bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera in Sierra Leone
Authors: Hargreaves E. 
Published: June 2019

Fruit-piercing Lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world, such as Africa, Australia and India; they also occur in Ceylon, Fiji, Dutch East Indies, Indo-China, Japan, Malaya, Samoa, and South America.In Sierra Leone, grape-fruit, orange (sweet), mandarine, tangerine and sweet lime, are affected in addition to cashew, mango, bread-fruit and jak-fruit; whilst in other countries apple, apricot, banana, fig, grape, guava, litchi, nectarine, peach, pear and pomegranate, have been recorded as other adult food-plants; it is noteworthy that in South Africa grape-fruit does not appear to be attacked. Available information regarding fruit-piercing species and their biology is meagre compared with that of many other groups of economic insects, and it is considered desirable to place on record observations made in Sierra Leone.Difficulties in the way of the study of these insects are the lack of knowledge regarding (a) larval food-plants; (b) characters and habits of the larvae; (c) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the larvae; (d) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species.Unless otherwise stated this account applies to Njala, where there is a plot of budded citrus; the trees were planted in 1925-1927 and mainly consist of Late Valentia and Washington Navel orange, and Marsh and Foster grape-fruit. The sweet lime, mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older.
Observations and Experiments onAëdes concolor, Tayl. (Dipt. Culic.)
Authors: Woodhill A. R. 
Published: June 2019

The mosquitos of the Australian region have been extensively studied from the taxonomic aspect, and a number of workers, including Taylor (1914, 1928, 1929, etc.) Mackerras (1926), Cooling (1924), and Hill (1922), have recorded in general terms the types of water in which the larvae of various species are found. With the exception of the work carried out by Hamlyn-Harris (1927–28–30–33), however, no detailed studies have been made of the possible chemical, physical, or biological factors which may limit particular species of larvae to the special type of water in which they develop.The most important pest species in the Sydney district are probablyCulex fatigans, Wied.,Aëdes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax, Skuse,Aëdes (Finlaya) notoscriptus, Skuse,Aëdes (Mucidus) alternans, Westw.,Aëdes (Finlaya) alboannulatus, Macq., and in restricted localitiesAëdes (Pseudoskusea) concolor, Taylor. Of theseA. vigilax, A. alternansandA. concolorbreed commonly in various concentrations of sea-water.A. concolorwas selected for study owing to its strict limitation to a particular habitat, in the hope that some information might be gained as to the factors responsible for this limitation. In addition nothing has so far been published on the bionomics of this species, which is a particularly interesting one from the ecological and physiological aspects. A discussion of the general position with regard to mosquito ecology is hardly necessary here, since numerous authors have given excellent summaries and bibliographies up to the time of publication of their work, and original papers are appearing at frequent intervals. The majority of the work on mosquito ecology, with certain notable exceptions, has so far been carried out by means of water analysis (both chemical and biological) and field observations, correlated with the occurrence of different species of larvae. While it is recognised that any ecological generalisations, if they are to be accepted, must agree with the observed conditions in the field, nevertheless laboratory experiments, in which a single factor only is varied, should yield considerable information. It is mainly along these lines that the present investigation has been commenced. While the information so far obtained as to the factors limiting the occurrence ofA. concolorhas been largely negative, still it is hoped that the data obtained are of sufficient general interest to warrant publication. The work will be continued if possible over a number of years.
Jacobsohn's Law of Plautine Scansion
Authors: Laidlaw W. A. 
Published: June 2019

H. Jacobsohn, a pupil of Leo, in a Göttingen dissertation of 1904, ‘Quaestiones Plautinae’ declared that Plautus allowed Hiatus and Syllaba Anceps at two places in the line (these places are now called loci Jacobsohniani):—(i) at the fourth arsis of the Iambic Senarius (and the corresponding part of the Trochaic Septenarius),(ii) at the second arsis of a Trochaic Septenarius.
Trisyllabic Feet in the Dialogue of Aeschylus
Authors: Yorke E. C. 
Published: June 2019

In R. C. Flickinger's ‘Greek Theater and its Drama’ (3rd ed. second impression 1929) we read on pp. 171–2, ‘In the iambic trimeters written by Aeschylus a trisyllabic substitution (tribrach, anapaest or dactyl) for the pure disyllabic iambus occurs only once in about twenty-five verses.’ A similar statement is found in other earlier writers, e.g. Haigh (‘Tragic Drama of the Greeks’ 1896 p. 372). The authors of the error appear to have been Rossbach and Westphal, who are quoted with approval by J. Rumpel (Philologus XXIV (1866) p. 407), and subsequently repudiated by him (Phil. XXV (1867) p. 54). When Rumpel found that he had been misled, he counted for himself the trimeters and the trisyllabic feet in Aeschylus, but his results are of dubious value owing to the fact that he counts as ‘trimeters’ lines like;δαίμονά τε τὰν ἂμαχον ἀπόλεμον ἀνίερον (Ag. 769) andαὐτοϕόνα δίμορα τέλεα τάδε πάθη. τί ϕῶ; (Sept. 850).
The Aviary Theory in the Theaetetus
Authors: Hackforth R. 
Published: June 2019

At 195B 9 it is pointed out that the Wax Block theory does not cover that large class of judgments in which no sense-objects are concerned, e.g. judgments about numbers. How can we make the mistake of judging that 7 + 5 = 11?The simile of the Aviary, now introduced, is very simple. It illustrates the difference between potential (or latent) knowledge and actual knowledge, i.e. between knowledge at our disposal, because it has been learnt and stored away in the mind, and knowledge present and ‘alive’ at the moment. The theory is that when we make a mistake about the sum of 7 and 5 we are ‘hunting for’ the knowledge of 12, which we ‘possess’ (κεκτ⋯σΘαι) as we might possess a bird in a cage, but which we have not ‘got about us’ (ἒχειν); but we mis-take, wrongly take our knowledge of 11, i.e. we call up before our mind a different piece of knowledge.
Democritus' Theory of Cognition
Authors: Weiss Helene 
Published: June 2019

De Anima A 2, 404a 27=Diels, Vorsokratikev 5th edition 68a 101: ⋯κεῖνοςμ⋯γ⋯ρ ⋯πλ⋯ς ψυχ⋯ν ταὐτ⋯7nu κα⋯ νο⋯ν. τ⋯ γ⋯ρ ⋯ληθ⋯ς εἶναι τ⋯ φαι7nu;⋯7mu;ενον; and a 30–31: οὐ δ⋯ χρ⋯ται τῷς δυν⋯7mu;ει τ7iota;7nu;⋯ τ⋯ν ảλ⋯θειαν, ảλλ⋯ ταὐτ⋯ λγ;ει φυχ⋯ν κα⋯ νο⋯ν.2. Metaph. Г 5, 1009b 12=D.v. 5th ed. 68A 112: ὂλως δ⋯δι⋯ τ⋯ ὐπολαμβ⋯νειν φρ⋯νησιν μ⋯7nu; τ⋯ν αἲσθησιν, τα⋯την δ εἷναι ảλλο⋯ωσιν, τ⋯ φαι7nu;⋯μεν7nu; κατ⋯ τ⋯ν αἷσθησι7nu; ⋯ξ ⋯7nu;⋯γκης ⋯ληθ⋯ς εἶναἰ φασιν.
God and the Moral Law
Authors: Pratt James Bissett 
Published: June 2019

The subject for our annual conference this year — Ethics and Theology — forces us to face one of the most difficult problems of religious thought, — the relation between God and morality. To this problem several solutions — all quite familiar — have been proposed and it will not be the purpose of my paper to suggest a new one of my own. In fact, as the sequel will show, I am very uncertain whether any completely satisfactory solution to the problem be possible. My aim is the much less ambitious one of placing the matter, with some of its difficulties, before the Society for discussion, in the hope that your collective wisdom may be able to throw more light upon this dark theme than the Society's benighted president for this year — who is no theologian — is able to contribute.One of the simplest and most popular modes of conceiving the relation between God and the laws of morality is to equate righteousness with obedience to the divine will. God is good, we are told, and our goodness is to be defined as conformity to the will of God. One relatively superficial and pragmatic difficulty in accepting this view consists in the obvious fact that it is by no means easy to know with certainty what the will of God may be. Different philosophers, different prophets, different religions give us different and sometimes quite contradictory answers to this question.
The Estimated Population of Great Britain, 1941–1971
Authors: Honey F. J. C. 
Published: June 2019

(1) In a paper read before the Institute in November 1933 (J.I.A. Vol. LXV, p. 38), Mr C. D. Rich showed how to calculate the inherent rate of growth of a population by combining in a single index the current data regarding mortality and fertility. Valuable though this index is in showing the true underlying trend at a particular point of time, it cannot be adapted (nor is it intended) to show the actual future populations at any particular time.(2) It is the purpose of the present paper to make estimates of the population of Great Britain, according to age and sex, for certain future years, and in order to do this an attempt is made to forecast the probable future course of mortality and fertility in Great Britain, in the light of the experience of the past, and such indications as there may be regarding the factors which will influence the future.
Classification and Valuation of Industrial Assurance Policies
Authors: Fulford W. J. 
Published: June 2019

The subject of this paper is essentially a practical one, and although it has been before the Institute on various occasions it is some considerable time since there has been a discussion on the actual methods employed in classifying and valuing industrial assurance contracts.Forty years ago a paper was read before the Institute by the late Frederick Schooling “On some Methods of Grouping Policies for the Purpose of Valuation“ (J.I.A. Vol. XXXII, p. 301). It dealt with the classification and method of valuation of industrial assurance policies. Since the paper was written many changes have taken place, and it will be useful as an introduction to consider the developments which have occurred during that period.
Expense investigations and kindred problems
Authors: Miller I. A. , Richardson C. F. B. 
Published: June 2019

It is remarkable how little attention has been given to this subject. In the past thirty years, only two papers on expenses have been submitted to this Institute, one written by C. H. Maltby over twenty years ago (J.I.A. Vol. XLIX) and the other by J. Rietchel (J.I.A. Vol. XLIV) five years earlier.We probably know less about expenses than about any other factor in our daily work. No doubt the chief reason for this apparent neglect is the fact that in the past we have had comfortable surplus margins in our premium rates. To-day we are calculating rates on much narrower margins as to interest and mortality, and a study of the expense problem, therefore, appears opportune.
Blood pressure among standard lives
Authors: Hunter Arthur 
Published: June 2019

There are so many phases of the problem of blood pressure that I shall limit myself to dealing with a recent investigation of the mortality on lives accepted as “standard risks” by the New York Life Insurance Company.The experience investigated was that of new policies issued from 1925 to 1936, inclusive, observed from entry until the anniversaries of the policies in 1937. The investigation was by policies and was divided into two groups, (a) those in which there was no impairment, and (b) those in which there appeared minor impairments but not of sufficient moment to place the policyholders in a substandard group. The expected deaths were obtained according to the company's standard experience for the same years of issue and exposure. The total number of policies emerging by death was 9552.
Punched-card Equipment
Authors: Coe N. E. , Hedley K. J. , Longley-Cook L. H. 
Published: June 2019

‘Punch-card equipment is becoming more and more a convenient and useful tool of the actuary. For this reason, the study of, this equipment and its flexibility should and will occupy a larger place in the training of actuarial students in the future.’R. J. WALKER, F.A.S.The actuary employed in life office work is very closely concerned with the methods by which the valuation and other records of a life office are built up. It is surprising, therefore, that there are very few references in the pages of the Journal of the Institute to the use of punched-card equipment for life office work. The use of the equipment for calculations of interest to the actuary, such as the construction of tables, has also been largely ignored. Actuaries employed in work outside life oflices so often rely on punched-card equipment for their statistical data that the authors feel that no apology is needed to either class of actuary for presenting a paper on the subject. Punchedcard equipment has received much more attention in the Transactions of the Actuarial Society of America, most recent volumes containing a paper or note on its application.
Towards a managed monetary system
Authors: Craig W. G. 
Published: June 2019

It is now widely recognized that the future must see far-reaching changes in our monetary system, and that these changes must be in the direction of a conscious and planned management, as distinct from leaving the system to be regulated in a more or less automatic manner by factors which reflect and are governed by international conditions; that the monetary system should in fact be made to serve and not govern the requirements of the economic system.This changed view of the function of the monetary system is probably mainly the result of two economic phenomena which were witnessed in the ten years preceding the war.
Tests of a mortality table graduation
Authors: Seal H. L 
Published: June 2019

“Sangue di Bacco! ... les dés sont pipés!”A Former President of the Institute once remarked that whereas the graduation of a mortality table might be considered a specialized technique not required by the practising actuary, the efficient testing of any graduation submitted to him should be an integral part of his actuarial ability. The student anxious to equip himself in this respect encounters considerable divergence of opinion regarding the best method of testing a graduation. There is complete agreement as to the duality of purpose of such a test: smoothness and fidelity to the data are essential factors. But whilst the criterion of smoothness is easily formulated—the run of the second or third differences of qxmust show no awkward breaks—the views relating to the tests of adherence to the data are divided between the application of a “mean deviation” rule at each age or group of ages and a purely “practical” judgment based on that elusive virtue, experience.
A note on the Registrar-General's reports on occupational mortality in England and Wales in connexion with recent censuses
Authors: Brown Henry 
Published: June 2019

The recent publication of the Registrar-General's Report on Occupational Mortality in England and Wales in connexion with the 1931 Census has suggested that a Note on this Report and its recent predecessors, with reference mainly to the methods employed in the investigation, may be of use to actuarial students.Occupational Mortality has been investigated in connexion with every census since 1851. It may at first sight seem a simple matter to take, in each age group, the number exposed to risk in a given occupation from the census schedules and the number of deaths from the death registers, and from these figures to find the rates of mortality. In practice there are many pitfalls. The history of the successive investigations records various attempts to improve the statement and classification of the particulars and the presentation of the results, although there are still a number of known or suspected sources of error, the effect of which can only be estimated roughly, if at all.
The Hymn of St. Secundinus in honour of St. Patrick
Authors: MacNeill Eoin 
Published: June 2019

The earliest event of Irish history that bears a well authenticated date is the mission of Palladius to Ireland in A.D. 431. The record of this year is found in the contemporary chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine. In another work written a few years later. Prosper writes of the institution of a christian church in Ireland by Pope Celestine, who died in 432. All the early Irish sources agree in dating the mission of Patrick in 432.Seven years later, the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Inisfallen have the entry, derived from an earlier common source: ‘ Secundinus, Auxilius, et Iseminus mittuntur in Hiberniam in auxilium Patricii ’ A short tract copied in the Book of Armagh and dating probably, like the other documents in the same collection, from about 700, tells that Auxilius and Iserninus were sent by Germanus. It is silent regarding Secundinus.
Irish parliamentary elections, 1727–68
Authors: McCracken J. L. 
Published: June 2019

The Irish house of commons in the eighteenth century was composed of 300 members: two were elected by each of the 32 counties; two by 117 boroughs; and two by Trinity College, Dublin. Only protestants were returned, for by an English act of 1691 all members of the Irish house of commons were required to take oaths of allegiance and supremacy. Catholics could still exercise the franchise until 1727, but an act of that year deprived them of the right to vote. The dissenters were equally excluded: a clause in an act of 1704 requiring all office-holders to receive communion according to the usage of the established church excluded them from the corporations and indirectly from the house of commons. Even the minority that remained was very inadequately represented.In the counties the leading landlords were able to influence the return of members, and many of the Irish boroughs were quite as rotten as any in England prior to 1832. Bannow in co. Wexford, for example, was a mountain of sea-sand without a single inhabited house; at Clonmines in the same county there was one solitary house; at Harristown in co. Kildare there was none. A traveller in Ireland in 1755 found Naas ‘a shabby looking place’; Castle Dermot ‘a very poor town’; Callen ‘a poor dirty town, interspersed with the numerous ruins of old castles and religious houses’; Rathcormac ‘a poor borough’; and Kilmallock ‘a spacious street, composed of houses, which, though magnificent, were windowless and roofless’. The conclusion he came to was: ‘Happy would it be for Ireland, if her corporate towns were divested of the privilege of returning representatives to the great council of the nation; for it becomes the selfish policy of the lord of the soil to impoverish the voters into compliance’.
The Grand Tour of an Elizabethan
Authors: Yeames A. H. S. 
Published: June 2019

English travellers in the days of the Tudors who have left behind them the story of their wanderings in the civilised lands of Europe are so few that perhaps little excuse is needed for the publication of a diary kept for Sir Edward Unton.Unton was a gentleman of Berkshire, and traced his pedigree to Edward IV.'s time. He married in 1555 a widowed daughter of the Protector Somerset, was knighted by the Queen in 1559, and in 1574 had the honour to entertain her at his house of Wadley near Faringdon. He was Sheriff in 1567 and elected to Parliament in 1572. He died in 1583 and was buried in Faringdon Church.His younger son, Henry, took a larger part in affairs of State. He, too, sat in Parliament, but he is chiefly remembered as Ambassador to France and friend of Henry IV., who is said to have mourned his death at the siege of La Fère in 1596. There is a curious portrait of the younger Unton in the National Portrait Gallery.
IV.—The Temple; Results of the Architectural Evidence
Authors: Gardner E. A. 
Published: June 2019

Any attempt to present to our imagination the temple of Aphrodite as it once stood, and to realise the various changes which the building underwent at various periods, must be preceded by a short enquiry. Before entering upon what seems to be entirely new ground, one must ask who, if any, are those that have already explored it, and how far their investigations may help to guide a later venture. Fortunately in the present case no long or detailed criticism will be necessary; all previous reconstructions of the temple have been based upon evidence so slender or erroneous that a mere indication of that evidence will suffice to show how little attention need be paid to the theories based upon it.All the earlier reconstructions and plans, given by Münter and Gerhard, and reproduced in the various handbooks, from Müller to Perrot and Chipiez, are admittedly derived from the description and plan given by von Hammer; the description in Engel's Kypros comes from the same source. Now since all the essential features of the plan we have recovered were completely concealed and buried in several feet of earth, it is obvious that von Hammer's plan must be just as conjectural as those that are based upon it; for he does not himself claim to have made any excavations or to have recorded more than was visible to all who passed by. His plan may be based upon what seemed to be probable inferences; but excavations have proved that those inferences were erroneous.
Monemvasia
Authors: Miller W. 
Published: June 2019

Since the article on this subject (pp. 229 ff. above) was passed for press I have obtained some additional information in Venice which it seems desirable to put on record.Of the two coats of arms illustrated on p. 240, that on the left belongs to Sebastiano Renier. The other is of Antonio Garzoni, who was elected podestà of Monemvasia in 1526, and again in 1538, when he was the last podestà before the Turkish conquest. The identification of this latter coat I owe to the assistance of Mr. H. F. Brown.Hopf's statement, reproduced by me on p. 235, that Monemvasia was Venetian in 1419, is, I find, riot justified by the evidence. I have had some difficulty in tracing the documents cited by Hopf, as the pagination of the Vienna copy of the Misti used by him differs from that in the copy at Venice. The three documents merely shew that Venetian wine-merchants were engaged in the wine-trade at Monemvasia.