bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four Wave Mixing control in a photonic molecule made by silicon microring resonators
Authors: Borghi Massimo , Trenti Alessandro , Pavesi Lorenzo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFour Wave Mixing (FWM) is the main nonlinear interaction in integrated silicon devices, which finds diffuse use in all-optical signal processing and wavelength conversion. Despite the numerous works on coupled resonator devices, which showed record conversion efficiencies and broadband operation, the possibility to coherently control the strength of the stimulated FWM interaction on a chip has received very limited attention. Here, we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally, the manipulation of FWM in a photonic molecule based on two side coupled silicon microring resonators. The active tuning of the inter-resonator phase and of their eigenfrequencies allows setting the molecule in a sub-radiant state, where FWM is enhanced with respect to the isolated resonators. On the other hand, we can reconfigure the state of the photonic molecule to have energy equipartition among the resonators, and suppress FWM by making the two Signal waves to interfere destructively in the side coupled waveguides. This work constitutes an experimental demonstration of the control of a nonlinear parametric interaction via coherent oscillation phenomena in an integrated optical device.
Early exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 1850 MHz affects auditory circuits in early postnatal mice
Authors: Kim Ju Hwan , Huh Yang Hoon , Lee Jae-Hun , Jung Jae Yun , Ahn Seung Cheol , Kim Hak Rim 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the present study, we measured the spontaneous post synaptic currents (sPSCs) at the post synaptic principle cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) in early postnatal mice after exposure to 1850 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). sPSC frequencies and amplitudes were significantly increased in the RF-EMF exposed group. Moreover, the number of synaptic vesicles in the calyx of Held was significantly increased in presynaptic nerve terminals. Following RF-EMF exposure, the number of docking synaptic vesicles in the active zone increased, thereby expanding the total length of the presynaptic active zone in the calyx of Held. These data suggest that the increased sPSCs are a result of greater synaptic vesicle release from presynaptic nerves. However, we found no morphological changes in the inner hair cell ribbon synapses. Further, there were no significant changes in the hearing threshold of the auditory brainstem response at postnatal day 15. Our results indicate that exposure to RF-EMF at an early postnatal stage might directly affect brainstem auditory circuits, but it does not seem to alter general sound perception.
Lipid Uptake by Alveolar Macrophages Drives Fibrotic Responses to Silica Dust
Authors: Hou Xiaomin , Summer Ross , Chen Ziying , Tian Ying , Ma Jingjing , Cui Jie , Hao Xiaohui , Guo Lingli , Xu Hong , Wang Hongli , Liu Heliang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSilicosis is a common occupational disease and represents a significant contributor to respiratory morbidity and mortality worldwide. Lipid-laden macrophages, or foam cells, are observed in the lungs of patients with silicosis but the mechanisms mediating their formation remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which silica promotes foam cell formation in the lung, and to determine whether uptake of lipids alone is sufficient to drive TGF-β production by alveolar macrophages. Consistent with previous reports, we found that foam cells were markedly increased in the lungs of patients with silicosis and that these findings associated with both higher levels of intracellular lipid levels (oxidized LDL, ox-LDL) and elevated transcript levels for the lipid scavenger receptor CD36 and the nuclear receptor PPARγ. Employing a rat alveolar macrophage cell line, we found that exposure to silica dust or ox-LDL alone had a modest effect on the induction of foam cell formation and only silica was capable of inducing the production of TGF-β. In contrast, foam cell formation and TGF-β production were both dramatically increased when cells were exposed to a combination of silica dust and ox-LDL. Moreover, we found that these endpoints were markedly attenuated by either blocking CD36 or inhibiting the activity of PPARγ. Altogether, our findings suggest that foam cell formation and TGF-β production are driven by the simultaneous uptake of silica and lipids in alveolar macrophages and that strategies aimed at blocking lipid uptake by alveolar macrophages might be effective in ameliorating fibrotic responses to silica in the lung.
SP1 and RARα regulate AGAP2 expression in cancer
Authors: Doush Yegor , Surani Arif A. , Navarro-Corcuera Amaia , McArdle Stephanie , Billett E. Ellen , Montiel-Duarte Cristina 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAGAP2 (Arf GAP with GTP-binding protein-like domain, Ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2) isoform 2 is considered a proto-oncogene, but not much is known about AGAP2 gene expression regulation. To get some insight into this process, AGAP2 proximal promoter was cloned and characterised using reporter assays. We have identified SP1 as a transcription factor bound to AGAP2 promoter and required for AGAP2 expression in two different types of cancer cells (KU812, a chronic myeloid leukaemia cell line; and DU145, a prostate cancer cell line): silencing SP1 decreased AGAP2 protein levels. We have also found that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment increased AGAP2 protein levels in both cell lines whilst curcumin treatment reduced ATRA-mediated AGAP2 increase. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed the presence of RARα, RXRα and the lysine acetyl transferase PCAF in AGAP2 promoter. Our results provide a novel understanding of AGAP2 expression regulation that could be beneficial to those patients with cancers where AGAP2 is overexpressed.
Hypercapnia Alters Alveolar Epithelial Repair by a pH-Dependent and Adenylate Cyclase-Mediated Mechanism
Authors: Cortes-Puentes Gustavo A. , Westerly Blair , Schiavo Dante , Wang Shaohua , Stroetz Randolph , Walters Bruce , Hubmayr Rolf D. , Oeckler Richard A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLung cell injury and repair is a hallmark of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Lung protective mechanical ventilation strategies in these patients may lead to hypercapnia (HC). Although HC has been explored in the clinical context of ARDS, its effect upon alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) wounding and repair remains poorly understood. We have previously reported that HC alters the likelihood of AEC repair by a pH-sensitive but otherwise unknown mechanism. Adenylate cyclase (AC) is an attractive candidate as a putative AEC CO2 sensor and effector as it is bicarbonate sensitive and controls key mediators of AEC repair. The effect of HC on AC activity and plasma membrane (PM) wound repair was measured in AEC type 1 exposed to normocapnia (NC, 40 Torr) or HC (80 Torr), ± tromethamine (THAM) or sodium bicarbonate (HCO3) ± AC probes in a micropuncture model of AEC injury relevant to ARDS. Intracellular pH and AC activity were measured and correlated with repair. HC decreased intracellular pH 0.56, cAMP by 37%, and absolute PM repair rate by 26%. Buffering or pharmacologic manipulation of AC reduced or reversed the effects of HC on AC activity (THAM 103%, HCO3 113% of NC cAMP, ns; Forskolin 168%, p < 0.05) and PM repair (THAM 87%, HCO3 108% of NC likelihood to repair, ns; Forskolin 160%, p < 0.01). These findings suggest AC to be a putative AEC CO2 sensor and modulator of AEC repair, and may have implications for future pharmacologic targeting of downstream messengers of the AC-cAMP axis in experimental models of ARDS.
Neuromusculoskeletal model that walks and runs across a speed range with a few motor control parameter changes based on the muscle synergy hypothesis
Authors: Aoi Shinya , Ohashi Tomohiro , Bamba Ryoko , Fujiki Soichiro , Tamura Daiki , Funato Tetsuro , Senda Kei , Ivanenko Yury , Tsuchiya Kazuo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHumans walk and run, as well as change their gait speed, through the control of their complicated and redundant musculoskeletal system. These gaits exhibit different locomotor behaviors, such as a double-stance phase in walking and flight phase in running. The complex and redundant nature of the musculoskeletal system and the wide variation in locomotion characteristics lead us to imagine that the motor control strategies for these gaits, which remain unclear, are extremely complex and differ from one another. It has been previously proposed that muscle activations may be generated by linearly combining a small set of basic pulses produced by central pattern generators (muscle synergy hypothesis). This control scheme is simple and thought to be shared between walking and running at different speeds. Demonstrating that this control scheme can generate walking and running and change the speed is critical, as bipedal locomotion is dynamically challenging. Here, we provide such a demonstration by using a motor control model with 69 parameters developed based on the muscle synergy hypothesis. Specifically, we show that it produces both walking and running of a human musculoskeletal model by changing only seven key motor control parameters. Furthermore, we show that the model can walk and run at different speeds by changing only the same seven parameters based on the desired speed. These findings will improve our understanding of human motor control in locomotion and provide guiding principles for the control design of wearable exoskeletons and prostheses.
Association between the ICAM-1 gene polymorphism and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis
Authors: Yin De-lu , Zhao Xin-hua , Zhou Yi , Wang Ying , Duan Ping , Li Qun-xing , Xiong Zheng , Zhang Yang-yang , Chen Yu , He Hong , Yang Kai , Song He-jian 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a complex polygenic disease in which gene-environment interactions play a critical role in disease onset and progression. The Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) gene E469K polymorphism is one of the most commonly studied polymorphisms in this gene because of its association with CHD risks, but results were conflicting. The PubMed, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were searched for case–control studies published up to November 2018. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the association. Eleven eligible studies, comprising 3435 cases and 3199 controls, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled result showed that the ICAM-1 gene E469K polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of CHD (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.11–1.29, for the allele K versus allele E; OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43–1.92, for the K allele carriers versus EE). Subgroup analysis supported the results in the Chinese populations and in the Caucasian populations. This meta-analysis suggests that the ICAM-1 gene K469E polymorphism is associated with CHD risk and the K allele is a more significant risk factor for developing CHD amongst Chinese and Caucasians populations.
Adenine nucleotides as paracrine mediators and intracellular second messengers in immunity and inflammation
Authors: Fliegert Ralf , Heeren Jörg , Koch-Nolte Friedrich , Nikolaev Viacheslav O. , Lohr Christian , Meier Chris , Guse Andreas H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Adenine nucleotides (AdNs) play important roles in immunity and inflammation. Extracellular AdNs, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and their metabolites, act as paracrine messengers by fine-tuning both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Moreover, intracellular AdNs derived from ATP or NAD play important roles in many cells of the immune system, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and others. These intracellular AdNs are signaling molecules that transduce incoming signals into meaningful cellular responses, e.g. activation of immune responses against pathogens.
Properties and magnetic origins of solar S-bursts
Authors: Clarke Brendan P. , Morosan Diana E. , Gallagher Peter T. , Dorovskyy Vladimir V. , Konovalenko Alexander A. , Carley Eoin P. 
Published: January 2019

Context. Solar activity is often accompanied by solar radio emission, consisting of numerous types of solar radio bursts. At low frequencies (<100 MHz) radio bursts with short durations of milliseconds, such as solar S-bursts, have been identified. To date, their origin and many of their characteristics remain unclear.
Aims. We report observations from the Ukrainian T-shaped Radio telescope, (UTR-2), and the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) which give us new insight into their nature.
Methods. Over 3000 S-bursts were observed on 9 July 2013 at frequencies of 17.4–83.1 MHz during a period of low solar activity. Leading models of S-burst generation were tested by analysing the spectral properties of S-bursts and estimating coronal magnetic field strengths.
Results. S-bursts were found to have short durations of 0.5–0.9 s. Multiple instruments were used to measure the dependence of drift rate on frequency which is represented by a power law with an index of 1.57. For the first time, we show a linear relation between instantaneous bandwidth and frequency over a wide frequency band. The flux calibration and high sensitivity of UTR-2 enabled measurements of their fluxes, which yielded 11 ± 3 solar flux units (1 SFU ≡ 104 Jy). The source particle velocities of S-bursts were found to be ∼0.07 c. S-burst source heights were found to range from 1.3 R⊙ to 2 R⊙. Furthermore, a contemporary theoretical model of S-burst generation was used to conduct remote sensing of the coronal magnetic field at these heights which yielded values of 0.9–5.8 G. Within error, these values are comparable to those predicted by various relations between magnetic field strength and height in the corona.
Constraining transport of angular momentum in stars
Authors: den Hartogh J. W. , Eggenberger P. , Hirschi R. 
Published: January 2019

Context. Transport of angular momentum has been a challenging topic within the stellar evolution community, even more since the recent asteroseismic surveys. All published studies on rotation using asteroseismic observations show a discrepancy between the observed and calculated rotation rates, indicating there is an undetermined process of angular momentum transport active in these stars.
Aims. We aim to constrain the efficiency of this process by investigating rotation rates of 2.5 M⊙ stars.
Methods. First, we investigated whether the Tayler-Spruit dynamo could be responsible for the extra transport of angular momentum for stars with an initial mass of 2.5 M⊙. Then, by computing rotating models including a constant additional artificial viscosity, we determined the efficiency of the missing process of angular momentum transport by comparing the models to the asteroseismic observations of core helium burning stars. Parameter studies were performed to investigate the effect of the stellar evolution code used, initial mass, and evolutionary stage. We evolved our models into the white dwarf phase, and provide a comparison to white dwarf rotation rates.
Results. The Tayler-Spruit dynamo is unable to provide enough transport of angular momentum to reach the observed values of the core helium burning stars investigated in this paper. We find that a value for the additional artificial viscosity νadd around 107 cm2 s−1 provides enough transport of angular momentum. However, the rotational period of these models is too high in the white dwarf phase to match the white dwarf observations. From this comparison we infer that the efficiency of the missing process must decrease during the core helium burning phase. When excluding the νadd during core helium burning phase, we can match the rotational periods of both the core helium burning stars and white dwarfs.
Tibiakopf: Repositions- und Osteosynthesetechniken
Authors: Wichlas Florian , Freude Thomas 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungWährend die Versorgung einfacher Tibiakopffrakturen selten Probleme verursacht,
stellen komplexe Luxationsfrakturen eine Herausforderung dar. Die Behandlung ist
aufwendig und erfordert viel Erfahrung, da häufig nicht nur der Knochen
betroffen ist, sondern auch die Weichteile. Trümmerzonen, die eine anatomische
Reposition unmöglich machen, anatomische Areale der Gelenkfläche, die schwer
erreichbar sind und das hohe Komplikationsrisiko führen dazu, dass diese
Frakturen von erfahrenen Operateuren versorgt werden sollten. Die Kombination
aus einer exzellenten präoperativen Bildgebung, einer sich aus dieser ergebenden
Frakturanalyse und OP-Planung und das Wissen um aktuelle OP-Verfahren ist der
Schlüssel zu einer guten Versorgung von Tibiakopffrakturen. Zur Prädiktion des
langfristigen Outcomes sind 2 Faktoren entscheidend. Zum einen die
Frakturschwere 1, 28, insbesondere das Ausmaß der Gelenkbeteiligung 29; zum Zweiten die exakte intraoperative
anatomische Reposition 30, 31. Zusammenfassend müssen jedoch gemäß aktueller
Literatur für B3-/C3-Frakturen die schlechtesten Ergebnisse für die klinischen
Scores erwartet werden 3, 6.
Cluster-randomisierte Studien: Methodische und praktische Aspekte
Authors: Dreyhaupt Jens , Mayer Benjamin , Kaluscha Rainer , Muche Rainer 
Published: January 2019

ZusammenfassungHäufig wird kritisiert, dass in der Rehabilitationsforschung zu wenig randomisierte Studien durchgeführt werden, um methodisch hochwertige Evidenz zu erhalten. Allerdings wird auch anerkannt, dass sich das Design der doppel-blinden, Placebo-kontrollierten, randomisierten Studie häufig nicht einfach in die Rehabilitationsforschung übertragen lässt. Zum einen steht hier die Validität in Bezug auf den Versorgungsaspekt im Fokus, sodass Treatment-as-usual anstelle der Placebo-Behandlung als Referenz dient und eine Doppelverblindung teilweise nicht definierbar ist. Weiterhin ist es aufgrund fehlender Kapazitäten oft schwierig, 2 ähnliche Therapieformen in einer Rehabilitationseinrichtung parallel durchzuführen. Ferner sind Kontaminationseffekte zu befürchten, wenn sich Rehabilitanden unterschiedlicher Studienarme über ihre Therapie austauschen. Hier bieten sich cluster-randomisierte Studien an, welche allerdings im Vergleich zu individuell randomisierten Studien meist höhere Fallzahlen, eine komplexere Methodik der Fallzahlplanung sowie umfassendere Methoden der statistischen Auswertung erfordern.Im Beitrag werden Vor- und Nachteile sowie Besonderheiten der Cluster-Randomisierung dargestellt und Hinweise zu ihrer Umsetzung im Bereich der Rehabilitationsforschung gegeben.
Life-threatening visceral complications after intragastric balloon insertion: Is the device, the patient or the doctor to blame?
Authors: Stavrou George , Tsaousi Georgia , Kotzampassi Katerina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background and aim Intragastric balloon placement is established as a safe, relatively low-cost and well-tolerated minimally invasive procedure for weight loss, giving encouraging results under the strict prerequisite that the obese patient will enroll in a medically supervised weight loss program. This retrospective study reviews already published cases of severe visceral complications for the purpose of assigning responsibility to the device, the patient, or the doctor.
Methods We reviewed PubMed and Scopus archived publications describing intragastric balloon (BIB/Orbera)-related severe visceral complications, i. e. perforations and obstructions.
Results Twenty-two cases of gastric perforation, two cases of esophageal perforation and 10 cases of bowel obstruction were found. For the gastric perforation the endoscopist was responsible in nine cases, the patient in four, and the balloon itself in nine. For the two cases of esophageal perforation, the endoscopists were responsible, while for the 12 cases of bowel obstruction, the patient was responsible for seven and the device for the other five cases.
Conclusion BIB/Orbera balloon insertion remains a safe procedure, with a minimum of complications related to hollow viscera. Mandatory education and accreditation of physicians dealing with bariatric endoscopy and strict supervision of the obese individuals, while living with the balloon, will eliminate such complications.
Assessment of Disease Activity in Takayasu Arteritis: Potential Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Lottspeich Christian , Dechant Claudia , Köhler Anton , Tischler Maximilian , Treitl Karla Maria , Treitl Marcus , Schulze-Koops Hendrik , Hoffmann Ulrich , Czihal Michael 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Purpose To assess the diagnostic value of intima media thickness measurements and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) of the supraaortic arteries in the assessment of disease activity in Takayasu arteritis (TA).
Materials and Methods Patients with TA and involvement of the carotid and/or subclavian/axillary arteries underwent CEUS imaging in addition to B-mode and color duplex ultrasound. The maximum IMT (mIMT) was measured and high-resolution CEUS of the most prominently thickened vessel segment was performed. Two blinded readers reviewed the CEUS movies, with semiquantitative assessment of microbubble enhancement of the arterial wall (grade 0: no or minimal; grade 1: moderate; grade 2: pronounced). Clinical symptoms, acute phase reactants, and established indices of clinical disease activity (NIH criteria, ITAS score) were recorded.
Results 40 examinations in 17 patients were analyzed. According to clinical judgement, 27 and 13 cases were classified as clinically inactive and active, respectively. An mIMT-cutoff of > 2.7 mm identified active disease with a sensitivity and specificity of 69.2 % and 88.9 %, respectively (area under the curve 0.83). The interobserver agreement of CEUS analysis was substantial (Cohen’s kappa 0.76). By consensus reading, 17, 15, and 8 cases were classified as uptake grade 0, grade 1 and grade 2, respectively. Grade 0 uptake was exclusively present in 17 clinically inactive patients. Grade 1 uptake was seen in 10 patients with clinically inactive disease and 5 patients with clinically active disease. Grade 2 uptake was exclusively present in 8 patients with active disease.
Conclusion Both sonographic IMT measurements and high-resolution CEUS are promising in the ad-hoc assessment of disease activity in patients with TA.
Synthetic Phosphonic Acids as Potent Tools to Study Phosphonate Enzymology
Authors: Pallitsch K. , Kalina T. , Stanković T. 
Published: January 2019

Phosphonic acids are highly stable phosphorus-containing compounds, which have been proposed as important intermediates in the global phosphorus cycle. Biogenic phosphonates as well as their synthetic analogues play an important role as potential enzyme inhibitor drugs and as alternative phosphorus source for microbes. Despite these properties, their metabolism is still poorly understood. New degradative pathways and unknown compounds are identified at fast pace. However, most of these pathways include a variety of unique enzymatic transformations, which are difficult to characterize – especially without sufficient amounts of the potential substrates and intermediates of the postulated transformations in hands. Thus, there is a great need for the development of synthetic methodologies to access phosphonic acids in high yields and in enantiomerically pure form for the use in enzymatic studies and in studies on the biological activity of newly isolated natural products, which are often only obtained in low yields. In this Synpacts article we aim at highlighting our recent contributions to this field.1	Introduction2	Phosphonates as Alternative Phosphorus Source3	The Application of Phosphonates in Enzymatic Studies4	Conclusion