bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants as a function of biofilm structure: optical coherence tomography, confocal microscopy and viscoelasticity determination as integrated assessment tools
Authors: Busanello F. H. , Petridis X. , So M. V. R. , Dijkstra R. J. B. , Sharma P. K. , van der Sluis L. W. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate the influence of biofilm structure on the biofilm removal capacity of endodontic irrigants and to study changes in the architecture of the remaining biofilms.MethodologyStreptococcus oralis J22 and Actinomyces naeslundii T14V‐J1 were cocultured under different growth conditions on saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite discs. A constant depth film fermenter (CDFF) was used to grow steady‐state 4‐day biofilms. Biofilms were grown under static conditions for 4 and 10 days within a confined space. Twenty microlitres of 2% NaOCl, 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), 17% Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) and buffer were applied statically on the biofilms for 60 s. Biofilm removal was evaluated with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Post‐treated biofilms were assessed via low load compression testing (LLCT) and Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Optical coherence tomography data were analysed through a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Low load compression testing and CLSM data were analysed through one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett's post hoc test. The level of significance was set at a < 0.05.ResultsThe initial biofilm structure affected the biofilm removal capacity of the irrigants. NaOCl demonstrated the greatest chemical efficacy against the biofilms and was significantly more effective on the static than the CDFF biofilms (P < 0.001). CHX was ineffective and caused a rearrangement of the biofilm structure. Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid exhibited a distinct removal effect only on the CDFF biofilms. Biofilm age influenced the structure of the remaining biofilms. The 4‐day grown remaining biofilms had a significantly different viscoelastic pattern compared to the respective 10‐day grown biofilms (P ≤ 0.01), especially in the NaOCl‐treated group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis confirmed the CHX‐induced biofilm structural rearrangement.ConclusionsBiofilm structure is an influential factor on the chemical efficacy of endodontic irrigants. Optical coherence tomography allows biofilm removal characteristics to be studied. NaOCl should remain the primary irrigant. Ethylene‐diamine‐tetra‐acetic acid was effective against cell‐rich/EPS‐poor biofilms. Chlorhexidine did not remove biofilm, but rather rearranged its structure.
A bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on Fairtrade labelling
Authors: Ruggeri Giordano , Orsi Luigi , Corsi Stefano 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSince its foundation, the Fairtrade movement has attracted the attention of consumers, practitioners, media and scholars. Discussing the role that Fairtrade can play on a global yet locally rooted scale is very complex, as research reports contrasting results about its usefulness and effectiveness. This study examines scientific research on Fairtrade over the last decades by conducting a bibliometric analysis of the literature published on the ISI Web of Knowledge Core Collection, which included 876 papers by 1,293 authors in 432 journals. Results show that despite this being a relatively recent field of study, Fairtrade has been approached from different disciplines with different methodologies and objectives. The structured quantitative study of the literature enabled us to inspect how research has evolved over the years in the light of the changes faced by Fairtrade, to explore its scope in the broader field of the global market, to detect current research schools and perspectives within the network and to identify hitherto unaddressed issues and unconnected subfields.
Geography, climate, ecology: What is more important in determining bee diversity in the Aegean Archipelago?
Authors: Kaloveloni Aggeliki , Tscheulin Thomas , Petanidou Theodora 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimUnderstanding which factors drive α‐ and β‐diversity is fundamental to ecological and biogeographical research. Especially in archipelagos, diversity patterns are interesting due to the numerous factors influencing them. Here, we investigate the importance of climate and ecogeographical factors in shaping α‐ and β‐diversity patterns of bee species in the Aegean Archipelago, a bee diversity hotspot.LocationNineteen islands in the Aegean Archipelago, located along a N–S climate gradient.MethodsWe systematically sampled the bee fauna of phryganic communities in 100 sites across 19 islands. Using generalized linear models (GLMs), we tested climatic (viz. annual mean temperature and annual precipitation), geographical (island area, proportion of surrounding land mass, distance to climatically similar land mass, and maximum step length of pathway to nearest island/mainland), and ecological parameters (viz. floral abundance) as determinants of bee diversity. Following a multimodel island species–area relationship (ISAR) framework, we ranked islands according to the observed richness to identify biodiversity hotspots. Furthermore, we estimated the effect of the above factors on overall β‐diversity as well as on turnover and nestedness components, using multiple regression models on distance matrices.ResultsIsland area was the best predictor, positively affecting α‐diversity, together with precipitation, surrounding land mass proportion, and floral abundance. Temperature was found to have a significant negative effect on α‐diversity. Among all study islands, Samothraki and Kea stood out as bee diversity hotspots, with a bee richness higher than predicted by the multimodel ISAR. The overall β‐diversity was mainly driven by the turnover component and positively related to precipitation differences, whereas the nestedness component was positively affected by differences in area and surrounding land mass proportion.Main conclusionThis study highlights the importance of geography and climate in shaping both α‐ and β‐diversity of bees in the Aegean and suggests that both factors are likely to be crucial for analysing and predicting bee diversity responses to future environmental changes.
Efficacy and safety of azilsartan medoxomil/chlortalidone fixed‐dose combination in hypertensive patients uncontrolled on azilsartan medoxomil alone: A randomized trial
Authors: Collier David J. , Juhasz Attila , Agabiti‐Rosei Enrico , Lloyd Eric , Hisada Michie , Zhao Lin , Kupfer Stuart , Caulfield Mark J. 
Published: October 2018

Patients with grade 2‐3 essential hypertension and postplacebo mean clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP) 160‐190 mm Hg and 24‐hour SBP 140‐175 mm Hg by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) received 40 mg azilsartan medoxomil (AZL‐M) monotherapy for 4 weeks. “Nonresponders” were then randomized to 8 weeks of double‐blind treatment with AZL‐M 40 mg, AZL‐M/chlortalidone (CLD) 40/25, or AZL‐M/CLD 40/12.5 mg. After 8 weeks, mean clinic SBP change was −21.1 (±1.04) mm Hg for AZL‐M/CLD 40/25 mg, −15.8 (±1.08) mm Hg for AZL‐M/CLD 40/12.5 mg, and −6.4 (±1.05) mm Hg for AZL‐M 40 mg (P < 0.001 for both AZL‐M/CLD vs AZL‐M, ANCOVA). Drug discontinuation rates were 8.9% (AZL‐M/CLD 40/25 mg), 7.5% (AZL‐M 40 mg), and 3.9% (AZL‐M/CLD 40/12.5 mg). Creatinine increased in 8.1% (AZL‐M/CLD 40/25), 3.1% (AZL‐M/CLD 40/12.5 mg), and 3.0% (AZL‐M 40 mg) of patients. AZL‐M/CLD was effective and well tolerated in patients not achieving blood pressure targets with AZL‐M.
Evaluation of an interprofessional continuing professional development course on comprehensive diabetes care: A mixed‐methods approach
Authors: Beckman Darrick , Wardian Jana , Sauerwein Tom J. , True Mark W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRationaleSince there are only 33 endocrinologists within the Department of Defence and over 150 000 beneficiaries with diabetes, most patients with diabetes will be treated by primary care providers (PCPs). Comprehensive diabetes care visits are extensive and the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) routinely change; thus, providing current evidence‐based care is difficult. Most professional development courses aim to update PCPs on CPGs but are often inadequate as they focus on only the PCPs (not the interdisciplinary team) without a plan to implement changes into practice.ObjectiveTo evaluate the biannual (twice yearly), 3‐day, interprofessional Diabetes Champion Course (DCC) developed by the US Air Force Diabetes Center of Excellence on comprehensive diabetes care.MethodsA mixed‐methods approach was used to evaluate three iterations of the DCC course (Sept 2014‐Sept 2015). Quantitatively, pre‐course and post‐course surveys were used to obtain impact on knowledge, skills, and intention to change clinical practice. Qualitatively, semi‐structured phone interviews were conducted with participants to obtain benefits to their clinic related to attending the DCC and barriers to implementation of the CPG process improvement project.ResultsTwelve of 19 responding clinics (63%) reported implementing all or part of their original CPG project developed at the DCC, and 17 of 19 clinics (89%) reported improvements associated with attending the DCC. Post‐course surveys, from on location participants, revealed significant improvements in knowledge (P < 0.01). Likewise, foot exam skills and ability to demonstrate glucose meters to patients improved. Even with high pre‐course confidence, 97% of providers reported acquiring new knowledge about prescribing and titrating insulin.ConclusionThe DCC is innovative as it employs a team‐based, interprofessional, didactic, and interactive approach that is effective in improving knowledge, skills, and intention to change clinical practice, which should translate to better care for patients with diabetes.
Wnt‐induced activation of glucose metabolism mediates the in vivo neuroprotective roles of Wnt signaling in Alzheimer disease
Authors: Cisternas Pedro , Zolezzi Juan M. , Martinez Milka , Torres Viviana I. , Wong Guang William , Inestrosa Nibaldo C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDysregulated Wnt signaling is linked to major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD). In mouse models of AD, activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway improves learning/memory, but the mechanism for this remains unclear. The decline in brain function in AD patients correlates with reduced glucose utilization by neurons. Here, we test whether improvements in glucose metabolism mediate the neuroprotective effects of Wnt in AD mouse model. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice were used to model AD, Andrographolide or Lithium was used to activate Wnt signaling, and cytochalasin B was used to block glucose uptake. Cognitive function was assessed by novel object recognition and memory flexibility tests. Glucose uptake and the glycolytic rate were determined using radiotracer glucose. The activities of key enzymes of glycolysis such as hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) levels and the pentose phosphate pathway and activity of glucose‐6 phosphate dehydrogenase were measured. Wnt activators significantly improved brain glucose utilization and cognitive performance in transgenic mice. Wnt signaling enhanced glucose metabolism by increasing the expression and/or activity of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and AMP‐activated protein kinase. Inhibiting glucose uptake partially abolished the beneficial effects of Wnt signaling on learning/memory. Wnt activation also enhanced glucose metabolism in cortical and hippocampal neurons, as well as brain slices derived from APPswe/PS1E9 transgenic mice. Combined, these data provide evidence that the neuroprotective effects of Wnt signaling in AD mouse models result, at least in part, from Wnt‐mediated improvements in neuronal glucose metabolism.
Estrogen therapy associated with mechanical vibration improves bone microarchitecture and density in osteopenic female mice
Authors: Moura Márcio Luis A. , Fugimoto Mariana , Kawachi Ana Paula M. , de Oliveira Mônica L. , Lazaretti‐Castro Marise , Reginato Rejane D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe investigated the effects of estrogen therapy (ET) associated with low‐intensity and high‐frequency mechanical vibration (MV) on bone tissue in osteopenic female mice. Fifty 3‐month‐old female Swiss mice were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham‐operated, and distributed after 4 months into the following groups, with 10 animals per group: Sham; Control, OVX + vehicle solution; MV, OVX + MV; ET, OVX + 17β‐estradiol; and MV + ET, OVX + MV and 17β‐estradiol. Both vehicle solution and 17β‐estradiol (10 μg kg−1 day−1) were injected subcutaneously 7 days per week, and vibration (0.6 g, 60 Hz) was delivered 30 min per day, 5 days per week. Bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition were evaluated by densitometry at baseline and after 60 days of treatment when the animals were euthanized, and their femurs underwent histomorphometric and histochemical analyses. The Control group showed increased weight and fat percentage, while the ET and MV + ET groups showed increased lean mass but decreased fat percentage. At the end of the treatment period, the BMD decreased in Control, remained constant in Sham and MV, and increased in ET and MV + ET. The MV + ET group showed the greatest bone volume compared with Sham (129%), Control (350%), MV (304%) and ET (14%). No differences occurred in cortical thickness. The Control group showed the highest content of mature collagen fibers, while the MV + ET group showed the highest content of immature collagen fibers. In conclusion, ET plus MV was effective in improving bone quality in osteopenic female mice, and this improvement is associated with specific changes in trabecular but not cortical bone.
Workplace violence perpetrated by clients of health care: A need for safety and trauma‐informed care
Authors: Beattie Jill , Griffiths Debra , Innes Kelli , Morphet Julia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsTo examine the relationship between workplace violence perpetrated by clients, their innate neurophysiological response to dis‐ease and the resulting interactions with healthcare providers.BackgroundClient‐on‐worker violence remains a problem globally. Workplace violence risk factors have been documented. A gap remains in understanding what has happened to clients that perpetrate violence, and the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACE), the neuroscience of threat and trauma‐informed care.DesignThis explanatory study was part of a larger descriptive study.MethodsManagers, directors, health/safety staff, nurses and educators (n = 99) from Australian rural and metropolitan health services participated in individual and group interviews. Following inductive thematic analysis, a secondary analysis, informed by understandings of ACE, polyvagal theory and trauma‐informed care, was conducted. Analysis was guided by the question: What happens to clients that causes them to instigate violence against healthcare workers? Reporting of this research adheres to the COREQ guidelines.ResultsClients can react aggressively when under perceived threat. Themes included are as follows: client stress and trauma, previous client trauma, impact of care provision on client and trauma‐informed care.ConclusionHealthcare services can be experienced as stressful environments. Coupled with high incidences of past trauma, clients’ assessment of risk and safety can be compromised resulting in inappropriate reactivity when staff are trying to provide care. Care provision can be perceived as a threat to clients’ physical and psychological safety, activating the fight protective response resulting in aggression. Understanding and applying neuroscience and implementing a cultural change of trauma‐informed care have the potential to reduce workplace violence. Even with these understandings, it is imperative that healthcare staff are protected and feel safe at work.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding trauma and the neuroscience of threat and safety can assist staff to understand what happens to clients that causes them to instigate violence against healthcare providers and implement systems and strategies to respond to such threat.
Diabetes knowledge of primary health care and specialist nurses in a major urban area
Authors: Daly Barbara M. , Arroll Bruce , Scragg Robert Keith R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAim and objectivesTo examine trends since a previous 2006–2008 survey in diabetes knowledge held by primary health care nurses and their use of national diabetes guidelines, perceived ability to advise diabetes patients and preferences for further diabetes education.BackgroundThe obesity epidemic has led to a rapid increase in the prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and to greater expectations for an expanded role for primary health care nurses in the prevention and community management of diabetes.DesignCross‐sectional survey using a self‐administered questionnaire and telephone interview and adheres to the STROBE guidelines.MethodsAll nurses who provide community‐based care in a major urban area were identified, and stratified by group, prior to random selection to participate in the study. A total of 1,416 practice, district (home care) and specialist nurses were identified who provide community‐based care. Of the 459 who were randomly selected, 336 (73%) participated in 2016 and were compared with a representative sample of 287 nurses surveyed in 2006–2008.ResultsCompared with nurses in 2006–2008, significantly more nurses in 2016 used diabetes guidelines, knew that stroke was a diabetes‐related complication, had a greater understanding of the pathology of diabetes and reported having sufficient knowledge to advise patients on laboratory results and improving outcomes through lifestyle changes. Despite these improvements, in 2016, only 24% of nurses could state that stroke was a complication of type 2 diabetes, only 37% felt sufficiently knowledgeable to advise patients on medications, and <20% could state that hypertension, smoking and the dyslipidaemia profile were important modifiable risk factors.ConclusionThere have been improvements in nurse's knowledge but gaps remain for cardiovascular outcomes and associated modifiable risk factors and medication management.Relevance to clinical practiceEducation programmes should focus on improving cardiovascular risk management in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Breastfeeding woman or lactating object? A critical philosophical discussion on the influence of Cartesian dualism on breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: van Wijlen Jacqueline Elizabeth 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimThis discursive paper aims to bring to the foreground the ongoing influence of Cartesian dualism and other important contextual complexities on breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).BackgroundBreastfeeding is widely supported as the optimal form of nutrition for the first 6 months of life and beyond. Amidst a myriad of contextual factors, current breastfeeding rates are below globally targeted goals. For premature and/or critically ill infants, the importance of receiving breast milk is often encouraged based on its immunological and nutritive benefits as opposed to the entirety of the breastfeeding interaction, underscoring the influence of dualism in the NICU.DesignThe impact of Cartesian dualism and other sociocultural underpinnings of breastfeeding focused within the NICU environment are illustrated through a critical, philosophical discussion.MethodsRelevant historical context is provided followed by an overview of the realities of contemporary breastfeeding. These are presented as a frame of reference for the NICU breastfeeding experiences currently encountered by many mothers of preterm and critically ill neonates, further illustrated using a clinical exemplar as well as the author's own observations from neonatal nursing practice.Relevance to clinical practiceShifting away from a dualistic approach requires rethinking breastfeeding support interactions between NICU nurses and mothers. To address the disembodied and often mechanistic approach to care inherent in the dominant Western medical model, a relational approach to breastfeeding support in the NICU is suggested and discussed.ConclusionFuture research from a more critical lens is needed to examine the complex dynamics involved when nurses and mothers are negotiating decisions and processes related to infant feeding. In focusing on the relational dimensions of the breastfeeding experience, nurses can resist the dualistic influence and dominant discourses impacting infant feeding and motherhood in the 21st century.
Broken expectations of early motherhood: Mothers’ experiences of early discharge after birth and readmission of their infants
Authors: Feenstra Maria M. , Nilsson Ingrid , Danbjørg Dorthe B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground and aimToday, mothers are discharged early after birth, and national monitoring shows an increase in readmission of infants. Readmission of the infant might diminish the possibility of bonding and weaken maternal confidence in taking care of the infant. The aim was to explore how new mothers experience the time from birth to being discharged after readmission with their infants.DesignA phenomenological and hermeneutic study. Data were collected through telephone interviews. The study followed the COREQ requirements and was conducted in the Region of Southern Denmark in a University Hospital setting. Convenience sampling was applied, and eight mothers were included from November 2015–February 2016. Seven were interviewed.ResultsThe data analysis revealed the following six themes: “Early discharge,” “Being at home,” “Readmission—shock or relief,” “Problems with breastfeeding in early motherhood,” “Empowering or disempowering guidance” and “Back home with broken expectations.” These six themes were all covered by the overall theme: “Broken expectations of a tranquil beginning of early motherhood.”ConclusionsOur study points out that mothers wish for a tranquil beginning with their infants at home. Some already experienced problems at home, while others first were confronted at the check‐up at the outpatient clinic. Yet the common denominator was that the mothers experienced broken expectations regarding early motherhood when facing readmission. Readmission may influence the initial process either positively or negatively, depending on how the mothers experience their challenges and how the healthcare professionals support them. This highlights the importance of the way in which healthcare professionals support new mothers when they are readmitted. The study emphasises the importance of maternal feelings of security and confidence in their maternal role, as they are closely connected to the process of becoming a mother.
THE INTERSECTION OF THE FIELDS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS: A REVIEW TOWARDS A NEW VIEW
Authors: Hessels Jolanda , Naudé Wim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDespite the popularity of promoting entrepreneurship and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for economic development, there is little scientific basis on which policy makers can lean. The scholarly fields of entrepreneurship economics and development economics have been elaborated in isolation and only recently started to intersect. This growing intersection is, however, still fragmented, ad hoc, not based on a unifying theoretical approach and suffering from lack of proper measurement. Better policy making will hence benefit from the extension and deepening of the intersection of these fields. We contribute in this regard by providing a conceptual basis for the eventual elaboration of such a unified theoretical approach. We do so by providing an up‐to‐date review of the intersection of the two fields by noting the progress and gaps; by delineating the externalities associated with entrepreneurship in development and by proposing a synthesis definition of entrepreneurship.