bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P/M High-Speed Tool Steels
Authors: Pinnow Kenneth E. , Stasko William 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes procedures for producing powder metallurgy high-speed tool steel powder by inert-gas atomization, followed by compaction by hot isostatic pressing. These include the anti-segregation process (ASP) and the crucible particle metallurgy (CPM) process. The article reviews the properties of ASP and CPM and summarizes the procedures to heat treat ASP high-speed tool steels. It discusses the processing steps, advantages, and applications of the FULDENS process that uses water-atomized powders compacted by vacuum sintering. The article also provides information on the applications of tool steels.
Cemented Carbides
Authors: Santhanam A.T. , Tierney P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the manufacturing steps and compositions of cemented carbides, as well as their microstructure, classifications, applications, and physical and mechanical properties. It provides information on new tool geometries, tailored substrates, and the application of thin and hard coatings to cemented carbides by chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition. The article also discusses tool wear mechanisms and the methods available for holding the carbide tool.
Cermets
Authors: Gruss Walter W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cermets are a group of powder metallurgy products consisting of ceramic particles bonded with a metal. This article describes the composition and microstructure of titanium carbide and titanium carbonitride cermets. It tabulates typical properties of titanium carbonitride cermets and compares the properties of cermets and cemented carbides. The article also summarizes the applications of cermet cutting tools.
Adaptive Control
Authors: Koren Yorham , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the types of adaptive control (AC) systems for metal cutting according to the AC strategies used. These include adaptive control with optimization (ACO), adaptive control with constraints (ACC), and geometric adaptive control (GAC). The article details the milling and grinding systems based on the ACO strategy. It reviews the fundamentals of ACC systems followed by a description of a particular ACC system for a turning operation. The article also describes the basic characteristics of GAC systems and presents a particular GAC system for the turning of cylindrical parts. It examines the issues in the AC systems such as tool wear/breakage. Trends in the AC systems such as variable-gain ACC systems and integration of adaptive control into CAD/CAM/CIM systems are also discussed.
Machining of P/M Tool Steels
Authors: Pinnow Kenneth E. , Dorsch Carl J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Wrought powder metallurgy (P/M) high-speed tool steels exhibit better machinability, dimensional control and safety in heat treatment, grindability, and edge toughness during cutting. This article discusses the two stages of machining of P/M tool steels: rough machining, in annealed condition, and finish machining, in hardened-and-tempered condition. It tabulates the composition of commercial crucible particle metallurgy and anti-segregation process tool steels and their typical machining conditions.
Machining of Reactive Metals
Authors: Chandler Harry E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the machining of reactive metals which refer collectively to the elements titanium, hafnium, and zirconium. It provides guidelines for machining titanium and titanium alloys and describes machining operations, such as turning, milling, drilling, tapping, reaming, grinding, and sawing, performed on titanium and its alloys. The article also provides information on electrochemical machining (ECM), chemical milling (CHM), and laser beam machining (LBM) for titanium and titanium alloys. Guidelines for machining zirconium alloys and hafnium are also provided. The article provides a short description of turning, milling, and drilling operations performed on zirconium alloys and hafnium. It also discusses health and safety considerations related to zirconium and hafnium.
Fracture and Structure
Authors: Bowles C. Quinton 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The cracking process occurs slowly over the service life from various crack growth mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, creep, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Each of these mechanisms has certain characteristic features that are used in failure analysis to determine the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed.
Fatigue Properties in Engineering
Authors: Cameron D.W. , Hoeppner D.W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Fatigue properties are an integral part of materials comparison activities and offer information for structural life estimation in many engineering applications. This article presents three general approaches to fatigue design, with a discussion on their respective attributes. These include infinite-life criterion, finite-life criterion, and damage tolerant criterion. The article describes the individual property requirements of these approaches. It also presents selected examples of properties that reflect some detail of these approaches.
Fatigue Crack Nucleation and Microstructure
Authors: Lukáš Petr 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article presents an overview of fatigue crack nucleation from the point of view of the material microstructure and its evolution during cycling. It describes the sites of microcrack nucleation at the free surfaces. The article discusses the relation of dislocation structures and surface relief and reviews the mechanisms of crack nucleation. The damage of material due to crack nucleation, the extent (in terms of the number of cycles) of the nucleation stage, and the factors influencing crack nucleation are discussed.
Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks
Authors: McClung R. Craig , Chan Kwai S. , Hudak Stephen J. , Davidson David L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article defines different types of small cracks and identifies the different factors that influence small-crack behavior. Appropriate analysis techniques, including both rigorous scientific and practical engineering treatments, are briefly described. Important material data issues are addressed, including increased scatter in small-crack data and recommended small-crack test methods. The article highlights the applications where small cracks may be particularly important.
Planning and Evaluation of Fatigue Tests
Authors: Maennig Wolfgang-Werner 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes a scientific approach to the planning and evaluation of fatigue tests based on the determination of probabilities for detected fracture positions within the observed range of fatigue scatter. It schematically illustrates a constant-amplitude stress cycling about a possible mean load that leads to the fracture of a single part or specimen. The article discusses the evaluation of the range of transition and of the finite-endurance range for fatigue curves. It concludes with a discussion on extrapolation from the range of finite endurance into the range of transition.
Fracture Toughness Testing
Authors: Landes John D. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the test methods of fracture toughness, namely, linear-elastic and nonlinear fracture toughness testing methods. Linear-elastic fracture toughness testing includes slow and rapid loading, crack initiation, and crack arrest method. Nonlinear testing comprises JIC testing, J-R curve evaluation, and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) method. Other methods used include the combined J standard method, the common fracture toughness test, transition fracture toughness testing, and the weldment fracture testing method.
Thermal and Thermomechanical Fatigue of Structural Alloys
Authors: Sehitoglu Huseyin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStructural alloys are commonly subjected to a variety of thermal and thermomechanical loads. This article provides an overview of the experimental methods in thermal fatigue (TF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and presents experimental results on the structural materials that have been considered in TF and TMF research. Life prediction models and constitutive equations suited for TF and TMF are covered. The structural materials discussed include carbon steels, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and nickel-base high-temperature alloys. The article explains crack initiation and crack propagation in TF and TMF. It describes thermal ratcheting and thermal shock behavior of structural metallic materials. The article concludes with information on life prediction of structural materials under TF and TMF.
Damage Tolerance Certification of Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Swift T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Damage tolerance is a philosophy used for maintaining the structural safety of commercial transport aircrafts. This article describes the structural evaluations necessary to comply with the regulations contained in the Federal Air worthiness Requirements 25.571 whose guidance is given in Advisory Circular 25.571-1A from the Federal Aviation Administration. It provides an overview of the historical evolution of damage tolerance philosophy and presents a discussion of the design philosophies and a summary of the evaluation tasks for damage tolerance certification.
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels
Authors: Johansson R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the influence of local strains and corrosion fatigue on the initiation of fatigue cracks in duplex stainless steels. It provides useful information on fatigue crack growth, fatigue strength, and fracture toughness of duplex stainless steels. The article discusses the fatigue and fracture behavior of duplex stainless steels during stress-corrosion cracking. It details the elevated-temperature properties of duplex stainless steels, such as creep-fatigue behavior and thermal cycling properties.
Selecting Aluminum Alloys to Resist Failure by Fracture Mechanisms
Authors: Bucci R.J. , Nordmark G. , Starke E.A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article provides an overview of fatigue and fracture resistance of aluminum alloys. It discusses the characteristics of aluminum alloy classes and the fracture mechanics of aluminum alloys. The article tabulates relative stress-corrosion cracking ratings for high-strength wrought aluminum products. It analyzes the selection of various alloys for stress-corrosion cracking resistance, including aluminum-lithium alloys, copper-free 7XXX alloys, and casting alloys. The article presents a list of typical tensile properties and fatigue limit of aluminum alloys. It also describes the effects of composition, microstructure, thermal treatments, and processing in fatigue crack growth of aluminum alloys.
Concurrent Engineering
Authors: Clausing Don 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Concurrent engineering is product development that is done by concurrently utilizing all of the relevant information in making each decision. This article discusses the three aspects that must be taken into account for all product development decisions. The aspects include product functionality, production capability, and field-support capability. The concurrent process is carried out by a multifunctional team that integrates the specialties. The article schematically illustrates product design team configurations with subsystem teams and team of subsystem leaders. It discusses the three-step decision-making process, such as requirements, concepts, and improvement, followed by multifunctional product development teams. The article describes the two types of requirements development by multifunctional teams, namely, quality function deployment and functional analysis. It schematically illustrates the integration of product requirements and concept development. The article concludes with a discussion on the improvement of concepts in terms of robust design and mistake minimization.
Life-Cycle Engineering and Design
Authors:   ASM International Materials Life-Cycle Analysis Committee, Portisch Hans H. , Young Steven B. , Sullivan John L. , Harsch Matthias , Schuckert Manfred , Eyerer Peter , Saur Konrad 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Life-cycle engineering is a part-, system-, or process-related tool for the investigation of environmental parameters based on technical and economic measures. This article focuses on life-cycle engineering as a method for evaluating impacts. It describes the four steps of life-cycle analysis, namely, goal definition and scoping, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation, and improvement analysis. The article discusses the applications of life-cycle analysis results and presents a case history of life-cycle analysis of an automobile fender.
Environmental Aspects of Design
Authors: Fleischmann Shirley T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses Allenby's two streams for environmental aspects of design: generic and specific concerns. Generic concerns include guidelines that provide the structure in which specific techniques can be developed and used. Specific methods are environmentally responsible for design and specific information that engineers can use. These methods include life cycle assessment, environmental impact assessment, quality function deployment, design for “X”, failure modes and effects analysis, and design for disassembly.
Products Liability and Design
Authors: Smith Charles O. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Products liability is a legal term for the action whereby an injured party (plaintiff) seeks to recover damages for personal injury or property loss from a producer and/or seller when the plaintiff alleges that a defective product caused the injury or loss. This article provides information on the legal bases for products liability and definitions for two types of defects: manufacturing defects and design defects. It summarizes other possible defects in design as well as preventive measures.
Dimensional Management and Tolerance Analysis
Authors: Craig Mark 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The objective of dimensional management is to create a design and process that absorbs as much variation as possible without affecting the function of the product. This article describes the steps followed by the dimensional management process. These include defining product dimensional requirements, determining process and product requirements, ensuring accurate documentation, developing a measurement plan that validates product requirements, establishing manufacturing capabilities versus design intent, and establishing production-to-design feedback loop. The article discusses the simulation model in terms of a functional feature product model, component part variation, assembly method variation, measurement schemes, and assembly sequences.
Documenting and Communicating the Design
Authors: Vrsek Gary 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Documentation must be focused toward explaining a specific task such as design process, by conveying the needs of product engineering, materials engineering, and manufacturing. This article describes how documentation supports the process of bringing a product to market, who uses the information, and how it serves as a key form of communication, with examples. It discusses the key features that most documents must define. The article describes the requirements of engineering and manufacturing and how drawings are used as a communication medium.
Techno-Economic Issues in Materials Selection
Authors: Clark Joel P. , Roth Richard , Field Frank R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides an overview of cost analysis in materials selection. It discusses the several categories of alternatives for cost analysis. These include rules of thumb, accounting methods, and analytical methods. The article describes the methods for evaluating materials alternatives on the basis of both direct economic costs and indirect social costs. It considers the life cycle costs of alternative body-in-white designs and life cycle analysis. The various elements of cost are introduced with a case study concerned with the manufacture, use, and disposal of the automobile body-in-white.
Fundamental Structure-Property Relationships in Engineering Materials
Authors: Courtney Thomas H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
Introduction to Manufacturing and Design
Authors: Stoll Henry W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the general concepts and practices related to manufacturing and design. It discusses the activities of design and manufacturing by placing it in the context of the business system that they support. The article presents an overview of the manufacturing technology field from a design and material selection perspective. It provides an insight to the complex relationship among design, material selection, and manufacturing. The article offers information on modern design for manufacturing practices that are widely used in the industry.
Glass Fibers
Authors: Wallenberger Frederick T. , Watson James C. , Li Hong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products such as continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and textile yarns.
Pultrusion
Authors: Sumerak Joseph E. , Martin Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Pultrusion is a cost-effective automated process for manufacturing continuous, constant cross-section composite profiles. This article describes the process characteristics and advantages of pultrusion. It provides information on the applications of pultrusion and discusses the processing equipment and tooling, the material composition, and the process control essential for a basic understanding of the pultrusion process.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TUNNEL LED LIGHTING MAINTENANCE FACTOR
Authors: Cengiz Mehmet Sait , CENGIZ ÇIĞDEM 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT: It is necessary to periodically maintain lighting equipment in accordance with international standards. Contamination of lamps caused by long-term use of lighting equipment will result in loss of Luminous Flux and optical losses. The decrease in lighting performance poses a visual difficulty for drivers and causes accidents. In this study, the total Maintenance Factor is numerically examined by considering the losses of diffuser and lens for LED lamps used in tunnel lighting. The variation of luminaries performance with years considering Maintenance Factors as regards environmental conditions and features of the luminaries is evaluated to demonstrate the importance of tunnel lighting maintenance. Moreover, to show the importance of LED lamps Maintenance Factor, the variation of illumination levels of LED lamps is analysed under different Maintenance Factors. It is observed that enhancing Maintenance Factor would contribute to energy efficiency.
ABSTRAK: Penjagaan peralatan cahaya secara berkala mengikut piawai kebangsaan adalah amat penting. Pencemaran lampu disebabkan penggunaan peralatan cahaya pada jangka panjang akan menyebabkan kehilangan kilauan kerdipan lampu dan optik. Pengurangan pencahayaan ini menyebabkan kesukaran pandangan pada pemandu dan menyebabkan kemalangan jiwa. Kajian ini mengkaji tentang jumlah Faktor Penjagaan secara numerik dengan mengambil kira pengurangan difuser dan kanta pada lampu LED yang digunakan dalam terowong pencahayaan. Faktor Penjagaan pada perubahan kilauan berdasarkan tahun mengambil kira keadaan sekeliling dan ciri khas kilauan. Tambahan, ini dinilai bagi menunjukkan kepentingan penjagaan terowong pencahayaan dan kepentingan Faktor Penjagaan Lampu LED. Perubahan pada tahap terang pada lampu LED dikaji dengan mengambil kira Faktor Penjagaan. Peningkatan pada Faktor Penjagaan telah didapati dapat menjimatkan tenaga.
WIDE RANGE MODULATION INDEXES FEATURED CARRIER-BASED PWM STEPPED WAVEFORM FOR HALF-BRIDGE MODULAR MULTILEVEL CONVERTERS
Authors: Tohtayong Majdee , Khan Sheroz , YAACOB MASHKURI BIN , Yusoff Siti Hajar , MIDI NUR SHAHIDA BINTI , Ahmed Musse Ahmed Mohamud 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT: This paper presents simulation results of the influence of wide range modulation index values ( ) in carrier-based PWM strategy for application in generating the stepped waveform. The waveform is tested for application in single-phase half-bridge modular multilevel converters (MMCs) topology. The results presented in this paper include a variation of the fundamental component (50 Hz) in the voltage output. It also studies total harmonic distortion of the output voltage (THDv) and the output current (THDi) when the modulation index is changed over the linear-modulation region, 0 < < 1. It also explores the effect of a modulation index greater than 1. Moreover, different output voltage shapes, as a consequence of varied on MMCs, are also illustrated for showing the effect of varying the value of on sub-module of MMCs.
ABSTRAK: Kajian ini berkenaan tentang pengaruh simulasi terhadap pelbagai nilai indeks ( ) berasaskan strategi PWM bagi menghasilkan bentuk gelombang bertingkat. Bentuk gelombang ini diuji untuk aplikasi topologi MMCs. Keputusan menunjukkan variasi pada komponen asas (50Hz) pada voltan akhir. Keputusan menunjukkan jumlah penyelarasan harmonik voltan akhir (THDv) dan arus (THDv) apabila indeks modulasi telah ditukar pada had modulasi linear, 0 < < 1. Ia juga membincangkan tentang kesan indeks modulasi lebih daripada 1. Selain itu, bentuk voltan akhir yang berbeza mengikut perubahan nilai pada MMCs juga dilampirkan bagi menunjukkan kesan perbezaan nilai pada sub-modul MMCs.