bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of dietary lysine and threonine concentration of growing pigs
Authors: Fairley R. A. C. , Rose S. P. , Fuller M. F. 
Published: June 2019

The aim of these trials was to discover if growing pigs can select an appropriate mixture of two feeds differing only in the level of one amino acid.A trial was conducted with 40 male pigs, with an initial mean weight of 13.1 kg. A basal low lysine feed was formulated with 172 g digestible protein (DP)/kg feed which was supplemented with synthetic lysine. The resulting feeds were similar in all respects except digestible lysine (DL) level, which was 25 (L), 50 (ML), 109 (MH) and 141 (H) g/kg DP.A second trial was carried out with threonine, using 48 male pigs with an initial mean weight of 11.94 kg. The same basal feed was supplemented with synthetic lysine to 70 g DL/kg DP and then supplemented with varying amounts of synthetic threonine to form four feeds with digestible threonine (DT) levels of 29 (L), 35 (ML), 55 (MH) and 68 (H) g/kg DP.
Effect of ascorbic acid and 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone cell metabolism in relation to the development of tibial dyschondroplasia.
Authors: Farquharso C. , Rennie J.S. , Loveridge N. , Whitehead C.C. 
Published: June 2019

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) results from a defect in endochondral ossification and is characterised by an accumulation of avascular cartilage extending distally from the growth plate. The lesion develops in young fast growing birds (broilers and turkeys) and is thought to be a result of incomplete chondrocyte differentiation. This condition can result in deformed bones and lameness and has therefore many economic and welfare implications.Since its description 25 years ago, TD has been studied extensively. The majority of the research has focused on determining the role of nutrition in the aetiology of the disease but it has only recently been shown that this disorder can be completely prevented by supplementing the diet with 1,25(OH)2 D3 (Rennie et al., 1993).This may be related to the hormones ability to increase the rate of chondrocyte differentiation (Farquharson et al., 1993). Since ascorbic acid (AA) has been shown previously to stimulate the endogenous synthesis of 1,25(OH)2 D3 (Weiser et al. 1988), its effect on the development of TD in young fast growing broilers was investigated
Genetic evaluation of pedigree beef cattle in Great Britain
Authors: Crump R E , Bryan J G E , Nicholson D , Thompson R , Simm G 
Published: June 2019

In order that genetic progress in British beef breeds could be improved, performance traits have been recorded by the Meat and Livestock Commission for many years. A large number of pedigree beef herds have recorded with the Meat and Livestock Commission during this period. Until recently, these records were only made use of via within herd contemporary comparisons such that the results for animals could not be compared across herds or time.Through the use of Individual Animal Model Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), differences between herds and contemporary groups within herds can be accounted for provided there are genetic links between herds and contemporary groups. As a result of the small pedigree herd size in Great Britain, typically less than 20, sires are often chosen from outside the herd in order to reduce inbreeding. This practise has resulted in there being a relatively high level of connectedness between contemporary groups and this enables the BLUP procedure to disentangle management and genetic effects.
Note of a Case of Early Appreciation of Musical Pitch
Authors: McKendrick John G. 
Published: June 2019

A boy has recently come under my observation in whom the appreciation of pitch is developed at so early an age and with so remarkable a degree of accuracy as to justify a record being made of the case.His name is John Baptist Toner. He was born on 11th June 1891, so that he is now a little more than four and a half years of age. He is a fine healthy-looking boy. His parents, who are young, are both musical. The mother sings and has a keen appreciation of music. The father plays on both the piano and the organ, has all his life taken much interest in music, and has studied the theory of the art. So far as can be discovered, neither the grandparents, nor any member of collateral branches of the family, were distinguished by musical ability.Since he was two years of age, the boy has had access to a piano, and he seems to find pleasure in fingering the keys. During the last week of 1895, his father first taught him the names of the notes on the piano, and he says that his little boy picked up this information with astonishing rapidity. He acquired the names of the white keys in two or three minutes, in his first lesson, and the names of the black keys were acquired on the following day in an equally short period of time. Since that date, he has not forgotten the names of the notes, and when any note is sounded, by striking a key on the piano, he invariably can tell the name of the note, simply after hearing the sound, and without seeing the key struck.
Note on Mr Alfred Graham's Method of producing Sound by an Electrical Arrangement
Authors: McKendrick John G. 
Published: June 2019

During the past year I have had many opportunities, in connection with a research on the phonograph, of observing the efficacy of Mr Graham's method of electrically producing sound, and as it is not generally known, a short explanation may be useful.Two or more cells are connected to a mass of granular carbon whose resistance can be varied by vibration, and the circuit is then completed through the coils of an electro-magnet. In front of the electro-magnet is a diaphragm sensitive to the variations of current flowing through the electro-magnet. This diaphragm is so placed relatively to the circuit of variable resistance, that any vibration imparted to it is transmitted through a column of air to the circuit of the variable resistance or its diaphragm. The granular carbon, similar to that in telephonic transmitters, is contained in a box or chamber closed at one end by a diaphragm of carbon, with which the granular carbon is in electrical contact. The carbon resistance box is so placed that its diaphragm is acted on by the vibrations set up by the diaphragm of the electro-magnet. To effect this, a flexible tube passes from the front of the diaphragm of the transmitter to the front of the diaphragm of the electro-magnet. Thus, when the various parts of the apparatus are connected, as seen in the figure, and when the circuit is completed by closing a key, the vibrations set up in the telephone diaphragm are caused to act upon the circuit of variable resistance, which, in turn, again acts upon the telephone or receiver diaphragm. A continuous musical sound is then emitted.
Note on Clerk-Maxwell's Law of Distribution of Velocity in a Group of Equal Colliding Spheres
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

The sarcastic criticism which M. Bertrand (Comptes Rendus, May 4 and 18, 1896) again bestows on Clerk-Maxwell's earliest solution of the fundamental problem in the Kinetic Theory of Gases, together with Prof. Boltzmann's very different, but thoroughly depreciatory, remarks (ib., May 26), have led me to reconsider this question, already discussed by me at some length before the Society. Both of these authorities declare Maxwell's investigation to be erroneous:—but, while Prof. Boltzmann allows his result to be correct, M. Bertrand goes further, and bluntly calls it absurd. He had, in his Calcul des Probabilités, (1888), already given Maxwell's proof as an example of illusory methods. I have the misfortune to agree with Maxwell, and to hold that his reasoning, though not by any means complete, is (like his result) correct. (Trans. R.S.E., vol. xxxiii. pp. 66 and 252.)I have not found anything in these communications of mine (so far at least as the present question is concerned) which I should desire to retract; but they can be considerably improved; and I think that, by the introduction of the Döppler- (properly the Römer-) principle, the true nature of a part of the argument can be made somewhat more immediately obvious. Also I will venture to express the hope that Prof. Boltzmann may at last recognise that I have, in this matter at least, not deserved the reproach of having reasoned in a circle.
On the Structure of Actinotrocha considered in relation to the suggested Chordate Affinities of Phoronis
Authors: Masterman A. T. 
Published: June 2019

Some little time ago a preliminary note upon Phoronis was read before the Eoyal Society, and therein it was stated that a study of the anatomy of this group had led one to believe that its nearest phyletic allies were to be found in the Hemichorda, a group comprising a few species with primitive chordate characters.In attempting to class Phoronis with these, an important difficulty presented itself. It has been usual to define the Chordata as having three essential characters in common, either temporarily in ontogeny or permanently throughout life, i.e., a dorsal nervous system, paired gill-slits, and a notochord.With regard to these features, there can be no doubt that the nervous system of Phoronis is dorsal in position, and its arrangement is exactly comparable to that of Balanoglossus; but, on the other hand, there are no gill-slits in the adult Phoronis, and the notochord is as certainly absent.In the case of the gill-slits, we find upon critical examination that they are extremely variable in extent of number and position in the different Chordata, and in one species, Rhabdopleura, they are, according to present knowledge, entirely absent. For these reasons it is well not to insist on the presence of gill-slits as an essential character. With respect to the notochord a different condition prevails-the hypoblastic origin and vacuolated character of this organ mark it out from all other skeletal structures, and it figures more or less prominently in all the Chordata.
On the Relation between the Hall Effect and Thermoelectricity in Bismuth and in various Alloys
Authors: Beattie J. C. 
Published: June 2019

I have, in a previous communication to the Society, given results for a number of alloys; these I propose to discuss from the point of view suggested by the title of this paper; I shall also discuss the results published by other experimenters, which relate chiefly to the behaviour of the Hall effect by constant field and variable temperature.In attempting to explain the transverse effect, we have two things to consider. (1) The direction, and (2) the magnitude. In the following table the metals are arranged in a thermo-electric series as given by Wiedemann; and in the second column the direction and magnitude of the transverse effect in terms of the rotatory coefficient R, according to Ettingshausen and Nernst's results, are given.
On the Electro-magnetic Wave-Surface
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

We may write the electro-magnetic equations of Clerk-Maxwell asFor plane waves, running with normal velocity vα= −μ−1, we havewhence at once[For the moment, we assume that φ and ψ are self-conjugate, so that a linear function of them is also self-conjugate. And we employ the method sketched in Tait's Quaternions, §§ 438–9.]
On the so-called “Hypoiodite of Magnesium”
Authors: Walker James , Kay Sydney A. 
Published: June 2019

The following investigation was undertaken in connection with a series of experiments on absorption at present being carried out in this laboratory.In Gmelin's Handbook (Cavendish Edition, vol. 3, p. 240) it is stated, on Gay-Lussac's authority, that magnesia, when shaken up with a solution of iodine, absorbs the latter and assumes a reddishbrown colour. The production of this brown “hypoiodite of magnesium” is accompanied by the formation of small quantities of magnesium iodide and magnesium iodate, which pass into solution. When the brown compound is boiled with water, magnesium iodido and magnesia are formed, and when it is heated by itself, iodine is given off and magnesia remains.The same compound is produced when magnesia is precipitated in presence of iodine, and its characteristic appearance makes it an excellent means of identifying a magnesium salt. The test is described as follows in the Notes on Reactions of Salts, used in the Practical Chemistry Class in the University of Edinburgh. “When a solution of iodine in potassium iodide is added to a magnesium salt, and a few drops of caustic potash are added to the mixture, a reddish-brown precipitate is produced; excess of caustic potash decolorises the precipitate.”The state of the magnesia has apparently little effect on the production of the brown substance. It is formed indifferently with freshly precipitated magnesia, magnesia dried at the ordinary temperature, magnesia dried at 100°, and magnesia ignited over the blow-pipe.
On the Linear and Vector Function
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2019

In a paper read to the Society in May last, I treated specially the case in which the Hamiltonian cubic has all its roots real. In that paper I employed little beyond the well-known methods of Hamilton, but some of the results obtained seemed to indicate a novel and useful classification of the various forms of the Linear and Vector Function. This is the main object of the present communication.It is known that we may always writeand that three terms of the sum on the right are sufficient, and in general more than is required, to express any linear and vector function. In fact, all necessary generality is secured by fixing, once for all, the values of α, β, γ, or of α1, β1, γ1, leaving the others arbitrary:—subject only to the condition that neither set is coplanar. Thus as a particular case we may write eitherIn either case we secure the nine independent scalar coefficients which are required for the expression of the most general homogeneous strain. But forms like these are relics of the early stage of quaternion development, and (as Hamilton expressly urged) they ought to be dispensed with as soon as possible.2. A linear and vector function is completely determined if we know its effects on each of any system of three non-coplanar unit-vectors, say α, β, γ. If its cubic have three real roots, these vectors may, if we choose be taken as the directions which it leaves unaltered; if but one, we may take a corresponding system in the formα, βcosa ± ιγsinα,where ι is But it is preferable to keep the simpler form α, β, γ, with the understanding that β and γ may be bi-vectors, of the form just written.
A Contribution to the Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Organ of Jacobson
Authors: Broom R. 
Published: June 2019

In this paper the author confines his attention to the relations of the organ, and especially to the structure of Jacobson's cartilage, the nasal floor cartilage, and the different developments to which they give rise. From the study of a large series of forms he has been led to the following general conclusions:—(1) That the organ is generally well developed in the primitive groups, and feebly developed in the higher forms; (2) that among allied animals the organ is, as a rule, better developed in the small species than in the large; (3) that in the various members of each Natural Order the organ is constructed on a common type, which admits of only very slight variation; and (4) that, even when the organ is quite absent in certain members of an Order, the nasal floor cartilages are constructed on the same type as in those members in which the organ is developed.From the very slight tendency there is in the organ and its cartilaginous adjuncts to vary with changing habits, the author concludes that the anatomy of the region affords a valuable factor in classification. A study has been made in most of the Mammalian orders, and the relationships and inter-affinities of the different types have been critically examined.In the Monotremata the organ is very well developed. The simple nasal floor cartilage in front gives rise behind to Jacobson's cartilage and a well-developed outer nasal floor cartilage, which latter passes inwards and supports Jacobson's cartilage. In this order Jacobson's cartilage differs from all other mammals, and resembles lizards in forming a well-marked turbinal process.
On Ethane prepared from Ethyl Iodide, and on the Properties of some Mixtures of Ethane and Butane
Authors: Kuenen J. P. 
Published: June 2019

In a paper on mixtures of ethane and nitrous oxide, read before the Physical Society of London in May 1895, I communicated a set of observations with regard to the condensation and the critical state of ethane. This substance was prepared by electrolysing sodium acetate: it was purified with fuming sulphuric acid, caustic soda, and phosphorus pentoxide, and condensed in a small copper cylinder, where it was subsequently boiled at low temperature in order to expel all permanent gas. The ethane with which the glass compression-tubes were filled was drawn from the liquid contained in the copper cylinder. Its condensation-pressures and critical constants are contained in the following table, which is taken from the paper mentioned (comp. fig. 3):—The values of p and of the critical constants in Table I. are not absolutely correct. The observations showed the substance to contain some impurity, the condensation-pressures not being quite constant, but showing a slight increase, as is always the case for mixtures. The difference of the pressure at the beginning and at the end of the condensation amounted to 0·43 atmospheres at 15° C. It is, however, unlikely that this impurity in the ethane can have affected the values for p by more than a few tenths of an atmosphere. Nor will the value for the critical temperature differ by more than 0·1 or 0·27° C. from the true value, considering that Andrews' carbonic acid showed changes in vapour-pressure of over two atmospheres under the same circumstances, and that his value for the critical temperature, 30·9° C., is only about 0·4° C. too low.
Our Perception of the Direction of Sound
Authors: Gray Albert Alexander 
Published: June 2019

Our power of estimating the direction of sound is much less accurate than that of estimating the direction of light; and, further, our knowledge as to the way in which this perception of direction occurs is much more limited in the case of sound. We judge with the greatest accuracy the direction of a ray of light, and we know that we do so almost entirely by the aid of the muscular sense. How do we judge the direction of a sound?Before attempting a reply to this question it will clear that matter up, to a certain extent, by giving a statement of a few facts which have been found out by experiment, and are well attested by various writers:—(1) Individuals who are deaf of one ear have little power of estimating the direction of sound.(2) Individuals who are blind of both eyes generally show a power of judging the direction of sound far superior to those gifted with sight. This is particularly true if the eye affection dates from childhood.(3) The power of estimating the direction of sound depends upon its pitch and its quality. A pure tone of low pitch is very difficult to localise; with the higher notes this becomes easier, and with a compound sound it is also easy.(4) The accuracy with which we estimate the direction of a sound is greatest when the sound is in the line of axis of the two ears, and least when it is in the median plane of the body.
The Antivenomous Properties of the Bile of Serpents and other Animals; and an Explanation of the Insusceptibility of Animals to the Poisonous Action of Venom introduced into the Stomach
Authors: Fraser  
Published: June 2019

In a paper communicated to this Society I stated that, when, introduced into the stomach of an animal, serpents' venom produces no obvious injury, even when the quantity is so large as to be sufficient to kill 1000 animals of the same species and weight if the venom were injected under the skin. The failure of so highly toxic a substance to produce poisoning when it is administered by the stomach might be due to chemical changes produced upon it by the secretions of the stomach and intestines, or to non-absorbability into the blood from the stomach and intestines. It is already known that the toxicity of venom is not materially reduced by gastric digestion. Although at first sight incompatible with the innocuousness of stomach administration, this fact is not in reality a contradiction of it, for the absorbing power of the stomach for many organic substances—even for strychnine—has been shown to be extremely slight, and their entrance into the circulation appears to occur not in the stomach but in the intestines.As serpents' venom introduced into the stomach is not rendered innocuous by the stomach secretions, while, notwithstanding, it fails to cause poisoning, it may be assumed that the stomach walls are incapable of absorbing it. If, like other poisons, it can be absorbed from the intestines, the explanation of the failure to produce toxic symptoms when it is administered by the stomach might depend on a chemical or physiological destruction of its toxic properties by some substance or substances which it encounters soon after entering the intestinal canal, and most probably, therefore, by the bile or the pancreatic secretion.
On the Electrification of Air by Uranium and its Compounds
Authors: Beattie J. Carruthers , Kelvin Lord 
Published: June 2019

§ 1. It is proposed in the following paper to describe experiments made to test the electric state of the air in the neighbourhood of metallic uranium, or of other metals on which a salt of uranium had been deposited from a solution, when these were charged to a positive or a negative potential.§ 2. Method employed. To test the electric state of the air the electric filter method* due to Kelvin, Maclean, and Gait was employed. The special filter used in the experiments to be described was a block-tin pipe, 10 cms. long and 1 cm. diameter, filled with brass filings. This was insulated on two tunnelled pieces of paraffin, and put in metallic connection with the insulated pair of quadrants of a quadrant electrometer. From one of the tunnelled pieces of paraffin a metal tube led to an air pump; from the other a piece of india-rubber tubing led to the place where the air to be tested was. This air was then drawn through the electric filter, and the deviation from the metallic zero of the electrometer, when the two pairs of quadrants were insulated, was noted. To give some idea of the efficiency of the filter, the results obtained when air was pumped away from the neighbourhood of the electrodes of a Ruhmkorff inductorium (Apps. pattern, 10-inch spark) will be given.
Preliminary Note on a Characteristic of Certain Chemical Reactions
Authors: Gibson John 
Published: June 2019

In a paper, communicated to the Society in February 1897, the author drew attention to increase in electrical conductivity as a characteristic of photo-chemical action.This increase in electric conductivity may be explained by assuming that light acts either in the direction of increased conductivity, or as a disturbing agent on molecular systems having an inherent tendency towards rearrangements involving increased conductivity.It may be that both assumptions are correct.Since making this communication the author has been engaged in experimental investigation, undertaken in order to elucidate this subject further—more particularly in its chemical aspect.The behaviour of nitric acid with respect to light appeared especially suggestive. Nitric acid on progressive dilution with water becomes less and less subject to decomposition by light, until, as that dilution which corresponds to maximum conductivity is approached, the action of light seems to cease altogether, so that nitric acid at all dilutions greater than that corresponding to its maximum electrolytic conductivity appears to be unaltered by light. It seemed, therefore, desirable to investigate experimentally the purely chemical behaviour of nitric, hydrochloric, and sulphuric acids at different degrees of dilution with water. The investigation is now sufficiently far advanced to justify the communication to the Society, in this preliminary note, of some of the conclusions which have been arrived at.