bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning and Hierarchies in Service Systems
Authors: Bimpikis Kostas , Markakis Mihalis G. 
Published: May 2018

Motivated by diverse application areas such as healthcare, call centers, and crowdsourcing, we consider the design and operation of service systems that process tasks with types that are ex ante unknown, and employ servers with different skill sets. Our benchmark model involves two types of tasks, Easy and Hard, and servers that are either Junior or Senior in their abilities. The service provider determines a resource allocation policy, i.e., how to assign tasks to servers over time, with the goal of maximizing the system’s long-term throughput. Information about a task’s type can only be obtained while serving it. In particular, the more time a Junior server spends on a task without service completion, the higher her belief that the task is Hard and thus needs to be rerouted to a Senior server. This interplay between service time and task-type uncertainty implies that the system’s resource allocation policy and staffing levels implicitly determine how the provider prioritizes between learning and actually serving. We show that the performance loss due to the uncertainty in task types can be significant and, interestingly, that the system’s stability region is largely dependent on the rate at which information about tasks’ types is generated. Furthermore, we consider endogenizing the servers’ capabilities: assuming that training is costly, we explore the problem of jointly optimizing over the training levels of the system’s server pools, the staffing levels, and the resource allocation policy. We find that among optimal designs there always exists one with a “hierarchical” structure, where all tasks are initially routed to the least skilled servers and then progressively move to more skilled ones, if necessary. Comparative statics indicate that uncertainty in task types leads to significantly higher staffing cost and less specialized server pools. This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
Malignant Shamblin III Carotid Body Tumors Resected with Use of the Retrocarotid Dissection Technique in 2 Patients
Authors: Hinojosa Carlos A. , Anaya-Ayala Javier E. , Olivares-Cruz Sandra , Laparra-Escareno Hugo , Trolle-Silva Alicia , Angeles-Angeles Arturo 
Published: May 2018

Carotid body tumors are rare neoplasms with malignant potential in 6% to 12.5% of cases, and surgical resection is the only cure. We present the cases of 2 female patients who had expanding, painless, right-sided neck masses; computed tomographic angiograms revealed Shamblin III tumors at the carotid bifurcation. Each patient underwent tumor resection with use of the retrocarotid dissection technique. The tumor specimens were histologically consistent with malignancy, and free margins were achieved. The patients remained free of symptoms, local recurrence, and metastasis 44 and 19 months after their respective procedures.
These are the first malignant Shamblin III carotid body tumors that we have resected by means of retrocarotid dissection. In addition to our patients' cases, we discuss carotid body tumors and compare the retrocarotid and standard caudocranial resection techniques.
Religion and the Public Sphere in Premodern India
Authors: Novetzke Christian Lee 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
When in 1962 Habermas formulated his theory of the public sphere as “a society engaged in critical debate” he sought to describe something he felt was unique to the modern liberal democratic Western world. Yet the creation of discursive spheres where people across lines of social difference debate questions of the common good, mutual interest, and forms of equality long predates the modern era and flourished well outside the “Western” world. This essay adapts Habermas’ influential concept to highlight the emergence of a nascent public sphere at the earliest layers of Marathi literary creation in 13th century India. At this inaugural stage of a regional language’s full shift to writing, we see traces of a debate in the language of everyday life that struggled over the ethics of social difference, a public deliberation that might presage key aspects of Indian modernity and democracy today.
‘Religion’ and the Concept of the Buddha Way: Semantics of the Religious in Dōgen
Authors: Steineck Raji C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In recent decades, the concept of religion, and specifically its application to non-Western historic cultural formations has come unter critical scrutiny. This paper proposes the study of semantic fields as a method to explore the self-understanding of historic formations of what, in modern parlance, counts as religion, and thus, as a testing strategy for the concept of religion that is employed in scholarly analysis. It uses the said method to analyse three works by the medieval Japanese Buddhist monk Dōgen (1200–1253), who came to be revered as founder of the still extant Sōtō school of Zen Buddhism. By putting his notion of the ‘Buddha Way’ (butsudō) into strong relief, it provides a basis for comparison with modern concepts of religion. The conclusion is that Dōgen’s ideas conform to a surprisingly large extent with modern ideas. This may be one reason for his popularity in modern times. But Dōgen should not be taken to represent the general world-view of medieval Japan. Further comparative analyses of other corpora remain necessary to gauge the applicability of ‘religion’ as a category for the analysis of medieval Japanese culture.
Auf der Suche nach Erkenntnis zwischen Asien und Europa: al-Ġazālī, Descartes und die moderne Forschungswissenschaft
Authors: Rudolph Ulrich 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The quest for an indisputable foundation of all knowledge has been one of the driving forces behind intellectual history. In the European tradition it is mainly connected to René Descartes (1596–1650) and his Meditations on First Philosophy whereas in the Islamic world it was already expressed in a brilliant manner by Abū Ḥāmid al-Ġazālī (1058–1111) in his book entitled Deliverance from Error. The article investigates both these texts by contextualizing them within the long history of intellectual autobiographies, which stretches from antiquity to the present and comprises many exciting examples from Asia and Europe.
The International Situation in East Asia and the Establishment of a Modern Army and Modern Warfare in Japan: The Memorandum of Takashima Shūhan
Authors: Tolstoguzov Sergey 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
During the Tokugawa bakufu, Japan’s foreign policy was under set conditions, generally known as sakoku, meaning ‘closed country’. However, the existing regime was not fully closed to the outside world. Contact with foreigners in Nagasaki, Tsushima, and Ryūkyū Islands meant that the country was not completely isolated, but rather experienced a situation in which government policy was aimed at achieving strict control over all contact with the outside world, as part of a larger strategy to monopolize all foreign relations. This paper examines the ideas of Takashima Shirōtayu Shūhan (1798–1866), one of the early Japanese reformers, who argued for the modernization of Japan. Beginning in the 1830s, a Nagasaki bakufu official, Takashima Shūhan, began importing flintlock pistols, known as gewehr rifles, from the Netherlands. Additionally, through the Dutch at Dejima, Takashima managed to obtain cannons, field guns, and mortars, in doing so highlighting the importance of the modernization of the artillery forces of the bakufu army. In September 1840, Takashima Shūhan completed his memorandum, which was sent to the bakufu top administers. On 27 June 1841, Takashima was permitted to undertake the first modern Western military demonstration in Tokumarugahara (an area north of the capital city, Edo). He was heavily criticized by many, including bugyō Torii Tadateru,

Torii Tadateru 鳥居忠耀 (1796–1873), metsuke 目付 (censor or inspector) and minami machi bugyō 南町奉行 (magistrate of the southern part of Edo) in the bakufu administration, was one of most active figures during the time of the Tenpo reforms, well known for his actions against people who had a strong interest in Western culture and military arts.
and was placed under investigation and house arrest on charges of subversion and conspiracy. Takashima’s memorandum requires careful study in order to discover the reasons for the bakufu’s response, which must also include a discussion of the Japanese financial situation at that time.
Unfertige Studien 3: Die Nihāyat al-marām des Ḍiyāʾaddīn ar-Rāzī
Authors: van Ess Josef 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This article contains a summary of an Islamic theological text written in the middle of the 6. century H. / 12. century AD. The author lived in Iran, in the city of Rayy; he was the father of Fakhr al-din al-Razi (d. 606 H. / 1210 H.), who was the protagonist of the „Avicennian turn“ in Islamic theology. The text was a kind of manual for teaching an advanced course at a madrasa; but only the second half of it is preserved. After the summary an attempt is made at pointing out the peculiarities of the author’s approach, with regard to its historical as well as educational and social context.
Maximal time existence of unnormalized conical Kähler–Ricci flow
Authors: Shen Liangming 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We generalize the maximal time existence of Kähler–Ricci flow in [G. Tian and Z. Zhang, On the Kähler–Ricci flow on projective manifolds of general type, Chin. Ann. Math. Ser. B 27 (2006), no. 2, 179–192] and [J. Song and G. Tian, The Kähler–Ricci flow through singularities, Invent. Math. 207 (2017), no. 2, 519–595] to the conical case.
Furthermore, if the log canonical bundle

K
M

+

(

1
-
β

)

⁢

[
D
]

{K_{M}+(1-\beta)[D]}

is big or big and nef, we can examine the limit behaviors
of such conical Kähler–Ricci flow. Moreover, these results still hold when D is a simple normal crossing divisor.
Probabilistic Schubert calculus
Authors: Bürgisser Peter , Lerario Antonio 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We initiate the study of average intersection theory in real Grassmannians.
We define the expected degree

edeg
⁡
G

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

{\operatorname{edeg}G(k,n)}

of the real Grassmannian

G
⁢

(
k
,
n
)

{G(k,n)}

as the average number of real k-planes meeting nontrivially

k
⁢

(

n
-
k

)

{k(n-k)}

random subspaces of

ℝ
n

{\mathbb{R}^{n}}

,
all of dimension

n
-
k

{n-k}

, where these subspaces are sampled uniformly and independently from

G
⁢

(

n
-
k

,
n
)

{G(n-k,n)}

.
We express

edeg
⁡
G

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

{\operatorname{edeg}G(k,n)}

in terms of
the volume of an invariant convex body
in the tangent space to the Grassmannian,
and prove that for fixed

k
≥
2

{k\geq 2}

and

n
→
∞

{n\to\infty}

,

edeg
⁡
G

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

=

deg
⁡

G
ℂ

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

1
2

⁢

ε
k

+

o
⁢

(
1
)

,

\operatorname{edeg}G(k,n)=\deg G_{\mathbb{C}}(k,n)^{\frac{1}{2}\varepsilon_{k}%
+o(1)},

where

deg
⁡

G
ℂ

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

{\deg G_{\mathbb{C}}(k,n)}

denotes the degree of the corresponding complex Grassmannian
and

ε
k

{\varepsilon_{k}}

is monotonically decreasing with

lim

k
→
∞

⁡

ε
k

=
1

{\lim_{k\to\infty}\varepsilon_{k}=1}

.
In the case of the Grassmannian of lines, we prove the finer asymptotic

edeg
⁡
G

⁢

(
2
,

n
+
1

)

=

8

3
⁢

π

5
/
2

⁢

n

⁢

(

π
2

4

)

n

⁢

(

1
+

𝒪
⁢

(

n

-
1

)

)

.

\operatorname{edeg}G(2,n+1)=\frac{8}{3\pi^{5/2}\sqrt{n}}\biggl{(}\frac{\pi^{2}%
}{4}\biggr{)}^{n}(1+\mathcal{O}(n^{-1})).

The expected degree
turns out to be the key quantity governing questions of the random enumerative geometry of flats.
We associate with a semialgebraic set

X
⊆

ℝ
⁢

P

n
-
1

{X\subseteq\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^{n-1}}

of dimension

n
-
k
-
1

{n-k-1}

its Chow hypersurface

Z
⁢

(
X
)

⊆

G
⁢

(
k
,
n
)

{Z(X)\subseteq G(k,n)}

,
consisting of the k-planes A in

ℝ
n

{\mathbb{R}^{n}}

whose projectivization intersects X.
Denoting

N
:=

k
⁢

(

n
-
k

)

{N:=k(n-k)}

, we show that

𝔼
⁢
#
⁢

(

g
1

⁢
Z
⁢

(

X
1

)

∩
⋯
∩

g
N

⁢
Z
⁢

(

X
N

)

)

=

edeg
⁡
G

⁢

(
k
,
n
)

⋅

∏

i
=
1

N

|

X
i

|

|

ℝ
⁢

P
m

|

,

\mathbb{E}\#(g_{1}Z(X_{1})\cap\cdots\cap g_{N}Z(X_{N}))=\operatorname{edeg}G(k%
,n)\cdot\prod_{i=1}^{N}\frac{|X_{i}|}{|\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^{m}|},

where each

X
i

{X_{i}}

is of dimension

m
=

n
-
k
-
1

{m=n-k-1}

, the expectation is taken with respect to independent uniformly distributed

g
1

,
…
,

g
m

∈

O
⁢

(
n
)

{g_{1},\dots,g_{m}\in O(n)}

and

|

X
i

|

{|X_{i}|}

denotes the m-dimensional volume of

X
i

{X_{i}}

.
Effects of High-Pressure Homogenization at Different Pressures on Structure and Functional Properties of Oyster Protein Isolates
Authors: Yu Cuiping , Wu Fan , Cha Yue , Qin Yuting , Du Ming 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Oyster protein isolate (OPI) suspensions (6.19 % ± 0.82 %, w/v) were treated by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100 MPa for three cycles. Protein profiles, secondary structure, free sulfhydryl, surface hydrophobicity, particle size distribution, zeta-potential, solubility, water and oil holding capacity (OHC), emulsifying and foaming properties of the obtained suspensions were analyzed. The results showed that HPH treatment did not cause changes in protein profiles of OPI, but caused changes in secondary structure, content of α-helix decreased but content of β-turn and random coil increased significantly (P < 0.05). Free sulfhydryl and surface hydrophobicity all increased significantly (P < 0.05) after HPH treatment, indicating that tertiary and quaternary structures changed. Functional properties of OPI significantly (P < 0.05) improved after HPH treatment, such as zeta-potential (from −12.67 to −33.57 mV), solubility (from 20.24 % to 57.99 %), OHC (from 981.77 % to 1229.40 %), foaming ability (from 17.50 % to 35.00 %), foaming stability (from 44.49 % to 66.60 %), emulsifying activity index (from 8.87 to 17.06 m2/g) and emulsion stability index (from 14.65 to 41.68 min). At 60 MPa and 80 MPa, the improvements were more remarkable. However, HPH treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased particle size (from 200–500 nm to 0–200 nm) and water holding capacity (from 341.15 % to 216.96 %). These improvements were closely related to structural changes and reduction of particle size. Application of different pressures affected functional properties of OPI. These results could provide information for determining HPH applying condition in OPI modification.
Primary cyclic matrices in irreducible matrix subalgebras
Authors: Corr Brian P. , Praeger Cheryl E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Primary cyclic matrices were used (but not named) by Holt and Rees in their version of Parker’s MEAT-AXE
algorithm to test irreducibility of finite matrix groups and algebras. They are matrices X with at least one cyclic
component in the primary decomposition of the underlying vector space as an X-module. Let

M
⁡

(
c
,

q
b

)

{\operatorname{M}(c,q^{b})}

be an irreducible
subalgebra of

M
⁡

(
n
,
q
)

{\operatorname{M}(n,q)}

, where

n
=

b
⁢
c

>
c

{n=bc>c}

. We prove a generalisation of the Kung–Stong cycle index theorem, and use it to obtain
a lower bound for the proportion of primary cyclic matrices in

M
⁡

(
c
,

q
b

)

{\operatorname{M}(c,q^{b})}

. This extends work of Glasby and the second
author on the case

b
=
1

{b=1}

.
Animatio: a history of ideas on the beginning of personhood
Authors: Obladen Michael 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs, and the history of their ideas may enlighten an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to the subsequent developmental stages. The last, the rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment – at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception – was adopted by several Christian Church Fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. The concept of immediate ensoulment at fertilization originated in the 15th century and became Catholic dogma in 1869. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul with the term personhood, basing the latter on self-consciousness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the preembryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; decreased rate of spontaneous loss. However, biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide the degree of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability and birth have become the most widely accepted landmarks of change in ontological status.
Wildlife Poaching and Rule of Law in Kenya
Authors: Zwier Paul J. , Glajar David Sergio 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A look into the relationship between general rule of law development, from a distinctly Christian analytical perspective, and wildlife (namely elephant) poaching in Kenya. How can the concrete establishment of a solid legal foundation and rule of law help combat widespread elephant poaching in Kenya and the surrounding regions? How can rule of law development help to create a “Kenyan-specific” solution to this issue?
Cartels as Small World Networks: Evidence from Graphite Electrode Cartel
Authors: Ponce Carlos J. , Roldán Flavia 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This article contributes to understanding the organization of collusive agreements by studying the inner-workings of the graphite electrode cartel. For this purpose: (i) we construct a database that comprises 49 meetings between 24 cartel members during the life period of the agreement, and (ii) we develop a conceptual framework that captures the affiliation of cartel members to meetings. Using statistical methods of social networks, we find that the cartel is organized around a few highly connected sub-networks that are close to each other.
The Halo Effect: Perceptions of Diffuse Threat and SVP Vote Share
Authors: Martig Noemi , Bernauer Julian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe voter strength of right-wing populist parties is regularly attributed either to a feeling of threat from a high proportion of local foreigners or to the lack of opportunities for contact between the majority and the minority. This contribution is theoretically based on a synthesis of these perspectives, known as the Halo effect. Accordingly, it is not so much the local size of the local population, which is perceived as foreign, but rather its relative proportion in the surrounding countryside, which leads to a diffuse feeling of threat. The electoral success of the Swiss People’s Party (SVP) at the level of the Swiss municipalities serves as a basis for the empirical investigation, which is conducted alternatively with the proportions of the foreign and Muslim population. For both groups, spatial multilevel regression models provide indications of a coexistence of direct negative effects of minority populations on the share of the SVP (in the sense of the contact hypothesis) and of Halo effects, with the direct effects appearing to be somewhat more pronounced. Socio-structural factors can reduce these correlations (high unemployment neutralises the negative effect of the proportion of foreigners) or intensify these correlations (a higher income level accentuates the Halo effect for Muslims).
Was spricht gegen Zwei-Klassen-Medizin?
Authors: Breyer Friedrich 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:In Germany, there is a lively debate on a so-called „two-class-medicine“, meaning that privately insured persons get better medical treatment than sickness fund members. As an economist, the author is not in a position to judge whether this is true. However, the co-existence of social and private health insurance (GKV and PKV) constitutes a „two-class-health insurance“, which leads to severe inequities in the distribution of the financial burden of illness. In this article it is shown that there are legal ways to address and eliminate these inequities without abolishing the private health insurance system altogether. The instruments are the inclusion of private health insurance in the risk adjustment scheme of the sickness funds and the transformation of the GKV contributions into flat per-person amounts, independent of earnings, accompanied by a tax-financed compensation for families with below-average income, as in Switzerland and the Netherlands. Interestingly, this second reform proposal has been vigorously opposed by all leftist parties ever since, who fight for the chimaera of a „people's insurance“, which sounds good but cannot be implemented in a legal way and, moreover, would not even eliminate „two-class-medicine“.
Mehr Differenzierung statt Einheitlichkeit
Authors: Pimpertz Jochen 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:
Neither extending the German mandatory health insurance scheme to the entire population nor aligning the remuneration for privately and statutorily insured patients will slow down the disproportionate growth of health care expenditure in the mandatory health insurance. However, competition between different types of medical care may help to leverage efficiency reserves provided that cost differences lead to different payments which in turn incentivise the cost awareness of all players in the health care system.
Ion-Selective Ligands: How Colloidal Nano- and Micro-Particles Can Introduce New Functionalities
Authors: Chakraborty Indranath , Jimenez de Aberasturi Dorleta , Pazos-Perez Nicolas , Guerrini Luca , Masood Atif , Alvarez-Puebla Ramon A. , Feliu Neus , Parak Wolfgang J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Colloidal nano- and micro-particles can introduce new properties and functionalities to existing materials and thus are a valuable building block for the construction of novel materials. This is discussed for the case of ion-selective ligands, hence molecules that can bind specifically ions of one type. First, in case ion-selective fluorescent ligands are attached to the surface of particles, these fluorophores sense the local ion concentration at the particle surface and not the bulk ion concentration. Thus, the ion-response of the ligands can be tuned by attaching them to the surface of particles. Second, in case ligands specific for particular ions are bound to the surface of particles, these ions can provide contrast and thus the particles can be imaged. This involves for example Gd-ions, which provide contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 111In-ions, which provide contrast for imaging of radioactivity. By attaching the ligands to the surface of particles, their physicochemical properties (as for example size and solubility) are changed, which affects their interaction with cells and, consequently, biodistribution. Attachment of ion-chelators for imaging to particles thus allows for tuning their biodistribution. Third, ion-specific ligands can be also attached to the surface of magnetic particles. In this case ions bound to the ligands can be extracted with magnetic field gradients and magnetic separation becomes possible. Therefore, magnetic particles provide a handle to the ligands, which enables the extraction of ions from solution. These examples demonstrate how the attachment of different types of colloidal particles to one existing class of molecules, ion-selective ligands, can open new fields of applications of these molecules.