bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How rivers and historical climate oscillations impact on genetic structure in Chinese Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)?
Authors: Sun Zhonglou , Wang Hui , Zhou Wenliang , Shi Wenbo , Zhu Weiquan , Zhang Baowei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimThe characterization of the genetic structure and demographic dynamics of a species can shed light on the impacts of natural landscapes, historical climate change and human activities, thus enabling us to develop appropriate protection and management strategies. In this study, we aimed to characterize how the above‐mentioned factors shaped the genetic structure and demographic history of the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi).LocationThe reaches of the Yangtze River, China.MethodsUsing mtDNA control region sequences and 15 nuclear microsatellite loci as genetic markers, we analysed population genetic structure with a factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), AMOVA,FSTestimates and Bayesian cluster analysis. In addition, we estimated the demographic history using Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) analysis and MSVAR simulation.ResultsHigh genetic diversity was detected in Chinese muntjac populations. Population structure analysis strongly suggesting three genetic clusters (QL/BA/WLS, DB and JLS/WN/WYS). The demographic analyses showed that Chinese muntjac experienced population fluctuation during the late Pleistocene, followed by bottleneck during the Holocene.Main conclusionsThe extant Chinese muntjac populations harbour a surprisingly high genetic diversity despite of the bottleneck they went through. The populations show significant population structure separating populations in the upper, middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River, supporting the presence of three independent management units (QL/BA/WLS, DB and JLS/WN/WYS). The population demography of the Chinese muntjac presents high concordance with the rotation of glacial–interglacial in late Pleistocene. In addition, our study identified that the Chinese muntjac's recent population history may have been influenced by early human activities (8,509–1,605 years ago).
A little labeling goes a long way: Semi‐supervised learning in infancy
Authors: LaTourrette Alexander , Waxman Sandra R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that labeling supports infants' object categorization. Yet in daily life, most of the category exemplars that infants encounter will remain unlabeled. Inspired by recent evidence from machine learning, we propose that infants successfully exploit this sparsely labeled input through “semi‐supervised learning.” Providing only a few labeled exemplars leads infants to initiate the process of categorization, after which they can integrate all subsequent exemplars, labeled or unlabeled, into their evolving category representations. Using a classic novelty preference task, we introduced 2‐year‐old infants (n = 96) to a novel object category, varying whether and when its exemplars were labeled. Infants were equally successful whether all exemplars were labeled (fully supervised condition) or only the first two exemplars were labeled (semi‐supervised condition), but they failed when no exemplars were labeled (unsupervised condition). Furthermore, the timing of the labeling mattered: when the labeled exemplars were provided at the end, rather than the beginning, of familiarization (reversed semi‐supervised condition), infants failed to learn the category. This provides the first evidence of semi‐supervised learning in infancy, revealing that infants excel at learning from exactly the kind of input that they typically receive in acquiring real‐world categories and their names.
The organization of words and environmental sounds in the second year: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence
Authors: Hendrickson Kristi , Love Tracy , Walenski Matthew , Friend Margaret 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe majority of research examining early auditory‐semantic processing and organization is based on studies of meaningful relations between words and referents. However, a thorough investigation into the fundamental relation between acoustic signals and meaning requires an understanding of how meaning is associated with both lexical and non‐lexical sounds. Indeed, it is unknown how meaningful auditory information that is not lexical (e.g., environmental sounds) is processed and organized in the young brain. To capture the structure of semantic organization for words and environmental sounds, we record event‐related potentials as 20‐month‐olds view images of common nouns (e.g., dog) while hearing words or environmental sounds that match the picture (e.g., “dog” or barking), that are within‐category violations (e.g., “cat” or meowing), or that are between‐category violations (e.g., “pen” or scribbling). Results show both words and environmental sounds exhibit larger negative amplitudes to between‐category violations relative to matches. Unlike words, which show a greater negative response early and consistently to within‐category violations, such an effect for environmental sounds occurs late in semantic processing. Thus, as in adults, the young brain represents semantic relations between words and between environmental sounds, though it more readily differentiates semantically similar words compared to environmental sounds.
Impact of chronic hyponatremia on neurocognitive and neuromuscular function
Authors: Refardt Julie , Kling Bernadette , Krausert Katharina , Fassnacht Martin , von Felten Stefanie , Christ‐Crain Mirjam , Fenske Wiebke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundChronic hyponatremia is common and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, whether treatment improves outcome in patients without significant symptoms is unclear. We here assessed the therapeutic outcome on clinical symptoms, neurocognitive and neuromuscular function in patients with chronic non profound hyponatremia.Material and MethodsProspective case‐control study in 19 patients from the University Hospital Würzburg with chronic non profound hyponatremia without clinically apparent symptoms. At baseline and after a 14‐day treatment period of hyponatremia, patients were assessed by specific clinical symptoms questionnaire, neurocognitive and neuromuscular function was analysed by five attention tests and a gait test consisting of 3 steps “in tandem.” The results were compared to a control group of healthy volunteers.ResultsCompared to healthy volunteers, patients with mild (n = 10, mean serum sodium 132 ± 1.2 mmol/L) and moderate hyponatremia (n = 9, mean 126 ± 3.3 mmol/L) performed significantly worse in the neurocognitive subtests alertness (P = 0.018), divided attention (P = 0.017) and go/no‐go (P = 0.026). Performance in the neuromuscular subtests was also lower in the patient group without reaching significance. The extent of hyponatremia had no impact on the specific test and questionnaire results.Fourteen‐day treatment of hyponatremia improved clinical symptoms in all patients (P = 0.003) and neurocognitive function in sodium‐normalised patients (go/no‐go test, P = 0.029).ConclusionChronic hyponatremia is symptomatic and impairs neurocognitive and neuromuscular function. Short‐time therapeutic intervention led to improved clinical symptoms and neurocognitive function, but had no effect on neuromuscular function. Larger trials with long‐term treatment are needed to specify the therapeutic need in chronic hyponatremia.
Property rights in land and output growth in Russia
Authors: Leonard Carol S. , Nazarov Zafar , Il'ina Irina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper tests whether the implementation of a key market‐oriented reform in post‐Soviet Russia, property rights in land, proxied by the percent of privatized land by region, affected the pace of sub‐national economic growth during two unprecedented expansion periods: 2001–2008 and 2010–2014. Individuals gained the Constitutional right to own land in 1993, but implementation was stalled. The pace of land privatization can be explained by arguably exogenous factors such as distance to Moscow, as well as climate and also regional political culture, proxied by concentration of votes in the 2004 presidential election. We show that this rate of land privatization in Russia's regions was significantly associated with output growth in 2010–2014, confirming the policy importance of this measure for developing economies. Regions where private holdings expanded most rapidly with the enforcement of property rights in land, gained a competitive advantage in the growth process through increased investment in fixed assets and private consumption.
Risk of orofacial injuries and mouthguard use in water polo players
Authors: Zamora‐Olave Carla , Willaert Eva , Montero‐Blesa Ariadna , Riera‐Punet Nina , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground/aimThe incidence of orofacial injuries and the use of mouthguards in water polo players have not been well established. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of orofacial injuries in water polo players. Frequency of mouthguard use, the types of mouthguards used and the degree of interference with oral functions were also assessed.Material and MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 347 water polo players completed a questionnaire about the orofacial injuries suffered in the 2015‐2016 season and the experience of using a mouthguard, such as the type of mouthguard used and the degree of interference with oral functions.ResultsIn the 2015‐2016 season, 57.9% of the players reported at least one orofacial injury, with mean numbers of 2.7 oral lacerations, 0.4 episodes of temporomandibular pain and 0.06 dental injuries. Among the 35 players (10.1%) who had tried a mouthguard, only four (1.2%) used it habitually. Some players had tried more than one type of mouthguard; 26 had tried the mouth‐formed type; 11 the custom‐made type; and 7 the prefabricated mouthguard. Custom‐made mouthguards were rated as more comfortable than the mouth‐formed type (P < 0.05). The main disadvantages of mouth‐formed mouthguards were interferences with speaking, breathing and swallowing.ConclusionsThe incidence of orofacial injuries in water polo players is high. Although some players had tried a mouthguard, mainly the mouth‐formed type, most of them do not wear them routinely for training and competition.
Optimal resource allocation, maternal investment, and body size in a solitary bee, Osmia bicornis
Authors: Seidelmann Karsten 
Published: August 2018

AbstractResources (energy expenses) that can be devoted to progeny are always limited. Optimal resource allocation theory predicts that parents should allocate resources to their offspring in portions that maximise their own fitness returns per unit invested, not the fitness of the offspring. Females of solitary, nest‐constructing bees control the key features of offspring fitness by determining both body size and sex of each individual. Therefore the sexual size dimorphic red mason bee, Osmia bicornis (L.) [= Osmia rufa (L.)] (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), constitutes a suitable model system to test optimal resource allocation theory. Body size range was analysed by food stock manipulation and hedged against possible associated allometric divergences of flight parameters. In harmony with the central prediction of the theory, O. bicornis females ordinarily provisioned offspring with food that did not enable maximal body size, but ensured successful development to adulthood. On average, only three‐quarters of the actually required food to growth to full body size was supplied. Although females fundamentally balanced size vs. number of offspring according to the optimal allocation theory, the variability in body size was very high and the mean body mass of both sexes differed in the field between years. These fluctuations in body size over space and time indicate that various environmental factors are of prime importance in the actual resource assessment decision in addition to the core parental resource allocation strategy. As a physiological consequence of optimal resource allocation, the sex‐specific critical weight of larvae to induce metamorphosis is ordinarily not reached at field conditions. Instead, metamorphosis is induced by a bail‐out process when larvae run out of the food provisioned by their mother.
Limited genetic evidence for host plant‐related differentiation in the Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens
Authors: Saint Jean Gilbert , Hood Glen R. , Egan Scott P. , Powell Thomas H. Q. , Schuler Hannes , Doellman Meredith M. , Glover Mary M. , Smith James J. , Yee Wee L. , Goughnour Robert B. , Thistlewood Howard M. A. , Maxwell Sheri A. , Keyghobadi Nusha , Rull Juan , Aluja Martin , Feder Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe shift of the fruit fly Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) in the mid‐1800s from downy hawthorn, Crataegus mollis (Torrey & Asa Gray) Scheele, to introduced domesticated apple, Malus domestica (Borkhausen), in the eastern USA is a model for ecological divergence with gene flow. A similar system may exist in the northwestern USA and British Columbia, Canada, where Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) attacks the native bitter cherry Prunus emarginata (Douglas ex Hooker) Eaton (Rosaceae). Populations of R. indifferens have shifted and became economic pests on domesticated sweet cherry, Prunus avium (L.) L., shortly after sweet cherries were introduced to the region in the mid‐1800s. The fruiting phenologies of the two cherries differ in a similar manner as apples and hawthorns, with domesticated sweet cherries typically ripening in June and July, and bitter cherries in July and August. Here we report, however, little evidence for genetic differentiation between bitter vs. sweet cherry populations of R. indifferens or for pronounced genetic associations between allele frequencies and adult eclosion time, as has been documented for apple and downy hawthorn flies. The current findings support a previous more geographically limited survey of R. indifferens in the province of British Columbia, Canada, and an analysis of its sister species, R. cingulata, in the state of Michigan, USA, implying a lack of host‐related differentiation for flies infesting different cherry host plants. Possible causes for why host races are readily genetically detected for R. pomonella but not for R. indifferens are discussed.
Molecular characterization of Apis mellifera colonies from Argentina: genotypic admixture associated with ecoclimatic regions and apicultural activities
Authors: Agra Marcelo Nicolás , Conte Claudia Alejandra , Corva Pablo Marcelo , Cladera Jorge Luis , Lanzavecchia Silvia Beatriz , Palacio María Alejandra 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe European honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), is considered as a main contributor to pollination of important crops and to honey production. Originally, beekeeping in Argentina was performed in an extended area covering the north and central region of the country and involving A. mellifera of European origin. Later, honeybees of African origin entered South America through Brazil and hybridized with European genetic resources, giving rise to Africanized populations that are characterized by a more aggressive behavior among other unfavorable traits. In this study, a genetic characterization of 396 honeybee colonies from the most important apicultural region of Argentina is presented in order to provide an updated description of population structure and genetic diversity of commercial and feral colonies. Diversity was analyzed using mitochondrial (COI‐COII region) and nuclear (eight microsatellites) markers. Three European (M4, C1, C2J) and three African (A1, A4, A30) haplotypes were detected. European haplotypes were mostly found in commercial apiaries, whereas African haplotypes were detected at high frequencies in feral colonies. Microsatellite data were analyzed to estimate population genetic variability at the province level and to evaluate genetic admixture. A high level of hybridization between Africanized and European honeybees was detected with a significant latitudinal cline from north to south. Extensive population admixture resulted in the definition of four clusters that included both feral and commercial colonies and that are explained not only by geographical distribution and degree of Africanization but also by human influence through beekeeping activities.
Distribution of perioperative stroke in cardiac surgery
Authors: Pierik R. , Uyttenboogaart M. , Erasmus M. E. , Scheeren T. W. L. , van den Bergh W. M. 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeThe recent literature suggests that a cardiac origin in ischaemic stroke is more frequent than previously assumed. However, it is not always clear which patients benefit from additional cardiac investigations if obvious cardiac pathology is absent.MethodsA single‐center retrospective observational study was performed with 7454 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit after cardiac surgery in the period 2006–2015 and who had postoperative brain imaging. Cerebral imaging was studied for the occurrence of stroke including subtype and involved vascular territory. It was assumed that all perioperative thromboembolic strokes are of cardiac origin. Data obtained from a hospital cohort of consecutive patients who received a diagnosis of ischaemic stroke were used for comparison.ResultsThromboembolic stroke occurred in 135 cardiac surgery patients in 56 (41%) of whom the posterior cerebral circulation was involved. In the control group, 100 out of 503 strokes (20%) were located in the posterior cerebral circulation. The relative risk for a posterior location for stroke after cardiac surgery compared to patients with ischaemic stroke without prior cardiac surgery was 2.09; 95% confidence interval 1.60–2.72.ConclusionsThromboembolic stroke after cardiac surgery occurs twice as often in the posterior cerebral circulation compared to ischaemic strokes in the general population. If confirmed in general stroke cohorts, the consequence of this finding may be that in patients with an ischaemic stroke that involves the posterior cerebral circulation the chance of a cardiac origin is increased and therefore might trigger additional cardiac investigations such as long‐term heart rhythm monitoring or echocardiography.
Cortical thinning in epilepsy patients with postictal generalized electroencephalography suppression
Authors: Tang Y. , An D. , Xiao Y. , Niu R. , Tong X. , Liu W. , Zhao L. , Gong Q. , Zhou D. 
Published: August 2018

Background and purposeThe aim was to investigate the brain microstructural abnormalities in epilepsy patients with postictal generalized electroencephalographic suppression (PGES) using a cortical surface‐based analysis.MethodsAccording to the video‐electroencephalography records of epilepsy patients with generalized convulsive seizures, 30 patients with PGES (PGES+) and 21 patients without PGES (PGES−) were recruited. High‐resolution T1‐weighted images were acquired from each patient and 30 matched healthy control subjects. Cortical thickness was compared amongst the three groups using FreeSurfer software.ResultsPatients with PGES showed reduced cortical thickness in the right paracentral lobule, inferior parietal lobule, supramarginal gyrus and middle temporal lobe compared with patients without PGES. In relation to healthy control subjects, the PGES+ group presented reduced cortical thickness in the right superior parietal lobule and supramarginal gyrus, whilst the PGES− group presented reduced cortical thickness in the left precuneus, precentral gyrus, lateral occipital gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, superior parietal lobule and right caudal middle frontal gyrus.ConclusionsPatients with PGES exhibited characteristic brain microstructural abnormalities, corroborating the PGES mechanisms at the brain level. The right‐sided predominance of the detected PGES‐related cortical thinning was the same as that of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) cases and patients at high risk for SUDEP, implying that PGES and SUDEP may share a common abnormal brain substrate that is involved in the pathophysiology of these conditions.
Parenteral phenobarbital in status epilepticus revisited: Mayo Clinic experience
Authors: Hocker Sara , Clark Sarah , Britton Jeffrey 
Published: August 2018

SummaryDespite phenobarbital (PB) being a key component in status epilepticus (SE) treatment algorithms for decades, it has fallen out of favor compared to newer nonsedating medications due to potential for respiratory suppression and prolonged sedation. We retrospectively analyzed all nonintubated patients with refractory SE treated with parenteral PB. Forty patients were identified as having received PB in the neurologic intensive care unit at Mayo Clinic over a 7‐year period through our pharmacy dispensing database. Patients who received PB for maintenance therapy, those replenishing subtherapeutic levels, those who were already intubated, and those receiving PB for a non‐SE indication were excluded. Clinical data, prior treatments, therapeutic response, and outcome were reviewed. Eight patients were identified. Ages ranged from 24 to 77 years (median = 64 years); all had focal SE, and none was comatose. Seizure activity improved acutely following PB administration in seven and stopped in six. Dosages ranged from 5 to 19.8 mg/kg (median = 10.1 mg/kg); none required intubation, and one received supplemental oxygen. Patients received a median of four antiepileptic drugs prior to PB. Median interval between first drug and PB was 23.5 hours. Glasgow Coma Scale score did not change following PB administration. One patient required intervention for hypotension. Moderate‐dose parenteral PB was effective in attaining seizure control in a significant proportion of noncomatose refractory SE patients. None required ventilatory support. PB dosages below those in recent guidelines may be sufficient to stop SE without clinically significant cardiopulmonary complications.
Increased adverse events associated with antiepileptic drugs in anti–leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 encephalitis
Authors: Shin Yong‐Won , Ahn Seon‐Jae , Moon Jangsup , Kim Tae‐Joon , Jun Jin‐Sun , Byun Jung‐Ick , Lee Soon‐Tae , Jung Keun‐Hwa , Park Kyung‐Il , Jung Ki‐Young , Kim Manho , Lee Sang Kun , Chu Kon 
Published: August 2018

SummaryAnti–leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune condition presenting mainly as altered mental state, cognitive dysfunction, and seizure. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are usually initiated to control seizures despite their limited efficacy; however, accumulating clinical experience suggests a high incidence of adverse reactions to AEDs in anti‐LGI1 encephalitis. We reviewed the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with anti‐LGI1 encephalitis to analyze the adverse effects of AEDs in these patients. Among the 20 patients who were treated with AEDs, 10 (50%) changed their AEDs due to adverse cutaneous drug reaction. Eight of them presented with maculopapular eruption, one with drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome, and one with eczema. Causative agents mostly consisted of aromatic AEDs. Oxcarbazepine was discontinued in two additional patients due to hyponatremia. Six patients (30%) discontinued their dose of levetiracetam because of psychiatric manifestations including irritability/aggressive behavior (four patients), insomnia (one patient), and depressive mood (one patient). Clinicians should consider adverse cutaneous drug reaction, psychiatric adverse events, and hyponatremia when selecting AEDs for the treatment of anti‐LGI1 encephalitis.