bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ankle Brachial Pressure Index: An update for the vascular specialist and general practitioner
Authors: Thurston Benjamin , Dawson Joseph 
Published: April 2019

Objectives Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) is an invaluable tool for assessing the severity of peripheral arterial disease. In addition, it can be used as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, with a predictive ability similar to the Framingham criteria. Identification of an abnormal ABPI should therefore trigger aggressive cardiac risk factor modulation for a patient. Unfortunately, the significance of abnormal ABPIs is poorly understood within the general medical community. This is compounded by the influence of various comorbidities on accurate measurement of ABPI, potentially leading to a wide variability in readings that need to be considered before interpretation in these patient populations. We aim to address these issues by revealing several common misunderstandings and pitfalls in ABPI measurement, describing accurate methodology, and highlighting patient cohorts in whom additional or alternative approaches may be required. Methods We present a narrative review of the role of ABPI in both the community and hospital setting. We have performed a literature review, exploring the validity and reproducibility of methodology for obtaining ABPI, alongside the utility of ABPI in different clinical scenarios. Results The measurement of ABPI is often performed incorrectly. Common pitfalls include inadequate patient preparation, failure to obtain the blood pressure from the correct lower limb artery in patients with tibial disease, failure to account for differences in brachial blood pressure between the arms, inappropriately chosen equipment and patient factors such as highly calcified arteries. Standardisation of methodology greatly improves reliability of the test. Exercise ABPI can identify significant peripheral arterial disease in patients with normal resting ABPI. In addition to its role in peripheral arterial disease, ABPI measurement has a role in assessing venous ulcers, entrapment syndromes and injured extremities; conversely, it has a more limited utility in the diabetic population. Conclusions A thorough understanding of the correct technique and associated limitations of ABPI measurement is essential in accurately generating and interpreting the data it provides. With this knowledge, the ABPI is an invaluable tool to help manage patients with peripheral arterial disease. Perhaps more importantly, ABPI can be used to identify and risk stratify patients with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease, itself a major indicator of significant underlying cardiovascular disease. With the emergence of best medical therapy, targeted pharmacotherapy and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients by approximately 30%, particularly in diabetic patients. Therefore, the utility of ABPI transgresses vascular surgery, with an essential role in general practice and public health.
Bisphosphonates and cardiovascular risk in elderly patients with previous cardiovascular disease: a population-based nested case-control study in Italy
Authors: Kirchmayer Ursula , Sorge Chiara , Sultana Janet , Lapi Francesco , Onder Graziano , Agabiti Nera , Cascini Silvia , Roberto Giuseppe , Corrao Giovanni , Vitale Cristiana , Lucenteforte Ersilia , Mugelli Alessandro , Davoli Marina , Bartolini C. , Bernabei R. , Bettiol A , Bonassi S. , Caputi A.P. , Chinellato A. , Fini M. , Gini R. , Giorgianni F. , Lombardi N. , Rea F. , Tari M. , Trifirò G. , Vannacci A. , Vetrano D.L. 
Published: April 2019

Background: In a globally aging population, chronic conditions with a high impact on healthcare costs and quality of life, such as osteoporosis and associated fractures, are a matter of concern. For osteoporosis, several drug treatments are available, but evidence on adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular (CCV) events, and in particular the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), related to anti-osteoporotic drug use is inconclusive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of bisphosphonates (BPs), strontium ranelate (SR), and other anti-osteoporosis drugs and the risk of AF and CCV events in a large cohort of patients affected by CCV diseases. Methods: Based on a cohort of patients aged 65 years and over, discharged from the hospitals of five large Italian areas after a CCV event between 2008 and 2011, two nested case-control studies were conducted. Cases were patients with a subsequent hospital admission for AF or CCV; four controls for each case were randomly selected and matched by age group, sex and follow-up time. A total of three exposure measures were tested: ever use, adherence and recency of use. In the conditional logistic regression models, patients not treated with any anti-osteoporotic medication were considered as the reference category. Results: The initial cohort accounted for 657,246 patients. Neither BPs nor SR use was associated with an increased risk of AF regardless of the adherence and recency of use. Overall BP and SR use was associated with a slightly increased risk of CCV; however, results reversed when considering higher adherence: odds ratio (OR) 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71–0.92 for BPs and OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52–0.97 for SR. Conclusions: BPs do not increase cardiovascular risk and can be prescribed to elderly patients for osteoporosis treatment. However, patients with pre-existing cerebrovascular/cardiovascular conditions should be carefully monitored.
Novel Use for Maloney Dilators in the Management of Gastrostomy Stenosis
Authors: Jennings Joseph J. , Batisda-Coelho Roseangela , Lipman Timothy O. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Gastrostomy tube dislodgement is a common complication after gastrostomy tube placement. If the tube is not immediately replaced, the gastrostomy stomal tract may close in as little as 8 hours. Small case series have reported the salvage of partially closed or stenosed gastrostomy stomal tracts using different types of dilators, but the use of Maloney dilators for this indication has not been reported. Dilation of a stenosed tract can allow for immediate re-establishment of enteral access without the need for a repeat invasive procedure. We present 3 instances of gastrostomy stenosis successfully dilated with Maloney dilators using minimal topical anesthesia.
Enhancement of Impact Properties by Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as Secondary Reinforcement in Glass/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Rawat Prashant , Singh K. K. , Behera Rohit Pratyush 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This study is focused on the drop weight low-velocity impact (LVI) response of glass woven polymer composite laminates reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Symmetrical quasi-isotropic laminates with zero bending-extension coupling were fabricated. Six hundred-grams per square meter plain glass woven fabric was used as a primary reinforcing agent while MWCNTs were used as the secondary reinforcement. The exceptional mechanical properties of MWCNTs in the context of impact damage tolerance in fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates were examined and the limitation of scattered data was overcome by doing a range analysis. MWCNT-doped glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates were fabricated in seven proportions (neat, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percentage of resins) by using the hand layup technique, followed by the vacuum bagging method at 1 atm. By mixing MWCNTs as a secondary reinforcement, the maximum enhancement of 32.6 % in energy absorption, 10.26 % in peak load capacity (at 3.0 m/s impact velocity), and 32.44 % reduction in the visual damage area was attained (at 3.5 m/s indentation). Experiment results (for neat GFRP) were also validated by using three-dimensional finite element analysis software LS-DYNA.
Prediction of Crack Depth and Fatigue Life of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Cantilever Beam Using Dynamic Response
Authors: Zai Behzad Ahmed , Khan Muhammad A. , Khan Sohaib Z. , Asif Muhammad , Khan Kamran A. , Saquib Ahmad N. , Mansoor Asif , Shahzad Majid , Mujtaba Ahmed 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this article, a methodology is proposed that can be used to predict the crack growth and fatigue life of a cantilever beam made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) manufactured with fused deposition modeling. Three beam configurations based on length (L = 110, 130, and 150 mm) are considered. Empirical relationships are formulated between the natural frequency and the crack growth. The analytical and experimental results are found to be in good agreement for all configurations. Using the experimental data, a global relation is formulated for the crack depth prediction. This global relation is useful for an in situ crack depth prediction with an error of less than 10 %. Later, a residual fatigue life of these specimens is compared with a metallic structure (Aluminum 1050) of similar configuration available in the literature. It is found that the ABS material has more residual fatigue life compared with the metallic structure at the same frequency drop. Based on the remaining fatigue life, ABS material can be a potential material to manufacture machine components under cyclic loads.
Divergent Allele Advantage Provides a Quantitative Model for Maintaining Alleles with a Wide Range of Intrinsic Merits
Authors: Stefan Thorsten , Matthews Louise , Prada Joaquin M , Mair Colette , Reeve Richard , Stear Michael J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A striking feature of the antigen coding genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is their genetic diversity. However, the exact mechanisms maintaining this diversity remain elusive. Modelling indicates that Divergent...
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is the most genetically diverse region of the genome in most vertebrates. Some form of balancing selection is necessary to account for the extreme diversity, but the precise mechanism of balancing selection is unknown. Due to the way MHC molecules determine immune recognition, overdominance (also referred to as heterozygote advantage) has been suggested as the main driving force behind this unrivalled diversity. However, both theoretical results and simulation models have shown that overdominance in its classical form cannot maintain large numbers of alleles unless all alleles confer unrealistically similar levels of fitness. There is increasing evidence that heterozygotes containing genetically divergent alleles allow for broader antigen presentation to immune cells, providing a selective mechanism for MHC polymorphism. By framing competing models of overdominance within a general framework, we show that a model based on Divergent Allele Advantage (DAA) provides a superior mechanism for maintaining alleles with a wide range of intrinsic merits, as intrinsically less-fit MHC alleles that are more divergent can survive under DAA. Specifically, our results demonstrate that a quantitative mechanism built from the DAA hypothesis is able to maintain polymorphism in the MHC. Applying such a model to both livestock breeding and conservation could provide a better way of identifying superior heterozygotes, and quantifying the advantages of genetic diversity at the MHC.
To the Centenary of the Birthday of the Outstanding Physicist I.Z. Fisher
Authors: Adamyan V. M. , Alekhin O. D. , Anisimov M. O. , Barthel J. , Bulavin L. A. , Gotsulskiy V. Ya. , Kovalenko M. P. , Koval’ I. M. , Krasnyj Yu. P. , Kruglov V. E. , Lebovka M. I. , Magazu S. , Maisano G. , Mazur V. O. , Malenkov G. G. , Malomuzh M. P. , Norman G. E. , Rodnikova M. M. , Sysoev V. M. , Fisenko A. I. , Veytsman B. A. 
Published: April 2019

February 24, 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of the birth of the prominent physicist-theorist Iosif Zalmanovich Fisher, Professor of I.I. Mechnikov University of Odessa. He was born in Minsk. The young guy
became fully aware of the horror of Stalin’s repressions. At the end of 1937, his father was executed by
shooting. The same year, his mother was sentenced to a prison term of seven years. In 1941, on the eve of
the war, he graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Belarusian State University (BSU).
Perspectives of operational additive manufacturing: Case Studies from the Czech aerospace industry
Authors: Jirsák Petr , Brunet-Thornton Richard 
Published: April 2019

This manuscript examines the results of a quantitative and qualitative survey on Additive Manufacturing in the Czech Republic, specifically the adoption within the aerospace industry. The study conducted in 2016 and 2017 provides a general understanding of the implementation. To better gauge the experience, two intensive interviews provide a candid perspective of the challenges encountered. The discussion depicts the central issues that each enterprise encounters during this transition from traditional to Additive Manufacturing. The findings reveal that, although the transformation is on-going, a solid knowledge base remains a critical element to successful deployment.
A ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ, ОПЫТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСКИХ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ РАБОТ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Authors: Guseva I B 
Published: April 2019

Аннотация: статья посвящена вопросам необходимости дальнейшего стратегического развития научно-исследовательских, опытно-конструкторских и технологических работ в РФ. Обсуждение: проанализированы основные проблемы, препятствующие планомерному комплексному развитию НИОКТР: отсутствие системной государственной поддержки данной сферы деятельности; низкая активность частного сектора в сфере НИОКТР; кадровые проблемы специалистов конструкторско-технологического блока; проблемы коммерциализации результатов НИОКТР; недостаточная правовая защита интеллектуальной собственности; устаревшая материально-техническая база в сфере исследований и разработок. Результаты: по всем вышеобозначенным проблемам предложены соответствующие способы их решения
РОЛЬ УНИВЕРСИТЕТОВ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ И РАЗВИТИИ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕГИОНА, СТРАНЫ, МИРОВОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА
Authors: Panchenko V Е 
Published: April 2019

Цель: Статья посвящена изучения цепочки со-созидания ценности в условиях цифровой экономики. Объектом исследования являются организации высшего образования как центральный элемент экономики, базирующейся на знаниях.
Обсуждение: Вуз является подсистемой и одновременно ядром отраслевого уровня в сфере исследований и разработок, регионального уровня, национального уровня и мирового. Согласно концепции «Тройной спирали» необходимо гармоничное взаимодействие между университетами, бизнес-структурами и государственной властью, как способа интенсификации инновационного развития и предпринимательства, генерации, передачи и применения знаний и технологий, для коммерциализации исследований и разработок в экономику страны.
Результаты: В исследованиях разработана классификация сосозидания ценностей когнитивной экономики, разработана матрица характера влияния уровней инновационной системы друг на друга. Сделаны выводы о том, что высшее учебное заведение является ключевым звеном в формировании инновационной системы.
Motor Abilities: Methods of Strength and Strength Endurance Development in Middle-School-Aged Boys
Authors: Veremeenko V. Yu. 
Published: April 2019

The study purpose is to develop methods for strength and strength endurance development in middle-school-aged boys in a two-week physical training cycle.
Materials and methods. The study participants were 6th grade boys (n = 36), 7th grade boys (n = 36), 8th grade boys (n = 33). The paper used analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The study materials were processed by the IBM SPSS 23 statistical analysis software. The following parameters were calculated: arithmetic mean (X); standard deviation (s). The probability of difference in statistical indicators was estimated using the Student’s t-test.
Results. The analysis of the study results indicates that after using the method of circuit training (1–3 classes), the experimental group boys show a statistically significant improvement of results in the set of tests (p < 0.05). The largest increase was observed in the indicators of strength endurance of shoulder flexors, abdominal and back muscles, and static endurance of leg muscles. After using a combined method (4–6 classes), the experimental group boys show a statistically significant improvement of the results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p < 0.05). The comparison between the levels of strength preparedness of the control group boys and experimental group boys after the experiment revealed that the experimental group boys show statistically significantly better results of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles (p < 0.05).
Conclusions. The methods of strength and endurance development that includes circuit training (1–3 classes) and combined training (4–6 classes) have a positive effect on the dynamics of indicators of strength and strength endurance of shoulder muscles, abdominal and back muscles, leg muscles of the middle-school-aged boys. The method of circuit training is effective to develop general and local strength endurance, the dynamics of strength of the local muscle group is strongly influenced by the method of combined training.
Comparative Overview of Motor and Functional Preparedness of 7th–9th Grade Boys of Rural Underfilled School
Authors: Semko Yu. S. 
Published: April 2019

The study purpose is to determine the age-related peculiarities of motor and functional preparedness of boys studying at a rural underfilled school.
Materials and methods. The study participants were boys of 7thgrade (n = 8), 8thgrade (n = 7), and 9thgrade (n = 6). To achieve the purpose set, the study used the following research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. The test program consisted of the well-known tests: “Shuttlerun4×9 m”,“Arms’ bending and straightening in a lying position”, “Arms’ bending and straightening in a hanging position”, “Bent-arm hang”, “Standing long jump”, “Evaluation of movement time parameters(running time 5, 10 and 15 seconds)”.“Stange’stest”, “Genci’stest”,and“Serkin’stest”were used toevaluate the functional state.
Results. The analysis of motor preparedness of the 7th-9thgrade boys of a rural school showed that the 7th-graders are less physically fit compared to the 8th- and 9th-graders. The 8th-9thgrade boys show the best results in almost all the tests. There are statistically significant differences between the boys in tests characterizing strength preparedness. According to the results of functional preparedness, the 7th-9thgrade boys show high results in “Stange’stest” and“Serkin’stest”1 and 3.The 8thand 9thgrade boys have the same functional states of respiratory and circulatory functions.
Conclusions.The boys show a high dynamics of functional state of respiratory and circulatory functions, as well as of strength preparedness. The 8thand 9thgrade boys statistically significantly differ in the indicators of motor coordination and speed strength. By the results of other tests, the difference in preparedness is not statistically significant.
Regression equations (unstandardized canonical discriminant function coefficients) allow to calculate schoolboys’ level of preparedness. A comparison of the obtained result with centroid values makes it possible to divide schoolboys into groups by their level of preparedness. A classification of boys by the level of motor preparedness is possible based on relative strength, motor control ability, and general coordination tests.
The Sharing Economy and its Paradoxes: A Sociological Study of Sharing Communities in Russia
Authors: Шмидт Майя Андреевна 
Published: April 2019

Citation: Shmidt M. (2019) The Sharing Economy and its Paradoxes: A Sociological Study of Sharing Communities in Russia. Mir Rossii, vol. 28, no 2, pp. 148–171. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-2-148-171
Over the past decade there has been an enormous rise in alternative forms of economic organization, such as the sharing economy – an under-theorized and contradictory empirical phenomenon. The paper studies the variety of interaction practices and motivations for participation and identifies common and specific features of self-organization by comparing three platforms: Darudar (sharing goods), Bank Vremeni [Time Bank] (sharing time and services) and Couchsurfing (sharing accommodation and leisure). The data, which was triangulated, includes: (i) 25 in-depth interviews conducted with experts and active users of the platforms, (ii) ethnography from participant observation of users’ offline meetings, (iii) systematic online observation. This study employs a blended ethnography/netnography approach – studying the sharing economy communities both online and face-to-face to provide ‘thick’ description of community-building. We theorize that sharing in the sharing economy is a separate principle of resource allocation, which is characterized by the priority of goods over the structure of relations between parties. In contrast to the reciprocity principle, the recipient in sharing is selected with respect to a fixed amount of resources which the donor possesses. Sharing is moving far beyond the boundaries of kindred, friend, partner or other personal relationships, as far as the counterparty is selected among the participants of an extended network of social contacts. The circle of people who can enjoy the benefits of a joint resource expands to the many thousands of users of the virtual sharing platform. What motivates the well-resourced users of the sharing economy platforms, who possesseconomic and cultural capital, to become practitioners of sharing? Aspiration for communitybuilding, deriving from the extrapolation of the self to the aggregate level: the ‘extended self’. Sharing contributes to a sense of an imaginary community, making ourselves an integral part.Practically, sharing transforms into a ritual chain: from the preparation of resources for exchange to the choice of counteragent, communication before the act of sharing, during and after, all of which create a full part of social life. When offering to share material and immaterial objects, participants of the platforms offer a part of themselves – talents and opportunities, communication and empathy, belonging to cultural tradition. In return, they receive a means of reducing loneliness and overcoming social alienation.