bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removing Halftone Patterns From Scanned Images
Authors: Russ John , Russ Chris 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Using illustrations from published technical articles is part of many lectures and presentation citations, and given the availability of flat bed scanners, should be easy to accomplish. The problem that remains is removing halftone patterns and other periodic noise that result from printing and scanning technology. Practically all magazines and newspapers are printed using a regular halftone pattern that uses an array of dots varied in size to produce the visual illusion of continuous gray scale. Color images are usually printed with three, four or even more such patterns using different colored inks and different pattern orientations. Scanning such images into a computer can introduce a further pattern due to the moire interference between the printed pattern and the spacing of the sensors in the scanner. Such patterns are also characteristic of images obtained from single-chip video cameras because of the color filters present in front of the light sensors on the chip.
Microwave Immunohistochemistry on Mohs Cryostat Sections
Authors: Miller Diane G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With the advent of Mohs surgery in the dermatology clinics, making sure the margins are clear of any cancer is of the utmost importance to both patient and dermatopathologist. While the patient is still in the surgery suite, immunohistochemstry staining can be done in the laboratory microwave (Pelco microwave with water load cooler, wattage controller and temperature probe). The immunohistochemistry procedure takes only 25-30 minutes as compared to the more conventional methods that take 2 hours or more.
The microwave needs to be checked for hot spots using the Pelco #36140 microwave bulb array. Make sure the area in which you are going to put your slides has no hot spots, indicated by no illuminating bulbs. Using a Sigma Diagnostics #H6644 Humid Chamber, place a paper towel in the bottom of the chamber and fill with 1/4 inch of water. This is in addition to the water loads used to eliminate hot spots.
The Structural and Chemical Analyser – A New Analytical Technique for SEM
Authors: Brooker AD , Prusnick T , Jarvis RM , Goodacre R , Bennett R , Dawe CJ , Leak DJ , Hill MR , Lainchbury MJ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Renishaw's structural and chemical analyser (SCA) provides new analytical techniques for scanning electron microscopes (SEM). For many years energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) has been the default in-SEM analytical technique, and whilst it can provide fast and accurate data from any samples, it can only provide elemental information about the sample being analysed. For materials applications, assumptions about stoichiometry may enable accurate characterisation, but in most Instances “chemistry by guesswork” does not provide an acceptable solution. Furthermore, EDS is rather insensitive to light elements - atomic number 11 (sodium) and below, which severely limits its applicability to organic chemistry and life sciences.
Three-dimensional Volume Reconstructions Using Focused Ion Beam Serial Sectioning
Authors: Dunn DN , Hull R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Traditionally, focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy systems have been used as instruments to repair integrated circuits, isolate defects or prepare mateiials for characterization with other techniques. Recently however, FIB microscopy has been used extensively as a standalone characterization technique. Typically, FIB microscopy can be used to probe site specific areas of a sample through secondary electron and ion imaging, energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), or secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). These analyses will often combine two-dimensional elemental mapping or sputter depth profiles with imaging to investigate spatial variations of chemical and imaging signals. Inherently, these investigations are confined to two dimensions but often, complex materials problems are more easily understood if chemical and geometric information can be collected.
Advanced Confocal Microscopy An Essential Technique for Microfluidics Development
Authors: Lundy Terence 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many believe that microfluidics has the potential to do for chemistry and biology what the integrated circuit has done for electronics — integrating tremendously complex chemical and biological processes into simple easy-to-use devices that will eventually pervade our lives. While microfluidics has made great progress in the last decade — addressing many of the fundamental questions related to manipulating nanoliter volumes of chemicals and solutions — it still faces some very basic challenges as it moves out of the laboratory and into use. Perhaps most basic is the need for fast, accurate characterization of the size and shape of the microfluidic devices themselves. Conventional imaging and measurement techniques have proven adequate for initial development, but are unable to provide the speed and accuracy needed to support the continued development of microfluidic technologies.
The Staining of Polymers II
Authors: Smith Ronald W , Bryg Victoria 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
E.H. Andrews [1] was the first to produce transmission electron micrographs that differentiated between crystalline and amorphous forms in long chain polymers. Working with thin cast films of cis-polyisoprene {natural rubber (NR)}; he examined them in the unstrained and strained states. Staining the unstrained thin films with osmium tetroxide vapors, he showed that spherulitic crystals were in light contrast whereas the darker contrasted matrix was the amorphous continuum (Figure 1).
Microscopes Reveal Prehistoric High Technology
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since the beginning of human civilization, people have apparently been fascinated with the reflection of light from surfaces. The creation of shiny surfaces extends from 4,000 B.C., when Neolithic farmers in ancient China polished jade objects, to the present day where modern polishing techniques are key to creating flat surfaces in the fabrication of electronic microcomponents. The question we are posing here is how does one determine when high technology was introduced in the process of polishing? Recently, Peter Lu, Nan Yao, Jenny So, George Harlow, Jianfang Lu, Genfu Wang, and Paul Chaikin offered an answer to this question. Interestingly, microscopes were used to provide the answer.
The Value of S/TEM: Matching Solutions, Applications, and Economics
Authors: Hubert Dominique 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A new generation of scanning/transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM) offers a broad range of capabilities and dramatic improvements in usability, challenging the conventional perception of these techniques as needlessly difficult and expensive. Improvements in usability address both the operation of the instrument and the interpretation of results, while the cost of the analysis must be evaluated relative to the value of the information it provides—a value that has appreciated significantly with the burgeoning growth of the nanotechnology sector. A million dollar instrument is a bargain if it solves a multi-million dollar problem. Moreover, the broad range of capabilities available in current generation instruments makes careful matching of the cost of the capability with the potential value of the solution the key to sound economic choices. This article reviews the factors that typically drive TEM costs and provides examples of valuable matches in a number of applications.
Overcoming Severe XEDS Peak Overlaps with the AEM
Authors: Walck Scott D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Of all the analytical techniques in electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) is perhaps the most useful. It provides a quick identification of the elements and even with semiquantitative methods; a reasonable composition can be obtained. However, in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), there are materials systems in which severe peak overlaps of heavier elements L and M lines cannot be easily deconvolved with lighter elements' K lines. In addition, without a sufficient overvoltage in the SEM, even identification of the heavier elements can be difficult. In the analytical electron microscope (AEM), there is always sufficient overvoltage to excite all of the elements' K-lines. However, all of the K-lines might not be able to be detected with commercially available instruments. This is illustrated in Fig.l where the maximum energy of the detector system might be set to 10, 20, or 40 keV.
Rhodamine Fluorescence After 15-year Storage in Methyl Salicylate
Authors: Philip L. Hertzler  
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fading of fluorochrome is a significant limitation to fluorescence microscopy. Several anti-fade agents, e.g. n-propyl gallate, are commonly used for glycerol-based mounting media (Longin et al., 1993; Ono et al., 2001). Samples mounted in glycerol must be kept at -20°C for long-term storage to prevent bacterial degradation. In contrast, fluorescent samples cleared and mounted in organic media can be stored indefinitely at room temperature.
Methyl salicylate or oil of wintergreen is an excellent clearing agent (refractive index = 1.53), which works well with a variety of fluorochromes. It has a pleasant aroma but is somewhat difficult to work with since it remains liquid after mounting. It was previously reported that shrimp embryos labeled with tubulin antibody and rhodamine-conjugated secondary antibody maintained their fluorescence after six months (Summers et al. 1993). These same samples, stained in November, 1990 and imaged by confocal microscopy for publication in Hertzler and Clark (1992), are still fluorescent after continuous storage in methyl salicylate at room temperature in the dark (Figure 1). The images of 62-cell stage shrimp embryos taken from these 1990 samples were collected with an Olympus Fluoview 300 laser scanning confocal microscope in January, 2006 in the Dept. of Biology, Central Michigan University.
When Point To Point Is Not Enough
Authors: Heckman Carol , Cayer Marilyn , Varghese Mita 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As all microscopists are taught, resolution can be measured by knowing the closest distance between two points that can be discriminated in the image. There are some occasions when we want to measure something in a digital image, and the nominal resolution isn't sufficient for the task. One of these, extracting a contour from the image, was summarized in a previous research report. The principles would be valid for any filled area, such as a particle or structure from an X-ray dot map. The ground rule was set that the outermost pixel would be selected at every point on the contour. It was clear from the geometry shown in Fig. 1 that only values of 0°, 45°, 90°, 135° and 180° could be measured. Because of the stair step defect, tracing the sequence of pixel locations only gave offsets to 8 pixels, one directly below, two on the corners below, three pixels in the same location above, and one pixel on either side of the subject pixel. Therefore it was impossible to measure the true curvature of the contour.
What Happens When the Electron Beam Hits the Specimen
Authors: Tivol William 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When an electron passes through matter, the energy of the electron is transferred to the material in the form of ionizations and excitations. Almost all of this transfer is the result of the Coulomb interaction of the beam electrons with the electrons in the specimen; that is, scattering of beam electrons by nuclei is not an important energy-transfer process.
On average, about 30 eV is transferred for each ion pair (the electron and the parent atom) produced, and most of the energy transferred goes into primary or secondary ionizations. In a typical energy-loss process, an electron can be removed from an inner shell (it can leave the atom with a velocity comparable to that of the incident electron).
Freeze Fracturing of Hot Samples
Authors: Rades Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Liquid crystals are substances which combine properties of both liquids and solids. To investigate the structures and slructurai defects of liquid crystals, freeze fracturing of these gel-Like substances has been performed successfully for many years. In the TEM the structures of the different types of liquid crystals have been investigated and the results confirmed the earlier investigations using polarizing light microscopy. These TEM studies extended the knowledge of structures and structural defects of this fascinating state of matter. However, freeze fractures were only carried out on liquid crystals which form around or below room temperature.
Using Projection X-ray Microscopy to Observe the Solidification Phenomena in Metals
Authors: Kaukler William F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article outlines how projection x-ray microscopy can be used to view the structures that develop within solidifying metals during the freezing process (in real-time and in situ), A description of x-ray microscopy methods will be given. The specialized furnace design and techniques required to permit observation of solidification phenomena will also be described. This forms the outline of the salient features of our X-ray Transmission Microscope (XTM) for solidification studies. This instrument is being developed for microgravity materials research at NASA's Space Science Laborataory in the Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama. Finally, a sampling of radiomicrographs taken during alloy solidification will be presented.
Principal Components Analysis of Multispectral Image Data
Authors: Neal Brent , Russ John C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Principal components analysis of multivariate data sets is a standard statistical method that was developed in the early halt or the 20th century. It provides researchers with a method for transforming their source data axes into a set of orthogonal principal axes and ranks. The rank for each axis in the principal set represents the significance of that axis as defined by the variance in the data along that axis. Thus, the first principal axis is the one with the greatest amount of scatter in the data and consequently the greatest amount of contrast and information, while the last principal axis represents the least amount of information.
Directly Reading The Genome
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W , Maihle Nita J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The code for the human genome is essentially complete, opening an expansive book about our biologic composition. But the problem is to read this book. The font size is very small, What you are reading now is 9 point font, and genetic information would correspond to approximately 10-50 point font, six orders of magnitude smaller. There are methods to derive genetic information, but recently Adam Woolley, Chantal Guillemette, Chin-Li Cheung, David Housman, and Charles Lieber have developed an elegant way to directly read genetic information with a microscope. The microscope they used was an atomic force microscope (AFM) that employed a single-walled carbon nanotube as its probe.
Programmable Array Microscopes
Authors: Hanley Quentin , Heintzmann Rainer , Arndt-Jovin Donna , Jovin Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The programmable array microscope (PAM) is a powerful tool combining the capabilities of nearly all previously described optical sectioning techniques in a single microscope. Not only can the user create optical sections of threedimensional objects, but the PAM's unique adaptive optical strategy allows a user to select the best sectioning method for a particular sample or experimental need. The key to the PAM is a spatial light modulator (SLM). This device, when placed in the image plane of a microscope, can be used to create optical sectioning, generate spatial encoding masks, and/or define regions of interest.
Resolution of Digital Photomicrographs from Scanned Film
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Some may have read my previous articles in Microscopy Today and know that I am a strong proponent of digital imaging for photomicrographs and photomacrographs. I require that the digital images match the resolution and field size of traditional film images, with the 4X5 Polaroid film most commonly used in metallurgical laboratories where I worked before early retirement. My development of an affordable universal student microscope for home microscopy resulted in a need for color digital images that would meet my requirements at an affordable cost. This need was met by recording on 35 mm film with subsequent scanning of selected film images to a Kodak Master Photo CD. More recently I purchased a CanoScan FS2710 film scanner for digitizing my family's collection of slides and negatives for saving on CD's.
Double-Coating Of Three-Dimensional SEM Specimens
Authors: Jeffree Chris 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many of the SEM specimens which we are asked to deal with are highly three-dimensional non-conductive objects, such as silica beads, pollen grains and spores, small inorganic and organic crystals such as zeolites and drug preparations, starch grains, etc. These often cause severe charging problems which result in all of the familiar and tiresome charge-related image artefacts, such as flare, excessive contrast, specimen movement, and variable scan lines. Charging can also make it very difficult to obtain high-resolution images or do satisfactory analysis.
Cryostat Sectioning of Undecaicified Mouse Appendage Joints for use in Immunohistochemical Staining Procedures
Authors: Plummer Timothy B , Ziesmer Steven C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Immunohistochemical analysis was required to identity lymphoid cell subtypes in mouse appendage joint synovium tissue. Hamster and rat monoclonal antibodies directed toward lymphoid cell subtypes were found to be nonreactive in formalin-fixed decalcified appendages, and this necessitated the use of cryostat sections for immunohistochemical procedures. Initial attempts to section mouse joints using conventional cryostat techniques did not yield adequate sections, and it was clear that a different approach was necessary.
Casting Cells
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
It's always refreshing to read about two old techniques being combined in a novel way to yield new information. Osamu Ohtani and Yuko Ohtani recently accomplished this. Louis Ranvier probably introduced the use of silver nitrate as a histology stain over a century ago. Whereas Ranvier is best known for describing nodes along the nerve fiber, he also demonstrated that silver nitrate stained endothelial cells, allowing their borders to be clearly visualized. In the 1970's, Takuro Murakami first used the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine corrosion casts of the vasculature. Much of what we currently know about the microarchitecture of blood vessels has been discovered using this technique.
Microscopy for Children: A Bibliography Update, April, 2001
Authors: Schooley Caroline 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One of Murphy's Laws says that whenever something is published, it is immediately out of date. Project MICRO'S “Microscopy for Children: a Bibliography”, which was distributed with the December issue of this publication is no exception. I have been contacted recently about a few CD-ROMs that will interest many readers. Since the web version of the bibliography (URL below) will not be updated for a while, I am providing listings as follows.
Watching Rafts Move Within Cells: A Fluorescence Microscope-Based Transport Assay
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W , Salisbury Jeffery L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Imagine a raft in a canal between point A and point B. On that raft is a visible (fluorescent) cargo. Also, attached to that raft is a motor that will propel the raft only from A to B (anterograde transport). When the raft gets to point B, another motor is attached that can propel the raft, and its cargo, and the anterograde motor, back to point A (retrograde transport). Within a cell, the canals are microtubLiles, and a lot is known about anterograde and retrograde transport in some systems, but these phenomena have not been directly observed in a living, intact animal. Until now, that is. In a pair of very interesting papers, the laboratory of Jonathan Scholey has shown us convincing micrographs of anterograde and retrograde transport in an important animal model.
Surface Charging and Photoeffects on Semiconductor and Insulator Surfaces in AFM
Authors: Rossi Robert , Unger Marc 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Having seen these effects often enough, and fielded questions on them from fellow AEM users, we'd like to share our speculations about surface charging effects on semiconductor and insulator surfaces. We do not claim the following to be authoritative, but just what we consider a reasonable explanation for some strange phenomena we have observed.
Dil and DiO Confocal Imaging of Chicken Embryos
Authors: Denetclaw Wilfred F 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In my research, I am interested in understanding cellular morphogenetic events in early somitic myogenesis in the chicken embryo, and much of this work involves viewing fluorescently labeled cells in embryonic tissues. For this work, I am using 0.2% (weight/volume in 100% tetraglycol (Sigma)) concentrations of dil (1,1', di-octadecyl-3,3,3',3',-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and diO (3, 3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate) to focally label small areas (approximately 10 cells) of the epithelial somite known as the dermomyotome.
Re-Usable Vice-Style SEM Sample Holders for Pin-Mount Stages
Authors: Simkin Ben 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Over a number of years, I have found it desirable to firmly hold a sample in the SEM without the contamination problems (or sample creep) associated with carbon tape. My approach to this has been to make a small vice suitable for gripping the sample which will still fit into a standard pin-mount style sample stage. I have made a number of specimen holders over the last few years, at rock-bottom prices.
Manufacturing and Processing Techniques Affecting Morphology of Pyrotechnic Oxidizer Particles
Authors: Dujay Richard C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In a pyrotechnic composition, the morphology (size, shape and surface features) of individual particles in the mixture influences both burn rate and the ease of ignition of the composition. Collectively, the larger, more rounded and smoother the particles, the lower the burn rate and the more difficult it is to ignite the composition. However, the purpose of the current investigation was only to catalogue some particle morphologies that may be useful in forensic identification of unconsumed or residual pyrotechnic evidence. In this study, potassium nitrate was chosen because of its common use in pyrotechnics and because of its similarity with other frequently used pyrotechnic oxidizers.
All samples were prepared for scanning electron microscopy using a double-sided adhesive carbon disk applied to an aluminum post. Particles were mounted to the carbon disk and sputter coated with gold.
Digital Subtraction of Lipofuscin's Fluorescence
Authors: Cornea Anda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fluorescence imaging of brains from older animals, particularly primates, can be hindered by the presence of lipofuscin, a strongly fluorescent pigment that accumulates with age, primarily in neuronal cells. Lipofuscin has a broad emission spectrum that overlaps emission of most fluorescent labels, is present throughout the brain and other tissues, and is very hard to quench chemically (Schnella et at.. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Vol. 47, 719-730, 1999). A more convenient way to eliminate lipofuscin from fluorescence images is the use image arithmetic to subtract its signal. This method takes advantage of lipofuscin's broad emission spectrum that makes it appear in all fluorescence channels.