bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistical Coupling Interconnected ZnS/SnS2 Nanoboxes with Polypyrrole‐Derived N/S Dual‐Doped Carbon for Boosting High‐Performance Sodium Storage
Authors: Cao Liang , Zhang Bao , Ou Xing , Wang Chunhui , Peng Chunli , Zhang Jiafeng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMetal sulfides possess tremendous potentials owing to their high specific capacity for sodium storage. However, the huge volume expansion, accompanied with structural collapse and unsatisfied electric conductivity upon continuous cycling, always lead to inferior rate capability and severe cycling fading. In this work, binary metal sulfide (ZnS/SnS2) nanoboxes confined in N/S dual‐doped carbon shell (ZSS@NSC) are fabricated through a facile co‐precipitation method involving the wrapping of polypyrrole, and subsequent in situ sulfidation process. Such a well‐designed heterogeneity between ZnS and SnS2 provides rapid Na+ insertion and enhanced charge transport by creating an electric field at the heterointerface. More significantly, the formation of polypyrrole‐derived N/S dual‐doped carbon is synergistically coupled with the ZnS/SnS2 to create a unique and robust architecture, further strengthening the interconnect function at the heterointerface, which improves electric/ion transfer and mitigates the volume variation during the long‐term cycling process. Herein, this as‐prepared ZSS@NSC exhibits satisfied specific capacity, excellent rate property, and superior cyclic stability (a reversible capacity of 456.2 mAh g−1 with excellent capacity retention of 97.2% after 700 stable cycles at ultrahigh rate of 5 A g−1). The boosted Na‐storage properties demonstrate that the optimized strategy of structure‐engineering has a broad prospect to promote energy storage applications.
Lithography Compatible, Flexible Micro‐Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Template‐Directed Growth
Authors: Zhu Juan , Li Jianping , Zhong Qigang , Wang Hong , Huang Lizhen , Fontein Florian , Hu Laigui , Liu Ran , Fuchs Harald , Wang Wenchong , Wang Yandong , Chi Lifeng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this work, high‐resolution flexible micro‐organic light‐emitting diodes (micro‐OLEDs) are presented by template‐directed growth. The templates are prepared by parallel patterning techniques (nanotransfer printing and photolithography) to create prepatterns on flexible substrates. The prepatterns act as nucleation sites and induce area‐selective growth of organic semiconductor molecules upon deposition. By optimization of growth parameters such as substrate temperature and growth rate, uniform patterns of diverse light‐emitting materials can be realized with feature sizes down to hundreds of nanometers, including orange, blue, and green emissions on the flexible substrates. Flexible micro‐OLEDs are further demonstrated based on the patterned organic semiconductors. By combination of parallel patterning techniques, this work provides a high yield and resolution patterning way for flexible organic electronics over large areas.
A thermal‐aware VM consolidation mechanism with outage avoidance
Authors: Wang Jing V. , Cheng Chi‐Tsun , Tse Chi K. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryEfficient energy and temperature management techniques are essential elements for operators of cloud data centers. Dynamic virtual machine (VM) consolidation using live migration techniques presents a great opportunity for cloud service providers to adaptively reduce energy consumption and optimize their resource utilization. In recent studies, power consumption readings of individual physical hosts were chosen as the main monitoring parameters in their allocation policies, whereas very few have considered host temperature, which has shown to have a negative impact on server reliability, as a migration criterion. In this work, a thermal‐aware VM consolidation mechanism is proposed for resource allocation optimization and server reliability assurance. We consider the variability in host temperature as a migration criterion to avoid outage incidents via having better VM consolidations. Extensive simulation results obtained from CloudSim show the promising performance of the proposed mechanism in energy saving while reducing the number of server outage incidents due to fluctuations in host temperature.
On classical stability with broken supersymmetry
Authors: Basile I. , Mourad J. , Sagnotti A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe study the perturbative stability of four settings that arise in String Theory, when dilaton potentials accompany the breaking of Supersymmetry, in the tachyon-free USp(32) and U(32) orientifold models, and also in the heterotic SO(16) × SO(16) model. The first two settings are a family ofAdS3×S7vacua of the orientifold models and a family ofAdS7×S3vacua of the heterotic model, supported by form fluxes, with small world-sheet and string-loop corrections within wide ranges of parameters. In both cases we find some unstable scalar perturbations, as a result of mixings induced by fluxes, confirming for the first class of vacua a previous result. However, in the second class of vacua they only affect theℓ= 1 modes, so that a ℤ2projection induced by an overall parity in the internal space suffices to eliminate them, leading to perturbative stability. Moreover, the constant dilaton profiles of these vacua allow one to extend the analysis to generic potentials, thus exploring the possible effects of higher-order corrections, and we exhibit wide nearby regions of perturbative stability. The solutions in the third setting have nine-dimensional Poincaré symmetry. They include regions with large world-sheet or string-loop corrections, but we show that these vacua have no perturbative instabilities. Finally, the last setting concerns cosmological solutions in ten dimensions where the “climbing” phenomenon takes place: they have bounded string-loop corrections but large world-sheet ones close to the initial singularity. In this case we find that perturbations generally decay, but homogeneous tensor modes exhibit an interesting logarithmic growth that signals a breakdown of isotropy. If the Universe then proceeds to lower dimensions, milder potentials from other branes force all perturbations to remain bounded.
A case study on the detailed reproducibility of a Human Cell Atlas project
Authors: Hua Kui , Zhang Xuegong 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundReproducibility is a defining feature of a scientific discovery. Reproducibility can be at different levels for different types of study. The purpose of the Human Cell Atlas (HCA) project is to build maps of molecular signatures of all human cell types and states to serve as references for future discoveries. Constructing such a complex reference atlas must involve the assembly and aggregation of data from multiple labs, probably generated with different technologies. It has much higher requirements on reproducibility than individual research projects. To add another layer of complexity, the bioinformatics procedures involved for single‐cell data have high flexibility and diversity. There are many factors in the processing and analysis of single‐cell RNA‐seq data that can shape the final results in different ways.MethodsTo study what levels of reproducibility can be reached in current practices, we conducted a detailed reproduction study for a well‐documented recent publication on the atlas of human blood dendritic cells as an example to break down the bioinformatics steps and factors that are crucial for the reproducibility at different levels.ResultsWe found that the major scientific discovery can be well reproduced after some efforts, but there are also some differences in some details that may cause uncertainty in the future reference. This study provides a detailed case observation on the on‐going discussions of the type of standards the HCA community should take when releasing data and publications to guarantee the reproducibility and reliability of the future atlas.ConclusionCurrent practices of releasing data and publications may not be adequate to guarantee the reproducibility of HCA. We propose building more stringent guidelines and standards on the information that needs to be provided along with publications for projects that evolved in the HCA program.
When and why defaults influence decisions: a meta-analysis of default effects
Authors: JACHIMOWICZ JON M. , DUNCAN SHANNON , WEBER ELKE U. , JOHNSON ERIC J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen people make decisions with a pre-selected choice option – a ‘default’ – they are more likely to select that option. Because defaults are easy to implement, they constitute one of the most widely employed tools in the choice architecture toolbox. However, to decide when defaults should be used instead of other choice architecture tools, policy-makers must know how effective defaults are and when and why their effectiveness varies. To answer these questions, we conduct a literature search and meta-analysis of the 58 default studies (pooledn= 73,675) that fit our criteria. While our analysis reveals a considerable influence of defaults (d= 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.53–0.83), we also discover substantial variation: the majority of default studies find positive effects, but several do not find a significant effect, and two even demonstrate negative effects. To explain this variability, we draw on existing theoretical frameworks to examine the drivers of disparity in effectiveness. Our analysis reveals two factors that partially account for the variability in defaults’ effectiveness. First, we find that defaults in consumer domains are more effective and in environmental domains are less effective. Second, we find that defaults are more effective when they operate through endorsement (defaults that are seen as conveying what the choice architect thinks the decision-maker should do) or endowment (defaults that are seen as reflecting the status quo). We end with a discussion of possible directions for a future research program on defaults, including potential additional moderators, and implications for policy-makers interested in the implementation and evaluation of defaults.
SPACES OF TYPES IN POSITIVE MODEL THEORY
Authors: HAYKAZYAN LEVON 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe introduce a notion of the space of types in positive model theory based on Stone duality for distributive lattices. We show that this space closely mirrors the Stone space of types in the full first-order model theory with negation (Tarskian model theory). We use this to generalise some classical results on countable models from the Tarskian setting to positive model theory.
MeV bremsstrahlung X rays from intense laser interaction with solid foils
Authors: Palaniyappan S. , Gautier D. C. , Tobias B. J. , Fernandez J. C. , Mendez J. , Burris-Mog T. , Huang C. K. , Favalli A. , Hunter J. F. , Espy M. E. , Schmidt D. W. , Nelson R. O. , Sefkow A. , Shimada T. , Johnson R. P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLaser-based compact MeV X-ray sources are useful for a variety of applications such as radiography and active interrogation of nuclear materials. MeV X rays are typically generated by impinging the intense laser onto ~mm-thick high-Z foil. Here, we have characterized such a MeV X-ray source from 120 TW (80 J, 650 fs) laser interaction with a 1 mm-thick tantalum foil. Our measurements show X-ray temperature of 2.5 MeV, flux of 3 × 1012 photons/sr/shot, beam divergence of ~0.1 sr, conversion efficiency of ~1%, that is, ~1 J of MeV X rays out of 80 J incident laser, and source size of 80 m. Our measurement also shows that MeV X-ray yield and temperature is largely insensitive to nanosecond laser contrasts up to 10−5. Also, preliminary measurements of similar MeV X-ray source using a double-foil scheme, where the laser-driven hot electrons from a thin foil undergoing relativistic transparency impinging onto a second high-Z converter foil separated by 50–400 m, show MeV X-ray yield more than an order of magnitude lower compared with the single-foil results.
A CLOSED-FORM GARCH VALUATION MODEL FOR POWER EXCHANGE OPTIONS WITH COUNTERPARTY RISK
Authors: Wang Xingchun , Xu Guangli , Li Dan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a discrete-time framework is proposed to value power exchange options with counterparty default risk, where counterparty risk is considered in a reduced-form setting and the variance processes of the underlying assets are captured by GARCH processes. In addition, the proposed model allows for the correlation between the intensity of default and the variances of the underlying assets by breaking down the total risk into systematic and idiosyncratic components. By dint of measure-change techniques and characteristic functions, we obtain the closed-form pricing formula for the value of power exchange options with counterparty default risk. Finally, numerical results are presented to show the power exchange option values.
China's Asset Management Companies as State Spatial–Temporal Strategy
Authors: Ho Sarah , Marois Thomas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChinese authorities created four new asset management companies (AMCs) in 1999. These have since undergone profound transformations which have been influential in China's contemporary integration into the world market. Conventional interpretations see these powerful AMCs in largely technical and asocial terms. By contrast, we employ a critical geographical analytical framework to understand the transformation of these AMCs as an expression of the state's spatial–temporal strategy to create conditions of political economic stability now by displacing the conditions of financial instability and crisis into the future. This strategy does not come without unintended and destabilizing consequences, nor is it without class-based social and political implications.
Atmospheric Rivers Increase Future Flood Risk in Western Canada's Largest Pacific River
Authors: Curry C. L. , Islam S. U. , Zwiers F. W. , Déry S. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSnow‐dominated watersheds are bellwethers of climate change. Hydroclimate projections in such basins often find reductions in annual peak runoff due to decreased snowpack under global warming. British Columbia's Fraser River Basin (FRB) is a large, nival basin with exposure to moisture‐laden atmospheric rivers originating in the Pacific Ocean. Landfalling atmospheric rivers over the region in winter are projected to increase in both strength and frequency in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate models. We investigate future changes in hydrology and annual peak daily streamflow in the FRB using a hydrologic model driven by a bias‐corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 ensemble. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (8.5), the FRB evolves toward a nival‐pluvial regime featuring an increasing association of extreme rainfall with annual peak daily flow, a doubling in cold season peak discharge, and a decrease in the return period of the largest historical flow, from a 1‐in‐200‐year to 1‐in‐50‐year event by the late 21st century.
Latitude and Longitude Dependence of Ionospheric TEC and Magnetic Perturbations From Infrasonic‐Acoustic Waves Generated by Strong Seismic Events
Authors: Zettergren M. D. , Snively J. B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA numerical study of the effects of seismically generated acoustic waves in the ionosphere is conducted using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) ionospheric model driven by an axisymmetric neutral atmospheric model. A source consistent with the 2011 Tohoku earthquake initial ocean surface uplifting is applied to simulate the subsequent responses. Perturbations in electron density, ion drift, total electron content (TEC), and ground‐level magnetic fields are examined. Results reveal strong latitude and longitude dependence of ionospheric TEC, and of ground‐level magnetic field perturbations associated with acoustic wave‐driven ionospheric dynamo currents. Results also demonstrate that prior two‐dimensional models can capture dominant meridional responses of TEC over latitude, even though dynamics at other longitudes are not resolved. Conclusions support that TEC and magnetic signatures can arise from nonlinear acoustic waves generated by strong earthquakes; simulations elucidate the comprehensive physics of their 3‐D ionospheric responses.
Beyond Receiver Functions: Green's Function Estimation by Transdimensional Inversion and Its Application to OBS Data
Authors: Akuhara Takeshi , Bostock Michael G. , Plourde Alexandre P. , Shinohara Masanao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReceiver functions, calculated by deconvolving P (or vertical) component records of teleseismic waveforms from the corresponding SV (or radial) components, have been widely used to obtain receiver‐side Green's functions in an approximate form. Conventional receiver function methods, however, often fail due to numerical instability of the deconvolution and strong multiples on the P components. These problems become severe when analyzing in high frequency and using data from ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). We present a novel technique to estimate Green's functions of receiver‐side structure from teleseismic P waveforms. In this method, two components of Green's functions, which are assumed to form a series of pulses, are directly related in a single equation without explicit deconvolution. Based on the equation, we construct posterior probability distributions regarding the number of pulses, their timing, and amplitudes within a transdimensional Bayesian framework. A reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method is used for this purpose, and we further utilize a parallel tempering method to achieve rapid convergence. Synthetic tests and application to an OBS installed at the Yamato Basin, the Sea of Japan, show that the proposed method can estimate radial‐component Green's functions more accurately than conventional receiver function methods. We suggest that the high‐frequency Green's functions estimated by the new method can be used to reveal fine‐scale (in order ~100 m) structure of the seafloor sediment.
Abundance of non-conservative microplastics in the upper ocean from 1957 to 2066
Authors: Isobe Atsuhiko , Iwasaki Shinsuke , Uchida Keiichi , Tokai Tadashi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLaboratory-based studies have suggested that marine organisms can be harmed by ingesting microplastics. However, unless the current and future microplastic abundance in the ocean environment is quantified, these experimental studies could be criticized for using an unrealistic density or sparsity of microplastics. Here we show the secular variations of pelagic microplastic abundance in the Pacific Ocean from 1957 to 2066, based on a combination of numerical modeling and transoceanic surveys conducted meridionally from Antarctica to Japan. Marine plastic pollution is an ongoing concern especially in the North Pacific, and pelagic microplastics are regarded as non-conservative matter due to the removal processes that operate in the upper ocean. The results of our numerical model incorporating removal processes on a 3-year timescale suggested that the weight concentrations of pelagic microplastics around the subtropical convergence zone would increase approximately twofold (fourfold) by 2030 (2060) from the present condition.
State-level prevalence, health service use, and spending vary widely among Medicare beneficiaries with Parkinson disease
Authors: Mantri Sneha , Fullard Michelle E. , Beck James , Willis Allison W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractState-level variations in disease, healthcare utilization, and spending influence healthcare planning at federal and state levels and should be examined to understand national disparities in health outcomes. This descriptive study examined state-level variations in Parkinson disease (PD) prevalence, patient characteristics, Medicare spending, out-of-pocket costs, and health service utilization using data on 27.5 million Medicare beneficiaries in the US in 2014. We found that 45.8% (n = 179,496) of Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with PD were women; 26.1% (n = 102,205) were aged 85+. The District of Columbia, New York, Illinois, Connecticut, and Florida had the highest age-, race-, and sex-adjusted prevalence of Parkinson disease among Medicare beneficiaries in the US. Women comprised over 48.5% of PD patient populations in West Virginia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas. More than 31% of the PD populations in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Hawaii, and Rhode Island were aged 85+. PD patients who were “dual-eligible”—receiving both Medicare and Medicaid benefits—also varied by state, from <10% to >25%. Hospitalizations varied from 304 to 653 stays per 1000 PD patients and accounted for 26.5% of the 7.9 billion United States Dollars (USD) paid by the Medicare program for healthcare services delivered to our sample. A diagnosis of PD was associated with greater healthcare use and spending. This study provides initial evidence of substantial geographic variation in PD patient characteristics, health service use, and spending. Further study is necessary to inform the development of state- and federal-level health policies that are cost-efficient and support desired outcomes for PD patients.
Mathematical modeling of diurnal patterns of carbon allocation to shoot and root in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Küstner Lisa , Nägele Thomas , Heyer Arnd G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe developed a mathematical model to simulate dynamics of central carbon metabolism over complete diurnal cycles for leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to either normal (120 µmol m−2 s−1) or high light intensities (1200 µmol m−2 s−1). The main objective was to obtain a high-resolution time series for metabolite dynamics as well as for shoot structural carbon formation (compounds with long residence time) and assimilate export of aerial organs to the sink tissue. Model development comprised a stepwise increment of complexity to finally approach the in vivo situation. The correct allocation of assimilates to either sink export or shoot structural carbon formation was a central goal of model development. Diurnal gain of structural carbon was calculated based on the daily increment in total photosynthetic carbon fixation, and this was the only parameter for structural carbon formation implemented in the model. Simulations of the dynamics of central metabolite pools revealed that shoot structural carbon formation occurred solely during the light phase but not during the night. The model allowed simulation of shoot structural carbon formation as a function of central leaf carbon metabolism under different environmental conditions without structural modifications. Model simulations were performed for the accession Landsberg erecta (Ler) and its hexokinase null-mutant gin2-1. This mutant displays a slow growth phenotype especially at increasing light intensities. Comparison of simulations revealed that the retarded shoot growth in the mutant resulted from an increased assimilate transport to sink organs. Due to its central function in sucrose cycling and sugar signaling, our findings suggest an important role of hexokinase-1 for carbon allocation to either shoot growth or assimilate export.