bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prisoners Dilemma: Ascertaining and Augmenting the Multinational NIAC Detention Regime
Authors: Begoore Yateesh 
Published: June 2019

While International Humanitarian Law (IHL) contains a comprehensive framework of rules and procedural protections for detainees in international armed conflicts (IACS), there is a conspicuous absence of such rules and protections for detainees in the case of non-international armed conflicts (NIACS). In fact, as the recent Serdar Mohammad v. Ministry of Defence case pointed out, the rules pertaining to NIACS make no mention of detention authority at all, leading some scholars to conclude that International Human Rights Law (IHRL), and not IHL, governs NIAC detention.
Contrarily, this paper contends that not only does IHL govern (as well as grant authority for) NIAC detentions, the regime’s shortcomings regarding procedural safe-guards and treatment standards may be remedied through the application of the Copenhagen Process Principles – as evolutive interpretation or interpretation based on subsequent agreement – to Common Art. 3 of the Geneva Conventions.
In Search of ʿIzz al-Dīn Aydamir al-Ǧildakī, Mamlūk Alchemist
Authors: Harris Nicholas G. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article attempts to establish basic biographical information about the prolific Egyptian alchemist ʿIzz al-Dīn Aydamir al-Ǧildakī, more specifically his birth and death dates and his origin. To this end, the article makes use of and critics manuscripts and secondary sources in order to untangle probable facts from unsubstantiated assumptions. The result moves closer to identifying the time and place, and thus the historical context, for an influential alchemist in the medieval Islamic world.
Hippocrates’ Law in the Middle Ages with the Edition of the Latin Translation and the Revision
Authors: Fortuna Stefania 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The present article examines the medieval tradition of Hippocrates’ Law and shows that only one Latin translation of Hippocrates’ Law and a revised version are extant, although three medieval translations are listed in Pearl Kibre’s catalogue Hippocrates Latinus: one anonymous, the other two by Niccolò da Reggio and Arnold of Villanova. Moreover, this article (i) attributes the medieval translation of Hippocrates’ Law to Bartolomeo da Messina (fl. 1260), who was active at the court of Manfred, King of Sicily between 1258 and 1266, on the basis of the text’s tradition, its sources, and above all its style; and (ii) proves that the revision seems to follow the same style as Niccolò’s translations, but it was probably not carried out by him. Finally, the article provides an edition of the translation of Hippocrates’ Law and its revision, with double indexes.
How Did Regius Become Regius? The Early Doctrinal Evolution of a Heterodox Cartesian
Authors: Strazzoni Andrea 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article offers an assessment of Henricus Regius’s (1598-1679) pre-Cartesian sources and their role in his appropriation of Descartes’s ideas, via two main questions: 1) Who was Regius, doctrinally speaking, before his exposure to Cartesianism? And 2) how did he use Descartes’s theories before his quarrel with Descartes himself in the mid-1640s? These questions are addressed by means of a textual analysis that concerns his theory of matter. In this article, I will show that 1) Regius started out with a scientific program he had found in Ramism and the medical theories of Heurnius and Santorio. 2) On this basis, he developed a physiology encompassing Descartes’s theory of blood circulation and sensory perception. 3) Regius completed the resulting physiology with a theory of matter more developed than Descartes’s, and which he appropriated from Santorio, Basson, and Gorlaeus.
Crisis and Resilience among Church Planters in Europe
Authors: Paas Stefan , Schoemaker Marry 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Church planting – the creation of new Christian communities for missionary reasons – is becoming increasingly accepted among the larger churches and denominations in Europe. As church plants in the secular parts of Europe are usually under-resourced, and remain small, the normalization of this entrepreneurial approach of church and mission raises the question of its sustainability. Part of the answer to this question lies in the resilience of church planters; that is, those who lead these enterprises. In this paper we present the results of a qualitative study of European church planters, with a view to their coping with what often appears to be a mixture of high expectations, unclear structures, and a difficult “market.” This research shows the particular nature of crises in the life of a church planter, while identifying sources of resilience. Its results are relevant both for the assessment of church planting projects, and for the training and coaching of church planters.
The Vision of Asian Women for Interreligious Dialogue
Authors: Nguyen Thao 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article discusses a special way in which Asian Catholic women have envisioned their roles in the religiously pluralistic context of Asia. By engaging in dialogue with other religions through service, inter-faith marriage, and collaboration with non-Christian women for women’s liberation, these women have used their special gifts in communicating with other women to bring about a change in relationships among people of other religions. In addition, Asian women’s theological reflection on interreligious dialogue helps enrich the church’s understanding of their role in building a relationship between the church and Asian religions.
Who was Agrippinus?
Authors: Handl András , Dupont Anthony 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is generally assumed that Agrippinus was one of the earliest known bishops of Carthage, if not the earliest. He probably presided over the first recorded council of bishops in North Africa around AD 220. It was presumably Agrippinus who opposed Tertullian when the latter attacked the church’s practice of forgiving sexual sins in his work De pudicitia. This article will first provide a historical overview of the development of what has become the commonly accepted image of Agrippinus, combining the hypotheses just mentioned, and will then re-examine the extant sources and popular arguments for the dating of his term of office. It will conclude that the sources do not support a dating of the first council in Carthage before AD 230. Furthermore, there is not much evidence in the available sources to substantiate the commonly held belief that Agrippinus was Tertullian’s episcopal opponent.
In saecula saeculorum
Authors: van Lieburg Fred 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article offers a personal perspective on religious history after the institutionalisation of this field in the History Department at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in 2015. In essence and method, religious history is like history of religion(s). In German and Dutch, one can speak of Religionsgeschichte or religiegeschiedenis/godsdienstgeschiedenis. Different terms are in use in English and French, reflecting the different traditions in the disciplines of theology and history. History of religion(s)/histoire des religions is commonly associated with comparative studies of (non-Christian) religions, while religious history/histoire religieuse developed as a specialisation within general history (mostly concerned with Christianity and therefore close to what is known as church history or ecclesiastical history). While understanding religious history as general history with a focus on the religious factor in cultural, social, and political realities, various research traditions should be converged and integrated by means of conceptual exchange, cross-disciplinary approaches, and linked scholarly networks. Given the interest in global dimensions and long-term developments, computer-assisted research of digitalised sources is recommended for doing religious history today.
Non-Governmental Organizations in Egypt and Their Participation in Resistance: a Comparison between the Middle Class and the Underclass
Authors: Zheng Xinyao , Peng Zongchao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe number of non-governmental organizations in Egypt continued to grow before 2011. The middle class became the main participants in the political movement against Mubarak regime in 2011. However, it could not be attributed to the mobilization by non-governmental organizations. Based on regression analysis results of the questionnaire survey conducted by Arab Barometer in 2011, NGOs’ mobilization of their middle-class members was almost ineffective. As for the underclass, only the charitable organizations had a strong mobilization effect. From the two aspects of consensus mobilization and action mobilization, the paper explains the reasons why non-governmental organizations failed to mobilize their middle-class members and the specific mechanism for charitable organizations to mobilize their underclass members. Egypt’s experience shows that NGOs do not necessarily act as the main driving force of political resistance, which depends on NGOs’ capability of mobilizing their members for consensus and action, and for different social classes, the mobilization effects show great differences.
Différentes natures des marques négatives redondantes en chinois mandarin
Authors: Zuo Baiyao 
Published: June 2019

Résumé
Les marques négatives redondantes apparaissent dans des structures propositionnelles et des expressions adjectivales et adverbiales en chinois. Bien qu’ elles soient étudiées depuis longtemps, les différences de leurs natures n’ ont pas été indiquées par les recherches antérieures. Cet article a analysé les productions des structures propositionnelles, comme chàdiǎn méi … (差点没 … « s’ en falloir de peu que NEG »), et des expressions adjectivales ou adverbiales hǎo bù (好不 « très NEG ») + Adj et búyào tài (不要太 « NEG très ») + Adj. A travers cette analyse, trois mécanismes différents de production, à savoir l’ intégration conceptuelle des constructions, l’ ironie (la négation métaconceptuelle) et la négation métalinguistique, ont été trouvés pour expliquer les différentes natures des marques négatives redondantes.
Forgotten Works by I.S. Shepelev on the History of Early Modern Russia’s Time of Troubles
Authors: Kleitman Alexander , Tyumentsev Igor 
Published: June 2019

The authors analyze the scientific works of the Russian historian I.S. Shepelev in the context of Soviet historiography concerning early modern Russia’s Time of Troubles. The article sheds light on the originality and professionalism of this important scholar of medieval Russian history whose works have recently been unjustly overlooked.
The First English History of the Russian Time of Troubles: Samuel Purchas’s “Late Changes” (1625)
Authors: Perrie Maureen 
Published: June 2019

Samuel Purchas’s Hakluytus Posthumus, first published in 1625, is a collection of travel accounts similar to that edited by Richard Hakluyt in the late sixteenth century, but it also includes the earliest secondary history of the Time of Troubles in English. Purchas’s chapter entitled “The late changes and manifold alterations in Russia since Ivan Vasilowich to this present …” combines documentary publication with narrative history. This article examines the source materials used by Purchas and discusses his own commentary on events. Purchas considers that historians should demonstrate the justice of God’s providence in punishing a people’s sins, and he assesses the reigns of Ivan IV and Boris Godunov in this light. He enlivens his narrative with elaborate metaphors, including that of Russia during the interregnum of 1610–1612 as a “many-headed monster”. This metaphor was commonly used by conservative writers in early modern England to designate the ordinary people, but Purchas uses it more creatively in relation to Russia, to signify not only the multitude but also the rival candidates for the throne, including pretenders (samozvantsy).
Expressive Gestures
Authors: Kivelson Valerie A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the Litsevoi letopisnyi svod, a massive illustrated chronicle of the history of the world and of Russia was produced in a single manuscript. Consisting of over 20,000 pages, with over 17,000 illustrations, the work should be a treasure trove for visually-minded scholarship. However, at first glance, the figures appear rigid and formulaic, offering little promise for interpretation. This article examines a small subset of these images that depict the Russian conquest of the Muslim Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556. The images deploy an unexpectedly powerful language of emotion, expressed through gesture. The Astrakhan images provide opportunities not only to explore early modern Russian ideas about emotion, but also to consider human connections across the Christian-Muslim divide.
Историческая память об Александре Невском в эпоху Петра I и его преемников
Authors: Мещенина Анастасия Анатольевна , Соколов Роман Александрович 
Published: June 2019

АннотацияСуществовавшее с древних времен церковное почитание политического и военного деятеля XIII в. Александра Невского в эпоху реформ Петра Великого оказалось включенным в общую идеологию провозглашенной Российской империи. Обстоятельства переноса мощей князя в новую столицу страны – Санкт-Петербург (1723–1724) – дают основания утверждать, что император пытался придать святому статус покровителя вновь создаваемого русского флота. Установление нового канона иконописного изображения Александра было обусловлено решением государственной власти, но для этого имелись некоторые предпосылки объективного свойства. Временный отказ от нового порядка празднования памяти святого был связан исключительно с правлением Петра II (1727–1730), поскольку у него это вызывало ассоциации с гибелью отца – царевича Алексея. Возврат к установленной Петром I практике празднования, произошел уже при Анне Иоанновне (1730–1740) и в дальнейшем укреплялся вплоть до 1917 г. В новейших научных исследованиях преувеличивается значимость идеологической составляющей толкования политики Александра Невского в исторических трудах М.В. Ломоносова. Анализ содержания показывает, что рассмотрение деятельности князя в этих работах ученого не выделялость чем-то особенным и не имело, в частности, антишведской направленности. В то же время, в художественных и литературных произведениях М.В. Ломоносов, действительно, использовал сравнения древнерусского князя с Петром I, что, безусловно, вписывалось в идеологию Российской империи елизаветинской эпохи.
Inter-State Water Law in the United States of America
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe rich field of inter-state water law in the United States illustrates both successes and failures in transboundary water management and allocation. This monograph analyzes the three general approaches to water allocation between riparian states to certain shared watercourses in the United States, namely equitable apportionment, congressional apportionment, and inter-state compacts. This analysis is accompanied by a discussion and evaluation of the different cases of shared watercourses that applied these approaches, and a comparison of each of them to similar approaches in international water law. The monograph draws lessons for international water law from inter-state water law—highlighting the successful inter-state approaches that can be adopted by international water law, as well as the approaches that failed, and which should be avoided.
The First Slovenian Novel and the Literary World-System
Authors: Habjan Jernej 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The first Slovenian novel is yet to be read in a way that is both comparative and sociological. For while Slovenian studies treats the emergence of the Slovenian novel sociologically but not comparatively, comparative literature studies views it comparatively yet not sociologically. This gap can be filled by the perspective of the literary world-system. Moreover, this viewpoint can subtilize the thesis of Slovenian studies that the belatedness of the Slovenian novel is part of the belatedness of the Slovenian bourgeoisie as well as the comparatist thesis that the Slovenian novel became possible only after the end of the possibility of the traditional European novel. The world-systemic approach can grasp this belatedness as a social fact that speaks less of the Slovenian novel’s essence than of the structural relations between Slovenian culture and its European social environment.
The Kujujī Poets: Families, Poetry and Forms of Patronage in Azerbaijan and beyond (Fourteenth to Seventeenth Centuries)
Authors: Werner Christoph 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Tracing the extended Kujujī family unit, originally from Western Azerbaijan, through the fourteenth up to the seventeenth century, I am especially interested in the interplay between members of the Kujujī family, their professional background, and the poetry they composed. Poetry is interpreted as a mode of transmission, understanding panegyric and mystical forms of poetry as a means to shape and reinforce family identities in reciprocal relationships – in our case the relationship between the local Sufi-notable family network of the Kujujīs with the respective ruling families of the Jalayirids and Safavids. The article explores their poetry, the poets as actors of transmission and the links that are created between distant members of the “imagined” family of the Kujujīs as expressed in literary anthologies (taẕkiras). Moving beyond traditional perceptions of one-on-one, client-patron relations in the production of court poetry and emphasizing the role of families creates a long-term perspective and re-evaluates classical Persian poetry as intra-generational cultural bond.
Acceleration and Overturning of the Antarctic Slope Current by Winds, Eddies, and Tides
Authors: Stewart Andrew L. , Klocker Andreas , Menemenlis Dimitris 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAll exchanges between the open ocean and the Antarctic continental shelf must cross the Antarctic Slope Current (ASC). Previous studies indicate that these exchanges are strongly influenced by mesoscale and tidal variability, yet the mechanisms responsible for setting the ASC’s transport and structure have received relatively little attention. In this study the roles of winds, eddies, and tides in accelerating the ASC are investigated using a global ocean–sea ice simulation with very high resolution (1/48° grid spacing). It is found that the circulation along the continental slope is accelerated both by surface stresses, ultimately sourced from the easterly winds, and by mesoscale eddy vorticity fluxes. At the continental shelf break, the ASC exhibits a narrow (~30–50 km), swift (>0.2 m s−1) jet, consistent with in situ observations. In this jet the surface stress is substantially reduced, and may even vanish or be directed eastward, because the ocean surface speed matches or exceeds that of the sea ice. The shelfbreak jet is shown to be accelerated by tidal momentum advection, consistent with the phenomenon of tidal rectification. Consequently, the shoreward Ekman transport vanishes and thus the mean overturning circulation that steepens the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) is primarily due to tidal acceleration. These findings imply that the circulation and mean overturning of the ASC are not only determined by near-Antarctic winds, but also depend crucially on sea ice cover, regionally-dependent mesoscale eddy activity over the continental slope, and the amplitude of tidal flows across the continental shelf break.
Multiplanar Loading of the Knee and Its Influence on Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Medial Collateral Ligament Strain During Simulated Landings and Noncontact Tears
Authors: Bates Nathaniel A. , Schilaty Nathan D. , Nagelli Christopher V. , Krych Aaron J. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: May 2019

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries are known to occur during dynamic athletic tasks that place combinatorial frontal and transverse plane loads on the knee. A mechanical impact simulator that produces clinical presentation of ACL injury allows for the quantification of individual loading contributors leading to ACL failure.Purpose/Hypothesis:The objective was to delineate the relationship between knee abduction moment, anterior tibial shear, and internal tibial rotation applied at the knee and ACL strain during physiologically defined simulations of impact at a knee flexion angle representative of initial contact landing from a jump. The hypothesis tested was that before ACL failure, abduction moment would induce greater change in ACL strain during landing than either anterior shear or internal rotation.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Nineteen cadaveric specimens were subjected to simulated landings in the mechanical impact simulator. During simulations, external knee abduction moment, internal tibial rotation moment, and anterior tibial shear loads were derived from a previously analyzed in vivo cohort and applied to the knee in varying magnitudes with respect to injury risk classification. Implanted strain gauges were used to track knee ligament displacement throughout simulation. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess strain differences among loading factors, with Wilcoxon each pair post hoc tests used to assess differences of magnitude within each loading.Results:Each loading factor significantly increased ACL strain ( P < .005). Within factors, the high-risk magnitude of each factor significantly increased ACL strain relative to the baseline condition ( P≤ .002). However, relative to knee abduction moment specifically, ACL strain increased with each increased risk magnitude ( P≤ .015).Conclusion:Increased risk levels of each load factor contributed to increased levels of ACL strain during a simulated jump landing. The behavior of increased strain between levels of increased risk loading was most prevalent for changes in knee abduction moment. This behavior was observed in the ACL and MCL.Clinical Relevance:Knee abduction moment may be the predominant precursor to ACL injury and concomitant MCL injury. As knee abduction occurs within the frontal plane, primary preventative focus should incorporate reduction of frontal plane knee loading in landing and cutting tasks, but secondary reduction of transverse plane loading could further increase intervention efficacy. Constraint of motion in these planes should restrict peak ACL strain magnitudes during athletic performance.