bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FATCA, CRS, and the Wrong Choice of Who to Regulate
Authors: Noked Noam 
Published: February 2019

FATCA and CRS have a major flaw that enables tax evaders to avoid reporting of their offshore financial assets. This noncompliance opportunity stems from the fact that many private entities are classified under FATCA and CRS as “financial institutions” (“FIs”), and as such these entities are required to report their beneficial owners. Where a tax evader holds financial assets through a private entity that he or she owns and manages, it is unlikely that this entity will report its owner to the tax authorities. At the same time, banks and other FIs that maintain the financial accounts of such entities are not required to report these entities’beneficial owners. Therefore, to avoid reporting, tax evaders can simply hold financial assets through private entities that are classified as FIs.This noncompliance opportunity is a result of a wrong choice of who to regulate. The drafters of FATCA and CRS decided to impose obligations on many private entities to report their beneficial owners, instead of imposing these obligations on banks and other FIs that maintain the financial assets of such entities. This policy also results in higher compliance costs for compliant taxpayers, and larger distortions and deadweight loss. Thus, it benefits tax evaders and harms compliant taxpayers. This Article proposes solutions that the U.S. Treasury and the OECD should consider.Building on this analysis, this Article explores a general question of regulatory design: how to choose which group of agents should be required to satisfy a regulatory obligation where that obligation can be imposed on one of two or more alternative groups of agents. When making this decision, the designers of the regulation should consider the cost-effectiveness of compliance, the potential distortions, and the likelihood of noncompliance for each of the alternative groups.
Revision of the amphiamerican genus Mysidium Dana, 1852 (Crustacea: Mysida: Mysidae), with descriptions of two new species and the establishment of two new subgenera
Authors: Wittmann Karl J. , Wirtz Peter 
Published: February 2019

Revised definitions are given for the genus Mysidium Dana, 1852, and its eight previously known species, based on material from Curaçao, Bonaire and SE-Brazil, along with the evaluation of published data. Type material of Diamysis columbiae Zimmer, 1915, M. cubanense Băcescu & Ortiz, 1984 and M. rubroculatum Băcescu & Ortiz, 1984 is examined. A lectotype is designated for D. columbiae Zimmer, 1915, a senior synonym of Mysidium columbiae (Zimmer, 1915). Two new species are described, M. triangulare Wittmann sp. nov. from Curaçao and M. antillarum Wittmann sp. nov. from Curaçao and Bonaire. Known ranges are extended by first records of M. cubanense from Curaçao and Bonaire and of M. integrum W.M. Tattersall, 1951 from SE Brazil. Three morphologically different groups are established at the subgeneric level: (1) the nominotypical subgenus Mysidium Dana, 1852 with M. gracile (Dana, 1852), M. integrum, M. cubanense, M. rubroculatum and M. triangulare sp. nov. from the West Atlantic plus M. rickettsi Harrison & Bowman, 1987 from the East Pacific; (2) Occimysidium Wittmann subgen. nov. represented only by M. pumae Ortiz, Hendrickx & Winfield, 2017 from the Pacific coast of Mexico; and finally (3) Orientomysidium Wittmann subgen. nov. comprising M. columbiae and M. antillarum sp. nov. from the West Atlantic. The poorly known M. iliffei Băcescu, 1991 is not assigned to any subgenus. A key to the resulting three subgenera and ten nominal species of the genus Mysidium is given.
Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread in epithelia is heterogeneous and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria
Authors: Ortega Fabian E , Koslover Elena F , Theriot Julie A 
Published: February 2019

Listeria monocytogenes hijacks host actin to promote its intracellular motility and intercellular spread. While L. monocytogenes virulence hinges on cell-to-cell spread, little is known about the dynamics of bacterial spread in epithelia at a population level. Here, we use live microscopy and statistical modeling to demonstrate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread proceeds anisotropically in an epithelial monolayer in culture. We show that boundaries of infection foci are irregular and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria that spread farther than the rest. We extend our quantitative model for bacterial spread to show that heterogeneous spreading behavior can improve the chances of creating a persistent L. monocytogenes infection in an actively extruding epithelium. Thus, our results indicate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread is heterogeneous, and that rare pioneer bacteria determine the frontier of infection foci and may promote bacterial infection persistence in dynamic epithelia.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
FGF2-FGFR1 signaling regulates release of Leukemia-Protective exosomes from bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Javidi-Sharifi Nathalie , Martinez Jacqueline , English Isabel , Joshi Sunil K , Scopim-Ribeiro Renata , Viola Shelton K , Edwards David K , Agarwal Anupriya , Lopez Claudia , Jorgens Danielle , Tyner Jeffrey W , Druker Brian J , Traer Elie 
Published: February 2019

Protective signaling from the leukemia microenvironment leads to leukemia cell persistence, development of resistance, and disease relapse. Here, we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) from bone marrow stromal cells is secreted in exosomes, which are subsequently endocytosed by leukemia cells, and protect leukemia cells from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Expression of FGF2 and its receptor, FGFR1, are both increased in a subset of stromal cell lines and primary AML stroma; and increased FGF2/FGFR1 signaling is associated with increased exosome secretion. FGFR inhibition (or gene silencing) interrupts stromal autocrine growth and significantly decreases secretion of FGF2-containing exosomes, resulting in less stromal protection of leukemia cells. Likewise, Fgf2 -/- mice transplanted with retroviral BCR-ABL leukemia survive significantly longer than their +/+ counterparts when treated with TKI. Thus, inhibition of FGFR can modulate stromal function, reduce exosome secretion, and may be a therapeutic option to overcome resistance to TKIs.Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (<xref ref-type="decision-letter" rid="SA1">see decision letter</xref>).
Motor expertise modulates unconscious rather than conscious executive control
Authors: Meng Fanying , Li Anmin , You Yihong , Xie Chun 
Published: February 2019

Background
Executive control, the ability to regulate the execution of a goal-directed task, is an important element in an athlete’s skill set. Although previous studies have shown that executive control in athletes is better than that in non-athletes, those studies were mainly confined to conscious executive control. Many recent studies have suggested that executive control can be triggered by the presentation of visual stimuli without participant’s conscious awareness. However, few studies have examined unconscious executive control in sports. Thus, the present study investigated whether, similar to conscious executive control, unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes is superior to that in non-athletes.

Methods
In total, 42 age-matched undergraduate students were recruited for this study; 22 nonathletic students lacking practical athletic experience comprised one group, and 20 table tennis athletes with many years of training in this sport comprised a second group. Each participant first completed an unconscious response priming task, the unconscious processing of visual-spatial information, and then completed a conscious version of this same response priming task.

Results
Table tennis athletes showed a significant response priming effect, whereas non-athletes did not, when participants were unable to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli. In addition, the number of years the table tennis athletes had trained in this sport (a measure of their motor expertise) was positively correlated with the strength of the unconscious response priming effect. However, both table tennis athletes and non-athletes showed a response priming effect when the primes were unmasked and the participants were able to consciously perceive the visual-spatial priming stimuli.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that motor expertise modulates unconscious, rather than conscious, executive control and that motor expertise is positively correlated with unconscious executive control in table tennis athletes.
A cross-sectional study of the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder in Australian chiropractic students
Authors: Theroux Jean , Stomski Norman , Cope Vicki , Mortimer-Jones Sheila , Maurice Laura 
Published: February 2019

Objective:This study examined the association between anxiety and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in Australian chiropractic students, particularly its effect on quality of life.Methods:Chiropractic students (n = 185) completed online surveys, including the Oral Health Impact Profile for TMDs (OHIP-TMD) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaire. The OHIP-TMD psychometric properties were assessed using principal component analysis. Linear regression models were used to examine demographic predictors for anxiety and TMD. A general linear model assessed the association between anxiety and the psychosocial and function scales identified through analysis of the OHIP-TMD questionnaire.Results:The mean value for the OHIP-TMD and PROMIS was 1.3 (SD = 0.7) and 9.5 (SD = 4.1), respectively. Women reported significantly lower quality of life (QoL) related to TMD symptoms (p = 0.006) and that QoL related to TMD symptoms increased significantly as students progressed through the course (p = .025). Lower levels of anxiety were significantly associated with male gender (p = .000), employment (p = .008), higher program levels (p = .003), and having children (p = .005). General linear model analysis revealed that increased anxiety was significantly associated with higher levels of oral physical function impairment (p = .003) and elevated psychosocial distress (p = .0001).Conclusion:Anxiety was significantly associated with psychosocial distress and oral physical function impairment in university chiropractic students. In addition to impacting on oral health-related QoL, anxiety also affects students' engagement with learning and academic performance. It would therefore be beneficial to implement strategies that mitigate students' anxiety levels.
Frequency of Occurrence of the Rat Lungworm Parasite in the Invasive Island Apple Snail in South Carolina, USA
Authors: Underwood Elizabeth B. , Walker Matt J. , Darden Tanya L. , Kingsley-Smith Peter R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode parasite that can cause potentially fatal eosinophilic meningitis in humans. The life cycle of A. cantonensis involves multiple hosts, with the most common terminal hosts being rodents and intermediate hosts comprising gastropods. One such gastropod is the invasive island apple snail Pomacea maculata, which is native to South America but is currently established in several states in the USA, including South Carolina. It has been identified as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis in several locations in Louisiana. The ability of the island apple snail to serve as an intermediate host for A. cantonensis poses significant potential threats to human health, yet no studies to date have determined the prevalence of this parasite in island apple snails in South Carolina. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence of A. cantonensis in South Carolina island apple snails by using a real-time PCR assay. One-hundred individuals from each of three distinct stormwater retention ponds were tested, and no positive detections were found. Determining the prevalence of A. cantonensis in island apple snails is critical in accurately informing the public as to the risks involved in handling and/or consuming island apple snails.
Chemical Locking in Molecular Tunneling Junctions Enables Nonvolatile Memory with Large On–Off Ratios
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Merelli Michele , Danowski Wojciech , Rudolf Petra , Feringa Ben L. , Chiechi Ryan C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper describes the reversible chemical locking of sypiropyran switches bound to metallic surfaces to enable the encoding of nonvolatile information. Data are encoded spatially by selectively locking the spiropyran moieties in their merocyanine form using a combination of exposure to acid and UV light. Without exposure to acid, the merocyanine form spontaneously converts back to the spiropyran form. Bits are resolved by defining the regions of the monolayer that are exposed to acid, using a “soft punchcard” fabricated from a silicone elastomer. Information is read by measuring the tunneling charge–transport through the monolayer using eutectic Ga–In top‐contacts. The merocyanine form is more than three orders of magnitude more conductive than the spiropyran form, allowing the differentiation of bits. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the monolayers are undamaged by exposure to light, acid, base, and applied bias, enabling proof‐of‐concept devices in which an 8‐bit ASCII encoded six‐character string is written, erased, and rewritten.
Efficient Photodoping of Graphene in Perovskite–Graphene Heterostructure
Authors: Kim Sanghoon , Menabde Sergey G. , Jang Min Seok 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGraphene has been shown to be a prospective platform for active photonic devices with exotic optical properties. Employed in these devices, the graphene photodoping mechanism would allow for the remote spatiotemporal doping control by means of illumination, not restricted by the physical gate electrodes. This paper reports on the efficient graphene photodoping in graphene‐CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite heterostructure recently spotlighted for photodetector applications. To maximize the photoresponse, the heterostructure is optimized by systematically introducing additional layers of the self‐assembled monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane molecules, MoO3, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate for improving interfacial charge transfer properties. The photodoping amount estimated from the photocurrent measurements is 2.7 × 1012 cm−2 at zero gate bias—more than twice higher than previously observed in graphene‐perovskite heterostructures. Without external gate bias, the estimated graphene Fermi energy varies from 0.37 to 0.43 eV due to photodoping, which is sufficient to operate graphene‐based active photonic devices at mid‐infrared frequencies, and similar to that typically achievable with the conventional electrostatic gating. Furthermore, this work highlights the missing yet important aspect of the characterization method for the phototransistors with a 2D channel, resulting from the mismatch between the units of the current and power densities.
A surface‐in gradient of thalamic damage evolves in pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Fadda Giulia , Brown Robert A. , Magliozzi Roberta , Aubert‐Broche Berengere , O'Mahony Julia , Shinohara Russell T. , Banwell Brenda , Marrie Ruth Ann , Yeh E. Ann , Collins D. Louis , Arnold Douglas L. , Bar‐Or Amit ,   on behalf of the Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Network
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveCentral nervous system pathology in multiple sclerosis includes both focal inflammatory perivascular injury and injury to superficial structures, including the subpial region of the cortex, which reportedly exhibits a gradient of damage from the surface inward. We assessed how early in the multiple sclerosis course a "surface‐in" process of injury suggesting progressive biology may begin.MethodsWe focused on the thalamus, which notably has both a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface and a white matter interface. Thalamic volume trajectories were assessed in a prospectively followed cohort of children from initial presentation with either multiple sclerosis or monophasic acquired demyelination, and healthy controls. Voxelwise volume changes were calculated using deformation‐based morphometry, and analyzed in relation to distance from the CSF interface by mixed effects modeling and semiparametric smoothing methods.ResultsTwenty‐seven children with multiple sclerosis and 73 children with monophasic demyelination were prospectively followed with yearly brain scans (mean follow‐up = 4.6 years, standard deviation = 1.9). A total of 282 healthy children with serial scans were included as controls. Relative to healthy controls, children with multiple sclerosis and children with monophasic demyelination demonstrated volume loss in thalamic regions adjacent to the white matter. However, only children with multiple sclerosis exhibited an additional surface‐in gradient of thalamic injury on the ventricular side, which was already notable in the first year of clinical disease (asymptote estimate = 3.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44–4.58, p = 0.0002) and worsened over time (asymptote:time estimate = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12–0.54, p = 0.0021).InterpretationOur results suggest that a multiple sclerosis disease‐specific surface‐in process of damage can manifest at the earliest stages of the disease. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:340–351.
Cholinergic system changes of falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Kanel Prabesh , Zhou Zhi , Koeppe Robert A. , Frey Kirk A. , Dauer William T. , Albin Roger L. , Müller Martijn L.T.M. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivePostural instability and gait difficulties (PIGDs) represent debilitating disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD). Past acetylcholinesterase positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies implicate cholinergic changes as significant contributors to PIGD features. These studies were limited in quantification of striatal cholinergic synapse integrity. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) PET ligands are better suited for evaluation of high binding areas. We examined associations between regional VAChT expression and freezing of gait (FoG) and falls.MethodsNinety‐four PD subjects underwent clinical assessment and VAChT ([18F]FEOBV) PET.ResultsThirty‐five subjects (37.2%) reported a history of falls, and 15 (16%) had observed FoG. Univariate volume‐of‐interest analyses demonstrated significantly reduced thalamic (p = 0.0016) VAChT expression in fallers compared to nonfallers. VAChT expression was significantly reduced in the striatum (p = 0.0012) and limbic archicortex (p = 0.004) in freezers compared to nonfreezers. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analyses of FEOBV PET complemented these findings and showed more granular changes associated with falling history, including the right visual thalamus (especially the right lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]), right caudate nucleus, and bilateral prefrontal regions. Freezers had prominent VAChT expression reductions in the bilateral striatum, temporal, and mesiofrontal limbic regions.InterpretationOur findings confirm and extend on previous PET findings of thalamic cholinergic deficits associated with falling history and now emphasize right visual thalamus complex changes, including the right LGN. FoG status is associated with reduced VAChT expression in striatal cholinergic interneurons and the limbic archicortex. These observations suggest different cholinergic systems changes underlying falls and FoG in PD. Ann Neurol 2019;85:538–549
Fuel‐Responsive Allosteric DNA‐Based Aptamers for the Transient Release of ATP and Cocaine
Authors: Del Grosso Erica , Ragazzon Giulio , Prins Leonard J. , Ricci Francesco 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe show herein that allostery offers a key strategy for the design of out‐of‐equilibrium systems by engineering allosteric DNA‐based nanodevices for the transient loading and release of small organic molecules. To demonstrate the generality of our approach, we used two model DNA‐based aptamers that bind ATP and cocaine through a target‐induced conformational change. We re‐engineered these aptamers so that their affinity towards their specific target is controlled by a DNA sequence acting as an allosteric inhibitor. The use of an enzyme that specifically cleaves the inhibitor only when it is bound to the aptamer generates a transient allosteric control that leads to the release of ATP or cocaine from the aptamers. Our approach confirms that the programmability and predictability of nucleic acids make synthetic DNA/RNA the perfect candidate material to re‐engineer synthetic receptors that can undergo chemical fuel‐triggered release of small‐molecule cargoes and to rationally design non‐equilibrium systems.
Phosphanstabilisierte Diioddiborene: Isolierbare Diborene mit sechs labilen Bindungen
Authors: Muessig Jonas H. , Thaler Melanie , Dewhurst Rian D. , Paprocki Valerie , Seufert Jens , Mattock James D. , Vargas Alfredo , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDie Labilität von B=B‐, B‐P‐ und B‐Halogen‐Bindungen wird im Rahmen der Synthese der ersten Diioddiborene beobachtet. Alle sechs zentralen Bindungen dieser Diioddiborene unterliegen Spaltungsreaktionen unterschiedlicher Art, die anhand B=B‐Hydrierungs‐, Dihalogenierungs‐ sowie Halogenaustauschreaktionen untersucht wurden.
Approach to Fully Substituted Cyclic Nitrones from N‐Hydroxylactam Derivatives: Development and Application to the Total Synthesis of Cylindricine C
Authors: Hiraoka Shobu , Matsumoto Tsutomu , Matsuzaka Koki , Sato Takaaki , Chida Noritaka 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn approach to cyclic nitrones from N‐hydroxylactam derivatives is documented. The nucleophilic addition of an organolithium reagent to an N‐OSEM [SEM=2‐(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl] lactam forms a five‐membered chelated intermediate, which undergoes both elimination and deprotection to give a fully substituted nitrone in a one‐pot process. When combined with the N‐oxidation of easily available chiral lactams, this method becomes especially useful for the quick synthesis of chiral nitrones in enantio‐pure form, enabling the concise total synthesis of cylindricine C.
BIM‐Modelle und die Bearbeitung durch Prüfingenieure
Authors: Oltmanns Hans‐Georg , Oltmanns Henning , Dirks Andreas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIm folgenden Aufsatz werden Möglichkeiten im Umgang mit den Modelldaten des Aufstellers statischer Berechnungen aufgezeigt. Die bisher gemachten Erfahrungen zeigen, dass man beim Prüfvorgang die gleichen Bearbeitungsprozesse zugrunde legen kann, die beim Aufstellen von statischen Berechnungen verwendet werden. Hierbei ist es vorteilhaft, dass die zu prüfenden Bauwerksmodelle im BIM‐Prozess bereits in Datenform vorliegen. Die Daten zu Geometrie‐ und Bauteilinformationen lassen sich mit den gewohnten Softwareprogrammen weiterbearbeiten. Dabei werden jedoch oftmals Randbedingungen nicht richtig erfasst oder beschrieben. Es entstehen zusammenhanglose Berechnungen, die dann mühselig durch „Handarbeit“ zusammengefügt werden. Nachweise zu Verformungen beschränken sich dabei i. d. R. auf die Angabe elastischer Deformationen. Der Übergang in den Zustand II, nichtlineares Verhalten und Kriechen & Schwinden, wird dabei vernachlässigt. Die Durchbiegungsbegrenzung beschränkt sich auf den Ansatz von L/250 oder ähnlich. Eine Begrenzung der Winkelverdrehung wäre ein wesentlich sensibleres Kriterium, um Deformationen einzuschränken. Im Grundbau werden schon seit Jahren Untersuchungen zur Winkelverdrehung angestellt und zur Vermeidung von Bauwerkschäden eingesetzt.