bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbonaceous matter in the Sariçiçek meteorite
Authors: Yesiltas Mehmet , Glotch Timothy D. , Jaret Steven , Verchovsky Alexander B. , Greenwood Richard C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAs of today, the Sariçiçek (SC) meteorite is the newest howardite and the only confirmed fall among the 17 known howardites. In this study, we present isotopic, infrared, and Raman data on three distinct pieces of the SC meteorite. Our oxygen isotopic measurements show that Δ17O values of the pieces are close to each other, and are in good agreement with other howardites, eucrites, and diogenites. The carbon isotopic measurements, which were conducted by combusting terrestrial contamination selectively at temperatures lower than 500–600 °C, show the presence of indigenous carbon in the SC specimens. The matrix of these specimens, investigated via infrared microspectroscopy, appears to be dominated by clinopyroxene/orthopyroxene, forsterite, and fayalite, with minor contributions from ilmenite, plagioclase, and enstatite. Carbon‐rich regions were mapped and studied via Raman imaging microspectroscopy, which reveals that both amorphous and graphitic carbon exist in these samples. Synchrotron‐based infrared microspectroscopy data show the presence of very little aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The SC meteorite is suggested to be originating from the Antonia impact crater in the Rheasilvia impact basin on 4 Vesta (Unsalan et al. 2019). If this is in fact the case, then the carbon phases present in the SC samples might provide clues regarding the impactor material (e.g., carbonaceous chondrites).
Combined pro‐breastfeeding practices are advantageous in facilities providing maternity and newborn services
Authors: Bizon Agnes Meire Branco Leria , Giugliani Camila , Castro de Avilla Lago Juliana , de Senna Andrea Francis Kroll , Martins Ana Cláudia Magnus , de Jezus Castro Stela Maris , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the association between a set of pro‐breastfeeding practices in facilities providing maternity and newborn services and the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days postpartum, considering the contribution of each practice. A cross‐sectional study nested within a cohort study was conducted with 287 women who delivered healthy term infants in two hospitals in southern Brazil. They were interviewed at home at 30 days postpartum. The following practices were evaluated: skin‐to‐skin contact soon after birth, breastfeeding in the first hour, uninterrupted rooming‐in, professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, no supplementation with infant formula, and no pacifier use. A score of pro‐breastfeeding practices was calculated using a logistic model, which allowed each practice to have its discriminatory capacity and difficulty estimated individually. Poisson regression was used to estimate the association between exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days and the pro‐breastfeeding practice score. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days was 61.7%. The practices with greatest discriminatory capacity, that is, those that contributed most to the score estimates, were professional support with breastfeeding, breastfeeding guidance, and encouragement to breastfeed on demand. The most difficult ones were breastfeeding in the first hour, encouragement to breastfeed on demand, and non‐utilization of infant formula. For each unit (standard deviation) of increase in the score, there was an increase of 20% in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days. We conclude that the set of pro‐breastfeeding practices assessed here increased the effect of these practices on exclusive breastfeeding rates at 30 days.
A New Task for Philosophy of Science
Authors: Maxwell Nicholas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper argues that we philosophers of science have before us an important new task that we urgently need to take up. It is to convince the scientific community to adopt and implement a new philosophy of science that does better justice to the deeply problematic basic intellectual aims of science than that which we have at present. Problematic aims evolve with evolving knowledge, that part of philosophy of science concerned with aims and methods thus becoming an integral part of science itself. The outcome of putting this new philosophy into scientific practice would be a new kind of science, both more intellectually rigorous and one that does better justice to the best interests of humanity.
Recovering Early Modern Women Writers
Authors: Gordon‐Roth Jessica , Kendrick Nancy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFeminist work in the history of philosophy has been going on for several decades. Some scholars have focused on the ways philosophical concepts are themselves gendered. Others have recovered women writers who were well known in their own time but forgotten in ours, while still others have firmly placed into a philosophical context the works of women writers long celebrated within other disciplines in the humanities. The recovery of women writers has challenged the myth that there are no women in the history of philosophy, but it has not eradicated it. What, we may ask, is impeding our progress? This paper argues that so often we treat early modern women philosophers’ texts in ways that are different from, or inconsistent with, the explicit commitments of the analytic tradition, and in so doing, we may be triggering our audiences to reject these women as philosophers, and their texts as philosophical. Moreover, this is the case despite our intention to achieve precisely the opposite effect.
Philosophy’s Diversity Problem
Authors: Kings A. E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the underrepresentation of women and minorities in academic philosophy. Specifically, it focuses on why, given the relatively even male/female ratio at undergraduate level, women are underrepresented at every level above this. It addresses some of the misconceptions and myths surrounding women in philosophy, including those surrounding the discussion of the different‐intuition hypothesis. It also explores the ways in which feminist research in philosophy is subject to marginalisation as a result of systematic exclusionary practices typical of the dominant culture of justification within traditional philosophy. It argues for the necessity of an intersectional approach, and the importance of taking seriously the psychological and sociological analysis of underrepresentation, in order to improve both the experience and the representation of women and other minorities at all levels of professional philosophy, as well as of the discipline as a whole.
Aristotle on Philosophia
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAristotle uses philosophia (and philosophos, philosophein, philosophôs, sumphilosophein, philosophêteon) in at least ten senses across his oeuvre, as this first study of every instance in his writings reveals. Irrespective of the specific approaches of its practitioners, philosophia may be, for example, an exercise of cleverness; or leisurely study; or the desire to know; or the pursuit of fundamental explanation; or a historically extended discipline. This variety allows us to go some way in reconstructing the complex attitude Aristotle had toward a culturally specific practice in which he located himself and soon helped develop into a specialized discipline. Another benefit is that it allows us to clarify the argumentative method in his Protrepticus, which depends on several senses of philosophia. It also puts up obstacles to determining whether, for example, Aristotle believes philosophia is an epistêmê.
The Problem of Peer Review is the Most Important Philosophical Problem
Authors: Mckeever Matthew 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAs philosophers we should have as one of our aims to produce as much philosophical knowledge as possible. A lot of potential philosophical knowledge is lost because of the flaws of the peer review system, and so a lot of philosophical knowledge would be gained were the system improved. Accordingly, as authors we should write papers about how to fix peer review, and as editors we should accept such papers if they are good. This paper presents some familiar problems with peer review, elaborates on and motivates the argument just given, and replies to some objections to it, making the case that fixing peer review is both a philosophical problem and one that admits of a solution.
Antibiotic locks for the treatment of catheter‐related blood stream infection: Still more hope than data
Authors: Labriola Laura 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAntibiotic lock therapy (ALT), in conjunction with systemic antibiotics, is recommended by scientific societies as a treatment of uncomplicated catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in hemodynamically stable hemodialysis patients for whom catheter salvage is the goal. The rationale for this strategy is the eradication of intraluminal biofilms by the highly concentrated antibiotic used in the lock. However, the available evidence supporting this recommendation is scanty, and only includes small, short‐term, observational studies (most of them single‐arm), with different definitions of CRBSI cure and variable follow‐up periods. Furthermore, the ability of an antibiotic to eradicate a biofilm is not predicted by its inherent spectrum of antibacterial activity, since sessile microorganisms in their biofilm display other mechanisms of resistance to antibiotics than their planktonic counter‐parts. Additionally, penetration of some antibiotics frequently used into biofilms produced by common microorganisms appears to be low. In this editorial we provide a critical view on the available evidence regarding the efficacy of ALT on the treatment of CRBSI in hemodialysis patients, as well as the microbiological issues and technical challenges of this strategy.
Endothelial cell barriers: Transport of molecules between blood and tissues
Authors: Yazdani Samaneh , Jaldin‐Fincati Javier R. , Pereira Rafaela V. S. , Klip Amira 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn endothelial cell monolayer separates interstitia from blood and lymph, and determines the bidirectional transfer of solutes and macromolecules across these biological spaces. We review advances in transport modalities across these endothelial barriers. Glucose is a major fuel for the brain and peripheral tissues, and insulin acts on both central and peripheral tissues to promote whole‐body metabolic signalling and anabolic activity. Blood‐brain barrier endothelial cells display stringent tight junctions and lack pinocytic activity. Delivery of blood glucose and insulin to the brain occurs through their respective carrier (Glucose transporter 1) and receptor (insulin receptor), enacting bona fide transcytosis. At supraphysiological concentrations, insulin is also likely transferred by fluid phase cellular uptake and paracellular transport, especially in peripheral microvascular endothelia. The lymphatic microvasculature also transports insulin but in this case from tissues to lymph and therefrom to blood. This serves to end the hormone's action and to absorb highly concentrated subcutaneously injected insulin in diabetic individuals. The former function may involve receptor‐mediated transcytosis into lymphatic endothelial cells, the latter fluid phase uptake and paracellular transport. Lymphatic capillaries also mediate carrier‐dependent transport of other nutrients and macromolecules. These findings challenge the notion that lymphatic capillaries only transport macromolecules through intercellular flaps.
The R249Q hypertrophic cardiomyopathy myosin mutation decreases contractility in Drosophila by impeding force production
Authors: Bell Kaylyn M. , Kronert William A. , Huang Alice , Bernstein Sanford I. , Swank Douglas M. 
Published: April 2019

Key points
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease that causes thickening of the heart's ventricular walls and is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death.
HCM is caused by missense mutations in muscle proteins including myosin, but how these mutations alter muscle mechanical performance in largely unknown.
We investigated the disease mechanism for HCM myosin mutation R249Q by expressing it in the indirect flight muscle of Drosophila melanogaster and measuring alterations to muscle and flight performance.
Muscle mechanical analysis revealed R249Q decreased muscle power production due to slower muscle kinetics and decreased force production; force production was reduced because fewer mutant myosin cross‐bridges were bound simultaneously to actin.
This work does not support the commonly proposed hypothesis that myosin HCM mutations increase muscle contractility, or causes a gain in function; instead, it suggests that for some myosin HCM mutations, hypertrophy is a compensation for decreased contractility.
AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited disease that causes thickening of the heart's ventricular walls. A generally accepted hypothesis for this phenotype is that myosin heavy chain HCM mutations increase muscle contractility. To test this hypothesis, we expressed an HCM myosin mutation, R249Q, in Drosophila indirect flight muscle (IFM) and assessed myofibril structure, skinned fibre mechanical properties, and flight ability. Mechanics experiments were performed on fibres dissected from 2‐h‐old adult flies, prior to degradation of IFM myofilament structure, which started at 2 days old and increased with age. Homozygous and heterozygous R249Q fibres showed decreased maximum power generation by 67% and 44%, respectively. Decreases in force and work and slower overall muscle kinetics caused homozygous fibres to produce less power. While heterozygous fibres showed no overall slowing of muscle kinetics, active force and work production dropped by 68% and 47%, respectively, which hindered power production. The muscle apparent rate constant 2πb decreased 33% for homozygous but increased for heterozygous fibres. The apparent rate constant 2πc was greater for homozygous fibres. This indicates that R249Q myosin is slowing attachment while speeding up detachment from actin, resulting in less time bound. Decreased IFM power output caused 43% and 33% decreases in Drosophila flight ability and 19% and 6% drops in wing beat frequency for homozygous and heterozygous flies, respectively. Overall, our results do not support the increased contractility hypothesis. Instead, our results suggest the ventricular hypertrophy for human R249Q mutation is a compensatory response to decreases in heart muscle power output.
Platelet-rich clots as identified by Martius Scarlet Blue staining are isodense on NCCT
Authors: Fitzgerald Sean T , Wang Shunli , Dai Daying , Douglas Andrew , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Gounis Matthew J , Chueh Juyu , Puri Ajit S , Layton Kennith F , Thacker Ike C , Hanel Ricardo A , Sauvageau Eric , Aghaebrahim Amin , Almekhlafi Mohammed A , Demchuk Andrew M , Nogueira Raul G , Pereira Vitor M , Kvamme Peter , Kayan Yasha , Delgado Almandoz Josser E , Yoo Albert J , Kallmes David F , Doyle Karen M , Brinjikji Waleed 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundCurrent studies on clot characterization in acute ischemic stroke focus on fibrin and red blood cell composition. Few studies have examined platelet composition in acute ischemic stroke clots. We characterize clot composition using the Martius Scarlet Blue stain and assess associations between platelet density and CT density.Materials and methodHistopathological analysis of the clots collected as part of the multi-institutional STRIP registry was performed using Martius Scarlet Blue stain and the composition of the clots was quantified using Orbit Image Analysis (www.orbit.bio) machine learning software. Prior to endovascular treatment, each patient underwent non-contrast CT (NCCT) and the CT density of each clot was measured. Correlations between clot components and clinical information were assessed using the χ2test.ResultsEighty-five patients were included in the study. The mean platelet density of the clots was 15.7% (2.5–72.5%). There was a significant correlation between platelet-rich clots and the absence of hyperdensity on NCCT, (ρ=0.321, p=0.003*, n=85). Similarly, there was a significant inverse correlation between the percentage of platelets and the mean Hounsfield Units on NCCT (ρ=−0.243, p=0.025*, n=85).ConclusionMartius Scarlet Blue stain can identify patients who have platelet-rich clots. Platelet-rich clots are isodense on NCCT.
β-Adrenoreceptors do not oppose sympathetic vasoconstriction in resting and contracting skeletal muscle of male rats
Authors: Cooper Ian R. , Just Timothy P. , DeLorey Darren S. 
Published: April 2019

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) vasoconstriction is primarily achieved through the binding of norepinephrine (NE) to α-adrenoreceptors. However, NE may also bind to β-adrenoreceptors and cause vasodilation that may oppose/blunt SNS-mediated vasoconstriction. Therefore, this study investigated the hypothesis that β-adrenoreceptor–mediated vasodilation opposes evoked vasoconstriction in resting and contracting skeletal muscle. Male (n = 9) Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized and surgically instrumented for stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain and measurement of arterial blood pressure and femoral artery blood flow. The percentage change of femoral vascular conductance in response to sympathetic chain stimulation delivered at 2 and 5 Hz was determined at rest and during triceps surae skeletal muscle contraction before (control) and after β-adrenoreceptor blockade (propranolol; 0.075 mg·kg−1, intravenously). β-Adrenoreceptor blockade did not alter (P > 0.05) baseline hemodynamics or the hyperemic response to exercise. At the 2 Hz stimulation frequency, sympathetic vasoconstriction was similar (P > 0.05) in control and β-blockade conditions in resting (control, −34% ± 6%; β-blockade, −33% ± 8%) and contracting (control, −16% ± 6%; β-blockade, −14% ± 7%) muscle. At the 5 Hz stimulation frequency, sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness was reduced (main effect of drug, P < 0.05) following β-blockade (rest: control, −52% ± 7%; β-blockade, −51% ± 9%; contraction: control, −32% ± 11%; β-blockade, −29% ± 13%). Novelty These data indicate that β-adrenoreceptor blockade did not augment sympathetic vasoconstriction at rest or during exercise. The study demonstrates that β-adrenoreceptors do not oppose evoked sympathetic vasoconstriction in resting or contracting skeletal muscle or contribute to functional sympatholysis.
Knockdown of CD44 expression decreases valve interstitial cell calcification in vitro
Authors: Baugh Lauren , Watson Matthew C. , Kemmerling Erica C. , Hinds Philip W. , Huggins Gordon S. , Black Lauren D. 
Published: April 2019

The lack of pharmaceutical targets available to treat patients with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) necessitates further research into the specific mechanisms of the disease. The significant changes that occur to the aortic valves extracellular matrix (ECM) during the progression of CAVD suggests that these proteins may play an important role in calcification. Exploring the relationship between valve interstitial cells (VICs) and the ECM may lead to a better understand of CAVD mechanisms and potential pharmaceutical targets. In this study, we look at the effect of two ECM components, collagen and hyaluronic acid (HA), on the mineralization of VICs within the context of a two-dimensional, polyacrylamide (PAAM) model system. Using a novel, nondestructive imaging technique, we were able to track calcific nodule development in culture systems over a 3-wk time frame. We saw a significant increase in the size of the nodules grown on HA PAAM gels as compared with collagen PAAM gels, suggesting that HA has a direct effect on mineralization. Directly looking at the two known receptors of HA, CD44 and receptor for HA-mediated motility (RHAMM), and using siRNA knockdown revealed that a decrease in CD44 expression resulted in a reduction of calcification. A decrease in CD44, through siRNA knockdown, reduces mineralization on HA PAAM gels, suggesting a potential new target for CAVD treatment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our in vitro model of calcific aortic valve disease shows an interaction between the hyaluronic acid binding protein CD44 with the osteogenic factor OPN as a potential mechanism of aortic valve calcification. Using siRNA knockdown of CD44, we show an upregulation of OPN expression with a decrease in overall mineralization.
Central ANG-(1–7) infusion improves blood pressure regulation in antenatal betamethasone-exposed sheep and reveals sex-dependent effects on oxidative stress
Authors: Hendricks Alexa S. , Lawson Matthew J. , Figueroa Jorge P. , Chappell Mark C. , Diz Debra I. , Shaltout Hossam A. 
Published: April 2019

Fetal exposure to betamethasone (BMX) as a consequence of glucocorticoid administration to women threatening premature delivery may lead to long-term deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system and dysregulation of blood pressure in exposed adults. Indeed, adult offspring of BMX sheep exhibit increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and attenuated baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) that are associated with lower medullary and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) angiotensin-(1–7) [(ANG-(1–7)] content. Thus we determined the effects of ANG-(1–7) supplementation in the CSF on MAP, BRS, blood pressure (BPV) and heart rate variability (HRV) in conscious animals. The peptide or artificial CSF (aCSF) was infused continuously into the lateral ventricle (intracerebroventricular) of 4-mo-old male and female BMX sheep for 2 wk. Analysis of data from males and females combined revealed that intracerebroventricular ANG-(1–7) significantly lowered MAP and heart rate and improved BRS as compared with baseline; intracerebroventricular aCSF did not change these indexes. Similar patterns were observed for altered hemodynamics and autonomic function produced by intracerebroventricular ANG-(1–7) in both sexes. Oxidative stress and MAP kinase (MAPK) activation were lower in tissues from the dorsomedial medulla (DMM) of ANG-(1–7)-treated males but were unchanged in the treated females, when assessed at the end of the treatment period. We conclude that in the face of ANG-(1–7) deficiency in CSF and medullary tissue in BMX sheep intracerebroventricular supplementation of ANG-(1–7) lowers MAP and restores the impaired autonomic function to a similar degree in both males and females; however, the attenuation of MAPK and oxidative stress within the DMM was evident only in males. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that intracerebroventricular angiotensin-(1–7) [(ANG-(1–7)] treatment for 2 wk in antenatal betamethasone-exposed sheep provides beneficial effects on blood pressure and autonomic function. The physiological improvements are accompanied by an attenuation of oxidative stress in males but not females. The finding that ANG-(1–7) supplementation lowers blood pressure and restores the impaired autonomic function in a model of fetal programming previously shown to exhibit a deficiency in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue illustrates the potential for new therapeutic strategies for reducing cardiovascular dysfunction arising from prenatal events.