bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Temperature on Changes in the Distinguishing Features of the Usable Quality of Soybean Meal
Authors: Drzewieniecka Beata , Drzewieniecki Jan , Blatnický Miroslav 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Soybean meal is one of the fodder components. It is a by-product of the production of soybean oil. Soybean meal is a specific cargo due to changes that may occur in it during transport processes. These changes are subject to many distinguishing features of usable quality inter alia fat and fatty acid content. The temperature and size of the soybean meal particles are among the factors influencing the transformations. The article presents the results of research on soybean meal and its individual fractions and the impact of selected indicators on the quality changes of this cargo. The results depend on the conditions corresponding to those that occur during the storage, handling and transport processes. The dependencies between them have been determined. The performed research allowed to determine the type and scope of changes taking place in this cargo under the influence of temperature. The results of the study showed that as the temperature rises, the fatty acid content in the soybean meal decreased during storage for a given period of 30 days.
Equipment Exploitation in Power to Gas Installation
Authors: Kotowicz Janusz , Jurczyk Michał , Węcel Daniel 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article presents idea of installation to energy storage in the form of hydrogen – Power to Gas (P2G). The results of laboratory tests carried out at the Silesian University of Technology in the Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery (IMiUE), covering selected aspects of hydrogen generators most frequently used in these types of installations are presented. The influence of water conductivity and temperature during continuous operation of the electrolyzer at constant current value and in operation at variable current on the efficiency of the tested devices are shown. A hydrogen generator equipped with two AEM electrolyzers with a performance of 0.5 Nm3H2/h and a generator containing four PEM electrolyzers connected in series, with a maximum performance of 1.58 Ndm3/min were tested. The efficiency characteristics of the electrolysis process, efficiency of the electrolyzers and changes in the resistance values for both types of electrolyzers were presented. Calculations to estimate effect of temperature change on the efficiency characteristic of AEM electrolyzers were also made.
The Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Marine Diesel Engine with Extreme Throttled of Air or Exhaust Ducts
Authors: Kowalski Jerzy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Presented paper shows the results of the laboratory tests on the relationship between the extreme throttling of both air intake duct and exhaust gas duct and gaseous emission from the marine engine. The object of research is a laboratory, 4-stroke, DI diesel engine, operated at loads from 50 kW to 250 kW at a constant speed equal to 750 rpm. During the laboratory tests the thermodynamic and exhaust gas emission characteristics of the engine were measured with technical condition recognized as “working properly” and with simulated throttling of both air intake duct and exhaust gas duct. Air intake duct throttling by 60% causes visible changes at both gas temperature and pressure behind the intercooler. The study results show significant changes of NOx and CO2 emission for considered air intake duct throttling. The best indicator of exhaust gas duct throttling among considered thermodynamic parameters of the engine is mean in-cylinder pressure. In the case of measuring the composition of exhaust gas, the throttling of the exhaust gas duct causes visible changes in CO2 and NOx emission. The conclusion is that the results of measurements of the composition of the exhaust gas may contain valuable diagnostic information about the technical condition of air intake and exhaust gas duct of the marine engine.
The Use of a Mathematical Model of Marine Diesel Engine in a Computer Program
Authors: Bogdanowicz Artur , Kniaziewicz Tomasz , Zacharewicz Marcin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper describes the application of the author’s mathematical model of gas-dynamic processes for a marine piston engine based on a computer program. The developed mathematical and numerical model is designed to conduct simulation diagnostics. Therefore, it is possible to carry out calculations for motors in different technical conditions and observing influence of changes in technical condition on selected parameters of its work. Simulation of changes in technical condition is carried out by modifying parameters of structure’s model object. The article contains a detailed description of each options of the computer program. From the main program window, user can select type of engine model (supercharging method, cylinder number, work order, stroke and piston diameter and a number of other parameters). Through a window of simulation of known and recognizable damages such as: change in fuel dose for each cylinder, change in intake and outlet valves, leakage of piston-ring-cylinder system, change of injector hole cross section. Final windows show results of calculations in form of mileage parameters of engine as a function of crank angle.
Assessment of Selected On-Board Ballast Water Treatment Systems in Terms of Technical and Operational Parameters
Authors: Szczepanek Marcin , Behrendt Cezary 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The BWM Convention (Ballast Water Management Convention) will enter into force on 8 September 2017. This document is a response to a very significant problem such as sea water pollution. Due to the Convention, a huge number of companies will be forced to analyze the matter and implement the required provisions. They shall also assess the technologies applied and the fixed systems for ballast water treatment as well as set the requirements in relation to the selection and installation of same at ships. The paper presents the currently applicable regulations and the review of the technologies used for ballast water treatment. There are 5 ballast water treatment systems described herein that are offered by the top producers. The paper includes also the technical and operational parameters of the systems in question. The analysis shall allow for an assessment that may be valuable during the selection process.
Impact of Waves on Dangerous Stability of Vessels on the Oceanic Route
Authors: Szelangiewicz Tadeusz , Żelazny Katarzyna 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Stability is one of the most important properties of the ship. The greatest influence on stability and thus on the possibility of loss of stability have the rolling of the ship on the wave. Mathematical models describing rolling on wave are complicated, and their solution, especially in the irregular wave, is only possible with numerical methods in the time domain. Large rolling, until the ship capsize, formation not only on the beam wave, but also on the following wave. Various models describing rolling (linear and nonlinear, regular and irregular wave, and constant or variable restoring moment) are presented. The predicted level hazard of stability of the ship depends on the direction of the wave and the cases where the level of hazard will be greatest.
Analysis of Marine Piston Engine Injectors Dynamic State for the Non-Invasive Diagnostics Purpose
Authors: Dudziński Marek , Kluczyk Marcin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper presents results of measurements conducted during multi-stage studies on injectors of WOLA 72H6 engine. The research was conducted to determine the technical condition of the injectors during their operation. As a result of the injector modeling in the CAD environment, the resonant frequencies of the examined element were obtained. The next stage of the study was a stand-alone tests with the simultaneous recording of vibration parameters. The aim of records was to link the vibration parameters with the technical condition of the tested injectors. The study series was finished with measurements on a real object test stand.
Theoretical Research on the Stability of the Transport Module Intended for Transport from the Seabed
Authors: Filipek Wiktor , Broda Krzysztof 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The interest in sea mining has resulted in the recent years in the creation of many new methods for the exploitation of marine deposits as well as the transport from the seabed to the. For several years, the authors have been trying to develop new concepts of transport from the seabed. In previous publications, the authors presented the concept of an autonomous transport module for transport from the seabed. The research so far has focused on the development of the module’s operation principles, determination of the energy source in the transport process and changes in the average density of the transport module. In this publication, the authors focused on the stability problem of the transport module during deployment and ascent. This is a very important issue, because the stability of the module will determine its practical suitability for transport from the seabed.
Audit as a Tool to Control the Functionality of Ships Safety Management Systems
Authors: Wojniłko Elżbieta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to assess whether audit may be recognised as the evaluation tool for management systems in terms of their functioning and ensuring constant improvement. The paper content refers to the role of both internal and external audit. It also includes a characteristic of an internal auditor as a person directly responsible for efficient and effective audit. A correlation between the management system and the management process based on the guidelines is a subject of the analysis, too. The paper includes also the presentation of the safety management system and ship energy efficiency management systems the implementation of which is obligatory at ships. However, they differ in the methodology of the efficiency assessment. The author analysed the data previously collected and the information obtained during interviews with individuals to whom were delegated the duties in the scope of the both management schemes. The possibility of the using audit as a tool to improve the energy efficiency of ships is also considered hereunder. A proposed solution that may be applied to develop detailed standards in terms of the ship energy efficiency management process is also included.
Simulation of the Process of Metal Hardness Measurement by the Rockwell Method
Authors: Berczyński Stefan , Grochała Daniel , Grządziel Zenon 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article presents a simulation of metal hardness determination by the Rockwell method. The authors describe a physical model of an indenter and the examined sample built by means of the Nastran FX 2010 program using the finite elements method. The modelling included subsequent stages of indenter loads that follow the procedure used in the method. The verifying calculations were made for the results of C45 steel hardness of approx. 20 HRC. Two methods of hardness measurements were analyzed. A diamond cone was used as an indenting tool in one method, a steel ball in the other. As a result of calculations, spatial maps of elastic and plastic strains and stresses were obtained throughout the process. The hardness results obtained from computer simulations and those from experiments involving C45 steel are similar.
Contemporary Computer Support Design Solutions for Industrial Infrastructure
Authors: Kostrzewa Waldemar , Kałkowska Elwira , Nozdrzykowski Krzysztof 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article is an proposition to the use of contemporary CAD (Computer Aided Design) solutions for industrial infrastructure design, and to showing the many benefits of their practical use, avoiding many mistakes during the investment process, thereby increasing the quality of the creating products while reducing the costs associated with their production. The paper proposes a method of inventory of the current state and methods of spatial layout analysis of planned investment using smart databases to configure the individual manufacture slots. Presented is method of material flow analysis in the virtual model of the production line, tools for line analysis with particular focus on collision identification, job scheduling and parametric analysis of the planned installations.
Bulk Modulus of Copper Alloys in Context of Modern Metal Theory
Authors: Chrzanowski Janusz , Bieg Bohdan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The authors used a modern quantum theory allowing to determine the energy levels of electrons in real metal. Based on that analytical equations have been presented by means of which the bulk modulus for chosen metals were calculated. It should be emphasized that all values obtained directly from the derived equation are in perfect conformity with the experimental data, a few percentage differences are comparable with the potential measurement error. Subsequently a simple mathematical model has been proposed which allows to calculate the bulk modulus of copper alloys depending on their percentage composition. The authors performed numerical calculations for the typical copper alloys and the results are presented in the form of graphs.
Results of a Study on the Quality of Conical Picks for Public Procurement Purposes
Authors: Bołoz Łukasz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article presents the results of a study on the quality of conical picks for the purposes of tender procedures in accordance with the public procurement law in Poland. The pick studies presented here are one of the few that in practice allow the selection of an offer based on objectively determined numerical indicators defining the quality of the product and not only on the basis of price. Thanks to this, the contracting party can decide the relevance of price and quality in their evaluation of a pick. The geometrical and material parameters required in a tender, if not met, are the basis for rejecting a given offer of picks. The numerical parameter influencing the final evaluation of the offer is the picks’ rate of wear. Conical picks are tools for mining minerals, rocks, asphalt or concrete. They are used in many industries, especially in mining, construction and road engineering. In difficult working conditions, the durability of knives is limited to as little as several hours. Several dozen picks work on a cutting unit at the same time, and taking into account the price of a knife which oscillates around several dozen euros, significant operating costs are incurred. Therefore, the selection of tools with an optimum price-quality ratio is crucial. The article presents the results of studies on geometric parameters, material parameters and the rate of wear of 48 sets of picks conducted for a tender consisting of 14 tasks. The tender was conducted for 6 underground mines of a coal company. Five producers submitted their offers for selected tasks in the tender.
Modification of 316L Steel Surface in Ozone Atmosphere
Authors: Kłonica Mariusz , Kuczmaszewski Józef 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The study reported in this paper was undertaken to assess whether certain ecologically-disastrous surface treatments, such as chemical and electrochemical treatment could be replaced with ozonation. The proposed technology is both ecologically-sound and relatively inexpensive. The research works were conducted on 316L steel substrates and involved photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The band positions on the review spectrum provide the basis for the qualitative identification of the atoms forming the surface layer, whereas their intensity – data for the calculation of the total concentration of these atoms in the analysed layer. High resolution spectra are used to determine the type of chemical bonds – based on the characteristic numbers of chemical shift. The results of tests on the state of surface layer energy of 316L steel substrate following ozone treatment are also presented. The conducted tests and the analysis of the obtained results indicate that ozone treatment effectively removes atmospheric carbon contaminants off the specimen surface. The test results show a decrease in atmospheric carbon on samples after ozone treatment compared to untreated samples. Moreover, results show an increase in the value of the free surface energy in specimens subjected to ozone treatment.
Inter-parliamentary Cooperation in the EU and outside the Union: Distinctive Features and Limits of the European Experience
Authors: Griglio Elena , Lupo Nicola 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The article draws comparisons between inter-parliamentary cooperation in the European Union and at the international level. It recognises that, notwithstanding a strong international imprint, inter-parliamentary relations in the EU have gradually experienced somewhat distinctive pushes, deeply embedded in the unique constitutional arrangement of the Union. On the one hand, the composite nature of EU constitutionalism, and its impact on parliaments’ relationship with the democratic oversight rationale, have exercised a major influence on the aims and scope of inter-parliamentary cooperation. On the other hand, from the organisational point of view, the distinctive structure of parliamentary representation in the EU has pushed inter-parliamentary arrangements into a multi-layered design, consisting of a large variety of vertical formats. The article argues that inter-parliamentary cooperation in the EU is expected to act as a sui generis practice when compared to apparently similar forms of transnational dialogue amongst parliaments. In theory, at least, the EU sets ideal conditions for fulfilling an authentic collective parliamentary dimension, instrumental to the democratic oversight of the executives. Instead, focusing on the practice, the full potential of EU inter-parliamentarism is not yet fulfilled, for two set of reasons: the unresolved ambiguities over its contribution to parliamentary democracy and the lack of a real capacity to depart from the formats of international parliamentary institutions.
From procedural disagreement to joint scrutiny? The Interparliamentary Conference on Stability, Economic Coordination and Governance
Authors: Kreilinger Valentin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The provision of Article 13 TSCG to create an Interparliamentary Conference was the starting point for long discussions after which national parliaments and the European Parliament eventually reached a compromise. This article pursues a two-fold objective: It first examines the different phases of interparliamentary negotiations from 2012 to 2015. On the basis of a distinction between three competing models for interparliamentary cooperation, the article shows that the two models of EP-led scrutiny and creating a collective parliamentary counterweight did not prevail: Parliaments agreed that the new Interparliamentary Conference on Stability, Economic Coordination and Governance (SECG) would follow the ‘standard’ interparliamentary conference (COSAC model). In terms of national parliaments’ actual participation, the lowest common denominator compromise has not changed the numbers of participating MPs: Attendance records are stable over time, the size of national delegations continues to vary and participating MPs are still twice as likely to be members of Budget or Finance committees than to be members of European affairs committees.
A New Form of Democratic Oversight in the EU: The Joint Parliamentary Scrutiny Group for Europol
Authors: Cooper Ian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In 2017, a new Joint Parliamentary Scrutiny Group (JPSG) was created to enable members of the national parliaments of the EU and the European Parliament to exercise joint oversight of the EU agency for police cooperation (Europol). This paper chronicles and explains the lengthy legal and political process leading up to the first meeting of the Europol JPSG in October 2017, and the establishment of its Rules of Procedure at its second meeting in March 2018. In addition, the Europol JPSG is compared to the three EU inter-parliamentary conferences (IPCs) which meet twice-yearly to discuss EU affairs, foreign policy and economic governance. While there are many similarities, the JPSG differs from these others in that it has an explicit mandate to scrutinize, and the target of its scrutiny is a specific EU agency rather than a whole policy field. The JPSG is also distinctive in a number of key respects, including a stronger legal basis, more restrictive membership and participation rules, greater continuity of membership, stronger access to EU officials and documents, a seat on the Europol Management Board and an explicit right to ask oral and written questions. Taken together, these attributes indicate that the JPSG is designed to be an oversight body, rather than merely a discussion forum. Finally, the paper considers the likely future UK role in relation to the Europol JPSG after Brexit.
Federalism and constitution: States’ participation in constitutional reform as a guarantee of the federalisation process. (A study of Spain’s unique model)
Authors: Alberdi María Reyes Pérez 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The aim of involving state members in reforming federal constitutions is to guarantee them the autonomy that they have been constitutionally granted. It also prevents reform from being carried out unilaterally by the central government and means the structure of competences can be modified as necessary. In this study, we will consider how federations manage, to a greater or lesser extent, regional intervention in constitutional reform. However, we will see how recently, in Spain, the anticipated routes for territorial participation in the constitutional text have proved to be clearly insufficient, and have developed into the recent crisis in this ‘State of Autonomies’, which is now facing the breakdown of national unity.
Bi-Ethnic Federalism and the Question of Sovereignty: Understanding the Competitive Security Postures in Cyprus
Authors: Koktsidis Pavlos I. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
When ethnic groups negotiate self-government arrangements, ‘ethnic sovereignty’ lies boldly at the heart of their security considerations. The constitutional nature of self-determination and the extent of territorial control can determine the degree of ethno-territorial sovereignty attributed to groups. However, in competitive contexts influenced by fear and mistrust, groups interpret these pillar elements in ways that increase their own sense of security. The present study argues that legal and political positions on sovereignty in Cyprus are largely built around the competitive security assumptions held by the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaderships, and explains how the divergent viewpoints and understandings of sovereignty reflect the underlying security fears and suspicion of parties. The analysis finds that the two ethnic leaderships in Cyprus have sought to accumulate a distinct ‘sovereignty capital’ in an effort to safeguard their own and overpower each other’s perceived security intentions in the event of federal collapse, making thus the attainment of settlement in Cyprus particularly elusive.
Environmental subsidiarity in the EU: or halfway to green federalism?
Authors: de Melo Cartaxo Tiago 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Environmental protection and sustainable development are competences that the EU is entitled to integrate into the definition and implementation of its policies. However, shared competences in these areas are still a reality, as a margin of discretion persists for Member States, aimed at maintaining a high level of decentralisation, particularly where issues related to national policies and more (nation) specific sectoral legislation are concerned. This paper intends to analyse the application of the principle of subsidiarity to environmental issues within the EU, to examine the characteristics of a possible path to the future of green federalism in Europe.