bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish Migration via the Shipping Lock at the Hagestein Barrage: Results of an Indicative Study
Authors: Klinge M. 
Published: May 2018

In the Dutch part of the Rhine many hydraulic works (sluices, barrages, etc.) are situated which are considered to be barriers for upstream fish migration. Because of intensive shipping these works are always combined with big shipping locks. Until recently no data were available concerning fish migration via these locks. This was studied in the river Lek at the Hagestein barrage.
Due to the short length of the study period and few recaptured salmonids (salmon, sea trout, rainbow trout) no conclusive evidence about the effects of the shipping lock on salmonid migration was obtained. However, the results do suggest that the Hagestein barrage complex forms a serious barrier for upstream migration of salmonids. Several other fish species on the other hand were observed to migrate through the lock. Therefore, depending on target species and management goals, the presence of shipping locks should be taken into account when considering improving fish migration possibilities.
DESIGN AND DESIGN EV ALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Authors: Kroiss Helmut 
Published: May 2018

We are facing a rapid development of more stringent effluent standards and new biological treatment processes during the last decade. At the same time we recognise strong differences between the actual water protection situation in different countries of the world, e.g. between the western and the eastern European or northern and southern American states. We are also aware of a trend towards privatisation of the water industry, resulting in turnkey bids including even operation of the treatment plants. This development results in a new challenge for a scientific based process selection and comparison. One of the basic questions to be answered by international co-operation is:
What information is necessary for the characterisation of the specific local problem to be solved, and how can the results of different design solutions be compared in regard to reliability and treatment efficiency?
Reliability and even treatment efficiency up to now have not been defined exactly enough for a sound comparison of different treatment processes or sequences of processes. If this problem cannot be solved on an international basis it will be very difficult to base such comparisons on a cost benefit (=water protection) calculation. As a consequence less important and inadequate criteria will play the decisive role. One of the methods to evaluate design procedures and process selections is a scientifically based evaluation of the results from full scale treatment plants. The actual standard of reports in literature on full scale experience is not sufficient to reach this goal in most of the cases. Two schemes try to show the complexity of the design procedure and the evaluation of full scale experience for design evaluation and could be used as a starting point of an international co-operation.
Establishing Wetland Plants in Artificial Systems
Authors: Chambers Jane M. , McComb Arthur J. 
Published: May 2018

Emergent macrophytes selected for growth in artificial systems should be robust in habit, have a high biomass throughout the year, and be readily available in the local area. In south-western Australia potentially useful species fall either into the class of “sprouters”, which are readily established by rhizome transplants but not by seed; and ‘seeders ’, which can be readily established from seed but not rhizome transplants. Seeder species occur in large populations after disturbance of natural systems; sprouter species are often more desirable in the long term, but sufficient source material can be difficult to obtain.
Of nine species established in containers and then subjected to a range of water depths from 1 metre below to 0.75 metres above the sediment surface, best growth was obtained when mean water level coincided with the sediment surface. This was consistent with field observations on plantings at different mean elevations. In microsystems in plastic containers, at the same nutrient load, plant growth was reduced at slow flow rates when sediments became anaerobic.
Growth Characteristics of Three Macrophyte Species Growing in a Natural and Constructed Wetland System
Authors: Adcock P. W. , Ganf G. G. 
Published: May 2018

Total, above and below ground biomass, growth, and tissue nutrient concentration of three species growing in two contrasting environments (a horizontal flow, constructed wetland fed tertiary effluent at Bolivar, South Australia, and a natural wetland, Bool Lagoon, south-eastern South Australia) were compared to determine relative performance of each species.
Overall Baumea articulata and Phragmites australis performed poorly in trenches compared with natural wetland. Total biomass was 4.0 and 2.7, compared with 7.7 and 10.9 kg/m2 however, above ground (AG)/below ground (BG) ratios were similar at both locations (1 (Baum) and 0.42(Phrag)). Below ground mass was restricted to the top 25cm in the trenches but penetrated to &gt; 50cm in the natural wetland. Phragmites showed a marked decline in standing biomass during the winter period in both environments but Baumea increased standing biomass in the trenches. Although the mean tissue nutrient concentrations of N and P for plants grown in trenches were higher than their natural counterparts [3.18(Baum), 2.56(Phrag) vs. 0.68(Baum), 0.49(Phrag) mg P/g DWt.; 12.99(Baum), 23.06(Phrag) vs. 5.39(Baum), 8.92(Phrag) mg N/g DWt.], this was offset by the lower biomass of the plants in the trenches.
In contrast, the semi-emergent Triglochin procerum performed exceptionally well in the trenches, compared with the other species, and with itself growing in Bool Lagoon. Total biomass was 15.4 kg/m2, AG/BG ratio was 6. Triglochin continued to grow vigorously throughout the winter and had a mean tissue concentration of 5.19 mg P, 22.63 mg N and 368 C/g dry weight.
These data suggest that the effective removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by harvesting was 5 times higher for Triglochin than for Baumea or Phragmites in the trenches. The nitrogen concentrations in Triglochin suggest a protein content of 16–18% which compares favourably with lucerne.
Microbial Ecology of Constructed Wetlands Used for Treating Pulp Mill Wastewater
Authors: Hatano Kazunori , Frederick Douglas J. , Moore James A. 
Published: May 2018

Objectives were to evaluate microbial populations in two free-water surface (FWS) constructed wetland cells receiving secondary treated pulp-mill wastewater, identify the microorganisms having decomposition activity of selected organic substances and discuss diversity of actinomycetes isolated from soil, plant and wastewater samples.
The populations of microorganisms in soil samples in the two wetland cells showed similar size in both cells; 6–7 × 106 cfu/g, 0.7–1.0 × 106 cfu/g, and 0.8–1.0 × 104 cfu/g, respectively, for total bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. The population of bacteria in wastewater was similar in size to bacteria isolated from soil, but those of actinomycetes and fungi exhibited a very small size: 2–3 × 103 cfu/ml and only about 10 cfu/ml, respectively. In the populations on the surface of bulrush stems, the number of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi found on the top portion of the stems was 4 × 105 cfu/cm2, 1.4 × 103 cfu/cm2 and 0.5 × 102 cfu/cm2, respectively. Actinomycetes and fungi occurred in very low numbers on the bottom of stems. More than 90% of actinomycetes isolated from the wetland cells had amylase activity, and 60 and 25% of them had chitinase and xylanase activity, respectively. Approximately 70 and 50% of fungi had protease and amylase activities, respectively. Fungi also had xylanase activity in about 40% of isolates. On the other hand, about 40% of bacteria exhibited protease activity, but a very low proportion of them had chitinase and xylanase activities. The number of actinomycete species isolated from wastewater and the surface of plant stems was restricted in comparison to that of actinomycetes isolated from soil.
Wetland Treatment of Pulp Mill Wastewater
Authors: Moore J. A. , Skarda S. M. , Sherwood R. 
Published: May 2018

Ten wetland ponds, each 1430 m2 (1/3 acre) in area are being utilized to evaluate the treatment of wastewater from a pulp mill. The ponds are being operated at a depth of 46 cm (18″) and detention times are 2 and 10 days. Six of the ponds have been planted to cattails (Typha latifolia) and three to bulrush (Scirpus acutus). One of the ponds is filled with large (150 mm) stone to compare a subsurface non-plant system.
In 24 stock tanks, 8 aquatic plant species (Cattail, Hardstem Bulrush, Bolander's Rush, Common Spike Rush, Water Mannagrass, Beaked Sedge, Water Parsley and Yellow Pond Lily) are being grown to evaluate the effect of plants in the wetland treatment of wastewater. These same species are being evaluated in a larger area for competitiveness and hardiness in the wastewater.
The ponds were planted in the winter of 1990/91. Results of this work on treatment of biochemical oxygen demand, solids and colour removal will be reported. Removals are in the range of 55%, 70% and less than 5% for the three parameters, respectively.
Factors Affecting Nitrogen Removal in Horizontal Flow Reed Beds
Authors: Platzer Chr , Netter R. 
Published: May 2018

We have evaluated nitrogen removal at three treatment plants (mannersdorf, Germerswang, See) in order to determine the relationship between effluent temperature, evapotranspiration, substratum, loading rates and the different types of nitrogen.
The results showed a very high and almost complete denitrification. In most of the plants nitrification was the limiting factor. Evapotranspiration was found to be one of the strongest factors supporting nitrification. Influence of the effluent temperature was significantly lower. Investigations on influence of the substratum showed better results for nitrification and denitrification on fine material containing clay. Conclusions for research and plant design are given.
Non-Filamentous Activated Sludge Bulking Caused by Zoogloea
Authors: Novák L. , Larrea L. , Wanner J. , García-Heras J. L. 
Published: May 2018

An abundant growth of zoogloeal colonies was observed periodically during some experiments carried out on a bench-scale plant fed with a complex synthetic wastewater. The plant had a configuration with an enhanced regeneration-denitrification-nitrification (R-D-N) activated sludge process for low alkalinity wastewaters.
Several operational changes were undertaken in order to suppress the excessive growth of zoogloeal colonies. They included: (1) changes in the wastewater composition, (2) volume changes in the compartmentalization of the anoxic selector, (3) increase of D.O. concentration in the regeneration and nitrification tanks.
Conclusions from the plant operation observations give rise to a hypothesis that none of the operational changes provoked a significant restriction in the abundant zoogloeal growth. When a temporary improvement was observed, after acclimatization on the new operational conditions the microorganisms culture returned to its previous state and continued to grow in a wave-mode. The reason for the appearance of this type of sludge might be closely related to the composition of the synthetic wastewater.
Ecotoxicology of Waters under the Influence of a Petrochemical Complex
Authors: Noll R. , Zandonai V. , Ries M. A. 
Published: May 2018

SITEL, Integrated Wastewater Treatment System of South Petrochemical Complex, operated by CORSAN, the State Sanitation Company, has been conducting toxicity tests since 1986 in order to complement the physico-chemical analyses which had been showing unsatisfactory results. These tests were to assess the performance of the tertiary stabilization ponds where fishes have been found with deformities since 1983.
Ever since then, toxicity tests have been a routine in SITEL's monitoring procedures, and although they do not indicate the agents, they inform the effects of the discharge of petrochemical effluents on the local biota, being one further step to secure and preserve local water resources.
This paper summarizes the regular monitoring and studies SITEL has conducted until now to evaluate the full environmental impact on waters in the area of influence of the effluents of the South Petrochemical Complex.
Tariff Systems for Industrial Wastewater Discharges
Authors: Sørensen P. E. , Calvo L. G. 
Published: May 2018

The paper describes the systems in selected countries as regards the legal, economic and administrative aspects of wastewater treatment and disposal, namely: distribution of costs, financing, wastewater discharge fees, and fees for new connections to the wastewater system.
A tariff system which combines the fully user-paid Danish municipal system and the French system of levying discharge fees is recommended.
Regulating Specific Organic Substances and Heavy Metals in Industrial Wastewater Discharged to Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Grüttner H. , Munk L. , Pedersen F. , Tørsløv J. 
Published: May 2018

Due to the extension of wastewater treatment plants to nutrient removal and the development towards reuse of sludge in agriculture, new guidelines for regulating industrial discharges in Denmark were needed. The paper describes how a concept for regulating the discharge of specific organic substances and heavy metals has been developed during the past two years. The concept is based on guidelines that are made according to considerations of the environment and the treatment plant system, and that encourage the introduction of a cleaner technology and integrated preventive measures.
For most organic substances, present knowledge of fate and effects in biological treatment plants is too scarce to underpin the setting of general standards. Therefore, it has been decided to base the developed priority system on the data used in the EEC-system for classification of hazardous chemicals. This includes ready degradability, defined by the OECD-test, bio-sorption and bio-accumulation, defined by the octanol/water distribution coefficient and toxic effects on water organisms.
Several potential effects of seven heavy metals have been evaluated, and the most critical effects were found to be the quality criteria for sludge intended for use in agriculture, and the quality criteria for the aquatic environment. Proposals for general guidelines have been calculated using a simple mass balance model combined with water quality criteria and the Danish limit values for use of sludge in agriculture.
The Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Biofilter Process
Authors: Kaiser Sandra K. , Dague Richard R. 
Published: May 2018

The “temperature-phased anaerobic biofilter” or TPAB process (U.S. Patent pending), is a new high-rate anaerobic treatment system that includes a thermophilic (56°C) biofilter connected in series with a mesophilic (35°C) biofilter providing for two-temperature, two-phase treatment.
Three TPAB systems of different thermophilic:mesophilic reactor size ratios were operated at system HRTs of 24 hrs, 36 hrs, and 48 hrs to characterize performance and to determine if an optimum size ratio exists between the thermophilic and mesophilic phases. The three TPAB systems achieved SCOD reductions in excess of 97% and TCOD reductions in excess of 90% for a synthetic milk substrate over a range of system COD loadings from 2 g COD/L/day to 16 g COD/L/day. There was little difference in performance between the three TPAB systems based on COD reduction and methane production. The 1:7 ratio of thermophilic:mesophilic phase TPAB system performed as well as the 1:3 and 1:1 size ratio TPAB systems. In applications of the process, a relatively small thermophilic first-phase can be used without sacrificing overall two-phase system performance.
The TPAB process is a promising new anaerobic treatment technology with the ability to achieve higher efficiencies of organic removals than is generally possible for single-stage anaerobic filter systems operated at equivalent HRTs and organic loadings.
Membrane Separation of Wool Scour Effluent
Authors: Bilstad T. , Espedal E. , Madland M. 
Published: May 2018

Norway's largest yarn factory, Sandnes Uldvarefabrikk, produces knitting wool from 1,000 tons of raw wool a year. The raw wool is washed in 55°C water with high pH detergents. The resulting wastewater has a chemical oxygen demand, COD, of up to 100,000 mg/l and was previously piped directly to the public sewer. The Norwegian Environmental Protection Agency ordered the factory to reduce the COD loading by 75%, effective at the end of 1989.
The winter and spring of 1989 was used to test membranes and gather design information for a fullscale separation plant for treating the wool washwater. The results from the pilot testing were encouraging and a fullscale membrane plant was designed, manufactured and installed during the fall of 1989. The wool factory gradually increased the wool scouring capacity, however, and two years later the capacity of the full scale membrane plant was doubled simply by doubling the membrane area of the original plant.
The membrane separation plant is tubular ultrafiltration (UF) and the treatment is on a batch basis with a volume reduction of ten. The 31 m2 UF membrane area has an average permeate production capacity of 2 m3/h at 8 kg/cm2 inlet pressure and 3.8 m/s fluid velocity. The feed temperature is never allowed below 40°C due to the high concentration of fat which tends to solidify at lower temperatures and would plug the membranes.
The retentate from UF separation is returned to the feed tank whereas the permeate is routed through a heat exchanger to the public sewer. The start volume of each batch is between 15 m3 and 25 m3 with the UF plant manually started. The shutoff is automatic by a level switch set at 2 m3 batch volume. The retentate or sludge is pumped to a second holding tank and the accumulated sludge is once a week transported and dewatered in a lagoon at the local sanitary landfill.
The UF membrane plant has a 10 kW power consumption and has more than 700 operating days since 1989. The operator spends two hours a day managing the UF plant including cleaning the membranes after each daily batch, pumping the sludge, logging the data and reporting to the plant management. Membrane replacement is performed once a year at a cost of ₤3,800. The COD, fat and solids reductions have consistently been above 80%.
Optimization for Reduction/Precipitation Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium
Authors: Patterson J. W. , Gasca E. , Wang Y. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes wastewater treatment optimization studies performed on an industrial wastewater generated in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The manufacturing plant generates hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] wastewater as a result of chromating brass, bronze and copper parts produced in the manufacturing operations. The facility utilizes a continuous flow treatment train, involving segregated Cr(VI) reduction with sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) under acidic conditions, followed by combined wastestream two-stage pH adjustment, metals precipitation, and clarification before discharge to the municipal sewer.
The objectives of the studies were to define and evaluate critical parameters, such as pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) for hexavalent and total chromium control and to perform treatability studies to optimize the performance of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The treatability studies included Cr(VI) reduction versus Na2S2O5 dosage evaluations and corresponding chromium reduction kinetic studies, and trivalent chromium hydroxide precipitation. The Cr(VI) reduction experiments and chromic hydroxide precipitation studies were performed for three different wastewaters collected from within the manufacturing process; a high, typical, and dilute strength wastewater.
Preoxidation of Chlorophenolic Wastewaters for their Subsequent Biological Treatment
Authors: Yu Yue-Hwa , Hu Szu-Tsong 
Published: May 2018

Industrial wastewaters containing chlorophenolic compounds exhibit various degrees of resistance to biodegradation. Preoxidation of these wastewaters by using ozone as the chemical oxidant has been found previously to be quite effective in promoting their biodegradabilities.
This study was made to further investigate whether or not preozonation taking place under different pH conditions would bring about different effects over the following activated-sludge treatment systems. The results indicate that the pH conditions set for the preozonation step did play significant roles in the subsequent biological treatment processes. To the activated sludge system which had not been exposed to chlorophenolic compounds before, preozonation carried out at low or high pH both greatly improved the biodegradabilities of the influents, with the latter condition showing better improvements. Nevertheless, to the activated sludge system previously acclimated to the individual chlorophenolic compounds, the process of preozonation in some cases would then bring about retarding effects over the biodegradabilities of the influent. The phenomena of retardation were generally more apparently observed in the samples which had been preozonated under alkaline conditions.
Comparative studies on differently arranged activated sludge systems
Authors: Jobbágy A. , Grady C. P. L. , Morsányi G. , Nyeste L. , Simon J. 
Published: May 2018

Rearrangement of existing treatment facilities for optimum bioreactor configuration offers a cost-effective upgrading possibility. Model experiments were performed to determine how the configuration of bioreactors of a given total volume can influence system performance, with the goal of influencing planned modifications of activated sludge plants in Hungary. In the first experiment, two bioreactors arranged in series were compared to two in parallel. In the second experiment, a two-stage system with sludge recycle around each stage was compared to a single-sludge selector system. In the last experiment, three types of selectors (two anoxic and one aerobic) were evaluated for addition to a conventional, flow-through activated sludge system. The experiments were performed with dairy-type synthetic wastewater and with effluent from the primary clarifier of an existing municipal treatment plant.
Reactor arrangement had a great influence on the effectiveness of the treatment, primarily by inducing significantly different sludge structures. The in-series reactor arrangement proved to be, in every respect (effluent COD, residual detergent, and sludge characteristics), more efficient than the parallel arrangement. The two-stage system produced more sludge than the selector system, and the SVI values of the second stage of the two-stage system were extremely unfavorable. However, the effluent from the second stage was significantly clearer. Separating the selector from the flow-through reactor improved the sludge settling considerably. This facilitated an increased hydraulic load in the secondary clarifier and thereby in the whole treatment system.