bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Forcing Versus Chilling? Misspecification of Temperature Controls in Spring Phenology Models
Authors: Gao Xiaojie , Richardson Andrew D. , Friedl Mark A. , Moon Minkyu , Gray Josh M. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundClimate‐change‐induced shifts in the timing of leaf emergence during spring have been widely documented and have important ecological consequences. However, mechanistic knowledge regarding what controls the timing of spring leaf emergence is incomplete. Field‐based studies under natural conditions suggest that climate‐warming‐induced decreases in cold temperature accumulation (chilling) have expanded the dormancy duration or reduced the sensitivity of plants to warming temperatures (thermal forcing) during spring, thereby slowing the rate at which the timing of leaf emergence is shifting earlier in response to ongoing climate change. However, recent studies have argued that the apparent reductions in temperature sensitivity may arise from artefacts in the way that temperature sensitivity is calculated, while other studies based on statistical and mechanistic models specifically designed to quantify the role of chilling have shown conflicting results.MethodsWe analysed four commonly used combinations of phenology and temperature datasets obtained from remote sensing and ground observations to elucidate whether current model‐based approaches robustly quantify how chilling, in concert with thermal forcing, controls the timing of leaf emergence during spring under current climate conditions.ResultsWe show that widely used modeling approaches that are calibrated using field‐based observations misspecify the role of chilling under current climate conditions as a result of statistical artefacts inherent to the way that chilling is parameterised. Our results highlight the limitations of existing modelling approaches and observational data in quantifying how chilling affects the timing of spring leaf emergence and suggest that decreasing chilling arising from climate warming may not constrain near‐future shifts towards earlier leaf emergence in extra‐tropical ecosystems worldwide.
Fisher Meets Bayes: The Value of Randomisation for Bayesian Inference of Causal Effects
Authors: Leavitt Thomas 
Published: October 2024

SummaryFor a Bayesian agent with beliefs about the relationship between covariates and potential outcomes, deterministically selecting an assignment that yields optimal covariate balance rationally dominates randomisation. However, randomisation—by enabling control over the probabilities of erroneous causal conclusions due to unknown covariate imbalances—offers insurance against the possibility that an agent's beliefs may be misleading. For the most part, such rational justifications for optimum assignment have presupposed the framework of Bayesian inference, while such epistemic justifications for randomisation have presupposed the framework of significance testing. In this paper, I build on a conception of balance that seems inextricable from the significance testing framework, Fisherian balance, to show that it implies an analogous epistemic justification for randomisation within the framework of Bayesian inference. Consequently, for the choice between optimum and random assignment, this paper shows that epistemic justifications need not be wedded to significance testing nor must Bayesian inference be wedded to rational justifications.
More than flowering: CONSTANS plays multifaceted roles in plant development and stress responses
Authors: Yu Bin , Hu Yilong , Hou Xingliang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPlants have evolved a remarkable ability to sense and respond to changes in photoperiod, allowing adjustments to their growth and development based on seasonal and environmental cues. The floral transition is a pivotal stage in plant growth and development, signifying a shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. CONSTANS (CO), a central photoperiodic response factor conserved in various plants, mediates day‐length signals to control the floral transition, although its mechanisms of action vary among plants with different day‐length requirements. In addition, recent studies have uncovered roles for CO in organ development and stress responses. These pleiotropic roles in model plants and crops make CO a potentially fruitful target for molecular breeding aimed at modifying crop agronomic traits. This review systematically traces research on CO, from its discovery and functional studies to the exploration of its regulatory mechanisms and newly discovered functions, providing important insight into the roles of CO and laying a foundation for future research.
Impact of Uncertainty Shocks on Income and Wealth Inequality
Authors: CHOI SANGYUP , PHI JEEYEON 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe analyze the distributional consequences of uncertainty shocks in the U.S. economy. While their impact on income inequality appears marginal when measured by a single statistic, there are important variations: inequality between the rich and middle‐income groups decreases, while inequality between the middle and poor‐income groups increases significantly. Additionally, uncertainty shocks increase labor income inequality through higher unemployment rates but simultaneously decrease nonlabor income inequality by reducing business and interest income. Uncertainty shocks reduce disposable income inequality, demonstrating the role of redistribution policy. Finally, they tend to reduce wealth inequality, mainly due to their adverse impact on financial asset prices, predominantly owned by wealthy households.
Building more entrepreneurial organizations through external innovation contests
Authors: Cavallo Angelo , Burgers J. Henri 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFirms are increasingly adopting innovation contests to obtain ideas for new products and services from external parties, but many firms may not be sufficiently entrepreneurial to benefit from those ideas. Using an inductive longitudinal case study of three financial service firms, we explore the value of external innovation contests for less entrepreneurial and stagnant firms. Our findings indicate that stagnant firms indeed struggle to benefit from ideas generated through external innovation contests. However, we also show that firms undergo a structural change process toward higher entrepreneurial orientation through such contests. In particular, they become aware of an organizational readiness gap and act on it by (i) developing entrepreneurial skills, (ii) collaborating with external partners, and (iii) adapting organizational design and governance. Based on our findings, we propose an original framework for a corporate entrepreneurial learning process triggered by the innovation contest experience.
G‐CSF—In Patients With Severe Alcohol‐Associated Hepatitis: A Real‐World Experience
Authors: Singh Ritu Raj , Chhabra Puneet , Dhillon Sonu 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsSevere alcohol‐associated hepatitis (SAH) is associated with high short‐term mortality, and failure of response to corticosteroids is associated with a mortality of ~70%–80% within 6 months. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been studied in steroid non‐responders; however, the data are limited.MethodsThis is a multicentre retrospective cohort study. The study period was from January 2016 to November 2023. SAH was defined as alcohol‐associated hepatitis (ICD‐10‐CM codes) with serum bilirubin ≥ 5.0 mg/dL and INR ≥ 1.5. Other aetiologies of acute hepatitis and biliary obstruction were excluded. The primary outcome was 90‐day median overall survival in SAH patients treated with G‐CSF compared with standard medical therapy (SMT) or corticosteroids. Propensity score (1:1) matching was performed to control confounding variables.ResultsAmong 20 132 patients with SAH, 10800 (53.65%) were treated with corticosteroids and 224 (1.11%) G‐CSF. The G‐CSF group was younger (45.5 vs. 48.4) White (79.91% vs. 72.40%); however, there was no age or gender difference between G‐CSF and corticosteroid groups. Whites and patients with more comorbidities received G‐CSF more frequently than SMT or corticosteroids. After propensity score matching, 90‐day overall survival was better in patients who received G‐CSF (88.31% vs. 62.36%, p < 0.01) compared with SMT or corticosteroids (88.31% vs. 74.39%, p < 0.01). Patients on G‐CSF had better 6‐month transplant‐free survival compared with SMT (83.53% vs. 55.36%, p < 0.001) or corticosteroids (82.89% vs. 60.21%, p < 0.001). Gastrointestinal bleeding was less common in G‐CSF group compared with corticosteroids (5.02% vs. 10.50%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsA small minority of patients with severe alcohol‐associated hepatitis receive G‐CSF. G‐CSF improves 90‐day overall survival in patients with severe alcohol‐associated hepatitis and is non‐inferior to corticosteroids.
Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure the Perception of Workplace Gender Discrimination for Women in Nursing
Authors: Gauci Patricia , O'Reilly Kate , Luck Lauretta , You Wenpeng , Peters Kath 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTWorkplace gender discrimination as perceived by women in nursing, is currently under researched. The aim of this article is to outline the development and validation of a scale designed to measure the perception of workplace gender discrimination for women nurses. The instrument was developed following a three‐stage process, consistent with recommendations for scale development. Twenty‐nine items were derived from two comprehensive literature reviews and interviews with 10 women nurses. Exploratory factor analysis (principal axis factoring) with varimax rotation was conducted for identifying the dimensions underlying the data set. All 29 items loaded onto a factor. Each factor included at least four items and all item loadings were well above the acceptable minimum value (> 0.40). The four factors collectively account for 71.27% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha of the 29 items (0.964) showed good internal consistency. It is our hope that this research tool will not only be used within nursing, but also with some modification, in other women dominated professions.
Sensitive Hydraulic and Stomatal Decline in Extreme Drought Tolerant Species of California Ceanothus
Authors: Zailaa Joseph , Trueba Santiago , Browne Marvin , Fletcher Leila R. , Buckley Thomas N. , Brodersen Craig R. , Scoffoni Christine , Sack Lawren 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIdentifying the physiological mechanisms by which plants are adapted to drought is critical to predict species responses to climate change. We measured the responses of leaf hydraulic and stomatal conductances (Kleaf and gs, respectively) to dehydration, and their association with anatomy, in seven species of California Ceanothus grown in a common garden, including some of the most drought‐tolerant species in the semi‐arid flora. We tested for matching of maximum hydraulic supply and demand and quantified the role of decline of Kleaf in driving stomatal closure. Across Ceanothus species, maximum Kleaf and gs were negatively correlated, and both Kleaf and gs showed steep declines with decreasing leaf water potential (i.e., a high sensitivity to dehydration). The leaf water potential at 50% decline in gs was linked with a low ratio of maximum hydraulic supply to demand (i.e., maximum Kleaf:gs). This sensitivity of gs, combined with low minimum epidermal conductance and water storage, could contribute to prolonged leaf survival under drought. The specialized anatomy of subg. Cerastes includes trichomous stomatal crypts and pronounced hypodermis, and was associated with higher water use efficiency and water storage. Combining our data with comparative literature of other California species, species of subg. Cerastes show traits associated with greater drought tolerance and reliance on leaf water storage relative to other California species. In addition to drought resistance mechanisms such as mechanical protection and resistance to embolism, drought avoidance mechanisms such as sensitive stomatal closure could contribute importantly to drought tolerance in dry‐climate adapted species.
Sugars, Lipids and More: New Insights Into Plant Carbon Sources During Plant–Microbe Interactions
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wang Zongqi , Gao Runjie , Jiang Yina 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTHeterotrophic microbes rely on host‐derived carbon sources for their growth and survival. Depriving pathogens of plant carbon is therefore a promising strategy for protecting plants from disease and reducing yield losses. Importantly, this carbon starvation‐mediated resistance is expected to be more broad‐spectrum and durable than race‐specific R‐gene‐mediated resistance. Although sugars are well characterized as major carbon sources for bacteria, emerging evidence suggests that plant‐derived lipids are likely to be an essential carbon source for some fungal microbes, particularly biotrophs. Here, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of carbon sources (mainly sugars and lipids) and their transport processes in immune signalling and microbial nutrition. We summarize recent findings revealing the crucial roles of lipids as susceptibility factors at all stages of pathogen infection. In particular, we discuss the potential pathways by which lipids and other plant carbon sources are delivered to biotrophs, including protein‐mediated transport, vesicle trafficking and autophagy. Finally, we highlight knowledge gaps and offer suggestions for clarifying the mechanisms that underlie nutrient uptake by biotrophs, providing guidance for future research on the application of carbon starvation–mediated resistance.
A postcode lottery in education? Explaining regional inequality in multilevel systems
Authors: Schnabel Johanna 
Published: October 2024

AbstractInequality is a challenge for societies around the globe. In addition to its socio‐economic and political dimensions, inequality also has a territorial dimension. Focusing on educational inequality across regions, this article explores factors that shape regional differences in student enrolment and educational attainment in 14 OECD countries. The findings of the article suggest that a strong level of regional authority over education increases regional inequality in education. Further factors are regional differences in education expenditures and variation in the population size of regions. Low regional inequality in education seems to be explained by a low degree of regional authority or low differences in education spending. By examining regional inequality in education, the article enhances our understanding of the way multilevel governance influences the quality of life within regions. In particular, it highlights the impact of decentralization on territorial inequality.
A Dataset of 3M Single-DOF Planar 4-, 6-, and 8-Bar Linkage Mechanisms With Open and Closed Coupler Curves for Machine Learning-Driven Path Synthesis
Authors: Nurizada Anar , Dhaipule Rohit , Lyu Zhijie , Purwar Anurag 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a strong interest in applying machine learning techniques to path synthesis of linkage mechanisms. However, progress has been stymied due to a scarcity of high-quality datasets. In this article, we present a comprehensive dataset comprising nearly three million samples of 4-, 6-, and 8-bar linkage mechanisms with open and closed coupler curves. Current machine learning approaches to path synthesis also lack standardized metrics for evaluating outcomes. To address this gap, we propose six key metrics to quantify results, providing a foundational framework for researchers to compare new models with existing ones. We also present a variational autoencoder-based model in conjunction with a k-nearest neighbor search approach to demonstrate the utility of our dataset. In the end, we provide example mechanisms that generate various curves along with a numerical evaluation of the proposed metrics.
Effect of Structure Parameters of 4D-Printed Actuators on Time-Depend Behavior: Experiment, Modeling and Design
Authors: Gao Yicong , Xu Chen , Zeng Siyuan , Tan Jianrong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing, an innovative advancement emerging from additive manufacturing, introduces a transformative approach to creating dynamic artifacts. This cutting-edge technology employs shape memory polymers as its core material, enabling the production of items that evolve and adapt over time in a pre-programmed manner. Central to this process is fused deposition modeling, a technique pivotal in realizing the self-assembly of functional structures that exhibit time-dependent behaviors. The essence of 4D printing lies in its ability to program artifacts for specific time-dependent deformations, a feature that demands meticulous control to avert any potential motion interference. This study delves into the intricate dynamics of a 4D-printed bilayer actuator, scrutinizing the interplay of various parameters that govern its time-dependent behavior. This study investigates the effects of parameters in terms of design parameter (the ratio of thickness) and printing parameters (printing speed, printing temperature and printing height) of a 4D-printed bilayer actuator. The results show that (i) The ratio of thickness emerges as a simple yet effective design principle crucial for controlling the speed of the actuator’s time-dependent self-folding mechanism. This insight opens up avenues for precision in designing 4D printed objects. (ii) The increase in printing speed leads to a corresponding increase in the speed of time-dependent deformation. In contrast, augmenting the printing temperature, layer height, or the overall height of the actuator yields a slowing effect on this time-dependent deformation process. (iii) The ratio of the two layers within the bilayer actuator influences the speed of time-dependent deformation in an opposing manner compared to other parameters. Building upon these findings, the study introduces a response surface model that intricately relates all the printing parameters to the time-dependent deformation behavior of the actuators. The model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and manipulating the time-dependent deformation behavior of structures in 4D printing. By judiciously designing the bilayer actuators and optimizing the printing parameters, it becomes feasible to fabricate 3D printed structures that respond swiftly to thermal stimuli and exhibit a controlled, sequential, time-dependent shape-changing ability. These programmed time-dependent actuators play a crucial role in shaping the future of 4D printing technology, enabling the creation of structures that can automatically fold into predefined shapes in a time-controlled manner. These time-dependent functional capabilities mark an advancement in additive manufacturing, where adaptive dynamic materials can provide unprecedented lightweight, highly flexible solutions that offer new directions for innovative applications in fields as diverse as biomedical devices and aerospace engineering.
A Novel Approach for Optimizing Muscle Activation Level and Localization With Vibro-Acoustic DEA Feedback Capability
Authors: Chowdhury Tajbeed A. , Gratz-Kelly Sebastian , Wagner Eric , Motzki Paul , Lehser Martina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Thermal imaging is progressively being used nowadays to investigate a wide range of muscle disorders or irregularities causing increased or decreased blood flow. Furthermore, the activation of the muscle tissue can accurately be detected using electromyography technique by measuring the electrical activity produced during muscular contraction and relaxation. In combination with smart material-based actuators and sensors, which are versatile and appropriate for integration, a multisensor feedback unit for human interaction can be developed. This research presents a novel approach for investigating muscle activation level and localization using surface temperature based on low-cost surface electromyography and thermal sensor that incorporates multi-mode dielectric elastomer actuator feedback capability. We have implemented a deep learning algorithm to make prediction on muscle activation and localization for the purpose of optimization. A graphical user interface is developed to make predictions and forecast on the go. The deep learning model exhibits high evaluation scores across accuracy metrics with an accuracy of 92% on the test set. The study explores the potential applications of this approach in fields of biomechanics, rehabilitation, and human-machine interfaces.
Experimental System Identification of a Fully Coupled State Space Model for Mechanism-Free Ornithopters
Authors: Katibeh Mohammad , Shan Xin , Bilgen Onur 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A piezoelectric-based mechanism-free ornithopter can eliminate the need for electromagnetic motors and conventional power transmission mechanisms, potentially saving weight and energy consumption, improving durability, and reducing overall mechanical complexity. In the previous research by the authors, the structural and fluid domains of the mechanism-free ornithopters were modeled by the Rayleigh-Ritz method and empirical state space Theodorsen function, respectively. The fully coupled system model is in state space form, which facilitates the application of parametric analyses in the preliminary design stage, multidisciplinary design optimization, and analyses of stability and controllability.
This paper aims to: (1) identify the unknown model coefficients and functions, and (2) validate the coupled state space model by using wind tunnel experiments. A prototype of the piezocomposite mechanism-free ornithopter wing is fabricated and subjected to testing in a low-speed wind tunnel. Each piezocomposite wing of the tested prototype is actuated by two Macro-Fiber Composite actuators bonded to a carbon fiber substrate. Initial simulation results indicate that this setup is particularly effective in replicating the heaving (bending) and pitching (twisting) motions characteristic of a natural flapping wing. The placement and alignment of these actuators were previously determined through analysis of the flapping wing model.
The wind tunnel experiments involve displacement and force measurements to validate the structural and fluid domain solutions, respectively. Aerodynamic load data is acquired using a six-degree-of-freedom load cell, and displacements are measured using 3D motion-capture camera system. The multipoint motion-capture technique facilitates for reconstructing a 3D representation of the motion of the flapping wing prototype. Tests are conducted across variations in key parameters such as flow speed, angle of attack, and excitation voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase of the excitation voltage between the two actuators. The experimental results are compared to the model predicted solution to evaluate the model’s accuracy and empirically obtain the system-level parameters under a wide range of operating conditions.