bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperparasitism in caves: bats, bat flies and ectoparasitic fungus
Authors: Jensen Katrine , Rodrigues Luísa , Pape Thomas , Garm Anders , Santamaria Sergi , Reboleira Ana Sofia 
Published: September 2018

Bat flies (Nycteribiidae) of the order Diptera are highly specialized bloodsucking ectoparasites living on bats. The life-cycle of the bat flies emphasizes their obligate relationship with their hosts as they spend almost their entire life on bats. Upon mating, the female bat fly carries the larvae internally until the 3rd-instar when it deposits the larvae on the ceiling of the roost occupied by bats. The larvae then form a puparium. After 3-4 weeks the adult bat fly emerges from the puparium and starts searching for a host bat to colonize.
Some of these ectoparasitic bat flies themselves are infected with an ectoparasitic fungus of the genus Arthrorhynchus (Laboulbeniales). Ascospores of the fungi attach themselves to the cuticle of the bat fly and develop a very conspicuous haustorium that penetrates into the soft tissues from where it presumably extract nutrition from the hemolymph of the bat flies. This interaction converts the fungus into a hyperparasite. Both the parasite and hyperparasite are obligates and cannot live separate from their hosts. This peculiar case of hyperparasitism remains highly unknown.
The bat flies were collected in caves of Portugal, in maternity and hibernation bat seasons, and in the autumn migration period. The most common species of cave-dwelling bat species in Portugal is Miniopterus schreibersii, frequently parasitized with Nycteribia schmidlii and Penicillidia conspicua bat flies. We have studied the prevalence of the Laboulbeniales of the genus Arthrorhynchus in natural populations of bat flies. The site and position of the fungus on male and female bat flies unveils the mechanism of fungal transmission among bat flies, indicating that it occurs during mating behavior. This study is the starting point towards the understanding of this unique case of fungus-insect-vertebrate hyperparasitism interaction. See Suppl. material 1.
Introduction
Authors: Croché Sarah , Derouet-Besson Marie-Claude 
Published: September 2018

La revue a vingt ans. Elle est née avec l’appui d’un consortium international d’institutions scientifiques qui souhaitaient à la fois construire un lieu d’expression pour la sociologie de l’éducation de langue française et l’inscrire dans un large espace de dialogue international. Le dossier des numéros 40 et 41 tente de rendre compte des évolutions qu’elle a accompagnées et analysées au cours de ces vingt ans. La première est une globalisation, à la fois cadre et objet pour la sociologie et ouverture sur de nouveaux espaces de coopération scientifique. Ce processus porte un retour des préoccupations d’intégration et d’éducation morale, l’affirmation des objectifs de développement durable sans que ces nouvelles perspectives effacent les engagements concernant l’égalité, centraux dans les débats du siècle précédent. La période a aussi été marquée par d’importants changements dans les rapports entre science, politique et sociétés. Les difficultés de mise en œuvre des politiques de démocratisation avaient entraîné une crise de confiance. Celle-ci s’est reconstruite à partir de réseaux d’experts et de centres de ressources liés aux organisations internationales. Les processus de diffusion de la connaissance ont de même été bouleversés par le développement des équipements numériques : open science, blogosphère, réseaux sociaux. La concurrence s’accroît entre les différents discours de vérité qui parcourent les sociétés. Toutes ces évolutions appellent un renouvellement de la critique sociale : la définition d’un nouveau cosmopolitisme ouvert aux différences, mais intransigeant sur les valeurs fondamentales, une approche de la redistribution qui pense ensemble les difficultés des pays du Nord et des pays du Sud, des fonctionnements démocratiques qui ne laissent pas la définition du bien commun aux mains des experts.
La scolarisation des enfants migrants à Shanghai : orientations nationales et mises en œuvre locales
Authors: Zhang Dan 
Published: September 2018

L’étude des tensions que provoquent les migrations en Chine montre qu’elles diffèrent fortement de celles qui inquiètent les États-Unis ou les pays européens. Elles sont quantitativement plus importantes, mais concernent l’exode de paysans pauvres vers les grandes villes et non des populations étrangères. La question peut donc contribuer à la construction de problématiques sociologiques correspondant à la globalisation. L’analyse met en évidence une tension entre deux rationalités et deux espaces. À l’échelle nationale, l’État et le Parti communiste affirment l’égalité de traitement et la garantie de neuf années de scolarité inclusive et de qualité pour tous. Localement, les dynamiques de concurrence l’emportent : les citoyens de Shanghai veulent que leurs enfants reçoivent une formation de qualité pour s’inscrire dans la compétition internationale. Des écoles pour migrants se développent donc en marge des écoles publiques : la formation des maîtres et leur rémunération, les conditions de travail y sont inférieures et les chances d’accéder à l’enseignement secondaire quasi nulles. Pour ceux qui accèdent aux établissements publics, l’article étudie, dans une tradition inspirée de Bourdieu, les procédures de distinction qui les tiennent à distance, même lorsqu’ils ont de bons résultats scolaires.
Les petits pas de la Paix. Note sur le courant “Humane Education”
Authors: Michalon Jérôme 
Published: September 2018

La proposition d’introduire dans les programmes scolaires une éducation au respect des animaux s’inscrit dans l’élargissement des définitions du bien commun qui mettent en jeu l’ensemble de la nature. Cet article attire l’attention sur une autre source. Le courant Humane Education qui s’est développé dans le monde anglo-saxon dans la seconde moitié du XIX e siècle. Il insiste sur les vertus propédeutiques de l’enseignement du respect des animaux : les enfants y apprennent le contrôle de la violence et l’ouverture vers des formes de vie différentes, les futurs responsables y puisent les manières d’être leader sans être tyran. L’établissement de ce lien a abouti au fait que, dans plusieurs pays, les mauvais traitements aux animaux sont utilisés pour repérer d’autres difficultés : violences conjugales, maltraitance des enfants, etc. Ces principes progressent lentement en France : les revendications apparaissent dans les médias, mais elles n’ont pas, pour le moment, trouvé de traduction institutionnelle dans le domaine de l’éducation.
Vexin normand ou Vexin parisien ?
Authors: Fruit Jean-Pierre 
Published: September 2018

Depuis des siècles, le cours de l'Epte marque la limite entre la Normandie et l'Ile-de-France. Actuellement encore, la rivière est frontière départementale et régionale. Quelle est pour les hommes d'aujourd'hui le sens de cette limite ? Le Vexin entre l'Epte et l'Andelle mérite-t-il son qualificatif de « normand » ?

La première partie de l'ouvrage est consacrée à l'analyse des paysages et de leur signification. Une bonne partie des aspects actuels du pays reflète sa nature physique et ses fonctions. Néanmoins, les transformations progressives des paysages agraires de l'Epte jusqu'à l'Andelle n'ont pas une signification entièrement fonctionnelle. Comment les expliquer ?

La deuxième partie de l'ouvrage porte sur l'étude de la vie de relation. L'influence de Rouen n'est vraiment sensible qu'au niveau de la distribution du commerce de gros et de l'attraction de son centre commercial lors d'achats exceptionnels. Elle s'arrête d'ailleurs en deçà de l'Epte. L'influence de Paris la relaie dans les marges orientales du pays, et la capitale contrôle l'essentiel des activités économiques dynamiques.

La troisième partie s'efforce de comprendre comment les paysages se sont élaborés et comment la vie de relation a évolué vers une perte de contrôle de Rouen sur sa région et un accroissement de l'influence parisienne. On y entrevoit aussi quelles seront les évolutions probables.
Basophils Are Dispensable for the Control of a Filarial Infection
Authors: Hartmann Wiebke , Linnemann Lara Christine , Reitz Martina , Specht Sabine , Voehringer David , Breloer Minka 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Basophils are innate effector cells that contribute to allergic reactions and provide protection against parasites. Using basophil-deficient Mcpt8-cre mice, we have previously shown that these granulocytes contributed to the immune mediated early control of the gastrointestinal helminth Strongyloides ratti in mice. In this study, we analyze the impact of basophils on the immune response and defense against the tissue-dwelling filarial helminth parasite Litomosoides sigmodontis. Although basophils and IgE increased at the site of infection, the absence of basophils did not change the outcome of L. sigmodontis infection. Worm burden in the thoracic cavity and microfilaremiae in the peripheral blood were alike in L. sigmodontis–infected Mcpt8-cre mice compared with Mcpt8 wild type littermates during the entire course of infection. Analysis of the cytokine and Ab response to L. sigmodontis revealed no consistent alterations in the absence of basophils. Furthermore, basophil-deficient and -competent mice were protected to the same extent during a secondary infection with L. sigmodontis. In summary, our findings suggest that basophils are dispensable for the initiation of the appropriate immune response and host defense against L. sigmodontis infection in mice.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor–δ Supports the Metabolic Requirements of Cell Growth in TCRβ-Selected Thymocytes and Peripheral CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Zhao Fei Linda , Ahn Jeeyoon Jennifer , Chen Edward L. Y. , Yi Tae Joon , Stickle Natalie H. , Spaner David , Zúñiga-Pflücker Juan Carlos , Dunn Shannon E. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
During T cell development, progenitor thymocytes undergo a large proliferative burst immediately following successful TCRβ rearrangement, and defects in genes that regulate this proliferation have a profound effect on thymus cellularity and output. Although the signaling pathways that initiate cell cycling and nutrient uptake after TCRβ selection are understood, less is known about the transcriptional programs that regulate the metabolic machinery to promote biomass accumulation during this process. In this article, we report that mice with whole body deficiency in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–δ (PPARδmut) exhibit a reduction in spleen and thymus cellularity, with a decrease in thymocyte cell number starting at the double-negative 4 stage of thymocyte development. Although in vivo DNA synthesis was normal in PPARδmut thymocytes, studies in the OP9–delta-like 4 in vitro system of differentiation revealed that PPARδmut double-negative 3 cells underwent fewer cell divisions. Naive CD4+ T cells from PPARδmut mice also exhibited reduced proliferation upon TCR and CD28 stimulation in vitro. Growth defects in PPAR-δ–deficient thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ T cells correlated with decreases in extracellular acidification rate, mitochondrial reserve, and expression of a host of genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipogenesis. By contrast, mice with T cell–restricted deficiency of Ppard starting at the double-positive stage of thymocyte development, although exhibiting defective CD4+ T cell growth, possessed a normal T cell compartment, pointing to developmental defects as a cause of peripheral T cell lymphopenia in PPARδmut mice. These findings implicate PPAR-δ as a regulator of the metabolic program during thymocyte and T cell growth.
WDFY4 Is Involved in Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Modulating B Cell Fate via Noncanonical Autophagy
Authors: Yuan Qianqian , Li Yan , Li Jiangxia , Bian Xianli , Long Feng , Duan Ruonan , Ma Xiaochun , Gao Fei , Gao Shang , Wei Shijun , Li Xi , Sun Wenjie , Liu Qiji 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGenome-wide association studies have recently illuminated that WDFY4 is genetically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in various ethnic groups. Despite strong genetic evidence suggesting a role of WDFY4 in SLE pathogenesis, its functional relevance is largely unknown. In this study, we generated Wdfy4 B lymphocyte conditional knockout (Wdfy4-CKO) mice and found that loss of Wdfy4 led to a decrease in number of total B cells and several subpopulations of B cells in the periphery and a defect in the transition from the pro– to pre–B cell stage in bone marrow. Also, Wdfy4-CKO mice showed impaired Ab responses as compared with controls when challenged with Ag. SLE phenotypes were effectively alleviated in Wdfy4-CKO mice, with significantly diminished pristane-elicited production of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. Genetic silencing of WDFY4 in B cells increased lipidation of LC3 independent of p62 and Beclin1, which are essential proteins of canonical autophagy. Our in vivo and in vitro data suggest that WDFY4 facilitates noncanonical autophagic activity. Our findings provide a novel functional link underlying the mechanism of SLE in which WDFY4 influences B cell fate via noncanonical autophagy.
Community-based maternal and newborn care: A concept analysis
Authors: Guta Yonas R. , Risenga Patrone R. , Moleki Mary M. , Alemu Merertu T. 
Published: September 2018

Background: Community-based care can serve as a valuable programme in the provision of essential maternal and newborn care, specifically in communities in low-income countries. However, its application in maternal and newborn care is not clearly documented in relation to the rendering of services by skilled birth attendants.Objectives: The purpose of the analysis was to clarify the meaning of the concept ‘community-based maternal and newborn care and its relationship to maternal and newborn health’.Method: Walker and Avant’s and Rodgers and Knafl’s as well as Chin and Kramer’s approaches to concept analysis were followed to analyse community-based maternal and newborn care.Results: The attributes of community-based care in maternal and newborn health include (1) the provision of home- and/or community-level skilled care, (2) linkages of health services and (3) community participation and mobilisation. These attributes are influenced by antecedents as well as consequences.Conclusion: The provision of good maternal and newborn care to all clients is a crucial aspect in provision of maternal and newborn services. In order for low-income countries to promote maternal and newborn health, community-based care services are the best option to follow.
INTEGRA DA REVISTA
Authors: Perrone Mello Campos Patrícia , Nojiri (Editores Especiais) Sérgio , Dias Varella Marcelo , Esis Villarroel (Editores) Ivette 
Published: September 2018

Integra da Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas
No. 2, Vol. 8, 2018
SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0
Authors: Kokkola Harri , Kühn Thomas , Laakso Anton , Bergman Tommi , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Mielonen Tero , Arola Antti , Stadtler Scarlet , Korhonen Hannele , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Lohmann Ulrike , Neubauer David , Tegen Ina , Siegenthaler-Le Drian Colombe , Schultz Martin G. , Bey Isabelle , Stier Philip , Daskalakis Nikos , Heald Colette L. , Romakkaniemi Sami 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In this paper, we present the implementation and evaluation of the
aerosol microphysics module SALSA2.0 in the framework of the
aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ. It is an alternative
microphysics module to the default modal microphysics scheme M7 in
ECHAM-HAMMOZ. The SALSA2.0 implementation within ECHAM-HAMMOZ is evaluated
against observations of aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass, and size
distributions, comparing also to the skill of the M7 implementation. The
largest differences between the implementation of SALSA2.0 and M7 are in the
methods used for calculating microphysical processes, i.e., nucleation,
condensation, coagulation, and hydration. These differences in the
microphysics are reflected in the results so that the largest differences
between SALSA2.0 and M7 are evident over regions where the aerosol size
distribution is heavily modified by the microphysical processing of aerosol
particles. Such regions are, for example, highly polluted regions and regions
strongly affected by biomass burning. In addition, in a simulation of the
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in which a stratospheric sulfate plume was formed,
the global burden and the effective radii of the stratospheric aerosol are
very different in SALSA2.0 and M7. While SALSA2.0 was able to reproduce the
observed time evolution of the global burden of sulfate and the effective
radii of stratospheric aerosol, M7 strongly overestimates the removal of
coarse stratospheric particles and thus underestimates the effective radius
of stratospheric aerosol. As the mode widths of M7 have been optimized for
the troposphere and were not designed to represent stratospheric aerosol, the
ability of M7 to simulate the volcano plume was improved by modifying the
mode widths, decreasing the standard deviations of the accumulation and coarse
modes from 1.59 and 2.0, respectively, to 1.2 similar to what was observed
after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Overall, SALSA2.0 shows promise in improving
the aerosol description of ECHAM-HAMMOZ and can be further improved by
implementing methods for aerosol processes that are more suitable for the
sectional method, e.g., size-dependent emissions for aerosol species and size-resolved wet deposition.
Dual-satellite (Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8) remote sensing of supraglacial lakes in Greenland
Authors: Williamson Andrew G. , Banwell Alison F. , Willis Ian C. , Arnold Neil S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Remote sensing is commonly used to monitor supraglacial lakes on
the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS); however, most satellite records must trade off
higher spatial resolution for higher temporal resolution (e.g. MODIS) or vice
versa (e.g. Landsat). Here, we overcome this issue by developing and applying
a dual-sensor method that can monitor changes to lake areas and volumes at
high spatial resolution (10–30 m) with a frequent revisit time (∼3 days). We achieve this by mosaicking imagery from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) with
imagery from the recently launched Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) for a ∼12 000 km2 area of West Greenland in the 2016 melt season. First, we
validate a physically based method for calculating lake depths with
Sentinel-2 by comparing measurements against those derived from the available
contemporaneous Landsat 8 imagery; we find close correspondence between the
two sets of values (R2=0.841; RMSE = 0.555 m). This provides us
with the methodological basis for automatically calculating lake areas,
depths, and volumes from all available Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 images. These
automatic methods are incorporated into an algorithm for Fully Automated
Supraglacial lake Tracking at Enhanced Resolution (FASTER). The FASTER
algorithm produces time series showing lake evolution during the 2016 melt
season, including automated rapid (≤4 day) lake-drainage identification.
With the dual Sentinel-2–Landsat 8 record, we identify 184 rapidly draining
lakes, many more than identified with either imagery collection alone (93
with Sentinel-2; 66 with Landsat 8), due to their inferior temporal
resolution, or would be possible with MODIS, due to its omission of small
lakes <0.125 km2. Finally, we estimate the water volumes drained
into the GrIS during rapid-lake-drainage events and, by analysing downscaled
regional climate-model (RACMO2.3p2) run-off data, the water quantity that
enters the GrIS via the moulins opened by such events. We find that during
the lake-drainage events alone, the water drained by small lakes (<0.125 km2) is only 5.1 % of the total water volume drained by all
lakes. However, considering the total water volume entering the GrIS after
lake drainage, the moulins opened by small lakes deliver 61.5 % of the
total water volume delivered via the moulins opened by large and small lakes;
this is because there are more small lakes, allowing more moulins to open,
and because small lakes are found at lower elevations than large lakes, where
run-off is higher. These findings suggest that small lakes should be included
in future remote-sensing and modelling work.
“The Greatest Agricultural Colony on Earth”: Landscape and Community Development of the Estelle Colony, Atlantic County, New Jersey, 1895–1910
Authors: Avery-Quinn Samuel 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT
In 1901 the Chancery Court of New Jersey heard arguments in one of the largest property lawsuits ever held in Atlantic County. The suit, filed by the Estell Family, alleged that Philadelphia businessman Daniel Risley had failed to repay mortgages held by the Estells on thousands of acres of pinelands along the Tuckahoe River. Risley had developed the lands as the Estelle Colony. The lawsuit opened a window onto the economic decline, real estate speculation, and demographic changes transforming the landscape of the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens. As the colony's mostly immigrant residents struggled with building homes, farming the sandy pinelands soils, and filling a vacuum of governance with a unique example of a village improvement association, they transformed their landscape and crafted community identity out of hardship. The first years of their settlement present a significant story of placemaking in Philadelphia's nearest wilderness.
A study of HIV positive undocumented African migrants’ access to health services in the UK
Authors: Whyte IV James , Whyte Maria D. , Dickey Sabrina 
Published: September 2018

Newly immigrated persons, whatever their origin, tend to fall in the lower socioeconomic levels. In fact, failure of an asylum application renders one destitute in a large proportion of cases, often resulting in a profound lack of access to basic necessities. With over a third of HIV positive failed asylum seekers reporting no income, and the remainder reporting highly limited resources, poverty is a reality for the vast majority. The purpose of the study was to determine the basic social processes that guide HIV positive undocumented migrant’s efforts to gain health services in the UK. The study used the Grounded Theory Approach. Theoretical saturation occurred after 16 participants were included in the study. The data included reflections of the prominent factors related to the establishment of a safe and productive life and the ability of individuals to remain within the UK. The data reflected heavily upon the ability of migrants to enter the medical care system during their asylum period, and on an emerging pattern of service denial after loss on immigration appeal, which often resulted in a discontinuation of medical therapies. This inevitably was associated with a pattern of decline and inability to fundamental needs. The findings of this study are notable in that they have demonstrated sequence of events along a timeline related to the interaction between the asylum process and access to health related services. The results reflect that African migrants maintain a degree of formal access to health services during the period that they possess legal access to services and informal access after the failure of their asylum claim.