bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of macroecology to integrate social justice and conservation
Authors: Fleishman Erica , Brown Holly 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBoth conservation biology and macroecology are synthetic, and macroecological research consistently has informed the theory and practice of biological conservation. Explicit integration of the macroecology of human systems and natural systems has been rare, but can advance the incorporation of social justice, environmental justice and environmental equity into conservation biology and participatory conservation (inclusion in decision‐making of those who are affected by, or can affect, that decision). The basis of this strong link is the focus of macroecology on the relations of a given biota to environmental patterns and processes, and these patterns and processes can affect humans differentially. Macroecological integration of social justice and conservation generally requires spatial and temporal representation of all variables at resolutions and extents that allow meaningful analyses. This requirement may facilitate clarity about social metrics and norms. To illustrate, we examine applications of macroecology to analysis of the effects of climate change on social justice and biological conservation; relations among climate, violence among humans and conservation; and the response of the spread of disease to social and ecological factors. We believe that macroecology is a means of providing transparent inferences that can inform conservation, health and social policies.
Social stratification in Higher Education: What it means at the micro‐level of the individual academic scientist
Authors: Kwiek Marek 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe academic profession is internally divided as never before. This cross‐national comparative analysis of stratification in Higher Education is based on a sample of European academic scientists (N = 8,466) from universities in 11 countries. The analysis identifies three types of stratification: academic performance stratification, academic salary stratification, and international research stratification. This emergent stratification of the global scientific community is predominantly research‐based, and internationalisation in research is at its centre; prestige‐driven, internationally competitive, and central to academic recognition systems, research is the single most stratifying factor in Higher Education at the level of the individual scientist today. These stratification processes pull the various segments of the academic profession in different directions. The study analyses highly productive academics (‘research top performers’), highly paid academics (‘academic top earners’), and highly internationalised academics (‘research internationalists’) and explores the implications for individual scientists.
Contracting with students: Re‐thinking Higher Education as invitation to treat
Authors: Fulford Amanda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper takes as its starting point the idea of universities contracting with students, and of the increased consumer protections for students that such contracts afford. It begins by considering what is at stake in creating a legally binding contract. Using examples from contract law, it then argues that it is difficult to think of a university Higher Education in such terms. While contracts in relation to matters such as campus accommodation offer benefits and protections for both parties, contracting with students over their educational experience is highly problematic because of the precise stipulation of terms that is required. The paper seeks to understand what is distinctive about a Higher Education experience through a concept from contract law known as an invitation to treat. The paper argues that the notions of invitation and negotiation that are at its heart better illustrate the possibilities that a Higher Education afford.
The relevance of nurses and midwives code of conduct in Australia
Authors: Cowin L. S. , Riley T. K. , Heiler J. , Gregory L. R. 
Published: July 2019

AimThis study explores Australian clinical nurses' and midwives' familiarity with a new code of conduct and understanding in what ways the code is important for nurses as they carry out clinical practice.BackgroundCodes specify the expectations of nurses' responsibilities, legal requirements, behaviour and conduct. Being familiar with the code is central to being a professional nurse or midwife. As nursing continues to advance, updating the code is crucial to maintain professional and safe practice.DesignThis project utilized a cross‐sectional descriptive design.MethodsA survey was developed incorporating Likert‐type scale assessments of the 7 value statements from the 2018 Australian Nurses' Code of Conduct for familiarity and importance. The survey included open‐ended questions to elicit clinical nurses' experiences of conduct breaches, opinions regarding usefulness and relevance of the code for current practice. Data were collected at an acute care hospital in Sydney during January 2018.ResultsSignificant differences relating to cultural and patient‐centred approaches were revealed in the study. The new value involving the role of research was least understood and ranked least important by nurses and midwives. Professional ‘integrity’ resonated with participants when considering the behaviour of nurses, and short, unambiguous values were the most popular. Additionally, a substantial number of participants had no knowledge of the code or were not aware of the recently revised version.Conclusion and implications for nursingA code of conduct provides structure and guidance for workplace values and principles. A respected code is important to the nursing profession to help prevent inappropriate and incompetent behaviour and as a guide for nursing performance. Nurses in this study claimed the code was highly relevant to their work as a nurse and was incorporated into their daily practice.
A meta‐ethnography of adult smokers’ exploring the meanings of tobacco dependency medications adherence behaviours during smoking cessation
Authors: Sanders Carol Jane , Lindenmeyer Antje , Marriott John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimsTo synthesize the experiences and adherence of adult smokers’ with tobacco dependence medications.DesignMeta‐ethnography.Data sourcesSeven bibliographic databases were systematically searched until April 2016.Review MethodsA standardized appraisal tool evaluated the quality of the selected studies.ResultsSeven studies met the eligibility criteria. Three major themes described the experiences and adherence of adult smokers’ with tobacco dependence medications; the psychosocial context, predilection for willpower and “natural” methods and a tendency to resist medications.ConclusionThe findings of this meta‐ethnography are important to future clinical practice guideline development so health professionals contribute effectively to further reduction in smoking prevalence. Further research is needed to understand resistance to tobacco dependence medications and to inform the design of person‐tailored interventions to improve tobacco dependence medication adherence that can be incorporated into smoking cessation interventions.ImpactSmoking causes more death and disability in the world than any other avoidable factor. Research on smoker perspectives on tobacco dependence medications is sparse. Tobacco dependency is a unique treatment context with specific adherence issues. Smokers are active decision‐makers regarding tobacco dependence medications. Inconsistent adherence to tobacco dependency medication regimens was apparent. Implications for health professionals, healthcare policy and clinical practice guidelines regard the structure of consultations with smoking patients. It is critical for all health professionals to assess the person seeking to stop smoking and foresee the possible causes of non‐adherence behaviour. Addressing non‐adherence will to lead to more effective health communications and positively contribute to quality of smoking cessation care.
Effect of neuron‐derived neurotrophic factor on rejuvenation of human adipose‐derived stem cells for cardiac repair after myocardial infarction
Authors: Yang Kun , Song Hui‐Fang , He Sheng , Yin Wen‐Juan , Fan Xue‐Mei , Ru Feng , Gong Hui , Zhai Xiao‐Yan , Zhang Jie , Peng Ze‐Xu , Xi Guang‐Xia , Xie Jun , Li Ren‐Ke 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe decline of cell function caused by ageing directly impacts the therapeutic effects of autologous stem cell transplantation for heart repair. The aim of this study was to investigate whether overexpression of neuron‐derived neurotrophic factor (NDNF) can rejuvenate the adipose‐derived stem cells in the elderly and such rejuvenated stem cells can be used for cardiac repair. Human adipose‐derived stem cells (hADSCs) were obtained from donors age ranged from 17 to 92 years old. The effects of age on the biological characteristics of hADSCs and the expression of ageing‐related genes were investigated. The effects of transplantation of NDNF over‐expression stem cells on heart repair after myocardial infarction (MI) in adult mice were investigated. The proliferation, migration, adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of hADSCs inversely correlated with age. The mRNA and protein levels of NDNF were significantly decreased in old (>60 years old) compared to young hADSCs (<40 years old). Overexpression of NDNF in old hADSCs significantly improved their proliferation and migration capacity in vitro. Transplantation of NDNF‐overexpressing old hADSCs preserved cardiac function through promoting angiogenesis on MI mice. NDNF rejuvenated the cellular function of aged hADSCs. Implantation of NDNF‐rejuvenated hADSCs improved angiogenesis and cardiac function in infarcted mouse hearts.
Evolutionary potential of a widespread clonal grass under changing climate
Authors: Stojanova Bojana , Koláříková Veronika , Šurinová Maria , Klápště Jaroslav , Hadincová Věroslava , Münzbergová Zuzana 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAdaptive responses are probably the most effective long‐term responses of populations to climate change, but they require sufficient evolutionary potential upon which selection can act. This requires high genetic variance for the traits under selection and low antagonizing genetic covariances between the different traits. Evolutionary potential estimates are still scarce for long‐lived, clonal plants, although these species are predicted to dominate the landscape with climate change. We studied the evolutionary potential of a perennial grass, Festuca rubra, in western Norway, in two controlled environments corresponding to extreme environments in natural populations: cold–dry and warm–wet, the latter being consistent with the climatic predictions for the country. We estimated genetic variances, covariances, selection gradients and response to selection for a wide range of growth, resource acquisition and physiological traits, and compared their estimates between the environments. We showed that the evolutionary potential of F. rubra is high in both environments, and genetic covariances define one main direction along which selection can act with relatively few constraints to selection. The observed response to selection at present is not sufficient to produce genotypes adapted to the predicted climate change under a simple, space for time substitution model. However, the current populations contain genotypes which are pre‐adapted to the new climate, especially for growth and resource acquisition traits. Overall, these results suggest that the present populations of the long‐lived clonal plant may have sufficient evolutionary potential to withstand long‐term climate changes through adaptive responses.
Relationships of social support, health‐promoting lifestyles, glycemic control, and bone turnover among adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Ha Mei , Chen Jun , Zhang Xiaojuan , Yang Hong , Liu Changjiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimThere is increasing evidence that hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can lead to the deterioration of bone remodeling. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships of social support, health‐promoting lifestyles, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and serum bone turnover markers (BTMs, including procollagen type I amino‐terminal propeptide [PINP] and β‐isomerised carboxy‐terminal cross‐linking telopeptide of type I collagen [β‐CTX]) among individuals with T2DM.MethodsA total of 175 subjects were recruited by convenience sampling and divided into three groups based on their HbA1c levels. Statistical strategies of Spearman's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used in this cross‐sectional study.ResultsThere was a positive association between PINP and β‐CTX, whereas the HbA1c level was inversely correlated with BTMs. Moreover, scores of both PINP and β‐CTX were different in genders, males having lower levels of BTMs than females after adjustment for weight. Furthermore, both social support and health‐promoting lifestyles were negatively correlated with HbA1c levels, whereas they did not significantly relate to declines in PINP and β‐CTX.ConclusionHigh HbA1c levels detrimentally influence bone formation and bone resorption, and males with T2DM might be more susceptible to osteoporosis because of their relatively lower levels of BTMs. However, social support and health‐promoting lifestyles could contribute to better glycemic control.
A survey of nursing and multidisciplinary team members' perspectives on the perceived contribution of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists
Authors: Doody Owen , Slevin Eamonn , Taggart Laurence 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAim and objectivesTo explore multidisciplinary team members' perspectives of clinical nurse specialists in intellectual disability nursing contribution in Ireland.BackgroundWhile clinical nurse specialist roles have advanced over time, they are viewed as multifaceted and complex roles creating confusion. This confusion is reinforced by the absence of studies on multidisciplinary team members' perspectives on the activities of clinical nurse specialists.DesignA cross‐sectional study of multidisciplinary team members (n = 262). The survey instrument was developed based on the literature and the result of a previous qualitative study and survey of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists.MethodsSPSS was used for data analyses and descriptive and inferential statistics. The STROBE checklist for cross‐sectional studies was used for reporting, and both a university and service providers granted ethical approval.FindingsThis study highlights that multidisciplinary team members identify the contribution and support that intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists provide across a range of practice areas. Clinical nurse specialists support the care process through supporting clients, staffs, families, organisations, communities and other agencies.ConclusionsOverall, the study reports and acknowledges the significance and contribution of intellectual disability clinical nurse specialists, across a range of practice areas and the support they provide for all stakeholders within the care process.Relevance to clinical practiceClinical nurse specialists are central to the nursing profession as a lead clinical role in practice and play a key role within the multidisciplinary team. Highlighting the work of the clinical nurse specialist creates greater clarity and less role ambiguity/confusion.
Current and emerging avenues for Alzheimer's disease drug targets
Authors: Loera‐Valencia R. , Cedazo‐Minguez A. , Kenigsberg P.A. , Page G. , Duarte A.I. , Giusti P. , Zusso M. , Robert P. , Frisoni G. B. , Cattaneo Annamaria , Zille M. , Boltze J. , Cartier N. , Buee L. , Johansson G. , Winblad B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia, is escalating as a global epidemic, and so far, there is neither cure nor treatment to alter its progression. The most important feature of the disease is neuronal death and loss of cognitive functions, caused probably from several pathological processes in the brain. The main neuropathological features of AD are widely described as amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of the aggregated protein tau, which contribute to the disease. Nevertheless, AD brains suffer from a variety of alterations in function, such as energy metabolism, inflammation and synaptic activity. The latest decades have seen an explosion of genes and molecules that can be employed as targets aiming to improve brain physiology, which can result in preventive strategies for AD. Moreover, therapeutics using these targets can help AD brains to sustain function during the development of AD pathology. Here, we review broadly recent information for potential targets that can modify AD through diverse pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches including gene therapy. We propose that AD could be tackled not only using combination therapies including Aβ and tau, but also considering insulin and cholesterol metabolism, vascular function, synaptic plasticity, epigenetics, neurovascular junction and blood–brain barrier targets that have been studied recently. We also make a case for the role of gut microbiota in AD. Our hope is to promote the continuing research of diverse targets affecting AD and promote diverse targeting as a near‐future strategy.
Perfluoroalkyls/polyfluoroalkyl substances and dental caries experience in children, ages 3–11 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014
Authors: Wiener R. Constance , Waters Christopher 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this research is to determine the association of seven perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances versus dental caries experience in US children, ages 3–11 years.MethodsA cross‐sectional study design was used in the analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2014 serological data of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. The seven perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances were: 2‐(N‐methyl‐perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetic acid; perfluorodecanoic acid; perfluorononanoic acid; perfluorohexane sulfonic acid; linear isomers of perfluorooctanoate; linear perfluorooctane sulfonate; and monomethyl branched isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonate. Two summative variables were created: monomethyl branch isomers of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid with linear isomer of perfluorooctane and branch isomers of perfluorooctanoate with linear isomer perfluorooctonate.ResultsIn unadjusted logistic regression, in which the comparison was between the less than 75th percentile reference group and the 75th and above percentile group, higher perfluorodecanoic acid was associated with dental caries experience [unadjusted odds ratio: 1.79 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.46; P = 0.0069); adjusted odds ratio: 1.54 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.30; P = 0.0385)].ConclusionsOf the seven examined perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, only perfluorodecanoic acid had an association with dental caries experience in an unadjusted model and adjusted logistic regression model.
Melatonin is a potential drug for the prevention of bone loss during space flight
Authors: Ikegame Mika , Hattori Atsuhiko , Tabata Makoto J. , Kitamura Kei‐ichiro , Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Furusawa Yukihiro , Maruyama Yusuke , Yamamoto Tatsuki , Sekiguchi Toshio , Matsuoka Risa , Hanmoto Taizo , Ikari Takahiro , Endo Masato , Omori Katsunori , Nakano Masaki , Yashima Sayaka , Ejiri Sadakazu , Taya Toshiki , Nakashima Hiroshi , Shimizu Nobuaki , Nakamura Masahisa , Kondo Takashi , Hayakawa Kazuichi , Takasaki Ichiro , Kaminishi Atsushi , Akatsuka Ryosuke , Sasayama Yuichi , Nishiuchi Takumi , Nara Masayuki , Iseki Hachiro , Chowdhury Vishwajit S. , Wada Shigehito , Ijiri Kenichi , Takeuchi Toshio , Suzuki Tohru , Ando Hironori , Matsuda Kouhei , Somei Masanori , Mishima Hiroyuki , Mikuni‐Takagaki Yuko , Funahashi Hisayuki , Takahashi Akihisa , Watanabe Yoshinari , Maeda Masahiro , Uchida Hideaki , Hayashi Akio , Kambegawa Akira , Seki Azusa , Yano Sachiko , Shimazu Toru , Suzuki Hiromi , Hirayama Jun , Suzuki Nobuo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAstronauts experience osteoporosis‐like loss of bone mass because of microgravity conditions during space flight. To prevent bone loss, they need a riskless and antiresorptive drug. Melatonin is reported to suppress osteoclast function. However, no studies have examined the effects of melatonin on bone metabolism under microgravity conditions. We used goldfish scales as a bone model of coexisting osteoclasts and osteoblasts and demonstrated that mRNA expression level of acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase, an enzyme essential for melatonin synthesis, decreased significantly under microgravity. During space flight, microgravity stimulated osteoclastic activity and significantly increased gene expression for osteoclast differentiation and activation. Melatonin treatment significantly stimulated Calcitonin (an osteoclast‐inhibiting hormone) mRNA expression and decreased the mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (a promoter of osteoclastogenesis), which coincided with suppressed gene expression levels for osteoclast functions. This is the first study to report the inhibitory effect of melatonin on osteoclastic activation by microgravity. We also observed a novel action pathway of melatonin on osteoclasts via an increase in CALCITONIN secretion. Melatonin could be the source of a potential novel drug to prevent bone loss during space flight.
The effect of modified starches on the gel properties and protein conformation of Nemipterus virgatus surimi
Authors: Mi Hongbo , Wang Cong , Su Qing , Li Xuepeng , Yi Shumin , Li Jianrong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe study investigated the effect of native cassava starch (NCS), hydroxypropylated starch, acetic acid esterification starch (AAES), acetylated distarch phosphate on gel properties and protein conformation of Nemipterus virgatus surimi. Addition of 10 g kg−1 NCS or 20 g kg−1 AAES could significantly promote the gel strength and textural profiles of the surimi gels (p < .05). The water holding ability and whiteness of surimi were remarkably increased when the four types of starch were added at all concentrations (p < .05). In rheological test, the lower G′ was observed in surimi samples added with starch at low temperature, suggesting starch played an inactive filler role in surimi. Along with the increase of starch additive amount, ionic bond and hydrophobic interaction first increased and then decreased, while hydrogen bond first decrease and then increased. According to Raman spectroscopy data, small content of starch promoted the heat‐induced conformational transition of surimi protein from α‐helix to β‐sheet, leading to the change in gel properties of surimi gels. Scanning electron microscopy photographs showed surimi gels added with 20 g kg−1 starch had the finer and denser network structure. Therefore, 20 g kg−1 AAES or 10 g kg−1 NCS or 10 g kg−1 HS could be proposed to a potential modifier to effectively improve the quality of surimi products.