bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of the Anthroposphere
Authors: Baccini Peter , Brunner Paul H. 
Published: December 2018

An overview of the cultural evolution of material flows and stocks with an emphasis on the design of metabolic processes in urban systems.
Over the last several thousand years of human life on Earth, agricultural settlements became urban cores, and these regional settlements became tightly connected through infrastructures transporting people, materials, and information. This global network of urban systems, including ecosystems, is the anthroposphere; the physical flows and stocks of matter and energy within it form its metabolism. This book offers an overview of the metabolism of the anthroposphere, with an emphasis on the design of metabolic systems. It takes a cultural historical perspective, supported with methodology from the natural sciences and engineering. The book will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in the fields of regional development, environmental protection, and material management. It will also be a resource for undergraduate and graduate students in industrial ecology, environmental engineering, and resource management.
The authors describe the characteristics of material stocks and flows of human settlements in space and time; introduce the method of material flow analysis (MFA) for metabolic studies; analyze regional metabolism and the material systems generated by basic activities; and offer four case studies of optimal metabolic system design: phosphorus management, urban mining, waste management, and mobility.
This second edition of an extremely influential book has been substantially revised and greatly expanded. Its new emphasis on design and resource utilization reflects recent debates and scholarship on sustainable development and climate change.
The Civic Web
Authors: Banaji Shakuntala , Buckingham David 
Published: December 2018

An investigation of how governments, organizations, and groups use the Internet to promote civic and political engagement among young people.
There has been widespread concern in contemporary Western societies about declining engagement in civic life; people are less inclined to vote, to join political parties, to campaign for social causes, or to trust political processes. Young people in particular are frequently described as alienated or apathetic. Some have looked optimistically to new media—and particularly the Internet—as a means of revitalizing civic life and democracy. Governments, political parties, charities, NGOs, activists, religious and ethnic groups, and grassroots organizations have created a range of youth-oriented websites that encourage widely divergent forms of civic engagement and use varying degrees of interactivity. But are young people really apathetic and lacking in motivation? Does the Internet have the power to re-engage those disenchanted with politics and civic life?
Based on a major research project funded by the European Commission, this book attempts to understand the role of the Internet in promoting young people's participation. Examples are drawn from Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom—countries offering contrasting political systems and cultural contexts. The book also addresses broader questions about the meaning of civic engagement, the nature of new forms of participation, and their implications for the future of civic life.
Harvesting the Biosphere
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: December 2018

An interdisciplinary and quantitative account of human claims on the biosphere's stores of living matter, from prehistoric hunting to modern energy production.
The biosphere—the Earth's thin layer of life—dates from nearly four billion years ago, when the first simple organisms appeared. Many species have exerted enormous influence on the biosphere's character and productivity, but none has transformed the Earth in so many ways and on such a scale as Homo sapiens. In Harvesting the Biosphere, Vaclav Smil offers an interdisciplinary and quantitative account of human claims on the biosphere's stores of living matter, from prehistory to the present day. Smil examines all harvests—from prehistoric man's hunting of megafauna to modern crop production—and all uses of harvested biomass, including energy, food, and raw materials. Without harvesting of the biomass, Smil points out, there would be no story of human evolution and advancing civilization; but at the same time, the increasing extent and intensity of present-day biomass harvests are changing the very foundations of civilization's well-being.
In his detailed and comprehensive account, Smil presents the best possible quantifications of past and current global losses in order to assess the evolution and extent of biomass harvests. Drawing on the latest work in disciplines ranging from anthropology to environmental science, Smil offers a valuable long-term, planet-wide perspective on human-caused environmental change.
The Outsourcer
Authors: Sharma Dinesh C. 
Published: December 2018

A history of how India became a major player in the global technology industry, mapping technological, economic, and political transformations.
The rise of the Indian information technology industry is a remarkable economic success story. Software and services exports from India amounted to less than $100 million in 1990, and today come close to $100 billion. But, as Dinesh Sharma explains in The Outsourcer, Indian IT's success has a long prehistory; it did not begin with software support, or with American firms' eager recruitment of cheap and plentiful programming labor, or with India's economic liberalization of the 1990s. The foundations of India's IT revolution were laid long ago, even before the country's independence from British rule in 1947, as leading Indian scientists established research institutes that became centers for the development of computer science and technology. The “miracle” of Indian IT is actually a story about the long work of converting skills and knowledge into capital and wealth. With The Outsourcer, Sharma offers the first comprehensive history of the forces that drove India's IT success.
Sharma describes India's early development of computer technology, part of the country's efforts to achieve national self-sufficiency, and shows that excessive state control stifled IT industry growth before economic policy changed in 1991. He traces the rise and fall (and return) of IBM in India and the emergence of pioneering indigenous hardware and software firms. He describes the satellite communication links and state-sponsored, tax-free technology parks that made software-related outsourcing by foreign firms viable, and the tsunami of outsourcing operations at the beginning of the new millennium. It is the convergence of many factors, from the tradition of technical education to the rise of entrepreneurship to advances in communication technology, that have made the spectacular growth of India's IT industry possible.
Žižek's Jokes
Authors: Žižek Slavoj 
Published: December 2018

Žižek as comedian: jokes in the service of philosophy.
“A serious and good philosophical work could be written consisting entirely of jokes.”—Ludwig Wittgenstein
The good news is that this book offers an entertaining but enlightening compilation of Žižekisms. Unlike any other book by Slavoj Žižek, this compact arrangement of jokes culled from his writings provides an index to certain philosophical, political, and sexual themes that preoccupy him. Žižek's Jokes contains the set-ups and punch lines—as well as the offenses and insults—that Žižek is famous for, all in less than 200 pages.
So what's the bad news? There is no bad news. There's just the inimitable Slavoj Žižek, disguised as an impossibly erudite, politically incorrect uncle, beginning a sentence, “There is an old Jewish joke, loved by Derrida...“ For Žižek, jokes are amusing stories that offer a shortcut to philosophical insight. He illustrates the logic of the Hegelian triad, for example, with three variations of the “Not tonight, dear, I have a headache” classic: first the wife claims a migraine; then the husband does; then the wife exclaims, “Darling, I have a terrible migraine, so let's have some sex to refresh me!” A punch line about a beer bottle provides a Lacanian lesson about one signifier. And a “truly obscene” version of the famous “aristocrats” joke has the family offering a short course in Hegelian thought rather than a display of unspeakables.
Žižek's Jokes contains every joke cited, paraphrased, or narrated in Žižek's work in English (including some in unpublished manuscripts), including different versions of the same joke that make different points in different contexts. The larger point being that comedy is central to Žižek's seriousness.
Long‐Term Electrical and Mechanical Function Monitoring of a Human‐on‐a‐Chip System
Authors: Oleaga Carlota , Lavado Andrea , Riu Anne , Rothemund Sandra , Carmona‐Moran Carlos A. , Persaud Keisha , Yurko Andrew , Lear Jennifer , Narasimhan Narasimhan Sriram , Long Christopher J. , Sommerhage Frank , Bridges Lee Richard , Cai Yunqing , Martin Candace , Schnepper Mark T. , Goswami Arindom , Note Reine , Langer Jessica , Teissier Silvia , Cotovio José , Hickman James J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe goal of human‐on‐a‐chip systems is to capture multiorgan complexity and predict the human response to compounds within physiologically relevant platforms. The generation and characterization of such systems is currently a focal point of research given the long‐standing inadequacies of conventional techniques for predicting human outcome. Functional systems can measure and quantify key cellular mechanisms that correlate with the physiological status of a tissue, and can be used to evaluate therapeutic challenges utilizing many of the same endpoints used in animal experiments or clinical trials. Culturing multiple organ compartments in a platform creates a more physiologic environment (organ–organ communication). Here is reported a human 4‐organ system composed of heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and nervous system modules that maintains cellular viability and function over 28 days in serum‐free conditions using a pumpless system. The integration of noninvasive electrical evaluation of neurons and cardiac cells and mechanical determination of cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction allows the monitoring of cellular function, especially for chronic toxicity studies in vitro. The 28‐day period is the minimum timeframe for animal studies to evaluate repeat dose toxicity. This technology can be a relevant alternative to animal testing by monitoring multiorgan function upon long‐term chemical exposure.
Cationic Poly(Amino Acid) Vaccine Adjuvant for Promoting Both Cell‐Mediated and Humoral Immunity Against Influenza Virus
Authors: Lim Jong‐Woo , Na Woonsung , Kim Hyun‐Ouk , Yeom Minjoo , Park Geunseon , Kang Aram , Chun Haejin , Park Chaewon , Oh Seungseok , Le Van Phan , Jeong Hyoung Hwa , Song Daesub , Haam Seungjoo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPowerful adjuvants to augment vaccine efficacy with a less immunogenic vaccine system are in great demand. In this study, a novel squalene‐based cationic poly(amino acid) adjuvant (CASq) that elicits both cellular (Th1) and humoral (Th2) immune responses is developed. CASq is demonstrated to promote cellular uptake of viral antigen and stimulate macrophages, leading to active production of interleukin‐12. Furthermore, co‐administration of inactivated pdm H1N1 vaccine with CASq significantly increases the generation of antigen‐specific antibodies and T cell immune responses in mice, as well as resulting in complete prevention of disease symptoms and protection against lethal infection.
Electron Correlations Engineer Catalytic Activity of Pyrochlore Iridates for Acidic Water Oxidation
Authors: Shang Chunyan , Cao Cong , Yu Dayou , Yan Yu , Lin Yitao , Li Hongliang , Zheng Tingting , Yan Xupeng , Yu Wenchao , Zhou Shiming , Zeng Jie 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe development of highly efficient oxygen‐evolving catalysts compatible with powerful proton‐exchange‐membrane‐based electrolyzers in acid environments is of prime importance for sustainable hydrogen production. In this field, understanding the role of electronic structure of catalysts on catalytic activity is essential but still lacking. Herein, a family of pyrochlore oxides R2Ir2O7 (R = rare earth ions) is reported as acidic oxygen‐evolving catalysts with superior‐specific activities. More importantly, it is found that the intrinsic activity of this material significantly increases with the R ionic radius. Electronic structure studies reveal that the increased R ionic radius weakens electron correlations in these iridate oxides. This weakening induces an insulator–metal transition and an enhancement of IrO bond covalency, both of which promote oxygen evolution kinetics. This work demonstrates the importance of engineering the electron correlations to rationalize the catalytic activity toward water oxidation in strongly correlated transition‐metal oxides.
Second Harmonic Light Manipulation with Vertical Split Ring Resonators
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Yi , Chung Tsung Lin , Hsiao Hui‐Hsin , Chen Jia‐Wern , Lin Ren Jie , Wu Pin Chieh , Sun Greg , Wang Chih‐Ming , Misawa Hiroaki , Tsai Din Ping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe second harmonic generation (SHG) of vertical and planar split‐ring resonators (SRRs) that are broken centro‐symmetry configurations at the interface of metal surface and air is investigated. Strong interactions, better electromagnetic field confinements, and less leakage into the substrate for vertical SRRs are found. Experimental results show a 2.6‐fold enhancement of SHG nonlinearity, which is in good agreement with simulations and calculations. Demonstrations of 3D metastructures and vertical SRRs with strong SHG nonlinearity majorly result from magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole clearly provides potential applications for photonics and sensing.
Thermal Conductivity during Phase Transitions
Authors: Chen Hongyi , Yue Zhongmou , Ren Dudi , Zeng Huarong , Wei Tianran , Zhao Kunpeng , Yang Ronggui , Qiu Pengfei , Chen Lidong , Shi Xun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThermal conductivity is a very basic property that determines how fast a material conducts heat, which plays an important and sometimes a dominant role in many fields. However, because materials with phase transitions have been widely used recently, understanding and measuring temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity during phase transitions are important and sometimes even questionable. Here, the thermal transport equation is corrected by including heat absorption due to phase transitions to reveal how a phase transition affects the measured thermal conductivity. In addition to the enhanced heat capacity that is well known, it is found that thermal diffusivity can be abnormally lowered from the true value, which is also dependent on the speed of phase transitions. The extraction of the true thermal conductivity requires removing the contributions from both altered heat capacity and thermal diffusivity during phase transitions, which is well demonstrated in four selected kinds of phase transition materials (Cu2Se, Cu2S, Ag2S, and Ag2Se) in experiment. This study also explains the lowered abnormal thermal diffusivity during phase transitions in other materials and thus provides a novel strategy to engineer thermal conductivity for various applications.
Confinement of Perovskite‐QDs within a Single MOF Crystal for Significantly Enhanced Multiphoton Excited Luminescence
Authors: He Huajun , Cui Yuanjing , Li Bin , Wang Bo , Jin Chuanhong , Yu Jiancan , Yao Lijia , Yang Yu , Chen Banglin , Qian Guodong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe development of the photostable higher‐order multiphoton‐excited (MPE) upconversion single microcrystalline material is fundamentally and technologically important, but very challenging. Here, up to five‐photon excited luminescence in a host–guest metal–organic framework (MOF) and perovskite quantum dot (QD) hybrid single crystal ZJU‐28⊃MAPbBr3 is shown via an in situ growth approach. Such a MOF strategy not only results in a high QD loading concentration, but also significantly diminishes the aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, provides effective surface passivation, and greatly reduces the contact of the QDs with the external bad atmosphere due to the confinement effect and protection of the framework. These advantages make the resulting ZJU‐28⊃MAPbBr3 single crystals possess high PLQY of ≈51.1%, a high multiphoton action cross‐sections that can rival the current highest record (measured in toluene solution), and excellent photostability. These findings liberate the excellent luminescence and nonlinear optical properties of perovskite QDs from the solution system to the solid single‐crystal system, which provide a new avenue for the exploitation of high‐performance multiphoton excited hybrid single microcrystal for future optoelectronic and micro–nano photonic integration applications.
Electronic Noses: From Advanced Materials to Sensors Aided with Data Processing
Authors: Hu Wenwen , Wan Liangtian , Jian Yingying , Ren Cong , Jin Ke , Su Xinghua , Bai Xiaoxia , Haick Hossam , Yao Mingshui , Wu Weiwei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractArtificial olfaction, i.e., e‐nose, plays a critical function in robotics by mimicking the human olfactory organ that can recognize different smells that correlate with a range of fields, including environment monitoring, disease diagnosis, public security affairs, agricultural production, food industry, etc. The advances in the artificial olfaction (electronic nose) technology and its applications are concisely reviewed herein. Three main elements are investigated and presented, with an emphasis on the emerging sensors and algorithm of the artificial neural network in the relevant fields. The first element is the diverse applications of e‐nose in medical care, food industry, environment monitoring, public security affairs, and agricultural production. The second element is the investigation of the sensors in e‐nose and representative and promising advances, which is the building block of e‐nose through mimicking the olfactory receptors. The third element is the introduction to the algorithm of the artificial neural network to serve in the recognition of the pattern of odors (i.e., their chemical profiles). Promises and challenges of the separately reviewed parts and the combined parts are presented and discussed. Ideas regarding further orientation and development of the e‐nose system are also considered.
Fabrication with Semiconductor Packaging Technologies and Characterization of a Large‐Scale Flexible Thermoelectric Module
Authors: Sugahara Tohru , Ekubaru Yusufu , Nong Ngo Van , Kagami Noriko , Ohata Keiichi , Hung Le Thanh , Okajima Michio , Nambu Shutaro , Suganuma Katsuaki 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRecently, flexible thermoelectric generator (FlexTEG) modules using organic or thin film materials have gained much attention due to their potential applications for, for example, wireless sensors and wearable power. However, the performance of these modules is poor and still far from the requirement for energy harvesting. Here, the traditional semiconductor packaging technique is adapted to fabricate a large‐scale FlexTEG, for use in energy harvesting on both planar and nonplanar surfaces. The module uses high‐performance bismuth‐telluride p‐ and n‐type chips on a flexible thin plastic substrate. Using a unique isotropic design for mounting the chips, a FlexTEG module consisting of 250 p‐n pairs is successfully fabricated on a 50 × 50 mm2 flexible substrate. The output power, mechanical strength, and bending properties are investigated at different temperature gradients and bending cycles. The module exhibits a maximum output power density of 158 mW cm−2 at dT = 105 K, corresponding to an efficiency value of 1.84%, which is comparable to a conventional bulk TEG. Mechanical tests reveal that the flexible module is reliable and stable during bending. These results open great potential for applications in portable, wearable, or implantable electronic devices.
Experimental Evidence for “Hot Exciton” Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Li Zhiyi , Hu Taiping , Wei Xiaofang , Wang Ruifang , Hu Xiaoxiao , Liu Yanwei , Yi Yuanping , Yamada‐Takamura Yukiko , Wang Ying , Wang Pengfei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractContradiction between no effective photophysical experiments and high device results causes the “hot exciton” thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism to be still a controversial question. Here, the steady and transient photophysical characterization combined with theoretical calculation based on 4,7‐bis(9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)‐5,6‐difluorobenzo [c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (2F‐BTH‐DMF), 4,7‐bis(9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTH‐DMF), and 5,6‐bis(9,9‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluoren‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5] thiadiazole (o‐BTH‐DMF) demonstrate that all the emitters exhibit TADF via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from “hot exciton” triplet excited state. The fast RISC process “hot exciton” mechanism affords a very short delayed lifetime (1 µs). Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on these emitters exhibit high exciton utilization over 25% and the best device shows a maximum current efficiency of 31.02 cd A−1, maximum power efficiency of 27.85 lm W−1, and external quantum efficiency of 9.13%, which are the highest performances for reported OLEDs with “hot exciton” mechanism. The experimental evidence for fast RISC process via “hot exciton” triplet state and short delayed lifetime highlights the TADF emitters with “hot exciton” mechanism for high‐performance OLEDs with very low efficiency roll‐off.
Interfacially Induced Cascading Failure in Graphite‐Silicon Composite Anodes
Authors: Son Seoung‐Bum , Cao Lei , Yoon Taeho , Cresce Arthur , Hafner Simon E. , Liu Jun , Groner Markus , Xu Kang , Ban Chunmei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSilicon (Si) has been well recognized as a promising candidate to replace graphite because of its earth abundance and high‐capacity storage, but its large volume changes upon lithiation/delithiation and the consequential material fracturing, loss of electrical contact, and over‐consumption of the electrolyte prevent its full application. As a countermeasure for rapid capacity decay, a composite electrode of graphite and Si has been adopted by accommodating Si nanoparticles in a graphite matrix. Such an approach, which involves two materials that interact electrochemically with lithium in the electrode, necessitates an analytical methodology to determine the individual electrochemical behavior of each active material. In this work, a methodology comprising differential plots and integral calculus is established to analyze the complicated interplay among the two active batteries and investigate the failure mechanism underlying capacity fade in the blend electrode. To address performance deficiencies identified by this methodology, an aluminum alkoxide (alucone) surface‐modification strategy is demonstrated to stabilize the structure and electrochemical performance of the graphite‐Si composite electrode. The integrated approach established in this work is of great importance to the design and diagnostics of a multi‐component composite electrode, which is expected to be high interest to other next‐generation battery system.