bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11 The Archaeology of Intermediate‐Scale Socio‐Spatial Units in Urban Landscapes
Authors: Fargher Lane F. , Blanton Richard E. , Antorcha‐Pedemonte Ricardo R. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTIn this chapter, we argue that research on intermediate‐scale socio‐spatial units can benefit from collective action theory. Accordingly, we posit that institutions developed to promote cooperation help shape urban landscapes. A cross‐cultural sample of 30 premodern states from East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, Europe, Mesoamerica, and South America is used to evaluate this hypothesis. The results indicate that highly collective cities tended to be large and dense with public investment in road networks, canal systems, public drinking water, and uniform administrative wards (neighborhoods) centered on public buildings or spaces. In cases with lower collectivity, centralized investment in public goods tended to be comparatively lower. Cities varied from dispersed, low‐density settlements to disordered, large, dense aggregations. In the dense settlements, some residents organized at the neighborhood scale to solve collective action problems associated with public goods supplies, whereas others did not. In dispersed urban landscapes, neither the state nor local social groups organized to solve collective action problems. In low‐collectivity cases, other factors such as patron–client relationships, forced resettlement, kinship, etc. predominate. Thus, we conclude that archaeological analysis of urban landscapes can provide information on the political‐economic strategies employed by the state and other members of society.
13 Neighborhood as an Archaeological Concept
Authors: Stone Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThere is no question that traditional cities, including most urban centers studied by archaeologists, are and were typically sub‐divided into numerous face‐to‐face communities or neighborhoods. However, the large size of even the smallest of these urban centers impedes the ability of archaeologists to generate the data needed for their full assessment. As a result, all of the papers in this volume consider the interaction between neighbors—which is certainly an important issue for understanding the structure of early urban societies—but an overall analysis of the structure of whole neighborhoods is rarely achievable.
Effect of single‐dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Sharifi Amrollah , Vahedi Homayoon , Nedjat Saharnaz , Rafiei Hossein , Hosseinzadeh‐Attar Mohammad Javad 
Published: July 2019

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent inflammation of the colon. It has been proposed that the UC pathogenesis may be related to vitamin D deficiency and/or vitamin D administration in UC patients may have an ameliorating effect on the intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D on the serum levels of immune cytokines in UC patients. In this double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 90 mild‐to‐moderate UC patients were assigned to get either a single muscular injection of 7.5 mg vitamin D3 or 1 mL normal saline as placebo. Three months later serum levels of IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12p70, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α were measured. Two group variables were compared using independent t‐test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). There was a significant increase in vitamin D only in the vitamin D group. Compared to placebo, vitamin D had significant decreasing effects on serum TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and IL12p70 levels, but it had no significant effect on serum levels of IL4 and IL10. Vitamin D seems to inhibit Th1 immune responses and have no effect on Th2 responses. The findings of this study support several in vitro studies, which suggest a therapeutic immunomodulatory potential of vitamin D.
“Illegal” by Association: Do Negative Stereotypes Divide or Unite Latinxs in the United States?
Authors: Serrano‐Careaga Jesús , Huo Yuen J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn current American political discourse, individuals tend to mistakenly conflate being an undocumented immigrant with being Latinx. This conflation puts Latinxs who are legal residents or citizens (Latinx‐Americans) at risk of being negatively impacted by policies intended to deter undocumented immigrants. We examine whether being the target of anti‐immigration policies would lead Latinx‐Americans to politically engage on behalf of undocumented immigrants. Study 1 found that when Latinx‐Americans were led to believe that what happens to undocumented immigrants will affect them personally (linked fate), those who were primed with greater conflation of the two groups expressed more positive attitudes toward undocumented immigrants and other Latinxs. Study 2 found that this pattern of effects extended to the willingness to engage in collective action on behalf of undocumented immigrants. Study 2 also examined the role of emotions (anger and fear) in mediating the relationship between the conflation of Latinxs with undocumented immigrants and collective action intentions. Together, the findings shed light on how current immigration policies affect relations among key subgroups within the Latinx community and the conditions under which Latinx‐Americans will mobilize on behalf of undocumented immigrants.
International trends impacting antimicrobial stewardship in animal health
Authors: Nind LS 
Published: July 2019

The Tripartite collaboration (World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, and the World Organisation for Animal Health) produced two documents for consultation with Member Countries in 2017 ‐ Monitoring and Evaluation of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: Proposed approach and the Global Framework for Development & Stewardship to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Draft Roadmap. These documents intend to support a strategic whole‐of‐system approach towards the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance.This paper outlines the recent thinking in antimicrobial stewardship being developed by the major international organisations involved with mitigating global antimicrobial resistance. The directions being set in key frameworks will need to be considered by Australian stakeholders as their own antimicrobial stewardship approaches and activities are formulated.
Optimising low‐dose methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis—A review
Authors: Lucas Catherine J. , Dimmitt Simon B. , Martin Jennifer H. 
Published: July 2019

Methotrexate at low doses (5–25 mg/week) is first‐line therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. However, there is inter‐ and intrapatient variability in response, with contribution of variability in concentrations of active polyglutamate metabolites, associated with clinical efficacy and toxicity. Prescribing remains heterogeneous across population groups, disease states and regimens. This review examines current knowledge of dose–response of oral methotrexate in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis, and how this could help inform dosage regimens.
Characterization of the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression in post‐mortem normal and Alzheimer's disease brains
Authors: Gui Yaxing , Marks Jordan D. , Das Sudeshna , Hyman Bradley T. , Serrano‐Pozo Alberto 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a widely used target for microglial PET imaging radioligands, but its expression in post‐mortem normal and diseased human brain is not well described. We aimed at characterizing the TSPO expression in human control (CTRL) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Specifically, we sought to: (1) define the cell type(s) expressing TSPO; (2) compare tspo mRNA and TSPO levels between AD and CTRL brains; (3) correlate TSPO levels with quantitative neuropathological measures of reactive glia and AD neuropathological changes; and (4) investigate the effects of the TSPO rs6971 SNP on tspo mRNA and TSPO levels, glial responses and AD neuropathological changes. We performed quantitative immunohistochemistry and Western blot in post‐mortem brain samples from CTRL and AD subjects, as well as analysis of publicly available mouse and human brain RNA‐Seq datasets. We found that: (1) TSPO is expressed not just in microglia, but also in astrocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; (2) there is substantial overlap of tspo mRNA and TSPO levels between AD and CTRL subjects and in TSPO levels between temporal neocortex and white matter in both groups; (3) TSPO cortical burden does not correlate with the burden of activated microglia or reactive astrocytes, Aβ plaques or neurofibrillary tangles, or the cortical thickness; (4) the TSPO rs6971 SNP does not significantly impact tspo mRNA or TSPO levels, the magnitude of glial responses, the cortical thickness, or the burden of AD neuropathological changes. These results could inform ongoing efforts toward the development of reactive glia‐specific PET radioligands.
Potent, selective, and subunit‐dependent activation of TRPC5 channels by a xanthine derivative
Authors: Minard Aisling , Bauer Claudia C. , Chuntharpursat‐Bon Eulashini , Pickles Isabelle B. , Wright David J. , Ludlow Melanie J. , Burnham Matthew P. , Warriner Stuart L. , Beech David J. , Muraki Katsuhiko , Bon Robin S. 
Published: July 2019

Background and PurposeThe TRPC1, TRPC4, and TRPC5 proteins form homotetrameric or heterotetrameric, calcium‐permeable cation channels that are involved in various disease states. Recent research has yielded specific and potent xanthine‐based TRPC1/4/5 inhibitors. Here, we investigated the possibility of xanthine‐based activators of these channels.Experimental ApproachAn analogue of the TRPC1/4/5 inhibitor Pico145, AM237, was synthesized and its activity was investigated using HEK cells overexpressing TRPC4, TRPC5, TRPC4–C1, TRPC5–C1, TRPC1:C4 or TRPC1:C5 channels, and in A498 cells expressing native TRPC1:C4 channels. TRPC1/4/5 channel activities were assayed by measuring intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and by patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Selectivity of AM237 was tested against TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPV4, or TRPM2 channels.Key ResultsAM237 potently activated TRPC5:C5 channels (EC50 15–20 nM in [Ca2+]i assay) and potentiated their activation by sphingosine‐1‐phosphate but suppressed activation evoked by (−)‐englerin A (EA). In patch‐clamp studies, AM237 activated TRPC5:C5 channels, with greater effect at positive voltages, but with lower efficacy than EA. Pico145 competitively inhibited AM237‐induced TRPC5:C5 activation. AM237 did not activate TRPC4:C4, TRPC4–C1, TRPC5–C1, TRPC1:C5, and TRPC1:C4 channels, or native TRPC1:C4 channels in A498 cells, but potently inhibited EA‐dependent activation of these channels with IC50 values ranging from 0.9 to 7 nM. AM237 (300 nM) did not activate or inhibit TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPV4, or TRPM2 channels.Conclusions and ImplicationsThis study suggests the possibility for selective activation of TRPC5 channels by xanthine derivatives and supports the general principle that xanthine‐based compounds can activate, potentiate, or inhibit these channels depending on subunit composition.
Circulating exosomes from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma mediate the generation of B10 and PD‐1high Breg cells
Authors: Mao Yu , Wang Yimin , Dong Lixin , Zhang Qiang , Wang Chao , Zhang Yanqiu , Li Xin , Fu Zhanzhao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains the leading cause of malignancy‐related death worldwide. Many studies have focused on the potential role of cancer cells in educating B cells during cancer progression. Here, we aim to explore the role of circulating exosomes from ESCC in the generation of two main regulatory B (Breg) subsets, including interleukin‐10+ Bregs (B10) and programmed cell death (PD)‐1high Bregs. Firstly, we observed an elevated percentage of B10 cells in peripheral blood of ESCC patients compared with healthy controls. Then we isolated and characterized exosomes from the peripheral blood of ESCC patients and an ESCC cell line. Exosomes from ESCC patients and the ESCC cell line suppressed the proliferation of B cells and induced the augmentation of B10 and PD‐1high Breg cells. By comparing the long non‐coding RNA and mRNA expression profiles in exosomes from ESCC patients or healthy controls, we identified a series of differentially expressed genes. Finally, we undertook gene annotation and pathway enrichment analyses on differentially expressed genes to explore the potential mechanism underlying the modulatory role of cancer exosomes in B cells. Our findings contribute to the study on B cell‐mediated ESCC immunosuppression and shed light on the possible application of exosomes in anticancer therapies.
Is sarcopenia a better predictor of complications than body mass index? Sarcopenia and surgical outcomes in patients with rectal cancer
Authors: Jochum S. B. , Kistner M. , Wood E. H. , Hoscheit M. , Nowak L. , Poirier J. , Eberhardt J. M. , Saclarides T. J. , Hayden D. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimSarcopenia, or a reduction of lean muscle mass, is associated with poorer outcomes in cancer patients. Few previous studies have examined this potentially correctable risk factor in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.MethodSkeletal muscle mass index was measured retrospectively on initial staging CT scans of patients undergoing chemoradiation followed by radical resection for rectal cancer for the period 2007–2013. Patients were categorized as sarcopenic or nonsarcopenic and differences in terms of demographics, pre‐, peri‐ and postoperative outcomes were examined.ResultsForty‐seven patients were included; their mean age was 59.3 (36–82) years and 61.7% were men. We considered that 55.2% of men and 44.4% of women were sarcopenic; the overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 51.1%. Age, preoperative haemoglobin and albumin were significantly related to sarcopenia. Body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) were not associated with sarcopenia. Blood transfusions were more frequent in sarcopenic patients (P = 0.001). Although readmissions and length of stay were not increased, overall postoperative complications were significantly higher in sarcopenic patients (P = 0.03). Neither BMI nor obesity was associated with postoperative complications.ConclusionSarcopenia was present in over 50% of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer at diagnosis. It was associated with a higher incidence of both blood transfusion and postoperative complications. BMI did not correlate with these negative outcomes. Sarcopenia may be a better predictor of surgical outcomes than BMI or obesity.
Early detection and spatial monitoring of an emerging biological invasion by population genetics and environmental DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Déjean Tony , Zumbach Silvia , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Fumagalli Luca , Ramseier Petra , Dubey Sylvain 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRapid management responses against invasive species soon after their establishment are the most efficient way to limit their biological and economic impacts. Early detection and reliable monitoring is however challenging when cryptic taxa are involved. Here we show how environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding of water samples efficiently unveiled an emerging invasion of Italian crested newts (Triturus carnifex), one of the most successful amphibian invaders in Europe. We compared and validated an eDNA survey by multilocus population genetics of wild‐caught individuals. Both approaches consistently mapped a localized T. carnifex invasion in northwestern Switzerland, most likely following imports from the Italian Po Plain. We found evidence of gene flow with the indigenous and endangered Triturus cristatus in nearby populations, suggesting a potential expansion. Yet the currently small invasive range should be efficiently contained by future eradication programs. This textbook case emphasizes the implementation of eDNA metabarcoding to screen aquatic communities for exotic species, from which targeted studies can be designed on emerging biological invasions.
Immune recovery after in vivo T‐cell depletion myeloablative conditioning hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in severe beta‐thalassemia children
Authors: Qin Fang , Shi Lingling , Li Qiaochuan , Zhang Zhongming , Liu Lianjin , Li Jing , Yang Gaohui , Lai Yong‐Rong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in those with severe beta‐thalassemia (β‐TM) is closely related to post‐transplantation immune reconstitution (IR). However, the data on the IR in these settings are scarce.MethodsA prospective analysis of the clinical outcome and IR in 47 children with severe β‐TM who underwent in vivo T‐cell depletion myeloablative conditioning and matched sibling donor HSCT was performed. Immune reconstitution, including immune cell subset counts, as well as the generation of new T and B cells assays after HSCT, was measured.ResultsIn the first year after HSCT, bacterial infections and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation were observed in 70.2% and 36.2% of the patients, respectively. In the same period, poor CD4+ T‐cell recovery was observed. The B cells recovered within 6 months. Natural killer (NK) cells recovered as early as 1 month, but their function was defective. Cord blood and bone marrow (CB + BM) group had slower T‐cell recovery, and higher B cells and NK cells in comparison with peripheral blood and bone marrow (PB + BM) group.ConclusionsThe high incidence of infection within 1 year after in vivo T‐cell depletion myeloablative conditioning HSCT in severe β‐TM was consistent with poor IR.
Clinical utility of multigene panel testing in adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability
Authors: Borlot Felippe , de Almeida Bruno Ivo , Combe Shari L. , Andrade Danielle M. , Filloux Francis M. , Myers Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic yield of a commercial epilepsy gene panel in adults with chronic epilepsy and accompanying intellectual disability, given that genetic evaluation is often overlooked in this group of patients.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study analyzing the results of epilepsy gene panels including up to 185 genes in adult epilepsy patients with intellectual disability, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Patients with acquired structural brain abnormalities or known chromosomal abnormalities were excluded.ResultsFrom approximately 600 patients seen from January 2017 to June 2018 at a single academic epilepsy center, 64 probands and two affected relatives (32 males, mean age = 31 years ± 10) were selected and clinically tested. Fourteen probands (14/64 = 22%; four males, mean age = 32 years ± 10) were found to have pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the following genes:SCN1A,GABRB3,UBE3A,KANSL1,SLC2A1,KCNQ2,SLC6A1,HNRNPU,STX1B,SCN2A,PURA,andCHD2. Six variants arose de novo, and the inheritance was not determined in eight. Nine probands (64%) had severe or profound intellectual disability, and five (35%) had autistic features. Eight patients (57%) had a diagnostic change from presumptive clinical diagnosis prior to genetic testing.SignificanceWe were able to demonstrate that a commercial epilepsy gene panel can be an important resource in clinical practice, identifying the etiology in 22% of adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability. The diagnostic yield is similar to previously reported pediatric cohorts. Larger samples would be required to evaluate the more prevalent genotypes among adult epilepsy patients.
Rational evolution of the cofactor‐binding site of cytochrome P450 reductase yields variants with increased activity towards specific cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Strohmaier Silja J. , Huang Weiliang , Baek Jong‐Min , Hunter Dominic J. B. , Gillam Elizabeth M. J. 
Published: July 2019

NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the natural redox partner of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. CPR shows a stringent preference for NADPH over the less expensive cofactor, NADH, economically limiting its use as a biocatalyst. The complexity of cofactor‐linked CPR protein dynamics and the incomplete understanding of the interaction of CPR with both cofactors and electron acceptors present challenges for the successful rational engineering of a CPR with enhanced activity with NADH. Here, we report a rational evolution approach to enhance the activity of CPR with NADH, in which mutations were introduced into the NADPH‐binding flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain. Multiple CPR mutants that used NADH more effectively than the wild‐type CPR in the reduction of the surrogate electron acceptor, cytochrome c were found. However, most were inactive in supporting P450 activity, arguing against the use of cytochrome c as a surrogate electron acceptor. Unexpectedly, several mutants showed significantly improved activity towards CYP2C9 (mutant 1‐014) and/or CYP2A6 (mutants 1‐014, 1‐015, 1‐053 and 1‐077) using NADPH, even though the mutations were introduced at locations remote from the putative CPR‐P450 interaction face. Therefore, mutations at sites in the FAD domain of CPR may be promising future engineering targets to enhance P450‐mediated substrate turnover.EnzymesNADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase – EC 1.6.2.4; cytochrome P450 – EC 1.14.14.1.
Tiered Information Disclosure: An Empirical Analysis of the Advance Peek into the Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment
Authors: Wu Weishao , Liu Wenchien , Suardi Sandy , Chang Yuanchen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper studies market microstructure implications of informed high‐frequency traders (HFTs) from two seconds of advance peek into the Michigan Index of Consumer Sentiment (ICS), provided by Thomson Reuters to its elite customers. Using individual stocks in the NASDAQ data set, we show how HFTs trade around ICS events. We find that liquidity demanders during two seconds of advance peek earn substantive profits, which are consistent with the notion that HFTs’ informational advantages may increase adverse selection costs for other market participants. This evidence elucidates the debate on regulatory oversight and its role in circumventing the potentially adverse effects from an advance peek into ICS.
Increasing the Tick: Examining the Impact of the Tick Size Change on Maker‐Taker and Taker‐Maker Market Models
Authors: Cox Justin , Van Ness Bonnie , Van Ness Robert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe investigate the effects of an increase in tick size on order and trading flow across market fee models. Using the pilot firms in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's Tick Size Pilot Program, we document that trade and order volume declines on maker‐taker fee models after the tick size implementation. We find that the inverted fee models (taker‐maker) experience an increase in both trade and order volume. Additionally, we find that a tick size adjustment has a substantial influence on market participation in maker‐taker fee models. We also find that measures of both hidden and algorithmic trading decline with an increasing tick size, which is strongly moderated by the differences in the maker‐taker and taker‐maker fee models.