bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anorexia nervosa, advance directives, and the law: A British perspective
Authors: Ip Eric C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article will explore whether the law should allow people with anorexia nervosa to refuse nutrition and hydration with special reference to the English decision in Re E (Medical Treatment: Anorexia). It argues that the judge in that case made the correct decision in holding that the patient, who suffered from severe anorexia nervosa, lacked capacity to make valid advance directives under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 of the United Kingdom, and that medical procedures that are apparently against her wishes should be carried out for the sake of preserving her life. The law should generally not permit patients with anorexia nervosa to decline nutrition and hydration, precisely because their autonomous ability to make such decisions has been substantially circumscribed by this psychiatric condition.
Deep brain stimulation in post‐traumatic dystonia: A case series study
Authors: Li Hong‐Xia , He Lu , Zhang Chen‐Cheng , Eisinger Robert , Pan Yi‐Xin , Wang Tao , Sun Bo‐Min , Wu Yi‐Wen , Li Dian‐You 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsDeep brain stimulation (DBS) has been proposed as an effective treatment for drug‐intolerant isolated dystonia, but whether it is also efficacious for posttraumatic dystonia (PTD) is unknown. Reports are few in number and have reached controversial conclusions regarding the efficacy of DBS for PTD treatment. Here, we report a case series of five PTD patients with improved clinical benefit following DBS treatment.MethodsFive patients with disabling PTD underwent DBS therapy. The clinical outcomes were assessed with the Burke–Fahn–Marsden dystonia rating scale (BFMDRS) at baseline and the last follow‐up visit (at more than 12 months).ResultsPatients 1 and 3 received unilateral globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS for contralateral dystonia. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) was chosen as target for patients 2 and 4, due to a lesion located in the globus pallidus. Patient 5 had an electrode in the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) for treating predominant tremor of left upper extremity, with unexpected improvement of focal hand dystonia. The scores of BFMDRS movement exhibited favorable improvement in all five patients at the last follow‐up, ranging from 52.4% to 78.6%.ConclusionsDeep brain stimulation may be an effective and safe treatment for medically refractory PTD, but this needs to be confirmed by further studies.
Relational database security using digital watermarking and evolutionary techniques
Authors: Tufail Hina , Zafar Kashif , Baig Abdul Rauf 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAdvancement in the field of communication facilitates the world for electronic sharing of huge amount of data. Relational databases most widely used and shared through Internet by the communities and organizations. They work in collaborative environment for sharing of knowledge and for applying data mining techniques for finding different market trends and interests for research groups. Proof of ownership and database security are major issues related to online sharing of database. Watermarking facilitates solution for ownership protection and reversible watermarking ensures data recovery in case of any kind of malicious cyberattacks. The major challenge of watermarking are (1) imperceptibility of watermark, (2) robustness of watermark against any kind of data alteration attacks, and (3) data recovery. In this research, a reversible watermarking technique for numerical relational databases by using evolutionary techniques has been proposed that ensures the integrity of underlying data and robustness of watermark. Moreover, maximum Relevance and Minimum Redundancy (mRMR) technique has been used for feature subset selection. Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA) as constraints optimization technique used for watermark creation. Result shows effectiveness of the proposed scheme against data tempering attacks. The proposed BBA provides better results as compare to Genetic Algorithm.
Reducing correlation of random forest–based learning‐to‐rank algorithms using subsample size
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLearning‐to‐rank (LtR) has become an integral part of modern ranking systems. In this field, the random forest–based rank‐learning algorithms are shown to be among of the top performers. Traditionally, each tree of a random forest is learnt using a bootstrapped copy of the training set, where approximately 63% of the examples are unique. The goal of using a bootstrapped copy instead of the original training set is to reduce the correlation between individual trees, thereby making the prediction of the ensemble more accurate. In this regard, the following question may be raised: how can we leverage the correlation between the trees in favor of performance and scalability of a random forest–based LtR algorithm? In this article, we investigate whether we can further decrease the correlation between the trees while maintaining or possibly improving accuracy. Among several potential options to achieve this goal, we investigate the size of the subsamples used for learning individual trees. We examine the performance of a random forest–based LtR algorithm as we control the correlation using this parameter. Experiments on LtR data sets reveal that for small‐ to moderate‐sized data sets, substantial reduction in training time can be achieved using only a small amount of training data per tree. Moreover, due to the positive correlation between the variability across the trees and performance of a random forest, we observe an increase in accuracy while maintaining the same level of model stability as the baseline. For big data sets, although our experiments did not observe an increase in accuracy (because, with larger data sets, the individual tree variance is already comparatively smaller), our technique is still applicable as it allows for greater scalability.
Gaps to bridge: Misalignment between perception, reality and actions in obesity
Authors: Caterson Ian D. , Alfadda Assim A , Auerbach Pernille , Coutinho Walmir , Cuevas Ada , Dicker Dror , Hughes Carly , Iwabu Masato , Kang Jae‐Heon , Nawar Rita , Reynoso Ricardo , Rhee Nicolai , Rigas Georgia , Salvador Javier , Sbraccia Paolo , Vázquez‐Velázquez Verónica , Halford Jason C.G. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsDespite increased recognition as a chronic disease, obesity remains greatly underdiagnosed and undertreated. We aimed to identify international perceptions, attitudes, behaviours and barriers to effective obesity care in people with obesity (PwO) and healthcare professionals (HCPs).Materials and methodsAn online survey was conducted in 11 countries. Participants were adults with obesity and HCPs who were primarily concerned with direct patient care.ResultsA total of 14 502 PwO and 2785 HCPs completed the survey. Most PwO (68%) and HCPs (88%) agreed that obesity is a disease. However, 81% of PwO assumed complete responsibility for their own weight loss and only 44% of HCPs agreed that genetics were a barrier. There was a median of three (mean, six) years between the time PwO began struggling with excess weight or obesity and when they first discussed their weight with an HCP. Many PwO were concerned about the impact of excess weight on health (46%) and were motivated to lose weight (48%). Most PwO (68%) would like their HCP to initiate a conversation about weight and only 3% were offended by such a conversation. Among HCPs, belief that patients have little interest in or motivation for weight management may constitute a barrier for weight management conversations. When discussed, HCPs typically recommended lifestyle changes; however, more referrals and follow‐up appointments are required.ConclusionsOur international dataset reveals a need to increase understanding of obesity and improve education concerning its physiological basis and clinical management. Realization that PwO are motivated to lose weight offers an opportunity for HCPs to initiate earlier weight management conversations.
Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France
Authors: Bourély C. , Cazeau G. , Jarrige N. , Haenni M. , Gay E. , Leblond A. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundHorses are one of the potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants that could be transferred to human subjects.ObjectiveTo describe the AMR patterns of major bacteria isolated from diseased horses in France.Study designRetrospective observational study.MethodsData collected between 2012 and 2016 by RESAPATH, the French national surveillance network for AMR, were analysed. Only antimicrobials relevant in veterinary and human medicine for the isolated bacteria were considered. Mono‐ and multidrug resistance were calculated. The resistance proportions of major equine diseases were assessed and compared. Where data permitted, resistance trends were investigated using nonlinear analysis (generalised additive models).ResultsA total of 12,695 antibiograms were analysed. The five most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pantoea spp. and Klebsiella spp. The highest proportions of resistance to gentamicin were found for S. aureus (22.1%) and Pseudomonas spp. (26.9%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli had the highest proportions of resistance to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (15.5 and 26.2%, respectively). Proportions of resistance to tetracycline were among the highest for all the bacteria considered. Resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins was below 10% for all Enterobacteriaceae. The highest proportions of multidrug resistance (22.5%) were found among S. aureus isolates, which is worrying given their zoonotic potential. From 2012 to 2016, resistance proportions decreased in Pseudomonas spp. isolates, but remained the same for S. aureus. For Streptococcus spp. and E. coli, resistance proportions to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole increased.Main limitationsSince antibiograms are not systematic analyses, any selection bias could impact the results.ConclusionsSuch studies are essential to estimate the magnitude of the potential threat of AMR to public health, to design efficient control strategies and to measure their effectiveness. These findings may also guide the initial empirical treatment of horse diseases.
Evolution of illicit opioid use among people with HIV infection in St Petersburg, Russia, in the period 2004–2015
Authors: Blokhina E , Krupitsky EM , Cheng DM , Walley AY , Toussova O , Yaroslavtseva T , Gnatienko N , Bridden C , Forman LS , Bendiks S , Samet JH 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesIn the late 1990s, when the current Russian opioid epidemic began, illicit opioids used in Russia consisted almost exclusively of heroin. The type of opioids used has evolved in the early 21st Century. The objective of this study was to describe the evolution of illicit opioid use among people living with HIV (PLWH) reporting recent opioid use in St Petersburg, Russia.MethodsWe examined baseline data from four research studies conducted in the period 2004–2015 that included PLWH who used opioids [Partnership to Reduce the Epidemic Via Engagement in Narcology Treatment (PREVENT; 2004–2005; n = 17), HIV Evolution in Russia–Mitigating Infection Transmission and Alcoholism in a Growing Epidemic (HERMITAGE; 2007–2010; n = 281), Linking Infectious and Narcology Care (LINC; 2013–2014; n = 119) and Russia Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV/AIDS (Russia ARCH; 2012–2015; n = 121)] and reported recent use of heroin and other opioids.ResultsAlthough these studies spanned more than a decade, the participants represented similar birth cohorts; the mean age was 24.5 years in 2004 and 33.3 years in 2014. The use of opioid types, however, evolved across cohorts, with the use of any illicit drug other than heroin increasing from 6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 000.2, 29%] in PREVENT (2004–2005) to 30% (95% CI 25, 36%) in HERMITAGE (2007–2010) to 70% (95% CI 61, 78%) in LINC (2013–2014) to 77% (95% CI 68, 84%) in ARCH (2012–2015). Any heroin use consistently decreased over the 10‐year period in the cohorts, from 100% (95% CI 80, 100%) in 2004–2005 to 54% (95% CI 44, 63%) in 2012–2015.ConclusionsAmong PLWH who use opioids in St Petersburg, Russia, illicit use of opioids other than heroin appears to be more common than heroin use.
A linear viscoelastic model to understand skin mechanical behaviour and for cosmetic formulation design
Authors: Jayabal H. , Dingari N. N. , Rai B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesSkin is arguably one of the most important organs that plays an active role in our everyday biological functions after brain. Owing to the wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetics industry and more recently robotics, skin research has gained tremendous attention with respect to its mechanical behaviour. Various macro modelling approaches are available for modelling skin's mechanical behaviour. The objective of this paper is to study skin's mechanical property change with age and demonstrate anti‐ageing effects of cosmetic formulations from skin mechanical property change perspective.MethodsIn this study, skin's mechanical behaviour was modelled using a 1D linear viscoelastic phenomenological model and the model was validated using two sets of experimentally observed skin data (strain, stress relaxation and cyclical loading). The model was further modified to study the effect of the presence of a thin layer of cosmetic polymer and to demonstrate anti‐ageing effects of the cosmetic polymer from the perspective of change in the mechanical behaviour of skin with cosmetic layer.ResultsThe estimated values of skin mechanical properties from the model agree with those in literature. The extracted model features show good correlation with skin age (viscosity and time constant). The results from our model indicate that the cosmetic polymers enhance the mechanical properties of skin significantly.ConclusionsThis work will find its applications in designing and testing anti‐ageing formulations. This model can be used to filter various combinations of cosmetic formulations by knowing the mechanical response of polymer on skin, thereby accelerating the product development.
How fair are unemployment benefits? The experience of East Asia
Authors: Hwang Gyu‐Jin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDespite an increasing emphasis on active labour market measures, unemployment benefits still remain a focal point of employment protection. This article takes the cases of four East Asian economies – China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan (China) –, which are often characterized as having welfare states with a strong developmental and productivist orientation, to investigate whether, as is sometimes argued, unemployment benefits are restrictive and exclusionary. In doing so, it examines the logic behind the design of unemployment benefits and argues that they are in fact progressive in design and fair when they pay out. Nonetheless, low effective coverage and low benefit rates weaken their redistribution and compensation objectives.
Polar lipids from wheat extract oil improve skin damages induced by aging: Evidence from a randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in women and an ex vivo study on human skin explant
Authors: Boisnic Sylvie , Keophiphath Mayoura , Serandour Anne‐Laure , Branchet Marie‐Christine , Le Breton Stéphanie , Lamour Irène , Gaillard Emmanuelle 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundPolar lipids from wheat (Triticum vulgare/aestivum) extract oil (WEO) are known to improve skin hydration.AimsThese studies aimed to assess WEO benefits on the skin appearance of middle‐aged women.MethodsA double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical study was carried out on 64 healthy women, aged from 45 to 60 years, to investigate antiaging effects and benefits for the skin. The study lasted 20 weeks including 12 weeks of oral supplementation with WEO or placebo and 8 weeks of follow‐up. Wrinkles in the “crow's‐feet” area were evaluated by the Lemperle score. Skin hydration was measured using a corneometer, while roughness and radiance were determined by clinical scoring. Collagen content was quantified in human skin explants exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiations and treated with WEO or vehicle control.ResultsCompared to the placebo group, the Lemperle score was significantly reduced in the WEO group between W0 and W8 to reach a clinically significant 1 grade at W12. Facial hydration was significantly improved in the WEO group from W0 to W12, whereas leg hydration was significantly increased after 4 weeks and lasted throughout the supplementation period. Skin roughness and radiance were also significantly improved from W0 to W8 in the WEO group compared to placebo group. A higher collagen content was measured in the UV‐irradiated skin explants treated with WEO compared to the untreated ones.ConclusionThese results confirmed the moisturizing effect of WEO and, for the first time, revealed its potential antiaging properties.
Substrate switches, phenotypic innovations and allopatric speciation formed taxonomic diversity within the lichen genus Blastenia
Authors: Vondrák Jan , Frolov Ivan , Košnar Jiří , Arup Ulf , Veselská Tereza , Halıcı Gökhan , Malíček Jiří , Søchting Ulrik 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBlastenia is a widely distributed lichen genus in Teloschistaceae. We reconstructed its phylogeny in order to test species delimitation and to find evolutionary drivers forming recent Blastenia diversity. The origin of Blastenia is dated to the early Tertiary period, but later diversification events are distinctly younger. We recognized 24 species (plus 2 subspecies) within 6 infrageneric groups. Each species strongly prefers a single type of substrate (17 species occur on organic substrates, 7 on siliceous rock), and most infrageneric groups also show a clear substrate preference. All infrageneric groups tend to have the Mediterranean and Macaronesian distribution, but some epiphytic species have much larger geographic ranges and some evolved after a long‐distance dispersal outside the region. Chlorinated and nonchlorinated anthraquinone chemosyndromes co‐occur in apothecia of most species, but the chemotype has been secondarily reduced in some lineages. One infrageneric group has a marked reduction in apothecial size, associated with a substrate shift to twigs. Only seven species have vegetative diaspores; they also produce apothecia but have smaller ascospores. Genome sizes (22‐35 Mb in Blastenia) are significantly higher in epilithic species. Within‐species genetic variation is low in widely distributed species but high in some epilithic species with small geographical ranges. New taxa are: B. afroalpina, B. anatolica, B. caucasica, B. gennargentuae, B. herbidella subsp. acidophila, B. lauri, B. monticola, B. palmae, B. psychrophila, B. purpurea, B. relicta, B. remota, B. xerothermica, and B. xerothermica subsp. macaronesica. New combinations are: B. festivella and B. subathallina; both names and B. catalinae are lectotypified.
Petrogenesis of ungrouped enstatite meteorite Zakłodzie: Fabric, texture, and nanostructure analysis for identification of mechanisms responsible for chondrite–achondrite transition
Authors: Krzesińska Agata M. , Wirth Richard , Kusiak Monika A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractZakłodzie is an enstatite meteorite of unknown petrogenesis. Chemically, it resembles enstatite chondrites, but displays an achondrite‐like texture. Here we report on fabric and texture analyses of Zakłodzie utilizing X‐ray computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy and combine it with a nanostructural study of striated pyroxene by transmission electron microscopy. With this approach we identify mechanisms that led to formation of the texture and address the petrogenesis of the rock. Zakłodzie experienced a shock event in its early evolution while located at some depth inside a warm parent body. Shock‐related strain inverted pyroxene to the observed mixture of intercalated orthorhombic and monoclinic polymorphs. The heat that dissipated after the peak shock was added to primary, radiogenic‐derived heat and led to a prolonged thermal event. This caused local, equilibrium‐based partial melting of plagioclase and metal‐sulfide. Partial melting was followed by two‐stage cooling. The first phase of annealing (above 500 °C) allowed for crystallization of plagioclase and for textural equilibration of metal and sulfides with silicates. Below 500 °C, cooling was faster and more heterogeneous at cm scale, allowing retention of keilite and quenching of K‐rich feldspathic glass in some parts. Our study indicates that Zakłodzie is neither an impact melt rock nor a primitive achondrite, as suggested in former studies. An impact melt origin is excluded because enstatite in Zakłodzie was never completely melted and partial melting occurred during equilibrium‐based postshock conditions. Texturally, the rock represents a transition of chondrite and achondrite and was formed when early impact heat was added to internal radiogenic heat.
Spatial targeting of payments for ecosystem services to achieve conservation goals and promote social equity and economic impact
Authors: Soh Moonwon , Cho Seong‐Hoon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe objective of this research was to identify optimal spatial targeting and distributions of a fixed PES (payment systems for ecosystem services) budget that achieves the three objectives of maximizing forest‐based carbon storage to improve cost efficiency, maximizing poverty alleviation to promote equity, and maximizing economic impact to encourage economic development. We used the Central and Southern Appalachian Region as a case study to develop a county‐level framework for identifying optimal county targets and optimal budget allocations for forest‐based carbon sequestration that addresses the three objectives. The results show that optimal budgets are more geographically widespread under the multiple‐objective priority scenarios than under the single‐objective of maximizing carbon cost efficiency, and the optimal spatial distributions of the four priority scenarios do not change appreciably across priority scenarios. The quantified relationships reveal that different priority weights among the priority scenarios yield both competitive trade‐offs and synergistic relationships between the objectives.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Relative frequency of oral mucosal lesions in children, a scoping review
Authors: Hong Catherine H. L. , Dean David R. , Hull Katrusha , Hu Shi Jia , Sim Yu Fan , Nadeau Christine , Gonçalves Sandra , Lodi Giovanni , Hodgson Tim A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo detail a scoping review on the global and regional relative frequencies of oral mucosal disorders in the children based on both clinical studies and those reported from biopsy records.Materials and MethodsA literature search was completed from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 using PubMed and EMBASE.ResultsTwenty clinical studies (sample size: 85,976) and 34 studies from biopsy services (40,522 biopsies) were included. Clinically, the most frequent conditions were aphthous ulcerations (1.82%), trauma‐associated lesions (1.33%) and herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐associated lesions (1.33%). Overall, the most commonly biopsied lesions were mucoceles (17.12%), fibrous lesions (9.06%) and pyogenic granuloma (4.87%). By WHO geographic region, the pooled relative frequencies of the most common oral lesions were similar between regions in both clinical and biopsy studies. Across regions, geographic tongue (migratory glossitis), HSV lesions, fissured tongue and trauma‐associated ulcers were the most commonly reported paediatric oral mucosal lesions in clinical studies, while mucoceles, fibrous lesions and pyogenic granuloma were the most commonly biopsied lesions.ConclusionsThe scoping review suggests data from the clinical studies and biopsy records shared similarities in the most commonly observed mucosal lesions in children across regions. In addition, the majority of lesions were benign in nature.