bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Matters Most: Are Future Stream Temperatures More Sensitive to Changing Air Temperatures, Discharge, or Riparian Vegetation?
Authors: Wondzell Steven M. , Diabat Mousa , Haggerty Roy 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSimulations of stream temperatures showed a wide range of future thermal regimes under a warming climate — from 2.9°C warmer to 7.6°C cooler than current conditions — depending primarily on shade from riparian vegetation. We used the stream temperature model, Heat Source, to analyze a 37‐km study segment of the upper Middle Fork John Day River, located in northeast Oregon, USA. We developed alternative future scenarios based on downscaled projections from climate change models and the composition and structure of native riparian forests. We examined 36 scenarios combining future changes in air temperature (ΔTair = 0°C, +2°C, and +4°C), stream discharge (ΔQ = −30%, 0%, and +30%), and riparian vegetation (post‐wildfire with 7% shade, current vegetation with 19% shade, a young‐open forest with 34% shade, and a mature riparian forest with 79% effective shade). Shade from riparian vegetation had the largest influence on stream temperatures, changing the seven‐day average daily maximum temperature (7DADM) from +1°C to −7°C. In comparison, the 7DADM increased by 1.4°C with a 4°C increase in air temperature and by 0.7°C with a 30% change in discharge. Many streams throughout the interior western United States have been altered in ways that have substantially reduced shade. The effect of restoring shade could result in future stream temperatures that are colder than today, even under a warmer climate with substantially lower late‐summer streamflow.
Effect of baseline body mass index on glycemic control and weight change with exenatide monotherapy in Chinese drug‐naïve type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Deng Hongrong , Lin Shuo , Yang Xubin , Lv Jing , Luo Sihui , Zeng Longyi , Weng Jianping , Xu Wen ,   On Behalf of the CONFIDENCE Group
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe weight‐reducing effect of exenatide has been proved, but too much weight loss in normal‐weight patients may concern physicians. This study evaluated the effects of exenatide monotherapy on glycemic control and weight change in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsIn this multicenter prospective study, 29 normal‐weight, 54 overweight, and 27 obese newly diagnosed and drug‐naïve patients with T2D were treated with exenatide for 48 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the effect of baseline body mass index (BMI) on glycemic control, measured as the change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 48 compared among different BMI groups. Other endpoints included comparisons of the effects of exenatide on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), body weight, and other metabolic indices.ResultsAfter 48‐week treatment, the estimated mean changes in HbA1c in normal‐weight, overweight, and obese patients were −1.9%, −1.8%, and −1.5%, respectively (P = 0.290 among groups after adjustment for baseline values). There were similar declines in FPG and 0.5‐ and 2‐hour PPG among groups. There were non‐significant trends from normal‐weight to overweight to obese patients for increased weight reduction (decreases of 2.2, 3.9, and 4.0 kg, respectively; P = 0.104) and changes in waist circumference (decreases of 2.2, 3.2, and 5.6 cm, respectively; P = 0.078).ConclusionsBaseline BMI had no effect on glycemic control, weight change, or other metabolic indices with exenatide monotherapy. Normal‐weight patients with T2D would benefit from exenatide as much as overweight or obese patients on glucose control, without increased risk of excess weight loss.
Supplemental oxygen and hyperoxemia in trauma patients: A prospective, observational study
Authors: Eskesen Trine G. , Baekgaard Josefine S. , Christensen Rasmus Ejlersgaard , Lee Jae Moo , Velmahos George C. , Steinmetz Jacob , Rasmussen Lars S. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundSupplemental oxygen is recommended during the initial treatment of trauma patients according to several guidelines, but the supporting evidence is sparse. We aimed to describe the use of supplemental oxygen and occurrence of hyperoxemia in the initial phase of trauma management at two level 1 trauma centers, TC1 and TC2.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study we included trauma patients ≥16 years of age. Data on pre‐ and in‐hospital supplemental oxygen, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and outcomes (in‐hospital mortality, hospital‐ and intensive care unit length of stay) were collected.ResultsWe included 56 patients. There were 22 (39%) females with a mean age of 49 years (SD: 18) and a median Injury Severity Score of 9 (IQR: 4‐14, n = 49). A total of 23 (45%) out of 51 spontaneously breathing patients received pre‐hospital supplemental oxygen, but did not differ significantly from the patients that did not receive supplemental oxygen. In‐hospital, 29 (59%) out of 49 spontaneously breathing patients received supplemental oxygen. The median PaO2 was 26.5 kPa [IQR: 22.2‐34.1] in four intubated patients and 12.3 kPa [IQR: 9.7‐25.7] in eight patients with spontaneous respiration on supplemental oxygen. At TC1 a significantly greater proportion of spontaneously breathing patients received both pre‐hospital (TC1: 18 [64%]; TC2: 5 [21%], P = 0.002) and in‐hospital (TC1: 24 [92%]; TC2: 7 [30%], P < 0.001) supplemental oxygen.ConclusionApproximately 50% of trauma patients received supplemental oxygen during the initial treatment. Hyperoxemia was a common finding for patients treated with supplemental oxygen, and it was more pronounced in intubated patients.
Ethnographic Methods, Young People, and a High School: A Recipe for Ethical Precarity
Authors: Herron Melinda 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFor anthropologists working with young people in schools, an ambiguous and anxiety‐provoking balancing act is required; how can the researcher align with the relational sensibilities of ethnography while also adhering to the strict boundaries and risk management ethos of school and university ethics? Tracing research relationships developed with students during fieldwork, this paper calls for an ethical perspective on ethnography that is longitudinal, inclusive of a range of fieldwork relationships, and accounts for researcher vulnerability.
The Earliest High‐Fired Glazed Ceramic in China: Evidence from a Glazed Ceramic Sample from the Lajia Site, Qinghai Province
Authors: Zhou X. Q. , Cui J. F. , Ren X. Y. , Wang Q. Q. , Du W. , Du Z. W. , Liu X. Y. 
Published: December 2018

In the Majiayao cultural stratum of the Lajia site in Minhe County, Qinghai Province, much earthenware of rich variety and strong character has been found, among which the most special item is a suspected glazed white ceramic fragment. This study investigates this ceramic sherd and many other overfired objects. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy – energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermodilatometry were employed to analyse the composition, microstructure, phase composition and firing temperature of the white ceramic. In addition to large condensed glaze droplets, the white ceramic showed a thin and uneven glaze layer, which might represent the earliest results of the exploration of glaze‐making technology by Lajia inhabitants, and provide a new perspective on the study of the origin of Chinese proto‐porcelains.
Fire increases the reproduction of the dominant grass Brachypodium retusum and Mediterranean steppe diversity in a combined burning and grazing experiment
Authors: Vidaller Christel , Dutoit Thierry , Ramone Hervé , Bischoff Armin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimsWe assessed what the effects of fire and grazing are on vegetative growth and sexual reproduction of Brachypodium retusum, the dominant species of Mediterranean Thero‐Brachypodietea grasslands (“steppes”) and on species composition of the associated plant community.Location“La Crau”, southeastern France.MethodsWe set up a split‐plot experiment testing the effects of fire season (winter, summer) and grazing on plant cover, inflorescence number, seed set and germination of Brachypodium retusum in traditionally grazed grasslands. We further analyzed plant species composition and diversity in vegetation relevés. The same fire treatments were tested in a second experiment in long‐term grazing exclosures.ResultsBrachypodium retusum showed a rapid post‐fire recovery, but other species of the associated plant community, in particular annuals, recovered as fast or even faster. Fire increased Brachypodium retusum inflorescence production and seed set per inflorescence and this effect was stronger in the summer fire treatment. At the community level, fire significantly increased species richness, evenness and Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in the second post‐fire season and again, the summer fire effect was stronger. Grazing exclusion for two seasons had only a small effect on Brachypodium retusum and the associated plant community. The effect of both fire treatments on Brachypodium retusum was similar in long‐term exclosures. In these exclosures, fire resulted in a community shift towards the species composition of traditionally grazed steppes.ConclusionsThe concomitant positive effects of experimental burning on Brachypodium retusum reproduction and on plant diversity of Mediterranean steppe vegetation suggest that the system is adapted to fire as an important driver of community composition. Annual species surviving as seeds are as successful in post‐fire recovery as perennial resprouters. Prescribed burning may be an alternative strategy to restore community structure in abandoned (ungrazed) steppes showing a decline in typical grassland species after several years of grazing abandonment.
The dilemma of pest suppression in the conservation of endangered species
Authors: Adler Peter H. , Barzen Jeb , Gray Elmer , Lacy Anne , Urbanek Richard P. , Converse Sarah J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn the conservation of endangered species, suppression of a population of one native species to benefit another poses challenges. Examples include predator control and nest parasite reduction. Less obvious is the control of blood‐feeding arthropods. We conducted a case study of the effect of native black flies (Simulium spp.) on reintroduced Whooping Cranes (Grus americana). Our intent was to provide a science‐driven approach for determining the effects of blood‐feeding arthropods on endangered vertebrates and identifying optimal management actions for managers faced with competing objectives. A multiyear experiment demonstrated that black flies reduce nest success in cranes by driving incubating birds off their nests. We used a decision‐analytic approach to develop creative management alternatives and evaluate trade‐offs among competing objectives. We identified 4 management objectives: establish a self‐sustaining crane population, improve crane well‐being, maintain native black flies as functional components of the ecosystem, and minimize costs. We next identified potential management alternatives: do nothing, suppress black flies, force crane renesting to occur after the activity period of black flies, relocate releases of cranes, suppress black flies and relocate releases, or force crane renesting and relocate releases. We then developed predictions on constructed scales of 0 (worst‐performing alternative) to 1 (best‐performing alternative) to indicate how alternative actions performed in terms of management objectives. The optimal action depended on the relative importance of each objective to a decision maker. Only relocating releases was a dominated alternative, indicating that it was not optimal regardless of the relative importance of objectives. A rational decision maker could choose any other management alternative we considered. Recognizing that decisions involve trade‐offs that must be weighed by decision makers is crucial to identifying alternatives that best balance multiple management objectives. Given uncertainty about the population dynamics of blood‐feeding arthropods, an adaptive management approach could offer substantial benefits.
Un/natural death and extinction
Authors: Largen Kristin Johnston 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article examines the question of death in the larger context of extinction, more specifically in the context of the sixth extinction, the human‐caused mass die‐off of species we are currently experiencing. The point is made that while both death and extinction are a natural part of evolutionary life on earth, there are critical aspects of both that are distinctly “unnatural”—even sinful, and should be combatted and resisted.
Testosterone therapy to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in at‐risk men (T4DM): Design and implementation of a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wittert Gary , Atlantis Evan , Allan Carolyn , Bracken Karen , Conway Ann , Daniel Mark , Gebski Val , Grossmann Mathis , Hague Wendy , Handelsman David J. , Inder Warrick , Jenkins Alicia , Keech Anthony , McLachlan Robert , Robledo Kristy , Stuckey Bronwyn , Yeap Bu B. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundLow circulating testosterone is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in overweight men with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).AimsTo determine in a multi‐centre, double‐blinded placebo‐controlled randomized trial whether testosterone treatment combined with lifestyle intervention (Weight Watchers) relative to lifestyle intervention alone reduces T2DM incidence and improves glucose tolerance at 2 years.Study populationOverweight or obese men aged 50‐74 years with a serum testosterone of ≤14 nmol/L and IGT or newly diagnosed T2DM established by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Setting, drug and protocolSix Australian capital city‐based tertiary care centres. Participants were randomized 1:1 and injected with testosterone undecanoate (1000 mg/4 mL) or vehicle (4 mL castor oil), at baseline, 6 weeks and 3‐monthly thereafter.Primary endpoints(a) Proportion of participants with 2‐hour OGTT ≥11.1 mmol/L at 2 years, and (b) a difference at 2 years ≥0.6 mmol/L in the mean 2‐hour OGTT glucose between treatments.Secondary endpointsFasting insulin, HbA1c, body composition, maximal handgrip strength; sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms; serum sex steroids and sex hormone binding globulin; mood and psychosocial function; adherence to lifestyle intervention; and healthcare utilization and costs.SafetyOverseen by an Independent Data Safety Monitoring Committee. Haematocrit, lipids and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) are assessed 6‐monthly and information relating to haematological, urological and cardiovascular adverse events from each clinic visit.Sub‐studies(a) Changes in bone density and micro‐architecture, (b) motivation and behaviour, (c) telomere length, (d) extended treatment up to 4 years, and (e) hypothalamo‐pituitary testicular axis recovery at treatment end.
A whey/guar “preload” improves postprandial glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetes: A 12‐week, single‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Watson Linda E. , Phillips Liza K. , Wu Tongzhi , Bound Michelle J. , Checklin Helen L. , Grivell Jacqueline , Jones Karen L. , Clifton Peter M. , Horowitz Michael , Rayner Christopher K. 
Published: December 2018

AimsTo evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of treatment with a whey/guar preload on gastric emptying, postprandial glycaemia and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Materials and methodsA total of 79 people with T2DM, managed on diet or metformin (HbA1c 49 ± 0.7 mmol/mol [6.6 ± 0.1%]), were randomized, in single‐blind fashion, to receive 150 mL flavoured preloads, containing either 17 g whey protein plus 5 g guar (n = 37) or flavoured placebo (n = 42), 15 minutes before two meals, each day for 12 weeks. Blood glucose and gastric emptying (breath test) were measured before and after a mashed potato meal at baseline (without preload), and after the preload at the beginning (week 1) and end (week 12) of treatment. HbA1c levels, energy intake, weight and body composition were also evaluated.ResultsGastric emptying was slower (P < 0.01) and postprandial blood glucose levels lower (P < 0.05) with the whey/guar preload compared to placebo preload, and the magnitude of reduction in glycaemia was related to the rate of gastric emptying at both week 1 (r = −0.54, P < 0.001) and week 12 (r = −0.54, P < 0.0001). At the end of treatment, there was a 1 mmol/mol [0.1%] reduction in HbA1c in the whey/guar group compared to the placebo group (49 ± 1.0 mmol/mol [6.6 ± 0.05%] vs. 50 ± 0.8 mmol/mol [6.7 ± 0.05%]; P < 0.05). There were no differences in energy intake, body weight, or lean or fat mass between the groups.ConclusionsIn patients with well‐controlled T2DM, 12 weeks' treatment with a low‐dose whey/guar preload, taken twice daily before meals, had sustained effects of slowing gastric emptying and reducing postprandial blood glucose, which were associated with a modest reduction in HbA1c, without causing weight gain.
Detecting dry matter yield trend of whole crop maize considering the climatic factors in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Chemere Befekadu , Kim Moonju , Peng Jinglun , Kim Byongwan , Sung Kyungil 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study was aimed to detect the dry matter yield (DMY) trend of whole crop maize (WCM) considering the climatic factors responsible for growth and development of WCM using time series analysis in the Republic of Korea. The dataset consisted of DMY and climatic factors responsible for WCM yield from 1982 to 2011. The stationarity of the DMY was detected using augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, whereas the parameters of Autoregressive (AR) and Moving average (MA) were estimated from correlogram of Autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial ACF (PACF). The stationary DMY data was fitted to AR Integrated MA (ARIMA), and based on model selection criterion, ARIMA (2, 0, 1) was detected as the optimal model to describe the DMY trend of WCM. The DMY trend followed the mean of the preceding 2 years and residual of preceding 1 year. ARIMA with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) detected Seeding‐Harvesting Growing Degree Days (SHGDD, °C), Seeding‐Harvesting Rainfall Amount (SHRFA, mm), and Seeding‐Harvesting Rainfall Days (SHRFD, days) as major climatic factors responsible for the DMY trend of WCM. Furthermore, the amount and timing of rainfall found to be an important factor for the observed DMY trend. The fluctuation in the DMY trend implies the need to come up with a holistic approach that include new varieties development and improved agronomic management system to overcome the expected challenge from climate variability.
Test‐retest properties of the Patient Reported Outcomes, Burdens and Experiences (PROBE) questionnaire and its constituent domains
Authors: Chai‐Adisaksopha Chatree , Skinner Mark W. , Curtis Randall , Frick Neil , Nichol Michael B. , Noone Declan , O'Mahony Brian , Page David , Stonebraker Jeffrey , Thabane Lehana , Crowther Mark A. , Iorio Alfonso 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe Patient Reported Outcomes, Burdens and Experiences (PROBE) study aims to develop and validate questionnaire for assessing health status in patients with haemophilia and participants without bleeding disorders.ObjectiveTo investigate the test‐retest properties of the PROBE questionnaire.MethodsThe PROBE questionnaire covers four domains and is comprised of 29 questions. People with haemophilia (PWH) and participants without bleeding disorder were invited to participate in this study. All participants were asked to complete the PROBE questionnaire three times (paper‐based survey on two consecutive days: T1 and T2 and then a web‐based version: T3). Test‐retest properties and percentage agreement were analysed.ResultsA total of 63 participants were enrolled in this study with a median age of 50 (range: 17‐76) years. Of these, 30 (47.6%) were PWH. On the questions common to PWH and participants without bleeding disorder, Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.69 to 1.00, indicating substantial to almost perfect agreement (T1 vs T2). For haemophilia‐related questions (T1 vs T2), Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.5 to 1.0. Of these, 5 of 11 items were in perfect agreement (Kappa = 1.0). The web‐based questionnaire (T3) showed substantial to almost perfect agreement with the paper version (T1 test‐retest properties were comparable between PWH and individuals without a bleeding disorder).ConclusionsThe results suggest that PROBE is a reliable tool to assess patient‐reported outcomes for PWH and benchmark data in participants without bleeding disorder. The web‐based questionnaire and the standard paper‐based version can be used interchangeably.
Posturographic and ankle muscle activation characteristics in patients with haemophilia
Authors: Kurz Eduard , Herbsleb Marco , Gabriel Holger H. W. , Hilberg Thomas 
Published: December 2018

IntroductionThe objective of this work was to examine the interrelations of posturographic and surface EMG (SEMG) characteristics of ankle muscles in patients with haemophilia while standing naturally.MethodsSurface EMG of five bilaterally recorded ankle muscles was conducted in 24 patients with haemophilia (PwH, age: 42 [11] years, mean [SD], 22 A, 2 B, 21 severe, 3 moderate) with median (quartiles) WFH orthopaedic joint score of 30 (20/39) points and 24 non‐haemophilic controls (Con, age: 42 [12]). Force plate (IBS) signals were captured simultaneously during bipedal stance with eyes open. Load proportion of the left and right sides as well as heel and forefoot were calculated via four independent pressure transducers. Overall, weight distribution (WD) indices are reported with higher results representing a poorer WD.ResultsAnalyses of WD showed large differences between groups (PwH: 10.2 [5.4], Con: 5.2 [2.9], P < 0.001, d = 1.15). After clustering PwH, large effects (P = 0.02, ηp2 > 0.16) were found for amplitude ratios of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscle. In PwH, the degree of joint alteration of the right lower limb was associated with load proportion of the left side (ρ > 0.64, P = 0.001).ConclusionPatients with greater dysbalance showed higher forefoot loads and appeared to compensate their altered joint situations with considerably higher amplitude ratios of LG. Further studies should investigate whether therapeutic interventions could alter postural alignment and muscle activation and how these can influence patients’ joint function and symptoms.