bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wh-movement and the syntax of sluicing
Authors: TOOSARVANDANI MAZIAR 
Published: April 2019

Sluicing – the elliptical construction in which all of a constituent question goes missing except for the interrogative phrase – is commonly analyzed as involving movement of the interrogative phrase to Spec-CP followed by deletion of TP (Ross 1969, Merchant 2001). In this paper, I examine how well the movement-plus-deletion analysis extends to Farsi, awh-in situ language that, surprisingly, has a sluicing construction nearly identical to its English counterpart. I argue that the interrogative phrase in Farsi sluicing escapes deletion not bywh-movement as in English but by a type of focus movement. This operation, which normally applies very generally and is optional, is restricted in sluicing contexts in two ways: (i) it is obligatory, and (ii) it only applies to interrogative phrases. I propose a formal implementation that integrates these two properties into the licensing requirement on deletion, advancing the current understanding of the syntax of sluicing.
A high-energy electron density modulator driven by an intense laser standing wave
Authors: Zhou Shiyi , Zhang Zhijun , Zhou Chuliang , Li Zhongpeng , Tian Ye , Liu Jiansheng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA high energy electron density modulator from a high-intensity laser standing wave field is studied herein by investigating the ultrafast motion of electrons in the field. Electrons converge at the electric field antinodes, and the discrete electron density peaks modulated by the field located at the corresponding laser phases of kx = nπ, (n = 0, 1, 2, …), that is, the modulation period is 1/2 the wavelength of the individual laser. We also discussed the influence of the laser parameters such as laser intensity and waist size on the beam modulator. It is shown that a long interaction length (waist) or sufficiently high field intensity is essential for relativistic electron density modulation.
Forevacuum plasma source of continuous electron beam
Authors: Klimov Aleksandr , Bakeev Ilya , Oks Efim , Zenin Aleksey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe describe here the design, main parameters, and characteristics of a forevacuum-pressure plasma-cathode electron source based on a hollow-cathode discharge. The source generates a continuous focused electron beam with energy up to 30 keV and current up to 300 mA at a pressure of 10–50 Pa. The focused electron beam reaches a maximum power density of 106 W/cm2. The source utility has been demonstrated by its application for processing and cutting of ceramic.
Écrire la nature
Authors: Ingold Alice 
Published: April 2019

RésuméCet article analyse comment s’élabore le gouvernement des eaux courantes dans la première moitié du XIXesiècle, en combinant leur inscription dans la catégorie des choses communes, une extension du droit de police de l’administration et des garanties nouvelles apportées aux usages. L’enquête porte sur la tentative des ingénieurs des Ponts et Chaussées de concevoir une « gestion intégrée » des eaux d’une vallée. Comment cette politique ouvret- elle une réflexion sur ledroitqui pourrait la soutenir, sur le rôle de l’administrationdans sa mise en oeuvre et sur lessavoirsqui pourraient la fonder ? La conflictualité de cette politique est observée à partir de l’analyse d’une controverse scientifique et technique qui se déploie en Roussillon puis enrôle l’Académie des sciences et la Société centrale d’agriculture. On y observe comment l’administration tente de faire prévaloir une définition unifiée du cours d’eau, visant à la fois à hiérarchiser les différents acteurs d’un bassin, particulièrement lesanciens usagerset lesnouveaux entrants, et à défendre un espace d’intervention indépendant de celui de la justice. La mesure des eaux occupe une place centrale, au travers de la discussion de la notion depénurie, et engage des conflits entre administration et justice pour la régulation des eaux. Les savoirs déployés par les ingénieurs, savoirs naturalistes et savoirs de la mesure, renvoient à leur capacité à rendre compatibles des usages, des pratiques et des savoirs concurrents de la rivière. Ils se heurtent en même temps à la capacité pratique du droit à trancher des conflits.
Sur la formation des prix dans l’économie du haut Moyen Âge
Authors: Feller Laurent 
Published: April 2019

RésuméDurant le haut Moyen Âge, l’échange marchand coexiste avec l’échange non marchand. Le but de cet article est d’examiner la présence de ces deux grandes modalités de l’échange au sein de la vie économique durant une période où l’existence même de surplus fait question. Les déficiences supposées des moyens de production, leur éventuelle inadéquation avec le développement, l’incompétence – elle aussi postulée – des Élites font que l’échange par le marché et la possibilité qu’il existe un secteur de profit sont le plus souvent sous-évalués, voire niés. Les Élites sociales tout comme les agriculteurs ou les commerçants ont à l’égard de la production, de la consommation et de l’échange des attitudes très nuancées et complexes. Les moines savent, au VIesiècle, comment se forment les prix et comment il faut jouer avec les règles pour assurer son salut, tout comme au IXesiècle et la comparaison entre les pratiques d’Adalhard de Corbie et la règle de saint Benoît (ou celle du maître) livre l’explication de leur attitude à l’égard des prix : pour eux, les choses ont une valeur qu’il est possible de mesurer et de modifier. L’attitude des Élites carolingiennes et post-carolingiennes lors des famines permet d’établir comment les autorités ont compris les règles de l’échange marchand à l’intérieur d’un monde chrétien. Il y a, au bout du compte, un savoir partagé mais tacite sur le fonctionnement des échanges et une conscience de ce que, en fonction des buts poursuivis, ceux-ci peuvent prendre plusieurs formes.
L’esclavage et la logique constitutionnelle des empires
Authors: Fradera Josep M. 
Published: April 2019

RésuméL’histoire des empires atlantiques montre bien la difficulté de concilier les systèmes représentatifs et les institutions libérales avec l’esclavage ou avec les tensions propres aux sociétés post-esclavagistes. L’article explore les contradictions entre le développement du libéralisme dans les métropoles et leurs conséquences problématiques dans les colonies. L’analyse est centrée sur trois cas emblématiques : les Antilles françaises à l’époque de la Révolution, Cuba pendant la révolution libérale espagnole des années 1830-1840 et la Jamaïque britannique en 1865, au moment de l’apogée de l’empire victorien. Nous cherchons à mieux comprendre la question des « régimes spéciaux » dans le cadre des systèmes constitutionnels des empires européens pendant les XIXeet XXesiècles.
Historiens et économistes face à l ‘émergence des institutions du marché
Authors: Boyer Robert 
Published: April 2019

RésuméLes outils de la theorie des jeux permettent-ils d’ouvrir un nouveau programme de recherche en histoire economique en montrant comment les institutions du marche ont emerge des strategies rationnelles des marchands eux-meme ? L’ouvrage d’Avner Greif constitue a ce jour le plaidoyer le plus meticuleux, mais aussi le plus ambitieux, en faveur d’une telle approche. Il allie en effet des recherches proprement historiques avec un usage virtuose de toute une serie de jeux repetes. L’auteur s’adresse plus a ses collegues theoriciens economistes qu’aux historiens, car il postule, meme s’il ne cesse de s’en defendre, que les marchands du Xeau XIVesiecle ont les cartes cognitives comportant les notions d’actualisation, de calcul des probabilite, d’equilibre parfait d’un jeu et bien d’autres notions encore plus sophistiquees. Le rapport aux archives se distend et l’auteur ne s’inquiete pas des contre-exemples qu’il fournit lui-meme et qui soulignent la fragilite d’une superbe construction intellectuelle sur des bases documentaires lacunaires. De ce fait, la narration analytique vient enrichir la boite a outils de l’historien sans constituer pour autant la revolution attendue par A. Greif.
«Temporalisation» et modernité politique: penser avec Koselleck
Authors: Escudier Alexandre 
Published: April 2019

RésuméLa catégorie de « temporalisation » est omniprésente dans les textes fondateurs de laBegriffsgeschichtekoselleckienne. Elle renvoie à la question générale de la temporalité humaine et au problème épistémologique des temporalités historiques en particulier. Elle constitue en outre, pour Koselleck, un cadre interprétatif fondamental de notre modernité politique. Ce texte revient sur ces différents problèmes en reconstruisant la « théorie générale de l’expérience historique » qui se trouve à l’arrière-plan. Un inventaire des usages analytiques de la catégorie de «temporalisation » est ensuite proposé. Par là même, le schème de la « temporalisation » apparaît comme un processus global traversant notre modernité politique, en interaction avec d’autres processus englobants, qu’il s’agit aujourd’hui de tenter de typologiser dans la continuité certes, mais au-delà du cadre koselleckien initial. Soucieux de faire apparaître, en les distinguant et articulant ensemble, les différents niveaux d’analyse mis en œuvre par l’entreprise même de l’histoire des langages politiques modernes, cet article tente de réengager le dialogue entre l’histoire (structurelle, culturelle et événementielle) et les sciences politiques en reconnaissant un statut causal propre aux idées politiques et religieuses modernes, à la philosophie politique et juridique moderne, à l’inertie des sémantiques historiques sur la longue durée: toutes choses qui ne peuvent être causalement, et partant disciplinairement, disqualifiées que parce que l’on part d’une vision étriquée et pauvre de ce qu’est l’expérience de l’histoire.
L’histoire qui revient La forme cinématographique de l’histoire dans Caché et La Question humaine
Authors: de Baecque Antoine 
Published: April 2019

RésuméParfois, l’histoire passe dans un film, et ce passage le transforme, conditionnant des « formes cinématographiques de l’histoire ». Nous prenons deux exemples récents où l’histoire revient dans un film pour le bouleverser: Caché (2005), film français du cinéaste autrichien Michael Haneke, et La Question humaine, réalisé par Nicolas Klotz et Élisabeth Perceval en 2007. Dans le premier, remonte une violence aux racines historiques, à travers les événements du 17 octobre 1961 et le sort fait aux Français musulmans d’Algérie en métropole. Dans La Question humaine, qui se déroule également à Paris de nos jours, l’histoire, celle du système d’extermination nazi, s’infiltre peu à peu dans l’enquête interne que mène dans son entreprise un responsable des ressources humaines, remettant en cause sa personnalité et sa fonction. Ni Caché ni La Question humaine ne sont à proprement parler des « films historiques ». Pourtant, ce sont bien deux films d’histoire. Car, dans un contexte polémique, ils sont déterminés par certaines formes cinématographiques de l’histoire (le palimpseste, l’effet spectral, le récit policier) que nous tentons ici d’analyser.
AT WATER'S EDGE: RITUAL MAYA ANIMAL USE IN AQUATIC CONTEXTS AT CANCUEN, GUATEMALA
Authors: Thornton Erin Kennedy , Demarest Arthur A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExcavations at the Late Classic Maya site of Cancuen (Petén Department, Guatemala) uncovered a small-scale hydraulic system including stone-lined canals and reservoirs within the architectural core of the site. The abundance of other nearby potable water sources along with the elaborate form of the system demonstrate that it served an ideological rather than practical function. Artifacts deposited in the reservoirs support this interpretation. Moreover, the reservoir located in front of the site's royal palace contained the remains of at least 30 individuals who may represent members of the royal court massacred during the site's collapse. This paper reports the animal remains found within the site's reservoirs to further explore the nature and extent of ritual and disposal activities within these aquatic contexts. Inter- and intrasite comparisons are used to contextualize the results within broader discussions of how we identify ritual activity in the zooarchaeological record, and the role of water in ancient Maya ideological and political systems.
Multimodality imaging for no contrast trans-catheter closure of an arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Góreczny Sebastian , Podgórski Michał , Moszura Tomasz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA 6-year-old patient was diagnosed with an arteriovenous fistula in the neck region. Non-invasive three-dimensional imaging, including computed tomography and ultrasonography, was used for guidance of percutaneous closure of the fistula and evaluation of the final outcome.
Clinical Experience and Practical Skills: Results from Mexico City's Paramedic Registry
Authors: Peralta Luis M. Pinet , Fraga Juan M. , Asensio Enrique 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroduction: Trauma is a leading cause of death and disability in Mexico. Unintentional injuries, along with diabetes and heart disease, contribute to >35% of the country's total mortality. Effective and efficient prehospital care of the conditions may improve outcomes.Objective: The objective of this paper was to determine if prehospital field experience (PFE) correlated with higher passing rates among candidates for the paramedic registry in Mexico City.Methods: This was a retrospective, cohort study using data from the Voluntary Registry of Prehospital Care Professionals (VRPHP) in Mexico City.Results: The mean value for candidate age was 30.6 years and mean value for the years of PFE was 6.8 years (CI = 9–13 years). Most of the applicants were male and almost 90% were basic emergency medical services providers. Sixty-five percent of the candidates were from private, non-profit organizations, 73% were volunteers, and 19% had obtained a university degree. More than 57% had ≥5 years of PFE, but the experience level did not correlate significantly with higher passing rates for the registry evaluation (χ2 = 1.66, p = 0.43).The results differed between the two years that the examination was offered (χ2 = 32.98, df = 1, p <0.001, γ = 0.54), regardless of gender, education, and years of experience.Conclusions: Previous field experience showed no correlation with passing rates, although the correlations improved between examination periods. The results may be used to support appropriate implementation of future health policies for prehospital emergency services.
Testing the Use of Symptom-Based Terrorism Triage Algorithms with Hospital-Based Providers
Authors: Bond William F. , Subbarao Italo , Kimmel Sharon R. , Kuklinski Jeffrey , Johnson Christopher , Eberhardt Mary , Vozenilek John 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroduction: A set of symptom-based, all-hazards, decision-making algorithms was designed to aid the first-contact provider during early patient presentations after a terrorist incident.Objective: The primary objective was to assess the usability of these algorithms. A secondary objective was to assess the psychometric properties of the testing scenarios.Methods: This was a written, usability assessment of the algorithms employing a convenience sample of hospital-based, healthcare providers who had not taken any specific training in the use of the algorithms. A series of 26 paragraph-length, moderately difficult scenarios was created to reflect possible agents, means of attack, and types of patients. Each of the 26 scenarios requires that one make a triage choice on the “attack” algorithm (the trunk algorithm), then proceed to one of four other branch algorithms (dirty resuscitation, chemical agents, biological agents, bomb/blast/radiation dispersal device) to make a final triage choice. Conditional scores based on getting both the attack and final card correct were calculated for each algorithm.Results: Nineteen attending physicians, 50 emergency medicine residents, and 41 nurses took the assessment. The total score was 45% correct for all participants. The score on the attack algorithm was 66% correct. Dirty resuscitation, biological, chemical, and bomb/blast scores were 46%, 54%, 46%, and 51% respectively. The probability of guessing the correct answer on the attack algorithm was 1/7 or 14%. The conditional probability of guessing both the attack algorithm and the final card correct ranged from 4.7% for the biological, chemical, and bomb/blast algorithms to 2.4% for the dirty resuscitation algorithm. Item discrimination, item difficulty, and Cronbach's alpha were acceptable for the overall test. Certain individual items had item difficulty levels suggesting they were too difficult and should be replaced in future versions of the test.Conclusions: Performance on the test suggests that participants did substantially better than would have been expected by chance alone. Future efforts will revise the algorithms with the goal of simplification. Revision of the testing instrument and testing algorithm use after instruction also are needed.
Organizational Description and Emergency Preparedness of Nationally Registered First Responders
Authors: Studnek Jonathan R. , Fernandez Antonio R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroduction: This study intended to describe the types of organizations and communities in which Nationally Registered First Responders (NRFR) perform their duties. Also, it aimed to estimate the number of NRFR who received disaster preparedness training. It was hypothesized that NRFR participation in disaster preparedness training was related to the types of organizations and communities in which they performed their duties.Methods: The NRFR re-registering in 2006 were asked to report the organization type and community size in which they work. They also were asked to report the amount and content of preparedness training received during the last 24 months. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was utilized to describe the relationship between NRFR organizational characteristics and the receipt of disaster preparedness training.Results: The analysis included 872 (59%) individuals who completed the survey and reported working for one or more emergency medical services (EMS) organizations. The majority of NRFR performed work in rural areas (75%) and more NRFR reported working for fire departments (61%) than for any other organization type. In all categories of service type, participants who reported working in urban areas had higher odds of receiving disaster preparedness training than those working in rural areas. Additionally, regardless of community size, individuals working in fire departments were more likely to receive disaster preparedness training.Conclusions: This study indicated that the majority of NRFR perform EMS duties for fire departments and work in rural communities. In this sample of NRFR, more than one-quarter did not receive disaster preparedness training within a 24-month period. Finally, a statistical model was constructed that indicated a relationship between service type, community size, and the participation in disaster preparedness training.
Impact of Hurricane Rita on Texas Poison Center Calls
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroduction: On 24 September 2005, Hurricane Rita made landfall in eastern Texas, resulting in the mandatory evacuation of 16 counties and declaration of disaster areas in 22 counties afterward.Hypothesis: This study tested whether the evacuation and hurricane landfall affected the pattern of Texas poison center calls.Methods: Texas poison center calls received from the 22 disaster-area counties were identified for three time periods: (1) 10–20 September 2005 (pre-evacuation); (2) 21–25 September 2005 (evacuation and hurricane landfall); and (3) 26 September–08 October 2005 (post-evacuation). The numbers of calls reviewed during the two latter time periods were compared to a baseline range (BR) derived from the number of calls received during corresponding time periods in 2002, 2003, and 2004. This comparison was made for total calls, as well as calls involving pill identifications, other information, total exposures, carbon monoxide exposures, gasoline exposures, food poisoning, water contamination, and other information.Results: The daily call volume was relatively stable during the pre-evacuation period (mean = 291), declined during the evacuation period (mean = 191), and returned to normal volume during the post-evacuation period (mean = 283). During the evacuation and landfall period, only gasoline exposure calls were higher than expected (n = 68, BR = 11–30). During the post-evacuation period, the only higher than expected call volumes were for carbon monoxide exposures (n = 11, BR -2–10) and gasoline exposures (n = 40, BR = 12–28).Conclusions: During an evacuation, total poison center call volume in the affected area may decline, although certain calls such as those involving gasoline exposures might increase. After a hurricane, the total call volume returns to normal, but certain calls such as those involving carbon monoxide and gasoline exposures may increase. This information allows for poison centers and public health providers to prepare their response to hurricanes and to educate the population before such events occurs.
Care across all phases of schizophrenia and initiation of treatment: discrepancy between routine practice and evidence. The SIEP-DIRECT's Project
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Bacigalupi Maurizio , Casacchia Massimo , Miceli Maurizio , Morganti Carla , Scavo Vincenzo , Allevi Liliana , Lupoi Sergio , Cristofalo Doriana , Lasalvia Antonio , Lora Antonio , Semina Domenico 
Published: April 2019

SUMMARYAims– To evaluate the quality of psychiatric care in Italian community-based services and the discrepancy between real practices and NICE recommendations for the treatment of schizophrenia concerning the elements common to all phases of care and the first episode of psychosis.Methods– Data concerning 14 indicators on common aspects of care in all phases and 11 indicators concerning psychosis onset, drawn from NICE Recommendations, were collected in 19 Departments of Mental Health.Results– An optimistic attitude seems to prevail in the staff in all phases of care, while remarkable discrepancies between service practice and recommendations have been found in relation to systematic assessment, availability of informative leaflets and support to relatives. Concerning the treatment of first episode, a lack of specific services and differentiated activities, and paucity of practices based on specific guidelines has been detected. However, Italian community based services proved to have a good capacity to provide help quickly to those seeking help for a psychotic onset, to maintain regular contact with them in the subsequent year, and provide pharmacological treatment reasonably in line with the scientific evidence. Instead, little specific support is provided to the relatives.Conclusions– The results show critical points concerning capacity of assessment and treatment standardization, in all aspects of care and specifically in the treatment for the first episode. Differentiation of activities specifically dedicated to the patients at their first episode should be promoted as well as strategies to support relatives in a more specific way.Declaration of Interest:none.