bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERPRETING ARITHMETIC IN THE FIRST-ORDER THEORY OF ADDITION AND COPRIMALITY OF POLYNOMIAL RINGS
Authors: UTRERAS JAVIER 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the first-order theory of polynomial rings over a GCD domain and of the ring of formal entire functions over a non-Archimedean field in the language $\{ 1, + , \bot \}$. We show that these structures interpret the first-order theory of the semi-ring of natural numbers. Moreover, this interpretation depends only on the characteristic of the original ring, and thus we obtain uniform undecidability results for these polynomial and entire functions rings of a fixed characteristic. This work enhances results of Raphael Robinson on essential undecidability of some polynomial or formal power series rings in languages that contain no symbols related to the polynomial or power series ring structure itself.
Liberal Leaders and Liberal Success: The Impact of Alternation
Authors: Johnston Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA leader from Quebec boosts the fortunes of the Liberal party in that province. This, in turn, has helped make Quebec the veto player in twentieth-century Canadian elections and the Liberals the “natural” governing party. Although Quebec is no longer as critical as before, a leader from the province still makes a big difference. Full impact from the pattern requires more than one election to unfold. Patterns outside Quebec are similar, if fainter: the Liberal party is not punished for choosing a Quebecker and may even be helped. The early success of the pattern moved the Liberals to alternate between Quebec and non-Quebec leaders, such that the party is now led by a Quebecker more often than not. Maintaining alternation has never been easy and is only getting harder.
MALTHUS, NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOCIALISM, AND MARX
Authors: STEDMAN JONES GARETH 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThis article examines radical and socialist responses to Malthus'sEssay on population, beginning with the response of William Godwin, Malthus's main object of attack, but focusing particularly upon the position adopted by his most important admirer, Robert Owen. The anti-Malthus position was promoted and sustained both by Owen and the subsequent Owenite movement. Owenites stressed both the extent of uncultivated land and the capacity of science to raise the productivity of the soil. The Owenite case, preached weekly in Owenite Halls of Science, and argued by its leading lecturer, John Watts, made a strong impact upon the young Frederick Engels working in Manchester in 1843–4. His denunciation of political economy in theDeutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, heavily dependent upon the Owenite position, was what first encouraged Marx to engage with political economy. Marx initially reiterated the position of Engels and the Owenites in maintaining that population increase pressured means of employment rather than means of subsistence, and that competition rather than overpopulation caused economic crises. But in his later work, his main criticism of the Malthusian theory was its false conflation of history and nature.
EXPLAINING AWAY CORRUPTION IN PRE-MODERN BRITAIN
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:This essay explores those in pre-modern Britain (chiefly the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) who were accused of corruption and yet denied their guilt and made defenses, disavowals, justifications, protests, vindications or at least sought to explain away, rationalize, or legitimize their behavior, both to themselves and to others. Six, sometimes overlapping, categories of rationales are identified. Focusing on the strategies and arguments used by the allegedly corrupt has both historical and philosophical value. Thinking about such cases helps both the state and its citizens to be as clear as possible about how to define integrity, and judge whether there was, or is, an intention to break, subvert, or manipulate moral codes. Thus it is not merely the legislator or the law court, but also the court of public opinion, that decides such matters; and debates about the acceptability of such defenses are an important part of a process of public debate about where society has drawn, or does now draw, ethical lines. There are degrees of corruption that need careful evaluation. Thinking about the past also raises interesting questions about whether corruption can be judged across time, culture, and space by a set of universal values. I argue that what appear to be universal values evolved over time as a result of particular cultural circumstances and contests over historical scandals. Contesting corruption allegations was an inherently political process: corruption is not just an economic issue but also a political and moral issue that demands contextualization. That process must include an understanding of national histories.
Notification data and criteria during a large Q-fever epidemic reassessed
Authors: Hanssen D. A. T. , Morroy G. , de Lange M. M. A. , Wielders C. C. H. , van der Hoek W. , Dijkstra F. , Schneeberger P. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFrom 2007 to 2010, the largest reported Q-fever epidemic occurred in the Netherlands with 4026 notified laboratory-confirmed cases. During the course of the epidemic, health-seeking behaviour changed and awareness among health professionals increased. Changes in laboratory workflows were implemented. The aim of this study was to analyse how these changes instigated adjustments of notification criteria and how these adjustments affected the monitoring and interpretation of the epidemic. We used the articles on laboratory procedures related to the epidemic and a description of the changes that were made to the notification criteria. We compared the output of a regional laboratory with notifications to the regional Public Health Service and the national register of infectious diseases. We compared the international notification criteria for acute Q-fever. Screening with ELISA IgM phase II and PCR was added to the diagnostic workflow. In the course of the epidemic, serology often revealed a positive IgG/IgM result although cases were not infected recently. With increasing background seroprevalence, the presence of IgM antibodies can only be suggestive for acute Q-fever and has to be confirmed either by seroconversion of IgG or a positive PCR result. Differences in sero-epidemiology make it unlikely that full harmonisation of notification criteria between countries is feasible.
Seasonality and zoonotic foodborne pathogens in Canada: relationships between climate and Campylobacter, E. coli and Salmonella in meat products
Authors: Smith B. A. , Meadows S. , Meyers R. , Parmley E. J. , Fazil A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInfections due to Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Salmonella pose a significant health burden in Canada, resulting in major costs to the health care system and economic impacts due to lost productivity resulting from illness. Recent literature suggests that climate may play a role in the prevalence of these pathogens along the food chain. This study used integrated surveillance data to examine associations between weather variables, serving as a proxy for climate, in agricultural areas and Campylobacter, generic E. coli and Salmonella contamination on samples of beef, poultry and swine meat products in Canada. Various temperature metrics (average, maximum and variability) were correlated with Campylobacter prevalence along the food chain. The prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella was correlated with both precipitation and temperatures metrics; however, analysis for E. coli was limited to beef and swine meats at retail settings, because prevalence in other combinations approached 100%, which obviated further analysis. Campylobacter contamination in poultry and swine at abattoir and retail settings demonstrated a seasonal trend, with increased prevalence generally from June or July through November, compared to the baseline month of December. Based on these analyses, Campylobacter is the most likely foodborne bacteria studied whose occurrence in meat products is affected by climatic changes in Canada. An exploratory analysis of data at the provincial scale, using Ontario as an example, revealed similar directional relationships between climate and bacterial prevalence.
Real-world study on clinical outcomes of nucleos(t)ide analogues antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Sun Y. , Zhang Y. , Xu Y. , Shu M. , Bonroy K. , Qiu H. , Cai W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) are widely used for antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but real-world data on treatment patterns and long-term clinical outcomes are not always available. Using data from electronic medical records between January 2011 and December 2016 in Shanghai, China, we evaluated patient characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical outcomes in patients with CHB. There were 6688 patients in the study cohort. The incidences of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were 41.0‰ and 6.8‰ person-years, respectively. There were more cirrhosis and HCC cases among patients who had shorter NA treatment duration (<365 days), or who were less compliant (<80%). In addition, increased risk of cirrhosis and HCC was observed in patients who did not achieve hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss/seroconversion. Moreover, patients with cirrhosis developed after antiviral treatments had a higher incidence of HCC (adjusted hazard ratio 15.86, 95% confidence interval 7.35–34.24). Good compliance with treatment and longer treatment duration significantly decreased the risk of developing cirrhosis and HCC. HBsAg loss seemed to be a protective factor for cirrhosis/HCC in NAs-treated patients with CHB, and cirrhosis was a confirmed risk factor for HCC development as expected.
Future Trends in the Interdependence Between Flood Peaks and Volumes: Hydro‐Climatological Drivers and Uncertainty
Authors: Brunner Manuela I. , Hingray Benoît , Zappa Massimiliano , Favre Anne‐Catherine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractReliable flood estimates are needed for designing safe and cost‐effective flood protection structures. Classical flood estimation methods applied for deriving such estimates focus on peak discharge and neglect other important flood characteristics such as flood volume and the interdependence among different flood characteristics. Furthermore, they do not account for potential nonstationarities in hydrological time series due to climate change. The consideration of both the interdependence between peak discharge and flood volume and its nonstationarity might help us derive more reliable flood estimates. A few studies have looked at changes in the general dependence of peak discharge and flood volume for small sets of catchments and explored ways of modeling such changes. However, spatial analyses of trends in this dependence or in their climatological drivers have not been carried out. The aim of this study was to help close this knowledge gap by first quantifying trends in the general dependence between peak discharge and flood volume as described by Kendall's tau on a spatially comprehensive data set of 307 catchments in Switzerland. Second, potential climatological drivers for changes in the dependence between peak discharge and flood volume were identified. Our results show that the dependence between peak discharge and flood volume and its trends are spatially heterogeneous. This pattern cannot be explained by one driver only but by an interplay of changes in precipitation, snowmelt, and soil moisture. Both the trends and the links between drivers and trends depend on the climate model chain considered and are therefore uncertain.
A compilation of multitemporal TLS snow depth distribution maps at the Weisssee snow research site (Kaunertal, Austria)
Authors: Fey C. , Schattan P. , Helfricht K. , Schöber J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study presents a data set of the interannual and intraannual snow depth distribution recorded by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) scans at Weisssee snow research site in Austria between November 2014 and May 2018. The data set comprises 23 snow‐on digital elevation models, one snow‐off digital elevation model, and the difference raster calculated between a snow‐off and snow‐on scans. The relative accuracy of the TLS scans was determined by measuring the distance between snow‐free planes from the snow‐on and snow‐off scans and shows mean values smaller than 0.03 m and standard deviations ranging between 0.02 and 0.1 m. The reliability of the snow depths derived from TLS was further assessed by comparing snow depths from snow probing, Global Navigation Satellite System measurements, and continuous snow depth measurements from the weather station. Comparison of the different measurement methods shows average deviations of less than 0.1 m. The data can be used for analysis and modeling of snow distribution or for assessing the representativeness of snow sensors or other remote sensing products.
A novel outer membrane β-1,6-glucanase is deployed in the predation of fungi by myxobacteria
Authors: Li Zhoukun , Ye Xianfeng , Liu Muxing , Xia Chengyao , Zhang Lei , Luo Xue , Wang Ting , Chen Yue , Zhao Yuqiang , Qiao Yan , Huang Yan , Cao Hui , Gu Xiangyang , Fan Jiaqin , Cui Zhongli , Zhang Zhengguang 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Myxobacterial predation on bacteria has been investigated for several decades. However, their predation on fungi has received less attention. Here, we show that a novel outer membrane β-1,6-glucanase GluM from Corallococcus sp. strain EGB is essential for initial sensing and efficient decomposition of fungi during predation. GluM belongs to an unstudied family of outer membrane β-barrel proteins with potent specific activity up to 24,000 U/mg, whose homologs extensively exist in myxobacteria. GluM was able to digest fungal cell walls efficiently and restrict Magnaporthe oryzae infection of rice plants. Genetic complementation with gluM restored the fungal predation ability of Myxococcus xanthus CL1001, which was abolished by the disruption of gluM homolog oar. The inability to prey on fungi with cell walls that lack β-1,6-glucans indicates that β-1,6-glucans are targeted by GluM. Our results demonstrate that GluM confers myxobacteria with the ability to feed on fungi, and provide new insights for understanding predator-prey interactions. Considering the attack mode of GluM, we suggest that β-1,6-glucan is a promising target for the development of novel broad-spectrum antifungal agents.
Defining lower limits of biodegradation: atrazine degradation regulated by mass transfer and maintenance demand inArthrobacter aurescensTC1
Authors: Kundu Kankana , Marozava Sviatlana , Ehrl Benno , Merl-Pham Juliane , Griebler Christian , Elsner Martin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExploring adaptive strategies by which microorganisms function and survive in low-energy natural environments remains a grand goal of microbiology, and may help address a prime challenge of the 21st century: degradation of man-made chemicals at low concentrations (“micropollutants”). Here we explore physiological adaptation and maintenance energy requirements of a herbicide (atrazine)-degrading microorganism (Arthrobacter aurescens TC1) while concomitantly observing mass transfer limitations directly by compound-specific isotope fractionation analysis. Chemostat-based growth triggered the onset of mass transfer limitation at residual concentrations of 30 μg L−1 of atrazine with a bacterial population doubling time (td) of 14 days, whereas exacerbated energy limitation was induced by retentostat-based near-zero growth (td = 265 days) at 12 ± 3 μg L−1 residual concentration. Retentostat cultivation resulted in (i) complete mass transfer limitation evidenced by the disappearance of isotope fractionation (ε13C = −0.45‰ ± 0.36‰) and (ii) a twofold decrease in maintenance energy requirement compared with chemostat cultivation. Proteomics revealed that retentostat and chemostat cultivation under mass transfer limitation share low protein turnover and expression of stress-related proteins. Mass transfer limitation effectuated slow-down of metabolism in retentostats and a transition from growth phase to maintenance phase indicating a limit of ≈10 μg L−1 for long-term atrazine degradation. Further studies on other ecosystem-relevant microorganisms will substantiate the general applicability of our finding that mass transfer limitation serves as a trigger for physiological adaptation, which subsequently defines a lower limit of biodegradation.
Active subseafloor microbial communities from Mariana back-arc venting fluids share metabolic strategies across different thermal niches and taxa
Authors: Trembath-Reichert Elizabeth , Butterfield David A , Huber Julie A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
There are many unknowns regarding the distribution, activity, community composition, and metabolic repertoire of microbial communities in the subseafloor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Here we provide the first characterization of subseafloor microbial communities from venting fluids along the central Mariana back-arc basin (15.5–18°N), where the slow-spreading rate, depth, and variable geochemistry along the back-arc distinguish it from other spreading centers. Results indicated that diverse Epsilonbacteraeota were abundant across all sites, with a population of high temperature Aquificae restricted to the northern segment. This suggests that differences in subseafloor populations along the back-arc are associated with local geologic setting and resultant geochemistry. Metatranscriptomics coupled to stable isotope probing revealed bacterial carbon fixation linked to hydrogen oxidation, denitrification, and sulfide or thiosulfate oxidation at all sites, regardless of community composition. NanoSIMS (nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry) incubations at 80 °C show only a small portion of the microbial community took up bicarbonate, but those autotrophs had the highest overall rates of activity detected across all experiments. By comparison, acetate was more universally utilized to sustain growth, but within a smaller range of activity. Together, results indicate that microbial communities in venting fluids from the Mariana back-arc contain active subseafloor communities reflective of their local conditions with metabolisms commonly shared across geologically disparate spreading centers throughout the ocean.
DLPFC transcriptome defines two molecular subtypes of schizophrenia
Authors: Bowen Elijah F. W. , Burgess Jack L. , Granger Richard , Kleinman Joel E. , Rhodes C. Harker 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLittle is known about the molecular pathogenesis of schizophrenia, possibly because of unrecognized heterogeneity in diagnosed patient populations. We analyzed gene expression data collected from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of post-mortem frozen brains of 189 adult diagnosed schizophrenics and 206 matched controls. Transcripts from 633 genes are differentially expressed in the DLPFC of schizophrenics as compared to controls at Bonferroni-corrected significance levels. Seventeen of those genes are differentially expressed at very high significance levels (<10−8 after Bonferroni correction). The findings were closely replicated in a dataset from an entirely unrelated source. The statistical significance of this differential gene expression is being driven by about half of the schizophrenic DLPFC samples, and importantly, it is the same half of the samples that is driving the significance for almost all of the differentially expressed transcripts. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the schizophrenic subjects, based on the transcripts differentially expressed in the schizophrenics as compared to controls, divides them into two groups. “Type 1” schizophrenics have a DLPFC transcriptome similar to that of controls with only four differentially expressed genes identified. “Type 2” schizophrenics have a DLPFC transcriptome dramatically different from that of controls, with 3529 expression array probes to 3092 genes detecting transcripts that are differentially expressed at very high significance levels. These findings were re-tested and replicated in a separate independent cohort, using the RNAseq data from the DLPFC of an independent set of schizophrenics and control subjects. We suggest the hypothesis that these striking differences in DLPFC transcriptomes, identified and replicated in two populations, imply a fundamental biologic difference between these two groups of diagnosed schizophrenics, and we propose specific paths for further testing and expanding the hypothesis.
The expression and function of TRPV4 channels in primate retinal ganglion cells and bipolar cells
Authors: Gao Fan , Yang Zhuo , Jacoby Roy A. , Wu Samuel M. , Pang Ji-Jie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel may be opened by mechanical stimuli to mediate Ca2+and Na+influxes, and it has been suggested to mediate glaucoma retinopathy. However, it has been mostly unclear how TRPV4 activities affect the function of primate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We studied RGCs and bipolar cells (BCs) in the peripheral retina of the old-world primate using whole-cell current-clamp and voltage-clamp recordings, immunomarkers and confocal microscopy. RGCs were distinguished from displaced amacrine cells (ACs) by the absence of GABA and glycine immunoreactivity and possession of an axon and a large soma in the RGC layer. Strong TRPV4 signal was concentrated in medium to large somas of RGCs, and some TRPV4 signal was found in BCs (including PKCα-positive rod BCs), as well as the end feet, soma and outer processes of Mȕller cells. TRPV4 immunoreactivity quantified by the pixel intensity histogram revealed a high-intensity component for the plexiform layers, a low-intensity component for the soma layers of ACs and Mȕller cells, and both components in the soma layers of RGCs and BCs. In large RGCs, TRPV4 agonists 4α-phorbol 12,13 didecanoate (4αPDD) and GSK1016790A reversibly enhanced the spontaneous firing and shortened the delay of voltage-gated Na+(Nav) currents under current-clamp conditions, and under voltage-clamp conditions, 4αPDD largely reversibly increased the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. In BCs, changes in the membrane tension induced by either applying pressure or releasing the pressure both activated a transient cation current, which reversed at ~ −10 mV and was enhanced by heating from 24 °C to 30 °C. The pressure for the half-maximal effect was ~18 mmHg. These data indicate that functional TRPV4 channels are variably expressed in primate RGCs and BCs, possibly contributing to pressure-related changes in RGCs in glaucoma.
D-Serine made by serine racemase in Drosophila intestine plays a physiological role in sleep
Authors: Dai Xihuimin , Zhou Enxing , Yang Wei , Zhang Xiaohui , Zhang Wenxia , Rao Yi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNatural D-serine (D-Ser) has been detected in animals more than two decades ago, but little is known about the physiological functions of D-Ser. Here we reveal sleep regulation by endogenous D-Ser. Sleep was decreased in mutants defective in D-Ser synthesis or its receptor the N-methyl-D-aspartic receptor 1 (NMDAR1), but increased in mutants defective in D-Ser degradation. D-Ser but not L-Ser rescued the phenotype of mutants lacking serine racemase (SR), the key enzyme for D-Ser synthesis. Pharmacological and triple gene knockout experiments indicate that D-Ser functions upstream of NMDAR1. Expression of SR was detected in both the nervous system and the intestines. Strikingly, reintroduction of SR into specific intestinal epithelial cells rescued the sleep phenotype of sr mutants. Our results have established a novel physiological function for endogenous D-Ser and a surprising role for intestinal cells.