bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of intraspecific variation in social organization
Authors: Schradin Carsten , Hayes Loren D. , Pillay Neville , Bertelsmeier Cleo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMany species show intraspecific variation in their social organization (IVSO), which means the composition of their social groups can change between solitary living, pair living, or living in groups. UnderstandingIVSOis important because it demonstrates species resilience to environmental change and can help us to study ultimate and proximate reasons for group living by comparing solitary and group‐living individuals in a single species. It has long been realized that the environment plays a key role in explaining the occurrence ofIVSO.IVSOis expected to have evolved in variable environments and can thus be a key adaptation to environmental change. It has previously been suggested that four different mechanisms relying on the environment exist that can lead toIVSO: environmental disrupters, genetic differentiation, developmental plasticity, and social flexibility. All four mechanisms depend on the environment such that focusing only on environmental factors alone cannot explainIVSO. Importantly, only three represent evolved mechanisms, while environmental disrupters leading to the death of important group members induce nonadaptiveIVSO. Environmental disrupters can be expected to causeIVSOeven in species whereIVSOis also an adaptive response. Here, we focus on the questions of whyIVSOoccurs and why it evolved. To understandIVSOat the species level, it is important to conduct continuous long‐term studies to differentiate between nonadaptive and adaptiveIVSO. We predict thatIVSOevolves in environments that vary in important ecological variables, such as rainfall, food availability, and population density.IVSOmight also depend on life history factors, especially longevity.IVSOis predicted to be more common in species with a short life span and that breed only for one breeding season, being selected to respond optimally to the prevailing environmental situation. Finally, we emphasize the importance of accounting forIVSOwhen studying social evolution, especially in comparative studies, as not every species can be assigned to one single form of social organization. For such comparative studies, it is important to use data based on the primary literature.
Effects of applying Lactobacillus plantarum and Chinese gallnut tannin on the dynamics of protein degradation and proteases activity in alfalfa silage
Authors: Li X. , Tian J. , Zhang Q. , Jiang Y. , Hou J. , Wu Z. , Yu Z. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Chinese gallnut (Rhus chinensis Mill) tannin on the fermentation quality, nitrogen distribution, protein fractions and proteases activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) silage were studied. Additives added to alfalfa forage (approximately 40% DM) were LP (1 × 106 cfu/g FW) plus sucrose (4 g/kg FW) (LP + S), LP (1 × 106 cfu/g FW) plus commercial cellulase (0.1 g/kg FW) (LP + C) and Chinese gallnut tannin at two levels (20 and 50 g/kg DM) (TA 2% and TA 5%). The control was sprayed with the same volume of distilled water. Silage was sampled and analysed on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The results showed that the degradation of protein to nonprotein nitrogen took place mainly during the first 3 days, while the degradation of peptides and free amino acids occurred throughout the ensiling process. All additives lowered nonprotein nitrogen and free amino acids nitrogen proportion during the ensiling. Additive TA 5% was the most effective to inhibit proteolysis among the four additives, followed by LP + S. They inhibited the activities of all three plant proteases and decreased production of nonprotein nitrogen, free amino acids and ammonia nitrogen during the ensiling process.
Path analysis of caregiver characteristics and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Delfino Lais L , Komatsu Ricardo S , Komatsu Caroline , Neri Anita L , Cachioni Meire 
Published: May 2018

AimTo determine the direct and indirect relationships of sociodemographic, emotional and behavioral characteristics of family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease patients who have neuropsychiatric symptoms.MethodsA total of 134 family caregivers answered a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, and questions regarding the context of care, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Zarit Burden Interview, Dementia Management Strategies Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. A path analysis was used to model the direct and indirect relationships among the selected variables.ResultsBeing a female caregiver, presenting high levels of burden, a moderate degree of depressive symptoms, distress (Neuropsychiatric Inventory total distress score), active management strategies and criticism management strategies were significantly associated with the total score of neuropsychiatric symptoms. The caregiver burden and use of criticism management strategies were directly related to neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with Alzheimer's disease. The use of active management strategies and depressive symptoms of caregivers had indirect relationships with neuropsychiatric symptoms through caregiver burden.ConclusionsOverburdened caregivers and the use of dysfunctional management strategies are associated with a greater presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients. These aspects should be considered when developing interventions for caregivers to manage neuropsychiatric symptoms and overall treatment of patients with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1177–1182.
Functional and clinical outcomes of patients aged younger and older than 85 years after rehabilitation post‐hip fracture surgery in a co‐managed orthogeriatric unit
Authors: Mazzola Paolo , Floris Patrizia , Picone Domenico , Anzuini Alessandra , Tsiantouli Eleni , Haas Justin , Bellelli Giuseppe , De Filippi Francesco , Annoni Giorgio 
Published: May 2018

AimLiterature investigating rehabilitation outcomes after hip surgery among individuals aged ≥85 years is sparse. We compared the characteristics and outcomes of patients aged under and over 85 years, and assessed factors potentially associated with rehabilitation success as described by the Barthel Index (BI).MethodsFrom 2011 to 2014, we prospectively enrolled 328 patients (n = 152 aged <85 years, n = 176 aged ≥85 years) admitted to an orthogeriatric unit (Sondrio, Italy) with a diagnosis of hip fracture requiring surgical treatment. We excluded patients who were being treated conservatively. Outcomes included absolute functional gain (AFG; BI at discharge − BI on admission), rehabilitation effectiveness index (AFG / length of stay) and postoperative complications.ResultsOlder patients were more functionally (mean BI on admission: 11.7 ± 9.6 vs 16.4 ± 12.2, P < 0.001) and cognitively impaired than their younger counterparts (34.1% vs 18.4%, P < 0.001). Surgery time (1.9 ± 1.2 vs 2.3 ±1.3 days, P = 0.008) and length of stay were shorter for older patients (5.7 ± 2.1 vs 6.6 ± 2.4 days, P < 0.001). There were no differences in terms of complications. Patients aged <85 years showed better functional outcomes (BI, AFG, REI) at discharge than patients aged ≥85 years (mean AFG: 38.2 ± 24.2 vs 26.1 ± 22.0, P < 0.001). BI on admission (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02–1.08) and cognitive impairment (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.34–0.98) were independently associated with rehabilitation outcomes, regardless of chronological age.ConclusionsBoth groups (aged <85 and ≥85 years) showed a significant functional improvement at discharge. Older patients show a residual ability to recover after surgery. A high rehabilitation efficiency – regardless of age – should be pursued even for the oldest old patients experiencing hip fracture. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1194–1199.
A process model of health consciousness: Its application to the prevention of workplace prescription drug misuse
Authors: Bennett Joel B. , Lucas Gale M. , Linde Brittany D. , Neeper Michael A. , Hudson Michael , Gatchel Robert J. 
Published: May 2018

The concept of health consciousness (HC), previously studied as a dispositional construct, holds promise for brief prevention training in work settings. The current study developed a more process‐oriented model of HC. Employer’s increasing concerns about worker prescription drug (Rx) misuse represents an opportunity to study and improve HC. Two pilot studies delivered a brief training program and assessed short‐term, pre‐ to post–self‐reports of factors related to HC. The first pilot (n = 162) attempted to evaluate a stress/resilience program (“Raw Coping Power”) that sought to improve worker ability to recognize and correct unhealthy coping behaviors. A second pilot (n = 114) attempted to evaluate an Rx misuse prevention program that sought to enhance awareness of HC as a protective factor. Both pilots used a driver analysis to examine correlates of improved HC. These correlates included increased confidence in one’s ability to evaluate risks, and awareness of healthy alternatives. Many employees also found the concept of HC useful. Previous writings about HC, in combination with current results, informed the design of a new, process‐oriented model of HC. The current paper offers this model and a driver analysis methodology that future researchers can use to further explore and more fully evaluate brief HC interventions in work settings.
Same‐gender supervisors protect women's leadership aspirations after negative performance feedback
Authors: Ni H. Wenwen , Huo Yuen J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTwo studies examined how the gender of a workplace supervisor can affect a woman's response to performance evaluations and also her professional advancement aspirations. In Study 1, employed women reviewed a performance evaluation in which feedback was manipulated to reflect one of two stereotypes of women (high in warmth or low in competence). Findings showed that participants were more likely to attribute negative (i.e., low competence) feedback from men supervisors to gender biases than the same feedback from women supervisors. There was no effect of supervisor gender when the feedback was positive (i.e., high warmth) or neutral. In Study 2, negative feedback from men supervisors, regardless of evaluative dimension (competence or warmth) resulted in women reporting decreased professional aspirations. This relationship was mediated by women's attribution of supervisor feedback to gender biases. Together, these findings suggest that same‐gender supervisors can potentially buffer women's long term professional aspirations after a discouraging performance review.
Insomnia in Community‐Living Persons with Advanced Age
Authors: Miner Brienne , Gill Thomas M. , Yaggi H. Klar , Redeker Nancy S. , Van Ness Peter H. , Han Ling , Fragoso Carlos A. Vaz 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiology of insomnia, including demographic and clinical correlates, in older adults.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsYale Precipitating Events Project participants (N=379; mean age 84.3; 67.8% female; 11.9% African American).MeasurementsInsomnia Severity Index (ISI), with scores of 8 and higher indicating insomnia, which was further stratified according to ISI score as mild (8–14), moderate (15–21), or severe (22–28). Baseline characteristics included age, sex, race, education, smoking, obesity, medical conditions, depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score ≥16), cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination score <24), restless legs syndrome (RLS), self‐reported sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB), medications, and daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), range 0–24).ResultsInsomnia was established in 163 (43.0%) participants (average ISI score 12.3 (mild)). For the entire sample, average baseline characteristics were as follows: 30.1% did not complete high school, 5% were current smokers, 19.2% were obese, 28.2% had cardiovascular disease, 19.3% had chronic lung disease, 27.2% had depressive symptoms, 16.1% had cognitive impairment, 36.8% had RLS, and 3.4% had self‐reported SDB; mean number of medications was 9.2, and mean ESS was 6.4. In multivariable regression models, only depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=8.34, 95% confidence interval (CI)=4.49, 15.47) and RLS (aOR=2.49, 95% CI=1.48, 4.21) were significantly associated with insomnia.ConclusionIn a sample of older adults with high medical burden and polypharmacy, insomnia was highly prevalent but unexpectedly mild and associated only with depressive symptoms and RLS. The discordance of high prevalence but mild severity of insomnia in the oldest adults highlights the need for diagnostic confirmation with objective measures of sleep disturbances, whereas the strong associations with depressive symptoms and RLS inform priorities in managing insomnia.
Uncertainty and Variability of Energy and Material Use by Fused Deposition Modeling Printers in Makerspaces
Authors: Song Ruoyu , Clemon Lee , Telenko Cassandra 
Published: May 2018

SummaryDesktop‐grade fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers are popular because of compact sizes and affordable prices. If we are moving toward a future where desktop FDM printers are in every school and office, like conventional printers, then these machines will consume a large amount of energy and material. However, it is very difficult to evaluate the environmental impacts of FDM printers since there are so many different brands and types of printers using different raw materials under different scenarios. This study uses data from two different printing sites to evaluate the scenario and parameter uncertainty and variability in energy and material balances for FDM printers. Data from the two makerspaces provide insight into the material and energy consumption data using polylactic acid and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with four types of printers. The use of actual performance data allowed for the additional study of scrap ratio. Regressions provide insight into predictive factors for energy and material consumption. Monte Carlo simulations show the range of energy life cycle inventory values for the desktop‐grade FDM printers. From the regressions, Type A Pro was the most energy‐intensive machine. For material waste, an open‐access makerspace using ABS was associated with higher scrap ratio. Regression analysis indicates that the rate of material usage is not a strong predictor of waste rates. The amount of waste generated across both sites indicates that more ubiquitous access to FDM printing may create a significant addition to the waste stream.
Correlated time‐variation of bulk microstructure and rheology in asphalt binders
Authors: RAMM A. , SAKIB N. , BHASIN A. , DOWNER M.C. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryWe use near‐infrared dark‐field optical microscopy to probe isothermal time variation of the volume fraction of naturally‐occurring, subsurface microstructures in PG 64‐22 asphalt binders at temperature , following a rapid heating (cooling) increment from initial temperature . We compare these microstructure variations with isothermal time variations of the magnitude of the bulk complex shear modulus measured for identical sample conditions with a Dynamic Shear Rheometer. The main findings are: (1) Microstructure volume fraction (inferred from intensity of near‐infrared optical scatter) and both continue to change appreciably long after measurable changes of binder temperature cease. Moreover, delayed time variations in and (2) correlate closely with each other; (3) evolve on three distinct time scales – several minutes, ∼1 h, >1 day; (4) depend on binder aging; (5) are more pronounced after a cooling step () than after a heating step (); and (6) account for hysteresis in and curves observed during heating–cooling cycles.
The Development of Nonanatomic Denture Occlusion: Part IV
Authors: Engelmeier Robert L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis fourth and final part of a four‐part series concerned with the development of nonanatomic denture occlusion follows nonanatomic tooth design from the time of Victor Sears’ first nonanatomic tooth patent through the end of the 20th century. Part IV concentrates on nonanatomic teeth developed during the last five decades of the 20th century. Many of the designs featured in this series exhibited genius, while others are pure nonsense. Sears claimed that a new nonanatomic tooth design appeared every 9 months on average during the first 30 years of nonanatomic tooth production. Many current nonanatomic tooth patents are further refinements of those earlier designs.
Local employment growth patterns and the Great Recession: The case of Spain
Authors: Holl Adelheid 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe 2008 financial and economic crisis has led to widespread destruction of employment in Spain. Using municipality data, I examine employment growth differences between urban cores, urban hinterlands, and rural areas during the pre‐crisis period and the recession period. The data show that patterns of growth and decline have been very uneven across different types of areas. While in the boom years, hinterlands and rural areas experienced higher growth, urban core areas have done better during the recession years. I then test three strands of explanations for local growth differences: (i) the role of the local sectoral composition, (ii) the role of human capital, and (iii) the role of access to urban core areas. Estimations for employment growth in the two periods show that the crisis has altered some of the drivers of local employment growth and that human capital has been a key determinant of local resilience during the Great Recession.
Identification and characterization of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora associated with leaf blight of small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton)
Authors: Biju Chakkiyanickal Narayanan , Peeran Mohammed Faisal , Gowri Rajan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLeaf blight is a major foliar disease prevalent in all cardamom‐cultivating tracts, manifesting in diverse forms of symptoms. In this study, six symptomatological variants were delineated based on the expression of foliar symptoms in cardamom genotypes (Malabar, Mysore and Vazhukka) and designated as SV 1 to SV 6. Among the symptomatological variants, SV 1, SV 2, SV 3 and SV 6 were more pronounced in Vazhukka, while SV 4 and SV 5 were prominent in Malabar type. Subsequent isolation from the variants yielded whitish colonies, which were correspondingly coded as SV 1 to SV 6. The conidia were fusiform, five‐celled, with three median versicoloured cells, two terminal hyaline cells and measured 23.1–27.25 × 3.84–4.43 μm. The apical cells had two to three tubular, flexuous, unbranched appendages, whereas the basal appendage was single, tubular and unbranched. Based on conidial characteristics and molecular characterization with internal transcribed spacer rDNA region, partial β‐tubulin, translation elongation factor 1 alpha and large subunit (28S) of the nrRNA genes revealed identity of the pathogens as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora. The pathogenicity test was performed on Malabar, Mysore and Vazhukka genotypes, and Koch’s postulates were proved. In‐vitro interaction at three temperature regimes indicated that N. clavispora was inhibitory to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at 10 and 30°C. Among the fungicides, carbendazim, propiconazole and carbendazim‐mancozeb completely arrested hyphal growth of N. clavispora under in‐vitro conditions. This study constitutes first report on the association of Neopestalotiopsis clavispora with leaf blight disease of small cardamom.
Infection with phytopathogenic bacterium inhibits melatonin biosynthesis, decreases longevity of its vector, and suppresses the free radical‐defense
Authors: Nehela Yasser , Killiny Nabil 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVector‐borne phytopathogenic bacteria may alter the reproductive fitness, survival, behavior, and metabolism of their vectors. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is associated with the Huanglongbing (also known as citrus greening disease), one of the most destructive citrus diseases worldwide, and transmitted by Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Insecta, Hemiptera, Liviidae). The genome sequencing of CLas revealed that it does not have the ability to synthesize tryptophan, the precursor of melatonin, and it must acquire it from its host plant or insect vector to achieve its biologic processes, such as growth and multiplication. Herein, we aimed to develop a GC‐MS‐SIM‐based method to detect the endogenous melatonin from small insects such as D. citri, and to explore the hidden relationship between melatonin content and D. citri‐adult survival. Then, we studied the ability of exogenous melatonin supplementation to reverse the negative effects of CLas‐infection. Our findings showed that CLas‐infection reduced the levels of melatonin and its biosynthetic genes (DcTPHs, DcAAAD, DcSNAT, and DcASMT) of D. citri compared to uninfected insects. In addition, CLas decreased the longevity of its vector, D. citri via the suppression of the free radical‐defense associated genes (SODs, GSTs, PODs, and PHGPXs). On the other hand, melatonin supplementation could reverse the negative effects of CLas‐infection. Melatonin supplementation enhanced the endogenous melatonin content, melatonin biosynthetic genes, free radical‐defense associated genes, and the longevity of both healthy and CLas‐infected D. citri. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation decreased the CLas bacterial population within the D. citri psyllids. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that melatonin plays multi‐layered defensive roles in D. citri. These roles include acting as a natural antioxidant or as an antibacterial compound.
Is intensity of plant root mycorrhizal colonization a good proxy for plant growth rate, dominance and decomposition in nutrient poor conditions?
Authors: Elumeeva Tatiana G. , Onipchenko Vladimir G. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Semenova Galina V. , Perevedentseva Lidia G. , Freschet Grégoire T. , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Soudzilovskaia Nadejda A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractQuestionsMycorrhizae may be a key element of plant nutritional strategies and of carbon and nutrient cycling. Recent research suggests that in natural conditions, intensity of mycorrhizal colonization should be considered an important plant feature. How are inter‐specific variations in mycorrhizal colonization rate, plant relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf litter decomposability related? Is (arbuscular) mycorrhizal colonization linked to the dominance of plant species in nutrient‐stressed ecosystems?LocationTeberda State Biosphere Reserve, northwest Caucasus, Russia.MethodsWe measured plant RGR under mycorrhizal limitation and under natural nutrition conditions, together with leaf litter decomposability and field intensity of mycorrhizal colonization across a wide range of plant species, typical for alpine communities of European mountains. We applied regression analysis to test whether the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization is a good predictor of RGR and decomposition rate, and tested how these traits predict plant dominance in communities.ResultsForb species with a high level of field mycorrhizal colonization had lower RGR under nutritional and mycorrhizal limitation, while grasses were unaffected. Litter decomposition rate was not related to the intensity of mycorrhizal colonization. Dominant species mostly had a higher level of mycorrhizal colonization and lower RGR without mycorrhizal colonization than subordinate species, implying that they were more dependent on mycorrhizal symbionts. There were no differences in litter decomposability.ConclusionsIn alpine herbaceous plant communities dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizae, nutrient dynamics are to a large extent controlled by mycorrhizal symbiosis. Intensity of mycorrhizal colonization is a negative predictor for whole plant RGR. Our study highlights the importance of mycorrhizal colonization as a key trait underpinning the role of plant species in carbon and nutrient dynamics in nutrient‐limited herbaceous plant communities.