bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Loading Promotes the Expansion of Primitive Osteoprogenitors and Organizes Matrix and Vascular Morphology in Long Bone Defects
Authors: Liu Chao , Cabahug-Zuckerman Pamela , Stubbs Christopher , Pendola Martin , Cai Cinyee , Mann Kenneth A , Castillo Alesha B 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT Elucidating the effects of mechanical stimulation on bone repair is crucial for optimization of the healing process. Specifically, the regulatory role that mechanical loading exerts on the osteogenic stem cell pool and vascular morphology during healing is incompletely understood. Because dynamic loading has been shown to enhance osteogenesis and repair, we hypothesized that loading induces the expansion of the osteoprogenitor cell population within a healing bone defect, leading to an increased presence of osteogenic cells. We further hypothesized that loading during the repair process regulates vascular and collagen matrix morphology and spatial interactions between vessels and osteogenic cells. To address these hypotheses, we used a mechanobiological bone repair model, which produces a consistent and reproducible intramembranous repair response confined in time and space. Bilateral tibial defects were created in adult C57BL/6 mice, which were subjected to axial compressive dynamic loading either during the early cellular invasion phase on postsurgical days (PSDs) 2 to 5 or during the matrix deposition phase on PSD 5 to 8. Confocal and two-photon microscopy was used to generate high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) renderings of longitudinal thick sections of the defect on PSD 10. Endomucin (EMCN)-positive vessels, Paired related homeobox 1 (Prrx1+) stem cell antigen-1 positive (Sca-1+) primitive osteoprogenitors (OPCs), and osterix positive (Osx+) preosteoblasts were visualized and quantified using deep tissue immunohistochemistry. New bone matrix was visualized with second harmonic generation autofluorescence of collagen fibers. We found that mechanical loading during the matrix deposition phase (PSD 5 to 8) increased vessel volume and number, and aligned vessels and collagen fibers to the load-bearing direction of bone. Furthermore, loading led to a significant increase in the proliferation and number of Prrx1+ Sca-1+ primitive OPCs, but not Osx+ preosteoblasts within the defect. Together, these data illustrate the adaptation of both collagen matrix and vascular morphology to better withstand mechanical load during bone repair, and that the mechanoresponsive cell population consists of the primitive osteogenic progenitors. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Radiology of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures Revisited
Authors: Lentle Brian , Koromani Fjorda , Brown Jacques P. , Oei Ling , Ward Leanne , Goltzman David , Rivadeneira Fernando , Leslie William D , Probyn Linda , Prior Jerilynn , Hammond Ian , Cheung Angela M. , Oei Edwin H. ,   on behalf of the Vertebral Fracture Research Groups of the CaMos, STOPP, and Rotterdam Studies
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Until recently there has been little evidence available to validate any method by which to make an accurate diagnosis of an osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) from plain radiographs. In part this reflects a lack of a completely satisfactory “gold standard,” but primarily it relates to the absence of well-designed prospective studies in this context. Historically, OVFs were recognized by evidence of macroscopic structural failure in vertebrae using the criteria applied elsewhere in the skeleton. This comprised altered alignment, fragmentation, cortical disruptions, and breaks, among other changes. However, these morphological criteria were replaced by vertebral morphometry, referring to the use of quantitative or quasi-quantitative measurement tools for fracture diagnosis. Vertebral morphometry emerged as an understanding of and treatment for osteoporosis evolved, mainly in response to the need for expeditious assessments of large numbers of spine images for epidemiological and pharmaceutical purposes. Although most of the descriptions of such morphometric tools have stressed that they were not to be applied to clinical diagnosis with respect to individual patients, this constraint has been widely disregarded. Here we review the major attempts to develop a diagnostic strategy for OVF and describe their characteristics in adults and children. Recent evidence suggests that morphometric (quantitative; ie, based on measurement of dimensions and shape description) criteria are inferior to morphologic (qualitative; ie, based on structural integrity) vertebral damage assessment in identifying people with low bone density and at an increased risk of future fracture. Thus there is now an evidentiary basis for suggesting that morphological assessment is the preferred strategy for use in diagnosing OVF from radiographs. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
NOD1 activates autophagy to aggravate hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Xi Jiri , Yan Meiling , Li Shipeng , Song Hu , Liu Lei , Shen Zhongyang , Cai Jin‐Zhen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is tissue damage resulting from return of the blood supply to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. Much of the morbidity associated with liver transplantation and major hepatic resections is, in part, due to IRI. Both innate immunity and autophagy play important roles in hepatic IRI. With regard to innate immunity, one factor that plays a key role is NOD1, an intracellular pattern recognition receptor. NOD1 has recently been shown to be associated with autophagy, but the mechanisms involved with this process remain obscure. This relationship between NOD1 and autophagy prompted us to examine the role and potential mechanisms of NOD1 in regulating autophagy as related to hepatic IRI. We found that NOD1 was upregulated during hepatic IRI and was associated with an activation of the autophagic signaling pathway. Moreover, levels of Atg5, a critical protein associated with autophagy, were decreased when NOD1 was inhibited by NOD1 small interfering RNA. We conclude that NOD1 appears to exert a pivotal role in hepatic IRI by activating autophagy to aggravate hepatic IRI, and Atg5 was required for this process. The identification of this novel pathway, that links expression levels of NOD1 with Atg5‐mediated autophagy, may provide new insights for the generation of novel protective therapies directed against hepatic IRI.
Child delinquency in communal conflict areas in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adeleke Fatai Gbadebo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study examines the influence of persistent communal conflicts on child delinquency. Within psychosociological models, the study investigates child delinquency in conflict areas in southwestern Nigeria. Triangulation of sampling techniques and methods of data collection were adopted (questionnaire, focus group discussions, in‐depth interview, records, journals, and publications). The records showed that there were more child delinquents in the communal conflict areas and the factors responsible were as follows: a gap in family communication, regulation and control mechanism deficiency, institutional and social lapses, excessive drugs abuse, persistent economic hardship and social disorganization, long communal hatred, and negative social variables. There was a significant relationship between the variables of communal conflicts and child delinquency. The study concludes that social control failed because of children learning violence acts from birth and the environment. There is a need for more cemented social ties among neighboring towns, for perpetrators of conflict to face the wrath of law, and for security agents to not overstay in conflict areas.
The effects of graphene quantum dots on the maturation of mouse oocytes and development of offspring
Authors: Lin Yan‐Hong , Zhuang Shu‐Xin , Wang Ya‐Long , Lin Sheng , Hong Zi‐Wei , Liu Yu , Xu Lin , Li Fei‐Ping , Xu Bai‐Hui , Chen Ming‐Huang , He Shu‐Wen , Liao Bao‐Qiong , Fu Xian‐Pei , Jiang Zhong‐Qing , Wang Hai‐Long 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecently, graphene nanomaterials have attracted tremendous attention and have been utilized in various fields because of their excellent mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical properties, and good biocompatibility, especially in biomedical aspects. However, there is a concern that the unique characteristics of nanomaterials may have undesirable effects. Therefore, in this study, we sought to systematically investigate the effects of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on the maturation of mouse oocytes and development of the offspring via in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro, we found that the first polar body extrusion rate in the high dosage exposure groups (1.0–1.5 mg/ml)
2 decreased significantly and the failure of spindle migration and actin cap formation after GQDs exposure was observed. The underlying mechanisms might be associated with reactive oxygen species accumulation and DNA damage. Moreover, transmission electron microscope studies showed that GQDs may have been internalized into oocytes, tending to accumulate in the nucleus and severely affecting mitochondrial morphology, which included swollen and vacuolated mitochondria accompanied by cristae alteration with a lower amount of dense mitochondrial matrix. In vivo, when pregnant mice were exposed to GQDs at 8.5 days of gestation (GD, 8.5), we found that high dosage of GQD exposure (30 mg/kg) significantly affected mean fetal length; however, all the second generation of female mice grew up normal, attained sexual maturity, and gave birth to a healthy offspring after mating with a healthy male mouse. The results presented in this study are important for the future investigation of GQDs for the biomedical applications.
Tamoxifen induces toxicity, causes autophagy, and partially reverses dexamethasone resistance in Jurkat T cells
Authors: Torres-López Liliana , Maycotte Paola , Liñán-Rico Andrómeda , Liñán-Rico Liliana , Donis-Maturano Luis , Delgado-Enciso Iván , Meza-Robles Carmen , Vásquez-Jiménez Clemente , Hernández-Cruz Arturo , Dobrovinskaya Oxana 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Estrogens demonstrate biological activity in numerous organ systems, including the immune system, and exert their effects through estrogen receptors (ER) of two types: intracellular ERα and ERβ that activate transcriptional factors and membrane G protein-coupled ER GPER. The latter is capable to mediate fast activation of cytosolic signaling pathways, influencing transcriptional events in response to estrogens. Tamoxifen (TAM), widely used in chemotherapy of ERα-positive breast cancer, is considered as an ERα antagonist and GPER agonist. TAM was shown to possess “off-target” cytotoxicity, not related to ER in various tumor types. The present work was designed to study biological effects of TAM on the glucocorticoid (GC)-resistant cell line Jurkat, derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T lineage (T-ALL). We have shown that T-ALL cell lines, in contrast to healthy T cells, express only GPER, but not ERα or ERβ. TAM compromised mitochondrial function and reduced the viability and proliferation of Jurkat cells. Additionally, TAM induced autophagy in a GPER-dependent manner. Gene expression profiling revealed the up-regulation of autophagy-related gene ATG5. Interestingly, TAM sensitized Jurkat cells to dexamethasone (DEX) treatment, which may be related to its capacity to cause autophagy. We suggest that TAM-based adjuvant therapy may represent a novel strategy in T-ALL patients handling.
Pilot Study of the Effect of Plant‐Based Enteral Nutrition on the Gut Microbiota in Chronically Ill Tube‐Fed Children
Authors: McClanahan Danielle , Yeh Andrew , Firek Brian , Zettle Stacey , Rogers Matthew , Cheek Richard , Nguyen Michelle V. L. , Gayer Christopher P. , Wendell Stacy G. , Mullett Steven J. , Morowitz Michael J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundDietary intake sharply impacts the structure and function of the gut microbiota, which is important for childhood health. However, little is known about the microbiota of children who cannot eat by mouth. Standard enteral formulas for supplemental nutrition are low in fiber and high in processed sugars and are commonly associated with gastrointestinal side effects. In this pilot study, we examined the effects of plant‐based enteral nutrition (PBEN) upon the gut bacteria of chronically ill children.MethodsTen children (median age 3.5 years, age range 2–8 years) dependent upon conventional enteral formula were transitioned to PBEN for 2 months. Microbial diversity within fecal samples collected before and after PBEN was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis and was compared with rectal swabs from healthy children. Fecal short‐chain fatty acids and bile acids were measured in parallel.ResultsRelative to control samples, fecal samples from study subjects were depleted of commensals (eg, Faecalibacterium) and enriched with pathogens (eg, Enterococcus). Postintervention samples from study subjects were more similar to healthy controls. Most subjects experienced PBEN‐induced alterations in the gut microbiota, but these changes varied significantly across individuals. Clinical diaries indicated that PBEN was well tolerated, with improvement in symptoms noted in several subjects.ConclusionResults from this pilot study suggest that PBEN is well tolerated and could improve the health of the microbiota in chronically ill children. This trial provides a rationale for systematic evaluation of PBEN in clinical trials of children who require supplemental nutrition.
Decay dynamics of 6‐azauracil from the light absorbing S2(ππ*) state
Authors: Li Pengli , Xue Jiadan , Zheng Xuming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe initial decay dynamics of 6AU in the S2 state was investigated by using resonance Raman spectroscopy, the time‐dependent wave‐packet theory in a Brownian oscillator model, and complete‐active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) protocol. The vibrational spectra and the ultraviolet absorption bands were assigned on the basis of the Fourier transform (FT)‐Raman, FT‐infrared measurements, the density‐functional theory computations, and the normal mode analysis. The absorption cross section and the absolute resonance Raman cross sections were simulated simultaneously by using the time‐dependent wave‐packet theory in a Brownian oscillator model. The obtained normal mode displacements of the Franck–Condon active modes were then converted to the short‐time structural dynamics in easy‐to‐visualize internal coordinates. The roles of two pathways via the S2 → S1 internal conversion and the S2 → T3 intersystem crossing were evaluated through the comparison between the short‐time structural dynamics and the CASSCF/CASTP2 calculated structural changes between FC and S2S1 or between FC and S2T3. The results indicate that the structural dynamics in the Franck–Condon region of the S2 state is mostly toward the S2/S1 conical intersection, which supports the conclusion that the S2 → S1 internal conversion dominants the initial decay pathway of 6AU as revealed by the broadband fs TA spectroscopy, whereas the barrierless S2 → T3 intersystem‐crossing process is negligible owing to weak spin‐orbital coupling and unfavorable subsequent T3 → T2 → T1 decay. The reaction coordinates towards the planar S2(ππ*)/S1(nπ*) and severely distorted S2(ππ*)/S0 conical intersection points are proposed respectively, and the solvent effect on the initial decay mechanisms of 6AU, uracil, and thymine is clarified.
Sarcomas of the paranasal sinuses: An analysis of the SEER database
Authors: Martin Elaine , Radomski Shannon , Harley Earl 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo determine the demographics, treatment modalities, and overall survival of patients with sinonasal sarcoma.MethodsAll cases of primary sinonasal sarcomas diagnosed between the years of 2009 and 2014 were extracted from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Additional variables collected included age, gender, ethnicity, tumor histological subtype, tumor size, treatment modality, vitality status, and follow‐up time. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were generated and overall survival was calculated.ResultsOne hundred and four cases of sinonasal sarcoma were identified. The majority of patients were female (55%), white (76%), and non‐Hispanic (84%), and the mean age was 47 ± 22 years. The most common tumor sites were the maxillary sinus, followed by the ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinus. Forty six percent of tumors were rhabdomyosarcoma type. Most patients (66%) had some type of surgery, 64% received radiation, and 58% received chemotherapy as part of their treatment. Overall 1‐ and 5‐year survival was 79% and 31%, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival based on patient gender, age, ethnicity, radiation, or chemotherapy treatment.ConclusionsThis study adds to the current literature of sinonasal sarcomas and is the first to report in detail the surgical interventions performed as well as characteristics about lymph node spread, tumor histology, and treatment outcomes since the advent of radiation and chemotherapy. As these tumors are so rare, continued study of the demographics, tumor characteristics, and long‐term outcomes of this population is necessary to guide treatment modalities and strategies for otolaryngologists.Level of Evidence2b
Day length as a key factor moderating the response of coccolithophore growth to elevated pCO2
Authors: Bretherton Laura , Poulton Alex J. , Lawson Tracy , Rukminasari Nita , Balestreri Cecilia , Schroeder Declan , Mark Moore C. , Suggett David J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe fate of coccolithophores in the future oceans remains uncertain, in part due to key factors having not been standardized across experiments. A potentially moderating role for differences in day length (photoperiod) remains largely unexplored. We therefore cultured four different geographical isolates of the species Emiliania huxleyi, as well as two additional species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica (tropical) and Coccolithus braarudii (temperate), to test for interactive effects of pCO2 with the light : dark (L : D) cycle. We confirmed a general regulatory effect of photoperiod on the pCO2 response, whereby growth and particulate inorganic carbon and particulate organic carbon (PIC : POC) ratios were reduced with elevated pCO2 under 14 : 10 h L : D, but these reductions were dampened under continuous (24 h) light. The dynamics underpinning this pattern generally differed for the temperate vs. tropical isolates. Reductions in PIC : POC with elevated pCO2 for tropical taxa were largely through reduced calcification and enhanced photosynthesis under 14 : 10 h L : D, with differences dampened under continuous light. In contrast, reduced PIC : POC for temperate strains reflected increases of photosynthesis that outpaced increases in calcification rates under 14 : 10 h L : D, with both responses again dampened under continuous light. A multivariate analysis of 35 past studies of E. huxleyi further demonstrated that differences in photoperiod account for as much as 40% (strain B11/92) to 55% (strain NZEH) of the variance in reported pCO2‐induced reductions to growth but not PIC : POC. Our study thus highlights a critical role for day length in moderating the effect of ocean acidification on coccolithophore growth and consequently how this response may play out across latitudes and seasons in future oceans.
Improved MR thermometry for laser interstitial thermotherapy
Authors: Odéen Henrik , Parker Dennis L. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesTo develop, test and evaluate improved 2D and 3D protocols for proton resonance frequency shift magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTI) of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). The objective was to develop improved MRTI protocols in terms of temperature measurement precision and volume coverage compared to the 2D MRTI protocol currently used with a commercially available LITT system.MethodsFour different 2D protocols and four different 3D protocols were investigated. The 2D protocols used multi‐echo readouts to prolong the total MR sampling time and hence the MRTI precision, without prolonging the total acquisition time. The 3D protocols provided volumetric thermometry by acquiring a slab of 12 contiguous slices in the same acquisition time as the 2D protocols. The study only considered readily available pulse sequences (Cartesian 2D and 3D gradient recalled echo and echo planar imaging [EPI]) and methods (partial Fourier and parallel imaging) to ensure wide availability and rapid clinical implementation across vendors and field strengths. In vivo volunteer studies were performed to investigate and compare MRTI precision and image quality. Phantom experiments with LITT heating were performed to investigate and compare MRTI precision and accuracy. Different coil setups were used in the in vivo studies to assess precision differences between using local (such as flex and head coils) and non‐local (i.e., body coil) receive coils. Studies were performed at both 1.5 T and 3 T.ResultsThe improved 2D protocols provide up to a factor of two improvement in the MRTI precision in the same acquisition time, compared to the currently used clinical protocol. The 3D echo planar imaging protocols provide comparable precision as the currently used 2D clinical protocol, but over a substantially larger field of view, without increasing the acquisition time. As expected, local receive coils perform substantially better than the body coil, and 3 T provides better MRTI accuracy and precision than 1.5 T. 3D data can be zero‐filled interpolated in all three dimensions (as opposed to just two dimensions for 2D data), reducing partial volume effects and measuring higher maximum temperature rises.ConclusionsWith the presented protocols substantially improved MRTI precision (for 2D imaging) or greatly improved field of view coverage (for 3D imaging) can be achieved in the same acquisition time as the currently used protocol. Only widely available pulse sequences and acquisition methods were investigated, which should ensure quick translation to the clinic. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:286–300, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conducting Polymers for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Han Yongqin , Dai Liming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOwing to their tunable conductivity, good processability, environmental friendliness, and unique doping–dedoping characteristics, conducting polymer (CP)‐based flexible supercapacitors have been widely investigated. Inclusion of CPs into flexible substrates has been demonstrated to be an efficient way for fabricating CP‐based flexible supercapacitors. This paper provides a focused review on recent progresses in the research and development of CP‐based flexible supercapacitors. The synthesis and electrochemical performances of CP‐based hydrogels, including the pristine CP hydrogels, hybrid hydrogels, and all in one supercapacitors, are highlighted. The latest progress in the development of flexible supercapacitors based on binary and ternary hybrid films consisting of CP/carbon nanotubes, CP/graphene, or CP/graphene/carbon nanotubes is discussed. Furthermore, a brief summary of the use of CP‐based textiles and fibers for flexible supercapacitors is also presented, along with the current challenges and future perspectives for CP‐based supercapacitors.