bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil resources and element stocks in drylands to face global issues
Authors: Plaza César , Zaccone Claudio , Sawicka Kasia , Méndez Ana M. , Tarquis Ana , Gascó Gabriel , Heuvelink Gerard B. M. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Maestre Fernando T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDrylands (hyperarid, arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid ecosystems) cover almost half of Earth’s land surface and are highly vulnerable to environmental pressures. Here we provide an inventory of soil properties including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stocks within the current boundaries of drylands, aimed at serving as a benchmark in the face of future challenges including increased population, food security, desertification, and climate change. Aridity limits plant production and results in poorly developed soils, with coarse texture, low C:N and C:P, scarce organic matter, and high vulnerability to erosion. Dryland soils store 646 Pg of organic C to 2 m, the equivalent of 32% of the global soil organic C pool. The magnitude of the historic loss of C from dryland soils due to human land use and cover change and their typically low C:N and C:P suggest high potential to build up soil organic matter, but coarse soil textures may limit protection and stabilization processes. Restoring, preserving, and increasing soil organic matter in drylands may help slow down rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide by sequestering C, and is strongly needed to enhance food security and reduce the risk of land degradation and desertification.
Comparative assessment of two different modes multi‐objective optimal power management of micro‐grid: grid‐connected and stand‐alone
Authors: Razmi Hadi , Doagou‐Mojarrad Hasan 
Published: September 2018

This study presents a multi‐objective problem of the optimal power management of micro‐grids, which is based on modified Tribe‐PSO. Minimising total cost and emission over a 24 h time horizon are the objective functions in this problem. For the participation of consumers in the management of micro‐grids, demand response program is used. The scheduling approach is tested on the IEEE standard distribution network with 33 buses and is compared in two modes: grid‐connected and stand‐alone. Simulation results show that the presented power and demand scheduling provide a lower operation cost and more efficient utilisation of the renewable energy sources and the demand response programs.
Biomechanical evaluation of annulus fibrosus repair with scaffold and soft anchors in an ex vivo porcine model
Authors: Rickers Kresten , Bendtsen Michael , Le Dang Quang Svend , Veen Albert Jvan der , Bünger Cody Eric 
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Altered biomechanical properties, due to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and missing nucleus fibrosus, could be thought as one of the reasons for the back pain many herniation patients experience after surgery. It has been suggested to repair annulus fibrosus (AF) to restore stability and allow nucleus pulposus (NP) replacement and furthermore prevent reherniation. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new method for closing a defect in AF for use in herniation surgery.
Methods: Our repair method combines a polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold plugging herniation and soft anchors to secure the plug. Ex vivo biomechanical testing was carried out in nine porcine lumbar motion segments. Flexion–extension, lateral bending and rotation were repeated three times: first in healthy specimens, second with a full thickness circular defect applied, and third time with the specimens repaired. Finally push out tests were performed to check whether the plug would remain in.
Results: Tests showed that applying a defect to the AF increases the range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ) and neutral zone stiffness (NZS). In flexion/extension it was found significant for ROM, NZ, and NZS. For lateral bending and rotation a significant increase in ROM occurred. After AF repair ROM, NZ and NZS were normalized. All plugs remained in the AF during push out test up until 4000 N, but NP was squeezed out through the pores of the scaffold.
Discussion: A defect in the AF changes the biomechanical properties in the motion segment, changes that point to instability. Repairing the defect with a PCL plug and soft anchors brought the biomechanical behavior back to native state. This concept is promising and might be a viable way to repair the IVD after surgery.
Lack of a Dose Response from 7 Days of Ischemic Preconditioning in Moderately trained Cyclists
Authors: Lindsay Angus , Petersen Carl , Ferguson Hamish , Blackwell Gavin , Rickerby Stephen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIschemic preconditioning (IP) has a small benefit on exercise performance, but differences in the IP method, performance tasks and exercise modality have made providing practical coach guidelines difficult. We investigated the performance-enhancing effects of IP on cyclists by comparing the frequency of IP application over a 7-day period. Using a randomized, sham-controlled, single-blinded experiment, 24 competitive age-group track cyclists (38±12 years) were assigned to one of three twice-daily (sham: 20 and 20 mmHg; once-a-day: 20 and 220 mmHg; twice-a-day: 220 and 220 mmHg) IP leg protocols (4 × 5 min ischemia/5 min reperfusion alternating between legs) over seven consecutive days. A 4000-m cycling-ergometer time trial was completed before, immediately following and one week after the protocols. Neither mean power, nor 4000-m performance time nor VO2 were significantly affected by either of the IP protocols compared to the sham at any time point following treatment. Repeated application of IP over seven days did not enhance the performance of trained cyclists in a 4000-m laboratory time trial. More research is required to understand how changes to methodological variables can improve the chances of IP successfully enhancing athlete performance.
Flexible Arbeitszeiten im 24-Stunden-Betrieb
Authors: Amende Tom , Wortha-Hoyer Jenny 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin ist mit derzeit 4.500 Gesundheits- und Krankenpflegern der größte Arbeitgeber für Pflegende in Berlin. Seit 2015 steigen die Bewerberzahlen wieder kontinuierlich, und mit 2,9 Prozent liegt die Fluktuationsrate deutlich unter dem bundesweiten Durchschnitt. Trotzdem sind umfangreiche Personalgewinnungs- und -bindungsmaßnahmen notwendig, um den permanenten Bedarf an offenen Stellen im pflegerischen Bereich decken zu können. Laut einer Umfrage an der Charité gibt es Anzeichen dafür, dass durch eine Flexibilisierung der Dienstzeiten die Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit steigen könnte. Ein wichtiger Faktor, der dazu beiträgt, dass Mitarbeiter lange in einem Unternehmen tätig sind.
Die Förderung eines aktiven Lebensstils und der Adhärenz im physiotherapeutischen Prozess
Authors: Weidig Thorsten , Pfeffer Ines 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungÜberlegst du noch oder läufst du schon? Ob jemand einen aktiven Lebensstil im Sinne regelmäßiger körperlicher Aktivität führt oder ob ein Patient aktiv im
Rehabilitationsprozess mitarbeitet, ist häufig Kopfsache. Psychologische Faktoren spielen eine wesentliche Rolle. Die Motivationspsychologie bietet theoretisch
fundierte und praktisch erprobte Interventionsmöglichkeiten für die tägliche Praxisarbeit mit Patienten.
Exercise is medicine: Die Rolle von Zytokinen und Myokinen für Gesundheit und Krankheit
Authors: Wahl Patrick 
Published: September 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Skelettmuskulatur ist das größte Organ normalgewichtiger Personen. Mittlerweile wird sie als aktives sekretorisches Organ betrachtet. Ausgelöst durch
Kontraktion sezerniert die Muskulatur regulatorische Myokine, die u. a. den sogenannten „Organ Cross-Talk“ vermitteln, die Kommunikation zwischen der
Skelettmuskulatur und anderen Teilen des Organismus. Den Myokinen werden viele gesundheitsfördernde Effekte zugeschrieben. Sie wirken positiv auf den
Metabolismus und unterdrücken Entzündungen.
Neutral or Natural? Functional Impact of the Coronal Alignment in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Schiffner Erik , Wild Michael , Regenbrecht Bertram , Schek Alberto , Hakimi Mohssen , Thelen Simon , Jungbluth Pascal , Schneppendahl Johannes 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a very successful procedure. The alignment in TKA has been identified as being of importance to prevent early implant failure and patient dissatisfaction. Our hypothesis was that patients with a preoperative varus deformation remaining in a slight varus alignment as their natural alignment after TKA will have superior clinical results compared with patients who are restored in neutral alignment. A total of 115 patients were corrected from varus to neutral (varus–neutral) and in 33 patients a preoperative varus alignment was kept in varus (varus). Standardized preoperative and postoperative full-length hip–knee–ankle radiographs under full weight-bearing conditions were performed in all patients. The patients' knees were categorized preoperatively and postoperatively based on the angle between mechanical femoral axis and mechanical tibial axis. Knees with alignment between ± 3 degrees were categorized as neutrally aligned, whereas alignment within ≤ –3 degrees was categorized as varus. The Knee Injury Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and Oxford Knee Score were determined retrospectively. The varus group scored significantly better in total KOOS (p < 0.05) compared with the varus–neutral group. Also, a trend was visible in the Oxford Knee Score but this was not significant (p > 0.05). This trend was even more evident in varus knees which were slightly undercorrected. The results support the assumption that leaving a residual varus alignment after TKA leads to better functional outcomes in TKA for patients with preoperative varus osteoarthritis.
Experimental evolution of personality traits: open-field exploration in bank voles from a multidirectional selection experiment
Authors: Maiti Uttaran , Sadowska Edyta T , ChrzĄścik Katarzyna M , Koteja Paweł 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEvolution of complex physiological adaptations could be driven by natural selection acting on behavioral traits. Consequently, animal personality traits and their correlation with physiological traits have become an engaging research area. Here, we applied a unique experimental evolution model—lines of bank voles selected for (A) high exercise-induced aerobic metabolism, (H) ability to cope with low-quality herbivorous diet, and (P) intensity of predatory behavior, that is, traits shaping evolutionary path and diversity of mammals—and asked how the selection affected the voles’ personality traits, assessed in an open field test. The A- and P-line voles were more active, whereas the H-line voles were less active, compared those from unselected control lines (C). H-line voles moved slower but on more meandering trajectories, which indicated a more thorough exploration, whereas the A- and P-line voles moved faster and on straighter trajectories. A-line voles showed also an increased escape propensity, whereas P-line voles tended to be bolder. The remarkable correlated responses to the selection indicate a common genetic underlying mechanism of behavioral and physiological traits, and support the paradigm of evolutionary physiology built around the concept of correlated evolution of behavior and physiology.
Defining renal phenotype in Alström syndrome
Authors: Baig Shanat , Paisey Richard , Dawson Charlotte , Barrett Timothy , Maffei Pietro , Hodson James , Rambhatla Srinivasa Bhargav , Chauhan Priyesh , Bolton Shaun , Dassie Francesca , Francomano Clair , Marshall Robert P , Belal Mohammed , Skordilis Kassiani , Hayer Manvir , Price Anna M , Cramb Robert , Edwards Nicola , Steeds Richard P , Geberhiwot Tarekegn 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Alström syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathy with a wide spectrum of clinical features, including cone–rod retinal dystrophy, neuronal deafness, severe insulin resistance and major organ failure. The characteristics of renal disease in the syndrome have not been systematically described. The aim of this study is to define the onset and progression of renal disease in AS.

Method
Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting and Participants
Thirty-two adult subjects from a national specialist clinic in UK and 86 subjects from an international AS registry were studied.

Outcomes
First, an international registry cross-sectional study across all age groups to determine change in kidney function was performed. Secondly, a detailed assessment was carried out of adult AS patients with serial follow-up to determine incidence, aetiology and progression of renal disease.

Analytical approach
Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationship between age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Associations between patient factors and eGFR levels were then assessed in the adult AS cohort.

Results
The international registry study of the renal function of 118 subjects with AS (median age 21 years) showed a rapid decline with age, at an average of −16.7 and −10.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 per decade in males and females, respectively. In a UK national cohort of 32 patients with AS (median age 22 years), 20/32 (63%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stage 3 or above based on eGFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or evidence of albuminuria. Hyperuricaemia was noted in 25/32 (79%). Structural abnormalities such as nephrocalcinosis without hypercalcaemia and cysts were observed in 20/32 (63%) subjects. Lower urinary tract symptoms were frequent in 17/19 (70%) of AS patients. Histological evidence showed mixed tubulo-interstitial and glomerular disease.

Conclusions
This is the first study to demonstrate that renal disease is the hallmark of AS, which starts early and progresses with age, leading to a high prevalence of advanced CKD at young age. AS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of rare genetic renal diseases.
The Return of Legal Realism
Authors: Priel Dan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers what might be called the ‘realist puzzle’: How can scholars who otherwise agree on very little all see themselves as legal realists? It suggests four possible explanations, not mutually exclusive: (a) that the Realists’ ideas were banal and obvious; (b) that they identified something fundamental that—despite all other differences—all contemporary legal scholars now accept; (c) that different people simply identified in the realists whatever they had already believed; and finally (d) that the Realists were less consistent than people commonly assume. Although there is little direct discussion of the realist puzzle in writings on legal realism, it is a useful framework for considering some current trends in scholarship on legal realism, in a way that helps put some recent discussions in a new light.
Roman Law
Authors: Ando Clifford 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Roman law has been a system of practice and field of academic study for some 2,400 years. Today, the field enjoys unprecedented diversity in terms of linguistic, disciplinary, and national context. However, the contours of contemporary study are the product of complex and imbricated historical factors: the non-codification by the Romans of the classical period of their own public law; solutions taken in the classical period and later to resolve conflicts among sources of law of very different antiquity; the codification in late antiquity of academic jurisprudence regarding private law; the on-going prestige of Roman civil law in medieval and late medieval Europe, which made it a resource for analogical argumentation in both public and international law; and much else besides. This chapter evaluates the contribution made by some of these factors to Roman legal history as a contemporary endeavour, with an eye to its future.
Jewish Law
Authors: Wilf Steven 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that Jewish law’s distinctive nature is constructed from the ancient to the modern period in the midst of a complex, competing world of plural legalism. It examines how Jewish law appropriated, resisted, and oddly conserved, sometimes while claiming as its own, other forms of legalism—such as Roman or modern law—to create the impression of being a legal other. It also considers two contemporary trends in Jewish law: the stalled—perhaps even failed—attempt to deploy Jewish law as a foundational legal system for the modern Israeli state and, secondly, the project of mining traditional religious Jewish law for its non-parochial, broadly conceptual jurisprudential principles.
Critical Histories of Comparative Law
Authors: Frankenberg Günter 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the history of comparative law. The birth of comparative law as a discipline can be traced back to the year 1900, when the Congrès International de Droit Comparé in Paris raised it above the level of singular, disparate, albeit remarkable studies and treatises to a collective, concerted venture guided by theories, methods, and projects. Before 1900 there was little interest in systematic legal comparison. Comparative law was marked, in the Western comparative community, by a significant inferiority syndrome. Comparatists felt neither adequately recognized by their academic peers nor sufficiently represented in the law school curriculum. Today, the (changing) reality of curricular marginality and comparative law’s growing popularity appears to nourish the hope for the well-deserved invitation to the field of the legal sciences.
Indigenous Rights
Authors: Duve Thomas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Many indigenous peoples now practice their own laws, their own cultural traditions and customs. In doing so, they draw on history, reconstructing their legal pasts, recreating—or even creating—their identities. At the same time, historical research has increasingly pointed out the intense interaction between indigenous peoples and European invaders during colonial period. Thus, it has become clear that many of the so-called ‘indigenous’ or ‘colonial’ legal traditions are more properly seen as hybridizations of indigenous and colonial laws and legal practices. This chapter introduces this historiography and its relevance to law and presents some methodological challenges in writing the history of indigenous rights in Latin America resulting from this fairly recent shift in (legal) historiography.
Governance Histories of International Law
Authors: Lustig Doreen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter problematizes the Hartian perspective in international law’s historiography and explores how it may compound a narrow understanding of international law that concentrates on states and their practices as the main actors of relevance to international law (hereinafter: the statist bias). It begins with a brief sketch of the state of the field and its main historiographical debates. It then revisits the statist bias and how this has been confronted through competing visions of the international lawyer and the institutional and social arenas in which he or she operates. Next, it attempts to unravel how these novel conceptions of agency correspond with key theoretical developments of the post-Cold War era: transnational and global historical writing and international legal theories on global governance. Drawing on the literature from these wide-ranging perspectives, the chapter argues for a broader scope for international legal history.
A History of Violence
Authors: Leonard Gerald 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the violence of constitutional law, as verified by American constitutional history. It seeks to illuminate the centrality of violence to American constitutional history, and in so doing, illuminate the shape and trajectory, the limits and possibilities, of American constitutional law in the present. Although nothing could be easier than to find epic examples of injustice in American constitutional history, the object is not to call out injustice as such but to illustrate the violence—justified or not—at the root of and in the continuing history of American constitutional law. Using the history of ongoing controversies in the American constitutional law of crime, the chapter makes the case for the ongoing violence of constitutional law.
Estimated energy and nutrient composition of different sources of food waste and their potential for use in sustainable swine feeding programs
Authors: Fung Leonard , Urriola Pedro E , Baker Lawrence , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
About 40% of the total food produced in the United States is wasted throughout the supply chain. The objective of this study was to determine the energy and nutrient content and variability of food waste sources generated at different stages within the food supply chain in the Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN, metropolitan area, and their potential for use in swine diets. A total of four waste sources were selected: supermarket (SM; retail to consumer), university residential dining hall (RH; consumer to postconsumer), a city waste transfer station (TS; postconsumer to municipal waste disposal), and household source-separated organic recycling program (SSO; postconsumer to municipal waste). Samples were collected (SM: n = 22; RH: n = 60; TS: n = 27; SSO: n =12) and analyzed for GE, proximate analyses, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acid concentrations along with lipid peroxidation indicators including peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Data were analyzed using a general linear model that included food waste source as the main factor, and least squared means with adjustment were used for multiple comparisons. Samples of SM food waste contained the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of GE (5,909 kcal/kg) compared with RH, TS, and SSO sources. Calculated NE of SM (3,740 kcal/kg) was also the greatest compared with the three other food waste sources. Food waste from SM, RH, and SSO, but not TS, had greater (P &lt; 0.05) calculated NE than published values for corn and soybean meal. Concentrations of Lys (1.82%), Met (0.53%), Thr (1.07%), and Trp (0.27) content were greater in SM than in RH, TS, and SSO, but these concentrations were less than published values for soybean meal. There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in the phosphorus content of samples among food waste sources (0.30% to 0.64%). PV and TBARS were greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in the SSO samples (PV = 82.4 meq/kg oil; TBARS = 2.44 mg malondialdehyde (MDA) eq/g oil) compared with the other three food waste sources. Although the concentrations of nutrients and calculated energy values of the food waste sources were moderately high compared with corn and soybean meal, their composition was more variable (i.e., greater SD of means). Food waste generated upstream (SM) in the food supply chain appears to have greater nutritional value than postconsumer food waste (RH, TS, and SSO), but all sources appear suitable for use in commercial swine diets provided that ME, NE, and nutrient digestibility values are well characterized.