bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organochlorine Compounds in the Environment
Authors: Paasivirta Jaakko 
Published: May 2018

Recent pollution by organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been found to cause ecological damage, initially by causing declining populations. Poisoning of animals having high OC levels was often found to be similar to poisoning of man and animals in dioxin accidents. Dioxin toxicity has been shown to occur from structural binding of the toxin to a cytosolic receptor, and this action has been extended to many planar and coplanar aromatic OCs which are released into the environment from pesticide uses, dumping of chlorophenol wastes, chlorobleaching of pulp, chlorodisinfection of water, and combustion of OCs or chloride-containing materials. More efficient combustion has been developed to restrict OC emissions. Recent analyses of wildlife samples have shown that certain planar or coplanar aromatic chlorohydrocarbons and ethers, instead of the notorious polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), could be the most important receptor-specific environmental toxins.
Despite the fact that the pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by the forest industry in many areas is decreasing due to improved processes and treatment plants, organochlorine bleaching products still appear to have importance due to harmful discharges, especially since they still cause taste problems in seafood due to the bioaccumulation of chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles.
The Effect of Fluorine on the Precipitation of Hydrous Iron Oxides from Groundwater Using Re-Infiltration
Authors: Vuorinen A. , Lahermo P. , Hatva T. 
Published: May 2018

The behaviour of Fe, Si, Cu, Zn and F was studied in a plant constructed for purification of groundwater from excess Fe, Mn and organic matter by aeration and subsequent re-infiltration at Taivassalo, south-western Finland. The aquifer of the groundwater intake comprises the Laitila rapakivi area and the water has a relatively high F content.
The groundwater purification plant consist of two units. In the pre-treatment unit the water was discharged onto a macadam contact filter for aeration, after which it flowed through two clarification basins to the infiltration basin of the re-infiltration unit. Fe oxidized during the treatment and precipitated as hydrous oxides. Precipitates were filtered from water and dried at 20°C, both immediately after sampling and after two year's aging in natural water at 4°C.
To clarify the mode of occurrence of the elements the samples were subjected to extraction by 1 M ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) at pH 7.3 for exchangeable and loosely bound elements, at pH 4.8 for loosely bound and sorbed elements, by 1 M hydroxylammonium chloride plus 2 M acetic acid (HX1 - HAc) at 18°C for reducible loosely bound elements and Fe oxyhydroxides, and by HXl-HAc at 80°C for total Fe oxyhydroxide bound F. The precipitates were extracted with NH4Ac (pH 4.8) and HX1-HAc during different time intervals.
The F content in water decreased along the flow path but increased during the re-infiltration step. The removal of F from water would obviously be more efficient if the plant arrangements like retention time were more suitable for this purpose. F and Si interacted strongly with Fe in the precipitates, preventing their ordering, and F, Si and Fe correlated well with each other. The loosely bound forms of these elements decreased along flow path and increased during aging of the precipitates. F and Cu were strongly, and Zn less strongly sorbed and scavenged by the precipitates. Owing to the relatively low pH of the raw water (5.74) Ca2+and other cations were not sorbed as was observed at higher pH's (over 7) and Cu and Zn were sorbed instead.
Facilitated Degradation
Authors: Lindqvist Roland 
Published: May 2018

Dissolved organic macromolecules have been found to facilitate the transport of hydrophobic organic compounds in the soil. The facilitated transport increases the speed with which toxic and carcinogenic compounds reach the ground water drinking supply. The bacterial degradation of hydrophobic pollutants attached to the dissolved organic macromolecules is unknown. A better understanding is crucial for assessing the importance of the facilitated transport concept for drinking water quality.
The degradation of C-14 labelled hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in a saturated soil, with and without 500 mg Blue Dextran/l (BD, model macromolecule) was measured by the amount of radioactive carbon dioxide produced. The soil was contained in stainless steel columns which were purged continuously with sterile air. The lag phase was much shorter in the columns with BD and at the end of the experiment all BD was consumed.
In a current batch study with HCB-adapted bacteria the possibility of differentiating between degradation of HCB free in solution and HCB associated with the macromolecule is examined by evaluating three different mathematical models.
Model 1 assumes only HCB free in solution is degraded, only by bacteria in solution.
Model 2 assumes only HCB associated to BD is degraded, only by associated bacteria.
Model 3 assumes associated HCB is degraded by associated bacteria and HCB free in solution is degraded in solution.
Treatment of Petromeum Refinery Effulents in a Fixed-Film Reactor
Authors: Hamoda M. F. , Al-Haddad A. A. 
Published: May 2018

A four-stage fixed-film reactor with 0.5 m3d−1 capacity and surface area-to-volume ratio of 72 was developed in which stationary submerged biofilms are attached to ceramic tiles and kept under diffused aeration. Reactor operation with a synthetic toxic waste and a petroleum refinery effluent was satisfactory.
Organic loading was found to be a better operational or design parameter. An organic loading of 42 g COD m−2d−l or less is recommended to ensure good quality effluent. The reactor coped with organic and hydraulic overloads because of the good oxygen transfer capacity and the considerable quantity of attached biomass attained in the reactor. The majority of COD removal occurred in the first stage which retained the greatest quantity of attached biomass. Staging of the reactor is effective in damping excessive loadings.
Biological treatment of the refinery waste removed up to 80% of COD and produced a good quality effluent but polishing of reactor effluent using alum treatment improved effluent quality for potential reuse.
Experience with a Selector Used for Treatment of Sugar Beet Waste
Authors: Ruider E. , Kroiss H. , von der Emde W. 
Published: May 2018

The largest sugar mill in Austria is situated on a small creek (100-200 1/s) and the waste water, which has a flow of up to 45000 m3/d, is treated in a low loaded activated sludge plant with a selector. The installed plant consists of a 6700 m3 capacity primary sedimentation tank, a 400 m3 selector (coarse bubble aeration tank), a main aeration tank of 16000 m3 capacity equipped with 16 mammoth rotors each 9 m long and a final settling tank.
The plant has operated very reliably since it started to run in the campaign of 1984.
Multiple Toxicity and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Two Bivalve Mollusc Species
Authors: Kaitala S. 
Published: May 2018

Single and combined additions of copper (0.2 mg/l), zinc (0.4 mg/l) and manganese (2 mg/l) were used to examine the multiple accumulation and toxicity of these metals in sessile blue mussel Mytilus edulis L. and burrowing clam Macoma baltica (L.) in a 23-factorial experiment. Concentrations of metals were analysed with atom absorption spectrometry. The accumulation of metals and their toxicity were determined by regression analyses.
The presence of copper ions stimulated the accumulation of zinc and manganese in mussels so that the concentration of manganese was 100 % and zinc 25 % higher than without copper additions. In accumulation of manganese and copper in clams, other metals did not have any effect and zinc did not accumulate at all. The values of lethality (LC50) were 127/µg Cu/l for mussels in 8 days and 54 µg Cu/l for clams in 10 days.
The Effects of Development of a Tidal Barrage Upon the Water and Sediment Quality of the Mersey Estuary (U.K.) and its Biota
Authors: Hockin D. C. , Parker D. M. 
Published: May 2018

The prime constraint upon the development of a tidal power generating barrage is the use of the Mersey estuary as a waste disposal facility. Historical disposal of persistent wastes continues to cause environmnetal problems, even though modern practices have resulted in a reduced pollution load. Mercury and lead have the greatest environmental significance, although with reference to barrage operation the nutrient status and increased transmission of light through less turbid water will be of equal or greater importance. A constraint upon the recreational use of the impounded water body will be the unacceptable numbers of faecal bacteria.
A criterion for the design of the barrage should be the maximisation of the volume of water entering on each tidal cycle to disperse nutrients and pollutants and import as much oxygen as possible. This will minimise the increase of retention time and reduce the probability of methylation of mercury within the sediment. Additionally it will have implications for the feeding behaviour of the internationally important wildfowl populations.
Overview of Technology for Controlling Off-Flavors in Drinking Water
Authors: McGuire Michael J. , Gaston John M. 
Published: May 2018

Several reviews of treatment methodologies for control of off-flavors in drinking water have recently been published. This paper builds on these reviews, adding new information developed by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and other research groups.
The most important tool in any program to control off-flavors is a reliable, reproducible, easy-to-use analytical method. It is difficult to control off-flavor problems unless the off-flavor compound is identified or a sensory technique is used. From a cost perspective, most off-flavors can be best controlled at the source. Treatment methods, particularly those utilizing chemicals and activated carbon, are effective but expensive, and they can lead to secondary problems that are more objectionable than the off-flavor.
Recreational Use of the Catchments and Storages of Sydney Water Board (Australia)
Authors: Petrie L. G. , Wrigley J. D. 
Published: May 2018

The Water Board has a number of catchment areas under its control. These catchment areas are used to supply water of acceptable quality and quantity to over 3.4 million people. A range of catchment protection measures is applied to these catchment areas depending on distance from and length of time from the offtake points. Several recreation pursuits have been permitted within the terms of the protection measures.
To gain a view of public perception and acceptance the Board in 1986 completed a public review and survey of the present and potential future use of its water supply catchment areas and storages for recreational purposes. The study considered whether community recreational demands were being met and whether some or all of these demands can be satisfied without harming water quality or the environment.
From the study, the Board has concluded that there is both broad community support for its strong protection of the water supply and significant interest in use of additional recreational facilities. Accordingly, the Board has identified a number of additional requested recreational opportunities that can be introduced while maintaining present levels of water quality protection and conservation values.
These additional items include additional nature walks near some of the existing dam picnic areas, escorted tours of the catchment areas, walking trails on catchment perimeters and increased river bank fishing in the Warragamba Catchment Area. Additional facilities are being introduced at Prospect Reservoir in the populated western suburbs of Sydney including a bicycle/jogging/walking track, BMX track, skateboard area and historic lookout and picnic area. These new initiatives will be introduced as part of an ongoing programme of review. Additional future activities will be introduced where possible. The Board however is concerned that no recreational activity should be introduced that is likely to cause future problems with water quality protection. Future introduction of increased water treatment levels will enable a further review of catchment protection policies but the high costs of such treatment will cause the Board to delay those introductions as long as practicable.
In brief, the Board has fully reviewed its present policy on recreational use and has concluded that the general pol icy is appropriate and has strong community support. The implementation of that policy is being modified, however, to provide for acceptable additional facilities for which there is a demonstrated community need.
Effects of Saline Flushing to a Polluted Estuary to Enhance Water Quality Standards
Authors: Nuttall P. M. , Richardson B. J. , Condina P. 
Published: May 2018

Kananook Creek, a polluted estuary in urban Victoria,was monitored for water quality data over a seven year period. Prior to saline flushing, low species diversity dominated by high numbers of organic pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrates, phytoplankton blooms and cyanobacterial mats occurred throughout the estuary in clearly defined zones. Low dissolved oxygen levels restricted fish movement. Sand and silt deposition in the estuary prevented submergent aquatic plant colonisation, primarily as a result of the unstable, shifting nature of the substratum.
Subsequent saline flushing at a maximum continuous rate of 150 ML/day saltwater from a coastal waterway improved quality within the water column of the polluted estuary.
Although flushing reduced the incidence of fresh-water species, estuarine fauna and flora rapidly colonised much of Kananook Creek. The incidence of phytoplankton blooms, water discolouration and odour was reduced to the benefit of recreation demands placed upon the creek. Polluted and unstable sediments continued to restrict macroinvertebrate establishment and occasional cessation in flushing for pump maintenance caused a rapid deterioration in water quality.
The Causes of Eye Irritation in Swimming Pools
Authors: Chiswell B. , Wildsoet C. F. 
Published: May 2018

The use of chlorine for purification of water in swimming pools is well-established for both private and commercial purposes. Although salt-water chlorination has found sane use in private pools, most of these pools and the larger public pools with high chlorine demands and needs for unequivocal control of water quality, still use hypochlorite or chlorine gas.
It is common to blame eye irritation upon “too much chlorine” in pools, yet there is no conclusive work to verify that pool chlorine is directly responsible for the problem. Indeed, the snail amount of work done so far has mainly looked at chloro-nitrogen compounds as the source of irritation. Little regard has been given to the roles that pool osmolarity and pH might play, or to whether the problem could be associated with the presence of other chloro-compounds such as trihalanethanes.
A review is given of the results of previous work on the problem, and details described of experiments, recently comenced, which aim to identify the factors underlying eye reactions to swimming pool water.
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water
Authors: Codd Geoffrey A. , Bell Steven G. , Brooks William P. 
Published: May 2018

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) commonly occur in fresh- and brackish waters and may produce massive annual growths as a consequence of nutrient enrichment from natural waters, agricultural fertilizer run-off, or from domestic/industrial effluents. The cyanobacterial species which dominate these growths typically belong to the genera which produce toxins.
Cyanobacterial toxins cause fatal poisonings of agricultural livestock, wild animals, birds and fish on a world-wide basis. The involvement of the toxins in human health problems has also been inferred in several countries and their presence in drinking water sources is of interest to the drinking water industry. The occurrence and properties of cyanobacterial toxins are discussed here. New methods are being developed for the purification of the toxins and for their recovery and quantification from waters. These include the use of chemical, cytotoxicity and immunological methods to complement the mouse bioassay which has hitherto been used in cyanobacterial toxin studies with laboratory cultures and water samples. Information on the regulation of cyanobacterial toxin production and on the possible biological significance of the toxins in aquatic environments is also presented. A greater awareness of cyanobacterial toxins in waters destined for human use is required.
The Effect of Estuary Type Suspended Solids on Survival of E. coli in Saline Waters
Authors: Milne D. P. , Curran J. C. , Findlay J. S. , Crowther J. M. , Wallis S. G. 
Published: May 2018

The effect of estuary type suspended solids on E.coli inactivation has been examined in laboratory experiments. The work used artificial seawater, laboratory processed suspended solids and chemostat steady-state E.coli cultures to establish the effect of these physical/chemical parameters on the viability of an E.coli population. Initial E.coli concentrations were 5 × 103. 100ml−1, the temperatures employed were 10°C and 20°C, the suspended solids concentration range was 0 – l00mgl−1, salinity range 10 – 32%o, and the experimental vessels were completely shielded from light.
The introduction of suspended solids at a low concentration (ie 5mgl−1) markedly increased the survival time of E.coli at the higher salinities (ie 32% o and 27%o). Suspended solids at higher concentrations (&gt;12.5mgl−1) provided no additional increase in survival time. At low suspended solids concentrations (≤5mgl−1) decreasing salinity increased survival time; at higher suspended solids concentration (&gt;12.5mgl−1) salinities in excess of a critical value, around 27%o, also increased survival times.
Lead Removal from Contaminated Water by a Mixed Microbial Ecosystem
Authors: Bender J. A. , Archibold E. R. , Ibeanusi V. , Gould J. P. 
Published: May 2018

The research reported here explored the advantages of using an integrated ecosystem for the uptake of lead and examined some of the possible mechanisms for the transfer of the metal through the system with eventual binding in the microbial biomass. Strategies were applied to (1) stimulate enhanced production of biomass and consequent lead recovery by simple enrichments of the microbial environment, and (2) increase the microbial tolerance and lead uptake capacity by adaptation of the component species.
The microbial ecosystem employed here was one which arose spontaneously after pond enrichment with silaged grass clippings and moved through a predictable microbial succession. Ecosystem processes and microbial relationships resulted in the mobilization of metal in the soil bed and water column with ultimate deposition in the surface biomass. The stable silage-microbe biomass, floating at the top of the pond, bound the metal for extended periods of time.
Wastewater Reuse in Landscape and Agricultural Development in Doha, Qatar
Authors: Ahmad Shamim 
Published: May 2018

Excessive use of potable water in irrigation can be reduced considerably through treated wastewater reuse specially when fresh water resources in Qatar are scarce and the water supply depends on the limited groundwater and costly desalinated water. In view of the use of treated effluent in irrigation, the infiltration of brackish groundwater into the sewerage system should be eliminated and stringent standards to control leakages should be laid for new construction.
The wastewater treatment methods and the effluent quality in general meet the criteria and standards governing the use of effluent in irrigation of landscape and agriculture. The reuse plan controls pollution by eliminating discharge of the wastewater to the gulf and contributes to the aesthetic and economic value of the area. The development of green areas along the roadside reservations and sidewalks through effluent reuse has been successful.The cultivation of fodder crops and development of forestry through effluent irrigation in agricultural farms far from the centre of population seems feasible and safe. However it is necessary to consider and evaluate the social and religious factors at the planning stage of the reuse schemes. With adequate planning,surviellance programme,health education,training of workers and awareness amongst the population, effluent reuse can be practised with minimum health risk and confidence can be established in the users.
Design of Accidental Pollution Alarm Systems
Authors: Philipot J. M. , Coutant J. P. , Mousty P. 
Published: May 2018

Water supplies to the Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile de France (Ile de France Water Board) subscribers are provided by Compagnie Generale des Eaux using treated water from three rivers (Seine, Marne, Oise). These rivers cross densely populated, industrial areas and so are exposed to quite significant pollution hazards.
The guarantee of safe supplies involves a monitoring and alarm policy that will enable the various emergency measures provided in water works and pipe networks to be initiated in good time. The methodology of this system is based on the follwing steps:–compilation of accidental pollution history;–inventory of hazardous sites;–study of treatment process response;–location and choice of parameters for the automatic analyzing stations.
A detailed description of this course of action is given in respect of the river Marne which supplies raw water to one of the three main Syndicat des Eaux d'Ile de France plants.
Ecotoxicological Studies on the Kilian Branch and Delta of the River Danube
Authors: Braginsky L. P. , Komarovsky F Ya , Linnik P. N. , Maslova O. V. , Shcherban E. P. 
Published: May 2018

Amounts of priority toxicants (heavy metals, petroleum and petroleum products, surfactants, phenols, organochlorine pesticides) in water, bottom sediments, macroinvertebrates, fish, and birds of the Kilian branch and delta of the River Danube were studied from 1978 to 1985. The bottom sediments and larger organisms were shown to be highly polluted by pesticide residues and heavy metals.
In the water, organochlorine pesticides were almost completely adsorbed on suspended particles, while metals were found both in solution and in the suspended phase, forming high-molecular-weight complex compounds. Accumulation coefficients for DDT in the higher links of trophic chains (i.e., predatory fish, fish-eating birds) were 105 to 106.
Danube river water was found have both acute and chronic toxicity, which was confirmed by biotesting on planktonic crustaceans. Toxicity varied in time and was of a pulsed character.
Residues of Persistent Organochlorine Compounds in Selected Aquatic Ecosystems of Vojvodina (Yugoslavia)
Authors: Vojinović M. B. , Pavkov S. T. , Buzarov D. D. 
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the concentration of a wide range of persistent organochlo-rine compounds α, β,γ, hexachlorocyclohexane Ʃ-HCH, p,p 'DDE, o,p 'DDE, p,p 'DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the aquatic environments of the river Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić, and fish-pond Ečka are reported. The residues of organochlorine insecticides -OCI and PCBs in water, sediments, fish muscle and eggs of aquatic birds were analysed. These data show the serious contamination of selected aquatic ecosystems (Danube, Tisa, Lake Palić and fish-pond Ečka) of Vojvodina. Because of the concentration of these compounds at top levels, fish, eggs of aquatic birds and sediments are an excellent indicator for detecting trace organic compounds whose presence in water would be difficult to measure directly.
The residues of OCI were determined by GC-ECD. Polychlorinated biphenyls -- PCB congeners were quantified by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC-ECD).