bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial description of the core ocular surface microbiome in dogs: Bacterial community diversity and composition in a defined canine population
Authors: Leis Marina L. , Costa Matheus O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the bacterial community residing on the conjunctiva of clinically healthy dogs.MethodsBacterial DNA from conjunctival swabs of 10 dogs with normal ocular examinations (both OD and OS, n = 20) was extracted, and 16S rRNA amplicons were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq 600. Resulting data were subjected to quality control steps, and analyzed for bacterial community richness and diversity, within‐ and between‐group dissimilarity, and relative taxonomic composition.ResultsHigh‐quality reads (2.22 million bp) resulted in a mean of 159 068 sequences per sample. Bacterial community evenness and diversity was high when compared to other species, and did not significantly differ when samples were grouped by dogs or eyes. As expected, within‐dog samples were more similar than between‐dog samples. Taxonomic classification revealed that >95% of the community consisted of Firmicutes (34.9 ± 8.8%), Actinobacteria (26.3 ± 7.1%), Proteobacteria (26.2 ± 6.6%), and Bacteroidetes (9.4 ± 2.4%). Key members of the dog ocular surface microbiome, found in all dogs and corresponding to >25% of all identified OTUs (operational taxonomic units), were part of the Bifidobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Moraxellaceae, Corynebacteriaceae families. Genera previously thought to account for the majority of the core ocular surface microbiome in the dog (Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Bacillus sp.) were associated with only 2.63% of overall reads.ConclusionsThis study shows the feasibility of conjunctival swabs and high‐throughput sequencing to profile the bacterial community structure of the canine ocular surface. A core ocular surface microbiome was identified for this canine population.
Effect of selective versus nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulceration scores and intestinal inflammation in horses
Authors: Richardson Lauren M. , Whitfield‐Cargile Canaan M. , Cohen Noah D. , Chamoun‐Emanuelli Ana M. , Dockery Hannah J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 selective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) would reduce gastric ulceration and gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation compared with a non‐COX selective NSAID.Study designRandomized block design.AnimalsTwenty‐five healthy adult horses.MethodsHorses were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 5), phenylbutazone (n = 10), or firocoxib (n = 10) administered daily for 10 days. Gastroscopy was performed on days 0 and 10, and both squamous and glandular ulcers were scored according to established scoring criteria. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 10, and 20 to test for fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsBoth classes of NSAID induced GI injury as determined by gastric ulceration scores and fecal MPO. Glandular gastric ulceration scores and fecal MPO concentrations were higher in horses treated with phenylbutazone at day 10 (P < .001 and P = .0018, respectively). Increases in fecal MPO were significantly decreased 10 days following cessation of treatment for firocoxib but remained greater than baseline for the phenylbutazone group.ConclusionAlthough both classes of NSAID induced gastric ulceration, the COX‐2 selective NSAID firocoxib induced less severe glandular ulceration. Although there were increases in fecal MPO in both groups after 10 days of treatment, this increase was significant only in horses receiving the nonselective COX inhibitor phenylbutazone.Clinical significanceThese findings suggest that both classes of NSAID induce GI injury in horses; however, at the dosages used in this study, the COX‐2 selective NSAID firocoxib resulted in less severe injury.
Vascular wall components in thrombi obtained by acute stroke thrombectomy: clinical significance and related factors
Authors: Funatsu Naoko , Hayakawa Mikito , Hashimoto Tetsuya , Yamagami Hiroshi , Satow Tetsu , Takahashi Jun C , Koga Masatoshi , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki , Ishibashi-Ueda Hatsue , Iwama Toru , Toyoda Kazunori 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeVascular wall components (VWCs) are sometimes identified as collagen fibers in specimens retrieved by thrombectomy from acute stroke patients. However, their clinical significance and associated factors remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors associated with VWCs in retrieved thrombi.MethodsConsecutive acute stroke patients treated endovascularly using the Penumbra aspiration catheter or stent retrievers (SRs) at our institute from November 2013 to April 2016 were retrospectively reviewed, and the retrieved thrombi were evaluated histopathologically. VWCs were defined as banded collagen fibers with a distinct boundary observed at the rim or outside of the retrieved thrombi. Factors associated with the presence of VWCs were studied.ResultsA total of 150 specimens (76 specimens retrieved by the Penumbra, 74 by SRs) from 101 patients (47 women, age 74.9±11.1 years) were investigated. Applied thrombectomy devices were aspiration catheters in 42 patients, SRs in 21 patients, and both in 38 patients. VWCs were observed in 24 specimens (16%) from 22 patients. A low proportion of erythrocyte components (41.7±24.8% vs 55.0±26.3%, P=0.01), a high frequency of the devices reaching the M2/P2 (75% vs 50%, P=0.02), and a high number of device passages (P for trend=0.02) were associated with VWC positive thrombi. Successful recanalization (Treatment in Cerebral Ischemia ≥2b) tended to be less frequent in patients with VWC positive thrombi than in those without (73% vs 89%, P=0.06).ConclusionsThe histopathology of occlusive thrombi, arterial sites where devices reached, and number of device passages, might affect the presence of VWCs in retrieved thrombi.
NCCT and CTA-based imaging protocol for endovascular treatment selection in late presenting or wake-up strokes
Authors: Santos Telma , Carvalho Andreia , Cunha André Almeida , Rodrigues Marta , Gregório Tiago , Paredes Ludovina , Costa Henrique , Roriz José Mário , Pinho João , Veloso Miguel , Castro Sérgio , Barros Pedro , Ribeiro Manuel 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionRecently, the benefit of selecting patients for endovascular treatment (EVT) beyond the 6-hour time window using a tissue-based approach was demonstrated in two randomized trials. The optimal imaging protocol for selecting patients is under debate, and it is still unknown if a simpler and faster protocol may adequately select patients with wake-up stroke (WUS) and late-presenting stroke (LPS) for EVT.ObjectiveTo compare outcomes of patients submitted to EVT presenting within 6 hours of symptom onset or 6–24 hours after last seen well, selected using non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) and CT angiography (CTA).MethodsAn observational study was performed, which included consecutive patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion treated with EVT. Patients presenting within 6 hours were treated if their NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was ≥6 and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) was ≥6, while patients presenting with WUS or 6–24 hours after last seen well (WUS/LPS) were treated if their NIHSSscore was ≥12 and ASPECTS was ≥7.Results249 patients were included, 63 of whom were in the WUS/LPS group. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups, except for longer symptom-recanalization time, lower admission NIHSS (16 vs 17, P=0.038), more frequent tandem occlusions (25.4% vs 11.8%, P=0.010), and large artery atherosclerosis etiology (22.2% vs 11.8%, P=0.043) in the WUS/LPS group. No differences in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, peri-procedural complications or mortality were found between groups. Three-month functional independence was similar in both groups (65.1% in WUS/LPS vs 57.0% in ≤6 hours, P=0.259) and no differences were found after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionsThis real-world observational study suggests that EVT may be safe and effective in patients with WUS and LPS selected using clinical-core mismatch (high NIHSS/high ASPECTS in NCCT).
Abnormal absorptive colonic motor activity in germ-free mice is rectified by butyrate, an effect possibly mediated by mucosal serotonin
Authors: Vincent Alexander D. , Wang Xuan-Yu , Parsons Sean P. , Khan Waliul I. , Huizinga Jan D. 
Published: August 2018

The role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the control of colonic motility is controversial. Germ-free (GF) mice are unable to produce these metabolites and serve as a model to study how their absence affects colonic motility. GF transit is slower than controls, and colonization of these mice improves transit and serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] levels. Our aim was to determine the role SCFAs play in improving transit and whether this is dependent on mucosal 5-HT signaling. Motility was assessed in GF mice via spatiotemporal mapping. First, motor patterns in the whole colon were measured ex vivo with or without luminal SCFA, and outflow from the colon was recorded to quantify outflow caused by individual propulsive contractions. Second, artificial fecal pellet propulsion was measured. Motility was then assessed in tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH1) knockout (KO) mice, devoid of mucosal 5-HT, with phosphate buffer, butyrate, or propionate intraluminal perfusion. GF mice exhibited a lower proportion of propulsive contractions, lower volume of outflow/contraction, slower velocity of contractions, and slower propulsion of fecal pellets compared with controls. SCFAs changed motility patterns to that of controls in all parameters. Butyrate administration increased the proportion of propulsive contractions in controls yet failed to in TPH1 KO mice. Propionate inhibited propulsive contractions in all mice. Our results reveal significant abnormalities in the propulsive nature of colonic motor patterns in GF mice, explaining the decreased transit time in in vivo studies. We show that butyrate but not propionate activates propulsive motility and that this may require mucosal 5-HT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding the role that the microbiota play in governing the physiology of colonic motility is lacking. Here, we offer for the first time, to our knowledge, a detailed analysis of colonic motor patterns and pellet propulsion using spatiotemporal mapping in the absence of microbiota. We show a striking difference in germ-free and control phenotypes and attribute this to a lack of fermentation-produced short-chain fatty acid. We then show that butyrate but not propionate can restore motility and that the butyrate effect likely requires mucosal 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Loss of Nuclear Localized Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein in Primary Breast Cancer Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome and Correlates with Suppressed Stat5 Signaling
Authors: Tran Thai H. , Utama Fransiscus E. , Sato Takahiro , Peck Amy R. , Langenheim John F. , Udhane Sameer S. , Sun Yunguang , Liu Chengbao , Girondo Melanie A. , Kovatich Albert J. , Hooke Jeffrey A. , Shriver Craig D. , Hu Hai , Palazzo Juan P. , Bibbo Marluce , Auer Paul W. , Flister Michael J. , Hyslop Terry , Mitchell Edith P. , Chervoneva Inna , Rui Hallgeir 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is required for normal mammary gland development and biology. A PTHLH gene polymorphism is associated with breast cancer risk, and PTHrP promotes growth of osteolytic breast cancer bone metastases. Accordingly, current dogma holds that PTHrP is upregulated in malignant primary breast tumors, but solid evidence for this assumption is missing.

Experimental Design:
We used quantitative IHC to measure PTHrP in normal and malignant breast epithelia, and correlated PTHrP levels in primary breast cancer with clinical outcome.

Results:
PTHrP levels were markedly downregulated in malignant compared with normal breast epithelia. Moreover, low levels of nuclear localized PTHrP in cancer cells correlated with unfavorable clinical outcome in a test and a validation cohort of breast cancer treated at different institutions totaling nearly 800 cases. PTHrP mRNA levels in tumors of a third cohort of 737 patients corroborated this association, also after multivariable adjustment for standard clinicopathologic parameters. Breast cancer PTHrP levels correlated strongly with transcription factors Stat5a/b, which are established markers of favorable prognosis and key mediators of prolactin signaling. Prolactin stimulated PTHrP transcript and protein in breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo, effects mediated by Stat5 through the P2 gene promoter, producing transcript AT6 encoding the PTHrP 1-173 isoform. Low levels of AT6, but not two alternative transcripts, correlated with poor clinical outcome.

Conclusions:
This study overturns the prevailing view that PTHrP is upregulated in primary breast cancers and identifies a direct prolactin–Stat5–PTHrP axis that is progressively lost in more aggressive tumors.
Legal Regulation of the Full-Face Veil in Public Spaces in Spain and Italy: Some Critical Reflections on the Applicability of the ECtHR Doctrine in S.A.S. v. France
Authors: Cañamares Santiago , Angeletti Silvia 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of the full-face veil in the public sphere, discussing the standpoint adopted by some local authorities in Spain and Italy and the content of different proposals that have been submitted to Parliament in both countries, aimed at restricting the use of this garment in public places. The doctrine of the ECtHR in S.A.S. v. France will be taken as a benchmark for a comparative study of this issue in both Mediterranean countries. It is assumed that from a legal approach the wearing of burqa is a very complex question that requires a detailed analysis of the different elements involved, including its social implications before giving it an enduring solution. A general ban can be detrimental for the goal of integration, and give way to new forms of discrimination. Therefore, prior to enacting any legislation that could affect fundamental rights, it should be considered what public interests are in real need of protection.
The Role of the Arts in the History of Emotions: Aesthetic Experience and Emotion as Method
Authors: Sullivan Erin 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
What role do the arts play in the study of the history of emotions? This essay reflects on the position that aesthetic works and arts-oriented methodologies have occupied in the field’s development since the early 2000s. It begins by connecting artistic sources to anxieties about impressionism within cultural history, before looking at examples from literature that help illustrate the advantages works of art can bring to the study of emotion over time. Chief among these benefits is the power of artistic sources to create emotional worlds for their audiences – including, of course, historians. Ultimately, in arguing for a greater use of aesthetic works in our field, the essay makes the case for a more overtly emotional history of the emotions.
Peripherality and World Literature
Authors: Azadibougar Omid 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Critiques of World Literature often come with assumptions that are formed with reference to more central cultures’ conceptualization(s) of the relationship between literature, society and politics. As a result, they almost always neglect, perhaps unwittingly, the pluralities of literature in the world, and the specific and unexpected way(s) translated literature functions in diverse contexts. Focused on the condition of peripherality and engaging literary translation, academic relevance, and political impact, this paper addresses some of the critiques with specific examples from a peripheral context, to argue why the study of World Literature matters, and how it can lead to social and political effects that are not visible from the perspective of central cultures.
Debating World Literature
Authors: Birus Hendrik 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Since the turn of the millennium the idea of “World Literature” has experienced a boom. This development is closely connected with the increasingly rapid globalization process, which began during the first few decades of the nineteenth century and led to the co-emergence of Weltliteratur and Littérature comparée in 1827. Goethe’s proclamation of the “Epoch of World Literature” created the impression that existing national literatures were to be supplanted; instead, however, the same period simultaneously witnessed the latter’s triumphant proliferation. Beecroft’s typology of the evolution of literary systems may assist in overcoming the rather pointless antithesis between world literature and national literatures. Since literary translation now plays an increasingly important role, it has become an indispensable factor contributing to the flourishing of world literature.
“Othering” Nationalism: The Bookends of the Industrial Age
Authors: Rosenthal Lawrence 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
More than any time in over 50 years, Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign provoked a serious discussion of the threat of fascism at the level of presidential politics. During the campaign, it was above all Trump’s scapegoating of immigrants that gave rise to the conversation about fascism—first tying Mexicans to crime, drugs and rape, and then doubling down on Muslims. Since the inauguration, observers’ fears of fascism have expanded to include the Trump administration’s wholesale subversion of democratic norms and its affinity with the illiberal, or authoritarian, international zeitgeist. However, the more accurate historical analogy to the current moment is not the rise of fascism in the wake of World War I. but to what Poulantzas, Organski and Bottomore outlined as fascistogenic conditions. It behooves us to consider what transpired in the transition from the early twentieth century blossoming of “othering” nationalism to the rise of fascism.
Effect of group leaders on doctors’ learning in Balint groups
Authors: Tschuschke Volker , Flatten Guido 
Published: August 2018

Objective Although effective Balint leadership is viewed as essential for good Balint practice, nearly no quantitative research is available regarding the importance of the person of the group leader in Balint group outcome. This study aims to identify Balint group leaders’ impact on “typical Balint” learning processes in Balint groups. Method A total of 1460 medical doctors in 352 Balint groups in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were investigated. Based on the three learning dimensions of the Balint Group Session Questionnaire, statistical analyses were conducted to identify differential effectiveness in Balint leadership. Results On the basis of the mean scores of the Balint Group Session Questionnaire items across all group participants of each group leader, the 80 certified Balint group leaders were clustered into two groups of more and less effective leaders by a hierarchichal cluster analysis. Mixed model analyses revealed that the effectiveness of the person of the Balint group leader was the most predictive factor for learning effects. Conclusions Training for Balint group leaders should take into account that effective learning processes in Balint groups are strongly related not only to the method itself but also to the person of the group leader.
Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Points to Consider: Histopathologic Evaluation in Safety Assessment Studies for PEGylated Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Irizarry Rovira Armando R. , Bennet Bindu M. , Bolon Brad , Braendli-Baiocco Annamaria , Chandra Sundeep , Fleurance Renaud , Garman Robert , Hutto David , Lane Joan , Romeike Annette , Sargeant Aaron , Zimmerman Bevin 
Published: August 2018

Colorless, intracytoplasmic vacuoles occur in multiple tissues in animals following repeated administration of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated molecules. The extent of vacuolation depends on physical characteristics and molecular backbone of the PEG and the dose, product, drug target/pharmacology, and duration of exposure. The collective experience gathered from multiple nonclinical toxicology studies of PEGylated biopharmaceuticals indicates that in general, PEG-related vacuolation is not associated with demonstrable cell and tissue damage or dysfunction and is reversible with sufficient duration of drug-free periods. Existing data are insufficient to predict whether nonclinical animal species differ in their sensitivity to develop PEG-associated vacuoles; however, recent data suggest that there may be species differences. Recent comprehensive reviews have addressed the basic challenges in developing PEGylated pharmaceutical products, including general reference to and description of PEG-associated tissue findings. These manuscripts have identified gaps in our current understanding of PEG-associated vacuolation, including the lack of a widely accepted standardized histological terminology and criteria to record and grade the severity of vacuolation as well as insufficient knowledge regarding the nature of the contents of these vacuoles. The goal of this article is to help address some of the gaps identified above by providing points to consider, including a pictorial review of PEG-associated microscopic findings, when evaluating and reporting the extent, severity, and significance (adversity or lack of adversity) of PEG-associated cytoplasmic vacuolation in safety assessment studies. [Box: see text]
Most children who are allergic to cow’s milk tolerate yogurt
Authors: Küçükosmanoğlu Ercan , Özen Evrim , Eltan Sevgi Bilgiç , Özkars Mehmet Yaşar , Keskin Özlem 
Published: August 2018

Objective Cow’s milk allergy is the most common food allergy in childhood. Changes occur in the protein structure of milk during yogurt fermentation. This study aimed to determine whether children who are diagnosed with a cow’s milk allergy can tolerate yogurt. Methods We performed a yogurt challenge test on 34 children who were diagnosed with a cow’s milk allergy in our Pediatric Allergy Outpatient Clinic. The mean age of 24 male and 10 female children was 24 ± 13 months. Results A reaction was observed in 17 (50%) patients, whereas no reaction was observed in the other 17 (50%) during an oral yogurt challenge test that was performed in all of the 34 patients with a cow’s milk allergy. Cow’s milk-specific immunoglobulin E levels were significantly lower in the group of children who could tolerate yogurt than in the group of children who could not tolerate yogurt. Conclusion Yogurt is tolerated by half of children with a cow’s milk allergy when subjected to a challenge test performed with yogurt, which is consumed as much as milk in Turkey.
Robots and Computers Enhance Us More Than They Replace Us
Authors: Diamond Arthur M. 
Published: August 2018

Past fears that robots and computers would cause large increases in secular unemployment have proven unfounded. Some well-respected economists and other technology and labor analysts are worried again. Advances in algorithms have proven impressive, but experts on the mind and neuroscience remain skeptical about the extent to which robots and computers will be able to duplicate or surpass humans in areas of insight, judgment, and creativity. Certainly, for the foreseeable future, robots and computers will be more complements to human labor, than they will be substitutes for human labor, enhancing us more than replacing us. If we use the precautionary principle to justify heavy regulation of robots and computers, the benefits of enhancement will be fewer and will be delayed. JEL Classifications: J63, O33, L51, D83, O31