bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The climate of the past millennium and online public engagement in a scientific debate
Authors: Zorita Eduardo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAfter the publication in 1999 of a reconstruction of the Northern Hemisphere temperature popularly known as “the hockey‐stick,” climate scientists and Internet bloggers engaged in a heated and often stalemated public debate on the validity of paleoclimate reconstructions and on their implications for the wider question of anthropogenic climate change. The Internet emerged as an important medium for channeling the direct participation of the public almost at the same level as the professional climate scientist. It also allowed dissemination of largely unfiltered information. I argue that, although paleoclimate research did benefit in some technical aspects, the public debate around the hockey‐stick focused on issues that were not scientifically central, like the existence of the Medieval Warm Period or the characterization of 1998 as the warmest year of the millennium. In contrast, much more relevant points, such as constraining the value of climate sensitivity using reconstructions of past climate, remained restricted within purely academic circles. The public resonance of the hockey‐stick debate was also clearly framed by the politicization of climate science and the impacts of the series of IPCC reports, in particular the Third Assessment Report, published in 2001. This resonance was amplified by the expanding use of the Internet. The Internet represented a new bidirectional channel through which the public and academia could interact to achieve a transparent, democratic, and participative evaluation of science. I argue that, although we could have hoped for a positive outcome of the hockey‐stick controversy, this opportunity for a new constructive public engagement in scientific debates was missed.This article is categorized under:
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge
Using cerium chloride to control soluble orthophosphate concentration and improve the dewaterability of sludge: Part II. A case study
Authors: Zhang Dian , Angelotti Bob , Schlosser Erick , Wang Zhi‐Wu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh concentration of orthophosphate ion (OP) in anaerobically digested sludge can lead to struvite crystallization, deterioration of sludge dewaterability, and elevated mainstream OP loading through centrate recirculation. The Upper Occoquan Service Authority (UOSA) has observed seasonally high OP levels in its dewatering blend tank, which was found in this study to be a consequence of unwanted biological phosphorus accumulation during the intensified winter denitrification operation and the subsequent OP release in the course of anaerobic digestion. In order to control the nuisance struvite scaling issues, a bench study was conducted and cerium chloride (CeCl3) was dosed as an effective OP precipitant. The results of this study demonstrated that CeCl3 dosing showed higher OP removal efficiency than other commonly used OP precipitants. In addition, bench‐scale simulations indicated sludge dewaterability improvements which were used to predict lower polymer and dewatering energy demands at the full scale. The economic analysis conducted in this case study showed that the seasonal dosing of CeCl3 at UOSA has the potential to provide a net annual saving of US $47,000.Practitioner points

Biological phosphorus accumulation during the intensified denitrification operation caused seasonally high sludge OP and struvite scaling issues at UOSA.

CeCl3 was evaluated as an effective OP precipitant for struvite control and dewaterability improvement when aluminum and iron were determined to be unfavorable.

Seasonal dosing of CeCl3 at UOSA projected a net annual saving of US $47,000.
Isolation of a novel platform bacterium for lignin valorization and its application in glucose-free cis,cis-muconate production
Authors: Shinoda Eri , Takahashi Kenji , Abe Nanase , Kamimura Naofumi , Sonoki Tomonori , Masai Eiji 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Microbial production of cis,cis-muconate (ccMA) from phenolic compounds obtained by chemical depolymerization of lignin is a promising approach to valorize lignin. Because microbial production requires a large amount of carbon and energy source, it is desirable to establish a ccMA-producing strain that utilizes lignin-derived phenols instead of general sources like glucose. We isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain NGC7 that grows well on various phenolic compounds derived from p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units of lignin. An NGC7 mutant of protocatechuate (PCA) 3,4-dioxygenase and ccMA cycloisomerase genes (NGC703) lost the ability to grow on vanillate and p-hydroxybenzoate but grew normally on syringate. Introduction of a plasmid carrying genes encoding PCA decarboxylase, flavin prenyltransferase, vanillate O-demethylase, and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase into NGC703 enabled production of 3.2 g/L ccMA from vanillate with a yield of 75% while growing on syringate. This strain also produced ccMA from birch lignin-derived phenols. All these results indicate the utility of NGC7 in glucose-free ccMA production.
The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)—A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties
Authors: Neijenhuijs Koen I. , Holtmaat Karen , Aaronson Neil K. , Holzner Bernhard , Terwee Caroline B. , Cuijpers Pim , Verdonck-de Leeuw Irma M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is a patient-reported outcome measure to evaluate erectile dysfunction and other sexual problems in men.

Aim
To perform a systematic review of the measurement properties of the 15-item patient-reported outcome measure (IIEF-15) and the shortened 5-item version (IIEF-5).

Methods
A systematic search of scientific literature up to April 2018 was performed. Data were extracted and analyzed according to COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for structural validity, internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, hypothesis testing for construct validity, and responsiveness. Evidence of measurement properties was categorized into sufficient, insufficient, inconsistent, or indeterminate, and quality of evidence as very high, high, moderate, or low.

Results
40 studies were included. The evidence for criterion validity (of the Erectile Function subscale), and responsiveness of the IIEF-15 was sufficient (high quality), but inconsistent (moderate quality) for structural validity, internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. Evidence for structural validity, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity of the IIEF-5 was sufficient (moderate quality) but indeterminate for internal consistency, measurement error, and responsiveness.

Clinical Implications
Lack of evidence for and evidence not supporting some of the measurement properties of the IIEF-15 and IIEF-5 shows the importance of further research on the validity of these questionnaires in clinical research and clinical practice.

Strengths & Limitations
A strength of the current review is the use of predefined guidelines (COSMIN). A limitation of this review is the use of a precise rather than a sensitive search filter regarding measurement properties to identify studies to be included.

Conclusion
The IIEF requires more research on structural validity (IIEF-15), internal consistency (IIEF-15 and IIEF-5), construct validity (IIEF-15), measurement error (IIEF-15 and IIEF-5), and responsiveness (IIEF-5). The most pressing matter for future research is determining the unidimensionality of the IIEF-5 and the exact factor structure of the IIEF-15.
The Role of Institutions in Generating Successful Legal Transplants: A Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Competition Laws in India and Pakistan
Authors: DARR Amber 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn recent years, several developing countries have adopted regulatory laws to remain relevant in an increasingly globalized world and to make a successful transition from protected to market economies. Whilst developing countries and multilateral organizations supporting them are aware that in order to succeed adopted laws must be compatible with the context for which they are intended, there is less clarity as to the processes through which compatibility is generated. This article draws upon comparative law and development economics literature to argue that the compatibility of a transplant is shaped by the interplay of institutions through which it is adopted. The article also argues that in addition to compatibility, a transplant must enjoy a degree of legitimacy to be effective in the adopting country and the institutions which generate compatibility may also enhance such legitimacy. In order to understand the compatibility and legitimacy-generating potential of the interplay of adopting institutions in developing countries, the article examines and compares the adoption of competition laws by India and Pakistan in 2002 and 2007 respectively. The article also examines the impact of legitimacy on the post-adoption interpretation of competition law transplants and its significance for their implementation in either country.
A Comparative Survival Analysis Between Evacuees and Nonevacuees Among Dialysis Patients in Fukushima Prefecture After Japan’s 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Incident
Authors: Nomura Shuhei , Matsuzaki Yukie , Sato Yuko , Takasaki Jyunko , Sonoda Yuki , Shimmura Hiroaki , Kodama Yuko 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:There has been little research on the health consequences of evacuation in the disaster context. A comparative analysis of survival between evacuated and nonevacuated hospital dialysis patients was conducted following Japan’s Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant incident, which occurred on March 11, 2011.Methods:The study included 554 patients (mean age: 70.9) receiving dialysis therapy at one of the Tokiwakai Group hospitals—all of which are located in and around Iwaki City, approximately 50 km from the Fukushima nuclear plant—as of the incident date. The patients’ survival after the incident was tracked until March 3, 2017. Significant differences in mortality rates between postincident evacuees and nonevacuees were tested using the Bayesian survival analysis with Weibull multivariate regression.Results:Out of 554 dialysis patients, 418 (75.5%) were evacuated after the incident. The postincident mortality rate (adjusted for covariates) of evacuees was not statistically significantly different from that of nonevacuees. The hazard ratio was 1.17 (95% credible intervals: 0.77-1.74).Conclusions:If performed in a well-planned manner with satisfactory arrangements for appropriate selection of evacuees and their transportation, evacuation could be a reasonable option, which might save more lives of vulnerable people.
Designing Empire for the Civilized East: Colonialism, Polish Nationhood, and German War Aims in the First World War
Authors: Kettler Mark T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article critically reexamines how Germans understood Polish national identity during World War I, and how their perceptions affected German proposals for ruling Polish territory. Recent historiography has emphasized the impact of colonial ideologies and experiences on Germans’ imperial ambitions in Poland. It has portrayed Germans as viewing Poland through a colonial lens, or favoring colonial methods to rule over Polish space. Using the wartime publications of prominent left liberal, Catholic, and conservative thinkers, this article demonstrates that many influential Germans, even those who supported colonialism in Africa, considered Poland to be a civilized nation for which colonial strategies of rule would be wholly inappropriate. These thinkers instead proposed multinational strategies of imperialism in Poland, which relied on collaboration with Polish nationalists. Specifically, they argued that Berlin should establish an autonomous Polish state, and bind it in permanent military and political union with the German Empire. The perception of Poland as a civilized nation ultimately structured Germany’s occupation policy and objectives in Poland throughout the war, much more than stereotypes of Polish primitivity.
Wall Interference Effects of Static Pressure Probes in an Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Vagt J-D , Fernholz H H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryMeasurements of static pressure across the boundary layer on the wall of a circular cylinder with flow parallel to its axis display wall-interference effects which exceed corrections due to turbulence by almost an order of magnitude. Two different types of static pressure probe were investigated and gave different pressure distributions in the same boundary layer.
DIVIDED POWER ALGEBRAS OVER AN OPERAD
Authors: IKONICOFF SACHA 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to give a characterisation of divided power algebras over a reduced operad. Such a characterisation is given in terms of polynomial operations, following the classical example of divided power algebras. We describe these polynomial operations in two different ways: one way uses invariant elements under the action of the symmetric group and the other coinvariant elements. Our results are then applied to the case of level algebras, which are (non-associative) commutative algebras satisfying the exchange law.
Governmental Regulation of the Press: A Study of Israels Press Ordinance
Authors: Lahav Pnina 
Published: May 2019

Israel's press plays a distinctive role in the country's political structure. Comprised of 27 dailies and 135 magazines, some with distinctive partisan affiliation and others committed to political neutrality, it has wide circulation and enjoys considerable political influence.Israeli newspapers were not always as independent as they are today. During the struggle for liberation, the press placed itself at the disposal of theYishuv(Jewish community) leadership, to be used as a political tool for promoting the objectives of the Jewish population in Palestine. Only in the fifties, after the establishment of the sovereign state of Israel, did the press begin to develop consciousness of its distinct and autonomous role in the political process.Several institutions founded by the press itself have moulded it into a politically viable establishment: the Editors' Committee, the Press Council, the National Union of Journalists and the Union of the Daily Papers. The Editors' Committee is the most powerful and long standing of the four. Organised in 1948 by the chief editors of the Hebrew dailies, it functions as an intermediary between the Government and the public in matters concerning important policy decisions.
Public Lawyers, Political Trials and the Neutrality of the Legal Profession
Authors: Denti Vittorio 
Published: May 2019

A discussion on the neutrality of the lawyer requires some preliminary elucidation. Indeed, as concerns the judge's function, the term “neutrality” is generally used in connection with diverse principles such as: (a) the judge's impartiality with regard to parties, a basic element characterizing the adversary process, according to a tradition dating back to classical liberalism; (b) the judge's neutrality with regard to the law, typical of codified law systems where political choices are entrusted to the legislative power, the judge being a mere interpreter of the law, according to objective criteria; (c) the judge's independence of the other public powers, and thus his autonomy with regard to the aims pursued by the legislative and executive powers.We will not dwell here on the fact that the principle of the judge's neutrality, according to the liberal tradition, is now undergoing a crisis, in connection with the evolution of modern states. Together with the principle of the judge's neutrality, this same tradition also developed, though in a markedly different sense, the principle of the lawyer's neutrality, which became deeply rooted in the conception of the legal profession; the common inheritance of all liberal states up to the social revolutions of the 20th century. This “neutrality” encompasses different aspects of the legal profession, whose common matrix can be found, on the one hand, in the social composition of lawyers as a class and in the viewing of the legal profession as a “liberal” profession; and on the other, in the characteristics of legal education in the 19th century law schools.
Jacob Robinson — In Memoriam
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai 
Published: May 2019

Jacob, son of David and Bluma Robinson and the eldest of seven brothers, was born in the little Lithuanian village of Serijai, near Suwalk on the German frontier, then part of the Czarist Empire. Among his distinguished forebears was Rabbi Yom Tov Lipmann Heller, author of the Mishna commentary Tosephot Yom Tov. His father, a well-known scholar, teacher and maskil of Wistyten (Vishtinetz) and a prominent member of the Jewish community, had been its spokesman on several occasions, and had represented it in meetings both with the Czar and with the Kaiser. A sense of Jewish public service was natural in the Robinson household.In the summer of 1914, as the war-clouds were gathering, Jacob graduated in the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw. He went there not so much from choice, but because Czarist anti-Jewish legislation prevented him from studying at the great Russian centres of higher learning. Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War on 1 August 1914 (in the East), he enlisted in the Russian Army under special recruitment plans for university graduates (universanti). He served for about a year, and then was taken prisoner by the Germans after Vilna fell to them, in 1915. He was to remain in captivity in German Prisoner of War camps until the end of the War. There he had a hard time of it, and during a period of about 30 months he was in no less that eight different POW camps, where he established himself as an unofficial leader and spokesman of the Jewish POW's and of the Russian POW's as well, no doubt an early manifestation of his sense of universal humanism which was to show itself on so many occasions later.
Effect of royal jelly on milk composition and blood biochemical parameters in lactating ewes
Authors: El-Tarabany Mahmoud S. , El-Tarabany Akram A. , Atta Mostafa A. , Ahmed-Farid Omar A. , Mostafa Mohamed M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUse of antibiotics as feed additives has been reduced to avoid the hazard of drug residues, and consequently, the search for alternative natural additives has developed. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the influence of royal jelly (RJ) supplementation on milk composition, blood biochemical and antioxidant parameters of lactating ewes. Thirty-six Ossimi ewes were divided randomly into two groups (18 animals each). For a period of 4 weeks, the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet only, while the other group was fed the basal diet and supplemented with a single bolus of RJ (1000 mg/head). The RJ-supplemented ewes produced significantly higher milk protein, fat and total solids than the CON group. The RJ group had a significantly higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit value and total leucocyte counts, but lower neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio when compared with the control treatment. The RJ group showed significantly higher concentrations of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione in the serum compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, RJ supplements can improve the nutritive value of milk fat and the serum antioxidant activities in lactating ewes.
Cytochemical characteristics of the neurosecretory cells ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoelium(Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Sharma A. N. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTTwo types of neurosecretory cells (NSC), large a cells and small β cells were detected on the basis of their size and characteristics as shown by aldehyde fuchsin and chrome haematoxylin-phloxin staining. A histochemical survey of the neurosecretory material indicates that it is a glycoprotein. Phosphatases and esterases present in NSC probably help in the transfer of metabolites and their hydrolysis and in the control of secretory material produced in a NSC, while SDH provides the necessary energy for the synthetic activity of the latter. The role of neurosecretion in governing the reproduction of this parasite is discussed.
IL MACRO-MODELLO DELLO SVILUPPO POLITICO EUROPEO DI STEIN ROKKAN
Authors: Flora Peter 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn questo articolo tenterò di mostrare gli elementi centrali della teoria di Rokkan e i rapporti che intercorrono tra di essi. Un tale tentativo di ricostruzione pone non pochi problemi. Alcuni lavori di questo autore, soprattutto gli ultimi, non sono mai stati pubblicati. Inoltre, la sua teoria è dispersa in numerosi scritti e Rokkan non l'ha mai organizzata in maniera sistematica. Per di piú negli ultimi anni ha aggiunto al suo modello sempre nuovi elementi ampliando in continuazione quelli precedenti, cambiandoli e collegandoli in modo diverso tra di loro.
MODELLI D'INTERPRETAZIONE DEL SISTEMA SOVIETICO
Authors: Grilli Pietro 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'uso dei modelli è assai frequente nelle scienze sociali, come anche il tentativo di classificarli. Nel caso del sistema politico sovietico, poi, lo sviluppo di una grande varietà di tali modelli è diretta conseguenza della crescita dell'interesse da parte degli studiosi occidentali per questo settore dell'analisi politologica, dagli inizi degli anni ‘50 in poi. I motivi di tale rinnovato interesse sono due. In primo luogo, a quella data, il comunismo sovietico cessa di essere un'esperienza singola dal momento che, già da qualche anno, regimi comunisti si sono sviluppati in tutta l'Europa Orientale e in Cina, e questo consente la comparazione tra sistemi comunisti e, quindi, la valutazione delle differenze derivanti dall'impatto di una stessa ideologia su società con tradizioni e culture molto diverse. In secondo luogo, con la fine dello stalinismo, gli studiosi occidentali entrano in possesso di una grande quantità di dati e informazioni su tutto il sistema sovietico, dati che, per quanto spesso imprecisi ed incompleti — come del resto per tanti aspetti lo sono tutt'oggi — forniscono nuovo materiale attraverso il quale studiare l'esperienza del comunismo russo. Tali informazioni si sono arricchite anno per anno, non solo per la maggiore «apertura» del regime politico, ma anche per l'accrescersi del fenomeno migratorio clandestino, al quale dobbiamo, per esempio, molte notizie relative allo stato passato e presente dell'apparato «terroristico».
LA SOCIALIZZAZIONE POLITICA
Authors: Confalonieri Maria Antonietta 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl riconoscimento dello studio della socializzazione politica come campo specifico dell'indagine politologica è relativamente recente. Come nota Greenstein, quando nel 1959 Hyman pubblicò il suoPolitical Socialization«nessuna ricerca empirica era stata consapevolmente svolta sotto la rubrica ‘socializzazione politica’ anche se molti risultati empirici rilevanti per questo tema potevano essere ricavati dalla letteratura spesso assai poco sistematica sullo sviluppo degli orientamenti sociali del bambino». Nel momento in cui Hyman inaugurava il filone dello studio dell'apprendimento politico attraverso una sistematizzazione dei risultati empirici rilevanti in letteratura, in essa erano già individuabili due approcci principali, che caratterizzeranno poi anche le ricerche che si andranno rapidamente accumulando dal 1959 ad oggi. Da una parte esisteva un consistente numero di studi empirici sull'origine degli orientamenti politici; dall'altra una letteratura — «la vecchia letteratura sulla socializzazione politica» — sullo sviluppo di caratteristiche di personalità che influiscono sul comportamento politico, rappresentata soprattutto dagli studi di Adornoet al.sulla personalità autoritaria e dall'opera di H. Lasswell.