bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri
Authors: Banik Indranil , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
The wide binary orbit of Proxima Centauri around α Centauri A and B differs significantly between Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics (MOND). By combining previous calculations of this effect with mock observations generated using a Monte Carlo procedure, we show that this prediction can be tested using high precision astrometry of Proxima Centauri. This requires ≈10 yr of observations at an individual epoch precision of $0.5 \, \mu\rm as$, within the design specifications of the proposed Theia mission. In general, the required duration should scale as the 2/5 power of the astrometric precision. A long-period planet could produce a MOND-like astrometric signal, but only if it has a particular ratio of mass to separation squared and a sky position close to the line segment connecting Proxima Centauri with α Centauri. Uncertainties in perspective effects should be small enough for this test if the absolute radial velocity of Proxima Centauri can be measured to within ≈10 m s−1, better than the present accuracy of 32 m s−1. We expect the required improvement to become feasible using radial velocity zero-points estimated from larger samples of close binaries, with the Sun providing an anchor. We demonstrate that possible astrometric microlensing of Proxima Centauri is unlikely to affect the results. We also discuss why it should be possible to find sufficiently astrometrically stable reference stars. Adequately, addressing these and other issues would enable a decisive test of gravity in the currently little explored low acceleration regime relevant to the dynamical discrepancies in galactic outskirts.
Extraordinarily long development of the Antarctic gastropod Antarctodomus thielei (Neogastropoda: Buccinoidea)
Authors: Moran A L , Harasewych M G , Miller B A , Woods H A , Tobalske B W , Marko P B 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Antarctic animals share many traits that are attributed to evolution in a stable, extremely cold climate. Among invertebrates, development is exceptionally slow, making observational studies of development logistically challenging, particularly when conducted under natural conditions in the field. Using multiple deployments to McMurdo Station, Antarctica, we characterized the development, in the field, of an unidentified buccinoidean gastropod species with encapsulated development. Thirteen egg capsules collected at Granite Harbor, McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, were attached to natural rock and outplanted at a depth of ~25 m at the base of the McMurdo Intake Jetty on 2 December 2007, photographed on 5 October 2011 and 6 September 2012 and then returned to the laboratory on 27 November 2015. In 2015, four capsules were open and empty, five were open and contained a single large hatchling and the remaining four capsules were intact but not open, each containing a single large juvenile snail. To identify the developing embryos, we sequenced mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) from two hatchlings and compared those sequences with those from adults collected near the egg mass, as well as with sequences of other buccinoideans from GenBank. Based on the close match between hatchling and adult COI sequences (hatchling sequences differed from those of an adult at only 2 of 658 nucleotide positions), we identified the embryos as Antarctodomus thielei (Powell, 1958)). The egg mass morphology and development of this species have not been previously described. Our study shows that A. thielei has a development time of more than 8 years, which is the longest measured for any gastropod.
Evolview v3: a webserver for visualization, annotation, and management of phylogenetic trees
Authors: Subramanian Balakrishnan , Gao Shenghan , Lercher Martin J , Hu Songnian , Chen Wei-Hua 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Evolview is an interactive tree visualization tool designed to help researchers in visualizing phylogenetic trees and in annotating these with additional information. It offers the user with a platform to upload trees in most common tree formats, such as Newick/Phylip, Nexus, Nhx and PhyloXML, and provides a range of visualization options, using fifteen types of custom annotation datasets. The new version of Evolview was designed to provide simple tree uploads, manipulation and viewing options with additional annotation types. The ‘dataset system’ used for visualizing tree information has evolved substantially from the previous version, and the user can draw on a wide range of additional example visualizations. Developments since the last public release include a complete redesign of the user interface, new annotation dataset types, additional tree visualization styles, full-text search of the documentation, and some backend updates. The project management aspect of Evolview was also updated, with a unified approach to tree and project management and sharing. Evolview is freely available at: https://www.evolgenius.info/evolview/.
Rescue of spinal muscular atrophy mouse models with AAV9-Exon-specific U1 snRNA
Authors: Donadon Irving , Bussani Erica , Riccardi Federico , Licastro Danilo , Romano Giulia , Pianigiani Giulia , Pinotti Mirko , Konstantinova Pavlina , Evers Melvin , Lin Shuo , Rüegg Markus A , Pagani Franco 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSpinal Muscular Atrophy results from loss-of-function mutations in SMN1 but correcting aberrant splicing of SMN2 offers hope of a cure. However, current splice therapy requires repeated infusions and is expensive. We previously rescued SMA mice by promoting the inclusion of a defective exon in SMN2 with germline expression of Exon-Specific U1 snRNAs (ExspeU1). Here we tested viral delivery of SMN2 ExspeU1s encoded by adeno-associated virus AAV9. Strikingly the virus increased SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and SMN protein levels and rescued the phenotype of mild and severe SMA mice. In the severe mouse, the treatment improved the neuromuscular function and increased the life span from 10 to 219 days. ExspeU1 expression persisted for 1 month and was effective at around one five-hundredth of the concentration of the endogenous U1snRNA. RNA-seq analysis revealed our potential drug rescues aberrant SMA expression and splicing profiles, which are mostly related to DNA damage, cell-cycle control and acute phase response. Vastly overexpressing ExspeU1 more than 100-fold above the therapeutic level in human cells did not significantly alter global gene expression or splicing. These results indicate that AAV-mediated delivery of a modified U1snRNP particle may be a novel therapeutic option against SMA.
Physical Activity and Exercise Outcomes in Huntington Disease (PACE-HD): Protocol for a 12-Month Trial Within Cohort Evaluation of a Physical Activity Intervention in People With Huntington Disease
Authors: Drew Cheney J G , Quinn Lori , Hamana Katy , Williams-Thomas Rhys , Marsh Lucy , Dimitropoulou Polyxeni , Playle Rebecca , Griffin Beth Ann , Kelson Mark , Schubert Robin , Muratori Lisa , Reilmann Ralf , Rosser Anne , Busse Monica 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Exercise is emerging as an important aspect in the management of disease-related symptoms and functional decline in people with Huntington disease (HD). Long-term evaluation of physical activity and exercise participation in HD has yet to be undertaken.

Objective
The objective is to investigate the feasibility of a nested randomized controlled trial (RCT) alongside a longitudinal observational study of physical activity and exercise outcomes in people with HD.

Design
This will be a 12-month longitudinal observational study (n = 120) with a nested evaluation of a physical activity intervention (n = 30) compared with usual activity (n = 30) using a “trial within a cohort” design.

Setting
The study will take place in HD specialist clinics in Germany, Spain, and the United States, with intervention delivery in community settings.

Participants
The participants will have early-mid–stage HD and be participating in the Enroll-HD study.

Intervention
This will be a 12-month physical activity behavioral change intervention, delivered by physical therapists in 18 sessions, targeting uptake of aerobic exercise and increased physical activity.

Measurements
All participants (n = 120) will complete Enroll-HD assessments (motor, cognitive, behavioral, and quality of life) at baseline and at 12 months. Additional Physical ACtivity and Exercise Outcomes in Huntington Disease (PACE-HD) assessments include fitness (predicted maximal oxygen uptake [V  o2max]), self-reported and quantitative measures of physical activity, disease-specific symptoms, and walking endurance. RCT participants (n = 60) will complete an additional battery of quantitative motor assessments and a 6-month interim assessment. Enroll-HD data will be linked to PACE-HD physical activity and fitness data.

Limitations
The limitations include that the embedded RCT is open, and assessors at RCT sites are not blinded to participant allocation.

Conclusion
PACE-HD will enable determination of the feasibility of long-term physical activity interventions in people with HD. The novel “trial within a cohort” design and incorporation of data linkage have potential to reduce participant burden. This design could be applied to other neurological diseases and movement disorders where recruitment and retention are challenging.
TCBH Duncan Tanner Essay Prize Winner 2018 Financing the Information Age: London TeleCity, the Legacy of IT-82, and the Selling of British Telecom
Authors: Ward Jacob 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article is a history of the privatization of British Telecom. BT's privatization occupies a central position in histories of Thatcherism as a pivotal moment in Thatcherism's ideological focus on popular capitalism. These histories, however, overlook the important intersection of financial institutions and information technology policy in shaping BT's privatization. Financial institutions in the City of London formed a lobbying group, the City Telecommunications Committee, that pressured for BT's privatization and secured preferential treatment for the City from BT, ending a decades-long policy of uniform telecommunications services across Britain. Margaret Thatcher's government positioned BT's privatization as central to the success of two of Britain's information industries, electronics manufacturing and the City of London. Her government also cast BT's privatization as essential to an ‘information revolution’ that, through personal, networked computing, would further personal freedom and free markets. BT's privatization thus performed two important and related functions. First, it oriented Britain's telecommunications network to the City of London's needs, and secondly, it enacted an ‘information revolution’ that was portrayed as essential to the success of the City of London and British electronics. I label this fusion of City finance, neoliberal politics, and British telecommunications the ‘London ideology’, and this ideology shaped the broadly-held assumption that privatizing telecommunications was essential to reaching the ‘information age’.
4Psychoanalysis
Authors: Arnold Lucy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In 2018 trauma emerged as one of the key preoccupations in the field of psychoanalytic scholarship, not only in terms of its manifestations in the clinic but in the social sphere and the cultural imaginary. This year’s review examines six texts which, implicitly and explicitly, interrogate the significance and function of trauma from a range of standpoints. It is divided into four sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Theorizing Trauma and the Subject (which examines John L. Roberts’s Trauma and the Ontology of the Modern Subject and Rudi Vermont’s Reading Bion); 3. Memory, History, and Trauma (which explores Roger Frie’s History Flows Through Us and Eric R. Severson and David M. Goodman’s edited collection, Memories and Monsters: Psychology, Trauma and Narrative); 4. Mothers and (M)others—Trauma and the Family (which considers Jacqueline Rose’s Mothers: An Essay on Love and Cruelty and Jean Owen and Naomi Segal’s edited collection, On Replacement: Cultural, Social and Psychological Representations).
An integrated study of the biodiversity within the Pseudechiniscus suillus–facettalis group (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)
Authors: Cesari Michele , Montanari Martina , Kristensen Reinhardt M , Bertolani Roberto , Guidetti Roberto , Rebecchi Lorena 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pseudechiniscus is the second most species-rich genus in Heterotardigrada and in the family Echiniscidae. However, previous studies have pointed out polyphyly and heterogeneity in this taxon. The recent erection of the genus Acanthechiniscus was another step in making Pseudechiniscus monophyletic, but species identification is still problematic. The present investigation aims at clarifying biodiversity and taxonomy of Pseudechiniscus taxa, with a special focus on species pertaining to the so-called ‘suillus–facettalis group’, by using an integrated approach of morphological and molecular investigations. The analysis of sequences from specimens sampled in Europe and Asia confirms the monophyly of the genus Pseudechiniscus. Inside the genus, two main evolutionary lineages are recognizable: the P. novaezeelandiae lineage and the P. suillus–facettalis group lineage. Inside the P. suillus–facettalis group, COI molecular data points out a very high variability between sampled localities, but in some cases also among specimens sampled in the same locality (up to 33.3% p-distance). The integrated approach to the study of Pseudechiniscus allows confirmation of its monophyly and highlights the relationships in the taxon, pointing to its global distribution.
Effective patient education techniques for preventing unintended pregnancies
Authors: Brown Gina R. , Walker Megan , Rosco Monica , Muff Katherine 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Ample resources exist detailing the variety of contraceptive options for patients who want to prevent an unintended pregnancy; however, few resources provide tools to guide clinicians in best practices for history taking and patient education about contraceptive use. This article attempts to fill this gap by reviewing current recommendations on timing of patient education, techniques to open a discussion, and common patient misunderstandings about pregnancy and contraception.
Posterior vertebral column resection for congenital rigid spinal deformities
Authors: Hussien Mohamed Ali , Wafa Mohamed Abdulsalam , Elbadrawi Ahmed Mohamed , EL Zahlawy Hany , Morsi Ahmed Mohamed , Khattab Mohamed Fawzy , Elkhateeb Tameem Mohamed 
Published: May 2019

Background:
The goal in surgical management of complex spinal deformities is to safely realign the spine as much as possible in both sagittal and coronal planes. Standard posterior and or middle column osteotomies are associated with limitations to correct the severe rigid curves. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiographic results of posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR) for surgical management of complex congenital rigid spinal deformities.

Methods:
Thirty-five patients with congenital rigid spinal deformities were enrolled in this prospective study. Preoperative measurement of curve magnitude and stiffness was done. Postoperative degrees of correction also were measured. The mean percentage of correction was calculated. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were reported. The minimum follow-up period was 2 yr.

Results:
Nineteen patients had rigid kyphosis and 16 had kyphoscoliosis. Their etiologies were due to congenital vertebral anomalies. An average of 1.5 vertebrae were resected intraoperatively. Radiographically the mean preoperative kyphosis was 68.9 degrees and in those patients with kyphoscoliosis, the mean preoperative value was 38 degrees. They improved on immediate follow-up to 24.5 and 11 degrees, respectively. At final follow-up the mean loss of correction in the sagittal plane was 3.6 degrees, which was statistically insignificant. All patients showed solid fusion at final follow-up. Complications were noted in seven patients, including dural tear, pleural tear, and postoperative wound infection that were managed accordingly.

Conclusions:
Single-stage PVCR is a highly effective option in the management of rigid spinal deformities with satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes.
The use of sublaminar bands in treatment of spinal deformity: an operative technique
Authors: Venezia Michael , Battista Christopher , Steffensmeier Andrew , Sirois Zachary J. , Albert Michael C. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Pedicle screws are commonly used in the surgical treatment and correction of spinal deformity. In recent years, polyester bands have been used as adjuncts to pedicle screws and hooks. Currently, the implementation of polyester sublaminar bands in the treatment of pediatric spinal deformity has led to improved results with similar complications as other techniques. This paper further highlights the innovative use of sublaminar bands utilized in a hybrid construct leading to improved results. Furthermore, we describe the surgical technique and indications for sublaminar bands in pediatric spinal deformity.

Methods:
Innovative sublaminar band hybrid construct description and comparison to current practices regarding surgical indications, complications, and comparative outcomes compared to the use of pedicle screw fixation.

Results:
The described hybrid sublaminar band implementation further validates the use of hybrid constructs as an innovative method and approach to pediatric spinal deformity. Hybrid constructs with sublaminar band utilization may become more favored in the future as they continue to have a safe track record within the literature and are able to optimize sagittal correction better than an all-pedicle screw construct, all while reducing operative time, blood loss, and radiation exposure.

Conclusions:
This novel surgical technique of sublaminar band utilization offers a user-friendly procedure with a short learning curve. This technique, if applied in the correct surgical candidates, has been proven to be a successful method of spinal deformity correction in pediatric spinal fusions.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Ninety-Five Degree Angled Blade Plate Fixation of High-Energy Unstable Proximal Femur Fractures Results in High Rates of Union and Minimal Complications
Authors: Berkes Marschall B. , Schottel Patrick C. , Weldon Matthew , Hansen Denise H. , Achor Timothy S. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
To describe the surgical technique and clinical outcomes of high-energy proximal femur fractures treated with a 95-degree angled blade plate.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Single academic Level I trauma center.

Patient/Participants:
Forty-five consecutive patients from March 2012 to April 2017 who sustained a high-energy, unstable proximal femur fracture including (OTA/AO 31-A1, 31-A2, 31-A3, 31-B3, 32-A1a, and 32-C3i).

Intervention:
Open reduction internal fixation with a 95-degree angled blade plate used in conjunction with an articulated tensioning device.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Nonunion, malunion, secondary operations, and postoperative infection.

Results:
Twenty six patients were available for follow-up. The mean age was 43.8 (range 22–86) years, and 81% (21/26) were men. The most common fracture pattern was OTA/AO 31-A3.3. Two fractures were open. The articulated tensioner was used in 100% of cases. Average clinical follow-up was 19.2 (range 7–40) months. Twenty-four of 26 patients (92%) achieved osseous union after the index procedure. One patient underwent nonunion repair, and 2 patients had the blade plate removed as it was symptomatic laterally. No other secondary procedures were performed, and no instances of implant failure were seen. No patients had evidence of a superficial or deep infection.

Conclusions:
We found that high-energy proximal femur fractures treated with a 95-degree condylar blade plate and articulated tensioning device had a high rate of union with minimal postoperative complications. Although intramedullary nailing of these fractures remains a preferred treatment modality, the angled blade plate with articulated tensioning device is an excellent option to restore anatomical alignment and obtain bony union in certain highly comminuted fracture patterns.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Eight Years of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Fellowship Match: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Swarup Ishaan , Luhmann Scott , Woiczik Marcella , Sankar Wudbhav N. 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Pediatric orthopaedic surgery fellowships in North America have been organized, assigned, and administered through the San Francisco Match Program since 2011. However, trends in application numbers and match rates have not been assessed to this point. The purpose of this study is to describe these trends and applicants’ perspective of the fellowship match.

Methods:
The San Francisco Match databank was queried for program and applicant data from 2011 to 2018. Specifically, we obtained data regarding the number of applicants, programs, match rates, and match results. Each year, applicants also completed an anonymous post-match survey administered by the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America fellowship committee, which included information on the number of applications, interview process, estimated costs, and suggested changes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, and univariate statistics were used to assess differences in categorical and continuous variables.

Results:
From 2011 to 2018, 524 applicants participated in the pediatric orthopaedic fellowship match, and the mean number of annual applicants was 66 (range, 55 to 76). The mean number of fellowship programs and available positions during the same time period was 43 (range, 40 to 47) and 69 (range, 63 to 74), respectively. Each fellowship interview was estimated by the applicant to cost a mean of $458 (range, $372 to $566), and annual application costs across all applicants were extrapolated to be over $200,000/year. The mean overall match rate was 81% (range, 74% to 91%). The mean match rate for North American applicants was 98.7% and international applicants were 40.9% (P<0.01). Approximately, 93% of applicants obtained one of their top 5 choices of fellowship program (range, 78% to 100%), and 50% of matched applicants obtained their top choice each year (range, 43% to 56%).

Conclusion:
In the pediatric orthopaedic fellowship match, the number of applicants and fellowship programs has remained relatively stable over the study period, and the majority of applicants match one of their top choices for fellowship. Proposed changes to the match should focus on decreasing the financial burden on applicants.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.