bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and preliminary pharmacokinetics study of GNA-loaded zein nanoparticles
Authors: Cheng Weiye , Wang Beilei , Zhang Caiyun , Dong Qiannian , Qian Jiajia , Zha Liqiong , Chen Weidong , Hong Lufeng 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Gambogenic acid (GNA), one of the main active ingredients isolated from Garcinia cambogia, has shown diverse antitumour activities. However, short biological half-life and low oral bioavailability severely limit its clinical application. Here, we developed GNA-loaded zein nanoparticles (GNA-ZN-NPs) based on phospholipid complex and zein nanoparticles to prolong the circulation time and enhance oral bioavailability of GNA.

Methods
The physicochemical properties of GNA-ZN-NP were characterized in details. The in vitro release profile, in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments and tissue distribution of GNA-ZN-NPs were also evaluated.

Key findings
The particle size, PDI and encapsulation efficiency of GNA-ZN-NPs were 102.90 nm, 0.027 and 76.35 ± 0.64%, respectively. The results of SEM, FTIR, DSC and XRD demonstrated that GNA-ZN-NPs were prepared successfully. The in vitro dissolution of GNA-ZN-NPs exhibited controlled release compared with raw GNA solution. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the AUC of GNA-ZN-NPs was significantly increased, and the t1/2 and MRT values of GNA-ZN-NPs were 3.21-fold and 2.19-fold higher than that of GNA solution. Tissue distribution results illustrated that GNA-ZN-NPs showed hepatic-targeting properties.

Conclusion
GNA-ZN-NPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability and prolonged half-life of GNA, providing a promising oral drug delivery system to improve in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviour of GNA.
Factors affecting cigarette smoking among adolescents in South Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand
Authors: Joung Kyoung H. , Chung Sung S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPurposeThe current study was designed to describe risk and preventive factors related to cigarette smoking among adolescents in South Korea, Vietnam, and Thailand.Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive design was used. Student data were extracted from three national data sets, specifically the Global Youth Tobacco Survey from each country. Complex sampling multinomial logistic regression was performed to find factors related to current smoking.ResultsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking was 4.7% in South Korean students, 2.8% in Vietnamese students, and 10.9% in Thai students. Students shared three risk factors related to current smoking: male sex, use of other tobacco products, and susceptibility to smoking. Additionally, only one preventive factor of cigarette smoking was found among South Korean adolescents: exposure to antitobacco advertisements. The findings suggest that personal, familial, social, and public area characteristics are associated with smoking among adolescents from these nations.Practice ImplicationsThese results could be useful for screening students vulnerable to cigarette smoking and the collaborative planning of interventions to prevent adolescents from smoking in these three Asian countries.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characterization of cervical spondylomyelopathy in juvenile dogs
Authors: de Albuquerque Bonelli Marília , da Costa Ronaldo C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundCervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) occurs because of compression of the cervical spinal cord, nerve roots, or both, usually affecting young adult to older large and giant breed dogs. Juvenile dogs are affected infrequently.ObjectiveTo describe clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in juvenile dogs (≤ 12 months) with cervical spondylomyelopathy.AnimalsTwenty CSM‐affected juvenile dogs.MethodsMedical and imaging records for juvenile dogs with CSM were reviewed. History and neurologic examination findings were obtained, including follow‐up data. The MRI studies were reviewed for cause and site of spinal cord compression, intervertebral disk protrusion or degeneration, articular process degenerative changes, intervertebral foraminal stenosis, and spinal cord signal changes.ResultsMean (median) age at the time of diagnosis was 9.4 (10) months. There were 16 giant breed dogs. Eighteen dogs had a chronic presentation, 18/20 had proprioceptive ataxia, and 9/20 had cervical pain. On MRI, the principal spinal cord compression occurred at C5‐C6, C6‐C7, or both in most dogs; 12/20 dogs had ≥2 sites of spinal cord compression. The cause of compression was articular process proliferation in 8/20 dogs and disk protrusion in 2/20 dogs. Intervertebral disk degeneration was seen in 9/20 dogs. Follow‐up was obtained for 12/20 dogs: 10/12 were managed medically and 2/12 surgically.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCervical spondylomyelopathy in juvenile dogs was characterized mostly by osseous‐associated spinal cord compression and multiple compressive sites. Almost half of the dogs had intervertebral disk degeneration. Intervertebral disk protrusion was seen in both giant and large breed dogs.
Eosinophilic bronchitis, eosinophilic granuloma, and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in 75 dogs (2006‐2016)
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Johnson Eric G. , Hulsebosch Sean E. , Dear Jonathan D. , Vernau William 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundEosinophilic lung disease is a poorly understood inflammatory airway disease that results in substantial morbidity.ObjectiveTo describe clinical findings in dogs with eosinophilic lung disease defined on the basis of radiographic, bronchoscopic, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) analysis. Categories included eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), eosinophilic granuloma (EG), and eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (EBP).AnimalsSeventy‐five client owned dogs.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs with idiopathic BAL fluid eosinophilia. Information abstracted included duration and nature of clinical signs, bronchoscopic findings, and laboratory data. Thoracic radiographs were evaluated for the pattern of infiltrate, bronchiectasis, and lymphadenomegaly.ResultsThoracic radiographs were normal or demonstrated a bronchial pattern in 31 dogs assigned a diagnosis of EB. Nine dogs had intraluminal mass lesions and were bronchoscopically diagnosed with EG. The remaining 35 dogs were categorized as having EBP based on radiographic changes, yellow green mucus in the airways, mucosal changes, and airway collapse. Age and duration of cough did not differ among groups. Dogs with EB were less likely to have bronchiectasis or peripheral eosinophilia, had lower total nucleated cell count in BAL fluid, and lower percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid compared to dogs in the other 2 groups. In contrast to previous reports, prolonged survival (>55 months) was documented in dogs with EG.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with eosinophilic lung disease can be categorized based on imaging, bronchoscopic and BAL fluid cytologic findings. Further studies are needed to establish response to treatment in these groups.
Pharmacokinetics of midazolam and its major metabolite 1‐hydroxymidazolam in the ball python (Python regius) after intracardiac and intramuscular administrations
Authors: Larouche Cédric B. , Johnson Ron , Beaudry Francis , Mosley Craig , Gu Yu , Zaman Kristopher Afshaun , Beaufrère Hugues , Dutton Christopher 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMidazolam is a benzodiazepine with sedative, muscle relaxant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects. Twelve ball pythons (Python regius) were used in a parallel study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of 1 mg/kg midazolam following a single intracardiac (IC) or intramuscular (IM) administration. Blood was collected from a central venous catheter placed 7 days prior, or by cardiocentesis, at 15 time points starting just prior to and up to 72 hr after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and 1‐hydroxymidazolam were determined by the use of high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem‐mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental analysis. The mean ± SD terminal half‐lives of IC and IM midazolam were 12.04 ± 3.25 hr and 16.54 ± 7.10 hr, respectively. The area under the concentration‐time curve extrapolated to infinity, clearance, and apparent volume of distribution in steady‐state of IC midazolam were 19,112.3 ± 3,095.9 ng*hr/ml, 0.053 ± 0.008 L hr−1 kg−1, and 0.865 ± 0.289 L/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of IM midazolam was estimated at 89%. Maximum plasma concentrations following an IM administration were reached 2.33 ± 0.98 hr and 24.00 ± 14.12 hr postinjection for midazolam and 1‐hydroxymidazolam, respectively, and 22.33 ± 20.26 hr postinjection for 1‐hydroxymidazolam following IC administration.
Distinct functional roles for hopanoid composition in the chemical tolerance of Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Brenac Léa , Baidoo Edward E.K. , Keasling Jay D. , Budin Itay 
Published: August 2019

SummaryHopanoids are a class of membrane lipids found in diverse bacterial lineages, but their physiological roles are not well understood. The ethanol fermenter Zymomonas mobilis features the highest measured concentration of hopanoids, leading to the hypothesis that these lipids can protect against the solvent toxicity. However, the lack of genetic tools for manipulating hopanoid composition in this bacterium has limited their further functional analysis. Due to the polyploidy (>50 genome copies per cell) of Z. mobilis, we found that disruptions of essential hopanoid biosynthesis (hpn) genes act as genetic knockdowns, reliably modulating the abundance of different hopanoid species. Using a set of hpn transposon mutants, we demonstrate that both reduced hopanoid content and modified hopanoid polar head group composition mediate growth and survival in ethanol. In contrast, the amount of hopanoids, but not their head group composition, contributes to fitness at low pH. Spectroscopic analysis of bacterial‐derived liposomes showed that hopanoids protect against several ethanol‐driven phase transitions in membrane structure, including lipid interdigitation and bilayer dissolution. We propose that hopanoids act through a combination of hydrophobic and inter‐lipid hydrogen bonding interactions to stabilize bacterial membranes during solvent stress.
Influences of gender‐related perceptions and experiences on nursing professionalism: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Park Sihyun , Kwon Deok‐Wha , Kim Dahye , Kim Sin‐Hyang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the influence of gender‐related perceptions and experiences on nursing professionalism among nursing students who grew up in a culture with strong gender norms. Data were collected through an online survey from a convenience sample of nursing students in South Korea. To examine gender‐related perceptions, we assessed beliefs in gender stereotypes and the level of benevolent sexism. Direct and indirect experiences of gender violence were assessed by examining participants' histories of involvement in intimate partner violence and witnessing parental violence. Nursing students' gender‐related perceptions were significantly related to their nursing professionalism, whereas their experiences of gender violence were non‐significantly related. More specifically, those who had stronger gender stereotypes showed a weaker perception of nursing professionalism. In addition, benevolent sexism was a strong predictor of nursing professionalism. We strongly recommend that nursing educators address gender‐related issues in their nursing education, as this might help to minimize gender‐stereotyped thoughts among nursing students, which can hamper their growth as professionals.
Calcium‐dependent protein kinase 5 links calcium signaling with N‐hydroxy‐l‐pipecolic acid‐ and SARD1‐dependent immune memory in systemic acquired resistance
Authors: Guerra Tiziana , Schilling Silke , Hake Katharina , Gorzolka Karin , Sylvester Fabian‐Philipp , Conrads Benjamin , Westermann Bernhard , Romeis Tina 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) prepares infected plants for faster and stronger defense activation upon subsequent attacks. SAR requires an information relay from primary infection to distal tissue and the initiation and maintenance of a self‐maintaining phytohormone salicylic acid (SA)‐defense loop.

In spatial and temporal resolution, we show that calcium‐dependent protein kinase CPK5 contributes to immunity and SAR. In local basal resistance, CPK5 functions upstream of SA synthesis, perception, and signaling. In systemic tissue, CPK5 signaling leads to accumulation of SAR‐inducing metabolite N‐hydroxy‐L‐pipecolic acid (NHP) and SAR marker genes, including Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1)

Plants of increased CPK5, but not CPK6, signaling display an ‘enhanced SAR’ phenotype towards a secondary bacterial infection. In the sard1‐1 background, CPK5‐mediated basal resistance is still mounted, but NHP concentration is reduced and enhanced SAR is lost.

The biochemical analysis estimated CPK5 half maximal kinase activity for calcium, K50 [Ca2+], to be c. 100 nM, close to the cytoplasmic resting level. This low threshold uniquely qualifies CPK5 to decode subtle changes in calcium, a prerequisite to signal relay and onset and maintenance of priming at later time points in distal tissue. Our data explain why CPK5 functions as a hub in basal and systemic plant immunity.
Patterns and dynamics of canopy–root coupling in tropical tree saplings vary with light intensity but not with root depth
Authors: Oren Israel , Mannerheim Neringa , Dumbur Rita , Fangmeier Andreas , Buchmann Nina , Grünzweig José M. 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Carbon (C) dynamics in canopy and roots influence whole‐tree carbon fluxes, but little is known about canopy regulation of tree‐root activity. Here, the patterns and dynamics of canopy–root C coupling are assessed in tropical trees.

Large aeroponics facility was used to study the root systems of Ceiba pentandra and Khaya anthotheca saplings directly at different light intensities.

In Ceiba, root respiration (Rr) co‐varied with photosynthesis (An) in large saplings (3‐to‐7‐m canopy–root axis) at high‐light, but showed no consistent pattern at low‐light. At medium‐light and in small saplings (c. 1‐m axis), Rr tended to decrease transiently towards midday. Proximal roots had higher Rr and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations than distal roots, but canopy–root coupling was unaffected by root location. In medium‐sized Khaya, no Rr pattern was observed, and in both species, Rr was unrelated to temperature.

The early‐afternoon increase in Rr suggests that canopy–root coupling is based on mass flow of newly fixed C in the phloem, whereas the early‐morning rise in Rr with An indicates an additional coupling signal that travels faster than the phloem sap. In large saplings and potentially also in higher trees, light and possibly additional environmental factors control the diurnal patterns of canopy–root coupling, irrespective of root location.
Dominant inhibition of awn development by a putative zinc‐finger transcriptional repressor expressed at the B1 locus in wheat
Authors: Huang Daiqing , Zheng Qian , Melchkart Tancey , Bekkaoui Yasmina , Konkin David J. F. , Kagale Sateesh , Martucci Martial , You Frank M. , Clarke Martha , Adamski Nikolai M. , Chinoy Catherine , Steed Andrew , McCartney Curt A. , Cutler Adrian J. , Nicholson Paul , Feurtado J. Allan 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Awns, bristle‐like structures extending from grass lemmas, provide protection against predators, contribute to photosynthesis and aid in grain dispersal. In wheat, selection of awns with minimal extension, termed awnletted, has occurred during domestication by way of loci that dominantly inhibit awn development, such as Tipped1 (B1), Tipped2 (B2), and Hooded (Hd). Here we identify and characterize the B1 gene.

B1 was identified using bulked segregant RNA‐sequencing of an F2 durum wheat population and through deletion mapping of awned bread wheat mutants. Functional characterization was accomplished by gene overexpression while haplotype analyses assessed B1 polymorphisms and genetic variation.

Located on chromosome 5A, B1 is a C2H2 zinc finger encoding gene with ethylene‐responsive element binding factor‐associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs. Constitutive overexpression of B1 in awned wheat produced an awnletted phenotype with pleiotropic effects on plant height and fertility. Transcriptome analysis of B1 overexpression plants suggests a role as transcriptional repressor, putatively targeting pathways involved in cell proliferation. Haplotype analysis revealed a conserved B1 coding region with proximal polymorphisms and supported the contention that B1 is mainly responsible for awnletted wheats globally.

B1, predominantly responsible for awn inhibition in wheat, encodes a C2H2 zinc finger protein with EAR motifs which putatively functions as a transcriptional repressor.
Media food marketing and eating outcomes among pre‐adolescents and adolescents: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Qutteina Yara , De Backer Charlotte , Smits Tim 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe media marketing's effect on child and adult eating has been extensively researched, yet, little is known about its effect on adolescents. The aim of this review is to synthesize available research on the relation between media food marketing and eating‐related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors among pre‐adolescents (8‐11) and adolescents (12‐19). We systematically screened and retrieved 9324 articles, of which 28 were included in the review‐analysis and 19 in the meta‐analysis. Robust variance estimation with random effect weights indicated a positive small standard effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) of media food marketing on all unhealthy eating outcomes, and a subgroup analysis revealed a small effect size (d = 0.26, P < .001) on unhealthy eating behaviors specifically. Another subgroup analysis among adolescents revealed an effect of marketing (d = 0.22, P < .05) on unhealthy eating outcomes. This review demonstrates the significance of media marketing on eating in pre‐adolescents and adolescents, and highlights limitations in the food marketing and adolescent eating literature specific to eating outcomes and marketing media studied and research designs utilized. We call for properly designed food marketing research exploring digital media's effect on eating attitudes and cognitions, especially among older adolescents.
Impact of bariatric surgery on serum uric acid levels and the incidence of gout—A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yeo Charleen , Kaushal Sanghvi , Lim Beatrice , Syn Nicholas , Oo Aung Myint , Rao Jaideepraj , Koura Aaryan , Yeo Danson 
Published: August 2019

SummaryGout is characterized by high serum uric acid (SUA) levels and arthritis. It is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery has been associated with decreased SUA levels and overall gout incidence. This meta‐analysis aims to summarize the current evidence on bariatric surgery, gout and SUA levels. A literature review was performed on papers published from 2000 up till December 2018. Original studies investigating the impact of bariatric surgery on SUA levels or gout incidence were evaluated. Twenty studies with a total of 5,233 patients were analysed. Majority (n=14) had a follow‐up duration of at least 12 months. The mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 45.2kg m−2. The mean preoperative SUA level was 6.5mg dL−1. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a mean decrease in SUA levels (−0.73mg dL−1) from the third postoperative month onwards, which was sustained until the third postoperative year (−1.91mg dL−1). There was a rise in SUA levels in the first post‐operative month. Meta‐regression analyses demonstrated a proportionate linear relationship between the change in BMI and SUA levels. Post‐bariatric surgery weight loss is associated with reduced SUA levels and decreased incidence of gout attacks. However, this is only evident from the third post‐operative month onwards.
The lipid transfer protein OsLTPL159 is involved in cold tolerance at the early seedling stage in rice
Authors: Zhao Jie , Wang Shanshan , Qin Jingjing , Sun Chuanqing , Liu Fengxia 
Published: August 2019

SummaryNonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) play critical roles in plant development and response to abiotic stresses. Here, we found that a rice lipid transfer protein, OsLTPL159, was associated with cold tolerance at the early seedling stage. Overexpression of an OsLTPL159IL112 allele from the cold‐tolerant introgression line IL112 in either the japonica variety Zhonghua17 (ZH17) or the indica variety Teqing background dramatically enhanced cold tolerance. In addition, down‐regulation of the expression of OsLTPL159 in the japonica variety ZH17 by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly decreased cold tolerance. Further transcriptomic, physiological and histological analysis showed that the OsLTPL159IL112 allele likely enhanced the cold tolerance of rice at the early seedling stage by decreasing the toxic effect of reactive oxygen species, enhancing cellulose deposition in the cell wall and promoting osmolyte accumulation, thereby maintaining the integrity of the chloroplasts. Notably, overexpression of another allele, OsLTPL159GC2, from the recipient parent Guichao 2 (GC2), an indica variety, did not improve cold tolerance, indicating that the variations in the OsLTPL159 coding region of GC2 might disrupt its function for cold tolerance. Further sequence comparison found that all 22 japonica varieties surveyed had an OsLTPL159 haplotype identical to IL112 and were more cold‐tolerant than the surveyed indica varieties, implying that the variations in OsLTPL159 might be associated with differential cold tolerance of japonica and indica rice. Therefore, our findings suggest that the OsLTPL159 allele of japonica rice could be used to improve cold tolerance of indica rice through a molecular breeding strategy.
Agminated fibroblastic connective tissue nevus in a 1‐year‐old boy
Authors: Ohata Marie , Fujiwara Susumu , Yoshioka Ai , Nagai Hiroshi , Sugita Shintaro , Yamano Nozomi , Inoue Yusuke , Nishigori Chikako 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFibroblastic connective tissue nevus (FCTN) is a benign cutaneous mesenchymal lesion characterized by proliferation of CD34‐positive fibroblastic/myofibroblastic spindle‐shaped cells. We report a case of agminated FCTN on the right lower abdomen of a 1‐year‐old boy.
Understanding alopecia areata characteristics in children under the age of 4 years
Authors: Rangu Sneha , Rogers Rachel , Castelo‐Soccio Leslie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesEpidemiologic studies of children with alopecia areata (AA) are sparse, and there are no studies that focus on the youngest children with AA. Evaluation of the clinical presentations of AA in children <4 years of age was performed in order to identify the prognostic factors for disease progression.MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of 125 pediatric patients seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with an initial presentation of AA under the age of 4. Disease severity was measured using the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score at initial presentation, 3‐6 months later, 1 year later, and then at 2 years.ResultsInitial presentation was most common between ages 2 and 4 years. Most children had mild disease severity and continued mild disease over the next 2 years. Children with more than 50% of hair loss at presentation were much more likely to have worsening SALT scores over time and remain more severe. Approximately 41% had concomitant atopic dermatitis, 28% had a family member with AA, and 27% had a first‐degree family member with one or more autoimmune diseases.ConclusionsIn a diverse patient population, most children with AA even when presenting under age 4 have mild disease (<50% hair loss on scalp). Those who present with more severe disease are more likely to worsen or remain severe over time. These findings can aid family counseling and education.