bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police, Prosecutors, and Ping-Pong: Legal Barriers
Authors: Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh , Sperling Valerie , Sayoglu Melike 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChapter 3 focuses on the obstacles inherent in the domestic legal system itself, inhibiting women from making claims about gender discrimination in Russian police structures and courts. Here we examine both the legal obstacles and the practical barriers to bringing such cases. The law enforcement system creates incentives for police not to investigate cases that are hard to solve, such as on discrimination. In cases of domestic violence, court rulings may not produce satisfying results. Courts are reluctant to recognize gender-based employment discrimination. Sexual harassment in the workplace is not acknowledged in Russian law. Lawyers’ lack of legal training in discrimination law adds to the difficulty of proving discrimination in court.
Introduction
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets up the core question of Signs in the Dust: how is cultural meaning related to natural materiality? How is culture related to nature? A brief orientation is given to the contemporary nature-culture discussion that is proceeding across the humanities and sciences. Special attention is given to Bruno Latour’s claim that modern thought is characterised by a nature/culture dichotomy—this view of Latour’s Moderns is the foil against which the theory of ‘natural culture and cultural nature’ is cast. The chapter also forecasts the argument that is made across the book and clarifies the scope of that argument.
Sign
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Part I of this book sets out a semiotic theory of human culture. This chapter uses the semiotics of John Poinsot (1589–1644, also known as John of St Thomas) to show how the whole scope of human cultural activity can be understood as at root the work of signs. Poinsot has a very wide-ranging understanding of signification, which includes natural, customary, and stipulated signs; physical and formal/psychological signs; and perceptual and communicative signs. Crucially, a single metaphysics of relations is the common basis for this whole spectrum of signs, so that natural and cultural signs count univocally as instances of signification. Poinsot’s notion of semiotic custom, in which conventional signs are ‘naturalised’ through habit to act as natural signs, is an important theme (to which chapters 5 and 6 will return in an evolutionary context). Poinsot’s semiotics illuminates the full anthropological ‘breadth’ of culture.
Word
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives a new, semiotic reading of Thomas Aquinas’ Trinitarian theology, in order to establish the theological ‘height’ of culture. Aquinas develops Augustine’s psychological analogy in explicitly semiotic terms, so that the divine Word is the sign of the Father. He confirms this also in terms of the Son as name and image. Because for Aquinas signs are a kind of relation, his semiotic analysis can be integrated with his notion of divine persons as substantial relations. Aquinas’ semiotic Trinity can be understood as an absolute ‘cultural nature’, in which the divine nature is identical with the semiosis of the persons (signified origin, expressed sign, eternal interpretation). This theological claim suggests a new vantage on the nature-culture question: all created natures possess a cultural dimension, reflecting the absolute cultural nature that is their origin.
Habit
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up the theory of habit developed by Félix Ravaisson (1813–1900) to consider how culture proceeds in non-human species. It argues that the biological body is the fundamental medium of meaning-making. Ravaisson takes Aristotle’s notion of habit as a second nature and extends it beyond the human polis to include the whole biological order. Habit takes the intentional ideas of organisms and embodies them in their real bodies; it is a universal power of ‘second-naturing’ that integrates matter with mind. Ravaisson’s account of habit can combine with Poinsot’s account of semiotic custom, so that the whole of organic life—its meanings and its materiality—can be understood as the locus of second-naturing. The biosemiotic Ravaissonism that emerges here makes a bold proposal: nature is not only the producer of cultures; nature is itself cultural, because its form is shaped over evolutionary time by the semiotically executed habits of organisms.
Evolution
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis in order to empirically enrich the nature-culture theory developed thus far. It considers three themes in the EES—phenotypic plasticity, genetic accommodation, and niche construction—and uses these to argue that the agency of organisms has a nontrivial influence on the evolutionary futures of species. The upshot of this argument is that habits are heritable (though this Lamarckian theme is now to be understood in a Darwinian context). The evolutionary influence of organism agency implies a phylogenetic expression of art in nature. An evolutionary extension of Poinsot’s customary sign is also suggested here, so that nature is ‘habituated’ in its forms and ‘customised’ in its meanings by the natural art of evolution. There is, then, a cultural dimension present through the whole biological order and through all of evolutionary history.
Pattern
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses Aquinas’ doctrine of intentions in the medium to develop a new theory of physiosemiosis (signification in inanimate nature). For Aquinas, intentionality is present not only in mental states but also in bodily senses and inanimate media such as air and water. By this means, for Aquinas, inanimate things participate to some degree in the cognitive processes that are proper to cognitive beings. Intentions in the medium can be understood in modern terms as patterns of matter and energy, which signify the physical things that caused those patterns. There is, then, a rudimentary action of semiosis in the exchange of matter and energy among inanimate things, and the semiotic patterns here give a very diminished but—extraordinary as it sounds—nonetheless true expression of the movement of signification that constitutes culture. This points to a semiotic ontology: being is sign.
Dust
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter conducts a thought experiment, which compares the immaterial culture of Thomistic angels with the corporeal culture of humans to clarify the particular contribution that matter makes to cultural life. This suggests two perfections of matter. First is the ‘detour through the real’ that is enforced by matter. Whereas angels use purely intentional signs to know and communicate, corporeal creatures necessarily use material signs, which are not intentional but real. This reflects Trinitarian knowledge and expression, which proceeds through the real sign of the divine Word. Second is the process of biological generation. Whereas an individual angel sustains its own species, organisms must generate one from another within the one shared nature, and this ontological dependence and mutuality reflects the Trinitarian procession of persons within the one divine nature. These perfections of material existence mean that dust is a blessing to the sign, just as signs are a blessing to dust.
Conclusion
Authors: Lyons Nathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter situates the theory of natural culture and cultural nature in relation to one of its closest philosophical alternatives, ‘soft dualism’. Soft dualism includes a range of recent philosophies that use a broadly Kantian strategy to preserve cultural phenomena from scientific reductionism. Soft dualism saves culture by insulating it from nature. The theory recommended in this book, on the other hand, saves culture by inflating nature. Therefore, instead of culture ‘transcending’ nature, it is better to say that nature is simply being itself when it is being cultural. The chapter ends with some remarks on the Incarnation, in which the divine Word becomes a sign in the dust.
The Idea of International Human Rights Law
Authors: Wheatley Steven 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
International Human Rights Law has emerged as an academic subject in its own right, separate from, but still related to, International Law. This book explains the distinctive nature of the new discipline by examining the influence of the moral concept of human rights on general international law. Rather than make use of moral philosophy or political theory, the work explains the term ‘human rights’ by examining its usage in international law practice, on the understanding that words are given meaning through their use. Relying on complexity theory to make sense of the legal practice in the United Nations, the core human rights treaties, and customary international law, The Idea of International Human Rights Law shows how a moral concept of human rights emerged, and then influenced the international law doctrine and practice on human rights, a fact that explains the fragmentation of international law and the special nature of International Human Rights Law.
Knowing by Perceiving
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Epistemological discussions of perception usually focus on something other than knowledge. They consider how beliefs arising from perception can be justified. With the retreat from knowledge to justified belief there is a retreat from perception to the sensory experiences implicated by perception. On the most widely held approach, perception drops out of the picture other than as the usual means by which we are furnished with the experiences that are supposed to be the real source of justification—experiences that are conceived to be no different in kind from those we could have had if we had been perfectly hallucinating. In this book an alternative perspective is developed that explicates perceptual knowledge in terms of recognitional abilities, and perceptual justification in terms of perceptually known truths as to what we perceive to be so. Justified belief is regarded as belief founded on known truths. The treatment of perceptual knowledge is situated within a broader conception of epistemology and philosophical method. Attention is paid to contested conceptions of perceptual experience, to knowledge from perceived indicators, and to the standing of background presuppositions that inform our thinking. Throughout, the discussion is sensitive to ways in which key concepts figure in ordinary thinking, while being resolutely focused on what knowledge is, not just on how we think of it.
EU Health Law & Policy
Authors: de Ruijter Anniek 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book describes the expansion of EU power in health care and public health and analyses the implications of this expansion on EU health values and rights. The main conclusion of the book is that the EU is de facto balancing fundamental rights and values relating to health, implicitly taking on obligations for safeguarding fundamental rights in the field of health and affecting individuals’ rights sometimes without an explicit legal competence to do so. This brings to light instances where EU health policy has implications for fundamental rights and values without the possibility to challenge the exercise of power of the EU in human health. This begs the question of whether subsidiarity is still the most relevant legal principle for the division of powers and tasks among the Member States, particularly when EU policy and law involves the politically sensitive areas of health care and public health. This question draws out the parameter for continuing the debate on the role of the European Union in promoting its own values and the wellbeing of its peoples, in light of its ever-growing role in human health issues.
Responding to Applicants’ Claims of Inadequate Defence
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Criminal Cases Review Commission's response to applicants' claims of inadequate defence or breaches of procedural rules by their legal representative at trial. It first considers the Commission's response to ‘typical’ applications, where the applicant accuses his/her defence solicitor or counsel of procedural irregularities or incompetence, before presenting a case study that illustrates how the Commission handles a particular category of wrongful conviction cases: refugees and asylum seekers who entered the UK illegally. These cases highlight the potential for a more reciprocal relationship between the Commission and its ‘decision field’ and ‘surround’, and most adopted a clear legal decision frame. The chapter also discusses the challenges in responding to claims of legal incompetence and concludes with an analysis of the Commission's proactive responses to inadequate defence and legal representation.
Working Cooperatively with Other Criminal Justice Institutions
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Criminal Cases Review Commission works with two members of the criminal justice system in conducting investigations: the police and the Court of Appeal. It analyses a variety of cases, including those rare cases where the Commission uses its powers — under section 19 of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 — to appoint an investigating officer to carry out enquiries to assist in the exercise of any of its functions. The chapter shows how the Commission deals with the investigating officer in section 19 cases and how it incorporates the results of the investigation into its decision on whether or not to refer a case back to the Court. It also explores the Commission's decision frames when it manages a section 19 investigation and when it works for the Court on section 15 investigations. Finally, it looks at section 15 investigations that involved alleged jury bias or misconduct.
The Making of a Super-Magnate
Authors: Patterson Robert B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a study of the sources, locations, and uses of the lands which made Earl Robert a super-magnate in England and lord of a barony which stretched from western Lower Normandy across England to South Wales. In Normandy, his marriage made him lord of Torigni-sur-Vire, Évrecy, and Creully well as prévôt of Caen. Robert’s English honor of Gloucester was the greatest source of his wealth. His demesne was concentrated in six Severn Valley and southwestern counties and notable for its urban holdings such as at Gloucester, Tewkesbury, Burford, London, and especially Bristol, the most valuable and militarily secure. In South Wales Robert was lord of the honor of Glamorgan and its dependency, the lordship of Gwynllŵg. Glamorgan gave the earl the jurisdictional rights of a Marcher lord.
Seeing the Unseen
Authors: McLeish Tom 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The first mode of imagination—the visual—is shared by art and science. The chapter starts with an account of the history of visual perception, working though the ancient theory of ‘extramission’, because it sheds light on the role of the mind’s active projection of visual impressions on the world in the interpretation of incoming images. The commonality of scientific and artistic visual imagination is partially to be found in mappings between spaces of three to two dimensions, exemplified perfectly by astronomy, and the work of medieval painter Giotto. Comparisons of the creative process in a recent astrophysical discovery are made with a contemporary artist (Graeme Willson) and through a detailed study of a lesser-known work by Monet.
A-Series/B-Series Compatibilism
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The preceding chapters made the case that perspectival contents are indispensible for accounts of human action, emotion, perception, normative behavior, computation, and information, and that they cannot be eliminated or replaced by aperspectival contents. One idea that has been widely held (and previously held by the author) is the idea that tensism is not compatible with the B-series conception of time. This chapter argues that competing accounts of tense—the A-series and the B-series—are in fact compatible. One can wed perspectival temporal contents to an aperspectival picture of the world without creating fatal philosophical puzzles. The solution, it is argued, is to deploy resources from the dynamic lexicon and understand that perspectival contents are not to be confused with their modes of expression.
Conclusion
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the key ideas of the book—that perspectival contents are ubiquitous and run through our accounts of human action, emotion, normativity, computation, and information, and furthermore that communication across diverse perspectival positions is not only possible but routinely accomplished thanks to our ability to dynamically track modes of expression across perspectival positions. It is at least possible that there will be additional perspectival positions will afford interperspectival contents of their own—contents that do not exhaust what it is like to be in someone else’s shoes, but nonetheless make it possible for people to share their thoughts and attitudes with us, should we choose to listen.
An Equal Burden
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An Equal Burden forms the first scholarly study of the Army Medical Services in the First World War to focus on the roles and experiences of the men of the ranks of the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). These men, through their work as stretcher-bearers and orderlies, provided a range of labour, both physical and emotional, in aid of the sick and wounded. They were not professional medical caregivers, yet were called upon to provide medical care, however rudimentary; they served in uniform, under military discipline, yet were forbidden, as non-combatants, from carrying weapons. Their service as men in wartime was thus unique. Structured both chronologically and thematically, this study examines the work that RAMC rankers undertook and its importance to the running of the chain of medical evacuation. It additionally explores the gendered status of these men within the medical, military, and cultural hierarchies of a society engaged in total war, locating their service within the context of that of doctors, female nurses, and combatant servicemen. Through close readings of official documents, personal papers, and cultural representations, both verbal and visual, it argues that the ranks of the RAMC formed a space in which non-commissioned servicemen, through their many roles, defined and redefined medical caregiving as men’s work in wartime.
Carrying, Cleaning, Caring
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines the chain of evacuation along the line of communication which formed the remit of the work of the Royal Army Medical Corps throughout the war. Using official publications and personal narratives, both contemporaneous and retrospective, it explores the diverse spaces in which men from the ranks of the Corps undertook their caring roles. In doing so, it identifies these roles as centring on the work of carrying, cleaning, and caring. By focusing on the work of these men, it nuances understandings of gendered relationships within these spaces, between nurses and medical rankers, doctors and medical rankers, and carers of both sexes and their patients. By examining the work of medical rankers in terms of both physical and emotional labour, it further expands readings of the range of labour associated with appropriate masculine service in wartime.
Discretion Rather Than Rules
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Solutions to free riding, whether stability or growth free riding, are thought to be found in the provision of incentives. Yet the empirical findings of this chapter suggest that domestic fiscal rules, such as debt brakes, did not impact on the fiscal policy responses to the Great Recession. Similarly, EU-level agreements (the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) and the newly created European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP)) did not impact on fiscal policy choices. First, the majority of domestic fiscal rules were equipped with exceptionality clauses. As a result, they did not impose stern constraints on fiscal policy in hard times. Second, the EERP and SGP were meaningless for fiscal policy outcomes; member states adopted stimulus programs as they saw fit with little concern for EU-level agreements or EU-wide aims for stability and growth.
On Evidence in Philosophy
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book offers an epistemology of philosophy itself, a partial method for philosophical inquiry. The epistemology features three ultimate sources of justified philosophical belief. First, common sense, in a carefully restricted sense of the term—the sorts of contingent propositions Moore defended against idealists and skeptics. Second, the deliverances of well confirmed science. Third, and more fundamentally, intuitions about cases, in a carefully specified sense of that term. Chapters 1–4 expound a version of Moore’s method and apply it to each of several issues. The version is shown to resist all the standard objections to Moore; most of them do not even apply. Chapters 5 and 6 argue that philosophical method is far less powerful than most have taken it to be. In particular, deductive argument can accomplish very little, and hardly ever is an opposing position refuted except by common sense or by science. Chapters 7 and 8 defend the evidential status of intuitions and the Goodmanian method of reflective equilibrium; it is argued that philosophy always and everywhere depends on them. The method is then set within a more general explanatory-coherentist epistemology, which is shown to resist standard forms of skepticism. In sum, this book advocates a picture of philosophy as a very wide explanatory reflective equilibrium incorporating common sense, science, and our firmest intuitions on any topic—and nothing more, not ever.
Studying ‘Perpetrators’ through the Lens of the Criminal Trial
Authors: Bouwknegt Thijs B. , Nistor Adina-Loredana 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of atrocity crime trials as a source in perpetrator studies. It questions what knowledge we can possibly acquire about perpetrators of mass atrocities through the lens of the post-perpetration criminal trial. Informed by trial observations, this chapter contends that the epistemological significance of criminal proceedings to our understanding of perpetrator personality, motive, and rationale is puzzling and less promising than generally assumed. Through a critical appraisal and re-evaluation of Hannah Arendt’s reporting on the Eichmann trial as a standardized model, as well as other examples from a variety of international criminal trials, this chapter unravels limitations of the trial as a source for perpetrator studies. More generally, the chapter introduces the concept of ‘ordinary defendants in extraordinary circumstances’ and argues that the field of perpetrator studies is restrained by its attempt to know the unknowable, by observing the invisible, and by comparing the incomparable.