Minimal Residual Disease Studies in Multiple Myeloma Patients Achieving Complete Remission after Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (APBSCT) by RQ-PCR.
Authors: Sarasquete M. E. , García-Sanz R. , Balanzategui A. , Martínez-Sánchez P. , Martínez-López J. , Chillón M. C. , González D. , Lahuerta J.J. , Armellini A. , Martín-Jiménez P. , Alcoceba M. , Blázquez L. , Fernández C. , González M. , San Miguel J.F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains as an incurable disease although new therapies can achieve a high rate of complete remissions (CR). Unfortunately, most patients ultimately relapse due to the persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD), and only a minority could be cured. Detection and quantification of these cells is an important tool for monitoring these patients and predicting a potential relapse. Here we analyze by RQ-PCR the MRD in MM patients achieving CR in order to classify them into different risk categories.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: 38 MM patients uniformly treated according to the GEM-2000 (Spanish group for Myeloma) protocol, and that have achieved CR following PBSCT were included in the study. 22 were IgG, 9 IgA, 6 B-J and 1 non-secretory (κ/λ 21/16). 27 were male & 11 female with a median age of 58 (range 48–65). Bone marrow samples obtained at diagnosis and 3 months after transplant were analyzed. Complete (VDJH) and incomplete (DJH) Ig rearrangements were amplified with the Biomed-2 strategy (Leukemia2003;17:2257). PCR clonal products were sequenced on an ABI Prism 377 Sequence detector. VH, DH and JH segments were identified by comparing with germinal sequences on V-Base and BLAST databases. An ASO primer at the N-region was designed for each patient with the OLIGO 6.0 software. RQ-PCR was then performed on an ABI Prism 7700 using the ASO specific forward primer, a JH reverse intronic primer (JH1–6) and a TaqMan probe (JH1,2,4,5, JH3 or JH6) to amplify the patient specific rearrangement. Sample quality and quantity was controlled evaluating the standard curve of the albumin gene amplification. MRD was calculated according to ΔCT method.
RESULTS: In 14 out of the cases included in the study, MRD investigation was not possible because the N-region was not longer enough to design the ASO primer (n=3), poor quality in the diagnostic sample to obtain the standard curve (n=8) or low plasma cell infiltration at diagnosis to obtain correct dilutions (n=3). The remaining 24 patients were classified into different risk groups according to the MRD level obtained 3 months after transplantation with a cut-off point of 0.01% tumor cells. Thus, progression free survival (PFS) was longer in those patients with MRD< 10−4 (p=0.03, figure 1A). By contrast, upon comparing the impact on PFS of immofixation (IFX) in these 24 patients that were in CR (defined by conventional electrophoresis criteria), it was observed that patients with IFX (−) didn’t showed a different outcome from those IFX (+) (figure 1B).
CONCLUSION: In summary, although RQ-PCR is a labor and time-consuming technique, it is an useful tool for monitoring MRD in MM. The level of 10−4 can contribute to classify patients into 2 groups (high and low MRD) with different risk of relapse that can be used to design specific therapies.