bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrologic and anthropogenic influences on aquatic macrophyte development in a large, shallow lake in China
Authors: Zhang Qinghui , Dong Xuhui , Yang Xiangdong , Odgaard Bent Vad , Jeppesen Erik 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMacrophyte composition and abundance affect the overall ecological structure and function of lakes, and information on the nature and timing of changes in macrophyte assemblages is therefore crucial for understanding their impact on the lake ecosystem.We examined plant macrofossils, diatoms, cladocerans, and physical and geochemical proxies in two sediment cores from Lake Liangzi, a large shallow lake located on the Yangtze floodplain in south‐east China, in order to assess recent and historical trajectories of ecological and environmental change. We also used archival records of environmental changes (i.e. hydrological, climatic, fishery, and social factors) in the lake and its catchment. Lake Liangzi is of particular interest as it, unlike most other lakes in the region, has maintained a macrophyte‐dominated state.The results revealed a shift in the lake during the pastca. 160 years from a clear water, low‐growing submerged macrophyte community (e.g.Najas minor, charophyte species), dominated by planktonic diatoms and planktonic cladocerans, towards a more pollutant‐resistant, tall‐growing macrophyte community (Potamogetonspp.,Ceratophyllum demersumandMyriophyllum spicatum) and dominance by benthic and epiphytic diatoms and littoral cladocerans. However, a pronounced increase in the abundance of planktonicBosminaspp. at the expense of true littoral cladoceran species and a decline in plant macrofossil assemblages in the surface samples suggest that the lake recently entered into a new unprecedented state.Redundancy analysis indicated major changes in hydrology and moderate inputs of anthropogenic pollutants as well as climate warming as the main drivers of ecological and environmental changes in the lake.Our study demonstrated that plant macrofossils from radionuclide‐dated short sediment cores provide reliable information on the nature and timing of changes in the macrophyte community in Lake Liangzi. Furthermore, our study provided information on the composition of the plant community before recent strong perturbations and also showed the trajectories and suggested the drivers of ecological and environmental change, thereby offering valuable information for lake managers in the Yangtze region and elsewhere.Our study identifies a relatively resistant community of submerged macrophytes, which may be an initial restoration target for managers when restoring the many lakes in the region where submerged vegetation coverage has declined during the last few decades.
Alternative tree‐cover states of the boreal ecosystem: A conceptual model
Authors: Abis Beniamino , Brovkin Victor 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimPrevious analyses of remotely sensed data detected the multimodality of the tree‐cover distribution of the boreal forest, and identified areas with potentially alternative tree‐cover states. This paper aims at investigating the causes of multimodality and multistability of the boreal forest, their influence on the asymmetric tree species distribution between Eurasia and North America, and whether multistability could be associated with recent greening trends in leaf area index (LAI) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).LocationEurasian and North American boreal forests.Time period2000–2010.Major taxa studiedBoreal forest plant functional types.MethodsWe employ a conceptual model based on tree species competition to simulate the sensitivity of tree cover to stochastic disturbances and to changes in environmental factors. We include different plant functional types based on survival adaptations, and force the model with remotely sensed environmental data. We analyse the model as a dynamical system. We use metrics from statistics and information theory to compare the detection of alternative tree‐cover states and greening trends in LAI and NDVI.ResultsWe find that multimodality and multistability can emerge through competition between different plant functional types. Additionally, our model is able to reproduce the asymmetry in tree species distribution between Eurasia and North America. Moreover, changes in permafrost distribution can be associated with phenomenological bifurcation points of the model. Finally, we find that the detection of multistable areas is not affected by recent vegetation trends, whereas shifts between alternative states could have affected the greening trends.Main conclusionsTree‐cover multistability in the boreal region can emerge through competition between species subject to periodic disturbances. Changes in permafrost thaw and distribution could be responsible for the asymmetry in tree species distribution between North America and Eurasia. Climate change and permafrost degradation could cause shifts in tree‐cover states and dominant species. Recent vegetation greening trends in multistable areas could have been affected by shifts between alternative states.
Micro‐CT evaluation of sonically and ultrasonically activated irrigation on the removal of hard‐tissue debris from isthmus‐containing mesial root canal systems of mandibular molars
Authors: Rödig T. , Koberg C. , Baxter S. , Konietschke F. , Wiegand A. , Rizk M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of sonically and ultrasonically activated irrigation on removal of accumulated hard‐tissue debris (AHTD) in mesial root canal systems of mandibular molars using micro‐computed tomographic (micro‐CT) analysis.MethodologyForty mesial roots of mandibular molars with two independent canals joined apically by an isthmus (Vertucci type II) were selected. The root canals were instrumented using Reciproc R25 instruments, and specimens were scanned at a resolution of 10.5 μm. Subsequently, n = 10 roots were assigned to each of the four final irrigation groups such that the group means and variances were almost identical: sonically activated irrigation with EndoActivator (EA) or EDDY (ED), ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) and manual irrigation without activation (MI). The final irrigation procedures were performed using a total of 5 mL 1% NaOCl and 5 mL 15% EDTA per canal over 5 min with activation time of 4 × 20 s. Reconstructed data sets were coregistered, and the mean percentage reduction of AHTD after final irrigation was compared statistically between groups using analysis of variance at a significance level set at 5%.ResultsA significant reduction of AHTD was achieved after final irrigation in all groups (P < 0.05), ranging from 44.1% to 66.8%. The vol% of debris after irrigation was 3.7 ± 1.9% for EA, 3.3 ± 2.3% for ED, 2.1 ± 1.6% for UAI and 4.4 ± 2.3% for MI, with no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsNone of the final irrigation protocols completely removed AHTD from mesial root canal systems in extracted human mandibular molars. Sonically and ultrasonically activated irrigation performed no better compared to manual irrigation.
Function mechanism of Y2O3 additive in silicon powder nitridation
Authors: Jin Xing , Xing Pengfei , Zhuang Yanxin , Kong Jian , Jiang Shengnan , Wei Donghui 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEffect of sole Y2O3 additive on the nitridation behavior of silicon powder was systematically studied using thermo gravimetry, differential thermal analysis, particle size analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and thermodynamic analysis in this paper. The thermo gravimetry results showed that Y2O3 additive can significantly decrease the initial nitriding temperature and increase the nitriding rate. This phenomenon can be attributed to the much lower reaction temperature of the silica film and Y2O3 additive than that of the silica film and silicon. In addition, Y2O3 additive has little effect on the nitridation of silicon powder at 1300°C. However, it can obviously enhance the nitridation of silicon powder and the formation of β‐Si3N4 at 1400°C, which is evidenced by the fact that the overall conversion increases from 58.1% to 100% and the fraction of β‐Si3N4 in generated Si3N4 increases from 7.9% to 68.2% with increasing the content of Y2O3 additive from 0 to 10 wt%.
The latest progress on miR‐374 and its functional implications in physiological and pathological processes
Authors: Bian Hongjun , Zhou Yi , Zhou Dawei , Zhang Yongsheng , Shang Deya , Qi Jianni 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNon‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been emerging players in cell development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Based on their differences in length and structure, they are subdivided into several categories including long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs >200nt), stable non‐coding RNAs (60‐300nt), microRNAs (miRs or miRNAs, 18‐24nt), circular RNAs, piwi‐interacting RNAs (26‐31nt) and small interfering RNAs (about 21nt). Therein, miRNAs not only directly regulate gene expression through pairing of nucleotide bases between the miRNA sequence and a specific mRNA that leads to the translational repression or degradation of the target mRNA, but also indirectly affect the function of downstream genes through interactions with lncRNAs and circRNAs. The latest studies have highlighted their importance in physiological and pathological processes. MiR‐374 family member are located at the X‐chromosome inactivation center. In recent years, numerous researches have uncovered that miR‐374 family members play an indispensable regulatory role, such as in reproductive disorders, cell growth and differentiation, calcium handling in the kidney, various cancers and epilepsy. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of miR‐374 family members in multiple physiological and pathological processes. More specifically, we also summarize their promising potential as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets from bench to bedside.
An eight‐case 1q21 region series: novel aberrations and clinical variability with new features
Authors: Ceylan A. C. , Sahin I. , Erdem H. B. , Kayhan G. , Simsek‐Kiper P. O. , Utine G. E. , Percin F. , Boduroglu K. , Alikasifoglu M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundRearrangement of the 1q21 region of chromosome 1 manifests as multiple phenotypes, including microcephaly, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, eye abnormalities, cardiac defects, genitourinary anomalies, autism spectrum disorder, psychiatric conditions and seizures. Herein, we describe eight patients with 1q21 deletion and duplication syndromes, and novel deletions and findings.MethodsChromosomal microarray analysis was performed to identify the existence of copy number variation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied using specific primers for the control and 1q21 region of chromosome 1. Mutational analysis was performed in case 5 using direct genomic sequencing for exons 1–6 in RBM8A.ResultsCopy number variation analysis identified seven deletions and one duplication of the 1q21 region in the eight patients. In addition, four variations were de novo, and two deletions are reported here for the first time. One of the cases (case 7) presents moderate intellectual disability and dysmorphic facial findings, whereas chromosomal microarray analysis showed that case 7 had an 889‐kb deletion in the 1q21 proximal region (GPR89A, PDZK1, CD160, POLR3C and NBPF12).ConclusionAlthough the deletion in case 5 did not include the thrombocytopenia‐absent radius syndrome critical region or the RBM8A gene, he had pectoral muscle hypoplasia, radius and humerus hypoplasia and short curved ribs, which are indicative of a potential thrombocytopenia‐absent radius region modifier. The findings in case 7 suggest that the proximal part of the 1q21 microdeletion syndrome region might be very important for the onset of clinical manifestations. Some novel findings were observed in the presented cases, such as radius and humerus hypoplasia and brain stem hypoplasia. The presented findings expand the spectrum of 1q21 aberrations and provide evidence of genotype–phenotype correlations for this region.
Age‐specific associations between oestradiol, cortico‐amygdalar structural covariance, and verbal and spatial skills
Authors: Nguyen Tuong‐Vi , Jones Sherri Lee , Gower Tricia , Lew Jimin , Albaugh Matthew D. , Botteron Kelly N. , Hudziak James J. , Fonov Vladimir S. , Louis Collins D. , Campbell Benjamin C. , Booij Linda , Herba Catherine M. , Monnier Patricia , Ducharme Simon , Waber Deborah , McCracken James T. 
Published: February 2019

Oestradiol is known to play an important role in the developing human brain, although little is known about the entire network of potential regions that might be affected and how these effects may vary from childhood to early adulthood, which in turn can explain sexually differentiated behaviours. In the present study, we examined the relationships between oestradiol, cortico‐amygdalar structural covariance, and cognitive or behavioural measures typically showing sex differences (verbal/spatial skills, anxious‐depressed symptomatology) in 152 children and adolescents (aged 6‐22 years). Cortico‐amygdalar structural covariance shifted from positive to negative across the age range. Oestradiol was found to diminish the impact of age on cortico‐amygdalar covariance for the pre‐supplementary motor area/frontal eye field and retrosplenial cortex (across the age range), as well as for the posterior cingulate cortex (in older children). Moreover, the influence of oestradiol on age‐related cortico‐amygdalar networks was associated with higher word identification and spatial working memory (across the age range), as well as higher reading comprehension (in older children), although it did not impact anxious‐depressed symptoms. There were no significant sex effects on any of the above relationships. These findings confirm the importance of developmental timing on oestradiol‐related effects and hint at the non‐sexually dimorphic role of oestradiol‐related cortico‐amygdalar structural networks in aspects of cognition distinct from emotional processes.
Ghrelin‐mediated improvements in the metabolic phenotype in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Rudenko Olga , Springer Cecilie , Skov Louisa J. , Madsen Andreas N. , Hasholt Lis , Nørremølle Anne , Holst Birgitte 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a heritable neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by metabolic disturbances, along with cognitive and psychiatric impairments. Targeting metabolic HD dysfunction via the maintenance of body weight and fat mass and restoration of peripheral energy metabolism can improve the progression of neurological symptoms. In this respect, we focused on the therapeutic potential of the orexigenic peptide hormone ghrelin, which plays an important role in promoting a positive energy balance. In the present study, we found a significant disruption of circadian metabolic regulation in a R6/2 mouse HD model in the late stage of disease. Daily circadian rhythms of activity, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio and feeding were strongly attenuated in R6/2 mice. During the rest phase, R6/2 mice had a higher total activity, elevated energy expenditure and excessive water consumption compared to control mice. We also found that, in the late stage of disease, R6/2 mice had ghrelin axis deficiency as a result of low circulating ghrelin levels, in addition to down‐regulation of the ghrelin receptor and several key signalling molecules in the hypothalamus, as well as a reduced responsiveness to exogenous peripheral ghrelin. We demonstrated that, in pre‐symptomatic mice, responsiveness to ghrelin is preserved. Chronic ghrelin treatment efficiently increased lean body mass and decreased the energy expenditure and fat utilisation of R6/2 mice in the early stage of disease. In addition, ghrelin treatment was also effective in the normalisation of drinking behaviour and the rest activity of these mice. Ghrelin treatment could provide a novel therapeutic possibility for delaying disease progression; however, deficiency in ghrelin receptor expression could limit its therapeutic potential in the late stage of disease.
On Equilibrium When Contingent Capital Has a Market Trigger: A Correction to Sundaresan and Wang Journal of Finance (2015)
Authors: PENNACCHI GEORGE , TCHISTYI ALEXEI 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper identifies an error in Sundaresan and Wang (2015, hereafter SW) that invalidates its Theorem 1. The paper develops a model of contingent capital (CC) with a stock price trigger that is consistent with SW's framework and yields closed‐form solutions for stock and CC prices. Yet, the model shows that unique stock price equilibria exist for a broader range of CC contractual terms than those required by SW. Specifically, when conversion terms benefit CC investors and penalize shareholders, a unique equilibrium can exist rather than the multiple equilibria stated in SW.
Financial Markets, the Real Economy, and Self‐Fulfilling Uncertainties
Authors: BENHABIB JESS , LIU XUEWEN , WANG PENGFEI 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTWe develop a model of informational interdependence between financial markets and the real economy, linking economic uncertainty to information production and aggregate economic activities in general equilibrium. The mutual learning between financial markets and the real economy creates a strategic complementarity in their information production, leading to self‐fulfilling surges in economic uncertainties. In a dynamic setting, our model characterizes self‐fulfilling uncertainty traps with two steady‐state equilibria and a two‐stage economic crisis in transitional dynamics.
Anxiety and the dynamic self as defined by the prospection and mental simulation of looming future threats
Authors: Riskind John H. , Calvete Esther 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA more dynamic perspective of threats to the self may contribute to an enhanced understanding of the processes that develop and maintain anxiety and thus, potentially inform psychological interventions. This article presents the looming vulnerability model of anxiety, which stresses the threat or risk prospection and dynamic mental simulation of the course of threat. Individuals do not become anxious simply because they picture distant or static possible threats that represent threats to the self. Rather, their anxiety results from interpreting potential threats as dynamic, growing, and approaching. Following a review of a wide range of literature from clinical, personality, and social psychology, we present the looming vulnerability model and its underpinnings in evolution and examine its applications to cognitive vulnerability to anxiety and its therapeutic alleviation [Correction added on 6 August 2019, after first online publication: Abstract text has been corrected to ‘looming vulnerability model’ in two places.]. We also address the associations of the model to other self‐related concepts that are involved in anxiety.
Big Five personality domains and relationship satisfaction: Direct effects and correlated change over time
Authors: O’Meara Madison S. , South Susan C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe Big Five Model (BFM) of personality domains is significantly related to romantic relationship outcomes, particularly marital satisfaction. Few studies to date, however, have examined the BFM domains and relationship outcomes longitudinally.MethodWe used latent growth curve modeling to estimate the initial levels (intercept) and the rate of change (slope) in the BFM domains and marital satisfaction and determine if change in one construct was associated with change in the other. All available data were retained from participants who remained married to the same individual, as well as early waves for participants who divorced or were widowed, in the Midlife in the United States study (N = 1,965). We expected negative associations between (a) intercepts of Neuroticism and relationship satisfaction and (b) the intercept/slope of Neuroticism with change in marital satisfaction. The other BFM domains were expected to have positive effects on change in satisfaction.ResultsThe results suggested that change over time in Neuroticism and Conscientiousness is detrimental to satisfaction, while initial levels of Conscientiousness may predict declining marital satisfaction.ConclusionsChanges in Neuroticism accompany parallel changes in relationship satisfaction in a large sample of married U.S. adults, suggesting an ongoing bidirectional influence between these constructs in enduring marriages.
Management of childhood obesity: An audit of clinical practice in secondary care
Authors: Dainty Gloria J , Reith David M , Taylor Barry J 
Published: February 2019

AimChildhood obesity continues to be a major health issue for children world‐wide, with well‐recognised major health effects. This study evaluated the prevalence of obesity in children presenting to secondary care in Southern New Zealand, as well as their clinical management.MethodsObesity prevalence was determined by a review of data contained in the electronic anthropometry database in the region for the period 19 July 2010–16 July 2015. All clinical records were further examined using a standard data extraction form for 333 obese children regarding their clinical management.ResultsA total of 8551 individuals were identified in the database for review. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher than the average national rates but stable over the 5‐year period. Children of Maori and Pacific Island ethnicity, those most deprived and males were over‐represented in terms of obesity. Of the 333 obese children whose clinical management was examined, 45.0% received a diagnosis of obesity. Of those diagnosed, 24.7% had further investigations related to possible obesity complications, and 72.7% were given management plans. Older females were more likely to receive clinical intervention, while Maori and Pacific Island children were less likely.ConclusionsOf the children seen in this secondary care setting, 40% are overweight or obese, and yet the rate of clinical intervention left room for improvement, suggesting a need for further staff education and clear guidelines. Maori and Pacific Island children have higher obesity burden but were less likely to receive clinical intervention. This may highlight a need for specific education regarding cultural practices.
Paediatric use of antibiotics in children with community acquired pneumonia: A survey from Da Nang, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Phuong TK , Tran Hoang T , Truong Huong TT , Nguyen Vu T , Graham Steve M , Marais Ben J 
Published: February 2019

AimTo characterise paediatricians' antibiotic‐prescribing behaviour when managing community acquired pneumonia.MethodsWe conducted a knowledge and attitudes survey of paediatric doctors practicing at a regional provincial hospital in central Vietnam over a 2‐week period (from 12 December 2017 to 29 December 2017).ResultsOf 79 eligible paediatric doctors, 69 (87.3%) completed the questionnaire, of whom 65 (94.2%) thought that antibiotics were overused in Vietnam. Thirty‐eight doctors (55.1%) indicated that they routinely hospitalised children with pneumonia to provide intravenous antibiotics. Most doctors reported discharging children with non‐severe pneumonia after 5 days (76.9%) and those with severe pneumonia after 7–10 days (88.4%); older doctors generally continued intravenous antibiotics for longer. The two most important factors driving discharge decisions were clinical assessment (95.6%) and completion of the full course of intravenous antibiotics (80.0%). Antibiotic prescription was influenced by local guidelines (62.3%), drugs used before admission (50.0%) and the opinion of senior clinicians (37.7%). Most doctors believed antibiotic stewardship was necessary (98.6%) and that over‐the‐counter use of antibiotics should be restricted (97.1%).ConclusionsPaediatricians recognised an urgent need for more effective regulation and antibiotic stewardship in Vietnam. Routinely completing a full course of intravenous antibiotics leads to unnecessary and prolonged hospitalisation.