bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 7. Subsistence
Authors: Williams B. J. 
Published: June 2018

Hunting remains the major activity of the Birhor despite the rapid deforestation now going on in the district. The forests in which they hunt are of second-growth sal trees, quite bushy and dense.Within these forests, the Birhor rely entirely on small game and do not attempt to take anything larger than wild pigs and smaller varieties of deer. The Birhor word for the small barking deer (Cervulus muntjac) is jflu which is the same as their word for meat. But today the jflu, apparently once quite important to the Birhor, is taken only rarely. Also formerly of importance to the Birhor were monkeys—both the langur and macaque. These animals have decreased in number to the point that they now occur as isolated populations in rugged ghat areas or on steep hillsides. Formerly, they were hunted for food, and the hide of the langur was traded to Ghasi drum-makers. Today, there exists a market for live macaques but most Birhor bands of Hazaribagh District, at the present, take no monkeys within the course of a year. Of primary importance today is the hare (kulhāi). It is this animal which the Birhor think of, talk of, and hunt daily.
Population Growth and Settlement Pattern in Franklin and Hampshire Counties, Massachusetts, 1650-1850
Authors: Swedlund Alan C. 
Published: June 2018

Locational Analysis has been a fundamental part of research in plant ecology and cultural geography for many years (for reviews see Greig-Smith 1964; Haggett 1966; Harvey 1967; King 1969; Morrill 1970). Recently there has been a growing interest in applying locational analysis in anthropological studies (for example, Plog 1968; Zubrow 1970; Wood 1971; Johnson 1972; Marcus 1973; Whallon 1973a, 1973b; Waddell 1972). The spatial organization of settlements and smaller units of human activity is relevant to an understanding of population structure. The distribution of human activity areas is presumably the result of complex interrelationships between social, biological, and ecological variables, and therefore should provide significant information regarding the effects of these variables in given situations. This paper will compare the historic pattern of community growth in Hampshire and Franklin Counties, Massachusetts, with that predicted by Hudson's (1969) model of rural settlement location.The topography of the study area (Fig. 1) is dominated by the presence of the Connecticut River Valley and its tributaries. This region was first settled by Europeans in the 1650s and was primarily agricultural until recent times. The area has been characterized by rapid population growth over much of its history, and the population has tended to be distributed in the form of towns and small villages. The time period considered in the present study will be 1650-1850 which represents the time of maximum dispersal of settlements, prior to the advent of the automobile and most railroad traffic.
Population Dynamics at Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona
Authors: Longacre William A. 
Published: June 2018

There is a long history of interest in the study of extinct populations, sometimes called “prehistoric demography” or “archaeological demography.” Most studies have focused on regional population size and trends through time and their explanation. Analyses of a single population at one community are rare.This paper discusses one effort at assessing the dynamics of population at one prehistoric community, the Grasshopper Pueblo, located in east-central Arizona. A long range program of archaeological research is being conducted at the site by the University of Arizona through the Archaeological Field School. This program is sponsored jointly by the Department of Anthropology and the Arizona State Museum and has been supported by the National Science Foundation since 1965.The Grasshopper Ruin, a fourteenth century pueblo, is an example of what some have called “Late Mogollon” or “Prehistoric Western Pueblo” culture. It consists of several main room clusters separated by a presently intermittent stream and surrounded by smaller groupings of rooms. There are approximately 500 rooms at the site. Space does not permit a discussion of the range of problems that we are attempting to solve in our research nor the sampling design. But one aspect of our work, the “Cornering-Growth Project,” has provided us with the relative construction sequences for all the rooms at the community. These data provide a basis for a study of population dynamics.
Human Population Dynamics in Archaeological Time: Some Simple Models
Authors: Harpending Henry , Bertram Jack 
Published: June 2018

Birdsell (1968:231) summarizes qualitative predictions for the dynamics of Pleistocene hunter-gatherer populations. He concludes that population density should respond rapidly to changes in biotic and climatic parameters; that “populations would tend to overshoot carrying capacity as they restore their numbers from a depressed condition,” and that so long as unoccupied areas existed, population density would be regulated at a level well below carrying capacity (see also Binford 1968). We believe that these conclusions can be strengthened and quantified by formal mathematical analysis of reasonable demographic models. The results of this analysis have several important implications for archaeological theory and methodology. Formal models of population dynamics usually lead to predictions of population behavior over time intervals on the order of the generation time of the organism or longer. Since our direct knowledge of population history of regions is usually in proportion to the amount of recent disruption, archaeology can test and exploit theory in a manner denied ethnology.
Population Pressure as a Non-Explanation
Authors: Cowgill George L. 
Published: June 2018

My aim here is to summarize briefly some serious difficulties with assumptions that have frequently been made in considerations of prehistoric population and culture changes, and to suggest better alternatives. I have discussed these matters more fully, with many more references, elsewhere (Cowgill in press).One problematic assumption is the notion that a fairly strong tendency toward increase is a natural characteristic of human populations, or at least of sedentary food-producing populations. It is taken for granted that as a rule population growth will continue in a region until a point is reached at which further growth would create (or at least pose serious threat of) major shortages of important resources. A second fallacy is the assumption that stresses resulting from resource shortages will naturally tend to evoke developmental responses. Cultural development or evolution is frequently explained as a response to such stresses.
Chapter IV: Disposal of the Dead
Authors: De Laguna Frederica 
Published: June 2018

According to our own observations and to the published accounts, the Tena have practiced many different methods of disposing of the dead, and there are also a number of supplementary traits associated with these methods. We may list them as follows:1. Inhumationa) Simple inhumation (lower Innoko, Blackburn to Holy Cross)b) In the house (prehistoric, Khotol River)c) Under a grave house (Nowitna to Holy Cross)
An Early Occupied Cave: Site 1205
Authors: Hayes Alden C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSurface indications at Site 1205, a small cave on Wetherill Mesa, were a heavily smoked cave roof, deep deposit on the floor and trash slope, with an absence of pottery. There was no evidence of structures. A test trench in the trash revealed pottery-hearing levels near the surface, with an underlying stratum containing only charcoal and burned sandstone. The possibility of a preceramic occupation led to excavation. Use of the cave from the Piedra through Mesa Verde phases, with estimated dates from the 8th into the 13th centuries, was shown. Evidence for earlier use was inconclusive.
Evidence of Prehistoric Cultivation of Douglas-Fir Trees at Mesa Verde
Authors: Nichols Robert F. , Smith David G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThree trees which began growing in the 12th century lean in a manner not characteristic of neighboring Douglas-firs and have tree-ring patterns showing changes that do not appear to reflect climatic influences. Two old trees, now dead, have limb stubs that were cut by stone tools. It is possible the prehistoric Indians cultivated trees so that in a relatively short time a single root system would produce several limbs suitable for use as construction timbers.
The Biological Model for Paleoclimatic Interpretation of Mesa Verde Tree-Ring Series
Authors: Fritts Harold C. , Smith David G. , Stokes Marvin A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRing-width chronologies in Douglas-fir, pinyon pine, and Utah juniper show some distinctly different characteristics and exhibit highly predictable relationships with variations in climate. Narrow rings in Douglas-fir are largely the result of low precipitation and high temperatures of the previous June, low precipitation during August through February, low precipitation and low temperatures during March through May, and low precipitation and high temperatures of the current June. Narrow rings in pinyon pine are largely a function of low precipitation from October through May, but high July temperatures near the end of the growing season may also exert an influence. Narrow rings in Utah juniper are the result of low precipitation and high temperatures during the previous October through November, low precipitation during December through February, and low precipitation and high temperatures during March through May. A biological model for these relationships is proposed. The tree-ring chronology from A.D. 1273 through 1285 exhibits a clearly defined drought which exceeds in length and intensity any dry period occurring since A.D. 1673. A comparison of the chronologies from species which are influenced differently by summer precipitation indicates that during this period both summers and winters must have been dry. However, the A.D. 1273-1285 drought at Mesa Verde was surpassed by six other droughts of greater intensity during the period A.D. 500–1300. The A.D. 1273–1285 drought may be only one of several factors in a chain of events which led to the decline of prehistoric population in the Mesa Verde.
Corn and Cucurbits from Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Cutler Hugh C. , Meyer Winton 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMost corn from the Mesa Verde area belongs to a complex derived from hybridization of a small-cobbed flint-pop corn with an 8-rowed flour corn. This cross produced 12- to 14-rowed flint and flour corn (the typical Basketmaker corn) and the variable Pima-Papago corn. After Pueblo I, probably late Pueblo II, there was an increase in the number of 8-rowed cobs and a decrease in 12- to 14-rowed cobs. The corn is similar to collections from sites of comparable age excavated in northern Arizona near Navajo Mountain. The uniformity and the slow development of corn types probably reflect peripheral conditions, especially adaptation to short growing seasons and limited cultural interchange.Practically all of the squash was Cucurbita pepo, the species which spread over all agricultural areas of the United States. There were a few specimens of Cucurbita mixta and of the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria. Some rinds of the two species of Cucurbita gave evidence of their use for scrapers and containers, uses to which the bottle gourd is put almost exclusively in sites to the south. The rarity of the bottle gourd and the absence of seeds and plant parts of cotton suggest that these plants were rarely, if ever, grown in the region.
The Feasibility of Micro-Analysis in Southwestern Archaeological Sites
Authors: Brooks Richard H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMidden analyses were made from 15 sample columns raken at four Wetherill Mesa sites in Mesa Verde National Park. The components in these columns were studied in accordance with methods that have proved successful at California archaeological sites. The sampling did no more than reflect data already established by standard procedures regarding the life of the prehistoric inhabitants. The number of sample columns was much too small to determine conclusively whether this type of analysis can be useful for Southwestern sites.
Screening Soil and Fecal Samples for Recovery of Small Specimens
Authors: Colyer Marilyn , Osborne Douglas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBy careful extraction of minute objects from feces and midden debris at a site, the archaeologist can add greatly to ecological and biological knowledge regarding the human inhabitants of the site, as well as the flora and fauna of the locality. The techniques for sifting through the material to obtain small objects are not complicated, and inexpensive equipment is readily available. Soil and fecal samples from dry, protected sites, such as those of Mesa Verde, will yield the best results.
Methods Used for Identification of Feather Remains from Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Messinger Norman G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFeathers provided by the Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project archaeologists were cleaned, placed on glass mounts, and examined under a microscope. Some initial comparisons were made from macrocharacters. Structures differ from species to species, and trial-and-error comparisons were made until the characteristics of the unknown species matched those of a known species. A file of photographs with characters of known species was kept and was useful for preliminary matching. Most of the material was identified as coming from Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), with Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura) also being identified.
5 Pottery
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: June 2018

The pottery from this site was described and classified in 1941 (Webb and Dodd 1941), on the basis of the sherds found in the four levels of Mound B (Houses 1 to 4), the floors of the adjoining Houses 5 and 6, and the fills between these levels, in addition to whole vessels from the associated Burials 1 through 19 and several of the house floors. This was the first attempt to set up pottery types from an excavated Caddoan site and was necessarily tentative. The classification has been subjected to continuing study and modification on the basis of reports from subsequent excavations and surface surveys in the four-state area.Much of this reclassification has resulted from correspondence and conversations with Alex Krieger as he developed the Texas materials, from the two Caddoan Conferences held at Norman, Oklahoma, in 1946 and 1952, and from several informal conferences with Krieger, Howard, Stephenson, Cotter, Haag, Baerreis, and others interested in the area. James B. Griffin and James A. Ford gave valuable assistance in the original formulation of Belcher types in 1941 and critical suggestions since that time.
10 Summary, Comparisons, and Conclusions
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: June 2018

The excavated portion of the Belcher Mound site seems to represent the ceremonial and possibly civil center of a small agricultural community located in the overflow valley of Red River. The village was scattered along the east bank of a stream which presently is inactive but apparently during the life of the site was the main course of Red River, building up its natural levee during the time when the mounds were being constructed. The prehistoric and protohistoric Caddoan inhabitants of the village were primarily farmers, but they were also hunters, fishermen, and gatherers of native foods. Although a riverine people, they left considerable evidence of extensive overland trade and contact.The mounds, originally two which were later incorporated into one linear mound, were habitation substructures built up by accretion which resulted from the covering over of successively burned structures. This burning seemingly related to ceremonies attending deaths of important individuals, and burials in pits sunk through the covered-over burned structures accounted for most of the burials found in the site. A few individual burials were placed beneath house floors or at random in the mounds during construction.
Analysis of the Artifacts
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

In the two preceding sections, a structural framework for the site has been given which will enable the reader to visualize the manner in which artifacts were correlated with the growth of the mound.With this in mind, it should be clear in the discussion below what I mean by experimentation in establishing valid types. That is to say, it was necessary to create trial “types” first, plot them against the physical strata of the site, first in one way, then in others. It was not until a picture of consistency developed, first within the site, and second in related sites, that I began to feel that the typology was on firm ground. After that it was necessary to re-group and re-plot the specimens against the strata, and finally to re-total the findings in terms of the “phases.” The cultural stratigraphy, then, is the result of a very long-drawn process of typological experimenting and plotting in a number of different ways, the final purpose of which was to find combinations consistently falling together and contrasting with other combinations.
Other Clay Artifacts
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

Nineteen ear spools are clay, probably tempered, polished, and fired in the same way as pottery vessels. Of these, one is part of a solid, bi-concave disk (Fig. 53, U); one is a small ring with slightly concave perimeter (Fig. 53, V); and the other 17 are parts of rings with strong flanges around both edges on the exterior (Fig. 53, W, X). The 17 fragments are from no less than 13 different rings, probably 15, but no definite pairs can be seen. Four are decorated with closely spaced engraved lines completely crossing the interior surface from one flange lip to the other (Fig. 53, W). Colors are like those of resident pottery: light brown, medium brown, reddish brown, and black.One black fragment is from under the mound, beneath the floor of Feature 31 but above the floor of Feature 37. One other was in Phase 2 position, under mound wash; one is from Feature 9; one from the secondary mound; and 14, including the complete ring, are from the field in Zones 16 to 13. Although their numbers seem to have increased as time went by, this flanged form wasat least present before mound construction began.
Of International Law, Semi-colonial Thailand, and Imperial Ghosts
Authors: SINGH Prabhakar 
Published: June 2018

AbstractI argue that contextually reading two disputes involving Siam—Cheek v. Siam(1898) and theTemple of Preah Vihear(1962)—proves that both private law and public international law are structurally rigged against ex-semi-colonial nations. Nineteenth-century Siam was a political ferment known variously as a semi-colonial, semi-peripheral, non-colonial, or uncolonized polity. Siam bargained under imperial shadows her political independence by the tactical grants of concession contracts, as well as by negotiating treaties with competing European powers. In the post-colonialTemple of Preah Vihearcase, colonial stationery—maps, photographs, and communiqués—as well as imperial customs offered evidentiary support to Cambodia, an ex-colonial state, against Thailand. In the early twentieth century, while authors pickedCheek v. Siamas a precedent for the law of international claims, textbooks offer theTemple of Preah Vihearcase as a precedent on the form of treaties and estoppel. Conclusively, these two cases allow us to locate, if not exorcise, the ghosts of empires in Asian legal history, exposing, at the same time, Judge Koo’s Orientalization of customary international law.
Zur Angleichung von Itemwortlauten bei SDQ-Fremd- und Selbstbericht und deren Auswirkung auf Beurteilungsdiskrepanzen
Authors: Vierhaus Marc , Rueth Jana Elisa , Buchberger Elisa Sophie , Lohaus Arnold 
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein Vergleich zwischen den deutschsprachigen Selbst- und Fremdberichtskalen des Fragebogens zu Stärken und Schwächen (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ) vorgenommen, um mögliche Einschätzungsdiskrepanzen zu analysieren. Verglichen wurden die Originalskalen mit modifizierten Skalen, die eine stärkere sprachliche Angleichung zwischen den Selbst- und Fremdberichtsitems enthielten. In einer Stichprobe mit 217 Mutter-Kind-Dyaden kamen die Originalversionen des SDQ zum Einsatz, während in einer zweiten Stichprobe mit 276 Dyaden eine bezüglich der Itemwortlaute angeglichene Version genutzt wurde. Sowohl für die Selbsteinschätzungen der Kinder und Jugendlichen als auch für die Fremdeinschätzungen konnte eine partielle Messinvarianz zwischen den Originalversionen und den modifizierten Fragebogenversionen nachgewiesen werden. Weiterhin ließ sich zeigen, dass die Einschätzungsdiskrepanzen sowohl auf der Ebene der Mittelwerte als auch der Korrelationen zwischen Selbst- und Fremdurteilen in der modifizierten Fassung geringer sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung der Itemformulierungen für Fragebogenergebnisse im Allgemeinen und für das Entstehen von Beurteilungsdiskrepanzen im Besonderen.
Geschlechtsinvarianz und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenzeinschätzung mit den Intelligence and Development Scales
Authors: Schweizer Florine , Arx Priska Hagmann-von , Ledermann Thomas , Grob Alexander 
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht die Messinvarianz über das Geschlecht und Geschlechtsdifferenzen in der Intelligenz mit den Intelligence and Development Scales-Preschool (IDS-P; Grob, Reimann, Gut & Frischknecht, 2013 ) und Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2013 ). Die IDS-P (3.0 to 5.11) und IDS (5.0 to 10.11) erfassen die allgemeine Intelligenz anhand von 7 Untertests. Die Studie verwendete die Normierungsstichproben mit N(IDS-P) = 700 und N(IDS) = 1 330 (je 50 % Jungen). Beide Verfahren wiesen latente partielle Messinvarianz auf Ebene der Untertests sowie auf Ebene der allgemeinen Intelligenz auf. Auf manifester Ebene zeigten sich keine Mittelwertdifferenzen für die allgemeine Intelligenz. In einigen Untertests ergaben sich Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern: Jungen zeigten im Durchschnitt in Denken Bildlich in beiden Verfahren, Mädchen in Aufmerksamkeit Selektiv und in Gedächtnis Auditiv bessere Leistungen in den IDS-P. Die manifesten Varianzen unterschieden sich nicht. Die Befunde belegen, dass die Verfahren invariant bezüglich ihrer Struktur über das Geschlecht sind und folglich eine faire Intelligenzeinschätzung für beide Geschlechter ermöglichen.