bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precision of Four Otolith Techniques for Estimating Age of White Perch from a Thermally Altered Reservoir
Authors: Snow Richard A. , Porta Michael J. , Long James M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The White Perch Morone americana is an invasive species in many Midwestern states and is widely distributed in reservoir systems, yet little is known about the species' age structure and population dynamics. White Perch were first observed in Sooner Reservoir, a thermally altered cooling reservoir in Oklahoma, by the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation in 2006. It is unknown how thermally altered systems like Sooner Reservoir may affect the precision of White Perch age estimates. Previous studies have found that age structures from Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and Bluegills Lepomis macrochirus from thermally altered reservoirs had false annuli, which increased error when estimating ages. Our objective was to quantify the precision of White Perch age estimates using four sagittal otolith preparation techniques (whole, broken, browned, and stained). Because Sooner Reservoir is thermally altered, we also wanted to identify the best month to collect a White Perch age sample based on aging precision. Ages of 569 White Perch (20–308 mm TL) were estimated using the four techniques. Age estimates from broken, stained, and browned otoliths ranged from 0 to 8 years; whole-view otolith age estimates ranged from 0 to 7 years. The lowest mean coefficient of variation (CV) was obtained using broken otoliths, whereas the highest CV was observed using browned otoliths. July was the most precise month (lowest mean CV) for estimating age of White Perch, whereas April was the least precise month (highest mean CV). These results underscore the importance of knowing the best method to prepare otoliths for achieving the most precise age estimates and the best time of year to obtain those samples, as these factors may affect other estimates of population dynamics.
Involvement and Influence of Healthcare Providers, Family Members, and Other Mutation Carriers in the Cancer Risk Management Decision‐Making Process of BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Puski Athena , Hovick Shelly , Senter Leigha , Toland Amanda Ewart 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDeciding between increased cancer screening or prophylactic surgery and the timing of such procedures can be a difficult and complex process for women with BRCA mutations. There are gaps in our understanding of involvement of others in the decision‐making process for women with BRCA mutations. This study evaluated the management decision‐making process of women with BRCA mutations, focusing on the involvement of others. Grounded theory was used to analyze and code risk management decision‐making information from interviews with 20 BRCA mutation carriers. Unaffected at‐risk participants with a BRCA mutation, those under age 40, and those with no children described having a difficult time making risk management decisions. Physicians were an integral part of the decision‐making process by providing decisional support and management recommendations. Family members and other mutation carriers filled similar yet distinct roles by providing experiential information as well as decisional and emotional support for carriers. Participants described genetic counselors as short‐term providers of risk information and management recommendations. The study findings suggest that unaffected at‐risk women, women under 40, and those who do not have children may benefit from additional support and information during the decision‐making process. Genetic counselors are well trained to help women through this process and connect them with resources, and may be under‐utilized in long‐term follow‐up for women with a BRCA mutation.
Less Midterm Damage and Oxidation Are Seen in Retrieved Highly Crosslinked Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Tibial Inserts than in Direct Compression Molded Polyethylene Inserts
Authors: Stavrakis Alexandra , Weitzler Lydia , Wright Timothy , Padgett Douglas E. 
Published: April 2018

Background Highly crosslinked ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (XLPE) shows reduced wear in total hip arthroplasty compared to direct compression-molded polyethylene (compPE); however, minimal research evaluating polyethylene damage in XLPE tibial inserts in total knee arthroplasty exists. Questions/Purposes We evaluated damage and material properties in retrieved XLPE components at midterm (≥ 2.5 years) follow-up. Methods We identified 19 XLPE tibial inserts with ≥ 30 months in vivo using our institutional review board–approved implant retrieval system; 19 compPE retrieved inserts were matched based on age at index surgery, body mass index, sex, and length of implantation. Articular surface damage was assessed using a subjective grading system. Swell ratio testing and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to measure crosslink density (XLPE) and oxidation (XLPE, compPE), respectively, at loaded and unloaded surface and subsurface regions. Results CompPE inserts had higher overall damage than XLPE inserts, specifically at the post of posterior-stabilized inserts. The XLPE inserts had lower crosslink density at the loaded surface (0.159 mol/dm3) than either unloaded region (0.183 mol/dm3). CompPE peak oxidation index (OI) was greater than XLPE peak OI in the loaded and unloaded surface regions (1.67 vs. 0.61 and 1.38 vs. 0.46, respectively). Conclusions Surface damage and oxidation are reduced in XLPE inserts compared to compPE at midterm follow-up. Peak OI greater than 1.0 in the compPE group suggests that mechanical-property degradation had occurred, a likely cause for increased damage. Longer-term retrievals will determine whether these trends continue. Based on midterm results, XLPE shows an advantage over compression molded PE in total knee arthroplasty.
Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence in forensic psychiatric hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ramesh Taanvi , Igoumenou Artemis , Vazquez Montes Maria , Fazel Seena 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and Aims:Violent behaviour by forensic psychiatric inpatients is common. We aimed to systematically review the performance of structured risk assessment tools for violence in these settings.Methods:The nine most commonly used violence risk assessment instruments used in psychiatric hospitals were examined. A systematic search of five databases (CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO and PubMed) was conducted to identify studies examining the predictive accuracy of these tools in forensic psychiatric inpatient settings. Risk assessment instruments were separated into those designed for imminent (within 24 hours) violence prediction and those designed for longer-term prediction. A range of accuracy measures and descriptive variables were extracted. A quality assessment was performed for each eligible study using the QUADAS-2. Summary performance measures (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, diagnostic odds ratio, and area under the curve value) and HSROC curves were produced. In addition, meta-regression analyses investigated study and sample effects on tool performance.Results:Fifty-two eligible publications were identified, of which 43 provided information on tool accuracy in the form of AUC statistics. These provided data on 78 individual samples, with information on 6,840 patients. Of these, 35 samples (3,306 patients from 19 publications) provided data on all performance measures. The median AUC value for the wider group of 78 samples was higher for imminent tools (AUC 0.83; IQR: 0.71–0.85) compared with longer-term tools (AUC 0.68; IQR: 0.62-0.75). Other performance measures indicated variable accuracy for imminent and longer-term tools. Meta-regression indicated that no study or sample-related characteristics were associated with between-study differences in AUCs.Interpretation:The performance of current tools in predicting risk of violence beyond the first few days is variable, and the selection of which tool to use in clinical practice should consider accuracy estimates. For more imminent violence, however, there is evidence in support of brief scalable assessment tools.
Why do the dark and light ogives of Forbes bands have similar surface mass balances?
Authors: VINCENT C. , DUMONT M. , SIX D. , BRUN F. , PICARD G. , ARNAUD L. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTBand ogives are a striking and enigmatic feature of Mer de Glace glacier flow. The surface mass balances (SMBs) of these ogives have been thoroughly investigated over a period of 12 years. We find similar cumulative SMBs over this period, ranging between −64.1 and −66.2 m w.e., on the dark and light ogives even though the dark ogive albedo is ~40% lower than that of the light ogives. We, therefore, looked for another process that could compensate for the large difference of absorbed short-wave radiation between dark and light ogives. Based on in situ roughness measurements, our numerical modeling experiments demonstrate that a significant difference in turbulent flux over the dark and light ogives due to different surface roughnesses could compensate for the difference in radiative forcing. Our results discard theories for the genesis of band ogives that are based on the assumption of a strong ice ablation contrast between dark and light ogives. More generally, our study demonstrates that future roughness changes are as important to analyze as the radiative impacts of a potential increase of aerosols or debris at the surface of glaciers.
Four new species of the Jurassic to Cretaceous seep-restricted bivalveCaspiconchaand implications for the history of chemosynthetic communities
Authors: Jenkins Robert G. , Kaim Andrzej , Hikida Yoshinori , Kiel Steffen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFour new species of the methane seep-inhabiting kalenterid bivalve genusCaspiconchaKelly in Kelly et al., 2000 are described:Caspiconcha basquensisfrom the late Albian of northern Spain,C. yubariensisfrom the late Albian of northern Japan,C. raukumaraensisfrom the late Albian to mid-Cenomanian of New Zealand, andC. lastsamuraifrom the Campanian of northern Japan. The earliest confirmed record of the genus is known from the latest Jurassic. It reached its maximum diversity in the Albian and declined in diversity and abundance through the Late Cretaceous. The youngest species,C. lastsamurai, is currently known from a single specimen only.UUID:http://zoobank.org/2f84cfd3-216c-4f1b-8c9f-c808a47f7aaa
Streptococcal group A, C and G pharyngitis in school children: a prospective cohort study in Southern India
Authors: Jose J. John Melbin , Brahmadathan Kootallur N. , Abraham Vinod J. , Huang Chiung-Yu , Morens David , Hoe Nancy P. , Follmann Dean A. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDiagnosing streptococcal pharyngitis in children on the basis of clinical appearance and throat culture is complicated by high colonisation rates and by the ability of other pathogens to cause clinically similar disease. To characterise the epidemiology of Lancefield Group A, C and G β-haemolytic streptococcus (GAS, GCS and GGS, respectively) in children, we conducted a 2-year prospective study of 307 school children between 7 and 11 years old. GGS and GAS were commonly identified organisms both for silent streptococcal colonisation and symptomatic sore throat, while GCS was uncommonly found. Streptococcal culture positivity at the time of clinical pharyngitis was estimated to reflect true streptococcal pharyngitis in only 26% of instances, with the frequency varying from 54% for children rarely colonised to 1% for children frequently colonised. Numerous GAS emm types were identified, including several types previously associated with severe pharyngitis (e.g. emm types 1, 3 and 28). No severe complications were seen in any child. These data suggest that the clinical diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis is likely to remain difficult and that treatment decisions will remain clouded by uncertainty. There remains a need for organism-specific rapid point-of-care streptococcal diagnostic tests and tests that can distinguish between streptococcal colonisation and disease.
Is architectural history getting any bigger?
Authors: Hyde Timothy 
Published: April 2018

Vincent Scully's recent death serves as reminder that the discipline of architectural history is not so old, with only a few intellectual generations needed to skip back to the turn of the twentieth century. Heinrich Wölfflin died in 1945 and Scully started writing his dissertation the following year, under the supervision of Henry-Russell Hitchcock. James Ackerman, whose death was also recent, co-taught with Scully in those years while being advised by Richard Krautheimer, who had completed his own dissertation under Paul Frankl. Students of both Scully and Ackerman are today adjusting the contours of the field with their books, articles, and lectures.The scope of the development of architectural history is perhaps more limited than chronological age might suggest, and certainly that in comparison to the existence of its presumed subject matter – architecture – has barely made it to infancy. Without diminishing the hours of archival labour, field work, and writing that have been undertaken over the past century and a half, and without understating the contributions to knowledge and understanding those efforts have produced, the implication should be admitted: there really isn't very much architectural history. Not that many architectural historians, not that many books, not that much history, relatively speaking. This is not necessarily to say that architectural history is marginal, for it has attained points of instrumentality and effect along the way, but the admission is the necessary starting point for reflection on the future of the discipline, because architectural history needs to think about how to get bigger.
Assessment of Management Options onStrigaInfestation and Maize Grain Yield in Kenya
Authors: Kanampiu Fred , Makumbi Dan , Mageto Edna , Omanya Gospel , Waruingi Sammy , Musyoka Peter , Ransom Joel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe parasitic purple witchweed [Striga hermonthica(Del.) Benth.] is a serious constraint to maize production in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in poor soils. VariousStrigaspp. control measures have been developed, but these have not been assessed in an integrated system. This study was conducted to evaluate a set of promising technologies forS. hermonthicamanagement in western Kenya. We evaluated three maize genotypes either intercropped with peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.), soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], or silverleaf desmodium [Desmodium uncinatum(Jacq.) DC] or as a sole crop at two locations under artificialS. hermonthicainfestation and at three locations under naturalS. hermonthicainfestation between 2011 and 2013. Combined ANOVA showed significant (P<0.05) cropping system and cropping system by environment interactions for most traits measured. Grain yield was highest for maize grown in soybean rotation (3,672 kg ha−1) under artificial infestation and inD. uncinatumand peanut cropping systems (3,203 kg ha−1and 3,193 kg ha−1) under natural infestation. Grain yield was highest for theStrigaspp.-resistant hybrid under both methods of infestation. A lower number of emergedS. hermonthicaplants per square meter were recorded at 10 and 12 wk after planting on maize grown underD. uncinatumin the artificialS. hermonthicainfestation. A combination of herbicide-resistant maize varieties intercropped with legumes was a more effective method forS. hermonthicacontrol than individual-component technologies. Herbicide-resistant andStrigaspp.-resistant maize integrated with legumes would help reduce theStrigaspp. seedbank in the soil. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt an integrated approach to controlStrigaspp. for better maize yields.
Capillary pumping independent of the liquid surface energy and viscosity
Authors: Guo Weijin , Hansson Jonas , van der Wijngaart Wouter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCapillary pumping is an attractive means of liquid actuation because it is a passive mechanism, i.e., it does not rely on an external energy supply during operation. The capillary flow rate generally depends on the liquid sample viscosity and surface energy. This poses a problem for capillary-driven systems that rely on a predictable flow rate and for which the sample viscosity or surface energy are not precisely known. Here, we introduce the capillary pumping of sample liquids with a flow rate that is constant in time and independent of the sample viscosity and sample surface energy. These features are enabled by a design in which a well-characterized pump liquid is capillarily imbibed into the downstream section of the pump and thereby pulls the unknown sample liquid into the upstream pump section. The downstream pump geometry is designed to exert a Laplace pressure and fluidic resistance that are substantially larger than those exerted by the upstream pump geometry on the sample liquid. Hence, the influence of the unknown sample liquid on the flow rate is negligible. We experimentally tested pumps of the new design with a variety of sample liquids, including water, different samples of whole blood, different samples of urine, isopropanol, mineral oil, and glycerol. The capillary filling speeds of these liquids vary by more than a factor 1000 when imbibed to a standard constant cross-section glass capillary. In our new pump design, 20 filling tests involving these liquid samples with vastly different properties resulted in a constant volumetric flow rate in the range of 20.96–24.76 μL/min. We expect this novel capillary design to have immediate applications in lab-on-a-chip systems and diagnostic devices.
Role of carnitine and its derivatives in the development and management of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bene Judit , Hadzsiev Kinga , Melegh Bela 
Published: April 2018

AbstractType 2 diabetes is a highly prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and associated with several complications such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia and polyneuropathy. The dysregulated fatty acid metabolism along with tissue lipid accumulation is generally assumed to be associated in the development of insulin resistance and T2D. Moreover, several studies suggest a central role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease. Since L-carnitine (LC) has an indispensable role in lipid metabolism via its involvement in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and it has antioxidant properties as well, carnitine supplementation may prove to be an effective tool in the management of the clinical course of T2D. In this review we summarize the results from animal and clinical studies demonstrating the effects of supplementation with LC or LC derivatives (acetyl-LC, propionyl-LC) on various metabolic and clinical parameters associated with T2D.
Vegetarian diet, change in dietary patterns, and diabetes risk: a prospective study
Authors: Chiu Tina H. T. , Pan Wen-Harn , Lin Ming-Nan , Lin Chin-Lon 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Background/objectives
Vegetarian diets are inversely associated with diabetes in Westerners but their impact on Asians—whose pathophysiology differ from Westerners—is unknown. We aim to investigate the association between a vegetarian diet, change in dietary patterns and diabetes risk in a Taiwanese Buddhist population.

Methods
We prospectively followed 2918 non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking Buddhists free of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases at baseline, for a median of 5 years, with 183 incident diabetes cases confirmed. Diet was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline and a simple questionnaire during follow-ups. Incident cases of diabetes were ascertained through follow-up questionnaires, fasting glucose and HbA1C. Stratified Cox Proportional Hazards Regression was used to assess the effect of diets on risk of diabetes.

Results
Consistent vegetarian diet was associated with 35% lower hazards (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.92), while converting from a nonvegetarian to a vegetarian pattern was associated with 53% lower hazards (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.71) for diabetes, comparing with nonvegetarians while adjusting for age, gender, education, physical activity, family history of diabetes, follow-up methods, use of lipid-lowering medications, and baseline BMI.

Conclusion
Vegetarian diet and converting to vegetarian diet may protect against diabetes independent of BMI among Taiwanese.
Geographical variation in the prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes among US adults
Authors: Gurka Matthew J. , Filipp Stephanie L. , DeBoer Mark D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes remain significant public health concerns. Targeting of prevention efforts by geographical location has been suggested by the Institute of Medicine to coincide with the presence of area-based risk. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a stronger risk factor than is obesity for the prediction of future CVD and diabetes, yet its prevalence has not previously been described geographically. Our objective is to determine geographical variation in the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes among US adults. We assessed the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes by US census division, and the prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes for each sex and racial/ethnic group by US region among 9826 US non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic adults aged 20–65 years participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014. We also compared a sex- and race/ethnicity-specific MetS severity score by geographical area. The prevalence of obesity, MetS, and diabetes varied by US census division and region, with overall similarity by geographical area in the prevalence of each of these conditions. The prevalence of MetS was particularly high (≥35%) in the West North Central, West South Central, and East South Central and low (30%) in the Pacific, New England, and Mid-Atlantic divisions. Some of the geographical variation appeared due to differences among non-Hispanic white females, who had a high prevalence of MetS (>32%) in the Midwest and South and a low prevalence of MetS (24%) in the West and Northeast. Geographical differences in MetS imply variation in the risk for future CVD and diabetes, with more elevated risk in the center of the United States. As MetS is a stronger risk factor for prediction of CVD and T2DM than is obesity, these differences are potentially important for prompting public health efforts toward surveillance and prevention in high-risk areas.