bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic tracing unravels pathways of fungal and bacterial amino sugar formation in soil
Authors: Dippold M. A. , Gunina A. , Apostel C. , Boesel S. , Glaser B. , Kuzyakov Y. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe present study aimed to reveal the steps in the formation of fungal and bacterial amino sugars (AS) from glucose. Glucose labelled uniformly and position‐specifically at C‐1, C‐2, C‐4 and C‐6 was applied to an agricultural soil. Fungal and bacterial pathways of AS formation were reconstructed by a new approach: 13C recovery from individual C positions of glucose in AS by IC‐O‐IRMS. Only 0.75% of 13C from initially applied glucose was incorporated into AS within 10 days and followed the order: glucosamine > galactosamine > muramic acid. Relative incorporation of 13C (% of AS‐C) had the largest values for bacterial muramic acid and the smallest for fungal galactosamine. This reflects faster turnover of bacterial than fungal cell walls. A maximum of 55% ± 19% of the 13C incorporated in glucosamine was derived from intact, untransformed glucose. The smallest recovery was observed for C‐1 and C‐4. Recovery of C‐1 even decreased from day 3 to day 10, reflecting the metabolization by the pentose phosphate pathway. To be incorporated into AS, metabolites resulting from either the pentose phosphate pathway or glycolysis needed to be reconstructed to glucose by the reversible pathways of gluconeogenesis. The direct formation of AS (e.g. intact recovery of the glucose precursor), as well as amino sugar formation from recycled metabolites allocated to the hexose pool by back flux, occurred in parallel. Bacterial muramic acid showed the most variation in the recovery of individual C positions during 10 days, which reflects its intensive transformation by glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis. It is explained by the lower metabolic activity of fungi than bacteria at steady‐state conditions. The present approach enabled us to analyse the biochemical pathways in bacteria and fungi, which will considerably improve our understanding of the formation and stabilization of microbially derived SOM compounds.Highlights
Fungal and bacterial pathways of the formation of amino sugars from glucose are reconstructed
Intact use of glucose is distinguished from recycling by a metabolic tracing approach
Half of the precursor (glucose) is metabolized prior to incorporation into amino sugars
Intracellular recycling plays a crucial role in microbial SOM formation
A synthesis to understand responses to capture stressors among fish discarded from commercial fisheries and options for mitigating their severity
Authors: Cook Katrina V. , Reid Andrea J. , Patterson David A. , Robinson Kendra A. , Chapman Jacqueline M. , Hinch Scott G. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDiscarding non‐target fish from commercial fisheries is controversial and has been a persistent concern for fisheries managers globally. Discard management strategies typically begin by understanding mortality rates among discarded fish, a challenging task given the dynamic, highly context‐specific nature of fisheries. An alternative is to develop our knowledge of how stressors operate by first understanding the causes of mortality that drive this context dependence. Particularly relevant to mitigation efforts is an understanding of how fish respond to the physical factors of fishing, such as the gear itself and methods of fishing and handling the gear. We provide a synthesis of how commercial fishing methods may influence discard mortality and outline means by which capture‐induced stress and injury can be mitigated for common commercial gear types, emphasizing method variants or alternatives during capture, handling, and release that could improve survival. This synthesis identifies exhaustion and injury as the most detrimental and ubiquitous stressors experienced by discarded fish, with few options for mitigating their effects. Trawls and hanging net fisheries are identified as the most harmful gears for by‐catch, characterized by high stress regardless of method variants and limited options for mitigation. Irrespective of gear type and type of stressor, minimizing durations of capture and handling and encouragement of good handling behaviour (e.g., during landing and sorting) will reduce the magnitude of stress and injury in fish, and ultimately increase survival.
The influence of weather on avian spring migration phenology: What, where and when?
Authors: Haest Birgen , Hüppop Ommo , Bairlein Franz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOver the past decades, spring arrival and passage of most short‐ and medium‐distance migrating birds in the Northern Hemisphere have advanced. Changes in spring temperature at the passage or arrival area have been most frequently shown to be related to these changes in spring migration phenology. In most studies, preliminary assumptions are made on both the spatial location and the specific time frame of the weather influencing spring migration phenology. We performed a spatially explicit time‐window analysis of the effect of weather on mean spring passage dates of nine short‐ and medium‐distance passerines. We analysed data from standardized daily captures at the Helgoland (Germany) constant‐effort site, in combination with gridded daily temperature, precipitation and wind data from the NCEP data set over a 55‐year period (1960–2014), across the whole of West Europe and North Africa. Although we allowed for a time window of any length at any location, nevertheless incorporating various measures to avoid spurious correlations, time windows at the likely wintering or spring stopover grounds were almost exclusively selected as the best predicting variables (96%–100% of identified variables). The weather variables at the wintering and stopover grounds explain up to 77% of the interannual variability in spring passage. Yet, the response of spring migration phenology to weather at the winter or stopover areas does not fully explain the observed trends. Spring migration phenology is, hence, strongly driven by weather at the wintering and stopover grounds, but additional mechanisms are needed to fully explain the advancement of spring migration. Our results also clearly show that previously illustrated correlations, or the lack thereof, between spring migration phenology and weather at the passage or arrival location are due to spatio‐temporal correlations in the weather data. This spatial mismatch might have led to false conclusions, especially the further away the wintering or stopover sites are.
Greater tree species richness in eastern North America compared to Europe is coupled to denser, more clustered functional trait space filling, not to trait space expansion
Authors: Ordonez Alejandro , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimDetermine if differences in species richness between currently climatically similar regions correlate to dissimilarities in functional diversity.LocationEurope and eastern North America.Time periodNeogene and Quaternary.Major taxa studiedTemperate trees of Europe and eastern North America.MethodsUsing classic functional traits defining distinct ecological strategies, we described the trait spaces of European and eastern North American tree floras. The trait space of each region was described based on the occupied area, species accumulation pattern, and the trait‐space size, dispersion and clustering. We then evaluated if the species richness differences between these two climatically similar regions correlate to dissimilarities in both occupied areas and species accumulation patterns; as well as differences in the trait‐space size, dispersion and clustering.ResultsDifferences in species richness between climatically similar regions do not necessarily result in functional dissimilarities. Regardless of eastern North American species having a larger trait‐space, occupied areas and species accumulation patterns converged. Although in both regions species clumped towards the trait‐space centroid, we observed statistically significant differences between Europe and eastern North America in the dispersion and clustering but not in size of the trait space. Moreover, traits from species in genera still present in eastern North America but lost from Europe during the Neogene and Quaternary were fully contained within the currently occupied European trait space.Main conclusionsPositional convergence between European and eastern North American trait spaces suggests that this species richness anomaly does fully translate to the functional space. Our results suggest that species accumulation within a region occurs within a climatically restricted trait space, and not via trait‐space expansion. Moreover, the consistent aggregation of species towards the trait‐space centre aligns with the idea of a directional section towards a generalized morphology, which might provide the best way to interact with a broad array of environmental conditions.
Blurring boundaries: informal practices in formal employment in Ireland
Authors: Bobek Alicja , Wickham James 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFormal and informal employment have traditionally been perceived as separate. This division usually has a social, geographical and temporal character. However, it has also been argued that formal and informal economic practices are not necessarily distinctive and often coexist within the same spaces, firms or even jobs. This article explores the blurring boundaries between formal and informal work. By using examples from four sectors of the Irish economy, we demonstrate how some employers ‘informalise’ working conditions of their formal employees. As we show, such informalisation is mainly focused on cutting employment costs and setting earnings below the minimum wage. This has resulted in a further erosion of the formal–informal division in some sectors of Ireland's post‐recession labour market.
Mass transfer coefficient and mass diffusivity of O2 and CO2 during oxidation of macerated CTC and rolled orthodox leaves in black tea manufacturing
Authors: Das Shrilekha , Datta A.K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOxidation of withered and macerated crush‐tear‐curl (CTC) and rolled orthodox tea leaves of TV25 clone was carried out in a closed chamber and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration inside the chamber was measured at small time intervals. From the O2 consumption and CO2 production pattern during oxidation, mass transfer coefficient (ky′) and mass diffusivity (DAB) of O2 and CO2 was calculated considering equimolar counterdiffusion of the gases. Change in mass transfer coefficient and mass diffusivity of O2 and CO2 with duration of oxidation was fitted into exponential equation. Value of R2 for all the relationships were greater than .80 and reduced chi‐square values was less than 1. Values of ky′ and DAB at the initial stage of oxidation are higher for macerated CTC leaves and they reduce at a faster rate for oxidation of CTC tea than orthodox leaves.Practical applicationFermentation (oxidation) in black tea processing is the most important processing step responsible for characteristics tea quality in terms of color, flavor, and aroma. This step consists of several biochemical reactions which are associated with consumption of O2 and production of CO2 gas. Mass transfer coefficient and mass diffusivity of O2 and CO2 gas during oxidation in CTC granules and rolled orthodox leaves were estimated in this study. This would help with the control of air flow rate in designing continuous fermentation machines and also the number of changes in room air required for floor/gumlah/trough fermentation and thereby improved tea quality.
A comparison of observed and thermodynamically predicted phase equilibria and mineral compositions in mafic granulites
Authors: Forshaw Jacob B. , Waters David J. , Pattison David R. M. , Palin Richard M. , Gopon Phillip 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRecently published activity–composition (a–x) relations for minerals in upper amphibolite‐ and granulite facies intermediate and basic rocks have expanded our ability to interpret the petrological evolution of these important components of the lower continental crust. If such petrological modelling is to be reliable, the abundances and compositions of phases calculated at the interpreted conditions of metamorphic equilibration should resemble those in the sample under study. Here, petrological modelling was applied to six granulite facies rocks that formed in different tectonic environments and reached different peak metamorphic pressure–temperature (P–T) conditions. While phase assemblages matching those observed in each sample can generally be calculated at P–T conditions that approximate those of peak metamorphism, a consistent discrepancy was found between the calculated and observed compositions of amphibole and clinopyroxene. In amphibole, Si, Ca and A‐site K are underestimated by the model, while Al and A‐site Na are overestimated; comparatively, in clinopyroxene, Mg and Si are generally underestimated, while Fe2+ and Al are typically overestimated, compared to observed values. One consequence is a reversal in the Fe–Mg distribution coefficient (KD) between amphibole and clinopyroxene compared to observations. Some of these mismatches are attributed to the incorrect partitioning of elements between the predicted amphibole and clinopyroxene compositions; however, other discrepancies are the result of the incorrect prediction of major substitution vectors in amphibole and clinopyroxene. These compositional irregularities affect mineral modal abundance estimates and in turn the position and size (in P–T space) of mineral assemblage fields, the effect becoming progressively more marked as the modal abundance of hornblende increases; hence, this study carries implications for estimating P–T conditions of high‐temperature metabasites using these new a–x relations.
Population pharmacokinetics of extended‐release levetiracetam in epileptic dogs when administered alone, with phenobarbital or zonisamide
Authors: Muñana Karen R. , Otamendi Arturo J. , Nettifee Julie A. , Papich Mark G. 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundExtended‐release levetiracetam (LEV‐XR) has gained acceptance as an antiepileptic drug in dogs. No studies have evaluated its disposition in dogs with epilepsy.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LEV‐XR in epileptic dogs when administered alone or with phenobarbital or zonisamide.AnimalsEighteen client‐owned dogs on steady‐state maintenance treatment with LEV‐XR (Group L, n = 6), LEV‐XR and phenobarbital (Group LP, n = 6), or LEV‐XR and zonisamide (Group LZ, n = 6).MethodsPharmacokinetic study. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours after LEV‐XR was administered with food. Plasma LEV concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography. A population pharmacokinetic approach and nonlinear mixed effects modeling were used to analyze the data.ResultsTreatment group accounted for most of the interindividual variation. The LP group had lower CMAX (13.38 μg/mL) compared to the L group (33.01 μg/mL) and LZ group (34.13 μg/mL), lower AUC (134.86 versus 352.95 and 452.76 hours·μg/mL, respectively), and higher CL/F (0.17 versus 0.08 and 0.07 L/kg/hr, respectively). The half‐life that defined the terminal slope of the plasma concentration versus time curve (~5 hours) was similar to values previously reported for healthy dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceConsiderable variation exists in the pharmacokinetics of LEV‐XR in dogs with epilepsy being treated with a common dose regimen. Concurrent administration of phenobarbital contributed significantly to the variation. Other factors evaluated, including co‐administration of zonisamide, were not shown to contribute to the variability. Drug monitoring may be beneficial to determine the most appropriate dose of LEV‐XR in individual dogs.
Gastric administration of garlic powder containing the trpa1‐ agonist allicin induces specific epigastric symptoms and gastric relaxation in healthy subjects
Authors: Führer Martina , Dejaco Clemens , Kopp Brigitte , Hammer Johann 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundTRPA1 is an excitatory ion channel and is involved in sensory processes including thermal nociception and inflammatory pain. The allicin in garlic is a strong activator of the TRPA1 channel.AimTo evaluate the effect of intragastric garlic powder containing allicin on perception, gastric tone, and mechanosensitivity.MethodsAn infusion‐barostat balloon assembly was used for infusion of test solutions, for distension, and to measure proximal gastric compliance and tone. After an initial open label dose finding with 1 g, 2 g, 3.75 g, and 7.5 g commercially available garlic powder, a bolus of 2 g garlic powder (11 mg allicin)/60 mL H2O was considered to induce moderate but constant sensation and was used hereafter in a placebo‐controlled, single‐dose, double‐blind, randomized study in 7 volunteers to evaluate gastric sensation, tone, and mechanosensitivity.Key ResultsBolus injection of garlic caused immediate epigastric symptoms, mean aggregate symptom scores (AUC in 15 minutes) were 106 ± 49 vs. 35 ± 30 after placebo (P = 0.01). Garlic induced significant epigastric pressure, stinging, and warmth (P < 0.01 vs. placebo), while intensity of cramps, satiety, nausea, and pain was not significantly different to placebo (P > 0.05). Garlic induced an immediate, short lived fundic relaxation (balloon volume 627 ± 349 mL vs. −145 ± 120 mL; P < 0.02). No effect of allicin on proximal gastric mechanosensitivity and compliance was observed (NS).Conclusion and InferencesGarlic containing allicin induces immediate epigastric symptoms of pressure, stinging, and warmth and induces fundic relaxation but does not influence mechanosensitivity or compliance. TRPA1 is a receptor that is involved in gastric sensation and motility.
The Tenseless Theory of Time and the Moodless Theory of Modality
Authors: Skow Bradford 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper develops a moodless theory of modality, intended to be as closely analogous to the tenseless theory of time as possible. It is argued that the new theory is distinct from David Lewis' modal realism and that it solves certain problems better than modal realism does, namely, the problem of advanced modalizing, the problem of necessitism, and the problem of conflict with common opinion.
Silencing without Convention
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSilencing is usually explained in terms of conventionalism about the nature of speech acts. More recently, theorists have tried to develop intentionalist theories of the phenomenon. I argue, however, that if intentionalists are to accommodate the conventionalists' main insight, namely, that silencing can be so extreme as to render certain types of speech act completely unavailable to victims, they must take two assumptions on board. First, it must be possible that speakers' communicative intentions are opaque to the speakers themselves. Second, it needs to be assumed that structural oppression can have hidden psychological effects on its victims. Because both assumptions can be motivated independently, I argue that silencing can be fully understood without appealing to linguistic conventions.
Elastase inhibition affects collagen transcription and prostaglandin secretion in mare endometrium during the estrous cycle
Authors: Amaral Ana , Fernandes Carina , Lukasik Karolina , Szóstek‐Mioduchowska Anna , Baclawska Agnieszka , Rebordão Maria Rosa , Aguiar‐Silva Joana , Pinto‐Bravo Pedro , Skarzynski Dariusz J. , Ferreira‐Dias Graça 
Published: September 2018

ContentsWe have shown that bacteria induce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in mare endometrium. Besides killing pathogens, NETs may contribute for endometrosis (chronic endometrium fibrosis). Since elastase (ELA) is a NETs component that regulates fibrosis and prostaglandin (PG) output, the aim was to evaluate if inhibition of ELA would affect collagen 1 (COL1) transcription and PGs secretion by endometrium explants, in different estrous cycle phases. Follicular‐FP (n = 8) and mid luteal–MLP (n = 7) phases explants were cultured for 24–48 hr with medium alone (Control), ELA (0.5 μg/ml,1 μg/ml), sivelestat ‐ ELA inhibitor (INH,10 μg/ml), or ELA (0.5 μg/ml,1 μg/ml) + INH (10 μg/ml). COL1 gene transcription was done by qRT‐PCR and PGE2 and PGF2α determination in culture medium by EIA. In FP, at 24 hr, ELA0.5 increased COL1 transcription (p < 0.001) but its inhibition (ELA0.5 + INH10) decreased COL1 transcription (p < 0.01) and PGF2α production (p < 0.05). Also, ELA0.5 + INH10 or ELA1 + INH10 raised PGE2 production (p < 0.01). At 48 hr, ELA1 increased COL1 transcription (p < 0.01) and PGF2α production (p < 0.001), but its inhibition (ELA1 + INH10) decreased these actions (p < 0.01; p < 0.05, respectively). Besides, ELA1 + INH10 incubation increased PGE2 (p < 0.05). PGF2α also augmented with ELA0.5 (p < 0.001), but lowered with ELA0.5 + INH10 (p < 0.01). In MLP, ELA0.5 up‐regulated COL1 transcription (24 hr, p < 0.01; 48 hr, p < 0.001), but ELA0.5 + INH10 decreased it (24 hr, p < 0.05; 48 hr, p < 0.001). At 48 hr, incubation with ELA1 also increased COL1 transcription and PGF2α production (p < 0.05), but PGF2α production decreased with ELA1 + INH10 incubation (p < 0.05). PGE2 production was higher in ELA1 + INH10 incubation (p < 0.05). Therefore, ELA inhibition may reduce the establishment of mare endometrial fibrosis by stimulating the production of anti‐fibrotic PGE2 and inhibiting pro‐fibrotic PGF2α.
Ejaculation effect on blood testosterone and prostatic pulsed‐wave Doppler ultrasound in dogs
Authors: Alonge Salvatore , Melandri Monica , Leoci Raffaella , Lacalandra Giovanni M. , Aiudi Giulio 
Published: September 2018

ContentsLocal vessels ultrasonography evaluates prostatic physio‐pathologic states. Testosterone promotes tissue and vascular growth. Knowing variables on prostatic vasculature is crucial to correctly apply Pulsed‐Wave exam. The study aims to assess how ejaculation and blood testosterone affect Pulsed‐Wave indexes. Serial blood testosterone dosages and Pulsed‐Wave exams were performed in 20 dogs, immediately before (T0) and after (T1) ejaculation and 6 hr later (T2). Arteria prostatica cranialis, Arteriola capsularis, Arteriola trabecularis and Arteriola parenchimalis were evaluated and mean Pulsatility and Resistivity Index, Systolic‐Peak, End‐Diastolic and Mean Velocity calculated. Data were grouped by time and vessel (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). At T1, Resistivity Index significantly lowered in A. prostatica cranialis, A. trabecularis and A. parenchimalis but grew in A. capsularis; Pulsatility Index had the same pattern, but not significant in A. parenchimalis; Systolic Peak Velocity, End‐Diastolic Velocity, Mean Velocity significantly rose in A. capsularis and A. trabecularis. No indexes differed at T0 and T2. Testosterone did not differ at T0 (10.93 ± 7.05 ng/ml), T1 (12.71 ± 7.29) and T2 (10.54 ± 6.63). Results stated the risen prostatic vascular flow postejaculation, affecting Pulsed‐Wave. Due to semi‐rigid capsule, impairing vasodilation of other vessels, only A. capsularis indexes increased. Intimal cushions of A. prostatica cranialis kept velocities fixed; A. capsularis and A. trabecularis lack of intimal cushions, thus velocities grew. In A. parenchimalis, precapillary sphincters opening allows increased flow redistribution in vasodilated parenchymal bed, keeping velocities fixed. As testosterone, not affected by ejaculation, did not peak, vascular changes are not due to testosterone itself. These physiological effects of ejaculation suggest proper sexual rest before Pulsed‐Wave exam planned to explore suspected prostatic neovascularization.