bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Typical Cemetery on Groundwater Using both Geophysical Techniques and Physicochemical Analyses of Water in South-South, Nigeria
Authors: Osabuohien Idehen 
Published: June 2019

This research work focuses on the impact of cemetery on the groundwater with respect to time. It was carried out using Joint Geophysical Methods and Hydro physicochemical analysis. In addition to these methods this study went further to apply Multivariate Statistical Analyses (Water Quality Index, Principle Component Analysis, Cluster Analysis) in the investigation. This research work was done in Third Cemetery, New Benin, Benin City. Though there are three major cemeteries in Benin Metropolis Third Cemetery was selected for this purpose. In Benin City and Nigeria in general, the major cemeteries are located close to human residential areas and virtually all the populace within this locality depends on groundwater as the primary water source for various domestic purposes. The spread of electrodes reaches a maximum of 230m which covers the entire length of the cemetery. Electrodes (41) were needed in this research to generate data and the result compared with the physico-chemical analysis of groundwater. The field work covered a time lapse of six months (June, 2017 to December, 2017). Toxic chemicals that may be released into groundwater include substances that were used in embalming and burial practices as well as varnishes, sealers and preservatives and metal component of ornaments used on wooden coffins (Jonker and Olivier, 2012).Wood preservatives and paints used in coffin construction contain compounds such as copper, naphthalene and ammoniac or chromated copper arsenate (Spongberg and Becks, 2000). Paints contain lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromium; arsenic is used as a pigment, wood preservative and anti-fouling ingredient while barium is used as a pigment and a corrosion inhibitor (Katz and Salem, 2005; Huang et al., 2010; Jonker and Olivier, 2012).
Philosophical Narratives of Suffering
Authors: Aaltola Elisa 
Published: June 2019

The sort of meanings which suffering is depicted with influence both individual experiences of and social responses to it. In contemporary research, these meanings have been explored via mapping out individual narratives on illness and suffering, and by locating common typologies underlying them. Much less emphasis has been placed on philosophical narratives on suffering and the manner in which they both echo and strengthen culturally common Western meanings concerning human travails. The paper takes its impetus from here and examines three distinct philosophical narratives on suffering presented by Emmanuel Levinas, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Simone Weil. Moreover, it investigates the cultural influences behind them, ranging from Homeric tragedies to Medieval Christianity and Holocaust portrayals. The suggestion is that analysing philosophical narratives facilitates moral comparisons between the varieties of cultural meanings given to suffering. This, again, enables one to locate the societal and political consequences that narratives of suffering have on how we approach, for instance, vulnerability and disability.
Keywords: suffering, philosophy, narratives, Levinas, Nietzsche, Weil, vulnerability, disability
Queering Vulnerability
Authors: Sudenkaarne Tiia 
Published: June 2019

Vulnerability is a concept often used in bioethics. However, it is seldom interrogated from a queer point of view. By queer inquiry, I refer to an umbrella understanding of gender and sexuality as diverse. In this article I discuss lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex -related (LGBTQI) approaches to vulnerability. Framing these discussions from queer and LGBTQI bioethical theory, I offer an original approach to vulnerability based on queer bioethics and on a layered understanding of vulnerability. After considering queer bioethics and its (queer) critiques, I conclude that a layered understanding of vulnerability has strong potential for analyzing LGBTQI/queer vulnerabilities in bioethics. For further research, I formulate four layers of queer vulnerabilities to demonstrate some of that potential. I call these the layer of ethical sustainability, the layer of queer agency, the layer of interrogatory intimacy, and the layer of troubled kinship. I insist all layers should be critically evaluated and developed further with intersectional approaches.
Keywords: vulnerability; LGBTQI; queer bioethics; queer-feminist anthropology of vulnerability; layers of queer vulnerabilities
Electrical Injuries: The Iceberg Phenomena
Authors: Manandhar Krishna , Shrestha Jayan Man , Rayamajhi Sangam , Lohani Ishwar 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: The deceptive nature of electrical injury is likened to an iceberg phenomenon. Whether the tissue is conductive or resistant both are injured due to electroporation and heat, respectively. The objective of the study is to evaluate the types and pattern of injuries and attempt to predict the chances of various types of injuries and highlight the iceberg phenomenon.
Methods: A retrospective study includes 36 patients. Injuries were classified into superficial and deep. Total burned surface area (TBSA) was categorized into four, </= 5%, 6 to 10%, 11 to 20%, and > 20%. The depth of injury was categorized into superficial and deep. Deep injuries were elaborated into loss of skin, muscle, tendon, nerve, artery, cartilage and damage of bone and internal organs. Treatment was grouped into conservative and surgical, where surgical was classified into minor, major and amputation procedures.
Results: Injuries were mostly located over the upper extremities (47.76%). The first TBSA category had the highest number of patients (64%), highest percent of superficial and deep injuries (63.88% and 61.29%, respectively) and highest percentage of procedures (64.25%). The average number of procedures per patient was 3.8. The median burned surface area (BSA) was 4% and most of the procedures were performed in patients with less than 4% BSA.
Conclusion: Electrical injuries are truly iceberg phenomenon where a small area of TBSA hides the greatest percentage of the deep structure injuries and brings about surprising reconstructive challenges.
Role of second transurethral resection in determining residual tumor in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Maskey Pukar , Chalise Pawan Raj , Sharma Uttam Kumar , Gyawali Prem Raj , Shrestha Guna Kumar , Joshi Bhola Raj 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Presence of residual tumors is not an uncommon event after transurethral resection of bladder tumor, and no studies from Nepal so far has addressed this issue. We conducted this study to determine the rate of residual tumors after first transurethral resection of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer, and to determine the factors associated with the presence of residual tumors and upstaging of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 43 patients of bladder cancer who had a diagnosis of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer following an initial transurethral resection. Demographic data and data on tumor characteristics were obtained. Patients underwent a second transurethral resection within 2 to 8 weeks. Histopathological findings at first and second resection were compared.
Results: There were 20 patients with Ta tumor and 23 patiens with T1 tumor at initial resection. Residual tumor was detected in 18 (41.86%) patients overall, 2 in patients with Ta tumor (10%) and 16 in patients with T1 tumor (69.5%). Tumors with T1 stage, high grade, size more than 3 centimeters and sessile growth pattern were seen to have significant association with the presence of residual tumors. Six patients with T1 disease upstaged to T2 disease after second resection (26%), while there were no upstaging with Ta tumors. Tumors with T1 stage, sessile configuration and size more than 3 centimeters were found to be significantly associated with upstaging.
Conclusion: A second transurethral resection for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer should be considered if the initial tumor is T1 stage, high grade, more than 3 centimeters in size and has sessile growth pattern.
Spectrum of cytological patterns in cervical PAP smears in a tertiary care center of Western region of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Pragya Gautam , Rawat Durga BC , Sinha Kavita , Jahan Kamar , Shrestha Richa 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a common health problem in Nepal. There is paucity of data regarding the spectrum of findings in cervical Pap in western Nepal. This study was aimed to study the cytological patterns in cervical Pap smears in patients in a tertiary hospital of Nepal.
Methods: This is a prospective, cross sectional, hospital based study. Clinical features of patients who had presented with Pap smear was noted in a structured proforma. Pap smears were studied by a senior pathologist and reported based on revised Bethesda system (2014).
Results: Most of the cases belonged to 31-40 years 399 (42.8%). Unsatisfactory/ inadequate sample was present in 133(14.05%) with obscuration due to inflammatory exudate being most common cause. Negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy rate was noted in 798 (85.54%) with 477(51.2%) being normal findings. Epithelial cell abnormalities were noted in 116 (14.5 %) smears. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion constituted 321(34.5%), High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion 273(29.3 %) and Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance 153(16.4%) of epithelial cell abnormalities. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 9(1%) of all reviewed smears. There was no statistical significance between the age and abnormalities of Pap smear (p=0.9).
Conclusions: Pap smear is pivotal in cervical cancer screening in developing countries. It also identifies various inflammatory, infective, benign and malignant pathologies at the earliest thereby decreasing the morbidity and mortality.
Sickle cell disease in Western Nepal
Authors: Pande Rajan , Ghimire Pragya Gautam , Chand Priyankar Bahadur , Gupta Sharmila 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Since 2003, only few cases of sickle cell disease have officially been reported in Nepalese medical journals, and all reported patients belong to the Tharu ethnic group of Nepal. This is the first study that details sickle cell disease and carrier in 1250 individuals in western Nepal.
Methods: This is a retrospective review of the patients and carriers of sickle cell disease diagnosed by either a positive haemoglobin electrophoresis report or a positive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) report. Analysis was done using SPSS 20.
Results: Out of the 1250 individuals, 51.4% were females. 601 (48.08%) were patients with a form of sickle cell disease, the mean age was 24.5  12 yrs years. Most patients came from Bardiya district. Most common symptoms were related to joint pain. The patients and carriers of sickle cell disease were mostly from Tharu ethnic group (97.7%).
Conclusion: These data suggest that sickle cell disease and other haemoglobinopathies are more prevalent than previously reported among members of the Tharu ethnic group and other residents of western Nepal. More research is imperative to assess the burden of the sickle cell disease and other haemoglobinopathies in Nepal.
Formulation and Evaluation of Silymarin Microcrystals by In- Situ Micronization Technique
Authors: Noor Ala'a Dheia , B.H. Al-Khedairy Eman 
Published: June 2019

Silymarin (SM) is a plant extract obtained from Silybum marianum( milk thistle) . It is class II type drug according to Biopharmaceutics Classification System with low bioavailability due to its low solubility.
Micro/nanonization during crystallization, surface modification and crystal structure modification may improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs.
The aim of this study was to increase the water solubility and dissolution rate of SM by in-situ micronization using solvent change either by stirring or ultrasonic method. Stabilizers like Gelatin, PVP-K30, HPMC15, Pulullan were used to stabilize the prepared ultrafine crystals. Effect of type and concentration of hydrophilic polymer, solvent: antisolvent volume ratio and the effect of ultrasonic irradiation were studied. The prepared microcrystals were evaluated for their %yield, water solubility, crystals structure by XRD,DSC, and SEM. Particle size and dissolution rate were also tested . Silymarin microcrystals prepared by ultrasonic method and stabilized by 0.1%gelatin using 1:2 solvent: anti-solvent volume ratio showed the best results with particle size reduction from mean diameter of 1.5µm (untrated silymarin) to 0.43µm with uniform morphology and enhanced solubility and dissolution.
The Relationship Between Health Literacy and Patient Participation in Medical Decision Making Among Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Yadollahi Mahnaz , Siavashi Elham , Mostaghim Somayeh 
Published: June 2019

Background: Patient participation in medical decisions is essential and requires sufficient knowledge and awareness. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between health literacy and the participation of breast cancer patients in their medical decisions in Shiraz, Iran.
Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study conducted on 196 women with breast cancer in 2016-2017. Data were collected using the standardized Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) and the Decisional Conflict Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods (t test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis) on SPSS 21.
Results: The mean age of participants was 46.7 years. Their health literacy was inadequate (18.7) and their decisional conflict was average (51.79). There was also an inverse and significant relationship between health literacy and decisional conflict (P < 0.001, r = -0.81)
Conclusion: Increasing health literacy could reduce decisional conflict. It requires training individuals be able to access credible and reliable sources of information. This training can be provided through doctors, treatment staff, and public and social media.
Analisis Pemekaran Kecamatan Lamboya Kabupaten Sumba Barat
Authors: Rohmadin Sulthon 
Published: June 2019

Abstrak
Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang kemungkinan kelayakan pemekaran Kecamatan Lamboya Kabupaten Sumba Barat berdasarkan PP No. 19 Tahun 2008 tentang Kecamatan. Analisis kelayakan pemekaran Kecamatan Lamboya dilakukan berdasarkan kelayakan administratif, teknis, dan fisik kewilayahan. Hasilnya, secara administratif, Kecamatan Lamboya layak untuk dimekarkan. Secara teknis juga layak dimekarkan. Sedangkan secara fisik kewilayahan belum layak untuk dimekarkan.
Kata Kunci : Administratif; Fisik Kewilayahan; Kelayakan; Pemekaran dan Teknis..
Costumes, tradições e usos dos adolescentes da cidade de Barreirinhas (MA): há influências comportamentais dos visitantes?
Authors: Saldanha Marcelo Aragão , Bello Leonardo Augusto Lobato , Cruz Sílvia Helena Ribeiro 
Published: June 2019

O objetivo do trabalho instalado é discorrer sobre aspectos gerais dos costumes, tradições e usos dos adolescentes, habitantes da cidade de Barreirinhas, no estado do Maranhão - ela que é a porta de acesso a uma das belezas naturais mais singulares do mundo, o Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses. Para tanto, no que concerne a busca das informações inerentes, se estabelece (desde a pesquisa de campo, acontecida nas salas de aula do Instituto Federal do Maranhão, campus Barreirinhas) a metodologia quantitativa/qualitativa (dada a aplicação de um questionário estruturado e de todo analisado) que fundamenta a macro indagação -Há influências comportamentais dos visitantes sobre estes, visto a permanente proximidade entre ambos? Quanto aos resultados obtidos, estes apontam para as evidências de uma afirmativa, que culmina com o efeito imitação dos novos hábitos forasteiros, em crescente substituição aqueles ora vigentes.

Costums, traditions and uses of the teenagers at Barreirinhas’ city (MA, Brazil): are there any comportamental influences of the visitors?

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the work is to discuss general aspects of customs, traditions and uses of adolescents, inhabitants of the city of Barreirinhas in the state of Maranhão - which is the gateway to one of the most unique beauties in the world, Lençóis Maranhenses National Park . To do so, as far as the search for inherent information is concerned, the quantitative / qualitative methodology (from the field research carried out in the Federal University of Maranhão classrooms Barreirinhas) is established (given the application of a structured questionnaire and all analyzed ) that underlies the macro inquiry - Are there behavioral influences of visitors on these, given the permanent proximity between them? As for the results obtained, they point to the evidence of an affirmation, culminating with the imitation effect of new alien habits, in increasing substitution those now in force.

KEYWORDS: Costums; Adolescents; Barreirinhas; Behavioral Influences; Visitors.
Políticas públicas, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento local: uma análise a partir do Plano de Manejo na Vila Algodoal (PA)
Authors: Menezes Julio de Pádua Lopes , Vinagre Marco Valério de Albuquerque , Couto Mayra Hermínia Simões Hamad Farias do , Alves Igor Charles Castor , Barbosa Kamila Batista da Silva 
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo apresenta um debate sobre políticas públicas associadas ao meio ambiente. Apresenta como objetivos centrais um levantamento do conceito do que são as políticas públicas do ponto de vista da consolidação da mesma como ciência, a revisão do contexto histórico do movimento ambientalista e exemplos de políticas públicas a partir do plano de manejo da APA Algodoal-Maiandeua, no município de Maracanã no Pará. Identifica-se que, apesar da boa iniciativa da proteção socioambiental pela legislação estabelecida pelo plano de manejo observado na APA Algodoal-Maiandeua, tais políticas não vem sendo, de fato, condizentes com o desenvolvimento local, pois ao analisar os indicadores como o da ocupação, do abastecimento de água e do saneamento, os mesmos demonstram que necessitam ser melhorados, haja vista que uma APA deve integrar o desenvolvimento local sustentável.

Public policies, environment and local development: an analysis from the management plan in Vila Algodoal (PA, Brazil)

ABSTRACT
This article presents a debate on public policies associated to the environment. It presents as central objectives a survey of the concept of public policies from the point of view of the consolidation of the same as science, the revision of the historical context of the environmental movement and examples of public policies from the APA Algodoal-Maiandeua management plan, in the municipality of Maracanã do Pará. It is identified that, despite the good initiative of socio-environmental protection by the legislation established by the management plan observed at the APA Algodoal-Maiandeua, these policies are not in fact consistent with local development, since analyzing indicators such as occupation, water supply and sanitation, they demonstrate that they need to be improved, since an APA should integrate sustainable local development.

KEYWORDS: Public Policy; Environment; Local Development.
Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Anak Penderita Bronkopneumonia Di Rumah Sakit Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah Periode 2017
Authors: Alaydrus Syafika 
Published: June 2019

Bronkopneumonia adalah radang paru yang berasal dari cabang-cabang tenggorakan yang mengalami infeksi dan tersumbat oleh getah radang, sehingga menimbulkan pemadatan-pemadatan bergerombol dalam lobolus paru yang berdekatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien anak penderita penyakit Broncopneumonia di Rumah Sakit Periode Januari-juni 2017. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional, subyek penelitian adalah pasien anak yang menderita Bronkopnemonia, metode pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling, jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini dihitung menggunakan rumus slovin, hasil prhitungan didapatkan jumlah sampel sebanyak 35 sampel. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mencatat hasil diagnosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan tepat indikasi nilainya 100%, tepat obat nilainya 100%, tepat pasien 100% dan tepat dosis nilainya 100%. Pemberian antibiotik lebih mengutamakan antibiotik golongan sefalosporin generasi ketiga yaitu Cefadroxil (14,29%), cefotaxime (45,24%), cefixime (21,43%) dan ceftriaxone (19,04%).Bronkopneumonia adalah radang paru yang berasal dari cabang-cabang tenggorakan yang mengalami infeksi dan tersumbat oleh getah radang, sehingga menimbulkan pemadatan-pemadatan bergerombol dalam lobolus paru yang berdekatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penggunaan antibiotik pada pasien anak penderita penyakit Broncopneumonia di Rumah Sakit Periode Januari-juni 2017. Penelitian ini bersifat observasional menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional, subyek penelitian adalah pasien anak yang menderita Bronkopnemonia, metode pengambilan sampel adalah purposive sampling, jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini dihitung menggunakan rumus slovin, hasil prhitungan didapatkan jumlah sampel sebanyak 35 sampel. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mencatat hasil diagnosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik berdasarkan tepat indikasi nilainya 100%, tepat obat nilainya 100%, tepat pasien 100% dan tepat dosis nilainya 100%. Pemberian antibiotik lebih mengutamakan antibiotik golongan sefalosporin generasi ketiga yaitu Cefadroxil (14,29%), cefotaxime (45,24%), cefixime (21,43%) dan ceftriaxone (19,04%).
Interactions of Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen with a Diamond-like Carbon Surface: H2 Formation and Desorption
Authors: Tsuge Masashi , Hama Tetsuya , Kimura Yuki , Kouchi Akira , Watanabe Naoki 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The interactions of atomic and molecular hydrogen with bare interstellar dust grain surfaces are important for understanding H2 formation at relatively high temperatures (>20 K). We investigate the diffusion of physisorbed H atoms and the desorption energetics of H2 molecules on an amorphous diamond-like carbon (DLC) surface. From temperature-programmed desorption experiments with a resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) method for H2 detection, the H2 coverage-dependent activation energies for H2 desorption are determined. The activation energies decrease with increasing H2 coverage and are centered at 30 meV with a narrow distribution. Using a combination of photostimulated desorption and REMPI methods, the time variations of the surface number density of H2 following atomic and molecular hydrogen depositions are studied. From these measurements, we show that H2 formation on a DLC surface is quite efficient, even at 20 K. A significant kinetic isotope effect for H2 and D2 recombination reactions suggests that H-atom diffusion on a DLC surface is mediated by quantum mechanical tunneling. In astrophysically relevant conditions, H2 recombination due to physisorbed H-atoms is unlikely to occur at 20 K, suggesting that chemisorbed H atoms might play a role in H2 formation at relatively high temperatures.