bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The revolving door, state connections, and inequality of influence in the financial sector
Authors: Brezis Elise S. , Cariolle Joël 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper shows that the revolving door generates inequality of influence between financial firms and creates economic distortions. We first develop a theoretical model, introducing the notion of “bureaucratic capital” and stressing how the revolving door generates inequality in bureaucratic capital leading to inequality in profits. Then this prediction is tested, using a new database that tracks the revolving door process involving the 20 biggest US “diversified banks.” We show that regulators who supply a large stock of bureaucratic capital are more likely to be hired by the top five banks. We also develop indices of the inequality of influence between banks. We show that banks in the top revenue quintile concentrate around 80% of revolving door movements. Goldman Sachs appears as the prime beneficiary of this process, capturing approximately 30% of the total stock of bureaucratic capital.
An evaluation of the transition from BAME community mental health worker to IAPT low intensity psychological wellbeing practitioner
Authors: Hakim Naheem , Thompson Andrew R. , Coleman-Oluwabusola Gail 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme started in 2008, but it contained little provision for specifically meeting the needs of Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups. The purpose of this evaluation was to describe the experience of transition from BAME community mental health worker (CMHW) to IAPT low-intensity psychological wellbeing practitioner (PWP) in order to identify possible gains and losses for the former communities served, and the factors that might contribute to successful training of people with BAME expertise. Four former CMHWs who had transitioned into working as PWPs were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used. The data were analysed using thematic analysis. Six major themes were identified with the benefits of training emerging as an important factor for the participants in enhancing their role. Three of the themes interconnected and focused on the impact for BAME communities in terms of access to service and barriers. Evident in the interviews were descriptions of adaptations that were made as a result of CMHW having access to both new and old skills. Finally, two themes focused on the participant recommendations as to how IAPT services might become more culturally responsive. The findings suggest that there can be significant benefits for services to provide IAPT training to people already providing culturally specific services. The participants reported that low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy (LICBT) was effective, but only when cultural sensitive adaptations were made. The evaluation has some clear recommendations as to how IAPT services might seek to offer culturally responsive CBT. Suggestions for carrying out further practice-based evaluations are made.
Hegemonic Distortions: The Securitisation of the Insurgency in Thailand's Deep South
Authors: Jenne Nicole , Chang Jun Yan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe conflict between the Thai state and the Malay-Muslim insurgency in the country's Deep South is one of Southeast Asia's most persistent internal security challenges. The start of the current period of violence dates back to the early 2000s, and since then, a significant number of studies exploring the renewed escalation have been published. In this study, we argue that existing scholarship has not adequately accounted for the external environment in which political decisions were taken on how to deal with the southern insurgency. We seek to show how the internationally dominant, hegemonic security agenda of so-called non-traditional security (NTS) influenced the Thai government's approach to the conflict. Building upon the Copenhagen School's securitisation theory, we show how the insurgency became securitised under the dominant NTS narrative, leading to the adoption of harsh measures and alienating discourses that triggered the escalation of violence that continues today. The specific NTS frameworks that ‘distorted’ the Thai state's approach of one that had been informed solely by local facts and conditions were those of anti-narcotics and Islamist terrorism, albeit in different ways. Based on the findings from the case study, the article concludes with a reflection on the role of the hegemonic NTS agenda and its implications for Southeast Asian politics and scholarship.
Variable Responses of Equatorial Ionosphere During Undershielding and Overshielding Conditions
Authors: Hui Debrup , Vichare Geeta 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study tests the common assumption that the whole of the equatorial ionospheric F region responds uniformly to both undershielding prompt penetration and overshielding fields. Few recent studies have reported that the bottomside response to geomagnetic storms can differ significantly from that of the topside ionosphere. In this investigation, using vertical drift measurements from Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar in the altitude range of about 200 to 900 km, F region response to the space weather event on 9 November 2004 is studied. It is found that the F region showed large altitudinal variations in vertical drifts only under the influence of overshielding field. Such variations were negligible during undershielding prompt penetration conditions. In a first of its kind of study, direct observations of continuous altitudinal variations in vertical plasma drifts have been used to understand the response of F region ionosphere. This differential response to external drivers has a direct impact on the plasma transportations in the ionosphere and thus on estimating satellite drags. The observations are compared with the widely used ionosphere/thermosphere models: Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model and Utah State University Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements. It is found that contrary to observations, the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model shows very small altitudinal gradients in vertical drifts during both undershielding and overshielding conditions. Also, significant difference in the electron transportation especially at the bottomside between two models is adverted. Based on the observations, possible underlying physical processes of asymmetric interhemispheric potentials, different scale sizes of R1 and R2 current systems and different propagation modes for penetrating undershielding and overshielding fields are proposed.
Statistical Modeling of the Coupled F‐Region Ionosphere‐Thermosphere at High Latitude During Polar Darkness
Authors: Dorrian G. D. , Wood A. G. , Ronksley A. , Aruliah A. , Shahtahmassebi G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStatistical models have been developed for predicting the behavior of the coupled high‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere system. The modeled parameters were the F‐layer peak electron density, plasma structuring, ion temperature, neutral temperature, and the difference between these temperatures, which is a key term in the Joule heating equation. Ionospheric measurements from the European Incoherent Scatter Svalbard Radar and neutral atmosphere measurements from the colocated University College London Fabry‐Perot Interferometers have been made across a solar cycle. These data were all acquired during nighttime conditions as the observations with the Fabry‐Perot Interferometers are restricted to such times. Various geophysical proxies were tested to represent the processes that influence the modeled parameters. The dominant geophysical proxy for each modeled parameter was then determined. Multivariate models were also developed showing the combinations of parameters that best explained the observed variability. A comparison with climatology showed that the models give an improvement in every case with skill scores based on the mean square error of up to 0.88.
Three‐Dimensional Currents in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Carbary J. F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObservations of Saturn's magnetic field from July 2004 to December 2016 have been combined to allow a numerical calculation of ∇ × B throughout the magnetosphere, thus permitting the first global mapping of Saturn's currents in three dimensions. The azimuthal ring current Jϕ dominates the magnetospheric currents, peaking near the orbit of the moon Rhea and having a total magnitude of over 10 mega‐Amperes integrated within the L‐shell of Titan. In meridional cross section, the ring current has a teardrop shape rather than a block shape. Jϕ also has a noticeable local time asymmetry, being the largest in the midnight and dawn sectors. The meridional currents Jρ and Jz are smaller than the ring current by an order of magnitude; they flow radially outward near the equator and return at higher latitudes in a looping pattern reminiscent of Hadley cell atmospheric convection. There are two such loops: one in the northern hemisphere and one in the south, flowing in opposing directions. In the noon sector, a strong Jz current may indicate the dayside cusp.
Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics Over Jicamarca During the 6–11 September 2017 Space Weather Event
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe use the observations from the incoherent scatter radar and the magnetometers over Jicamarca (11.95° S, 76.87° W) sector to investigate the equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics on 6–11 September 2017. In this period, there are three X‐class solar flares peaked at 12:02, 14:36, and 16:06 UT on 6, 7, and 10 September, respectively, in the local daytime of Jicamarca and a storm with the minimum SYM‐H of −146 nT at 01:08 UT on 8 September. The results reveal that the three X‐class flares drive the westward disturbance electric field in equatorial region. The flares intensify the westward and eastward equatorial electrojets on 6 and 10 September, while the eastward equatorial electrojet enhances first and then declines on the 7 September flare. The depletion in equatorial electrojet during flare is suggested to be the effects of the weakened electric field. In the storm recovery, the disturbance electric field is westward at ~10–16 LT and eastward at postmidnight and early morning sectors on 9–11 September, which is mainly driven by disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF). Further, it is found that the westward DDEF first occurs at high altitudes and then at low altitudes around 10 LT, and the westward DDEF at 200–500 km has magnitudes increasing with altitudes. Meanwhile, the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar observations show distinct altitudinal differences in the responses of the F region electron density to the disturbance electric field.
Intra‐Arc Crustal Seismicity: Seismotectonic Implications for the Southern Andes Volcanic Zone, Chile
Authors: Sielfeld Gerd , Lange Dietrich , Cembrano José 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe examine the intra‐arc crustal seismicity of the Andean Southern Volcanic Zone. Our aim is to resolve interseismic deformation in an active magmatic arc dominated by both margin‐parallel (Liquiñe‐Ofqui fault system, LOFS) and Andean transverse faults. Crustal seismicity provides information about the schizosphere tectonic state, delineating the geometry and kinematics of high strain domains driven by oblique‐subduction. Here, we present local seismicity based on 16‐month data collected from 34 seismometers monitoring a ~200‐km‐long section of the Southern Volcanic Zone, including the Lonquimay and Villarrica volcanoes. We located 356 crustal events with magnitudes between Mw 0.6 and Mw 3.6. Local seismicity occurs at depths down to 40 km in the forearc and consistently shallower than 12 km beneath the volcanic chain, suggesting a convex shape of the crustal seismogenic layer bottom. Focal mechanisms indicate strike‐slip faulting consistent with ENE‐WSW shortening in line with the long‐term deformation history revealed by structural geology studies. However, we find regional to local‐scale variations in the shortening axes orientation as revealed by the nature and spatial distribution of microseismicity, within three distinctive latitudinal domains. In the northernmost domain, seismicity is consistent with splay faulting at the northern termination of the LOFS; in the central domain, seismicity distributes along ENE‐ and WNW‐striking discrete faults, spatially associated with, hitherto seismic Andean transverse faults. The southernmost domain, in turn, is characterized by activity focused along a N15°E striking master branch of the LOFS. These observations indicate a complex strain compartmentalization pattern within the intra‐arc crust, where variable strike‐slip faulting dominates over dip‐slip movements.
Structure and electrochromism of two-dimensional octahedral molecular sieve h’-WO3
Authors: Besnardiere Julie , Ma Binghua , Torres-Pardo Almudena , Wallez Gilles , Kabbour Houria , González-Calbet José M. , Von Bardeleben Hans Jürgen , Fleury Benoit , Buissette Valérie , Sanchez Clément , Le Mercier Thierry , Cassaignon Sophie , Portehault David 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOctahedral molecular sieves (OMS) are built of transition metal-oxygen octahedra that delimit sub-nanoscale cavities. Compared to other microporous solids, OMS exhibit larger versatility in properties, provided by various redox states and magnetic behaviors of transition metals. Hence, OMS offer opportunities in electrochemical energy harnessing devices, including batteries, electrochemical capacitors and electrochromic systems, provided two conditions are met: fast exchange of ions in the micropores and stability upon exchange. Here we unveil a novel OMS hexagonal polymorph of tungsten oxide called h’-WO3, built of (WO6)6 tunnel cavities. h’-WO3 is prepared by a one-step soft chemistry aqueous route leading to the hydrogen bronze h’-H0.07WO3. Gentle heating results in h’-WO3 with framework retention. The material exhibits an unusual combination of 1-dimensional crystal structure and 2-dimensional nanostructure that enhances and fastens proton (de)insertion for stable electrochromic devices. This discovery paves the way to a new family of mixed valence functional materials with tunable behaviors.
Cross-lineage protection by human antibodies binding the influenza B hemagglutinin
Authors: Liu Yi , Tan Hyon-Xhi , Koutsakos Marios , Jegaskanda Sinthujan , Esterbauer Robyn , Tilmanis Danielle , Aban Malet , Kedzierska Katherine , Hurt Aeron C. , Kent Stephen J. , Wheatley Adam K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractInfluenza B viruses (IBV) drive a significant proportion of influenza-related hospitalisations yet are understudied compared to influenza A. Current vaccines target the head of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) which undergoes rapid mutation, significantly reducing vaccine effectiveness. Improved vaccines to control IBV are needed. Here we developed novel IBV HA probes to interrogate humoral responses to IBV in humans. A significant proportion of IBV HA-specific B cells recognise both B/Victoria/2/87-like and B/Yamagata/16/88-like lineages in a distinct pattern of cross-reactivity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were reconstituted from IBV HA-specific B cells, including mAbs providing broad protection in murine models of lethal IBV infection. Protection was mediated by neutralising antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain, or via Fc-mediated functions of non-neutralising antibodies binding alternative epitopes including the IBV HA stem. This work defines antigenic cross-recognition between IBV lineages and provides guidance for the rational design of improved IBV vaccines for broad and durable protection.
Malonylation of GAPDH is an inflammatory signal in macrophages
Authors: Galván-Peña Silvia , Carroll Richard G. , Newman Carla , Hinchy Elizabeth C. , Palsson-McDermott Eva , Robinson Elektra K. , Covarrubias Sergio , Nadin Alan , James Andrew M. , Haneklaus Moritz , Carpenter Susan , Kelly Vincent P. , Murphy Michael P. , Modis Louise K. , O’Neill Luke A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMacrophages undergo metabolic changes during activation that are coupled to functional responses. The gram negative bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is especially potent at driving metabolic reprogramming, enhancing glycolysis and altering the Krebs cycle. Here we describe a role for the citrate-derived metabolite malonyl-CoA in the effect of LPS in macrophages. Malonylation of a wide variety of proteins occurs in response to LPS. We focused on one of these, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In resting macrophages, GAPDH binds to and suppresses translation of several inflammatory mRNAs, including that encoding TNFα. Upon LPS stimulation, GAPDH undergoes malonylation on lysine 213, leading to its dissociation from TNFα mRNA, promoting translation. We therefore identify for the first time malonylation as a signal, regulating GAPDH mRNA binding to promote inflammation.
Apparent latent structure within the UK Biobank sample has implications for epidemiological analysis
Authors: Haworth Simon , Mitchell Ruth , Corbin Laura , Wade Kaitlin H. , Dudding Tom , Budu-Aggrey Ashley , Carslake David , Hemani Gibran , Paternoster Lavinia , Smith George Davey , Davies Neil , Lawson Daniel J. , J. Timpson Nicholas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLarge studies use genotype data to discover genetic contributions to complex traits and infer relationships between those traits. Co-incident geographical variation in genotypes and health traits can bias these analyses. Here we show that single genetic variants and genetic scores composed of multiple variants are associated with birth location within UK Biobank and that geographic structure in genotype data cannot be accounted for using routine adjustment for study centre and principal components derived from genotype data. We find that major health outcomes appear geographically structured and that coincident structure in health outcomes and genotype data can yield biased associations. Understanding and accounting for this phenomenon will be important when making inference from genotype data in large studies.
Aberrant enhancer hypomethylation contributes to hepatic carcinogenesis through global transcriptional reprogramming
Authors: Xiong Lei , Wu Feng , Wu Qiong , Xu Liangliang , Cheung Otto K. , Kang Wei , Mok Myth T. , Szeto Lemuel L. M. , Lun Cheuk-Yin , Lung Raymond W. , Zhang Jinglin , Yu Ken H. , Lee Sau-Dan , Huang Guangcun , Wang Chiou-Miin , Liu Joseph , Yu Zhuo , Yu Dae-Yeul , Chou Jian-Liang , Huang Wan-Hong , Feng Bo , Cheung Yue-Sun , Lai Paul B. , Tan Patrick , Wong Nathalie , Chan Michael W. , Huang Tim H. , Yip Kevin Y. , Cheng Alfred S. , To Ka-Fai 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) exhibit distinct promoter hypermethylation patterns, but the epigenetic regulation and function of transcriptional enhancers remain unclear. Here, our affinity- and bisulfite-based whole-genome sequencing analyses reveal global enhancer hypomethylation in human HCCs. Integrative epigenomic characterization further pinpoints a recurrent hypomethylated enhancer of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBPβ) which correlates with C/EBPβ over-expression and poorer prognosis of patients. Demethylation of C/EBPβ enhancer reactivates a self-reinforcing enhancer-target loop via direct transcriptional up-regulation of enhancer RNA. Conversely, deletion of this enhancer via CRISPR/Cas9 reduces C/EBPβ expression and its genome-wide co-occupancy with BRD4 at H3K27ac-marked enhancers and super-enhancers, leading to drastic suppression of driver oncogenes and HCC tumorigenicity. Hepatitis B X protein transgenic mouse model of HCC recapitulates this paradigm, as C/ebpβ enhancer hypomethylation associates with oncogenic activation in early tumorigenesis. These results support a causal link between aberrant enhancer hypomethylation and C/EBPβ over-expression, thereby contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis through global transcriptional reprogramming.
Biological relevance of computationally predicted pathogenicity of noncoding variants
Authors: Liu Li , Sanderford Maxwell D. , Patel Ravi , Chandrashekar Pramod , Gibson Greg , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: January 2019

AbstractComputational prediction of the phenotypic propensities of noncoding single nucleotide variants typically combines annotation of genomic, functional and evolutionary attributes into a single score. Here, we evaluate if the claimed excellent accuracies of these predictions translate into high rates of success in addressing questions important in biological research, such as fine mapping causal variants, distinguishing pathogenic allele(s) at a given position, and prioritizing variants for genetic risk assessment. A significant disconnect is found to exist between the statistical modelling and biological performance of predictive approaches. We discuss fundamental reasons underlying these deficiencies and suggest that future improvements of computational predictions need to address confounding of allelic, positional and regional effects as well as imbalance of the proportion of true positive variants in candidate lists.
Classifying optical microscope images of exfoliated graphene flakes by data-driven machine learning
Authors: Masubuchi Satoru , Machida Tomoki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMachine-learning techniques enable recognition of a wide range of images, complementing human intelligence. Since the advent of exfoliated graphene on SiO2/Si substrates, identification of graphene has relied on imaging by optical microscopy. Here, we develop a data-driven clustering analysis method to automatically identify the position, shape, and thickness of graphene flakes from optical microscope images of exfoliated graphene on an SiO2/Si substrate. Application of the extraction algorithm to optical images yielded optical and morphology feature values for the regions surrounded by the flake edges. The feature values formed discrete clusters in the optical feature space, which were derived from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-layer graphene. The cluster centers are detected by the unsupervised machine-learning algorithm, enabling highly accurate classification of monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene. The analysis can be applied to a range of substrates with differing SiO2thicknesses.