bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through A Cracked Lens: Alternate Views Of Light Microscopy. Part I: Why Does My Microscope Have A Pupil?
Authors: Lund Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Let's face it, optics is a fascinating field, but it can bore you to death. My purpose in writing these articles is to show that there are simple, intuitive ways to look at microscopes that can illuminate rather than bore. I have been an optical engineer for many years and have observed many unique ways of looking at optical instruments. I hope that I can share my enthusiasm and insight for light and its manipulation and give some insights that microscopisis may have missed. The microscope is particularly interesting because the glass lenses often do more than one job at the same time. Most of the principles of optical microscopy are directly transferable to electron microscopy, and I will point out specific cases as I go along.
Replicating The Unreplicatable
Authors: Garber Charles A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When doing replication, it is very important that all traces of the sample be removed from the replica. Adhering sample material introduces artifacts into the image and may, in extreme cases, make the replica so thick that the TEM beam cannot “see” through it. This may be a problem for both “ordinary” Pt/C replicas and freeze fracture situations. For organic samples, including both biological materials and polymers. For example, polymer latex particle fragments have a particular tendency to stick to the replica in freeze fracture preparations. Some freeze fracture samples will “wet” the replica surface if the replica is stripped by melting the substrate.
Automated Particle Analysis by Microscopy, A Primer
Authors: Vander Wood Tim B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Questions about samples consisting entirely of a collection of microparticles come from people involved in a wide variety of industries dealing with powders, from Pharmaceuticals to industrial minerals, powdered coatings to industrial hygiene concerns. The questions often asked are morphological. How big? How long? How wide?, and often pose a special problem for the microscopist. The time and tedium associated with answering these questions for a significant subset of the sample particles without an automated system causes the cost to skyrocket and sends the requester off to the light scatterers who at least give cheap answers, never mind that nobody knows what they really mean (What is the average size of a particle with an aspect ratio of 5? And did you calibrate your scattering system for my particles in my dispersant or are you still using latex spheres in water?). A common additional question is “How many are quartz, or titania, or organic, or….?” The inherent advantages of microscopy—the ability to determine detailed morphology in two dimensions (and maybe three), and to discriminate different particle types in a mixture—were usually overwhelmed by the cost and time involved.
Training Trends and their Implications for Microscopy
Authors: Murphy Judy A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopy training has always been labor intensive. As the need grew for electron microscopists so did the need for methods of training to maintain quality while increasing the quantity of people trained. Various trends in scientific research needs, development of various types of microscopies, environmental concerns and increasing computer sophistication brought about significant changes in microscopy training and service facilities.
In the 1960's TEM research flourished. Many single user facilities appeared with scopes provided by grant funds, especially in biology. There was a great need for people trained in EM. In the mid 1960's, commercial SEMs became available, and SEM research flourished.
Maya Blue Paint
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It has been noted by many people who have had the privilege of exploring Mayan ruins that there is a stunning blue color that has been preserved amazing well for centuries. Considering the tropical jungle is quite a hostile environment, the tenacity of this “paint” is remarkable. It had been suggested that this “paint” was made by mixing indigo dye with clay, but this did not explain its special characteristics. Recent work by Miguel José-Yacamán at the National University of Mexico and colleagues has revealed what is special about this material, which is called Maya blue paint. They collected specimens in Mexico at archeologic sites known as Jaina Island and Palenque.
Cell-Free Secretion
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Regulated secretion occurs when the ceil detects a signal, vesicles containing the secretory product fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell, and the contents are released into the extracellular space. This mechanism is called exocytosis. Many laboratories around the world have studied exocytosis for the past couple of decades, and we know a lot about the many steps that are involved. The cytoskeleton appears to play a role in allowing vesicles to approach the plasma membrane, and many other proteins are in the cascade between reception of the signal and the release of the secretory products.
Atomic Resolution with the Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
For biologic studies, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been prevailing over scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) because it has the capability of imaging non-conducting biologic specimens. However, STM generally gives better resolution than AFM, and we're talking about resolution on the atomic scale. In a recent article, Franz Giessibl (Atomic resolution of the silicon (111)- (7X7) surface by atomic force microscopy, Science 267:68-71, 1995) has demonstrated that atoms can be imaged by AFM.
Fundamental Parameters For Microanalysis
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In order to perform quantitative X-ray microanalysis many parameters, representing the various stages of X-ray generation and transport through the specimen at the chosen experimental conditions, must be known for all of the elements that might be encountered. Although ideally quantification is done by reference to standards so that only the functional variation of these parameters is required, in current practice it is increasingly necessary to work in situations where standardization is impossible and consequently where absolute magnitudes must be known. The quality and quantity of data that is now available varies widely.
Simultaneous Specimen & Stage Cleaning for Analytical Electron Microscopy
Authors: Henriks David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
An innovative technique has been developed which allows simultaneous cleaning of a sample and a specimen stage which minimizes and, in some cases eliminates, contamination of inorganic specimens analyzed via SEM.TEM, STEM and AEM.
The technology involves subjecting the specimen and the specimen stage to a reactive plasma gas which efficiently removes a wide range of contaminants from critical surfaces. The procedure may be carried out prior to inserting the specimen and specimen stage into the EM via an externally produced accessory unit and can be extended for use on all types of electron microscopes where the sample and stage are loaded external to the instrument. Such an instrument was produced and implemented first by Dr. Nestor Zaluzec at Argonne National Laboratory. His system modified a commercially available pfasma etching system which included adapting it to accept a side entry holder.
Is the TEM Obsolete?
Authors: Williams D B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In 1968, as an undergraduate, I was first taught how to operate a Philips EM300 TEM that, at the time, was a state-of-the-art 100 keV TEM for materials studies. Last year, I spent time evaluating current state-of-the-art microscopes, f.e., intermediate-voltage, field-emission gun TEMs, from all the major manufacturers. In watching the operators running these latest microscopes, I was struck by the similarity between many of their actions and the same steps that I had learned, so laboriously, 30 years previously.
A Tell-Tale Heartwood
Authors: Kellar Eric C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In Medieval Europe, manuscripts and formulas on the preparation of colors and dyes used by chemists and artists contained many references to natural plant extracts, The yellow stigmas of aromatic saffron (Crocus sativus) were crushed and used both as a medicine and colorant as far back as the ninth century BCE. In 1437 CE, a manual was written by Cennini, II Libro del Arte, a collection of recipes on the preparation of tempera and block-printing inks from saffron and brazilwood (Caesalpinia echinata), Finely divided brazil wood was prepared by scraping sticks with a knife.
The Influence of TEM Education on TEM Development
Authors: Williams D B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Learning how to operate the microscope has dominated the TEMteaching process in a way that is perhaps unparalleled by any other common scientific instrument. The TEM column is so complex that the arcane aspects of its manual manipulation become the main points to be learned by the student, rather than the use of the instrument to solve materials problems. In other words, command of the instrument often becomes an end in itself. Such an approach would preach that it is better to be able to produce a striking CDF image that is well aligned and focused than it is to be able to interpret that image in terms of the materials processing responsible for the microstructure!
Preparation of Milk Products for SEM Examination
Authors: Walsh Rosemary 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This laboratory has compared several techniques in our effort to produce artifact-free SEM images in order to compare the effect of different stabilizers on microstructure of soft serve frozen yogurt and stirred yogurt. Such samples are a porous matrix of casein micelles fused to form chains which immobilize the liquid phase. Two sample preparation protocols were used: cryo-SEM for the product sampled at lower temperature, and encapsulation of those semi-liquid or soft-set yogurts within an agar gel tube or in drilled aluminum stubs / molds coated with low melting point 3% agar.
Mating Cameras To Microscopes
Authors: Hinsch Jan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The compound microscope forms images in two stages. The objective (first stage) projects a real image of the specimen into the intermediate image plane (IIP) of the microscope at a ratio of magnification (M). The resolution in the IIP is typically between 40 and 100 line pairs permillimeter (Ip/mm). Since the resolution of the human eye is of the order of 5 Ip/mm, additional virtual magnification (V) by the eyepiece (second stage) is necessary to match the resolution of the eye to that of the microscope. The total microscope magnification (VTOTAL) is the product of W x V. The designation VTOTAL is used because the eye views a virtual image in the microscope.
Cover Glass Perspectives
Authors: Gill Gary W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cover glasses, and by extension mounting media, are the cfe facto front lens of every microscope objective. Those who coverslip are, in effect, completing the assembly of a microscope objective with every cover glass they apply. So while coversliping is a tedious process, its visibly appreciable contribution should not be minimized.
There are optical reasons on which coverslipping do's and don'ts are based. It is optically and physically impossible for alternatives such as liquid substitutes and plastic film to duplicate the specifications and performance of glass cover glasses. Such substitutes are used, however, perhaps because there is so little related useful technical information available to discourage such use.
More Fun With Photoshop
Authors: Weatherby Tina 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As humans, we are very sight oriented. As microscopists, we usually acquire data that is in the form of images. Since micrographs, or pictures, are what we deal with, we tend to become involved with the presentation of the data and its visual impact. When making a figure plate for publication, do you often find yourself moving images around, adjusting sizes, tonal gradations, and positions to achieve a more visually pleasing arrangement? Microscopy must be the most artistic of the sciences. We might like to have fun with our images, as well.
Images formed by electrons are collected on media that sees only if the electrons were there or not. Traditional electron micrographs are black and white images; photons are needed for the colors that we can detect.
Sizing of Liposomes by TEM
Authors: Gantz Donald 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We are using negative stain or a combination of osmium tetroxide fixation and negative stain to monitor the size homogeneity of lipid vesicle/liposome populations prepared by such techniques as sonication, extrusion, and gel filtration chromatography. Small sonicated vesicles up to about 50 nm in diameter seem sufficiently well preserved in negative stain for adequate size determination, although some flattening upon adherence probably does occur. Larger vesicles such as 100 nm extruded liposomes which contain a large aqueous core are likely to be flattened significantly in negative stain and may be partially stabilized with an osmium tetroxide fixation. The effectiveness of this fixation will in large part depend upon the degree of saturation of the lecithin species.
Tracking Cells in Embryos
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Ever since the first embryo was put under a microscope, scientists have been trying to determine which embryonic cells form which structures in the mature organism. Classic methods were to kill (ablate) certain cells and see what structures were malformed or missing when the animal developed. More recently, cells have been labeled with visible tags and the tagged cells traced through development. One problem is that the tag gets diluted by half each time a labeled cell divides. A new labeling method that shows a lot of promise has been demonstrated by David Piston, Robert Summers, Susan Knobel, and John Morrill.
New Capabilities for the TEM: Automatic Orientation Measurement and Nanocrystal Grain Maps
Authors: Wright SI , Dingley DJ , Mainwaring PR 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) is a rapid and spatially specific technique for automatically measuring individual crystallographic orientations in a polycrystalline sample. The technique is based on electron backscatter diffraction in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). While the OIM technique has seen many applications to the investigation of structure/ property relationships in polycrystalline materials, with grain sizes ranging from millimeters to submicron, it is not easily applied to the characterization of microstructures at the nanometer scale due to the inherent resolution limitations of the SEM. Thus, a complementary technique for the transmission electron microscope (TEM) would be advantageous for the study of local orientation in submicron structures such as those that exist in nanocrystalline materials and deformed materials.
Imaging Software Helps NASA Explore Drug Development
Authors: Traino Rebecca 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There are over 100,000 different proteins in the human body. Each of these proteins plays an important role, such as catalyzing reactions and fighting disease. Researchers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), are looking at the make-up of proteins that are linked to diseases, to lead to the formation of effective drugs to help battle AIDS, diabetes and cancer.
"We are studying the structure of the proteins and how the protein's structure affects its function," says Dr. Russell Judge, a researcher at NASA. "This research will eventually lead to the creation of a drug that interrupts harmful protein activities."
In order to determine the protein structure, scientists have to grow large uniform protein crystals, measure and count the crystals.
Strategies for Preventing Detachment of Sections from Glass Slides
Authors: Kiernan J A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A thin, flat section of animal or plant tissue will usually adhere to a clean glass surface and stay in place through the common preparative procedures of staining, washing, dehydration and clearing. The adhesion may be due largely to the close contact between two flat surfaces. This allows very weak non-ionic forces (such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds) between individual atoms, to exist in numbers great enough to add up to a strong attraction between slide and section. Ionic attractions, which operate over longer distances, may also exist between the silicate of the glass (negatively charged ions, especially in an alkaline medium) and basic groups of proteins in the tissue (positive ions, especially in an acidic medium). Unfortunately, not all sections are perfectly flat and not all slides are perfectly clean. Even when these conditions are met, there are some staining techniques that are harsh enough to remove the flattest section from the cleanest slide.
So What Can be Done to Avoid Getting Cumulative Trauma Disorders?
Authors: Minshew Jan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The first article reporting the rising incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in histotechnologists was written by Pearl Gervais and published in the Louisiana Society for Histotechnology newsletter in 1991. Following that article, the growing interest in the number of injuries within the profession prompted a nationwide survey of histotechnologists. The results of that survey appeared in the first part of a three part article published in the Journal of Histotechnology, 18:139,1995. The articles were written by a group of professionals from the University of Michigan. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) was used as the model for potential Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD).
How to Calculate the Temperature Rise Due to Beam Heating
Authors: Tivol William F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The temperature of a specimen rises when the electron beam interacts with it, producing ionization and excitation of atoms and breaking molecular bonds. Energy loss in bulk materials is ultimately converted to heat, but for small particles some of the energy escapes. Of the energy lost by the electrons in the incident beam, that which is absorbed by the specimen and degraded to heat includes oscillations of valence electrons, the kinetic energy of low-energy secondary electrons, and radiationless recombination of ionized atoms or moiecuies. Energy not absorbed includes brehmsstrahlung, characteristic x-rays, and the kinetic energy of higher-energy secondary electrons. Glaeser (1979) estimated that 50% of the energy loss is confined to a distance of about 5 nm from the track of the incident electron, while the other 50% is largely due to secondary electrons having 0.5 to 5 keV kinetic energy.
Alcohol, Acetone and Propylene Oxide as Dehydrating Agents or Intermediate Solvents Prior to Epoxy Embedding of Biological Specimens
Authors: Crowley Hildegard H 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Acetone, alcohol, and propylene oxide have different mechanical and chemical properties. They should not be chosen haphazardly but should be used with care to suit the particular demands of the embedding conditions.
Nanostructures Require Nanomeasurements
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Nanofabrication is upon us. But engineers require measurements of physical properties of their materials in order to use them appropriately. Because the size of the object is in the nanometer scale, tiny measuring devices are required. Furthermore, there is the problem of reading these tiny devices. Zhong Lin Wang, Philippe Poncharal, and Walter de Heer at Georgia Tech have solved this problem by using the transmission electron microscope (TEM) to read off the measurements.
A special device was designed to fit inside the TEM, allowing for simultaneous visualization and manipulation of a nanostmcture. The nanostructure that Wang ef al, used was the carbon nanotube which could be clearly visualized by the TEM and has a well-defined structure. Specifically, they used multiwalled nanotubes with diameters of 5 to 50 nm and lengths of 1 to 20 μm. The device they designed for in situ microscopy was a modified specimen holder that allowed carbon nanotubes to be mounted in a conducting medium and positioned across from a counter electrode, which was a droplet of mercury or gold/ platinum balls.
A Protocol for Authentication of Paintings
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Strictly speaking, it is impossible to authenticate any painting to the extent of naming the artist who produced that object. One can only increase the likelihood thereof. In one celebrated case I felt I had fully proved that Manets palette had indeed been used to paint a particular painting but a “scholar” on whose reaction the art world depends for final acceptance of authenticity only said “someone” could have borrowed Manets palette one fine day and painted that picture. In a second celebrated case I was able to prove, but not convince, the world that a particular painting (Shroud of Turin) was, in fact, a painting and not an artifact produced by some other mysterious means, e.g., some sort of photographic process or resurrection itself.
High Resolution Imaging Using Confocal and 2-photon Molecular Excitation Microscopy
Authors: Cannell MB , Soeller C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has proved to be an invaluable tool for biomedical science since it is possible to visualise small quantities of labelled materials (such as intracellular ions and proteins) in both fixed and living cells. However, the conventional wide field fluorescence microscope suffers from the disadvantage that objects outside the focal plane also fluoresce (in response to the excitation light) and this leads to a marked loss of contrast for objects in the focal plane. This is especially a problem when the fluorescent probe is distributed throughout the thickness of the cell and the cell is thicker than about 1 μm. The confocal microscope overcomes this problem by illuminating the preparation with a point source of excitation light and limiting the collection of light with a pinhole that is confocal with the illumination source. This converts the microscope from an imaging system to a point detector and images are produced by scanning the illuminating and detecting point over the specimen to build an image (in much the same way that a television set produces an image). The basic idea behind the confocal system is shown in Figure 1, and it should be noted that light from points outside the focal plane is defocused at the pinhole and so does not pass through the pinhole efficiently.
Getting Suspended Cells or Particles Embedded in the Tip of BEEM Capsules
Authors: Plowman Barbara 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It can be a problem to get suspended (or plated) cells or particles to settle into the apex of a BEEM capsule for embedding, particularly if the cei is/particles can not be embedding in agar or gelatin for some reason. The following simple procedure solves this problem.
Process the suspensions in polypropylene test tubes or microcentrifugation tubes. These can be spun down after each transfer for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. Once the cells/particles are fixed, en bloc stained, and infiltrated with either Spurr's or LR White resin, I transfer them to BEEM capsules. I do not add additional resin yet. These are placed piggyback in microcentrifuge tubes that have been slit with wire cutters to make them large enough for the BEEM capsules to fit (see following illustration).
Processing cell suspensions or plated cells can be done in polypropylene test tubes or microcentrifuge tubes. These can be spun down after each transfer for 5 minutes at 3000 rpm. Once the cells are fixed, enbloc stained, and infiltrated with either Spurr or LRWhite resin, I transfer them to BEEM capsules. I do not add additional resin yet.