bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Quality Factor Identification by the “Principal Components” Statistical Method
Authors: Melloul A. , Collin M. 
Published: May 2018

This paper proposes the means of using the “Principal Components” statistical method for identifying relevant groups of water and the factors that bring about a change in their quality. The major advantage of this method lies in its suitability for simultaneous analysis of a great number of variables and observations.It is here being applied for the investigation of Dan metropolitan region of Israel's Coastal Plain. The various parameters involved include major ions as well as the physical factors of depth to the water table, distance from the sea, and aquifer recharge.
Results include:–the identification of two major groups of water: low salinity, calcium bicarbonate water occurring in the phreatic portion of the Coastal aquifer; and more saline, sodium chloride water characterizing the neighboring Cenomanian aquifer and the confined portions of the Coastal aquifer;–influence by distance from the sea, depth to water table, and aquifer lithology on the major water input sources, such as rain, injection water, waste water, irrigation, etc.–affect by such lithological factors as clay lenses which contribute to water quality changes as indicated by disequilibrium in several ionic ratios upon water resource management; and–clear visualization on the same graph of evolutionary alteration in specific ion content with time.
Characterization of Hydrological and Hydrochemical Cycles as a Tool for Evaluation of Environmental Impact of Mining in Serra Dos Carajas, Amazonia, Brazil
Authors: Weissberg I. 
Published: May 2018

The objective of this work is to show the importance of knowing, in detail, the hydrological and hydrochemical cycles so as to define the dynamic conditions for an ecosystem equilibrium and to detect the modifications introduced by open-cast mining, which is a potential cause of environmental impact.
Over four years research was carried out in the Carajas area to evaluate the elimate, soil and water characteristics. About the five hundred and fifty water samples from rivers, lakes and “igarapé” were collected and analysed from forty different points of the area. At nine different points, two hundred sixteen soil samples were collected and analysed. The analysed results were assembled with pluviometry, humidity, potential evaporation, insolation and temperature data for the area.
The data reveal that residence time of water is short in all “stages” of the cycles (convective rain); the pH is acidic (between 4.5 and 6.0) with high values of free CO2 (average 30 ppm) and saturated in dissolved O2 (average 8.O ppm) which produces a high degree of water reactivity when in contact with the surface. The Carajas ecosystem is in dynamic equilibrium with these conditions.
The water percolation through tailings from iron and manganese mining produces an agent that dissolves and removes mineral particles that in run off arrives in surface and groundwater, changing its physical-chemical equilibrium and disturbs the aquatic biota. At the start of exploration were detected Cr 0.14 ppm, Mn 0.43ppm, Pb 0.20 ppm and Ni 0.04ppm.
Salobo polymetals deposit has a very complex mineral paragenesis with Cu, pb, Ag, Mo, Co, Zn and other metals such as sulfide. This deposit has a high pollution potential since its tailings will will be exposed in the open.
Influence of Pumps on Salinity of a Coastal Aquifer with Legal Protection (A Zone in the North of Isla Cristina, Huelva, Spain)
Authors: González A. , Romero E. 
Published: May 2018

In this article we show that the legal measures for protection of aquifers are not enough to lessen the pumping if the users are not associated and determined to have a rational distribution of water.
The expansive agriculture on the North side of Isla Cristina (Huelva, Spain), based on citrus and strawberry growing, uses high volumes of groundwater that comes from a tertiary age detritic coastal aquifer with a significant lack of resources. This causes a decrease of the residual flow to the sea, deep pumpcones, and an inversion of the hydraulic gradient, which initiates the progressive salinization of the aquifer northwards, in the sense that the fresh-salt water mixture zone is moving.
The problem is worsening because the number of uncontrolled pump-works in the areais increasing. This problem could be alleviated if a Users Community for the whole aquifer were created, itself to watch over the fulfilment of the legal requirements and to regulate the water extractions.
Handling and Processing of Hazardous Solid Wastes From Petrochemical Industries – Cetrel's Experience
Authors: Passos J. A. L. , Neves N. M. S. , Ferreira M. Q. 
Published: May 2018

The increasing generation of hazardous solid wastes resulting from the recent rapid expansion of various industrial activities, within the region, requires a very conscious and careful assessment to establish an appropriate alternative of final disposal of these residuals, in order to avoid deleterious effects on the environment as well as on the population.
CETREL - Center of Treatment of Liquid Effluents and Special Industrial Wastes, located at Camaçari within the state of Bahia, is responsible for the operation of one of the most complete and complex systems which deals with hazardous solid wastes in Brazil, generated by approximately 50 chemical and petrochemical industries, comprising the largest Petrochemical Complex in Latin America.
The main purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the system's operation for treatment and disposal of solid wastes, from initial conditioning at its generating source, up to the handling, processing and final disposal, as well as operation, control and optimization.
Evaluation of a Petroleum Refinery Land Treatment Unit Using Unsaturated-Zone Monitoring Data
Authors: Gomes D. C. , Cunha R. C. de A. , Gloeden E. 
Published: May 2018

The difficulties in calculating degradation rates of the residues based on theoretical equations and parameters, together with the natural wide soil variability, make the “in situ” monitoring of land treatment units a fundamental management step to both ensure that the residues are being treated by the soil, and to guarantee no risk of groundwater deterioration.
Among the methods usually employed, monitoring the unsaturated zone is one of the most promising, since it is inexpensive, easy to use and to maintain, and can detect failures in the treatment system before the aquifer becomes polluted.
This paper reviews existing methods for unsaturated-zone monitoring, analysing recent monitoring results of a land treatment unit located at the recharge area of an important aquifer of the State of S8o Paulo, Brazil. Recommendations are made in terms of sampling, operational arrangements and management follow-up actions, so as to reduce pollution migration to the subsurface.
Current Situation and Problems of Japanese International Cooperation in the Field of Water Supply and Waste Management
Authors: Yokoo Kazunobu 
Published: May 2018

In order to improve public health in developing countries, the United Nations General Assembly decided to launch the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade in 1980. But in the first half of the Decade, only 1/3 of the minimum funds required to achieve the Decade target was invested. Therefore, advanced countries, including Japan, are required to expand international cooperation more widely.
In Japan, international cooperation, such as Official Developing Assistance (0DA), is expanding rapidly, and a further interim target was set in the meeting of the ministers related to executing ODA in June 1988. In this target Japan will provide more than 50 billion dollars in total during five years from 1988 to 1992.
In addition to investment, in order to promote the Decade, it is necessary to find solution of problems, for example, raising funds for operation/management cost, development of human resources in developing countries, study of appropriate technology, and training of experts.
A New Procedure for Screening Feasibility of Biological Phosphorus Removal for a Wastewater
Authors: Joh Kang Shin , Astfalk Timothy J. , Englert Christopher J. , Deline Royce R. 
Published: May 2018

A batch procedure was developed to allow rapid assessment of applicability of biological phosphorus removal (BPR) to a specific location and its wastewater. This procedure requires anoxic (anaerobic) and then aerobic phases in sequence with enriched cultures and takes approximately 4 to 8 hours. Sodium acetate was used to verify adequacy of available carbon source. This procedure was verified with data from two full scale plants, one using the A/O, the other the PhoStrip processes. Cases for both favorable and unfavorable to BPR are presented.
Monitoring parameters found useful included D.O., orthophosphate, volatile acids, and COD. Volatile acid concentration in particular appeared to be a key element required for BPR. ORP and ATP was found useful to a lesser degree, due to their sensitivity to many environmental factors.
This procedure is also shown to be a useful tool in detecting toxic impacts of the waste water on the cultures responsible for BPR.
It is therefore recommended that this simplified procedure should be carried out in assessing the BPR feasibility in addition to evaluation of conventional parameters.
Purification of Waste Water from the Paris Conurbation: Biological Removal of Nitrogen at the Valenton Purification Plant
Authors: Gousailles Michel , Rovel Jean-Marie , Nicol Roger 
Published: May 2018

Stage 1 A of the Valenton purification plant, located to the South West of the Paris conurbation, was designed to treat 15 0,00 0 m3/day, which represents pollution of 500,000 population-equivalents. Due to its situation upstream of Paris, the plant was designed primarily with nitrogen removal in mind. The nitrification-denitrification process with an anoxic zone at the plant inlet was selected.
This paper looks at results obtained over a three-year period. The results achieve expected levels of elimination of both carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollution.
The results achieved in terms of age of the aerated sludge and nitrification kinetics measurements clearly indicate that a nitrification over-capacity exists. However, the denitrification process varies as a function of the concentration levels of organic carbon in the settled water. During periods of rainfall with low BOD5 levels, denitrification is moderately efficient. When the nominal water concentration levels are observed, all the nitrates are reduced in the anoxic zone, and efficiency of the overall nitrogen elimination process reaches 60%.
In any case, and particularly in winter, high sludge concentration levels are required to maintain satisfactory kinetics in the nitrification and denitrification stages.
Extension of a Large Trickling Filter Plant for Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal (Ejby Mølle Wastewater Treatment Plant, Odense, Denmark)
Authors: Christensen Knud 
Published: May 2018

Until 1985, one of the wastewater treatment plants in Odense, Denmark, was a traditional trickling filter plant designed for approx. 275,000 PE. To meet rigorous standards for N and P removal, the plant was extended in 1986-1988, and the extended plant was put into operation in April, 1989. Now, standards have been changed again and are : N &lt; 8 mg/l and P &lt; 0.5 mg/l. These standards must be complied, with before 1992.
The establishing of design criteria based on statistical methods is presented. On the basis thereof, one of various extension alternatives was chosen. This involved keeping the existing primary settling tanks and performing partial nitrification in the existing trickling filters succeeded by a new structure for N and P removal according to the BIO-DENIPHO method. The future extension for contact filtration is mentioned. Basic civil engineering data are described together with design and operating economy. Furthermore, mention is made of the commissioning procedure and the first results.
Effects of Substrate Composition and Loading Rate on Methanogenic Process in Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Systems
Authors: Matsumoto Akito , Noike Tatsuya 
Published: May 2018

The effects of substrate composition and high volumetric loading rate on the characteristics of substrate removal and biofilm formation in methanogenic phase of anaerobic two-phase digestion were investigated by using laboratory-scale anaerobic fluidized reactors.
First, the effects of substrate composition were studied using three kinds of substrate. The first one was composed of acetic acid, and second and third ones were composed of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. A small amount of yeast extract and glucose were added to the second and third ones, respectively. In the experiments in which yeast extract or glucose was added to the mixed acid substrate, the substrate removal efficiencies were higher than those in the experiment using acetic acid substrate. The biofilm formation was accelerated by using the mixed substrate to which yeast extract was added.
Secondly, the effects of high volumetric loading rate were studied using acetic acid substrate and mixed acid-glucose substrate, respectively. In both cases, substrate removal efficiencies of the reactors were remarkably high at a loading rate of 30kg COD·m−3·d−1. However, the effluent quality of that reactor to which acetic acid was added was unstable.
A Dynamic Secondary Clarifier Model including Processes of Sludge Thickening
Authors: Härtel L. , Pöpel H. J. 
Published: May 2018

Dynamic simulation models of the activated sludge process are a planning and designing tool solving and answering problems that cannot be dealt with by static design models or procedures. In dynamic modelling, however, the settling and thickening processes have to be taken into account which have been neglected until now.
Therefore, a dynamic model simulating the processes of settling and of thickening in the secondary clarifier is developed and finally integrated into a dynamic biochemical reaction model. The validity of the model approach is evaluated by simulation runs showing the velocities of hindered settling, the concentration profiles of MLSS over the tank depth, and the effluent concentrations of MLSS. Basic variables for the validation are the influent MLSS concentrations and the sludge volume index quantifying the settling characteristics of the sludge.
The consequences for the MLSS content in the aeration tank, as well as for the plant effluent quality, of neglecting and of including the clarifier model into the integrated model are shown at variable conditions of wastewater inflow, especially for periods of higher storm water flows to the treatment plant
Modelling of the Secondary Clarifier Combined with the Activated Sludge Model No. 1
Authors: Dupont René , Henze Mogens 
Published: May 2018

Modelling of activated sludge wastewater treatment plants is today generally based on the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 combined with a very simple model for the secondary settler. This paper describes the development of a model for the secondary clarifier based on the general flux theory for zone settling, which can be used in combination with the Activated Sludge Model to form a dynamic computer model/program for a wastewater treatment plant. In addition to the flux model, the developed model includes a simple model for predicting the contents of paniculate components in the effluent This latter model is a purely empirical model, which connects the effluent quality with the hydraulic load, suspended solids load and the nitrate load.
The paper describes the model and gives some basic examples on computer simulations and verification of the model.
The Effect of the Liquid Upflow Velocity and the Substrate Concentration on the Start-Up and Steady-State Periods of Lab-Scale UASB Reactors
Authors: Campos C. M. M. , Anderson G. K. 
Published: May 2018

This research was carried out in order to study the effect of the upflow liquid velocity (ULV), the COD concentration, the volumetric loading rate (VLR) and the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on the start-up and steady-state performance of UASB reactors treating soluble substrate with 3,000 mgCOD/l at mesophyllic temperature (35°C).
Three lab-reactors (UASB) were constructed with different liquid volumes, and also with different cross-sectional areas. The three UASB reactors were started up with the same biological loading rate (BLR), but the start-up procedures were based on different criteria.
After the start-up had been carried out successfully with the formation of the granules, all the three UASB reactors were operated under steady-state conditions for up to eight different HRT(s), namely: 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 hours.
For each of the three reactors the kinetic parameters were determined using the Monod model. Analysis of the influence of the operational factors and reactor design on the kinetic coefficients is described. The results indicate that the liquid upflow velocity has considerable effect on the sludge in this type of system, thereby acting as a selective process in the cultivation of the biomass.
Analysis of sensitivity on the kinetic parameters indicated which was the most sensitive kinetic parameter for these reactors.
Field Test of a Composite Methane Gas Production System Incorporating a Membrane Module for Municipal Sewage
Authors: Kiriyama K. , Tanaka Y. , Mori I. 
Published: May 2018

We examined a field test plant based on anaerobic sewage treatment to elucidate the process of methane fermentation with a UASB in municipal sewage and domestic waste water.
The process consists of a pretreatment system for sparating suspended solids, a hydrolyzation reactor with a membrane module for organic solids, and a UASB reactor. The membrane module increases the sludge residence time in the hydrolyzation reactor. This field test plant is a commercial size system which combines these processes to verify the feasibility of the system.
The aim of this practical test is to produce gas with a conversion rate of over 60% when the volumetric organic loading rate is more than 2 kg BOD/reactor m3.d, and to construct a methane gas generation system which generates the gas from raw sewage. This practical test demonstrated gas conversion rates from 57% to 60.0%. Volumetric organic loading rate was 1.4 - 2.0 kg BOD/m3.d; BOD removal was 70 - 80% at ambient temperature, and excess sludge did not exceed 0.04 kg per sewage.m3.
Anaerobic Removal of Chlorate from Bleach Effluents
Authors: Malmqvist Å , Welander T. 
Published: May 2018

Anaerobic biological removal of chlorate was studied on a laboratory and pilot plant scale. Continuous laboratory tests in an anaerobic fixed-film process showed that chlorate can be removed completely from kraft bleach effluent at such a short hydraulic retention time as 0.6 h. The efficiency of biological chlorate removal was confirmed under practical conditions in a 20 m3 pilot plant, operating at a Swedish craft mill.
Four chlorate reducing bacterial strains were isolated and characterized. All four isolates were gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rods. None of the four isolates could ferment glucose, while they could all grow aerobically and with nitrate as electron acceptor.
Topics of Environmental Education Program in Coastal Areas
Authors: Rennhack A. M. O. , Zee D. M. W. , Cunha E. S. , Portilho M. F. 
Published: May 2018

Researches and Studies made by the Department of Oceanography of the Institute of Geoscience of the State University of Rio de Janeiro UERJ, evidenced the need for educational support where environment-related questions were concerned.
A wide range of environment problems tend to concentrate in coastal areas, owing to disordinate urban growth combined with the lack of substructure to cope with it A large number of these problems can be minimized through the participation of the local community. Thus the goals of environmental education are to supply information, to promote a change in the population's attitude toward environmental problems, besides stimulating its participation by fostering its sense of responsibility.
Preliminary results have demonstrated that the community has shown great interest in the work that has been proposed, and it has contributed with participation, promising response.
Environmental education is fundamental when we consider possible solutions for environmental problems in coastal urban centers. Only by educating the main cause of environmental problems, man himself, will it be possible to consider the question starting from its very origin. This abstract presents two pioneer experiments in the Municipio of Rio de Janeiro, which are “Muito Prazer Marapendi” (“Glad to know you, Marapendi”) and “Troca de Areias da Praia de Copacabana” (“Exchange of Sands in Copacabana Beach”).
An Example of How Bad Public Relations Can Defeat a Good Water Pollution Control Project
Authors: de Britto E. R. , Almeida S. A. S. , Gonçalves F. B. 
Published: May 2018

Cedae, a Rio de Janeiro Government Agency, carefully planned and designed an ocean outfall to be built in Barra da Tijuca, one of the most valuable and beautiful dwelling regions of Rio de Janeiro.
Due to the non-implementation of a public enlightening campaign, Cedae had to face radical community opposition to the outfall construction, fronted by very active persons, interested in personal promotion in a political elective period.
The authors concluded that it is indispensable for any planned public work to put an action in enlightening public information program, based on fact and mutual understanding, to inform the community to be served about the various technical, economical and social questions involved and as to the facilities to be built.
Dewatering Sludges Using a Novel Membrane Technology
Authors: Rencken G. E. , Buckley C. A. 
Published: May 2018

A novel tubular configured filter press has been developed for the filtration or dewatering of sludges. The unique features of this filter press are:during the cake deposition stage, sludge is fed under pressure into a self-supporting array of horizontal collapsible porous fabric tubes (the cake is deposited on the internal walls of the tubes).during the cake removal stage, sludge is pumped through the array of tubes at a high velocity and the cake is dislodged from the tube walls by means of a roller cleaning device which traverses the length of the array of porous tubes. The dislodged cake, which is in the form of flakes, is simultaneously hydraulically transported out of the tubes, drained and conveyed to a collection hopper.
A brief process description of the tubular filter press process is given. A prototype unit was erected at a water treatment plant to dewater clarifier waste sludge. The cake produced by the filtration of the clarifier waste sludge was very compressible. After tube blockage problems were experienced during the filtration cycle on the prototype unit, research was done on the deposition of a compressible cake inside a porous tube. A predictive internal cylindrical compressible cake filtration model was developed. The results of this research work are discussed. The differences between internal cylindrical, external cylindrical and planar compressible cake filtration are highlighted.
At various times low cake recoveries (high cake losses) were experienced on the prototype unit. An investigation was consequently conducted into the dislodging of a very compressible cake during the cake removal process. The results of this investigation are discussed.