bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritage Tourism/Urban Conservation
Authors: Zarlenga Matías I. , Morató Arturo Rodríguez 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The concepts
heritage tourism
and
urban conservation
relate to the preservation and conservation strategies of buildings or urban areas. They differ from each other because of the historical contexts in which they emerge and the purposes and uses that are given to the buildings and urban areas conserved. Interest in urban conservation emerged during the twentieth century and expanded in the postwar period, especially during the 1960s. It relates to the reuse and enhancement of certain areas of the city. Heritage tourism appears to be associated with the contemporary phase of conservation. It assumes a connection between the preservation of the past and its intrinsic value as a resource for the modern community as a commercial activity. The emergence and proliferation of heritage tourism is related to social, economic, political, and cultural transformations that have occurred in Western societies since the 1980s.
Inner Suburbs
Authors: Sierra Angélica Camargo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

“Inner suburbs” refers to areas located beyond the inner city but before the peripheral regions. In the United States, the inner suburbs had their greatest growth after World War
II
, and in Latin American cities during the 1960s and 1970s. In general terms, cities are undergoing a back‐to‐the‐city process: the central areas are being repopulated and inner suburbs are growing faster than the far peripheries. However, the inner suburbs are facing a process of decline; aging of both population and urban infrastructure, and deterioration and devaluation of housing are some of the most common problems in these territories. They require attention from both local and national governments primarily aimed at rehabilitation and revitalization.
J
erusalem
Authors: Rokem Jonathan , Vaughan Laura 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Jerusalem represents a rather exceptional urban case study because of its unique position as the global center of the three largest monotheistic religions since biblical times. Jerusalem is both a symbolic and a tangible focal point in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; and competing religious and political narratives have affected its development. This brief entry attempts to capture some of the main themes in Jerusalem's planning history over the past century, navigating through the city toward its contemporary urban reality.
Informal Housing
Authors: Mosiane Ngaka Ben 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Although informal housing is not a solution to housing problems, it is one option through which low income people in African cities and those of the Global South in general create a sense of belonging for themselves and produce their own urbanisms. A review of the existing literature on urban informal housing in Africa shows that the themes of public housing and self‐help housing and the norms and standards for land subdivisions and building construction have constituted this research topic from the 1960s. Additional themes are land and the characteristics of land markets, environmental interactions and change, household savings and community banks, and rental housing. A key feature across these elements of the housing research tradition is that housing interventions by the state and international development institutions have reached only a limited number of intended beneficiaries. Recently, informal housing has come to take center stage in urban studies. It is part of the theory of informality, which is used not only to deepen understandings of the dominant logics of the market, but also to call attention to the ethic of collective commitment to social development. It is also used to reflect on Africa's own experimentation with city‐making.
Swahili Coast
Authors: Wynne‐Jones Stephanie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Swahili coast of Eastern Africa has been home to an urban tradition for over a thousand years. Since the seventh centuryce, sites along this coast have been trading across the Indian Ocean with partners in the Islamic world. These sites developed into stonetowns, characterized by a vernacular architectural tradition that used coral and lime and flourished from Somalia to Mozambique, from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries. The successors of this urban tradition are the modern towns of Zanzibar, Lamu, and Mombasa, which share many features with precolonial towns and have been used as analogues of past societies. This entry reviews the character of urbanism on the Swahili coast, touching on historical, archaeological, and linguistic evidence. The history of research is also discussed, together with early colonial visions of the Swahili coast and the ways these have been debunked in modern scholarship. Finally, more recent movements in the archaeology of the Swahili coast are presented – such as the move to consider towns within their regions and the archaeologists' attempt to reconstruct daily life in early towns.
M
oscow
Authors: Harris Adrienne M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry traces the development of Moscow from its origins as a provincial, medieval East Slavic village to its status as the capital of the Russian Federation, one of today's most populous world capitals. It considers the central position of the Russian Orthodox Church in the city's premodern history as well as the role of the Communist Party in the twentieth century. In addition to urban improvements related to housing and transportation, the article notes key cultural developments across centuries.
Block Clubs
Authors: Seligman Amanda I. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Block clubs are very small organizations in which neighbors work together for local improvements. They were created by the National Urban League in the early twentieth century, and in the twenty‐first century members of different demographic groups use them. Most block clubs are organized by a parent group, but some are truly indigenous efforts. They have especially strong roots in Chicago, where they supplement the work of government and private property owners to create a desirable environment.
Ferrimagnetic Nanochains‐Based Mesenchymal Stem Cell Engineering for Highly Efficient Post‐Stroke Recovery
Authors: Zhang Tianyuan , Li Fangyuan , Xu Qianhao , Wang Qiyue , Jiang Xinchi , Liang Zeyu , Liao Hongwei , Kong Xianglei , Liu Jianan , Wu Honghui , Zhang Danping , An Changhua , Dong Liang , Lu Yang , Cao Hongcui , Kim Dokyoon , Sun Jihong , Hyeon Taeghwan , Gao Jianqing , Ling Daishun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUnsatisfactory post‐stroke recovery has long been a negative factor in the prognosis of ischemic stroke due to the lack of pharmacological treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)‐based therapy has recently emerged as a promising strategy redefining stroke treatment; however, its effectiveness has been largely restricted by insufficient therapeutic gene expression and inadequate cell numbers in the ischemic cerebrum. Herein, a non‐viral and magnetic field‐independent gene transfection approach is reported, using magnetosome‐like ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanochains (MFIONs), to genetically engineer MSCs for highly efficient post‐stroke recovery. The 1D MFIONs show efficient cellular uptake by MSCs, which results in highly efficient genetic engineering of MSCs to overexpress brain‐derived neurotrophic factor for treating ischemic cerebrum. Moreover, the internalized MFIONs promote the homing of MSCs to the ischemic cerebrum by upregulating CXCR4. Consequently, a pronounced recovery from ischemic stroke is achieved using MFION‐engineered MSCs in a mouse model.
Homogeneous Doping of Substitutional Nitrogen/Carbon in TiO2 Plates for Visible Light Photocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Wu Tingting , Niu Ping , Yang Yongqiang , Yin Li‐Chang , Tan Jun , Zhu Huaze , Irvine John T. S. , Wang Lianzhou , Liu Gang , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExtending the light absorption range of wide‐bandgap photocatalysts into the visible light region is significant in terms of fully harvesting and converting solar light. The desirable band‐to‐band redshift of the absorption edge of semiconducting binary metal oxides such as prototypical photocatalyst TiO2 by doping is long targeted but remains a challenge, up to date. Here, by taking the advantage of abundant 1D diffusion channels with rhombus‐like cross‐sections along the c‐axis in the crystal structure of titanium oxalate hydrate to promote the entrance of nitrogen dopant species into the bulk and subsequent thermal topotactic transition in an atmosphere of gaseous ammonia, homogeneous doping of substitutional carbon/nitrogen for oxygen in the TiO2 decahedral plates with a dominant anatase phase is obtained for the first time. The resultant TiO2−x(CN)y with an unusual band‐to‐band visible light absorption spectrum can induce photocatalytic water oxidation to release oxygen under visible light irradiation. This study provides not only a promising visible light–responsive TiO2 photocatalyst, but also an important strategy for developing other solar‐driven photocatalysts.
Lead‐Free Cs2BiAgBr6 Double Perovskite‐Based Humidity Sensor with Superfast Recovery Time
Authors: Weng Zhenhua , Qin Jiajun , Umar Akrajas Ali , Wang Jiao , Zhang Xin , Wang Haoliang , Cui Xiaolei , Li Xiaoguo , Zheng Lirong , Zhan Yiqiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLead halide perovskites have demonstrated outstanding achievements in photoelectric applications owing to their unique properties. However, the moisture sensitivity of lead halide perovskite has rarely been developed into an applicable humidity sensor due to the intrinsic instability and toxicity issue. Herein, as a highly stable lead‐free perovskite, a Cs2BiAgBr6 thin film is chosen to be the active material for humidity sensor due to its extraordinary humidity‐dependent electrical properties and good stability. This Cs2BiAgBr6 thin film humidity sensor demonstrates a superfast response time (1.78 s) and recovery time (0.45 s). The superfast response and recovery properties can be attributed to the reversible physisorption of water molecules, which can be easily adsorbed onto or desorbed from the thin film surface. Moreover, the sensor also shows an excellent reliability and stability properties as well as logarithmic linearity in a relative humidity's range of 15% to 78%. The lead‐free Cs2BiAgBr6 perovskite possesses great potential for application in real‐time humidity sensing.
P‐Glycoprotein Antibody Decorated Porous Hydrogel Particles for Capture and Release of Drug‐Resistant Tumor Cells
Authors: Ma Xiaoyan , Zhao Ze , Wang Huan , Liu Yuxiao , Xu Yueshuang , Zhang Jing , Chen Baoan , Li Ling , Zhao Yuanjin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMultidrug resistance is one of the leading causes of chemotherapy failure in cancer patients. Early detection and capture of drug‐resistant tumor cells can facilitate the monitoring of the therapy process and improve the prognosis of patients. In this study, novel P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) antibody modified porous hydrogel particles are proposed for drug‐resistant tumor cells capture. The hydrogel particles employ a highly biocompatible hydrogel, methacrylate gelatin (GelMA), as the carrier and replicate from the silica colloidal crystal beads. By the modification of P‐gp antibody probes on their surfaces, the hydrogel particles are endowed with the ability to capture drug‐resistant tumor cells, which overexpress specific components of P‐gp on their membranes. Additionally, the acquired ordered porous nanostructure of the particles can provide not only more surface area for antibody immobilization but also a nanopatterned platform for highly efficient target cell capture. The above advantages make the porous hydrogel particles ideal for efficient capture and detection of the drug‐resistant tumor cells, which can be expected to facilitate the point‐of‐care pharmacotherapy and promisingly improve the patient outcomes.
Magnetic Hydrogel with Optimally Adaptive Functions for Breast Cancer Recurrence Prevention
Authors: Gao Fei , Xie Wensheng , Miao Yuqing , Wang Dan , Guo Zhenhu , Ghosal Anujit , Li Yongsan , Wei Yen , Feng Si‐Shen , Zhao Lingyun , Fan Hai Ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEngineering biocompatible hydrogels using functional nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention because of their uniquely appealing cooperative effects that can enable multimodality imaging and treatment with improved efficacy against serious diseases. However, the effects of high‐content nanoparticle dopants on the rheological properties of hydrogels frequently lead to an unsatisfactory therapeutic result, which is particularly notable in the design of magnetic hydrogel formulations for cancer therapy. Herein is reported a novel magnetic hydrogel functionalized by ferromagnetic vortex‐domain iron oxide (FVIOs) with optimally adaptive functions for prevention of breast cancer recurrence. The FVIOs can perfectly incorporate into the dynamic hydrogel networks with an extremely low concentration (0.6 mg mL−1), 17 times lower than that of conventional superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with sufficient heating capacity. Such magnetic hydrogels exhibit high inductive heating and remarkable rheological properties simultaneously. Moreover, the self‐healing, self‐conformal ability, controlled release of loaded doxorubicin, biodegradation, and pH‐responsiveness of the magnetic hydrogel project their efficient sustainable therapeutic ability. In vivo postoperative treatment has further demonstrated the high efficacy of FVIO‐based magnetic hydrogels, as evidenced by the significant suppression of the local tumor recurrences compared to chemotherapy or hyperthermia alone. This unique magnetic hydrogel formulation with optimally adaptive functions shows strong potential in preventing relapses of various cancers.
Superelastic Hard Carbon Nanofiber Aerogels
Authors: Yu Zhi‐Long , Qin Bing , Ma Zhi‐Yuan , Huang Jin , Li Si‐Cheng , Zhao Hao‐Yu , Li Han , Zhu Yin‐Bo , Wu Heng‐An , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSuperelastic carbon aerogels have been widely explored by graphitic carbons and soft carbons. These soft aerogels usually have delicate microstructures with good fatigue resistance but ultralow strength. Hard carbon aerogels show great advantages in mechanical strength and structural stability due to the sp3‐C‐induced turbostratic “house‐of‐cards” structure. However, it is still a challenge to fabricate superelastic hard carbon‐based aerogels. Through rational nanofibrous structural design, the traditional rigid phenolic resin can be converted into superelastic hard carbon aerogels. The hard carbon nanofibers and abundant welded junctions endow the hard carbon aerogels with robust and stable mechanical performance, including superelasticity, high strength, extremely fast recovery speed (860 mm s−1), low energy‐loss coefficient (<0.16), long cycle lifespan, and heat/cold‐endurance. These emerging hard carbon nanofiber aerogels hold a great promise in the application of piezoresistive stress sensors with high stability and wide detection range (50 kPa), as well as stretchable or bendable conductors.
Dearomatizative and Decarboxylative Reaction Cascade in the Aminocatalytic Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins
Authors: Bojanowski Jan , Skrzyńska Anna , Albrecht Anna 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWithin the performed study, a dearomatizative and decarboxylative reaction cascade for the synthesis of biologically relevant 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins has been developed. It utilizes 2‐alkyl‐3‐furfural derivatives that under aminocatalytic conditions are transformed into dienamine‐like intermediates in a process that involves dearomatization of the furan ring. Subsequent [4+2]‐cycloaddition with coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acids proceeds with rearomatization of the furan moiety. In the last step of the cascade, the aminocatalyst is released via decarboxylative deamination to give target 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins with excellent enantio‐ and diastereocontrol.
Molecular Swings as Highly Active Ion Transporters
Authors: Ren Changliang , Chen Feng , Ye Ruijuan , Ong Yong Siang , Lu Hongfang , Lee Su Seong , Ying Jackie Y. , Zeng Huaqiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIons are transported across membrane mostly via carrier or channel mechanisms. Herein, a unique class of molecular‐machine‐inspired membrane transporters, termed molecular swings is reported that utilize a previously unexplored swing mechanism for promoting ion transport in a highly efficient manner. In particular, the molecular swing, which carries a 15‐crown‐5 unit as the ion‐binding and transporting unit, exhibits extremely high ion‐transport activities with EC50 values of 46 nm (a channel:lipid molar ratio of 1:4800 or 0.021 mol % relative to lipid) and 110 nm for K+ and Na+ ions, respectively. Remarkably, such ion transport activities remain high in a cholesterol‐rich environment, with EC50 values of 130 (0.045 mol % relative to lipid/cholesterol) and 326 nm for K+ and Na+ ions, respectively.
Metalloradicals Supported by a meta‐Carborane Ligand
Authors: Cui Peng‐Fei , Gao Yang , Guo Shu‐Ting , Lin Yue‐Jian , Li Zhen‐Hua , Jin Guo‐Xin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this work, a pincer‐type complex [Cp*Ir‐(SNPh)(SNHPh)(C2B10H9)] (2) was synthesized and its reactivity studied in detail. Interestingly, molecular hydrogen can induce the transformation between the metalloradical [Cp*Ir‐(SNPh)2(C2B10H9)] (5.) and 2. A mixed‐valence complex, [(Cp*Ir)2‐(SNPh)2(C2B10H8)] (7.+), was also synthesized by one‐electron oxidation. Studies show that 7.+ is fully delocalized, possessing a four‐centered‐one‐electron (S‐Ir‐Ir‐S) bonding interaction. DFT calculations were also in good agreement with the experimental results.
Generating New Cross‐Relaxation Pathways by Coating Prussian Blue on NaNdF4 To Fabricate Enhanced Photothermal Agents
Authors: Yu Zhongzheng , Hu Wenbo , Zhao Hui , Miao Xiaofei , Guan Yan , Cai Weizheng , Zeng Zhiping , Fan Quli , Tan Timothy Thatt Yang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCross‐relaxation among sensitizers is commonly regarded as deleterious in fluorescent materials, although favorable in photothermal agents. Herein, we coated Prussian blue (PB) on NaNdF4 nanoparticles to fabricate core–shell nanocomplexes with new cross relaxation pathways between the ladder‐like energy levels of Nd3+ ions and continuous energy band of PB. The photothermal conversion efficiency was improved exceptionally and the mechanism of the enhanced photothermal effect was investigated. In vivo photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy demonstrated the potential of the enhanced photothermal agents. Moreover, the concept of generating new cross‐relaxation pathways between different materials is proposed to contribute to the design of all kinds of enhanced photothermal agents.
Oxygen Evolution Reaction at Carbon Edge Sites: Investigation of Activity Evolution and Structure–Function Relationships with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Lin Yangming , Lu Qing , Song Feihong , Yu Linhui , Mechler Anna K. , Schlögl Robert , Heumann Saskia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe abundance of available surface chemical information and edge structures of carbon materials have attracted tremendous interest in catalysis. For the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the edge effects of carbon materials have rarely been studied in detail because of the complexity of various coexisting edge configurations and the controversy between carbon corrosion and carbon catalysis. Herein, the exact roles of common carbon active edge sites in the OER were interrogated using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with designated configurations (zigzag and armchair) as model probe molecules, with a focus on structure–function relationships. Zigzag configurations of PAHs showed high activity for the OER while also showing a good stability at a reasonable potential. They show a TOF value of 0.276 s−1 in 0.1 m KOH. The catalytic activity of carbon edge sites was further effectively regulated by extending the π conjugation structure at a molecular level.
Mechanical properties and drug release rate of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol)/clay nanocomposite hydrogels: Correlation with structure and physical properties
Authors: Ghanaatian Effat , Entezam Mehdi 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPoly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels containing curcumin as a drug and the various amounts of a montmorillonite nanoclay are prepared using the freezing–thawing method. Nanoclay quantity influence on the physicomechanical properties and the drug release rate of the hydrogel as well as relationship between them is investigated. X‐Ray diffraction and Atomic force microscopy analysis reveal the nanoclays have an intercalation structure in the hydrogel, and the hydrogel crystallization decreases with increasing the nanoclay inclusion. From the SEM micrographs observation, it was revealed that due to the presence of the nanoclay in the hydrogel, its porosity decreased. The naonoclay has an amount‐depended dual effect on the hydrogel swelling. The swelling mechanism is a normal Fickian diffusion for all the hydrogel samples. Strong physical interactions between the nanoclays and the polymer chains in the nanocomposite hydrogels are evidenced by the rheological studies. These interactions lead to significant reinforcement of the hydrogel tensile strength, intensified by the nanoclay amount. Interestingly, the nanoclays show the capability of accelerating and, also, decelerating the drug release of the hydrogel. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47843.
Lignocellulose solubilization and conversion by extremely thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor bescii improves by maintaining metabolic activity
Authors: Straub Christopher T. , Khatibi Piyum A. , Otten Jonathan K. , Adams Michael W. W. , Kelly Robert M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor bescii solubilizes and metabolizes the carbohydrate content of lignocellulose, a process that ultimately ceases because of biomass recalcitrance, accumulation of fermentation products, inhibition by lignin moieties, and reduction of metabolic activity. Deconstruction of low loadings of lignocellulose (5 g/L), either natural or transgenic, whether unpretreated or subjected to hydrothermal processing, by C. bescii typically results in less than 40% carbohydrate solubilization. Mild alkali pretreatment (up to 0.09 g NaOH/g biomass) improved switchgrass carbohydrate solubilization by C. bescii to over 70% compared to less than 30% for no pretreatment, with two‐thirds of the carbohydrate content in the treated switchgrass converted to acetate and lactate. C. bescii grown on high loadings of unpretreated switchgrass (50 g/L) retained in a pH‐controlled bioreactor slowly purged (τ = 80 hr) with growth media without a carbon source improved carbohydrate solubilization to over 40% compared to batch culture at 29%. But more significant was the doubling of solubilized carbohydrate conversion to fermentation products, which increased from 40% in batch to over 80% in the purged system, an improvement attributed to maintaining the bioreactor culture in a metabolically active state. This strategy should be considered for optimizing solubilization and conversion of lignocellulose by C. bescii and other lignocellulolytic microorganisms.