bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Studies of Hurricane Structure by Aircraft Reconnaissance *
Authors: Simpson R. H. , Starrett L. G. 
Published: August 2018

Research data and photographs obtained by aircraft reconnaissance in 1954 have clarified certain details of hurricane structure pertaining to the eye, the spiral rainbands, and circulation patterns.
A mound of stratocumulus clouds frequently present in the eye seems to be associated with the storm's circulation center. This “hub-cloud” in the presence of certain temperature distributions points to a level of non-divergence, usually below about 8000 feet, MSL.
Analyses of the rainband micro-structure reveal a tendency for a pressure minimum immediately adjacent to and on the high pressure side of the spiral bands. An explanation of this effect is proposed and the role it may play in the formation of parasite circulations or false eyes is suggested.
Finally, pictures taken from the airplane flying in the eye of the hurricane show cirrus clouds whose forms clearly establish the existence of a cyclonic indraft at very high levels over the eye.
Multiple Correlations of Particulate Air Pollution with Weather Factors at Detroit and Windsor *
Authors: Baynton H. W. 
Published: August 2018

For a six week period in 1952, a network of twenty high volume air samplers was used to measure the concentration of particulate pollution in Detroit and Windsor. Using a graphical multiple regression technique, regression curves are obtained which relate particulate pollution directly with temperature anomaly, and 24 hour temperature change, and inversely with wind speed, and duration of precipitation.
The relationships were modified for application to independent data covering each of the four seasons. The results appeared useful, although rigorous claims about significance cannot be made where graphical methods are employed.
Wind Aid From Wind Roses
Authors: Crutcher Harold Lee 
Published: August 2018

Wind distributions are investigated with a view toward designing some easily applied methods to provide reliable estimates of wind aid or equivalent winds for airborne craft. The Contingency and the Standard Vector Deviation Wind Roses are used.
Wind data at Nashville, Tennessee, at the 300 millibar pressure level and during the winter season are utilized to demonstrate the use of graphical methods. The Wind Aid values obtained graphically from the Nashville data are found to be acceptable as estimates of the computed values. In addition, data at other points are tested. The results corroborate the Nashville study.
Graphical procedures which employ the Contingency or the Standard Vector Deviation Wind Roses, therefore, do provide easily applied methods for providing reliable estimates of wind aid for aircraft.
Atmospheric Studies from a Moving Weather Observatory
Authors: Schaefer Vincent J. 
Published: August 2018

An exploration of the diurnal variations in the microclimate of a forested mountain in northern Idaho was made during a 36 hour period toward the end of a prolonged period of cloudless weather. Measurements were made from the mobile weather observatory developed jointly by the University of Washington, U. S. Forest Service and the Munitalp Foundation. A 4 meter mast mounted so it rode six feet ahead of the vehicle contained sensing elements at the ½, 2 and 3½ meter positions. Temperature and dew point were recorded on an eight channel recorder which completed its cycle every 32 seconds. Exploratory runs were made during which the observatory stopped at each 500 foot gain in altitude and at several additional stations in between. A study of the data showed, however, that the response time of the aspirated temperature and dew point sensing elements was so rapid that pauses were not necessary if the vehicle moved in the speed range of 6 to 10 mph.
Large differences were noted between day and night and north and south slopes. The so-called “thermal belt” was sharply defined and the drainage winds, stable and unstable air regions and the movement of moisture from the upper slopes into the valleys by drainage winds down the stream valley were nicely indicated by this dynamic study.
A Study of Mesosystems and Their Radar Echoes 1
Authors: Fujita Tetsuya , Brown Henry A . 
Published: August 2018

Five mesosystems, occurring on 4 to 5 June 1953 in an area 500 by 600 mi near Chicago, were analysed with the use of data from regular synoptic stations. Four of the systems were of the well known type having a pressure-surge line, a thunderstorm high, and a wake depression. The fifth system, a trough 500 mi in length, traveled at the rate of 60 kn.
By using radar pictures taken every minute, the movement of echoes was also studied. The echo velocities, which were approximately 20 kn while a pressure-surge line was 100 mi distant, increased up to 40 kn with the approach of the line. The individual echoes in the line moved in an east-northeast direction while the pressure-surge line, oriented southwest to northeast, proceeded towards the south-southeast. The centers of the mesosystems moved in the same direction as the individual echoes in the squall line.
Hourly precipitation amounts accompanying each system were integrated with respect to time and “time integrated” precipitation charts were then constructed.
On a Criterion of Representativeness of Sea-Surface Temperature Data1, 2
Authors: Schell Irving I. 
Published: August 2018

Three pairs of historical series of mean monthly sea-surface temperatures in the North Atlantic were analyzed, one pair from the tropical area, 15N to 20N, 60W to 65W, dominated by the North Equatorial Current; the second from the semitropical area, 30N to 35N, 55W to 60W, by the Gulf Stream; and the third pair from the polar area, 45N to 50N, 45W to 50W, off Newfoundland by the Labrador Current.
The results obtained show that, by successively eliminating those values based upon few observations per month, the standard deviation, σ, tends to become relatively constant and may then serve as a criterion of the representativeness of sea surface temperature data.
Engineering Meteorology: The Weathering of Exposed Surfaces by Atmospheric Pollution 1
Authors: Munn R. E. 
Published: August 2018

The topic is approached from the viewpoint of community air-pollution programs and control. After a brief discussion of the economic costs of atmospheric pollution in an industrial area, a skeleton outline of the important factors in weathering by pollutants is presented. A few of the factors are considered in detail under the general headings of soiling, erosion, and corrosion.
Significant differences in weathering are found for industrial, rural, marine, and very dry climates. Most community surveys include routine tests of the dirtiness of the air but exclude corrosion tests, although this factor is of great economic importance.
Methods of corrosion testing are considered, and it is concluded that they are not feasible yet for community surveys. Increasing interest in corrosion, however, is undoubtedly leading to a broader understanding of the problem.
Reservoirs to Match our Climatic Fluctuations 1
Authors: Thomas H. E. 
Published: August 2018

Alternating wet and dry periods, each of several years' duration, are suggested by the records of precipitation at several localities in the southwestern United States, and they are indicated also by the records of natural streamflow. In some regions, the precipitation and runoff since 1930 have been at a significantly lesser rate than in the quarter-century prior to 1930, and in most of the Southwest drought has been prevalent since about 1945. A large proportion of the precipitation stations and stream-gaging stations in the Southwest have been established subsequent to 1930, and records from them are likely to be too short to indicate the climatic norm.
Reservoirs, both surface and subsurface, can smooth out the marked daily, seasonal, and annual variations in water supply from precipitation, and can furnish water at rates more nearly in accordance with human needs. Many ground-water reservoirs, and some surface reservoirs, after being well filled during years of abundant precipitation and runoff, have provided an adequate supply of water during several successive years of drought. In the protracted drought periods that have been recorded in the Southwest, however, storage in most reservoirs has been depleted seriously, and the actual yield of some of them has been significantly less than the computed long-term average yield. Maintenance of a relatively constant yield throughout protracted wet and dry periods would require reservoirs having large storage capacity and losing as little water as possible by evaporation or other natural discharge; accurate evaluation of the long-term average inflow is a prerequisite to successful utilization of the reservoirs.
The Tornado in Western Canada 1
Authors: McKay G. A. , Lowe A. B. 
Published: August 2018

Little information is available on Canadian tornadoes although from time to time these severe local storms take a serious toll of life and property.
A climatology of tornadoes on the Canadian prairies is presented. These storms are most frequent in that area near the junction of the Saskatchewan-Manitoba-North Dakota borders. Compared to American tornadoes, they reach a maximum frequency both later in the day and in the season. A higher percentage move from northwest than is observed in the United States.
Principal Frontal Zones of the Northern Hemisphere in Winter and Summer 1, 2
Authors: Reed Richard J. 
Published: August 2018

Daily synoptic analyses for five winter and summer seasons are used to obtain mean frontal positions for the Northern Hemisphere. These positions are found to differ in several important respects from earlier estimates based on mean-pressure and -temperature charts.
In winter, three axes of high frontal frequency, or principal frontal zones, appear which are termed the Pacific polar front, the Atlantic polar front, and the Eurasian polar front. There is also some evidence of a weak Atlantic arctic front. A fourth belt of high frontal frequency parallels the Rocky Mountains.
In summer, four principal frontal zones are delineated: a Pacific polar front, an Atlantic polar front, an Eurasian polar front, and a Siberian-Canadian arctic front.
The locations and intensities of the oceanic fronts are shown to be closely related to the sea-surface temperature distributions. The formation of a Siberian-Canadian arctic front in summer is attributed to the strong thermal contrast that develops along the borders of the arctic seas. The position of the Eurasian polar front in winter also appears to be affected by the thermal characteristics of the underlying surface, being most distinct where open seas adjoin relatively cold land.
Do High-Speed Winds Aloft Influence the Occurrence of Hail?
Authors: Ratner B. 
Published: August 2018

In an article contained in Geophysical Monograph No. 5, H. Dessens concludes, as the result of experiments conducted in southern France, that the presence of a jet stream at upper levels is the factor which transforms a thunderstorm into a destructive hail storm and that large shears in vertical-wind speeds are conducive to formation of hail.
The writer, by climatological analysis of hail and upper-air wind data for the contiguous United States, shows that Dessens' theories do not apply to conditions in the United States.
Age-Related Differences in the Relationships Between Lower-Limb Joint Proprioception and Postural Balance
Authors: Chen Xingyu , Qu Xingda 
Published: August 2018

Objective: In the present study we aimed to investigate the relationships between lower-limb joint proprioception and postural balance. Age-related differences in such relationships were also identified. Background: Impaired postural balance is reportedly one of the most common risk factors for fall accidents. Interventions have been proposed to improve postural balance by enhancing proprioceptive feedback. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal design for these interventions; therefore, there is a need to better reveal the contributions of lower-limb joint proprioception to postural balance. Method: Twenty-eight young and 28 older adults participated. Lower-limb joint proprioception was assessed by joint position sense errors measured at the ankle, knee, and hip of the dominant side, respectively. Postural balance was assessed by using center-of-pressure measures during bilateral static stance. Results: Ankle joint position sense error was positively correlated with root mean squared distance of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions in both young and older adults. Different from young adults, hip joint position sense error was positively correlated with root mean squared distance of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions in older adults only. Conclusion: Declined ankle and hip proprioception could be risk factors for falls in older adults. Age-related differences in the effects of hip proprioception suggests that hip proprioception is more important for maintaining balance in older adults. Ankle proprioception contributes the most to balance maintenance. Thus, ankle proprioception enhancement exercises should be considered in fall prevention interventions.
Cognitive Processing of Visually Presented Data in Decision Making
Authors: Cassenti Daniel N. , Roy Heather , Kase Sue E. 
Published: August 2018

Objective: Intelligence analysis is a necessary operation for organizations engaged in adversarial decision making in military, criminal justice, and civil spheres. In particular, we focus on studying the sentiment of actors in a military-relevant decision-making task and how information pertaining to these actors is presented. Background: Two intelligence analysis systems were created to represent sentiment data. Method: These systems and another with the raw information (i.e., the control condition) were presented to experimental participants in separate trials with the pretext that they act as intelligence analysts and compare two social media actors in U.S.-occupied territory on given subject matters. Results: Results demonstrated that cognitive processing of the information improved and was preferred for the prototype that presented information in scatterplot form rather than a line graph, though side-by-side comparisons also were preferred from the disfavored system. Conclusion: We conclude with suggestions for designing intelligence analysis software that conforms to best practice in human factors with a focus on cognitive processing. Application: We hope these recommendations will improve intelligence analysis of sentiment information via a new system.
RD or Not RD: Using Experimental Studies to Assess the Performance of the Regression Discontinuity Approach
Authors: Gleason Philip , Resch Alexandra , Berk Jillian 
Published: August 2018

Background: This article explores the performance of regression discontinuity (RD) designs for measuring program impacts using a synthetic within-study comparison design. We generate synthetic RD data sets from experimental data sets from two recent evaluations of educational interventions—the Educational Technology Study and the Teach for America Study—and compare the RD impact estimates to the experimental estimates of the same intervention. Objectives: This article examines the performance of the RD estimator with the design is well implemented and also examines the extent of bias introduced by manipulation of the assignment variable in an RD design. Research design: We simulate RD analysis files by selectively dropping observations from the original experimental data files. We then compare impact estimates based on this RD design with those from the original experimental study. Finally, we simulate a situation in which some students manipulate the value of the assignment variable to receive treatment and compare RD estimates with and without manipulation. Results and conclusion: RD and experimental estimators produce impact estimates that are not significantly different from one another and have a similar magnitude, on average. Manipulation of the assignment variable can substantially influence RD impact estimates, particularly if manipulation is related to the outcome and occurs close to the assignment variable’s cutoff value.
Effect of Smoking on Healing Failure After Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Park Jung Ho , Oh Kyung-Soo , Kim Tae Min , Kim Jayoun , Yoon Jong Pil , Kim Joon Yub , Chung Seok Won 
Published: August 2018

Background: No study to date has directly evaluated rotator cuff repair results among smokers. Purpose: To evaluate whether smoking affects healing after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair through propensity score matching (PSM). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Among 249 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair of full-thickness rotator cuff tears, 34 current heavy smokers were selected with a smoking history >20 pack-years (mean ± SD pack-years, 33.91 ± 12.13). Characteristics between current heavy smokers and nonsmokers were compared. According to the PSM technique, 34 nonsmokers were selected after 1:1 matching for age, fatty infiltration, and tear size—the main prognostic factors of outcomes after rotator cuff repair. Each patient’s outcome evaluation was completed anatomically at a minimum of 6 months (magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasonography) and functionally at a minimum of 1 year (pain visual analog scale, range of motion, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant, University of California, Los Angeles, and Simple Shoulder Test scores), and every outcome was analyzed in the matched smoker and nonsmoker groups. Results: Current heavy smokers had a higher incidence of male sex ( P < .001), heavy manual work ( P = .025), high bone density ( P = .036), and poor tendinosis grade ( P = .028). After adjustment for the confounding variables by PSM, the matched smoker group showed a significantly higher healing failure rate than the matched nonsmoker group (29.4% vs 5.9%, P = .023). However, we failed to detect significant differences in the functional outcomes between the matched groups ( P > .05). Conclusion: Smoking affected healing failure after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Attention should be paid to smokers, especially current heavy smokers, in cases of rotator cuff repair surgery.
A mixed-method study of quality, availability and timeliness of non-communicable disease (NCD) related data and its link to NCD prevention: Perceptions of health care workers in Ethiopia
Authors: Kassa Melkamu Dugassa , Grace Jeanne Martin 
Published: August 2018

Background: Three-quarters of non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality occurs in low- and middle-income countries. However, in most developing countries, quality and reliable data on morbidity, mortality and risk factors for NCD to predict its burden and prevalence are less well understood and availability of these data is limited. To better inform policymakers and improve healthcare systems in developing countries, it is also important that these factors be understood within the context of the particular country in question. Objective: The aim of this study is to further inform practitioners in Ethiopia about the availability and status of NCD information within the Ethiopian healthcare system. Method: A mixed method research design was used with data collected from 13 public referral hospitals in Ethiopia. In phase 1 quantitative data were collected from 312 health professionals (99 physicians; 213 nurses) using a cross-sectional survey. In phase 2, qualitative data were collected using: interviews ( n = 13 physician hospital managers); and one focus group ( n = 6 national health bureau officers). Results: Results highlighted the lack of NCD morbidity, mortality and risk factor data, periodic evaluation of NCD data and standardised protocols for NCD data collection in hospitals. The study also identified similar discrepancies in the availability of NCD data and standardised protocols for NCD data collection among the regions of Ethiopia. Conclusion: This study highlighted important deficiencies in NCD data and standardised protocols for data collection in the Ethiopian healthcare system. These deficiencies were also observed among regions of Ethiopia, indicating the need to strengthen both the healthcare system and health information systems to improve evidence-based decision-making. Implications: Identifying the status of NCD data in the Ethiopian healthcare system could assist policymakers, healthcare organisations, healthcare providers and health beneficiaries to reform and strengthen the existing healthcare system.
Development of predictive scoring model for risk stratification of no-show at a public hospital specialist outpatient clinic
Authors: Chua Siang Li , Chow Wai Leng 
Published: August 2018

Aim: No-shows are patients who miss scheduled specialist outpatient clinic (SOC) appointments. A predictive scoring model for the risk stratification of no-shows was developed to improve the utilisation of resources. Method: The administrative records of new SOC appointments for subsidised patients in 2013 were analysed. Univariate analysis was performed on 16 variables comprising patient demographics, appointment/visit records and historical outpatient records. Multiple logistic regression (MLR) was applied to determine independent risk factors of no-shows. The adjusted parameter estimates from MLR were used to develop a predictive model for risk stratification of no-show. Model validation was performed using 2014 data. Result: Out of 75,677 appointments in 2013, 28.6% were no-shows. Univariate analysis showed that 11 variables were associated with no-shows. Six variables (age, race, specialty, lead time, referral source, previous visit status) remained independently associated with no-shows in the MLR model, and their odds ratios were used to develop the weighted predictive scoring model. Weighted scores were 0 to 19, and five levels of no-show risk were derived: extremely low (score: 0–4; odds ratio (OR): 1.0); low (5–6; OR: 2.5); medium (7–8; OR: 5.6); high (9–10; OR: 9.2); and extremely high (11–19; OR: 16.7). The predictive ability of the model was tested using receiver operation curve analysis, where the area under curve (AUC) was 72%. AUC remained at 72% upon validation with 2014 data. Conclusion: The prediction model developed using only administrative data was robust and can be used for the risk stratification of SOC no-show for better resource utilisation to improve access to care.
Reviews
Authors: Banks Amy , Manti Maria , Sentíes Felipe Pruneda , Selucky Terry 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Woman in the Story: Writing Memorable Female Characters in Trouble, in Love, and in Power, 2nd ed., Helen Jacey (2017) Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions, 258 pp., ISBN: 9781615932573, p/bk, UDS$27.95, CAD$37.95
Transcultural Screenwriting: Telling Stories for a Global World, Carmen Sofia Brenes, Patrick Cattrysse and Margaret McVeigh (eds) (2017) Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 199 pp., ISBN-10: 1443852449, h/bk, £43.52; ISBN-13: 9781443852449, ebook, £53.15
Las Guionistas: A Bilingual Anthology of Mexican Women Screenwriters, María Teresa Depaoli and Laura Kanost (eds) (trans. Laura Kanost) (2017) Tempe, AR: Bilingual Press/Editorial Bilingüe, 916 pp., ISBN: 9781939743213, e-book, $29.00
The Writer’s Journey, 3rd ed., Christopher Vogler (2007) (first published 1998) Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions, 407 pp., ISBN: 9781932907360, p/bk, $27.95, ISBN: 9781615931705, h/bk, $39.95