bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Lowering in Kurpian
Authors: RUBACH JERZY 
Published: April 2018

This article analyzes the process that I call Liquid Lowering which turns high vowels$i$and ɨ into$e$before liquids, schematically iɨ→ e/ – rl. The process began to operate in Polish in the 16th century. I look at the modern reflexes of Liquid Lowering in Standard Polish and in Kurpian, a dialect of Polish that dates back to the 17th century, and argue that the rule is dead in Standard Polish but not in Kurpian, where it is productive in derived environments. The modeling of Liquid Lowering as a phonological process has implications for phonological theory. In particular, it calls for the recognition of derivational levels, as envisaged by Derivational Optimality Theory. It is argued that Standard Optimality Theory, with its principle of strict parallelism, cannot account for the data because it runs into insoluble ranking paradoxes. Furthermore, the analysis bears on the issue of abstractness by positing vowels that never occur phonetically. The abstract vowels are exchanged for the actually occurring vowels before reaching the surface representation. I term this type of shift changevirement.
The Illusion of Class in Welfare State Politics?
Authors: KEVINS ANTHONY , HORN ALEXANDER , JENSEN CARSTEN , VAN KERSBERGEN KEES 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSocial class, with its potentially pivotal influence on both policy-making and electoral outcomes tied to the welfare state, is a frequent fixture in academic and political discussions about social policy. Yet these discussions presuppose that class identity is in fact tied up with distinct attitudes toward the welfare state. Using original data from ten surveys fielded in the United States and Western Europe, we investigate the relationship between class and general stances toward the welfare state as a whole, with the goal of determining whether class affects how individuals understand and relate to the welfare state. Our findings suggest that, although class markers are tied to objective and subjective positional considerations about one's place in the society, they nevertheless do not seem to shape stances toward the welfare state. What is more, this is equally true across the various welfare state types, as we find no evidence that so-called ‘middle-class welfare states’ engender more positive middle-class attitudes than other regimes. Based on our analysis, we propose that researchers would do better to focus on household income rather than class; while income may not be a perfect predictor of attitudes toward the welfare state, it is a markedly better one than class.
TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR SELECTING BEHAVIOURAL POLICIES: HOW TO CHOOSE BETWEEN BOOSTS AND NUDGES
Authors: Grüne-Yanoff Till , Marchionni Caterina , Feufel Markus A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract:In this paper, we analyse the difference between two types of behavioural policies – nudges and boosts. We distinguish them on the basis of the mechanisms through which they are expected to operate and identify the contextual conditions that are necessary for each policy to be successful. Our framework helps judging which type of policy is more likely to bring about the intended behavioural outcome in a given situation.
Numbers with simply normal β-expansions
Authors: BAKER SIMON , KONG DERONG 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn [6] the first author proved that for any β ∈ (1, βKL) everyx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) has a simply normal β-expansion, where βKL≈ 1.78723 is the Komornik–Loreti constant. This result is complemented by an observation made in [22], where it was shown that whenever β ∈ (βT, 2] there exists anx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) with a unique β-expansion, and this expansion is not simply normal. Here βT≈ 1.80194 is the unique zero in (1, 2] of the polynomialx3−x2− 2x+ 1. This leaves a gap in our understanding within the interval [βKL, βT]. In this paper we fill this gap and prove that for any β ∈ (1, βT], everyx∈ (0, 1/(β − 1)) has a simply normal β-expansion. For completion, we provide a proof that for any β ∈ (1, 2), Lebesgue almost everyxhas a simply normal β-expansion. We also give examples ofxwith multiple β-expansions, none of which are simply normal.Our proofs rely on ideas from combinatorics on words and dynamical systems.
Variation in opsin transcript expression explains intraretinal differences in spectral sensitivity of the northern anchovy
Authors: SAVELLI ILARIA , NOVALES FLAMARIQUE IÑIGO 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVertebrate retinal photoreceptors house visual pigments that absorb light to begin the process of vision. The light absorbed by a visual pigment depends on its two molecular components: protein (opsin) and chromophore (a vitamin A derivative). Although an increasing number of studies show intraretinal variability in visual pigment content, it is only for two mammals (human and mouse) and two birds (chicken and pigeon) that such variability has been demonstrated to underlie differences in spectral sensitivity of the animal. Here, we show that the spectral sensitivity of the northern anchovy varies with retinal quadrant and that this variability can be explained by differences in the expression of opsin transcripts. Retinal (vitamin A1) was the only chromophore detected in the retina, ruling out this molecular component as a source of variation in spectral sensitivity. Chromatic adaptation experiments further showed that the dorsal retina had the capacity to mediate color vision. Together with published results for the ventral retina, this study is the first to demonstrate that intraretinal opsin variability in a fish drives corresponding variation in the animal’s spectral sensitivity.
Origins of mother–child reminiscing style
Authors: Reese Elaine , Meins Elizabeth , Fernyhough Charles , Centifanti Luna 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMaternal elaborative reminiscing supports preschool children's autobiographical memory, self-concept, and emotion understanding. What are the factors contributing to mothers' elaborative style of reminiscing? In a longitudinal community sample (n = 170 at the final data point), this study explored the role of maternal depression (8–44 months), maternal sensitivity and maternal mind-mindedness (8 months), as well as child factors of joint attention (15 months), attachment security (15 months), and language (26 months) for mother–child reminiscing about a positive (happy) and a negative (scared) event at 44 months. Mothers could be classed into two groups of low versus increasing depression from 8 to 44 months, yet maternal depression did not uniquely predict mother–child reminiscing after accounting for maternal sensitivity and other factors. Instead, maternal sensitivity, children's joint attention, and language uniquely predicted children's elaborations about the scared event at 44 months, and maternal sensitivity uniquely predicted mothers' elaborations about the scared event at 44 months. Mothers who are more sensitive in early interactions may later be better at engaging their children when reminiscing about negative emotions. These findings have implications for the design of interventions targeted at supporting mothers to engage in elaborative reminiscing with their preschool children.
Cost-benefit break down: unplannable spaces in 1970s Glasgow
Authors: MASS SARAH 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThis article examines a moment of uncertainty in early 1970s Glasgow motorway history: the planning of the East Flank of the Inner Ring Road and the potential removal of the Barrows Market. As sociological influences against wholesale urban clearance came into maturity in planning and community action, Glasgow planners carried out a feasibility study into the socio-economic costs of uprooting the commercial life of the Barrows. I suggest that reading this technocratic document for its cultural assumptions, ambiguities and tensions, rather than its engineering vision, opens up a different approach to the history of motorway planning.
Spectral Music and the Appeal to Nature
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN JAMES 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDiscourse surrounding spectral music frequently makes reference to nature and related language. Practitioners, theorists, and musicologists have discussed different aspects and perspectives on the idea of nature in the relation to this music and it is not always clear that these terms are used in the same way. This article examines the different meanings of ‘nature’ applied to various concepts and techniques in spectral music, the extent to which these descriptors may be misleading, and the cultural context and possible motivations for the use of this kind of rhetoric. Through a discussion of the derivation structure in spectral music, a focus on human perception, metaphorical references to nature, the rhetoric surrounding the harmonic series and instrumental (re)synthesis, and finally mimetic references to nature in music using spectral techniques (including a discussion of the music of François-Bernard Mâche), the article endeavours to provide a thorough survey of the subject.
Do People Contrast and Assimilate Candidate Ideology? An Experimental Test of the Projection Hypothesis
Authors: Amira Karyn 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn political psychology, positive projection happens when we perceive the positions of liked candidates as closer to our own positions while negative projection means we perceive the positions of disliked candidates as further from our own positions. To date, there is still confusion about whether affective feelings lead to perceptions of candidate positions or perceptions of candidate positions lead to affective feelings. This paper pins down one of these causal directions. I manipulate positive and negative feelings towards a fictitious candidate in a survey experiment to introduce them exogenously and examine whether they affect perceptions of candidate ideology. In line with some previous findings, the results indicate modest positive projection effects but no negative projection effects. Explanations for this asymmetry are discussed.
The Characteristics of Microseisms in South China Sea: Results From a Combined Data Set of OBSs, Broadband Land Seismic Stations, and a Global Wave Height Model
Authors: Xiao Han , Xue Mei , Yang Ting , Liu Chenguang , Hua Qingfeng , Xia Shaohong , Huang Haibo , Le Ba Manh , Yu Youqiang , Huo Da , Pan Mohan , Li Lin , Gao Jinyao 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt has long been recognized that ocean gravity waves can generate microseisms through their interactions and coupling with the solid earth. Their generation mechanisms, wave types, and propagation have been studied and debated intensively. In this study, we focus on the characteristics of microseisms in South China Sea (SCS) and compare them with globally observed microseisms. We use data from six ocean bottom seismometers, 10 publicly available broadband land seismometers near SCS, and a reanalyzed global wave height model from 1 May 2012 to 20 August 2012 (UTC), the time span of ocean bottom seismometers' data. We apply three techniques including power spectral density, correlation, and frequency dependent polarization analysis. Our results show that (1) microseisms observed in SCS are dominated by sources from adjacent oceans, instead of the common global sources from the Pacific, Atlantic, or Indian Ocean; (2) the split of double‐frequency microseisms (DFMs) is observed in SCS, especially on land stations: the sources are located near the central sea basin for long‐period DFMs (0.1–0.25 Hz) and are local near stations for short‐period DFMs (0.25–0.5 Hz); (3) typhoons both strengthen microseisms and affect the source locations of microseisms with the biggest influence on the short‐period DFMs; and (4) microseisms in or near SCS are a mixture of Love and Rayleigh waves and the relative dominance of Love and Rayleigh waves changes with locations.
Anisotropic 3‐D Ray Tracing and Its Application to Japan Subduction Zone
Authors: Gou Tao , Zhao Dapeng , Huang Zhouchuan , Wang Liangshu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA new 3‐D ray tracing technique is developed to determine seismic raypaths and theoretical travel times in weak radial anisotropic media. Anisotropic schemes of the pseudo‐bending technique and Snell's law are derived and used iteratively to find the fastest ray trajectory. Many synthetic tests are performed to evaluate the accuracy of our algorithm and investigate the raypath differences between the 3‐D isotropic and anisotropic rays. The test results show that the travel time and raypath differences are smaller than 0.1 s and 10 km, respectively. Applying our technique to a model of radial anisotropy tomography of the Japan subduction zone, we find visible travel time and raypath differences due to variations of the 3‐D isotropic velocity and radial anisotropy, but the travel time difference caused by the radial anisotropy is generally <~0.1 s and the raypath difference is generally <20 km. Two models of Vp radial anisotropy tomography under Japan are obtained using the isotropic and anisotropic ray tracing codes. The two models are very similar to each other, and they have only small differences (<0.5%) in the amplitudes of isotropic velocity and radial anisotropy. Considering the limited resolution of the current anisotropic tomography models and the effects of damping and smoothing regularizations, the use of the conventional isotropic ray tracing techniques is acceptable at this stage. However, for high‐resolution models of anisotropic tomography in the near future, the 3‐D anisotropic ray tracing will be necessary.
Cloud‐Scale Droplet Number Sensitivity to Liquid Water Path in Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: de Szoeke Simon P. , Verlinden Kathryn L. , Covert David 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCloud droplet number concentration (Nc) is retrieved from remotely observed marine stratocumulus cloud liquid water path (LWP), cloud optical depth (τc), and cloud thickness, using an optical model that assumes liquid water content (LWC) increases linearly from cloud base. Assuming that LWC is vertically uniform would underestimate τc by 5% and Nc by 14%. Individual retrievals of Nc from 10‐min averages vary by orders of magnitude from long‐term averages. Surface cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration NCCN is weakly but significantly correlated with Nc (R = 0.3) for the day leading and 6 hr following Nc. Consistent with coalescence and drizzle scavenging cloud droplets, lag correlations show that Nc decreases for 1 hr after the peak area‐average rain rate. Greater observed LWP for lower Nc [d(log Nc)/d(log LWP) = −2.3] is consistent with enhanced entrainment drying of clouds with greater Nc and consistent with removal of Nc by thicker clouds with more coalescence and drizzle. Stronger precipitation in clouds with greater Nc is the opposite sensitivity as expected were LWP to be controlled by the “cloud lifetime” indirect aerosol effect. The strong sensitivity of Nc to LWP suggests that cloud dynamic and thermodynamic forcings drive macrophysical variability that controls Nc in southeastern tropical Pacific stratocumulus clouds. Regressions are relatively insensitive to assumptions about the covariance of errors among the sensors.
Fine Particle Emissions From Tropical Peat Fires Decrease Rapidly With Time Since Ignition
Authors: Roulston C. , Paton‐Walsh C. , Smith T. E. L. , Guérette É.‐A. , Evers S. , Yule C. M. , Rein G. , Van der Werf G. R. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSoutheast Asia experiences frequent fires in fuel‐rich tropical peatlands, leading to extreme episodes of regional haze with high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) impacting human health. In a study published recently, the first field measurements of PM2.5 emission factors for tropical peat fires showed larger emissions than from other fuel types. Here we report even higher PM2.5 emission factors, measured at newly ignited peat fires in Malaysia, suggesting that current estimates of fine particulate emissions from peat fires may be underestimated by a factor of 3 or more. In addition, we use both field and laboratory measurements of burning peat to provide the first mechanistic explanation for the high variability in PM2.5 emission factors, demonstrating that buildup of a surface ash layer causes the emissions of PM2.5 to decrease as the peat fire progresses. This finding implies that peat fires are more hazardous (in terms of aerosol emissions) when first ignited than when still burning many days later. Varying emission factors for PM2.5 also have implications for our ability to correctly model the climate and air quality impacts downwind of the peat fires. For modelers able to implement a time‐varying emission factor, we recommend an emission factor for PM2.5 from newly ignited tropical peat fires of 58 g of PM2.5 per kilogram of dry fuel consumed (g/kg), reducing exponentially at a rate of 9%/day. If the age of the fire is unknown or only a single value may be used, we recommend an average value of 24 g/kg.
Southwestern U.S. Biomass Burning Smoke Hygroscopicity: The Role of Plant Phenology, Chemical Composition, and Combustion Properties
Authors: Gomez S. L. , Carrico C. M. , Allen C. , Lam J. , Dabli S. , Sullivan A. P. , Aiken A. C. , Rahn T. , Romonosky D. , Chylek P. , Sevanto S. , Dubey M. K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBiomass burning emissions have substantially increased with continued warming and drying in the southwestern U.S., impacting air quality and atmospheric processes. To better quantify impacts of biomass burning aerosols, an extensive laboratory study of fresh smoke emissions was conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Laboratory burn experiments with selected native and invasive southwestern U.S. fuels were used to elucidate the role of fuel type, chemical composition, and ignition method on the hygroscopicity of smoke. Here we focus on a custom controlled relative humidity (RH) nephelometry system using the direct measurement of aerosol light scattering with two nephelometers—one at dry conditions and one at a controlled high RH (RH ~ 85%). Aerosol hygroscopicity was highly variable with the enhancement in light scattering coefficient in the range of 1.02 < f(RH = 85%) < 2.1 and corresponding to the kappa parameter (κneph) ranging from ~0 to 0.18. Hygroscopicity is determined primarily by the fuel's inorganic ion content. For example, invasive halophytes with high inorganic salt content exhibit much greater water uptake than native coniferous species with low inorganic content. Combustion temperature and phase, flaming or smoldering, play a secondary role in the water uptake of smoke. High‐temperature ignition methods create flaming conditions that enhance hygroscopicity while lower‐temperature smoldering conditions diminish hygroscopicity. Our results construct an empirical relation between κneph and the inorganic content of the fuel and smoke to predict water uptake.
Complex Basal Thermal Transition Near the Onset of Petermann Glacier, Greenland
Authors: Chu W. , Schroeder D. M. , Seroussi H. , Creyts T. T. , Bell R. E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe basal thermal regime of ice sheets exerts a strong control on ice‐sheet stability and the onset of rapidly streaming flow. However, the nature of this thermal transition where sliding initiates is largely unconstrained by geophysical observations. In the Greenland Ice Sheet, topographic troughs or elevated geothermal heat fluxes typically define the onset of outlet glaciers. In contrast, Petermann Glacier in Northern Greenland does not have any distinct bed troughs or localized geothermal heating associated with its onset, making it an ideal site to investigate the basal thermal state and examine its role in the onset of Petermann Glacier. Here we use radar bed reflectivity and an ice‐sheet thermomechanical model to examine the basal thermal regime beneath Petermann Glacier. Our results reveal a complex thermal transition near the onset of Petermann Glacier. As the bed shifts from largely frozen to largely thawed with increasing distances from the ice divide, our results show that this thermal transition happens through alternating bands of frozen and thawed bands. The complex thermal state across the onset region suggests that lateral meltwater injection and local meltwater production determine the location of Petermann Glacier. Given the lack of topographic pinning at the onset location, the upstream margin of Petermann is vulnerable to migrate depending on a combination of advective cooling and meltwater supply from the interior of the ice sheet.
Marine Forearc Extension in the Hikurangi Margin: New Insights From High‐Resolution 3‐D Seismic Data
Authors: Böttner Christoph , Gross Felix , Geersen Jacob , Crutchley Gareth J. , Mountjoy Joshu J. , Krastel Sebastian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUpper‐plate normal faults are a widespread structural element in erosive plate margins. Increasing coverage of marine geophysical data has proven that similar features also exist in accretionary margins where horizontal compression usually results in folding and thrust faulting. There is a general lack of understanding of the role and importance of normal faulting for the structural and tectonic evolution of accretionary margins. Here we use high‐resolution 2‐D and 3‐D seismic reflection data and derived seismic attributes to map and analyze upper‐plate normal faulting in the marine forearc of the accretionary Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. We document extension of the marine forearc over a wide area along the upper continental slope. The seismically imaged normal faults show low vertical displacements, high dip angles, a preference for landward dip, and often en echelon patterns. We evaluate different processes, which may cause the observed extension, including (1) stress change during the earthquake cycle, (2) regional or local uplift and decoupling of shallow strata from compression at depth, and (3) rotation of crustal blocks and resulting differential stresses at the block boundaries. The results suggest that normal faults play an important role in the structural and tectonic evolution of accretionary margins, including the northern Hikurangi forearc.
N-glycosylation of mouse TRAIL-R restrains TRAIL-induced apoptosis
Authors: Estornes Yann , Dondelinger Yves , Weber Kathrin , Bruggeman Inge , Peall Adam , MacFarlane Marion , Lebecque Serge , Vandenabeele Peter , Bertrand Mathieu J. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe sensitivity of cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis is commonly controlled by multiple checkpoints in order to limit induction of excessive or unnecessary death. Although cytotoxic in various cancer cells, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) does not trigger apoptosis in most non-transformed cells. The molecular nature of the checkpoints that normally protect the cells from TRAIL-induced death are not fully understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been reported to switch the sensitivity of human cells to the cytotoxic effect of TRAIL, suggesting that this cellular state perturbs some of these protective mechanisms. We found that tunicamycin (TU), but no other ER stress inducers, sensitized mouse fibroblasts and hippocampal neuronal cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, the sensitization was specific to TRAIL and not caused by differences in ER stress induction. Instead, it relied on the inhibition of N-glycosylation of the mouse TRAIL receptor (mTRAIL-R). Inhibition of N-glycosylation did not alter cell surface expression of mTRAIL-R but enhanced its ability to bind TRAIL, and facilitated mTRAIL-R oligomerization, which resulted in enhanced death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation and caspase-8 activation. Remarkably, reconstitution of mTRAIL-R-deficient cells with a version of mTRAIL-R mutated for the three N-glycosylation sites identified in its ectodomain confirmed higher sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of N-glycosylation of mTRAIL-R, and not ER stress induction, sensitizes mouse cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We therefore reveal a new mechanism restraining TRAIL cytotoxicity in mouse cells.