bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Emissions by Using Zero Flare Technology to Enhance the Sustainability
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan , Albadi Mohamad Mubarik , Chitre Sunil , Al Mheiri Eissa Ateeq Ahmed , Shaker Ashraf , Al Hosani Abdulla Ahmed Al Haj , Alzeyoudi Mohamed Ali , Nastase Georgiana 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This innovative solution combines a compression unit with a flexible line to offer flaring alternative for transferring hydrocarbons to the network. The Zero Flaring Technology (ZFT) Package consists of a gas compressor and triplex pump in one mobile skid, along with temporary Reinforced Thermo-Plastic (RTP) pipes to connect the well to the nearest production facilities by avoiding 3360 etCO2. However, with the Zero Flaring Technology, it is not only supporting the testing operation but also assisting the low potential liquid loaded well to start and continue production with zero Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Low-pressure oil rim well selected for test. Zero flaring technology assessed for technical and commercial suitability, which used portable ultra low-pressure compressor, triplex pumps and reinforced pipes to handle sour oil and gas fluids. HAZOP (Hazard and operability) study conducted by using preconditioning system to improve the performance of the technology. Well-X was connected to flow to clean test package and mobile wellhead compressor technology to flow the non-connected well to the nearby pipe network without any flaring. Gas pressure increased from 350 psi to 600 psi against line pressure and oil separated in surge tank was pumped at higher pressure to keep the flow in close loop. RTP was used for the first time in a sour gas environment by linking to nearby oil facilities. Increased hydrocarbon recovery and revenue was the key factor. Sustainable production of 3 MMSCF/D gas with 600 BPD of liquid observed during trial of 14 days and managed to complete reservoir monitoring activities. Reduced operational costs and risks by using ZFT, 3360 etCO2 avoided with zero flaring concept. Such technology concluded a success story for low potential liquid loaded wells. Operational challenges encountered during the trial included compressor pressure maintenance, gas impact on efficiency of triplex pump and Reinforced thermos plastic flow line integrity by flowing at various flowing conditions. Troubleshooting lesson learns concluded for future implementations.
In summary, this technology improves technical knowledge and results from the effective deployment and evaluation of the zero-flare technology application and the RTP system. This will be an innovation to raise health and safety standards, the environmental rules, and the community expectations while well testing operation with sustainable solutions.
Validated Multiphysics Modeling For Advanced Pipeline Integrity Management
Authors: Nonn A. , Marx P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present practical steps for utilizing a validated multiphysics approach for fracture control in CO2 pipelines within the framework of Carbon Capture Transport and Storage (CCTS). Ensuring the arrest of running ductile fracture (RDF) is a crucial safety requirement for the transportation of dense-phase CO2. However, current standards rely on outdated and restrictive methods, imposing severe limitations on pipeline material and structural design. As a result, projects that fall outside these standards face the need for extremely costly tests, often leading to delays or cancellations of CCTS initiatives.
This study introduces an advanced, validated, fully-coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) model designed to accurately predict fracture propagation in CO2 pipelines. A key advantage of this approach is its use of robust and reproducible calibration and validation procedures combined with high-quality material characterization data. The full coupling of structural, fluid, and backfill models is essential for obtaining precise results, not only in determining arrest occurrence but also in analyzing properties such as fracture velocity history, 3D pressure distributions behind the propagating crack, wall thinning, and crack tip opening angle. The FSI model has demonstrated its value as a cost-effective tool for safety assessments, enabling the development of fracture control plans that specify minimum required material properties and fluid compositions for optimized pipeline design, both onshore and offshore. Additionally, performing virtual studies with the parameterized FSI model enables the generation of synthetic data for training and validating a machine learning surrogate model. This surrogate model can be integrated into industrial practices, facilitating the application of multiphysics modeling without the need for extensive expertise.
A Tale of Three DST: Evolution of operational and interpretation strategies to characterize a complex, HPHT, offshore carbonate gas reservoir
Authors: Hemaprasertsuk J. , Bandyopadhyay P. , Hamdan M. K. , Akarapipatkul P. , Chayraksa K. , Vattanapornpirom K. , Chia B. S. , Worawutthichanyakul T. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWell testing through the Drill Stem Test (DST) plays an important role in reservoir characterization, particularly for complex field developments. Lang Lebah field is a HPHT carbonate reservoir located in Central Luconia Basin, offshore Sarawak, Malaysia, has a very challenging development condition and therefore relies heavily on the data from DST to plan an optimal development strategy (Escobar, 2017).The first DST in the field was carried out in 2019 in the discovery well of the field. This was followed by two more wells in 2021 and 2024 where DST were conducted to adequately characterize the reservoir before proceeding to development. This paper presents the unique challenges faced with both operation and Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) interpretation, and how the techniques and strategies were refined during this period to achieve an adequate level of reservoir assessment which is sufficient to move to FID in a multi-billion USD development.In the first well (2019), operational problems resulted in suboptimal DST acquisition and PTA data were uninterpretable. Extensive root cause analysis followed, and possible areas of improvement (both operational and acquisition strategy) identified. In the second DST in 2021, the data quality improved, but the interpretation was still a challenge as the well never came out of spherical flow regime. Interpretation could still be carried out to make development decisions. In the third DST in 2024, a different zone was tested where the refined strategy could provide very good quality data. New interpretation challenges were observed requiring an unconventional approach.Although this paper talks about this specific field only, most of the lessons can be applied for any other fields too. Also, there are key takeaways in terms of planning for reservoir heterogeneity in a carbonate reservoir which can impact overall job planning and contingency strategies.
Advancing Sustainability: Rig-Less, Environmentally Friendly Wireline Stimulation Technology for Enhanced Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Tiar Saloua , Leguizamon Javier , Shehhi Maha Al , Alblooshi Ayesha , Sereidi Ali Al , Eissaee Ahmed Al , Hendi Ahmed Al , Sinha Manish , Perkash Wanod , Hadziavdic Ina. , Forsyth John. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces an innovative wireline acidizing technique using a special sealed metal carrier with a dry chemical inside. The carrier is sent down the well using Wireline or digital slickline methods. When it reaches the target zone, an electric trigger causes a reaction that produces hot acid vapor, reducing the need for heavy equipment.
The main goal was to stimulate a section of the Lower Cretaceous Reservoir Zone to clean the near-wellbore area, reduce skin, and improve productivity. This method, deploying the tool inside 3 1/2″ tubing, significantly cut costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional coil tubing stimulation methods and increased injectivity by 1.8 times after stimulation.
The process involved close cooperation between the operator and the service company. Damage mechanisms, well completion design, mineralogy, well deviation, formation characteristics, and compatibility were carefully assessed. A single 2.5″ HCl Thru-Tubing tool to treat a 9-foot perforated interval was used, which effectively removed scale and stimulated the near-wellbore matrix, improving fluid flow into the reservoir.
Before treatment, an injection test showed a flow rate of 1.5 bpm at 1900 psig. After treatment, the injection rate increased to 2.7 bpm at the same pressure. The rig-less procedure only needed a wireline and pump unit, finishing in less than a day and allowing the well to return to production quickly. This method saved 25% in costs compared to coil tubing applications.
Importantly, this new technique greatly reduces the carbon footprint of acid stimulation. It cut CO2 emissions by 69% compared to coil tubing applications, showing significant environmental benefits.
Introduction of a New Friction and Wear Testing Method to Set New Standards for Low Friction Centralizers
Authors: Raszczyk Christoph , Levie David 
Published: November 2024

Low friction testing is a crucial aspect in various industries where reducing friction between interacting surfaces is essential for improving performance, efficiency, and durability of mechanical systems. Low friction centralizers play a critical role in the efficient deployment and operation of casing and liner strings in oil and gas wells. The design of low friction centralizers typically incorporates features such as streamlined profiles, low-friction materials, and specialized coatings to minimize contact resistance between the casing, the centralizer, and the wellbore wall. These centralizers are often deployed in challenging wellbore environments, including highly deviated or horizontal wells, where frictional forces can be particularly pronounced. Overall, low friction centralizers play a crucial role in well construction by enhancing casing placement efficiency, improving cementing quality, and reducing operational risks. Their adoption contributes to safer and more cost-effective wellbore operations in the oil and gas industry. So far, there is no reliable method worldwide to allow comparability tests between the different centralizers if it comes to friction reduction as well as wear resistance.
The focus of this SPE paper is on experimental testing methods, which typically involve laboratory-scale setups to simulate downhole conditions. Various parameters, such as centralizer geometry, material properties, and wellbore fluid characteristics are considered in the testing process. Key testing techniques include axial and radial load tests, casing rotation tests, and torque and drag measurements. The paper discusses the significance of low friction centralizers in optimizing well construction and integrity, reducing operational risks, and enhancing overall well performance. Furthermore, challenges and opportunities for further research in the field of low friction centralizers testing are highlighted, with the aim of advancing technology and improving industry standards. This paper will also present an overview of testing methodologies and techniques used to evaluate the performance of low friction centralizers in wellbore applications developed by Maxwell Oil Tools. Maxwell has tested over 200 different materials used for centralizers and protectors. This SPE paper introduces the test procedure and presents the test results on friction and wear.
Can CCS Make it Cheaper for a Sustainable Hydrogen Supply? A Technoeconomic Assessment
Authors: Alyousef Abdullah A. , Alshammari Yousef M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Worldwide demand for hydrogen has been rising steadily as an alternative to fossil fuel energy. This work presents a study of techno economic assessment of hydrogen production via natural gas reforming and photo-electrolysis by estimating the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) of various hydrogen production processes. Carbon sequestration is employed to realize low carbon dioxide emissions and prevents the affluence of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, as such, mitigating climate change. Our work establishes that carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology increases capital expenditure, which surges the LCOH. Comparison between the PEC system and PV systems is explored. Our work uses the H2A model with different methodologies to find the various results regarding LCOH. Furthermore, the work reviews recent research in solar hydrogen generation. Based on the current literature, contemporary technologies can achieve $2/kg of carbon-free hydrogen production with CCS. From our findings, a 2000 kg/day of hydrogen production plant can achieve an estimated LCOH of $2.20/kg. However, considering the surge in the cost of raw materials over time, this figure is bound to slightly increase to $2.70/kg by 2040.
Optimum Supply Chain Management and its Positive Impact on Hydraulic Fracturing Project Start-Up – A Case Study Review
Authors: Badurayq S. , Bajusair A. , Aljorephani S. , Yudin A. , Nurlybayev N. , Farouk M. , Al-Jalal Z. , Al Hadyani F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
One of the pillars of hydraulic fracturing services is the tailored supply chain workflows. Localization strengthens supply chain elements by procuring parts and services locally which plays a massive role in terms of pricing, lead time, and storage. This study addresses a case history located in KSA for a hydraulic fracturing operations start-up and evaluates how effective supply chain management can result in a significant synergy and improved service delivery of hydraulic fracturing operations.
The method starts by describing the fracturing operations start-up from zero to 200 plus employees and to building two complete heavy-weight frac packages with capabilities to deliver high-end fracturing services at extreme pressure and temperature. A robust supply-chain organization, which includes the industry standards and business processes, enabled the supply-chain workflow to be more effective both internally within the company and externally. Key metrics that were considered in this study included cost reduction, lead time requirement and materials/product quality. The study will show how the solid and well-followed procurement standards led to cost and lead time optimization.
Supply chain and logistics management for hydraulic fracturing encompasses the strategic procurement and efficient delivery of essential materials, optimized to minimize costs. A strategic plan was initiated to request proposals from local and international suppliers for a specific scope for the high-spend products. 24 vendors, out of 49 invited, submitted their proposals including technical data, prices, and incoterms. The result of the project led to a saving percentage exceeding 56% by selecting domestic chemical manufacturers and committing to a certain purchase over a planned operational period. Overall, materials cost from direct and indirect suppliers was reduced by more than 20% within 12 months period. Localization percentage has increased from 70% to 78% during first year of fracturing project start-up. A significant reduction of lead time was achieved through several initiatives including the reduction of in-kingdom stock. For instance, personal protective equipment supply process was reduced by more than 70%.
This paper evaluates how effective supply chain, and procurement processes can positively reflect on fracturing operations start-ups. It also highlights the importance of localization in terms of materials supply and spare part and maintenance readiness.
Fostering Innovation Through Leveraging Disruptive Technologies
Authors: Hannabi Abdoulelah N. , Owaid Yazeed A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Innovation and technology programs are among the top priority for the success of any industry around the globe. Combining these programs addresses the key gaps that are found on the current practices where a culture of innovation, eco-system and sustainability is captivated by leveraging disruptive technologies including but not limited to generative AI, digital twin, VR …. Etc. The imp act of utilizing a top to bottom approach in running a business has created a barrier in the workforce to adopt new technologies or brainstorm innovative ideas. Even with the engagement form management, leadership, allocating resources, rewards and metrics, yet, it is challenging to experience the change of culture, achieve what innovation program are designed for to gain a competitive edge. Thus, a comprehensive program was established where technology and innovation are presented in one platform. This platform is designed to showcase innovative ideas, technology projects and on-going virtual campaigns across the organization.
To improve and streamline innovative ideas, guiding principles, procedures and the recommended best practices in a concise description were provided and delivered with the help of generative AI that is impeded within the innovation and technology platform. The generative AI is a one example of combining innovation and technology to gain insight based on the organization accumulated experience which were formulated into best practices and procedures along with other suggestions received by the users directly. The ultimate goal of this program is an autonomous and structured approach to refine innovative idea management processes and make it more efficient and valuable. Key metrices were developed as a starting point and are adopted to achieve a set of goals in a value adding system to constantly improve the innovation culture with the focus on quality, scalability and impact on the organization.
Part of the key metrics are the participation rate, idea review rate, approval rate, implementation rate and innovation realized value. These metrics were the starting point to measure the effectiveness of the innovation program. However, when combined with technology deployment, more metrics are added including: technology realized value, approved technology utilization, development of technology roadmap and others. As a result, this unique innovative and technology program has paved the way toward creating the culture of innovation. In addition, it proved its credibility through a comprehensive platform equipped with the necessary tools to effectively evaluate and process innovative ideas and technologies. Moreover, it provided a dynamic guideline for improving the idea evaluation process and enhancing the implementations of innovative ideas and technology deployment companywide.
Charting a Path to Low-Carbon Leadership in the GCC: Unlocking up to 90% Emissions Reductions in Greenfield LNG
Authors: Carydias Peter , Flowers Simon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The LNG industry stands at the cusp of a transformation driven by the climate imperative. Focusing on an innovative low emission industrial hub in Northern Australia, this paper shows how CO2 emissions can be reduced in a world-class LNG asset by strategic master planning, colocation of industrial facilities and taking a marginal cost approach to assessment, screening, and implementation of existing and new decarbonisation technologies.
We propose:
A new breed of electrified LNG processing facilities that could deliver a ~90% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 CO2 equivalent intensity with sufficient renewable firmed imported power – given that gas Driven emissions constitute ~78%-93% of Scope 1 and 2 CO2 equivalent emissions on a sample of current practice LNG facilities. Leveraging partnerships in upstream renewable power, hydrogen supply and enabled downstream carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, we outline how we can de-risk assets from economic and regulatory uncertainty by providing alternative pathways to sustaining emissions reduction. A strategic methodology to screen and implement ‘avoid and mitigate’ options first, focusing on those opportunities the offer the most cost-effective emissions reduction opportunities. Phase 1 – Establish a Baseline Emissions Profile: At a conceptual level, estimate all emissions sources from energy usage to fugitive to flaring emissions in line with the relevant carbon accounting standards. Understand the largest emissions sources and their drivers.Phase 2: Identify & Prioritise Emission Reduction Opportunities: Apply existing and innovative technologies to uncover opportunities for GHG emission reductions. Identify the GHG reduction potential and the lifecycle costs of implementation of such opportunities.Phase 3: Select Initiatives and Develop Emissions Reduction Roadmap: Plot all emissions reduction opportunities on a Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) that clearly shows the lowest to highest marginal abatement costs for each opportunity. Understand non-cost risks of each opportunity which may be technology readiness or third-party risks and then select the opportunities for more detailed assessment that align to your businesses strategic GHG reductions roadmap and risk appetite. A deeper analysis into an industrial Precinct Case study in Northern Australia (Middle Arm) and how key attributes are comparable with Gulf countries.
Transformed Towards the Digitalization of 30 Years Mature Field by De-Manning to Reduce Operating Cost (OPEX)
Authors: A Shatiry M Sahir , M Ros M Ikranizam , Ramli M Fariq Effendi , Embong Azrol , Bahrin Rosmiah Samsul , Asmadi M Noraznan 
Published: November 2024

Field XY is a conventional shallow water field, and it is under a mega brownfield and rejuvenation project under PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd—the project's objective is to transform the existing field into a remote operation. Hence, the project's scope included modifying the existing manual operation to a digitalization operation. The field has operated since 1978, and it is located 250 kilometers offshore of Peninsular Malaysia. In summary, the field has been produced for more than 30 years. Therefore, upgrading the existing facilities to minimize the operating cost is essential to continue the production of gas and oil from Field XY. This project objective covers 3 main goals:
To transform the current operation to digitalization by upgrading the control system and expanding the internet network. To reduce the operating cost by de-manning the existing B-A Platform and centralizing the operation at the T-A Platform. To reduce the GHG produced during operation by improving the overall process system & installation of the Vapour Recovery Unit (VRU).