bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hotspots of Present and Future Risk Within Deltas: Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerability
Authors: Hill Chris , Dunn Frances , Haque Anisul , Amoako-Johnson Fiifi , Nicholls Robert J. , Raju Pokkuluri Venkat , Appeaning Addo Kwasi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThrough the Anthropocene, growing populations and economic assets have intensified risk. Within deltas, the concurrence of high human populations and economic assets with climatic events, physical and biophysical processes, and natural hazards generate ‘hotspots’ of societal risk. Identification of these hotspots requires combining hazards, exposure, and vulnerability data and information on a spatial basis. However, changing human activities over both time and space affect the nature and location of these hotspots. Analysis of the distribution and change in risk components identifies vulnerable areas and communities and where changes in hotspots may occur in the future. This can inform other analysis, such as the design of surveys and data collection, as well as identify policy needs and indicate where adaptation actions are likely to be required.
Expected utility theory with probability grids and preference formation
Authors: Kaneko Mamoru 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe reformulate expected utility theory, from the viewpoint of bounded rationality, by introducing probability grids and a cognitive bound; we restrict permissible probabilities only to decimal ($$\ell $$ℓ-ary in general) fractions of finite depths up to a given cognitive bound. We distinguish between measurements of utilities from pure alternatives and their extensions to lotteries involving more risks. Our theory is constructive from the viewpoint of the decision maker. When a cognitive bound is small, the preference relation involves many incomparabilities, but these diminish as the cognitive bound is relaxed. Similarly, the EU hypothesis would hold more for a larger bound. The main part of the paper is a study of preferences including incomparabilities in cases with finite cognitive bounds; we give representation theorems in terms of a 2-dimensional vector-valued utility functions. We also exemplify the theory with one experimental result reported by Kahneman and Tversky.
Bounding Analyses of Age-Period-Cohort Effects
Authors: Fosse Ethan , Winship Christopher 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For more than a century, researchers from a wide range of disciplines have sought to estimate the unique contributions of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on a variety of outcomes. A key obstacle to these efforts is the linear dependence among the three time scales. Various methods have been proposed to address this issue, but they have suffered from either ad hoc assumptions or extreme sensitivity to small differences in model specification. After briefly reviewing past work, we outline a new approach for identifying temporal effects in population-level data. Fundamental to our framework is the recognition that it is only the slopes of an APC model that are unidentified, not the nonlinearities or particular combinations of the linear effects. One can thus use constraints implied by the data along with explicit theoretical claims to bound one or more of the APC effects. Bounds on these parameters may be nearly as informative as point estimates, even with relatively weak assumptions. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we examine temporal effects in prostate cancer incidence and homicide rates. We conclude with a discussion of guidelines for further research on APC effects.
Childhood maltreatment and identity diffusion among inpatient adolescents: The role of reflective function
Authors: Penner Francesca , Gambin Malgorzata , Sharp Carla 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionIdentity integration, as opposed to identity diffusion, has been associated with greater self‐esteem, meaning in life, and functioning. Trauma may have negative effects on identity; however, few studies have examined trauma and identity among adolescents, particularly those with psychiatric disorders. Moreover, factors that may promote healthy identity in adolescents who have experienced trauma have not been identified. This study aimed to test associations between childhood maltreatment and identity diffusion among adolescents with psychiatric disorders, and evaluated reflective function (RF) as a mediator of these associations.Methods107 adolescents (Mage = 15.36, 75.7% female) who were inpatient at a psychiatric hospital in the United States completed self‐report measures of childhood maltreatment (physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; physical and emotional neglect; total maltreatment), identity diffusion, and RF. Path analysis was used to test two models of the relations between childhood maltreatment, RF, and identity diffusion.ResultsTotal maltreatment and all forms of maltreatment except physical abuse were significantly associated with identity diffusion at the bivariate level. In path analysis (Model 1), emotional and physical neglect were directly associated with identity diffusion, and RF mediated the association between emotional abuse and identity diffusion. In Model 2, RF partially mediated the association between overall level of maltreatment and identity diffusion.ConclusionsEmotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and total combined maltreatment exposure may be risk factors for adolescent identity diffusion. Targeting RF may help to build healthy identity among adolescents with symptoms of psychiatric disorders who have experienced maltreatment, particularly emotional abuse.
Injury-Related Emergency Department Visits After Hurricane Maria in a Southern Puerto Rico Hospital
Authors: Frasqueri-Quintana Verónica M. , Oliveras García Carene A. , Adams Laura E. , Torres-Figueroa Xiomara , Iriarte Rafael Iván , Ryff Kyle , Sánchez-González Liliana , Pérez Gómez Vivian , Pérez-Rodríguez Nicole M. , Alvarado Luisa I. , Paz-Bailey Gabriela 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:The aim of this study was to describe individuals seeking care for injury at a major emergency department (ED) in southern Puerto Rico in the months after Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017.Methods:After informed consent, we used a modified version of the Natural Disaster Morbidity Surveillance Form to determine why patients were visiting the ED during October 16, 2017–March 28, 2018. We analyzed visits where injury was reported as the primary reason for visit and whether it was hurricane-related.Results:Among 5 116 patients, 573 (11%) reported injury as the primary reason for a visit. Of these, 10% were hurricane-related visits. The most common types of injuries were abrasions, lacerations, and cuts (43% of all injury visits and 50% of hurricane-related visits). The most common mechanisms of injury were falls, slips, trips (268, 47%), and being hit by/or against an object (88, 15%). Most injury visits occurred during the first 3 months after the hurricane.Conclusions:Surveillance after Hurricane Maria identified injury as the reason for a visit for about 1 in 10 patients visiting the ED, providing evidence on the patterns of injuries in the months following a hurricane. Public health and emergency providers can use this information to anticipate health care needs after a disaster.
Activity of the sesquiterpene lactone goyazensolide against Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Milagre Matheus Marques , Branquinho Renata Tupinambá , Gonçalves Maira Fonseca , de Assis GMP , de Oliveira Maykon Tavares , Reis LES , Saúde-Guimarães Dênia Antunes , de Lana Marta 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackground:The current drugs for Chagas disease treatment present several limitationsMethods:The sesquiterpene lactone goyazensolide (GZL) was evaluated regarding to cytotoxicity and trypanocidal activity against amastigotes, selectivity index (SI) in vitro, acute toxicity and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity in vivo.Results:The in vitro cytotoxicity in H9c2 cells was observed at doses >250 ng mL−1 of GZL and the SI were of 52.82 and 4.85 (24 h) and of 915.00 and 41.00 (48 h) for GZL and BZ, respectively. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were not verified. Treatment with GZL of mice infected with CL strain led to a significant decrease of parasitaemia and total survival at doses of 1 and 3 mg kg−1 day−1 by oral and IV, respectively. This last group cured 12.5% of the animals (negativation of HC, PCR, qPCR and ELISA). Animals infected with Y strain showed significant decrease of parasitaemia and higher negativation in all parasitological tests in comparison to BZ and control groups, but were ELISA reactive, as well as the BZ group, but mice treated with 5.0 mg kg−1 day−1 by oral were negative in parasitological tests and survived.Conclusion:GZL was more active against T. cruzi than benznidazole in vitro and presented important therapeutic activity in vivo in both T. cruzi strains.
Evidence for default mode network dysfunction in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Aguilar-Ortiz Salvatore , Salgado-Pineda Pilar , Vega Daniel , Pascual Juan C. , Marco-Pallarés Josep , Soler Joaquim , Brunel Cristina , Martin-Blanco Ana , Soto Angel , Ribas Joan , Maristany Teresa , Sarró Salvador , Rodríguez-Fornells Antoni , Salvador Raymond , McKenna Peter J. , Pomarol-Clotet Edith 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough executive and other cognitive deficits have been found in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), whether these have brain functional correlates has been little studied. This study aimed to examine patterns of task-related activation and de-activation during the performance of a working memory task in patients with the disorder.MethodsSixty-seven DSM-IV BPD patients and 67 healthy controls underwent fMRI during the performance of then-back task. Linear models were used to obtain maps of within-group activations and areas of differential activation between the groups.ResultsOn corrected whole-brain analysis, there were no activation differences between the BPD patients and the healthy controls during the main 2-backv.baseline contrast, but reduced activation was seen in the precentral cortex bilaterally and the left inferior parietal cortex in the 2-backv.1-back contrast. The patients showed failure of de-activation affecting the medial frontal cortex and the precuneus, plus in other areas. The changes did not appear to be attributable to previous history of depression, which was present in nearly half the sample.ConclusionsIn this study, there was some, though limited, evidence for lateral frontal hypoactivation in BPD during the performance of an executive task. BPD also appears to be associated with failure of de-activation in key regions of the default mode network.
Developing “Herd Immunity” in a Civilian Community Through Incorporation of “Just-In-Time” Tourniquet Application Training
Authors: Marcus Cameron , Pontasch Josef , Duff Joseph , Khambadkone Trisha , Fink Brian , Jones Corion , Brickman Kristopher , Rega Paul 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Herd immunity, a concept normally applied in vaccinated populations, is a preventative measure to determine if a significant portion of a population can protect vulnerable individuals against a certain disease. Like vaccines, tourniquet education can be a form of herd immunity to protect vulnerable individuals in a population and prevent the loss of life from a peripheral hemorrhage. The authors have identified a deficiency in simple, quick, and effective hemorrhage control education. Therefore, to maximize herd immunity, the novel educational platform evaluates the efficacy of “Just-in-Time” (JiT) tourniquet application training.Hypothesis/Problem:The authors hypothesize that the utilization of JiT training will be effective in promoting both competence and confidence for individuals to utilize tourniquets in response to a disaster environment.Methods:This Institutional Review Board-approved study recruited medical students who were trained in hemorrhage control measures at a Level 1 Trauma Center. Tourniquet training sessions were held, and naïve civilians received tourniquet education. The subjects received a five- to ten-minute lesson on indications, contraindications, and application techniques of commercial and improvisational tourniquets. Participants subsequently applied a tourniquet to an instructor’s arm to demonstrate proper tourniquet application for a brachial artery hemorrhage. Pre- and post-educational surveys were completed to test participant competency and confidence.Results:Of the 104 subjects who completed the course, 97 had no prior training in hemorrhage control techniques, including commercial and improvisational tourniquet application. The mean pre-test score was 2.27/5.00 and the mean post-test score was 4.38/5.00, P &lt;.001 (n = 97). When queried “How competent would you feel applying a tourniquet (commercial or improvisational) on an individual with a bleeding wound?” 92/97 felt confident (95%), one felt less confident, and four felt no difference in confidence levels (P &lt;.001).Conclusion:Just-in-Time training is an effective method in teaching naïve civilians proper tourniquet application. This platform could serve as an alternative to more extensive training programs and requires less time, costs, and resources. If a significant number of individuals in a local community can effectively apply a tourniquet in a disaster scenario, a “herd immunity” effect could be achieved to control peripheral hemorrhages.
Measuring the performance of interprofessional primary health care teams: understanding the teams perspective
Authors: Donnelly Catherine , Ashcroft Rachelle , Mofina Amanda , Bobbette Nicole , Mulder Carol 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Aim:
The aim of the study was to describe practices that support collaboration in interprofessional primary health care teams, and identify performance indicators perceived to measure the impact of this collaboration from the perspective of interprofessional health providers.

Background:
Despite the surge of interprofessional primary health care models implemented across Canada, there is little evidence as to whether or not the intended outcomes of primary health care teams have been achieved. Part of the challenge is determining the most appropriate measures that can demonstrate the value of collaborative care. To date, little remains known about performance measurement from the providers contributing to the collaborative care process in interprofessional primary care teams. Having providers from a range of disciplinary backgrounds assist in the development of performance measures can help identify measures most relevant to demonstrate the value of collaborative care on the intended outcomes of interprofessional primary care models.

Methods:
A qualitative study; part of a larger mixed methods developmental evaluation to examine performance measurement in interprofessional primary health care teams. A stakeholder workshop was conducted at an annual association meeting of interprofessional primary health care teams in the province of Ontario, Canada. Six questions guided the workshop groups and participant responses were documented on worksheets and flip charts. All responses were collected and entered verbatim into a word document. Qualitative analytic strategies were applied to each question.

Findings:
A total of 283 primary health care providers from 14 health professions working in interprofessional primary health care teams participated. Top three elements of interprofessional collaboration (total n = 628) were communication (n = 146), co-treatment (n = 112) and patient-based conferences (n = 81). Top three performance indicators currently used to demonstrate the value of interprofessional collaboration (total n = 241) were patient experience (n = 71), patient health status (n = 35) and within team referrals (n = 30).
Dissipation of Earthward Propagating Flux Rope Through Re‐reconnection with Geomagnetic Field: An MMS Case Study
Authors: Poh Gangkai , Slavin James A. , Lu San , Le Guan , Ozturk Dogacan Su , Sun Wei‐Jie , Zou Shasha , Eastwood Jonathan P. , Nakamura Rumi , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Russell Christopher T. , Gershman Daniel J. , Giles Barbara L. , Pollock Craig J. , Moore Thomas E. , Torbert Roy B. , Burch James L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThree‐dimensional global hybrid simulations and observations have shown that earthward‐moving flux ropes (FRs) can undergo magnetic reconnection (or re‐reconnection) with the near‐Earth dipole field to create dipolarization front (DF)‐like signatures that are immediately preceded by brief intervals of negative BZ. The simultaneous erosion of the southward BZ field at the leading edge of the FR and continuous reconnection of lobe magnetic flux at the X‐line tailward of the FR result in the asymmetric south‐north BZ signature in many earthward‐moving FRs and possibly DFs with negative BZ dips prior to their observation. In this study, we analyzed Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) observation of fields and plasma signatures associated with the encounter of an ion diffusion region ahead of an earthward‐moving FR on 3 August 2017. The signatures of this re‐reconnection event were (i) +/− BZ reversal, (ii) −/+ bipolar‐type quadrupolar Hall magnetic fields, (iii) northward super‐Alfvénic electron outflow jet of ~1,000–1,500 km/s, (iv) Hall electric field of ~15 mV/m, (v) intense currents of ~40–100 nA/m2, and (vi) J·E′ ~0.11 nW/m3. Our analysis suggests that the MMS spacecraft encounters the ion and electron diffusion regions but misses the X‐line. Our results are in good agreement with particle‐in‐cell simulations of Lu et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022815). We computed a dimensionless reconnection rate of ~0.09 for this re‐reconnection event and through modeling, estimating that the FR would fully dissipate by −16.58 RE. We demonstrated pertubations in the high‐latitude ionospheric currents at the same time of the dissipation of earthward‐moving FRs using ground‐ and space‐based measurements.
The Planet's Stressed River Basins: Too Much Pressure or Too Little Adaptive Capacity?
Authors: Varis Olli , Taka Maija , Kummu Matti 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFreshwater is one of the most critical elements for sustainable development of ecosystems and societies. River basins, concomitant with administrative zones, form a common unit for freshwater management. So far, no comprehensive, global analysis exists that would link the ecological challenges of the planet's river basins to the capacity of the societies to cope with them. We address this gap by performing a geospatial resilience analysis for a global set of 541 river basins. We use the social‐ecological systems approach by relating three ecological vulnerability factors (human footprint, natural hazards, and water scarcity) with three adaptive capacity factors (governance, economy, and human development), based on temporal trajectories from 1990 to 2015. Additionally, we examine resilience by subtracting ecological vulnerability from adaptive capacity. The most striking result is the fundamentally different patterns of controlling factors of the resilience in different developing regions, particularly those of Africa and Asia. Their root causes are particularly low adaptive capacity in Africa and high ecological vulnerability in Asia. Alarmingly, the difference between those continents grew within the study period. Finally, this study highlights the rapid dynamics of adaptive capacity in comparison to ecological vulnerability, the latter having more inertia. Their fragile balance is of our interest; they can either support or counteract each other depending on the geographic location.
A Comparative Analysis of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions at City Level Using OCO‐2 Observations: A Global Perspective
Authors: Fu Peng , Xie Yanhua , Moore Caitlin E. , Myint Soe W. , Bernacchi Carl J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSatellite observations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within urban settings offer unique potential to understand carbon sources and sinks and evaluate carbon mitigation strategies. Despite availability of column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of CO2 (
) from Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2 (OCO‐2), temporal variations of
and their drivers in cities remain poorly understood due to inconsistent definitions of urban extent, diverse urban forms, and unresolved impacts of urban vegetation on carbon fluxes. To this end, this study revealed that OCO‐2
measurements from 2014 to 2018 exhibited statistically significant seasonal and trend components for each city. A correlation analysis suggested a weak association between
trends and fossil fuel CO2 emissions (
) trends but a close relationship between yearly average
and
trends. Vegetation abundance exhibited a negative relationship with the
seasonality, though it only explained 21% of the variance. No statistically significant relationship between urban morphological factors (areal extent, complexity, and compactness) and temporal
components was observed. However, urban morphological factors had a close relationship with the total amount of
aggregated over the study period. Thus, it was speculated that urban morphological factors exerted their influence on
through fossil fuel consumption. When only cities of high normalized difference vegetation index seasonality were used, statistically significant correlation coefficients between urban morphological factors and winter/summer averaged
measurements were found. The variations of these correlation coefficients between leaf‐on and leaf‐off seasons stress the important role that urban trees play in mitigating carbon emissions in cities.
Melting of Al‐Rich Phase D up to the Uppermost Lower Mantle and Transportation of H2O to the Deep Earth
Authors: Xu Chaowen , Inoue Toru 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigated the stability of the Al‐rich dense hydrous magnesium silicate Phase D (PhD) in a MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O system between 14 and 25 GPa at 900–1,500 °C. Al‐rich PhD has a very wide stability region from 900 °C and 14 GPa to at least 1,500 °C and 25 GPa, showing strong temperature stability with increasing pressure. Al‐rich PhD decomposes to Phase Egg at pressure of the mantle transition zone, whereas it decomposes to δ‐AlOOH phase with a temperature increase at pressure of the uppermost lower mantle. X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements of Al‐rich PhD show that the unit‐cell volume is slightly larger, but the Raman spectra resemble that of Al‐free PhD. The wide stability region of Al‐bearing PhD would contribute an important storage site for water in the mantle transition zone, suggesting that it can deliver a certain amount of water into the lower mantle along hot subduction and even at the normal mantle geothermal P‐T condition. Furthermore, the dehydration of Al‐bearing PhD might be responsible for a series of observed seismic discontinuities from the transition zone to the uppermost lower mantle and even for deep earthquakes in some typical locations.