bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal changes in aridity of Pakistan during 1901–2016
Authors: Ahmed Kamal , Shahid Shamsuddin , Wang Xiaojun , Nawaz Nadeem , Khan Najeebullah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The changing characteristics of aridity over a larger
spatiotemporal scale have gained interest in recent years due to climate
change. The long-term (1901–2016) changes in spatiotemporal patterns of
annual and seasonal aridity during two major crop growing seasons of
Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi, are evaluated in this study using gridded
precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data. The UNESCO aridity
index was used to estimate aridity at each grid point for all the years
between 1901 and 2016. The temporal changes in aridity and its associations
with precipitation and PET are evaluated by implementing a moving window of
50 years of data with an 11-year interval. The modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend
test is applied to estimate unidirectional change by eliminating the effect
of natural variability of climate, and Pettitt's test is used to detect
year of change in aridity. The results revealed that the climate over 60 % of
Pakistan (mainly in southern parts) is arid. The spatial patterns of aridity
trends show a strong influence of the changes in precipitation on the aridity
trend. The increasing trend in aridity (drier) is noticed in the southwest,
where precipitation is low during Kharif, while there is a decreasing trend (wetter)
in the Rabi season in the region which receives high precipitation due to
western disturbances. The annual and Kharif aridity is found to decrease
(wetter) at a rate of 0.0001 to 0.0002 per year in the northeast, while
Kharif and Rabi aridity are found to increase (drier) at some locations in
the south at a rate of −0.0019 to −0.0001 per year. The spatial patterns of
aridity changes show a shift from arid to the semi-arid (wetter) climate in
annual and Kharif over a large area while showing a shift from arid to hyper-arid
(drier) region during Rabi in a small area. Most of the significant changes
in precipitation and aridity are observed in the years between 1971 and
1980. Overall, aridity is found to increase (drier) in 0.52 %, 4.44 %
and 0.52 % of the area and decrease (wetter) in 11.75 %, 7.57 % and 9.66 % of the
area for annual, Rabi and Kharif seasons respectively during 1967–2016
relative to 1901–1950.
Linear Support Vector Regression and Partial Least-Squares for Determination of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride and Tadalafil in Binary Pharmaceutical Mixtures
Authors: Anwar Basma H , Abdelhamid Nessreen S , Magdy Maimana A , Naguib Ibrahim A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background: Dapoxetine (DAP) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and Tadalafil (TAD) is a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor. Both are coformulated as tablets called Erectafil® for treatment of erectile ejaculation. Objective: DAP and TAD were analyzed in their binary mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations using two multivariate calibration chemometric models. Methods: Partial least-squares (PLS) and linear support vector regression (SVR) models were applied using two factor-four level experimental design and UV-spectrophotometric data. They were compared to each other, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Results: The developed methods succeeded to determine DAP and TAD in different ratios with good results regarding International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity ranges were 2–15 μg/mL and 3–30 μg/mL for DAP and TAD, respectively, with good accuracy of 100 ± 0.37 for DAP and 100 ± 0.8 for TAD regarding PLS model and 100.04 ± 0.32 for DAP and 99.89 ± 0.77 for TAD regarding SVR model. Good precision values of 0.787 for DAP and 0.793 for TAD regarding PLS model and 1.105 for DAP and 0.930 for TAD regarding SVR model were obtained. The two models were applied on the dosage forms and statistically compared with the published HPLC method with no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. Conclusions: The two models can be utilized for routine analysis and QC of DAP and TAD in their bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The SVR model gives better results and generalization ability than those of the PLS model regarding accuracy and prediction error, while the latter is better for being simpler and faster.
Enhancing Micro-propagation of Some Cameroonian Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) Cultivars/Landraces
Authors: Njualem Dominic, K. , Achiri Tange Denis , Yuninwenkeh Amanwi Climson , Nkuh Abdulai Assan , Yaya Fornkwa Victorine 
Published: July 2019

Aims: This study was conducted to enhance germplasm conservation of some indigenous plantain landraces through tissue culture techniques in Cameroon.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments in four replications.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Bambui, Cameroon, in the first half of 2018.
Methodology: Explants were gotten from three plantain land races (Kwah, Ngumbe and Sangmoh) gotten from Bambui. Shoot tips were excised and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g of sucrose, 5 ml of ascorbic acid, 4 ml of 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP 1 mg/l), 1 ml indole-3- acetic acid (IAA 1 mg/l) and 6 g of agar at pH of 5.8±0.1 for shoot initiation and proliferation. Data was collected over a period of 12 weeks every 4th week on the average number of buds, shoot length, number of leaves, number contaminated and number dead.
Results: All the landraces responded positively to shoot tip culture, since they could adapt and regenerate by producing buds with Ngumbe giving the highest mean number (7.0) of buds and Sangmoh giving the lowest (3.0). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p = 0.05) in most of the parameters measured except for number contaminated. High dead rate was recorded in Kwah with dead mean of 3.0. Ngumbe was found to regenerate better than Kwah and Sangmoh.
Conclusion: It is recommended that the three plantain landraces, germplasm be conserved. The ramification of this finding vis-à-vis germplasm conservation and increase productivity is explained.
Switch Effect, Water‐Like State, and New Interaction Mechanism of an H‐Bonded Polycation–Polyacrylamide System to Realize Instant Decolorization of Dyeing Wastewater
Authors: Li Hongyan , Zhao Junhong , Bai Yu , Song Chunli , Yu Yikai 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA switch for controlling hydrogen bonds is incorporated into a polymer‐based system of polyamine polycation and polyacrylamide, with an ultrahigh molecular weight of 18 million; a surprising process results whereby the apparent viscosity of the whole system suddenly plunges from 321 cps to below 6.5 cps, forming a new water‐like phase state (WLPS) of an H‐bonded polymer‐based system. When WLPS products are used as decolorant materials to purify dyeing wastewater, they can flow similar to water during mass transfer and be quickly dissolved, immediately interacting with the anionic dyes in water. This observation is the first of a sudden change in apparent viscosity and the formation of a water‐like state in a polymer‐based system. Moreover, due to the switch effect to control hydrogen bonds, WLPS decolorants can change from water‐like states to strong hydrogen bonding states after interacting with anionic dyes, thus increasing the attractive forces of formed flocs to realize the instantaneous and highly adaptable decolorization of dyeing wastewater. It only took 10 s for the WLPS decolorants to remove more than 95% of various dyes in dyeing wastewater. Subsequently, a series of new cohesive floc structure–forms are first discovered by a computer imaging optical microscope.
Strongly Luminescent Tungsten Emitters with Emission Quantum Yields of up to 84 %: TADF and High‐Efficiency Molecular Tungsten OLEDs
Authors: Chan Kaai‐Tung , Lam Tsz‐Lung , Yu Daohong , Du Lili , Phillips David Lee , Kwong Chun‐Lam , Tong Glenna So Ming , Cheng Gang , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMetal‐TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) emitters hold promise in the development of next generation light‐emitting materials for display and lighting applications, examples of which are, however, largely confined to CuI and recently AuI, AgI, and AuIII emitters. Herein is described the design strategy for an unprecedented type of metal‐TADF emitter based on inexpensive tungsten metal chelated with Schiff base ligand that exhibit high emission quantum yields of up to 56 % in solutions and 84 % in thin‐film (5 wt % in 1,3‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene, mCP) at room temperature. Femtosecond time‐resolved emission (fs‐TRE) spectroscopy and DFT calculations were undertaken to decipher the TADF properties. Solution‐processed OLEDs fabricated with the W‐TADF emitter demonstrated external quantum efficiency (EQE) and luminance of up to 15.6 % and 16890 cd m−2, respectively.
X‐ray crystal of diprotonated tetra‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (H2TPPZ), aqua Fe3+‐phen crystal and new lanthanide complexes of TPPZ and their biochemical studies
Authors: Al‐Assy Waleed H. , Mohamed Mahmoud M.A. , Husein Dalal Z. , Mostafa Mohsen M. 
Published: July 2019

New complexes derived from M3+ salts with polyazine as monometallic such as [Fe (TPPZ)Cl3].½H2O (1), [Cr (TPPZ)2Cl2]Cl.2EtOH (2), [La (TPPZ)(NO3)2(H2O)2]NO3.H2O (3) in addition to [Fe (Phen)3]3Cl.7H2O (4) were isolated. Three bimetallic, [H2TPPZ][(AuCl4)2]. H2O (5), [Ce2(TPPZ)EtOH (NO3)3]3NO3 (6) and [Nd2TPPZCl2(H2O)4]4Cl.CHCl3. 4H2O (7) and mixed ligand complexes, [Fe (TPPZ)(Phen)2]Cl3 (8), [Fe (TPPZ) (Phen)2][TPPZCl3] (9), [La2(TPPZ)(Phen)2(EtOH)2]6Cl.CHCl3.EtOH.H2O (10) and [Nd2(TPPZ)(Phen)Cl4]2Cl.3H2O (11) were synthesized and characterized. Crystal data of (4) is tetragonal, I41/a, a = b 35.951 (3) Å, c = 11.9055 (8) Å, α = 80.201 (2)° β = 78.846 (2)°, γ = 89.687 (2)° V = 741.06 (5)Å3, Z = 1 while triclinic, P1, a = 7.3913 (3) Å, b = 9.7344 (4) Å, c = 10.6577 (4) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V = 741.06 (5)Å3 and Z = 170 for (5). Analyses, spectral and cyclic voltammetry studies indicate the bonding and the redox properties. Anticancer studies promised to be effective in lanthanides and some complexes were screened against antibacterial or antifungal.
Determination of ethanamizuril, a novel triazine coccidiostat, in rat plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography system‐tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a toxicological study
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Zhao Juan , Wei Shuya , Wang Chunmei , Zhang Lifang , Wang Mi , Liu Yingchun , Fei Chenzhong , Xue Feiqun , Zhang Keyu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEthanamizuril is a new triazine compound that has the potential to be a novel anticoccidial drug. Toxicological studies in experimental rats were performed to understand the safety profile of ethanamizuril for drug product development. In this study, a novel, selective and accurate ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of ethanamizuril concentrations in rat plasma. With 4‐nitro‐o‐cresol as an internal standard, sample pretreatment involved a one‐step extraction with acetonitrile of 100 μL plasma. The detection was carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode with selected ion recording. The standard curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.1–100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were less than 8.4 and 8.87%, respectively. The mean extraction recovery of ethanamizuril from rat plasma was 97.68–102.57%. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to monitor plasma concentrations of ethanamizuril in a short‐term toxicity study and two‐generation reproduction toxicity study. The result of the study confirmed that the elimination of ethanamizuril in rats is slow.
Pathways towards sustainability in manufacturing organizations: Empirical evidence on the role of green human resource management
Authors: Yong Jing Yi , Yusliza Mohd‐Yusoff , Ramayah Thurasamy , Chiappetta Jabbour Charbel Jose , Sehnem Simone , Mani Venkatesh 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGreen human resource management (HRM) practices can help organizations align their business strategies with the environment. Anchored in the resource‐based view of the firm, this study examines the influence of green HRM practices on sustainability using cross‐sectional data obtained from 112 large manufacturing firms in Malaysia. The results show that green recruitment and green training have positive effects on sustainability. However, green analysis and job description, green selection, green performance assessment, and green reward were not found to have any significant influence on sustainability. The model presented in this paper offers useful insights into the positive role of green HRM in the sustainability of manufacturing firms, and as previous studies exploring the link between green HRM and sustainability using empirical data from Malaysian manufacturing firms are scarce, this research is of significant importance for scholars and practitioners. The scope of this study focuses on emerging economies with a limited number of variables that are contextual and specific to the Malaysian economy. Future research could explore the relationship between green HRM and other variables that may contribute to the present framework in other contexts. Future studies may also consider each dimension of green HRM, or indeed other elements of green HRM, in relation to the different aspects of sustainability.
Enzymatic Cascade in Pseudomonas that Produces Pyrazine from α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Masuo Shunsuke , Tsuda Yusuke , Namai Tomohito , Minakawa Hajime , Shigemoto Ryosuke , Takaya Naoki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPyrazines are widespread chemical compounds that include pheromones and odors. Herein, a novel mechanism used by Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 to biosynthesize monocyclic pyrazines is reported. Heterologous expression of the papABC genes that synthesize the natural α‐amino acid 4‐aminophenylalanine (4APhe), together with three adjacent papDEF genes of unknown function, in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of 2,5‐dimethyl‐3,6‐bis(4‐aminobenzyl)pyrazine (DMBAP), which comprised two symmetrical aminobenzyl moieties derived from 4APhe. It is found that PapD is a novel amino acid C‐acetyltransferase, which decarboxylates and transfers acetyl residues to 4APhe, to generate an α‐aminoketone, which spontaneously dehydrates and condenses to give dihydro DMBAP. PapF is a novel oxidase in the amine oxidase superfamily that oxidizes dihydro DMBAP to yield the pyrazine ring of DMBAP. These two enzymes constitute a unique mechanism for synthesizing monocyclic pyrazines and might serve as a novel strategy for the enzymatic synthesis of pyrazine derivatives from natural α‐amino acids.
Aminotenuazonic Acid: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Total Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of a New Tetramic Acid from Fruiting Bodies of Laccaria Species
Authors: Schrey Hedda , Backenköhler Jana , Kogler Herbert , Plaumann Markus , Spiteller Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Peter Spiteller at the Universität Bremen. The image depicts the experiments that were performed to reveal the chemical structure and the bioactivity of aminotenuazonic acid discovered in several Laccaria species, such as the violet‐coloured fruiting bodies of the amethyst deceiver (Laccaria amethystina). Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201901405.
A Germylene Supported by Two 2‐Pyrrolylphosphane Groups as Precursor to PGeP Pincer Square‐Planar Group 10 Metal(II) and T‐Shaped Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , Fernández Israel , Fernández‐Colinas José M. , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Laglera‐Gándara Carlos J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of 2‐di‐tert‐butylphosphanylmethylpyrrole (HpyrmPtBu2), by treating 2‐dimethylaminomethylpyrrole (HpyrmNMe2) with tBu2PH at 135 °C in the absence of any solvent, has allowed the preparation of the new PGeP germylene Ge(pyrmPtBu2)2 (1), by treating [GeCl2(dioxane)] with LipyrmPtBu2, in which the Ge atom is stabilized by intramolecular interactions with one (solid state) or both (solution) of its phosphane groups. Reactions of germylene 1 with Group 10 metal dichlorido complexes containing easily displaceable ligands have led to [MCl{κ3P,Ge,P‐GeCl(pyrmPtBu2)2}] [M=Ni (2), Pd (3), Pt (4)], which have an unflawed square‐planar metal environment. Treatment of germylene 1 with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene) rendered [Au{κ3P,Ge,P‐GeCl(pyrmPtBu2)2}] (5), which is a rare case of a T‐shaped gold(I) complex. The hydrolysis of 5 gave the linear gold(I) derivative [Au(κP‐HpyrmPtBu2)2]Cl (6). Complexes 2–5 contain a PGeP pincer chloridogermyl ligand that arises from the insertion of the Ge atom of germylene 1 into a M−Cl bond of the corresponding metal reagent. The bonding in these molecules has been studied by DFT/NBO/QTAIM calculations. These results demonstrate that the great flexibility of germylene 1 makes it a better precursor to PGeP pincer complexes than the previously known germylenes of this type.
Photoinduced Energy‐ and Electron‐Transfer Processes in a Side‐to‐Face RuII‐Porphyrin/Perylene‐bisimide Array
Authors: Amati Agnese , Natali Mirco , Indelli Maria Teresa , Iengo Elisabetta , Würthner Frank 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA side‐to‐face array DPy‐gPBI[Ru(4‐tBuTPP)(CO)]2, based on a “green” perylene bisimide chromophore sandwiched between two RuII‐porphyrins, has been prepared by self‐assembly. Its photophysical properties have been characterized in detail by a combination of steady‐state and time‐resolved techniques upon selective excitation of the two different components. Different photoinduced processes are observed as a function of the excitation wavelength. Electron transfer quenching is attained upon “red light” excitation of the perylene unit, whilst an energy transfer pathway is followed upon “green light” excitation of the metallo‐porphyrin moiety. Regardless of the excitation wavelength efficient population of the triplet excited state of the perylene chromophore is achieved. The photophysical results are discussed within the framework of classical electron transfer theory and compared with those of a previously reported system.
Metformin reduces risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThis population‐based retrospective cohort study compared the incidence of varicose veins in an unmatched cohort and a cohort of 1:1 propensity score (PS)‐matched pairs of ever and never users of metformin in type 2 diabetes patients.MethodsPatients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes during 1999 to 2005 were enrolled from Taiwan's National Health Insurance and followed until December 31, 2011. Analyses were conducted in an unmatched cohort of 123 710 ever users and 15 095 never users and in 15 088 PS‐matched pairs of ever users and never users. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox proportional hazards model incorporated with the inverse probability of treatment weighting using the PS.ResultsNew‐onset varicose veins were diagnosed in 126 never users and 633 ever users in the unmatched cohort and in 126 never users and 80 ever users in the matched cohort. The respective incidences were 191.36 and 110.04 per 100 000 person‐years in the unmatched cohort and 191.41 and 115.81 per 100 000 person‐years in the matched cohort. The hazard ratio for ever versus never users in the unmatched cohort was 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.47‐0.69) and was 0.60 (0.45‐0.80) for the matched cohort. In the unmatched cohort, the hazard ratios for the first, second, and third tertiles of cumulative duration were 1.03 (0.83‐1.28), 0.55 (0.44‐0.69), and 0.29 (0.23‐0.37), respectively. The respective hazard ratios in the matched cohort were 0.97 (0.65‐1.43), 0.79 (0.55‐1.15), and 0.24 (0.13‐0.42).ConclusionMetformin use is associated with a lower risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes.
A discontinuous Galerkin immersed boundary solver for compressible flows: Adaptive local time stepping for artificial viscosity–based shock‐capturing on cut cells
Authors: Geisenhofer Markus , Kummer Florian , Müller Björn 
Published: July 2019

SummaryWe present a higher‐order cut cell immersed boundary method (IBM) for the simulation of high Mach number flows. As a novelty on a cut cell grid, we evaluate an adaptive local time stepping (LTS) scheme in combination with an artificial viscosity–based shock‐capturing approach. The cut cell grid is optimized by a nonintrusive cell agglomeration strategy in order to avoid problems with small or ill‐shaped cut cells. Our approach is based on a discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the compressible Euler equations, where the immersed boundary is implicitly defined by the zero isocontour of a level set function. In flow configurations with high Mach numbers, a numerical shock‐capturing mechanism is crucial in order to prevent unphysical oscillations of the polynomial approximation in the vicinity of shocks. We achieve this by means of a viscous smoothing where the artificial viscosity follows from a modal decay sensor that has been adapted to the IBM. The problem of the severe time step restriction caused by the additional second‐order diffusive term and small nonagglomerated cut cells is addressed by using an adaptive LTS algorithm. The robustness, stability, and accuracy of our approach are verified for several common test cases. Moreover, the results show that our approach lowers the computational costs drastically, especially for unsteady IBM problems with complex geometries.
Neoproterozoic granitic activity in syn‐collisional setting: Insight from petrology, geochemistry, and zircon–monazite geochronology of S‐type granites of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex, eastern India
Authors: Chakraborty Kuhu , Ray Arijit , Chatterjee Amitava , Deb Gautam Kumar , Das Kaushik 
Published: July 2019

The evidence of a long‐lived Grenvillian orogeny around 1.0 Ga is preserved in the eastern part of India in the form of large‐scale syn‐collisional granitic activity and high‐grade metamorphism in the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC). Geochemically, granitoid rocks of CGGC were classified as ferroan, per‐aluminous, and calc‐alkalic to alkali‐calcic S‐type granites which were generated from the anatexis of meta‐sedimentary protolith (khondalite) in a volcanic‐arc to syn‐collisional setting. Relatively high crystallization temperatures (800–850°C for garnetiferous granite gneiss, 770–830°C for megacrystic granite gneiss, and 639–725°C for pink granite) of these rocks were calculated by geothermometric calculations. The REE modelling testified that 40–45% partial melting of the khondalite in H2O undersaturated condition at around 5‐kbar pressure might have given rise to the parent magma of the garnetiferous granite gneiss (GGG). LA‐ICPMS zircon (U–Pb) dating yielded the crystallization ages of the megacrystic granite gneiss (MGG) and pink granite (PG) as ~1.0 Ga, and EPMA monazite (U–Th–total Pb) dating suggested that the GGG was metamorphosed during 1.0 Ga. The 1.0–0.90 Ga age of high‐grade metamorphism and anatexis in the CGGC may be correlated with that in the Rayner Complex–Eastern Ghats Belt in the Indo‐Antarctic sector, which is considered as the result of Indo‐Antarctic collision during the assembly of Rodinia.