bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Amines on the Esterase Activities of Thrombin and Thrombokinase and on Several Clotting Tests
Authors: Roberts Phyllis S , Ottenbrite Raphael M , Fleming Patricia B , Wigand James 
Published: June 2018

Summary1. Choline chloride, 0.1 M (in 0.25 M Tris. HCl buffer, pH 7.4 or 8.0, 37°), doubles the rate of hydrolysis of TAME by bovine thrombokinase but has no effect on the hydrolysis of this ester by either human or bovine thrombin. Only when 1.0 M or more choline chloride is present is the hydrolysis of BAME by thrombokinase or thrombin weakly inhibited. Evidence is presented that shows that these effects are due to the quaternary amine group.2. Tetramethyl ammonium bromide or chloride has about the same effects on the hydrolysis of esters by these enzymes as does choline chloride but tetra-ethyl, -n.propyl and -n.butyl ammonium bromides (0.1 M) are stronger accelerators of the thrombokinase-TAME reaction and they also accelerate, but to a lesser degree, the thrombin-TAME reaction. In addition, they inhibit the hydrolysis of BAME by both enzymes. Their effects on these reactions, however, do not follow any regular order. The tetraethyl compound is the strongest accelerator of the thrombokinase-TAME reaction but the tetra-ethyl and -butyl compounds are the strongest accelerators of the thrombin-TAME reaction. The ethyl and propyl compounds are the best (although weak) inhibitors of the thrombokinase-BAME and the propyl compound of the thrombin-BAME reactions.3. Tetra-methyl, -ethyl, -n.propyl and -n.butyl ammonium bromides (0.01 M) inhibit the clotting of fibrinogen by thrombin (bovine and human proteins) at pH 7.4, imidazole or pH 6.1, phosphate buffers and they also inhibit, but to a lesser degree, a modified one-stage prothrombin test. In all cases the inhibition increases regularly as the size of the alkyl group increases from methyl to butyl. Only the ethyl com pound (0.025 M but not 0.01 M), however, significantly inhibits the polymerization of bovine fibrin monomers. It was concluded that inhibition of the fibrinogen-thrombin and the one-stage tests by the quaternary amines is not due to any effect of the com pounds on the polymerization process but probably due to inhibition of thrombin’s action on fibrinogen by the quaternary amines.
The Fractionation of Factor V from Human Plasma
Authors: Giddings John C. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryHuman plasma from normal donors and from patients with polycythaemia vera was fractionated in order to obtain a preparation of highly purified factor V. Fresh plasma was initially treated with aluminium hydroxide to remove factors II, VII, IX and X. Fibrinogen, factor VIII and most of the immunoglobulins were removed by precipitation with ethanol at -5° C. Crude factor V was precipitated with dilute acetic acid at pH 5.1, and then further purified by precipitation with acridine lactate (Rivanol), extraction with sodium chloride solution and column chromatography on agarose gel. Factor V was purified four hundred times with specific activity of 2.5-6.0 units per mg. protein. The final concentrate was devoid of activity of other coagulation factors but was heterogeneous on disc Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Immunoelectrophoresis against anti human serum. On rechromatography on agarose gel there was a single peak of factor V activity, the molecular weight of which was estimated to be 300,000.
Specific Activities of Bovine Thrombin and Thrombin Components
Authors: Waugh D. F , Rosenberg R. D 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBovine thrombins (Gel-T) isolated from bioactivated crude prothrombin, obtained from Holstein, Jersey and Hereford single animal plasmas, occur in two distributions: either T1, T2 and T3 as 1:2:1 (Type I), or T1 and T2 as 1:1, with T3 absent or present to the extent of 5% of total Thrombin (Type II). Since components differentially denature during procedures used to fractionate, examinations of Gel-T were conducted so that statistical procedures could be used to evaluate particular variances. The variance due to the Gel-T preparative procedure and Gel-T intrinsic specific activity yield a coefficient of variance (Sc) of 0.55%. Thus 95% of single animal Gel-T specific activities fall within 1.1% of the average value. There are no significant differences between animals of different breed, or of bloods drawn from the same animal at different times. Evidently, Gel-T represent a reproducible reference standard. Analysis of distributions shows that the intrinsic specific activities of thrombin components are identical to within 1 %, and are approximately 1.0 NIH unit per 6.0 × 10−4 absorbance unit (3,250 ±450 NIH units per mg). The clotting time (τ) - thrombin concentration (T) relation, log τ = — ã log T + C, is examined. Over the range of τ from 15 to 60 sec it is shown that a T series can be reproduced to within 1 % in thrombin concentration. The variances in the assay system are then due almost entirely to variance in the assay substrate, fibrinogen. These are an Sc of 1.7% for τ̄ between sets of tubes containing dilute fibrinogen (τ-tubes) from one lot of Stock-F, and Sc of 12% between τ̄ for sets of τ-tubes from Stock-F prepared from different lots of Armour Fraction-I, and an Sc of 1.9% for ã̄( =0.679) for sets of T-tubes, obtained either from one Stock-F or Stock-F obtained from different lots of Fraction-I. Errors in several procedures for determining unknown thrombin concentrations are examined.
In Vitro and in Vivo Induction of Cryofibrinogen and “Paracoagulation” by Reptilase
Authors: Harder A.J , Straub P.W 
Published: June 2018

SummarySmall doses of Reptilase, a snake venom enzyme which exclusively liberates fibrinopeptide A from fibrinogen, leads to formation of cryofibrinogen as well as ethanol- and protamine-precipitability of plasma both in vitro and in vivo. Precipitates obtained in vitro were shown to contain both fibrinogen and fibrin monomer. At 20° C Reptilase-treated fibrinogen solutions contained complexes with a sedimentation rate of 11-11.6 s20W, similar to those observed after thrombin. The artificial production of cryofibrinogenemia in volunteers is discussed in relation to spontaneously occurring cryofibrinogenemias in patients with intravascular coagulation.
Complement and Coagulation
Authors: Tomar R. H , Kolchins Diane 
Published: June 2018

SummarySerum β1c- β1a was found to be significantly depressed in 16 of 27 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. In vitro studies supported the finding that the serum β1c- β1a of urokinase-treated patients was not altered by fibrinolytic therapy. This strongly suggests that plasmin is not responsible for the low C3.
Prevention of the Liquoid-Induced Consumption Coagulopathy by the Protease Inhibitor Aprotinin
Authors: Müller-Berghaüs G , Maul F.-D , Lasch H.G 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe protease inhibitor aprotinin reduced the incidence of the generalized Shwartzman reaction after Liquoid injection into the rabbit. This inhibitory effect is caused by the interference of aprotinin with the intravascular coagulation process (consumption coagulopathy) since decreases in fibrinogen levels after Liquoid injection were prevented. As the main anticoagulant effect of aprotinin is the inhibition of surface factor activation and as on the other hand Liquoid acts as a surface-active substance, it seems conceivable that aprotinin might prevent Liquoid-induced consumption coagulopathy by interfering with Hageman factor activation.Aprotinin did not have any effect on the incidence of hemorrhages in the lungs in Liquoid-injected animals.Furthermore, aprotinin prolonged the survival time of rabbits injected with Liquoid. This effect is not related to the action of aprotinin on the coagulation process.
Genetic dissection of neuropeptide cell biology at high and low activity in a defined sensory neuron
Authors: Laurent Patrick , Ch’ng QueeLim , Jospin Maëlle , Chen Changchun , Lorenzo Ramiro , de Bono Mario 
Published: June 2018

Significance
Neuropeptides are ubiquitous modulators of behavior and physiology. They are packaged in specialized secretory organelles called dense core vesicles (DCVs) that are released upon neural stimulation. Whereas local recycling of synaptic vesicles has been investigated intensively, there are few studies on recycling of DCV proteins. We set up a paradigm to study DCVs in a neuron whose activity we can control. We validate our model by confirming many previous observations on DCV cell biology. We identify a set of genes involved in recycling of DCV proteins. We also find evidence that different mechanisms of DCV priming and exocytosis may operate at high and low neural activity.
The Camino de Santiago de Compostela: the most important historic pilgrimage way in Europe.
Authors: Lois-González R. C. , Santos X. M. , Romero P. T. Z. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

This chapter examines the growth and development of the Camino de Santiago de Compostela and the challenges that presently face what is probably the most famous pilgrimage trail in the Western world. It is shown that the Camino de Santiago is much more than a tourism product. It has a political-ideological aspect which is essential to understand in order to have a complete vision of the Santiago phenomenon. It is also shown, from the tourism perspective, that the Camino de Santiago is a success. This is measured by the growing number of pilgrims who travel the different Caminos each year, but also by the internationalization of the demand, the incorporation of the tourism industry and, ultimately, the complexity that it has acquired over time.
MrBait: universal identification and design of targeted-enrichment capture probes
Authors: Chafin Tyler K , Douglas Marlis R , Douglas Michael E 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Motivation
It is a non-trivial task to identify and design capture probes (‘baits’) for the diverse array of targeted-enrichment methods now available (e.g. ultra-conserved elements, anchored hybrid enrichment, RAD-capture). This often involves parsing large genomic alignments, followed by multiple steps of curating candidate genomic regions to optimize targeted information content (e.g. genetic variation) and to minimize potential probe dimerization and non-target enrichment.

Results
In this context, we developed MrBait, a user-friendly, generalized software pipeline for identification, design and optimization of targeted-enrichment probes across a range of target-capture paradigms. MrBait is an open-source codebase that leverages native parallelization capabilities in Python and mitigates memory usage via a relational-database back-end. Numerous filtering methods allow comprehensive optimization of designed probes, including built-in functionality that employs BLAST, similarity-based clustering and a graph-based algorithm that ‘rescues’ failed probes.

Availability and implementation
Complete code for MrBait is available on GitHub (https://github.com/tkchafin/mrbait), and is also available with all dependencies via one-line installation using the conda package manager. Online documentation describing installation and runtime instructions can be found at: https://mrbait.readthedocs.io.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Non-parametric recurrent events analysis with BART and an application to the hospital admissions of patients with diabetes
Authors: Sparapani Rodney A , Rein Lisa E , Tarima Sergey S , Jackson Tourette A , Meurer John R 
Published: June 2018

Summary
Much of survival analysis is concerned with absorbing events, i.e., subjects can only experience a single event such as mortality. This article is focused on non-absorbing or recurrent events, i.e., subjects are capable of experiencing multiple events. Recurrent events have been studied by many; however, most rely on the restrictive assumptions of linearity and proportionality. We propose a new method for analyzing recurrent events with Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) avoiding such restrictive assumptions. We explore this new method via a motivating example of hospital admissions for diabetes patients and simulated data sets.
The Stolypin reform and agricultural productivity in late imperial Russia
Authors: Castañeda Dower Paul , Markevich Andrei 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We study the effect of changes in land tenure, launched by the 1906 Stolypin reform, on agricultural productivity in Imperial Russia. The reform allowed peasants to obtain individual land titles and consolidate separated land strips into a single privatized allotment. We present evidence that land consolidations enabled peasants to make independent production decisions from the village commune and take advantage of readily accessible technological advancements. In contrast, land titles decreased land productivity in the short-run, but the overall effect of the reform on land productivity was still positive.
Daily Control Beliefs and Cognition: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity
Authors: Robinson Stephanie A , Lachman Margie E 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Recent work suggests that physical activity may underlie the positive relationship between control beliefs and cognition. Despite the well-known cognitive benefits, most adults do not engage in enough physical activity, perhaps due to low perceived control. The current study aimed to expand upon past work by investigating these constructs over the short-term by studying the intraindividual variability in daily control beliefs, physical activity, and cognition. We examined whether these constructs were related on a day-to-day basis and if daily physical activity mediated the relationship between control beliefs and cognition.

Method
Over 7 consecutive days, 145 participants (M = 50.54 years) completed daily diaries to measure domain-specific control beliefs, wore an ActiGraph to capture objective physical activity, and were administered 2 tasks each day via phone to measure cognition.

Results
Using multilevel structural equation modeling, our results indicated that on days with higher control beliefs cognition was also higher and this relationship was mediated by one’s level of physical activity.

Discussion
These findings demonstrate the role of physical activity in linking control beliefs and cognition on a daily level using a within-person approach to investigate the dynamic processes in beliefs and cognition.
The Impact of Intraoperative Electrocorticography on Seizure Outcome After Resection of Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Cohort Study
Authors: Robertson Faith C , Ullrich Nicole J , Manley Peter E , Al-Sayegh Hasan , Ma Clement , Goumnerova Liliana C 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) has been utilized in patients with tumor-associated seizures; however, its effectiveness for seizure control remains controversial.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate clinical outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing lesionectomy with or without ECoG.

METHODS
Patients undergoing brain tumor resection at Boston Children's Hospital were examined retrospectively (2005-2014). Inclusion criteria involved diagnosis of a supratentorial tumor, ≥2 unequivocal seizures, and ≥6 mo follow-up. Patients with isolated cortical dysplasia or posterior fossa tumors were excluded. Logistic regression models evaluated predictors of ECoG use, and the impact of ECoG, gross total resection, and focal cortical dysplasia with tumors on seizure freedom by Engel Class and anti-epileptic drug use (AED).

RESULTS
A total of 119 pediatric patients were included (n = 69 males, 58%; median age, 11.3 yr). Forty-one patients (34.5%) had ECoG-guided surgery. Preoperative seizure duration and number and duration of AED use were significant predictors for undergoing ECoG. There were no differences in seizure freedom (Engel Class I) or improved Engel Score (Class I-II vs III-IV) in patients who did or did not have ECoG at 30 d, 6 mo, and 1, 2, or 5 yr. Patients undergoing ECoG required a greater number of AEDs at 6 mo (P = .01), although this difference disappeared at subsequent time intervals. Gross total resection predicted seizure freedom at 30 d and 6 mo postsurgery (P = .045).

CONCLUSION
This retrospective study, one of the largest evaluating the use of ECoG during tumor resection, suggests that ECoG does not provide improved seizure freedom compared to lesionectomy alone for children.
Broadcasting versus Narrowcasting
Authors: Metzger Miriam J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of the continuing relevance of “mass media” due to recent technological changes in the media landscape. The chapter traces the history of media content production, distribution, and consumption from broadcasting to narrowcasting, and considers recent trends toward “hyperpersonalization” afforded by digital networked media. The chapter examines what these changes mean for politics and for political communication theory, and concludes by posing some questions about the future of mass media that serve as a call for research into the changing nature, circumstances, and effects of mass communication in the contemporary media environment.
Potential risk factors related to pig body weight variability from birth to slaughter in commercial conditions
Authors: López-Vergé Sergi , Gasa Josep , Farré Mercè , Coma Jaume , Bonet Jordi , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The aim of this observational study is to identify risk factors associated with body weight (BW) variability in three data sets (DS) in commercial conditions. A total of 1,009 (DS1), 460 (DS2), and 1304 (DS3) male and female crossbreed pigs (Pietrain × [Landrace × Large White]), respectively, were included in each trial. Pigs were periodically weighed until slaughter. Then, variables such as length of gestation, length of lactation, parity, litter size, sex, birth BW, and ADG were considered. Pigs remaining on the farm after two loads to the slaughterhouse were defined as last group of animals sent to slaughterhouse (LGS). Descriptive statistics of variability were calculated, and a risk analysis approach was used to look for the factors related to LGS. A multiple logistic regression was performed to identify all variables that were significant (P &lt; 0.05). The risk ratio (RR), odds ratio (OR), and population attributable risk (PAR) were calculated for all of the significant variables after transforming all of them into binary factors using the 25th percentile as the cut-off point. Results showed that the major part of the variability (as CV) comes from birth (20% to 25%) and increased only a little during lactation and 14-d post weaning. From this point onwards, CV tended to decrease, as pigs got closer to the marketing weight (down 11.5% to 12.7%). Regarding the indicators selected, RR, OR, and PAR presented similar trends in the three DS studied. Therefore, for the variables finally included, these indicators had their minimum values at the start of the cycle and then gradually increased at the end. Those results, based on an epidemiological approach, suggest that the closer to the end of the cycle the greater the probability for a light piglet of being/becoming LGS. It might be explained by the shorter available time to efficiently implement preventive measures aimed to improve the performance of delayed pigs and, thus, reducing variability.Those results, based on an epidemiological approach, make sense as the probability for a light piglet to be a LGS increases the closer to the end of the cycle, due to the short time to implement preventive measures and increase the performance of delayed pigs and reduce variability. The differential PAR associated with both, the nursery and the growing period, was 1.7% and 1.5% for DS1, 5.1% and 3.1% for DS2, and 3.7% and 2.8% for DS3. For the lactation period, the results were 4.3% for DS2 and 4.5% for DS3. Results suggest that the most critical periods, in relation to retardation of growth in swine, are lactation and nursery. Implementing measures that maintain risk factors under or above thresholds, especially in the initial phases of growth, will reduce the percentage of LGS pigs and positively affect the overall homogeneity of the batch.
Functional Balance Testing in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients
Authors: Haddas Ram , Lieberman Isador , Boah Akwasi , Arakal Raj , Belanger Theodore , Ju Kevin L. 
Published: June 2018

Study Design.
A prospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to quantify the amount of sway associated with maintaining a balanced posture in a group of untreated cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients.

Summary of Background Data.
Balance is defined as the ability of the human body to maintain its center of mass (COM) within the base of support with minimal postural sway. Sway is the movement of the COM in the horizontal plane when a person is standing in a static position. CSM patients have impaired body balance and proprioceptive loss.

Methods.
Thirty-two CSM patients performed a series of functional balance tests a week before surgery. Sixteen healthy controls (HCs) performed a similar balance test. Patients are instructed to stand erect with feet together and eyes opened in their self-perceived balanced and natural position for a full minute. All test subjects were fitted to a full-body reflective markers set and surface electromyography (EMG).

Results.
CSM patients had more COM sway in the anterior-posterior (CSM: 2.87 cm vs. C: 0.74 cm; P = 0.023), right-left (CSM: 5.16 cm vs. C: 2.51 cm; P = 0.003) directions as well as head sway (anterior-posterior - CSM: 2.17 cm vs. C: 0.82 cm; P = 0.010 and right-left - CSM: 3.66 cm vs. C: 1.69 cm; P = 0.044), more COM (CSM: 44.72 cm vs. HC: 19.26 cm, p = 0.001), and head (Pre: 37.87 cm vs. C: 19.93 cm, P = 0.001) total sway in comparison to controls. CSM patients utilized significantly more muscle activity to maintain static standing, evidenced by the increased trunk and lower extremity muscle activity (multifidus, erector spinae, rectus femoris, and tibialis anterior, P < 0.050) during 1-minute standing.

Conclusion.
In symptomatic CSM patients, COM and head total sway were significantly greater than controls. Individuals with CSM exhibit more trunk and lower extremity muscle activity, and thus expend more neuromuscular energy to maintain a balanced, static standing posture. This study is the first effort to evaluate global balance as a dynamic process in this patient population.

Level of Evidence: 3