bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the MMSE in the Prediction of Driving Fitness: Relevance of Specific Subtests
Authors: O'Connor Margaret G. , Duncanson Haley , Hollis Ann M. 
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVESTo examine the association between performance on subtests of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and driving competence in people with cognitive impairment (CI) as well as those with no cognitive impairment (NCI).DESIGNRetrospective observational study.SETTINGParticipants referred for a DriveWise evaluation at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, were included in the study.PARTICIPANTSA total of 419 participants referred for a DriveWise evaluation was studied. The average age of the sample was 77.69 years. In this study, people with an MMSE score lower than 25 were included in the CI group; 41% of participants had CI.MEASUREMENTSAll participants underwent mental status screening with the MMSE, and all underwent a 45‐minute road test modeled after the Washington University Road Test adapted for use in Boston streets.RESULTSIn both groups, poor road test performance was associated with low scores on the MMSE. In drivers with CI, MMSE total score and performance on the attention subtest were significantly lower for those who failed the road test. In drivers with NCI, the MMSE total score and orientation subtests were significantly lower for those who failed the road test.CONCLUSIONSClinicians working with older people should know that the MMSE is an effective tool to screen for driving safety, but MMSE subtests are differentially sensitive to driving safety in people with and without CI. Poor performance on specific MMSE subtests may prompt further evaluation of driving competence with a road test. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:790–793, 2019.
The contribution of red blood cell transfusion to neonatal morbidity and mortality
Authors: Crawford Tara M , Andersen Chad C , Hodyl Nicolette A , Robertson Sarah A , Stark Michael J 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAnaemia of prematurity will affect 90% of all very preterm infants, resulting in at least one red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. A significant proportion of preterm infants require multiple transfusions over the course of hospital admission. Growing evidence supports an association between transfusion exposure and adverse neonatal outcomes. In adults, transfusion‐associated sepsis, transfusion‐related acute lung injury and haemolytic reactions are the leading causes of transfusion‐related morbidity and mortality; however, these are seldom recognised in newborns. The association between transfusion and adverse outcomes remains inconclusive. However, the evidence from preclinical studies demonstrates that RBC products can directly modulate immune cell function, a pathway termed transfusion‐related immunomodulation (TRIM), which may provide a mechanism linking transfusion exposure with neonatal morbidities. Finally, we discuss the impact of TRIM on transfusion medicine, how we may address these issues and the emerging areas of research aimed at improving the safety of transfusions in this vulnerable population.
Pharmacokinetics of the novel COX‐2 selective inhibitor vitacoxib in cats: The effects of feeding and dose
Authors: Wang Jianzhong , Gong Xiaohui , Xue Jiao , Zhang Suxia , Li Jing , Cao Xingyuan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose‐scaling model of vitacoxib in either fed or fasted cats following either oral or intravenous administration. The concentration of the drug was quantified by UPLC‐MS/MS on plasma samples. Relevant parameters were described using noncompartmental analysis (WinNonlin 6.4 software). Vitacoxib is relatively slowly absorbed and eliminated after oral administration (2 mg/kg body weight), with a Tmax of approximately 4.7 hr. The feeding state of the cat was a statistically significant covariate for both area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) and mean absorption time (MATfed). The absolute bioavailability (F) of vitacoxib (2 mg/kg body weight) after oral administration (fed) was 72.5%, which is higher than that in fasted cats (F = 50.6%). Following intravenous administration (2 mg/kg body weight), Vd (ml/kg) was 1,264.34 ± 343.63 ml/kg and Cl (ml kg−1 hr−1) was 95.22 ± 23.53 ml kg−1 hr−1. Plasma concentrations scaled linearly with dose, with Cmax (ng/ml) of 352.30 ± 63.42, 750.26 ± 435.54, and 936.97 ± 231.27 ng/ml after doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg body weight, respectively. No significant undesirable behavioral effects were noted throughout the duration of the study.
Variability and asymmetry in the shape of the spiny dogfish vagina revealed by 2D and 3D geometric morphometrics
Authors: Hedrick B. P. , Antalek‐Schrag P. , Conith A. J. , Natanson L. J. , Brennan P. L. R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGenital structures are among the most variable in nature and have been suggested to evolve at exceptionally high rates. However, the vast majority of research on genital morphology has been done on male genitalia. We present one of the few studies of female genital shape using geometric morphometrics, and the first of such studies to employ 3D geometric morphometrics, using the spiny dogfish shark, a taxon for which reproductive biology is well‐studied. In a sample of 21 adult females, we found no correlation between body size and reproductive and non‐reproductive trait size, and therefore no general allometric patterns. Furthermore, we found limited evidence for different 2D and 3D vaginal shapes in visibly pregnant and not visibly pregnant sharks, but trends were more obvious in 3D than 2D. We found high congruence between data derived using 2D geometric morphometrics with that derived from 3D methods. We also found exceptionally high asymmetry in the vagina, again more apparent in 3D than in 2D. Visibly pregnant sharks had especially high directional asymmetry (>48% of total variation) likely as a result of an asymmetric distribution of pups in the shark's paired oviducts. Therefore, this asymmetry was functional rather than developmental and presents an important consideration when studying vaginal shape. The lack of significant association between pregnancy and vaginal shape in a species with an extremely long pregnancy suggests that vaginal shape differences may be under additional selective forces such as sexual antagonism during copulation. A combination of 3D geometric morphometric methods along with assessments of asymmetry sheds further light on the growing appreciation that female genitalia is highly variable in shape and may play a substantial role in sexual selection.
Do plants pay a fitness cost to be resistant to glyphosate?
Authors: Vila‐Aiub Martin M. , Yu Qin , Powles Stephen B. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryWe reviewed the literature to understand the effects of glyphosate resistance on plant fitness at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. A number of correlations between enzyme characteristics and glyphosate resistance imply the existence of a plant fitness cost associated with resistance‐conferring mutations in the glyphosate target enzyme, 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase (EPSPS). These biochemical changes result in a tradeoff between the glyphosate resistance of the EPSPS enzyme and its catalytic activity. Mutations that endow the highest resistance are more likely to decrease catalytic activity by reducing the affinity of EPSPS for its natural substrate, and/or slowing the velocity of the enzyme reaction, and are thus very likely to endow a substantial plant fitness cost. Prediction of fitness costs associated with EPSPS gene amplification and overexpression can be more problematic. The validity of cost prediction based on the theory of evolution of gene expression and resource allocation has been cast into doubt by contradictory experimental evidence. Further research providing insights into the role of the EPSPS cassette in weed adaptation, and estimations of the energy budget involved in EPSPS amplification and overexpression are required to understand and predict the biochemical and physiological bases of the fitness cost of glyphosate resistance.
Frequent blood donation and offspring scholastic attainment: an assessment of long‐term consequences of prenatal iron deficiency
Authors: Rigas Andreas S. , Pedersen Ole B. , Rostgaard Klaus , Sørensen Erik , Erikstrup Christian , Hjalgrim Henrik , Ullum Henrik 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDDue to physiological demands, children and premenopausal women are at risk of developing iron deficiency. In premenopausal women, the risk may be further increased by repeated whole blood donations. Short‐term consequences of iron deficiency in infancy include impaired cognitive development and lower IQ scores. This prompts concern that maternal iron deficiency before or during pregnancy may have long‐term consequences for the offspring, for example, by affecting scholastic attainment. The aim of this study was to evaluate if prepregnancy donation intensity is associated with offspring scholastic attainment measured as grade averages in standardized national written examinations in Denmark.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBy using the Danish personal identification number as key, we obtained information on donation intensity before pregnancy, school grade, year of graduation, age of the students, students' sex, and parental length of education and income from various nationwide registers. Linear regression analyses were performed, with grade average as outcome and maternal donation status as explanatory variable (nondonor, n = 177,078; low‐frequency donor, n = 4995 [one to five donations in the 3 years before pregnancy]; high‐frequency donor, n = 414 [six or more donations in the 3 years before pregnancy), and further adjusted for the covariates listed above.RESULTSAdjusted normalized (mean, 0; standard deviation [SD], 1) test scores were statistically significantly higher for children of active female donors compared with children of nondonors (SD, 0.104; 95% confidence interval, 0.079–0.129). We observed no differences in scholastic attainment between children of low‐frequency donors and high‐frequency donors.CONCLUSIONPrepregnancy donation intensity, as a proxy of iron stores, is not associated with subsequent offspring scholastic attainment.
Successful vascularized jejunal patch graft to treat severe orad duodenal injury secondary to foreign body obstruction in a dog
Authors: Putterman Allison B. , Trumpatori Brian , Mathews Kyle G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo report the surgical treatment and outcome of an adult dog with a duodenal perforation treated with a vascularized jejunal patch graft.Study designCase report.AnimalA 1‐year‐old castrated male boxer dog.MethodsDamage to a duodenal segment containing the major and minor papillae was repaired with a vascularized jejunal graft. A segment of healthy jejunum was mobilized maintaining the jejunal vessels, and a donor site anastomosis was performed. The vascularized jejunal graft was incised on the antimesenteric border creating a rectangular segment, which was trimmed and sutured to the duodenal recipient site as a patch graft to repair the defect.ResultsThe dog recovered well without major complications. Within 2 weeks, appetite and bowel movements were normal, with no episodes of vomiting. Infrequent regurgitation resolved without medical therapy.ConclusionA vascularized jejunal patch graft is a feasible option for successful surgical repair of duodenal injury in the dog.Clinical significanceThis report describes a novel surgical repair technique for treatment of gastrointestinal injuries.
NADPH oxidase‐derived reactive oxygen species: Dosis facit venenum
Authors: Schröder Katrin 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
Within this review, the role of reactive oxygen species in cellular homeostasis, physiology and pathophysiology is discussed.

What advances does it highlight?
The review provides new concepts of how reactive oxygen species influence gene expression, energy consumption and other aspects of the life of a cell. Furthermore, a model is provided to illustrate how reactive oxygen species elicit specific oxidation of target molecules.
AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) have a long history of bad reputation. They are needed and effective in host defense, but on the contrary may induce situations of oxidative stress. Besides that, within recent years several soft functions (functions that may occur and are not directly connected to an effect, but may influence signaling in an indirect manner) of NADPH oxidases have been discovered, which are slowly eroding the image of the solely dangerous ROS. NADPH oxidase‐derived ROS serve to ease or enable signal transduction and to maintain homeostasis. However, there is still an enormous lag in the knowledge concerning target proteins and how ROS can elicit specific signalling in different cells and tissues. The present review summarizes some important functions of Nox2 and Nox4. Furthermore, although highly speculative, a model is provided of how those NADPH oxidases might be able to oxidize target proteins in a specific way. Many concepts mentioned in this review represent my personal view and are supported only in part by published studies.
Effects of Plyometric Training on Physical Performance of Young Male Soccer Players: Potential Effects of Different Drop Jump Heights
Authors: Ramirez-Campillo Rodrigo , Alvarez Cristian , García-Pinillos Felipe , Gentil Paulo , Moran Jason , Pereira Lucas A. , Loturco Irineu 
Published: February 2019

Purpose: To compare the effects of plyometric drop jump (DJ) training against those induced by regular soccer training and assess the transference effect coefficient (TEC) of DJs (“trained exercises”) performed from 20- (DJ20) and 40-cm (DJ40) height boxes with respect to different physical qualities (jumping, linear and change of direction speed, kicking, endurance, and maximal strength) in youth male soccer players. Methods: Participants were randomly divided into a control group (n = 20; age: 13.5 [1.9] y) and a DJ training group (n = 19; age: 13.2 [1.8] y), and trained for 7 weeks. A 2-way analysis of variance for repeated measures with the within-subject factor time (preintervention and postintervention) and between-subject factor group (intervention vs control) was performed. To calculate the TECs between the trained exercises (DJ20 and DJ40) and the physical tests, the ratio between the “result gains” (effect size [ES]) in the analyzed physical qualities and the result gains in the trained exercises were calculated. The TECs were only calculated for variables presenting an ES ≥ 0.2. Results: Significant improvements (ES = 0.21–0.46; P < .05) were observed in the DJ training group, except in linear sprint performance. The control group improved only the maximal strength (ES = 0.28; P < .05). Significant differences were observed in all variables (ES = 0.20–0.55; P < .05) in favor of the DJ training group, except for maximal strength (group × time interaction). Conclusions: A plyometric training scheme based on DJs was able to significantly improve the physical performance of youth male soccer players. Overall, greater TECs were observed for DJ40 (0.58–1.28) than DJ20 (0.55–1.21).
Gram-Positive Type IV Pili and Competence
Authors: Muschiol Sandra , Aschtgen Marie-Stephanie , Nannapaneni Priyanka , Henriques-Normark Birgitta 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Type IV pili (T4P) are remarkable bacterial surface appendages that carry out a range of functions. Various types of T4P have been identified in bacteria and archaea, making them almost universal structures in prokaryotes. T4P are best characterized in Gram-negative bacteria, in which pilus biogenesis and T4P-mediated functions have been studied for decades. Recent advances in microbial whole-genome sequencing have provided ample evidence for the existence of T4P also in many Gram-positive species. However, comparatively little is known, and T4P in Gram-positive bacteria are just beginning to be dissected. So far, they have mainly been studied in
Clostridium
and
Streptococcus
spp. and are involved in diverse cellular processes such as adhesion, motility, and horizontal gene transfer. Here we summarize the current understanding of T4P in Gram-positive species and their functions, with particular focus on the type IV competence pilus produced by the human pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and its role in natural transformation.
Health facility service availability and readiness to provide basic emergency obstetric and newborn care in a low-resource setting: evidence from a Tanzania National Survey
Authors: Bintabara Deogratius , Ernest Alex , Mpondo Bonaventura 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveThis study used a nationally representative sample from Tanzania as an example of low-resource setting with a high burden of maternal and newborn deaths, to assess the availability and readiness of health facilities to provide basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) and its associated factors.DesignHealth facility-based cross-sectional survey.SettingWe analysed data for obstetric and newborn care services obtained from the 2014–2015 Tanzania Service Provision Assessment survey, using WHO-Service Availability and Readiness Assessment tool.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAvailability of seven signal functions was measured based on the provision of ‘parental administration of antibiotic’, ‘parental administration of oxytocic’, ‘parental administration of anticonvulsants’, ‘assisted vaginal delivery’, ‘manual removal of placenta’, ‘manual removal of retained products of conception’ and ‘neonatal resuscitation’. Readiness was a composite variable measured based on the availability of supportive items categorised into three domains: staff training, diagnostic equipment and basic medicines.ResultsOut of 1188 facilities, 905 (76.2%) were reported to provide obstetric and newborn care services and therefore were included in the analysis of the current study. Overall availability of seven signal functions and average readiness score were consistently higher among hospitals than health centres and dispensaries (p<0.001). Furthermore, the type of facility, performing quality assurance, regular reviewing of maternal and newborn deaths, reviewing clients’ opinion and number of delivery beds per facility were significantly associated with readiness to provide BEmONC.ConclusionThe study findings show disparities in the availability and readiness to provide BEmONC among health facilities in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Ministry of Health should emphasise quality assurance efforts and systematic maternal and newborn death audits. Health leadership should fairly distribute clinical guidelines, essential medicines, equipment and refresher trainings to improve availability and quality BEmONC.
Cost-effectiveness of cell salvage and donor blood transfusion during caesarean section: results from a randomised controlled trial
Authors: McLoughlin Carol , Roberts Tracy E , Jackson Louise J , Moore Philip , Wilson Matthew , Hooper Richard , Allard Shubha , Wrench Ian , Beresford Lee , Geoghegan James , Daniels Jane , Catling Sue , Clark Vicki A , Ayuk Paul , Robson Stephen , Gao-Smith Fang , Hogg Matthew , Lanz Doris , Dodds Julie , Khan Khalid S 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routine use of cell salvage during caesarean section in mothers at risk of haemorrhage compared with current standard of care.DesignModel-based cost-effectiveness evaluation alongside a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Three main analyses were carried out on the trial data: (1) based on the intention-to-treat principle; (2) based on the per-protocol principle; (3) only participants who underwent an emergency caesarean section.Setting26 obstetric units in the UK.Participants3028 women at risk of haemorrhage recruited between June 2013 and April 2016.InterventionsCell salvage (intervention) versus routine care without salvage (control).Primary outcome measuresCost-effectiveness based on incremental cost per donor blood transfusion avoided.ResultsIn the intention-to-treat analysis, the mean difference in total costs between cell salvage and standard care was £83. The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was £8110 per donor blood transfusion avoided. For the per-protocol analysis, the mean difference in total costs was £92 and the ICER was £8252. In the emergency caesarean section analysis, the mean difference in total costs was £55 and the ICER was £13 713 per donor blood transfusion avoided. This ICER is driven by the increased probability that these patients would require a higher level of postoperative care and additional surgeries. The results of these analyses were shown to be robust for the majority of deterministic sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThe results of the economic evaluation suggest that while routine cell salvage is a marginally more effective strategy than standard care in avoiding a donor blood transfusion, there is uncertainty in relation to whether it is a less or more costly strategy. The lack of long-term data on the health and quality of life of patients in both arms of the trial means that further research is needed to fully understand the cost implications of both strategies.Trial registration numberISRCTN66118656.
Effects of traditional Chinese exercise on cardiac rehabilitation after percutaneous coronary intervention: study protocol for network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Luo Chuanjin , Wen Junmao , Sun Weipeng , Li Ting , Yu Xiaojiang , Zhang Tian , Zhou Xiaoqi , Wu Wei , Li Rong 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionCoronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death worldwide. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to reduce mortality in patients with CHD. However, there are still recurrences of cardiovascular events after PCI. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients with established CHD is associated with reductions in cardiovascular mortality and hospital admissions, as well as improved quality of life. More and more clinical trials suggest that traditional Chinese exercise (TCE) plays a positive role in patients post-PCI. The primary purposes of the current study are to conduct a network meta-analysis of randomised trials to determine the effects of TCE in patients after PCI, and to separately compare the effects of tai chi, baduanjin and yijinjing on CR after PCI.Methods and analysisStudies will be retrieved from the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, Chinese BioMedical Database and Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database, from inception to December 2018. We will include randomised controlled trials that are related to the effects of TCE therapies in patients after PCI. The primary outcomes will be all-cause mortality, revascularisations, health-related quality of life and hospitalisations. Two reviewers will independently select eligible articles. For each included article, two reviewers will independently extract the data and assess the risk of bias by using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Bayesian network meta-analyses will be conducted to pool all treatment effects. The ranking probabilities for the optimal intervention of various treatments (tai chi, baduanjin or yijinjing) will be estimated by the mean ranks and surface under the cumulative ranking curve. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation System will be used to assess the quality of evidence.Ethics and disseminationThe results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. They will provide consolidated evidence to inform clinicians on the potential functions of TCE in CR, and to provide reliable evidence for the application of TCE.Trial registration numberCRD42018088415.