bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2-aryloxy carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Authors: Vakarov Sergey A. , Gruzdev Dmitry A. , Levit Galina L. , Krasnov Victor P. , Charushin Valery N. , Chupakhin Oleg N. 
Published: June 2019

Recent publications on the key preparation methods of the enantiomers of 2-aryloxy carboxylic acids are summarized and comparative analysis of the methods is given. The information is arranged according to the type of the starting compound, being classified into syntheses from enantiomerically pure chiral precursors and syntheses from prochiral precursors, which imply generation of an asymmetric centre in the substrate molecule. Data on the chemical resolution of racemic mixtures of the title compounds are addressed in a separate Section. Attention is focused on the preparation of practically valuable 2-aryloxy acids. Examples of biologically active derivatives of 2-aryloxy carboxylic acids are given.The bibliography includes 121 references.
The cell wall regulates dynamics and size of plasma-membrane nanodomains in
Arabidopsis
Authors: McKenna J. F. , Rolfe D. J. , Webb S. E. D. , Tolmie A. F. , Botchway S. W. , Martin-Fernandez M. L. , Hawes C. , Runions J. 
Published: June 2019

Significance
The plant plasma membrane acts as the front line for cellular perception of the environment. As such, signaling and transport proteins which perceive or transport environmental signals, developmental cues, and nutrients are located within it. A number of studies have revealed that proteins located within the plasma membrane do not simply freely diffuse within its plane. Rather, proteins are localized in nanodomains. In addition to the plasma membrane, plant cells also have an extracellular matrix, the cell wall. Here we have shown that the cell wall has a role in regulating the dynamics and size of plasma-membrane nanodomains for proteins involved in morphogenesis (PIN3) and pathogen perception (FLS2).
Engineering opposite electronic polarization of singlet and triplet states increases the yield of high-energy photoproducts
Authors: Polizzi Nicholas F. , Jiang Ting , Beratan David N. , Therien Michael J. 
Published: June 2019

SignificanceAll known natural reaction centers employ high-energy singlet states as electron donors, but artificial photosystems struggle to overcome energy losses associated with lower-energy triplet-state formation, which critically limits solar energy conversion efficiency. Our results illustrate a design principle—seemingly at work in the photosynthetic reaction center ofRhodobactersphaeroides—that employs oppositely polarized singlet and triplet excited states to avert intersystem crossing and dramatically increase the yield of high-energy photoproducts, critical for enhanced efficiency solar cells.
Cartilage abnormalities and osteophytes in the fingers of elite sport climbers: An ultrasonography‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pastor Torsten , Fröhlich Stefan , Spörri Jörg , Schreiber Tonja , Schweizer Andreas 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe impact of extensive loads on the cartilage of the proximal interphalangeal‐ (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of the fingers in elite sport climbers are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the cartilage of the PIP and DIP joints as well as the existence of osteophytes, in fingers of elite sport climbers with a minimum of 15 years of climbing history. Thirty‐one elite male sport climbers and 20 male non‐climbers volunteered for the current cross‐sectional observation. By means of ultrasonography, the thickness of cartilage of the PIP and DIP joints in a sagittal and frontal plane of the digits II to V of both hands, as well as the existence of osteophytes on the dorsal aspect of the phalanges were assessed. The main results were: (1) cartilage thickness revealed to be significantly greater in climbers than non‐climbers,; (2) larger cartilage thickness differences were found at the DIP joints; (3) while climbers showed a substantial occurrence of osteophytes with highest relative frequencies at Dig III, in the group of non‐climbers no osteophytes were observed; (4) small to moderate correlations were found between the cartilage and osteophyte thickness of climbers at the PIP and DIP joints and Dig III. In conclusion, an accumulation of repetitive climbing‐related stress to the fingers of elite sport climbers over the career may induce degenerative changes at the PIP and DIP joints.
Projected near term changes in the East Asian summer monsoon and its uncertainty
Authors: Tian Fangxing , Dong Buwen , Robson Jon , Sutton Rowan , Tett Simon F B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the mid-21st century relative to present day are simulated in two related models GOML1 and GOML2. Both models are the atmospheric components of two state-of-the-art climate models coupled to a multi-level mixed-layer ocean model, following the RCP 4.5 scenario. Both show that the EASM is enhanced due to the amplified land-sea thermal contrast. Summer precipitation over northern China is projected to increase by 5%–10% in both models mainly driven by enhancement of the monsoon circulation. Over south-eastern China the two models project different signs of precipitation change: a decrease in GOML1 with the maximum of about −1.0 mm d−1 and an increase in GOML2 with a maximum of around 1.0 mm d−1. Though the thermal effect of climate warming leads to a projected increase in precipitation over south-eastern China in both models, circulation changes are opposite and dominate the precipitation response. This indicates that uncertainty in changes in projected precipitation largely arises from uncertainly in projected circulation changes. The different circulation changes in the two models are likely related to differences in projected Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the Western tropical Pacific and North Pacific. In GOML1, the SST warming in the tropical Pacific is associated with an anomalous local Hadley circulation, characterized by anomalous ascent in the tropics and southern subtropics, and anomalous descent with less precipitation over south-eastern China. In GOML2, the large decrease in the meridional SST gradient between the South China Sea and Western North Pacific is associated with an anomalous local Hadley circulation with anomalous ascent at 20°N–30°N and anomalous descent at 5°N–15°N, leading to an anti-cyclonic circulation anomaly over the South China Sea and increased precipitation over south-eastern China.
Interacting implications of climate change, population dynamics, and urban heat mitigation for future exposure to heat extremes
Authors: Vahmani P , Jones Andrew D , Patricola Christina M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One near-term expression of climate change is increased occurrence and intensity of extreme heat events. The evolution of extreme heat risk in cities depends on the interactions of large-scale climate change with regional dynamics and urban micro-climates as well as the distribution and demographic characteristics of people who live and work within these micro-climate areas. Here we use California as a testbed where we employ a suite of high-resolution (1.5 km) future regional climate simulations coupled with a satellite-driven urban canopy model and a spatially explicit population projection to investigate the interacting effects of climate change, population growth, and urban heat mitigation measures, such as cool roofs, on exposure to extreme heat events. We find that climate change and population growth reinforce with one another to drive substantial increases in future exposure to heat extremes, which are poised to become more frequent, longer, and more intense. Exposure to events analogous to historic high-mortality extreme heat waves increases by 3.5–6 folds. Widespread implementation of cool roofs can offset a substantial fraction (51%–100%) of the increased heat exposure and associated building energy demand owing to climate change in urbanized regions.
Nonlinear increases in extreme temperatures paradoxically dampen increases in extreme humid-heat
Authors: Coffel Ethan D , Horton Radley M , Winter Jonathan M , Mankin Justin S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nonlinear increases in warm season temperatures are projected for many regions, a phenomenon we show to be associated with relative surface drying. However, negative human health impacts are physiologically linked to combinations of high temperatures and high humidity. Since the amplified warming and drying are concurrent, the net effect on humid-heat, as measured by the wet bulb temperature (T
W), is uncertain. We demonstrate that globally, on the hottest days of the year, the positive effect of amplified warming on T
W is counterbalanced by a larger negative effect resulting from drying. As a result, the largest increases in T
W and T
x do not occur on the same days. Compared to a world with linear temperature change, the drying associated with nonlinear warming dampens mid-latitude T
W increases by up to 0.5 °C, and also dampens the rise in frequency of dangerous humid-heat (T
W > 27 °C) by up to 5 d per year in parts of North America and Europe. Our results highlight the opposing interactions among temperature and humidity changes and their effects on T
W, and point to the importance of constraining uncertainty in hydrological and warm season humidity changes to best position the management of future humid-heat risks.
3-D designing of an organic waste crusher
Authors: Andrianto M , Fahriansyah  
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Organic waste can be used for something of value, such as compost, feed pellet, biomass pellet, and briquette. Before becoming such things, it takes a tool to make it smoother, called a crusher. The objective of this work is to do mechanical design and 3-D modeling on organic waste crusher. The steps for designing the organic waste crusher involve determining a conceptual physical geometry, conducting mechanical design, and finally, developing a 3-D working drawing. Manufacturing and testing of the crusher were conducted. 3-D modelling design was used for visualizing space requirements, improves drawing efficiency and accuracy. Mechanical design was applied for hopper, frame and blade. 3-D modeling process was used to draft the working drawing of an organic waste crusher. 3-D designing is very useful for providing accuracy. Mechanical design of designed crusher was determined. The working drawings of designed crusher are also presented. The leaf crushed with the designed crusher was ready for composting.
Removal of Hg, Fe and Cr from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis waste by hydroxide precipitation method
Authors: Djaenudin  , Wiyani L R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Wastewater from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis is one of laboratory liquid wastes that is dangerous and potentially polluting the environment due to it contains dissolved heavy toxic metals such as silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr). One of the treatment methods for removing heavy metals on a laboratory scale is precipitation method. The purpose of this research was to determine the most optimum condition for Hg, Fe and Cr removal. Hydroxide precipitation method was used with NaOH as the precipitant. The varied parameter was pH (3,7,9 and 11). Based on the results, the most optimum efficiency of metal Hg, Fe and Cr removal was observed at pH 11, reaching 99% removal efficiency for all metals.
Re-development of a city-scale waste bank assessment index: Case studies Bandung and Cimahi Cities
Authors: Pranaditya M , Juwana I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The waste bank is one application of waste management by utilizing waste that can be reused, which in the end can be used to reduce the waste dumped into landfills. In order to reduce the significant amount of waste dumped into landfills, there should be at least one waste bank operates at a city-scale. Thus, a tool to assess the readiness of a waste bank to function at a city-scale is needed. In the past, studies on the development of index were undertaken simply based on a desk-study method. This study aimed to refine the previous index. This was done by first reviewing the previous indicator through a literature review, which was then verified by the application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weights for each indicator. The respondents for AHP applications were selected from four categories namely professional experts, academics, institutions and management representatives of the waste bank. At the end of the study, three components, thirteen indicators and sixty-one sub-indicators were identified. The name of the components and their respective weights were Management System (55%), Operating System (25%) and Waste Bank Facility (20%). Each component had 4-5 indicators and 2-8 sub-indicators. In the near future, the index developed from this study will be used to assess the readiness of Resik Bandung and Cimahi City Waste Bank to be developed as city-scale waste banks.
The performance of the modified pump motor as a generator on the Pump as Turbine (PAT) power plant
Authors: Zariatin D L , Fitria S N , Dewanto Y , Ismail  , Rahmalina D 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There are many types of the hydropower plant. Pump as Turbine (PAT) is one of the simple, practical and low-cost hydropower plants. In PAT technology, a commercial pump available in the market can be modified to become a PAT power plant. This paper is a technical note that describes the guideline to modify the induction pump motor into a generator and analyze the performance of the generator. There are two aspects that must be considered in modifying the motor, namely the motor construction and the output power. In modifying the motor pump, the magnet must be inserted in the rotor. Meanwhile, the wire diameter and the number of winding in the stator are modified to increase the voltage working range. The experimental tests were performed with a laboratory scale PAT power plant to identify the generator performance. The analysis showed that a modified pump motor generated 32.5 VAC and 0.33 Ampere of electrical power (10.725 Watt), only with 2.5 m of water head. The electrical power generated could be improved with a higher water head.
Simultaneous determination of deltamethrin and 4 other pyrethroids residues in infusion tea: Preliminary study
Authors: Pitoi M M , Ariyani M , Rosmalina R T , Koesmawati T A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Deltamethrin and other pyrethroids, which were thought to be relatively safe pesticides, recently are gaining concerns due to their toxicity. Residues of deltamethrin and other pyrethroids incur in tea-related products, such as tea-based functional beverage, due to the pesticide application at tea plantations, thus their concentrations need to be monitored. This preliminary study was aimed to develop a method for simultaneous analysis of deltamethrin and 4 other pyrethroids in infusion tea implementing low volume liquid-liquid extraction to extract the target compounds, followed by quantification by gas chromatography coupled with micro electron capture detector (GC-μECD). The GC-μECD was firstly optimized for the quantification of deltamethrin and 4 other pyrethroids. The optimization of the instrument was able to detect the pyrethroids at 0.1 μg/L with good repeatability showed by %RSD of 1.97­10.21%, which was very much lower compared to the AOAC guideline at 1 ppb level (30%). Simultaneous analysis of mix standard solutions at concentration ranges of 1 to 10 μg/L showed very good linearity (r>0.997). In addition, the low volume liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane was able to detect the target pyrethroids from the spike experiment of infusion tea samples as low as 0.67 μg/L.
Determination of carbamate insecticide in soil by SPE reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
Authors: Rosmalina R T , Persulessy A E 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Carbamate pesticides usages in agriculture are increasing significantly compared with other organohalogen pesticides, due to carbamate compounds have been considered to be stable compounds in the environment in term of their application for preventing leaves and fruits from plant disease. A rapid multiresidue method had been developed for detecting carbofuran and carbaryl, types of carbamate insecticide, in agriculture soil. This method was based on shaking extraction followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) of soil samples. Residue content of this carbamate insecticide was analyzed by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Carbofuran and carbaryl were separated by using a C-18 column and acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. In this study, soil samples were taken from three locations (Pangalengan, Lembang and Cisarua) for detecting the content of carbamate insecticide. Precision test of Pengalengan soil sample in wet season for carbofuran and carbaryl were obtained at 5.42% and 6.75%, respectively. Recovery testing was carried out by using the fortification technique in which respectively 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg content of carbofuran and carbaryl were spiked into the samples. The average recovery was in the range of 80.53 to 82.06 % and the standard deviation was between 3.78 and 4.51% for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. The calibration curve provided linear results in the concentration range of 0.05 to 10 μg/mL and 0.025 to 11.2 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and 0.9999 for carbofuran and carbaryl, respectively. On average, carbofuran and carbaryl in the soil were detected at 0.3350 and 0.2958 μg/g, respectively, for both samples from Pangalengan and Lembang during dry season while neither of these compounds was detected in Cisarua and Pangalengan during the wet season. This shows that carbamate insecticides had been washed out form soil by rainwater during the wet season or through degradation pathways in the environment.
Total mercury of marine fishes in Natuna Islands area, Indonesia: Risk assessment for human consumption
Authors: Suratno  , Puspitasari R , Rositasari R , Oktaviyani S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bioaccumulation of mercury (Hg) in marine has been a widespread health concern. It is important to asses Hg concentration in fish and evaluates the health risks in the Natuna, a region with high fish consumption in Indonesia. Research carried out in 2018 in the Natuna Islands aimed to provide information about the mercury content in fish consumption and the approach steps to minimize the risk of bioaccumulation. The assessment was carried out on 77 commercial fish samples in the Natuna area, Indonesia. The results showed that the concentration of total Hg in Lutjanus sebae, Epinephelus aerolatus and Gymnocranius frenatus exceeded the permissible limit (0.5 mg/kg for fish and fishery products) according to BPOM/SNI/JECFA. The sources of mercury contamination are not elaborated detail in this study, but a number of natural processes including vegetation surfaces, water bodies, wild fires, may be the main factor. It is a fact that mercury contamination still provides a risk for human health because of bioaccumulation. So, it is recommended to introduce Mean Weekly Intake (MWI) limit, which is a simple tool for guidance on fish consumption based on body weight and age. MWI will guide how many fishes can be consumed for an adult with 60 kg and a child with 10 kg body weight in relation to Hg concentration in the consumed fish.
A study on ecolabeling and Life Cycle Assessment for food products in Indonesia: Potential application to improve the competitiveness of the tea industry
Authors: Setiawan A A R , Sulaswatty A , Haq M S , Utomo T H A , Randy A , Arutanti O , Agustian E , Wiloso E I , Haryono A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The increasing customer awareness and supporting regulation on environmentally-friendly products around the globe has fostered the need for revealing environmental performance information on their label, using an instrument called ecolabel. Ecolabeling system requires a life cycle consideration for the product, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) serves as a method to perform the assessment for the entire product’s life cycle. In the field of food industry, specifically the tea industry, a 2014 report by International Institute for Sustainable Development showed a growing influence of ecolabel in the global market. Ecolabel and LCA become important tools for improving product competitiveness. Meanwhile, tea as one of Indonesia’s main commodity has faced a challenging competition in the international market as indicated by decreasing export—despite increasing global demand—in recent year. This study reviews the ecolabeling system in Indonesia and LCA for food products. Furthermore, this study also investigates the potential application of ecolabel and LCA to improve the competitiveness of the tea industry. According to the study, the implementation of ecolabeling for tea still faces some challenging issues due to the supporting certification scheme and customer perspective. On the contrary, research on LCA for food products provides a promising application to improve tea product competitiveness. Therefore, this study recommended that, while educating people more toward ecolabeling, research on LCA should be continuously conducted to support the implementation of ecolabel in the long term.
Pollution load of Cisangkan River: The domestic sector
Authors: Hikmat R R , Juwana I 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Cisangkan Sub-watershed is one of the watersheds located in Cimahi City and is part of the Citarum Watershed. In 2018, the water quality of Cisangkan Sub-watershed was in severe condition. The domestic sector is one of the sectors which has the potential to contribute to the pollution of the river. These conditions explain that a study is needed to calculate the pollution load from the domestic sector in Cisangkan Sub-watershed. The purpose of this research was to study the pollution load from the domestic sector of Cisangkan Sub-watershed based on its existing population condition and projection for the next 5 years. The pollution load calculations used domestic waste emission factor, city equivalent ratio, and load transfer coefficient. The results show that the pollution load of the Cisangkan Sub-watershed in existing conditions are 5967.92 kg/day BOD; 8205.89 kg/day COD; 5669.52 kg/day TSS; 290.94 kg/day Total-N; and 31.33 kg/day Total-P and as for the projected conditions are 6149.94 kg/day BOD; 8456.17 kg/day COD; 5842.45 kg/day TSS; 299.81 kg/day Total-N; and 32.29 kg/day Total-P.