bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National and International Rule of Law: Proclaimed Adherence and Real-Life Policies
Authors: Marochkin Sergey 
Published: September 2019

The main purpose of this article is to analyze the correlation between ‘black letter’ law and its real-life implementation. The correlation is to be examined in light of countries’ and the international community’s proclaimed goal, namely to embed and implement the ‘rule of law’ principle domestically and internationally. Within the context of legal and political documents, as well as statements by political personalities, the rule of law has become the dominant vector for development. It is proclaimed to be one of the basic principles of legal orders in many countries and in the international community. But is the rule of law the most important characteristic of legal orders inside of states and, what is more important, between them? Is there an actual willingness on the part of states to strengthen the international rule of law?
This article observes the origins and characteristics of the rule of law in particular with respect to Russia. Both domestic and international rule of law impact each other. Some forms of this interaction and their mutual influence are characterized below.
The study also traces intent as formalized in international declarations and their de-facto stance toward the rule of law and international law.
This scrutiny enables the conclusion that ‘black letter law’ and real-life application do not currently coincide. There are clear contradictory trends relating to this basic principle at both national and international levels. The first contradiction lies in the entrenchment and implementation of the principle by regulatory means. The second contradiction reveals discrepancies between regulatory instruments and real actions and policies. The article evaluates predispositions for these opposing tendencies; it also assesses alternative prospects for the development of international law and the rule of law.
“A Fall of Snow Maintains the Warmth of the Earth”
Authors: Ben-Pazi Hanoch 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay attempts to shed light upon the European Jewish partnership in the second half of the twentieth century, through an analysis of the persona of the philosopher Léon Brunschvicg, one of the major teachers of Emmanuel Levinas. Beyond the inherent interest in his intellectual stature and prominence as a philosopher, our study will reveal an additional aspect of the French-Jewish partnership at the turn of the century, and will reconsider the import of assimilation—as an enabler of Jewish involvement in Western civilization. The moral and intellectual appreciation that Emmanuel Levinas had for his teacher, Léon Brunschvicg, motivated him to call for a return to Jewish cultural discourse, and to honor the role models whose Judaism found expression not through their national or religious commitments, but rather through their universal concerns.
Combatting Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea: Legal Aspects of Sea-Based Engineering Measures
Authors: Ringbom Henrik , Bohman Brita , Ilvessalo Saara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe main environmental problem of the Baltic Sea is that too many nutrients are being released to the sea (eutrophication). As many of the ‘easy’ measures to reduce the load from land-based sources have been put in place, increasing attention is given to measures to reduce the release of nutrients from the seabed sediments through the use of various technologies at sea, i.e. ‘sea-based’ measures.There is no specific legal framework available for sea-based measures, but a number of provisions set general obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment.The analysis indicates that neither the type of measure nor the geographical location of the activity is of decisive importance for the legal rights and obligations involved. Instead, the legality of any sea-based measure depends on the risks they present balanced against their benefits. There is considerable uncertainty on all these issues, and the matter is further complicated by the fact that both the risks and the benefits of the measures relate to their environmental impact.It is recommended that a regional risk-based framework is established for assessing when and how further research on sea-based technologies can be undertaken in the Baltic Sea.
Polarimetric Radar Variables in the Layers of Melting and Dendritic Growth at X Band—Implications for a Nowcasting Strategy in Stratiform Rain
Authors: Trömel Silke , Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Hickman Brandon , Mühlbauer Kai , Simmer Clemens 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTime series of quasi–vertical profiles (QVPs) from 52 stratiform precipitation events observed with the polarimetric X-band radar in Bonn, Germany (BoXPol), between 2013 and 2016 have been statistically analyzed to infer microphysical processes shaping the dendritic-growth-layer (DGL) and melting-layer (ML) signatures including surface rainfall. Specific differential phase KDP in the ML shows an average correlation of 0.65 with surface rainfall for these cases. Radar reflectivity decreases below the ML by about 2 dB on average while differential reflectivity ZDR is hardly affected, which suggests rain evaporation as the dominating effect. Estimated ice water content or snow water equivalent precipitation rate S in the DGL is correlated with surface rain rates with lead times of 30 min and longer, which opens a pathway for radar-based nowcasting of stratiform precipitation tendencies. Trajectories of snow generated aloft down to the surface are constructed from wind profiles derived both from the nearest radiosounding and radar-based velocity azimuth displays (VAD) to narrow down the location at which the DGL-generated snow reaches the surface as rain. The lagged correlation analysis between KDP in the DGL and reflectivity ZH at that location demonstrates the superiority of the VAD information. Correlation coefficients up to 0.80 with lead times up to 120 min provide a proof of concept for future nowcasting applications that are based on DGL monitoring. Statistical relations found in our QVP dataset provide a database for estimating intrinsic polarimetric variables from the usual azimuth and elevation scans within and in the vicinity of the ML.
The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall
Authors: Scannell Claire , Booth Ben B. B. , Dunstone Nick J. , Rowell David P. , Bernie Dan J. , Kasoar Matthew , Voulgarakis Apostolos , Wilcox Laura J. , Acosta Navarro Juan C. , Seland Øyvind , Paynter David J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Past changes in global industrial aerosol emissions have played a significant role in historical shifts in African rainfall, and yet assessment of the impact on African rainfall of near-term (10–40 yr) potential aerosol emission pathways remains largely unexplored. While existing literature links future aerosol declines to a northward shift of Sahel rainfall, existing climate projections rely on RCP scenarios that do not explore the range of air quality drivers. Here we present projections from two emission scenarios that better envelop the range of potential aerosol emissions. More aggressive emission cuts result in northward shifts of the tropical rainbands whose signal can emerge from expected internal variability on short, 10–20-yr time horizons. We also show for the first time that this northward shift also impacts East Africa, with evidence of delays to both onset and withdrawal of the short rains. However, comparisons of rainfall impacts across models suggest that only certain aspects of both the West and East African model responses may be robust, given model uncertainties. This work motivates the need for wider exploration of air quality scenarios in the climate science community to assess the robustness of these projected changes and to provide evidence to underpin climate adaptation in Africa. In particular, revised estimates of emission impacts of legislated measures every 5–10 years would have a value in providing near-term climate adaptation information for African stakeholders.
Predictive Skill and Predictable Patterns of the U.S. Seasonal Precipitation in CFSv2 Reforecasts of 60 Years (1958–2017)
Authors: Huang Bohua , Shin Chul-Su , Kumar Arun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Analyzing a set of ensemble seasonal reforecasts for 1958–2017 using CFSv2, we evaluate the predictive skill of the U.S. seasonal mean precipitation and examine its sources of predictability. Our analysis is for each of the three periods of 1958–78, 1979–99, and 2000–17, corresponding to the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) during 1979–99 and negative ones before and after. The ensemble reforecasts at two-month lead reproduce the spatial distribution of winter precipitation trends throughout the 60 years and the continental-scale increase of summer precipitation since 2000. The predicted signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio also reveals greater predictability in the post-1979 period than during 1958–78. A maximized S/N ratio EOF analysis is applied to the ensemble seasonal precipitation predictions. In winter and spring, the most predictable patterns feature a north–south dipole throughout United States. The summer and fall patterns are dominated by the anomalies in central and southern United States, respectively. In verification with observations, the winter–spring patterns are more skillful. ENSO influences on these predictable patterns are most dominant in winter and spring, but other oceanic factors also play an active role during summer and fall. The multidecadal change of the U.S. precipitation predictability is attributable to the low-frequency modulation of the ENSO predictability and the influences of other major climate modes. PDO can be a dominant factor associated with enhanced prediction skill in 1979–99 and reduced skill in 1958–78. Since the 2000s, the forcing from the SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic with opposite sign to those in the tropical Pacific becomes a significant factor for the U.S. summer precipitation prediction.
Enhancing PMW Satellite Precipitation Estimation: Detecting Convective Class
Authors: Petković Veljko , Orescanin Marko , Kirstetter Pierre , Kummerow Christian , Ferraro Ralph 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA decades-long effort in observing precipitation from space has led to continuous improvements of satellite-derived passive microwave (PMW) large-scale precipitation products. However, due to a limited ability to relate observed radiometric signatures to precipitation type (convective and stratiform) and associated precipitation rate variability, PMW retrievals are prone to large systematic errors at instantaneous scales. The present study explores the use of deep learning approach in extracting the information content from PMW observation vectors to help identify precipitation types. A deep learning neural network model (DNN) is developed to retrieve the convective type in precipitating systems from PMW observations. A 12-month period of Global Precipitation Measurement mission Microwave Imager (GMI) observations is used as a dataset for model development and verification. The proposed DNN model is shown to accurately predict precipitation types for 85% of total precipitation volume. The model reduces precipitation rate bias associated with convective and stratiform precipitation in the GPM operational algorithm by a factor of 2 while preserving the correlation with reference precipitation rates, and is insensitive to surface type variability. Based on comparisons against currently used convective schemes, it is concluded that the neural network approach has the potential to address regime-specific PMW satellite precipitation biases affecting GPM operations.
The Role of Gravity Wave Breaking in a Case of Upper-Level Near-Cloud Turbulence
Authors: Zovko-Rajak Dragana , Lane Todd P. , Sharman Robert D. , Trier Stanley B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
An observed turbulence encounter that occurred outside a mesoscale convective system over the central United States on 3 June 2005 is investigated using observations and high-resolution numerical modeling. Here, the mechanisms associated with the observed moderate-to-severe turbulence during the evolution of this convective system are examined. Comparison between aircraft-observed eddy dissipation rate data with satellite and radar shows that a majority of turbulence reports are located on the south side and outside of a nocturnal mesoscale convective system (MCS), relatively large distances from the active convective regions. Simulations show that divergent storm-induced upper-level outflow reduces the environmental flow on the south side of the MCS, while on the north and northwest side it enhances the environmental flow. This upper-level storm outflow enhances the vertical shear near the flight levels and contributes to mesoscale reductions in Richardson number to values that support turbulence. In addition to the role of the MCS-induced outflow, high-resolution simulations (1.1-km horizontal grid spacing) show that turbulence is largely associated with a large-amplitude gravity wave generated by the convective system, which propagates away from it. As the wave propagates in the region with enhanced vertical shear caused by the storm-induced upper-level outflow, it amplifies, overturns, and breaks down into turbulence. The location of the simulated turbulence relative to the storm agrees with the observations and the analysis herein provides insight into the key processes underlying this event.
Proposal for preventing malnutrition in individuals on a texture-modified diet
Authors: Nakamura Tomiyo , Amano Nobuko 
Published: September 2019

Background: The energy and protein provided by texture-modified diets decreases dramatically as the stage increases. To prevent malnutrition in individuals on texture-modified diets, nutrition management detailing the amount of energy and protein required and consumed is needed; however, this has not yet progressed. Aim: To consider the factors responsible for the lack of progress in nutrition management. Methods: We reviewed the work content of the registered dietitian in Japan. Results: It takes over an hour a day to make calculations for the amount of energy and protein consumed for all of these patients, but it turned out that this time cannot be extracted considering the daily work of the registered dietitian. Conclusion: To prevent malnutrition, it is necessary to increase the number of registered dietitians.
Effect of Fatty Acid–Binding Protein 4 Inhibition on Rotator Cuff Muscle Quality: Histological, Biomechanical, and Biomolecular Analysis
Authors: Lee Yong-Soo , Kim Ja-Yeon , Kim Kwang Il , Ki Se-Young , Chung Seok Won 
Published: September 2019

Background: A rotator cuff tear (RCT) induces fatty acid–binding protein 4 (FABP4) expression, resulting in ectopic fat accumulation in the rotator cuff muscle. Purpose: To evaluate whether FABP4 inhibition reduces fatty infiltration and improves muscle physiology after RCT in a rat model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Human supraspinatus muscle and deltoid muscle tissues were acquired from patients with RCTs during arthroscopic surgery, and FABP4 expression in the supraspinatus muscle was evaluated as compared with the intact deltoid muscle. A rat RCT model was established by detaching the supraspinatus tendon, after which a specific FABP4 inhibitor was locally injected into the supraspinatus muscle 4 times at 3-day intervals starting 2 weeks after the surgery. Body weight and blood glucose levels were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after the RCT, and the mRNA and protein expressions of various target molecules (including FABP4), histological changes, and biomechanical tensile strength were assessed in the supraspinatus muscles at 4 weeks after the RCT. Results: The expression of human FABP4 was significantly increased in the torn rotator cuff muscle as compared with the intact deltoid muscle. In the rat model, the mRNA and protein expressions of FABP4 and HIF1α were significantly increased by the RCT as compared with the control. The FABP4 inhibitor treatment significantly decreased FABP4 expression when compared with the vehicle treatment; however, HIF1α expression was not significantly decreased versus the vehicle treatment. Histologically, RCT induced noticeable muscle fatty infiltration, which was remarkably reduced by the local injection of the FABP4 inhibitor. Biomechanically, the tensile strength of the rotator cuff muscle after the RCT was significantly improved by the FABP4 inhibitor in terms of load to failure and total energy to failure. Conclusion: RCT induces FABP4 expression in human and rat rotator cuff muscles. The FABP4 inhibitor drastically decreased the histological fatty infiltration caused by RCT and improved the tensile strength of the rotator cuff muscle. Clinical Relevance: FABP4 inhibitor may have a beneficial effect on the muscle quality after RCT.
Comparison of Intermediate-term Outcomes of Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Primary and Ligamentous Post-traumatic Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lee Gun-Woo , Santoso Asep , Lee Keun-Bae 
Published: September 2019

Background: Ankle ligamentous injuries without fracture can result in end-stage ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis, which may cause ligamentous imbalance after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). However, outcomes of TAA in these patients are not well known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate intermediate-term clinical and radiographic outcomes of TAA in patients with ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis and compare them with results of TAA for patients with primary osteoarthritis. Methods: We enrolled 114 patients (119 ankles) with consecutive primary TAA using HINTEGRA prosthesis at a mean follow-up duration of 6.0 years (range, 3-13). We divided all patients into 2 groups according to the etiology of osteoarthritis: (1) primary osteoarthritis group (69 ankles) and (2) ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis group (50 ankles). Results: There was no significant intergroup difference in mean Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary, visual analog scale pain score, ankle range of motion, or complications at the final follow-up. However, the final tibiotalar angle was less corrected to 4.2 degrees in the ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis group compared to 2.7 degrees in the primary osteoarthritis group ( P = .001). More concomitant procedures were required at the index surgery for the ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis group ( P = .001). The estimated 5-year survivorship was 93.4% (primary osteoarthritis group: 91.3%; ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis group: 95.8%). Conclusions: Clinical outcomes, complication rate, and 5-year survivorship of TAA in ankles with primary and ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis were comparable with intermediate-term follow-up. Our results suggest that TAA would be a reliable treatment in ankles with ligamentous post-traumatic osteoarthritis when neutrally aligned stable ankles are achieved postoperatively. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Stability of corneal topography and aberrometry after hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with a 500-Hz excimer laser platform: A 3-year follow-up study
Authors: Plaza-Puche Ana B , Vargas Verónica , Yébana Pilar , Arba-Mosquera Samuel , Alio Jorge L 
Published: September 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term stability of the corneal topography, the functional optical zone, and the refractive stability throughout 3 years following laser in situ keratomileusis surgery for hyperopia using a 500-Hz excimer laser system. Methods: This retrospective consecutive observational case series study comprised 66 eyes that underwent laser in situ keratomileusis to correct hyperopia with a postoperative follow-up of 3 years. Laser in situ keratomileusis procedures were performed using the SCHWIND Amaris 500-Hz excimer laser. Main outcomes measured were stability of the functional optical zone at corneal topography and corneal aberrometry. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in simulated keratometry (K2 (steep meridian) and Km (mean keratometry)) between 3 and 36 months postoperatively ( p ⩽ 0.01); these differences disappeared at 12 and 36 months ( p ⩾ 0.18). No statistically significant changes were observed in the horizontal and vertical diameter of the functional optical zone throughout the whole follow-up ( p ⩾ 0.07). A statistically significant difference was found in the spherical aberration between 3 and 36 months ( p = 0.02); this difference disappeared when compared between 12 and 36 months ( p = 0.72). Statistically significant correlations were detected between the vertical functional optical zone and coma root mean square ( r = –0.510, p < 0.01) and between the vertical functional optical zone and spherical aberration ( r = 0.441, p = 0.02) 36 months after surgery. Conclusion: Following 3 years of hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with a 500-Hz Amaris excimer laser, keratometry, functional optical zone, and corneal aberrations remain stable from 1 year after surgery. Topographical regression is not observed in hyperopic laser in situ keratomileusis with this excimer laser technology from 1 year after surgery.
Maturing arteriovenous accesses in incident haemodialysis patients and first-year outcomes
Authors: McGill Rita L , Lacson Eduardo K 
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Nephrologists have increased arteriovenous access placement in patients with chronic kidney disease. Not yet usable ‘maturing’ arteriovenous fistulas and grafts are nearly as common as mature arteriovenous fistulas or grafts. Little has been reported about patients initiating haemodialysis with unready arteriovenous fistulas or grafts. Methods: The United States Renal Data System records for all adult patients initiating haemodialysis with central venous catheters between July 2010 and December 2011. Patients were categorized by whether a maturing arteriovenous fistula or graft was present. Transition to working arteriovenous fistula or graft was determined from linked Medicare claims. Modality changes and survival were ascertained. A logistic model for one-year survival and a subdistribution hazards model for transition to working arteriovenous fistula or graft, accounting for the competing risk of death, were constructed. Results: Compared to central venous catheter-only, maturing arteriovenous fistula or graft was associated with access conversion (hazard ratio = 2.23 (2.17–2.30) and 3.25 (2.97–3.56), respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Median time to conversion, among those who transitioned, was 95 days (interquartile range = 56–139) for patients with a maturing arteriovenous graft and 135 days (98–198) with a maturing arteriovenous fistula, versus 193 days (138–256) with central venous catheter-only. Pre-dialysis nephrology care, male sex and non-Caucasian race were associated with access conversion. Patients without a maturing arteriovenous fistula or graft had decreased odds of one-year survival (odds ratio = 0.61 (0.58–0.66), p < 0.001), which attenuated with adjustment for access conversion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.06 (0.98–1.13), p = 0.2). Conclusion: Maturing arteriovenous fistulas or grafts were associated with enhanced first-year survival and increased opportunity for working arteriovenous fistulas or grafts, which may reflect pre-dialysis decision-making, quality of care and comorbid diseases. Central venous catheter exposure was substantial, even among patients with maturing access. Contributory factors prolonging conversion to arteriovenous access need to be identified and addressed.