bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A computer analysis method for thermal diffusion in biochemical systems
Authors: Davids Norman , Berger Robert L. 
Published: July 2002

In the thermal detection of rapid biochemical reactions it is necessary to correct the temperature data for transient heat conduction losses in a cylindrical calorimeter. To handle the complexities arising from varying thermal-relaxation times of concentric insulating layers, a computer program was developed which gives the temperature distribution of the system as a function of radius and time. This distribution is corrected at each step by a subroutine which calculates the instantaneous chemical state of the reaction, as well as the heat produced by this reaction.
The program is based on a direct statement of Fourier's law of heat conduction and the chemical rate equation to provide a “bookkeeping law” to follow the reactants and the flow of heat packets, in such a way that the computer continually stores the heat distribution. A computer analysis method is here regarded as one in which the physical laws of a process are used explicitly in the program. Usually this results in bypassing much of the mathematical procedures conventionally used.
Parallel shared-memory simulator performance for large ATM networks
Authors: Unger Brian , Xiao Zhonge , Cleary John , Tsai Jya-Jang , Williamson Carey 
Published: July 2002

A performance comparison between an optimistic and a conservative
parallel simulation kernel is presented. Performance of the parallel kernels is also compared to a central-event-list sequential kernel. A spectrum of ATM network and traffic scenarios representative of those used by ATM networking researchers are used for the comparison. Experiments are conducted with a cell-level ATM network simulator and an 18-processor SGI PowerChallenge shared-memory multiprocessor.
The results show the performance advantages of parallel simulation ove r sequential simulation for ATM networks. Speedups of 4-5 relative to a fast sequential kernel are achieved on 16 processors for several large irregular ATM benchmark scenarios and the optimistic kernel achieves 2 to 5 times speedup on all 7 benchmarks. However, the relative performance of the two parallel simulation kernels is dependent on the size of the ATM network, the number of traffic sources, and the traffic source types used in the simulation. For some benchmarks the best single point performance is provided by the conservative kernel even on a single processor. Unfortunately, the conservative kernel performance is susceptible to small changes in the modeling code and is outperformed by the optimistic kernel on 5 of the 7 benchmarks. The optimistic parallel simulation kernel thus provides most robust performance, but its speedup is limited by the overheads of its implementation, which make it approximately half the speed of the sequential kernel on one processor.
Integration of Functional and Environmental Performance Design Decisions: A Mechanical Component Case Study
Authors: Bauer Diana , Sheng Paul 
Published: July 2002

SummaryProduct design‐for‐environment (DfE) has traditionally relied on life‐cycle assessment (LCA) as a primary means of assessing environmental performance. To date, LCA has focused on static inventory and impacts of material streams during the stages of resource extraction, component manufacture, product use, and end of life at a high level of aggregation. Improvement analysis, though theoretically an important stage of LCA, is practically very challenging to implement using LCA alone. One reason for this is that the focus on detailed characterization of material streams does not facilitate a development of an understanding of the mechanistic relationship between design intent and material, manufacturing, and use‐phase potential impacts. As the product development community transitions from sequential design to more streamlined concurrent design, interactive design tools are needed as a supplement to assessment tools in order to facilitate tradeoffs among environmental and other factors. This article presents an environmental analysis approach based on detailed process modeling which evaluates components from a functional design point of view. From a manufacturer's perspective, local potential effects in aggregate are often as important as global potential impacts. Furthermore, impacts often relate to explicit trade‐offs between different life‐cycle stages, such as production and use. In this article, the influence of functional design and manufacturing specifications (surface tolerance and finish) on localized potential impacts is illustrated through two different mechanical component (steel roller bearing and rotating shaft) case studies. Detailed analytical tools are key in enabling optimization and trade‐offs by designers and process planners. The functional modeling approach is an important complement to LCA in providing a well‐defined view of environmental performance.
LE POÈME ACROSTICHE SUR EXODE XX 1-5 DANS LE TARGUM FRAGMENTAIRE (MS G)
Authors: Himbaza Innocent 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLe Targum fragmentaire G (Ms G) qui contient le début d'Exode xx a fait récemment l'objet d'une publication de P. Grelot dans la Revue des études juives 159 (2000). Cependant cette publication suscite des objections sur la structure du poème et sur le rôle des textes en prose que nous avons à l'intérieur de ce poème. Cette article entend présenter ce texte autrement en se basant sur la comparaison avec les autres textes targumiques.
BEHAVIOURAL STRATEGIES, TESTIS SIZE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN TWO CAVIOMORPH RODENTS WITH DIFFERENT MATING SYSTEMS
Authors: Sachser Norbert , Schwarz-Weig Esther , Keil Anja , Epplen Jorg 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We summarize our studies on the social and mating systems of Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides , two closely related South-American rodents. In Cavia an extremely high incompatibility exists among adult males. As a consequence, only a single male can be kept together with several females even in richly structured enclosures of 20 m2. From this, a polygynous mating system emerges. In contrast, under similar housing conditions male Galea are much more tolerant and large groups can be established consisting of several adult males and several adult females. The mating system of Galea is promiscuous because of the female's soliciting behaviour when receptive that makes it impossible for a single male to monopolize her. The diverging mating systems correspond well with functional variations in testis size and sexual dimorphism: the polygynous Cavia show low testis masses (weight of both testes = 0.58% of body weight) and body weights are 11% higher in males than in nonpregnant females. The promiscuous Galea have extremely high relative testis masses (1.86% of body weight) and non-pregnant females are 15% heavier than males. In the latter species promiscuous mating results in a high percentage of multiple paternities (> 80% in groups of 4 males and 6-7 females) as revealed by multi-locus DNA fingerprinting. Nevertheless dominant males achieve a significantly higher reproductive success than subordinates. The high frequency of overt aggression directed from dominant to subordinate males, therefore, may be a mechanism to lower the fertilizing capacity of the lower ranking males. Concerning the females' reproductive success we demonstrated in a mating experiment that Galea which were paired with four males and became pregnant, weaned significantly more offspring than females which were paired with a single male. Thus, for the first time a reproductive benefit from promiscuous mating is shown for a female mammal. Field studies in the natural habitats of Cavia aperea and Galea musteloides are now performed to elucidate whether the differences in social and mating systems can be related to differences in ecological conditions.
THE SPEAR LOBSTER, LINUPARUS SOMNIOSUS BERRY & GEORGE, 1972 (DECAPODA, PALINURIDAE) IN INDONESIA
Authors: Wowor Daisy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractABSTRACT The spear lobster, Linuparus somniosus Berry & George, 1972 (Palinuridae), is here reported for the first time from relatively shallow waters off southern Java, Indonesia. This is only the second time that the species is recorded from Southeast Asia. Sexual dimorphism in the pereiopods is reported: those of males being more robust than those of females. Several other taxonomic characters are also discussed. Notes on the local fisheries for this species are provided.
Linuparus somniosus Berry & George, 1972 (Palinuridae) est signale pour la premiere fois d'eaux relativement peu profondes au sud de Java (Indonesie); c'est la seconde fois seulement que l'espece est signalee du Sud-est de l'Asie. Le dimorphisme sexuel des pereiopodes est mentionne, ceux du male etant plus robustes que ceux de la femelle. D'autres caracteres taxonomiques sont aussi discutes. Des notes sur les pecheries locales de cette espece sont fournies.
Population growth of two aphelenchid nematodes with six different fungi as a food source
Authors: Ikonen Eeva 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDifferences in population growth patterns of two nematode species, Aphelenchoides bicaudatus and Aphelenchus avenae, were observed on food sources of agar plate cultures of six fungi, Cladosporium cladosporioides, C. herbarum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Penicillium simplicissimum and P.restrictum strains I and II. The population, measured as biomass or individuals cm-2, of A. bicaudatus was bigger than that of A. avenae after 20-23 days at the end of the experiment with most of the fungi. However, the population growth of A. avenae on P.restrictum (I) was faster after the first 7 days than that of A. bicaudatus. On cultures of F. chlamydosporum and C. herbarum, the population growth of both nematodes was greater than on the other fungi. C. cladosporioides did not support the reproduction of either nematode.
The effect of dry heating of synthetic 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrite: II. Surface area, porosity and fractal dimension
Authors: Weidler P. G. , Stanjek H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNitrogen adsorption isotherms were measured on synthetic 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrites heated to 400 K, 500 K, and 600 K under dry conditions for different times ranging from 4 to 3000 h. Evaluation of specific surface area, microporosity and fractal dimension revealed that 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrites are highly microporous powders consisting of aggregates with corrugated interior and exterior surfaces. Furthermore, the surfaces of the single particles forming the aggregates have a smaller fractal dimension, i.e. a smoother appearance, than those of the entire aggregate. The diffusion of water lost during the heating process is influenced by the size of the micropores. The initial stage of the dehydration of the ferrihydrites can be described as similar to the process of Ostwald ripening.
Chemical zoning of muscovite from the Ervedosa granite, northern Portugal
Authors: Gomes M. E. P. , Neiva A. M. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe tin-bearing muscovite granite from Ervedosa contains unzoned primary muscovite. This Hercynian S-type granite was hydrothermally altered at the stanniferous quartz vein walls and contains three types of muscovite: (1) very small unzoned muscovite replacing albite; (2) small unzoned hydrothermal muscovite replacing K-feldspar and quartz; and (3) zoned subhedral muscovite.In the zoned muscovite, the core has a composition similar to that of magmatic muscovite from the unaltered granite, while the rim has a composition similar to that of hydrothermal muscovite replacing K-feldspar and quartz in the altered granite. The rim corresponds to a late overgrowth richer in the celadonitic component than the core. Infiltrated mineralizing fluids reacted with biotite and K-feldspar of the unaltered granite. We interpret the rim of muscovite to have precipitated from these solutions.
Computer simulation of aqueous pore fluids in 2:1 clay minerals
Authors: Skipper N. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMonte Carlo and molecular dynamics computer simulations are now able to provide detailed information concerning the structure, dynamics, and thermodynamics of pore fluids in 2:1 clays. This article will discuss interparticle interaction potentials currently available for atomistic simulations of clay-water systems, and will describe how computational techniques can be applied to modelling of clay systems. Some recent simulation studies of 2:1 clay hydration will then be reviewed. Comparison with experimental data promotes confidence in the molecular models and simulation techniques, and points to exciting future prospects.
A gene therapy approach for treating T-cell–mediated autoimmune diseases
Authors: Chen Chiann-Chyi , Rivera Amariliz , Ron Naomi , Dougherty Joseph P. , Ron Yacov 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that serves as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS) in humans. In mice, EAE is mediated by Th1 type CD4+ T cells specific for various myelin proteins which migrate from the periphery to the CNS. Removal or blocking of CD4+ cells before or shortly after disease induction was shown to prevent disease onset and/or disease progression but also results in general immune suppression. Most treatment regimens for autoimmune diseases currently rely on general suppression of the T-cell compartment most commonly by steroids. In this paper, an experimental, gene therapy-based model is presented in which susceptible mice are made resistant to EAE induction by specifically down-regulating an autoreactive T-cell population. By using a retroviral gene transfer protocol, normal B cells were genetically modified to constitutively express the SJL-specific proteolipid (PLP) encephalitogenic determinant and then adoptively transferred into syngeneic hosts. To ensure appropriate presentation of the exogenous encephalitogenic peptide in association with MHC class II, the encephalitogenic sequence was fused to a lysosomal targeting sequence. Adoptive transfer of syngeneic B cells expressing the PLP encephalitogenic determinant into normal, naive, genetically susceptible mice induced PLP-specific unresponsiveness and completely protected the majority (62% and 83% using an intermediate and a high titer retroviral vector, respectively) of the animals from EAE induction. The remaining animals had a delayed disease onset and/or lower disease severity. All protected mice expressed the exogenous gene in the spleen as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
Day Care Attendance and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Tall Susanna , Virtanen Suvi M. , Knip Mikael 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceA meta-analysis published in 2001 suggested that exposure to infections measured by day care attendance may be important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Several new studies on the topic have since been published.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes and to include all available literature up to March 10, 2024.Data SourcesData from PubMed and Web of Science were used and supplemented by bibliographies of the retrieved articles and searched for studies assessing the association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes.Study SelectionStudies that reported a measure of association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisDetails, including exposure and outcome assessment and adjustment for confounders, were extracted from the included studies. The multivariable association with the highest number of covariates, lowest number of covariates, and unadjusted estimates and corresponding 95% CIs were extracted. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects meta-analyses were performed and yielded conservative confidence intervals around relative risks.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe principal association measure was day care attendance vs no day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes.ResultsSeventeen articles including 22 observational studies of 100 575 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Among the participants, 3693 had type 1 diabetes and 96 882 were controls. An inverse association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes was found (combined odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.58-0.79; P &amp;lt; .001; adjusted for all available confounders). When the 3 cohort studies included were analyzed separately, the risk of type 1 diabetes was 15% lower in the group attending day care; however, the difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.59-1.12; P = .37).Conclusions and RelevanceThese results demonstrated that day care attendance appears to be associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. Increased contacts with microbes in children attending day care compared with children who do not attend day care may explain these findings. However, further prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm the proposed association.
Comparative analysis of fetal dose sparing between a C‐arm linac and an O‐ring linac in a SIB‐VMAT sarcoma treatment for a pregnant patient: A technical note and case report
Authors: Rivais Wesley , Constine Louis , Pacella Matthew , Joyce Neil , Nagey Maimuna , Webster Matthew , Yoon Jihyung , Jung Hyunuk , Tanny Sean , Lemus Olga Maria Dona , Zheng Dandan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPurposeTo compare the effect of two linacs designs on fetal dose sparing on a pregnant patient, including estimation of the fetal dose, and the effect of a lead apron.MethodsA patient with a high‐grade sarcoma located in the right knee/lower thigh was prescribed 51 Gy (1.7 Gy/Fx) with a simultaneous‐integrated‐boost (SIB) of 60 Gy to a smaller volume, starting in the 26th gestational week. Volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) plans with 6MV‐FFF were developed using identical dosimetric constraints on a Varian Truebeam Edge with HD‐MLC and a Varian Halcyon with double‐stacked MLC. Based on patient dimension measurements, an anthropomorphic phantom was constructed using a Rando phantom and saline bags in the patient's Vac‐Lok bag. Phantom measurements were performed using OSLDs and TLDs placed at three different planes, corresponding to the pubis, the umbilicus, and the fundus based on patient measurements and projected gestational age, to estimate the fetal dose. Three experimental scenarios were measured, each with CBCT‐based image guidance for an accurate, reproducible setup: Edge, Halcyon, and Halcyon with a tri‐folded lead apron (0.5 mm × 3 = 1.5 mm Pb) over the phantom abdomen.ResultsPlan quality and total MUs are comparable between the Edge and Halcyon plans. The OSLD‐measured whole‐course dose to the pubis, umbilicus, and fundus were 18.8, 13.1, and 11.7 cGy, respectively, on Halcyon, on average 27.8% lower than Edge. The repeatability within either dosimeter was good, although TLD showed systematically lower doses. Importantly, both dosimetry systems showed a lower measured fetal dose for the Halcyon plan compared with the Edge plan. Adding a tri‐folded lead apron over the abdomen did not meaningfully lower the measured dose.ConclusionIn this case study, Halcyon demonstrated a better sparing of out‐of‐field fetal dose compared to TrueBeam Edge. It was shown that lead aprons do not provide additional fetal dose sparing.
Transcriptional Profiling of Tofacitinib Treatment in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Implications for Treatment Response Prediction
Authors: Eloseily Esraa , Pickering Alex , Dhakal Sanjeev , Ruperto Nicolino , Brunner Hermine I. , Grom Alexei A. , Thornton Sherry ,   for the Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation
Published: November 2024

ObjectiveTo assess changes in gene expression following tofacitinib treatment and investigate transcription patterns as potential predictors of treatment response in patients with active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsWhole‐blood samples were collected from patients with JIA at baseline and after 18 weeks of open‐label tofacitinib treatment. Patients who achieved a JIA–American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response of 70% or above at week 18 were classified as treatment responders (TRs), whereas those with at most a JIA–ACR30 were classified as poor responders (PRs). Differential gene expression and gene ontology overrepresentation analyses were performed to compare RNA expression between week 18 and baseline samples, as well as between PR and TR samples at baseline.ResultsSamples from 67 patients at baseline and 60 patients at week 18 were analyzed. After 18 weeks of tofacitinib treatment across all patients with JIA, 883 genes showed significant differential expression (week 18 to baseline). The most strongly down‐regulated genes were overrepresented within interleukin‐7 (IL‐7) and type I and type II interferon pathways, whereas up‐regulated genes were enriched in ontologies related to neuronal cell processes and cell signaling. Comparing PRs and TRs at baseline, 663 genes showed differential expression. Up‐regulated genes were overrepresented within ontologies including activation of MAPK activity (P = 9.40 × 10−5), myeloid cell development (P = 8.13 × 10−5), activation of GTPase activity (P = 0.00015), and organelle transport along microtubules (P = 0.00021).ConclusionTofacitinib treatment in JIA down‐regulated genes in interferon and IL‐7 signaling pathways regardless of effectiveness. Furthermore, baseline up‐regulation of MAPK signaling may predict poor response to tofacitinib treatment in JIA.
Synergistic Effects of Solid and Solvent Additives on Film Morphology Enable Binary Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency of Over 19%
Authors: Shi Keli , Lai Jing , Xia Xinxin , Jeong Seonghun , Zhu Can , Zhou Liuyang , Guo Jing , Zhang Jinyuan , Yang Changduk , Li Xiaojun , Meng Lei , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Qiu Beibei , Li Yongfang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRegulating the film morphology features of the photoactive layer is critically important for developing high‐performance organic solar cells (OSCs). Adding solvent or solid additives is widely used to realize fine‐tuned film morphology. However, most high‐performance OSCs are processed only using single component additive, either solvent additive or solid additive. Herein, two structurally similar analogs of 1‐benzothiophene (BT) and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b']dithiophene (BDT) are applied as volatilizable solid additives and are used with the well‐known solvent additive 1‐chloronaphthalene (CN), respectively. Comprehensive morphology analysis revealed that the addition of BT with better volatilization can promote the formation of stronger molecular packing and desirable phase separation, resulting in higher charge mobility and more efficient charge separation. However, the insufficient volatilization of BDT caused excessive aggregation, leading to severe recombination. Consequently, the PMZ‐10:Y6 based binary OSCs treated with the hybrid additives of CN and BT delivered a notable efficiency of 19.03%, which is one of the best values of the Y6‐based binary devices reported so far. Overall, this work highlights the importance of hybrid additive strategy and the reasonable combination of solid and solvent additives in further advancing the development of OSCs field.