bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug concentrations in post‐mortem specimens
Authors: Ketola Raimo A. , Kriikku Pirkko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA meta‐analysis of drug concentrations in post‐mortem specimens is presented. The analysis involved 50 commonly used drugs and their concentrations in femoral blood, other blood (such as cardiac blood), vitreous humor, muscle, liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung, spleen, and bile. A total of 10 993 analytical results from 5375 post‐mortem cases in 388 studies were gathered and the ratios of drug concentrations in tissue material to median femoral blood concentrations were calculated. Analytical results from the laboratory's own database (years 2000–2018) were also included. The results show that the variation of ratios between post‐mortem specimens and femoral blood is highly compound dependent. This database can be utilized in interpretation of toxicological results in cases where femoral blood is not available. The specimens with similar concentrations as in femoral blood were vitreous humor, muscle, and other blood, such as cardiac blood, and the highest concentrations were generally measured from liver and bile. For these reasons we suggest the following order for biological specimens to be used for a quantitative toxicological analysis in cases where femoral blood is not available: 1. other blood, 2. muscle, 3. vitreous humor, 4. brain, 5. heart, 6. spleen, 7. kidney, 8. liver, and 9. bile.
Autonomous sound recording outperforms human observation for sampling birds: a systematic map and user guide
Authors: Darras Kevin , Batáry Péter , Furnas Brett J. , Grass Ingo , Mulyani Yeni A. , Tscharntke Teja 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAutonomous sound recording techniques have gained considerable traction in the last decade, but the question remains whether they can replace human observation surveys to sample sonant animals. For birds in particular, survey methods have been tested extensively using point counts and sound recording surveys. Here, we review the latest evidence for this taxon within the frame of a systematic map. We compare sampling effectiveness of these two survey methods, the output variables they produce, and their practicality. When assessed against the standard of point counts, autonomous sound recording proves to be a powerful tool that samples at least as many species. This technology can monitor birds in an exhaustive, standardized, and verifiable way. Moreover, sound recorders give access to entire soundscapes from which new data types can be derived (vocal activity, acoustic indices). Variables such as abundance, density, occupancy, or species richness can be obtained to yield data sets that are comparable to and compatible with point counts. Finally, autonomous sound recorders allow investigations at high temporal and spatial resolution and coverage, which are more cost effective and cannot be achieved by human observations alone, even though small‐scale studies might be more cost effective when carried out with point counts. Sound recorders can be deployed in many places, they are more scalable and reliable, making them the better choice for bird surveys in an increasingly data‐driven time. We provide an overview of currently available recorders and discuss their specifications to guide future study designs.
Genetic analysis suggests extensive gene flow within and between catchments in a common and ecologically significant dryland river shrub species; Duma florulenta (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Murray Bruce , Reid Michael , Capon Samantha , Wu Shu‐Biao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimThe conservation of plant species biodiversity has been identified as a crucial factor for the resilience of dryland ecosystems in the face of climate change and desertification. Duma florulenta (lignum) is a keystone species that facilitates biodiversity in the floodplains and wetlands of Australia's dryland river systems. This paper explores spatial genetic structure of lignum and investigates factors influencing dispersal and gene flow within and among river catchments of the northern Murray–Darling Basin.LocationNorthern Murray–Darling Basin, eastern Australia.MethodsA total of 122 individual plants from subpopulations located on rivers in four adjacent catchments were genotyped using 10 microsatellite markers. Microsatellite data were then analyzed using population genetic techniques to evaluate levels of gene flow and genetic structure and identify factors influencing dispersal.ResultsResults suggest high levels of gene flow between lignum subpopulations of the northern Murray–Darling Basin. AMOVA revealed small but significant differences between subpopulations, and STRUCTURE analysis did not detect meaningful structure when sampling information was not provided. However, when sampling information was supplied using the LOCPRIOR model, three genetic clusters were identified. All Lower Balonne subpopulations were assigned to cluster 1 while a number of the other subpopulations showed mixed ancestry. Weak relationships were identified between pairwise genetic distance and geographic as well as river distance, although the R2 value of the former was only half that of the latter.Main conclusionsPatterns of genetic variation suggest frequent long‐distance overland gene flow largely as a result of the movement of seeds via floodwater. Therefore, maintenance of natural variability in flow regime is key both to maintain conditions favorable to recruitment and to promote dispersal and gene flow across the landscape. However, given future climate change projections persistence may be more reliant on the species ability to endure long periods of drought between flood events.
Hysteretic response of sap flow in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) to meteorological forcing in a humid low‐energy headwater catchment
Authors: Wang Hailong , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Soulsby Chris 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTranspiration mediated by physiology is driven by the meteorological variables. Understanding their relationships is crucial to advancing terrestrial ecohydrological studies. Here, we used sap flow measurements in Scots pine to examine the temporal responses of transpiration to temperature (Ta), vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation (Rn). Seasonal variations and the hysteresis between sap flux density (Js) and meteorological variables were investigated. The results show that VPD and Rn were dominant factors influencing hourly Js. Daily peaks of Js lagged behind peaks of Ta, VPD, and Rn, by ~2–4 hr. Anticlockwise hysteresis loops between Js and Ta and VPD were observed, and the size of loops change with prevailing weather conditions (i.e., rainy or rainless) and seasons. Longer time lags were found in April and September than in other months. The hysteresis is partly related to the low energy, humid nature of the site which resulted in limited moisture stress to the trees, and thus the trees did not necessarily need a conservation mechanism to restrict water loss as proposed by other studies in semi‐arid areas. Release and refill of trunk water storage could plausibly contribute to the hysteresis, although the effect may be entwined with atmospheric demand making it difficult to separate without sophisticated measurements. This study highlights the diversity in plant water relations across temporal scales and seasons and calls for more work across geographic locations and climates.
Bromodomain inhibitor I‐BET151 suppresses immune responses during fungal–immune interaction
Authors: Domínguez‐Andrés Jorge , Ferreira Anaísa V , Jansen Trees , Smithers Nicholas , Prinjha Rab K. , Furze Rebecca C. , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChanges in the epigenetic landscape of immune cells are a crucial component of gene activation during the induction of inflammatory responses, therefore it has been hypothesized that epigenetic modulation could be employed to restore homeostasis in inflammatory scenarios. Fungal pathogens cause a large burden of morbidity and even mortality due to the hyperinflammatory processes that induce mucosal, allergic or systemic infections. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are considered as one as the most tantalizing pharmacological targets for the modulation of inflammatory responses at the epigenetic level. Nothing is known of the role of BET inhibitors on the inflammation induced by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of the small molecular histone mimic BET inhibitor I‐BET151 to modulate innate immune responses during fungal–immune interaction with the clinically relevant fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus. Our results prove that BET inhibitors (I‐BETs) represent an important modulator of inflammation induced by fungal pathogens: both direct production of proinflammatory cytokines and the induction of trained immunity were inhibited by I‐BET151. These modulatory effects are likely to have important potential implications in clinically relevant situations.
Single Laser Shot Photoinduced Phase Transition of Rubidium Manganese Hexacyanoferrate Investigated by X‐ray Diffraction
Authors: Azzolina Giovanni , Collet Eric , Mariette Céline , Cammarata Marco , Trzop Elzbieta , Sander Mathias , Levantino Matteo , Nakagawa Kosuke , Tokoro Hiroko , Ohkoshi Shin‐ichi , Bertoni Roman 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Eric Collet from Université de Rennes 1, France, and Shin‐ichi Ohkoshi from The University of Tokyo, Japan. The cover image shows the application of X‐ray diffraction at the synchrotron to study photoinduced phase transition in charge‐transfer systems.
Change in school ethnic diversity and intergroup relations: The transition from segregated elementary to mixed secondary school for majority and minority students
Authors: Birtel Michèle D. , Reimer Nils K. , Wölfer Ralf , Hewstone Miles 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis research examined the impact of a change in school diversity on school children's intergroup relations. A longitudinal survey tracked 551 White British and Asian British students (Mage = 11.32) transitioning from elementary (time 1) to secondary (time 2) school in an ethnically segregated town in the United Kingdom. We estimated a multivariate, multilevel model. A cross‐sectional comparison of segregated schools and a mixed elementary school at time 1 revealed that both Asian and White British in the mixed school reported more positive intergroup relations. A longitudinal analysis found that the transition from segregated elementary to mixed secondary schools was associated with Asian British developing more positive intergroup relations. White British reported overall less positive intergroup relations, although only trust decreased; evidence from other measures remains inconclusive. The findings are important for understanding early stages of diversity exposure, and the impact of changing diversity levels on majority and minority groups.
A conservative flux‐corrected continuous finite element method for fluid interface dynamics
Authors: Molina Jorge , Ortiz Pablo 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a continuous finite element solution for fluid flows with interfaces. The method is founded on the sign‐preserving flux correction transport methodology and extends nonoscillatory finite element algorithm capabilities to predict interface motion efficiently. The procedure is composed of three main stages, along the lines of the conservative level set method: transport of phase function, reconstruction of phase function, and solution of equations of motion of two incompressible fluids. The flux correction technique takes action on the three steps. Limiting process incorporates a straightforward refinement to remove global mass residuals present in the earliest version of the algorithm. This is of particular importance in the transport step. Moreover, new method retains the efficacy of the original. To reconstruct the phase function after transport, a novel nonlinear (and conservative) streamlined diffusion equation is proposed, with an anisotropic diffusivity comprising artificial compression and diffusive fluxes along interface displacements direction. A substantial reduction of unphysical overshoots along the interface is reached by an improved bound estimation that includes interface information. Complete operation of the correction algorithm for two incompressible fluids flows requires two pressure solutions. We explore a reduced form to circumvent this extra burden. Numerical experiments verify the formulation by reproducing stringent benchmarks both for transport/reinitialization and for two‐fluid interface propagation.
Green kiwifruit extracts protect motor neurons from death in a spinal muscular atrophy model in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mazzarella Nadia , Giangrieco Ivana , Visone Serena , Santonicola Pamela , Achenbach Jannis , Zampi Giuseppina , Tamburrini Maurizio , Di Schiavi Elia , Ciardiello Maria Antonietta 
Published: June 2019

AbstractKiwifruit is considered a functional food and a good source of nutraceuticals. Among the possible beneficial effects of kiwifruit species, a neuroprotective activity exerted in rats with learning and memory impairment induced by exposure to different chemicals was reported. We sought to investigate the neuroprotective activities of kiwifruit toward spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). To this purpose, we have used a recently developed Caenorhabditis elegans SMA model, displaying an age‐dependent degeneration of motor neurons detected as locomotory defects, disappearance of fluorescent markers, and apoptotic death of targeted neurons. Although an anti‐nematode activity is reported for kiwifruit, it has been verified that neither green (Actinidia deliciosa, cultivar Hayward) nor gold (Actinidia chinensis, cultivar Hort 16A) kiwifruit extracts cause detectable effects on wild‐type C. elegans growth and life cycle. Conversely, green kiwifruit extracts have a clear effect on the C. elegans SMA model by partially rescuing the degeneration and death of motor neurons and the locomotion impairment. The gold species does not show the same effect. The components responsible for the neuroprotection are macromolecules with a molecular weight higher than 3 kDa, present in the green and not in the yellow kiwifruit. In conclusion, this is the first study reporting a protective activity of green kiwifruit toward motor neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that C. elegans is an animal model suitable to study the biological activities contained in kiwifruit. Therefore, this model can be exploited for future investigations aimed at identifying kiwifruit molecules with potential applications in the field of human health.
Is options trading informed? Evidence from credit rating change announcements
Authors: Zhang Jun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUsing a sample of proactive credit rating changes, this study examines the information content of options trading before news events. Pre‐event informed options trading predicts cumulative abnormal returns around credit rating change announcements. The predictability of options trading is more pronounced before announcements of more severe and surprising rating changes. Moreover, the information content of pre‐event options trading is greater when the pre‐event underlying stock market is less informational, when the options market is more liquid, and in the post–regulation fair disclosure period. Overall results are consistent with informed options trading before credit rating change announcements.
Paradigm and pragmatism: GIS‐based spatial analyses of Roman infrastructure networks and land‐use concepts in the Upper Rhine Valley
Authors: Kempf Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Roman infrastructural network in the Upper Rhine Valley aligns with the locations of military fortifications and also connects agricultural areas and settlements to trade routes and regional markets. Conventionally, the connection of rural areas to these broader networks is imagined as a straight line, suggesting direct connectivity, maximum accessibility, and engineering pragmatism. However, it is important to appreciate that local environmental conditions had a strong impact on Roman road development and land‐use strategies. This article examines the geomorphological, geological, and hydrogeological conditions in the Upper Rhine Valley to define and analyze the relationships between Roman transport routes, settlement, and land‐use opportunities, and physical‐geographical factors. An accumulative cost surface is generated using vegetation data based on satellite imagery, and attributes are recorded in geomorphological and geological maps in a GIS. This modeling technique leads to potential movement and infrastructure corridors. Topographical aspects and terrain roughness play only a minor role in the study area, and it is argued that the interplay of aquifer thickness, groundwater level, quaternary sedimentology, and soil communities is decisive for assessing the suitability of terrain for corridors of movement.
Efficacy of indocyanine green fluorescence in predicting parathyroid vascularization during thyroid surgery
Authors: Razavi Alexander C. , Ibraheem Kareem , Haddad Antoine , Saparova Lachin , Shalaby Hosam , Abdelgawad Mohamed , Kandil Emad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe examined the value of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography in predicting parathyroid vascularization following thyroid and central compartment surgeries.MethodsData were prospectively collected on adult patients undergoing thyroid and/or central compartment surgeries. Outcomes were compared in surgeries performed with and without ICG use. ICG scoring was used to quantify the vascularity of parathyroid glands.ResultsOne hundred eleven patients were included; 43 (38.7%) patients underwent ICG injections. There was no significant difference in mean parathyroid hormone (PTH) changes at the end of surgery (29.24 vs 23.48 pg/mL, P = .38), symptomatic hypocalcemia (7.9% vs 3.9%, P = .37), or length of stay (1.095 ± 0.22 vs 0.912 ± 0.07 days, P = .51) between surgeries performed with and without ICG. The average vascularization score among individuals undergoing ICG angiography was 2.89 out of a maximum of 8 points.ConclusionLow‐flow ICG patterns are not associated with postoperative PTH changes or transient hypocalcemia and may lead to unnecessary parathyroid autotransplantation.
High‐grade radiologic extra‐nodal extension predicts distant metastasis in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hu Yujun , Lu Tianzhu , Huang Shao Hui , Lin Shaojun , Chen Yunbin , Fang Yanhong , Zhou Han , Chen Yiping , Zong Jingfeng , Zhang Yu , Chen Ying , Pan Jianji , Xiao Youping , Guo Qiaojuan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the prognostic value of radiologic extra‐nodal extension (rENE) in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).MethodsStage II NPC patients with N1 category (n = 365) were enrolled and divided into three groups according to the situation of rENE: without rENE, suspected rENE, and confirmed rENE (grades: A, infiltration into surrounding fat; B, matted nodes; C, infiltration into adjacent structures).ResultsOnly high‐grade rENE (including matted nodes and infiltration into adjacent structures) could significantly influence the survival outcomes, patients with high‐grade rENE had significantly poorer survival than those without, with the 7‐year distant metastasis‐free survival and overall survival demonstrated to be 78.5% vs 93.0% (P < .001) and 81.9% vs 89.9% (P = .05), respectively. High‐grade rENE, as defined in our study, is a stable criterion, with high intra‐rater and inter‐rater consistency.ConclusionHigh‐grade rENE was an evaluable predictor that could help with the selection of stage II patients with high risk of distant metastasis.
Development of Capsular Fibrosis Beneath the Liver Surface in Humans and Mice
Authors: Balog Steven , Li Yuchang , Ogawa Tomohiro , Miki Toshio , Saito Takeshi , French Samuel W. , Asahina Kinji 
Published: June 2019

Glisson's capsule is the connective tissue present in the portal triad as well as beneath the liver surface. Little is known about how Glisson's capsule changes its structure in capsular fibrosis (CF), which is characterized by fibrogenesis beneath the liver surface. In this study, we found that the human liver surface exhibits multilayered capsular fibroblasts and that the bile duct is present beneath the mesothelium, whereas capsular fibroblasts are scarce and no bile ducts are present beneath the mouse liver surface. Patients with cirrhosis caused by alcohol abuse or hepatitis C virus infection show development of massive CF. To examine the effect of alcohol on CF in mice, we first injected chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) intraperitoneally and then fed alcohol for 1 month. The CG injection induces CF consisting of myofibroblasts beneath the mesothelium. One month after CG injection, the fibrotic area returns to the normal structure. In contrast, additional alcohol feeding sustains the presence of myofibroblasts in CF. Cell lineage tracing revealed that mesothelial cells give rise to myofibroblasts in CF, but these myofibroblasts disappear 1 month after recovery with or without alcohol feeding. Capsular fibroblasts isolated from the mouse liver spontaneously differentiated into myofibroblasts and their differentiation was induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) or acetaldehyde in culture. In alcohol‐fed mice, infiltrating CD11b+Ly‐6CLow/– monocytes had reduced mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, Tgfb1, and interleukin‐10 during resolution of CF. Conclusion: The present study revealed that the structure of Glisson's capsule is different between human and mouse livers and that alcohol impairs the resolution of CF by changing the phenotype of Ly‐6CLow/– monocytes.