bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bilateral, Chronic Cranial Cruciate Ligament Avulsion in a Six-Year-Old Dog
Authors: Butterworth S. J. , Barr A. R. S. , Dieppe P. A. , Innes J. F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA 6-year-old Samoyed was admitted with bilateral hindlimb stiffness and left hindlimb lameness. Results of clinical, radiographic and scintigraphic examinations were consistent with bilateral cruciate ligament deficiency. There was complete avulsion of the tibial insertion of the cranial cruciate ligament of the left stifle and partial avulsion of the right cranial cruciate ligament. Surgical treatment consisted of removal of avulsed bone fragments and placement of an intra-articular fascial graft.Avulsion of the cranial cruciate ligament is reported rarely in the dog. All cases in the literature have involved dogs less than three years of age and there is often a history of trauma. This Case Report describes bilateral atraumatic cranial cruciate ligament avulsion in a six-year-old dog. The factors involved in patterns of cruciate injury are discussed.
Mechanical Comparison of Two Methods for Interfragmentary Fixation in a Short Oblique Fracture Model
Authors: Smith B. A. , Hosgood G. , Voyiadjis G. , Echle R. , Strain G. M. , Kerwin S. C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTwenty mature and 20 immature cadaver dog femora had mid-diaphyseal osteotomies performed at 45° to the bone axis. Either a 3.5 mm cortical lag screw, or a 1.6 mm pin aligning a 1.0 mm (18 gauge) twist-tensioned cerclage wire, stabilized the osteotomy. A single episode of slow axial compression was applied to each construct. Slippage in the plane of the osteotomy occurred for all constructs. Neither bone fracture nor implant failure was observed. Forcedisplacement data were standardized with respect to bone cross-sectional surface area, and statistical comparisons of stress performed at 2%, 4%, and 10% strain. The lag screw constructs were significantly stronger at all three strain levels for mature bone, but only at 10% strain for immature bone. Both devices resisted axial compression to a degree likely to assist, but not to provide complete fracture stabilization. As such, these devices should only be employed in combination with sufficiently rigid primary fixation.Oblique osteotomies in mature and immature dog femora were stabilized with either a lag screw or transfixation pin and cerclage wire. Constructs were loaded in axial compression and statistical analysis of stress performed at 2%, 4% and 10% strain. The lag screw constructs were significantly stronger at all strain levels for mature bone, but only at the highest strain level for immature bone.
Determination of Graft Forces for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Dog
Authors: Hulse D. A. , Slater M. R. , Hunter J. F. , Hyman W. A. , Shelley B. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA test apparatus that allowed the stifle to move in five degrees of freedom was used to determine the effect of graft location, graft preload, and flexion angle at the time of graft fixation on the tensile graft forces experienced by a replacement graft material used to simulate reconstruction of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. Two graft locations (tibial insertion site of the patellar ligament and tibial insertion site of the cranial cruciate ligament), two graft preloads (5 N and 20 N), and three flexion angles at the time of graft fixation (15°, 30° and 90°) were examined. The tibial insertion site and preload did not have as great an effect on graft force as did the flexion angle of the limb at time of graft fixation. Graft forces were highest when reconstructions were performed with the limb in 90° of flexion (ρ <0.0001). This study supports the notion that intracapsular grafts should be fixed with the limb in a normal standing angle.A five degree of freedom test apparatus was used to evaluate the effect of graft location, graft preload, and limb flexion angle at time of graft fixation on reconstructions of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle. Our results suggest that intracapsular grafts should not be fixed with the limb in 90° of flexion, but in a normal standing angle.
Energy Absorption Capacity of Commercial Equine Support Boots
Authors: Balch O. K. , Brusewitz G. H. , Rigney M. P. , Shult M. J. , Crawford W. H. , McAroy R. B. , Collier M. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe efficacy of commercially available equine support boots was tested by using a universal testing machine (Instron) to flex and extend six bandaged isolated distal hindlimbs. The original prototype and two subsequent generations of improvements of an equine support boot were tested. A fourth condition consisted of the most recent version of the equine support boot that had been additionally used by application to the distal limbs of horses engaged in athletic activities. The use of Professional’s Choice prototype, SMB I, SMB II, and used SMB II increased the energy absorption capacity of isolated limbs by 20.7%, 20.2%, 23.4%, and 26.4%, respectively.The energy absorption of isolated cadaver limbs with their fetlocks bandaged and unbandaged was calculated using a universal testing machine. The bandages, consisting of different versions of a commercial equine sports boots, increased energy absorption by approximately 20-30%. Energy absorption tended to increase with new generations of the product and product use.
Tarsocrural Arthrodesis: A Clinical Report Using a Circular External Fixator
Authors: Radasch R. M. , Trostel C. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryArthrodesis is a well documented treatment option for comminuted intraarticular fractures, irreparable collateral ligament injuries, limb salvage for ischiatic nerve injury, and severe degenerative joint disease of the tarsocrural joint (1-6). Conservative splint or bandage application often results in a less than favorable outcome in the management of these types of injuries. Common techniques to achieve tarsocrural arthrodesis include divergent Steinmann pin placement, lag screw or compression plating and external skeletal fixation (1-5). This report describes a tarsocrural arthrodesis using a circular external fixation system to manage an open, severely contaminated, comminuted intra-articular fracture of the talus and calcaneous, with extensive soft tissue degloving injuries. The decision to use a circular external fixation system was based on its ability to (1) adequately stabilize the tibialtarsal region, (2) be applied with minimal soft tissue and vascular disruption, (3) allow adequate post-operative soft tissue wound management, and (4) be tolerated well by the patient allowing early weight bearing of the limb.Severe tarsocrural injuries were diagnosed on a four-year-old mixed breed dog including articular fractures of the tubercalcaneous, talus, fibula, multiple tarsal bones and the second metatarsal bone. A circular ring external fixator was used to arthrodese the joint. Twelve weeks following surgery the limb was functional without any mechanical gait alteration and with minimal to zero discomfort.
Bacterial Culture of the Canine Stifle Joint following Surgical Repair of Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Conzemius M. G. , Smith G. K. , McManus P. M. , Maloney D. , Hill C. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this project was to determine if chronic, low grade bacterial contamination is associated with an unsatisfactory outcome of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL ) repair. Additionally, signalment and physical examination findings were compared between dogs doing well and dogs doing poorly. A sample of synovial fluid was obtained from the stifle joints of dogs with either a satisfactory or an unsatisfactory long term outcome following extra-capsular CCL repair. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were obtained and antibiotic sensitivities determined. Significant differences were not found between the two groups with regards to the frequency of positive cultures, signalment, or synovial fluid analyses. The dogs with an unsatisfactory outcome did have significantly more pain, less range of motion, and less cranial drawer signs than dogs with a satisfactory outcome. Chronic, low grade bacterial contamination is not associated with an unsatisfactory clinical outcome and, in general, appears to be an uncommon sequela to CCL repair. Physical examination findings suggest that elimination of cranial drawer is not a major determinant of clinical success of the procedure.Synovial fluid cultures and physical exam findings were compared in dogs doing well and dogs doing poorly following cranial cruciate ligament repair.
Dynamic Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy for the Treatment of Ununited Anconeal Process in 17 Dogs
Authors: Turner B. M. , Abercromby R. H. , Innes J. , McKee W. M. , Ness M. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA prospective study was made of 17 dogs with ununited anconeal process treated by osteotomy of the proximal ulna. The effect of the surgery on lameness was evaluated subjectively and the elbows were assessed radiographically for evidence of anconeal fusion and healing of the osteotomy. Whilst clinical outcome was generally good and complications infrequent, relatively few cases achieved anconeal fusion. These results do not compare well with the results of a previous study but this disparity may be due in part to differences in patient population and radiographic evaluation.Further work is required to establish how best to achieve predictable anconeal fusion.Proximal ulnar osteotomy was used to treat 17 dogs with ununited anconeal process. Clinical results were good but anconeal fusion was not achieved consistently. Further work is needed to determine how best to achieve predictable anconeal fusion.
The Comparative Strengths of Orthopaedic Staples Versus a 2.7 mm T Plate in the Stabilisation of Distal Radial Osteotomies
Authors: Read R. A. , Day R. , Thomson M. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryDistal radial osteotomies were performed in 20 limbs from ten cadaver specimens. Ten bones were stabilised with two × 1.6 mm surgical bone staples and ten were stabilised with a 2.7 mm T platea. The radii were removed and the osteotomies were biomechanically tested in torsion initially, and then to failure in bending. Statistically significant differences were not found between the two types of repair in torsional stiffness, bending stiffness, deflection to failure in bending, or load to failure in bending. Orthopaedic staples are a simple, cost-effective alternative to bone plates for stabilisation of distal radial osteotomies.Bilateral distal radial osteotomies were created in dog cadavers and then repaired with either two bone staples or a 2.7 mm T plate. The limbs were then tested in vitro to compare the relative strengths of the repairs in torsion and bending. Statistically significant differences were not found between the two methods of stabilisation.
Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia in a Dog
Authors: Pepe M. , Mechelli L. , Spaterna A. , Di Meo A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA young Dobermann Pincher dog with severe right hind leg lameness was admitted to our clinic. A complete radiographic examination showed the presence of cystic lesions in the right tibia and femur and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia was diagnosed.The distal tibial lesion, associated with an incomplete cortical fracture, was treated by surgical curettage and drainage of the cyst cavity. The other cystic lesions were treated conservatively.Radiological, morphological and histological examinations were then performed to evaluate the recovery phase. At six months, the surgically treated tibial lesion showed good ossification of the fibrous tissue. At twelve months, the examination showed complete healing of the tibial lesion but the femur lesions still had a cystic appearance.It appeared that surgical curettage of the cystic cavity alone enables recovery to be achieved in a relatively short period of time.Fibrous dysplasia in dogs is a seldom reported, condition which usually it has a benign outcome and mainly involves young subjects during their growth period. It is characterized by substitution of the bone with fibrous tissue thus favouring the occurrence of spontaneous fractures.The diagnosis of this disorder is based on radiographic reports and histological examination. The lesion can be treated with conservative therapy or by surgery, but the latter significantly reduced the period of recovery.
Magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy of a discoid lateral meniscus in a dog
Authors: Scheidegger J. , Nötzli H. , Rytz U. , Ohlerth S. , Lang J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFor the first time in veterinary literature, magnetic resonance and arthroscopic features of a discoid lateral meniscus in a dog are described. A 15-monthold Labrador Retriever with a history of mild intermittent left hindlimb lameness was referred to our clinic. Physical examination revealed mild joint effusion of the left stifle and absence of a cranial drawer motion and tibial compression test. Survey radiographs demonstrated mild joint effusion and peri-articular new bone formation. Low-field magnetic resonance tomography of the left stifle joint demonstrated injury of the cranial cruciate ligament and a discoid lateral meniscus. Two weeks later, arthroscopy revealed a partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament with mild synovitis. Furthermore, some fibres inserted abnormally cranial to the inter-meniscal and cranial tibial ligament of the medial meniscus. The lateral meniscus was discoid in shape. Subsequent arthrotomy confirmed the diagnoses. Discoid meniscus is a rare finding in the dog with unknown clinical relevance whereas it is well known in humans.A 15-month-old Labrador Retriever with mild left hindlimb lameness, mild joint effusion of the left stifle but without signs of stifle instability is presented in this report. Low-field magnetic resonance tomography demonstrated injury of the cranial cruciate ligament and a discoid lateral meniscus. Subsequent arthroscopy and arthrotomy confirmed these findings. A literature review on discoid meniscus in humans and in dogs is presented.
Infection rates in surgical procedures: a comparison of cefalexin vs. a placebo
Authors: Fayolle P. , Yiguier E. , Viateau Y. , Moissonnier P. , Daude-Lagravei A. , Carozzo C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in small animal surgery. Three hundred and twenty-nine dogs and 544 cats were included in a prospective, randomised, blind trial to determine the frequency of wound infection after clean and cleancontaminated surgical procedures. The animals were allocated to one of two groups: group A received a placebo and group B received cefalexin. The infection rate was measured in each group and correlated with different criteria (age, duration and type of the operation, anaesthetic and Altemeier’s class, surgeon’s experience). Globally, seventyeight cases of infection were noted (8.9%). The infection rates in the two groups were not significantly different (9.4% in group A and 8.5% in group B). Infection rate was not affected by the different criteria studied. However, the percentage of animals infected in group B tended to be lower than that of group A as the surgeons’ experience increased.The results of a study to evaluate the efficacy of the prophylactic use of antibiotics are described. The infection rates in animals that received the placebo and in those that received cefalexin were not significantly different (9.4% vs. 8.5%, p <0.05, respectively). We conclude that the antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for clean and clean-contaminated surgical procedures.
An in vitro biomechanical comparison between bone plate and interlocking nail
Authors: Diop A. , Maurel N. , Viguier E. , Bernardé A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn order to compare the interfragmentary motion and bone strains in ostectomized canine femurs, stabilized with either an 8 mm interlocking nail system (IN) or a 10-hole 3.5 mm dynamic compression broad plate (DCP), ten pairs of adult canine femurs with a 25 mm mid-diaphyseal gap were used. The left femurs were implanted with a DCP and eight bi-cortical screws, and the right femurs were implanted with an IN and three screws. Eccentric axial loading and cranio-caudal bending were successively performed on every specimen. Employing an opto-electronic device, interfragmentary (axial, transverse and rotational) motion was measured during non-destructive tests. Bone strains were measured at three elective sites, with strain gauges in four pairs of the specimen. The mean values of axial and transverse motion were compared using a paired t-test within each group (P <0.05). Strain values were compared using a numerical scale and a qualitative analysis. Transverse motion was higher with DCP, whereas axial motion was higher with IN. Bone strain analysis demonstrated lower “stress protection” near the gap with IN. Those comparative results are interpretative: IN may be an interesting alternative implant for unstable diaphyseal femoral fracture repair in dogs.
A technique for the surgical repair of caudal peripheral detachment and longitudinal peripheral tears of the medial meniscus in dogs
Authors: Moses P. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMedial meniscal injuries are frequently encountered in dogs secondary to cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Treatment has been limited to partial or total meniscectomy, however removal of meniscal tissue inevitably results in degenerative change. This paper describes a modification of the “inside-out” technique used in human medicine for the repair of caudal peripheral detachment and longitudinal meniscal tears in the vascular zone. Horizontal mattress sutures are used to attach the meniscus to the caudal joint capsule. Six hundred and fifty-four meniscal injuries were found in 1126 stifle arthrotomies and 92 (14.4%) were considered suitable for surgical repair.
Gait analysis of dogs with hip dysplasia treated with gold bead implantation acupuncture
Authors: DeCamp C. E. , Stajich M. , Flo G. L. , Martinez S. A. , Bennett R. L. , Bebchuk T. , Bolliger C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA “double blinded” prospective study was undertaken to determine whether gold bead implantation acupuncture alleviates lameness and pain in dogs, affected by moderate to severe hip dysplasia. Nineteen large-breed adult dogs, of various breeds with clinical and radiographic evidence of hip dysplasia, were randomly assigned to the acupuncture or the placebo group. The acupuncture treatment with gold bead implantation was performed by a licensed acupuncturist. Objective data were acquired, in the gait analysis laboratory, using kinetic and kinematic parameters before and at one and three months after treatment. In the acupuncture group there was a decrease in vertical and peak vertical impulse formation at one month, which indicated an increase in lameness, without any significant difference between groups at three months post-treatment.Subjective data were gathered by radiographs as well as serial complete physical examinations by an experienced clinician and an owner questionnaire, before and at one and three months after treatment. Subjective grading of hip dysplasia radiographs did not show any difference in severity between the two groups. According to the physical examination, one dog in the acupuncture group improved, five stayed the same and three worsened. In the placebo group two dogs improved, four stayed the same and three worsened. According to the questionnaire, three dogs in the acupuncture group improved, four stayed the same and two worsened. In the placebo group three dogs improved and six stayed the same. Serial blood analyses were performed and the results were within normal limits at all times.
Force overlap in trotting dogs: a Fourier technique for reconstructing individual limb ground reaction force
Authors: Bertram J. E. A. , Todhunter R. J. , Williams A. J. , Lust G. , Lee D. V. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTime overlap of ground reaction forces from adjacent footfalls is a pervasive problem in clinical gait analysis. When overlap occurs, splitting the fore- and hindlimb force curves at the minimum point between them underestimates hindlimb impulse and contact time. A better alternative is to reconstruct the force curves that occur in the period of overlap. A Fourier method was used to quantify the shape of hindlimb force curves in Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds. Fourier coefficients did not differ significantly (p <0.05) between those breeds, indicating that, on average, their shapes are quite similar. The technique reported here uses an empirically determined shape that is, subsequently, scaled to the duration and magnitude of the original hindlimb force curve. A segment of this approximated force curve is then inserted in order to reconstruct the portion of the curve that was obscured by the overlap. Subtracting the reconstructed hindlimb curve, from the original force record, yields a reconstructed forelimb force curve.
Comparison of the standing tangential radiographic projection of the hip with standard methods of evaluation for hip dysplasia in the dog
Authors: Armbrust L. J. , Renberg W. C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe standing tangential radiographic position (STRP) of the hip is a technique that enables the clinician to visualize the femoral head and acetabulum in an unsedated patient in a weight-bearing stance. This study compared the technique to other radiographic methods of evaluating canine hips for the dysplasia. The methods were compared as to Norberg angle, Distraction Index and by use of novel measures of subluxation and coverage. A statistical significance of correlation was not seen between the STRP technique and other methods. Although a variety of explanations are discussed, the authors do not recommend the use of this technique for the evaluation of hip dysplasia.
An in vitro biomechanical study of the effects of surgical modification upon the canine lumbosacral spine
Authors: Bebchuk T. N. , Shmon C. L. , Watson L. G. , Steinmetz H. , Smith M. E. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the impact of surgical decompressive procedures upon stiffness of cadaveric canine lumbosacral motion units in the dorsoventral plane. Thirty-four grossly normal lumbosacral specimens were potted, in aluminum channeling with polymethylmethacrylate, and subjected to four-point bending in dorsiflexion and ventroflexion, using a universal testing machine (Instron MA). In order to determine its yield point, each specimen was non-destructively tested before and after surgical modification and then tested to failure in ventroflexion. Dorsal laminectomy (L) did not have a significant effect upon stiffness of the lumbosacral motion unit in dorsiflexion or ventroflexion, when compared with the control group. Since this also involved excision of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments, removal of these structures alone also did not have any significant effect upon dorsoventral stiffness in vitro. Compared with the control group, the stiffness in the other groups changed as follows: addition of discectomy (LD) did not have a statistically significant effect in dorsiflexion, but decreased mean stiffness 33.1% (95% CI 29.0 to 37.2) in ventroflexion. Dorsal laminectomy combined with bilateral facetectomy (LF) decreased stiffness 43.5% (95% CI 39.4 to 47.6) in dorsiflexion, and 30.9% (95% CI 26.8 to 35.0) in ventroflexion. The combination of dorsal laminectomy, facetectomy and discectomy (LFD) decreased the stiffness 47.9% (95% CI 43.8 to 52.0) in dorsiflexion and 56.4% (95% CI 52.3 to 60.5) in ventroflexion. This decrease in stiffness in ventroflexion was significantly greater than with laminectomy and facetectomy alone (25% less stiff; 95% CI 20.9 to 29.1).