bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PM2.5 exposure induces systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in an intracranial atherosclerosis rat model
Authors: Guan Longfei , Geng Xiaokun , Stone Christopher , Cosky Eric E. P. , Ji Yu , Du Huishan , Zhang Kezhong , Sun Qinghua , Ding Yuchuan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesExposure to airborne particle (PM2.5) is a risk factor for intracranial atherosclerosis (ICA). Because of the established role of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by PM2.5, we determined whether these processes account for PM2.5‐mediated ICA, and also whether omega‐3 fatty acid (O3FA) dietary supplementation could attenuate them.MethodsAdult Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to filtered air (FA) or PM2.5 and fed either a normal chow diet (NCD) or a high‐cholesterol diet (HCD), administered with or without O3FA (5 mg/kg/day by gavage) for 12 weeks. The lumen and thickness of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed. Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) were detected by ELISA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activity, mRNA levels of Nrf2, HO‐1, NQO‐1, and protein level of NOX subunit gp91 were quantified to determine the oxidative profile of brain vessels.ResultsPM2.5 increased (P < .05) ICA, especially in the HCD group; elevated serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and IFN‐γ; increased cerebrovascular ROS, MDA, NOX activity, and gp91 protein levels; and decreased cerebrovascular SOD activity. Nrf2, HO‐1, and NQO‐1 mRNA levels were upregulated (P < .05) by PM2.5 exposure, especially in the HCD group. O3FA attenuated (P < .05) PM2.5‐induced systemic inflammation, vascular oxidative injury, and ICA.ConclusionsPM2.5 exposure induced systemic inflammation, cerebrovascular oxidative injury, and ICA in rats with HCD. O3FA prevented ICA development, and may therefore exert a protective effect against the atherogenic potential of PM2.5.
Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints
Authors: Stanley Andrew P.J. , Ning Andrew , Dykes Katherine 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWind farms are generally designed with turbines of all the same hub height. If wind farms were designed with turbines of different hub heights, wake interference between turbines could be reduced, lowering the cost of energy (COE). This paper demonstrates a method to optimize onshore wind farms with two different hub heights using exact, analytic gradients. Gradient‐based optimization with exact gradients scales well with large problems and is preferable in this application over gradient‐free methods. Our model consisted of the following: a version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady‐State wake model that accommodated three‐dimensional wakes and calculated annual energy production, a wind farm cost model, and a tower structural model, which provided constraints during optimization. Structural constraints were important to keep tower heights realistic and account for additional mass required from taller towers and higher wind speeds. We optimized several wind farms with tower height, diameter, and shell thickness as coupled design variables. Our results indicate that wind farms with small rotors, low wind shear, and closely spaced turbines can benefit from having two different hub heights. A nine‐by‐nine grid wind farm with 70‐meter rotor diameters and a wind shear exponent of 0.08 realized a 4.9% reduction in COE by using two different tower sizes. If the turbine spacing was reduced to 3 diameters, the reduction in COE decreased further to 11.2%. Allowing for more than two different turbine heights is only slightly more beneficial than two heights and is likely not worth the added complexity.
Statistical nonparametric mapping: Multivariate permutation tests for location, correlation, and regression problems in neuroimaging
Authors: Helwig Nathaniel E. 
Published: January 2019

Nonparametric statistical inference via permutation testing is on the rise in neuroimaging research. This rise in popularity is likely in response to recent studies that have demonstrated limitations of parametric inference in certain situations. Nonparametric tests have the appeal of requiring fewer assumptions than their parametric counterparts, and are often touted as being more flexible and more useful for small samples. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated the robustness of nonparametric methods in situations when parametric inference fails. As a result, many nonstatistical neuroimaging researchers are likely to believe that nonparametric permutation tests are always a “safe choice” because the results do not depend on distributional assumptions and/or large sample approximations. Alas, this commonly held belief is not entirely accurate, given that nonparametric tests still do rely on assumptions and/or approximations for valid statistical inference. When these assumptions are met, nonparametric permutation tests have the potential to produce valid inferential results for the intended hypotheses. However, as I demonstrate, when these assumptions are violated, nonparametric permutation tests can produce invalid and/or misleading results, which have important implications for the use of such methods in neuroimaging research. All hope is not lost though, as recent theoretical developments in nonparametric statistics can improve current implementations of permutation tests in neuroimaging research.This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric MethodsStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bootstrap and ResamplingData: Types and Structure > Image and Spatial Data
Maritime/Marine Spatial Planning at the Interface of Research and Practice
Authors: Ehler Charles , Zaucha Jacek , Gee Kira 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) from the perspective of research and practice. After providing some basic definitions and terminology, it shows how MSP has developed since its inception, ending with a description of its current status of adoption around the world. It also sets out how MSP has been received in various academic disciplines and traces some of the key discussions that have emerged. The chapter closes by providing a brief overview of the subsequent chapters.
Towards a Ladder of Marine/Maritime Spatial Planning Participation
Authors: Morf Andrea , Kull Michael , Piwowarczyk Joanna , Gee Kira 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPresently, institutional systems and practices in marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP) are evolving rapidly. At the same time, cross-border learning and exchange are still at an early stage. This chapter is based on the need to assess and compare participation processes across cases and countries and foster learning to develop public participation in MSP. Based on theoretical reflections, but anchored in results derived from the BaltSpace and the Baltic SCOPE projects, we present an analytical framework to characterise participation in MSP, including a participation ladder emphasising power sharing, roles, functions and learning. It is inspired by the land-based planning discourse, rural development literature, natural resource and conflict management and the latest publications with an MSP perspective including one in this book.
Stakeholder Processes in Marine Spatial Planning: Ambitions and Realities from the European Atlantic Experience
Authors: Twomey Sarah , O’Mahony Cathal 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMarine Spatial Planning (MSP) requires the participation of various stakeholders representing the multiple sectors operating in any given planning area. At a theoretical level, early and effective stakeholder participation is a fundamental aspect of MSP; it is also a legal requirement under a host of international and European instruments. This chapter explores the real-life challenges associated with delivering multi-sector participatory MSP processes. Insights and practical recommendations are drawn from five case studies from Europe’s Atlantic sea basin including a research-based civil-society-led transboundary MSP pilot project, and four statutory initiatives from EU Member States on the island of Ireland and the Iberian coast. Various degrees of disconnect are identified between the conceptual underpinnings of MSP theory and the reality of recent stakeholder processes.
Managing Risk Through Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: Cormier Roland , Kannen Andreas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGovernance and management are inherently risk management processes. In a management context, risk is related to the uncertainties of achieving set objectives. Risk assessment is used to identify and analyse risks in terms of likelihood and consequences. This chapter relates risk to the process of developing a maritime spatial plan. Risk may arise from not identifying and understanding the risks perceived by stakeholders, from not having specific goals and objectives or from unclear structures and decision-making rules. For the plan itself, risks are related to not having adequate spatial allocation for activities to achieve set objectives. Risk may also be related to not having the authority needed to lead the planning process and, subsequently, implement the spatial allocation identified in the plan.
The Role of the Law of the Sea in Marine Spatial Planning
Authors: Pyć Dorota 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a globally recognized legal regime. UNCLOS has been widely regarded as a “constitution for the oceans” and enshrines the notion that “the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole”. In compliance with the concept of effective enforcement of international norms, standards and procedures, State Parties to UNCLOS have an obligation to preserve the marine environment. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the role of the law of the sea in marine spatial planning (MSP), bearing in mind that UNCLOS has also provided the framework for the further development of, inter alia, global ocean governance.
Adding People to the Sea: Conceptualizing Social Sustainability in Maritime Spatial Planning
Authors: Saunders Fred P. , Gilek Michael , Tafon Ralph 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhile there is growing critique emerging to address social sustainability in marine/maritime spatial planning (MSP), overwhelmingly attention has been on governance, economic and environmental aspects. This chapter redresses this by proposing a conceptual framework to elucidate key features of social sustainability in MSP. The ambition is to both note the existing critique of MSP and go beyond it by more clearly and comprehensively articulating how social sustainability could be conceived in MSP, as well as how this framework could be applied to analyse MSP practice. Key features of social sustainability elaborated are: deepening democratic decision-making, inclusion of socio-cultural values and knowledge, equitable distribution and social cohesion. Finally, the chapter concludes by nominating strategies to give greater visibility to social sustainability as a key MSP concern.
Understanding and Going Beyond the Regional Policy Paradox: Conceptual Contributions to Studying Socio-Spatial Polarisation in Europe
Authors: Raagmaa Garri , Nagy Erika , Görmar Franziska , Lang Thilo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe goal of this penultimate chapter is to shed light on the conceptual value of the book. Growing social polarisation and economic inequalities unfolding in new forms across various places have brought about academic and policy debates on the meanings of ‘development’, the ways its dimensions (economic, social, cultural, political) are interrelated, and on how macro-structural changes are entangled with local and regional processes as well as institutional and social contexts. This chapter adds to this discussion by providing a better understanding of five interrelated topics: (1) the regional policy paradox in the European Union, (2) historical legacies leading to administrative centralisation trends in Eastern Europe, (3) globalisation and regional industrial restructuring causing further polarisation, (4) the mechanisms that bring about inequalities, and (5) the production of inequalities through social practices and discourses. Based on these key topics, the chapter argues for more agency-centred research in peripheral contexts, which focuses on how actors, organisations and institutions shape the development of currently peripheralised places.
“New” Questions of Peripherality in Europe or How Neoliberal Austerity Contradicts Socio-Spatial Cohesion
Authors: Hadjimichalis Costis 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn the context of the deep multidimensional crisis of the European Union that threatens its existence, this chapter discusses processes of uneven geographical development that produce and reproduce peripherality in Europe and beyond. In particular, it discusses two parameters. First, how imaginations of peripherality shape development theories and policies and, second, how such imaginations and development policies may contribute to deepening unevenness and peripherality. The chapter concludes by raising some questions concerning the current socio-spatial situation in the European Union.
Urban Growth Pole Policy and Regional Development: Old Wine in New Bottles?
Authors: Benedek József , Varvari Ştefana , Litan Cristian Marius 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAs part of a broader Europeanisation process, the general guidelines and principles of European spatial planning documents have been uncritically adopted in the Romanian spatial development system during the last two decades. One of them is related to the concept of polycentric development, translated in the Romanian planning system through the selection and development of growth poles. The main aim of this chapter is to evaluate the process and outcome of establishing urban growth poles as key elements of the new regional policy in Romania. In particular, the chapter addresses the question whether the high prioritisation of urban growth poles has reduced the level of regional disparities in Romania, or, in contrast, whether it has contributed to an increase of regional disparities. The chapter highlights the failure of regional policy in achieving its essential objective: the reduction of internal regional disparities in the long term. Even though the capital city, Bucharest, was excluded from the analysis and thus the level of disparities is underestimated, the authors found that disparities among cities and counties reduced during the programming period 2007–2013 and started to increase again as soon as the programme ended.
Distribution of soil nitrogen and nitrogenase activity in the forefield of a High Arctic receding glacier
Authors: Turpin-Jelfs Thomas , Michaelides Katerina , Blacker Joshua J. , Benning Liane G. , Williams James M. , Anesio Alexandre M. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTGlaciers retreating in response to climate warming are progressively exposing primary mineral substrates to surface conditions. As primary production is constrained by nitrogen (N) availability in these emerging ecosystems, improving our understanding of how N accumulates with soil formation is of critical concern. In this study, we quantified how the distribution and speciation of N, as well as rates of free-living biological N fixation (BNF), change along a 2000-year chronosequence of soil development in a High Arctic glacier forefield. Our results show the soil N pool increases with time since exposure and that the rate at which it accumulates is influenced by soil texture. Further, all N increases were organically bound in soils which had been ice-free for 0–50 years. This is indicative of N limitation and should promote BNF. Using the acetylene reduction assay technique, we demonstrated that microbially mediated inputs of N only occurred in soils which had been ice-free for 0 and 3 years, and that potential rates of BNF declined with increased N availability. Thus, BNF only supports N accumulation in young soils. When considering that glacier forefields are projected to become more expansive, this study has implications for understanding how ice-free ecosystems will become productive over time.
EXPERTISE AND AUTHORITY
Authors: Stewart Coran 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTExperts use their superior skills and understanding to mediate between evidence in some domain and non-experts. But how should we understand the proper relationship between experts and non-experts? In this paper, I present two ways of conceiving experts’ mediating role from the perspective of non-experts: the Authority View and the Advisor View. Jennifer Lackey (2018) has criticized the Authority View and defended the Advisor View. I defend an account of epistemic authority that avoids her criticisms while arguing the Advisor View lacks the advantages she claims. Ultimately, I present a hybrid approach according to which whether we should treat experts as authorities or advisors varies depending upon the presence of certain epistemic and moral concerns.
Effects of neurofeedback on the dysregulation profile in children with ADHD: SCP NF meets SDQ-DP – a retrospective analysis
Authors: Heinrich Hartmut , Gevensleben Holger , Becker Andreas , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) usually show psychopathological signs beyond their core symptoms (e.g. elevated scores of the dysregulation profile (DP) in 30–40%), treatments with a broader approach to self-regulation skills may be supportive. Neurofeedback (NF) may reflect such an option. Aim of the present analysis was to compare the effects of slow cortical potential (SCP) NF and θ/β NF on the DP using data from a previous trial.MethodsThirty children with ADHD (aged 8–12 years) and a DP score in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-DP) ⩾ 3 were included. NF treatment consisted of one block of SCP NF and one block of θ/β NF (18 units per block) allowing an intraindividual comparison. Effects of the NF protocols were also contrasted to a control group (n = 18) that completed an attention skills training (between-group analysis).ResultsRegarding the SDQ-DP, SCP NF was superior to θ/β NF and the control condition. Effects of SCP NF and θ/β NF on ADHD symptom severity were not significantly different. The SDQ-DP score did not correlate with EEG-related measures previously found to be predictors for SCP NF on ADHD symptoms.ConclusionsSCP NF may reflect a more general approach to improve cognitive, emotional and behavioral self-regulation skills. If confirmed in a larger sample, the SDQ-DP score could be used as an indication criterion and contribute to the individualization of NF in ADHD. Overall, the differential effect provides further evidence for the specificity of NF effects.
Complete tracheal rings and hypoplastic left heart variant: a rare and fatal association
Authors: Bansal Neha , Mahadin Deemah R. , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCongenital complete tracheal rings are usually associated with pulmonary slings. We report a rare association of congenital complete tracheal rings with hypoplastic left heart variant. A term infant with diagnosis of a mildly hypoplastic mitral valve, unicuspid aortic valve, and moderately hypoplastic aortic arch with severe coarctation underwent a hybrid procedure initially. Upon failing extubation attempts, complete tracheal rings were seen on direct laryngoscopy. The combination of the lesions resulted in a poor outcome. In patients with failure of extubation post-cardiac surgery, a diagnosis of complete tracheal rings should be included in the differential and a direct laryngoscopy should be considered.
Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome sequences of three Amaranthus species
Authors: Hong Su-Young , Cheon Kyeong-Sik , Yoo Ki-Oug , Lee Hyun-Oh , Mekapogu Manjulatha , Cho Kwang-Soo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of threeAmaranthusspecies (Amaranthus hypochondriacus, A. cruentusandA. caudatus) were determined by next-generation sequencing. The cp genome sequences ofA. hypochondriacus,A. cruentusandA. caudatuswere 150,523, 150,757 and 150,523 bp in length, respectively, each containing 84 genes with identical contents and orders. Expansion or contraction of the inverted repeat region was not observed among the threeAmaranthusspecies. The coding regions were highly conserved with 99.3% homology in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Five genes –matK,accD,ndhJ,ccsAandndhF –showed relatively high non-synonymous/synonymous values (Ka/Ks&gt; 0.1). Sequence comparison identified two insertion/deletion (InDels) greater than 40 bp in length, and polymerase chain reaction markers that could amplify these InDel regions were applied to diverse Korean Genbank accessions, which could discriminate the threeAmaranthusspecies. Phylogenetic analyses based on 62 protein-coding genes showed that the core Caryophyllales were monophyletic and Amaranthoideae formed a sister group with the Betoideae and Chenopodioideae clade. Comparing each homologous locus among the threeAmaranthusspecies, identified eight regions with high Pi values (&gt;0.03). Seven of these loci, except forrps19-trnH(GUG), were considered to be useful molecular markers for further phylogenetic studies.
Tillage and Cover Crop Effects on Weed Seed Persistence: Do Light Exposure and Fungal Pathogens Play a Role?
Authors: Frost Markah D. , Haramoto Erin R. , Renner Karen A. , Brainard Daniel C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn a series of seed burial studies, we tested the hypothesis that reduced tillage and cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) cover cropping influence seed persistence and that these effects are mediated by differences in fungal pathogens and exposure to light. Seeds of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powelliiS. Watson) and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L). Scop.] were buried in mesh bags in a long-term experiment with two levels of tillage (full-width tillage [FWT] or strip tillage [ST]) and two levels of cover cropping (none or cereal rye). In Experiment 1, seeds were exhumed each spring for 3 yr and tested for viability. In Experiment 2, untreated and fungicide-treated seeds were buried, exhumed at shorter intervals, and tested for viability. In addition, a subset of seeds in FWT treatments were exhumed and stored in either light or darkness during tillage operations and evaluated for persistence at 8.5 mo after burial (MAB). In Experiment 1, the persistence ofD. sanguinalisseeds declined by 80% at 7 MAB regardless of cover crop or tillage treatment. The persistence ofA. powelliiseeds at 19 MAB declined by 95% in FWT compared with only 50% in ST. In Experiment 2, seed persistence of both species was greater in ST compared with FWT treatments, for seeds that had been exposed to light, but not for those that were maintained in darkness. Rye cover cropping resulted in a 2-fold increase in overwinter persistence of seeds ofD. sanguinalisregardless of fungicide treatment. These results demonstrate that increased persistence under ST was primarily due to reductions in light-induced fatal germination and that increased overwinter persistence ofD. sanguinalisin rye cover crop treatments could not be explained by differences in decay due to fungal pathogens controlled by the seed treatment.