bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Providing Immunization Services amongst Community Pharmacists in South-south, Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Agbo Ben Benson , Esienumoh Ekpoanwan , Inah Simon Alain , Eko Jimmy Ebi , Nwachukwu Eze James 
Published: September 2019

Background: The primary aim of Community Pharmacists’ participation in immunization is to contribute towards mitigating deaths associated with vaccine preventable diseases as well as expanding access to immunisation services. However, with the increasing Nigerian population, the global targets of reducing child mortality can significantly be achieved by periodically reviewing health systems performance to identify and address existing gaps.
Objective: The general objective of the study is to identify the challenges encountered by Community Pharmacists in providing immunisation services in Calabar Metropolis of Cross River State.
Method: A descriptive cross sectional study design was adopted for the study. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire from 68 community pharmacists which were selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data generated were synthesised and analysed using SPSS (version 20.0) and results were presented in frequency tables and charts. Fisher Exact test was used to test for association between variables at 0.05 alpha level.
Results: Results showed that most community pharmacies have the resources to participate in immunization, only a few however had immunization administration record sheets 7(11.3%) and immunization record cards for patients 4 (6.5%). The finding also showed that lack of training 55 (88.7%); low awareness by the public of immunization services provided by the community pharmacist 44 (70.9%) and storage of vaccines 39 (62.9%) were the prominent perceived challenges to providing immunization in the community pharmacy. The association between lack of time (p =1.000, Fisher’s Exact test) and provision of immunization services was statistically not significant.
Conclusion: Addressing identified challenges is pivotal to increasing and expanding accessibility and utilisation of immunisation services especially amongst the populace in resource limited settings.
Explanatory Notes – Specific Anatomical Sites
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Brierley James D. , Lee Anne , van Eycken Elisabeth 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChanges from the 7th edition as regards the classification, staging, and grading of various tumours in the different sites such as the head and neck, digestive track, and lungs, thymus, and pleura, among others, are defined. The dimension and location of these tumours are also listed in the chapter as they influence identification of tumours.
Are older adults in Hong Kong “living in history” in their autobiographical memories?
Authors: Gu Xuan , Tse Chi‐Shing , Chan Meingold Hiu‐Ming 
Published: September 2019

SummaryTransition theory posits that autobiographical memories are organized by major life transitions, which is often supported by the Living‐in‐History effect that occurs when people frequently refer to public events to support their date estimates of personal events. In the present study, 52 Chinese older adults in Hong Kong recalled autobiographical events using cue‐word method and justified the date estimates of the events. They also reported the most important events and assessed their impacts. Results showed that participants referred to public events only when estimating the date of 5.5% of word‐cued events and reported a few public events as personally important, suggesting an absence of the Living‐in‐History effect. Nonetheless, word‐cued events and important events accumulated around major life transitions to form a transition bump; the material change that important events brought about predicted whether the important events were used to organize autobiographical memory, thereby providing new evidence for the transition theory.
Thermal Conductivity and Phonon Scattering Processes of ALD Grown PbTe–PbSe Thermoelectric Thin Films
Authors: DeCoster Mallory E. , Chen Xin , Zhang Kai , Rost Christina M. , Hoglund Eric R. , Howe James M. , Beechem Thomas E. , Baumgart Helmut , Hopkins Patrick E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis work studies the thermal conductivity and phonon scattering processes in a series of n‐type lead telluride‐lead selenide (PbTe–PbSe) nanostructured thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The ALD growth of the PbTe–PbSe samples in this work results in nonepitaxial films grown directly on native oxide/Si substrates, where the Volmer–Weber mode of growth promotes grains with a preferred columnar orientation. The ALD growth of these lead‐rich PbTe, PbSe, and PbTe–PbSe thin films results in secondary oxide phases, along with an increase microstructural quality with increased film thickness. The compositional variation and resulting point and planar defects in the PbTe–PbSe nanostructures give rise to additional phonon scattering events that reduce the thermal conductivity below that of the corresponding ALD‐grown control PbTe and PbSe films. Temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity measurements show that the phonon scattering in these ALD‐grown PbTe–PbSe nanostructured materials, along with ALD‐grown PbTe and PbSe thin films, are driven by extrinsic defect scattering processes as opposed to phonon–phonon scattering processes intrinsic to the PbTe or PbSe phonon spectra. The implication of this work is that polycrystalline, nanostructured ALD composites of thermoelectric PbTe–PbSe films are effective in reducing the phonon thermal conductivity, and represent a pathway for further improvement of the figure of merit (ZT), enhancing their thermoelectric application potential.
Porous Carbons Derived from Collagen‐Enriched Biomass: Tailored Design, Synthesis, and Application in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Niu Jin , Shao Rong , Liu Mengyue , Zan Yongxi , Dou Meiling , Liu Jingjun , Zhang Zhengping , Huang Yaqin , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs byproducts of the meat‐processing industry, nearly 100 million tons of bones, skin, and scales are generated from livestock, poultry, and fish every year and are generally discarded as waste. However, these widespread and low‐cost biomass materials are rich in collagen that is primarily composed of the elements C, N, O, and S. By controlled pyrolysis, these collagen‐enriched biomass materials can be transformed into biomass‐derived porous carbons (BPCs). The ordered biotic structures and specific elemental compositions of the natural precursors endow BPCs with unique nanostructures and heteroatom doping, leading to promising applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. In particular, BPCs derived from animal bones and fish scales show novel porosities and morphologies due to their abundance of hydroxyapatite crystals, which act as naturally occurring nanostructured templates. Here, the first review focusing on the design and synthesis of collagen‐derived porous carbons (CPCs) is given. The specific applications of different CPCs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion are also summarized. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the controllable synthesis and large‐scale applications of CPCs are assessed.
Rechargeable Magnesium–Sulfur Battery Technology: State of the Art and Key Challenges
Authors: Wang Peiwen , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInspired by the first rechargeable Mg battery about 20 years ago, based on a Chevrel phase cathode, a Mg foil anode, and a magnesium organo‐aluminate electrolyte, research on rechargeable batteries using sulfur as the cathode together with Mg as the anode has gained substantial and increasing interest. In particular, the safety characteristics of magnesium–sulfur (Mg–S) batteries, the high abundance of both magnesium and sulfur, and the high theoretical volumetric energy density of magnesium render this system specifically interesting for mobile applications that require high volumetric energy densities, i.e., the automotive and aviation sector. While the development of Mg–S batteries is still at a nascent stage, some breakthroughs have already been accomplished. Consequently, it appears necessary to provide a comprehensive up‐to‐date review about the current achievements to facilitate further improvements in this field. In this review, the state of the art in Mg–S batteries is summarized, focusing on sulfur conversion cathodes, magnesium anode materials, currently employed electrolyte systems, as well as on current collectors and separator design. In addition, the challenges and some possible future work to realize a practically applicable and technically viable Mg–S battery are highlighted.
A Bioresorbable Magnetically Coupled System for Low‐Frequency Wireless Power Transfer
Authors: Guo Qinglei , Koo Jahyun , Xie Zhaoqian , Avila Raudel , Yu Xinge , Ning Xin , Zhang Hao , Liang Xu , Kim Sung Bong , Yan Ying , MacEwan Matthew R. , Lee Hyuck Mo , Song Aimin , Di Zengfeng , Huang Yonggang , Mei Yongfeng , Rogers John A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBioresorbable electronic technologies form the basis for classes of biomedical devices that undergo complete physical and chemical dissolution after a predefined operational period, thereby eliminating the costs and risks associated with secondary surgical extraction. A continuing area of opportunity is in the development of strategies for power supply for these systems, where previous studies demonstrate some utility for biodegradable batteries, radio frequency harvesters, solar cells, and others. This paper introduces a type of bioresorbable system for wireless power transfer, in which a rotating magnet serves as the transmitter and a bioresorbable antenna as the remote receiver, with capabilities for operation at low frequencies (<200 Hz). Systematic experimental and numerical studies demonstrate several unique advantages of this system, most significantly the elimination of impedance matching and electromagnetic radiation exposure presented with the types of radio frequency energy harvesters explored previously. These results add to the portfolio of power supply options in bioresorbable electronic implants.
Bulk Depolarization Fields as a Major Contributor to the Ferroelectric Reliability Performance in Lanthanum Doped Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Capacitors
Authors: Mehmood Furqan , Hoffmann Michael , Lomenzo Patrick D. , Richter Claudia , Materano Monica , Mikolajick Thomas , Schroeder Uwe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAfter the discovery of ferroelectricity in HfO2, many dopants have been incorporated into the material to improve the ferroelectric properties. The binary mixture of HfO2 and ZrO2, HfxZrx−1O2, showed the widest process window in terms of polarization, but other memory related aspects still need improvement. Recently, the co‐doping of La into a mixed Hf0.5Zr0.5O2, La:HZO, was reported to improve the endurance properties further but the explanation spanning both structural and electrical characteristics of La:HZO and their interaction is still missing. In this work, an extensive study of La:HZO with La content ranging from 0 to 4.3 mol% is conducted and resultant stabilization of nonpolar tetragonal phase, coercive field reduction, endurance improvement, stronger retention loss, and less imprinted hysteresis loop is reported with increasing La concentration. The model simultaneously explaining the electrical and structural properties is presented. In ferroelectric capacitor structures, the depolarization fields originating from nonferroelectric layers at the metal/ferroelectric interface are discussed extensively in previous studies but, here, for the first time, the impact of depolarization fields from nonferroelectric regions in the bulk of the ferroelectric material is reported, which is an important element to explain all the observed trends.
2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐Dicyano‐1,4‐Benzoquinone (DDQ)‐Mediated Tandem Oxidative Coupling/Intramolecular Annulation/Dehydro‐Aromatization for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted and Fused Pyridines
Authors: Cheng Dongping , Deng Zhiteng , Yan Xianhang , Wang Mingliang , Xu Xiaoliang , Yan Jizhong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA DDQ‐mediated tandem reaction of 1,3‐diarylpropenes and β‐enaminoesters/4‐aminocoumarins is disclosed. It involves oxidative coupling, intramolecular annulation and dehydro‐aromatization reaction, which provides an efficient and mild method for the synthesis of polysubstituted and fused pyridines under metal‐free conditions.magnified image
Experiment‐Oriented Materials Informatics for Efficient Exploration of Design Strategy and New Compounds for High‐Performance Organic Anode
Authors: Numazawa Hiromichi , Igarashi Yasuhiko , Sato Kosuke , Imai Hiroaki , Oaki Yuya 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHigh‐performance organic energy storage has attracted much interest as a future battery. Organic anode has been developed as an alternate of graphite in the past decade. However, the design strategies are not fully studied for further development. The present work shows experiment‐oriented materials informatics (MI) for efficient exploration of design strategy and new compounds for an active material of high‐performance organic anode. A few important factors to achieve high specific capacity are extracted from training dataset containing experimentally measured specific capacity, calculation results, and literature data of the model compounds using sparse modeling, an informatics approach. Although the prediction model is not sufficiently accurate, the model assists in exploration of new compounds in combination with experience and intuition of experimental scientists. New compounds with high specific capacity, such as 227 mA h g–1 at 100 mA g–1 for benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BdiTp), are efficiently discovered in a minimum number of experiments. Furthermore, polymerization of BdiTp exhibits the enhanced performances, such as 933 mA h g–1 at 20 mA g–1 and cycle stability, and rate performance. MI combined with experiment, calculation, and data accelerates design new materials and functions by experimental scientists having their small data, experience, and intuition.
Co‐Occurring Youth Profiles of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Protective Factors: Associations with Health, Resilience, and Racial Disparities
Authors: Liu Sabrina R. , Kia‐Keating Maryam , Nylund‐Gibson Karen , Barnett Miya L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIt is important to understand racial/ethnic differences in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), given their relationship to long‐term physical and mental health, and the public health cost of the significant disparities that exist. Moreover, in order to inform interventions and promote resilience, it is critical to examine protective factors that mitigate the relationship between adversity and poor health. The current study utilized latent transition analyses (LTA) to examine co‐occurring profiles of ACEs and protective factors (from school, family, and community contexts) and links to health outcomes among 30,668 Black (10.4%), Latinx (12.3%), and White youth (77.3%) ages 12–17 (52.5% male) who participated in the 2011–12 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Results suggested that greater adversity was associated with worse health, while more access to protective factors was associated with better health. White youth had consistently lower endorsement of ACEs, greater access to protective factors, and better health compared to their Black and Latinx counterparts. Efforts to improve child health and racial/ethnic disparities in research and practice must consider adversity, protective factors, and the systemic inequities faced by racial/ethnic minority youth in the United States.
Thrombosis risk factors in PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum and Proteus syndrome
Authors: Keppler‐Noreuil Kim M. , Lozier Jay , Oden Neal , Taneja Anjali , Burton‐Akright Jasmine , Sapp Julie C. , Biesecker Leslie G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIncreased risk of thromboembolism has been recognized in individuals with mosaic overgrowth disorders, Proteus syndrome (PS) and PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum (PROS), including Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome and CLOVES syndrome. PS and PROS have distinct, yet overlapping clinical findings and are caused by somatic pathogenic variants in the PI3K/AKT gene signaling pathway. PS is caused by a single somatic activating AKT1 c.49G > A p.E17K variant while PROS can be caused one of multiple variants in PIK3CA. The role of prothrombotic factors, endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and vascular malformations in both PS and PROS have not been previously investigated. A pilot study of prospective clinical and laboratory evaluations with the purposes of identifying potential risk factors for thrombosis was conducted. Doppler ultrasounds and magnetic resonance angiogram/ venography (MRA/MRV) scans identified vascular malformations in PS and PROS that were not appreciated on physical examination. Abnormal D‐dimers (0.60–2.0 mcg/ml) occurred in half of individuals, many having vascular malformations, but no thromboses. Soluble vascular endothelial markers, including thrombomodulin, soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), E‐selectin, and P‐selectin were significantly higher in PS and PROS compared to controls. However, no single attribute was identified that explained the risk of thrombosis. Predisposition to thrombosis is likely multifactorial with risk factors including chronic stasis within vascular malformations, stasis from impaired mobility (e.g., following surgery), decreased anticoagulant proteins, and effects of AKT1 and PIK3CA variants on vascular endothelium. Based on our findings, we propose clinical recommendations for surveillance of thrombosis in PS and PROS.
Correlating the mass and mechanical property changes during the degradation of PEG‐based adhesive
Authors: Zhang Zhongtian , Pinnaratip Rattapol , Ong Keat Ghee , Lee Bruce P. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTChange in mechanical property of a degrading adhesive is critical to its performance. However, characterization of degradation behavior is often limited to tracking its mass loss. Four‐armed poly(ethylene glycol) end modified with dopamine (PEG‐DA) was used as a model bioadhesive to correlate its change in mass with change in mechanical property. Shear modulus (G) was calculated based on the mass and average molecular weight between crosslinks () of PEG‐DA, while the storage modulus (G′) was determined by oscillatory rheometry. G decreased slowly within the first week of degradation (4% reduction by week 2), while G′ decreased by 60% during the same period. This large discrepancy is due to the partially disconnected and elastically ineffective PEG polymer, which is trapped within the adhesive network. This resulted in minimal mass change and higher calculated G value during the earlier time points. Therefore, tracking mass loss profile alone is inadequate to completely describe the degradation behavior of an adhesive. Additionally, PEG‐DA was coated onto magnetoelastic (ME) sensors, and the change in the resonance amplitude of the sensor corresponded well with dry mass loss of PEG‐DA. ME sensing provides a nondestructive method to track the mass loss of the coated adhesive. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48451.
Post‐disturbance haulout behaviour of harbour seals
Authors: Paterson William D. , Russell Debbie J.F. , Wu Gi‐Mick , McConnell Bernie , Currie John I. , McCafferty Dominic J. , Thompson Dave 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

The impact of anthropogenic activity associated with marine renewable developments on harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) was investigated using controlled disturbance trials.
Hauled‐out seals were approached by boat until all seals had entered the water, and this was repeated approximately every 3 days (weather permitting). The time taken for seal counts to return to pre‐disturbance levels was determined by monitoring haulout sites using time‐lapse photography.
Mean post‐disturbance counts of hauled‐out seals returned to 52% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35–69%) of pre‐disturbance counts within 30 min. However, mean counts only returned to 94% (95% CI 55–132%) of pre‐disturbance counts after 4 hr.
Eight seals were tagged with Global Positioning System phone tags to provide information on haulout location and at‐sea movements, allowing investigation of how disturbance may influence haulout site choice and seal distribution.
Telemetry‐tagged seals displayed a high degree of haulout site fidelity. Disturbance trials did not have a significant effect on the probability of seals moving to a different haulout site.
When seals hauled out again within the same low‐tide period after disturbance trials, the proportion of time spent hauled out was high, indicating that when seals are motivated to haul out they will do so despite past disturbance. Motivation to haul out more on disturbance trial days was not linked to a cyclic pattern of hauling out more over consecutive low‐tide periods.
As there was no large‐scale redistribution after disturbance, we suggest that monitoring effort to determine the effects of short‐term increases in levels of disturbance caused by boat activity can be spatially localized. However, where disturbance is likely to be longer term or impact on important haulout sites for breeding and/or moulting, monitoring may be required over a larger geographical area.
Using dose–response functions to improve calculations of the impact of anthropogenic noise
Authors: Tyack Peter L. , Thomas Len 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEstimating the number of animals impacted by a stressor typically involves combining a dose–response function with information about the distribution of animals and of the stressor.Regulators often prefer a single threshold to a full dose–response function, but much of the variability observed in the threshold at which different individuals respond to a stressor is an inherent characteristic of populations that needs to be taken into account to predict the effects of stressors. When selecting an exposure threshold, regulators need information on the proportion of the population that will be protected.Regulatory processes that calculate the number of animals impacted must draw from the dose–response function, the actual distribution of the animals, and a model mapping how the stressor intensity declines with distance from the source. Ignoring any of these factors can lead to significant errors in estimates of the area and numbers of animals affected.This paper focuses on behavioural responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound and demonstrates that a common approach of selecting the threshold at which half of the animals respond (RLp50) grossly underestimates the number of animals affected. We present an example, using a published dose–response function, where the number affected is underestimated by a factor of 280. Results would be similar for any stressor whose strength decreases following an inverse‐square function as it dilutes into the environment.This paper presents a method to use a dose–response function to derive a more accurate estimate of animals affected and to set a threshold (the Effective Response Level) that corrects the problem with the RLp50 estimate.Estimates of effects of stressors should include estimates of uncertainty, which can be used to adapt thresholds to different policy contexts and conservation problems.