bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visitor restriction policies and practices in children’s hospitals in North America: results of an Emerging Infections Network Survey
Authors: Pong Alice L. , Beekmann Susan E. , Faltamo Mekleet M. , Polgreen Philip M. , Shane Andi L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo delineate the timing of, indications for, and assessment of visitor restriction policies and practices (VRPP) in pediatric facilities.DesignAn electronic survey to characterize VRPP in pediatric healthcare facilities.MethodsThe Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network surveyed 334 pediatric infectious disease consultants via an electronic link. Descriptive analyses were performed.ResultsA total of 170 eligible respondents completed a survey between 12 July and August 15, 2016, for a 51% response rate. Of the 104 respondents (61%) familiar with their VRPP, 92 (88%) had VRPP in all inpatient units. The respondents reported age-based VRPP (74%) symptom-based VRPP (97%), and outbreak-specific VRPP (75%). Symptom-based VRPP were reported to be seasonal by 24% of respondents and to be implemented year-round according to 70% of respondents. According to the respondents, communication of VRPP to families occurred at admission (87%) and through signage in care areas (64%), while communication of VRPP to staff occurred by email (77%), by meetings (55%), and by signage in staff-only areas (49%). Respondents reported that enforcement of VRPP was the responsibility of nursing (80%), registration clerks (58%), unit clerks (53%), the infection prevention team (31%), or clinicians 16 (16%). They also reported that the effectiveness of VRPP was assessed through active surveillance of hospital acquired respiratory infections (62%), through active surveillance of healthcare worker exposures (28%) and through patient/family satisfaction assessments (29%).ConclusionVisitor restriction policies and practices vary in scope, implementation, enforcement, and physician awareness in pediatric facilities. A prospective multisite evaluation of outcomes would facilitate the adoption of uniform guidance.
Cross-Border Intimacies: Marriage, migration, and citizenship in western India
Authors: IBRAHIM FARHANA 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article examines intersections between sexuality, migration, and citizenship in the context of cross-border and cross-region marriage migration in Kutch, Gujarat, to underscore that women's mobility across borders is one site on which national cultural and political anxieties unfold. It argues that contemporary cross-region marriage migration must be located within the larger political economy of such marriages, and should take into account the historical trajectories of marriage migration in particular regions. To this end, it examines three instances of marriage migration in Kutch: the princely state's marriages with Sindh, nineteenth-century marriages between merchants from Kutch and women from Africa, and contemporary marriage migration into Kutch from Bengal. The article asks whether the relative evaluation of these marriages by the state can be viewed in relation to the settlement policies undertaken after partition, where borderlands were to be settled with those who were deemed loyal citizens. Finally, by historicizing marriage—as structure, but also aspirational category—it seeks to move away from the singularity of marriage as framed in the dominant sociological discourse on marriage in South Asia.
How the Nation’s Largest Minority Became White: Race Politics and the Disability Rights Movement, 1970–1980
Authors: Erkulwater Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:Scholars point out a tension between racial justice and disability rights activism. Although racial minorities are more likely to become disabled than whites, both disability activism and the historiography of disability politics tend to focus on the experience and achievements of whites. This article examines how disability rights activists of the 1970s sought to build a united movement of all people with disabilities and explains why these efforts were unable to overcome cleavages predicated on race. Activists drew from New Left ideas of community and self-help as well as the New Right rhetoric of market freedoms to articulate a vision of liberation for people with disabilities. Though they yearned for racial solidarity, in practice, activists could not overcome institutions that separated antipoverty and racial politics from disability policy, nor could they figure out how to incorporate minority voices in an identity-based movement forged around disability rather than color.
Perceptions and Policy Failure: Explaining President James Buchanan’s Policy Priorities Through Latent Opinion
Authors: Chamberlain Adam 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:This article evaluates the policy positions of President James Buchanan through the concept of latent opinion, or politicians worrying less about current public opinion and more about what it will be at the next election. Though Buchanan is often viewed as disconnected from the public’s opinions, the evidence shows that his positions on Kansas statehood and the acquisition of Cuba (or Mexican territory) were shaped by his perceptions of, and concerns over, what future public opinion would be in 1860. Though Buchanan was ultimately unsuccessful on both fronts, this study reveals that he was not simply unresponsive to public opinion, which is the common interpretation. Instead, the president’s policy positions were firmly tied to his views on latent opinion. Thus, the findings add a new dimension to scholarly understandings of James Buchanan’s policy priorities while displaying how latent opinion can be a beneficial construct in policy history.
Politics as Victimhood, Victimhood as Politics
Authors: Horwitz Robert B. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:The victim has become among the most important identity positions in American politics. Victimhood is now a pivotal means by which individuals and groups see themselves and constitute themselves as political actors. Indeed, victimhood seems to have become a status that must be established before political claims can be advanced. Victimhood embodies the assertion that an individual or group has suffered wrongs that must be requited. What seems new is that wounded groups assert a self-righteous claim that they stand for something larger than their particular injury. The article explores how and why victimhood has become such a powerful theme in American politics. It suggests that victimhood as politics emerged from the contentious politics of the 1960s, specifically the civil rights movement and its aftermath. Key factors include the reaction to the minority rights and women’s movements, as well as internal dynamicswithinthe rights movements.
The F Words: Frauds, Forgeries, and Fakes in Antiquities Smuggling and the Role of Organized Crime
Authors: Sotiriou Konstantinos-Orfeas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:The phenomenon of antiquities smuggling is a complicated issue. The lack of official data makes it difficult to do an integrated analysis of the problem. The aim of this article is to present an accurate view of antiquities smuggling in the recent past. After gaining official permission from the Greek police, we examined 246 official arrests made by the Greek Department against Antiquities Smuggling (Athens Office) that occurred between 1999 and 2009. First and foremost, our results revealed that many arrests showed instances of fake antiquities. Moreover, it seems that there is a connection between organized crime and antiquities forgery. In addition, people with higher status are more often involved in antiquities forgery. With respect to the stolen objects, coins were by far the most preferred objects when it comes to forgery, and forgers are also using mostly bronze when it comes to these forgeries. Antiquity looting seems to have many hidden aspects, and the varied natured of antiquities smuggling requires the cooperation of a range of competent authorities and an in-depth investigation of the data, which should be based on the principles of the scientific method.
Methods for Conducting Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) on Polycrystalline Organic Molecular Thin Films
Authors: Abbasi Kevin , Wang Danqi , Fusella Michael A. , Rand Barry P. , Avishai Amir 
Published: June 2018

AbstractElectron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) is a technique regularly used to obtain crystallographic information from inorganic samples. When EBSD is acquired simultaneously with emitting diodes data, a sample can be thoroughly characterized both structurally and compositionally. For organic materials, coherent Kikuchi patterns do form when the electron beam interacts with crystalline material. However, such patterns tend to be weak due to the low average atomic number of organic materials. This is compounded by the fact that the patterns fade quickly and disappear completely once a critical electron dose is exceeded, inhibiting successful collection of EBSD maps from them. In this study, a new approach is presented that allows successful collection of EBSD maps from organic materials, here the extreme example of a hydrocarbon organic molecular thin film, and opens new avenues of characterization for crystalline organic materials.
From religious freedom to social justice: the human rights engagement of the ecumenical movement from the 1940s to the 1970s
Authors: Bouwman Bastiaan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article contributes to the historiography on human rights and (religious) internationalism by tracing how the ecumenical movement in the post-war decades sought to protect the religious freedom of its co-religionists in Catholic and Muslim countries, specifically Italy, Nigeria, and Indonesia. In cooperation with local actors, the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs worked to anchor international human rights in the domestic sphere through constitutional provisions. These activities constituted a significant strand of Christian human rights engagement from the 1940s to the 1960s, which intersected with the Cold War and decolonization. The article then contrasts this with the turn to a more pluralistic and communitarian conception of human rights in the 1970s, animated by liberation theologies. As the World Council of Churches embraced a ‘revolutionary’ tradition and worked to resist military dictatorships in Latin America, racism, and global inequality, it gravitated towards Marxism-inflected and anti-colonial strands of human rights discourse.
Octave bandwidth S- and C-band GaN-HEMT power amplifiers for future 5G communication
Authors: Rautschke Felix , May Stefan , Drews Sebastian , Maassen Daniel , Boeck Georg 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this contribution, a design methodology for octave-bandwidth power amplifiers (PA) for 5G communication systems using surface mount dual-flat-no-lead packaged gallium-nitride high-electron-mobility transistor devices is presented. Systematic source- and load-pull simulations have been used to find the optimum impedances across 75% fractional bandwidth for S- (1.9–4.2 GHz) and C-band (3.8–8.4 GHz) PAs. The harmonic impact is considered to improve the output power and efficiency of the PAs. Utilizing the characteristic behavior of the transistors leads to modified optimum fundamental load impedances for the low-frequency range, which have higher gain compared with high-frequency range, and minimize the influence of the higher harmonics. Continuous wave large-signal measurements of the realized S-Band PA show a power added efficiency (PAE) of more than 40% from 1.9–4.2 GHz and a flat power gain of 11 dB while achieving a saturated output power of 10 W. The measured performance of the C-Band PA demonstrates a delivered power between 3.5 and 5 W across the frequency range of 3.8–8.4 GHz. A flat power gain of around 9 ± 0.5 dB with 26–40% PAE is achieved.
Microseismicity Cloud Can Be Substantially Larger Than the Associated Stimulated Fracture Volume: The Case of the Paralana Enhanced Geothermal System
Authors: Riffault Jeremy , Dempsey David , Karra Satish , Archer Rosalind 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe goal of hydraulic stimulation is to increase formation permeability in the near vicinity of a well. However, there remain technical challenges around measuring the outcome of this operation. During two enhanced geothermal system stimulations in South Australia, Paralana in 2011 and Habanero in 2003, extensive catalogs of microseismicity were recovered. It is often assumed that shear failure of existing fractures is the main mechanism behind both the induced earthquakes and any permeability enhancement. This underpins a common notion that the seismically active volume is also the stimulated reservoir. Here we compute the density of earthquake hypocenters and provide evidence that, under certain conditions, this spatiotemporal quantity is a reasonable proxy for pore pressure increase. We then apply an inverse modeling approach that uses the earthquake observations and a modified reservoir simulator to estimate the parameters of a permeability evolution relation. The regime implied by the data indicates that most permeability enhancement occurred very near to the wellbore and was not coincident with the bulk of the seismicity, whose volume was about 2 orders of magnitude larger. Thus, we conclude that, in some cases, it is possible for permeability enhancement and induced seismicity to be decoupled, in which case the seismically active volume is a poor indicator of the stimulated reservoir. Our results raise serious questions about the effectiveness of hydroshearing as a stimulation mechanism in enhanced geothermal system. This study extends our understanding of the complex processes linking earthquakes, fluid pressure, and permeability in both natural and engineered settings.
A Centennial Episode of Weak East Asian Summer Monsoon in the Midst of the Medieval Warming
Authors: Jin Chunhan , Liu Jian , Wang Bin , Wang Zhiyuan , Yan Mi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRecent paleoproxy evidence has suggested that there is a centennial episode of weaker East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) within the Medieval Warm Period, in which the EASM is generally strong. This study aims to explore the causes of this phenomenon and determine what controls the centennial variability of the EASM. With the Community Earth System Model, a suite of control and forced experiments were conducted for the past 2,000 years. The model simulates a warm period over EA (East Asia) from CE 801–1250 with a generally increased summer mean precipitation over the northern EA; however, during CE 980–1100, the EASM is significantly weaker. On the multi‐decadal to centennial time scale, a strong EASM is associated with a La Niña‐like Indo‐Pacific warming, and a weak EASM with the El Niño‐like conditions. This sea surface temperature anomaly pattern represents the leading EOF (empirical orthogonal function) mode of centennial sea surface temperature variations, which are primarily forced by solar radiation and volcanic activity. In contrast, land use/land cover and greenhouse gases as well as internal dynamics play a negligible role. The weak EASM during CE 980–1100 is attributed to the relatively low solar radiation, which leads to a prevailing El Niño‐like Indo‐Pacific cooling with the strongest cooling occurring in the equatorial western Pacific. The suppressed convection over the equatorial western Pacific directly induces a Philippine Sea anticyclone anomaly, which increases the southern China precipitation, while suppressing Philippine Sea precipitation. The latter excites a meridional teleconnection that induces anomalous northerly winds and dry conditions over northern China.
Stronger Peak Ground Motion, Beyond the Threshold to Initiate a Response, Does Not Lead to Larger Stream Discharge Responses to Earthquakes
Authors: Mohr Christian H. , Manga Michael , Wald David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe impressive number of stream gauges in Chile, combined with a suite of past and recent large earthquakes, makes Chile a unique natural laboratory to study several streams that recorded responses to multiple seismic events. We document changes in discharge in eight streams in Chile following two or more large earthquakes. In all cases, discharge increases. Changes in discharge occur for peak ground velocities greater than about 7–11 cm/s. Above that threshold, the magnitude of both the increase in discharge and the total excess water do not increase with increasing peak ground velocities. While these observations are consistent with previous work in California, they conflict with lab experiments that show that the magnitude of permeability changes increases with increasing amplitude of ground motion. Instead, our study suggests that streamflow responses are binary.
Building the Magnetosphere From Magnetic Bubbles
Authors: Tsyganenko N. A. , Andreeva V. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA new approach has been developed to reconstruct the magnetospheric configurations from data by directly representing the magnetic field as a sum of divergence‐free contributions from a set of diffuse bubble‐like field sources, more or less evenly distributed over the modeling region. Unlike the earlier suggested method based on the radial basis functions, the new fully local approach does not involve toroidal and poloidal fields, which makes it conceptually simpler and computationally more straightforward. The method has been tested on artificial data sets generated using an empirical model and a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation. The new model was shown to faithfully reconstruct the high‐latitude magnetospheric structures, such as the field‐aligned currents and the diamagnetic depression in the outer polar cusp funnels. The new method can serve as a flexible tool with a tunable resolution and varied focus area, to be used in the data‐based modeling of the magnetosphere.
Sustained SREBP-1-dependent lipogenesis as a key mediator of resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy
Authors: Talebi Ali , Dehairs Jonas , Rambow Florian , Rogiers Aljosja , Nittner David , Derua Rita , Vanderhoydonc Frank , Duarte Joao A. G. , Bosisio Francesca , Van den Eynde Kathleen , Nys Kris , Pérez Mónica Vara , Agostinis Patrizia , Waelkens Etienne , Van den Oord Joost , Fendt Sarah-Maria , Marine Jean-Christophe , Swinnen Johannes V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhereas significant anti-tumor responses are observed in most BRAFV600E-mutant melanoma patients exposed to MAPK-targeting agents, resistance almost invariably develops. Here, we show that in therapy-responsive cells BRAF inhibition induces downregulation of the processing of Sterol Regulator Element Binding (SREBP-1) and thereby lipogenesis. Irrespective of the escape mechanism, therapy-resistant cells invariably restore this process to promote lipid saturation and protect melanoma from ROS-induced damage and lipid peroxidation. Importantly, pharmacological SREBP-1 inhibition sensitizes BRAFV600E-mutant therapy-resistant melanoma to BRAFV600E inhibitors both in vitro and in a pre-clinical PDX in vivo model. Together, these data indicate that targeting SREBP-1-induced lipogenesis may offer a new avenue to overcome acquisition of resistance to BRAF-targeted therapy. This work also provides evidence that targeting vulnerabilities downstream of oncogenic signaling offers new possibilities in overcoming resistance to targeted therapies.
A dopaminergic switch for fear to safety transitions
Authors: Luo Ray , Uematsu Akira , Weitemier Adam , Aquili Luca , Koivumaa Jenny , McHugh Thomas J. , Johansen Joshua P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOvercoming aversive emotional memories requires neural systems that detect when fear responses are no longer appropriate so that they can be extinguished. The midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system has been implicated in reward and more broadly in signaling when a better-than-expected outcome has occurred. This suggests that it may be important in guiding fear to safety transitions. We report that when an expected aversive outcome does not occur, activity in midbrain dopamine neurons is necessary to extinguish behavioral fear responses and engage molecular signaling events in extinction learning circuits. Furthermore, a specific dopamine projection to the nucleus accumbens medial shell is partially responsible for this effect. In contrast, a separate dopamine projection to the medial prefrontal cortex opposes extinction learning. This demonstrates a novel function for the canonical VTA-dopamine reward system and reveals opposing behavioral roles for different dopamine neuron projections in fear extinction learning.
C-NHEJ without indels is robust and requires synergistic function of distinct XLF domains
Authors: Bhargava Ragini , Sandhu Manbir , Muk Sanychen , Lee Gabriella , Vaidehi Nagarajan , Stark Jeremy M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo investigate the fidelity of canonical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ), we developed an assay to detect EJ between distal ends of two Cas9-induced chromosomal breaks that are joined without causing insertion/deletion mutations (indels). Here we find that such EJ requires several core C-NHEJ factors, including XLF. Using variants of this assay, we find that C-NHEJ is required for EJ events that use 1–2, but not ≥3, nucleotides of terminal microhomology. We also investigated XLF residues required for EJ without indels, finding that one of two binding domains is essential (L115 or C-terminal lysines that bind XRCC4 and KU/DNA, respectively), and that disruption of one of these domains sensitizes XLF to mutations that affect its dimer interface, which we examined with molecular dynamic simulations. Thus, C-NHEJ, including synergistic function of distinct XLF domains, is required for EJ of chromosomal breaks without indels.
Synthetic CRISPR-Cas gene activators for transcriptional reprogramming in bacteria
Authors: Dong Chen , Fontana Jason , Patel Anika , Carothers James M. , Zalatan Jesse G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMethods to regulate gene expression programs in bacterial cells are limited by the absence of effective gene activators. To address this challenge, we have developed synthetic bacterial transcriptional activators in E. coli by linking activation domains to programmable CRISPR-Cas DNA binding domains. Effective gene activation requires target sites situated in a narrow region just upstream of the transcription start site, in sharp contrast to the relatively flexible target site requirements for gene activation in eukaryotic cells. Together with existing tools for CRISPRi gene repression, these bacterial activators enable programmable control over multiple genes with simultaneous activation and repression. Further, the entire gene expression program can be switched on by inducing expression of the CRISPR-Cas system. This work will provide a foundation for engineering synthetic bacterial cellular devices with applications including diagnostics, therapeutics, and industrial biosynthesis.