bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Different” Forms of Urokinase
Authors: Vukovich Th. , Binder B. , Auerswald W. 
Published: June 2019

The isoelectric inhomogeneity of human urokinase (UK) derived from urine and commercial preparations have been reported. The different isoelectric forms of UKs were in part related to different mol. wts. : UKs with pis between 10.2 and 6.3 had a mol. wt. of 31.500 and UKs with pis below 5.2 had mol. wts. greater than 100,000; a UK with a mol. wt. 54,700 was not f und after isoelectric focusing.In the present experiments we used purified UK containing only the S1-type UK – confirmed by us – as well as UK concentrated by ultrafiltration of native human urine containing all known UK-types and high mol. wt. aggregates. With short focusing times, e.g. 10 hours at 1200 V and a final 1 mA, UK activity was found only at a pi of 10.2; with extended focusing times e.g. up to 72 hours, such activity was additionally found at lower but defined pis of 8.0, 7.5, 6.9, and 6.3. All active fractions with defined pis lower than 10.2, when rerun immediately, focused at the initially determined pi values while the 10.2 fraction separated again into all the previously given lower pi fractions. The mol. wt. of all the UKs from pi 10.2 to 6.3 determined directly following isoelectric fractionation was ca. 31,500 (Sephadex G-150) while after storage for at least 1 month at 4° C at neutral pH, all the fractions contained active material of a mol. wt. less than 10,000. By focusing this low mol. wt. material UK activity could be detected only at a pi lower than 4.0.Samples of our starting UK-containing materials were dialysed at 4° C against various buffer solutions (molarity 0.01–0.15, pH = 3.0–10.0). At pH values higher than 9.0 independent of molarity UK activities appeared in the dialysate. Isoelectric focusing of that material revealed its pi to be lower than 4.0.(Supp. by a Grant of the Austr. Fund f.t. Promot. of Scient. Res. (Proj. Nr. 1800).)
Fibrin Plate Studies of Plasminogen Activator and Inhibitor from Pig Leucocytes
Authors: Stegnar M. , Kopitar M. , Accetto B. , Lebez D. 
Published: June 2019

A neutral proteinase isolated from pig leucocytes by DEAE-chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and CM-cellulose chromatography was tested on Astrup’s fibrin plates prepared with and without plasminogen. In this way its activity of plasminogen activator was determined. The inhibitory effect of EACA, AMCHA, PAMBA and Trasylol on the activator was tested with the same method. EACA in concentration 10−2 M and 20 KIE/ml of Trasylol 100% inhibited the activator. 10−2 M AMCHA inhibited the activator by 30% in contrast to PAMBA where 70% inhibition was obtained already in concentration of 10−3 M.With the aid of CM-cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 two inhibitors were isolated from leucocyte cytoplasmic fraction (post granular supernatant). The inhibitory effect of the main inhibitor was determined on fibrin plates with granular extract as test enzyme, having neutral proteinase activity. The extent of inhibition of granule extract depended on the concentration of inhibitor added. Complete inhibition was achieved in the ratio 2 volumes of granule extract: 1 volume of inhibitor, protein content of the former being 800–1200 γ N2/ml and the latter 360 γ N2/ml.
The Prolonging Effect of Soy Bean Trypsin Inhibitor on the Thrombin Clotting Time
Authors: Kierulf P. , Arnesen H. , Gravem K. 
Published: June 2019

Urokinase-induced fibrinogenolysis was monitored with thrombin clotting time, and inhibited by adding Soy Bean Trypsin Inhibitor (STI) (Sigma Chem. Co., U.S.A.). Depending on the concentration of STI (dialysed or non-dialysed) the thrombin clotting time was always immediately prolonged upon the addition of STI. At a concentration of 0.2–0.5 mg/ml (final conc.) no progressive prolongation of the thrombin clotting time occurred, indicating inhibited fibrinogenolysis.By monitoring a mixture of purified human fibrinogen, thrombin and various amounts of STI, with quantitative N-terminal analysis, the thrombin clotting time prolonging effect of STI was further examined. N-terminal glycine increase, reflecting fibrin formation rate by thrombin, was unaffected by STI, whereas visible gelation occurred more slowly in the presence of STI.Thus, STI (or a non-dialysable contaminant) acts as a fibrin polymerization inhibitor, and not as an anti-thrombin, even at concentrations regularly used to inhibit fibrinogenolysis in plasma.
The Anti-Thrombotic Effect of Warfarin, Dipyridamole and Aspirin in the Rat
Authors: Lavelle S. M. , MacIomhair Maura 
Published: June 2019

Groups of rats were injected with warfarin in dosage necessary to reduce factor II to the selected range. They were then injected with dipyridamole (14 mgm/kg) and aspirin (14 mgm/kg). One group received no warfarin.At 2 hours and 6 hours afterwards a pair and an untreated control were anaesthetised and a sterile platinum wire (0.5 × 20 min.) was inserted in the inferior vena cava for 30 minutes. The thrombus adherent to the wire was fixed with gluteraldehyde and weighed, after a blood sample had been taken for assay of factor II.Dipyridamole and aspirin reduced thrombus weight by 40%. This effect was enhanced by factor II levels of less than 50% induced by wafarin.
Bovine Hageman Factor: Physicochemical Properties and Mechanism of Activation
Authors: Molla A. , Claeys H. , Collen D. 
Published: June 2019

Bovine Hageman factor (factor XII) was obtained in inactive form from fresh plasma with a recovery of 54.7±9.0 per cent and a yield of 16.3±2.9 mg per liter. The specific activity after activation with kaolin, determined with Hageman factor deficient human plasma, was 35.6±2.6 units (the activity of 1 ml fresh BaSO4-adsorbed bovine plasma) per mg protein.Analytical ultracentrifugation revealed a homogeneous protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 4.36. The extinction coefficient (A280 nm
%) was 14.4, and the NH2-terminal residue Ala (0.6 mole/mole determined as Dns-Ala). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of dithiothreitol revealed a doublet with an average estimated mol wt of 76,000 and a difference of less than 5,000 between the two forms. Chemical analysis revealed (in moles per mole) Met: 2; His: 59; Lys: 28; Arg: 32 and sialic acid: 13 (thio-barbituric acid assay), hexose: 26 (orcinol method). PAGE at pH 2.5 revealed two and PAGE at pH 8.3 six main bands.Over 90 per cent of the purified iodine-labeled protein was adsorbed on celite. About 95 per cent of the enzyme activity was destroyed by incubation with 10−2 M di-iso-propylfluorophosphate (DFP) for 24 hr at room temperature. Between 65 and 85 per cent of the protein was eluted from the celite with 5% SDS. Both the NH2-terminal residue and the mol wt of the eluted protein were unchanged suggesting that activation of the proenzyme is the result of conformational changes with exposure of an active center serine residue. Measurements of radioactive DFP incorporation and COOH-terminal analysis, to prove this hypothesis are in progress.
The Evaluation of Hypercoagulability and Dic by Quantitative gel Filtration and by Chain Analysis of Isolated Soluble Fibrin Monomer Complexes (SFMC)
Authors: Graeff H. , Hugo R. von , Hafter R. 
Published: June 2019

Blood samples from 89 healthy primi- and multipara during gestation were examined. Patients with septic abortion, abruptio placentae and intrauterine fetal death were also investigated. SFMC and fibrinogen were precipitated from plasma with β-alanine. Agarose gel filtration of the redissolved precipitate resulted in a separation of SFMC and fibrinogen. This enabled an estimation of the SFMC concentration (with-in assay presision: coefficient of variation = 8 per cent). The per cent amount of SFMC of the total fibrinogen content increased from 2.6±0.4 to 4.9±1.3 per cent (mean±SD) til week 40 of pregnancy. During delivery an additional increase occurred (P < 0.01). The average post partum values were 6.3±1.2 per cent. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of SFMC was performed before and after reduction with mercaptoethanol. The amount of α-chains was frequently found to be diminuished in assocation with faster moving components, γ-γ dimers, indicating intermolecular covalent bonding, could only be demonstrated in pronounced cases of DIC. These findings indicate that hypercoagulability and DIC may be evaluated and differentiated by the procedure described.(Supported by DFG, SFG 51, grant no. 2/Gra – B/6.)
Fibrinolytic and F. VIII Response to Various Stimuli in Occlusive Arterial Diasease
Authors: Ponari O. , Civardi E. , Potì R. , Dettori A. G. 
Published: June 2019

The responsiveness of fibrinolytic activity and of plasma Factor VIII level to both venous occlusion (v.o.) and i.v. nicotinic acid (N. A.) was investigated in a group of patients with occlusive arterial disease.A marked hyperfibrinolysis, with average decrease of ELT of -55%, was seen after v.o. in such patients, with a rise of F. VIII (average value +30%). A control group of comparable age but with no signs of atherosclerosis, showed similar changes after v.o. (ELT about —65% and F. VIII +60%). A comparable hyperfibrinolytic response was also found in a group of young ( < 40 y.) normal subjects.I.V. administration of N. A. (100 mg) obtained variations of ELT of similar magnitude (—50%) in both groups (patients and age-matched controls). Changes in F. VIII were absent or only moderate.The responsiveness to v.o. in single cases showed no correlation with an index derived from main risk factors (both clinical and biochemical) for thrombosis.Our results do not agree with the hypotesis that an altered responsiveness of vascular fibrinolytic system is an important factor in the pathogenesis of occlusive arterial disease.
Antithrombotic Therapy 1975
Authors: Wright I. S. 
Published: June 2019

It is nearly 40 years since the anticoagulant heparin was first used successfully in the treatment of thromboembolic disease. It is now appropriate to survey the enormous literature and clinical experience in an effort ot determine what effects antithrombotic therapy has had in the wide variety of conditions for which it has been used.This presentation will consist of an analysis ot determine where we are in this rapidly evolving field and to suggest directions for further study. It will include the status of heparin including mini-heparin, the coumarin derivatives, anti-platelet aggregating substances and thrombolytic agents.The indications for each will be listed and the unanswered questions will be stressed. The problems relating to standardization for the control of these types of therapy and the interaction with other drugs will be emphasized.
ICSH-ISTH International Anticoagulant Control Study. II. Design and Findings
Authors: Hills M. 
Published: June 2019

The design and findings of the international study described in the previous Abstract will be presented with special reference to:1. The relative sensitivity to the coumarin-induced defect of each of the 10 thromboplastins studied, from comparative tests on fresh plasma samples from treated patients.2. Comparison of the three series of lyophylized plasmas with each other and with fresh plasmas from treated patients in assessing the sensitivity of different thromboplastins.3. Laboratory reproducibility of prothrombin timesa) for each lyophylized plasma tested with the same thromboplastinb) for each thromboplastin tested on the same lyophylized plasma.4. Stability at the bench, after reconstitution, through a working day, of the 10 thromboplastins and the three lyophylized plasma series.
The Relationship between Antithrombin III, Progressive Antithrombin Activity and Anti Xa Activity in Plasma
Authors: Whigham Katherine , Howie P. W. , Forbes C. D. , Prentice C. R. M. 
Published: June 2019

In 30 normal subjects, progressive antithrombin activity, as measured by the rate of thrombin neutralisation in ancrod-defibrinated plasma, was compared with antithrombin III, as measured by radial immunodiffusion. No significant correlation was found between the two methods of antithrombin measurement (r = —0.101). Similarly, no correlation was found between progressive antithrombin activity and immunological measurements of α2 macroglobulin and α1 antitrypsin. These results were not changed by using thrombin purified by Amberlite 1RC50 chromatography in place of commercial thrombin in the clotting test. There was, however, a strong positive correlation between the measurements of progressive antithrombin activity using the commercial and purified forms of thrombin (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). In contrast, there was a positive correlation between antithrombin III and anti-factor Xa activity in plasma (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). There was no correlation between plasma anti Xa activity and α2 macroglobulin or α1 antitrypsin.These results suggest that plasma antithrombin activity is a measure of the activities of several plasma proteins and that antithrombin III may not be the major determinant of antithrombin activity. There is little evidence that immunological assays of antithrombin III reflect total thrombin inhibitory capacity as measured by the biological assay. Caution must be exercised in extrapolating from immunological measurements of antithrombin III to antithrombin activity in-vivo.
Observations on Monomolecular Layers of Fibrinogen at Solid-Liquid Interphases
Authors: Cuypers P. A. , Hemker H. C. 
Published: June 2019

The adsorption of fibrinogen on different surfaces was measured with the aid of an automated ellipsometer. This instrument allows measuring of both thickness and refractive index of layers between 1 and 1000 Å at 3 second intervals.On hydrophilic surfaces a loosely packed layer of up to 130 Å grows. The refraction index is 1.4 which is the value found in the literature for hydrated proteins. The fibrinogen readily reacts with a specific antibody. No other proteins adsorb onto this layer.On hydrophobic surfaces a layer deposits that is much more closely packed (n = 1.5; thickness 70 Å). In the course of 0.5-1 hour this layer rearranges to a still denser structure (n = 1.8; d = 35 Å). These dense structures too react with specific antibodies but no other proteins will be adsorbed.The structure of the γ-globulin layer is dependent on the structure of the underlying fibrinogen. Fibrinogen does replace adsorbed layers of other proteins. These observations can be used as the basis for the screening of surfaces for their antithrombotic properties.
Interaction of Platelets with Model Surfaces III: Platelet Reaction with Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Lindon J. N. , Brier D. , Merrill E. W. , Salzman E. W. 
Published: June 2019

Blood/material surface interactions have been studied by passing citrated whole blood over beads in a column and examining the resultant activation of platelets and coagulation factors. Examination of many polymer and some crystalline surfaces indicates that platelet adhesion occurs with all surfaces except after pretreatment with albumin in some instances. Induction of the platelet release reaction and platelet adhesion vary from one surface to another and are not well correlated. The release reaction in response to some but not all surfaces can be blocked by pretreatment of blood with aspirin in vivo and indomethacin in vitro. PRP exhibits less activation than whole blood, but varying the hematocrit of whole blood from 23 to 53% does not change surface reactivity.Of the materials studied, polyethylacrylate (PEA) and polymethylacrylate (PMA) appear least reactive. Certain materials, e.g. polystyrene and polyvinylacetate, exhibit variable surface reactivity with different blood samples, while others, e.g. pyrolytic carbon and PMA, produce a uniform response. A general trend appears to be less surface reactivity with decreasing glass transition temperature. Chemical modification of polymers and production of copolymers has been undertaken to define the nature of reactive sites. For example, acrylonitrile and aminomethylacrylate copolymers of PMA exhibit more reactivity than PMA.Sepharose 4B (4% agarose gel beads) appears essentially non-reactive. However, Sepharose with covalently bound heparin promotes extensive platelet adhesion. Pretreatment of this surface with increasing amounts of plasma, but not albumin, produces decreasing surface reactivity.
Decreased Platelet Adhesion as a Characteristic of Non-Thrombogenic Heparinized Polymer Surfaces
Authors: Lagergren H. , Larsson R. , Olsson P. , Rädegran K. , Swedenborg J. 
Published: June 2019

Non-thrombogenic surfaces with a stable heparin layer were made of ionically bound heparin cross-linked with glutardialdehyde.
In vivo the retention of platelets on heparin coated and untreated arterio-venous plastic shunts were compared. The retention of 51Cr labelled platelets on treated surfaces was less than 5% of that on untreated surfaces. The results were not influenced by systemic heparinisation or fibrinogen depletion.
In vitro heparinized blood was rotated in coated and nontreated tubes. The retention of platelets on treated tubings was less than 0.5% of that on non-treated tubings. The heparin concentration of blood did not influence this platelet retention.It is concluded that the non-thrombogenic capacity of the heparinized surface is due to inhibited platelet adhesion.
The Isolation Procedure and Some Characteristics of c-AMP Dependent Protein Kinases of Human Blood Platelets
Authors: Kahlé L. H. , König B. W. , Cate J. W. ten 
Published: June 2019

Several protein kinases have been isolated from human platelet which bind cyclic AMP and transfer a phosphate group from the terminal position of ATP to a protein acceptor molecule.The purification was performed by homogenization in a 50 mM Tris MCI buffer at pH 7.0 which contained 2 M.KC1, subsequent centrifugation at 100,000 g for 1 hr., ammonium sulfate precipitation of the supernate, gel filtration over Sephadex G 25 and DEAE Sephadex chromatography with a linear gradient of 0-1 M.NaCl in Tris HCl buffer at pH 7.0. DEAE Sephadex chromatography resulted in three peaks, which contained kinase activity. Only peak II and III contained c-AMP acceptor activity, which reached an optimum at pH 5.5 in phosphate buffer.The kinase activity was stimulated by c-AMP in all three peaks while the first peak also had some c-AMP independent kinase activity. The kinase activity was dependent on Mg ions. Difference in activity in the three peaks was observed depending on the acceptor protein that were used. Acceptor proteins studied so far were hist on and protamine. Isolation of an acceptor protein from the platelets is in progress.
The Value of Doppler Ultrasound in Patients with a Clinical Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Meadway J. , Nicolaides A. N. 
Published: June 2019

It has been suggested that Doppler ultrasound examination is useful in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The present study was undertaken to compare ultra sound with venography in 120 limbs of 106 patients who presented with clinical DVT or pulmonary embolism. A Parks 801 ultrasonic detector was used over the femoral and popliteal veins with calf compression before and after occlusion of the long saphenous vein at the knee.DVT was confirmed by venography in 44 limbs and was confined to the calf in 10 of these. Ultrasound detected 3 calf thromboses and 29 of 34 more extensive thromboses. The five failures with thrombus proximal to the calf were associated with partial occlusion (1) or extensive collateral circulation (4). Of the 76 limbs normal on venography 21 were thought to have DVT by ultrasound: these false positives could be attributed to oedema (11), haematoma (4), lymphocyst (1), injured muscle (1), cellulitis (1) or excessive tenderness (2) and were unexplained in 1. The results indicate that this test is more accurate than clinical signs alone, but users must be aware of its limitations, particularly the causes of false positive and false negative results.
New Techniques of Phlebography
Authors: Jamieson M. P. G. , Macintyre I. M. C. , Buist T. A. S. , Ruckley G. V. 
Published: June 2019

There are clinical situations in which conventional methods of phlebography are technically difficult or unhelpful towards the management of patients with venous thrombosis. Two new phlebographic techniques have been developed for such situations.Firstly, when patients cannot be readily transported to the Radiology Department because of skeletal traction or monitoring apparatus, a bedside technique has been devised. A central venous catheter is advanced up the long saphenous vein from the ankle, allowing examination both of the peripheral veins and the ilio-femoral segment. The catheter is left in situ for up to 48 hours to allow monitoring of thrombolytic therapy by serial films. This method has been employed in 12 patients. Where, because of extensive occlusion, conventional phlebography fails to outline the proximal extent of the thrombus and where the contralateral ilio-femoral segment is patent, a cross-over technique has been developed. This method is also indicated where percutaneous femoral phlebography cannot be performed because of local sepsis, proximity to an operation site or when the limb is encased in plaster of Paris. Under fluoroscopic control a flexible catheter is passed to the vena cava and down the contralateral iliac veins. This method has been used successfully in 25 patients. No complications have been experienced with either technique.
Fibrinolytic Therapy in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Pettit J. E. , Kohner E. M. , Bulpit G. J. , Hamilton A. M. 
Published: June 2019

A controlled clinical trial was conducted on patients with central retinal vein occlusion who presented within seven days of their initial symptom and in whom there was no contraindication to fibrinolytic therapy. There were 20 treated and 20 control patients between 1970 and 1974.Treatment comprised 72 hours full-dose streptokinase (SK) therapy followed by 48 hours heparin and six months warfarin therapy. Progress was monitored for one year by periodic ophthalmological examinations, including colour and fluorescent photography.The final visual acuity was similar in both groups of patients. Vitreal haemorrhage occurred in three patients receiving SK and these patients remained blind. Two control group patients had vitreal haemorrhage from new blood vessels six months after presenting. Four control patients developed thrombotic glaucoma; this painful end result was not observed in SK treated patients.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and Toxaemia of Pregnancy in Kuwait
Authors: Youssef A. H. 
Published: June 2019

43 patients with pre-eclampsia and 9 patients with eclampsia were studied and compared with 57 normal pregnant women and 36 healthy non pregnant women.Functional tests of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) were carried out on patients and controls. These tests included platelet count, plasma anti-heparin activity, serum FDPs and plasma fibrinogen levels, euglobulin plasma clot lysis time, thrombin, prothrombin and Kaolin-cephalin times. The results of the tests are presented and confirmed that DIC occurs in toxemia of pregnancy.Patients with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia had low platelet counts with high plasma anti-heparin activity, low plasma fibrinogen levels, raised serum FDPs concentrations and prolonged thrombin and euglobulin lysis times. These findings indicate that toxemia of pregnancy can be attributed to DIC.