bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Antonello Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This epilogue reflects on Antarctic diplomacy and science after 1980 in light of the greening of Antarctica that occurred after 1959. It suggests ways in which the failed ratification of the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA) of 1988 and the successful negotiation of the Madrid Protocol of 1991 closely followed the intellectual and conceptual contours laid down between 1959 and 1980 in the major environmental agreements following the Antarctic Treaty. It also reflects on the seeming absence of ice—the dominant natural element in Antarctica—from early and recent Antarctic geopolitics and how ice might affect future Antarctic diplomacy and geopolitics.
Grasping for a Great New Future
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines fragmentation within the colonial lobbies in Germany and their efforts to unify the language of imperial internationalism by the Colonial German bloc in the interwar period during the lead-up to the Locarno Conferences of 1925. What follows is an analysis of the adaptation and reimagining of the three largest and most vocal of the German colonial societies in the Weimar period: the German Colonial Society, the Women’s League, and the Kolonial Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft (Imperial Working Group on the Colonies, KoRAG). Each of these organizations made an effort at retooling itself to serve the needs of Colonial Germans in the Weimar era. Yet despite all their efforts, the DKG and other colonialist organizations in Germany never managed to unite the German colonial bloc. Former officials, missionaries, and German settlers in and from Africa opportunistically adapted their understandings of nationality in pursuit of their own self-interests. The most difficult challenges that the German colonial lobbies faced in the wake of the loss of the empire did not come from the German government or even from the League and the new mandatory powers, but rather from the cacophony of demands placed upon them by a diverse constituency.
The Faithful Hounds of Imperialism?
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The presence of former German colonial officials as part of the League’s bureaucracy was not confined to the Permanent Mandates Commission, but also came into play in special emergency inquiry committees, most notably in the League’s investigation of the Manchurian Crisis. In November 1931, the League of Nations called for a Commission of Enquiry to determine the causes of the conflict, hoping to diffuse the tensions between Japan and China, which ran counter to many world powers’ and League member states’ interests in the Far East. The five-man commission headed by the second Earl of Lytton of the United Kingdom included Major General Frank Ross McCoy (United States), Count Aldrovandi Marescotti (Italy), General Henri Claudel (France), and Dr. Heinrich Schnee. It was in this venue that Heinrich Schnee—the last governor of German East Africa and the most outspoken detractor of the Allies, the League, and the new Mandates System—somewhat ironically was able to benefit from growing internationalism. His role on the Lytton Commission became the crowning—and final—event in his efforts to revive his career and renown as an authority on imperialism. Despite the loss at Locarno of any hope of a return of Germany’s former overseas possessions, the involvement of a prominent Colonial German in the Manchurian discussions suggests that although no longer citizens of an imperial power, Germans made continued contributions to the international discourse on empire and nation, as well as to international decision-making on these matters.
Adult Mental Disorders in Association with Socioeconomic Position, Race/Ethnicity, and Sexual and Gender Minority Status
Authors: Johnson Renee M. , Linton Sabriya , Mortensen Preben Bo , Reisner Sari L. , Martins Silvia , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents information about differences in risk for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders across three demographic factors that are tied to social disadvantage: socioeconomic position, race/ethnicity, and sexual and gender minority status. It summarizes key results from studies of the general population, and presents information on prevalence and risk based on our analyses of national data sets. Systematic population subgroup differences exist. Persons in low socioeconomic position and sexual and gender minorities have higher odds of mental and behavioral disorders. Findings for racial/ethnic minorities were mixed. Although several studies showing that Black and Hispanic people have lower risk than Whites for mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, research also shows that disorders among these groups are more severe and more persistent.
Theory of the Image
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We live in the age of the mobile image. Our world is now saturated with moving images of all kinds, both analog and digital. This sea change in image production and circulation is nothing less than the Copernican revolution of our time. The centrality of the movement and mobility of the image has never been more dramatic. And just like the Copernican revolution, the aesthetic revolution of the image has consequences not only for the way we think about the contemporary image but also the way we think about all previous images. Theory of the Image offers a new and systematic philosophy of art and aesthetics from the perspective of movement—the first of its kind. Throughout history, the image has been understood in many ways, but rarely has it been understood to be, primarily and above all, in motion. Thus, Theory of the Image offers not only the first aesthetics of motion but also the first history of the mobility of the image in the Western art tradition, from prehistory to the present.
Armed Groups Human Resource Manual
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Using criteria that she developed and elaborates, the author classifies rebel groups on a continuum from extreme to moderate. She shows that extreme Islamist groups were able to attract fighters away from initial moderate groups because they had better internal organization, took better care of fighters (physically and monetarily), and experienced less internal corruption. The author explains how extreme groups benefited from Islamist ideology, which helped ensure, among other things, that only the most dedicated fighters joined their ranks. However, one unforeseen side effect of using ideology as a central factor was attracting fighters more interested in Islamic ideology than fighting. With time, such individuals wasted group resources and caused internal splits and power struggles over the goals of the conflict. For ISIS, handling these issues became a major part of their decline.
Leaving, Staying, Fighting
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In any civil war, the local population first separates into two groups: those who go (refugees) and those who stay. Those who stay further split into those who take up arms (fighters) and those who do not (civilians). This chapter examines those who find themselves in the midst of war, especially in Syria. Why do some people leave the war zone as refugees while others choose to stay despite the dangers? Among those who stay, why do some take up weapons and become fighters while others remain civilians? Finally, why do some local fighters eventually stop participating and demobilize?
Finding a Group That Fits
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how prospective fighters choose a group to join and why (and when) some choose to switch groups. While the decision to take up arms is based on a person’s individual grievances, the decision to join a particular group is made rationally by comparing different groups fighting for the same goal based on their organizational qualities. Individual benefits for fighters are divided into immediate benefits and insurance. Although such things as salary and aid-in-kind are important, there also are long-term problems a fighter relies on a group to solve, such as medical care for wounded fighters, postmortem arrangements for deceased fighters, and support for families. Since there are no official insurance guarantees (and little power to enforce any in a war-torn country even if there were), fighters have to rely on a group’s reputation in this matter.
Help from Abroad
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the involvement in the Syrian civil war by foreigners, some of whom went to Syria and took up arms and others who stayed home and supported the group by other means. For foreigners with an interest in a civil war, their choice is not whether to leave or fight as it is with locals, but whether to go or not. While there are people who come with a positive perspective (going to the foreign battlefield), others went with a negative perspective (getting away from something back in their home country). Some foreigners decided to take a risk and go to the frontline, but other supporters did not. Instead, like local civilians, they actively helped armed groups with media outreach, raising funds, buying and sending equipment, and helping potential fighters move to the battlefield.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchings Robert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
“Truth to power”: it is a stirring phrase, but what does it mean? It certainly does not mean that US intelligence believes itself to possess the Truth with a capital T, but the phrase grows out of the initial mandate given by President Harry Truman: “to accomplish the evaluation and dissemination of strategic intelligence” and to do so independent of the principal policy agencies. This mandate created a built-in and deliberate tension between intelligence and policy—sometimes friendly and constructive, other times conflictual. The Office of National Estimates, set up in the immediate aftermath of World War II, produced some highly regarded national intelligence estimates but acquired a reputation for “Olympian detachment” that led in the 1970s to its replacement by a National Intelligence Council composed of around a dozen national intelligence officers led by a chairman or chairwoman.
America at War: 2003–2005
Authors: Hutchings Robert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Robert Hutchings arrived as chairman just a month before the US invasion of Iraq, a move that he privately felt was a major mistake, for reasons that proved all too accurate. Once combat operations gave way to a heavy-handed US occupation regime, the analysis the NIC provided—that the anti-American insurgency was intensifying, and that this was because of the occupation itself—was badly received by policymakers. Such can be the consequences of telling truth to power. Moreover, when no WMD were found in Iraq, criticism mounted, some of it justified but some pure scapegoating. The perceived “intelligence failures” of 9/11 and Iraqi WMD crystallized in pressure toward major reforms to US intelligence. Nonetheless, during this period the NIC did seminal work in reassessing the nature of the terrorist threat and in producing the pathbreaking report, Mapping the Global Future, the newest iteration of the Global Trends series.
From Afghanistan to Trump: 2014–2017
Authors: Treverton Gregory 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A friend who had been deputy national intelligence officer when Gregory Treverton was vice-chairman under Joseph Nye cautioned him that “this is not your father’s National Intelligence Council”. And indeed it wasn’t. Substantively, the biggest change was in mission—the enormous addition of current intelligence support to the government’s policy committees. That meant the NIC was in the thick of things, but it also meant than finding time for more strategic work was a constant frustration—all in the context of an administration trying to cope with crises from Ukraine to ISIS, from Afghanistan to Ebola. Procedurally, the biggest change was the creation, first of the director of national intelligence, and later of the national intelligence managers. The latter, especially, will remain a work in progress: it does let the NIC focus on what it does best, analysis, but at some cost in prestige and time spent in bureaucratic jockeying—the “black Suburban” issue: who goes to White House policy meetings.
The Evolution of Work and Family
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In Chapter 4, we move beyond the first-time experiences of early motherhood to consider how life as a working mother shifts as a family structure evolves. There has been a predominant focus on pregnancy and women’s initial transition to becoming a working mother, yet as children age and careers shift, working mothers face new work and home decisions. This next series of transitions differ from those of early motherhood. While the anxiety and uncertainty of “will I be a good working mother?” may have diminished, working mothers often face increased complexity associated with managing a household with multiple children. At the same time, women may be experiencing more pressure to take on new opportunities in their careers. In exploring how women manage these competing pressures, we focus on how women can lean on relationships within the family, at work, and in the community to forge their positive path.
Older, Wiser, But Still a Working Mother
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers how working mothers navigate work and family as they move from the daily responsibilities of raising children to parenting adult children to retirement. As working mothers’ parenting role shifts in conjunction with midlife changes, they may begin a process of career recalibration as they consider what they want to do that is meaningful and engaging in this next life phase. The varied ways working mothers approach this issue is a key focus of this chapter. We go on to discuss some of the late-stage transitions women may experience, including grown children returning home and leaving paid work permanently. Each of these experiences presents women with new choices as they craft the final chapters of their work/life paths.
What to Expect from the Unexpected in Work and Family Life
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 introduces the more common life disruptions working mothers may experience. These disruptions include navigating one’s own health and well-being, managing situations with one’s children or spouse, and responding to unexpected caregiving responsibilities with one’s extended family. Unfortunately, these disruptions occur more frequently than most women expect, which is why this chapter is particularly important. We explore life disruptions that relate to the working mother herself, her nuclear family, and her extended family as we introduce ways women can get support at home and at work to manage these disruptions. We hope that by raising the unexpected and sometimes undiscussed aspects of navigating work and life, we can help working mothers become a bit more prepared for tackling these unexpected transitions.
Allies, Not Enemies
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on the important role men can play in supporting women as they create positive paths through work and motherhood. While we have talked about men at home and at work in previous chapters, this is an important enough topic that it warrants a specific chapter. We begin by discussing the benefits for mothers, children, and fathers when men are caregiving partners. Like women, men are beginning to approach their careers differently, with greater interest in making space for life outside of work. Men face different challenges and opportunities when they integrate fatherhood and work. Women need to be aware of these differences as they look to their partners to support their work/life path. Finally, we turn our attention to the workplace and how men can act as allies and support working mothers at work. To get this support from men, women need to give support—a topic we discuss throughout this chapter.
Christian Righteousness
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the question of ethical formation in relation to the Christian teaching of justification by faith alone. Lutherans in particular are seen as struggling with this relation and are often viewed as struggling to present a developed moral theology. The distinction between law and gospel opens up language of “two kinds of righteousness,” which risks separating justification from good works. Both “justification” and ethics are related to righteousness. Their contradistinction has served systematic theology well in emphasizing the graciousness of justification. In moral theology, however, this contradistinction may lead to disjunction, when, in fact, Christian ethics cannot be understood theologically without vigorous roots in justification. Rather than setting justification and ethics separately or at odds, one could investigate how both the activity of God to reconcile humanity to himself, and also the active human response to this reconciliation, give full expression to “righteousness,” theologically understood.
Formation in Christian Worship
Authors: Grobien Gifford A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In conversation with Oswald Bayer, Bernd Wannenwetsch, and Louis-Marie Chauvet, this chapter explains comprehensively the power of Christian worship ethically to form Christians in union with Christ. Language and ritual theories explain the power of speech and ritual to institute forms or orders of life. Christians who have been united to Christ through God’s justifying word are inaugurated into the ecclesial form of life. In this communion, they are formed by the Holy Spirit to act in accordance with the speech of God and the institution of the Church. Furthermore, as grace-filled speech, preaching and the sacraments form Christians also by the supernatural “inscription” of the Holy Spirit. The particular power of Baptism and the Lord’s Supper to unite Christians to Christ and to each other, and to form Christians ethically, is explored in Luther’s and Philip Melancthon’s writings.
The Ghost of the Father
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at the underworld theme in two postmodern works of fiction: John Barth’s 1968 Lost in the Funhouse, which adapts Homer’s Odyssey, and Neil Gaiman’s The Sandman comic series (1989–93), which features a version of Orpheus’ descent. Both authors tap into the tradition of Hades as an intertextual archive and confront the canon by writing fiction that symbolically stages a conflict between fathers and sons. The mythical descent story becomes a metafictional device that pays homage to literary tradition while also critiquing literary forefathers, Milton and James Joyce. The polemical stances of Barth and Gaiman epitomize postmodern literary practices by setting the heroic paradigm in culturally marginal contexts or by using media not conventionally associated with high culture.
Engendering the Haunted Text
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how two feminist, postmodern novelists, A.S. Byatt and Elena Ferrante, revise a convention in which only male heroes return from Hades as storytellers. Byatt’s Angels and Insects rewrites the Odyssean Nekyia in a Victorian context, as a children’s fable in one novella and a séance in the other, both of which highlight the role of the female storyteller. Set between the analyses of Byatt’s and Ferrante’s novels is a discussion of Gaiman’s children’s novella, Coraline, as a filmic adaptation by Henry Selick, to develop the question of why girls but not women can take trips to the underworld, and to explore the role of the female creator, the Other Mother. The chapter concludes with the work of Elena Ferrante to consider how she incorporates the chthonic female demon and the Persephone myth in the context of female authorship.
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher Judith 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The Introduction situates the myth of the descent to the underworld (catabasis) in a broad historical context beginning with Ancient Near East traditions, including the Sumerian poem preserved in cuneiform, “The Descent of Inanna,” and extending to medieval treatments such as “The Visions of the Knight Tondal”, and those of the early modern period. It includes a survey of other scholarly treatments of the underworld theme in recent literature. A brief overview of the volume explains how it fills a gap in the scholarship by focusing on the adaptation of the theme of a visit to Hades in postmodern, feminist, and postcolonial fiction.
Locating Death and Burial
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There was no single story about the deaths of Peter and Paul. Instead, there existed a cluster of traditions with some overlap on basic points, but much variety on other details. This chapter explores the accounts of where the apostles were killed and what happened to their bodies after their deaths. The earliest sources tend to be imprecise or simply silent about the exact locations of the martyrdoms, so the picture is far from clear in the sources. After the executions, the bodies of the apostles travel in divergent ways in different texts, being placed in as many as three different burial places along the way.
Confusing Peter and Paul
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The stories about the deaths of Peter and Paul display variety on a number of details, but many emphasize the unity of the apostles—the concordia apostolorum. The desire to show unity at times went to the point of making the apostles indistinguishable from each other or even confusing Paul and Peter with each other. This chapter will analyze examples of conflated or reversed descriptions of apostolic speech (particularly Peter speaking with Pauline epistolary language), actions, and fates. It will then explore the influence of these examples on later literary traditions and evidence of similar confusion in early Christian art.
The Apostles versus Rival Christs
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The martyrdom accounts of Peter and Paul display variety on many details, but all include descriptions of their primary antagonists. This chapter explores the two primary characters described in this way in various texts: the Emperor Nero and Simon the sorcerer (Simon Magus). Both are presented as hostile not just toward the apostles but toward their master, Jesus Christ, for in nearly every martyrdom account one or the other is presented as an antichrist figure. The analysis shows that both Nero and Simon are presented as making divine claims that are ontological and functional, and both suffer their ultimate fates as acts of divine judgment. Thus, the earthly conflicts with Peter and Paul are mere reflections of the true battle between Christ and antichrists.
Twin studies of emotion
Authors: Flom Megan , Saudino Kimberly J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The twin design can be applied to the study of emotion in a variety of ways that help illuminate why meaningful individual differences in emotion and related constructs emerge. At its most basic application, the twin design can identify relative genetic and environmental contributions to specific emotions; however, this methodological approach can also inform on (i) etiologic sources of overlap between different emotions; (ii) sources of stability and change in emotion constructs across time; and (iii) genetic and environmental effects shared across emotion constructs and psychopathology. This chapter summarizes findings from twin studies of basic emotions, complex emotions, emotion processes, and emotion and psychopathology. We discuss the implications of this research for intervention and molecular genetic work, and identify potential avenues for future twin research on emotion.