bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Evaluation of Unsaturated‐Zone Flow and Transport Pathways at Rainier Mesa, Nevada
Authors: Kwicklis Edward , Lu Zhiming , Middleton Richard , Miller Terry , Bourret Suzanne , Birdsell Kay 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Permeability contrasts in layered rocks can result in perched water and lateral flow.
Diversion of water above the testing horizon slows the downward transport of radionuclides.
Permeable rocks within saturated rocks of lower permeability can remain unsaturated.
Sixty‐one underground nuclear tests were conducted at Rainier Mesa at the Nevada National Security Site between 1957 and 1992. The mesa includes the highest‐elevation areas at the Nevada National Security Site and experiences some of the highest estimated infiltration rates. Perched water is ubiquitous in many of the tunnels used for testing. The presence of sloping layers with strongly varying degrees of fracturing and overall permeability suggests that some infiltrating water may be diverted laterally along higher‐permeability layers, thereby reducing overall percolation flux and radionuclide transport through the low‐permeability testing horizons but also potentially transporting radionuclides laterally away from the test locations. A high‐resolution, two‐dimensional, cross‐sectional model was created to simulate water and particle movement along potential lateral flow paths and to investigate flow and transport paths within and surrounding the perched water bodies. The model results indicate that particles with starting locations within the low‐permeability perching layers will follow dominantly vertical trajectories through the perching horizons and reach the water table in the underlying carbonate aquifer only after many thousands of years. In contrast, particles starting near ground surface above the testing horizon are mostly diverted laterally before reaching the testing horizon, except where nearby faults through the perching layers are present. Where the rock above the perching horizon is fractured, particles originating near ground surface can move laterally with relatively high transport velocities. Transport calculations for 3H show that transport extent is limited by slow matrix flow, radioactive decay, and matrix diffusion in the fractured units.
GUERRA TOTAL E A ORDEM JURIDICA INTERNACIONAL
Authors: Guerra Sidney Cesar Silva , Almeida Lucas Leiroz 
Published: August 2019

Desde os seus primórdios a humanidade sempre conviveu com o conceito de Guerra. A intolerância, o egoísmo, a falta de amor ao próximo conduziram a raça humana para muitas contendas que indubitavelmente acabam por resultar em danos irreversíveis para milhares de pessoas.
Na guerra não se faz outra coisa senão lutar e essa luta é feita com armas. Portanto, houve a necessidade de se estabelecer regramento próprio para a mesma na esfera do direito internacional.
A tentativa de se abolir a guerra do seio da sociedade mundial é extremamente difícil, fazendo com que os Estados adotem medidas para minimizar as atrocidades praticadas quando da eclosão de um conflito bélico, surgindo as normas provenientes do jus in bellum.
Iniciados os atos de hostilidade, o jus in bellum é imediatamente acionado na ordem jurídica internacional, tendo em vista ser o conjunto de normas que deverão ser observadas durante o conflito, incluindo o tratamento aplicado pelos Estados beligerantes, aos enfermos, feridos, prisioneiros, população civil, assim como aos combatentes e não combatentes.
O jus ad bellum (direito à guerra) consiste no direito de fazer a guerra quando esta se apresentar com subsídios para sua legitimação (justa). Hodiernamente o direito à guerra se apresenta na ordem jurídica internacional como um ilícito, salvo duas hipóteses previstas na Carta das Nações Unidas: legítima defesa coletiva ou individual e autorização do uso da força junto ao Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas.
Neste estudo, o principal objetivo será o de apresentar uma abordagem do ordenamento jurídico internacional contemporâneo, a partir do conceito militar, histórico e geopolítico de Guerra Total (Totaler Krieg). O advento deste novo tipo de Guerra no Século XX e as experiências registradas entre 1914 e 1945 fornecem valiosos dados para a compreensão da natureza do Direito Internacional em sua forma moderna.
A VISÃO GARANTISTA ACERCA DAS PROVAS ILÍCITAS NO ÂMBITO CRIMINAL
Authors: Amaral de Figueiredo Brambilla Taciany 
Published: August 2019

Este artigo pretende esclarecer como o sistema garantista idealizado por Luigi Ferrajoli entende a questão relativa as provas ilícitas na seara criminal. A problemática a ser elucidada é entender se esta modalidade de provas no aspecto penal encontra abrigo na teoria do garantismo, a qual é voltada para o Estado democrático de direito. Para que esta análise fosse efetivada, traçou-se um panorama acerca do projeto garantista, posteriormente foi contemplada a temática envolvendo provas ilícitas na qual se verificou, ainda, as finalidades da proibição desta prova. Ao fim se estabeleceu um paralelo envolvendo as duas categorias estudadas para se verificar sua compatibilidade. Ressalta-se que os resultados encontrados são centrados na inconformidade desta modalidade probatória com a filosofia política do sistema garantista, a qual delineia todas as matizes garantistas. Utilizou-se a abordagem dedutiva e indutiva a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica, na qual a análise de dados se realizou mediante a análise de conteúdo para a produção de uma pesquisa com finalidade descritiva. Foi escolhida com marco teórico obra Direito e Razão (2002), de Ferrajoli para o exame do estado garantista.

Palavras-chave: Sistema garantista; Provas ilícitas; Estado democrático de direito.
ESCRITOS SOBRE O CUSCUZ
Authors: Formighieri Rubia Carla Giordani , Bezerra Islandia Bezerra , Carvalho Soraia Martins de 
Published: August 2019

O texto propõe dialogar sobre a preparação do cuscuz como alimento identitário marcador de tradições alimentares regionais agora ameaçado diante dos avanços da transgenia na agricultura e do estabelecimento de modelos de consumo pela difusão massiva de produto da indústria alimentícia que se propõe substituir esta comida/preparação de raiz. Procura-se situar o debate no campo político da Soberania e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SSAN) na medida em que toma-se como horizonte teórico a crítica ao sistema agroalimentar hegemônico com suas contradições e riscos intrínsecos à sua reprodução. Por meio de um ensaio teórico procurou-se pensar, a partir destas questões, nas imbricações entre modernidade alimentar e cultura alimentar local com seusefeitos simbólicos e ideológicos na conformação da alimentação na sociedade contemporânea. O texto está dividido em quatro partes: Cuscuz:legado histórico e identidade gustativa;O que é isto que estamos comendo?As aparências e os sentidos; Entre riscos, incertezas e avanços dos alimentos transgênicos: o que há por trás de um cuscuz oriundo do milho geneticamente modificado; e Soberania e Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional: caminhos para a preservação da comida culturalmente referenciada de direitos culturais e do Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada. Este artigo desvenda questões importantes, que afetam a todos os brasileiros e brasileiras, diante do cenário atual de poder, influência e controle dos grandes conglomerados de empresas transnacionais do ramo de alimentos que possuem - na transgenia - seu potencial de lucro sobre as famílias agricultoras, consumidores e consumidoras e o poder público. Para além do risco à saúde e do meio ambiente, muitas outras questões estão em jogo. A insegurança política, social e econômica coloca em risco também a soberania e a segurança alimentar e nutricional do país.
The Metabolism and Disposition of Koumine, Gelsemine and Humantenmine from Gelsemium
Authors: Wang Zi-Yuan , Zuo Meng-Ting , Liu Zhao-Ying 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Gelsemium is a toxic flowering plant of the Gelsemiaceae family. It is used to treat skin
diseases in China, and it is an important medicinal and homeopathic plant in North America. Up to now, more than
200 compounds have been isolated and reported from Gelsemium. More than 120 of these are indole alkaloids, including
the main components, koumine, gelsemine and humantenmine which produce the pharmacological and toxicological
effects of Gelsemium. However, their clinical application their limited by its narrow therapeutic window.
Therefore, it is very important to study the metabolism and disposition of indole alkaloids from Gelsemium before
their clinical application. This paper reviews all the reports on the metabolism and disposition of alkaloids isolated
from Gelsemium at home and abroad.

Methods:
The metabolism and disposition of alkaloids from Gelsemium were searched by the Web of Science,
NCBI, PubMed and some Chinese literature databases.

Results:
Only koumine, gelsemine and humantenmine have been reported, and few other alkaloids have been described.
These studies indicated that the three indole alkaloids are absorbed rapidly, widely distributed in tissues,
extensively metabolized and rapidly eliminated. There are species differences in the metabolism of these alkaloids,
which is the reason for the differences in their toxicity in animals and humans.

Conclusion:
This review not only explains the pharmacokinetics of indole alkaloids from Gelsemium but also facilitates
further study on their metabolism and mechanism of toxicity.
Biodegradable Polyester of Poly (Ethylene glycol)-sebacic Acid as a Backbone for β -Cyclodextrin-polyrotaxane: A Promising Gene Silencing Vector
Authors: Ghodke Sharwari , Mahajan Prajakta , Gupta Kritika , Ver Avadhani Chilukuri , Dandekar Prajakta , Jain Ratnesh 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Polyrotaxane, a macromolecular interlocked assembly, consisting of cyclodextrin
has excellent inclusion capabilities and functionalization capacity, which makes it a versatile
material as a vector for gene delivery applications.

Objective:
A biodegradable linear aliphatic polyester axle composed of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
and Sebacic Acid (SA) was used to fabricate the β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) based polyrotaxane as a cationic
polymeric vector and evaluated for its potential gene silencing efficiency.

Methods:
The water-soluble aliphatic polyester was synthesized by the solvent esterification process
and characterized using viscometry, GPC, FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized polyester
was further evaluated for its biodegradability and cellular cytotoxicity. Hence, this water-soluble
polyester was used for the step-wise synthesis of polyrotaxane, via threading and blocking reactions.
Threading of β-CD over PEG-SA polyester axle was conducted in water, followed by end-capping of
polypseudorotaxane using 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid to yield polyester-based polyrotaxane.
For gene delivery application, cationic polyrotaxane (PRTx+) was synthesized and evaluated for its
gene loading and gene silencing efficiency.

Results and Discussion:
The resulting novel macromolecular assembly was found to be safe for use in
biomedical applications. Further, characterization by GPC and 1H NMR techniques revealed successful
formation of PE-β-CD-PRTx with a threading efficiency of 16%. Additionally, the cellular cytotoxicity
assay indicated biosafety of the synthesized polyrotaxane, exploring its potential for gene delivery
and other biomedical applications. Further, the biological profile of PRTx+: siRNA complexes
was evaluated by measuring their zeta potential and gene silencing efficiency, which were found to be
comparable to Lipofectamine 3000, the commercial transfecting agent.

Conclusion:
The combinatory effect of various factors such as biodegradability, favourable complexation
ability, near zero zeta potentials, good cytotoxicity properties of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacic
acid based β-Cyclodextrin-polyrotaxane makes it a promising gene delivery vector for therapeutic applications.
Characteristics of Natural Killer Cell Interaction with Trophoblast Cells During Pregnancy
Authors: Bazhenov Dmitry Olegovich , Khokhlova Evgeniya Valerevna , Viazmina Larisa Pavlovna , Furaeva Kseniya Nikolaevna , Mikhailova Valentina Anatolievna , Kostin Nikolay Anatolievich , Selkov Sergey Alekseevich , Sokolov Dmitry Igorevich 
Published: August 2019

Background::Maternal natural killer cells (NK cells) are a prevailing leukocyte population in the uteroplacental bed. Current descriptions of the effect of cytokines from the placental microenvironment on the expression of receptors by trophoblast and NK cells are inadequate and contradictory. There is insufficient information about the ability of NK cells to migrate through trophoblast cells.Objective::To assess the impact of conditioned media obtained during culturing of placentas from the first and the third trimesters of healthy pregnancies on the phenotype of trophoblast and NK cells and impact on adhesion and transmigration of NK cells through trophoblast cell layer.Results::We established that conditioned media obtained from both first and third trimester placentas increased the intensity of CD106, CD49e, CD49a, CD31, CD51/61, and integrin β6 expression by trophoblast cells. Conditioned media obtained from first trimester placentas increased the intensity of CD11a, CD29, CD49d, CD58, CD29 expression by NK cells. The presence of conditioned media from third trimester placentas resulted in more intense CD29, CD49d, CD11a, CD29, CD49d, and CD58 expression by NK cells. Migration of NK cells through trophoblast cells in the presence of conditioned media from first trimester placentas was increased compared with the migration level in the presence of conditioned media from third trimester placentas. This may be associated with increased expression of CD18 by NK cells.Conclusion::First trimester placental secretory products increase adhesion receptor expression by both trophoblast and NK cells. Under these conditions, trophoblast is capable of ensuring NK cell adhesion and transmigration.
Post-Streptococcal Reactive Arthritis
Authors: Bawazir Yasser , Towheed Tanveer , Anastassiades Tassos 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
Post-Streptococcal Reactive Arthritis (PSRA) is defined as inflammatory
arthritis of ≥1 joint associated with a recent group A streptococcal infection in a patient who does
not fulfill the Jones criteria for the diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF).

Methods:
In this narrative review, we conducted a systematic search on MEDLINE, EMBASE,
Cochrane Library and Google Scholar using the words poststreptococcal reactive arthritis. The
search covered the time period between 1982 and 2016. The purpose of this review is to summarize
the current state of knowledge of PSRA with respect to the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation
and treatment. We also summarize the key differences between PSRA, reactive arthritis
(ReA) and ARF.

Results:
PSRA has a bimodal age distribution at ages 8-14 and 21-37 years with an almost equal
male to female ratio. Clinically, it causes acute asymmetrical non-migratory polyarthritis, however,
tenosynovitis and small joint arthritis may occur. This disease entity can be associated with extraarticular
manifestations, including erythema nodosum, uveitis and glomerulonephritis. The frequency
of HLA-B27 in PSRA does not differ from that of the normal population, which suggests
that it is a separate entity from ReA. Involvement of the axial skeleton, including sacroiliitis, is uncommon
in PSRA. PSRA tends to occur within 10 days of a group A streptococcal infection, as
opposed to the 2 to 3 weeks delay for ARF. PSRA can be associated with prolonged or recurrent
arthritis, in contrast to ARF, in which arthritis usually lasts a few days to 3 weeks. Treatment usually
involves NSAIDs or corticosteroids.

Conclusion:
We summarize clinical features that help differentiate PSRA from ARF and ReA.
First-line treatment options include NSAIDs and corticosteroids. Most cases resolve spontaneously
within a few weeks, but some cases are recurrent or prolonged. There are no published randomized
controlled trials of PSRA.
SDResU-Net: Separable and Dilated Residual U-Net for MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation
Authors: Zhang Jianxin , Lv Xiaogang , Sun Qiule , Zhang Qiang , Wei Xiaopeng , Liu Bin 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Glioma is one of the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors
that endanger human health. Tumors segmentation is a key step in assisting the diagnosis and
treatment of cancer disease. However, it is a relatively challenging task to precisely segment tumors
considering characteristics of brain tumors and the device noise. Recently, with the breakthrough
development of deep learning, brain tumor segmentation methods based on fully convolutional
neural network (FCN) have illuminated brilliant performance and attracted more and more
attention.

Methods:
In this work, we propose a novel FCN based network called SDResU-Net for brain tumor
segmentation, which simultaneously embeds dilated convolution and separable convolution
into residual U-Net architecture. SDResU-Net introduces dilated block into a residual U-Net architecture,
which largely expends the receptive field and gains better local and global feature descriptions
capacity. Meanwhile, to fully utilize the channel and region information of MRI brain
images, we separate the internal and inter-slice structures of the improved residual U-Net by employing
separable convolution operator. The proposed SDResU-Net captures more pixel-level details
and spatial information, which provides a considerable alternative for the automatic and accurate
segmentation of brain tumors.

Results and Conclusion:
The proposed SDResU-Net is extensively evaluated on two public MRI
brain image datasets, i.e., BraTS 2017 and BraTS 2018. Compared with its counterparts and stateof-
the-arts, SDResU-Net gains superior performance on both datasets, showing its effectiveness.
In addition, cross-validation results on two datasets illuminate its satisfying generalization ability.
Identification of Novel Human Serum Albumin (SA) Inhibitors from Scoparia Dulsis for Urolithiasis
Authors: Shaji Divya 
Published: August 2019

Background::Urolithiasis is the process of forming stones in the kidney, bladder, and/or urinary tract. It has been reported that kidney stones are the third most common disorder among urinary diseases. At present, surgical procedures and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) are commonly employed for the treatment of Urolithiasis. The major drawback of these procedures is the recurrence of stones.Methods:This study aimed to identify potential natural inhibitors against human Serum Albumin (SA) from the plant Scoparia Dulsis for Urolithiasis. As protein-ligand interactions play a key role in structure- based drug design, this study screened 26 compounds from Scoparia Dulsis and investigated their binding affinity against SA by using molecular docking. The three dimensional (3D) structure of SA was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and docked with PubChem structures of 26 compounds using PyRX docking tool through Autodock Vina. Moreover, a 3D similarity search on the PubChem database was performed to find the analogs of best scored compound and docking studies were performed. Drug-likeness studies were made using Swiss ADME and Lipinski’s rule of five was performed for the compounds to evaluate their anti-urolithiatic activity.Results:The results showed that citrusin c (Eugenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside) exhibited best binding energy of -8.1 kcal/mol with SA followed by aphidicolin, apigenin, luteolin and scutellarein. Two compounds (PubChem CID 46186820, PubChem CID 21579141) analogous to citrusin c were selected based on the lowest binding energy.Conclusion:This study, therefore, reveals that these compounds could be promising candidates for further evaluation for Urolithiasis prevention or management.
Automated Brain Tumor Segmentation from MRI Images using Morphometric Algorithms
Authors: Senthilkumar C. , Gnanamurthy R.K. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Image segmentation plays a vital role in clinical study and in diagnosing
the stages of diseases. The hospitals are marching towards filmless imaging process in par with
digital film technology.

Materials and Methods:
The paper proposes a novel method based on morphometric segmentation
algorithm with Region of Interest (ROI). The core objective is to detect better segmentation
of a brain tumor from an MRI image for a clinical study.

Results and Conclusion:
A set of experiment has been performed for the analysis of the proposed
work on several MRI images. The proposed morphometric segmentation method provides better
accuracy on segmentation of tumor image from the input MRI image.
A Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Bionic Kangaroo Leg Suspension
Authors: Song Yong , Liu Shichuang , Che Jiangxuan , Lian Jinyi , Li Zhanlong , Shi Qinglu 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Vehicles generally travel on different road conditions, and withstand strong
shock and vibration. In order to reduce or isolate the strong shock and vibration, it is necessary to propose
and develop a high-performance vehicle suspension system.

Objective:
This study aims to report a pneumatic artificial muscle bionic kangaroo leg suspension to
improve the comfort performance of vehicle suspension system.

Methods:
In summarizing the existing vehicle suspension systems and analyzing their advantages and
disadvantages, this paper introduces a new patent of vehicle suspension system based on the excellent
damping and buffering performance of kangaroo leg, A Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Bionic Kangaroo
Leg Suspension. According to the biomimetic principle, the pneumatic artificial muscles bionic kangaroo
leg suspension with equal bone ratio is constructed on the basis of the kangaroo leg crural index,
and two working modes (passive and active modes) are designed for the suspension. Moreover, the
working principle of the suspension system is introduced, and the rod system equations for the suspension
structure are built up. The characteristic simulation model of this bionic suspension is established
in Adams, and the vertical performance is analysed.

Results:
It is found that the largest deformation happens in the bionic heel spring and the largest angle
change occurs in the bionic ankle joint under impulse road excitation, which is similar to the dynamic
characteristics of kangaroo leg. Furthermore, the dynamic displacement and the acceleration of the
vehicle body are both sharply reduced.

Conclusion:
The simulation results show that the comfort performance of this bionic suspension is
excellent under the impulse road excitation, which indicates the bionic suspension structure is feasible
and reasonable to be applied to vehicle suspensions.
Evaluating the implementation of English communication therapy (ECT): An objective structured clinical assessment (OSCA) approach
Authors: Yogawati Nursanti Dwi , Widihastuti W. 
Published: August 2019

This study is aimed at evaluating the implementation of the English Communication Therapy (ECT) instructional program oriented to the Objective Structured Clinical Assessment (OSCA) for the students of the D-3 Nursing Study Program at STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah, Cilacap. Three research problems are put forward concerning (1) the fit of the program in terms of the variables context, input, process, and product; (2) obstacles faced by students; and (3) attainment of the ECT learning objectives. The study is evaluation research using the qualitative and quantitative CIPP model. The research subjects are 168 students of the Nursing Study Program of STIKES Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah. Data were collected using interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The findings show that (1) evaluation of the four variables of context, input, process, and product shows that ECT can be stated as in the good or fit category; (2) main obstacles faced by students are lack of vocabulary and low level of self-confidence; and (3) students are able to achieve the passing grade of 74 at each station on the competency of English speaking about nursing matters.