bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reexamining the Verbal Environments of Children From Different Socioeconomic Backgrounds
Authors: Sperry Douglas E. , Sperry Linda L. , Miller Peggy J. 
Published: April 2018

Amid growing controversy about the oft‐cited “30‐million‐word gap,” this investigation uses language data from five American communities across the socioeconomic spectrum to test, for the first time, Hart and Risley's (1995) claim that poor children hear 30 million fewer words than their middle‐class counterparts during the early years of life. The five studies combined ethnographic fieldwork with longitudinal home observations of 42 children (18–48 months) interacting with family members in everyday life contexts. Results do not support Hart and Risley's claim, reveal substantial variation in vocabulary environments within each socioeconomic stratum, and suggest that definitions of verbal environments that exclude multiple caregivers and bystander talk disproportionately underestimate the number of words to which low‐income children are exposed.
The development of fast‐mapping and novel word retention strategies in monolingual and bilingual infants
Authors: Kalashnikova Marina , Escudero Paola , Kidd Evan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe mutual exclusivity (ME) assumption is proposed to facilitate early word learning by guiding infants to map novel words to novel referents. This study assessed the emergence and use of ME to both disambiguate and retain the meanings of novel words across development in 18‐month‐old monolingual and bilingual children (Experiment 1; N = 58), and in a sub‐group of these children again at 24 months of age (Experiment 2: N = 32). Both monolinguals and bilinguals employed ME to select the referent of a novel label to a similar extent at 18 and 24 months. At 18 months, there were also no differences in novel word retention between the two language‐background groups. However, at 24 months, only monolinguals showed the ability to retain these label–object mappings. These findings indicate that the development of the ME assumption as a reliable word‐learning strategy is shaped by children's individual language exposure and experience with language use.
Externalizing depression symptoms among Canadian males with recent suicidal ideation: A focus on young men
Authors: Rice Simon M. , Kealy David , Oliffe John L. , Ogrodniczuk John S. 
Published: April 2018

AimThe primary aim was to quantify, relative to older men, young men's externalizing of depression symptoms and past‐month suicidal ideation.MethodsA non‐probability national sample of 1000 Canadian men self‐reported internalizing and externalizing symptoms of depression and past‐month suicidal ideation. Stratification quotas reflected Canadian census data to age and region.ResultsYoung men (18‐25 years) were at markedly higher risk of past‐month suicidal ideation than were older men. When controlling for internalizing depression, a multivariate age × recent suicidal ideation interaction indicated higher externalizing of depression symptoms in young men relative to older men, especially for those reporting recent suicidal ideation (P < .001). Interactions were observed for drug use, anger and aggression, and risk‐taking domains. A sizable proportion of younger men were uniquely identified by the MDRS‐22.ConclusionsScreening tools that include assessment of externalizing symptoms may assist in improving detection of distress and suicide risk in young men.
Measures of effective population size in sea otters reveal special considerations for wide‐ranging species
Authors: Gagne Roderick B. , Tinker M. Timothy , Gustafson Kyle D. , Ralls Katherine , Larson Shawn , Tarjan L. Max , Miller Melissa A. , Ernest Holly B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractConservation genetic techniques and considerations of the evolutionary potential of a species are increasingly being applied to species conservation. For example, effective population size (Ne) estimates are useful for determining the conservation status of species, yet accurate estimates of current Ne remain difficult to obtain. The effective population size can contribute to setting federal delisting criteria, as was done for the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). After being hunted to near extinction during the North Pacific fur trade, the southern sea otter has recovered over part of its former range, but remains at relatively low numbers, making it desirable to obtain accurate and consistent estimates of Ne. Although theoretical papers have compared the validity of several methods, comparisons of estimators using empirical data in applied conservation settings are limited. We combined thirteen years of demographic and genetic data from 1,006 sea otters to assess multiple Ne estimators, as well as temporal trends in genetic diversity and population genetic structure. Genetic diversity was low and did not increase over time. There was no evidence for distinct genetic units, but some evidence for genetic isolation by distance. In particular, estimates of Ne based on demographic data were much larger than genetic estimates when computed for the entire range of the population, but were similar at smaller spatial scales. The discrepancy between estimates at large spatial scales could be driven by cryptic population structure and/or individual differences in reproductive success. We recommend the development of new delisting criteria for the southern sea otter. We advise the use of multiple estimates of Ne for other wide‐ranging species, species with overlapping generations, or with sex‐biased dispersal, as well as the development of improved metrics of genetic assessments of populations.
Peritumoral granulomatous reaction in endometrial carcinoma: association with DNA mismatch repair protein deficiency, particularly loss of PMS2 expression
Authors: Stewart Colin J R , Pearn Amy , Pachter Nicholas , Tan Adeline 
Published: April 2018

AimsThe observation of peritumoral granulomatous reactions (PGRs) in two endometrial carcinomas (ECs) with a PMS2‐deficient/MLH1‐intact expression pattern led us to investigate whether PGRs in EC were specifically associated with DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency, particularly PMS2 loss.Methods and resultsHysterectomy specimens from 22 MMR protein‐intact and 54 MMR protein‐deficient ECs were reviewed with specific attention to the presence of a PGR and a tumour‐associated lymphoid reaction [including tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and stromal lymphoid infiltrates]. The MMR protein‐deficient ECs included 22 cases with combined MLH1/PMS2 loss, 11 with combined MSH2/MSH6 loss, 11 with isolated MSH6 loss, and 10 with PMS2 loss but intact MLH1 staining (including the two ‘index’ cases). Overall, PGRs were identified in seven of 54 (13%) MMR protein‐deficient ECs, five of which showed a PMS2‐deficient/MLH1‐intact immunophenotype; three of these patients had germline PMS2 mutations and one additional patient had a germline MSH6 mutation. None of the MMR protein‐intact tumours showed a PGR. Although five of the seven PGR‐positive ECs had a high‐grade histological component, six were stage I. Most ECs with PGRs also showed TILs and stromal lymphoid reactions, similarly to MMR protein‐deficient ECs in general.ConclusionsMMR protein‐deficient ECs, particularly those with PMS2 loss, occasionally show PGRs in addition to stromal lymphoid infiltrates and TILs. Therefore, PGRs could be considered to constitute a histological prompt for consideration of Lynch syndrome. The potential prognostic significance of PGRs in EC requires further study.
Adult periodontitis treated with a new device for subgingival lavage—a randomized controlled clinical trial using a split‐mouth design
Authors: Van Dijk L. J. , Lie M. A. , Van den Heuvel E. R. , Van der Weijden G. A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate in patients with untreated adult periodontitis, the effect of treatment with a novel pocket irrigator/evacuator device (IED) compared to conventional subgingival debridement (CPT), both provided during the initial phase of active periodontal therapy.MethodsThis study was an examiner‐blind, randomized controlled clinical trial using a split‐mouth design. Systemically healthy patients with adult periodontitis were selected. Full‐mouth probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival bleeding on pocket probing scores (BOPP), gingival recession (REC) and dental plaque (PI) were assessed at baseline. All participants received oral hygiene instructions and supragingival prophylaxis including polishing. In 2 randomly assigned contra‐lateral quadrants, approximal sites were irrigated with the IED, whereas in the other quadrants, CPT was provided. The CPT consisted of subgingival debridement using ultrasonic devices followed by the use of hand instruments. At 3 months post‐treatment, the clinical parameters were re‐assessed.ResultsTwenty‐five patients met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate. At 3 months post‐treatment, the PPD and BOPP had significantly improved for both treatment modalities. Pockets of ≥5 mm reduced by 0.64 mm in the IED group (P < .001), compared to a reduction of 0.82 mm for the CPT group (P < .001). With respect to the primary outcome parameter (PPD) and BI, the results with the IED were less pronounced. Between the test and control groups, no significant differences were observed for REC and PI.ConclusionsOral hygiene instructions, supragingival prophylaxis and subgingival lavage with the IED resulted in a significant reduction in PPD and BOPP. However, the effect does not reach the results of CPT which included the subgingival use of ultrasonic and hand instruments.
Solving the edge‐disjoint paths problem using a two‐stage method
Authors: Martín Bernardo , Sánchez Ángel , Beltran‐Royo Cesar , Duarte Abraham 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThere exists a wide variety of network problems where several connection requests occur simultaneously. In general, each request is attended by finding a route in the network, where the origin and destination of such a route are those hosts that wish to establish a connection for information exchange. As is well documented in the related literature, the exchange of information through disjoint routes increases the effective bandwidth, velocity, and the probability of receiving the corresponding information. The definition of disjoint paths may refer to nodes, edges, or both. One of the most studied variants is the one where disjointness implies not to share edges. This optimization problem is usually known as the maximum edge‐disjoint paths problem. This ‐hard optimization problem has applications in real‐time communications, very large scale integration design, scheduling, bin packing, or load balancing. The proposed approach hybridizes an integer linear programming formulation of the problem with an evolutionary algorithm. Empirical results using 174 previously reported instances show that the proposed procedure compares favorably to previous metaheuristics for this problem. We confirm the significance of the results by conducting nonparametric statistical tests.
Identification of sarcomeric variants in probands with a clinical diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
Authors: Murray Brittney , Hoorntje Edgar T. , te Riele Anneline S. J. M. , Tichnell Crystal , van der Heijden Jeroen F. , Tandri Harikrishna , van den Berg Maarten P. , Jongbloed Jan D. H. , Wilde Arthur A. M. , Hauer Richard N. W. , Calkins Hugh , Judge Daniel P. , James Cynthia A. , van Tintelen J. Peter , Dooijes Dennis 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimsArrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited cardiomyopathy characterized by ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Currently 60% of patients meeting Task Force Criteria (TFC) have an identifiable mutation in one of the desmosomal genes. As much overlap is described between other cardiomyopathies and ARVC, we examined the prevalence of rare, possibly pathogenic sarcomere variants in the ARVC population.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐seven (137) individuals meeting 2010 TFC for a diagnosis of ARVC, negative for pathogenic desmosomal variants, TMEM43, SCN5A, and PLN were screened for variants in the sarcomere genes (ACTC1, MYBPC3, MYH7, MYL2, MYL3, TNNC1, TNNI3, TNNT2, and TPM1) through either clinical or research genetic testing.ResultsSix probands (6/137, 4%) were found to carry rare variants in the sarcomere genes. These variants have low prevalence in controls, are predicted damaging by Polyphen‐2, and some of the variants are known pathogenic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations. Sarcomere variant carriers had a phenotype that did not differ significantly from desmosomal mutation carriers. As most of these probands were the only affected individuals in their families, however, segregation data are noninformative.ConclusionThese data show variants in the sarcomere can be identified in individuals with an ARVC phenotype. Although rare and predicted damaging, proven functional and segregational evidence that these variants can cause ARVC is lacking. Therefore, caution is warranted in interpreting these variants when identified on large next‐generation sequencing panels for cardiomyopathies.
Pooled diagnostic accuracy of resting distal to aortic coronary pressure referenced to fractional flow reserve: The importance of resting coronary physiology
Authors: Maini Rohit , Moscona John , Sidhu Gursukhman , Katigbak Paul , Fernandez Camilo , Irimpen Anand , Mogabgab Owen , Ward Charisse , Samson Rohan , LeJemtel Thierry 
Published: April 2018

IntroductionBoth resting and hyperemic physiologic methods to guide coronary revascularization improve cardiovascular outcomes compared with angiographic guidance alone. Fractional flow reserve (FFR) remains underutilized due to concerns regarding hyperemia, prompting study of resting distal to aortic coronary pressure (Pd/Pa). Pd/Pa is a vasodilator‐free resting index unlike FFR. While Pd/Pa is similar to another resting index, instantaneous wave‐free ratio (iFR), it is a whole‐cycle measurement not limited to the wave‐free diastolic period. Pd/Pa is not validated clinically although multiple accuracy studies have been performed. Our meta‐analysis examines the overall diagnostic accuracy of Pd/Pa referenced to FFR, the accepted invasive standard of ischemia.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, Central, ProQuest, and Web of Science databases for full text articles published through August 9, 2017 addressing the diagnostic accuracy of Pd/Pa referenced to FFR < 0.80. The following keywords were used: “distal coronary artery pressure” OR “Pd/Pa” AND “fractional flow reserve” OR “FFR.”ResultsIn total, 14 studies comprising 7004 lesions were identified. Pooled diagnostic accuracy estimates of Pd/Pa versus FFR < 0.80 were: sensitivity, 0.77 (95% CI, 0.75‐0.78); specificity, 0.82 (0.81‐0.83); positive likelihood ratio, 4.7 (3.3‐6.6); negative likelihood ratio, 0.29 (0.24‐0.34); diagnostic odds ratio, 18.1 (14.4‐22.6); area under the summary receiver‐operating characteristic curve of 0.88; and diagnostic accuracy of 0.80 (0.76‐0.83).ConclusionsPd/Pa shows adequate agreement with FFR as a resting index of coronary stenosis severity without the undesired effects and cost of hyperemic agents. Pd/Pa has the potential to guide coronary revascularization with easier application and availability compared with iFR and FFR.
Enteric neural stem cell therapies for enteric neuropathies
Authors: McCann C. J. , Thapar N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundEnteric neuropathies exist as a wide range of human disorders which impact on gastrointestinal motility. Current standard therapies for enteric neuropathies are limited to surgical resection or manipulation (eg, myotomy) of affected gut segments or medical management including both therapy (eg, prokinetic pharmacotherapy) and support such as parenteral nutrition. However, such treatments often result in poor prognosis and significant morbidity. The current limitations in treatment options for enteric neuropathies underline the need for alternative approaches to treat these devastating diseases. Recent advances have highlighted the potential of enteric neural stem cells as a possible treatment option for regenerative medicine, in such cases.PurposeThe purpose of this review is to provide an up‐to‐date synopsis of the enteric neural stem cell research field. Here, we review in detail the initial characterization of enteric neural stem cells, early preclinical studies validating their use in murine models through to the most recent findings of therapeutic rescue of diseased gut tissue. We additionally pose a number of questions regarding these recent findings which will need to be addressed prior to clinical translation of this exciting cellular therapeutic.
Can very early music interventions promote at‐risk infants’ development?
Authors: Virtala Paula , Partanen Eino 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMusic and musical activities are often a natural part of parenting. As accumulating evidence shows, music can promote auditory and language development in infancy and early childhood. It may even help to support auditory and language skills in infants whose development is compromised by heritable conditions, like the reading deficit dyslexia, or by environmental factors, such as premature birth. For example, infants born to dyslexic parents can have atypical brain responses to speech sounds and subsequent challenges in language development. Children born very preterm, in turn, have an increased likelihood of sensory, cognitive, and motor deficits. To ameliorate these deficits, we have developed early interventions focusing on music. Preliminary results of our ongoing longitudinal studies suggest that music making and parental singing promote infants’ early language development and auditory neural processing. Together with previous findings in the field, the present studies highlight the role of active, social music making in supporting auditory and language development in at‐risk children and infants. Once completed, the studies will illuminate both risk and protective factors in development and offer a comprehensive model of understanding the promises of music activities in promoting positive developmental outcomes during the first years of life.
Revising the FP Quality of Care Framework in the Context of Rights‐based Family Planning
Authors: Jain Anrudh K. , Hardee Karen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNearly three decades ago, Bruce articulated a client‐centered quality of care (QoC) framework for family planning services. The term quality has since then been used in many rights‐based frameworks for health, reproductive health, and family planning. This commentary compares the concept of quality used in many of these frameworks to reconcile the elements of the FP QoC framework with the use of quality in various rights frameworks. We propose five modifications to the original FP QoC framework to better align it with the treatment of quality in the rights‐based approaches and the way quality in family planning has been applied in practice.
Climate change skepticism as a psychological coping strategy
Authors: Haltinner Kristin , Sarathchandra Dilshani 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article explores current sociological scholarship on climate skepticism and, drawing on recent literature in social psychology and behavioral science, presents an argument for future research on the relationship between emotion, information aversion, and climate denial. We extrapolate and unite these disconnected bodies of scholarship to argue that strong emotions such as fear may drive climate change skepticism and denial among some adherents. By partnering the scholarship outlined above with advances in research on conspiracy ideation, we argue that climate change skepticism and denial is, at least in some cases, a form of an exaggerated ostrich effect, whereby adherents are so driven to avoid learning about a specific problem; they actively seek to construct an alternative, safer, narrative. Given this predisposition, attempting to challenge such skepticism with information is counterproductive. As such, this paper presents alternative possibilities for communicating research findings on climate change.
Blood utilisation in a developing society: what is the best index of efficiency?
Authors: Charles K. S. , De Freitas L. , Ramoutar R. , Goolam R. , Juman S. , Murray D. , Jhingai R. , Chantry A. 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYObjectivesTo assess blood usage for elective surgery in a developing country as a first step towards developing a maximum surgical blood‐ordering schedule (MSBOS).BackgroundCross‐match:transfusion (C/T) ratio, transfusion index (Ti) and transfusion ratio (T%) are standard indices of efficient blood usage for elective surgical procedures. The MSBOS assigns surgical procedures to Group and Cross Match (GXM) and Group and Save (G&S) categories. Non‐use probability (NUP) is the percentage of blood that is requested but not used. Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) has a transfusion service that predominantly uses family replacement (F/R) donors.Materials/MethodsC/T ratio, Ti, T% and NUP were retrospectively calculated for 304 elective surgical procedures performed at a tertiary medical institution in TTO between 1st January and 15th May 2013.ResultsFor 17 types of surgical procedure, C/T ratio was <2·5 for 10, T% ≥ 30 for 10 and Ti ≥ 0·5 for 12, suggesting efficiency, significant blood use and a requirement for GXM for most operations. However, the majority of these procedures qualify for G&S when performed under conditions that guarantee ready access to blood in an emergency. A substantial proportion of issued blood was returned unused to the blood bank, giving an NUP of 39·7%.ConclusionNUP was the most sensitive measure of efficiency. C/T ratio, T% and Ti must be interpreted in the context of the blood donation system. An internationally accepted value of NUP that equates to efficient blood use should be adopted.