bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age-related difference in health care use and costs of patients with chronic kidney disease and matched controls: analysis of Dutch health care claims data
Authors: van Oosten Manon J M , Logtenberg Susan J J , Leegte Martijn J H , Bilo Henk J G , Mohnen Sigrid M , Hakkaart-van Roijen Leona , Hemmelder Marc H , de Wit G Ardine , Jager Kitty J , Stel Vianda S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
The financial burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing due to the ageing population and increased prevalence of comorbid diseases. Our aim was to evaluate age-related differences in health care use and costs in Stage G4/G5 CKD without renal replacement therapy (RRT), dialysis and kidney transplant patients and compare them to the general population.

Methods
Using Dutch health care claims, we identified CKD patients and divided them into three groups: CKD Stage G4/G5 without RRT, dialysis and kidney transplantation. We matched them with two controls per patient. Total health care costs and hospital costs unrelated to CKD treatment are presented in four age categories (19–44, 45–64, 65–74 and ≥75 years).

Results
Overall, health care costs of CKD patients ≥75 years of age were lower than costs of patients 65–74 years of age. In dialysis patients, costs were highest in patients 45–64 years of age. Since costs of controls increased gradually with age, the cost ratio of patients versus controls was highest in young patients (19–44 years). CKD patients were in greater need of additional specialist care than the general population, which was already evident in young patients.

Conclusion
Already at a young age and in the earlier stages of CKD, patients are in need of additional care with corresponding health care costs far exceeding those of the general population. In contrast to the general population, the oldest patients (≥75 years) of all CKD patient groups have lower costs than patients 65–74 years of age, which is largely explained by lower hospital and medication costs.
Establishment of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft model of 1q+ posterior fossa group A ependymoma
Authors: Pierce Angela M , Witt Davis A , Donson Andrew M , Gilani Ahmed , Sanford Bridget , Sill Martin , Van Court Benjamin , Oweida Ayman , Prince Eric W , Steiner Jenna , Danis Etienne , Dorris Kathleen , Hankinson Todd , Handler Michael H , Jones Kenneth L , Karam Sana D , Serkova Natalie J , Vibhakar Rajeev , Foreman Nicholas K , Griesinger Andrea M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Treatment for pediatric posterior fossa group A (PFA) ependymoma with gain of chromosome 1q (1q+) has not improved over the past decade owing partially to lack of clinically relevant models. We described the first 2 1q+ PFA cell lines, which have significantly enhanced our understanding of PFA tumor biology and provided a tool to identify specific 1q+ PFA therapies. However, cell lines do not accurately replicate the tumor microenvironment. Our present goal is to establish patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models.

Methods
Disaggregated tumors from 2 1q+ PFA patients were injected into the flanks of NSG mice. Flank tumors were then transplanted into the fourth ventricle or lateral ventricle of NSG mice. Characterization of intracranial tumors was performed using imaging, histology, and bioinformatics.

Results
MAF-811_XC and MAF-928_XC established intracranially within the fourth ventricle and retained histological, methylomic, and transcriptomic features of primary patient tumors. We tested the feasibility of treating PDX mice with fractionated radiation or chemotherapy. Mice tolerated radiation despite significant tumor burden, and follow-up imaging confirmed radiation can reduce tumor size. Treatment with fluorouracil reduced tumor size but did not appear to prolong survival.

Conclusions
MAF-811_XC and MAF-928_XC are novel, authentic, and reliable models for studying 1q+ PFA in vivo. Given the successful response to radiation, these models will be advantageous for testing clinically relevant combination therapies to develop future clinical trials for this high-risk subgroup of pediatric ependymoma.
Cognitive Sociology and the Cultural Mind
Authors: Brekhus Wayne H. , Ignatow Gabe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces key debates and directions in cognitive sociology. It discusses cognitive sociology approaches ranging from cultural to social to embodied perspectives and identifies important tensions between competing cognitive sociology traditions. It highlights cultural cognitive sociology approaches that emphasize cultural, social, and organizational variation as well as embodied cognitive social science approaches that challenge cultural sociology and that emphasize the importance of neuropsychological dual-process models of cognition. It discusses the implications of these controversies and addresses attempts to synthesize the neurocognitive and the cultural. It concludes by introducing the chapters that constitute this volume.
The Sacred, Profane, Pure, Impure, and Social Energization of Culture
Authors: Kurakin Dmitry 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that the Durkheimian theory of the sacred is a crucial yet not fully recognized resource for cognitive sociology. It contains not only a theory of culture (which is acknowledged in contemporary sociology), but also a vision of culture-cognition relations. Thus, Durkheimian cultural sociology allows us to understand the crucial role the sacred/profane opposition plays in structuring culture, perception and thought. Based on a number of theories, I also show how another opposition—between the pure and impure modes of the sacred, allows us to explain dynamic features of the sacred and eventually provides a basic model of social change. While explicating this vision and resultant opportunities for sociological analysis I also criticize “cognition apart from culture” approaches established within cognitive sociology. I argue, thus, that culture not only participates in cognition but is an intrinsic ingredient of the human mind. Culture is not a chaotic and fragmented set of elements, as some sociologists imply to a greater or lesser degree, but a system; and as such it is an inner environment for human thought and social action. This system, however, is governed not by formal logic, as some critics of the autonomy of culture presuppose, but by concrete configurations of emotionally-charged categories, created and re-created in social interactions.
The Experience of Time in Organizations
Authors: Snyder Benjamin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Formal and complex organizations influence how individuals experience time by providing a scaffolding for temporal cognition. This chapter presents a framework for understanding temporal cognition in organizations in terms of two key concepts: timescapes and time maps. Timescapes structure the rhythm and flow of organizational events, while time maps structure the ordering of those events “in” time. Drawing mainly on research about work and workplaces, the chapter highlights a central concern in the literature about the flexibility and rigidity of organizational temporal structures and their relationship to experiences of freedom and domination, control and chaos.
Cognitive Science and Social Theory
Authors: Eck David , Turner Stephen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Approaches to cognitive science can be divided into two large groups: the standard model of the computational mind, usually associated with the idea of modularization, and extended to include a theory of mind, and rival and not-so-well-integrated approaches that replace its explanations with other mechanisms, the 4Es of cognition: the embedded, embodied, extended, and enactive movements, to which can be added the ecological approach based on Gibsonian affordances and Mark Bickhard’s interactivism. These approaches fit with very different social theories: the standard model with the social as understood by Durkheim, Parsons, and the early Bourdieu. The alternative, especially the idea of the extended mind, fits with a conception of society that replaces “the social” with a conception in which substitutable parts—routines and technology, take over its explanatory burdens.
White Woman’s Burden and the Bible during the British Occupation of Singapore
Authors: Lim Chin Ming Stephen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This essay explores the use of the Bible in one periphery of the British Occupation in the nineteenth century: Singapore at the intersection of gender and Empire. The key line of inquiry is to explore what Antoinette Burton outlines as the “white woman’s burden,” manifested in the Singaporean context through the use of the Bible by white women and their protégés. Therefore, this essay begins with how the work of white women is entangled with the interests of the Empire and then analyzes the periodical The Christian in Singapore: A Religious Magazine, which was published by the Ladies Bible and Tract Society in Singapore. This is followed by a closer look at education and women in the Church Missionary Society periodicals. The discussion focuses particularly on the biography of Sophia Cooke, a prominent missionary in Singapore, as well as a regional publication, India’s Women and China’s Daughters.
The Simplest Model of Global Governance Ever Seen?
Authors: Sgard Jérôme 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
From the 1880s till 1930, the global grain trade was regulated primarily by the London Corn Trade Association, a private body entirely controlled by core market insiders. It had three defining contributions: it produced grain standards, which transformed cereals into commodities; it arbitrated disputes between traders; and it drafted some sixty standard contracts that were minutely adjusted to both the trading rules in exporting countries and to standard contracts for shipping, insurance, and trade credit. These transnational contractual vehicles drastically simplified the successive operations of international trade along the whole value chain. Critically, while the contracts were governed by English law and protected by the London courts, they entirely avoided any relations with other national legal orders or jurisdictions. Conflicts of laws, a perennial source of transaction costs in a global economy, were by and large eschewed by means of a private market order that was both local and global.
The Political and Professional Economies of US Global Corporate Criminal Enforcement
Authors: Buell Samuel W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain to a mostly international and non-legal audience what drives and shapes the practices of prosecutors in their enforcement of US criminal law against corporations and their agents for conduct outside the United States. This explanation must begin with US law, which has jurisdictional and other features that afford American prosecutors unparalleled leeway and reach. Much more of the explanation for enforcement behaviors, however, lies in the political and professional economies that determine the incentives and choices of the US Department of Justice and its individual prosecutors. This explanation requires an understanding of the domestic political economy of criminal enforcement within the United States and the distinctive structure and culture of the American bar. Beyond this descriptive work, the chapter considers what might lie ahead as present US prosecutorial practices, which have been driven mostly by domestic influences, increasingly run into, or are pursued by, the prosecutorial practices of other nations, as well as attitudes toward prosecution in those nations.
Leading in Higher Education
Authors: van Rooijen Maurits 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the higher education leader’s perspective in conjunction with the following themes: (1) the leader as a change agent, responding to mega trends (globalization, digitalization and the demands of knowledge-based economies); (2) the challenge of choosing the right gear of change (evolution, rapid evolution, revolution) whilst executing transformations; (3) the recognition at all levels (macro, meta, micro) of the value of diversity, and understanding that institutions are typically a blend of three ultra-types (knowledge for the sake of knowledge; utilitarian, accountable institution; sustainable enterprises) and the importance of matching leadership; (4) understanding the alignment of ‘ABC’ (academic aspiration, business, communities) whilst enlarging C through emotional engagement; and (5) the imperative to secure funding to achieve strategic objectives and institutional sustainability (fundraising, public–private partnerships, cooperative constructions). Current funding realities suggest big is truly beautiful but this risks diminishing diversity.
Criticality, Academic Autonomy, and Societal Progress
Authors: Redding Gordon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTo avoid ethnocentric analysis, HE’s role in societal progress may be placed in a context that is abstract enough to be taken as universally applicable, even though the interpretation of its principles is likely to differ between societies and cultures. The literature on development is reviewed to extract core principles that may be conjectured as universal on historical evidence to date. These are specified as capabilities achieved by a society that allow it to adapt to surrounding change, and still remain cohesive. HE can play a significant part in building these capabilities, in its work to transform both individuals and societies. Key catalysts would be scholarship, reasoned analysis, and moral frameworks to support social fusion and incentives to adapt.
Governments Need To, and Do, Trust Universities
Authors: Calford Mike B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Through direct support funding, granting agencies, student scholarships, tax concessions, and other sources governments provide the vast bulk of funding to operate universities. However, governments cede control of how those funds are used to the universities, and these cede control of curricula, assessment, and standards to their academics. Why is this the case for almost all successful university systems? The usual explanation, that the best outcomes of academic pursuit occur with distributed decision making, is simply another description of what has been common in successful systems of higher education under multiple jurisdictions. An answer may come from the consideration that, typically, governments and universities operate on very different timescales. The academic cycles for teaching and research (ten to twenty-five years) far exceed the span of most government administrations (three to five years).
Policy Implications for Equity, Gender, and Widening Participation in Higher Education
Authors: Burke Penny Jane , David Miriam E. , Moreau Marie-Pierre 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the intersecting inequalities and differences in HE that persist despite decades of HE policy focused on equity and widening participation. Attention is given to the ways that patriarchy, neo-liberalism, corporatization, and managerialism work together to generate new forms of inequality and power relations, which include inequalities in access and participation, women in leadership positions, sexual assault or harassment on campus, care-less university cultures, and complex temporal inequalities. The chapter examines the emergence of widening participation and equity policies in many countries of both the global North and the global South whilst the forces of globalization, neo-liberalism, and marketization have repositioned students as consumers of the market of higher education. It shows how these forces have produced an individualizing focus on student and staff experience, concealing the contextual, temporal, and structural inequalities that profoundly undermine policy concerns to widen access and participation. Individualism and marketization impact student and staff experiences in relation to the different social location and the gendering of education, work, and family, which privileges the productive (with a focus on paid labour and employability) over the reproductive (with a focus on unpaid labour and caring) dimensions of social life. The chapter shows the power of feminist analyses of questions of equity and widening participation to bring to light the insidious ways that inequalities are reproduced through the neo-liberal, patriarchal university.
Socializing Human Capital for Twenty-First Century Educational Goals
Authors: Bond Michael H. , Jing Yiming 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Crucial to global HE are the differences in the socialization processes that prepare students prior to their entry to universities. This preparation is analysed to reveal variations that are likely to affect the building in a society of the human capital capabilities: cognitive, empathetic, and interpersonal. The nature and availability of these resources is seen as key to a society’s ability to generate innovativeness and cooperativeness. Data are analysed from representative populations in seventy-nine nations positioned in a two-dimensional matrix of Practicality vs. Civility and Other-directedness vs. Self-directedness. This mapping permits comparison between societies on the initial mental structures of meaning and relevance brought by students into a nation’s classrooms. Implications are drawn for current forecasts of skills appropriate to living in twenty-first century conditions.
The Implications of a Diversifying Workforce for Institutional Governance and Management in Higher Education
Authors: Whitchurch Celia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractContemporary influences on institutional policy and practice are analysed based on studies in 23 HE institutions in the United Kingdom, involving 183 interviews. The implications of a diversifying workforce are considered in the context of institutional responses to more market-oriented systems, and the delicate balance with traditional academic governance. In particular, consideration is given to the critical role of middle managers such as heads of department and research leaders in adjusting and implementing institutional policy. As a result, new roles have arisen in the form of network governance. These require skills of flexibility, communication, and expectation management, so as to facilitate new forms of governance in less certain conditions. Two contrasting case studies illustrate tensions and dilemmas that arise.
Paul and Reception History
Authors: Riches John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers currently held views about the history of Pauline interpretation with their strong critique of Lutheran readings of Paul and attempts to locate Lutheran readings more fully within the wider history of Pauline interpretation. It pays particular attention to the work of Marcion, Chrysostom, Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, and Calvin. It seeks to show how each new interpreter interacts with earlier readings and brings in other aspects of the text which enable him to confront contemporary issues in his reading community. As such, the reception history of the Pauline letters sheds light on the process whereby the letters themselves came into being as Paul’s readers reacted to his utterances, verbal and written, and Paul responded.
A Review of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis with Intermittent Neurogenic Claudication: Disease and Diagnosis
Authors: Deer Timothy , Sayed Dawood , Michels John , Josephson Youssef , Li Sean , Calodney Aaron K 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveLumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a degenerative spinal condition affecting nearly 50% of patients presenting with lower back pain. The goal of this review is to present and summarize the current data on how LSS presents in various populations, how it is diagnosed, and current therapeutic strategies. Properly understanding the prevalence, presentation, and treatment options for individuals suffering from LSS is critical to providing patients the best possible care.ResultsThe occurrence of LSS is associated with advanced age. In elderly patients, LSS can be challenging to identify due to the wide variety of presentation subtleties and common comorbidities such as degenerative disc disease. Recent developments in imaging techniques can be useful in accurately identifying the precise location of the spinal compression. Treatment options can range from conservative to surgical, with the latter being reserved for when patients have neurological compromise or conservative measures have failed. Once warranted, there are several surgical techniques at the physician’s disposal to best treat each individual case.
Review of Knee Joint Innervation: Implications for Diagnostic Blocks and Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Roberts Shannon L , Stout Alison , Dreyfuss Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if commonly used knee radiofrequency ablation (RFA) techniques would be able to completely denervate the knee joint.MethodsA comprehensive search of the literature on knee joint innervation was conducted using the databases Medline, Embase, and PubMed from inception through February 1, 2019. Google Scholar was also searched. Data on the origin, number of articular branches, course, distribution, and frequency of each nerve innervating the knee joint were extracted from the included studies and compared in order to identify variations.ResultsTwelve studies of anterior knee joint innervation and six studies of posterior knee joint innervation were included. The anterior knee joint was innervated by 10 nerves and further subdivided into two parts (anteromedial and anterolateral) or four quadrants (superomedial, inferomedial, superolateral, and inferolateral) based on innervation patterns; the posterior knee joint was innervated by two or three nerves, most commonly via the popliteal plexus. There is a lack of precise, validated anatomic targets identifiable with fluoroscopy and ultrasound for knee diagnostic blocks and RFA. Only three of the 12 or potentially 13 nerves innervating the knee joint are targeted by commonly used knee RFA techniques.ConclusionsCommonly used knee RFA techniques would not be able to completely denervate the knee joint. It may not be necessary to capture all of the nerves, but only the nerves mediating a patient’s pain. Further clinical studies are required to validate specific diagnostic blocks and evaluate clinical outcomes using rigorous diagnostic blocks and anatomically specific knee RFA techniques.