bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and impact of suspected delirium in hospitalized elderly patients
Authors: Cavalieri Thomas A. , Forman Lloyd J. , Galski Thomas , Dinsmore Steven , Kay Patricia A.J. , Pomerantz Sherry 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The records of 95 consecutive people older than 65 years and admitted to a community hospital were retrospectively reviewed to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed delirium in hospitalized elderly patients. Chart review focused on identification of patients with documented diagnosed delirium according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, revised (DSM-III-R) criteria and patients with unrecognized delirium. Unrecognized delirium was considered present when information contained in a patient's chart met some or all criteria for delirium as described in DSM-III-R, but the physician's progress notes failed to indicate delirium as a diagnosed clinical entity. The prevalence of diagnosed delirium was 2%. Thirty-six percent of the patients were suspected of having unrecognized delirium. The mean length of hospital stay and the rate of mortality were significantly higher for patients with suspected delirium than for nondelirious patients. The findings of this study suggest that unrecognized delirium in the hospitalized elderly may occur frequently and is associated with an increased length of hospital stay and increased mortality.
Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation: a postpartum case presentation
Authors: Toffol. Gilbert J. , O’Reilly, Siobhan A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Adult Arnold-Chiari malformation, also known as Chiari malformation type I, typically occurs in women during early adulthood and can be a cause of unexplained headaches, as well as associated syringomyelocele. In this unique case report, a 32-yearold, postpartum woman with posturally induced headache from Chiari malformation type I had symptoms occur for the first time during pregnancy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed the diagnosis and is the neuroimaging study of choice in such cases. Neurosurgical decompression, when performed early, is highly successful in symptomatic individuals.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the distal portion of ureter protruding into the sigmoid conduit six years after cystoprostatectomy
Authors: Finkelstein Leonard H. , Elisco Anthony 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Bladder tumors develop after the diagnosis of upper urinary tract carcinoma in approximately 20% of cases, whereas the incidence of upper urinary tract tumor after the diagnosis of bladder cancer is low, approximately 2%. In a 64-year-old man who had undergone cystoprostatectomy treatment of bladder carcinoma 6 years previously, with the sigmoid conduit used for supravesicle diversion, a transitional cell carcinoma that developed in the conduit was not revealed with intravenous pyelography at regular follow-up intervals. The patient had only hematuria. After an obstructed left kidney, left ureteral stricture, and a filling defect in the conduit were observed radiologically and biopsy revealed a transitional cell cacinoma at the ureterosigmoid junction, the patient underwent left nephroureterectomy, partial resection of a third of the sigmoid conduit, and right ureteral reimplantation. The occurrence of upper urinary tract carcinoma after treatment of bladder cancer should be considered even in light of intravenous pyelography that shows no abnormality; and when such carcinomas occur in this situation, disease involving the conduit should be ruled out.
Smoking cessation: A clinical study of the transdermal nicotine patch
Authors: Winters Frank D. , Smith Troy M. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Although cigarette smoking is a declining trend in the United States, the amount of cigarettes consumed by the American public is the same today as in 1964. The role of cigarette smoking in many disease processes is publicly well known, and smoking cessation has been proved to reduce risk for some diseases, but the various methods of cessation are often met with a high rate of treatment failure or relapse. In this study, the short-term efficacy of nicotine-replacement therapy by way of the transdermal patch system was evaluated in 110 patients in a family practice setting. Patches were tapered from 21 mg of nicotine to 14 mg to 7 mg, each for 30 days. Subjects wore one patch for every 24 hours and were instructed not to smoke. Telephone follow-up was used at 2 to 3 weeks to check smoking status and inquire for side effects, and further follow-up of those who had completed the 3-month program was initiated 6 months after the program began. Nineteen patients never filled the prescription, and six were lost to follow-up. Of the 85 who finished the program, 35% were still not smoking at 6 months after the study began. The other 65% had relapsed. Side effects were mild and were mainly related to skin irritation at the patch site and abnormal dreams. Combinations of this cessation method with physician counseling and other behavioral methods should improve the success rate of this encouraging treatment.
Changes in presence of a segmental dysfunction pattern associated with hypertension: Part 2. A long-term longitudinal study
Authors: Johnston William L. , Kelso Albert F. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The short-term portion of this study (part 1) showed an association between somatic dysfunction and the regulation of blood pressure. To study long-term relationships, follow-up examinations were made of 61 subjects studied 3 to 10 years earlier. They were heterogeneous Family Practice Clinic patients with a mean age of 45 years. By methods used in part 1 and in our previous studies of systemic interactions, palpatory examination was done to support presence or absence of a C6T2T6 pattern of segmental motion dysfunctions, and blood pressure status was established by the medical history. The C6T2T6 pattern persisted in 16 of 16 subjects with grade 2 or greater hypertension and 4 of 9 normotensive subjects who had shown the pattern initially. At follow-up, the pattern first appeared in 7 subjects who had hypertension previously diagnosed and who remained hypertensive; the pattern disappeared in 5 normotensive subjects who remained normotensive. The C6T2T6 pattern's longterm persistence in hypertensive subjects and changes in its presence corresponding to the subjects' hypertensive status indicate an important relationship between this pattern of segmental motion dysfunctions and disturbances in regulation of blood pressure.
Role of the tightly bound quinone for the oxygen reaction of cytochrome bo3 oxidase from Escherichia coli
Authors: Melin Frédéric , Sabuncu Sinan , Choi Sylvia K. , Leprince Agathe , Gennis Robert B. , Hellwig Petra 
Published: October 2018

The coupling of the reaction of a tightly bound ubiquinone with the reduction of O2 in cytochrome bo3 of Escherichia coli was investigated. In the absence of the quinone, a strongly diminished rate of electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen is detected, which can be restored by adding quinones. The correlation of previous EPR data with the electrocatalytic study on mutations in the binding site at positions, Q101, D75, F93, H98, I102 and R71 reveal that the stabilization of the radical is not necessary for the oxygen reaction. The Q101 and F93 variants exhibit both well‐defined catalytic i–V curves, whereas D75H, H98F, I102W and R71H exhibit broad i–V curves with large hysteresis pointing toward a strong alteration in their catalytic activity.
Monogamy in primates
Authors: Reichard Ulrich H. 
Published: October 2018

Primate monogamy, or the condition of having a single partner, is a multifaceted, dynamic, and complex social and reproductive strategy. Monogamy is more common among primates than it is in other mammals. Two main routes may lead to social monogamy or pair‐living: (1) when a male guards a single female instead of searching for additional fertilization opportunities; or (2) when a male is needed to protect a female's progeny against infanticide. Lifelong social monogamy seems absent in primates, and re‐pairing usually occurs after a partner died, deserted, or was forcefully replaced. Sexual monogamy is rare in socially monogamous primates, and extra‐pair copulations (EPCs) have been documented across such diverse groups as pair‐living lemurs, tarsiers, New World monkeys, and apes. EPCs only sometimes result in conception, and the majority of molecular genetic studies on pair‐living primates indicate a low rate of extra‐pair young (EPY) (≤ 10%). Notable exceptions are the high rates of EPY (≥ 20%) found in Lariang tarsiers, fork‐marked lemurs, and fat‐tailed dwarf lemurs.
Pretreated Macrophage‐Membrane‐Coated Gold Nanocages for Precise Drug Delivery for Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Wang Can , Wang Yulan , Zhang Lingling , Miron Richard J. , Liang Jianfei , Shi Miusi , Mo Wenting , Zheng Shihang , Zhao Yanbing , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPathogenic bacterial infections and drug resistance make it urgent to develop new antibacterial agents with targeted delivery. Here, a new targeting delivery nanosystem is designed based on the potential interaction between bacterial recognizing receptors on macrophage membranes and distinct pathogen‐associated molecular patterns in bacteria. Interestingly, the expression of recognizing receptors on macrophage membranes increases significantly when cultured with specific bacteria. Therefore, by coating pretreated macrophage membrane onto the surface of a gold–silver nanocage (GSNC), the nanosystem targets bacteria more efficiently. Previously, it has been shown that GSNC alone can serve as an effective antibacterial agent owing to its photothermal effect under near‐infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. Furthermore, the nanocage can be utilized as a delivery vehicle for antibacterial drugs since the gold–silver nanocage presents a hollow interior and porous wall structure. With significantly improved bacterial adherence, the Sa‐M‐GSNC nanosystem, developed within this study, is effectively delivered and retained at the infection site both via local or systemic injections; the system also shows greatly prolonged blood circulation time and excellent biocompatibility. The present work described here is the first to utilize bacterial pretreated macrophage membrane receptors in a nanosystem to achieve specific bacterial‐targeted delivery, and provides inspiration for future therapy based on this concept.
Achieving Thermo‐Mechano‐Opto‐Responsive Bitemporal Colorful Luminescence via Multiplexing of Dual Lanthanides in Piezoelectric Particles and its Multidimensional Anticounterfeiting
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Cheng , Pan Cong , Zhu Yi‐Fei , Zhao Li‐Zhen , He Hong‐Wei , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOptical characteristics of luminescent materials, including emission color (wavelength), lifetime, and excitation mode, play crucial roles in data communication and information security. Conventional luminescent materials generally display unicolor, unitemporal, and unimodal (occasionally bimodal) emission, resulting in low‐level readout and decoding. The development of multicolor, multitemporal, and multimodal luminescence in a single material has long been considered to be a significant challenge. In this study, for the first time, the superior integration of colorful (red–orange–yellow–green), bitemporal (fluorescent and delayed), and four‐modal (thermo‐/mechano‐motivated and upconverted/downshifted) emissions in a particular piezoelectric particle via optical multiplexing of dual‐lanthanide dopants is demonstrated. The as‐prepared versatile NaNbO3:Pr3+,Er3+ luminescent microparticles shown are particularly suitable for embedding into polymer films to achieve waterproof, flexible/wearable and highly stretchable features, and synchronously to provide multidimensional codes that can be visually read‐out using simple and commonly available tools (including the LED of a smartphone, pen writing, cooling–heating stimuli, and ultraviolet/near‐infrared lamps). These findings offer unique insight for designing highly integrated stimuli‐responsive luminophors and smart devices toward a wide variety of applications, particularly advanced anticounterfeiting technology.
Copper and Copper‐Based Bimetallic Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction
Authors: Birhanu Mulatu Kassie , Tsai Meng‐Che , Kahsay Amaha Woldu , Chen Chun‐Tse , Zeleke Tamene Simachew , Ibrahim Kassa Belay , Huang Chen‐Jui , Su Wei‐Nien , Hwang Bing‐Joe 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAmong many alternatives, CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER) is an emerging technology to alleviate its level in the atmosphere and simultaneously to produce essential products containing high energy density using various electrocatalysts. Cu‐based mono‐ and bimetallics are electrocatalysts of concerns in this work due to the material's abundance and versatility. Intrinsic factors affecting the CO2ER are first analyzed, whereby understanding and characterizing the surface features of electrocatalysts are addressed. An X‐ray absorption spectroscopy‐based methodology is discussed to determine electronic and structural properties of electrocatalyst surface which allows the prediction of reaction mechanism and establishing the correlation with reduction products. The selectivity and faradaic efficiency of products highly depend on the quality of surface modification. Preparation and modification of electrocatalyst surfaces through various techniques are critical to increase the number of activity sites and the corresponding site activity. Mechanisms of CO2ER are complicate and thus are discussed in accordance with main products of interests. The authors try to concisely compile the most interesting, recent, and reasonable ideas that are agreeable to experimental results. Finally, this review provides an outlook for designing better Cu and Cu‐based bimetallic catalysts to obtain selective products through CO2ER.
Nanodiamond‐Based Platform for Intracellular‐Specific Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides against Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Gu Mengjie , Wang Xin , Toh Tan Boon , Hooi Lissa , Tenen Daniel G. , Chow Edward Kai‐Hua 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTherapeutic peptides are attractive as a treatment modality due to their high selectivity and relative safety and tolerability. Delivery of therapeutic peptides to target cells continues to pose a challenge, particularly when these peptides target intracellular proteins. In this study, the use of nanodiamonds (NDs) as a platform for enhanced intracellular delivery of therapeutic peptides is investigated. SALL4 is found to contribute to tumor progression in many types of cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therapeutic peptides specifically targeting SALL4 demonstrate an effective, but limited, inhibitory effect on SALL4‐driven HCC tumor cell growth. Nanodiamond‐based delivery of SALL4‐inhibitory peptides is found to improve peptide stability and cellular peptide retention. Stimuli‐responsive release of SALL4‐inhibitory peptide from nanodiamonds ensures intracellular‐specific delivery of functional SALL4‐inhibitory peptides. The observed enhanced peptide stability and intracellular‐specific delivery of SALL4‐inhibitory peptides by nanodiamonds result in improved therapeutic efficacy by ND‐peptide complexes against SALL4‐driven HCC. As such, nanodiamonds serve as a promising platform for stimuli‐responsive intracellular‐specific delivery of therapeutic peptides.
High‐Performance All‐Small‐Molecule Solar Cells Based on a New Type of Small Molecule Acceptors with Chlorinated End Groups
Authors: Wang Yunchuang , Wang Yanbo , Kan Bin , Ke Xin , Wan Xiangjian , Li Chenxi , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhile a wide variety of nonfullerene acceptors are developed and perform well in combination with polymer donors, only a few nonfullerene acceptors can work well with small molecule donors. Here, all‐small‐molecule solar cells with high performance enabled by a new type of small molecule acceptors (F‐0Cl, F‐1Cl, and F‐2Cl), which contain linear alkyl side chains and end groups substituted with various number of chlorine atoms, are reported. End group chlorination leads to redshifted absorption, enhanced crystallinity, and high electron mobility. These properties make them competitive as electron acceptors for all‐small‐molecule solar devices. When combined with two popular small molecule donors DRTB‐T and DRCN5T, these nonfullerene acceptors offer power conversion efficiencies up to 10.76 and 9.89%, which are among the top efficiencies reported in all‐small‐molecule solar cells and indicate the great potential of all‐small‐molecule solar devices.
Permanent tooth emergence: Timing and sequence in a sample of Black Southern African children
Authors: Esan Temitope A. , Mothupi Kelebogile A. , Schepartz Lynne A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigates mean age, sequence, and temporal trends of permanent tooth emergence in Black Southern African children and compares the findings with other population samples.Materials and methodsThis community‐based cross‐sectional study involved 639 Black Southern African children between 5 and 20 years of age. Probit analysis was used to derive the mean age at emergence of the permanent teeth. Sex and cross‐population comparisons were undertaken to determine similarities and differences in emergence timing and sequence.ResultsFemales emerged all teeth earlier except for M3s (p < .05). Black Southern Africans have earlier mean ages of emergence compared to population samples from the USA, Europe, Australia, and Asia. Sexual dimorphism was detected in the mandibular I1/M1 emergence sequence (females, M1I1; males, I1M1). The sequence in males is similar in both jaws to males from other sub‐Saharan African, USA, and European samples. Females show a similar sequence pattern in the maxilla with other sub‐Saharan African, and also Australian and US females of European ancestry. There is a high frequency of polymorphism in the P1P2C1 emergence sequence, with significantly more P2P1C1 maxillary sequences seen among males. Polymorphic variation was common for the I1M1 sequence in both males and females.DiscussionMean age of tooth emergence among Black Southern African children is similar to children from most other sub‐Saharan African populations. No temporal change was seen in the mean age of emergence. Earlier permanent tooth emergence in Black Southern Africans is part of a general sub‐Saharan pattern that is distinct from European and Asian populations.
Dental markers of poverty: Biocultural deliberations on oral health of the poor in mid‐nineteenth‐century Ireland
Authors: Geber Jonny , Murphy Eileen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesDespite subsisting on a low‐cariogenic diet comprising virtually nothing more than potatoes and dairy products, poor oral health affected the quality of life for the poor of nineteenth‐century Ireland. This study investigates potential biocultural reasons that may explain why this was the case.Material and MethodsA total of 6,860 teeth and 9,889 alveoli from 363 permanent dentitions from the skeletal remains of impoverished adult Irish males and females who died between 1847 and 1851 in the Kilkenny Union Workhouse were examined for evidence of dental caries, periodontal disease and ante‐mortem tooth loss. Caries rates were quantified and assessed by crude prevalence, frequencies, corrected caries rates and a t‐health index, and evaluated by sex and age groups.ResultsA higher rate of caries was present among 18–25‐year‐old males than females, while the opposite relationship was evident for older age groups. The prevalence rates of periodontal disease and ante‐mortem tooth loss increased with age. When assessed by corrected caries rates, tooth decay is observed at a lower rate compared to contemporaneous lower to upper‐class population samples from London.DiscussionDespite being low cariogenic foods, the potato starch and milk lactose of a nineteenth‐century Irish laborer's diet would have lowered oral pH‐values thereby increasing the risk of bacterial fermentation in dental plaque resulting in caries. Nutritional features alone cannot explain the high rates of dental caries observed in the Kilkenny workhouse population sample, however, and lifestyle factors, particularly habitual clay‐pipe smoking, is considered a significant cause of poor oral health.
Impact of chronic rhinosinusitis on sleep: a controlled clinical study
Authors: Alt Jeremiah A. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Platt Michael P. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Storck Tina , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundEarlier studies have suggested that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) report worse sleep quality than population norms. What remains unknown is whether these patients are actually experiencing measurable changes in objective sleep parameters. The goal of this study was to prospectively evaluate objective sleep measures in a cohort of patients with CRS.MethodsA prospective, multi‐institutional, case‐control study was designed to compare patients with CRS to nondiseased controls. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (EpSS). Home sleep studies were administered across all subjects and a battery of objective sleep measurements were recorded using a portable sleep diagnostic device. Regression models were used to control for any factors that differed across groups.ResultsA total of 108 subjects were enrolled across 4 institutions, including 52 patients with CRS and 56 controls. Total PSQI scores were worse in patients with CRS when compared with controls (10.1 ± 4.3 vs 4.7 ± 2.5; p < 0.001). Similarly, daytime somnolence, as measured by the EpSS, was greater in patients with CRS (9.1 ± 5.3 vs 6.5 ± 3.7; p = 0.006). On home sleep studies, patients with CRS were found to have an increased number of awakenings during a night's sleep (8.6 ± 4.8 vs 6.3 ± 3.0; p = 0.004), lower average overnight oxygen saturation (93.2 ± 2.6% vs 94.3 ± 2.1%; p = 0.042), increased rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) latency (93.0 ± 67.1 vs 66.7 ± 35.3; p = 0.016), and spent a greater portion of the night snoring at >40 dB (24.7 ± 27.4% vs 14.6 ± 19.7%; p = 0.034). All differences except mean oxygen saturation remained significant after controlling for baseline differences.ConclusionDifferences in both patient‐reported and objective sleep measures exist between patients with CRS and controls.