bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amaranthus caudatus subsp. mantegazzianus: A new host of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum’ (subgroup 16Sr XIII‐A)
Authors: Noelting Maria Cristina , Ferreira Jacson , Galvão Sarah Rodrigues , Greizerstein Eduardo José , Molina Maria del Cármen , López César Gabriel , Bedendo Ivan Paulo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn Argentina, amaranth is a promising crop due to high nutritional quality and ability to grow in a diversity of environments. In areas cultivated with amaranth, were observed plants exhibiting slow growth, deformed leaves, proliferation of shoots and malformed lateral panicles. Field survey revealed up to 96% disease incidence and 92% of the seeds collected from mother plants produced diseased seedlings. A phytoplasma was detected in association with seedlings and adult plants using nested PCR assays. Molecular identification by computer‐simulated RFLP and phylogenetic analysis evidenced the occurrence of a ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum’‐related strain, affiliated with 16SrXIII‐A subgroup. The findings implicate amaranth as a new host for this subgroup and as a potential reservoir of the pathogen for other cultivated species. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this study reports for the first time the presence of 16SrXIII‐A phytoplasma in Argentina and in South America. Furthermore, transmission assays pointed that naturally infected seed is an important vehicle of dissemination of the pathogen, threatening the expansion of the crop for new geographical areas.
Effects of dietary fibre level and body weight of pigs on nutrient digestibility and available energy in high‐fibre diet based on wheat bran or sunflower meal
Authors: Lyu Zhiqian , Zang Jianjun , Lai Changhua , Li Ping , Ma Dongli , Zhao Jinbiao , Zhang Shuai , Huang Chengfei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe objectives of this study were (a) to investigate the effect of body weight (BW) on available energy in fibre‐rich diets containing two NDF levels; and (b) to evaluate the effect of fibre type and NDF level on AA digestibility. In Exp. 1, barrows (24 at 33.4 ± 1.1 kg; 24 at 86.8 ± 3.3 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 diets containing a high protein basal (HPB), a low protein basal (LPB), 70% HPB + 30% wheat bran (WB) (HPB‐WB) and 70% LPB + 30% sunflower meal (SFM) (LPB‐SFM). In Exp. 2, barrows (24 at 33.5 ± 1.8 kg; 24 at 87.0 ± 3.8 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 diets containing no SFM with 12% NDF (SFM0LF), no SFM with 16% NDF (SFM0HF), 24% SFM with 12% NDF (SFM24LF) and 24% SFM with 16% NDF (SFM24HF). In Exp. 3, twelve barrows (35.5 ± 3.4 kg) fitted with T‐cannulas were allotted to two 6 × 4 Youden square design with 6 diets (4 same diets as in Exp. 2 and 2 nitrogen‐free diets). The concentration of DE, ME and ATTD of GE, CP, NDF and ADF in diets was greater (p < .01) when fed to 90 kg pigs compared with 30 kg pigs. The ME in ingredients was not affected by BW. The ATTD of NDF was negatively correlated with the CF (r = −.98; p < .01), ADF (r = −.99; p < .01) and ADL content (r = −.96; p < .01). The ME of diets was negatively correlated with the ATTD of CF (r = −.98; p < .01). The addition of SFM increased the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Met (p < .05). In conclusion, diets rich in fibre had different nutritional values at different pig weight stages. The AA digestibility depends mainly on chemical composition of diets.
A wall with integrity: surveillance and maintenance of the plant cell wall under stress
Authors: Rui Yue , Dinneny José R. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe structural and functional integrity of the cell wall needs to be constantly monitored and fine‐tuned to allow for growth while preventing mechanical failure. Many studies have advanced our understanding of the pathways that contribute to cell wall biosynthesis and how these pathways are regulated by external and internal cues. Recent evidence also supports a model in which certain aspects of the wall itself may act as growth‐regulating signals. Molecular components of the signaling pathways that sense and maintain cell wall integrity have begun to be revealed, including signals arising in the wall, sensors that detect changes at the cell surface, and downstream signal transduction modules. Abiotic and biotic stress conditions provide new contexts for the study of cell wall integrity, but the nature and consequences of wall disruptions due to various stressors require further investigation. A deeper understanding of cell wall signaling will provide insights into the growth regulatory mechanisms that allow plants to survive in changing environments.
Effects of resveratrol supplementation on bone biomarkers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Asis Marzieh , Hemmati Niloufar , Moradi Sajjad , Nagulapalli Venkata Kalyan C. , Mohammadi Elham , Farzaei Mohammad Hosein , Bishayee Anupam 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe current study presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on resveratrol and bone health biomarkers. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (until September 2018) were searched to identify the potential RCTs with information on resveratrol supplementation and bone metabolism biomarkers. Mean differences (MD) were analyzed using a random‐effects model. Pooling six RCTs (eight treatment arms with 264 subjects) together identified no significant reduction of serum Ca, osteocalcin, C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, and procollagen I N‐terminal propeptide values after resveratrol supplementation over placebo treatment. However, a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (MD: 5.69 mg/mL, 95% CI: 3.58–7.80, I2 = 95.7%, P < 0.001) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) (MD: 10.57 mmHg, 95% CI: 5.36–15.78, I2 = 99.2%, P < 0.001) values was observed after resveratrol treatment relative to placebo. The findings of this study indicate that resveratrol supplementation increased some key bone biomarkers, such as ALP and BAP. Further precise clinical trials of the effects of resveratrol supplementation on bone health should be conducted.
DREB/CBF expression in wheat and barley using the stress‐inducible promoters of HD‐Zip I genes: impact on plant development, stress tolerance and yield
Authors: Yang Yunfei , Al‐Baidhani Hadi Hussein Joudah , Harris John , Riboni Matteo , Li Yuan , Mazonka Iryna , Bazanova Natalia , Chirkova Larissa , Sarfraz Hussain Syed , Hrmova Maria , Haefele Stephan , Lopato Sergiy , Kovalchuk Nataliya 
Published: September 2019

SummaryNetworks of transcription factors regulate diverse physiological processes in plants to ensure that plants respond to abiotic stresses rapidly and efficiently. In this study, expression of two DREB/CBF genes, TaDREB3 and TaCBF5L, was modulated in transgenic wheat and barley, by using stress‐responsive promoters HDZI‐3 and HDZI‐4. The promoters were derived from the durum wheat genes encoding the γ‐clade TFs of the HD‐Zip class I subfamily. The activities of tested promoters were induced by drought and cold in leaves of both transgenic species. Differences in sensitivity of promoters to drought strength were dependent on drought tolerance levels of cultivars used for generation of transgenic lines. Expression of the DREB/CBF genes under both promoters improved drought and frost tolerance of transgenic barley, and frost tolerance of transgenic wheat seedlings. Expression levels of the putative TaCBF5L downstream genes in leaves of transgenic wheat seedlings were up‐regulated under severe drought, and up‐ or down‐regulated under frost, compared to those of control seedlings. The application of TaCBF5L driven by the HDZI‐4 promoter led to the significant increase of the grain yield of transgenic wheat, compared to that of the control wild‐type plants, when severe drought was applied during flowering; although no yield improvements were observed when plants grew under well‐watered conditions or moderate drought. Our findings suggest that the studied HDZI promoters combined with the DREB/CBF factors could be used in transgenic cereal plants for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance, and the reduction of negative influence of transgenes on plant development and grain yields.
Laser Lights and Designer Drugs: New Techniques for Descending Levels of Mechanisms “in a Single Bound”?
Authors: Bickle John 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOptogenetics and DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs) are important research tools in recent neurobiology. These tools allow unprecedented control over activity in specifically targeted neurons in behaving animals. Two approaches in philosophy of neuroscience, mechanism and ruthless reductionism, provide explicit accounts of experiments and results using tools like these, but each offers a different picture about how levels of mechanisms relate. I argue here that the ruthless reductionist’s direct mind‐to‐cellular/molecular activities linkages “in a single bound” better fits with both the experimental designs using these tools and some of the scientists’ own judgments about their results than does the mechanist’s “nested hierarchies of mechanisms‐within‐mechanisms.” So at least some important work in current neuroscience appears to be ruthlessly reductive. Mechanism may not correctly characterize all current work in neuroscience, despite its recent popularity.
One week, but not 12 hours, of cast immobilization alters promotor DNA methylation patterns in the nNOS gene in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Tomiga Yuki , Ito Ai , Sudo Mizuki , Ando Soichi , Eshima Hiroaki , Sakai Kazuya , Nakashima Shihoko , Uehara Yoshinari , Tanaka Hiroaki , Soejima Hidenobu , Higaki Yasuki 
Published: September 2019

Key points
DNA methylation may play an important role in regulating gene expression in skeletal muscle to adapt to physical activity and inactivity.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in skeletal muscle is a key regulator of skeletal muscle mass; however, it is unclear whether nNOS expression is regulated by DNA methylation.
We found that 1 week of cast immobilization increased nNOS DNA methylation levels and downregulated nNOS gene expression in atrophic slow‐twitch soleus muscle from the mouse leg. These changes were not detected in non‐atrophic fast‐twitch extensor digitorum longus muscle.
Twelve hours of cast immobilization decreased nNOS gene expression, whereas nNOS DNA methylation levels were unchanged, suggesting that downregulation of nNOS gene expression by short‐term muscle inactivity is independent of the DNA methylation pattern.
These findings contribute to a better understanding of the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and prevention of muscle atrophy by epigenetic mechanisms via the nNOS/NO pathway.
AbstractDNA methylation is a mechanism that controls gene expression in skeletal muscle under various environmental stimuli, such as physical activity and inactivity. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) regulates muscle atrophy in skeletal muscle. However, the mechanisms regulating nNOS expression in atrophic muscle remain unclear. We hypothesized that nNOS expression in atrophic muscle is regulated by DNA methylation of the nNOS promotor in soleus (Sol; slow‐twitch fibre dominant) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast‐twitch fibre dominant) muscles. One week of cast immobilization induced significant muscle atrophy in Sol but not in EDL. We showed that 1 week of cast immobilization increased nNOS DNA methylation levels in Sol, although only a minor change was detected in EDL. Consistent with the increased DNA methylation levels in atrophic Sol, the gene expression levels of total nNOS and nNOSµ (i.e. the major splicing variant of nNOS in skeletal muscle) decreased. The abundance of the nNOS protein and cell membrane (especially type IIa fibre) immunoreactivity also decreased in atrophic Sol. These changes were not observed in EDL after 1 week of cast immobilization. Furthermore, despite the lack of significant atrophy, 12 h of cast immobilization decreased gene expression levels of total nNOS and nNOSµ in Sol. However, no association was detected between nNOS DNA methylation and gene expression. The expression of the nNOSβ gene, another splicing variant of nNOS, in EDL was unchanged by cast immobilization, whereas its expression was not detected in Sol. We concluded that chronic adaptation of nNOS gene expression in cast immobilized muscle may involve nNOS DNA methylation.
A Novel Method of Residual Strain Analysis Via a Non-Bonded Interface Technique in Combination With the Circular Grid Analysis Method
Authors: Gorman Brandon , Farhat Zoheir , Warkentin Andrew 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA novel non-bonded interface technique (NBIT) is used to analyze internal residual strain by combining a pre-split sample of AISI 4340 steel with the circular grid residual strain analysis technique. NBIT is compared with an implicit non-linear finite element (FE) model using LS-DYNA. A split FE model was compared with a quarter FE model to determine the split interface that causes an average difference of 9.0% on the residual von Mises strain field from a 588.6 N indentation. The homogeneous FE quarter model was then compared with the experimental split model using 588.6, 981.0, and 1471.5 N indentation forces. An average displacement difference of 3.92 µm was found when comparing the experimental split and FE homogeneous samples from a 588.6 N indentation. The internal residual major and minor principal strains from the split experimental sample and homogeneous FE model were compared for each indentation force. The minor principal strain results show the 588.6, 981.0, and 1471.5 N indentation forces resulted in a difference between the experimental split and homogeneous FE model of 28.5%, 34.8%, and 26.0%, respectively. The difference between the comparisons was explained by the inability of the FE model to simulate local non-homogeneous material properties such as grain composition and orientation whereas NBIT does. NBIT can be used for micro- or macro-scale residual strain analysis as the spatial resolution is highly adjustable.
A Review on Wear Between Railway Wheels and Rails Under Environmental Conditions
Authors: Zhu Yi , Wang Wenjian , Lewis Roger , Yan Wenyi , Lewis Stephen R. , Ding Haohao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The wheel-rail contact is an open system contact, which is subjected to various environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, water, and even leaves. All these environmental factors influence wheel-rail wear. Classical wheel-rail wear has been extensively studied under dry and clean conditions previously. However, with changes in environmental conditions, the wear rate and wear mechanism can change. This paper reviews recent contributions to wheel-rail wear with a special focus on the influence of environmental conditions. The main part includes the basics of wheel-rail wear, experimental methodology, wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF), and some measures to counter these degradation mechanisms.
Review on the Dynamics of Isothermal Liquid Bridges
Authors: Montanero José M. , Ponce-Torres Alberto 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this review, we describe both theoretical and experimental results on the dynamics of liquid bridges under isothermal conditions with fixed triple contact lines. These two major restrictions allow us to focus on a well-defined body of literature, which has not as yet been reviewed in a comprehensive way. Attention is mainly paid to liquid bridges suspended in air, although studies about the liquid–liquid configuration are also taken into account. We travel the path from equilibrium to nonlinear dynamics of both Newtonian liquid bridges and those made of complex fluids. Specifically, we consider equilibrium shapes and their stability, linear dynamics in free and forced oscillations under varied conditions, weakly nonlinear behavior leading to streaming flows, fully nonlinear motion arising during stretching and breakup of liquid bridges, and problems related to rheological effects and the presence of surfactant monolayers. Although attention is mainly paid to fundamental aspects of these problems, some applications derived from the results are also mentioned. In this way, we intend to connect the two approaches to the liquid bridge problem, something that both theoreticians and experimentalists may find interesting.
Design and Testing of a Linear-Driven Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator
Authors: Wang Zimeng , Jiao Zongxia , Li Xinglu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a novel hydrostatic actuator, which is named as linear-driven electro-hydrostatic actuator (LEHA). In an LEHA, the actuator is driven by a novel collaborative rectification pump (CRP), which incorporates two miniature cylinders and two spool valves. Specifically, the CRP is driven by two linear oscillating motors, which are designed and optimized to generate reciprocating motion at high frequency with adequate stroke. CRP offers a highly novel linear fluid pump with flexibility in bi-directionally driving. In this paper, schematic of LEHA is first presented and its kinematic flow rate equation is derived. Then the design of CRP, linear oscillating motor, as well as the whole LEHA prototype is introduced. Performance of the LEHA is demonstrated through a series of experiments and simulation, and analysis of the results is also included.
Ductile Failure Predictions for the Three-Point Bending Test of a Complex Geometry Made From Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Kubík Petr , Šebek František , Zapletal Josef , Petruška Jindřich , Návrat Tomáš 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The ductile failure predictions have been an issue in many engineering applications. It begins with a design of machines and tools, continues with an evaluation of manufacturing processes, and last but not least ends with the assessment of various structures. The paper deals with a predictability of used criteria for a random structure of aluminum alloy 2024-T351, which was performed under the conditions of room temperature three-point bending. The bi-failure mode creates a space for the numerical studies of various approaches and gives an insight into the model performance. The plasticity was described by Lode-dependent yield criterion, which was coupled with several pressure and Lode-dependent fracture models to form a continuum damage mechanics approach via the material weakening. It was incorporated through a nonlinear damage accumulation, which was finally implemented using Fortran 77 subroutine into abaqus/explicit. All the models exhibited a good ability of crack onset prediction in terms of the force responses and realistic predictability of the crack propagation. The field of deformations was successfully compared with experimental data obtained by an optical method.
Fatigue Prediction for Molded Wafer-Level Package During Temperature Cycling
Authors: Chuang Wan-Chun , Chen Wei-Long 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA molded wafer-level package simulation model was successfully developed for calculating solder ball fatigue life during a temperature cycle test (TCT), revealing that the most crucial factor affecting fatigue life, rather than being the maximal stress in solder balls, is the equivalent strain range in solder balls during the creep effect. Accordingly, in a TCT, the fatigue life of the solder balls, which are located from the outer edge to the center, is negatively correlated with the equivalent strain range; the earliest solder balls to rupture are those located at the outer edges, which have the highest equivalent strain range but not the highest stress. Regarding the fatigue life distribution, the simulation results differed from the experiment results by only 6.4%. Additionally, the effects of mold compound protection type and thickness on fatigue life were investigated. When the thickness was changed from 85 to 25 μm, the solder ball fatigue life increased to approximately 1230 cycles, which satisfies the production standard of 500 cycles and is 1.86 times longer than the fatigue life in the existing production line. Reduction in mold compound thickness reduced the amount of material required to 29% of that in the current production line. The model established in this study is expected to be applied in future integrated circuit package design for product reliability.
Model-Based Nonlinear Control of the Dielectric Elastomer Actuator With High Robustness and Precision
Authors: Zhang Mingqi , Cao Xunuo , Chen Xiangping , Zhang Zhen , Chen Zheng , Li Tiefeng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Dielectric elastomers (DEs) is one of the promising artificial muscle for soft robots and flexible devices. As one of the key issues for practical applications, the control of DE actuators remains challenging due to the large actuation, electromechanical coupling, and viscoelastic dissipation. Feedforward control and proportional integral derivative (PID) feedback control are recently studied for the control of DE actuators. The control performance is still limited due to the complex dynamic behavior of DE actuators with both nonlinearities and modeling uncertainties. This paper proposes a model-based feedback control for DE actuator, considering nonlinearity of large deformation, electromechanical coupling, and the modeling uncertainties. A nonlinear motion model is proposed and verified by parameter identification experiments. Based on the nonlinear model, we demonstrate a robust control strategy including nonlinear model compensation and robust feedback to decrease the tracking error. The experimental results verify that the control strategy possesses excellent validity to the DE actuator with improved performance compared to the previous strategy of feedforward and PID feedback control. The system design and control strategy of this paper may guide the future design and application of DE actuators, soft robots, and flexible devices.
The Modeling of Redundantly Actuated Mechanical Systems
Authors: Wang Yaojun , Belzile Bruno , Angeles Jorge , Li Qinchuan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Dynamics modeling is essential in the design and control of mechanical systems, the focus of the paper being redundantly actuated systems, which bring about special challenges. The authors resort to the natural orthogonal complement (NOC), based on an adaptation of screw theory, to derive the dynamics model. Benefiting from the elimination of the constraint wrenches, the NOC offers a simple, systematic alternative to the modeling of redundantly actuated mechanical systems. The optimum actuator-torque distribution is determined via Euclidean-norm minimization; then, by relying on the QR-decomposition, an efficient and robust method is produced to compute explicitly the right Moore–Penrose generalized inverse of the coefficient matrix. The methodology is illustrated via a case study involving a redundantly actuated parallel-kinematics machine with three degrees of freedom and four actuators.