bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextual factors impacting WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control implementation in Africa—a scoping review
Authors: Bandara Shashika , Phiri Masauso Moses , Magati Peter , Drope Jeffrey , Adams Alayne , Hunt Matthew , Lencucha Raphael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco use causes over 8 million deaths annually including 1.3 million due to second-hand exposure. Furthermore, data from the Tobacco Atlas show that the tobacco industry continues to target new markets in the WHO African region, one of two regions where absolute numbers of smokers continue to increase. Understanding context contributes to policy formulation and implementation ensuring relevance to a country’s political economy. Focusing on the WHO African region, this scoping review (i) maps the extent of academic research examining contextual factors on the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) national-level implementation, and (ii) reports on contextual factors impacting the WHO FCTC implementation. Using a stepwise structured approach, we conducted a search across four academic databases, yielding 10 342 articles and 42 were selected for full data extraction. Leichter’s four categories of context (situational, structural, cultural and exogenous) and the stages of heuristic policy model guided data extraction. Study findings indicated that situational contextual factors such as the burden of disease or its impact on health can push governments toward policy formulation. Structural contextual factors included political considerations, economic interests, funding, institutional congruence, strength of policy and institutional capacity as important. Cultural contextual factors included the influence of policy entrepreneurs, current social trends and public opinion. Exogenous contextual factors included the WHO FCTC, tobacco industry influence at the national-level and bi-lateral partnerships. Further understanding contextual factors affecting the WHO FCTC national implementation can strengthen policy formulation and align required support with the WHO FCTC Secretariat and other relevant bodies.
‘It’ll save your lungs’: early insights into nicotine pouch use and perceptions among young Australians
Authors: Watts Christina , McGill Bronwyn , Rose Shiho , Yazidjoglou Amelia , Chapman Lorena , Dessaix Anita , Freeman Becky 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Flavoured oral nicotine pouches, manufactured and marketed by global tobacco companies, such as Philip Morris International (PMI) and British American Tobacco, entered the Australian market in 2024. Despite it being illegal for Australian retailers to sell nicotine pouches, the products have been seized in government enforcement raids of Australian retailers, and have also been promoted to young people by Australian social media influencers. The Australian Federal Government has recognized and expressed concern about the rising profile of nicotine pouches in Australia and the promotion of these products as unproven vaping and smoking cessation aids. Yet to date, there has been no published research on nicotine pouches in Australia. Using focus group and interview data collected in early 2024 as part of Generation Vape, an ongoing Australian national study into adolescent and young adult vaping and smoking, we explored their attitudes to and perceptions of nicotine pouches, including first-hand experiences and drivers of use. The participants perceived an increase in the use and popularity of oral nicotine pouches, including PMI’s Zyn brand, for reasons including claimed sport performance enhancement, vaping cessation and as part of partying and clubbing culture. Some participants perceived nicotine pouches to be a ‘healthier’ alternative to smoking or vaping. It is critical that research on nicotine pouches is collected now to inform public health policy and to prevent the proliferation of a new class of addictive recreational nicotine products in Australia.
Tobacco industry narratives of e-cigarette use in the UK: a qualitative framing analysis
Authors: Harrison Ellie , Petticrew Mark , Burns Rose , van Schalkwyk May C I , Hawkins Benjamin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Public health actors have expressed concerns over the entry of the tobacco industry into the UK e-cigarette market. It is important to be aware of the tobacco industry’s involvement and stated aims for e-cigarettes in the UK, given their historical attempts to divert attention from and escape responsibility for the harms caused by combustible cigarettes. The use of e-cigarettes amongst young people in the UK has remained constant, despite the law prohibiting sales to adolescents and claims by manufacturers and others that they are designed solely as a tool to quit smoking. This study sought to examine how tobacco-related organizations in the UK e-cigarette market frame the use of e-cigarettes. Publicly available materials between September 2015 and June 2023 were collected from four transnational tobacco companies which have invested in the e-cigarette category, and from a UK e-cigarette trade association. A qualitative framing analysis of materials was conducted guided by relevant frameworks from the Commercial Determinants of Health literature. The analysis identified seven framings used by tobacco-related organizations relevant to e-cigarette usage in the UK. These were: co-opting of harm reduction; consumer choice; following the ‘evidence’; insufficient evidence; the right kind of regulation; ‘us’ and ‘them’ rhetoric and marketing and advertising. By highlighting tobacco-related organizations’ e-cigarette framings and contradictions, this study raises awareness of the rhetorical strategies used by the industry which aim to relegitimize tobacco companies in the political and public spheres.
Bundling of unhealthy food products in Johannesburg, South Africa: an exploratory study
Authors: Weiner Renay , Naidoo Darshen , Mahomedy Sameera , Goldstein Susan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
South Africa has high levels of obesity and overweight, which contribute to non-communicable diseases and are associated with poor diets high in ultra-processed foods. Bundling occurs when two or more products are packaged and sold together, often at a discount and is a marketing strategy for unhealthy foods. Given the paucity of data on bundling of unhealthy foods, this exploratory study sought to document how unhealthy foods are bundled together to be more attractive to consumers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Fifty food outlets were included and compared across two regions. In-store photos were taken of bundles and individual items, and data were captured on the costs of the bundle and of individual components. Descriptive analysis and the contents of the bundles based on the photographs and promotional material were conducted. Almost half of all outlets had more than five bundles and nearly a quarter had bundles targeting children. Most children’s meals were burgers, and all had fries as part of the bundle. The average savings per bundle when compared to the combined cost of individual items was R21,39 overall, or 18%. The study demonstrated that unhealthy food bundling is a common practice in food outlets in Johannesburg, often with cost advantages and promotional appeal. Policy options for promoting a favourable food environment include regulating portion sizes of bundles and offering healthy options as part of a bundle. Marketing food to children by bundling unhealthy food with toys is of particular concern and is prohibited in the recently gazetted Regulations Relating to the Labelling and Advertising of Foodstuffs.
How to write an effective journal peer review using a staged writing approach: a best-practice guide for early-career researchers
Authors: August Ella T , Brouwer Andrew F 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Journal peer review is a gatekeeper in the scientific process, determining which papers are published in academic journals. It also supports authors in improving their papers before they go to press. Training for early-career researchers on how to conduct a high-quality peer review is scarce, however, and there are concerns about the quality of peer review in the health sciences. Standardized training and guidance may help reviewers to improve the quality of their feedback. In this paper, we approach peer review as a staged writing activity and apply writing process best practices to help early-career researchers and others learn to create a comprehensive and respectful peer-review report. The writing stages of reading, planning and composing are reflected in our three-step peer-review process. The first step involves reading the entire manuscript to get a sense of the paper as a whole. The second step is to comprehensive evaluate the paper. The third step, of writing the review, emphasizes a respectful tone, providing feedback that motivates revision as well as balance in pointing out strengths and making suggestions. Detailed checklists that are provided in the Supplementary material (available as Supplementary data at IJE online) aid in the paper evaluation process and examples demonstrate points about writing an effective review.
Genetically Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates Manipulate Inflammasome and Interleukin 1β Secretion Independently of Macrophage Metabolic Rewiring
Authors: Fernandes Ana Isabel , Pinto Alexandre Jorge , Silvério Diogo , Zedler Ulrike , Ferreira Carolina , Duarte Iola F , Silvestre Ricardo , Dorhoi Anca , Saraiva Margarida 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts the outcome of tuberculosis. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from patients with severe disease induced low inflammasome activation and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) production by infected macrophages. Here we questioned whether this differential modulation of macrophages by M. tuberculosis isolates depended on distinct metabolic reprogramming. We found that the macrophage metabolic landscape was similar regardless of the infecting M. tuberculosis isolate. Paralleling single–Toll-like receptor (TLR) activated macrophages, glycolysis inhibition during infection impaired IL-1β secretion. However, departing from TLR -based models, in infected macrophages, IL-1β secretion was independent of mitochondrial metabolic changes and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Additionally, we found an unappreciated impact of a host metabolic inhibitor on the pathogen, and show that inflammasome activation and IL-1β production by macrophages require metabolically active bacteria. Our study highlights the potential confounding effect of host metabolic inhibitors on the pathogen and uncoupling of M. tuberculosis-inflammasome modulation from the host metabolic reprogramming.
Outcomes after a virological failure to first-line second-generation INSTI-based therapy in a real-life setting
Authors: Papaioannu Borjesson Rebecka , Clemente Tommaso , Diotallevi Sara , Lolatto Riccardo , Forniti Arianna , Bottanelli Martina , Galli Laura , Gianotti Nicola , Muccini Camilla , Hasson Hamid , Castagna Antonella , Spagnuolo Vincenzo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Virological failures of first-line second-generation (SG) INSTI-based regimens are rare, usually characterized by low viremia and absence of drug resistance mutations.

Objectives
To explore the efficacy of rescue regimens introduced after virological failure (VF) to a first-line SG-INSTI therapy.

Patients and methods
This was a retrospective study on people living with HIV (PWH) failing a first-line SG-INSTI regimen [DTG/3TC, BIC/FTC/TAF, DTG-based three-drug regimen (DTG-3DR)] between 24 March 2016 and 31 December 2021. Follow-up accrued from the second viral load (VL) ≥ 50 copies/mL under SG-INSTI regimen (baseline) until virological success (VS, achievement of at least one VL &lt; 50 copies/mL after baseline) or last visit. Cumulative probabilities of VS were estimated by Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using a log-rank test.

Results
Overall, of 521 naïve PWH who started a first-line SG-INSTI regimen, 45 (8.6%) had VF after a median of 14.9 (IQR = 6.9–25.9) months: 33/395 (8.4%) individuals failed a DTG-3DR, 11/102 (10.8%) a BIC/FTC/TAF and 1/24 (4.2%) failed a DTG/3TC.
At baseline, 12/45 (27%) PWH changed antiretroviral therapy [median baseline VL 134 (IQR = 81–233) copies/mL], while 33 (73%) maintained their failing regimen [median baseline VL 75 (IQR = 60–145) copies/mL].
During a median follow-up of 5.13 (IQR = 3.8–7.1) months, 34 (75.6%) PWH achieved VS: 25/33 (75.8%) maintaining their failing regimen, 9/12 (75%) switched regimen; the estimated 6- and 12-months probabilities of VS were 59% and 84%, respectively.
There was no difference in VS curves between PWH who maintained their failing regimen and those who switched therapy.

Conclusions
Most individuals remained on their failing regimen, achieving spontaneous virological suppression in most cases. These data help to understand a real-life VF scenario in the context of the current SG-INSTI era.
Distributed, immutable, and transparent biomedical limited data set request management on multi-capacity network
Authors: Yu Yufei , Edelson Maxim , Pham Anh , Pekar Jonathan E , Johnson Brian , Post Kai , Kuo Tsung-Ting 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective
Our study aimed to expedite data sharing requests of Limited Data Sets (LDS) through the development of a streamlined platform that allows distributed, immutable management of network activities, provides transparent and intuitive auditing of data access history, and systematically evaluated it on a multi-capacity network setting for meaningful efficiency metrics.

Materials and Methods
We developed a blockchain-based system with six types of smart contracts to automate the LDS sharing process among major stakeholders. Our workflow included metadata initialization, access-request processing, and audit-log querying. We evaluated our system using synthetic data on three machines with varying specifications to emulate real-world scenarios. The data employed included ∼1000 researcher requests and ∼360 000 log queries.

Results
On average, it took ∼2.5 s to register and respond to a researcher access request. The average runtime for an audit-log query with non-empty output was ∼3 ms. The runtime metrics at each institution showed general trends affiliated with their computational capacity.

Discussion
Our system can reduce the LDS sharing request time from potentially hours to seconds, while enhancing data access transparency in a multi-institutional setting. There were variations in performance across sites that could be attributed to differences in hardware specifications. The performance gains became marginal beyond certain hardware thresholds, pointing to the influence of external factors such as network speeds.

Conclusion
Our blockchain-based system can potentially accelerate clinical research by strengthening the data access process, expediting access and delivery of data links, increasing transparency with clear audit trails, and reinforcing trust in medical data management. Our smart contracts are available at: https://github.com/graceyufei/LDS-Request-Management.
Stability of spatial orbits around Earth–Moon triangular libration points
Authors: Liu Mu-Lin , Hou Xi-Yun , Li Bo-Sheng , Li Hao-Han 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The stability of spatial orbits around the triangular libration points in the ephemeris model of the Earth–Moon system is studied. Five contributions are made: (1) practical stable spatial orbits in the ephemeris Earth–Moon system lasting thousands of years or even longer are first reported, and spatial stable regions are identified. (2) The mechanism that shapes the boundaries of the spatial stable regions is investigated, and is found to be related to resonances among the precession rates of the lunar orbit, the precession rates of the small body, the mean orbital motion of the Sun, and the libration frequency of the co-orbital motion. (3) Influence on the spatial stable regions from the solar radiation pressure is studied. It is found that the spatial stable region generally shrinks with increasing solar radiation pressure strength. Dust grains with sizes of millimetres in magnitude or smaller generally escape in hundreds of years while objects with larger sizes can stay for thousands of years or even longer; (4) difference between the bi-circular problem model and the ephemeris model in describing the spatial stable regions is presented. (5) The observation of possible objects in the spatial stable orbits is discussed. With the public’s growing interest in the cislunar space, the current study is a good attempt to enhance the understanding of the practical orbital dynamics in the cislunar space.
Three dimensional end-to-end simulation for kilonova emission from a black hole neutron star merger
Authors: Kawaguchi Kyohei , Domoto Nanae , Fujibayashi Sho , Hamidani Hamid , Hayashi Kota , Shibata Masaru , Tanaka Masaomi , Wanajo Shinya 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
We study long-term evolution of the matter ejected in a black hole neutron star (BH–NS) merger employing the results of a long-term numerical-relativity simulation and nucleosynthesis calculation, in which both dynamical and post-merger ejecta formation is consistently followed. In particular, we employ the results for the merger of a $1.35\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ NS and a $5.4\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ BH with the dimensionless spin of 0.75. We confirm the finding in the previous studies that thermal pressure induced by radioactive heating in the ejecta significantly modifies the morphology of the ejecta. We then compute the kilonova (KN) light curves employing the ejecta profile obtained by the long-term evolution. We find that our present BH–NS model results in a KN light curve that is fainter yet more enduring than that observed in AT2017gfo. This is due to the fact that the emission is primarily powered by the lanthanide-rich dynamical ejecta, in which a long photon diffusion time-scale is realized by the large mass and high opacity. While the peak brightness of the KN emission in both the optical and near-infrared bands is fainter than or comparable to those of binary NS models, the time-scale maintaining the peak brightness is much longer in the near-infrared band for the BH–NS KN model. Our result indicates that a BH–NS merger with massive ejecta can observationally be identified by the long lasting (&gt;two weeks) near-infrared emission.
New insight into the orbital parameters of the gamma-ray binary HESS J0632 + 057
Authors: Matchett Natalie , van Soelen Brian 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The gamma-ray binary HESS J0632 + 057 consists of a Be star and an undetected compact object in a $\sim$317 d orbit. The interpretation of the emission from this system is complicated by the lack of a clear orbital solution, as two different and incompatible orbital solutions were obtained by previous radial velocity studies of this source. In order to address this, we report on 24 new observations, covering $\sim$60 per cent of the orbit which we have undertaken with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). We obtained new radial velocity measurements by cross-correlating the narrower spectral features and fitting Voigt profiles to the wings of the Balmer emission lines. Additionally, we find an indication of orbital variability in the equivalent widths and V/R ratio of the Balmer lines. Using the combined data from this study, as well as archival data from the earlier radial velocity studies, we have derived updated orbital solutions. Using reported H $\alpha$ emission radial velocities – previously not considered for the orbital solution – along with the new SALT data, a solution is obtained where the brighter peak in the X-ray and gamma-ray light curves is closer to periastron. However, continuing sparse coverage in the data around the expected phases of periastron indicates that the orbital solution could be improved with further observation.
A statistical and multiwavelength photometric approach to investigate a young embedded open star cluster: NGC 6193
Authors: Sheikh A H , Deka Simanta , Medhi Biman J 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a statistical and multiwavelength photometric study of the young open cluster NGC 6193. To determine cluster membership, we used an unsupervised ensemble-based machine-learning approach and identified 246 cluster members with a search radius of 30 arcmin using $Gaia$ DR3 astrometry data. From isochrone fitting using asteca, we found that NGC 6193 is a very young open cluster with an age of 4.22 Myr at a distance of 1.295 Kpc having metallicity, z$\sim$ 0.023 and an extinction of $A_v$$\sim$ 1.452. We analysed the mass function (MF) for NGC 6193 using the Monte Carlo method. The MF is found to be segmented at mass $\sim$0.69 M$_{\odot }$ and MF slope for the low-mass end, $\Gamma _\mathit{ B}$ = 2.09, and for the high-mass end $\Gamma _\mathit{ A}$ = −1.09. The young stellar objects (YSOs) have been identified using the $(J-H)\ \mathrm{ versus}\ (H-K)$ colour–colour diagram and the identified YSOs have masses 0.15 to 6.0 M$_{\odot }$ and ages $\le$3 Myr. We determined the extinction using the PNICER technique, which is found to be consistent with the dust structure obtained from the 22 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ dust continuum emissions map of WISE for the cluster region. We found that NGC 6193 is a dynamically young cluster with mass segregation, which may have resulted from either primordial star formation processes or early dynamical evolution. We also performed orbit analysis using galpy and the cluster is found to be within the solar circle. Finally, at the end, we discussed the star formation scenario in the cluster region.
Miscentring of optical galaxy clusters based on Sunyaev–Zeldovich counterparts
Authors: Ding Jupiter , Dalal Roohi , Sunayama Tomomi , Strauss Michael A , Oguri Masamune , Okabe Nobuhiro , Hilton Matt , Monteiro-Oliveira Rogério , Sifón Cristóbal , Staggs Suzanne T 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The ‘miscentring effect’, i.e. the offset between a galaxy cluster’s optically defined centre and the centre of its gravitational potential, is a significant systematic effect on brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) studies and cluster lensing analyses. We perform a cross-match between the optical cluster catalogue from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey S19A Data Release and the Sunyaev–Zeldovich cluster catalogue from Data Release 5 of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). We obtain a sample of 186 clusters in common in the redshift range $0.1 \le z \le 1.4$ over an area of 469 deg$^2$. By modelling the distribution of centring offsets in this fiducial sample, we find a miscentred fraction (corresponding to clusters offset by more than 330 kpc) of ∼25 per cent, a value consistent with previous miscentring studies. We examine the image of each miscentred cluster in our sample and identify one of several reasons to explain the miscentring. Some clusters show significant miscentring for astrophysical reasons, i.e. ongoing cluster mergers. Others are miscentred due to non-astrophysical, systematic effects in the HSC data or the cluster-finding algorithm. After removing all clusters with clear, non-astrophysical causes of miscentring from the sample, we find a considerably smaller miscentred fraction, $\sim 10~\,\rm per\,cent$. We show that the gravitational lensing signal within 1 Mpc of miscentred clusters is considerably smaller than that of well-centred clusters, and we suggest that the ACT SZ centres are a better estimate of the true cluster potential centroid.