bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
God, Information and the World: The Metaphysics of William Dembski and Al-Ghazālī
Authors: Malik Shoaib Ahmed 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article intends to review William Dembski's recent monograph entitledBeing as Communion: A Metaphysics of Information, in which he establishes an entire information-centric metaphysics. This viewpoint is compared with al-Ghazālī’s perspective, a Muslim philosophical theologian from the Medieval period. It is concluded that what Dembski defines as information, which for him is the ontological basis of the natural world, seems remarkably close to al-Ghazālī’s notion of God's will and omnipotence. This article is an explorative comparison of their metaphysical frameworks that are discussed in light of modern scientific developments, highlighting their differences and similarities.
Agency, Intelligence and Reasons in Animals
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhat kind of activity are non-human animals capable of? A venerable tradition insists that lack of language confines them to ‘mere behaviour’. This article engages with this ‘lingualism’ by developing a positive, bottom-up case for the possibility of animal agency. Higher animals cannot just act, they can act intelligently, rationally, intentionally and for reasons. In developing this case I draw on the interplay of behaviour, cognition and conation, the unduly neglected notion of intelligence and its connection to rationality, the need to recognize that reasons are objective conditions, and the difference between the ability to act for reasons and the capacity to reflect on reasons.
Inspiring the next generation of polar scientists: Classroom extensions from teachers with research experiences
Authors: Warburton Janet , Hademenos George , Eilers-Guttensohn Alice (Alex) , Garay Lollie , Worssam Jillian Beth 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPolarTREC-Teachers and Researchers Exploring and Collaborating (PolarTREC) has provided the opportunity for over 160 K-12 teachers and informal science educators from the USA to work directly with scientists in the Arctic and the Antarctic. As a Teacher Research Experience (TRE), PolarTREC has engaged teachers with a unique professional development opportunity to increase their teacher content knowledge and learn about the polar regions by partnering with academic polar scientists who are conducting scientific research in the field. Stimulated by the IPY 2007–2008, PolarTREC has sent teachers on field expeditions for over a decade, and during that time has witnessed teachers not only experiencing the polar regions and bringing that experience back into their classrooms but also seeing their students learn more about the polar regions and become more interested in polar science. It is this secondary effect that is truly inspiring. This article profiles the journey to the polar regions of four PolarTREC teachers through their own perspectives and how they translated that experience into educational outreach opportunities.
Performance anxiety in professional musicians: a systematic review on prevalence, risk factors and clinical treatment effects
Authors: Fernholz I. , Mumm J. L. M. , Plag J. , Noeres K. , Rotter G. , Willich S. N. , Ströhle A. , Berghöfer A. , Schmidt A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMusic performance anxiety (MPA) is one of the most common disorders among professional musicians, nevertheless, little is known about the disease. With this systematic review, prevalence, risk factors and treatment procedures for MPA were assessed, and for the first time, quality assessments were carried out for all studies using standardized assessment tools. A systematic literature search was conducted via search algorithms in the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycArticles, PsycInfo and ERIC. Included were case reports, case–control, cohort, cross-sectional and intervention studies examining professional musicians with MPA. For quality assessment, adapted tools of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute were used. A total of 43 studies were included (10 case reports, 21 intervention, 11 cross-sectional, one cohort study). Quality ratings ranged from −11 to 6 out of a maximum of 15/16 points for cross-sectional/cohort studies and −4 to 11 out of 18 points for intervention studies. The prevalence of MPA was between 16.5% and 60%. More women than men were affected and musicians older than 45–50 years reported less MPA than younger musicians. Regarding treatment cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) andβ-blockers were most often researched with beneficial results for CBT. However, studies with adequate control groups for CBT interventions are needed to clarify its efficacy. Studies showed methodological weaknesses, especially in the selection of participants, recording of influencing factors, blinding of interventions, randomization of participants and analysis of comorbidity. Recommendations for further research are made.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN May to July 2000
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: September 2019

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
ELDER ABUSE
Authors: Glendenning Frank 
Published: September 2019

L. B. Cebik, Glenn C. Graber and Frank H. Marsh (eds) Advances
in
Bioethics: Volume 1: Violence, Neglect and the Elderly. JAI Press
Inc.,
Greenwich, Conn. 1996, 240 pp. £62.50 Hbk ISBN 0-7623-0096-5.This book appears to be the first volume of a series, although it is
not clear
what additional volumes will follow. The price alone suggests that it is
aimed
at academic libraries, although serious researchers into elder mistreatment

may decide that it is a necessary addition to a personal library as a book
of
reference.The Preface explains the origin of this series on
Advances in Bioethics: ‘The
magnitude of violence in the United States has become an increasingly grim

reality for many Americans’. Walker and Maltby (1997), in their presentation

of European research on ageing, recently drew attention to the sense of
fear of
walking out at night that older people have in all the member states of
the
European Union. The same appears to be true in the USA as well. The preface

catalogues figures for 1992: 207,000 rapes, over 20,000 murders and 690,000

robberies. This has led the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to focus

attention on violence and health, seeking to understand violence-related

behaviour and its consequences. In 1993, the NIH set up the Panel of NIH

Research on Antisocial, Aggressive and Violence-related Behaviours and
their
Consequences. The Panel included experts on ethics, criminal justice,
medicine, behavioural and biological research, public health, epidemiology,

anthropology, nursing, sociology, psychology and psychiatry. The Panel's

purpose was to ‘evaluate the NIH research portfolio in terms of its
relevance,
adequacy and responsiveness to social and ethical concerns.’ It has
been
necessary to give this background in order that the book may be seen in

context.
REPRODUCIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF EVALUATIVE OUTCOME MEASURES
Authors: de Vet Henrica C. W. , Bouter Lex M. , Bezemer P. Dick , Beurskens Anna J. H. M. 
Published: September 2019

Objective: This article outlines basic methods for quantifying reproducibility and responsiveness of evaluative outcome measures.Methods: The background noise in stable patients provides the desired information to quantify the reproducibility. From this, the smallest real difference (SRD) for longitudinal differences can be derived. We propose to use the SRD to define responsiveness: from all patients who change according to an external criterion, we take the percentage that changes at least SRD on the outcome measure. A more complete picture of the responsiveness of the outcome measure arises when the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) is constructed, corresponding to all possible cut-off change scores. The proposed methods are illustrated with an empirical example.Results: In the illustration the methods appeared to be very useful and complemented each other. We could evaluate whether the observed change score was larger than that expected due to chance. With the methods it was possible to evaluate both the ability of an instrument to detect change if there is a real change in health status (sensitivity to change) and the ability to detect absence of change if there is no real change (specificity to change).Conclusion: We presented the use of SRDs and ROC curves for quantifying reproducibility and responsiveness. We started with the basic notions and arrived at methods that are both understandable and useful.
COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS MINILAPAROTOMY CHOLECYSTECTOMY FOR GALLSTONE DISEASE
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Srinivas Guddanti , Misra Mahesh Chandra , Pandav Chandrakant S. , Seenu Vuthaluru , Goyal Amit 
Published: September 2019

Objective: To evaluate the total cost of minilaparotomy cholecystectomy (MC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and perform a cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis.Methods: One hundred adult subjects with painful gallstone disease were randomized: 59 cases for LC and 41 cases for MC. Patients with gallstones shown on ultrasound with normal common bile duct and no history of icterus were included after an informed consent. Cases with acute cholecystitis and raised alkaline phosphatase were excluded. LC was performed using CO2 insufflation and a Storz 2D video camera. MC was done by transverse rectus cutting incision. Outcome was coded as success or failure. Success was defined as operation without injury to bile duct, viscera or vessels, minimal pain and discomfort at 4 weeks, no wound infection up to 4 weeks, and resumption of work within 2 weeks of operation. The total cost of each case included cost of investigations, cost of disposable articles for operation, cost of drugs, cost of hospital stay, and cost of operation including anesthesia. LC and MC were done with reusable instruments. A “societal viewpoint” has been taken in the cost calculations.Results: There were 50/59 successful outcomes in LC and 15/40 outcomes in MC group. Total cost for LC was 386,769 rupees (Rs) and for MC was Rs 205,041. CE in LC was Rs 7,735 and in MC was Rs 13,669. Incremental CE ratio comparing LC with MC was 3,028.33.Conclusion: LC is a more cost-effective method for treatment of gallstone disease.
QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS IN 22 COUNTRIES
Authors: Klabunde Carrie N. , Sancho-Garnier Hélène , Broeders Mireille , Thoresen Steinar , Rodrigues Vitor J. L. , Ballard-Barbash Rachel 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To document the mammography data that are gathered by the organized screening programs participating in the International Breast Cancer Screening Network (IBSN), the nature of their procedures for data quality assurance, and the measures used to assess program performance and impact.Methods: A detailed questionnaire covering multiple aspects of quality assurance in screening mammography was mailed to IBSN representatives in 23 countries.Results: Countries collect a wealth of screening mammography data, much of it computerized. Most countries have designated staff for data quality assurance. All provide staff training, and most have documentation requirements for data collection. Nearly all have one or more procedures to maintain data confidentiality. Countries are heterogeneous in collecting and assessing data to monitor screening program performance and impact.Conclusions: Demonstrating that population-based screening mammography reduces breast cancer mortality requires collection of high-quality data on key aspects of the multi-step screening process. Assuring the quality of data collection systems for screening mammography programs is an important and evolving area for IBSN countries.
DYNAMIC MODELING IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Boas Gijs , van der Stel Hans , Peters Hans , Joore Manuela , Anteunis Lucien 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of dynamic modeling for an economic assessment of technology in health care. Specifically, this approach is applied to assess the impact of the use of hearing aids in Dutch health care.Methods: The population is divided into different health classes between which, over time, transitions occur. Transition probabilities are derived from exogenous data. The transitions are associated with economic and societal costs and benefits. People who are satisfied with their hearing aids experience benefits. These benefits are expressed by quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Costs are made during transitions (mainly the fitting of hearing aids). A cohort analysis is carried out, starting with people in a particular age group. The starting point is a fixed number of people within this age group, who are followed during their whole lifetime.Results: Costs per QALY ratios are calculated for two health programs. The Fitting Hearing Aid Program describes the present situation in the Netherlands; the Post-purchase Counseling Hearing Aid Program is a hypothetical addition to the first program, where an intervention based on a Dutch study is undertaken to improve satisfaction with hearing aids. Future benefits and costs are discounted at a rate of 5%.Conclusions: The dynamic modeling approach provides a more realistic picture than a static approach. Particularly, the cost-effectiveness of the Fitting Hearing Aid Program is compared with the Post-purchase Counseling Hearing Aid Program.
TECHNOLOGIES TO MINIMIZE BLOOD TRANSFUSION IN CARDIAC AND ORTHOPEDIC
SURGERY
Authors: Fergusson Dean , Blair Angela , Henry David , Hisashige Akinori , Huet Charlotte , Gemert Ankie Koopman-van , Katz Edna , McClelland Brian , Sigmund Helga , Laupacis Andreas ,   The International Study of Peri-operative Transfusion (ISPOT) 
Investigators
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Due to the discovery in the 1980s that blood
transfusion can transmit HIV, there has been increased interest in
technologies that reduce the amount of allogeneic blood used during and after
surgery. These technologies include drugs (aprotinin, tranexamic acid,
epsilon-aminocaproic acid, erythropoietin), devices (cell salvage), and
techniques (acute hemodilution, predeposited autologous donation). The purpose
of this study was to ascertain the degree of practice variation, if any, that
exists for eight technologies in nine countries in orthopedic and cardiac
surgery.Methods: In each country, either all hospitals or a random sample
of hospitals with medical/surgical beds were surveyed between 1995 and
1997. Two instruments were used. The first instrument was a postcard that
asked recipients whether the technologies were currently being used in their
hospital for orthopedic and/or cardiac surgery to reduce perioperative
allogeneic transfusion. The second questionnaire elicited information
regarding the degree of use both in qualitative and quantitative terms. Data
were collected, entered, and analyzed in each country, with summary results
submitted to the Canadian coordinating center on a standardized data
collection form.Results: Pharmaceuticals were generally used in a much smaller
proportion of hospitals in orthopedic than in cardiac surgery. Aprotinin and
tranexamic acid were the drugs most frequently used in cardiac surgery.
Nonpharmacological technologies were used to a greater degree than drugs in
orthopedic surgery, although there was wide variation among technologies and
countries. Acute hemodilution and cell salvage were used in a greater
proportion of hospitals for cardiac surgery than orthopedic surgery.Conclusions: The results of this survey indicate that there is
considerable practice variation in the use of technologies to minimize
exposure to perioperative allogeneic transfusion within and between countries.
LIFE-SAVING TREATMENTS AND DISABILITIES
Authors: Ubel Peter A. , Richardson Jeff , Prades Jose-Luis Pinto 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Decision-makers and the general public are often
reluctant to adopt policy recommendations based exclusively upon
cost–utility analyses. One possible reason explored here is that
patients' previous health state before experiencing the onset of an acute
life-threatening illness may influence the value of saving those
patients' lives.Methods: We surveyed members of the general public to see the
relative importance of saving patients' lives when some patients could be
returned to perfect health and others would live the remainder of their years
with paraplegia. Among this latter group, some were described as having
pre-existing paraplegia. Others were described as having the onset of
paraplegia. The relative importance of saving each of these lives was measured
using the person trade-off method.Results: Six hundred five subjects completed questionnaires, and
250 met pre-established consistency criteria and were included in the final
analysis. Overall, subjects placed equal importance on saving the lives of
people with pre-existing paraplegia versus those who could be returned to
perfect health because they did not have pre-existing paraplegia. In contrast,
respondents gave lower priority to patients who would experience the onset of
paraplegia after having their lives saved, especially if their paraplegia was
avoidable with an alternative treatment.Conclusion: People do not think that all quality-adjusted
life-years are created equal. Instead, the value that people place on
treatment programs depends on patients' state of health before developing
life-threatening illnesses, and on whether alternative treatments are
available that provide better health outcomes for the patients. These results
may explain, in part, public discomfort over basing health care priorities on
cost–utility analysis.
Provenances: Real, Fake, and Questionable
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:Provenance, the ownership history of an artifact or work of art, has become one of the primary mechanisms for determining the legal status and authenticity of a cultural object. Professional associations, including museum organizations, have adopted the “1970 standard” as a means to prevent the acquisition of an ancient object from promoting the looting of archaeological sites, which is driven by the economic gains realized through the international market. The Association of Art Museum Directors (AAMD), one of the museum world’s most influential professional organizations, requires its members to list the ancient artworks and artifacts that they have acquired after 2008 that do not conform to the 1970 standard in an online object registry. The study presented here of the AAMD’s Object Registry for New Acquisitions of Archaeological Material and Works of Ancient Art analyzes the extent to which AAMD member museums do not comply with the 1970 standard and, perhaps of greater significance, the weaknesses in the provenance information on which they rely in acquiring such works. I argue that systematic recurrences of inadequate provenance certitude are symptomatic of the larger problem of methodology and standards of evidence in claiming documented provenance. A museum’s acceptance of possibly unverifiable provenance documentation and, therefore, its acquisition of an object that may have been recently looted, in turn, impose a negative externality on society through the loss of information about our past caused by the looting of archaeological sites.
The Current State of the Antiquities Trade: An Art Dealer’s Perspective
Authors: Hixenbaugh Randall 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:The antiquities trade is the subject of contentious debate. The anti-trade position stems from a long unquestioned stance within academia that private ownership of antiquities inherently results in archaeological site destruction and the loss of valuable data. However, there is little data to support this notion. It also ignores the enormous contributions to our shared knowledge of the past that have been made through art collecting and museum acquisitions. The narrative that the destruction of ancient sites is directly tied to Western demand for ancient art is overly simplistic. Despite the ongoing destruction in the Middle East and North African region, virtually no artifacts from there have entered the Western trade in recent years. Opportunistic treasure hunting by desperate locals and intentional destruction of ancient objects for religious reasons cannot be curtailed by increased legislation in Western nations. Fetishizing mundane ubiquitous antiquities as sacrosanct objects of great national importance that must be retained within modern borders in a globalized world and demanding criminalization of the legitimate international art trade are counterproductive. In many archaeologically rich countries, antiquities are regarded as items to sell to foreigners at best or sacrilegious objects to be destroyed at worst. The free trade in cultural objects is itself an institution that needs to be protected. An open legitimate trade in antiquities is now more than ever necessary to ensure the preservation and dissemination of worldwide cultural property.
Rare haematogenous sarcoma metastasis to the heart in a child
Authors: Gross Gil J. , Postovsky Sergey , Khoury Asaad 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHaematogenous non-contiguous metastatic spread of remote solid tumours to the heart is rare. We describe a previously healthy 5-year-old girl who presented with extensive intracardiac involvement by metastatic pelvic sarcoma.
Editorial
Authors: Salkovskis Paul 
Published: September 2019

As of 1 October 2000, the editorial office for the journal moves to a different
address, when I take up a new post in London. I will be sorry to move from Oxford, but
welcome the opportunities and challenges of a new job. I will try to continue
to edit the journal at least as well as before! Manuscripts for publication
(and all other related material) should be directed to:Professor Paul Salkovskis,
Editor, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,
Department of Psychology,
Institute of Psychiatry,
De Crespigny Park,
Denmark Hill,
London SE5 8AF.
Vessels and landscapes: a special reciprocity
Authors: Platt Christopher 
Published: September 2019

Here was the house, its heavy walls built of the stone of the mountain, plastered over by groping hands – in feeling and material nothing but an artificial reproduction of one of the many caverns in the mountain-side. I saw that essentially all architecture of the past, whether Egyptian or Roman, was nothing but the work of a sculptor dealing with abstract forms. The architect’s attempt really was to gather and pile up masses of building material, leaving empty hollows for human use […]. The room itself was a by-product.(R. M. Schindler)By 1911, Rudolph Schindler had concluded that all architecture in the West leading up to the early twentieth century had been fixated on structure and mass, in stark contrast to the new ‘space architecture’ he championed. His dismissive categorisation of the traditional room as some kind of evolutionary relative of the cave is a reminder of the moment when a strand of Western architecture blossomed from containment into openness; from a predictable past to an exciting and uncertain future – the gift of modern architecture.