bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Norbornene, norbornadiene and their derivatives: promising semi-products for organic synthesis and production of polymeric materials
Authors: Flid Vitaly R. , Gringolts Maria L. , Shamsiev Ravshan S. , Finkelshtein Evgene Sh. 
Published: August 2018

The methods for synthesis of promising norbornene monomers from norbornadiene and quadricyclane are summarized. A strategy for their synthesis is discussed, combining theoretical and experimental approaches to the selection of catalysts and the conditions for carrying out stereoselective reactions. The mechanisms of catalytic reactions of synthesis of norbornene monomers, as well as the progress in the macromolecular design of functional polymeric materials based on them, are considered. The data on industrial processes of production of polynorbornenes and areas of their use are presented.
The bibliography includes 297 references.
The familiar and the strange
Authors: Delgado Rodrigo 
Published: August 2018

This study examines gender assignment in Spanish/English mixed DPs. In these DPs, heritage speakers of Spanish have the choice of using the feminine or masculine determiner with an English noun (e.g., (1)

la table or (2)

el table). However, there is no gender agreement between the Spanish determiner and English noun. According to Liceras et al. (2008), this is solved by using the masculine determiner, el; it is not specified for gender (Harris, 1991). Other studies (Jake et al., 2002) have shown that heritage speakers do use the feminine determiner in mixed DPs such as (1). I argue that the feminine determiner is used with English nouns that are feminine in Spanish and are part of the familial domain.
Short-term C mineralization (aka the flush of CO
2
) as an indicator of soil biological health.
Authors: Franzluebbers A. J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Soil biological activity is a key component of soil health assessments, as it (a) indicates soil nutrient cycling capacity from various organic matter sources to inorganic availability, (b) relates to soil structural conditions, (c) informs about the potential to harbour biodiversity in soil and (d) often parallels changes in soil organic C and N storage in surface soils. The flush of CO
2
following rewetting of dried soil represents a burst of microbial activity that can be considered an artefact, but has a strong relationship with longer-term C mineralization and basal soil respiration across a diversity of soils. This review demonstrates also the strong association of the flush of CO
2
with soil microbial biomass C and net N mineralization. Weaker associations occur with total and particulate organic C and N. The flush of CO
2
has been evaluated for assessing both short- and long-term impacts of crop and forage management. It also has strong temporal and spatial variations that can be related to the availability of organic substrates and landscape-specific environmental conditions. Variations in methodology have recently appeared in the literature and standardization is needed if results are to be compared. The flush of CO
2
should be considered a rapid, robust and reliable method to indicate soil biological activity and as such should be a major component of any soil health assessment.
Lameness: a principle problem to sow longevity in breeding herds.
Authors: Supakorn C. , Stock J. D. , Garay E. , Johnson A. K. , Stalder K. J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review causes of lameness lesions, lameness detection methods, factors affecting lameness, the association between lameness and other economically important swine production traits, and treatment for lameness in swine breeding herds. Lameness in sows is an important welfare and economic challenge to pig producers. It has been reported to be the second most common reason for the involuntary culling of sows which directly impacts sow longevity/sow productive lifetime. Factors affecting the prevalence and severity of gilt and sow lameness breeding herd are housing type, flooring type, toes/dewclaws management, the genetic effect for feet and leg conformation, and nutrition especially mineral supplements. Sow preference and behavioural response to flooring type may be likewise be affected by lameness onset, duration, severity and location. To avoid unnecessary distress and associated financial losses, early treatment of lameness observed among the females in the gilt development unit and in the breeding herd is necessary. The key factors listed previously are the foundation of a proper prevalence strategy. However, this review shows that additional research is still needed, especially studies to accurately evaluate lameness lesions, examine nutrient requirements for optimum foot health, investigate genetic effects on feet and leg conformation, clearly define the supplemental vitamin or/and mineral levels and duration for usage. All of these factors may influence breeding herd lameness and may contribute to more consistent and comparable results from sow herd.
Principals about principal components in statistical genetics
Authors: Abegaz Fentaw , Chaichoompu Kridsadakorn , Génin Emmanuelle , Fardo David W , König Inke R , Mahachie John Jestinah M , Van Steen Kristel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrincipal components (PCs) are widely used in statistics and refer to a relatively small number of uncorrelated variables derived from an initial pool of variables, while explaining as much of the total variance as possible. Also in statistical genetics, principal component analysis (PCA) is a popular technique. To achieve optimal results, a thorough understanding about the different implementations of PCA is required and their impact on study results, compared to alternative approaches. In this review, we focus on the possibilities, limitations and role of PCs in ancestry prediction, genome-wide association studies, rare variants analyses, imputation strategies, meta-analysis and epistasis detection. We also describe several variations of classic PCA that deserve increased attention in statistical genetics applications.
DeepGSR: an optimized deep-learning structure for the recognition of genomic signals and regions
Authors: Kalkatawi Manal , Magana-Mora Arturo , Jankovic Boris , Bajic Vladimir B 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Recognition of different genomic signals and regions (GSRs) in DNA is crucial for understanding genome organization, gene regulation, and gene function, which in turn generate better genome and gene annotations. Although many methods have been developed to recognize GSRs, their pure computational identification remains challenging. Moreover, various GSRs usually require a specialized set of features for developing robust recognition models. Recently, deep-learning (DL) methods have been shown to generate more accurate prediction models than ‘shallow’ methods without the need to develop specialized features for the problems in question. Here, we explore the potential use of DL for the recognition of GSRs.

Results
We developed DeepGSR, an optimized DL architecture for the prediction of different types of GSRs. The performance of the DeepGSR structure is evaluated on the recognition of polyadenylation signals (PAS) and translation initiation sites (TIS) of different organisms: human, mouse, bovine and fruit fly. The results show that DeepGSR outperformed the state-of-the-art methods, reducing the classification error rate of the PAS and TIS prediction in the human genome by up to 29% and 86%, respectively. Moreover, the cross-organisms and genome-wide analyses we performed, confirmed the robustness of DeepGSR and provided new insights into the conservation of examined GSRs across species.

Availability and implementation
DeepGSR is implemented in Python using Keras API; it is available as open-source software and can be obtained at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1117159.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An Alternative Cure: The Adoption and Survival of Bacteriophage Therapy in the USSR, 1922–1955
Authors: Myelnikov Dmitriy 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Felix D’Herelle coined the term bacteriophage in 1917 to characterize a hypothetical viral agent responsible for the mysterious phenomenon of rapid bacterial death. While the viral nature of the “phage” was only widely accepted in the 1940s, attempts to use the phenomenon in treating infections started early. After raising hopes in the interwar years, by 1945 phage therapy had been abandoned almost entirely in the West, until the recent revival of interest in response to the crisis of antibiotic resistance. The use of phage therapy, however, persisted within Soviet medicine, especially in Georgia. This article explains the adoption and survival of phage therapy in the USSR. By focusing on the Tbilisi Institute of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Bacteriophage (now the Eliava Institute), I argue that bacteriophage research appealed to Soviet scientists because it offered an ecological model for understanding bacterial infection. In the 1930s, phage therapy grew firmly imbedded within the infrastructure of Soviet microbiological institutes. During the Second World War, bacteriophage preparations gained practical recognition from physicians and military authorities. At the dawn of the Cold War, the growing scientific isolation of Soviet science protected phage therapy from the contemporary western critiques, and the ecological program of research into bacteriophages continued in Georgia.
Overview of EU and UK competition law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of EU and UK competition law and the institutions involved in formulating, interpreting and applying competition law. It also explains the relationship between EU competition law and the domestic competition laws of the Member States, in particular in the light of Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003. The rules of the European Economic Area are briefly referred to, and the trend on the part of Member States to adopt domestic competition rules modelled on those in the EU is also noted. Three diagrams at the end of the chapter explain the institutional structure of EU and UK competition law.
Horizontal agreements (3): cooperation agreements
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses horizontal cooperation agreements between competitors. There may be circumstances in which competitors cooperate with one another in a way that delivers economic benefits, not just for themselves but for consumer welfare as well. After a discussion of joint ventures, the chapter discusses the application of Article 101 to horizontal cooperation agreements. It refers, in particular, to the European Commission’s Guidelines on Horizontal Cooperation Agreements and discusses, in turn, information exchange, research and development agreements, production agreements, purchasing agreements, commercialisation agreements, standardisation agreements and other cases of permissible horizontal cooperation. It concludes with a brief look at the treatment of horizontal cooperation agreements under UK competition law.
Abuse of dominance (1): non-pricing practices
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers abusive non-pricing practices under Article 102 TFEU and the Chapter II prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. It deals in turn with exclusive dealing agreements; tying; refusals to supply; abusive non-pricing practices that are harmful to the single market; and miscellaneous other non-pricing practices which might infringe Article 102 or the Chapter II prohibition. Reference is made where appropriate to the Commission’s Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article [102 TFEU] to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings.
Mergers (1): introduction
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the subject of merger control. Merger control is an important component of most, though not all, systems of competition law. It begins by explaining what is meant by a ‘merger’ or ‘concentration’, the term used by the EU Merger Regulation (‘the EUMR’). It then proceeds to describe the different effects of mergers between independent firms from within and different production levels, the proliferation of systems of merger control, why firms merge and the purpose of merger control. The final section of the chapter deals with how to design a system of merger control when a country decides, as a matter of policy, to adopt one.
Effects of mass models on dynamical mass estimate: the case of ultradiffuse galaxy NGC 1052-DF2
Authors: Hayashi Kohei , Inoue Shigeki 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
NGC 1052-DF2 was recently discovered as the dark-matter-deficient galaxy claimed by van Dokkum et al. However, large uncertainties on its dynamical mass estimate have been pointed out, concerning the paucity of sample, statistical methods, and distance measurements. In this work, we discuss the effects of the difference in modelling of the tracer profile of this galaxy on the dynamical mass estimate. To do this, we assume that the tracer densities are modelled with power-law and Sérsic profiles, and then we solve the spherical Jeans equation to estimate the dynamical mass. Applying these models to kinematic data of globular clusters in NGC 1052-DF2, we compare 90 per cent upper limits of dynamical mass-to-light ratios estimated from this analysis and from van Dokkum et al. We find that the upper limit obtained by the power-law is virtually the same as the result from van Dokkum et al, whilst this limit estimated by the Sérsic is significantly greater than that from van Dokkum et al, thereby suggesting that NGC 1052-DF2 can still be a dark-matter-dominated system. Consequently, we propose that dynamical mass estimate of a galaxy is largely affected by not only the small kinematic sample but the choice of tracer distributions, and thus the estimated mass still remains quite uncertain.
Utility of Preoperative Simulation for Ventricular Catheter Placement via a Parieto-Occipital Approach in Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Yamada Shigeki , Ishikawa Masatsune , Yamamoto Kazuo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Freehand ventricular catheter placement has been reported to have poor accuracy.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether preoperative computational simulation using diagnostic images improves the accuracy of ventricular catheter placement.

METHODS
This study included 113 consecutive patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunting via a parieto-occipital approach. The locations of the ventricular catheter placement in the last 48 patients with preoperative virtual simulation on the 3-dimensional workstation were compared with those in the initial 65 patients without simulation. Catheter locations were classified into 3 categories: optimal, suboptimal, and poor placements. Additionally, slip angles were measured between the ventricular catheter and optimal direction.

RESULTS
All patients with preoperative simulations had optimally placed ventricular catheters; the mean slip angle for this group was 2.8°. Among the 65 patients without simulations, 46 (70.8%) had optimal placement, whereas 10 (15.4%) and 9 (13.8%) had suboptimal and poor placements, respectively; the mean slip angle for the nonsimulation group was 8.6°. The slip angles for all patients in the preoperative simulation group were within 7°, whereas those for 31 (47.7%) and 10 (15.4%) patients in the nonsimulation group were within 7° and over 14°, respectively. All patients with preoperative simulations experienced improved symptoms and did not require shunt revision during the follow-up period, whereas 5 patients (7.7%) without preoperative simulations required shunt revisions for different reasons.

CONCLUSION
Preoperative simulation facilitates accurate placement of ventricular catheters via a parieto-occipital approach. Minimally invasive and precise shunt catheter placement is particularly desirable for elderly patients with NPH.
Is the Supraorbital Notch a Reliable Landmark to Avoid the Frontal Sinus?
Authors: Ostergard Thomas A , Glenn Chad A , Dekker Simone E , Bambakidis Nicholas C 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
When performing a craniotomy involving the orbital bar, the supraorbital notch is a potential landmark to localize the lateral extent of the frontal sinus. Avoidance of the frontal sinus is important to reduce the risk of postoperative surgical site infection, epidural abscess formation, and mucocele development.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the reliability of the supraorbital notch as a marker of the lateral location of the frontal sinus.

METHODS
Cadaveric dissections were used with image guidance software to define the relationship between the frontal sinus and supraorbital foramen.

RESULTS
The supraorbital notch was located 2.54 cm from midline and the lateral extent of the frontal sinus extended 2.84 mm lateral to the supraorbital notch. When performing a craniotomy extending medially to the supraorbital notch at a perpendicular angle, the frontal sinus was breached in 65% of craniotomies. When the craniotomy ended 10 mm lateral to the supraorbital notch, the rate of frontal sinus breach decreased to 10%.

CONCLUSION
When performing a craniotomy involving the supraorbital notch, a lateral to medial trajectory that ends 15 mm to the supraorbital notch will minimize the risk of frontal sinus violation.
Posterior Cervical Keyhole Laminoforaminotomy: A Cadaveric Comparative Study to Evaluate Limits of Bony Resection
Authors: Bayoumi Ahmed B , Berk Selim , Efe Ibrahim E , Bas Elif Gulsah , Duran Melissa , Yigit Tolga , Erden Agin , Kristal Bruce S , Kilic Turker , Konya Deniz , Toktas Zafer Orkun 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The posterior cervical keyhole (KH) laminoforaminotomy has been described to involve the lateral portion of cervical laminae of the upper vertebra alone (small KH) or of both upper and lower vertebrae (large KH).

OBJECTIVE
To microscopically compare the two keyhole techniques in terms of their ability to expose the corresponding cervical roots.

METHODS
Ten cadaveric specimens were operated bilaterally from C3-4 to C6-7 level to expose a total of 80 nerve roots. The large KH was applied to the left side, the small KH to the right side. The maximal length of exposed nerve roots was measured under microscope. The virtual optimal KH surface area was determined using digital software. Each root was inspected for exposure of its root and axilla.

RESULTS
The maximal exposed nerve root length on the large KH side was significantly larger than on the small KH side at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels (P = .031, P = .002, P = .003). No significance was reported for C4-5 (P = .06). We could expose right axillae in (3/40) and left axillae in (33/40; P < .001). Optimal keyhole surface areas were 37.9, 38.2, 38.7, and 46.2 mm2 in craniocaudal order.

CONCLUSION
Large KH defects involving both upper and lower laminae and facets can expose the roots to greater extent than small KH defects at C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 levels. Large KH defects may allow better exposure of nerve roots axillae than small KH defects.
Noninvasive Transorbital Assessment of the Optic Nerve Sheath in Children: Relationship Between Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter, Deformability Index, and Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Padayachy Llewellyn , Brekken Reidar , Fieggen Graham , Selbekk Tormod 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is a promising technique for noninvasive assessment of intracranial pressure (ICP), but has certain limitations. A recent study showed that the deformability index (DI), a dynamic parameter quantifying the pulsatile nature of the optic nerve sheath, could differentiate between patients with high vs normal ICP.

OBJECTIVE
To further evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the DI, when interpreted together with ONSD.

METHODS
This prospective study included children undergoing invasive ICP measurement as part of their clinical management. Ultrasound images of the optic nerve sheath were acquired prior to measuring ICP, the images were further processed to obtain the DI. Patients were dichotomized into high (≥20 mm Hg) or normal ICP groups and compared using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Diagnostic accuracy was described using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity, correlation between DI, ONSD, and ICP was investigated using linear regression.

RESULTS
A total of 28 patients were included (19 high ICP). The DI was lower in the high ICP group (0.105 vs 0.28, P = .001). AUC was 0.87, and a cut-off value of DI ≤ 0.185 demonstrated sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 88.9%. Diagnostic accuracy improved when combining DI with ONSD (AUC 0.98, sensitivity 94.7%, specificity 88.9%) and correlation with ICP improved when combined analysis of DI and ONSD was performed (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.82 vs 0.42, respectively, P = .012).

CONCLUSION
The DI was significantly lower for patients with high vs normal ICP. This relationship improved further when the DI and ONSD were interpreted together.
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Complications in the European Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Multicenter Study
Authors: Feletti Alberto , d’Avella Domenico , Wikkelsø Carsten , Klinge Petra , Hellström Per , Tans Jos , Kiefer Michael , Meier Ulrich , Lemcke Johannes , Paternò Vincenzo , Stieglitz Lennart , Sames Martin , Saur Karel , Kordás Mariann , Vitanovic Dusan , Gabarrós Andreu , Llarga Feixa , Triffaux Michael , Tyberghien Alain , Juhler Marianne , Hasselbalch Stehen , Cesarini Kristina , Laurell Katarina 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VP-shunt) is the standard of treatment for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). However, a thorough investigation of VP-shunt complications in this population is lacking.

OBJECTIVE
To present the analysis and the rates of complications progressively occurring during the first year after shunt surgery in the patients with iNPH included in the European multicenter (EU-iNPH) study.

METHODS
Patients (n = 142) were prospectively included in the EU-iNPH study by 13 institutions. All patients received a programmable VP-shunt. One hundred fifteen patients completed the 12-mo follow-up. Reexaminations were performed 1, 3, and 12 mo after surgery. Data regarding symptomatic over- or underdrainage, infections, malposition, subdural collections, and shunt surgery were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Thirty patients (26%) experienced symptoms due to shunt underdrainage. Symptomatic overdrainage was reported in 10 (9%). Shunt adjustments were made in 43 (37%). Shunt malposition was recognized as the primary cause of shunt malfunction in 8 (7%), while only 1 infection (0.9%) occurred. Subdural hematoma was diagnosed in 7 (6%) and was treated by increasing the opening pressure of the valve in 5 patients. Hygroma was diagnosed in 10 (9%), requiring surgery in 1 patient. Overall, 17 patients (15%) underwent 19 shunt surgeries.

CONCLUSION
The advances in valve technology, a careful opening pressure setting, and rigorous follow-up allow a significant reduction of complications, which can be usually managed nonsurgically within the first 3 to 6 mo.