bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence for the Otolaryngologist: A State of the Art Review
Authors: Bur Andrés M. , Shew Matthew , New Jacob 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo provide a state of the art review of artificial intelligence (AI), including its subfields of machine learning and natural language processing, as it applies to otolaryngology and to discuss current applications, future impact, and limitations of these technologies.Data SourcesPubMed and Medline search engines.Review MethodsA structured search of the current literature was performed (up to and including September 2018). Search terms related to topics of AI in otolaryngology were identified and queried to identify relevant articles.ConclusionsAI is at the forefront of conversation in academic research and popular culture. In recent years, it has been touted for its potential to revolutionize health care delivery. Yet, to date, it has made few contributions to actual medical practice or patient care. Future adoption of AI technologies in otolaryngology practice may be hindered by misconceptions of what AI is and a fear that machine errors may compromise patient care. However, with potential clinical and economic benefits, it is vital for otolaryngologists to understand the principles and scope of AI.Implications for PracticeIn the coming years, AI is likely to have a major impact on biomedical research and the practice of medicine. Otolaryngologists are key stakeholders in the development and clinical integration of meaningful AI technologies that will improve patient care. High‐quality data collection is essential for the development of AI technologies, and otolaryngologists should seek opportunities to collaborate with data scientists to guide them toward the most impactful clinical questions.
Evaluating Perineural Spread to the Intratemporal Facial Nerve on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Nader Marc‐Elie , Ginsberg Lawrence E. , Bell Diana , Roberts Dianna B. , Gidley Paul W. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo determine the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of perineural spread (PNS) along the intratemporal facial nerve (ITFN) in patients with head and neck cancers.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsWe included 58 patients with head and neck malignancies who underwent sacrifice of the ITFN between August 1, 2002, and November 30, 2015. Demographics, preoperative facial nerve function, prior oncologic treatment, and timing between MRI and surgery were recorded. Histopathology slides and preoperative MRI were reviewed retrospectively by a neuropathologist and a neuroradiologist, respectively, both blinded to clinical data. The mastoid segment of the facial nerve (referred to as the descending facial nerve [DFN]) and stylomastoid foramen (SMF) were evaluated separately. A grading system was devised when radiographically assessing PNS along the DFN.ResultsHistopathologic evidence of PNS was found in 21 patients (36.2%). The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting PNS to the DFN were 72.7% and 87.8%, respectively. MRI showed higher sensitivity but slightly lower specificity when evaluating the SMF (80% and 82.8%, respectively). Prior oncologic treatment did not affect the false‐positive rate (P =. 7084). Sensitivity was 100% when MRI was performed within 2 weeks of surgery and was 62.5% to 73.3% when the interval was greater than 2 weeks. This finding was not statistically significant (SMF, P =. 7076; DFN, P =. 4143).ConclusionMRI shows fair to good sensitivity and good specificity when evaluating PNS to the ITFN.
Palliative care in paramedic practice: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lord Bill , Andrew Emily , Henderson Amanda , Anderson David J , Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen 
Published: February 2019

Background: Paramedics may be involved in the care of patients experiencing a health crisis associated with palliative care. However, little is known about the paramedic’s role in the care of these patients. Aim: To describe the incidence and nature of cases attended by paramedics and the care provided where the reason for attendance was associated with a history of palliative care. Design: This is a retrospective cohort study. Setting/participants: Adult patients (aged >17 years) attended by paramedics in the Australian state of Victoria between 1 July 2015 and 30 June 2016 where terms associated with palliative care or end of life were recorded in the patient care record. Secondary transfers including inter-hospital transport cases were excluded. Results: A total of 4348 cases met inclusion criteria. Median age was 74 years (interquartile range 64–83). The most common paramedic assessments were ‘respiratory’ (20.1%), ‘pain’ (15.8%) and ‘deceased’ (7.9%); 74.4% ( n = 3237) were transported, with the most common destination being a hospital (99.5%, n = 3221). Of those with pain as the primary impression, 359 (53.9%) received an analgesic, morphine, fentanyl or methoxyflurane, and 356 (99.2%) were transported following analgesic administration. Resuscitation was attempted in 98 (29.1%) of the 337 cases coded as cardiac arrest. Among non-transported cases, there were 105 (9.6%) cases where paramedics re-attended the patient within 24 h of the previous attendance. Conclusion: Paramedics have a significant role in caring for patients receiving palliative care. These results should inform the design of integrated systems of care that involve ambulance services in the planning and delivery of community-based palliative care.
Effects of acute alcohol consumption on emotion recognition in social alcohol drinkers
Authors: Khouja Jasmine N , Attwood Angela S , Penton-Voak Ian S , Munafò Marcus R 
Published: February 2019

Background: Research suggests that acute alcohol consumption alters recognition of emotional expressions. Extending this work, we investigated the effects of alcohol on recognition of six primary expressions of emotion. Methods: We conducted two studies using a 2 × 6 experimental design with a between-subjects factor of drink (alcohol, placebo) and a within-subjects factor of emotion (anger, disgust, sadness, surprise, happiness, fear). Study one ( n = 110) was followed by a direct replication study ( n = 192). Participants completed a six alternative forced choice emotion recognition task following consumption of 0.4 g/kg alcohol or placebo. Dependent variables were recognition accuracy (i.e. hits) and false alarms. Results: There was no clear evidence of differences in recognition accuracy between groups ( ps > .58). In study one, there were more false alarms for anger in the alcohol compared to placebo group ( n = 52 and 56, respectively; t(94.6) = 2.26, p = .024, d = .44) and fewer false alarms for happiness ( t(106) = –2.42, p = .017, d = –.47). However, no clear evidence for these effects was found in study two (alcohol group n = 96, placebo group n = 93, ps > .22). When the data were combined we observed weak evidence of an effect of alcohol on false alarms of anger ( t(295) = 2.25, p = .025, d = .26). Conclusions: These studies find weak support for biased anger perception following acute alcohol consumption in social consumers, which could have implications for alcohol-related aggression. Future research should investigate the robustness of this effect, particularly in individuals high in trait aggression.
Greater empathy in MDMA users
Authors: Carlyle Molly , Stevens Tobias , Fawaz Leah , Marsh Beth , Kosmider Sophia , Morgan Celia JA 
Published: February 2019

Background: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is widely known for its positive acute effects on social behaviour, such as increasing empathy, whilst also attenuating the negative impact of social exclusion. However there is a scarcity of research that investigates the long-term impact of recreational MDMA use on these fundamental social processes. Method: Sixty-seven individuals were split into three groups based on their drug-use history: poly-drug MDMA users ( n = 25), poly-drug users who do not use MDMA ( n = 19), alcohol-only users ( n = 23), and were tested in an independent groups design. Participants completed both a self-report measure of emotional and cognitive empathy, along with the Multifaceted Empathy Task – a computerised assessment of empathy – and the Cyberball Game – a social exclusion paradigm. Results: MDMA users had significantly greater subjective emotional empathy, and greater cognitive empathy on the computer task compared with the poly-drug users who do not use MDMA. There were no significant differences in subjective responses to social exclusion between the groups. Indices of MDMA use did not correlate with empathy. Conclusions: Long-term MDMA users in this sample exhibited normal psychosocial functioning in regard to empathy and social pain and had higher subjective emotional empathy. This conflicts with previous suggestions that moderate, long-term MDMA use may cause heightened social distress, and is further evidence of the safety of the drug, which is relevant to considerations of its therapeutic use.
Is FDG maximum standardized uptake value of primary breast cancer a prognostic factor for locoregional axillary lymph node metastasis?
Authors: Refaat Rania , Abd Alkhalik Basha Mohammad , Sobhi Hassan Mohammed , Hussein Rasha S , Al-Molla Rania M , Awad Nahla M , Elkholy Engi 
Published: February 2019

Background 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has been widely used for diagnosis and staging of disease recurrence in breast cancer patients. Purpose To determine the validity of 18F-FDG PET/CT maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary breast cancer (SUVmax-T) as a prognostic factor for locoregional axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM). Material and Methods We prospectively studied 198 female patients with pathologically proven breast cancer. All patients were submitted to 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for their initial tumor staging. The SUVmax-T on 18F-FDG PET/CT and ALNM were assessed. The patients were categorized into two groups; group A, with ALNM, and group B, without ALNM, according to the presence of locoregional ALNM on visual analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT. The correlations and differences between two groups were statistically evaluated. The optimal cut-off value of SUVmax-T was determined. Results The mean tumor size in group A was significantly greater than that in group B ( P = 0.0416). The mean SUVmax-T value in group A was significantly higher than that in group B ( P = 0.0037). Tumor stage in group A was higher than that in group B ( P = 0.0045). The correlation between tumor size and SUVmax-T value was statistically significant in group A (r = 0.6768, P = 0.0111) and in group B ( r = 0.7221, P = 0.0280). The optimal cut-off of SUVmax-T for detecting ALNM was >4.2. As regards molecular subtypes, the mean SUVmax-T values of HER2-positive and triple-negative subtypes in group A were significantly higher than that in group B ( P = 0.0012 and <0.001, respectively). Conclusion Breast cancer patients with higher primary tumor 18F-FDG uptake are at greater risk of concurrent ALNM.
Relationship between the muscle relaxation effect and body muscle mass measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis: A nonrandomized controlled trial
Authors: Choi Yoon-Ji , Hee Kim Yun , Bae Go Eun , Yu Joon Ho , Yoon Seung Zhoo , Kang Hee Won , Lee Kuen Su , Kim Jae-Hwan , Lee Yoon-Sook 
Published: February 2019

Objective The dose of neuromuscular blocking drugs is commonly based on body weight, but using muscle mass might be more effective. This study investigated the relationship between the effect of neuromuscular blocking drugs and muscle mass measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods Patients who were scheduled for elective surgery using a muscle relaxant were screened for inclusion in this study. Under intravenous anaesthesia, 12 mg or 9 mg of rocuronium was administered to males and females, respectively; and the maximal relaxation effect of T1 was measured using a TOF-Watch-SX® acceleromyograph. Results This study enrolled 40 patients; 20 males and 20 females. For both sexes, the maximal relaxation effect of T1 did not correlate with the body weight-based dose of neuromuscular blocking drugs (males, r2 = 0.12; females, r2 = 0.26). Instead, it correlated with the dose based on bioelectrical impedance analysis-measured muscle mass when injected with the same dose of rocuronium (males, r2 = 0.78, female, r2 = 0.82). Conclusions This study showed that the muscle relaxation effect of rocuronium was correlated with muscle mass and did not correlate with body weight when using the same dose. Therefore, a muscle mass-based dose of neuromuscular blocking drugs is recommended.
Lampedusa, ou la nuit de l’Europe : à ce stade de la nuit de Maylis de Kerangal
Authors: Khoury Mona El 
Published: February 2019

Résumé Cet article examine comment, dans le texte à ce stade de la nuit (2015) de Maylis de Kerangal, l’île de Lampedusa fonctionne comme le paradigme de la relation entre l’Europe et le Sud (ses autres, venus d’Afrique et du Moyen-Orient). En faisant « migrer » le signifiant « Lampedusa » plusieurs fois, le texte de De Kerangal crée un nouvel espace-temps qui permet de voir l’invisible, à savoir l’effondrement du monde européen par la tragédie des migrants. L’écriture met en tension deux régimes de visibilité qui se télescopent sur une pierre d’achoppement épistémique qu’incarne l’île de Lampedusa. Le texte suggère une sérialité entre l’esclavage, le colonialisme, et les migrations contemporaines.
Les résidences d’écrivains : « Ça ne veut pas rien dire ! » Le cas de la MEET de Saint-Nazaire
Authors: Bernard Isabelle 
Published: February 2019

Résumé Cet article tente de cerner les enjeux du dispositif résidentiel proposé par la Maison des écrivains étrangers et des traducteurs (MEET) installée à Saint-Nazaire. Suivant un plan triaxial, il propose de présenter la MEET et la littérature qu’elle voit naître, celle d’un ailleurs mondialisé, précisément engendrée par l’interaction entre les projets d’un artiste-éditeur atypique, Patrick Deville, et ceux des résidents étrangers. D’abord, il rappellera brièvement le parcours artistique de Patrick Deville devenu éditeur ; il montrera ensuite que le lieu-même de la résidence, l’estuaire de la Loire donnant sur la façade atlantique, favorise le phénomène de reliance ; et finalement, présentera quelques réalisations d’auteurs venus du bout du monde pour voir ce que Saint-Nazaire fait à leur écriture.
Determination of netrin-1 levels and its relationship with neurotoxicity in carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Gedikli U , Emektar E , Corbacioglu SK , Dagar S , Uzunosmanoglu H , Ozdogan S , Cevik Y 
Published: February 2019

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess netrin-1 levels in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning to determine its relationship with poisoning severity and neurotoxicity. Methods: This is a cross-sectional prospective study. The patients older than 18 years with CO poisoning were included. The patients were categorized into two groups on the basis of neurological involvement. Both the patient and the control groups were sampled for netrin-1 at 0th hour, and the patient group only was sampled for netrin-1 at 4th hour. Results: A total of 84 patients and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. The median 0th hour netrin-1 level of the patient group (765.1 pg/mL (619.8-983.1) was significantly higher than the control group (484 pg/mL (376-1031.6)) ( p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference between the 0th hour and 4th hour netrin-1 (888.9 pg/mL (700.3–1175.5)) levels in the patient group ( p < 0.001).There was no significant statistical difference between patients with and without neurological involvement ( p = 0.62) and between those who underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and those who did not ( p = 0.76) with respect to 4th hour netrin-1 levels. Conclusion: The significantly higher netrin-1 levels in patients with CO poisoning, suggests that netrin-1 is elevated as a stress marker. Although there is no significant difference in netrin-1 levels in patients with neurological impairment in CO poisonings, netrin-1 may show subclinically neurological effects. Hence, we believe that netrin-1 cannot be used as a marker of poisoning severity.
Levels of anti-Müllerian hormone in premenopausal women with the antiphospholipid syndrome and its association with the risk of clinical complications
Authors: Castillo-Martínez D , Rivera V , Mouneu-Ornelas N , Martínez-Martínez L A , Jiménez-Rojas V , Márquez-Velasco R , Amezcua-Guerra LM 
Published: February 2019

Objective The study aims to investigate the ovarian reserve in premenopausal women with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to evaluate whether it is associated with cumulative organ damage or the risk of clinical complications. Methods This single-center study was conducted in 23 premenopausal female patients (10 with primary APS and 13 with secondary APS) and 24 healthy volunteers. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Disease-specific organ damage (DIAPS score) and the risk of clinical complications (aGAPSS score) were additionally evaluated in APS patients. Results Serum AMH levels were similar in APS patients (median 6.06, interquartile range 4.31–7.54 ng/ml) and in controls (4.87, 2.64–6.40 ng/ml; P = 0.116), and no differences were observed between the primary (6.60, 5.49–8.88 ng/ml) and secondary (6.06, 3.91–7.30 ng/ml; P = 0.532) forms of the syndrome. In individuals with APS, serum AMH levels correlated inversely with the aGAPSS score (rho–0.421, 95% confidence intervals −0.716 to −0.001; P = 0.045), while no associations were observed with the DIAPS score (rho–0.001, −0.423 to 0.422; P = 0.996). Conclusions Ovarian reserve is not reduced in premenopausal women with APS. In addition, serum AMH levels may reflect the risk of APS-related clinical complications but not the burden of disease-specific organ damage.
A UK-based survey of cat owners’ perceptions and experiences of antibiotic usage
Authors: Stallwood Jennifer , Shirlow Alex , Hibbert Angie 
Published: February 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to explore owners’ knowledge of antibiotics, experience of antibiotic use in their cats and involvement in decision-making regarding antibiotic prescriptions. Methods Cat owners were recruited via social media and veterinary practices to complete a survey designed to evaluate general knowledge of antibiotics, attitudes to antibiotic stewardship and experiences of antibiotic use in their own cat between November 2017 and March 2018. Data were analysed descriptively. Results A total of 1436 surveys were completed; 247 respondents (17.2%) had a veterinary background. The majority of the remaining respondents correctly identified that antibiotics treat bacterial infections (84.0%; n = 999) but do not treat viral infections (72.8%; n = 865). A minority (n = 338; 28.4%) agreed that antibiotic resistance was a problem in cats in the UK; 92.3% (n = 1097) identified that resistance was a problem in human medicine. Seventy percent (n = 832) of the respondents’ cats had received antibiotics; 29.6% (n = 246) received a long-acting injectable antibiotic (14 days’ duration). Diagnostic tests were performed before antibiotic prescription in 38.7% (n = 322) of cats; 1.4% (n = 7) of respondents reported declining suggested tests and 65.8% (n = 778) indicated that they would be happy to pay for diagnostic tests to allow selection of the most appropriate antibiotic. Most respondents (95.8%; n = 792) indicated that they were happy to follow their veterinarian’s advice and recommendations; however, 49.2% (n = 405) had expected antibiotics to be prescribed. Conclusions and relevance Cat owners demonstrated good knowledge of antibiotic action; however, greater owner education regarding the potential for veterinary antibiotic resistance, requirement for diagnostic testing and training in the administration of oral medication with first-line antibiotics, as well as the use of veterinary antibiotic guidelines, will improve antibiotic stewardship. Good communication between veterinarians and owners is necessary for rational antibiotic use.
Evaluation of intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy for treatment of pleural carcinomatosis in cats: a retrospective study of eight cases
Authors: Floch Franck , Boissy Laurie , Lanore Didier , Sayag David , Serres François 
Published: February 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefit of intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy in cats with malignant pleural effusion of epithelial origin. Methods The medical records of cats with a cytological diagnosis of neoplastic pleural effusion of epithelial origin were reviewed at three referral institutions between January 2013 and June 2018. Only cats treated with intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy were enrolled. Data collection included signalment, medical history, clinical signs, pleural effusion analysis, diagnostic imaging findings, intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy protocol, adverse events, response to chemotherapy, outcome and underlying primary tumour, if possible. Results Eight cats met the inclusion criteria. Three cats had previous surgical removal of a tumour, including a poorly differentiated primary lung carcinoma, a uterine adenocarcinoma and a benign mammary tumour. The main clinical signs were tachypnoea and/or dyspnoea, inappetence and weight loss. Thoracic radiographs revealed marked bilateral pleural effusion in all cats. Pleural fluid analysis was consistent with a modified transudate, with malignant epithelial cells on cytology, leading to a diagnosis of pleural carcinomatosis. All cats received only one cycle of intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy at a dose of 200–240 mg/m2. Recurrence of pleural effusion was reported in 7/8 cats within 4–15 days of chemotherapy, and death was recorded in all cats within 5–16 days, owing to recurrent pleural effusion or poor general condition. The primary cancer was suspected to be of pulmonary, mammary and pancreatic origin in four cats, two cats and one cat, respectively, and of unknown origin in the remaining cat. Conclusions and relevance In this study, intracavitary carboplatin chemotherapy seems ineffective in managing neoplastic pleural effusion of epithelial origin in cats with pleural carcinomatosis. Other cytotoxic drugs and/or techniques should be investigated in the future to improve the quality of life and survival of cats with pleural carcinomatosis.