bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature's Engineering Marvels: the Structure and Chemistry of a Butterfly Wing
Authors: Smentkowski VS , Ostrowski SG , Olson EJ , Cournoyer J , Dovidenko K , Potyrailo RA 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Much effort is currently being expended in nanotechnology and other fields to build biomimetic, or nature-inspired, materials. The first step in this process is often to develop a more complete understanding of the structure and chemistry of biological systems. In this article, we will compare and contrast data collected on a common biological sample, a butterfly wing, using a variety of analytical techniques. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) was used in order to perform bright field imaging of the sample cross section; Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to provide structural information of the outer wing surface at various magnifications; Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used in order to image the chemical composition of the outer most surface layer; and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) techniques were used to cut (micro machine) features into the wing.
Images from Minne“Snow”ta
Authors: Schenk Kurt , Hanke Larry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When the workload is light, we like to hone our skills by performing analysis on difficult samples (or at least that's the justification for this particular diversion). During the long winter of 1996-97, we took up the challenge of imaging snowflakes using our scanning electron microscope (SEM). Snow, being both nonconductive and liquid at room temperature, provides some challenges to the microscopist.
We have a JEOL 5800LV, which when operating in “Low Vacuum” mode, can image nonconductive samples without charging. This is achieved by allowing a relatively high pressure in the sample chamber. The air in the chamber ionizes in the beam and neutralizes the charge buildup on the sample.
Equipment Maintenance: Vender Service Contract vs. Independent Providers vs. Insurance Company/Self-insure Options M&M 2000 Expert's Session on Facility Management
Authors: Sherman Debby 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article is the second of a series transcribed from the discussion taped during the Facility Management session at M&M 2000. It is printed with permission of the Microscopy Society of America. Bulleted paragraphs indicate comments by individuals attending the session.
Energy-Filtered Imaging
Authors: Bentley J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over the several years that imaging energy filters have been available commercially, numerous and wide-ranging applications have demonstrated elemental mapping with a resolution approaching 1 nm. A few reports have even shown resolutions &lt;0.4 nm. Elemental mapping by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (Eftem) is clearly an attractive and powerful tool, but some aspects of the techniques can be complex, with many pitfalls awaiting the unwary. This tutorial aims to cover some practical aspects of elemental mapping by Eftem. It is based largely on the author's work at the ORNL Share User Facility, where Eftem research has been performed since 1994 with a Gatan imaging filter (GIF) interfaced to a Philips CM30T operated at 300 kV with a LaB6 cathode. Most of the applications have been to metals and ceramics, emphasizing interfacial segregation and precipitation.
The Energy Spectra of Secondary Electrons
Authors: Joy David C , Braski David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It has been estimated that more than 90% of all scanning electron microscope (SEM) images ever published have been obtained using secondary electrons (SE) which are defined as those electrons emitted with energies between 0 and 50 eV. The properties of these secondary electrons are therefore of considerable interest and importance. However, although secondary electrons have been intensively studied since their discovery by Starke in 1901, the majority of the work has been aimed at determining the SE yield coefficient and its variation with energy for elements and compounds. The energy spectrum of secondary electrons has received far less attention although it is evident that the form of the spectrum must have an effect on the image contrast observed in the SEM because SE detectors are energy selective devices. The few studies that have been made have mostly concentrated on spectra obtained from clean samples observed under ultra-high vacuum conditions.
Safe Disposal of Mercury Salts
Authors: Llewellyn Bryan D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Make sure that gloves are worn for this procedure. All containers and gloves used should be rinsed with water and the water put in the waste mercury container for next time.
All solutions containing mercury salts are collected into a jar labelled “Used Mercury Salts”. We keep this in our grossing room. The jar is actually a clear glass 3 kg sodium phosphate container.
When the jar is about half full, to each 900 mL (estimate, don't measure) add 40 grams of sodium carbonate to raise the pH to 8.0 or higher and mix well.
Leave it for a while, then filter the solution and collect the precipitate into a plastic jar for disposal. Put the filter paper in the jar as well. Seal the jar very well. We coat the lid with several layers of paraffin wax until it is about a quarter inch thick.
Probing Ribosomal RNA By Electron Spectroscopic Imaging and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction
Authors: Beniac Daniel R , Czarnota Gregory J , Rutherford Brenda L , Ottensmeyer F Peter , Harauz George 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ribosome is the protein synthetic machinery in the cell. Knowledge of the structures of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) macromolecules in situ is essential to understanding their roles in ribosome mediated protein synthesis. We are using a microanalytical technique that identifies and maps elements directly, electron spectroscopic imaging, to determine the rRNA phosphorus distributions within Escherichia coli ribosomal subunits, and to combine the two-dimensional maps into a three-dimensional elemental distribution by iterative quaternion-assisted angular reconstitution of ribosomal particles at random orientations.
Backside Etching of GaAs Devices
Authors: Mittereder Jeffrey A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The following is a technique for analyzing the area underneath a GaAs integrated circuit or discrete device which may aid in failure analysis. This procedure has been used in the past by the microelectronics community, and it is reviewed here for GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) and discrete devices. Because it is a destructive method, we use it in our lab after all other testing is completed. The substrate thickness of the GaAs is ∼4 mils (25 μm).
Rotary Pump Dual Filters
Authors: Basquall Ed 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Rotary vacuum pumps are used in virtually every research lab, especially those engaged in vacuum science such as electron microscopy and mass spectrometry. In the majority of these situations the exhaust can and should be vented to the outside. Unfortunately, many labs lack this capability. Oil mist vapors emitted from pumps under a load can be quite annoying and may be a potential health hazard. Pumps located in small confined spaces such as microscope rooms, darkrooms, etc. are particularly a problem. Often the manufacturer supplied filters are either inadequate or poorly maintained.
So Why is the Chemical Symbol for Tungsten "W"?
Authors: Darus Mark 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The tungsten mineral wolframite was known in the tin mines of the Saxony-Bohemia region long before the element itself was discovered. The origin of the word is assumed to be derived from the German words "wolf, meaning beast of prey, and "rham", meaning froth. "It eats up tin as a wolf eats up sheep". The writers of the period before 1781 had vague ideas as to the composition of the mineral that they had named. Tin miners called the mineral "mock-lead", an ore containing iron, arsenic, tin and a nonmetallic earth, or glassy earth containing iron and tin.
Rare Earth - Fe2 Thin Films Study With Strata™
Authors: Claude J M , Thiot J F , Oderno V , Dufour C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Rare-Earth Laves phases RE-Fe2 (RE represent the Rare-Earth) show large magnetostrictive properties, especially at room temperature. These materials are well characterized when in bulk form, but they have rarely been studied as thin films and one can expect some important effects due to epitaxial growth.
A few single crystal layers of RE-Fe2 have been studied (YFe2, TbFe2, DyFe2, ErFe2: and Dy0.7Tb0.3Fe2 known as Terfenol-D). The thickness of these different layers are between 5 and 20 nm and with [110] as a growth direction have been epitaxied. They have been deposited with a Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) in an ultra high vacuum chamber. A [1120] sapphire substrate is recovered by a [110] niobium buffer. The RE and the iron are then co-deposited on the substrate which is maintained at 500°C. Lastly, an Yttrium layer is deposited on the Rare Earth material at a temperature close to ambient.
TEM Sample Preparation for the Semiconductor Industry — Part 3
Authors: Walker John F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Part 1 of this series described how focused ion beam (FIB) microsurgery is used to successfully cross-section and prepare materialspecific samples for SEM and TEM analysis. In Part 2, we detailed how FIB is also the tool of choice to prepare site-specific samples, particularly for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. In this final article of this series, we describe actual sample preparation, cutting a selected area la size and mounting it on a grid for FIB preparation. Focused ion beams are very useful in preparing TEM specimens that have unique characteristics. In particular, the ability of such systems to image submicron features within a structure has allowed accurate identification of the precise place to make a membrane.
Contemporary Problems in Science Jobs (Second Edition) Part 2: What Good CVs Look Like! (The Science Career Path Reality)
Authors: Sowers Arthur E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My 9 years in industry, 5 years in academia, and 4 years as a postdoc tell me this about getting a regular (tenure-track) faculty appointment:
On a very simple level, one who wishes to be in lofty pursuits (an academic position at a research institution, where the goals are noble and the intellectual rewards are pure and at least some people respect you) would follow this conventional-wisdom paradigm:
First get a Ph.D (or MD/Ph.D), next get a postdoc, and then get an assistant “prof.” position.
Tricks of the Trade: Particle Mounting Methods
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Those of us who have particle identification problems sometimes have very small samples, say, only a few nanograms - even less sometimes. We also like to make up permanent Aroclor 5442 preparations of these tiny samples for safe keeping and future reference. If we mount such small samples in a normal drop of Aroclor filling an 18 mm diameter coverslip, we may spend a few frustrating minutes looking for the sample in a few acres of Aroclor. My solution is to use a very tiny Arocior droplet under a small coverslip. Ten millimeter or smaller round coverslips are available from Erie Scientific in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Resolution, Flexibility, and Quality offered by Dual Robinson Backscattered Electron Detectors
Authors: Cecere Paula A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over the years, efficiency of backscattered electron detectors has improved. Robinson has developed a unique system whereby two BSE detectors are used, offering an array of benefits to the SEM operator. The system consists of two detectors with scintillators of dedicated geometrical shape, providing a collection area greater than 2000 mm2. They are situated against the axis of the electron beam, with the right and left signals combining to form the overall image signal - one that is 1.5 times greater than that of a single detector. The omnidirectional image illumination, similar to that attained thorough a traditional SE detector, prevents shadowing due to the 180° collection angle.
The Difference Between Calibration and Image Linearity
Authors: Hansen Douglas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In my last article, I discussed the need for scheduled system checks on scanning electron microscopes. The article used an experience at a local SEM laboratory to point out the importance of monitoring your instrument by performing simple but regular system performance evaluations.
In this article I will discuss some principles behind the performance of imaging systems such as scanning electron and scanning probe microscopes. We will talk about the concepts of image linearity and dimensional calibration.
Using Antibodies to Make Images
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM), the workhorse of scanning probe microscopes, has become even more versatile. Anneliese Raab, Wenhai Han, Dirk Badt, Sandra Smith-Gill, Stuart Lindsay, Hansgeorg Schindler, and Peter Hinterdorfer have demonstrated that the AFM, in the dynamic force mode, can use antibodies as a probe. Dynamic force microscopy uses a magnetized tip that is oscillated in an alternating magnetic field as the tip scans the surface. This provides a very gentile interaction that can be recorded as a high resolution topographic image. Raab et al., showed that more information can be obtained from the specimen.
Cryoprotectant Tissue Storage Solutions: Stability at Lower Temperatures, Longer Storage Times, More Versatile Usage
Authors: Simmons Donna M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Infusion with buffer/sucrose solutions (up to 30% sucrose) has long been used to ‘cryoprotect’ tissue in an attempt to prevent ice crystal artifact in frozen sections. This is helpful for example in sectioning large, fixed tissue blocks that must be frozen relatively slowly in dry ice to allow sectioning on a sliding microtome. In 1977, De Olmos added ethylene glycol to the mixture (30 g cane sugar/50 ml 0.1 M PO4 buffer at pH 7.2 in 20 ml ethylene glycoi) for -10°C storage of free floating sections from lightly fixed primate brain. Jones and Kane in 78 used this solution for storage of sections at -20°C (standard household freezer temperature) for up to one month before horseradish peroxidase histochemical reaction, in their methods, they cautioned that "sucrose attracts insects" (ants, personal communication). We and others have found the above cryoprotectant solution generally useful for storage of free floating sections from fixed brain. We observed that adjacent sections stored at 4°C in buffer for 2 weeks (common practice for Nissl stained sections) lost their reactivity to antibody labelling.
Don't Store Osmium Tetroxide in Plastic Containers
Authors: Jeffree Chris 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It is not safeto store osmium in ordinary laboratory plastic containers. Osmium penetrates polyolefin plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene) to some depth, and reacts with them, so containers made from these plastics or of polystyrene or polycarbonate with polyolefin closures are not recommended.
Osmium is usually supplied with some protective packaging and, should further security be desired, I would consider placing the glass ampoules inside polyethylene or polypropylene tubes. This would allow considerable shock protection and, if the ampoule did break, the outer container would protect against leakage for the short time required to get it to a fume cupboard. The same principle can be applied to osmium solutions prepared in glass bottles: enclosure in an outer polyethylene bottle will give shock protection and temporary containment. Also, its blackening indicates how much leakage has occurred from the supposedly closed glass container.
In this regard, we have a rule that osmium solutions are never stored in the laboratory refrigerator.
Directing Traffic in Lymph Nodes
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W , Remstein Ellen D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
How do the right cells get to the right place in lymph nodes? It is known that lymphocytes known as B cells (that originate in the bone marrow) migrate to follicles within the nodes, whereas T cells (that originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus gland) reside in an adjacent region known as the paracortex. By combining confocal, electron, and intravital microscopy, Marc Bajénoff, Jackson Egen, Lily Koo, Jean Pierre Laugier, Frédéric Brau, Nicolas Glaichenhaus, and Ronald Germain have demonstrated a role for the stroma of the node in directing these cells to the appropriate location. The stromal cells that are critical in the B cell follicles are follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and in the paracortex it's the fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs).
Multi-Length Scale Characterization of the Gibeon Meteorite using Electron Backscatter Diffraction
Authors: Nowell Matthew M , Carpenter John O 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Gibeon meteorite is a differentiated iron meteorite that fell in Nambia, Africa in prehistoric times, with fragments spread over an area 70 miles wide and 230 miles long. The Gibeon fall was initially discovered in 1836, and hundreds of thousands of kilograms of fragments have been recovered. These fragments represent the iron core of a meteorite that cooled and crystallized over thousands of years (Norton 2002).
The microstructure of the Gibeon meteorite, which is primarily an iron-nickel alloy, consists of two phases: kamacite, a body-centered cubic material and taenite, a face-centered cubic material that metallurgists would refer to as ferrite and austenite respectively. This material initially crystallizes as taenite, and as the temperature decreases, transforms into kamacite. This meteorite is classified as a Fine Octahedrite (Of) with an average Nickel content of approximately 7.9%
Applications of Focused Ion Beam (FIB) on Yeast Cell & SARS Virus
Authors: Hing H L , Burkhardt C , Gnauck P , Sally S , Gelderbloms H , Muranaka Y , Kaswandi MA , Azizl AHA , Sahalan AZ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The focused ion beam (FIB) is a relatively novel technique to biomedical electron microscopy as it open up new means for the observations and examinations of a wide range of biomedical and biological materials. The focused ion beam, or FIB tool has been utilized mainly in the fields of material sciences and industry. The (FIB) uses high-energy gallium ions to precisely and accurately section or mill samples. Lately FIB method have been used to prepare biological samples such as yeast cells and virus particles. Yeast cells Schwanniomyces occidentalis S. occidentalis were prepared by vacuum sucking them into cellulose tubing, plunge freezing them in liquid nitrogen, followed by chemical fixation in glutaraldehye and postfixed with osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in a series of ascending alcohol concentration up to absolute alcohol, then freeze dried overnight. In the case of SARS virus, the tissue culture containing virus particles was chemically fixed with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ascending order of alcohol concentrations and then freeze dried.
Advanced Metallographic Techniques Applied to Diesel Particulate Filters
Authors: Saenz Natalio , Dillon Heather , Carlson Shelley , Maupin Gary 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) are designed to capture exhaust particulates from engines. The filter material collects the particulates deep in the substrate (deep-bed filtration) before transitioning to other filtration methods on the surface. The deep-bed filtration has been characterized by modeling studies but little experimental information about the particulate, or soot, penetration in the filter material is available. Traditional evaluation methods do not provide sufficient contrast between the soot and mounting resins.
Due to the difficulty of locating carbon soot in the pores in these filters, ultra-thin section techniques (under 10-micron-thick sections) were used for the characterization of these samples. Under transmitted light, the carbon soot is black because it blocks the light, and the carbon in the resin material is relatively clear.
Platform Wars: Macintosh-Based Digitization Systems
Authors: Krivanek O L , Hunt J A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Improvements over the past few years in essentially all modern operating systems coupled with the blurring of the boundaries between mainframes, workstations, and personal computers make the choice of platform often one of personal preference other than of necessity. A decade ago there were very distinct differences between the features offered by IBM PC and clones, the Apple Macintosh, and UNIX workstations. These differences included price, processing performance, OS features, look and feel, graphical capabilities, memory and disk limitations, networking capabilities, ease of- use, system stability, development tools, etc. Since then many of these distinguishing differences have evaporated making platform selection a more subtle issue, but also much less important. However, there are still a great many users thai tend to make such decisions based on their “religious” preference of platform rather than based on objective information.
Three Dimensional Deconvolution Of Microscope Data
Authors: Richardson Michael 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Advances in computer processing power have enabled new threedimensional image enhancement and visualization techniques. Data storage capacities of a gigabyte or more are affordable and commonplace. The Power Macintosh computers are RISC based processors which perform graphical and computational tasks many times faster than the older 68000 based systems. These new systems are ideal platforms for threedimensional deconvolution of microscope data sets.
SEM-Fix
Authors: Mott Rick 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The most unusual use I've seen for an SEM was as a special-effects generator for the fifth Star Trek movie, “The Final Frontier”, William Shatner directed the film as well as starring in it. He chose Bran Ferren of Associates and Ferren, now part of Disney Imagineering, to do the special effects. Ferren had the idea of using SEM imagery for the “eerie planet in the center of the galaxy”, because the large in-focus depth of field gave an unearthly feel to the scene. Shatner was fascinated by the technology and the resulting images.
When you hear that a film cost $50 million to make, here's how it happens. They bought a Zeiss 960 SEM and a PGT IMIX system just for that one sequence in the movie! A mainstay of movie effects is model animation, in which miniatures are dragged along suspended wires while one or more cameras (mounted on articulated robotic booms) also move to produce She complex and realistic action you see on the screen.
Computer-Controlled Polishing System For Preparing Multiple Pre-FIB TEM Specimens
Authors: MacMahon D J , Raz-Moyal E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Semiconductor manufacturers are increasingly turning to Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to monitor product yield and process control, analyze defects, and investigate interface layer morphology. To prepare TEM specimens, Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology is an invaluable tool, yielding a standard milled TEM lamella approximately 15 μm wide, 5 μm deep and ~100 nm thick. Several techniques have been developed to extract these tiny objects from a large wafer and view it in the TEM. These techniques, including ex-situ lift-out, H-bar, and in-situ lift-out, have different advantages and disadvantages, but all require painstaking preparation of one specimen at a time.