bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of coliform decay within a CFD (computational fluid dynamic) model of a waste stabilisation pond
Authors: Shilton A. , Harrison J. 
Published: May 2018

CFD mathematical modelling offers the potential to predict the actual flow pattern in a pond rather than generalising its mixing and mass transport as either an ideal flow reactor or, in the case of the non-ideal flow reactor, as a single dispersion number. However, perhaps the greatest benefit that CFD offers over the previous approaches is its ability to directly account for physical influences on the pond hydraulics such as the addition of baffles for example.
In addition to solving the equations of fluid flow, CFD modelling also allows incorporation of other equations. The next logical development is, therefore, the integration of a reaction model within its solution domain. This potential has been recognised by several researchers, but to date no such work has been published. The primary aim of this paper was to present a CFD model of a field pond that incorporates the first order decay equation for coliforms. Experimental monitoring of the field pond gave an average effluent concentration of 3,710 f.c./100 mL, while the CFD model predicted 4,600 f.c./100 mL. Considering the pond provides an order of magnitude decrease in faecal coliform concentration, the integrated CFD model has clearly predicted the treatment efficiency very well.
The secondary aim of this paper was to demonstrate the potential application of this technique. A typical pond was designed and modelled along with two variations incorporating two baffles and six baffles respectively. As is typically found in pond systems, the standard design suffered from severe short-circuiting with the model predicting a value of 6.2 × 106 f.c./100 mL at the outlet. The simulations of the baffled designs illustrate how treatment efficiency was improved by reducing the short-circuiting through the pond. The model predicted values of 6.0 × 103 f.c./100 mL for the 2-baffle design and 5.7 × 102 f.c./100 mL for the 6-baffle design.
Challenges, benefits and pitfalls of the independent laboratory process
Authors: Power K. , Nicholson C. 
Published: May 2018

During 1998 Sydney's drinking water supply system experienced three contamination events in quick succession. These events were revealed by routine monitoring, which indicated the presence of large numbers of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw and treated waters. Questions were raised regarding the validity of the results produced by Sydney Water's laboratory, Australian Water Technology. In response to the incident a NSW Government Inquiry was carried out which made a range of recommendations, one of which was that “ suitably qualified independent laboratory should be established to provide accurate data for regulatory authorities.” The NSW Department of Health (DOH) was given the responsibility for interpretation and implementation of this recommendation.
The role of Independent Laboratory was awarded to the Australian Water Quality Centre (AWQC) and a monthly program of duplicate sample analysis was established. The implementation of the program and interpretation of the results have provided a challenge for all parties involved. A protocol was developed which defined conditions under which differences in results from the two laboratories were to be investigated. Over the time period of the Independent Laboratory process there has been only one occasion where a difference between results, as defined by the protocol, has been seen.
The process has provided additional assurance of quality control procedures for the laboratories. The future role of the process will need to be readdressed in light of the results of the previous 18 months and as changes in the area of testing methodologies occur.
A European scale monitoring system to assess water quality of multi-national river basins in the accession countries
Authors: Fehér J. , Lázár A. 
Published: May 2018

In the middle of the 1990s the European Environment Agency (EEA) started to develop a data collecting system for surface and subsurface water resources for assessing pressures, states and impacts on European water resources. The main objective of this system was to provide reliable, comparable, homogenous information, and support integrated environmental assessments at European level. The data collecting system for water is called Eurowaternet. The extent and information content of the network makes not only pan-European, but also regional or thematic environmental assessments possible. An extensive programme started in 1997 to support the Phare countries in their accession to the EU with implementation of this data collecting system in their countries.
The paper briefly introduces the methodology of the system, but it focuses more on the application of the system in the accession countries, highlighting, through examples, the usefulness of the implemented network and assembled database. The examples present - among several other possible ones - trends of average nutrient concentrations; relationships between catchment size and annual average nutrient concentrations; relationships between catchment size and agricultural usage.
Integral and unified model for the sewer and wastewater treatment plant focusing on transformations
Authors: Huisman J.L. , Krebs P. , Gujer W. 
Published: May 2018

The urban drainage cycle is a very complex system with many interacting processes. Models are a great help to test different scenarios and improve the understanding of this system. At present, good models exist for the hydrodynamics of the sewer systems, for the biological conversions in the wastewater treatment plant (ASM 1 to 3) and for the receiving water (RWQM1). However, the traditional transport and conversion models for the sewer system are incompatible with the ASM definitions, making it difficult to link the models to come an integral and unified urban drainage model.
In this work, a new sewer system model that is based on ASM3 has been coupled to an advanced nutrient removal model for the wastewater treatment plant. As both models are based on ASM3, they are unified in their definitions of the state variables and processes. This new combination has been used to test different scenarios and to test the influence of the sewer system on the treatment plant.
Prevention of odour emergence in sewage networks
Authors: Barjenbruch M. 
Published: May 2018

Through increasing central development and through the decrease of specific wastewater production, wastewater systems are more and more prone to odour and corrosion problems. Hydrogen sulphide is produced, particularly in anaerobic flow stretches, which will then escape at turbulent places because of change in the flow direction and create odour harassment. Of particular importance in this respect are the transferring shafts after rising mains. The empirical approaches used for the estimation of the assumed sulphide concentrations yield considerable differences in the calculation and must therefore be used with care.
This report presents a methodology for the co-ordination of odour- and corrosion-reducing measures which also includes the area of complaint management. It is crucially important to fine-tune the necessary measures (for instance the application of operational or chemical/biological methods) to the specific frame conditions.
The practical comparison of the additional dosage of external water, iron and nitrate served to test the efficiency of these methods. The dosage of iron and nitrate led to considerable reductions in H2S content at the transferring shaft. The online measurement of the spectral adsorption coefficient (SAC) could become one control parameter for saving chemicals.
It should be pointed out that it is necessary to consider the relevant measures and effects of odour and corrosion production during the planning stage - from the creation of the development plan of cities and communities. Through the selection of the wastewater disposal method to the planning of details. Moreover, the relevant financial means for these measures must be included in the economic plan.
Biological solution to storm water?
Authors: Bixio D. , Thoeye C. , De Gueldre G. 
Published: May 2018

Standard practice in Flanders is to limit the hydraulic capacity of sewage treatment works to 6Q14 (Q14 = 1.7 dry weather flow QDWF). A maximum of 3Q14 is treated biologically, while the excess flow undergoes only physical treatment in storm tanks. This practice has been challenged by a new high-flow activated sludge operation concept, consisting of the treatment of the full storm sewage flow in the biological train and of the use of the storm tanks as additional secondary clarifiers.
After successful testing in two installations, 56 works of different sizes and types were switched to high-flow activated sludge operation from 1999 to 2002. This paper reports on progress and experiences gained since then. The analysis focuses on the parameters subject to regulatory discharge (BOD, COD, suspended solids, total nitrogen and total phosphorus) plus ammonia. Special attention is paid to the performance of the clarification and of the nitrification processes.
The results indicate that high-flow biological treatment provides a substantial reduction in wet weather discharges while maintaining acceptable process operating conditions.
Comparison of the 1D flux theory with a 2D hydrodynamic secondary settling tank model
Authors: Ekama G.A. , Marais P. 
Published: May 2018

The applicability of the 1D idealized flux theory (1DFT) for design of secondary settling tanks (SSTs) is evaluated by comparing its predicted maximum surface overflow (SOR) and solids loading (SLR) rates with that calculated from the 2D hydrodynamic model SettlerCAD using as a basis 35 full scale SST tress tests conducted on different SSTs with diameters from 30 to 45m and 2.25 to 4.1m side water depth, with and without Stamford baffles.
From the simulations, a relatively consistent pattern appeared, i.e. that the 1DFT can be used for design but its predicted maximum SLR needs to be reduced by an appropriate flux rating, the magnitude of which depends mainly on SST depth and hydraulic loading rate (HLR). Simulations of the sloping bottom shallow (1.5-2.5 m SWD) Dutch SSTs tested by STOWa and the Watts et al. SST, all with doubled SWDs, and the Darvill new (4.1 m) and old (2.5 m) SSTs with interchanged depths, were run to confirm the sensitivity of the flux rating to depth and HLR. Simulations with and without a Stamford baffle were also done. While the design of the internal features of the SST, such as baffling, have a marked influence on the effluent SS concentration for underloaded SSTs, these features appeared to have only a small influence on the flux rating, i.e. capacity, of the SST.
In the meantime until more information is obtained, it would appear that from the simulations so far that the flux rating of 0.80 of the 1DFT maximum SLR recommended by Ekama and Marais remains a reasonable value to apply in the design of full scale SSTs – for deep SSTs (4 m SWD) the flux rating could be increased to 0.85 and for shallow SSTs (2.5 m SWD) decreased to 0.75. It is recommended that (i) while the apparent interrelationship between SST flux rating and depth suggests some optimization of the volume of the SST, that this be avoided and that (ii) the depth of the SST be designed independently of the surface area as is usually the practice and once selected, the appropriate flux rating is applied to the 1DFT estimate of the surface area.
Reproducibility of biofilm processes and the meaning of steady state in biofilm reactors
Authors: Lewandowski Z. , Beyenal H. , Stookey D. 
Published: May 2018

The need for reproducing biofilm processes is undisputable - the quality of biofilm research depends on this reproducibility. However, as many biofilm researchers know, long-term biofilm processes are notoriously difficult to reproduce. To avoid problems related to biofilm reproducibility two strategies are used: (1) to study very young biofilms that have accumulated for a few hours to a few days only, and (2) to run biofilm experiments only once. The first approach trades reproducibility for relevance because natural biofilms are usually older, often much older than a few days. This approach can be applied to answer questions relevant to initial events of biofilm formation but not questions relevant to long-term biofilm accumulation. The second approach conceals the problem of biofilm reproducibility.
To assure reproducibility of biofilm processes, we methodically followed a procedure for growing biofilms in terms of microbial makeup, media composition, temperature, surface preparation, etc. Despite all this effort the reproducibility of our results for long term growth is unimpressive. Consequently, the question had to be asked: Are biofilm processes reproducible? The experiments described in this paper address this question. Biofilms grown in two identical and identically operated biofilm reactors had comparable structure only until the first sloughing event. After that, biofilms had different patterns of accumulation.
Evaluation of MBR effluent characteristics for reuse purposes
Authors: Oota S. , Murakami T. , Takemura K. , Noto K. 
Published: May 2018

One of the advantages of MBR is its excellent effluent quality, which is suitable for a wide range of reuse purposes. We investigated the characteristics of MBR effluent and evaluated them based on the Japanese guideline for the reuse of treated wastewater. As the result, MBR effluent showed qualitative characteristics that satisfy the requirement except chromaticity for recreational purpose. Further treatment, such as by ozone or activated carbon, will be required to remove the remaining color. MBR shows high removal efficiency of bacteria and other hazardous microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium.
We investigated the removal efficiency of virus by MBR using coliphage as an alternative index. The results showed that high removal efficiency for coliphage could be obtained by MBR. The removal mechanism appears to be that coliphage are attached to the activated sludge and thus rejected by the membrane together with activated sludge particles. With regard to the endocrine disrupters, no significant differences were observed between MBR and CAS in the removal of main endocrine disrupters.
Comparing efficacy of enteral nutrition plus ranitidine and enteral nutrition alone as stress ulcer prophylaxis
Authors: Nourian Anahid , Mohammadi Mostafa , Beigmohammadi Mohammad-Taghi , Taher Mohammad , Dadvar Zohreh , Malekolkottab Masoume , Ramezani Masoud , Khalili Hossein 
Published: May 2018

Aim:
Adequacy of enteral nutrition (EN) alone as stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare efficacy of EN alone and ranitidine plus EN as SUP.
Method:
Critically ill adults with indications to receive SUP were randomized to ranitidine 50 mg IV every 8 h plus EN (SUP) or EN alone (non-SUP) group for 7 days. Besides, endoscopy was performed at the time of recruitment and on day 7.
Results:
During the study period, only one patient in each group of SUP and non-SUP experienced gastrointestinal bleeding. At the time of recruitment, gastric erosion and erythema were the most endoscopic findings in the SUP and non-SUP groups. These findings did not significantly change at the end of the study (p = 0.21).
Conclusion:
EN was at least effective as ranitidine plus EN as SUP.
Uusi väline kielten tilan arviointiin
Authors: Erkkilä Riku 
Published: May 2018

Arvioitu teos:
Johanna Laakso, Anneli Sarhimaa, Sia Spiliopoulou Åkermark & Reetta Toivanen: Towards openly multilingual policies and practices. Assessing minority language maintenance across Europe. Linguistic Diversity and Language Rights 11. Bristol: Multilingual Matters 2016. 280 s. isbn 978-1-78309-495-0.
Effect of manipulated environmental condition on the distribution of Aero-algal Counts
Authors: Pandkar Jogita. T. 
Published: May 2018

Reports on occurrence, distribution pattern, listing of aero-algal forms, seasonal calendar, allergenic aero-algal forms, effect of meteorological parameters on occurrence of aero-algal forms etc. has been reported by number of aerophycologists. But solution on reducing such aero-algal counts which can be a possible cause for allergenic reaction has not been suggested until known. Hence preliminary study with respect to effect of manipulated environmental condition on the distribution of aero-algal counts has been done. Presence of cooling tower results into manipulation of the climatic factors, such as temperature and humidity percentage. The high humidity percentage act as an unfavorable condition for the surviving of aero-algal forms resulting into sporulation. This spores required some incubation period under favourable condition to undergo for its vegetative development. This knowledge can be used as a possible solution for the allergenic patients. Manipulation of climatic factors can be done both at intramural as well as extramural sites by using water coolers, A.C, introducing water falls etc. It can be considered as possible manageable solution for patient suffering from allergy due to aero-biological pollutants.
Política de proximidade com a comunidade
Authors: Bastos Marcos 
Published: May 2018

Em entrevista á REBESP, o Major Marcos Bastos, Comandante da 27ª Com-panhia Idependente da Polícia Militar (27Âº CIPM), fala sobre a política de á proximidade com a comunidade, implantada na Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás (PMGO) em 2005, inicialmente no 9º Batalhão da PM. O Major BastosÂ é um dos precursores da filosofia de polícia comunitária no Estado de Goiás
Natality of ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus in central Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Small Robert J. , Holzwart James C. , Rusch Donald H. 
Published: May 2018

Radio‐marked female ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus were monitored in central Wisconsin, USA, during 1983–1988 to estimate nesting rates (the percentage of hens that initiate a clutch), clutch size, nest success, and the prevalence and success of renests. All 23 radio‐marked females initiated a clutch, 22 completed a first clutch; the remaining hen was killed by a predator during laying. Mean clutch size of first nests was 11.0 ± 0.5 eggs (range = 7–13). Five of nine (56%) hens attempted to renest with a mean clutch size of 7.4 ± 1.3 eggs (range = 6–9). Mean nest success was 46%; 43% for yearlings and 60% for adults. First nests produced the large majority of eggs that hatched (86.1%) compared to renests (13.9%). Productivity was estimated at 5.8 chicks hatched for each hen alive on 20 April, the mean date of the first egg laid.
Foraging behaviour of cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in pound nets in Denmark: the use of barrel nets to reduce predation
Authors: Bildsøe Mogens , Jensen Ingvar B. , Vestergaard Klaus S. 
Published: May 2018

Yields in pound nets are in particular damaged or reduced by cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo predation. In this study we examined the effect on predation in pound nets by mounting barrel nets vertically under the water in the pot in order to obstruct cormorants during their hunt. To keep control of the content of fish we used an experimental pot with a closed throat. The pot was stocked repeatedly with rainbow trout Oncorhyncus mykiss and its content of fish was thereby maintained at between 10 and 100 individuals during all periods of data collection. Video recordings, both above and under water, were carried out during May ‐ August 1995 under various experimental conditions. We tested five different barrel net arrangements including a control situation without barrel net. Two bird categories were defined a posteriori: those that caught one or more fish during their visit to the pot (successful birds) and those that failed to catch a fish (unsuccessful birds). Successful and unsuccessful birds differed in a number of ways. Successful cormorants stayed longer in the pot, performed more dives, and spent more time diving and shorter time on the surface. When barrel nets were present, fewer cormorants of both categories visited the pot. Furthermore, the barrel nets affected successful birds by increasing the number of dives required to catch their first fish, reduced the time that both successful and unsuccessful birds remained in the pot, and reduced the number of dives performed by unsuccessful birds. Therefore, it seems that barrel nets may have a potential as a predation reducing device in pound net fishery. Introducing the use of barrel nets in pound net fisheries may force cormorants to hunt in free waters, possibly with reduced foraging success. This may eventually lead to a reduction in the cormorant population which will make it better fit the natural carrying capacity of the environment.
Studi Kajian Interaksionisme Simbolik Pondok Pesantren Misbahulkhoir Bojong Purwakarta
Authors: Pernandi Irfan 
Published: May 2018

EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION PATTERN OF SALAFI BOARDING SCHOOL INTERACTIONISM SYMBOLIC STUDY IN MISBAHULKHOIR SALAFI BOARDING SCHOOL BOJONG PURWAKARTA. Salafi boarding school considered as a phenolmena refers to traditional institution of education as an integration of values and culture which contribute to uniqueness tradition and point of view. The uniqueness of salafi boarding school is represented by the symbols and its meaning. The meaning is done by the boarding society, where santri, ustad, and kyai are included, has give us a full meaning of point of view. The meaning as a product of interpretation on symbols to merge in interaction process, and the meaning as the life itself merging in the educational communication pattern of salafi boarding school. The aim of this research are to describe santri, ustad, and kyai understanding on self-concepts, meaning on the symbols as objects, meaning on symbolic activities, and the shared-meaning between members of salafi society. This research is using Herbert Blumer’s Interactionism Symbolic theory with qualitative approach and constructivism method and using Sympathetic Instrospection to analyze. The result of this research is that the self-concept has form the meaning on symbolic objects that include physical and non-physical objects which is forming in symbolic activities so all of it would perform the shared meaning as a educational communication pattern of salafi boarding school.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Resource Based Learning (RBL) Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penguasaan Konsep IPA
Authors: Nugraha Muldiyana 
Published: May 2018

APPLICATION OF RESOURCE BASED LEARNING (RBL) MODEL IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE MASTERY ABILITY OF SCIENCE CONCEPT. The study is aims to determine the improvement of the ability mastery of science concept by applying Resource Based Learning (RBL) learning model. The method used in this research is a classroom action research method consisting of three cycles, where in each cycle there are two meetings except in cycle III only one meeting. Resource Based Learning (RBL) learning model can improve students’ mastery of science concept of SMPN 3 Satap Cikulur. The improvement of students’ mastery of science is obtained from the results of data on cycle I activity that obtained an average score reached 67,88 and students who got the complete criteria of 19 students, in the cycle II reached an average score of 74,69 and students who received the complete criteria of 29 students, in the cycle III reached an average score of 82,69 and students who received the complete criteria of 34 students. From the results of the cycle that has been done the classroom action research activities using RBL learning model is said to work because the completeness of learning criteria reach 70 %. It is seen in the third cycle that reaches an average value of 82,69 and students who get the complete study criteria is 34 students means 85% of 40 students.