bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OSMOREGULASI PADA HEWAN AKUATIK
Authors: Lantu Sartje 
Published: July 2019

All aquatic organisms must deal with the problem of maintaining internal homeostasis, a constant internal chemical environment in which that organism's enzymes can operate efficiently. As we saw earlier, this is largely a matter of osmoregulation, but other factors are involved also. Many marine organisms can get by with minimal osmoregulation since the oceans, where the enzymes evolved, are already a good environment; other marine organisms maintain their body fluids at ionic concentrations different from the surrounding ocean and must actively regulate ions. Freshwater also calls for active measures to maintain proper osmotic balance.
Cosmicflows-3: Cosmography of the Local Void
Authors: Tully R. Brent , Pomarède Daniel , Graziani Romain , Courtois Hélène M. , Hoffman Yehuda , Shaya Edward J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Cosmicflows-3 distances and inferred peculiar velocities of galaxies have permitted the reconstruction of the structure of overdensities and underdensities within the volume extending to 0.05c. This study focuses on the underdense regions, particularly the Local Void that lies largely in the zone of obscuration and consequently has received limited attention. Major overdense structures that bound the Local Void are the Perseus-Pisces and Norma-Pavo-Indus filaments separated by 8500 km s−1. The void network of the universe is interconnected and void passages are found from the Local Void to the adjacent very large Hercules and Sculptor voids. Minor filaments course through voids. A particularly interesting example connects the Virgo and Perseus clusters, with several substantial galaxies found along the chain in the depths of the Local Void. The Local Void has a substantial dynamical effect, causing a deviant motion of the Local Group of 200–250 km s−1. The combined perturbations due to repulsion from the Local Void and attraction toward the Virgo Cluster account for ∼50% of the motion of the Local Group in the rest frame given by the cosmic microwave background.
Properties of the Umbral Filament Observed in Active Region NOAA 12529
Authors: Guglielmino Salvo L. , Romano Paolo , Cobo Basilio Ruiz , Zuccarello Francesca , Murabito Mariarita 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Recent observations of the solar photosphere revealed the presence of elongated filamentary bright structures inside sunspot umbrae, called umbral filaments (UFs). These features differ in morphology, magnetic configuration, and evolution from light bridges (LBs) that are usually observed to intrude in sunspots. To characterize a UF observed in the umbra of the giant leading sunspot of active region NOAA 12529, we analyze high-resolution observations taken in the photosphere with the spectropolarimeter on board the Hinode satellite and in the upper chromosphere and transition region with the IRIS telescope. The results of this analysis definitely rule out the hypothesis that the UF might be a kind of LB. In fact, we find no field-free or low-field strength region cospatial to the UF. Conversely, we recognize the presence of a strong horizontal field larger than 2500 G, a significant portion of the UF with opposite polarity with respect to the surroundings, and filaments in the upper atmospheric layers corresponding to the UF in the photosphere. These findings suggest that this structure is the photospheric manifestation of a flux rope hanging above the sunspot and forming penumbral-like filaments within the umbra via magneto-convection. This reinforces a previously proposed scenario.
Effect of the Temperature of Background Plasma and the Energy of Energetic Electrons on Z-mode Excitation
Authors: Li Chuanyang , Chen Yao , Kong Xiangliang , Hosseinpour M. , Wang Bing 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
It has been suggested that the Z-mode instability driven by energetic electrons with a loss-cone type velocity distribution is one candidate process behind the continuum and zebra pattern of solar type-IV radio bursts. Both the temperature of background plasma (T
0) and the energy of energetic electrons (v

e
) are considered to be important to the variation of the maximum growth rate (γ
max). Here we present a detailed parameter study on the effect of T
0 and v

e
, within a regime of the frequency ratio (

). In addition to γ
max, we also analyze the effect on the corresponding wave frequency (

) and propagation angle (θ
max). We find that (1) γ
max generally decreases with increasing v

e
, while its variation with T
0 is more complex depending on the exact value of v

e
. (2) With increasing T
0 and v

e
,

presents stepwise profiles with jumps separated by gradual or very weak variations, and due to the warm plasma effect on the wave dispersion relation

can vary within the hybrid band (the harmonic band containing the upper hybrid frequency) and the higher band. (3) The propagation is either perpendicular or quasi-perpendicular, and θ
max presents variations in line with those of

, as constrained by the resonance condition. We also examine the profiles of γ
max with

for different combinations of T
0 and v

e
to clarify some earlier calculations which show inconsistent results.
Edge-on H i-bearing Ultra-diffuse Galaxy Candidates in the 40% ALFALFA Catalog
Authors: He 何 Min 敏 , Wu 吴 Hong 宏 , Du 杜 Wei 薇 , Wicker James , Zhao 赵 Pingsong 品松 , Lei 雷 Fengjie 凤杰 , Liu 刘 Jifeng 继峰 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Ultra-diffuse galaxies are objects that have very extended morphology and faint central surface brightness. Most UDGs are discovered in galaxy clusters and groups, but some are also found in low-density environments. The diffuse morphology and faint surface brightness make them difficult to distinguish from the sky background. Several previous works have suggested that at least some UDGs are consistent with exponential surface brightness profiles). The surface brightness of exponential disks is enhanced in edge-on systems, so searching for edge-on systems may be an efficient way to select UDGs. In this paper, we focus on searching for edge-on H i-bearing ultra-diffuse sources (HUDS) from the 40% Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) catalog, based on Sloan Digital Sky Survey g- and r-band images. After correcting the observed central surface brightness to a face-on perspective, we discover 11 edge-on HUDS candidates. All these newly discovered HUDS candidates are blue and H i-bearing, similar to other HUDS in 70% ALFALFA catalog, and different from UDGs in clusters.
Trends in Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi in Nairobi, Kenya from 2004 to 2006
Authors: Mengo Doris Mueni , Kariuki Sam , Muigai Ann , Revathi Gunturu 
Published: July 2019

Background: Typhoid fever is a global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the current annual global burden of typhoid is approximately 22 million new cases, 5% of which are fatal. Methodology: To assess the trends in antibiotic resistance in 100 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains were isolated from the blood of patients in Nairobi, Kenya, from 2004 to 2006. All isolates were tested against ampicilin, chloramphenic, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, cefuroxime, cefriaxone, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, tetracycline and gentamycin. Susceptibility and resistance were determined using MIC and disk diffusion tests. Results: From 2004 to 2006 a total of 100 strains were studied; 70% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) while 15% of the isolates were sensitive to all drugs tested. Of 13 isolates that were resistant to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid by disk diffusion, 11 had an MIC of 0. 25 µg/ml while two isolates had an MIC of 1.00 µg,/ml. Resistance in ampicillin decreased from 88% in 2004 to 64% in 2005; this increased to 76% in 2006. Similar trends were observed for four other antibiotics tested. Conclusion: The prescription of first-line antibiotics used in the treatment of S. Typhi should be stopped temporarily. Drugs such as cipfloxacin would be useful in the treatment of typhoid caused by MDR S. Typhi. There is need to monitor the resistance in flouroquinolones as resistance to these drugs has been observed and they are the current drugs used to treat typhoid.
Microbial contamination of raw meat and its environment in retail shops in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Hassan Ali Nafisa , Farooqui Amber , Khan Adnan , Khan Ameera Yahya , Kazmi Shahana Urooj 
Published: July 2019

Background: This study was conducted to examine the frequency of contamination in retail meat available in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: Raw meat samples (250) and surface swabs (90) from meat processing equipment and the surrounding environment were analyzed for microbiological contamination. Results: Out of 340 samples, 84% were found to be contaminated with bacterial species, including Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. A total of 550 (66%) of the bacterial isolates were potential pathogens. Of these, 342 and 208 isolates were from meat and environmental samples respectively. Food-borne pathogens isolated from meat samples included Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria, Salmonella Enteritidis and Shigella species whereas environmental samples yielded Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella species. Four strains of Brucella species were also isolated from meat samples. Total aerobic counts ranged between 108 -1010 CFU/g or cm2. Resistance to a wide range of antibiotics was observed. Resistance rates to ampicillin, amoxicillin, novobiocin and cefaclor were from 62 to 75% in general. Thirty-three percent of Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin. No quinolone resistance was observed. Biofilm formation was observed among 88 (16%) pathogenic bacteria including E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter species and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Food-borne pathogens found in retail shops could be sources for horizontal contamination of meat. Our data confirm the circulation of antibiotic resistant and biofilm forming pathogens in raw meat and its environment in retail shops in Pakistan, which could play a role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance amongst food-borne bacteria.
Integrin Binding to the Trimeric Interface of CD40L Plays a Critical Role in CD40/CD40L Signaling
Authors: Takada Yoko K. , Yu Jessica , Shimoda Michiko , Takada Yoshikazu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
CD40L plays a major role in immune response and is a major therapeutic target for inflammation. Integrin α5β1 and CD40 simultaneously bind to CD40L. It is unclear if α5β1 and CD40 work together in CD40/CD40L signaling or how α5β1 binds to CD40L. In this article, we describe that the integrin-binding site of human CD40L is predicted to be located in the trimeric interface by docking simulation. Mutations in the predicted integrin-binding site markedly reduced the binding of α5β1 to CD40L. Several CD40L mutants defective in integrin binding were defective in NF-κB activation and B cell activation and suppressed CD40L signaling induced by wild-type CD40L; however, they still bound to CD40. These findings suggest that integrin α5β1 binds to monomeric CD40L through the binding site in the trimeric interface of CD40L, and this plays a critical role in CD40/CD40L signaling. Integrin αvβ3, a widely distributed vascular integrin, bound to CD40L in a KGD-independent manner, suggesting that αvβ3 is a new CD40L receptor. Several missense mutations in CD40L that induce immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM syndrome type 1 (HIGM1) are clustered in the integrin-binding site of the trimeric interface. These HIGM1 CD40L mutants were defective in binding to α5β1 and αvβ3 (but not to CD40), suggesting that the defect in integrin binding may be a causal factor of HIGM1. These findings suggest that α5β1 and αvβ3 bind to the overlapping binding site in the trimeric interface of monomeric CD40L and generate integrin-CD40L-CD40 ternary complex. CD40L mutants defective in integrins have potential as antagonists of CD40/CD40L signaling.
MD-2 Homologue Recognizes the White Spot Syndrome Virus Lipid Component and Induces Antiviral Molecule Expression in Shrimp
Authors: Gao Jie , Wang Jin-Xing , Wang Xian-Wei 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2)–related lipid-recognition (ML) domain is found in multiple proteins, including MD-2, MD-1, Niemann–Pick disease type C2, and mite major allergen proteins. The significance of ML proteins in antibacterial signal transduction and in lipid metabolism has been well studied. However, their function in host–virus interaction remains poorly understood. In the current study, we found that the ML protein family is involved in resistance against white spot syndrome virus in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. One member, which showed a high similarity to mammalian MD-2/MD-1 and was designated as ML1, participated in the antiviral response by recognizing cholesta-3,5-diene (CD), a lipid component of the white spot syndrome virus envelope. After recognizing CD, ML1 induced the translocation of Rel family NF-κB transcription factor Dorsal into the nucleus, resulting in the expression of Vago, an IFN-like antiviral cytokine in arthropods. Overall, this study revealed the significance of an MD-2 homologue as an immune recognition protein for virus lipids. The identification and characterization of CD–ML1–Dorsal–Vago signaling provided new insights into invertebrate antiviral immunity.
Bounded Depth Ascending HNN Extensions and -Semistability at infinity
Authors: Mihalik Michael L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA well-known conjecture is that all finitely presented groups have semistable fundamental groups at infinity. A class of groups whose members have not been shown to be semistable at infinity is the class ${\mathcal{A}}$ of finitely presented groups that are ascending HNN-extensions with finitely generated base. The class ${\mathcal{A}}$ naturally partitions into two non-empty subclasses, those that have “bounded” and “unbounded” depth. Using new methods introduced in a companion paper we show those of bounded depth have semistable fundamental group at infinity. Ascending HNN extensions produced by Ol’shanskii–Sapir and Grigorchuk (for other reasons), and once considered potential non-semistable examples are shown to have bounded depth. Finally, we devise a technique for producing explicit examples with unbounded depth. These examples are perhaps the best candidates to date in the search for a group with non-semistable fundamental group at infinity.
Los dibujos de Aldo van Eyck para su casa en Loenen aan de Vecht: un laberinto hecho de cosas
Authors: Campos Uribe Alejandro 
Published: July 2019

<p>Aldo y Hannie van Eyck se trasladaron de Amsterdam a Loenen en 1964, reformando una antigua construcción junto al río Vecht que ha permanecido inédita hasta la actualidad. En su casa, habitada hasta 1999, Van Eyck desplegó las mismas estrategias arquitectónicas que en sus proyectos más conocidos, construyendo un interior que refleja su modo de comprender la profesión y su manera de habitar. Este breve ensayo se fija en los dibujos elaborados por el arquitecto en el proceso de proyecto, publicados por primera vez, recomponiendo la casa como montaje de fragmentos autónomos estudiados individualmente. Los dibujos, mezcla de bocetos y planimetrías a escala, presentan una casa hecha de cosas, un verdadero laberinto que exige la participación del que la recorre para ser comprensible. Al fin y al cabo, el dibujo no es tanto una herramienta de representación como un instrumento que facilita el pensamiento.</p>
De pixel a voxel. Arquitectura entre identidad líquida y imagen física.
Authors: Lanzara Emanuela 
Published: July 2019

<p>La actividad de investigación dedicada a la gestión y comunicación de formas arquitectónicas complejas favorece al voxel, volumetric pixel (picture element), como principal herramienta tecnológica que caracteriza la producción física y virtual de la segunda era digital. El proceso de voxelización distorsiona y fragmenta la imagen fluida y abstracta de la arquitectura líquida que caracteriza la primera era digital. Desde la arquitectura calculada a la construida, el proceso de voxelización manipula la imagen del proyecto para encontrar una solución tecnológicamente más accesible. Las imágenes de los experimentos artísticos y arquitectónicos más recientes, resultado de herramientas digitales generativas y computacionales consolidadas, testifican un enfoque de diseño caracterizado por un tecnicismo avanzado.Por lo tanto, esta comunicación nos invita a reflexionar sobre el impacto visual de la necesidad actual de inmediatez resolutiva y optimización económica constructiva, expresiones de la sociedad contemporánea, que son determinantes en la figuración del concepto de complejidad arquitectónica.</p>
Aproximación a la obra de Juan Antonio Camacho de Saavedra. Arquitecto, ingeniero y maestro de obras del Marquesado de Priego y del Obispado de Córdoba en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Baena Sánchez Alicia 
Published: July 2019

<p>Juan Antonio Camacho de Saavedra fue probablemente el maestro de obras más brillante y versátil del barroco cordobés en la primera mitad del siglo xviii. Su obra, profundamente ligada al Marquesado de Priego y al Obispado de Córdoba, abarca una amplia variedad de trabajos originales y reformas en edificios de distinta índole. Como gran arquitecto e ingeniero que fue, su legado abarca construcciones tan distintas como hospitales, capillas, molinos, graneros y todo tipo de obras de rehabilitación y reparación de edificios. La conservación de la documentación de algunas de sus obras, permite conocer, aunque siempre de manera insuficiente, la contribución de este genio a la arquitectura y la ingeniería dieciochesca.</p>
Validation of K-Sense against indirect calorimetry and accelerometry
Authors: Yli-Piipari Sami , Zaman Kazi I. , Fish Joseph C. , Hnat Timothy W. 
Published: July 2019

PurposeConsidering the difficulty of accurately estimating energy expenditure (EE) in habitual physical activity (PA), efforts to improve estimation accuracy are well warranted. The aim of the study was, first, to validate the K-Sense EE estimation system to improve EE estimation accuracy of human low-intensity activities, and, second, to compare K-Sense EE
estimation values against ActiGraph (GT3X+) accelerometer-derived EE estimates.MethodsA comparative analysis investigated the K-Sense EE estimation values against indirect calorimetry and ActiGraph (GT3X+) EE estimates. A sample of 18 participants (age: 24.0 ± 5.2 years) performed eight sedentary/low intensity lifestyle activities, each wearing K-Sense with sensors attached to right wrist and ankle.ResultsThe K-Sense estimation accuracy ranged from 89.4% to 99.9%, outperforming ActiGraph equations, which were found to overestimate EE of these low-intensity activities, achieving 70.3% estimation accuracy at best. T-tests showed no statistically significant differences between K-Sense and indirect calorimetry values. Bland-Altman plots, however, illustrated an EE estimation error ranging from –9 to 7 kcal (with 95% confidence limits of agreement) among individuals.ConclusionsEE evaluation with low-cost inertial measurement units, such as those found in K-Sense, is a valid method in comparison with indirect calorimetry and ActiGraph accelerometry.
The relevance of mid-Holocene Arctic warming to the future
Authors: Yoshimori Masakazu , Suzuki Marina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. There remain substantial uncertainties in future
projections of Arctic climate change. There is a potential to constrain
these uncertainties using a combination of paleoclimate simulations and
proxy data, but such a constraint must be accompanied by physical
understanding on the connection between past and future simulations. Here,
we examine the relevance of an Arctic warming mechanism in the mid-Holocene (MH) to the
future with emphasis on process understanding. We conducted a
surface energy balance analysis on 10 atmosphere and ocean general
circulation models under the MH and future Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario forcings. It is
found that many of the dominant processes that amplify Arctic warming over
the ocean from late autumn to early winter are common between the two
periods, despite the difference in the source of the forcing (insolation vs.
greenhouse gases). The positive albedo feedback in summer results in an
increase in oceanic heat release in the colder season when the atmospheric
stratification is strong, and an increased greenhouse effect from clouds
helps amplify the warming during the season with small insolation. The
seasonal progress was elucidated by the decomposition of the factors
associated with sea surface temperature, ice concentration, and ice surface
temperature changes. We also quantified the contribution of individual
components to the inter-model variance in the surface temperature changes.
The downward clear-sky longwave radiation is one of major contributors to
the model spread throughout the year. Other controlling terms for the model
spread vary with the season, but they are similar between the MH and the
future in each season. This result suggests that the MH Arctic change may
not be analogous to the future in some seasons when the temperature response
differs, but it is still useful to constrain the model spread in the future
Arctic projection. The cross-model correlation suggests that the feedbacks
in preceding seasons should not be overlooked when determining constraints,
particularly summer sea ice cover for the constraint of autumn–winter
surface temperature response.