bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental Caries and Oral Health Behavior Assessment Among Portuguese Adolescents
Authors: Veiga Nélio Jorge , de Cecchi Maria Helena , Martins Johnny , da Cunha Inara Pereira , de Castro Meneghim Marcelo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionIt is during the school phase that children and adolescents consolidate healthy behaviors, which will contribute to the decrease of diseases, especially in the reduction of dental caries. The main objective of the present study was to assess the decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth index and oral health behaviors among Portuguese adolescents.Materials and methodsAn observational cross-sectional study was designed including a sample of 694 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years old from five public schools in the Viseu and Guarda districts, Portugal. After a self-administered questionnaire was filled out by the participants, a clinical examination was carried out in order to assess oral status and dental caries identification. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed using the Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05).ResultsThe decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth index was 2.91±2.9 and the decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth index was 1.10±1.4. Of the total sample, 73% consumed sugary food on a daily basis, 54.7% drank bottled water, 50.1% considered oral health good, 70.8% did not report pain in the last 12 months, but noticed gingival bleeding (51.5%). Most adolescents (79.4%) brushed their teeth daily and 60% did not use dental floss. Of the total sample, 96.4% had a dental appointment in the last 12 months, being 46.4% due to prevention treatments. The high decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth index was associated with low maternal scholarship, male gender and living in a rural residence area (p<0.05). Adolescents who brush their teeth daily presented a good perception about their oral health (p<0.001).ConclusionsPortuguese adolescents presented a low decayed, missing and filled deciduous and permanent teeth index index. The decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth index was associated with sociodemographic factors. Oral hygiene habits were associated with self-perception of oral health. It is suggested that oral health promotion and prevention programs should be improved in schools in order to reduce the risks of oral disease development.
Dynamic healing and remodeling of mandibular ramus in segmental mobility and cortical overlap after intraoral vertical osteotomy
Authors: Lee Sang-Hwy , Cho Hoon , Kim Nam-Kyoo , Kim Bong Chul , Huh Jong-Ki , Yu Hyung Seog , Kim Hak-Jin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ramus immediately after intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) shows segmental mobility, cortical overlap, and projection, which yield smooth-surfaced continuity and stability after one year. This study aimed to elucidate the three-dimensional (3D) morphological changes driven by regional healing and remodeling 12 months postoperatively (Post) and their relationships with the immediate postoperative (Imm) segmental overlapping pattern. We performed a retrospective study of the morphological change of mandibular ramus in terms of time and amount of cortical overlap after IVRO. 3D computed tomography data of 108 hemi-mandibles were analyzed by independent superimposition of Imm proximal and distal segment to Post mandible. Analysis showed extensive regional bone resorption and apposition resulting in a relatively flat-surfaced and morphologically intact Post ramus. The middle ramal remodeling was significantly associated with Imm overlapping patterns and Post mandibular movement, new bony projections of various shapes being observed at the posterior border of the Post ramus. The ramus after IVRO underwent dynamic morphological changes during healing/remodeling which were partly associated with Imm overlap. Moreover, the Post functional and smooth-surfaced ramus seems to have been facilitated by the close surgical approximation of segments and the postoperative mandibular functional rehabilitation, even with segmental positional changes.
Static Loading of the Knee Joint Results in Modified Single Leg Landing Biomechanics
Authors: Olson Michael W. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundExternal loading of the ligamentous tissues induces mechanical creep, which modifies neuromuscular response to perturbations. It is not well understood how ligamentous creep affects athletic performance and contributes to modifications of knee biomechanics during functional tasks.Hypothesis/PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical and neuromuscular responses to single leg drop landing perturbations before and after passive loading of the knee joint.Study DesignDescriptive laboratory studyMethodsMale (n=7) and female (n=14) participants’ (21.3 ± 2.1 yrs, 1.69 ± 0.09 m, 69.3 ± 13.0 kg) right hip, knee, and ankle kinematics were assessed during drop landings performed from a 30 cm height onto a force platform before and after a 10 min creep protocol. Electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), semimembranosus (SM), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles. The creep protocol involved fixing the knee joint at 35° during static loading with perpendicular loads of either 200 N (males) or 150 N (females). Maximum, minimum, range of motion (ROM), and angular velocities were assessed for the hip, knee, and ankle joints, while normalized average EMG (NAEMG), average vertical ground reaction forces (aVGRF), and rate of force development (RFD) were assessed at landing. Rate of force development (RFD) was calculated during the landings using ANOVAs. Alpha was set at 0.05.ResultsMaximum hip flexion velocity decreased (p < 0.01). Minimum knee flexion velocity increased (p < 0.02). Minimum knee ad/abduction velocity decreased (p < 0.001). Ankle ROM decreased (p < 0.001). aVGRF decreased (p < 0.02). RFD had a non-significant trend (p = 0.076). NAEMG was significant between muscle groups (p < 0.02).ConclusionDistinct changes in velocity parameters are attributed to the altered mechanical behavior of the knee joint tissues and may contribute to changes in the loading of the leg during landing.
Characterization of Sorbitol Dehydrogenase SmoS fromSinorhizobium meliloti1021
Authors: Kohlmeier MacLean G. , Bailey-Elkin Ben A. , Mark Brian L. , Oresnik Ivan J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSinorhizobium meliloti1021 is a Gram-negative alphaproteobacterium with a robust capacity for carbohydrate metabolism. The enzymes that facilitate these reactions assist in the survival of the bacterium across a range of environmental niches, and they may also be suitable for use in industrial processes. SmoS is a dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of the commonly occurring sugar alcohols sorbitol and galactitol into fructose and tagatose respectively using NAD+as a cofactor. The main objective of this study is to evaluate SmoS using biochemical techniques. The nucleotide sequence was codon optimized for heterologous expression inE. coliBL21 (DE3) GOLD cells, the protein was subsequently overexpressed and purified. Size exclusion chromatography and X-ray diffraction experiments suggest that SmoS is a tetrameric peptide. SmoS was crystallized to 2.1 Å in the absence of substrate and 2.0 Å in complex with sorbitol. SmoS was characterized kinetically and shown to have a preference for sorbitol despite a higher affinity for galactitol. Computational ligand docking experiments suggest that galactitol oxidation proceeds slowly because tagatose binds the protein in a more energetically favorable complex than fructose, and is retained in the active site for a longer time frame following oxidation which reduces the rate of the reaction. These results supplement the inventory of biomolecules with the potential for industrial applications and enhance our understanding of metabolism in the model organismS. meliloti.
The fitness landscape of the AfricanSalmonellaTyphimurium ST313 strain D23580 reveals unique properties of the pBT1 plasmid
Authors: Canals Rocío , Chaudhuri Roy R. , Steiner Rebecca E. , Owen Siân V. , Quinones-Olvera Natalia , Gordon Melita A. , Ibba Michael , Hinton Jay C. D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe have used a transposon insertion sequencing (TIS) approach to establish the fitness landscape of the AfricanSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium ST313 strain D23580, to complement our previous comparative genomic and functional transcriptomic studies. We used a genome-wide transposon library with insertions every 10 nucleotides to identify genes required for survival and growthin vitroand during infection of murine macrophages. The analysis revealed genomic regions important for fitness under twoin vitrogrowth conditions. Overall, 724 coding genes were required for optimal growth in LB medium, and 851 coding genes were required for growth in SPI-2-inducing minimal medium. These findings were consistent with the essentiality analyses of otherS.Typhimurium ST19 and S. Typhi strains. The global mutagenesis approach also identified 60 sRNAs and 413 intergenic regions required for growth in at least onein vitrogrowth condition. By infecting murine macrophages with the transposon library, we identified 68 genes that were required for intra-macrophage replication but did not impact fitnessin vitro. None of these genes were unique toS.Typhimurium D23580, consistent with a high conservation of gene function betweenS.Typhimurium ST313 and ST19 and suggesting that novel virulence factors are not involved in the interaction of strain D23580 with murine macrophages. We discovered that transposon insertions rarely occurred in many pBT1 plasmid-encoded genes (36), compared with genes carried by the pSLT-BT virulence plasmid and other bacterial plasmids. The key essential protein encoded by pBT1 is a cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase, and our enzymological analysis revealed that the plasmid-encoded CysRSpBT1had a lower ability to charge tRNA than the chromosomally-encoded CysRSchrenzyme. The presence of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in plasmids from a range of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria suggests that plasmid-encoded essential genes are more common than had been appreciated.
Does harvesting amplify environmentally induced population fluctuations over time in marine and terrestrial species?
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Sandercock Brett K. , Sæther Bernt‐Erik 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In marine and terrestrial ecosystems, organisms are affected by environmental variations that cause fluctuations in population size. The harvest–interaction hypothesis predicts that environmentally induced fluctuations in population size are magnified by harvesting. Empirical evidence is urgently needed in the context of global change because greater fluctuations will increase extinction risk.

Here, we review theoretical and empirical work that has addressed the harvest–interaction hypothesis in fish, birds and mammals. We identify the mechanisms by which harvesting might make population size more variable over time and thereby increase the risk of extinction.

Theoretical models show that harvest can modify population structure in time and space, and that changes in the amplitude and synchrony of population dynamics both increase extinction risk. Empirical evidence indicates that fishing amplifies the effects of environmental changes on the population variability, but no empirical study of terrestrial species has tested for amplified environmentally induced fluctuations due to hunting.

Synthesis and applications. In terrestrial species, theoretical studies have evaluated how environmentally induced fluctuations in population size are magnified by different harvest strategies, but there is now an urgent need for an empirical evaluation of this hypothesis. Future research is needed to explore how hunting and climate interact and to test whether hunting enhances environmentally induced fluctuations in population numbers of terrestrial species.
4F‐MDMB‐BINACA: A New Synthetic Cannabinoid Widely Implicated in Forensic Casework
Authors: Krotulski Alex J. , Mohr Amanda L.A. , Kacinko Sherri L. , Fogarty Melissa F. , Shuda Sarah A. , Diamond Francis X. , Kinney William A. , Menendez M.J. , Logan Barry K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis is the first report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was first analytically confirmed in seized drug material using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Subsequent to this characterization, 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA was detected in biological specimens collected as part of forensically relevant casework, including medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations, from a variety of regions in the United States. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of the metabolites 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA 3,3‐dimethylbutanoic acid and 4‐OH‐MDMB‐BINACA. 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA is appearing with increasing frequency as a contributory factor in deaths, creating morbidity and mortality risks for drug users. Laboratories must be aware of its presence and impact, incorporating 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA into workflows for detection and confirmation.
Effect of the introduction of C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy on first‐pass intubation success rates for emergency medicine registrars
Authors: Mackie Stephanie , Moy Fen , Kamona Sinan , Jones Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe present study investigated the impact of introducing C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy as the standard method of visualising glottic structures on first‐pass intubation success of emergency medicine (EM) registrars in a large tertiary academic hospital in New Zealand.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, all patients receiving attempted orotracheal intubation in Auckland City Hospital ED 1 year prior to and 1 year after the introduction of C‐MAC videolaryngoscopy were compared. The primary outcome was first‐pass intubation success rates by EM registrars. Secondary outcomes were first‐pass success rates by all intubators, and incidence of any complication of intubation.ResultsThere were 163 intubations by EM registrars from June 2015 to August 2017. There was a clinically important and statistically significant improvement in first‐pass success from 59.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 44.1–68.8%) to 85.1% (95% CI 76.0–91.2%, P < 0.001) after the introduction of C‐MAC. In multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of success were: Airway Not Predicted Difficult, odds ratio (OR) 2.49 (95% CI 1.06–5.85, P = 0.037); and use of videolaryngoscope, OR 4.49 (95% CI 1.85–10.91, P = 0.001). Overall, complications of intubation improved significantly after introduction of C‐MAC (28.9%, 95% CI 19.9–40.0% prior to C‐MAC introduction; 16.1%, 95% CI 9.7–25.3% after; P = 0.048).ConclusionThis is the first published study specifically addressing EM registrar intubation success rates in New Zealand, adding to the existing body of data suggesting that videolaryngoscopy may improve success rates for novice intubators.
Using radiotelemetry to study behavioural thermoregulation in insects under field conditions
Authors: Ørskov Christian K. , Tregenza Tom , Overgaard Johannes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Thermoregulation is a central aspect of animal physiology. Mobile ectotherms have the potential to influence their temperature through their location and orientation. Behavioural thermoregulation has been extensively studied in insects, particularly in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. However, most field studies are confined to daytime observations typically using invasive thermocouples with obvious potential to disrupt natural behaviour.

We demonstrate that miniature radiotransmitters represent an alternative and less invasive method to study insect thermoregulation. We discuss how this method can be used to study the thermal behaviour of free‐ranging animals for extended periods. Specifically, we show that there is a close correlation between temperature recordings from implanted thermocouples in locusts L. migratoria and externally mounted radiotransmitters on the same animals.

Our experiments match earlier observations of locust thermoregulatory behaviour confirming that the locusts with transmitters exhibit ‘normal’ thermoregulatory responses to feeding and to infections (behavioural fever).

Finally, we demonstrate the practicality of a radiotransmitter‐based system by recording natural thermoregulatory behaviour of locusts in a semi‐field setting. Our field study showed locusts actively chose warm microclimates during the day and cold microclimates at night. We conclude that the use of radiotelemetry in studies of behavioural thermoregulation in wild insects could provide unique continuous recordings of body temperature over several days. Such data will provide researchers with a more complete understanding of how insects use behavioural thermoregulation in nature.
Microfinance institutions, financial intermediation and the role of deposits
Authors: Tang Jiali Jenna , Quayes Shakil , Joseph George 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicrofinance institutions (MFIs), widely regarded as bankers to the poor, have extended their financial functions beyond lending to managing deposits. We empirically examine the influence of MFI deposit‐taking on MFI financial performance. Using data of 1,301 MFIs worldwide, we find that an MFI's deposit level is an important determinant of its financial viability. However, the relationship is influenced by MFIs’ institutional type (for‐profit or nonprofit) and the legal environment (common law or civil law). The results suggest that the positive financial impact of deposits has not been fully realised, reflecting the need to further improve cost management and revenue generation.
Egg mass structure of the processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae): is the outer egg layer sacrificed for attack by the egg parasitoid Anastatus fuligispina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae)?
Authors: Uemura Mizuki , Perkins Lynda , Battisti Andrea , Zalucki Myron 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEach life stage of an insect faces the challenge of various mortality factors. Through experimental and observational studies, we use those mortality agents to our advantage to control outbreaks of pest insects. The processionary caterpillar Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schäffer, 1855, is a widespread native moth in Australia that defoliates host trees and causes medical problems in humans and animals. Anastatus fuligispina (Girault 1939) is an egg parasitoid described from eggs of O. lunifer in eastern Australia nearly 80 years ago for which few life history traits are known. This is the first study to investigate the life history of A. fuligispina, factors associated with parasitism levels in O. lunifer egg masses and its impacts on egg mortality. We found that parasitism level was related to the total number of eggs in an O. lunifer egg mass, with higher parasitism occurring in masses with fewer eggs. The inaccessible physical structure of the O. lunifer egg mass by layering and encasing eggs with other eggs and the searching efficiency of the parasitoid are possible key factors. Other variables such as exposure time in the field, host tree species and number of undeveloped eggs in the egg mass did not affect the level of parasitism. Further investigations on the life history of A. fuligispina may open possibilities for its application in controlling O. lunifer populations.
Papillary architecture of the Leopardus pardalis tongue
Authors: Freire Elisa Carla Barra , Moreira Lityane Gabriela da Silva , Giese Elane Guerreiro , Branco Érika , da Silva Leila Menezes , de Lima Ana Rita 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is a Felidae of wide geographical distribution and food flexibility; therefore, it is essential to understand the morphology of the species. Thus, we aimed to describe its lingual morphology in order to gain information regarding the anatomy of this carnivore's digestive system. The tongues ​​were removed for ex situ macroscopic and morphometric analyses, as well as for light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, of fragments of the different lingual regions. The tongue of L. pardalis had an elongated form that was subdivided into the apex, body and root, in which four papillary types were observed: filiform, fungiform, circumvallate and conical. It presented with a stratified, keratinized squamous epithelium, followed by loose and dense connective tissues, as well as a skeletal striated musculature that comprised most of the organ. In addition, in scanning electron microscopy the filiform papillae showed a complex with multiple layers of keratin with triangular shape projected caudally in oral cavity. The fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform and showed a rounded shape with some gustatory pores, and are keratinized but in a lower intensity if compared with filiform. The vallate papillae, located in lingual root, showed an oval format, had a deep groove surrounded the papillae and some gustatory pores. The conical papillae are located in lingual root and are similar to the filiform. The tongue of L. pardalis resembles other carnivorous species, mainly among felids. However, it differed in relation to the quantity of vallate papillae and the absence of foliate papillae.
Social Networks and Protest Participation: Evidence from 130 Million Twitter Users
Authors: Larson Jennifer M. , Nagler Jonathan , Ronen Jonathan , Tucker Joshua A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPinning down the role of social ties in the decision to protest has been notoriously elusive, largely due to data limitations. Social media and their global use by protesters offer an unprecedented opportunity to observe real‐time social ties and online behavior, though often without an attendant measure of real‐world behavior. We collect data on Twitter activity during the 2015 Charlie Hebdo protest in Paris, which, unusually, record real‐world protest attendance and network structure measured beyond egocentric networks. We devise a test of social theories of protest that hold that participation depends on exposure to others' intentions and network position determines exposure. Our findings are strongly consistent with these theories, showing that protesters are significantly more connected to one another via direct, indirect, triadic, and reciprocated ties than comparable nonprotesters. These results offer the first large‐scale empirical support for the claim that social network structure has consequences for protest participation.