bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Germ cell-less hybrid fish: ideal recipient for spermatogonial transplantation for the rapid production of donor-derived sperm†
Authors: Xu Dongdong , Yoshino Tasuku , Konishi Junpei , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Ino Yasuko , Yazawa Ryosuke , dos Santos Nassif Lacerda Samyra Maria , de França Luiz Renato , Takeuchi Yutaka 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An interspecific hybrid marine fish that developed a testis-like gonad without any germ cells, i.e., a germ cell-less gonad, was produced by hybridizing a female blue drum Nibea mitsukurii with a male white croaker Pennahia argentata. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of the germ cell-less fish as a recipient by transplanting donor testicular cells directly into the gonads through the urogenital papilla. The donor testicular cells were collected from hemizygous transgenic, green fluorescent protein (gfp) (+/−) blue drum, and transplanted into the germ cell-less gonads of the 6-month-old adult hybrid croakers. Fluorescent and histological observations showed the colonization, proliferation, and differentiation of transplanted spermatogonial cells in the gonads of hybrid croakers. The earliest production of spermatozoa in a hybrid recipient was observed at 7 weeks post-transplantation (pt), and 10% of the transplanted recipients produced donor-derived gfp-positive spermatozoa by 25 weeks pt. Sperm from the hybrid recipients were used to fertilize eggs from wild-type blue drums, and approximately 50% of the resulting offspring were gfp-positive, suggesting that all offspring originated from donor-derived sperm that were produced in the transplanted gfp (+/−) germ cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful spermatogonial transplantation using a germ cell-less adult fish as a recipient. This transplantation system has considerable advantages, such as the use of comparatively simple equipment and procedures, and rapid generation of donor-derived spermatogenesis and offspring, and presents numerous applications in commercial aquaculture.
PRRDB 2.0: a comprehensive database of pattern-recognition receptors and their ligands
Authors: Kaur Dilraj , Patiyal Sumeet , Sharma Neelam , Usmani Salman Sadullah , Raghava Gajendra P S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
PRRDB 2.0 is an updated version of PRRDB that maintains comprehensive information about pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and their ligands. The current version of the database has ~2700 entries, which are nearly five times of the previous version. It contains extensive information about 467 unique PRRs and 827 pathogens-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), manually extracted from ~600 research articles. It possesses information about PRRs and PAMPs that has been extracted manually from research articles and public databases. Each entry provides comprehensive details about PRRs and PAMPs that includes their name, sequence, origin, source, type, etc. We have provided internal and external links to various databases/resources (like Swiss-Prot, PubChem) to obtain further information about PRRs and their ligands. This database also provides links to ~4500 experimentally determined structures in the protein data bank of various PRRs and their complexes. In addition, 110 PRRs with unknown structures have also been predicted, which are important in order to understand the structure–function relationship between receptors and their ligands. Numerous web-based tools have been integrated into PRRDB 2.0 to facilitate users to perform different tasks like (i) extensive searching of the database; (ii) browsing or categorization of data based on receptors, ligands, source, etc. and (iii) similarity search using BLAST and Smith–Waterman algorithm.
Phenotypic Variation in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Age: A Multicentre Prospective Inception Cohort Study of the Canadian Children IBD Network
Authors: Dhaliwal J , Walters T D , Mack D R , Huynh H Q , Jacobson K , Otley A R , Debruyn J , El-Matary W , Deslandres C , Sherlock M E , Critch J N , Bax K , Seidman E , Jantchou P , Ricciuto A , Rashid M , Muise A M , Wine E , Carroll M , Lawrence S , Van Limbergen J , Benchimol E I , Church P , Griffiths A M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsIncidence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] in Canada is among the highest worldwide, and age of onset may be decreasing. In a multicentre nationwide inception cohort study, we examined variation in phenotype of IBD throughout the paediatric age spectrum.MethodsChildren aged ≥2 years [y] and &lt;17y [A1 age at diagnosis], with new onset IBD, were systematically evaluated at sites of the Canadian Children IBD Network. Prospectively recorded phenotypic data were compared between age groups.ResultsAmong 1092 children (70% Caucasian; 64% Crohn’s disease [CD], 36% ulcerative colitis/inflammatory bowel disease unclassified [UC/IBD-U]; median age 13 y, interquartile range [IQR] 11–15 y), 210 [19%] were diagnosed before the age of age 10 y [Paris A1a] and 43 [4%] before age 6 y (very-early-onset [VEO-IBD]). CD was less common in younger children [42%, 56%, 66%, respectively, of VEO-IBD, A1a; A1b]. Colon-only IBD [UC/IBDU or CD-colon] was present in 81% of VEO-IBD and 65% of A1a; ileal disease increased progressively, reaching plateau at age 10 y. CD location was ileocolonic [L3] in 53% overall. Ileitis [L1] increased with age [6% of VEO-IBD; 13% of A1a; 21% of A1b], as did stricturing/penetrating CD [4% of A1a; 11% of A1b]. At all ages UC was extensive [E3/E4] in &gt;85%, and disease activity moderate to severe according to Physician’s Global Assessment [PGA] and weighted Paediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index/Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index [wPCDAI/PUCAI] in &gt;70%. Heights were modestly reduced in CD [mean height z score -0.30 ± 1.23], but normal in UC/IBD-U.ConclusionsParis classification of age at diagnosis is supported by age-related increases in ileal disease until age 10 years. Other phenotypic features, including severity, are similar across all ages. Linear growth is less impaired in CD than in historical cohorts, reflecting earlier diagnosis.
Aortic haemorrhage during late pectus bar removal
Authors: Dahlbacka Sebastian J M , Ilonen Ilkka K , Kauppi Juha T , Räsänen Jari V 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Nuss bars are increasingly used for minimally invasive correction of pectus excavatum and are usually removed within 3 years of insertion. Previously, several complications related to pectus bar removal have been reported with only 1 case report of aortic haemorrhage. Herein, we report a case with life-threatening aortic haemorrhage during late removal of displaced double Nuss bars.
The evolution of self-esteem before, during and after orthodontic treatment in adolescents with dental malocclusion, a prospective cohort study
Authors: Avontroodt Stephanie , Lemiere Jurgen , Cadenas de Llano-Pérula Maria , Verdonck Anna , Laenen Annoushka , Willems Guy 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Objectives
This study aimed (1) to investigate the evolution of self-esteem through orthodontic treatment, and (2) to study how key demographic factors would affect these evolutions and to assess relationships between self-esteem and orthodontic treatment need.

Methods
This longitudinal prospective cohort study comprised of 326 adolescents (172 girls and 154 boys) aged 11–16 years; data were obtained from 325 adolescents at T0 and 123 at T2. Three hundred twenty-one adolescents filled in questionnaires at T0, whereas 118 at T2. They were selected in the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, where they all received orthodontic treatment. Self-esteem was assessed with the Dutch adaptation of the Harter’s test and treatment need was defined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Data were analysed with multivariate linear models and Spearman correlations.

Results
There was no evidence of a change in global self-esteem during orthodontic treatment. A significant gender by time interaction for scholastic competence (P &lt; 0.05), a decrease in self-esteem for females, and an increase for males between T0 and T1 was observed. A significant age (at T0) by time interaction for physical appearance and global self-worth (P &lt; 0.05) and a negative correlation between self-esteem and self-assessed IOTN aesthetic component for the subdomain of close friendship (P &lt; 0.05) were found.

Conclusions
Global self-esteem acts as a stable construct during orthodontic treatment. The subdomains of self-esteem could be influenced by age and gender. Self-esteem and the subjective need for orthodontic treatment were found to be negatively correlated.
Explaining Differences in Welfare Chauvinism Between and Within Individuals Over Time: The Role of Subjective and Objective Economic Risk, Economic Egalitarianism, and Ethnic Threat
Authors: Kros Mathijs , Coenders Marcel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A considerable portion of European citizens are in favour of limited or conditional access for migrants to welfare provisions. Previous studies found that this welfare chauvinism is stronger among citizens with less favourable economic positions. This study seeks to explain the relationship between economic risk, both objective and subjective, and welfare chauvinism by looking at two distinct mechanisms: the traditional economic explanation of economic egalitarianism and the cultural explanation of ethnic threat. Given the lack of longitudinal studies, we also examine whether changes in economic risk, economic egalitarianism and threat can explain changes in welfare chauvinism over time. Using a four-wave panel-study (2013–2015) collected in Great Britain and the Netherlands, these relationships were studied both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The longitudinal mediation model was tested by making use of parallel process latent growth curve modelling. In both Great Britain and the Netherlands, economic egalitarianism and ethnic threat explained the link between economic risk and welfare chauvinism. Furthermore, in both countries, an increase over time in perceptions of ethnic threat was found to be the driving force behind an increase in welfare chauvinism, irrespective of changes in economic egalitarianism.
Overexpression of the Cdk5 inhibitory peptide in motor neurons rescue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype in a mouse model
Authors: BK Binukumar , Skuntz Susan , Prochazkova Michaela , Kesavapany Sashi , Amin Niranjana D , Shukla Varsha , Grant Philip , Kulkarni Ashok B , Pant Harish C 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Etiological mechanisms underlying the disease remain poorly understood; recent studies suggest that deregulation of p25/Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity leads to the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and neurofilament (NF) proteins in ALS transgenic mouse model (SOD1G37R). A Cdk5 involvement in motor neuron degeneration is supported by analysis of three SOD1G37R mouse lines exhibiting perikaryal inclusions of NF proteins and hyperphosphorylation of Tau. Here, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of Cdk5/p25 hyperactivation in vivo is a neuroprotective factor during ALS pathogenesis by crossing the new transgenic mouse line that overexpresses Cdk5 inhibitory peptide (CIP) in motor neurons with the SOD1G37R, ALS mouse model (TriTg mouse line). The overexpression of CIP in the motor neurons significantly improves motor deficits, extends survival and delays pathology in brain and spinal cord of TriTg mice. In addition, overexpression of CIP in motor neurons significantly delays neuroinflammatory responses in TriTg mouse. Taken together, these data suggest that CIP may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The leukotriene receptors as therapeutic targets of inflammatory diseases
Authors: Sasaki Fumiyuki , Yokomizo Takehiko 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid. LTs include the di-hydroxy acid LT (LTB4) and the cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs; LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4), all of which are involved in both acute and chronic inflammation. We and other groups identified a high-affinity LTB4 receptor, BLT1; the LTC4 and LTD4 receptors, CysLT1 and CysLT2; and the LTE4 receptor, GPR99. Pharmacological studies have shown that BLT1 signaling stimulates degranulation, chemotaxis and phagocytosis of neutrophils, whereas CysLT1 and CysLT2 signaling induces airway inflammation by increasing vascular permeability and the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. Recently, we and other groups suggested that the LTB4–BLT1 axis and the cysteinyl LTs–CysLT1/2 axis are involved in chronic inflammatory diseases including asthma, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, atherosclerosis, arthritis, obesity, cancer and age-related macular degeneration using animal models for disease and gene knockout mice. This review describes the classical and novel functions of LTs and their receptors in several inflammatory diseases and discusses the potential clinical applications of antagonists for LT receptors and inhibitors of LT biosynthesis.
How Do Professions Globalize? Lessons from the Global South in US Medical Education
Authors: Hanrieder Tine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article explores the professional construction of the space of Global Health. I argue that the growth of Global Health as a field of practice does not merely indicate an intensification of North-South intervention. It is also a professional project of reimporting lessons from the South to countries in the North. I focus on the emerging didactic regime for Global Health in US medical education and the deterritorialized “global” lessons that students are taught in poor countries. By rescaling these lessons to precarious settings at home, the space of Global Health is reterritorialized as a Global Medical South stretching into the United States, reinforcing the perception that health is not a right but a privilege. The analysis is based on a content analysis of university websites and didactic handbooks and a sample of sixty-four articles evaluating the education effects of study abroad experiences. It reveals an emerging canon of Global Health virtues and the construction of domestic scales for Global Health practices, which are based on ethnic and socioeconomic categories. This analysis of professional projects as spatial projects sheds new light on the geography of Global Health and of professional globalization more generally.
Successful treatment with daptomycin and ceftaroline of MDR Staphylococcus aureus native valve endocarditis: a case report
Authors: Duss François-Régis , Garcia de la Mària Cristina , Croxatto Antony , Giulieri Stefano , Lamoth Frédéric , Manuel Oriol , Miró José M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The best therapeutic approach for treating MRSA endocarditis remains unknown, particularly in cases of high vancomycin MICs. We report here a case of daptomycin-non-susceptible, ceftaroline-resistant and fosfomycin-resistant MRSA native left valve endocarditis that was successfully treated with valve repair and a combination of high-dose daptomycin and ceftaroline.

Methods
Antimicrobial testing of the clinical strain was performed using Etest and microdilution broth methods. Time–kill and chequerboard methodologies were used to test the activity of antibiotic combinations.

Results
By Etest, the MIC of vancomycin was 2 mg/L, the MIC of daptomycin was 2 mg/L, the MIC of fosfomycin was 1024 mg/L and the MIC of ceftaroline was 1.5 mg/L. At the standard inoculum (105 cfu/mL), the three combinations of daptomycin plus ceftaroline, cloxacillin or fosfomycin were synergistic and bactericidal. However, when these combinations were tested using a higher inoculum (108 cfu/mL), all combinations were synergistic, but only daptomycin plus ceftaroline had bactericidal activity.

Conclusions
These results confirmed a synergistic effect between daptomycin plus ceftaroline and increased bactericidal activity against MRSA, suggesting that this combination may be effective for the treatment of invasive MRSA infection. Our experience highlights the potential clinical use of synergy testing to guide difficult treatment decisions in patients with MDR MRSA infection.
‘Too High’, ‘Too Low’, or ‘Just Fair Enough’?
Authors: Nicholson Joanna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
That an accused receives a fair trial is essential to the legitimacy of international criminal courts and tribunals. However, how best to interpret the right to a fair trial in order to maximize the legitimacy of international criminal courts and tribunals’ decision-making? Some argue that international criminal courts and tribunals should aspire to the highest standards of fairness and should aim to set an example for domestic courts in this regard. Others argue that the unique context within which international criminal courts and tribunals operate allows them, at times, to interpret the right to a fair trial in a way which falls below minimum international human rights standards. This article examines both of these positions and finds both to be problematic. Rather, the article argues that international criminal courts and tribunals should aim for a middle path, the ‘fair enough’ standard, when interpreting the right to a fair trial. In situations where a different standard than that found within international human rights law is applied, international criminal courts and tribunals should expend greater effort in being open and clear as to why this is so, and should take care in communicating this to their audience, including victims and the accused. By doing so, the legitimacy of their decision-making will be enhanced.
Increased Tau Phosphorylation in Motor Neurons From Clinically Pure Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Stevens Claire H , Guthrie Natalie J , van Roijen Marloes , Halliday Glenda M , Ooi Lezanne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. There is a pathological and genetic link between ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Although FTLD is characterized by abnormal phosphorylated tau deposition, it is unknown whether tau is phosphorylated in ALS motor neurons. Therefore, this study assessed tau epitopes that are commonly phosphorylated in FTLD, including serine 396 (pS396), 214 (pS214), and 404 (pS404) in motor neurons from clinically pure sporadic ALS cases compared with controls. In ALS lower motor neurons, tau pS396 was observed in the nucleus or the nucleus and cytoplasm. In ALS upper motor neurons, tau pS396 was observed in the nucleus, cytoplasm, or both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Tau pS214 and pS404 was observed only in the cytoplasm of upper and lower motor neurons in ALS. The number of motor neurons (per mm2) positive for tau pS396 and pS214, but not pS404, was significantly increased in ALS. Furthermore, there was a significant loss of phosphorylated tau-negative motor neurons in ALS compared with controls. Together, our data identified a complex relationship between motor neurons positive for tau phosphorylated at specific residues and disease duration, suggesting that tau phosphorylation plays a role in ALS.
Suppression in interpreting adjective noun combinations and the nature of the lexicon
Authors: Hogeweg Lotte 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA common assumption about our internal lexicon is that the meaning of words is underspecified and this underspecified representation is filled in based on the context in which the word occurs. In this paper I would like to explore a different hypothesis, that words are stored with overspecified representations which are ‘trimmed down’ by the context. This view seems to be in line with a well-known mechanism from psycholinguistics: suppression. Many studies have shown that conceptual properties of a word are initially activated but subsequently suppressed when these properties are in conflict with the context the word occurs in. This mechanism has not been tested, however, in a context where compositional application takes place as between an adjective and a noun. In this study I will discuss two lexical decision experiments testing the interpretation of two types of adjective noun combinations. For both types of combinations it is expected that the representation of the noun undergoes a change due to the conflicting information provided by the adjective. It is hypothesized that the properties of the noun that are in conflict with the adjective are initially activated, but subsequently suppressed to form a coherent representation of the adjective noun combination. While the results provide evidence for the initial activation of the conceptual properties, no evidence for the subsequent suppression was found. The initial activation shows that also in the case of adjective noun combinations, conceptual features do not ‘wait for’ an initial well-formed semantic structure. The lack of evidence for suppression primarily suggests the need for further research. If future experiments confirm that suppression does not take place within the time frame tested in the experiments, we must conclude, based on experimental findings by Schumacher (2013), that conceptual specification takes place after the shift in reference of the noun.