bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving the four habits model into dentistry. Development of a dental consultation model: Do dentists need an additional habit?
Authors: Torper Jorun , Ansteinsson Vibeke , Lundeby Tonje 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA consultation model for dentistry is presented, with communication skills in a didactic and structural format, applicable for most types of visits, patients and problems. A characteristic of the dental visit is its division into dialogue phases and clinical phases, which makes verbal exchange especially challenging. The original Four Habits Model (4H) has been adapted from medicine to the specific structure and content of a dental visit, and a modified model is proposed. The dental model consists of a structural core framework relevant for all dental consultations, and additional extensions applicable to commonly occurring issues. Facilitate Perceived Control has been added to the model, due to its crucial importance in dental visits, and we suggest naming the model “The Four + One Habits Model for Dental Visits (4 + 1HD).” The proposed model should have clinical relevance for improving patient care and patient experience, as well as easing the busy everyday life for dentists in a variety of clinical settings. It is also likely to be a flexible framework for communication skills training at all levels of dental education. More research is needed to validate and test the model in various clinical and educational settings.
Loop size optimization induces a strong thermal stabilization of the thioredoxin fold
Authors: Ruggiero Alessia , Smaldone Giovanni , Esposito Luciana , Balasco Nicole , Vitagliano Luigi 
Published: January 2019

The definition of the structural basis of protein thermostability represents a major topic in structural biology and protein chemistry. We have recently observed that proteins isolated from thermophilic organisms show a better adherence to the fundamental rules of protein topology previously unveiled by Baker and coworkers (Koga et al. Nature. 2012; 491: 222–227). Here, we explored the possibility that ad hoc modifications of a natural protein following these rules could represent an efficient tool to stabilize its structure. Hence, we here designed and characterized novel variants of Escherichia coli thioredoxin (EcTrx) using a repertoire of biophysical/structural techniques. Trx chimeric variants were prepared by replacing the loop of EcTrx with the corresponding ones present in the Trxs isolated from Sulfolobus solfataricus and Sulfolobus tokodaii that show a better adherence to the topological rules. Interestingly, although the loop sequences of these proteins did not display any significant similarity, their insertion in EcTrx induced a remarkable stabilization of the protein (≥10 °C). The crystallographic structure of one of these variants corroborates the hypothesis that the optimization of the loop size is the driving force of the observed stabilization. The remarkable stabilization of the two novel chimeric Trxs, generated by applying the topological rules, represents the proof of concept that these rules may be used to stabilize natural proteins through the ad hoc optimization of the loop size. Based on the present results, we propose a novel protocol of protein stabilization that can be potentially applied to other proteins.
Climate‐driven reduction of genetic variation in plant phenology alters soil communities and nutrient pools
Authors: Ware Ian M. , Van Nuland Michael E. , Schweitzer Jennifer A. , Yang Zamin , Schadt Christopher W. , Sidak‐Loftis Lindsay C. , Stone Nathan E. , Busch Joseph D. , Wagner David M. , Bailey Joseph K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe examined the hypothesis that climate‐driven evolution of plant traits will influence associated soil microbiomes and ecosystem function across the landscape. Using a foundation tree species, Populus angustifolia, observational and common garden approaches, and a base population genetic collection that spans 17 river systems in the western United States, from AZ to MT, we show that (a) as mean annual temperature (MAT) increases, genetic and phenotypic variation for bud break phenology decline; (b) soil microbiomes, soil nitrogen (N), and soil carbon (C) vary in response to MAT and conditioning by trees; and (c) with losses of genetic variation due to warming, population‐level regulation of community and ecosystem functions strengthen. These results demonstrate a relationship between the potential evolutionary response of populations and subsequent shifts in ecosystem function along a large temperature gradient.
Optimism, Pessimism, and Migraine: A Cross‐Sectional, Population‐Based Study
Authors: Peres Mario F.P. , Oliveira Arão Belitardo , Mercante Juliane P. , Kamei Helder H. , Tobo Patricia R. , Rozen Todd D. , Levin Morris , Buse Dawn C. , Lucchetti Giancarlo 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundOptimism and pessimism are related to several mental health and brain disorders, are significant predictors of physical and psychological health outcomes, and implicated as psychosocial determinants of the pain experience. Despite this promising evidence, limited information is available on optimism and pessimism in headache disorders.ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of optimism and pessimism in meeting criteria for migraine and related disability in a population‐based sample.MethodsThis is an observational, cross‐sectional study. The sample population was selected through a stratified, multi‐stage area probability sample of households, as used by the last Brazilian Census. A validated questionnaire eliciting data on demographics, headache features, migraine‐related disability, depression (PHQ‐9), anxiety (GAD‐7), optimism, and pessimism (life orientation test – revised) was administered to people with migraine and headache‐free control participants from the general population in São Paulo, Brazil via trained interviewers. Six hundred individuals were contacted. The odds for having migraine/no headache diagnosis were calculated by binary logistic regression, and ordinal regression was performed to check associations between migraine‐related disability and optimism.ResultsA total of 302 individuals (mean ± SD age: 39.7 ± 12.7; BMI: 26.5 ± 5.9) met inclusion criteria and were included, 140 controls (with no history of headache disorders) and 162 people meeting criteria for migraine (29 with chronic migraine, that is, 15 or more headache days/month). People with migraine were less optimistic and more pessimistic than controls, and endorsed higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Pessimism (OR 95% CI = 1.16 [1.05–1.28], P = .005) and anxiety (OR 95% CI = 1.19 [1.10–1.29], P < .001) were predictors of meeting criteria for migraine, while optimism (β 95% CI = −0.915 [−1.643, −0.188], P = .01) was inversely associated with migraine‐related disability.ConclusionsOptimism and pessimism are associated with migraine and migraine‐related disability. These concepts should be further explored in people with migraine with regard to their potential influences on clinical research outcomes and treatments.
Predictors of Short‐Term Prognosis While in Pediatric Headache Care: An Observational Study
Authors: Orr Serena L. , Turner Abigail , Kabbouche Marielle A. , Horn Paul S. , O’Brien Hope L. , Kacperski Joanne , LeCates Susan , White Shannon , Weberding Jessica , Miller Mimi N. , Powers Scott W. , Hershey Andrew D. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesTo characterize the short‐term prognosis of a clinical population of pediatric and young adult patients with migraine and explore predictors of clinical worsening while in care.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of all migraine patients seen at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Headache Center from 09/01/2006 to 12/31/2017, who had at least 1 follow‐up visit within 1‐3 months of the index visit analyzed. Included data were: age, sex, race, primary ICHD diagnosis, chronic migraine, medication overuse, history of status migrainosus, BMI percentile, headache frequency, headache severity, PedMIDAS score, allodynia, preventive treatment type, lifestyle habits, disease duration, depressive and anxiety symptoms. Clinical worsening was defined as an increase in 4 or more headache days per month between the index visit and the follow‐up visit.ResultsData for 13,160 visit pairs (index and follow‐up), from 5316 patients, were analyzed. Clinical worsening occurred in only 14.5% (1908/13,160), whereas a reduction in headache frequency was observed in 56.8% of visit intervals (7475/13,160), with 34.8% of the intervals (4580/13,160) showing a reduction of 50% or greater. The change in headache frequency was minimal (increase in 0‐3 headaches/month) in 28.7% of intervals (3737/13,160). In the multivariable model, the odds of worsening were significantly higher with increasing age, female sex, chronic migraine, status migrainosus, depressive symptoms, higher PedMIDAS scores, and use of nutraceuticals, whereas the odds of worsening were lower for summer visits, caffeine drinkers, higher headache frequencies, and use of pharmaceuticals.ConclusionsThe majority of pediatric patients who receive multimodal interdisciplinary care for migraine improve over time. Our findings highlight a set of clinical features that may help in identifying specific factors that may contribute to an unfavorable short‐term prognosis.
Dental hygiene students and faculty attitudes and utilization of a single source electronic textbook platform
Authors: Pratt Rachelle S. , Green Jacqueline L. , Rasmussen Kari , Lai Hollis , Compton Sharon M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTransitioning to interactive e‐textbooks has been considered revolutionary for enhancing student learning. However, adopting this technology has been met with hesitation. This study investigates student and faculty attitudes and utilization of mandatory e‐textbooks in a dental hygiene program.MethodsIn 2017, an online questionnaire was distributed to students and a focus group was conducted with faculty to examine their perspectives about using VitalSource™. Using a 5‐point Likert scale with five indicating strongly agree, the questionnaire examined convenience; compatibility with learning style; perceived enjoyment; and usefulness. Open‐ended questions captured benefits and challenges. The focus group gathered faculty perspectives. Questionnaire data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Data from the open‐ended questionnaire questions and focus group transcript followed a narrative analysis process.ResultsSurvey response was 48% (n = 105). Students scored all factors below neutral. Results from four categories showed convenience (M = 2.75, SD = 0.92); compatibility (M = 1.93, SD = 0.83); perceived effectiveness (M = 2.15, SD = 0.90); and perceived usefulness (M = 2.36, SD = 1.04). A high correlation between all factors suggests they were uniformly rated by students. Majority of students (71%) did not use a textbook greater than once a month. Narrative analysis revealed few benefits; challenges included technical glitches, eyestrain, cost and inability to choose books as desired. Faculty's perspectives aligned with the students, but they appreciated portability of texts and quality of clinical images.ConclusionsStudents strongly disliked the platform and the online medium and do not frequently access e‐textbooks but rely on PowerPoint handouts for studying. Faculty felt e‐textbooks do not align with positive learning experiences.
Fabrication of dense and porous biphasic calcium phosphates: Effect of dispersion on sinterability and microstructural development
Authors: Mohammadi Mehdi , Tulliani Jean‐Marc , Palmero Paola 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe particle size distribution of a commercial Mg‐doped hydroxyapatite powder was tailored through two different milling procedures, carried out under wet or dry conditions. Wet milling gave rise to finer particles, with a narrower size distribution. Tailoring the particles size was the key to produce homogeneous gelcast green bodies, as well as fully dense and fine microstructures. In fact, wet‐milled samples achieved full densification and compressive strength of about 300 MPa, five times higher than the values achieved by the dry milled samples. During the calcination treatments, HA progressively decomposed into β‐ and α‐TCP phases, promoted by the progressive Mg2+ substitution inside the HA and β‐TCP lattices. As a result, a biphasic (HA/β‐TCP) calcium phosphate ceramic was successfully obtained. Gelcast macroporous materials were prepared by direct foaming, starting from both milled powders. Highly porous samples (73%‐77% porosity) with a high degree of interconnectivity within pores were successfully produced. However, dry milled‐foamed materials were characterized by a significant residual porosity within the struts, whereas in wet‐milled foams struts and pore windows were highly compact, the key to provide sufficient mechanical strength to such highly porous open‐cell foams, thus suggesting a possible use as implantable scaffolds.
Valorisation of sweet corn (Zea mays) cob by extraction of valuable compounds
Authors: Lau Tiffany , Harbourne Niamh , Oruña‐Concha Maria Jose 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThe main objective of this study was to investigate the proximate, mineral and phytochemical compositions of sweet corn cob (SCC), often neglected and regarded as agricultural waste. Compositional analysis showed that more than 60% of SCC was composed of insoluble dietary fibre, with cellulose being the major constituent. Results also showed that SCC can be a good source of non‐essential protein and minerals (phosphorus, potassium and manganese). SCC had a total phenolic content of 6.74 g GAE kg−1 dry weight (DW), of which bound phenolics were predominant. The bound phenolics fraction showed the highest antioxidant capacity in all three antioxidant capacity assays (TEAC, FRAP and DPPH) and contained the highest amount of ferulic and p‐coumaric acid. The main carotenoids present in SCC were β‐carotene, zeaxanthin and lutein. This investigation shows that SCC can be a potential source of natural colorant (carotenoids), antioxidants (phenolics) and nutritional supplements (proteins and phytochemicals).
Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks
Authors: Shapiro Allison L. B. , Johnson Susan L. , Sutton Brianne , Legget Kristina T. , Dabelea Dana , Tregellas Jason R. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundRecent work has implicated disinhibited eating behaviours (DEB) as a potential pathway toward obesity development in children. However, the underlying neurobiology of disinhibited eating behaviours in young, healthy weight children, prior to obesity development, remains unknown.ObjectivesThis study tested the relationship between DEB and intrinsic neuronal activity and connectivity in young children without obesity.MethodsBrain networks implicated in overeating including reward, salience and executive control networks, and the default mode network were investigated. DEB was measured by the eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) paradigm with postlunch kilocalories consumed from highly palatable foods (EAH kcal) used as the predictor. Intrinsic neuronal activity within and connectivity between specified networks were measured via resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen typically developing children (mean age = 5.8 years) were included.ResultsEAH kcal was positively associated with activity of the nucleus accumbens, a major reward network hub (P < 0.05, corrected). EAH kcal was negatively associated with intrinsic prefrontal cortex connectivity to the striatum (P < 0.01, corrected).ConclusionsThese results suggest that neural aspects of DEB are detectable in young children without obesity, providing a potential tool to better understand the development of obesity in this population.
Association between UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with markers of adiposity in European adolescents: The HELENA study
Authors: Pascual‐Gamarra Jose Miguel , Salazar‐Tortosa Diego , Martinez‐Tellez Borja , Labayen Idoia , Rupérez Azahara I. , Censi Laura , Manios Yannis , Nova Esther , Gesteiro Eva , Moreno Luis A. , Meirhaeghe Aline , Ruiz Jonatan R. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAimsTo examine the association between UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with adiposity markers in European adolescents and to test if there were gene interactions with objectively measured physical activity and adiposity.MethodsA cross‐sectional study that involves 1.057 European adolescents (12‐18 years old) from the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross‐Sectional Study. A total of 18 polymorphisms in UCP1, UCP2, and UCP3 genes were genotyped. We measured weight, height, waist, and hip circumferences and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry during 7 days.ResultsThe C allele of the UCP1 rs6536991 polymorphism was associated with a lower risk of overweight (odds ratio [OR]: T/C + C/C vs T/T) = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53‐0.98; P = 0.034; false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.048). There was a significant interaction between UCP1 rs2071415 polymorphism and physical activity with waist‐to‐hip ratio (P = 0.006; FDR = 0.026). Adolescents who did not meet the physical activity recommendations (less than 60 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity) and carrying the C/C genotype had higher waist‐to‐hip ratio (+ 0.067; 95% CI, 0.028‐0.106; P = 0.003), while no differences across genotypes were observed in adolescents meeting the recommendations.ConclusionsTwo UCP1 polymorphisms were associated with adiposity in European adolescents. Meeting the daily physical activity recommendations may overcome the effect of the UCP1 rs2071415 polymorphism on obesity‐related traits.
Comparative analysis of thymic subpopulations during different modes of atrophy identifies the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N‐acetyl cysteine, to increase the survival of thymocytes during infection‐induced and lipopolysaccharide‐induced thymic atrophy
Authors: Majumdar Shamik , Adiga Vasista , Raghavan Abinaya , Rananaware Supriya Rajendra , Nandi Dipankar 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThe development of immunocompetent T cells entails a complex pathway of differentiation in the thymus. Thymic atrophy occurs with ageing and during conditions such as malnutrition, infections and cancer chemotherapy. The comparative changes in thymic subsets under different modes of thymic atrophy and the mechanisms involved are not well characterized. These aspects were investigated, using mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium, injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inflammatory but non‐infectious stimulus, etoposide (Eto), a drug used to treat some cancers, and dexamethasone (Dex), a steroid used in some inflammatory diseases. The effects on the major subpopulations of thymocytes based on multicolour flow cytometry studies were, first, the CD4− CD8− double‐negative (DN) cells, mainly DN2–4, were reduced with infection, LPS and Eto treatment, but not with Dex. Second, the CD8+ CD3lo immature single‐positive cells (ISPs) were highly sensitive to infection, LPS and Eto, but not Dex. Third, treatment with LPS, Eto and Dex reduced all three subpopulations of CD4+ CD8+ double‐positive (DP) thymocytes, i.e. DP1, DP2 and DP3, but the DP3 subset was relatively more resistant during infection. Fourth, both CD4+ and CD8+ single‐positive (SP) thymocytes were lowered by Eto and Dex, but not during infection. Notably, LPS lowered CD4+ SP subsets, whereas the CD8+ SP subsets were relatively more resistant. Interestingly, the reactive oxygen species quencher, N‐acetyl cysteine, greatly improved the survival of thymocytes, especially DNs, ISPs and DPs, during infection and LPS treatment. The implications of these observations for the development of potential thymopoietic drugs are discussed.
Amorphous boron suboxide
Authors: Durandurdu Murat 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe study the atomic structure and the electronic and mechanical properties of amorphous boron suboxide (B6O) using an ab initio molecular dynamic technique. The amorphous network is attained from the rapid solidification of the melt and found to consist of boron and oxygen‐rich regions. In the boron‐rich regions, boron atoms form mostly perfect or imperfect pentagonal pyramid‐like configurations that normally yield the construction of ideal and incomplete B12 molecules in the model. In addition to the B12 molecules, we also observe the development of a pentagonal bipyramid (B7) molecule in the noncrystalline structure. In the oxygen‐rich regions, on the other hand, boron and oxygen atoms form threefold and twofold coordinated motifs, respectively. The boron‐rich and oxygen‐rich regions indeed represent structurally the characteristic of amorphous boron and boron trioxide (B2O3). The amorphous phase possesses a small band gap energy with respect to the crystal. On the bases of the localization of the tail states, we suggest that the p‐type doping might be more convenient than the n‐type doping in amorphous B6O. Bulk modulus and Vickers hardness of the noncrystalline configuration is estimated are be 106 and 13‐18 GPa, respectively, which are noticeably less than those of the crystalline structure. Such a noticeable decrease in the mechanical properties is attributed to the presence of open structured B2O3 glassy domains in the amorphous model.
Traits that allow bats of tropical lowland origin to conquer mountains: Bat assemblages along elevational gradients in the South American Atlantic Forest
Authors: de Carvalho William Douglas , Martins Mayara A. , Esbérard Carlos E. L. , Palmeirim Jorge M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThis study aims to contribute to the identification of ecological determinants of tropical moist forest montane biodiversity, analysing changes in the structure of bat assemblages along an elevational gradient and testing the role of species traits shaping those assemblages.LocationMountain ranges in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.MethodsWe compiled a dataset with the composition of phyllostomid bat assemblages at 32 forested sites, ranging from 60 m to 1,960 m a.s.l. We quantified how abundance and diversity changed along this elevational gradient, and assessed the capacity of each species to be present and abundant at each elevation, identifying traits that may influence that capacity.ResultsAbundance and species diversity declined markedly with increasing elevation. Tolerance to low temperatures, low habitat specialization and cave roosting facilitated success at higher elevations. Owing to trait filtering, and to changes in resource availability with elevation, assemblages were progressively dominated by a smaller number of mostly generalist species as elevation increased. Higher elevations harbour only a subset of the species that are present in the lowland forest, with no mountain specialized species.Main conclusionsHigh mountains harbour phyllostomid assemblages that are impoverished subsets of those at lower elevations. Phyllostomids have a tropical origin and may thus have a low potential to adapt to montane forest environments, which possibly explains the observed climatic trait filtering. Habitat filtering is also important, keeping forest specialists mostly at lowest elevations. Protected areas in the Atlantic Forest are mostly limited to mountains. While these areas are clearly important to protect biodiversity, including phyllostomid assemblages, it is now critical to protect and restore the few remnants of lower elevation Atlantic Forest where higher productivity and resource levels, increased complexity of vertical structure, and fewer climatic constraints favour the success of a wider range of phyllostomid bat species of tropical origin.