bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mismatch between location of protected areas and suitable habitat for the Vulnerable taruka Hippocamelus antisensis
Authors: Mata Cristina , Fuentes-Allende Nicolás , Malo Juan E. , Vielma André , González Benito A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProtected areas help to decrease human impacts on threatened mammals but do not always include species’ core habitats. Here we focus on the Vulnerable taruka Hippocamelus antisensis near the Atacama Desert, Chile, a population that is mainly threatened by interactions with local human communities. We develop a species distribution model for taruka and assess the contribution of protected areas to safeguarding its preferred habitat. From sightings (collected during 2004–2015), absence records (collected in 2014), and environmental variables, we determined that taruka habitat is scarce, highly fragmented and limited to humid areas. Only 7.7–11.2% of the taruka's core habitat is under protection. We recommend the establishment of a protected area in the south of Arica-Parinacota district, an area without settlements that lies within the taruka's core habitat, along with educational programmes, fencing of crops, and inclusion of communities in decision-making in areas where farmer–taruka interactions are negative.
Validation of a novel image-weighed technique for monitoring food intake and estimation of portion size in hospital settings: a pilot study
Authors: Ofei Kwabena T , Mikkelsen Bent E , Scheller Rudolf A 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveOptimal nutrition for hospital patients is crucial and routine monitoring of patients’ nutrient intake is imperative. However, personalised monitoring and customised intervention using traditional methods is challenging and labour-intensive, consequently it is often neglected in hospital settings. The present pilot study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Dietary Intake Monitoring System (DIMS) against the weighed food method (WFM).DesignThe DIMS 2.0 is composed of an integrated digital camera, weighing scale, radio-frequency identification sensor and WIFI connection for real-time image and weight dietary data acquisition and analysis. The DIMS equipment was used to collect data for a paired set of meals both before and after meal consumption at lunchtime.SettingOdense University Hospital, Denmark.SubjectsPhotos and weights of seventeen patient meals were captured.ResultsThe results showed a significant correlation between DIMS and WFM for energy (r=0·99, P&lt;0·01) and protein intake (r=0·98, P&lt;0·01). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) revealed a high degree of agreement among the four non-trained assessors for estimates of portion size of each food item before (0·88, P&lt;0·01) and after consumption (0·99, P&lt;0·01). The ICC for energy and protein intake were 0·99 (P&lt;0·01) and 0·99 (P&lt;0·01), respectively. Bland–Altman plots revealed no systematic bias.ConclusionsConsidering the huge benefits associated with routine monitoring, technological advances have made it possible to develop a novel, easy-to-use DIMS that, according to the findings, is a valid alternative for use in hospital settings.
International Posturing amidst Domestic Neglect: India's Agricultural Policy Examined
Authors: GUPTA PRIYANSHU , BABU R. RAJESH 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIndia has actively tried to shape the WTO agricultural negotiations by submitting detailed proposals, building coalitions, and even taking hard stands (veto) at critical junctures. However, this aggressive posturing presents a sharp contrast with India's domestic agricultural space, where the situation highlights policy neglect, manifesting in agrarian distress and farmer suicides. This paper analyzes contradictions between India's internationally espoused negotiating positions and its domestic policy goals. It argues that India's core focus has been to preserve status quo in the domestic food markets, driven by the political need to provide food-based consumption subsidies and manage an assured price and supply protection to its vulnerable consumers. As a result, India's interests are divergent from most of its developing country coalition partners in the G-20 as well as the G-33 groups. Our discussion has significant implications for both the domestic policy, as well as the sustainability of India's strategy in global agricultural trade negotiations.
Addressing cancer patient and caregiver role transitions during home hospice nursing care
Authors: Hudson Janella , Reblin Maija , Clayton Margaret F. , Ellington Lee 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectiveMany family caregivers and hospice patients experience role changes resulting from advancing illness and the need for increased caregiver responsibility. Successful navigation of conflicts that arise because of these role transitions has been linked to higher quality of patient care and improved caregiver bereavement adjustment. Nursing communication with patients and their caregivers plays an important role in facilitating these transitions. Our objective is to describe patient-caregiver-nurse communication during transitions at end of life.MethodA secondary, qualitative analysis was conducted on transcripts. Using an iterative process of constant comparison, coders inductively categorized nurse, caregiver, and patient communication behavior into overarching themes. Participants were home hospice nurses and cancer patient/spouse caregiver dyads; participants were >45 years of age, English speaking, and cognitively able to participate. Research took place in the home during nurse visits.ResultNineteen unique home hospice visits were analyzed. Patient-caregiver conflict occurred in two major content themes (1) negotiating transitions in patient independence and (2) navigating caregiver/patient emotions (e.g., frustration, sadness). Nurse responses to transition conflict included problem-solving, mediating, or facilitating discussions about conflicts. Nurse responses to emotional conflict included validation and reassurance.Significance of resultsOur findings provide insight into the topics and processes involved in patient and caregiver transitions in home hospice and the role hospice nursing communication plays in mediating potential conflict. Nurses are often asked to take on the role of mediator, often with little conflict resolution communication education; results can be used for nursing education.
NATIVE PEOPLE AND VIOLENT CRIME
Authors: Deer Sarah 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExciting changes are happening in criminal jurisdiction in Indian country at the national level. Due in large part to activism on the part of Native women, Congress has attempted to improve criminal justice on tribal lands. The reforms do not go far enough, however, and many of the recent legal changes have not yet been challenged in the federal courts. This article will preview many of the legal issues likely to ignite a firestorm of litigation and lobbying around issues of crime in Indian country. This article will also wrestle with the difficult question of whether tribal nations should adopt or sustain the typical carceral law and order model used by Anglo-American governments. In an effort to take advantage of the changes in federal law, tribal nations are explicitly required to comply with certain Anglo-American norms. The risks and rewards of such adherence will also be explored.
The First Comparison Between Swarm‐C Accelerometer‐Derived Thermospheric Densities and Physical and Empirical Model Estimates
Authors: Kodikara Timothy , Carter Brett , Zhang Kefei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe first systematic comparison between Swarm‐C accelerometer‐derived thermospheric density and both empirical and physics‐based model results using multiple model performance metrics is presented. This comparison is performed at the satellite's high temporal 10‐s resolution, which provides a meaningful evaluation of the models' fidelity for orbit prediction and other space weather forecasting applications. The comparison against the physical model is influenced by the specification of the lower atmospheric forcing, the high‐latitude ionospheric plasma convection, and solar activity. Some insights into the model response to thermosphere‐driving mechanisms are obtained through a machine learning exercise. The results of this analysis show that the short‐timescale variations observed by Swarm‐C during periods of high solar and geomagnetic activity were better captured by the physics‐based model than the empirical models. It is concluded that Swarm‐C data agree well with the climatologies inherent within the models and are, therefore, a useful data set for further model validation and scientific research.
Ionizing Electrons on the Martian Nightside: Structure and Variability
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Mitchell David L. , Steckiewicz Morgane , Brain David , Xu Shaosui , Weber Tristan , Halekas Jasper , Connerney Jack , Espley Jared , Benna Mehdi , Elrod Meredith , Thiemann Edward , Eparvier Frank 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe precipitation of suprathermal electrons is the dominant external source of energy deposition and ionization in the Martian nightside upper atmosphere and ionosphere. We investigate the spatial patterns and variability of ionizing electrons from 115 to 600 km altitude on the Martian nightside, using CO2 electron impact ionization frequency (EIIF) as our metric, examining more than 3 years of data collected in situ by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN spacecraft. We characterize the behavior of EIIF with respect to altitude, solar zenith angle, solar wind pressure, and the geometry and strength of crustal magnetic fields. EIIF has a complex and correlated dependence on these factors, but we find that it generally increases with altitude and solar wind pressure, decreases with crustal magnetic field strength and does not depend detectably on solar zenith angle past 115°. The dependence is governed by (a) energy degradation and backscatter by collisions with atmospheric neutrals below ~220 km and (b) magnetic field topology that permits or retards electron access to certain regions. This field topology is dynamic and varies with solar wind conditions, allowing greater electron access at higher altitudes where crustal fields are weaker and also for higher solar wind pressures, which result in stronger draped magnetic fields that push closed crustal magnetic field loops to lower altitudes. This multidimensional electron flux behavior can in the future be parameterized in an empirical model for use as input to global simulations of the nightside upper atmosphere, which currently do not account for this important source of energy.
Vesiculation and Quenching During Surtseyan Eruptions at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano, Tonga
Authors: Colombier M. , Scheu B. , Wadsworth F. B. , Cronin S. , Vasseur J. , Dobson K. J. , Hess K.‐U. , Tost M. , Yilmaz T. I. , Cimarelli C. , Brenna M. , Ruthensteiner B. , Dingwell D. B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSurtseyan eruptions are shallow to emergent subaqueous explosive eruptions that owe much of their characteristic behavior to the interaction of magma with water. The difference in thermal properties between water and air affects the cooling and postfragmentation vesiculation processes in magma erupted into the water column. Here we study the vesiculation and cooling processes during the 2009 and 2014–2015 Surtseyan eruptions of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai volcano by combining 2‐D and 3‐D vesicle‐scale analyses of lapilli and bombs and numerical thermal modeling. Most of the lapilli and bombs show gradual textural variations from rim to core. The vesicle connectivity in the lapilli and bombs increases with vesicularity from fully isolated to completely connected and also increases from rim to core in transitional clasts. We interpret the gradual textural variations and the connectivity‐vesicularity relationships as the result of postfragmentation bubble growth and coalescence interrupted at different stages by quenching in water. The measured vesicle size distributions are bimodal with a population of small and large vesicles. We interpret this bimodality as the result of two nucleation events, one prefragmentation with the nucleation and growth of large bubbles and one postfragmentation with nucleation of small vesicles. We link the thermal model with the textural variations in the clasts—showing a dependence on particle size, Leidenfrost effect, and initial melt temperature. In particular, the cooling profiles in the bombs are consistent with the gradual textural variations from rim to core in the clasts, likely caused by variations in time available for vesiculation before quenching.
Multicentury Instability of the Atlantic Meridional Circulation in Rapid Warming Simulations With GISS ModelE2
Authors: Rind David , Schmidt Gavin A. , Jonas Jeff , Miller Ron , Nazarenko Larissa , Kelley Max , Romanski Joy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn multimillennial global warming simulations with the GISS‐E2‐R climate model, we observe multicentennial shutdowns with restoration and fast overshooting in North Atlantic Deep Water production despite the absence of exogenous freshwater input. AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) cessation is associated with a sea surface salinity reduction, initiated by increases in precipitation over evaporation as the climate warms. These multicentury shutdowns are the direct result of cooling in the North Atlantic associated with an aerosol indirect effect on cloud cover. The local cooling reduces evaporation within the North Atlantic, while warming elsewhere provides moisture to maintain nearly unperturbed precipitation in this region. As global warming continues, warm temperature (low density) anomalies spread northward at depth in the North Atlantic eventually destabilizing the water column, even though precipitation input at the surface is initially unchanged. Internal ocean freshwater transports do not play an important role in initiating this behavior, as assumed by some standard metrics of AMOC stability. The importance of the aerosol indirect effect in these runs is due to its role in strengthening the sea surface temperature‐evaporation feedback; this suggests a renewed focus on surface flux observations to help assess overturning stability. The length of the AMOC reduction, and its rapid recovery, may be relevant to the onset and end of the Younger Dryas, which occurred within a warming climate during the last deglaciation.
Evaluation of Agricultural Land Cover Representations on Regional Climate Model Simulations in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Spera Stephanie A. , Winter Jonathan M. , Chipman Jonathan W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExamining interactions between large‐scale land cover and land use change and regional climate in areas undergoing dynamic land transformations, like the Brazilian Cerrado, is crucial for understanding tradeoffs between human needs and ecosystem services. Yet regional climate models often do not include accurate land cover data of these complex landscapes. We use National Center for Atmospheric Research's Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled to the Noah‐Multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) land surface model to run 10‐year climate simulations across Brazil to assess (1) whether an accurate, regionally validated land cover data set with two, new agricultural land cover classifications improves model simulation results; (2) the ability of Noah‐MP's dynamic vegetation option to model vegetation growth; and (3) the sensitivity of the model output to scale. The results of the simulations with the updated land surface perform better over intensive agricultural areas for precipitation, evapotranspiration, and temperature, especially during the wet‐to‐dry season transition months. Evapotranspiration is overestimated during the start of the rainy season across all model simulations, which is likely due to the soil moisture model. We also find that using the Noah‐MP dynamic vegetation significantly degrades agricultural leaf area index phenology simulations in Brazilian agricultural regions. Lastly, improving the model's resolution did not improve model output when compared to observational data. Incorporating more accurate representations of the landscape into regional climate models is essential for quantifying potential changes in climatological seasonality in dynamic, human‐modified regions and making informed land use decisions.
The Influence of Real‐World Wind Turbine Deployments on Local to Mesoscale Climate
Authors: Pryor S. C. , Barthelmie R. J. , Shepherd T. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPaired simulations are conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting model applied at convection permitting resolution in order to determine the impact of wind turbines (WTs) on the local to mesoscale climate. Using actual WT locations and a model of the effect of the WT rotor on the flow field, it is shown that while the presence of WT changes wind speeds (WSs) and near‐surface air temperature in 4‐km grid cells in which WTs are located, the impact at larger scales on near‐surface air temperature, specific humidity, the fluxes of latent and sensible heat, boundary layer heights, and precipitation is not significant in any season other than summer. During summer, the maximum pairwise difference in grid cell mean temperatures is 0.5 K and the maximum increase in near‐surface specific humidity is 0.4 g/kg. However, a spatial average of the mean seasonal perturbation of air temperature by WT gives a net impact of <0.1 K. Precipitation probability is also not significantly impacted in any season other than summer. In the summer the presence of WT is associated with a small decrease in precipitation probability and a decrease in season total precipitation of −2.6%. The finding of minor magnitude, but significant impacts, during summer should be used to contextualize results of substantial climate impacts from WT arrays deployed in the U.S. Central Plains based on short‐term simulations conducted for the summer season.
The Influence of Curvature on Convection in a Temperature‐Dependent Viscosity Fluid: Implications for the 2‐D and 3‐D Modeling of Moons
Authors: Guerrero J. M. , Lowman J. P. , Deschamps F. , Tackley P. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConvection in terrestrial bodies occurs within spherical shells described by the ratio, f, of their bounding radii. Previous studies that have modeled convection with a temperature‐dependent viscosity noted the strong effect of f on transition to the stagnant‐lid regime. Here we analyze stagnant‐lid convection in 2‐D and 3‐D systems with curvatures including relatively small‐core shells (f as small as 0.2) as well as in thin shell and plane‐layer cases. Several peculiarities of convection in a strongly temperature‐dependent viscosity fluid are identified for both high and low curvature systems. We demonstrate that effective Rayleigh numbers may differ by orders of magnitude in systems with different curvatures, when all other parameters are maintained at fixed values. Furthermore, as f is decreased, the nature of stagnant‐lid convection in small‐core bodies shows a divergence in the temperature and velocity fields found for 2‐D annulus and 3‐D spherical shell systems. In addition, substantial differences in the behavior of thin shell (f = 0.9) and plane‐layer (Cartesian geometry) models occur in both 2‐D and 3‐D, indicating that the latter (emulating a toroidal topology rather than spherical) may be inappropriate approximations for modeling variable viscosity convection in thin spherical shells. Our findings are especially relevant to understanding and accurately modeling the thermal structure that may exist in bodies characterized by thin shells (e.g., f = 0.9) or relatively small cores, such as shells comprising the Galilean satellites and other moons.
The Response of African Equatorial/Low‐Latitude Ionosphere to 2015 St. Patrick's Day Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Amaechi P. O. , Oyeyemi E. O. , Akala A. O. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTotal electron content (TEC) has been used to study the response of the African equatorial/low‐latitude ionosphere to the 17 March 2015 intense storm. Daily variations of symmetric H index, z component of interplanetary magnetic field, polar cap index, and H component of the Earth's magnetic field were analyzed along with TEC obtained from stations classified into western (11.53°E to 5.24°W) and eastern (25.00°E to 40.20°E) sectors. Storm time behavior of TEC was compared with the mean TEC of quiet days. TEC was enhanced over both sectors at the beginning of the storm while it reduced after the main phase as a result of prompt penetration of electric field and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF), respectively. The magnetic effect of the disturbed ionospheric electric current showed oscillations and minima in response to prompt penetration of electric field, which further enhanced the equatorial ionization anomaly. The effect of DDEF estimated from the ionospheric disturbance dynamo manifested in the form of decrease in the amplitude of the horizontal component of the Earth magnetic field (H) several hours after the beginning of the disturbance and during the recovery phase. Consequently, ionospheric irregularities were suppressed over all stations in both sectors on 17 and 18 March due to westward DDEF. On the 19 March, however, there was a difference in the pattern of irregularities over both sectors.
Can the Updip Limit of Frictional Locking on Megathrusts Be Detected Geodetically? Quantifying the Effect of Stress Shadows on Near‐Trench Coupling
Authors: Almeida Rafael , Lindsey Eric O. , Bradley Kyle , Hubbard Judith , Mallick Rishav , Hill Emma M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe updip limit of the seismogenic zone of megathrusts is poorly understood. The relative absence of observed microseismicity in such regions, together with laboratory studies of friction, suggests that the shallow fault is mostly velocity strengthening, and likely to creep. Inversions of geodetic data commonly show low to zero coupling at the trench, reinforcing this view. We show that the locked, downdip portion of the megathrust creates an updip stress shadow that prevents the shallow portion of the fault from creeping at a significant rate, regardless of its frictional behavior. Our models demonstrate that even if the shallowest 40% of the fault is frictionally unlocked, the expected creep at the fault tip is at most 30% of the plate rate, often within the uncertainties of surface geodetic measurements, and below current resolution of seafloor measurements. We conclude that many geodetic models significantly underestimate the degree of shallow coupling on megathrusts, and thus seismic and tsunami hazard.