bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Corrupt Bargain
Authors: Taylor C. James 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Inaugural Address of John Quincy Adams. Adams launched the address with a brief overview of the growth and success of the nation. However, sectional differences and disagreements over the proper response to the French Revolution and subsequent European wars created a twenty-five-year period of political unrest, which ended with the War of 1812 and presidency of James Monroe. Adams then reviewed the “promise and performance” of the Monroe administration. In foreign affairs, he highlighted the peaceful expansion of the national boundaries and recognition of the independence of countries in the Southern Hemisphere from European colonial control. In the domestic realm, he listed reduction of the national debt, reorganization of the postwar army, improvements in the nation’s fortifications and navy, suppression of the African slave trade, and the encouragement of the Native American population to evolve from hunters to farmers as accomplishments during Monroe’s two terms.
Calm before the Storm
Authors: Watson Harry L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the First Inaugural Address of Andrew Jackson. Short, vague, and almost inaudible, Jackson’s First Inaugural Address belied the general’s stormy personality and the tumultuous path that took him to the White House in 1829. He came to the presidency with a victorious military record but limited experience in civilian government and a vivid reputation for flouting established laws, procedures, and authorities. His winning presidential campaign had stirred an uproar of lies, distortions, and bitter recriminations, and his administration followed an equally stormy path that featured discharges of experienced civil servants, forced removal of American Indians, a threatened civil war with South Carolina, doom for a national transportation policy, a “Bank War” that destroyed the nation’s largest financial institution, and a revival of cutthroat political partisanship. Nevertheless, Jackson betrayed few signs of these developments when he addressed the nation on March 4, 1829.
The Little Magician
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Inaugural Address of Martin Van Buren. He launched into a long disquisition—comprising twelve of the addresses’ eighteen long paragraphs—underscoring his humility by retelling the story of America up until that moment. The longest paragraph of the entire address is the thirteenth, which addressed “the institution of domestic slavery.” The chapter then considers how Van Buren echoed Andrew Jackson’s commitment to what has become known as original meaning as the touchstone of constitutional law. Ultimately, the address sounded many of the right notes for Van Buren, but it sowed more doubts than confidence that Van Buren could ever be as tough as Jackson in opposing the forces preying on the common people who were his supporters. His résumé, loyalty to Jackson, and humility could not save him from political disaster when, just weeks after his address, the nation confronted its first great depression.
Dark Horse
Authors: Borneman Walter R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Inaugural Address of James K. Polk. According to Polk’s secretary of the navy and would-be biographer, George Bancroft, Polk summarized his inaugural address when he confided to Bancroft “the four great measures” of his administration. First, the joint occupation of Oregon with Great Britain had to be settled; second, the American continent must be rounded out by acquiring California from Mexico; third, the protectionist tariff burdening Southern states had to be reduced to a revenue basis; and finally, an independent treasury had to be established. Polk also gave strong measure to his model of constitutional government. Even if Texas had not yet assented, the new president left no doubt about his view of its status to the United States. However, Polk defended the institution of slavery without mentioning it by name. The second half of his inaugural was then devoted to foreign affairs and expansionist affairs.
Zachary Taylor’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Zachary Taylor’s Inaugural Address on March 5, 1849. Taylor begins by declaring that the Constitution will be his guide. With regard to the Army and Navy, he says that “care shall be taken to insure the highest condition of efficiency, and in furtherance of that object the military and naval schools . . . shall receive the special attention of the Executive.” Taylor also maintains neutrality in all disputes between conflicting governments, while cultivating peaceful and friendly relations. Finally, he focuses on his duty to “recommend such constitutional measures to Congress as may be necessary and proper to secure encouragement and protection to . . . agriculture, commerce, and manufactures, to improve our rivers and harbors, to provide for the speedy extinguishment of the public debt, to enforce a strict accountability on the part of all officers of the Government and the utmost economy in all public expenditures.”
Millard Fillmore’s Announcement to Congress of the Death of President Taylor
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Millard Fillmore’s announcement to Congress of the death of President Zachary Taylor on July 10, 1850. Taylor deceased at half-past 10 o’clock of July 9, 1850, “in the midst of his family and surrounded by affectionate friends, calmly and in the full possession of all his faculties.” Fillmore says that among Taylor’s last words were these: “I have always done my duty. I am ready to die. My only regret is for the friends I leave behind me.” Fillmore also expresses how Taylor’s death “has penetrated no heart with deeper grief than mine.” He then proposes “this day at 12 o’clock, in the Hall of the House of Representatives, in the presence of both Houses of Congress, to take the oath prescribed by the Constitution, to enable me to enter on the execution of the office which this event has devolved on me.”
A Strict Constitutionalist
Authors: Welch Claude 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Millard Fillmore’s announcement to Congress of the death of President Zachary Taylor. His first major address to Congress, delivered on December 2, 1850, may likely be one of the longest speeches ever delivered by a president to this body. Fillmore broke with the expansionist policies of his predecessor James K. Polk. In his first annual address to Congress, Fillmore also praised the treaty reached by the United States with Great Britain. He personally opposed slavery, but, as chief executive, he believed himself bound to support the “peculiar institution.” Ultimately, Fillmore did not stray from Whig orthodoxy. His support for significant domestic infrastructure improvements and industrial development, funded by tariff walls, remained constant. Moreover, he viewed America's international role as largely an outgrowth of domestic policies, as experienced by the stress upon guano imports or his concern about Hispaniola, where boundary disputes threatened U.S. interests.
James Buchanan’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents James Buchanan’s Inaugural Address on March 4, 1857. Buchanan begins by announcing the settlement of the question of domestic slavery in the Territories. He declares that Congress is neither “to legislate slavery into any Territory or State nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions.” When the Territory of Kansas shall be admitted as a State, it “shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission.” Buchanan highlights free trade and “preserving the Government free from the taint or even the suspicion of corruption.” He also addresses the financial condition of the country; the modification of the tariff; the administration of public money and public lands; and the war-making power, under which “Congress may appropriate money toward the construction of a military road.”
Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address on March 4, 1861. Lincoln acknowledges that “apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States that by the accession of a Republican Administration their property and their peace and personal security are to be endangered.” He declares that he has “no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists.” Lincoln then considers the “controversy about the delivering up of fugitives from service or labor.” He also notes that “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void, and that acts of violence within any State or States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to circumstances.” Finally, Lincoln addresses the proposed amendment of the Constitution and the issue of civil war.
Trying to Stave off War
Authors: Reynolds David S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the First Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln. Between November 6, 1860, when Lincoln won the presidency, and March 4, 1861, when he gave the Inaugural Address, seven Southern states seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America. In the inaugural address, Lincoln repeated several points he had made in previous speeches: secession was impossible, because a minority cannot overrule the majority; the North would not invade the South without provocation; his administration would leave slavery alone where it existed and would enforce the Fugitive Slave Act as long as the suspected runaways received due process. Lincoln’s answer to Southerners who used states’ rights to defend secession was that there is a “fundamental law of all national governments.” While emphasizing the broader law of nations, Lincoln in the inaugural did not lose sight of the moral law that motivated him and other anti-slavery reformers.
Ulysses S. Grant’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Ulysses S. Grant’s First Inaugural Address. It indicates how suffrages elected Grant to the office of president of the United States in conformity with the Constitution. Grant assures that he will do the best of his ability to satisfy the people and ensure that all laws are faithfully executed. The chapter indicates that security of person, property, and free religious and political opinion are required in every part of the common country, without regard to local prejudice. It also highlights the peculiar interests of young men in maintaining national honor before considering the handling of nations as equitable law requires in correlation with foreign policy.
Ulysses S. Grant’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Ulysses S. Grant’s Second Inaugural Address. Grant mentions how the United States has yet to recover from the effects of great internal revolutions, and three former states of the Union had not been restored to their federal relations. According to Grant, the past four years of his tenure were spent on restoring harmony, public credit, commerce, and all the arts of peace and progress. Grant assures that his efforts for the future include the restoration of good feelings between the different sections of our common country. The speech also indicates that social equality must be considered after the effects of the late civil strife freed the slave and made him a citizen.
“A Fine Man, a Grand Man”
Authors: Summers Mark W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the First Inaugural Address of Grover Cleveland. It notes that the speech was shorter than expected since he would not propose a list of desirable legislation as specifics would stir controversy. Additionally, Cleveland needed to reassure Republicans that the change in the White House did not mean a Democratic ascendancy. The chapter explains that Cleveland’s inaugural did give hints of where his administration meant to go, such as the action against the land-grabbers out west. It notes that Cleveland’s administrative restraint and modest promises gave the country a sense of security and the Democrats the respectable reputation they needed.
Grover Cleveland’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Grover Cleveland’s Second Inaugural Address. It provides an overview of the key concept of paternalism, which is the bane of republican institutions and the constant peril of the government by the people. Paternalism undermines the self-reliance of the people, while stifling the spirit of true Americanism. Cleveland indicates that the misappropriation of public funds can be avoided when appointments to the office are awarded to those whose efficiency promises a fair return of work for the compensation paid to them. The address explains that equality before the law guarantees every citizen just and good faith regardless of race and color.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the address, Roosevelt contends that the measure of the restoration lies in the extent to which people apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit. Moreover, Roosevelt indicates how restoration calls for ethics and action, so his priority primarily revolves around putting people to work. In the inauguration speech, Roosevelt puts international trade relations secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. The address indicates Roosevelt’s determination to follow through on his promises and constitutional duty to recommend the measures that a stricken nation amid a stricken world may require.
Fear Itself
Authors: Koch Cynthia M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the First Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The address was delivered in one of the nation’s darkest hours as the nation faced its third year of the worst economic depression in history. Aside from horrible food and housing conditions, violence was in the air, and desperate World War I veterans called for early payment of bonuses after their military service. Moreover, Roosevelt dismissed Herbert Hoover’s focus on international trade as secondary, and he aimed to dedicate the nation to the policy of the good neighbor. The chapter also notes that Roosevelt introduced the notion of interdependence.
Cold Warrior
Authors: Busch Andrew E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Inaugural Address of Harry S. Truman, who took the oath of office on January 20, 1949, after having been elected in one of the most dramatic political upsets in American history. It mentions the labor unrest, inflation, shortages, and remaining wartime restrictions that added up to a challenging environment for Truman. Truman worked closely with Republicans to obtain passage of the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe, aid to Greece and Turkey, and the National Security Act of 1947 creating the Defense Department, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council. The chapter reviews Harry Truman’s Inaugural Address, which contained historically typical features such as the appeal to unity after a contentious campaign. What made Truman’s address unique was the fact that it focused almost entirely on the world.
Richard M. Nixon’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Richard M. Nixon’s First Inaugural Address, in which he wrote his own epitaph about the title of peacemaker as the greatest honor history can bestow. Nixon hoped to create an international framework to work out international differences without war. It details how Nixon laid out the terms by which history would judge his presidency in his First Inaugural. The chapter discusses the détente and rapprochement that eased international tensions and improved relations with China and Russia but were tainted by Nixon’s secret assurances to both Communist powers. Nixon emphasized his plan for when the day came that wealth can be transferred from the destruction of war abroad to the urgent needs of the American people at home.
The Peanut Farmer
Authors: Lawrence Mark Atwood 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter scrutinizes the Inaugural Address of Jimmy Carter, which is hardly considered a masterpiece of the genre. The speech earned dutiful applause and respectful coverage at the time, but it has seldom garnered favorable comments from historians and biographers. It mentions historian Randall Balmer, who described Carter’s speech as a workmanlike mélange of well-worn themes from the campaign. The chapter explains the speech’s tepidness, which owed much to the very modesty that had enabled Carter to win the White House and underlay his most memorable gestures on Inauguration Day. To have asked Carter for something grander would have meant asking him to be a different sort of leader and to have understood the national mood in a different way.
Ronald Reagan’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Ronald Reagan’s First Inaugural Address, in which he paints the horizons and defines the limits of what would be known as the Reagan Revolution. Reagan suggests that the answer to America’s malaise could be found in a patriotic renewal by returning to core principles and the irrepressible confidence that had propelled Americans forward since the American Revolution. It stresses faith in the past as a solution to present problems and the key to a proud, prosperous, and peaceful future. The address includes the reaffirmation of Reagan’s faith in freedom and the dignity of the individual. Reagan insists that the troubles at the time were parallel and proportionate to the intervention and intrusion in people’s lives that result from unnecessary and excessive growth of government.
Ronald Reagan’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Ronald Reagan’s Second Inaugural Address, delivered on January 21, 1985, which referenced America’s recent progress in advancing African-American civil rights. Reagan acknowledges that more needed to be done to build a country rich in dignity and abundant with opportunity for all American citizens. Reagan’s 1985 Inaugural Address focused mainly on domestic issues and gave attention to foreign and defense issues. Reagan looked forward to the total elimination one day of nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth. The address includes Reagan’s plans for research into the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to construct a space-based security shield that could prevent incoming missiles from reaching America in the event of a nuclear attack.
“A Thousand Points of Light”
Authors: Cary Mary Kate 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses George H. W. Bush’s Inaugural Address, which he delivered on the 200th anniversary of George Washington’s Inauguration. Bush was one of only three presidents to open his address with a prayer. It details how Bush referred to the theme of unity, diversity, and generosity when he turned dramatically to face the assembled House and Senate leadership next to him on the steps of the U.S. Capitol. The biggest legacy of Bush’s speech was its foreshadowing of the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet empire. The chapter notes Bush’s awareness that the great nations dominated by the Soviets were moving toward democracy as their citizens knew how to secure a more just and prosperous life for themselves. The world events that took place soon after Bush’s Second Inaugural Address changed the lives of millions of people around the globe.
Common Ground
Authors: Mann James 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the First Inaugural Address of George W. Bush, which contained a few words and phrases that served brief notice of the political battles that would later come to dominate Bush’s presidency. The speech contained offerings to each of the conservative constituencies that had helped Bush win the Republican nomination. It mentions Bush’s promise to economic conservatives of reforming Social Security and Medicare and reducing taxes to recover the momentum of the American economy. The chapter describes the religious references in Bush’s speech, which includes the parable of the Good Samaritan. Bush declared at one point that America should seek to shape a balance of power that favors freedom, hinting at some of the broader ideas and the intellectual debates that led up to the Iraq War.
A New Birth of Freedom
Authors: Sharpley-Whiting Tracy Denean 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the First Inaugural Address of Barack Obama, which was a brew of soaring oration, Aristotelian rhetoric, and elements of the Black Jeremiad. Obama was also the only president to recognize atheists and agnostics alike in an inaugural address. It details how Obama walked his listeners back in America’s history to its birth, where patriots huddled on the shores of an icy river while the enemy advanced, as evidence of Americans’ strength and solidarity. For Obama, Americans could rise to new challenges by leaning into the values of honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, and loyalty and patriotism. The chapter observes American exceptionalism in Obama’s address, which he emphasized will compel Americans to set aside the childish things that strangled politics and sowed division.
Millard Fillmore’s First Annual Message
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Millard Fillmore served as the thirteenth president of the United States, assuming the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor. This chapter presents Millard Fillmore’s first address to Congress on December 2, 1850. Fillmore’s speech was ponderous, filled with long, complex sentences. In the address Fillmore broke with the expansionist policies of his predecessor James K. Polk and also praised the treaty reached by the United States with Great Britain. Despite a personal opposition to slavery, as chief executive, Fillmore believed himself bound to support slavery. The last of the Whig presidents, Fillmore favored high tariffs to protect nascent domestic industries. Fillmore’s speech also foreshadowed the creation of the Department of Agriculture and stressed facilitating imports of guano.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Introduction sets the stage for telling the story of Project ACT, a unique transnational partnership among sexual and gender minority-led activists from eight countries intended to improve access to HIV care in Africa and the Caribbean through advocacy. This chapter briefly introduces the case study detailed in the book, its rationale, and the purposes for exploring it. It argues that understanding the nature and challenges of redressing the stigma and discrimination that fuel the HIV epidemic is essential to ending it. It further argues for the importance of understanding how evaluations of advocacy efforts can unfold, support, and be in the service of advocacy work to claim human rights. The authors position themselves relative to the case they describe and detail how their partnership in this effort came about. The chapter also provides readers with an overview of the book’s content.