bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steering Strategy for a Multi-Axle Wheeled Vehicles
Authors: Ahmed Waqar , Azim Raja Amer , Fatima Sana 
Published: January 2019

This paper presents a mathematical model for multi-axle steering vehicles operating on level ground. For transporting heavy loads vehicles with multiple axles are required. Apart from added complexity steering of multiple axle for turning is a big challenge. Due to type of load being carried a single unit vehicle is sometimes preferred. The mathematical model of a six axle vehicle with 4-axle steering system is developed. Simulations at various track radii, vehicle speeds and steering ratios (ratio between the first, second, fifth and sixth steering axle) are performed. Axle steering angles and wheel slip angles are evaluated. The steering ratio requirements vary with vehicle speed and turn radius. A configuration is selected for better performance for a wider range.
The resulting steering ratios show good vehicle maneuverability, stability and steering efficiency.
Coupling Immunofluorescence and Optoelectrokinetic Technique for Escherichia Coli Detection and Quantification in Water
Authors: Ozeh Uzumma O. , Nnanna A. G. Agwu , Ndukaife Justus C. 
Published: January 2019

At least 2 billion people worldwide drink water from sources contaminated with feces, in other words, sources contaminated with E. coli. The traditional method for detecting E. coli, among other limitations, detects only culturable bacteria and takes about 24–48 hours to yield a result. Consequently, the aim of this work is to develop a rapid diagnostic procedure for E. coli by combining immunofluorescence and optoelectrokinetic patterning to specifically target and sensitively trap the whole organism. This is to ensure the populace have timely access to sustained “E. coli-free” water for both domestic and recreational activities.
The procedure involves conjugation of streptavidin functionalized superparamagnetic fluorescent micro-beads with biotin-labelled anti-E. coli polyclonal antibody. The conjugate is introduced into a water sample containing E. coli among other contaminants, where it specifically and sensitively targets the bacteria in the sample solution which is quantified using an optoelectrokinetic patterning technique by introducing the targeted organism in a fabricated microfluidic chip and trapping it with an application of both laser beam and AC electric field simultaneously. Preliminary experiments have shown that increasing concentrations of E. coli in the microfluidic chamber varies directly with the electrical resistance of the entire system. This on-going research has the potential of sensitively isolating E. coli from a large pool of organic and inorganic contaminants in water in less than 4 hours.
Utilization of Wavy Toolpath in Single-Point Incremental Forming
Authors: Grimm Tyler J. , Ragai Ihab , Roth John T. 
Published: January 2019

Incremental forming (IF) is a sheet material forming method which utilizes a hemispherically tipped tool to form material. The tool is typically CNC controlled along a path which outlines the contours of the final geometry. The most common toolpaths used during forming are the spiral and step-down paths. Few variations of these toolpaths currently exist.
A novel toolpathing strategy is proposed herein. This toolpath forms a wave-like path in order to mimic the effects of vibration-assisted tooling; however, with much greater control. A variation of this strategy in which the tool does not lose contact with the surface of the part throughout its path was tested. This method has been found to be an effective approach for improving the surface variability of the final part.
Numerical Investigation on Effects of Structure Parameters on Acceleration Noise of Involute Spur Gear System Under Different Operation Conditions
Authors: Wei Changyin , Wang Jingang , Liu Hai , Chen Yong , Ma Kunqi , Yu Hanzhengnan 
Published: January 2019

The involute spur gear system has been widely utilized in the mechanical transmission domain, and the control of the acceleration noise of the involute spur gear system has become the key technology to solve the NVH performance of the power transmission system, especially in the automobile industry. In the process of the gear meshing, the unavoidable acceleration noise of the involute spur gear system is mainly caused by the meshing stiffness and error excitation due to the structural parameters. Therefore, the investigation on the effects of structure parameters on acceleration noise of the involute spur gear system is necessary.
In this paper, the numerical model for predicting the acceleration noise of the involute spur gear system has been established. The simulation results of the acceleration noise were compared with the experimental results, and the errors between these two results were only 2.9%, within permission.
The effects of structure parameters including base pitch error and pressure angle on the acceleration noise of the involute spur gear system have been discussed. Results showed that increasing the base pitch error, the acceleration noise level of the involute spur gear increased, and the gap of the noise level between different base pitch errors narrowed according to the increase of gear load and rotation speed. Increasing the pressure angle also increased the acceleration noise level, however, the gap between different pressure angles remained the same regardless the variations of gear load and rotation speed, which was different than the variations of base pitch error.
Intelligent Adaptive Control for Anti-Lock Braking System
Authors: Batayneh Wafa , Jaradat Mohammad , Bataineh Ahmad 
Published: January 2019

One of the most important safety features of an automobile is its braking system. The ability of a braking system to provide safe and repeatable stopping is the key to safe motoring. Mechatronics subsystems are more and more developed in automotive industries and in the recent years modern control techniques have been applied to a wide range of many electronic control systems in the automotive industry such as Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS).
This article proposed an intelligent adaptive control for anti-lock braking system (ABS), to control the desired slip ratio that prevents wheels from locking. A Fuzzy controller having Gaussian memberships is developed to calculate the amount of reduction of the applied torque based on the error signal (the difference between the measured slip ratio and the desired slip ratio).
Results of the proposed controller are compared with the results of a PID controller. The scheme is implemented using a quarter car model and simulation tests were carried out in different conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is robust and effective.
Using Multi-Channel Human-System Interaction for User-Centered Product Design
Authors: Sankowski Olga , Krause Dieter 
Published: January 2019

User-centered product design (UCPD) and especially its methods and tools offer a lot of benefits to product development. By using specific data of the user group or by including them into the design process, systems with better functionality and usability arise. However, including the users in an optimum manner means to include them over the whole product development process, which is costly and often too time-consuming regarding the ever shorter product life cycles. An extensive application of UCPD methods is therefore usually not practical for industry.
In order to (1) support the user-centered development process in general and (2) support the selection of appropriate UCPD methods, a multi-channel human-system interaction framework is proposed. It is derived from existing human-computer and human-machine interaction models and further includes additional factors influencing the human-system interaction. However, the framework itself needs further and more detailed elaboration and discussion and currently lacks an allocation of UCPD methods.
Design and Control of a High Precision Laser-Cutting Machine
Authors: Van Bibber Mason , Bahr Behnam 
Published: January 2019

Education in mechanical design and control theory is paramount to anyone interested in engineering and the “Maker” culture. Additionally, integration of concepts normally presented in discrete learning segments enhances technical and intuitive understanding of how systems work individually and together. This project aims to increase students’ understanding of engineering topics while equipping them with the necessary tools and information to recreate a high-precision laser-cutting machine at a minimal cost. These topics include electronic designs, mechanical assemblies, machine calibration, and control theory.
Although there is a wide range of laser-cutting machines currently available, most low-cost options are inaccurate and low-quality. Because such systems come preassembled and with little documentation, using them offers no educational value with respect to learning how the system functions. Since pre-assembled systems offer little hands-on learning potential related to their construction and design, the goal of this project is to develop a system that will offer this experience and enhance student understanding as they “Learn by Doing.” Students learning about the aforementioned topics will investigate them by constructing their own low-cost and reproducible laser-cutting machine. This system will enable students to study how to combine the ideas and theories learned throughout their engineering curriculum into a single design.
Transient Analysis of Air Flow in a Channel for Unconventional Radiator
Authors: Islam Wahidul , Khan Jobaidur Rahman 
Published: January 2019

A number of cars are found to have an unconventional radiator. The radiator is placed at the back of the car instead of front, for which the radiator does not get the incoming airflow to cool the engine down and the engine gets overheated very easily. In order to deal with this problem, a channel has been mounted at the top of the vehicle to navigate incoming air flow and direct it through the radiator to cool down the engine. Three channels are tested computationally with three different lengths, which indicates the different way of studying this problem. Transient state analysis has been performed. Each length has its own characteristics. For example, a longer channel creates little circulation but more axial flow towards the radiator, while shorter channel creates smooth but less axial flow towards the radiator. All these cases in the steady state have the same domain and will have similar inlet variables like velocity, shape, size, and position.
A transient state simulation, most of the circulation were shown in the left-mid plane especially in longer channels. Transient state gives more uniform flow distribution. For longer channels in transient case, the flow is symmetric and smooth, while the flow is not found symmetric for short channel. The results were all made and developed in ANSYS for the final design where the data were simulated.
Study of Head Concussions on Female Soccer Players
Authors: Honarmandi Peyman , Palmisano Alessandra , Stashuk Iryna , Ladda Shawn 
Published: January 2019

The goal of this research is to evaluate the extent of damage to the brain in regard to concussions when female soccer players head the ball to pass, defend, and score goals. It is reported that female soccer players have higher concussion rates than male players, which is why they will be the focus of this study. The anatomy of the female body seems to be structured in a way that increases the risk of concussions, but that has not been verified yet.
While many clinical studies document post-concussion results, our research evaluates the impact of the soccer ball during active play both computationally and experimentally. The force from the ball hitting the head and the resulting acceleration of the brain are analyzed. First, the head accelerations and corresponding HIC (Head Injury Criterion) values are obtained using computational programming. Then, a newly developed experimental framework is used to track the head acceleration using an accelerometer. The velocity and angle at which the ball makes contact with the head are measured using a projectile motion and time-lapse imaging technique. The results of heading the ball in different kick scenarios are compared with the threshold HIC values for concussions.
Prediction of Leak Rates Through Porous Materials Using Analytical and Numerical Approaches
Authors: Aweimer Ali Salah Omar , Bouzid Abdel-Hakim , Zhao Zijian 
Published: January 2019

Characterizing the permeation performance of nano-porous material is an initial step towards predicting micro-flows and achieving acceptable designs in sealing and filtration applications. The present study deals with analytical, numerical, and experimental studies of gaseous leaks through soft packing materials.
The paper presents a new analytical model to accurately predict and correlate gaseous leak rates through nano-porous materials. The analytical prediction is done with a model of fluid flow through capillaries of an exponentially varying section. Based on Navier-Stokes equations with different flow regimes, the analytical model is used to predict gaseous flow rates through soft packing materials. In addition, for comparison, computational fluid dynamic modelling using CFX software is used to estimate the flow rate of compression packing ring materials assuming the fluid flow to follow Darcy’s law. Helium gas is used as a reference gas to characterize the porosity parameters. The analytical and CFX numerical leak predictions are compared to leak rates measured experimentally using different gas types (Helium, Nitrogen, Air, and Argon) at different pressures and gland stresses. The packing material is subjected to different compression stress levels in order to change its porosity.
Respiratory monitors to teach newborn facemask ventilation: a randomised trial
Authors: O’Currain Eoin , Thio Marta , Dawson Jennifer Anne , Donath Susan M , Davis Peter G 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveThe International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has found that there is a need for high-quality randomised trials of training interventions that improve the effectiveness of resuscitation skills. The objective of this study was to determine whether using a respiratory function monitor (RFM) during mask ventilation training with a manikin reduces facemask leak.DesignStratified, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Outcome assessors were blinded to group allocation.SettingThirteen hospitals in Australia, including non-tertiary sites.ParticipantsConsecutive sample of healthcare professionals attending a structured newborn resuscitation training course.InterventionsAn RFM providing real-time, objective, leak, flow and volume information was attached to the facemask during 1.5 hours of newborn ventilation and simulation training using a manikin. Participants were randomised to have the RFM display visible (intervention) or masked (control), using a computer-generated randomisation sequence.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was facemask leak measured after neonatal facemask ventilation training. Tidal volume was an important secondary outcome measure.ResultsParticipants were recruited from May 2016 to November 2017. Of 402 eligible participants, two refused consent. Four hundred were randomised, 200 to each group, of whom 194 in each group underwent analysis. The median (IQR) facemask leak was 23% (8%–41%) in the RFM visible group compared with 35% (14%–67%) in the masked group, p<0.0001, difference (95% CI) in medians 12 (4 to 22).ConclusionsThe display of information from an RFM improved the effectiveness of newborn facemask ventilation training.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000542493, pre-results.
Efficacy of heavy eccentric calf training for treating mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Murphy Myles Calder , Travers Mervyn J , Chivers Paola , Debenham James Robert , Docking Sean Iain , Rio Ebonie Kendra , Gibson William 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of heavy eccentric calf training (HECT) in comparison with natural history, traditional physiotherapy, sham interventions or other exercise interventions for improvements in pain and function in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines.Data sourcesPUBMED, CINAHL (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO) were searched from inception until 24 September 2018.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials comparing HECT to natural history, sham exercise, traditional physiotherapy and other exercise interventions were included. Primary outcome assessing pain and function was the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles.ResultsSeven studies met the inclusion criteria. This review suggests HECT may be superior to both natural history, mean difference (MD) (95% CI) of 20.6 (11.7 to 29.5, one study) and traditional physiotherapy, MD (95% CI) of 17.70 (3.75 to 31.66, two studies). Following removal of one study, at high risk of bias, due to pre-planned sensitivity analysis, this review suggests HECT may be inferior to other exercise interventions, MD (95% CI) of −5.65 (-10.51 to −0.79, three studies). However, this difference is unlikely to be clinically significant.ConclusionCurrent evidence suggests that HECT may be superior to natural history and traditional physiotherapy while HECT may be inferior to other exercise interventions. However, due to methodological limitations, small sample size and a lack of data we are unable to be confident in the results of the estimate of the effect, as the true effect is likely to be substantially different.Systematic review registryPROSPERO registration number: CRD4201804493Protocol referenceThis protocol has been published open access: Murphy M, Travers MJ, Gibson, W. Is heavy eccentric calf training superior to natural history, sham rehabilitation, traditional physiotherapy and other exercise interventions for pain and function in mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy?Systematic Reviews2018; 7: 58
Incidence rate and burden of illness at the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games
Authors: Derman Wayne , Runciman Phoebe , Jordaan Esme , Schwellnus Martin , Blauwet Cheri , Webborn Nick , Lexell Jan , van de Vliet Peter , Kissick James , Stomphorst Jaap , Lee Young-Hee , Kim Keun-Suh 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo describe the incidence rate (IR) and illness burden (IB) at the Pyeongchang 2018 Paralympic Winter Games.MethodsA total of 567 athletes from 49 countries were monitored for 12 days over the Pyeongchang 2018 Games (6804 athlete days). Illness data were obtained daily from teams with (41 teams, 557 athletes) and teams without (8 teams, 10 athletes) their own medical support, through electronic data capturing systems.ResultsThere were 87 illnesses reported, with an illness IR of 12.8 illnesses per 1000 athlete days (95% CI 10.2 to 16.0) and IB of 6.8 days lost per 1000 athlete days (95% CI 3.4 to 13.5). The highest IR was reported for Para snowboard (IR of 19.7 [95% CI 12.0 to 32.2]). Illnesses in the respiratory system (IR of 4.1 [95% CI 2.9 to 5.9]; IB of 1.4 [95% CI 0.6 to 3.0]), skin and subcutaneous system (IR of 2.5 [95% CI 1.5 to 4.1]; IB of 0.6 [95% CI 0.1 to 2.9]), and eye and ocular adnexa (IR of 1.6 [95% CI 0.9 to 3.1]; IB of 0.5 [95% CI 0.1 to 3.3]) were the most common.ConclusionThis is the first study to report both the IR and IB in this setting. There was a high IR of illness in the new sport of Para snowboard. The respiratory system had both the highest IR and IB.
Trends and drivers of government health spending in sub-Saharan Africa, 1995–2015
Authors: Micah Angela E , Chen Catherine S , Zlavog Bianca S , Hashimi Golsum , Chapin Abigail , Dieleman Joseph L 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionGovernment health spending is a primary source of funding in the health sector across the world. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, only about a third of all health spending is sourced from the government. The objectives of this study are to describe the growth in government health spending, examine its determinants and explain the variation in government health spending across sub-Saharan African countries.MethodsWe used panel data on domestic government health spending in 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 1995 to 2015 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. A regression model was used to examine the factors associated with government health spending, and Shapley decomposition was used to attribute the contributions of factors to the explained variance in government health spending.ResultsWhile the growth rate in government health spending in sub-Saharan Africa has been positive overall, there are variations across subgroups. Between 1995 and 2015, government health spending in West Africa grew by 6.7% (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]: 6.2% to 7.0%) each year, whereas in Southern Africa it grew by only 4.5% (UI: 4.5% to 4.5%) each year. Furthermore, per-person government health spending ranged from $651 (Namibia) in 2017 purchasing power parity dollars to $4 (Central African Republic) in 2015. Good governance, national income and the share of it that is government spending were positively associated with government health spending. The results from the decomposition, however, showed that individual country characteristics made up the highest percentage of the explained variation in government health spending across sub-Saharan African countries.ConclusionThese findings highlight that a country’s policy choices are important for how much the health sector receives. As the attention of the global health community focuses on ways to stimulate domestic government health spending, an understanding that individual country sociopolitical context is an important driver for success will be key.
Secondary prevention therapies in acute coronary syndrome and relation to outcomes: observational study
Authors: Chow Clara K , Brieger David , Ryan Mark , Kangaharan Nadarajah , Hyun Karice K , Briffa Tom 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo ascertain the use of secondary prevention medications and cardiac rehabilitation after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the impact on 2-year outcomes.MethodsCONCORDANCE (Cooperative National Registry of Acute Coronary care, Guideline Adherence and Clinical Events) is a prospective, observational registry of 41 Australian hospitals. A representative sample of 6859 patients with an ACS and 6 months’ follow-up on 31 May 2016 were included. The main outcome measure was use of ≥75% of indicated medications (≥4/5 (or ≥3/4 if contraindicated) of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, beta-blocker, lipid-lowering therapy, aspirin and other antiplatelet). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) included myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death.ResultsThe mean age was 65±13 years, 29% were women, and the mean Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score was 106±30. At discharge, 92% were on aspirin, 93% lipid-lowering therapy, 78% beta-blocker, 74% ACE/angiotensin receptor blocker and 73% a second antiplatelet; 89% were taking ≥75% of medications at discharge, 78% at 6 months and 66% at 2 years. At 6 months, 38% attended cardiac rehabilitation, 58% received dietary advice and 32% of smokers reported quitting. Among 1896 patients followed to 2 years, death/MACE was less frequent among patients on ≥75% vs <75% of medications (8.3% vs 13.9%; adjusted OR 0.75, 95 % CI 0.56 to 0.99), and was less frequent in patients who attended versus who did not attend cardiac rehabilitation (4.6% vs 13.4%; adjusted OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.62).ConclusionsUse of secondary prevention therapies diminishes over time following an ACS. Patients receiving secondary prevention had decreased rates of death and MACE at 2 years.