bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dariba Main Lode of Rajpura-Dariba Zinc-Lead-Copper Belt, Udaipur District, Rajasthan
Authors: Chauhan D. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Dariba Main Lode is characterized by a complex assemblage of metallic sulphides and sulphosalts. Primary sedimentary fabric is evident by the occurrence of sphalerite, pyrite and occasionally galena, and rarely chalcopyrite, in the form of conformable layers, interbedded with the host rocks throughout the exposed length in the underground mine. Early diagenetic pyrite is found as tiny isolated grains as well as framboids, in which the first form is always dominating. This reflects two different pathways of pyrite formation.
Distinct mesoscopic folds are found in the bedded ores which show their general trend congruous to the "major folds of the region. ' Healed' breccias and fractures often occur associated with the folded and conformable ores in which the sulphides appear mobilized and recrystallized.
Folded pyrite-graphite schist laminites show excellently developed axial and bedding plane cleavages along which the pyrite has been recrystallized into aggregates of elongated crystals due to outlasting effect of shears. Pressure shadow structures showing elongated crystals of pyrite bordered by sphalerite and/or galena are also frequently observed along the bedding plane cleavages. Typical metablastic textures are exhibited by large euhedral crystals of pyrite and arsenopyrite and triple-point junctions shown by sphalerite and pyrite.
The ore features suggest that the Rajpura-Dariba-Bethumni deposits are essentially syn-sedimentary.
Structural Analysis of a Part of the Sausar Group Rocks in Chikla-Sitekesa Area, Bhandara District, Maharashtra
Authors: Sarkar S. N. , Gautam K. V. V. S. , Roy Sajalendu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Systematic analysis of structural geometry of a part of the Sausar Group rocks in Chikla-Sitekesa area throws new light on the tectonic pattern and evolution of the area. The country rocks mainly include Tirodi gneiss, Sitasaongi, Lohangi, Mansar, Chorbaoli and Junewani Formations and three ore-horizons of the Sausar Group in which four types of s-planes (S1-S4) and six types of linear structures (L1-L6) have been recognised.
For tectonic analysis the area has been subdivided into three sectors and 15 subareas and selective and synoptic p and lineation diagrams of megafabric elements (1500 s-planes and 516 lineations) have been critically studied along with the structural maps. The results indicate that the rocks of the area exhibit triclinic symmetry in megascopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scale with reference to all structural elements, though there are domains of monoclinic symmetry with reference to one or more fabric elements.
Kinematic analysis indicates the generation of isoclinal (B1) folds and rootless hinges with axial planes mostly dipping SSE due to rotational stress (P1) along N168°N348° with anticlockwise rotation sense when looking ENE. Considerable variation in the orientation of the first fold axes may be due to inhomogeneity of rock pile, irregular distribution of stresses and different degrees and phases of deformation. Subhorizontal stress (P2) acting along N10°-N190° with deformation plane dipping steeply westward is responsible for the generation of east to southeast plunging L5 puckers and minor (B2) folds along with steeply dipping S3 planes on S2, Stress (P3) acting along N146°-N326° seems to have generated widely spaced kink bands and gentle superimposed L6 folds on S2 in Sector-I and Sector-III and macroscopic scale anti formal B3 fold (Alesur: antiform) in Sector-II. The rocks represent B1 ? B2? B3 tectonites formed during successive deformation phases (F1-F3) of the Sausar orogenic cycle.
Structure of the Kashmir Himalaya from Deep Seismic Soundings
Authors: Kaila K. L. , Krishna V. G. , Roy Chowdhury K. , Narain Hari 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) studies carried out for the first time in the syntaxial bend of the Himalaya in Kashmir region during 1974 and 1975 have revealed the deep crustal and upper mantle structure in the region of the great Himalaya Karakorum-Pamir ranges. The Moho which is at a depth of about 45 km near Sopur changes rapidly to 54 km depth in the region of Wular lake from where it continues to go still deeper towards NNE, attaining a depth of about 64 km near Kanzalwan. Then there is a deep fault displacing Moho to a depth of 76 km, which then rises to about 62 km under the Nangaparbat shot point. Similarly the Moho, along profile 2, is found to be at a depth of about 53 km in the region about 10 km NNW of Tral going still deeper towards NNW and attaining a depth of about 64 km in the region about 17km NE of Srinagar. Further NNW, in the region of Kanzalwan, there seems to be some flattening of the Moho boundary which is at a depth of about 70km. Beyond Kanzalwan both the profiles 1 and 2, reveal a change in the dip direction on the Moho boundary which then starts rising up towards Nangaparbat. This updip of the Moho boundary in the region between Kanzalwan and Nangaparbat is an indication of the upwarp of the Moho in this region, which could be responsible for the uplift of the Nangaparbat massif. The crustal block in the Kashmir Himalayan region between Sopur and Kanzalwan and between Tral and Kanzalwan appears to be bounded by two large-angle deep-faults which extend down almost to the Moho boundary.
A number of deep reflections have been recorded along profile 3 indicating deep reflecting boundary at a depth of about 140km extending right from beneath Nangaparbat to the great Pamir ranges which is inferred as representing the top of the asthenospheric layer.
Modification of Flexural Folds by Flattening Process-Examples from the Aravalli Rocks of Zawar Mine Area, Rajasthan
Authors: Roy Ashit Baran 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Study of two broadly similar folds from the Aravalli rocks of Zawar Lead-Zinc Mines area south of Udaipur in Rajasthan, shows that the folds are tight to isoclinal with wavelength/amplitude ratio between 0.35 to 0.37. The thickened hinges and the stretched limbs (v?2/?1=0.3) of the folds, and the weakly convergent pattern of the isogon lines suggest that the folds belong to the flattened parallel type. The axial plane cleavage in the rocks is a crenulation cleavage formed by microfolding and migration of quartz from the limbs, which make an angle less than 40° with the axial surfaces of the microfolds. Although some slip has occurred along the cleavage after it formed, this slippage has not altered the shapes of the folds to any great extent. The folds are thought to have been modified by post-buckling homogeneous strain aided by migration of quartz from the limbs to the hinges of the folds.
Geomorphology of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Prudhvi Raju K. N. , Vaidyanadhan R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The major geomorphic units of the town of Visakhapatnam are the hill slope elements of free face and debris slope, along with piedmont fans, colluvium and pediment. Waltair Uplands are mainly made up of small detached hills, large accumulations of red sands, often dissected into miniature badlands, and patches of dune sands. Laterites are present both as altered product of hard rock as weIl as colluvium. The coastal zone contains stacks, wave-cut platform, beach and sand dunes. A study of logs of more than 1000 bores put in the tidal basin and features reported and observed here and elsewhere along the coast indicates that during the commencement of Holocene (since 10,000 years B.P.), the sea level might have been about 7 metres higher than the present sea level before it went down to as low as 25 metres and rising again to the present level.
The Deccan Trap Basalt Flows of the Bor Ghat Section of Central Railway
Authors: Karmarkar B. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
On the basis of their form the flows are divided into four Groups: (1) thick extensive flows of compact basalt, (2) tabular flows of amygdaloidal basalt, (3) thin irregular flows of amygdaloidal basalt; and (4) thick irregular flows of amygdaloidal basalt. Flows of Groups 1 and 2 appear to be the products of fissure type of volcanicity. The irregular form and small size of flows of Groups 3 and 4 suggest that they were formed by eruption of viscous lava in small quantities. The small basaltic intrusions found associated with these flows probably represent the cracks through which magma rose.
Two entirely different types of volcanicity dominated at different times in this area. Eruptions producing flows of Groups 3 and 4 were prevalent in the early period, while fissure type of activity producing flows of Groups 1 and 2 took place in the later period. The flows appear to have come in quick succession without any intertrappean interval.
Geology and Geochemistry of Anorthosites of Karnataka Craton and their Tectonic Significance
Authors: Ramakrishnan M. , Viswanatha M. N. , Chayapathi N. , Narayanan Kutty T. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Anorthosites of Karnataka occur in two distinct tectonic milieu, within a major arcuate zone, namely, (i) as minor differentiates of gabbro in the ultramafic-mafic complexes emplaced in Archaean high-grade supracrustal belts and the 'Dharwar type' greenstone belt of Shimoga; and (ii) as layered concordant sheets, and as cumulates in a layered basic pluton occurring within the gneissic complex of Archaean high grade terrain. Their absence in 'Keewatin type' greenstone belts and the other 'Dharwar type' belts of Bababudan and Chittadurga is probably due to their location away from the arcuate zone in Karnataka Craton. This arcuate zone reflects a progressive vertical zonation of the crust to deeper levels from northwest to southeast.
The anorthositic rocks of mafic-ultramafic complexes are nonlayered and extensively deformed, whereas those of the high grade terrain show layering and cumulus textures. In the transitional zone, the anorthositic rocks of mafic-ultramafic complexes show cumulus textures, thereby indicating a genetic connection between the anorthosites of two tectonic milieu.
Whole-rock chemistry of the anorthosites of Karnataka indicates differentiation trend of iron-poor environment comparable to other Archaean anorthosites. They are enriched in CaO and A12O3 Niggli mg against Cr or Ni shows positive correlation, corresponding to an igneous parentage for the original rock. Similarly, the plot of Niggli c against mg, c against (al-alk) and 100 mg-c-(al-alk) diagrams exhibit a well defined igneous trend. A common differentiation trend is shown by anorthosites of Karnataka, even though they occur in two distinct tectonic milieu. The singularised trends support the view that the ultramafic-mafic complexes are possibly derived by the dismembering of the basal parts of the layered complexes. The Archaean anorthosites of Karnataka, although comparable broadly to lunar anorthosites, are not related to the early history of the Earth-Moon system.
Chemical Studies on Insoluble Carbonaceous Matter from Precambrian Sediments from Onverwacht Group of South Africa by Electron Spin Resonance and X-Ray Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Karkhanis Suresh N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electron spin resonance and X-ray diffraction techniques are used to study insoluble carbonaceous matter from Precambrian sediments. Techniques for sample preparation are described. The ESR data when correlated with XRD data show striking parallelism between carbonisation of coal and organic matter during incipient metamorphism. The method is potentially applicable to studies of diagenesis and low rank metamorphism of organic matter in sediments and could be extended to study the levels of organic metamorphism to determine the thermal history of sedimentary basins.
Programme for Computation of Grain-Size Data on Programmable Desk Calculators
Authors: Bhattacharya G. C. , Hashimi N. H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The programme for computation of grain size data on the DCM desk calculators (MOSCAL-1080 PS and MICROSYSTEM 1101) is described. In these programmes the weight percentages or sample weights are used to compute standard statistical parameters by the method of moments. Details are given on data preparation and operation of the programme. A flow chart and the programme are given along with a test problem.
Geological Setting and Mineralogy of the Chromite and Some Associated Minerals of Kathapal, Dhenkanal District, Orissa
Authors: Chakraborty K. L. , Baidya Tapan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chromitite lodes are emplaced in serpentinites as banded layers, lenses or clots. The ores are high alumina chromite with RO:R2O3 ranging from 0.92 to 1.08 and formed by magmatic segregation.
Hydrothermal alteration has produced different chrome-bearing silicates like kammererite, uvarovite, chrome-amphibole, and chrome-bearing chalcedony, which occur either as transgressing veinlets in chromitites or in the interspaces between chromite grains. The primary dunite-peridotite has been altered to massive and compact serpentinite.
Volcanism in the Younger Dharwar Rocks Near Medur Dharwar District, Karnataka
Authors: Ziauddin M. , Roy Abhinaba , Biswas S. K. , Gururaja Rao T. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Andesite lavas are associated with pyroclastics and a few sheet-like porphyritic flows. The volcanism is considered to have been of mixed eruptions indicating sufficient fluidity and low gas content. The andesitic lavas are characterised by well developed pillow structure. They are interlayered with pyritiferous and carbonaceous argillites indicating volcanic eruption under submarine condition.
The lavas occupy the central part of a major refolded antiformal anticline plunging to the west. They have undergone metamorphism only up to the green-schist facies of regional metamorphism. Carbonatisation of lavas is a common feature, particularly in andesite.
An Approach to Use Repeat MSS Imageries for Vedavati Catchment in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Ramesam V. , Achutha Rao A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Of all the modern Remote Sensing Techniques, multi-spectral (MSS) imagery taken through satellites is proving to be a highly useful reconnaissance tool for earth resources evaluation studies. The synoptic view of the changes in the areal spread of surface water reservoirs, soil moisture zones etc., as provided by the repeat imageries is of particular significance to hydrologists. Though the repeat imageries were used to monitor flood effects, there does not seem to be much effort in using them for estimating the component of surface water change in the hydrological balance.
This paper illustrates an approach to estimate the changes in surface water storage in 7300 sq km of the Bhairavanithippa catchment (a part of the Vedavati River Basin) in parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The study indicates that the depression storage in a normal rainfall year may be around 95 MCM and in a drought year as low as 26 MCM. The Sources of error in these estimates can be lessened to a great extent by a Man-Machine interaction.
Archaean Geology Investigations in Southern India
Authors: Pichamuthu C. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A brief review is made of the investigations conducted on the Archaean rocks of southern India from the time of Newbold (1838) to the present. Problems connected with Dharwar stratigraphy and the relationship of Peninsular Gneiss to Dharwar schists and charnockites have given rise to considerable differences of opinion and the main features of these controversies are summarised. Much of the confusion is due to the fact that terms like 'Dharwar' and 'Peninsular Gneiss' have been used in very different senses by individual workers. Geochemical and geochronological investigations are of recent origin and have yielded some interesting results. An account is given at the end of some of the problems in Precambrian geology that are still awaiting solution in southern India.
Exploration Planning for Sandur Manganese Ores
Authors: Mishra R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Three prevailing ore types viz., stratiform, podiform and tabular deposits occur at the incidence ratio of 75:6:19. The stratiform orebodies can be designated as plenemensurate and regular; the podiform types as partimensurate and complicated; and the tabular ones as extramensurate and irregular.
Based on the study presented here, a stratiform body may be explored on 100m × 100m square grid by core-drilling for the results to remain within the confidence level of ±20%; while pediform bodies may be explored with jack hammer-cum-diamond drilling at 50m × 50m square grid and the tabular deposits at 20 m × 20m square grid with deep pits-cum-drilling for the results to remain at the same level of assurance.
Petrology and Geochemistry of a Recently Discovered Nickeliferous Serpentinite in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dissanayake C. B. , Van Riel B. J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geological and geochemical investigations of a serpentinized ultramafic body in the south of Sri Lanka have revealed the presence of nickel in the range 0.8-1.9%. Nickel is present in silicate form in the serpentine minerals. The typical tropical climate prevailing has been responsible for the formation of a deep weathering profile conducive to the residual enrichment of nickel. Cobalt, chromium and zinc are also present, though in lesser quantities when compared to nickel. The opaque minerals consisted of magnetite, chromite/picotite and other spinels. The leaching of silica and magnesium had resulted in the formation of chert, agate, chalcedony and carbonate veins respectively.
Photo-Geomorphic Features in Chintapalle Area Over Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Prudhvi Raju K. N. , Vaidyanadhan R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Study of aerial photographs of an area of about 2000 sq km around Chintapalle in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, shows that broad structural trends are clear only where there are no laterite caps. The lateritic cappings show off on higher altitudes with light tone and generally across structural trends. The cappings, aligned ENE-WSW with a general altitudinal accordance, are suggestive of their occurrence over remnants of a single planar surface. The criteria identified may be applicable elsewhere in the Eastern Ghat terrain for locating lateritic cappings. Such an exercise appears vital in the present context, as many of the laterite caps of the Eastern Ghats are proved to be good bauxite deposits.
Positive Evidence of a Precambrian Tectonic Phase in Central Nepal, Himalaya
Authors: Kumar Ravindra , Shah A. N. , Bingham D. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An angular unconformity between fossiliferous Early-Middle Palaeozoic and Precambrian rocks, yet not known in the Himalaya, has been discovered in Central Nepal. The underlying Precambrian rocks show at least one additional distinct foliation and lineation than the overlying Early-Middle Palaeozoic rocks. This deformation is attributed to a Precambrian tectonic phase.
Geochemistry and Origin of Acidic Rocks from Jaspa and Rohtang, Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Divakara Rao V. , Radhakrishna T. , Srikantia S. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geochemical investigations on the Jaspa granites and Rohtang gneisses from Himachal Pradesh indicate that the Rohtang gneisses are the migmatlsed/granltised products of the pre-existing metasediments and the Jaspa granite is an intrusive granite. Field relationship suggests that the Jaspa granite is a post-tectonic intrusive while the migmatisation/granltisation of the gneisses appear to be pre-and syntectonic and might have continued into the post-tectonic period.
An Outline of the Structural Set-Up of the Kumaun Himalaya
Authors: Valdiya K. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Kumaun Himalaya embraces all the four Himalayan physiographic-geologic subprovinces. (1) The northern Tethys Zone constituted of Late Precambrian to Cretaceous sediments, is demarcated against the Great Himalaya to the south by the steeply-dipping Malari Thrust. This synclinorial zone, exhibiting Jura-type folding, is split up by imbricate thrusts in northeastern Kumaun giving rise to schuppen structures. Along the indo-Tibetan border, large-scale thrusting has brought Ophiolitic melange and a sheet of ultrabasics of the Kailas-Mansarovar area in Tibet over the Cretaceous flysch of Malla Johar. (2) The Great Himalaya is a colossal tectonic slab of the granite-injected katazonal early Precambrian metamorphics of the Vaikrita Group penetrated by Tertiary granite. It is demarcated by the Malari and Vaikrita thrusts. Exhibiting homoclinal structure, the Great Himalaya is characterized by plastic deformation and fluidal folding throughout its extent. The Valkrita Thrust marks abrupt change in the grade of metamorphism from the katazonal metamorphics to epizonal metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan Munsiari Formation at the base. (3) The mylonitized and retrograded metamorphics and Precambrian augen gneisses and synkinematic granodiorites of the Munsiari Formation, sandwiched between the Vaikrita and Munsiari Thrusts at the base of the Great Himalaya, represent the root of the Almora Nappe and its four klippen that cover vast areas of the Lesser Himalaya in the eastern half of Kumaun. The Munsiari extends northwest to Join up with the Jutogh of Himachal Pradesh. Imbricately underlying the Almora nappe iS the second thrust sheet of weakly metamorphosed early Riphean flysch penetrated by voluminous granitic porphyroids of the Ramgarh Group. The northwestern prolongation of this nappe is involved, together With the underlying quartzites, in tectonic imbricate-splitting. One of the sheets of this schuppen zone extends northwest to join up With the Chail Nappe of Himachal. In the inner Lesser Himalaya the crystalline klippen are underlain by a vast thrust sheet of Berinag quartzites (=Nagthat Formation) and penecontemporaneous basic volcanics. This Berinag Nappe is the base-cut and beheaded northern extension of stupendous Krol Nappe that imbricately underlies the Ramgarh and/or Almora nappes of the outer Lesser Himalaya. The synclinorial Krol Nappe comprises, in addition to the lithological Unit of the Berinag Nappe several other formations. Under the nappes in the inner Lesser Himalaya complexly folded and faulted autochthonous Early Riphean flysch (Damtha Group) and Middle Riphean to Vendian Tejam Group (Deoban + Mandhali Formations) are exposed. (4) The molasse subprovince of the Siwalik is an autochthon, separated from the Ganga plams presumably by a deep Himalayan Frontal Fault. The single-range homoclinal Slwalik Unit of eastern sector splits up westward into two major ranges showmg Jura-type folding and thrusting with the intervening synclines filled With subrecent gravels, giving rise to intermontane flat plains or 'duns'.