bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of feeding a high fibre diet from mid lactation until breeding on subsequent litter size of sows
Authors: Ferguson E.M. , Ashworth C.J. , Hunter M.G. , Penny P. , Slevin J. , Edwards S.A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe feeding of high fibre diets to sows prior to ovulation has been shown to have beneficial effects on embryo viability, leading to a possible increase in piglet litter size. This trial was conducted to look at the effect of feeding sows a high fibre diet from mid lactation until breeding on subsequent litter size on a commercially run farm. The sows used were either Large White or Large White x Landrace in genotype and ranged from parity 1 to 7. The sows were allocated to receive either a cereal-based control diet (C), or a high fibre diet (HF) of similar specification but containing unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP) at a 20% inclusion rate during lactation and 40% from weaning to oestrus. The diets were fed from day 11 of lactation until oestrus. The sows were inseminated at oestrus and then fed a standard gestation diet until farrowing. The trial was conducted over a 3-month period and in total 198 sows received the HF diet with the rest of the sows over the 3-month period acting as controls (496) on the cereal-based diet. The effect of the diet on total litter size and the number of piglets born alive per sow was analysed in a general linear model (Minitab release 12.1). The combined results for both breed types showed that sows fed the HF diet had a significantly higher number of piglets born (12.37 ± 0.27 versus 11.41 ± 0.26, P<0.01) and a higher number of piglets born alive (11.47 ± 0.26 versus 10.85± 0.26, P<0.01) compared to 130 control fed sows matched for farrowing week. The difference in piglet litter size was still apparent when all the control sows farrowing over the 3 month trial period were included in the statistical analysis, with values of 12.47 ± 0.27 versus 11.79 ± 0.15 (P<0.05) for total number of piglets born and 11.77 ± 0.26 versus 11.16 ± 0.14 (P<0.05) for the number of piglets born alive for the HF and control diet respectively. Based on the results from this trial and previous studies, feeding a diet with a high content of USBP during late lactation and prior to insemination can increase the total number of piglets in the litter and the number of piglets born alive. This effect is less marked in crossbred sows with high baseline performance.
Effect of neutraceutical supplementation on the growth performance and antioxidant activity in liver and plasma of weaned piglets
Authors: Guy J.H. , Arkle S. , Mantle D. , Seal C.J. , Blanchard P.J. , Toplis P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPost–Weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) can result in mortality levels of up to 80% in weaned piglets, and Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as one of the primary causative agents. Neutraceutical products, based on plant and herbal extracts and containing high levels of natural antioxidants may be beneficial in reducing stress on the piglets’ immune system by elevating blood antioxidant levels, and assisting with the piglets defence against PMWS. The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of supplementation with neutraceutical products on the growth performance and antioxidant activity in liver and plasma of piglets. It was undertaken on a farm positive for PCV2, but where pigs were not showing clinical signs of PMWS. Groups of newly weaned pigs were offered one of three diets ad libitum for a period of 26 days, standard creep and starter/link control rations, or one of two experimental rations (including Neutraceutical–mix, N, or Lycopene, L), chosen for their potential to boost antioxidant activity. Growth performance and feed intake were monitored, and samples of blood and liver collected at slaughter (54 days of age) and analysed for antioxidant activity. Although L pigs ate significantly less feed during the creep period (P<0.05), there were relatively few performance differences between treatments. However total antioxidant activity in liver samples was significantly higher for the N treatment (P<0.001) and activity of plasma superoxide dismutase was significantly higher in the L group. In conclusion, growth performance of weaned piglets following the addition of Neutraceutical supplements was similar to control groups, and there were significant increases in antioxidant activity of these animals. On the basis that increased levels of circulating blood antioxidants reduce stress on the piglets’ immune system, the results of the current study suggest that these supplements may be of benefit to piglets under immune stress, such as in clinical cases of PMWS.
Partitioning degradation of feeds between different segments of the equine digestive tract
Authors: Hyslop J. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper describes how experimental adaptation of the mobile bag and in situ porous bag techniques for use in nutrition studies with equines, combined with mathematical modelling of feed degradation profiles and digesta passage rates, allows the quantitative partition of feed degradation amongst the major segments of the equine digestive tract. Dry matter effective degradability values in the small intestine (pre–caecal), caecal and colonic segments of the equine digestive tract for four fibre feeds are presented. Measurement of digesta passage rates in the caecum and total tract of equines are also discussed. Further studies are now required to capitalise on this development and partition degradation of individual feed constituents in common equine feeds across each of the major segments of the equine digestive tract. This would allow optimum, balanced and healthy diets to be formulated in practice across a wide range of equine husbandry systems.
Effluent disposal and the physical environment
Authors: Curran J. C. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisA review is given of some of the hydrodynamic features of the Clyde Estuary and examples are used to emphasise their relevance to an understanding of the effect of pollution on water quality. Computer modelling of the estuary and its role in pollution management are briefly described.Reference is made to the oceanographic survey methods regularly employed in the Firth of Clyde and examples provided of the results and their application to pollution studies. The potential for computer modelling of coastal waters is stressed.
The benthos of the deeper sediments of the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference to organic enrichment
Authors: Pearson T. H. , Ansell A. D. , Robb L. 
Published: June 2019

SynopisA general survey of the biomass of the benthic infauna of the Clyde Sea Area and the distribution and abundance of the dominant species throughout the area, based on data from surveys undertaken in 1972 and 1974, is described. Recent surveys of the distribution of species along a well-defined gradient of organic enrichment on the Garroch Head sewage sludge disposal grounds in the central Firth of Clyde are used comparatively to suggest that benthic populations in the inner sea lochs, Kilbrannan Sound and in areas along the Ayrshire coast are markedly enriched. It is suggested that this enrichment may be caused by a general eutrophication of the Clyde Sea Area enhancing the effects of localised carbon inputs from urban areas.
Mud-burrowing megafauna of the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Atkinson R. J. A. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisUnderwater television, remote photography and SCUBA diving have revealed that Clyde Sea Area sublittoral muds are extensively bioturbated by megafaunal species that construct conspicuous burrows. These species arc mainly decapod crustaceans and fish, each with a characteristic burrow configuration and optimum horizon for excavation. Burrow structures have been revealed by resin casting and densities and distributions have been studied using camera and SCUBA techniques. Burrowing behaviour has been investigated by field and laboratory studies, while physiological studies of some species have shown respiratory adaptations to the burrowing mode of life. Megafaunal burrowing appears to be an important determinant of benthic community structure.
Trace metals in the common mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) in the Clyde Estuary
Authors: Miller Brian S. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe Clyde Estuary receives a relatively high pollutant load derived from the domestic and industrial wastes of half of Scotland's population. In order to monitor contaminant concentrations throughout the area, the Clyde River Purification Board (CRPB) initiated in 1980 an extensive ‘mussel-watch’ programme, having selected the common mussel as the most suitable indicator organism.This 1980 survey served not only to identify shores with elevated trace metal concentrations and those which were relatively unpolluted, but also to assess changes in overall contamination of the area in comparison with previous surveys.Following the success of the 1980 survey it has been gradually extended over the years, both in the number and geographical spread of sites visited, and in the substrates and determinands measured, as the CRPB's monitoring requirements have changed.The 1984 CRPB ‘mussel-watch’ survey involved the collection of over 1200 mussels at twenty-four sites throughout the Firth of Clyde (Fig. 1), with subsequent determination of concentrations of the trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, and of other toxic, persistent substances such as organochlorine pesticides and PCB residues.Attention is focussed here on trace metal body burdens for Clyde mussels collected during the 1984survey.
The effect of composition of concentrate on the voluntary intake of silage and milk output
Authors: Thomas C. , Aston K. , Bass J. , Daley S.R. , Hughes P.M. 
Published: June 2019

Earlier work at this institute with calves indicated that a concentrate containing a mixture of fibre and fat allowed higher voluntary intakes than a concentrate containing barley. The objective of the current trial was to compare the immediate and residual effects on milk yield and composition of supplements containing starch or a mixture of fibre and fat.Primary growths of perennial ryegrass were cut on 22 May and 12 June and wilted for 24 h prior to ensiling. The earlier cut material was preserved with an additive containing a mixture of formic acid, sulphuric acid and formalin at 4 l/t, whilst the later cut herbage was ensiled with formic acid at 3 l/t. A 60:40 mixture of the two silages was offered ad_ libitum with 2 pelleted supplements. Supplement Ba was a mixture of (DM basis) rolled barley (932 g/kg) and fishmeal (68 g/kg). Supplement SBP/FF consisted of unmolassed beet pulp (555 g/kg), extracted rice bran (315 g/kg), fat prills (56 g/kg) and soya bean meal (75 g/kg). Sources of protein differed in an attempt to balance RDP:UDP supply. The factorial combination of the two supplements (Ba and SBP/FF) given at two levels, 6 kg DM (L) or 12 kg DM (H), provided the 4 treatments imposed over weeks 3 to 10 of lactation on 40 British Friesian cows. During weeks 12 to 20 of lactation (Post experiment period) the cows were given an equal mixture of the two concentrates at 9 kg DM/day. Milk output was adjusted by covariance according to yield in week 2 of lactation.
Computer controlled identification and feeding of group housed sows
Authors: Edwards S.A. , Armsby A.W. , Large J.W. 
Published: June 2019

Present Welfare Codes recommend systems of dry sow housing which do not involve close confinement. The ‘Pig-code’ system permits automatic individual rationing of group housed sows without the necessity for individual feeding stalls.The computer controlled feed station has a gating system enabling it to be used by two separately housed groups of sows. On entering, each sow is identified by its collar mounted responder and given any feed remaining from the preset amount for that time period.
The effect of organic acid inclusion in diets on the growth performance of early weaned piglets
Authors: Henry R. W. , Pickard D. W. , Hughes P. E. 
Published: June 2019

The incorporation of various organic acids into diets fed to weaned, growing pigs has been shown to improve growth performance. This research has concentrated on the response of pigs in the 5-110 kg liveweight range. The aim of the present study was to examine the response of piglets weaned at 10 days of age (approximately 3 kg live weight) to the inclusion of either 3% citric acid or 1.5% fumaric acid in their diet. A second trial was performed to elucidate the effect on diet palatability of including these organic acid additives.Trial One: This involved 162 Large White x (Large White x Landrace) piglets which were weaned at 10 days of age. Following weaning, piglets were penned in litter-mate groups (2 groups/treatment) and allocated to one of three dietary treatments. The diets contained either 3% citric acid (CA), 1.5% fumaric acid (FA) or no additional organic acid (NA) , and were fed ad libitum in a pelleted form. The trial period extended from weaning for a period of 25 days. Piglets were weighed at weaning and at the completion of the period, water was available ad libitum.
Effect of Level of Inclusion of Antigen-Fee Soya Protein Concentrate in a Whey-Based Milk Substitute for Calves
Authors: Stobo I J F , Ganderton P , Perfitt M W 
Published: June 2019

The objectives of the experiment were:1.To assess the suitability of antigen-free soya protein concentrate (SPC) and whey products as major ingredients and the sole protein source in milk substitute diets for calves.2.To compare the effects of inclusion rates of 0, 350 and 700 g protein from SPC/kg dietary protein.3.To investigate the suitability of introducing these diets to calves at 2 or at 16 days of age.A fat-filled whey based milk substitute (diet WP1) was compared with similar diets in which SPC provided 350 g/kg protein (diet SK1J or 700 g/kg protein (diet SK2). Thirty-six Friesian bull calves were given one of these three diets reconstituted in water (1 powder:6 water w/w), offered at 38°C by bucket to appetite in two feeds daily, either at 2 days of age or after a 14-day period in which they were given a skim-based milk substitute (diet WP4).
Plasma FSH, LH, prolactin and progesterone profiles in Cheviot ewes on high and low intakes prior to mating
Authors: Rhind S.M. , Doney J.M. , Gunn R.G. 
Published: June 2019

Ovulation rate and lambing rate of Cheviot ewes are improved by both increased body condition and premating food intake. The aim of this work was to investigate the endocrine mechanisms by which one of these factors, intake, could influence reproductive performance.Two similar groups of 20 ewes were fed differentially to achieve condition scores of either 2.0 or 2.5 by 4 weeks before mating in November. Low condition animals were then fed ad libitum and achieved a mean condition score of 2.3 and mean liveweight of 58 kg at mating. The remainder were offered a maintenance ration and had a mean condition score of 2.5 and mean liveweight of 55 kg at mating. Blood samples were collected at 20 minute intervals for 10 h approximately 7 days before mating and for 5 h on each of the 3 days immediately prior to the anticipated day of oestrus.
Barriers to lean meat production: Farmers’ views
Authors: Fallows Stephen J , Verner Wheelock J 
Published: June 2019

There are strong links between diet and health. Dietary recommendations have been formulated by many organisations aiming to improve the population's health. One recommendation with wide support is “Eat less fat.” In the British diet fat is supplied by a range of foods; for some there Is consumer resistance to a reduction In fat, but for meat there is a (coincidental) rejection of fat for reasons of palatability. Consumer demand is for lean meat. This consumer choice ought to be advantageous to meat producers since fat production generally requires a greater feed input. However, evidence from the abattoir reveals that many animals have excessive fat cover. It was decided to solicit the views of farmers on questions relating to the issue of lean rather than fatty meat.Comments were invited by way of an open letter published widely in the farming press early in 1983.
Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats
Authors: Wahed R.A. , Owen E. 
Published: June 2019

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).
The role of magnesium in the aetiology of urolithiasis in fattening store lambs and intensively reared lambs
Authors: Harker Alan , Cuddeford Derek 
Published: June 2019

High dietary levels of magnesium (> 2 g/kg DM) have been implicated as the main causal factor of urinary calculi in concentrated-fed lambs. Two experiments were performed to test this belief.Three pelleted Diets A, B and C, contained magnesium in- the following concentrations, A 2.9; B 8.6 ; C 2.9 g/kg DM. Calcined Magnesite was used as the source of extra magnesium in Diet B.Diets A and B were each fed to twenty four Blackface lambs and the control group of 160 lambs was fed Diet C and ad lib hay. Details of diets and estimated mineral intakes are shown in tables 1 and 2.
Digestion of sugar beet pulp in young growing pigs and implications for the value of fermented energy
Authors: Zhu J.Q. , Fowler V.R. 
Published: June 2019

There is considerable concern about the true net energy value that should be assigned to apparently digested energy in diets where a substantial proportion of the substrates are fermented in the gut. Experiments involving both digestibility and growth trials were undertaken to compare the growth supporting properties of apparently digested energy, arising either from fermentation or enzymic hydrolysis. Dried unmolassed sugar beet pulp (SBP) and maize starch (MS) were used as models for fermentation and enzymic hydrolysis respectively.In the first phase, sixty estimates of digestibility were made with 10 female and 20 castrated male growing pigs. There were five diets, a control (C), and two concentrations of maize starch (100 and 200 g/kg) and two of sugar beet pulp (150 and 300 g/kg). The composition and chemical analysis of the five diets are presented in Table 1 . The pigs were housed in metabolic cages during the trials and female pigs had catheters in the urinary bladder. Collections were made over 10 days following a 7-day preliminary period. In the growth studies, 40 pigs (20 female and 20 male castrates) were allocated randomly to the same five diets.
Observations on carcass and meat quality in duroc, landrace and duroc x landrace pigs
Authors: Wood J D , Kempster A J , David P J , Bovey M 
Published: June 2019

There has been much recent interest 1n the Duroc as a possible ‘third breed’ in the UK. In particular, claims have been made that meat obtained from Durocs has high eating quality because of raised levels of intramuscular (marbling) fat. In practice, the Duroc 1s likely to be used 1n crosses involving the ‘white’ breeds. Therefore, in this study, carcass and meat quality were examined 1n Duroc, Landrace and Duroc x Landrace pigs produced contemporaneously.Twenty-one entire males from each of the breed types were used. Landrace pigs were from a long-established Nucleus population of British Landrace. The Durocs were from a selected Nucleus line, originally established from an importation from Canada 1n 1968, expanded and improved by subsequent North American importations and then extensively upgraded by frozen semen from the USA over the period 1980-85 using a wide range of sires. The D x L progeny were produced alongside the purebreds in the Nucleus. All pigs were fed ad libitum on a ration containing 13.8 MJ DE, 200g crude protein and lOg lysine per kg and slaughtered at approximately 80 kg live weight at the IFR abattoir following a standard pre-slaughter procedure.
The Principle of Subsidiarity in the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption: A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Brakman Sarah-Vaughan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe principles of the best interest of children and subsidiarity constitute the conceptual foundation of the Convention on Protection of Children and Co-Operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption (HCIA). Subsidiarity in the HCIA dictates a priority for domestic adoption placements for children over intercountry adoption. This article argues against subsidiarity on two fronts. First, the analysis shows that the in-principle priority of domestic adoption cannot be justified on the basis of either heritage rights or state sovereignty. Second, the principle of subsidiarity in the HCIA is a procedural principle, one that stipulates the political/geographical location of the placement of children through a priority ordering. This does not comport with the principle of subsidiarity as it has been conceptualized in ethics and social philosophy, which gives normative structure to the process of decision-making by stipulating the proper level for decisional authority. Subsidiarity in this original sense holds that decisions regarding child welfare should be made at the lowest level possible, by those most affected by the decisions, unless doing so would not be the most suited to protecting and promoting the best interests of children. Appealing to subsidiarity in this theoretical version reveals at least two significant problems with HCIA placement policy and leads to the conclusion that subsidiarity in the HCIA must be formally revised as a structural principle of ethics that will not support the general priority of domestic adoption.
‘That rather sinful city of London’: the coal miner, the city and the country in the British cultural imagination, c. 1969–2014
Authors: Arnold Jörg 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe article proceeds from the observation that in the contemporary British cultural imagination, the figure of the coal miner tends to be presented as the embodiment of anti-urban and organicist qualities that in continental Europe are more commonly associated with the peasantry. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Raymond Williams, the article traces the genealogy of this ‘structure of feeling’ back to the time of the miners’ strike of 1984/85 and further back in the 1970s. It argues that the ‘ruralized’ miner was one imaginary in a complex power struggle over the ‘real’ identity of miners that was waged between the industry and the state, the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) and the National Coal Board (NCB), and, crucially, inside the NUM itself. ‘Ruralization’ was most vigorously promoted by union militants who sought to displace an alternative vision, championed jointly by the Coal Board and union moderates, which had situated miners firmly at the heart of industrial modernity. It was only in the wake of the defeat of the miners in the 1984/85 strike, and during the subsequent cultural reworking of this strike, that this structure finally gained dominance.