bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conserving and recovering vulnerable marine species: a comprehensive evaluation of the US approach for marine mammals
Authors: Punt André E , Moreno Paula , Brandon John R , Mathews Michael A 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHuman-caused mortality due primarily to bycatch in fisheries is considered a major threat to some long-lived, slow-growing, and otherwise vulnerable marine species. Under many jurisdictions these species are designated as “protected”, and fisheries are subject to a management system that includes monitoring and assessment of bycatch impacts relative to management objectives. The US management system for marine mammals is one of the most sophisticated in the world, with a limit on human-caused mortality computed using the potential biological removal (PBR), formula. Fisheries are categorized according to their impact relative to PBR, and take reduction teams established to develop take reduction plans (TRPs) when bycatch exceeds PBR. The default values of the parameters of the PBR formula were selected in the late 1990s using management strategy evaluation (MSE), but the system, in particular the classification of fisheries, has yet to be evaluated in its entirety. A MSE framework is developed that includes the PBR formula, as well as the processes for evaluating whether a stock is “strategic”, assigning fisheries to categories, and implementing TRPs. The level of error associated with fisheries classification was found not to impact the ability to achieve the conservation objective established for a stock under the US Marine Mammal Protection Act (i.e. maintain or recover the stock to/at optimum sustainable population). However, this ability is highly dependent on the life history and absolute abundance of the species being managed, as well as on the premise that bycatch is reduced if bycatch is estimated to exceed the PBR. The probability of correctly classifying fisheries depends on both the coefficient of variations (CVs) of the estimates of bycatch and the marine mammal stock’s abundance because classification depends on the ratio of the estimate of bycatch by fishery-type to the stock’s PBR, and the precision of the former depends on the bycatch CV and the latter on the abundance estimate CV. Moreover, the probability of correctly classifying a fishery decreases for smaller populations, particularly when a fishery has low to moderate impact.
High-risk, Expression-Based Prognostic Long Noncoding RNA Signature in Neuroblastoma
Authors: Sahu Divya , Ho Shinn-Ying , Juan Hsueh-Fen , Huang Hsuan-Cheng 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Current clinical risk factors stratify patients with neuroblastoma (NB) for appropriate treatments, yet patients with similar clinical behaviors evoke variable responses. MYCN amplification is one of the established drivers of NB and, when combined with high-risk displays, worsens outcomes. Growing high-throughput transcriptomics studies suggest long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) dysregulation in cancers, including NB. However, expression-based lncRNA signatures are altered by MYCN amplification, which is associated with high-risk, and patient prognosis remains limited.

Methods
We investigated RNA-seq-based expression profiles of lncRNAs in MYCN status and risk status in a discovery cohort (n = 493) and validated them in three independent cohorts. In the discovery cohort, a prognostic association of lncRNAs was determined by univariate Cox regression and integrated into a signature using the risk score method. A novel risk score threshold selection criterion was developed to stratify patients into risk groups. Outcomes by risk group and clinical subgroup were assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox regression. The performance of lncRNA signatures was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
In the discovery cohort, 16 lncRNAs that were differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 2 and adjusted P ≤ 0.01) integrated into a prognostic signature. A high risk score group of lncRNA signature had poor event-free survival (EFS; P < 1E-16). Notably, lncRNA signature was independent of other clinical risk factors when predicting EFS (hazard ratio = 3.21, P = 5.95E–07). The findings were confirmed in independent cohorts (P = 2.86E-02, P = 6.18E-03, P = 9.39E-03, respectively). Finally, the lncRNA signature had higher accuracy for EFS prediction (area under the curve = 0.788, 95% confidence interval = 0.746 to 0.831).

Conclusions
Here, we report the first (to our knowledge) RNA-seq 16-lncRNA prognostic signature for NB that may contribute to precise clinical stratification and EFS prediction.
Non-invasive Dual-Channel Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy of Massive Hemorrhage and Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) in Swine
Authors: Lam Jesse H , O’Sullivan Thomas D , Park Tim S , Choi Jae H , Warren Robert V , Chen Wen-Pin , McLaren Christine E , Cancio Leopoldo C , Batchinsky Andriy I , Tromberg Bruce J 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Objective
To quantitatively measure tissue composition and hemodynamics during resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) in two tissue compartments using non-invasive two-channel broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS).

Methods
Tissue concentrations of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin (HbO2 and HbR), water, and lipid were measured in a porcine model (n = 10) of massive hemorrhage (65% total blood volume over 1 h) and 30-min REBOA superior and inferior to the aortic balloon.

Results
After hemorrhage, hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2 = HbO2/[HbO2 + HbR]) at both sites decreased significantly (−29.9% and −42.3%, respectively). The DOS measurements correlated with mean arterial pressure (MAP) (R2 = 0.79, R2 = 0.88), stroke volume (SV) (R2 = 0.68, R2 = 0.88), and heart rate (HR) (R2 = 0.72, R2 = 0.88). During REBOA, inferior StO2 continued to decline while superior StO2 peaked 12 min after REBOA before decreasing again. Inferior DOS parameters did not associate with MAP, SV, or HR during REBOA.

Conclusions
Dual-channel regional tissue DOS measurements can be used to non-invasively track the formation of hemodynamically distinct tissue compartments during hemorrhage and REBOA. Conventional systemic measures MAP, HR, and SV are uncorrelated with tissue status in inferior (downstream) sites. Multi-compartment DOS may provide a more complete picture of the efficacy of REBOA and similar resuscitation procedures.
Evaluations of Sexual Assault Prevention Programs in Military Settings: A Synthesis of the Research Literature
Authors: Orchowski Lindsay M , Berry-Cabán Cristóbal S , Prisock Kara , Borsari Brian , Kazemi Donna M 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The prevention of sexual assault (SA) in the U.S. military is a significant priority. This study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to a literature search that identified research evaluating SA prevention programs conducted within military settings. Only six studies published between 2005 and 2016 met criteria for inclusion in the review. Studies demonstrated high heterogeneity in the: (1) conceptual framework of the prevention approach; (2) target population and timing of administration; (3) study recruitment methods; (4) methodological design; (5) method of delivery, program dosage and theory of change; and (6) outcome administration and efficacy. Scientific rigor according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine was also variable. Several gaps in the research base were identified. Specifically, research evaluating SA prevention programs have only been conducted among U.S. Army and U.S. Navy samples. Most studies did not examine whether program participation was associated with reductions in rates of sexual violence. Studies also lacked utilization of a long-term follow-up period. Additionally, studies did not reflect the types of SA prevention programs currently being implemented in military settings. Taken together, further research is needed to enhance the evidence base for SA prevention in the military, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the approaches currently being conducted with service members.
Mechanisms for the elevation structure of a giant telescope
Authors: Hu Shouwei , Song Xiaoli , Zhang Hui 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This paper describes an innovative mechanism based on hydrostatic pads and linear motors for the elevation structure of next-generation extremely large telescopes. Both hydrostatic pads and linear motors are integrated on the frame that includes a kinematical joint, such that the upper part is properly positioned with respect to the elevation runner tracks, while the lower part is connected to the azimuth structure. Potential deflections of the elevation runner bearings at the radial pad locations are absorbed by this flexible kinematic connection and not transmitted to the linear motors and hydrostatic pads. Extensive simulations using finite-element analysis are carried out to verify that the auxiliary whiffletree hydraulic design of the mechanism is sufficient to satisfy the assigned optical length variation errors.
Spin temperature and density of cold and warm H i in the Galactic disk: Hidden H i
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We present a method to determine the spin temperature TS and volume density n of H i gas simultaneously along the tangent-point circle of Galactic rotation in the Milky Way by using the χ2 method. The best-fit TS is shown to range either in TS ∼ 100–120 K or in 1000–3000 K, indicating that the gas is in the cold H i phase with high density and large optical depth, or in warm H i with low density and small optical depth. Averaged values at 3 ≤ R ≤ 8 kpc are obtained to be TS = 106.7 ± 16.0 K and n = 1.53 ± 0.86 H cm−3 for cold H i, and 1720 ± 1060 K and 0.38 ± 0.10 H cm−3 for warm H i, where R = 8 |sinl| kpc is the galacto-centric distance along the tangent-point circle. The cold H i appears in spiral arms and rings, whereas warm H i appears in the inter-arm regions. The cold H i is denser by a factor of ∼4 than warm H i. The present analysis has revealed the hidden H i mass in the cold and optically thick phase in the Galactic disk. The total H i mass inside the solar circle is shown to be greater by a factor of 2–2.5 than the current estimation by the optically thin assumption.
‘I’m not a real boozer’: a qualitative study of primary care patients’ views on drinking and its consequences
Authors: Khadjesari Z , Stevenson F , Toner P , Linke S , Milward J , Murray E 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
The public health message around alcohol is complex, with benefits versus harms, the confusing concept of risk and drinking guidance changing over time. This provides a difficult context for alcohol screening in primary care, with established barriers from the practitioner perspective, but less is known about the patients’ perspective. This study explores patients’ views on drinking.

Methods
Eligible participants were recorded as drinking above low risk levels in primary care. Six practices in North London participated. Interviews were in-depth, semi-structured, transcribed verbatim and underwent detailed thematic analysis.

Findings
Interviews were conducted with 8 women and 12 men, aged 26–83 years, mostly educated to undergraduate level and of ‘White’ ethnicity. UK drinking guidance was viewed as irrelevant for reasons related to life stage, lifestyle and absence of harm. Dependence, loss of functionality and control were perceived as key features of problematic drinking. Healthy lifestyles, in terms of diet, exercise and not smoking, were thought to mitigate potential problems associated with alcohol intake.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that public health messages and brief advice should focus on harm experienced at different life stages, among people with different lifestyles, to challenge the ubiquitous view that ‘I’m not a real boozer’.
Outdoor time and dietary patterns in children around the world
Authors: Chaput Jean-Philippe , Tremblay Mark S , Katzmarzyk Peter T , Fogelholm Mikael , Mikkilä Vera , Hu Gang , Lambert Estelle V , Maher Carol , Maia Jose , Olds Timothy , Onywera Vincent , Sarmiento Olga L , Standage Martyn , Tudor-Locke Catrine , LeBlanc Allana G ,   for the ISCOLE Research Group
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
Whether outdoor time is linked to dietary patterns of children has yet to be empirically tested. The objective of this study was to examine the association between outdoor time and dietary patterns of children from 12 countries around the world.

Methods
This multinational, cross-sectional study included 6229 children 9–11 years of age. Children self-reported the time that they spent outside before school, after school and on weekends. A composite score was calculated to reflect overall daily outdoor time. Dietary patterns were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and two components were used for analysis: healthy and unhealthy dietary pattern scores.

Results
On average, children spent 2.5 h outside per day. After adjusting for age, sex, parental education, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, screen time and body mass index z-score, greater time spent outdoors was associated with healthier dietary pattern scores. No association was found between outdoor time and unhealthy dietary pattern scores. Similar associations between outdoor time and dietary patterns were observed for boys and girls and across study sites.

Conclusions
Greater time spent outside was associated with a healthier dietary pattern in this international sample of children. Future research should aim to elucidate the mechanisms behind this association.
Free Fatty Acid Receptor G-protein–coupled Receptor 40 Mediates Lipid Emulsion-induced Cardioprotection
Authors: Umar Soban , Li Jingyuan , Hannabass Kyle , Vaillancourt Mylene , Cunningham Christine M. , Moazeni Shayan , Mahajan Aman , Eghbali Mansoureh 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Background
We have previously shown that intralipid (lipid emulsion) protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury and bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. However, the precise underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we explored the hypothesis that free fatty acid receptor-1 or G-protein–coupled receptor 40 is expressed in the heart and that cardioprotective effects of lipid emulsion are mediated through G-protein–coupled receptor 40 in two animal models of ischemia/reperfusion injury and bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity.

Methods
Langendorff-perfused male mouse hearts were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion with lipid emulsion alone (1%) or with G-protein–coupled receptor 40 antagonist (GW1100, 10 µM). Additionally, cardiotoxicity was achieved in male rats with bupivacaine bolus (10 mg/kg, IV) followed by lipid emulsion alone (20%, 5 ml/kg bolus, and 0.5 ml · kg–1 · min–1 maintenance, IV) or with GW1100 pretreatment (2.5 mg/kg, IV).

Results
G-protein–coupled receptor 40 is expressed in rodent hearts. GW1100 abolished lipid emulsion-induced cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion in mice because rate pressure product and left ventricular developed pressure were lower than lipid emulsion alone (rate pressure product: 2,186 ± 1,783 [n = 7] vs. 11,607 ± 4,347 [n = 8]; left ventricular developed pressure: 22.6 ± 10.4 vs. 63.8 ± 20; P < 0.0001). Lipid emulsion + GW1100 also demonstrated reduced LV dP/dtmax and LV dP/dtmin (dP/dtmax = 749 ± 386 vs. 2,098 ± 792, P < 0.001; dP/dtmin = −443 ± 262 vs. −1,447 ± 546, P < 0.001). In bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity rat model, GW1100 pretreatment had no significant effect on heart rate (HR) and ejection fraction after 30 min (HR: 302 ± 17 vs. 312 ± 38; ejection fraction: 69 ± 3% vs. 73 ± 4%). GW1100 pretreatment, however, prevented lipid-rescue, with no recovery after 10 min. In the control group, lipid emulsion improved HR (215 ± 16 at 10 min) and fully rescued left ventricle function at 10 min (ejection fraction = 67 ± 8%, fractional shortening = 38 ± 6%).

Conclusions
G-protein–coupled receptor 40 is expressed in the rodent heart and is involved in cardioprotection mediated by lipid emulsion against ischemia/reperfusion injury and bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity.
Variability of Tear Osmolarity Measurements With a Point-of-Care System in Healthy Subjects—Systematic Review
Authors: Baenninger Philipp B. , Voegeli Susanne , Bachmann Lucas M. , Faes Livia , Iselin Katja , Kaufmann Claude , Thiel Michael A. 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:
To assess the variability of osmolarity measured by the point-of-care TearLab system in healthy eyes.

Methods:
A systematic review was performed by searching MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Web of Science Databases until November 2016 and checking reference lists of included articles and reviews. The requirements for inclusion were the availability of TearLab results in healthy subjects and a minimum study sample of 20 eyes. Two reviewers assessed articles against the inclusion criteria, extracted relevant data, and examined the methodological quality. We computed the weighted mean osmolarity using the study size as the weighting factor and calculated the rate of subjects with osmolarity values >308 mOsm/L, the Dry Eye Workshop Report 2017 (DEWS) cut-off value for dry eye disease (DED). We repeated the analysis after excluding reports with a possible conflict of interest or missing description of subject selection.

Results:
Searches retrieved 105 nonduplicate articles, and we included 33 studies investigating 1362 eyes of healthy participants who were asymptomatic and showed no clinical signs of DED. Sixty-three percent were female, and mean age was 37.3 years (range: 21.5–69.0 yr). Weighted mean osmolarity was 298 mOsm/L (95% confidence interval, 282–321 mOsm/L). The result of the subgroup analysis was similar. Overall, 386 of 1362 eyes (28.3%) fulfilled the DEWS's definition of DED (>308 mOsm/L).

Conclusions:
There is a high variability of osmolarity measurements with the TearLab system. A substantial number of healthy subjects fulfill the DEWS's definition of DED. We propose interpreting the TearLab osmolarity results cautiously and in the context of other established methods.
Kingella kingae as the Main Cause of Septic Arthritis
Authors: Hernández-Rupérez María Belén , Suárez-Arrabal María del Carmen , Villa-García Ángel , Zarzoso-Fernández Sara , Navarro-Gómez Marisa , Santos-Sebastián María del Mar , García-Martín Azucena , Marín Mercedes , González-Martínez Felipe , Narbona-Cárceles Javier , Cervera-Bravo Paloma , González-López José Luis , Hernández-Sampelayo Teresa , Saavedra-Lozano Jesús 
Published: April 2018

Background:

Kingella kingae is an emergent pathogen causing septic arthritis (SA) in children.
The objective of this study was to analyze the etiology of SA in children before and after the implementation of universal 16S rRNA gene polymerase chain reaction and sequencing (16SPCR) in synovial fluid.

Methods:
Children ≤14 years with acute SA from a Madrid cohort (2002–2013) were reviewed. Differences in etiology were analyzed before (period 1) and after (period 2) the implementation of bacterial 16SPCR in 2009. A comparison in epidemiology, clinical syndromes, therapy and outcome between infections caused by K. kingae and other bacteria was performed.

Results:
Bacteria were detected from 40/81 (49.4%) children, with a higher proportion of diagnosis after 16SPCR establishment (period 2, 63% vs. period 1, 31.4%; P = 0.005). The main etiologies were Staphylococcus aureus (37.5%) and K. kingae (35%), although K. kingae was the most common microorganism in P2 (48.3%). Children with K. kingae SA were less likely to be younger than 3 months (0 vs. 42.3%; P < 0.001), had less anemia (21.4 vs. 50%; P = 0.010), lower C-reactive protein (3.8 vs. 8.9 mg/dL; P = 0.039), less associated osteomyelitis (0 vs. 26.9%; P = 0.033), shorter intravenous therapy (6 vs. 15 days; P < 0.001), and had a nonsignificant lower rate of sequelae (0 vs. 30%; P = 0.15) than children with SA caused by other bacteria. However, they tended to have higher rate of fever (86 vs. 57%; P = 0.083).

Conclusions:

K. kingae was frequently recovered in children with SA after the implementation of bacterial 16SPCR, producing a milder clinical syndrome and better outcome. Therefore, the use of molecular techniques may be important for the management of these children.
Pediatric Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Lee Lauren A. , Sondermeyer Cooksey Gail L. , Kim Janice J. , Kahal Amandeep , Gilliss Debra , Naeem Fouzia , McCarty James M. , Vugia Duc J. 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Coccidioidomycosis is not as well described in the pediatric population as it is in the adult population. We describe clinical findings, diagnosis and management of coccidioidomycosis in 108 pediatric patients seen in an outpatient clinic in the California Central Valley, an area endemic for coccidioidomycosis.

Methods:
We reviewed medical records of a convenience sample of pediatric patients (≤17 years of age) diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis who visited an infectious diseases clinic in Madera, CA, during January 1 to October 1, 2012. We described demographic characteristics, symptoms, diagnostic testing, extent of infection (acute/pulmonary or disseminated), treatment and management.

Results:
Of 108 patients, 90 (83%) had acute/pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and 18 (17%) had disseminated disease. The median age at diagnosis was 9 years (range, 5 months to 17 years). Only 3 (3%) patients were immunocompromised. Before coccidioidomycosis diagnosis, 72 (82%) patients received antibiotics, and 31 (29%) had at least 1 negative coccidioidomycosis serology at the time of or before diagnosis. Coccidioidomycosis was diagnosed significantly later after symptom onset among patients with disseminated (median, 57 days) than with acute/pulmonary (median, 16 days) disease (p < 0.01). A total of 104 (96%) patients received antifungal therapy, 51 (47%) visited an emergency room and 59 (55%) were hospitalized with a median stay of 44 days (range, 1–272 days).

Conclusions:
Substantial acute/pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis was seen among pediatric patients at this infectious disease clinic in California. In endemic areas, increased coccidioidomycosis awareness and vigilance among families and providers is necessary to facilitate early diagnosis and appropriate management.