bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CANDIDATURE FEMMINILI E SISTEMI ELETTORALI
Authors: Beckwith Karen 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa debole presenza delle donne nelle assemblee legislative nazionali costituisce un aspetto sorprendente quanto permanente della vita politica delle democrazie occidentali. La presenza femminile in tali istituzioni non si avvicina nemmeno lontanamente alla proporzione delle donne nella popolazione e, inoltre, la percentuale di donne elette é inferiore nettamente a quella delle candidate all'elezione (Rule 1981; Norris 1985; Bagdanor 1984). Nella maggior parte delle assemblee legislative dei paesi occidentali meno del 10% dei membri della prima camera sono donne. Del sorprendente isomorfismo della sotto-rappresentazione delle donne (Darcy, Welch e Clark 1987, cap. 1) nei parlamenti nazionali sono state avanzate diverse spiegazioni: 1) che le donne sono socializzate in modo poco funzionale al tipo di competizione politica richiesto per accedere alle posizioni elettive a livello nazionale; 2) che gli elettori preferiscono le candidature maschili a quelle femminili per tali posizioni; 3) che i leaders partitici sono restii a candidare delle donne in quei seggi o circoscrizioni in cui il partito si aspetta di vincere; 4) che le donne non hanno sufficiente ambizione politica e non si fanno avanti per la candidatura; 5) che le donne non hanno adeguata esperienza politica per questo tipo di cariche; 6) che le donne sono prive di una rilevante esperienza occupazionale per accedere alle cariche pubbliche. Queste spiegazioni fanno riferimento principalmente a comportamenti ed attributi delle donne in quanto candidati potenziali ed a quelli della leadership partitica e degli elettori come elementi potenzialmente discriminatori verso la candidatura delle donne. Un altro gruppo di potenziali elementi esplicativi si concentra invece sul contesto elettorale e la sua capacitá di modellare i comportamenti politici e di creare o meno opportunitá politiche per l'accesso delle donne alle cariche pubbliche elettive. Questi comprendono: 1) la cultura politica rilevante per le opportunitá politiche delle donne, come, per esempio, quanto é recente il suffragio femminile; 2) il tipo di partiti nel sistema partitico; 3) il tipo di sistema partitico; 4) gli equilibri elettorali, reali opresuntitra i partiti politici; 5) il contributo, reale opresunto, dell'elettorato femminile al mantenimento o alla destabilizzazione degli equilibri elettorali; e 6) il tipo di sistema elettorale. Questi fattori condizionano le opinioni degli attori politici (leaders partitici, candidati potenziali e elettori) e pongono dei vincoli alle loro scelte politiche.
COMPARAZIONE E METODO COMPARATO
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSulla politica comparata e sul metodo che la sostiene scrivevo vent'anni fa (quasi). Ne scrivevo perché ne ero fautore. Ma l'esito, oggi, è stato di gran lunga inferiore alle aspettative. Come mai? è per via di una sopravvalutazione iniziale? O perché siamo andati inciampando nel corso del cammino? O per altre ragioni ancora? Rispondere a queste domande è come tirare un consuntivo. Dove stiamo? Dove ci conviene andare? è un dibattito da riaprire. Nel mio scritto, diciamo, originario, chiedevo nell'ordine 1) perché comparare, 2) cosa è comparabile, 3) come comparare. Gioverà ripetere le stesse domande nello stesso ordine.
GENERAZIONI E MUTAMENTO POLITICO IN ITALIA
Authors: Giovannini Paolo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNel dibattito scientifico internazionale ricorre spesso una relazione, carica però di genericità e ambiguità, tra generazioni e cambiamento politico. La congiunzione tra i due termini ipotizza un rapporto di interconnessione di cui non è nota la natura (si tratta di relazione causale?) né la direzione (quale è la causa, e quale l'effetto?) né le condizioni del suo verificarsi (c'è sempre una relazione, o essa si attiva solo in determinate contingenze storiche?). Senza voler affrontare una discussione sistematica in merito, vorrei però avanzare alcune riflessioni piò specificamente riferite al modo in cui intendo trattare il tema in questione.
VIDEOPOLITICA
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa televisione sta cambiando l'uomo e sta cambiando la politica. Il mio tema é, qui, il potere politico della televisione, e quindi la video-politica; ma la video-politica è soltanto uno spicchio di un più generale video-potere che è il potere dell'immagine. Pertanto la video-politica trasforma la politica nel più alto contesto di un video-potere che sta trasformando in «uomo vedente» l'homo sapiens prodotto dalla cultura scritta. I due temi si intrecciano, e l'uno fluisce inevitabilmente nell'altro.
DECISIONI DI GOVERNO E VINCOLI PARTITICI
Authors: Blondel Jean 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneFino ad ora, il dibattito sulla natura del processo decisionale interno ai gabinetti di governo è risultato inconcludente. Si è affermato con forza che, almeno in alcuni paesi, i primi ministri sono divenuti l'elemento dominante del processo decisionale e che la collegialità all'interno del gabinetto è ormai un mito; ma l'evidenza portata a sostegno di questa tesi è, nel migliore dei casi alquanto selettiva. Di fatto, presentare il problema in questi termini costituisce una grossa semplificazione poichè numerosi fattori interagiscono: il processo decisionale di gabinetto dipende da variabili come le personalità, il livello relativo di informazione dei ministri, la durata della loro permanenza nel gabinetto, i vincoli delle coalizioni ed anche le tradizioni culturali. Quindi, un approccio realistico a questo problema richiede che si proceda con cautela verso le conclusioni, raccogliendo materiale sulla enorme varietà di situazioni esistenti, classificandole e cercando di valutare l'influenza relativa delle diverse variabili.
DUE VIE ALLA CITTADINANZA: IL MODELLO SOCIETARIO E IL MODELLO STATALISTA
Authors: Zincone Giovanna 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneQuando vogliamo classificare i sistemi politici democratici e li osserviamo in un ottica comparata, tendiamo spesso a sottovalutare quei tratti che più specificamente determinano condizioni di vita diverse per i loro cittadini. Guardiamo, ad esempio, più spesso alla configurazione degli organi decisionali, ai modelli di competizione e di alleanza tra le élites; mentre ci capita meno spesso di utilizzare come criterio di classificazione la possibilità, che può avere un individuo qualunque, di influenzare le decisioni pubbliche. Anche le ricerche sulla partecipazione, che dovrebbero studiare la politica dal punto di vista dei governati, osservano di solito i comportamenti di fatto e le variabili socioeconomiche di tali comportamenti, mentre trascurano i caratteri del sistema. E anche quando se ne occupano, individuano le condizioni giuridiche che permettono o incentivano gli atti di partecipazione (quali ad esempio l'estensione del suffragio, da una parte, o il voto obbligatorio dall'altra), ma non si preoccupano di quei profili delle istituzioni che rendono tali atti di partecipazione efficaci (ad esempio, il ruolo più o meno cruciale degli organismi elettivi rispetto ad altre arene decisionali).
The Value of Carotid Doppler Ultrasound in Asymptomatic Extracranial Arterial Disease
Authors: Bornstein Natan M. , Chadwick Lorraine G. , Norris John W. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Carotid Doppler is an accurate, safe and repeatable method of assessing arterial calibre, for distinguishing harmless neck bruits and to identify the stroke prone individual. It is completely non-invasive and can be used serially to monitor progression in carotid stenosis. It is a valuable clinical tool in diagnosis and management in patients at risk of stroke, but has definite limitations, such as in differentiating carotid occlusion from severe stenosis. B-mode imaging, although valuable in identifying arterial anatomy, and detecting plaques, cannot accurately evaluate the degree of stenosis. It is of limited value in identifying plaque hemorrhage and ulceration. Doppler ultrasound technology has advanced rapidly in the last decade, especially in the combination of B-mode imaging and Doppler (Duplex), as well as in evaluating of the intracranial circulation (transcranial Doppler). In the next decade, it may become the new gold standard for evaluating the extracranial and intracranial circulation.
Status Epilepticus in Children
Authors: Yager J.Y. , Cheang M. , Seshia S.S. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:We have prospectively reviewed the data on 52 children who presented with status epilepticus. Thirtyfour (65%) of the 52 had not had seizures before. Children who were previously abnormal were more likely to present with partial status epilepticus or to have seizures > 60 minutes than those who were previously normal. The median age (24 months) of those who presented with status epilepticus was the same as that of children with seizures of shorter duration. The causes were equally distributed among the idiopathic, acute encephalopathic and chronic encephalopathy groups. Three children died and 13 (28%) were left with neurological sequelae. The outcome was favorable for those in the idiopathic category.
Clobazam for Refractory Childhood Seizure Disorders - A Valuable Supplementary Drug
Authors: Munn Robert , Camfield Peter , Camfield Carol , Dooley Joseph 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Clobazam is a new benzodiazepine recently introduced in Canada on an experimental basis. We report our experience with 27 children (average age 9.1 years) with severe intractable seizure disorders. All had mixed seizures (41% focal plus generalized, 59% mixed generalized) and 93% were mentally retarded. Eighty-five percent had multiple daily seizures and all had been on an average of 6 other anticonvulsants in the past. Forty-one percent of our patients responded to clobazam with a reduction of greater than 75% in seizure frequency and 15% had no further seizures. Tolerance to clobazam which could not be overcome by dose increases developed in 26% of patients. Fortyfour percent of non-responders had exacerbations of their seizures shortly after starting clobazam, however 43% of these patients had reductions in comedications simultaneously. Side effects of clobazam in responders were minimal. We conclude that clobazam shows sufficient promise to warrant further trials in more benign seizure disorders in children.
Primary Spontaneous Mesencephalic Hemorrhage
Authors: Mehler Mark F. , Ragone Philip S. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:The case histories of two patients with clinically diverse forms of the very rare entity primary, spontaneous mesencephalic hemorrhage are presented. Each exhibited characteristic mesencephalic signs and neuroimaging profiles. However, both patients differed markedly in their predisposing factors, state of arousal, memory, temporal course and functional residua. One patient was unique in displaying a normal level of alertness throughout his clinical course and an isolated retrograde amnesia. The latter sign suggests a role for mesencephalic reticular activation in long-term retrieval and illustrates the differential effects of a subtle activation deficit on memory and arousal. These findings broaden the distinctive clinico-anatomical profile of primary, spontaneous mesencephalic hemorrhage.
Flow Associated With the Condensation and Sublimation of Polar Ice Caps on Mars
Authors: Chow Kim‐Chiu , Xiao Jing , Chan Kwing L. , Wong Chi‐Fong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe flow associated with the sublimation and condensation of carbon dioxide ice in the polar regions of Mars is an important part of the general circulation. However, so far the pattern of the flow is generally not well known. In this study, a Mars general circulation model (MarsWRF) has been applied to derive the pattern of this flow based on some specially designed experiments. The results suggest that the equatorward sublimation and the poleward condensation flows in both hemispheres are rather shallow except near the poles, and the strength of the sublimation flow is significantly stronger than the condensation flow in both hemispheres. The results also show that the strength of the sublimation and condensation flow in the southern hemisphere is much stronger than that in the northern hemisphere. During the summer time, the surface wind in the high‐latitude region near the pole could be dominated by the sublimation flow.
Implications for Thrust‐Related Shortening Punctuated by Extension From P‐T Paths and Geochronology of Garnet‐Bearing Schists, Southern (Çine) Menderes Massif, SW Turkey
Authors: Etzel T. M. , Catlos E. J. , Ataktürk K. , Lovera O. M. , Kelly E. D. , Çemen I. , Diniz E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Menderes Massif, Turkey, is a type locality for deciphering the plate tectonic response from collision‐ to extension‐driven exhumation. Conventional thermobarometry and garnet pressure‐temperature (P‐T) paths from isochemical phase diagrams were calculated across a major fault (Selimiye Shear Zone, SSZ) bounding the southern edge of the Menderes Massif. Both approaches yield similar garnet rim temperatures (from 555 to 671 °C), but estimated P differs by between 8 and 15 kbar. Three garnets north of the SSZ reveal N‐shaped P‐T paths, whereas paths from three samples south of the SSZ show a simple increase in P‐T. Monazite and zircon were dated in thin section from the same rocks using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry, respectively. Textural relationships of monazite within garnet appears indicative of post‐garnet growth. The amount of monazite common 204Pb and 137Ba+/Th+ significantly exceeds what is observed for the monazite age standard, suggesting their ages mark fluid‐driven events, loosely constrained to Late Eocene‐Early Miocene. Some zircon ages are consistent with Cambro‐Ordovician ages reported elsewhere in the region, and other ages are Neoproterozoic and Permian‐Triassic, a period not previously recognized in this area. Despite the lack of age constraints for the duration of garnet growth, we present a thermal model to understand the meaning of the N‐shaped path. These paths are best reproduced by thermal models incorporating SSZ thrusting before and after denudation. This paper presents an example of the insight from high‐resolution P‐T paths, and an example of denudation within a prograde metamorphic event.
Temperature and Gas/Brine Content Affect Seismogenic Potential of Simulated Fault Gouges Derived From Groningen Gas Field Caprock
Authors: Hunfeld Luuk B. , Chen Jianye , Niemeijer André R. , Spiers Christopher J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe investigated the rate‐and‐state frictional properties of simulated anhydrite‐carbonate fault gouge derived from the basal Zechstein caprock overlying the seismogenic Groningen gas reservoir in the NE Netherlands. Direct shear experiments were performed at in situ conditions of 50–150 °C and 40‐MPa effective normal stress, using sliding velocities of 0.1–10 μm/s. Reservoir pore fluid compositions were simulated using 4.4 Molar NaCl brine, as well as methane, air, and brine/gas mixtures. Brine‐saturated samples showed friction coefficients (μ) of 0.60–0.69, with little dependence on temperature, along with velocity strengthening at 50–100 °C, transitioning to velocity weakening at 120 °C and above. By contrast, gas filled, evacuated and partially brine‐saturated samples showed μ values of 0.72 ± 0.02 plus strongly velocity‐weakening behavior accompanied by stick slip at 100 °C (the only temperature investigated for gas‐bearing and dry samples). A microphysical model for gouge friction, assuming competition between dilatant granular flow and thermally activated compaction creep, captures the main trends seen in our brine‐saturated samples but offers only a qualitative explanation for our gas‐bearing and dry samples. Since the reservoir temperature is ~100 °C, our results imply high potential for seismogenic slip nucleation on faults that cross cut and juxtapose the basal Zechstein anhydrite‐carbonate caprock against the Groningen reservoir sandstone, specifically in the gas‐filled upper portion of the reservoir system.
Response of the Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere Coupling to the September 2017 Storm: What Erodes the Plasmasphere so Severely?
Authors: Obana Yuki , Maruyama Naomi , Shinbori Atsuki , Hashimoto Kumiko K. , Fedrizzi Mariangel , Nosé Masahito , Otsuka Yuichi , Nishitani Nozomu , Hori Tomoaki , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuda Shoya , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasahara Yoshiya , Yoshikawa Akimasa , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shinohara Iku 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report an extreme erosion of the plasmasphere arising from the September 2017 storm. The cold electron density is identified from the upper limit frequency of upper hybrid resonance waves observed by the Plasma Wave Experiment instrument onboard the Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace/Arase satellite. The electron density profiles reveal that the plasmasphere was severely eroded during the recovery phase of the storm and the plasmapause was located atL= 1.6–1.7 at 23 UT 8 September 2017. This is the first report of deep erosion of the plasmasphere (LPP< 2) with the in situ observation of the electron density. The degree of the severity is much more than what is expected from the relatively moderate value of the SYM‐H minimum (−146 nT). We attempt to find a possible explanation for the observed severe depletion by using both observational evidence and numerical simulations. Our results suggest that the middle latitude electric field had penetrated from the high‐latitude storm time convection for several hours. Such an unusually long‐lasting penetration event can cause this observed degree of severity.
Next‐generation integrated drive: A high power density permanent magnet synchronous drive with flooded stator cooling
Authors: Ullah Sana , Winterborne Dave , Lambert Simon M. 
Published: May 2019

The next‐generation integrated drive (NGID) is an 80 kW demonstrator showcasing the latest innovations in high power density electric drive technology. A prototype 30 krpm maximum speed permanent magnet synchronous machine for an automotive traction application is under construction. This study describes several aspects of the detailed design and how these fit together in the complete drive package to increase the power density of the NGID.
Detection of humidity ingress using online common‐mode insulation impedance‐monitoring system
Authors: Tsyokhla Igor , Griffo Antonio , Wang Jiabin 
Published: May 2019

Enhanced machine reliability through monitoring of its state of health is an emerging field of research. Ingress of contaminants such as moisture can effect electrical machine state of health and contribute to failure in winding insulation. This paper demonstrates the application of an online insulation health monitoring method to study the effect of moisture ingress on ground‐wall insulation through practical experiment. The method, based on real‐time high‐frequency leakage current measurement, is implemented on a 2.83 kW machine during operation in open‐loop configuration. The results are presented and discussed, demonstrating the feasibility of diagnosis of moisture ingress.
Induction of Labour in Growth Restricted and Small for Gestational Age Foetuses – A Historical Cohort Study
Authors: Kehl Sven , Weiss Christel , Dammer Ulf , Berlit Sebastian , Große-Steffen Thomas , Faschingbauer Florian , Sütterlin Marc , Beckmann Matthias , Schneider Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Purpose Induction of labour for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) foetus or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is common, but data are limited. The aim of this study was therefore to compare labour induction for SGA/IUGR with cases of normal foetal growth above the 10th percentile.
Material and Methods This historical multicentre cohort study included singleton pregnancies at term. Labour induction for SGA/IUGR (IUGR group) was compared with cases of foetal growth above the 10th percentile (control group). Primary outcome measure was caesarean section rate.
Results The caesarean section rate was not different between the 2 groups (27.0 vs. 26.2%, p = 0.9154). In the IUGR group, abnormal CTG was more common (30.8 vs. 21.9%, p = 0.0214), and foetal blood analysis was done more often (2.5 vs. 0.5%, p = 0.0261). There were more postpartum transfers to the NICU in the IUGR group (40.0 vs. 12.8%, p < 0.0001), too.
Conclusion Induction of labour for foetal growth restriction was not associated with an increased rate of caesarean section.
The Effect of Intrauterine Administration of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Before Embryo Transfer During Assisted Reproductive Cycles: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tan Huiping , Hu Shifu , Chen Yuan , Jin Lei , Wu Chunlin ,   Qiongyu
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe fertility success rates of clinical and laboratory-assisted reproductive techniques (ART) remain low, despite major advances. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review and assess whether the intrauterine administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) before embryo transfer (ET) improved the clinical outcomes of sub-fertile women undergoing assisted reproduction. The electronic databases PUBMED, EMBASE and Web of Science were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to June 2018. The trial data were independently extracted and analyzed using risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to a random- or fixed-effect model (as appropriate), and a meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.2 software. The meta-analysis included 3241 patients from 12 RCTs, and the combined results demonstrated that intrauterine hCG injection significantly improved the rates of clinical (RR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.12 – 1.58) and ongoing pregnancy (RR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.54 – 2.27), compared with controls. However, intrauterine hCG injection had no significant effect on the implantation rate (RR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.89 – 1.90), abortion rate (RR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.78 – 1.44), ectopic pregnancy rate (RR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.17 – 3.42) or live birth rate (RR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 – 1.63). In a subgroup analysis, the intrauterine injection of > 500 IU hCG led to a significant increase in the implantation rate (RR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.04 – 2.61) relative to controls. Furthermore, the subgroup of women with cleavage-stage ETs who received an intracavity injection of hCG (IC-hCG) exhibited increases in the implantation, clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates, compared to women with cleavage-stage ETs and no IC-hCG. The current evidence indicates that intrauterine hCG administration before ET provides an advantage in terms of the clinical pregnancy and ongoing pregnancy rates.