bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architectural Innovation in Early Byzantine Cyprus
Authors: Stewart Charles Anthony 
Published: February 2018

The monuments of the Byzantine Empire stand as a testimony to architectural ingenuity. The history and development of such ingenuity, however, may often be difficult to trace, since this requires investigating ruins, peeling away centuries of renovations, and searching for new documentary evidence. Nevertheless, identifying the origins of specific innovations can be crucial to an understanding of how they later came to be used. In fact, ‘creative “firsts” are often used to explain important steps in the history of art’, as Edson Armi noted, adding that ‘in the history of medieval architecture, the pointed arch [and] the flying buttress have receive this kind of landmark status’.Since the nineteenth century, scholars have observed both flying buttresses and pointed arches on Byzantine monuments. Such features were difficult to date without textual evidence, and so they were often assumed to reflect the influence of the subsequent Gothic period. Archaeological research in Cyprus carried out between 1950 and 1974, however, had the potential to overturn this assumption.
Kαλoι κ'αγαθoι (The Beautiful and the Good): Classical School Architecture and Educational Elitism in Early Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh
Authors: Watters Diane 
Published: February 2018

Edinburgh's architecturally magnificent and much-admired historic school buildings, often set in opulent grounds, have come to symbolize the city's ongoing dichotomy between ‘normal’ state schools and ‘elite’ private schools. These schools are conspicuously sited in the most culturally prestigious locations in Edinburgh — the New Town, Old Town and Victorian bourgeois suburbs — and their architecture powerfully underpins their ideologies of longevity and tradition. The solidity of the built ‘heritage’ of these schools, however, obscures a story of great educational complexity and change. Many of the historic buildings are no longer used by the present school institutions; some now have alternative uses. Others have changed fundamentally their social and educational status (several, ironically, were originally built by wealthy donors as charitable orphanages for the ‘deserving poor’ and later converted to fee-paying day schools for the middle classes).The complex history of these schools cannot be understood adequately without reference to the early history of their buildings. This article is intended as an initial exploration of these complexities. It focuses on two key Edinburgh case studies: the Edinburgh Academy (‘the Academy’), built to William Burn's design of 1823 and opened in 1824 (Fig. 1); and the Royal High School of Edinburgh (the ‘Royal High’), built to Thomas Hamilton's design of 1825 and opened in 1829 (Fig. 2). It examines the educational origins, brief, architectural design, and early use of these surviving purpose-built schools and, in particular, the associated negotiations and debate of 1822–23 that occurred at a municipal level, which links their controversial pre-histories.
Ways to Possess a Singer in 1830s London
Authors: Cloutier Eleanor 
Published: February 2018

AbstractItalian singer Giulia Grisi was imagined and ‘possessed’ in various ways by members of diverse social groups in London during the 1830s. Audience members could bring different versions of the diva home: through reports (or experiences with her) as a guest or entertainer at parties, through gossip about her personal life reported in newspapers and through pieces arranged ‘as sung by’ her. The fluid and constantly negotiated relationship between the diva and her audience offered a locus for expressing social relations in London during a period of changing class and national definitions. It is neither possible nor desirable to recover a singular idea of Grisi as a celebrity or as a woman; instead, the multiple images of Grisi must be read as negotiations of identity on the part of the consumers as they participated in the nascent celebrity culture of the 1830s.
Integral categories and calculus categories
Authors: COCKETT J. R. B. , LEMAY J.-S. 
Published: February 2018

Differential categories are now an established abstract setting for differentiation. However, not much attention has been given to the process which is inverse to differentiation: integration. This paper presents the parallel development for integration by axiomatizing an integral transformation, sA: !A → !A ⊗ A, in a symmetric monoidal category with a coalgebra modality. When integration is combined with differentiation, the two fundamental theorems of calculus are expected to hold (in a suitable sense): a differential category with integration which satisfies these two theorems is called a calculus category.Modifying an approach to antiderivatives by T. Ehrhard, we define having antiderivatives as the demand that a certain natural transformation, K: !A → !A, is invertible. We observe that a differential category having antiderivatives, in this sense, is always a calculus category.When the coalgebra modality is monoidal, it is natural to demand an extra coherence between integration and the coalgebra modality. In the presence of this extra coherence, we show that a calculus category with a monoidal coalgebra modality has its integral transformation given by antiderivatives and, thus, that the integral structure is uniquely determined by the differential structure.The paper finishes by providing a suite of separating examples. Examples of differential categories, integral categories and calculus categories based on both monoidal and (mere) coalgebra modalities are presented. In addition, differential categories which are not integral categories are discussed and vice versa.
Socio-economic, environmental and nutritional characteristics of urban and rural South Indian women in early pregnancy: findings from the South Asian Birth Cohort (START)
Authors: Dwarkanath Pratibha , Vasudevan Anil , Thomas Tinku , Anand Sonia S , Desai Dipika , Gupta Milan , Menezes Gladys , Kurpad Anura V , Srinivasan Krishnamachari 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveHigh frequency of low birth weight (LBW) is observed in rural compared with urban Indian women. Since maternal BMI is known to be associated with pregnancy outcomes, the present study aimed to investigate factors associated with BMI in early pregnancy of urban and rural South Indian women.DesignProspective observational cohort.SettingA hospital-based study conducted at an urban and a rural health centre in Karnataka State.SubjectsPregnant women (n 843) aged 18–40 years recruited in early pregnancy from whom detailed sociodemographic, environmental, anthropometric and dietary intake information was collected.ResultsA high proportion of low BMI (32 v. 26 %, P<0·000) and anaemia (48 v. 23 %, P<0·000) was observed in the rural v. the urban cohort. Rural women were younger, had lower body weight, tended to be shorter and less educated. They lived in poor housing conditions, had less access to piped water and good sanitation, used unrefined fuel for cooking and had lower standard of living score. The age (β=0·21, 95 % CI 0·14, 0·29), education level of their spouse (β=1·36, 95 % CI 0·71, 2·71) and fat intake (β=1·24, 95 % CI 0·20, 2·28) were positively associated with BMI in urban women.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that risk factors associated with BMI in early pregnancy are different in rural and urban settings. It is important to study population-specific risk factors in relation to perinatal health.
Mining, characterization and application of transcriptome-based SSR markers in Chinese jiaotou
Authors: Liu Chan , Tang Qing , Cheng Chaohua , Xu Ying , Yang Zemao , Dai Zhigang , Su Jianguang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChinese jiaotou is an economically important crop that is widely cultivated in East Asia. The lack of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers has been a major obstacle for genetic studies of this crop. In the present study, SSR markers were developed for Chinese jiaotou on a large scale, based on the crop's transcriptome assembledde novoby a previous study. A search for SSR loci in the transcriptome's expressed sequence tags (ESTs) revealed 2157 SSRs, of which primer pairs could be developed for 1494. Among these resulting SSRs, trinucleotide repeat motifs were the most abundant type, with GAA/TTC motifs occurring most frequently. Analysing the annotated function of SSR-containing ESTs revealed that they enriched into the GO categories involved in transcription regulation, oxidation–reduction, transport, etc. The quality and transferability of these markers were also assessed using 100 randomly selected EST–SSRs, and the result showed that these markers were of good quality and possessed high cross-species transferability. In addition, the developed SSR markers were used to analyse the genetic diversity of 19 cultivated and four wild accessions, resulting in three distinct groups, cluster I, II and III. Interestingly, all four wild accessions were assigned to cluster III, and two local varieties from northern Hunan, China, were closely related to the wild genotypes. These results provide new insights into the origin of Chinese jiaotou. The EST–SSRs developed herein represent the first large-scale development of SSR markers in Chinese jiaotou, and they can be widely used for genetic studies of the crop.
Tomato landraces: an analysis of diversity and preferences
Authors: Lázaro Almudena 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study evaluates the agronomic and morphological traits, chemical composition and traits related to consumer perception of local tomato landraces mostly collected in the suburban area of Madrid. Results showed remarkable variability at all the studied levels in this small area – intra- and inter-accession variability, and in morphological, agronomical and quality traits – and was often dependent on the environmental conditions where the crop was grown. However, few morphotypes could be defined. Some morphological traits of the studied samples seemed to be associated. For instance, ribbed fruits ripened with green shoulder and dark flesh accumulated more soluble solids. Consumer appreciation and fruit morphology, i.e. traits related to fruit size and shape, seemed to be the main determinants of tomato-type definition, although nutrient content also played an important role. Consumers positively received heirloom tomatoes, especially when they were cultivated in the open-field near their area of selection where they express their full potential in the nutrient synthesis and sensory properties. Although total soluble solids content seems to be the main trait related to appreciation, some morphological traits could be determinant in consumers’ choice. Furthermore, some consumers were more interested in different tomato typologies and nutritional characters like acidity.
Microsatellites characteristics analysis and SSR marker development for Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum based on transcriptome sequencing
Authors: Chen Lin , Dong Hui , Wang Jianwen , Li Longna , Xu Meng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPaphiopedilum hirsutissimum (Lindl. ex Hook. f.) Stein (Orchidaceae) is a valuable but endangered ornamental plant. In the present study, the microsatellites characteristics were analysed and 14 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the de novo transcriptome sequencing for P. hirsutissimum using Illumina pair-end sequencing technology. A total of 7406 SSRs were detected in 56,688 unigenes, with the occurrence frequency of 13.06% and an average density of one SSR per 5.42 kb; and 150 primer pairs randomly selected from 2090 pairs except mononucleotide repeats were synthesized for verification. These loci were validated in 32 individuals from the concentrated distribution centre, and were successfully amplified using 14 primer sets showing a high level of polymorphism. These SSR markers will be useful in future studies of genetic diversity, the population structure of P. hirsutissimum and make effective conservation strategy.
Effects of crude aqueous extracts of indigenous pesticidal plants on the ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Mazhawidza E. , Mvumi B. M. , Mazarura U. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEffects of pesticidal plant extracts on non-targeted species are rare. Direct topical and residual sprays of crude aqueous extracts of three pesticidal plants: Datura stramonium L. Bobgunnia madagascariensis Kirkbr. &amp; Wiersema and Solanum delagoense L. were assessed in laboratory bioassays and on-station experiments against the ladybird beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). The plants are routinely used by smallholder vegetable farmers to control aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae L. attacking rape, Brassica napus L. The crude extracts of D. stramonium fresh leaves, S. delagoense fresh fruits and B. madagascariensis dried pods, were applied separately at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% w/v under laboratory conditions. Application rates of 20% and 25% w/v of the plant extracts were further evaluated on-station. Negative (tap water) and positive (dimethoate® (36% E.C)) controls were included for comparison. The mortality of H. variegata was recorded 24, 48 and 72 h post-exposure. In on-station experiments, treatments were applied fortnightly and live H. variegata adults were counted at 1, 7 and 14 days post-application. Mortality of H. variegata in laboratory bioassays increased with increase in post-exposure time and B. madagascariensis (25% w/v) caused the highest mortality. Based on LD50 values, B. madagascariensis extracts were most toxic (LD50, 30% w/v) followed by D. stramonium (LD50, 34% w/v) and S. delagoense (LD50, 49% w/v) 24 h post-application. In on-station experiments, the synthetic chemical significantly lowered (P &lt; 0.05) H. variegata numbers compared to the negative control and plant extracts. The results showed that D. stramonium and S. delagoense extracts at the application rates used in the study were relatively safer to H. variegata than B. madagascariensis (25% w/v); hence, the former two plants can be included in integrated pest management programmes.
From Cambridge Keynesian to institutional economist: the unnoticed contributions of Robert Neild
Authors: HODGSON GEOFFREY M. , GAGLIARDI FRANCESCA , GINDIS DAVID 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRobert Neild (born 1924) has made a major contribution to economics and to peace studies. This paper provides a brief sketch of Neild's life and work. While noting his research in economic policy and peace studies, this essay devotes more attention to his largely unnoticed contributions to institutional and evolutionary economics since 1984. These are important in their own right, but they are especially notable because Cambridge heterodox economists have been devoted mainly to other approaches, including Marxism and post-Keynesianism. Neild's distinctive contribution is partly explained by his closeness to both Nicholas Kaldor and Gunnar Myrdal. Myrdal made explicit his adherence to the original American institutionalism: Neild extended that link to Cambridge.
An actuarial investigation into maternal out-of-hospital cost risk factors
Authors: William Jananie , Chojenta Catherine , Martin Michael A. , Loxton Deborah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper adopts an actuarial approach to identify the risk factors of government-funded maternal out-of-hospital costs in Australia, with a focus on women who experience adverse birth outcomes. We use a two-phase modelling methodology incorporating both classification and regression trees and generalised linear models on a data set that links administrative and longitudinal survey data from a large sample of women, to address maternal out-of-hospital costs. We find that adverse births are a statistically significant risk factor of out-of-hospital costs in both the delivery and postnatal periods. Furthermore, other significant cost risk factors are in-vitro fertilisation, specialist use, general practitioner use, area of residence and mental health factors (including anxiety, intense anxiety, postnatal depression and stress about own health) and the results vary by perinatal sub-period and the patient’s private health insurance status. We highlight these differences and use the results as an evidence base to inform public policy. Mental health policy is identified as a priority area for further investigation due to the dominance of these factors in many of the fitted models.
Preferences for Domestic Action Over International Transfers in Global Climate Policy
Authors: Buntaine Mark T. , Prather Lauren 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCost-effective and equitable climate change mitigation requires the transfer of resources from developed to developing countries. In two behavioral experiments, we demonstrate that American subjects act according to a strong home preference, by making private donations and writing letters in support of public spending more often for mitigation programs located at home versus those overseas. We attempt to overcome the preference to act at home by randomly informing some subjects that foreign programs are more cost-effective than domestic programs. Home preference is mitigated only in the case of private donations. From a separate experimental treatment, we show that the preference against foreign programs is exacerbated when the co-benefits of mitigation programs are made salient. Importantly, home preference crosses party lines, indicating that it is a deep-seeded, affective preference. These findings highlight significant political obstacles to international cooperation on climate change that relies on transfers.
Distributions of phytoplankton carbohydrate, protein and lipid in the world oceans from satellite ocean colour
Authors: Roy Shovonlal 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Energy value of phytoplankton regulates the growth of higher trophic species, affecting the tropic balance and sustainability of marine food webs. Therefore, developing our capability to estimate and monitor, on a global scale, the concentrations of macromolecules that determine phytoplankton energy value, would be invaluable. Reported here are the first estimates of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and overall energy value of phytoplankton in the world oceans, using ocean-colour data from satellites. The estimates are based on a novel bio-optical method that utilises satellite-derived bio-optical fingerprints of living phytoplankton combined with allometric relationships between phytoplankton cells and cellular macromolecular contents. The annually averaged phytoplankton energy value, per cubic metre of sub-surface ocean, varied from less than 0.1 kJ in subtropical gyres, to 0.5–1.0 kJ in parts of the equatorial, northern and southern latitudes, and rising to &gt;10 kJ in certain coastal and optically complex waters. The annually averaged global stocks of carbohydrate, protein and lipid were 0.044, 0.17 and 0.108 gigatonnes, respectively, with monthly stocks highest in September and lowest in June, over 1997–2013. The fractional contributions of phytoplankton size classes e.g., picoplankton, nanoplankton and microplankton to surface concentrations and global stocks of macromolecules varied considerably across marine biomes classified as Longhurst provinces. Among these provinces, the highest annually averaged surface concentrations of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid were in North-East Atlantic Coastal Shelves, whereas, the lowest concentration of carbohydrate or lipid were in North Atlantic Tropical Gyral, and that of protein was in North Pacific Subtropical Gyre West. The regional accuracy of the estimates and their sensitivity to satellite inputs are quantified from the bio-optical model, which show promise for possible operational monitoring of phytoplankton energy value from satellite ocean colour. Adequate in situ measurements of macromolecules and improved retrievals of inherent optical properties from high-resolution satellite images, would be required to validate these estimates at local sites, and to further improve their accuracy in the world oceans.
NanoSIMS and tissue autoradiography reveal symbiont carbon fixation and organic carbon transfer to giant ciliate host
Authors: Volland Jean-Marie , Schintlmeister Arno , Zambalos Helena , Reipert Siegfried , Mozetič Patricija , Espada-Hinojosa Salvador , Turk Valentina , Wagner Michael , Bright Monika 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The giant colonial ciliate Zoothamnium niveum harbors a monolayer of the gammaproteobacteria Cand. Thiobios zoothamnicoli on its outer surface. Cultivation experiments revealed maximal growth and survival under steady flow of high oxygen and low sulfide concentrations. We aimed at directly demonstrating the sulfur-oxidizing, chemoautotrophic nature of the symbionts and at investigating putative carbon transfer from the symbiont to the ciliate host. We performed pulse-chase incubations with 14C- and 13C-labeled bicarbonate under varying environmental conditions. A combination of tissue autoradiography and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with transmission electron microscopy was used to follow the fate of the radioactive and stable isotopes of carbon, respectively. We show that symbiont cells fix substantial amounts of inorganic carbon in the presence of sulfide, but also (to a lesser degree) in the absence of sulfide by utilizing internally stored sulfur. Isotope labeling patterns point to translocation of organic carbon to the host through both release of these compounds and digestion of symbiont cells. The latter mechanism is also supported by ultracytochemical detection of acid phosphatase in lysosomes and in food vacuoles of ciliate cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of freshly collected ciliates revealed that the vast majority of ingested microbial cells were ectosymbionts.
Genome-wide tracking of dCas9-methyltransferase footprints
Authors: Galonska Christina , Charlton Jocelyn , Mattei Alexandra L. , Donaghey Julie , Clement Kendell , Gu Hongcang , Mohammad Arman W. , Stamenova Elena K. , Cacchiarelli Davide , Klages Sven , Timmermann Bernd , Cantz Tobias , Schöler Hans R. , Gnirke Andreas , Ziller Michael J. , Meissner Alexander 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn normal mammalian development cytosine methylation is essential and is directed to specific regions of the genome. Despite notable advances through mapping its genome-wide distribution, studying the direct contribution of DNA methylation to gene and genome regulation has been limited by the lack of tools for its precise manipulation. Thus, combining the targeting capability of the CRISPR–Cas9 system with an epigenetic modifier has attracted interest in the scientific community. In contrast to profiling the genome-wide cleavage of a nuclease competent Cas9, tracing the global activity of a dead Cas9 (dCas9) methyltransferase fusion protein is challenging within a highly methylated genome. Here, we report the generation and use of an engineered, methylation depleted but maintenance competent mouse ES cell line and find surprisingly ubiquitous nuclear activity of dCas9-methyltransferases. Subsequent experiments in human somatic cells refine these observations and point to an important difference between genetic and epigenetic editing tools that require unique experimental considerations.