bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Incarceration and Racial Inequality
Authors: Pettit Becky , Gutierrez Carmen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite two decades of declining crime rates, the United States continues to incarcerate a historically and comparatively large segment of the population. Moreover, incarceration and other forms of criminal justice contact ranging from police stops to community supervision are disproportionately concentrated among African American and Latino men. Mass incarceration, and other ways in which the criminal justice system infiltrates the lives of families, has critical implications for inequality. Differential rates of incarceration damage the social and emotional development of children whose parents are in custody or under community supervision. The removal through incarceration of a large segment of earners reinforces existing income and wealth disparities. Patterns of incarceration and felony convictions have devastating effects on the level of voting, political engagement, and overall trust in the legal system within communities. Incarceration also has damaging effects on the health of families and communities. In short, the costs of mass incarceration are not simply collateral consequences for individuals but are borne collectively, most notably by African Americans living in acutely disadvantaged communities that experience high levels of policing and surveillance. In this article, we review racial and ethnic differences in exposure to the criminal justice system and its collective consequences.
The Spectacle of Lynching: Rituals of White Supremacy in the Jim Crow South
Authors: Louise Wood Amy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFrom 1890s to the 1930s, white mobs tortured and killed thousands of African Americans across the South. These lynchings, even those committed by the smallest of mobs, were ritualistic and performative, enacting and reinforcing the core beliefs of white supremacy. The narratives and photographs produced after lynchings likewise created and circulated representations of white domination and black subordination. Lynching was thus more than a social or political form of violence; it was a cultural spectacle that conveyed meaning to its white participants and spectators. This article, adapted from the author’s 2009 book, examines the forces that gave rise to lynching spectacles and the cultural work those spectacles performed. It argues that, although the spectacle was reinforced through modern technologies, such as photography, lynching ultimately arose as a reaction against the transformations that modern life had brought to the South. Industrialization and urbanization had destabilized the racial hierarchy and fueled white fears of a black crime wave. Lynching was a violent means to assert order in the face of potential disorder. As such, it was rooted in traditional practices, such as notions of popular justice and public executions, and white southerners interpreted lynching spectacles through local customs and beliefs. Over time, the dissemination of lynching spectacle nationally through modern media by anti‐lynching activists contributed to the decline of mob violence.
More severe intellectual disability found in teenagers compared to younger children with Down syndrome
Authors: Wester Oxelgren Ulrika , Myrelid Åsa , Annerén Göran , Westerlund Joakim , Gustafsson Jan , Fernell Elisabeth 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimWe investigated the severities and profiles of intellectual disability (ID) in a population‐based group of children with Down syndrome and related the findings to coexisting autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodsThere were about 100 children with Down syndrome living in Uppsala County, Sweden, at the time of the study who all received medical services from the same specialist outpatient clinic. The 60 children (68% male) were aged 5–17 years at inclusion: 41 were assessed within the study and 19 had test results from previous assessments, performed within three years before inclusion. We compared two age groups: 5–12 and 13–18 years old.ResultsOf the 60 children, 49 were assessed with a cognitive test and the 11 children who could not participate in formal tests had clinical assessments. Mild ID was found in 9% of the older children and in 35% of the younger children. Severe ID was found in 91% of the older children and 65% of the younger children. Verbal and nonverbal domains did not differ.ConclusionIntellectual level was lower in the older children and patients with Down syndrome need to be followed during childhood with regard to their ID levels.
Developmental stages of the blue‐breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis)
Authors: Nakamura Yoshiaki , Nakane Yoshifumi , Tsudzuki Masaoki 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChickens and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) have traditionally been the primary avian models in developmental biology research. Recently, the blue‐breasted quail (Coturnix chinesis), the smallest species in the order Galliformes, has been proposed as an excellent candidate model in avian developmental studies owing to its precocious and prolific properties. However, data on the embryonic development of blue‐breasted quail are scarce. Here, we developed a normal developmental series for the blue‐breasted quail based on developmental features. The blue‐breasted quail embryos take 17 days to reach the hatching period at 37.7°C. We documented specific periods of incubation in which significant development occurred, and created a 39‐stage developmental series. The developmental series for the blue‐breasted quail was almost identical to that for chickens and Japanese quail in the earlier stages of development (stages 1–16). Our staging series is especially useful at later stages of development (stages 34–39) of blue‐breasted quail embryos as a major criterion of staging in this phase of development was the weight of embryos and the length of third toes.
Magnetic resonance and radiographic imaging of a case of bilateral bipartite navicular bones in a horse
Authors: Harcourt M , Smith C , Bell R , Young A 
Published: October 2018

Case reportWe describe the radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with a case of bilateral forelimb bipartite navicular disease in a 7‐year‐old Warmblood gelding used for eventing. In addition to the radiographically evident partitioned navicular bones, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also detected other concurrent abnormalities occurring within the foot that have not been described before in other cases of navicular bone partition. MRI not only revealed soft tissue lesions of the podotrochlear apparatus, but also allowed for more detailed characterisation of the recently diagnosed osseous navicular bone pathology.ConclusionKnowledge of these additional changes influenced prognostication in this case and provides an explanation for why this condition usually results in such a poor prognosis for the return to previous levels of performance in athletic patients.
Combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation for correction of medial patella luxation and patella alta in dogs
Authors: Drew J , Glyde M , Hosgood G , Newman M 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundPatella alta is the proximal displacement of the patella within the femoral trochlea. Previous studies have identified an association between patella alta and patella luxation. Distalisation of the tibial tuberosity has been recommended to establish proximodistal alignment of the stifle extensor mechanism with the underlying femur in dogs affected by patella alta. However, a recent canine ex vivo study found stifle extensor mechanism load increased significantly following tibial tuberosity distalisation. Generation of excessive load within the stifle extensor mechanism was avoidable by performing a combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation.Case reportTwo dogs presented with acute onset left hindlimb lameness and medial patella luxation. The left patellar ligament length to patella length ratio was 2.37 and 2.39 in each dog (reference range 1.33–2.06), consistent with patella alta. No other stifle abnormalities were identified. Proximodistal stifle extensor mechanism alignment was corrected with a combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation. The postoperative ratio of the distance between the proximal pole of the patella and femoral condyle to patella length ratio (A : P) fell within the corrected reference range (1.52–2.44). Follow‐up orthopaedic examination and postoperative radiographs at 10–12 weeks demonstrated clinical bone union of the femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation sites. No evidence of medial patella luxation or lameness could be detected.ConclusionA combined transverse femoral ostectomy and tibial tuberosity distalisation technique resolved medial patella luxation with patella alta in two dogs. Additionally, the normal A : P reference interval should be corrected to 1.52–2.44.
Do Children Distinguish Between Resource Inequalities With Individual Versus Structural Origins?
Authors: Rizzo Michael T. , Elenbaas Laura , Vanderbilt Kimberly E. 
Published: October 2018

This study investigated children's ability to distinguish between resource inequalities with individual versus structural origins. Children (3‐ to 8‐years‐old; N = 93) were presented with resource inequalities based on either recipients’ merit (individual factor) or gender (structural factor). Children were assessed on their expectations for others’ allocations, own allocations, reasoning, and evaluations of others’ allocations. Children perpetuated merit‐based inequalities and either rectified or allocated equally in response to gender‐based inequalities. Older, but not younger, children expected others to perpetuate both types of inequalities and differed in their evaluations and reasoning. Links between children's allocations and judgments were also found. Results reveal novel insights into children's developing consideration of the structural and individual factors leading to resource inequalities.
Primary aldosteronism is associated with decreased low‐density and high‐density lipoprotein particle concentrations and increased GlycA, a pro‐inflammatory glycoprotein biomarker
Authors: Berends Annika M. A. , Buitenwerf Edward , Gruppen Eke G. , Sluiter Wim J. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Connelly Margery A. , Kerstens Michiel N. , Dullaart Robin P. F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrimary aldosteronism (PA) may confer increased cardiovascular risk beyond effects on systemic blood pressure, but contributing mechanisms remain incompletely understood. We compared plasma (apo)lipoproteins and lipoprotein particle characteristics, GlycA, a pro‐inflammatory glycoprotein biomarker of enhanced chronic inflammation, and plasma total branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA), measured using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, between patients with PA, control subjects without hypertension, subjects with untreated hypertension and subjects with treated hypertension.MethodsTwenty PA patients were individually matched with 2819 control subjects without hypertension, 501 subjects with untreated hypertension and 878 subjects with treated hypertension participating in the PREVEND (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End‐Stage Disease) cohort study with respect to age, sex, body mass index, smoking and statin use. The Vantera® Clinical Analyzer was used to determine NMR‐based laboratory parameters.ResultsTotal cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), apolipoprotein (apo) B, apolipoprotein A‐I (apoA‐I), LDL particle and HDL particle concentrations were all decreased in PA subjects vs control subjects and subjects with untreated hypertension (P < 0.016). Triglycerides (TG) and triglyceride‐rich lipoprotein (TRL) concentrations were lower in PA subjects vs subjects with (untreated) hypertension. GlycA was increased in PA vs the three comparator groups (P < 0.016). Total BCAA concentrations were unaltered in PA.ConclusionsPrimary aldosteronism is associated with lower concentrations of LDL and HDL particles and to some extent also with lower TG and TRL particle concentrations. PA is also characterized by increased GlycA levels, indicating enhanced low‐grade chronic inflammation. Low HDL particle concentrations and increased GlycA could contribute to accelerated cardiovascular disease development in PA.
Altered lateralization of dorsal language tracts in 6‐week‐old infants at risk for autism
Authors: Liu Janelle , Tsang Tawny , Jackson Lisa , Ponting Carolyn , Jeste Shafali S. , Bookheimer Susan Y. , Dapretto Mirella 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAltered structural connectivity has been identified as a possible biomarker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in the developing brain. Core features of ASD include impaired social communication and early language delay. Thus, examining white matter tracts associated with language may lend further insight into early signs of ASD risk and the mechanisms that underlie language impairments associated with the disorder. Evidence of altered structural connectivity has previously been detected in 6‐month‐old infants at high familial risk for developing ASD. However, as language processing begins in utero, differences in structural connectivity between language regions may be present in the early infant brain shortly after birth. Here we investigated key white matter pathways of the dorsal language network in 6‐week‐old infants at high (HR) and low (LR) risk for ASD to identify atypicalities in structural connectivity that may predict altered developmental trajectories prior to overt language delays and the onset of ASD symptomatology. Compared to HR infants, LR infants showed higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF); in contrast, in the right SLF, HR infants showed higher FA than LR infants. Additionally, HR infants showed more rightward lateralization of the SLF. Across both groups, measures of FA and lateralization of these pathways at 6 weeks of age were related to later language development at 18 months of age as well as ASD symptomatology at 36 months of age. These findings indicate that early differences in the structure of language pathways may provide an early predictor of future language development and ASD risk.
Temporal changes in the incidence and predictors of severe hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study
Authors: Davis Timothy M. E. , Bruce David G. , Finn Judith , Curtis Bradley H. , Barraclough Helen , Davis Wendy A. 
Published: October 2018

AimTo determine the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia and its predictors in community‐based patients with type 2 diabetes studied between 2008 and 2013 compared with those in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes from the same geographical area assessed a decade earlier.MethodsWe studied 1551 participants (mean age 65.7 years, 51.9% men) with type 2 diabetes from the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase II (FDS2). Severe hypoglycaemia was ascertained as that requiring ambulance attendance, emergency department services and/or hospitalization. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to determine predictors of a first episode of severe hypoglycaemia, and negative binomial regression was used to identify predictors of frequency.ResultsSixty‐three participants (4.1%) experienced 83 episodes, representing an incidence of 1.34/100 participant‐years (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.67; vs 1.67/100 participant‐years [95% CI 1.31‐2.13] in the Fremantle Diabetes Study Phase I [FDS1]; P = 0.18). Those experiencing severe hypoglycaemia experienced one to four episodes in both cohorts. The independent predictors of incident severe hypoglycaemia in the FDS2 were: older age; higher educational attainment; alcohol consumption; current smoking; sulphonylurea/insulin treatment; prior severe hypoglycaemia; renal impairment; and plasma N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP). The same variables except smoking were associated with frequency of severe hypoglycaemia. Most of these risk factors paralleled those in the FDS1, but current smoking and plasma NT‐proBNP were novel.ConclusionsThe incidence and frequency of severe hypoglycaemia did not change between the Fremantle Diabetes Study phases but novel risk factors, including plasma NT‐proBNP, were observed in the FDS2.
Demonstrating Success: Identity, Emotions, and Risk in the “Trianon Demonstration” in Melbourne
Authors: Andits Petra 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article reexamines the concept of successful outcome and its relation to collective social action. Specifically, it looks at a demonstration organized by Australian‐Hungarian community members in Melbourne, Australia, in 2005 that failed to meet any of its original goals, yet was nonetheless perceived as a success by participants. In order to make sense of this seeming disjuncture, I argue we need to understand the protest as a performance through which protestors’ emotional transformations were able to alter both the meaning and the content of the collective action. More specifically, I argue that the performance of identity and the perception of risk were key factors contributing to participants’ perception of the demonstration's success. Drawing on ethnographic data highlighting protestors’ experiences and interpretations, this article blends social movement literature on emotions and identity with theories on risk in order to rethink how we evaluate mobilization outcomes and participant perceptions.
Telic Attunements: Moods and Ultimate Values (Among Meditation Practitioners in the United States)
Authors: Mckay Francis 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMoral anthropology has recently highlighted a variety of sine quibus non (virtue, freedom, evil, and so on) that are conceptually needed if anthropologists are to better understand morality. I add to this list the concept of “telos” and offer an account for how it features in the emotional lives of ethical subjects. Applying recent work in moral anthropology on ultimate values to a discussion of moods, I argue that moods disclose attunements to telic values, and do so in three key ways, namely, as attunements of absence, proximity, and fulfillment, what collectively I call “telic attunements.” I illustrate this through my own ethnographic research on the kinds of moods that turned up for a community of Shambhala Buddhist meditators, showing how meditation was used to move away from absence and toward fulfillment.
Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Making Sense of Senses in Expert Nursing
Authors: Ihlebæk Hanna Marie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this article, I draw on material from an ethnographic and phenomenological study of knowledge and professionalism among registered nurses working in a cancer unit at a Norwegian hospital. During the study, the use of the senses stood out as an important skill in nurses’ work with patients. The question to be investigated in this article is how the nurses acquire and use sensory knowledge in their clinical work. Building on a notion of knowledge as situated, embodied, and sensory, and learning as embedded in doing, this article contributes to and expands on the study of sensory knowledge in two respects. First, it foregrounds the processes and practices in which sensory knowledge is actually formed and used at a microlevel. Second, it highlights how an ethnographic and phenomenological exploration of the acquisition and use of sensory knowledge can contribute new insights into how expertise is cultivated in everyday clinical practice.
2018 KLEIN LECTURE: INDIVIDUAL AND AGGREGATE LABOR SUPPLY IN HETEROGENEOUS AGENT ECONOMIES WITH INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE MARGINS
Authors: Chang Yongsung , Kim Sun‐Bin , Kwon Kyooho , Rogerson Richard 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe study business cycle fluctuations in heterogeneous agent general equilibrium models featuring intensive and extensive margins of labor supply. A nonlinear mapping from time devoted to work to labor services generates operative extensive and intensive margins. Our model captures the salient features of the empirical distribution of hours worked, including how individuals transit within this distribution. We study how various specifications influence labor supply responses to aggregate technology shocks and find that abstracting from intensive margin adjustment can have large effects on the volatility of aggregate hours even if fluctuations along the intensive margin are small.
Perfect regular equilibrium
Authors: Jung Hanjoon Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe extend the solution concept of perfect Bayesian equilibrium to general games that allow a continuum of types and strategies. In finite games, a perfect Bayesian equilibrium is weakly consistent and a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium. In general games, however, it might not satisfy these criteria. To solve this problem, we revise the definition of perfect Bayesian equilibrium by replacing Bayes’ rule with regular conditional probability. The revised solution concept is referred to as perfect regular equilibrium. We present the conditions that ensure the existence of this equilibrium. Then we show that every perfect regular equilibrium is always weakly consistent and a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium, and is equivalent to a simple version of perfect Bayesian equilibrium in a finite game.
Why SNP rs227584 is associated with human BMD and fracture risk? A molecular and cellular study in bone cells
Authors: Zhou Xu , Qiu Ying‐Hua , He Pei , Jiang Fei , Wu Long‐Fei , Lu Xin , Lei Shu‐Feng , Deng Fei‐Yan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA large number of SNPs significant for osteoporosis (OP) had been identified by genome‐wide association studies. However, the underlying association mechanisms were largely unknown. From the perspective of protein phosphorylation, gene expression regulation, and bone cell activity, this study aims to illustrate association mechanisms for representative SNPs of interest.We utilized public databases and bioinformatics tool to identify OP‐associated SNPs which potentially influence protein phosphorylation (phosSNPs). Associations with hip/spine BMD, as well as fracture risk, in human populations for one significant phosSNP, that is, rs227584 (major/minor allele: C/A, EAS population) located in C17orf53 gene, were suggested in prior meta‐analyses. Specifically, carriers of allele C had significant higher BMD and lower risk of low‐trauma fractures than carriers of A. We pursued to test the molecular and cellular functions of rs227584 in bone through osteoblastic cell culture and multiple assays.We identified five phosSNPs significant for OP (P < 0.01). The osteoblastic cells, which was transfected with wild‐type C17orf53 (allele C at rs227584, P126), demonstrated specific interaction with NEK2 kinase, increased expression levels of osteoblastic genes significantly (OPN, OCN, COL1A1, P < 0.05), and promoted osteoblast growth and ALP activity, in contrast to those transfected with mutant C17orf53 (allele A at rs227584, T126).In the light of the consistent evidences between the present functional study in human bone cells and the prior association studies in human populations, we conclude that the SNP rs227584, via altering protein‐kinase interaction, regulates osteoblastic gene expression, influences osteoblast growth and activity, hence to affect BMD and fracture risk in humans.