bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Crisis of the Late 2000s and Currency Substitution: A Study of Three Eastern European Economies Russia, Turkey and Ukraine
Authors: Akalin Gurkan I. , Prater Edmund L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
For the last two decades, most of Eastern European countries moved towards open economies, including Baltic Countries, Ukraine and Russia. Some of these countries adopted the euro such as the case of Montenegro in 2002, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, and finally Latvia in 2014. Adoption of the new currency helped these countries further integrate into a larger market, the Eurozone, and stabilize their economies against heavily fluctuating exchange rates. The governments of Ukraine and Russia, on the other hand, did not show interest to join the Eurozone and followed more independent currency policies along with the limited economic liberalization during the period of the 90s and the early 2000s. Similarly, Turkey, not a former Eastern Bloc country, but located geographically very close to these two countries did not peg its currency to the euro or the US dollar. All of these three economies in Eastern Europe had multiple deep financial crises, inflation, devaluations, and weak governments in the last two decades of the 90s and the 2000s (Lissovolik, 2003). For instance, Turkish lira depreciated from 13 TL/$ in 1973 to 1.5 million TL/$ in 2004 (Bahmani-Oskooee, 1996). As a result, of these negative experiences, local people of these countries developed a tendency to keep at least a portion of their savings in a foreign currency (Civcir, 2003). In the case of Turkey, the ratio of reserves held in the foreign currency over the local currency, which is a de facto measure of US dollarization, showed a steady rise during the period from 1983 to 1993, remained steady high around 50% until 2001 and decreased afterwards (Metin-Özcan, 2009). In short, these countries are examples of highly US dollarized countries (Havrylyshyn & Beddies, 2003; Kaplan, 2008).
This paper is to investigate the changes in the currency substitution during and after the global financial crisis between 2007 and 2010 in Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. These three countries with large economies, recent strong US dollarization experience in the last two decades, and relatively open markets, provide good cases for understanding the global trend in the currency substitution and the status of the US dollar as a reserve currency
General considerations on the enforcement (application) of law
Authors: Berlingher Remus Daniel , Sabau Georgeta Valeria 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Law is a system of norms developed and/or recognized by the state as norms guiding human behaviour according to the values of that particular society, establishing rights and obligations, principles and definitions, structures and relationships of social organization and activity that must be obeyed and which, when necessary, are insured by the coercive force of the state. Thus, the development of this system of norms is not an end in itself, but is intended to regulate all social relations, guide human behaviours and achieve the aims of the law. The enforcement of law is the process of translating legal rules into practice, through which the subjects of law obey and execute legal norms, and state authorities apply them, depending on their competence. The enforcement of law depends on a number of factors that shape law, such as its natural framework of existence, the historical context and the ethnic and national particularities of that community’s development, the economic factor or framework, the framework and particularities of the political system, the cultural-ideological framework or factor, the international framework or factor, etc.
Performance Level Validation of the Machinery Control System / Walidacja Poziomu Zapewnienia Bezpieczeństwa Przez Systemy Sterowania Maszynami
Authors: Dźwiarek Marek 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
An important role among protective means play the elements of control systems performing safety functions. When the validation process of a safety performance level(PL) achieved by those systems is conducted properly one can draw the conclusion that any defect appearing in those systems would not cause the loss of safety functions. The paper presents formalized validation of the PL procedures for different categories and PL’s for introducing into the computer program which makes more efficient all the operations involved into the validation and documentation processes of safety performance level achieved by machine control systems.
Analysis of Network Traffic Filtering / Analiza Filtracji Ruchu Sieciowego
Authors: Kabala Piotr , Laskowski Dariusz 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The article consist of study on concept of Network Obstacle (firewall, FW) using PLD-Linux platform and available tools, implementation selected mechanism of security, also analysis the effectiveness of prepared Network Obstacle. Study on concept of Network Obstacle is based on Screened Subnet architecture. Testing effectiveness of network Obstacle was found in two fundamental parts. In the first part was examining the security of network obstacle, testing the resistance attempts of scanning port and the most common attacks. The second part of the research meant to show the influence of the Network Obstacle on time and delay of the realization of transaction for HTTP movement depending on level of the security and movement intensity generated by internal network users. Testing the effectiveness of FW was verify by testing the resistance in an attempt of scanning ports and attacks refusal of service (ICMP, SYN Flood), providing base of dispersed attacks DDoS. This part of the research had one aim, to show the influence FW on time and on delay of the realization the transaction for motion HTTP, depending on the security level and intensity of movement generated by the users of the internal network.
A System to Measure Service Loads that Affect the SU-22UM3k Structure / System Do Pomiaru Obciążeń Eksploatacyjnych w Elementach Struktury Samolotu SU-22UM3k
Authors: Nowakowski Mirosław , Jakielaszek Zbigniew 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych has for years been engaged in research and development (R&D) aimed at the determination of wear-and-tear level that particular aircraft suffer from. The paper has been intended to present an innovative measuring-and-recording system to collect information on service loads that arise in structural components of the Su-22UM3K aircraft. Research work into loads in some selected structural components of the Su-22UM3K has been carried out with the KAM-500 measuring system applied. Modular design has been used to develop the system. This, in turn, allows of changes in the system’s configuration, according to what a measuring task requires. The flight testing of loads has covered items of tasks included in the flying training program for the Su- 22UM3K to collect/deliver data on an actual service profile and to determine representative strain-gauge measuring channels to be utilized in further aircraft’s service.
The Method of Evaluation Degree of Changes Confidentiality Attribute of Information Asset Inside ICT System / Metoda Oceny Stopnia Zmian Atrybutu Poufności Zasobu Informacyjnego w Systemie Teleinformatycznym
Authors: Szleszyński Artur 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The work presents the proposition of inference system that evaluates the possibility of information confidentiality attribute violation. Crisp and fuzzy variables have been defined. Values of output variables from fuzzy logic system have been presented. The way of counting the modified value of information confidentiality attribute has been described.
Issues Regarding Information Safety in Digital Network of Railway Radio Communications / Zagadnienia Bezpieczeństwa Informacyjnego w Sieci Cyfrowej Radiołączności Kolejowej
Authors: Siergiejczyk Mirosław 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this paper there are presented both architecture and more important functions and range of services of GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communication - Rail). GSM-R is used for management and signaling support in railway transport. Particular attention was drawn to selected issues of IT and mobile security of services provided by GSM-R.
Analysis of a Selected Transport System Opertion Efficiency With the Use of Semi-Markov Model / Efektywnościowa Analiza Jakości Działania Wybranego Systemu Transportowego Z Zastosowaniem Modelu Semi-Markowa
Authors: Muślewski Łukasz , Lewalski Michał , Migawa Klaudiusz 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study deals with the problems connected with quality assurance for transport systems operation. The research was performed using data from a real transport system. The concept of a system operation quality was defined on the basis of which a schematic assessment model was developed and a random process was described to be used for its evaluation. Qualitative states of a system operation reflecting value ranges of the obtained evaluations in given times were identified in result of the experimental tests performed as part of the research. A model of a system operation efficiency evaluation was developed for the analyzed technical objects with the use of semi-Markov theory.
Possibilities Concerning Diagnosis of the SSP-FK Aircraft Fire Suppression System in Terms of Determination of Reasons for False Fire Alarms / Możliwości Diagnozowania Lotniczego Systemu Przeciwpożarowego SSP-FK w Aspekcie Określania Przyczyn Fałszywego Sygnalizowania Pożaru
Authors: Szelmanowski Andrzej , Borowski Jerzy , Głyda Krzysztof 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The paper presents selected results of work at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) in the scope of testing of the SSP-FK fire suppression system used on many types of military aircraft operating in the Polish Armed Forces. For the purpose of determining conditions for false fire alarms, SSP-FK simulation models have been developed. The study was carried out on simulation models in Matlab-Simulink and Circuit-Maker packages. Results of this work have been used for diagnosis of the SSP-FK system during a test of real cases of false activation of these devices.
Unmanned Surface And Undersea Vehicles: Capabilities And Potential
Authors: Dobref Vasile , Tărăbuţă Octavian , Clinci Cătălin-Paul 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper proposes a new technological solution for the sea observation using an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) or Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUV). The term USV refers to any vehicle that operates on the surface of the water without a crew. USVs have the potential, and in some cases the demonstrated ability, to reduce risk to manned forces, provide the necessary force multiplication to accomplish military missions, perform tasks which manned vehicles cannot, and do so in a way that is affordable for the navy. In this paper we examine the use of unmanned vehicles (USV and UUV) which can replace the manned sea patrol system with additional sensors and high performance communication systems in future.
Romanian Public-Funded Research And Development Activities In The Space Sector
Authors: Toncea Nicolae-Mihail , Stan Andrei , Cristea Octavian 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Romania achieved full membership within ESA (European Space Agency) in 2011 and is actually involved in several European flagship space programmes. The “National Strategy for Space and Related Fields” is a strategic project funded through the Romanian Space Technology and Advanced Research Program (STAR), which is implemented by a consortium coordinated by IAROM S.A. One of the project goals is to identify national space- related technological capabilities and possible niches for Romania within the European space industry, as well as to identify cooperation opportunities within the mandatory and optional ESA programs. This paper presents an overview of the areas of expertise covered by projects contracted in 2012 and 2013 in the framework of the national space research and development programme. The paper does not cover industrial space contracts since they contain sensitive information.
Assessment Of Maintenance Needs Required To Preserve The Operational Status Of Combat Vehicles Participating In Military Operations
Authors: Căruţaşu Vasile , Căruţaşu Daniela 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
An important step in preparing a military operation is the planning one where resource requirements and related costs are assessed needed to conduct it under optimal conditions. One of the most important issues to be considered at this stage is that concerning the means of warfare which are necessary for fulfilling the tasks of the military operation. In this regard both the types of combat capabilities that are required and the number of each type of combat capabilities should be established. After evaluating the necessary means of combat, an important aspect to be considered is that of ensuring the maintenance service for the means of combat planned to participate in military operations. In this study, based on technical specifications related to maintenance operations to be carried out to maintain the operational state of combat means is shown, depending on the tasks to be fulfilled within the military operation, a way of assessing maintenance needs in order to design a plan to ensure optimal maintenance service.
The Optimal Organization Of The Maintenance Service In Order To Maintain The Perational State Of Combat Vehicles Participating In The Conduct Of Military Operations
Authors: Căruţaşu Vasile , Căruţaşu Daniela 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Conducting military operations in optimal conditions must take into account the organization of the maintenance service as well. This study presents a computer application intended to design The Optimal Plan for the Organization of the Maintenance Service. This application has as theoretical support [5], but also intends to complete the module on the supply of spare parts shown in [4]. It is a useful application in the process of planning a military operation, the two modules, the one presented in [4] and the one presented in in this study, covering the logistic support in terms of the military equipment which includes the combat means, supply and storage of spare parts, supply and storage of fuel, maintenance facilities, as well as the human resource necessary to ensure this service.
An Overview Of The OPCW’s Programme For Biomedical Samples Analysis
Authors: Grigoriu Nicoleta , Epure Gabriel , Ginghina Raluca , Mosteanu Danut 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Since 2009 the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has been organizing and conducting confidence-building exercises for biomedical samples analysis. The purpose of the exercises was to begin and continue building expertise in the analysis of biomedical samples relevant to the investigation of incidents of alleged use of chemical weapons. The exercise consists of a number of samples for which the laboratory will be request to identify and determine the approximate concentration of a specified set of metabolic products of Chemical Weapons Convention scheduled chemicals.
The paper provides an overview of the current status of the confidence-building exercises and the implication of the Scientific Research Centre for CBRN Defence and Ecology to the OPCW’s programme for biomedical samples analysis.
The New Protractor For Military Use
Authors: Moro Nicolae 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The working tool on the map is a device conceived and realized by the members of the research team on the project entitled “M.U.D.C.-01 Protractor of Angles, Distances and Coordinates”, an element of novelty which aims to solve a problem identified in the daily activity of the military and is ultimately an effective and modern way of working on military topographic maps as well as an easy way for implementing an expeditious procedures of topographic work in field measurement, for required land distances and angles of orientation and navigation. This military protractor can also be used, eventhough it is less user-friendly and is designed primarily to measure the azimuth, angle slopes, distances and rectangular coordinates with two grid scales and standard army military symbols, by military personnel which work on maps in terrain or in military headquarters.
Polymer Composite Materials And Applications For Chemical Protection Equipments
Authors: Petre Răzvan , Petrea Nicoleta , Epure Gabriel , Zecheru Teodora 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The polymer composite materials properties are clearly determined by their constituent properties and by the micro-structural configuration.
Additives and modifiers ingredients can expand the usefulness of the polymeric matrix, enhance the processability or extend composite durability. The fibres are mainly responsible for the performance changing (strength and stiffness properties). The least structurally demanding cases is the arrangement of fibres randomly in polymeric matrix, when equal strength is achieved in all directions.
Fibre reinforced polymer materials can be successfully used in a wide range of applications and can significantly improve the characteristics of chemical protection equipments and foster the development of new ones with superior features.
The Impact Of Legal Regulations On The Protection Of Population From CBRN Terrorism In The Czech Republic
Authors: Skoruša Leopold 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This contribution deals with the topics of impacts of the regulating mechanisms on the protection of population against a specific form of terrorism. As a reference element for exploring the subjected intent, a regulating mechanism of legal character was selected by the author. As the assessment of the regulation of all CBRN components would be out of the framework of this type of work, the author limited his survey to the area of the combat chemical agents and industrially dangerous agents provided the survey model applied can be utilised to other means as well.
The study on corrosion of Pb–Sn–Sb alloys in soil
Authors: Rapouch K. , Selucká A. , Mazík M. Mazík M. , Příhoda J. , Trnková L. , Storme P. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The paper studies corrosion of selected Pb-Sn-Sb alloys
in soil. Corrosion tests were proposed and performed based
on the survey of the mechanism of corrosion of archaeological
objects – letter types. The composition of tested lead alloys
corresponds to the phases in structures of alloys the original
types were made from. Three types of soil with different pH
were selected as the corrosion environment and one of the set
of specimens was exposed additionally to acetic acid vapours
to monitor the impact of volatile organic compounds. The results
were compared with similar corrosion tests performed at
the University of Antwerp. The results implied that it was predominantly
the character of the microstructure the lead alloys
form that affects corrosion of Pb–Sn–Sb alloys. Intermetallic
phases SnSb are formed within the lead matrix, the average
composition of which corresponds to 55 % of Sn and 45 %
of Sb. The SnSb phase is very hard and resistant; a corrosion
microcell is formed when in contact with the matrix, with the
lead matrix being preferentially susceptible to corrosion. The
content of antimony and tin in the alloy affects formation and
the quantity of the SnSb phase.
Evaluating CD ROMs for Pre-Primary English Courses in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
Authors: Pokrivcakova Silvia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLiving in the digital age means that modern information and communications technologies (ICT) have penetrated into every aspect of human lives, including education. Despite the fact that ICT are widely used in educational setting, many educators (and parents) have nevertheless remained concerned about how to adapt them into children’s education meaningfully and effectively. The use of ICT in education in general, and in preschool institutions in particular, has become an important research issue. The study focuses on evaluating multimedia CD-ROMs published in two countries with the intention to be used in pre-school institutions for the introduction of English as a foreign language to the youngest learners (children 3 – 6 years). The results point to the fact that majority of the CD ROMs offered activities which were marked as “robotic”, “glib”, “static”, and “empty” (built upon simple and usually mechanically repeated instructions), never reached beyond mechanical memorisation of English vocabulary in any entertaining way. The author calls for designing cognitively challenging materials which could support development of higher cognitive or affective functions of very young learners.
Teaching Picture Storybooks via E-learning Platforms
Authors: Blahút Miloš 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe picture storybooks have gone through a major transformation since their modern versions appeared in the 1950si. Modern and postmodern picture story books “have a great potential with their flexibility, based on a great variety of picture-text interplay, a wide range of themes, richness of aims and functions” (Bobulová, et al., 2003, p. 88-89). In the online distance learning course, education will be carried out on the basis of interaction between the learner and material (stored and exchanged in Moodle Platform, for instance), and between other participants in the educational process, that is, the instructor and other learners. The advantage of teaching children’s literature, especially picture story books, via E-learning platforms, is twofold: firstly, readers take their time to go through the reading materials and work on their own; secondly, it gives them space and time to prepare for the task assigned by the instructor appropriately and effectively by paying close attention to all the details, which, due to shortage of time allocated in face-to-face education (classroom environment) would be impossible. This paper presents not only advantages of such learning, but also sample tasks learners may encounter while participating in the online distance learning.
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Due to Improvement of Biodegradable Waste Management System
Authors: Bendere R. , Teibe I. , Arina D. , Lapsa J. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
To reduce emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) from landfills, the European Union (EU) Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC requires that there be a progressive decrease in the municipal biodegradable waste disposal. The main problem of waste management (WM) in Latvia is its heavy dependence on the waste disposal at landfills. The poorly developed system for the sorted municipal waste collection and the promotion of landfilling as a major treatment option led to the disposal of 84% of the total collected municipal waste in 2012, with a high biodegradable fraction. In Latvia, the volume of emissions due to activities of the WM branch was 5.23% (632.6 CO2 eq.) of the total GHG emissions produced in the National economy in 2010 (12 097 Gg CO2 eq., except the land use, land-use change and forestry). Having revised the current situation in the management of biodegradable waste in Latvia, the authors propose improvements in this area. In the work, analysis of environmental impact was carried out using Waste Management Planning System (WAMPS) software in the WM modelling scenarios. The software computes the emissions, energy and turnover of waste streams for the processes within the WM system such as waste collection and transportation, composting, anaerobic digestion, and the final disposal (landfilling or incineration). The results of WAMPS modelling are presented in four categories associated with the environmental impact: acidification, global warming, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation, each characterised by a particular emission. These categories cover an integrated WM system, starting with the point when products turn to waste which is then thrown into the bin for waste at its generation source, and ending with the point where the waste transforms either into useful material (recycled material, biogas or compost) or contributes to emissions into environment after the final disposal at a landfill or an incineration plant