bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting a potential safety signal of antidepressants and type 2 diabetes: a pharmacovigilance‐pharmacodynamic study
Authors: Siafis Spyridon , Papazisis Georgios 
Published: June 2018

AimsRecent data suggest that antidepressants are associated with incident diabetes but the possible pharmacological mechanism is still questioned. The aim of the present study was to evaluate antidepressant's risk for reporting diabetes using disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse events spontaneous reporting system (FAERS) database and to investigate possible receptor/transporter mechanisms involved.MethodsData from 2004 to 2017 were analysed using OpenVigil2 and adjusted reporting odds ratio (aROR) for reporting diabetes was calculated for 22 antidepressants. Events included in the narrow scope of the SMQ ‘hyperglycaemia/new‐onset diabetes mellitus’ were defined as cases and all the other events as non‐cases. The pharmacodynamic profile was extracted using the PDSP and IUPHAR/BPS databases and the occupancy on receptors (serotonin, alpha adrenoreceptors, dopamine, muscarinic, histamine) and transporters (SERT, NET, DAT) was estimated. The relationship between aROR for diabetes and receptor occupancy was investigated with Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and univariate linear regression.ResultsSix antidepressants were associated with diabetes: nortriptyline with aROR [95% CI] of 2.01 [1.41–2.87], doxepin 1.97 [1.31–2.97], imipramine 1.82 [1.09–3.06], sertraline 1.47 [1.29–1.68], mirtazapine 1.33 [1.04–1.69] and amitriptyline 1.31 [1.09–1.59]. Strong positive correlation coefficients between occupancy and aROR for diabetes were identified for the receptors M1, M3, M4, M5 and H1.ConclusionMost of the tricyclic antidepressants, mirtazapine and sertraline seem to be associated with reporting diabetes in FAERS. Higher degrees of occupancy on muscarinic receptors and H1 may be a plausible pharmacological mechanism. Further clinical assessment and pharmacovigilance data is needed to validate this potential safety signal.
Role of immune cells in hypertension
Authors: Caillon Antoine , Paradis Pierre , Schiffrin Ernesto L 
Published: June 2018

Inflammatory processes have been shown to play an important role in the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Innate and adaptive immune responses participate in BP elevation and end‐organ damage. Here, we discuss recent studies focusing on novel inflammatory and immune mechanisms that play roles in BP elevation. Different subpopulations of cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, such as dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages and NK cells, on the one hand, and B and T lymphocytes, on the other, contribute to the vascular and kidney injury in hypertension. Unconventional innate‐like T cells such as γδ T cells also participate in hypertensive mechanisms by priming both innate and adaptive immune cells, contributing to trigger vascular inflammation and BP elevation. These cells exert their effects in part via production of various cytokines including pro‐inflammatory IFN‐γ and IL‐17 and anti‐inflammatory IL‐10. The present review summarizes some of these immune mechanisms that participate in the pathophysiology of hypertension.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
Tricyclic amine antidepressants suppress β‐lactam resistance in methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by repressing mRNA levels of key resistance genes
Authors: Gillard Kyra , Miller Heather B. , Blackledge Meghan S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the leading cause of recurrent infections in humans including endocarditis, pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome. Novel therapeutics to treat MRSA and other resistant bacteria are urgently needed. Adjuvant therapy, which uses a non‐toxic compound to repotentiate the toxic effects of an existing antibiotic, is an attractive response to the growing resistance crisis. Herein, we describe the evaluation of structurally related, FDA‐approved tricyclic amine antidepressants that selectively repotentiate MRSA to β‐lactam antibiotics. Our results identify important structural features of the tricyclic amine class for β‐lactam adjuvant activity. Furthermore, we describe the mechanism of action for our lead compound, amoxapine, and illustrate that it represses the mRNA levels of key β‐lactam resistance genes in response to β‐lactam treatment. This work is novel in that it highlights an important class of small molecules with the ability to simultaneously inhibit production of both β‐lactamase and penicillin binding protein 2a.
Hip Hop Matters: Race, Space, and Islam in Chicago
Authors: Abdul Khabeer Su'ad 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this article I examine pious Muslim placemaking against the backdrop of race and class tensions in the United States. I contend that ideologies of anti‐Blackness converge with pious Muslim space and placemaking practices to create a moralized division of space for Chicago Muslims. Specifically, I look at the ways that pious Muslim placemaking in Chicago suburbs by Muslim immigrant parents is entangled in elisions of race and class in the US. I show that whereas a generation of Muslim parents pursued a pious Muslim life in proximity to a White, middle‐class, American dream, groups of young Muslim activists are making Muslim space and place through Blackness in the 'hood. I argue that young Muslim activists embrace hip hop's remaking of space and place to remap the pious geographies of Muslims in Chicago and challenge conceptions of pious Muslim identity that are inflected with anti‐Blackness. I demonstrate how these young Muslims find value in Blackness, as an ethic of social justice and an exemplar of Muslim piety, to contest hegemonic isomorphisms of race, space, place, and morality. Thus, I argue that by reclaiming and remaking space and place, young Muslims oppose anti‐Black racism found within broader US society as well as within the entrenched divisions of pious Muslim space in Chicago.
Minimal clinically important difference for the 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test in medically managed patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Phillips Katie M. , Hoehle Lloyd P. , Caradonna David S. , Gray Stacey T. , Sedaghat Ahmad R. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) in individuals undergoing medical management for their chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).DesignProspective observational study.SettingAcademic, tertiary care centre.ParticipantsA total of 247 adults undergoing medical management for CRS.Main outcome measureAt enrolment, participants completed a SNOT‐22. At a subsequent follow‐up visit, 2‐12 months after enrolment, participants also completed a SNOT‐22. At follow‐up, participants also rated the change in their sinus symptoms and general health as “Much worse,” “A little worse,” “About the same,” “A little better” or “Much better” compared with enrolment; these two questions were used as sinus symptom and general health anchor questions, respectively. The SNOT‐22 MCID was calculated using distribution‐based, anchor‐based and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve‐based methods.ResultsUsing the distribution‐based method, the SNOT‐22 MCID was 11.6. Using the sinus symptom anchor question, the SNOT‐22 MCID was 10.5; applying the ROC method to the sinus symptom anchor yielded an MCID of 12.5. In comparison, using the general health anchor question, the SNOT‐22 MCID was 8.3; applying the ROC method to the sinus symptom anchor yielded an MCID of 17.5. In all cases, the calculated MCID had a sensitivity of approximately 50‐60% and specificity of approximately 80‐90%.ConclusionsBased on our results, we propose a SNOT‐22 MCID of 12 in medically managed patients with CRS. The MCID, while specific, was not sensitive for identifying patients with CRS experiencing a noticeable improvement in sinus symptoms or general health.
Translating the ICAP Theory of Cognitive Engagement Into Practice
Authors: Chi Michelene T. H. , Adams Joshua , Bogusch Emily B. , Bruchok Christiana , Kang Seokmin , Lancaster Matthew , Levy Roy , Li Na , McEldoon Katherine L. , Stump Glenda S. , Wylie Ruth , Xu Dongchen , Yaghmourian David L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractICAP is a theory of active learning that differentiates students’ engagement based on their behaviors. ICAP postulates that Interactive engagement, demonstrated by co‐generative collaborative behaviors, is superior for learning to Constructive engagement, indicated by generative behaviors. Both kinds of engagement exceed the benefits of Active or Passive engagement, marked by manipulative and attentive behaviors, respectively. This paper discusses a 5‐year project that attempted to translate ICAP into a theory of instruction using five successive measures: (a) teachers’ understanding of ICAP after completing an online module, (b) their success at designing lesson plans using different ICAP modes, (c) fidelity of teachers’ classroom implementation, (d) modes of students’ enacted behaviors, and (e) students’ learning outcomes. Although teachers had minimal success in designing Constructive and Interactive activities, students nevertheless learned significantly more in the context of Constructive than Active activities. We discuss reasons for teachers’ overall difficulty in designing and eliciting Interactive engagement.
Ipsilateral versus contralateral placement of the pancreas allograft in pancreas after kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Yin Hang , Arpali Emre , Leverson Glen E. , Sollinger Hans W. , Kaufman Dixon B. , Odorico Jon S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn a diabetic, uremic kidney transplant recipient that may receive a future pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplant, the kidney is typically implanted on the left side in anticipation of the subsequent pancreas transplant on the right side. In this study, we sought to determine if ipsilateral PAK (iPAK) is as safe as contralateral PAK (cPAK).MethodsThe 115 PAK transplants (iPAK n = 57, cPAK n = 58) were performed from 1997‐2010 and results were compared between the groups.ResultsKidney graft survival and pancreas graft survival was similar between the two groups. Kidney graft function according to serum creatinine and eGFR was not different between the cPAK and the iPAK groups and there were no episodes of kidney graft thrombosis in either group. Subgroup analyses focusing on donor source also did not show worse outcomes for graft survivals in iPAK group when compared to cPAK group.ConclusionsPancreas and kidney graft survival in PAK transplants is unaffected by the surgical procedure and iPAK is safe.
Contemporary Art, the Archive and Curatorship: Possible Dialogues
Authors: Arantes Priscila 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn recent years, a growing number of artists have been drawn to working with the documents and testimonies in archive collections to produce work that dialogs with historical events and the history of art itself. This article aims for an understanding of how and why a strand of contemporary art practice – or, more precisely, of present‐day Brazilian art – has been exploring issues that traverse the archive and the act of archiving, and how that focus has impacted on museum practice. The article explores the theme of the archive and takes as its starting point the work of artists such as Rosângela Rennó and Mabé Bethônico, among others, and exhibitions hosted by contemporary art museums. Its five sections examine the concept of archive fever, archives and history, artists who work with archival material, archives and exhibitions, and archives and the contemporary art museum. The article concludes by looking at how this work has implications for the strategies adopted by collections and for archive management.
The Innovative Educational Thought of Jane Roland Martin: A Review Essay
Authors: Mulcahy D. G. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTD. G. Mulcahy highlights some of Jane Roland Martin's major contributions to the field of philosophy of education in this review essay. He focuses on several of Martin's better‐known works — including Reclaiming a Conversation, The Schoolhome, Changing the Educational Landscape, Coming of Age in Academe, Educational Metamorphoses, and School Was Our Life — tracing through them the development of her reconceptualization of the idea of a liberal education from the early1980s to the present day. Viewing Martin's contribution from the perspective of liberal education, he contends, underscores the optimistic spirit of her work as well as its originality and significance for the theory of education as a whole. Mulcahy gives particular attention to these elements of Martin's thought: the importance she attributes to educating the young for active participation in the world and not mere observation of it; her analysis of the range and complexity of our cultural wealth; her concept of a gender‐sensitive education; and her emphasis on the unique contribution of the experience of women to education. Martin's substantial body of work, Mulcahy concludes, stands as a compelling alternative to mainstream educational theorizing, one that offers hope for the potential of educational renewal.
Stable isotopes and gut contents indicate differential resource use by coexisting asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)
Authors: Vašek Mojmír , Eloranta Antti P. , Vejříková Ivana , Blabolil Petr , Říha Milan , Jůza Tomáš , Šmejkal Marek , Matěna Josef , Kubečka Jan , Peterka Jiří 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDifferential use of habitat and prey resources is an important mechanism that may allow coexistence of sympatric species. Unlike interactions between smaller cyprinid and percid fishes, the resource use by coexisting predatory asp (Leuciscus aspius) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is relatively unknown. Here, gut content and stable isotope analyses were used to study ontogenetic dietary shifts and interspecific trophic niche overlap between asp and pikeperch coexisting in two reservoirs. The hypothesis that both species show an ontogenetic dietary shift from small invertebrates to large fish prey, but at the same time use different prey resources to reduce potential competitive interactions, was validated. The isotopic niches of the two predators showed no, or only a moderate, degree of overlap (0%–65%). The ontogenetic changes in the degree of interspecific isotopic niche overlap were different in the two reservoirs, suggesting that trophic segregation can be dynamic and variable among systems. Gut contents revealed that small (<100 mm standard length) asp consumed mostly terrestrial invertebrates and emerged aquatic insects, whereas small pikeperch foraged on zooplankton, larval and pupal stages of aquatic insects and fish. Larger individuals (>100 mm) of both species were predominantly piscivorous, with asp consuming more cyprinid prey and pikeperch more percid prey. Coexisting asp and pikeperch populations are able to utilise different prey resources, thereby reducing potential negative competitive interactions.
Potential oscillators and keystone modules in food webs
Authors: Kadoya Taku , Gellner Gabriel , McCann Kevin S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFood web theory suggests that the placement of a weak interaction is critical such that under some conditions even one well‐placed weak interaction can stabilise multiple strong interactions. This theory suggests that complex stable webs may be built from pivotal weak interactions such that the removal of even one to a few keystone interactions can have significant cascading impacts on whole system diversity and structure. However, the connection between weak interactions, derived from the theory of modular food web components, and keystone species, derived from empirical results, is not yet well understood. Here, we develop numerical techniques to detect potential oscillators hidden in complex food webs, and show that, both in random and real food webs, keystone consumer–resource interactions often operate to stabilise them. Alarmingly, this result suggests that nature frequently may be dangerously close to precipitous change with even the loss of one or a few weakly interacting species.
Spatial heterogeneity in species composition constrains plant community responses to herbivory and fertilisation
Authors: Hodapp Dorothee , Borer Elizabeth T. , Harpole W. Stanley , Lind Eric M. , Seabloom Eric W. , Adler Peter B. , Alberti Juan , Arnillas Carlos A. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Biederman Lori , Cadotte Marc , Cleland Elsa E. , Collins Scott , Fay Philip A. , Firn Jennifer , Hagenah Nicole , Hautier Yann , Iribarne Oscar , Knops Johannes M. H. , McCulley Rebecca L. , MacDougall Andrew , Moore Joslin L. , Morgan John W. , Mortensen Brent , La Pierre Kimberly J. , Risch Anita C. , Schütz Martin , Peri Pablo , Stevens Carly J. , Wright Justin , Hillebrand Helmut 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEnvironmental change can result in substantial shifts in community composition. The associated immigration and extinction events are likely constrained by the spatial distribution of species. Still, studies on environmental change typically quantify biotic responses at single spatial (time series within a single plot) or temporal (spatial beta diversity at single time points) scales, ignoring their potential interdependence. Here, we use data from a global network of grassland experiments to determine how turnover responses to two major forms of environmental change – fertilisation and herbivore loss – are affected by species pool size and spatial compositional heterogeneity. Fertilisation led to higher rates of local extinction, whereas turnover in herbivore exclusion plots was driven by species replacement. Overall, sites with more spatially heterogeneous composition showed significantly higher rates of annual turnover, independent of species pool size and treatment. Taking into account spatial biodiversity aspects will therefore improve our understanding of consequences of global and anthropogenic change on community dynamics.
Fatal oral anticoagulant‐related intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Katsanos A. H. , Schellinger P. D. , Köhrmann M. , Filippatou A. , Gurol M. E. , Caso V. , Paciaroni M. , Perren F. , Alexandrov A. V. , Tsivgoulis G. 
Published: June 2018

Background and purposeIntracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is the most feared complication in patients treated with oral anticoagulants due to non‐valvular atrial fibrillation. Non‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) reduce the risk of ICH compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs). We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the risk of fatal NOAC‐related ICH compared with VKA‐related ICH.MethodsWe calculated the corresponding risk ratios (RRs) in each included study to express the relative risk of fatal ICH amongst all patients receiving oral anticoagulation with either NOACs or VKAs. We additionally evaluated the mortality rates in NOAC‐related ICH in patients treated with and without NOAC‐specific reversal agents (idarucizumab and factor Xa inhibitors antidote). Case fatality was evaluated at 30–90 days following symptom onset.ResultsOur literature search identified six eligible studies (four randomized controlled trials and two open‐label trials of NOAC‐specific reversal agents). In pairwise analyses, NOACs were found to have a lower risk of fatal ICH compared with VKAs [RR, 0.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.36–0.58] with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%) across included randomized controlled trials. However, the case fatality rate was similar in NOAC‐related and VKA‐related (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.84–1.19) ICH with no evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In the indirect analysis, the case fatality rate of NOAC‐related ICH in patients treated with specific reversal agents was lower compared with the remainder of the patients [17% (95% CI, 11–24%) vs. 41% (95% CI, 34–49%); P < 0.001].ConclusionsNon‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants halve the risk of fatal ICH in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation compared with VKAs, whereas indirect comparisons indicate that NOAC‐specific reversal agents may be associated with a lower case fatality rate in NOAC‐related ICH.
Equine emergency upper airway management
Authors: Byrne C. A. , Barakzai S. Z. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryRespiratory distress due to acute upper respiratory tract obstruction is an uncommon emergency in equine practice. However, clinicians should be confident with the approach to this truly life‐threatening scenario. Clinical signs are obvious at rest and include increased respiratory effort, loud respiratory noise and recumbency as asphyxiation progresses. Many cases of upper respiratory tract obstruction involve the pharynx or larynx, though obstruction in other regions of the upper respiratory tract and other causes of respiratory distress should be considered. Generally, the obstruction can be bypassed by placing a nasotracheal tube under endoscopic guidance or by making a temporary tracheotomy to ensure a patent airway. Following this stabilisation, further investigation into the cause of airway obstruction can be performed. Endoscopy is usually the most valuable diagnostic tool, though other imaging modalities can be useful. Further empirical treatment is often required, though the specific management will vary depending on the pathology present.
Rheological and spectral analysis of xanthan gum/lysozyme system during nanoparticle fabrication
Authors: Xu Wei , Li Bin , Li Juan , Huang Lu , Liu Huan , Zhu Dandan , Liu Mengru , Liu Xinfang 
Published: June 2018

SummaryNanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by xanthan gum (XG) and lysozyme (Ly), and the preparation was further analysed to explore the synthesis mechanism. Measurement of sizes and zeta (ζ) potential, transmission electron microscopy, and rheological and spectral demonstration were conducted to investigate molecular changes and interactions between XG and Ly under alkaline conditions and in the gelatinisation process. Results indicated that the ζ potential of the Ly/XG mixture was lower than the sum of Ly and XG at initial alkalisation. The interactions, hyperchromic effect and emission intensity of Ly were enhanced with increased XG concentration. Thus, XG and Ly lost their initial structures and formed metastable state complex. Heating at a high temperature promoted Ly/XG gelatinisation and fabricated stable Ly/XG nanogel for further molecular rearrangement. The worthwhile endeavour prepared Ly/XG NPs through alkali‐coupled thermal method and attempted to provide useful information regarding the synthesis mechanism from rheological and spectral perspectives by simulating preparation condition.