bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and development of molecularly distinct perineuronal nets in visual thalamus
Authors: Sabbagh Ubadah , Monavarfeshani Aboozar , Su Kaiwen , Zabet‐Moghadam Masoud , Cole James , Carnival Eric , Su Jianmin , Mirzaei Mehdi , Gupta Vivek , Salekdeh Ghasem Hosseini , Fox Michael A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVisual information is detected by the retina and transmitted into the brain by retinal ganglion cells. In rodents, the visual thalamus is a major recipient of retinal ganglion cells axons and is divided into three functionally distinct nuclei: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), ventral LGN (vLGN), and intergeniculate leaflet. Despite being densely innervated by retinal input, each nucleus in rodent visual thalamus possesses diverse molecular profiles which underpin their unique circuitry and cytoarchitecture. Here, we combined large‐scale unbiased proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to elucidate the molecular expression profiles of the developing mouse dLGN and vLGN. We identified several extracellular matrix proteins as differentially expressed in these regions, particularly constituent molecules of perineuronal nets (PNNs). Remarkably, we discovered at least two types of molecularly distinct Aggrecan‐rich PNN populations in vLGN, exhibiting non‐overlapping spatial, temporal, and cell‐type specific expression patterns. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of these two populations of PNNs also differ as the formation of Cat315+ PNNs (but not WFA+ PNNs) required input from the retina. This study is first to suggest that cell type‐ and molecularly specific supramolecular assemblies of extracellular matrix may play important roles in the circuitry associated with the subcortical visual system and in the processing of visual information.Open science badgesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14203.
The Role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Detecting Hippocampal Injury Following Neonatal Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Salas Jacqueline , Reddy Nihaal , Orru Emanuele , Carson Kathryn A. , Chavez‐Valdez Raul , Burton Vera Joanna , Stafstrom Carl E. , Northington Frances J. , Huisman Thierry A.G.M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSENeonatal hypoxic‐ischemic injury of the brain and resultant encephalopathy (HIE) leads to major developmental impairments by school age. Conventional/anatomical MRI often fails to detect hippocampal injury in mild cases. We hypothesize that diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has greater sensitivity for identifying subtle hippocampal injury.METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed DTI data collected from a cohort of neonates with HIE and controls. Conventional MRI sequences were classified qualitatively according to severity using a modified Barkovich scale. Using multivariate linear regression, we compared hippocampal DTI scalars of HIE patients and controls. Spearman correlation was used to test the association of DTI scalars in the hippocampal and thalamic regions. A multiple regression analysis tested the association of the DTI scalars with short‐term outcomes.RESULTSFifty‐five neonates with HIE (42% males) and 13 controls (54% males) were included. Hippocampal DTI scalars were similar between HIE and control groups, even when restricting the HIE group to those with moderate‐to‐severe injury (8 subjects). DTI scalars of the thalamus were significantly lower in the moderate‐to‐severely affected patients compared to controls (right fractional anisotropy [FA] .148 vs. .182, P = .01; left FA .147 vs. .181, P = .03). Hippocampal and thalamic DTI scalars were correlated (P < .001). Hippocampal DTI scalars were not associated with short‐term outcomes.CONCLUSIONSQuantitative DTI analysis of the hippocampus in neonates following HIE is a feasible technique to examine neuronal injury. Although DTI scalars were useful in identifying thalamic injury in our cohort, hippocampal DTI analysis did not provide additional information regarding hippocampal injury following HIE.
Evaluation of inhaled recombinant human insulin dry powders: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and 14-day inhalation
Authors: He Jiake , Zhang Ge , Zhang Qiuyang , Chen Jiayin , Zhang Yongjie , An Xiaoxia , Wang Pan , Xie Shan , Fang Fang , Zheng Jianheng , Tang Yue , Zhu Jiabi , Yu Yang , Chen Xijing , Lu Yang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The present study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performance of inhaled recombinant human insulin (rh-insulin) dry powders together with their safety profiles after 14-day inhalation.

Methods
In the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, pulmonary surfactant (PS)-loaded and phospholipid hexadecanol tyloxapol (PHT)-loaded rh-insulin dry powders were intratracheally administered to male rats at the dose of 20 U/kg. Novolin R was used as control. Serum glucose and rh-insulin concentrations were determined by glucose oxidase method and human rh-insulin CLIA kit, respectively. For the safety study, rats were exposed to rh-insulin dry powders or air for 14-day by nose-only inhalation chambers. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology examinations were performed after inhalation.

Key findings
There were no significant differences in the major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters between PS-loaded and PHT-loaded rh-insulin dry powders. The relative bioavailabilities and pharmacodynamic availabilities were 39.9%, 25.6% for PS-loaded dry powders and 30.1%, 23% for PHT-loaded dry powders, respectively. Total protein was the only injury marker that was significantly altered. Histopathology examinations showed the ranking of irritations (from slight to severe) were PHT-loaded rh-insulin, negative air control and PS-loaded rh-insulin.

Conclusions
Both PS- and PHT-loaded rh-insulin dry powders were able to deliver rh-insulin systemically with appropriate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles.
Comparison of electroencephalographic findings with hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging volumetry in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Czerwik Adriana , Płonek Marta , Podgórski Przemyslaw , Wrzosek Marcin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground: In humans, temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), is a type of focal epilepsy occurring mainly in the mesial TLE (mTLE), commonly associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS).Objectives: According to recent studies, TLE might also occur in dogs and could be associated with hippocampal atrophy (HA)/HS. To date, hippocampal lesions have not been correlated with electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in epileptic dogs.Animals: An EEG examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and volumetric assessment of the hippocampus were performed in 16 nonepileptic and 41 epileptic dogs.Methods: In this retrospective study, the presence and localization of EEG‐defined epileptiform discharges (EDs) was blindly evaluated. The hippocampus was measured and assessed for unilateral atrophy. The results of EEG and volumetric findings were correlated to determine whether the functional epileptic focus is equivalent to structural changes.Results: The median hippocampal asymmetric ratio (AR) in epileptic dogs was significantly greater than in the control group (P < .001). Using a cut‐off threshold AR of >6%, 56% (23/41) of the dogs were characterized with unilateral HA. Of those animals, 35% (8/23) had EDs in the temporal leads and 26% (6/23) had no EDs. In 88% (7/8) of dogs with EDs in the temporal leads that had unilateral HA, the EDs correlated with the side of the decreased hippocampal volume.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The results indicate an association between the presence of EDs detectable on EEG and a decrease in the unilateral hippocampal volume in some cases of canine idiopathic epilepsy that might reflect features of human mTLE.
Short interpregnancy interval and poor fetal growth: Evaluating the role of pregnancy intention
Authors: Liauw Jessica , Jacobsen Geir W. , Larose Tricia L. , Hutcheon Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that short interpregnancy interval (the interval between delivery and estimated last menstrual period of a subsequent pregnancy) is associated with small for gestational age birth. It is controversial if this association is causal, as few studies have accounted for likely confounding factors such as unintended pregnancy. We examined the association between interpregnancy interval and infant birthweight, adjusting for pregnancy intention and other socio‐economic and obstetrical risk factors.MethodsWe used data from the Scandinavian Successive Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age births study (1986‐1988). Birthweight was expressed as a gestational age‐standardised z‐score.ResultsAmong 1406 women, a trend towards lower birthweight z‐score with short interpregnancy interval was not statistically significant (unadjusted difference in birthweight z‐score of −0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.55, 0.05). After adjusting for pregnancy intention, detailed measures of socio‐economic status, and other covariates, the estimated magnitude of effect between interpregnancy interval and birthweight z‐score was further attenuated (adjusted difference in birthweight z‐score of −0.13, 95% CI −0.46, 0.20).ConclusionsIn this cohort study with detailed information on pregnancy intention and socio‐economic status, short interpregnancy interval was not associated with lower birthweight. These findings suggest that previously observed associations between short interpregnancy interval and lower birthweight may reflect confounding by socio‐economic and/or other unmeasured confounders.
Governing Resilience through Power: Explaining Community Adaptations to Extreme Events in Coastal Louisiana
Authors: May Candace K. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractScholars of socioecological resilience are calling for approaches that will aid understanding of the articulations of structure, power, and agency in adaptations toward resilience. This article presents a framework designed to guide analyses of structure and agency through three different forms of power: structural, differential, and systemic. It applies the framework to a case study of a fishery‐dependent Louisiana town, which was rebuilt and reimagined following over a decade of natural, technological, and economic shocks and disturbances. Data collection involved policy and document review and field research, consisting of observations and semistructured interviews. Findings demonstrate how the town’s adaptations toward resilience were produced by power operating through the legislated rights and responsibilities of the Twin Parish Port District; differential capacity of stratified groups; and systemic aspects of generalized values, norms, and preferences manifested through politics of place. In the context of successful community adaptations toward resilience, the article raises questions regarding sustainability and discusses the relevance of the power framework for explaining adaptive responses in cooperative, as well as conflictual contexts.
Benefits of a multiple‐solution approach in land change models
Authors: Mustafa Ahmed , Ebaid Amr , Teller Jacques 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLand change (LC) models are dedicated to a better understanding of land use and land cover dynamics. A fundamental aspect of those models lies in the calibration of spatial parameters underlying such dynamics. Although there are many studies on the calibration of LC models, current efforts have a common goal of seeking to find a single global optimum solution, even though land change dynamics may be inherently heterogeneous throughout a given space. This article presents a calibration approach for finding multiple optimal solutions. A crowding niching genetic algorithm (CNGA) is incorporated into a cellular automata LC model. The model is applied to simulate urban expansion in Wallonia (Belgium) as a case study. Our findings demonstrate the ability of the model to locate multiple solutions simultaneously. In addition, the CNGA performs better than the standard genetic algorithm—besides, the CNGA helps to better understand the properties of land change dynamics within a given landscape.
Ectopic expression of ARGOS8 reveals a role for ethylene in root‐lodging resistance in maize
Authors: Shi Jinrui , Drummond Bruce J. , Habben Jeffrey E. , Brugire Norbert , Weers Ben P. , Hakimi Salim M. , Lafitte H. Renee , Schussler Jeffrey R. , Mo Hua , Beatty Mary , Zastrow‐Hayes Gina , O'Neill Dennis 
Published: October 2018

SummaryEthylene plays a critical role in many diverse processes in plant development. Recent studies have demonstrated that overexpression of the maize ARGOS8 gene reduces the plant's response to ethylene by decreasing ethylene signaling and enhances grain yield in transgenic maize plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ethylene on the development of nodal roots, which are primarily responsible for root‐lodging resistance in maize. Exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) was found to promote the emergence of nodal roots. Transcriptome analysis of nodal tissues revealed that the expression of genes involved in metabolic processes and cell wall biogenesis was upregulated in response to ACC treatment, supporting the notion that ethylene is a positive regulator for the outgrowth of young root primordia. In BSV::ARGOS8 transgenic plants with reduced ethylene sensitivity due to constitutive overexpression of ARGOS8, nodal root emergence was delayed and the promotional effect of ACC on nodal root emergence decreased. Field tests showed that the BSV::ARGOS8 plants had higher root lodging relative to non‐transgenic controls. When ARGOS8 expression was controlled by the developmentally regulated promoter FTM1, which conferred ARGOS8 overexpression in adult plants but not in the nodal roots and nodes in juvenile plants, the FTM1::ARGOS8 plants had no significant difference in root lodging compared with the wild type but produced a higher grain yield. These results suggest that ethylene has a role in promoting nodal root emergence and that a delay in nodal root development has a negative effect on root‐lodging resistance in maize.
Effects of storage conditions on two platelet agonists for whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry in dogs
Authors: Shropshire Sarah B. , Olver Christine S. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundWhole blood impedance platelet aggregometry (Multiplate‐) can be performed with different agonists to evaluate platelet function. Although the manufacturer recommends disposal of stored reagents after 1 month at −20°C or 24 hours at 4°C, reagent integrity after reconstitution under different storage conditions is unknown. If reagent integrity is stable for longer periods, assay costs could decrease dramatically.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the stability of reconstituted arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) platelet agonists stored at −20°C and −80°C for up to 6 months.MethodsAliquots of reconstituted AA and ADP were stored at −20°C and −80°C each month for a total of 6 months. Six healthy staff‐owned dogs were enrolled in the study. A physical examination, CBC, diagnostic panel, urinalysis, and baseline platelet aggregometry assessment was performed on all of the dogs. Platelet aggregometry was performed using fresh and stored aliquots of AA and ADP reagents on the same day. The area under the curve (AUC) was recorded from each platelet aggregometry analysis. Repeated measures (RM) analysis (one‐way ANOVA) was performed and subsequent time points (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months) were compared with fresh AUC results.ResultsAll dogs were clinically healthy, and all diagnostic tests were normal. There were no differences in AUC obtained from fresh samples at any time point or either temperature for AA or ADP.ConclusionsWhole blood impedance platelet aggregometry reagents, AA and ADP, were stable for up to 6 months when stored at −20°C or −80°C, obviating the need to discard viable reagents, and decreasing assay costs.
Understanding dormancy breakage and germination ecology of Cynara cardunculus (Asteraceae)
Authors: Huarte H R , Borlandelli F , Varisco D , Batlla D 
Published: October 2018

SummaryCynara cardunculus is a troublesome weed in temperate grazing lands. Cynara cardunculus achenes are usually dormant at dispersal and require alternating temperatures to terminate dormancy and germinate. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine (i) the treatments able to terminate dormancy and (ii) the effect of environmental factors and agronomic practices on germination and emergence of non‐dormant (dry after‐ripened) achenes. Scarification, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite promoted germination of dormant achenes. Dry after‐ripening and cold stratification were tested in two different populations. Dormancy of both populations was released from dormancy by dry after‐ripening. In contrast, cold stratification allowed dormancy release in just one of the populations, while the other was induced into secondary dormancy. Germination of non‐dormant (dry after‐ripened) achenes was maximum in a range of temperatures from 10 to 20°C and was inhibited at higher temperatures. Reduction of osmotic potential below −0.6 MPa led to a decrease in final germination. These results explain synchronic emergence of C. cardunculus seedlings in autumn after dormancy release during summer. Maximum seedling emergence was close to 60% at soil depths of 1 cm and only decreased as depth increased over 6 cm. In contrast, seedling emergence was not reduced by the presence of cover residues, while a flooding duration of 21 days was required to suppress emergence significantly. These results suggest that the deep burial of achenes and agronomic practices that take advantage of synchronic emergence of achenes could be useful tools leading to better long‐term management of C. cardunculus.
Foliations on unitary Shimura varieties in positive characteristic
Authors: de Shalit Ehud , Goren Eyal Z. 
Published: October 2018

When$p$is inert in the quadratic imaginary field$E$and$m<n$, unitary Shimura varieties of signature$(n,m)$and a hyperspecial level subgroup at$p$, carry a naturalfoliationof height 1 and rank$m^{2}$in the tangent bundle of their special fiber$S$. We study this foliation and show that it acquires singularities at deep Ekedahl–Oort strata, but that these singularities are resolved if we pass to a natural smooth moduli problem$S^{\sharp }$, a successive blow-up of$S$. Over the ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$-)ordinary locus we relate the foliation to Moonen’s generalized Serre–Tate coordinates. We study the quotient of$S^{\sharp }$by the foliation, and identify it as the Zariski closure of the ordinary-étale locus in the special fiber$S_{0}(p)$of a certain Shimura variety with parahoric level structure at$p$. As a result, we get that this ‘horizontal component’ of$S_{0}(p)$, as well as its multiplicative counterpart, are non-singular (formerly they were only known to be normal and Cohen–Macaulay). We study two kinds of integral manifolds of the foliation: unitary Shimura subvarieties of signature$(m,m)$, and a certain Ekedahl–Oort stratum that we denote$S_{\text{fol}}$. We conjecture that these are the only integral submanifolds.
RAAS inhibitors directly reduce diabetes‐induced renal fibrosis via growth factor inhibition
Authors: Koszegi Sandor , Molnar Agnes , Lenart Lilla , Hodrea Judit , Balogh Dora Bianka , Lakat Tamas , Szkibinszkij Edgar , Hosszu Adam , Sparding Nadja , Genovese Federica , Wagner Laszlo , Vannay Adam , Szabo Attila J , Fekete Andrea 
Published: October 2018

Key points
Increased activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) and elevated growth factor production are of crucial importance in the development of renal fibrosis leading to diabetic kidney disease.
The aim of this study was to provide evidence for the antifibrotic potential of RAAS inhibitor (RAASi) treatment and to explore the exact mechanism of this protective effect.
We found that RAASi ameliorate diabetes‐induced renal interstitial fibrosis and decrease profibrotic growth factor production.
RAASi prevents fibrosis by acting directly on proximal tubular cells, and inhibits hyperglycaemia‐induced growth factor production and thereby fibroblast activation.
These results suggest a novel therapeutic indication and potential of RAASi in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
AbstractIn diabetic kidney disease (DKD) increased activation of renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to renal fibrosis. Although RAAS inhibitors (RAASi) are the gold standard therapy in DKD, the mechanism of their antifibrotic effect is not yet clarified. Here we tested the antifibrotic and renoprotective action of RAASi in a rat model of streptozotocin‐induced DKD. In vitro studies on proximal tubular cells and renal fibroblasts were also performed to further clarify the signal transduction pathways that are directly altered by hyperglycaemia. After 5 weeks of diabetes, male Wistar rats were treated for two more weeks per os with the RAASi ramipril, losartan, spironolactone or eplerenone. Proximal tubular cells were cultured in normal or high glucose (HG) medium and treated with RAASi. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2)‐induced renal fibroblasts were also treated with various RAASi. In diabetic rats, reduced renal function and interstitial fibrosis were ameliorated and elevated renal profibrotic factors (TGFβ1, PDGF, CTGF/CCN2, MMP2, TIMP1) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) levels were decreased by RAASi. HG increased growth factor production of HK‐2 cells, which in turn induced activation and αSMA production of fibroblasts. RAASi decreased tubular PDGF and CTGF expression and reduced production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in fibroblasts. In proximal tubular cells, hyperglycaemia‐induced growth factor production increased renal fibroblast transformation, contributing to the development of fibrosis. RAASi, even in non‐antihypertensive doses, decreased the production of profibrotic factors and directly prevented fibroblast activation. All these findings suggest a novel therapeutic role for RAASi in the treatment of renal fibrosis.