bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and internal deformation of thrust sheets in the Sawtooth Range, Montana: insights from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
Authors: McCarthy Dave J. , Meere Patrick A. , Petronis Michael S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Geological strain analysis of sedimentary rocks is commonly carried out using clast-based techniques. In the absence of valid strain markers, it can be difficult to identify the presence of an early tectonic fabric development and resulting layer parallel shortening (LPS). In order to identify early LPS, we carried out anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) analyses on Mississippian limestones from the Sawtooth Range of Montana. The Sawtooth Range is an arcuate zone of north-trending, closely spaced, west-dipping, imbricate thrust sheets that place Mississippian Madison Group carbonates above Cretaceous shales and sandstones. This structural regime is part of the cordilleran mountain belt of North America, which resulted from accretion of allochthonous terrains to the western edge of the North American continent.
Although the region has a general east–west increase in thrust displacement and related brittle deformation, a similar trend in penetrative deformation or the distribution of tectonic fabrics is not observed in the field or in the AMS results. The range of magnetic fabrics identified in each thrust sheet ranges from bedding controlled depositional fabrics to tectonic fabrics at a high angle to bedding.
Fully Dynamic 2-Hop Cover Labeling
Authors: D'angelo Gianlorenzo , D'emidio Mattia , Frigioni Daniele 
Published: January 2019

The 2-hop Cover labeling of a graph is currently the best data structure for answering shortest-path distance queries on large-scale networks, since it combines low query times, affordable space occupancy, and reasonable preprocessing effort. Its main limit resides in not being suited for
dynamic
networks since, after a network change, (1) queries on the distance can return incorrect values and (2) recomputing the labeling
from scratch
yields unsustainable time overhead.

In this article, we overcome this limit by introducing the first
decremental
algorithm able to update 2-hop Cover labelings under node/edge
removals
and edge
weight increases
. We prove the new algorithm to be (1) correct, i.e., after each update operation queries on the updated labeling return exact values; (2) efficient with respect to the number of nodes that change their distance as a consequence of a graph update; and (3) able to preserve the
minimality
of the labeling, a desirable property that impacts on both query time and space occupancy.

Furthermore, we provide an extensive experimental study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method. We consider it both alone and in combination with the unique known
incremental
approach (Akiba et al. 2014), thus obtaining the first
fully dynamic
algorithm for updating 2-hop Cover labelings under general graph updates. Our experiments show that the new dynamic algorithms are orders of magnitude faster than the from-scratch approach while at the same time being able to preserve the quality of the labeling in terms of query time and space occupancy, thus allowing one to employ the 2-hop Cover labeling approach in dynamic networks with practical performance.
COFFE 2
Authors: Yazdanshenas Sadegh , Betz Vaughn 
Published: January 2019

FPGAs are becoming more heteregeneous to better adapt to different markets, motivating rapid exploration of different blocks/tiles for FPGAs. To evaluate a new FPGA architectural idea, one should be able to accurately obtain the area, delay, and energy consumption of the block of interest. However, current FPGA circuit design tools can only model simple, homogeneous FPGA architectures with basic logic blocks and also lack DSP and other heterogeneous block support. Modern FPGAs are instead composed of many different tiles, some of which are designed in a full custom style and some of which mix standard cell and full custom styles.
To fill this modelling gap, we introduce COFFE 2, an open-source FPGA design toolset for automatic FPGA circuit design. COFFE 2 uses a mix of full custom and standard cell flows and supports not only complex logic blocks with fracturable lookup tables and hard arithmetic but also arbitrary heterogeneous blocks. To validate COFFE 2 and demonstrate its features, we design and evaluate a multi-mode Stratix III-like DSP block and several logic tiles with fracturable LUTs and hard arithmetic. We also demonstrate how COFFE 2’s interface to VTR allows full evaluation of block-routing interfaces and various fracturable 6-LUT architectures.
Modeling diverse responses to filled and outline shapes in macaque V4
Authors: Popovkina Dina V. , Bair Wyeth , Pasupathy Anitha 
Published: January 2019

Visual area V4 is an important midlevel cortical processing stage that subserves object recognition in primates. Studies investigating shape coding in V4 have largely probed neuronal responses with filled shapes, i.e., shapes defined by both a boundary and an interior fill. As a result, we do not know whether form-selective V4 responses are dictated by boundary features alone or if interior fill is also important. We studied 43 V4 neurons in two male macaque monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) with a set of 362 filled shapes and their corresponding outlines to determine how interior fill modulates neuronal responses in shape-selective neurons. Only a minority of neurons exhibited similar response strength and shape preferences for filled and outline stimuli. A majority responded preferentially to one stimulus category (either filled or outline shapes) and poorly to the other. Our findings are inconsistent with predictions of the hierarchical-max (HMax) V4 model that builds form selectivity from oriented boundary features and takes little account of attributes related to object surface, such as the phase of the boundary edge. We modified the V4 HMax model to include sensitivity to interior fill by either removing phase-pooling or introducing unoriented units at the V1 level; both modifications better explained our data without increasing the number of free parameters. Overall, our results suggest that boundary orientation and interior surface information are both maintained until at least the midlevel visual representation, consistent with the idea that object fill is important for recognition and perception in natural vision. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The shape of an object’s boundary is critical for identification; consistent with this idea, models of object recognition predict that filled and outline versions of a shape are encoded similarly. We report that many neurons in a midlevel visual cortical area respond differently to filled and outline shapes and modify a biologically plausible model to account for our data. Our results suggest that representations of boundary shape and surface fill are interrelated in visual cortex.
Differential Molecular Modeling Predictions of Mid and Conventional Dialysate Flows
Authors: Leypoldt John K. , Prichard Sarah , Chertow Glenn M. , Alvarez Luis 
Published: January 2019

<b><i>Background:</i></b> High dialysate flow rates (Q<sub>D</sub>) of 500–800 mL/min are used to maximize urea removal during conventional hemodialysis. There are few data describing hemodialysis with use of mid-rate Q<sub>D</sub> (300 mL/min). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We constructed uremic solute (urea, beta<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin and phosphate) kinetic models at varying volumes of distribution and blood flow rates to predict solute clearances at Q<sub>D</sub> of 300 and 500 mL/min. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Across a range of volumes of distribution a Q<sub>D</sub> of 300 mL/min generally yields a predicted urea spKt/V greater than 1.2 during typical treatment times with a small difference in urea spKt/V between a Q<sub>D</sub> of 300 and 500 mL/min. A larger urea KoA dialyzer and 15 min of additional time narrows the urea spKt/V difference. No substantial differences were observed regarding the kinetics of beta<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin and phosphate for Q<sub>D</sub> of 300 vs. 500 mL/min. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A Q<sub>D</sub> of 300 mL/min can achieve urea clearance targets. Hemodialysis systems using mid-rate Q<sub>D</sub> can be expected to provide adequate hemodialysis, as currently defined.
Reconstruction of Submesoscale Velocity Field from Surface Drifters
Authors: Gonçalves Rafael C. , Iskandarani Mohamed , Özgökmen Tamay , Thacker W. Carlisle 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe extensive drifter deployment during the Lagrangian Submesoscale Experiment (LASER) provided observations of the surface velocity field in the northern Gulf of Mexico with high resolution in space and time. Here, we estimate the submesoscale velocity field sampled by those drifters using a procedure that statistically interpolates these data both spatially and temporally. Because the spacing of the drifters evolves with the flow, causing the resolution that they provide to vary in space and time, it is important to be able to characterize where and when the estimated velocity field is more or less accurate, which we do by providing fields of interpolation errors. Our interpolation uses a squared-exponential covariance function characterizing correlations in latitude, longitude, and time. Two novelties in our approach are 1) the use of two scales of variation per dimension in the covariance function and 2) allowing the data to determine these scales along with the appropriate amplitude of observational noise at these scales. We present the evolution of the reconstructed velocity field along with maps of relative vorticity, horizontal divergence, and lateral strain rate. The reconstructed velocity field exhibits horizontal length scales of 0.4–3.5 km and time scales of 0.6–3 h, and features with convergence up to 8 times the planetary vorticity f, lateral strain rate up to 10f, and relative vorticity up to 13f. Our results point to the existence of a vigorous and substantial ageostrophic circulation in the submesoscale range.
An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Seasonal Precipitation and Thermodynamic Environment in Puerto Rico
Authors: Miller Paul W. , Mote Thomas L. , Ramseyer Craig A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
With limited groundwater reserves and few reservoirs, Caribbean islands such as Puerto Rico are largely dependent on regular rainfall to meet societal and ecological water needs. Thus, the ability to anticipate seasonal rainfall shortages, such as the 2015 drought, is particularly important, yet few reliable tools exist for this purpose. Consequently, interpolated surface precipitation observations from the Daymet archive are summarized on daily, annual, and seasonal time scales and compared to the host thermodynamic environment as characterized by the Gálvez–Davison index (GDI), a convective potential parameter designed specifically for the tropics. Complementing the Daymet precipitation totals, ≥1.1 million WSR-88D volume scans between 2002 and 2016 were analyzed for echo tops ≥ 10 000 ft (~3 km) to establish a radar-inferred precipitation activity database for Puerto Rico. The 15-yr record reveals that the GDI outperforms several midlatitude-centric thermodynamic indices, explaining roughly 25% of daily 3-km echo top (ET) activity during each of Puerto Rico’s primary seasons. In contrast, neither mean-layer CAPE, the K index, nor total totals explain more than 11% during any season. When aggregated to the seasonal level, the GDI strongly relates to 3-km ET (R2 = 0.65) and Daymet precipitation totals (R2 = 0.82) during the early rainfall season (ERS; April–July), with correlations weaker outside of this period. The 4-month ERS explains 51% (41%) of the variability to Puerto Rico’s annual rainfall during exceptionally wet (dry) years. These findings are valuable for climate downscaling studies predicting Puerto Rico’s hydroclimate in future atmospheric states, and they could potentially be adapted for operational seasonal precipitation forecasting.
Assessing noise with provisions for ventilation and overheating in dwellings
Authors: Harvie-Clark Jack , Chilton Anthony , Conlan Nick , Trew David 
Published: January 2019

In the design of residential developments, it has been common practice for façade sound insulation (to protect against outdoor noise) to be considered separately from the provisions for ventilation and for mitigating overheating. This fragmented approach has led to different designers making different, incompatible assumptions about the internal environmental quality conditions: the acoustic designer assumes that windows are closed to control external noise ingress, while the mechanical designer assumes that windows are open for ventilation or mitigating overheating. This leaves occupants with a choice between reasonable noise levels or thermal comfort, but not both. This problem is exacerbated by increased overheating risk in modern buildings and future climate scenarios. In response to this issue, the Association of Noise Consultants has produced the draft Acoustics Ventilation and Overheating Residential Design Guide – the ‘AVO Guide’. The AVO guide recommends an approach to acoustic assessment that takes regard of the interdependence of provisions for external noise ingress, ventilation and overheating. This paper describes the context, background and content of the AVO Guide. There are references to passive attenuated options for ventilative cooling to help designers avoid simply specifying mechanical cooling. Practical application: This paper is entirely focused on the practical application of the guidance in the Association of Noise Consultants’ Acoustics, Ventilation and Overheating Residential Design Guide. It describes the current practical problem that designers face, and the mistakes that are the common practice across the industry, of failing to integrate the design for noise with the ventilation strategy and provisions for overheating. It outlines how this can be achieved to enable better internal environmental quality conditions for occupants, supported by the current English Planning regime and professional good practice guidance available.
Ankle Lateral Ligament Augmentation Versus the Modified Broström-Gould Procedure: A 5-Year Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Porter Mark , Shadbolt Bruce , Ye Xuan , Stuart Robert 
Published: January 2019

Background: “Ankle sprain” is a common injury, and >20% of patients may develop chronic instability for which surgery is indicated. The modified Broström-Gould (MBG) procedure remains the gold standard; however, there are a number of relative contraindications to this procedure, and the longer-term outcomes after the MBG have been questioned. An alternative procedure is augmentation of a primary repair with a ligament augmentation reconstruction system (LARS). Purpose: To conduct a randomized controlled trial testing the null-hypothesis that there is no difference in patient scored outcomes and activity levels, between patients undergoing a MBG procedure compared with those undergoing a primary repair with LARS augmentation, for lateral ligament instability of the ankle. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Patients who satisfied the inclusion criteria were invited to take part in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to undergo the LARS or MBG procedure. Both groups followed similar postoperative rehabilitation. Patients completed the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) before surgery and then at 1, 2, and 5 years after surgery. Tegner activity scores were recorded at 5years. The scores in the 2 groups were compared via statistical analysis ( P < .05). Results: Of the 50 patients satisfying the inclusion criteria, 47 agreed to take part in the study. Twenty-two were randomized to the LARS group and 25 to the MBG group. At 5 years, follow-up data were complete for 20 patients in the LARS group and 21 in the MBG. There were 2 failures in the MBG group and 0 in the LARS group. The LARS group had significantly better improvement in total FAOS at 1 year (mean ± SD, 92.4 ± 2.5 vs 78.2 ± 3.4, P = .005), 2 years (94.0 ± 3.0 vs 78.0 ± 5.2, P = .003), and 5 years (93.7 ± 6.0 vs 75.1 ± 5.5, P = .002) after surgery. The 5-year Tegner activity scores were higher in the LARS group (8.25 ± 1.1 vs 7.2 ± 0.9, P = .03). Conclusion: Among physically active patients with chronic lateral ligament instability, primary repair combined with LARS results in better total FAOS at 5-year follow-up and higher Tegner activity scores as compared with the MBG procedure. Registration: ACTRN12618000906257 (Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry).
Speech Phenotyping in Unaffected Family Members of Individuals With Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip With or Without Palate
Authors: Boyce Jessica O. , Raj Supriya , Sanchez Katherine , Marazita Mary L. , Morgan Angela T. , Kilpatrick Nicky 
Published: January 2019

Objective:Subclinical phenotypes of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± P) may be identified from clinically “unaffected” relatives and could be associated with specific cleft-related gene mutations. It has been hypothesized that velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) may be a subclinical phenotype of interest in this population, but this has not been explored quantitatively with appropriate control cohorts. The aim of this case–control study was to compare VPI in at-risk clinically unaffected relatives of individuals with nonsyndromic CL ± P with a low-risk matched normative Australian cohort.Participants:Clinically unaffected (ie, with no overt cleft) first-degree relatives of a proband with nonsyndromic CL ± P (n = 189) and noncleft controls (n = 207).Main Outcome Measure(s):Perceptual measures of VPI encompassing resonance, nasal emission, and articulation were evaluated using the Great Ormond Street Speech Assessment. Quantitative measures of VPI were obtained from the Nasometer II using standardized adult and pediatric speech stimuli.Results:Both perceptual and instrumental measures showed no significant difference ( P > .01) between the VPI in unaffected relatives and the noncleft comparison group. Mean nasalance scores for both groups were calculated and reported according to speech stimuli, age, and sex.Conclusions:Results suggest that VPI, measured through speech, is not a significant subclinical phenotype of nonsyndromic CL ± P. Therefore, further familial genetic investigations exploring VPI may not yield meaningful results. Exploration across multiple subclinical phenotypes in larger cohorts may enable researchers to better understand the multifaceted nature of this complex and heterogeneous anomaly.
Disparities in Emergent Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer Contribute to Inequalities in Postoperative Morbidity and Mortality in The US Health Care System
Authors: Schlottmann F. , Strassle P. D. , Cairns A. L. , Herbella F. A. M. , Fichera A. , Patti M. G. 
Published: January 2019

Background and Aims: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer among both men and women in the United States. We aimed to determine racial and socioeconomic disparities in emergent colectomy rates for colorectal cancer in the US Health Care system. Material and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample including adult patients (⩾18 years) diagnosed with colorectal cancer, and who underwent colorectal resection while admitted between 2008 and 2015. Multivariable logistic and linear regression were used to assess the association between emergent admissions, compared to elective admissions, and postoperative outcomes. Results: A total of 141,641 hospitalizations were included: 93,775 (66%) were elective admissions and 47,866 (34%) were emergent admissions. Black patients were more likely to undergo emergent colectomy, compared to white patients (42% vs 32%, p < 0.0001). Medicaid and Medicare patients were also more likely to have an emergent colectomy, compared to private insurance (47% and 36% vs 25%, respectively, p < 0.0001), as were patients with low household income, compared to highest (38% vs 31%, p < 0.0001). Emergent procedures were less likely to be laparoscopic (19% vs 38%, p < 0.0001). Patients undergoing emergent colectomy were significantly more likely to have postoperative venous thromboembolism, wound complications, infection, bleeding, cardiac failure, renal failure, respiratory failure, shock, and inpatient mortality. Conclusion: There are significant racial and socioeconomic disparities in emergent colectomy rates for colorectal cancer. Efforts to reduce this disparity in colorectal cancer surgery patients should be prioritized to improve outcomes.
A comparison of long-term healthcare utilization and costs in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis receiving infliximab versus early colectomy
Authors: Vasudevan Abhinav , Arachchi Asiri , Scanlon Cian , Greenhalgh Jarrod , Van Langenberg Daniel R. 
Published: January 2019

Background: Early intervention for acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) improves outcomes. Outcomes and healthcare costs for an infliximab-first and colectomy-first approach were compared. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study of inpatients with steroid-refractory ASUC who received infliximab 5 mg/kg (1–3 doses without maintenance) or initial colectomy between 2004 and 2014 assessed long-term healthcare utilization and direct costs following infliximab or colectomy, using admission coding data until 31 December 2016. Results: A total of 118 patients received either infliximab ( n = 85, 72%) or colectomy ( n = 33, 28%) as initial therapy, with 35(41%) patients eventually requiring colectomy post-infliximab (median 213 days, range [6, 3739]). Median follow up was 7 years [0, 14]. Following infliximab for ASUC, 44% of patients then received antitumor necrosis factor maintenance. After ASUC therapy, length of stay and number of admissions did not significantly differ between groups but higher numbers of complications prompting readmission occurred in the colectomy group (median 4 versus 1, p < 0.001). There were no differences in admissions or total length of stay for patients who had received infliximab first then colectomy versus those treated with colectomy first (median 7.0 versus 4.0, 41.5 days versus 29 days, respectively, each p > 0.05). Total costs were lower at 6 months (mean AUD17,662 versus AUD24,852, p = 0.003), yet were similar at 7 years following an infliximab compared with colectomy approach (AUD72,834 versus AUD59,557, p = 0.23). After infliximab, costs were significantly higher at 7 years with biologic rather than immunomodulator-only maintenance therapy (AUD109,365 versus AUD47,842, p < 0.01). Conclusions: In support of current practice, infliximab salvage in steroid-refractory ASUC achieved reduced short-term healthcare costs compared with initial colectomy, though long-term costs were not significantly different.