bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interspecies Social Spreading: Interaction between two sessile soil bacteria leads to emergence of surface motility
Authors: McCully Lucy M. , Bitzer Adam S. , Seaton Sarah C. , Smith Leah M. , Silby Mark W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBacteria often live in complex communities in which they interact with other organisms. Consideration of the social environment of bacteria can reveal emergent traits and behaviors that would be overlooked by studying bacteria in isolation. Here we characterize a social trait which emerges upon interaction between the distantly-related soil bacteriaPseudomonas fluorescensPf0-1 andPedobactersp. V48. On hard agar, which is not permissive for motility of the mono-culture of either species, co-culture reveals an emergent phenotype we term ‘interspecies social spreading,’ where the mixed colony spreads across the hard surface. We show that initiation of social spreading requires close association between the two species of bacteria. Both species remain associated throughout the spreading colony, with reproducible and non-homogenous patterns of distribution. The nutritional environment influences social spreading; no social behavior is observed under high nutrient conditions, but low nutrient conditions are insufficient to promote social spreading without high salt concentrations. This simple two-species consortium is a tractable model system that will facilitate mechanistic investigations of interspecies interactions and provide insight into emergent properties of interacting species. These studies will contribute to the broader knowledge of how bacterial interactions influence the functions of communities they inhabit.ImportanceThe wealth of studies on microbial communities has revealed the complexity and dynamics of the composition of communities in many ecological settings. Fewer studies probe the functional interactions of the community members. Function of the community as a whole may not be fully revealed by characterizing the individuals. In our two-species model community, we find an emergent trait resulting from the interaction of the soil bacteriaPseudomonas fluorescensPf0-1 andPedobactersp. V48. Observation of emergent traits suggests there may be many functions of a community that are not predicted based ona prioriknowledge of the community members. These types of studies will provide a more holistic understanding of microbial communities, allowing us to connect information about community composition with behaviors determined by interspecific interactions. These studies increase our ability to understand communities, such as the soil microbiome, plant-root microbiome, and human gut microbiome, with the final goal of being able to manipulate and rationally improve these communities.
Producing ‘internal suspect bodies’: divisive effects of UK counter‐terrorism measures on Muslim communities in Leeds and Bradford
Authors: Abbas Madeline‐Sophie 
Published: April 2018

AbstractResearch on UK government counter‐terrorism measures has claimed that Muslims are treated as a ‘suspect community’. However, there is limited research exploring the divisive effects that membership of a ‘suspect community’ has on relations within Muslim communities. Drawing from interviews with British Muslims living in Leeds or Bradford, I address this gap by explicating how co‐option of Muslim community members to counter extremism fractures relations within Muslim communities. I reveal how community members internalize fears of state targeting which precipitates internal disciplinary measures. I contribute the category of ‘internal suspect body’ which is materialized through two intersecting conditions within preventative counter‐terrorism: the suspected extremist for Muslims to look out for and suspected informer who might report fellow Muslims. I argue that the suspect community operates through a network of relations by which terrors of counter‐terrorism are reproduced within Muslim communities with divisive effects.
Review article: Sepsis in the emergency department – Part 3: Treatment
Authors: Williams Julian M , Keijzers Gerben , Macdonald Stephen PJ , Shetty Amith , Fraser John F 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlthough comprehensive guidelines for treatment of sepsis exist, current research continues to refine and revise several aspects of management. Imperatives for rapid administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics for all patients with sepsis may not be supported by contemporary data. Many patients may be better served by a more judicious approach allowing consideration of investigation results and evidence‐based guidelines. Conventional fluid therapy has been challenged with early evidence supporting balanced, restricted fluid and early vasopressor use. Albumin, vasopressin and hydrocortisone have each been shown to support blood pressure and reduce catecholamine requirements but without effect on mortality, and as such should be considered for ED patients with septic shock on a case‐by‐case basis. Measurement of quality care in sepsis should incorporate quality of blood cultures and guideline‐appropriateness of antibiotics, as well as timeliness of therapy. Local audit is an essential and effective means to improve practice. Multicentre consolidation of data through agreed minimum sepsis data sets would provide baseline quality data, required for the design and evaluation of interventions.
Effects of Fat Polymorphic Transformation and Nonfat Particle Size Distribution on the Surface Changes of Untempered Model Chocolate, Based on Solid Cocoa Mass
Authors: Zhao Huanhuan , Young Ashley K. , James Bryony J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study aims to understand the bloom process in untempered chocolate by investigating the polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter and changes in chocolate surface. Cocoa mass with varying particle size distributions (PSD) were used to produce untempered model chocolate. Optical microscopy showed that during 25 d of storage, the chocolate surface gradually became honeycombed in appearance with dark spots surrounded by white sandy bloom areas. In conjunction with X‐ray diffraction this indicates that the polymorphic transformation of form IV cocoa butter to more stable form V crystals caused the observed surface changes with the most significant changes occurring within 6 d. As bloom developed the surface whiteness increased, but the PSD of nonfat particles showed limited impact on the changes in whiteness. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed separated fat crystals on fat‐rich dark spots and empty spaces between particles in bloom areas suggesting redistribution of fat in the chocolate matrix.Practical ApplicationThe results reported in this work can facilitate the understanding of fat bloom formation in untempered chocolate with respect to the changes in microstructure and surface appearances. It also contributes to show the details of IV‐to‐V polymorphic transformation in the fat phase as time went by.
Gender differences in retention rate of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: a retrospective cohort study in daily practice
Authors: Rusman Tamara , ten Wolde Saskia , Euser Sjoerd M. , van der Ploeg Tjeerd , van Hall Odile , van der Horst‐Bruinsma Irene E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimTo assess gender differences in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients in relation to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi) drug survival and occurrence of adverse events in daily practice in a large peripheral hospital.MethodRetrospective data were collected from AS patients treated with etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab between January 2004 and January 2014. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were conducted to describe the drug survival and occurrence of adverse events in time.ResultsOverall, 122 AS patients (60.7% male) were included over a 10‐year time period, with a mean treatment period of 51 months (1–127 months). In total, 21 (17.2%) patients stopped the TNFi, mainly due to inefficacy (52.4%). Female patients showed a significant shorter treatment period compared to males (33.4 vs. 44.9 months). In addition, female patients switched more between TNFi compared to males (26.9% vs. 16.3%) and had a significantly higher risk at developing infections compared to male patients (26% vs.19%).ConclusionFemales stayed on the same TNFi for a significantly shorter period compared to males (33.4 vs. 44.9 months) and the most important reason to stop or switch the drug was inefficacy. Moreover, females seemed to be more prone to infections during TNFi treatment than males.
Lack of association between vitamin D receptor genes BsmI as well as ApaI polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk: A pooled analysis on Chinese individuals
Authors: Wang Qing‐xian , Zhao Shi‐meng , Zhou Ya‐bin , Zhang Cheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundAs for the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis, the current results have yielded conflicts. Therefore, we performed a pooled analysis based on Chinese individuals to provide comprehensive data on the association between VDR BsmI, ApaI, Tru9I polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk.MethodsStudies were identified using PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid, Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biology Medicine databases through to January 2017. Studies were screened according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The association between VDR BsmI, ApaI, Tru9I polymorphisms and osteoporosis was evaluated by calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs) based on the individual ORs. The significance of the pooled OR was evaluated by a Z‐test. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 12.0 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).ResultsA total of 13 studies with 1141 osteoporosis cases and 1263 controls were included in this meta‐analysis. It revealed that VDR Tru9I polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in a common model (OR = 2.67, CI 95% = 1.59–4.49). No significant association was observed between VDR BsmI, ApaI and osteoporosis.ConclusionIn conclusion, this meta‐analysis suggests that VDR Tru9I polymorphism may be associated with osteoporosis risk in Chinese individuals, while BsmI, ApaI polymorphisms might not be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Infection‐associated vasculitides
Authors: Haq Syed A. , Pagnoux Christian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVasculitides are disorders characterized by inflammation of the vessel walls, often caused by autoimmunity, but sometimes as a result of microbial invasion. Almost all types of microbes including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Accurate etiological diagnosis is important since immunosuppressive treatment may lead to further deterioration if infection is the cause of vasculitis. Clinical features sometimes provide clues to the etiology. Further evaluation requires a focused and cost‐effective plan of laboratory investigation. The investigations aim at establishing the diagnosis of vasculitis and identify the causative organism. An accurate diagnosis of vasculitis optimally requires histological examination and imaging. For infection‐associated vasculitis, the identification of the organism requires studies of stained specimens, cultures, and/or detection of antigens and antibodies. Ideally, the treatment involves administration of an appropriate antimicrobial. In non‐self‐limiting types of vasculitides, glucocorticoids are needed when the symptoms are progressive, with vital organs involvement, and sometimes, when there is no antimicrobial agent of proven efficacy against the incriminated agent. Additional immunosuppressive agents or interventions must be considered when the disease is severe and/or post‐infective immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis, e.g., severe HBV‐ or HCV‐associated vasculitides. Available preventative vaccinations are also crucial. The incidence of HBV‐associated vasculitides dramatically decreased following HBV vaccination campaigns, and other infection‐associated vasculitides may as well in the future.
Bank connections and the speed of leverage adjustment: evidence from China's listed firms
Authors: Li Wenfei , Wu Cen , Xu Liping , Tang Qingquan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study explores the role of bank connections as an important informal institution in debt contracting. Drawing on a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2004 to 2012, we find that bank connections, established through personal networks, asymmetrically affect the speed of leverage adjustment. Bank connections can reduce the marginal costs of leverage adjustment for under‐levered firms. We further find that such connections are especially important for firms with low levels of collateral and young firms, in areas with relatively underdeveloped financial markets, during periods of tight monetary policy, and when there is little competition in the banking industry.
Reconstruction of major defects of the jaws
Authors: Batstone MD 
Published: April 2018

AbstractProsthetic replacements in the 19th and early 20th century were superseded by pedicled flaps and obturators. These have subsequently been superseded by free tissue transfer which currently is the mainstay of reconstructive jaw surgery. Although malignant and benign processes of the jaws are the predominant cause of segmental defects, a significant proportion still occurs due to trauma, or even iatrogenic causes such as radiotherapy. The varied aetiologies demand a nuanced approach to reconstruction and although the techniques remain similar the timing can be quite different. The maxilla and the mandible are both amenable to composite reconstruction with bone. The fibula, iliac crest, scapula, distal radius and medial femoral condyle are the most commonly utilised donor sites for vascularised reconstruction. Each has strengths and weaknesses and the requirements of the defect, and patient preference should outweigh surgeon preference. Osseointegrated implants allow reliable rehabilitation of the dentition by anchoring facial prostheses. Their integration into composite flaps is highly reliable although soft tissue management can be challenging. Virtual surgical planning and 3D printing have already impacted on the surgical workflow and improved the reliability and accuracy of results. If this technology can be applied to tissue typing and human tissue (instead of just plastic and metal) a fully prefabricated and vascularised jaw without donor site morbidity would be the ultimate aim.
Lessons learnt on the analysis of large sequence data in animal genomics
Authors: Biscarini F. , Cozzi P. , Orozco‐ter Wengel P. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe ’omics revolution has made a large amount of sequence data available to researchers and the industry. This has had a profound impact in the field of bioinformatics, stimulating unprecedented advancements in this discipline. Mostly, this is usually looked at from the perspective of human ’omics, in particular human genomics. Plant and animal genomics, however, have also been deeply influenced by next‐generation sequencing technologies, with several genomics applications now popular among researchers and the breeding industry. Genomics tends to generate huge amounts of data, and genomic sequence data account for an increasing proportion of big data in biological sciences, due largely to decreasing sequencing and genotyping costs and to large‐scale sequencing and resequencing projects. The analysis of big data poses a challenge to scientists, as data gathering currently takes place at a faster pace than does data processing and analysis, and the associated computational burden is increasingly taxing, making even simple manipulation, visualization and transferring of data a cumbersome operation. The time consumed by the processing and analysing of huge data sets may be at the expense of data quality assessment and critical interpretation. Additionally, when analysing lots of data, something is likely to go awry—the software may crash or stop—and it can be very frustrating to track the error. We herein review the most relevant issues related to tackling these challenges and problems, from the perspective of animal genomics, and provide researchers that lack extensive computing experience with guidelines that will help when processing large genomic data sets.
Population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle
Authors: Chen N. , Huang J. , Zulfiqar A. , Li R. , Xi Y. , Zhang M. , Dang R. , Lan X. , Chen H. , Ma Y. , Lei C. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to estimate population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle by genotyping 27 individuals using the GeneSeek HD 77k BeadChip, and another 1355 cattle representing breeds distributed worldwide, which had been genotyped using the Illumina Bovine 50k BeadChip. Qinchuan cattle were characterized by a dominant Bos taurus ancestry, accompanied by a considerable proportion of Bos indicus ancestry based on principal components analysis and supervised admixture analysis. A small proportion of Bos javanicus ancestry was detected as well. A similar admixture pattern in both Qinchuan and Turkish cattle breeds reflects their similar degrees of zebu introgression. Our study presents a relatively clear view of the population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle, serving to benefit our understanding of this breed and leading to better targeted conservation approaches moving forward.
A meta‐analysis of the association between substance use and emerging adult development using the IDEA scale
Authors: Davis Jordan P. , Dumas Tara M. , Briley Daniel A. , Sussman Steve 
Published: April 2018

Background and ObjectivesMuch debate exists surrounding Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood in terms of its breadth and application. Researchers have attempted to capture dimensions of emerging adulthood (eg, experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus, and feeling in‐between) through self report assessment, using variations of the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood or IDEA. Results from studies investigating this relationship have been mixed. We conducted a meta‐analysis on the association between substance use and the IDEA.MethodData were extracted to calculate correlational associations with substance use as well as typical moderators found in the literature. Twelve studies were meta‐analyzed.ResultsWe found small associations (range: ρ = −.03 to .15; d = .06 to 30) between the IDEA scores and substance use. We found higher severity (dependence diagnosis) of participants yielded larger associations across all dimensions (ρ = .16), and proportion of college students to be a subscale‐specific moderator (experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus, and feeling in‐between). Alcohol use outcomes also provided larger subscale‐specific associations (experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus).ConclusionsThe dimensions of emerging adulthood may be less effective in predicting substance use among non‐college samples and those studies focusing on drug use. Further research should prioritize exploring variation in the transition to emerging adulthood among non‐college samples and the longitudinal associations between IDEA and substance use.Scientific SignificanceImportant contributions include the modest association between IDEA and substance use as well as specific participant characteristics that amplify or mitigate the association between IDEA and substance use. (Am J Addict 2018;27:166–176)
Antagonists in the medical management of opioid use disorders: Historical and existing treatment strategies
Authors: Bisaga Adam , Mannelli Paolo , Sullivan Maria A. , Vosburg Suzanne K. , Compton Peggy , Woody George E. , Kosten Thomas R. 
Published: April 2018

Background and ObjectivesOpioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic condition with potentially severe health and social consequences. Many who develop moderate to severe OUD will repeatedly seek treatment or interact with medical care via emergency department visits or hospitalizations. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop feasible and effective approaches to help persons with OUD achieve and maintain abstinence from opioids. Treatment that includes one of the three FDA‐approved medications is an evidence‐based strategy to manage OUD. The purpose of this review is to address practices for managing persons with moderate to severe OUD with a focus on opioid withdrawal and naltrexone‐based relapse‐prevention treatment.MethodsLiterature available on PubMed was used to review the evolution of treatment strategies from the 1960s onward to manage opioid withdrawal and initiate treatment with naltrexone.ResultsEmerging practices for extended‐release naltrexone induction include the use of agonist tapers and adjuvant medications. Clinical challenges frequently encountered when initiating this therapy include managing withdrawal and ongoing opioid use during treatment. Clinical factors may inform decisions regarding patient selection and length of naltrexone treatment, such as recent opioid use and patient preferences.Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceTreatment strategies to manage opioid withdrawal have evolved, but many patients with OUD do not receive medication for the prevention of relapse. Clinical strategies for induction onto extended‐release naltrexone are now available and can be safely and effectively implemented in specialty and select primary care settings. (© 2018 The Authors. The American Journal on Addictions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP);27:177–187)
Substance use comorbidity in bipolar disorder: A qualitative review of treatment strategies and outcomes
Authors: Gold Alexandra K. , Otto Michael W. , Deckersbach Thilo , Sylvia Louisa G. , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Kinrys Gustavo 
Published: April 2018

Background and ObjectivesSubstance use disorders (SUDs) are present in up to 70% of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and contribute to high rates of disability, morbidity, and treatment non‐adherence. Despite this prevalence, few trials have investigated targeted psychosocial interventions for comorbid BD and SUDs.MethodsUsing PubMed and PsycINFO, we conducted a search of the literature up to January 2018 for psychosocial interventions targeted to patients with comorbid BD and SUDs. We identified eight total trials. Of these studies, four randomized and two open trials targeted the types of substance use (alcohol and illicit drugs) of primary concern to mood stability; the remaining two studies, both open trials, targeted smoking cessation.ResultsNone of the randomized trials provided consistent evidence for management of both mood symptoms and substance use though integrated group therapy (IGT) demonstrated consistent beneficial effects on substance use outcomes. Other treatments showed benefit for mood symptoms without benefits for alcohol or illicit substance use. Small pilot studies of combined treatments for smoking cessation provided some initial promise.ConclusionsAt present, IGT is the most‐well validated and efficacious approach if substance use is targeted in an initial treatment phase. For a subsequent phase, additional psychosocial BD treatments may be needed for mood and functioning benefits.Scientific SignificanceThis review synthesizes the psychosocial interventions that have been conducted in comorbid BD and SUDs while also providing a perspective on which intervention elements are helpful for addressing substance use versus mood symptoms in patients with these co‐occurring conditions. (Am J Addict 2018;27:188–201)