bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Irritation Potential Caused by Anionic Surfactants in the Use of Various Forms of Collagen Derived from Marine Sources in Cosmetics for Children
Authors: Klimaszewska Emilia , Seweryn Artur , Ogorzałek Marta , Nizioł-Łukaszewska Zofia , Wasilewski Tomasz 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSurfactants, which are the basic ingredients in washing cosmetics, can cause skin irritation. In the case of washing cosmetics intended for children, it is necessary to select the composition in such a way as to ensure maximum reduction or even elimination of the irritant effect of the final product. The paper attempts to improve the safety of bath cosmetics for children by introducing: collagen amino acids (150 Da), hydrolysed collagen (12000 Da) and soluble collagen (300 000 Da). Zein value, bovine albumin, and human keratinocyte cell line studies have shown a significant decrease in the irritant potential of the compositions following the introduction of the proposed additives, which is more pronounced with the increase in the molecular weight of marine collagen. An important part of this work is a mechanism proposed by the authors, according to which the addition of the proposed additives can increase safety of the application of cosmetics for children.
Synthesis and Properties of 9,10-Dihydroxystearic Acid Ethoxylate
Authors: Zhang Lu , Sun Yongqiang , Di Serio Martino , Zhou Jingjie , Ding Lirong , Zhang Yong , Liang Huibin , Wu Huaping , Sun Jinyuan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, oleic acid was used as raw material to synthesize 9,10-di-hydroxystearic acid (DHSA), which contains two hydroxyl groups and one carboxyl group. DHSA was reacted with ethylene oxide (EO) to obtain a new surfactant category that is characterized by the presence of 3 hydrophilic chains: 9,10-di-hydroxystearic acid ethoxylates (DHSAE-n, n = 10, 12, 15, 18, 20 EO). FT-IR and 1H NMR were used to characterize the molecular structure of DHSAE-n. The surface activity, adsorption and aggregation behavior in aqueous solution have been investigated by static surface tension, dynamic surface tension, contact angle and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the application properties (wettability, emulsification, foamability and decontamination) of DHSAE-n have been systematically studied.
Cracking of Aluminum Alloy Aircraft Undercarriage Forgings
Authors: Edwards J.O. , Pollard W.A. , Sebisty J.J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Two complete aircraft undercarriage-leg 2014 aluminum alloy forgings and a number of sectional ends that exhibited cracks during nondestructive testing were examined to determine the extent of damage and the type of cracking. Cracks were primarily confined to the diaphragm and adjoining wall between the steel sleeve and the steel diaphragm washer. Metallographic analysis and accelerated corrosion tests showed that the cracks had originated as stress-corrosion failures.
Engine Accessory Angle Drive Gear Failure
Authors: Lamb S.R. , Clark G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The failure of an ATAR engine accessory angle drive gear assembly caused an engine flame-out in a Mirage III aircraft of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) during a landing. Stripping of the engine revealed that the bevel gear locating splines (16 NCD 13) had failed. Visual and low-power microscope examination of the spline of the shaft showed evidence of fretting wear debris; similar wear was observed on the splines of the mating bevel gear. It was concluded that the splines had failed by severe fretting wear. Fretting damage was also observed on the shaft face adjacent to the splines and on the bevel gear abutment shoulder. Additional tests included a metrological inspection of the shaft, bevel gear and support ring; metallographic examination of a section from the shaft; chemical analysis of the shaft material (16 NCD 13); and hardness testing of a sample of the yoke material. The wear had been caused by incorrect machining of the shaft splines, which prevented the bevel gear nut from locating correctly against the gear.
Fatigue Fracture of a C130 Aircraft Main Landing Gear Wheel Flange
Authors: Panontin Tina L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A piece of wheel flange separated from the main landing gear wheel of a C130 aircraft as it taxied on a runway. The wheel was a 2014-T61 aluminum alloy forging and had been in service nearly 20 years. Fractographic evidence indicated that the initial crack growth was caused by high-cycle fatigue. The crack grew to approximately 8 in. in length before final catastrophic fracture. Fatigue analyses accurately predicted the cyclic life demonstrated by the failed wheel since its last inspection, assuming an initial crack length of 13 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1.0 in.). It was recommended that the inspection interval be reduced to one-third of its original duration for the current level of inspection reliability, or that inspection procedures be improved in order that cracks substantially smaller than 13 mm (0.5 in.) can be reliably detected.
Hydrogen-Assisted Fracture of a 17-4PH Airplane Wing Component
Authors: Meyn Dale A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cracks were discovered in the cast 17-4 PH stainless steel outboard leading edge flap support of an aircraft wing during overhaul inspection. Failure analysis focused on an apparently intergranular area of fracture surface. It was determined that the original mode of crack growth was cleavage, probably caused by cast-in hydrogen. The intergranular appearance resulted from heat treatment of the already cracked part, which caused the formation of grain-boundary “growth figures” on the exposed crack surfaces. It was recommended that the castings be more closely inspected for defects before further processing and that foundry practices be reviewed to correct deficiencies leading to excessive hydrogen absorption during melting and casting.
Mode III Fatigue Crack Growth Following the Curvature of the Heat-Affected Zone of a Type 321 Stainless Steel Spot Weld
Authors: Neff Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Several AISI type 321 stainless steel welded oil tank assemblies used on helicopter engine systems began to leak in service. One failure, a fracture on the aft side of a spot weld, was submitted for analysis. SEM fractography examination revealed fatigue failure. The failure initiated at an overload fracture near the root of the weld and was followed by mode III fatigue crack propagation (tearing) around the periphery of the weld. The initial overload fracture was caused by a high external load, which produced a concentrated stress and fracture at the weld root. The subsequent fatigue fracture was caused by engine vibrations during operation of the aircraft. Fracture characteristics indicated that the fatigue would not have occurred if the initial damage had not taken place.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a High-Strength Steel Frame in a Fighter Aircraft
Authors: White Tommy N. , Kantimathi Sam 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cracks were discovered between interference-fit fasteners (MoS2-coated Ti-6Al-4V) that had been incorporated into a fighter aircraft primary structural frame (D6ac steel) to enhance structural fatigue life. Examination of sections cut from the cracked frame established that the cracks propagated by stress-corrosion cracking. The cause of cracking was twofold: use of interference-fit fasteners exposed to moisture intrusion from a marine environment and poor hole quality. Failure was intensified by dissimilar-metal contact in the presence of weak acidic electrolyte (dissociated MoS2). Control of machining parameters to prevent formation of brittle martensite, use of galvanically compatible fasteners, and use of an alternate lubricant were recommended.
Examination of Broken Lamp Filaments Following a Rear-End Vehicular Collision
Authors: Johnson Alan A. , Lattimer Chauncey A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A 1984 Chevrolet Blazer was being pushed by three youths after it ran out of gas when it was hit from behind by a 1979 Mercury Cougar. One of the youths was crushed between the two vehicles and killed. Optical microscopy was used to examine the tungsten filaments from the headlamps of the Cougar and from the four signal/emergency/parking lights of the Blazer to determine whether the vehicles lights were in use at the time of the accident. Based on degree of distension and brittle fragmentation, it was determined that the low-beam headlights of the Cougar and the parking lights of the Blazer were on at the time of the collision.
Fatigue Failure of a Steering Spindle on a Tricycle Agricultural Field Chemical Applicator
Authors: Orr Dean E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The 4140 steel steering spindle on a tricycle agricultural field chemical applicator failed, causing the loss of the front wheel and overturn of the vehicle. The spindle was a solid 120 mm (4.75 in.) diam forging. It had been machined to 115 mm (4.5 in.) in diameter to fit tightly inside a collar at one point and to 90 mm (3.5 in.) for attachment to the steering mechanism at another. Visual examination showed that the spindle fractured at the fillet welds that attached it to the collar. Macrofractography and metallography revealed that the failure initiated at the root of a weld that bridged a wide gap. The most probable cause of failure was improper preheat during welding.
Failure of Brass Heat Exchanger Tubes
Authors: Sebrão M.Z. , Serra E.T. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A failure analysis was conducted on brass alloy 270 heat exchanger tubes that were pulled from a unit used to cool oil for the speed regulators and thrust bearings of a hydroelectric power plant. The tubes began to leak after approximately 5.5 years of service. Macrophotography and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine samples from the tubes. An energy-dispersive electron microprobe analysis was carried out to evaluate the zinc distribution. Results showed that the failure was due to dezincification. Replacement of the tubes with new tubes fabricated from a dezincification-resistant alloy was recommended.
Hydrotest Failure of a Carbon Steel Pressure Vessel
Authors: Warke William R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A carbon steel (ASTM A515 grade 70) pressure vessel failed by brittle fracture while being hydro tested in the fabricating shop. The fracture origin was a small crack at a welding arc strike associated with the toe of a nozzle weld. A fracture mechanics calculation indicated that this imperfection, although small, initiated fracture because of the local geometry and stress conditions and the low toughness of the steel. It was recommended that (1) the probability of flaws be reduced by welding over or grinding out arc strikes, (2) the local stresses be lowered by post weld stress relief and improved weld toe geometry, and (3) toughness be improved by specifying fine-grain steel and/ or by normalizing.
Catastrophic Failure of an 1830 mm (72 in.) Diam Spiral-Welded Water Line
Authors: Jones W.F. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The repeated failure of a welded ASTM A283 grade D pipe that was part of a 6 km (4 mi) line drawing and conducting river water to a water treatment plant was investigated. Failure analysis was conducted on sections of pipe from the third failure. Visual, macrofractographic, SEM fractographic, metallographic, chemical, and mechanical property (tension and impact toughness) analyses were conducted. On the basis of the tests and observations, it was concluded that the failure was the combined result of poor notch toughness (impact) properties of the steel, high stresses in the joint area, a possible stress raiser at the intersection of the spiral weld and girth weld, and sudden impact loading, probably due to water hammer. Use of a semi- or fully killed steel with a minimum Charpy V-notch impact value of 20 J (15 ft·lbf) at 0 deg C (32 deg F) was recommended for future water lines. Certified test results from the steel mill, procedure qualification tests of the welding, and design changes to reduce water hammer were also recommended.
Field Replication of Stress-Corrosion Cracking in a Type 316 Stainless Pressure Vessel
Authors: Aaker Gordon , Agosta Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Field metallography and replication were performed on a type 316 stainless steel column in diglycol amine vacuum service to determine the cause of visible OD pitting on the column in several areas above the insulation support rings. The examination revealed transgranular stress-corrosion cracking beneath the pitted areas on the OD. The likely cause of the cracking was chloride stress corrosion, with chlorides deriving from the marine atmosphere and concentrating under the insulation around the support rings. A complete insulation evaluation, including repair or replacement, was recommended to prevent chloride buildup. Painting of the steel surface with an epoxy-phenolic or epoxy-coal tar was also suggested.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a Teflon-Lined Steel Pipe in Sulfuric Acid Service
Authors: Colwell Richard L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A flanged 100 mm (4 in.) diam low-carbon steel spool piece lined with Teflon was removed from a sulfuric acid denitrification system after cracks were observed in the painted coating. Visual and microstructural examination along with SEM fractography revealed scaled iron oxides on all opened crack surfaces. The surfaces had a faceted morphology, indicating intergranular fracture. Cracks originated at the interface between the tube and the Teflon liner Corrosion products were found caked into the intergranular region between the liner and the spool. The portion of the liner that had been exposed to the process stream was discolored. Failure of the spool was attributed to stress-corrosion cracking promoted by the presence of nitrates. Nitric acid contaminant in the sulfuric acid stream had diffused through the liner and accumulated in the annular space. Use of a liner that is more impermeable to the diffusion of ionic species was recommended.
Failure of a Yoke Body of Master Slave Manipulator Due to Casting Defect
Authors: Kasiviswanathan K.V. , Muralidharan N.G. , Raj Baldev 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A cast housing, part of a multi-shaft yoking mechanism, failed during assembly and installation of the equipment in which it was to be used. The housing, or yoke body, was cast from AISI 420 grade ferritic stainless steel. Analysis revealed that the failure was caused by the presence of shrinkage cavities, which lowered the load-bearing capability. The failure occurred at the location where there was an abrupt change in the section thickness. A redesign to provide a smooth contour at the section junction was recommended along with optimization of casting parameters to avoid shrinkage cavities.
Gear Failure of a Pressurized Heavy-Water Reactor Refueling Machine
Authors: Lorio Antonio F. , Crespi Juan C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A gear belonging to a pressurized heavy-water reactor refueling machine failed after 10 years in service. The material specified for the gear was a type C90700 bronze. Macroscopic examination focused on three gear teeth that had fractured completely at the roots, and fracture zones were examined using SEM microscopy. Failure of the gears was attributed to heavy wear resulting from misalignment. A lack of adequate lubrication was also noted. Periodic alignment adjustment and lubrication were recommended.
Corrosion Failure of Four Pump Impellers
Authors: Tanner G. Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Copper alloy (C83600) impellers from two different feed pumps that supplied water to a 2-year-old boiler failed repeatedly. Examination by various methods indicated that the failures were caused by sulfide attack that concentrated in shrinkage voids in the castings. Two alternatives to prevent future failures were recommended: changing the impeller composition to a cast stainless steel, or implementing stricter nondestructive evaluation requirements for copper alloy castings.
Hot Cracking of a Pump Impeller From a Nuclear Plant
Authors: Czajkowski Carl J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Liquid penetrant inspection of an ASTM A296 grade CA-15 residual heat removal pump impeller from a nuclear plant revealed a crack like indication that approximated the outer contour of the wear ring. Examination of a section containing the crack and three sections from near the main crack indication revealed that the failure was caused by hot cracking related to original weld repairs performed on the impeller casting.
Intergranular Cracking and Failure of Stainless Steel Vanes from a Closed, Riveted Impeller
Authors: Ebert Harry E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Two Z-shape impeller vanes failed. The vane material was 14-hard type 301 stainless steel. The vanes were of two-piece construction, with a longitudinal weld. Analyses indicated that the vanes had not been solution annealed after welding, leaving the heat-affected zone above the welds in a highly sensitized state. The sensitized material lost corrosion resistance, became embrittled along the grain boundaries, and finally failed by intergranular cracking. Use of type 410 martensitic stainless steel was recommended.
Failure Analysis of a Cast Steel Crosshead
Authors: Chaudhari Mohan D. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A failed crosshead of an industrial compressor was examined using optical and scanning electron microscope. The crosshead was an ASTM A148 grade 105-85 steel casting. On the basis of the observations reported and available background information, it was concluded that the failure began with the initiation of cracks at slag inclusions and sharp fillets in weld-repair areas in the casting. The weld-repair procedures were unsatisfactory. The cracks propagated in a fatigue mode. he casting quality was judged unacceptable because of the presence of excessive shrinkage porosity. It was recommended that crosshead castings be properly inspected before machining. Revision of foundry practice to reduce or eliminate porosity was also recommended.
Surface Damage on a Transfer Gear Shaft
Authors: D'Antonio Carmine 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An AISI 4320 H transfer gear shaft that was part of a transmission sustained severe surface damage after 12 h of dynamometer testing at various gearing and torque loads. The damage was characterized by generalized wear and spalling. Examination of a cross section of the shaft that intersected undamaged, burnished, and surface-spalled zones revealed no anomalies in the chemistry, microstructure, or hardness that could have caused the damage. The physical evidence suggested that the operable mechanism was contact fatigue caused by misalignment of the shaft in the assembly.
Failure of a Stud From a Boiler Manhole
Authors: Wellington K.G. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A stud that was part of a man hole cover on an old steam boiler broke when it was dropped. The boiler was more than 100 years old, but still performed satisfactorily when fired up at regular intervals. Chemical analysis showed the steel to be a low-carbon EN2 type. Microstructural examination indicated brittle fracture caused by strain aging. Replacement of all studs on the man hole cover and examination of the boiler steel in other places were recommended.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Failure of Socket Head Cap Screws
Authors: Tanner G. Mark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Several cadmium-plated carbon steel socket head cap screws that were part of a slide valve assembly on a regenerator line in a petrochemical plant failed during initial loading. Metallographic and XDS chemical analysis in conjunction with SEM examination of one failed and one unfailed cap screw indicated that the screws had failed by hydrogen embrittlement. The plating process was the likely source of the hydrogen. It was recommended that the remainder of the cap screws from the same lot as the failed screws be baked at approximately 190 deg C (375 deg F) for 24 h.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of a Ship Propeller Tap Bolt
Authors: Thomson R. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An aluminum bronze propeller tap bolt from a twin-screw vessel fractured just below the bolt head. Liquid penetrant testing revealed a large network of cracks that extended radially from sites in and just below the bolthead. Metallographic analysis indicated that the tap bolt failed by stress-corrosion cracking. It was surmised that seawater or some other corrosive substance was present in sufficient quantity to induce intergranular cracking at regions of high stress concentration. It was recommended that all tap bolts be replaced with new bolts made from an alloy with a higher copper content and at least the same yield strength. Steps to exclude seawater and any possible source of ammonia from the bolt shank were also suggested.
Failure of a Heat-Resistant Sinter Belt
Authors: Dunning Ronald Jeffrey 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A Nicrofer 3718 sinter belt used in a sinter furnace operated at 965 deg C (1770 deg F) for the curing of nickel briquettes stretched and fractured after only 6 months in service. Macrofractographic, metallographic, and chemical analyses of several broken links of the woven belt and an unused section of new wire showed that the fracture resulted from sulfur attack and overheating during service. It was recommended that the sinter belt material be changed to Nicrofer 3220-H (alloy 800H).
High-Temperature Failure by Perforation of Incoloy 800H Pigtails in Reformer Furnaces
Authors: Monteiro Sergio N. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The curved parts of exit pigtails made of wrought Incoloy 800H tubing used in steam reforming furnaces failed by performance after a period of service shorter than that predicted by the designers. Examination of a set of tubes consisting of both curved (perforated) and straight parts revealed that the cracks initiated at the outer surface by a combined mechanism of creep and intergranular embrittlement. A smaller grain size resulting from cold bending fabrication procedures for the curved parts was responsible for accelerating the embrittlement. It was recommended that hot bending be used for fabrication of the curved parts. A change of alloy to a low-alloy chromium-molybdenum allay to protect against heat was also suggested.
Hot Corrosion of Stainless Steel Grate Bars in Taconite Indurators
Authors: Mohanty Bani P. , Shores David A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Grate bars in the traveling grate indurators in several taconite processing units suffered excessive corrosion following a conversion from acid to fluxed pellet production procedures. The campaign life of the HH grade cast stainless steel bars was reduced from more than 7 years to approximately 9 months. Several corroded grate bars were examined metallographically and by electron microscopy to determine the causes of the accelerated corrosion. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses were also conducted, along with simulation tests to assess the role of alkali chlorides in the corrosion process. The basic cause of degradation was found to be hot corrosion caused by the deposition of alkali sulfates and chlorides. However this degradation may have been aggravated by thermal cycling and abrasion. The source of the salt was impurities in the flux. Two potential solutions were proposed: modification of the processing parameters to reduce the salt deposition and / or change of bar materials to a more resistant alloy.