bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Charge Size on Slow Cook‐Off Characteristics of AP/HTPB Composite Propellant in Base Bleed Unit
Authors: Li Wenfeng , Yu Yonggang , Ye Rui 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTo investigate the effects of charge size on the slow cook‐off characteristics of trilobite ammonium perchlorate (AP)/hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite propellant with slits, a cook‐off model of three‐dimensional base bleed unit is developed based on the two‐step decomposition reaction mechanism of AP/HTPB propellant at the external heating rates from 3.3 to 9 K/h. The charge length of AP/HTPB propellant is 72 mm with 43 mm to 53 mm in grain diameter, and the grain diameter is 43 mm with 72 mm to 90 mm in charge length, respectively. The results show that heating rate and charge size determine the ignition position of AP/HTPB propellant. The effects of charge size on the ignition position and cook‐off temperature are small at the heating rate of 3.3 K/h. As the heating rate increases to 4.6 K/h–6 K/h, with the grain diameter and charge length extending, the ignition position gradually moves from the inner wall to the surface near the slit, meanwhile the cook‐off temperature changes obviously. When the heating rate increases to 9 K/h, the ignition position of AP/HTPB propellant at different charge sizes all occurs on the outer interface between the propellant and slit, there is no obvious influence of different charge sizes on the ignition temperature of AP/HTPB propellant. Additionally, the law of ignition time of AP/HTPB propellant to charge size is the same at different heating rates.
Lifetime stayers in urban, rural, and highly rural communities in Montana
Authors: Erickson Lance D. , Sanders Scott R. , Cope Michael R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractModernity can be characterised by a shift from a communal to an individual orientation where social mobility is one of individuals' primary goals. However, for individuals to achieve social mobility, they often must also be geographically mobile. Consequently, geographic immobility or staying in place needs to be theorised and examined directly. In this context, the life course perspective provides a useful framework to understand staying. The role transitions associated with different life stages represent different decision points where choices to stay must be deliberate. We use state‐representative data from Montana (USA) in 2010 to perform an exploratory analysis of stayers. Using a variety of community and individual predictors, we find that high community attachment, low satisfaction with one's community, and/or local services make being a stayer more likely. In separate models of being a stayer by rurality, age group, educational attainment, and having a dependent in the home, the pattern of results suggests that interpretations of high attachment and low satisfaction among stayers as being indicators of being “stuck” may be incorrect. Instead, even in the absence of being satisfied with one's community, community attachment may be indicative of deliberate decisions to stay. We discuss the limitations of addressing staying using cross‐sectional data and suggest future avenues for better understanding those who stay in place throughout their lives.
Sensing of Vimentin mRNA in 2D and 3D Models of Wounded Skin Using DNA‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Vilela Patrick , Heuer‐Jungemann Amelie , El‐Sagheer Afaf , Brown Tom , Muskens Otto L. , Smyth Neil R. , Kanaras Antonios G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWound healing is a highly complex biological process, which is accompanied by changes in cell phenotype, variations in protein expression, and the production of active biomolecules. Currently, the detection of proteins in cells is done by immunostaining where the proteins in fixed cells are detected by labeled antibodies. However, immunostaining cannot provide information about dynamic processes in living cells, within the whole tissue. Here, an easy method is presented to detect the transition of epithelial to mesenchymal cells during wound healing. The method employs DNA‐coated gold nanoparticle fluorescent nanoprobes to sense the production of Vimentin mRNA expressed in mesenchymal cells. Fluorescence microscopy is used to achieve temporal detection of Vimentin mRNA in wounds. 3D light‐sheet microscopy is utilized to observe the dynamic expression of Vimentin mRNA spatially around the wounded site in skin tissue. The use of DNA–gold nanoprobes to detect mRNA expression during wound healing opens up new possibilities for the study of real‐time mechanisms in complex biological processes.
Dual‐Hole Excitons Activated Photoelectrolysis in Neutral Solution
Authors: Hung Sung‐Fu , Chen Zhi‐Zhong , Chang Chun‐Chih , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Tsai Ming‐Kang , Kang Chia‐Cheng , Chen Hao Ming 
Published: February 2018

AbstractII–VI semiconductors exhibit unique behaviors that can generate dual‐holes (“heavy and light”), but the application in photocatalysis is still missing. Herein, an empirical utilization of light/heavy holes in a hybrid metal cluster‐2D semiconductor nanoplatelets is reported. This hybrid material can boost the hole‐transfer at the surface and suppress the recombination. Different roles are enacted by light‐holes and heavy‐holes, in which the light‐holes with higher energy and mobility can facilitate the slow kinetics of water oxidation and further reduce the onset voltage, while the massive heavy‐holes can increase the resulting photocurrent by about five times, achieving a photocurrent of 2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE under AM 1.5 G illumination in nonsacrificial neutral solution. These strategies can be the solutions for photoelectrolysis and be beneficial for sustainable development in solar conversion.
Dual‐Native Vacancy Activated Basal Plane and Conductivity of MoSe2 with High‐Efficiency Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Gao Daqiang , Xia Baorui , Wang Yanyan , Xiao Wen , Xi Pinxian , Xue Desheng , Ding Jun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlthough transition metal dichalcogenide MoSe2 is recognized as one of the low‐cost and efficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), its thermodynamically stable basal plane and semiconducting property still hamper the electrocatalytic activity. Here, it is demonstrated that the basal plane and edges of 2H‐MoSe2 toward HER can be activated by introducing dual‐native vacancy. The first‐principle calculations indicate that both the Se and Mo vacancies together activate the electrocatalytic sites in the basal plane and edges of MoSe2 with the optimal hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*) of 0 eV. Experimentally, 2D MoSe2 nanosheet arrays with a large amount of dual‐native vacancies are fabricated as a catalytic working electrode, which possesses an overpotential of 126 mV at a current density of 100 mV cm−2, a Tafel slope of 38 mV dec−1, and an excellent long‐term durability. The findings pave a rational pathway to trigger the activity of inert MoSe2 toward HER and also can be extended to other layered dichalcogenide.
Quantitative and qualitative safety analysis of a hemodialysis machine with S#
Authors: Leupolz Johannes , Habermaier Axel , Reif Wolfgang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper reports on our experiences of applying S# (“safety sharp”) to model and analyze the case study “hemodialysis machine.” The S# safety analysis approach focuses on the question, what happens if we place a controller with correct software into an unreliable environment. To answer that question, the S# toolchain natively supports the Deductive Cause Consequence Analysis, a fully automatic model checking‐based safety analysis technique that determines all sets of component faults with the potential of causing a system hazard. Furthermore, S# can give an approximate estimate of the hazard's probability. To demonstrate our approach, we created a model with a simplified controller of the hemodialysis machine and relevant parts of its environment and performed a safety analysis using Deductive Cause Consequence Analysis.
Revisiting Polyarenes and Related Molecules: An Update of Synthetic Approaches and Structure‐Activity‐Mechanistic Correlation for Carcinogenesis
Authors: Sar Dinabandhu , Kim Benjamin , Ostadhossein Fatemeh , Misra Santosh K. , Pan Dipanjan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA major proportion of basic cause for human cancer has been linked to widespread environmental pollutants including analogs of polyarenes. Search of an effective therapy can be started with the understanding of the generation of such “carcinogens” and their biological interactions. This review is to discuss the syntheses, structural activities, mechanistic and biological studies of polyarenes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polycyclic azaarenes (PAAs) and their thia‐analogs (PASH). It also summarizes the mechanism of mutagenicity and tumorigenicity via metabolic interventions producing diol epoxide complexes and eventually formation of DNA adducts. It suggests that inhibition of oxidative reactions and formation of diols and epoxides and unspecific intracellular activation of cytochrome P450 enzymes could be approaches in therapy against such mutagenicity and tumorigenicity. Thus, this review reflects that understanding of molecular mechanisms and activations along with a clinical and translational medicine approach would require achieving both prevention and treatment of this atrocity.
Evaluating the efficacy of carbachol at reducing corvid predation on artificial nests
Authors: Brinkman Matthew P. , Garcelon David K. , Colwell Mark A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTNest predation often limits recovery of threatened and endangered birds, especially ground‐nesting species. Accordingly, a variety of techniques are used to reduce the impact of nest predation on listed species. We examined the efficacy of conditioned taste aversion, a nonlethal technique designed to induce avoidance behavior in predators after being exposed to prey items that have been treated, usually with a chemical emetic that causes predators to become ill within minutes of consumption. We used carbachol (carbamyl choline chloride) as a taste‐aversive agent to condition corvids responsible for high levels of nest predation on 2 federally listed species—the western snowy plover (Charadrius nivosus nivosus) and California least tern (Sternula antillarum browni)—breeding at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, USA. We conducted 2 separate experiments in 2013 and 2014, during which we deployed 772 artificial nests during the first experiment and 760 artificial nests during the second experiment. Each artificial nest contained 3 quail (Coturnix spp.) eggs. During the first stage of both experiments all of the nests only contained untreated quail eggs, and nest predation was high with >90% of nests failing within 1–2 days of deployment. In subsequent stages, we deployed carbachol‐treated eggs in increasing proportion. We used nest survival models to evaluate daily survival rates (DSR) of artificial nests in all stages of both experiments. During both experiments, DSR increased concomitant with a greater proportion of carbachol‐treated eggs. Common ravens (Corvus corax) accounted for 98.1% (n = 471) of all artificial nest predations in Experiment 1, and 95.6% (n = 498) of all artificial nest predations in Experiment 2. Using carbachol as a taste‐aversive agent was effective at reducing predation on artificial nests as illustrated by increased DSR (0.47 to 0.98 in the first experiment and 0.00 to 0.99 in the second experiment); however, transferability of this technique to plover and tern nests was not fully realized. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
The Effect of Temperature on the Preferential Intergranular Oxidation Susceptibility of Alloy 600
Authors: Bertali G. , Burke M. G. , Scenini F. , Huin N. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOxidation studies were performed on solution-annealed Alloy 600 in high-temperature steam at 400 °C and in simulated pressurized water reactor primary water at 320 °C under environmental conditions where this alloy is known to be susceptible to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Advanced analytical transmission electron microscopy characterization and detailed scanning electron microscopy analysis highlighted extensive preferential intergranular oxidation as well as enhanced Cr and O diffusivities associated with this oxidation. These findings, as well as the preferential intergranular oxidation susceptibility and diffusion-induced grain boundary migration, are discussed in terms of their roles as precursors to stress corrosion cracking.
Footwear‐Generated Dynamic Biomechanical Manipulation and Perturbation Training for Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Authors: Lee Se Won , Veeramachaneni Ratnakar , Saleh Ibrahim Abou , Morice Karen , Tiu Timothy , Lo Yungtai , Frison Kevin , Bartels Matthew N. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundHome‐based therapy optimizing biomechanics and neuromuscular control is increasingly recognized as a treatment option for chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP). However, its impact on pain, function, and gait is limited among patients in a metropolitan area.ObjectiveTo evaluate the change of pain, function, and gait parameters with home‐based therapy with the use of footwear‐generated biomechanical manipulation and perturbation training in a population with CNSLBP in a metropolitan area.DesignProspective observational study.SettingOutpatient rehabilitation clinic at an academic teaching hospital.ParticipantsOne hundred sixteen patients with CNSLBP for more than 6 months.InterventionSix months of home‐based therapy with a biomechanical device using 4 modular elements attached to a foot‐worn platform.Main Outcome MeasuresInstrumental gait analysis (gait velocity, step length, single limb support phase % of gait cycle), Numeric Rating Scale for pain, and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire Index for pain and function.ResultsOnly 43 patients (37.1%) completed the study. Among 43 patients, mean gait velocity increased from 86.6 ± 20.7 to 99.7 ± 22.1 cm/s (P < .0001) in 6 months. Mean left step length increased from 51.1 ± 8.4 to 54.8 ± 9.8 cm (P < .0001). Mean right step length increased from 51.0 ± 7.9 to 55.4 ± 9.0 cm (P < .0001). Mean single limb support increased from 36.4 ± 2.8 to 37.2 ± 2.5%, (P = .208) in the right side and from 36.6 ± 3.0 to 37.8 ± 4.4%, (P = .019) in the left side. Median Oswestry Disability Questionnaire Index score improved from 28 (18‐44; interquartile range) to 17 (10‐35) (P = .045). Mean Numeric Rating Scale for back pain improved from 7.7 ± 1.8 to 3.3 ± 3.1 (P < .0001).ConclusionAt 6 months, patients with CNSLBP undergoing home‐based therapy with footwear‐generated biomechanical manipulation and perturbation training demonstrated significant improvement of objective gait parameters, pain, and function.Level of EvidenceIV
Considerations for Exercise Prescription in Patients With Bone Metastases: A Comprehensive Narrative Review
Authors: Sheill Gráinne , Guinan Emer M. , Peat Nicola , Hussey Juliette 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMetastatic disease is a frequent complication of advanced cancer, with bone representing one of the most common sites of metastatic occurrence. Patients with bone metastases receive long‐term systemic treatments that have a significant attritional impact on muscle strength, fatigue, and physical functioning. Physical rehabilitation involving exercise and physical activity prescription has a considerable role in counteracting these changes; however, exercise is often perceived as a contraindication in the presence of bone metastases due to concerns about aggravating skeletal related events. This article examines the physical sequelae of bone metastases and outlines the factors for consideration with exercise prescription in metastatic bone disease, including bone health, pain levels, and oncologic treatment. This article includes a comprehensive review of the evidence from trials of exercise prescription in this population, including the efficacy and safety outcomes of exercise interventions. Exercise interventions for patients with bone metastases are associated with positive physical and self‐reported outcomes. Studies reviewed reporting adverse events did not find a high fracture incidence with exercise in comparison with control participants, or an association between exercise and fracture risk. The need to individualize exercise prescription and adapt exercises to patient ability were reinforced in all papers reviewed. Exercise prescription to patients with bone metastases does involve complex decision making; however, a number of tools are available that may inform both the assessment of patients and the prescription of exercise.Level of EvidenceNA
Moral(ity and) Economy
Authors: Hann Chris 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe relationship between morality and economy has been muddied in the course of disciplinary specialization. While dominant paradigms in economics abstract from the moral dimension, recent approaches to morality and ethics in anthropology neglect the material economy. E. P. Thompson’s “moral economy” has been an influential bridging concept in recent decades, but recent inflationary usage has highlighted shortcomings. Following an overview of the disciplinary debates, the moral dimension of economic life is illustrated in this paper with reference towork as a valuebetween the late 19th and early 21st centuries in Hungary. Contemporary workfare is explored with local examples. It is shown how discourses of work and fairness are being extended into new ethical registers to justify negative attitudes towards a new category of migrants.
Local climate controls among-population variation in germination patterns in twoEricaspecies across western Iberia
Authors: Chamorro Daniel , Luna Belén , Moreno José M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn seasonal climates, germination timing is mainly controlled by temperature, especially in species with physiological seed dormancy. The germination response to temperature may, however, vary among populations across the distribution range of species. Understanding how populations along climate gradients vary in their sensitivity to temperature is important for determining their vulnerability to climate variability and change. Here, we investigated the germination response of twoEricaspecies with physiological seed dormancy (E. australisandE. umbellata) to changes in temperature throughout the seasons (simulated autumn through to spring) and to the local climate in six localities across a latitudinal gradient in western Iberia. Effects were studied with and without exposing the seeds to a heat shock. The local climate of seed provenance emerged as a key factor in modifying the germination sensitivity to germination temperature and their variation through the seasons. Although each species showed idiosyncratic germination responses to temperature treatments and across the gradient, germination of both species was sensitive to warmer temperatures and to a heat shock. Both showed similar seasonal germination patterns: as we moved from south to north, populations tended to have a larger germination peak in spring, which was greater at colder temperatures. We conclude that rising temperatures associated with climate change will affect these species, particularly at their northern ranges, where many seeds will remain dormant during warmer winters. Arguably, models aiming at assessing climate change impacts in these species need to include such variability across latitude.
Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of obesity-related cancers
Authors: Hodge Allison M , Bassett Julie K , Milne Roger L , English Dallas R , Giles Graham G 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that more frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks would be associated with increased risk of obesity-related cancers. Associations for artificially sweetened soft drinks were assessed for comparison.DesignProspective cohort study with cancers identified by linkage to cancer registries. At baseline, participants completed a 121-item FFQ including separate questions about the number of times in the past year they had consumed sugar-sweetened or artificially sweetened soft drinks. Anthropometric measurements, including waist circumference, were taken and questions about smoking, leisure-time physical activity and intake of alcoholic beverages were completed.SettingThe Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) is a prospective cohort study which recruited 41 514 men and women aged 40–69 years between 1990 and 1994. A second wave of data collection occurred in 2003–2007.SubjectsData for 35 593 participants who developed 3283 incident obesity-related cancers were included in the main analysis.ResultsIncreasing frequency of consumption of both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks was associated with greater waist circumference at baseline. For sugar-sweetened soft drinks, the hazard ratio (HR) for obesity-related cancers increased as frequency of consumption increased (HR for consumption >1/dv. <1/month=1·18; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·45;P-trend=0·007). For artificially sweetened soft drinks, the HR for obesity-related cancers was not associated with consumption (HR for consumption >1/dv. <1/month=1·00; 95 % CI 0·79, 1·27;P-trend=0·61).ConclusionsOur results add to the justification to minimise intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks.
Towards an EU Regulatory Framework for Climate-Smart Agriculture: The Example of Soil Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Verschuuren Jonathan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article assesses current and proposed European Union (EU) climate and environmental law, and the legal instruments associated with the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), to see whether soil carbon sequestration is sufficiently promoted as a promising example of ‘climate-smart agriculture’. The assessment shows that current and proposed policies and instruments are inadequate to stimulate large-scale adoption of soil carbon projects across Europe. Given the identified structural flaws, it is likely that this is true for all climate-smart agricultural practices. An alternative approach needs to be developed. Under EU climate policy, agriculture should be included in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) by allowing regulated industries to buy offsets from the agricultural sector, following the examples set by Australia and others. The second element of a new approach is aimed at the CAP, which needs to be far more focused on the specific requirements of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Yet, such stronger focus does not take away the need to explore new income streams for farmers from offsets under the ETS, as the CAP will never have sufficient funds for the deep and full transition of Europe’s agriculture sector that is needed.