bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Management
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of strategic management practices from the late 1970s. Strategic management advanced on the prior practices of strategic planning by emphasizing change and implementation. It also opened up the strategy process by decentralizing responsibilities and including employees in implementation. Strategic management’s rise was supported by three exogenous forces: growing pressure on big organizations to change, a new managerial culture of responsibility and learning, and new communication and participation technologies. Nevertheless, strategic planning’s development still took two kinds of arduous and fallible institutional work: ‘rule-making’ and ‘resource-organizing’. Under the first, Shell for example developed a version of strategic management as involving managerial conversation and learning, while McKinsey promoted strategic management as involving decentralization. Under the second, new consulting firms such as Gemini were created and large corporate investments in management training were made, as at General Electric’s Crotonville facility.
Open Strategy
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of open strategy practices from the late 1990s. Open strategy involves greater transparency about strategy to internal and external audiences, and greater inclusion for internal and external stakeholders. The contemporary rise of open strategy is supported by three exogenous forces: the dissolving of organizational boundaries internally and externally, a newly democratic working culture, and new technologies, especially social media. Nevertheless, open strategy’s development still involves two kinds of arduous and fallible institutional work: ‘rule-making’ and ‘resource-organizing’. As examples of the first, Gary Hamel’s Strategos Consulting promoted new kinds of democratic strategy norms, while corporates such as IBM developed internal openness through its jams. Under the second, new consulting firms were created such as Global Business Network, while established corporations such as Barclays Bank, Nokia, and Shell had to organize new kinds of participative strategy process.
Changing Strategy—for the Better
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes how Strategy’s practices have become gradually more open and inclusive since the middle of the last century. In particular, it underlines how the development of first strategic planning, then strategic management, and then open strategy have resulted from the institutional work of innovators from such prominent corporations as General Electric and Red Hat, and from leading consulting firms, particularly BCG, Bain, McKinsey, Gemini, GBN, and Strategos. This work has been influenced both by the exogenous forces of organizational, cultural, and technological change, and by the structural weakness of the Strategy profession, particularly its precariousness and permeability. The chapter proposes lessons for future practice change in Strategy, and develops implications for Strategy professionals, for policy-makers, for researchers, and for teachers. The book concludes by arguing for the benefits of open strategy not just for organizations and their immediate stakeholders, but for society as a whole.
Introduction: The Anthropology of Police
Authors: Mutsaers Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis introduction starts with a general discussion of the conflicted contours of police as reported by police anthropologists in various parts of the world. It leans on the notion of law and disorder, which is marked by the idea that police are not always a prerequisite of a socio-legal order and can sometimes even disturb it. It subsequently argues that this is largely due to an unmediated proximity between police and the policed that exists in many societies across the north–south divide. The risks of such ‘state proximity’ are manifold and yet, law enforcement bodies have carried out numerous reforms that make it possible. The chapter discusses various anti-bureaucracy reforms and the negative social effects they have had in The Netherlands. It concludes with an introduction of the chapters of the book, specifying the various links between the theories it has outlined and the empirical parts of the book.
Thickening Borderlands
Authors: Mutsaers Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhile Chapter 2 mainly refers to the lack of separation between roles and personalities, this chapter draws attention to the fading division between the Dutch police and its organizational environment. It argues that police power is now often divided across a multiplicity of organizations. This expanded notion of the police prompts us to look beyond the police organization, particularly when we want to understand an urgent matter such as police discrimination. The chapter engages with the literature on the ‘policing of migration’, as it is mainly in this field that diffuse, or networked policing has quickly advanced. Second, it provides detailed empirical data on how migrants experience borders within the nation-state due to a thickening of borderlands.
Insolvency Law: Objective and Justification
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to explain the objective of a plan procedure and the justification for the consequent infringement of individual rights of dissenting stakeholders. Chapter 3 will show that a plan procedure is purely an instrument of insolvency law. So, for that reason, this chapter starts off with a discussion of the objective and justification of insolvency law in general. Since the focus of this study is the design of a new legislative instrument, the approach is not based on the current objective of insolvency law in any particular national system. Rather, what should be the broader objective of insolvency law is explained, taking inspiration from the ‘creditors’ bargain theory’ developed in US literature.
Pre-Insolvency Proceedings: Objective and Justification
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter starts with a brief outline of the pre-insolvency plan in the conceptual form proposed in this book. It then goes on to develop a normative foundation for pre-insolvency proceedings and formulates the boundary conditions that must be satisfied for their application. As part of the analysis the concepts of fair market value and liquidation value are examined and the differences between price and value are discussed. The chapter explains why pre-insolvency proceedings are to be conceived as a collective debt enforcement instrument of the creditors rather than a rehabilitation instrument of the debtor. The chapter concludes by defining pre-insolvency as the stage at which insolvency has become inevitable and argues that this is the earliest possible triggering event for the use of a collective enforcement procedure, such as the plan mechanism in the proposed form.
Initial Observations on Valuation and Valuation Terminology
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at valuation. It explains that in a restructuring a paper valuation exercise is needed to establish who still is entitled to value and who is not. In a liquidation, where the business is sold to the highest bidder in the market through a proper sale process, a valuation exercise is not required. In liquidation, the value available for distribution is determined by the market. The chapter then offers a high-level outline of the key steps of the valuation exercise in the context of a restructuring. Terminology is defined, such as asset value, cash flow value, going concern value, goodwill, enterprise value, reorganization value, liquidation value, fair market value, and option value.
Summary
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed summary of the contents of the eight chapters that constitute the main body of the text. It finally considers areas of future research on pre-insolvency proceedings—topics that this book has not considered—such as securities law, corporate law, labour law, tax law, and international aspects of pre-insolvency proceedings. The currently available individual and collective liquidation proceedings are far from optimal, the chapter argues. They provide only for enforcement against individualized assets. In more advanced economies more and more value is tied up in contracts and in the abstract capacity to generate cash flows with a complex of assets and activities that, as an operating whole, are worth more than their inactive constituent parts. Many insolvency systems are not adequately attuned to dealing with value in contracts or in the abstract notion of earning capacity more generally. Developing effective and efficient proceedings for the enforcement of claims against a business as an operational, cash-flow-generating whole, and enabling creditors to recover value captured in earning capacity constitute a field that is ripe for further research and an area in which significant improvement can be achieved.
Parody—Nature and Definition
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the nature and definition of parody in the context of copyright law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has introduced two requirements that must be satisfied before a work may be considered a ‘parody’: firstly, it must ‘evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it’, and secondly, it must ‘constitute an expression of humour or mockery’. The chapter first traces the origin and history of parody in the arts, including music, before discussing the relationship of parody with concepts such as satire, caricature, and pastiche. It then examines why a parody exception has been considered necessary in copyright law. The chapter goes on to analyse the legal evolution of parody in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, showing that the existing international human rights framework may influence the definition of parody in intellectual property law.
Legality of the Parody Exception in Light of International Treaties and Domestic Copyright Laws
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the legality of the parody exception in light of international treaties and domestic copyright laws. More specifically, it considers whether the parody exception may only be introduced into national copyright law if it satisfies the three-step test enshrined in international treaties. The chapter first traces the history and evolution of copyright law before explaining whether copyright law requires a specific parody exception and why a specific parody exception rectifies the balance between right-holders, users, and subsequent authors. It then discusses the three-step test, first incorporated into the Berne Convention to protect the ‘right of reproduction’, and its adoption in European Union texts and national legislations. It also outlines the differing interpretations of the three-step test and concludes with an analysis of whether the current parody exceptions in each of the five jurisdictions (France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom) comply with this test.
How Freedom of Expression Defines the Parody Exception
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the relevance of freedom of expression to the parody exception. It first considers the debate on the interaction between intellectual property rights and fundamental rights before discussing the ways in which freedom of expression may address the excessive expansion of exclusive rights as well as the outer limits of the parody exception. The chapter explains how human rights are embodied in the parody exception and how factors established in the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence may legitimately restrict freedom of expression. It also explores how national legislators and courts in France, Australia, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom strike a balance between freedom of expression values and copyright values. It shows that the outer limits of the parody exception in each jurisdiction are determined by the influence of freedom of expression on copyright, the margin of appreciation, and the proportionality test.
The Music Industry and the Future of the Parody Exception in Copyright Law
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the future of the parody exception as an area of copyright law. Focusing on the UK music industry, it considers how business practices may contribute to the realization of the goals underpinning the parody exception, taking into account the moral rights of songwriters and performers and the role of collecting rights societies in administering and enforcing copyright with respect to the creation of musical parodies. The chapter also examines the ways in which the human rights framework may be used to shape the parody exception. Examples are given to illustrate how the right to freedom of expression has been curtailed in order to protect abuse of other fundamental rights, including personality rights. The chapter concludes by reiterating the book’s argument for a more holistic approach that allows the parody exception to strike a fair balance between the interests of right-holders, parodists, and society at large.
Republic of Singapore
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Against the jurisdiction with the highest rate of capital clemency from 1991 to 2016 (Thailand), Chapter 4 juxtaposes the jurisdiction with the lowest (Singapore). Here, a mere 0.6 per cent of prisoners who exhausted their judicial appeals received death row commutations between 1991 and 2016. In Singapore’s case, again the chapter opens with a summary of relevant death penalty laws and practice, and a summary of the six cases where a capital prisoner has been granted clemency since Singaporean independence in 1965. The five theoretically informed hypotheses set out to explain the Singapore Cabinet’s overwhelming reluctance to grant capital clemency over many decades are as follows: Singapore’s rule of law ‘brand name’; the government’s public justifications for retaining the mandatory death penalty; strong deterrence in drug-trafficking cases; prosecutorial discretion supplanting executive discretion, and particular aspects of the Cabinet’s decision-making processes.
Staging the Liminal
Authors: Shtutin Leo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 implements the notion of liminality (the experience or condition of the betwixt and between) in an analysis of character and diegetic space in Jarry’s Ubu roi and Maeterlinck’s one-acts. Both playwrights’ characters are uncanny schematizations of the human form that blur the distinctions between subject and object, human and non-human, animate and inanimate. I examine the uncanny as a category of liminality, invoking Victor Turner, Antonin Artaud, the ‘uncanny valley’ theory of Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori, and the fin-de-siècle cult of the marionette. Both playwrights also refuse to localize dramatic space, to transform it into a specific Somewhere by means of consistent diegetic framing. Deliberately eschewing any geographical or historical consistency in his use of proper names and toponyms, Jarry foregrounds the liminal character of his ‘Poland’ by mixing and matching names, accents, and costumes from various periods and locales. Maeterlinck, meanwhile, underscores the neither-here-nor-there-ness or indeterminacy of the dramatic situations in L’Intruse, Intérieur, and Les Aveugles.
Modern Parody
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Beginning with an account of a parody of Spectra (itself a hoax movement intended to expose the fraudulence of imagism), this chapter examines how actual frauds, hoaxes, and parodies—as attempts to unmask modernism’s fraudulent ambitions—performed something essential to a successful fraud: a mimicry of sincerity. Along with this mimicry, parodies and hoaxes interpreted what modernism’s features were, arguing as well that modernism was easy to replicate, and therefore insincere. As part of this analysis, the chapter questions whether truly new or avant-garde works are capable of being parodied when their features are not understood. The goal of these frauds, hoaxes, and parodies was not to articulate an affect of aesthetic pleasure, but to make the aesthetic experience of modernism one of recognition, credulity, common sense—a silent appeal to ideology, and a moment of unmasking.
Intent in Practice
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with an account of the Blind Man’s defense of Duchamp’s Fountain, using it to make a more general point that inferring intent is central to the aesthetic experience and meaning of art in general, and in highly particular ways in modernist works of art. Inferring intent is inevitable, and it is always uncertain and messy. Modernist works of art highlighted that tension, presenting unclear signs of intent and making uncertainty central to the value of their aesthetic experience. Particularly at modernism’s avant-garde edges, readers and viewers uncertainly perform intent in modernist artworks, an experience which implies a particular argument about the place of intent and fraud in aesthetic experience. The chapter ends with an inductive turn on the basis of this argument, presenting a theory of intent’s function in aesthetic experience, and its relation to ideas of aesthetic autonomy.
Topics in Mechanics
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 2 provides a comprehensive review of the classical mechanics required when building vehicle models. Both vector-based methods and the variational approach to classical mechanics are reviewed, and efforts to highlight the links between the two approaches have been made. A wide range of illustrative examples with a particular focus on non-holonomic systems are studied, including Chaplygin’s sleigh, rolling balls, and rolling discs. Equilibria and stability, and the connection between timereversal symmetry and dissipation, are also briefly discussed.
Optimal Control
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 8 focuses on nonlinear optimal control and its applications. The chapter begins by introducing the fundamentals of optimal control and prototypical problem formulations. This is followed by the treatment of first-order necessary conditions including the Pontryagin minimum principle, dynamic programming, and the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation. Singular arcs and bang–bang controls are relevant in the solution of many minimum-time and minimum-fuel problems and so these issues are discussed with the help of examples that have been worked out in detail.This chapter then turns towards direct and indirect numericalmethods suitable for solving large-scale optimal control problems numerically.The chapter concludes with an example relating to the calculation of an optimal track curvature estimate from global positioning system (GPS) data.
Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe start by stating the need for a Gaussian approximation for dependent structures in the form of the central limit theorem (CLT) or of the functional CLT. To justify the need to quantify the dependence, we introduce illustrative examples: linear processes, functions of stationary sequences, recursive sequences, dynamical systems, additive functionals of Markov chains, and self-interactions. The limiting behavior of the associated partial sums can be handled with tools developed throughout the book. We also present basic notions for stationary sequences of random variables: various definitions and constructions, and definitions of ergodicity, projective decomposition, and spectral density. Special attention is given to dynamical systems, as many of our results also apply in this context. The chapter also surveys the basic theory of the convergence of stochastic processes in distribution, and introduces the reader to tightness, finite-dimensional convergence, and the need for maximal inequalities. It ends with the concepts of the moderate deviations principle and its functional form.
Gaussian Approximation via Martingale Methods
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGordin’s seminal paper (1969) initiated a line of research in which limit theorems for stationary sequences are proved via appropriate approximations by stationary martingale difference sequences followed by an application of the corresponding limit theorem for such sequences. In this chapter, we first review different ways to get suitable martingale approximations and then derive the central limit theorem and its functional form for strictly stationary sequences under various types of projective criteria. More general normalizations than the traditional ones will be also investigated, as well as the functional moderate deviation principle. We shall also address the question of the functional form of the central limit theorem for not necessarily stationary sequences. The last part of this chapter is dedicated to the moderate deviations principle and its functional form for stationary sequences of bounded random variables satisfying projective-type conditions.
Weakly Associated Random Variables
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe purposes of this chapter are to introduce the notion of weakly associated (negatively or positively) random variables and to develop tools that will allow us, in the chapters to follow, to give estimations of moments of partial sums, maximal inequalities, and asymptotic results with both Gaussian and non-gaussian limits. As we shall see, these results shed light on the asymptotic behavior of numerous examples such as exchangeable variables, certain Gaussian processes, empirical processes, various classes of Markov chains, and determinantal processes. They are also useful to study stochastic processes that are functionals of the two independent processes mentioned above.
Gaussian Approximation under Asymptotic Negative Dependence
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHere we introduce the notion of asymptotic weakly associated dependence conditions, the practical applications of which will be discussed in the next chapter. The theoretical importance of this class of random variables is that it leads to the functional CLT without the need to estimate rates of convergence of mixing coefficients. More precisely, because of the maximal moment inequalities established in the previous chapter, we are able to prove tightness for a stochastic process constructed from a negatively dependent sequence. Furthermore, we establish the convergence of the partial sums process, either to a Gaussian process with independent increments or to a diffusion process with deterministic time-varying volatility. We also provide the multivariate form of these functional limit theorems. The results are presented in the non-stationary setting, by imposing Lindeberg’s condition. Finally, we give the stationary form of our results for both asymptotic positively and negatively associated sequences of random variables.