bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Galvanic Series for a More Appropriate Material Selection
Authors: Schmitt G. , Fergg B. , Schulze K. , Stanislowski M. , Berling M. , Dowengerds A. , Losacker S. , Havlik W. , Tlatlik H. , Soyk Dominok , Gommlich T. , Kuhl L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The combination of dissimilar metals can result in corrosion due to galvanic effects. These are caused by differences in their electrode potentials. The spread difference between these potentials is the driving force for galvanic corrosion. Literature data usually refer to either standard conditions or aerated sea water at ambient temperature. However, the actual electrode potentials are influenced by a variety of factors such as temperature, pH, dissolved gases and salts, flow rates, scale formation, etc. For conditions encountered in the oil and gas industry, there are hardly any data about electrode potentials available. The aim of this work is to create a practical galvanic series under typical upstream conditions for standard oil country tubular goods (OCTG) steels, corrosion resistant alloys (CRA) as well as the gasket material graphite.
The following materials were selected for the tests, which are considered as representative for downhole and topsides equipment: J55, L80 Type 1, X52, Cr13, 316Ti, 2205, 904L and Graphite.
The electrode potentials and polarization resistances of the selected materials were measured in synthetic formation water with dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) at temperatures between 22 and 130 °C. To account for the influence of bicarbonate and acetic acid these species were added in some of the tests.
In order to also identify overpotential effects the electric galvanic currents were determined between coupled dissimilar materials in the described media at different temperatures by electrochemical noise measurements (CoulCount-Method). For comparison, actual corrosion rates of dissimilar material couples were measured gravimetrically.
The results exhibit the influences of temperature, bicarbonate and acetic acid on the electrode potential of each material. Galvanic corrosion effects are observed between CRAs and OCTG. The highest galvanic corrosion occurs between graphite and OCTG and is also distinct between graphite and CRAs. Temperature has a strong influence on the galvanic corrosion. At high temperatures, galvanic corrosion effects occur also in couples of different CRAs.
The results show a good agreement between the measured electrode potentials, the results of electrochemical noise measurements and the gravimetric corrosion tests.
This work provides a practical galvanic series for materials and conditions that are usually encountered in the upstream oil and gas industry. Based on the results of the work presented it is possible to rate the galvanic material behavior under similar conditions. Being one of the first publications in this field of application, it represents a reference for material selection, engineering and failure analysis.
Use of Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Sources of Microbial Contamination
Authors: Chalmers Alison , Gale Andrew , Birnie Mark , Linde Anja , Millar Andrew 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Management of bacteria remains a concern for most Operators and the ability for micro-organisms to generate hydrogen sulphide (H2S) that results in reservoir souring and microbiologically influenced corrosion is well documented.
This paper describes two studies carried out by Clariant Oil Services, in conjunction with an oilfield microbiology service company, where molecular techniques were utilized. These studies provided a detailed assessment of system bacterial levels in two UK North Sea platforms which had historically encountered integrity failures related to microbiologically influenced corrosion.
In each system, two methods of microbiological survey were carried out. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) was utilized to determine the overall bacterial contamination of the system and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was utilized to determine the location of bacterial species capable of causing microbiologically influenced corrosion.
In system 1, qPCR showed significant H2S producing bacteria in the oil process train, closed drains drum and oily water separator. NGS indicated that the source of bacterial contamination in the closed drains drum was from the oil process train. The oily water separator, historically identified as the source of bacterial contamination of the closed drains drum, was found to contain distinctly different bacterial species to the other process vessels on the platform.
In system 2, production fluids are processed from two fields; one with seawater breakthrough and one where seawater breakthrough has not been detected. Microbiologically influenced corrosion failures have been observed downstream of where the produced fluids commingle. NGS showed predominantly sulphate reducing bacteria in the field with seawater breakthrough. Low levels of sulphate reducing bacteria were observed in the field with no seawater breakthrough, indicative of a shift in water chemistry. A moderate level of bacterial species known to cause or enhance microbiologically influenced corrosion were also detected in these field fluids.
Next Generation Sequencing has great potential to be used as a tool to identify bacterial species capable of causing microbiologically influenced corrosion in oilfield systems. These molecular techniques should be considered as a screening tool, particularly in systems which have a high frequency of failures attributed to microbiologically influenced corrosion.
Bio-Molecular Non-Corrosive Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger
Authors: Dhulipala Prasad D. , Jani Jagrut K. , Wyatt Melanie R. , Lehrer Scott E. , Liu Zhegwei , Leidensdorf Jeremy , Chakraborty Soma 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Acidithobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) is a gram-negative, acidophilic and chemolithotropic bacterium that utilizes oxidation of ferrous ions, hydrogen and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds, such as H2S, as sources of energy. Sulfur oxidation in A. ferroxidans is catalyzed by the Sulfide Quinone Reductase (SQR) enzyme system. The initial step of the SQR reaction is the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur or to the less-toxic polysulfide. SQR can eliminate the accumulation and persistence of H2S in waters and reservoirs contaminated with sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB). H2S causes reservoir souring, corrosion problems, and presents a danger to oilfield personnel because of its inherent toxicity. SQR does not destroy the SRBs present in the system, but it does catalytically attack the H2S and H2S precursors produced by SRBs. As an enzyme, SQR is an environmentally compliant, sustainable, and catalytic solution to the growing H2S problem. The Sulfide Quinone Reductase enzyme (Bio-molecular scavenger-BMS) was evaluated for its efficacy as an H2S mitigation strategy. The evaluation showed that the BMS could convert H2S from different sources in liquid and gaseous phases in to nontoxic polysulfide. The studies also showed that the BMS-based H2S mitigation reactions did not cause corrosion, and the formulations are compatible with oilfield metals, plastics and elastomers.
Iron Sulfide Deposition in Sour Gas Wells: A Corrosion Induced Scale Problem
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Qiwei , Chang Frank , Mukhles Amro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Iron sulfide is one of the exotic scales formed in the oil and gas fields, particularly for those deep sour gas wells producing from high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) reservoirs. Compared to the conventional carbonate and sulphate scale, the mitigation of iron sulfide deposition is notoriously difficult.
To develop a suitable mitigation strategy, it is essential to understand the formation mechanisms of iron sulfide in the given production system. In this work, we combined laboratorial tests, thermodynamic modelling, and field monitoring for the understanding the source of iron and the mechanisms of iron sulfide deposition in the sour gas well during acidizing treatment and production stage.
Study results indicate that iron sulfide deposition in sour gas wells is a corrosion induced scaling problem. During acidizing treatment, high concentration of iron is released from tubular due to acid attack, despite corrosion inhibitor is used in the stimulation fluid package. Large amount of iron sulfide can precipitate when spent acid mixes and reacts with H2S in the reservoir and potentially causes severe formation damage. During the production stage, the iron released from tubular due to corrosion in produced water under high temperature and high pressure is the major contribution of iron sulfide deposited at the surface of tubing. These iron sulfide deposits, although appeared as porous layer, can protect the downhole completion from the highly corrosive fluids, which leads to the unexpected long service lives of mild carbon steel tubular in many wells. However, accelerated corrosion can occur when the protective iron sulfide film or deposit is disturbed or partial.
This paper presents a fundamental study to understand the root cause of iron sulfide deposition in sour gas wells. Study results demonstrate that effective corrosion inhibition is key to mitigate the iron sulfide deposition problem in the sour gas wells.
Multifunctional H2S Scavenger and Corrosion Inhibitor: Addressing Integrity Challenges and Production Output of the Mature Field
Authors: Stipanicev Marko , Birketveit Øystein , Kvalheim Vibeke Hatloe , Hoshowski Jody , Lioliou Maria G. , Rindalsholt Tore 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Production of mature oil and gas fields often requires managing the related risks and limitations imposed by reservoir souring upon assets and production integrity. The corrosive effect of H2S in combination with export gas H2S specifications, escalates operational expenditure (OPEX). The treatment of produced fluids can, in a worst-case scenario, reduce production output if the appropriate toolbox for managing elevated H2S levels are not in place. Herein presented is a case where production from a subsea field was restricted by the amount of H2S produced due to constrains in the topside gas processing system. The objective of the work was to remove significant amounts of H2S from produced fluids during transit via subsea production pipelines; scavenging H2S during multiphase flow, whilst maintaining corrosion and scale inhibition.
A novel multiphase H2S scavenger was incorporated into the incumbent subsea corrosion inhibitor. The work included identification of suitable multiphase H2S scavenging chemistry, tailoring of the multipurpose chemical to retain corrosion inhibition properties, and confirmation that this new chemistry did not deleteriously impact performance of other production chemicals used nor the production process itself. The experimental development work depicted ethylenedioxy(dimethanol) (EDDM) as capable of delivering suitable H2S scavenging capacity while maintaining corrosion inhibitor component performance. The qualification work supported a full-scale field test that demonstrated suitability of the new multipurpose chemical.
The new environmentally acceptable combined formulation of corrosion inhibitor and H2S scavenger enables higher production rates from the subsea field without modification of the chemical injection system or topside process system.
Cost Effective Material Selection for Sour and Sweet HPHT Field
Authors: Oliveira J. , Tchoundjeu S. , Néel G. , Richoux V. , Sareen D. , Bezboruah P. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Super 13Cr (S13Cr) 110ksi Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) grade, which was already supplied for previous High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) sweet and sour gas fields, was considered for a new HPHT sweet and sour gas exploration field. After analysis, the new reservoir conditions were close to the limit of the application domain previously validated using the most stringent testing requirements, as defined in annex B of NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-3 standard. Under these circumstances, a natural switch to duplex stainless steel (22-5-3) material is usually recommended, leading to significant impact on project cost and lead-time.
This paper describes the work done between Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) supplier and operator to define specific test condition based on the new reservoir environment and tubing loads. In order to qualify the material, a complete testing program was undertaken to assess Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC), Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) and mass loss resistance.
In total four scenarios have been considered and analysed: shut-in and flowing conditions at both the well head and downhole locations. For these scenarios the representative applied stresses as well as reservoir fluid composition were defined.
SSC test was performed to verify the product suitability. The results showed that the material failed when using the most stringent requirements. However, when tested at specific well condition the material successfully passed the entire qualification.
Additionally, deeper SSC investigations were carried out in order to understand the influence of each parameter between initial and specific test condition, such as H2S partial pressure (ppH2S), chloride content, applied stress and material chemistry.
The benefit of this approach was to demonstrate to the operator that S13Cr was validated for the conditions of the new reservoir; thereby reducing lead time and by half the cost of purchasing duplex material during material selection phase. Generally, this methodology could be applied to all well environments requiring stainless steel materials.
Bioreactor for Accurately Assessing Biocide Effectiveness in Controlling Biogenic Souring in Mature Oil Wells
Authors: Ferreira J. A. , Almeida P. F. , Nunes dos Santos J.. , Sampaio I. C. , França Figueirêdo L.. , Tereska D.. , Chinalia F. A. 
Published: June 2018

Summary
Biocide injections are used for controlling biological souring in mature oil wells, but unpredictable results of such practices are also frequently reported. To address this problem, this research aimed to quantify the effect of four new biocides, and one commonly used biocide, within a dynamic system (packed-bed bioreactor) without using batch testing. The bioreactor was operated for 591 days, and the results showed that sulfate-reducing-bacteria (SRB) activity could recover within a period that varied from 15 to 60 days. Neem-oil (NO) (1.5% vol/vol) and 3,5-dimethyl-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-2-thione (Dazomet, DZ) (0.5% vol/vol) were the most efficient in controlling SRB activity. The tests showed that the mechanistic interaction controlling souring is not only associated with the compounds’ toxicity. Immiscible biocides not only killed cells, but they also can control SRB-recovery rates after the injection of biocides.
Antioxidant Vitamins in Honey Samples from Different Floral Origins and Altitudes in Asir Region at the South-Western Part of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Mosa Amal , Brima Eid I. , Fawy Khaled F. , AL Ghrama Hamed A. , Mohammed Mohammed E.A. 
Published: June 2018

Background:Different factors are known to affect the different physiochemical properties of bee's honey including the floral origin and climate.Objective:The aim of this article was to investigate the effect of floral origin and altitude on the concentration of vitamin C and A.Methods:Ten Ziziphus honey samples were collected from two altitudes; 113 and 511 meters. Twenty-five Acacia honey samples were included in this study from five altitudes; 14, 113, 317, 576 and 2247 meters above sea level. Vitamin C was measured by redox titration and vitamin A was estimated using the Carr-price reaction and spectrophotometer.Results:The mean± SD of vitamin C in the Ziziphus and Acacia honey samples were 239.2± 91.5 and 260.4± 81.1 mg\100g, respectively. Vitamin A mean value± SD in the Ziziphus and Acacia honey were 0.088± 0.126 and 0.062± 0.126 mg\ 100g, respectively. Concerning the effect of altitude, there was significant increase in vitamin C concentration in ziziphus honey with the increase of the altitude (p- value= 0.027), while an insignificant decrease was obtained in the case of vitamin A. Regarding the effect of altitude on the concentration of vitamin C in the Acacia honey, there was significant increase in the honey from the altitude of 2247 compared to the honey from all the other altitudes. Vitamin A concentration in the Acacia honey from the altitude 2247 was insignificantly decreased compared to the honey from all the other altitudes (p- value > 0.05).Conclusion:The floral origin insignificantly affected the concentration of vitamin C and A. The altitude significantly affected the concentration of vitamin C irrespective of the floral origin.
Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Indacaterol Maleate with Glycopyrronium Bromide in Mixture
Authors: Hassib Sonia Talaat , Hashem Hanaa Abdelmenem , Fouad Marwa Ahmed , Mohamed Nehal Essam Eldin 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
(COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a partially reversible and
treatable lung disease, characterized by progressive limitation of airflow. It is one of the main causes of
mortality and morbidity worldwide.

Methods:
An easy, precise and selective reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method, with stabilityindicating
assay was established and validated for the determination of indacaterol maleate and glycopyrronium
bromide in the mixture. In addition, a forced degradation study was performed for indacaterol
maleate, comprised of hydrolysis by acid and base, degradation by oxidation and heat, and
photo-degradation. Separation and forced degradation were done by isocratic elution using a reversed
phase phenyl column and (methanol: phosphate buffer) at ratio (65:35, v/v) with 3.5 pH buffer as an
eluent at 1 mL min-1 as a flow rate. Quantitation was accomplished using a UV detector at 210 nm.

Results:
The method showed good separation of glycopyrronium bromide, indacaterol maleate and its
degradation products. Accuracy, linearity, and precision were acceptable over 10-160 µg mL-1 and 10-
80 µg mL-1 concentration range for indacaterol maleate and glycopyrronium bromide, respectively.

Conclusion:
The proposed method does not require any previously done separation steps, making it
applicable for the analysis of the drugs under investigation in their pharmaceutically marketed preparations.
Characterization and Identification of Isoflavonoids in the Roots of Millettia speciosa Champ. by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS
Authors: Yu Dandan , Liang Xianrui 
Published: June 2018

Introduction:
The root of Millettia speciosa Champ. (Leguminosae) is one of the wellknown
traditional Chinese medicines abundant in phenolic compounds and plays important roles in the
treatment of pain or numbness of the joints, blood deficiency sallow, chronic bronchitis and chronic
hepatitis.

Objective:
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) based chemical profiling approach was established for the
separation and characterization of isoflavonoids in the roots of Millettia speciosa Champ.

Methods:
The roots of Millettia speciosa Champ. were prepared by ethanol extraction followed by further
extraction with chloroform. The extracts were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS in positive and negative
electrospray ion modes at different Collision Energy (CE) values.

Results:
A total of 48 components were simultaneously detected, of which 38 components, including 21
isoflavones, 4 phenolic acids, 4 isoflavanones, 2 phenolic aldehydes, 2 flavanones, 1 aliphatic acid, 1
chalcone, 1 flavonol, 1 isoflavane and 1 pterocarpan were unambiguously identified or tentatively assigned
based on the retention time, UV spectra, characteristic molecular ions, MS/MS fragmentation
data and reference standards. The isomers of isoflavonoids were distinguished using accurate mass, the
diagnostic fragmentations of C-ring and UV spectra. The major diagnostic fragment ions of isoflavonoids
were observed and the corresponding fragmentation pathways were proposed.

Conclusion:
This investigation provides important analysis data for further quality control, pharmacological
and toxicological research on Millettia speciosa Champ.
Female healthcare workers and breast cancer screening
Authors: YALÇINTAŞ Aynur , BAYDAR ARLANTAŞ Aylin , CURA ECEVİT Püren , ÖZDEMİRKAN Tuğba , ÜSTÜ Yusuf , UĞURLU Mehmet 
Published: June 2018

Aim/Background: Breast cancer is the common type of
cancer all around the world. In this study, we aimed to evaluate female
healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening methods. Methods: This study was conducted in a
training and research hospital. Female healthcare professionals were included
in the study. The data were collected by questionnaires filled out through face
to face interviews. SPSS for Win. Ver. 15.0 was used for the analysis. Results: The study included 525
participants, 52.4%(n=275) of them were midwives/nurses, 31.2%(n=164) were
doctors, and 16.4%(n=86) were other allied health personnel. The doctors were
found more knowledgeable than the others about signs and symptoms of breast
cancer (p=0.001). The sensitivity subscale scores according to Breast Cancer
Health Belief Model Scale were higher in the participants whose first-degree
relatives had a history of breast cancer (p=0.001). Conclusion: Early diagnosis of breast cancer can be possible by the
implementation of screening programs effectively. For this purpose, it is
necessary to encourage healthcare professionals to be sensitive to the subject
as well as increasing the awareness of breast cancer in the community.Giriş ve Amaç: Meme kanseri tüm dünyada yaygın olarak
görülen bir kanser türüdür. Bu çalışmada kadın sağlık çalışanlarının meme
kanseri ve meme kanseri tarama metodlarıyla ilgili bilgi, tutum, davranış ve
sağlık inançlarını değerlendirmeyi hedefledik. Yöntem: Bu çalışma bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinde yürütülmüştür.&nbsp; Veriler yüz yüze görüşme tekniği kullanılarak
doldurulan anket formları aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen
verilerin analizinde SPSS for Win. Ver. 15.0 (Statistical
PackageforSocialSciencesInc., Chicago, ILL., USA) paket programı kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 525
sağlık çalışanının %52,4 (n=275)’ünü ebe/hemşire, %31,2 (n=164)’sini doktor ve
%16,4 (n=86)’ünü diğer yardımcı sağlık personeli oluşturmaktadır. Meme kanseri
belirtilerini bilme durumuna bakıldığında, doktorların diğerlerine göre meme
kanseri belirtilerini daha iyi bildikleri saptanmıştır, bu sonuç istatistiksel
olarak da anlamlıdır (χ²= 101,512; p=0,001). Birinci derece akrabalarında meme
kanseri öyküsü olanların, olmayanlara göre Meme Kanseri Sağlık İnanç Modeli
Ölçeği (MKSİMÖ) duyarlılık alt boyutundan aldıkları puan ortalaması daha yüksek
olarak bulunmuştur (p=0,001). Sonuç:
Meme kanserinde erken tanı, tarama programlarının etkin bir şekilde
yürütülmesiyle yakalanabilir. Bunun için de toplumda meme kanseri
farkındalığının artırılmasının yanında sağlık çalışanlarının konuya
hassasiyetle eğilmelerinin sağlanması gerekmektedir.