteronormativity in society and its inherent spatial dimensions. This involves criticizing comprehensively the dominance structures and power‐ridden spatial dimensions of society. Queer space is neither a homogeneous concept – a space container – nor a static one; it is rather an interrelational concept that shows how power and dominance structures are enacted by means of social hierarchies, categorizations, and their intersections. Debates in queer urban studies show that social processes always have a spatial dimension that is dynamic in terms of the appropriation of space and the struggles of radical social alliances over power and against hegemonic and neoliberal developments, while producing new normalizations, violent exclusions, and contested interpretations at the same time.