bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR1-Independent Activation of Human Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells by Mycobacteria
Authors: Suliman Sara , Murphy Melissa , Musvosvi Munyaradzi , Gela Anele , Meermeier Erin W. , Geldenhuys Hennie , Hopley Christiaan , Toefy Asma , Bilek Nicole , Veldsman Ashley , Hanekom Willem A. , Johnson John L. , Boom W. Henry , Obermoser Gerlinde , Huang Huang , Hatherill Mark , Lewinsohn David M. , Nemes Elisa , Scriba Thomas J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality from a single infectious agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Relevant immune targets of the partially efficacious TB vaccine bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) remain poorly defined. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are MHC-related protein 1 (MR1)–restricted T cells, which are reactive against M. tuberculosis, and underexplored as potential TB vaccine targets. We sought to determine whether BCG vaccination activated mycobacteria-specific MAIT cell responses in humans. We analyzed whole blood samples from M. tuberculosis–infected South African adults who were revaccinated with BCG after a six-month course of isoniazid preventative therapy. In vitro BCG stimulation potently induced IFN-γ expression by phenotypic (CD8+CD26+CD161+) MAIT cells, which constituted the majority (75%) of BCG-reactive IFN-γ–producing CD8+ T cells. BCG revaccination transiently expanded peripheral blood frequencies of BCG-reactive IFN-γ+ MAIT cells, which returned to baseline frequencies a year following vaccination. In another cohort of healthy adults who received BCG at birth, 53% of mycobacteria-reactive–activated CD8 T cells expressed CDR3α TCRs, previously reported as MAIT TCRs, expressing the canonical TRAV1-2-TRAJ33 MAIT TCRα rearrangement. CD26 and CD161 coexpression correlated with TRAV1-2+CD161+ phenotype more accurately in CD8+ than CD4−CD8− MAIT cells. Interestingly, BCG-induced IFN-γ expression by MAIT cells in vitro was mediated by the innate cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 more than MR1-induced TCR signaling, suggesting TCR-independent activation. Collectively, the data suggest that activation of blood MAIT cells by innate inflammatory cytokines is a major mechanism of responsiveness to vaccination with whole cell vaccines against TB or in vitro stimulation with mycobacteria (Clinical trial registration: NCT01119521).
Economic burden of slow learners
Authors: Karande S , Ramadoss D , Gogtay N 
Published: October 2019

Aims:
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the economic burden of slow learners (students with “borderline intellectual functioning”) by estimating its direct, indirect, and intangible costs. The secondary objective was to assess the impact of variables on the economic burden.

Settings and Design:
Cross-sectional, single-arm descriptive study.

Setting:
Learning disability clinic in a public medical college in Mumbai.

Materials and Methods:
The study cases (age ≥5 - 18 years) were recruited by nonprobability sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to interview the parent to collect data related to direct and indirect costs. Intangible costs data were collected by documenting the willingness-to-pay value using the contingent valuation technique.

Statistical Analysis Used:
A quantile regression model was used to assess the impact of predictor variables on the costs.

Results:
The direct, indirect, and intangible costs of slow learners were INR 6,065,915, 10,298,613, and 145,172,800, respectively. Indirect costs comprised 62.9% of the total costs. Expenditure on tuitions, medications, and remedial education comprised 57.38%, 16.18%, and 10.30% of the direct costs, respectively. The average annual total costs of slow learners were INR 3,544,880. The average annual learning disability clinic costs were INR 2,250,194. The average annual total costs per student were INR 57,951. Longer duration of poor school performance was predictive of higher direct and total costs.

Conclusion:
The economic burden of slow learners is enormous (intangible > indirect > direct costs). Tuitions are the most costly component of direct costs. Parental loss of earnings is the most costly component of indirect costs.
A HIGH-POWER SOURCE OF OPTICAL RADIATION WITH MICROWAVE EXCITATION
Authors: Churyumov Gennadiy Ivanovich , Denisov Oleksandr Grigorovich , Frolova Tetyana Ivanivna , Wang Nannan , Qiu Jinghui 
Published: October 2019

For more than 50 years, interest to the microwave heating technology has not weakened. In addition to the traditional areas of its application, which described in detail in [1], recently there has been an expansion of technological possibilities for the use of microwave energy associated with the impact of electromagnetic waves of the microwave range on various materials (sintering of metal and ceramic powders) and media, including plasma [2]. One such new direction is the creation of high-power and environmentally friendly sources of optical radiation on the basis of an electrodeless sulfur lamp with microwave excitation [2, 3]. The purpose of this paper is to the further development of the theory and practice of microwave excitation by the electrodeless sulfur lamps, improvement the energy efficiency during energy conversion into the optical radiation and widening the application of new light sources in real practice. The results of the computer modeling of conversion process of the microwave energy into optical radiation energy are presented. The simulation results are compared with experimental data. It is shown that additional use of the solar panels for the reverse conversion of the optical radiation into DC energy with follow-up its using in the circuits of secondary power supply allows improving the energy efficiency of the light source. References Microwave Power Engineering. Edited by E.C. Okress. V. 1, 2. Academic Press, New York &amp; London. 1968.A.N. Didenko, SVCh-energetika. Teoriya i praktika. – Moscow: Nauka. 2003.- 445 s.G. Churyumov, T. Frolova, “Microwave Energy and Light Energy Transformation: Methods, Schemes and Designs. Microwave Energy and Light Energy Transformation: Methods, Schemes and Designs” // In book “Emerging Microwave Technologies in Industrial, Agricultural, Medical and Food Processing.” Edited by Kok Yeow You, IntechOpen, 2018. pp. 75-91.
JOINING OF CU TO SS304 BY MICROWAVE HYBRID HEATING WITH NI AN INTERLAYER
Authors: S Aravindan , Tamang Siddharth 
Published: October 2019

The joining of dissimilar Pure Copper (Cu) to Stainless Steel (SS304) is necesilated in many industrial applications such as heat exchangers and electrical contacts. Advantages of both the materials such as high electrical conductivity of copper and better corrosion resistance of SS304 can be harnessed by way of joining both the metals. However, joining to Cu to itself or other materials is a challenge since the input heat is dissipated rapidly. Most of the conventional welding methods such as arc and gas are incompetent and unconventional methods such as Explosion Welding, EBW, Diffusion Bonding are very expensive.In this study a new economical process of joining of dissimilar metals i.e. Cu to SS304 by microwave hybrid heating is investigated. Microwave joining is made possible by applying a powder (in this work Nickel metal powder) as an interlayer and exposing to microwave surrounding the interlayer with a susceptor. In this study the interlayer of Ni powder having average size 200nm and 45μm was used. On exposure to microwave, the interlayer meal powder heats up [1] and then it promotes melting and thereby bonding to facilitate dissimilar joint. The microstructure of the joint is studied by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The joints formed with 200nm Ni powder were observed to have a defect free microstructure as illustrated in Fig. 1. The EDS and XRD analysis determines the formation of solid solution between Cu-Ni interface and an intermetallic compound at Fe-Ni interface. The diffusion of elements across the joint was further analyzed by EDS line scan. The hardness variation was studied by Vickers’ micro-hardness. It can be concluded that smaller size Ni heat up faster in microwave and produce stronger joint of Cu to SS304 by microwave hybrid heating. References 1. M. S. Srinath, A. K. Sharma, et al. ,Materials &amp; Design , 2011, 32, 2685–2694
seNorge_2018, daily precipitation, and temperature datasets over Norway
Authors: Lussana Cristian , Tveito Ole Einar , Dobler Andreas , Tunheim Ketil 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. seNorge_2018 is a collection of observational gridded datasets over Norway for daily total precipitation: daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures.
The time period covers 1957 to 2017, and the data are presented over a high-resolution terrain-following grid with 1 km spacing in both meridional and zonal directions.
The seNorge family of observational gridded datasets developed at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway) has a 20-year-long history and seNorge_2018 is its newest member, the first providing daily minimum and maximum temperatures.
seNorge datasets are used for a wide range of applications in climatology, hydrology, and meteorology.
The observational dataset is based on MET Norway's climate data, which have been integrated by the “European Climate Assessment and Dataset” database.
Two distinct statistical interpolation methods have been developed, one for temperature and the other for precipitation.
They are both based on a spatial scale-separation approach where, at first, the analysis (i.e., predictions) at larger spatial scales is estimated. Subsequently they are used to infer the small-scale details down to a spatial scale comparable to the local observation density.
Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures are interpolated separately; then physical consistency among them is enforced.
For precipitation, in addition to observational data, the spatial interpolation makes use of information provided by a climate model.
The analysis evaluation is based on cross-validation statistics and comparison with a previous seNorge version.
The analysis quality is presented as a function of the local station density.
We show that the occurrence of large errors in the analyses decays at an exponential rate with the increase in the station density.
Temperature analyses over most of the domain are generally not affected by significant biases.
However, during wintertime in data-sparse regions the analyzed minimum temperatures do have a bias between 2 ∘C and 3 ∘C.
Minimum temperatures are more challenging to represent and large errors are more frequent than for maximum and mean temperatures.
The precipitation analysis quality depends crucially on station density: the frequency of occurrence of large errors for intense precipitation is less than 5% in data-dense regions, while it is approximately 30 % in data-sparse regions.
The open-access datasets are available for public download at daily total precipitation (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2082320, Lussana, 2018b); and daily mean (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2023997, Lussana, 2018c), maximum (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2559372, Lussana, 2018e), and minimum (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2559354, Lussana, 2018d) temperatures.
Kinematic response of ice-rise divides to changes in ocean and atmosphere forcing
Authors: Schannwell Clemens , Drews Reinhard , Ehlers Todd A. , Eisen Olaf , Mayer Christoph , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The majority of Antarctic ice shelves are bounded by grounded ice rises.
These ice rises exhibit local flow fields that partially oppose the
flow of the surrounding ice shelves. Formation of ice rises is
accompanied by a characteristic upward-arching internal stratigraphy
(“Raymond arches”), whose geometry can be analysed to infer information
about past ice-sheet changes in areas where other archives such as rock
outcrops are missing. Here we present an improved modelling framework to
study ice-rise evolution using a satellite-velocity calibrated,
isothermal, and isotropic 3-D full-Stokes model including grounding-line
dynamics at the required mesh resolution (<500 m). This overcomes
limitations of previous studies where ice-rise modelling has been
restricted to 2-D and excluded the coupling between the ice shelf and ice
rise. We apply the model to the Ekström Ice Shelf, Antarctica, containing
two ice rises. Our simulations investigate the effect of surface mass
balance and ocean perturbations onto ice-rise divide position and
interpret possible resulting unique Raymond arch geometries. Our results
show that changes in the surface mass balance result in immediate and
sustained divide migration (>2.0 m yr−1) of up to 3.5 km. In contrast,
instantaneous ice-shelf disintegration causes a short-lived and delayed
(by 60–100 years) response of smaller magnitude (<0.75 m yr−1). The model
tracks migration of a triple junction and synchronous ice-divide
migration in both ice rises with similar magnitude but differing rates.
The model is suitable for glacial/interglacial simulations on the
catchment scale, providing the next step forward to unravel the
ice-dynamic history stored in ice rises all around Antarctica.
Testeren onder vier ogen
Authors: Bauduin N.V.C.E. 
Published: October 2019

Testeren onder vier ogen
In recente tuchtrechtspraak komt naar voren dat zowel de (voor)bespreking als het passeren van een uiterste wil in de regel onder vier ogen moet plaatsvinden. Het is namelijk een van de kernverantwoordelijkheden van de notaris om in te staan voor een vrije en onafhankelijke wilsvorming van de erflater. De notaris dient alert te zijn op mogelijke beïnvloeding door derden, die een belang bij het testament hebben. Ook het risico van non-verbale beïnvloeding – bijvoorbeeld doordat derden weliswaar niet aan het gesprek deelnemen, maar wel in dezelfde ruimte aanwezig zijn – moet worden voorkomen.
Raza y tierra: Geografía, etnología y nazismo
Authors: Kophamel Wolfgang 
Published: October 2019

Franz Termer (1894-1968) fue durante décadas profesor de etnología en la Universidad de Hamburgo. Su área de investigación era Centroamérica. Entre 1935 y 1962 también fue director del Museo de Etnología de Hamburgo. Su carrera académica coincide con una de las etapas más decisivas de la historia alemana, el nacionalsocialismo. Fue miembro fundador de la famosa revista Zeitschrift für Geopolitik y admirador de Friedrich Ratzel y de su «geografía política». El concepto de «sangre y tierra» como determinante de la historia se encuentra en la obra de Termer unos diez años antes de que los nazis lo utilizaran como ideología oficial del Estado. Después de la caída del nazismo se declaró «adversario» y «víctima» de esa política. Sin embargo, una lectura atenta de sus escritos revela que defendió el nacionalismo, el colonialismo, el antisemitismo y el racismo durante cinco décadas.
A 0D/3D Heterostructured All‐Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cell with High Performance and Enhanced Phase Stability
Authors: Bai Fujin , Zhang Jie , Yuan Yufei , Liu Hongbin , Li Xiaosong , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Yan He , Zhu Zonglong , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have achieved dramatic improvement in device efficiency, their long‐term stability remains a major concern prior to commercialization. To address this issue, extensive research efforts are dedicated to exploiting all‐inorganic PVSCs by using cesium (Cs)‐based perovskite materials, such as α‐CsPbI3. However, the black‐phase CsPbI3 (cubic α‐CsPbI3 and orthorhombic γ‐CsPbI3 phases) is not stable at room temperature, and it tends to convert to the nonperovskite δ‐CsPbI3 phase. Here, a simple yet effective approach is described to prepare stable black‐phase CsPbI3 by forming a heterostructure comprising 0D Cs4PbI6 and γ‐CsPbI3 through tuning the stoichiometry of the precursors between CsI and PbI. Such heterostructure is manifested to enable the realization of a stable all‐inorganic PVSC with a high power conversion efficiency of 16.39%. This work provides a new perspective for developing high‐performance and stable all‐inorganic PVSCs.
Covalent‐Organic‐Framework‐Based Li–CO2 Batteries
Authors: Li Xing , Wang Hui , Chen Zhongxin , Xu Hai‐Sen , Yu Wei , Liu Cuibo , Wang Xiaowei , Zhang Kun , Xie Keyu , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of porous crystalline materials constructed from designer molecular building blocks that are linked and extended periodically via covalent bonds. Their high stability, open channels, and ease of functionalization suggest that they can function as a useful cathode material in reversible lithium batteries. Here, a COF constructed from hydrazone/hydrazide‐containing molecular units, which shows good CO2 sequestration properties, is reported. The COF is hybridized to Ru‐nanoparticle‐coated carbon nanotubes, and the composite is found to function as highly efficient cathode in a Li–CO2 battery. The robust 1D channels in the COF serve as CO2– and lithium‐ion‐diffusion channels and improve the kinetics of electrochemical reactions. The COF‐based Li–CO2 battery exhibits an ultrahigh capacity of 27 348 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1, and a low cut‐off overpotential of 1.24 V within a limiting capacity of 1000 mAh g−1. The rate performance of the battery is improved considerably with the use of the COF at the cathode, where the battery shows a slow decay of discharge voltage from a current density of 0.1 to 4 A g−1. The COF‐based battery runs for 200 cycles when discharged/charged at a high current density of 1 A g−1.
Functionalized Hybridization of 2D Nanomaterials
Authors: Guan Guijian , Han Ming‐Yong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe discovery of graphene and subsequent verification of its unique properties have aroused great research interest to exploit diversified graphene‐analogous 2D nanomaterials with fascinating physicochemical properties. Through either physical or chemical doping, linkage, adsorption, and hybridization with other functional species into or onto them, more novel/improved properties are readily created to extend/expand their functionalities and further achieve great performance. Here, various functionalized hybridizations by using different types of 2D nanomaterials are overviewed systematically with emphasis on their interaction formats (e.g., in‐plane or inter plane), synergistic properties, and enhanced applications. As the most intensely investigated 2D materials in the post‐graphene era, transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets are comprehensively investigated through their element doping, physical/chemical functionalization, and nanohybridization. Meanwhile, representative hybrids with more types of nanosheets are also presented to understand their unique surface structures and address the special requirements for better applications. More excitingly, the van der Waals heterostructures of diverse 2D materials are specifically summarized to add more functionality or flexibility into 2D material systems. Finally, the current research status and faced challenges are discussed properly and several perspectives are elaborately given to accelerate the rational fabrication of varied and talented 2D hybrids.
Silica Restricting the Sulfur Volatilization of Nickel Sulfide for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Qidong , Li Li , Wu Peijie , Xu Nuo , Wang Liang , Li Matthew , Dai Alvin , Amine Khalil , Mai Liqiang , Lu Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNickel sulfides are regarded as promising anode materials for advanced rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical capacity. However, capacity fade arising from significant volume changes during operation greatly limits their practical applications. Herein, confined NiSx@C yolk–shell microboxes are constructed to address volume changes and confine the active material in the internal void space. Having benefited from the yolk–shell structure design, the prepared NiSx@C yolk–shell microboxes display excellent electrochemical performance in lithium‐ion batteries. Particularly, it delivers impressive cycle stability (460 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1) and superior rate performance (225 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1). Furthermore, the lithium storage mechanism is ascertained with in situ synchrotron high‐energy X‐ray diffractions and in situ electrochemical impedance spectra. This unique confined yolk–shell structure may open up new strategies to create other advanced electrode materials for high performance electrochemical storage systems.
Recent Progresses on Defect Passivation toward Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Feng , Zhao Yang , Zhang Xingwang , You Jingbi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe disorderly distribution of defects in the perovskite or at the grain boundaries, surfaces, and interfaces, which seriously affect carrier transport through the formation of nonradiative recombination centers, hinders the further improvement on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Several defect passivation strategies have been confirmed as an efficient approach for promoting the performance of PSCs. Herein, recent progress in the defect passivation toward efficient perovskite solar cells are summarized, and a classification of common passivation strategies that elaborate the mechanism according to the location of the defects and the type of passivation agent is presented. Finally, this review offers likely prospects for future trends in the development of passivation strategies.
A preliminary report on the effect of gabapentin pretreatment on periprocedural pain during in‐office posterior nasal nerve cryoablation
Authors: Steele Toby O. , Hoshal Steven G. , Kim Minji , Gill Amarbir S. , Wilson Machelle , Squires Lane D. , Bradley Strong E. , Suh Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundPosterior nasal nerve (PNN) cryoablation is a novel surgical technique to address allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Periprocedural pain has been reported after PNN cryoablation and there are no standardized protocols for optimal in‐office local anesthesia. This study sought to evaluate the effect of gabapentin on patient discomfort following in‐office PNN cryoablation.MethodsMulti‐institutional prospective analysis of patients undergoing in‐office PNN cryoablation for allergic or nonallergic rhinitis between March 2018 and April 2019. Patients received local anesthesia with or without 600 mg oral gabapentin 1 hour preprocedure. Rhinitis diagnosis, demographics, and baseline disease‐specific quality of life (mini‐Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire [RQLQ] and Total Nasal Symptom Score [TNSS]) were recorded. Patient discomfort was measured by the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) posttreatment and rated 0 to 10 on an ordinal scale. Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon 2‐sample tests were used to evaluate differences between the 2 groups.ResultsA total of 26 patients were enrolled (gabapentin n = 15, control = 11). Baseline TNSS scores in the gabapentin vs control group were median [25th percentile to 75th percentile]) 10 (7.5 to 11.0) and 9 (6.0 to 10.0) (p = 0.35). Baseline Mini‐RQLQ scores in gabapentin vs control groups were 3.21 (2.0 to 4.0) and 2.92 (2.78 to 4.35) (p = 0.51). The median VAS pain scores at 5, 20, and 30 minutes in the gabapentin vs control group were 0.0 (0.0 to 2.0) vs 3.0 (1.0 to 4.0), 2.0 (0.0 to 3.0) vs 8.0 (6.0 to 10.0), and 1.0 (0.0 to 1.0) vs 5.0 (4.0 to 6.0) (p = 0.02, p = 0.0043, and p = 0.003, respectively).ConclusionPreprocedure gabapentin significantly reduces immediate and delayed postprocedural patient discomfort following PNN cryoablation.