bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and progression of diabetic nephropathy in South Asian, white European and African Caribbean people with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jadawji Chandni , Crasto Winston , Gillies Clare , Kar Debasish , Davies Melanie J. , Khunti Kamlesh , Seidu Samuel 
Published: November 2018

AimsTo conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published observational evidence to assess the difference in the prevalence and progression of diabetic nephropathy, and the development of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in people from three different ethnic groups with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Materials and methodsRelevant studies were identified in a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and reference lists of relevant studies published up to May 2018. We decided a priori that there were no differences in the prevalence and progression of diabetic nephropathy, and the development of ESRD in the three ethnicities with T2DM. Pooled relative risks of microalbuminuria by ethnicity were estimated by fitting three random effects meta‐analyses models. A narrative synthesis of the nephropathy progression in the studies was carried out. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018107350).ResultsThirty‐two studies with data on 153 827 unique participants were eligible for inclusion in the review. The pooled prevalence ratio of microalbuminuria in South Asian compared with white European participants was 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99, 1.32; P = 0.065), while for African Caribbean vs South Asian participants the pooled prevalence ratio was 1.08 (95% CI 0.93, 1.24; P = 0.327). Results for renal decline were inconsistent, with preponderance towards a high rate of disease progression in South Asian compared with white participants. The estimated pooled incidence rate ratio (IRR) for ESRD was significantly higher in African Caribbean vs white European participants: 2.75 (95% CI 2.01, 3.48; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe results of this review did not show a significant link between ethnicity (South Asian, white European and African Caribbean) and the prevalence of microalbuminuria; however, the IRR for ESRD in African Caribbean compared with white European participants was significantly higher. Further research is needed to explore the potential non‐albuminuric pathways of progression to ESRD.
New classification of geometric patterns considering left ventricular volume in patients with chronic aortic valve regurgitation: Prevalence and association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Barbieri Andrea , Giubertoni Elisa , Bartolacelli Ylenia , Bursi Francesca , Manicardi Marcella , Boriani Giuseppe 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) remodeling due to aortic regurgitation (AR) often leads to maladaptive responses. We assessed the prevalence and clinical implications of LV remodeling considering LV volume, mass, and relative wall thickness at the time of AR diagnosis.Methods and ResultsBetween 2008 and 2017, 370 consecutive patients (mean age 67.3 ± 16.1 years, 56.5% males), with moderate or severe AR, were retrospectively analyzed. LV geometric patterns and clinical outcomes (cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, or aortic valve replacement) were evaluated. LV dilatation (LV end‐diastolic volume >75 mL/m2) was present in 228 patients (61.6%). Applying the new LV remodeling classification system, 40 (10.8%) patients had normal geometry, 14 (3.8%) concentric remodeling, 43 (11.6%) concentric hypertrophy (LVH), 45 (12.2%) indeterminate LVH, 38 (10.3%) mixed LVH, 93 (25.1%) dilated LVH, 54 (14.6%) eccentric LVH, and 43 (11.6%) eccentric remodeling. During a median follow‐up of 3.48 years (25th–75th percentile 0.91–5.57), 97 (26.2%) had the combined endpoint. LV dilation (P < 0.001), LVH (P < 0.001), and LV remodeling patterns were significantly associated with the combined endpoint. After multivariable adjustment for age, EF, aortic stenosis, CAD history, and moderate mitral regurgitation, dilated LVH (HR 7.61, IC 95% 1.82–31.80; P = 0.005) and eccentric LVH (HR 7.91, IC 95% 1.82–34.38; P = 0.006) were associated with adverse outcome compared to eccentric remodeling, that showed the best event‐free survival rate.ConclusionsIn a contemporary cohort of patients with AR, applying the new LV remodeling classification system, only a minority had normal geometry. Dilated LVH and eccentric LVH showed distinct outcome penalty after adjustment for confounders.
Characterization of Phytophthora cinnamomi from common walnut in Southern Europe environment
Authors: Vitale Salvatore , Scotton Michele , Vettraino Anna Maria , Vannini Andrea , Haegi Anita , Luongo Laura , Scarpari Marzia , Belisario Alessandra 
Published: November 2018

AbstractForty‐eight isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi obtained from common walnut were analysed according to their variability in growth at different temperatures, virulence, sensitivity to metalaxyl and in genomic DNA. Isolates were obtained from commercial common walnut orchards located in northern Italy and in southern France. Inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were analysed for the 49 isolates, 43 of which were Italian, 6 French; an isolate of the same species obtained from Viburnum spp. was used as an outgroup. ANOVA on phenotypic characters showed a significant impact of the geographic location of the orchard on isolate variability in terms of reaction to temperatures and aggressiveness. In turn, clustering obtained with UPGMA analysis on genetic data was almost exclusively dependant on isolate variability, nevertheless the 48 isolates seem to share a common variability that differentiates the group from the isolate from Viburnum spp. Correlation between phenotypic and genetic traits was not statistically significant. In conclusion, phenotypic variability like virulence seemed to be conditioned from geographic origin while the genetic variability of P. cinnamomi isolates from walnut was associated to the single genotype.
How green alternatives to chemical pesticides are environmentally friendly and more efficient
Authors: Huang Xinqi , Zhao Jun , Zhou Xing , Han Yunsong , Zhang Jinbo , Cai Zucong 
Published: November 2018

Various soil management strategies that use disinfestation are important in the control of soil‐borne diseases before planting. However, only a few studies pay attention to preventing pathogen reinfestation during host plant cultivation, which is also important for the stable control of soil‐borne diseases. Here we used various pre‐planting management strategies to disinfest a field severely infested with Fusarium oxysporum, and then investigated changes in the potential pathogen and microbial communities during the 11 months of host plant cultivation. The soil microbial numbers, diversity, community structure and composition varied considerably across the soils treated by dazomet fumigation and reductive soil disinfestations (RSDs) using ethanol, bagasse and bean dregs. The Fusarium inoculum decreased to the same degree in the disinfested soils with the various methods. After the cultivation of lisianthus (Eustoma russellianum (Hook.) G. Don), microbial numbers, diversity and community structure tended to be similar and Fusarium increased markedly in these soils. Furthermore, the increase in relative abundance of Fusarium, especially in the RSD‐treated soils amended with bagasse, was significantly less than in the soils amended with non‐plant residues. Further analyses showed that the increases in microbial diversity and relative abundance of Zopfiella and Mycothermus were significantly and negatively correlated with the increase in Fusarium relative abundance. The additional sources of carbon supplied in the disinfested soil positively affected the development of the soil microbiota and prevented Fusarium reinfestation resulting from host plant cultivation, which should be considered for achieving stable disease suppression in the future.Highlights

We studied Fusarium reinfestation resulting from host plant cultivation in various soil environments.
Plant cultivation led to uniformity in the development of different soil microbiota.

Fusarium reinfestation depended strongly on soil environment.
Increased microbial diversity and specific microbial groups prevented Fusarium reinfestation.
Tracheal rupture following general anaesthesia in a horse
Authors: Miller C. , Auckburally A. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryA Dutch Warmblood, with no other underlying clinical disease, presented for surgical excision of a sarcoid tumour on the distal right pinna under general anaesthesia. At the end of the procedure, immediately before being moved to recovery, the horse became light and made repeated attempts to move whilst attached to the hoist. Anaesthesia was deepened with intravenous thiopental sodium (Thiopentone)1and the horse was moved into the recovery room. The trachea was extubated with the cuff of the endotracheal tube inadvertently left partially inflated. Recovery was smooth and the horse stood uneventfully. The following day subcutaneous emphysema was noted along the neck and tracheoscopy revealed an abnormal dorsoventrally flattened trachea and a 5 cm tear in the dorsal aspect of the trachea. Symptomatic treatment resulted in progressive healing of the lesion and the horse recovered fully with no evidence of respiratory complications.
Analytical study on the mode III stress fields due to blunt notches with cracks
Authors: Zappalorto Michele , Salviato Marco , Maragoni Lucio 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis work presents an analytical study on the stress fields induced by cracks nucleated at the tip of radiused notches under antiplane shear and torsion loadings. Closed‐form solutions for both shallow and deep notches are derived leveraging a combination of proper curvilinear coordinate systems and the complex potential method for antiplane elasticity. Based on the exact stress field solutions, convenient expressions for the stress intensity factors are derived.The accuracy of all the analytical formulations is verified by comparison with the results from a bulk of numerical analyses.
Twenty‐first‐century climate change impacts on marine animal biomass and ecosystem structure across ocean basins
Authors: Bryndum‐Buchholz Andrea , Tittensor Derek P. , Blanchard Julia L. , Cheung William W. L. , Coll Marta , Galbraith Eric D. , Jennings Simon , Maury Olivier , Lotze Heike K. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate change effects on marine ecosystems include impacts on primary production, ocean temperature, species distributions, and abundance at local to global scales. These changes will significantly alter marine ecosystem structure and function with associated socio‐economic impacts on ecosystem services, marine fisheries, and fishery‐dependent societies. Yet how these changes may play out among ocean basins over the 21st century remains unclear, with most projections coming from single ecosystem models that do not adequately capture the range of model uncertainty. We address this by using six marine ecosystem models within the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish‐MIP) to analyze responses of marine animal biomass in all major ocean basins to contrasting climate change scenarios. Under a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5), total marine animal biomass declined by an ensemble mean of 15%–30% (±12%–17%) in the North and South Atlantic and Pacific, and the Indian Ocean by 2100, whereas polar ocean basins experienced a 20%–80% (±35%–200%) increase. Uncertainty and model disagreement were greatest in the Arctic and smallest in the South Pacific Ocean. Projected changes were reduced under a low (RCP2.6) emissions scenario. Under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, biomass projections were highly correlated with changes in net primary production and negatively correlated with projected sea surface temperature increases across all ocean basins except the polar oceans. Ecosystem structure was projected to shift as animal biomass concentrated in different size‐classes across ocean basins and emissions scenarios. We highlight that climate change mitigation measures could moderate the impacts on marine animal biomass by reducing biomass declines in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins. The range of individual model projections emphasizes the importance of using an ensemble approach in assessing uncertainty of future change.
Natural Stimuli Calibration with Fining Direction Regularization in an Integrated Hydrologic Model
Authors: Berg Steven J. , Grosso Nancy R. , Sherrier Michael P. , Mudrick Kevin , Ohr Matthias , Hwang Hyoun‐Tae , Park Young‐Jin , Callaghan Michael V. , Frey Steven K. , Sudicky Edward A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe interaction between surface water and groundwater during flood events is a complex process that has traditionally been described using simplified analytical solutions, or abstracted numerical models. To make the problem tractable, it is common to idealize the flood event, simplify river channel geometry, and ignore bank soil heterogeneity, often resulting in a model that only loosely represents the site, thus limiting its applicability to any specific river cross‐section. In this study, we calibrate a site‐specific fully‐integrated surface and subsurface HydroGeoSphere model using flood events for a cross‐section along the South River near Waynesboro, VA. The calibration approach presented in this study demonstrates the incorporation of fining direction regularization with a highly parameterized inversion driven by natural stimuli, to develop several realistic realizations of hydraulic conductivity fields that reflect the depositional history of the system. Specifically, we calibrate a model with 365 unique material zones to multiple flood events recorded in a dense well network while incorporating possible fining sequences consistent with the depositional history of the riverbank. Over 25,000 individual simulations were completed using calibration software and a cloud platform specifically designed for highly parallelized computing environments. The results of this study demonstrate the use of fining direction regularization during model calibration to generate multiple calibrated model realizations that account for the depositional environment of the system.
Histopathological diagnosis of persistent pruritic eruptions associated with adult‐onset Still's disease
Authors: Qiao Jianjun , Zhou Sha , Li Sheng , Xue Ruzeng , Pan Yunlei , Tang Shunli , Sun Qingmiao , Wu Yanyan , Wang Su , Wu Yinhua , Bai Juan , Qu Tingting , Zhang Xiuming , Sun Chuanyin , Fang Hong 
Published: November 2018

AimsPersistent pruritic eruptions (PPEs), presenting with dyskeratotic keratinocytes histologically, are characteristic skin rash in patients with adult‐onset Still's disease (AOSD). The lesions may be histologically similar to other entities that present with dyskeratosis. In the present study, we compared the histopathological features between PPEs and other entities presenting with dyskeratosis.Methods and resultsTo investigate whether histopathological findings can be used to discriminate among PPEs and other entities presenting with dyskeratotic keratinocytes, cutaneous histopathological changes of PPEs associated with AOSD (n = 26) were compared with those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 16), dermatomyositis (n = 19), and drug eruption (n = 16). Dyskeratosis was observed in the upper one‐third of the epidermal layer in all 26 PPEs. The rate of dyskeratosis for PPEs was higher than that for SLE (18.8%) and dermatomyositis (15.8%). In drug eruptions, the dyskeratotic cells were distributed in all levels of the epidermis. Variable densities of neutrophils were found in the dermis in all PPEs.ConclusionsAlthough this was a retrospective study conducted at a single centre, presentation of dyskeratotic keratinocytes in the upper one‐third of the epidermal layer is a distinctive histopathological reactive pattern of PPEs. This pattern may be a useful histopathological marker for early diagnosis of AOSD.
High PTGS2 expression in post‐neoadjuvant chemotherapy‐treated oesophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with improved survival: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Spence Andrew D , Trainor James , McMenamin Úna , Turkington Richard C , McQuaid Stephen , Bingham Victoria , James Jacqueline , Salto‐Tellez Manuel , McManus Damian T , Johnston Brian T , Cardwell Chris R , Coleman Helen G 
Published: November 2018

AimsHigh prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase‐2 (PTGS2) enzyme expression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma has been shown to independently predict poor prognosis; however, the evidence is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigated the association between PTGS2 expression and prognosis in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma.Methods and resultsA cohort of 135 patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery from 2004 to 2012 was identified in the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre. Tissue microarrays were created in the Northern Ireland Biobank, with triplicate cores being sampled from each tumour. Immunohistochemical PTGS2 expression was scored by two independent assessors, with intensity and proportion of tumour staining being used to calculate H‐scores for each patient. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and cancer‐specific survival, and recurrence‐free survival by PTGS2 expression, with adjustment for potential confounders. Patients were followed up for a mean of 3.0 years (standard deviation 1.8 years). The PTGS2 expression cut‐off value was determined from the median H‐score of the cohort (270/300). High (n = 79), as compared with low (n = 56), PTGS2 expression was associated with improved cancer‐specific survival (adjusted HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.94; P = 0.03). PTGS2 expression was not significantly associated with recurrence‐free survival (adjusted HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.52–1.38; P = 0.51).ConclusionsHigh PTGS2 expression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma tissue was associated with improved overall and cancer‐specific survival, in contrast to previous evidence. As this is the first study of its kind to include patients who had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy, further studies are needed to clarify these associations.
The histological diagnosis of IgG4‐related disease on small biopsies: challenges and pitfalls
Authors: Arora Kshitij , Rivera Miguel , Ting David T , Deshpande Vikram 
Published: November 2018

AimsThe pathological diagnosis of IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) relies on histology, IgG4‐positive cells, and an increased IgG4/IgG ratio. Small biopsies from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of IgG4‐RD often fail to meet consensus histological criteria. The aims of this study were to evaluate consecutive small biopsies from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of IgG4‐RD, and to assess the significance of the pathological findings.Methods and resultsWe evaluated 55 small biopsies from patients with a presumptive diagnosis of IgG4‐RD. The retrospective cohort comprised 71 patients with IgG4‐RD and 57 mimics. We performed immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in‐situ hybridisation (ISH) for IgG4 and IgG. Twenty‐six patients from the prospective cohort met the histological criteria for IgG4‐RD (definite); 29 patients lacked one or more pathological features (borderline). Twenty biopsies (36%) lacked both storiform fibrosis and obliterative phlebitis, and nine (16%) lacked an increase in the number of IgG4‐positive plasma cells. Ninety‐three per cent of patients showed an IgG4/total IgG ratio of >40% (>30% by ISH). There were no differences in the incidence of multiorgan disease (P = 0.9), serum IgG4 levels (P = 0.6) and response to therapy between the definite and borderline groups. A strong correlation (Pearson 0.77) between the IHC and ISH platforms was noted with regard to the IgG4/total IgG ratio.ConclusionPatients with a presumptive diagnosis of IgG4‐RD but lacking the characteristic pathological features of this disease appear to be clinically similar to those who meet the current pathological criteria. An elevated IgG4/total IgG ratio is the most sensitive pathological feature, and ISH provides a robust quantification platform. We recommend evaluating tumefactive lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with an increased IgG4/IgG ratio, regardless of histological features, for IgG4‐RD.
Larval exposure to low salinity compromises metamorphosis and growth in the colonial ascidian Botrylloides violaceus
Authors: Lambert Walter J. , Dijkstra Jennifer A. , Clark Emily , Connolly Joanne 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCoastal and estuarine ecosystems exhibit extreme fluctuations in abiotic factors that influence the success and distribution of many introduced marine invertebrates. The frequency of these fluctuations may worsen under the scenario of climate change due to more intense storm events or greater precipitation. While many studies have focused on the response of adult ascidians to salinity, few have examined the response of larvae to low salinity events or post‐metamorphic asexual reproduction after larval exposure to low salinity. Here we tested the effect of low salinity on larval metamorphosis and post‐metamorphic growth of the introduced ascidian Botrylloides violaceus. We exposed tadpole larvae to salinities ranging 0–30 ppt. Tadpoles metamorphosed in salinities as low as 16 ppt and percent metamorphosis of larvae was not significantly different at salinities >20 ppt. A few tadpoles metamorphosed within 2–4 hr after release, and larval metamorphosis continued for 3–4 days, suggesting that larvae could disperse considerable distances. We then tested post‐metamorphic survival, growth, and asexual reproduction of larvae exposed (5–7 days) to varying salinities (18, 20, 25, and 30 ppt), and placed the resulting colonies in full‐salinity natural seawater; colony growth was monitored for 9 weeks post‐metamorphosis. Results indicated that colonies whose larvae were exposed to low salinity (<25 ppt) had fewer zooids than colonies from larvae exposed to seawater at 30 ppt, but total area occupied by each colony was similar among salinity treatments. Because each individual zooid within a colony filter‐feeds and reproduces through asexual budding, fewer feeding individuals within a colony will likely reduce future growth and reproduction. Due to the likelihood of more frequent heavy rain events and low‐salinity conditions for the northwest Atlantic Ocean, there is need for continued research to assess the response of ascidians to factors like salinity and to evaluate the spread of ascidians and their adaptation to estuarine and coastal habitats.