bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chrysophanol: a review of its pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Xie Long , Tang Hailong , Song Jiawen , Long Jiaying , Zhang Linlin , Li Xiaofang 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Chrysophanol is a natural anthraquinone, also known as chrysophanic acid and 1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-anthraquinone. It has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical fields. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacology, toxicity and pharmacokinetic researches of chrysophanol.

Key finding
Information on chrysophanol was collected from the Internet database PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library and Europe PM using a combination of keywords including ‘pharmacology’, ‘toxicology’ and ‘pharmacokinetics’. The literature we collected included from January 2010 to June 2019. Chrysophanol has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antioxidation, neuroprotection, antibacterial and antiviral, and regulating blood lipids. However, chrysophanol has obvious hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and pharmacokinetics indicate that the use of chrysophanol in combination with other drugs can reduce toxicity and enhance efficacy.

Summary
Chrysophanol can be used in many diseases. Future research directions include how the concentration of chrysophanol affects pharmacological effects and toxicity; the mechanism of synergy between chrysophanol and other drugs.
Morphine contributed to the deterioration of cancer via miR-543/MARCKS/FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway
Authors: Luo Jianghui , Chen Yiding , Xu Yiquan , Tang Miaomiao , Zhang Xudong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
It has been confirmed that morphine was detrimental to patients with cancers. Hence, we aimed to reveal a certain mechanism of morphine in cancer development.

Methods
Microarray and GSEA analysis were utilized to seek for differently expressed genes and pathway.

Key findings
Bioinformatics analysis identified that downregulation of MARCKS and upregulation of miR-543 in samples treated with morphine. FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway was illustrated to be upregulated in the control. PANC-1 and DU145 cell viability was increased but apoptosis was declined as morphine concentration went up from 10−8 to 10−6 mol/l. On the other curve, the viability was reduced and apoptosis was elevated from 10−6 to 10−5 mol/l. The expression of miR-543 ran the same trend as cell viability. Assays in vivo and in vitro validated that miR-543 facilitated cell viability, tumour growth, levels of CA199 and PSA, whereas inhibited apoptosis. MARCKS could target and inhibit miR-543 expression, which exhibited an opposite effect on cancer progression. MiR-543 blocked but MARCKS activated FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway.

Conclusions
Morphine at 10−6 mol/l could benefit miR-543 expression to inhibit MARCKS expression, consequently, blocking FcγR-mediated phagocytosis pathway, which contributed to the cancer progression in vitro and in vivo.
Continuous and pulse‐feeding application of multispecies probiotic bacteria in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Kesselring Jutta C. , Gruber Christina , Standen Benedict , Wein Silvia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProbiotic bacteria are known to support the gut health of shrimp and thereby improve performance and production efficiency. Among other factors, the timing of probiotic application is of importance. Thus, this experiment (12‐week feeding trial followed by intramuscular Vibrio challenge) aimed to compare the effects of a multispecies probiotic feed supplement (AquaStar® Growout, 3 g/kg feed) in a continuous application with three different alternating application protocols on growth performance and immune parameters in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Juvenile shrimp were stocked in a recirculating aquaculture system at a density of 15 shrimp/100 L and were fed an appropriate commercial diet throughout the whole trial. Tanks were randomly assigned to the treatments, and shrimp were fed one of the following five experimental treatments: T1: no probiotics (control), T2: probiotics continuously, T3: alternating 1 week probiotics, 1 week control, T4: alternating 2 weeks probiotics, 2 weeks control, or T5: alternating 2 weeks probiotics, 1 week control. While any AquaStar® Growout application significantly improved growth performance, only continuous application delayed mortality after the Vibrio challenge. Results suggest that the beneficial effects were most pronounced when AquaStar® Growout was fed either continuously or according to the T5 treatment.
Optimizing Second Language Practice in the Classroom: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology
Authors: SUZUKI YUICHI , NAKATA TATSUYA , DEKEYSER ROBERT 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis introduction to the special issue provides an overview of the role of practice in a second language (L2) from both pedagogical and theoretical perspectives. The following 5 areas of research are identified for studying L2 practice from cognitive psychology perspectives: (a) the type of practice (retrieval practice, corrective feedback, modality), (b) distribution of practice, (c) schedule of practice (blocking and interleaving effects), (d) individual difference factors (aptitude–treatment interaction), and (e) effects of practice on learning trajectories and outcomes. This special issue sets a research agenda toward better understanding the learning processes and resulting knowledge through practice. That research can inform teachers about how they can optimize L2 teaching and learning for a variety of learners across different classroom contexts.
Microphthalmia and linear skin defects syndrome: Precise diagnosis guides prognosis
Authors: Satcher Kerrie G. , Maegawa Gustavo H. B. , Schoch Jennifer J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMicrophthalmia and linear skin defects syndrome (MLS) is a rare X‐linked dominant disorder characterized by microphthalmia and linear atrophic plaques of the face and neck. The diagnosis of MLS can be challenging secondary to both its rarity and to clinical overlap with Goltz syndrome. Whereas the skin lesions of MLS are more likely to improve in appearance with age, the lesions of Goltz are typically persistent.
Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy and laser irradiation as an adjunct to open flap debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Akram Zohaib , Shafqat Syed Saad , Niaz Muhammad Omar , Raza Anam , Naseem Mustafa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analyses was to assess the quality of evidence and efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and laser irradiation (LI) as an adjunct to open flap debridement (OFD) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.MethodsElectronic searches were conducted in databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register databases) up to March 2019. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing clinical efficacy of either aPDT and/or LI, placebo, or no treatment were included. Primary outcomes included clinical attachment level (CAL), while secondary outcomes were reduction in probing depth (PD) and gingival recession (GR) depth. The weighted mean differences (WMD) of outcomes and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each variable were calculated using random effect model.ResultsSix RCTs were included. For aPDT studies, the overall mean difference for CAL gain (WMD = −0.61, 95% CI = −1.22 to −0.016, P = .044) and PD reduction (WMD = −1.79, 95% CI = −3.44 to −0.14, P = .034) was significant between aPDT and OFD groups at follow‐up. No significant overall mean difference was observed for GR depth (WMD = 0.02, 95% CI = −0.75 to 0.79, P = .95). For LI studies, none of the clinical periodontal parameters including CAL gain (WMD = 0.23, 95% CI = −0.09 to 0.55, P = .159, Figure 3A), PD reduction (WMD = 0.31, 95% CI = −0.67 to 1.31, P = .52, Figure 3B) and GR depth (WMD = −0.34, 95% CI = −2.47 to 1.78, P = .74, Figure 3C) were found to be significant between LI and OFD groups at follow‐up.ConclusionWith the limited data available, only aPDT as an adjunct to OFD showed superior results for clinical periodontal parameters compared to OFD alone in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Further RCTs are warranted in order to obtain robust conclusions with regard to laser therapy.
‘Womanhood and weakness’: Elizabeth I, James I and propaganda strategy
Authors: Shorland Sophie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExploring popular early modern associations between ‘womanhood and weakness’, this article explores Elizabeth’s engagement with gender as a propaganda strategy, using her speeches as examples of public engagement that stretch well beyond their original audience. Rather than framing womanhood and weakness as an issue to be overcome, in adopting a discourse‐based propaganda strategy, Elizabeth used gender to her own advantage in three ways. Firstly, she used the female subject position to claim humility while deliberately controlling public discussion of certain issues, particularly the fraught subject of succession. Secondly, this subject position of humility enabled Elizabeth to frame herself as God’s instrument, performing His desires rather than her own. Such authority is much more difficult to question than any earthly ruler’s commands. Third and finally, Elizabeth used the posture of ‘womanhood and weakness’ to excuse an unpopularly defensive foreign policy, in contrast to the aggressive policy a man in her position must apparently have undertaken. This in turn created a propaganda problem for her successor James I, who largely continued Elizabeth’s foreign policies and so did not fulfil this phantom version of a male leader created by the Queen’s propaganda.
Rapid review: next generation of cord blood banks; transplantation and beyond
Authors: Querol Sergio , Samarkanova Dinara 
Published: August 2019

KEY IDEAS

Cord blood (CB) is a medicinal product of human origin with unique cellular properties such as the presence of multipotent stem cells, naive immune cells, and fetal blood components.
CB transplantation provides high rate of donor chimerism, and a good balance of graft‐versus‐host (GVH) and graft‐versus‐leukemia (GVL) effects.
Use of CB for transplantation has decreased in recent years as haplo‐identical stem cell transplants have achieved similar short‐term clinical outcomes. For most patients, however, the optimal stem cell source remains unclear.
CB inventories can be used as a starting material to develop new cellular medicines, and units with low cellular content can be converted to produce blood components like platelet‐rich plasma and red blood cell (RBC) units for special indications.
Cost‐effectiveness comparison of routine transfusion with restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies for surgical patients in China
Authors: Yu Xiaochu , Wang Zixing , Wang Yipeng , Huang Yuguang , Xin Shijie , Sun Hong , Zhang Xu , Wang Yaolei , Han Wei , Xue Fang , Wang Lei , Hu Yaoda , Xu Mei , Li Li , He Jiqun , Jiang Jingmei 
Published: August 2019

Background and ObjectivesA health industry standard recommending restrictive transfusion is to be in effect in China in April 2019. We aim to explore its potential economic and clinical impacts among surgical patients.Materials and MethodsA decision tree model was applied to compare cost‐effectiveness of current routine transfusion in China, a restrictive (transfusion at Hb < 8 g/dl or ischaemic symptoms) and a liberal (transfusion at Hb < 10 g/dl) strategy. Parameters were estimated from empirical data of 25 227 surgical inpatients aged ≥30 years in a multicenter study and supplemented by meta‐analysis when necessary. Results are shown for cardio‐cerebral‐vascular (CCV) surgery and non‐CCV (orthopaedics, general, thoracic) surgery separately.ResultsPer 10 000 patients in routine, restrictive, liberal transfusion scenarios, total spending (transfusion and length of stay related) was 7·67, 7·58 and 9·39 million CNY (1 CNY × 0.157 = 1 US dollar) for CCV surgery and 6·35, 6·70 and 8·09 million CNY for non‐CCV surgery; infectious and severe complications numbered 354, 290, and 290 (CCV) and 315, 286, and 330 (non‐CCV), respectively. Acceptability curves showed high probabilities for restrictive strategy to be cost‐effective across a wide range of willingness‐to‐pay values. Such findings were mostly consistent in sensitivity and subgroup analyses except for patients with cardiac problems.ConclusionWe showed strong rationale, succeeding previous findings only in cardiac or joint procedures, to comply with the new standard as restrictive transfusion has high potential to save blood, secure safety, and is cost‐effective for a wide spectrum of surgical patients. Experiences should be further summarized to pave the way towards individualized transfusion.
Prevalence and specificity of anti‐HLA antibodies in Indian patients – single‐centre data!
Authors: Mishra Vikash C. , Chandra Dinesh , Singh Parvind , Deshpande Trupti , Dorwal Pranav , Raina Vimarsh 
Published: August 2019

Background and ObjectivesTimely detection of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies plays a key part in transplant outcome. Conventionally, several cell‐based assays are available for detection of HLA antibodies upgrading to virtual crossmatch in which single‐antigen bead (SAB) assay is widely used for characterization of pre‐formed HLA donor‐specific antibodies (DSAs). The main objective here is to find the prevalence and specificity of anti‐HLA antibodies in Indian population using Luminex single‐antigen (LSA) bead assay.Materials and MethodsA total of 179 patients are included in the study for analysing anti‐HLA antibodies by Luminex bead assays that comprise a panel of beads coated with purified HLA antigens (both class I and class II).ResultsHLA‐A*24:02, HLA‐A*02:02, HLA‐B*15:02 and HLA‐B*27:08 and HLA‐C*07:01, HLA‐C*07:02 and HLA‐C*06:02 are frequently identified HLA antibodies against class I, whereas HLA‐DRB1*09:01, HLA‐DRB3*01:01, HLA‐DQA1*01:02, HLA‐DQB1*06:04, HLA‐DQA1*05:01, HLA‐DQB1*03:01, HLA‐DPA1*02:01, HLA‐DPB1*14:01, HLA‐DPA1*01:03 and HLA‐DPB1*18:01 are most common anti‐HLA antibodies against class II.ConclusionsTo conclude, this study helps to select the population‐specific best possible donor and hence improve transplant outcome to decrease risk of antibody‐mediated rejection.
Influence of fascicle strain and corticospinal excitability during eccentric contractions on force loss
Authors: Doguet Valentin , Nosaka Kazunori , Guével Arnaud , Ishimura Kazuhiro , Guilhem Gaël , Jubeau Marc 
Published: August 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Do neural and/or mechanical factors determine the extent of muscle damage induced by eccentric contractions?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The extent of muscle damage induced by eccentric contractions is related to both mechanical strain and corticospinal excitability measured at long muscle lengths during eccentric contractions.

AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether the mechanical and neural characteristics of maximal voluntary eccentric contractions would determine the extent of change in postexercise maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) torque and muscle soreness. Eleven men performed 10 sets of 15 isokinetic (45 deg s−1) maximal voluntary eccentric knee extensions. Knee‐extension torque and vastus lateralis fascicle length were assessed at sets 1, 5 and 9. Vastus lateralis motor evoked potential, maximal M wave (MEP/M) and the cortical silent period (CSP) were measured at 75 and 100 deg of knee flexion (0 deg = full extension) during contractions and were normalized to MEP/M (MEP/Mecc/iso) and CSP (CSPecc/iso) recorded during isometric MVC at each angle. The MVC torque and muscle soreness of the knee extensors were assessed before, 24, 48 and 96 h after the eccentric contractions. The extent of relative decrease in MVC torque at 24 h postexercise (r2 = 0.38) and peak muscle soreness (r2 = 0.69) were correlated (P < 0.05) with MEP/Mecc/iso measured at 100 deg, but not at 75 deg. The average torque on the descending limb of the torque–angle relationship (r2 = 0.16), fascicle elongation (r2 = 0.18) and CSPecc/iso at both 75 (r2 = 0.00) and 100 deg (r2 = 0.02) were not significantly correlated with the relative decrease in MVC torque. The relative decrease in MVC torque was best predicted by a combination of mean torque on the descending limb, fascicle elongation and MEP/Mecc/iso (R2 = 0.93). It is concluded that the extent of muscle damage based on the reduction in MVC torque is determined by mechanical strain and corticospinal excitability at long muscle lengths during maximal voluntary eccentric contractions.
Al/MWCNT Composite Layer Deposition on Aluminum Alloy Substrate by Selective Laser Melting and Flame Spray
Authors: Ardila-Rodríguez Laura Angélica , Medeiros Bruno Bellini , de Oliveira Aline Capella , Travessa Dilermando Nagle 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study compares two processing routes, selective laser melting (SLM) and flame spray (FS) to fabricate an Al/MWCNT composite layer over an aluminum alloy 6013 (AA6013) substrate. The final surface and cross section morphologies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). The effect of these processing routes on the multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Finally, the mechanical properties were evaluated by Vickers microhardness. The Raman bands corresponding to carbon were identified in the spectrum of both samples processed by SLM and FS. However, the Al4C3 formation was also identified in the latter. The Vickers microhardness results show an increase in the hardness values of the FS and SLM processed coatings of 44% and 9%, respectively, when compared with the AA6013 substrate.
Dynamics Modeling-Based Optimization of Process Parameters in Face Milling of Workpieces With Discontinuous Surfaces
Authors: Li Guilong , Du Shichang , Huang Delin , Zhao Chen , Deng Yafei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFace milling is widely used in machining processes, aimed at providing workpieces with high surface quality. The chatter generated in face milling could lead to tremendous damage to machine tools, poor machined surface quality, and loss of processing efficiency. Most related researches have been focused on the modeling of spindle dynamics and discretization algorithms for chatter prediction. However, few published articles have taken the geometric characteristics of workpieces into consideration, especially for workpieces with discontinuous surfaces in face milling, which leads to poor accuracy of chatter prediction as well as the waste of processing efficiency. To overcome this shortage, a novel dynamic model for the face milling process is built in this paper, considering the cutting insert engagement based on the geometric characteristics of the workpieces and the tool path. The stability lobe diagrams (SLDs) applicable to workpieces with discontinuous surfaces are constructed. A process parameter optimization model is developed to maximize the chatter-free processing efficiency of the face milling process. The sensitivity analysis is utilized to simplify the objective function, and the genetic algorithm is employed to solve the optimization model. The proposed approach is validated by an experimental case study of an engine block, improving the chatter-free material removal rate by 53.3% in comparison to the classic approach.
A Study of Enhanced Heat and Mass Transfer From Variable Height Fin Array Undergoing Natural Convection
Authors: Dasgupta Debayan , Pathak Kankan Kishore , Giri Asis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A numerical study is performed on simultaneous heat and mass transfer from a shrouded vertical nonisothermal variable height fin array, representing dehumidification process under natural convection. Fluid properties are treated as uniform, and the fluid is assigned to comply with Boussinesq approximation to include the effect of density variation with temperature and concentration. Semi-implicit method for the pressure linked equations revised (SIMPLER) algorithm is adopted to resolve pressure and velocity coupling. A detailed parametric investigation of fin spacing, variable fin height, and fin tip to shroud clearance for a range of thermal and mass Grashof number is undertaken. Results indicate that in case of smaller fin spacing, involving fin length of 0.3 m, coefficients of sensible and latent heat transfer increase with the decreasing variable height (H1*) of fin and become maximum at H1*=0.5, for all thermal and mass Grashof numbers considered presently. Further, total heat transfer analysis on a particular base length due to sensible heat shows a maximum of 24.4% enhancement, whereas same due to the latent heat shows a maximum of 25.8% enhancement, depending on the values of clearance. Induced velocities also increase with the decreasing variable height of fin (H1*), which influences the heat and mass transport. The output parameters of this analysis, like induced velocities and overall Nusselt numbers due to the sensible and latent heat, are correlated with the governing parameters. The correlation coefficients are found to be in a range from 0.97 to 0.99.
Research on the Discrete Algorithm of Tooth Surface for a Curve-Face Gear
Authors: Cai Zhiqin , Lin Chao 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The curve-face gear pair is a new type of face gear pair with a variable transmission ratio. Concerning the complexity of its tooth surface, based on the coordinate transformation principle and the spatial meshing theory, a discrete algorithm of this tooth surface was proposed. The determination rule of the limiting points on the tooth surface was analyzed by introducing the generating method and tooth surface characteristics of this gear tooth. Through the corresponding limiting angles and the distribution law of the contact line, the gear tooth surface was discretized, and the theoretical data points of the tooth surface were obtained. The variations in gear tooth surface in a meshing cycle and under different parameters were analyzed. By comparing the virtual tooth model and the corresponding rolling experiment, the correctness of the tooth surface discrete algorithm of the curve-face gear was verified.
Kinematic Reliability Analysis of Robotic Manipulator
Authors: Zhang Dequan , Han Xu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractKinematic reliability of robotic manipulators is the linchpin for restraining the positional errors within acceptable limits. This work develops an efficient reliability analysis method to account for random dimensions and joint angles of robotic mechanisms. It aims to proficiently predict the kinematic reliability of robotic manipulators. The kinematic reliability is defined by the probability that the actual position of an end-effector falls into a specified tolerance sphere, which is centered at the target position. The motion error is indicated by a compound function of independent standard normal variables constructed by three co-dependent coordinates of the end-effector. The saddle point approximation is then applied to compute the kinematic reliability. Exemplification demonstrates satisfactory accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method due to the construction and the saddle point since random simulation is spared.