bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging biomarkers in oncology: Basics and application to MRI
Authors: Dregely Isabel , Prezzi Davide , Kelly‐Morland Christian , Roccia Elisa , Neji Radhouene , Goh Vicky 
Published: July 2018

Cancer remains a global killer alongside cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of cancer biology has transformed its management with an increasing emphasis on a personalized approach, so‐called “precision cancer medicine.” Imaging has a key role to play in the management of cancer patients. Imaging biomarkers that objectively inform on tumor biology, the tumor environment, and tumor changes in response to an intervention complement genomic and molecular diagnostics. In this review we describe the key principles for imaging biomarker development and discuss the current status with respect to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Level of Evidence5Technical EfficacyStage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:13–26.
Development of multiplex real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya viruses in a single tube
Authors: Wu Wenhui , Wang Jin , Yu Nan , Yan Juying , Zhuo Zhihao , Chen Mengyuan , Su Xiaosong , Fang Mujin , He Shuizhen , Zhang Shiyin , Zhang Yanjun , Ge Shengxiang , Xia Ningshao 
Published: July 2018

Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) share the same mosquito vectors and have similar clinical manifestations early stage of infection. Therefore, simultaneously differentiating these viruses from each other is necessary. We developed a multiplex real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay for the differentiation of these four viruses in a single tube. The linear range was established by regression analysis, and the R2 value for each virus was ≥0.98, and the 95% lower limit of detection for each virus was as follows (copies/reaction): ZIKV‐Asian, 9; ZIKV‐Africa, 15; CHIKV, 11; DENV‐1, 19; DENV‐2, 13; DENV‐3, 24; DENV‐4, 36; and YFV, 17. Meanwhile, our multiplex real‐time RT‐PCR has a good consistency with the commercial singleplex assay. In summary, the developed assay can be effectively used for the diagnosis of ZIKV, DENV, CHIKV, and YFV infections.
Impact of Cationic Charge Density and PEGylated Poly(Amino Acid) Tercopolymer Architecture on Their Use as Gene Delivery Vehicles. Part 2: DNA Protection, Stability, Cytotoxicity, and Transfection Efficiency
Authors: Ulkoski David , Scholz Carmen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe impact of the molecular architecture on the transfection efficiency of PEGylated poly(amino acid) block copolymers was investigated for PEG‐b‐p(l‐Lys)x‐b‐p(l‐Leu)y, PEG‐b‐p(l‐Leu)x‐b‐p(l‐Lys)y, and PEG‐b‐p((l‐Leu)x‐co‐(l‐Lys)y). The block lengths of p(l‐Lys) and p(l‐Leu) were varied between 10, 20, and 40; and 10 and 20, respectively, to study the influence of the ionic/hydrophobic balance. The results show that ABC triblock copolymers form smaller and more stable polyplexes with plasmid DNA than AB diblock copolymers—as verified by long‐term aggregation and ethidium bromide exclusion studies—protect the DNA more effectively against nucleases, and provide better transfection efficiencies, as indicated by total protein as well as luciferase expression. More detailed studies revealed that triblock copolymers with p(l‐Leu) forming the C‐block were most efficient in DNA complexation with a 2.3 times higher transfection rate. Furthermore, increasing the cationic character by increasing the p(l‐Lys) chain length led to up to 25% higher transfection but at the same time induced some cytotoxicity. Diblock copolymers, where the amino acid–building blocks exist as a random copolymer, bind more loosely with DNA leading to less compact and less stable aggregates with lower transfection efficiencies.
Evaluation of the Synthesis of Soluble Aromatic Cellulose Carbonates of Low Degree of Substitution
Authors: Ganske Kristin , Heinze Thomas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe synthesis of soluble cellulose phenyl carbonates of low degree of substitution (DS, as low as 0.3) can be realized by using phenyl chloroformates with reactivity‐controlling moieties in the aromatic ring or by conversion of 6‐O‐triphenylmethyl cellulose. It is assumed that the primary hydroxyl group may yield to cross‐linking during the introduction of the phenyl carbonate moieties. Thus, for the first time soluble cellulose phenyl carbonates of low DS are accessible that are useful for the preparation of novel cellulose derivatives by reaction with nucleophilic reagents in particular amines.
Potentially toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium perfoliatum and three related species. Implications for herbal use as boneset
Authors: Colegate Steven M. , Upton Roy , Gardner Dale R. , Panter Kip E. , Betz Joseph M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntroductionPro‐toxic dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids are associated with liver disease in humans. The potential for long‐term, low‐level or intermittent exposures to cause or contribute to chronically‐developing diseases is of international concern. Eupatorium perfoliatum is a medicinal herb referred to as boneset. While the presence of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in some Eupatorium species is well‐established, reports on Eupatorium perfoliatum are scant and contradictory.ObjectiveTo investigate the presence of dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids in a survey of boneset samples and related alcoholic tinctures, and hot water infusions and decoctions.MethodsMethanol, hot water or aqueous ethanol extracts of Eupatorium perfoliatum and three closely‐related species were subjected to HPLC‐ESI(+)MS and MS/MS analysis using three complementary column methods. Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids were identified from their MS data and comparison with standards.ResultsForty‐nine samples of Eupatorium perfoliatum were shown to contain dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.0002–0.07% w/w), the majority dominated by lycopsamine and intermedine, their N‐oxides and acetylated derivatives. Alcoholic tinctures and hot water infusions and decoctions had high concentrations of the alkaloids. Different chemotypes, hybridisation or contamination of some Eupatorium perfoliatum samples with related species were suggested by the co‐presence of retronecine‐ and heliotridine‐based alkaloids.ConclusionsSampling issues, low and high alkaloid chemotypes of Eupatorium perfoliatum or interspecies hybridization could cause the wide variation in dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid concentrations or the different profiles observed. Concerns associated with dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids provide a compelling reason for preclusive caution until further research can better define the toxicity and carcinogenicity of the dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloid content of Eupatorium perfoliatum. [Correction added on 12 July 2018, after first online publication: The ‘Conclusions’ section in the abstract has been added.]
Fractional‐order–dependent global stability analysis and observer‐based synthesis for a class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems
Authors: Tavazoei Mohammad , Asemani Mohammad Hassan 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThis paper focuses on proposing novel conditions for stability analysis and stabilization of the class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems. First, by considering the class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems as a feedback interconnection system and applying small‐gain theorem, a condition is proposed for L2‐norm boundedness of the solutions of these systems. Then, by using the Mittag‐Leffler function properties, we show that satisfaction of the proposed condition proves the global asymptotic stability of the class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems with fractional order lying in (0.5, 1) or (1.5, 2). Unlike the Lyapunov‐based methods for stability analysis of fractional‐order systems, the new condition depends on the fractional order of the system. Moreover, it is related to the H∞‐norm of the linear part of the system and it can be transformed to linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) using fractional‐order bounded‐real lemma. Furthermore, the proposed stability analysis method is extended to the state‐feedback and observer‐based controller design for the class of nonlinear fractional‐order systems based on solving some LMIs. In the observer‐based stabilization problem, we prove that the separation principle holds using our method and one can find the observer gain and pseudostate‐feedback gain in two separate steps. Finally, three numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the advantage of the novel proposed conditions with the previous results.
Learning benefits of secondary school students' inquiry‐related curiosity: A cross‐grade comparison of the relationships among learning experiences, curiosity, engagement, and inquiry abilities
Authors: Wu Pai‐Hsing , Kuo Che‐Yu , Wu Hsin‐Kai , Jen Tsung‐Hau , Hsu Ying‐Shao 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study addresses the issue of curiosity‐driven inquiry learning by examining the interplay among students’ inquiry‐related curiosity, laboratory engagement, and inquiry abilities and investigates how their learning experiences would associate with such interplay. We employed structural equation modeling to analyze data collected from 920 eighth graders and 1,090 eleventh graders, including their performances on a multimedia‐based assessment of scientific inquiry abilities and their responses to items in an online questionnaire. The results revealed that, for students from both grades, inquiry‐related curiosity was associated with their inquiry abilities, and that the association was mediated by their inquiry‐related laboratory engagement. Furthermore, the analyses showed that both formal and informal experiences were associated with the laboratory engagement of students from both grades through curiosity. Yet, the results indicated that, although the roles of the two types of experiences varied in the associations, formal science experience had stronger associations with students' inquiry abilities than informal science experience for both graders. Taken together, this study supports the importance of having curiosity‐driven engagement and suggests that the science education community should collaboratively offer secondary school students such learning opportunities in formal and informal science learning settings.
Hydrosilylation of Azide‐Containing Olefins as a Convenient Access to Azidoorganotrialkoxysilanes for Self‐Assembled Monolayer Elaboration onto Silica by Spin Coating
Authors: Mousli Yannick , Rouvière Lisa , Traboulsi Iman , Hunel Julien , Buffeteau Thierry , Heuzé Karine , Vellutini Luc , Genin Emilie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe have developed a convenient and versatile synthetic methodology to prepare various azidoorganotrialkoxysilanes using the platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of stable olefinic precursors with an azide function as the last step. Hydrosilylation of alkene‐functionalized aliphatic and aromatic azides featuring alkyl, urea, carbamate and pegylated moieties has been successfully achieved while preserving the integrity of the azide function. The spin coating technique has been used successfully to prepare one azide‐terminated monolayer in ambient atmosphere onto an oxide surface. This process has the advantages of being fast, simple, easy to handle and needs less solvent. The ability of the azide‐terminated surface to immobilize molecules via the copper‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition reaction has been demonstrated by Modulation Infrared Reflection‐Adsorption Spectroscopy using a probe molecule bearing a NO2group.
Amino‐terminated Poly(ethylene glycol) (AT‐PEG) Polymer Hydrogels as Efficient Anionic Dye Adsorbents
Authors: Liu Yang , Song Dandan , Song Shasha , Zhao Zengdian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPolymer hydrogels were obtained by mixing the derivative of terpyridine, 4′‐para‐phenylcarboxyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (PPCT), and amino‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (AT‐PEG) in water. The gelation behaviors, microstructures, rheological properties and application of AT‐PEG/PPCT hydrogels were studied systematically. Microstructures determined by SEM observations demonstrated that the polymer hydrogels were formed by intertwined fibrils. The formation of fibrils was considered to be mainly driven by the electrostatic interaction with the assistance of a delicate balance of various noncovalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, van der Waals forces, and etc. The rheological measurements show a strong mechanical strength with an elastic modulus exceeding 5000 Pa and a yield stress exceeding 100 Pa, and which can be regulated by changing the proportion of the gelators. The xerogels exhibited high adsorption efficiency and adsorption capability for the anionic dyes, promised to act as toxic substance adsorbents.
Molecular Conformation‐ and Packing‐Controlled Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer Induced Solid‐State Fluorescence and Reversible Mechanofluorochromism
Authors: Kundu Anu , Karthikeyan Subramanian , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip 
Published: July 2018

AbstractExcited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) materials are highly desirable because of their unique solid state fluorescence. Schiff base molecules with appropriate hydrogen donor functional group forms intramolecular H‐bonding, a basis for ESIPT, however, only few molecules show solid state fluorescence. Herein, carbazole based Schiff base molecules 1 (2‐((E)‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl‐mino)methyl)phenol), 2 (2‐((E)‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenylimino) methyl)‐5‐methoxyphenol), 3 (2‐((E)‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl‐imino)methyl)‐5‐(diethylamino)phenol) and 4 (1‐((E)‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenylimino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol)) were synthesized and ESIPT induced solid state fluorescence were correlated with solid state structural conformation and molecular packing. 2 and 4 exhibited solid state fluorescence whereas 1 and 3 did not show any fluorescence even though both 1 and 3 showed strong intramolecular H‐bonding. Further structural comparison revealed that not only the intramolecular H‐bonding facilitated ESIPT, the molecular conformation and resulting molecular packing also plays important role on the solid state fluorescence. Computational studies have also been performed to get the insight on the role of molecular conformation and organization. The non‐planar twisted molecular conformation of 2 and 4 showed reversible mechanofluorochromism (MFC). Powder X‐ray diffraction indicates that hard crushing converted crystalline to amorphous/partial amorphous phase whereas heating converts amorphous to crystalline. Thus the present study provides a structural insight for developing ESIPT based new Schiff base materials.
De and re-levering betas with risky debt
Authors: Krause Marko Volker 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDe- and re-levering betas is important to obtain discount rates for assets that are not publicly traded. A de- and re-levering procedure is around for the case of risk-free debt. The procedure for risky debt is much less clear even under very simplifying assumptions. In this paper, I concretize and extend the procedure for de- and re-levering of betas for companies with risky debt. I derive procedures for different assumptions on the taxation of a cancellation of debt (COD) and for different assumptions regarding the distribution of losses on interest and principal payments. With a tax on the COD I obtain known results. However, without taxes on a COD, the distribution of losses on interest and principal payments matters and equations differ markedly for different assumptions on the assignment of losses to interest and principal payments. Furthermore, using a procedure that does not fit the COD treatment is likely to lead to substantial deviations for de- and re-levered betas from their correct values.
Impact of survey length and compensation on validity, reliability, and sample characteristics for Ultrashort-, Short-, and Long-Research Participant Perception Surveys
Authors: Kost Rhonda G. , Correa da Rosa Joel 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionThe validated long Research Participant Perception Survey (RPPS-Long) elicits valuable data at modest response rates.MethodsTo address this limitation, we developed shorter RPPS-Ultrashort and RPPS-Short versions, fielded them with the RPPS-Long to a random sample of a national research volunteer registry, and assessed response and completion rates, test/retest reliability, and demographics.ResultsIn total, 2228 eligible registry members received survey links. Response rates were 64% (RPPS-Ultrashort), 63% (RPPS-Short), and 51% (RPPS-Long), respectively (p<0.001). Completion rates were 63%, 54%, and 37%, respectively (p<0.001). All surveys were reliable with Cronbach α=0.81, 0.84, and 0.87, respectively. Retest reliability was highest for RPPS-short (κ=0.85). Provision of compensation increased RPPS-short completion rate from 54% to 71% (p<0.001). Compensated respondents were younger (p<0.001), with greater minority representation (p=0.03).ConclusionsShorter surveys were reliable and produced higher response and completion rates then long surveys. Compensation further increased completion rates and shifted sample age and race profiles.
Topography of the lubrication film under a pancake droplet travelling in a Hele-Shaw cell
Authors: Reichert Benjamin , Huerre Axel , Theodoly Olivier , Valignat Marie-Pierre , Cantat Isabelle , Jullien Marie-Caroline 
Published: July 2018

Understanding the dynamics of a droplet pushed by an external fluid in a confined geometry calls for the identification of all the dissipation mechanisms at play in the lubrication film between droplet and cell wall. Experimentally, reflection interference contrast microscopy has proven an efficient tool to measure the thickness of such lubrication films for microfluidic droplets, with a precision of a few nanometres (Huerre et al., Lab on a Chip, vol. 16 (5), 2016, pp. 911–916). The present work takes advantage of the high accuracy of this technique to chart quantitatively the lubrication film between oil droplets and the glass wall of a microfluidic chamber. We find that the lubrication films exhibit a complex three-dimensional shape, which we are able to rationalize using a hydrodynamical model in the lubrication approximation. We show that the complete topography cannot be recovered using a single model boundary condition along the whole interface. Rather, surface tension gradients are negligible at the front of the droplet, whereas they significantly modify the film profile at the rear, where surfactant accumulation induces local thickening of the lubrication film. The presence of ravines on the sides of the droplet is due to three-dimensional effects which can be qualitatively reproduced numerically. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental investigation of such local effects on travelling droplets.
Outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157 Phage Type 32 linked to the consumption of venison products
Authors: Smith-Palmer A. , Hawkins G. , Browning L. , Allison L. , Hanson M. , Bruce R. , McElhiney J. , Horne J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn September 2015, an outbreak ofEscherichia coliPhage Type 32 with an indistinguishable multi locus variable number tandem repeat analysis profile was identified in Scotland. Twelve cases were identified; nine primary cases, two secondary and one asymptomatic case. Extensive food history investigations identified venison products containing wild venison produced by a single food business operator as the most likely source of the outbreak. Of the nine primary cases, eight had consumed venison products, and one case had not eaten venison themselves but had handled and cooked raw venison in the household. This was the first reported outbreak of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) linked to venison products in the UK, and was also notable due to the implicated products being commercially produced and widely distributed. In contrast, previous venison outbreaks reported from other countries have tended to be smaller and related to individually prepared carcases. The outbreak has highlighted some important knowledge gaps in relation to STEC in venison that are currently been investigated via a number of research studies.
The Basis of Necessity and Possibility
Authors: Hale Bob 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe article argues that modal concepts should be explained in terms of the essences or nature of things: necessarilypif, and because, there is something the nature of which ensures thatp; possiblypif, and because, there is nothing whose nature rules out its being true thatp. The theory is defended against various objections and difficulties, including ones arising from attributing essences to contingent individuals.
A New Ionogram Automatic Scaling Method
Authors: Chen Ziwei , Gong Zhaoqian , Zhang Feng , Fang Guangyou 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIonograms generated by ionosondes contain significant information on the ionosphere. The scaling and inversion of the ionograms are important first steps for understanding the ionograms and monitoring the real‐time ionosphere. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to automatically scale the ionograms with separated O and X waves based on the Chinese Academy of Sciences Digital Ionosonde. The new autoscaling method is achieved mainly by the image recognition technique, mathematical morphology, and graph theory, and critical parameters are identified based on the ionospheric characteristics. To illustrate the efficiency of this algorithm, 10,560 ionograms from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Digital Ionosonde installed in Huailai (40.40°N, 115.52°E), Ganzi (31.64°N, 99.96°E), Wuhan (30.52°N, 114.31°E), Nanning (22.84°N, 108.33°E), and Xiamen (24.26°N, 118.04°E), in north, south, and central China, are used to test the new algorithm. A good performance in automatic scaling was achieved where the values of foF1 and foF2 both agree with the values of hand‐scaled for 91.4% ionograms. The remaining ionograms are almost unscalable manually due to the trace complicity that requires extensive training experience.
An InP-based vortex beam emitter with monolithically integrated laser
Authors: Zhang Juan , Sun Changzheng , Xiong Bing , Wang Jian , Hao Zhibiao , Wang Lai , Han Yanjun , Li Hongtao , Luo Yi , Xiao Yi , Yu Chuanqing , Tanemura Takuo , Nakano Yoshiaki , Li Shimao , Cai Xinlun , Yu Siyuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSemiconductor devices capable of generating a vortex beam with a specific orbital angular momentum (OAM) order are highly attractive for applications ranging from nanoparticle manipulation, imaging and microscopy to fiber and quantum communications. In this work, an electrically pumped integrated OAM emitter operating at telecom wavelengths is fabricated by monolithically integrating an optical vortex emitter with a distributed feedback laser on the same InGaAsP/InP epitaxial wafer. A single-step dry-etching process is adopted to complete the OAM emitter, equipped with specially designed top gratings. The vortex beam emitted by the integrated device is captured and its OAM mode purity characterized. The integrated OAM emitter eliminates the external laser required by silicon- or silicon-on-insulator-based OAM emitters, thus demonstrating great potential for applications in communication systems and the quantum domain.