bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Former Ottomans in the Ranks
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the clandestine recruitment of ten thousand Syrian migrants into the militaries of the Entente powers. As conditions deteriorated in Ottoman Syria and Mount Lebanon, Syrian migrant organizations shifted from providing humanitarian relief toward military resistance against the Ottoman state. Activists from competing Syrianist, Lebanist, and Arab nationalist movements produced propaganda in support of the war against Istanbul, conducted espionage for the Entente powers, and recruited Arab men from across the mahjar into Entente military service. The chapter tracks migrant networks between Syrians in Brazil, Argentina, and the United States who worked to deliver migrant troops to the army, where the US government granted recruits passports and a post-Ottoman nationality status to facilitate their service. Syrians joined up under a patriotic rhetoric promising the war would deliver Syria’s liberation, but they also resented nationalists’ attempts to claim them as symbols for competing homeland projects.
Travelling Syrians, Immovable Turks
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates passport fraud and migrant smuggling between the 1918 armistice and the establishment of the French Mandate in 1920. During the war, the United States had progressively identified “Syrian” as a national origins category to exempt Arab migrants from travel restrictions imposed on other Ottoman nationals. The French consulates of the Americas expanded this nationality category by offering Syrian migrants sauf conduit (or safe conduct) passports to facilitate repatriation after 1918. These passports claimed Syrian and Lebanese migrants as French protected persons, exempting them from America’s travel ban while also claiming them as future French colonials. France used the document to bolster its own claims to Syria and Mount Lebanon as a League of Nations Mandate, but the passport also opened the door to migrant smuggling. Because US laws governing national origins remained ambiguous, smugglers turned ineligible Ottoman Kurds and Turks into “Syrians” on paper.
Mandating the Mahjar
Authors: Fahrenthold Stacy D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Lebanon’s census of 1921 and argues that the French Mandate counted emigrants to bolster the confessional system it was building in Greater Lebanon (Grand Liban). As the Mandate’s first point of contact with its colonial citizens, census-taking was a means of refracting French authority into the transnational Lebanese communities. The Mandate used census records in lieu of a formal Lebanese nationality, making optional registration a deeply politicized act among Lebanese and Syrian migrant communities in the Americas. For some, being counted was the first act of a new Lebanese citizenship; for others, it was intolerable sublimation beneath the colonial yoke. The French Mandate used the census to domesticate the diaspora, to parse friend from foe, and to cut ties with perceived troublemakers.
Calculated Surprises
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this book, Lenhard concentrates on the ways in which computers and simulation are transforming the established conception of mathematical modeling. His core thesis is that simulation modeling constitutes a new mode of mathematical modeling that is rearranging and inverting key features of the established conception. Although most of these new key features—such as experimentation, exploration, and epistemic opacity—have their precursors, the new ways in which they are being combined is generating a distinctive style of scientific reasoning. Lenhard also documents how simulation is affecting fundamental concepts of solution, understanding, and validation. He feeds these transformations back into the philosophy of science, thereby opening up new perspectives on longstanding oppositions. By combining historical investigations with practical aspects, the book is accessible for a broad audience of readers. Numerous case studies covering a wide range of simulation techniques are balanced with broad reflections on science and technology. Initially, what computers are good at is calculating—with a speed and accuracy far beyond human capabilities. Lenhard goes further and investigates the emerging characteristics of computer-based modeling, showing how this initially simple observation is creating a number of surprising challenges for the methodology and epistemology of science. These calculated surprises will attract both philosophers and scientific practitioners who are interested in reflecting on recent developments in science and technology.
Experiment and Artificiality
Authors: Lenhard Johannes 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter works out in what way or ways experimentation is fitted into the process of simulation modeling: how much do numerical experiments contribute to making simulation modeling a special type of mathematical modeling? The main point of the chapter is that the discreteness of the computer makes it necessary to perform repeated experimental adjustments throughout the modeling process. Experimentation and modeling, it is argued, build an explorative cooperation. Experimental practice (in the ordinary sense) is bound up with adjustments such as calibrating instruments. With simulation, they become essential to mathematical modeling, as well. Atmospheric circulation models are discussed as an illustrating case.
Introduction
Authors: Dombo Eileen A. , Sabatino Christine Anlauf 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains the basic assumption of the book: that school social workers are in a position to provide leadership, knowledge, and skills to create trauma-informed schools and foster resilience in schoolchildren. Trauma-informed schools aim to address students’ dysfunctional academic and behavioral performance driven by affective and physiological arousal. The correlation between high rates of trauma exposure and poor academic performance is established in the scholarly literature, as is the need for trauma-informed schools and communities. However, researchers are now finding negative effects on school outcomes for children who have not directly experienced trauma, but whose classmates have. This means that all children benefit from trauma-informed schools. School social workers are in a prime position to prevent and address trauma, and this book provides current knowledge and concrete skills to guide development of trauma-informed schools, helping students succeed in school.
The Catch-22 of Asylum Policy
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Most refugees do not have a legal way of reaching safety in the rich democracies of the Global North. There is no legal line where they can register and wait as their number advances. Obtaining a resettlement slot is like winning the lottery. The only realistic way to reach the Global North is to reach its territory and then ask for asylum. Rich democracies typically abide by the principle of non-refoulement but deliberately and systematically shut down most legal paths to safety. An architecture of repulsion based on cages, domes, buffers, moats, and barbicans keeps out asylum seekers and other migrants. Australia, Canada, the United States, and the European Union have converging policies of remote control to keep asylum seekers away from their territories. The catch-22 for refugees is that rich democracies are essentially telling them, “We will not kick you out if you come here. But we will not let you come here.”
Origins and Limits of Remote Control
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Many theories try to explain why remote controls of asylum seekers proliferated in the 1980s and 1990s, but most techniques of remote control were developed in the 1930s and 1940s. Policies to push out the border were ad hoc responses to perceived crises that then spread as governments copied each other’s policies. Europeanization took this process toward convergence the furthest of all the cases. Over time, policies have tended to converge across the Global North as multiple forces, such as the end of the Cold War and the broadening of the refugee definition, incentivized further remote control. This chapter describes the broad factors that promoted the spread of remote control as well as where those impulses have been constrained by countervailing forces arising from the courts, transnational advocacy networks, and foreign policy interests.
The Dome over the Golden Door
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The aerial dome is the single most effective block in the architecture of remote control. The contemporary dome over U.S., Canadian, and Mexican airspace was derived from controls over transoceanic shipping passengers dating back to the nineteenth century. Its deeply rooted history makes the system seem natural. The use and framing of mobility controls as a way to protect national security also has a history more than a century old. Terrorist attacks further generated a strong security rationale for strict passenger controls that states then use to keep out all manner of unwanted foreigners. Many controls are exercised in spaces that are difficult for watchdogs to access. The people harmed by the system because they are blocked from reaching sanctuary are uncounted and unseen. As a result of these characteristics, there are few institutional constraints on the system of visas, carrier sanctions, liaison officers, pre-clearance operations, and international anti-smuggling operations that together constitute the dome.
The North American Moat
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The U.S. Coast Guard intercepted more than a quarter of a million migrants, including an unknown number of refugees, between 1982 and 2015. Practices developed by the United States to stop Haitians were then copied to prevent Chinese asylum seekers from crossing the Pacific. The 1993 Sale decision by the U.S. Supreme Court to allow refoulement on the high seas still stands. The fact that there are screenings at all, whatever their serious inadequacies, is evidence of diffuse international pressure articulated through the U.S. State Department and the influence of civil society. The Canadian government flirted with maritime refoulement but was constrained by greater deference to international law and the concern that openly flouting it would potentially damage Canada’s international reputation. The United States is a world leader in defining military bases strewn across the globe as territories under its control but not its sovereignty and thus spaces where asylum seekers have limited rights.
Buffering North America
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Washington and Ottawa have tried to keep out most of the Central Americans fleeing to North America beginning in the civil wars of the 1980s. Central America and Mexico buffer the United States, which in turn buffers Canada. The U.S. government has propped up client states in Central America; paid for refugee camps; and provided training, equipment, and financing for migration controls further south. Mexico has weak rights of territorial personhood, so rather than strictly controlling entry across its southern border, its entire territory has become a “vertical frontier” with the United States. Aggressive U.S. enforcement at the Mexican border traps transit migrants in Mexico and creates an incentive for the Mexican government to deport them. But harsh U.S. enforcement on its border and the fact that it targets Mexicans as well as third-country nationals impedes the bilateral cooperation that would make Mexico a more effective buffer.
Building Fortress Europe
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The European Union since the 1990s has been engaged in a unique project of reducing mobility controls between members while strengthening the external borders and then shifting control outward. The individual pieces of the remote control strategies themselves are common, with the exception of the Frontex external border control coordinating agency, which does not have parallels in the North American or Australian cases. Europeanization has cross-cutting effects on remote control. The ubiquity of policies rooted in law, regulations, or formal agreements with other states—around readmission, visas, carrier sanctions, safe third countries, and safe countries of origin—is a result of Europeanization. However, Europeanization also includes built-in constraints derived from its supranational courts and institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe introduction asks a basic question: What makes children and adults different from each other? The chapter focuses on how Marshallese children and adults use words and goods differently, as well as on Marshallese children’s lack of “shame” (āliklik). It argues that these differences are not natural but cultural: children are socialized to do things that are inappropriate for their elders to do. This production of difference has numerous implications for anthropological theory: it shows that agency is aged, that past research on giving is incomplete, and that socialization should be seen not as a movement from novice to expert but as the process of producing oneself as different from others. While explaining these points, the chapter also introduces readers to the atoll environment of the Marshall Islands, the author’s ethnographic and sociolinguistic research methods, and the organization of the book.
“Give Me My Food”
Authors: Berman Elise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the production of relative age through discussing children’s efforts to get other children to give. It explicitly contrasts children’s direct modes of interaction with the indirect adult-adult interaction patterns discussed in chapter 3. The chapter focuses on one small child who walked into a church while sucking on a lollipop and three older children who attempted to get him to share his food. These four children did a number of things that adults avoid: display their food in public, directly demand food, directly criticize and insult other children, and directly refuse to give. These direct forms of speech are not natural results of children’s immaturity. Rather, they are techniques through which children mark and negotiate their hierarchical status relationships—who has power over whom. The chapter argues that these power negotiations are also age negotiations. Through their speech, children index themselves as children and construct relative age.
Your Country, Our War
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book reviews how news intersects with international politics and discusses the global power and reach of the U.S. news media, especially within the context of the post-9/11 era. It is based on years of interviews conducted between 2009 and 2017, in Kabul, Washington, and New York. The book draws together communications scholarship on hegemony and the U.S. news media’s relationship with American society and the government (i.e. indexing and cascading; agenda-building and agenda-setting; framing; and conflict reportage) along with how national bias and ethnocentrism are fixed phenomena in international news. Given the longevity of the U.S. presence in Afghanistan and the Afghan news media’s dramatic proliferation since 2001, Afghanistan provides a fascinating case study for the role of journalists in conflict and diplomacy. By identifying, framing, and relaying narratives that affect the normative environment, U.S. correspondents have played unofficial diplomatic and developmental roles. They have negotiated the meaning of war and peace. Indirectly and directly, they have supported Afghan journalists in their professional growth. As a result, these foreign correspondents have not been merely observers to a story; they have been participants in it. The stories they choose to tell, and how they tell them, can become dominant narratives in global politics, and have directly affected events inside Afghanistan. The U.S. journalists did not just provide the first draft of history on this enduring post-9/11 entanglement between the United States and Afghanistan—they actively shaped it.
9/11 and the American Press
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses U.S. news reportage in the wake of 9/11 and how certain habits and norms in American national security journalism drove the coverage. It reviews scholarship on the U.S. news media’s relationship with U.S. government and society, especially in the context of international issues and events. The foreign policy narrative in Washington is set by a small cohort of U.S. government officials, in addition to international news reporters and editors for elite news agencies like the New York Times and Washington Post. Through interviews with U.S. officials and reporters, the chapter also examines the roles the American government and news outlets play in setting the agenda and framing events for the American public and how the U.S. press maintains an ethnocentric bias in its foreign reportage.
Afghanistan in Americans’ Imagination
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the American public was reintroduced to Afghanistan after the events of 9/11 and how the U.S. broadcast and print media began to frame this “good war” in October 2001. It analyzes the American news media’s relationship with Afghanistan beginning in the 1980s and the reality it has constructed since 2001 about Afghanistan and the conflict. It also reviews U.S. officials’ perceptions about their responsibilities to the press. During these 15 years, the news coverage, especially that of the broadcast news media, was tightly indexed to the degree of White House attention to the war and the intensity of conflict for American soldiers. Yet some American print news agencies, especially the Associated Press, New York Times, and Washington Post, have stayed committed to covering Afghanistan despite decreased American presidential attention.
Afghanistan’s Press
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the Afghan news media, which was under either authoritarian or hyperpartisan control throughout the 20th century. This chapter explores the political and sociocultural factors that have contributed to the state of modern Afghan journalism, and how Afghan government officials have treated their press since 2001. It also examines the habits and norms local journalists have created, in addition to the impact of Western aid money and the presence of Western journalists in the country. Independent news media organizations have helped to drive dramatic change in Afghan politics and society, often at a seemingly breakneck speed. The patchwork media landscape of present-day Afghanistan reflects the various power struggles between the country’s politicians, extremists, strongmen, progressives, and foreign actors.
The Modern Afghan Journalist
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the sociological constraints that modern Afghan journalists face, not the least of which is a highly volatile security environment and a high degree of economic instability that jeopardizes their organizations’ sustainability. Based on interviews with these journalists, the chapter explores the ways they think of themselves, their relationships with Afghan government officials, and their roles in Afghan society. It also surveys the dense networks that Afghan reporters have created with Western journalists to report news stories. Afghan journalists have an inherent national bias and are proud that U.S. elite news professionals find Afghanistan newsworthy, as this confers legitimacy on Afghanistan’s importance in the world. Yet given their nascent state, they acknowledge that they depend on Western journalists’ reportage to hold Afghanistan’s powerful accountable.
The Diplomatic Dimension of News
Authors: Brown Katherine A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The news media have a special role in creating and maintaining a nation. Journalists have astounding power to construct a sense of reality for people, but despite the transnational reach of news today, the bulk of editors, producers, and reporters select and construct media messages and images to cater to their targeted audiences. Much of the U.S. news about Afghanistan has been constructed for Americans and therefore is colored by the U.S.-led war and abides by a norm that explains the contours of American power and its impact abroad. To Afghan consumers, what frustrates them about U.S. news of their country is what frustrates them about America: It should consider their perspective more, be more empathetic, give them hope, and stop serving itself. News, therefore, does not bridge understanding or broker goodwill between the United States and Afghanistan, or any other country, and it can create tension in international affairs.
Educating Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners in Inclusive Classrooms in Tanzania
Authors: Namirembe Bernadatte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Educating deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners poses a challenge to teachers working in inclusive education settings such as the ones in Tanzania. Having DHH learners in the classroom is viewed as a burden by all stakeholders, especially teachers. In 2009, Tanzania signed and ratified United Nations Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This implies that Tanzania recognizes the DHH learners’ right to a good education. However, it remains unclear how the country is dealing with the challenges of providing DHH learners with a quality inclusive education. This chapter discusses the status of DHH learners in Tanzania in the face of the global trend toward inclusive education. It explains the current situation of inclusion of DHH learners in mainstream classes, including their achievements, challenges, and limitations. Recommendations are provided for future objectives based on best practices discussed in the literature.
Education and Services for Deaf People in Viet Nam
Authors: Hoa Nguyen Thi , Woodward James 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of education and services for deaf people in Viet Nam. The first section covers the three distinct but historically related sign languages in Viet Nam: Ha Noi Sign Language, Hai Phong Sign Language, and Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language. The second section discusses education for deaf people, which is provided in elementary schools and junior and senior high schools. Certificate programs are offered in sign language analysis, teaching, and interpretation. Few deaf learners go on to university. The third section of the chapter outlines the lack of audiological and sociocultural services for deaf people in Vietnam; either they are unavailable or too expensive for most people to afford. The chapter concludes with a summary and sets out recommendations for the future.