bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid–liquid extraction of bioactive compounds from yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) leaves: Experimental study, kinetics and modeling
Authors: Gerke Isabel Boger Bubans , Hamerski Fabiane , de Paula Scheer Agnes , da Silva Vitor Renan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe aqueous batch extraction of bioactive compounds from yerba mate leaves was evaluated in view of their potential application in the food industry. The influence of temperature (20–80 °C) and stirring (0–400 rpm) was investigated by central composite design. The concentrations of the bioactive compounds over time were investigated using three mathematical models (equilibrium‐dependent, Peleg and intra‐particle diffusion). The results indicated that higher temperatures resulted in increased extraction of the bioactive compounds, while stirring showed only a minor influence. According to the kinetics data, the extraction process approached equilibrium after around 120–180 min. The conditions that maximized the extraction were 80 °C and 400 rpm, which resulted in 591.81, 48.31, 814.90, and 122.56 mg L−1 of chlorogenic acid, rutin, caffeine, and theobromine, respectively, after a 30 min process. The Peleg model was found to be the most suitable to describe the extraction process due the best fit with the experimental data.Practical applicationsYerba mate contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to prevent degenerative diseases. Caffeine, theobromine, chlorogenic acid, and rutin are the main compounds found in yerba mate and they have properties which are beneficial to health, such as antioxidant capacity and diuretic action. These compounds can be removed from the leaves by solid–liquid extraction and added to food products to increase their nutraceutical value. The extraction is influenced by several parameters that need to be adjusted to ensure maximum extract yield and quality. Thus, due to the significant potential of yerba mate as a source of bioactive compounds, the aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction of individual bioactive compounds from the leaves.
Influence of low methoxyl pectin on the physicochemical properties of sodium caseinate‐stabilized emulsions
Authors: Wang Jian , Souihi Sondes , Amara Chedia Ben , Dumas Emilie , Gharsallaoui Adem 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTwo strategies of emulsion preparation, stabilization by sodium caseinate (CAS)/low methoxyl pectin (LMP) complexes formed in advance, and stabilization by the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method, were compared. In aqueous solution, at a constant CAS concentration (5 g/L), the gradual addition of LMP resulted in an increase in turbidity of the solution caused by the increasing formation of insoluble complexes. The zeta potential change showed that the interactions are mainly due to an electrostatic mechanism. The spectrofluorometric studies as well as the spectroscopic analysis in the UV–visible region have shown that the interactions with LMP caused a change in the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein. Then, these complexes were used for stabilizing oil/water emulsions. The emulsions stabilized by complexes formed in advance and LBL method were characterized by measuring zeta potential, dynamic viscosity, serum index, and particle size distribution. The results showed that, at low LMP concentrations, complexes‐stabilized emulsions were more stable than LBL‐stabilized ones, while at high LMP concentrations, LBL‐stabilized emulsions showed better stability.Practical applicationsThese results would be useful during the development of encapsulation systems having hybrid interfaces in order to better control the release of hydrophobic active molecules like essential oils. These molecules have various benefits like antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, which could be exploited for food biopreservation. One of the major problems for application in food preservation of these active molecules is their great sensitivity to the environmental stress (temperature, pH…), their low water‐solubility, their interactions with food components, and their pronounced odor and flavor. The encapsulation of these molecules in the developed emulsions containing the proper concentration of LMP could be a suitable solution to protect and release these lipophilic molecules in foods.
The Effect of Prior Work Experiences on the Preparation and Employment of Early‐Career Midwives
Authors: Woeber Kate , Sibley Lynn 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionStrategic recruitment, preparation, distribution, and retention of US midwives requires a solid body of knowledge about midwives’ education and workforce experiences. Although half of US midwifery education programs currently require or prefer prior registered nurse (RN) employment, data are lacking about whether and how these criteria influence efforts to scale up the workforce to meet reproductive care workforce shortages and maldistributions.MethodsThis cross‐sectional research used an online survey, developed using the framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory. Early‐career midwives were contacted through the American College of Nurse‐Midwives electronic mailing list and social media during the fall of 2016. Statistical analysis allowed for linkage of data related to the following constructs: personal characteristics, prior RN employment, educational experiences, employment situations, career perceptions, and future plans.ResultsAll participants (N = 244) were certified nurse‐midwives. Compared with those without prior RN employment, midwives with prior RN employment were more likely to enroll part‐time in distance programs and complete single majors or degrees. During enrollment, the 2 groups experienced the same degree of mentorship and cultural support and were similarly likely to attend 30 births and to pass the certification examination on first attempt. In the workforce, those with prior RN employment were 6 years older and more likely to work full‐time. The 2 groups demonstrated no significant differences in their career perspectives or future career plans.DiscussionDespite anecdotal concerns about training midwives who lack RN work experience, an individual without prior RN employment offers the workforce an employee who completes midwifery education at a younger age, may be educated more quickly, and is more likely to have earned a dual major or degree. Those with prior RN employment are more likely to work full‐time. Both groups may offer benefits to education and the workforce.
Segmental morphometrics of bonobos (Pan paniscus): are they really different from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)?
Authors: Druelle François , Schoonaert Kirsten , Aerts Peter , Nauwelaerts Sandra , Stevens Jeroen M. G. , D'Août Kristiaan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe inertial properties of body segments reflect performance and locomotor habits in primates. While Pan paniscus is generally described as more gracile, lighter in body mass, and as having relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than Pan troglodytes, both species exhibit very similar patterns of (quadrupedal and bipedal) kinematics, but show slightly different locomotor repertoires. We used a geometric model to estimate the inertial properties for all body segments (i.e. head, trunk, upper and lower arms, hand, thigh, shank and foot) using external length and diameter measurements of 12 anaesthetized bonobos (eight adults and four immatures). We also calculated whole limb inertial properties. When we compared absolute and relative segment morphometric and inertial variables between bonobos and chimpanzees, we found that adult bonobos are significantly lighter than adult chimpanzees. The bonobo is also shorter in head length, upper and lower arm lengths, and foot length, and is generally lighter in most absolute segment mass values (except head and hand). In contrast, the bonobo has a longer trunk. When scaled relative to body mass, most differences disappear between the two species. Only the longer trunk and the shorter head of the bonobo remain apparent, as well as the lighter thigh compared with the chimpanzee. We found similar values of natural pendular periods of the limbs in both species, despite differences in absolute limb lengths, masses, mass centres (for the hindlimb) and moments of inertia. While our data contradict the commonly accepted view that bonobos have relatively longer and heavier hindlimbs than chimpanzees, they are consistent with the observed similarities in the quadrupedal and bipedal kinematics between these species. The morphological differences between both species are more subtle than those previously described from postcranial osteological materials.
Is the validity of conscientiousness stable across time? Testing the role of trait bandwidth
Authors: Harari Michael B. , Naemi Bobby , Viswesvaran Chockalingam 
Published: October 2018

Although research into issues of conscientiousness bandwidth for personnel selection has compared global vs. facet validities using cross‐sectional designs, there has been an absence of longitudinal research. We provided the first empirical test of differential dynamicity between conscientiousness and its four facets across time, observing evidence suggesting dynamicity only for facets.Practitioner points

We evaluated global and facet conscientiousness validities across four annual criterion measurement occasions.

Facet validities were more likely to change across time as compared to global conscientiousness validities.

Global conscientiousness can be incorporated into selection systems if one's goal is to predict performance across time.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Some challenging clinical scenarios
Authors: Efron Daryl 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPaediatricians generally have good skills in the assessment and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In most cases this is not difficult – the paediatrician's role is clear, and evidence‐based treatment can be delivered. There are however some clinical situations which present diagnostic, ethical and/or management dilemmas for paediatricians in relation to possible attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This Viewpoint article addresses some of these scenarios.
Aetiology of childhood apraxia of speech: A clinical practice update for paediatricians
Authors: Morgan Angela T , Webster Richard 
Published: October 2018

AbstractChildhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a rare disorder of childhood that can leave a watermark of the impacts throughout the lifetime. Since being first described in the 1950s, aetiological insights have been limited. At a neurobiological level, clinical MRI scans fail to reveal overt neural anomalies in individual cases with CAS, although quantitative MRI methods have revealed subtle brain anomalies at a group level. Dramatic insights, however, occurred in the past decade from the discovery of genetic pathways underlying the phenotype. Several single genes and copy number‐variant conditions are now associated with CAS either in relative isolation, as in the case ofFOXP2variants, or most typically in association with other neurodevelopmental conditions, such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, motor impairment and autism. CAS requires careful differential diagnosis from other childhood speech disorders, but when a severe and persistent diagnosis is confirmed, a genetic aetiology should increasingly be pursued.
Sleep in children with neurodevelopmental difficulties
Authors: Heussler Helen S , Hiscock Harriet 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSleep disorders in children with neurodevelopmental disorders are complex and reflect underlying genetic/biological and behavioural components. The sleep disorders are the same as in the typically developing child, although there may be some modifications to the presentation or the frequency depending on the phenotype. Consideration of the known phenotypes and environmental issues are important in defining management strategies. Despite this complexity, defined behavioural strategies with good sleep hygiene can have a significant effect on the sleep problem and on parental management of the behaviours.
Autism: One or many spectrums?
Authors: Ure Alexandra , Rose Veronica , Bernie Charmaine , Williams Katrina 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOur conceptualisation of autism spectrum disorder has changed over time, with recent classifications reflecting a heterogeneous clinical presentation now regularly encountered in routine general paediatric practice. As the prevalence of autism and associated demands for services have increased so has research into understanding the cause and trials aimed at providing best care and intervention. However, the heterogeneity of autism has meant that no single aetiology can account for all differences in presentation, and not all children benefit from broad‐based interventions. Now is the time to rethink how best to understand individual differences in order to focus research efforts and take steps towards more sophisticated strategies that go beyond the behaviours we look for when making an autism diagnosis. We suggest adopting a dimensional approach to autism assessment, with the consideration of eight spectrums of abilities, ways of thinking and behaviour. This eight‐spectrum approach will assist clinicians to consider each individual's strengths and needs and personalise interventions and support accordingly. Profiling individual skills across these dimensions may also provide researchers with a greater capacity to link causal pathways with specific phenotypes, which is needed to develop precision medicine for autism.
The aggressive child
Authors: Scott James G , Tunbridge Michael , Stathis Stephen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAggression in children is a common transdiagnostic symptom associated with a wide range of developmental and mental health problems. It emerges early and without intervention, may increase in severity as the child grows stronger. Aggressive children are more likely to experience physical and mental illness, unemployment, poverty and forensic problems as adults. Strategies to prevent aggression must address risk factors: low maternal education, adolescent pregnancy, in utero exposure to tobacco and alcohol, poverty, coercive parenting, childhood maltreatment and bullying victimisation. The aggressive child requires a comprehensive assessment to identify and manage underlying or comorbid problems, to understand the reasons for the aggressive behaviour and to detect modifiable factors that exacerbate or perpetuate the aggression. Psychosocial interventions include parenting skills training and child‐directed cognitive behavioural therapy, whereas pharmacotherapy may be used to treat underlying developmental or mental health problems or to manage the aggression.
Transition to adult mental health services for young people with an intellectual disability
Authors: Cvejic Rachael C , Trollor Julian N 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPeople with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience high rates of mental health problems, particularly during the period of transition to adulthood. It is therefore important that the transition from child‐ to adult‐oriented health services for people with ID is well managed to ensure appropriate orientation to ongoing adult mental health care. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the impact and experience of transition to adult mental health care for people with ID and those who support them, as well as issues related to current policy and practice in this area. Several opportunities for improvement are identified in the broad areas of policy, service structure and organisation, research and workforce capacity. Enhancements in these areas will lead to improved outcomes for young people with ID transitioning from child‐ to adult‐oriented mental health care.
To go or not to go: School refusal and its clinical correlates
Authors: Prabhuswamy Mukesh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractProblematic school refusal that is child motivated is a serious but common presentation and a child psychiatric emergency. Mental health professionals, paediatricians, educators and parents are often required to work in tandem to alleviate concerns due to this. Prolonged absence from school may lead to immediate (educational backwardness) and far‐reaching effects (psycho‐social and educational maladjustment). Psychiatric morbidity is high in school‐refusing children presenting to secondary and tertiary services and is associated with temperamental, family and environmental adversities. Outcomes can vary according to their age, duration of school refusal and environmental variables.
Investigating the child with intellectual disability
Authors: Amor David J 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe search for causation is a key component of the assessment of the child with intellectual disability. Historically, a specific diagnosis has been achievable in only a small minority of these children, but over the last decade, this has changed dramatically such that a specific diagnosis is now possible in about half of all children with intellectual disability. This improvement has been driven by major advances in genetic‐testing technologies, the most important of which are chromosome microarray and whole exome sequencing. Simultaneously, these technological advances have revealed many new genetic syndromes that had previously escaped clinical recognition, and demonstrated that the majority of severe intellectual disability is caused by pathogenic gene variants that arise de novo in the child. Although access to genomic testing is currently limited, evidence from health economic studies suggests that this testing is most cost effective when performed early in the patient's diagnostic journey.
Video polysomnographic findings in non‐rapid eye movement parasomnia
Authors: Drakatos Panagis , Marples Lucy , Muza Rexford , Higgins Sean , Nesbitt Alexander , Dongol Eptehal M. , Macavei Raluca , Gnoni Valentina , Perez Carbonell Laura , Duncan Iain , Birdseye Adam , Dastagir Sakina , Rosenzweig Ivana , O’Regan David , Williams Adrian J. , Leschziner Guy D. , Kent Brian D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAlthough video polysomnography (vPSG) is not routinely recommended for the evaluation of typical cases of non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias, it can aid diagnosis of unusual cases, other sleep disorders and complicated cases with REM behaviour disorder (RBD), and in differentiating parasomnias from epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to assess vPSG findings in consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of NREM‐parasomnia covering the whole phenotypic spectrum. Five hundred and twelve patients with a final diagnosis of NREM parasomnia who had undergone vPSG were retrospectively identified. vPSGs were analysed for features of NREM parasomnia and for the presence of other sleep disorders. Two hundred and six (40.0%) patients were clinically diagnosed with sleepwalking, 72 (14.1%) with sleep terrors, 39 (7.6%) with confusional arousals, 15 (2.9%) with sexsomnia, seven (1.4%) with sleep‐related eating disorder, 122 (23.8%) with mixed phenotype, and 51 (10.0%) with parasomnia overlap disorder (POD). The vPSG supported the diagnosis of NREM parasomnia in 64.4% of the patients and of POD in 98%. In 28.9% of the patients, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or/and periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) were identified, most commonly in older, male, sleepy and obese patients. vPSG has a high diagnostic yield in patients with NREM parasomnia and should be routinely performed when there is diagnostic doubt, or in patients where there is a suspicion of OSA and PLMS.
Are published oil price forecasts efficient?
Authors: Moghaddam Hussein , Dehnavi Jalal , Wirl Franz 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOil prices are crucial for a wide area of economic decisions ranging from households over business to economic policymaking. Therefore, oil price projections are a crucial input to economic models and to economic activity forecasts. This paper assesses the accuracy and efficiency of crude oil price forecasts published by different organisations, think tanks and companies. Since the sequence of published forecasts appears as smooth, the weak efficiency criterion is clearly violated. Even combining forecasts, cannot increase efficiency due to high correlation among various forecasts. This pattern of oil price forecasts can be attributed to combining myopia (use current oil price levels as a basis) with Hotelling‐type exponential growth. Another behavioural explanation in source of inefficiencies is that forecasters prefer to harmonise their forecasts with other forecasters in order to be not an outlier.
Anesthesia in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Retrospective chart review of 83 patients and 205 anesthetics over 7 years
Authors: Rothschild Leelach , Goeller Jessica K. , Voronov Polina , Barabanova Alexandra , Smith Peter 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta is the collective term for a heterogeneous group of connective tissue syndromes characterized by bone fragility with multisystem involvement and perioperative implications.AimsLiterature review of anesthetic management of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta revealed a paucity of data on the incidence of perioperative challenges. We sought to determine the rates of these challenges in our study cohort.MethodsData were collected in a specialty orthopedic hospital from 2008 to 2015 for 83 osteogenesis imperfecta patients undergoing 205 surgeries: 203 orthopedic surgeries and 2 mid‐face reconstructive surgeries. Airway management, intravenous access, surgical blood loss, use of peripheral nerve blockade and/or neuraxial techniques, presence of perioperative fracture, and peak intraoperative temperature were evaluated and analyzed.ResultsDifficult airway was encountered in 3/205 (1.5%) cases and perioperative fracture in 2/205 (1%) cases. Neuraxial anesthesia was attempted in 64/205 cases with an 87.5% success rate. All peripheral nerve block attempts (33/205 cases) were successful. Difficult intravenous catheter placement was noted in 8/205 (4%) cases. Estimated blood loss >10% of estimated blood volume was considered significant, and occurred in 35/205 (17%) cases. Significant blood loss occurred more often in severe osteogenesis imperfecta types: 18/76 (23.7%) in Type III and 11/65 (16.9%) in Type IV, whereas only 4/47 (8.5%) occurred in mild Type I. In our 205 case cohort, osteogenesis imperfecta Type III had 5.6 times the odds [(95% CI = 1.8‐17.2) P = 0.003] of having an anesthetic complication as compared to osteogenesis imperfecta Type I.ConclusionPatients with osteogenesis imperfecta undergo frequent anesthetic exposures, but anesthetic challenges in our series were uncommon. Odds of challenges are greater in severe osteogenesis imperfecta Type III, with significant blood loss and difficulty placing intravenous catheters more likely encountered in the more severe types.