bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiracial identity and racial complexity in sociolinguistic variation
Authors: Holliday Nicole R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhat is the relationship between ethnolinguistic communities and ways of speaking? Who is an authentic speaker of an ethnolinguistic variety? In a time where scholarly and public conceptualizations of race and ethnicity are variable and rapidly changing, potential effects on both self‐identification and ways of speaking present an area ripe for study. However, linguistics and allied fields have often overlooked individuals and communities that do not neatly conform to well‐defined racial categories. As multiracially identified individuals are one of the fastest growing demographic groups in the United States, researchers will necessarily need to address the way that traditional methodologies have excluded individuals and groups who fall outside of these racial and ethnic categories. This presents a unique challenge for sociolinguistics in particular, since we are interested in how people draw on linguistic variation to perform aspects of their identities, including their races and ethnicities. This article examines the ways in which race and ethnicity have been traditionally conceptualized in linguistics and allied fields and draws on research from other social sciences to see how they have begun to study individuals who fall outside of traditionally preexisting social categories. The article also briefly discusses the results of one of the first major sociolinguistic studies on multiracially identified participants, which found substantial effects of self‐conceptualization and self‐identification on linguistic behavior of these participants, a result which informs how future work should consider individuals who identify as two or more races. Finally, it will address future directions for research at the intersection of personal identity, race, and language.
The energy transition in transport using alternative fuels: Can new technologies achieve policy targets?
Authors: Alshammari Yousef M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCOP21 resulted in a major global agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emission to limit the Earth’s rising temperature to <2°C. Transport has a key role in the transition to a clean low carbon energy system. The aim of this work was to develop optimum scenarios for the implementation of alternative low carbon road transport fuels to replace conventional fuels of gasoline and diesel using the systems analysis model MESSAGE. The results show that technological breakthroughs to enhance efficiency and cost reduction of solar fuels will enable them to compete with gasoline and diesel in meeting the demand for road transport fuels. It also found that that production of synthetic fuels can significantly contribute to reducing consumption of crude oil while reducing CO2 emission by 80 per cent by 2050. Compared with previous literature, our work considers synfuels from fossil fuels can compete with biomass‐derived fuels, and it shows potential transition scenarios in the road transport sector to replace gasoline and diesel in fossil fuel‐dependent economies considering Saudi Arabia as a case study. Solar fuels appear as the most promising for reducing emission, albeit at a high price. Carbon abatement costs are found to range between $121 and $517/Ton, between 2015 and 2050. Feasible implementation of solar and synthetic fuels was also found to depend on the targeted CO2 emission, fuel efficacy, penetration of public transport and economic growth.
Prevention of transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus infection using leukoreduced blood components in patients receiving seronegative umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Shigemura Tomonari , Yanagisawa Ryu , Komori Kazutoshi , Morita Daisuke , Kurata Takashi , Tanaka Miyuki , Sakashita Kazuo , Nakazawa Yozo 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUNDLeukoreduced blood components have been widely implemented to prevent transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus (TT‐CMV) in transplantation. Recent progress in leukoreduction technology has helped reduce the risk of TT‐CMV in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; however, its efficacy in umbilical cord blood transplantation (CBT) has not been systematically studied.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed the incidence of CMV infection in patients treated with CBT who received prestorage leukoreduced, CMV‐unselected blood components between 2007 and 2017 in a single Japanese pediatric center. Patients were monitored for CMV antigenemia at least once weekly.RESULTSIn total, 71 patients treated with CBT were identified. Two patients were excluded because of unknown CMV serostatus or early death after CBT. Of the remaining 69 patients, 24 developed CMV antigenemia. Among them, 3 received granulocyte transfusions (3 of 3; 100%), 2 were infants with severe combined immunodeficiency who had been infected with CMV before CBT (2 of 2; 100%), and 19 were CMV‐seropositive patients (19 of 23, 82.6%). Conversely, of the remaining 45 patients in whom CMV antigenemia did not develop, 41 were seronegative (0 of 41; 0%) and were transfused with a total of 925 leukoreduced, CMV‐unselected blood components. Among the 41 patients, 9 (22%) received in vivo T‐cell depletion with antithymocyte globulin. None of the patients in the seronegative group has subsequently shown evidence of CMV infection or developed CMV disease.CONCLUSIONUsing prestorage leukoreduction, no cases of CMV infection were detected in seronegative CBT patients. Our findings showed the safety of leukoreduction in preventing TT‐CMV in this patient group.
Effect of frailty on quality of life in elderly patients after hip fracture: a longitudinal study
Authors: van de Ree Cornelis L P , Landers Maud J F , Kruithof Nena , de Munter Leonie , Slaets Joris P J , Gosens Taco , de Jongh Mariska A C 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to examine the pattern of changes over time in health status (HS) and quality of life (QoL) in the first year after hip fracture and to quantify the association between frailty at the onset of hip fracture and the change in HS and QoL 1 year later. The major hypothesis was that frailty, a clinical state of increased vulnerability, is a good predictor of QoL in patients recovering from hip fracture.DesignProspective, observational, follow-up cohort study.SettingSecondary care. Ten participating centres in Brabant, the Netherlands.Participants1091 patients entered the study and 696 patients completed the study. Patients with a hip fracture aged 65 years and older or proxy respondents for patients with cognitive impairment were included in this study.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were HS (EuroQol-5 Dimensions questionnaire) and capability well-being (ICEpop CAPability measure for Older people). Prefracture frailty was defined with the Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI), with GFI ≥4 indicating frailty. Participants were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after hospital admission.ResultsIn total, 371 patients (53.3%) were considered frail. Frailty was negatively associated with HS (β −0.333; 95% CI −0.366 to −0.299), self-rated health (β −21.9; 95% CI −24.2 to −19.6) and capability well-being (β −0.296; 95% CI −0.322 to −0.270) in elderly patients 1 year after hip fracture. After adjusting for confounders, including death, prefracture HS, age, prefracture residential status, prefracture mobility, American Society of Anesthesiologists grading and dementia, associations were weakened but remained significant.ConclusionsWe revealed that frailty is negatively associated with QoL 1 year after hip fracture, even after adjusting for confounders. This finding suggests that early identification of prefracture frailty in patients with a hip fracture is important for prognostic counselling, care planning and the tailoring of treatment.Trial registration numberNCT02508675
Regional variation of avoidable hospitalisations in a universal health care system: a register-based cohort study from Finland 1996−2013
Authors: Manderbacka Kristiina , Arffman Martti , Satokangas Markku , Keskimäki Ilmo 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesA persistent finding in research concerning healthcare and hospital use in Western countries has been regional variation in the medical practices. The aim of the current study was to examine trends in the regional variation of avoidable hospitalisations, that is, hospitalisations due to conditions treatable in ambulatory care in Finland in 1996–2013 and the influence of different healthcare levels on them.SettingUse of hospital inpatient care in 1996–2013 among the total population in Finland.ParticipantsAltogether 1 931 012 hospital inpatient care episodes among all persons residing in Finland identified from administrative registers in Finland in 1996−2013 and alive in 1 January 1996.Outcome measuresWe examined hospitalisations due to avoidable causes including vaccine-preventable hospitalisations, hospitalisations due to complications of chronic conditions and acute conditions treatable in ambulatory care. We calculated annual age-adjusted rates per 10 000 person-years. Multilevel models were used for studying time trends in regional variation.ResultsThere was a steep decline in avoidable hospitalisation rates during the study period. The decline occurred almost exclusively in hospitalisations due to chronic conditions, which diminished by about 60%. The overall correlation between hospital district intercepts and slopes in time was −0.46 (p<0.05) among men and −0.20 (ns) among women. Statistically highly significant diminishing variation was found in hospitalisations due to chronic conditions among both men (−0.90) and women (−0.91). The variation was mainly distributed to the hospital district level.ConclusionsThe results suggest that chronic conditions are managed better in primary care in the whole country than before. Further research is needed on whether this is the case or whether this has more to do with supply of hospital care.
Children’s unmet palliative care needs: a scoping review of parents’ perspectives
Authors: Constantinou Georgina , Garcia Rebecca , Cook Erica , Randhawa Gurch 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundChildren with life-limiting conditions often have complex needs, making it challenging for services to provide satisfactory care. Few studies consider whether services actually meet families’ needs by exploring and identifying the parents’ perspectives of unmet needs.AimTo identify what published evidence is available on the unmet needs of children with life-limiting conditions and their families, from the perspective of parents, internationally.Eligibility criteriaInclusion criteria: papers from the perspective of parents of children aged 0–19 years, who have a life-limiting condition and are receiving palliative care.Exclusion criteria: those papers not written in English, not reporting primary research and discussing children who died from stillbirth, accidental or unexpected circumstance.Charting methodsA scoping review was conducted in accordance with the methods of Arksey and O’Malley.Sources of evidenceThe electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched. Key terms included: parent, needs, met/unmet/satisfaction, palliative/supportive/end of life care, life-limiting/life-threatening illness, infants/children/young people.ResultsTotal hit indicated 5975 papers for screening. Fifty-five papers met the scoping review criteria. The majority used mixed-methods approaches inclusive of: questionnaires, self-report measures, in-depth interviews, focus groups, case record analysis and art-based workshops. Unmet needs included: respite care, coordination and organisation of care, psychological support and professional communication skills.ConclusionsThe findings suggest many unmet needs from the parent’s perspective, across several aspects of the Quality Standards and Children’s Palliative Care Frameworks. Further research is needed which explores the parent’s unmet needs in palliative care services.
Low-temperature tolerance of early juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species
Authors: Sanda Tetsuya , Hamasaki Katsuyuki , Dan Shigeki , Kitada Shuichi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Because temperature strongly influences biological processes of ectotherms, it also plays a fundamental role in determining their geographical distribution. We evaluated the low-temperature tolerance of early juveniles of six terrestrial hermit crab species in the family Coenobitidae (genera Birgus and Coenobita), B. latro, C. brevimanus, C. cavipes, C. purpureus, C. rugosus, and C. violascens that occur in the northwestern Pacific region, Japan. A total of 30 laboratory-raised juveniles (about 1 mm in shield length) carrying gastropod shells were individually stocked in small plastic cups with sandy bottoms in temperature-controlled incubatory chambers at ∼27°C. The temperature was reduced by 1°C every 48 h, and the juveniles were observed until all the crabs had died; the median lethal temperature (MLT) was estimated as the temperature at which 50% of the test juveniles had died. The MLT estimates varied significantly among the species, and the most northward distributed species, C. purpureus, had the lowest MLT values. The phylogeny, paleoceanography, paleogeography, and paleoclimatology suggest that cooler thermal regimes might have acted as an evolutionary force for the divergence of C. purpureus in the Pliocene. A negative correlation was found between the northern latitudinal limit of distribution and the MLT values, even after controlling for the phylogenetic relationships in the six coenobitids. A temperature-dependent biogeography was thus recognized in terrestrial hermit crab species in the northwestern Pacific region, and global warming is expected to affect their geographical distributions.
Weather Observations of Remote Polar Areas Using an AWS Onboard a Unique Zero-Emissions Polar Vehicle
Authors: Gonzalez Sergi , Bañon Manuel , Albero José V. , Larramendi Ramón , Moreno Hermenegildo , Vasallo Francisco , Sanz Pablo , Quesada Antonio , Justel Ana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Antarctic Plateau is one of the land areas with the largest gaps in surface weather observations on Earth, gaps that are usually filled with simulations provided by climate models. However, these simulated values must be ground-validated, which is particularly difficult and costly in remote polar regions. We designed and developed a Mobile Automatic Weather Station (M-AWS) which, on board a zero-emissions polar vehicle, recorded a large set of ground measurements that could be used to evaluate numerical weather simulations in an inexpensive way during the Year of Polar Prediction Southern Hemisphere Special Observing Period (YOPP). The M-AWS registered several weather variables over a transect of 2538 km in the East Antarctic Plateau. These meteorological data were also used by other scientific projects that were part of the expedition and for improving weather forecasting during the mission. The innovative design of the M-AWS overcame the main challenges imposed by the harsh conditions of a voyage in one of the world’s most extreme regions.
A 1D RCE Study of Factors Affecting the Tropical Tropopause Layer and Surface Climate
Authors: Dacie Sally , Kluft Lukas , Schmidt Hauke , Stevens Bjorn , Buehler Stefan A. , Nowack Peer J. , Dietmüller Simone , Abraham N. Luke , Birner Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There are discrepancies between global climate models regarding the evolution of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and also whether changes in ozone impact the surface under climate change. We use a 1D clear-sky radiative–convective equilibrium model to determine how a variety of factors can affect the TTL and how they influence surface climate. We develop a new method of convective adjustment, which relaxes the temperature profile toward the moist adiabat and allows for cooling above the level of neutral buoyancy. The TTL temperatures in our model are sensitive to CO2 concentration, ozone profile, the method of convective adjustment, and the upwelling velocity, which is used to calculate a dynamical cooling rate in the stratosphere. Moreover, the temperature response of the TTL to changes in each of the above factors sometimes depends on the others. The surface temperature response to changes in ozone and upwelling at and above the TTL is also strongly amplified by both stratospheric and tropospheric water vapor changes. With all these influencing factors, it is not surprising that global models disagree with regard to TTL structure and evolution and the influence of ozone changes on surface temperatures. On the other hand, the effect of doubling CO2 on the surface, including just radiative, water vapor, and lapse-rate feedbacks, is relatively robust to changes in convection, upwelling, or the applied ozone profile.
An Evaluation of Surface Climatology in State-of-the-Art Reanalyses over the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Gossart A. , Helsen S. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Broucke S. Vanden , van Lipzig N. P. M. , Souverijns N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this study, we evaluate output of near-surface atmospheric variables over the Antarctic Ice Sheet from four reanalyses: the new European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim, the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The near-surface temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity are compared with datasets of in situ observations, together with an assessment of the simulated surface mass balance (approximated by precipitation minus evaporation). No reanalysis clearly stands out as the best performing for all areas, seasons, and variables, and each of the reanalyses displays different biases. CFSR strongly overestimates the relative humidity during all seasons whereas ERA-5 and MERRA-2 (and, to a lesser extent, ERA-Interim) strongly underestimate relative humidity during winter. ERA-5 captures the seasonal cycle of near-surface temperature best and shows the smallest bias relative to the observations. The other reanalyses show a general temperature underestimation during the winter months in the Antarctic interior and overestimation in the coastal areas. All reanalyses underestimate the mean near-surface winds in the interior (except MERRA-2) and along the coast during the entire year. The winds at the Antarctic Peninsula are overestimated by all reanalyses except MERRA-2. All models are able to capture snowfall patterns related to atmospheric rivers, with varying accuracy. Accumulation is best represented by ERA-5, although it underestimates observed surface mass balance and there is some variability in the accumulation over the different elevation classes, for all reanalyses.
Hydrometeorological Conditions Preceding Extreme Streamflow for the Charles and Mystic River Basins of Eastern Massachusetts
Authors: Agel Laurie , Barlow Mathew , Collins Mathias J. , Douglas Ellen , Kirshen Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHydrometeorological links to high streamflow events (HSFEs), 1950–2014, for the Mystic and Charles watersheds in the Metro Boston region of Massachusetts are examined. HSFEs are defined as one or more continuous days of streamflow above the mean annual maxima for a selected gauge in each basin. There are notable differences in the HSFEs for these two basins. HSFEs last from 1 to 3 days in the Mystic basin, while HSFEs for the Charles can last from 3 to 9 days. The majority of Mystic HSFEs are immediately preceded by extreme precipitation (occurring within 24 h), while only half of those for the Charles are preceded by extreme precipitation (in this case occurring 2–5 days earlier). While extreme precipitation events are often linked to HSFEs, other factors are often necessary in generating high streamflow, particularly for the Charles, as more than 50% of HSFEs occur at times when streamflow, soil moisture, and total precipitation are statistically above average for a period of at least 2 weeks before the HSFE. Approximately 52% and 80% of HSFEs occur from February to June for the Mystic and Charles, respectively, and these HSFEs are frequently linked to the passage of strong coastal lows, which produce extreme precipitation in the form of both rain and snow. For these coastal lows, Mystic HSFEs are linked to a strong moisture feed along the Massachusetts coastline and intense precipitation, while Charles HSFEs are linked to strong cyclones located off the Mid-Atlantic and longer-duration precipitation.
Association of Multiple Pregnancies with Diabetes of Suggested Pituitary Origin
Authors: Lawrence R. D. 
Published: July 2019

The patient, a woman, aged 40, had five normal pregnancies before, and six abnormal pregnancies after, the onset of diabetic symptoms. The case differed from typical diabetes in the following respects. In spite of severe thirst and polyuria, lasting untreated for six years, the patient became very fat, and the condition did not progress in the usual way. At the termination of the last pregnancy the glycosuria disappeared and the blood-sugar became almost normal, although the diet was very little restricted and all insulin was omitted. Insulin had only a small hypoglycæmic effect and the blood-sugar curves after glucose were atypical. The fasting level was raised, but the blood-sugar returned to the initial figure in two hours, suggesting that sugar was being well tolerated in spite of the hyperglycæmia. A very severe ketosis and a lowered threshold for glucose were present during the last three months of the pregnancy and disappeared immediately after labour. At labour, extreme hydramnios was obvious, and a very large fœtus weighing 12 lb. 6 oz. was stillborn. On the fourth day after the labour 10 units of pituitary extract (1 c.c. pituitrin) produced an epileptiform attack and nearly killed the patient. There was a temporary return of the glycosuria, without hyperglycæmia, and a transient ketosis. The belief that the pituitary is or was involved is supported by the patient's history that her head had grown larger, and by the definite constriction of the temporal fields of vision in both eyes. It therefore seems reasonable to conclude that the disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism was not due to disease of the pancreas causing a deficient production of endogenous insulin, but to the antagonistic influence of a hyperactive pituitary gland associated with repeated pregnancies.
The Search for Truth, with Special Reference to the Frequency of Gastric Ulcer-Cancer and the Origin of Grawitz Tumours of the Kidney
Authors: Newcomb W. D. 
Published: July 2019

The importance of the truth in science is emphasized and the difficulty of finding the truth by searching medical literature is pointed out. Two pathological problems are considered as illustrations. The great variation of opinion as to the frequency of ulcer-cancer of the stomach is noted and the lack of definite histological criteria for its diagnosis is suggested as the cause of this variation. Four points in the diagnosis of pre-existing peptic ulcer are mentioned and the importance of fusion between the muscularis mucosæ and muscularis at the edge of the ulcer is insisted upon. The risk of mistaking deep epithelial heterotopia for carcinoma is illustrated. The problem of the origin of Grawitz tumours of the kidney is next considered and the literature briefly reviewed. The rarity of carcinoma of the suprarenal compared with Grawitz tumours is indicated by an examination of 5,201 autopsies at St. Mary's Hospital. The variation in sex incidence of the two tumours is also commented upon. The results of an analysis of 387 small nodules found in the kidneys in 1,172 necropsies are given. Adenomata were found in 7.2% and accessory suprarenals in 2.6%. An example of a transition between an adenoma and a Grawitz tumour is illustrated. Stress is laid on the essential papillary structure of the Grawitz tumour and it is suggested that the renal theory of its origin is more likely to be true.