bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the effects of hydrological and chemical stressors on macroinvertebrate community in an Alpine river: The Adige River as a case study
Authors: Giulivo Monica , Stella Elisa , Capri Ettore , Esnaola Amaiur , López de Alda Miren , Diaz‐Cruz Silvia , Mandaric Ladislav , Muñoz Isabel , Bellin Alberto 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, the combined effects of hydrological and chemical stressors on benthic macroinvertebrates were evaluated in order to explore the response of the biological community to multiple stressors. The Adige River, located in the south‐eastern Alps, was selected as a case study because representative of the situation of a large river in which the variety of stressors present in the Alpine region act simultaneously. As expected, streamflow showed a seasonal pattern, with high flows in the spring–summer period; however, locally, the natural hydrological regime was altered by the presence of hydropower systems, which chiefly affected low flows. Multivariate analysis showed seasonal and spatial patterns in both chemical and hydrological parameters with a clear gradient in the concentration of nitrate, personal care, and pharmaceutical products moving from headwaters to the main stem of the river. The macroinvertebrate community composition was significantly different in summer and winter and between up and downstream sites. Streamflow alteration chiefly due to water use by hydropower affected community composition but not richness or diversity. Gammarus sp., Hirudinea, and Psychomyia sp., were positively correlated with flow variability, increasing their densities in the sites with higher streamflow variability because of hydropeaking. The results obtained in this study show that the composition of the macroinvertebrate community responded to seasonality and to changes in the main stressors along the river and highlights the importance of the spatial and temporal variability of stressors in this Alpine river. Taking into account, this variability will help the decision‐making process for improving basin management.
Nanoscale imaging of hydrogen and sodium in alteration layers of corroded glass using ToF‐SIMS: Is an auxiliary sputtering ion beam necessary?
Authors: Zhang Jiandong , Zhang Yanyan , Collin Marie , Gin Stephane , Neeway James J. , Wang Tieshan , Zhu Zihua 
Published: January 2019

The hydrogen (H)/sodium (Na) interface is of great interest in glass corrosion research. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is one of the few techniques that can provide nanoscale H and Na imaging simultaneously. However, the optimized condition for ToF‐SIMS imaging of H in glass is still unclear. In H depth profiling using ToF‐SIMS, H background control is a key, in which an analysis ion beam and a sputtering ion beam work together in an interlaced mode to minimize it. Therefore, it is of great interest to determine if an auxiliary sputtering ion beam is also necessary to control H background in ToF‐SIMS imaging of H. In this study, H imaging with and without auxiliary sputtering beams (Cs+, O2+, and Arn+) was compared on a corroded international simple glass (ISG). It was surprising that the H/Na interface could be directly imaged using positive ion imaging without any auxiliary sputtering ion beam under a vacuum of 2 to 3 × 10−8 mbar. The H+ background was about 5% atomic percent on the pristine ISG glass, which was significantly lower than the H concentration in the alteration layer (~15%). Moreover, positive ion imaging could show distributions of other interesting species simultaneously, providing more comprehensive information of the glass corrosion. If an auxiliary O2+ sputtering ion beam was used, the H+ background could be reduced but still higher than that in the depth profiling. Besides, this condition could cause significant loss of signal intensities due to strong surface charging.
An exceptionally mild synthetic strategy using cascade reaction for 3,4‐dihydronaphthyridinones having aliphatic substituent on amide nitrogen
Authors: Tazawa Aoi , Ishizawa Kohei , Ando Junki , Watanabe Masayuki , Azumaya Isao , Hikawa Hidemasa , Tanaka Minoru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA facile synthetic procedure for 3,4‐dihydronaphthyridinone derivatives is described. This synthetic route involves the cascade reaction of methyl nicotinate having an ethoxyvinyl group with various amines. The desired cyclization products were obtained using pyridylacetaldehyde formation and subsequent reductive amination/cyclization with amines. For the preparation of vinyl ether derivatives, we employed the coupling reaction, and the method would be applicable to various related substrates. Furthermore, all the reactions to N‐alkyl products proceeded rapidly at ambient temperature in good yields using simple and safe protocols. This strategy allows the generation of dihydronaphthyridinone derivatives containing various amines.
The Effect of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) on the Au Catalyzed Reduction of p–nitrophenol: The Fundamental Role of NaBH4.
Authors: Álvarez Cerimedo María S. , Baronio Lucía Gago , Hoppe Cristina E. , Ayude María A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effect of polymeric ligands, like poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), on the reduction of p‐nitrophenol by NaBH4 in presence of gold nanoparticles (NPs) is systematically investigated. Distinctive trends could be identified depending on the extent of the NaBH4 excess. At rather low NaBH4 concentration excess, PVP had a deleterious effect, probably due to the steric hindrance of the PVP layer on the gold surface that acted partially blocking gold active sites. However, under a large excess of NaBH4, an enhanced catalytic performance was observed, what was attributed to the exchange of the polymer by hydride anions and other ions formed during hydrolysis of NaBH4. This exchange occurred without aggregation of NPs and without compromising recycling capability. Based on these results, the design of new routes for the synthesis of supported catalysts based on PVP stabilized metal colloids can be envisaged, as no additional steps would be necessary for removing the stabilizer prior to use.
NiCo2O4@Ni(BDC) Nano‐Porous Metal–Organic Framework as a Novel Catalyst for the Synthesis of Spiro[indene[1,2‐d]pyrimidine‐ones and Investigation of Their Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Farhadi Simin , Ghasemzadeh Mohammad Ali , Aghaei Seyyed Soheil 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this research, an efficient and simple method has been reported for the preparation of spiro[indene[1,2‐d]pyrimidine‐one derivatives through the multi‐component reactions of cyclic ketones, urea/thiourea/guanidine and 1,3‐indandion in the presence of NiCo2O4@Ni(BDC) (terephthalic acid) nanocatalyst. In this method, the products were obtained in short reaction times and excellent yields. The prepared metal‐organic frameworks have been fully analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT‐IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA),vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption‐desorption by Brunauer–Emmett‐Teller (BET) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD)analysis. In addition, all of the synthesized pyrimidines screened against different pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also their antifungal activity were investigated against Candida albicans.
Effect of Mo Species on the Selective Oxidation of n‐Butane to Maleic Anhydride over Mo‐Promoted VPP
Authors: He Bin , Nan Linlin , Li Zihang , Wen Bo , Niu Jingyang , Liu Ruixia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractVanadyl pyrophosphate contained catalysts (VPP) are of great importance for the selective oxidation of light alkane to chemicals. Achieving high conversion of alkane with a high selectivity of target products is critical for the practical applications of VPP. Here we selected three Mo species H5Mo12O41P (PMA), MoO3, and (NH4)6Mo7O4⋅4H2O (HAM) as promoters for VPP catalysts. Performance evaluation shows that all Mo‐promoted VPP catalysts have much better catalytic performance than those without Mo promoter, which are mainly attributed to the different Mo species could induce the formation of active crystal and affect the redox characteristic to varying degrees. Moreover, SEM revealed that the PMA possess a “shape memory” function, which result in crystallinity of (200) in PMA‐VPO is higher than others. H2‐TPR suggested that PMA could increase the amount of oxygen and reduce the reduction activation energy, which is beneficial to enhance the activity of VPP. The presented results may be helpful for selecting superior metal promoter and facilitated the process of VPP catalyst development for n‐butane selective oxidation.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Performance of Anthracene‐Based Small Molecules for Solution‐Processed Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Tao Qiang , Yan Dong , Liao Yunfeng , Huang Xianwei , Deng Jiyong , Yu Donghong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIncreasing molecular π‐conjugation length generally improves the light‐harvesting ability and enhancing π‐π stacking interactions could improve the charge‐carrier transport ability in small molecules (SMs). Both are beneficial for increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in organic solar cells. In this work, two linear (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs of (DTBT‐TPA)2An and (DPP‐TPA)2An were designed and synthesized, in which 4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzothiadiazole (DTBT) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were selected as electron acceptors (A), triphenylamine (TPA) was used as electron donor (D) and 9,10‐anthracene (An) was used as π‐bridge (Ar group), respectively. For comparison, two D−A‐type SMs of DTBT‐TPA and DPP‐TPA were also prepared without anthracene unit. By systematically comparing their optical and electronic properties, it was found that (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs show stronger photo response with higher absorption coefficients than the D−A‐type counterparts. And introducing anthracene unit could slightly lower their HOMOs of the resulting (A−D)2Ar‐type SMs. In bulk heterojunction solar cells, PCEs of 1.72% and 1.36% were achieved in (DTBT‐TPA)2An and (DPP‐TPA)2An based devices without any solvent additive, which are about 1.5 and 1.9 times the corresponding values of the DTBT‐TPA and DPP‐TPA based devices, respectively.
In Vivo Chemoselective Photoacoustic Imaging of Copper(II) in Plant and Animal Subjects
Authors: Zeng Leli , Ma Gongcheng , Xu Han , Mu Jing , Li Fan , Gao Xiaoting , Deng Zhuoting , Qu Junle , Huang Peng , Lin Jing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe detection of Cu2+ in living plants and animals is of great importance for environment monitoring and disease diagnosis. Here, a near‐infrared (NIR) turn‐on photoacoustic (PA) probe (denoted as LET‐2) is developed for Cu2+ detection in living subjects, such as soybean sprouts and mice. The absorbance band of LET‐2 shifts from 625 to 715 nm after the interaction with Cu2+, thus producing strong PA signal output at 715 nm (PA715) as an indicator. The PA715 value is increased as a function of the concentration of Cu2+ (0 × 10−6–20 × 10−6m), with a calculated limit of detection of 10.8 × 10−9m. More importantly, both in vitro and in vivo studies in soybean sprouts and mice indicate that the as‐prepared LET‐2 PA probe is highly sensitive and selective for Cu2+ detection. These findings provide a solution for in vivo detection of metal ions by using chemoselective PA probes.
Active load alleviation potential of adaptive wind turbine blades using shape memory alloy actuators
Authors: Karakalas Anargyros A. , Manolas Dimitris I. , Machairas Theodoros T. , Riziotis Vasilis A. , Saravanos Dimitris A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUpscaling of wind turbine blades calls for implementation of innovative active load control concepts that will facilitate the flawless operation of the machine and reduce the fatigue and ultimate loads that hinder its service life. Based on aeroelastic simulations that prove the enhanced capabilities of combined individual pitch and individual flap control at global wind turbine scale level, a shape adaptive concept that encompasses an articulated mechanism consisting of two subparts is presented. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators are investigated and assessed as means to control the shape adaptive mechanism at airfoil section level in order to alleviate the developed structural loads. The concept is embedded in the trailing edge region of the blade of a 10‐MW horizontal axis wind turbine and acts as a flap mechanism. Numerical simulations are performed considering various wind velocities and morphing target shapes and trajectories for both normal and extreme turbulence conditions. The results prove the potential of the concept, since the SMA controlled actuators can accurately follow the target trajectories. Power requirements are estimated at 0.22% of the AEP of the machine, while fatigue and ultimate load reduction of the flap‐wise bending moment at the blade root is 27.6% and 7.4%, respectively.
Changing Patterns of Industrialization and Emerging States in Twentieth Century China
Authors: Kubo Toru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAfter the middle of the 19th century, China started to struggle for industrial development and eventually achieved it. This chapter proposes to discuss the process of China’s industrialization by distinguishing it into four periods, including the relatively short but critical period of wartime controlled economy, and by referring to the relative weights of three factors that have shaped the economic development of modern China, the global economy, private enterprises, and the government. Such an understanding will help us to situate Mao’s era in the whole process of China’s industrialization. We will also make it clear that China had developed two types of industrialization, capital-intensive industrialization and labour-intensive industrialization, and suggests that the wartime controlled economy under the Nationalist government played a particularly important role in this process.
Awareness and perceptions of clinical guidelines for the diagnostics and treatment of severe behavioural problems in children across Europe: A qualitative survey with academic experts
Authors: Gatej Alexandra-Raluca , Lamers Audri , van Domburgh Lieke , Crone Matty , Ogden Terje , Rijo Daniel , Aronen Eeva , Barroso Ricardo , Boomsma Dorret I. , Vermeiren Robert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground:Severe behavioural problems (SBPs) in childhood are highly prevalent, impair functioning, and predict negative outcomes later in life. Over the last decade, clinical practice guidelines for SBPs have been developed across Europe to facilitate the translation of scientific evidence into clinical practice. This study outlines the results of an investigation into academic experts’ perspectives on the current prevalence, implementation, and utility of clinical guidelines for SBPs in children aged 6–12 across Europe.Methods:An online semi-structured questionnaire was completed by 28 psychiatry and psychology experts from 23 countries.Results:Experts indicated that approximately two thirds of the included European countries use at least an unofficial clinical document such as textbooks, while nearly half possess official guidelines for SBPs. Experts believed that, although useful for practice, guidelines’ benefits would be maximised if they included more specific recommendations and were implemented more conscientiously. Similarly, experts suggested that unofficial clinical documents offer a wide range of treatment options to individualise treatment from. However, they stressed the need for more consistent, evidence-based clinical practices, by means of developing national and European clinical guidelines for SBPs.Conclusions:This study offers a preliminary insight into the current successes and challenges perceived by experts around Europe associated with guidelines and documents for SBPs, acting as a stepping stone for future systematic, in-depth investigations of guidelines. Additionally, it establishes experts’ consensus for the need to develop official guidelines better tailored to clinical practice, creating a momentum for a transition towards European clinical guidelines for this population.
Choices that matter: Coalition formation and parties’ ideological reputations
Authors: Falcó-Gimeno Albert , Fernandez-Vazquez Pablo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper examines how a party’s decision to enter a coalition government affects voter perceptions of the party’s policy position. We argue that, for the decision to change voter beliefs, it must be at odds with voters’ prior opinions about the party. Specifically, the party must join a coalition that is not the one voters perceive as the ideologically closest option. Otherwise, the party’s action simply confirms voters’ pre-existing beliefs. Hence, whether or not joining a coalition alters voter attitudes depends on the type of alternative coalitions the party could enter. We test the hypothesis using three complementary empirical strategies: a cross-country analysis of party reputations in five coalition-prone European countries, individual panel data, and a quasi-experimental test. All three empirical tests provide support for our claim. This paper contributes to our understanding of voter information processing, coalition politics, and party competition.
Validity and Enforceability of Customary Law in Nigeria: Towards a Correct Delimitation of the Province of the Courts
Authors: Enabulele Amos O , Bazuaye Bright 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith a view to showing that courts do not have the power to validate native law and custom, this article highlights the different roles assigned to the assent of the people governed by native law and custom, and to the court called upon to determine its judicial enforceability. It argues that customary law is validated by the assent of the people and not by courts, and that the tests contained in different statutes by which courts are permitted to intervene in the regime of customary law are tests of enforceability and not tests of validity. As a result, it argues that the term “validity test” is misleading when used in relation to the power of courts to determine the enforceability of native law and custom, and should therefore be discarded.
The relation between dopamine D2 receptor blockade and the brain reward system: a longitudinal study of first-episode schizophrenia patients
Authors: Wulff Sanne , Nielsen Mette Ødegaard , Rostrup Egill , Svarer Claus , Jensen Lars Thorbjørn , Pinborg Lars , Glenthøj Birte Yding 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundPsychotic symptoms have been linked to salience abnormalities in the brain reward system, perhaps caused by a dysfunction of the dopamine neurotransmission in striatal regions. Blocking dopamine D2 receptors dampens psychotic symptoms and normalises reward disturbances, but a direct relationship between D2 receptor blockade, normalisation of reward processing and symptom improvement has not yet been demonstrated. The current study examined the association between blockade of D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus, alterations in reward processing and the psychopathology in a longitudinal study of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients.MethodsTwenty-two antipsychotic-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients (10 males, mean age 23.3) and 23 healthy controls (12 males, mean age 23.5) were examined with single-photon emission computed tomography using 123I-labelled iodobenzamide. Reward disturbances were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a modified version of the monetary-incentive-delay task. Patients were assessed before and after 6 weeks of treatment with amisulpride.ResultsIn line with previous results, patients had a lower fMRI response at baseline (0.2 ± 0.5 v. 0.7 ± 0.6; p = 0.008), but not at follow-up (0.5 ± 0.6 v. 0.6 ± 0.7), and a change in the fMRI signal correlated with improvement in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptoms (ρ = −0.435, p = 0.049). In patients responding to treatment, a correlation between improvement in the fMRI signal and receptor occupancy was found (ρ = 0.588; p = 0.035).ConclusionThe results indicate that salience abnormalities play a role in the reward system in schizophrenia. In patients responding to a treatment-induced blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, the psychotic symptoms may be ameliorated by normalising salience abnormalities in the reward system.
Pose Consensus of Multiple Robots with Time-Delays Using Neural Networks
Authors: Aldana Carlos I. , Munguía Rodrigo , Cruz-Zavala Emmanuel , Nuño Emmanuel 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes a novel control scheme based on Radial Basis Artificial Neural Network to solve the leader–follower and leaderless pose (position and orientation) consensus problems in the Special Euclidean space of dimension three (SE(3)). The controller is designed for robot networks composed of heterogeneous (kinematically and dynamically different) and uncertain robots with variable time-delays in the interconnection. The paper derives a sufficient condition on the controller gains and the robot interconnection, and using Barbalat’s Lemma, both consensus problems are solved. The proposed approach employs the singularity-free, unit-quaternions to represent the orientation of the end-effectors in theSE(3). The significance and advantages of the proposed control scheme are that it solves the two pose consensus problems for heterogeneous robot networks considering variable time-delays in the interconnection without orientation representation singularities, and the controller does not require to know the dynamic model of the robots. The performance of the proposed controller is illustrated via simulations with a heterogeneous robot network composed of robots with 6-DoF and 7-DoF.
Prospects for metazoan life in sub-glacial Antarctic lakes: the most extreme life on Earth?
Authors: Thatje Sven , Brown Alastair , Hillenbrand Claus-Dieter 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAbout 400 subglacial lakes are known from Antarctica. The question of whether life unique of subglacial lakes exists has been paramount since their discovery. Despite frequent evidence of microbial life mostly from accretion ice, subglacial lakes are characterized by physiologically hostile conditions to metazoan life, as we know it. Pure water (salinity ≤0.4–1.2%), extreme cold (−3°C), high hydrostatic pressure, areas of limited or no oxygen availability and permanent darkness altogether require physiological adaptations to these harsh conditions. The record of gene sequences including some associated with hydrothermal vents does foster the idea of metazoan life in Lake Vostok. Here, we synthesize the physico-chemical environment surrounding sub-glacial lakes and potential sites of hydrothermal activity and advocate that the physico-chemical stability found at these sites may be the most likely sites for metazoan life to exist. The unique conditions presented by Lake Vostok may also offer an outlook on life to be expected in extra-terrestrial subglacial environments, such as on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus.