bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Organisational Form Drive Competition? Evidence from Coffee Retailing
Authors: Adams Brian , Gans Joshua , Hayes Richard , Lampe Ryan 
Published: March 2018

Independent and chain coffee shops offer similar products, but differ in their organisational form and branding. We examine the entry and exit patterns of 4,768 coffee retailers in Melbourne between 1991 and 2010. Panel logit regressions indicate that chain stores have no discernible effect on the exit or entry decisions of independent stores. However, chains and independents do increase the probability of exit for neighbouring stores of their own type. These findings imply that independents and chains operate almost as though they are in separate markets.
Routine screening and related interventions significantly improve the effectiveness of emergency department detection and management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Lappin Julia M , Ayub Muhammad H , Rogers David , Morgan Madeleine , Kanyamibwa Jean‐Yves , Shakeshaft Anthony 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a routine screening and triage tool for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in improving clinical care delivery in an ED setting.MethodsIn a regional ED in Australia, a screening and triage tool for AWS was introduced to routine ED assessment for a 13 week period. Subjects were all presentations to ED aged 16 and above with relevant presenting problems during the pre‐intervention phase (1 January 2015–31 December 2016) and the post‐intervention phase (8 August 2016–4 November 2016). Key clinical care delivery elements related to AWS in patients presenting to ED were compared pre‐ and post‐intervention, namely proportion of presentations: (i) meeting criteria for AWS; (ii) receiving appropriate management for AWS; and (iii) with alcohol documentation in patient notes.ResultsA total of 5.8% of total ED presentations in the post‐intervention phase and 4.5% in the pre‐intervention 1 year phase had relevant presenting problems. Compared to the 1 year pre‐intervention phase, post‐intervention showed: (i) a significant decrease in the number of presentations meeting criteria for AWS (χ2 = 6.56, P = 0.01); (ii) a significant increase in appropriate management of AWS (χ2 = 17.09, P < 0.001); and (iii) a significant increase in alcohol documentation in notes (χ2 = 13.29, P < 0.001).ConclusionsDetection and appropriate management of AWS and documentation of alcohol use can be improved significantly through adoption of a brief screening and triage tool, and related interventions to increase awareness of alcohol‐related problems.
Inference of genetic architecture from chromosome partitioning analyses is sensitive to genome variation, sample size, heritability and effect size distribution
Authors: Kemppainen Petri , Husby Arild 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGenomewide association studies have contributed immensely to our understanding of the genetic basis of complex traits. One major conclusion arising from these studies is that most traits are controlled by many loci of small effect, confirming the infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics. A popular approach to test for polygenic architecture involves so‐called “chromosome partitioning” where phenotypic variance explained by each chromosome is regressed on the size of the chromosome. First developed for humans, this has now been repeatedly used in other species, but there has been no evaluation of the suitability of this method in species that can differ in their genome characteristics such as number and size of chromosomes. Nor has the influence of sample size, heritability of the trait, effect size distribution of loci controlling the trait or the physical distribution of the causal loci in the genome been examined. Using simulated data, we show that these characteristics have major influence on the inferences of the genetic architecture of traits we can infer using chromosome partitioning analyses. In particular, small variation in chromosome size, small sample size, low heritability, a skewed effect size distribution and clustering of loci can lead to a loss of power and consequently altered inference from chromosome partitioning analyses. Future studies employing this approach need to consider and derive an appropriate null model for their study system, taking these parameters into consideration. Our simulation results can provide some guidelines on these matters, but further studies examining a broader parameter space are needed.
Do Analysts Matter for Corporate Tax Planning? Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Chen Novia X. , Chiu Peng‐Chia , Shevlin Terry 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTWe exploit an exogenous shock to analyst coverage as a result of brokerage house mergers and closures to examine whether financial analysts influence the tax‐planning activities of the firms they cover. Using a difference‐in‐differences design, we find that, on average, firms affected by broker mergers and/or closures experience a reduction in their GAAP (cash) effective tax rates (ETR) of 2.5 percent (2.6 percent), relative to control firms, translating into average tax expense (cash tax) savings of $34 ($35) million. The treatment effect is more pronounced among firms with lower pre‐event analyst coverage. To explore how analysts affect tax planning, we further document that the treatment effect is greater among firms that lose an analyst who provided an implied ETR forecast in the past, suggesting that analysts influence tax planning via their tax‐specific research efforts. In addition, we find that after merger/closure, weakly governed firms increase their use of aggressive tax strategies, and financially distressed firms experience a larger reduction of cash effective tax rates, relative to control firms. Overall, we provide evidence that a shock to analyst coverage sufficiently changes the cost‐benefit trade‐off of tax planning.
Are Nonpharmacologic Pain Interventions Effective at Reducing Pain in Adult Patients Visiting the Emergency Department? A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Sakamoto Jeffrey T. , Ward Heather Burrell , Vissoci Joao Ricardo Nickenig , Eucker Stephanie A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesPain is a common complaint in the emergency department (ED). Its management currently depends heavily on pharmacologic treatment, but evidence suggests that nonpharmacologic interventions may be beneficial. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess whether nonpharmacologic interventions in the ED are effective in reducing pain.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature on all types of nonpharmacologic interventions in the ED with pain reduction as an outcome. We performed a qualitative summary of all studies meeting inclusion criteria and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled studies measuring postintervention changes in pain. Interventions were divided by type into five categories for more focused subanalyses.ResultsFifty‐six studies met inclusion criteria for summary analysis. The most studied interventions were acupuncture (10 studies) and physical therapy (six studies). The type of pain most studied was musculoskeletal pain (34 studies). Most (42 studies) reported at least one improved outcome after intervention. Of these, 23 studies reported significantly reduced pain compared to control, 24 studies showed no difference, and nine studies had no control group. Meta‐analysis included 22 qualifying randomized controlled trials and had a global standardized mean difference of –0.46 (95% confidence interval = –0.66 to –0.27) in favor of nonpharmacologic interventions for reducing pain.ConclusionNonpharmacologic interventions are often effective in reducing pain in the ED. However, most existing studies are small, warranting further investigation into their use for optimizing ED pain management.
Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) Inhibition or Genetic Overexpression Does Not Alter Ethanol's Locomotor Effects: Implications for GLO1 as a Therapeutic Target in Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Barkley‐Levenson Amanda M. , Lagarda Frances A. , Palmer Abraham A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundGlyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is an enzyme that metabolizes methylglyoxal (MG), which is a competitive partial agonist at GABAA receptors. Inhibition of GLO1 increases concentrations of MG in the brain and decreases binge‐like ethanol (EtOH) drinking. This study assessed whether inhibition of GLO1, or genetic overexpression of Glo1, would also alter the locomotor effects of EtOH, which might explain reduced EtOH consumption following GLO1 inhibition. We used the prototypical GABAA receptor agonist muscimol as a positive control.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with either the GLO1 inhibitor S‐bromobenzylglutathione cyclopentyl diester (pBBG; 7.5 mg/kg; Experiment 1) or muscimol (0.75 mg/kg; Experiment 2), or their corresponding vehicle. We then determined whether locomotor response to a range of EtOH doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) was altered by either pBBG or muscimol pretreatment. We also examined the locomotor response to a range of EtOH doses in FVB/NJ wild‐type and transgenic Glo1 overexpressing mice (Experiment 3). Anxiety‐like behavior (time spent in the center of the open field) was assessed in all 3 experiments.ResultsThe EtOH dose–response curve was not altered by pretreatment with pBBG or by transgenic overexpression of Glo1. In contrast, muscimol blunted locomotor stimulation at low EtOH doses and potentiated locomotor sedation at higher EtOH doses. No drug or genotype differences were seen in anxiety‐like behavior after EtOH treatment.ConclusionsThe dose of pBBG used in this study is within the effective range shown previously to reduce EtOH drinking. Glo1 overexpression has been previously shown to increase EtOH drinking. However, neither manipulation altered the dose–response curve for EtOH's locomotor effects, whereas muscimol appeared to enhance the locomotor sedative effects of EtOH. The present data demonstrate that reduced EtOH drinking caused by GLO1 inhibition is not due to potentiation of EtOH's stimulant or depressant effects.
Association of intracortical myelin and cognitive function in bipolar I disorder
Authors: Sehmbi M. , Rowley C. D. , Minuzzi L. , Kapczinski F. , Steiner M. , Sassi R. B. , Bock N. A. , Frey B. N. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveAlthough cognitive dysfunction persists through affective and euthymic states in bipolar disorder (BD), its neurobiological correlates remain undetermined. We explore whole‐cortex intracortical myelin (ICM) and cognition in BD‐I and controls.MethodsT1‐weighted images (3T) optimized for ICM measurement were analyzed using a surface‐based approach. MRI signal was sampled at cortical mid‐depth. Cognitive performance was measured via standardized computerized battery and paper‐and‐pencil Trails B.ResultsICM was associated with verbal memory (VM) in BD throughout a cortical network identified with pertinence to VM function, with strongest effects in left caudal middle temporal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Pcorrected < 0.05). Subanalyses revealed specific association with correct word recognition, without delay. Processing speed, executive function, and reaction time were also predicted by ICM in BD, but not controls, although this did not survive Bonferroni correction.ConclusionThis is the first study to show VM association with ICM in BD. ICM has been implicated in the integrity of neural connections and neural synchrony. VM dysfunction is one of the most replicated cognitive abnormalities in BD. Therefore, these results provide a novel mechanism for understanding cognitive dysfunction in BD, which can aid in the development of targeted therapeutics to improve cognitive outcomes in BD.
The Airway App: exploring the role of smartphone technology to capture emergency front‐of‐neck airway experiences internationally
Authors: Duggan L. V. , Lockhart S. L. , Cook T. M. , O'Sullivan E. P. , Dare T. , Baker P. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn this exploratory study we describe the utility of smartphone technology for anonymous retrospective observational data collection of emergency front‐of‐neck airway management. The medical community continues to debate the optimal technique for emergency front‐of‐neck airway management. Although individual clinicians infrequently perform this procedure, hundreds are performed annually worldwide. Ubiquitous smartphone technology and internet connectivity have created the opportunity to collect these data. We created the ‘Airway App’, a smartphone application to capture the experiences of healthcare providers involved in emergency front‐of‐neck airway procedures. In the first 18‐month period, 104 emergency front‐of‐neck airway management reports were received; 99 (95%) were internally valid and unique from 21 countries. Eighty‐one (82%) were performed by non‐surgeons and 63 (64%) were ‘cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate’ emergencies. Overall first‐attempt success varied by technique; 45 scalpel–bougie cricothyroidotomy (37 first‐attempt success), 25 surgical cricothyroidotomy (15 first‐attempt success), eight cannula cricothyroidotomy (five first‐attempt success), six wire‐guided cricothyroidotomy (three first‐attempt success) and 15 tracheostomy reports (11 first‐attempt success). The most commonly reported positive human factors were good communication, good teamwork and/or skilled personnel. The most commonly reported negative human factors were fixation on multiple tracheal intubation attempts, delay in initiating emergency front‐of‐neck airway and/or the failure to plan for failure. Due to the anonymous nature of reporting, reports are open to recollection bias and spurious reporting. We conclude collection of data using a smartphone application is feasible and has the potential to expand our knowledge of emergency front‐of‐neck airway management.
Disaster Capitalism and the Quick, Quick, Slow Unravelling of Animal Life
Authors: Collard Rosemary‐Claire 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSea otters have barely survived centuries of colonial and capitalist development. To understand why, I examine how they have been oriented in capitalist social relations in Alaska, and with what effects. I follow sea otters through three overlapping political economic episodes, each of which shapes the next: colonial expansion and the fur trade; petro‐capitalism and the negligent neoliberal state, culminating in the 1989Exxon Valdezoil spill; and finally, spill cleanup and “green” capitalism, when sea otters are produced as data points and spectacle. In each episode, I describe (1) sea otters’ orientation in relation to capitalism and the state, and (2) the nature and temporality of violence and ecological loss that attends their orientation. In conversation with theorisations of extinction as a “slow unravelling”, I suggest animal life can unravel less slowly than haltingly—quick, quick, slow—and that the unravelling and animals’ orientation in capitalism are co‐constituted.
Identification of risk for neonatal haemolysis
Authors: Bhutani Vinod K. , Maisels M. Jeffrey , Schutzman David L. , Castillo Cuadrado Martin E. , Aby Janelle L. , Bogen Debra L. , Christensen Robert D. , Watchko Jon F. , Wong Ronald J. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimTo identify neonates at risk of haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia through near‐concurrent measurements of total serum/plasma bilirubin (TB) or transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) and end‐tidal breath carbon monoxide (CO), corrected for ambient CO (ETCOc), an index of bilirubin production and haemolysis.MethodsPaired TB/TcB (mg/dL) and ETCOc (ppm) measurements were obtained in newborns (n = 283) at 20 to <60 hours of age in five nurseries. TB/TcB values were assigned TB/TcB percentile risk values using the Bhutani hour‐specific nomogram. In infants having two serial TB/TcB measurements (n = 76), TB rate of rise (ROR, mg/dL/h) was calculated.ResultsFor the entire cohort (n = 283), 67.1% and 32.9% had TB/TcB<75th and ≥75th percentile, respectively. TB/TcB (5.79 ± 1.84 vs 9.14 ± 2.25 mg/dL) and ETCOc (1.61 ± 0.45 vs 2.02 ± 1.35 ppm, p = 0.0002) were different between the groups. About 36.6% of infants with TB/TcB ≥75th percentile had ETCOc ≥ 2.0 ppm. In the subcohort of infants with serial TB/TcB measurements (n = 76), 44.7% and 55.3% had TB/TcB<75th and ≥75th percentile, respectively. TB/TcB (5.28 ± 1.97 vs 9.53 ± 2.78 mg/dL), ETCOc (1.72 ± 0.48 vs 2.38 ± 1.89 ppm, p = 0.05) and TB ROR (0.011 ± 0.440 vs 0.172 ± 0.471 mg/dL/h) were different between the groups.ConclusionThe combined use of TB/TcB percentile risk assessments and ETCOc measurements can identify infants with haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia. The addition of TB ROR can identify those infants with elimination disorders.
Administering atropine and ketamine before less invasive surfactant administration resulted in low pain scores in a prospective study of premature neonates
Authors: Bourgoin L , Caeymaex L , Decobert F , Jung C , Danan C , Durrmeyer X 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimLess invasive surfactant administration (LISA) can avoid tracheal intubation for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, but can be painful because it requires laryngoscopy. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerance of intravenous atropine plus ketamine administration before LISA.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of all premature infants hospitalised in our French neonatal intensive care unit treated with LISA between March 2015 and March 2016. Ketamine was titrated by 0.5 mg/kg increments. The technical conditions, pain scores, emergent intubations and vital signs were collected and analysed.ResultsValues are reported as medians (interquartile ranges). We included 29 patients with a gestational age of 29.6 (28.6–30.9) weeks and birth weight of 1290 (945–1600) grams. Technical conditions were satisfying for 24 infants (83%). The Faceless Acute Neonatal Pain Scale score was 2 (2–4); seven infants (24%) required tracheal intubation before LISA could be performed; 17 (59%) had a pulse oxymetry value under 80% that lasted more than 60 seconds. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure transiently increased.ConclusionAtropine plus ketamine before LISA resulted in low pain scores and stable haemodynamic parameters, but prolonged desaturations or apnoea leading to tracheal intubation were frequently observed.
Regularized Continuous-Time Markov Model via Elastic Net
Authors: Huang Shuang , Hu Chengcheng , Bell Melanie L. , Billheimer Dean , Guerra Stefano , Roe Denise , Vasquez Monica M. , Bedrick Edward J. 
Published: March 2018

Summary
Continuous-time Markov models are commonly used to analyze longitudinal transitions between multiple disease states in panel data, where participants’ disease states are only observed at multiple time points, and the exact state paths between observations are unknown. However, when covariate effects are incorporated and allowed to vary for different transitions, the number of potential parameters to estimate can become large even when the number of covariates is moderate, and traditional maximum likelihood estimation and subset model selection procedures can easily become unstable due to overfitting. We propose a novel regularized continuous-time Markov model with the elastic net penalty, which is capable of simultaneous variable selection and estimation for large number of parameters. We derive an efficient coordinate descent algorithm to solve the penalized optimization problem, which is fully automatic and data driven. We further consider an extension where one of the states is death, and time of death is exactly known but the state path leading to death is unknown. The proposed method is extensively evaluated in a simulation study, and demonstrated in an application to real-world data on airflow limitation state transitions.
Linking the fine‐scale social environment to mating decisions: a future direction for the study of extra‐pair paternity
Authors: Maldonado‐Chaparro Adriana A. , Montiglio Pierre‐Olivier , Forstmeier Wolfgang , Kempenaers Bart , Farine Damien R. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTVariation in extra‐pair paternity (EPP) among individuals of the same population could result from stochastic demography or from individual differences in mating strategies. Although the adaptive value of EPP has been widely studied, much less is known about the characteristics of the social environment that drive the observed patterns of EPP. Here, we demonstrate how concepts and well‐developed tools for the study of social behaviour (such as social network analysis) can enhance the study of extra‐pair mating decisions (focussing in particular on avian mating systems). We present several hypotheses that describe how characteristics of the social environment in which individuals are embedded might influence the levels of EPP in a socially monogamous population. We use a multi‐level social approach (Hinde, 1976) to achieve a detailed description of the social structure and social dynamics of individuals in a group. We propose that the pair‐bond, the direct (local) social environment and the indirect (extended) social environment, can contribute in different ways to the variation observed in the patterns of EPP, at both the individual and the population level. A strength of this approach is that it integrates into the analysis (indirect) interactions with all potential mates in a population, thus extending the current framework to study extra‐pair mating behaviour. We also encourage the application of social network methods such as temporal dynamic analysis to depict temporal changes in the patterns of interactions among individuals in a group, and to study how this affects mating behaviour. We argue that this new framework will contribute to a better understanding of the proximate mechanisms that drive variation in EPP within populations in socially monogamous species, and might ultimately provide insights into the evolution and maintenance of mating systems.
Decision‐making in child welfare services: Professional discretion versus standardized templates
Authors: Heggdalsvik Inger Kristin , Rød Per Arne , Heggen Kåre 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe article explores differences in the assessment and decision‐making processes, in child welfare services where a standardized template is implemented and in services where it is not. Child welfare services in several countries use different approaches to assess children's and families' need for intervention. In Norway, as in other European countries, there is a shortage of knowledge about decision‐making strategies. The article examines how 36 child welfare caseworkers in 6 different teams in Norway investigate, assess, and make decisions at the phase of an incoming referral. The analysed data were collected by focus group interviews. We use decision theory as a theoretical frame of reference. The analysis shows variation in the assessment procedure at different points of the process, depending on which approach was used. Despite such differences, the final decisions made were almost identical. Even though the data has its limitations because of the small number of informants, the results indicate that choice of approach is not decisive for decision‐making in the child welfare services.