bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic preparation of functional polysaccharide hydrogels by phosphorylase catalysis
Authors: Kadokawa Jun-ichi 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This article reviews enzymatic preparation of functional polysaccharide hydrogels by means of phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization. A first topic of this review deals with the synthesis of amylose-grafted polymeric materials and their formation of hydrogels, composed of abundant natural polymeric main-chains, such as chitosan, cellulose, xantham gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, and poly(γ-glutamic acid). Such synthesis was achieved by combining the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization forming amylose with the appropriate chemical reaction (chemoenzymatic method). An amylose-grafted chitin nanofiber hyrogel was also prepared by the chemoenzymatic approach. As a second topic, the preparation of glycogen hydrogels by the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic reactions was described. When the phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization from glycogen as a polymeric primer was carried out, followed by standing the reaction mixture at room temperature, a hydrogel was obtained. pH-Responsive amphoteric glycogen hydrogels were also fabricated by means of the successive phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic reactions.
Green chemistry in mineral processing: chemical and physical methods to enhance the leaching of silver and the efficiency in cyanide consumption
Authors: Alarcón Alejandro , Segura Carlos , Gamarra Carlos , Rodriguez-Reyes Juan Carlos F. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The leaching of valuable metals from mineral ores is the basis of several extractive economies around the world, but the strategies employed often need to rely on dangerous compounds such as cyanides. Due to the complex nature of most ores, leaching processes are slow and have a low efficiency in noble metal extraction, which is usually improved by fine-milling the mineral. In this manuscript, we consider this strategy, demonstrating that it may increase the amount of silver leaching, but at the expense of a higher consumption of cyanide, which renders the process inefficient (only 2% of consumed cyanide is employed to complex silver). The increase in the yield of the desired product without the smarter use of dangerous compounds is shown as a paradigm of the need to insert green chemistry principles in industrial processes. We further present the result of two potential strategies for greener mineral processing: the use of ultrasound to eliminate passivating layers formed during the leaching process and the use of chemical pretreatments to eliminate possible sources of passivation. These strategies can increase the amount of silver extraction and simultaneously increase the efficiency in cyanide consumption. The convenience of these pretreatments in the framework of the green chemistry principles, as well as the challenges towards their implementation at industrial scale, is discussed.
A Metaliterary Approach to Ursicinus’ Outburst (Amm. Marc. 20.2.4)
Authors: Hanaghan Michael 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In 359 CE Constantius II appointed investigators into the fall of Amida, who confronted Ursicinus, a commander in the East, about the disaster. He refused to play along, answering them instead with a stirring outburst that predicted the imminent failure of the emperor unless he freed himself from his meddling eunuchs and his obsession with Amida. This assessment may be read as a metaliterary comment that reflects both forwards and backwards; up until that point, Constantius has been pulled along by the judgments of others, including his eunuchs, again and again. In contrast, Julian is presented as a bold and independent judge of people and events who actively carries out his responsibilities. As the narrative unfolds, Ursicinus’ prediction is borne out: Constantius never gets over the fall of Amida nor the influence of his eunuchs and eventually fails. The eclipse excursus that follows enhances the prophetic force of Ursicinus’ words as Julian is proclaimed Augustus and Constantius nervously dithers over what he should do. Ursicinus’ outburst is crucial to his narrative role and the important intratextual links that are drawn between the main individuals in Ammianus’ narrative of Constantius’ fall and Julian’s rise, including Gallus, Silvanus, Julian, Constantius, Eusebius, and Ammianus himself.
Electrochemical treatment of metal inserts for subsequent assembly injection molding of tight electronic systems
Authors: Kleffel Tobias , Drummer Dietmar 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
One method to produce electronic systems with high resilience is the encapsulation of metal inserts, for example, lead frames, using assembly injection molding. Such parts are exposed to different mediums, such as water and oil, which can infiltrate and damage the electronic system, especially in automotive applications. Hence, one challenge is to ensure the tightness. The research covered in this paper focuses on the assembly injection molding of tight electronic systems using microstructured metal inserts, manufactured by a two-stage electrochemical treatment. The effects of the electrochemical treatment on the tightness and the bond between metal and polymer of the electronic system are investigated. Furthermore, the influence of the electrochemical treatment on the surface and geometry of the metal insert is evaluated.
Sense of local identity, attitudes toward dialects and language teaching: The Hungarian minority in Serbia
Authors: Kovacs Rac Eleonora , Halupka-Rešetar Sabina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA large body of academic literature (e.g. Fishman 1977, 1999; Giles and Johnson 1981; Romaine 2000, among others) claims that language is one of the most significant markers of ethnic identification and that it plays a crucial role not only in the external perception of an ethnic group by outsiders but also in the selfidentification of an ethnic group. In a minority environment, sense of ethnic identity and language retention are connected very tightly, which is why it is of extreme importance to study attitudes towards the dialects of a language and value judgments about them. The paper presents the results of a research into attitudes toward dialects, conducted with approximately three hundred 5th and 8th grade pupils (age 12 and 15, respectively) attending school in Hungarian in two regions of Vojvodina, Serbia. It explores the subjects’ local features of identity, given that the research was conducted in eight different localities. The results of the research serve as a sound basis for developing use-centered, functional-situational mother tongue education of Hungarian minority pupils living in Serbia, since the current curriculum completely disregards the language varieties of many Hungarian minority pupils brought up and living in rural areas, who acquire and use the dialect spoken in the family.
An analysis of attitude in chinese courtroom discourse
Authors: Shi Guang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAttitude is an important resource for courtroom discourse to perform interpersonal functions. This paper analyzes the attitude expressions in the audio recording transcripts of eight trials and finds that: judgement is the most important way for courtroom participants to express attitude, followed by appreciation, while affect is the least frequently used. In the four criminal trials, the defendants express attitude most frequently and most negatively; in the four non-criminal trials, the plaintiffs express attitude most frequently and most negatively. In the debate section of criminal trials, judgements of legality and capacity and non-judgement invoking appreciations are employed by the prosecutors and defense attorneys to express attitude and debate each other. Non-judgement invoking appreciations are used not only to evaluate the evidence, but also to introduce substantial statements, serving as an intermediate link between the two.
Paraneoplastic movement disorders
Authors: Popławska-Domaszewicz Karolina , Florczak-Wyspiańska Jolanta , Kozubski Wojciech , Michalak Sławomir 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Paraneoplastic movement disorders are rare, autoimmune-mediated, nonmetastatic complications of malignant neoplasms. Common paraneoplastic movement disorders include paraneoplastic chorea, dystonia, cerebellar degeneration, different types of encephalitis, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, stiff person syndrome, and neuromyotonia. Syndromes usually develop before tumor diagnosis, have subacute onset, and are associated with serum or cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. Two types of antibodies can be distinguished: antibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic neuronal antigens (anti-Hu, anti-Ri, anti-Yo, anti-Ma, anti-CV2/CRMP5, anti-Gephrin, and anti-GABATRAP) and antibodies recently identified against cell surface and synaptic proteins (anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-Caspr2). These two types differ from each other in a few important aspects. Antibodies against cell surface and synaptic protein disrupt cell-surface antigens. Clinical symptoms are related to the disruption of antigens and potentially can be reversed by immunotherapy. The association between these antibodies and malignancy is much less consistent. On the other hand, antibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic neuronal antigens seem to be not pathogenic; however, they most likely indicate a T-cell-mediated immune response against neurons. Due to T-cell-mediated neuronal loss, response to immunotherapy is generally disappointing. Early recognition of all these diseases is crucial because it may lead to the disclosure of occult cancer. This review is focused on paraneoplastic movement disorders with emphasis on clinical presentations, investigational findings, and therapeutic results.
Migration Effects on Municipalities’ Expenditures
Authors: Mäkelä Erik , Viren Matti 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper we examine how Finnish municipalities’ expenditures depend on the demographic structure of the population. More precisely, we scrutinize the role of foreign citizens: how does the share of citizens with foreign background out of the total population manifest itself in total expenditures and some key expenditure categories. The study makes use of Finnish panel data from 249 municipalities for the period 2000–2014. Empirical analyses show that foreign population tends to increase per capita expenditures up to the point where the respective semi-elasticity is about one. The result seems robust in terms of different control variables, subsamples of the data and different estimation techniques. Also, it is found that the unemployment rate of foreign citizens tends to increase municipalities’ expenditures. Thus, opposite to standard assumptions, per capita public consumption expenditures do depend on migration and that should be taken into account when making assessments on overall fiscal effects of migration. From political economy point of view, these results seem to be at variance with the “non-willingness to pay other ethnic groups’ expenditures” hypothesis that has been put forward by e. g. Alberto Alesina and Assaf Razin.
A conversation analytic study of error correction outside of the second language classroom
Authors: David Virginia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study investigates repair sequences between two nonnative speakers of English while they engaged in naturally occurring talk outside of the second language classroom. Eight hours of naturally occurring talk between native and nonnative speakers were collected and analyzed. The present study reports on one hour of the data which shows two types of repair: Self-initiated and other-corrected and other-initiated. The analysis of the repair sequences shows that the self-initiated and other-corrected repair sequences follow a distinct pattern of asking for confirmation on the production of a language item and receiving a correction, while the other-initiated repair is done differently from the ones found in the literature on repair and do not follow the rules of preference for self-correction described by some researchers in the Conversation Analysis literature. In addition, the other-initiated repair analyzed in this study does not appear to be modulated, that is, the person initiating the correction does not offer a candidate solution by asking a question and displaying uncertainty, as researchers found. The repair sequences show a particularly interesting expert-novice relationship in which one nonnative speaker relies on a more expert nonnative speaker to communicate with a native English speaker.
Semiotic resources for navigation: A video ethnographic study of blind people’s uses of the white cane and a guide dog for navigating in urban areas
Authors: Due Brian , Lange Simon 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper describes two typical semiotic resources blind people use when navigating in urban areas. Everyone makes use of a variety of interpretive semiotic resources and senses when navigating. For sighted individuals, this especially involves sight. Blind people, however, must rely on everything else than sight, thereby substituting sight with other modalities and distributing the navigational work to other semiotic resources. Based on a large corpus of fieldwork among blind people in Denmark, undertaking observations, interviews, and video recordings of their naturally occurring practices of walking and navigating, this paper shows how two prototypical types of semiotic resources function as helpful cognitive extensions: the guide dog and the white cane. This paper takes its theoretical and methodological perspective from EMCA multimodal interaction analysis.
The Effects of Chronic Administration of Cisplatin on Oxidative Stress in the Isolated Rat Heart
Authors: Smigic Jelena , Stojic Isidora , Zivkovic Vladimir , Srejovic Ivan , Nikolic Tamara , Jeremic Jovana , Sabo Tibor , Jakovljevic Vladimir 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTaken into consideration that molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiotoxicity are still not clear the aim of this study was to compare the production of oxidative stress parameters in the isolated rat heart between animals chronically treated with cisplatin and saline. The hearts of male Wistar albino rats (n = 24, 12 per group, age 8 weeks, body mass 250±50 g) were excised and perfused according to the Langendorff technique at gradually increased coronary perfusion pressures (40-120 cm H2O). We followed the production of superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrites and also index of lipid peroxidation during the changes of coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) (from 40 to 120 cm H2O) in coronary venous effluent. Modifications CPP were performed in order to determined if oxidative stress is involved in coronary endothelium response in conditions of hypoxia (lower than 60 cm H2O) and hyperoxia (higher than 80 cm H2O).Based on the results of this research we can conclude that with enhancement of CPP the values of oxidative stress statistically increased. However, this increment is more prominent in control group as a result of preserved endothelium and its more powerful response to hyperoxia. On the other hand, damaged endothelium of cisplatin-treated animals had weaker response to hyperoxia, and also lower antioxidant capacity.
The Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Intensive Care Units
Authors: Cvetkovic Aleksandar , Spasic Marko , Pavlovic Mladen , Cvetkovic Danijela , Stojanovic Bojan , Ninkovic Srdjan , Jevdjic Jasna , Canovic Dragan , Milosevic Bojan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract represent a significant medical but also socio-economic problem.A special group of patients et increased risk consists of critically ill patients in intensive care units. Particularly significant cause of bleeding in intensive care unit patients is bleeding resulting from the stress ulcers caused by damage of themucosa of the stomach and duodenum. The purpose of this review is to present current experience in prevention of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding using proton pump inhibitors in intensive care units. Combination of endoscopic hemostatic methods and proton pump inhibitors represents golden standard in most cases. Despite some adverse effects treatment with proton pump blockers is essential when upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding appears in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Proton pump inhibitors are more effective in acid suppression, as well as in the prevention of recurrent bleeding after endoscopic hemostasis than histamine 2 receptor blockers. The efficacy of proton pump blockers is higher in the case of a continuous intravenous infusion than in the intermittent mode of administration of the drug. The need for highly elaborate strategy for the prophylaxis of bleeding from the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract in intensive care units is essential, because when it occurs in intensive care units, mortality is high, and therapeutic options become narrow.
The Border Monster Refuses to Die
Authors: Zajc Marko 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The author contextualizes the Final Award issued on 29 June 2017 by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague on the Slovenian-Croatian border dispute, a dispute which began in 1991 when the two Yugoslav republics became independent states. After joining the European Union in 2004, Slovenia began to use its membership to attempt to force its neighbour to agree to its terms. In November 2009 the two countries signed an Arbitration Agreement that temporarily solved the problem. The Final Award of the Court of Arbitration in The Hague of June 2017 has not been acknowledged by Croatia, though, on the ground of an audio surveillance scandal in 2015 that involved a Slovenian arbitrator. The Slovenian side has advocated the Final Award of the Tribunal as the only legal, internationally binding, and “European” solution to the border question, while the Croatian side continues to ignore the tribunal’s disposition.
Estimation of Gas Turbine Unmeasured Variables for an Online Monitoring System
Authors: Loboda Igor , Miró Zárate Luis Angel , Yepifanov Sergiy , Maravilla Herrera Cristhian , Pérez Ruiz Juan Luis 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
One of the main functions of gas turbine monitoring is to estimate important unmeasured variables, for instance, thrust and power. Existing methods are too complex for an online monitoring system. Moreover, they do not extract diagnostic features from the estimated variables, making them unusable for diagnostics. Two of our previous studies began to address the problem of “light” algorithms for online estimation of unmeasured variables. The first study deals with models for unmeasured thermal boundary conditions of a turbine blade. These models allow an enhanced prediction of blade lifetime and are sufficiently simple to be used online. The second study introduces unmeasured variable deviations and proves their applicability. However, the algorithms developed were dependent on a specific engine and a specific variable. The present paper proposes a universal algorithm to estimate and monitor any unmeasured gas turbine variables. This algorithm is based on simple data-driven models and can be used in online monitoring systems. It is evaluated on real data of two different engines affected by compressor fouling. The results prove that the estimates of unmeasured variables are sufficiently accurate, and the deviations of these variables are good diagnostic features. Thus, the algorithm is ready for practical implementation.
Recherchen zu „Teil II“ der Philosophischen Untersuchungen und zur von Wittgenstein erstellten „C-Sammlung“ im Nachlass
Authors: Rothhaupt Josef G. F. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract:In 1953 — two years after Wittgenstein’s death — the Philosophical Investigations as we know them today have been published in a bilingual (German-English) edition by Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees. This publication is divided into two parts – entitled “Part I” and “Part II”. In the revised 4th edition by Peter Hacker and Joachim Schulte from 2009 the title “Part II” was deleted and renamed to “Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology — A Fragment”. This article presents some new research results about the genesis of the Philosophical Investigations in general and about “Part II” / “A Fragment” in particular. Furthermore, the so-called “C-Collection” arranged by Wittgenstein himself will be introduced in detail.
The Colour of the Elected: Determinants of the Political Under-Representation of Blacks and Browns in Brazil
Authors: Campos Luiz Augusto , Machado Carlos 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
It appears to be beyond dispute that Brazilian politics is overwhelmingly White. Recent surveys indicate that the proportion of people of colour in the federal parliament is around 20%. But despite such obvious marginalisation, little is known about the causes of this political under-representation. This paper attempts to shed light on the main filters driving out non-Whites, i.e. Blacks and Browns, from Brazilian politics. To this end, we have carried out a survey of the skin colour of candidates to a seat in the City Council of Brazil’s two largest cities: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, in the 2012 elections. Given the lack of official records on the race or skin colour of these candidates, we chose to submit their photos, made publicly available by the Supreme Electoral Court, to classification by a team of researchers. The results have allowed us to gauge the extent to which the political alienation of non-White Brazilians is due to: (a) bias in party recruitment; (b) differences in educational capital and personal wealth between White and non-White candidates; (c) inequalities in the distribution of party and electoral resources; or (d) the electoral preferences of voters themselves. Apparently, the electoral opportunities of Blacks and Browns reflect the difficulties that these groups face when trying to ascend to the small elite of candidates that have the biggest funding and the most votes.
“What an inauspicious moment it turned out to be when she began to write!”: The Presentation and Position of the South Asian Woman Writer in Colonial Bengal
Authors: Hall Danielle 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper addresses the position and culturally loaded presentation of the South Asian woman writer in two colonial Bengali texts. Through a comparative analysis of Rabindranath Tagore’s “Nashtanir” (1901) and Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain’s Sultana’s Dream (1905), it explores the way in which both texts sought to engage with debates surrounding the education of women in the early twentieth century. It argues that the development of Charu’s extra-marital relationship in “Nashtanir,” coupled with Tagore’s representation of her as simple, superficial, and dangerous, gave weight to the claim that women’s education may contribute to a waning interest in domestic duties and facilitate the capacity to engage in extra-marital relationships. However, the analysis of Sultana’s Dream alternatively shows that the woman writer in colonial Bengal used her position to protest the barriers to women’s education in this context. By generating a text that invited its readers to engage in wider educational practises, Hossain produced a politically charged appeal which served to challenge misconceptions surrounding women’s education in colonial Bengal.