bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stingray: A Modern Python Library for Spectral Timing
Authors: Huppenkothen Daniela , Bachetti Matteo , Stevens Abigail L. , Migliari Simone , Balm Paul , Hammad Omar , Khan Usman Mahmood , Mishra Himanshu , Rashid Haroon , Sharma Swapnil , Ribeiro Evandro Martinez , Blanco Ricardo Valles 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the design and implementation of stingray, a library in Python built to perform time series analysis and related tasks on astronomical light curves. Its core functionality comprises a range of Fourier analysis techniques commonly used in spectral-timing analysis, as well as extensions for analyzing pulsar data, simulating data sets, and statistical modeling. Its modular build allows for easy extensions and incorporation of its methods into data analysis workflows and pipelines. We aim for the library to be a platform for the implementation of future spectral-timing techniques. We describe the overall vision and framework, core functionality, extensions, and connections to high-level command-line and graphical interfaces. The code is well tested, with a test coverage of currently 95%, and is accompanied by extensive Application Program Interface (API) documentation and a set of step-by-step tutorials.
The Duration of Star Formation in Galactic Giant Molecular Clouds. I. The Great Nebula in Carina
Authors: Povich Matthew S. , Maldonado Jessica T. , Nuñez Evan Haze , Robitaille Thomas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a novel infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling methodology that uses likelihood-based weighting of the model fitting results to construct probabilistic Hertzsprung–Russell diagrams (pHRD) for X-ray-identified, intermediate-mass (2–8 M
⊙), pre-main-sequence young stellar populations. This methodology is designed specifically for application to young stellar populations suffering strong, differential extinction (ΔA

V
> 10 mag), typical of Galactic massive star-forming regions. We pilot this technique in the Carina Nebula Complex (CNC) by modeling the 1–8 μm SEDs of 2269 likely stellar members that exhibit no excess emission from circumstellar dust disks at 4.5 μm or shorter wavelengths. A subset of ∼100 intermediate-mass stars in the lightly obscured Trumpler 14 and 16 clusters have available spectroscopic T
eff, measured from the Gaia-ESO survey. We correctly identify the stellar temperature in 85% of cases, and the aggregate pHRD for all sources returns the same peak in the stellar age distribution as obtained using the spectroscopic T
eff. The SED model parameter distributions of stellar mass and evolutionary age reveal significant variation in the duration of star formation among four large-scale stellar overdensities within the CNC and a large distributed stellar population. Star formation began ∼10 Myr ago and continues to the present day, with the star formation rate peaking ≲3 Myr ago when the massive Trumpler 14 and 16 clusters formed. We make public the set of 100,000 SED models generated from standard pre-main-sequence evolutionary tracks and our custom software package for generating pHRDs and mass–age distributions from the SED fitting results.
Effects of LESA in Three-dimensional Supernova Simulations with Multidimensional and Ray-by-ray-plus Neutrino Transport
Authors: Glas Robert , Janka H.-Thomas , Melson Tobias , Stockinger Georg , Just Oliver 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A set of eight self-consistent, time-dependent supernova (SN) simulations in three spatial dimensions (3D) for 9 and 20 M
⊙ progenitors is evaluated for the presence of dipolar asymmetries of the electron lepton-number emission as discovered by Tamborra et al. and termed lepton-number emission self-sustained asymmetry (LESA). The simulations were performed with the Aenus–Alcar neutrino/hydrodynamics code, which treats the energy- and velocity-dependent transport of neutrinos of all flavors by a two-moment scheme with algebraic M1 closure. For each of the progenitors, results with fully multidimensional (FMD) neutrino transport and with ray-by-ray-plus (RbR+) approximation are considered for two different grid resolutions. While the 9 M
⊙ models develop explosions, the 20 M
⊙ progenitor does not explode with the employed version of simplified neutrino opacities. In all 3D models we observe the growth of substantial dipole amplitudes of the lepton-number (electron neutrino minus antineutrino) flux with stable or slowly time-evolving direction and overall properties fully consistent with the LESA phenomenon. Models with RbR+ transport develop LESA dipoles somewhat faster and with temporarily higher amplitudes, but the FMD calculations exhibit cleaner hemispheric asymmetries with a far more dominant dipole. In contrast, the RbR+ results display much wider multipole spectra of the neutrino emission anisotropies with significant power also in the quadrupole and higher-order modes. Our results disprove speculations that LESA is a numerical artifact of RbR+ transport. We also discuss LESA as a consequence of a dipolar convection flow inside of the nascent neutron star and establish, tentatively, a connection to Chandrasekhar’s linear theory of thermal instability in spherical shells.
Magnetohydrodynamic Numerical Simulation of the Outflows Driven by Magnetic Field and Radiation Force from the Corona above a Thin Disk
Authors: Yang Xiao-Hong , Bu De-Fu , Li Qi-Xiu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A hot corona is suggested to be above the standard thin disk. The anisotropy of hard X-ray emission in radio-quiet active galactic nuclei implies that the corona is not static and probably moves outwards like winds. We perform two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations to study the outflowing corona driven by magnetic field and radiation force. In our simulations, as the initial state and the boundary condition at the disk surface, the corona temperature is set to 109 K inside a 10 Schwarzschild radius (r
s), while the corona temperature is set to 107 K outside 10 r
s. We employ a weak poloidal magnetic field as the initial magnetic field. A collimated outflow and a wide-angle ordered outflow are observed in our simulations. The collimated outflow is around the rotational axis and has a bulk velocity of ∼0.03–0.3c (c is speed of light) at 90 r
s, while their mass outflow rate is very low. The collimated outflow is a weak jet. The wide-angle ordered outflow is distributed at middle and high latitudes and moves outwards with a velocity of 102–104 km s−1. The outflow velocity depends on the disk luminosity. The gas around the disk surface is turbulent, especially outside of 10 r
s. The other properties of outflows are discussed in detail.
Constraining the Radio Emission of TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Hughes A. G. , Boley A. C. , Osten R. A. , White J. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
TRAPPIST-1 is an ultracool dwarf (UCD) with a system of seven terrestrial planets, at least three of which orbit in the habitable zone. The radio emission of such low-mass stars is poorly understood; few UCDs have been detected at radio frequencies at all, and the likelihood of detection is only loosely correlated with stellar properties. Relative to other low-mass stars, UCDs with slow rotation such as TRAPPIST-1 tend to be radio dim, whereas rapidly rotating UCDs tend to have strong radio emission—although this is not always the case. We present radio observations of TRAPPIST-1 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 97.5 GHz and the Very Large Array at 44 GHz. TRAPPIST-1 was not detected at either frequency, and we place 3σ upper flux limits of 10.6 and 16.2 μJy, respectively. We use our results to constrain the magnetic properties and possible outgoing high-energy particle radiation from the star. The presence of radio emission from UCDs is indicative of a stellar environment that could pose a threat to life on surrounding planets. Gyrosynchrotron emission, discernible at frequencies between 20 and 100 GHz, is one of the only processes that can be used to infer the presence of high-energy particles released during magnetic reconnection events. Since M dwarfs are frequent hosts of terrestrial planets, characterizing their stellar emission is a crucial part of assessing habitability. Exposure to outgoing high-energy particle radiation—traceable by radio flux—can erode planetary atmospheres. While our results do not imply that the TRAPPIST-1 planets are suitable for life, we find no evidence that they are overtly unsuitable due to proton fluxes.
A Search of TESS Full-frame Images for a Simultaneous Optical Counterpart to FRB 181228
Authors: Tingay Steven J , Yang Yuan-Pei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
FRB 181228 was detected by the Molonglo Synthesis Radio Telescope (MOST) at a position and time coincident with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observations, representing the first simultaneous multiwavelength data collection for a fast radio burst (FRB). The large imaged field of view of TESS allows a search over the uncertainty region produced by MOST. However, the TESS pixel scale of 21″ and the full-frame image (FFI) cadence of 30 minutes is not optimal for the detection of a fast optical burst (FOB) with a possible millisecond duration. We search the TESS FFIs and find no events with a limiting TESS magnitude of 16, assuming a 30 minute event duration, corresponding to an optical flux density upper limit of approximately 2000 Jy for a ∼1 ms signal duration, assuming no signal loss. In addition, the cosmic-ray mitigation method for TESS significantly reduces its sensitivity to short-timescale transients, which we quantify. We compare our results to the predictions of Yang et al. and find that the upper limit is a factor of 2000 higher than the predicted maximum optical flux density. However, we find that if FRB 181228 had occurred in the galaxy thought to host the nearest FRB detection to date (37 Mpc), an FOB may have been detectable by TESS. In the near future, when the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment and Australian SKA Pathfinder will detect hundreds to thousands of FRBs, TESS may be able to detect FOBs from those rare bright and nearby FRBs within this large population (if more sophisticated cosmic-ray excision can be implemented).
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Asymmetric Propeller Structures in Saturn's Rings
Authors: Seiler M. , Seiß M. , Hoffmann H. , Spahn F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The observation of the non-Keplerian behavior of propeller structures in Saturn’s outer A ring raises the question: how does the propeller respond to the wandering of the central embedded moonlet? Here, we study numerically how the structural imprint of the propeller changes for a libration of the moonlet. It turns out that the libration induces an asymmetry in the propeller, which depends on the libration period and amplitude of the moonlet. Further, we study the dependence of the asymmetry on the libration period and amplitude for a moonlet with a 400 m Hill radius, which is located in the outer A ring. This allows us to apply our findings to the largest known propeller Blériot, which is expected to be of a similar size. For Blériot, we can conclude that, supposing the moonlet is librating with the largest observed period of 11.1 yr and an azimuthal amplitude of about 1845 km, a small asymmetry should be measurable but depends on the moonlet’s libration phase at the observation time. The longitude residuals of other trans-Encke propellers (e.g., Earhart) show amplitudes similar to Blériot, which might allow us to observe larger asymmetries due to their smaller azimuthal extent, allowing us to scan the whole gap structure for asymmetries in one observation. Although the librational model of the moonlet is a simplification, our results are a first step toward the development of a consistent model for the description of the formation of asymmetric propellers caused by a freely moving moonlet.
Patient Comprehension of Common Orthopedic Terminology
Authors: Cosic Filip , Kimmel Lara , Edwards Elton 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Medical terminology is often complex and confusing to lay people. Even common terms used by health care professionals often have other meanings and can easily be misinterpreted.

Objective:
This study aimed to identify patient comprehension of common orthopedic terminology across multiple hospital settings.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2016 until November 2016 at an Academic Level 1 trauma center. One hundred and fifty emergency department patients and 150 orthopedic inpatients with isolated orthopedic injuries were included. Participants completed a questionnaire consisting of 12 multiple-choice questions determining patient comprehension of common orthopedic terminology.

Key Results:

Total comprehension scores on the questionnaire were scored as number correct out of 11. In the emergency department, the mean total score was 5.01 compared to 5.45 in orthopedic inpatients (
p
= .046). Patients in both groups demonstrated poor understanding of medical terms (including fracture, ruptured tendon) and anatomical terms. In contrast, nonmedical terminology such as broken bone was better understood. Fifty-seven percent of participants stated that they understood their orthopedic condition completely. Notably, there was no correlation (
r
= .15) between comprehension and participants describing that they completely understood their orthopedic condition.

Conclusions:

Emergency department patients and orthopedic inpatients demonstrate poor comprehension of orthopedic terminology. Health care professionals should assume a poor level of comprehension during their interactions with orthopedic patients and ensure that patient communication is clear, concise, and informative to facilitate better patient comprehension, informed consent, and an improved doctor-patient relationship.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice
. 2019;3(3):e187–e193.]

Plain Language Summary:
This study evaluated patient comprehension of common orthopedic terminology in orthopedic inpatients and patients presenting to the emergency department with orthopedic injuries. This study found that patients demonstrate poor understanding of terminology used commonly by health care professionals, and that patients demonstrated little insight into their lack of comprehension. These findings have implications for doctor-patient communication, informed consent, and patient satisfaction.
CRP Induces NETosis in Heart Failure Patients with or without Diabetes
Authors: Vulesevic Branka , Lavoie Simon S , Neagoe Paul-Eduard , Dumas Elizabeth , Räkel Agnès , White Michel , Sirois Martin G 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is recognized as a biomarker of chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with vascular disorders. Lately, the role of neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has been investigated as a potential source of chronic inflammation and cardiovascular complications. This study investigated NETs as a marker of inflammation in patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF) with or without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and examined the correlation between NETs and CRP. We performed a noninterventional study including patients with HF with or without T2DM, T2DM, and a healthy control (HC) group. NETs and other inflammatory markers in serum were measured by ELISA. The release of NETs (NETosis) in vitro under various stimuli was measured by confocal microscopy. The levels of NETs in the serum of HF patients were significantly higher compared with HC (112%). Serum CRP concentrations were significantly increased in HF and HF plus T2DM patients compared with HC, and a positive correlation was observed between serum CRP and NETs levels. Neutrophils from HF and HF plus T2DM patients underwent in vitro NETs release faster than T2DM and HC without any stimuli. In vitro, serum collected from the HF and the HF plus T2DM group induced NETosis in healthy neutrophils significantly more when compared with HC and T2DM, which was prevented by depletion from CRP. We confirmed in vitro that CRP induces a concentration-dependent NETs synthesis. This study proposes a mechanism by which CRP increases the risk of future cardiovascular events and supports mounting evidences on the role of neutrophils in chronic low-grade inflammation associated with HF.
Dendritic Cell Accumulation in the Gut and Central Nervous System Is Differentially Dependent on α4 Integrins
Authors: Sie Christopher , Perez Laura Garcia , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Potthast Maria , Ohnmacht Caspar , Merkler Doron , Huber Samuel , Krug Anne , Korn Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Homing of pathogenic CD4+ T cells to the CNS is dependent on α4 integrins. However, it is uncertain whether α4 integrins are also required for the migration of dendritic cell (DC) subsets, which sample Ags from nonlymphoid tissues to present it to T cells. In this study, after genetic ablation of Itga4 in DCs and monocytes in mice via the promoters of Cd11c and Lyz2 (also known as LysM), respectively, the recruitment of α4 integrin–deficient conventional and plasmacytoid DCs to the CNS was unaffected, whereas α4 integrin–deficient, monocyte-derived DCs accumulated less efficiently in the CNS during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a competitive setting than their wild-type counterparts. In a noncompetitive setting, α4 integrin deficiency on monocyte-derived DCs was fully compensated. In contrast, in small intestine and colon, the fraction of α4 integrin–deficient CD11b+CD103+ DCs was selectively reduced in steady-state. Yet, T cell–mediated inflammation and host defense against Citrobacter rodentium were not impaired in the absence of α4 integrins on DCs. Thus, inflammatory conditions can promote an environment that is indifferent to α4 integrin expression by DCs.
Regulation of the Germinal Center Reaction and Somatic Hypermutation Dynamics by Homologous Recombination
Authors: Hirth Gianna , Svensson Carl-Magnus , Böttcher Katrin , Ullrich Steffen , Figge Marc Thilo , Jungnickel Berit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Ig genes in germinal center B cells, lesions introduced by activation-induced cytidine deaminase are processed by multiple error-prone repair pathways. Although error-free repair by homologous recombination (HR) is crucial to prevent excessive DNA strand breakage at activation-induced cytidine deaminase off-target genes, its role at the hypermutating Ig locus in the germinal center is unexplored. Using B cell–specific inactivation of the critical HR factor Brca2, we detected decreased proliferation, survival, and thereby class switching of ex vivo–activated B cells. Intriguingly, an HR defect allowed for a germinal center reaction and affinity maturation in vivo, albeit at reduced amounts. Analysis of SHM revealed that a certain fraction of DNA lesions at C:G bp was indeed repaired in an error-free manner via Brca2 instead of being processed by error-prone translesion polymerases. By applying a novel pseudo-time in silico analysis of mutational processes, we found that the activity of A:T mutagenesis during SHM increased during a germinal center reaction, but this was in part defective in Brca2-deficient mice. These mutation pattern changes in Brca2-deficient B cells were mostly specific for the Ig V region, suggesting a local or time-dependent need for recombination repair to survive high rates of SHM and especially A:T mutagenesis.
Pilot External Sector Report
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This Pilot External Sector Report (ESR) provides a multilaterally consistent analysis of the external positions of major world economies. Following the recommendations of the 2011 Triennial Surveillance Review and the Managing Director’s Statement on Strengthening Surveillance, the focus of the analysis has been broadened beyond exchange rates to detailed examinations of current accounts, reserves, capital flows, and external balance sheets. It draws upon the Research Department’s past and new methods for assessing current accounts and real exchange rates (see Appendix I), and on previous IMF analytical work on exchange rates, capital flows and measures, and reserves adequacy.
Partial Distribution of the General Reserve Attributed to Windfall Gold Sale Profits--Proposed Decision
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: August 2019

This paper proposes the distribution of a portion of the Fund’s general reserve that is attributed to profits from recent Fund gold sales. The proposed distribution is part of a strategy endorsed by the Board in July 2009 involving the use of resources linked to gold sale profits to facilitate members’ contributions towards Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) subsidies. The strategy was formulated in the context of a comprehensive reform of the Fund’s Low Income Country (LIC) facilities and concessional financing framework approved by the Executive Board that included a financing package aimed at ensuring the PRGT’s capacity to lend concessional resources of up to SDR 11.3 billion ($17 billion) during the period 2009–14. The financing package included an agreement to raise SDR 1.5 billion in subsidy resources, of which SDR 0.5–0.6 billion (in end-2008 NPV terms) was expected to be generated from resources linked to profits from gold sales.
Time-Dependent Electric Field Distribution in Layered Paper-Oil Insulation
Authors: Håkonseth Gunnar , Ildstad Erling 
Published: August 2019

Layered paper–oil insulation is used in several types of HVDC equipment. In order to better understand breakdown mechanisms and optimize the design, it is important to understand the electric field distribution in the insulation. In the present work, a test object with such insulation has been modeled as a series connection of oil and impregnated paper. The permittivity, conductivity, and the dielectric response function has been measured for impregnated paper and oil separately and used as parameters in a dielectric response model for the layered insulation system. A system of differential equations has been established describing the voltages across each material, i.e. across each layer of the test object. These equations have been solved considering a DC step voltage across the whole test object. Based on this, the time-dependent electric field in each material as well as the time-dependent polarization current density in the test object have been calculated. The calculated polarization current density was found to agree well with the measured polarization current density of the test object. This indicates that application of dielectric response theory gives a good estimate of the time-dependent electric field distribution in layered insulation systems. The results show that 90 % of the change from initial values to steady-state values for the electric fields has occurred within the first 35 minutes after the voltage step. This applies to the electric fields in both of the materials of the examined test object at a temperature of 323 K.
Practical Notes on the Measurement and Interpretation of Thermally Stimulated Discharge Currents in Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene
Authors: Rytöluoto Ilkka , Niittymäki Minna , Lahti Kari 
Published: August 2019

The measurement and interpretation of high-field thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) of capacitor-grade biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films are investigated in order to facilitate the derivation of trap parameters. Two main relaxations associable with the glass transition and detrapping of space charge from deep traps are observed, and their dependence on the polarization/depolarization conditions are studied. The complex bipolar nature of the space charge relaxation makes the derivation of trap parameters challenging. Lastly, a brief attempt is made to correlate the TSDC features with morphology and other short-term dielectric properties.