bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polypharmacy, Gait Performance, and Falls in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults. Results from the Gait and Brain Study
Authors: Montero‐Odasso Manuel , Sarquis‐Adamson Yanina , Song Hao Yuan , Bray Nick Walter , Pieruccini‐Faria Frederico , Speechley Mark 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVESPolypharmacy, defined as the use of five or more medications, has been repeatedly linked to fall incidence, and recently it was cross‐sectionally associated with gait disturbances. Our objectives were to evaluate cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between polypharmacy and gait performance in a well‐established clinic‐based cohort study. We also assessed whether gait impairments could mediate associations between number of medications and fall incidence.DESIGNProspective cohort of community‐dwelling older adults, with 5 years of follow‐up.SETTINGGeriatric clinics in an academic hospital in London, ON, Canada.PARTICIPANTSCommunity‐dwelling older adults aged 65 and older (n = 249; 76.6 ± 8.6 y; 63% women).MEASUREMENTSNumber of medications, quantitative spatiotemporal gait parameters, and fall incidence during follow‐up.RESULTSThe number of medications was cross‐sectionally associated with poor gait performance (slow gait, speed p < .001; higher variability, p < .001; and higher stride, p < .001; step, p = .013, and double support times, p < .001). Prospectively, the number of medications was associated with overall gait decline (odds ratio = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13‐1.33; p < .001), faster gait decline (hazard ratio = 4.62; 95%CI = 1.82‐11.73; p < .001), and higher falls incidence (p = .006). These associations remained true after adjusting for age, sex, and accounting for “confounding by indication bias” by using a comorbidity propensity score adjustment. Each additional medication taken, significantly increased gait decline risk by 12% to 16% and fall incidence risk by 5% to 7%. Mediation analyses revealed that gait impairments in stride length, step length, and step width mediated the strength of the association between medications and fall incidence.CONCLUSIONPolypharmacy was cross‐sectionally associated with poor gait performance and longitudinally associated with gait decline and fall incidence. Despite our use of propensity matching, confounding by indication could have influenced the results. Quantitative spatial gait parameters performance mediated the strength of the association between medications and falls, suggesting a role of gait disturbances in the medication‐related falls pathway.
Changes in Older Adults' Oral Health and Disparities: 1999 to 2004 and 2011 to 2016
Authors: Griffin Susan O. , Griffin Paul M. , Li Chien‐Hsun , Bailey William D. , Brunson Diane , Jones Judith A. 
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVESTo examine changes in tooth loss and untreated tooth decay among older low‐income and higher‐income US adults and whether disparities have persisted.DESIGNSequential cross‐sectional study using nationally representative data.SETTINGThe 1999 to 2004 and 2011 to 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.PARTICIPANTSNoninstitutionalized US adults, aged 65 years and older (N = 3539 for 1999‐2004, and N = 3514 for 2011‐2016).MEASUREMENTSDifferences in prevalence of tooth loss (having 19 teeth or fewer, 8 teeth or fewer, and no teeth) and untreated decay and mean number of decayed and missing teeth (DMT) between low‐ and high‐income adults 65 years and older in each survey and changes between surveys. Adjusted prevalence and count outcomes were estimated with logistic and negative binomial regression models, respectively. Models controlled for sociodemographic characteristics and smoking status. Reported findings are significant at P < .05.RESULTSIn 2011 to 2016, unadjusted prevalence of having 19 teeth or fewer, 8 teeth or fewer, no teeth, and untreated decay among low‐income adults 65 years and older was 50.6%, 42.0%, 28.6%, and 28.6%, respectively. Multivariate analyses indicated that although most tooth loss measures improved between surveys for both income groups, tooth loss among low‐income adults remained at almost twice that among higher‐income adults. The disparity in untreated decay prevalence in 2011 to 2016, 15.2 percentage points (26.1% vs 10.9% for low vs high income) was twice that in 1999 to 2004, 8.5 percentage points (22.9% vs 14.4% for low vs high income). DMT decreased for both groups, with lower‐income adults having about five more affected teeth in both surveys.CONCLUSIONTooth loss is decreasing, but differential access to restorative care by income appears to have increased.
How plants grow up
Authors: McKim Sarah M 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA plant's lateral structures, such as leaves, branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis, making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form. In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem. Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain‐bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high‐yielding semi‐dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes, boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.
EXPORTIN 1A prevents transgene silencing in Arabidopsis by modulating nucleo‐cytoplasmic partitioning of HDA6
Authors: Zhu Guohui , Chang Yanan , Xu Xuezhong , Tang Kai , Chen Chunxiang , Lei Mingguang , Zhu Jian‐Kang , Duan Cheng‐Guo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, transport of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope is an essential process that ensures rapid exchange of cellular components, including protein and RNA molecules. Chromatin regulators involved in epigenetic control are among the molecules exported across the nuclear envelope, but the significance of this nucleo‐cytoplasmic trafficking is not well understood. Here, we use a forward screen to isolate XPO1A (a nuclear export receptor in Arabidopsis) as an anti‐silencing factor that protects transgenes from transcriptional silencing. Loss‐of‐function of XPO1A leads to locus‐specific DNA hypermethylation at transgene promoters and some endogenous loci. We found that XPO1A directly interacts with histone deacetylase HDA6 in vivo and that the xpo1a mutation causes increased nuclear retention of HDA6 protein and results in reduced histone acetylation and enhanced transgene silencing. Our results reveal a new mechanism of epigenetic regulation through the modulation of XPO1A‐dependent nucleo‐cytoplasm partitioning of a chromatin regulator.
Potential toxicity of cyanogenic glycoside amygdalin and bitter apricot seed in rabbits—Health status evaluation
Authors: Kovacikova Eva , Kovacik Anton , Halenar Marek , Tokarova Katarina , Chrastinova Lubica , Ondruska Lubomir , Jurcik Rastislav , Kolesar Eduard , Valuch Jozef , Kolesarova Adriana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAmygdalin is one of the most studied secondary metabolites of Prunus genus. It is a cyanogenic glycoside which was initially obtained from the bitter almonds seeds and is a major component of the seeds of plants, such as apricots, almonds, peaches, apples and other rosaceous plants. The views of scientists on the use of amygdalin have been contradictory for many years, partly because toxicokinetics and metabolism of amygdalin still have not been adequately explored. The present in vivo study was designed to reveal whether pure amygdalin intramuscularly injected or apricot seeds oral consumption induce changes in overall health status of rabbit as a biological model. A total of 60 adult rabbits were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received no amygdalin while the two experimental groups E1 and E2 received a daily intramuscular injection of amygdalin at doses 0.6 and 3.0 mg/kg bw. The experimental groups E3 and E4 were fed crushed bitter apricot seeds (Prunus armeniaca L.), at doses 60 and 300 mg/kg bw, mixed with commercial feed for rabbits. Blood collection was carried out after 14 days. Biochemical, haematological and antioxidant enzymes activity analysis were performed and statistically evaluated. A short‐term amygdalin administration had negligible impact on biochemical parameters—mainly level of urea, bilirubin, cholesterol. Haematological profile of rabbits was influenced very slightly—non‐significant platelet count and platelet percentage increase, erythrocytes count and haemoglobin decrease. SOD activity of rabbits decreased significantly (p > 0.05) after apricot seeds consumption (102.3 U/ml) in comparison to control (117.4 U/ml). Differences might be connected to diverse metabolism by different administration routes and at the same time by the presence of other substances in apricot seeds (phytosterols, polyphenols, fatty acids). However, a short‐term consumption had only slight effect on health status of rabbits and at recommended doses did not represent risk for their health.
Incidence and risk factors associated with development of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving doxorubicin
Authors: Hallman Briana E. , Hauck Marlene L. , Williams Laurel E. , Hess Paul R. , Suter Steven E. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundDoxorubicin (DOX) can cause cumulative cardiotoxicity in dogs, but the incidence of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs receiving DOX has not been determined.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine if the duration of DOX infusion influences the incidence of cardiotoxicity, to characterize the incidence of clinical cardiotoxicity in dogs during or after DOX chemotherapy, and to identify any risk factors associated with cardiotoxicity.AnimalsFour‐hundred ninety‐four dogs that received at least 1 dose of DOX for the treatment of cancer.MethodsRetrospective study of dogs that received DOX from 2006 to 2015.ResultsOf 494 dogs, 20 (4.0%) developed clinical cardiotoxicity. The duration of DOX infusion was not significantly associated with clinical cardiotoxicity, whereas a higher cumulative dose of DOX, higher body weight, decreases in fractional shortening after 5 doses of DOX, and development of ventricular premature contractions were significantly associated with clinical cardiotoxicity. High‐risk breeds for developing dilated cardiomyopathy had an incidence of 15.4%, whereas low‐risk breeds had an incidence of 3.0%.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough the duration of DOX infusion did not influence the incidence of cardiotoxicity, premature contractions and decreases in fractional shortening should raise concern for the development of clinical cardiotoxicity. Overall, the incidence of clinical DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity is low, but Boxers and other breeds at high risk for dilated cardiomyopathy may be at an increased risk.
Riverscape genetic variation, migration patterns, and morphological variation of the threatened Round Rocksnail, Leptoxis ampla
Authors: Whelan Nathan V. , Galaska Matthew P. , Sipley Breanna N. , Weber Jennifer M. , Johnson Paul D. , Halanych Kenneth M. , Helms Brian S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWithin riverine systems, headwater populations are hypothesized to harbour higher amounts of genetic distinctiveness than populations in the main stem of a river and display increased genetic diversity in large, downstream habitats. However, these hypotheses were mostly developed with insects and fish, and they have not been tested on many invertebrate lineages. Pleuroceridae gastropods are of particular ecological importance to rivers of eastern North America, sometimes comprising over 90% of macroinvertebrate biomass. Yet, virtually nothing is known of pleurocerid landscape genetics, including whether genetic diversity follows predictions made by hypotheses developed on more mobile species. Moreover, the commonly repeated hypothesis that intraspecific morphological variation in gastropods results from ecophenotypic plasticity has not been well tested on pleurocerids. Using 2bRAD‐seq to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms, we show that the threatened, Cahaba River endemic pleurocerid, Leptoxis ampla, has limited gene flow among populations and that migration is downstream‐biased, conflicting with previous hypotheses. Both tributary and main stem populations harbour unique genomic profiles, and genetic diversity was highest in downstream populations. Furthermore, L. ampla shell morphology was more correlated with genetic differences among individuals and populations than habitat characteristics. We anticipate similar genetic and demographic patterns to be seen in other pleurocerids, and hypotheses about gene flow and population demographics that were based on more mobile taxa often, but not always, apply to freshwater gastropods. From a conservation standpoint, genetic structure of L. ampla populations suggests distinctive genetic diversity is lost with localized extirpation, a phenomenon common across the range of Pleuroceridae.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Thai version of the Mini‐Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination as a mild cognitive impairment and dementia screening test
Authors: Charernboon Thammanard 
Published: January 2019

AimTo examine the diagnostic accuracy of the Thai version of the Mini‐Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (MACE‐T) for detecting mild cognitive impairment and dementia.MethodsParticipants consisted of 60 controls, 40 people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 48 people with dementia. All participants completed the Thai version of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination – III (ACE‐T) and the MACE‐T scores were obtained from items within the ACE‐T.ResultsA cut‐off score of 21/22 detected MCI with a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval (CI): 86.1–100) and specificity of 85% (95% CI: 77.8–93.4). A cut‐off score of 16/17 detected dementia with a sensitivity and specificity of 95.8% (95% CI: 88.2–100) and 85% (95% CI: 76.4–89.7), respectively. Using Bayes theorem, the MACE‐T demonstrated high negative predictive values (> 94%) for diagnosing MCI and dementia, independent of their prevalence rates. Education was the only significant predictor of performance in the MACE‐T.ConclusionThe MACE‐T is a good short cognitive screening test with high diagnostic accuracy for screening for MCI and dementia.
Urban voices: The hybrid figure of the street singer in Renaissance Italy
Authors: Degl’Innocenti Luca , Rospocher Massimo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis essay aims to investigate from a combined historical and literary perspective the protean and elusive figures of early modern Italian street singers, or cantastorie, showing the advantages and challenges of an interdisciplinary approach. Both textual analysis and archival investigation, we argue, are of crucial importance in order to shed some light on their social identity as well as on their cultural background. Cantastorie are in fact so multifaceted that the same figure is often known to different scholars in a variety of roles. Depending on a scholar’s discipline, or on the sources used, a single face emerges, making them appear either as poets or as singers, or as musicians, actors, jugglers, barkers, publishers, booksellers, entertainers, news‐reporters, public lecturers, medical charlatans and many other things. By focusing on three paradigmatic examples (and on several minor ones), we show that in order to draw an all‐round portrait of these itinerant performers we have to combine as many different perspectives as possible: Jacopo Coppa was a charlatan, Niccolò Zoppino a publisher, and Cristoforo the Altissimo a poet, but all of them – like most cantastorie – were also several other things at the same time. Therefore, in analysing street performers it is difficult to employ traditional social, literary and cultural categories, but we need to adopt – and sometimes create – more comprehensive and truly interdisciplinary paradigms. It is essential to combine different methodologies, scales of analysis, and sources; in a nutshell, it often means reading the same texts with different eyes.
Associations of fitness and physical activity with orthostatic responses of heart rate and blood pressure at midlife
Authors: Oksanen Päivi , Tulppo Mikko P. , Auvinen Juha , Niemelä Maisa , Jämsä Timo , Puukka Katri , Huikuri Heikki V. , Korpelainen Raija , Venojärvi Mika , Kiviniemi Antti M. 
Published: January 2019

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are associated with autonomic function, but their associations to orthostatic autonomic responses are unclear in epidemiological setting. We hypothesized that higher CRF and PA would associate with higher immediate vagal responses and lower incidence of adverse findings during orthostatic test. At age of 46, 787 men and 938 women without cardiorespiratory diseases and diabetes underwent an orthostatic test (3‐minutes sitting, 3‐minutes standing) with recording of RR intervals (RRi) and blood pressure (BP) by finger plethysmography. Acute responses of RRi (30:15 ratio) and BP were calculated. CRF was measured by a submaximal step test and daily amount of moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) for 2 weeks by wrist‐worn accelerometer. Lifelong PA was based on questionnaires at ages of 14, 31, and 46. High CRF was significantly associated with higher RRi 30:15 ratio (adjusted standardized β = 0.17, P < 0.001) and milder acute decrease of systolic BP while standing (β = 0.10, P = 0.001), while MVPA was not (β = 0.04 for RRi 30:15 ratio and β = 0.05 for systolic BP acute response). High lifelong PA was significantly associated with higher RRi 30:15 ratio (β = 0.08, P = 0.002) but not with acute systolic BP response. Those in the lowest tertile of CRF had 9.2‐fold risk (P = 0.002) of having postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome compared to more fit. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lifelong physical activity, but not current physical activity, were independently associated with higher cardiac vagal response to orthostasis. The present results underscore the importance fitness and lifelong physical activity in prevention of abnormal autonomic function and related cardiovascular risk.
The Impact of Globalization on Women's and Non‐Women's Protest*
Authors: Bell Sam R. , Murdie Amanda , Peksen Dursun 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesWe advance hypotheses on the extent to which the three main aspects of globalization—economic, political, and social—fuel mass protest and delineate how these effects can be especially instrumental in understanding collective mass mobilization among a historically disadvantaged group, women.MethodsWe use new and updated data on anti‐government protest to examine the covariates of protest intensity cross‐nationally over time.ResultsResults from the data analysis indicate that while political globalization is associated with reduced women's protest, social globalization is associated with increased women's and non‐women's protest. Further, economic globalization has somewhat divergent effects on women's and non‐women's protest.ConclusionsResults from our thorough analysis of the three main aspects of globalization highlight the varying effects that different dimensions of globalization have on political protest. Our study offers a unique analysis of the factors associated with protest by women and compares it to other types of protest.
Effect of Skill Level on Allocation of Visual Attention in Volleyball Blocking
Authors: Laffer Jason C. , Coutts Aaron J. , Fransen Job 
Published: January 2019

Dynamic motor skills such as volleyball blocking rely on efficient perception–action coupling and are influenced by individual, environmental, and task constraints. However, limited research studies have assessed the effect of an individual constraint such as blocking skill on visual attention during anin-situvolleyball blocking task. Therefore, this study used a cross-sectional, observational design to investigate the gaze behavior of 18 male volleyball players (25.6 ± 4.9 years), of two different levels of blocking skill determineda prioriaccording to success during an on-court blocking task. When compared to relatively unsuccessful players (RUS), the gaze of relatively successful players (RS) was observed to fixate more often (RUS: 0.7 ± 0.7 n, RS: 1.3 ± 0.3 n) and dwell for longer (Total; RUS: 12.2 ± 18.4%, RS: 48.0 ± 37.2%, Phase 4; RUS: 6.6 ± 8.8%, RS: 16.9 ± 12.4%) on the opposition spiker, demonstrating that important perceptual information about an opposing team’s attack lies within the behavior of the opposition spiker. More successful blockers were also observed to be taller (RUS: 181.8 ± 6.6 cm, RS: 192.6 ± 3.9 cm), longer in arm-span (RUS: 185.7 ± 5.6 cm, RS: 195.2 ± 5.6 cm), and heavier (RUS: 78.6 ± 11.4 kg, RS: 90.5 ± 8.5 kg). These results can consequently be used to develop a profile of the visual attention and physical attributes of successful blockers for use in developing talented players.
Importance of diagnostics in epidemic and pandemic preparedness
Authors: Kelly-Cirino Cassandra D , Nkengasong John , Kettler Hannah , Tongio Isabelle , Gay-Andrieu Françoise , Escadafal Camille , Piot Peter , Peeling Rosanna W , Gadde Renuka , Boehme Catharina 
Published: January 2019

Diagnosticsare fundamental for successful outbreak containment. In this supplement, ‘Diagnostic preparedness for WHO Blueprint pathogens’, we describe specific diagnostic challenges presented by selected priority pathogens most likely to cause future epidemics.Some challenges to diagnostic preparedness are common to all outbreak situations, as highlighted by recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika and yellow fever. In this article, we review these overarching challenges and explore potential solutions. Challenges include fragmented and unreliable funding pathways, limited access to specimens and reagents, inadequate diagnostic testing capacity at both national and community levels of healthcare and lack of incentives for companies to develop and manufacture diagnostics for priority pathogens during non-outbreak periods. Addressing these challenges in an efficient and effective way will require multiple stakeholders—public and private—coordinated in implementing a holistic approach to diagnostics preparedness. All require strengthening of healthcare system diagnostic capacity (including surveillance and education of healthcare workers), establishment of sustainable financing and market strategies and integration of diagnostics with existing mechanisms. Identifying overlaps in diagnostic development needs across different priority pathogens would allow more timely and cost-effective use of resources than a pathogen by pathogen approach; target product profiles for diagnostics should be refined accordingly. We recommend the establishment of a global forum to bring together representatives from all key stakeholders required for the response to develop a coordinated implementation plan. In addition, we should explore if and how existing mechanisms to address challenges to the vaccines sector, such as Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and Gavi, could be expanded to cover diagnostics.