bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis care services in Armenia: What has changed since the 2014 reform?
Authors: Lylozian Hratchia , Davtyan Hayk , Aslanyan Garry , Davtyan Karapet , Hites Lisle S 
Published: May 2019

Introduction: In efforts to reach the 2020 Tuberculosis targets, the WHO advocates for an outpatient, people-centered model of TB care. To this end, the TB care system in Armenia underwent structural and financing reforms in 2014. Financing mechanism for inpatient TB facilities was changed from a fee per bed/day to a mixed type of financing that includes fixed and variable costs eliminating incentives for unnecessary and extended hospitalizations. Unfortunately, outpatient facilities continue to be financed through per-capita mechanism, resulting in high number of referrals and draining resources. This study aimed to assess the implementation of these reforms within the Armenian TB care system.
Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using nationwide programme data and survey data collected from healthcare facilities.
Results: In 2017 a total of 901 TB patients were registered in outpatient facilities. Only 7.6% of total TB cases were diagnosed in outpatient facilities and 30.9% of the presumptive TB cases were referred to inpatient facilities. The number of hospitalizations was reduced by 76% from 2013 to 2017. The average duration of stay reduced as well from 55+ days to 37 days. However, the proportion of smear negative TB patients remains high among all hospitalized patients (63.8%).
Conclusions: Overall, the reform has been successful, however unnecessary hospitalizations persist. Our results indicate there a need to go upstream for a structural and financial reform of the outpatient sector to complete Armenia’s TB healthcare reform and improve both patient outcomes and efficient use of system resources.
Problems of Practice: A Document Analysis of Education Doctorate Dissertations
Authors: Gillham John C. , Williams Nicole V. , Rife Gwynne , Parker Kara K. 
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to learn how education doctorate students create the problems of practice researched in their dissertations, and the potential impact of their research on their local contexts to enhance the generation of knowledge. Three research questions guided this study: 1) How do education doctorate students derive their problems of practice?, 2) What is the nature of the problems of practice that the students have studied?, and 3) What are the reported impacts the study of problems of practice has on doctoral students’ local contexts? To answer these questions, the researchers conducted a document analysis of 19 dissertations. Student dissertations included a diverse set of problems of practice largely determined by their professional roles. The findings indicate a need for further refinement of the concept of a problem of practice and how the education doctorate program and their candidates employ the concept of a problem of practice in their dissertations and how this impacts local contexts. Furthermore, the nature of their problems of practice researched through the dissertation contributed to the perceived impact on the local context of the author.
The Faith of Our Fathers: An Examination of the Patristic Roots of John Wesley's Theology and the Relevance of His Theology and Practice for Today
Authors: Fellows Philip 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
This article examines John Wesley's engagement with patristic sources before bringing Wesley into dialogue with representative contemporary theologians. It argues that Wesley's fusion of traditions and focus upon holiness provides a helpful counterpoint to contemporary emphases. The first section considers Wesley's explicit use of the Church Fathers, considering particularly Ted Campbell's work and the methodological problems involved in such an enquiry. It is then argued that there is evidence of patristic influence upon Wesley's doctrines of prevenient grace and Christian perfection as part of a wider synthesis of eras and Christian traditions. Finally, the contemporary relevance of Wesley's approach is considered.
Aproximación a la comunidad mormona de Sevilla a través de cuatro historias de vida
Authors: De Diego Cordero Rocío 
Published: May 2019

Este trabajo muestra cómo, a través de una metodología etnográfica de las historias de vida, se llega a construir la realidad social del movimiento religioso minoritario de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días en Sevilla. Se han realizado doce entrevistas biográficas que han permitido recoger cuatro relatos de vida de sus miembros, de los que se ha realizado trascripción y análisis. Ello se ha completado con la revisión de bibliografía propia del movimiento así como de investigadores sociales. Todo esto ha permitido conocer no sólo el camino histórico de este movimiento en Sevilla, sino la realidad social, histórica y política donde se empezó a fraguar el movimiento y todo ello unido a las vivencias personales de los informantes.
This work shows how through an ethnographic methodology of the stories of life, we get to build the social reality of the minority religious movement of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Seville. There were twelve biographical interviews that allowed to collect four life stories of members after which the transcription and analysis was done. This has been completed with the revision of the movement’s own literature as well as social researchers. All this has allowed us to know not only the historical path of this movement in Seville, but also the social, historical and political reality where the movement began to fuse and all this together with the personal experiences of the informants.
La necesaria actualización de los Códigos UNESCO en Antropología Social en el siglo XXI
Authors: Schriewer Klaus , Rico Becerra Juan Ignacio 
Published: May 2019

En este texto pretendemos poner de manifiesto por qué es imprescindible actualizar los Códigos UNESCO en Antropología Social. Para tal fin realizamos, en primer lugar, una revisión retrospectiva de los Códigos UNESCO partiendo del primer borrador de 1972 hasta la actualidad y de sus limitaciones. Después exponemos las valoraciones de los antropólogos/as españoles/as que han participado en nuestra encuesta sobre la adecuación de los Códigos UNESCO; y finalmente, elaboramos una propuesta de los Códigos UNESCO para Antropología.
In this text we intend to highlight why it is essential to update the UNESCO Codes for Social Anthropology. To this end we carried out, in the first place, a retrospective review of the UNESCO Codes and its limitations, starting from the first draft of 1972 to the present. Then we expose the valuations of the Spanish anthropologists who have participated in our survey on the adequacy of the UNESCO Codes, and finally we present a proposal of the UNESCO Codes for Anthropology.
Potential of Artificial Bird Perches for Recovery Different Areas in Brazilian Semiarid
Authors: Moreira Gonçalves Maria da Penha , Lícia Patriota Feliciano Ana , Marangon Luiz Carlos , De Paula Silva Alessandro , Benedito da Silva Lucas , Marques de Lima Neto Everaldo , Grugiki Marilia Alves 
Published: May 2019

Aims: To evaluate the potential of artificial bird perch for recovering areas on the Brazilian semiarid through seed dispersion and the establishment of regeneration.
Study Design: We tested the treatments: PC= perches in area with preserved surroundings; CC = absence o perches in area with preserved surroundings (Control 1); PP= disturbed area with perches and CP= disturbed area without perches (Control 2). The experiment has a complete randomized design with four replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was performed in the municipalities of Ibaretama and Quixaba, State of Ceará, Brazil. We used one perturbed (Area 1) and one conserved area (Area 2) in each municipality. The experiment was conducted from April 2014 to May 2016, a total of 24 months.
Methodology: 24 perches were used in each area. Seed rain and natural regeneration were evaluated. Collectors were installed at the perch bases and the seeds sampled monthly, quantified and identified. Every twelve months, the natural regeneration was verified under the perches, quantifying and identifying the regenerates.
Results: We found 1031 seeds of shrub-tree species dispersed. The treatment with perches in environment with conserved surroundings had the higher number of seeds. The main dispersed species were Commiphora leptophloeos (28.3 sem.m-2), Lantana camara (7.3 sem.m-2) and Cynophalla flexuosa (2.6 sem.m-2). We observed the higher value of regeneration in the treatments with artificial perches with conserved surroundings, 2.7 individuals.m-2. The dispersal syndrome of natural regeneration consisted of 50% of zoochoric species.
Conclusion: Artificial perches exert a recuperative function on Brazilian semiarid areas, increasing the rain of zoochoric seeds and the recruitment of the species. We recommend artifitial perches for the attraction of dispersers in different disturbed areas.
Plant Responses to
UV
‐
B
Radiation
Authors: Jansen Marcel AK , Urban Otmar 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Research on plant UV‐B responses commenced in earnest following discovery of stratospheric ozone layer depletion in the 1970s. Initial research focussed mostly on UV stress, including damage to genetic material (DNA, RNA) and negative impacts on photosynthesis and growth. A second phase of research centred on UV‐B acclimation including photorepair, UV‐screening and upregulation of antioxidant defences, and led to the conclusion that plants are well protected from potentially harmful effects of UV‐B radiation. The identification of a dedicated UV‐B photoreceptor (UVR8), and components of its signalling pathway, revealed that UV‐B sensing has an important regulatory role in UV‐protection. An emerging third phase of plant UV‐B biology centres on a much broader role of UV‐B radiation as an environmental regulator. UV‐B modulates, amongst others, thermomorphogenesis, shade‐avoidance, the circadian clock and resistance to drought. Thus, it appears that UV‐B plays a comprehensive role in controlling growth and development of plants.

Key Concepts

Realistic UV‐B exposure conditions are essential for assessing environmentally relevant UV‐B impacts.

UV‐B is a potential stressor, however, negative impacts of UV‐B on the growth of plants are small under realistic UV‐B exposure conditions.

The UV‐B photoreceptor UVR8 is used by plants to sense exposure to UV‐B radiation.

Interactions between UVR8 and other photoreceptor signalling pathways result in fine‐regulation of plant responses.

UVR8 plays a role in modulation of clock entrainment, chloroplast development, thermomorphogenesis, accumulation of specific metabolites, and drought‐protection.

UV‐B modulates plant responses to climate change parameters such as heat, drought and CO
2
.
Adaptive Evolution of Microcephaly Genes
Authors: Montgomery Stephen H 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The human brain is dramatically enlarged compared to our closest relatives. Brain expansion is closely linked to the evolution of complex behaviour and cognition in hominins. Identifying the genetic basis of brain expansion provides one route to understanding what is, and what is not, unique about our species. As part of this approach, researchers have turned to neurodevelopmental disorders for candidate mechanisms. Microcephaly, a disorder characterised by a major and specific underdevelopment of brain size, is a well‐studied example. Genes associated with microcephaly evolved adaptively across both primates and nonprimate mammals, and selection on at least two genes,
ASPM
and
CDK5RAP2
, is associated with variation in brain size in anthropoid primates, and potentially other mammalian clades. While these results support predictions of a model of brain expansion that focuses on cell fate switches during neurogenesis, the causative mechanisms linking selection on microcephaly genes to the evolution brain size remain unclear.

Key Concepts

Microcephaly (MCPH) is a developmental disorder that results in a severely reduced brain size, defined clinically as a head circumference more than 3 standard deviations below the age/sex mean.

MCPH genes are thought to regulate brain growth by affecting key cell fate decisions during neurogenesis.

Multiple MCPH genes show signatures of positive selection across primates and across nonprimate mammals.

In anthropoid primates (monkeys and apes), the rate of evolution of two MCPH genes,
ASPM
and
CDK5RAP2
, are associated with variation in brain size.

Phylogenetic associations are strongest with absolute neonatal brain size, consistent with an evolutionary model where these loci are involved in extending neural proliferation during gestation.

Functional test of this evolutionary role remain challenging but several techniques are being developed, including transgenic mice and cerebral organoids.
In Vivo Assembly and Disassembly of Probes to Improve Near‐Infrared Optical Bioimaging
Authors: Zhao Mengyao , Li Benhao , Fan Yong , Zhang Fan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe near‐infrared range (NIR, 700−1700 nm) has been used as a superior optical window for non‐invasive bioimaging. Increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) is the most fundamental method to improve NIR bioimaging. However, the low delivery efficiency of fluorescent contrast agents leads to weak signal at lesions. Moreover, non‐specific accumulation and “always on” signals will cause “false positive” signals and high background noise, all of which result in low SNR and potential long‐term biotoxicity. Thus, to reach precise detection of lesions, strong bioimaging signals and low background interference are the two important pre‐requisites. This review provides an overview of in vivo assembly and disassembly strategies to improve tumor‐specific accumulation, “turn‐on” the silent signals, and reduce the background noise in NIR bioimaging windows. In vivo assembly and disassembly occurring spontaneously, responding to disease micro‐environment or external stimuli, including pH, enzymes, reactive oxygen species, redox, light, and specific recognition is summarized, which may provide ideas and approaches to further enhance bioimaging and reduce long‐term biotoxicity concerns.
A Mesoporous Nanoenzyme Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks with Endogenous Oxygen Generation to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia for Significantly Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Wu Huihui , Lim Wei Qi , Phua Soo Zeng Fiona , Xu Pengping , Chen Qianwang , Guo Zhen , Zhao Yanli 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTumor hypoxia compromises the therapeutic efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as the local oxygen concentration plays an important role in the generation of cytotoxic singlet oxygen (1O2). Herein, a versatile mesoporous nanoenzyme (NE) derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is presented for in situ generation of endogenous O2 to enhance the PDT efficacy under bioimaging guidance. The mesoporous NE is constructed by first coating a manganese‐based MOFs with mesoporous silica, followed by a facile annealing process under the ambient atmosphere. After removing the mesoporous silica shell and post‐modifying with polydopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) for improving the biocompatibility, the obtained mesoporous NE is loaded with chlorin e6 (Ce6), a commonly used photosensitizer in PDT, with a high loading capacity. Upon the O2 generation through the catalytic reaction between the catalytic amount NE and the endogenous H2O2, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment is relieved. Thus, Ce6‐loaded NE serves as a H2O2‐activated oxygen supplier to increase the local O2 concentration for significantly enhanced antitumor PDT efficacy in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the NE also shows T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging ability for its in vivo tracking. This work presents an interesting biomedical use of MOF‐derived mesoporous NE as a multifunctional theranostic agent in cancer therapy.
Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Wang Li‐Ke , Zhou Jing‐Jing , Lan Yu‐Bao , Ding San‐Yuan , Yu Wei , Wang Wei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFeaturing the simultaneous generation of a library of compounds from a certain intermediate, divergent synthesis has found increasing applications in the construction of natural products and potential medicines. Inspired by this approach, presented herein is a general strategy to introduce functionality, in a divergent manner, into covalent organic frameworks (COFs). This modular protocol includes two stages of covalent assembly, through which functional COFs can be constructed by a three‐step transformation of a key platform molecule, such as 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐chloro‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole (DBCBI). Constructed herein are four types of chiral COFs (CCOFs) from DBCBI by nucleophilic substitution, Suzuki coupling, and imine formation. The unique array of eight isoframework CCOFs allowed investigation of their catalytic performance and structure–activity relationship in an asymmetric amination reaction.
Generating Defect‐Rich Bismuth for Enhancing the Rate of Nitrogen Electroreduction to Ammonia
Authors: Wang Yue , Shi Miao‐miao , Bao Di , Meng Fan‐lu , Zhang Qi , Zhou Yi‐tong , Liu Kai‐hua , Zhang Yan , Wang Jia‐zhi , Chen Zhi‐wen , Liu Da‐peng , Jiang Zheng , Luo Mi , Gu Lin , Zhang Qing‐hua , Cao Xing‐zhong , Yao Yao , Shao Min‐hua , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xin‐Bo , Chen Jingguang G. , Yan Jun‐min , Jiang Qing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe electrochemical N2 fixation, which is far from practical application in aqueous solution under ambient conditions, is extremely challenging and requires a rational design of electrocatalytic centers. We observed that bismuth (Bi) might be a promising candidate for this task because of its weak binding with H adatoms, which increases the selectivity and production rate. Furthermore, we successfully synthesized defect‐rich Bi nanoplates as an efficient noble‐metal‐free N2 reduction electrocatalyst via a low‐temperature plasma bombardment approach. When exclusively using 1H NMR measurements with N2 gas as a quantitative testing method, the defect‐rich Bi(110) nanoplates achieved a 15NH3 production rate of 5.453 μg mgBi−1 h−1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 11.68 % at −0.6 V vs. RHE in aqueous solution at ambient conditions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Dearomativesyn‐1,4‐Carboamination with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Tang Conghui , Okumura Mikiko , Zhu Yunbo , Hooper Annie R. , Zhou Yu , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Sarlah David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA protocol for palladium‐catalyzed dearomative functionalization of simple, nonactivated arenes with Grignard reagents has been established. This one‐pot method features a visible‐light‐mediated [4+2] cycloaddition between an arene and an arenophile, and subsequent palladium‐catalyzed allylic substitution of the resulting cycloadduct with a Grignard reagent. A variety of arenes and Grignard reagents can participate in this process, forming carboaminated products with exclusivesyn‐1,4‐selectivity. Moreover, the dearomatized products are amenable to further elaborations, providing functionalized alicyclic motifs and pharmacophores. For example, naphthalene was converted into sertraline, one of the most prescribed antidepressants, in only four operations. Finally, this process could also be conducted in an enantioselective fashion, as demonstrated with the desymmetrization of naphthalene.
A New Class of Blue‐LED‐Excitable NIR‐II Luminescent Nanoprobes Based on Lanthanide‐Doped CaS Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Meiran , Zheng Wei , Liu Yan , Huang Ping , Gong Zhongliang , Wei Jiaojiao , Gao Yu , Zhou Shanyong , Li Xingjun , Chen Xueyuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLanthanide (Ln3+)‐doped luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) with emission in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) biological window have shown great promise but their applications are currently limited by the low absorption efficiency of Ln3+ owing to the parity‐forbidden 4f→4f electronic transition. Herein, we developed a strategy for the controlled synthesis of a new class of NIR‐II luminescent nanoprobes based on Ce3+/Er3+ and Ce3+/Nd3+ co‐doped CaS NPs, which can be effectively excited by using a low‐cost blue light‐emitting diode chip. Through sensitization by the allowed 4f→5d transition of Ce3+, intense NIR‐II luminescence from Er3+ and Nd3+ with quantum yields of 9.3 % and 7.7 % was achieved, respectively. By coating them with a layer of amphiphilic phospholipids, these NPs exhibit excellent stability in water and can be exploited as sensitive NIR‐II luminescent nanoprobes for the accurate detection of an important disease biomarker, xanthine, with a detection limit of 32.0 nm.
Chlorination‐Promoted Cage Transformation of IPR C92 Discovered via Trifluoromethylation under Formation of Non‐classical C92(NC)(CF3)22
Authors: Tamm Nadezhda B. , Guan Runnan , Yang Shangfeng , Kemnitz Erhard , Troyanov Sergey I. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh‐temperature trifluoromethylation of isolated‐pentagon‐rule (IPR) fullerene C92 chlorination products followed by HPLC separation of C92(CF3)n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X‐ray structural characterization of IPR C92(38)(CF3)18 and non‐classical C92(NC)(CF3)22. The formation of C92(38)(CF3)18 as the highest CF3 derivative of the known isomer C92(38) can be expected. The formation of C92(NC)(CF3)22 was interpreted as chlorination‐promoted cage transformation of C92(38) followed by trifluoromethylation of non‐classical C92(NC) chloride. Noticeably, C92(NC)(CF3)22 shows the highest degree of trifluoromethylation among all known CF3 derivatives of fullerenes. The addition patterns of C92(38)(CF3)18 and C92(NC)(CF3)22 are discussed and compared to the chlorination patterns of C92(38)Cln compounds.
Acetylene and trans‐Ethylene Bridged BIII‐Subporphyrin Dimers
Authors: Bekki Yosuke , Kang Seongsoo , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAcetylene and trans‐ethylene bridged BIII‐subporphyrin dimers were synthesized by cross‐coupling reactions of meso‐bromo BIII subporphyrin. These dimers display perturbed and red‐shifted absorption spectra reaching around 750 nm and fluorescence reaching at around 850 nm with high quantum yields of 0.39 and 0.47, respectively. DFT calculations have revealed that the HOMOs and the LUMOs of both dimers are spread over the two subporphyrin units as an indication of effective conjugation between the two subporphyrin units. The large Stokes shifts and characteristic pico‐second time‐resolved transient absorption spectra indicated that the S1‐states of the dimers relax with structural changes, which are larger for the trans‐ethylene bridged dimer.