bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Effect of Nb on the Microstructure and Properties of Next Generation Polycrystalline Powder Metallurgy Ni-Based Superalloys
Authors: Christofidou Katerina A. , Hardy Mark C. , Li Hang-Yue , Argyrakis Christos , Kitaguchi Hiroto , Jones Nicholas G. , Mignanelli Paul M. , Wilson Alison S. , Messé Olivier M. D. M. , Pickering Ed J. , Gilbert Robert J. , Rae Cathie M. F. , Yu Suyang , Evans Alex , Child Daniel , Bowen Paul , Stone Howard J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The effect of Nb on the properties and microstructure of two novel powder metallurgy (P/M) Ni-based superalloys was evaluated, and the results critically compared with the Rolls-Royce alloy RR1000. The Nb-containing alloy was found to exhibit improved tensile and creep properties as well as superior oxidation resistance compared with both RR1000 and the Nb-free variant tested. The beneficial effect of Nb on the tensile and creep properties was due to the microstructures obtained following the post-solution heat treatments, which led to a higher γ′ volume fraction and a finer tertiary γ′ distribution. In addition, an increase in the anti-phase-boundary energy of the γ′ phase is also expected with the addition of Nb, further contributing to the strength of the material. However, these modifications in the γ′ distribution detrimentally affect the dwell fatigue crack-growth behavior of the material, although this behavior can be improved through modified heat treatments. The oxidation resistance of the Nb-containing alloy was also enhanced as Nb is believed to accelerate the formation of a defect-free Cr2O3 scale. Overall, both developmental alloys, with and without the addition of Nb, were found to exhibit superior properties than RR1000.
Characterizing the literature on validity and assessment in medical education: a&nbsp;bibliometric study
Authors: Young Meredith , St-Onge Christina , Xiao Jing , Vachon Lachiver Elise , Torabi Nazi 
Published: May 2018

Introduction Assessment in Medical Education fills many roles and is under constant scrutiny. Assessments must be of good quality, and supported by validity evidence. Given the high-stakes consequences of assessment, and the many audiences within medical education (e. g., training level, specialty-specific), we set out to document the breadth, scope, and characteristics of the literature reporting on validation of assessments within medical education.
Method Searches in Medline (Ovid), Web of Science, ERIC, EMBASE (Ovid), and PsycINFO (Ovid) identified articles reporting on assessment of learners in medical education published since 1999. Included articles were coded for geographic origin, journal, journal category, targeted assessment, and authors. A map of collaborations between prolific authors was generated.
Results A total of 2,863 articles were included. The majority of articles were from the United States, with Canada producing the most articles per medical school. Most articles were published in journals with medical categorizations (73.1% of articles), but Medical Education was the most represented journal (7.4% of articles). Articles reported on a variety of assessment tools and approaches, and 89 prolific authors were identified, with a total of 228 collaborative links.
Discussion Literature reporting on validation of assessments in medical education is heterogeneous. Literature is produced by a broad array of authors and collaborative networks, reported to a broad audience, and is primarily generated in North American and European contexts.
Geometric and amino acid type determinants for protein‐protein interaction interfaces
Authors: Yang Yongxiao , Wang Wei , Lou Yuan , Yin Jianxin , Gong Xinqi 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundProtein‐protein interactions are essential to many biological processes. The binding site information of protein‐protein complexes is extremely useful to obtain their structures from biochemical experiments. Geometric description of protein structures is the precondition of protein binding site prediction and protein‐protein interaction analysis. The previous description of protein surface residues is incomplete, and little attention are paid to the implication of residue types for binding site prediction.MethodsHere, we found three new geometric features to characterize protein surface residues which are very effective for protein‐protein interface residue prediction. The new features and several commonly used descriptors were employed to train millions of residue type‐nonspecific or specific protein binding site predictors.ResultsThe amino acid type‐specific predictors are superior to the models without distinction of amino acid types. The performances of the best predictors are much better than those of the sophisticated methods developed before.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that the geometric properties and amino acid types are very likely to determine if a protein surface residue would become an interface one when the protein binds to its partner.
Tethered Balloon Technology in Design Solutions for Rescue and Relief Team Emergency Communication Services
Authors: Alsamhi Saeed Hamood , Ansari Mohd. Samar , Ma Ou , Almalki Faris , Gupta Sachin Kumar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe actions taken at the initial times of a disaster are critical. Catastrophe occurs because of terrorist acts or natural hazards which have the potential to disrupt the infrastructure of wireless communication networks. Therefore, essential emergency functions such as search, rescue, and recovery operations during a catastrophic event will be disabled. We propose tethered balloon technology to provide efficient emergency communication services and reduce casualty mortality and morbidity for disaster recovery. The tethered balloon is an actively developed research area and a simple solution to support the performance, facilities, and services of emergency medical communication. The most critical requirement for rescue and relief teams is having a higher quality of communication services which enables them to save people’s lives. Using our proposed technology, it has been reported that the performance of rescue and relief teams significantly improved. OPNET Modeler 14.5 is used for a network simulated with the help of ad hoc tools (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:203–210).
Fluid particle dynamics and the non-local origin of the Reynolds shear stress
Authors: Bernard Peter S. , Erinin Martin A. 
Published: May 2018

The causative factors leading to the Reynolds shear stress distribution in turbulent channel flow are analysed via a backward particle path analysis. It is found that the classical displacement transport mechanism, by which changes in the mean velocity field over a mixing time correlate with the wall-normal velocity, is the dominant source of Reynolds shear stress. Approximately 20 % of channel flow at any given time contains fluid motions that contribute to displacement transport. Much rarer events provide a small but non-negligible contribution to the Reynolds shear stress due to fluid particle accelerations and long-lived correlations deriving from structural features of the near-wall flow. The Reynolds shear stress in channel flow is shown to be a non-local phenomenon that is not conducive to description via a local model and particularly one depending directly on the local mean velocity gradient.
Judicial leadership on the UK Supreme Court
Authors: Hunter Rosemary , Rackley Erika 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper examines judicial leadership on the UK Supreme Court. It does not confine itself to the formal roles of the President and Deputy President. Rather, building on existing categories of judicial leadership, including administrative, jurisprudential and community leadership, it considers the contributions of all 12 Justices. In so doing, it provides a significant compilation of quantitative data on the activities of the Justices of the Supreme Court both on and off the bench from the the Court's inception in 2009 to the end of the 2014-2015 legal year. From this, we suggest that while a number of the Justices engaged in one or two broad forms of leadership – with Lady Hale in particular demonstrating a substantial degree of leadership across all three dimensions – at the other end of the spectrum, at least on the measures used in this paper, a significant minority did not. In the light of this, and the significant number of recent and forthcoming retirements from the Court, the paper concludes by considering the implications of our findings for the future of the Court. We argue that these retirements will result in gaps in both formal and informal judicial leadership, and it is vital that these gaps are filled by appointees who are capable of, and prepared to step up to, diverse and varied forms of judicial leadership.
Iron supplementation has minor effects on gut microbiota composition in overweight and obese women in early pregnancy
Authors: Dekker Nitert Marloes , Gomez-Arango Luisa F. , Barrett Helen L. , McIntyre H. David , Anderson Gregory J. , Frazer David M. , Callaway Leonie K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFe is an essential nutrient for many bacteria, and Fe supplementation has been reported to affect the composition of the gut microbiota in both Fe-deficient and Fe-replete individuals outside pregnancy. This study examined whether the dose of Fe in pregnancy multivitamin supplements affects the overall composition of the gut microbiota in overweight and obese pregnant women in early pregnancy. Women participating in the SPRING study with a faecal sample obtained at 16 weeks’ gestation were included in this substudy. For each subject, the brand of multivitamin used was recorded. Faecal microbiome composition was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing and analysed with the QIIME software suite. Dietary intake of Fe was assessed using a FFQ at 16 weeks’ gestation. Women were grouped as receiving low (<60 mg/d,n94) or high (≥60 mg/d;n65) Fe supplementation. The median supplementary Fe intake in the low group was 10 (interquartile range (IQR) 5–10)v. 60 (IQR 60–60) mg/d in the high group (P<0·001). Dietary Fe intake did not differ between the groups (10·0 (IQR 7·4–13·3)v. 9·8 (IQR 8·2–13·2) mg/d). Fe supplementation did not significantly affect the composition of the faecal microbiome at any taxonomic level. Network analysis showed that the gut microbiota in the low Fe supplementation group had a higher predominance of SCFA producers. Pregnancy multivitamin Fe content has a minor effect on the overall composition of the gut microbiota of overweight and obese pregnant women at 16 weeks’ gestation.
THE CISG AND THE UNITED KINGDOM—EXPLORING COHERENCY AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Hayward Benjamin , Zeller Bruno , Andersen Camilla Baasch 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe United Kingdom remains one of the world's last industrialized nations not to have adopted the CISG. The UK CISG debate has endured for decades, with existing analysis largely focusing on competition, assessing the relative merits of the CISG and English law. This article's analysis is complementary; focusing instead on coherence, and the private international law implications of UK accession. This article assesses contractual interpretation, and commodity sales, within an overarching private international law framework. Recognizing the necessity of existing competitive analyses, it makes the case for UK CISG accession on the basis of its complementary coherency perspective.
A STUDY OF THE HERITABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE
IN SUDAN
Authors: Toto Howida Sirelkhatim
                                                  Abdalrahim , Piffer Davide , Khaleefa Omar Haroun , Bader Rogai Al-Sayed
                                                  Al-Tayeb , Bakhiet Salaheldin Farah
                                                  Attallah , Lynn Richard , Essa Yossry Ahmed Sayed 
Published: May 2018

SummaryIntelligence was assessed using the Standard
Progressive Matrices in 316 MZ and 550 same-sex DZ
twins with a mean age of 10 years in Sudan.
Heritability was estimated at 0.172 and shared
environmental influences at 0.596.
The effect of transportation and lairage on faecal shedding and carcass contamination withEscherichia coliO157 and O26 in very young calves in New Zealand
Authors: Jaros P. , Cookson A. L. , Reynolds A. , Withers H. , Clemens R. , Brightwell G. , Mills J. , Marshall J. , Prattley D. J. , Campbell D. M. , Hathaway S. , French N. P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe effect of transportation and lairage on the faecal shedding and post-slaughter contamination of carcasses withEscherichia coliO157 and O26 in young calves (4–7-day-old) was assessed in a cohort study at a regional calf-processing plant in the North Island of New Zealand, following 60 calves as cohorts from six dairy farms to slaughter. Multiple samples from each animal at pre-slaughter (recto-anal mucosal swab) and carcass at post-slaughter (sponge swab) were collected and screened using real-time PCR and culture isolation methods for the presence ofE. coliO157 and O26 (Shiga toxin-producingE. coli(STEC) and non-STEC). Genotype analysis ofE. coliO157 and O26 isolates provided little evidence of faecal–oral transmission of infection between calves during transportation and lairage. Increased cross-contamination of hides and carcasses withE. coliO157 and O26 between co-transported calves was confirmed at pre-hide removal and post-evisceration stages but not at pre-boning (at the end of dressing prior to chilling), indicating that good hygiene practices and application of an approved intervention effectively controlled carcass contamination. This study was the first of its kind to assess the impact of transportation and lairage on the faecal carriage and post-harvest contamination of carcasses withE. coliO157 and O26 in very young calves.
Interaction in a discussion list: An exploration of cognitive, social, and teaching presence in teachers’ online collaborations
Authors: Nami Fatemeh , Marandi S. Susan , Sotoudehnama Elaheh 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDiscussion lists have gained a significant popularity in professional development research over the past few decades for the opportunity they provide for asynchronous interaction. This article presents findings from a small-scale case study that aimed at exploring the nature of teachers’ asynchronous exchanges in a discussion list. The data comprised the archived log of the messages in a Yahoo Group discussion list by five in-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers who volunteered to take part in a hybrid computer-assisted language learning (CALL) teacher education course in a state university in Iran. The discussion list was incorporated into the course to engage participants in professional dialogue on topics related to technology/CALL. During the initial data analysis, participants’ asynchronous exchanges were grouped as suggestions, questions, unclassified, answers, and delivery, drawing upon Oriogun and Cave’s (2008) SQUAD categorization, following the constant comparative method of analysis. Through a follow-up computer-mediated discourse analysis, cognitive, social, and teaching presence functional moves were identified in the data. Participants used the space not only for socializing and peer instruction but also for constructing knowledge. Despite an uneven pattern of contribution, asynchronous exchanges provided opportunities for knowledge construction at different levels of cognitive presence on topics ranging from technology tools and their affordances/constraints to computer-assisted language testing, materials development, and classroom management. The findings provide CALL teacher education researchers and course designers insights into the potential of asynchronous interaction for online and blended language teacher education.
Pediatric Brain Development in Down Syndrome: A Field in Its Infancy
Authors: Hamner Taralee , Udhnani Manisha D. , Osipowicz Karol Z. , Lee Nancy Raitano 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectives:As surprisingly little is known about the developing brain studiedin vivoin youth with Down syndrome (DS), the current review summarizes the small DS pediatric structural neuroimaging literature and begins to contextualize existing research within a developmental framework.Methods:A systematic review of the literature was completed, effect sizes from published studies were reviewed, and results are presented with respect to the DS cognitive behavioral phenotype and typical brain development.Results:The majority of DS structural neuroimaging studies describe gross differences in brain morphometry and do not use advanced neuroimaging methods to provide nuanced descriptions of the brain. There is evidence for smaller total brain volume (TBV), total gray matter (GM) and white matter, cortical lobar, hippocampal, and cerebellar volumes. When reductions in TBV are accounted for, specific reductions are noted in subregions of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, and hippocampus. A review of cortical lobar effect sizes reveals mostly large effect sizes from early childhood through adolescence. However, deviance is smaller in adolescence. Despite these smaller effects, frontal GM continues to be largely deviant in adolescence. An examination of age-frontal GM relations using effect sizes from published studies and data from Lee et al. (2016) reveals that while there is a strong inverse relationship between age and frontal GM volume in controls across childhood and adolescence, this is not observed in DS.Conclusions:Further developmentally focused research, ideally using longitudinal neuroimaging, is needed to elucidate the nature of the DS neuroanatomic phenotype during childhood and adolescence. (JINS, 2018,24, 966–976)
Weed Control and Tolerance of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Caladium
Authors: Yu Jialin , Boyd Nathan S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractControl of broadleaf weeds in caladium is difficult due in part to a lack of selective POST herbicides. Cultivation is not an option due to the dense canopy and potential for tuber injury. As a result, growers currently rely on preemergence (PRE) herbicide and hand-weeding. The objective of this research was to evaluate the control of four common broadleaf weeds of field grown caladium with POST applications of halosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, and trifloxysulfuron, and determine the tolerance of caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida cardinal’ to POST applications of halosulfuron. At 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), thifensufluron-methyl at 28 g ai ha−1 and trifloxysulfuron at 84 g ai ha−1 provided approximately 90 and 70% common purslane control, respectively, while halosulfuron at 210 g ai ha−1 provided 55% suppression. Trifloxysulfuron controlled ≥90% spotted spurge at 42 g ha−1, whereas the highest rate of halosulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl only achieved 60% suppression. In field experiments, the evaluated sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides were less efficacious on hairy indigo and sharppod morningglory as control never exceeded 65 and 50%, respectively. In greenhouse experiments, the evaluated halosulfuron rates ranging from 26 to 420 g ha−1 did not significantly reduce caladium tuber weight from the nontreated control. Averaged over halosulfuron rates, ‘Florida Fantasy’ damage was 5 and 6% at 2 and 4 WAT, respectively, while ‘Florida Cardinal’ damage was 11%. We conclude that none of the herbicide treatments effectively controlled all species evaluated. Sequential treatments, higher rates, or tank-mixtures may be necessary to adequately control these species. We also conclude that caladium cultivars ‘Florida Fantasy’ and ‘Florida Cardinal’ have acceptable tolerance to POST applications of halosulfuron. Further research is needed to evaluate caladium tolerance to other SU herbicides.
Heat, Disparities, and Health Outcomes in San Diego County's Diverse Climate Zones
Authors: Guirguis Kristen , Basu Rupa , Al‐Delaimy Wael K. , Benmarhnia Tarik , Clemesha Rachel E. S. , Corcos Isabel , Guzman‐Morales Janin , Hailey Brittany , Small Ivory , Tardy Alexander , Vashishtha Devesh , Zivin Joshua G. , Gershunov Alexander 
Published: May 2018

AbstractClimate variability and change are issues of growing public health importance. Numerous studies have documented risks of extreme heat on human health in different locations around the world. Strategies to prevent heat‐related morbidity and reduce disparities are possible but require improved knowledge of health outcomes during hot days at a small‐scale level as important within‐city variability in local weather conditions, socio‐demographic composition, and access to air conditioning (AC) may exist. We analyzed hospitalization data for three unique climate regions of San Diego County alongside temperature data spanning 14 years to quantify the health impact of ambient air temperature at varying exceedance threshold levels. Within San Diego, coastal residents were more sensitive to heat than inland residents. At the coast, we detected a health impact at lower temperatures compared to inland locations for multiple disease categories including heat illness, dehydration, acute renal failure, and respiratory disease. Within the milder coastal region where access to AC is not prevalent, heat‐related morbidity was higher in the subset of zip codes where AC saturation is lowest. We detected a 14.6% increase (95% confidence interval [4.5%, 24.6%]) in hospitalizations during hot weather in comparison to colder days in coastal locations where AC is less common, while no significant impact was observed in areas with higher AC saturation. Disparities in AC ownership were associated with income, race/ethnicity, and homeownership. Given that heat waves are expected to increase with climate change, understanding health impacts of heat and the role of acclimation is critical for improving outcomes in the future.
Source Apportionments of Aerosols and Their Direct Radiative Forcing and Long‐Term Trends Over Continental United States
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Smith Steven J. , Zhang Rudong , Lou Sijia , Yu Hongbin , Li Can , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDue to U.S. air pollution regulations, aerosol and precursor emissions have decreased during recent decades, while changes in emissions in other regions of the world also influence U.S. aerosol trends through long‐range transport. We examine here the relative roles of these domestic and foreign emission changes on aerosol concentrations and direct radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere over the continental United States. Long‐term (1980–2014) trends and aerosol source apportionment are quantified in this study using a global aerosol‐climate model equipped with an explicit aerosol source tagging technique. Due to U.S. emission control policies, the annual mean near‐surface concentration of particles, consisting of sulfate, black carbon, and primary organic aerosol, decreases by about −1.1 (±0.1)/−1.4 (±0.1) μg/m3 in western United States and −3.3 (±0.2)/−2.9 (±0.2) μg/m3 in eastern United States during 2010–2014, as compared to those in 1980–1984. Meanwhile, decreases in U.S. emissions lead to a warming of +0.48 (±0.03)/+0.46 (±0.03) W/m2 in western United States and +1.41 (±0.07)/+1.32 (±0.09) W/m2 in eastern United States through changes in aerosol direct radiative forcing. Increases in emissions from East Asia generally have a modest impact on U.S. air quality but mitigated the warming effect induced by reductions in U.S. emissions by 25% in western United States and 7% in eastern United States. As U.S. domestic aerosol and precursor emissions continue to decrease, foreign emissions may become increasingly important to radiative forcing over the United States.