bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L
evilinea
Authors: Yamada Takeshi , Sekiguchi Yuji 
Published: March 2018

Le.vi.li'ne.a. L. adj.
levis
smooth; L. fem. n.
linea
line; N.L. fem. n.
Levilinea
smooth, line‐shaped organism

Chloroflexi / Anaerolineae / Anaerolineales / Anaerolineaceae / Levilinea
Multicellular filaments are longer than 100 µm and 0.4–0.5 µm in width. Cells are nonmotile and non‐spore formation, and are Gram‐negative. Optimal growth occurs at 37°C and pH 7.0. Strictly anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph. Yeast extract is required for growth. In the presence of yeast extract, sugars and proteinaceous carbon sources are utilized for growth. Fatty acids, alcohols, and aromatic compounds are not utilized. Anaerobic respiration is not observed; nitrate, fumarate, sulfate, sulfite, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and Fe (III)‐nitrilotriacetate (NTA) are not used as terminal electron acceptors. Growth is not stimulated in cocultivation with mesophilic hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Mesophilic anaerobic sludge the known habitat.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.4% (draft genome sequence).

Type species
:
Levilinea saccharolytica
Yamada, Sekiguchi, Hanada, Imachi, Ohashi, Harada and Kamagata 2006, 1338
VP
Tenericutes
Authors: Brown Daniel R. 
Published: March 2018

Te.ne.ri.cu'tes. L. adj.tenertender; L. fem. n.cutisskin; N.L. fem. pl. n.Tenericutesprokaryotes of a soft pliable nature indicative of a lack of a rigid cell wall.TenericutesThe phylumTenericutescircumscribes a group of very small prokaryotes that emerged through a series of repeated genome reductions from distant ancestry in the phylumFirmicutes. Lacking any cell wall whatsoever, these bacteria are Gram‐stain‐negative and filterable through pores as narrow as 100 nm, although flexible cytoskeletal elements confer flask‐shaped or helical filamentous morphology to certain species. The nomenclatural type of this phylum is the classMollicutes, which is best known for its members in the genusMycoplasmaand related organisms with small (usually 0.5–1.5 mb) genomes and low (usually 25–30 mol%) G+C DNA. All mollicutes are commensals or parasites of humans, animals, insects, or plants. A number of ‘Candidatus’ species have been proposed but not yet cultivated independently of a host. A yet‐unnamed and undefined second class withinTenericuteswas recently proposed to accommodate certain novel taxa that share some phylogenetic markers withMollicutesbut whose natural environments, putative ultrastructure, genome characteristics and predicted metabolic diversity are otherwise inconsistent with the organisms affiliated with the established class.Members of theTenericutesarewall‐less bacteria that do not synthesize precursors of peptidoglycan.
Long‐term survival prospects of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Envisioning the future
Authors: Xie Rongbing , Hillegass William B. 
Published: March 2018

Key Points

Implicit and largely intuitive survival predictions guide current clinical decision making after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
A model based on nine simple factors known after diagnostic catheterization but prior to PCI provides accurate prediction of five‐year survival probability after PCI.
Future prediction models and methods incorporating age and gender adjusted risk of death, cause of death (competing risks), and low prevalence but impactful comorbidities automatically implemented in electronic health records have the potential to further inform clinical decision‐making and target therapies.
Carotid stenting with double layered stents: Double trouble or double benefit?
Authors: Safian Robert D. 
Published: March 2018

Key Points

The use of double layer (covered) stents during carotid artery stenting (CAS) appears to be safe; attenuation of plaque prolapse and distal embolization is reasonable but unproven.
Double layer stents are commercially available in Europe but not in the United States; similar benefits might be obtained by implanting two self‐expanding stents, to decrease the effective free cell area.
Embolic protection devices (EPDs) are recommended in all CAS patients; the use of double layer stents does not eliminate the need for EPDs.
Real time patient dosimetry in the cath lab: Can you see what they get?
Authors: Chambers Charles E. , Koduri Hemantha K. 
Published: March 2018

Key Points

Real time radiation dose monitoring in the cath lab may provide immediate feedback for potential dose reduction during PCI.
Radiation dose monitoring to predict potential tissue injury utilizes equipment measured air Kerma at the interventional reference point (IRP) with then calculated specific tissue peak skin dose.
The role of the cath lab Quality Committee is not only to assess individual high dose radiation cases but also to create processes and assess new technologies to assure radiation dose is best utilized in all cases.
Geology drives the spatial patterning and structure of termite mounds in an African savanna
Authors: Muvengwi Justice , Davies Andrew B. , Parrini Francesca , Witkowski Edward T. F. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTermite mounds perform important roles in savanna ecosystems, generating heterogeneity and influencing ecosystem processes across multiple trophic levels. However, the influence the environment and neighboring termite colonies have on mound spatial patterning and structure is poorly understood, despite the profound implications such dynamics can have on ecosystems. To better understand these drivers, we mapped the spatial distribution and size of active and inactive Macrotermes mounds in eight 1‐km2 plots on contrasting geologies, nutrient‐rich granite and nutrient‐poor basalt, in a semi‐arid Zimbabwean savanna. Although mound density was not significantly different between basalt (5.5 mounds/ha) and granite (6.1 mounds/ha), termite mound structural attributes and spatial distribution patterns varied greatly between geologies. Mound size distributions differed between the geologies and mounds were 2.6 times taller and 3.9 times wider and had 15 times greater lateral surface area on granite. Subsequently, 6% of the total landscape was covered by mounds on granite compared with only 0.4% on basalt. On granite, large mounds exhibited significant over‐dispersion at scales below 30 m, signifying density‐dependent thinning. Furthermore, small mounds were clustered around large mounds, likely a result of the budding of new colonies comprising fully fledged castes less vulnerable to competition. In contrast, random patterning was evident on comparably homogenous basalt. Our results demonstrate the powerful influence geological substrate has on mound spatial patterning and structure, suggesting that the importance of termite mounds for ecosystem functioning is more pronounced on nutrient‐poor granitic substrates than basalts because of the pronounced over‐dispersion, which maximizes mound production per unit area, and much larger mound sizes here.
Does the Political Resource Curse Affect Public Finance? The Vulnerability of Tax Revenue in Resource‐Dependent Countries
Authors: von Haldenwang Christian , Ivanyna Maksym 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the extent to which government revenue is affected by external shocks and whether these effects are different for resource‐dependent (RD) as compared with non‐RD countries. We are particularly interested in the fate of poorer countries, as we assume they will find it more difficult to implement the policies needed to offset the effect of shocks. Based on data from the International Centre for Taxation and Development Government Revenue Dataset for 1980–2010, we measure the elasticity of tax revenue with respect to terms‐of‐trade shocks. We find that revenue in RD countries is more vulnerable to such shocks. It is above all the richer countries that appear to be adversely affected, compared with their non‐RD counterparts. In contrast, the difference between RD and non‐RD countries is less pronounced in the group of poorer countries. We also find that resource‐dependent countries became less vulnerable in the 2000s as compared with previous decades. At the same time, political regime type does not seem to matter for the vulnerability of government revenue in these countries. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd
Global distribution of revenue loss from corporate tax avoidance: re‐estimation and country results
Authors: Cobham Alex , Janský Petr 
Published: March 2018

AbstractInternational corporate tax is an important source of government revenue, especially in lower‐income countries. An innovative study of the scale of this problem was carried out by International Monetary Fund researchers and published in 2016. We first re‐estimate their model and then explore the effects of introducing higher‐quality revenue data from the International Centre for Tax and Development–World Institute for Development Economics Research Government Revenue Database. Whereas IMF researchers report results for two country groups only, we present country‐level results to make the most detailed estimates available. Our findings support a somewhat lower estimate of global revenue losses of around US$500 billion annually and indicate that the greatest intensity of losses occurs in low‐income and lower middle‐income countries and across sub‐Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and South Asia. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political Competition and Tax Revenues in Developing Countries
Authors: Yogo Urbain T. , Ngo Njib Martine M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBuilding on the literature of the political economy of taxation, this article explores the relationship between political competition and tax revenues using a sample of 89 developing countries from 1988 to 2010. Owing to the inertia of tax variables, we estimate a dynamic panel data model using the Blundell and Bond two‐step System‐general method of moments. The analysis led to the following results: political competition positively and significantly affects total tax revenues. However, this general pattern slightly differs across the type of taxes; and the net effect of political competition on tax revenues is negative for countries that have adopted fiscal rules. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taxation and Inequality in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Recent Experience of Latin America
Authors: Martorano Bruno 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to advance understanding about the relationship between taxation and inequality in developing countries, focusing on the recent experience of Latin America. Tax changes promoted equality since the early 2000s. In particular, the increasing contribution of direct taxes with respect to indirect taxes promoted the progressivity of the tax system and contributed to the reduction of inequality. Yet the effectiveness of taxation in promoting equality in Latin America is still limited by several factors such as the low average tax revenue, the inability to tax top incomes and the low contribution of taxes on property. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Do Developing Countries Negotiate Away Their Corporate Tax Base?
Authors: Hearson Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDeveloping countries have concluded thousands of bilateral tax treaties, which restrict their ‘taxing rights’ over international investment. Qualitative case studies of these negotiation outcomes emphasize power politics, knowledge asymmetries and negotiating capability in the eventual distribution of taxing rights between signatories, yet such insights are absent from cross‐country quantitative work. This paper bridges the gap by replicating two quantitative studies, introducing new data on countries' ability to mobilize tax revenue and the outcomes of tax treaty negotiations. It provides statistical support for the insights from qualitative research. The size of a government's revenue base, and its reliance on corporate tax, might affect the salience of the revenue sacrifice in policy makers' minds. These variables influence the likelihood of signing a tax treaty and the particular concessions made. Power asymmetries between signatories lead to more unequal distributions of taxing rights away from developing countries, in contrast to the findings of earlier studies. Developing countries also become better negotiators as they gain experience. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiscal Policy, State Building and Economic Development
Authors: Addison Tony , Niño‐Zarazúa Miguel , Pirttilä Jukka 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article presents a synopsis of the contextual conditions, factors and challenges under which the recent evolution of tax systems has taken place, as an introduction to this United Nations University‐World Institute for Development Economics Research Special Issue. The article, as the studies in this collection, gives especial emphasis to the role natural endowments, political economy, social structure and history, and the interplay between politics and tax revenues. These are relevant issues, considering that the Millennium Development Goals and now the Sustainable Development Goals have placed fiscal policy, and tax policy and revenue mobilisation in particular, at the centre of national and international development efforts. Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals will require a level of state revenue mobilisation capacity in many ways unprecedented in the history of development policy. © 2018 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchically Designed Nickel‐Entangled Carbon Sphere with Superior Adsorption Properties
Authors: Ma Ji , Fan Congxiao , Zuo‐Jiang Sizhi , Wang Yunguo , Guan Wenlan , Ren Wenhao , Zhang Haisong , Wang Shuaize , Chen Kezheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this work, a C@Ni hierarchical structure was carefully designed by entangling carbon microspheres with curving nickel nanosheets. The presence of copious mesopores between adjoining nanosheets and microspheres greatly enhanced the specific surface area from 314.7 m2 g−1 for pristine carbon spheres to 448.7 m2 g−1 for this well‐designed C@Ni architecture. This salient structural feature enabled it as an ideal magnetic adsorbent for CrVI removal in wastewater. The high CrVI adsorption capacity of ca. 550 mg g−1 at 298 K, remarkable adsorption rate of 3.38 mg g‐1 min‐1 and excellent regeneration efficiencies above 90% were highly desirable for its widespread potential applications in water treatment.
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers as Crosslinkers for Efficient Electron Transfer between Redox Probes onto Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Feixiong , Haddour Naoufel , Frenea‐Robin Marie , Chevolot Yann , Monnier Virginie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe efficient conjugation of ferrocenecarboxylic acid (Fc), a usual electroactive probe, onto COOH‐modified magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is reported. Amine crosslinkers were used to couple COOH groups from NPs and from Fc. The coupling efficiencies using different generations of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer and ethylenediamine (EDA) were compared through zeta potential measurements, square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) and NH2 titration. Highest PAMAM generations led to NH2‐modified NPs with increased zeta potential and NH2 density compared to lowest ones. Moreover, no aggregation was observed after crosslinker grafting. SWV was applied to characterize Fc‐modified NPs. PAMAM generations 0–3 improved the electrochemical signal in comparison to EDA. However, increasing PAMAM generations led to NPs aggregation. Quantitative results supported the fact that PAMAM generation 0 was the best compromise for large electrochemical signal without NPs aggregation.
Facile Synthesis of {101}, {010} and [111]‐Faceted Anatase‐TiO2 Nanocrystals Derived from Porous Metatitanic Acid H2TiO3 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Liu Yufang , Du Yi‐en , Bai Yang , An Jing , Li Jianqing , Yang Xiaojing , Feng Qi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe cuboid‐like anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with co‐exposed {101}/[111]‐facets and the irregular anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with co‐exposed {101}/{010} facets were hydrothermally synthesized by using porous metatitanic acid H2TiO3 as the precursor and the HF, H2O2 and NH3⋅H2O as the capping agent and solvent. The as‐prepared anatase TiO2 nanocrystals were characterized by the powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED) and Nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. The transformation from the porous structure of metatitanic acid H2TiO3 to anatase TiO2 nanocrystals may experience three types of reactions including dehydration reaction from [TiO3]2− layers, [TiO6]8− octahedral monomers along the edge‐shared oxygen atoms, the formation of anatase nucleus, and the growth of anatase nucleus along the [101]‐direction and [011]‐direction (or [‐10‐1]‐direction and [0‐1‐1]‐direction) during the hydrothermal reaction process. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activities of the as‐prepared anatase nanocrystals were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of the typical carcinogenicity pollutant Rhodamine B (RB) under UV‐light irradiation at room temperature in air. The T180‐TiO2 nanocrystals exhibits the most excellent photodegradation performance than the T150‐TiO2, T160‐TiO2, T180‐TiO2 anatase nanocrystals and the commercially available P25‐TiO2 nanocrystals for the degradation amount of RB per unit surface area of catalyst (mg(RB) per m2 (TiO2 surface area)), which can be ascribed to its high percentage of the {010}/[111]‐crystal facets.
When rational sections become cyclic — Gauge enhancement in F-theory via Mordell-Weil torsion
Authors: Baume Florent , Cvetič Mirjam , Lawrie Craig , Lin Ling 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We explore novel gauge enhancements from abelian to non-simply-connected gauge groups in F-theory. To this end we consider complex structure deformations of elliptic fibrations with a Mordell-Weil group of rank one and identify the conditions under which the generating section becomes torsional. For the specific case of ℤ2 torsion we construct the generic solution to these conditions and show that the associated F-theory compactification exhibits the global gauge group [SU(2) × SU(4)]/ℤ2 × SU(2). The subsolution with gauge group SU(2)/ℤ2 × SU(2), for which we provide a global resolution, is related by a further complex structure deformation to a genus-one fibration with a bisection whose Jacobian has a ℤ2 torsional section. While an analysis of the spectrum on the Jacobian fibration reveals an SU(2)/ℤ2 × ℤ2 gauge theory, reproducing this result from the bisection geometry raises some conceptual puzzles about F-theory on genus-one fibrations.
Oversight in Surgical Innovation: A Response to Ethical Challenges
Authors: Gupta Saksham , Muskens Ivo S. , Fandino Luis Bradley , Hulsbergen Alexander F. C. , Broekman Marike L. D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundSurgical innovation has advanced outcomes in the field, but carries inherent risk for surgeons and patients alike. Oversight mechanisms exist to support surgeon‐innovators through difficulties associated with the innovation process.MethodsA literature review of ethical risks and oversight mechanisms was conducted.ResultsOversight mechanisms range from the historical concept of surgical exceptionalism to departmental, hospital, and centralized committees. These fragmentary and non‐standardized oversight mechanisms leave surgeon‐innovators and patients open to significant risk of breaching the ethical principles at the core of surgical practice. A systematized approach that mitigates these risks while maintaining the independence and dignity of the surgical profession is necessary. We propose an oversight framework that incorporates multiple structures tailored toward the ethical risk introduced by different forms of innovation.DiscussionWe summarize ethical risks and current regulatory structures, and we then use these findings to outline an oversight framework that may be applied to surgical practice.
Exploring the Relationship Between Surgical Capacity and Output in Ghana: Current Capacity Assessments May Not Tell the Whole Story
Authors: Stewart Barclay T. , Gyedu Adam , Gaskill Cameron , Boakye Godfred , Quansah Robert , Donkor Peter , Volmink Jimmy , Mock Charles 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveCapacity assessments serve as surrogates for surgical output in low‐ and middle‐income countries where detailed registers do not exist. The relationship between surgical capacity and output was evaluated in Ghana to determine whether a more critical interpretation of capacity assessment data is needed on which to base health systems strengthening initiatives.MethodsA standardized surgical capacity assessment was performed at 37 hospitals nationwide using WHO guidelines; availability of 25 essential resources and capabilities was used to create a composite capacity score that ranged from 0 (no availability of essential resources) to 75 (constant availability) for each hospital. Data regarding the number of essential operations performed over 1 year, surgical specialties available, hospital beds, and functional operating rooms were also collected. The relationship between capacity and output was explored.ResultsThe median surgical capacity score was 37 [interquartile range (IQR) 29–48; range 20–56]. The median number of essential operations per year was 1480 (IQR 736–1932) at first‐level hospitals; 1545 operations (IQR 984–2452) at referral hospitals; and 11,757 operations (IQR 3769–21,256) at tertiary hospitals. Surgical capacity and output were not correlated (p > 0.05).ConclusionsContrary to current understanding, surgical capacity assessments may not accurately reflect surgical output. To improve the validity of surgical capacity assessments and facilitate maximal use of available resources, other factors that influence output should also be considered, including demand‐side factors; supply‐side factors and process elements; and health administration and management factors.
Pre-ovipositional maternal care alleviates food stress of offspring in the flower beetle Dicronocephalus wallichii
Authors: Kojima Wataru , Lin Chung-Ping 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Unlike most other flower beetles, females of Dicronocephalus wallichii exhibit nesting behaviour. The female constructs a burrow in the soil, cuts dead plant leaves into small pieces to provision the nest, and then lays one egg inside the nest. Hatched larvae have been thought to feed on the nest materials prepared by their mothers, but the effects of pre-ovipositional care on larval performance have not been tested. The hatched larvae were found to stay in the nest for 15–30 days until they consumed the nest materials. We examined whether the presence of provisioned nests enhanced larval performance under both benign and food-stress conditions. With high-nutrient soil, larval survival rate and growth speed were not affected by the presence of provisioned nests. By contrast, with low-nutrient soil, mortality of the larvae was much higher in the absence than in the presence of provisioned nests. The growth speed of larvae with nests located in low-nutrient soil was as high as those reared in high-nutrient soil. These results indicate that females alleviate the food stress of larvae during their initial developmental stage by constructing provisioned nests.