bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENDER PAY GAPS IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION: A REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE
Authors: Khitarishvili Tamar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to examine the patterns and movements of the gender pay gaps in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to place them in the context of advanced economies. We survey over 30 publications and conduct a meta‐analysis of this literature. Gender pay gaps in the region are considerable and above the levels observed in advanced economies. Similar to advanced economies, industrial and occupational segregation widen the gaps in the FSU countries, whereas gender differences in educational attainment tend to shrink them. However, a much higher proportion of the gaps remains unexplained, pointing toward the role of unobserved gender differences related to actual and perceived productivity. Over the last 25 years, the gaps contracted in most FSU countries, primarily due to the reduction in the unexplained portion. Behind the contraction at the mean are different movements in the gap across the pay distribution. Although the glass‐ceiling effect has diminished in some FSU countries, it has persisted in others. We investigate the reasons underlying these findings and argue that the developments in the FSU region shed new light on our understanding of the gender pay gaps.
Effects of lingual strength training on oropharyngeal muscles in South Korean adults
Authors: Park Ji‐Su , Hwang Na‐Kyung , Kim Hwan‐Hee , Choi Jong‐Bae , Chang Moon‐Young , Jung Young‐Jin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundLingual strength training (LST) has been reported to positively affect the activation of submental muscles, as well as to increase lingual muscle strength. However, there is little evidence to support its effectiveness.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effect of LST on the strength and thickness of oropharyngeal muscles in healthy adults.MethodsThe study included 30 subjects who were assigned to the experimental (n = 15) and the control groups (n = 15). The experimental group performed LST based on tongue‐to‐palate resistance exercise method. LST was categorised as isometric and isotonic exercise. The intervention was performed five times a week for 6 weeks. The control group did not receive any intervention. The lingual strength was measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. Changes in the thickness of the mylohyoid and the digastric muscles and the lingual were assessed ultrasonographically.ResultsAfter the intervention, the thickness of the mylohyoid and the digastric muscles in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P = 0.037 and 0.042).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that LST increases the thickness and the strength of oropharyngeal muscles. Therefore, LST is a useful option in patients with dysphagia or in elderly patients prone to swallowing dysfunction.
Full‐Arch Implant‐Supported Rehabilitation Guided by a Predicted Lateral Profile of Soft Tissue
Authors: Shao Jingjing , Xue Chaoran , Zhang Hai , Li Lei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn full‐arch implant‐supported rehabilitation of patients with severe periodontitis, prediction of lateral facial profile with modified dental position remains a challenge, especially for patients with protruded anterior teeth. This clinical report describes a digital workflow to predict lateral profiles and then guide the implant placement and restoration fabrication.
Psychopathology and the self: Human actors, agents, and authors
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe articles included within this special issue of the Journal of Personality all conceptualize psychopathology as the result of problems in human selfhood. As such, they implicate a wide assortment of self‐related constructs, from self‐objectification to self‐esteem, in the etiology and maintenance of psychopathology, and they point to interventions designed to alter these self‐processes in order to alleviate suffering. In this commentary, I reinterpret and reorganize many of the ideas presented in the articles from the standpoint of a tripartite perspective on the reflexive human self. The self is first and foremost an inherent duality of I and Me. Psychologically speaking, the I/Me dynamic plays out in three different guises—the self as (1) social actor, (2) motivated agent, and (3) autobiographical author. Problems in human selfhood as they pertain to psychopathology may be profitably reconceived in terms of the corresponding performative styles expressed by social actors, the motivational agendas of values and goals that energize human striving and determine self‐esteem, and the internalized life stories that human beings, as authors of the self, fashion and narrate to make sense of the reconstructed past and imagined future.
Language, discourse, and class: What's next for sociolinguistics?
Authors: Chun Christian W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrawing from the various theoretical constructs and analyses of class in sociology, economics, cultural studies, and sociolinguistics, I discuss a number of issues regarding class and possible future research avenues for sociolinguists. These include addressing and exploring how to move beyond the static categorical groupings of class membership, including those of researchers themselves in their work on class, appraising the relevance and utility of the concept of overdetermination (Althusser, 1977; Resnick & Wolff, 1987) in examining the enactments of class, discursive self‐positionings in different domains and scales, the need to re‐examine the construct of intersectionality, and problematizing the notion of identity politics as it relates to class.
Assessment and management of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome by Australian paediatricians
Authors: Efron Daryl , Payne Jonathan , Gulenc Alisha , Chan Eunice 
Published: June 2019

AimThe diagnosis and management of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome (TS) can be challenging. A better understanding of current approaches by paediatricians is important to inform research and education to improve patient outcomes. We aimed to investigate current assessment and management practices for tics/TS by Australian paediatricians.MethodsAn online survey was sent to members of the Australian Paediatric Research Network. Primary outcomes of interest included assessment processes, referrals, behavioural interventions and pharmacological management. Four scenarios were presented to elicit information regarding treatment of different types of cases.ResultsOf 340 eligible paediatricians, 139 (41%) responded, with 116 (84%) reporting that they diagnose and manage tics/TS as part of their practice. Questionnaires were used more to identify comorbidities (43%) than to quantify tics (12%). Referrals were most likely to be made to psychologists. Medication was considered important in the management of TS by 45% of respondents, with clonidine identified as the first‐choice medication by 69%. There was wide variation in both the pharmacological and behavioural management strategies reported.ConclusionsThere is substantial practice variation among Australian paediatricians in the assessment and management of patients referred with tics/TS. This may reflect insufficient evidence regarding best practice, as well as limited training in this area. There is a need for improved education of Australian paediatricians in the assessment and management of tics/TS, as well as further research to identify optimal treatments.
Dual influence of terrestrial and marine historical processes on the phylogeography of the Brazilian intertidal red alga Gracilaria caudata
Authors: Ayres‐Ostrock Lígia M. , Valero Myriam , Mauger Stéphane , Oliveira Mariana C. , Plastino Estela M. , Guillemin Marie‐Laure , Destombe Christophe 
Published: June 2019

In this study, we explored how past terrestrial and marine climate changes have interacted to shape the phylogeographic patterns of the intertidal red seaweed Gracilaria caudata, an economically important species exploited for agar production in the Brazilian north‐east. Seven sites were sampled along the north‐east tropical and south‐east sub‐tropical Brazilian coast. The genetic diversity and structure of G. caudata was inferred using a combination of mitochondrial (COI and cox2‐3), chloroplast (rbcL) and 15 nuclear microsatellite markers. A remarkable congruence between nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast data revealed clear separation between the north‐east (from 03° S to 08° S) and the south‐east (from 20° S to 23° S) coast of Brazil. These two clades differ in their demographic histories, with signatures of recent demographic expansions in the north‐east and divergent populations in the south‐east, suggesting the maintenance of several refugia during the last glacial maximum due to sea‐level rise and fall. The Bahia region (around 12° S) occupies an intermediate position between both clades. Microsatellites and mtDNA markers showed additional levels of genetic structure within each sampled site located south of Bahia. The separation between the two main groups in G. caudata is likely recent, probably occurring during the Quaternary glacial cycles. The genetic breaks are concordant with (i) those separating terrestrial refugia, (ii) major river outflows and (iii) frontiers between tropical and subtropical regions. Taken together with previously published eco‐physiological studies that showed differences in the physiological performance of the strains from distinct locations, these results suggest that the divergent clades in G. caudata correspond to distinct ecotypes in the process of incipient speciation and thus should be considered for the management policy of this commercially important species.
Abiotic drivers of interannual phytoplankton variability and a 1999–2000 regime shift in the North Sea examined by multivariate statistics
Authors: Peperzak Louis , Witte Harry 
Published: June 2019

The Dutch coastal zone is a region of the North Sea with a marked interannual and long‐term abiotic and phytoplankton variability. To investigate the relationship between abiotic variability and phytoplankton composition, two routine water monitoring data sets (1991–2005) were examined. Multivariate statistics revealed two significant partitions in the data. The first consisted of interannual abiotic fluctuations that were correlated to Rhine discharge that affected the abundance of summer and autumn diatom species. The second partition was caused by a shift in the abiotic data from 1998 to 1999 that was followed by a shift in phytoplankton composition from 1999 to 2000. Important factors in the abiotic shift were decreases in suspended matter (SPM) and phosphate (DIP) concentrations, as well as in pH. The decrease in SPM was caused by a reduction in wind speed. The increase in water column daily irradiance from the decrease in SPM led to increases in the abundance of winter–spring species, notably the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa. Because wind speed is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index it was possible to correlate NAO index and P. globosa abundance. Only five abiotic variables representing interannual and long‐term variability, including Rhine discharge and NAO index, were needed to model the observed partitions in phytoplankton composition. It was concluded that interannual variability in the coastal phytoplankton composition was related to year‐to‐year changes in river discharge while the long‐term shift was caused by an alternating large‐scale meteorological phenomenon.
The Roles of Age, Attitude, and Use in First Language Development and Attrition of Turkish–English Bilinguals
Authors: Schmid Monika S. , Karayayla Tuğba 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecent decades have seen an increase in research informing our understanding of the complex ways in which bilingual development is shaped by biological, cognitive, and behavioral factors. We investigate the predictors that shape, drive, and constrain the development of the first language (L1) of bilinguals, focusing on 92 Turkish–English bilingual adults with a wide range (0–42) of age at onset (AaO). We tested their productive command of L1 lexical, morphological, and syntactic features, investigating to what extent background variables relating to AaO, experience, and attitudes toward the Turkish language and culture predict the relative level of proficiency across these features. To obtain a comprehensive picture of the interaction of these linguistic and extralinguistic factors, we employed structural equation modeling. We show that for speakers with younger AaOs, exposure‐related factors are associated with the level of L1 proficiency they retain as adults; for later bilinguals, exposure‐related factors matter less.
Adipopenia correlates with higher portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Rodrigues Susana G. , Brabandt Ben , Stirnimann Guido , Maurer Martin H. , Berzigotti Annalisa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsIn cirrhosis, hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) and imaging body composition assessment can influence prognosis. We assessed whether adipose and skeletal muscle tissues reflect the severity of portal hypertension (PH), and whether they improve non‐invasive prediction of decompensation and death.MethodsWe included 84 cirrhosis patients with HVPG and computed tomography (CT) within 12 weeks of HVPG at a single centre. L3 vertebra CT images were used for body composition indexes (cm2/m2): total adipose tissue index (TATI), visceral adipose tissue index (VATI), subcutaneous adipose tissue index (SATI), intramuscular adipose tissue index (IMATI), skeletal muscle index (SMI) and psoas muscle index (PMI). Correlations were calculated between indexes, HVPG and standard non‐invasive tests for PH. Twelve‐month decompensation and death predictors were determined.ResultsThe following were the characteristics for the patients included in the study: male 61%; BMI 28 ± 5 kg/m2; alcoholic liver disease in 51%, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in 24%; HVPG 14 ± 6 mm Hg; 45% compensated. The median follow‐up was 11 (4‐17) months. HVPG correlated with SATI (r = −0.282, P = 0.01), TATI (r = −0.220, P = 0.045) and SATI/VATI index (r = −0.240, P = 0.03). In compensated patients, lower VATI (HR 0.94 (0.90‐0.99), P = 0.01) was associated with 12‐month decompensation. Combining TATI and liver stiffness × spleen size over‐platelet count risk score added discriminative capacity for 12‐month decompensation (AUROC 0.91 vs 0.87). IMATI was independently associated with mortality in decompensated patients. MELD‐Na combined with IMATI discriminated excellently for mortality (AUROC 0.94; P < 0.001).ConclusionsHepatic venous pressure gradient inversely correlates with imaging markers of adipose tissue, while markers of sarcopenia were unrelated to PH. In compensated patients, TATI improves non‐invasive prediction of decompensation. In decompensated patients, IMATI independently predicted mortality.
Serum sphingolipids predict de novo hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients with sustained virologic response
Authors: Mücke Victoria T. , Thomas Dominique , Mücke Marcus M. , Waidmann Oliver , Zeuzem Stefan , Sarrazin Christoph , Pfeilschifter Josef , Vermehren Johannes , Finkelmeier Fabian , Grammatikos Georgios 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsCuring hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, yet HCC occurs despite sustained virologic response (SVR) in 2%‐8% of cirrhotic patients. Sphingolipids (SLs) have been identified as new biomarkers of chronic liver disease and HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum SLs as diagnostic HCC biomarkers in patients with HCV‐associated cirrhosis at SVR12.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2016, 166 patients with HCV‐cirrhosis and SVR were recruited and SL profiles were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after completion of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. All patients received HCC surveillance in line with current guideline recommendations. Minimum follow‐up period comprised 6 months.ResultsOur study included 130 (78%) patients without history of HCC, 25 (15%) with history of HCC prior DAA therapy and 11 (7%) patients with de novo HCC after FU12. In those with upcoming de novo HCC serum C24DHC (P = 0.006), C24:1DHC (P = 0.048) and C16Cer (P = 0.011) were significantly upregulated at FU12, but not AFP (P = 0.138). Contemporaneous ultrasound did not visualize HCC, at this time. C16Cer stayed sole independent predictor with high diagnostic accuracy of AFP‐positive (AUC = 0.741) and ‐negative (AUC = 0.766) HCC development. Serum SL parameters decreased from baseline to SVR12.ConclusionsC24DHC, C24:1DHC and especially C16Cer were superior to AFP in early detection of AFP‐positive and ‐negative de novo HCC development. We observed significant SL profile changes upon SVR. SLs may play a role in non‐invasive HCC surveillance and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Living with/out Dementia in Contemporary South Korea
Authors: Lee Jieun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhile the debate on diagnostic disclosure is often based on the premise that knowing about one's condition (the diagnosis and its prognosis) is essential in securing the patient's autonomy, many people with dementia in Korea are not told directly about their diagnosis. This article concerns the laborious and ethically contentious post‐diagnostic living undertaken by the families of people with dementia, which I call “living with/out dementia.” This is a paradoxical form of living that has emerged through the increasing biomedicalization of dementia, the socialization of elder care, and an enduring fear of dependency in old age. Attending to how living with/out dementia comes to be initiated and maintained through efforts of care, I argue that nondisclosure entails a kind of ethical process through which dementia is un/done in the caregivers’ struggle to truthfully engage with the person with dementia while actively hiding the diagnostic truth from him or her.
Nuances of the psychogastroenterology patient: A predictive model for gastrointestinal quality of life improvement
Authors: Riehl Megan E. , Kinnucan Jami A. , Chey William D. , Stidham Ryan W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal conditions are multifactorial in nature, and certain patients can benefit greatly from brain–gut psychotherapies delivered by mental health professionals who specialize in psychogastroenterology. This study aimed to identify features associated with improvements in GI‐specific quality of life scores following behavioral health interventions (BHI). The second aim was to create a psychogastroenterology referral care pathway incorporating identified characteristics for greatest benefit from GI‐specific behavioral therapy.MethodsWe performed a prospective observational study of 101 (63 women; median age, 45 years) gastroenterology patients referred for psychogastroenterology consultation at a single center. Patients attended an average of seven sessions with a single GI psychologist where evidence‐based brain–gut psychotherapies were employed. GI‐specific quality of life (IBS‐QOL) and psychological distress (BSI‐18) were assessed before and after BHI. Patients completed self‐reported questionnaires. We performed a multivariable analysis to determine predictors associated with IBS‐QOL score improvement.Key ResultsA total of 53 (52.5%) patients experienced improvement in IBS‐QOL score. Patients with improved IBS‐QOL scores had significantly higher baseline BSI general domain T‐scores (61.9 vs. 56.9, P = 0.002). Female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.2), pretreatment BSI somatization T‐score ≥63 (OR, 3.7), and a diagnosis of depression (OR, 4.2) were associated with greater odds of IBS‐QOL score improvement following BHI.Conclusions and InferencesWe identified factors associated with response to GI‐specific BHI to aid in optimizing the utilization of psychogastroenterology services and provide referring providers with information to inform treatment recommendations. Female patients with disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBIs), high somatization, and depression should be considered a priority for brain–gut psychotherapies.
Surgical Treatment of Intra‐Articular Distal Humeral Fractures by using a Combined Medial and Lateral Approach: An Anatomic Study
Authors: Wei Li‐biao , Hu Tu , Liu Jie , An Zhi‐quan 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the visible size of the distal humeral articular surface by using a novel combined medial‐lateral approach as an alternative method of surgical treatment for intra‐articular distal humeral fractures.MethodsIn this anatomical study, 12 adult fresh‐frozen cadaveric elbows were randomly divided into a medial‐lateral group and an olecranon osteotomy group, with 6 in each group. In the medial‐lateral group, a medial approach was first used, and then a lateral approach. The sizes of the distal humeral articular surface exposed by each incision and the joined size were measured and calculated. In the olecranon osteotomy group, a posterior olecranon osteotomy approach was applied, and the maximal visible sizes of the articular surface were marked and calculated. Ratios of the maximal sizes of the distal humeral articular surface of the two approaches were compared.ResultsIn the medial‐lateral group, the medial approach could expose 2/5 of the medial trochlea and 1/3 of the capitellum, while the mean visible size of the distal humeral articular surface was 6.8 cm2, 34.8% of the entire surface; the lateral approach can expose 3/7 of the capitellum and 1/4 of the medial trochlea, while the mean visible size of the distal humeral articular surface was 6.7 cm2, 33.9% of the whole surface; for the combined medial‐lateral approach, the mean scope exposed of the medial and lateral visible articular surface was 38.2% and 43.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the olecranon osteotomy group, the posterior olecranon osteotomy was found to expose most of the posterior distal humeral articular surface, except for 1/3 of the anterior trochlea and 1/4 of the anterior capitellum, and the visible range of articular surface was 65.3%. The combined medial‐lateral approach exposed 9.2 cm2 in total, 46.9% of the whole distal humeral articular surface, which averaged 19.6 cm2. However, the visible size of the distal humeral articular surface for the olecranon osteotomy approach was 13.7 cm2, 63.1% of the entire distal humeral articular surface, which averaged 21.3 cm2. There was a significant difference observed between the medial‐lateral group (46.9%) and the olecranon osteotomy group (63.1%) for the maximal visible size of the distal humeral articular surface (t = 7.201, P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe combined medial‐lateral approach can expose 46.9% of the distal humeral articular surface, concentrating on the anterior part, so it can be recommended to treat intra‐articular fractures with a simple pattern in the posterior with the anterior side of the distal humerus less comminuted.