bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESBLs and resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam combinations in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ortiz de la Rosa José-Manuel , Nordmann Patrice , Poirel Laurent 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy of the recently launched β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations ceftazidime/avibactam and ceftolozane/tazobactam against ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

Methods
A series of ESBL-encoding genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaVEB, blaPER, blaGES and blaBEL) was cloned and expressed in E. coli or P. aeruginosa recipient strains. Cultures of E. coli TOP10 harbouring recombinant plasmids and therefore producing the different ESBLs tested were grown in order to perform measurements of catalytic activities, using benzylpenicillin, ceftazidime and ceftolozane as substrates. IC50s were additionally determined for clavulanic acid, tazobactam and avibactam.

Results
We showed here an overall better activity of ceftazidime/avibactam compared with ceftolozane/tazobactam toward ESBL-producing E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Several ESBLs of the GES, PER and BEL types conferred resistance to ceftolozane/tazobactam in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. For GES-6 and PER-1 producers, resistance to ceftolozane/tazobactam could be explained by a high hydrolysis of ceftolozane and a low activity of tazobactam as an inhibitor. On the other hand, PER-producing P. aeruginosa also exhibited resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam.

Conclusions
Altogether, the results show that the ESBL PER-1, which is widespread worldwide, may be a source of resistance to both ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam. Excellent activity of ceftazidime/avibactam was highlighted for both ESBL-producing E. coli and ESBL-producing P. aeruginosa.
Discovering small molecules as Wnt inhibitors that promote heart regeneration and injury repair
Authors: Xie Shuying , Fu Wenbin , Yu Guangju , Hu Xueli , Lai Kaa Seng , Peng Xiangwen , Zhou Yating , Zhu Xuejiao , Christov Plamen , Sawyer Leah , Ni Terri T , Sulikowski Gary A , Yang Zhongzhou , Lee Ethan , Zeng Chunyu , Wang Wei E , Zhong Tao P 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere are intense interests in discovering proregenerative medicine leads that can promote cardiac differentiation and regeneration, as well as repair damaged heart tissues. We have combined zebrafish embryo-based screens with cardiomyogenesis assays to discover selective small molecules that modulate heart development and regeneration with minimal adverse effects. Two related compounds with novel structures, named as Cardiomogen 1 and 2 (CDMG1 and CDMG2), were identified for their capacity to promote myocardial hyperplasia through expansion of the cardiac progenitor cell population. We find that Cardiomogen acts as a Wnt inhibitor by targeting β-catenin and reducing Tcf/Lef-mediated transcription in cultured cells. CDMG treatment of amputated zebrafish hearts reduces nuclear β-catenin in injured heart tissue, increases cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation, and expedites wound healing, thus accelerating cardiac muscle regeneration. Importantly, Cardiomogen can alleviate the functional deterioration of mammalian hearts after myocardial infarction. Injured hearts exposed to CDMG1 display increased newly formed CMs and reduced fibrotic scar tissue, which are in part attributable to the β-catenin reduction. Our findings indicate Cardiomogen as a Wnt inhibitor in enhancing injury-induced CM proliferation and heart regeneration, highlighting the values of embryo-based small molecule screens in discovery of effective and safe medicine leads.
Revisiting the attempts to fortify methionine content in plant seeds
Authors: Amir Rachel , Cohen Hagai , Hacham Yael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe sulfur-containing amino acid methionine belongs to the group of essential amino acids, meaning that humans and animals must consume it in their diets. However, plant seeds have low levels of methionine, limiting their nutritional potential. For this reason, efforts have been made over the years to increase methionine levels in seeds. Here, we summarize these efforts and focus particularly on those utilizing diverse genetic and molecular tools. Four main approaches are described: (i) expression of methionine-rich storage proteins in a seed-specific manner to incorporate more soluble methionine into the protein fraction; (ii) reduction of methionine-poor storage proteins inside the seeds to reinforce the accumulation of methionine-rich proteins; (iii) silencing methionine catabolic enzymes; and (iv) up-regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes participating in methionine synthesis. We focus on the biosynthetic genes that operate de novo in seeds and that belong to the sulfur assimilation and aspartate family pathways, as well as genes from the methionine-specific pathway. We also include those enzymes that operate in non-seed tissues that contribute to the accumulation of methionine in seeds, such as S-methylmethionine enzymes. Finally, we discuss the biotechnological potential of these manipulations to increase methionine content in plant seeds and their effect on seed germination.
The Problem of Closure in Neo-Tonal Music
Authors: Eng Clare Sher Ling 
Published: March 2019

AbstractClosure is a problem in neo-tonal music because endings often reference conventions with different implications for closure. For such multivalent utterances, I build on Leonard B. Meyer’s communication model of music and propose that closure is a relational construct that engages with conventions on the levels of a corpus, a composer’s practice, and an individual work. Within this semiotic paradigm, I highlight the role of conventions that describe a composer’s practice when interpreting endings with similar features. To demonstrate that similar endings can have different closural qualities, I discuss differences between how Bartók and Britten employ retrospective collage and partial motivic recollection.
Institutionalizing Multilingualism
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter compares some of the ways official multilingualism has transformed public institutions across jurisdictions, and comments on why these transformations fall short of expectations. This gap is a product of, among other things, the general lack of specificity in constitutional provisions. The status of official or national language does not carry a fixed legal meaning. What does a government have to do to “enforce” an official language status? Polities that have granted official language status diverge in their understanding of the legal implications of such a status, their degree of commitment, and their corresponding institutional adaptation. The chapter goes on to consider the significance of the current state of legal implementation. It is observed that bureaucratic and funding structures of official language offices limit their power and representativeness, and attempts to create linguistic equality may inadvertently enlarge inequalities among speakers of the same language.
Interpreting Multilingual Legislation
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the intricacies of interpreting multilingual legal texts. Multiplicity of legal languages potentially amplifies linguistic indeterminacy, which in turn contributes to legal indeterminacy. It would be a nightmare for a bilingual or multilingual jurisdiction if the application of two or more language versions of the law to the same case leads to two or more different legal outcomes. Such legal indeterminacy could give rise to chaos. Indeed, these nightmares have periodically haunted bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions. Established rules of legal interpretation, having been derived with the assumption that there is only one official text of the law, are not always helpful in resolving interpretation problems in a multilingual jurisdiction. In multilingual jurisdictions, the authority of the law is shifted away from the text that represents it. The cost of linguistic inclusivity is that each constituent group of a multilingual jurisdiction has to surrender predictability of legal outcome derivable from a single version of the law.
Conferring Official Language Rights in Legal Communication
Authors: Leung Janny H.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter asks two questions about the nature of official language rights. The first is a practical one—whether and how official language law enhances language rights for the communities concerned. A comparative approach is taken to answer this question, which will also reveal situations where official language rights conflict with existing legal principles and norms. The second question is a philosophical one. Should language rights derived from official status be distinguished from language rights derived from fair trial rights? Since natural justice rationale only seeks to ensure effective communication and fair trial, and is indifferent to the choice of particular languages, the enlargement of language rights through official status must be justified through additional principles. Courts in multilingual jurisdictions have been trying to come up with persuasive principles that justify the derivation of language rights from official status. Such justifications include a constitutional promise about linguistic equality, the cultural survival of official language communities, and respect for the cultural identity of these communities.
Creating the Experience of Death in Late Ancient Sermons
Authors: Muehlberger Ellen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines how the sufferings of the individual at death were then raised to salience in Christian preaching. It investigates in detail a phenomenon that other scholars have remarked in passing: that late antiquity saw an increase in sermons that depicted death as a terrifying, awful situation, one that required fear and attention. The author says “depicted” because, as this chapter shows, such sermons were sophisticated rhetorical displays—the ancient version of inducing a virtual reality. The mechanisms by which they did their work were subtle, but had a specific effect: they existed not simply to convey information about what death would be like, but to enact a fully realized scene of death in which audience members could imagine themselves and thereby experience the moment of death in advance.
Stay or Leave?
Authors: Frechon Isabelle , Marquette Lucy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on results of a study conducted with 1,622 young adults between the ages of 17 and 20, comparing the profiles of youth who either opt out or do not have access to extended services beyond the age of 18 to those who benefit from these services. Young adult protection in France, also known as Young Adult Contract, is a welfare contract between a young adult and a Child Welfare Officer that “commits” the young person to either continue their education or actively seek a job and accommodations, continue medical treatment, update administrative documentation, and learn to manage a budget. Opportunities and the limitations of extended care contracts are reviewed and the perverse effects of this measure are reviewed in a context of fiscal restraint when youth have difficulties acquiring vital skills essential for a successful transition to adulthood.
Care Leaving and the Transition Jungle in Germany
Authors: Thomas Severine , Ehlke Carolin , Koch Josef , Schröer Wolfgang 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the situation of care leavers in Germany within a so-called transition jungle and illustrates the difficulties of transitioning of young adults from residential care to independent living, focusing especially on education and access to vocational training and employment. Leaving care can be understood as a status passage in young people’s lives, during which the public welfare system produces accelerated transitions into adult life. This acceleration restricts the space and time available for individual transitions and processes of development, especially in the transition to work. The chapter will also outline two models of good practice and describe how care leavers can be supported within their transition to vocational training and work.
Introduction
Authors: Emerson Blake 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic problem and thesis of the book. The problem is that modern democracy requires administration by unelected officials and bodies, but such administration often appears undemocratic. The thesis is that the administrative state should be structured to empower the public sphere. This thesis grows out of the American Progressives’ democratization of Hegelian political philosophy. Their view is particularly important in our historical moment, when the Trump administration has attempted the “deconstruction the administrative state.” The Introduction situates the Progressive theory in relation to major critiques of bureaucracy from Tocqueville, Arendt, and Foucault. It describes the book’s method of “reconstructive” political theory, where normative commitments develop out of a critical analysis of intellectual and institutional history. It then describes how the book ties in with recent work on administrative law and democratic legitimacy from scholars such as Karen Orren and Stephen Skowronek, Jon Michaels, Adrian Vermeule, and K. Sabeel Rahman.
Finding the Story
Authors: Kamler Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the creation of the story of “Land of Smiles”—a story designed to push back against the dominant trafficking narrative driving the U.S. Abolitionist Project. I illustrate the process by which I drew on the field interviews of the Phase One research to find the arc of this dramatic story and build it through scenes and songs. I discuss the analytical and intuitive aspects of “power moments”: notable incidents, occurrences, and themes in the interview data that emerged as dramatically significant. These power moments not only steered the arc of the dramatic narrative, but also served as indicators of the power dynamics at play within the anti-trafficking movement itself. I conclude with a discussion of how in the DAR praxis, the unconsciously produced dramatic narrative helps us make new discoveries about the subject of our original research.
The Effects on the Labor Market
Authors: Luiten Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter offers a new explanation for the “great conundrum,” or why population growth accelerated in England in the second half of the eighteenth century while growth in literacy and human capital stagnated. Reviewing various attempts to reconcile this anomaly, the authors discuss (a) the switch from the post–Black Death labor scarcity to a labor surplus, which harmed the economic position of women; and (b) changes in the structure of agriculture, which led to the rise of large-scale, capital-intensive and labor-extensive farms with limited demand for female wage labor. Moreover, the decline in wages had important effects on England’s demographic development, reflected in a decline in the average age of marriage between 1600 and 1800 and an increase in fertility. As a consequence, the authors link the “great conundrum” to the changing position of women in the labor market and within marriage.
Between the Ottomans and the Entente
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Between the Ottomans and the Entente is the first social history of the First World War written from the perspective of the Arab diasporas in the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The war between the Ottoman Empire and the Entente Powers placed the half million Syrian, Lebanese, and Palestinian migrants living abroad in a complicated geopolitical predicament. As Ottoman citizens living in a pro-Entente hemisphere, Arab migrants faced new demands for loyalty by their host societies; simultaneously, they confronted a multiplying legal regime of migration restriction, passport control, and nationality disputes designed to claim Syrian migrants while also controlling their movements. This work tracks the politics and activism of Syrian migrants from the 1908 Young Turk Revolution through the early French Mandate period in the 1920s. It argues that Syrian migrant activists opposed Ottoman rule from the diaspora, collaborating with the Entente powers because they believed this war work would bolster the cause of Syria’s liberation from Unionist rule. Instead, the Entente Powers used support from Syrian migrant communities to bolster colonial claims on a post-Ottoman Levant. This work captures a series of state projects to claim Syrian migrants for the purposes of nation-building in the Arab Middle East, and the efforts of Syrian migrants to resist the categorical schema of the homogenous nation-state and policies of partition and displacement.
The Mahjar of the Young Turks, 1908–1916
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Ottoman Empire’s rediscovery of the Syrian mahjar after the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. The revolution toppled the Hamidian states and brought the constitutionalists to power in Istanbul. The new Committee of Union and Progress party saw in the Ottoman diasporas the opportunity to reclaim migrants through diplomacy, economic development, and repatriation. The Unionists cultivated Syrian, Armenian, and Turkish ethnic fraternal societies in the American mahjar, opening new Ottoman consulates in the Syrian and Lebanese communities, especially under Mundji Bey in New York City and Amin Arslan in Buenos Aires. Although Syrian clubs readily promoted Young Turk ideas to bring the ‘spirit of 1908’ to America, these clubs also transformed into spaces for substantive citizenship and critique. As the Ottoman Empire slid into a militarized Unionist government after 1909, the Syrian societies abroad formed the nuclei of the mahjar’s decentralist, reform, and Arabist political movements.
New Syrians Abroad
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Syrian migrant activists who lobbied for American intervention and a US Mandate in Syria after the 1918 armistice. Calling themselves the “New Syrian” parties, activists in New York City, Boston, Buenos Aires, and Cairo petitioned for the United States to take guardianship of Syria as a bulwark against French colonialism in the region. The New Syrians were rejected by the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which led them to promote their ideas through petitioning and mass meetings held in the mahjar. Examining a history of the Wilsonian moment from beyond the Paris petitions, the chapter argues that the conference engaged in the construction of a legal fiction: that the Syrian mahjar favored the French Mandate. Far from partners in empire, the diaspora Syrians and Lebanese presented the French with the difficult task of pacifying an extraterritorial subject population that could not be controlled through blunt military suppression.
Conclusion
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This conclusion briefly examines how the French Mandate’s incomplete pacification of the mahjar allowed Syrian migrants space to contest the brutality of French rule during the Great Syrian Revolt of 1925–1927. Revisiting the story of former Ottoman consul to Argentina, Emir Amin Arslan, the conclusion illustrates how the Mandates managed migrant anticolonialism through papers. Contrasting the use of newsprint, petitions, passports, and propaganda to promoted a post-Ottoman free Syria during the war, by the mid-1920s the Mandate employed its documentary regimes in new ways to cut ties with Syrian émigré activists and political problems abroad. French threats to denationalize 110,000 Syrians in Argentina in retaliation for the perceived support of Syria’s revolutionaries amounted to a new partitioning of Syria from its diasporas. The chapter closes with a consideration of how this politics of partition have been repeated in histories of the Middle East that elide migrant stories through archival silencing.
Introduction
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter provides a brief overview of the history of simulation modeling and of philosophical accounts dealing with simulation. Computer and simulation modeling, it is stated, do form a new exploratory and iterative type of mathematical modeling. Four aspects are introduced: experiment and artificiality, visualization, plasticity, and epistemic opacity. The key thesis is that the novelty of simulation modeling rests on how these aspects are combined into a combinatorial style of reasoning. The computer as an instrument does not only speed up calculations but also channels mathematical modeling. This is exerting transformational power on central concepts like solution, validation, and the real—instrumental divide.
Plasticity
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the property of plasticity. A model has this property when its dynamic behavior can vary over a broad spectrum while its structure remains unchanged. Simulations present a special case, because plasticity does not appear as a shortcoming that needs to be compensated for but, rather, as a systematic pillar of modeling. The structure of the model is designed to include a measure of plasticity that creates room to maneuver. It is argued that the model dynamics can be called structurally underdetermined. Only the process of specification—which involves the activities of experimenting and visualizing—fully determines the model behavior. In short, plasticity and exploratory modeling complement one another. Various illustrations from neural networks, finite differences, and cellular automate are discussed.
Solution or Imitation?
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes two fundamental but opposing conceptions of simulation. The first conception conceives simulations as numerical solutions of equations. The second approach does not involve the concept of solution, but takes simulation as the imitation of the behavior of a complex system by a computer model. This chapter claims that simulation modeling combines both conceptions. Large parts of the sciences involve a compromise (in one way or another) between two diverging forces. Theoretical understanding and epistemic quality stand on the one side; applicability and tractability on the other. What is interesting about simulation is the way in which a balance is achieved—that is, how the conflicting types are combined. The chapter analyzes the relationship between the simulation pioneers John von Neumann, who advocated the solution, and Norbert Wiener, who advocated the imitation concept.
Validation, Holism, and the Limits of Analysis
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter has two parts. The first part boils down to the thesis that simulations simply extend or amplify the validation problem, because they include steps that are not part of traditional mathematical modeling—but they arguably do not pose a conceptually new type of validation problem. The second part deals with the problem of holism that emerges when complex interactions together with a modular design govern how the model behaves. Simulations then gain a particular twist with dramatic consequences. Modularity is the very basis for handling complex systems, but it erodes for reasons inherent to simulation modeling. In a way, simulations undermine their own working basis, and as a consequence, the problem of holism emerges to reveal the limits of analysis.