bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PEREMPUAN DAN KEUTUHAN BANGSA: Terikat atau Merekat?
Authors: Ch. Mufidah 
Published: May 2018

<p class="Bodytext5">This paper describes the role of women in unifying the nation associated with Islamic perspectives. The role of women in various sectors of the nation's life is an urgent need. Many things women can do for the benefit of nation and state. Women have been suggested as male subordination, marginalized and difficult self-actualizing well. Patterns of power and status that assume that men are higher than women are very influential on the pattern of gender relations. Not a few policies and regulations are born on the perception. It is therefore not surprising that in the community there is a gender ideology that seeks to fundamentally dismantle policies and regulations that are not considered gender-sensitive. Cultural context always puts women as second class people. Women are more required to fulfill obligations regardless of rights, used to struggle to become human beings who exist in their community. Such social construction makes women more patient, testable and istiqomah in the fight for peace, harmony and unity mission.</p><p class="Bodytext5"> </p><p class="Bodytext5">Tulisan ini memaparkan peran perempuan dalam mempersatukan bangsa yang dikaitkan dengan perpektif Islam. Peran perempuan dalam berbagai sektor kehidupan bangsa merupakan kebutuhan mendesak. Banyak hal yang dapat dilakukan perempuan untuk kemaslahatan bangsa dan negara. Selama ini perempuan dikesankan sebagai subordinasi laki- laki, termarginalkan dan sulit</p><p class="Bodytext5">mengaktualisasikan diri dengan baik. Pola kekuasaan dan status yang beranggapan bahwa laki-laki lebih tinggi dari perempuan sangat berpengaruh pada pola relasi gender. Tidak sedikit kebijakan dan peraturan lahir atas persepsi tersebut. Karena itu tidak heran jika dimasyarakat muncul ideologi gender yang berupaya meninjau secara mendasar membongkar berbagai kebijakan dan peraturan yang dinilai tidak berwawasan gender. Konteks budaya selalu menempatkan perempuan sebagai manusia kelas dua. Perempuan lebih dituntut untuk memenuhi kewajiban tanpa memperhitungkan hak, terbiasa berjuang untuk menjadi manusia yang eksis dalam komunitasnya. Konstruksi sosial demikian itu menjadikan perempuan lebih sabar, tahan uji dan istiqomah dalam memperjuangkan misi kedamaian, kerukunan dan persatuan.</p><p class="Bodytext20"> </p>
A process-oriented approach to computing multi-field problems in porous media
Authors: Kolditz Olaf , Bauer Sebastian 
Published: May 2018

Object-oriented methods are becoming more and more important in order to meet the challenges in scientific computing, such as the treatment of coupled multi-field problems with high spatial resolution. This paper introduces an object-oriented concept for modelling multi-process systems in porous media. The basic idea is the direct representation of a physical process by an object of the numerical code.
Because a physical process can be represented by a field variable and an equation system, the process object contains the equation system for the field variable as well as all methods needed for building and solving the equation system. The process object is thus self-configuring and well encapsulated, which are the main advantages of this new approach and thus allows for an easy extension to more complex applications with a higher number of processes.
The design and implementation of the object-oriented concept for the presented process objects is described in detail and illustrated by a set of application examples.
A STOCHASTIC MODEL DESCRIBING THE WATER MOTION IN A RIVER
Authors: KAIJSER THOMAS 
Published: May 2018

In this paper a mathematical model for the movement of water particles in a river is constructed.
Using the model it will be possible to find an analytic expression for the distribution function F(t) of the transit time, T, needed for a water particle to travel from one cross section of the river to another. This implies that we obtain a quantitative description of the longitudinal dispersion in the river.
Briefly the model can be described as follows. Firstly we divide the river into two layers, an upper layer and a lower layer. (The «border-line» between the two layers will depend on the mean velocity of the river and on the velocity profile across the river.) Secondly we assume that the longitudinal velocity is constant (and positive) in the upper layer and zero in the lower layer. Finally we assume that a water particle moves back and forth between the two layers in a random way. The probability law governing this movement will depend on a parameter characterizing the roughness of the bottom of the river.
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE WATER BALANCE
Authors: HANSEN EGGERT , ANDERSSON SV.AAGE 
Published: May 2018

Lowering the head of an artesian aquifer in Zealand, Denmark by pumping of groundwater is shown to affect the water balance.
Based on known amounts of groundwater being developed, the coefficient of transmissivity was determined and in combination with piezometric maps the net outflow of groundwater was computed for the pre-pumping period as well as for the pumping period.
The annual streamflow was found to decrease considerably and the groundwater recharge to increase by the same amount.
Recent Hypolimnetic Sediment in Lake Gjersjöen, a Eutrophicated Lake in SE Norway
Authors: Skogheim Odd K. 
Published: May 2018

During the last decades Lake Gjersjøen has developed from an oligotrophic state to a level of high eutrophy. The present state is characterized by an intense primary production in the trophogenic zone and anaerobic conditions in the lower part of the hypolimnion during periods of thermal stratification.
The deterioration of the lake as a resource has resulted in research on main components of the ecosystem. Most of the limnological data about the lake are to be found in Johansen (1955), Skulberg (1968), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (1969, 1972), Holtan (1972) and Lillevold (1975).
The intention of the present investigation was to reveal in which way the rapid eutrophication has been manifested in the hypolimnetic sediments and to search for processes in the sediment that could influence a suggested development towards meromixis. This investigation may provide data for further and more specific research on the sediments in Lake Gjersjøen.
Comprehensive Geohydrological Study of Consolidated Sedimentary Rocks in Bornholm
Authors: Sørensen Tage , Hansen Hans Ole 
Published: May 2018

Problems and procedures conserning planning and execution of geohydrological investigations of aquifer systems composed of consolidated sedimentary rocks are discussed. The discussion is illustrated by investigations in an area on the island of Bornholm, Denmark, where the aquifer system is composed of inclined and faulted beds of sand-, silt-and claystone.
The investigations includes the following elements:Hydrogeological mapping.Geophysical investigations and well-logging (gamma-, resistivity-, flow- and conductivity-log).Pumping-test Evaluation of hydraulic properties of the aquifers. Construction of mathematical model.Deliniation of infiltration areas and evaluation of potential infiltration. Protection against groundwater-pollution.
The paper emphasises the general procedure for engineering geohydrological investigations of consolidated sedimentary rocks and the correlation of the information collected by different methods.
Hydrogeology of Crystalline Rocks: Case Studies of Two Areas in India
Authors: Uhl Vincent W. , Nagabhushanam K. , Johansson John Olaf 
Published: May 2018

Two-thirds of India is underlain by consolidated rocks and approximately one-half of this hard rock area is composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks. Many rural areas in India are dependent on ground water for drinking and irrigation water supply. Population growth and increasing demands for food and water have resulted in increased withdrawals of ground water in some areas and a decline in water levels. In contrast, the lack of technical expertise and seed money has inhibited the development of ground-water resources in other areas.
In this paper, the ground-water resources of two crystalline rock areas are described. The recent drilling of over 600 wells in these areas by the Evangelical Lutheran Church (E.L.C.) Water Development Project provided the data base. The geology, occurrence of ground water, and types of ground-water flow systems in these areas are discussed.
Well data such as yield, depth and thickness of overburden, aquifer depth, and well depth were analyzed statistically for both areas. The results helped to quantify the occurrence of ground water with depth and the distribution of well yields and expected well yields in different rock types and topographic settings.
Both step-drawdown and constant-rate pumping tests were conducted on 150 production wells. Aquifer transmissivity ranges from approximately 1 to 400 m2/day (meters squared per day) in both areas. Specific capacity results are also presented.
Nitrogen in Soil Water
Authors: Lind Anne-Margrethe 
Published: May 2018

This review comprises a general description of nitrogen in soil water and the use of nitrogen fertilizer. The following investigations on nitrogen leaching and transformations are described: Investigations on drainage water. Losses of nutrients by leaching in agricultural production. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate nitrogen content in drainage water.
Nitrate reduction in the subsoil.
Water balance and nitrogen balance by optimum plant production.
The main conclusions are that the leaching of nitrogen as nitrate mainly occurs in the autumn and winter periods as a result of biological degradation of plant residues. Increased plant covering of the soil will decrease the nitrate leaching.
Spring Flood Meltwater or Groundwater?
Authors: Rodhe Allan 
Published: May 2018

The environmental isotope oxygen-18 was used as a tracer to separate stream discharge into flows originating from groundwater and fresh meltwater. Two, mainly forested, watersheds (areas 6.6 and 4.0 km2) in southern Sweden were studied during snowmelt 1979. The seasonal variation of δ18O in precipitation makes the δ18O of meltwater different from that of groundwater, hence making the separation possible.
The major part of the streamflow this spring originated from groundwater. Of the total water volumes that left the areas, during the two periods of snowmelt that occurred this year, the fraction of groundwater ranged between 0.7 ± 0.2 and 0.9(±) 0.2 The volume of meltwater in the streams corresponded to the volume of snowmelt and precipitation over 10-15% of the catchments. A field survey indicated that these percentages reasonably well describe the extension of the saturated areas, i.e. the effluent areas for groundwater where no infiltration can take place.
Modelling of Solute Transport in the Unsaturated Zone
Authors: Høgh Jensen K. , Ammentorp H.C. , Sevel Torben 
Published: May 2018

A numerical model for solute transport in the unsaturated zone has been developed. The model is based on the basic equation for soil water flow in one dimension and the general convection-dispersion equation. These are solved by numerical techniques and coupled under the assumption that the flow equation can be solved independently.
Options for solute-soil reactions are included in the model comprising adsorption, ion exchange and decay. In addition the effect of immobile water may be considered in the calculations.
The model has been applied for simulating field conditions. The model calculations have been compared with measurements of moisture content and the results from a field tracer experiment.
Runoff Studies in a Small Catchment
Authors: Myrabø Steinar 
Published: May 2018

This paper discusses results from a field study in a small East-Norwegian catchment. The main object of the study was to separate the different runoff processes in a small catchment. Direct measurements of precipitation snowmelt, runoff and the saturated basin area were undertaken in the field together with chemical hydrograph separation.
A functional relation between saturated area and runoff was established showing that the initial runoff being a good moisture indicator for a basin. Further the hydrograph of pure saturated overlandflow (produced from rain on the saturated area) may be separated from the rest of the runoff at any moment of time.
This paper also discusses the results in view of existing methods to estimate soil moisture and to forecast runoff.
One of the main conclusions is that the dynamic response area should be taken into consideration both in field investigations and in hydrological models, – specially in humid climate.
Variations in the 87Sr/86Sr Ratio in Lake Waters from Central Sweden
Authors: Wickman F. E. , Åberg G. 
Published: May 2018

The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of lake waters from eastern Central Sweden, a region consisting mainly of 1.7-2.0 × 109 years old granitoid rocks are reported and discussed. The ratios range from 0.722-0.739, and are similar to lake and stream waters in geologically similar areas.
The annual variation of the isotope ratio in two small lakes varied in the range of 0.7323-0.7339 and 0.7313-0.7325 respectively, except at ice clearing in spring when the ratio of surface water was lowered by a contribution from melting snow. Small lateral differences also exist in Lake Mälaren, probably because its complex outline hinders complete mixing of its water.
The Sr isotopic ratio variations with respect to bedrock geology suggest that a more important influence on the ratio is the mineralogic composition of the Quaternary deposits (mainly till).
The great difference between the ratios of rain water (0.709-0.710) and those of rocks in old Precambrian platforms with granitic rocks (0.720 and greater) results in waters (ground, lake and river) with ratios around 0.720-0.740. This means that the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is an excellent tool in studies of hydrologic processes, such as mixing of waters and exchange reactions between water and mineral matter.
Influence of Rainfall Movement on Peak Discharge in Urban Sewers
Authors: Andersen Henrik Sandgård , Jacobsen Per , Harremoës Poul 
Published: May 2018

Calculations have been made in order to evaluate the effect of rainfall movement on peak discharge. The 25 extreme events have been selected from a long historical rain series from a single rain gauge. The rains have been simulated to move with the recorded speed and direction of the rain across an artificial, elongated catchment positioned in 8 different directions. A real catchment layout was also investigated. The paper investigates the effect of longitudinal movement. Laterally, the rain is assumed to be uniformly distributed.
Calculations were made with the MOUSE-program, modelling runoff using the dynamic wave approach. An additional program was developed to simulate the moving rain input. Peak discharge in the sewer system with and without rainfall movement was treated statistically in terms of return period and compared.
The movement of the rain is not important from a statistical point of view (up to 5 %), but for individual events the effect may be significant (at least up to 19 %). The result is restricted to the effect of longitudinal variation in time and space. The effect of variation lateral to the movement may be much bigger, increasing with size of catchment.
The artificial catchment with flow direction towards NE gives the greatest increase in the Qmax and vice versa with the catchment orientated towards SW. This is due to wind direction from the SW being the most frequent in Denmark. The effect of rainfall movement is smaller for the real catchment with sewers in many different directions.
Annual Variability in Summer Evapotranspiration and Water Balance at a Subarctic Forest Site
Authors: Lafleur Peter M. 
Published: May 2018

Evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation were measured during five summers (1989-1993 inclusive) at a subarctic forest site near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. Mean daily ET varied from 2.14-3.18 mm d−1 during the five summers, while mean daily precipitation (P) ranged from 1.46-3.15 mm d−1. Yearly variability in summer ET was most influenced by availability of surface moisture, then by atmospheric conditions (i.e. temperature), and least of all by net radiation. In four of the five years total summer ET exceeded P resulting in significant soil water deficits and in the other year summer ET and P were similar in magnitude.
The use of equilibrium evaporation (EE) as a predictor of ET was explored. Separate relationships between ET and EE were computed for all five years. Three statistically dissimilar groups of equations were found: 1989/1990, 1991/ 1992, and 1993. A single regression equation describing all years is presented.
Reconstructed Runoff from the High Arctic Basin Bayelva based on Mass-Balance Measurements
Authors: Hagen Jon Ove , Lefauconnier Bernard 
Published: May 2018

The river Bayelva drains a catchment area of 31.5 km2 in the Kongsfjord area close to the research station Ny-Ålesund (79° N 12°E) on the northwest coast of Spitsbergen. The basin is 54% glacierized, and the studied glacier Austre Brøggerbreen is 6.1 km2 and constitutes 20% of the basin. On this glacier a mass-balance monitoring program including accumulation and ablation measurements has been carried out continuously since 1967. The winter snow accumulation shows very stable conditions with a mean accumulation of 0.71 ± 0.16 m/year in water equivalent. The runoff from the glacier in an equilibrium year should thus be 4.33 × 106 m3. The mean ablation on this glacier has been greater than the winter accumulation, 1.14 ± 0.26 m/year of water equivalent, which results in an annual runoff of 6.95 × 106 m3. That is more than 60% higher runoff from the glacier than in a year with zero net balance. The result is a mean net balance of – 0.42 m/year, or an annual runoff from the glacier due to the retreat of the glacier of 2.6 × 106 m3.
In Bayelva, a runoff station was operated from 1974-1978. In 1988 this basin was chosen as a hydrological research site, and the runoff measurements were restarted and a permanent station for water discharge and sediment transport measurements was constructed in the river. This basin is the only one in Svalbard with some years of hydrological data. The water balance discussion shows that there is good agreement between the measured runoff in the river Bayelva and the potential runoff calculated from the mass-balance measurements on Brøggerbreen. On the basis of this correlation the total annual runoff was reconstructed from the whole period of mass-balance data from 1967-1991. The runoff from the whole basin has been 30% higher than in years with an equilibrium mass-balance on the glacier.
A Model for Water Exchange Between the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga
Authors: Otsmann Mikk , Astok Villu , Suursaar Ülo 
Published: May 2018

A model for water exchange of a basin connected to the open sea by two channels has been worked out. The model is applied on the Gulf of Riga, where the water exchange processes versus strong landbased inflow of nutrients are the most important factors in formation of the trophic status of the Gulf.
The model's response both to stationary external conditions and nonstationary impulses (changes in the sea level, wind and riverine inflow) is analysed and possibilities for matter exchange calculations are discussed. It appeared that the water exchange depends strongly on the configuration and position of the straits. The water exchange in such a two-channel system is considerably different (and stronger) than in the case of a one-channel version. The main external force for the Gulf appeared to be the wind.
Optical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter in Finnish and Estonian Lakes
Authors: Sipelgas L. , Arst H. , Kallio K. , Erm A. , Oja P. , Soomere T. 
Published: May 2018

The main objective of the present study is to test various methods for describing the absorption spectra of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and to determine the numerical values of some optical parameters of CDOM in lakes with diverse water quality. First, the parameters of an exponential model in different spectral intervals were determined. In addition, the suitability of some other models for the approximation of CDOM spectra was estimated. Specific absorption coefficients of CDOM were calculated from the absorption coefficients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The experimental initial data were differences between spectral attenuation coefficients of filtered and distilled water. Two datasets were used: 1) for 13 Estonian and 7 Finnish lakes (altogether 404 spectra between 350 and 700 nm) measured by the Estonian Marine Institute (EMI); 2) for 10 Finnish lakes (73 spectra) measured by the Finnish Environment Institute (FEI).
The spectra of CDOM absorption coefficients (aCDOM) were calculated from experimental data taking into account the correction due to scattering properties of colloids in the filtered water. The total content of CDOM in natural waters of Estonian and Finnish lakes was expressed by means of aCDOM at the wavelength of 380 nm. It varied significantly, from 0.71 to 19.5 m−1, the mean value (of all the investigated lakes) being around 6.6 m−1. Slopes of the exponential approximation varied widely, from 0.006 to 0.03 nm−1. Averaged over all lakes values of slope for the interval 380-500 nm obtained from the EMI dataset are close to those obtained from the FEI dataset: from 0.014 nm−1 (without correction) to 0.016-0.017 nm-1 (with different types of correction). These results are in good correspondence with most published data.
Attempts to describe the spectra in the region of 350-700 nm by means of hyperexponential functions (∽ exp(-αλη)) show that: (1) η &lt; 1 (in the case of traditional exponential approximation η = 1); (2) a promising idea is to seek the best fit only for wavelengths λ &gt; λ1, where λ1 will be chosen taking into account the real shape of aCDOM spectra.
The mean value of the specific absorption coefficient (a*CDOM) at the wavelength 380 nm obtained in this study (0.44 L mg−1 m−1) is close to the values published in the literature, if we assume that a*CDOM (380) is calculated using the data of dissolved organic matter (DOM). The optically non-active fraction of DOM in our study was high and therefore a*CDOM (380) was considerably higher (1.01 L mg−1 m−1) than a*CDOM (380).
The results of the present work could be used in the modeling of underwater light field as well as in the interpretation of radiation measurements and optical remote sensing results.