bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diferenças nas medidas cefalométricas esqueléticas, dentárias e tegumentares de melanodermas e leucodermas – uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Zanco Kerber Priscila , Oliveira Dias Macêdo Erika , Bandeira Berthold Telmo 
Published: July 2018

<p><strong>Introdução:</strong> As principais análises cefalométricas utilizadas para o planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico são baseadas nas características da população de raça branca, no entanto as características morfológicas parecem diferir entre os diferentes grupos étnicos. Assim, não parece lógico que os planos de tratamento de pacientes melanodermas sejam baseados em análises cefalométricas com valores de normalidade para leucodermas. <strong>Objetivos: </strong>Avaliar se há diferenças nas medidas cefalométricas entre leucodermas e melanodermas e quais os valores de normalidade para os melanodermas. <strong>Metodologia:</strong> revisão de publicações científicas que apresentem as características esqueléticas, dentárias e tegumentares de indivíduos melanodermas e leucodermas até o presente momento através de descritores específicos. <strong>Resultados:</strong> os melanodermas apresentam medidas cefalométricas que indicam a maxila e mandíbula avançadas em relação à base do crânio, um plano mandibular mais inclinado, terço inferior da face aumentado, maior convexidade facial, incisivos superiores protruídos e levemente proclinados, incisivos inferiores acentuadamente protruídos e proclinados, lábios superior e inferior mais proeminentes, quando comparados aos leucodermas. <strong>Conclusão:</strong> existem diferenças entre as medidas cefalométricas de leucodermas e melanodermas e isso deve ser levado em consideração nos tratamentos ortodônticos no momento do planejamento e da análise dos resultados.<strong>RESUMO</strong></p><p class="PriscilaCxSpMiddle"> </p><p class="PriscilaCxSpLast"> </p>
An interactive plan and model evolution method for knowledge‐based pelvic VMAT planning
Authors: Wang Meijiao , Li Sha , Huang Yuliang , Yue Haizhen , Li Tian , Wu Hao , Gao Song , Zhang Yibao 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeTo test if a RapidPlan DVH estimation model and its training plans can be improved interactively through a closed‐loop evolution process.Methods and materialsEighty‐one manual plans (P0) that were used to configure an initial rectal RapidPlan model (M0) were reoptimized using M0 (closed‐loop), yielding 81 P1 plans. The 75 improved P1 (P1+) and the remaining 6 P0 were used to configure model M1. The 81 training plans were reoptimized again using M1, producing 23 P2 plans that were superior to both their P0 and P1 forms (P2+). Hence, the knowledge base of model M2 composed of 6 P0, 52 P1+, and 23 P2+. Models were tested dosimetrically on 30 VMAT validation cases (Pv) that were not used for training, yielding Pv(M0), Pv(M1), and Pv(M2) respectively. The 30 Pv were also optimized by M2_new as trained by the library of M2 and 30 Pv(M0).ResultsBased on comparable target dose coverage, the first closed‐loop reoptimization significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the 81 training plans’ mean dose to femoral head, urinary bladder, and small bowel by 2.65 Gy/15.63%, 2.06 Gy/8.11%, and 1.47 Gy/6.31% respectively, which were further reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in the second closed‐loop reoptimization by 0.04 Gy/0.28%, 0.18 Gy/0.77%, 0.22 Gy/1.01% respectively. However, open‐loop VMAT validations displayed more complex and intertwined plan quality changes: mean dose to urinary bladder and small bowel decreased monotonically using M1 (by 0.34 Gy/1.47%, 0.25 Gy/1.13%) and M2 (by 0.36 Gy/1.56%, 0.30 Gy/1.36%) than using M0. However, mean dose to femoral head increased by 0.81 Gy/6.64% (M1) and 0.91 Gy/7.46% (M2) than using M0. The overfitting problem was relieved by applying model M2_new.ConclusionsThe RapidPlan model and its constituent plans can improve each other interactively through a closed‐loop evolution process. Incorporating new patients into the original training library can improve the RapidPlan model and the upcoming plans interactively.
Covalent Organic Frameworks: Structures, Synthesis, and Applications
Authors: Lohse Maria S. , Bein Thomas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers formed by a bottom‐up approach from molecular building units having a predesigned geometry that are connected through covalent bonds. They offer positional control over their building blocks in two and three dimensions. This control enables the synthesis of rigid porous structures with a high regularity and the ability to fine‐tune the chemical and physical properties of the network. This Feature Article provides a comprehensive overview over the structures realized to date in the fast growing field of covalent organic framework development. Different synthesis strategies to meet diverse demands, such as high crystallinity, straightforward processability, or the formation of thin films are discussed. Furthermore, insights into the growing fields of COF applications, including gas storage and separations, sensing, electrochemical energy storage, and optoelectronics are provided.
The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium‐Ion and Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fang Ruopian , Chen Ke , Yin Lichang , Sun Zhenhua , Li Feng , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe ever‐increasing demands for batteries with high energy densities to power the portable electronics with increased power consumption and to advance vehicle electrification and grid energy storage have propelled lithium battery technology to a position of tremendous importance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, known with many appealing properties, are investigated intensely for improving the performance of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) and lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, a general and objective understanding of their actual role in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is lacking. It is recognized that CNTs and graphene are not appropriate active lithium storage materials, but are more like a regulator: they do not electrochemically react with lithium ions and electrons, but serve to regulate the lithium storage behavior of a specific electroactive material and increase the range of applications of a lithium battery. First, metrics for the evaluation of lithium batteries are discussed, based on which the regulating role of CNTs and graphene in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is comprehensively considered from fundamental electrochemical reactions to electrode structure and integral cell design. Finally, perspectives on how CNTs and graphene can further contribute to the development of lithium batteries are presented.
Calcium‐Ion Batteries: Current State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Gummow Rosalind J. , Vamvounis George , Kannan M. Bobby , He Yinghe 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecent developments in rechargeable battery technology have seen a shift from the well‐established Li‐ion technology to new chemistries to achieve the high energy density required for extended range electric vehicles and other portable applications, as well as low‐cost alternatives for stationary storage. These chemistries include Li–air, Li–S, and multivalent ion technologies including Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Al3+. While Mg2+ battery systems have been increasingly investigated in the last few years, Ca2+ technology has only recently been recognized as a viable option. In this first comprehensive review of Ca2+ ion technology, the use of Ca metal anodes, alternative alloy anodes, electrolytes suitable for this system, and cathode material development are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of Ca2+ ion batteries including prospective achievable energy density, cost reduction due to high natural abundance, low ion mobility, the effect of ion size, and the need for elevated temperature operation are reviewed. The use of density functional theory modeling to predict the properties of Ca‐ion battery materials is discussed and the extent to which this approach is successful in directing research into areas of promise is evaluated. To conclude, a summary of recent achievements is presented and areas for future research efforts evaluated.
Influence of Plume Properties on Thin Film Composition in Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Ojeda‐G‐P Alejandro , Döbeli Max , Lippert Thomas 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDespite the apparent simplicity of pulsed laser deposition, consistent deposition of thin films with the desired thickness, composition, crystallinity, and quality still remains challenging. This article explores the influence of process parameters with respect to film thickness and composition, two key aspects for thin films which have a very strong effect on film properties, possible applications, and characterization. Using five perovskite materials, a systematic analysis of different process parameters, e.g., target material, deposition pressure, fluence, substrate temperature or target to substrate distance, is performed. The results are classified under target ablation, plasma expansion, and substrates effects, which provide vital guidance to reduce the degree of trial and error when producing thin films. Moreover, they enable the understanding of what should be considered, and avoided for the deposition of thin films.
Competition between Free Carriers and Excitons Mediated by Defects Observed in Layered WSe2 Crystal with Time‐Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy
Authors: He Chuan , Zhu Lipeng , Zhao Qiyi , Huang Yuanyuan , Yao Zehan , Du Wanyi , He Yuhang , Zhang Sujuan , Xu Xinlong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe dynamics of photoexcited species is quite important for the development of next‐generation ultrafast optoelectronic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Herein, time‐resolved optical pump terahertz (THz) probe spectroscopy, which is sensitive to both bounded excitons and free electrons/holes, is employed to study the dynamics of photo‐induced carriers in the typical layered TMDs crystal tungsten diselenide (WSe2). Initial photoexcitation could generate both free carriers and excitons. The free carriers decay followed by phonon‐assistance (≈30 ps) and defect‐assistance (≈200–280 ps). The excitons decay followed by the phonon‐assisted recombination (≈100 ps) and the defect‐induced exciton separation (≈40–200 ps). With the increasing of pump fluence, more free electrons and holes will bind to form excitons by many‐body effect, while with the decay of time, more excitons will dissociate into free carriers by defects. The frequency‐dependent transient complex THz photoconductivity of layered WSe2 crystal can be well described by Drude–Smith–Lorentz model, which suggests preferential free carriers backscattering due to the defects. The ratio of free carriers to excitons suggests that free carriers dominate after the photoexcitation, which is important for the optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and photodetectors.
Fully Organic Photocontrolled Deformable Mirror
Authors: Quintavalla Martino , Baratto Matteo , Natali Dario , Bonora Stefano , Bertarelli Chiara , Bianco Andrea 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA light‐driven deformable mirror based on an organic photoconductive layer is designed and realized. The requirements for the photoconductive organic material are reported showing their effect on the mirror performances. The production and characterization of the photoconductive thick layer consisting in a polystyrene matrix doped with P3HT:PCBM and an arylamine (4,4′,4″‐tris[phenyl(m‐tolyl)amino]triphenylamine) are reported. A prototype of the mirror with a clear aperture of 12 mm is built and its performance measured in terms of reflective surface displacement. Moreover, a light valve device based on this mirror is built and characterized.
A Modularized and Switchable Component for Flexible Passive Device: Terahertz Photonic Crystals with Fine‐Tuning
Authors: Gao Jiannan , Wang Rong , Zhao Qian , Li Bo , Zhou Ji 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this work, tunable terahertz photonic crystals (PCs) used as modularized and switchable components in flexible passive device are designed and prepared. Flexible woodpile structures created by the direct‐writing technology with a composite ink system composed of barium strontium titanate nanoparticles and polydimethylsiloxane are immersed in 5CB liquid crystals (LCs), where the orientation of LC molecule is modulated by the external magnetic field. Each of these can work in terahertz wavelength with specific position and depth of the dips in the transmittance spectra due to different geometries as well as having the ability of fine‐tuning. Experiments show that the photonic gaps of these PCs can cover from 0.2 to 0.3 THz, as well as about 7.5% fine tunability of photonic gap appearing with the orientation change of the magnetic field. More interestingly, the dips of photonic gaps keep the same position but become deeper with the increase of layer, an ability to realize another dimensional switchover. This work demonstrates that efficient terahertz PCs with different geometry parameters could be dynamically tuned by the orientation of magnetic field and it can open a universal approach to shrinking the size of device and rapid manufacturing in a large throughput.
Aptamer and IR820 Dual‐Functionalized Carbon Dots for Targeted Cancer Therapy against Hypoxic Tumors Based on an 808 nm Laser‐Triggered Three‐Pathway Strategy
Authors: Liu Rongjun , Zhang Liangliang , Zhao Jingjin , Luo Zhihui , Huang Yong , Zhao Shulin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs a typical characteristic of solid tumors, hypoxia diminishes the efficiency of oxygen‐dependent cancer therapy, such as type II photodynamic therapy (PDT). Tumor‐targeted multifunctional nanomedicine that overcomes hypoxic resistance is therefore highly desirable. The authors present an efficient strategy against hypoxic tumors based on aptamer‐targeting and 808 nm laser‐triggered three phototherapeutic pathways, which uses a hybrid with carbon dots, IR820 dye, and anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer as a novel nanomedicine (CD‐IR820‐Aptamer) with simultaneous type I PDT (PDT I), type II PDT (PDT II), and photothermal therapy (PTT) under single 808 nm laser irradiation. The obtained CD‐IR820‐Aptamer exhibits tumor‐targeting and mitochondrial accumulation. Direct phosphorescent spectra and photothermal imaging analyses demonstrates that CD‐IR820‐Aptamer can elicit O2•−, •OH (for PDT I), 1O2 (for PDT II), and heat (for PTT) via three pathways triggered by single 808 nm laser irradiation. The oxygen‐independent production of •OH and heat ensures the applicability of CD‐IR820‐Aptamer under hypoxic conditions. Through three phototherapeutic pathways are simultaneously triggered by 808 nm laser irradiation, the proposed nanohybrid displayed high efficiency for treating solid tumors. This work provides a basis for constructing new types of photoactive nanomedicines with targeting ability and improved therapeutic efficiency under hypoxic conditions that can be further used for cancer therapy in clinical trials.
Molecular Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts, Solid Metal Organic Framework Catalysts, and Solid Metal/Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon (MNC) Catalysts for the Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Varela Ana Sofia , Ju Wen , Strasser Peter 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe CO2 electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising technology for converting CO2 into chemicals and fuels, using surplus electricity from renewable sources. The technological viability of this process, however, is contingent on finding affordable and efficient catalysts. A range of materials containing abundant elements, such as N, C, and non‐noble metals, ranging from well‐defined immobilized complexes to doped carbon materials have emerged as a promising alternative. One of the main products of the CO2RR is CO, which is produced on these catalysts with selectivities comparable to those of noble metal catalysts. Furthermore, other valuable products, such as formic acid, hydrocarbons, and alcohols, have also been reported. The factors that control the catalytic performance of these materials, however, are not yet fully understood. A review of recent work is presented on heterogeneous nitrogen‐containing carbon catalysts for the CO2RR. The synthesis and characterization of these materials as well as their electrocatalytic performance are discussed. Combined experimental and theoretical studies are included to bring insight on the active sites and the reaction mechanism. This knowledge is key for developing optimal catalyst materials that meet the requirement in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability needed for commercial applications.
High‐Temperature Atomic Mixing toward Well‐Dispersed Bimetallic Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chen Fengjuan , Yao Yonggang , Nie Anmin , Xu Shaomao , Dai Jiaqi , Hitz Emily , Li Yiju , Lu Aijiang , Huang Zhennan , Li Tangyuan , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Hu Liangbing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSupported bimetallic alloy nanoparticles are of great interest in various catalytic applications due to the synergistic effects between different metals for improved catalytic performance. However, it still remains a challenge to efficiently synthesize atomically mixed alloy nanoparticles with uniform dispersion onto a desired substrate. Here, in situ, rapid synthesis of atomically mixed bimetallic nanoparticles well‐dispersed on a conductive carbon network via a 1 s high‐temperature pulse (HTP, ≈1550 K, duration 1 s, the rate of 104 K s−1) is reported. The high temperature facilitates the total (atomic) mixing of different metals, while the rapid quenching ensures the uniform dispersion of nanoparticles with fine features such as twin boundaries and stacking faults, which are potentially beneficial to their catalytic performance. By varying the ratio of the precursor salts and parameters in the HTP process, the composition, size, and morphology of the resultant nanoparticles can easily be tuned. Moreover, the synthesized bimetallic (PdNi) nanoparticles demonstrate excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen peroxide electrooxidation. This work provides a general strategy for a facile and rapid synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles directly from their salts for a range of emerging applications.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting for Solar Hydrogen Production Using the Carbonate Effect and the Z‐Scheme Reaction
Authors: Miseki Yugo , Sayama Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe development of innovative technologies for solar energy conversion and storage is important for solving the global warming problem and for establishing a sustainable society. The photocatalytic water‐splitting reaction using semiconductor powders has been intensively studied as a promising technology for direct and simple solar energy conversion. However, the evolution of H2 and O2 gases in a stoichiometric ratio (H2/O2 = 2) is very difficult owing to various issues, such as an unfavorable backward reaction and mismatched band potentials. Two important findings have widened the variety of photocatalysts available for stoichiometric water‐splitting, viz. the carbonate anion effect and the Z‐scheme photocatalytic reaction using a redox mediator. The bicarbonate anion has been found to act as a redox catalyst via preferential peroxide formation and subsequent decomposition to O2. As the Z‐scheme reaction using a redox mediator mitigates band potential mismatches, it is widely applicable for various visible‐light‐active photocatalysts. This review describes the development of photocatalytic water‐splitting for solar hydrogen production using the carbonate anion effect and the Z‐scheme reaction. Moreover, recent developments in photocatalysis–electrolysis hybrid systems, an advanced Z‐scheme reaction concept, are also reviewed for practical and economical hydrogen production.
EBV‐positive diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: 2018 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Beltran Brady E. , Miranda Roberto N. , Young Ken H. , Chavez Julio C. , Sotomayor Eduardo M. 
Published: July 2018

Disease overviewEpstein Barr virus‐positive (EBV+) diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified (NOS) is an entity included in the 2016 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma associated with chronic EBV infection, and a poor prognosis with standard chemotherapeutic approaches.DiagnosisThe diagnosis is made through a careful pathological evaluation. Detection of EBV‐encoded RNA is considered standard for diagnosis; however, a clear cutoff for positivity has not been defined. The differential diagnosis includes plasmablastic lymphoma, DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, primary effusion lymphoma, HHV8+ DLBCL, NOS, and EBV+ mucocutaneuos ulcer.Risk‐stratificationThe International prognostic index (IPI) and the Oyama score can be used for risk‐stratification. The Oyama score includes age >70 years and presence of B symptoms. The expression of CD30 is emerging as a potential adverse, and targetable, prognostic factor.ManagementPatients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, should be staged and managed following similar guidelines than patients with EBV‐negative DLBCL. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, however, has a worse prognosis than EBV‐negative DLBCL in the era of chemoimmunotherapy. There is an opportunity to study and develop targeted therapy in the management of patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS.
Mixed‐Valent Molecular Triple Deckers
Authors: Schmidt Hauke C. , Guo Xingwei , Richard Pascal U. , Neuburger Markus , Palivan Cornelia G. , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTwo phenothiazine (PTZ) moieties were connected via naphthalene spacers to a central arene to result in stacked PTZ‐arene‐PTZ structure elements. Benzene and tetramethoxybenzene units served as central arenes mediating electronic communication between the two PTZ units. Based on cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis‐NIR absorption, EPR spectroscopy, and computational studies, the one‐electron oxidized forms of the resulting compounds behave as class II organic mixed‐valence species in which the unpaired electron is partially delocalized over both PTZ units. The barrier for intramolecular electron transfer depends on the nature of the central arene sandwiched between the two PTZ moieties. These are the first examples of rigid organic mixed‐valent triple‐decker compounds with possible electron‐transfer pathways directly across a stacked structure, and they illustrate the potential of oligo‐naphthalene building blocks for long‐range electron transfer and a future molecular electronics technology.
Regiodivergent Synthesis of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Enynes through Kinetically Favored Hydropalladation and Ligand‐Enforced Carbopalladation
Authors: Pradhan Tapas R. , Kim Hong Won , Park Jin Kyoon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPd‐catalyzed hydroalkynylations were developed that involve ligand‐enabled regiodivergent addition of an alkyne to an allenamide, giving branched and linear products stereoselectively and facilitated by the neighboring amide group. Regioselectivity was achieved with the use of (o‐OMePh)3P and BrettPhos, which allowed the functionalization of various alkynes, including steroids, carbohydrates, alkaloids, chiral ligands, and vitamins. Based on the experimental results, it was proposed that hydro‐ and carbopalladation processes operated during the formations of the branched and linear products, respectively.