bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestic Philosophy of Law as an Ideological Prerequisite of a Philosophical Type of Understanding of Law
Authors: Kozhevnikov Vladimir Valentinovich , Cherednichenko Anastasia Evgenievna 
Published: August 2019

This scientific article is based on the analysis of some, from our point of view, basic provisions of the textbook for masters by the famous Russian scientist, professor Martysciin Orestes Vladimirovich "Philosophy of the law". The purpose of the article is to prove scientific character the Philosophy of the Law against the background of the contrary statements of philosophers and lawyers-theorists about its not scientific nature; to consider Philosophy of the Law as an ideological prerequisite of philosophical type of understanding of the right and to analyses the last. For the achievement of this purpose the following tasks were set: 1) to analyses various arguments of the scientists who are not recognizing the scientific nature of Philosophy of the Law, considering it as a method of the human relation to the world; 2) to consider views of the scientists giving to the Philosophies of the Law the status of science; 3) to show features of philosophical type to which it is not given in science of due attention; 4) to critically evaluate positions of those scientists who unreasonably identify moral (natural and legal) and philosophical types of understanding of the law; 5) to show distinction of moral (natural and legal) and philosophical types of understanding of the law. The result of the article's research are the provisions: 1) the legal philosophy is to be considered as the independent science having the subject, methodology, performing the specific functions, corresponding to other both legal, and social sciences; 2) the Philosophy of the Law is an ideological prerequisite of philosophical type of understanding of the law which defines the sphere or border of a measure of freedom of the person. In conclusion it is to emphasize that joint efforts of lawyers, philosophers, representatives of other social sciences concerning this subject area and a subject matter are necessary for overcoming the existing disagreements on the matters of principle concerning Philosophy of the Law, and for the decision, arising in the course of its development and improvement of problems.
DETERMINAN PENERIMAAN OPINI AUDIT GOING CONCERN PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR
Authors: Wahasusmiah Rolia , Indriani Poppy , Pratama Muhammad Iqbal Putra 
Published: August 2019

Going concern adalah kemampuan entitas dalam mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya selama periode waktu pantas, yaitu tidak lebih dari satu tahun sejak tanggal laporan keuangan (SPAP, 2001). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pertumbuhan perusahaan, kinerja keuangan, reputasi auditor dan opini audit tahun sebelumnya terhadap opini audit going concern pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama tahun 2015 – 2016 dengan metode pemilihan sample data dengan purposive sampling. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis regresi logistik untuk menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan perusahaan, kinerja keuangan, reputasi auditor dan opini audit tahun sebelumnya terhadap opini audit going concern. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa: (1) Pertumbuhan perushaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap opini audit going concern, dikarenakan pertumbuhan penjualan yang tinggi akan berpengaruh terhadap biaya produksi yang meningkat, (2) kinerja keuangan tidak berpengaruh terhadap opini audit going concer, mengindikasikan profitabilitas yang tinggi tidak selalu mencerminkan baiknya kinerja perusahaan, (3) reputasi auditor tidak berpengaruh terhadap opini audit going concern, berarti ukuran KAP tidak mempengaruhi kualitas audit yang diberikan oleh auditor, (4) opini audit tahun sebelumnya berpengaruh signifikan terhadap opini audit going concern, dikarenakan perusahaan yang menerima opini audit going concern pada tahun sebelumnya, diprediksi akan menerima opini audit serupa pada tahun berjalan.
Médiatisation et usages socio-discursifs du « classement de Shanghai »
Authors: Barats Christine 
Published: August 2019

Résumé Dans un contexte de réformes et de discours sur l’« excellence » académique, les classements d’universités se sont multipliés dans les années 2000. L’analyse de l’émergence et du traitement dans la presse française du classement dit « de Shanghai », premier classement international issu du champ académique, permet d’objectiver les caractéristiques de sa diffusion, depuis la date de sa publication en Chine, en juin 2003. L’article montre l’intensification du processus à partir de 2007 ainsi que la place de certains organes de presse et acteurs. Il met au jour l’importance du cadrage dépréciatif pour « faire événement ». Il montre également que le processus a été co-construit par différents acteurs. Le classement a été une ressource journalistique et également un argument politique justifiant les réformes ainsi qu’un outil de communication pour certains présidents d’université.
A framework for managing the regulatory and economic capital of banks
Authors: Mynhardt Ronald H. , Marx Johan 
Published: August 2019

Orientation: Banks face three primary risks, namely credit, market and operational risk. The Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (BCBS) promotes monetary and financial stability by means of their accords, which provides risk mitigation guidelines to banks under the jurisdiction of central banks that are members of the BCBS.Research purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a framework for participating African banks to enable them to determine their required regulatory capital (RC) and economic capital (EC) because neither the Basel accords nor the central banks involved in this study provided clear guidelines in this regard.Motivation for the study: During 2016, the banking associations from Kenya, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Ghana requested assistance with the determination of the EC and RC of their member banks.Research design, approach and method: The study used pragmatism as a paradigm and a qualitative methodology by using participatory action research (PAR). Directors, non-executive directors, financial officers, internal auditors, risk and compliance officers of banks participated.Main findings: The participants confirmed their challenges in determining their RC and EC, and hence the focus groups proceeded to systematically and logically develop a framework.Practical/managerial implications: The resultant framework suggests that greater clarity about the regulatory requirements in each country needs to be provided by their bank supervisors.Contribution/value-add: The framework enables banks to determine their own RC and EC requirements. However, customised methodologies and reporting structures have to be developed and followed during implementation and validation.
The iconicity and ease of learning of picture communication symbols: A study with Afrikaans-speaking children
Authors: Basson Magdel , Alant Erna 
Published: August 2019

Graphic symbols form an important part of most augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) users' communication systems. Studies focusing on the way different graphic symbols are learned and retained are pivotal for a better understanding of the processes involved. The current study set out to determine how accurately typically developing urban, 6-year-old Afrikaans-speaking children could identify 16 Picture Communication Symbols™ (PCS) presented thematically on a communication overlay, and also how accurately they could recognize these symbols following exposure to a learning experience. Participants, divided into two cohorts, were presented with a 16-matrix overlay and required to match symbols with spoken Afrikaans labels. They were then divided into two groups, one group receiving training in the meaning of the symbols and the other group receiving no training. Finally the test-procedure was repeated. Results indicated that the 16 PCS™ symbols had an iconicity of 12.5 % (accuracy score > 50 %), and that there was a significant improvement in both the experimental and the control groups' post-test results.
Impact of different estimations of the background-error covariance matrix on climate reconstructions based on data assimilation
Authors: Valler Veronika , Franke Jörg , Brönnimann Stefan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Data assimilation has been adapted in paleoclimatology to reconstruct past climate states. A key component of some assimilation systems is the background-error covariance matrix, which controls how the information from observations spreads into the model space. In ensemble-based approaches, the background-error covariance matrix can be estimated from the ensemble. Due to the usually limited ensemble size, the background-error covariance matrix is subject to the so-called sampling error. We test different methods to reduce the effect of sampling error in a published paleoclimate data assimilation setup. For this purpose, we conduct a set of experiments, where we assimilate early instrumental data and proxy records stored in trees, to investigate the effect of (1) the applied localization function and localization length scale; (2) multiplicative and additive inflation techniques; (3) temporal localization of monthly data, which applies if several time steps are estimated together in the same assimilation window. We find that the estimation of the background-error covariance matrix can be improved by additive inflation where the background-error covariance matrix is not only calculated from the sample covariance but blended with a climatological covariance matrix. Implementing a temporal localization for monthly resolved data also led to a better reconstruction.
GRACE-REC: a reconstruction of climate-driven water storage changes over the last century
Authors: Humphrey Vincent , Gudmundsson Lukas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The amount of water stored on continents is an important constraint for
water mass and energy exchanges in the Earth system and exhibits large
inter-annual variability at both local and continental scales. From 2002 to
2017, the satellites of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
(GRACE) mission have observed changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) with an
unprecedented level of accuracy. In this paper, we use a statistical model
trained with GRACE observations to reconstruct past climate-driven changes
in TWS from historical and near-real-time meteorological datasets at daily
and monthly scales. Unlike most hydrological models which represent water
reservoirs individually (e.g., snow, soil moisture) and usually provide
a single model run, the presented approach directly reconstructs total TWS
changes and includes hundreds of ensemble members which can be used to
quantify predictive uncertainty. We compare these data-driven TWS estimates
with other independent evaluation datasets such as the sea level budget,
large-scale water balance from atmospheric reanalysis, and in situ streamflow
measurements. We find that the presented approach performs overall as well
or better than a set of state-of-the-art global hydrological models (Water
Resources Reanalysis version 2). We provide reconstructed TWS anomalies at a
spatial resolution of 0.5∘, at both daily and monthly scales over
the period 1901 to present, based on two different GRACE products and three
different meteorological forcing datasets, resulting in six reconstructed TWS
datasets of 100 ensemble members each. Possible user groups and applications
include hydrological modeling and model benchmarking, sea level budget
studies, assessments of long-term changes in the frequency of droughts, the
analysis of climate signals in geodetic time series, and the interpretation
of the data gap between the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions. The
presented dataset is published at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7670849 (Humphrey and Gudmundsson, 2019) and updates will be
published regularly.
Pruning and dormancy breaking make two sustainable grape-cropping productions in a protected environment possible without overlap in a single year
Authors: Qiu Zhipeng , Chen Guangzheng , Qiu Dongliang 
Published: August 2019

In table grape production, protected cultivation in a vineyard in different regions and climates is currently a commonly used practice. The aims of this study were to provide key approaches to sustainably produce two crops of grape without overlap under protected environment in a single year. Spraying the degreening chemicals 400 mg/L ethephon +0.4% sulfur at 4 weeks of vine nutrient restoration after the harvest of the summer crop resulted in the highest percentage of sprouting inflorescence. The retention of 7–10 buds in the base shoot results in the high percentage of sprouting inflorescence. Bud breaking chemicals with 2.5% hydrogen cyanamide+2.0% Baoguoliang +0.02% Shenzhonggen significantly led to sprout inflorescence more efficiently. Cluster and fruit weights of the winter crop weighed significantly less than those of the summer crop. However, the contents of total soluble sugar and titratable acidity were higher than those of the summer crop. The anthocyanin content in the peel of the winter fruit was significantly higher than that in the summer fruit. The yield of the winter crop is controlled by the yield of the summer fruit. To maintain the stability of the two crops for one year, the ratio of yield in the winter to the summer should be controlled from 2:5 to 3:5 to ensure the sustainable production of two crops without overlap for ‘Summer Black’ grape. These results may help grape growers to overcome the impacts of rainy and hot climates with the help of protected facilities, and it could enable the use of solar radiation and heat resources in subtropical and tropical areas.
Rising Sea Level, Receding Boundaries and Freezing Baselines in a Warming Climate
Authors: Mercy Emojong Amai , Michura Eliud Garry 
Published: August 2019

This paper discusses the less publicised but far from less significant, an issue of how the international community’s approach to maritime boundary delimitation will be impacted by climate change resulting in sea level rise with coastal lands submerging affecting the international boundaries and impacting on biodiversity and human survival in the future. The climate change effect is already creating pressure on international law regardless of the direction that the law of the sea takes in remedying this dilemma. It is quite apparent that global disputes and conflicts are arising and solutions are needed urgently. The climate change and the consequent global sea level rise are widely touted to submerge islands and coastlines without discrimination. The international community has been relatively slow to react to what could pose an unprecedented threat to human civilisation. The policies that have been applied have arguably been reactive and not proactive. In future climate change may develop other by-products which may not be understood at this moment and may require a proactive approach. Further discussion of the merits of the potential paths is ideal in ensuring that appropriate and well thought-out resolutions are negotiated. Regardless of the outcome, the thorough debate is required to ensure the correct decision is made and that the balancing act between fulfilling states' interests and achieving a meaningful result does not become detrimental to the solidity and the enforceability of the outcome. There is a need to establish a comprehensive framework for ocean governance for management and long-term development and sustainability.
Thionation Enhances the Performance of Polymeric Dopant‐Free Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Haichang , Liu Maning , Yang Wenjun , Judin Lauri , Hukka Terttu I. , Priimagi Arri , Deng Zhifeng , Vivo Paola 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo date, the most efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs) require hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) that are doped with hygroscopic additives to improve their performance. Unfortunately, such dopants negatively impact the overall PSCs stability and add cost and complexity to the device fabrication. Hence, there is a need to investigate new strategies to boost the typically modest performance of dopant‐free HTMs for efficient and stable PSCs. Thionation is a simple and single‐step approach to enhance the carrier‐transport capability of organic semiconductors, yet still completely unexplored in the context of HTMs for PSCs. In this work, a novel polymeric semiconductor, P1, based on a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moiety, is proposed as a dopant‐free HTM. Its modest performance in PSCs (power conversion efficiency (PCE) = 7.1%) is significantly enhanced upon thionation of the DPP moiety. The resulting dithioketopyrrolopyrrole‐based HTM, P2, leads to PSCs with nearly 40% performance improvement (PCE = 9.7%) compared to devices based on the nonthionated HTM (P1). Furthermore, thionation also remarkably boosts the shelf‐storage and thermal stability with respect to traditional 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene‐based PSCs. This work provides useful insights to further design effective dopant‐free HTMs employing the straightforward one‐step thionation strategy for efficient and stable PSCs.
Immunotoxicity Considerations for Next Generation Cancer Nanomedicines
Authors: Hannon Gary , Lysaght Joanne , Liptrott Neill J. , Prina‐Mello Adriele 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough interest and funding in nanotechnology for oncological applications is thriving, translating these novel therapeutics through the earliest stages of preclinical assessment remains challenging. Upon intravenous administration, nanomaterials interact with constituents of the blood inducing a wide range of associated immunotoxic effects. The literature on the immunological interactions of nanomaterials is vast and complicated. A small change in a particular characteristic of a nanomaterial (e.g., size, shape, or charge) can have a significant effect on its immunological profile in vivo, and poor selection of specific assays for establishing these undesirable effects can overlook this issue until the latest stages of preclinical assessment. This work describes the current literature on unintentional immunological effects associated with promising cancer nanomaterials (liposomes, dendrimers, mesoporous silica, iron oxide, gold, and quantum dots) and puts focus on what is missing in current preclinical evaluations. Opportunities for avoiding or limiting immunotoxicity through efficient preclinical assessment are discussed, with an emphasis placed on current regulatory views and requirements. Careful consideration of these issues will ensure a more efficient preclinical assessment of cancer nanomedicines, enabling a smoother clinical translation with less failures in the future.
The Design and Implementation of a Professional Development Program for Physician Assistants in an Academic Emergency Department
Authors: Monette Derek L. , Baccari Brian , Paskind Laura , Reisman David , Temin Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPhysician assistants (PAs) are expanding their role in academic emergency departments (EDs). There are no published models for how to integrate PAs into departmental educational activities, scholarship, and operations outside of a PA residency approach. We created a professional development program for PAs that would provide them with opportunities to integrate into all aspects of our department mission and provide them with a forum for personal growth and ongoing education. The program provides PAs with resources including protected time and mentorship to become a content expert in an academic area of interest. We review our 5‐year experience creating and implementing this program, which has grown from six PAs in 2013 to 24 PAs in 2018. These PAs now have formal roles in five of our eight divisions, participating in education, administrative, and research activities. The retention rate for PAs in this program is 90.2% versus 85.7% for PAs at our department who are not in the program. Our experience and results demonstrate the value of investing in the professional development and continued education of PAs at an academic ED versus the traditional model of service and the potential for integration into all aspects of an academic ED's mission.
Innovative steam methane reforming for coproducing CO‐free hydrogen and syngas in proton conducting membrane reactor
Authors: Xia Xiaoliang , Zhou Hangyue , Zhang Yan , Jiang Heqing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSteam methane reforming (SMR) is a commercial process to produce syngas. Normally, the as‐produced syngas is characterized by a H2/CO ratio of 3. However, such H2/CO ratio is unsuitable for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The hydrogen obtained by subsequent upgrading of syngas usually contains residual CO, which readily deactivates Pt electrocatalysts in fuel cells. Here we report an innovative route by coupling SMR with H2 removal in a proton conducting membrane reactor to coproduce syngas with a preferable H2/CO ratio of 2 and CO‐free H2 on opposite sides of the membrane, which can be directly used for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and fuel cells, respectively. Notably, H2 is in‐situ extracted by the membrane that only allows the permeation of H2 as protons through the oxide lattice with infinite selectivity, and thus the obtained H2 is CO‐free. This work could provide an alternative option in one‐step conversion of methane into two inherently separated valuable chemicals.
Palladium nanoparticles supported on mesoporous natural phosphate: An efficient recyclable catalyst for nitroarene reduction
Authors: Mekkaoui Ayoub Abdelkader , Jennane Sanaa , Aberkouks Abderrazak , Boualy Brahim , Mehdi Ahmad , Ait Ali Mustapha , El Firdoussi Larbi , El Houssame Soufiane 
Published: August 2019

We report the preparation of palladium nanoparticles supported on mesoporous natural phosphate (Pd@NP) using a wetness impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was characterized using various techniques. Furthermore, the reduction and preparation of the palladium nanoparticles was followed using UV–visible spectra. Based on the Scherrer equation, the crystallite size of the as‐synthesized palladium nanoparticles was 10.88 nm. The performance of the synthesized catalyst was investigated in the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol as a model substrate to 4‐aminophenol using NaBH4 as a hydrogen source. Moreover, catalytic reduction of various nitroarenes was studied and monitored using UV–visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The Pd@NP catalyst showed a high activity for the selected reaction and could be recycled.
Potential strategy used for controlling the phosphorescent properties in tetradentate Pt(II) complexes: Effect of azole ligand
Authors: Yan Xiao , Luo Yafei , Sun Xin , Zhuo Wei , Gu Jinke , Zuo Ke , Gou Xiaojun , Tang Dianyong , Shi Hubing , Liu Wei , Hu Jianping 
Published: August 2019

Designing deep‐blue phosphorescent materials is vital and essential in the construction of white organic light‐emitting diodes. Using density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT, three tetradentate Pt(II) complexes were investigated in detail to reveal the influence of azole ligand with varying number of N atoms on the emission wavelengths and radiative and non‐radiative decay processes. The calculated results indicate that with an increase of N atoms in azole rings, the radiative decay process can be effectively facilitated. Moreover, an increase of N atoms in azole rings could lead to a distinct blue‐shift of emission wavelengths from 553 to 470 nm. Also, the non‐radiative decay processes, including temperature‐independent and temperature‐dependent ones, were taken into account. The results may provide some valuable and meaningful information for designing high‐performance phosphorescent Pt(II) complexes.