bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complex macromolecular structures from stable radical containing block copolymers
Authors: Kocaarslan Azra , Yilmaz Gorkem , Liedel Clemens , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTA novel synthetic strategy for the synthesis of graft copolymers is reported. Block copolymers containing segments with stable nitroxyl radicals side groups were first prepared by anionic polymerization, which were then used as a precursor for the subsequent nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) of styrene. This way, block–graft copolymers with polystyrene side chains grafted from one of the blocks were successfully synthesized in a controlled manner. In addition, block–graft copolymers with grafted polystyrene chains and a poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) block were subjected to hydrolysis to yield the corresponding amphiphilic polymers. The structures and the molecular weight characteristics of the polymers were characterized by spectral and chromatographic analyses. The surface morphology of thus obtained polymers was also investigated by microscopic techniques. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 62–69
Biogenesis, quality control, and structural dynamics of proteins as explored in living cells via site‐directed photocrosslinking
Authors: Fu Xinmiao , Chang Zengyi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractProtein biogenesis and quality control are essential to maintaining a functional pool of proteins and involve numerous protein factors that dynamically and transiently interact with each other and with the substrate proteins in living cells. Conventional methods are hardly effective for studying dynamic, transient, and weak protein–protein interactions that occur in cells. Herein, we review how the site‐directed photocrosslinking approach, which relies on the genetic incorporation of a photoreactive unnatural amino acid into a protein of interest at selected individual amino acid residue positions and the covalent trapping of the interacting proteins upon ultraviolent irradiation, has become a highly efficient way to explore the aspects of protein contacts in living cells. For example, in the past decade, this approach has allowed the profiling of the in vivo substrate proteins of chaperones or proteases under both physiologically optimal and stressful (e.g., acidic) conditions, mapping residues located at protein interfaces, identifying new protein factors involved in the biogenesis of membrane proteins, trapping transiently formed protein complexes, and snapshotting different structural states of a protein. We anticipate that the site‐directed photocrosslinking approach will play a fundamental role in dissecting the detailed mechanisms of protein biogenesis, quality control, and dynamics in the future.
Relative sensitivities of simulated rainfall to fixed shape parameters and collection efficiencies
Authors: Freeman Sean W. , Igel Adele L. , van den Heever Susan C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRainfall prediction by weather forecasting models is strongly dependent on the microphysical parametrization being utilized within the model. As forecasting models have become more advanced, they are more commonly using double‐moment bulk microphysical parametrizations. While these double‐moment schemes are more sophisticated and require fewer a priori parameters than single‐moment parametrizations, a number of parameter values must still be fixed for quantities that are not Prognosed or diagnosed. Two such parameters, the width of the rain drop size distribution and the choice of collection efficiencies between liquid hydrometeors, are examined here. Simulations of deep convective storms were performed in which the collection efficiency dataset and the a priori width of the rain drop size distribution (RSD) were individually and simultaneously modified. Analysis of the results show that the a priori width of the RSD was a larger control on the total accumulated precipitation (a change of up to 75% over the typical values tested in this article) than the choice of collection efficiency dataset used (a change of up to 10%). Changing the collection efficiency dataset produces most of the impacts on precipitation rates through changes in the warm rain process rates. On the other hand, the decrease in precipitation with narrowing RSDs occurs in association with the following processes: (a) decreased rain production due to increased evaporation, (b) decreased rain production due to decreased ice melting, and (c) slower raindrop fall speed which leads to longer residency times and changes in rain self‐collection. These results add to the growing body of work showing that the representation of hydrometeor size distributions is critically important, and suggests that more work should be done to better represent the width of the RSD in models, including further development of triple‐moment and bin schemes.
Peer gender and educational choices
Authors: Schøne Pål , Simson Kristine von , Strøm Marte 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe use idiosyncratic variation in gender composition across cohorts within Norwegian lower secondary schools to analyze the impact of female peers on students’ educational choices. We find that having more female peers in lower secondary school increases the probability of choosing STEM over language subjects in upper secondary school for both girls and boys. It also increases the probability of choosing a vocational track instead of an academic track. Registry data and survey evidence suggest that potential mechanisms are related to relative performance in STEM subjects, as well as less gender discrimination for girls and increased willingness to compete for boys.
The dynamics of self-control: within-participant modeling of binary food choices and underlying decision processes as a function of restrained eating
Authors: Georgii Claudio , Schulte-Mecklenbeck Michael , Richard Anna , Van Dyck Zoé , Blechert Jens 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSuccessful self-control during food choice might require inhibition of impulses to avoid indulging in tempting but calorie-dense foods, and this might particularly apply to individuals restraining their food intake. Adopting a novel within-participant modeling approach, we tested 62 females during a mouse-tracking based binary food choice task. Subsequent ratings of foods on palatability, healthiness, and calorie density were modeled as predictors for both decision outcome (choice) and decision process (measures of self-control conflict) while considering the moderating role of restrained eating. Results revealed that individuals higher on restrained eating were less likely to choose more high-calorie foods and showed less self-control conflict when choosing healthier foods. The latter finding is in contrast with the common assumption of self-control as requiring effortful and conscious inhibition of temptation impulses. Interestingly, restrained eaters rated healthy and low-calorie foods as more palatable than individuals with lower restrained eating scores, both in the main experiment and an independent replication study, hinting at an automatic and rather effortless mechanism of self-control (palatability shift) that obviates effortful inhibition of temptation impulses.
Circularity Brokers: Digital Platform Organizations and Waste Recovery in Food Supply Chains
Authors: Ciulli Francesca , Kolk Ans , Boe-Lillegraven Siri 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn recent years, researchers and practitioners have increasingly paid attention to food waste, which is seen as highly unethical given its negative environmental and societal implications. Waste recovery is dependent on the creation of connections along the supply chain, so that actors with goods at risk of becoming waste can transfer them to those who may be able to use them as inputs or for their own consumption. Such waste recovery is, however, often hampered by what we call ‘circularity holes’, i.e., missing linkages between waste generators and potential receivers. A new type of actor, the digital platform organization, has recently taken on a brokerage function to bridge circularity holes, particularly in the food supply chain. Yet, extant literature has overlooked this novel type of brokerage that exploits digital technology for the transfer and recovery of discarded resources between supply chain actors. Our study investigates this actor, conceptualized as a ‘circularity broker’, and thus unites network research and circular supply chain research. Focusing on the food supply chain, we adopt an interpretive inductive theory-building approach to uncover how platform organizations foster the recovery of waste by bridging circularity holes. We identify and explicate six brokerage roles, i.e., connecting, informing, protecting, mobilizing, integrating and measuring, and discuss them in relation to extant literature, highlighting novelties compared to earlier studies. The final section reflects on contributions, implications, limitations and areas for further research.
Early-life Chronic Stressors, Rumination, and the Onset of Vulvodynia
Authors: Khandker Maheruh , Brady Sonya S. , Rydell Sarah A. , Turner Rachel M. , Schreiner Pamela J. , Harlow Bernard L. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Vulvodynia is a debilitating, chronic vulvar pain condition. Community-based case-control studies have consistently shown associations between early-life chronic stressors and vulvodynia onset.

Aim
We examined rumination as a specific stress response involved in the psychobiological mechanism of vulvodynia.

Methods
A psychosocial survey with questions specific to early-life traumatic events and rumination were administered to 185 matched case-control pairs of women with and without vulvodynia. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between rumination constructs (ie, total rumination, emotion-focused, instrumental, and searching for meaning) and vulvodynia onset. Conditional logistic regression was also used to determine whether these associations depended on early-life stressors (ie, severity of childhood abuse and of self-reported antecedent traumatic events). Age at interview, antecedent pain disorders, any childhood abuse, and antecedent psychiatric morbidity were included as covariates.

Main Outcome Measures
We estimated the odds of rumination in relation to the onset of vulvodynia within a community-based and clinically confirmed sample of women with and without vulvodynia.

Results
Vulvodynia was associated with the highest tertile of emotion-focused (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2, 3.2) and instrumental (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.1, 4.0) rumination. These associations were attenuated after additional adjustment for antecedent psychiatric morbidity. Among women who reported rumination about early-life stressors before vulvar pain in cases or matched reference age in control subjects, those with vulvodynia were &gt;2 times more likely to report the highest tertile of total rumination (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.1, 5.0) compared with those without vulvodynia.

Clinical Implications
Healthcare providers may be able to identify subsets of women who could benefit from preventive measures before the development of vulvodynia.

Strength & Limitations
This is the first study to use a community-based and clinically confirmed sample of women with and without vulvodynia to examine the associations between rumination about early-life trauma and the onset of vulvodynia. However, as with all retrospective studies, the reporting of information (eg, traumatic events) was subject to recall bias and misclassification.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that a prolonged cognitive stress response (ie, rumination) may be 1 important mechanism by which early-life chronic stressors contribute to the onset vulvodynia. Prospective studies are recommended to examine whether and how cognitive, affective, and physiological components of prolonged stress responses interact to influence the development of vulvodynia. Understanding both the psychobiological and behavioral mechanisms may help in addressing and treating individuals to potentially reverse the development of vulvodynia.
“If Everyone Else is Having This Talk with Their Doctor, Why Am I Not Having This Talk with Mine?”: The Experiences of Sexuality and Sexual Health Education of Young Women with Spina Bifida
Authors: Streur Courtney S. , Schafer Christine L. , Garcia Valerie P. , Quint Elisabeth H. , Sandberg David E. , Wittmann Daniela A. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Women with spina bifida are sexually active, but most never discuss this topic with providers.

Aim
To determine what women with spina bifida understand about their sexual health, how they learned about it, what questions they have, and their experiences with their sexuality.

Methods
For this qualitative study, women with spina bifida ages 16 and older without marked developmental delay were individually interviewed. 25 women with spina bifida participated (mean age 27.1 years, range 16–52). Interviews were independently coded for themes by 3 reviewers, using Grounded Theory, with disagreements resolved by consensus.

Main Outcome Measures
We identified overlapping themes regarding the women’s perception and experience of their sexuality and sexual health education.

Results
17 of the 25 (68%) participants had been or were currently sexually active. 5 themes emerged regarding their understanding of their sexuality and their sexual experiences: (i) being perceived as asexual, (ii) sources for sex education, (iii) need for spina bifida–specific sex education, (iv) impact of spina bifida–specific features on sexual encounters, and (v) perceived relationship between low sexual self-confidence and risk for sexual assault.

Clinical Implications
Women with spina bifida are sexual beings, but they are perceived as asexual by providers, which prevents them from getting adequate sexual health education and leaves them with misconceptions and unanswered questions, as well as vulnerable to sexual abuse.

Strength & Limitations
The strengths of this study include the diversity of women interviewed, including their age, severity of disability, and experiences with their sexuality, as well as the ability to reach thematic saturation. The limitation of this study is that most women received treatment at a single Midwestern tertiary referral center in the United States.

Conclusion
Including sexual health discussions in the usual care of women with spina bifida is critical to enhancing their sexual confidence and experience and preventing sexual abuse.
A novel compound heterozygous variant of ECHS1 identified in a Japanese patient with Leigh syndrome
Authors: Uchino Shumpei , Iida Aritoshi , Sato Atsushi , Ishikawa Keiko , Mimaki Masakazu , Nishino Ichizo , Goto Yu-ichi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLeigh syndrome (LS) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Certain LS cases have mutations in ECHS1, which encodes a short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids in mitochondria. Using exome sequencing, we diagnosed a Japanese patient with LS and identified the patient as a compound heterozygote for a novel variant of ECHS1, consisting of NM_004092.4:c.23T>C (p.Leu8Pro) and NM_004092.4:c.176A>G (p.Asn59Ser).
A novel regulatory circuit between p53 and GFI1 controls induction of apoptosis in T cells
Authors: Vadnais Charles , Chen Riyan , Fraszczak Jennifer , Hamard Pierre-Jacques , Manfredi James J. , Möröy Tarik 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHere we demonstrate a mode of reciprocal regulation between GFI1 and p53 that controls the induction of apoptosis in T cells. We show that GFI1 prevents induction of p53 dependent apoptosis by recruiting LSD1 to p53, which leads to the demethylation of its C-terminal domain. This is accompanied by a decrease of the acetylation of lysine 117 within the core domain of the murine p53 protein, which is required for transcriptional induction of apoptosis. Our results support a model in which the effect of GFI1’s regulation of methylation at the c-terminus of p53 is ultimately mediated through control of acetylation at lysine 117 of p53. We propose that GFI1 acts prior to the occurrence of DNA damage to affect the post-translational modification state and limit the subsequent activation of p53. Once activated, p53 then transcriptionally activates GFI1, presumably in order to re-establish the homeostatic balance of p53 activity. These findings have implications for the activity level of p53 in various disease contexts where levels of GFI1 are either increased or decreased.
Enhanced nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in cold atoms: A theoretical study
Authors: Ghaderi Goran Abad Mohsen , Valinezhad Mitra , Mahmoudi Mohammad 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe theoretically investigate magneto-optical rotation (MOR) of a linearly polarized probe field in the four-level N-type cold atoms. By applying a static magnetic field and a weak coupling field, it is shown that the birefringence enhancement is induced in the system. Moreover, we show that the static magnetic field has a major role in switching the dichroism to enhanced birefringence in the system. We also obtain a large intensity for the output field with nearly perpendicular MOR angle by 88 degrees with subnatural width. It is demonstrated that Doppler broadening has a destructive effect on the MOR of the polarization direction of the probe field. The results of our study can be used for selecting narrow band of wavelengths and polarization converter for efficient switching of TM/TE polarization modes in optical communication, the depolarization backscattering lidar, polarization spectroscopy and precision measurements.
Examination of novel 4-aminoquinoline derivatives designed and synthesized by a hybrid pharmacophore approach to enhance their anticancer activities
Authors: Solomon V. Raja , Pundir Sheetal , Lee Hoyun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn an attempt to develop effective and potentially safe anticancer agents, thirty-six 4-aminoquinoline derived sulfonyl analogs were designed and synthesized using a hybrid pharmacophore approach. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was determined using three breast tumor cell lines (MDA-MB231, MDA-MB468 and MCF7) and two matching non-cancer breast epithelial cell lines (184B5 and MCF10A). Although most of the compounds were quite effective on the breast cancer cells, the compound 7-chloro-4-(4-(2,4-dinitrophenylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)quinoline (13; VR23) emerged as potentially the most desirable one in this series of compounds. Data from the NCI-60 cancer panel screening show that compound 13 is effective on a wide range of different cancers. Importantly, compound 13 is needed up to 17.6-fold less doses to achieve the same IC50 against cancer than non-cancer cells (MDA-MB468 vs MCF10A), suggesting that it can potentially be less toxic to normal cells. Cancer cells formed multiple centrosomes in the presence of compound 13, resulting in the cell cycle arrest at prometa-meta phase. This abnormality leads to eventual cell demise with sub-G1 DNA content typically shown with apoptotic cells. In addition, compound 13 also causes an increase in lysosomal volume in cancer but not in non-cancer cells, which may contribute at least in part to its preferential cancer cell-killing. The cancer cell-killing effect of compound 13 is highly potentiated when combined with either bortezomib or monastrol.
Simulation and analysis of electro-optic tunable microring resonators in silicon thin film on lithium niobate
Authors: Han Huangpu , Xiang Bingxi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSilicon thin film on lithium niobate combines the advantages of electronic properties of silicon and optical properties of lithium niobate, making it an ideal platform for high-density integrated optics. In this paper, we present an electro-optic tunable microring resonator in silicon thin film on lithium niobate operating at wavelengths of approximately 1.55 μm. The single-mode conditions, optical power distribution, mode profiles, and propagation losses of silicon waveguides are discussed and compared systematically. Quality factor, free spectral range, and bending losses of silicon microring resonators as different radii for different gap sizes between channel and ring waveguides are analyzed in detail. The bending loss and free spectral range decreased with increasing bending radius while the quality factor increased with increasing radius and gap size. The transmission spectrum of microring with radius R = 10 μm was tuned using the electro-optic effect. The key issues affecting the electro-optic effect, such as silicon film thickness and electric field strength, are discussed. This study is helpful for the understanding of microring structures in silicon thin film on lithium niobate, as well as for the fabrication of high-performance and multifunctional photonic integrated devices.
Spectral analysis of the dipping LMXB system XB 1916-053
Authors: Gambino A. F. , Iaria R. , Di Salvo T. , Mazzola S. M. , Marino A. , Burderi L. , Riggio A. , Sanna A. , D’Amico N. 
Published: April 2019

Context. XB 1916-053 is a low mass X-ray binary system (LMXB) hosting a neutron star (NS) and showing periodic dips. The spectrum of the persistent emission was modeled with a blackbody component having a temperature between 1.31 and 1.67 keV and with a Comptonization component with an electron temperature of 9.4 keV and a photon index Γ between 2.5 and 2.9. The presence of absorption features associated with highly ionized elements suggested the presence of partially ionized plasma in the system.
Aims. In this work we performed a study of the spectrum of XB 1916-053, which aims to shed light on the nature of the seed photons that contribute to the Comptonization component.
Methods. We analyzed three Suzaku observations of XB 1916-053: the first was performed in November 2006 and the others were carried out in October 2014. We extracted the persistent spectra from each observation and combined the spectra of the most recent observations, obtaining a single spectrum with a higher statistic. We also extracted and combined the spectra of the dips observed during the same observations.
Results. On the basis of the available data statistics, we infer that the scenario in which the corona Comptonizes photons emitted both by the innermost region of the accretion disk and the NS surface is not statistically relevant with respect to the case in which only photons emitted by the NS surface are Comptonized. We find that the source is in a soft spectral state in all the analyzed observations. We detect the Kα absorption lines of Fe XXV and Fe XXVI, which have already been reported in literature, and for the first time the Kβ absorption lines of the same ions. We also detect an edge at 0.876 keV, which is consistent with a O VIII K absorption edge. The dip spectrum is well described by a model that considers material in different ionization states covering the persistent spectrum and absorbing part of the rear radiation. From this model we rescale the distance of the absorber to a distance that is lower than 1 × 1010 cm.