bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Supervision
Authors: Andreas Joel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 4 examines the Four Cleans movement (1962–1966), the largest and most protracted campaign carried out to that point to mobilize “supervision from below” of party cadres. Supervision from below had been hindered by the Communist Party’s inclination to tightly control all aspects of participation as it was impossible for workers to effectively play their role if they did not have a degree of autonomy from the factory cadres they were expected to supervise. Mao attempted to mitigate this problem by sending in teams of outside party cadres to organize workers to criticize factory party leaders. The Four Cleans campaign was effective in combatting corruption but less effective in dealing with Mao’s main concern—the transformation of the party officialdom into a privileged “bureaucratic class” unaccountable to their subordinates. Dissatisfaction with the results led Mao to launch a much more radical attempt to introduce autonomy into mass supervision.
Disenfranchised
Authors: Andreas Joel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 8 examines the consequences of industrial restructuring, which began in the early 1990s and continues to the present day. The great majority of state-run and collective enterprises have been privatized, and all firms—including those in which the state has retained a stake—have been turned into shareholding companies. Tens of millions of workers have lost their jobs, and permanent job tenure has been replaced by much more precarious employment relations. As work unit communities have been transformed into profit-oriented enterprises, workers have been reduced to hired labor, losing their status as legitimate stakeholders and eroding the foundations for workplace participation. Shop-floor self-management has been replaced by harsh disciplinary regimes enforced by bonuses, fines, and the threat of dismissal, and staff and workers congresses have been sidelined. Workers, whose influence is now explicitly seen as compromising efforts to maximize profits, have been disenfranchised.
American While Black
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
While the Civil Rights Movement brought increasing opportunities for blacks, this period also saw the liberalization of American immigration policy. The same agitation that allowed blacks to vote also made it possible for increasing numbers of non-European immigrants to enter America for the first time. What has an expanded immigration regime meant for how blacks express national attachment? Using quantitative and qualitative data, this book helps us understand the context and constraint of white supremacy on the formation of black public opinion and national attachment. Recent waves of immigration have presented a dilemma for blacks, causing them to reflect yet again on the meaning and depth of their own citizenship, national identity, and sense of belonging in the United States. It is the author’s contention that immigration, both historically and in the contemporary moment, has served as a reminder of the limited inclusion of African Americans in the body politic.
The Baltic States
Authors: Graney Katherine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the successful “return to Europe” by the three Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It details how they presented European gatekeepers in the EU and NATO with expertly shaped historical and cultural-civilizational narratives that cast the Baltic states as “essentially European” states that had been “captured” by the alien Soviet Union in 1939, hence worthy of “rejoining” a European community they had been unjustly severed from. Skilled leadership and high levels of human development and national unity also helped ease the Baltic return to Europe. The chapter discusses the Baltics’ key role in pushing for an expanded understanding of Europe that would encompass other ex-Soviet states like Ukraine and Georgia, while denying Europeanness to Russia, which is seen as a threat to Europe. Case studies of each of the three Baltic states detail their specific Europeanization processes since 1989.
Clean Hands
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scrupulosity is a form of OCD that raises philosophical puzzles because of its superficial similarities to morally extreme, non-pathological motivation. Cases of Scrupulosity are first presented, then Scrupulosity is characterized as a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) because of its moral or religious obsessions and/or compulsions and its underlying anxiety. Scrupulosity is specifically characterized by perfectionism, chronic doubt and intolerance of uncertainty, and moral thought-action fusion. It is a mental illness and not simply religious devotion, moral virtue, or strength of character. Scrupulous moral judgments differ from genuine moral judgments because their underlying anxiety leads to systematic distortions and leads those with Scrupulosity to act in a way that primarily soothes their anxiety instead of responding to the morally relevant features of the situation. People with Scrupulosity are likely less accountable for harms they cause, which can be explained by reasons-responsiveness theories of responsibility. There is justification for treating Scrupulosity over moral objection without imposing the therapist’s own moral standards.
The Significance of Nonsense
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Abstrakte Oper Nr. 1 opposed operatic tradition through its use of a non-narrative text that represented archetypal emotions and states of being. The opera’s main point of reference was Weimar Berlin: Blacher drew belatedly on Dada and cabaret and referenced New Objectivity and the German appropriation of jazz. Blacher also relied on many time-honored musical conventions from both opera and popular styles to convey the libretto’s affects and situations, references that for many critics negated the piece’s claims to “abstraction.” The work created an uproar at its premiere as audiences and critics perceived politicized narratives in the work’s purported nonsense. Detractors saw the piece as hastening the genre’s demise, while its defenders affected a modernist rejection of audience complacency. Both sides saw the Abstrakte Oper as a political statement and seized the opportunity to accuse their opponents of having an unsavory relationship to the National Socialist past.
Rebuilding and Retrenchment
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter places the opera commissioned for the reopening of Munich’s faithfully reconstructed Nationaltheater, Egk’s Die Verlobung in San Domingo, in the context of postwar Munich’s architectural and cultural restoration. The ethos behind the Nationaltheater reconstruction reflected Munich’s understanding of its relationship to National Socialism and to wartime destruction. The festival to celebrate the newly built theater mythologized Munich’s operatic tradition and was largely insensitive to recent history, instead emphasizing a continuity of greatness. This attitude of retrenchment was reflected in Egk’s opera, which was about romance and racial violence during the Haitian Revolution. Despite his interest in modern techniques, Egk was invested in traditional operatic expression and forms. He problematically used jazz idioms and percussion effects to “other” Black characters while coding expressive verismo tropes as white and heroic. Die Verlobung in San Domingo is a product of the patriotic, monumental, and traditional milieu for which it was written.
How to Qualify for Cabinet: Experiential Criteria
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 5 focuses on experiential criteria as qualifications for inclusion in cabinet. The chapter shows that across all country cases, ministrables qualify by demonstrating their political experience and/or policy expertise, and in some cases, their educational background. There is no evidence that ministers in presidential systems are more likely to qualify through policy experience, or that ministers in parliamentary democracies are more likely to qualify through generalist political experience. The chapter shows that experiential criteria are strongly prescriptive rules, but they are non-specific and flexible rather than straightforward. The chapter concludes that experiential criteria are employed strategically by selectors to justify the choices of ministers and are post facto rationalizations. If all ministrables must meet some experiential criteria, additional qualifying criteria are necessary to determine the subset among them selected for cabinet.
Gendered Representational Criteria
Authors: Annesley Claire , Beckwith Karen , Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 10 addresses the gendered consequences of representational criteria. It shows that in all seven country cases, representational criteria have been gendered to include women, and these have in turn become a powerful predictor of women’s inclusion in cabinet. The presence of strong prescriptive rules requiring women’s inclusion shapes selectors’ choices of ministers, often reducing their capacity to appoint ministers on the basis of affiliational criteria. A key finding of the chapter is that all-male cabinets are clearly a thing of the past, having disappeared as early as 1957 in Germany but as late as 1993 in Australia. Among the book’s case studies, women’s inclusion in cabinet is required. The chapter finds, however, that the timing and strength of the institutionalization of gender as a representational criterion vary cross-nationally.
Coups and Revolutions
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book offers the first analysis of both the revolution and counterrevolution in Egypt, beginning in January 2011 until July 2018. The period of revolutionary upheaval played out in three uprisings against three distinct forms of authoritarian rule: the Mubarak regime and the police state that protected it, the unelected military junta known as the Supreme Council of Armed Forces, and the religious authoritarianism of the Muslim Brotherhood. The second part of the book analyzes the counterrevolution, which is divided into two periods: the first under Adly Mansour as interim president; and the second after Abdel Fattah El -Sisi was elected president. During the first wave, the regime imprisoned or killed the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood and many secular activists, while during the second wave the regime turned against civil society at large: nongovernmental organizations , charities, the media, academia, and minority groups. In addition to providing new and unprecedented empirical data, the book makes two theoretical contributions. First, a new framework is presented for analyzing the state apparatus in Egypt, which is based on four pillars of regime support that can either prop up or press upon those in power: the Egyptian military, the business elite, the United States, and the multiheaded opposition. Second , the book brings together the literature on bottom-up revolutionary movements and top-down military coups, and it introduces the concept of a coup from below in contrast to the revolution from above that took place under Gamal Abdel Nasser.
The Laughing Philosopher and the Physician
Authors: Hankinson R. J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Ancient doctors knew that laughter, hysterical or otherwise, sometimes presented as a symptom of mental disturbances of various kinds (and indeed of rare physical conditions); equally, they realized that there was a role to be played by laughter in treating mental disorders such as depression. This chapter traces this history, with specific focus on certain texts, in particular the pseudo-Hippocratic correspondence concerning the “madness” of Democritus, in which the concerned citizens of Abdera, Democritus’ hometown, ask the great doctor to advise them concerning the philosopher’s apparently pathological, continuous laughter. This premise frames the first topic: when is laughter pathological, and hence a genuine diagnostic tool? This question leads into the chapter’s second concern, namely, what use can laughter be put to in the treatment of disorders such as depression and melancholy? The chapter also briefly examines the question of the relationship between the mental and the physiological presupposed by such therapeutic practices.
Laughter, Social Norms, and Ethics in Cicero’s Works
Authors: Guérin Charles 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Among Latin authors, Cicero is our most important source on the topic of laughter. Cicero views laughter as a defining feature of human sociability, and tackles it with four different uses and contexts in mind: the enhancing of human relationships, the enforcing of the norms shared by the community, the strengthening of one’s public figure, and the maintaining of the ethical agent’s individual coherence. By offering a synthesis of these various views, which Cicero expounds both in a rhetorical (De oratore, 55 bce) and a philosophical (De officiis, 46 bce) context, this chapter shows that these approaches stem from a unified understanding of laughter, and that there is no real difference between Cicero’s rhetorical and ethical approach to the topic. The proper and improper uses of laughter, in Cicero’s views, illustrate perfectly what’s at stake in the relationship between the moral agent and the community he belongs to.
Laughter and the Moral Guide
Authors: Trapp Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the perspective of the moralist, laughter is both an important diagnostic tool (it matters with whom and at whom one laughs), and a potentially dangerous propensity requiring careful monitoring and control. Though differing in their modes of engagement with their target audiences, Dio Chrysostom and Plutarch share a concern with well- and ill-directed laughter at both the level of the individual and that of whole communities: Dio above all (though by no means only) in his Euboean and Alexandrian Orations (Orr. 7 and 32); Plutarch both in his texts on ethical self-improvement in the Moralia and, most colorfully, in his Life of Antony (which shares with Dio’s Or. 30 a particular anxiety about Alexandria as a city of morally dubious laughter). Close reading of these texts has thus much to tell us about the fine texture of moral philosophical engagement with laughter in the Roman Imperial period.
Ridicule and Protreptic
Authors: McCabe Mary Margaret 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
At Philebus 48a–50a, Socrates offers an account of “the laughable” and the mixture of pleasure and pain that constitutes our response to comedy. This account may generalize to our other emotional attitudes: they are complex responses to their intentional objects, often in tension and conflicted. This account of emotional attitudes, and of comedy in particular, may help to explain how the comic episodes described in the dialogues are designed to generate a response, not only in the described audience, but also, most importantly, in the reader. Because that response is conflicted, this chapter argues, it generates a felt puzzlement in its audience; and this—the phenomenology of comedy—is a provocation to attention and then reflection. The chapter considers three comic moments—in the Charmides, the Protagoras, and the Euthydemus—to illustrate how the response to comedy is brought to bear on questions of moral epistemology and how the emotional content of that response renders the moral questions pressing on the reader.
Fluid Intelligence, Working Memory, and Creativity
Authors: Vartanian Oshin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Interest in understanding the relationship between intelligence and creativity has a long history in psychology. Conceptions of this relationship have varied greatly, ranging from perceiving intelligence and creativity as completely unrelated constructs to perceiving them as entirely coincident sets. However, the truth appears to lie somewhere between those two extremes. Specifically, recent research employing improved measures of both intelligence and creativity has shown that creativity is related to individual differences in fluid intelligence—defined as the ability to solve novel problems. In addition, creativity has also been shown to be related to individual differences in executive functions, specifically its updating and inhibition components. However, aside from fluid intelligence and executive functions, behavioral and neural evidence has demonstrated that creativity is also supported by associative processes. Indeed, the dynamic interplay between executive and associative processes might be a hallmark of creativity.
All That Glittered
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
From the early eighteenth century into the 1830s, Great Britain was the only major country in the world to adopt gold as the sole basis of its currency, in the process absorbing much of the world’s supply of that metal into its pockets, cupboards, and coffers. During the same period, Britons forged a nation by distilling a heady brew of Protestantism, commerce, and military might, while preserving important features of its older social hierarchy. All That Glittered argues for a close connection between these occurrences, by linking justifications for gold’s role in British society—starting in the 1750s and running through the mid-nineteenth century gold rushes in California and Australia—to contemporary descriptions of that metal’s varied values at home and abroad. Most of these accounts attributed British commercial and military success to a credit economy pinned on gold, stigmatized southern European and subaltern peoples for their nonmonetary uses of gold, or tried to marginalize people at home for similar forms of alleged misconduct. This book tells a primarily cultural origin story about the gold standard’s emergence after 1850 as an international monetary system, while providing a new window on British exceptionalism during the previous century.
Introduction
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of the central themes and arguments in the book, a brief chapter outline, and a discussion of research methodology. Besides being in the forefront of commercial credit, Britain also led the way during the eighteenth century in creating and sustaining an intellectual justification for a credit economy based on gold, most clearly articulated in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). Smith’s conjectural history of gold and later modifications hewed closely to the twin categories of class and status, which molded the changing contours of British society during the decades on either side of 1800. Gold’s dual role in this history provides a useful map for exploring Britain’s ascendance during the century after 1750. The dominant British discourse on gold, which privileged its use as currency over decoration, aligns with an interpretation of that century as radically modern, whereby Britain took a comfortable if short-lived lead in the race among nations for wealth and power. Against a forward-looking story that identifies gold as a modernizing motor, the nagging prevalence of decorative gold in Britain and its empire supports a contrary narrative that emphasizes continuity rather than a radical break. In this story, the rise of a modern credit economy shared space with an empire that depended as much on ornamental splendor as on economic and racial subordination and an impulse to draw from the past in order to create a habitable present in the face of rising levels of population and class division.
Value
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Especially after the British Parliament formally adopted the gold standard in 1821, economists reinforced its legitimacy by building on Adam Smith’s account of value in The Wealth of Nations, which followed gold from its decorative uses to its use as a basis of credit. They also sharpened his distinction between gold’s minimal use-value and its exchange-value; and, under newfound conditions of scarcity, they focused attention on the diversion of gold away from ornamental purposes. In laying out this multipronged elaboration of gold’s value, political economy shared space with numerous other discourses—evident in novels, poems, essays, and sermons—that used gold as a metaphor for Christian virtue, artistic genius, and class; or that emphasized gold’s poisonous potential, building on a long history of the metal as an object of monstrous desire.
Legal Realisms
Authors: Holbo Christine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
U.S. historians have long considered the Civil War and its Reconstruction as a second American revolution. Literary scholars, however, have yet to show how fully these years revolutionized the American imagination. One marker of this was the postwar search for a “Great American Novel”—a novel fully adequate to the breadth and diversity of the United States in the era of the Fourteenth Amendment. The debate over what full representation would mean led to a thoroughgoing reconstruction of the meaning of “literature” for readers, writers, politics, and law. Legal Realisms examines the transformation of the idea of “realism” in literature and beyond in the face of uneven developments in the racial, ethnic, gender, and class structure of American society. The ideal of equality before the law conflicted with persistent inequality, and it was called into question by changing ideas about accurate representation and the value of cultural difference within the visual arts, philosophy, law, and political and moral theory. Offering provocative new readings of Mark Twain, Henry James, William Dean Howells, Helen Hunt Jackson, Albion Tourgée, and others, Legal Realisms follows the novel through the worlds of California Native American removal and the Reconstruction-era South, of the Mississippi valley and the urban Northeast. It shows how incomplete emancipation haunted the celebratory pursuit of a literature of national equality and explores the way novelists’ representation of the difficulty of achieving equality before the law helped Americans articulate the need for a more robust concept of society.
Harlem Carnival
Authors: Allen Ray 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 turns to the establishment of Harlem’s Dame Lorraine Carnival dances in the mid-1930s and the founding of an outdoor Carnival parade on Seventh Avenue in 1947. The importance of calypso music and the early steelbands in the parade is examined, and the music’s role in maintaining connections to Trinidad and uniting Harlem’s Caribbean migrants is considered. The first large-scale Carnival dances were those produced by the bandleader Gerald Clark, who called his events “Gala Dame Lorraine,” a reference to an early nineteenth-century female Carnival character who was always elegantly dressed. At these dances, bands came clad in themed costumes to compete for prize money. These events showed that New York’s Caribbean migrant communities were eager to support annual Carnival celebrations that combined three essential components of Trinidadian Carnival: dance orchestras, calypso song battles, and masquerade contests. Their success led to an outdoor Carnival parade up Harlem’s Seventh Avenue.