bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practitioner Review: Twenty years of research with adverse childhood experience scores – Advantages, disadvantages and applications to practice
Authors: Lacey Rebecca E. , Minnis Helen 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundAdverse childhood experience (ACE) scores have become a common approach for considering childhood adversities and are highly influential in public policy and clinical practice. Their use is also controversial. Other ways of measuring adversity ‐ examining single adversities, or using theoretically or empirically driven methods ‐ might have advantages over ACE scores.MethodsIn this narrative review we critique the conceptualisation and measurement of ACEs in research, clinical practice, public health and public discourse.ResultsThe ACE score approach has the advantages – and limitations – of simplicity: its simplicity facilitates wide‐ranging applications in public policy, public health and clinical settings but risks over‐simplistic communication of risk/causality, determinism and stigma. The other common approach – focussing on single adversities ‐ is also limited because adversities tend to co‐occur. Researchers are using rapidly accruing datasets on ACEs to facilitate new theoretical and empirical approaches but this work is at an early stage, e.g. weighting ACEs and including severity, frequency, duration and timing. More research is needed to establish what should be included as an ACE, how individual ACEs should be weighted, how ACEs cluster, and the implications of these findings for clinical work and policy. New ways of conceptualising and measuring ACEs that incorporate this new knowledge, while maintaining some of the simplicity of the current ACE questionnaire, could be helpful for clinicians, practitioners, patients and the public.ConclusionsAlthough we welcome the current focus on ACEs, a more critical view of their conceptualisation, measurement, and application to practice settings is urgently needed.
Partial Identification of Answer Reviewing Effects in Multiple‐Choice Exams
Authors: Kim Yongnam 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDoes reviewing previous answers during multiple‐choice exams help examinees increase their final score? This article formalizes the question using a rigorous causal framework, the potential outcomes framework. Viewing examinees’ reviewing status as a treatment and their final score as an outcome, the article first explains the challenges of identifying the causal effect of answer reviewing in regular exam‐taking settings. In addition to the incapability of randomizing the treatment selection (reviewing status) and the lack of other information to make this selection process ignorable, the treatment variable itself is not fully known to researchers. Looking at examinees’ answer sheet data, it is unclear whether an examinee who did not change his or her answer on a specific item reviewed it but retained the initial answer (treatment condition) or chose not to review it (control condition). Despite such challenges, however, the article develops partial identification strategies and shows that the sign of the answer reviewing effect can be reasonably inferred. By analyzing a statewide math assessment data set, the article finds that reviewing initial answers is generally beneficial for examinees.
Microbiota profile is different for early and invasive colorectal cancer and is consistent throughout the colon
Authors: Zorron Cheng Tao Pu Leonardo , Yamamoto Kenta , Honda Takashi , Nakamura Masanao , Yamamura Takeshi , Hattori Shun , Burt Alastair D , Singh Rajvinder , Hirooka Yoshiki , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground and AimMicrobiota have been associated with several diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to evaluate the microbiota in early/invasive CRC utilizing stool and cytological brushes to determine differences in relative abundance (RA).MethodsColonoscopy patients referred for endoscopic submucosal dissection or previous to CRC surgery were prospectively enrolled. Stool was collected pre‐bowel preparation; and brush samples were taken during colonoscopy (three regions). DNA extraction, 16S rRNA next generation sequencing, and biostatistics (qiime and stamp software packages) followed. Primary outcome was the difference in RA of the Fusobacterium genus between the groups. Secondary outcomes included analyses of other microbiota.ResultsTwenty‐five patients were included, of which 14 had invasive cancer (≥ 1000 mm into the submucosa). The three major genera for invasive cancer were Bacterioides, Oribacterium, and Fusobacterium, whereas for early cancer were Oribacterium, Bacterioides, and Prevotella (decreasing order of RA). There was a significantly higher RA of Fusobacterium in the invasive cancer group (9.65% vs 0.95%, respectively, P < 0.001). The RA of all genera was similar throughout the colon. In addition to Fusobacterium, the genera Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Porphyromonas, and Sclegelella showed statistically higher RA in the invasive cancer group. Conversely, the genera Oribacterium, Desulfovibrio, Clostridiales, and Lactobacillus showed lower RA in the invasive cancer group.ConclusionsThe RA of Fusobacterium is higher with invasive CRC than in early CRC patients. In addition, five other bacteria genera were found to be increased, and four decreased in invasive CRC patients. The microbiota per patient was similar throughout the colon.
The governance of sexuality in a Recovery‐oriented mental health service: Psychosis, consumers and clinical approaches
Authors: Evans Alicia M. , Quinn Chris , McKenna Brian 
Published: October 2019

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject

The intersection of sexuality and psychosis has a long history, yet research in this area has been minimal over the past few decades.

Mental health clinicians practice from within the confines of a mental health system that is founded on a conflict between containment and care and that positions the consumer as an object of care.

At the same time, mental health services often have a Recovery approach to care. This presents a difficulty and tension in mental health clinical work because the Recovery approach is opposed to positioning the consumer as an object.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge

The findings suggest that sexuality and sexual needs are common to both clinicians and consumers, and via identification, make the two groups more similar than different.

Sexuality can problematize and so open up questions about the objectification of consumers.

Consideration of consumers' sexuality and sexual needs can therefore work as a resistance to the dominant mental health approach and, in doing so, produce a more Recovery‐oriented approach to treatment in terms of how the consumer is positioned.

Other aspects of living that escape capture by the diagnostic system may also operate as organizing factors for a more subject‐to‐subject approach to treatment.

The implications for practice

Focusing on sexuality and other aspects of living that escape capture by the diagnostic system can bring into question the way consumers are objectified by the psychiatric model of care.

AbstractIntroductionThe Recovery approach introduced a radical shift in the positioning of consumers as subjects rather than objects of mental health treatment. While this approach has been internationally adopted, the practice of Recovery has been under‐researched and a knowledge gap exists regarding the intersection of sexuality and psychosis.AimThe study aim was to investigate how sexuality was governed in a long‐stay mental health rehabilitation facility that was Recovery‐oriented.MethodA case study methodology with a conceptual framework using Foucault's work on disciplinary power was used.ResultsThe findings illustrated how mental health clinicians were caught between two main and incompatible models of care: a psychiatric one and a Recovery one.DiscussionWhile the policy framework authorized a Recovery approach, clinicians practised surveillance, hierarchical observation and normalization, which are tenants of a psychiatric model of care. However, the study found that sexuality was an area that opened questions about the psychiatric model for clinicians. Consideration of consumers' sexual needs allowed the clinicians to think of consumers more as subjects like themselves than as objects to be treated.Implications for practiceConsideration of consumers' sexuality opens up possibilities for questioning the objectification of the consumer via the psychiatric model.
Leaf functional traits vary within and across tree species in tropical cloud forest on rock outcrop versus volcanic soil
Authors: Vergara‐Gómez Diana , Williams‐Linera Guadalupe , Casanoves Fernando 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuestionFunctional leaf traits are used to classify plants into ecological strategies according to the leaf economic spectrum. Geological substrate has an important effect on functional trait variation; however, interspecific and intraspecific trait variation on contrasting substrates needs to be documented for tropical humid forests. We hypothesized that a conservative resource strategy is prevalent in forests on rocky outcrops (FOR) and an acquisitive strategy is prevalent in forests on volcanic substrate (FOV). Our aim was to determine interspecific and intraspecific variation in functional traits of tree species on FOR and FOV.LocationTropical cloud forests on limestone outcrops and deep volcanic soil close to each other, Veracruz, Mexico.MethodsAt four sites in FOR and four sites in FOV, we selected 16 native tree species: five occurring only in FOR, five occurring only in FOV, six common to both. We determined leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal density (SD), and foliar C, N and P content. Functional trait differences between FOR and FOV were determined using linear mixed models.ResultsLeaf traits differed between substrates and interspecifically. LA, SLA and foliar C content were higher in FOV than in FOR. Tree species common to both substrates displayed significant substrate × species interaction, but LA, SLA, SD and foliar C showed different trends in each substrate. Our results indicate that tree species on different substrates within the same vegetation type display different functional strategies.ConclusionsLeaf trait variation supports the hypothesis that tree species use strategies congruent with resource conservation in FOR and resource acquisition in FOV. Intraspecific variation of LA, SLA and SD in tree species growing on both substrates suggests plasticity to adapt locally to changes in substrate conditions. LA and SLA are critical indicator traits of the use and allocation of resources in FOR and FOV.
Needle electromyography, muscle MRI, and muscle pathology: Correlations in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Aoki Reika , Kokubun Norito , Komagamine Tomoko , Shimizu Jun , Nishino Ichizo , Kurasawa Kazuhiro , Hirata Koichi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundOn needle electromyography (EMG), abnormal spontaneous activity is considered a feature of active myositis. However, the correlation between needle EMG and muscle pathology is not always clear. Moreover, the changes in EMG findings after corticosteroid therapy are not fully understood.AimTo investigate the correlations among muscle pathology, needle EMG and muscle MRI findings in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs).MethodsThe clinical features, laboratory results, needle EMG, muscle MRI findings and pathological features of 50 consecutive patients with IIMs who underwent muscle biopsies were reviewed. We also describe the changes in these findings between before and after corticosteroid treatments.ResultsThe most common IIM was dermatomyositis (40%). On needle EMG, fibrillation/positive sharp waves (Fib/PSWs) were observed in 72% of the patients. MRI abnormalities were observed in 86% of the patients. In the pathology study, 88% of patients had inflammatory markers. The incidence of Fib/PSWs did not differ between pretreatment patients (79%) and steroid‐treated patients (62%). In the pathology study, perimysium/perivascular cell infiltration also did not differ between before and after treatment. However, endomysium cell infiltration was significantly less frequent in steroid‐treated patients (0%) than in pretreatment patients (29%) (P < .05).ConclusionsOur study confirmed that Fib/PSWs on needle EMG and muscle MRI were sensitive guides for diagnosing IIMs, and Fib/PSWs might be correlated with muscle fiber injuries or segmental necrosis rather than inflammatory cell infiltration in the affected muscles. Before treatment and within at least 1 month after starting corticosteroid treatment, Fib/PSWs could be detected by needle EMG.
The effect of rikkunshito on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric motor function: The first study in a Belgian functional dyspepsia population
Authors: Masuy Imke , Carbone Florencia , Holvoet Lieselot , Vandenberghe Alain , Vanuytsel Tim , Tack Jan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundRikkunshito, a traditional Kampo medicine, has shown efficacy to treat functional dyspepsia (FD) in controlled trials in Japan. Its putative benefit for European patients and mechanism of action has not been established.MethodsThis study examined the effect of rikkunshito on gastric motility and GI symptom perception in FD‐PDS patients in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study. After a 2‐week run‐in period, patients received rikkunshito or matching placebo (2.5 g t.i.d.) for 4 weeks, separated by a 4‐week washout period. Symptoms were assessed by the Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (LPDS) diary throughout the study. At baseline and after both treatment arms, intragastric pressure (IGP) was measured to evaluate gastric accommodation and gastric motility. Simultaneously, GI symptoms were scored on a 100 mm visual analogue scale. Validated symptom questionnaires (PAGI‐SYM, VSI, DSS, and PHQ) were completed each study visit.Key ResultsTwenty‐three patients completed the study (33 ± 14 years, 22.7 ± 3.22 kg/m2). Intragastric pressure was numerically, but not significantly, lower after rikkunshito compared with baseline and placebo (P = .14). No differences were found in gastric accommodation, nutrient volume tolerance, and symptoms assessed during IGP measurements. Early satiation and postprandial fullness (daily diary) decreased after rikkunshito compared with baseline (P < .041 for both). Placebo also improved most other symptoms assessed. No significant changes in VSI scores occurred. No adverse reactions occurred.ConclusionsRikkunshito did not alter gastric motility. Treatment with rikkunshito improved upper GI symptoms in FD patients but similarly high placebo effects were observed using the LPDS diary, PAGI‐SYM, SF‐NDI, and DSS scores. Rikkunshito was safe and well‐tolerated.
Lightning is a major cause of large tree mortality in a lowland neotropical forest
Authors: Yanoviak Stephen P. , Gora Evan M. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Burchfield Jeffrey C. , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , Detto Matteo , Paton Steven , Hubbell Stephen P. 
Published: October 2019

Summary

The mortality rates of large trees are critical to determining carbon stocks in tropical forests, but the mechanisms of tropical tree mortality remain poorly understood. Lightning strikes thousands of tropical trees every day, but is commonly assumed to be a minor agent of tree mortality in most tropical forests.

We use the first systematic quantification of lightning‐caused mortality to show that lightning is a major cause of death for the largest trees in an old‐growth lowland forest in Panama. A novel lightning strike location system together with field surveys of strike sites revealed that, on average, each strike directly kills 3.5 trees (> 10 cm diameter) and damages 11.4 more.

Given lightning frequency data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network and historical total tree mortality rates for this site, we conclude that lightning accounts for 40.5% of the mortality of large trees (> 60 cm diameter) in the short term and probably contributes to an additional 9.0% of large tree deaths over the long term.

Any changes in cloud‐to‐ground lightning frequency due to climatic change will alter tree mortality rates; projected 25–50% increases in lightning frequency would increase large tree mortality rates in this forest by 9–18%. The results of this study indicate that lightning plays a critical and previously underestimated role in tropical forest dynamics and carbon cycling.
Effect of floristic composition and configuration on plant root mycobiota: a landscape transposition at a small scale
Authors: Mony Cendrine , Brunellière Philomène , Vannier Nathan , Bittebiere Anne‐Kristel , Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe 
Published: October 2019

Summary

Fungal communities in the root endosphere are heterogeneous at fine scale. The passenger hypothesis assumes that this heterogeneity is driven by host plant distribution. Plant composition and host plant configuration should then influence root fungal assemblages.

We used a large‐scale experimental design of 25 mixtures of grassland plants. We sampled Brachypodium pinnatum in each mesocosm, and used amplicon mass‐sequencing to analyze the endospheric mycobiota. We used plant distribution maps to assess plant species richness and evenness (heterogeneity of composition), and patch size and the degree of isolation of B. pinnatum (heterogeneity of configuration) on fungal community assembly.

The Glomeromycotina community in B. pinnatum roots was not related to either floristic heterogeneity or productivity. For Ascomycota, the composition of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was driven by plant evenness while OTU richness decreased with plant richness. For Basidiomycota, richness increased with host plant aggregation and connectivity. Plant productivity influenced Ascomycota, inducing a shift in OTU composition and decreasing evenness.

Plant heterogeneity modified root mycobiota, with potential direct (i.e. host preference) and indirect (i.e. adaptations to abiotic conditions driven by plant occurrence over time) effects. Plant communities can be envisioned as microlandscapes consisting of a variety of fungal niches.
Entrepreneurship among Nonprofit Arts Organizations: Substituting between Wage and Flexible Labor
Authors: Woronkowicz Joanna , Noonan Douglas , LeRoux Kelly 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nonprofit entrepreneurship is largely viewed through the lens of commercialization, overshadowing other ways that entrepreneurship manifests within the sector. One such way involves nonprofits' tendency to meet workforce needs by substituting flexible for wage labor, which may be especially attractive to arts organizations given the proclivity of workers in this sector to be self‐employed. The authors examine the use of flexible versus wage labor by nonprofit arts organizations, relying on panel data to account for changes in organizational size over time. The results provide evidence of a substitution effect, in which the use of wage labor by arts organizations declines in response to greater reliance on flexible labor. The findings suggest that nonprofit arts organizations are innovative employers, responding to changes in their resource environments by adjusting their mix of wage and flexible labor while also providing outlets for freelance arts workers to pursue their chosen line of work.
Participation rationales, regulatory enforcement, and compliance motivations in a voluntary program context
Authors: Carter David P. , Siddiki Saba 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article extends the study of regulatory compliance motivations from “traditional” regulatory settings to a government‐sponsored voluntary one. We argue that the rationale(s) which motivate participants to engage a voluntary program likely shape which motivations drive them toward (or away from) program compliance. Our study examines the possible influence of program participation rationales alongside that of regulatory agents' enforcement styles and strategies. Leveraging a national survey of certified United States Department of Agriculture organic producers, we find that the more a producer pursues organic certification to increase profits, the more likely they are to report deterrent fears as an important compliance motivation. In contrast, the more a producer becomes certified to support the organic movement, the more heavily they weigh a personal sense of duty to comply. We discuss the implications of these, and other, study findings for compliance motivations theory and voluntary program integrity.
Theory of mind and peer relationships: The role of social anxiety
Authors: Ronchi Luca , Banerjee Robin , Lecce Serena 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecent research has shown that individual differences in theory of mind (ToM) during middle childhood are linked with individual differences in children's peer relationships. The present longitudinal study investigated this association more deeply, exploring the potential mediating role played by children's social anxiety. We tested a group of 66 children (11.5 years old at Time 1) three times over one year after their transition to secondary school. Over and above language, SES and stability in individual differences, ToM performance shortly after starting secondary school (Time 1) predicted higher peer acceptance, as well as lower peer rejection, one year later (Time 3) via lower levels of social anxiety over time (Time 2). This study extends our knowledge about the links between social understanding and interpersonal relations in middle childhood. The results suggest that ToM may play an important role in children's adjustment when confronting new social contexts.
Pre‐donation deferral of blood donors in a Brazilian blood bank: a 10‐year experience
Authors: Dias P. B. , Lissa N. M. , Skare T. , Fávero K. B. , Almeida P. T. R. , Nisihara R. 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARYObjectivesTo study the main causes of pre‐donation blood donors' deferral in a Brazilian blood bank.BackgroundBlood donor selection is the most important process to maintain transfusion safeness. Pre‐donation deferral aims to avoid the transmission of infectious diseases in the serological window, as well as to preserve blood donors' health.MethodsThis was a retrospective study undertaken in a single blood centre in Curitiba, Brazil, taking into account the number of blood donations per year, the number of annual donations by gender and the total number of blood donors deferred annually prior to blood donation from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016.ResultsPre‐donation blood donors' deferral ranged from 12·1 to 15·7% of donors. The main reason was related to donors' health (22·5–51·4%) followed by behavioural risk (17·6–29%). Issues related to blood donors' health diminished, and those related to behavioural risk increased with time. Blood donors deferred because of anaemia diminished with time and were more common in women than men (P < 0·001).ConclusionsPre‐donation blood donors' deferral ranges from 12·1 to 15·7% in our region. The most common cause was blood donors' health followed by behavioural risk. Anaemia was more common in women. Knowing this specific population better could avoid wasting blood bags and help to minimise costs and still maintain transfusion safety.