bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wearing the marks of violence: Unusual trauma patterning at Coyo Oriental, Northern Chile
Authors: Torres‐Rouff Christina , Hubbe Mark , Pestle William J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesIn this article, we present analyses of traumatic injury data from the Middle Period Coyo Oriental cemetery in northern Chile. We test a series of hypotheses about the role of sex, foreign contact, ritual access, and temporal shifts, in the patterning of cranial trauma in this cemetery.MethodsTwo hundred and twenty‐seven crania from Coyo Oriental were analyzed using standard bioarcheological methods to determine sex and age as well as the presence of cranial fractures. We also documented the presence of Tiwanaku goods, objects tied to warfare or hunting, camelid offerings, snuff paraphernalia, and items related to mining.ResultsWe recorded 98 cranial fractures in the sample with 94.9% (93/98) on the anterior of the cranium. No significant differences are observed in the prevalence of trauma by sex, type of grave, or date. However, Coyo Oriental's trauma prevalence is two to three times higher than other Middle Period sites.ConclusionThe prevalence and location of these injuries suggest that conflict at Coyo Oriental, while of the same nature, was at a scale different to that seen elsewhere in the oases. We posit here that the development of social hierarchy, population growth, expansive social networks, and foreign contact that characterized the Middle Period may have resulted in a need for social control among the emergent elites of the region.
Adult acute rhinosinusitis guidelines worldwide: similarities and disparities
Authors: Gluck Ofer , Marom Tal , Shemesh Shay , Tamir Sharon Ovnat 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundAcute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a common respiratory infection that poses a major public healthcare burden with respect to antibiotic consumption and related morbidity. Position statements and national ARS guidelines have been published worldwide, aiming to define diagnostic criteria and outline treatment options. Our objective was to analyze the similarities and disparities between such guidelines.MethodsWe conducted an electronic database search for ARS guidelines using relevant keywords between January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2017. Overall, 25 guidelines from 39 countries were retrieved: 8 from 8 developed countries, and 17 from 31 developing countries. Representative guidelines from developing and developed countries from America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania were evaluated. We compared the bibliographic data, diagnostic criteria, and treatment recommendations of selected guidelines.ResultsIn most developed countries, otorhinolaryngological societies published ARS guidelines, whereas the Ministry of Health formulated the guidelines or adopted generic guidelines prepared by an international organization in developing countries. Many similarities in the diagnostic criteria were found, such as purulent nasal discharge and nasal obstruction sensation. In contrast, maxillary culture as a diagnostic tool was mentioned in developed countries, while it was generally ignored in developing countries. The watchful waiting (WW) policy and abstaining from immediate antibiotics was unanimously adopted in developed countries, which was only partly embraced in developing countries. The recommended universal first‐line antibiotic therapy is amoxicillin, with or without clavulanic acid, whereas options for second‐line and third‐line antibiotic therapies varied.ConclusionARS guidelines from different countries have many similarities. Specific recommendations are tailored to local epidemiology and healthcare accessibility.
Randomized controlled trial comparing the supraglottic airway to use of an endotracheal tube in sinonasal surgery
Authors: Adams Austin S. , Wannemuehler Todd J. , Hull Benjamin , Wu Jeffanie , Chandra Rakesh K. , VonWahlde Kate , Shotwell Matthew S. , Harvey Stephen , Higgins Michael , McQueen Kelly , Turner Justin H. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundThe supraglottic airway (SGA) represents an alternative to endotracheal intubation (endotracheal tube [ETT]) in many types of ambulatory surgery. Adoption of the SGA has progressed slowly in sinonasal surgery due to concerns about airway protection. The purpose of this study was to compare quality of life measures and indices of airway protection between patients undergoing sinonasal surgery who were ventilated via an SGA or ETT.MethodsPatients undergoing outpatient sinonasal surgery were enrolled into a randomized, single‐blind study in which patients would be ventilated with either an SGA or ETT. At the first postoperative visit, a symptom severity and quality of life questionnaire was completed. Additional objective metrics were extracted from the anesthesia record.ResultsA total of 102 patients were enrolled; 49 assigned to the SGA group and 53 assigned to the ETT group. No significant differences in swallowing function or cough were identified. SGA patients reported more difficulty returning to a normal diet (p = 0.03) with a trend toward reduced throat pain (p = 0.07) and improved phonation (p = 0.06). No significant difference in perioperative oxygen desaturations, emesis, recovery time, or airway blood penetration were identified.ConclusionWhile the use of the SGA results in patient diet modification postoperatively, it may also be associated with a reduction in throat pain and dysphonia. SGA use had no appreciable effect on postanesthesia recovery times, oxygen desaturations, or emesis. Use of the SGA in sinonasal surgery appears to be a safe and reliable option for airway management in selected adult patients undergoing routine ambulatory sinonasal surgery.
A novel blowing agent polyelectrolyte for fabricating intumescent multilayer coating that retards fire on cotton fabric
Authors: Pan Ying , Zhao Hongting 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTSulfonated melamine‐formaldehyde (SMF) resin was successfully synthesized with a mixture of formaldehyde, melamine, and NaHSO3 in an aqueous solution. Then the SMF was used as the blowing agent to combine with chitosan and phytic acid for fabricating the intumescent flame retardant coating on the surface of the cotton fabric by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) self‐assembled technology. As characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the (chitosan/SMF + phytic acid)n coating was successfully deposited on the surfaces of cotton fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis results exhibited that the thermal stabilities of coated cotton fabrics under nitrogen and air atmosphere were enhanced at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700 °C compared with pure cotton fabric. At 700 °C, the char residues of cotton‐5BL and cotton‐10BL under a nitrogen atmosphere were improved 25.9 and 32 wt % than that of pure cotton fabric, respectively. In the vertical flame test, the self‐extinguishing could be obtained for the cotton‐10BL sample. This work first utilized SMF as negative polyelectrolyte to fabricate intumescent flame retardant coating by LbL self‐assembled technology on cotton fabric to strengthen its thermal stability and flame resistance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46583.
Synthesis and characterization of lignin‐based cationic dye‐flocculant
Authors: Kajihara Masaru , Aoki Dan , Matsushita Yasuyuki , Fukushima Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTKraft lignin derivatives having cationic poly 2‐(trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate side chains were synthesized and their property as dye‐flocculant was investigated. Lignin‐based flocculants having three types of side chain densities and three types of side chain lengths were synthesized by esterification of the lignin hydroxyl groups with bromoisobutyryl groups, atom transfer radical polymerization using 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, and quaternization of the amino groups. Dye removal test was performed using three organic dyes and the obtained lignin‐based flocculants. The results indicated that the density and the length of the side chains obviously affected the flocculation behavior. When the flocculants containing the same nitrogen amount were compared, the flocculation performance was improved with the increase of the side chain length within the samples having low and middle side chain densities. In the case of the samples having high side chain density, the most efficient sample was not the sample having the longest side chain. Most of the lignin‐based flocculants removed dyes more efficiently than the poly 2‐(trimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate homopolymer. From these results, it was suggested that lignin has a potential character as the core molecule to design the high‐efficient dye‐flocculant. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46611.
Insurance Plus Futures: Agricultural Commodity Price Reform in China
Authors: Kenderdine Tristan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChina's agricultural support policies are moving towards market institutions through a quasi‐market transition. Ten years of direct minimum purchase price procurement on agricultural commodities resulted in overcapacity, oversupply, mixed‐market signals and grey‐market imports. The Insurance Plus Futures (保险 + 期货) policy pilot in agricultural price reform is a leading indicator of reform in China's agricultural production and rural finance architecture. State procurement of staple crops is now ending, and an interim governance structure is in place for the transition to market prices. This article assesses the historical institutional development of three key economic institutions in Chinese agricultural production: agricultural prices, insurance and futures. It examines government plans to move from a centrally procured to a provincially variable agricultural production model, examines the provincial sectoral target‐price mechanisms constructed in 2016–2018 as interim price‐setting mechanisms, looks at the emergence of government mandated agricultural insurance as a measure to cover the subsidy previously served by the minimum purchase price system and assesses the prospects for institutional development of futures contracts, commodities exchanges and price formation institutions in China.
A simulation approach for power calculation in large cohort studies based on multistate models
Authors: Jenny Bastian , Beyersmann Jan , Schumacher Martin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRealistic power calculations for large cohort studies and nested case control studies are essential for successfully answering important and complex research questions in epidemiology and clinical medicine. For this, we provide a methodical framework for general realistic power calculations via simulations that we put into practice by means of an R‐based template. We consider staggered recruitment and individual hazard rates, competing risks, interaction effects, and the misclassification of covariates. The study cohort is assembled with respect to given age‐, gender‐, and community distributions. Nested case‐control analyses with a varying number of controls enable comparisons of power with a full cohort analysis. Time‐to‐event generation under competing risks, including delayed study‐entry times, is realized on the basis of a six‐state Markov model. Incidence rates, prevalence of risk factors and prefixed hazard ratios allow for the assignment of age‐dependent transition rates given in the form of Cox models. These provide the basis for a central simulation‐algorithm, which is used for the generation of sample paths of the underlying time‐inhomogeneous Markov processes. With the inclusion of frailty terms into the Cox models the Markov property is specifically biased. An “individual Markov process given frailty” creates some unobserved heterogeneity between individuals. Different left‐truncation‐ and right‐censoring patterns call for the use of Cox models for data analysis. p‐values are recorded over repeated simulation runs to allow for the desired power calculations. For illustration, we consider scenarios with a “testing” character as well as realistic scenarios. This enables the validation of a correct implementation of theoretical concepts and concrete sample size recommendations against an actual epidemiological background, here given with possible substudy designs within the German National Cohort.
A Carbapenem‐Based Off–On Fluorescent Probe for Specific Detection of Metallo‐β‐Lactamase Activities
Authors: Mao Wuyu , Wang Yaqun , Qian Xiana , Xia Lingying , Xie Hexin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMetallo‐β‐lactamase is one of the major clinical threats because this β‐lactam‐hydrolyzing enzyme confers significant resistance to most β‐lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, among bacterial pathogens. Reported herein is a novel fluorogenic sensor for the specific detection of metallo‐β‐lactamase activities. This carbapenem‐based reagent exhibits excellent selectivity to metallo‐β‐lactamase over other serine‐β‐lactamases, including serine carbapenemases. The usefulness of this probe was further demonstrated in the rapid identification of metallo‐β‐lactamase‐expressing pathogenic bacteria.
Heterologous Biosynthesis of Fungal Indole Sesquiterpene Sespendole
Authors: Kudo Kosei , Liu Chengwei , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Minami Atsushi , Ozaki Taro , Toshima Hiroaki , Gomi Katsuya , Oikawa Hideaki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIndole sesquiterpene sespendole, which has been isolated from the filamentous fungus Pseudobotrytis terrestris FKA‐25, is a specific inhibitor of lipid droplet synthesis in mouse macrophages. The biosynthetic pathway that involves genes encoding six enzymes (spdEMBQHJ) was elucidated through heterologous expression of spd genes in Aspergillus oryzae, biotransformation experiments, and in vitro enzymatic reactions with a recombinant protein, thereby revealing the mechanism underlying the characteristic modification on the indole ring, catalyzed by a set of prenyltransferase (SpdE)/cytochrome P450 (SpdJ) enzymes. Functional analysis of the homologous genes encoding these enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lolitrem allowed a biosynthetic pathway for the bicyclic ring skeleton fused to the indole ring to be proposed.
Effect of Catalyst Supports on Water‐Gas Shift Reaction at Ultrahigh Temperatures Using Syngas
Authors: Chein Rei-Yu , Fang Chien-Min , Chyou Yau-Ping , Chang Shih-Hsien 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMonometallic and bimetallic catalysts (Pt, Ni, and Pt‐Ni) with single support (Al2O3, TiO2) and composite support (CeO2/Al2O3, CeO2/TiO2) were prepared and tested for water‐gas shift reaction in a tubular quartz reactor. Syngas and steam with different steam‐to‐carbon ratios served as feedstock. The operating pressure was fixed while the reaction temperature was varied. The measured results indicated that the monometallic Ni/Al2O3 catalyst exhibits the lowest CO conversion and H2 yield as compared with other catalysts. About the same CO conversion can be obtained from Pt and Pt‐Ni catalysts with single or composite support. However, higher H2 yield can be achieved from the TiO2‐supported catalyst compared with those supported by Al2O3. The experimental data also indicated that good thermal stability can be reached for the Pt‐based catalysts studied.
An Exceptionally Efficient Co−Co2P@N, P‐Codoped Carbon Hybrid Catalyst for Visible Light‐Driven CO2‐to‐CO Conversion
Authors: Xu Yong , Mo Jiang , Fu Zi‐Cheng , Liu Su , Yang Zhi , Fu Wen‐Fu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractArtificial photosynthesis has attracted wide attention, particularly the development of efficient solar light‐driven methods to reduce CO2 to form energy‐rich carbon‐based products. Because CO2 reduction is an uphill process with a large energy barrier, suitable catalysts are necessary to achieve this transformation. In addition, CO2 adsorption on a catalyst and proton transfer to CO2 are two important factors for the conversion reaction, and catalysts with high surface area and more active sites are required to improve the efficiency of CO2 reduction. Here, a visible light‐driven system for CO2‐to‐CO conversion is reported, which consists of a heterogeneous hybrid catalyst of Co and Co2P nanoparticles embedded in carbon nanolayers codoped with N and P (Co‐Co2P@NPC) and a homogeneous RuII‐based complex photosensitizer. The average generation rate of CO of the system was up to 35 000 μmol h−1 g−1 with selectivity of 79.1 % in 3 h. Linear CO production at an exceptionally high rate of 63 000 μmol h−1 g−1 was observed in the first hour of reaction. Inspired by this highly active catalyst, Co@NC and Co2P@NPC materials were also synthesized and their structure, morphology, and catalytic properties for CO2 photoreduction were explored. The results showed that the nanoparticle size, partially adsorbed H2O molecules on the catalyst surface, and the hybrid nature of the systems influenced their photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance.
High‐Level Ab Initio Calculations of Intermolecular Interactions: Heavy Main‐Group Element π‐Interactions
Authors: Krasowska Małgorzata , Schneider Wolfgang B. , Mehring Michael , Auer Alexander A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis work reports high‐level ab initio calculations and a detailed analysis on the nature of intermolecular interactions of heavy main‐group element compounds and π systems. For this purpose we have chosen a set of benchmark molecules of the form MR3, in which M=As, Sb, or Bi, and R=CH3, OCH3, or Cl. Several methods for the description of weak intermolecular interactions are benchmarked including DFT‐D, DFT‐SAPT, MP2, and high‐level coupled cluster methods in the DLPNO‐CCSD(T) approximation. Using local energy decomposition (LED) and an analysis of the electron density, details of the nature of this interaction are unraveled. The results yield insight into the nature of dispersion and donor–acceptor interactions in this type of system, including systematic trends in the periodic table, and also provide a benchmark for dispersion interactions in heavy main‐group element compounds.
Reductive Coupling and Loss of N2 from Magnesium Diazomethane Derivatives
Authors: Zhou Jiliang , Liu Liu Leo , Cao Levy L. , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe reductive coupling of two diazomethanes is affected by reaction with [(NacNacMes)Mg]2 affording the species [(NacNacMes)Mg(N2CPh2)]2 2 and [(NacNacMes)Mg(N2C(C6H4)2)]2 3. These species containing N4 linkages readily evolve the central N2 at 50 and 75 °C to give the Mg–imide products [(NacNacMes)Mg(NCPh2)]2 (4) and [(NacNacMes)Mg(NC(C6H4)2)]2 (5), respectively. The mechanism for the loss of N2 was considered computationally. Compounds 2 and 3 reacted with O2 to liberate the tetrazene (Ph2N2)2 6 and the hydrazine ((C6H4)2CN)2 7, whereas reactions with Me3SiOSO2CF3 or Me3SiCl with 2 and 3 provide the related silyl imines 8 and 9, respectively.
Spin precession: A spin‐1 case study using irreducible tensor operators
Authors: Siminovitch David J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing a Cartesian operator basis set, precession equations have previously been derived for spin‐1 systems using some 23 Cartesian operator commutators. We avoid the explicit evaluation of these commutators, and use instead fundamental properties of irreducible tensor operators (ITO)to obtain these precession equations. First, advantage is taken of the angle‐axis parametrization of the rotation matricesthat transform second‐rankITOunder rotation to define the unitarily equivalent rotation matrixthat transforms second‐rank Cartesian tensors. From this latter transformation, and using simple matrix analysis techniques, all the equations that describe spin‐1 precession in the presence of radiofrequency fields and resonance offsets are obtained. Second, information on theITOcommutation relationscan be encoded in angular momentum coupling coefficients in a generalized spin precession equation. In the case of spin‐1, this leads to a set of coupled differential equations for the statistical tensor components. After transformation of these components to their Cartesian counterparts, the corresponding vector differential equations that define the time evolution of the Cartesian operator expectation values are easily solved, again using simple matrix analysis. This solution yields all the equations that describe spin‐1 precession in the presence of radiofrequency fields, resonance offsets, and the quadrupolar interaction.
Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance as complementary tools to study quadrupolar nuclei in solids
Authors: Szell Patrick M.J. , Bryce David L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSolid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy has largely overtaken nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy for the study of quadrupolar nuclei. In addition to information on the electric field gradient, SSNMR spectra may offer additional information concerning other NMR interactions such as magnetic shielding. With continued technological advances contributing to developments such as higher magnetic fields, SSNMR boasts several practical advantages over NQR. However, NQR is still a relevant technique, as it may often be the most practical approach in cases of extremely large quadrupolar coupling constants. Here, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of SSNMR and NQR spectroscopies, with the quadrupolar halogens serving as examples. The purpose of this article is to serve as a guide on using SSNMR and NQR as complementary tools, covering some of their practicalities, limitations, and experimental challenges.
Introduction to average Hamiltonian theory. I. Basics
Authors: Brinkmann Andreas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of electron or nuclear spins during a magnetic resonance experiment requires to solve the Schrödinger equation for the spin system considering all contributions to the Hamiltonian from interactions of the spins with each other and their surroundings. In general, this is a difficult task as these interaction terms can be both time‐dependent and might not commute with each other. A powerful tool to analytically approximate the time evolution is average Hamiltonian theory, in which a time‐independent effective Hamiltonian is taking the place of the time‐dependent Hamiltonian. The effective Hamiltonian is subjected to the Magnus expansion, allowing to calculate the effective Hamiltonian to a certain order. The goal of this paper is to introduce average Hamiltonian theory in a rigorous but educational manner. The application to two composite pulses in NMR spectroscopy is used to demonstrate important aspects of average Hamiltonian theory.
Evolutionary algorithms and nuclear magnetic resonance of oriented molecules
Authors: Burnell E. Elliott , de Lange Cornelis A. , Dong Ronald Y. , Meerts W. Leo , Weber Adrian C. J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the progress achieved with the use of evolutionary algorithms for the analysis of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra of solutes in orientationally ordered liquids. With these tools the analysis of extremely complex spectra that were hitherto impossible to solve has now become eminently feasible. We discuss applications to 2 molecules of special interest: (a) hexamethylbenzene, which is a text book example of steric hindrance between adjacent rotating methyl groups; and (b) cyclohexane which is the standard example of interconversion between various molecular conformations. New interesting physics is obtained in both cases.