bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hidden costs of urban and territorial planning
Authors: Mundula Luigi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Approaching the urban and territorial planning process two main facts need to be considered. First, this activity, as a decision-making process oriented to define and introduce specific policies, is generally influenced by the actions of pressure groups. Second, urban and territorial planning, via the conditionings and limits imposed upon the ways in which land can be used, may affect many social dynamics in ways where there is not always a clear distinction between the costs and the benefits. The contribution highlights these issues using the economic analysis tools and aim to consider in particular the hidden costs of the urban and territorial planning, namely: transaction, operational and assessment costs. The results of the analysis highlights how the planning process allows to protect public goods, such as environmental health and safety, as well as to ensure competitive markets. But an excessive or misusing of the planning instrument is harmful, produces unnecessary costs for businesses, citizens and public institutions, fuels corruption, improves injustice, paralyzes economic activities and loads the action of government. Too many rules or confusing and contradictory rules are equivalent to no rules. The normative proliferation feeds the uncertainty and asymmetric information, increases the possibilities of interpretation encouraging elusory behaviors that constitute the first step towards the illegality. Improving the planning system is therefore an essential prerequisite to modernize the countries, but taking actions to correct, from time to time, individual dysfunctions caused by wrong, outdated, unnecessary invasive and rigid rules it’s not enough. It is necessary to change the decision-making process, from hierarchical systems to a more complex system that involves participation, monitoring and evaluation and is able to help decision makers to better understand the outcomes of their choices (minimizing the cost for the public institution), to limit (if it is not possible to eliminate) the opportunistic behavior and, if verified, to punish it immediately.
Comparative Study of Formal Public Transport Network and Informal Public Transport Network of Nagpur, India
Authors: Sawarkar Rajesh A , Patil Akshay P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the developing countries along with formal public transport network (FPTN), informal public transport network (IPTN) also plays an integral role by achieving high public transport ridership. IPTN caters effectively to the user’s expectations and appears to be highly integrated with urban fabric. IPTN either complements or compete with the existing FPTN, even though due credit is not given to IPTN and considered as unlawful entities. Efficiency and robustness of transport network is based on topological structure of network. To summarize which network is more efficient and robust, the study tests the network parameters of formal Public Transport Network and Informal Public Transport Network of Nagpur (India). A topological measure of network structure has tested based on elementary concepts of graph theory. We explore the network structure and their properties. The practical significance of the network parameters was then analysed. In the IPTN the degree of small-worldliness is smaller, as compared to FPTN, indicative of IPTN being more robust as compared to FPTN. This study provides an approach to understand the efficiency of an Informal public transport network in combination with Formal public transport network. The article identifies the importance of Informal public transport network to improve the Complementarity with the formal public transport network. Integrating formal and informal transportation network into a hybrid network has the potential to induce the desired relationships amongst FPTN and IPTN, i.e. competing or complimenting nature to improve the overall efficiency of FPTN.
Details of Krakow’s Modernist townhouses
Authors: Makowska Beata 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the key features of façade details typical for townhouses erected in Krakow in the period 1918-1939. It emphasizes the importance of the townhouse details for Krakow’s cultural heritage and the pressing need to document them. Since the funds of the Social Committee for the Renovation of Krakow’s Monuments are allocated in the first priority to overhauls of public utility buildings and registered monuments, the modernist buildings have little, if any, chances for renovation. Meanwhile, they continue to fall into disrepair, which makes the documentation efforts even more urgent. Only a few most precious buildings from the interwar period are listed in the register of monuments. The remaining ones are not awarded by appropriate legal protection. Based on the analysis of the influences of a variety of trends on the development of Krakow’s townhouse façades and their details in the period 1918-1939, three basic groups of façades were identified. The first one relied on the historic style, the second, and most numerous one, combined historic and functionalist forms, while the third one emerged under explicit influence of functionalism. Key elements of the historic stylistics include: symmetry and division of the façade into three parts (bossage on the wall base, vertically articulated main part, finial), strong emphasis on the entrance portal, conspicuous cornices and decorations. In townhouses combining historic and functional forms, the prevailing stylistic elements include simple poles, lesenes (often worked in the plaster texture), enhanced with decorations (coats of arms, friezes, etc.). The ornamental-stylistic current typical of the ‘Krakow school’ comes in several different iterations. Few townhouses were explicitly influenced by the European functionalism. Designers aimed at simplifying the detail forms and their geometrization, producing an effect that revealed more deeply the functional content of the mass. The functionalist current in Krakow differed artistically from the avant-garde European projects. Nonetheless, it shared similar rationalist objectives – usability, economy and simplicity. Façade details often served as a link between contemporaneity and previous periods; they took account of features typical of the Krakow’s historic architecture.
Environmental Performance of a Social Housing Type Characteristic of South-Eastern Mexico
Authors: Alexis Barrientos-Gonzalez R. , Vega-Azamar Ricardo E. , Cruz Julio C. , Rosas-Correa Gabriela , Oropeza-García Norma A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
National indicators point that 85% of Mexico’s energy production come from fossil fuels. Quintana Roo is the state with the most significant increase on energy consumption with almost 20% from 2010 to 2017. This project carries out a holistic energy analysis approach in three case studies in typical dwellings built with average materials and construction systems under tropical climate conditions. Two validation levels were performed, one with an historical weather data file, and the second one with a costumed weather file corresponding to February 2019. The obtained values of mean bias error on an hourly-based analysis in interior conditions varied with the following ranges: level 1, from 1.57% to 2.11%; in level 2, from 1.17% to 1.74%. On the other hand, it was also found that the first level of simulation predicted the electricity consumption slightly closer to actual values reported for February 2019, with values ranging from 7.56% to 16.63%. However, further analysis with more detailed input data and monitoring of daily consumption is recommended in order to reduce the variation ranges.
The Contingent Valuation Method in the Study of Ecosystem Services on the Example of the Urban Natural System of Lubartów
Authors: Lipinska Halina , Klopotowska Agnieszka , Wlosek Dorota 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The living standards and quality in the city are determined mainly by the urban ecosystem. When the locals are more aware of the advantages provided by the services of this ecosystem, they have a positive approach to the presence of green areas in the city. The research of the economic values of ecosystem services is currently one of the strongest arguments in favour of protection and may turn out to be especially effective in support of sustainable urban development. This is the reason for initiation of research aimed at assessment of the values of the ecosystem services provided by specific elements of the urban ecosystem in Lubartów. The survey was conducted online in 2017. The monetary value of UNS was evaluated with the use of the contingent valuation method. For this purpose, the amount defined by the respondents in the survey which they were willing to pay (WTP) for the improvement of the quality of the environment and other advantages resulting from UNS, or for the sole certainty that a particular asset existed, or the amount of compensation (WTA) expected for the loss of that asset or limited access to it. The urban natural system of Lubartów (approx. 265 ha) was estimated by the residents at PLN 5,832,756 for WTP, and PLN 5,502,600 for WTA. Moreover, the respondents declared that annually they were willing to pay PLN 212 to ensure a non-degraded and correctly functioning natural environment or they were willing to accept a compensation of PLN 200 for its loss. The respondents considered the urban park to be of the greatest importance, but they earmarked the highest amount of money to the upkeep of home gardens and garden allotments.
Earthen Forms in the Landscape of Cities as Structures of Symbolic
Authors: Porada Karolina , Zachariasz Agata 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The intentional arrangement of earthen forms in the landscape is a measure that has been used since ancient times. Their significance changed over the centuries, similarly to the scale of the structures that were being built. All manners of escarpments, mounds and embankments functioned as integral elements of a visual, religious, sepulchral and commemorative significance within the landscape, in addition to constituting the basis of the compositions of garden and park layouts. In prehistory there appeared a tradition of the forming of artificial hills, examples of which were the most numerous in areas of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Scandinavia and central Europe (including, among other areas, Poland). During later periods, along with the disappearance of pagan cultures, the tendency had disappeared as well until the late Middle Ages, when earthen embankments were used, among other things, as tombs or in order to delineate the borders of landed estates. During the Renaissance and the Baroque the building of so-called parnassi (from the name Parnassus), which were garden mounds, gained in popularity. In modern times, in turn, mounds and other artificial embankments were erected mainly as monuments commemorating national heroes and important evens (e.g. the Kościuszko and Piłsudski mounds in Krakow). Since the second half of the twentieth century landscape architects have often employed these types of spatial elements. This fascination with the use of earthworks - both for practical (e.g. waste treatment, reducing noise and air pollution), as well as artistic reasons - provides excellent effects in the spaces of cities. It aids in the individualisation of the landscape and of individual places, in building their identity and distinctness. Despite the fact that the reasons for using earthen forms in the landscape have been changing since ancient times all the way to the present, in many cases it is the symbolic value constitutes the overarching creative idea. This phenomenon has been presented in the article. Selected case studies, primarily from Europe and the United States of America, were analysed. The use of these forms throughout history has been presented - ranging from prehistoric geoglyphs or tombs, mounds used as monuments, e.g. those in Krakow, to contemporary layouts, e.g. the Vietnam Veterans Memorial by M. Lin, the Jacobs Javitz Plaza by M. Schwartz or the built projects by Ch. Jencks. The mutual correlations between structures built during different historical periods - for instance common archetypes or the idea of visual and spatial connections - is also an interesting problem. Elevating the landscape to the rank of a symbol causes space to gain an intangible value and provides visitors with new experiences. The placement of these types of structures within the contemporary landscape appears to be a beneficial measure making it possible to create not only a harmonious or beautiful space, but also one that has meaning.
Selected Aspects of Revitalisation in the Land Development of the City Moat in Jeziorany
Authors: Zagroba Marek , Pawlowicz Joanna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Historic town quarters, as an area often referred to as the Old Town, used to be and still are perceived as playing the role of the town centre. This is almost invariably true about small towns, as there the Old Town is associated with the site where the town was established and is a manifestation of the town’s historic identity. Therefore, the functional and spacial problems in many small localities face tend to concentrate in their historic centres, where they are compounded by the high density of buildings. The complexity of elements which compose the structure of historic town centres calls for such actions that will ensure a more prominent exposition of the Old Town against the backdrop of the other urban areas. This entails the necessity to solve numerous problems, not only spatial but also economic and social ones. Every town is a living organism, and a place where people live. The key to solving the above problems to by developing revitalisation programmes to improve the quality of space and to ensure sustainable development of centres in historic towns. An example is the historic quarter in Jeziorany, a town with medieval roots which lies in Warmia, a historic region situated in north-eastern Poland. This paper is devoted to a revitalisation project carried out in Jeziorany. Selected aspects are presented of a land development plan designed to revitalise the former moat in Jeziorany, a historic town in Warmia. The moat lies within the Symsarna River Valley Protected Landscape Area. Until recently, it had looked like a belt of untrimmed greenery stretching around the town’s centre. Part of the programme for revitalisation of Jeziorany’s centre, it was the first accomplished stage on the way of giving the town centre a new quality. Once reorganised and improved, this area now contributes to the centre-forming character of the Old Town, enables a better exposition of the Old Town’s historic buildings, has a positive influence on the public urban space and attains a social dimension by improving the local community’s life quality.
Revitalisation of the moat in Jeziorany is an example of implementation of some positive spatial solutions in the centre of a small historic town. The process of renewing this area with respect to its functional and visual assets demonstrates that the execution of programmes dedicated to the improvement of urban structures produces a positive impact on the functions performed by town centres and on towns’ economic and social growth. Analogous actions in other towns may have a profound influence on the atmosphere (genius loci) of certain areas in urban landscapes, which can considerably strengthen the bonds within local communities.
The Attractiveness of City as Place to Live: The Case of Yekaterinburg
Authors: Antonova Natalya , Abramova Sofia , Pimenova Olga , Tomberg Olga 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Within increasing competition between cities for human resources a problem to enhance attractiveness of urban life is coming to the fore. While planning and designing urban environment major focus is given to the needs and interests of different population groups. Hence, a city should become a place of attracting creative people, individuals and groups which possess special knowledge and skills necessary for promoting, developing and improving an area that could become appealing to business, investors, tourists, etc.. With this purpose much attention should be paid to student-age youth as a potential driver of the area development by transforming a place of residence into an attractive urban environment. The purpose of this study is to analyze how student-age young people of Yekaterinburg perceive and assess attractiveness of the city as a place to live. Yekaterinburg is the biggest Russian industrial city that claims to be the “third” capital (after Moscow and Saint Petersburg). In 2017 we worked out an author’s questionnaire containing 10 questions and conducted a standardized sociological poll of students of Yekaterinburg. 71 men and 129 women aged 18-25 of different academic fields participated in the survey. 42% of poll participants are local residents of Yekaterinburg (they were born in it and live here on a permanent basis), 58% came here from other places (80% of respondents moved to Yekaterinburg to study in higher educational establishments). Research findings showed that Yekaterinburg as a place to live is attractive for students due to a wide range of malls and shops, extended cultural and leisure facilities, opportunities for higher education and self-actualization. Meanwhile, the students pointed out some problem zones of the city like ecological situation, pavement condition, pollution, corruption and impossibility to take part in solving city problems. The young people consider park areas, transport accessibility (subway availability), extended network of cultural and recreational centers to be major attractive factors of urban life. General results of the poll and students’ assessments indicate that a city as a place to live has two facets: a “comfortable” city with parks and gardens, cultural and leisure facilities, conditions for creative self-fulfillment and innovation and an “instrumental” city as a place for career development and material welfare.
Systemic integrated method as the basis for high-quality planning of construction production
Authors: Abramov I.L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The construction production technology of a large-scale investment project is an integrated process that involves diverse contracting organizations each with its own mechanical equipment, managers, engineers and workers. Operations of hundreds of participants are interrelated. These interrelations give rise to multiple factors of various nature and frequency that introduce substantial changes in the construction technology due to disruption of the preset progress rate. Multiple diverse factors affecting the behavior of a construction system call for appropriate research in this area and developing adequate managerial tools in order to achieve the project’s quality targets. It should be noted that a contracting organization is an important structural subdivision of a construction system. In this connection, there is a need for setting integrated scientifically complex tasks and holding appropriate research with a view to developing models and tools of integrated operational management of a construction project. Before a management system for construction of buildings and structures is designed, information should be collected about external and internal factors affecting a structural subdivision of a construction project. An integrated nature of a construction subdivision is among the critical indicators in this regard. Having analyzed and weighted each factor, a certain tool should be developed to identify the dependence of the integration indicator of the construction subdivision on these factors. It implies the development of an algorithm and models based on a mathematical approach with subsequent experiments, description of the findings and increasing the flexibility of the management system being developed. This research will apply a systemic approach based on system engineering that involves the study of characteristics of a project as an integrated whole, a unified system proceeding from the idea that the integrated whole has some qualities that are extrinsic to its constituent parts. Consistent and predicted results are achieved more efficiently and successfully when operations are coordinated, and all processes are interrelated and focused on attaining a common objective. It is important to note a prevailing problem of combining various professionals in a single team tackling a shared engineering task. Understanding an organization’s environment is a process. This process involves a number of factors that affect the intention, objectives and sustainability of construction companies.
Life-Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Foundation Systems of Buildings
Authors: Kraus Michal , Juhasova Senitkova Ingrid 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
According to laws in force, the construction process is required to be as efficient as possible in terms of energy. The reason is that the building sector is growing and more and more energy is needed. Buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of CO2 emissions in the member states of the European Union. Sustainable foundation systems of buildings are not only energy efficient but also environmentally friendly. According to the research project Heartland Green Sheets, the recommended criteria for evaluating sustainable buildings materials are low embodied energy, recyclable, use renewable resources, locally or regionally produced, energy efficient, low environmental impact, durable, minimize waste, positive social impact and affordable. This study focuses on selecting the most sustainable foundation system based on life-cycle assessment (LCA) and sustainability assessment of alternate shallow foundation systems. The multi-criteria analysis of the most used and modern foundation systems with sustainable materials in term of life cycle assessment is presented within the paper. Sustainability assessment of alternate shallow foundations is performed based on three pillars of the sustainability (environmental, economic, and social). The variants are assessed in terms of labor, time and financial demands, energy and environmental performance.
Material VOC Emissions and Indoor Air Quality Simulation
Authors: Kraus Michal , Juhasova Senitkova Ingrid 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The contribution reports on a simulation study of indoor air quality in relation to different ventilation rates specified for 3 categories of the indoor environment according to EN 15 251. Indoor air quality and energy management are often at the opposite ends of the building management spectrum. The buildings are polluted by occupants of the building themselves. The indoor air quality can be expressed at the required level of ventilation or Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration. Actually, the indoor air quality is influenced by emission from building surface materials and furnishing, occupants and their activities. VOCs play an important role in the indoor air quality evaluation process. VOC emissions adversely affect both occupant comfort and health. Most of the health hazards associated with VOC emissions occur during the first few weeks of building use. The Indoor Air Quality Emission Simulation Tool developed by National Research Council is used for simulating the VOCs emission impact of selected materials based on the amount of materials used and the ventilation rates in a model room, in this case study. IA-Quest predicts the emission of VOCs from building surface materials and furnishings, helping to select low-emission materials and effective ventilation strategies. The results showed the benefit of removing the increased amount of TVOC generated in time of the unoccupied period. The differences in TVOC concentrations were not obvious between two higher ventilation conditions (2.00 and 1.40 l/s.m2). More significant difference was estimated between categories A, B and category C (0.80 l/s.m2).