bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for Inflow toward Massive Starless Clump Candidates Identified in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey
Authors: Calahan Jenny K. , Shirley Yancy L. , Svoboda Brian E. , Ivanov Elizabeth A. , Schmid Jonathan R. , Pulley Anna , Lautenbach Jennifer , Zawadzki Nicole , Bullivant Christopher , Cook Claire W. , Gray Laurin , Henrici Andrew , Pascale Massimo , Bosse Carter , Chance Quadry , Choi Sarah , Dunn Marina , Jaime-Frias Ramon , Kearsley Ian , Kelledy Joseph , Lewin Collin , Mahmood Qasim , McKinley Scott , Mitchell Adriana M. , Robinson Daniel R. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Recent Galactic plane surveys of dust continuum emission at long wavelengths have identified a population of dense, massive clumps with no evidence for ongoing star formation. These massive starless clump candidates are excellent sites to search for the initial phases of massive star formation before the feedback from massive star formation affects the clump. In this study, we search for the spectroscopic signature of inflowing gas toward starless clumps, some of which are massive enough to form a massive star. We observed 101 starless clump candidates identified in the Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) in

J = 1−0 using the 12 m Arizona Radio Observatory telescope. We find a small blue excess of

for the complete survey. We identified six clumps that are good candidates for inflow motion and used a radiative transfer model to calculate mass inflow rates that range from 500 to 2000

Myr−1. If the observed line profiles are indeed due to large-scale inflow motions, then these clumps will typically double their mass on a freefall time. Our survey finds that massive BGPS starless clump candidates with inflow signatures in

J = 1−0 are rare throughout our Galaxy.
The Effect of Massive Neutrinos on the Position of Cold Dark Matter Halo: Revealed via the Delaunay Triangulation Void
Authors: Qin Jian , Liang Yu , Zhao Cheng , Yu Hao-Ran , Liu Yu , Zhang Tong-Jie 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Using a cosmological N-body simulation that coevolves cold dark matter (CDM) and neutrino particles, we discover the local effects of massive neutrinos on the spatial distribution of CDM halos, reflected on the properties of Delaunay Triangulation (DT) voids. Smaller voids are generally in regions with higher neutrino abundance, so their surrounding halos are impacted by a stronger neutrino-free streaming. This makes the voids larger (surrounding halos are washed outward from the void center). On the contrary, larger voids are generally in regions with lower neutrino abundance, so their surrounding halos are less impacted by neutrino-free streaming, making the voids smaller (surrounding halos are squeezed toward the void center). This characteristic change of the spatial distribution of the halos suppresses the 2-point correlation function of halos on scales of ∼1 Mpc/h and significantly skews the number function of the DT voids, which can potentially serve as measurable neutrino effects in current or future galaxy surveys.
MHD Simulation of Prominence Eruption
Authors: Fan Yuhong 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We carry out magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the quasi-static evolution and eruption of a twisted coronal flux rope under a coronal streamer built up by an imposed flux emergence at the lower boundary. The MHD model incorporates simple empirical coronal heating, optically thin radiative cooling, and field-aligned thermal conduction, and thus allows the formation of prominence condensations. We find that during the quasi-static evolution, prominence/filament condensations of an elongated, sigmoid morphology form in the dips of the significantly twisted field lines of the emerged flux rope due to runaway radiative cooling. A prominence cavity also forms around the prominence, which is best observed above the limb with the line of sight nearly along the length of the flux rope, as shown by synthetic SDO/AIA EUV images. The magnetic field supporting the prominence is significantly non-force-free despite the low plasma β. By comparing with a simulation that suppresses prominence formation, we find that the weight of the prominence is dynamically important and can suppress the onset of the kink instability and hold the flux rope in equilibrium for a significantly long time, until draining of the prominence plasma develops and reduces the weight of the prominence. The flux rope eventually develops the kink instability and erupts, producing a prominence eruption. The synthetic AIA 304 Å images show that the prominence is lifted up into an erupting loop, exhibiting helical features along the loop and substantial draining along the loop legs, as is often seen in observations.
Development of a clinical prediction rule to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in the World Health Organization’s algorithm for seriously ill HIV-infected patients
Authors: Maartens Gary , Stewart Annemie , Griesel Rulan , Kengne Andre P. , Dube Felix , Nicol Mark , Rangaka Molebogeng X. , Mendelson Marc 
Published: July 2018

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) algorithm for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in seriously ill HIV-infected patients recommends that treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia (PJP) should be considered without giving clear guidance on selecting patients for empiric PJP therapy. PJP is a common cause of hospitalisation in HIV-infected patients in resource-poor settings where diagnostic facilities are limited.Methods: We developed clinical prediction rules for PJP in a prospective cohort of HIV-infected inpatients with WHO danger signs and cough of any duration. The reference standard for PJP was > 1000 copies/mL of P. jirovecii DNA on real-time sputum polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Four potentially predictive variables were selected for regression models: dyspnoea, chest X-ray, haemoglobin and oxygen saturation. Respiratory rate was explored as a replacement for oxygen saturation as pulse oximetry is not always available in resource-poor settings.Results: We enrolled 500 participants. After imputation for missing values, there were 56 PJP outcome events. Dyspnoea was not independently associated with PJP. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate were inversely correlated. Two clinical prediction rules were developed: chest X-ray possible/likely PJP, haemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL and either oxygen saturation < 94% or respiratory rate. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the clinical prediction rule models was 0.761 (95% CI 0.683–0.840) for the respiratory rate model and 0.797 (95% CI 0.725–0.868) for the oxygen saturation model. Both models had zero probability for PJP for scores of zero, and positive likelihood ratios exceeded 10 for high scores.Conclusion: We developed simple clinical prediction rules for PJP, which, if externally validated, could assist decision-making in the WHO seriously ill algorithm.
Robot-assisted Retroperitoneoscopic Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Lim Chye Yang , Lee Kau Han , Huang Kuan-Hua , Liu Chien-Liang , Chiu Allen Wen-Hsiang 
Published: July 2018

Objective:
To compare the results from 3-arm and 4-arm robot assisted retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy (RARPN) in our initial case series in terms of oncologic and functional outcomes.

Patients and Methods:
35 RARPN performed for malignant small renal masses in our hospital were categorized by the method used, 3-arm or 4-arm. Patient demographics (age, body mass index, tumor size, R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, tumor location), perioperative outcomes (operative time, warm ischemic time, estimated blood loss, length of stay, surgical margin status, complications, pathology) and functional outcomes (pre and post operative renal function change) were compared.

Results:
Initial 14 cases were performed in 3-arm method while latter 21 cases performed in 4-arm method. The tumor size was larger in the 4-arm group (3.5 cm vs 2.3 cm, P = 0.0261) but the warm ischemic time was significant shorter in 4-arm group (17 mins vs 23 mins, P = 0.0093). There were no other significant differences in remaining patient demographics, perioperative outcomes and functional outcomes.

Conclusion:
4-arm RARPN is a safe, feasible technique in treating malignant small renal masses even the tumor is located at anterior portion as it provides good traction and exposure on surgical field, thus reducing the warm ischemic time.
Treatment Strategy for Prostatic Abscess
Authors: Oshinomi Kazuhiko , Matsui Yuki , Unoki Tsutomu , Shimoyama Hideaki , Nakasato Takehiko , Morita Jun , Maeda Yoshiko , Naoe Michio , Fuji Kohzou , Ogawa Yoshio 
Published: July 2018

Objectives:
Prostatic abscesses are rare. The incidence of prostatic abscess has declined markedly with the widespread use of antibiotics. Obtaining improvement is difficult in many cases of prostate abscess. Today, there are no guidelines or algorithms for the treatment of prostatic abscess. In this study, the shape and size of the abscess, in addition to patient background characteristics and the clinical course, were evaluated, and the treatment strategy for prostatic abscess was examined.

Methods and Material:
All patients with a diagnosis of prostatic abscess in Showa University Hospital between 2003 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Regarding the treatment options, the patients were divided into two groups, the conservative therapy group and the drainage group. In each group, background characteristics, culture reports, shape/size of abscess, and the presence of recurrence were evaluated.

Results:
All 18 patients with a diagnosis of prostatic abscess between 2003 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed; 13 patients improved with conservative treatment alone, but drainage was performed in five patients with poor response to antibiotic therapy. All five cases requiring transurethral drainage were multifocal abscesses.

Conclusions:
In making a decision about the approach for drainage, it is important to assess the size and shape of the abscess using transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If the abscess is the multifocal type, drainage should be considered. Based on the present study, whether the abscess is focal type or multifocal type, transurethral drainage should be considered if the abscess size exceeds 30 mm.
Controlling variables and emission factors of methane from global rice fields
Authors: Wang Jinyang , Akiyama Hiroko , Yagi Kazuyuki , Yan Xiaoyuan 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Rice cultivation has long been known as one of the dominant anthropogenic contributors to methane (CH4) emissions, yet there is still uncertainty when estimating its emissions at the global or regional scale. An increasing number of rice field measurements have been conducted globally, which allow us to reassess the major variables controlling CH4 emissions and develop region- and country-specific emission factors (EFs). The results of our statistical analysis show that the CH4 flux from rice fields was closely related to organic amendments, the water regime during and before the rice-growing season, soil properties and agroecological conditions. The average CH4 fluxes from fields with single and multiple drainage were 71 % and 55 % that of continuously flooded rice fields. The CH4 flux from fields that were flooded in the previous season were 2.4 and 2.7 times that of fields previously drained for a short and long season, respectively. Rice straw applied at 6 t ha−1 in the preseason can decrease CH4 emissions by half when compared to that applied shortly before rice transplanting. The global default EF was estimated to be 1.19 kg CH4 ha−1 day−1 with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.80 to 1.76 kg CH4 ha−1 day−1 for continuously flooded rice fields without organic amendment and with a preseason water status of short drainage. The lower EFs were found in countries from South Asia (0.85 kg CH4 ha−1 day−1) and North America (0.65 kg CH4 ha−1 day−1) relative to other regions, indicative of geographical variations at sub-regional and country levels. In conclusion, these findings can provide a sound basis for developing national inventories and mitigation strategies of CH4 emission from rice fields.
Observations of sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products in central Amazonia during the wet and dry seasons
Authors: Yee Lindsay D. , Isaacman-VanWertz Gabriel , Wernis Rebecca A. , Meng Meng , Rivera Ventura , Kreisberg Nathan M. , Hering Susanne V. , Bering Mads S. , Glasius Marianne , Upshur Mary Alice , Gray Bé Ariana , Thomson Regan J. , Geiger Franz M. , Offenberg John H. , Lewandowski Michael , Kourtchev Ivan , Kalberer Markus , de Sá Suzane , Martin Scot T. , Alexander M. Lizabeth , Palm Brett B. , Hu Weiwei , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Day Douglas A. , Jimenez Jose L. , Liu Yingjun , McKinney Karena A. , Artaxo Paulo , Viegas Juarez , Manzi Antonio , Oliveira Maria B. , de Souza Rodrigo , Machado Luiz A. T. , Longo Karla , Goldstein Allen H. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the Amazon forest region represent the largest source of organic carbon emissions to the atmosphere globally. These BVOC emissions dominantly consist of volatile and intermediate-volatility terpenoid compounds that undergo chemical transformations in the atmosphere to form oxygenated condensable gases and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We collected quartz filter samples with 12 h time resolution and performed hourly in situ measurements with a semi-volatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) at a rural site (T3) located to the west of the urban center of Manaus, Brazil as part of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign to measure intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile BVOCs and their oxidation products during the wet and dry seasons. We speciated and quantified 30 sesquiterpenes and 4 diterpenes with mean concentrations in the range 0.01–6.04 ng m−3 (1–670 ppqv). We estimate that sesquiterpenes contribute approximately 14 and 12 % to the total reactive loss of O3 via reaction with isoprene or terpenes during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This is reduced from  ∼  50–70 % for within-canopy reactive O3 loss attributed to the ozonolysis of highly reactive sesquiterpenes (e.g., β-caryophyllene) that are reacted away before reaching our measurement site. We further identify a suite of their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases and explore their role in biogenic SOA formation in the central Amazon region. Synthesized authentic standards were also used to quantify gas- and particle-phase oxidation products derived from β-caryophyllene. Using tracer-based scaling methods for these products, we roughly estimate that sesquiterpene oxidation contributes at least 0.4–5 % (median 1 %) of total submicron OA mass. However, this is likely a low-end estimate, as evidence for additional unaccounted sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products clearly exists. By comparing our field data to laboratory-based sesquiterpene oxidation experiments we confirm that more than 40 additional observed compounds produced through sesquiterpene oxidation are present in Amazonian SOA, warranting further efforts towards more complete quantification.
Limited angle tomography of mesoscale gravity waves by the infrared limb-sounder GLORIA
Authors: Krisch Isabell , Ungermann Jörn , Preusse Peter , Kretschmer Erik , Riese Martin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Three-dimensional measurements of gravity waves are required in order to
quantify their direction-resolved momentum fluxes and obtain a better
understanding of their propagation characteristics. Such 3-D measurements of
gravity waves in the lowermost stratosphere have been provided by the
airborne Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere
(GLORIA) using full angle tomography. Closed flight patterns of sufficient
size are needed to acquire the full set of angular measurements for full
angle tomography. These take about 2 h and are not feasible everywhere due
to scientific reasons or air traffic control restrictions. Hence, this paper
investigates the usability of limited angle tomography for gravity wave
research based on synthetic observations. Limited angle tomography uses only
a limited set of angles for tomographic reconstruction and can be applied to
linear flight patterns. A synthetic end-to-end simulation has been performed
to investigate the sensitivity of limited angle tomography to gravity waves
with different wavelengths and orientations with respect to the flight path.
For waves with wavefronts roughly perpendicular to the flight path, limited
angle tomography and full angle tomography can derive wave parameters like
wavelength, amplitude, and wave orientation with similar accuracy. For waves
with a horizontal wavelength above 200 km and vertical wavelength
above 3 km, the wavelengths can be retrieved with less than
10 % error, the amplitude with less than 20 % error, and
the horizontal wave direction with an error below 10∘. This is
confirmed by a comparison of results obtained from full angle tomography and
limited angle tomography for real measurements taken on 25 January 2016 over
Iceland. The reproduction quality of gravity wave parameters with limited
angle tomography, however, depends strongly on the orientation of the waves
with respect to the flight path. Thus, full angle tomography might be
preferable in cases in which the orientation of the wave cannot be predicted
or waves with different orientations exist in the same volume and thus the
flight path cannot be adjusted accordingly. Also, for low-amplitude waves and
short-scale waves full angle tomography has advantages due to its slightly
higher resolution and accuracy.
Seasonal prediction skill of East Asian summer monsoon in CMIP5 models
Authors: Huang Bo , Cubasch Ulrich , Kadow Christopher 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is an important part of the
global climate system and plays a vital role in the Asian climate. Its
seasonal predictability is a long-standing issue within the monsoon scientist
community. In this study, we analyse the seasonal (the leading time is at
least 6 months) prediction skill of the EASM rainfall and its associated
general circulation in non-initialised and initialised simulations for the
years 1979–2005, which are performed by six prediction systems (i.e. the
BCC-CSM1-1, the CanCM4, the GFDL-CM2p1, the HadCM3, the MIROC5, and the
MPI-ESM-LR) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP 5).
We find that most prediction systems of simulated zonal wind over 850 and 200 hPa
are significantly improved in the initialised simulations compared to
non-initialised simulations. Based on the knowledge that zonal wind indices
can be used as potential predictors for the EASM, we select an EASM index
based upon the zonal wind over 850 hPa for further analysis. This assessment
shows that the GFDL-CM2p1 and the MIROC5 added prediction skill in simulating
the EASM index with initialisation, the BCC-CSM1-1, the CanCM4, and the
MPI-ESM-LR changed the skill insignificantly, and the HadCM3 indicates a
decreased skill score. The different responses to initialisation can be
traced back to the ability of the models to capture the ENSO (El
Niño–Southern Oscillation) and EASM coupled mode, particularly the Southern
Oscillation–EASM coupled mode. As is known from observation studies, this
mode links the oceanic circulation and the EASM rainfall. Overall, the
GFDL-CM2p1 and the MIROC5 are capable of predicting the EASM on a seasonal
timescale under the current initialisation strategy.
Structure of Channel Management and Agency Theory: Relationship Marketing Approach for Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Business
Authors: Trihatmoko R. Agus , Harsono Mugi , Wahyuni Salamah , Haryono Tulus , Lukviarman Niki 
Published: July 2018

This article aimed at identifying, describing, and obtaining deep understanding about channel management to reveal the characteristics of relationship-marketing theory. As such, it utilizes the agency theoretical perspective which is occasionally used in prior relationship-marketing research. The research uses qualitative method based on phenomenology theoretical-design and constructivism philosophy to observed fast-moving consumer goods business phenomenon within transactional buying-selling process in the channel management structure. Such design will be applied through the mechanism of distribution channels in traditional trade. The result identifies three positions of distribution channels within the agency theory perspective: (1) relationship between principal, distributor and promotional agencies in an efficient contract position, (2) relationship between distributor, wholesaler and retailer in the position of the realized outcomes, and (3) relationship between wholesaler, retailer and the end-users in a pay-offs position. The findings viewed as a constructive way in describing the re-design model structure of channel management from the agency theoretical perspective. As such, the research revealed three characteristics of relationship marketing; exclusive contract, direct competitive, and temporary contract approach. This research implies that the agency theoretical perspective will emerge as a new and prosperous theoretical perspective in the field of relationship marketing research in the future. It might be argued that managers in applying any relationship marketing approach are advised to stay focused on improving the quality of relationships among the partners covered by each channel-group. Further, it is expected that future research in the field of marketing management, particularly on relationship-marketing research, to utilize the agency theory as their theoretical strands.
Ongoing Policy, Regulatory, and Competitive Challenges Facing Canada's Small Internet Service Providers
Authors: McNally Michael B. , Rathi Dinesh , Joseph Kris , Evaniew Jennifer , Adkisson Amy 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Many rural and remote Canadians continue to experience a digital divide. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operating in these communities play a crucial role in connecting Canadians, yet they are understudied. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by focusing on policy, regulatory, and competitive challenges and issues facing small ISPs. Small ISPs face competitive pressures, but more importantly deal with regulatory challenges induced by the lack of a coherent national approach to rural broadband. Ten Canadian ISPs were interviewed as part of this study. The paper recommends the Government of Canada develop a national broadband strategy informed in part through consultation with small ISPs.
How Do Public Service Broadcasters Make a Case for Themselves? An Analysis of BBC's “Charter Manifestos”
Authors: D'Arma Alessandro 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs publicly funded organizations operating in a sector characterized by ever-greater private-sector provision, public service broadcasters need to build a robust case for their continuing legitimacy. This article examines the discursive strategies of the BBC in the United Kingdom in the context of the last three Royal Charter reviews. It shows that since the early 2000s, and particularly during the most recent Charter review, the BBC has deployed influential policy ideas on the creative economy to build a case that in keeping with the times emphasizes its economic contribution as well as its more traditional role in fostering political and cultural citizenship.