bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and Measurement of Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Letete Emmanuel , Sarr Mare 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This article presents the de jure political and economic institutional indicators for Kenya for the period 1884–2010, and discusses their evolution over time. The construction of these indicators is based on the leximetric framework proposed by Fedderke et al. (2001), which relies on the formal legislative history that governs immovable property, political rights, and civil liberties. In doing so, we are able to capture the notion of permanency that characterizes institutions according to Douglass North. We provide a narrative that demonstrates how existing political and economic rights in Kenya were largely shaped by the legal framework introduced by the British settlers since 1884. These laws were initially designed to create a settler economy in order to recoup the heavy investments cost of the Uganda railway. To this end, the colonial authorities promoted a liberal freehold property rights system for the benefit of the settlers while curtailing the indigenous populations’ basic civil liberties and customary rights to land. We correlate these newly constructed indexes with conventional institutional indicators for overlapping periods. Overall, we find high unconditional correlations, which suggests that our indicators may be fairly reliable even in the long run (126 years).
EVOLUÇÃO DA DISTRIBUIÇÃO DIAMÉTRICA EM PLANTIOS DE Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea Barrett & Golfari
Authors: Guera Ouorou Ganni Mariel , Aleixo da Silva José Antônio , Caraciolo Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz , Álvarez Lazo Daniel , Barrero Medel Héctor , Silva da Silva Diego Armando 
Published: June 2018

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi estudar a distribuição diamétrica em diferentes classes de idades de plantios de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. caribaea Barr. & Golf. estabelecidos para a produção de madeira para serraria na Empresa Florestal Integral (EFI) Macurije, Pinar del Río, Cuba. Para isso, foram ajustadas dez Funções de Densidade de Probabilidade (FDPs) por classe de idade de cinco anos para a predição de frequências de árvores por classe diamétrica em cada classe de idades. Os parâmetros das FDPs Weibull (3P), Beta, Burr (4P), Gamma 3P, Kumaraswamy, Lognormal 3P, Frechet 3P e Dagum (4P) foram estimados pelo método de estimação de máxima verossimilhança e os das funções SB de Johnson e Nakagami com o método dos momentos no software EasyFit v.5.6. Para testar o grau de concordância entre cada uma das distribuições e os valores observados de diâmetro, foi utilizado o teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S). Os resultados indicaram que a função de Kamaraswamy foi a de maior aderência a base de dados completa sem separação por classes de idade. A função Lognormal 3P foi a de melhor ajuste para as classes de idade 0-5 e 15-20 anos, a de Burr 4P para as classes 10-15, 20-25 e 25-30 anos, a de Gamma 3P para a classe 5-10 anos, a de Dagum 4P para a classe 30-35 e a função Beta para a classe 35-40 anos. Apenas as últimas duas classes etárias apresentaram probabilidades de se obter árvores com Diâmetro a Altura do Peito (DAP) ≥ 20 cm superiores a 0,5.
Discours racistes et propagande haineuse. Trois groupes populistes identitaires au Québec
Authors: Potvin Maryse 
Published: June 2018

Cet article exploratoire vise à cerner les éléments de « propagande haineuse » utilisés par trois groupes populistes identitaires (Atalante, La Meute, la Fédération des Québécois de souche) sur leurs pages Facebook publiques entre le 29 janvier et le 15 mars 2017, après l’attentat du 29 janvier à la grande mosquée de Québec. L’article définit les groupes populistes de type identitaire au Québec et rappelle les principaux mécanismes du racisme, les procédés classiques utilisés par les médias traditionnels qui permettent d’influencer les idées et les représentations du public (agenda setting, framing, priming), les techniques classiques de propagande et les différentes balises juridiques (pénales et civiles) qui encadrent la propagande haineuse au Canada. L’article montre comment les leaders d’opinion et/ou administrateurs de ces pages Facebook publiques en font un usage stratégique (pour alimenter le néonationalisme, orienter les échanges sur des enjeux identitaires et maintenir un sentiment de crise et d’appartenance commune) et dont les effets préjudiciables sont visibles.
Developmentally Programmed
DNA
Rearrangements
Authors: Saettone Alejandro , Nabeel‐Shah Syed , Fillingham Jeffrey S 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Developmentally programmed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) rearrangements are structural reorganisations of the genome that occur reproducibly during the development of a variety of organisms. In the majority of cases, programmed DNA rearrangements function to alter gene expression. V(D)J recombination is a DNA rearrangement that occurs during the development of the human immune system to assemble functional genes encoding antibodies. Some human pathogens use programmed DNA rearrangements to evade the immune system by varying the expression of their antigenic surface proteins. However, in some cases, the function of large‐scale developmentally programmed DNA rearrangements remains unknown. In the ciliate protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila
, a wide variety of programmed rearrangements occur during the development of the somatic nucleus including chromosome fragmentation and deletion of specific DNA sequences. In a related ciliate
Oxytricha trifallax
, programmed genome rearrangements are needed to unscramble segments to assemble functional genes.

Key Concepts

Programmed DNA rearrangements utilise diverse recombination mechanisms.

Human pathogens use programmed DNA rearrangements to vary expression of antigenic surface proteins to avoid the host immune system.

V(D)J recombination in human development assembles functional genes encoding antibodies.

Chromatin diminution in parasitic nematodes silences germ‐line‐specific gene expression in somatic cells.

The ciliate protozoa undergo large‐scale programmed DNA rearrangements during nuclear development.

The mechanism of programmed DNA deletion in the ciliate
Tetrahymena thermophila
involves small noncoding RNAs that direct formation of a specific chromatin structure.

The ciliate
Oxytricha trifallax
unscrambles gene segments during the development of its somatic nucleus.
Knockout and Knock‐In Animals
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe inactivation of a gene (knockout) or the insertion of a coding sequence into a gene of interest (knock‐in) provides genetically modified animals for the analysis of genetic circuits in developmental biology and for use as models for human disease. Recently developed approaches have facilitated the generation of mutant animals. Thus, designed nucleases, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPRs‐associated nucleases (CRISPR/Cas9), offer a platform to create knockout and knock‐in animals of various species without going through the route of embryonic stem cell technology. Custom nucleases allow the site‐specific recognition and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) cleavage to induce DNA repair machinery resulting in insertions and/or deletions (Indel) in the desired locus. Providing a construct with homologous sequences to the 5′ and 3′ end of the nuclease cleavage site will result in homologous recombination‐directed repair (HDR) of the gene of interest and giving rise to knock‐in animals.Key ConceptsAnimal behaviourists must participate in conservation planning to protect the future of biodiversity.Lipid bilayers provide the fundamental architecture of biological membranes.Knockout and knock‐in animals are absolutely required for the analysis of gene function.Custom nucleases allow the generation of knock‐in animals from various species.iPS cells may facilitate the establishment of pluripotent stem cells from various species.Designed nucleases‐based gene editing provides a simple tool to create animal models that recapitulate human disease pathologies.
Genetic Networks
Authors: Materna Stefan C , Woo Stephanie 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Genetic networks control the execution of the genetic program stored in an organism's deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by orchestrating gene expression. Any biological function, in physiology or development, is dependent on the combined action of many genes, requiring their precise control. Expression of individual genes is determined by associated regions of regulatory DNA. These are bound by sequence‐specific regulatory proteins, called transcription factors, leading to activation or repression of transcription. The interactions among regulatory genes display the features of a network where the linkages are determined by the binding sites in the regulatory region of downstream genes. The architecture of genetic networks is intrinsically hierarchical, and discrete subcircuits that accomplish particular tasks can be identified. Certain linkage patterns are recurrent in subcircuits with similar biological function, although the regulatory genes involved differ. This suggests that the topology of the network, and not the identity of its constituents, determines the function.

Key Concepts

Genomic sequence determines the phenotype by specifying the amino acid sequence of proteins and their timing of expression.

Regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the level of transcription.

Regulatory genes are sequence‐specific transcription factors that activate or repress transcription and signalling molecules that affect transcriptional activity in receiving cells.

Modular arrays of transcription factor target sites within the cis‐regulatory domains of genes determine the transcription of individual genes.

A genetic network is a set of regulatory genes that are functionally linked through sequence‐specific interactions.

Each regulatory interaction is contingent on the state of other interactions in the network.

Recurrent linkage patterns indicate that the network topology and not identity of individual regulators determines the biological function.

In development, the regulatory processes at each stage determine what will happen next, leading to progressive partitioning of the embryo, and ensuring that development is unidirectional.

Changes in network architecture are the underlying cause of phenotypic changes in evolution.
Molecular Ecology
Authors: Freeland Joanna R 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Molecular ecology uses molecular genetic data (typically deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences) from natural populations to address ecological questions. Historically, either relatively short DNA sequences or highly variable sequences known as microsatellites were most commonly used to genetically characterise populations and species. More recently, however, large amounts of DNA sequences are being generated using a relatively new approach known as high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), which allows researchers to simultaneously sequence thousands of genes from one or numerous individuals. HTS allows whole‐genome sequencing, and also the characterisation of natural populations on the basis of numerous (often thousands of) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are DNA sequence variations that arise when a single nucleotide differs between individuals. Genetic characterisation allows researchers to quantify the genetic diversity within populations and the genetic similarity among populations, which in turn provides insight into specific questions pertaining to the ecology and evolution of populations and species.

Key Concepts

Molecular ecology uses molecular genetic data to address ecological questions.

A variety of molecular markers can be used to genetically characterise species and populations.

Next‐generation (high‐throughput) sequencing has greatly enhanced our ability to collect very large amounts of genetic data at relatively low cost.

Molecular genetic data from natural populations allow researchers to quantify the genetic diversity within populations and the genetic similarity among populations.

Genetic diversity is required for the long‐term survival of populations and species, and is influenced by a range of different factors.

Gene flow among populations strongly influences their genetic similarity.

Landscape genetics helps researchers to understand barriers to gene flow across different types of landscapes.

Landscape genomics investigates ways in which local adaptation influences the distribution of conspecifics across different types of habitat.

Behavioural molecular ecology uses highly variable molecular markers to quantify the relatedness among individuals, and thus describe dipsersal patterns or mating systems.

Phylogeography uses molecular genetic data to infer some of the ways in which historical events and processes have shaped the current distributions of species.
Proteome Expression: The Subcellular Organisation of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Hsu Jack C‐C , Nicchitta Christopher V 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Proteome expression is the integrated output of gene transcription, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) stability, mRNA translation and protein stability, and varies between cells, tissues and organs. Proteome expression is dynamic and can be readily modified in response to stress, cell cycle progression, pathogenic infection and malignant transformation. With recent advances in single molecule optical imaging and high‐resolution genomic analyses, increased attention has turned to the spatiotemporal regulation of proteome expression at the subcellular level. With this interest has come a reinvestigation of a fundamental question in cell biology – the subcellular organisation of mRNA transcriptome expression. Although it is widely accepted that eukaryotic cells partition proteome expression, with soluble proteins being synthesised on cytoplasmic ribosomes and secretory/integral membrane proteins on endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐bound ribosomes, recent data indicate a far broader role for the ER in proteome expression.

Key Concepts

Ribosomes, the cellular machines that perform protein synthesis, are present in the two primary protein synthesis compartments of the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

mRNAs are largely partitioned between the cytosol and the ER on the basis of their encoded gene product, with cytosolic protein‐encoding mRNAs being translated by cytoplasmic ribosomes and secretory/membrane protein‐encoding mRNAs undergoing translation on ER‐bound ribosomes.

The mechanisms governing mRNA and ribosome partitioning between the cytosol and ER compartments are largely unknown.

Recent studies have revealed that ER‐bound ribosomes are broadly engaged in the translation of the mRNA transcriptome.

A role for the ER in the expression of the cellular proteome can now be considered.
Endosperm Development
Authors: Tonosaki Kaoru , Kinoshita Tetsu 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Endosperm is a tissue in the seeds of many plants and supports embryonic and seedling growth by providing nutrients stored in its cells. As the stored products, starches, proteins and oils are valuable to humans for nutrition and as industrial materials, endosperm development has been well documented, particularly in cereal plants such as maize, barley and rice. Molecular genetics and genomics analyses have also been widely applied to the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
. Although the structures and amounts of endosperm within mature seeds vary considerably among plant species, most of the developmental events, such as genetic and epigenetic controls, are conserved.

Key Concepts

The programme of endosperm development varies among plant species.

In most angiosperm species, seeds have three genetically distinct tissues: maternal diploid seed coat, fertilised diploid embryo and triploid endosperm.

Endosperm consists of differentiated tissues that have distinct roles.

Roles of parental genomes in the endosperm (2 maternal and 1 paternal) are not equivalent owing to asymmetric epigenetic modifications, similar to those in the mammalian placenta.

Hybridisation barrier can be seen in the endosperm.
M
arjory
S
tephenson (1885–1948)
Authors: Štrbáňová Soňa 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The year 2018 marks the seventieth death anniversary of a significant yet almost forgotten British biochemist and microbiologist Marjory Stephenson, who was institutionally linked to the Medical Research Council and the Sir William Dunn Institute of Biochemistry in Cambridge. Stephenson's research concerned especially biochemistry of microorganisms, namely organisation and control of biochemical processes in the cells, and played a founding role in formation of chemical microbiology and microbial biochemistry, considered predecessors of molecular biology. Stephenson was elected in 1945 as one of the first two women fellows of the Royal Society and in 1947 as the second president (after Sir Alexander Fleming) of the Society for General Microbiology. She belonged to the few women in science of her time who pioneered new fields and managed research teams; in spite of that, she had to cope most of her life with practices of undeclared discrimination.
Regulated Dewetting for Patterning Organic Single Crystals with Pure Crystallographic Orientation toward High Performance Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Zhao Yuyan , Fan Xiaoyu , Feng Jiangang , Wang Xuedong , Wu Yuchen , Su Bin , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFabrication of high‐quality organic single‐crystalline semiconductors and their deterministic patterning are core opportunities as well as challenges for large‐scale integration of functional devices with high efficiency and boosted performance. Previous approaches on solution patterning of organic semiconductors have achieved efficient and versatile control of the position, alignment, and size of organic structures. However, the poorly controllable dewetting dynamics of organic solution gives rise to low crystallinity and disordered crystallographic orientation of generated organic architectures that limit their device performance. Here, 1D organic single‐crystal arrays with high crystallinity, strict crystallographic alignment, precise position, tunable, and homogeneous size are fabricated by exploiting an asymmetric‐wettability topographical template. Periodically arranged micropillars with lyophobic sidewalls and lyophilic tops permit the generation of capillary bridges, which enable unidirectional dewetting of organic solution and ordered packing of molecules. The 1D arrays present pure (100) crystallographic orientation with π–π stacking of molecules in the optimal direction of carrier transport, leading to high carrier mobility of 8.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the field‐effect transistor measurements. A facile pressure sensor based on the patterned belt arrays is fabricated, exhibiting high sensitivity and long‐term stability.
Bio‐Inspired Superhydrophobic Closely Packed Aligned Nanoneedle Architectures for Enhancing Condensation Heat Transfer
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhu Jie , Meng Kaixin , Wang Hao , Deng Tao , Gao Xuefeng , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBionic condensate microdrop self‐propelling (CMDSP) surfaces are attracting intensive interest due to their academic and commercial values. Up to now, it is still a great challenge to design and fabricate CMDSP nanostructures with superior condensation heat transfer (CHT) efficiency. Here, it is reported that the CHT coefficient of copper surfaces can be enhanced maximally ≈320% via in situ growth and geometric regulation of closely packed aligned nanoneedles with CMDSP function. These experiments and theoretical analyses indicate that reducing the interspaces of nanoneedles can help reduce the departure diameters of condensate microdrops and increase their nucleation density, both of which are beneficial to enhance CHT. In contrast, increasing the tip size and height of nanoneedles can increase drop departure diameters and film‐layer thermal resistance, respectively, either of which is disadvantageous to enhance CHT. Clearly, only considering superhydrophobic effect is insufficient and both choosing ideal nanoarchitectures and optimizing their geometric parameters are very crucial to realize high‐efficiency CHT, which optimization can be achieved via simply controlling growth time of nanostructures. These findings offer new insights into the design and development of first‐rank CHT interface nanomaterials.
A Controllable Surface Etching Strategy for Well‐Defined Spiny Yolk@Shell CuO@CeO2 Cubes and Their Catalytic Performance Boost
Authors: Li Wang , Feng Xilan , Zhang Zheng , Jin Xin , Liu Dapeng , Zhang Yu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHerein, an effective top‐down etching route is presented to in situ fabricate CuO/CeO2 nanohybrids on the surface of Cu2O microcube templates. This method has well taken into account the factors both in thermodynamics and in kinetics, including surface structural nanocrystallization, construction of mesopores, formation of stable core@shell structures, and strengthened synergistic effects, in order to realize the structural design and hence greatly improve catalytic performance caused by surface nanocrystallization of Cu2O cubes. After etched by aid of ammonia and Ce3+ ions the final products are in a well‐defined spiny yolk@shell structures, in which the unetched part of Cu2O cubes serves as the core and the shell is composed by the CuO nanothorns encapsulated by CeO2 nanoparticles. Systematical characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H2‐temperature programmed reduction, N2 sorption, firmly disclose the relationship between the catalytic properties and the structures of samples. By simply tuning the usage amount of ammonia and Ce3+ ions, the samples show a typical volcano curve in the model reaction of catalytic CO oxidation. Sample CuO@CeO2‐0.05 exhibits the optimal catalytic activity and stability. It is believed that this top‐down strategy has shown promising future to design high‐performance catalysts for the practical need of application.
Transparent Polycrystalline Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Sokol Maxim , Ratzker Barak , Kalabukhov Sergey , Dariel Moshe Peter , Galun Ehud , Frage Nachum 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPolycrystalline magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4) spinel (PMAS) exhibits a unique combination of physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties, which makes it useful for a wide range of applications, including UV lenses for lithography, electroinsulation, and structural windows for both VIS and IR region radiation and armor applications. Conventional two‐stage processing of PMAS involves prolonged pressureless sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing. The costly processing of high‐quality transparent PMAS ceramic is the main reason for the limited usage of this material in industry. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a relatively novel one‐stage, rapid, and cost‐effective sintering technique, which holds great potential for producing high‐quality optical materials. Here, recent advances in the fabrication of transparent PMAS by the SPS approach, the influence of sintering parameters on microstructure evolution during densification, and their effects on the optical and mechanical properties of the material are reviewed.