bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of graphene oxide-quaternary ammonium nanocomposite with synergistic antibacterial activity to promote infected wound healing
Authors: Liu Tengfei , Liu Yuqing , Liu Menglong , Wang Ying , He Weifeng , Shi Gaoqiang , Hu Xiaohong , Zhan Rixing , Luo Gaoxing , Xing Malcolm , Wu Jun 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Bacterial infection is one of the most common complications in burn, trauma, and chronic refractory wounds and is an impediment to healing. The frequent occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria due to irrational application of antibiotics increases treatment cost and mortality. Graphene oxide (GO) has been generally reported to possess high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria in vitro. In this study, a graphene oxide-quaternary ammonium salt (GO-QAS) nanocomposite was synthesized and thoroughly investigated for synergistic antibacterial activity, underlying antibacterial mechanisms and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo.

Methods
The GO-QAS nanocomposite was synthesized through amidation reactions of carboxylic group end-capped QAS polymers with primary amine-decorated GO to achieve high QAS loading ratios on nanosheets. Next, we investigated the antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of GO-QAS in vitro and in vivo.

Results
GO-QAS exhibited synergistic antibacterial activity against bacteria through not only mechanical membrane perturbation, including wrapping, bacterial membrane insertion, and bacterial membrane perforation, but also oxidative stress induction. In addition, it was found that GO-QAS could eradicate multidrug-resistant bacteria more effectively than conventional antibiotics. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity tests indicated that GO-QAS did not exhibit obvious toxicity towards mammalian cells or organs at low concentrations. Notably, GO-QAS topically applied on infected wounds maintained highly efficient antibacterial activity and promoted infected wound healing in vivo.

Conclusions
The GO-QAS nanocomposite exhibits excellent synergistic antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. The antibacterial mechanisms involve both mechanical membrane perturbation and oxidative stress induction. In addition, GO-QAS accelerated the healing process of infected wounds by promoting re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Overall, the results indicated that the GO-QAS nanocomposite could be applied as a promising antimicrobial agent for infected wound management and antibacterial wound dressing synthesis.
Practical Assessment and Management of Vulnerabilities in Older Patients Receiving Chemotherapy: ASCO Guideline for Geriatric Oncology
Authors: Mohile Supriya G. , Dale William , Somerfield Mark R. , Schonberg Mara A. , Boyd Cynthia M. , Burhenn Peggy S. , Canin Beverly , Cohen Harvey Jay , Holmes Holly M. , Hopkins Judith O. , Janelsins Michelle C. , Khorana Alok A. , Klepin Heidi D. , Lichtman Stuart M. , Mustian Karen M. , Tew William P. , Hurria Arti 
Published: May 2018

Purpose To provide guidance regarding the practical assessment and management of vulnerabilities in older patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods An Expert Panel was convened to develop clinical practice guideline recommendations based on a systematic review of the medical literature. Results A total of 68 studies met eligibility criteria and form the evidentiary basis for the recommendations. Recommendations In patients ≥ 65 years receiving chemotherapy, geriatric assessment (GA) should be used to identify vulnerabilities that are not routinely captured in oncology assessments. Evidence supports, at a minimum, assessment of function, comorbidity, falls, depression, cognition, and nutrition. The Panel recommends instrumental activities of daily living to assess for function, a thorough history or validated tool to assess comorbidity, a single question for falls, the Geriatric Depression Scale to screen for depression, the Mini-Cog or the Blessed Orientation-Memory-Concentration test to screen for cognitive impairment, and an assessment of unintentional weight loss to evaluate nutrition. Either the CARG (Cancer and Aging Research Group) or CRASH (Chemotherapy Risk Assessment Scale for High-Age Patients) tools are recommended to obtain estimates of chemotherapy toxicity risk; the Geriatric-8 or Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 can help to predict mortality. Clinicians should use a validated tool listed at ePrognosis to estimate noncancer-based life expectancy ≥ 4 years. GA results should be applied to develop an integrated and individualized plan that informs cancer management and to identify nononcologic problems amenable to intervention. Collaborating with caregivers is essential to implementing GA-guided interventions. The Panel suggests that clinicians take into account GA results when recommending chemotherapy and that the information be provided to patients and caregivers to guide treatment decision making. Clinicians should implement targeted, GA-guided interventions to manage nononcologic problems. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/supportive-care-guidelines .
Identification of brain metastasis genes and therapeutic evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitors in a clinically relevant model of breast cancer brain metastasis
Authors: Kim Soo-Hyun , Redvers Richard P. , Chi Lap Hing , Ling Xiawei , Lucke Andrew J. , Reid Robert C. , Fairlie David P. , Martin Ana Carolina Baptista Moreno , Anderson Robin L. , Denoyer Delphine , Pouliot Normand 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Breast cancer brain metastases remain largely incurable. Although several mouse models have been developed to investigate the genes and mechanisms regulating breast cancer brain metastasis, these models often lack clinical relevance since they require the use of immunocompromised mice and/or are poorly metastatic to brain from the mammary gland. We describe the development and characterisation of an aggressive brain metastatic variant of the 4T1 syngeneic model (4T1Br4) that spontaneously metastasises to multiple organs, but is selectively more metastatic to the brain from the mammary gland than parental 4T1 tumours. As seen by immunohistochemistry, 4T1Br4 tumours and brain metastases display a triple-negative phenotype, consistent with the high propensity of this breast cancer subtype to spread to brain. In vitro assays indicate that 4T1Br4 cells have an enhanced ability to adhere to or migrate across a brain-derived endothelial monolayer and greater invasive response to brain-derived soluble factors compared to 4T1 cells. These properties are likely to contribute to the brain selectivity of 4T1Br4 tumours. Expression profiling and gene set enrichment analyses demonstrate the clinical relevance of the 4T1Br4 model at the transcriptomic level. Pathway analyses implicate tumour-intrinsic immune regulation and vascular interactions in successful brain colonisation, revealing potential therapeutic targets. Evaluation of two histone deacetylase inhibitors, SB939 and 1179.4b, shows partial efficacy against 4T1Br4 metastasis to brain and other sites in vivo, and potent radio-sensitising properties in vitro. The 4T1Br4 model provides a clinically relevant tool for mechanistic studies and to evaluate novel therapies against brain metastasis.
This article has an associated First Person interview with Soo-Hyun Kim, joint first author of the paper.
Of what use is connectomics? A personal perspective on theDrosophilaconnectome
Authors: Meinertzhagen Ian A. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThe brain is a network of neurons and its biological output is behaviour. This is an exciting age, with a growing acknowledgement that the comprehensive compilation of synaptic circuits densely reconstructed in the brains of model species is now both technologically feasible and a scientifically enabling possibility in neurobiology, much as 30 years ago genomics was in molecular biology and genetics. Implemented by huge advances in electron microscope technology, especially focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) milling (see Glossary), image capture and alignment, and computer-aided reconstruction of neuron morphologies, enormous progress has been made in the last decade in the detailed knowledge of the actual synaptic circuits formed by real neurons, in various brain regions of the fly Drosophila. It is useful to distinguish synaptic pathways that are major, with 100 or more presynaptic contacts, from those that are minor, with fewer than about 10; most neurites are both presynaptic and postsynaptic, and all synaptic sites have multiple postsynaptic dendrites. Work on Drosophila has spearheaded these advances because cell numbers are manageable, and neuron classes are morphologically discrete and genetically identifiable, many confirmed by reporters. Recent advances are destined within the next few years to reveal the complete connectome in an adult fly, paralleling advances in the larval brain that offer the same prospect possibly within an even shorter time frame. The final amendment and validation of segmented bodies by human proof-readers remains the most time-consuming step, however. The value of a complete connectome in Drosophila is that, by targeting to specific neurons transgenes that either silence or activate morphologically identified circuits, and then identifying the resulting behavioural outcome, we can determine the causal mechanism for behaviour from its loss or gain. More importantly, the connectome reveals hitherto unsuspected pathways, leading us to seek novel behaviours for these. Circuit information will eventually be required to understand how differences between brains underlie differences in behaviour, and especially to herald yet more advanced connectomic strategies for the vertebrate brain, with an eventual prospect of understanding cognitive disorders having a connectomic basis. Connectomes also help us to identify common synaptic circuits in different species and thus to reveal an evolutionary progression in candidate pathways.
The knowledge and confidence of school nurses following training to promote nutritional health
Authors: Greenshields Sarah 
Published: May 2018

This study is part of a larger project that aims to develop evidence-based training and resources for school nurses to support young people with their nutritional health ( Burdett, 2015 ). The purpose of this action research study was to explore the impact upon the knowledge and confidence of school nurses following the completion of the nutritional health training. A pre-training questionnaire was provided to all school nurses prior to attending the ‘champion training’ in order to gather baseline information on the knowledge and confidence of the school nurse. A further questionnaire was provided to the school nurses one month following the training, along with the provision of resources. One focus group of five school nurses who attended the training was then completed, to explore the themes from the questionnaires. When analysing the post-course questionnaires, there was a significant impact upon the school nurses self-assessed confidence levels as well as the ability to articulate the health impact of obesity on young people. The questionnaires suggest that the training had a positive impact on school nurses' confidence in particular. The themes highlighted from the focus group were ‘increased knowledge but particularly confidence’, ‘barriers going forward’ and ‘areas for improvement’. Both the returned questionnaires and the focus group were able to highlight barriers going forward, which may inhibit the sustained impact on the knowledge and confidence discussed above. The area for improvement that the focus group appeared to be most vocal and passionate about was how to disseminate the training as ‘champion’. It is unknown as to whether the training has had an impact on practice in the long term and how it translates when the ‘champions’ disseminate the training within their own teams. It would be beneficial to complete further longitudinal qualitative research to explore these themes.
Gingival retraction techniques: a review
Authors: Adnan Samira , Agwan Muhammad Atif S 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: The factors responsible for the longevity and aesthetics of a restoration are intimately linked to the gingival and periodontal tissues. The placement of any restoration placed in close proximity to the gingival tissues requires adequate access and isolation, for which various gingival retraction methods and materials are available. These are classified broadly as mechanical, chemo-mechanical, cordless and surgical techniques. This review focuses on the rationale behind gingival retraction and a discussion of the newer modalities developed in this regard. CPD/Clinical Relevance: In clinical practice, a wide variety of procedures require the retraction of gingival tissues. Therefore, the clinician must be familiar with the various methods that can be employed to achieve gingival retraction in different clinical scenarios.
The iatrogenic anterior open bite; a potential side-effect of thermoplastic orthodontic retainers
Authors: Hemmings Nick , Taylor Nigel G 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: Thermoplastic orthodontic retainers are popular with both patients and clinicians. Tooth coverage provides retention of orthodontic alignment, particularly in the lower labial segment, and their aesthetics are improved in comparison with more traditional acrylic and wire varieties. Iatrogenic side-effects are possible if the design is inadequate. Lack of coverage of terminal molars can allow overeruption, causing an anterior open bite. This report describes an anterior open bite caused by an inadequate thermoplastic retainer and management using a Hawley type retainer to improve the open bite which had arisen. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The provision of orthodontics has grown and with this the potential for detrimental occlusal effects due to inadequate extension of occlusal coverage appliances such as retainers and clear aligners.
Foreign bodies in the nasal cavity: incidental findings during routine orthodontic radiographs
Authors: Lam Yung , Murray Alison , Patel Anjli 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: Foreign bodies in the nasal cavity are common amongst young children as they begin to explore their senses. The occurrence in teenagers often goes unreported from a fear of embarrassment therefore resulting in a delay in presentation or until they become symptomatic. The sequelae of foreign bodies in the nasal cavity include prudent discharge, epistaxis, sinusitis and respiratory symptoms. If left untreated this can lead to mucosal necrosis, cutaneous fistula, rhinolith formation and chronic pain. Here, two patients who had foreign bodies in their nasal cavity, which were only discovered as an incidental finding as part of their orthodontic assessment, are reported. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be mindful of the sequelae of foreign bodies in the nasal cavity and the need for thorough assessment of radiographic investigations, particularly in children.
Dental infection as a cause of bacteraemia in infective endocarditis
Authors: Baldin Marysia , Srinivasan Badri , Sharma Sanjay 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: Infective endocarditis is a life-threatening disease that not only involves the heart, but can also affect other organs. Bacteria enter the bloodstream from a source such as a dental infection, and travel through the blood to form vegetations on compromised heart valves. C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels and blood cultures are valuable markers in diagnosing infective endocarditis and the latter can also provide valuable insight into the type of bacteria causing sepsis and which antibiotics are best prescribed. Dental infection has been implicated in over a third of cases of infective endocarditis, and therefore it is important to treat carious, periapically infected or periodontally involved teeth as soon as possible to prevent further deterioration of the patient. CPD/Clinical Relevance: There is much evidence that suggests that dental extractions are a way of introducing bacteria into the bloodstream. However, it is important also to be aware that carious and infected teeth can be a cause of sepsis in a patient with infective endocarditis and may need to be removed to prevent further deterioration.
A case of extensive oral kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with undiagnosed HIV infection
Authors: Causey Christine , Singh Navroz , Parkin Richard 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal soft tissue tumour estimated to affect up to 1 in 20 HIV-infected individuals. Oral involvement is commonly the initial presentation, making it important that oral health providers are able to recognize oral disease in all stages of progression. Its various clinical stages (patch, plaque, nodular) can often mimic other benign lesions, such as pyogenic granuloma, potentially leading to misdiagnosis. This article aims to help improve recognition of KS amongst oral health professionals by raising awareness of its oral features. It is hoped that this will aid in early diagnosis and improved outcomes for patients.CPD/Clinical Relevance: Kaposi's sarcoma is a common tumour amongst HIV-infected individuals often presenting with oral involvement. Recognition of the tumour, especially at the early stages, allows for early diagnosis and treatment, helping to improve patient prognosis.
Essentials of light curing
Authors: Price Richard B , Shortall Adrian C 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: This article provides the key points for ensuring safe, effective and efficient light curing protocols in clinical practice. The article covers light curing unit selection, appropriate irradiance ranges, the effect of operator training and the importance of incorporating material requirements and clinical variables when choosing an appropriate light curing time. Practical advice is given about how to measure the light output and how to minimize the risks of thermal damage to the dental pulp and adjacent soft tissues. The need to protect the eyes of the dental team from the blue light hazard is discussed. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article is written because there is a wide range of technical knowledge and safety awareness about light curing procedures among dentists.
Managing the adenomatous odontogenic tumour (AOT): a case series
Authors: Vasudev Joyti , Panesar Jaspal , Linklater Rognvald , Green Jason , Kelly Robert 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: This article aims to alert clinicians to the presentation and management of the adenomatous odontogenic tumour (AOT). AOTs are unusual benign lesions, often associated with unerupted teeth. They commonly present in the second decade of life and may be particularly relevant to the orthodontist and general dental practitioner, as they may coincide with the age of referral for impacted teeth. The AOT can encapsulate the crown and root of the tooth, resulting in bucco-lingual expansion and can be relatively painless with few or no subjective symptoms. It is important to be aware of this lesion in the maxillofacial region to ensure correct management of this tumour and involvement of any associated teeth. CPD/Clinical Relevance: It is important for referring practitioners to be aware of the multifactorial aetiology of impacted teeth and the timeliness of referral. These anomalies require a multidisciplinary input from both the orthodontic and oral and maxillofacial team. The tumour can result in a three-dimensional thinning of the alveolar bone, resulting in an overall poor long-term prognosis of any involved teeth, particularly during orthodontic alignment.
Demonstrating the benefit of self-ligating brackets in the management of severe dental crowding on a non–extraction basis
Authors: Basati Manveer , Nightingale Claire 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: There is a growing amount of literature describing the benefits of self-ligating brackets; one such benefit is their low friction properties. A clinical case is described in which dental extractions were avoided to alleviate severe crowding and the conclusion is drawn that this may, in part, have been due to the decreased friction in the orthodontic appliance afforded by the use of self-ligating brackets. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article discusses the benefits of self-ligating brackets and describes a clinical case in which, potentially, the low friction properties of self-ligating brackets helped avoid dental extractions.
Current trends in the management of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Authors: Ferrero Emmanuelle , Guigui Pierre 
Published: May 2018

Degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) is a common disease of the degenerative spine, often associated with lumbar canal stenosis. However, the choice between the different medical or surgical treatments remains under debate. Preference for surgical strategy is based on the functional symptoms, and when surgical treatment is selected, several questions should be posed and the surgical strategy adapted accordingly. One of the main goals of surgery is to improve neurological symptoms. Therefore, radicular decompression may be necessary. Radicular decompression can be performed indirectly through interbody fusion or interspinous spacer. However, indirect decompression has some limits, and the most frequent technique is a posterior decompression with fusion. Indeed, in cases of DS, associated fusion or dynamic stabilization are recommended to improve functional outcomes and prevent future destabilization. Risk factors for destabilization, such as anteroposterior and angular mobility, and significant disc height, have been discussed in the literature. When fusion is performed, osteosynthesis is often associated. It is essential to choose the length and position of the fusion according to the pelvic incidence and global alignment of the patient. It is possible to add interbody fusion to the posterolateral arthrodesis to improve graft area and stability, increase local lordosis and open foramina. The most common surgical treatment for DS is posterior decompression with instrumented fusion. Nevertheless, some cases are more complicated and it is crucial to consider the patient’s general health status, symptoms and alignment when selecting the surgical strategy. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170050
Treatment strategies for early-onset scoliosis
Authors: Helenius Ilkka J. 
Published: May 2018

Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is defined as a spinal deformity occurring before the age of ten years. Untreated EOS or early spinal fusion resulting in a short spine is associated with increased mortality and cardiopulmonary compromise. EOS may progress rapidly, and therefore prompt clinical diagnosis and referral to a paediatric orthopaedic or spine unit is necessary. Casting under general anaesthesia can be effective and may prevent or delay the need for surgery in curves of less than 60°. ‘Growing’ rods (traditional or magnetically-controlled) represent the standard surgical treatment in progressive curves of 45° or greater. Children with congenital scoliosis associated with fused ribs benefit from surgery with a vertical titanium prosthetic rib. Surgery with growth-friendly instrumentation is associated with a high risk of complications. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.170051