bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigmented skin lesions displaying regression features: Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy criteria for diagnosis
Authors: Moscarella Elvira , Bombonato Caterina , Pampena Riccardo , Kyrgidis Athanassios , Benati Elisa , Piana Simonetta , Borsari Stefania , Lallas Aimilios , Pellacani Giovanni , Argenziano Giuseppe , Longo Caterina 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMelanomas and nevi displaying regression features can be difficult to differentiate. To describe reflectance confocal microscopy features in benign and malignant pigmented skin lesions characterized by regression features in dermoscopy. Observational retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were presence of dermoscopic features of regression; availability of clinical, dermoscopic and RCM imaging; definite histopathologic diagnosis. The study sample comprised 217 lesions; 108 (49.8%) melanomas and 109 were benign lesions, of which 102 (47.0%) nevi and 7 (3.2%) lichen planus‐like keratosis (lplk). Patients with melanoma were significantly older than those with benign lesions (61.9 ± 15.4 vs 46.1 ± 14.8; P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of melanomas displayed dermoscopic regression structures in more than 50% of lesion surface (n = 83/108; 76.9%; P < 0.001). On RCM examination, pagetoid cells were significantly more reported in melanoma group, than in benign lesions (86.1% vs 59.6%; P < 0.001) and were more frequently widespread distributed (65.6% vs 20.0%; P < 0.001) and both dendritic and roundish (36.6% vs 15.4%; P < 0.001) in shape. Aspecific architecture at the dermo‐epidermal junction (DEJ) was more commonly seen among melanomas than benign lesions (23.1% vs 11.9%; P = 0.002) with higher presence of dendritic and both dendritic and roundish atypical cells at the DEJ (28.7% vs 18.3% and 19.4% vs 3.7%; P < 0.001, respectively). Focal pagetoid infiltration and ringed or clod patterns were more commonly seen in benign lesion. In conclusion, the correct interpretation of regressing lesions remains a challenge, assessing carefully the extent and characteristics of architectural and cytologic atypia on RCM is an additional piece of the complex puzzle of melanoma diagnosis.
Ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB, influences the composition of the skin microbiome
Authors: Burns Erin M. , Ahmed Hana , Isedeh Prescilia N. , Kohli Indermeet , Van Der Pol William , Shaheen Abdullah , Muzaffar Anum F. , Al‐Sadek Camli , Foy Thompson M. , Abdelgawwad Mohammad S. , Huda Sumeira , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat , Bae Sejong , Morrow Casey D. , Elmets Craig A. , Yusuf Nabiha 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundStudies have begun to investigate the complex relationship between host and microorganisms in non‐infectious pathologies such as acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Though the skin is exposed to environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), no studies exist examining the effects of both UVA and UVB on the skin microbiome.ObjectiveTo test the effect of UVA and UVB on human skin microbiome.MethodsTo test whether UV will alter the cutaneous microbiome, participants were exposed to doses of UVA (22‐47 J/cm2) or UVB (100‐350 mJ/cm2) and samples were collected. DNA was isolated and sequenced to identify the microbial composition of each sample.ResultsThere was vast intra‐ and inter‐subject variation at all time points, and phylum and species‐level differences were identified. These included an increase in the phylum Cyanobacteria and a decrease in the family Lactobacillaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. The sensitivity of microbes to UVR and their re‐colonization potential following exposure differed in UVA vs UVB samples.LimitationsThe sample size was small, and the study was limited to males.ConclusionThe results demonstrate that UVR has profound qualitative and quantitative influences on the composition of the skin microbiome, possibly effecting skin pathology in which UVR is a factor.
Enhancement of lipid content and inflammatory cytokine secretion in SZ95 sebocytes by palmitic acid suggests a potential link between free fatty acids and acne aggravation
Authors: Choi Chong Won , Kim Yejin , Kim Ji Eun , Seo Eun Young , Zouboulis Christos C. , Kang Jae Seung , Youn Sang Woong , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA relationship between acne and free fatty acids (FFAs) has been suggested recently. However, the effects of FFAs on sebaceous glands are still largely unknown. At the same time, the role of FFAs during chronic inflammation is well established. Considering that FFAs are also a major component of sebum, it is likely that changes in FFA affect both the synthesis of sebum and the inflammatory response in sebaceous glands. In this study, we examined a hypothesis that FFAs increase the production of sebum and induce inflammation in the sebaceous glands. We found that treatment of SZ95 sebocytes with exogenously applied palmitic acid (PA), a major saturated FFA, induced a significant increase in intracellular lipid levels. Moreover, PA treatment also increased the expression and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines in SZ95 sebocytes. We also found that Toll‐like receptors were required for the inflammatory response triggered by PA. The results of our study strengthen the notion about the link between acne and FFAs and suggest the mechanism underlying this relationship. Our results serve as a foundation for future work that will explore the association between FFA and acne and pave way to the development of novel treatment options for acne.
Anxiolytic‐like effects of the new arylpiperazine derivatives containing isonicotinic and picolinic nuclei: behavioral and biochemical studies
Authors: Kędzierska Ewa , Fiorino Ferdinando , Gibuła Ewa , Corvino Angela , Giordano Flavia , Herbet Mariola , Dudka Jarosław , Poleszak Ewa , Wlaź Piotr , Kotlińska Jolanta H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAnxiety disorder is a great challenge for modern psychopharmacology. Although a variety of single drugs are used in the treatment of anxiety, it is important to search for new therapeutics with faster onset of action, fewer side effects, and higher efficacy. In this work, we studied the possible anxiolytic action mechanism of two new arylpiperazine derivatives: compounds 4p N‐(3‐(4‐(piperonyl)piperazin‐1‐yl)propyl)isonicotinamide and 3o N‐(2‐(4‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl)picolinamide, focusing on their effects on the GABAergic and 5‐HT systems. The elevated plus‐maze test (EPM) was used for measuring anxiety. Additionally, in order to elucidate whether the new compounds have impact on the central redox balance, we conducted biochemical studies. In doing so, the relative activity of the enzymes responsible for glutathione metabolism – glutathione peroxidase and reductase (GPx and GR) – was measured. The results of the presented studies confirmed the anxiolytic effects of the new compounds 4p (60 mg/kg) and 3o (7.5 mg/kg), and suggested in the mechanism of their action, direct 5‐HT1A receptors’ participation and indirect involvement of the GABAergic system. Furthermore, the compounds exerted significant agonistic effect with buspirone (BUS, the 5‐HT1A partial agonist, 1 mg/kg i.p.) and diazepam (DZ, the classic benzodiazepine anxiolytic, 0.25 mg/kg s.c.), while WAY 100635 (N‐{2‐[4‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl] ethyl}‐N‐(2‐pyridyl) cyclohexanecarboxamide, a selective 5‐HT1A antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg s.c.), but not flumazenil (a GABAA‐BDZ receptor complex antagonist, 10 mg/kg i.p.) was able to reverse their anxiolytic effects in EPM. A concomitant decrease in GPx by the compound 4p (and to a lesser degree, by compound 3o) further seemed to confirm their anxiolytic and antioxidant activity.
Exploring Geological and Topographical Controls on Low Flows with Hydrogeological Models
Authors: Carlier Claire , Wirth Stefanie B. , Cochand Fabien , Hunkeler Daniel , Brunner Philip 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study investigates how catchment properties influence low‐flow dynamics. With 496 synthetic models composed of a bedrock and an alluvial aquifer, we systematically assess the impact of the hydraulic conductivity of both lithologies, of the hillslope and of the river slope on catchment dynamics. The physically based hydrogeological simulator HydroGeoSphere is employed, which allows obtaining a range of low‐flow indicators. The hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock Kbedrock, a proxy for transmissivity, is the only catchment property exerting an overall control on low flows and explains 60% of the variance of Q95/Q50. The difference in dynamics of catchments with same Kbedrock depends on hillslope gradients and the alluvial aquifer properties. The buffering capacity of the bedrock is mainly related to Kbedrock and the hillslope gradient. We thus propose the dimensionless bedrock productivity index (BPI) that combines these characteristics with the mean net precipitation. For bedrock only models, the BPI explains 82% of the variance of the ratio of Q95 to mean net precipitation. The alluvial aquifer can significantly influence low flows when the bedrock productivity is limited. Although our synthetic catchment setup is simple, it is far more complex than the available analytical approaches or conceptual hydrological models. The direct application of the results to existing catchments requires nevertheless careful consideration of the local geological topographic and climatic conditions. This study provides quantitative insight into the complex interrelations between geology, topography and low‐flow dynamics and challenges previous studies which neglect or oversimplify geological characteristics in the assessment of low flows.
User involvement in regulation: A qualitative study of service user involvement in Care Quality Commission inspections of health and social care providers in England
Authors: Richardson Emma , Walshe Kieran , Boyd Alan , Roberts Jill , Wenzel Lillie , Robertson Ruth , Smithson Rachael 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundHigh profile failures of care in the NHS have raised concerns about regulatory systems for health‐care professionals and organizations. In response, the Care Quality Commission (CQC), the regulator of health and social care in England overhauled its regulatory regime. It moved to inspections which made much greater use of expert knowledge, data and views from a range of stakeholders, including service users.ObjectiveWe explore the role of service users and citizens in health and social care regulation, including how CQC involved people in inspecting and rating health and social care providers.DesignWe analyse CQC reports and documents, and 61 interviews with CQC staff and representatives of groups of service users and citizens and voluntary sector organizations to explore the place of service user voice in regulatory processes.ResultsCare Quality Commission invited comments and facilitated the sharing of existing service user experiences and engaged with representatives of groups of service users and voluntary sector organizations. CQC involved service users in their inspections as “experts by experience.” Information from service users informed both the inspection regime and individual inspections, but CQC was less focused on giving feedback to service users who contributed to these activities.Discussion and conclusionsService users can make an important contribution to regulation by sharing their experiences and having their voices heard, but their involvement was somewhat transactional, and largely on terms set by CQC. There may be scope for CQC to build more enduring relationships with service user groups and to engage them more effectively in the regulatory regime.
Ability to detect endodontic complications using three different cone beam computed tomography units with and without artefact reduction modes: an ex vivo study
Authors: Koç C. , Kamburoğlu K. , Sönmez G. , Yılmaz F. , Gülen O. , Karahan S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimTo assess observer performance in detecting endodontic complications using three different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) units with and without the application of artefact reduction modes.MethodologyThe study involved 40 freshly extracted human mandibular teeth (n = 10 per group) and divided randomly into four endodontic complication groups. Group 1) Instrument fracture; Group 2) Strip perforation; Group 3) Canal underfilling; and Group 4) Canal overfilling. Images of each tooth were obtained using three different CBCT units offering artefact reduction algorithms: the ProMax 3D Max, the Pax Flex 3D and the Dentri S. Four observers evaluated the images for the presence/absence of the four simulated endodontic complications. Weighted kappa coefficients and intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to reveal the intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement for each imaging mode, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the observers’ performance. DeLong tests were used to compare the results for each image mode and observer using a significance level of α = 0.05.ResultsIn each of the four simulated endodontic complication groups, no significant differences were observed with and without application of artefact reduction for any of the three CBCT units tested. Only two significant differences were detected, and both were between the ProMax 3D Max at low mode AR and ProMax 3D Max without AR: observer 2 in group 1 (P = 0.0001) and observer 4 in group 4 (P = 0.0256).ConclusionFor each of the three CBCT units tested, application of artefact reduction for detecting endodontic complications is not recommended as a routine tool.
Sintering behavior of Y‐doped BaZrO3 refractory with TiO2 additive and effects of its dissolution on titanium melts
Authors: Kang Juyun , Chen Guangyao , Lan Baobao , Zhang Rulin , Ali Wajid , Lu Xionggang , Li Chonghe 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this study, the sintering behavior of Y‐doped BaZrO3 with TiO2 additive and effects of its dissolution on titanium melts were investigated. In order to overcome the difficulty of Y‐doped BaZrO3 sintering performance, the 0‐5 wt% TiO2 was added into Y‐doped BaZrO3 and its densification was investigated by density analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Thereafter, the interface reaction between two crucibles (without and with 2 wt% TiO2) and titanium alloys, the thermodynamics and kinetics of dissolution reaction were also investigated. The results showed that Y‐doped BaZrO3 was rarely dense without TiO2 additive and its relative density was just 88%, while after doping 2 wt% TiO2, the relative density was more than 97%. However, with the excessive TiO2(>2 wt%) doping, the secondary phase was observed by SEM and XRD. After melting titanium‐rich alloys (Ti2Ni, 66 mol% Ti) by Y‐doped BaZrO3 crucibles without and with 2% TiO2 additive, the erosion layer of the two crucibles was approximately 4000 and 1700 μm, respectively. It was also found that the dissolved reaction rate was related to the density and grain size of Y‐doped BaZrO3 ceramic; the higher density and larger grain size ceramics can effectively prevent the crucible from being eroded by Ti2Ni melt.
Effects of Cu interlayers on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AgCuTi/Kovar brazed joints
Authors: Wang Ying , Jin Chenkai , Yang Zhenwen , Wang Dongpo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAl2O3 ceramic and Kovar alloy brazed joints were achieved using three types of Ag‐based interlayers: a AgCuTi foil, a AgCuTi/Cu foil/AgCuTi multi‐interlayer and a AgCuTi/Cu foam/AgCuTi multi‐interlayer. The effects of the addition of Cu interlayers on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/AgCuTi/Kovar brazed joints were investigated. When Kovar alloy and Al2O3 ceramic were brazed with 50 μm Cu foil at 900°C for 10 minutes, the Cu foil was completely dissolved in the liquid filler. A nearly continuous Cu layer remained in the joint when the thickness of the Cu foil reached 100 μm under the same brazing conditions. With the increase in Cu foil thickness, the thickness of Ti–O compounds + Ti3Cu3O reaction layer formed nearby the Al2O3 ceramic first increased and then remained the same. The Al2O3/Kovar joints brazed with 100 μm Cu foil at 900°C for 10 minutes showed a maximum shear strength of 138 MPa. A low brazing temperature was beneficial to maintain the original structure of the Cu foam. Furthermore, when the joints were brazed at 880°C for 10 minutes, the average shear strength of the Al2O3/AgCuTi/Cu foam/AgCuTi/Kovar joints was 140 MPa, which was 30 MPa higher than that of a single AgCuTi interlayer.
On the Accuracy of Measurements of Probabilities of Loss in Telephone Systems
Authors: Kosten L. , Manning J. R. , Garwood F. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
For a simple type of telephone system, expressions are obtained for the first few moments of the distributions of the number of lost calls and of the total time for which the system is blocked by congestion. It is believed that the results will be valuable when planning experiments to determine corresponding quantities in more complicated systems, where the problems are less amenable to mathematical analysis.
The Design and Analysis of Block Experiments
Authors: Tocher K. D. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This paper attempts to give a systematic derivation of the principal results of the analysis of block experiments using matrix notation. It also shows how the problem of design can be formulated in an analytical form and illustrates the type of mathematical problem that arises in such a formulation.
The systematic approach to the analysis of experiments enables methods to be evolved for performing these analyses on automatic calculating machines and to facilitate this the paper discusses the analysis of spoilt experiments and the iterative solution of the equations arising in the recovery of inter-block information.
Some Statistical Aspects of Anthropometry
Authors: Healy M. J. R. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This paper deals with some statistical problems arising in the treatment of anthropometric data on a large scale. its aim is not so much to develop new statistical methods as to apply critically well known techniques. The first part of the paper discusses the problem of collecting and recording the data in a way that will minimize the number of gross errors and will be well adapted to the subsequent computing processes. The rest of the paper exhibits three typical anthropometric problems and suggests appropriate methods of tackling them.
Sequential Estimation
Authors: Anscombe F. J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The literature on sequential estimation is reviewed, with special reference to inverse binomial sampling, double sampling, and asymptotic theory. An approximate distribution for the sample size is found for a certain type of sequential sampling rule, in which a cumulative sum of independent random variables all having the same continuous distribution is plotted against their number until a fixed boundary is first reached or crossed. Approximate methods are given for solving a number of particular problems, including (i) estimating the mean of a normal population by a confidence interval of prescribed width and coefficient, when the population variance is unknown, and (ii) estimating the parameters of a simple birth-death process so that the difference between the birth rate and the death rate is estimated with prescribed standard error. The possible usefulness of sequential estimation procedures is discussed.
Statistical Inference
Authors: Lindley D. V. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The subject matter of mathematical statistics may be divided into two parts, the theory of probability and the theory of inference. The first is concerned with deductions from the population to the sample; the second with inferences from the sample to the population, and may further be subdivided into the design and analysis of experiments. In the present paper we are concerned with this latter subdivision. We use the axiomatic theory of Kolmogorov as our theory of probability, and we suppose that the design of the experiment has been selected and the experiment carried out: our problem is that of analyzing the results. We suppose that the purpose of the analysis is to make decisions for future action, and that we have to choose which decision to take on the basis of the observed result of the experiment. A rule for making these decisions is called a decision function, and in §1 we show there exists a class of decision functions which is, in a sense to be explained, optimum, and in §2 we construct this class. In §3 the consequences of the previous results are discussed and we are able to appreciate what further has to be specified before a meaning can be given to the phrase “the best decision function”. In §4 these ideas are applied to some common statistical problems of classification, estimation and tests of hypotheses.
The Distribution of Heterogeneity upon Inbreeding
Authors: Bennett J. H. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In this paper, it is shown how the variance of the map length of the germ plasm, heterogeneous after a given amount of inbreeding, can be calculated. Matrix methods are used in the evaluation of the variance for several systems of inbreeding after a large number of generations. The frequency distribution of the map length heterogeneous after many generations is developed in terms of the modified Bessel function of the first kind, the probability of complete homogeneity being represented by a condensation at the origin. A comparison of these distributions for sib and parent-offspring matings, two inbreeding systems which in general give the same speed of approach to homogeneity at a single genetic locus, reveals interesting differences in the probability statements that can be made in these two cases.
Some Problems in Interval Estimation
Authors: Fieller E. C. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The object of this paper is to propose for discussion the following topic: b1, b2, … are unbiased estimates of β1, β2, …, distributed normally with variances and covariances jointly estimated, with / degrees of freedom and independently of b1, b2, …, as v11, v12, v22, …, and the functions Fr(α) do not involve the parameters βr. What can we say about the roots of the equation in F(β,α)=β1F1(α)+β2 F2(α)+…=0?
Numerical examples are discussed in detail to illustrate the problems of determining the fiducial distributions of (i)the root of a simple equation (i.e., a ratio),(i)the roots of a quadratic equation
with variable coefficients. The solutions proposed are based on a consideration of the region of the (α, t2) plane lying above the curve {F(b,α)}2=t2 V{F(b,α)}=t2∑vijFi(α)Fj(α).
Traces and Cumulants of Quadratic Forms in Normal Variables
Authors: Lancaster H. O. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The cumulants of a quadratic form in n independent standardized variables are identified with the traces of the powers of the matrix of the form. This identification leads to some very simple proofs of well-known theorems. It is proved that only in a normal system is it possible to have non-trivial linear transformations from one set of independent variables to another set of independent variables.
Matrix proofs are given for the Cochran theorems paying special attention to the traces of the matrices involved. A method of determining the multivariate moments and cumulants of any linear combination of the usual Wishart variables is suggested.
Statistical Methods and Scientific Induction
Authors: Fisher Ronald 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The attempt to reinterpret the common tests of significance used in scientific research as though they constituted some kind of acceptance procedure and led to “decisions” in Wald’s sense, originated in several misapprehensions and has led, apparently, to several more.
The three phrases examined here, with a view to elucidating the fallacies they embody, are: (i)“Repeated sampling from the same population”,(ii)Errors of the “second kind”,(iii)“Inductive behaviour”.
Mathematicians without personal contact with the Natural Sciences have often been misled by such phrases. The errors to which they lead are not always only numerical.