bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital SCAL for Improved Determination of Water Saturation in a Low Resistivity Pay Ooidic Middle East Formation
Authors: Eyvazzadeh R. , Grader A. , Hafez A. , Gonzalez D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Digital rock analysis was used to develop a transform of deep resistivity to water saturation in a Low Resistivity Pay (LRP) Ooidic formation. These reservoirs often exhibit low resistivity which lead to pessimistic hydrocarbon volumes using traditional Archie's relationships. The paper presents the causes of LRP condition. The scope of this analysis was to obtain digital drainage capillary pressure and resistivity index (PCRI) data in rock types with significant volume fraction of micro porosity where physical experiments are difficult to perform. The digital PCRI data yielded variable Archie saturation exponents leading to new resistivity-water saturation transforms.
The Ooidic formation had three main rock types characterized by the volume of calcite cement in the macro pore system. The representative digital rocks were used to generate drainage PCRI data. Physical lab measurements included helium poro-perm tests, mercury injection, thin sections, and mineralogy. The outer porous layers of the ooids were partially saturated with high salinity water that created the LRP. The nano-environments translate to low rock quality that requires long experimental times, especially using porous plate drainage capillary pressure experiments. Representative three-dimensional digital rocks were generated using a combination of X-ray computed tomography (CT) and focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) methods. Digital rocks were used to simulate drainage PCRI experiments followed by a new resistivity-water saturation transform.
The digital rocks representing the outer layers of the ooids were used to generate PCRI data that matched well the MICP responses. The PCRI data for the micro porosity were integrated with the macro porosity data to create unique upscaled RI responses. The resulting Archie's saturation factor, "n", was variable with water saturation and unique for each rock type. Texture analysis of whole core CT data provided the location of the rock types in the logs. The new correlations between deep resistivity and water saturation were applied to generate an updated water saturation log that showed a significant decrease in water saturation in the LRP zone.
The novel aspect of this project is the generation of digital PCRI data for the porous outer layer of the ooids that explains the presence of a low resistivity pay zone. Obtaining such data with physical laboratory experiments is difficult and time consuming. Digital upscaling of the micro and macro PCRI data provided the means to map Archie's "n", construct a new transform equation, and generate an updated water saturation log for the well. The digital/physical integrative workflow was used for the first time in an Ooidic formation. A streamlined workflow may rapidly produce updated logs to increase the certainty in quantifying the original hydrocarbon in place in an exploration campaign or field development.
Applications of Advanced Acoustic Measurements for Reservoir Characterization and Geomechanics: Case Study from South Iraq
Authors: Shabeeb Ameen , Alward Wassem , Al-Jubouri Mohammed , Abdi Hadi , Patro Radhika , Mukherjee Nistha , Saha Saurajit , Chatterjee Chandreyi , Bhowmik Sneha , Bin Nie Xiang , Wang An , Zhong Yin , Zhang Yue 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The oil and gas field in Iraq, referred to as Field A, has demonstrated consistent hydrocarbon production from its cretaceous reservoirs since its inception. A comprehensive reservoir characterization workflow, integrating petrophysical, geological, and geomechanical modeling enabled extraction of important reservoir insights, faster and safer drilling, and optimum completion design maximizing production from this field. Acquisition of advanced acoustic data, along with high-resolution image data has been instrumental in reservoir characterization. High-resolution multi-shot processing of monopole & dipole data provided insights into the formation properties and their variation radially and laterally. Dipole shear anisotropy analysis helped recognize the presence of stress-induced and intrinsic anisotropy in the formations. Geological features could be modeled using a combination of dipole shear anisotropy and image interpretation results. The complex pore system in carbonates poses challenges for using empirical porosity-based permeability estimation methods, an innovative workflow for permeability estimation was developed, utilizing Stoneley attenuation to derive continuous permeability. This workflow was carried out for multiple wells of Field A drilling across the Cretaceous successions. Acoustic anisotropy was observed in some intervals in deeper cretaceous reservoirs. The direction of anisotropy was found to be NE-SW which is aligned with the regional maximum stress direction. Stoneley mobility was analyzed and calibrated with NMR and other reservoir measurements to identify high mobility zones. These results integrated with petrophysics, geology, and geomechanics led to the evaluation of the potential reservoir zones thus aiding in future production planning. Multi-well pore pressure and horizontal stress modeling workflows were utilized Heavily depleted areas of the field were then recognized as differential stuck intervals and development drilling plans were modified accordingly. Horizontal stress modeling was carried out to identify stress barriers in the tight reservoir to assess the feasibility of successful fracking operations. The minimum required bottom hole pressures (BHP) have been also calculated for the initiation and propagation of the hydraulic fractures. This paper demonstrates the value of multi-well study and integration of petrophysical, geological, acoustics, and geomechanical analysis to get critical insights on reservoir and completion quality for sweet spot identification and drilling new wells for better productivity. Recommendations generated from these workflows served as a catalyst for achieving ambitious production goals in the field.
Revolutionizing Oil Production Field Operations in the UAE: Leveraging on the Cutting-Edge Drone Technology
Authors: Alshehhi Khulood , Aslam Muhammad , Al Naqbi Mohamed , Al Shamsi Hessa , Al Ketbi Abdulla , Al Dhaheri Bader 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
ADNOC Onshore's largest asset embarked on a cutting-edge drone technology deployment for the integrity evaluation of it and improvement of productivity while enhancing safety and sustainability. This paper presents the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment in Oil Field for inspection of inaccessible locations like flare tips, overhead lines, swift emergency response, patrolling, and instant material delivery.
Deployment of avant-garde technology like drones was highly effective in various applications, including material delivery in difficult terrain, emergency response, inspection of inaccessible locations like flare tips and overhead lines, and field patrolling. State of the art drones with high-performance motors paired with wide propellers that ensure stable flight in strong winds in deserted environments were selected. A system that automatically heats the batteries while flying at subzero temperatures, an enclosed design with omnidirectional collision avoidance, and infrared laser to detect were selected as applications with the possibility of live-streaming and playback provision.
Application of Vortex Bladeless Turbines at the offshore Platform for Sustainable Energy
Authors: Dol Sharul Sham , Hamdan Hasan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The global demand for sustainable energy is growing rapidly, even in the oil and gas industry. The project largely centered on the extensive conception of vortex technology, energy endurance and the vortex bladeless turbine (VBT) design. In the case of the offshore platform, vortices are generated from both ocean currents and wind flows. These oscillations can be utilized to generate power due to the fluctuations produced by the vortices. Vortex-induced vibration works on the principle of Kármán vortices where a cylindrical or bluff-body shaped object oscillates due to the alternate vortex formation on the boundary layers by adverse fluid pressure. The oscillation depends on the unsteady lift and drag forces generated. This mechanical oscillation is later converted to electrical energy. This work focusses on the capability of VBT energy available around the offshore platform in order to determine the possibility of such utilization to meet the demand needed for these platform activities. These oscillations, it could be harnessed properly, would be able to turn into useful energy to supplement basic platform operations (i.e. lighting, pumps, compressors, heating and ventilations). The computational fluid dynamics simulation CFD ANSYS model was conducted using viscous shear-stress transport SST k-ω turbulence model to simulate the flow path and its oscillations and how the mast design can be optimized (i.e. by adding vortex generators) in order to produce the best possible VBT aerodynamics and hydrodynamics performance hence energy generation. The VBT model was then fabricated and experimentally tested in order to finalize the overall performance.
The utilization of carefully designed springs enables the VBT system to oscillate in resonance with the structural natural frequency to generate sufficient power measured by piezoelectric transducers. The performance depends on the followings; frequency and speed of ocean currents and wind flows, depth of water and size of offshore platform, air temperatures and pressures and size and materials of VBT. The main advantage of vortex bladeless turbine is it has both wind and ocean flow vibrations. There are no moving components, such as gears, bearings, or the requirement for maintenance, in a VBT making it suitable for a remote offshore application. VBT design has a number of attractive features; self-running and independent, made of lightweight minimal raw materials, environmentally friendly, in addition to its low cost and harmless to the oil and gas offshore operations. The platform also offers existing structural and power facilities for VBT installations. By completing this project, new and important knowledge regarding the ground-breaking advancement in novel vortex power generation would be gained that inspires new innovative ideas sustainable operation. Energy resource diversity is the key for energy sustainability and moving toward the UAE 2050 vision.
Autonomous Directional Drilling Delivers Faster and Less Tortuous Wells
Authors: Oliveira V. , Dossary A. , Osman A. M. , Ibrahim M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Wellbore trajectory control in directional well drilling activity is done via directional drilling methods. Directional drilling is a technique that traditionally involved considerable human skill and intervention to steer the well, measure responses, project wellbore position, and react to results. Achieving a required well directional profile required experienced personnel to continuously respond to well requirements. Improved efficiencies were needed to be introduced to this field to benefit from the digital capabilities available for the industry.
Industry has strived to introduce a means of automating the directional drilling cycle where minimum human intervention would be needed. A system has been deployed in Middle East fields to automate the directional drilling workflow. The system uses advanced cloud-based software and connected intelligent systems to create a continuous feedback loop between the surface and downhole. The system reads the well trajectory data sent from downhole equipment and processes the trajectory compared to required target objectives, evaluates multiple projection options before selecting an optimized projection and sends surface communications to downhole equipment to follow the needed path with no human intervention.
A major operator focused on evaluating this system on multiple wells. Three candidate wells were selected to evaluate their directional responses compared to similar ones in the same basin. Detailed comparison for the three wells focused on achieving the required trajectories, rate of penetration (ROP) gains, reduction in the number of surface downlink commands compared to offsets to demonstrate better directional control and reduction in tortuosity levels compared to offsets. On these three wells, a total footage of 6,473-ft was drilled fully autonomously with no human intervention on directional drilling requirements. All profiles were successfully executed where computations, projections and commands were done through the automation system. Average ROP showed improvement reaching 24% compared to offsets. The number of surface downlink commands showed reduction up to 39% compared to offsets. Well tortuosity showed reduction up to 22% compared to offsets allowing for easier bottom-hole assembly tripping and tubular running.
The implemented autonomous directional drilling system has proven to deliver multiple directional profiles with no human intervention. The system demonstrated that digital capabilities can be utilized to improve directional drilling efficiency and to deliver further performance gains and smoother wells.
Accelerating Reservoir Modeling Workflows With Neural Operators and GPU-Based Full-Physics Simulations on the Cloud
Authors: Mukundakrishnan K. , Wiegand K. , Natoli V. , Etienam C. , Sethi H. , Tishechkin D. , Kahn D. , Ananthan V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Large-scale applications in reservoir engineering, such as history matching, uncertainty quantification, well placement optimization, and reserve estimation, require numerous simulations of high-fidelity models. Despite rapid advances in high-performance computing, these simulations are computationally intensive and challenging. Integration of scientific machine learning (ML) techniques with high-fidelity full-physics computational models for developing high quality proxy/surrogate models offers a promising solution to overcome traditional challenges.
This work presents a workflow for generating full-field proxy models for predicting the time-evolving state variables (pressure and saturations). This is achieved by integrating a state-of-the-art ML framework with a GPU-accelerated full-physics simulator, the latter to help generate large amounts of training data in the fastest possible time. For the ML part, we specifically utilize Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) for better generalization.
We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework using two synthetic models and varying the positions of the wells, mimicking well placement optimization scenarios. Both the models considered are 2-phase oil-water systems with one injector well and four producer wells. The size of the grid is 64×64×64. For the first model, the permeability and porosity fields are assumed homogeneous while the second model has large variations in porosity and permeability inside the reservoir.
Our results show that FNO-based ML approach holds promise for addressing full-field proxy generations for challenging models with complex variations in saturation front topologies. The total water injection rates and oil production rates were accurately captured by the current model. The study showed based on the complexity of the model, selecting the right number of Fourier modes is critical for ensuring accuracy. While using a lower number of modes may resulted in smoothing of the saturation front that may not always be desirable, a higher number of modes resulted in small and non-physical bounded (stable) variations along the saturation fronts.
An All-Electric Intelligent Completion System For Zonal Water Injection Well With Snubbing Operation
Authors: Wang Quanbin , Zhang Weiping , Feng Fan , Liu Yazhen , Jia Deli 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
During the construction of water injection wells in low permeability oilfield, the wellhead usually has a pressure of over 1450 PSI. The conventional intelligent completion system, due to the hydraulic pipelines or the cable being placed outside the tubing, should release the pressure to drop below 72.5 PSI before the operation, which exists such problems as long-time occupation of wells, destroying the balance between injection and production, and discharging a large amount of sewage.
This paper proposes an all-electric intelligent completion system for zonal water injection with snubbing service. The system is designed with a non-contact docking device, with the female connector running along with the completion string, and the male connector running down to the female connector center from the inside of the tubing using a cable after the packers are set. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, the power and signals can be wirelessly transmitted between the male and female connectors. In this way, the system could achieve control and monitoring of water distributors, and meet the snubbing operations.
The core tools of this technology include ground control host, non-contact docking device, integrated intelligent water distributor and other devices. The ground control host can collect underground monitoring data from water distributors and control them to adjust the water injection volume in separate layers. The non-contact docking device consists of a male connector and a female connector, which are connected to the top water distributor and located at the upper end of the distributor. The docking device has an average power transmission efficiency of over 85%, a maximum power of 36W and a data communication efficiency of 4800bps. The integrated intelligent water distributor integrates a dual channel water distributor and a packer. A set of water distributor can monitor the pressure and flow rate of two zonal layers, infinitely regulate water injection volume of each layer and implement interlayer isolation. The flow rate of a single layer can be measured in the range of 31.45~629 bbl/day with the accuracy of ±3% Full Scale. The system has applied four wells in Jilin Oilfield of China National Petroleum Corporation, which can achieve 435 PSI snubbing operation, and can monitor and control zonal water injection parameters in real time.
The all-electric controlled intelligent completion system for zonal water injection has advantages of being suitable for snubbing operation and real-time monitoring of water injection parameters in layers. It provides engineering and technical means to alleviate interlayer conflicts in injection wells that require snubbing operation, improve reservoir awareness, and ensure safe and green production in oil fields, with broad application prospects.
Enhancing Well Intervention with a 360° Multi-Side View Camera Visual Analytics Service: Case Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Coello P. Vandeweerd , Pratama A. , Ermakov K. , Raza M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The 360° Multi-Side View Camera (360 MSVC) visual analytics service is a revolutionary tool that provides real-time video feed and detailed wellbore data analysis that can be run simultaneously with most other coiled tubing (CT) downhole tools. Its unique capabilities were recently demonstrated during an operation in Saudi Arabia, where it successfully addressed a challenge with a trilateral producer well with stuck interval control valves (ICVs).
The well, drilled in 2006, had ICVs that have been immobile since 2019, suspected to be impaired by scale deposits or mechanical damage. The 360 MSVC was deployed to inspect the condition of the ICVs and successfully identified scale deposits and damage.
After the diagnostic phase, a course of action was determined, and an acid wash with CT was performed to clean the ICVs and dissolve the scale deposits. Shifting tools and an impact hammer were used alongside the 360 MSVC to manipulate the ICVs, and real-time visual feedback confirmed the two ICVs were successfully cleaned and shifted. A third ICV, however, could not be shifted because of mechanical damage; but this issue was identified quickly, which prevented any additional time spent on ineffective solutions.
This successful intervention, guided by the 360 MSVC, has paved the way for its application in more wells in the near future. This case study highlights the value of the advanced analytics of the 360 MSVC and its pump-through capability, which enables it to be run with additional tools simultaneously. This combination allowed accurate diagnostics, intervention, and verification in a single trip to enhance operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Enhancing Offshore Pipeline Safety: Application of Vibroacoustic Technology for Impact & Leak Detection
Authors: Gomes A. P. , Marino M. , Romagnoli I. , del Giudice S. , Chiappa F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Vibroacoustic Technology is an effective tool for detecting leakages and third-party interferences in pipelines. It operates on the principle of identifying pressure, sound, and vibration patterns generated by leaks or various activities near the pipeline, both above and below ground. These activities can include excavator digging, landslides, construction work, impact or anchor drags on offshore pipelines, and other potentially harmful actions.
Beyond detecting third-party activities and leaks, Vibroacoustic Technology provides precise and timely localization of these events, enabling rapid intervention and repair. This capability is particularly valuable in remote areas where accessing the site for repairs may be challenging. Furthermore, precise localization of detected events minimizes the time and resources needed for repairs.
The technology's deployment is non-invasive. Vibroacoustic sensors are equipped with static pressure sensors, hydrophones, and accelerometers, can be installed both onshore and on offshore pipelines, can be placed on existing derivations, spaced tens of kilometers apart. The data collected by these sensors are transmitted to a central processing server where core processors analyze it, performing noise removal, detection, and localization algorithms. Upon detecting an impact, the software modules search for vessels sailing in the impact area using an automatic identification system (AIS). This information is then added to the alarm database.
In summary, Vibroacoustic Technology is versatile, capable of detecting various potentially harmful activities, and serving as an effective leak detection system. Its precise and timely event localization helps minimize repair time and resources, ensuring the safety and integrity of gas pipelines while reducing maintenance and repair costs.