bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion as Inclusion
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The dynamics of conversion are presented in this chapter. It first clarifies what conversion is not. It is not adhesion—attaching oneself to a particular community and maintaining an oppositional or at least suspicious attitude regarding other forms of association or structures of belief. Conversion is seen as the progressive expansion of one’s horizon of acceptance and care at the intellectual, moral, and spiritual levels. Its proof is precisely in its nonjudgmental and compassionate presence to new ideas and to the other. It always begins with a crisis in the lifeworld of the convert. This is followed by a gratuitous moment of acceptance despite one’s feeling of alienation. The “peak experience” then fosters an alteration of one’s personal narrative and community and an ongoing sense of accountability and embodiment of the communal narrative. The final stage of conversion reveals a profound sense of unity with all aspects of reality.
How Conversion Can Rehabilitate the Penal System
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of a penal system patterned upon conversion. It argues that any form of violence or reduction of the problematic to “dependent variables” in an equation of pain delivery or social control is immoral and ineffective. It first looks at ways in which front-end initiatives might eliminate the need to incarcerate a large majority of those currently under custody. It combines the restorative approach to dialogue with contemplative practices of meditation as the necessary rudiments of a fully human life, regardless of one’s involvement with the law. It then presents its vision of penal organization for the truly violent and unrepentant to be one of careful accompaniment. Since it is predicated upon an ontology of fundamental human goodness, the person comes naturally to conversion without force or intimidation. There is a balance of solitude, association, and accompaniment by a mentor.
Recipes, Plans, Instructions, and the Free Speech Implications of Words That Are Tools
Authors: Schauer Frederick 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether speech acts of urging, advising, recommending, instructing, and informing ought all to be treated in the same way for purposes of implementing a principle of freedom of speech, and asks: If not, how do we justify treating them differently? This problem is arguably more pressing than it has been in the past, as the internet and various forms of social media have seemingly caused the mass distribution of instructions for committing antisocial acts have proliferated. After discussion of examples of publications that allow the reader to acquire knowledge on how to engage in dangerous activities, the chapter concludes that the normative and philosophical questions about the relationship between freedom of speech and the provision of instructions, plans, recipes, and detailed facts are in the final analysis less philosophical than they are empirical and social scientific.
Free Speech Categories in the Digital Age
Authors: Bhagwat Ashutosh 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Modern free speech law in liberal democracies is oriented around some basic, categorical distinctions. This chapter examines four such categories: speech versus conduct (speech generally receives far greater protection than non-expressive conduct); public versus private actors (most legal systems place sharp limits on public regulation of free expression but generally protect private autonomy); political versus commercial (speech related to economic transactions is subject to greater regulation than political or cultural speech); and finally, public discourse versus domestic gossip (the former being universally considered more worthy of protection). Without these distinctions modern free speech law would be unworkable, because it would devolve into either radical libertarianism or tyranny. This chapter demonstrates that the evolution of the internet and social media into the primary platforms for commerce and expression has fundamentally destabilized each of these categories. This is because the very natures of a digital economy and a disaggregated social media undermine the distinction between the commercial and the political, as well as between the public and the private. I conclude by arguing that if workable new categories of speech are to be constructed, scholars and decision-makers must start with first principles establishing why free speech remains of paramount importance today.
Privacy, Speech, and the Digital Imagination
Authors: Post Robert C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Norms of privacy are grounded in social practices. When social practices are unsettled and rapidly evolving, as they are in digital space, these norms are subject to confusion and uncertainty. A good example is the recent decision of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Google Spain SL v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) (“Google Spain”), which created the “right to be forgotten.” The CJEU derived the right to be forgotten from Directive 95/46/EC (“Directive”), which is arguably the most influential privacy document in the world. The Directive imagines digital data as stored in a space of instrumental reason, as it is when data is compiled and processed by large bureaucratic organizations. The Directive protects data privacy in order to maximize the control of data by data subjects. But the CJEU applied the right to be forgotten to public discourse in the public sphere. The instrumental logic of data privacy is inappropriate to the communicative action of the public sphere, as is the value of “control.” Instead the CJEU should have conceptualized the right to be forgotten to safeguard the dignitary privacy that courts have applied to public discourse for more than a century. Dignitary privacy ensures civility within public debate. It focuses on communicative acts, rather than data. And it requires an assessment of harm to public discourse. All of these concepts are foreign to the analytic framework of data privacy. The CJEU’s confusion between data privacy and dignitary privacy leads to inconsistencies and logical deficiencies in its opinion, which are unlikely to have occurred were the court to have focused on the ordinary print media of the public sphere.
Demographics, Design, and Free Speech
Authors: Chemaly Soraya 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The toxicity of online interactions presents unprecedented challenges to traditional free speech norms. The scope and amplification properties of the internet give new dimension and power to hate speech, rape and death threats, and denigrating and reputation-destroying commentary. Social media companies and internet platforms, all of which regulate speech through moderation processes every day, walk the fine line between censorship and free speech with every decision they make, and they make millions a day. This chapter will explore how a lack of diversity in the tech industry affects the design and regulation of products and, in so doing, disproportionately negatively affects the free speech of traditionally marginalized people. During the past year there has been an explosion of research about, and public interest in, the tech industry’s persistent diversity problems. At the same time, the pervasiveness of online hate, harassment, and abuse has become evident. These problems come together on social media platforms that have institutionalized and automated the perspectives of privileged male experiences of speech and violence. The tech sector’s male dominance and the sex segregation and hierarchies of its workforce result in serious and harmful effects globally on women’s safety and free expression.
Regulating Online Speech
Authors: PoKempner Dinah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that we are at a difficult juncture in protecting online speech and privacy when states resist applying principles they have endorsed internationally to their domestic legislation and practice. Although governments have welcomed the internet’s globalizing effect on economic development, they now fear its ability to amplify messages such as terrorism, revolution, pornography, or propaganda. But sacrificing basic freedoms to control the internet’s powers is neither effective nor wise. How well we protect privacy and speech in the digital age will determine whether the internet liberates or enchains us.
Planting the Cross
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book examines how Catholic reformers envisioned and implemented changes to monastic life in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century France. Scholars of France’s Catholic Reformation have tended to focus on the movement’s later stages and, taking a top-down approach, view it from the perspective of activist clerics seeking to impose a fixed idea of religious life. This study focuses instead on the movement’s beginnings and explores the aims and tactics of proponents of reform from different but overlapping perspectives. The six case studies draw from three regions—Paris, Provence, and Languedoc. The first chapters tell the story of religious caught in the direct path of the Wars of Religion, which reduced France to near anarchy in the sixteenth century. Chapter 1 tells of the difficulty traditional women’s orders had surviving—much less reforming themselves—in Protestant-dominated Montpellier. Chapter 2 examines the rebellion of Paris’s Feuillants against both their ascetic abbot and the king during the Holy League revolt. Chapter 3 recounts the implantation of the militant Franciscans called Capuchins in the Protestant heartland, Languedoc. Chapters 4 and 5 examine the struggle to reform two old orders—the Dominicans and Trinitarians—that had fallen into decay. Chapter 6 explores conflicting interpretations of Teresa of Avila’s legacy at France’s first Carmelite convents. The book illuminates persistent debates about what constituted religious reform and how a reform’s success should be judged. It shows reform to have been lived as an ongoing process that was more diverse, experimental, and experiential than is often recognized.
Battling Demons to Propagate Reform
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter traces Sébastien Michaëlis’s efforts to reform the Order of Preachers (Dominicans) in the south of France and shows the close connection between these efforts and his participation in a notorious case of demonic possession. Michaëlis is usually viewed as a determined witch-hunter, whose pursuit of Louis Gaufridy resulted in the latter’s condemnation and execution for sorcery. This chapter contends, by contrast, that Michaëlis was not the mastermind behind the Gaufridy affair but rather was inadvertently caught up in it at a moment when both his reformed Dominicans and the two other reformed congregations involved in the affair—the Ursulines and Jean-Baptiste Romillion’s Priests of Christian Doctrine—were in crisis. Michaëlis wrote the Histoire admirable that recounted the alleged possession and exorcisms of the young Ursuline Madeleine de Demandols to reaffirm and publicize his vision of religious reform and in the hope of spreading his Dominican reform to Paris.
Catholic Reform from the Bottom Up
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter examines efforts the Trinitarians of Provence made to reverse a long decline and to adapt their medieval order to reflect the new spiritual climate of the Catholic Reformation. The reform was made by ordinary members despite opposition from their superior general in Paris, who envisioned reform only as a return to the order’s original rule. Founded to ransom Christian slaves in the Mediterranean, the order had fallen away from its rule and experienced declining vocations and impoverishment in the Wars of Religion. The chapter argues that the Provençal monks took their model of religious life from the reformed congregations of Capuchins and Recollects and not from a desire to return to some imagined primitive purity. They wanted to govern their houses in a more collaborative way, to better educate their priests, and to create a more spiritualized community with the interiorized personal piety that characterized the Catholic Reformation.
Alternative Visions of the Teresian Heritage
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chapter shows how, within a year after the Discalced Carmelites of Teresa of Avila’s reform were founded in France, opinions diverged on just what constituted an authentic Teresian reform. Spanish nuns brought to guarantee the new order’s authenticity found Paris’s convent of the Incarnation too big, too grand, and too ambitious to lead the order’s expansion. They worked to ensure that the second convent, founded outside Paris at Pontoise, conformed more closely to Teresa’s desire to keep the houses small and poor. The chapter uses written records and art to show how nuns at Pontoise created their own vision of an authentic Teresian convent but in doing so provoked a rivalry that threatened at times to divide the rapidly growing French order. The case illustrates well the challenges not just of defining and enacting religious reform but also of adapting reform to local circumstances and values.
Conclusion
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conclusion argues that France’s Catholic Reformation benefitted from reform efforts initiated in Italy and Spain but was most profoundly shaped by France’s experience of religious war. The movement’s origins lay in the perceived need both to fight the spread of Protestant ideas and to raise standards of clerical behavior. Summarizing the diverse ways in which religious communities responded to the challenges of heresy and civil war, the conclusion further argues that the old religious orders, which had suffered greatly in the conflicts, found themselves at a serious disadvantage when wealthy elites shifted their patronage at the wars’ end to the new reformed congregations, whose penitential fervor and rigorous asceticism had captured their imagination. The new congregations grew at a rapid pace, while the old orders struggled to overcome wartime debts and destruction, fought to determine what reforms to enact, and pressured recalcitrant members to accept their programs for change.
Framing Inequality
Authors: Guardino Matt 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book examines how major news media have influenced the politics of economic inequality by shaping U.S. public opinion toward key policies since the early 1980s. The book describes the substance and ideological texture of news coverage during economic and social welfare policy debates across the neoliberal era. It also compares this news content to patterns of official and nongovernmental discourse. The book argues that the media’s structural position as a corporately organized and commercially driven institution helps to explain politically significant discrepancies between news coverage and broader policy discussions. The book also shows how framing patterns in the news produced through these political-economic processes may influence concrete policy attitudes. Its experimental analysis demonstrates that news coverage can shape public opinion to favor neoliberal policies, including among key segments of the American public that otherwise would not express support. The book contends that structural and institutional shifts which mark the rise of neoliberalism as a governing framework for media policy and practices have reinforced patterns of superficial and narrow news content during policy debates. Ultimately, the book argues that media coverage has fostered political climates conducive to neoliberal domestic policies at important historical moments. It suggests that changing media technologies have done little to arrest these trends in corporate news media, and that significant shifts in public policy coverage would require changes in media policy.
“No One Wants to Change the System as Much as Those Who Are Trapped by the System”
Authors: Guardino Matt 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes media content, elite discourse, and public opinion on welfare reform in the mid-1990s. It demonstrates that major television and newspaper coverage of this historic neoliberal policy change significantly favored neoliberal views and downplayed elite and nongovernmental criticism. The chapter also demonstrates dwindling substance in news coverage of neoliberal policies since the early 1980s. Corporate imperatives in the increasingly consolidated media system and rightward movement in the Democratic Party during this historical period are connected to patterns in welfare news. Survey data suggest that media coverage shaped public opinion to support this paradigmatic neoliberal social policy.
Framing Inequality at the Ground Level
Authors: Guardino Matt 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that neoliberal news coverage of economic and social welfare policy can shape public opinion in politically consequential ways. It presents an analysis of media content during the 2010 debate over extension of the George W. Bush tax cuts that largely confirms the coverage patterns of earlier economic and social welfare policy debates. It follows this analysis with an online survey experiment. This experiment demonstrates significant effects on public opinion generated by narrow issue framing in news coverage of corporate tax policy. The chapter ends by discussing implications of these findings for public opinion, political knowledge, and socioeconomic inequality.
What’s New? Media, Public Opinion, and Democracy in the 21st Century
Authors: Guardino Matt 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the book’s historical analyses within more recent media developments. It emphasizes the continuing relevance of the book’s analyses of news media and public opinion in the 21st-century technological environment. The chapter connects durable tendencies in corporate news to newer commercial and technological developments in online communication and social media. It explains how emerging forms and uses of media technology often provide new means of influence for corporate media and other centers of concentrated political-economic power. The chapter also presents an empirical analysis of neoliberal news coverage during the 2017 debate over repealing the Affordable Care Act. It ends by discussing possible media reforms that focus on institutional and systemic changes in U.S. political communication.
Against Capital Punishment
Authors: Yost Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Against Capital Punishment offers an innovative proceduralist argument against the death penalty. Worries about procedural injustice animate many popular and scholarly objections to capital punishment. Philosophers and legal theorists are attracted to procedural abolitionism because it sidesteps controversies over whether murderers deserve death, holding out a promise of gaining rational purchase among death penalty retentionists. Following in this path, the book remains agnostic on the substantive immorality of execution; in fact, it takes pains to reconstruct the best arguments for capital punishment and presumes the appropriateness of execution in limited cases. At the same time, the book contends that the possibility of irrevocable mistakes precludes the just administration of the death penalty. The heart of Against Capital Punishment is a philosophical defense of the well-known irrevocability argument, which analyzes the argument’s premises, establishes their validity, and vindicates them against objections. The central claim is that execution violates the principle of remedy, which requires legal institutions to remedy their mistakes and to compensate those who suffer from wrongful sanctions. The death penalty is repellent to the principle of remedy by dint of its irrevocability. The incompatibility of remedy and execution is the crux of the irrevocability argument: because the wrongly executed cannot enjoy the obligatory remedial measures, execution is impermissible. Against Capital Punishment also reveals itself to be free from two serious defects plaguing other versions of proceduralism: the retributivist challenge and the problem of controversial consequences.
Religious Freedom in Islam
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Is Islam hospitable to religious freedom? The question is at the heart of a public controversy over Islam that has raged in the West over the past decade-and-a-half. Religious freedom is important because it promotes democracy and peace and reduces ills like civil war, terrorism, and violence. Religious freedom also is simply a matter of justice—not an exclusively Western principle but rather a universal human right rooted in human nature. The heart of the book confronts the question of Islam and religious freedom through an empirical examination of Muslim-majority countries. From a satellite view, looking at these countries in the aggregate, the book finds that the Muslim world is far less free than the rest of the world. Zooming in more closely on Muslim-majority countries, though, the picture looks more diverse. Some one-fourth of Muslim-majority countries are in fact religiously free. Among the unfree, 40% are repressive because they are governed by a hostile secularism imported from the West, and the other 60% are Islamist. The emergent picture is both honest and hopeful. Amplifying hope are two chapters that identify “seeds of freedom” in the Islamic tradition and that present the Catholic Church’s long road to religious freedom as a promising model for Islam. Another chapter looks at the Arab Uprisings of 2011, arguing that religious freedom explains much about both their broad failure and their isolated success. The book closes with lessons for expanding religious freedom in the Muslim world and the world at large.
Secular Repressive States in the Muslim World
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues the book’s analysis of religious freedom in Muslim-majority states by looking at the second of three categories of regimes that are defined by their political theology. This category is secular repressive states, of which there are 15. It defines the basic features of secular repressive states, portraying them through the concept of negative secularism. It looks particularly closely at Turkey, the standard-bearer of repressive secularism, and at Egypt, also an important case. It also focuses on other countries of this kind in the Arab world and in Central Asia, two regions where they are concentrated. This category of state shows that Islam is not the only source of repression in the Muslim-majority world, thus adding to the picture of diversity begun in the previous chapter.
Religiously Repressive States in the Muslim World
Authors: Philpott Daniel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter continues the book’s analysis of religious freedom in Muslim-majority states by looking at the third of three categories of regimes that are each defined by their political theology. This category is religiously repressive states. It defines the basic features of religiously repressive states, portraying them through the concept of Islamism, a form of political ideology. It identifies Saudi Arabia and Iran as the standard-bearers of this category and focuses on other countries in this category around the world, which total 21. This chapter makes the case for “Islamoskepticism,” though it also argues that this view does not explain everything about this type of regime.