bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of non‐monoexponential diffusion models for hepatocellular carcinoma using b values up to 2000 s/mm2: A short‐term repeatability study
Authors: Kuai Zi‐Xiang , Sang Xi‐Qiao , Yao Yuan‐Fei , Chu Chun‐Yu , Zhu Yue‐Min 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundNon‐monoexponential diffusion models are being used increasingly for the characterization and curative effect evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). But the fitting quality of the models and the repeatability of their parameters have not been assessed for HCC.PurposeTo evaluate kurtosis, stretched exponential, and statistical models for diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) of HCC, using b‐values up to 2000 s/mm2, in terms of fitting quality and repeatability.Study TypeProspective.PopulationEighteen patients with HCC.Field Strength/SequenceConventional and DW images (b = 0, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 s/mm2) were acquired at 3.0T.AssessmentThe parameters of the kurtosis, stretched exponential, and statistical models were calculated on regions of interest (ROIs) of each lesion.Statistical TestsThe fitting quality was evaluated through comparing the fitting residuals produced on the average data of ROI between different models using a paired t‐test or Wilcoxon rank‐sum test. Repeatability of the fitted parameters at the median values on the voxelwise data of ROI was assessed using the within coefficient of variation (WCV), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and the 95% Bland–Altman limits of agreements (BA‐LA). The repeatability was divided into four levels: excellent, good, acceptable, and poor, referring to the values of ICC and WCV.ResultsAmong three models, the stretched exponential model provided the best fit to HCC (P < 0.05), whereas the statistical model produced the largest fitting residuals (P < 0.05). The repeatability of K from the kurtosis model was excellent (ICC 0.915; WCV 8.79%), while the distributed diffusion coefficient (DDC) from the stretched model was just acceptable (ICC 0.477; WCV 27.83%). The repeatability was good for other diffusion‐related parameters.Data ConclusionConsidering the model fit and repeatability, the kurtosis and stretched exponential models are the preferred models for the description of the DW signals of HCC with respect to the statistical model.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:297–304.
Intravenous contrast‐free standardized exercise perfusion imaging in diabetic feet with ulcers
Authors: Edalati Masoud , Hastings Mary K. , Muccigrosso David , Sorensen Christopher J. , Hildebolt Charles , Zayed Mohamed A. , Mueller Michael J. , Zheng Jie 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundImpaired foot perfusion is a primary contributor to foot ulcer formation. There is no existing device nor method that can be used to measure local foot perfusion during standardized foot muscle exercise in an MRI environment.PurposeTo develop a new MRI‐compatible foot dynamometer and MRI methods to characterize local perfusion in diabetic feet with ulcers.Study TypeProspective.Population/SubjectsSeven participants without diabetes and 10 participants with diabetic foot ulcers.Field Strength/Sequence3.0T, arterial spin labeling (ASL).AssessmentsUsing a new MRI‐compatible foot dynamometer, all participants underwent MRI ASL perfusion assessment at rest and during a standardized toe‐flexion exercise. The participants without diabetes were scanned twice to assess the reproducibility of perfusion measurements. The absolute perfusion and perfusion reserve values were compared between two groups and between regions near ulcers (peri‐ulcer) and away from ulcers (away‐ulcer).Statistical TestsBland–Altman methods for the calculation of coefficient of repeatability (CR) and two‐sided and unpaired Student's t‐test to compare multiple differences.ResultsThe perfusion reserves measured had the best reproducibility (CR in medial region: 1.6, lateral region: 0.9). The foot perfusion reserve was significantly lower in the participants with diabetes compared with the participants without diabetes (1.34 ± 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 1.58 vs. 1.76 ± 0.31, 95% CI: 1.53, 1.98, P = 0.02). Both peri‐ulcer exercise perfusion (8.7 ± 3.9 ml/min/100g) and perfusion reserve (1.07 ± 0.39, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.35) were significantly lower than away‐ulcer exercise perfusion (12.7 ± 3.8 ml/min/100g, P = 0.02) and perfusion reserve (1.39 ± 0.37, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.66, P = 0.03), respectively.Data ConclusionThis study demonstrates intravenous contrast‐free methods for local perfusion in feet with ulcers by standardized exercise‐based MRI. Ischemia regions around foot ulcers can be quantitatively distinguished from normal perfused muscle regions.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:474–480.
Orthogonal array design for optimization of phenyllactic acid–sodium alginate blend coating and its effect on the browning and quality of minimally processed lily bulbs
Authors: Fan Wenguang , Ren Haiwei , Wang Yonggang , Peng Cheng , Lian Xiaofeng , Cao Yingying 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn order to develop active packaging of lily products, we for the first time investigated the effects of phenyllactic acid (PLA) incorporated into a sodium alginate (SA)‐based coating on the quality of minimally processed lily bulbs stored at 4 °C for 15 days.RESULTSL9 (34) orthogonal array design showed that the optimal concentrations of PLA, SA and glycerinum were 0.03, 0.03 and 0.05 mol L−1, respectively, to prepare a blend coating. It was noticed that a PLA–SA blend coating treatment could inhibit browning and maintain the firmness and ascorbic acid of minimally processed lily bulbs. Compared with the control, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activities of PLA–SA blend coating treated minimally processed lily bulbs reduced by about 31%, 21% and 29% on the 15th day, respectively. Total phenolic and quinone contents decreased, respectively, by 16% and 55% at the same time. Moreover, PLA–SA blend coating treatment eliminated the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA) while inhibiting microbial growth of minimally processed lily bulbs.CONCLUSIONSThese results showed PLA–SA blend coating could effectively maintain quality of minimally processed lily bulbs stored at 4 °C, and it might be a prospective technology. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Humics‐based interpolyelectrolyte complexes for antierosion protection of soil: Model investigation
Authors: Panova Irina , Drobyazko Alexander , Spiridonov Vasily , Sybachin Andrey , Kydralieva Kamila , Jorobekova Sharipa , Yaroslavov Alexander 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe aim of this article is to demonstrate a novel polymer‐based technique for stabilization of soil against wind and water erosion. Conventional approaches deal with individual water‐soluble polymers, which, being deposited on the soil, are removed from the soil surface after rewatering. Here, we describe an elegant way for soil stabilization via deposition of interpolyelectrolyte complexes formed by two oppositely charged water‐soluble polymers. Electrostatic complexation in an aqueous solution of a cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) with an excess of water‐soluble anionic biopolymers, humic acids, results in formation of a negative non‐stoichiometric interpolyelectrolyte complex (NIPEC). Upon deposition of a NIPEC aqueous solution over soil and drying out, a protective layer (crust) forms on the surface, composed of NIPEC and soil particles, resistant to wind and water erosion. After destruction, the crust is completely restored by rewatering. The high stability of the NIPEC‐soil crust is due to a NIPEC block structure with hydrophilic free anionic units and hydrophobic mutually neutralized anionic/cationic units, which ensures optimum adsorption on the surface of soil particles and binds them to bigger aggregates. The NIPEC treatment retains the porous structure of soil that favors seed germination and plant development. Being effective absorbent of heavy metals, the NIPEC formulation ensures a normal seed germination in the presence of toxic Cu2+ ions. Thus, the humics‐based NIPECs ensures antierosion protection and detoxification of soil. Additionally to ecological and agricultural applications, the NIPEC formulations have potential for immobilization of moving sands, conservation of mining dumps, treatment of road slopes, and so forth.
Mutations in STAG2 cause an X‐linked cohesinopathy associated with undergrowth, developmental delay, and dysmorphia: Expanding the phenotype in males
Authors: Mullegama Sureni V. , Klein Steven D. , Signer Rebecca H. ,   UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Vilain Eric , Martinez‐Agosto Julian A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe cohesin complex is a multi‐subunit protein complex which regulates sister chromatid cohesion and separation during cellular division. In addition, this evolutionarily conserved protein complex plays an integral role in DNA replication, DNA repair, and the regulation of transcription. The core complex is composed of four subunits: RAD21, SMC1A, SMC3, and STAG1/2. Mutations in these proteins have been implicated in human developmental disorders collectively termed “cohesinopathies.”MethodsUsing clinical exome sequencing, we have previously identified three female cases with heterozygous STAG2 mutations and overlapping syndromic phenotypes. Subsequently, a familial missense variant was identified in five male family members.ResultsWe now present the case of a 4‐year‐old male with developmental delay, failure to thrive, short stature, and polydactyly with a likely pathogenic STAG2 de novo missense hemizygous variant, c.3027A>T, p.Lys1009Asn. Furthermore, we compare the phenotypes of the four previously reported STAG2 variants with our case.ConclusionWe conclude that mutations in STAG2 cause a novel constellation of sex‐specific cohesinopathy‐related phenotypes and are furthermore, essential for neurodevelopment, human growth, and behavioral development.
Optimal needle placement for extensor hallucis longus muscle using ultrasound verification
Authors: Kwak Jin Myoung , Kim Dong Hyun , Lee Yang Gyun , Choi Yoon‐Hee 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The extensor hallucis longus (EHL) muscle is important for diagnosis of neurologic lesions. It is also a target muscle for treatment. We investigated EHL with ultrasonography to determine optimal needle placement for safety and accuracy. Methods: A total of 96 legs of 48 healthy volunteers were examined through ultrasonography. Four published electromyographic methods for finding the EHL were assessed. We identified the midpoint of EHL (MD) using landmarks to determine optimal needle placement. Results: Mean values of bimalleolar line‐MD on skin (MD‐S) and tibial crest‐MD‐S were 10.5 ± 1.2 cm and 3.6 ± 0.4 cm, respectively. The depth of MD was 1.6 ± 0.2 cm. According to 4 EMG methods, the probability of needle penetrating EHL was 13% to 79% and that of needle penetrating the neurovascular bundle was 50% to 89%. Conclusions: Using ultrasonography, we could determine optimal needle placement in the EHL. Muscle Nerve 59:331–336, 2019
Transported snapshot model order reduction approach for parametric, steady‐state fluid flows containing parameter‐dependent shocks
Authors: Nair Nirmal J. , Balajewicz Maciej 
Published: November 2018

SummaryA new model order reduction approach is proposed for parametric steady‐state nonlinear fluid flows characterized by shocks and discontinuities whose spatial locations and orientations are strongly parameter dependent. In this method, solutions in the predictive regime are approximated using a linear superposition of parameter‐dependent basis. The sought‐after parametric reduced bases are obtained by transporting the snapshots in a spatially and parametrically dependent transport field. Key to the proposed approach is the observation that the transport fields are typically smooth and continuous, despite the solution themselves not being so. As a result, the transport fields can be accurately expressed using a low‐order polynomial expansion. Similar to traditional projection‐based model order reduction approaches, the proposed method is formulated mathematically as a residual minimization problem for the generalized coordinates. The proposed approach is also integrated with well‐known hyper‐reduction strategies to obtain significant computational speedups. The method is successfully applied to the reduction of a parametric one‐dimensional flow in a converging‐diverging nozzle, a parametric two‐dimensional supersonic flow over a forward‐facing step, and a parametric two‐dimensional jet diffusion flame in a combustor.
Effects of cone combinations on accurate and precise Mg‐isotopic determination using multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Gou Long‐Fei , Jin Zhangdong , Galy Albert , Sun He , Deng Li , Xu Yang 
Published: November 2018

RationaleHigh‐precision determination of magnesium (Mg) isotopes can now be routinely achieved by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). The analytical sensitivity and instrumental mass discrimination behavior of this method are, however, sensitive to the types of sample and skimmer cones used in these measurements, so it is important that these parameters should be investigated.MethodsUsing the sample‐standard‐bracketing method in the wet‐plasma mode, four available combinations of sample and skimmer cones [Jet sample cone + H skimmer cone (Jet + H), standard sample cone + H skimmer cone (Standard + H), standard sample cone + X skimmer cone (Standard + X), and Jet sample cone + X skimmer cone (Jet + X)] were systematically investigated for peak shape, sensitivity, mass discrimination, accuracy, and precision in Mg‐isotopic ratio determination using a Neptune plus MC‐ICP mass spectrometer.ResultsThe results showed that different cone combinations do not affect peak shapes but would significantly change the sensitivities for Mg‐isotopic determinations. Compared with using the Standard + H, the sensitivities of Mg‐isotopic determinations were enhanced by approximately a factor of 1.3, 1.4, and 1.9 by using the Standard + X, the Jet + H, and the Jet + X combinations, with the most stable mass discrimination behaviors obtained by the Jet + H. The instrumental mass fractionation slope for any combination of a modified cone geometry (i.e. Standard + X, Jet + X, and Jet + H) is 0.500, while it is 0.510 for the Standard + H. In addition, the mass discrimination behavior is related to Mg concentrations once the combination is set, indicating the necessity of concentration match during Mg‐isotopic determination.ConclusionsThe precision and accuracy of the Jet + H combination are better than those of the other combinations, and this is further supported by the validation of the Mg‐isotope data for four international reference materials: Cambridge‐1, NASS‐6, AGV‐2, and BHVO‐2. As the Jet + H combination also provides a high signal, this combination gives the most robust strategy for the highly precise and accurate determination of Mg isotopes.
The plasma membrane H+‐ATPase, a simple polypeptide with a long history
Authors: Palmgren Michael , Morsomme Pierre 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe plasma membrane H+‐ATPase of fungi and plants is a single polypeptide of fewer than 1,000 residues that extrudes protons from the cell against a large electric and concentration gradient. The minimalist structure of this nanomachine is in stark contrast to that of the large multi‐subunit FOF1 ATPase of mitochondria, which is also a proton pump, but under physiological conditions runs in the reverse direction to act as an ATP synthase. The plasma membrane H+‐ATPase is a P‐type ATPase, defined by having an obligatory phosphorylated reaction cycle intermediate, like cation pumps of animal membranes, and thus, this pump has a completely different mechanism to that of FOF1 ATPases, which operates by rotary catalysis. The work that led to these insights in plasma membrane H+‐ATPases of fungi and plants has a long history, which is briefly summarized in this review.
Statistical Inference and the Replication Crisis
Authors: Colling Lincoln J. , Szűcs Dénes 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe replication crisis has prompted many to call for statistical reform within the psychological sciences. Here we examine issues within Frequentist statistics that may have led to the replication crisis, and we examine the alternative—Bayesian statistics—that many have suggested as a replacement. The Frequentist approach and the Bayesian approach offer radically different perspectives on evidence and inference with the Frequentist approach prioritising error control and the Bayesian approach offering a formal method for quantifying the relative strength of evidence for hypotheses. We suggest that rather than mere statistical reform, what is needed is a better understanding of the different modes of statistical inference and a better understanding of how statistical inference relates to scientific inference.
Transoral flexible laryngoscope biopsy: Safety and accuracy
Authors: Hassan Nabeel Humayun , Usman Rahila , Yousuf Muhammad , Ahmad Ahmad Nawaz , Hirani Ismail 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of transoral flexible laryngoscope (TFL) biopsy and also to identify the safety as office based procedure in terms of complications.MethodsThis is a diagnostic study; the type of intervention is outpatient department based biopsy of laryngeal lesions. All patients seen in ENT outpatient department of Lyari General Hospital with suspicious lesions of Larynx were referred for Transoral Flexible Laryngoscopy Biopsy under local anesthesia. The specimens were sent for histopathology. The patients with benign pathology or carcinoma in situ were referred for direct laryngoscopy and biopsy. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated and the frequencies of complications were monitored to determine the complication rate.ResultsDuring the course of study a total of 47 patients underwent TFL biopsy in office settings. Out of these patients 16 patients were referred for direct laryngoscopy biopsy. The study population included 32 men and 15 women with ages ranging from 28 to 52 years and mean of (39 ± 6) years. Among 43 patients squamous cell carcinoma was the final diagnosis in 31 patients. In the rest of 12 patients’ dysplasia and benign lesion was the diagnosis in 9 and 3 patients respectively. These 12 patients underwent direct laryngoscopy biopsy and 10 of them diagnosed with invasive carcinoma rest had benign lesions. Hence the specificity was 75.6% and sensitivity was 100%. None of the patients developed any serious complication.ConclusionsAll patients with a suspicious lesion diagnosed by TFL biopsy as being benign or carcinoma in situ should have direct laryngoscopy for verification of the findings. But the results positive for carcinoma are reliable. In addition, this is a safe procedure.
Ultralow Frequency Waves as an Intermediary for Solar Wind Energy Input Into the Radiation Belts
Authors: Georgiou M. , Daglis I. A. , Rae I. J. , Zesta E. , Sibeck D. G. , Mann I. R. , Balasis G. , Tsinganos K. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEnhancements of electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt have been closely linked to increases in solar wind speed and density as well as to prolonged intervals of southward interplanetary magnetic field. Periodic oscillations in the Earth's magnetic field with frequencies in the range of a few millihertz (ultralow frequency or ultralow frequency waves) may be an intermediary through which these solar wind drivers influence radiation belt dynamics due to their potential for resonant interactions with energetic electrons causing the radial migration of resonant electrons. Using data from more than 180 ground magnetometers contributing to the worldwide SuperMAG collaboration, we explore possible relationships between relativistic electron flux variations and the spatial and temporal profiles of ultralow frequency wave power contained in the Pc5 frequency band (2–7 mHz). During 19 geomagnetic storms marked by relativistic (1.5 MeV < E < 6 MeV) electron flux enhancements and 19 storms that led to prolonged electron flux depletions, Pc5 wave power is found penetrating to L shells as low as 2–3. The enhancement of Pc5 wave power starts almost simultaneously with the storm onset. The depth of wave activity penetration was found associated with the strength of geomagnetic activity (Spearman's ρ = 0.54), which is also related to the location of electron flux maximum observed in the recovery phase. Pc5 wave activity persists longer (for up to ≈62 hr) for those storms that produced relativistic electrons. We also investigate the combination of interplanetary conditions necessary to differentiate the response of relativistic electron fluxes to geomagnetic storms. A coupling function that captures the increased reconnection rate at the dayside magnetopause affecting magnetospheric processes which may produce Pc5 wave power offers an additional key to further understanding the outer belt dynamics.
Equatorial Evolution of the Fast Magnetosonic Mode in the Source Region: Observation‐Simulation Comparison of the Preferential Propagation Direction
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Boardsen Scott A. , Denton Richard E. , Liu Kaijun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent analysis of an event observed by the Van Allen Probes in the source region outside the plasmapause has shown that fast magnetosonic waves (also referred to as equatorial noise) propagate preferentially in the azimuthal direction, implying that wave amplification should occur during azimuthal propagation. To demonstrate this, we carry out 2‐D particle‐in‐cell simulations of the fast magnetosonic mode at the dipole magnetic equator with the simulation box size, the magnetic field inhomogeneity, and the plasma parameters chosen from the same event recently analyzed. The self‐consistently evolving electric and magnetic field fluctuations are characterized by spectral peaks at harmonics of the local proton cyclotron frequency. The azimuthal component of the electric field fluctuations is larger than the radial component, indicating wave propagation mainly along the azimuthal direction. Because the simulation box is within the source region, this also implies wave amplification mainly during azimuthal propagation. The excellent agreement between the wave polarization properties of the present simulations and the recently reported observations is clear evidence that the main wave amplification occurs during azimuthal propagation in the source region.
Geoeffectiveness of Stream Interaction Regions From 1995 to 2016
Authors: Chi Yutian , Shen Chenglong , Luo Bingxian , Wang Yuming , Xu Mengjiao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStream interaction regions (SIRs) are important sources of geomagnetic storms. In this work, we first extend the end time of the widely used SIR catalog developed by Jian et al. (2006, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-006-0132-3), which covered the period from 1995 to 2009, to the end of 2016. Based on this extended SIR catalog, the geoeffectiveness of SIRs is discussed in detail. It was found that 52% of the SIRs caused geomagnetic storms with Dstmin ≤−30 nT, but only 3% of them caused intense geomagnetic storms with Dstmin ≤−100 nT. Furthermore, we found that 10 of the intense geomagnetic storms caused by SIRs were associated with complex structures due to interactions between SIRs and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). In such a structure, an ICME is embedded in the SIR and located between the slow and fast solar wind streams. In addition, we found that the geoeffectiveness of SIRs interacting with ICMEs is enhanced. The possibility of SIR‐ICME interaction structures causing geomagnetic storms is markedly higher than that of isolated SIRs or isolated ICMEs. In particular, the geoeffectiveness of SIR‐ICME interaction structures is similar to that of the Shock‐ICME interaction structures, which have been demonstrated to be the main causes of geomagnetic storms.