bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hand-rails to the past: McGahern and the memory of the Irish revolution
Authors: Foster R. F. (Roy) 
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the way McGahern represents the memory of the Irish revolution in Amongst Women, That They May Face the Rising Sun, and in his autobiographical writings. The disillusioned and often bitter reflections of his protagonists partly reflect his own family’s experience, but also echo a strong reaction among writers and ex-activists in the 1920s and 1930s, whose responses and regrets are traced through the writings of people such as P.S. O’Hegarty, Desmond Ryan, Ernie O’Malley and Bulmer Hobson, as well as private letters and reflections. It is suggested that McGahern is in a sense channelling a powerful theme in the history of independent Ireland, that of living with the memory of violence by means of evasion and suppression, and that this lends his fiction a historical dimension which has not been fully appreciated.
Same difference: post-Troubles contexts and contradictions
Authors: Long Declan 
Published: May 2018

Chapter one concentrates on the social and political developments pertinent to a study of post-Troubles art — asking what it means to talk in ‘post’ Troubles terms at all — and examines relevant contemporary art examples that offer distinctive, ambivalent perspectives on post-Troubles realities. Fundamental background details on the peace process and the Good Friday Agreement are combined with questions regarding the political and theoretical framing of this process of negotiation — keeping in mind the broader international contexts of a notional ‘post-Troubles’ situation. This widening of the frame (acknowledged globalisation as a factor in the peace process) is also vital in developing an adequate account of the art of this era, but diverse local outcomes of the Agreement are nonetheless acknowledged: from ongoing political problems caused by the ambiguities and inconsistencies of the Agreement itself, to material manifestations of ‘peace’ in architecture and the wider built environment of Belfast.
‘The statutory woman whose main task was to explore what women … were likely to think’: Margaret Thatcher and women’s politics in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Cowman Krista 
Published: May 2018

After Margaret Thatcher's death much was made of her opposition to feminism, most of it self-expressed. Nevertheless, particularly in her early years in politics, Thatcher was less keen to distance herself from all women's causes or groups. This chapter explores some instances where she worked in tandem with other women in support of causes that many would see as feminist or woman-centred despite her later stance on such issues.
Experimental Evidence of Chiral Ferrimagnetism in Amorphous GdCo Films
Authors: Streubel Robert , Lambert Charles‐Henri , Kent Noah , Ercius Peter , N'Diaye Alpha T. , Ophus Colin , Salahuddin Sayeef , Fischer Peter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInversion symmetry breaking has become a vital research area in modern magnetism with phenomena including the Rashba effect, spin Hall effect, and the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI)—a vector spin exchange. The latter one may stabilize chiral spin textures with topologically nontrivial properties, such as Skyrmions. So far, chiral spin textures have mainly been studied in helimagnets and thin ferromagnets with heavy‐element capping. Here, the concept of chirality driven by interfacial DMI is generalized to complex multicomponent systems and demonstrated on the example of chiral ferrimagnetism in amorphous GdCo films. Utilizing Lorentz microscopy and X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy, and tailoring thickness, capping, and rare‐earth composition, reveal that 2 nm thick GdCo films preserve ferrimagnetism and stabilize chiral domain walls. The type of chiral domain walls depends on the rare‐earth composition/saturation magnetization, enabling a possible temperature control of the intrinsic properties of ferrimagnetic domain walls.
Plastid genomes reveal recurrent formation of allopolyploid Fragaria
Authors: Dillenberger Markus S. , Wei Na , Tennessen Jacob A. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn , Liston Aaron 
Published: May 2018

Premise of the StudyRecurrent formation of polyploid taxa is a common observation in many plant groups. Haploid, cytoplasmic genomes like the plastid genome can be used to overcome the problem of homeologous genes and recombination in polyploid taxa. Fragaria (Rosaceae) contains several octo‐ and decaploid species. We use plastome sequences to infer the plastid ancestry of these taxa with special focus on the decaploid Fragaria cascadensis.MethodsWe used genome skimming of 96 polyploid Fragaria samples on a single Illumina HiSeq 3000 lane to obtain whole plastome sequences. These sequences were used for phylogenetic reconstructions and dating analyses. Ploidy of all samples was inferred with flow cytometry, and plastid inheritance was examined in a controlled cross of F. cascadensis.Key ResultsThe plastid genome phylogeny shows that only the octoploid F. chiloensis is monophyletic, all other polyploid taxa were supported to be para‐ or polyphyletic. The decaploid Fragaria cascadensis has biparental plastid inheritance and four different plastid donors. Diversification of the F. cascadensis clades occurred in the last 230,000 years. The southern part of its distribution range harbors considerably higher genetic diversity, suggestive of a potential refugium.ConclusionsFragaria cascadensis had at least four independent origins from parents with different plastomes. In contrast, para‐ and polyphyletic taxa of the octoploid Fragaria species are best explained by incomplete lineage sorting and/or hybridization. Biogeographic patterns in F. cascadensis are probably a result of range shift during the last glacial maximum.
The Direct Arylation Polymerization (DArP) of Well‐Defined Alternating Copolymers Based On 5,6‐Dicyano[2,1,3]benzothiadiazole (DCBT)
Authors: Shi Qinqin , Tatum Wesley , Zhang Junxiang , Scott Colleen , Luscombe Christine K. , Marder Seth R. , Blakey Simon B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlternating donor–acceptor copolymers are important materials with readily tunable optical and electronic properties. Direct arylation polymerization (DArP) is emerging as an attractive synthetic methodology for the synthesis of these polymers, avoiding the use of prefunctionalized building blocks. However, challenges remain in achieving well‐defined structure, high molecular weight, and impurity‐free polymers. Herein, a study to synthesize three well‐defined donor–acceptor copolymers through DArP is presented. Comparison of 1H NMR and 13C NMR, as well as optical and electrochemical properties analysis for the polymers and corresponding oligomers provides evidence for the regioregular structure of the polymers. On the basis of the chemical structure of poly(IIDCBT) and the solution electrochemical studies we surmised poly(IIDCBT) could potentially be an electron transport material for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs), and we determined an electron mobility of 1.2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 for this material.
Catalytic Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction/[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement Cascade of 1‐Thiocyanatobutadienes
Authors: Zhou Yuhang , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Hu Xinyue , Lu Yan , Zhang Xiying , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA highly efficient asymmetric Diels–Alder/[3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement reaction of methyleneindolinones with 1‐thiocyanatobutadienes has been realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide/nickel(II) complex as the catalyst. A range of cyclohexenyl isothiocyanates were synthesized in high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Based on mechanistic studies, a catalytic cycle with possible transition‐state models were proposed to explain the process.
Entwicklung und Evaluation von BIM‐4‐D‐Methoden am Beispielprojekt Gateway Gardens Los 2, Frankfurt/Main
Authors: Tschickardt Thomas , Krause Daniel , Akkermann Jan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDie BIM‐Planungsmethode befindet sich aktuell im Infrastrukturbau – insbesondere in Verbindung mit dem Realisierungsprozess – noch in der Erprobungsphase. Die Elementierung des 3‐D‐Bauwerksmodells erfolgt gegenwärtig noch individuell. Die Erweiterung des 3‐D‐Bauwerksmodells in die Bauablaufplanung (4‐D) bedingt kongruente Attributdefinitionen in der Planungsphase. Voraussetzung für eine durchgängige Methode ist der konsistente Softwareeinsatz. Anhand des aktuell entstehenden S‐Bahntunnels im Projekt Gateway Gardens Los 2 am Flughafen Frankfurt wurden die entwickelten Methoden hinsichtlich der Praxistauglichkeit untersucht. Neben der 4‐D‐Generalablaufplanung wurde auch eine 4‐D‐Lean‐Prozessoptimierung evaluiert.
Accelerated Aging Analysis on Cycle Life of LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries Based on Different Rates
Authors: Sun Shun , Guan Ting , Zuo Pengjian , Gao Yunzhi , Cheng Xinqun , Du Chunyu , Yin Geping 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this study, different charge/discharge rates (1/3C, 1C, 1.5C, 1.8C, 2.0C and 2.5C) are used to accelerate the aging of commercial LiFePO4/graphite cells. The capacity attenuation mechanism is investigated by disassembling the aged full cells and analyzing the morphologies and chemical composition of electrode surfaces, the single electrode potentials, and so forth, when the capacity retention of full cell decays to 95 %, 90 %, 85 %, and 80 %. Through the tests, the capacity fade of the full cell is mainly ascribed to the irreversible loss of active lithium. However, when the test rate is not lower than 2.0C, the dominant mechanism for consumption of active lithium is changed to lithium deposition on the anode during the charging process instead of the generation of SEI film. As a consequence, the capacity decay rate at 2.0C or 2.5C is accelerated to a large degree. The capacity loss with cycling time is fitted by Arrhenius equations. The pre‐exponential factor at a given rate (Arate) increases linearly with the rising test rate when it is not more than 1.8C, and this corresponds to the results of disassembly analysis. Therefore, an unknown Arate in a reasonable range can be extrapolated by the data of other Arate values at relatively high rates. In addition, the calculated Arate after 10 % capacity loss can be used to replace the fitted value by the whole aging data. This provides a rapid and practical approach to estimate the lifetime of the full cell.
Iodonium Salts as Benzyne Precursors
Authors: Yoshimura Akira , Saito Akio , Zhdankin Viktor V. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractReactions involving benzyne and aryne intermediates have found widespread application in organic synthesis. Various benzyne precursors and benzyne generating procedures are known. Recently, methods of benzyne generation from diaryliodonium salts and related hypervalent iodine compounds have received considerable attention. These methods are characterized by mild reaction conditions and applicability in a broad range of chemical transformations. The present minireview is focused on the preparation and reactivity of hypervalent iodine based benzyne precursors. Furthermore, recent developments in their synthetic application are discussed.
Synthesis of gem‐Difluorinated Spiro‐γ‐lactam Oxindoles by Visible‐Light‐Induced Consecutive Difluoromethylative Dearomatization, Hydroxylation, and Oxidation
Authors: Wang Qiang , Qu Yi , Xia Qing , Song Hongjian , Song Haibin , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDescribed herein is a protocol for visible‐light‐induced consecutive synthesis of gem‐difluorinated spiro‐γ‐lactam oxindoles under mild conditions by means of a process involving sequential radical difluoromethylative dearomatization, hydroxylation, and oxidation. The protocol features high chemo‐ and regioselectivity, good functional group tolerance, and easy scalability. Several of the functionalized spirooxindole products showed good fungicidal activity, suggesting that they have potential agrochemical applications.
Fishing for G‐Quadruplexes in Solution with a Perylene Diimide Derivative Labeled with Biotins
Authors: Busto Natalia , Calvo Patricia , Santolaya Javier , Leal José M , Guédin Aurore , Barone Giampaolo , Torroba Tomás , Mergny Jean‐Louis , García Begoña 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA new fluorescent, non‐cytotoxic perylene diimide derivative with two biotins at the peri position, PDI2B, has been synthesized. This molecule is able to interact selectively with G‐quadruplexes with scarce or no affinity towards single‐ or double‐stranded DNA. These features have made it possible to design a simple, effective, safe, cheap, and selective method for fishing G‐quadruplex structures in solution by use of PDI2B and streptavidin coated magnetic beads. The new cyclic method reported leads to the recovery of more than 80 % of G‐quadruplex structures from solution, even in the presence of an excess of single‐stranded or duplex DNA as competitors. Moreover, PDI2B is a G4 ligand that can display higher thermal stabilization and greater affinity for 2‐ over 3‐tetrad quadruplexes, which constitutes a novel type of behavior.
Quantifying Microglial Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in the Brain in Health and Disease
Authors: Beccari Sol , Diaz‐Aparicio Irune , Sierra Amanda 
Published: May 2018

AbstractApoptosis is a ubiquitous process occurring in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. The central nervous system (CNS) requires an active and efficient clean‐up system to prevent the spillover of intracellular contents into the surrounding parenchyma and suppress the initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. Microglia, the resident professional phagocytes of the brain, are the cells in charge of the removal of these dead cells by the process named phagocytosis. Therefore, microglial phagocytosis is a vital mechanism to maintain tissue homeostasis. Traditionally, this process has been assessed using indirect methods, which have resulted in poor or inaccurate estimations of microglial phagocytosis efficiency. In these protocols, we describe a series of parameters to directly quantify microglial phagocytosis efficiency in vivo and in vitro. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monitoring dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the urine of Thoroughbred geldings for doping control purposes
Authors: Viljanto Marjaana , Hincks Pamela , Hillyer Lynn , Cawley Adam , Suann Craig , Noble Glenys , Walker Christopher J. , Parkin Mark C. , Kicman Andrew T. , Scarth James 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe use of testosterone and its pro‐drugs, such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is currently regulated in horseracing by the application of international testosterone thresholds. However, additional steroidomic approaches, such as steroid ratios, to distinguish overall adrenal stimulation from drug administrations and an equine biological passport for longitudinal steroid profiling of individual animals could be advantageous in equine doping testing. Thus, DHEA concentrations and related ratios (testosterone [T] to DHEA and DHEA to epitestosterone [E]) were assessed in the reference population by quantitative analysis of 200 post‐race gelding urine samples using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. DHEA concentrations ranged between 0.9 and 136.6 ng/mL (mean 12.8 ng/mL), T:DHEA ratios between 0.06 and 1.85 (mean 0.43), and DHEA:E ratios between 0.21 and 13.56 (mean 2.20). Based on the reference population statistical upper limits of 5.4 for T:DHEA ratio and 48.1 for DHEA:E ratio are proposed with a risk of 1 in 10 000 for a normal outlier exceeding the value. Analysis of post‐administration urine samples collected following administrations of DHEA, Equi‐Bolic® (a mix of DHEA and pregnenolone) and testosterone propionate to geldings showed that the upper limit for T:DHEA ratio was exceeded following testosterone propionate administration and DHEA:E ratio following DHEA administrations and thus these ratios could be used as additional biomarkers when determining the cause of an atypical testosterone concentration. Additionally, DHEA concentrations and ratios can be used as a starting point to establish reference ranges for an equine biological passport.
Deconstructing the King megafire
Authors: Coen Janice L. , Stavros E. Natasha , Fites‐Kaufman Josephine A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHypotheses that megafires, very large, high‐impact fires, are caused by either climate effects such as drought or fuel accumulation due to fire exclusion with accompanying changes to forest structure have long been alleged and guided policy, but their physical basis remains untested. Here, unique airborne observations and microscale simulations using a coupled weather–wildland‐fire‐behavior model allowed a recent megafire, the King Fire, to be deconstructed and the relative impacts of forest structure, fuel load, weather, and drought on fire size, behavior, and duration to be separated. Simulations reproduced observed details including the arrival at an inclined canyon, a 25‐km run, and later slower growth and features. Analysis revealed that fire‐induced winds that equaled or exceeded ambient winds and fine‐scale airflow undetected by surface weather networks were primarily responsible for the fire's rapid growth and size. Sensitivity tests varied fuel moisture and amount across wide ranges and showed that both drought and fuel accumulation effects were secondary, limited to sloped terrain where they compounded each other, and, in this case, unable to significantly impact the final extent. Compared to standard data, fuel models derived solely from remote sensing of vegetation type and forest structure improved simulated fire progression, notably in disturbed areas, and the distribution of burn severity. These results point to self‐reinforcing internal dynamics rather than external forces as a means of generating this and possibly other outlier fire events. Hence, extreme fires need not arise from extreme fire environment conditions. Kinematic models used in operations do not capture fire‐induced winds and dynamic feedbacks so can underestimate megafire events. The outcomes provided a nuanced view of weather, forest structure, fuel accumulation, and drought impacts on landscape‐scale fire behavior—roles that can be misconstrued using correlational analyses between area burned and macroscale climate data or other exogenous factors. A practical outcome is that fuel treatments should be focused on sloped terrain, where factors multiply, for highest impact.
Experimental evidence of spatial signatures of approaching regime shifts in macroalgal canopies
Authors: Rindi L. , Dal Bello M. , Benedetti‐Cecchi L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDeveloping early warning signals to predict regime shifts in ecosystems is a central issue in current ecological research. While there are many studies addressing temporal early warning indicators, research into spatial indicators is far behind, with field experiments even more rare. Here, we tested the performance of spatial early warning signals in an intertidal macroalgal system, where removal of algal canopies pushed the system toward a tipping point (corresponding to approximately 75% of canopy loss), marking the transition between a canopy‐ to a turf‐dominated state. We performed a two‐year experiment where spatial early warning indicators were assessed in transects where the canopy was differentially removed (from 0 to 100%). Unlike Moran correlation coefficient at lag‐1, spatial variance, skewness, and spatial spectra at low frequency increased along the gradient of canopy degradation and dropped, or did not show any further increase beyond the transition point from a canopy‐ to a turf‐dominated state (100% canopy removal). Our study provides direct evidence of the suitability of spatial early warning signals to anticipate regime shifts in natural ecosystems, emphasizing the importance of field experiments as a powerful tool to establish causal relationships between environmental stressors and early warning indicators.
Electrical stimulation for evoking offset analgesia: A human volunteer methodological study
Authors: Petersen K.K. , Mørch C.D. , Ligato D. , Arendt‐Nielsen L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundOffset analgesia (OA) is a disproportionally large decrease in the pain perception in response to a small decrease in the stimulation intensity. Traditionally, heat stimulation has been used to evoke OA. The aim of this study was to investigate whether OA could be evoked by electrical stimulation.MethodsHealthy volunteers (N = 24) underwent two OA‐experimental sessions consisting of heat stimuli intensities of 48‐49‐48 °C (traditional OA‐paradigm) and electrical stimuli at 150%‐180%‐150% of the electrical pain perception (EPP) threshold. The three stimuli were delivered for 5 s (STIM1), 5 s (STIM2) and 20 s (STIM3), respectively. The sessions were randomized to the dominant or nondominant volar forearm. Two control sessions were performed with 30 s constantly heat (48 °C) and electrical stimuli (150% of the EPP) (CONTROL‐STIM). In all sessions, the pain intensities were constantly rated on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0‐10).ResultsSignificantly reduced STIM3 VAS ratings as compared to the CONTROL‐STIM were reported for heat (1.81 ± 0.54; p < 0.001) and electrical (2.12 ± 0.42; p < 0.001) stimuli. The degrees of OA produced by heat and electrical stimuli were similar. A significantly positive correlation was found between thermal and electrical OA‐effects (r = 0.48, p < 0.02).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that electrical stimulation can elicit significant OA in humans indicating that the peripheral receptors can be bypassed and still evoke OA. Application of the electrical OA model may be of interest for further basic and clinical investigations as a potential new biomarker for central pain inhibition and provide the option to back‐translate the technology to animals to understand the underlying neurobiology.SignificanceElectrical stimulation can elicit offset analgesia in humans, indicating that this perceptual modification can be obtained even bypassing peripheral receptors.
Interlaboratory method validation of icIEF methodology for analysis of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Wu Gang , Yu Chuanfei , Wang Wenbo , Wang Lan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCE is central to the analysis, process development and approval of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Recently, imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF) has emerged as a powerful technique for quantitative protein charge heterogeneity monitoring and characterization, particularly for mAbs. However, icIEF has yet to be validated for therapeutically relevant mAbs adhering to the ICH guideline (International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use). Here, for the first time, icIEF technology was validated by 10 laboratories across 8 independent companies using a therapeutic mAb. The parameters of this method validation strictly follow the guideline of the ICH. This guideline includes specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, range, LOQ and robustness. These results represent a significant step forward in standardizing the use of icIEF methods for the clinical approval of therapeutic mAbs.