bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity ofKaryolysusandSchellackiafrom the Iberian lizardLacerta schreiberiwith sequence data from engorged ticks
Authors: Zechmeisterová Kristína , Goüy de Bellocq Joëlle , Široký Pavel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractApicomplexan haemoparasites of the generaSchellackiaReichenow, 1919, andKaryolysusLabbé, 1894, seem to be common in lizards and widespread across the world. For decades, their identification has been based on morphological descriptions and life cycle patterns, with molecular characterizations, applied only recently. We used molecular characterization to confirm the identification of haemoparasites detected by microscopy in blood smears ofLacerta schreiberiBedriaga, 1878, a lizard of the Iberian Peninsula. Since blood samples other than blood smears were not available from the studied lizards, 264 engorged ticksIxodes ricinus(Linneaus, 1758) collected from them were used as an alternative non-invasive source of haemoparasite DNA for molecular genetic analyses. Of the 48 blood smears microscopically examined, 31 were positive for blood parasites (64.6% prevalence). We identified trophozoites and gamonts similar toKaryolysus lacazei(Labbé, 1894) (24/48; 50%) andSchellackia-like sporozoites (20/48; 41.7%). Mixed infections with both species occurred in 13 blood smears (27.1%). Sequence data were obtained for both parasites from engorged ticks. Phylogenetic analyses placed our unique haemogregarine sequence within theKaryolysusclade, nevertheless, within substantial polytomy. Thus, according to its morphology and effect on the host cell, we refer to this haemogregarine asKaryolysuscf.lacazei. Besides theSchellackiasequences being identical to a previously identified haplotype, we also obtained sequences of three new closely related haplotypes.
The impacts of gender on seasonal retirement mobility and wellbeing
Authors: Xu Honggang , Wang Yuting 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith the increase in personal mobility and improvements in living standards, seasonal mobility for health reasons is a well-observed phenomenon among retired people worldwide. Existing studies have shown that there are relationships between seasonal retirement mobility and wellbeing, and this study attempts to explore the effects of gender on these relationships. The framework of therapeutic mobility, which includes daily activities, sociality and context, was used to analyse this relationship. Qualitative methods including semi-structured interviews, non-participatory observation and mobile ethnography were used to collect data. This study finds that female seasonal senior migrants in Sanya have more abundant and meaningful daily activities and receive more emotional supports, and as a result, gain more benefits than males, and that these differences are related to their gender roles. Furthermore, while gender itself cannot explain all the differences, it works within the intersection of economic condition, age and family support. This study has enriched the literature on therapeutic mobility and has practical implications.
Apprenticeship in the Renaissance University: Student authorship and craft knowledge
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard J. 
Published: August 2019

ArgumentStudents entered Renaissance universities as apprentices in the craft of books. In the decades around 1500, such university training began to involve not only manuscript circulation, but also the production and the use of books in the new medium of print. Through their role in the crafting of books, I show how a circle of students around Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples gained the experience needed to become bookmen. Students took classroom manuscripts and brought them into print – the new print shop offered students a place in which to exchange labor for credibility as joint authors.
Curiosity, youth, and knowledge in the visual and textual culture of the Dutch Republic
Authors: Stronks Els 
Published: August 2019

ArgumentThe imitation of adults was the dominant educational early modern model, as it had been from the classical era. Yet, from 1500 onward, this traditional model clashed with new pedagogical ideals that explored if and how the youthful mind differed from the adult. To investigate this clash, I examine individual and aggregate cases – taken from the Dutch (illustrated) textual culture – representing conceptualizations of what has been labelled “the curiosity family” (concepts such as curiosity, inquisitiveness, invention). As previously established, during the seventeenth century, curiosity turned from a vice to a virtue among adults. Textual evidence suggests that for the early modern Dutch youth, docility, long valued, remained the guiding ideal. Shortly after 1700, however, two changes can be detected: for youth, travel literature and travel as a metaphor became a means to explore the world without adults; and for adults, the experimental learning style of the young became a new learning model.
Educating physicians in seventeenth-century England
Authors: Barry Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

ArgumentThe tension between theoretical and practical knowledge was particularly problematic for trainee physicians. Unlike civic apprenticeships in surgery and pharmacy, in early modern England there was no standard procedure for obtaining education in the practical aspects of the physician’s role, a very uncertain process of certification, and little regulation to ensure a suitable reward for their educational investment. For all the emphasis on academic learning and international travel, the majority of provincial physicians returned to practice in their home area, because establishing a practice owed more to networks of kinship, patronage and credit than to formal qualifications. Only when (and where) practitioners had to rely solely on their professional qualification to establish their status as young practitioners that the community could trust would proposals to reform medical education, such as those put forward to address a crisis of medicine in Restoration London, which are examined here, be converted into national regulation of medical education in the early nineteenth century, although these proposals prefigured many informal developments in medical training in the eighteenth century.
Late Spanish Fascists in a Changing World: Latin American Communists and East European Reformism, 1956–1975
Authors: Ruiz Carnicer Miguel Ángel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe main aim of this article is to show how the political evolution of Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War cannot be fully understood without analysing the political experiences of countries like Spain, which were not at the centre of the period's political decisions but whose evolution was inspired and suggested by strategies outside the political mainstream. In this respect, the internal evolution of Francoist Spain from the mid-1950s through the 1960s portrays a peculiar political situation demonstrating the capillarity of political and social experiences across the Iron Curtain in Europe and Latin America. A minority of influential sectors linked to the Single Spanish Party, the Falange, pursued its own third way, ignoring the Cold War models. They instead looked to what was happening in Eastern Bloc countries, especially after the events in Hungary in 1956, as well as to the political experiments in Latin America, especially the Cuban revolution.
Discovering dad: paternal roles, responsibilities, and support needs as defined by fathers of children with complex cardiac conditions perioperatively
Authors: Robinson Jacob , Huskey David , Schalley Sabrina , Wratchford Dale , Hammel James , Weaver Meaghann S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackground:Understanding perceptions of family caregivers’ roles and responsibilities regarding their child with complex cardiac needs has potential to help care teams better support parents. Paternal experience has been under-explored in pediatric cardiac cohorts.Methods:Ten fathers of children undergoing cardiac surgery completed quantitative surveys on their knowledge needs and preferred format of communication. In face-to-face recorded interviews, they responded to open-ended questions about the definition of being a good father to a child with a complex cardiac condition, perceived paternal responsibilities, personal growth as a parent to a child with a complex heart condition, support needs, and recommendations to medical staff for paternal inclusion. Semantic content analysis was utilised. The study reports strictly followed COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research guidelines.Results:The fathers reported high preference for knowledge about the child’s heart condition, communication about the treatment plan, and desire for inclusion in the care of their child. Paternal role was defined thematically as: providing a supportive presence, being there, offering bonded insight, serving as strong provider, and acting as an informed advocate. The fathers revealed that their responsibilities sometimes conflicted as they strove to serve as an emotional and economic stabiliser for their family, while also wanting to be foundationally present for their child perioperatively.Conclusion:This study provides insight into paternal experience and strategies for paternal inclusion. This summary of the self-defined experience of the fathers of pediatric cardiac patients offers constructive and specific advice for medical teams.
Determining Factors of Monthly to Decadal Variability in Surface Solar Radiation in China: Evidences From Current Reanalyses
Authors: Feng Fei , Wang Kaicun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractClouds and aerosols play essential roles in regulating surface incident solar radiation (Rs). It has been suggested that the increased aerosol loading over China is a key factor for the decadal variability in Rs and can explain the bias in its trend from reanalyses because the reanalyses do not include the interannual variability of aerosols. In this study, we compare the Rs derived from sunshine duration at 2,400 weather stations in China and that from five reanalyses from 1980 to 2014. The determining factors for the biases in the mean values and trends of Rs from the reanalyses are examined, with the help of Rs and the cloud fraction (CF), from satellite and 2,400 weather stations. Our results show that all reanalyses overestimate the multiyear Rs by 24.10–40.00 W/m2 due to their underestimations of CF, which is more obvious in southern China. The biases in the simulated CF in the reanalyses can explain the biases in Rs by 55–41%, and the bias in clear‐sky surface solar radiation (Rc), which is primarily due to biases in aerosol loading, can explain 32–9% of the bias in Rs. The errors in the trend of the simulated CF can explain the errors in the Rs trends in the reanalyses by 73–12%, and the trend errors in the Rc can explain 43–30% of the trend error in Rs. Our study suggests that more work is needed to improve the simulation of aerosols, clouds, and aerosol‐cloud‐radiation interactions in the reanalyses.
Projected Changes in Interannual Variability of Peak Snowpack Amount and Timing in the Western United States
Authors: Marshall Adrienne M. , Abatzoglou John T. , Link Timothy E. , Tennant Christopher J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInterannual variability of mountain snowpack has important consequences for ecological and socioeconomic systems, yet changes in variability have not been widely examined under future climates. Physically based snowpack simulations for historical (1970–1999) and high‐emission scenario (RCP 8.5) mid‐21st century (2050–2079) periods were used to assess changes in the variability of annual maximum snow water equivalent (SWEmax) and SWEmax timing across the western United States. Models show robust declines in the interannual variability of SWEmax in regions where precipitation is projected to increasingly fall as rain. The average frequency of consecutive snow drought years (SWEmax < historical 25th percentile) is projected to increase from 6.6% to 42.2% of years. Models also project increases in the variability of SWEmax timing, suggesting reduced reliability of when SWEmax occurs. Differences in physiography and regional climate create distinct spatial patterns of change in snowpack variability that will require adaptive strategies for environmental resource management.
Analysis of Microseismicity Framing ML > 2.5 Earthquakes at The Geysers Geothermal Field, California
Authors: Bentz Stephan , Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Dresen Georg , Bohnhoff Marco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPreparatory mechanisms accompanying or leading to nucleation of larger earthquakes have been observed at both laboratory and field scales, but conditions favoring the occurrence of observable preparatory processes are still largely unknown. In particular, it remains a matter of debate why some earthquakes occur spontaneously without noticeable precursors as opposed to events that are preceded by an extended failure process. In this study, we have generated new high‐resolution seismicity catalogs framing the occurrence of 20 ML > 2.5 earthquakes at The Geysers geothermal field in California. To this end, a seismicity catalog of the 11 days framing each large event was created. We selected 20 sequences sampling different hypocentral depths and hydraulic conditions within the field. Seismic activity and magnitude frequency distributions displayed by the different earthquake sequences are correlated with their location within the reservoir. Sequences located in the northwestern part of the reservoir show overall increased seismic activity and low b values, while the southeastern part is dominated by decreased seismic activity and higher b values. Periods of high injection coincide with high b values and vice versa. These observations potentially reflect varying differential and mean stresses and damage of the reservoir rocks across the field. About 50% of analyzed sequences exhibit no change in seismicity rate in response to the large main event. However, we find complex waveforms at the onset of the main earthquake, suggesting that small ruptures spontaneously grow into or trigger larger events.
Coastal Upwelling Influences Hypoxia Spatial Patterns and Nearshore Dynamics in Lake Erie
Authors: Rowe M. D. , Anderson E. J. , Beletsky D. , Stow C. A. , Moegling S. D. , Chaffin J. D. , May J. C. , Collingsworth P. D. , Jabbari A. , Ackerman J. D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHypoxia, defined as dissolved oxygen (DO) < 2 mg/L, in the central basin of Lake Erie has been studied since the mid‐1900s. Even so, spatial patterns of hypoxia, and episodic hypoxia in nearshore areas where drinking water plant intakes are located, are not well characterized owing to limited observations and short‐term dynamics. We evaluated a physically based, DO model with respect to patterns of hypoxia observed in Lake Erie. The DO model used assigned rates of sediment and water column oxygen demand that were temperature dependent but otherwise spatially and temporally uniform. The DO model was linked to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Lake Erie Operational Forecasting System hydrodynamic model, an application of the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM). Model temperature and DO were compared with observations from ship‐based studies, real‐time sensor networks and an array of moored sensors that we deployed in 2017. In years with dominant southwesterly winds, persistent downwelling occurred along the south shore, which resulted in a thinner thermocline and earlier initiation of hypoxia along the south shore than the north. Occasional northeast winds temporarily reversed this pattern, causing upwelling along the south shore that brought hypoxic water to nearshore locations and water intakes. The DO model reproduced observed spatial and temporal patterns of hypoxia and revealed locations subject to episodes of hypoxia, including nearshore Ohio, north of Pelee Island, and near the Bass Islands. Model skill was limited in some respects, highlighting the importance of accurate simulation of the thermal structure and spatial patterns of oxygen demand rates.
Effect of Aerosols on the Ice Cloud Properties Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Yuzhi , Hua Shan , Jia Rui , Huang Jianping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith the highlight of environmental problems over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), aerosol pollution and the influence of this pollution on cloud properties are becoming a new area of research. Based on the aerosol index and cloud property parameters derived from satellite observations, in this study, the inconsistent effects of aerosols on ice cloud properties between daytime and nighttime over the TP are investigated. The results indicate that ice clouds are mainly distributed over the TP margin area, especially over the north slope, during both daytime and nighttime. The occurrence frequency of ice cloud is higher during the daytime than during the nighttime over the margin areas of the TP. Similarly, aerosols are mainly concentrated over the northern margin of the TP. A potential relationship may exist between the aerosol index and ice cloud properties. When the aerosol index increases from 0.05 to 0.17, the ice cloud droplet radius (ICDR) during the daytime decreases from 32.1 to 27.9 μm, while the ICDR during the nighttime remains almost constant (approximately 25 μm); furthermore, the ice water path (IWP) during the daytime decreases slightly due to the saturation effect, while the nocturnal IWP increases significantly. The changes in ice cloud optical depth (ICOD) during daytime and nighttime show significant and completely opposite trends. The removal of the influence of meteorological factors showed that aerosols have a more dominant influence than meteorological conditions on ice cloud properties (except for the nocturnal ICDR and IWP during the daytime).
Satellite Limb Observations of Unprecedented Forest Fire Aerosol in the Stratosphere
Authors: Bourassa Adam E. , Rieger Landon A. , Zawada Daniel J. , Khaykin Sergey , Thomason L. W. , Degenstein Doug A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntense forest fires in western North America during August 2017 caused smoke plumes that reached the stratosphere. While this phenomenon has often been observed, this particular event caused increases in stratospheric aerosol extinction at higher altitudes with greater magnitude than previously observed in the satellite record. Here we use multiple satellite limb sounding observations, which provide high sensitivity to thin aerosol layers and good vertical resolution, to show that enhancements in aerosol extinction from the fires reached as high as 23 km in altitude and persisted for more than 5 months. Within 1 month, the aerosol is observed to cover latitudes from 20°N to 60°N, which is essentially the northernmost limit of the observations. At midlatitudes between 15‐ and 20‐km altitudes, the sustained level of median aerosol extinction measured at 750 nm increased by almost an order of magnitude, from approximately 10−4 km−1 to nearly 10−3 km−1. Agreement between limb scatter and occultation measurements is generally within 20% despite potential bias due to modified aerosol shape and composition.
Convective Entrainment Rates Estimated From Aura CO and CloudSat/CALIPSO Observations and Comparison With GEOS‐5
Authors: Stanfield Ryan E. , Su Hui , Jiang Jonathan H. , Freitas Saulo R. , Molod Andrea M. , Luo Zhengzhao Johnny , Huang Lei , Luo Ming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEntrainment rate (λ) in convective parameterizations remains a sensitive parameter with much uncertainty in model simulations. This study estimates λ using carbon monoxide (CO) measurements jointly from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer onboard the Aura satellite, associated with deep convective cases identified by CloudSat and CALIPSO observations. CO is treated as a conserved quantity over convective transport time scales, and a simple entraining‐plume model is used to derive entrainment rates. The relationships of the observational estimates of λ as a function of convective height, environmental relative humidity, and convective available potential energy (CAPE) derived from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder data are compared with those from Goddard Earth Observing System Model (GEOS‐5) simulations. Bulk statistics of λ show that the values of λ are predominately below 20%/km for deep convection and the occurrence frequency of any λ decreases with increasing λ. Composite λ values are generally lower in the tropics compared to northern midlatitudes in both observations and the GEOS‐5 model. A decrease of λ with increasing convective height is found in both observations and model simulations. We also find that λ tends to decrease with increasing CAPE in the observation‐based λs and plume‐based GEOS‐5 λs, although the model given λs have a nonmonotonic relation with CAPE. The observed λs have a weak relation with lower‐to‐middle tropospheric relative humidity, while both GEOS‐5 plume‐based and given λ increase with increasing relative humidity.
Sensory cortex wiring requires preselection of short- and long-range projection neurons through an Egr-Foxg1-COUP-TFI network
Authors: Hou Pei-Shan , Miyoshi Goichi , Hanashima Carina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe bimodal requisite for a genetic program and external stimuli is a key feature of sensory circuit formation. However, the contribution of cell-intrinsic codes to directing sensory-specific circuits remains unknown. Here, we identify the earliest molecular program that preselects projection neuron types in the sensory neocortex. Mechanistically, Foxg1 binds to an H3K4me1-enriched enhancer site to repress COUP-TFI, where ectopic acquisition of Foxg1 in layer 4 cells transforms local projection neurons to callosal projection neurons with pyramidal morphologies. Removal of Foxg1 in long-range projection neurons, in turn, derepresses COUP-TFI and activates a layer 4 neuron-specific program. The earliest segregation of projection subtypes is achieved through repression of Foxg1 in layer 4 precursors by early growth response genes, the major targets of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway. These findings describe the earliest cortex-intrinsic program that restricts neuronal connectivity in sensory circuits, a fundamental step towards the acquisition of mammalian perceptual behavior.
Bis-naphthopyrone pigments protect filamentous ascomycetes from a wide range of predators
Authors: Xu Yang , Vinas Maria , Alsarrag Albatol , Su Ling , Pfohl Katharina , Rohlfs Marko , Schäfer Wilhelm , Chen Wei , Karlovsky Petr 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIt is thought that fungi protect themselves from predation by the production of compounds that are toxic to soil-dwelling animals. Here, we show that a nontoxic pigment, the bis-naphthopyrone aurofusarin, protects Fusarium fungi from a wide range of animal predators. We find that springtails (primitive hexapods), woodlice (crustaceans), and mealworms (insects) prefer feeding on fungi with disrupted aurofusarin synthesis, and mealworms and springtails are repelled by wheat flour amended with the fungal bis-naphthopyrones aurofusarin, viomellein, or xanthomegnin. Predation stimulates aurofusarin synthesis in several Fusarium species and viomellein synthesis in Aspergillus ochraceus. Aurofusarin displays low toxicity in mealworms, springtails, isopods, Drosophila, and insect cells, contradicting the common view that fungal defence metabolites are toxic. Our results indicate that bis-naphthopyrones are defence compounds that protect filamentous ascomycetes from predators through a mechanism that does not involve toxicity.