bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Ethnicity, and End-of-Life Care in Dialysis Patients in the United States
Authors: Foley Robert N. , Sexton Donal J. , Drawz Paul , Ishani Areef , Reule Scott 
Published: August 2018

Background
End-of-life care is a prominent consideration in patients on maintenance dialysis, especially when death appears imminent and quality of life is poor. To date, examination of race- and ethnicity-associated disparities in end-of-life care for patients with ESRD has largely been restricted to comparisons of white and black patients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective national study using United States Renal Data System files to determine whether end-of-life care in United States patients on dialysis is subject to racial or ethnic disparity. The primary outcome was a composite of discontinuation of dialysis and death in a nonhospital or hospice setting.

Results
Among 1,098,384 patients on dialysis dying between 2000 and 2014, the primary outcome was less likely in patients from any minority group compared with the non-Hispanic white population (10.9% versus 22.6%, P<0.001, respectively). We also observed similar significant disparities between any minority group and non-Hispanic whites for dialysis discontinuation (16.7% versus 31.2%), as well as hospice (10.3% versus 18.1%) and nonhospital death (34.4% versus 46.4%). After extensive covariate adjustment, the primary outcome was less likely in the combined minority group than in the non-Hispanic white population (adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.56; P<0.001). Individual minority groups (non-Hispanic Asian, non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic Native American, and Hispanic) were significantly less likely than non-Hispanic whites to experience the primary outcome. This disparity was especially pronounced for non-Hispanic Native American and Hispanic subgroups.

Conclusions
There appear to be substantial race- and ethnicity-based disparities in end-of-life care practices for United States patients receiving dialysis.
Solusi Konflik Sosial dalam Perspektif al-Qur’an
Authors: Sukring Sukring 
Published: August 2018

Social life, if scrutiny is the main component of interaction between the members. In connection with the interaction among members was found various types. The types of social interaction in general include: cooperative (co-operation), competition (competition) and conflict (contention). In everyday social life seems besides characterized by cooperation, constantly marred by various forms of competition and conflict. Even in social life has never been found all citizens of all time cooperative. The teachings of Islam (al-Qur’an) has been tested in the history of the Prophet in unifying the Aus and Kasraj, warring for hundreds of years. Conflict and human, these two are inseparable. Therefore, conflict is a part of a necessity in life (min lawazim al-hayat) human. It is not excessive if some experts say that human history is a history of conflict. But that does not mean that the conflict left without any attempt to manage and mute. So this paper attempts to explore the spirit to manageand reduce conflicts and solutions in the perspective of the Koran.
Modelagem matemática na educação do campo: visibilidade de saberes locais / Mathematical modeling in rural education: visibility of local knowledge
Authors: Magnus Maria Carolina Machado 
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo tem por objetivo dar visibilidade a uma das formas que uma agricultora que vive no/do campo, no sul do Estado de Santa Catarina, lida matematicamente com o mundo, a partir de uma atividade de Modelagem Matemática, e, posteriormente, mostrar outra possibilidade de lidar com a situação, a partir das lentes da Matemática Escolar. Para tanto, conversei com uma agricultora sobre uma de suas práticas para o desenvolvimento da nossa atividade, que teve por objetivo analisar se “vale a pena criar galinhas para o consumo?”. O relato da atividade de Modelagem Matemática, a partir dos saberes locais, dão visibilidade às singularidades do campo e mostram que a escola não é o único espaço educativo. Ainda, ao olhar para as práticas dos sujeitos do campo, e entendê-las a partir de suas formas de lidar matematicamente com o mundo, evidencia a existência de diferentes racionalidades matemáticas, que estão, intrinsecamente, ligadas à cultura de cada povo.Palavras-chave: Modelagem Matemática na Educação do Campo; Saberes Locais. Matemática Escolar; Sujeitos do Campo; Racionalidades Matemáticas. ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to promote visibility to one of the ways in which a farmer who lives in/from a rural area, in the southern state of Santa Catarina, deals mathematically with the world, using Mathematical Modeling. The study then aimed to show a possibility of dealing with the situation from the perspective of School Mathematics. In order to achieve this goal, the author talked to a farmer about one of the practices she employed to develop our activity, with the objective of assessing “is it worth breeding chicken for consumption?”. The Mathematical Modeling report, based on local knowledge, promotes visibility to the singularities of the rural area and shows that the school environment is not the only educational space available. In addition, analyzing practices of subjects from rural areas and understanding their way to mathematically deal with the world demonstrates the existence of various mathematical rationalities that are intrinsically linked to the culture of each people.Keywords: Mathematical Modeling in Rural Education; Local Knowledge; Subjects from Rural Areas; Mathematical Rationalities.
O estágio supervisionado e a pedagogia da alternância: caminhos que se cruzam na formação do professor do campo / Internship and the pedagogy of alternation: paths that cross...
Authors: Freitas Elisandra Carneiro de , Cruz Bruna Cardoso , Shuvartz Marilda Shuvartz 
Published: August 2018

O presente trabalho propõe discutir as contribuições do Estágio e da Pedagogia da Alternância para a formação de futuros professores no curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo da Universidade Federal de Goiás – Regional Goiás. Em um primeiro momento, procurou-se refletir sobre a Educação do Campo e a Alternância; em seguida, discute-se o Estágio e a formação docente e, ao final, faz-se um recorte para o desenvolvimento do Estágio dentro da proposta de Alternância do curso mencionado. Buscou-se conhecimento de diferentes autores, como Pimenta, Molina, Freire, Arroyo, Silva, dentre outros, e também em diversos documentos, tais como: Projeto Pedagógico do Curso e Regulamento de Estágio do curso estudado, Leis, Pareceres, Decretos, entre outros. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, na modalidade de pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. A Alternância no curso é desenvolvida em Tempo Universidade e Tempo Comunidade, de modo em que ambos os tempos e os espaços de formação são contemplados elementos do Estágio. Deste modo, esta articulação favorece a reflexão crítica sobre a realidade das escolas do campo e ressignifica os saberes docentes dos futuros profissionais da educação.Palavras-chave: Estágio; Pedagogia da Alternância; Educação do Campo; Professor do Campo. ABSTRACT: The present work proposes to discuss the contributions of the Stage and the Alternation Pedagogy for the training of future teachers in the course of Licenciatura in Education of the Field of the Federal University of Goiás - Regional Goiás. At first, an attempt was made to reflect on the Education of the Field and Alternation; then the stage and the teacher training are discussed and, at the end, a cut is made for the development of the stage within the proposed Alternation of the mentioned course. It was sought knowledge of different authors, such as Pimenta, Molina, Freire, Arroyo, Silva, among others, and also in several documents, such as: Pedagogical Project of the Course and Regulation of Stage of the studied course, Laws, Sight, Decrees, among others. It is a qualitative research, in the form of bibliographic research and documentary research. The Alternation in the course is developed in Time University and Time Community, so that both times and the spaces of formation are contemplated elements of the Stage. In this way, this articulation favors the critical reflection on the reality of the field schools and re-signifies the teaching knowledge of the future professionals of the education.Keywords: Supervised Stage; Alternation Pedagogy; Countryside education; Reflective Teacher.
Estrutura agrária e relações sociais no campo / Agrarian structure and social relations in the countryside
Authors: Castro Cloves Alexandre de 
Published: August 2018

O presente artigo versa sobre a estrutura agrária e as relações sociais no campo como uma problemática estrutural da reprodução colonial do Brasil. Ao longo do texto, apontamos as determinantes da concentração fundiária brasileira e as consequências no campo das lutas de classes, expressas nos conflitos de luta pela terra, e vislumbramos a perspectiva de uma educação do campo como mais uma pedagogia dos movimentos sociais de luta pela terra, para viabilizar a luta e a permanência no campo, bem como a preservação do modo de vida sem isentá-los do direito de usufruir das modernidades produzidas na cidade.Palavras-chave: Estrutura agrária; Reprodução colonial; Luta pela terra. ABSTRACT: The article deals with the agrarian structure and the social relations in the countryside as a structural result of the Brazilian colonial reproduction. Throughout the text we point out the determinants of Brazilian land concentration and the consequences in the field of class struggles, expressed in the conflicts of struggle for land. We understand the education of the countryside as a pedagogy of social movements fighting for land to enable the struggle and permanence in the countryside, as well as the preservation of their way of life, with the right to enjoy the modernities produced by the city.Keywords: Agrarian structure; Colonial reproduction; Struggle for land.
Quantifying Foliar and Soil Uptake of Granular 15N‐Labeled Urea by Corn
Authors: Roberts Trenton L. , Greub Chester E. , Slaton Nathan A. , Kelley Jason P. 
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas
Foliar uptake of nitrogen from granular urea placed in the corn whorl can be significant over short time periods.
Foliar nitrogen applications cannot provide season total corn nitrogen requirements.
Nitrogen recovery efficiency of whorl‐applied urea can be as high as 16.6% in the 11 d following application.
Corn (Zea mays L.) “green‐up” in the absence of rainfall or irrigation following broadcast applications of urea led to the initiation of this experiment. The objective was to compare corn aboveground‐N (TN) content, fertilizer‐N recovery efficiency (FNRE), and mass of fertilizer‐N recovery (MFNR) of granular urea applied directly into the corn whorl and directly to the soil for 11 d after the V6 stage under greenhouse and field conditions. Nitrogen rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha−1 using 2.5 atom% 15N labeled‐urea were applied to compare N assimilation via foliar or soil pathways. In the greenhouse, FNRE (16.6%) and MFNR (27.8 kg N ha−1) were influenced by the two‐way interaction of N rate and N placement (p < 0.0001) with values being maximized with 168 kg N ha−1 applied directly into the corn whorl at the V6 growth stage. The FNRE and MFNR of soil‐applied N were significantly lower than the whorl applications for all N rates (FNRE) and the two highest N rates (MFNR). Although not statistically compared, the FNRE and MFNR of the field trial were numerically lower than the values observed in the greenhouse. The FNRE of whorl‐applied N in the field trial was not influenced by N rate and averaged 7.1%, whereas the soil‐applied N varied across N rates, but was maximized at 1.9%. Results indicate that foliar uptake of granular urea applied directly into the corn whorl can be substantial over short time periods (<11 d) but not sufficient for season‐total N uptake.
Sequential Pyroxasulfone Applications with Fluxofenim Reduce Sorghum Injury and Increase Weed Control
Authors: Goodrich Loren V. , Butts‐Wilmsmeyer Carrie J. , Bollero Germán A. , Riechers Dean E. 
Published: August 2018

Core Ideas
Selective control of weedy grasses is difficult in grain sorghum due to the presence of wild relatives.
Pyroxasulfone provided greater weed control than S‐metolachlor but caused more crop injury.
Sorghum protection from pyroxasulfone provided by fluxofenim was dependent on the environment.
Split applications of pyroxasulfone equal to the highest single rate provided similar weed control.
Controlling weeds selectively is a challenge when producing grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Pyroxasulfone, a preemergence (PRE) herbicide, has demonstrated excellent grass and broadleaf control in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. However, pyroxasulfone is not labeled for grain sorghum because crop injury is a major limitation. Our first objective was to evaluate five herbicide safeners in the greenhouse to determine their ability to protect sorghum from pyroxasulfone. Growth data indicated seed‐applied fluxofenim provided the highest level of protection to emerging seedlings. A second objective was to evaluate fluxofenim for protecting sorghum from single and sequential pyroxasulfone applications in the field. A split‐plot in a randomized complete block design evaluated six pyroxasulfone (whole plot) and two fluxofenim treatments (subplot) in 2015 and 2016. A single PRE treatment of S‐metolachlor, an untreated‐weedy control, and weed‐free control were compared with pyroxasulfone to assess weed control, crop injury and stand count, and grain yield. Pyroxasulfone provided greater weed control than S‐metolachlor. However, as pyroxasulfone rates increased both weed control and crop injury increased, regardless of safener. In contrast, sequential pyroxasulfone applications (90/120 or 120/90 g ai ha−1) did not elicit as much crop injury or stand reductions as a single PRE application at the same total rate (210 g ai ha−1) and maintained weed control, which resulted in higher yields. Despite increased crop tolerance and yield with sequential relative to single pyroxasulfone applications, these findings indicate a more effective herbicide safener for pyroxasulfone in grain sorghum is required.
Exploring Nitrogen Limitation for Historical and Modern Soybean Genotypes
Authors: Ortez O. A. , Salvagiotti F. , Enrico J. M. , Prasad P. V. V. , Armstrong P. , Ciampitti I. A. 
Published: August 2018

Yields (seed number) increased over time with modern soybean genotypes.Seed protein concentration decreased over time.Nitrogen fertilization impacted yield via changes on the seed weight.Nitrogen limited yields for high‐yielding modern soybean genotypes.The United States (USA) and Argentina (ARG) account for over 50% of the global soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] production. Soybean N demand is partially met (50–60%) by the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) process; however, an unanswered scientific knowledge gap exists on the ability of the BNF process to fulfill soybean N demand at varying yield levels. The overall objective of this study is to explore the potential N limitation using different N strategies for historical and modern soybean genotypes. Four field experiments were conducted during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons in Kansas (USA) and Santa Fe (ARG). Twenty‐one historical and modern soybean genotypes released from the 1980s to 2010s were tested under three N treatments: (i) control, without N application (Zero‐N); (ii) 56 kg N ha−1applied at R3‐R4 growth stages (Late‐N); and (iii) 670 kg ha−1equally split at planting, R1, and R3–R4 growth stages (Full‐N). Historical soybean yield gains, from the 1980s to 2010s, were 29% in the USA and 21% in ARG. Following the yield trend, seed N content increased for modern genotypes in parallel to the reduction on seed protein concentration. Regarding N treatments, Full‐N produced 12% yield increase in the USA and 4% in ARG. Yield improvement was mainly related to increases in aboveground biomass, seed number (genotype effect), and to a lesser extent, to seed weight (N effect). This study suggests a potential N limitation for soybean, although there are still questions about the way in which N must be provided to the plant.
Grazing Management and Buffer Strip Impact on Nitrogen Runoff from Pastures Fertilized with Poultry Litter
Authors: Pilon C. , Moore P. A. , Pote D. H. , Martin J. W. , Owens P. R. , Ashworth A. J. , Miller D. M. , DeLaune P. B. 
Published: August 2018

Nitrogen runoff from pastures fertilized with animal manure, such as poultry litter, can result in accelerated eutrophication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term effects of grazing management and buffer strips on N runoff from pastures fertilized with poultry litter. A 12‐yr study was conducted on 15 small watersheds in Booneville, AR, using five management practices: continuous grazing, haying, rotational grazing, rotational grazing with an unfertilized buffer strip, and rotational grazing with a fenced unfertilized riparian buffer. Poultry litter was applied annually at a rate of 5.6 Mg ha−1. Concentrations and loads of total N, NO3–N, NH4–N, organic N, and total organic C in runoff varied intra‐ and interannually and coincided with precipitation trends. Overall, the greatest component of total N in runoff was organic N. Rotational grazing resulted in the highest concentrations and loads of all forms of N in runoff compared with other treatments, including the continuously grazed paddocks, which were grazed almost twice as much. Total organic C concentrations and loads in runoff were also higher from rotationally grazed watersheds than other treatments. Rotational grazing is considered a best management practice that typically reduces soil erosion; hence, the mechanism by which it caused higher N and C runoff is unclear. Nitrogen runoff losses from rotationally grazed pastures were reduced by 44% with unfertilized buffer strips, by 54% with fenced unfertilized riparian buffers, and by 52% by converting pastures to hayfields.Core Ideas
The largest portion of N in runoff was in the organic form.
Rotational grazing resulted in higher N runoff than continuous grazing.
Rotational grazing resulted in the highest total organic C loads in runoff.
Buffer strips and converting pastures to hayfields reduced N runoff.
Rotational grazing with a fenced riparian buffer reduced N in runoff.
Aplikasi Rasch Model dalam Mengevaluasi Intelligenz Structure Test (IST)
Authors: Suryani Yulinda Erma 
Published: August 2018

<p class="IABSTRAK"><strong>Abstract:</strong> The concept of objective measurement in the social sciences and educational assessment must have five criteria: 1) Gives a linear measure with the same interval; 2) Conduct a proper estimation process; 3) Finding unfeasible items (misfits) or outliers; 4) Overcoming the lost data; 5) Generate replicable measurements (independent of the parameters studied). These five conditions of measurement, so far only Rasch model that can fulfill it. The quality of intelligence measurements made with the Rasch model will have the same quality as the measurements made in the physical dimension in the field of physics. The logit scale (log odds unit) generated in the Rasch model is the scale of the same interval and is linear from the data ratio (odds ratio). Based on the results of the analysis that has been done on the IST test instrument can be seen that in general the quality of IST test included in either category. Of the 176 IST test items there is only 1 item that is not good, ie aitem 155 (WU19) so that aitem 155 should be discarded. Based on the DIF analysis it can be seen that there are 28 items in favor of one gender only, so the twenty-eight items should be revised.</p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Konsep pengukuran objektif dalam ilmu sosial dan penilaian pendidikan harus memiliki lima kriteria: 1) Memberikan ukuran yang linier dengan interval yang sama; 2) Melakukan proses estimasi yang tepat; 3) Menemukan item yang tidak tepat (misfits) atau tidak umum (outlier); 4) Mengatasi data yang hilang; 5) Hasilkan pengukuran yang <em>replicable </em>(independen dari parameter yang diteliti). Kelima kondisi pengukuran ini, sejauh ini hanya model Rasch yang bisa memenuhinya. Kualitas pengukuran kecerdasan yang dibuat dengan model Rasch akan memiliki kualitas yang sama dengan pengukuran yang dibuat dalam dimensi fisik di bidang fisika. Skala logit (<em>log odds unit</em>) yang dihasilkan dalam Rasch model adalah skala interval yang sama dan linear dari rasio data (<em>odds ratio</em>). Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan pada instrumen tes IST dapat diketahui bahwa secara umum kualitas tes IST termasuk dalam kategori baik. Dari 176 item tes IST hanya ada 1 item yang tidak bagus, yaitu aitem 155 (WU19) sehingga aitem 155 harus dibuang. Berdasarkan analisis DIF dapat dilihat bahwa ada 28 item yang mendukung satu jenis kelamin saja, sehingga dua puluh delapan item harus direvisi.
Sistemas de comunicación no verbales
Authors: González Matías , Sosa Hernán , Martin Adriana Elba 
Published: August 2018

Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TICs) y la WWW deben ser una fuente de oportunidades para la integración, el aprendizaje, el empleo y no un conjunto de nuevas barreras que aumente la exclusión y la discriminación. Aplicando herramientas de evaluación es posible identificar y revertir estas barreras en productos existentes, propiciando el acceso y la interacción a las personas, independientemente de sus capacidades diferentes y/o especiales. Pero el desafío real es aportar a un escenario más proactivo, que tenga en cuenta estas barreras al momento de concebir y desarrollar nuevos sitios y aplicaciones. Enfocados en personas con discapacidad motora y/o cognitiva y considerando estándares nacionales e internacionales vigentes, en este trabajo se realiza un análisis de los problemas que enfrenta este grupo crítico de usuarios de interés para comunicarse con los demás y el mundo que los rodea, y cómo pueden contribuir a esta comunicación la tecnología y la Web. La identificación de barreras se utiliza para proponer el diseño de sistemas Web personalizados de comunicación aumentativo y alternativo, que puedan enriquecerse dentro de una comunidad, compartiendo pictogramas descriptivos en un entorno de interacción usable y accesible.