bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic Activity in the Central Adriatic Offshore of Italy: A Review of the 1987 ML 5 Porto San Giorgio Earthquake
Authors: Battimelli Elvira , Adinolfi Guido Maria , Amoroso Ortensia , Capuano Paolo 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
On 3 July 1987, a seismic sequence, with a mainshock of ML 5, took place in the offshore Adriatic, close to the coast of Porto San Giorgio (PSG), Italy. We present an accurate relocation of the PSG seismic sequence using a nonlinear probabilistic approach (Lomax et al., 2000). The trade‐off between the hypocentral location and the velocity model was exhaustively explored using six different velocity models available for the area provided by previous studies. Through numerous tests performed by relocating the mainshock, we selected the two best velocity models providing two different depths (2.0 and 18.0 km). To resolve this intrinsic ambiguity, we developed a technique that uses the macroseismic intensity field data based on a grid search of the magnitude–depth space. The results show that the mainshock has a depth of 5.7 km and a magnitude (ML) equal to 5; moreover, the relocated seismic sequence (∼30 events) developed in the upper portion of the crust (at a depth less than 15 km), thus activating thrust faults, which is typical of the main geological features that characterize the outer Apennines thrust belt and the Adriatic foreland folds. Because the Adriatic Sea hosts several hydrocarbon (mainly gas) production fields located near active faults, with some of them in the area of this study, analyzing the instrumental seismicity is necessary to better understand the seismicity generated by these seismogenic faults and improve the assessment of the area’s seismic hazards.
Az élelmiszerpazarlás és a fogyasztói tudatosság kapcsolata
Authors: Szűcs Róbert Sándor 
Published: July 2019

Összefoglalásként megállapítható, hogy napjainkban egyre inkább kiemelt figyelem övezi az élelmiszerek hatékony felhasználására való törekvést. Ez a törekvés mára nem csupán makro szinten valósul meg, hanem egyre inkább megjelenik a háztartások gondolatkörében is. A pazarlás nem csupán a tőlünk kedvezőbb gazdasági mutatószámokkal rendelkező országok problémája, hanem bizony „mi” is vagyunk azok az „ők”, akik pazarolják az élelmiszert. Egy olyan országban, mint hazánk, ahol az EU átlagához viszonyított jövedelemszint alacsony, kiemelt figyelmet kell, hogy jelentsen az élelmiszerek hatékony felhasználása. Ennek megvalósulásáért, ellentétben nagyon sok minden mással, maga a háztartás, az egyén tehet a legtöbbet. A kutatás rámutatott arra, hogy az élelmiszer pazarlás összefügg a fogyasztó bevallott jövedelmi szintjével. Az átlagostól alacsonyabb bevallott jövedelemszinttel rendelkezők esetében azt tapasztalhattuk, hogy a pazarlás becsült mértéke a több termék esetében is csökkent az átlagoshoz képest. Az átlagostól magasabb bevallott jövedelemszinttel rendelkezők esetén a becsült pazarlás mértéke emelkedik több termékkategóriában is. A jövedelemszint emelkedésével a tudatos felhasználás csökkent, a pazarlás mértéke emelkedő tendenciát mutatott. A kérdés természetesen nem ennyire egyszerű, hiszen a gazdasági keretfeltételek, a játékszabályok megvalósítása komoly nemzetgazdasági vagy ezen is túlmutató, szupranacionális kérdés lehet. A tudatosság szintjére eredményeim alapján a család jövedelme komoly hatást fejt ki, a jövedelmi szint emelkedésével a tudatossági fegyelem csökken. Ez az eredmény összefügg a szakirodalom makrogazdasági adataival.
JEL-kódok: I30, M31, Q18
TERMINATION OF WAHDATUL WUJUD IN ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN ACEH: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ITHAF AD-DHAKI, THE WORKS OF IBRAHIM KURANI
Authors: Nasution Ismail Fahmi Arrauf 
Published: July 2019

Wahdatul Wujud or Unity of Being is a sufi doctrine that is in accordance with the well-known, inclusive and permissive views of the people of Nusantara. The teaching has proven to be an important part in realizing the peaceful and harmonious civilization of the Islamic archipelago. Unfortunately when orthodox theology doctrines which nuanced exclusive and radical dominated the Muslim intellectual discourse of archipelago, the doctrine of Wahdatul Wujud become excluded and even terminated from the stage of Islamic intellectualism of archipelago. This paper wants to evaluate critically the work of Ibrahim Kurani, <em>Ithaf a</em><em>d-Dhaki bi Shahr at-Tuhfah al-Mursalah ila an-Nabi</em> which was written intentionally to explain the papers of Muhammad Fadhullah al-Burhanpuri entitled <em>at-Tuhfah al-Mursalah ila an-Nabi</em> Which discusses the teachings of Wahdatul Wujud that had been spread in the archipelago. This Ibrahim Kurani’s works is necessasry to be evaluated though it is generally accepted as the synthesis of Wahdatul Wujud according to orthodox theology, but factually it has a very significant role in reducing this doctrine so that Wahdatul Wujud becomes a foreign doctrine in the archipelago. In this study the authors found some epistemological and academic error committed by Ibrahim Kurani to the doctrine of Wahdatul Wujud in his book. The author expects Wahdatul Wujud could be revived in scientific and academic discourse as a solution to counter the teachings of exclusive and radical Islam in order to realize a peaceful and democratic Islam as had happened in the history of Islamic civilization in archipelago.
The Waqf as The Social Institution and The Realization of Islam Nusantara: The Study in West Sumatera
Authors: Medaline Onny 
Published: July 2019

<p>As a religion which concerned with the social, cultural, psychological and spiritual of the community, Islamic laws had the ability to answer the new problems, especially in all <em>muamalah </em>fields. The Islamic of <em>Nusantara</em> was the comprehension, experience, and implementation of Islam in mualamat of fiqih segment as the dialectical result among the <em>syariat</em>, cultural and reality throughout the archipelago. The reality reflected on in <em>waqf</em> that became a dynamical <em>ijtihadiyyat </em> laws along with the benefit which fulfilled the certain space, time and situation. The <em>waqf</em> as the social institution was the realization of the Islamic laws transformation to become a law formation which consisted of the funding system of tasawuf <em>(ilahiyah) </em>study and Islam absolute which grew as the social framework that had the ability to answer all the community needs in some of life fields which affected by the dynamic of space and time. In the context of social institution, the <em>waqf </em>was the norm system which arranged all the human actions in order to fulfill the basic needs in community life, and it was a part of community norms which formed the social, religion institutions and the other institutions which protected by the state.</p>
Evaluating the Effects of High Viscosity Liquid on Two Phase Flow Slug Translational Velocity using Gamma Radiation Methods
Authors: Baba Yahaya D. , Aliyu Aliyu M. , Okeke Nonso E. , Girei Adamu S. , Yeung Hoi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Slug translational velocity, described as the velocity of slug units, is the summation of the maximum mixture velocity in the slug body and the drift velocity. Accurate estimation of this parameter is important for energy-efficient design of oil and gas pipelines. A survey of the literature revealed that existing prediction models of this parameter were developed based on observation from low viscosity liquids (of 1 Pa.s or less). However, its behaviour in pipes transporting higher viscosity oils is significantly different. In this research work, new data for slug translational velocity in high-viscosity oil-gas flows are reported. Scaled experiments were carried out using a mixture of air and Mineral oil of viscosity ranging from 0.7 to 6.0 Pa.s in a 17-m long horizontal pipe of 0.0762 m ID. Temperature dependence of the oil's viscosity is given as μ=−0.0043T3+0.0389T2−1.4174T+18.141. The slug translational velocity was measured by means two pairs of two fast-sampling Gamma Densitometers with a sampling frequency of 250 Hz. For the range of experimental flow conditions investigated, increase in liquid oil viscosity was observed to strongly influence slug translational velocity. A new predictive correlation incorporating the effect of viscosity on slug translational velocity was derived using the current dataset and incorporating those obtained in literature with oil viscosity ranging from 0.189–6.0 Pa.s for horizontal flow. A comparison by statistical analysis and validation and of the new closure relationship showed a remarkably improved performance over existing correlations.
Horizontal Well Standoff Performance and Exploitation of Thin Oil Rim
Authors: Obidike Peter , Onyekonwu Mike , Ubani C. E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this paper one of the areas of conflicts observed with the performance of horizontal wells standoff with respect to development of thin oil rim reservoirs is examined.
In a technical paper as part of the critical review of literature on the exploitation of thin oil rim reservoirs with large gas cap and aquifer, this author had highlighted the problem. As part of sensitives in horizontal well standoff, Cosmos and Fatoke (2004) tested three positions; one-third, centre and two-third positions from the GOC in a Niger Delta field. They concluded that the landing closest to the GOC (one-third position) yielded lowest Oil compared to the centre and two-third positions. Surprisingly the work done by Sai Garimella et al (2011) in a 60ft Ghariff & Al Khlata shallow marine low permeability sandstone reservoirs in a field in Oman showed a different result with the one-third position indicating an optimum recovery from a horizontal well. Interestingly both authors positions on the performance had support from other authors.
This study used a 3D reservoir model, investigated different horizontal well standoff performances and applied permeability reduction to simulate different reservoir quality. The objective was to see if the reservoir quality was a factor in the different horizontal well standoff performance seen from different regions of the world while noting their different depositional environments. Results from the investigation is presented in this paper and shows a different trend from both authors mentioned above.
Decline Line Analysis DLA: A Method for Forecasting Cumulative Production for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs Based on Fetkovich Type Curve Approach
Authors: Sumaila Omaga 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A conventional method for DCA for a solution-gas drive reservoir is the Arp's Approach. Another approach, an improved approach, is the Fetkovich Type Curve Approach which involves the combination of rate equation and material balance equation for finite systems to obtain rate-time equations for solution-gas drive reservoir using backpressure exponent(n) in place of Arp's decline exponent(b). This improved approach, however, has a number of limitations. First, it is difficult to judge which type curve production data match. It has a lower resolution. Also, the developed cumulative-rate model for the material balance equation form: PR2is linear with Np, tends to give inaccurate result.
This paper, first, presents a cumulative-rate model using a mathematical approach. Then, the Fetkovich rate-time relationships for both the material balance equation forms: PR2is linear with Np, PR is linear with Np, are transferred into linear relationships(in a log-log plot) by finding the derivative of the natural logarithm of the dimensionless rate(qDd) with respect to the dimensionless time(tDd). Consequently, the type lines are generated and upon about fifty (50) trials, conditions required for optimum workability are presented.
The developed cumulative-rate model was validated with field data from a reservoir in the Niger Delta. The correlation between forecasted cumulative production and actual production data is 0.99988. Thus, indicating high positive correlation. Also, the linearized models were validated with production data from Arbuckle Lime, Kansas. The correlation too, is as high as 0.99988. Thereafter, a user-friendly Microsoft Excel spreadsheet application for computing cumulative production given rate is created using Excel VBA.
Comparative Analysis of Commercial Natural Gas Pipeline Economics under the Extant and Calculated Tariff Systems
Authors: Adejumo Adedapo , Iledare Omowumi , Echendu Joseph 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a comparative analysis of economics of a commercial gas pipeline using the extant fixed tariff and a calculated tariff based on the Rate of Return Regulation framework. While the extant tariff is fixed at 0.8$/Mscf irrespective of throughput and location, the calculated tariff adjusts tariff levels to cost profiles and aligns it with the operators cost of capital. The arbitrarily fixed gas pipeline tariff has resulted in poor response by international investors to an otherwise lucrative sector of the gas industry while increasing the burden of a pipeline development on government in the face of limited resources. Using the proposed 48" x 127-Kilometer Obiafu-Obrikom-Oben Pipeline (OB3) as a case study, the discounted cashflow and stochastic analysis methodology are adopted to estimate economic indicators. Results show that the payback period is very attractive at less than 6.5 years for the calculated tariff while the payback period is in excess of 7.7 years for the extant tariff. NPV of the calculated tariff indicate a less likely than not chance of project failure while analysis with the extant tariff indicates a 23 percent likelihood of project failure. The paper provides additive information needed for would-be investors and the Nigerian government towards ensuring a workable framework to engender the envisaged infrastructure for gas pipeline.
Formulation of Water Based Drilling Fluid Using Local Mud Uwheru & Otor-Udu Clay
Authors: Odion Aihie John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Drilling fluid is one of the major substances used when drilling a well, as it serves numerous purposes such as lubrication and cooling of the drilling bit, cuttings removal to mention a few. And one of its major constituent is the bentonite, clay that serves as the dispersed phase. The cost of procuring the bentonite clay for the production of drilling fluid is expensive because of its importation into the country hereby increasing the overall cost of drilling a well.
This paper investigated the suitability of suspected clay from Uwheru and Otor-Udu village in Delta State, Nigeria for the production of water based drilling fluid. The mud was formulated using 21.0g of each clay local sample and 350ml of fresh water. Different concentrations of pH and viscosity chemical additives were used. Comparative analysis was made on the drilling mud sample formulated from clay obtained from the study areas namely (Uwheru and Otor-Udu) to determine their suitability for the formulation of drilling fluids and to determine if it meets the API standard. The properties tested for include the mud density, pH, sand content and rheological properties.
After laboratory work was conducted, the two formulated mud samples had same mud weight of 8.5ppg which was slightly below the API standard for bentonite clay of 8.65minimum and 9.60maximum. A pH control additive (NaOH) and Viscosifier additive (CMC) were added.
In conclusion, analysis was made on the experimental values of Uwheru which had values of 3cp for 2cp for the 600rpm and 300rpm rheological readings respectively, pH of 5, sand content of 0.1ml and density of 8.5ppg while that of Otor-Udu had values of 3cp and 2cp for the 600rpm and 300rpm rheological readings respectively, pH of 5, sand content of 0.05ml and density of 8.5ppg. From the analysis made between the local clay formulated drilling fluid samples and the standard API values for bentonite using graphs and charts, the local clay can be improvised for bentonite.
Effect of Environmental and Occupational Exposures to Heavy Metals: The Health Implications
Authors: Anyanwu Brilliance O. , Ezejiofor Anthonet N. , Nwaogazie Ify L. , Orisakwe Orish E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The craze for technological development has given rise to environmental safety concerns. Various human activities such as artisanal mining, illegal refining, use of leaded petrol, illegal disposal and burning of toxic waste, absorption of production industries in inhabited areas have led to high contamination and pollution associated with heavy metals. The research was done to explore the effect of low dose exposure to heavy metal mixture using male albino rats as experimental animals. The experimental rats were separated into two equal groups; (i) control receiving only deionized water, (ii) combination of metals (PbCl2+ CdCl2 + HgCl2). Treatment was carried out through oral gavage. Induced low dose heavy metal mixture substantially decreased the follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels and significantly increased the prolactin level. It also resulted to hepatotoxicity by significantly increasing the liver enzymes and bilirubin level, thereby reducing the total protein and albumin levels. The lipid profile was also investigated to check the risk associated with the cardiovascular system. The result showed a considerable increase (P&lt;0.05) in triglycerides, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein and a significant reduction in high density lipoprotein when compared with the control group. Furthermore, low dose heavy metal mixture induced histopathological changes to the liver. Collectively, our findings clearly highlight that environmental and occupational exposure to heavy metals resulted to hepatotoxicity, risk to the cardiovascular system and changes to the hormonal system.
Dynamic Modelling for Reservoir Connectivity Analysis in Mature Fields
Authors: Ajayi Olawale , Ikienskimama Sunday , Mogbolu Emmanuel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Reservoir connectivity remains a critical and growing area of research and application in the petroleum industry, as most discoveries go through development to maturity. This becomes highly imperative for reservoir management decisions in highly fractured compartments or stacked reservoirs with faults across them. In most field cases and especially for a highly faulted region like the Niger Delta, there are some uncertainties around connectivity primarily due to seismic data and resolutions as regards the technology available at acquisition. The primary aim of this work is to use dynamic modelling to ascertain connectivity in mature reservoirs. This work applied the standard workflow for Reservoir Connectivity Analysis (RCA) in evaluating four (4) stacked reservoirs in the RAINBOW field, onshore Niger-Delta using dynamic modelling of the MBAL multi-tank option. Various scenarios were analyzed with the integrated data – geology, production and reservoir pressure history, fluid and rock properties to select the most likely scenario. For this analysis, a new diagnostic plot was introduced for evaluating transmissibility, which improved the clarity in decision making. Using the prevalent economic parameters, a quick evaluation was done to understand the impacts of the reservoir management decisions on the viability of this approach. From the results, two of the four reservoirs are observed to be dynamically connected. The analysis shows that a new perforation extension opportunity is a quick return decision that can yield considerable returns, while new infill opportunities as the optimal decision. Also, the effects of transmissibility on the reservoirs affect the Net Present Values of the decisions. Therefore, this improved workflow approach can be recommended as a quick win when sufficient time and resources are not available for opportunity maturation. Further work is also required to integrate this understanding to build a simulation model for robust benchmarking.
Phase Behaviour of Local Alkaline and Surfactants During Flooding
Authors: Obuebite A. A. , Onyekonwu M. O. , Akaranta O. , Ubani C. E. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The addition of natural and synthetic surfactants during chemical flooding recovers oil originally trapped by capillary forces through the reduction of the interfacial (adhesive) tension between the aqueous and oleic phases. As the interfacial tension reduces, the trapped oil droplets are mobilized forming a continuous oil bank thereby reducing the amount of residual oil saturation. The objective of phase behaviour is to determine the optimum salinity and to select the best compatible chemical composition for a specific application that can effectively enhance oil recovery. This study seeks to assess chemical compatibilities between alkaline –surfactant systems in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions; analyse synergy between alkali-surfactant slugs and crude oil to enable us to design an optimal low-cost, environmental friendly alkaline and surfactant floods for enhanced oil recovery. This is based on an understanding of fluid-fluid interactions. We conducted phase behaviour tests on selected local surfactants (AlkaSurf X, Moringa), bio-ethanol, local alkali (potash) and simulated formation brine. Aqueous stability and salinity scan experiments were conducted to determine the compatibility of the Alkaline–Surfactant systems with brine. Solutions free of precipitation were used for the interfacial-tension and phase behaviour analysis. Salinity scan results were used to calculate the solubilisation ratio and optimal salinity. Results indicate that the local Alkaline-Surfactant systems are highly tolerant of divalent ions. Also, results from pipette test showed that AlkaSurf X and Moringa alone attained a Type II (-) microemulsion, however, the addition of potash and co-surfactant at a controlled pH and concentration exhibited optimal salinity and a Type III microemulsion. This study shows that certain local alkali and surfactant can enhance oil recovery, even under harsh conditions, thus eliminating the use of harmful chemicals and need for brine softening processes which adds to the overall cost.