bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of Light-emitting Diode Illumination Bleaching Technique on Nanohardness of Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing Ceramic Restorative Materials
Authors: Juntavee Apa , Juntavee Niwut , Saensutthawijit Phuwiwat 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study evaluated the effect of light-emitting diode (LED) illumination bleaching technique on the surface nanohardness of various computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials.

Materials and methods
Twenty disk-shaped samples (width, length, and thickness = 10, 15, and 2 mm) were prepared from each of the ceramic materials for CAD/CAM, including Lava™ Ultimate (LV), Vita Enamic® (En) IPS e.max® CAD (Me), inCoris® TZI (IC), and Prettau® zirconia (Pr). The samples from each type of ceramic were randomly divided into two groups based on the different bleaching techniques to be used on them, using 35% hydrogen peroxide with and without LED illumination. The ceramic disk samples were bleached according to the manufacturer's instruction. Surface hardness test was performed before and after bleaching using nanohardness tester with a Berkovich diamond indenter.

Results
The respective Vickers hardness number upon no bleaching and bleaching without or with LED illumination [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] for each type of ceramic were as follows: 102.52 ± 2.09, 101.04 ± 1.18, and 98.17 ± 1.15 for LV groups; 274.96 ± 5.41, 271.29 ± 5.94, and 268.20 ± 7.02 for En groups; 640.74 ± 31.02, 631.70 ± 22.38, and 582.32 ± 33.88 for Me groups; 1,442.09 ± 35.07, 1,431.32 ± 28.80, and 1,336.51 ± 34.03 for IC groups; and 1,383.82 ± 33.87, 1,343.51 ± 38.75, and 1,295.96 ± 31.29 for Pr groups. The results indicated surface hardness reduction following the bleaching procedure of varying degrees for different ceramic materials. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant reduction in surface hardness due to the effect of bleaching technique, ceramic material, and the interaction between bleaching technique and ceramic material (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Bleaching resulted in a diminution of the surface hardness of dental ceramic for CAD/CAM. Using 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching agent with LED illumination exhibited more reduction in surface hardness of dental ceramic than what was observed without LED illumination.

Clinical significance
Clinicians should consider protection of the existing restoration while bleaching.

How to cite this article
Juntavee N, Juntavee A, Saensutthawijit P. Influences of Light-emitting Diode Illumination Bleaching Technique on Nanohardness of Computer-aided Design and Computer-aided Manufacturing Ceramic Restorative Materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):196-204.
Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains
Authors: Behnaz Mohammad , Namvar Fatemeh , Sohrabi Setareh , Parishanian Mina 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Force decay elastomeric chains are significant, and it is a clinical problem.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching agent in the mouthwash on the force decay of orthodontic chains.

Materials and methods
In this experimental study, 160 gray closed elastomeric chains were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two test groups). Four loops of chains were stretched for 25 mm on custom-made jig. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva during the test period. Test group specimens were immersed twice a day for 30 seconds in the whitening (LISTERINE® HEALTHY WHITE™) and daily sodium fluoride (LISTERINE® TOTAL CARE ZERO) mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Force was measured at different time points (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni methods (α = 0.05).

Results
Force of elastomeric chains was decreased dramatically in all groups during the experiment. After 24 hours, force was decreased by 42.18, 48.34, and 53.38% in control group, daily, and bleaching mouthwash groups respectively. The corresponding numbers after 4 weeks were 66.30, 76.73, and 86.48. The difference between three groups at days 1 and 28 was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, bleaching and sodium fluoride mouthwashes could cause force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Whitening mouthwash is more weakening for elastomeric chains.

Clinical significance
Use of whitening mouthwash by orthodontic patients could decrease the force of elastomeric chains, so it could be recommended to use them for a short time.

How to cite this article
Behnaz M, Namvar F, Sohrabi S, Parishanian M. Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):221-225.
Middle Mesial and Middle Distal Canals in Mandibular First Molar
Authors: Jabali Ahmad H 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
Root canal anatomy is a complex entity. The main objective of root canal treatment is to get rid of the infection and have a good apical and coronal seal with an appropriate filling. Inability to achieve thorough cleaning and shaping followed by three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system usually causes root canal treatment failure. For this reason, clinicians should be aware of these anatomical variations to achieve successful treatment.

Aim
The aim of this article is to report on the successful treatment and follow-up of mandibular first molar with additional middle mesial (MM) and middle distal (MD) canals.

Case report
A 29-year-old white male patient reported with a complaint of pain in relation with tooth #19. On clinical examination, diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis and condensing osteitis was made and nonsurgical root canal treatment was planned. Initially, two mesial and two distal canals were located, and the patient was planned for the obturation in the second visit. The complaint of mild persistent symptoms gave a possibility of additional canals. Under the dental operating microscope and selective troughing on the floor of the pulp chamber with ultrasonic tips, additional canals were located as MM and MD canals.

Conclusion
Leaving some area of the root canal system untreated is found to be one of the main reasons for root canal treatment failure. Dentists should take advantage of new tools, such as dental operating microscope and ultrasonic tips to be able to locate and treat the hidden and unusual anatomy.

Clinical significance
Mandibular first molar with six canals is very rare to encounter. Clinician should have a thorough knowledge of these unusual anatomy to avoid treatment failure due to incomplete disinfection of the root canal system.

Keywords
Additional canals, Mandibular first molar, Middle distal, Middle mesial, Root canal morphology.

How to cite this article
Jabali AH. Middle Mesial and Middle Distal Canals in Mandibular First Molar. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):233-236.
Rare Case of Membranous Obstruction at the Origin of Left Pulmonary Artery: Role of Perioperative Echocardiography to Evaluate the Anatomy of Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Mandal Banashree , Bhat Imran H , Damodaran Srinath 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis may occur as an isolated finding or in conjunction with other cardiac malformations; it may be congenital or acquired postoperatively. Branch PAs need to be assessed individually to determine the adequacy of their size, whether they are confluent or nonconfluent, any stenosis at origin or distally, and severity of stenosis. Certain lesions, such as supravalvar pulmonary stenosis, or stenosis at the branch PAs bifurcation, are better dealt with at surgery. Thus, perioperative transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) assume a very important role in precisely evaluating the anatomy of main and branch PAs.

How to cite this article
Bhat IH, Damodaran S, Mandal B. Rare Case of Membranous Obstruction at the Origin of Left Pulmonary Artery: Role of Perioperative Echocardiography to Evaluate the Anatomy of Pulmonary Artery. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2017;5(2):74-76.
Parametric soil water retention models: a critical evaluation of expressions for the full moisture range
Authors: Madi Raneem , de Rooij Gerrit Huibert , Mielenz Henrike , Mai Juliane 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Few parametric expressions for the soil water retention curve are suitable for dry conditions. Furthermore, expressions for the soil hydraulic conductivity curves associated with parametric retention functions can behave unrealistically near saturation. We developed a general criterion for water retention parameterizations that ensures physically plausible conductivity curves. Only 3 of the 18 tested parameterizations met this criterion without restrictions on the parameters of a popular conductivity curve parameterization. A fourth required one parameter to be fixed. We estimated parameters by shuffled complex evolution (SCE) with the objective function tailored to various observation methods used to obtain retention curve data. We fitted the four parameterizations with physically plausible conductivities as well as the most widely used parameterization. The performance of the resulting 12 combinations of retention and conductivity curves was assessed in a numerical study with 751 days of semiarid atmospheric forcing applied to unvegetated, uniform, 1 m freely draining columns for four textures. Choosing different parameterizations had a minor effect on evaporation, but cumulative bottom fluxes varied by up to an order of magnitude between them. This highlights the need for a careful selection of the soil hydraulic parameterization that ideally does not only rely on goodness of fit to static soil water retention data but also on hydraulic conductivity measurements. Parameter fits for 21 soils showed that extrapolations into the dry range of the retention curve often became physically more realistic when the parameterization had a logarithmic dry branch, particularly in fine-textured soils where high residual water contents would otherwise be fitted.
Investigating compound flooding in an estuary using hydrodynamic modelling: a case study from the Shoalhaven River, Australia
Authors: Kumbier Kristian , Carvalho Rafael C. , Vafeidis Athanasios T. , Woodroffe Colin D. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Many previous modelling studies have considered
storm-tide and riverine flooding independently, even though
joint-probability analysis highlighted significant dependence between
extreme rainfall and extreme storm surges in estuarine environments. This
study investigates compound flooding by quantifying horizontal and vertical
differences in coastal flood risk estimates resulting from a separation of
storm-tide and riverine flooding processes. We used an open-source version
of the Delft3D model to simulate flood extent and inundation depth due to a
storm event that occurred in June 2016 in the Shoalhaven Estuary,
south-eastern
Australia. Time series of observed water levels and discharge measurements
are used to force model boundaries, whereas observational data such as
satellite imagery, aerial photographs, tidal gauges and water level logger
measurements are used to validate modelling results. The comparison of
simulation results including and excluding riverine discharge demonstrated
large differences in modelled flood extents and inundation depths. A flood
risk assessment accounting only for storm-tide flooding would have
underestimated the flood extent of the June 2016 storm event by 30 %
(20.5 km2). Furthermore, inundation depths would have been
underestimated on average by 0.34 m and by up to 1.5 m locally. We recommend
considering storm-tide and riverine flooding processes jointly in estuaries
with large catchment areas, which are known to have a quick response time to
extreme rainfall. In addition, comparison of different boundary set-ups at
the intermittent entrance in Shoalhaven Heads indicated that a permanent
opening, in order to reduce exposure to riverine flooding, would increase
tidal range and exposure to both storm-tide flooding and wave action.
Desiccation resistance: effect of cuticular hydrocarbons and water content inDrosophila melanogasteradults
Authors: Ferveur Jean-Francois , Cortot Jérôme , Rihani Karen , Cobb Matthew , Everaerts Claude 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe insect cuticle covers the whole body and all appendages and has bi-directionnal selective permeability: it protects against environmental stress and pathogen infection and also helps to reduce water loss. The adult cuticle is often associated with a superficial layer of fatty acid-derived molecules such as waxes and long chain hydrocarbons that prevent rapid dehydration. The waterproofing properties of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) depend on their chain length and desaturation number.DrosophilaCH biosynthesis involves an enzymatic pathway including several elongase and desaturase enzymes.MethodsThe link between desiccation resistance and CH profile remains unclear, so we tested (1) experimentally selected desiccation-resistant lines, (2) transgenic flies with altered desaturase expression and (3) natural and laboratory-induced CH variants. We also explored the possible relationship between desiccation resistance, relative water content and fecundity in females.ResultsWe found that increased desiccation resistance is linked with the increased proportion of desaturated CHs, but not with their total amount. Experimentally-induced desiccation resistance and CH variation both remained stable after many generations without selection. Conversely, flies with a higher water content and a lower proportion of desaturated CHs showed reduced desiccation resistance. This was also the case in flies with defective desaturase expression in the fat body.DiscussionWe conclude that rapidly acquired desiccation resistance, depending on both CH profile and water content, can remain stable without selection in a humid environment. These three phenotypes, which might be expected to show a simple relationship, turn out to have complex physiological and genetic links.
The effect of supragingival glycine air polishing on periodontitis during maintenance therapy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lu Hongye , He Lu , Zhao Yibing , Meng Huanxin 
Published: February 2018

Background
Glycine air polishing has been proved to be safe, comfortable and time-saving. Whether it could substitute ultrasonic scaling to remove dental plaque biofilm during periodontal maintenance remains unclear. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of supragingival glycine air polishing (SGAP) on the subgingival periodontal pathogens during maintenance therapy and to check the association of periodontal pathogens and clinical parameters.

Methods
Twenty-three chronic periodontitis patients during their maintenance therapy were enrolled in the 12-week study. According to randomized split-mouth design, the test side was treated with SGAP (65 μm), while the control side was treated with supragingival ultrasonic scaling and polishing (SUSP) with rubber cup. Clinical examination including plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) were performed at baseline and 12 weeks post-treatment. Sampling of the subgingival plaque at each investigational site (mesiobuccal site of the mandibular first molar) was performed at baseline and 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after maintenance treatment. Four periodontal pathogens including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola and Fusobacterium nucleatum were detected by 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction.

Results
Clinical status generally improved after treatment in both groups. PLI in both groups, PD in SGAP group and bleeding on probing (%) in SUSP group significantly decreased after treatment (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference of clinical parameters between two groups before and after treatment. The detection rates of P. gingivalis, T. denticola in both groups, T. forsythia in SUSP group and F. nucleatum in SGAP group decreased after maintenance treatment in both groups, although no significant difference was found, and it rebound to baseline level at 12 weeks after maintenance treatment. There was no significant difference between SGAP group and SUSP group at any time point. T. denticola-positive sites had significantly greater BI than T. denticola-negative sites (p < 0.05).

Discussion
Supragingival glycine air polishing had a reliable effect in removing subgingival dental plaque biofilm during maintenance period, and three months may be a proper maintenance interval for pockets not more than 5 mm.
Midlatitude Cirrus Clouds at the SACOL Site: Macrophysical Properties and Large‐Scale Atmospheric States
Authors: Ge Jinming , Zheng Chuang , Xie Hailing , Xin Yue , Huang Jianping , Fu Qiang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwo‐year observations of a Ka‐band Zenith Radar at the Semi‐Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University (SACOL) are used to document the midlatitude cirrus cloud macroproperties. Generally, cirrus occurs 41.6% of the observation time and most frequently appear at about 7.2 km above ground level. The cirrus macroproperties are strongly coupled with large‐scale atmospheric states; thus, its occurrence and location over the SACOL have significant seasonal variations. A k‐mean clustering method is used to classify cirrus into four distinct regimes without a prior knowledge about the meteorological process. Contrasting to the different cirrus physical properties in each regime, the cirrus event of each regime has a distinct seasonal distribution and the synoptic conditions from the ERA‐Interim reanalysis responsible for each cirrus regime are also quite different. Since global climate models typically overestimate cirrus cloud thickness due to inadequate parameterization or coarse grid resolution, we examined the probability density functions of large‐scale vertical velocity associated with each cirrus regime and the relationship between cirrus thickness and vertical velocity. It is found that the differences of the vertical velocity probability density functions among the cirrus regimes are as distinct as their macroproperties and a significant correlation exists between cirrus thickness and the vertical velocity, although the large‐scale vertical motion is nearly as likely to be descending as ascending when cirrus clouds are observed. This may imply that large‐scale vertical velocity can be used to constrain the variations of cirrus thickness simulated by global climate models.
Immunity to Protozoa
Authors: Velazquez Carlos , Dominguez Victor , Garzon Thania , Rascon Raul 
Published: February 2018

AbstractProtozoan parasites are microorganisms that live and feed at the expense of a host. Parasites can cause diseases in humans and are worldwide distributed, causing high morbidity and mortality. This article describes the most important defence mechanisms against protozoan parasites of clinical relevance (Plasmodiumspp.,Leishmaniaspp.,Toxoplasma gondii,Trypanosoma cruzi,Entamoeba histolyticaandGiardia lamblia). Protozoans exhibit a high heterogeneity in morphologies and antigenic expression, which is reflected in the different immune responses induced during the infection process. The first line of defence is the mechanisms of the innate immune response as physical and chemical barriers. However, in most cases, the adaptive humoural and cellular responses are implicated in controlling the infection. On the other hand, parasites have developed mechanisms to evade the immune response, hindering the development of vaccines, which offers a broad spectrum of protection among species.Key ConceptsParasitosis comprises a set of very diverse diseases, caused by different types of parasitic microorganisms.Protozoan infections can be acquired either through direct contact or through vectors.Malaria is the deadliest protozoan infection worldwide.The immune response is divided into two branches: innate and adaptive immunity.Protozoan parasites have developed strategies to evade the immune response.To date, there has been an imminent necessity to develop efficient vaccines against main protozoan infections.
Bone Marrow
Authors: Marlein Christopher R , Rushworth Stuart A 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe bone marrow is a highly dynamic organ located within the cavities of bones. The main role of the bone marrow is to facilitate the production of all the blood cells required for normal bodily homeostasis. These cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, red blood cells and plasma cells. The bone marrow is composed of many cell types that provide support for haematopoiesis, the blood cell production process. As with any major organ, many diseases can arise from errors in bone marrow function, including nonmalignant disorders such as anaemia and malignant disorders such as leukaemias. Transplantation of the bone marrow can be carried out, providing treatment options to patients suffering from bone marrow‐related disorders. This article will explore the anatomy and the role of the bone marrow, whilst providing an insight into the disorders created by errors in normal bone marrow function.Key ConceptsThe bone marrow is composed of red and yellow marrow and is the site of haematopoiesis.The primary function of the bone marrow is haematopoiesis – haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) lead to the generation of all blood cellsAll myeloid and lymphoid cells are generated in the bone marrow, crucial for the innate and adaptive immune systems, along with blood clotting and oxygen circulation.Nonhaematopoietic cells provide key molecules to regulate the process of haematopoiesis.Errors in the bone marrow can results in bone marrow‐related disorders, such as anaemia and leukaemia.
Virus and Host Plant Interactions
Authors: Wang Aiming 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Plant viruses infect almost all crops and cause serious diseases worldwide. Currently, viral pathogens account for the largest proportion of newly emerging plant diseases and as such, are considered a major constraint to agriculture, threatening global food security. All plant viruses have relatively small genomes with limited coding capacity. They must co‐opt cellular pathways and recruit host proteins and metabolites to complete their infection cycle. To combat virus infection, plants have evolved sophisticated defence mechanisms. In order to establish infection, viruses have also evolved virulence strategies to suppress host defence. A successful infection by a plant virus requires compatible molecular interplays between the host plant and the invading virus. A better understanding of the complex virus–plant interactions will assist in the development of novel antiviral strategies.

Key Concepts

Plant viruses have small genomes that encode a few proteins and thus depend on host factors to establish their infection.

There exist multifaceted defence and counterdefence strategies in the coevolutionary arms race between plants and viruses.

A successful viral infection may induce disease symptoms or remain asymptomatic.

Host factors are implicated in all steps of the viral infection process, and silencing or mutation of host factor gene(s) leads to recessive genetic resistance to viruses.

The majority host factors are also essential for plant viability and some of them may be manipulated to develop genetic resistance through precise mutation to retain their canonical cellular functions but lose the ability to support viral infection.