bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometric Indices Based on Waist Circumference as Measures of Adiposity in Children
Authors: Santos Susana , Severo Milton , Lopes Carla , Oliveira Andreia 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of body fat patterns and single measures in assessing body fat and to clarify the use of indices based on waist circumference as measures of adiposity in children.MethodsThis study included 2,531 7‐year‐old children from the Generation XXI birth cohort (Porto, Portugal). Anthropometrics were obtained by trained personnel and whole‐body dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were performed.ResultsPrincipal component analysis identified two body fat patterns. Pattern 1 (BMI, fat mass index from tetra‐polar bioelectric impedance, and waist‐to‐height ratio) showed strong correlations with DXA fat mass index (r = 0.85;P < 0.001), and pattern 2 (waist‐to‐hip, waist‐to‐thigh, and waist‐to‐weight ratios) showed moderate correlations with DXA central fat (r = 0.35;P < 0.001). Compared with single measures, body fat patterns showed similar correlations with DXA‐derived measures.ConclusionsCompared with single anthropometric indices, body fat patterns seem to add little value for estimating body fat in children. Waist‐to‐height ratio seems to be a proxy for total fat, while waist‐to‐hip, waist‐to‐thigh, and waist‐to‐weight ratios seem to be proxies for central fat. Further studies should address the predictive ability of waist‐to‐weight ratio to identify children at risk of developing cardiometabolic disease, as this was the first time describing its potential usefulness.
Magnesium ion‐conducting gel polymer electrolyte nanocomposites: Effect of active and passive nanofillers
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Hashmi Safir 
Published: March 2018

A novel magnesium (Mg) ion conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) films comprising a solution of Mg‐salt, Mg trifluoromethanesulfonate [Mg‐triflate or Mg(Tf)2] in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC), entrapped in a host polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF‐HFP) has been reported. The effect of dispersion of nanosized passive filler aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and active filler Mg aluminate (MgAl2O4) in the films was studied. Free standing transparent nanocomposite films are obtained with excellent dimensional stability. The filler‐polymer interactions and possible conformational changes in the host polymer PVdF‐HFP due to the liquid electrolyte entrapmentment and dispersion of nanosized Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 fillers are examined by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and tensile strength measurement. A nanocomposite films with 30 wt% Al2O3 and 20 wt% MgAl2O4 fillers offer maximum ionic conductivity of 3.3 × 10−3 and 4.0 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively, at room temperature. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of undispersed and nanocomposites GPE follows the Vogel‐Tammen‐Fulcher behavior. The Mg ion conduction in the nanocomposites GPE films is confirmed from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and transport number measurement. The Mg2+ ion transport number has been found to be significantly enhanced up to 0.66 for the dispersion of 20 wt% MgAl2O4 nanofiller, indicating a substantial enhancement in Mg2+ ion conductivity. The nanocomposites films possess a good electrochemical stability window, which indicates their potential applicability as electrolytes in ionic devices including Mg batteries. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1295–1306, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Commercial challenges in developing biomaterials for medical device development
Authors: Harris Jeremy J , Lu Steven , Gabriele Peter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFrom initial conceptualization through to market adoption, the introduction of new technology into a commercial market is often fraught with challenges. In the field of biomaterials these challenges manifest themselves at every step of the commercialization process. As the understanding of the mechanobiologic relationship in tissue engineering has progressed, there is greater emphasis being placed on the engineering of specific properties into new biomaterials. During this early development, intellectual property is a critical factor in determining commercial feasibility as patent protection establishes the property lines around the technology and helps define future market segments. Once developed, a new biomaterial then enters the next series of challenges including commercial‐scale manufacturing and addressing regulatory concerns. Synthesis of the biomaterial must be economically and technically scalable to meet market demands and the new biomaterial must be designed to stand up to regulatory scrutiny with regards to safety and efficacy. However daunting, a robust understanding of the design elements and the commercial requirements will aid the researcher in overcoming the challenges of bringing a new biomaterial to the market. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Differential scanning calorimetry study of cross‐nucleation between polymorphs in isotactic poly(1‐butene)
Authors: Wang Bao , Menyhard Alfred , Alfonso Giovanni C , Müller Alejandro J , Cavallo Dario 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDCross‐nucleation is denoted as the heterogeneous nucleation of a ‘daughter’ polymorph on another pre‐existing (‘parent’) structure of the same substance. Several examples of the phenomenon for semicrystalline polymers have recently been reported. Polarized optical microscopy is commonly used to investigate both the morphology and the kinetics aspects of cross‐nucleation. Hereby, we propose a DSC approach for the quantitative investigation of cross‐nucleation in seeded crystallization. This case study deals with isotactic poly(1‐butene) Form II on Form I nucleation.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSeeds of the trigonal Form I were produced in situ in poly(1‐butene) samples, their amount and characteristic size being varied by appropriate choice of the thermal protocol. DSC isothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization measurements of Form I seeded samples were performed, highlighting a meaningful nucleation effect of the stable polymorph on Form II. As expected, the nucleating efficiency is highly dependent on the specific content of Form I seeds (i.e. the area of Form I spherulites per unit sample volume). Depending on the seeding and crystallization conditions, Form II crystallization is dominated by nucleation either on foreign heterogeneous surfaces or on Form I crystals. The described quantitative approach can be extended to the study of cross‐nucleation in polymorphic systems in which morphological evidence is not sufficiently informative. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Trajectories of change in symptom distress in a clinical group of late adolescents: The role of maladaptive personality traits and relations with parents
Authors: Koster Nagila , Laceulle Odilia , van der Heijden Paul , de Clercq Barbara , van Aken Marcel 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this study, it was analysed whether trajectories of change in symptom distress could be identified in a clinical group of late adolescents with personality pathology. Furthermore, it was examined whether maladaptive personality traits and relations with parents were predictive of following one of these trajectories. Three latent classes emerged from growth mixture modelling with a symptom inventory (n = 911): a Stable High, a Strong Decreasing and a Moderate Decreasing trajectory. Subsequently, by using multinomial logistic regression analyses in a subsample of late‐adolescents (n = 127), it was revealed that high levels of Negative Affectivity and Detachment were predictive of following the Strong Decreasing, and high levels of Detachment were predictive of following the Stable High trajectory. Support from or Negative Interactions with parents were not predictive of any of the trajectories. The current results contribute to the notion of individual trajectories of change in symptom distress and provide suggestions for screening patients on personality traits to gain insight in the course of this change. © 2018 The Authors Personality and Mental Health Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
A Novel Cell Fixation Method that Greatly Enhances Protein Identification in Microproteomic Studies Using Laser Capture Microdissection and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gordon Ana , Kannan Shravan Kumar , Gousset Karine 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMicroproteomic studies have improved our knowledge of cell biology. Yet, with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, accuracy can be lost for protein identification and quantification when using heterogeneous samples. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) allows for the enrichment of specific subsets of cells to study their proteome; however, sample fixation is necessary. Unfortunately, fixation hampers MS results due to protein cross‐linking. The aim of this study was to identify both a fixation protocol and an extraction method that returns the best yield of proteins for downstream MS analysis, while preserving cellular structures. We compared glutaraldehyde (GLU), a common fixative to preserve cells, to dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), a cleavable cross‐linker. Our DTBP fixation/extraction protocol greatly increased the protein recovery. In fact, while 1000 GLU fixed cells returned only 159 unique protein hits, from 1464 unique peptides of 1994 unique collected spectra, 1000 DTBP fixed cells resulted in 567 unique collected protein hits, from 7542 unique peptides, of 10,401 unique collected spectra. That is, a 3.57‐fold increase in protein hits, 5.15‐fold increase in unique peptides, and a 5.22‐fold increase in unique collected spectra. Overall, the novel protocol introduced here allows for a very efficient protein recovery and good sample quality for MS after sample collection using LCM.
Pt/Co‐Au Dumbbell‐Like Nanorods for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Formic Acid Electrooxidation
Authors: Li Xiaotong , Zhang Junshu , Kou Shufang , Yang Xianfeng , Guo Xia , Yang Jian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPt/Co and Au are organized into well‐defined nanostructures by a simple and mild method, such as dumbbell‐like nanorods and core–shell nanorods. The resultant dumbbell‐like nanorods show a superior performance in the electrooxidation of formic acid, as compared with core–shell nanorods, Pt‐tipped gold nanorods, and commercial Pt/C. This result can be attributed to electronic effect between Au and Pt, heteroatom effect of Co, irregular surface at the tips, and the interface effect.
Noncommutativity and Nonassociativity of Closed Bosonic String on T‐dual Toroidal Backgrounds
Authors: Nikolić B. , Obrić D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this article we consider closed bosonic string in the presence of constant metric and Kalb‐Ramond field with one non‐zero component, , where field strength H is infinitesimal. Using Buscher T‐duality procedure we dualize along x and y directions and using generalized T‐duality procedure along z direction imposing trivial winding conditions. After first two T‐dualizations we obtain Q flux theory which is just locally well defined, while after all three T‐dualizations we obtain nonlocal R flux theory. Origin of non‐locality is variable defined as line integral, which appears as an argument of the background fields. Rewriting T‐dual transformation laws in the canonical form and using standard Poisson algebra, we obtained that Q flux theory is commutative one and the R flux theory is noncommutative and nonassociative one. Consequently, there is a correlation between non‐locality and closed string noncommutativity and nonassociativity.
The role of plant size in the selection of glyphosate resistance in Sorghum halepense
Authors: Vila‐Aiub Martin , Casas Cecilia , Gundel Pedro E 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe effect of plant size (seedlings versus young plants versus adult plants) on the phenotypic level of glyphosate resistance and selection intensity (SI) in Sorghum halepense with and without a reduced glyphosate translocation resistance mechanism was evaluated.RESULTSResistance parameters [the 50% lethal dose (LD50) and the dose required to cause a 50% reduction in plant growth (GR50)] in adult plants were notably higher than in seedlings regardless of the resistance status. However, under similar plant size increases, populations comprised of glyphosate‐resistant (R) individuals showed higher survival and growth when glyphosate treated compared with glyphosate‐susceptible (S) plants. An increase in SI was always evident with increasing glyphosate doses. However, the rate of increase in SI was higher under glyphosate selection of young R and S plants, followed by seedlings and adult R and S plants. However, in conditions of R seedlings coexisting with adult S plants under glyphosate treatment (1000–4000 g ha−1), selection against glyphosate resistance was observed.CONCLUSIONAny increase in size from the seedling stage of R plants translates into an amplification of resistance. Depending on the particular size combinations of spatially coexisting R and S plants, selection for glyphosate resistance may be faster, slower or even not evident. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Acaricidal toxicities and synergistic activities of Salvia lavandulifolia oil constituents against synanthropic mites
Authors: Lee Myung‐Ji , Park Jun‐Hwan , Lee Hoi‐Seon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe acaricidal activity of Salvia lavandulifolia oil and its major components was evaluated using contact and vapor bioassays. Synergistic interactions among components contained in S. lavandulifolia oil were studied.RESULTSThe 50% lethal dose (LD50) of S. lavandulifolia oil was 3.66, 3.37, and 5.04 μg cm−3, respectively, in the vapor bioassay against Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. The major components of S. lavandulifolia oil were (−)‐camphor, camphene, 1,8‐cineole, (±)‐limonene, and α‐pinene (79.11% combined). Several combinations of these components exhibited synergistic effects against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and T. putrescentiae, particularly (−)‐camphor, camphene, and α‐pinene. (−)‐Camphor usually had synergistic interactive effects in the mixtures. For the vapor action, the mixture of (−)‐camphor, camphene and α‐pinene was the most potent combination against D. farinae (R = 2.34), D. pteronyssinus (R = 2.75), and T. putrescentiae (R = 2.30) when used at their naturally occurring ratio.CONCLUSIONThis study is the first report on the acaricidal activity of S. lavandulifolia oil and the synergistic interactive effects of its components against D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae. The oil may be an alternative tool for the control of synanthropic mites. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Discretization of generalized Coriolis and friction terms on the deformed hexagonal C‐grid
Authors: Gassmann Almut 
Published: March 2018

This article discusses the generalized Coriolis and friction terms on the hexagonal C‐grid from two perspectives: (a) within the linearized discretized momentum equations on an equilateral grid, and (b) as nonlinear terms on a distorted mesh.The discrete linearized momentum equations are formulated using a trivariate coordinate system. The tendencies of the different forcing terms for each wind component must be linearly dependent. This constraint determines unique discretizations for each term. The linearized vorticity flux term around a zonal mean current requires only the four rhombus potential vorticities (PVs) next to an edge. The vector Laplacian must be formulated with the vorticity on vertices defined as the average of three rhombus vorticities.A modified generalized Coriolis term is defined on the deformed mesh. The baroclinic wave test on the sphere does not reveal any sign of nonlinear Hollingsworth instability, even though it is demonstrated that the vector‐invariant form and the advective form of momentum advection are not equivalent.Physical constraints determine the shape of the stress tensor. These are invariance to the addition of solid‐body rotation and a resulting positive‐definite dissipation rate. An appropriate stress‐tensor formulation does not deliver Laplacian momentum diffusion in the linear case. On the deformed mesh, parts of this stress tensor are obtained by a least‐squares reconstruction of wind gradients. This approach avoids spurious deformations diagnosed for constant flow in the vicinity of pentagon cells.
Controllable Construction of Core–Shell Polymer@Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks Fiber Derived Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Nanofiber Network for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Yingxuan , Lai Qingxue , Zhu Junjie , Zhong Jia , Tang Zeming , Luo Yan , Liang Yanyu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDesigning rational nanostructures of metal–organic frameworks based carbon materials to promote the bifunctional catalytic activity of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is highly desired but still remains a great challenge. Herein, an in situ growth method to achieve 1D structure‐controllable zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) core/shell fiber (PAN@ZIFs) is developed. Subsequent pyrolysis of this precursor can obtain a heteroatom‐doped carbon nanofiber network as an efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst. The electrocatalytic performance of derived carbon nanofiber is dominated by the structures of PAN@ZIFs fiber, which is facilely regulated by efficiently controlling the nucleation and growth process of ZIFs on the surface of polymer fiber as well as optimizing the components of ZIFs. Benefiting from the core–shell structures with appropriate dopants and porosity, as‐prepared catalysts show brilliant bifunctional ORR/OER catalytic activity and durability. Finally, the rechargeable Zn‐air battery assembled from the optimized catalyst (CNF@Zn/CoNC) displays a peak power density of 140.1 mW cm−2, energy density of 878.9 Wh kgZn−1, and excellent cyclic stability over 150 h, giving a promising performance in realistic application.
Strongly Coupled CoO Nanoclusters/CoFe LDHs Hybrid as a Synergistic Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Gao Zhi‐Wen , Ma Tian , Chen Xue‐Min , Liu Hui , Cui Lan , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Yang Jing , Du Xi‐Wen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExploiting high‐performance, robust, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies. Engineering the interfacial structure of hybrid catalysts often induces synergistically enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Herein, a new strongly coupled heterogeneous catalyst with proper interfacial structures, i.e., CoO nanoclusters decorated on CoFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanosheets, is prepared via a simple one‐step pulsed laser ablation in liquid method. Thorough spectroscopic characterizations reveal that strong chemical couplings at the hybrid interface trigger charge transfer from CoII in the oxide to FeIII in the LDHs through the interfacial FeOCo bond, leading to considerable amounts of high oxidation state CoIII sites present in the hybrid. Interestingly, the CoO/CoFe LDHs exhibit pronounced synergistic effects in electrocatalytic water oxidation, with substantially enhanced intrinsic catalytic activity and stability relative to both components. The hybrid catalyst achieves remarkably low OER overpotential and Tafel slope in alkaline medium, outperforming that of Ru/C and manifesting itself among the most active Co‐based OER catalysts.
Applications of Conventional Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods for Batteries Beyond Li‐Ion
Authors: Deng Yuanfu , Dong Shengyang , Li Zhifei , Jiang Heng , Zhang Xiaogang , Ji Xiulei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAdvanced energy‐storage devices are in tremendous demand to meet the ever‐growing electrification of the economy. To design batteries, it is critical to understand the evolving structures of the electrode materials, the compositions of the solid electrolyte interphase, and the reaction intermediates during the electrochemical processes. To this end, a plethora of characterization techniques are employed in battery research to bridge the fundamental understanding to practical optimization of battery systems. Vibrational spectroscopy methods, including Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are powerful analytic tools for the purposes of battery studies. Here, the usage of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy techniques for secondary batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and potassium‐ion batteries, is described.
Robust Metallic Lithium Anode Protection by the Molecular‐Layer‐Deposition Technique
Authors: Zhao Yang , Goncharova Lyudmila V. , Sun Qian , Li Xia , Lushington Andrew , Wang Biqiong , Li Ruying , Dai Fang , Cai Mei , Sun Xueliang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Li metal anode is considered as a promising alternative candidate for next‐generation Li metal batteries with high specific capacity, low potential, and light weight. However, the crucial problem for the Li metal anode is one of the biggest challenges. Mossy or dendritic growth of Li occurs in the repetitive Li stripping/plating process with an unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer of nonuniform ionic flux, which can not only lead to low Coulombic efficiency, but can also create the risk of a short‐circuit, resulting in possible burning or explosion. Here, an advanced molecular‐layer‐deposition (MLD) Alucone protective layer is first demonstrated for Li metal anodes. By protecting Li foil with a controllable Alucone layer, the dendrites and mossy Li formation are effectively suppressed and the lifetime is significantly improved in different electrolytes (carbonate‐based and ether‐based). Furthermore, the detailed surface changes are studied by the advanced characterization technique of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The novel design of the MLD‐protected Li metal anode may bring in new opportunities to the realization of the next‐generation high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries.
Stable Hydrogen Production from Water on an NIR‐Responsive Photocathode under Harsh Conditions
Authors: Kaneko Hiroyuki , Minegishi Tsutomu , Higashi Tomohiro , Nakabayashi Mamiko , Shibata Naoya , Domen Kazunari 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using a cell composed of a photocathode and photoanode is an attractive approach to producing hydrogen utilizing solar energy. Photocathodes based on nonoxide materials exhibit high solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiencies thanks to their narrow bandgaps. However, the corrosion of photocathode surfaces at oxidative potentials and under highly alkaline conditions has resulted in insufficient durability. Here, the PEC properties of near‐infrared‐sensitive (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15‐based photocathodes coated with a RuO2 nanolayer using a photo‐electrodeposition method are investigated under harsh conditions. A RuO2‐coated (ZnSe)0.85(CuIn0.7Ga0.3Se2)0.15 photocathode exhibits no degradation during the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at 0.6 VRHE for longer than 10 h in electrolytes having pH values of 7 or 13. Maximum photocurrents of 9.1 and 2.9 mA cm−2 are obtained at 0 and 0.6 VRHE, respectively, under simulated sunlight without the use of any other HER catalyst or a conductor layer. This study therefore demonstrates a useful method for the fabrication of efficient, durable PEC cells using nonoxide photocathodes.