bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-to-few and one-to-many branching tube flows
Authors: SMITH F. T. , JONES M. A. 
Published: July 2002

Branching tube flows are examined, for one mother to two, three or more daughter
tubes. The case of many daughters (abrupt multi-branching) models blood flow
through an arteriovenous malformation in the brain, while that of very few daughters
(gradual branching) applies elsewhere in physiology and surgical grafting, as well as
other applications including industrial ones. Theory and computation are presented
for two- and three-dimensional motions, under the viscous and inviscid effects of
small changes in mass flux between the daughter tubes, area expansion and turning
of the flow. Specific configurations for which flow solutions are obtained are (a) with
two large daughters, (b) with one small daughter/side branch, and (c) with multiple
small daughters.The numerous physical mechanisms acting concern overall upstream influence and
through-flow, and flow separation and criteria for its avoidance, as well as criteria
for the amount of turning and area expansion possible without energy loss and other
factors associated with separation, and the role of the branching geometry versus that
of the mass-flux distribution in the daughters. In particular, configuration (a) allows
substantial separation-free turning and expansion only with certain shaping of the
outer wall and an area expansion ratio typically less than 1.2, whereas more daughters
involve a balance between geometry and mass flux. In (b), an abrupt pressure jump
is induced at the mouth of the small daughter, near which mass-flux effects tend
to dominate over geometrical shaping effects. In (c), as the number of daughters
increases, the amount of separation-free turning and expansion is found to increase
substantially, and the distributed mass-flux influence readily overrides the geometrical
influence throughout the branching; there is also an integrated upstream effect of the
multi-branching on the incident mother flow even though each daughter flow acts as
if independent. Tentative designs based on wall shaping, flux distributions and divider
placement are considered for flow improvement/surgery.
The Alchemy of Modernity. Alonso Barba's Copper Cauldrons and
the Independence of Bolivian Metallurgy (1790–1890)
Authors: PLATT TRISTAN 
Published: July 2002

Those natures which, when they meet, quickly lay hold on and mutually
affect one another we call affined. This affinity is sufficiently striking in the
case of alkalis and acids which, although they are mutually antithetical … most
decidedly seek and embrace one another, modify one another, and together
form a new substance … It is in just this way that truly meaningful
friendships can arise among human beings: for antithetical qualities make
possible a closer and more intimate union.Goethe, Elective affinities (1809)A linear mode of historical understanding relegated alchemy to a ‘pre-scientific’ era, with the enlightenment's New Chemistry creating a break between
‘empirical’ and ‘scientific’ metallurgies. Similarly, Bolivia's early Republican
silver-production has been regarded as ‘stagnant’ and ‘colonial’ from the
‘modern’ perspective of late nineteenth century liberalism. This article questions
both periodisations by documenting an ‘alchemical renaissance’ in Bolivian
silver-refining methods during the first part of the 19th century. The relaunch of
Alonso Barba's ‘hot method’ of amalgamation in copper cauldrons (1609), and
its associated technical discourses, expressed a creole desire for an independent
‘modernity’. This rediscovery of a seventeenth century technology, carried out
shortly before the Independence War in the Potosí provinces (Chichas), and
slightly later in Oruro and Carangas, is distinguished from the version reinvented
in Central Europe by Ignaz von Born (1786), as well as from two pre-Bornian
experiments in Potosí and New Spain. Its nineteenth century consolidation was,
in part, a little-known reaction to Nordenflicht's failure to introduce the new
European method of rotating barrels to the Andes during the 1790s. The article
shows that this ‘alchemy of modernity’ held its ground for several decades,
suggesting a fresh approach to America's postcolonial ambiguities from the
perspective of a comparative history of technology.
Utopia's New-Found Space: Images of the Village Community in the Early Writings of Ananda Coomaraswamy
Authors: Brow James 
Published: July 2002

‘The influence of William Morris, even here.’Stephen Potter, One-UpmanshipIntroductionIn 1978 the village of Kukulewa, in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), was selected for development under the Gam Udava (Village Awakening) program launched by the recently elected UNP (United National Party) government. Five years later, in 1983, I spent nine months in Kukulewa, studying the changes that had taken place since I had first done ethnographic research there from 1968 to 1970. As I examined the local impact of the Village Awakening project, in the broader context of escalating ethnic violence, I was repeatedly struck by the official priority given to the task of revitalizing the village community, not just in programs of rural development, but in the discourse of Sinhala nationalism more generally (Brow 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1992, 1996; cf. Moore 1989, 1992; Woost 1993, 1994).
Surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne infectious disease:

categorizing levels of evidence
Authors: TILLETT H. E. , de LOUVOIS J. , WALL P. G. 
Published: July 2002

Public health surveillance requires the monitoring of

waterborne disease, but sensitive and

specific detection of relevant incidents is difficult.The Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre receives

information from various sources

about clusters of cases of illness in England and Wales.

The reporter may suspect that water

consumption or recreational water exposure is the route of

infection, or subsequent

investigation may raise the hypothesis that water is

associated with illness.It is difficult to prove beyond reasonable doubt that such

a hypothesis is correct. Water

samples from the time of exposure are seldom available,

some organisms are difficult to detect

and almost everyone has some exposure to water. Therefore,

we have developed a method of

categorizing the degree of evidence used to implicate water.

The categories take into account

the epidemiology, microbiology and water quality information.

Thus outbreaks are classified as

being associated with water either

‘strongly’, ‘probably’ or

‘possibly’.This system allows a broad database for monitoring possible

effects of water and is not

confined to the few outbreaks which have been intensively

investigated or have positive

environmental microbiology. Thus, for reported incidents,

the sensitivity of classifying it as

water associated should be high but this may be at the

expense of specificity, especially with

the ‘possible’ association.
Carriage of a new epidemic strain of Neisseria meningitidis
and its relationship with the incidence of meningococcal
disease in Galicia, Spain
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ S. , ARREAZA L. , SANTIAGO I. , MALVAR A. , BERRÓN S. , VAZQUEZ J. A. , HERVADA X. , GESTAL J. J. 
Published: July 2002

In Galicia, Spain, a dramatic increase in the incidence of meningococcal disease was seen in
the 1995–6. The annual incidence rose to 11 per 105 inhabitants, and 80% of identified strains
were C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5. This led to the implementation of an intensive A+C vaccination campaign
for the population aged 18 months to 19 years. During this campaign the prevalence of
carriage in areas with high and low incidence was studied. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken
from 9796 subjects immediately before the administration of meningococcal vaccine, plated
onto Thayer–Martin plates, incubated and sent for analysis to the Reference Laboratory for
Neisseria in Spain. The prevalence of the C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5 strains was 0·6% (95% CI 0·29–0·88) in
the high incidence area, and 0·41% (95% CI 0·00–1·04) in the low incidence area, and that of
serogroup C (all strains) 1·36% (95% CI 0·80–1·80) and 0·89% (95% CI 0·09–1·69)
respectively. The prevalence of N. meningitidis (all strains) was almost the same in both areas
(8%). Carriers of the epidemic strain were not found in the 2–4 year age group, that most
affected by the disease.Our data showed a wide distribution but a low carriage rate of the epidemic strain
C[ratio ]2b[ratio ]P1.2,5 in the high and low disease incidence areas studied; the difference in the carriage
rates between the two areas was not statistically significant.
Chasing the Meaning of ‘Post-communism’: a Transitional Phenomenon or Something to Stay?
Authors: Nodia Ghia 
Published: July 2002

Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, eds., New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 743 pp., ISBN 0–521–57101–4Bruno Coppieters, Alexei Zverev and Dmitri Trenin, eds., Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia (London: Frank Cass, 1998), 232 pp., ISBN 0–714–64480–3Leslie Holmes, Post-Communism: an Introduction (Oxford: Polity Press, 1997), 260 pp., ISBN 0–745–61311–xMichael Mandelbaum, ed., Post-Communism: Four Perspectives (US Council of Foreign Relations, 1996), 208 pp., ISBN 0–876–09186–9Ilya Prizel, National Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 443 pp., ISBN 0–521–57157–xRichard Rose, William Mishler and Christian Haerpfer, Democracy and Its Alternatives: Understanding Post-Communist Societies (Oxford: Polity Press, 1998), 270 pp., ISBN 0–745–61926–6Barnett R. Rubin and Jack Snyder, Post-Soviet Political Order (London/New York: Routledge, 1998), 201 pp., ISBN 0–415–17068–0Graham Smith, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr and Edward Allworth, Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 304 pp., ISBN 0–521–59045–0Vladimir Tismaneanu, Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism, and Myth in Post-Communist Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 217 pp., ISBN 0–691–04826–6Gordon Wightman, ed., Party Formation in East-Central Europe: Post-Communist Politics in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Bulgaria (Vermont: Edward Elgar, 1995), 270 pp., ISBN 1–858–898132–8It is now about 10 years since the communist bloc ceased to exist (1989 is the year when communism was
defeated in central-eastern Europe, and in 1991 its bastion –
the Soviet Union – fell). What it left behind are a couple of die-hard communist
survivor-states, an urge to ‘rethink’ or ‘re-define’ many fundamental concepts of
political science, and a large swathe of land that is still to be properly categorised in registers of comparative political science. ‘Post-communism’ is the most popular
term to cover this territory. But does it refer to something real today, or does it just
express some kind of intellectual inertia? How much do the ‘post-communist
countries’ still have in common with each other and to what extent are they
different from any others?
Atmospheric and fuel conditions related to the Puerto Madryn Fire of 21 January, 1994
Authors: Dentoni M C , Defossé G E , Labraga J C , del Valle H F 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe atmospheric and fuel conditions that led to the case of extreme fire behaviour registered in Puerto Madryn in north‐eastern Patagonia, Argentina, on 21 January 1994 were analysed in this study. The analyses included surface and upper‐air meteorological conditions, fuel composition and load, and morphometry of the burnt area. When the fire occurred the total fuel load was 16688±2 611 kg of dry matter per hectare, with fine fuel representing 66% of the total fuel load. At the time of the major fire run, the air temperature reached 32 °C and relative humidity decreased to 13%. The fuel load and its high proportion of fine fuels, the extreme temperatures, the low relative humidity, and the changes in wind directions which resulted from the conjunction of synoptic and local‐scale phenomena, enhanced the development of a large convection column which favoured the interaction of surface and upper‐air winds. As in similar cases reported for other ecosystems, the combination of these phenomena led to this case of extreme fire behaviour. It is intended that this analysis will contribute to the future development of fire alert systems for the region and to the worldwide knowledge of extreme fire behaviour in different scenarios. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
AluElements Support Independent Origin of Prosimian, Platyrrhine, and CatarrhineMhc-DRBGenes
Authors: Kriener Karin , O'hUigin Colm , Klein Jan 
Published: July 2002

The primate major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes fall into two classes and each of the classes into several families. Of the class II families, theDRBfamily has a long and complex evolutionary history marked by gene turnover, rearrangement, and molecular convergence. Because the history is not easily decipherable from sequences alone,Aluelement insertions were used as cladistic markers to support the surmised phylogenetic relationships among theDRBgenes. Intron 1 segments of 24DRBgenes from five platyrrhine species and fiveDRBgenes from three prosimian species were amplified by PCR and cloned, and the amplification products were sequenced or PCR–typed forAlurepeats. ThreeAluelements were identified in the platyrrhine and four in the prosimianDRBgenes. One of the platyrrhine elements (Alu50J) is also found in the Catarrhini, whereas the other two (Alu62Sc, Alu63Sc) are restricted to the New World monkeys. Similarly, the four prosimian elements are found only in this taxon. This distribution ofAluelements is consistent with the phylogeny of theDRBgenes as determined from their intron 1 sequences in an earlier and the present study. It contradicts the exon 2-based phylogeny and thus corroborates the conclusion that the evolution ofDRBexon 2 sequences is, to some extent, shaped by molecular convergence. Taken together, the data indicate that each of the assemblages ofDRBgenes in prosimians, platyrrhines, and catarrhines is derived from a separate ancestral gene.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AF197226–AF197240.]
Expression of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Oxidase during Leaf Ontogeny in White Clover1
Authors: Hunter Donald A. , Yoo Sang Dong , Butcher Stephen M. , McManus Michael T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We examined the expression of three distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase genes during leaf ontogeny in white clover (Trifolium repens). Significant production of ethylene occurs at the apex, in newly initiated leaves, and in senescent leaf tissue. We used a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to identify three distinct DNA sequences designated TRACO1, TRACO2, and TRACO3, each with homology to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase. Southern analysis confirmed that these sequences represent three distinct genes. Northern analysis revealed that TRACO1 is expressed specifically in the apex and TRACO2 is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in developing leaf tissue. The third gene, TRACO3, is expressed in senescent leaf tissue. Antibodies were raised to each gene product expressed in Escherichia coli, and western analysis showed that the TRACO1 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 205 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed preferentially in apical tissue. The TRACO2 antibody recognizes a protein of approximately 36.4 kD (as determined by gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacylamide gel electrophoresis) that is expressed in the apex and in developing and mature green leaves, with maximum expression in mature green tissue. No protein recognition by the TRACO3 antibody could be detected in senescent tissue or at any other stage of leaf development.
The Ultraviolet Action Spectrum for Stomatal Opening in Broad Bean
Authors: Eisinger William , Swartz Trevor E. , Bogomolni Roberto A. , Taiz Lincoln 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ultraviolet action spectrum for stomatal opening was measured using epidermal peels from leaves of broad bean (Vicia faba). The spectrum was calculated from hyperbolic fluence response curves using 11 wavelengths ranging from 275 to 459 nm. The action spectrum exhibits a major peak at approximately 280 nm and a minor peak at approximately 360 nm. The response at 280 nm is about three times greater than the response at 459 nm. Under the conditions utilized (i.e. the absence of saturating red light), stomatal opening saturated at extremely low fluence rates: &lt;0.2 μmol m−2 s−1 at 280 nm, and approximately 1.0 μmol m−2 s−1 at 459 nm. The threshold for blue-light-induced stomatal opening was approximately 0.02 μmol m−2 s−1. In light-mixing experiments, the addition of 280 nm light to saturating 650 nm (red) light caused additional stomatal opening, which is indicative of separate photoreceptors. In contrast, adding 280 nm of light to saturating 459 nm (blue) light did not increase stomatal opening, suggesting that they both excite the same receptor. The results with white light were similar to those with blue light. We infer that ultraviolet light acts via the blue light photoreceptor rather than through photosynthesis. The additional absorbance peak at 360 nm suggests that the chromophore is either a flavin or a cis-carotenoid, both of which exhibit peaks in this region. It is proposed that the chromophore can be excited either directly by blue light or by energy transferred from the protein portion of the protein-pigment complex after it absorbs 280 nm light.
Changes in Hechtian Strands in Cold-Hardened Cells Measured by Optical Microsurgery
Authors: Buer Charles S. , Weathers Pamela J. , Swartzlander Grover A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Optical microsurgical techniques were employed to investigate the mechanical properties of Hechtian strands in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Ginkgo biloba callus cells. Using optical tweezers, a 1.5-μm diameter microsphere coated with concanavalin A was inserted though an ablated hole in the cell wall of a plasmolyzed cell and attached to a Hechtian strand. By displacing the adhered microsphere from equilibrium using the optical trapping force, the tensions of individual strands were determined. Measurements were made using both normal and cold-hardened cells, and in both cases, tensions were on the order of 10−12 N. Significant differences were found in the binding strengths of cold-hardened and normal cultured cells. An increased number density of strands in cold-hardened G. biloba compared with normal cultured cells was also observed. Although no Hechtian strands were detected in any Arabidopsis callus cells, strands were present in leaf epidermal cells. Finally, the movement of attached microspheres was monitored along the outside of a strand while cycling the osmotic pressure.
Distinct Patterns of Expression But Similar Biochemical Properties of Protein l-Isoaspartyl Methyltransferase in Higher Plants
Authors: Thapar Nitika , Kim An-Keun , Clarke Steven 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase is a widely distributed repair enzyme that initiates the conversion of abnormall-isoaspartyl residues to their normall-aspartyl forms. Here we show that this activity is expressed in developing corn (Zea mays) and carrot (Daucus carota var. Danvers Half Long) plants in patterns distinct from those previously seen in winter wheat(Triticum aestivum cv Augusta) and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), whereas the pattern of expression observed in rice (Oryza sativa) is similar to that of winter wheat. Although high levels of activity are found in the seeds of all of these plants, relatively high levels of activity in vegetative tissues are only found in corn and carrot. The activity in leaves was found to decrease with aging, an unexpected finding given the postulated role of this enzyme in repairing age-damaged proteins. In contrast with the situation in wheat and Arabidopsis, we found that osmotic or salt stress could increase the methyltransferase activity in newly germinated seeds (but not in seeds or seedlings), whereas abscisic acid had no effect. We found that the corn, rice, and carrot enzymes have comparable affinity for methyl-accepting substrates and similar optimal temperatures for activity of 45°C to 55°C as the wheat and Arabidopsis enzymes. These experiments suggest that this enzyme may have specific roles in different plant tissues despite a common catalytic function.
Structure of sodiumpara-hydroxybenzoate, NaO2C–C6H4OH by powder diffraction: application of a phenomenological model of anisotropic peak width
Authors: Dinnebier R. E. , Von Dreele R. , Stephens P. W. , Jelonek S. , Sieler J. 
Published: July 2002

Theab initiostructure solution of sodiumpara-hydroxybenzoate from high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data is reported. The compound is of interest with respect to understanding the mechanism of Kolbe–Schmitt type reactions. It crystallizes in space groupP21,Z= 2, with unit-cell parametersa= 16.0608 (3),b= 5.38291 (9),c= 3.63834 (6) Å, β = 92.8692 (5)° andV= 314.153 Å3. The compound consists of layers of distorted NaO6prisms perpendicular to theaaxis and phenol rings perpendicular to these layers pointing up and down. The molecular structure is held together by van der Waals forces between the phenyl groups of different layers and additional hydrogen-bridge bonding between the phenolate oxygen atoms. The sample showed powder peak widths which are not a smooth function of diffraction angle; a recently implemented phenomenological model was able to describe this effect sufficiently well to obtain excellent Rietveld fits to the data. The accuracy of modeling the data makes this one of the rare cases where the position of a hydrogen atom could be unambiguously determined by powder techniques.
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the κ-carrageenase from Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora
Authors: Michel Gurvan , Barbeyron Tristan , Flament Didier , Vernet Thierry , Kloareg Bernard , Dideberg Otto 
Published: July 2002

A recombinant form of His-tagged κ-carrageenase from Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora has been expressed, purified and crystallized. Crystals have been obtained by the vapour-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol (Mr
= 4000) as a precipitant. These crystals belong to the space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 58.2, b = 62.8, c = 77.9 Å, and diffract to 2.2 Å resolution on a rotating-anode X-ray source.
Crystallization of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) lectin
Authors: Chattopadhyay T. K. , Lisgarten J. N. , Brechtel R. , Rüdiger H. , Palmer R. A. 
Published: July 2002

Crystals of Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) lectin have been grown by the hanging-drop technique using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant at 293 K. Over a period of between two and three weeks, crystals of hexagonal bipyramidal morphology grew to maximum dimensions of 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.5 mm. The crystals belong to space group P6122 or P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 155.9, c = 149.8 Å, V = 3153078 Å3, Z = 12 (assuming 50% solvent), and diffract to 4.1 Å at 293 K.