bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AFM as a Problem-Solving Tool in the Graphic Arts
Authors: Bassemir Robert , Costelio Gail , Parris Juanita 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Opticai and election microscopy have been used extensively as problem solving tools in the graphic arts industry. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a complementary tool to optical and electron microscopy - it provides a high resolution view of areas 150 mm by 150 mm and smaller, images may be viewed in three dimensions and imaging can take place in either air, under liquid, or in a vacuum.
AFM can be used for more than just the three-dimensional imaging of nanoscale features on a sample surface; it can detect friction, adhesion, compliance, thermal properties, and even magnetic signals. AFM images are stored digitally and so the data can be enhanced and viewed in many rays. Algorithms allow the display of a line profile across the image surface at any desired location along with quantitative height information. Average roughness data can also be calculated.
Parasite X-Files
Authors: Armitage Mark 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As if lifted from the script pages of a previously aired installment of the popular Friday night “istherelifeoutthereism”, one group of microscopic parasitic trematodes will puncture, overrun and terrorize not one, not two, but three distinct and disparate hosts to survive and breed. Known as the Ascocotyle complex of trematode worms, these well-designed hitch-hikers sport a crown of one (Figure 1) and sometimes two rows of 15-20 spines surrounding a very muscular oral sucker (Figure 2), as well as a ventrally placed body sucker and a full complement of smaller, but sharp, body spines (Figure 3), which they employ to prevent easy dislodging from their intended host. The life cycle for these brackish water travelers begins in a brood sac developing within amnicolid snails (such as Cerathidia) which graze the bottom of tidal marshes and ingest the trematode eggs.
Combining Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscopy for IC Fab Support and Defect Review
Authors: Tashima Janet , Lindquist Jay 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The cutting-edge tool for IC fab support and defect review brings together the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) into a single workstation. The twin beam FIB/SEM workstation, FEI Company's DualBeam™ 820 for example, combines the unique micromachining, microdeposition, and analysis capabilities of a FIB with the high resolution imaging power of a Schottky field emission scanning electron microscope (FE SEM). The full functionality of both instruments is available and neither is compromised by the other.
Clean Room Microscopy
Authors: McCrone Walter C , Hertrich James A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Small particle contamination analysis requires consideration of secondary contamination of our sampie. Protection of such samples is very important. The procedure for sampling with freshly pulled lengths of clear 3M Magic™ tape is a favorite procedure among forensic microscopists. The tape must be immediately pressed onto a clean surface; usually, a clean microscope slide. There it is protected from further contamination.
Microscopical study and identification is usually possible utilizing the tape backing as a coverslip. Its thickness Is about 56 μm, one-third of the recommended 170 μm, but quite adequate for objectives 4-20X, If you feel persnickety, you can use two thicknesses of the tape, a second one over the sampling tape, This will give you optimum images for 4-40X objectives. Three thicknesses of tape, at 168 μm, is very close to the recommended thickness of 170 μm for any or all objectives.
Upgrades Create Siate-Of-The-Art EPMA Facility
Authors: Sarver Larry W , McCue Terry R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A series of upgrades of an Electron Microprobe X-ray Analyzer (EPMA) were made to expand capabilities, increase efficiency, and cut costs. High technology EPUA features were acquired with cost effective expenditures. The driving force for our upgrade was to meet the continuing needs of corporate customers as well as many small companies which come to us for low-cost/high quality EPMA services.
EM Site A.C. Magnetic Field Sources, Surveys and Solutions Part IV: Survey Data Analysis
Authors: Dunnam Curt 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Up to the present waypoint in this series on EM site magnetic fields, we have identified typical sources of time-varying magnetic field intensities, examined salient field characteristics and illustrated correct survey methods. Our goal this month is to analyze data collected at a proposed site and answer the key question of whether or not the candidate site is, as far as magnetic fields go, acceptable for EM use. In the process of analyzing the magnetic field survey data we will define some of the interpretive techniques involved and observe the distinction between localized (a.c. power) and non-localized (geomagnetic) time-varying fields. Finally, we will discuss the implications of EM susceptibility threshold vs. measured field ratios when considering remedial site shielding.
Preparation of Thin Sections
Authors: Chaplin Ian 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The optical examination of a rock sample in thin section is the quickest and most economical method for classifying rock type and determining which analytical route to follow.
Thin sections for transmitted light are the most common, but there are also:
Polished Thin Sections • Polished sections are used for classification and identification of minerals that cannot be determined in standard thin sections. They are also essential for microprobe analysis. Minute mineral grains are analyzed by bombarding them with a focused bean of electrons, which generate x-rays, characteristic of the elements within the grains. X-rays are identified and quantified to determine the chemical composition of minerals.
History of High Vacuum and Critical Point Equipment used in EM Specimen Preparation
Authors: Denton Richard A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The electron microscope was only possible with the development of high vacuum technology. Mechanical pumps were available early in this century, and Gaede in Germany developed the mercury pump called a “condensation pump” during WWI and in the 1920's. In 1928, Burch in England found that a low vapor pressure oil would work in a mercury pump and the oil diffusion pump was born. They were made by DPI in Rochester, Metropolitan Vickers in England, and Leyboid in Germany. Other oils became available and in the mid-30's, vacuum evaporators were in laboratory use in England, Germany and the United States.
In the 1930's and 40's, the aim was to produce vacuum of 10-4 - 10-5 mm Hg where the mean free path was two feet or more and atoms, molecules and electrons could move this distance with little obstruction. In those days, we were all very happy to get 10-4 - 10-5 without worrying much as to what gas was left.
Determination of Birefringence of Uniaxial Crystals: The Use of Conoscopy for Quantitative Measurements
Authors: Srinivasarao Mohan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Often times one is asked the question "how can the optical microscope be used to make quantitative measurements?" The microscope certainly lets one observe the sample {whatever the sample may be) and make qualitative statements about what is it one is looking at. It has been used for various purposes from just visual observation in brightfield, reflection and the one that is near and dear to my heart, observations under crossed polarizers. This certainly allows one to identify materials as being isotropic or anisotropic. If one works on materials like liquid crystals, an optical microscope is a tool that is used all the time. It certainly allows for identification of various phases of liquid crystals based on the defects and textures that can be observed. All of this is somewhat qualitative in nature. By that I mean that the observations do not lend themselves to obtain, say for example, refractive index or birefringence of the material. I would like to describe a technique that will allow one to do just that.
Recent Activities in Environmental Microscopy
Authors: Millette James R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The microscope has always played an important part in the field of environmental science. Initially it was involved mostly with those who analyzed for biological indicators of pollution or those who examined air pollution particles, but more recently it is being used by a large number of analysts of particulate samples following the concern over asbestos in schools. With the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) of 1987, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) formally joined polarized light microscopy (PLM) and phase contrast microscopy (PCM) as a recognized regulation-required standard procedure for the analysis of asbestos. While asbestos remains a considerable activity in environmental microscopy, other areas including analysis of nan-asbestos fibers such as ceramic fibers, lead particle source determination, respirable silica measurement, and indoor air qualify particle examination have seen some interesting developments.
History of High Vacuum and Critical Point Equipment used in EM Specimen Preparation
Authors: Denton Richard A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
An interesting sidelight of building our own 3″ diffusion pumps is that as we built ever larger vacuum equipment, larger pumps were required. Motivated by our success with the 3″ pump, we gradually built a series of larger pumps going up one size at a time to 10″ diameter.
Critical point drying was invented by Tom Anderson and described in his fine paper in 1952. He was a bit ahead of his time as the widespread use of the technique was not until the arrival of the SEM in about 1970.
I became involved in critical point drying when Dr. Gennaro of New York University asked if I could make him a unit.. He sent me a copy of Tom's original paper and we visited Tom's lab for a demonstration.
With Tom's dryer, the chamber opening and closing involved a high pressure threaded seal. Fortunately, he had working with him a man big enough to be a NHL defensive end who manhandled a three foot wrench to seal and unseal the chamber.
Quantitation In Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Rittman Barry R J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Valuable information concerning the relative amounts of the end proucts of histochemical and immunochemical reactions present in sections may be provided by qualitative evaluations, however, greater reliance is often placed on quantitative evaluations. Many quantitative evaluations are based on the use of image analysis and optical density readings of the visible end products. An important question is whether these quantitative measurements are reliable, accurate and reproducible, and if quantitation of these reactions offers any real advantage over qualitative evaluations.
Artifacts and Their Sources
Authors:   McCrone Research Institute
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Artifacts in preparations are sample contaminants and may constitute a nuisance if they are not recognized, or an error if they are mistaken as part of the sample. Most artifacts have two characteristics: they are common substances and they are usually minor or trace components of the sample. Occasionally, artifacts are found as a major part of what is assumed to be the sample; for example, microscopical analysis of a plugged pneumatic valve showed cornstarch as the major component. It was soon discovered that the valve had been sent in a plastic bag dusted with cornstarch. Only one percent of the particles were actual sample.
Her Garter Snapped: Old Problems, Unique Solutions
Authors: Philpott Delbert E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In 1946 Indiana U. purchased an electron microscope sight unseen for $600, deciding it was an EM. on the basis of weight. Seeing Dr. Fischer's ad far an assistant, I wondered what an E.M, was. I dashed upstairs to find his office. Having come directly from the airport where I was a pilot. I was dirty and needed a shave. I planned to come back when I had cleaned up. I put my nose against the door to read his small handwriting and office hours. Out he came. We hung together nose to nose as he asked, “Did you want something?” “Poor time to tell you no,” I responded. I got the job in spite of my appearance because, as he told me, I knew photography, could learn the panel on an airplane and wasn't afraid of work. We put the microscope together and it ran! We set up a summer lab course, but he asked me to teach it when he got a sabbatical.
Calculation, Simulation, and Screen Graphic Display of Complex TED Patterns with the PC Program “Pattern”
Authors: Sårbu Corneliu 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is well known to electron microscopists working in the field of materials structure research that the importance of transmission electron diffraction patterns (TED) is: (i) establishing the crystallographic orientation correlations revealed during the practical observation of multiphase specimens and (ii) the knowledge of exact crystallographic orientation of a single crystal area in the specimen relating to image contrast interpretation.
X-ray Analysis in the Low Vacuum SEM (Part 3 of 3)
Authors: Chernoff Don 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this third and final installment on x-ray analysis in the environmental and low vacuum SEM, I will present experimental methods for measuring beam scatter. In my previous two articles I discussed how operating conditions detemine beam scatter. It was shown that the type of gas used, the gas pressure in the chamber, the working distance or beam gas path length, and the accelerating voltage all have an effect on how much the electron beam scatters. I also discussed how the beam scatter influences x-ray results by producing x-rays beyond the area of the primary beam. Furthermore, I showed how software models could be used to determine the amount of beam scatter based on different combinations of the four variables (pressure, gas, working distance, and kV).
“A Little Nonsense now and then is Relished by the Wisest Men”
Authors: Newberry Sterling P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This familiar saying may be a little too risque for sober scientists but surely all of us can accept a substitution of the word humor for the word nonsense. For humor is based on a sense of proportion and fitness of relationships, which is the very essence of the scientific obligation to interpret what we observe. In fact, many of our colleagues insert humorous slides in their very serious talks to help wake up the audience and give them an association for remembering a key point. Do we also remember to use this power of humor when teaching, or otherwise communicating with, a lay audience?
Like it or not we are all required to be teachers to our own circle of support people and should furthermore take advantage of any opportunity to educate the world at large about our work. I should like to give a few examples from my own experience in teaching electron optical practice.
Resins, Anyone???
Authors: Bozzola John J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The epoxy resins, especially Spurr's epoxy resin, are time consuming to prepare and dangerous to work with. In an effort to minimize contact time with the resin and to conserve components, we prepare one large batch of resin (minus catalyst) that is then dispensed into glass scintillation vials that are tagged to give the exact weight of resin in the vial, The resins are stored in the freezer (preferably -70° C) until needed at which time they are thawed and the appropriate amount of catalyst added. After mixing by gentle inversions and stirring, the resins are dispensed as needed using widebore pipettes. .Any resin remaining in the vial may be refrozen several times after adding a puff of Freon or dry air to the via!. When the resin becomes too depleted or too old to refreeze, the vial is placed into a 60° C oven and the contents polymerized. The vial may then bs discarded or recycled (i.e., reused) untii the space in the vial is diminished to an unacceptable level.
The Use of SEM and Other Complimentary Techniques for the Determination of Properties of Cementitious Materials
Authors: Draper Eric A , Skalny Jan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The need for continued rehabilitation of our concrete infrastructure has lead to the adaptation of modern “state-of-the-art” analytical methods for the characterization of concrete and other cementitious materials. Some of these techniques have not, until relatively recently, been commonly associated with the evaluation of concrete but are very useful both as tools for quality assurance and in the determination of the extent of existing damage. The technique of interest here is the coordinated electron-optical microscopic evaluation of concrete.
Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. Contrary to popular belief, concrete is not inert but chemically very complex and dynamic. While it is true that, pound for pound, concrete and its raw materials (cement, aggregate and water} are the most inexpensive building materials available for construction, it is also true that it responds to its environment in numerous and sometimes very subtle ways. These responses may sometimes result in a loss of durability and tremendous amounts of time and money being expended while searching for the cause(s) of the problem and providing a cost-effect solution A quick survey of any large metropolitan area and the on-going construction repairs to highways and bridge decks there will quickly confirm this.
Immunosuppressive effect of arsenic trioxide on islet xenotransplantation prolongs xenograft survival in mice
Authors: Zhao Bin , Xia Jun-jie , Wang Lu-min , Gao Chang , Li Jia-li , Liu Jia-yin , Cheng Qi-jun , Dai Chen , Ma Qi-lin , Qi Zhong-quan , Zhao Ben-hua 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe role of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in inhibiting immune rejection and prolonging islet allograft survival has been identified in islet allotransplantation. This study aims to explore the role of As2O3 in islet xenotransplantation and the action mechanism. The streptozotocin (STZ) was used in C57BL/6 mice to induce the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for xenotransplantation models establishment. Donor islets were isolated by digesting. The flow cytometry (FCM) was used to analyze lymphocyte types. The blood sugar level was detected by using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). The serum level of cytokines was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA). The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The mRNA levels were quantified with qRT-PCR. As2O3 prolonged the survival of the recipient mice but had no influence on body weight. As2O3 protected the function of xenograft in insulin secretion and suppressed immune rejection of recipient. As2O3 inhibited proliferation of T lymphocyte and increased the proportion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in recipient mice. As2O3 inhibited activation and promoted clonal anergy of T lymphocyte. As2O3 decreased total number of B cells and reduced partial antibody levels in recipient mice. As2O3 and leflunomide showed a synergistic effect in suppressing islet xenotransplant rejection. As2O3 prolongs islet xenograft survival by inhibiting cellular immune response, and increasing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, while decreasing partial antibody levels in serum.
ZFR coordinates crosstalk between RNA decay and transcription in innate immunity
Authors: Haque Nazmul , Ouda Ryota , Chen Chao , Ozato Keiko , Hogg J. Robert 
Published: March 2018

AbstractControl of type I interferon production is crucial to combat infection while preventing deleterious inflammatory responses, but the extent of the contribution of post-transcriptional mechanisms to innate immune regulation is unclear. Here, we show that human zinc finger RNA-binding protein (ZFR) represses the interferon response by regulating alternative pre-mRNA splicing. ZFR expression is tightly controlled during macrophage development; monocytes express truncated ZFR isoforms, while macrophages induce full-length ZFR to modulate macrophage-specific alternative splicing. Interferon-stimulated genes are constitutively activated by ZFR depletion, and immunostimulation results in hyper-induction of interferon β (IFNβ/IFNB1). Through whole-genome analyses, we show that ZFR controls interferon signaling by preventing aberrant splicing and nonsense-mediated decay of histone variant macroH2A1/H2AFY mRNAs. Together, our data suggest that regulation of ZFR in macrophage differentiation guards against aberrant interferon responses and reveal a network of mRNA processing and decay that shapes the transcriptional response to infection.
Neighbourhood interactions drive overyielding in mixed-species tree communities
Authors: Fichtner Andreas , Härdtle Werner , Bruelheide Helge , Kunz Matthias , Li Ying , von Oheimb Goddert 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTheory suggests that plant interactions at the neighbourhood scale play a fundamental role in regulating biodiversity–productivity relationships (BPRs) in tree communities. However, empirical evidence of this prediction is rare, as little is known about how neighbourhood interactions scale up to influence community BPRs. Here, using a biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiment, we provide insights into processes underlying BPRs by demonstrating that diversity-mediated interactions among local neighbours are a strong regulator of productivity in species mixtures. Our results show that local neighbourhood interactions explain over half of the variation in observed community productivity along a diversity gradient. Overall, individual tree growth increased with neighbourhood species richness, leading to a positive BPR at the community scale. The importance of local-scale neighbourhood effects for regulating community productivity, however, distinctly increased with increasing community species richness. Preserving tree species diversity at the local neighbourhood scale, thus seems to be a promising way for promoting forest productivity.
Enhancing optical microscopy illumination to enable quantitative imaging
Authors: Agocs Emil , Attota Ravi Kiran 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThere has been an increasing push to derive quantitative measurements using optical microscopes. While several aspects of microscopy have been identified to enhance quantitative imaging, non-uniform angular illumination asymmetry (ANILAS) across the field-of-view is an important factor that has been largely overlooked. Non-uniform ANILAS results in loss of imaging precision and can lead to, for example, less reliability in medical diagnoses. We use ANILAS maps to demonstrate that objective lens design, illumination wavelength and location of the aperture diaphragm are significant factors that contribute to illumination aberrations. To extract the best performance from an optical microscope, the combination of all these factors must be optimized for each objective lens. This requires the capability to optimally align the aperture diaphragm in the axial direction. Such optimization enhances the quantitative imaging accuracy of optical microscopes and can benefit applications in important areas such as biotechnology, optical metrology, and nanotechnology.