bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Polishing Methods for Metal Samples for EBSD
Authors: Roberts S , Flatoff D , True B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron backscatter diffraction is a powerful technique that has gained momentum in materials science research over the last ten years. Recent advances in electron microscope technology and automation has made EBSD a more viable and routine analytical tool.
Sample preparation is a key component in the use of EBSD due to the nature of the backscattered signal. Pattern formation is from the top 10-50 nm of the sample surface, and therefore, mechanical damage remaining from sample preparation will result in a poor quality signal. Several methods of sample preparation have been investigated that vary in abrasive material used, preparation time, and material system. Some approaches have used a combinatorial approach of silicon carbide papers, aluminum oxide papers, and aluminum oxide suspension with a polishing cloth to prepare tantalum.
The Microscopy Society Of America Project Micro
Authors: Schooley Caroline 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) is a vigorous professional society of close to 3000 members, founded more than a half century ago. The membership is an unusual mix of scientists, engineers, and technologists in diverse fields of biological, materials, medical, and physical science and technology.
Education is a primary function of a scientific society. Microscopists exchange professional information at meetings and in technical publications, but MSA is also very conscious of the importance of improving the scientific awareness of the general public. MSA has chosen to do so with an educational outreach program at the middle school level, called Project Micro (Microscopy In Curriculum - Research Outreach). Our goal is to place MSA-member volunteers in the classroom, to help teachers use microscopes to introduce scientific inquiry.
Sample Preparation for X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Chernoff Don 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Looking at samples in a scanning electron microscope often involves some type of sample preparation. The most common form of sample prep is coating the sample, usually with a heavy metal. The most common metal used for sample coating is gold. The need for coating samples is taken as a given by many people, but is it always necessary? To answer this question let us take a look at the reasons for coating a sample.
Issues in Cathode Performance Part 3-Cathode Emitter Material
Authors: Heer Damon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Part 1 of this article series (October 1994 issue) covered the performance features of various tip shapes and explained why the &lt;100&gt; crystal orientation is the industry standard. Part 2 (January/February 1995 issue) covered cathode mounting design and explained how the Mini Vogel Mount cathode design provides high-stability and long-lifetime performance.
LaB6 and CeB6 cathodes are used as high-brightness, high-stability, longlifetime cathodes in a variety of electron beam applications. A high-brightness source provides small spot sizes for high resolution and improved analytical results from high beam currents.
More than One Ever Wanted to Know about X-Ray Detectors Part VI: Alternate Semiconductors for Detectors
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
X-ray spectrometers give the capability to determine chemical element composition in electron microscopes. The semiconductor with the most experience as an x-ray detector is silicon. Silicon is the most highly developed material on earth, and has a lot of good things going for it, but for some applications we crave something with other good properties. For example, for room temperature detectors it would be best to have a semiconductor with a wider band gap. For higher resolution it would be better to have a semiconductor with a smaller band gap. For these reasons a number of other semiconductors have been developed as x-ray detectors. In this article I will talk about narrow band gap semiconductors. Next time I will discuss large band gap semiconductors.
More Than One Ever Wanted To Know About X-ray Detectors
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A combination of electron microscope and x-ray spectrometer is a very powerful tool. Not only can one see a sample in great detail, but one can determine, and even map, the chemical elements. In Part 1, I discussed some of the basics of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX). The heart of the spectrometer is a small piece of single crystal silicon about the size and shape of a shirt button, and about twice as thick. It has been selected for high purity, and then lithium drifted to compensate the remaining impurities.
The lithium is carefully drifted into the crystal button in order to exactly compensate the impurities in the crystal that would create leakage current. This is done at about 60° C under an electric field. It is then evaluated and re-drifted for a final clean up of any uncompensated impurity atoms that remain.
The Largest Possible Microscope
Authors: Newberry Sterling P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this day of resistance toward big science projects it may be futile to worry about how to produce the largest possible microscope. But since it doesn't cost anything to day dream, and times may change, it is fun to consider superlative enterprises.
One must grant that Ultra High Voltage Electron Microscopes are much larger than we wish they were, and one wonders if there is a contest afoot to see which AEM can have the largest foot print, but a new possibility has arisen which, seriously, could dwarf them all - yet have some possible use.
I am referring to the discovery of an example of a gravitation lens for ordinary light. Now the distinguishing characteristic of a microscope from a telescope is that the object eyepiece and the object near the focal length of the lens.
Hard-Copy Imaging Options
Authors: Polizzotto Leonard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Photographic film has played a central role in the recording of microscope images since the invention of photography in the 1830s. Photography rapidly creates an accurate record of the microscopic specimen and avoids the subjectivity that was inherent in written and artistic descriptions of visual observations. Both instant and conventional films offer high resolution, the ability to record a large tonal gradation, and a stable media for long-term data storage.
Newer techniques, such as thermal, ink jet, and laser prints, have grown in popularity because they offer ease-of-use or lower per-image cost. Despite recent improvements, none of these techniques offer the resolution or stability of a photograph. In general, people have been forced to sacrifice quality and permanence in order to achieve the lower per-image cost and ease-of-use promised by alternative recording systems.
Evolution and Revolution in Microscopy - II
Authors: Revel Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
While today a picture of a serious looking person peering into a microscope may suggest “science” to the general public, we noted in our last column that this was not always so. In the early 19th century, for example, the microscope was seen by many as a hobby, interesting yes, but not as worthy of respect as an amateur's telescope.
Microscopes improved and soon, through the insight of the likes of Ernst Abbe, reached a state of perfection which was not greatly improved upon until recently. Once aberrations were well corrected for and glasses of high refractive index commonly utilized, further improvements in numerical aperture became increasingly difficult to receive. The only way to improve resolution seemed to be to decrease the wavelength of light used to illuminate the sample.
Scanning Probe Microscopy: A Rapidly Emerging Instrumental Method
Authors: Yaniv Daphna R , Ramakrishna BL , Glaunsinger William S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) was introduced to the scientific community twelve years ago, and its inventors (Binning and Rohrer) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. In the last decade it expanded from a single technique limited to a single medium of imaging, namely ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), to an array of techniques operating in essentially any medium (vacuum, air or solution with and without electrochemical control). In all of these techniques, a probe, positioned in close proximity to the sample, scans its surface and monitors some property that is related to the surface topography or to any other surface property. Not only can surface structures and properties be investigated at ultrahigh resolution with SPM, but surfaces can also be modified by design. The latter capability is ushering in a new era of nanotechnology.
Moving Vesicles from the Golgi
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We know that material within a cell is “packaged” within the Golgi apparatus. These “packages” (vesicles) bud off from the trans face of the Golgi and proceed to their destination. Just what drives this budding off process is closer to being understood, thanks to a recent report by Steven Jones, Kathryn Howell, John Henley, Hong Cao, and Mark McNwen. They presented morphologic and biochemical evidence that dynamin plays a role in this process.
The dynamins are a family of 100-kD guanosine triphosphatases that are thought to be involved in the budding off of vesicles from the plasma membrane during endocytosis. Whereas some forms of dynamin are restricted to specific cells, such as neurons, the form known as dynamin II (Dyn2) is present in all tissues, including epithelium.
The Evolution of Chemical Analysis
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
On the eighth day, chemical analysis began. Adam, recovering after cooperating with God in creating Eve, felt the first pangs of hunger. Looking around, he spied a pile of stones left over after creation of some nearby mountains. He rejected a soft friable sandstone and chose a hard granite rock, took careful aim at a rabbit, and hit it squarely between the eyes. This was the basis for the first real meal in the Garden of Eden. A day or two later, Eue took a whiff of the rabbit carcass, thought for a moment, then fed it to the dog.
Thus, the first chemical analytical instruments were Adam's eye and hand and Eve's nose. These, plus taste, sufficed by themselves for a long time thereafter but, eventually, refinements were necessary.
EM Site A.C. Magnetic Field Sources, Surveys and Solutions Part III: Survey Instrumentation and Methods
Authors: Dunnam Curt R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A.C. magnetic fields exist throughout every EM site. For a given site, then, how does one predict when EM interference problems are likely to occur? Obviously, an accurate, meaningful magnetic field survey is the first step toward evaluating site EM magnetic field compatibility. Consequently, this article in our series will describe measurement equipment and techniques for achieving accurate, unambiguous magnetic field characterization.
In a previous article (Part II: “ACMF/EM Antipathy”, Microscopy Today, November ‘95), we examined several types of sources which produce alternating current magnetic fields (ACMFs). In near proximity, or at sufficiently high power levels, any of these sources (e.g., transformers, power cabling, ground currents, and/or combinations thereof) can affect EM operation. In this article, we will review specific instrumentation and methods for accurate magnetic field survey data collection and interpretation, a necessary prior step for EM interference prediction and resolution.
Practical Electron Tomography
Authors: Woodcock CL 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Despite the potential of the technique, electron tomography has yet to be widely used by biologists. This is in part related to the rather daunting list of equipment and expertise that are required. Thanks to continuing advances in theory and instrumentation, tomography is now more feasible for the non-specialist. One barrier that has essentially disappeared is the expense of computational resources. In view of this progress, it is time to give more attention to practical issues that need to be considered when embarking on a tomographic project. The following recommendations and comments are derived from experience gained during two long-term collaborative projects.
Scanning Slit Confocal Microscopy of the Living Eye
Authors: Masters Barry D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The living human eye is in constant motion. The cornea, which is the transparent front surface of the eyeball, is a formidable specimen for microscopy. How can we use a microscope to obtain sufficient contrast in order to observe cellular and subcellular details on a moving, transparent specimen? Although the normal human cornea is free of blood vessels, there are many nerves within the 500 μm thickness of this tissue. How can we observe these nerves in the living human eye?
To accomplish these aims, use a new real-time, scanning slit confocal microscope that was developed by Dr. A. Thaer for imaging the in vivo human cornea. The optical design of the real-time, scanning slit confocal microscope is shown as follows in Figure 1. The confocal microscope is a modification of the real-time, scanning slit confocal microscope based on an oscillating too-sided mirror (bi-lateral scanning) which was designed and first constructed in 1969 by G. M. Svishchev in Lenningrad.
Image Processing and Scientific Misconduct
Authors: Oliver William R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In a recent microscopy discussion group, a correspondent questioned the use of a contrast enhancement method applied to a microscopy image for publication. What kinds of image processing, folk asked, are “acceptable” in a general sense? What kinds of image processing should be noted in the text or caption and what kind of images should be archived?
It is an interesting set of questions, and I face them wearing three hats, I am a forensic pathologist who performs forensic image interpretation in the investigation of homicide and assault, an anatomic pathologist with an interest in confocal microscopy, and a computer scientist with training in image processing and computer vision. Image processing is part and parcel of my everyday work. I use tools such as contrast enhancement, debarring, and photogrammetry for image interpretation. I build tools for visualization in my confocal work. I collaborate in the design of data acquisition devices for the evaluation of crime scenes and bodily injury.
Using a SEM to “Write” Sub Micron Structures
Authors: Jede Ralf , Lanzarotta George 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron beam lithography is a term well known in the world of microelectronics. It provides an effective but costly solution for producing the smallest electronic devices (transistors, memories, etc). Many fields of science and research also require small structures below the one micron dimension. The ability to generate these structures “in house” without going to external sources has been a luxury only the largest corporations and universities could afford. Even when a production lithography system is available, the time allocated for research work can sometimes be extremely limited. Those with the need for these small devices are now realizing there is new way to get the most use from their SEM, STM or STEM.
In the past few years, experimental e-beam systems have been developed by making use of the basic capabilities of the scanning electron microscope. Mow a variety of home built and commercially available systems are being used throughout the world. The mast basic system can take control of the e-beam in the SEM and write a simple pattern on a sample coated with materials sensiiive to electrons.
Remote Control of a Scanning Electron Microsocpe Using Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Authors: Smith Nancy R , Pardoe Don , Pelote Corinne , Honer Mark , Morgan Christopher L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
California State University, Hayward has successfully demonstrated remote control of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) using Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The development of digital imaging technology has iead to exploration and testing of networking strategies for sharing scientific instrumentation. The concept of shared instrumentation is appealing to both academia and private enterprise. Networking access presents the opportunity to teach scanning electron microscopy to a large number of students using multiple desktop computers. Video images can also be projected onto large screens in classrooms or as a distant learning resource. Remote shared access to scientific equipment provides certain advantages such as access to a wider variety of resources, direct interaction without hazard to people or equipment, ability to combine resources into larger virtual instruments, rapid access to available resources, and pooling of knowledge by a larger community.The advent of high speed networks such as ATM offers the possibility of integrated solutions to communication and control.
Digital Composite Imaging for High Resolution Specimen Analysis
Authors: Laferty Donald R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in digital image processing hardware providing very high pixel resolutions can be exploited to solve problems in correlating high magnification feature analysis with specimen macrostructure. In neuroscience, for instance, analyses such as neuron counting which are performed at high magnification often need to be correlated with the overall structure of the specimen. Typically these procedures involve tediously moving between very low and very high power objectives. Once at high power, the positional knowledge of the objects of interest can be difficult to maintain.
By integrating high resolution image capture with precise microscope automation, a digital composite image of the specimen can be created. Such composite images show the researcher a high resolution “map” of the specimen, facilitating the analysis of both macro- and microstructure characteristics from a single view.
Basic Introduction to Image Processing Using NIH-lmage as a Model
Authors: Mansfield John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Advances in camera technology and digital instrument control have meant that in modern microscopy, the image that was, in the past, typically recorded on a piece of film is now recorded directly into a computer. The transfer of the analog image seen in the microscope to the digitized picture in the computer does not mean, however, that the problems associated with recording images, analyzing them, and preparing them for publication, have all miraculously been solved. The steps involved in the recording of an image to film remain largely intact in the digital world. The image is recorded, prepared for measurement in some way, analyzed, and then prepared for presentation.
Mothballing Si-Li EDS Detectors Successfully
Authors: Harmsen Luc 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We have looked at the problem of mothballing EDS detectors for clients going on long leave or over the Christmas period, and in some cases for indefinite periods.
The secret to storing the detectors is the pumping of the detector when you allow it to warm up. This results in pumping off all the contaminants, which are caught up in the molecular sieve in the dewar, before they can settle on the crystal and FET package. For this purpose we made up a T piece pumping port adapter.
There is a red or blue cap on the side or bottom of the detector, depending on the make. Open that and there will be the plug that needs to be removed under vacuum to pump down the detector, The pumping port adapter can be made up by your local engineering workshop.
Comments on “Technical Excellence in Muscle Biopsy Preparation” by Clint Lincoln (April, 1996)
Authors: Kitabayashi Linda R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I use any type of “tin” can, of various sizes, for my isopentane container, and they are free!
Parafilm can be placed between the cork and specimen to prevent it from sticking to the cork. This is helpful when re-embedding for cross-sections. Specimens can also pinned to the cork to maintain correct lengths.
I have frozen large muscle specimens, average size about 5 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm, but they must be left in isopentane for at least one minute or even longer. If the specimen is not completely frozen, it will have “moth-eaten” fiber artifacts in the center.
After freezing large specimens, they can be put in polypropylene centrifuge tubes cooled in liquid nitrogen.
About Hardware
Authors: Levy Gabor B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There seems to be a consensus among both the scientific and lay communities in according the highest rank, in terms of prestige, to theoretical scientists. This may seem justified because theoreticians understand the thought processes and activities of the experimentalists, the laypeople, and even the artists, excepting perhaps poets, but the reverse is not the case. Virtually nobody can understand the theoretician. Thus, in order of prestige, after the theoreticians come the experimental scientists and then the technologists, but the lowest on the totem pole are the designers of hardware, of scientific instruments. This towly rank does not seem to bother them, and they are happy in their field. As a matter of fact, many who earn royalties or actually manufacture the hardware are laughing ail the way to the bank.
Relaxation in the Institute of Muscle Research Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, MA
Authors: Philpott Delberi E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Our boss, the Nobel Prize winner Dr. Albert Szent Gyorgyi, believed in working hard and playing hard. He expected dedication and esprit de corps to come from the intermingling of work and special moments of relaxation. Our respect and dedication to him and his philosophy was never more evident than on April Fool's Day.
The Institute consisted of 12 to 13 scientists, each working on some aspect of muscle structure or function. Its location in Woods Hole, MA, at the tip of Cape Cod was ideal. Dr. Szeni Gyorgyi had gazed out the window of my laboratory on my first day saying, “if I ever walk in and see you staring out the window at the sailboats and fishing vessels I will know you are just recharging your battery.” His warm friendly approach, the seashore and the visiting scientists from all over the world made me feel that this was as close to heaven as I would ever get.
Scintillators for the SEM - A Practical Guide
Authors: Taylor Gene 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The scintillator Is a part of the electron collection system in most SEMs and other types of electron imaging systems. Without a properly functioning scintillator, images may be noisy, weak, or exhibit other signs of degradation.
There are three types of scintillators generally used in the SEM: organic/polymeric, phosphor powder, and crystalline (single or poly).
Plastic scintillators are currently used less frequently, mainly because they are subject to radiation damage (i.e., short lifetime). This type of scintillator has the shortest decay time (~2.2 - 5 ns) and very low noise. We still have many customers who prefer this type of scintillator even though they have to change it more frequently (∼2 - 6 month lifetime with average use is our experience).
Comparison of Commercial Microvacuum Sampling Cassettes for Settled Dust Analysis
Authors: Millette James R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Three commercially available vacuum samplers (also known as microvacuum samplers or microvacs) were examined for compliance with the Standard ASTM Methods for asbestos in settled dust. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method (D5755-95) for Microvacuum Sampling and Indirect Analysis of Dust by Transmission Electron Microscopy for Asbestos Structure Number Concentration and the similar Method (D5756-95) for mass require that a sample be collected by vacuuming a known surface area with a standard 25 or 37 mm air sampling cassette using a plastic tube that is attached to the inlet orifice which acts as a nozzle.