bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Powered Chemical Sensing Driven by Graphene‐Based Photovoltaic Heterojunctions with Chemically Tunable Built‐In Potentials
Authors: Lee Donghun , Park Haeli , Han Soo Deok , Kim Su Han , Huh Woong , Lee Jae Yoon , Kim Yoon Seok , Park Myung Jin , Park Won Il , Kang Chong‐Yun , Lee Chul‐Ho 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUltralow power chemical sensing is essential toward realizing the Internet of Things. However, electrically driven sensors must consume power to generate an electrical readout. Here, a different class of self‐powered chemical sensing platform based on unconventional photovoltaic heterojunctions consisting of a top graphene (Gr) layer in contact with underlying photoactive semiconductors including bulk silicon and layered transition metal dichalcogenides is proposed. Owing to the chemically tunable electrochemical potential of Gr, the built‐in potential at the junction is effectively modulated by absorbed gas molecules in a predictable manner depending on their redox characteristics. Such ability distinctive from bulk photovoltaic counterparts enables photovoltaic‐driven chemical sensing without electric power consumption. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the hydrogen (H2) sensing properties are independent of the light intensity, but sensitive to the gas concentration down to the 1 ppm level at room temperature. These results present an innovative strategy to realize extremely energy‐efficient sensors, providing an important advancement for future ubiquitous sensing.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 over Heterogeneous Catalysts in Aqueous Solution: Recent Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Long Chang , Li Xiang , Guo Jun , Shi Yanan , Liu Shaoqin , Tang Zhiyong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2 into value‐added chemicals or fuels, driven by renewable energy, presents a promising solution to depletion of fossil fuels and greenhouse effects caused by excessive carbon emissions. In the past few years, great efforts have been dedicated to promote research in this field. Herein, this review focuses on the recent advances of the underlying mechanistic studies and novel heterogeneous catalyst constructions for electrochemical reduction of CO2 in aqueous media, targeting at presenting a full landscape at the current stage. The outlook for the future development is also included at the end of this review.
Deconstructing Retinal Organoids: Single Cell RNA-Seq Reveals the Cellular Components of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retina
Authors: Collin Joseph , Queen Rachel , Zerti Darin , Dorgau Birthe , Hussain Rafiqul , Coxhead Jonathan , Cockell Simon , Lako Majlinda 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The rapid improvements in single cell sequencing technologies and analyses afford greater scope for dissecting organoid cultures composed of multiple cell types and create an opportunity to interrogate these models to understand tissue biology, cellular behavior and interactions. To this end, retinal organoids generated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were analyzed by single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) at three time points of differentiation. Combinatorial data from all time points revealed the presence of nine clusters, five of which corresponded to key retinal cell types: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), cone and rod photoreceptors, and Müller glia. The remaining four clusters expressed genes typical of mitotic cells, extracellular matrix components and those involved in homeostasis. The cell clustering analysis revealed the decreasing presence of mitotic cells and RGCs, formation of a distinct RPE cluster, the emergence of cone and rod photoreceptors from photoreceptor precursors, and an increasing number of Müller glia cells over time. Pseudo-time analysis resembled the order of cell birth during retinal development, with the mitotic cluster commencing the trajectory and the large majority of Müller glia completing the time line. Together, these data demonstrate the feasibility and potential of scRNA-Seq to dissect the inherent complexity of retinal organoids and the orderly birth of key retinal cell types. Stem Cells 2019;37:593–598
Input size independent efficient quality meshing of the interior of 2D point cloud data
Authors: Singh Neha , Ray Tathagata , Parimi Chandu , Kuchibhotla Srivastava 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This paper describes a framework to generate an unstructured Delaunay mesh of a two-dimensional domain whose boundary is specified by a point cloud data (PCD). The assumption is that the PCD is sampled from a smooth 1-manifold without a boundary definition and is significantly dense (at least ∊-sampled where ∊&lt;1). Presently meshing of such a domain requires two explicit steps, namely the extraction of model definition from the PCD and the use of model definition to guide the unstructured mesh generation. For a densely sampled PCD, the curve reconstruction process is dependent on the size of input PCD and can become a time-consuming overhead. We propose an optimized technique that bypasses the explicit step of curve reconstruction by implicit access to the model information from a well-sampled PCD. A mesh thus generated will be optimal, as the fineness of the mesh is not dictated by the sampling of PCD, but only the geometric complexity of the underlying curve. The implementation and experiments of the proposed framework show significant improvement in expense over the traditional methodology. The main contribution of this paper is the circumvention of the explicit time-consuming step of boundary computation which is a function of the PCD sampling size and a direct generation of a mesh whose complexity is dictated by the geometry of the domain.
Highlights The algorithm gives a size optimal triangular mesh directly from a point cloud data. Intermediate step of model definition can be skipped completely. Generated mesh is independent of the number of points in the data. Mesh size and computational time depend on geometric complexity of the curve. For dense samples, this method is very efficient compared to traditional methods.
Penile Prosthesis Reservoir Removal: Surgical Description and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Clavell-Hernández J. , Aly S. G. , Wang R. , Sadeghi-Nejad H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundRemoval of the penile prosthesis reservoir can be technically challenging because of its difficult locations either deep in the pelvis or high in the abdominal wall.AimTo describe a detailed surgical technique for reservoir removal through a penoscrotal approach.MethodsWe describe our preferred method for removal of prosthetic reservoir and present a retrospective review of patient outcomes after reservoir removal.Main Outcome MeasurePrimary outcomes included immediate or late complications. Secondary outcomes included operative time.Results34 patients underwent reservoir removal with the use of our described technique. 23 patients (67.6%) had reservoirs removed because of device malfunction and 11 (32.4%) because of infection. A total of 18 reservoirs (52.9%) were found in the space of Retzius (SOR), whereas the other 16 (47.1%) were in an alternative/ectopic space. 2 cases (5.9%) required a counterincision to remove the reservoir. Mean overall operative time was 96.2 minutes (range 35–175). There were no complications in this series. There was no statistical difference in operative time between reservoirs removed because of malfunction when compared with infection (P = .283). However, there was a difference in operative time between reservoirs removed from the SOR when compared with those removed from an ectopic space, with mean operating room times of 104.5 and 75.4 minutes, respectively (P = .001).Clinical ImplicationsReservoir removal through a penoscrotal incision is feasible and safe.Strength & LimitationsThis is the first report, to our knowledge, describing surgical techniques and outcomes for reservoir removal. Limitations include its retrospective nature and lack of validated questionnaires to assess patient satisfaction.ConclusionAlthough removal of a reservoir deep in the SOR or placed in alternate/ectopic locations can be challenging, the use of a lighted retractor, meticulous dissection, and a few technical maneuvers described allow for safe removal of the reservoir completely intact while avoiding complications. Our technique for a secondary incision in particularly difficult cases is also described.
Early Cretaceous trachybasalt–trachyte–trachyrhyolitic volcanism in the Nyalga basin (Central Mongolia): sources and evolution of continental rift magmas
Authors: Peretyazhko I.S. , Savina E.A. , Dril’ S.I. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
As shown by geological, mineralogical, and isotope geochemical data, trachybasaltic–trachytic–trachyrhyolitic (TTT) rocks from the Nyalga basin in Central Mongolia result from several eruptions of fractionated magmas within a short time span at about 120 Ma. Their parental basaltic melts formed by partial melting of mantle peridotite which was metasomatized and hydrated during previous subduction events. Basaltic trachyandesites have high TiO2 and K2O, relatively high P2O5, and low MgO contents, medium 87Sr/86Sr(0) ratios (0.70526–0.70567), and almost zero or slightly negative εNd(T) values. The isotope geochemical signatures of TTT rocks are typical of Late Mesozoic basaltic rocks from rift zones of Mongolia and Transbaikalia. The sources of basaltic magma at volcanic centers of Northern and Central Asia apparently moved from a shallower and more hydrous region to deeper and less hydrated lithospheric mantle (from spinel to garnet-bearing peridotite) between the Late Paleozoic and the latest Mesozoic. The geochemistry and mineralogy of TTT rocks fit the best models implying fractional crystallization of basaltic trachyandesitic, trachytic, and trachyrhyodacitic magmas. Mass balance calculations indicate that trachytic and trachydacitic magmas formed after crystallization of labradorite-andesine, Ti-augite, Sr-apatite, Ti-magnetite, and ilmenite from basaltic trachyandesitic melts. The melts evolved from trachytic to trachyrhyodacitic and trachyrhyolitic compositions as a result of prevalent crystallization of K–Na feldspar, with zircon, chevkinite-Ce, and LREE-enriched apatite involved in fractionation. Trachytic, trachyrhyodacitic, and trachyrhyolitic residual melts were produced by the evolution of compositionally different parental melts (basaltic trachyandesitic, trachytic, and trachyrhyodacitic, respectively), which moved to shallower continental crust and accumulated in isolated chambers. Judging by their isotopic signatures, the melts assimilated some crustal material, according to the assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) model.
Participant outcomes and preferences in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: The electronic Person‐Specific Outcome Measure (ePSOM) development program
Authors: Saunders Stina , Muniz‐Terrera Graciela , Watson Julie , Clarke Charlotte L. , Luz Saturnino , Evans Alison R. , Ritchie Craig W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionCurrent pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer's dementia delay symptom progression for about a year. Although the outcomes in earlier disease states may include changes in biomarkers, the clinical effectiveness of any intervention can ultimately only be assessed by a patient's self‐reported well‐being. A better understanding of earlier manifestations of Alzheimer's disease and the drive for relevant outcome measures, allied to technological advances in artificial intelligence, have mediated the electronic Person‐Specific Outcome Measure (ePSOM) development program.MethodsThere are 4 sequential stages in the ePSOM development program—(1) literature review, (2) focus group study, (3) national survey, and (4) development of an app for capturing person‐specific outcomes. Here, we report the overall approach to the program incorporating our literature review on patient‐reported outcome measures and patient preferences in the Alzheimer's disease population.ResultsAlzheimer's disease trials do not use any patient‐reported outcome measures. Quality of life measures are often used as proxies for this, but they do not capture individual needs. Therefore, trials currently fail to reflect the participant's aspirations for effect but rather default to clinicostatistical measure of cognition and function. There is no implementation of patient preferences despite evidence that understanding preferences may influence adherence to treatment.DiscussionIt is important to consider preferences for an intervention and use PROMs for the measure of effectiveness given that both risk and benefit are judged by the recipient of the treatment. The ePSOM development program will deliver the methodology for incorporating meaningful outcomes in clinical trials to expand upon current biological and clinical measurements of effectiveness.
Molecular analysis of bacterial contamination on stethoscopes in an intensive care unit
Authors: Knecht Vincent R. , McGinniss John E. , Shankar Hari M. , Clarke Erik L. , Kelly Brendan J. , Imai Ize , Fitzgerald Ayannah S. , Bittinger Kyle , Bushman Frederic D. , Collman Ronald G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundCulture-based studies, which focus on individual organisms, have implicated stethoscopes as potential vectors of nosocomial bacterial transmission. However, the full bacterial communities that contaminate in-use stethoscopes have not been investigated.MethodsWe used bacterial 16S rRNA gene deep-sequencing, analysis, and quantification to profile entire bacterial populations on stethoscopes in use in an intensive care unit (ICU), including practitioner stethoscopes, individual-use patient-room stethoscopes, and clean unused individual-use stethoscopes. Two additional sets of practitioner stethoscopes were sampled before and after cleaning using standardized or practitioner-preferred methods.ResultsBacterial contamination levels were highest on practitioner stethoscopes, followed by patient-room stethoscopes, whereas clean stethoscopes were indistinguishable from background controls. Bacterial communities on stethoscopes were complex, and community analysis by weighted UniFrac showed that physician and patient-room stethoscopes were indistinguishable and significantly different from clean stethoscopes and background controls. Genera relevant to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) were common on practitioner stethoscopes, among which Staphylococcus was ubiquitous and had the highest relative abundance (6.8%–14% of contaminating bacterial sequences). Other HAI-related genera were also widespread although lower in abundance. Cleaning of practitioner stethoscopes resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial contamination levels, but these levels reached those of clean stethoscopes in only a few cases with either standardized or practitioner-preferred methods, and bacterial community composition did not significantly change.ConclusionsStethoscopes used in an ICU carry bacterial DNA reflecting complex microbial communities that include nosocomially important taxa. Commonly used cleaning practices reduce contamination but are only partially successful at modifying or eliminating these communities.
Extending Global Continuous Geomagnetic Field Reconstructions on Timescales Beyond Human Civilization
Authors: Panovska S. , Constable C. G. , Korte M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStudy of the late Quaternary geomagnetic field contributes significantly to understanding the origin of millennial‐scale paleomagnetic secular variations, the structure of geomagnetic excursions, and the long‐term shielding by the geomagnetic field. A compilation of paleomagnetic sediment records and archeomagnetic and lava flow data covering the past 100 ka enables reconstruction of the global geomagnetic field on such long‐term scales. We use regularized inversion to build the first global, time‐dependent, geomagnetic field model spanning the past 100 ka, named GGF100k (Global Geomagnetic Field over the past 100 ka). Spatial parametrization of the model is in spherical harmonics and time variations with cubic splines. The model is heavily constrained by more than 100 continuous sediment records covering extended periods of time, which strongly prevail over the limited number of discrete snapshots provided by archeomagnetic and volcanic data. Following an assessment of temporal resolution in each sediment's magnetic record, we have introduced smoothing kernels into the forward modeling when assessing data misfit. This accommodates the smoothing inherent in the remanence acquisition in individual sediment paleomagnetic records, facilitating a closer fit to both high‐ and low‐resolution records in regions where some sediments have variable temporal resolutions. The model has similar spatial resolution but less temporal complexity than current Holocene geomagnetic field models. Using the new reconstruction, we discuss dipole moment variations, the time‐averaged field, and paleomagnetic secular variation activity. The new GGF100k model fills the gap in the geomagnetic power spectrum in the frequency range 100–1,000 Ma−1.
Snowpack Change From 1982 to 2016 Over Conterminous United States
Authors: Zeng Xubin , Broxton Patrick , Dawson Nicholas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSnow water equivalent (SWE) variability and its drivers over different regions remain uncertain due to lack of representativeness of point measurements and deficiencies of existing coarse‐resolution SWE products. Here, for the first time, we quantify and understand the snowpack change from 1982 to 2016 over conterminous United States at 4‐km pixels. Annual maximum SWE decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 41% on average for 13% of snowy pixels over western United States. Snow season was shortened significantly by 34 days on average for 9% of snowy pixels over the United States, primarily caused by earlier ending and later arrival of the season over western and eastern United States, respectively. October–March mean temperature and accumulated precipitation largely explain the temporal variability of 1 April SWE over western United States, and considering temperature alone would exaggerate the warming effect on SWE decrease. In contrast, temperature plays the primary role in the 1 April SWE variability over eastern United States.
The Effects of Hydrate on the Strength and Stiffness of Some Sands
Authors: Madhusudhan B. N. , Clayton C. R. I. , Priest J. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGas hydrates can form more or less at the same time as seafloor sediment. They can have the effect of significantly stiffening and strengthening deep‐ocean sediments. Subsequent increases in situ temperature or decreases in pressure may trigger hydrate dissociation, leading to large reductions in the strength and stiffness of the sediment and possible seafloor instability. Gas hydrate dissociation not only removes cementing. It also releases freshwater and significant amounts of trapped gas that are dependent on multiple factors such as type of sediment, available pore space, hydrate morphology, and hydrate saturation. The presence of pock marks in areas of known seabed instability suggests that hydrate dissociation may have been a factor in triggering failure at these locations. Having reviewed the mechanisms by which the strength and stiffness of seabed sediment may be changed during dissociation, this paper reports the results of laboratory testing to evaluate the effects of loss of hydrate cement on strength and stiffness, for a range of sand‐sized materials with differing particle size, specific surface area, and particle shape, using a laboratory gas hydrate triaxial apparatus. The results suggest that both the strength and the stiffness of hydrate‐cemented granular materials are affected significantly by the specific surface available for hydrate cementation and, to a certain extent, by the particle shape. Uniform coarse granular sediments of lower specific surface area can suffer significant loss of stiffness and strength upon hydrate dissociation, changing the sediment from dilative to contractive. Finer‐grained sediments appear less affected by dissociation.
Deviation of Wind Stress From Wind Direction Under Low Wind Conditions
Authors: Chen Sheng , Qiao Fangli , Huang Chuan Jiang , Zhao Biao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe deviation of the wind stress vector from the wind direction at the air‐sea interface under low wind conditions was investigated based on direct eddy covariance flux measurements taken at a coastal tower in the northern South China Sea. The wind stress deviates significantly from the mean wind direction under low wind conditions, with the deviation angle sometimes exceeding 90°, indicating upward momentum transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. Negative downwind drag coefficient values begin to occur at a wind speed of approximately 4 m/s. Our results show that ocean swells and nonstationary airflow play critical roles in wind stress. Prominent peaks at the dominant swell frequency in the vertical velocity spectra are observed at a height of 17 m over the mean sea surface, implying that swell‐induced perturbations can reach a height of at least 17 m, and the wave boundary layer can extend more than 10 m above the sea surface. The results of our analysis indicate that at the observation height, the influence of nonstationarity in the wind field is more significant than that of swell‐induced motions on the deviation of wind stress. After the removal of nonstationary motions, the deviation angles of the wind stress from the wind direction are generally reduced and vary substantially at low wind speeds.
Intertidal Area Disappears Under Sea Level Rise: 250 Years of Morphodynamic Modeling in San Pablo Bay, California
Authors: Elmilady H. , van der Wegen M. , Roelvink D. , Jaffe B. E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAnticipated sea level rise (SLR) threatens intertidal areas and associated ecosystems in estuaries worldwide. There is a need to develop validated modeling tools to assess the impact of SLR on estuarine morphodynamics. This study explores the morphological impact of SLR on a channel‐shoal system in San Pablo Bay, a subembayment of San Francisco Bay, California, using a 3‐D, process‐based modeling approach (Delft3D) including density currents and wave action. The Bay underwent considerable morphologic development in response to variations in fluvial sediment load and discharge associated with a period of hydraulic mining for gold and later damming in the watershed. The availability of a unique 150‐year, 30‐year sequenced, bathymetric data set provided a rare opportunity for model validation. We investigate a 250‐year period of morphodynamic evolution including a 150‐year hindcast and a 100‐year forecast with different SLR scenarios. The model shows significant skill in hindcasting volumes and patterns of bathymetric development during both net depositional (1856–1951) and erosional (1951–onward) periods. Forecasts show that SLR alters the Bay's erosional trend to a depositional trend again. Despite increased sediment trapping rates, the intertidal mudflats drown under all modeled SLR scenarios (42, 84, and 167 cm by end of the 21st century). Our work highlights the potential of using process‐based models to assess the morphodynamic impact of SLR. The study also suggests that SLR can greatly increase the loss of intertidal area when landward migration is not possible. Sustainable management strategies are required to safeguard these valuable intertidal habitats.