bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the identity of Anchorosternum sinense(Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Megasternini)
Authors: FIKÁČEK MARTIN , JIA FENGLONG 
Published: March 2019

The monotypic genus Anchorosternum Jia, Wu, & Pu, 2001 (Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Megasterinini) was originally described to accomodate A. sinense Jia, Wu & Pu, 2001, then known from four specimens collected in dung in southern China. At the time of its description, Jia. et al. (2001) were unable to compare it with type material of other megasternine taxa occurring in the Oriental region, and as such the genus was largely diagnosed using the key to megasternine genera published by Hansen (1991), which also can be difficult to use without compartive material at hand. Moreover, all four type specimens were lost when the entomological collection of Sun Yat-sen University (formerly Zhongshan University) in Guangzhou, P. R. China, moved to a new building. Consequently, Anchorosternum remained the last megasternine genus with unclear status following the revision of recently described hydrophilid genera by Short & Fikáček (2011) and the revision of the Megasternini described previously by the Chinese authors by Jia et al. (2011).
Estimating Turbulence Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rates in the Numerically Simulated Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Mixing Layer: Evaluation of Different Methods
Authors: Akinlabi Emmanuel O. , Wacławczyk Marta , Mellado Juan Pedro , Malinowski Szymon P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this work, direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the stratocumulus cloud-top mixing layer is used to test various approaches to estimate the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate ε from one-dimensional (1D) intersections that resemble experimental series. Results of these estimates are compared with “true” (DNS) values of ε in buoyant and inhomogeneous atmospheric flows. We focus on recently proposed methods of the TKE dissipation-rate retrievals based on zero crossings and recovering the missing part of the spectrum. These methods are tested on fully resolved turbulence fields and compared to standard retrievals from power spectra and structure functions. Anisotropy of turbulence due to buoyancy is shown to influence retrievals based on the vertical velocity component. TKE dissipation-rate estimates from the number of crossings correspond well to spectral estimates. The method based on the recovery of the missing part of the spectrum works best for Pope’s model of the dissipation spectrum and is sensitive to external intermittency. This allows for characterization of external intermittency by the Taylor-to-Liepmann scale ratio. Further improvements of this method are possible when the variance of the velocity derivative is used instead of the number of zero crossings per unit length. In conclusion, the new methods of TKE dissipation-rate retrieval from 1D series provide a valuable complement to standard approaches.
The Universality of the Normalized Vertical Velocity Variance in Contrast to the Horizontal Velocity Variance in the Convective Boundary Layer
Authors: Zhou Bowen , Sun Shiwei , Sun Jianning , Zhu Kefeng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe vertical turbulent velocity variance normalized by the convective velocity squared as a function of the boundary layer depth–normalized height [i.e., ] in the convective boundary layer (CBL) over a homogeneous surface exhibits a near-universal profile, as demonstrated by field observations, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations. The profile holds over a wide CBL stability range set by the friction velocity, CBL depth, and surface heating. In contrast, the normalized horizontal turbulent velocity variance increases monotonically with decreasing stability. This study investigates the independence of the profile to changes in CBL stability, or more precisely, wind shear. Large-eddy simulations of several convective and neutral cases are performed by varying surface heating and geostrophic winds. Analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy budgets reveals that the conversion term between and depends almost entirely on buoyancy. This explains why does not vary with shear, which is a source to only. Further analysis through rotational and divergent decomposition suggests that the near-universal profile of is fundamentally related to the dynamics and interactions of local and nonlocal CBL turbulence. Specifically, the preferential interactions between local wavenumbers and the downscale energy cascade of CBL turbulence offer plausible explanations to the universal profile of .
Decomposing Mean Sea Level Rise in a Semi-Enclosed Basin, the Baltic Sea
Authors: Gräwe Ulf , Klingbeil Knut , Kelln Jessica , Dangendorf Sönke 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe analyzed changes in mean sea level (MSL) for the period 1950–2015 using a regional ocean model for the Baltic Sea. Sensitivity experiments allowed us to separate external from local drivers and to investigate individual forcing agents triggering basin-internal spatial variations. The model reveals a basin-average MSL rise (MSLR) of 2.08 ± 0.49 mm yr−1, a value that is slightly larger than the simultaneous global average of 1.63 ± 0.32 mm yr−1. This MSLR is, however, spatially highly nonuniform with lower than average increases in the southwestern part (1.71 ± 0.51 mm yr−1) and higher than average rates in the northeastern parts (2.34 ± 1.05 mm yr−1). While 75% of the basin-average MSL externally enters the Baltic basin as a mass signal from the adjacent North Sea, intensified westerly winds and a poleward shift of low pressure systems explain the majority of the spatial variations in the rates. Minor contributions stem from local changes in baroclinicity leading to a basin-internal redistribution of water masses. An observed increase in local ocean temperature further adds to the total basinwide MSLR through thermal expansion but has little effect on the spatial pattern. To test the robustness of these results, we further assessed the sensitivity to six different atmospheric surface forcing reanalysis products over their common period from 1980 to 2005. The ensemble runs indicated that there are significant differences between individual ensemble members increasing the total trend uncertainty for the basin average by 0.22 mm yr−1 (95% confidence intervals). Locally the uncertainty varies from 0.05 mm yr−1 in the central part to up to 0.4 mm yr−1 along the coasts.
Effects of Visually Induced Motion Sickness on Emergency Braking Reaction Times in a Driving Simulator
Authors: Reinhard René , Tutulmaz Ender , Rutrecht Hans M. , Hengstenberg Patricia , Geissler Britta , Hecht Heiko , Muttray Axel 
Published: March 2019

Objective: The study explores associations of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) with emergency braking reaction times (RTs) in driving simulator studies. It examines the effects over the progression of multiple simulated drives. Background: Driving simulator usage has many advantages for RT studies; however, if it induces VIMS, the observed driving behavior might deviate from real-world driving, potentially masking or skewing results. Possible effects of VIMS on RT have long been entertained, but the progression of VIMS across simulated drives has so far not been sufficiently considered. Method: Twenty-eight adults completed six drives on 2 days in a fixed-base driving simulator. At five points during each drive, pedestrians entered the road, necessitating emergency braking maneuvers. VIMS severity was assessed every minute using the 20-point Fast Motion Sickness Scale. The progression of VIMS was considered in mixed model analyses. Results: RT predictions were improved by considering VIMS development over time. Here, the relationship of VIMS and RT differed across days and drives. Increases in VIMS symptom severity predicted more prolonged RT after repeated drives on a given day and earlier within each drive. Conclusion: The assessment of VIMS in RT studies can be beneficial. In this context, VIMS measurements in close temporal proximity to the behaviors under study are promising and offer insights into VIMS and its consequences, which are not readily obtainable through questionnaires. Application: Driving simulator–based RT studies should consider cumulative effects of VIMS on performance. Measurement and analysis strategies that consider the time-varying nature of VIMS are recommended.
Use of Flavored E-Cigarettes Among Adolescents, Young Adults, and Older Adults: Findings From the Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study
Authors: Soneji Samir S. , Knutzen Kristin E. , Villanti Andrea C. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives: The use of flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is common among e-cigarette users, but little is known about the potential harms of flavorings, the extent to which the concurrent use of multiple flavor types occurs, and the correlates of flavor type use. The objective of this study was to assess the types of e-cigarette flavors used by adolescent (aged 12-17), young adult (aged 18-24), and older adult (aged ≥25) e-cigarette users. Methods: We assessed the prevalence of flavored e-cigarette use within the past month by flavor types and concurrent use of multiple flavor types among past-month e-cigarette users sampled during Wave 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health Study among 414 adolescents, 961 young adults, and 1711 older adults. We used weighted logistic regression models for the use of fruit-, candy-, mint/menthol–, tobacco-, or other-flavored e-cigarettes and concurrent use of multiple flavor types. Covariates included demographic characteristics, e-cigarette use frequency, cigarette smoking status, current use of other tobacco products, and reasons for e-cigarette use. Results: The leading e-cigarette flavor types among adolescents were fruit, candy, and other flavors; among young adults were fruit, candy, and mint/menthol; and among older adults were tobacco or other flavors, fruit, and mint/menthol. Compared with older adults, adolescents and young adults were more likely to use fruit-flavored e-cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56-4.38; and aOR = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.77-3.01, respectively) and candy-flavored e-cigarettes (aOR = 3.81; 95% CI, 2.74-5.28; and aOR = 2.95; 95% CI, 2.29-3.80, respectively) and concurrently use multiple flavor types (aOR = 4.58; 95% CI, 3.39-6.17; and aOR = 2.28; 95% CI, 1.78-2.91, respectively). Conclusions: Regulation of sweet e-cigarette flavors (eg, fruit and candy) may help reduce the use of e-cigarettes among young persons without substantially burdening adult e-cigarette users.
Outcomes of Hypoglossal Nerve Upper Airway Stimulation among Patients with Isolated Retropalatal Collapse
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmad F. , Thaler Erica R. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo examine whether patients with isolated retropalatal collapse perform as well as others following implantation with an upper airway stimulation (UAS) device.Study DesignRetrospective review.SettingSingle‐institution tertiary academic care medical center.Subjects and MethodsFollowing drug‐induced sleep endoscopy, subjects who met inclusion criteria for implantation with a UAS device received an implant per industry standard. Subjects with isolated retropalatal collapse were compared with those having other patterns of collapse. Outcome measures included apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) and nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (NOS).ResultsNinety‐one patients were implanted during the duration of the study, and 82 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Twenty‐five had isolated retropalatal collapse, while the remaining 57 had other patterns of collapse on drug‐induced sleep endoscopy. For all patients, mean preoperative AHI and NOS were 38.7 (95% CI, 35.0‐42.4) and 78% (95% CI, 75%‐80%), respectively; these improved postoperatively to 4.5 (95% CI, 2.3‐6.6) and 91% (95% CI, 91%‐92%). There was no significant preoperative difference between groups with regard to demographics, AHI, or NOS. Group comparison showed postoperative AHI to be 5.7 (95% CI, 0.57‐10.8) for patients with isolated retropalatal collapse and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.7‐6.1) for other patients (P =. 888). Postoperative NOS was 92% (95% CI, 90%‐94%) among patients with isolated retropalatal collapse and 91% (95% CI, 90%‐92%) for others (P =. 402).ConclusionsAll patients showed significant improvement following implantation with UAS. Patients with isolated retropalatal collapse showed similar improvement to other types of collapse with regard to AHI and NOS.
Three-year outcomes after carotid artery revascularization: Gender-related differences
Authors: Casana Renato , Malloggi Chiara , Tolva Valerio Stefano , Odero Jr Andrea , Bulbulia Richard , Halliday Alison , Silani Vincenzo , Parati Gianfranco 
Published: March 2019

Objectives Carotid artery stenosis is thought to cause up to 10% of ischemic strokes. Historically, carotid artery endarterectomy has shown a higher risk of perioperative adverse events for women. More recent trials reported conflicting results regarding the benefit of carotid artery endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting for men and women. The aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate the influence of gender on the short- (30 days) and long-term (3 years) outcomes of carotid artery endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting in a single centre. Methods From 2010 to 2017, 912 consecutive symptomatic and asymptomatic patients who underwent carotid artery endarterectomy (389, 42.7%) or carotid artery stenting (523, 57.3%) in a single institution had been evaluated to determine the influence of sex (540 men, 59.2%, vs. 372 women, 40.8%) on the outcomes after both revascularization procedures during three years of follow-up. The primary endpoint was the incidence of death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and restenosis in the short-term follow-up. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and restenosis in the long-term follow-up. Results Mean clinical follow-up was 21.1 (16.1) months. Women had internal and common carotid artery diameters significantly smaller with respect to men. For peri-procedural outcomes, women undergoing carotid artery stenting had a higher risk of moderate (50–70%) restenosis (6 women, 2.9%, vs. 3 men, 1.0%). For long-term outcomes, women undergoing carotid artery endarterectomy had a higher rate of moderate restenosis (16 women, 16.3%, vs. 11 men, 7.6%). No significant differences in long-term outcomes were observed between men and women undergoing carotid artery stenting, even after stratification for baseline risk factors. Conclusions Contrary to previous reports, from this single-centre study, long-term risk of events seems to be higher in women who underwent carotid artery endarterectomy than in those who underwent carotid artery stenting, while fewer differences were observed in men.
Comparison of acute ischemic stroke evaluation and the etiologic subtypes between university and nonuniversity hospitals in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Khorvash Fariborz , Khalili Mabobeh , Rezvani Habibabadi Roya , Sarafzadegan Nizal , Givi Mahshid , Roohafza Hamid , Yadgarfar Gahsem , Dehghani Leila , Taheri Marzieh , Saadatnia Mohammad 
Published: March 2019

Background and purpose Performing a proper causative workup for ischemic stroke patients is essential as it guides the direction of primary and secondary preventions. We aim to investigate the etiological evaluation of these patients in university and nonuniversity hospitals. Method We enrolled subjects from the Persian Registry of Cardiovascular Disease–stroke. Stroke patients were categorized base on an etiological-based classification (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment or TOAST) into five groups. We also separated patients with ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology due to incomplete standard evaluation from ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology due to negative standard evaluation. The etiological subtypes and diagnostic evaluations were compared between the two hospital groups. Result Ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology was the most common subtype overall (43%). The prevalence of ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology (incomplete standard evaluation) was significantly higher in patients evaluated in nonuniversity hospitals versus university hospital (46.2% vs. 22.3%). Patients with ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology (negative standard evaluation) and large-artery atherosclerosis were significantly more prevalent in university hospitals (10.3% vs. 4.6% and 13.9% vs. 4.4%, respectively). All diagnostic workups were performed more significantly for university hospital patients. Patients with Ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology (negative standard evaluation). Patients were significantly younger (64.91 ± 14.44 vs. 71.42 ± 12.93) and had lower prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension (48.5% vs. 65.4%) and diabetes (19.4% vs. 33.1%) than patients in ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology (incomplete standard evaluation) subgroup. University hospital patients had better clinical outcomes in terms of mortality and degree of disability during one-year follow-up. Conclusion The high clinical burden of ischemic stroke of undetermined etiology especially in nonuniversity hospitals shows the rational for promoting ischemic stroke evaluation and providing specialized stroke centers for these hospitals in a developing country like Iran.
The potential usefulness of sputum cytology in the conclusive diagnosis of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: A case report
Authors: Mizuguchi Seiya , Mizutani Kenichi , Yamashita Manabu , Minato Hiroshi , Yamada Sohsuke 
Published: March 2019

Background: Methotrexate has been used as an anchor drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and is considered to be a cause of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder. Spontaneous regression can occur after withdrawal of methotrexate and may be associated with Epstein–Barr virus positivity and non-diffuse large B cell lymphoma histological type. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are often diagnosed pathologically by lung biopsy. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on the cytological diagnosis of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder using sputum smears. Case: A 70-year-old man, who was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis 13 years previously and who had been treated with methotrexate, presented shortness of breath and productive cough. Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder was suspected as the sputum cytology showed many atypical lymphoid cells with hyperchromatic enlarged nuclei, foamy cytoplasm and distinct nucleoli. Chest computed tomography revealed multiple nodular shadows with interstitial pneumonia in the bilateral lower lung field. A lung biopsy specimen contained atypical lymphoid cells that were immunohistochemically positive for CD20 and MUM-1, and weakly positive for bcl-6, but negative for CD3 and CD10. There were no Epstein–Barr virus-infectious lymphoid cells by ISH-EBER. He was finally diagnosed with methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder (non-germinal center B-cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma histological type). Most of the nodules disappeared spontaneously following the withdrawal of methotrexate. Discussion and conclusion: A cytologically conclusive diagnosis of methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder may be reached using sputum smears and clinical information.
Neck movement during cervical transforaminal epidural injections and the position of the vertebral artery: an anatomical study
Authors: Altafulla Juan , Yilmaz Emre , Lachkar Stefan , Iwanaga Joe , Peacock Jacob , Litvack Zachary , Tubbs R Shane 
Published: March 2019

Background Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (CTFESIs) are sometimes performed in patients with cervical radiculopathy secondary to nerve-root compression. Neck movements for patient positioning may include rotation, flexion, and extension. As physicians performing such procedures do not move the neck for fear of injuring the vertebral artery, we performed fluoroscopy and cadaveric dissection to analyze any movement of the vertebral artery during head movement and its relation to the foramina in the setting of CTFESI. Purpose To determine cervical rotational positioning for optimized vertebral artery location in the setting of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Material and Methods Four sides from two Caucasian whole cadavers (all fresh-frozen) were used. Using a guide wire and digital subtraction fluoroscopy, we evaluated the vertebral artery mimicking a CTFESI, then we removed the transverse processes and evaluated the vertebral artery by direct observation. Results After performing such maneuvers, no displacement of the vertebral artery was seen throughout its course from the C6 to the C2 intervertebral foramina. To our knowledge, this is the first anatomical observation of its kind that evaluates the position of the vertebral artery inside the foramina during movement of the neck. Conclusion Special caution should be given to the medial border of the intervertebral foramina when adjusting the target site and needle penetration for the injection. This is especially true for C6-C4 levels, whereas for the remaining upper vertebrae, the attention should be focused on the anterior aspect of the foramen. Since our study was centered on the vertebral artery, we do not discard the need for contrast injection and real-time digital subtraction fluoroscopy while performing the transforaminal epidural injection in order to prevent other vascular injuries.