bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why resource‐based theory's model of profit appropriation must incorporate a stakeholder perspective
Authors: Barney Jay B. 
Published: August 2018

Research Summary: Using arguments derived from transactions cost economics and incomplete contract theory, this article shows that the assumption that shareholders are a firm's only residual claimants is logically inconsistent with resource‐based theory's model of profit generation. It follows from this conclusion that resource‐based theory's model of profit appropriation must incorporate a stakeholder perspective. Some theoretical and empirical implications of this conclusion for resource‐based theory's model of profit generation, profit appropriation, the role of managers and entrepreneurs in resource‐based theory, and how conflicting interests among stakeholders can be resolved are all discussed. Finally, some continuing differences between stakeholder theory and incorporating a stakeholder perspective into resource‐based theory's model of profit appropriation are also discussed.
Managerial Summary: Some argue that since shareholders are the only stakeholder who have a claim on a firm's profits, managers should focus only on maximizing shareholder wealth. Not only will this satisfy shareholders, it will also satisfy a firm's other stakeholders, since—in principle—these other stakeholders get paid before shareholders. This article shows that this logic is deeply flawed. In particular, it shows that if the only stakeholder who has a claim on a firm's economic profits is shareholders, then—in most competitive settings—a firm will not be able to attract the kinds of resources it needs to generate these profits. To attract the kinds of resources that can generate profits, managers must recognize that stakeholders, besides shareholders, have claims on the profits that their resources help generate. This, in turn, suggests that managers seeking to generate economic profits must adopt a stakeholder perspective in how they manage their firm. This article explores the managerial implications of this conclusion.
Beyond “asking questions”: Problematizing as a disciplinary activity
Authors: Phillips Anna McLean , Watkins Jessica , Hammer David 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Next Generation Science Standards states that “science begins with a question.” (NGSS Lead States [2013] Next generation science standards: For states, by states. Washington, DC: National Academies Press). Yet scientific inquiry among students and scientists alike often begins without a clear question. In this article, we describe problematizing as the intellectual work to identify, articulate, and motivate a gap or inconsistency in a community's or one's own current understanding. We describe problematizing in professional science to show how it is central to disciplinary practices of science. We then present an episode of fifth‐grade students’ problematizing, as a detailed illustration of the construct and as an example of evidence that students can engage in this work. Through these two approaches, we show problematizing is central to the disciplinary practice of science and that it is a part of students’ engagement. We further show that it is missing from the description of practices in the Next Generation Science Standards. Lastly, we make recommendations for research on student problematizing, for revisions to the Standards, and for instruction.
Nano‐Design für Makroschichten
Authors: Krülle Tim , Kaulfuß Frank , Zimmer Otmar , Leyens Christoph 
Published: August 2018

SummaryNano design for macroscopic coatings – new application potentials by PVD coatings up to 100 μm thicknessNon‐homogeneous coatings still limit the application of thicker layers due to defect growth and irregular layer thickness distribution along the surface of complex shaped components. Therefore, the layer thickness is usually limited to about 10 μm. In order to limit the surface roughness by the growing layer, multilayer coating systems are deposited by highly ionized plasmas. This allows significantly smoother layers to be produced, which until now could only be produced by mechanical finishing. Furthermore, by combining selected material systems and targeted parameter selection, structures can be deposited during coating, especially on edges, which result in a reduction of the cutting edge radius. In future, edge geometries should therefore be able to be specifically adjusted through the coating process.
Disassembling solvation free energies into local contributions—Toward a microscopic understanding of solvation processes
Authors: Heyden Matthias 
Published: August 2018

Solvation free energies contribute to the driving force of molecular processes in solution and play a significant role for the relative stability of biomolecular conformations or the formation of complexes. Changes in solvation free energy are the origin of solvent‐mediated interactions such as the hydrophobic effect in water. However, an accurate description of solvation free energies, specifically in aqueous solution, without explicit representation of the solvent is a challenging task in computer simulations. To improve existing models detailed microscopic information on solute–solvent interactions is required, which is not directly accessible from experiments. Explicit solvent simulations include solvent‐mediated effects, however, at a considerable computational cost. Computational tools have been proposed in recent years to extract information on solvation free energies and solute–solvent interactions from explicit solvent simulations. The latter includes spatial decompositions of the solvation enthalpy and entropy, which may eventually lead to an improved theoretical understanding of solvation thermodynamics.This article is categorized under:
Molecular and Statistical Mechanics> Free Energy Methods
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Statistical Mechanics
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics
YOUMARES – A Conference from and for YOUng MARine RESearchers
Authors: Liebich Viola , Bode Maya , Jungblut Simon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractYOUMARES is an annual early-career scientist conference series. It is an initiative of the German Society for Marine Research (DGM) and takes place in changing cities of northern Germany. The conference series is organized in a bottom-up structure: from and for YOUng MARine RESearchers. In this chapter, we describe the concept of YOUMARES together with its historical development from a single-person initiative to a conference venue of about 200 participants. Furthermore, the three authors added some personals experiences and insights, what YOUMARES means to them.
Can Climate Models Simulate the Observed Strong Summer Surface Cooling in the Equatorial Atlantic?
Authors: Dippe Tina , Krebs Martin , Harlaß Jan , Lübbecke Joke F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractVariability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is dominated by the seasonal cycle. A defining feature is the migration of the inter-tropical convergence zone into the northern hemisphere and the formation of a so-called cold tongue in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in late boreal spring. Between April and August, cooling leads to a drop in SSTs of approximately 5°. The pronounced seasonal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic affects surrounding continents, and even minor deviations from it can have striking consequences for local agricultures.Here, we report how state-of-the-art coupled global climate models (CGCMs) still struggle to simulate the observed seasonal cycle in the equatorial Atlantic, focusing on the formation of the cold tongue. We review the basic processes that establish the observed seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic, highlight common biases and their potential origins, and discuss how they relate to the dynamics of the real world. We also briefly discuss the implications of the equatorial Atlantic warm bias for CGCM-based reliable, socio-economically relevant seasonal predictions in the region.
The Physical System of the Arctic Ocean and Subarctic Seas in a Changing Climate
Authors: Campos Camila , Horn Myriel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Earth’s climate is changing and the poles are particularly sensitive to the global warming, with most evident implications over the Arctic. While summer sea ice reduced significantly compared to the previous decades, and the atmospheric warming is amplified over the Arctic, changes in the ocean are less obvious due to its higher inertia. Still, impacts of the changing climate on high-latitude and polar oceans are already observable and expected to further increase. The northern seas are essential regions for the maintenance of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which in turn is a key aspect of the maritime climate. Alterations in heat and freshwater/salinity content in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas impact and are closely linked to buoyancy flux distributions, which control the vertical and horizontal motion of water masses, thus impacting the climate system on a longer time scale. In this context, we set our focus on the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic subarctic seas, review some of the contemporary knowledge and speculations on the complex coupling between atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean, and describe the important elements of its physical oceanography. This assessment is an attempt to raise awareness that investigating the pathways and timescales of oceanic responses and contributions is fundamental to better understand the current climate change.
Phytoplankton Responses to Marine Climate Change – An Introduction
Authors: Käse Laura , Geuer Jana K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhytoplankton are one of the key players in the ocean and contribute approximately 50% to global primary production. They serve as the basis for marine food webs, drive chemical composition of the global atmosphere and thereby climate. Seasonal environmental changes and nutrient availability naturally influence phytoplankton species composition. Since the industrial era, anthropogenic climatic influences have increased noticeably – also within the ocean. Our changing climate, however, affects the composition of phytoplankton species composition on a long-term basis and requires the organisms to adapt to this changing environment, influencing micronutrient bioavailability and other biogeochemical parameters. At the same time, phytoplankton themselves can influence the climate with their responses to environmental changes. Due to its key role, phytoplankton has been of interest in marine sciences for quite some time and there are several methodical approaches implemented in oceanographic sciences. There are ongoing attempts to improve predictions and to close gaps in the understanding of this sensitive ecological system and its responses.
Reading the Book of Life – Omics as a Universal Tool Across Disciplines
Authors: Brüwer Jan David , Buck-Wiese Hagen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the last centuries, new high-throughput technologies, including sequencing and mass-spectrometry, have emerged and are constantly refurbished in order to decipher the molecular code of life. In this review, we summarize the physiological background from genes via transcriptome to proteins and metabolites and discuss the variety of dimensions in which a biological entity may be studied. Herein, we emphasize regulatory processes which underlie the plasticity of molecular profiles on different ome layers. We discuss the four major fields of omic research, namely genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, by providing specific examples and case studies for (i) the assessment of functionality on molecular, organism, and community level; (ii) the possibility to use omic research for categorization and systematic efforts; and (iii) the evaluation of responses to environmental cues with a special focus on anthropogenic influences. Thereby, we exemplify the knowledge gains attributable to the integration of information from different omes and the enhanced precision in predicting the phenotype. Lastly, we highlight the advantages of combining multiple omics layers in assessing the complexity of natural systems as meta-communities and -organisms.
Spectrum of movement disorders and neurotransmitter abnormalities in paediatric POLG disease
Authors: Papandreou A. , Rahman S. , Fratter C. , Ng J. , Meyer E. , Carr L. J. , Champion M. , Clarke A. , Gissen P. , Hemingway C. , Hussain N. , Jayawant S. , King M. D. , Lynch B. J. , Mewasingh L. , Patel J. , Prabhakar P. , Neergheen V. , Pope S. , Heales S. J. R. , Poulton J. , Kurian Manju A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the spectrum of movement disorders and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitter profiles in paediatric patients with POLG disease.MethodsWe identified children with genetically confirmed POLG disease, in whom CSF neurotransmitter analysis had been undertaken. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. CSF neurotransmitter levels were compared to both standardised age‐related reference ranges and to non‐POLG patients presenting with status epilepticus.ResultsForty‐one patients with POLG disease were identified. Almost 50% of the patients had documented evidence of a movement disorder, including non‐epileptic myoclonus, choreoathetosis and ataxia. CSF neurotransmitter analysis was undertaken in 15 cases and abnormalities were seen in the majority (87%) of cases tested. In many patients, distinctive patterns were evident, including raised neopterin, homovanillic acid and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels.ConclusionsChildren with POLG mutations can manifest with a wide spectrum of abnormal movements, which are often prominent features of the clinical syndrome. Underlying pathophysiology is probably multifactorial, and aberrant monoamine metabolism is likely to play a role.
Worlds of science for children and young people, 1830–1991
Authors: ZILHÃO ISABEL , NIELSEN KRISTIAN H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractScience for children and young people is an important, yet often neglected, subject in the historiography of science. It has gained attention due to the growing interest in science popularization. Like popular science, science for children and young people is a historical topic rich in fascinating stories about the ways in which scientific knowledge travels through society and culture. Although children and young people certainly belong to wider audiences for science outside the realm of specialized science, we have come to believe that studying science for children and young people allows us to probe even deeper into the ways in which science interacts with people's lives, their social relations and their hopes for the future. Children and young people since the Enlightenment have come to occupy a special role in Western society, and ideas about humankind, culture, learning, development and science have all been associated with childhood. When adults have presented scientific knowledge to children, they have not only built ideas (often ideals) about social order and proper upbringing into their materials, but also reflected upon questions about science in relation to children's capacity for acquiring new knowledge. We argue that children and young people historically and culturally constitute an important ‘other’ for science, and the historiography of science will benefit from taking on the topic of science for children and young people in this light.
Channel planform changes along the Scrivia River floodplain reach in northwest Italy from 1878 to 2016
Authors: Mandarino Andrea , Maerker Michael , Firpo Marco 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA detailed, quantitative, multitemporal analysis of historical maps, aerial photos, and satellite images was performed to investigate the channel planform changes that occurred along the Scrivia River floodplain from 1878 to 2016. Various channel planform features, including channel length, area, width, braiding, sinuosity, lateral migration, activity, and stability, were computed through an innovative geographic information system–based procedure, starting from manually digitized active-channel polygons. Three active-channel morphological evolution stages are evident from: (1) 1878 to the 1950s; (2) the 1950s to the end of 1990s; and (3) the end of 1990s onward. In the first period, the river was generally able to migrate in its floodplain, shaping the riverscape. Active-channel narrowing and increasing channel stability characterize the second period. The most recent phase shows an inversion of the morphological evolutionary trend. This last phase is characterized by a slight generalized widening related to the reactivation of stabilized surfaces and to bank-erosion processes. Particularly from the 1950s to the 1990s, in-channel sediment mining and channelization with consequent occupation of riverine areas strongly affected the Scrivia River. These factors, together with floods, are thought to be the most likely causes of such consistent and fast morphological changes.
Lorentz invariant ‘potential magnetic field’ and magnetic flux conservation in an ideal relativistic plasma
Authors: Pegoraro F. 
Published: August 2018

A family of Lorentz invariant scalar functions of the magnetic field is defined in an ideal relativistic plasma. These invariants are advected by the plasma fluid motion and play the role of the potential magnetic field introduced by Hide in (Ann. Geophys., vol. 1, 1983, 59) along the lines of Ertel’s theorem. From these invariants we recover the Cauchy conditions for the magnetic field components in the mapping from Eulerian to Lagrangian variables. In addition, the adopted procedure allows us to formulate, in a Lorentz invariant form, the Alfvén theorem for the conservation of the magnetic flux through a surface comoving with the plasma.
Genetic and environmental influences on disinhibition, boldness, and meanness as assessed by the triarchic psychopathy measure in 19–20-year-old twins
Authors: Tuvblad Catherine , Wang Pan , Patrick Christopher J. , Berntsen Leslie , Raine Adrian , Baker Laura A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) provides Disinhibition, Boldness, and Meanness scales for assessing the three trait domains of the triarchic model. Here we examined the genetic and environmental etiology of these three domains, including evaluation of potential sex differences.MethodsA total of 1016 men and women ages 19–20 years were drawn from the University of Southern California Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior twin study.ResultsScores for the three TriPM scales were correlated to differing degrees, with the strongest phenotypic correlation between Disinhibition and Meanness. No sex differences were found in the genetic and environmental influences underlying these three domains, suggesting that the same genes and life experiences contribute to these traits in young men and women. For TriPM Disinhibition and Boldness, genetic factors explained about half or less of the variance, with the rest of the variance being explained by non-shared environmental factors. For TriPM Meanness, on the other hand, genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental factors accounted for the variance. The phenotypic correlation between Disinhibition and Meanness was explained in part by common genes (26%), with the remainder attributable about equally to common shared (39%), and non-shared environmental influences (35%).ConclusionsThese findings contribute to our understanding of psychopathic personality traits by demonstrating the importance of heritable factors for disinhibition and boldness facets of psychopathy, and the importance of shared environmental influences for the meanness facet.
Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs
Authors: Hirshleifer David , Teoh Siew Hong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.
Why do people believe in a zero-sum economy?
Authors: Johnson Samuel G. B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractZero-sum thinking and aversion to trade pervade our society, yet fly in the face of everyday experience and the consensus of economists. Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) evolutionary model invokes coalitional psychology to explain these puzzling intuitions. I raise several empirical challenges to this explanation, proposing two alternative mechanisms – intuitive mercantilism (assigning value to money rather than goods) and errors in perspective-taking.
Broadening the role of “self-interest” in folk-economic beliefs
Authors: Karabegović Mia , Rotella Amanda , Barclay Pat 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe extend Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) model of folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) by suggesting FEBs serve self-interest (broadly defined), which includes indirect benefits such as creating alliances, advancing self-beneficial ideologies, and signaling one's traits. By expanding the definition of self-interest, the model can predict who will hold what FEBs, which FEBs will propagate, when they will change, why, and in which direction.
Understanding the development of folk-economic beliefs
Authors: Liberman Zoe , Kinzler Katherine D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDevelopmental psychology can shed light on (1) the intuitive systems that underlie folk-economic beliefs (FEBs), and (2) how FEBs are created and revised. Boyer & Petersen (B&P) acknowledge the first, but we argue that they do not seriously consider the second. FEBs vary across people (and within a person), and much of this variation may be explained by socialization, social context, and social learning.
A theory of how evolved psychology underpins attitudes towards societal economics must go beyond exchanges and averages
Authors: Sheehy-Skeffington Jennifer , Thomsen Lotte 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe applaud Boyer & Petersen for the advancement of an ultimate explanation of the dynamics of folk-economic beliefs and the political actions linked to them. To our mind, however, key inference systems regulating societal interaction and resource distribution evolved for more core relations than those of proportionate exchange, and situational factors are not the only constraints on how such systems produce economic beliefs
A FATAL FLAW: DOMESTIC BANKS AND MEXICO’S INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATING POSITION IN THE 1982 DEBT CRISIS
Authors: Alvarez Sebastian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe recent European debt crisis has renewed interest as to why debtor countries honour their foreign debts and subscribe to respectively burdensome rescheduling conditions. While the cost of defaulting in a domestic financial system has been recognised as a main motive for repayment, the factors that cause sovereign states to refrain from debt repudiation are not fully understood. This article investigates the reasons behind the repayment decision and weak negotiating position of the Mexican government following the 1982 debt crisis. It shows that leading commercial banks had considerable amounts of external loans in their books, and that Mexican policymakers lacked the foreign exchange access they needed to secure the stability of the domestic banking system. The high exposure of domestic banks to Mexican debt and their heightened dependence on foreign capital worked as mechanisms that allowed international creditors to enforce their claims and deterred Mexico from declaring a unilateral default.