bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal patterns in species diversity across biomes
Authors: Mellard Jarad P. , Audoye Pauline , Loreau Michel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA conspicuous season–diversity relationship (SDR) can be seen in seasonal environments, often with a defined peak in active species diversity in the growing season. We ask is this a general pattern and are other patterns possible? In addition, we ask what is the ultimate cause of this pattern and can we understand it using existing ecological theory? To accomplish this task, we assembled a global database on changes in species diversity through time in seasonal environments for different taxa and habitats and also conducted a modeling study in an attempt to replicate observed patterns. Our global database includes terrestrial and aquatic habitats, temperate, tropical, and polar environments, and taxa from disparate groups including vertebrates, insects, and plankton. We constructed nine alternative models that vary in assumptions on type of seasonal forcing, responses to that forcing, species niches, and types of species interactions. We found that most guilds of species exhibit a repeatable SDR across years. For north temperate ecosystems, active species diversity generally peaks mid‐year. The peak for a guild is generally more pronounced in terrestrial habitats than aquatic habitats and more pronounced in temperate and polar regions than the tropics. We now have evidence that at least several different habitat and taxa types are likely to have multiple peaks in diversity in a year, for example, guilds of both aquatic microbes and desert vertebrates can show a bimodal or multimodal SDR. We compared all nine candidate models in their ability to explain the patterns and match their assumptions to the data. Some performed considerably better than others in being able to match the different patterns. We conclude that a model that includes both temperature niches and environmental feedbacks is necessary to explain the different SDRs. We use such a model to make predictions about how the SDR could be impacted by climate change. More effort should be put into documenting and understanding baseline seasonal patterns in diversity in order to predict future responses to global change.
Successional dynamics of nitrogen fixation and forest growth in regenerating Costa Rican rainforests
Authors: Taylor Benton N. , Chazdon Robin L. , Menge Duncan N. L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRegenerating tropical forests have an immense capacity to capture carbon and harbor biodiversity. The recuperation of the nitrogen cycle following disturbance can fuel biomass regeneration, but few studies have evaluated the successional dynamics of nitrogen and nitrogen inputs in tropical forests. We assessed symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation, soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations, and tree growth in a well‐studied series of five tropical forest plots ranging from 19 yr in age to old‐growth forests. Wet‐season soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations were high in all plots, peaking in the 29‐yr‐old plot. Inputs from symbiotic nitrogen fixation declined through succession, while asymbiotic nitrogen fixation peaked in the 37‐yr‐old plot. Consequently, the dominant nitrogen fixation input switched from symbiotic fixation in the younger plots to asymbiotic fixation in the older plots. Tree growth was highest in the youngest plots and declined through succession. Interestingly, symbiotic nitrogen fixation was negatively correlated with the basal area of nitrogen‐fixing trees across our study plots, highlighting the danger in using nitrogen‐fixing trees as a proxy for rates of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Our results demonstrate that the nitrogen cycle has largely recuperated by 19 yr following disturbance, allowing for rapid biomass regeneration at our site. This work provides important insight into the sources and dynamics of nitrogen that support growth and carbon capture in regenerating Neotropical forests.
Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded in N‐Doped Porous Carbon as an Efficient Electrode for Supercapacitor
Authors: Zhu Maiyong , Chen Qi , Kan Jiarui , Tang Jingjing , Wei Wenjing , Lin Jinkun , Li Songjun 
Published: January 2019

Herein, a sequential pyrolysis and oxidation strategy is developed to prepare Co3O4 nanoparticles embedded in N‐doped porous carbon (Co3O4@N‐pC) using a bimetal zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF‐67@ZIF‐8) as precursors, which is first obtained via a simple wet‐chemical process. The electrochemical performances of Co3O4@N‐pC, ZIF‐67@ZIF‐8 precursors, and Co@N‐Pc intermediates (the direct pyrolysis products from ZIF‐67@ZIF‐8) are studied as supercapacitor electrodes in comparison. The results reveal that the specific capacitance of the optimized Co3O4@N‐pC electrode can reach up to 422.8 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a good rate capability (256 F g−1 at 5 A g−1) and excellent long‐term cycling stability (87.9% retention after 5000 cycles). Such performance is superior over ZIF‐67@ZIF‐8 precursors (232 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 168.9 F g−1 at 5 A g−1, and 82.7% retained after 5000 cycles) and Co@N‐pC intermediates (218.4 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 171 F g−1 at 5 A g−1, and 76.3% retained after 5000 cycles). The findings in this work are expected to provide a new avenue to explore other metal oxide/carbon materials for various applications.
Identifying mechanisms of shore platform erosion using Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) photogrammetry
Authors: Swirad Zuzanna M. , Rosser Nick J. , Brain Matthew J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractShore platforms control wave energy transformation which, in turn, controls energy delivery to the cliff toe and nearshore sediment transport. Insight into shore platform erosion rates has conventionally been constrained at millimetre‐scales using micro‐erosion metres, and at metre‐scales using cartographic data. On apparently slowly eroding coasts, such approaches are fundamentally reliant upon long‐term observation to capture emergent erosion patterns. Where in practise timescales are short, and where change is either below the resolution or saturates the mode of measurement, the collection of data that enables the identification of the actual mechanisms of erosion is hindered.We developed a method to monitor shore platform erosion at millimetre resolution within metre‐scale monitoring plots using Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry. We conducted monthly surveys at 15 0.25 m2 sites distributed across the Hartle Loup platform in North Yorkshire, UK, over one year. We derived topographic data at 0.001 m resolution, retaining a vertical precision of change detection of 0.001 m. We captured a mean erosion rate of 0.528 mm yr‐1, but this varied considerably both across the platform and through the year. We characterized the volume and shape of eroded material. The detachment volume–frequency and shape distributions suggest that erosion happens primarily via removal of shale platelets. We identify that the at‐a‐point erosion rate can be predicted by the distance from the cliff and the tidal level, whereby erosion rates are higher closer to the cliff and at locations of higher tidal duration. The size of individual detachments is controlled by local micro‐topography and rock structure, whereby larger detachments are observed on more rough sections of the platform. Faster erosion rates and larger detachments occur in summer months, rather than in more energetic winter conditions. These results have the potential to form the basis of improved models of how platforms erode over both short‐ and long‐timescales. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LCD: Light‐weight control model for data plane in software‐defined wireless sensor networks
Authors: Huang Meigen , Yu Bin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith the introduction of software‐defined networking (SDN) into wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to simplify network management and increase agility, software‐defined WSNs (SDWSNs) came into being. Since SDN adopts an idea of centralized control, reliable control is a necessary guarantee of its performance. However, in SDWSN, the unreliable wireless links pose a significant challenge to the reliable control of data plane. In view of this, this paper adopts the idea of separating the forwarding process of control flow and data flow and presents a light‐weight control model for data plane in SDWSN. Based on the network global view, the model constructs an independent control forwarding layer to route control flow. The light‐weight feature of this model lies in that there is no need to deploy additional control networks. Finally, we design a fast update algorithm for the control failure that may occur by searching for the replacement of neighboring control nodes and achieve efficient maintenance of the control forwarding layer. The simulation results show that the proposed model has shorter request‐response time than the original SDN‐WISE, and the impact on data plane forwarding performance is also within the acceptable range.
Juices processing characteristics of Chinese bayberry from different cultivars
Authors: Tian Jinhu , Cao Yanping , Chen Shiguo , Fang Zhongxiang , Chen Jianchu , Liu Donghong , Ye Xingqian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFourteen cultivars of bayberry fruits were collected and used to investigate the juice processing characteristics. Results showed that bayberry juices produced from different cultivars were different in juice yield, sugar–acid ratio, phenolic compounds, and sensory quality. The highest juice yield of 84% was obtained from Zaose cultivar, and the highest total phenolic contents were observed in Lizhi juice (2243 mg/L), while Baiyangmei and Shuijing juices showed the lowest phenolic contents. Correlation analysis indicated that the sugar–acid ratio and total sugar were positively correlated with sensory preference, while titratable acidity showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05). Combined with the processing characteristics and sensory preference, Wandao and Biqi were the optimal cultivars for juice processing. The research on the processing characteristics and sensory evaluation of 14 bayberry cultivars could have provided useful information on selecting suitable bayberry cultivars for juice processing.
Purification of total flavonoids from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae through cyclodextrin‐assisted extraction and resin adsorption
Authors: Zhang Li , Zheng Dan , Zhang Qing‐Feng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFlavonoids are the main bioactive components responded for the health promoting effects of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (RSG), an herbal material used in many functional food of China. An eco‐friendly method with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD)‐assisted extraction and resin adsorption/desorption was developed for total flavonoids purification from RSG. Because of complexes formation between flavonoids and β‐CD, aqueous solution was used for extraction instead of ethanol. The CD‐assisted extraction was optimized through defining optimal CD species, concentration, extraction temperature, and time. The adsorption property of eight macroporous resins on astilbin was compared by adsorption kinetics and capacity. All resins could reach the adsorption equilibrium within 2 hr. Further analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models, H103 resin with the best adsorption capacity was selected. The desorption property of different ethanol–water solution was compared. Results showed that by using 75% ethanol, astilbin could be well desorbed from the resin with the recovery of 96.3%. Because of complexes formation, the presence of β‐CD would slightly decrease the adsorption rate and capacity of H103 with concentration dependent. In dynamic adsorption, decreasing the flow rate could minish the effects of β‐CD. The developed method was successfully used for total flavonoids purified from RSG. The yield of purified product was 8.78%, with astilbin and total flavonoids content of 363.8 and 505.7 mg/g, respectively. The purity was 1.74 times increased with the recovery of 94.38% compared with the extract obtained directly through 50% ethanol extraction.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy reveals neural perception of vocal emotions in human neonates
Authors: Zhang Dandan , Chen Yu , Hou Xinlin , Wu Yan Jing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractProcessing affective prosody, that is the emotional tone of a speaker, is fundamental to human communication and adaptive behaviors. Previous studies have mainly focused on adults and infants; thus the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of affective prosody in newborns remain unclear. Here, we used near‐infrared spectroscopy to examine the ability of 0‐to‐4‐day‐old neonates to discriminate emotions conveyed by speech prosody in their maternal language and a foreign language. Happy, fearful, and angry prosodies enhanced neural activation in the right superior temporal gyrus relative to neutral prosody in the maternal but not the foreign language. Happy prosody elicited greater activation than negative prosody in the left superior frontal gyrus and the left angular gyrus, regions that have not been associated with affective prosody processing in infants or adults. These findings suggest that sensitivity to affective prosody is formed through prenatal exposure to vocal stimuli of the maternal language. Furthermore, the sensitive neural correlates appeared more distributed in neonates than infants, indicating a high‐level of neural specialization between the neonatal stage and early infancy. Finally, neonates showed preferential neural responses to positive over negative prosody, which is contrary to the “negativity bias” phenomenon established in adult and infant studies.
Private but not social information validity modulates social conformity bias
Authors: Li Li , Li King King , Li Jian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt is well established that human behaviors are susceptible to others' opinions. However, optimal decision theory mandates choices be made upon the estimated validities of different information sources and little is known about whether and how people could wean themselves off social conformity bias, especially when the social signals are uninformative. Here, we asked subjects to participate in a probabilistic urn guessing task based on their private information as well as observed choices from their partners. Specifically, we manipulated the information validity of these two sources such that only the private evidence was informative. Across trials, social conformity declined, manifested by the increased influence of the private evidence but steady effect of social information. Correspondingly, we found dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) was involved in detecting the conflict of private and social information and conforming to social signal whereas striatum was responsible for selectively updating the influence of private (but not social) evidence contingent on its inferred validity. Furthermore, functional coupling between striatum and dmPFC predicted the resistance toward the influence of social information. Together, these results may provide a mechanistic account of how the conformity bias toward uninformative social information can be remedied.
The impact of integration on outpatient chemotherapy use and spending in Medicare
Authors: Jung Jeah , Feldman Roger , Kalidindi Yamini 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHospital–physician integration has substantially grown in the United States for the past decade, particularly in certain medical specialties, such as oncology. Yet evidence is scarce on the relation between integration and outpatient specialty care use and spending. We analyzed the impact of oncologist integration on outpatient provider‐administered chemotherapy use and spending in Medicare, where prices do not depend on providers' integration status or negotiating power. We addressed oncologists' selective integration and patients' nonrandom choice of oncologists using an instrumental variables method. We found that integrated oncologists reduced the quantity of outpatient chemotherapy drugs but used more expensive treatments. This led to an increase in chemotherapy‐drug spending after integration. These findings suggest that changes in treatment patterns—treatment mix and quantity—may be an important mechanism by which integration increases spending. We also found that integration increased spending on chemotherapy administration (the act of injection). This is because integration shifted billing of chemotherapy to hospital outpatient departments, where Medicare payments for chemotherapy administration are higher than those in physician offices. As integration increases, efforts should continue to assess how integration influences patient care and explore policy options to ensure desirable outcomes from integration.
Effective efficiency and power density analysis for WiDE as a fuel in diesel engine performance
Authors: Rai Ranjeet Kumar , Sahoo Rashmi Rekha 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA comparative theoretical performance analysis for diesel, 5% water in diesel emulsion (WiDE), and 10% WiDE as fuels in a single‐cylinder diesel engine is presented here. Variations in engine performance parameters such as effective power density (EPD), effective power (EP), and effective efficiency (EE), along with compression ratio and equivalence ratio, have been analyzed on the basis of isobaric heat addition and isochoric heat rejection assumptions. Also, friction loss, exhaust loss, and total loss occurring in engines with the above‐mentioned fuels have been discussed. Theoretical analysis revealed that in a diesel engine with compression ratio 18, the EP and power density increased by 28.6% and 30.45%, respectively, for diesel fuel compared with 10% WiDE fuel. The optimum cycle temperature ratio, EP, and power density were obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 and the optimum EE with an equivalence ratio of 0.89 for diesel, 5% WiDE, and 10% WiDE fuels. However, the maximum exhaust loss and the minimum incomplete combustion losses were obtained with an equivalence ratio of 1.2 and 0.8, respectively. At an equivalence ratio of 1.2, diesel fuel had a higher exhaust loss of 9.25% and 27.21% and heat loss of 5.39% and 11.8%, respectively, compared with 5% WiDE and 10% WiDE fuels. Thus, the fuel consumption rate with diesel as fuel was higher, followed by 5% WiDE and 10% WiDE fuels for diesel engine performance.
Predictive factors of recurrence in patients with early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Ditto Antonino , Leone Roberti Maggiore Umberto , Bogani Giorgio , Martinelli Fabio , Chiappa Valentina , Evangelista Maria Teresa , Liberale Viola , Ferrero Simone , Raspagliesi Francesco 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify predictive factors of recurrence and survival in patients with early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer (eEOC).MethodsWe retrospectively searched the medical records of all women undergoing optimal surgical staging for eEOC (stage I–II) at the National Cancer Institute of Milan, Italy, between January 1, 1974, and December 31, 2014.ResultsDuring the study period, 429 patients underwent primary surgery followed by either adjuvant chemotherapy or observation alone for apparent eEOC. In multivariable analysis, International Federation for Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage greater than 1 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.49, 95% CI 1.24–4.99) was the only prognostic factor for lower disease‐free survival. Multivariate analysis showed that age at diagnosis (HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.14–2.47) and stage (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.01–6.39) were independent predictive factors for poorer overall survival (OS).ConclusionsFIGO stage is the most important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival in patients with eEOC. Furthermore, age at diagnosis was identified as a factor that negatively influenced OS. Our data for oncologic outcomes are similar to those reported in previous studies.
A hybrid small‐diameter tube fabricated from decellularized aortic intima‐media and electrospun fiber for artificial small‐diameter blood vessel
Authors: Wu Pingli , Nakamura Naoko , Morita Hiroko , Nam Kwangwoo , Fujisato Toshiya , Kimura Tsuyoshi , Kishida Akio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHybrid small‐diameter tubes were fabricated by wrapping decellularized aortic intima‐media sheets around a tubular stainless steel mandrel with diameter 4 mm, and then by coating with electrospun segmented polyurethane. The synthetic coat was deposited uniformly to a thickness of about 0.5–3.5 μm depending on the duration of electrospinning. Resistance to luminal pressure, burst strength, and stiffness increased with the thickness of the electrospun coat, suggesting that the synthetic fabric reinforces the reconstructed acellular aortic intima‐media. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells seeded on the inner surface acquired flagstone morphology, while normal human dermal fibroblasts seeded on the outer surface proliferated well and partly migrated into deeper layers. Collectively, the data suggest that reinforcing decellularized aortic intima‐media with electrospun fibers generates a small‐diameter hybrid blood vessel with good biocompatibility and suitable mechanical properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1064–1070, 2019.
Zyxin as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Zhong Chenhan , Yu Jiekai , Li Dan , Jiang Kai , Tang Yang , Yang Mengyuan , Shen Hong , Fang Xuefeng , Ding Kefeng , Zheng Shu , Yuan Ying 
Published: January 2019

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death. This study was conducted to investigate the functions and mechanisms of Zyxin (ZYX) in CRC. Multiomics analysis associated ZYX with CRC metastasis. ZYX expression levels were increased in human CRC tissues and related to shorter recurrence‐free survival. Knockdown of ZYX expression resulted in inhibition of cell growth, invasion, and migration in vitro and in vivo. Comprehensive analysis of gene microarray analysis showed that ZYX may activate the pathway of NUPR1 and JNK, inhibit CST5, regulate focal adhesion (FA), and affect epithelial–mesenchymal transition in CRC cells. Results of gene microarray and membrane protein isobaric tags with relative and absolute quantitation labeling mass spectrometry found ten differentially expressed genes, which were associated with ZYX activity. Furthermore, real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to validate the expression patterns of selected genes in the integrative analysis. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that decreased expression level of ZYX impairs CRC cell proliferation and metastasis probably via the FA pathway.
Enhanced Intranasal Absorption of Naltrexone by Dodecyl Maltopyranoside: Implications for the Treatment of Opioid Overdose
Authors: Krieter Philip , Gyaw Shwe , Chiang C. Nora , Crystal Roger , Skolnick Phil 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBased on its high affinity for μ opiate receptors and reported half‐life after oral administration, the pharmacokinetic properties of intranasal naltrexone were examined to evaluate its potential to treat opioid overdose. This study was prompted by the marked rise in overdose deaths linked to synthetic opioids like fentanyl, which may require more potent, longer‐lived opiate antagonists than naloxone. Both the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time (Tmax) to reach Cmax for intranasal naltrexone (4 mg) were comparable to values reported for a Food and Drug Administration‐approved 4‐mg dose of intranasal naloxone. The addition of the absorption enhancer dodecyl maltoside (Intravail) increased Cmax by ∼3‐fold and reduced the Tmax from 0.5 to 0.17 hours. Despite these very rapid increases in plasma concentrations of naltrexone, its short half‐life following intranasal administration (∼2.2 hours) could limit its usefulness as a rescue medication, particularly against longer‐lived synthetic opioids. Nonetheless, the ability to rapidly attain high plasma concentrations of naltrexone may be useful in other indications, including an as‐needed dosing strategy to treat alcohol use disorder.