bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specialized pollination by honeybees inCymbidium dayanum, a fall–winter flowering orchid
Authors: Matsuda Yoshiyuki , Sugiura Naoto 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFloral biology and pollination mechanisms ofCymbidium dayanum, an endangered epiphytic orchid, were investigated in south Kyushu, Japan. The flowering period spanned approximately 4 months from fall to winter, with the inflorescences often blooming asynchronously on each plant and individual flowers commonly lasting for a month. The nectarless flowers are self‐compatible but cannot autonomously self‐pollinate; the orchid needs to attract pollinators by deceit for capsule production. The field observations showed that the flowers were pollinated exclusively by the Japanese honeybeeApis ceranajaponica, despite its long flowering period. The worker bees pollinated flowers and/or received the pollinarium on the thorax, while escaping from the labellum chamber. The natural fruit‐set ratios at the population level, an estimate of pollination success, varied interannually but were generally low, as the result of infrequent flower visits by honeybee workers owing to the cold winter climate and the lack of a nectar reward. Because most flowers that were artificially pollinated in the winter successfully developed into capsules, the coldness was not considered a direct cause of the low fruit‐set ratios. Our results explicitly indicate that the bee pollination niche could be available to temperate plant species even during mid‐winter. We inferred advantages for the winter flowering ofC. dayanum.
Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the survival of the subaerial cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme in arid and exposed habitats
Authors: Shang Jin‐Long , Chen Min , Hou Shengwei , Li Tao , Yang Yi‐Wen , Li Qi , Jiang Hai‐Bo , Dai Guo‐Zheng , Zhang Zhong‐Chun , Hess Wolfgang R. , Qiu Bao‐Sheng 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThe cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme is an extremophile that thrives under extraordinary desiccation and ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions. To investigate its survival strategies, we performed whole‐genome sequencing of N. flagelliforme CCNUN1 and transcriptional profiling of its field populations upon rehydration in BG11 medium. The genome of N. flagelliforme is 10.23 Mb in size and contains 10 825 predicted protein‐encoding genes, making it one of the largest complete genomes of cyanobacteria reported to date. Comparative genomics analysis among 20 cyanobacterial strains revealed that genes related to DNA replication, recombination and repair had disproportionately high contributions to the genome expansion. The ability of N. flagelliforme to thrive under extreme abiotic stresses is supported by the acquisition of genes involved in the protection of photosynthetic apparatus, the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids, responses to UV radiation, and a peculiar role of ornithine metabolism. Transcriptome analysis revealed a distinct acclimation strategy to rehydration, including the strong constitutive expression of genes encoding photosystem I assembly factors and the involvement of post‐transcriptional control mechanisms of photosynthetic resuscitation. Our results provide insights into the adaptive mechanisms of subaerial cyanobacteria in their harsh habitats and have important implications to understand the evolutionary transition of cyanobacteria from aquatic environments to terrestrial ecosystems.
Enlightenment and individuation: syncretism, synchronicity and beyond
Authors: Cambray Joe 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper opens with a personal introduction to the topic of syncretism within the context of a comparison of enlightenment associated with Eastern religious traditions and individuation as experienced through Jungian analysis. A brief exploration of the recent scholarly revival of interest in syncretism follows. Some close parallels with Jungian theory are highlighted, especially in the work of Timothy Light. Applications to the syncretic trends in Tang culture along the Silk Road(s) suggest deeper patterns of interconnectedness lie at the heart of these trends. A complex systems view highlights similarities between syncretic connections and non‐local aspects of synchronistic field events. The final section attempts to extend this approach to innovation in general terms through the recently articulated concept of the ‘adjacent possible’ from the writing of Stuart Kauffman. From this, the notion of a collective pre‐conscious dimension to the psyche is extrapolated. The unifying thread of acausal emergent forms provides a potential synthetic network for these phenomena.
Development of Protein‐Based High‐Oxygen Barrier Films Using an Industrial Manufacturing Facility
Authors: Chang Yoonjee , Joo Eunmi , Song Hong‐geon , Choi Inyoung , Yoon Chan Suk , Choi Young Ju , Han Jaejoon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, protein‐based high‐oxygen barrier multilayer films were manufactured at a pilot plant scale by a roll‐to‐roll coating process and an adhesive lamination process. Also, their characteristics were examined to evaluate their industrial feasibility. Oxygen transmission rates (OTRs) of the protein‐based films (polyethylene terephthalate [PET]/pea protein isolate [PPI]/nylon/cast polypropylene [CPP], PET/whey protein isolate [WPI]/CPP, PET/WPI/nylon/CPP, and PET/PPI/nylon/low‐density polyethylene [LDPE]) were significantly lower than OTR of the PET/nylon/CPP film without a protein‐coating layer and that of the commercial high‐barrier multilayer film copolymer (PET/aluminum/CPP). In addition, water vapor transmission rates of the films containing protein layer were significantly lower than that of the commercial high‐barrier film containing ethylene vinyl alcohol [nylon/nylon/EVOH/easy peel layer [EPL]). Among the tested polymers, the PET/WPI/nylon/LDPE film showed the highest heat‐sealing ability, tensile strength, and elastic modulus. Moreover, transparency and haze of the PET/WPI/nylon/CPP film were similar to the film without WPI coating. Taken together, our results indicate that the protein‐based coating films showing high‐oxygen and high‐water barrier properties can be manufactured using industrial facilities and could replace commercial multilayer films based on synthetic materials.Practical ApplicationOxygen barrier property is an important feature in food packaging materials. Therefore, protein‐coated high‐oxygen barrier multilayer films were manufactured at a pilot scale to verify the possibility of their mass production. Specifically, high‐oxygen and high‐moisture barrier coating was produced by pea and whey proteins. Finally, the protein‐based multilayer films made by an industrial facility were confirmed to be able to replace current commercial films containing synthetic barrier materials.
How Can the Value and Use of Egg Yolk Be Increased?
Authors: Huang X. , Ahn Dong U. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe major driving force for the egg consumption in the United States over the past few decades was processed egg. However, the consumption of egg through the processed egg reached the plateau in recent years because of the imbalance in the demands between the egg white and yolk products. The consumer demands for egg white products are very high while those for the egg yolk, the co‐product of dried egg white, are low because of the negative perceptions on egg yolk. Two key approaches that can be used to increase the value and use of egg yolk are: (1) developing new commodity products by fractionating egg yolk and apply them in various food processing, and (2) separating functional proteins and lipids from yolk and use them as is or further develop functional peptides and functional lipids and use them as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical agents. These approaches can diversify the use of egg yolk, which eventually will help increase the consumption of egg. This review (1) discusses the current use of egg yolk products and the development of new functional commodity products from egg yolk, (2) review the important functional components in egg yolk and overview the current separation methods and their applications, (3) discuss the production of functional peptides and lipids using the separated egg proteins and lipids, and (4) suggest the future directions for the best use of egg yolk components. Development of scale‐up production methods, which is vital for the practical applications, is discussed when appropriate.
Identification of a Salt Blend: Application of the Electronic Tongue, Consumer Evaluation, and Mixture Design Methodology
Authors: Barnett Sasha M. , Diako Charles , Ross Carolyn F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReplacement of NaCl with other salts is becoming increasingly common as part of a salt reduction strategy, but these salts may confer unwanted sensory changes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between consumer perception and electronic tongue detection of different salts and their mixtures currently used in salt reduction. NaCl and replacement salts (KCl and CaCl2) were identified, and using mixture design methodology, mixtures (n = 10) were prepared in aqueous solutions and validated in tomato soup. A potentiometric electronic tongue, panelists with orientation (n = 30), and a consumer panel (n = 94 ‐ solutions; n = 100 ‐ soups) were used to evaluate the samples. Significant differences were found between salt mixtures in solutions and soups by both panelists and consumers (P < 0.05). Electronic tongue analysis showed a high discrimination index (D.I. = 96%) indicating distinct differences among the salt mixtures, and strong positive correlations (R2 > 0.90) were found between sensory and electronic tongue data. Upon application of contour plots and desirability function analysis, an optimal replacement value was identified as one containing 96.4% NaCl, 1.6% KCl, and 2.0% CaCl2. Additional salt blends could be created to continue to reduce NaCl and increase the other two salts, for further potential health benefits, without significantly impacting predicted acceptance scores. Results from this study indicate the potential for the electronic tongue, sensory evaluation, and mixture design methodology to work together during product reformulations to achieve salt reduction targets.Practical ApplicationThe results show that salt mixtures vary in perception and acceptance in different matrices, and thus should be evaluated on a product by product basis. With its ability to discriminate among various salts, the application of the electronic tongue could be useful for industry in the development of products with different salt formulations to reduce NaCl within processed foods. Additionally, mixture design can help find a predicted optimum mixture for the product under investigation.
The symbiotic bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis of the entomopathogenic nematodes Oscheius spp. exhibit potential biocontrol of plant‐ and entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Shan Shaojie , Wang Wenwu , Song Chunxu , Wang Minggang , Sun Bingjiao , Li Yang , Fu Yaqi , Gu Xinghui , Ruan Weibin , Rasmann Sergio 
Published: January 2019

SummarySoil‐dwelling entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) kill arthropod hosts by injecting their symbiotic bacteria into the host hemolymph and feed on the bacteria and the tissue of the dying host for several generations cycles until the arthropod cadaver is completely depleted. The EPN–bacteria–arthropod cadaver complex represents a rich energy source for the surrounding opportunistic soil fungal biota and other competitors. We hypothesized that EPNs need to protect their food source until depletion and that the EPN symbiotic bacteria produce volatile and non‐volatile exudations that deter different soil fungal groups in the soil. We isolated the symbiotic bacteria species (Alcaligenes faecalis) from the EPN Oscheius spp. and ran infectivity bioassays against entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) as well as against plant pathogenic fungi (PPF). We found that both volatile and non‐volatile symbiotic bacterial exudations had negative effects on both EPF and PPF. Such deterrent function on functionally different fungal strains suggests a common mode of action of A. faecalis bacterial exudates, which has the potential to influence the structure of soil microbial communities, and could be integrated into pest management programs for increasing crop protection against fungal pathogens.
Referral rates to multidisciplinary team meetings: Is there disparity between tumour streams?
Authors: Atwell Daisy , Vignarajah Dinesh D , Chan Bryan A , Buddle Nicole , Manders Peter M , West Katrina , Knesl Marcel , Long Jeremy , Min Myo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe multidisciplinary team meeting (MDTM) approach is accepted as standard of care to optimise treatment for patients diagnosed with cancer. This retrospective audit reviews the proportion of patients whose care is being discussed at cancer MDTMs within the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service (SCHHS).MethodsPatients included were those diagnosed with cancer within the SCHHS between 2010 and 2015, and subsequently referred to a public MDTM for discussion. Data were extracted from the Queensland Cancer Control Analysis Team (QCCAT) database regarding the incidence of breast, lung, upper gastrointestinal (GI), colorectal, genitourinary and malignant haematological cancers and the number of patients referred to the corresponding MDTM.ResultsData from 2015 show referral rates to MDTMs as follows: lung 100%, upper gastrointestinal 100%, colorectal 64%, breast 60%, malignant haematology 40% and genitourinary 28%. Of the genitourinary presentations, 70% were prostate cases and 14% bladder cases. Review of genitourinary MDTM outcomes found that, of the patients with prostate cancer discussed, 30% were metastatic, 19% were poor surgical candidates and 15% had biochemical recurrence.ConclusionThis audit demonstrates variable utilisation of MDTMs between tumour streams. Our study shows a high and increasing referral rate to all tumour stream MDTMs except for genitourinary. This suggests a possible underutilisation of genitourinary MDTMs to discuss treatment options for patients with genitourinary cancer. Collaborative research is warranted to further investigate whether this is a local or widespread issue.
Factors influencing aquatic and terrestrial bacterial community assembly
Authors: Langenheder Silke , Lindström Eva S. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryDuring recent years, many studies have shown that different processes including drift, environmental selection and dispersal can be important for the assembly of bacterial communities in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. However, we lack a conceptual overview about the ecological context and factors that influence the relative importance of the different assembly mechanisms and determine their dynamics in time and space. Focusing on free‐living, i.e., nonhost associated, bacterial communities, this minireview, therefore, summarizes and conceptualizes findings from empirical studies about how (i) environmental factors, such as environmental heterogeneity, disturbances, productivity and trophic interactions; (ii) connectivity and dispersal rates (iii) spatial scale, (iv) community properties and traits and (v) the use of taxonomic/phylogenetic or functional metrics influence the relative importance of different community assembly processes. We find that there is to‐date little consistency among studies and suggest that future studies should now address how (i)–(v) differ between habitats and organisms and how this, in turn, influences the temporal and spatial‐scale dependency of community assembly processes in microorganisms.
Survival in early lung cancer patients treated with high dose radiotherapy is independent of pathological confirmation
Authors: Zehentmayr Franz , Sprenger Martin , Rettenbacher Lukas , Wass Romana , Porsch Peter , Fastner Gerd , Pirich Christian , Studnicka Michael , Sedlmayer Felix 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundApproximately 15% of lung cancer patients are diagnosed in early stages. Microscopic proof of disease cannot always be obtained because of comorbidity or reluctance to undergo invasive diagnostic procedures. In the current study, survival data of patients with and without pathology are compared.MethodsOne hundred and sixty three patients with NSCLC I–IIb (T3 N0) treated between 2002 and 2016 were eligible: 123 (75%) had pathological confirmation of disease, whereas 40 (25%) did not. In accordance with international guidelines, both groups received radiotherapy. Comorbidity was assessed with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).ResultsThe median follow‐up was 28.6 months (range: 0.3–162): 66 (40%) patients are still alive, while 97 (59%) patients died: 48 (29%) cancer‐related deaths and 49 (30%) from causes other than cancer. Median overall survival (OS) in patients without pathological confirmation was 58.6 months (range: 0.5–162), which did not differ from those with microscopic proof of disease (39.4 months, range: 0.3–147.5; logrank P = 0.481). Median cancer‐specific survival (CSS) also did not differ at 113.4 months (range: 0.5–162) in the non‐confirmation group (logrank P = 0.763) versus 51.5 months (range: 3.7–129.5) in patients with pathology. In Cox regression, a CCI of ≥ 3 was associated with poor OS (hazard ratio 2.0; range 1.2–3.4; P = 0.010) and CSS (hazard ratio 2.0; 1.0–4.0; P = 0.043).ConclusionOS and CSS in early lung cancer patients depend on comorbidity rather than on pathological confirmation of disease.
Prehospital National Early Warning Score predicts early mortality
Authors: Pirneskoski Jussi , Kuisma Markku , Olkkola Klaus T. , Nurmi Jouni 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundNational Early Warning Score (NEWS) has been shown to be the best early warning score to predict in‐hospital mortality but there is limited information on its predictive value in a prehospital setting. The aim of the current study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of NEWS in a prehospital setting using large population‐based databases in terms of short‐term mortality.MethodsWe calculated the NEWS scores from retrospective prehospital electronic patient record data and analysed their possible relationship to mortality. We included all patient records for patients 18 years or older with sufficient prehospital data to calculate NEWS from 17 August 2008 to 18 December 2015 encountered by the emergency medical services (EMS) in the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland. The primary outcome measure was death within 1 day of EMS dispatch.Results35 800 patients were included. Their mean (SD) age was 65.8 (19.9) years. The median value of NEWS was 3 (IQR 1‐6). The primary outcome of death within 1 day of EMS dispatch occurred in 378 (1.1%) cases. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for primary outcome of death within 1 day was 0.840 (95% CI 0.823‐0.858). AUROC for 1 day mortality in trauma subgroup was 0.901 (95% CI 0.859‐0.942).ConclusionPrehospital NEWS predicts mortality within 1 day of EMS dispatch with good diagnostic accuracy.
Central nucleus of the amygdala as a common substrate of the incubation of drug and natural reinforcer seeking
Authors: Roura‐Martínez David , Ucha Marcos , Orihuel Javier , Ballesteros‐Yáñez Inmaculada , Castillo Carlos Alberto , Marcos Alberto , Ambrosio Emilio , Higuera‐Matas Alejandro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRelapse into drug use is a major problem faced by recovering addicts. In humans, an intensification of the desire for the drug induced by environmental cues—incubation of drug craving—has been observed. In rodents, this phenomenon has been modeled by studying drug seeking under extinction after different times of drug withdrawal (or using a natural reinforcer). Although much progress has been made, an integrated approach simultaneously studying different drug classes and natural reward and examining different brain regions is lacking. Lewis rats were used to study the effects of cocaine, heroin, and sucrose seeking incubation on six key brain regions: the nucleus accumbens shell/core, central/basolateral amygdala, and dorsomedial/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We analyzed PSD95 and gephyrin protein levels, gene expression of glutamatergic, GABAergic and endocannabinoid elements, and amino acid transmitter levels. The relationships between the areas studied were examined by Structural Equation Modelling. Pathways from medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral complex of the amygdala to central nucleus of the amygdala, but not to the nucleus accumbens, were identified as common elements involved in the incubation phenomenon for different substances. These results suggest a key role for the central nucleus of amygdala and its cortical and amygdalar afferences in the incubation phenomenon, and we suggest that by virtue of its regulatory effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic dynamics within amygdalar circuits, the endocannabinoid system might be a potential target to develop medications that are effective in the context of relapse.
Patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among US youth aged 15–17 years: wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study
Authors: Silveira Marushka L. , Green Victoria R. , Iannaccone Robert , Kimmel Heather L. , Conway Kevin P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsYouth aged 15–17 years are at high risk of tobacco, alcohol and drug use. Given the changing landscape with respect to availability, use of emerging products and regulatory environments, we examined patterns and correlates of polysubstance use among US youth aged 15–17 years.DesignCross‐sectional self‐reported data.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsA total of 6127 US youth aged 15–17 years from wave 1 (2013–14) of the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.MeasurementsLatent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of polysubstance use, including 12 tobacco products, alcohol, marijuana, prescription drugs and other drugs. Socio‐demographic characteristics, residence in urban area, sensation‐seeking, sexual orientation and internalizing and externalizing problems were examined as correlates.FindingsApproximately 43.5% of 15–17‐year‐olds had used at least one substance in the past 12 months. A 5‐class model was identified: class 1 ‘abstainers’ (67.3%), class 2 ‘alcohol users’ (19.2%), class 3 ‘alcohol, marijuana and tobacco (AMTpredominant AM) users’ (8.2%), class 4 ‘alcohol, marijuana and tobacco (AMTpredominant T) users’ (3.9%) and class 5 ‘alcohol, marijuana, tobacco and other drug (AMTOD) users’ (1.4%). Abstainers were considered the reference class. Higher sensation‐seeking scores, higher age and lower academic grades were each associated with greater likelihood of membership in all user classes. Gender, race/ethnicity, parents/guardians’ education, residence in non‐urban areas and sexual minority groups were associated with membership in some, but not all, user classes. Compared with no/low/moderate severity, high severity internalizing problems were associated with membership in classes 2, 3 and 5, whereas high severity externalizing problems were associated with membership in classes 3 and 5 only.ConclusionsThere appear to be three heterogeneous polysubstance use classes among US youth aged 15–17 years. Correlates of substance use among US youth include higher sensation‐seeking, poor academic performance, non‐urban residence, minority sexual orientation and mental health problems.