bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This conclusion reflects upon President Trump’s stances on immigration and citizenship in the first year of his administration. I frame recent developments in the historical context of a nation that still grapples with the implications of its aspirational heritage as a country of immigrants, even as the U.S. continually backslides into its legacy of multiple discriminations. Though we are in a period of restrictionism, reflected prominently in the Trump administration’s attempts to cancel the DACA program, immigrants continue to resist exclusion and to serve as workers, parents, volunteers, and soldiers. This chapter concludes by focusing on the moral claims of DACA recipients to inclusion in the United States. It argues that like their native-born peers and younger siblings, they are already Americans by virtue of their upbringing, education, and formative experiences in this country, and they should be permanently protected from removal from the United States.
Politics on Display
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Political yard signs are one of the most conspicuous features of American political campaigns, yet they have received little attention as a form of political communication or participation. In a climate in which the American public is highly polarized, these symbols are more than simple campaign tools—they are literal markers of partisan identity. As public cues that push into private life, they affect individuals and their neighborhoods, coloring perceptions of social spaces and impacting social networks. In Politics on Display we answer a series of questions about this familiar feature of electoral politics: Why do people put their preferences out there for the world to see? Do neighborhoods become political battlegrounds? And what are the consequences of displaying yard signs in these spaces where we spend most of our time? We answer these questions with an innovative research design, documenting political life in neighborhoods with complementary data sources: street-level observation of the placement of signs and neighborhood-specific survey research that delves into the attitudes, behavior, and social networks of residents. Integrating these data into a geo-database that also includes demographic and election data—and supplementing these data with nationally representative studies—we bring together insights from political communication, political psychology, and political geography. Against a backdrop of today’s political environment of conflict and division, we advance a new understanding of how citizens experience campaigns, why many still insist on airing their views in public, and what happens when social spaces become political spaces.
Who Puts Their Politics on Display?
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore a variety of factors that influence an individual’s decision to display a campaign yard sign. First, we consider the displaying of signs from the perspective of traditional models of political participation. Using national data from the 2012 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we explore demographic and attitudinal predictors of sign displaying, as well as measures of the political environment, such as residence in a swing state. Then, relying on our observational data from the 2008 and 2012 elections, we turn our attention to more localized factors that may encourage or inhibit the displaying of signs. In keeping with recent contextual work, we explore linkages between property traits, neighborhood traits, and the displaying of signs. Finally, we consider personality and whether individuals who display signs share traits such as the desire to make one’s views known and the propensity to initiate political conversations.
Means, Motive, and Opportunity
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we focus on several aspects of the process by which people come to display signs. First, we present survey respondents with a hypothetical scenario regarding the decision to display a sign, examining which considerations predict a willingness to display. Second, we ask displayers to identity their motives for displaying, drawing on the distinction between expressive and instrumental motives for participation. Third, we examine how sign displayers obtain signs, distinguishing between those who seek out signs and those who receive them from campaigns. Finally, we consider timing as an informative aspect of sign displaying, exploring the dichotomy between early displayers, who act as de facto opinion leaders in their neighborhoods, and late displayers, who may be influenced by social pressure. Several of our findings challenge conventional wisdom about sign displaying, as we find evidence that displayers are proactive and think of signs in primarily expressive terms.
Navigating Social Space
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we investigate how the prevalence of signs influences social spaces. We begin by exploring how signs impact perceptions of a neighborhood’s activism and partisan balance and, more specifically, whether signs make those perceptions more, or less, accurate. Second, using a hypothetical scenario in which respondents are asked to consider a neighbor who supports the opposing candidate, we consider how signs shape interactions among neighbors. Third, we analyze the relationship between sign prevalence and how individuals interact with their neighborhood discussion partners. We focus on two key metrics: whether individuals discuss politics with greater frequency during the campaign than they do otherwise, and whether they report heated discussions with their neighbors. Leveraging ego-centric network batteries—a tool commonly used to analyze interpersonal influence but rarely used to analyze neighborhood-specific networks—we find several patterns consistent with the notion that the mere presence of yard signs structures patterns of political discussion in neighborhoods.
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Philipp 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The introduction to Between Heimat and Hatred: Jews and the Right in Germany, 1871 and 1935 outlines the major themes of the book. The book studies German Jews involved in ventures that were from the beginning, or became increasingly, of the Right. Jewish agricultural settlement, Jews’ participation in the so-called Defense of Germandom in the East, their place in military and veteran circles and finally right-of-center politics form the core of this book. The book investigates the inherent tension in the involvement in such ventures between sincere dedication to them and the apologetic defense against antisemitic stereotypes of rootlessness, intellectualism or cosmopolitanism. It asks at which point even a defensive commitment became no longer tenable. The introduction also provides an overview of the individual chapters and the sources used.
Transforming the Act of Reading
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine how modern reform has progressively marginalized the pedagogy of taking from the mouths of shaykhs. Inside al-Azhar and the Dār al-ʿUlūm, this pedagogy has been displaced by new reading practices tied to new types of texts. The chapter discusses how new reading practices and texts were promoted by religious reformers like ʿAbduh and Riḍā. It also discusses how such reading practices and texts relate to the two primary modes of instruction inside al-Azhar and the Dār al-ʿUlūm: namely “text-based study” and “topic-based study.”
Conclusion: Rethinking the Islamic Legal Tradition
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This conclusion briefly summarizes the key findings from previous chapters. It argues that bringing together hermeneutic theory and practice theory is not only essential for understanding the Islamic legal tradition, but also for understanding other cultural, legal, and religious traditions. It begins by noting that cultural, legal, and religious traditions typically contain rules, and indicates that the book tries to elucidate how knowledge of such rules is transmitted over time. It then notes the problems that occur if either hermeneutic theory or practice is used as the sole approach, and the benefits that can be gained by using them together. Finally, this conclusion describes the attempts made in the book to discern broad patterns within the Islamic tradition, while also examining a local and historically specific manifestation of Islam in modern Egyptian religious education.
Double Negation
Authors: Kars Aydogan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the contours of the classical Ismāʿīlī negative theology of the divine essence. The apophatic path developed by Ismāʿīlī scholars had distinct cosmological markers and a logical structure that enabled the performative self-cancellation of discourse about the inaccessible divine essence. Respecting their diversity, and without essentializing or dehistoricizing them, we can highlight three general features that widely circulated among Ismāʿīlī thinkers until the Mongol invasion: (1) They put the divine essence beyond the divine word, which lies beyond the first creation, the universal intellect. (2) The relative oneness of the divine word can be transcended only by two negations. The first one negates the positive ground and relationality, and the second cancels all (positive and negative) discursivity in order to indicate the beyond of the relative oneness beyond creation. (3) The absolute oneness of God is unknowable, beyond the impenetrable oneness of the divine word.
Clients and Constituents
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book provides a theoretical and empirical examination of constituency service in developing countries. The predominant view of distributive politics in “patronage democracies” emphasizes the partisan targeting of pork and clientelism. In contrast, this book demonstrates that high-level legislators in India and other contexts often provide direct, nonpartisan assistance to individual constituents. Under what conditions do they provide constituency service, rather than engage in partisan bias? The book shows that the uneven character of access to services at the local level—often because of biased allocation on the part of local intermediaries—generates demand for help from higher-level officials, and also creates incentives for those politicians to bypass intermediaries by providing direct assistance. It draws on elite and citizen surveys, interviews, qualitative shadowing, and experiments to explore the dynamics of both the demand for constituency service and its supply. The book’s findings highlight the potential for an underappreciated form of democratic accountability, one that is however rooted in the character of patronage-based politics.
Partisan Targeting and Local Distributive Politics
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents the first set of empirical analyses focused on politics at the local level. Drawing on close-range qualitative shadowing of local council presidents and surveys of both presidents and citizens, it documents the close relationships these elected officials have with their constituents. This analysis suggests considerable responsiveness of local politicians to citizens, often highlighting a form of local constituency service that has not been sufficiently described in many prior accounts. However, it also underlines the partisan nature of local politics and the ways in which partisanship is emphasized, especially by those presidents who share the party of the more senior state legislator in their area. The chapter documents the implications of this partisanship for contingent distribution, showing that individuals who do not share partisan ties with their village council president tend to be locally blocked—in particular, they are less likely to receive benefits from the local council.
When Is Responsiveness Partisan Bias?
Authors: Bussell Jennifer 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 evaluates the conditions under which politicians will allocate benefits in a contingent, versus noncontingent, manner. It shows that citizens living in areas that offered strong support to a politician in the last election are much more likely to receive spending from that politician’s constituency development fund (CDF). Drawing on data from the experiment, it then compares the behavior of politicians spending their CDF funds with responses to the experimental audit of responsiveness. This shows that, while patterns of electoral support predict behavior with regard to partisan targeting, they offer less explanatory value for understanding patterns of constituency service. Thus, the same factors cannot explain both partisan bias and constituency service, and the same individuals who engage in noncontingent individual assistance may also target group-based benefits in a largely partisan manner.
Socialism as Democratic Justice
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that social justice, a central concern of “socialist” tradition is also an often-neglected but necessary ingredient of democracy and civic equality. Relationality is the standard of social justice as well as a crucial feature of virtue ethics, natural rightness, and democratic politics. The chapter reviews Axel Honneth’s book The Idea of Socialism, which relates socialism to “liberty, equality, fraternity” and shows that after the revolution an upsurge of elitism and vertical social inequality channeled socialist aspirations into purely economic contexts. For Honneth, the time has come to reintegrate socialism into the framework of democracy to serve as the mainstay of social justice, equality, and fraternity. The chapter endorses this but questions Honneth’s facile optimism and pleads for re-energizing additional ethical, spiritual, and even “utopian,” resources. It invokes Paul Tillich’s “prophetic” socialism as well as Ernst Bloch’s appeal to latent utopian potentials.
Contesting Globalization
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Crucially, the politics of virtue is embedded in a relational social fabric. In our “age of globalization,” another relationality, between the local and the global, the familiar and the unfamiliar, needs to be pondered. Chapter 6 deals with this issue, reflecting on globalism not as a bland synthesis but as a tension in need of negotiation. Following a renewed discussion of the meaning of space and spatiality, the chapter turns to arguments of Zygmunt Bauman and Carlo Bordoni who have complained about a growing split or antimony between global “deterritoriality” and the fate of local or regional politics, with rooted, democratic politics tendentially devalued and marginalized. To recover the possible relationality indicated by “glocalism,” the chapter turns to some of Heidegger’s later writings, especially texts dealing with “earth” and “world” related in a complex counterpoint without separation or fusion.
The development of MMN
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The brain can detect sound changes very early on, even prenatally. Both positively and negatively displaced responses to deviant stimuli have been found in infancy, with the majority of studies reporting, however, positive mismatch responses (MMR) in infants within the first few months of life. Besides neural development, stimulation parameters may influence polarity. The positively displaced MMR develops towards the adult-like MMN between the ages of 3 and 9 months, there being a wide inter-individual variation in this development. From school age onwards, sound changes elicit MMNs with negative polarities fairly systematically. The MMN peak latency becomes shorter with development, similar to other event-related potential components, which is consistent with the development of myelination. MMN/MMR studies have illuminated auditory abilities and learning mechanisms in infants, suggesting, for example, that the infant brain can extract information on the regularities of sound input and foetuses can form long-lasting memory traces.
Developmental disorders
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Developmental brain disorders, such as developmental dyslexia, specific language impairment (SLI), autism spectrum of disorders (ASD), and oral clefts, include perceptual-cognitive deficits of language, audition, attention, and memory. It is important to detect these dysfunctions in early childhood in order to determine how the development of perception and cognition differs from the typical course and to design interventions supporting development. The MMN, being elicited from the foetal stage onwards, is a promising tool for this purpose. It has illuminated low-level perceptual-cognitive dysfunctions in these disorders and shows promise as an early neural marker of future language-related dysfunction.
Aging
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that MMN and its magnetoencephalographic (MEG) equivalent MMNm are sensitive indices of aging-related perceptual and cognitive decline. Importantly, the age-related neural changes are associated with a decrease of general brain plasticity, i.e. that of the ability of the brain to form and maintain sensory-memory traces, a necessary basis for veridical perception and appropriate cognitive brain function. MMN/MMNm to change in stimulus duration is particularly affected by aging, suggesting the increased vulnerability of temporal processing to brain aging and accounting, for instance, for a large part of speech-perception difficulties of the aged beyond the age-related peripheral hearing loss.
Concluding discussion
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at potential common underlying factors linking MMN/MMNm deficiency to the broad range of heterogeneous clinical conditions outlined in the book. Several promising clinical applications of MMN/MMNm are summarized, including the prediction of conversion to psychosis among clinically at-risk individuals, the prediction of the recovery of consciousness and cognitive capabilities in patients in a comatose or persistent vegetative state, the early detection of perceptual deficits in developmental brain disorders, and the early identification of the presence of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Furthermore, the evaluation of the cognitive decline occurring in different brain disorders, as well as the prediction of cognitive recovery after the occurrence of a stroke or other brain injury, and the objective monitoring of age-related cognitive brain change and potential countermeasures to slow down this age-related cognitive decline are discussed.
The Refutation of Eleatic Monism
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses Aristotle’s refutation of Eleatic monism in Physics 1.2 (185a20–b25). The refutation targets two kinds of monism: entity monism (the view that reality consists of just a single entity) and essence monism (the view that reality is all of the same essence). Aristotle’s refutation of these monistic views starts from his claims that being and one are ‘said in many ways’. This chapter explains how Aristotle’s criticisms work, and asks whether or not they are successful. In particular, it addresses two potential worries for his critique: the worry that he begs the question against his monistic opponents, and the worry that he relies on an uncharitable interpretation of their theory.
Risk Regulation in the Internal Market
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book offers a topical inquiry into the legal and political limits of European Union regulation in the field of risk and new technologies surrounded by techno-scientific complexity, uncertainty, and societal contestation. It uses agricultural biotechnology as a paradigmatic example to illustrate the complex intersection between environmental, public health, economic, and social concerns in risk regulation. The text analyses the drawbacks of the European Union approach to agricultural biotechnology showing that its reductionism, that is, the narrow understanding of the risks associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as well as the exclusion of broader societal concerns related to environmental and social sustainability, has undermined both the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU regulation in this area. Resistance to this approach, however, has also triggered legal innovations prompting us to rethink EU internal market law, including the way in which it manages the tensions between unity and diversity, and between social and economic concerns. This book examines how far the EU can go in harmonizing regulatory approaches to risk. At the same time, it proposes new ways of rethinking EU risk regulation to make it more responsive to different perspectives on risk and technology.
Differentiation through Derogations—Contesting Internal Market Discipline
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines attempts to accommodate diversity and disagreement on issues of agricultural biotechnology in the European Union through derogation mechanisms, such as those contained in Article 114 TFEU. More specifically, it considers whether derogations can lead to differentiation in EU harmonization to regulate risk in the internal market. The chapter begins with a discussion of pathways of differentiation available under EU harmonized legal frameworks, with particular emphasis on opt-out clauses under Article 114(4) and (5) TFEU and safeguard clauses in EU secondary legislation. It then explores the practical application of these clauses in the field of GMOs, showing that their strict interpretation by both the Commission and the CJEU leaves little room for differentiation and decentralized governance after GMO authorization. Finally, the chapter analyses the contestation by Member States of such strict interpretation. By continuously invoking opt-outs and safeguards, Member States have achieved de facto differentiation through disobedience.
Linguistic Turns, 1890-1950
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Linguistic Turns rewrites the intellectual and cultural history of early twentieth-century Europe. In chapters that range over the work of Saussure, Russell, Wittgenstein, Bakhtin, Benjamin, Cassirer, Shklovskii, the Russian Futurists, Ogden and Richards, Sorel, Gramsci, and others, it shows how European intellectuals came to invest ‘language’ with extraordinary force, at a time when the social and political order of the continent was in question. By examining linguistic turns in concert rather than in isolation, Hirschkop changes the way we see them—no longer simply as moves in individual disciplines, but as elements of a larger constellation, held together by common concerns and anxieties. In a series of detailed readings, he reveals how each linguistic turn invested ‘language as such’ with powers that could redeem not just individual disciplines but Europe itself. We see how, in the hands of different writers, language becomes a model of social and political order, a tool guaranteeing analytical precision, a vehicle of dynamic change, a storehouse of mythical collective energy, a template for civil society, and an image of justice itself. By detailing the force linguistic turns attribute to language, and the way in which they contrast ‘language as such’ with actual language, Hirschkop dissects the investments made in words and sentences and the visions behind them. The constellation of linguistic turns is explored as an intellectual event in its own right and as the pursuit of social theory by other means.