bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple guide to regional anaesthesia
Authors: Valsamis EM , Wade S , Thornhill C , Carey C , Ricketts D 
Published: April 2018

Regional anaesthesia is widely used in modern anaesthetic practice for perioperative and postoperative analgesia. In the operating theatre, regional anaesthesia is used both on its own and in combination with other techniques (general anaesthesia and sedation). Regional anaesthesia is now a core skill set in anaesthetic training. This article provides a basic outline of regional anaesthesia for surgeons and other non-anaesthetic staff working with anaesthetists, reviewing preparation, consent, basic and specialist equipment, central neuraxial blocks (spinal, epidural and caudal), trunk blocks, upper limb blocks (interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular and axillary) and lower limb blocks (femoral, fascia iliaca, sciatic, popliteal and ankle). It also discusses the pharmacology of the agents used and common complications.
The Analysis of Kutadgu Bilig in Terms of Values Education
Authors: Tural Aysegul 
Published: April 2018

<p style="text-align:justify">Kutadgu Bilig is one of the literal works that shed light on Turk-Islam history and culture. In this study, it is aimed to examine Kutagu Bilig in terms of values that are involved in social studies teaching program. In research, Kutadgu Bilig work that is written by Yusuf Has Hacip and is adopted to Turkish in today by Silahdaroglu is benefitted as a collect data tool. In data collect period, document analyze technique that is one of the qualitative research methods is used and data is evaluated by descriptive analyze. In result of study, it is reached that justice, giving importance to family unit, responsibility, scientificness and honesty values take place mostly and peace value exists least.</p>
Caracterização hidroquímica e isotópica das águas, na porção sudoeste do Quadrilátero Ferrífero no município de Congonhas-MG, e sua correlação com a localização em cota das unidades aquíferas deste sistema
Authors: Paula Rodrigo Sergio , Mesquita Daniele Costa de , Dantas Julia Cotta Maciel , Guerra Kênia Janete 
Published: April 2018

O presente artigo consiste em uma análise de dados hidroquímicos e isotópicos em águas do Aquífero Cauê, na região de Congonhas, MG, com o objetivo de caracterizar o aquífero e compreender a dinâmica das águas. Foram identificados 3 grupos, cuja diferenciação se dá pela concentração de íons. A metodologia aplicada consistiu na análise de quatro campanhas de amostragem executadas nos anos de 2004, 2006, 2010 e 2013. Os resultados hidroquímicos foram tratados no software AquaChem por meio de diagramas de classificação das águas. Os resultados isotópicos foram avaliados e correlacionados com a cota de localização das amostras coletadas. O Grupo 1 representa as amostras com maior concentração de íons e o Grupo 3 as de menor concentração. As águas são predominantemente bicarbonatadas cálcicas magnesianas, ligeiramente ácidas a neutras. A concentração de trítio apresenta-se de forma muito heterogênea, variando desde 1,8 UT até menor que 0,2 UT. A análise deste dado permitiu uma diferenciação baseada na profundidade x concentração de trítio. As anomalias encontradas após esta separação estão relacionadas a um fluxo existente nas falhas da região.
Diagrammatic iconicity explains asymmetries in Paamese possessive constructions
Authors: Devylder Simon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGrammatical asymmetries in possessive constructions are overtly coded in about 18% of the world’s languages according to the World Atlas of Language Structures What primarily motivates these grammatical asymmetries is controversial and has been at the crux of the “iconicity vs. frequency” debate This paper contributes to this debate by focusing on the grammatical asymmetries of Paamese possessive constructions, and looking for the primary motivating factor in their multidimensional experiential context. After a careful account of four experiential dimensions of distance (functional, affective, sociopragmatic, and embodied), the degrees of experiential distance are shown to systematically correspond to the degrees of formal distance of the possessive constructions used to refer to these experiences (e.g., direct or indirect suffixation of kinship and body part terms). Relevant anthropological and linguistic data concerning Paamese is used to explore whether this correspondence between language and experience is primarily motivated by iconicity or economy. I argue that diagrammatic iconicity is the primary motivating factor for the grammatical asymmetries in Paamese possessive constructions, and that economy can account for some, but not all cases. I also show that economy and iconicity can collaborate in motivating some cases, and thus do not necessarily need to be opposed.
Dual Segment Glocal Model Based Capacitive Level Sensor (CLS) for Adhesive Material and Level Detection
Authors: Khan F. A. , Yousaf A. , Reindl L. M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a multi segment capacitive level monitoring sensor based on distributed E-fields approach Glocal. This approach has an advantage to analyze build-up problem by the local E-fields as well the fluid level monitoring by the global E-fields. The multi segment capacitive approach presented within this work addresses the main problem of unwanted parasitic capacitance generated from Copper (Cu) strips by applying active shielding concept. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used for isolation and parafilm is used for creating artificial build-up on a CLS.
Design, Fabrication and Test of Modified Septum Antennas for Satellite Telecommunication
Authors: Fazaelifar Mohammad , Jam Shahrokh , Basiri Raheleh , Azadi H. Reza 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this paper at first, the ordinary septum polarizer has been designed and used for parabolic reflector feed in Ground station antenna. Next, a novel design of modified septum polarizer with wider beam-width is proposed for satellite antenna. Compactness, low weight, large bandwidth, high TX/RX isolation, low axial ratio as well as low loss are the advantages of the septum polarizer. The designed antenna has high purity circular polarization (

$\left| {AR} \right| \le 1.6dB$
) and low return loss. The frequency bandwidth of the antenna is about 27 % in the center frequency 11 GHz and the TX/RX isolation is better than 32 dB. Finally the septum polarizer, modified septum polarizer and reflector are fabricated and tested and there were good agreement between simulation and measurement results.
Miniaturized Bandpass Filter with Wide Stopband using Spiral Configuration of Stepped Impedance Resonator
Authors: Singh Vivek , Killamsetty Vinay Kumar , Mukherjee Biswajeet 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this letter, a miniaturized Band Pass Filter (BPF) with wide stopband centered at 0.350 GHz for TETRA band applications is proposed using a Spiral Short Circuit quarter wavelength Stepped Impedance Resonator (SSC-SIR) and a stub loaded on feed line for enhancement of rejection level in the stopband. Spiral configuration of the resonator is used for the miniaturization of BPF. The proposed BPF provides a 3dB fractional bandwidth of 13.7 % with two transmission zeros in the lower and upper stopband to provide good selectivity and four transmission zeros which provide wide stopband upto 6.86f0. Proposed BPF has a very compact size of 0.064λg×0.062λg.
A Bayesian Framework for Estimating the Concordance Correlation Coefficient Using Skew-elliptical Distributions
Authors: Feng Dai , Baumgartner Richard , Svetnik Vladimir 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) is a widely used scaled index in the study of agreement. In this article, we propose estimating the CCC by a unified Bayesian framework that can (1) accommodate symmetric or asymmetric and light- or heavy-tailed data; (2) select model from several candidates; and (3) address other issues frequently encountered in practice such as confounding covariates and missing data. The performance of the proposal was studied and demonstrated using simulated as well as real-life biomarker data from a clinical study of an insomnia drug. The implementation of the proposal is accessible through a package in the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
Synthesis and Modification of Zeolite ZSM-5 Catalyst with Solutions of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion
Authors: Kianfar Ehsan , Salimi Mahmoud , Pirouzfar Vahid , Koohestani Behnam 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this article, the ZSM-5 catalyst was used as the base catalyst and its structure was modified for conducting Methanol to Gasoline reactions. ZSM-5 catalyst reacts to the solutions with diverse concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and consequently, some changes were applied to its internal structure. Thus, Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process was carried out under pressure of 1 atm, the temperature of 400°C, and specific surface area of 300 m2g-1 on synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst by a fixed-bed reactor. Structure and morphology of the synthesized catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XRF and BET analyses. The effect of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions used for catalyst modification on the distribution of hydrocarbon products were studied and compared to ZSM-5 catalyst. The result of catalyst activity evaluation tests shows that the modified catalyst with a 0.1 molar solution of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 provides the highest selectivity and efficiency compared to the hydrocarbons in boiling point range of C6+ gasoline.
Modeling of Supersonic/Hypersonic Boundary Layer Transition Using a Single-Point Approach
Authors: Qiao Lei , Bai Jun-Qiang , Xu Jia-Kuan , Xu Jing-Lei , Zhang Yang 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
During the process of aerodynamic shape design of supersonic and hypersonic space planes, laminar flow design and boundary layer transition prediction play important roles in aero-thermal numerical simulations and aero-thermal protection design. Therefore, in this study, a computational fluid dynamics compatible transition closure model for high speed laminar-to-turbulent transitional flows is formulated with consideration of the analysis results from stability theory. The proposed model contains two transport equations to describe the transition mechanism using local variables. Specifically, the eddy viscosity of laminar fluctuations and intermittency factor are chosen to be the characteristic parameters and modeled by transport equations. Accounting for the dominant instability modes at supersonic/hypersonic conditions, the first- and second- modes are modeled using local variables through the analysis of laminar self-similar boundary layers. Then, the present transition model is applied with compressibility corrected

k

$k$

-

ω

$\omega$

shear stress transport turbulence model. Thus, as the main significance of the current work, the present model is enabled to capture the overshoot phenomena as well as predict the transition onset position. Finally, comparisons between the predictions using the present model and the wind tunnel experimental results of several well-documented flow cases are provided to validate the proposed transition turbulence model.
Institution and market: Orders of multiple languages in Indonesian vocational education
Authors: Tamtomo Kristian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIndonesian vocational secondary education reflects the increasingly multilingual demands of globalized education and labor market. This study focuses on two orders of multiple languages that are present in vocational high schools in Semarang, Central Java. It aims not only to describe the different orders of languages, but also to suggest that each order represents differing strategies of dealing with the demands of globalization. One order represents the state-backed institutional approach, which views multiple languages as distinct entities and demands students to have monolingual competence in English, Indonesian, and Javanese to engage in globalization, cultivate nationalism and preserve tradition. The other order represents the market-oriented way vocational schools meet the demands of globalized industries and labor markets by directly adopting the multilingual industry register into local learning processes.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[diaqua-bis(di(N
2,N
6-dihydroxypyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide))potassium(I)]tetrahydrate, C14H25N6O14K
Authors: Zuo Jian 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
C14H25N6O14K, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 6.9630(15) Å, b = 9.2770(17) Å, c = 9.6100(18) Å, α = 69.822(2)°, β = 87.225(2)°, γ = 85.559(2)°, V = 580.8(2) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt(F) = 0.0366, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1052, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal Structure of bis(1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-(1-(pyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazin-1-ido-κ3
N,N′,O)copper(II), C24H22N8O4S2Cu
Authors: Wang Wan-Wan , Wu Wei-Na , Wang Yuan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
C24H22N8O4S2Cu, orthorhombic, Aba2 (no. 41), a = 11.9395(18) Å, b = 21.813(3) Å, c = 10.1184(15) Å, V = 2635.2(7) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0395, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0912, T = 296(2) K.
Upregulation of BDNF mRNA Expression in the Barrel Cortex of Adult Mice after Sensory Stimulation
Authors: Rocamora Nativitat , Welker Egbert , Pascual Marta , Soriano Eduardo 
Published: April 2018

Upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression by neuronal activity has been reported in cultured hippocampal cells and in differentin vivoexcitotoxic paradigms. The aim of the present study was to determine whether sensory stimulation of the whisker-to-barrel pathway alters BDNF mRNA expression in the cortex and, if so, to evaluate the specificity of this effect. To this end, a set of mystacial whiskers was unilaterally stimulated by mechanical deflection, and the expression of BDNF mRNA was analyzed in the barrel cortex byin situhybridization (ISH) using a35S-labeled antisense BDNF riboprobe and emulsion autoradiography. A clear-cut and specific upregulation of the BDNF mRNA expression was found at the level of the somatosensory cortex after the increased peripheral stimulation. In the barrel cortex of control mice, BDNF mRNA was present in a few cells in layers II/III and VI, whereas it was almost undetectable in layer IV. After 6 hr of whisker stimulation, increased levels of BDNF mRNA were found in layers II to VI of the contralateral barrel cortex. In layer IV, BDNF upregulation was confined to the barrels corresponding to the stimulated follicles. ISH combined with immunocytochemistry against the three calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calretinin, and calbindin-D28Krevealed that BDNF mRNA-expressing cells do not belong to the GABAergic cell population of the barrel cortex. The present results support a role for BDNF in activity-dependent modifications of the adult cerebral cortex.
Electrographic Seizures and New Recurrent Excitatory Circuits in the Dentate Gyrus of Hippocampal Slices from Kainate-Treated Epileptic Rats
Authors: Wuarin Jean-Pierre , Dudek F. Edward 
Published: April 2018

Mossy fiber sprouting has been proposed to lead to new excitatory connections between dentate granule cells, which in turn cause electrographic seizures. We tested this hypothesis in hippocampal slices from rats made epileptic by kainate injections. The Timm’s histological method revealed intense staining of the inner molecular layer in slices from all kainate-treated rats. In bicuculline (10 μm) and 6 mm[K+]o, antidromic stimulation of the granule cells evoked bursts of population spikes superimposed on long-lasting negative shifts in all slices tested from all kainate-treated rats. Long-duration (2–47 sec), seizure-like bursts with tonic and clonic components occurred spontaneously (53%) or in response to antidromic stimulation (81%). Under identical conditions, prolonged bursts were never seen in slices from controls or from kainate-injected rats 2–4 d after treatment. Glutamate microdrops applied in the granule cell layer evoked abrupt increases in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in two thirds of the cells tested. Glutamate microstimulation was effective at several sites in the granule cell layer but ineffective in the hilus. The proportion of granule cells responding to local application of glutamate by an increase in EPSPs was higher in slices with long bursts (80% with bursts of >3 sec) than in slices with shorter bursts (33% with bursts of <3 sec). Glutamate microstimulation did not affect EPSPs in granule cells from control preparations. These results support the hypothesis that kainate-induced mossy fiber sprouting forms new excitatory connections between granule cells and can lead to increased seizure susceptibility in the dentate gyrus.
Immunocytochemical Localization of the GABACReceptor ρ Subunits in the Mammalian Retina
Authors: Enz Ralf , Brandstätter Johann Helmut , Wässle Heinz , Bormann Joachim 
Published: April 2018

Polyclonal antibodies against the N terminus of the rat ρ1 subunit were generated to study the distribution of GABACreceptors in the mammalian retina. The specificity of the antibodies was tested in Western blots and transfected HEK-293 cells. No cross-reactivity with the GABAAreceptor subunits α1–3, β1–3, γ2, δ or with the glycine receptor subunits α1 and β could be detected. In contrast, the ρ1, ρ2, and ρ3 subunits were all recognized by the antibodies. In vertical sections of rat, rabbit, cat, and macaque monkey retinae, strong punctate immunoreactivity was present in the inner plexiform layer. Weaker immunoreactivity was also present in the outer plexiform layer, and cell bodies of bipolar cells were faintly labeled. Double immunostaining of vertical sections and immunostaining of dissociated rat retinae showed the punctate immunofluorescence to colocalize with bipolar cell axon terminals. The puncta possibly represent clustering of the ρ subunits at postsynaptic sites.
Pigment-Dispersing Hormone Shifts the Phase of the Circadian Pacemaker of the CockroachLeucophaea maderae
Authors: Petri Bernhard , Stengl Monika 
Published: April 2018

An antiserum against the crustacean neuropeptide pigment-dispersing hormone stains a small set of neurons in the optic lobes of several hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. These cells, the primary branches of which in the optic lobe lie in the accessory medulla, fulfill several criteria predicted for neurons of the circadian clock. For example, in fruit flies they expresstimelessandperiod, which are two molecular components of the circadian pacemaker.To test whether pigment-dispersing hormone fulfills a circadian function in the cockroachLeucophaea maderae, 150 fmol of synthetic peptide was injected into the vicinity of the accessory medulla. This resulted in a stable phase-dependent resetting of the phase of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm, which depended on the amount of pigment-dispersing hormone injected. The resulting phase–response curve differs from that obtained with light pulses, suggesting that pigment-dispersing hormone-immunoreactive neurons are not part of the visual input pathway to the pacemaker but an integral part of it and/or part of a nonphotic input into the clock. A possible role of these neurons in coupling the bilaterally paired circadian pacemakers is discussed.
The Responses of Rat Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons to Capsaicin and Two Nonpungent Vanilloid Receptor Agonists, Olvanil and Glyceryl Nonamide
Authors: Liu L. , Lo Y.-C. , Chen I.-J. , Simon S. A. 
Published: April 2018

Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot pepper, activates and subsequently desensitizes a subset of polymodal nociceptors. Because its initial application to skin produces pain, nonpungent analogs such as olvanil and glyceryl nonivamide (GLNVA) were synthesized to enhance its clinical use. To explore how these nonpungent analogs differ from capsaicin, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed on cultured rat trigeminal ganglion neurons.In neurons held at −60 mV, capsaicin, olvanil, and GLNVA were found to activate one or two kinetically distinct inward currents. Two inward currents were also activated when extracellular Ca2+was replaced with Ba2+and also when intracellular chloride was replaced by aspartate. The reversal potentials of the rapidly and slowly activating currents were 15.3 ± 6 and −4.0 ± 2.5 mV, respectively. These data provide strong evidence for subtypes of vanilloid receptors. One difference among these agonists is that, on average, the activation kinetics of the currents evoked by 1 μmolvanil and 30 μmGLNVA are considerably slower than those evoked by 1 μmcapsaicin. Measurements of the peak current,Ip, versus agonist concentration were fit to the Hill equation to yield values of the half maximal concentrations (K1/2), and the Hill coefficients (n). For capsaicin, olvanil, and GLNVA,K1/2= 0.68, 0.59, and 27.0 μm; andn= 1.38, 1.32, and 1.24, respectively.We propose that olvanil and GLNVA are nonpungent because they activate different subtypes of receptors and/or because of their activation kinetics (compared with capsaicin) are, on average, slower than the rate they inhibit action potentials from polymodal nociceptors.
Differential Modulation of High-Frequency γ-Electroencephalogram Activity and Sleep–Wake State by Noradrenaline and Serotonin Microinjections into the Region of Cholinergic Basalis Neurons
Authors: Cape Edmund G. , Jones Barbara E. 
Published: April 2018

Several lines of evidence indicate that cholinergic basalis neurons play an important role in cortical activation. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of noradrenergic and serotonergic modulation of the cholinergic neurons on cortical EEG activity and sleep–wake states. The neurotransmitters were injected into the region of the basalis neurons by remote control in freely moving, naturally sleeping–waking rats during the day when the rats are normally asleep the majority of the time. Effects were observed on behavior and EEG activity, including high-frequency γ activity (30–60 Hz), which has been demonstrated to reflect behavioral and cortical arousal in the rat. Noradrenaline, which has been shown in previousin vitrostudies to depolarize and excite the cholinergic cells, produced a dose-dependent increase in γ-EEG activity, a decrease in δ activity, and an increase in waking. Serotonin, which has been found in previousin vitrostudies to hyperpolarize the cholinergic neurons, produced a dose-dependent decrease in γ-EEG activity with no significant change in amounts of wake or slow wave sleep. Both chemicals resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in paradoxical sleep.These results demonstrate that noradrenaline and serotonin exert differential modulatory effects on EEG activity through the basal forebrain, the one facilitating γ activity and eliciting waking and the other diminishing γ activity and not significantly affecting slow wave sleep. The results also confirm that the cholinergic basalis neurons play an important role in cortical activation and particularly in the high-frequency γ activity that underlies cortical and behavioral arousal of the wake state.