bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of fiscal policy: contributions from institutions and external debts
Authors: Phuc Canh Nguyen 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The effectiveness of fiscal policy is an interesting field in literature of macroeconomics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of fiscal policy on economic growth under contributions from the differences in institutions and external debt levels.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use panel data from 2002 to 2014 from 20 emerging markets and use GMM estimators for unbalanced panel data.

Findings
The results show positive growth effects of fiscal policy across emerging markets in the examined periods. Notably, the improvement in institutions promotes higher crowding-in effects of fiscal policy. In addition, this paper finds interesting evidences that the external debt has non-linear effects on economic growth, whereas the heterogeneous effects of fiscal policy on economic growth as positive effects in low indebted level and negative effect in high indebted level may explain the mechanism of this non-linear relationship.

Originality/value
This study proposes the non-linear relationship of fiscal growth effects in emerging economies under the dynamic of debt levels.
Higher authority organizational stressors among higher education deans: a multiple case study
Authors: Chan Alfred Huan Zhi , Malek Mohd Dahlan , Bahari Ferlis 
Published: May 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify higher authority organizational stressors encountered by higher education deans.Design/methodology/approachThis current research employed a qualitative approach utilizing a contextual paradigm with a multiple case study methodology.FindingsOut of ten investigated deans in a public higher education institution in Malaysia, nine reported experiences of organizational stressor elements arising from higher authority. Three non-overlapping subthemes were systematically discovered.Practical implicationsSuccessful identification of these higher authority organizational stressors has implications for higher education management policies. Policies that reduce or eliminate these stressors may create a positive and progressive environment for deans and the higher education field.Originality/valueThis study will thus serve to promote a deeper understanding of higher authority organizational stressors encountered by higher education deans.
Examining the functions of prison critical incidents: a preliminary qualitative analysis of public reporting
Authors: Hughes Cameron , Ireland Jane L. , Ireland Carol A. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the function of crisis incidents in prisons within the UK and USA. The incidents reviewed included riots and hostage incidents, focusing only on information that was available publically. It did not intend to capture official reports not in the public domain.

Design/methodology/approach
Publically available information on incidents were systematically reviewed. Functional assessment and grounded theory were employed to examine background factors, triggers and maintaining factors. In total, 25 crisis incidents were analysed (UK =10 and USA =15) from the past 30 years. It was predicted that crisis incidents would be motivated by negative and positive reinforcement, with negative more evidenced than positive. Precipitating factors (i.e. triggers) were predicted to include negative emotions, such as frustration and anger.

Findings
Similarities in triggers and background factors were noted between hostage taking and riot incidents. Positive reinforcement was primarily indicated. Riots appeared driven by a need to communicate, to secure power, rights, control and/or freedom, whereas for hostage taking these functions extended to capture the removal of negative emotions, to inflict pain, to punish/gain revenge, to effect a release, to manage boredom and to promote positive emotions.

Research limitations/implications
The study is preliminary and focused on the reporting of incidents in publically available sources; consequently, the data are secondary in nature and further limited by sample size. Nevertheless, it highlights evidence for similarities between types of crisis incidents but also some important potential differences. The need to understand the protective factors preventing incidents and minimising harm during incidents is recommended.

Practical implications
It highlights evidence for similarities between types of critical incidents but also some important potential differences. Understanding differences between incidents is important in the tailoring of specific policies to address these areas. Understanding motivation and reinforcement is valuable in working towards the prevention of critical incidents. Understanding the protective factors preventing incidents and minimising harm during incidents is recommended.

Originality/value
This is an under-researched area. The study contributes to the field not only by focusing on providing a detailed analysis of an under-used source (public reporting) but by also identifying where gaps in research remain. The results demonstrate the value in understanding incidents through their motivation, particularly in distinguishing between negative and positive reinforcement.
How are students on the autism spectrum affected by bullying? Perspectives of students and parents
Authors: Ashburner Jill , Saggers Beth , Campbell Marilyn A. , Dillon‐Wallace Julie A. , Hwang Yoon‐Suk , Carrington Suzanne , Bobir Natasha 
Published: May 2018

Previous research has focused on the prevalence of bullying of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with little attention given to its emotional effect. This mixed methods study examined levels of worry about bullying and bullying experiences reported by students and parents. To determine whether some students with ASD are differentially affected, we explored associations between students’ characteristics (understanding of bullying, age and co‐morbid conditions) and their bullying experiences and worries. Surveys exploring bullying experiences and levels of worry about bullying were completed by 89 students with ASD without intellectual disability aged 11–16 years and their parents. We also qualitatively explored parents’ perceptions of how bullying affects their children, through semi‐structured interviews of nine parents. Students with comorbid anxiety disorders were more likely to report face‐to‐face victimization and were more troubled by both face‐to‐face bullying and cyberbullying, while students with depression were more likely to report cyber victimization. Parental concerns included the impact of victimization on school attendance, self‐esteem, mental health, social participation, academic performance, and behaviour. The significantly higher levels of worry about bullying and higher victimization rates reported by students with internalizing symptoms suggest that these students may be disproportionately at risk of psychological harm.
Layer‐by‐Layer Alginate and Fungal Chitosan Based Edible Coatings Applied to Fruit Bars
Authors: Bilbao‐Sainz Cristina , Chiou Bor‐Sen , Punotai Kaylin , Olson Donald , Williams Tina , Wood Delilah , Rodov Victor , Poverenov Elena , McHugh Tara 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFood waste is currently being generated at an increasing rate. One proposed solution would be to convert it to biopolymers for industrial applications. We recovered chitin from mushroom waste and converted it to chitosan to produce edible coatings. We then used layer‐by‐layer (LbL) electrostatic deposition of the polycation chitosan and the polyanion alginate to coat fruit bars enriched with ascorbic acid. The performance of the LbL coatings was compared with those containing single layers of fungal chitosan, animal origin chitosan and alginate. Bars containing alginate‐chitosan LbL coatings showed increased ascorbic acid content, antioxidant capacity, firmness and fungal growth prevention during storage. Also, the origin of the chitosan did not affect the properties of the coatings.Practical ApplicationMushroom stalk bases could be an alternative source for isolating chitosan with similar properties to animal‐based chitosan. Also, layer‐by‐layer assembly is a cheap, simple method that can improve the quality and safety of fruit bars.
SIRT4 is essential for metabolic control and meiotic structure during mouse oocyte maturation
Authors: Zeng Juan , Jiang Manxi , Wu Xinghan , Diao Feiyang , Qiu Danhong , Hou Xiaojing , Wang Haichao , Li Ling , Li Chunling , Ge Juan , Liu Jiayin , Ou Xianghong , Wang Qiang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSIRT4 modulates energy homeostasis in multiple cell types and tissues. However, its role in meiotic oocytes remains unknown. Here, we report that mouse oocytes overexpressing SIRT4 are unable to completely progress through meiosis, showing the inadequate mitochondrial redistribution, lowered ATP content, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, with the severely disrupted spindle/chromosome organization. Moreover, we find that phosphorylation of Ser293‐PDHE1α mediates the effects of SIRT4 overexpression on metabolic activity and meiotic events in oocytes by performing functional rescue experiments. By chance, we discover the SIRT4 upregulation in oocytes from aged mice; and importantly, the maternal age‐associated deficient phenotypes in oocytes can be partly rescued through the knockdown of SIRT4. These findings reveal the critical role for SIRT4 in the control of energy metabolism and meiotic apparatus during oocyte maturation and indicate that SIRT4 is an essential factor determining oocyte quality.
Involvement of NMDA Receptors, Nitric Oxide, and GABA in Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla in Acute Ethanol‐Induced Cardiovascular Responses in Rats
Authors: Lo Hsuan , Lin Hsun‐Hsun , Chen Jun‐Kai , Situmorang Jiro Hasegawa , Lai Chih‐Chia 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundConsumption of ethanol (EtOH) (alcohol) has many effects on physiological functions, particularly those in the central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system. Acute excessive intake of EtOH (alcohol intoxication) may cause hypotension and tachycardia. In this study, we examined the mechanistic involvement of glutamatergic N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, nitric oxide (NO), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways in the CNS in acute EtOH‐induced cardiovascular effects.MethodsEtOH was administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection in Sprague‐Dawley rats. The blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in conscious and in urethane‐anesthetized rats. Inhibitors were applied by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection or by microinjection into rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Microdialysis was used to determine the level of glutamate, NO, and GABA in the RVLM.ResultsIP injection of EtOH (3.2 g/kg) caused a significant decrease in BP in conscious and anesthetized rats and a late increase in HR in conscious rats. The cardiovascular effects of EtOH were significantly attenuated by ICV or by RVLM post treatment with ketamine (an NMDA receptor antagonist), N5‐(nitroamidino)‐L‐2,5‐diaminopentanoic acid (L‐NNA; a NO synthase inhibitor), or bicuculline (a GABA receptor antagonist). EtOH caused an increase in the level of glutamate, NO, and GABA in the RVLM during the hypotensive responses. RVLM posttreatment with ketamine blocked the increase in NO and GABA levels; post treatment with L‐NNA blocked the increase in GABA level.ConclusionsOur results indicate that EtOH augmentation of glutamatergic NMDA receptors/NO/GABA pathways in the RVLM may participate in the hypotensive effects induced by acute administration of EtOH.
Where in the world? Latitude, longitude and season contribute to the complex co‐ordinates determining cortisol levels
Authors: Hadlow Narelle , Brown Suzanne , Wardrop Robert , Conradie Johan , Henley David 
Published: May 2018

SummaryObjectiveCortisol is a critical stress hormone with circadian rhythms synchronized by light. There are seasonal differences in expression of pro‐inflammatory genes and in some diseases moderated by glucocorticoids. As light changes with season and with latitude and longitude, we assessed changes in population cortisol associated with these parameters.DesignRetrospective data audit.PatientsPopulations across 4 states of Australia over 3 years.MeasurementsSerum cortisol levels, age, gender, time of collection, sunrise time, season and location were determined.ResultsIn 4 geographically separate populations (n = 84 937), sunrise time and time of sample collection were the most important factors influencing median cortisol. Over 2 hours in the morning cortisol could decrease by up to 76 nmol/L, and for each hour that sunrise time advanced there was up to 6.9% increase in cortisol. A cyclic seasonal pattern of cortisol was confirmed each year in all populations with autumn/winter cortisol highest compared to spring/summer with differences of up to 44 nmol/L. There was less change in cortisol in latitudes closer to the equator but cortisol progressively increased from 25 to 30°S of the equator. In more southerly latitudes, seasonal cortisol variation also increased, and over the entire latitude range, there was up to 50 nmol/L change in cortisol. Longitude variation within a time zone had a minimal effect on median cortisol.ConclusionsLocation, time of year and time of day are important influences on population cortisol levels. Elevated autumn/winter morning cortisol levels are likely due to sampling closer to the circadian peak due to later sunrise time. Understanding how the environment can influence cortisol levels may further our knowledge of physiology and disease.
Solvent Orange 60 is a potent contact sensitizer in occupational and everyday life
Authors: Linauskienė Kotryna , Zimerson Erik , Antelmi Annarita , Bruze Magnus , Hagvall Lina , Hamnerius Nils , Hauksson Inese , Ryberg Kristina , Isaksson Marléne 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundSolvent Orange (SO) 60 is a perinone‐type dye that is often used in plastic materials such as spectacle frames and has been shown to cause contact allergy. The first case of SO 60 allergic contact dermatitis caused by spectacle frames was reported in 1999, and the second in 2011. We have recently seen 10 patients, of whom 6 developed dermatitis in the retroauricular/temporal area after wearing plastic spectacles.ObjectivesTo report the cause of the dermatitis in the 10 patients and to describe our first case with occupational SO 60 contact allergy.MethodsIn this retrospective study, patch test results of 10 patients, tested with the Swedish baseline series and our specific spectacle and/or plastic series, including SO 60 1.0% pet., in 2011‐2017 were analysed.ResultsTen patients, 2 males and 8 females, aged 43 to 71 years, reacted positively to SO 60 1.0% pet., namely, 4 pensioners, 2 nurses, 1 office worker, 1 teacher, 1 shop assistant, and 1 unemployed person. Four of the patients had an atopic history. Patch test reactions varied from + to +++; some had spread >20 cm outside the test area in terms of erythematous, infiltrated skin with papules. Retesting of patient no. 1 with serial dilutions of SO 60 in acetone showed positive reactions down to 1 ppm. Three patients reacted to the extracts of their earpieces. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was used to confirm the presence of SO 60 in 2 earpieces.ConclusionsSO 60 should be included in any spectacle patch test series that may be used. If there is a strong suspicion of contact allergy to SO 60 before patch testing, lowering the test concentration from 1.0% to 0.01% should be considered.
Extended documentation for hand dermatitis patients: Pilot study on irritant exposures
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Bauer Andrea , Bensefa‐Colas Lynda , Brans Richard , Crépy Marie‐Noëlle , Giménez‐Arnau Ana , Larese Filon Francesca , Ljubojević Hadžavdić Suzana , Pesonen Maria , Schuttelaar Marie L. , Wilkinson Mark , Lidén Carola 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundIrritant exposure may be a contributory cause or the sole cause of (occupational) hand dermatitis. However, the documentation of irritant exposures in clinical practice is not standardized.ObjectivesTo examine the feasibility and usefulness of a form with different items addressing both occupational and non‐occupational irritant exposures in a semiquantitative way.MethodsBetween May 2016 and May 2017, successive patients with work‐related hand dermatitis, irrespective of aetiology, were examined in 9 specialized European departments. Department‐specific investigation was supplemented with the above proforma. The results were recorded by use of an anonymized secured online documentation system in a pilot study.ResultsAltogether, 193 patients were included; 114 females and 79 males, with a mean age of 40 years (range 18–68 years). The most common occupational group comprised healthcare workers (n = 35); occupational exposure of the hands to gloves, dusts and water without detergents of >2 hours/day was seen in 54.5%, 24.4% and 24.3% of patients, respectively. Non‐occupational exposures rarely exceeded 2 hours/day.ConclusionsIt is hoped that the set of descriptors will offer a basis for (clinical) epidemiological studies assessing the role of irritant exposures in occupational hand dermatitis, and to support a high level of quality and consistency in daily patient care.
Genome‐wide genotyping of a novel Mexican Chile Pepper collection illuminates the history of landrace differentiation after Capsicum annuum L. domestication
Authors: Taitano Nathan , Bernau Vivian , Jardón‐Barbolla Lev , Leckie Brian , Mazourek Michael , Mercer Kristin , McHale Leah , Michel Andrew , Baumler David , Kantar Michael , van der Knaap Esther 
Published: May 2018

AbstractStudies of genetic diversity among phenotypically distinct crop landraces improve our understanding of fruit evolution and genome structure under domestication. Chile peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) are economically valuable and culturally important species, and extensive phenotypic variation among landraces exists in southern Mexico, a center of C. annuum diversity. We collected 103 chile pepper seed accessions from 22 named landraces across 27 locations in southern Mexico. We genotyped these accessions with genotyping by sequencing (GBS), yielding 32,623 filtered single‐nucleotide polymorphisms. Afterward, we genotyped 32 additional C. annuum accessions from a global collection for comparison to the Mexican collection. Within the Mexican collection, genetic assignment analyses showed clear genetic differentiation between landraces and clarified the unique nature of the Tusta landrace. Further clustering analyses indicated that the largest fresh‐use Chile de Agua and dry‐use Costeño landraces were part of separate clades, indicating that these two landraces likely represent distinct populations. The global accessions showed considerable admixture and limited clustering, which may be due to the collapse of use‐type divisions outside of Central America. The separation of the Mexican landraces in part by fruit morphology related to use highlights the relevance of this use‐type morphological diversity for plant breeders and the utility of fruit development variation for evolutionary biologists.
Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of three native grasses in Mongolian steppe
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wu Zhe , Yu Zhu , Na Risu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLeymus chinensis, Leymus secalinus and Elymus nutans are three common grasses of the steppes of Central Asia. This study examined the effects of lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation qualities and aerobic stabilities of L. chinensis, L. secalinus and E. nutans silages. The forages were directly ensiled with or without lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), Lactobacillus brevis (LBR) and Lactobacillus buchneri NCIMB40788 (LBU) from a commercial inoculant were used as additives at 1.0 × 105 cfu g−1 of fresh matter. The control was sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. Six replicates from each treatment were ensiled in 3‐L plastic buckets and stored at ambient temperature (~30°C). Fermentation quality and aerobic stability were determined after 60 days of ensiling. LP increased lactic acid content, lowered pH and decreased the content of butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen (P < 0.001) of the three silages. LBU increased the aerobic stabilities of the silages (P < 0.001). Lactobacillus brevis slowed the increase in pH, ammonia N content, and yeast count and slowed the decrease of lactic acid content during exposure to air. Overall, LP improved fermentation quality and LBU increased the aerobic stabilities of the native grass silages. Lactobacillus brevis reduced aerobic spoilage of L. chinensis and L. secalinus silages.
Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: an immunofluorescence study
Authors: Espósito A. C. C. , Brianezi G. , de Souza N. P. , Miot L. D. B. , Marques M. E. A. , Miot H. A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe physiopathology of epidermal hypermelanization in melasma is not completely understood. Several cytokines and growth factors are increased in skin with melasma, nevertheless, nor the pathways involved in the increased αMSH expression have been adequately evaluated, nor a model for sustained focal melanogenesis is available.ObjectiveTo explore stimulatory pathways for epidermal pigmentation in facial melasma related to αMSH: those linked to ultraviolet radiation, oxidative stress, inflammation, neural crest pigmentation cell differentiation and antagonism of αMSH.MethodsPaired skin biopsies (3 mm) from 26 women with facial melasma and from normal adjacent skin (<2 cm far) were processed for immunofluorescence with markers for p53, p38, αMSH, MC1R, Melan‐A, IL‐1α, COX2, Wnt1, WIF‐1 and ASIP.ResultsThe fluorescence intensity in the skin from melasma was higher for MC1R, αMSH at epidermis as at melanocytes (P < 0.05). There were no differences between the sites in epidermal protein expression of COX2, IL‐1α, p53, WIF‐1 and ASIP (P > 0.1). P53 was expressed only in epidermis, without difference between sites (P = 0.92). WNT1 was remarkable in the epidermis of melasma (P < 0.01), but not in dermis. Positive p38 cells were prominent in the upper dermis of melasma (P < 0.01), despite no marking in epidermis.ConclusionMelanogenesis in melasma involves epithelial secretion of αMSH and activation of the Wnt pathway; nevertheless, it seems to be independent of the stimulation by ultraviolet radiation/p53, IL‐1α, COX2/PgE2, WIF‐1 and ASIP. Damaged cells at upper dermis suggest the role of senescence/autophagy in sustained pigmentation in melasma.
Investigation of stainless steel 316L/zirconia joint part fabricated by powder injection molding
Authors: Gal Chang Woo , Han Sang Soo , Han Jun Sae , Lin Dongguo , Park Seong Jin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe joint part of stainless steel 316L (SUS316L)/zirconia was investigated. The specimens were fabricated using the powder injection molding (PIM) with insert‐injection molding. SUS316L, zirconia, and a mixture of SUS316L and zirconia were used as bonding materials. The processing conditions for PIM were developed and optimized to avoid defects in the final sintered part. The bonded parts of SUS316L/mixed layer and zirconia/mixed layer were fabricated without joint failure. However, warpage and contamination existed due to the different sintering behavior and remaining binders. To reduce the warpage, the solids loading of SUS316L were changed to 44 and 40 vol. %. The warpage was decreased by reducing the shrinkage difference between the SUS316L and mixed layer. The contamination was also reduced by increasing the powder bedding in the debinding and sintering process. The microstructures and chemical compositions were confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscope (EDS). Migration of the main components was observed at the interface and the main components were presented together at the whole part interface and interface between 2 materials in the mixed layer. It was confirmed that the joining was done with bonding of the same materials in each layer and diffusion bonding.