bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Mechanics: A Tale of Two Theories
Authors: Frigg Roman , Werndl Charlotte 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere are two theoretical approaches in statistical mechanics, one associated with Boltzmann and the other with Gibbs. The theoretical apparatus of the two approaches offer distinct descriptions of the same physical system with no obvious way to translate the concepts of one formalism into those of the other. This raises the question of the status of one approach vis-à-vis the other. We answer this question by arguing that the Boltzmannian approach is a fundamental theory while Gibbsian statistical mechanics (GSM) is an effective theory, and we describe circumstances under which Gibbsian calculations coincide with the Boltzmannian results. We then point out that regarding GSM as an effective theory has important repercussions for a number of projects, in particular attempts to turn GSM into a nonequilibrium theory.
Ernest Gaines
Authors: Babb Valerie 
Published: June 2019

With the publication of The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman in 1971, Ernest J. Gaines (b. 15 January 1933) was acknowledged as a major American writer. This landmark novel, which was subsequently made into a television movie starring Cicely Tyson, came at a time when all manner of American discourse was re-evaluating the nation’s practices of African American enslavement. The fictional autobiography of a young girl living in slavery whose personal voice relates the events of Emancipation, Joe Louis defeating Max Schmeling, Jackie Robinson integrating baseball, and the birth of the Civil Rights movement became a microcosm of American history. The intertwining of history with individual stories is a hallmark of Gaines’s writing style. His texts are set in the fictional Bayonne, a reimagining of his Louisiana parish, Pointe Coupée, and all contain characters whose cadences render the traditions and stories of the region, a landscape of bayous, decaying plantations, and tenant farms. Gaines may have been popularly “discovered” with Miss Jane, but he wrote two previous novels, Catherine Carmier (1964) and Of Love and Dust (1967), and numerous short stories, five of which were collected in Bloodline (1968). All mine the reservoir of Louisiana’s culture and exemplify narrative techniques that replicate in writing the oral storytelling intrinsic to his native area. Coming from a long line of storytellers or “liars,” and wanting to incorporate their rural Southern worldview and way of telling in his fiction, he imbricates written form with a mosaic of folk materials. A flawless ear for language developed while listening to storytellers as he sat on his Aunt Augusteen’s porch gives his prose a unique rhythm, while research into the marginalized—the recollections of former slaves, the voices of the incarcerated—gives his themes timeless resonances. Gaines’s long career has seen the advent of many literary movements. He lived in San Francisco during that city’s literary renaissance, and wrote during the social upheavals of the Black Arts period, but through it all kept close to his aesthetic vision. His fiction is filled with political nuances and historic moments from enslavement to contemporary civil rights, but all are rendered in intimate terms through characters, each in his or her own way, facing deterministic factors stemming from race and social class. Gaines has a modernist impulse to make it new, and transforms conventions of prose literature, but change is always in service to embracing a social past that is not really past. Though his writing is deeply rooted in the complex hybrid histories of black and white Americans, Cajuns, and Creoles living in a single fictional parish, it is conversant with perpetual questions of humanity and social justice.
Switching Tenofovir/Emtricitabine/Efavirenz (TDF/FTC/EFV) to TDF/FTC/Rilpivirine vs Continuing TDF/FTC/EFV in HIV-Infected Patients With Virological Suppression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wiriyatanakorn Sirichai , Sungkanuparph Somnuek 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA randomized controlled noninferiority trial was conducted in HIV-infected patients receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz (TDF/FTC/EFV) with virological suppression in a resource-limited setting. Switching to TDF/FTC/rilpivirine was noninferior to continuing TDF/FTC/EFV in terms of maintaining compete viral suppression at 24 weeks and provided better lipid profiles and fewer central nervous system adverse effects.
Subversive Humanitarianism: Rethinking Refugee Solidarity through Grass-Roots Initiatives
Authors: Vandevoordt Robin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Across Europe, hundreds of thousands of volunteers have brought food, clothes, medicines, and numerous others forms of support to newly arrived refugees. While humanitarian action has always been subversive, I argue that the recent wave of civil actions has pushed its subversive effects one step further. Whereas more modest forms of humanitarian action tend to misrecognise recipients’ social and political subjectivities, their more subversive counterparts can be better understood as enacting a particularistic form of solidarity that emphasises precisely those subjectivities. To explore the potential for political innovation in these civil initiatives, I argue that it can be useful to do so through the lens of “subversive humanitarianism”. More concretely, I suggest the following seven dimensions with which the subversive character of any humanitarian action can be compared across time and space: acts of civil disobedience; the reconstitution of social subjects; contending symbolic spaces; the creation of social spaces and personal bonds; assuming equality; putting minds into motion; and the transformation of individuals’ life-worlds. I support the argument by drawing upon the recent wave of empirical studies on civil initiatives across the continent as well as my own ethnographic data on the Brussels-based Plateforme Citoyenne de Soutien aux Réfugiés.
Feminisms
Authors: Watz Anna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews a selection of books published in 2018 relevant to feminist critical and cultural theory. The chapter is divided into three sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Feminist Pasts, which reviews Victoria Margree’s Neglected or Misunderstood: The Radical Feminism of Shulamith Firestone, Celia Marshik and Allison Pease’s Modernism, Sex, and Gender, and Ania Loomba’s Revolutionary Desires: Women, Communism, and Feminism in India; 3. Feminist Presents, which reviews Orienting Feminism: Media, Activism and Cultural Representation, edited by Catherine Dale and Rosemary Overell, and Emma Young’s Contemporary Feminism and Women’s Short Stories.
Sharing the Story of the Cardiac Rehab Patient Experience
Authors: Ellis Jordan M. , Freeman John Taylor , Midgette Emily P. , Sanghvi Anup P. , Sarathy Brinda , Johnson Colin G. , Greenway Stacey B. , Whited Matthew C. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose:
To provide a prototypical patient narrative of the cardiac rehabilitation (CR) experience for providers and prospective patients using narrative analysis.

Methods:
Qualitative interviews with 17 CR patients from a previous study regarding their experiences, reasons, and motivations related to engagement in CR were analyzed using narrative inquiry. Interviews were previously analyzed and coded for recurring themes, and these themes were implemented in an exploratory narrative inquiry to craft a CR patient “story.” A hypothetical composite character representing the varied experiences of CR patients interviewed was developed, and a patient story was constructed that reflected on an initial cardiac event, time during rehabilitation, difficult experiences, social interactions, and personal values and accomplishments.

Results:
The CR patient narrative is presented for use in CR recruitment and programming materials, and in provider education.

Conclusion:
The narrative analysis comprehensively provides patients with an amalgam of patient experiences and can be used by providers to gain an understanding of CR patient experiences. Further research is needed to determine whether use of the resulting narrative analysis within the referral process and/or programming could increase participation and engagement.
PERSISTENT LOCULATED SUBRETINAL FLUID AFTER RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: Mimouni Michael , Jaouni Tareq , Ben-Yair Mor , Almus Shiran , Derman Laura , Ehrenberg Scott , Almeida Diego , Barak Yoreh , Zayit-Soudry Shiri , Averbukh Edward 
Published: June 2019

Purpose:
To identify factors associated with persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) after small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Methods:
This retrospective study included patients from 2 tertiary centers who underwent pars plana vitrectomy for repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment between 2013 and 2016. Preoperative and intraoperative parameters were examined for association with development of SRF.

Results:
Overall, 153 eyes of 153 patients, mean age of 55.2 ± 17.9 years were included. Persistent SRF occurred in 15.0% (n = 23) and was associated with high myopia (65.22 vs. 26.15%, P < 0.001), macula-involving retinal detachment (91.30 vs. 66.15%, P = 0.02), phakic lens status (86.96 vs. 66.15%, P = 0.04), and younger age (47.8 ± 18.7 vs. 56.5 ± 17.5, P = 0.04) while drainage retinotomy was protective (13.04 vs. 34.11%, P = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, high myopia (P = 0.009) and macula-involving retinal detachment (P = 0.004) were associated with SRF, while drainage retinotomy was protective (P = 0.03). Persistent SRF was associated with outer retinal band irregularity (30.4 vs. 9.3%, P = 0.005). There were no significant differences in terms of change in best-corrected visual acuity from presentation (P = 0.70), or final best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.54).

Conclusion:
Eyes with preoperative high myopia and macular involvement, and those in which a drainage retinotomy was not performed, were more likely to develop persistent SRF.
Brain mechanisms of social touch-induced analgesia in females
Authors: López-Solà Marina , Geuter Stephan , Koban Leonie , Coan James A. , Wager Tor D. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Supportive touch has remarkable benefits in childbirth and during painful medical procedures. But does social touch influence pain neurophysiology, ie, the brain processes linked to nociception and primary pain experience? What other brain processes beyond primary pain systems mediate their analgesic effects? In this study, women (N = 30) experienced thermal pain while holding their romantic partner's hand or an inert device. Social touch reduced pain and attenuated functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS)—a multivariate brain pattern sensitive and specific to somatic pain—and increased connectivity between the NPS and both somatosensory and “default mode” regions. Brain correlates of touch-induced analgesia included reduced pain-related activation in (1) regions targeted by primary nociceptive afferents (eg, posterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex); and (b) regions associated with affective value (orbitofrontal cortex), meaning (ventromedial prefrontal cortex [PFC]), and attentional regulation (dorsolateral PFC). Activation reductions during handholding (vs holding a rubber device) significantly mediated reductions in pain intensity and unpleasantness; greater pain reductions during handholding correlated with greater increases in emotional comfort, which correlated with higher perceived relationship quality and (a trend toward) greater perceived closeness with the romantic partner. The strongest mediators of analgesia were activity reductions in a brain circuit traditionally associated with stress and defensive behavior in mammals, including ventromedial and dorsomedial PFC, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala/hippocampus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray matter. Social touch affects core brain processes that contribute to pain and pain-related affective distress in females, and should be considered alongside other treatments in medical and caregiving contexts.
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus: a key modulator of pain and opioid analgesia
Authors: Taylor Norman E. , Long Hu , Pei JunZhu , Kukutla Phanidhar , Phero Anthony , Hadaegh Farnaz , Abdelnabi Ahmed , Solt Ken , Brenner Gary J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA recently defined structure, the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg; aka tail of the ventral tegmental area [VTA]), has been proposed as an inhibitory control center for dopaminergic activity of the VTA. This region is composed of GABAergic cells that send afferent projections to the ventral midbrain and synapse onto dopaminergic cells in the VTA and substantia nigra. These cells exhibit µ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity, and in vivo, ex vivo, and optogenetic/electrophysiological approaches demonstrate that morphine excites dopamine neurons by targeting receptors on GABAergic neurons localized in the RMTg. This suggests that the RMTg may be a key modulator of opioid effects and a major brake regulating VTA dopamine systems. However, no study has directly manipulated RMTg GABAergic neurons in vivo and assessed the effect on nociception or opioid analgesia. In this study, multiplexing of GABAergic neurons in the RMTg was achieved using stimulatory Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs) and inhibitory kappa-opioid receptor DREADDs (KORD). Our data show that locally infused RMTg morphine or selective RMTg GABAergic neuron inhibition produces 87% of the maximal antinociceptive effect of systemic morphine, and RMTg GABAergic neurons modulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. In addition, chemoactivation of VTA dopamine neurons significantly reduced pain behaviors both in resting and facilitated pain states and reduced by 75% the dose of systemic morphine required to produce maximal antinociception. These results provide compelling evidence that RMTg GABAergic neurons are involved in processing of nociceptive information and are important mediators of opioid analgesia.
Establishing Dosing Recommendations for Efavirenz in HIV/TB-Coinfected Children Younger Than 3 Years
Authors: Bwakura Dangarembizi Mutsa , Samson Pearl , Capparelli Edmund V. , Moore Carolyn Bolton , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Spector Stephen A. , Chakhtoura Nahida , Benns Alex , Zimmer Bonnie , Purdue Lynette , Jackson Chivon , Wallis Carole , Libous Jennifer L. , Chadwick Ellen G. ,   for the IMPAACT P1070 Study Team
Published: June 2019

Background:
CYP2B6 516 genotype-directed dosing improves efavirenz (EFV) exposures in HIV-infected children younger than 36 months, but such data are lacking in those with tuberculosis (TB) coinfection.

Methods:
Phase I, 24-week safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of EFV in HIV-infected children aged 3 to <36 months, with or without TB. CYP2B6 516 genotype classified children into extensive metabolizers (516 TT/GT) and poor metabolizers [(PMs), 516 TT]. EFV doses were 25%–33% higher in children with HIV/TB coinfection targeting EFV area under the curve (AUC) 35–180 μg × h/mL, with individual dose adjustment as necessary. Safety and virologic evaluations were performed every 4–8 weeks.

Results:
Fourteen children from 2 African countries and India with HIV/TB enrolled, with 11 aged 3 to <24 months and 3 aged 24–36 months, 12 extensive metabolizers and 2 PMs. Median (Q1, Q3) EFV AUC was 92.87 (40.95, 160.81) μg × h/mL in 8/9 evaluable children aged 3 to <24 months and 319.05 (172.56, 360.48) μg × h/mL in children aged 24–36 months. AUC targets were met in 6/8 and 2/5 of the younger and older age groups, respectively. EFV clearance was reduced in PM's and older children. Pharmacokinetic modeling predicted adequate EFV concentrations if children younger than 24 months received TB-uninfected dosing. All 9 completing 24 weeks achieved viral suppression. Five/14 discontinued treatment early: 1 neutropenia, 3 nonadherence, and 1 with excessive EFV AUC.

Conclusions:
Genotype-directed dosing safely achieved therapeutic EFV concentrations and virologic suppression in HIV/TB-coinfected children younger than 24 months, but further study is needed to confirm appropriate dosing in those aged 24–36 months. This approach is most important for young children and currently a critical unmet need in TB-endemic countries.
Prospective and External Evaluation of a Machine Learning Model to Predict In-Hospital Mortality
Authors: Brajer Nathan , Cozzi Brian , Gao Michael , Nichols Marshall , Revoir Mike , Balu Suresh , Futoma Joseph , Bae Jonathan , Setji Noppon , Hernandez Adrian , Sendak Mark 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe ability to accurately predict in-hospital mortality for patients at the time of admission could improve clinical and operational decision-making and outcomes. Few machine learning models have been developed to predict in-hospital death that are both broadly applicable to all adult patients across a health system and readily implementable, and, to the best of our knowledge, none have been implemented, evaluated prospectively, or externally validated.The primary objective of this study was to prospectively and externally validate a machine learning model that predicts in-hospital mortality for all adult patients at the time of hospital admission. Model performance was quantified using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision recall curve (AUPRC). Secondary objectives were to design the model using commonly available EHR data and accessible computational methods.A total of 75,247 hospital admissions (median [IQR] age 59.5 [29.0] years; male [45.9%]) were included in the study. The in-hospital mortality rates for the training validation, retrospective validations at Hospitals A, B, and C, and prospective validation cohorts, respectively, were 3.0%, 2.7%, 1.8%, 2.1%, and 1.6%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs), respectively, were 0.87 (0.83-0.89), 0.85 (0.83-0.87), 0.89 (0.86 – 0.92), 0.84 (0.80-0.89), and 0.86 (0.83-0.90). The area under the precision recall curves (AUPRCs), respectively, were 0.29 (0.25-0.37), 0.17 (0.13-0.22), 0.22 (0.14-0.31), 0.13 (0.08-0.21), and 0.14 (0.09-0.21).The results demonstrated accurate prediction of in-hospital mortality for adult patients at the time of admission. The data elements, methods, and patient selection make the model implementable at a system-level.
The prevalence of scabies, pyoderma and other communicable dermatoses in the Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Marks Michael , Sammut Thomas , Cabral Marito Gomes , da Silva Eunice Teixeira , Goncalves Adriana , Rodrigues Amabelia , Manjuba Cristóvão , Nakutum Jose , Ca Janete , D’Alessandro Umberto , Achan Jane , Logan James , Bailey Robin , Mabey David , Last Anna , Walker Stephen L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionSkin diseases represent a significant public health problem in most low and middle income settings. Nevertheless, there is a relative paucity of high-quality epidemiological data on the prevalence of these conditions.Materials/methodsWe conducted two cross-sectional population-based skin-surveys of children (6 months to 9 years old) in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau during the dry season (February-March 2018) and the wet season (June-July 2018). Following a period of training, a nurse performed a standardised examination for communicable dermatoses for each participant. We calculated the prevalence of each skin condition and investigated demographic associations.Results1062 children were enrolled in the dry season survey of whom 318 (29.9%) had at least one skin diseases. The most common diagnosis was tinea capitis (154/1062, 14.5% - 95% CI 12.5-16.8%) followed by tinea corporis (84/1062, 7.9% - 95% CI 6.4-9.7%), pyoderma (82/1062, 7.7% - 95% CI 6.2-9.5%) and scabies (56/1062. 5.2% - 95%CI 4.0 – 6.8%). 320 children were enrolled in the wet season survey of whom 121 (37.8%) had at least one skin problem. Tinea capitis remained the most common diagnosis (79/320, 24.7% - 95% CI 20.1 – 29.9%), followed by pyoderma (38/320, 11.9% - 95% CI 8.6-16.1%), tinea corporis (23/320, 7.2% - 95% 4.7 – 10.7%) and scabies (6/320, 1.9% - 95% CI 0.8-4.2%).ConclusionsOur study, which utilised robust population-based cluster random sampling methodology, demonstrates the substantial disease burden caused by common communicable dermatoses in this setting. Given these findings, there is a need to consider common dermatoses as part of Universal Health Coverage to deliver ‘skin-health for all’.Author SummarySkin conditions are very common in many low and middle income settings but there have been relatively few surveys of skin disease conducted using the best epidemiological approaches. We performed two cross-sectional population-based skin-surveys of children in the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, using gold-standard sampling methodologies. Skin conditions were extremely common and almost 30% of children had at least one common, infectious skin condition in both surveys. Fungal skin and scalp infections were the most common conditions followed by bacterial skin infections. Our survey demonstrates that common, easily treatable skin conditions are responsible for a high burden of disease in this population. Skin-health should be considered a key component of the Universal Health Coverage agenda.
Predicting epileptic seizures using nonnegative matrix factorization
Authors: Stojanović Olivera , Pipa Gordon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a procedure for the patient-specific prediction of epileptic seizures. To this end, a combination of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) and smooth basis functions with robust regression is applied to power spectra of intracranial electroencephalographic (iEEG) signals. The resulting time and frequency components capture the dominant information from power spectra, while removing outliers and noise. This makes it possible to detect structure in preictal states, which is used for classification. Linear support vector machines (SVM) with L1 regularization are used to select and weigh the contributions from different number of not equally informative channels among patients. Due to class imbalance in data, synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) is applied. The resulting method yields a computationally and conceptually simple, interpretable model of EEG signals of preictal and interictal states, which shows a good performance for the task of seizure prediction.