bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to Mental Health Care for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Adults: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Snow Annie , Cerel Julie , Loeffler Diane N , Flaherty Chris 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContemporary research suggests that transgender and gender-nonconforming (TGNC) adults encounter formidable barriers to health care, including access to quality therapeutic interventions. This systematic review is one of the first to specifically explore obstacles to TGNC mental health care. A rigorous literature review identified eight relevant studies: six qualitative designs and two quantitative designs. Thematic synthesis revealed three major barriers to care and five corresponding subthemes: (1) personal concerns, involving fear of being pathologized or stereotyped and an objection to common therapeutic practices; (2) incompetent mental health professionals, including those who are unknowledgeable, unnuanced, and unsupportive; and (3) affordability factors. Results indicate an acute need for practitioner training to ensure the psychological well-being of TGNC clients.
Pharyngeal Jaws Converge by Similar Means, Not to Similar Ends, When Minnows (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) Adapt to New Dietary Niches
Authors: Pos Kelsie M , Farina Stacy C , Kolmann Matthew A , Gidmark Nicholas J 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Convergent evolution is at the forefront of many form-function studies. There are many examples of multiple independent lineages evolving a similar morphology in response to similar functional demands, providing a framework for testing hypotheses of form-function evolution. However, there are numerous clades with underappreciated convergence, in which there is a perceived homogeneity in morphology. In these groups, it can be difficult to investigate causal relationships of form and function (e.g., diet influencing the evolution of jaw morphology) without the ability to disentangle phylogenetic signal from convergence. Leuciscids (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae; formerly nested within Cyprinidae) are a species-rich clade of fishes that have diversified to occupy nearly every freshwater trophic niche, yet are considered to have relatively low morphological diversity relative to other large freshwater clades. Within the North American leuciscids, many genera contain at least one herbivore, insectivore, and larvaphage. We created 3D models from micro-computed tomography scans of 165 leuciscid species to measure functionally relevant traits within the pharyngeal jaws of these fishes. Using a published phylogeny, we tested these metrics for evolutionary integration, phylogenetic signal, and correlation with diet. Measurements of the pharyngeal jaws, muscle attachment areas, and teeth showed strong positive evolutionary correlation with each other and negative evolutionary correlation with measurements of the inter-ceratobranchial ligament (ICB ligament). Using diet data from published literature, we found extensive dietary convergence within Leuciscidae. The most common transitions we found were between herbivorous and invertivorous taxa and between insectivore types (aquatic vs. terrestrial). We document a trade-off in which herbivorous leuciscids have large teeth, short ICB ligaments, and large muscle attachment areas, whereas insectivorous leuciscids showed the opposite pattern. Inverse patterns of morphological integration between the ICB ligament the rest of the pharyngeal jaw correspond this dietary trade-off, which indicates that coordinated evolution of morphological traits contributes to functional diversity in this clade. However, these patterns only emerge in the context of phylogeny, meaning that the pharyngeal jaws of North American leuciscids converge by similar means (structural changes in response to dietary demands), but not necessarily to similar ends (absolute phenotype).
The Importance of Inclusion, Diversity, and Equity to the Future of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Powderly William G 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has grown and evolved considerably since its foundation in 1963 as an academic professional society. It currently has >11 000 members, both domestic and international, drawn from the breadth of infectious diseases practice, from basic research to public health. Governance of the Society has not evolved as rapidly, and, in the last few years, it was increasingly evident to many members that the IDSA leadership was less representative of the membership than it ought to be. As a result of a rigorous review of its governance structure, the Society has committed to a policy of inclusion, diversity, access, and equity. It has also reformed the methods by which future IDSA leaders are identified and given roles. These changes should increase the opportunities for all members of the Society to participate in its volunteer leadership.
Knowing More of the Iceberg: How Detecting a Greater Proportion of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Carriers Influences Transmission
Authors: Bartsch Sarah M , Wong Kim F , Stokes-Cawley Owen J , McKinnell James A , Cao Chenghua , Gussin Gabrielle M , Mueller Leslie E , Kim Diane S , Miller Loren G , Huang Susan S , Lee Bruce Y 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Clinical testing detects a fraction of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) carriers. Detecting a greater proportion could lead to increased use of infection prevention and control measures but requires resources. Therefore, it is important to understand the impact of detecting increasing proportions of CRE carriers.

Methods
We used our Regional Healthcare Ecosystem Analyst–generated agent-based model of adult inpatient healthcare facilities in Orange County, California, to explore the impact that detecting greater proportions of carriers has on the spread of CRE.

Results
Detecting and placing 1 in 9 carriers on contact precautions increased the prevalence of CRE from 0% to 8.0% countywide over 10 years. Increasing the proportion of detected carriers from 1 in 9 up to 1 in 5 yielded linear reductions in transmission; at proportions &gt;1 in 5, reductions were greater than linear. Transmission reductions did not occur for 1, 4, or 5 years, varying by facility type. With a contact precautions effectiveness of ≤70%, the detection level yielding nonlinear reductions remained unchanged; with an effectiveness of &gt;80%, detecting only 1 in 5 carriers garnered large reductions in the number of new CRE carriers. Trends held when CRE was already present in the region.

Conclusion
Although detection of all carriers provided the most benefits for preventing new CRE carriers, if this is not feasible, it may be worthwhile to aim for detecting &gt;1 in 5 carriers.
Spatial Assessment of Contact Between Humans and Anopheles and Aedes Mosquitoes in a Medium-Sized African Urban Setting, Using Salivary Antibody–Based Biomarkers
Authors: Sagna André B , Kassié Daouda , Couvray Agnès , Adja Akré Maurice , Hermann Emmanuel , Riveau Gilles , Salem Gérard , Fournet Florence , Remoue Franck 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Anarchic and poorly controlled urbanization led to an increased risk of mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) in many African cities. Here, we evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of human exposure to malaria and arboviral disease vectors in an urban area of northern Senegal, using antibody-based biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles and Aedes mosquito bites.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was undertaken during the rainy season of 2014 in 4 neighborhoods of Saint-Louis, a city in northern Senegal. Among children aged 6–59 months in each neighborhood, the dried blood spot technique was used to evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to both gSG6-P1 (Anopheles) and Nterm–34-kDa (Aedes) salivary peptides as validated biomarkers of respective mosquito bite exposure.

Results
IgG response levels to gSG6-P1 and Nterm–34-kDa salivary peptides varied significantly between the 4 neighborhoods (P < .0001). The level of exposure to Aedes bites also varied according to household access to sanitation services (P = .027), whereas that of exposure to Anopheles bites varied according to insecticide-treated bed net use (P = .006). In addition, spatial clusters of high contact between humans and mosquitoes were identified inside 3 neighborhoods.

Conclusions
Antibody-based biomarkers of exposure to Anopheles and Aedes mosquito bites could be helpful tools for evaluating the heterogeneity of exposure to malaria and arboviral disease vectors by national control programs.
UK phenomics platform for developing and validating electronic health record phenotypes: CALIBER
Authors: Denaxas Spiros , Gonzalez-Izquierdo Arturo , Direk Kenan , Fitzpatrick Natalie K , Fatemifar Ghazaleh , Banerjee Amitava , Dobson Richard J B , Howe Laurence J , Kuan Valerie , Lumbers R Tom , Pasea Laura , Patel Riyaz S , Shah Anoop D , Hingorani Aroon D , Sudlow Cathie , Hemingway Harry 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveElectronic health records (EHRs) are a rich source of information on human diseases, but the information is variably structured, fragmented, curated using different coding systems, and collected for purposes other than medical research. We describe an approach for developing, validating, and sharing reproducible phenotypes from national structured EHR in the United Kingdom with applications for translational research.Materials and MethodsWe implemented a rule-based phenotyping framework, with up to 6 approaches of validation. We applied our framework to a sample of 15 million individuals in a national EHR data source (population-based primary care, all ages) linked to hospitalization and death records in England. Data comprised continuous measurements (for example, blood pressure; medication information; coded diagnoses, symptoms, procedures, and referrals), recorded using 5 controlled clinical terminologies: (1) read (primary care, subset of SNOMED-CT [Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms]), (2) International Classification of Diseases–Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision (secondary care diagnoses and cause of mortality), (3) Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Classification of Surgical Operations and Procedures, Fourth Revision (hospital surgical procedures), and (4) DM+D prescription codes.ResultsUsing the CALIBER phenotyping framework, we created algorithms for 51 diseases, syndromes, biomarkers, and lifestyle risk factors and provide up to 6 validation approaches. The EHR phenotypes are curated in the open-access CALIBER Portal (https://www.caliberresearch.org/portal) and have been used by 40 national and international research groups in 60 peer-reviewed publications.ConclusionsWe describe a UK EHR phenomics approach within the CALIBER EHR data platform with initial evidence of validity and use, as an important step toward international use of UK EHR data for health research.
Smiling Signals Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Cheng Yimin , Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Williams Patti 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe nature of a person’s motivation (whether it is intrinsic or extrinsic) is a key predictor of how committed they are to a task, and hence how well they are likely to perform at it. However, it is difficult to reliably communicate and make inferences about such fine nuances regarding another person’s motivation. Building on the social functional view of emotion and the evolutionary and psychophysical characteristics of facial expression of emotions, this research suggests that displayed enjoyment, as evidenced by the size and type of someone’s smile, can serve as a strong nonverbal signal of intrinsic motivation. Taking the perspective of both actors and observers, five studies show that people infer greater intrinsic motivation when they see others display large Duchenne (vs. small) smiles, and that actors intuit this relationship, strategically displaying larger and more Duchenne-like smiles if they have an accessible goal to signal intrinsic (vs. extrinsic or no specific) motivation.
Lutzia (Metalutzia) chiangmaiensis n. sp. (Diptera: Culicidae), Formal Name for the Chiang Mai (CM) Form of the Genus Lutzia in Thailand
Authors: Somboon Pradya , Harbach Ralph E 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Chiang Mai (CM) form of the genus Lutzia, subgenus Metalutzia, in Thailand is diagnosed and formally named Lt. chiangmaiensis Somboon & Harbach, n. sp. The species is contrasted with related species, and information is provided on its bionomics and distribution.
Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a Spatial Repellent for Mosquitoes in a Field Setting
Authors: Peach Daniel A H , Almond Max , Gries Regine , Gries Gerhard 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Plant essential oils (EOs) have been considered as spatial repellents to help disrupt the pathogen transmission cycle of mosquitoes. Our objective was to assess spatial repellency effects of EOs on the tropical yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and on local mosquito populations in coastal British Columbia (Canada). In laboratory experiments using protocols of the World Health Organization, three of the solitary EOs tested proved repellent to Ae. aegypti: cinnamon bark, lemongrass, and rosemary. Binary combinations of select EOs enhanced the repellent effect of single EOs through synergistic interactions. The EO blend of geranium and peppermint lowered the RD50 (the dose required to obtain 50% repellency) of each solitary EO by >1,000-fold. Compared with binary EO blends, ternary EO blends were typically less repellent to mosquitoes, possibly due to a dilution effect of the most effective EO constituent(s) in the blend. In field experiments, the EO blend of lemongrass and cinnamon bark expressed spatial repellency towards the cool weather mosquito, Culiseta incidens (Thomson) (Diptera: Culicidae), even when this blend was disseminated from devices as much as 1 m away from a sentinel trap releasing attractive vertebrate host odorants and CO2. Deployment of EOs as spatial repellents in small outdoor gatherings could help protect humans from mosquito-borne diseases, particularly when this tactic is coupled with other tools of mosquito management.
Feeding Interactions Between Microorganisms and the House Dust Mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae)
Authors: Molva Vit , Nesvorna Marta , Hubert Jan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe feeding interactions between house dust mites (HDM) and microorganisms are key factors in the survival of mites in human environments. The suitability of different microbes for HDM is not known. Here, microbial species isolated from HDM cultures were offered to HDM in food preference tests under laboratory conditions. The microbial species were added to the rearing diet of mites to reach 7% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 10% of each tested microorganism. The suitability of each microbe-supplemented diet for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae was compared in terms of mite population growth and mite preference in a cafeteria test. The effect of mite feeding on the respiration of microorganisms in the diet was observed in microcosms. HDM were able to feed and reproduce on some bacterial and fungal species, but the suitability of microbial species differed. Increasing the yeast Sa. cerevisiae in the diet from 7 to 17% appeared the most suitable for both mite species. Staphylococcus spp. bacteria were preferred for D. farinae and were suitable for reproduction. The population growth and feeding preferences of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae with respect to microorganisms indicate that D. farinae can develop on a diet with bacterial (Staphylococcus nepalensis and Staphylococcus kloosii) additions, whereas D. pteronyssinus was successful on a diet with fungal (Aspergillus jensenii and Aspergillus ruber) additions. The bacteria Kocuria rhizophila and Bacillus cereus decreased population growth in D. pteronyssinus, whereas the yeasts Hyphopichia pseudoburtonii, Hyphopichia burtonii, and Candida ciferrii decreased population growth in D. farinae. These results indicate that some microorganisms are an important food source for HDM.
Effectiveness and Cost of Organized Outreach for Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Somsouk Ma , Rachocki Carly , Mannalithara Ajitha , Garcia Dianne , Laleau Victoria , Grimes Barbara , Issaka Rachel B , Chen Ellen , Vittinghoff Eric , Shapiro Jean A , Ladabaum Uri 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening remains underused, especially in safety-net systems. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness, costs, and cost-effectiveness of organized outreach using fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) compared with usual care.

Methods
Patients age 50–75 years eligible for CRC screening from eight participating primary care safety-net clinics were randomly assigned to outreach intervention with usual care vs usual care alone. The intervention included a mailed postcard and call, followed by a mailed FIT kit, and a reminder phone call if the FIT kit was not returned. The primary outcome was screening participation at 1 year and a microcosting analysis of the outreach activities with embedded long-term cost-effectiveness of outreach. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
A total of 5386 patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 5434 to usual care. FIT screening was statistically significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (57.9% vs 37.4%, P &lt; .001; difference = 20.5%, 95% confidence interval = 18.6% to 22.4%). In the intervention group, FIT completion rate was higher in patients who had previously completed a FIT vs those who had not (71.9% vs 35.7%, P &lt; .001). There was evidence of effect modification of the intervention by language, and clinic. Outreach cost approximately $23 per patient and $112 per additional patient screened. Projecting long-term outcomes, outreach was estimated to cost $9200 per quality-adjusted life-year gained vs usual care.

Conclusion
Population-based management with organized FIT outreach statistically significantly increased CRC screening and was cost-effective in a safety-net system. The sustainability of the program and any impact of economies of scale remain to be determined.
Comparative Validation of Breast Cancer Risk Prediction Models and Projections for Future Risk Stratification
Authors: Pal Choudhury Parichoy , Wilcox Amber N , Brook Mark N , Zhang Yan , Ahearn Thomas , Orr Nick , Coulson Penny , Schoemaker Minouk J , Jones Michael E , Gail Mitchell H , Swerdlow Anthony J , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Garcia-Closas Montserrat 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
External validation of risk models is critical for risk-stratified breast cancer prevention. We used the Individualized Coherent Absolute Risk Estimation (iCARE) as a flexible tool for risk model development and comparative model validation and to make projections for population risk stratification.

Methods
Performance of two recently developed models, one based on the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium analysis (iCARE-BPC3) and another based on a literature review (iCARE-Lit), were compared with two established models (Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool and International Breast Cancer Intervention Study Model) based on classical risk factors in a UK-based cohort of 64 874 white non-Hispanic women (863 patients) age 35–74 years. Risk projections in a target population of US white non-Hispanic women age 50–70 years assessed potential improvements in risk stratification by adding mammographic breast density (MD) and polygenic risk score (PRS).

Results
The best calibrated models were iCARE-Lit (expected to observed number of cases [E/O] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 1.11) for women younger than 50 years, and iCARE-BPC3 (E/O = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.09) for women 50 years or older. Risk projections using iCARE-BPC3 indicated classical risk factors can identify approximately 500 000 women at moderate to high risk (&gt;3% 5-year risk) in the target population. Addition of MD and a 313-variant PRS is expected to increase this number to approximately 3.5 million women, and among them, approximately 153 000 are expected to develop invasive breast cancer within 5 years.

Conclusions
iCARE models based on classical risk factors perform similarly to or better than BCRAT or IBIS in white non-Hispanic women. Addition of MD and PRS can lead to substantial improvements in risk stratification. However, these integrated models require independent prospective validation before broad clinical applications.
The Pros and Cons of Incorporating Transcriptomics in the Age of Precision Oncology
Authors: Lin Victor T G , Yang Eddy S 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe treatment of cancer continues to evolve toward personalized therapies based on individual patient and tumor characteristics. Our successes and failures in adopting a precision-oncology approach have demonstrated the utmost importance in identifying the proper predictive biomarkers of response. Until recently, most biomarkers were identified using immunohistochemistry for protein expression or single-gene analysis to identify targetable alterations. With the rapid propagation of next-generation sequencing to evaluate tumor tissue and “liquid biopsies,” identification of genomic biomarkers is now standard, particularly in non–small cell lung cancer, for which there is now an extensive catalog of biomarker-directed therapies with more anticipated to come. Despite these great strides, it has also become apparent that using genomic biomarkers alone will be insufficient, as it has been consistently shown that at least one-half of patients who undergo tumor genomic profiling have no actionable alteration. This is perhaps to be expected given the remarkable breadth of nongenetic factors that contribute to tumor initiation and progression. Some have proposed that the next logical step is to use transcriptome profiling to define new biomarkers of response to targeted agents. Recently, results from the WINTHER trial were published, specifically investigating the use of transcriptomics to improve match rates over genomic next-generation sequencing alone. In this review, we discuss the complexities of precision-oncology efforts and appraise the available evidence supporting the incorporation of transcriptomic data into the precision-oncology framework in the historical context of the development of biomarkers for directing cancer therapy.