bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Size of a Left Double-Lumen Tube for Asian Women Based on the Combination of the Diameters of the Cricoid Ring and Left Main Bronchus: A Randomized, Prospective, Controlled Trial
Authors: Shiqing Liu , Wenxu Qi , Yuqiang Mao , Youjing Dong 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
There are limited data about how to choose the correct size of a double-lumen tube (DLT). It is especially difficult to select an appropriate DLT for Asian women because of their small stature. The primary aim of this study was to compare the overall accuracy of the DLT selected based on the combination of transverse diameter of cricoid ring and the equivalent diameter of the left main bronchus (ED-LMB) with that based on the ED-LMB alone for Asian women.

METHODS:
In this study, 80 consecutive and blinded female patients were assigned randomly to 2 groups. The overall accuracy of the selection of DLT was compared between the Combined group and LMB group. The accuracy of the selection of tracheal segment and bronchial segment was also compared between the 2 groups. The postoperative hoarseness and sore throat were investigated by blinded assessors.

RESULTS:
The overall accuracy of selection of the DLTs was higher in the Combined group than that in the LMB group (87.5% vs 60.0%; P = .010). The accuracy of selection of tracheal segment was also higher in the Combined group (92.5% vs 67.5%; P = .010). The accuracy of selection of bronchial segment was similar between the groups (95.0 % vs 86.1%; P = .246). The severity of sore throat was higher in the LMB group at 24 hours after the operation (P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The correct size of DLT for Asian women should be selected based on the combination of transverse diameter of cricoid ring and the ED-LMB.
The New Howard Woman
Authors: Beauboeuf-Lafontant Tamara 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the opening decades of the twentieth century, Lucy Diggs Slowe charted new territory as the first African American dean of women. Serving in this administrative role for fifteen years at her alma mater, Howard University, Slowe introduced and shaped an extracurriculum to realize her unique ideal of educated Black womanhood, “the New Howard Woman.” In a departure from the hyperscrutiny of nineteenth-century codes of respectability, the New Howard Woman drew from the self-defining qualities of the New Negro and the New Woman, while correcting for their exclusive focus on Black masculinity and white femininity, respectively. This paper examines how Slowe’s advocacy of Black women operated on two intertwined principles: the universal right to grow into one’s potential and the obligation of each person to contribute her talent to social amelioration. Given her unwavering conviction that Black women were as much members of modern society as other race-gender groups, Slowe’s tenure provides a unique and needed window into an underexplored history of interventions to render college campuses inclusive and responsive environments for democratic learning and living.
“Hard-Headed and Masculine-Hearted Women”
Authors: Yitah Helen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This essay undertakes a gendered analysis of Mabel Dove-Danquah’s fiction within the context of nationalist Ghanaian literature. Dove-Danquah and her contemporaries who wrote during the late nineteenth to early twentieth century portrayed almost all the ideas and ideology of modern African thought and many of the themes, modes, and techniques found in African literature today. Moreover, through their preoccupation with nationhood, race consciousness, and African cultural integrity, they announced Ghana’s intellectual independence decades before the end of colonial rule. However, Dove-Danquah stands out among this group as a writer whose fiction not only challenged colonial and racial legacies but also called into question male value systems that denied female subjectivity, and envisioned a “new woman” who could challenge them. The essay analyzes Dove-Danquah’s portraits of this “new woman” in her largely unpublished collection of short stories, “Sketches of Life,” to bring out her contribution to gender identity in Ghanaian literature.
“Where Do You Go When You Go Quiet?”
Authors: Maner Sequoia 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This essay traces the ethical impulse of Beyoncé’s 2016 visual album, Lemonade. I frame the writings of Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston as antecedent creations that depict black women’s journeys into interior psychic spaces as method for healing. Reading the trope of water and other visual cues within Lemonade, I find that Beyoncé advocates for transformed social relations which blossom from healthier modes of relating to oneself and others, an endeavor that has material value in the #BlackLivesMatter era.
What influences women to stop or continue breastfeeding? A thematic analysis
Authors: Keevash Jessica , Norman Alyson , Forrest Hannah , Mortimer Samantha 
Published: October 2018

Background The UK figures suggest that rates of breastfeeding are low compared to other countries. While initial breastfeeding rates have increased, figures are still low for those continuing to breastfeed at 6 months. Aims To understand the experiences of breastfeeding women and what affects their ability to continue breastfeeding. Methods A total of 41 women aged 18-45 years who had attempted to breastfeed between 2011 and 2016 took part in semi-structured interviews, analysed using a thematic approach. Findings Four main themes were identified: attachment, provision of information and support, sociocultural pressures and maternal role. The study found that women reported more positive attachment to their infant when breastfeeding. Conclusions While women were often highly motivated to breastfeed, they often did not receive sufficient information and support, often leading to early cessation. Women highlighted the societal pressures to breastfeed and how this was incorporated into the perception of what it was to be a ‘mother’.
Childbearing women's experiences of midwives' workplace distress: Patient and public involvement
Authors: Pezaro Sally , Pearce Gemma , Bailey Elizabeth 
Published: October 2018

Background Some midwives experience work-related psychological distress. This can reduce the quality and safety of maternity services, yet there are few interventions to support midwives. Aim To explore and voice the perceptions of new mothers in relation to the barriers to receiving high-quality maternity care, the psychological wellbeing of midwives and the development and evaluation of an online intervention designed to support them. GRIPP2 reporting checklists were also used to demonstrate how patient and public involvement works in research. Methods A co-design approach was used in a discussion group to collect qualitative data from 10 participants. A framework approach was used for analysis. Findings Unique findings included midwives crying, becoming emotional and seeking support from service users. Overall, seven patient and public involvement outcomes relating to intervention development and data collection were identified. Conclusion Maternity service improvement strategies may only be wholly effective once they include the provision of effective midwifery workplace support.
Zoogeography of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Southeastern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Catarineu Chema , Barberá Gonzalo G. , Reyes-López Joaquín Luis 
Published: October 2018

The work submitted in this paper presents the first checklist of the ant species of the Segura River Basin based on a review of specific literature and biological material collected during field work conducted from 2012 to 2017. Our findings recorded 110 species belonging to 30 genera of ants and twenty two of these species were recorded for the first time in this area. The zoogeographical composition is dominated by the species of the Mediterranean zone (75.2%), followed by the mixed and deciduous forest zone (19.1%). The most important zoogeographic elements are: Iberian (20%), Holomediterranean (17.1%) and West-Mediterranean (13.3%). There are only six cosmopolitan species (5.71%). There is a greater proportion of species from the mixed and deciduous forest zone in the high-mid altitudes in the Segura River Basin, where the climate is cooler, and more humid. The Euro-Caucasian and Euro-West Siberian elements seems to be more associated to the more humid forest, whilst the Euro-Caucasian elements seem to be more associated to ecosystems more similar to the forest-steppe zone. The existence of these different zoogeographic origins in this area is probably linked with: the position between Africa and Europe; the complex geotectonic, paleogeographic, and paleoclimatic history during the last 7 My; the complex geomorphology; and the high climate and habitat diversity. Based on ant studies and other taxa, possible explanations of the zoogeographic origin of these ant chorotypes are proposed.
Lung function in athletes and non-athletes aged 13-15 years
Authors: Saputri Ni Komang Diah , Mayangsari Ayu Setyorini Mestika , Subanada Ida Bagus 
Published: October 2018

Background Regular sports or physical training contributes in increasing the body’s pulmonary function. The increase of pulmonary function is determined by the strength of respiratory muscle, thoracic compliance, upper respiratory system resistance, and pulmonary elasticity.
Objective To compare pulmonary function between athletes and non-athletes aged 13-15 years.
Methods This is a cross-sectional analytical study conducted onnior high school students aged 13-15 years throughout June to August 2017. Participants are classified as athletes from particular sports and non-athletes. Assessment of pulmonary function was done using a spirometry test, in which each subject was asked to inhale and exhale in a particular method. Parameters assessed include vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory flow (FEF) and FEV1/FVC. Differences in lung function between athletes and non-athletes were analyzed using independent T-test.
Results There were 60 athletes and 60 non-athletes included in this study. The mean age of athletes and non-athletes were 13.38 (SD 0.99) years old and 13.70 (SD 0.76) years old, respectively. The statistically significant differences in mean lung function parameters between athletes and non-athletes were as follows: VC: 85.03% vs. 79.41%, respectively (P=0.035); FVC: 95.66% vs. 88.43%, respectively (P=0.016); FEV1: 102.10% vs. 94.28%, respectively (P=0.016); and FEV1/FVC: 105.95% vs. 102.69%, respectively (P=0.011). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the means of FEF 25-75% between the two groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions Parameters of lung function in athletes are in general significantly higher than in non-athletes.
Personal Explorations in the Study of Ethnic and Race Relations
Authors: Marin Marguerite V. 
Published: October 2018

Many have discussed the inherent problems in teaching race and ethnic relations courses. Students often come to class with preconceived ideas about their social world, and a range of feelings and experiences including confusion, biases and misconceptions. Therefore, significant barriers to learning exist prior to the first day of class. To address these challenges, I developed a teaching strategy that created a student-centered, non-threatening learning environment where students could thoughtfully discuss and collaborate on group projects covering emotionally charged subjects. In doing so I organized my course, Race and Ethnic Relations, around the students’ use of family histories. This essay includes qualitative data from student projects, and their reflections on the effeciveness of this assignment. Student reflections revealed their relative comfort in holding discussions and presenting information on sensitive and challenging topics.Keywords:Student-centered learning, student collaboration, race and ethnic relations, and ethnic family histories
A Short Note on the Common Fixed Points of the Geraghty Contraction of Type ES,T
Authors: Alqahtani Badr , Fulga Andreea , Karapınar Erdal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new contraction type for two self-mappings and investigate the necessary conditions for the existence and uniqueness of coincidence points and common fixed points, respectively. We put some examples to illustrate our main results.
An Instrumental Variables Design for the Effect of Emergency General Surgery
Authors: Keele Luke , Sharoky Catherine E. , Sellers Morgan M. , Wirtalla Chris J. , Kelz Rachel R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Confounding by indication is a critical challenge in evaluating the effectiveness of surgical interventions using observational data. The threat from confounding is compounded when using medical claims data due to the inability to measure risk severity. If there are unobserved differences in risk severity across patients, treatment effect estimates based on methods such a multivariate regression may be biased in an unknown direction. A research design based on instrumental variables offers one possibility for reducing bias from unobserved confounding compared to risk adjustment with observed confounders. This study investigates whether a physician’s preference for operative care is a valid instrumental variable for studying the effect of emergency surgery. We review the plausibility of the necessary causal assumptions in an investigation of the effect of emergency general surgery (EGS) on inpatient mortality among adults using medical claims data from Florida, Pennsylvania, and New York in 2012–2013. In a departure from the extant literature, we use the framework of stochastic monotonicity which is more plausible in the context of a preference-based instrument. We compare estimates from an instrumental variables design to estimates from a design based on matching that assumes all confounders are observed. Estimates from matching show lower mortality rates for patients that undergo EGS compared to estimates based in the instrumental variables framework. Results vary substantially by condition type. We also present sensitivity analyses as well as bounds for the population level average treatment effect. We conclude with a discussion of the interpretation of estimates from both approaches.
Mitochondria-driven elimination of cancer and senescent cells
Authors: Hubackova Sona , Magalhaes Novais Silvia , Davidova Eliska , Neuzil Jiri , Rohlena Jakub 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are emerging as intriguing targets for the efficient elimination of cancer cells. The specificity of this approach is aided by the capacity of non-proliferating non-cancerous cells to withstand oxidative insult induced by OXPHOS inhibition. Recently we discovered that mitochondrial targeting can also be employed to eliminate senescent cells, where it breaks the interplay between OXPHOS and ATP transporters that appear important for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and viability in the senescent setting. Hence, mitochondria/OXPHOS directed pharmacological interventions show promise in several clinically-relevant scenarios that call for selective removal of cancer and senescent cells.
The role of the innate immune system on pulmonary infections
Authors: Galeas-Pena Michelle , McLaughlin Nathaniel , Pociask Derek 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Inhalation is required for respiration and life in all vertebrates. This process is not without risk, as it potentially exposes the host to environmental pathogens with every breath. This makes the upper respiratory tract one of the most common routes of infection and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. To combat this, the lung relies on the innate immune defenses. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not require sensitization, previous exposure or priming to attack foreign particles. In the lung, the innate immune response starts with the epithelial barrier and mucus production and is reinforced by phagocytic cells and T cells. These cells are vital for the production of cytokines, chemokines and anti-microbial peptides that are critical for clearance of infectious agents. In this review, we discuss all aspects of the innate immune response, with a special emphasis on ways to target aspects of the immune response to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.
A Versatile Converter of Liquid Hydrocarbons for the Production of Reducing and Carbonization Atmospheres
Authors: Al-Musa Abdullah A. , Martynenko Vladimir , Al-Saleh Mohammed , Al-Zahrani Ayman , Kalinin Vladimir , Shabunya Stanislav 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We herein report the results of our investigation into the modes of catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of liquid fuels and air mixtures to yield endothermic (endo) gas on a pilot-scale installation containing ~ 0.45 cm3 catalytic bed. This endothermic gas serves as a protective atmosphere in thermochemical steel treatment processes. Seven liquid hydrocarbons (LHs) are investigated, namely isooctane, 91 RON (research octane number) and 95 RON gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, and naphtha. All experiments are performed using our previously developed reactor, where the reactions of natural gas/air mixtures were previously studied. In the present study, we report that the LH conversion products reached an equilibrium state similar to that of methane and natural gas conversion with an atomic C/O ratio of ~ 1.0 in the mixture. Furthermore, working regimes between 850 and 950 °C are examined as typical reaction conditions for industrial endo gas generators, and in all cases, the required gas quality is achieved. However, we found that gasoline and diesel are the most suitable LH feedstock for endo gas generation.
Phase Locked Loop Based Techniques for Compensation of Voltage Based Power Quality Issues in Distribution System
Authors: Arya Sabha Raj , Maurya Rakesh , Naidu Talada Appala 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This article describes the comparison of different phase locked loops (PLLs) based control algorithms for removal of voltage based power quality problems such as voltage sag/swell, distortions and unbalances etc. For this purpose, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is designed with heuristic optimization technique called Multi-objective Grey wolf Optimizer (MOGWO) for PI gains calculation. Three PLLs namely adaptive transfer delay phase locked loop (ATD-PLL), multi complex coefficient filter phase locked loop (MCCF-PLL), and multi synchronous reference frame phase locked loop (MSRF-PLL) are implemented for the control of DVR in a three-phase system. These PLLs are employed for compensation of distortions and imbalances in supply along with voltage sag/swell. Basically, estimation of fundamental and positive sequence components are the basic function of these PLLs that is used for further extraction of reference load voltage. The optimization approach has been implemented for estimation of proportional integral (PI) gains of dc bus as well as ac bus in the system. This approach of tuning PI controller-gains reduces the time by integrating the fixed sized external archive to the GWO for saving and retrieving optimal solutions. Three wires DVR with developed control algorithms are implemented using MATLAB/Simulink and tested in a laboratory environment. The recorded results show satisfactory performance of DVR for compensation of voltage based power quality problems.
Reduced Switch Technique for Solar PV System Based Multilevel Inverter for PQ Improvement
Authors: Rajagopal V. , Nagamalleswari V. , Ray Papia , Arya Sabha Raj , Bangarraju J. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper describes reduced number of switches technique for Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) voltage source based 31-level Multi Level Inverter (MLI) for Power Quality (PQ) improvement. The proposed topology reduces number of IGBT switches to ten, which is very less compared to diode clamped, capacitor and cascaded multilevel inverter. The desired multistep AC output voltage with minimum number of switches is obtained using this topology which reduces cost of system. The proposed MLI reduces number of harmonics at the AC output voltage which improves the PQ. The square wave switching used in this topology reduces the switching losses compared to pulse width modulation technique. The performance of four solar PV voltage sources with Buck/Boost converter has been discussed in this paper. The proposed MLI is mainly used in this paper for off grid system. The results of the Solar PV System based 31-level MLI have been simulated in MATLAB R2013a environment and hardware results have been validated using Opal-RT real time simulator OP-5142.
Popular lexicon of Greek origin in Italian varieties
Authors: Crifò Francesco 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Greek-speaking people have been sailing the Mediterranean for millennia. At various stages of their development from Latin, the Romance languages have been influenced by their idiom. In Italy and in its islands, this role has been particularly evident due to the many rich and culturally active colonies in Southern Italy before and during the Roman period on the one hand, and through the later Byzantine occupation, which lasted several centuries in some areas, on the other. In this article, after a brief summary of the historical background (2.), the characteristics of the lexical borrowings from Greek in the local idioms of Southern (3.) as well as of Central and Northern Italy (4.) will be sketched. Here and there, and in the conclusions (5.), the status quaestionis and the latest orientations of the research will also be broadly outlined.
The vocabulary of the Algerian Lingua Franca
Authors: Baglioni Daniele 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The so-called Mediterranean Lingua Franca is a Romance-based, onlyspoken linguistic variety that in slavery and travel accounts of the 17th-18th centuries is said to have been used by Moors and Turks, mainly in North Africa and above all in Algiers, as a basic means of communication with Christian slaves. Its only lexicographic source is an anonymous dictionary printed in Marseille in 1830, which is devoted to the Lingua Franca as it was spoken in Algiers. This source is by far the richest one available, but also the most problematic, because of its many inconsistencies and contradictions. As a result, the lexical components of the Algerian Lingua Franca (mainly Italian and Spanish, but also French, Provençal, Arabic, Turkish, etc.) as well as the quantity and quality of their contributions can only be reconstructed by critically comparing the entries of the Dictionnaire of 1830 with all preceding records by former prisoners and travellers.
Picturing Scripts: A Combined Narrative, Social Semiotic and Cognitive Approach to Visual Narrativity
Authors: Maagaard Cindie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article explores visual narrativity through the case of prospective, or future-tense, narratives realized through visual images. Addressing the challenges of representing narrative elements of temporality, events and experience in a single, static image, it proposes an analytical framework combining social semiotic, contextual and cognitive perspectives. In doing so, it argues that a combined approach enhances our ability to understand the interplay between on the one hand the image-internal visual cues of temporality and modality that activate the viewer’s imagination and narrative inferences, and on the other, the processes by which such inferences are made, including the influence of the viewer’s contextual knowledge and cognitive processes in guiding them. The article uses architectural renderings as material for analysis, because they are exemplary of how visual images invite viewers to imagine the kinds of activities and experiences that can unfold in a future setting and thus make inferences about temporality, event and experience beyond the image’s isolated moment.