bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitation in the surface tension model of spacetime
Authors: Perko H A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A mechanical model of spacetime was introduced at a prior conference for describing perturbations of stress, strain, and displacement within a spacetime exhibiting surface tension. In the prior work, equations governing spacetime dynamics described by the model show some similarities to fundamental equations of quantum mechanics. Similarities were identified between the model and equations of Klein-Gordon, Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Weyl. The introduction did not explain how gravitation arises within the model. In this talk, the model will be summarized, corrected, and extended for comparison with general relativity. An anisotropic elastic tensor is proposed as a constitutive relation between stress energy and curvature instead of the traditional Einstein constant. Such a relation permits spatial geometric terms in the mechanical model to resemble quantum mechanics while temporal terms and the overall structure of tensor equations remain consistent with general relativity. This work is in its infancy; next steps are to show how the anisotropic tensor affects cosmological predictions and to further explore if geometry and quantum mechanics can be related in more than just appearance.
Relative and Absolute Time
Authors: Gill Tepper L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we derive a new identity that relates the proper time and the observer time as a contact transformation on configuration space. This leads to a consistent relativistic extension of the special theory to include Newtonian mechanics. The basic conclusions of this paper are:
(i) There always exist two unique inertial frames for any given system of particles: one with a unique speed of light and time relative and one with unique simultaneity and the speed of light relative.
(ii) If the ratio of the total energy of the universe to the total mass energy of the universe is constant, then a unique definition of Newtonian time exists for the universe with zero set at the big bang.
(iii) There are two mathematically consistent representations for the same physical system.
(iv) Data collected from distant objects in the universe does not have a unique physical interpretation.
We also use the isotopic dual of ℝ to provide a basic improvement in the big bang model. This leads to a model with conservation of energy, momentum, angular momentum, charge, a natural arrow for time and a natural explanation for the lack of antimatter in our universe. We predict that protons and antiprotons (respectively electrons and positrons) are gravitationally repulsive.
An Elementary Canonical Classical and Quantum Dynamics for General Relativity
Authors: Horwitz L. P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A consistent canonical classical and quantum dynamics in the framework of special relativity was formulated by Stueckelberg in 1941, and generalized to many body theory by Horwitz and Piron in 1973 (SHP). In this paper, using local coordinate transformations, following the original procedure of Einstein, this theory is embedded into the framework of general relativity (GR) both for potential models (where the potential appears as a spacetime mass distribution with dimension of mass) and for electromagnetism (emerging as a gauge field on the quantum mechanical Hilbert space). The canonical Poisson brackets of the SHP theory remain valid (invariant under local coordinate transformations) on the manifold of GR, and provide the basis, following Dirac’s quantization procedure, for formulating a quantum theory. The theory is developed both for one and many particles.
Solutions in the

(

1
2

,
0

)

⊕

(

0
,

1
2

)

Representation of the Lorentz Group
Authors: Dvoeglazov Valeriy V. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
I present explicit examples of generalizations in relativistic quantum mechanics. First of all, I discuss the generalized spin-1/2 equations for neutrinos. They have been obtained by means of the Gersten-Sakurai method for derivations of arbitrary-spin relativistic equations. Possible physical consequences are discussed. Next, it is easy to check that both Dirac algebraic equation

Det
(

p
^

−
m
)
=
0

and

Det
(

p
^

+
m
)
=
0

for u— and v— 4-spinors have solutions with

p
0

=
±

E
p

=
±

p
2

+

m
2

. The same is true for higher-spin equations. Meanwhile, every book considers the equality p
0 = Ep
for both u— and v— spinors of the (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0,1/2)) representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of the negative-energy solutions. The recent work by Ziino (and, independently, the articles of several others) show that the Fock space can be doubled. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum field level for S = 1/2 particles. The third example is: we postulate the non-commutativity of 4-momenta, and we derive the mass splitting in the Dirac equation. Some applications are discussed.
A novel global urban typology framework for sustainable mobility futures
Authors: Oke Jimi B , Aboutaleb Youssef M , Akkinepally Arun , Azevedo Carlos Lima , Han Yafei , Zegras P Christopher , Ferreira Joseph , Ben-Akiva Moshe E 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Urban mobility significantly contributes to global carbon dioxide emissions. Given the rapid expansion and growth in urban areas, cities thus require innovative policies to ensure efficient and sustainable mobility. Urban typologies can serve as a vehicle for understanding dynamics of cities, which exhibit high variability in form, economic output, mobility behavior, among others. Yet, typologies relevant for sustainable urban mobility analyses are few, outdated and not large enough in scope. In this paper, we present a new typologization spanning 331 cities in 124 countries. Our sample represents 40% of the global urban population and contains the most recent data from 2008 to date. Using a factor analytic and agglomerative clustering approach, we identify 9 urban factors and 12 typologies. We discuss the implications of this new framework for researchers and planners and investigate the relationships between mobility and environmental sustainability indicators. Notably, we show an immediate application of the urban typologies to better understanding travel behavior and also describe their usage for detailed large-scale simulation in representative prototype cities for insights into sustainable future mobility policy pathways. Our data and results are publicly available for further exploration and will serve as a foundation for future analyses toward desirable urban and environmental outcomes.
Shift in seasonal climate patterns likely to impact residential energy consumption in the United States
Authors: Rastogi Deeksha , Holladay James Scott , Evans Katherine J , Preston Ben L , Ashfaq Moetasim 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We develop a highly-resolved ensemble of climate simulations and empirical relationships between weather and household energy consumption to provide one of the most detailed estimates to date for potential climate-driven changes in the United States residential energy demand under the highest greenhouse gas emissions pathway. Our results indicate that more intense and prolonged warm conditions will drive an increase in electricity demand while a shorter and milder cold season will reduce natural gas demand by the mid 21st century. The environmental conditions that favor more cooling degree days in summer and reduced heating degree days in winter are driven by changes in daily maximum temperatures and daily minimum temperatures in the respective seasons. Our results also indicate that climate-driven change can potentially reverse impacts of a projected decrease in rural population on residential energy demand. These projected changes in climate-driven energy demand have implications for future energy planning and management.
Coupling between the terrestrial carbon and water cycles—a review
Authors: Gentine Pierre , Green Julia K , Guérin Marceau , Humphrey Vincent , Seneviratne Sonia I , Zhang Yao , Zhou Sha 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The terrestrial carbon and water cycles are strongly coupled. As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration increases, climate and the coupled hydrologic cycle are modified, thus altering the terrestrial water cycle and the availability of soil moisture necessary for plants’ carbon dioxide uptake. Concomitantly, rising surface carbon dioxide concentrations also modify stomatal (small pores at the leaf surface) regulation as well as biomass, thus altering ecosystem photosynthesis and transpiration rates. Those coupled changes have profound implications for the predictions of the carbon and water cycles. This paper reviews the main mechanisms behind the coupling of the terrestrial water and carbon cycles. We especially focus on the key role of dryness (atmospheric dryness and terrestrial water availability) on carbon uptake, as well as the predicted impact of rising carbon dioxide on the water cycle. Challenges related to this coupling and the necessity to constrain it based on observations are finally discussed.
Sensitivity of grain yields to historical climate variability in India
Authors: Davis Kyle Frankel , Chhatre Ashwini , Rao Narasimha D , Singh Deepti , DeFries Ruth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Fluctuations in temperature and precipitation influence crop productivity across the planet. With episodes of extreme climate becoming increasingly frequent, buffering crop production against these stresses is a critical aspect of climate adaptation. In India, where grain production and diets are closely linked, national food supply is sensitive to the effect of climate variability on monsoon grain production. Here we quantitatively examine the historical (1966–2011) relationship between interannual variations in temperature and rainfall and rainfed yield variability for five monsoon crops—rice and four alternative grains (finger millet, maize, pearl millet, and sorghum). Compared to rice, we find that alternative grains are significantly less sensitive to climate variation and generally experience smaller declines in yield under climate extremes. However, maximizing harvested area allocations to coarse grains (i.e. holding maize production constant) reduced grain production by 12.0 Mtonnes (−17.2%) under drought conditions and 12.8 Mtonnes (−18.0%) during non-drought years (non-drought). Increasing the harvested area allocated to all alternative grains (i.e. including maize) can enhance production by +39.6% (drought) and by +37.0% (non-drought). These alternative grains therefore offer promise for reducing variations in Indian grain production in response to climate shocks, but avoiding grain production shortfalls from increased alternative grains will require yield improvements that do not compromise their superior climate resilience.
Detection of The Red Sea Bream Iridovirus (RSIVD) and Quality of Frozen Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Imported Through the Port of Tanjung Mas Semarang
Authors: Novitasari A D , Desrina  , Agustini T W 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The imported frozen fish and fishery products can be a carrier of transboundary fish pathogen that subsequently may cause serious threat to the natural fish inhabitants, sustainability of aquaculture, human health and fisheries business in general. One of the transboundary fish diseases is Red Sea Bream Iridovirus Disease (RSIVD) caused by RSIV. The virus has been reported occurred in many countries that has active trading of fish and fisheries product with Indonesia such as Japan Cina, Taipei, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. In the last four years, whole frozen mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is the most imported fisheries commodity through Tanjung Emas Port. The objective of this study were to detect the presence of RSIV using PCR method according to OIE and quality as food fish for human consumption by examining for Organoleptic test, TPC, E. coli, histamine test, and the presence of parasites Anisakis sp. according to Indonesian national standard (SNI). Fish samples (25 fishes/entries) were obtained by random sampling of 10 importing entries. Results showed that there was no RSIV detected. The results of quality testing include organoleptic test, TPC, E. coli, histamine meet the SNI standard of raw fish quality. Anisakis sp. was found with the prevalence between 12 - 100%. There is one import entry that does not meet the requirements of the minimum value of organoleptic and TPC values so that it does not meet the quality standards of raw materials.
Environmental Study on Phytoplankton in Garang Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia and Its Water Quality
Authors: Ujianti R M D , Anggoro S , Bambang A N , Purwanti F , Androva A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Phytoplankton can be used as an indicator for water environment quality in the watershed area. This research was conducted in Garang Watershed, Central Java, Indonesia. The aims of this research are to study the environmental assessment of Garang Watershed Central Java, Indonesia using phytoplankton diversity and their relationship to water quality. Sampling location was determined based on the Governor Regulation of Central Java Provincial No. 156/2010 about the segmentation of Garang Watershed. Plankton Net No.25 was used for collecting phytoplankton in Garang Watershed. Phytoplankton density ranged from 13 to 53 ind/L. The number of species in the range of 4-8. Diversity index in the range 1.07-2.06. The result of diversity index shown that this rivers is lightly polluted. Phytoplankton stabilization was moderate while phytoplankton evenness was spread. Water quality index in this research are: Phosphate, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonia and Fe.
A micro-fabricated in vitro complex neuronal circuit platform
Authors: Kamudzandu M , Köse-Dunn M , Evans M G , Fricker R A , Roach P 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Developments in micro-manufacture as well as biofabrication technologies are driving our ability to create complex tissue models such as ‘organ-on-a-chip’ devices. The complexity of neural tissue, however, requires precisely specific cellular connectivity across many neuronal populations, and thus there have been limited reports of complex ‘brain-on-a-chip’ technologies modelling specific cellular circuit function. Here we describe the development of a model of in vitro brain circuitry designed to accurately reproduce part of the complex circuitry involved in neurodegenerative diseases; using segregated co-culture of specific basal ganglia (BG) neuronal subtypes to model central nervous system circuitry. Lithographic methods and chemical modification were used to form structured micro-channels, which were populated by specifically cultured neuronal sub-types to represent parts of the inter-communicating neural circuit. Cell morphological assessment and immunostaining showed connectivity, which was supported by electrophysiology measurements. Electrical activity of cells was measured using patch-clamp, showing voltage dependant Na+ and K+ currents, and blocking of Na+ current by TTX, and calcium imaging showing TTX-sensitive slow Ca2+ oscillations resulting from action potentials. Monitoring cells across connected ports post-TTX addition demonstrated both upstream and downstream changes in activity, indicating network connectivity. The model developed herein provides a platform technology that could be used to better understand neurological function and dysfunction, contributing to a growing urgency for better treatments of neurodegenerative disease. We anticipate the use of this advancing technology for the assessment of pharmaceutical and cellular therapies as a means of pre-clinical assessment, and further for the advancement of neural engineering approaches for tissue engineering.
The Prognosis of Stage IA Mixed Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Li Wenhui , Li Lei , Wu Ming , Lang Jinghe , Bi Yalan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the survival and definition of stage IA mixed endometrial carcinoma.MethodsFrom June 1, 2010, to June 1, 2017, cases with stage IA endometrial cancer were included in this study. The survival outcomes were compared among patients with endometrioid (group A), nonendometrioid (group B), and mixed subtypes (group C) and among patients with different proportions of nonendometrioid components (<5%, >50%, and others).ResultsIn total, 890 cases were included, comprising 808 (90.8%), 33 (3.7%), and 47 (5.3%) cases in groups A, B, and C, respectively. After a median follow-up of 55.9 months, groups B and C had significantly more inferior disease-free survival, overall survival, and cancer-specific overall survival. Patients with a nonendometrioid proportion of more than 50% and serous subtype also had a significantly more inferior prognosis. Adjuvant therapy could improve the prognosis in mixed endometrial carcinomas.ConclusionsPatients with endometrial cancer of mixed subtypes had inferior survival outcomes.
Utility of the 5-Minute Apgar Score as a Research Endpoint
Authors: Bovbjerg Marit L , Dissanayake Mekhala V , Cheyney Melissa , Brown Jennifer , Snowden Jonathan M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough Apgar scores are commonly used as proxy outcomes, little evidence exists in support of the most common cutpoints (<7, <4). We used 2 data sets to explore this issue: one contained planned community births from across the United States (n = 52,877; 2012–2016), and the other contained hospital births from California (n = 428,877; 2010). We treated 5-minute Apgars as clinical “tests,” compared against 18 known outcomes; we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for each. We used 3 different criteria to determine optimal cutpoints. Results were very consistent across data sets, outcomes, and all subgroups: The cutpoint that maximizes the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity is universally <9. However, extremely low positive predictive values for all outcomes at <9 indicate more misclassification than is acceptable for research. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (which treat Apgars as quasicontinuous) were generally indicative of adequate discrimination between infants destined to experience poor outcomes and those not; comparing median Apgars between groups might be an analytical alternative to dichotomizing. Nonetheless, because Apgar scores are not clearly on any causal pathway of interest, we discourage researchers from using them unless the motivation for doing so is clear.
Ethnic Differences in Nighttime Melatonin and Nighttime Blood Pressure: A Study in European Americans and African Americans
Authors: Jeong Jinhee , Zhu Haidong , Harris Ryan A , Dong Yanbin , Su Shaoyong , Tingen Martha S , Kapuku Gaston , Pollock Jennifer S , Pollock David M , Harshfield Gregory A , Wang Xiaoling 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ethnic differences in nighttime blood pressure (BP) have long been documented with African Americans (AAs) having higher BP than European Americans (EAs). At present, lower nighttime melatonin, a key regulator of circadian rhythms, has been associated with higher nighttime BP levels in EAs. This study sought to test the hypothesis that AAs have lower nighttime melatonin secretion compared with EAs. We also determined if this ethnic difference in melatonin could partially explain the ethnic difference in nighttime BP.

METHODS
A total of 150 young adults (71 AA; 46% females; mean age: 27.7 years) enrolled in the Georgia Stress and Heart study provided an overnight urine sample for the measurement of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, a major metabolite of melatonin. Urine melatonin excretion (UME) was calculated as the ratio between 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration and creatinine concentration. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP was assessed and nighttime systolic BP (SBP) was used as a major index of BP regulation.

RESULTS
After adjustment of age, sex, body mass index, and smoking, AAs had significantly lower UME (P = 0.002) and higher nighttime SBP than EAs (P = 0.036). Lower UME was significantly associated with higher nighttime SBP and this relationship did not depend on ethnicity. The ethnicity difference in nighttime SBP was significantly attenuated after adding UME into the model (P = 0.163).

CONCLUSION
This study is the first to document the ethnic difference in nighttime melatonin excretion, demonstrating that AAs have lower melatonin secretion compared with EAs. Furthermore, the ethnic difference in nighttime melatonin can partially account for the established ethnic difference in nighttime SBP.
Whole genomes: the holy grail. A commentary on: ‘Molecular phylogenomics of the tribe Shoreeae (Dipterocarpaceae) using whole plastidgenomes’
Authors: Olmstead Richard G , Bedoya Ana M 
Published: May 2019

This article comments on:
Jacqueline Heckenhauer, Ovidiu Paun, Mark W. Chase, Peter S. Ashton, A.S. Kamariah and Rosabelle Samuel. 2019. Molecular phylogenomics of the tribe Shoreeae (Dipterocarpaceae) using whole plastid genomes. Annals of Botany 123(5): 857–865.
Phenotypic integration and life history strategies among populations of Pinus halepensis: an insight through structural equation modelling
Authors: Santini Filippo , Climent José M , Voltas Jordi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsUnderstanding inter-population variation in the allocation of resources to specific anatomical compartments and physiological processes is crucial to disentangle adaptive patterns in forest species. This work aims to evaluate phenotypic integration and trade-offs among functional traits as determinants of life history strategies in populations of a circum-Mediterranean pine that dwells in environments where water and other resources are in limited supply.MethodsAdult individuals of 51 populations of Pinus halepensis grown in a common garden were characterized for 11 phenotypic traits, including direct and indirect measures of water uptake at different depths, leaf area, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, non-structural carbohydrates, stem diameter and tree height, age at first reproduction and cone production. The population differentiation in these traits was tested through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The resulting populations’ means were carried forward to a structural equation model evaluating phenotypic integration between six latent variables (summer water uptake depth, summer transpiration, spring photosynthetic capacity, growth, reserve accumulation and reproduction).Key ResultsWater uptake depth and transpiration covaried negatively among populations, as the likely result of a common selective pressure for drought resistance, while spring photosynthetic capacity was lower in populations originating from dry areas. Transpiration positively influenced growth, while growth was negatively related to reproduction and reserves among populations. Water uptake depth negatively influenced reproduction.ConclusionsThe observed patterns indicate a differentiation in life cycle features between fast-growing and slow-growing populations, with the latter investing significantly more in reproduction and reserves. We speculate that such contrasting strategies result from different arrays of life history traits underlying the very different ecological conditions that the Aleppo pine must face across its distribution range. These comprise, principally, drought as the main stressor and fire as the main ecological disturbance of the Mediterranean basin.