bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity of a Strain of Streptococcus suis Type 2 to Mice and Swine Isolated from Jingzhou City
Authors: Liu Mengjie , Li Zongming , Yang Xiaolin , Liu Guoping 
Published: April 2019

Aims: The objective of this study is to identify S. suis type 2 and evaluate the virulence of ZHJ01 strain isolation, and verity the clinical and pathological outcome of a systemic infection caused by one serotype 2 when simultaneously inoculated with ZHJ01 strain. We also want to clarify the epidemiologic, clinical, microbiologic characteristics and the pathogenesis mechanism of S. suis type 2 in Hubei province, China.
Study Design: Pigs suspected of being infected with S. suis in Jingzhou regions of Hubei province, China were studied. S. suis type 2 isolation was obtained from the suspicion of diseased pig. The case of S. suis type 2 was detected by the virulence factor amplification based on PCR detection and bacterial isolation, identification in the laboratory. According to the experimental infections of mice and piglets, pathogenicity of this S. suis type 2 isolation to mice and swine was monitored. This study was conducted in the key laboratory of pathogenic microbiology, College of Animal Science of Yangtze University, and Institute of Black Pigs Research, Yangtze University.
Methodology: Proper serological typing can be performed using a co-agglutination test. The typical colonies purificated and cultured were inoculated with Glucose, Lactose, Raffinos, Sorbitol, D (+)-sucrose, Trehalose, 6.5%NaCl, D (-)-Salicin, Hippurate, Esculin hydrate, V-p, etc., then the test results were recorded. Detection of virulence factors were performed using PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. S.suis type 2 isolation was inoculated to mice and piglets for the virulence test, and the observation of the clinical signs and pathological changes.
Results: The virulence factor of extracellular protein factor (EF) was determined from ZHJ01 strain based on PCR detection. Sequence analysis indicated that the isolate was very similar to nucleotide homology with others SS2 strains from different county or contries, and there was not much variation. LD50 of S. suis type 2 for mice was 2.5 x 107cfu. LD50 of S. suis type 2 for piglets was 3.92 x 109cfu.
Conclusion: The results show that Swine S. suis type 2 has a relatively strong pathogenicity to pigs in Hubei province, China. This study can be, in part, sufficient to explain the pathogenicity for ZHJ01 strain in area of Zhijing, Jingzhou city, China, which may provide insights into the pathogenesis SS2 and more valid data to support the development of S. suis vaccine as well as the epidemiological investigation, further monitoring and effective prevention to S. suis.
A Comparative Study on Measurement of Maxillary Occlusal Cant Obtained through Facebow Transfer and Using Lateral CEPH.: An in vivo Study
Authors: Saini Rohit , Gupta Rajeev , Nagpal Archana , Katna Vishal , Thakur Kusha , Kashyap Payal 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare measurements of maxillary occlusal cant obtained through facebow transfer and through lateral cephalogram.
Method: 40 subjects were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups: dentulous and edentulous. For edentulous subjects, all the steps of complete denture fabrication were carried out and finished dentures were delivered. Alginate impressions were now made for all the subjects (with complete denture worn in edentulous cases) for both upper and lower arches. The study was conducted in two parts. Facebow transfer was done next and casts were mounted. In first part of the study, sagittal inclination was measured after facebow transfer. After mounting of the casts, four points were marked to measure the inclination of the occlusal plane. In second part, cephalometric evaluation of occlusal plane and Frankfurt horizontal plane was carried out. Angle between Frankfurt horizontal plane and the occlusal plane was maxillary occlusal cant. which was evaluated by tracing. Paired t test was used to compare mean facebow values and lateral ceph values in edentulous subjects. Intergroup comparison between lateral ceph and mean facebow values between dentulous and edentulous subjects was evaluated using independent t test.
Results: Facebow measurements gave comparatively higher values in both dentulous and edentulous patients and are subjected to less variation as compared to the lateral cephalogram values p<0.0001.
Conclusion: The occlusal plane angle of lateral cephalogram was found to be significantly different from angle obtained through facebow transfer.
Monitoring System Design Based on Kingview Sewage Treatment
Authors: Dang Jinjin , Yuan Kejia , Shi Jinjian , Huang Hexiu , Wang Lijun 
Published: April 2019

Aims: The aims of this paper are to design a monitoring system for wastewater disposal.
Study Design: The study design is to design a monitoring system and perform simulation analysis based on Kingview software.
Place and Duration of Study: The place and duration of study are North China University of Water Resources and Electric power and one month respectively.
Methodology: The methodology used is computer simulation technology.
Results: The result of the experiment is to monitor the sewage disposal process through the developed monitoring system.
Conclusion: The conclusion is that the monitoring system can achieve dynamic control of the sewage disposal process.
Toward mapping spatiotemporal characteristics of muscle oxygenation in different motor modalities by multichannel near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Cui Han , Geng Yanjuan , Samuel Oluwarotimi Williams , Jiang Naifu , Guo Kaifeng , Huang Zhen , Li Guanglin 
Published: April 2019

SummaryCommonly, the near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices are used to measure muscle oxygenated hemoglobin (HBO) concentration and total hemoglobin (HBT) concentration with a single channel, which can obtain the temporal HBO and HBT signals. Lacking of the spatial information of muscle oxygenation will limit the exploration of the heterogeneity of muscle activities. In this study, a multichannel NIRS recording system was used to measure the muscle oxygenation with an attempt to simultaneously provide the temporal and spatial HBO and HBT concentration. In the experiment, the influences of four motor tasks, including active, passive, imaginary movement, and the control task (no movement), on muscle oxygenation were investigated in eight normal subjects. Our results showed that both amplitude and spatial heterogeneity associated with variation in muscle oxygenation during active and passive motor tasks were significantly different between the motor time and rest time (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the region where HBO concentration decreased during the active motor task was in accordance with the anatomical position of contracted muscle, which cannot be observed from the results of the passive task. Considering the imaginary and control tasks in which the muscle was in a fixed/stationary state, the amplitude and spatial heterogeneity associated with variations in muscle oxygenation only exhibited slight changes (P > 0.05). This pilot study suggested that the spatiotemporal information obtained from multichannel NIRS devices might be potential for accurate measurement of the variation in muscle oxygenation during motor tasks, which would be useful for different clinical applications.
How Water Can Affect Keratin: Hydration‐Driven Recovery of Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis) Horns
Authors: Huang Wei , Zaheri Alireza , Yang Wen , Kisailus David , Ritchie Robert O. , Espinosa Horacio , McKittrick Joanna 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKeratin is one of the most common structural biopolymers exhibiting high strength, toughness, and low density. It is found in various tissues such as hairs, feathers, horns, and hooves with various functionalities. For instance, horn keratin absorbs a large amount of energy during intraspecific fights. Keratinized tissues are permanent tissues because of their basic composition consisting of dead keratinized cells that are not able to remodel or regrow once broken or damaged. The lack of a self‐healing mechanism presents a problem for horns, as they are under continued high risk from mechanical damage. In the present work, it is shown for the first time that a combination of material architecture and a water‐assisted recovery mechanism, in the horn of bighorn sheep, endows them with shape and mechanical property recoverability after being subjected to severe compressive loading. Moreover, the effect of hydration is unraveled, on the material molecular structure and mechanical behavior, by means of synchrotron wide angle X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nanoindentation, and in situ and ex situ tensile tests. The recovery and remodeling mechanism is anisotropic and quite distinct to the self‐healing of living tissue such as bones.
Stable Na Metal Anode Enabled by a Reinforced Multistructural SEI Layer
Authors: Xu Zhixin , Yang Jun , Zhang Tao , Sun Limin , Nuli Yanna , Wang Jiulin , Hirano Shin‐ichi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMetallic sodium (Na) is one of the most promising anode candidates for next‐generation secondary batteries. The development of Na metal batteries with a high energy density and low cost is desirable to meet the requirements of both portable and stationary electrical energy storage. Unfortunately, several problems caused by the unstable Na metal anode severely hinder the practical applications of these batteries. Here reported is a facile but effective methodology to form a multistructural interphase layer containing a sodium fluoride‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and crisscrossed Na3Sb bars on the Na electrode surface. The reinforced Na‐alloy network and chemically/electrochemically complementary SEI formation greatly improve the interphase strength and Na+ conductivity. The well‐protected Na metal electrode in symmetric Na|Na cells is stable and dendrite‐free in the plating and stripping cycling processes with a negligible voltage divergence, even at a large current density of 5 mA cm−2 or with a high deposition capacity of 10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, this anode is especially compatible with different cathodes and demonstrates outstanding cycle performance in the full cells. It is believed that this approach provides a practical solution toward stable Na metal anodes and related battery systems.
Tracking Structural Phase Transitions in Lead‐Halide Perovskites by Means of Thermal Expansion
Authors: Keshavarz Masoumeh , Ottesen Martin , Wiedmann Steffen , Wharmby Michael , Küchler Robert , Yuan Haifeng , Debroye Elke , Steele Julian A. , Martens Johan , Hussey Nigel E. , Bremholm Martin , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Hofkens Johan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe extraordinary properties of lead‐halide perovskite materials have spurred intense research, as they have a realistic perspective to play an important role in future photovoltaic devices. It is known that these materials undergo a number of structural phase transitions as a function of temperature that markedly alter their optical and electronic properties. The precise phase transition temperature and exact crystal structure in each phase, however, are controversially discussed in the literature. The linear thermal expansion of single crystals of APbX3 (A = methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA); X = I, Br) below room temperature is measured using a high‐resolution capacitive dilatometer to determine the phase transition temperatures. For δ‐FAPbI3, two wide regions of negative thermal expansion below 173 and 54 K, and a cascade of sharp transitions for FAPbBr3 that have not previously been reported are uncovered. Their respective crystal phases are identified via powder X‐ray diffraction. Moreover, it is demonstrated that transport under steady‐state illumination is considerably altered at the structural phase transition in the MA compounds. The results provide advanced insights into the evolution of the crystal structure with decreasing temperature that are essential to interpret the growing interest in investigating the electronic, optical, and photonic properties of lead‐halide perovskite materials.
High‐Efficiency Cryo‐Thermocells Assembled with Anisotropic Holey Graphene Aerogel Electrodes and a Eutectic Redox Electrolyte
Authors: Li Guangyong , Dong Dapeng , Hong Guo , Yan Lifeng , Zhang Xuetong , Song Wenhui 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThermocells, capable of converting temperature‐dependent electrochemical redox potentials into electrical power, can harvest waste or low‐grade heat in an economical and continuous approach with zero carbon emission. However, the power density and conversion efficiency of thermocells are hindered by a narrow operation window and low ion conductivity of the electrodes, especially in freezing weather conditions. Herein, highly efficient cylindrical thermocells, working in a wide operation window of cold temperatures, are developed. A eutectic electrolyte consisting of formamide and water is formulated with a high ion conductivity, which is retained at a significantly extended lower limit of the operation window from conventional 0 to −40 °C. In parallel, an electrode material based on anisotropic holey graphene aerogel is synthesized with improved ion conductivity, especially at temperatures below 0 °C, due to its aligned graphene sheets and pores. By taking the advantages of both components, the power density and the Seebeck coefficient of a single‐cylinder thermocell reaches an exceptionally high value, i.e., 3.6 W m−2 and 1.3 mV K−1, respectively. Moreover, assembled thermocells in series packaging substantially enhance the voltage of the open‐circuit, i.e., from 140 mV (1‐cylinder thermocell) to 2.1 V (15‐cylinder thermocells).
In Situ Direct Lithium Distribution Analysis Around Interfaces in an All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Lithium Battery by Combined Ion‐Beam Method
Authors: Tsuchiya Bun , Ohnishi Junji , Sasaki Yoshitaka , Yamamoto Takayuki , Yamamoto Yuta , Motoyama Munekazu , Iriyama Yasutoshi , Morita Kenji 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCharge–discharge reaction in all‐solid‐state battery (SSB) is governed by Li‐ion movements and large resistance at solid–solid interface degrades rate capability of the SSBs. Thus, lithium (Li) distribution and its movement around interface in static or operated SSBs should be clarified well. Here, it is reported that combined ion beam analysis of high‐energy elastic recoil detection and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry probing 9.0 MeV O4+ beams is a powerful technique to clarify static Li distribution around the interface, and that relative Li concentration change is correctly detected with reliable depth resolution in a few tens of nm scale. It is interesting to note that Li deficient region is formed inside the Li+‐conductive crystalline glass solid electrolyte, LATP, at around the LiCoO2/LATP interface with the thickness of 120 ± 30 nm. Additionally, presence of hydrogen around both interfaces and their migration with the voltages are also detected.
Light‐Directed Soft Mass Migration for Micro/Nanophotonics
Authors: Kim Kwangjin , Park Haedong , Park Kyung Jin , Park Sung Hun , Kim Hyeon Ho , Lee Seungwoo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this review, it is argued that soft mass migrations, driven and guided by spatially controlled photopolymerization and photochromic isomerization (also called directional plastic deformation or photofluidization of azobenzene materials), offer toolsets for optical engineers to develop various micro/nanophotonic materials and devices that are not readily available with conventional lithographic methods and self‐assembly techniques. In this direction, the two seemingly different concepts of (i) photopolymerization and (ii) photochromic‐isomerization‐driven mass migrations are tied together, and then recent technological advances in these two fields are summarized, including diffractive optical elements (DOEs), electro‐optic DOE devices, colorimetric sensors, biologically inspired optics, plasmonic devices and near‐field studies, and exceptional point optics. This review establishes the technological viability of light‐directed soft mass migration for the overall evolving field of micro/nanophotonics and its research perspectives.
Surface Dynamics at Photoactive Liquid Crystal Polymer Networks
Authors: Liu Danqing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe field of advanced and responsive soft materials is at the edge of a new era. After several decades during which liquid crystals generated new functions for information displays and could solve many problems in emerging fields such as (tele)communications, this material system is being utilized to reach out to completely new application fields with functions that can take over biological actions (cell growth and manipulation), change the way materials, machines, or robots interact with humans (haptics), and modulate surface properties, e.g., tribology and wettability. This Progress Report concentrates on creating surface movement in liquid crystal networks with an emphasis on the light‐responsive dynamic surface topographies that transfer from a flat to a predesigned corrugated state via light illumination, e.g., UV and visible light. Within this framework, the interaction between dynamic surfaces and the environment, such as controlled friction, wettability, and material transport, are illustrated. In addition, the light‐induced thermal effect is discussed. The article concludes with the existing challenges and an outlook on the opportunities.
Does speculation cause high red meat prices? Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Ganioğlu Aytül 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe focus of this letter is the upward trend of red meat prices in Turkey that began to surge in 2009. A typical explanation for such price increases would be an inadequate supply of livestock. Yet, although measures were taken to raise the supply of red meat, they were not sufficient to reverse or stop this upward trend in prices. We specifically search for the dynamics behind the price spikes by exploring whether they were driven by speculation. We investigated the presence of rational speculative bubbles in the red meat market in Turkey by employing a recent methodology developed by Phillips et al. (2015). We found evidence for explosive periods and detected the periods of speculative bubbles in the red meat market in Turkey. [EconLit citations: C4, D4, O13].
Malignant mesothelioma in Lynch syndrome: A report of two cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Shih Angela R. , Kradin Richard L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMalignant mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer most typically associated with prior asbestos exposure. The nature of the relationship between asbestos exposure and hereditary familial syndromes predisposing to malignancy has not been determined. We report two Lynch syndrome patients with paraoccupational asbestos exposure who developed diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum. Interestingly, one showed a separate focus of pleural well‐differentiated papillary mesothelioma. It is likely that Lynch syndrome patients are at increased risk for the development of mesothelioma in the setting of exposure to asbestos, even at what is generally considered to be low levels. In the presence of a documented history of low‐level asbestos exposure, patients with genetic predisposition disorders (including Lynch syndrome) should be considered to have an independent risk factor modifying the effects of asbestos exposure.
Respirable coal mine dust in underground mines, United States, 1982‐2017
Authors: Doney Brent C. , Blackley David , Hale Janet M. , Halldin Cara , Kurth Laura , Syamlal Girija , Laney A. Scott 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study summarized the mass concentration and quartz mass percent of respirable coal mine dust samples (annually, by district, and by occupation) from underground coal mines during 1982‐2017.MethodsRespirable dust and quartz data collected and analyzed by Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) were summarized by year, coal mining occupation, and geographical area. The older (before August 2016) 2.0 mg/m
3 respirable dust MSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) was used across all years for comparative purposes. For respirable dust and quartz, geometric mean and percent of samples exceeding the respirable dust PEL (2.0 mg/m
3 or a reduced standard for samples with >5% quartz content) were calculated. For quartz samples, the average percent quartz content was also calculated.ResultsThe overall geometric mean concentration for 681 497 respirable dust samples was 0.55 mg/m
3 and 5.5% of the samples exceeded the 2.0 mg/m
3 PEL. The overall respirable quartz geometric mean concentration for 210 944 samples was 0.038 mg/m
3 and 18.7% of these samples exceeded the applicable standard. There was a decline over time in the percent of respirable dust samples exceeding 2.0 mg/m
3. The respirable dust geometric mean concentration was lower in central Appalachia compared to the rest of the United States. However, the respirable quartz geometric mean concentration and the mean percent quartz content were higher in central Appalachia.ConclusionThis study summarizes respirable dust and quartz concentrations from coal mine inspector samples and may provide an insight into differences in the prevalence of pneumoconiosis by region and occupation.
Wie Dihalogene Michael‐Additionsreaktionen katalysieren
Authors: Hamlin Trevor A. , Fernández Israel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDie katalytische Wirkung von Dihalogenmolekülen (X2=F2, Cl2, Br2 und I2) auf die Aza‐Michael‐Addition von Pyrrolidin und Methylacrylat wurde mithilfe von relativistischen Dichtefunktionaltheorie‐ und Coupled‐Cluster‐Rechnungen quantenchemisch analysiert. Unsere nach modernsten technischen Standards durchgeführten Berechnungen zeigen, dass die Aktivierungsbarrieren beim Übergang zu schwereren Dihalogenmolekülen von 9.4 kcal mol−1 für F2 auf 5.7 kcal mol−1 für I2 systematisch abnehmen. Activation‐Strain‐ und Bindungsanalysen identifizieren die Pauli‐Abstoßung zwischen Nucleophil und Michael‐Akzeptor als einen unerwarteten physikalischen Faktor, der die berechneten Reaktivitätstrends steuert. So beschleunigen Dihalogene Michael‐Additionen nicht nach dem allgemein akzeptierten Mechanismus einer verstärkten Donor‐Akzeptor‐Wechselwirkung [HOMO(Nucleophil)‐LUMO(Michael‐Akzeptor)], sondern durch eine verminderte Pauli‐Abstoßung zwischen dem freien Elektronenpaar des Nucleophils und dem π‐Elektronen‐System des Michael‐Akzeptors.
How Dihalogens Catalyze Michael Addition Reactions
Authors: Hamlin Trevor A. , Fernández Israel , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe have quantum chemically analyzed the catalytic effect of dihalogen molecules (X2=F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2) on the aza‐Michael addition of pyrrolidine and methyl acrylate using relativistic density functional theory and coupled‐cluster theory. Our state‐of‐the‐art computations reveal that activation barriers systematically decrease as one goes to heavier dihalogens, from 9.4 kcal mol−1 for F2 to 5.7 kcal mol−1 for I2. Activation strain and bonding analyses identify an unexpected physical factor that controls the computed reactivity trends, namely, Pauli repulsion between the nucleophile and Michael acceptor. Thus, dihalogens do not accelerate Michael additions by the commonly accepted mechanism of an enhanced donor–acceptor [HOMO(nucleophile)–LUMO(Michael acceptor)] interaction, but instead through a diminished Pauli repulsion between the lone‐pair of the nucleophile and the Michael acceptor's π‐electron system.