bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The possible reuse of wastewater treated by lagooning for the irrigation of field crops
Authors: Bunel F. , Carré J. , Legeas M. , Etienne M. 
Published: May 2018

At the output from the lagooning system in the rural community of Saint-Coulomb, the effluent is of acceptable physical-chemical quality for the purposes of irrigation but care should be taken with regard to the irrigation of boron-sensitive plants. As far as contamination by metals is concerned, the effluent is of the domestic type and can therefore be used without restriction.
Monitoring of effluent quality during the summer months reveals that levels of thermotolerant coliform contamination do not always lie below the value fixed by the C.H.S.P.F. for the irrigation of plants eaten raw (104 1-1). However, no intestinal helminth eggs or salmonellaewere detected.
The levels of thermotolerant coliform contamination do not reveal any significant differences (at the 5% level) between plants irrigated with treated wastewater and plants not irrigated at all. Nor is there any significant difference between plants irrigated with standard water (TTC &lt; 104 1-1) and substandard water. The thermotolerant coliform contamination does not only correspond to contamination by faecal coliforms.
Design parameters for dissolved air flotation in South Africa
Authors: Haarhoff Johannes , van Vuuren Lucas R. J. 
Published: May 2018

Dissolved air flotation has been used in South Africa for more than 25 years in the field of water and waste-water treatment, with practically all the development and verification done locally. This substantial body of knowledge and experience was recently condensed into a document titled A South African Design Guide for Dissolved Air Flotation. A general literature survey was combined with a detailed survey of 26 dissolved air flotation plants operating in Southern Africa, to arrive at suggested design parameters. Two broad categories of applications were covered in the guidelines - those of water clarification, and of activated sludge thickening.
A clear trend emerged from the data collected. Drinking water clarification plants were generally designed within a fairly narrow range of the most design parameters, and the perception of operators and managers was that these clarification plants performed very efficiently. Sludge thickening plants, on the other hand, showed considerable variability in terms of most design parameters, and the general perception of its efficiency consequently varied from highly positive to negative.
The paper includes summaries of the ranges of the actually surveyed design parameters, the suggested design values and a comparison with typical design values available from other countries.
Comparison of three laboratory devices for UV-inactivation of microorganisms
Authors: Sommer R. , Cabaj A. , Schoenen D. , Gebel J. , Kolch A. , Havelaar A. H. , Schets F. M. 
Published: May 2018

UV inactivation experiments of microorganisms have been performed and published by various workers for decades. Resulting data even of the same species of microorganisms may show important differences in UV-susceptibility. The reasons for these varying results could be found either in different biological conditions like culturing methods for preparing the test organisms or in technical problems regarding UV-irradiation equipment and dose measurement.
Therefore three groups working on UV inactivation performed a collaborative study to find out which influences could be responsible for varying results in laboratory UV experiments. Each working group had developed a laboratory UV irradiation apparatus, which differed in technical construction and method for UV dose measurement. For our study we used as a test organism spores of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 which were cultured in large quantity, freeze-dried and stored for all following experiments. Thereby we established controlled biological conditions. The first series of experiments in 1992 showed that differences in inactivation curves did occur, related especially to dose distribution in irradiation vessels, in irradiation geometry and in partial shadowing of UV light. Subsequently the irradiation procedure and methods for dose measurement were improved resulting in consistent, reproducible and comparable results. The equation of the regression curve was: log (N/N0) = −0.013 D + 0.18. A 2 log reduction would require a dose of 169 ± 11 J/m2, a 3 log reduction 241 ± 9 J/m2, respectively (level of significance: a = 0.05).
In recent years bioassay methods have been suggested in order to evaluate UV-disinfection plants. Therefore it will be of increasing public health interest to ensure the quality of laboratory UV irradiation devices used for calibration of test-organisms for these bioassays.
Influence of salts and montmorillonite upon heat inactivation of poliovirus in sterile water
Authors: Quignon F. , Schwartzbrod L. 
Published: May 2018

Using semi-purified type-1 poliovirus we show that the viral inactivation rate in sterile deionised water is not influenced by the initial virus titer, remains unaffected by the saline concentration (ionic strength) of the medium nor by the valency of the introduced cations.
In the presence of purified Na-montmorillonite and in similar conditions we observe the same viral decay rates. In particular the presence of clay (at least up to 205 mg.l−1) does not provide viruses with any protective effect against heat, as experiments carried out at different temperatures do not reveal any difference between viral inactivation rates due to the presence of montmorillonite.
Furthermore viral decay rates obtained with or without clay both plot against temperature on the same regression line, following an Arrhenius-like equation with an excellent correlation coefficient.
Distribution of chemical polluting factors in south Italian seas along Calabria coastal waters (low tyrrhenian sea, high ionian sea and straits of Messina)
Authors: Decembrini F. , Azzaro F. , Crisafi E. 
Published: May 2018

This report is dealing with the presence of Dissolved/Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons (DDPH) synthetic detergents (ABS) and Total Phenols (T-PHE) in 150 stations positioned along the Calabria coastal waters as well as off-shore. Data were gathered during four different seasonal cruises (from 1990 to 1992). In order to identify areas of possible environmental risk, threshold values based on background mean concentrations present in the Mediterranean Sea were determined for each parameter.
DDPH exceed the concentration limit of 0.4 ppb in areas near urban settlements only and are due mainly to untreated municipal sewages. In winter and spring high values were also registered in the mouths of some rivers that carry polluting substances of different origin. Generally the values of ABS resulted to be below the 3 ppb limit, but measured up to 127 ppb in well localized areas and were linked T-PHE and DDPH, thus indicating that their origin is primarily due to industrial sewages. Concentration of Total Phenols almost always showed values below the threshold (4.0 ppb); the highest values (about 50 ppb) presented a similar distribution as that of DDPH.
In conclusion, the overall environmental conditions are quite satisfactory, except for some localized areas where sometimes parameters exceeded limits simultaneously.
The role of standardization in the protection of the environment - the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Tsimillis K. , Pithara N. 
Published: May 2018

Standards have been used for many years as a tool to improve quality. Recently, the lowering of trade barriers and the need for transfer of technology have increased and widened the role of standardization and the international cooperation through it.
Standardization programmes, both at the national and international level, are now focused on the protection of health and safety of the consumer and the environment. In the case of environmental protection ISO, CEN and other organizations are working very hard to establish appropriate requirements.
The Mediterranean Sea represents a special example regarding marine pollution. Being a “closed” sea and at the same time the receptor of huge quantities of effluents from all kinds of human activities, the Mediterranean Sea (our sea) is already in danger! A series of Protocols and Conventions, already agreed on, provide the necessary basis for its protection. However, problems still exist regarding the implementation of the provisions of these documents.
In this paper the way standards can contribute to the protection of the environment and the Mediterranean in particular is illustrated. The presentation also underlines the need to enhance international cooperation and to promote versatile and efficient implementation mechanisms through it.
NH4 automatic analysers for wastewater treatment plant: evaluation test at laboratory and field level
Authors: Wacheux H. , Million J.-L. , Guillo C. , Alves E. 
Published: May 2018

Nine NH4 automatic analysers or monitors were tested in June-July 1995 (among them 2 prototypes):
- 5 based on ion electrode; ABB, Applikon, Contronic, Hydro-Environnement, STIP,
- 4 based on colorimetry; Danfoss, Data Link (UV absorption), Meerestechnik, Skalar
Laboratory tests are aimed to determine response time, repeatability, response linearity, short-term stability, influence of various factors on the measurement. The field test relates to real conditions: all the sensors were installed in parallel at the discharge point of a Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Recorded outputs were compared with conventional laboratory analysis of average hourly samples.
Response time range from 2 to 21 minutes. Repeatability varies from 1 to 10%, stability from 1 to 17%. Linearity is always good and detection limits (about 0.2 mg/l) do not seem to be critical for use in a WWTP. Among factors of influence, power voltage has limited effect, sample temperature is affecting some monitors, chemical interferents have nearly no effect excepted for one monitor. Field tests have shown that NH4 monitors are still very sensitive and that installation is crucial. Each monitor suffered several failures, some of them required high maintenance and used costly reagents.
Full-scale on-line assessment of toxic wastewaters causing change in biodegradation model structure and parameters
Authors: Vanrolleghem Peter A. , Kong Zaide , Coen Filip 
Published: May 2018

Detecting wastewater toxicity in due time is essential for protection of a sewage works and the receiving waters. A respirometric method is presented that performs short batch experiments, so-called In-Sensor-Experiments for toxicity detection. Two types of wastewater samples can be added to the reactor in the device: either the potentially toxic wastewater entering the plant, or, a defined mixture of acetate and ammonia. From the latter experiments models are identified that describe the heterotrophic and autotrophic activity of the sludge. Since these ‘calibration’ experiments are alternated with experiments in which wastewater is injected, the effect of the wastewater on the sludge can be quantified unequivocally.
Full-scale toxicity detection (and the corresponding effluent quality) results are reported for a plant treating a mixture of hospital and municipal wastewaters. The respirometer was installed at the influent line of the plant. It was evaluated during a 6-month period for its on-line toxicity detection capacity. Both deliberate and accidental intoxications were recorded and compared with off-line toxicity measurements. Inhibitory wastewaters affected the nitrification activity of the sludge. This was confirmed by the concomitant increase in NH4+ discharge of the treatment plant. To evaluate the efficiency of control actions, the deliberate addition of toxicant was interrupted at the time a toxicity alarm was triggered by the respirometer. It was observed that plant performance then remained unaffected for all monitored criteria.
A demonstration of the benefits of integrated wastewater planning for controlling transient pollution
Authors: Crabtree B. , Earp W. , Whalley P. 
Published: May 2018

The Urban Pollution Management (UPM) Research Programme has been the UK Water Industry's response to the need to limit the risk of transient pollution of receiving waters resulting from intermittent discharges, such as combined sewer overflows. Demonstrating that the UPM tools, such as MOSQITO, STOAT and MIKE 11, can be used to produce cost-effective and reliable solutions to practical problems is considered to be a major element in promoting the benefits of the UPM Procedure approach by eliminating the uncertainty of water quality impact associated with more traditional approaches. A demonstration of the full UPM Procedure for inland situations has been carried out in the city of Derby, in the UK, where high levels of investment are planned for both sewerage and sewage treatment.
Detailed simulation models were calibrated and verified and then used with the simplified pollution modelling tool, SIMPOL, to evaluate the integrated environmental impact of a possible sewerage upgrading option. The results indicated that this option would meet wet-weather water quality requirements at a reduced cost compared to alternatives derived from traditional planning procedures which had a high degree of uncertainty in meeting water quality objectives.
Institutional developments, standards and river quality: a UK history and some lessons for industrialising countries
Authors: Johnstone D. W. M. , Horan N. J. 
Published: May 2018

From the middle ages until the early part of the nineteenth century the streets of European cities were foul with excrement and filth to the extent that aristocrats often held a clove-studded orange to their nostrils in order to tolerate the atmosphere. The introduction in about 1800 of water-carriage systems of sewage disposal merely transferred the filth from the streets to the rivers. The problem was intensified in Britain by the coming of the Industrial Revolution and establishment of factories on the banks of the rivers where water was freely available for power, process manufacturing and the disposal of effluents. As a consequence the quality of most rivers deteriorated to the extent that they were unable to support fish life and in many cases were little more than open sewers. This was followed by a period of slow recovery, such that today most of these rivers have been cleaned with many having good fish stocks and some even supporting salmon.
This recovery has not been easy nor has it been cheap. It has been based on the application of good engineering supported by the passing and enforcement of necessary legislation and the development of suitable institutional capacity to finance, design, construct, maintain and operate the required sewerage and sewage treatment systems. Such institutional and technical systems not only include the disposal of domestic sewage but also provisions for the treatment and disposal of industrial wastewaters and for the integrated management of river systems. Over the years a number of institutional arrangements and models have been tried, some successful other less so. Although there is no universally applicable approach to improving the aquatic environment, many of the experiences encountered by the so-called developed world can be learned by developing nations currently attempting to rectify their own aquatic pollution problems. Some of these lessons have already been discussed by the authors including some dangers of copying standards from the developed world.
The objective of this paper is to trace the steps taken over many years in the UK to develop methods and systems to protect and preserve the aquatic environment and from the lessons learned to highlight what is considered to be an appropriate and sustainable approach for industrialising nations. Such an approach involves setting of realistic and attainable standards, providing appropriate and affordable treatment to meet these standards, establishment of the necessary regulatory framework to ensure enforcement of the standards and provision of the necessary financial capabilities to guarantee successful and continued operation of treatment facilities.
The role of the sludge in nitrification inhibition tests
Authors: Winther-Nielsen Margrethe , Jansen Jes la Cour 
Published: May 2018

Occurrence of toxic compounds in the influent to a wastewater treatment plant with nitrogen removal may disturb the process tremendously. Nitrification inhibition tests act as an important tool in the efforts of isolating sources of toxic compounds. However, it is necessary to evaluate the test methods and to know the importance of variable parameters. We set up a complete factorial experiment for 6 different types of waste water, 3 concentration levels of waste water and three different sludges. Statistical treatment of the results showed that the percentage inhibition of nitrification was significantly depending on the type of waste water, on the concentration of waste water and on the combination of waste water and sludge. It was apparent that the effect of the waste water is related to the type of compound or waste water that usually occurs in the sludge.
An interlaboratory study was performed with the primary object of establishing repeatability and reproducibility for nitrification tests (modified MINNTOX). From the test of 7 types of waste water, we found repeatability between 1.1 and 6.4% inhibition and reproducibility between 7.9 and 91% inhibition. In general, the reproducibility was better when laboratories used the same type of sludge than when different sludges were used.
Wastewater treatment mechanisms in anoxic stabilization ponds
Authors: Almasi A. , Pescod M. B. 
Published: May 2018

Studies on the performance of wastewater stabilization ponds operating in the “grey” area of organic loading between fully anaerobic and facultative conditions show that organic matter removal is still satisfactory. The results obtained revealed that wastewater treatment mechanisms are mainly based on biochemical reactions in the anoxic system. Although physico-chemical mechanisms were not negligible, algal activities in the presence of light proved to be important in the surface layer of the pond and facultative bacteria were working mutually with the algae. Motile flagellate algae (Euglena and Chlamydomonas) were the only species found to exist under anoxic conditions.
It was also determined that sulphate-reducing bacteria predominated in the lower volume of the anoxic ponds, rather than acidogenic bacteria, and this caused sulphide and hydrogen sulphide build-up in the pond's contents. The bottom volume of the ponds and the benthic sludge in laboratory-scale anoxic ponds contained acid producers and methanogenic bacteria causing the release of biogas. It is hypothesized that phototrophic bacteria (purple sulphur-, green sulphur- and purple non-sulphur bacteria) act as a biological filter to oxidize sulphide and hydrogen sulphide in the euphotic zone of the anoxic ponds. As a consequence of the latter biological activities, anoxic ponds are likely to prove viable alternatives to anaerobic and facultative ponds, where odour nuisance and high land requirements, respectively, are to be avoided.
Improved performance and increased applicability of waste stabilisation ponds by pretreatment in a UASB reactor
Authors: Frassinetti Paula , Catunda Cavalcanti , van Haandel Adrianus C. 
Published: May 2018

Traditionally waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) are built as flow-through systems with an anaerobic, a facultative and one or more maturation ponds in series. The anaerobic pond can be substituted with great advantage by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The practical advantages are that the required volume for the UASB reactor is much smaller than the anaerobic pond (20 to 30 times) and that the biogas in the UASB reactor is captured, so that odour problems can be eliminated. The UASB reactor is neighbour friendly and can be used in densely populated areas.
The UASB reactor is more efficient than the anaerobic pond, so that the residual organic load is small and the subsequent pond configuration can be designed with the specific purpose of eliminating pathogens. By adopting a plug flow regime, the required area for a particular hygienic effluent quality can be greatly reduced. Also, since the UASB effluent has good transparency, photosynthesis in the ponds is intense and pH increases due to biological carbon dioxide consumption, accelerating the death rate of pathogens and opening the possibility of reducing nutrients: Nitrogen by desorption of gaseous NH3 and phosphorus by phosphate precipitation.
The fact that an odour free system with a high quality effluent can be produced in relatively small system composed by a UASB reactor + maturation ponds, increases the applicability of this system for sewage treatment in urban areas. As operation of both UASB and ponds is very simple, several small treatment plants instead of one large central unit may be constructed. Thus a very significant of the sewerage network may be achieved.
Laboratory investigations into cohesive sediment transport in pipes
Authors: Skipworth Peter J. , Tait Simon J. , Saul Adrian J. 
Published: May 2018

In the UK many sewers are laid to shallow gradients and as a consequence, suffer from recurrent sediment deposition. The loss in conveyance due to these deposits may contribute to hydraulic overloading problems and the wash-out of in-sewer sediment deposits may result in a rain induced “foul flush” of pollution which may subsequently be discharged via a CSO to the receiving water course.
This paper reports the results of a series of controlled experiments in the laboratory in an attempt to better understand the factors which influence the erosion of cohesive sediment beds. Apparatus, formerly used for fixed bed work, was modified to assess the erosion characteristics of movable beds. Samples were taken from the flow during computer generated hydrographs and these were later assessed for the concentration of suspended sediment using a spectrophotometer.
Whilst other studies have been concerned with the erodability of different sediments, this study has been limited to one cohesive sediment type and has concentrated on two aspects of the relationship between the properties of the flow hydrograph and the erosion and transport of cohesive sediment beds. Specifically, the effect of the rate of increase of the rising limb of the hydrograph and of the ultimate flowrate on the pollutograph have been examined.
This series of experiments has produced evidence that the measured suspended sediment transport rate of cohesive-like materials exposed to a variable flowrate, is dependent both on the values of the final flowrate and on the rate of the initial temporal change of the flowrate, and is not solely dependent on the “steady state” flow variables.
Systematic approaches in water management: Aquatic outlook and decision support systems combining monitoring, research, policy analysis and information technology
Authors: de Jong J. , van Buuren J. T. , Luiten J. P. A. 
Published: May 2018

Sustained developments is the target of almost every modern water management policy. Sustainability is focused on human life and on the ecological quality of our environment. Both aspects are essential for life on earth. Within a river catchment area this means that well balanced relations have to be laid between human activities and ecological aspects in the involved areas. Policy analysis is especially looking for the most efficient way to analyse and to overcome bottlenecks.
In The Netherlands project “The Aquatic Outlook” all these elements are worked out in a nationwide scale, providing the scientific base and policy analysis from which future water management plans can be derived.