bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence and prevalence of medical device-related pressure ulcers in intensive care: a systematic review
Authors: Barakat-Johnson Michelle , Lai Michelle , Wand Timothy , Li Mengbo , White Kathryn , Coyer Fiona 
Published: August 2019

Objective: The objective of this review was to synthesise the literature and evaluate the incidence, prevalence and severity of medical device-related pressure ulcers (MDRPU) in adult intensive care patients. Method: Electronic databases and additional grey literature were searched for publications between 2000 and 2017. Outcome measures included cumulative incidence or incidence rate, point prevalence or period prevalence as a primary outcome and the severity and location of the pressure ulcer (PU) as secondary outcome measures. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias using a nine-item checklist for prevalence studies. The heterogeneity was evaluated using 12 statistic. Results: We included 13 studies in this review. Prevalence was reported more frequently than incidence. Pooled data demonstrated a high variation in the incidence and prevalence rates ranging from 0.9% to 41.2% in incidence and 1.4% to 121% in prevalence. Heterogeneity was high. Mucosal pressure injuries were the most common stage reported in the incidence studies whereas category II followed by category I were most commonly reported in the prevalence studies. In the incidence studies, the most common location was the ear and in the prevalence studies it was the nose. Conclusion: While MDRPU are common in intensive care patients, it is an understudied area. Inconsistency in the staging of MDRPU, along with variations in data collection methods, study design and reporting affect the reported incidence and prevalence rates. Standardisation of data reporting and collection method is essential for pooling of future studies.
A Celiac Disease Phenotype After Checkpoint Inhibitor Exposure: An Example of Immune Dysregulation After Immunotherapy
Authors: Arnouk Joud , Mathew Don , Nulton Ethan , Rachakonda Vikrant 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Celiac disease is characterized by duodenal inflammation after exposure to gluten. Checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies that inhibit the inhibitory signals of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes to enhance antitumor responses. A 79-year-old man with an unknown history of celiac disease underwent treatment with pembrolizumab for recurrent left maxillary melanoma. He subsequently developed diarrhea and weight loss. Serology was positive for anti-tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A. Upper endoscopy revealed duodenal villous atrophy, which was confirmed on biopsy. A gluten-free diet was not tolerated, and symptoms resolved with withdrawal of pembrolizumab and steroid administration for another medical reason.
Multicenter Validation Study of a Diagnostic Algorithm to Detect NASH and Fibrosis in NAFLD Patients With Low NAFLD Fibrosis Score or Liver Stiffness
Authors: Liebig Stephanie , Stoeckmann Neele , Geier Andreas , Rau Monika , Schattenberg Joern M. , Bahr Matthias J. , Manns Michael P. , Jaeckel Elmar , Schulze-Osthoff Klaus , Bantel Heike 
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES:
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis play critical roles for the prognosis of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Identification of patients at risk of NASH and fibrosis is therefore critical for disease management. NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) and transient elastography (TE) have been suggested to exclude advanced fibrosis. However, there is increasing evidence that also patients with NASH and early fibrosis are at risk of disease progression and complications, emphasizing the need for improved noninvasive risk stratification in NAFLD.

METHODS:
Because hepatocyte apoptosis plays an early role in NASH pathogenesis, we evaluated whether the apoptosis biomarker M30 might identify NAFLD patients who are at risk of NASH and fibrosis despite low NFS or TE values. Serum M30 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in combination with NFS and/or TE in an exploration (n = 103) and validation (n = 100) cohort of patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD.

RESULTS:
Most patients with low NFS (cutoff value < −1.455) revealed increased M30 levels (>200 U/L) in the exploration (62%) and validation (67%) cohort, and more than 70% of them had NASH, mostly with histological fibrosis. Vice versa, most patients with NFS < −1.455 but nonelevated M30 levels showed no NASH. NASH was also detected in most patients with indeterminate NFS (−1.455 to 0.676) but elevated M30 levels, from which ∼90% showed fibrosis. Similar results were obtained when using TE instead of NFS.

DISCUSSION:
The combination of the M30 biomarker with NFS or TE enables a more reliable identification of patients with an increased risk of progressed NAFLD and improves patient stratification.
Believe It or Not: Strategic Licensing Makes R&D Alliance Profitable
Authors: Banerjee Tannista , Sengupta Aditi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We consider a market where firms (that compete in the product market) invest in the research and development (R&D) activities with no guaranteed success and engage in a patent race for intellectual property rights. We analyze the effects of a strategic (ex ante) licensing contract on the equilibrium investment behavior of competing firms that form a research and development (R&D) alliance to win a patent race. We show that the R&D alliance members that sign strategic licensing contract invest more in the R&D and earn higher expected profits compared to the firms in an R&D cartel and R&D joint venture cartel without any strategic licensing as well as the firms that aggressively compete in the innovation market to win the patent race.
Proposed pedagogies for teaching and learning chemical bonding in secondary education
Authors: Tsaparlis Georgios , Pappa Eleni T. , Byers Bill 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn a preceding publication (Tsaparlis, G., Pappa, E. T., & Byers, B. (2018). Teaching and learning chemical bonding: Research-based evidence for misconceptions and conceptual difficulties experienced by students in upper secondary schools and the effect of an enriched text.Chemistry Education Research and Practice,19(4), 1253–1269), we reviewed previous studies on students’ misconceptions and conceptual difficulties with the topic of chemical bonding and tested the knowledge of tenth-grade Greek students on certain key aspects of bonding. In addition, we presented an enriched teaching text on this topic for the tenth grade and examined its effectiveness with regard to the same aspects of bonding. In the present study, we review earlier studies, which made proposals concerning the teaching of this topic, and provide some proposals of our own, based on the findings of our previous study. We recommend that a spiral curriculum spanning all three upper-secondary grades should be adopted. A learning progressions approach, employing lower and upper anchors of relevant scientific knowledge is considered, and a proposed list of potential core concepts, lever concepts, and stepping-stones are presented. Finally, the pros and cons of a modern qualitative quantum mechanical approach to bonding are considered.
Preparation and performance of polypropylene separator modified by SiO2/PVA layer for lithium batteries
Authors: Wang Xiaodong , Hu Yuan , Li Lei , Fang Haiyan , Fan Xu , Li Shengfei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn aqueous silica (SiO2) dispersion was prepared by using silica as ceramic particles, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder and deionized water as a dispersion medium. A SiO2 ceramic layer was applied to the surface of the polypropylene (PP) separator by dip coating. The separators before and after modification were characterized by XRD, SEM, DTA, lyophilic performance test, contact angle test and heat resistance test. The separators were assembled into lithium-ion batteries for electrochemical performance test. The results show that after the successful introduction of SiO2/PVA coating on the surface of PP separator, the lyophilic and heat resistance and electrochemical performance of PP separator have been improved significantly. The battery rate performance and cycle performance are significantly improved. Especially the capacity retention rate of the original separator was only 75.79% at 100 charge-discharge times, and that of the modified separator was as high as 87.18%.
Word form shapes are selected to be morphotactically indicative
Authors: Baumann Andreas , Prömer Christina , Ritt Nikolaus 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the hypothesis that morphotactically ambiguous segment sequences should be dispreferred and selected against in the evolution of languages. We define morphotactically ambiguous sequences as sequences that can occur both within morphemes and across boundaries, such as final /nd/ or /mz/ in ModE, which occur in simple forms likewindoralmsand in complex ones likesinnedorseems. We test the hypothesis in two diachronic corpus studies of Middle and Early Modern English word forms ending in clusters of sonorants followed by /d/ or /t/ and /s/ or /z/. These clusters became highly frequent after the loss of unstressed vowels in final syllables and were highly ambiguous when they emerged. Our data show that the ambiguity of these final clusters was indeed reduced so that the distribution of the final clusters became increasingly skewed: clusters ending in voiceless coronals became significantly clearly indicative of simple forms, while clusters ending in voiced ones came to signal inflectional complexity more reliably.
The history of /-n/ loss in English: Phonotactic change with lexical and grammatical specificity
Authors: Minkova Donka , Lefkowitz Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn Old English, /-n/ loss started in early Northumbrian and spread to the southern dialects after about 1050. An important diagnostic of the transition to Middle English, the loss is commonly assumed to be morphologically driven. However, /-n/ loss in atonic syllables could also be phonologically-conditioned:aweġ‘away’<onweġ,abūtan‘about’<onbūtan. In Middle English, the loss proceeded rapidly, but the triggers behind the different rates of change and the different results for the various categories have not been fully explored. UsingLAEME, we survey all attestations of /-n/ loss, enriching the empirical data-base on the change. The findings show significant differences within word-classes, and differences between inflectional and derivational suffixes. This raises a set of theoretical questions: why did only /-n/ inflections lose their codas, why was the productivity of verbal derivational /-n/ phonotactically restricted, what justifies the loss or retention of /-n/ in stems? We look into the interplay of phonological and morphological factors, isolate the sets in which the results appear to be phonotactically driven, and address the phonotactic dimension in relation to other factors, both within and above the word level. In noun plurals, /-n/ loss emerges as the clearest case of avoidance of phonotactically suboptimal sequences at the word level. A statistical comparison of the end-points of the change reveals that overall frequency has stayed constant and has no obvious direct bearing on the process, while the presence of /-n/ as a morphological marker has changed significantly. The paper ends by identifying aspects of the history of /-n/ that remain uncharted.
Incremental word processing influences the evolution of phonotactic patterns
Authors: Wedel Andrew , Ussishkin Adam , King Adam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Listeners incrementally process words as they hear them, progressively updating inferences about what word is intended as the phonetic signal unfolds in time. As a consequence, phonetic cues positioned early in the signal for a word are on average more informative about word-identity because they disambiguate the intended word from more lexical alternatives than cues late in the word. In this contribution, we review two new findings about structure in lexicons and phonological grammars, and argue that both arise through the same biases on phonetic reduction and enhancement resulting from incremental processing.
(i) Languages optimize their lexicons over time with respect to the amount of signal allocated to words relative to their predictability: words that are on average less predictable in context tend to be longer, while those that are on average more predictable tend to be shorter. However, the fact that phonetic material earlier in the word plays a larger role in word identification suggests that languages should also optimize the distribution of that information across the word. In this contribution we review recent work on a range of different languages that supports this hypothesis: less frequent words are not only on average longer, but also contain more highly informative segments early in the word.
(ii) All languages are characterized by phonological grammars of rules describing predictable modifications of pronunciation in context. Because speakers appear to pronounce informative phonetic cues more carefully than less informative cues, it has been predicted that languages should be less likely to evolve phonological rules that reduce lexical contrast at word beginnings. A recent investigation through a statistical analysis of a cross-linguistic dataset of phonological rules strongly supports this hypothesis. Taken together, we argue that these findings suggest that the incrementality of lexical processing has wide-ranging effects on the evolution of phonotactic patterns.
Improved removal of methylene blue on modified hierarchical zeolite Y: Achieved by a “destructive-constructive” method
Authors: Ramezani Hamed , Azizi Seyed Naser , Cravotto Giancarlo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this study removal of methylene blue (MB) from an aqueous solution by zeolite (NaY) and related modified hierarchical zeolite (MY) has been investigated. The NaY zeolite with a low ratio of Si/Al was synthesized from silica extracted rice husk ash. It was transformed to hierarchical zeolite (MY) by a “destructive-constructive” modification method using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and a cationic surfactant (Cetyltrime-thylammonium bromide, CTAB) as a templating agent. Various characterization method like FT-IR, XRF, XRD, BET, TGA, SEM and BJH confirmed the construction of parent zeolite and also successfulness of the modification process. EDX showed a negligible change of Si/Al ratio during modification which is favorite in adsorption of cationic MB dye. In order to study the interaction between the surface of adsorbent and adsorbate, six common isotherms were used. By Langmuir isotherm, it is clarified that, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) had improvement from 15.2 mg g-1 to 133.1 mg g-1 for NaY and MY, respectively. The kinetic studies showed that the adsorption obeys the Pseudo-second order model for both NaY and MY zeolites. Also, the usage frequency of the MY was investigated. Results showed that there was not any noticeable change in performance of adsorption after four circles.
Two different facile and efficient approaches for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of nitroarenes promoted by recyclable CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water
Authors: Zeynizadeh Behzad , Aminzadeh Farkhondeh Mohammad , Mousavi Hossein 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two simple, efficient, and environmentally benign protocols for the synthesis of various N-arylacetamides via N-acetylation of arylamines and straightforward one-pot reductive acetylation of aromatic nitro compounds promoted by CuFe2O4 nanoparticles in water at reflux have been developed. The prepared CuFe2O4 MNPs are well known and fully characterized by various techniques. Furthermore, the CuFe2O4 NPs easily separated from the reaction environment using an external magnetic field and can be reused for several times without significant loss of its activity for both mentioned reactions.
Which HIV-infected youth are at risk of developing depression and what treatments help? A systematic review focusing on Southern Africa
Authors: Haines Cara , Loades Maria E. , Coetzee Bronwynè J. , Higson-Sweeney Nina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Depression is common in people with HIV and is associated with lower quality of life, reduced medication adherence, worse disease progression and higher risk of transmission to others. While the majority of HIV-infected youth live in Southern Africa, research has largely focused on adults from Western countries, with limited generalisability across these populations. This review sought to identify and synthesise research on the risk factors for depression in HIV-infected youth in Southern Africa, and to summarise the available evidence on psychosocial interventions to reduce depression.

Method
A systematic review was conducted of studies using a validated measure of depression in HIV-infected youth (aged ≤19) in Southern Africa. Eligible studies included either analysis of variables associated with depression, or evaluation of the impact of psychosocial interventions on depression in this population.

Results
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria for assessing risk factors, based on nine independent samples, constituting 3573 HIV-infected youth (aged 9–19 years). Study quality varied, with heterogeneous methodology limiting comparability and conclusions. There is some evidence that female gender, older age, food insecurity, exposure to abuse and internalised stigma are risk factors for depression, while disclosure of HIV status, satisfaction with relationships and social support are protective. Only one study met inclusion criteria for assessing psychosocial interventions (n = 65; aged 10–13 years). The intervention study did not successfully reduce depression, demonstrating a need for low-cost, large scale interventions to be developed and trialled.

Conclusion
This review has highlighted the dearth of research into depression in HIV-infected youth in Southern Africa. Disclosing HIV status could be an important protective factor.
Training in the Great Recession – Evidence from an Individual Perspective
Authors: Dietz Daniel , Zwick Thomas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of the economic crisis in the years 2008 and 2009 on individual training activities of different employee groups within establishments. We use a unique German linked employer–employee panel data set with detailed information on individual training history (WeLL-ADIAB). The so-called Great Recession can be seen as an exogenous, unexpected, and time-limited shock. Although our results cannot be interpreted in a strictly causal manner, our Diff-in-Diff analyses suggest a direct negative effect of the crisis on individual training activities in 2009 and 2010. The negative effect therefore sets in with a time lag and lasts until after the recession. Furthermore, the recession has a stronger effect for employees in unskilled jobs than for employees in skilled jobs.
Poor sleep quality is associated with perinatal depression. A systematic review of last decade scientific literature and meta-analysis
Authors: González-Mesa Ernesto , Cuenca-Marín Celia , Suarez-Arana María , Tripiana-Serrano Beatriz , Ibrahim-Díez Nadia , Gonzalez-Cazorla Ana , Blasco-Alonso Marta 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Although pregnancy is frequently associated with mental states of happiness, hope and well-being, some physical and psychological changes can contribute to increased sleep disturbances and worsened sleep quality. Sleep quality has been linked to negative emotions, anxiety and depression. The main objective of this paper was to systematically review the impact of sleep during pregnancy on maternal mood, studying the association between objective and subjective measures of sleep quality and perinatal depression.

Methods
We performed a systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, which included studies published between January 2008 and April 2019, and met the following criteria: (i) studies on pregnant women assessing the effects of sleep quality variables on perinatal mood disorders, (ii) studies published in English and (iii) full paper published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal with full-text format available.

Results
A total of 36 studies published in the last decade met the inclusion criteria for qualitative review and eight of them were suitable for meta-analysis. Both confirmed the negative effects of poor sleep on perinatal mood. However, qualitative analysis showed that unrepresentative samples and low participation rates falling below 80% biased some of the studies. The standard random-effects meta-analysis showed a pooled size effect [ln odds ratio (OR) 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19, 1.79)] for perinatal depression in cases of poor prenatal sleep quality, although heterogeneity was moderate to high [Q 16.05, P ≤ 0.025, H2 2.45 (95% CI 1.01, 13.70)].

Conclusion
Poor sleep quality was associated with perinatal mood disturbances. The assessment of sleep quality along the pregnancy could be advisable with a view to offering preventative or therapeutic interventions when necessary.
Minimally invasive pilonidal sinus treatment: A narrative review
Authors: Velotti Nunzio , Manigrasso Michele , Di Lauro Katia , Araimo Enrico , Calculli Federica , Vertaldi Sara , Anoldo Pietro , Aprea Giovanni , Simone Giuseppe De , Vitiello Antonio , Musella Mario , Milone Marco , De Palma Giovanni Domenico , Milone Francesco , Sosa Fernandez Loredana Maria 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The management of chronic pilonidal disease remains controversial, but recently, new minimal invasive approaches have been proposed. Whereas in the conventional surgical treatment an elliptical wedge of skin and subcutaneous tissue is created to remove the sinus and its lateral tracks, the basis for our new treatment is to create a minimal elliptical wedge of the subcutaneous tissue, including all the inflamed tissue and debris while leaving the overlying skin intact.
The mechanism of an endoscopic approach relies on use of the endoscope without cutaneous tissue damage. Advantages include shorter operative time and time to discharge, which impact resource management in both primary and secondary care: patients undergoing endoscopic technique have a high satisfaction rate, probably due to the low level of postoperative pain and early return to work and daily activities. However, it is mandatory that further studies would analyze surgical approaches to pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) with a consistent and adequate follow-up of at least 5 years. Both sinusectomy and endoscopic approach to PSD were found to be safe and effective compared with conventional techniques. Publishedresults of studies of newer approaches have demonstrated a low short-term complication rate, comparable to conventional surgery results.
The Elusive Determinants of Civil Wars
Authors: Janus Thorsten 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLike the empirical growth literature, the empirical civil war literature has identified few robust determinants. In this paper, I show that the lack of robust estimates is consistent with rational, forward-looking behavior in a simple dynamic conflict model with asymmetric information. The main result is most of the conflict determinants, such as income per capita, inequality, and natural resource revenues, have ambiguous effects on the conflict risk. The ambiguities largely reflect that, when the parameters change, agents re-optimize.