bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Restoration of Former Channels in the Rhine Alluvial Forest: The Example of the Offendorf Nature Reserve (Alsace, France)
Authors: Klein Jean-Paul , Maire Gérard , Exinger Freddy , Lutz Georges , Sanchez-Perez José-Miguel , Tremolierest Michèle , Junodt Patrick 
Published: May 2018

The hydraulic management works, carried out on the Rhine over about 150 years, have suppressed a large part of the Rhine floodplains and thus dramatically modified the environmental conditions of alluvial ecosystems. The Offendorf alluvial forest situated 30 km north of Strasbourg, of which 60 ha are now a nature reserve, is taken as an example of a restoration programme to attain “the most natural possible” ecosystem functioning. The general status of the Offendorf forest hydrographic network is mesotrophic to eutrophic, due to the water supply. Some diffluent arms present a tendency to silt up, because of the lowering of the water table. Thus a first step in the restoration programme was to re-establish the continuity of surface flow, in low as well as in high water, taking into account the water quality. But the accurate context of the restoration is that of a naturally functional unit, i.e. the whole extent of the forest lying between the high water dykes and not the limited sector within the administrative boundaries of the nature reserve.
A definition of a restoration programme is proposed: the renaturalizing of the riverside environments should comprise several stages from study of the past or present processes to prediction of new modifications.
Former Tidal Wetlands Revitalised: Nature Development in the Dordtse Biesbosch Reserve, The Netherlands
Authors: Coops H. , Ohm M. , Nijhuis A. 
Published: May 2018

Geomorphological and ecological features belonging to the freshwater tidal landscape in the Rhi-ne/Meuse estuary have been degrading over the past decades. In particular, the intertidal zone was affected due to diminishing of tides and serious bank erosion.
To enhance the remaining tidal water movement locally, a plan was proposed to create side channels in the Dordtse Biesbosch, an area adjoining the Nieuwe Merwede riverbranch. In this plan, which was effectuated in the course of 1992, a connection was made between the creeks and the river at both ends, creating small side channels.
A monitoring programme was designed to test if predicted developments actually take place, at what timescale, and to observe the impact of extreme events. It involves measurement of sediment topography, water movement, vegetation, benthic meiofauna, fish, and water birds.
Flow Characteristics of Planted Soil Filters
Authors: Netter R. 
Published: May 2018

Various water tracers were used for the determination of flow characteristics such as residence time, velocity of flow, and dispersion phenomena especially under the aspect of stagnant water regions. The tracers applied were bromide, uranin, eosin, lithium salt, and in one case tritiated water as a reference. Bromide as a chemically very stable anion with no detectable retardation proved under these conditions as very reliable. Uranin and eosin showed low retardation but were subject to losses by sorption, degradation, and photolysis in uncovered regions. Lithium can not be recommended for such applications.
The results showed that the mean residence time in the filter was between 6 and 40 days with respect to hydraulic load, evapotranspiration, soil material and the hydraulic gradient. The determined conductivity of the filters was approximately 10−4 to 10−5 m/s and did not vary during the investigation period.
Investigation into the use of Constructed Reedbeds for Municipal Waste Dump Leachate Treatment
Authors: Urbanc-Bercic Olga 
Published: May 2018

The Institute of Biology, University of Ljubljana, bas established a pilot-scale constructed reedbed system to investigate the potential of this low-technology approach to the treatment of contaminated municipal waste dump leachate which is recognised to be a serious problem in Slovenia.
The 600 m2 gravel media reedbed, planted with Phragmites australis has been in operation since October 1990, receiving a mean daily leachate flow of 26 m3. Although the removal percentages for BOD5, COD and SS were only 32%, 36%, and 73%, respectively, this was adequate to achieve an acceptable effluent quality in terms of discharge requirements, despite widely fluctuating influent characteristics, the presence of organic toxins in the leachate, and operational and environmental problems including poor hydraulics of the gravel media and poor establishment of reeds in the first year.
The pollution prevention partnership: a Colorado voluntary private/public environmental initiative
Authors: Ferraro Paul 
Published: May 2018

It started with breakfast. In 1989 representatives from industry, regulatory agencies and public interest groups began to meet over early morning coffee. At first they sought a better dialogue between industries and regulatory agencies-turning potential adversaries into team-mates. Later, this “breakfast club” evolved into the Pollution Prevention Partnership, a Colorado voluntary environmental initiative. The goal: working together to prevent pollution at its source.
By 1991, the Pollution Prevention Partnership (PPP) formed a non-profit organization. The Partnership set new standards for reducing pollution in Colorado's industries by making it easier for regulatory officials, public interest spokespeople and industry representatives to meet and forge new solutions to environmental problems.
The first major project, “SolvNet I,” focused on reducing the use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). TCA poses both health and environmental hazards. PPP set a goal for each company in the Partnership to reduce its use and release of this industrial “solvent-of-choice” by 70%. Partnership members methodically searched for more acceptable alternatives, testing over 50 compounds. By making changes in processes, products and business methods, they exceeded their goal. Pollution prevention-by reducing solvent use-reduces burdensome regulatory compliance, taxes and surcharges.
The work has not stopped there. The Partnership is reaching beyond its membership to other Colorado businesses. Members conducted technical workshops for other industry representatives. The Partnership hosted a luncheon for Colorado's top corporate executives. They worked with the Waste Minimization Assessment Center, of Colorado State University, to perform waste assessments at small and medium size industries in Colorado. Work is also under way on SolvNet II, an expanded program designed to reduce hazardous industrial waste by the Partnership's industrial members.
This paper presents the purpose and goals of the Pollution Prevention Partnership. It discusses the SolvNet I and SolvNet II projects, gives perspectives on how companies succeeded in preventing pollution, and outlines the Partnerships technical assistance activities.
A modification of the HBV model for assessing phosphorus transport from a drainage area
Authors: Bilaletdin Ämer , Kallio Kari , Frisk Tom , Vehviläinen Bertel , Huttunen Markus , Roos Jaana 
Published: May 2018

The aim of the study was to develop a method for assessing phosphorus transport from a large drainage basin. A tentative conceptual model of watershed dynamics was developed consisting of two components: a runoff model and a phosphorus transport model. A similar approach has also been used in previous studies (e.g. Kallio 1992). As the runoff model, a modification of the HBV-model (Vehviläinen 1992) was used. The statistical P transport model was developed in this study. The models were tested against the data of eight subcatchments of the watercourse of Lake Längelmävesi, central Finland.
Runoff calibration was made against total discharges, though in the output data the runoff from forested and agricultural areas were presented separately. A good fit was obtained, the correlation coefficient squared R2 against water level being 0.964. The calibration against total phosphorus transport was made using simulated discharge values. In the present version the correlation coefficient squared R2 was 0.901.
Prediction of the O2 Conditions in the Selector
Authors: Kruit J. , Boley F. , Jacobs L. J. A. M. , Wouda T. W. M. 
Published: May 2018

Influent characterization and biosorption experiments were carried out with settled influent of seven wastewater treatment plants to study the influence of O2 in the selector in relation to the success of developing good settling properties of the sludge. In previous years working selectors were installed and/or pilot plant research was carried out at these wastewater treatment plants. Characterization of the influent was done with help of standard COD and BOD measurements with help of a coarse filter.
The research has elucidated that the presence of O2 in the selector, at initial sludge loadings of 3.5-6.5 kg BOD/kg MLSS.d, is important for producing good settling properties of the sludge when the sum of readily biodegradable COD and rapidly hydrolysable COD is greater than 40%. When the sum of sludge COD and slow hydrolysable COD is greater than 50% an unaerated selector can be used.
Technological and Constructive Aspects of the Installation of Impermeabilizing Membranes
Authors: Teigeiro Fernando L. 
Published: May 2018

Selection of the adequate lining systems for each specific application requires a knowledge of materials, installation techniques and availability of design alternatives.
Performance of materials and their interaction in composite multilayered applications and desiccation cracking of the clay layers underneath geomembranes are studied.
The design needs to meet all of the needs of the user/owner. The lining system must be practical, constructable and functional. The quality assurance function, therefore, should start at the design stage. The design should be reviewed for constructability by material supplier and/or installer as a checking function to ensure problems won't arise during construction. This participation contributes to the successful construction of the lining system and helps ensure that the intent of the design is met.
Increasing Regulations Result in Decreasing Operational Efficiency
Authors: Ganze Charles W. , Brown Richard L. 
Published: May 2018

In 1972, the Congress of the United States of America passed major legislation called the Clean Water Act, which required all wastewater discharges to meet minimal standards. The Clean Water Act promoted efficiency and cost effectiveness.
The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority was created in 1969 by the Legislature of the State of Texas to, among other things, own and operate wastewater disposal systems which would be protective of public health, “terrestrial and aquatic life, the operation of existing industries and the economic development of the state“.
Since enactment of the Clean Water Act, other pieces of legislation, rulings by courts of law, and rules established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have thwarted many efforts to operate efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment facilities. This paper will discuss several of the laws and rules that have discouraged efficiency and cost effectiveness.
U.S. EPA's Pollution Prevention RD&D Results: “Practical Tools for the Trade”
Authors: Bridges James S. 
Published: May 2018

Waste minimization/pollution prevention has become the strategic approach to waste management in the 90s and the hope for environmental management as we enter the third millenium. Nearly a decade ago, EPA's Office of Research and Development began a focused Waste Minimization Research Program to identify and demonstrate technology for reducing the generation of wastes and shifted the Agency's priority from end-of-pipe controls to the prevention of waste generation. The purpose of this presentation is to share a number of the results from several years of researching engineering solutions to multi-media problems, building a sound scientific foundation to support pollution prevention (P2) principles, and developing and demonstrating pollution prevention technologies, tools, and techniques. The “tools of the trade” for pollution prevention are the research reports that provide results of technology development, the case studies and demonstrations of P2 technologies, and the technical guides and manuals for conducting P2 activities.
Technology Development - Tools resulting from technology development include the numerous research reports and briefs from: 1) the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Program, 2) Pollution Prevention Measurement Projects, and 3) the Innovative Clean Technologies Program.
Technology Demonstration - Tools resulting from technology demonstration include the research reports and summaries from: 1) the Waste Reduction Innovative Technology Evaluation (WRITE) Program, 2) the Waste Reduction Evaluation At Federal Sites (WREAFS) Program, 3) the New Jersey/EPA Waste Minimization Assessment Project, and 4) Small Generator Waste Minimization Assessment Program.
Technical Guides and Manuals - These tools include: 1) Facility Pollution Prevention Guide. 2) 16 industry specific guides to pollution prevention, 3) Background Document on Clean Products Research and Implementation, and 4) Industrial Pollution Prevention Opportunities for the 1990s.
Much of the EPA's Pollution Prevention RD&D Program has focused on the development and demonstration of practical tools to encourage the development and adoption of processing technologies mid products that will lead to reducing the aggregate generation rates for pollutants entering various environmental media. The strategic direction for pollution prevention RD&D through the 1990s is: 1) to study high risk environmental problems where P2 offers a cost-effective solution for reducing the risks, 2) to conduct cross-cutting research such as measurement, modelling, and LCA that can be applied to multiple problems, and 3) to establish joint global P2 RD&D ventures where products and processes know no waste generating boundaries.
Evaluation of a biomonitor based on the phototactic behaviour of Daphnia magna using infrared detection and digital image processing
Authors: van Hoof François , Sluyts Hilde , Paulussen Jozef , Berckmans Daniël , Bloemen Heidi 
Published: May 2018

A biological early warning system based on the phototactic behaviour of Daphnia magna has been evaluated in relation to the reproducibility of its response and sensitivity towards potential pollutants. In addition to the infrared detection system of the monitor, video recording and digital image processing have been used in order to obtain more information on the behaviour of the Daphnia. The biomonitor performed better with Daphnia clones selected on positive phototactic behaviour than with non selected organisms. The variations in response over a five day period were too large to allow a reliable use of the monitor. The biomonitor was not able to detect sublethal changes in behaviour.
Digital image processing of video recordings yielded more information on the behaviour of the Daphnia that the infrared detection system. Using this technique it was possible to detect sublethal changes in Daphnia behaviour as well as conceptual shortcomings in the existing behaviour.
Distribution of heavy metals in seawater, sediment and biota of Jinhae Bay, Korea
Authors: Chan-Won Lee , Young-Tack Kwon 
Published: May 2018

Over the past two decades, the coastal waters of Jinhae Bay have been extensively used by coastal communities and industries for the disposal of domestic and various industrial wastes, therefore increasing the level of pollutants in coastal waters with a subsequent increase in sediments, especially of heavy metals.
Specific objectives of this research are to investigate the distribution of heavy metal concentration in biota, to compare the concentrations with those in sediment and water and to relate the bioconcentration to the different heavy metals in biota obtained from several sites.
Sixty one percent of heavy metals was found in particulate form during the high runoff season and 32% during the dry season. The behavior of the particulate metals after flowing in to the enclosed coastal sea is an important factor in heavy metal contamination.
Copper, lead and chromium contamination of sediment was revealed at several sites. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, chromium and lead by the mussel (Mytilus edulis) were determined as 2,900, 2,814, 807, 423, 228 and 127 in the decreasing order, respectively.
The areas located nearest to highly populated city and industries exhibited mussels with the largest accumulation of copper, lead and chromium.
Methyl mercury in the dutch rhine delta
Authors: Pieters Hendrik , Geuke Victor 
Published: May 2018

Samples of yellow eel from various locations in the Dutch Rhine area have been analyzed for trend monitoring of mercury since 1977. In the western Rhine delta mercury levels in eels have hardly changed since the seventies, whereas in the eastern part of the Dutch Rhine area a considerable decrease of mercury concentrations in eel has occurred. Because of continuous sedimentation of contaminated suspended matter transported from upstream regions, accumulation rates and concentrations of mercury in eel in the western Rhine delta remained at a relatively high level.
Analyses of methyl mercury in biota have been performed to elucidate the role of methyl mercury in the mercury contamination of the Dutch Rhine ecosystem. Low percentages of methyl mercury were observed in zooplankton (3 to 35%). In benthic organisms (mussels) percentages of methyl mercury ranged from 30 to 57%, while in fish species and liver of aquatic top predator birds almost all the mercury was present in the form of methyl mercury (&gt; 80%).
During the period 1970-1990 mercury concentrations of suspended matter in the eastern Rhine delta have drastically decreased. These concentrations seemed to be highly correlated with mercury concentrations of eel (R = 0.84). The consequences of this relation are discussed.
Performance of fixed film media integrated in activated sludge reactors to enhance nitrogen removal
Authors: Sen Dipankar , Mitta Pramod , Randall Clifford W. 
Published: May 2018

Nitrification and denitrification were evaluated in multiple CSTR continuous flow fixed film systems at 12°C. Three systems were operated with three types of media installations and a fourth as a control without media. The media configurations evaluated included: (i) frame mounted fine pore sponge media supported on wires; (ii) free floating fine pore sponge media; and (iii) fixed location frame mounted rope media (ringlace). The pore size for sponge media was 14 pores per centimeter. Each system included a two-cell anaerobic zone with 17 percent of total volume, two-cell anoxic zone with 17 percent of total volume, and a three-cell aerobic zone with 64 percent of total volume. The multi-cell configuration was used to maximize kinetics of removal with suspended growth biomass and evaluate improvements in nitrogen removal beyond the levels achieved with suspended growth.
At the optimum location (aerobic cells 1 and 2), the nitrification in cells containing free-floating sponges was 143 percent of the control at aerobic MCRTs of 3.1 and 3.4 days, with 35 percent media volume to cell volume. The nitrification with rope media was 136 percent of the control in middle third of the aerobic zone. Removals with ringlace were poorer in the first aerobic cell operating at higher COD levels, and in the third aerobic cell which did not contain sufficient biofilm growth at low levels of COD. Nitrification was 14 percent higher in Systems 1 and 2 with fixed and free floating sponges, respectively, and 8 percent higher in System 3 (ringlace) when all systems were spiked with 20 mg/L additional ammonium over a 24 hour period. Optimizing location of the media, with higher density of media at locations where adequate COD and ammonium-N are available for biofilm growth increase nitrification on media. Studies in full scale systems show that COD and ammonium-N concentrations at downstream locations in the activated sludge basin increase during peak flows and with step feed of wastewater. This helps increase biofilm growth and improve nitrification on the media downstream locations.
Denitrification observed in the aerobic cells of the fixed film systems was in excess of the control. All aerobic cells were operated at D.O. levels in excess of 6.0 mg/L. The fraction of total denitrification under aerobic conditions was 0.0 in the control as compared to 0.14 to 0.24 with ringlace media and fixed sponge media, respectively, at an aerobic MCRT 3.1 days. Fraction aerobic denitrification in all systems increased with an increase in MCRT of suspended growth - to 0.21 in the control and 0.35 and 0.39 with ringlace and sponges, respectively, at aerobic MCRTs of 3.4 to 7.7 days.
Experience on anaerobic treatment of distillery effluent with the UASB process
Authors: Driessen W. J. B. M. , Tielbaard M. H. , Vereijken T. L. F. M. 
Published: May 2018

Since the development of the UASB process in the 1970s this process has been widely applied for the treatment of industrial effluents. Effluents from alcohol producing industries are mostly highly polluted and therefore in principle very suitable for anaerobic treatment.
Distilleries use different kinds of raw materials such as sugar cane juice, sugar cane molasses, sugar beet molasses, wine or corn for the production of alcohol. The use of different materials and the different processes applied, result in a wide variety of effluents produced. The process conditions under which good results of the anaerobic process are obtained depend heavily on the type of distillery effluent being treated. The choice of the right set of process parameters for every type of distillery effluent has shown to be of crucial importance for the anaerobic process.
Experience of anaerobic treatment on effluents from different alcohol-producing industries over a long term period are discussed. Special attention is given to the treatment of effluents from sugar cane based distilleries with very high COD concentration of 60 000 to 160 000 mg COD 1−1. Despite expected toxicity problems arising from the high concentrations of COD, sulfide and salts, anaerobic treatment with the UASB process proved to be successful in treating distillery effluent.
Anaerobic digestion of liquefied cow manure pretreated by catalytic liquefaction
Authors: Jungersen G. , Ahring B. K. 
Published: May 2018

During anaerobic digestion of manure in CSTR biogas reactors, less than half of the organic material is degraded to methane and carbon dioxide. The remaining organic material, mainly lignocellulose, is only slowly degraded in anaerobic environments and leaves the reactor almost unattached. Liquefaction is a transformation process whereby solid biomass are converted into liquid products under high pressure and high temperature.
Anaerobic degradation of liquefied manure (LM) was examined in both batch and continuous cultures. The main objective of the work was to determine the optimal parameters for anaerobic degradation of LM. The continuous experiments also examined the biodegradation of specific chemical components of the LM using GC/MS analysis.
The batch experiments shows that liquefied manure (LM) is degraded most efficiently when low concentrations (1-5% LM) are added to manure, whereas a significant inhibition occurs when higher concentrations (&gt; 25% LM) are added. The results from the CSTR experiments confirm the results from the batch experiments.
The GC/MS analysis shows that LM is composed of a broad range of organic compounds, of which many are toxic. The results shows further a large potential for anaerobic degradation of some toxic compounds and, thereby, gives further knowledge of the potential of combining liquefaction and anaerobic digestion.