bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Rich Nonprecious Metal Single Atom Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Tingting , Zhao Qidong , Fu Yuanyuan , Lei Chaojun , Yang Bin , Li Zhongjian , Lei Lecheng , Wu Gang , Hou Yang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) are considered as the emerging catalysts for boosting electricity‐driven CO2 reduction reaction (CRR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). To replace the rare and expensive noble metal electrocatalysts, developing nonprecious metal SACs (NPMSACs) with superior electrocatalytic activity and stability is of paramount importance for achieving high efficiency in CRR and HER. Herein, a brief overview of recent achievements in the carbon‐rich NPMSACs for both CRR and HER is provided. The synthesis strategies and corresponding electrocatalytic performances of various carbon‐rich NPMSACs are discussed in the order of various metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Zn, and Sn for CRR, as well as Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, and W for HER), with a special attention paid to understand the structure–activity relationships. Finally, the remaining challenges and future perspectives for enhancing CRR and HER performance of NPMSACs are outlined.
Quantification of eight water soluble vitamins in Sutherlandia frutescens species from Botswana using a validated reversed phase HPLC method
Authors: Abibu Moshood A. , Takuwa David T. , Sichilongo Kwenga 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA simple and rapid‐reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and quantification of water‐soluble vitamins; B1, B2, B3, B4, B6, B9, B12 and C from Sutherlandia frutescens (a traditionally used medicinal plant found in Botswana), is presented. Vitamins were extracted using ultrasonic assisted extraction while clean‐up was done by solid‐phase extraction with silica‐based C‐18 cartridges. Eight vitamins were separated and identified using an Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC system fitted with a diode array detector. Two different types of silica‐based bonded C18 columns of equal length and internal diameter were compared for their separation efficiencies using a methanol/formic acid mobile phase system at flow rates of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/min on a gradient elution programme. The separation of eight water‐soluble vitamins was achieved in 12 min at 266 nm. Analytical performance charactristics were evaluated for percent recovery, precision as percent relative standard deviation, limits of detection, limits of quantification and linearity for each vitamin. The method developed herein was applied to determine some water soluble vitamins in a Sutherlandia frutescens plant from Botswana.
Concurrent HPLC detection of javamide‐I/‐II, caffeine, 3‐ O‐caffeoylquinic acid, 4‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid; their comparative quantification and disparity in ground and instant coffees
Authors: Park Jae B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent reports suggest that javamide‐I/‐II found in coffee contain anti‐inflammatory activity greater than 3‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, 4‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid and caffeine. However, there is little information about javamide‐I/‐II amounts in coffee products, impossible to assess their biological activity. Furthermore, there is no reported high‐performance liquid chromatography method to simultaneously measure javamide‐I/‐II, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids, and caffeine. Therefore, a high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed with a photo diode array detector to measure these compounds concurrently in coffee products. A developed high‐performance liquid chromatography method showed a limit of detection (0.005 mg) and linear correlation coefficient of determination higher than 0.99 for javamide‐I/‐II. Also, using this method, great resolution and reproducibility were attained in analyzing coffee products (five ground and seven instant coffees). Javamide‐I/‐II (≤0.25 and ≤1.79 mg/g) were detected in seven and nine coffee products, respectively. However, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids (0.7–14.7 mg/g) and caffeine (10–41 mg/g) were detected in all coffee products. These data suggest higher discrepancy of javamide‐I/‐II than caffeine, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids in coffee products. Altogether, this high‐performance liquid chromatography method can be used in simultaneously measuring javamide‐I/‐II, caffeine, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐O‐caffeoylquinic acids, and significant disparity in their quantities, especially javamide‐I/‐II, may be found in ground and instant coffees.
3‐Methyladenine alleviates excessive iodine‐induced cognitive impairment via suppression of autophagy in rat hippocampus
Authors: Zhao Liang , Zhang Bin , Cui Yushan , Hou Changchun , Zeng Qiang , Gao Tongning , Zhang Zushan , Yu Jingwen , Wang Yang , Wang Aiguo , Liu Hongliang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDrinking water with high levels of iodine has been identified as the key contributor to iodine excess, but the mechanisms of neurotoxicity induced by excessive iodine remain elusive. The present study aimed to explore the role of autophagy in the neurotoxic effect induced by excessive iodine in vivo. The Morris water maze test results demonstrated that excessive iodine impaired the learning and memory capabilities of rats, which were associated with marked body weight and brain weight abnormalities. In addition, iodine treatment increased malondialdehyde accumulation, decreased superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione (GSH) level, and enhanced levels of autophagy markers in the hippocampus. Notably, inhibition of autophagy with 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) could significantly alleviate excessive iodine‐induced cognitive impairment. These data imply that autophagy is involved in the cognitive impairment elicited by excessive iodine as a pathway of cell death, and inhibition of autophagy via 3‐MA may significantly alleviate the above damage.
Integrating after CEN Excision (ICE) Plasmids: Combining the ease of yeast recombination cloning with the stability of genomic integration
Authors: Flagg Matthew P. , Kao Andy , Hampton Randolph Y. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractYeast recombination cloning is a straightforward and powerful method for recombining a plasmid backbone with a specific DNA fragment. However, the utility of yeast recombination cloning is limited by the requirement for the backbone to contain an CEN/ARS element, which allows for the recombined plasmids to propagate. Although yeast CEN/ARS plasmids are often suitable for further studies, we demonstrate here that they can vary considerably in copy number from cell to cell and from colony to colony. Variation in plasmid copy number can pose an unacceptable and often unacknowledged source of phenotypic variation. If expression levels are critical to experimentation, then constructs generated with yeast recombination cloning must be subcloned into integrating plasmids, a step that often abrogates the utility of recombination cloning. Accordingly, we have designed a vector that can be used for yeast recombination cloning but can be converted into the integrating version of the resulting vector without an additional subcloning. We call these “ICE” vectors, for “Integrating after CEN Excision.” The ICE series was created by introducing a “rare‐cutter” NotI‐flanked CEN/ARS element into the multiple cloning sites of the pRS series yeast integration plasmids. Upon recovery from yeast, the CEN/ARS is excised by NotI digest and subsequently religated without need for purification or transfer to new conditions. Excision by this approach takes ~3 hr, allowing this refinement in the same time frame as standard recombination cloning.
Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing
Authors: Losnegard Thomas 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEnergy system contribution during cross-country (XC) skiing races is dependent on several factors, including the race duration, track profile, and sub-techniques applied, and their subsequent effects on the use of the upper and lower body. This review provides a scientific synopsis of the interactions of energy system contributions from a physiological, technical, and tactical perspective. On average, the aerobic proportion of the total energy expended during XC skiing competitions is comparable to the values for other sports with similar racing times. However, during both sprint (≤ 1.8 km) and distance races (≥ 10 and 15 km, women and men, respectively) a high aerobic turnover interacts with subsequent periods of very high work rates at ~ 120 to 160% of VO2peak during the uphill sections of the race. The repeated intensity fluctuations are possible due to the nature of skiing, which involves intermittent downhills where skiers can recover. Thus, the combination of high and sustained aerobic energy turnover and repeated work rates above VO2peak, interspersed with short recovery periods, distinguishes XC skiing from most other endurance sports. The substantially increased average speed in races over recent decades, frequent competitions in mass starts and sprints, and the greater importance of short periods at high speeds in various sub-techniques, have demanded changes in the physiological, technical, and tactical abilities needed to achieve world-class level within the specific disciplines.
Gender als notwendige Perspektive psychotherapeutischen Handelns
Authors: Schigl Brigitte 
Published: May 2019

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel umreißt Prozesse, in denen Doing Gender in der Psychotherapie wirksam wird und nimmt Therapeut_innen wie Patient_innen in ihren Interaktionen in den Blick. Dabei werden spezifische Situationen und Themen im therapeutischen Prozess, in denen Gender zum Tragen kommt, erörtert und die unterschiedliche Tönung der Interaktionen je nach Zusammensetzung der therapeutischen Dyade beschrieben. Dazu werden qualitative Daten von Psychotherapeut_innen und quantitative Daten aus einer großen Patient_innenbefragung (RISK, Donau Universität Krems) verwendet.
Partitioning of Ti and Kinetic Growth Predictions on the Thermally Grown Chromia Scale of a Polycrystalline Nickel-Based Superalloy
Authors: Pedrazzini S. , Rowlands B. S. , Turk A. , Parr I. M. D. , Hardy M. C. , Bagot P. A. J. , Moody M. P. , Galindo-Nava E. , Stone H. J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Titanium is commonly added to nickel superalloys but has a well-documented detrimental effect on oxidation resistance. The present work constitutes the first atomistic-scale quantitative measurements of grain boundary and bulk compositions in the oxide scale of a current generation polycrystalline nickel superalloy performed through atom probe tomography. Titanium was found to be particularly detrimental to oxide scale growth through grain boundary diffusion.
Effects of climate changes on distribution of Eremanthus erythropappus and E. incanus (Asteraceae) in Brazil
Authors: Rocha Lucas Fernandes , do Carmo Isaias Emilio Paulino , Póvoa Joema Souza Rodrigues , de Carvalho Dulcinéia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPhylogeographic patterns of endemic species are critical keys to understand its adaptation to future climate change. Herein, based on chloroplast DNA, we analyzed the genetic diversity of two endemic and endangered tree species from the Brazilian savanna and Atlantic forest (Eremanthus erythropappus and Eremanthus incanus). We also applied the climate-based ecological niche modeling (ENM) to evaluate the impact of the Quaternary climate (last glacial maximum ~ 21 kyr BP (thousand years before present) and Mid-Holocene ~ 6 kyr BP) on the current haplotype distribution. Moreover, we modeled the potential effect of future climate change on the species distribution in 2070 for the most optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. One primer/enzyme combination (SFM/HinfI) revealed polymorphism with very low haplotype diversity, showing only three different haplotypes. The haplotype 1 has very low frequency and it was classified as the oldest, diverging from six mutations from the haplotypes 2 and 3. The E. erythropappus populations are structured and differ genetically according to the areas of occurrence. In general, the populations located in the north region are genetically different from those located in the center-south. No genetic structuring was observed for E. incanus. The ENM revealed a large distribution during the past and a severe decrease in geographic distribution of E. erythropappus and E. incanus from the LGM until present and predicts a drastic decline in suitable areas in the future. This reduction may homogenize the genetic diversity and compromise a relevant role of these species on infiltration of groundwater.
SOUND AND DESIRE: RACE, GENDER, AND INSULT IN EGYPT'S FIRST TALKIE
Authors: Elsaket Ifdal 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article explores the coloniality of gender, sexuality, and desire, and the links between nationalist and commercial imperatives, in the making of Egypt's first sound film, or talkie, in 1932. Through an analysis of the politics, economy, and memory of Yusuf Wahbi's filmAwlad al-Dhawat(Sons of the Aristocrats), it shows how the interplay between new sound technologies, the global film trade, and nationalist and racialized narratives of gender and resistance shaped the contours of ideal femininity and masculinity during the interwar period in Egypt. The article also shows how the film's representations formed at the intersection between the filmmakers’ attempts to challenge colonial stereotyping and their efforts to capture an ever-expanding global film market. Often neglected in cinema scholarship, early filmmaking in Egypt, I argue, is critical to understanding wider processes of nation formation and gendered characterizations.
Comparison of Vancomycin and Cefuroxime for Infection Prophylaxis in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Vuorisalo Sailaritta , Pokela Risto , Syrjälä Hannu 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To investigate clinically significant differences between vancomycin and cefuroxime for perioperative infection prophylaxis in coronary artery bypass surgery.DESIGN: A total of 884 patients were randomized prospectively to receive either cefuroxime (444) or van-comycin (440) and were assessed for infectious complications during hospitalization and 1 month postoperatively.SETTING: A university hospital.RESULTS: The overall immediate surgical-site infection rate was 3.2% in the cefuroxime group and 3.5% in the vancomycin group (difference, −0.3; 95% confidence interval, −2.6-2.1).CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that vancomycin has no clinically significant advantages over cephalosporin in terms of antimicrobial prophylaxis. We suggest that cefuroxime (or first-generation cephalosporins, which were not studied here) is a good choice for infection prophylaxis in connection with coronary artery bypass surgery in institutions without methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusproblems. In addition to the increasing vancomycin-resistant enterococci problem, the easier administration and usually lower price of cefuroxime make it preferable to vancomycin.
Risk Features for Surgical-Site Infections in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Vuorisalo Sailaritta , Haukipuro Kari , Pokela Risto , Syrjälä Hannu 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative and perioperative features that may lead to a risk of surgical-site infection (SSI) after coronary artery bypass surgery.DESIGN: 884 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in 1992 and 1993 were studied. The associations between 23 preoperative and perioperative features and the presence of SSI at the donor site or in the chest area were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.SETTING: A university hospital.RESULTS: 172 patients (19.5%) either had an SSI recorded before discharge or had received antibiotics prescribed for a suspected SSI during the 1-month surveillance period after discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an extreme body mass index (BMI;P=.015), female gender (P=.023), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD;P=.030) to be independent risk features for SSI. The donor site was infected in 136 patients (15.4%), an event for which female gender (P=.003) was the only independent risk feature. Forty-seven patients (5.3%) had an SSI of the chest area, with diabetes (P=.003) and extreme BMI (P=.010) as independent risk features.CONCLUSION: Extreme BMI, female gender, and COPD are highly significant independent predictors of the development of SSI. Female gender is a risk feature specifically for SSI at the donor site, whereas diabetes and extreme BMI predict it in the chest area.
Comparing Nosocomial Infection Rates Among Surgical Intensive-Care Units: The Importance of Separating Cardiothoracic and General Surgery Intensive-Care Units
Authors: Keita-Perse Olivia , Edwards Jonathan R. , Culver David H. , Gaynes Robert P. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTAmong surgical intensive-care units (ICUs), we assessed differences in risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates between cardiothoracic (CT) and general surgery ICUs, using National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance data from 1987 to 1995. Device-associated rates and average length of stay were significantly lower in CT ICUs. Comparisons of risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates among CT ICUs should be made separately from rates from general surgery ICUs.
Het meten van psychomotorische vertraging bij depressie deel I
Authors: Sabbe  , Van Hoof J. , Hulstijn W. , Zitman F. 
Published: May 2019

SamenvattingDeze artikelen (deel I en deel II) bevatten een overzicht van de literatuur van de laatste vijftien jaren over psychomotorische stoornissen bij depressieve patiënten, zoals ze gemeten worden met behulp van de volgende meetmethoden:1.observatieschalen (deel I);2.de meting en de analyse van specifiek non-verbaal gedrag (deel I);3.spraakonderzoek (deel I);4.(keuze) reactietijdmetingen (deel II);5.metingen van grove motoriek (deel II);6.onderzoek van fijne motoriek (deel II).De onderzoeksresultaten warden per methode samengevat. Onderzocht wordt of (a) bij depressieve patiënten een vertraging vastgesteld werd, (b) waaruil deze bestond, (c) welke de aard van de vertraging was, (d) of er correlaties gevonden werden met andere meetmethodes, en (e) welke effecten van behandeling er werden gemeten.
Pathways from early adversity to later adjustment: Tests of the additive and bidirectional effects of executive control and diurnal cortisol in early childhood
Authors: Lengua Liliana J. , Thompson Stephanie F. , Moran Lyndsey R. , Zalewski Maureen , Ruberry Erika J. , Klein Melanie R. , Kiff Cara J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdditive and bidirectional effects of executive control and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation on children's adjustment were examined, along with the effects of low income and cumulative risk on executive control and the HPA axis. The study utilized longitudinal data from a community sample of preschool age children (N = 306, 36–39 months at Time 1) whose families were recruited to overrepresent low-income contexts. We tested the effects of low income and cumulative risk on levels and growth of executive control and HPA axis regulation (diurnal cortisol level), the bidirectional effects of executive control and the HPA axis on each other, and their additive effects on children's adjustment problems, social competence and academic readiness. Low income predicted lower Time 4 executive control, and cumulative risk predicted lower Time 4 diurnal cortisol level. There was little evidence of bidirectional effects of executive control and diurnal cortisol. However, both executive control and diurnal cortisol predicted Time 4 adjustment, suggesting additive effects. There were indirect effects of income on all three adjustment outcomes through executive control, and of cumulative risk on adjustment problems and social competence through diurnal cortisol. The results provide evidence that executive control and diurnal cortisol additively predict children's adjustment and partially account for the effects of income and cumulative risk on adjustment.
Germination response of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia to diurnal fluctuations in temperature
Authors: Ekstam Börje , Forseby Åsa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGermination responses to 45 combinations of diurnal mean temperature and amplitude were examined in freshly collected seeds of two wetland perennials: Typha latifolia L. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. Nearly all seeds (>95%) germinated in favourable temperature regimes. Mean temperature (range 10–30°C) and amplitude (range 0–20°C) affected final germination of both species. P. australis required a high amplitude (> 10°C) for germination over the entire range of mean temperatures. Final germination of T. latifolia was more sensitive to mean temperature than P. australis. The germinated proportion of T. latifolia had a maximum around 20°C, above which it decreased, and amplitudes were more stimulating at low than at high levels of mean temperature. The germination rate was rapid and increased with mean temperature for both species. More than 50% germination was achieved within 1–3 d at favourable temperatures. It is proposed that the thermal requirements provide the non-dormant seeds with a season-sensing mechanism which postpones germination of seeds dispersed during autumn, winter or early spring, until the soil surface is heated by the sun in the spring and sufficiently large diurnal fluctuations of temperature occur. Furthermore, the amplitude requirement implies a strong avoidance mechanism for germination of P. australis in sites with small temperature fluctuations (e.g. below water tables), whereas seeds of T. latifolia appear to be less exacting in the requirements when the soil or water becomes warmer.
Physiological dormancy and germination requirements of seeds of several North American Rhus species (Anacardiaceae)
Authors: Li Xiaojie , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFourteen seedlots of five species of Rhus were surveyed for presence/absence of physiological dormancy and/or for germination requirements of non-dormant seeds. Physiological dormancy was present in the four seedlots of R. aromatica studied, but not in either of the two seedlots of its close relative R. trilobata, which is in contrast to previous reports. Neither were seeds of R. glabra, R. typhina, nor R. virens physiologically dormant. Stratification at 5oC for 1 week or incubation in 500 or 1000 mg/l solutions of gibberellic acid broke physiological dormancy in > 90% of the R. aromaticaseeds. Maturation desiccation acted as a switch from a developmental to a germinative mode in R. aromatica embryos, whereas it was not required for germination of R. glabra or R. virens (R. trilobata and R. typhinanot tested). Seeds of all five species incubated on a moist substrate became fully imbibed in 2 d, at which time moisture content was approx. 70–80%of their initial weight. In general, germination of non-dormant seeds was rather insensitive to temperature and light. Seeds germinated equally well in light and in darkness over a daily (12 h/12 h) temperature range of 15/6–35/20oC. Over a 4 week period, the best germination percentages were obtained at 25/15 and 20/10oC, whereas 35/20oC appeared to be supraoptimal, though not always significantly so. If the incubation period was extended to 30 weeks, germination percentages were as high at 15/6oC as at 25/15 and 20/10oC.
Sustaining the Family: The Case for Effective Early Intervention
Authors: Carpenter Barry 
Published: May 2019

Robert and Louise eagerly anticipated the arrival of their first child, and when Clare was born they were elated. Their joy lasted on a few sort moments. Clare’s physical disability was obvious – only one ear, her chin depressed into her neck. The paediatrician advised an emergency tracheotomy.Numbed with shock, Robert and Louise agreed to the operation. During the operation, Clare lost consciousness for 15 minutes. In spite of this she survived. As feeding was clearly going to be a problem, a nasogatric tube was fitted.