bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Measurement of the Dissipation Rate Spectrum around Ion Kinetic Scales in Space Plasma Turbulence
Authors: He Jiansen , Duan Die , Wang Tieyan , Zhu Xingyu , Li Wenya , Verscharen Daniel , Wang Xin , Tu Chuanyi , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Le Guan , Burch Jim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The energy of turbulence in the universe, which cascades from large fluid scales to small kinetic scales, is believed to be dissipated through conversion to thermal or nonthermal kinetic energy. However, identifying the dissipation processes and measuring the dissipation rate in turbulence remain challenging. Based on unprecedented high-quality measurements of space plasma turbulence by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we propose a novel approach to measure the scale-dependent spectrum of the energy conversion rate between the fluctuating electromagnetic energy and plasma kinetic energy. The energy conversion rate spectrum is found to show a positive bulge around the ion kinetic scale, which clearly indicates the dissipation of the turbulent energy. The energy dissipation rate around the ion scale is estimated to be 0.5 × 106 J kg−1 s−1. This work provides basic information on local dissipation in magnetosheath turbulence and sets up a new paradigm for studying the dissipation of universal plasma turbulence.
Statistical Stellar Mass Corrections for High-z Galaxies Observed with JWST Broadband Filters Due to Template Degeneracies
Authors: Bisigello L. , Caputi K. I. , Colina L. , Pérez-González P. G. , Koekemoer A. , Le Fèvre O. , Grogin N. , Nørgaard-Nielsen H. U. , van der Werf P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stellar masses in future James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) deep blank fields will be mainly derived by fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) with theoretical galaxy templates. We investigate the uncertainties and biases of the stellar masses derived by using the LePhare code for SED fitting and the Yggdrasil theoretical templates. We consider a sample of mock galaxies at z = 7–10 with mock JWST observations with S/NF150W ≥ 10. Our goal is to provide a list of statistical stellar mass corrections to include on the stellar mass derivation for different output galaxy properties and JWST filter combinations to correct for template degeneracies. Median statistical stellar mass corrections vary from −0.83 to 0.87 dex, while 25% (75%) quartiles range from −0.83 (−0.67) to 0.51 (0.88) dex, depending on filter combinations and galaxy models. The most challenging cases are galaxies with nebular emission lines, especially the ones that are wrongly identified as galaxies without, relative dust-free galaxies, and galaxies with small metallicities (i.e., Z = 1/50 Z
⊙). The stellar mass estimation of galaxies correctly identified without emission lines is generally fine, except at z = 10 when considering only the eight NIRCam bands, which make the MIRI bands very valuable. We have tested our stellar mass corrections using the public JAGUAR galaxy catalog, deriving that the average discrepancy in the recovered stellar mass distribution decreases by 20%–50% at z > 7 after the correction. We found that without the stellar mass corrections, the number of low-mass galaxies (M* < 107
M
⊙) is overestimated, which can potentially lead to systematic errors in the calculation of the galaxy stellar mass function faint-end slope at high z.
WFIRST and EUCLID: Enabling the Microlensing Parallax Measurement from Space
Authors: Bachelet Etienne , Penny Matthew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) is expected to detect hundreds of free-floating planets, but it will not be able to measure their masses. However, simultaneous microlensing observations by both Euclid and WFIRST, separated by ∼100,000 km in orbits around the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point, will enable measurements of microlensing parallax for low-mass lenses such as free-floating planets. Using simple Fisher matrix estimates of the parallax measurement uncertainties, we show that high-cadence observations by Euclid could be used to measure ∼1 free-floating planet microlens parallax per 6 days of simultaneous Euclid observations. Accounting for Euclid’s pointing constraints, it could therefore potentially measure ∼20 free-floating planet parallaxes, with 120 days of observations split equally between Euclid’s main mission and an extended mission, with the potential to increase this number if spacecraft pointing constraints can be relaxed after the end of the main mission. These Euclid observations would also provide additional mass measurements or cross-checks for larger numbers of WFIRST’s bound planets, among other benefits to several science cases.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Initiating as Palindromic Rheumatism: A Distinct Clinical Phenotype?
Authors: Castellanos-Moreira Raul , Rodriguez-Garcia Sebastian C. , Gómez-Puerta José A. , Ruiz-Esquide Virginia , Camacho Oscar , Ramírez Julio , Cuervo Andrea , Morlà Rosa , Cañete Juan D. , Haro Isabel , Sanmarti Raimon 
Published: August 2019

Objective.To analyze the prevalence of preexisting palindromic rheumatism (PR) in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to evaluate whether these patients have a distinctive clinical and serological phenotype.Methods.Cross-sectional study in patients with established RA. Preexisting PR was determined using a structured protocol and confirmed by retrospective review of medical records. Demographic, clinical, radiological, immunological, and therapeutic features were compared in patients with and without PR.Results.Included were 158 patients with established RA (78% female) with a mean disease duration since RA onset of 5.1 ± 2.7 years. Preexisting PR was recorded in 29 patients (18%). The median time from the onset of PR to progression to RA was 1.2 years. No between-group differences in demographic features, current disease activity, radiographic erosive disease, or disability were observed. Patients with PR had a higher prevalence of smoking (72% vs 40%). Positive rheumatoid factor, anticitrullinated peptide antibodies, and anticarbamylated protein antibodies were numerically higher in patients with PR. No differences in treatment were observed except for greater hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use in patients with PR (38% vs 6%). Palindromic flares persisted in a significant proportion of patients during the RA course, including patients in clinical remission or receiving biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.Conclusion.Eighteen percent of patients with RA had a history compatible with PR previous to RA onset. No specific clinical or serological phenotype was identified in these patients, although higher HCQ use and smoking prevalence were identified. Palindromic flares may persist during the RA disease course despite treatment.
The identification process in Early Communication Intervention (ECI) by Primary Health Care personnel in Ditsobotla sub-district
Authors: Van der Linde Jeannie , Kritzinger Alta , Redelinghuys Aniel 
Published: August 2019

Based on clinical observations, case finding for early communication intervention service delivery in rural areas, such as Ditsobotla sub-district, is limited. The study described the identification process used for infants and young children at risk for communication delay and disorders as part of a proposed incremental implementation of early communication intervention services within the existing primary healthcare package. A descriptive survey design was followed. A rating scale was utilized and interviews were conducted with 20 randomly selected primary healthcare personnel and eight primary healthcare programme managers in Ditsobotla sub-district in North West province. The aims were to describe the early identification methods/processes, resources and limitations and provide guidelines to introduce early communication intervention services in a rural community. The results indicated that the identification process was limited. An incremental implementation of the different early communication intervention functions within the primary health care package appears feasible. Implications of the findings may be applied to initiate early communication intervention services, based on integrated teamwork, in a rural district in South Africa.
Clinical and epidemiological profile of neuroendocrine tumors: An experience from a regional cancer center from Western India
Authors: Kulkarni Rahul Suhas , Anand Asha S. , Parikh Sonia K. , Panchal Harsha P. , Patel Apurva A. , Mehta Dhruv P. , Patel Priyanka 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Most of the data on neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are from the Western literature. Indian studies regarding clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes are lacking. Methods: This is a prospective observational study of all new patients with NETs (except small-cell lung cancer) registered at our tertiary care cancer institute from November 2014 to November 2016. A total of 97 new patients were registered, of which 20 were lost to follow-up before starting any planned treatment. Epidemiological and clinicopathological features of all these 97 patients were studied, and the remaining 77 patients were analyzed for treatment response and survival analysis. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 49 years (20–74 years) with male preponderance (M: F = 1.85:1). The most common primary site of origin was pancreas (34/97 = 35%), followed by unknown primary origin (19%), small intestine (9%), and pulmonary (6%). Of 97 patients, 91 (93.8%) presented with nonfunctional symptoms, 3 (3.1%) had purely functional symptoms, and 3 (3.1%) presented with both functional and nonfunctional symptoms. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain (59.7%), followed by jaundice (9.3%), whereas watery diarrhea (83.3%) and flushing (66.7%) were the most common functional symptoms. Sixty-six percent (64/97) of cases were metastatic at presentation. A strong correlation was noted between the primary site of origin and metastatic presentation (P = 0.016). Chemotherapy was the most common primary therapy (40.2%), followed by surgery (28.6%), watchful waiting (15.6%), and somatostatin analogs (11.7%). The median event-free survival was highest for patients undergoing surgery (10 months). Conclusions: The clinicopathological profile of NETs in the Indian population differs from Western countries. Majority of patients present with metastatic disease, thus representing a need for creating awareness among patients and medical fraternity and formulating Indian guidelines for optimized treatment.
Photochemical impacts of haze pollution in an urban environment
Authors: Hollaway Michael , Wild Oliver , Yang Ting , Sun Yele , Xu Weiqi , Xie Conghui , Whalley Lisa , Slater Eloise , Heard Dwayne , Liu Dantong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Rapid economic growth in China over the past 30 years has resulted in significant increases in the concentrations of small particulates (PM2.5) over the city of Beijing. In addition to health problems, high aerosol loading can impact visibility and thus reduce photolysis rates over the city, leading to potential implications for photochemistry. Photolysis rates are highly sensitive not only to the vertical distribution of aerosols but also to their composition, as this can impact how the incoming solar radiation is scattered or absorbed. This study, for the first time, uses aerosol composition measurements and lidar optical depth to drive the Fast-JX photolysis scheme and quantify the photochemical impacts of different aerosol species during the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH) measurement campaigns in Beijing in November–December 2016 and May–June 2017. This work demonstrates that severe haze pollution events (PM2.5 > 75 µg m−3) occur during both winter and summer, leading to reductions in O3 photolysis rates of 27 %–34 % (greatest in winter) and reductions in NO2 photolysis of 40 %–66 % (greatest in summer) at the surface. It also shows that in spite of much lower PM2.5 concentrations in the summer months, the absolute changes in photolysis rates are larger for both O3 and NO2. In the winter, absorbing species such as black carbon dominate the photolysis response to aerosols, leading to mean reductions in J[O1D] and J[NO2] in the lowest 1 km of 24 % and 23 %, respectively. In contrast, in the summer, scattering aerosol such as organic matter dominate the response, leading to mean decreases of 2 %–3 % at the surface and increases of 8 %–10 % at higher altitudes (3–4 km). During these haze events in both campaigns, the influence of aerosol on photolysis rates dominates over that from clouds. These large impacts on photochemistry can have significant implications for concentrations of important atmospheric oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical. Idealized photochemical box model studies show that such large impacts on photochemistry could lead to a 12 % reduction in surface O3 (3 % for OH) due to haze pollution. This highlights that PM2.5 mitigation strategies could have important implications for the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere both at the surface and in the free troposphere.
Recent improvements of long-path DOAS measurements: impact on accuracy and stability of short-term and automated long-term observations
Authors: Nasse Jan-Marcus , Eger Philipp G. , Pöhler Denis , Schmitt Stefan , Frieß Udo , Platt Ulrich 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Over the last few decades, differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) has been used as a common technique to simultaneously measure abundances of a variety of atmospheric trace gases. Exploiting the unique differential absorption cross section of trace-gas molecules, mixing ratios can be derived by measuring the optical density along a defined light path and by applying the Beer–Lambert law. Active long-path (LP-DOAS) instruments can detect trace gases along a light path of a few hundred metres up to 20 km, with sensitivities for mixing ratios down to ppbv and pptv levels, depending on the trace-gas species. To achieve high measurement accuracy and low detection limits, it is crucial to reduce instrumental artefacts that lead to systematic structures in the residual spectra of the analysis. Spectral residual structures can be introduced by most components of a LP-DOAS measurement system, namely by the light source, in the transmission of the measurement signal between the system components or at the level of spectrometer and detector. This article focuses on recent improvements by the first application of a new type of light source and consequent changes to the optical setup to improve measurement accuracy. Most state-of-the-art LP-DOAS instruments are based on fibre optics and use xenon arc lamps or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as light sources. Here we present the application of a laser-driven light source (LDLS), which significantly improves the measurement quality compared to conventional light sources. In addition, the lifetime of LDLS is about an order of magnitude higher than of typical Xe arc lamps. The small and very stable plasma discharge spot of the LDLS allows the application of a modified fibre configuration. This enables a better light coupling with higher light throughput, higher transmission homogeneity, and a better suppression of light from disturbing wavelength regions. Furthermore, the mode-mixing properties of the optical fibre are enhanced by an improved mechanical treatment. The combined effects lead to spectral residual structures in the range of 5-10×10-5 root mean square (rms; in units of optical density). This represents a reduction of detection limits of typical trace-gas species by a factor of 3–4 compared to previous setups. High temporal stability and reduced operational complexity of this new setup allow the operation of low-maintenance, automated LP-DOAS systems, as demonstrated here by more than 2 years of continuous observations in Antarctica.
Simple noise estimates and pseudoproxies for the last 21 000 years
Authors: Bothe Oliver , Wagner Sebastian , Zorita Eduardo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Climate reconstructions are means to extract the signal from uncertain
paleo-observations, so-called proxies. It is essential to evaluate these
reconstructions to understand and quantify their uncertainties.
Similarly, comparing climate simulations and proxies requires approaches
to bridge the temporal and spatial differences between both and to
address their specific uncertainties. One way to achieve these two goals
is so-called pseudoproxies. These are surrogate proxy records within
the virtual reality of a climate simulation. They in turn depend on an
understanding of the uncertainties of the real proxies including the
noise characteristics disturbing the original environmental signal.
Common pseudoproxy approaches so far concentrate on data with high
temporal resolution over the last approximately 2000 years. Here we
provide a simple but flexible noise model for potentially low-resolution
sedimentary climate proxies for temperature on millennial timescales,
the code for calculating a set of pseudoproxies from a simulation, and
one example of pseudoproxies. The noise model considers the influence of
other environmental variables, a dependence on the climate state, a bias
due to changing seasonality, modifications of the archive (for example
bioturbation), potential sampling variability, and a measurement error.
Model, code, and data allow us to develop new ways of comparing simulation
data with proxies on long timescales. Code and data are available at
https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZBEHX (Bothe et al., 2018).
Magnitude and frequency of debris and slush flows in the Khibiny mountain valleys, Kola Peninsula, NW Russia
Authors: Garankina Ekaterina V. , Belyaev Vladimir R. , Romanenko Fedor A. , Ivanov Maxim M. , Kuzmenkova Natalia V. , Gurinov Artem L. , Tulyakov Egor D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Available results for five studied valleys of the Khibiny
Mountains, Kola Peninsula, suggest that slush flows and, possibly for some
valleys, typical debris flows with lower frequency, are a leading mechanism
for downstream sediment delivery and valley floor topographical formation.
Typical fluvial topography in slush flow-affected basins is extremely
suppressed or nonexistent, since under such conditions, stream channels are
unable to rework slush flow deposits. The recovery phase of fluvial
topography can serve as an indicator of the magnitude and time passed since
the last extreme event. A combination of grain size analysis, radionuclide
fingerprinting with the 232Th content in the finer-grained sediment
matrix (size <10 mm) and 14C dating, were applied to reveal
the age and common structure of debris and slush flow environments and to
investigate the main factors in their lithodynamics. Those helped to
estimate transportation distances and capacities of the flows and the amount
of fluvial reworking of its deposits with time. Application of radiocarbon
dating to determine absolute ages (about 30 dates) of stabilization periods
for the colluvial cones, mountain fans and valley bottoms and integration
with other available chronological data provided a basis for distinguishing
several stages of decreased activity of debris and slush flows and extreme
slope failures through the second half of the Holocene. Field mapping and
remote sensing data interpretation revealed spatial distribution patterns of
debris and slush flows. Geomorphic analysis of large relic landforms in
valley bottoms confirms, in general, the case for a significant reduction of
debris flow magnitude since the last deglaciation and distinct shift to
slush flow processes with much lower clastic content. A reliable chronology
of the early events is yet to be obtained representing a challenging problem
for future research.
Suspended sediment yield and climate change in Kamchatka, Far East of Russia
Authors: Kuksina Ludmila V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Key factors of sediment yield formation and variability in the Kamchatsky Krai are relief characteristics and climate (especially precipitation). The last research in climate change in Kamchatka demonstrates climate warming – mean annual air temperature has increased on 1.5 ∘C during the period from 1951 to 2009 in average (the maximum increase was revealed in the west of Kamchatka and in the Kamchatka River valley, the minimum one – in the extreme south and north). Decrease of annual precipitation was observed at the same period. In addition frequency and intensity of precipitation is growing. Thereby described climate changes in Kamchatka influence on sediment yield characteristics directly (influence of precipitation on surface washout formation) and indirectly (through water runoff and hydrological regime of rivers changes). Analysis of spatio-temporal variability in suspended sediment yield demonstrated decrease since late 1970–early 1980 in the most part of rivers in the Kamchatsky Krai. Revealed fluctuations demonstrate very good coincidence with precipitation amount variability. Decrease of precipitation leads to corresponding diminution of rainfall erosive factor in the territory which is the key factor of suspended sediment yield formation and variability in rivers in the Kamchatsky Krai. The value of reduction varies from 1 % to 45 % and involves decrease of erosion rates in the territory. Thereby climate change influences on suspended sediment yield in multiple-valued way. Income of friable volcanic deposits on the catchment surface is the key factor of suspended sediment yield formation and variability in some river basins under the impact of volcanic eruptions, and in combination with raising precipitation it can lead to catastrophic increase of sediment yield.
Reconstruction of long-term dynamics of Chernobyl-derived &lt;sup&gt;137&lt;/sup&gt;Cs in the Upa River using bottom sediments in the Scheckino reservoir and semi-empirical modelling
Authors: Konoplev Alexei V. , Ivanov Maxim M. , Golosov Valentin N. , Konstantinov Evgenyi A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Two cores of bottom sediments were collected in 2018 to a depth of ∼200 cm in the deepest part of the Scheckino reservoir on the Upa River (9500 km2), Tula region, Russia. This area was severely contaminated by radiocesium (r-Cs) after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. The fact that 137Cs activity concentrations in a specific horizon of the bottom sediments correspond to 137Cs concentrations associated with suspended matter delivered to the reservoir, provides a basis for constructing the dynamics of particulate 137Cs activity concentrations in the Upa River catchment from 1986 to 2017. Over the time since the Chernobyl accident, the particulate 137Cs concentrations have decreased by more than an order of magnitude, with only minor changes occurring during the last 15 years. Using a typical value for the distribution coefficient Kd for the rivers of the Chernobyl contamination zone, dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations in the Upa River have been estimated and their changes over the past 30 years since the accident have been studied. The resulting estimates of dissolved 137Cs concentrations in the Upa River have been found to be in good agreement with measured data over the period 1987–1991. The proposed and tested method provides a basis for reconstructing the long-term dependence of radionuclide concentrations in rivers and reservoirs based on their vertical distribution in bottom sediments. Reconstructed time dependencies of particulate and dissolved 137Cs activity concentrations in the Upa River were found to be described well by the proposed semi-empirical “diffusion” model based on an assumption that the time dependency of particulate r-Cs in the river corresponds to the time dependency of its concentration in top soil layers across the catchment which can be approximated by a dispersion-convection equation with physically meaningful parameters.