bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case for Increasing Forest Biomass Utilization Research in Colorado
Authors: Eckhoff Mike , Mackes Kurt 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Colorado's forests are being squeezed by two intense, seemingly relentless, and largely antagonistic forces. The first force is the increasing pressure from within the forest due to dense, overgrown stands. The second force is the increasing pressures from increasing human populationsexogenous to the forests. One way to improve forest health and reduce risks to humans at the same time is to remove materials in the form of forest biomass from the forest through hazardous fuels reduction projects. Forest biomass can be used in a variety of products, but because of low profitmargins, forest biomass is used for energy purposes only when no other product is possible. However, because of recent policy enactments, energy uses are becoming more attractive. These recent policy enactments are briefly discussed. Then, potential forest biomass uses are considered, includingelectricity generation, thermal applications, and the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Recommendations are made for uses that stand the best chance of restoring forest health, reducing fire risk to homes, providing a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, and reducing the costsof doing so to taxpayers.
A Retrospective Assessment of Partial Cutting to Reduce Spruce Beetle-Caused Mortality in the Southern Rocky Mountains
Authors: Hansen E. Matthew , Negron José F. , Munson A. Steven , Anhold John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree susceptibility to bark beetle-caused mortality has been linked to stand characteristics such as basal area (BA) and average tree size, factors that can be manipulated through partial cutting. There is no experimental evidence, however, demonstrating the efficacy of partial cutting in spruce type. Such experiments are very difficult to complete because of the inability to manipulate bark beetle populations needed to challenge treated stands. To circumvent this difficulty, we identified spruce stands that were partially cut (for nonexperimental reasons) in advance ofbeetle activity and compared beetle-caused mortality to that in nearby spruce stands that were not treated. Treated stands had fewer infested stems and less infested BA than untreated stands, as well as smaller proportions of infested stems and BA. Untreated stands, however, had more residualspruce stems and BA than treated stands. Most of this difference was among stems 3–11 in. dbh with little difference in survivorship among larger stems. Spruce regeneration was not significantly different among treated and untreated stands. Spruce stand density index, spruce BA, and the number of spruce stems >11 in. dbh were the stand variables most strongly correlated with host mortality measurements. Insect population pressure appears to influence the degree of protection to residual spruce following partial cutting.
Effectiveness of Two Systemic Insecticides for Protecting Western Conifers from Mortality Due to Bark Beetle Attack
Authors: Grosman Donald M. , Fettig Christopher J. , Jorgensen Carl L. , Munson A. Steven 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) are important tree mortality agents in western coniferous forests. Protection of individual trees from bark beetle attack has historically involved applications of liquid formulations of contact insecticides to the tree bole using hydraulic sprayers. More recently, researchers looking for more portable and environmentally safe alternatives have examined the effectiveness of injecting small quantities of systemic insecticides directly into trees. In this study, we evaluated trunk injections of experimental formulations of emamectin benzoate and fipronil for preventing tree mortality due to attack by western pine beetle (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) in California, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in Idaho, and spruce beetle (D. rufipennis [Kirby]) on Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) in Utah. Fipronil appeared ineffective for protecting P. ponderosa from mortality due to D. brevicomis over the 3 years in California because of insufficient mortality of untreated, baited control trees the first 2 years and high mortality of the fipronil-treated trees in the third year. Emamectin benzoate was effective in providing protection of P. ponderosa from D. brevicomis during the third year following a single application. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the successful application of a systemic insecticide for protecting individual conifers from mortality due to bark beetle attack in the western United States. Estimates of efficacy could not be made during both field seasons in P. contorta because of insufficient mortality in control trees. Both emamectin benzoate and fipronil were ineffective for protecting P. engelmannii from D. rufipennis. Lower ambient and soil temperatures and soil moisture may have limited chemical movement and thus efficacy at the Idaho and Utah sites.
Effectiveness of Financial Incentive Programs in Promoting Sustainable Forestry in the West
Authors: Greene John L. , Daniels Steven E. , Kilgore Michael A. , Straka Thomas J. , Jacobson Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Selected forestry officials in each of the 13 western states were surveyed in 2005 concerning their opinions on the public and private financial incentive programs available to nonindustrial private forest owners in their state. The officials were asked to name and describe the programs and to assess forest owners' awareness of each one, its appeal among owners aware of it, its effectiveness in encouraging sustainable forestry and enabling owners to meet their objectives, and the percent of program practices that remain in place and enrolled acres that remain in forest over time. They also were asked to suggest ways to improve the programs. The FSP, FLEP, and FLP were among the top-rated federal programs. Programs sponsored by states and private organizations tended to be more narrowly targeted than federal programs and scored well for specific attributes of sustainability. The officials' suggestions for program improvement largely centered on increasing visibility and availability, ensuring long-term consistency in funding, and simplifying the application and approval processes.
Susceptibility of Conifers to Three Dwarf Mistletoes in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains
Authors: Mathiasen Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae) are parasitic flowering plants that infect members of the Pinaceae family in the western United States. This article reports additional host susceptibility data for three dwarf mistletoes found in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. Three mixed conifer stands, each infested with either mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoe, western white pine dwarf mistletoe, or Wiens' dwarf mistletoe (nine stands total) were sampled to evaluate the susceptibility of conifers to these parasites. At each of the study sites, 10–20 temporary circular plots with a 6-m radius (0.012 ha) were established around large, severely infected trees. Within plots, species, dbh, and dwarf mistletoe rating (six-class system) were determined for each live tree. On the basis of the incidence of infection, conifers were assigned to host susceptibility classes. Western white pine and mountain hemlock were principal hosts of western white pine and mountain hemlock dwarf mistletoes, respectively. Brewer spruce and red fir were principal hosts of Wiens' dwarf mistletoe. Other conifers sampled were less susceptible to these mistletoes. This information can be used by forest managers to mitigate the damage associated with infestations of these dwarf mistletoes in mixed conifer forests of the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains.
Effects of Length of Storage, and Stratification on Germination of Whitebark Pine Seeds
Authors: Bower Andrew D. , Kolotelo Dave , Aitken Sally N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of length of storage and stratification on germination of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) seeds were determined for 180 open-pollinated families from throughout most of the species range. Seeds came from four geographic regions and were stored from 0 to 10 years at one of four storage facilities. Seeds received a standard 1 month of warm moist treatment and 2 months of cold stratification treatment and germination regime, and germination capacity was determined for 100 viable seeds per family. A subset of families received an additional 6 months of cold stratification. Mean germination was 13.4% after 2 months of cold stratification and 76.6% after an additional 6 months of cold stratification, with a wide range among seedlots for both assessments. The length of storage did not affect germination significantly in the first test, but it was associated with a decline in the second test. Germination capacity of up to 80% was achieved with seeds that had been in storage for 10 years. High viability of stored seeds indicate that ex situ seed storage should provide a viable means of conserving genetic resources; however, we recommend that standard protocols for germination of whitebark pine seeds be modified by extending the cold stratification period.
Effects of Stand Density on Top Height Estimation for Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Ritchie Martin , Zhang Jianwei , Hamilton Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Site index, estimated as a function of dominant-tree height and age, is often used as an expression of site quality. This expression is assumed to be effectively independent of stand density. Observation of dominant height at two different ponderosa pine levels-of-growing-stock studies revealed that top height stability with respect to stand density depends on the definition of the dominant height. Dominant height estimates calculated from a fixed number of trees per acre (ranging from 10 to 60 of the tallest trees per acre) were less affected by density than those calculated from a proportion (with the cutoff ranging from 95th to the 70th percentile) of the largest trees in the stand.
Mastication and Prescribed Fire Influences on Tree Mortality and Predicted Fire Behavior in Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Reiner Alicia L. , Vaillant Nicole M. , Dailey Scott N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide land managers with information on potential wildfire behavior and tree mortality associated with mastication and masticated/fire treatments in a plantation. Additionally, the effect of pulling fuels away from tree boles before applying fire treatment was studied in relation to tree mortality. Fuel characteristics and tree mortality data were gathered before and after treatments in a 25-year-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) plantation. A random block design was used with three treatments plus a control at each of four blocks. Four plots were established as subsamples within each of the treatment and control sections of each block. Potential wildfire behavior for posttreatment fuel conditions was modeled for 90th and 97th percentile fire weather. Predicted rates of spread and flame lengths were higher for fuel conditions resulting from the mastication treatments than for the masticated/fire treatments or the controls. Torching and crowning indices indicated that higher windspeeds would be necessary to promote torching for areas treated with mastication/fire than for mastication or the controls. Tree mortality was 32 and 17% the first year after burning in masticated/fire and masticated/pull-back/fire plots, respectively, and 49 and 27% the second year. Our potential wildfire behavior results indicate that the risk of crown fire can be somewhat reduced by mastication and further reduced if mastication is followed up with prescribed fire to consume surface fuels. However, moderate levels of tree mortality seem inevitable when burning masticated fuels in a plantation and may only marginally be reduced by pulling fuels away from tree boles, which increases treatment costs.
Economic Evaluation of Thinning Alternatives in a Western Hemlock-Sitka Spruce Forest
Authors: Kellogg Loren D. , Olsen Eldon D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As part of a multidisciplinary study on managing young western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)-Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) stands in the Pacific Northwest, a present net worth analysis of thinning impacts on financial returns at final harvest was completed. Two 32-year-old precommercially thinned stands were selectively and strip thinned with a skyline logging system, and stand growth was projected to rotation age 70 years with a stand-table projection model. A harvest simulation model was then used to estimate harvest costs and revenues from clearcutting at rotation age. Regardless of model assumptions, present net worth was highest for the control (no thinning). A sensitivity analysis of variations from base-case assumptions did not alter the outcome. Study results suggest that if density of managed western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands has been sufficiently controlled with precommercial thinning, they will develop adequately to a rotation-age harvest without intermediate thinning. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):14-17, January 1988.
Ecological Adaptations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca). IV. Montana and Idaho Near the Continental Divide
Authors: Rehfeldt G. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seventy-seven seedling populations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) sampled from near the Continental Divide in Idaho and Montana exhibited pronounced genetic differences when compared in three common environments. Differentiation involved several traits that are components of an annual developmental cycle that must be completed within a growing season of finite length. Consequently, the elevational and geographic dines of genetic variation tend to parallel variation in the length of the growing season at the seed source. Such clines suggest that maladaptation in artificial reforestation can be controlled by limiting the transfer of seeds. While geographic transfers can be relatively liberal, elevational transfers should be limited to ±90 m (300 ft) from the seed source at elevations below 1,400 m (4,600 ft), to ±125 m (410 ft) for elevations between 1,400 and 2,000 m (4,600 and 6,550 ft), and ±200 m (560 ft) for elevations above 2,000 m (6,550 ft). West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):101-105, October 1988.
Natural Variation Among Seedlings from Colorado Sources of Blue Spruce
Authors: Diebel Kenneth E. , Fechner Gilbert H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Germination value, seed weight, cotyledon number, cone length, date of bud set, and height growth were examined on 75 single-tree Colorado sources of blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) grown under accelerated conditions in a greenhouse. The 75 sources were grouped according to seed zone of origin; and nested analysis of variance indicated significant differences between zones for all traits except cotyledon number and date of bud set. No differences were found among families (grouped according to subregions) within seed zones. Trees in families from low elevations and southern latitudes set bud later than trees of other origins. Variation in date of bud set conformed to local altitudinal clinal patterns. West. J. Appl. For. 2(4):106-109, October 1988.
Production and Cost Comparison for Three Skyline Thinning Systems
Authors: Hochrein Peter H. , Kellogg Loren D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cable thinnings were conducted in a Douglas-fir stand containing 350 trees/ac (average dbh 12 in.). Production rates and costs for a small and a midsize yarder were compared at a light (80 trees/ac) and a heavy (125 trees/ac) thinning intensity. Conventional yarding cost 11 to 12% less with the small than the midsize yarder, depending on thinning intensity. Conventional yarding cost 20 to 22% more in light than heavy thinning for the midsize and small yarders, respectively. This is due in part to increased number of landing and road changes required and smaller turn sizes in the light thinning. Prebunching with the small yarder and swinging with the midsize yarder, studied at the light intensity only, cost about the same as conventional yarding with the midsize yarder and about 9% more than conventional yarding with the small yarder. Gentle skyline chord slopes, large amounts of brush, and excessive mainline sag due to high ground-to-carriage clearance should be avoided where slack is pulled manually. We project that avoiding these conditions, operating with a smaller crew than was used in this study, and reducing delays could render prebunch and swing yarding less expensive than conventional yarding with either a small or midsize yarder and therefore more suitable for handling small-diameter wood. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):120-123, October 1988.
Marketing Fee Hunting Opportunities in the Presence of Abundant Public Land
Authors: Johnson Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey was conducted of hunters holding elk and deer permits for northeastern Oregon to determine their attitudes toward fee hunting in an area where public land access is readily available. They were also asked about their preferences for different attributes of the fee hunt. Forty-five percent of the respondents indicated a willingness to pay an access fee to hunt on private lands in northeastern Oregon. The attributes most desired were related to hunting success, although "low contact with other people" was considered necessary by 44% of the respondents. The presence of other recreational opportunities would not make most hunters more willing to pay an access fee. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):24-26, January, 1989.
Aerial Application of Ethephon is ineffective in Controlling Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe
Authors: Robbins Kathryn , Johnson David W. , Hawksworth Frank G. , Nicholls Thomas H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ethephon is an ethylene-releasing plant growth regulator that induces abscission of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) aerial shoots on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) when applied from the ground. However, ethephon was not effective when applied by helicopter in two Colorado tests, because it did not come into enough direct contact with dwarf mistletoe shoots to induce abscission. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):27-28, January 1989.
Age Distribution and Reproduction of Intermountain Aspen Stands
Authors: Mueggler Walter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand age and sucker reproduction was measured in 713 aspen-dominated forest plots on nine National Forests in Utah, southeastern Idaho, and western Wyoming. About 95% of the quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands are dominated by mature or over-mature trees. Almost one-sixth are in the 120-year or older age class and can be expected to deteriorate rapidly. The oldest aspen measured was 222 years. Stands in central and southern Utah are generally older than those in southeastern Idaho and western Wyoming. A fourth of the stands had more than 2,000 suckers per acre; half had fewer than 800 per acre. Approximately a third of the essentially pure (i.e., not invaded by conifers), mature or over-mature stands may experience regeneration problems because they contain less than 500 suckers per acre. A decision model is presented that will assist managers in identifying stands that require direct management intervention to ensure their survival as aspen-dominated communities. West J. Appl. For. 4(2):41-45, April 1989.
Organic Debris and the Management of Small Stream Channels
Authors: Potts Donald F. , Anderson Bruce K. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Longitudinal profiles, riparian and in-channel debris loads, and sediment storage were measured in eight reaches of first- to third-order, snowmelt-dominated, intermittent, and perennial streams in western Montana. Low-order channels tended to concentrate debris. Organic matter providedover 60% of total sediment storage in all study reaches. We suggest that Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) be extended to include intermittent channels and possibly the lowest portions of ephemeral channels in anticipation of their activation. Predisturbance appraisal of downed woody fuelsin these SMZs is recommended to provide a target debris loading during site preparation, thus ensuring a steady-state supply of organic materials to maintain channel stabdity following timber harvest. West. J. Appl. For. 5(1):25-28.
Effects of Single Tree Selection Harvests on Stand Structure, Species Composition, and Understory Tree Growth in a Sierra Mixed Conifer Forest
Authors: Lilieholm R. J. , Davis L. S. , Heald R. C. , Holmen S. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After 20-28 years of single tree selection harvests in initially irregular even-aged stands, stand structure is approaching a target uneven-aged diameter distribution. Seedling stocking in managed stands is nearly three times greater than that of unmanaged stands. Although shade-tolerant species comprise the bulk of most size classes in both managed and unmanaged stands, selection harvests have resulted in adequate quantities of seedlings from all five conifer species, including pines. In managed stands, current small-tree stocking and rates of growth appear adequate to sustain single tree selection harvests over much of a 90-year growth simulation. Simulated peak growth rates of uneven-aged stands compare favorably with actual and anticipated yields from the forest's uneven- and even-aged stands. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):43-47, April 1990.
Diameter Growth Losses in Western Larch Caused by Larch Casebearer Defoliation
Authors: Alfaro Rene I. , Qiwei Liang , Vallentgoed John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The diameter growth of western larch, Larix occidentalis, was studied in two stands defoliated by the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella. Before defoliation, the growth pattern of larch was highly synchronized (correlation coefficient ≥0.82) with that of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, a nonhost for the casebearer on the same site, indicating that both species were under the influence of the same environmental factors. During the defoliation years, the growth of larch was only loosely related to the growth of Douglas-fir. A model which predicted growth of larch based on growth of Douglas-fir indicated that defoliation caused a loss of approximately 29% in the breast height diameter growth of larch. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):105-108.
Establishment of Jeffrey Pine Seedlings from Animal Caches
Authors: Vander Wall Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) seeds have large wings and are effectively dispersed by wind, but 37% of the seedling emergence sites in spring 1989 in the Sierra Nevada of western Nevada consisted of tight clumps of seedlings. By fall 1989, 41% of all emergence sites where seedlings survived had resulted from what were originally clumps of seedlings. As Jeffrey pines aged, clumps became smaller, and the frequency of clumps decreased. These seedling clumps and many single seedlings emerged from the scattered caches of seed-hoarding rodents and corvids, and the activities of these animals in the study area were sufficient to account for most of the Jeffrey pine seedling establishment observed. Cached seeds may gain important advantages over uncached seeds in the semiarid habitat occupied by this pine. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):14-20