bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive encoding of motor behavior in the supplementary motor area is disrupted in parkinsonism
Authors: Hendrix Claudia M. , Campbell Brett A. , Tittle Benjamin J. , Johnson Luke A. , Baker Kenneth B. , Johnson Matthew D. , Molnar Gregory F. , Vitek Jerrold L. 
Published: June 2018

Many studies suggest that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with changes in neuronal activity patterns throughout the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor circuit. There are limited electrophysiological data, however, describing how parkinsonism impacts the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and SMA proper (SMAp), cortical areas known to be involved in movement planning and motor control. In this study, local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded in the pre-SMA/SMAp of a nonhuman primate during a visually cued reaching task. Recordings were made in the same subject in both the naive and parkinsonian state using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of parkinsonism. We found that in the naive animal, well before a go-cue providing instruction of reach onset and direction was given, LFP activity was dynamically modulated in both high (20–30 Hz) and low beta (10–20 Hz) bands, and the magnitude of this modulation (e.g., decrease/increase in beta amplitude for each band, respectively) correlated linearly with reaction time (RT) on a trial-to-trial basis, suggesting it may predictively encode for RT. Consistent with this hypothesis, we observed that this activity was more prominent within the pre-SMA compared with SMAp. In the parkinsonian state, however, pre-SMA/SMAp beta band modulation was disrupted, particularly in the high beta band, such that the predictive encoding of RT was significantly diminished. In addition, the predictive encoding of RT preferentially within pre-SMA over SMAp was lost. These findings add to our understanding of the role of pre-SMA/SMAp in motor behavior and suggest a fundamental role of these cortical areas in early preparatory and premovement processes that are altered in parkinsonism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Goal-directed movements, such as reaching for an object, necessitate temporal preparation and organization of information processing within the basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor network. Impaired movement in parkinsonism is thought to be the result of pathophysiological activity disrupting information flow within this network. This work provides neurophysiological evidence linking altered motor preplanning processes encoded in pre-SMA/SMAp beta band modulation to the pathogenesis of motor disturbances in parkinsonism.
Serial-section atlas of theTritoniapedal ganglion
Authors: Brandon Christopher , Britton Matthew , Fan David , Ferrier Andrew R. , Hill Evan S. , Perez Adrian , Wang Jean , Wang Nengding , Frost William N. 
Published: June 2018

The pedal ganglion of the nudibranch gastropod Tritonia diomedea has been the focus of neurophysiological studies for more than 50 yr. These investigations have examined the neural basis of behaviors as diverse as swimming, crawling, reflex withdrawals, orientation to water flow, orientation to the earth’s magnetic field, and learning. Despite this sustained research focus, most studies have confined themselves to the layer of neurons that are visible on the ganglion surface, leaving many neurons, which reside in deeper layers, largely unknown and thus unstudied. To facilitate work on such neurons, the present study used serial-section light microscopy to generate a detailed pictorial atlas of the pedal ganglion. One pedal ganglion was sectioned horizontally at 2-µm intervals and another vertically at 5-µm intervals. The resulting images were examined separately or combined into stacks to generate movie tours through the ganglion. These were also used to generate 3D reconstructions of individual neurons and rotating movies of digitally desheathed whole ganglia to reveal all surface neurons. A complete neuron count of the horizontally sectioned ganglion yielded 1,885 neurons. Real and virtual sections from the image stacks were used to reveal the morphology of individual neurons, as well as the major axon bundles traveling within the ganglion to and between its several nerves and connectives. Extensive supplemental data are provided, as well as a link to the Dryad Data Repository site, where the complete sets of high-resolution serial-section images can be downloaded.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Because of the large size and relatively low numbers of their neurons, gastropod mollusks are widely used for investigations of the neural basis of behavior. Most studies, however, focus on the neurons visible on the ganglion surface, leaving the majority, located out of sight below the surface, unexamined. The present light microscopy study generates the first detailed visual atlas of all neurons of the highly studied Tritonia pedal ganglion.
Microneurography from the posterior tibial nerve: a novel method of recording activity from the foot in freely standing humans
Authors: Knellwolf T. P. , Burton A. R. , Hammam E. , Macefield V. G. 
Published: June 2018

The posterior tibial nerve, located behind the medial malleolus of the ankle, supplies the intrinsic muscles of the foot and most of the skin of the sole. We describe a novel approach for recording from this nerve via a percutaneously inserted tungsten microelectrode and provide examples of recordings from presumed muscle spindle endings recorded in freely standing human subjects. The fact that the angular excursions of the ankle joint are small as the foot is loaded during the transition from the seated position to standing means that one can obtain stable recordings of neural traffic in unloaded, loaded, and freely standing conditions. We conclude that this novel approach will allow studies that will increase our understanding of the roles of muscle and cutaneous afferents in the foot in the control of upright posture. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have performed the first microneurographic studies from the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle. Stability of the recording site allows one to record from muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the foot as well as from cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the sole of the foot during the transition from seated to standing. This novel approach opens up new opportunities for studying the roles of muscle and cutaneous afferents in the foot in the control of upright stance.
The Advantage of FLASH Radiotherapy Confirmed in Mini-pig and Cat-cancer Patients
Authors: Vozenin Marie-Catherine , De Fornel Pauline , Petersson Kristoffer , Favaudon Vincent , Jaccard Maud , Germond Jean-François , Petit Benoit , Burki Marco , Ferrand Gisèle , Patin David , Bouchaab Hanan , Ozsahin Mahmut , Bochud François , Bailat Claude , Devauchelle Patrick , Bourhis Jean 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurpose:Previous studies using FLASH radiotherapy (RT) in mice showed a marked increase of the differential effect between normal tissue and tumors. To stimulate clinical transfer, we evaluated whether this effect could also occur in higher mammals.Experimental Design:Pig skin was used to investigate a potential difference in toxicity between irradiation delivered at an ultrahigh dose rate called “FLASH-RT” and irradiation delivered at a conventional dose rate called “Conv-RT.” A clinical, phase I, single-dose escalation trial (25–41 Gy) was performed in 6 cat patients with locally advanced T2/T3N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum to determine the maximal tolerated dose and progression-free survival (PFS) of single-dose FLASH-RT.Results:Using, respectively, depilation and fibronecrosis as acute and late endpoints, a protective effect of FLASH-RT was observed (≥20% dose-equivalent difference vs. Conv-RT). Three cats experienced no acute toxicity, whereas 3 exhibited moderate/mild transient mucositis, and all cats had depilation. With a median follow-up of 13.5 months, the PFS at 16 months was 84%.Conclusions:Our results confirmed the potential advantage of FLASH-RT and provide a strong rationale for further evaluating FLASH-RT in human patients.See related commentary by Harrington, p. 3
NF-κB–Dependent Lymphoid Enhancer Co-option Promotes Renal Carcinoma Metastasis
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo , Patel Saroor A. , Harewood Louise , Olan Ioana , Vojtasova Erika , Syafruddin Saiful E. , Zaini M. Nazhif , Richardson Emma K. , Burge Johanna , Warren Anne Y. , Stewart Grant D. , Saeb-Parsy Kourosh , Samarajiwa Shamith A. , Vanharanta Sakari 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Metastases, the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, cause the majority of cancer-related deaths. Few metastasis-specific driver mutations have been identified, suggesting aberrant gene regulation as a source of metastatic traits. However, how metastatic gene expression programs arise is poorly understood. Here, using human-derived metastasis models of renal cancer, we identify transcriptional enhancers that promote metastatic carcinoma progression. Specific enhancers and enhancer clusters are activated in metastatic cancer cell populations, and the associated gene expression patterns are predictive of poor patient outcome in clinical samples. We find that the renal cancer metastasis–associated enhancer complement consists of multiple coactivated tissue-specific enhancer modules. Specifically, we identify and functionally characterize a coregulatory enhancer cluster, activated by the renal cancer driver HIF2A and an NF-κB–driven lymphoid element, as a mediator of metastasis in vivo. We conclude that oncogenic pathways can acquire metastatic phenotypes through cross-lineage co-option of physiologic epigenetic enhancer states.
Significance: Renal cancer is associated with significant mortality due to metastasis. We show that in metastatic renal cancer, functionally important metastasis genes are activated via co-option of gene regulatory enhancer modules from distant developmental lineages, thus providing clues to the origins of metastatic cancer. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 850–65. ©2018 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781
Nationwide Impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines on Stroke Survivors
Authors: Lekoubou Alain , Bishu Kinfe G. , Ovbiagele Bruce 
Published: June 2018

Background
In this study, we aimed at estimating the prevalence and number of stroke survivors with hypertension, recommended pharmacological treatment, and above blood pressure target, according to the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure guidelines.

Methods and Results

We included participants aged ≥20 years to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2003 and 2014. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys is a series of publicly available, cross‐sectional, national, stratified, multistage probability surveys. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys received approval from the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Board. Stroke was determined by self‐report. Blood pressure was estimated according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey protocol. Assessment of pharmacological treatment of hypertension was by self‐report. The proportion and number of stroke survivors with hypertension was 49.8% (95% confidence interval [
CI
], 45.4%–54.2%) and 2 361 075 (95%
CI
, 2 035 251–2 686 899) per the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines versus 29.9% (95%
CI
, 26.2%–33.7%) and 1 415 974 (95%
CI
, 1 191 721–1 640 227) per seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines. Proportion and number of stroke survivors who were not at target blood pressure was 56% (95%
CI
, 51.2%–60.6%) and 1 824 106 (95%
CI
, 1 558 846–2 089 366) per 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines versus 36.3% (95%
CI
, 31.6%–41.4%) and 1 184 655 (95%
CI
, 984 128–1 385 182) per seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines.

Conclusions
Compared with seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association hypertension guidelines would result in a nearly 67% relative increase in the proportion of US stroke survivors diagnosed with hypertension and 54% relative increase in those not within the recommended blood pressure target.
Use of Cool Roofs and Vegetation to Mitigate Urban Heat and Improve Human Thermal Stress in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Jacobs Stephanie J. , Gallant Ailie J. E. , Tapper Nigel J. , Li Dan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe ability of cool roofs and vegetation to reduce urban temperatures and improve human thermal stress during heat wave conditions is investigated for the city of Melbourne, Australia. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled to the Princeton Urban Canopy Model is employed to simulate 11 scenarios of cool roof uptake across the city, increased vegetation cover across the city, and a combination of these strategies. Cool roofs reduce urban temperatures during the day, and, if they are installed across enough rooftops, their cooling effect extends to the night. In contrast, increasing vegetation coverage reduces nighttime temperatures but results in minimal cooling during the hottest part of the day. The combination of cool roofs and increased vegetation scenarios creates the largest reduction in temperature throughout the heat wave, although the relationship between the combination scenarios is nonsynergistic. This means that the cooling occurring from the combination of both strategies is either larger or smaller than if the cooling from individual strategies were to be added together. The drier, lower-density western suburbs of Melbourne showed a greater cooling response to increased vegetation without enhancing human thermal stress due to the corresponding increase in humidity. The leafy medium-density eastern suburbs of Melbourne showed a greater cooling response to the installation of cool roofs. These results highlight that the optimal urban cooling strategies can be different across a single urban center.
Giusti son due e non vi sono intesi
Authors: Di Fonzo Claudia 
Published: June 2018

L'articolo propone una ipotesi di lettura di un luogo disputato della Commedia (S'alcun v'è giusto… giusti son due ma non sono intesi) di Inferno VI, recuperando lo spessore dell'evocazione dantesca alla luce della autorità biblica (nel Nuovo Testamento l'unico giusto possibile è Gesù) e alla luce della filosofia politica e giuridica medievale (nel commento di Tommaso all'Etica Nicomachea di Aristotele il giusto politico discende dalla giustizia ed è declinato nei due giusti: quello naturale e quello legale. Nel proporre tale lettura si evidenzia come la tradizione di commento antica alla Commedia non sia sempre recettiva del portato dantesco, ma rappresenti piuttosto il filtro che presiede alla generazione di una interpretazione canonica del testo di Dante, come già ha osservato Baranski. et quello huomo ch'è privato del sentimento, maggiormente è privato dello intellecto et cognitione spirituale. (L'ultima forma dell'Ottimo, Par. x, Proemio)
Rural parents’ beliefs about healthy eating
Authors: McDonald Andrea E , Dawkins-Moultin Lenna , McWhinney Sharon L 
Published: June 2018

Objectives: This study explored US rural parents’ perceived facilitators, challenges and motivators to healthy eating. Methods: Qualitative and purposive sampling was used to recruit one hundred ( N = 100) parents of children enrolled in the fourth grade to participate in a series of focus group sessions. Eligibility criteria included being the head of the household and having a child enrolled in the fourth grade. Parents were questioned about factors impacting everyday lifestyle practices such as nutrition knowledge and eating habits. Data were analysed using grounded theory and constant comparative method. Results: Twelve focus groups sessions were conducted with parents who self-identified as African American (63%), Hispanic (25%) and Caucasian 2%. The majority (52%) of participants indicated they only had some high school education. Healthy eating among parents was highly dependent on socioeconomic status, time, availability and access to foods. Facilitators to healthy eating were school lunch programmes, nutrition education and family preferences. Findings demonstrate that parents tried to eat meals at home, but many factors (fear of genetically modified foods, money and time) prevented healthy eating and food preparation. Parents who consumed or prepared meals at home did so because of family influence and the fear of being unhealthy. Conclusion and implications: This study provides an in-depth understanding of rural parents’ efforts to promote healthy eating at home regardless of socioeconomic challenges.
Quantitative assessment of local perfusion change in acute intracerebral hemorrhage areas with and without “dynamic spot sign” using CT perfusion imaging
Authors: Fu Fan , Sui Binbin , Liu Liping , Su Yaping , Sun Shengjun , Li Yingying 
Published: June 2018

Background Positive “dynamic spot sign” has been proven to be a potential risk factor for acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) expansion, but local perfusion change has not been quantitatively investigated. Purpose To quantitatively evaluate perfusion changes at the ICH area using computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging. Material and Methods Fifty-three patients with spontaneous ICH were recruited. Unenhanced computed tomography (NCCT), CTP within 6 h, and follow-up NCCT were performed for 21 patients in the “spot sign”-positive group and 32 patients in the control group. Cerebral perfusion change was quantitatively measured on regional cerebral blood flow/regional cerebral blood volume (rCBF/rCBV) maps. Regions of interest (ROIs) were set at the “spot-sign” region and the whole hematoma area for “spot-sign”-positive cases, and at one of the highest values of three interested areas and the whole hematoma area for the control group. Hematoma expansion was determined by follow-up NCCT. Results For the “spot-sign”-positive group, the average rCBF (rCBV) values at the “spot-sign” region and the whole hematoma area were 21.34 ± 15.24 mL/min/100 g (21.64 ± 21.48 mL/100g) and 5.78 ± 6.32 mL/min/100 g (6.07 ± 5.45 mL/100g); for the control group, the average rCBF (rCBV) values at the interested area and whole hematoma area were 2.50 ± 1.83 mL/min/100 g (3.13 ± 1.96 mL/100g) and 3.02 ± 1.80 mL/min/100 g (3.40 ± 1.44 mL/100g), respectively. Average rCBF and rCBV values of the “spot-sign” region were significantly different from other regions ( P < 0.001; P = 0.004). The average volumes of hematoma expansion in the “spot-sign”-positive and control groups were 25.24 ± 19.38 mL and −0.41 ± 1.34 mL, respectively. Conclusion The higher perfusion change at ICH on CTP images may reflect the contrast extravasation and be associated with the hematoma expansion.
Work-stress factors associated with truck crashes: An exploratory analysis
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResearchers have studied truck crashes extensively using methods appropriate for behavior, technology, and regulatory enforcement. Few safety studies associate crashes with economic pressure, a pervasive latent influence. This study uses data from the US Large Truck Crash Causation Study to predict truck crashes based on work pressure factors that have their origins in market pressures on motor carriers and truck drivers. Logistic regression shows that factors associated with the work process, including an index of work-pressure attributes, predict the likelihood that crash analysts consider the truck driver to be the person whose last action could have prevented the crash. While not proving causation, the data suggest that economic factors affecting drivers contribute significantly to truck crashes.
Self-Perceived End-of-Life Care Competencies of Health-Care Providers at a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Montagnini Marcos , Smith Heather M. , Price Deborah M. , Ghosh Bidisha , Strodtman Linda 
Published: June 2018

Background: In the United States, most deaths occur in hospitals, with approximately 25% of hospitalized patients having palliative care needs. Therefore, the provision of good end-of-life (EOL) care to these patients is a priority. However, research assessing staff preparedness for the provision of EOL care to hospitalized patients is lacking. Objective: To assess health-care professionals’ self-perceived competencies regarding the provision of EOL care in hospitalized patients. Methods: Descriptive study of self-perceived EOL care competencies among health-care professionals. The study instrument (End-of-Life Questionnaire) contains 28 questions assessing knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to the provision of EOL care. Health-care professionals (nursing, medicine, social work, psychology, physical, occupational and respiratory therapist, and spiritual care) at a large academic medical center participated in the study. Means were calculated for each item, and comparisons of mean scores were conducted via t tests. Analysis of variance was used to identify differences among groups. Results: A total of 1197 questionnaires was completed. The greatest self-perceived competency was in providing emotional support for patients/families, and the least self-perceived competency was in providing continuity of care. When compared to nurses, physicians had higher scores on EOL care attitudes, behaviors, and communication. Physicians and nurses had higher scores on most subscales than other health-care providers. Conclusions: Differences in self-perceived EOL care competencies were identified among disciplines, particularly between physicians and nurses. The results provide evidence for assessing health-care providers to identify their specific training needs before implementing educational programs on EOL care.
Does the femoral offset affect replacements? The results from a National Joint Registry
Authors: Wyatt Michael C , Kieser David C , Kemp Mark A , McHugh Gavin , Frampton Chris M A , Hooper Gary J 
Published: June 2018

Background: Femoral component offset influences the torque forces exerted on a femoral stem and may therefore adversely affect femoral component survival. This study investigated the influence of femoral component offset on revision rates for primary total hip replacements (THR) registered on the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR). Methods: There were 106,139 primary THRs registered, resulting in 4960 revisions for any cause. There were 46,242 THRs performed using the five commonest femoral components listed on the NZJR. A total of 41,100 were done for primary osteoarthritis of which 40,548 had all the offset information available for analysis. We defined low offset as < 42 mm, standard as 42–48 mm and high offset as > 48 mm offset and examined revision rates according to the reasons for revision. We performed survival analyses for both cemented and uncemented femoral components grouped by the different offsets. Results: The all-cause revision rate was 0.54/100 component years (cys). Stems with < 42 mm offset had a revision rate of 0.58/100 cys (mean 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.63), 42–48 mm offset 0.47 (95% CI 0.43–0.52) and > 48 mm offset 0.67 (95% CI 0.57–0.79). There was no significant difference in all-cause revision rates between varying stem offsets in uncemented stems adjusting for age and gender. In cemented stems both high and low offset stems were more likely to be revised. Uncemented stems of all offsets were more likely to undergo revision for femoral fracture. Conclusions: Femoral component offset affects the overall all-cause revision rate of the most commonly used cemented stem, but not uncemented stem designs. In cemented stems offset influences the rate of revision for loosening and periprosthetic fractures.