bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First observations on straw treatment with ammonium bicarbonate
Authors: Andrighetto I. , Ramanzin M. 
Published: June 2019

Ammonium bicarbonate is a solid, non toxic compound wich could be easily handled and applied to roughages as an alternative source of ammonia. The preliminary experiments reported here were designed to study the possibility of using ammonium bicarbonate for treating wheat straw.In the first experiment samples of 100 g of wheat straw were placed in 28 glass jars (11 volume). The jars were then assigned in a factorial design to four levels of ammonium bicarbonate (0, 25, 50 and 75 g/kg on ammonia basis) and to seven temperatures of treatment (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120°C for 3 hours). After the treatment the straw samples were ground with a laboratory hammer mill (5 mm sieve). Two g of each sample were incubated in two replicated nylon bags (Ørskov, Hovell and Mould, 1980) into the rumen of two cannulated cows and withdrawn after 48 hours. The cows (mean live weight 550 kg) were fed 1.8 kg/100 kg live weight of a diet based on 0.80 hay, 0.15 dried sugar beet pulp and 0.05 soyabean meal, supplemented with vitamins and minerals.
Energy and nitrogen retention in milk-fed lambs
Authors: Mantecon A.R. , Pelaez R. , Ovejero F.J. 
Published: June 2019

The effect of the level of energy intake (EI), crude protein content of the diet (CP), age and sex of growing lambs fed milk diets upon the retention of energy (ER) and nitrogen (NR) was studied.A total of 114 lambs of the Churra breed removed from their dams at birth were used. The lambs were kept in metabolism cages and during the first two days of life were bottle-fed colostrum in quantity equivalent to 40% of their birth weight.Afterwards milk-diets in which the protein-energy concentrations were between 15 and 35% were reconstituted at 180 g/kg of dry matter and given to the lambs according to the experimental design.
The effect of stocking density on performance of pigs weaned at three weeks
Authors: Paterson Lucy M 
Published: June 2019

The objective of the experiment reported here was to provide the UK farmer with sufficient information to allow economic utilisation of space in flat-deck accommodation without a reduction in performance of the weaned pig.Two experiments at separate sites were used to compare different methods of achieving the same stocking density. At site 1 pen size was altered by means of a moveable partition while at site 2 it was the number of pigs per pen which was altered.
Response of dairy cows to compounds varying in level and profile of undegradable essential amino acids
Authors: Strachan P.J. , Wilson J.S. , Kelly N.C. 
Published: June 2019

The Agricultural Research Council (1980, 1984) protein recommendation for dairy cows was designed to ensure that total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) entering the duodenum is sufficient to provide TAA-N for production. Essential amino acid (EAA) supply and demand, although recognised as important, was not an integral part of the scheme.These trials were designed to test the feasibility and efficacy of formulating compound feeds to complement and improve the duodenal EAA supply from the basal diet of lactating cows.The experimental aim was to formulate compound feeds on the basis of undegradable EAA (UEAA), to compare the performance of dairy cows fed these rations and to relate performance to measurements of nutrient supply to the duodenum. The trials took the form of two production trials (years 1 and 2) and one digestibility trial (year 2). Estimates of the supply of EAA to the duodenum were obtained by in vivo measurements in cannulated cows (year 2).
The effect of fineness of grinding of a sample on the loss of material from nylon bags incubated in the rumen of sheep
Authors: Kyle D.J. , Hovell F.D.DeB. , Bajracharya J. 
Published: June 2019

The measurement of the degradability of a roughage by means of the nylon bag technique usually requires the preparation of the sample by grinding with a laboratory hammer mill. There is a wide range of screen sizes available which produce samples which range from a fine flour to coarser materials containing particles several millimeters in length. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effect of fineness of grinding on the degradation of roughages as measured by the nylon bag technique.Samples of hay and barley straw were ground through a 1 mm screen (fine) or through a bar screen with 3-5 by 33 mm slots (coarse). Two grammes contained in nylon bags were incubated in the rumen of each of four sheep fed on a good quality roughage, giving four observations per sample. All bags were introduced into the rumen at the same time relative to feeding. Zero-time losses were determined by washing bags without incubation. Water soluble material by filtration through a Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The particle size distribution of the hay used in Expt 1 is shown by Fig 1.
Focal adhesion kinase PTK2 autophosphorylation is not required for the activation of sodium–hydrogen exchange by decreased cell volume in the preimplantation mouse embryo
Authors: Fenelon Jane C. , Xu Baozeng , Baltz Jay M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRecovery from decreased cell volume is accomplished by a regulated increase of intracellular osmolarity. The acute response is activation of inorganic ion transport into the cell, the main effector of which is the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1. NHE1 is rapidly activated by a cell volume decrease in early embryos, but how this occurs is incompletely understood. Elucidating cell volume-regulatory mechanisms in early embryos is important, as it has been shown that their dysregulation results in preimplantation developmental arrest. The kinase JAK2 has a role in volume-mediated NHE1 activation in at least some cells, including 2-cell stage mouse embryos. However, while 2-cell embryos show partial inhibition of NHE1 when JAK2 activity is blocked, NHE1 activation in 1-cell embryos is JAK2-independent, implying a requirement for additional signalling mechanisms. As focal adhesion kinase (FAK aka PTK2) becomes phosphorylated and activated in some cell types in response to decreased cell volume, we sought to determine whether it was involved in NHE1 activation in the early mouse embryo. FAK activity requires initial autophosphorylation of a tyrosine residue, Y397. However, FAK Y397 phosphorylation levels were not increased in either 1- or 2-cell embryos after cell volume was decreased. Furthermore, the selective FAK inhibitor PF-562271 did not affect NHE1 activation at concentrations that essentially eliminated Y397 phosphorylation. Thus, autophosphorylation of FAK Y397 does not appear to be required for NHE1 activation induced by a decrease in cell volume in early mouse embryos.
Genetic impact assessments – summary of a debate
Authors: Pilling D. 
Published: June 2019

SummarySome countries have introduced a requirement for genetic impact assessments prior to granting permission for the import of new exotic livestock breeds. However, the merits of such a system are not universally accepted. During February 2007 a discussion on the subject took place on FAO's Domestic Animal Diversity Network (DAD-Net) electronic forum. This paper presents a description of how the discussion developed, and a summary of the issues raised. Arguments both for and against requiring impact assessments were put forward. Those opposing such measures focused on the risks of limiting access to animal genetic resources (AnGR), and questioned the benefits of government interference. Practical constraints to implementation and enforcement were also noted. Counter arguments pointed to the potential for avoiding the loss of valuable AnGR, and stressed governments' responsibilities to intervene where necessary to promote sustainable development, to defend the interests of the poor, or to protect national heritage. The debate ranged more widely — encompassing the respective roles of local and exotic AnGR in different regions of the world and in different production systems.
The effects of concentrate energy source on milk composition of lactating dairy cattle offered grass silage
Authors: Keady T.W.J. , Mayne C.S. , Fitzpatrick D.A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTwo partially balanced change-over design experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of concentrate energy source on milk yield and composition of lactating diary cows offered a diverse range of grass silages. A total of nine silages differing in fermentation digestibility and intake characteristics were produced in experiments 1 and 2. Silage dry matter (DM) concentration ranged from 170 to 473 g/kg, ammonia nitrogen ranged from 58 to 356 g/kg nitrogen, digestible organic matter in the DM ranged from 551 to 724 g/kg and silage DM intake potential ranged from 57 to 103.8 g/kg w0.75 respectively. In experiment 1, 5 concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP), metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible undegradable protein (DUP) while three concentrates were formulated in experiment 2 to contain similar concentrations of CP, ME and DUP. The concentrates were prepared using barley, wheat, sugar beet pulp and citrus pulp as energy sources and formulated to achieve a wide range of starch concentrations. Starch concentrations ranged from 50 to 384 g/kg DM and 22 to 273 g/kg DM in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. There were no concentrate energy source by silage type interactions for silage intake, milk yield and composition. It is concluded that increasing starch intake resulted in positive and negative linear relationships for milk protein (P<0.001, R2 = 0.96) and fat (P<0.001, R2 = 0.85) concentrations respectively. Concentrate energy source had no effect on silage DM intake or milk yield.
The end of life on Earth is not the end of the world: converging to an estimate of life span of the biosphere?
Authors: Mello Fernando de Sousa , Friaça Amâncio César Santos 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEnvironmental conditions have changed in the past of our planet but were not hostile enough to extinguish life. In the future, an aged Earth and a more luminous Sun may lead to harsh or even uninhabitable conditions for life. In order to estimate the life span of the biosphere we built a minimal model of the co-evolution of the geosphere, atmosphere and biosphere of our planet, taking into account temperature boundaries, CO2partial pressure lower limits for C3 and C4 plants, and the presence of enough surface water. Our results indicate that the end of the biosphere will happen long before the Sun becomes a red giant, as the biosphere faces increasingly more difficult conditions in the future until its collapse due to high temperatures. The lower limit for CO2partial pressure for C3 plants will be reached in 170(+ 320, − 110) Myr, followed by the C4 plants limit in 840(+ 270, − 100) Myr. The mean surface temperature will reach 373 K in 1.63(+ 0.14, − 0.05) Gyr, a point that would mark the extinction of the biosphere. Water loss due to internal geophysical processes will not be dramatic, implying almost no variation in the surface ocean mass and ocean depth for the next 1.5 billion years. Our predictions show qualitative convergence and some quantitative agreement with results found in the literature, but there is considerable scattering in the scale of hundreds of millions of years for all the criteria devised. Even considering these uncertainties, the end of the biosphere will hardly happen sooner than 1.5 Gyr.
Requirements for Earth Rotation Parameters
Authors: McCarthy Dennis D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObservations of Earth orientation parameters (polar motion and Universal Time) have reached a level of accuracy which challenges the definition of the reference systems which these observations seek to relate. Observational accuracies of better than in polar motion and in Universal Time are now routinely available. Urgent requirements therefore exist now for the IAU to take a fresh look at the concepts and definitions of the reference systems as well as reference frames. Of particular concern are the definitons of the equinox, the terrestrial reference pole, the zero of longitude and sidereal time.
Evidence for the Roche Lobe Overflow in VV Cephei
Authors: Guinan E. F. , McCook G. P. , Koch R. H. , Pfeiffer R. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe VV Cep close binary system (O8V + M2 lab; P = 20 3 yrs.) is described from published spectral, radial velocity, photometric, and astrometric results. A long-term photometric monitoring program shows intrinsic variability in a red bandpass. Variability exists on several time scales and the longest of these is attributed to tidal distortion of the cool supergiant by the equally massive hot companion. A theoretical “distortion” light curve, when faced against the observations, indicated the radius of the supergiant to be significantly smaller than the accepted value of ~1600R⊙. This conclusion is examined in the context of a pulse of polarized red light occurring near the time of periastron and interpreted as Roche Lobe overflow of the supergiant envelope. It is shown that the photometric and polarimetrie results may be made accordant, not by appeal to a very large level of scattered red light, but rather by invoking the loss of constraint originally imposed by the Roche Lobe geometry.
Non-Radial Oscillations in δ Scuti Stars and Rapidly Oscillating AP Stars
Authors: Kurtz D. W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present state of our knowledge of non-radial oscillations in δ Scuti stars and Rapidly Oscillating Ap stars is discussed primarily from an observational point of view. For the δ Scuti stars the need for complete frequency solutions for multi-periodic non-radial oscillating stars is emphasized in order for stellar seismology of these stars to be possible. An introduction to the Rapidly Oscillating Ap stars is given along with reference to a more complete recent review of those stars.
Properties of Stellar Magnetic Fields in Close Binaries Deduced from Non-Thermal Radio Observations
Authors: Mutel R. L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnalysis of VLA and VLBI observations of non-thermal radio emission from close binary stellar systems can produce reliable estimates of magnetic field strength and geometry in the source emission region. Assuming a gyrosynchrotron emission model for the non-flare emission, one can model the magnetic field as a relatively small number of stable magnetic loops of overall size R ⋍ (1-3)×1012 cm. with an average field strength of 101 < B < 102 gauss. A correlation of mean fractional circular polarization with inclination angle along with an absence of any clear phase dependence, indicates that the loops are azimuthally symmetric with poles nearly orthogonal to the orbital plane, i.e. axisymmetric dipolar. The loops are probably the same as the loops derived from observations of x-ray emission of ‘hot’ (T ⋍ 107K) coronal gas.
Star Formation Bursts in Galaxies
Authors: Lequeux J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe review the tracers of star formation in galaxies and show how they demonstrate the presence of bursts of star formation in various astrophysical contexts: large extragalactic HII regions in spiral and irregular galaxies and in blue compact galaxies, nuclei of some galaxies, extended star formation in other galaxies. We show that strong bursts seem to occur mainly in interacting galaxies. A few comments are made about the theory of such phenomena.
Effects of Angular Momentum on Supernova Explosion and Stability of Rapidly Rotating Stellar Cores
Authors: Sato Katsuhiko , kiguchi Masayoshi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe discuss effects of angular momentum on gravitational collapse and the fate of rapidly rotating stellar cores just before the gravitational collapse. It is found that Stellar cores become dynamically unstable against the modes of P0 and/or P2± 2 before the central densities become higher than the neutron drip density(˜ 4.3×1011 g/cm3). this suggests that fission occurs at pre-supernova stage or in the collapsing stage. In order to make clear whether these dynamical instabilities induce supernova explosion or not, three dimensional hydrodynamic computation would be necessary.
Passbands and Photometric Systems
Authors: Rufener F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSynthetic photometry must be used to accurately define the passbands which characterize a photometric system. On the one hand, the colour indices of the stars must be coherent with their absolute spectrophotometry; on the other hand, direct comparisons of model atmospheres with observations must be carried out without resorting to arbitrary transformations. A systematic evaluation procedure could be applied to various photometric systems.
Galaxy Formation and Dark Matter
Authors: Rees Martin 
Published: June 2019

My aim in this general talk will be to air some questions, rather than offer firm answers, because the most basic questions about galaxies are indeed still unresolved. In particular:1. We do not know why such things as galaxies should exist at all — why these assemblages of stars and gas with fairly standardised properties are the most conspicuous large-scale features of the cosmos.2. About 90% of the mass associated with galaxies is hidden. The luminous stars and gas contribute only about a tenth of the gravitating material inferred from dynamical arguments. What the rest consists of is still a mystery.3. It is unclear why the nuclei of some galaxies flare up, and release the colossal amount of non-stellar radiation emitted from quasars and radio galaxies, as discussed by Maarten Schmidt in his discourse.
The Selection of Scientific and Technical Records for Permanent Retention
Authors: Dudley Janet 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA small fraction of the enormous volume of records that are generated by research and development activities should be selected for permanent retention because of their potential value to future scientists, engineers, historians and others. The records are generated for many different purposes and in many different forms (not all are documents). There are, however, some basic principles that should be used in appraising the records so that the most appropriate of them are selected according to identifiable criteria.
New Observational Clues on Binary Formation in the Galaxy
Authors: Latham David W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNew observations of binaries are beginning to provide new clues on the formation and evolution of binary and multiple systems in a variety of stellar populations in the Galaxy. New orbital determinations are shedding light on the frequency and orbital characteristics of binaries in the disk and the halo of our Galaxy, both in clusters and the field. These results support the view that the formation of binaries involving solar-mass stars is relatively independent of the stellar environment. Evolutionary effects can have a major influence for close binaries with periods up to at least ten days, with a strong dependence on the age of the population. Progress towards determining the frequency of low-mass companions and planetary systems is promising but still very limited.
Binary Frequency Among Pre-Main Sequence Stars in Taurus and Ophiuchus
Authors: Simon M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe lunar occultation technique applied in the IR offers a powerful means of identifying binaries among obscured young stars. Our program has revealed binaries with separations from 1 to 100 AU in the Taurus and Ophiuchus star forming regions to about K=9 mag. To date, 29 objects have been observed; 6 were discovered to be binaries. The observed binary frequency is about half that expected from the binary statistics of a comparable sample of field stars. The discrepancy is probably attributable to our insensitivity to binary systems with secondary mass much less than that of the primary.
Mathematical Status of the Fission Theory
Authors: Lebovitz N. R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA review is given of the current mathematical and theoretical status of the possibility of the formation of binary stars by fission. It is emphasized that none of the competing theories is completely deductive: each begins with a preconception of how fission might occur, and considers mathematical problems that bear on the viability of that preconception. The classical fission theory turned out to lack internal consistency. The present author’s version of the theory, revised from the classical theory in that viscosity plays a negligible rather than a dominant role, appears to be internally consistent and compatible with the idea that close binaries with mass ratios near one may form in this way. The version of the theory described elsewhere in this volume by Durisen, which fails to produce binaries, is based on a preconception of the route to fission different from the classical one. Its failure to produce binaries therefore reflects only on that route, and not on other possible routes to fission.
Progress of Common Envelope Evolution
Authors: Taam R. E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe current understanding of the common envelope binary phase of evolution is presented. The results obtained from the detailed computations of the hydrodynamical evolution of this phase demonstrate that the deposition of energy by the double core via frictional processes is sufficiently rapid to drive a mass outflow, primarily in the equatorial plane of the binary system. Specifically, recent calculations suggest that large amounts of mass and angular momentum can be lost from the binary system in a such a phase. Since the time scale for mass loss at the final phase of evolution is much shorter than the orbital decay time scale of the companion, the tranformation of binary systems from long orbital periods (> month) to short orbital periods (< day) is likely. The energy efficiency factor for the process is estimated to lie in the range between 0.3 and 0.6.
The AM Her Period Spike
Authors: Lasota J.P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe AM Her period spike is due to the resumption of mass transfer after evolving through the period gap. This implies that (i) at the spike period all secondary stars are the same (ii) most AM Her white dwarfs have a unique mass ⋍0.6 — 0.7M⊙ (iii) nova explosions on magnetic white dwarfs remove exactly the mass accreted between outbursts (iv) the newly discovered AM Her system at 127min has a mass ⋍1.3 — 1.4M⊙ (V) the maximum magnetic field for most AM Her’s is ≤ 4 x 107 G.
Evidence for Asymmetries in SN1987A
Authors: Karovska M. , Koechlin L. , Nisenson P. , Papaliolios C. , Standley C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractResults of observations carried out during the past year and a half after the explosion of SN1987A (February 23 1987), show strong evidence for asymmetry in the expanding shell. The departure from spherical symmetry in SN1987A has important implications for further detailed modeling of supernovae explosions, light curves and spectra.
From Interstellar Dust to Comet Dust and Interplanetary Particles
Authors: Greenberg J. Mayo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInterstellar dust is described as consisting predominantly (by mass) of tenth micron (mean size) silicate core-organic refractory mantle particles which have evolved over galactic time scales of the order of 5 billion years. These particles were incorporated into comets and asteroids in the presolar nebula 4.5 billion years ago. The fragmentation of those primitive bodies gives rise to solar system debris which shows up as comet dust, zodiacal light, IDP’s and meteorites. The chemical and morphological structure of comet dust is derived here as fluffy aggregates of interstellar dust. The chemical and morphological structure of the chondritic porous IDP’S are then derived from comet dust which has evolved in the solar system. Zodiacal light particles are interpreted as various stages between comet dust and IDP’s. Meteorites appear to be a side branch in the evolution from interstellar to solar system particles.