bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing food security using household consumption expenditure surveys (HCES): a scoping literature review
Authors: Russell Joanna , Lechner Anne , Hanich Quentin , Delisle Aurélie , Campbell Brooke , Charlton Karen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo meet some of the UN’s seventeen Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, there is a need for more effective policy to reduce food insecurity in low-income and lower-middle-income countries (LMIC). Measuring progress towards these goals requires reliable indicators of food security in these countries. Routinely conducted household consumption and expenditure surveys (HCES) provide potentially valuable and nationally representative data sets for this purpose. The present study aimed to assess methods used to determine national food security status using proxy measures from HCES data in LMIC globally.DesignA scoping literature review was conducted using electronic databases. Of the 929 abstracts identified, a total of twenty articles were reviewed against strict inclusion and exclusion criteria and included for further analysis.ResultsFourteen LMIC globally were represented in the twenty articles. The simplest metric used to indicate food insecurity compared household food expenditure against a level of expenditure considered to be below the poverty line. Data on acquisition of food was commonly converted to available energy for the household using local food composition tables and expressed as a proportion of household total energy requirements. Dietary diversity was also assessed in some studies as well as experience of food insecurity.ConclusionsThe review demonstrated that routinely collected HCES data sets provide a useful resource for the measurement of household food security in often resource-limited LMIC. Standardisation of methods used to assess food security is needed to allow for more useful comparisons between countries, as well as to assess temporal trends.
Protecting internally displaced persons: The value of the Kampala Convention as a regional example
Authors: Dieng Adama 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article examines the value of the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) in the general quest for the regional and global protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs). It contends that the absence of a globally binding legal instrument for the protection of IDPs underlines the importance of the Kampala Convention and the possible contribution it can make to global and regional efforts to create a binding legal framework for the protection of IDPs. While recognizing some challenges that may impact the full implementation of the Convention, the article concludes by noting its various positive elements that are invaluable in overall efforts to create a comprehensive global legal framework to enhance protection of IDPs.
Empirical Characterization of Low‐Altitude Ion Flux Derived from TWINS
Authors: Goldstein J. , LLera K. , McComas D. J. , Redfern J. , Valek P. W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this study we analyze ion differential flux from 10 events between 2008 and 2015. The ion fluxes are derived from low‐altitude emissions (LAEs) in energetic neutral atom (ENA) images obtained by Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS). The data set comprises 119.44 hr of observations, including 4,284 per energy images with 128,277 values of differential ENA flux from pixels near Earth's limb. Limb pixel data are extracted and mapped to a common polar ionospheric grid and associated with values of the Dst index. Statistical analysis is restricted to pixels within 10% of the LAE emissivity peak. For weak Dst conditions we find a premidnight peak in the average ion precipitation, whose flux and location are relatively insensitive to energy. For moderate Dst, elevated flux levels appear over a wider magnetic local time (MLT) range, with a separation of peak locations by energy. Strong disturbances bring a dramatic flux increase across the entire nightside at all energies but strongest for low energies in the postmidnight sector. The arrival of low‐energy ions can lower the average energy for strong Dst, even as it raises the total integral number flux. TWINS‐derived ion fluxes provide a macroscale measurement of the average precipitating ion distribution and confirm that convection, either quasi‐steady or bursty, is an important process controlling the spatial and spectral properties of precipitating ions. The premidnight peak (weak Dst), MLT widening and energy‐versus‐MLT dependence (moderate Dst), and postmidnight low‐energy ion enhancement (strong Dst) are consistent with observations and models of steady or bursty convective transport.
Photopolarimetric Sensitivity to Black Carbon Content of Wildfire Smoke: Results From the 2016 ImPACT‐PM Field Campaign
Authors: Kalashnikova O. V. , Garay M. J. , Bates K. H. , Kenseth C. M. , Kong W. , Cappa C. D. , Lyapustin A. I. , Jonsson H. H. , Seidel F. C. , Xu F. , Diner D. J. , Seinfeld J. H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDetailed characterization of the aerosol content of wildfire smoke plumes is typically performed through in situ aircraft observations, which have limited temporal and spatial coverage. Extending such observations to regional or global scales requires new remote sensing approaches, such as retrievals that make use of spectropolarimetric, multiangle imaging. In this work measurements made during the Imaging Polarimetric Assessment and Characterization of Tropospheric Particulate Matter (ImPACT‐PM) field campaign in a smoke plume near the town of Lebec in Southern California by the Navy Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies Twin Otter aircraft on 8 July 2016 are used in conjunction with near‐coincident measurements from the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ER‐2 high‐altitude research aircraft to assess the sensitivity of spectropolarimetric measurements to the black carbon content of the plume. Tracking visible features in the smoke through the sequence of AirMSPI observations allowed the height of the plume to be estimated through geometric techniques. Then, by constraining the fractional amounts of the aerosol constituents with the in situ data, radiative closure was obtained through simulations performed with a polarimetric radiative transfer code, demonstrating the ability to constrain the black carbon mass fraction to approximately 5%, given the uncertainties in the AirMSPI measurements and the assumption of external mixing of aerosol components. The AirMSPI retrieval, made using a limited set of observations from the 470 nm polarimetric spectral band alone, was also generally consistent with operational retrievals of aerosol optical depth and surface reflectance made by the Multi‐Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction algorithm at 1 km resolution.
Tropical Cyclonic Rainfall in China: Changing Properties, Seasonality, and Causes
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Lai Yangchen , Gu Xihui , Shi Peijun , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing daily rainfall data from 1936 stations across China, this study investigated tropical cyclonic rainfall (TCR) changes during 1960–2014. The possible reasons behind TCR changes were examined using tracks and frequency of tropical cyclones (TCs) in both space and time. The highest annual TCR occur in coastal regions of east and southeast China (>500 mm/year). At monthly scale, August TCR can reach 150–250 mm in coastal regions. From the contribution viewpoint, TCR accounts for more than 40% of the monthly total rainfall and extreme rainfall events along the southeast coast of China. The contributions of TCR to the monthly rainfall amount decrease rapidly from coast to inland and are even faster for contributions of TCR to extreme rainfall. The distance inland from the shoreline with 250 km has been identified as the threshold, within that these contributions abruptly increase with decreasing distance from shoreline, and vice versa. In terms of extreme rainfall regimes, logistic and Poisson regressive techniques were used to identify the connections between TC‐induced extreme rainfall and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Both these two regressions reveal that TC‐induced extreme rainfall tends to occur with higher frequency and magnitude in southeastern China (east and northeast coast of China) during La Niña (El Niño) years (El Niño). These consistent relations and remarkable spatial patterns can help to predict the occurrence of TC‐induced extreme rainfall events across eastern China.
Enhanced Temperature‐Humidity Similarity Caused by Entrainment Processes With Increased Wind Shear
Authors: Gao Zhongming , Liu Heping , Li Dan , Katul Gabriel G. , Blanken Peter D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA number of studies already suggested that entrainment of warm/dry air from aloft degrades the similarity between air temperature (T) and specific humidity (q) in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL). Less is known about entrainment of cool/dry air on the ASL T‐q similarity. Using eddy covariance measurements over a large inland water surface, enhanced T‐q similarity with increased friction velocity (u*) was measured during daytime unstable conditions. Explaining this enhancement is the main goal of this work. Cool/dry air masses originating and advecting from land set the upper boundary condition on a quasi‐equilibrated internal boundary layer embedding the warm/moist ASL over water. With increased u*, the entrainment velocity (dhI/dt ∝ u*) increases, thereby enhancing entrainment of cool/dry air originating from land, where t is time and hI is the internal boundary layer depth. By analyzing the scale‐dependent (spectral) correlation coefficients, the enhanced T‐q similarity with increased u* was shown to originate from spectral correlation coefficients in the middle‐ to low‐frequency ranges (large eddies ≫ z, the distance from the surface). With further increases in u*, similarity between T and q within large eddies was further enhanced and phase differences between T and q was reduced. Quadrant analysis showed large increases in flux and time fractions of downward large cool/dry eddies with increasing u*. These results provide evidence that enhanced entrainment of synchronized, large cool/dry eddies was a primary cause for the increased T‐q similarity with increasing u*.
The Ephemeral Signature of Permafrost Carbon in an Arctic Fluvial Network
Authors: Drake Travis W. , Guillemette François , Hemingway Jordon D. , Chanton Jeffery P. , Podgorski David C. , Zimov Nikita S. , Spencer Robert G. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractArctic fluvial networks process, outgas, and transport significant quantities of terrestrial organic carbon (C), particularly dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The proportion of permafrost C in these fluxes, however, is poorly constrained. A primary obstacle to the quantification of permafrost‐derived DOC is that it is rapidly respired without leaving a unique tracer of its presence. In this study, we investigated the production of bacterial respiratory carbon dioxide (CO2; measured as dissolved inorganic carbon; DIC) during maximum late‐summer thaw in sites spanning a fluvial network (Kolyma Basin, Siberia) to assess whether the biodegradation of permafrost DOC could be detected by the presence of a persistent aged (14C‐depleted) signature on the DIC pool. Using Keeling plot interpretation of DIC produced in bioincubations of river water, we show that bacteria respire varying sources of DOC moving downstream through the fluvial network. Respiration of permafrost (production of aged CO2) was only detected in heavily permafrost thaw influenced sites. In nonpermafrost thaw impacted sites, ambient DIC was modern (14C‐enriched), but rather than precluding the respiration of permafrost OC upstream, we suggest that 14C‐depleted DIC is overwhelmed by modern DIC. Investigation of dissolved organic matter composition via Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry highlighted that elevated levels of aliphatic and nitrogen‐containing compounds were associated with the production of aged DIC, providing molecular‐level insight as to why permafrost‐derived dissolved organic matter is rapidly respired. Overall, results from this study demonstrate the difficulty of tracing inputs of a highly reactive substrate to systems with diverse organic matter sources.
Spatial and Temporal Robustness of Sr/Ca‐SST Calibrations in Red Sea Corals: Evidence for Influence of Mean Annual Temperature on Calibration Slopes
Authors: Murty S. A. , Bernstein W. N. , Ossolinski J. E. , Davis R. S. , Goodkin N. F. , Hughen K. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSr/Ca ratios recorded in the aragonite skeleton of massive coral colonies are commonly used to reconstruct seasonal‐ to centennial‐scale variability in sea surface temperature (SST). While the Sr/Ca paleothermometer is robust in individual colonies, Sr/Ca‐SST relationships between colonies vary, leading to questions regarding the utility of the proxy. We present biweekly‐resolution calibrations of Sr/Ca from five Porites spp. corals to satellite SST across 10° of latitude in the Red Sea to evaluate the Sr/Ca proxy across both spatial and temporal scales. SST is significantly correlated with coral Sr/Ca at each site, accounting for 69–84% of Sr/Ca variability (P ≪ 0.01). Intercolony variability in Sr/Ca‐SST sensitivities reveals a latitudinal trend, where calibration slopes become shallower with increasing mean annual temperature. Mean annual temperature is strongly correlated with the biweekly‐resolution calibration slopes across five Red Sea sites (r2 = 0.88, P = 0.05), while also correlating significantly to Sr/Ca‐SST slopes for 33 Porites corals from across the entire Indo‐Pacific region (r2 = 0.26, P < 0.01). Although interannual summer, winter, and mean annual calibrations for individual Red Sea colonies are inconsistently robust, combined multicoral calibrations are significant at summer (r2 = 0.53, P ≪ 0.01), winter (r2 = 0.62, P ≪ 0.01), and mean annual time scales (r2 = 0.79, P ≪ 0.01). Our multicoral, multisite study indicates that the Sr/Ca paleothermometer is accurate across both temporal and spatial scales in the Red Sea and also potentially explains for the first time variability in Sr/Ca‐SST calibration slopes across the Indo‐Pacific region. Our study provides strong evidence supporting the robustness of the coral Sr/Ca proxy for examining seasonal to multicentury variability in global climate phenomena.
Deep Atlantic Carbonate Ion and CaCO3 Compensation During the Ice Ages
Authors: Sosdian S. M. , Rosenthal Y. , Toggweiler J. R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHigher alkalinity compensates for reduced CaCO3 burial in the deep ocean in response to increased carbon sequestration. This process could account for about half of the reduction in glacial atmospheric CO2. To date, our understanding of this process comes from benthic carbon isotope and CaCO3 burial records. Here we present a 1.5 Myr orbitally resolved deep ocean calcite saturation record (ΔCO32−) derived from benthic foraminiferal B/Ca ratios in the North Atlantic. Glacial ΔCO32− declines across the mid‐Pleistocene transition suggesting increased sequestration of carbon in the deep Atlantic. The magnitude, timing, and structure of deep Atlantic Ocean ΔCO32− parallel changes in %CaCO3 and contrasts with the small amplitude, anti phased swings in Indo‐Pacific ΔCO32− and %CaCO3 during the mid‐to‐late Pleistocene questioning the classic view of CaCO3 compensatory mechanism. We propose that the increasing corrosivity of the deep Atlantic causes the locus of CaCO3 burial to shift into the equatorial Pacific where the flux of CaCO3 to the seafloor was sufficiently high to overcome low saturation and establish a new burial “hot spot.” Based on this mechanism, we propose that the persistently lowΔCO32− levels at marine isotope stage 12 set the stage for the high pCO2 levels at marine isotope stage 11 and subsequent interglacials via large swings in ocean alkalinity caused by shifts in CaCO3 burial. Similarly, the development of classic (“anticorrelated”) CaCO3 patterns was driven by enhanced ocean stratification and an increase in deep ocean corrosivity in response to mid‐Pleistocene transition cooling.
The Influence of Urban Development Patterns on Streamflow Characteristics in the Charlanta Megaregion
Authors: Debbage Neil , Shepherd J. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough it is widely recognized that urbanization has a notable impact on streamflow characteristics, the relative influence of the extent, spatial configuration, and positioning of urban development on low, high, and peak flow regimes is still not fully understood. The overarching research objective of this study was to clarify these relationships by analyzing 119 watersheds throughout the Charlanta megaregion, which stretches from Charlotte, NC to Atlanta, GA. Spatial metrics were derived from land use/land cover data sets to quantify the urban development patterns of each watershed while the streamflow characteristics were evaluated using mean daily discharge and annual peak streamflow data. Analysis of variance tests, bivariate correlations, and multivariate regression models were used to identify intraregional variability and quantify the impact of urban development patterns on streamflow characteristics while controlling for the physical differences between watersheds. The statistical analysis revealed that increasing the extent of urban development enhanced high and low flow frequency as well as annual peak unit discharge. Therefore, urbanization within Charlanta generally produced a more extreme streamflow regime. In terms of the spatial configuration of urban development, the models indicated that more contiguous developed open space increased high and low flow frequency. Finally, the positional analysis suggested that clustering impervious surfaces in source areas distant from streams increased the frequency of high flows. The study highlights the overall importance of considering the extent, configuration, and positioning of urban development when devising land use policies aimed at minimizing streamflow alteration due to urbanization.
Mesoscale Variability of Conditions Favoring an Iron‐Induced Diatom Bloom Downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau
Authors: Della Penna Alice , Trull Thomas W. , Wotherspoon Simon , De Monte Silvia , Johnson Craig R. , d'Ovidio Francesco 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHeterogeneity in phytoplankton distribution is related to spatial and temporal variations in biogeochemical and ecological processes. In the open ocean, the interaction of these processes with meso‐ and submeso‐scale dynamics (1‐100 km, few days to months) gives rise to complex spatio‐temporal patterns, whose characterization is difficult without extensive sampling efforts. In this study, we integrate pigment sampling and multisatellite data to assess the link between iron enrichment and diatom dominance in the open ocean region east of the Kerguelen Islands (Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean). In this region, the High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll conditions typical of the Southern Ocean are alleviated by the transport of iron off the Kerguelen Plateau, resulting in a plume of chlorophyll that extends 1,000 km downstream. We show that in situ concentrations of the diatom‐associated pigment fucoxanthin and ocean‐color‐derived estimates of diatom dominance correlate with the “water age”, i.e., the time since the respective water parcel departed the Kerguelen Plateau. We propose a “threshold model” linking diatom ecological success and iron availability of downstream‐advected water parcels. The pattern of diatom dominance generated by this model predicts the extent and spatial structure of satellite‐based estimates at the regional scale (∼100s of km) and describes the mesoscale distribution of diatom dominance in the proximity of the plateau. However, the complexity of diatom dominance patterns further away from the plateau indicates that other physical and ecological mechanisms may drive phytoplankton dominance downstream.
Brain serotonin synthesis capacity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of cognitive behavioral therapy and sertraline
Authors: Lissemore Jennifer I. , Sookman Debbie , Gravel Paul , Berney Alexandre , Barsoum Amir , Diksic Mirko , Nordahl Thomas E. , Pinard Gilbert , Sibon Igor , Cottraux Jean , Leyton Marco , Benkelfat Chawki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are both effective treatments for some patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), yet little is known about the neurochemical changes related to these treatment modalities. Here, we used positron emission tomography and the α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan tracer to examine the changes in brain regional serotonin synthesis capacity in OCD patients following treatment with CBT or SSRI treatment. Sixteen medication-free OCD patients were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of either CBT or sertraline treatment. Pre-to-post treatment changes in the α-[11C]methyl-l-tryptophan brain trapping constant, K* (ml/g/min), were assessed as a function of symptom response, and correlations with symptom improvement were examined. Responders/partial responders to treatment did not show significant changes in relative regional tracer uptake; rather, in responders/partial responders, 12 weeks of treatment led to serotonin synthesis capacity increases that were brain-wide. Irrespective of treatment modality, baseline serotonin synthesis capacity in the raphe nuclei correlated positively with clinical improvement. These observations suggest that, for some patients, successful remediation of OCD symptoms might be associated with greater serotonergic tone.