bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet Radiation Driven Multifunctional Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Kavitha C. M. , Eshwarappa K. M. , Shetty Shivakumar Jagadish , Gurumurthy S. C. , Mallikarjuna I. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTHerein we report the tailoring of the band gap of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO), PVA‐Ag (silver), PVA/GO‐Ag, and PVA/GO/Ag/GA (glutaraldehyde) employing ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Nanocomposites were fabricated by the in situ solution casting method. Among fabricated, PVA/GO/Ag/GA was identified as the nanocomposite having enhanced properties. The structural and chemical studies confirm enhanced interfacial interaction and crosslinking between PVA and GO in the presence of GA. GA crosslinked PVA/GO‐Ag nanocomposite shows a reduction in band gap and enhanced dc conductivity compared to other composites. Post‐UV irradiation studies show PVA/GO/Ag/GA exhibits mechanical stability and good conductivity. The band gap of PVA/GO/Ag/GA decreased from 5.27 eV (unirradiated) to 2.66 eV for 24 h of UV exposure. As the exposure time increased to 48 h, the band gap increased to 5.16 eV and finally band gap decreased to 4.47 eV for 72 h of UV exposure. This reveals that though there is no linear variation in the energy gap with UV exposure time but accurate reproducibility was observed. This brings about the possibility of tailoring the band gap of PVA/GO/Ag/GA with better electrical conductivity (3.4 × 10−9 Sm−1) and good mechanical stability which is very crucial for optoelectronic applications. Additionally, for 72 h of UV radiation exposure, the PVA/GO/Ag/GA composite demonstrates UV transmittance of 3.3%, underscoring its UV shielding capability.
Modulation of diurnal variation in rainfall associated with tropical cyclones over the East Asia–Western North Pacific region by environmental vertical wind shear
Authors: Wei Na , Wang Qian , Zhang Xinghai , Zhao Dajun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractVertical wind shear (VWS), as an important dynamic factor influencing tropical cyclone rainfall (TCR), has a remarkable diurnal cycle of variation over the East Asia–western North Pacific region. The magnitude of tropical cyclone (TC)‐experienced VWS has enhanced amplitude but different phases over the South China Sea (SCS) and coastal East China (CEC) compared with that over the open ocean. Diurnal variation in TCR over the SCS shows statistically significant correlation with that of VWS. The convection concentrated in the downshear‐left quadrant strengthens markedly when VWS becomes large, thereby delaying the peak rainfall in the inner core of the TC and enhancing the amplitude of the diurnal cycle of TCR at ~09 local standard time. Over CEC, the diurnal signal of TCR is very weak but statistically significant in the downshear‐left and upshear‐right quadrants with opposite phase, illustrating the change in asymmetry of the spatial distribution of TCR induced by the large VWS diurnal cycle. The findings of this study could provide reference for improved forecasting of TCR on the fine temporal scale.
Protective Role of Vitamin B6 Against Teratogenic Effects Induced by Lead in Chick Embryo
Authors: Ahmad Waheed , Kanwal Muhammad Ali , Inayat Iram , Ahmad Syeda Nadia , Batool Aima Iram , Ghazanfar Nazish , Idrees Rabia , Suleman Sadia , Younis Asma , Ahmad Khawaja Raees 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundHeavy metals like lead (Pb) have been used by humans for a very long time, but throughout the industrial revolution, their use expanded, increasing exposure to the metal. Lead, however, has no biological purpose in the human body and is hazardous when it gets into soft tissues and organs. Lead is still used in a variety of industries, including battery manufacturing and car maintenance, despite efforts to limit its usage.ObjectiveThis study investigates the teratogenic and morphometric effects of lead on chick embryos and the potential ameliorative effects of vitamin B6.MethodsTwo hundred fertilized eggs from the golden black chicken were divided into four groups: control, lead acetate, vitamin B6, and lead + vitamin B6.ResultsOn the 14th day, embryos were analyzed. Significant reductions in body weight and size were observed in the lead‐exposed group (33.93 ± 1.27 g) compared to the control (41.12 ± 0.97 g). Pronounced deformities included rudimentary beaks, protruding eyes, tridactyl limbs, hydrocephaly, and neck deformities. Appendicular deformities like phocomelia, amelia, and abnormal phalanges growth were also noted. Vitamin B6 demonstrated therapeutic benefits, significantly improving mean embryo weight in the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (42.37 ± 0.99 g). The lead‐exposed group showed a reduction in maxilla length (3.61 ± 1.30 mm) compared to the Lead + Vitamin B6 group (7.57 ± 0.79 mm). This group also showed reduced severity of muscular dystrophy and bone thinning, with signs of recovery in beak and bone sizes.ConclusionsThe study highlights vitamin B6's beneficial impact in mitigating lead's toxic effects on chick embryonic development.
On the Crossroads of Ecology and Education
Authors: Desmarais Rosemarie 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe interrelations between education at all levels, including K‐12, undergraduate, graduate, and adult education, and the field of ecology are multiple, come from both domains, often relate to social change (Wright and Hill, 2021), and build on the expansion of the field of ecology education over the past 30 years. Discussions at the crossroads of ecology and education are particularly important to all those interested in better understanding how ecology can foster change among educational institutions. In this context, this article offers a review of key discussions on how education and ecology, as distinct domains of study and application, inform each other and support transformational shifts among educational institutions at all levels. It is shown that the teaching and learning of ecology among educational institutions have been key concerns for ecologists historically and that educational philosophers and theorists have been finding it important to increase awareness of our interconnectivity with natural systems through education.
Comparison of the Antioxidant Capacity of Cell Wall‐Broken Decoction Pieces and Traditional Decoction Pieces of Astragli Radix Based on HPLC‐ABTS Analytical Method
Authors: Ma Yonglin , Zhang Yue , Zhao Yu , Wang Jiwen , Hu Qianqian , Yang Lianlin , Chen Shuzhen , Diao Yong , Ma Hongliang 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTIn this study, an online antioxidant assay based on HPLC‐ABTS was mainly developed for screening the antioxidants of flavonoids from Astragali Radix (AR), and comparing the antioxidant capacity between traditional decoction pieces (TDP) of AR and cell wall‐broken decoction pieces (CDP) of AR. The experimental results showed that the overall antioxidant capacity of CDP of AR was about twice as much as that of TDP of AR, which was specifically expressed as the antioxidant capacity of the screened antioxidants extracted from CDP was equivalent to 1.9–5.1 times that of those extracted from TDP, and three antioxidants were successfully screened, which were calycosin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, calycosin, and formononetin. The method established in this study is characterized by high efficiency and accuracy, which can simultaneously accomplish the screening of antioxidant components and the comparison of antioxidant capacity between samples, and provides a new method for the quality evaluation of AR from the perspective of antioxidant activity.
Mechanistic Insights into Oxygen‐Independent DNA Photodegradation by Pheophorbide a: Implications for Future Photodynamic Therapy Applications
Authors: Okamoto China , Kotani Hiroaki , Kojima Takahiko , Yamamoto Yasuhiko , Momotake Atsuya 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study explores the unique properties of Pheophorbide a (Phed a) in the photodegradation of G‐quadruplex DNA under anoxic conditions, emphasizing its potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in hypoxic tumor environments. We used electron spin resonance (ESR), circular dichroism (CD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies to assess the radical generation and DNA interaction capabilities of Phed a compared to Pyropheophorbide a (Pyro a) under both oxygenated and anoxic conditions. Our results reveal that Phed a effectively degrades G‐quadruplex DNA in the absence of oxygen, whereas Pyro a does not. Under anoxic conditions, Phed a generates unique carbon‐centered radicals, as indicated by distinctive ESR signals, which are not observed in aerobic environments or with Pyro a. These radicals facilitate DNA decomposition without relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phed a’s ability to degrade DNA independently of oxygen underscores its potential as a versatile and effective PDT agent, especially for hypoxic tumors where traditional photosensitizers are ineffective. This study paves the way for the development of new PDT agents that can operate under different oxygen levels. Phed a’s radical generation and oxygen‐independent DNA degradation mechanisms make it a promising candidate for future PDT applications.
Phase 1, Single‐Center, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Studies of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Oral Doses of the Sirtuin 6 Activator SP‐624 in Healthy Adults
Authors: Rigdon Greg , Prescott Yuki , Hall John , Abernathy Kelly , Raskin Joel , Wargin William 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSirtuin 6 activation is a novel epigenetic mechanism proposed for treatment of depression. Two Phase 1 studies, SP‐624‐101 and SP‐624‐102, examined the pharmacokinetics and safety of SP‐624, an orally active sirtuin 6 activator, in healthy adults. SP‐624‐101 was a single‐ascending‐dose study. In Part A, participants were randomized 6:2 to SP‐624 (single oral doses of 3, 10, or 30 mg) or placebo. Part B compared results in 8 participants receiving SP‐624 while fasting or after a high‐fat, high‐calorie breakfast. In SP‐624‐102, a multiple‐ascending‐dose study, participants were randomized 6:2 to SP‐624 (3 or 10 mg SP‐624 daily) or placebo for 5 days and 5:2 to SP‐624 20 mg daily or placebo for 10 days. At all doses, maximum concentration (Cmax) exceeded predicted target plasma concentrations of 3.28 ng/mL. Area under the concentration‐time curve and Cmax increased dose proportionally. A food effect resulted in significantly lower Cmax, later time to maximum concentration, and comparable AUC for fed versus fasting participants. No serious adverse events were observed. In SP‐624‐101 and SP‐624‐102, respectively, 3 (12%) and 5 (29%) SP‐624–treated participants experienced treatment‐emergent adverse events. SP‐624 was well tolerated and reached target concentrations in healthy adults, supporting progression of SP‐624 20 mg daily into Phase 2 studies of major depressive disorder.
Cell Zooming With Energy‐Efficient Offloading in Cellular Network: An Optimization‐Assisted Model
Authors: Prabha R. , Senthil G. A. , Suganthi Su. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTWith the speedy development of cellular users, conventional mobile network communications could not satisfy the requirements of rising traffic. The design of the user association approach should have the ability to balance the energy saving and traffic hotspot providence from the traffic cell sleeping system. Nevertheless, with the gradually rising denser deployment of small cells (SCs), the HetNets face novel challenges. This work aims to introduce a cell zooming (CZ) scheme that admits the EE traffic offloading. Thereby, the given model includes two phases, (i) energy efficient offloading: In this phase, appropriate traffic flow is predicted for the hybrid deep learning model that includes deep Q network (DQN) and reinforcement learning (RL). This prediction is related to the offload traffic from macrocell to small cell based on constraints like QoS and Energy, respectively. (ii) Cell zooming: After the prediction, adaptive CZ is preceded by an improved CZ factor with optimal threshold selection. For optimization, a new scaled bald eagle search optimization (SBESO) is used. The betterment of SBESO is established on throughput, SINR, and so forth.
Spectrum Monitoring in Cognitive Radio Networks for Reduced Data Loss, Resource Wastage, and Interference
Authors: Kumari Shailly , Pandit Shweta 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTCognitive radio is a technology that allows the unlicensed users to access the licensed spectrum based on sensing information perceived by the users. Cognitive radio user generally attempts to access the unutilized band of licensed user. However, the emergence/reappearance of primary users during ongoing cognitive user's transmission creates the interference at the primary receiver and data loss at cognitive receiver. In this context, the spectrum monitoring is a vital process of the cognitive radio network during data transmission to continuously monitor the primary user's presence or absence on a licensed channel. In this manuscript, we have utilized the spectrum monitoring technique on earlier existing MAC protocol for CR network to detect the emergence/reappearance of primary users throughout the data transmission period of cognitive users. The spectrum monitoring is employed to reduce the interference at primary receiver, which is measured in terms of interference power (IP) and data loss at CU receiver. The closed form expressions of data loss and IP for the monitoring and without monitoring scenarios are provided. In addition, the probability of monitoring error's (which causes misinterpretation of channel's status by the cognitive users) impact on these performance parameters is also provided and simulated. Further, earlier MAC protocol has significant amount of bandwidth wastage in case primary user disappears or reappears during cognitive user's data transmission, which is shown mathematically and simulated as well. However, incorporation of the monitoring phenomenon even with significant amount of monitoring error has reduced bandwidth wastage, which is measured in bps. In addition, the throughput calculation of the proposed system and the effect of monitoring error on the throughput of the proposed system are also seen. As per the results, the maximum data loss and IP occurred at licensed channel's busy probability value of 0.5, which is 23.22 bps and 3.487 W, respectively, at maximum monitoring error value. However, minimum data loss and IP are achieved at licensed busy channel's probability values of zero and one. In addition, the resource wastage at licensed channel's busy probability value of 0.5 is varying from 2.322 to 23.22 bps for varying the monitoring error value from 0.1 to 1, respectively, giving highest resource wastage at maximum monitoring error value.
Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for deep‐sea mining: A Bayesian network for Chatham Rise, Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kaikkonen Laura , Clark Malcolm R. , Leduc Daniel , Nodder Scott D. , Rowden Ashley A. , Bowden David A. , Beaumont Jennifer , Cummings Vonda 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIncreasing interest in seabed resource use in the ocean is introducing new pressures on deep‐sea environments, the ecological impacts of which need to be evaluated carefully. The complexity of these ecosystems and the lack of comprehensive data pose significant challenges to predicting potential impacts. In this study, we demonstrate the use of Bayesian networks (BNs) as a modeling framework to address these challenges and enhance the development of robust quantitative predictions concerning the effects of human activities on deep‐seafloor ecosystems. The approach consists of iterative model building with experts, and quantitative probability estimates of the relative decrease in abundance of different functional groups of benthos following seabed mining. The model is then used to evaluate two alternative seabed mining scenarios to identify the major sources of uncertainty associated with the mining impacts. By establishing causal connections between the pressures associated with potential mining activities and various components of the benthic ecosystem, our model offers an improved comprehension of potential impacts on the seafloor environment. We illustrate this approach using the example of potential phosphorite nodule mining on the Chatham Rise, offshore Aotearoa/New Zealand, SW Pacific Ocean, and examine ways to incorporate knowledge from both empirical data and expert assessments into quantitative risk assessments. We further discuss how ecological risk assessments can be constructed to better inform decision‐making, using metrics relevant to both ecology and policy. The findings from this study highlight the valuable insights that BNs can provide in evaluating the potential impacts of human activities. However, further research and data collection are crucial for refining and ground truthing these models and improving our understanding of the long‐term consequences of deep‐sea mining and other anthropogenic activities on marine ecosystems. By leveraging such tools, policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders can work together toward human activities in the deep sea that minimize ecological harm and ensure the conservation of these environments.
Land Use and Climate Change Accelerate the Loss of Habitat and Ecological Corridor to Reeves's Pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) in China
Authors: He Qingqing , Tian Shan , Hua Junqin , Liu Zhengxiao , Liu Yating , Jin Ting , Xu Jiliang 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTHuman activity and climate change are widely considered to be primarily responsible for the extinction of Galliformes birds. Due to a decline in population, the Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii), a member of the Galliformes family, was recently elevated to first‐class national protected status in China. However, determining the causal factors of their extinction and carrying out protection measures appear to be challenging owing to a lack of long‐term data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, based on a national field survey, we used habitat suitability models and integrated data on geographical environment, road development, land use, and climate change to predict the potential changes in the distribution and connectivity of the habitat of Reeves's pheasant from 1995 to 2050. Furthermore, ecological corridors were identified using the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model. The prioritized areas for habitat restoration were determined by integrating the importance indices of ecological sources and corridors. Our results indicated that both land use and climate change were linked to the increased habitat loss for the Reeves's pheasant. In more recent decades, road construction and land use changes have been linked to a rise in habitat loss, and future climate change has been predicted to cause the habitat to become even more fragmented and lose 89.58% of its total area. The ecological corridor for Reeves's pheasant will continue to decline by 88.55%. To counteract the negative effects of human activity and climate change on the survivorship of Reeves's pheasant, we recommend taking immediate actions, including bolstering cooperation among provincial governments, restoring habitats, and creating ecological corridors among important habitats.
Tree demographic drivers across temperate rain forests, after accounting for site‐, species‐, and stem‐level attributes
Authors: Jo Insu , Bellingham Peter J. , Richardson Sarah J. , Hawcroft Amy , Wright Elaine F. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDiverse drivers such as climate, soil fertility, neighborhood competition, and functional traits all contribute to variation in tree stem demographic rates. However, these demographic drivers operate at different scales, making it difficult to compare the relative importance of each driver on tree demography. Using c. 20,000 stem records from New Zealand's temperate rain forests, we analyzed the growth, recruitment, and mortality rates of 48 tree species and determined the relative importance of demographic drivers in a multilevel modeling approach. Tree species' maximum height emerged as the one most strongly associated with all demographic rates, with a positive association with growth rate and negative associations with recruitment and mortality rates. Climate, soil properties, neighborhood competition, stem size, and other functional traits also played significant roles in shaping demographic rates. Forest structure and functional composition were linked to climate and soil, with warm, dry climates and fertile soil associated with higher growth and recruitment rates. Neighborhood competition affected demographic rates depending on stem size, with smaller stems experiencing stronger negative effects, suggesting asymmetric competition where larger trees exert greater competitive effects on smaller trees. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering multiple drivers of demographic rates to better understand forest tree dynamics.
Preservation of Luminescent Properties of Zinc Complexes in the Solid State by Accumulating into Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Narikiyo Hayato , Iizuka Daisuke , Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMultinuclear complexes have attracted great attention because of their superior properties originating from the cooperative effects between the metal ions. In this study, we synthesized polynuclear zinc complexes by chelation between the side‐chains of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). From the NMR spectroscopy, high‐resolution mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), it was confirmed the four equivalents of zinc ions were coordinated to the single POSS molecule. Optical measurements indicated that luminescent properties can be preserved even in the solid state. The three‐dimensional structure of POSS should play a significant role in suppressing concentration quenching followed by solid‐state emission properties.
Hall and Thermo‐Diffusion Effects on Chemically Reactive MHD Unsteady Brinkman‐Type Dissipative Flow of EO‐Based MoS2 Nanofluid From a Rotating Plate in Porous Medium
Authors: Reddy B. Prabhakar , Mng'ang'a Jumanne , Matao M. Paul 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTIn many mechanical systems, the friction is a major aspect in the energy loss. However, lubrication is the ultimate way to reduce friction. The engine‐oil is the prominent lubricant for internal combustion engines. Last few decades, nanofluids gained credit as an inventive low‐friction technology that significantly lowers emissions and keeps great energy savings. Therefore, this study analyzes the thermo‐diffusion Brinkman‐type radiative engine‐oil based unsteady magnetohydrodynamics heat consuming Molybdenum‐disulfide nanofluid flow with Hall, chemical reaction and viscous dissipation impacts from a rotating plate in porous environs. The finite difference numerical scheme was utilized to get the numerical solutions of the flow fields. The numerical results accomplished for velocity, temperature and concentration relating to assorted flow parameters with the help of MATLAB are interpreted graphically whilst the engineering quantities by tables. The ultimate results bring‐out that the temperature and both velocity components upsurges due to viscous dissipation and radiation effects but heat consumption affects oppositely. The nanoparticle's volume fraction significantly improves the temperature field. The Brinkman parameter and nanoparticle's volume fraction causes to slow‐down both velocity components whereas thermo‐diffusion and Hall parameters have exposed opposite impact. The magnetic field and rotational parameters tend to downgrade the primary velocity and heightens the secondary velocity. The concentration field repressed by the chemical reaction reagent. Heat transfer rate enhanced at the surface by increasing viscous dissipation and volume fraction but it is lessened with radiation and heat‐consumption. Interestingly, the heat transfer rate significantly raises to when dispersing Molybdenum‐disulfide nanoparticles to engine‐oil which enhanced its lubrication.