bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Thinning on Volume Growth of Western Larch Infected with Dwarf Mistletoe in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Colbert J. J. , Parks Catherine A. , Seidel Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cubic volume growth and tree vigor of 70-year-old western larch (Larix occidentalis) with and without dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium laricis) were measured 15 years after thinning from above or below to residual densities of 50 to 170 ft²/ac. Vigor was assessed by cambial electrical resistance (CER). Proportional volume growth increased after thinning; was significantly related to the interaction of thinning method and residual density; and decreased with increased dwarf mistletoe severity. Thinning from above was associated with significantly higher proportional volume growth, but led to increased mortality from snow and ice damage to infected trees. CER was significantly related to severity of infection but not to treatment. Thinning is recommended in dwarf mistletoe infested stands of western larch to increase volume growth and reduce new infections in residual trees. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):143-145, October 1989.
How Long Do Mistletoe-Infected Ponderosa Pines Live?
Authors: Hawksworth Frank G. , Geils Brian W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tagged ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) were examined at Grand Canyon National Park, AZ, to determine 32-year survival rates in trees with various intensities of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum). Survival was influenced mainly by dwarf mistletoe severity, but also by tree diameter. More than 90% of the uninfected and lightly infected (Dwarf Mistletoe Rating Class 1) trees survived the 32-year study period. However, only 5% of the heavily infected (DMR Class 6) trees over 9 in. dbh, but none of those in the 4-9 in. class, survived the period. The mean longevity, or period during which half the trees are expected to die, for Class 6 trees was 10 years for trees over 9 in. and 7 years for smaller ones; comparable figures for Class 4-5 trees were 25 and 17 years, respectively. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):47-48, April 1989.
Effects of Site Preparation on Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Survival
Authors: Minore Don , Weatherly Howard G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of five yarding-slash treatment combinations on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) growth and survival were compared by obtaining seedling heights, potential seedling heights, survival percentages, soil-penetration resistances, and the occurrence of visible soil-humus for 149 progeny-test plantations in western Oregon. Survival was not improved by mechanical site preparation, and seedlings grown on the compacted, low-humus soils associated with piling slash off site did not grow as tall during their first 5 years as seedlings growing on similar sites where slash had been broadcast-burned. Tilling (disking or ripping) did not benefit seedling height growth. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):49-51, April 1990.
A Classification of Quaking Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountains Based on Growth and Stand Characteristics
Authors: Shepperd Wayne D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A classification procedure using stand growth data from 140 aspen stands throughout Colorado and southern Wyoming was developed using multivariate clustering and discriminant analysis techniques. Stands were grouped into seven logical stand classses that differed in age, stocking, productivity, or other characteristics. A method of assigning other stands to these classes is presented and applied to an independent data set. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):69-75, July 1990.
Chamise Chaparral Dead Fuel Fraction Is Not Reliably Predicted by Age
Authors: Paysen Timothy E. , Cohen Jack D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire managers of southern California chaparral often assume that the amount of dead material in chaparral shrubs is closely related to canopy age. Analysis of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), sampled from southern California shrublands, indicates that the ratio of dead to live components is not related reliably to age of shrub canopy. Further statistical description of the data indicates that fractions of dead material greater than 0.40 are rare. The results provide grounds for seriously questioning current assumptions about the strong relationship between age and fraction dead in southern California chaparral fuels. West J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00, October 1990.
Influence of Site Factors on Incidence of Vole and Lemming Feeding Damage to Forest Plantations
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Martin Wayne L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The incidence of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and brown lemming (Lemmus sibiricus) feeding damage to young plantations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and interior spruce (Picea glauca × Picea engelmannii) was studied in west-central British Columbia. Fifty-eight plantations were surveyed for seedling survival and stocking, and an additional 21 older plantations of lodgepole pine were surveyed for tree damage. Average survival of pine (47.7%) was significantly lower than that of spruce (56.0%). Because of mortality from vole feeding, 24 of the 58 plantations were not satisfactorily restocked. Planted trees were attacked significantly more than natural regeneration. Severely attacked plantations occurred in the spruce-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forest type at elevations > 800 m on N to NE aspects. Susceptible plantations generally had mechanical or no site preparation with complex post-harvest debris and limited vegetation cover. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):64-67.
Activity-Related Differences in Campsite Preference: Potential Causes and Implications for Management1
Authors: Brunson Mark , Shelby Bo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship between recreation activity and campsite preference was studied using a survey of wilderness visitors. It was expected that participants in different activities would differ in their preferences for campsite attributes. The attributes considered most important by wilderness visitors who engaged in mountain climbing were different from those of visitors whose primary activity was camping or hiking. Smaller differences were found between hikers and campers. Management actions that limit use of campsites having certain attributes therefore may have disproportionate impacts on participants in some activities. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):78-81.
NIPF Use of Landowner Assistance and Education Programs in Washington State
Authors: Blatner Keith A. , Baumgartner David M. , Quackenbush Lanny R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 1988 mail survey to evaluate use and effectiveness of Washington NIPF assistance/education programs resulted in a 69% response or 910 useable questionnaires. In total, 47% of the respondents had received assistance/education from Washington State DNR (17.4%), SCS (15.4%), ASCS Cost-Share (15.5%), Washington State University Cooperative Extension (29.3%) and private forestry consultants (12%). Usefulness of assistance/education received was rated good/excellent by 79.3% to 90.5% of the respondents. Owners also commonly received assistance/education from more than one source, reflecting the fact that NIPF forestry programs tend to work as a system, with each part serving a different function. Respondents receiving assistance or information had larger forested holdings, a somewhat higher level of education and tended to live on or near their forested holdings. A much larger percentage of respondents having received assistance/education indicated they had completed one or more management practices in the past 10 years. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):90-94.
Changes in Soil Physical Properties due to Cable Yarding and their Hydrologic Implications
Authors: Purser Michael D. , Cundy Terrance W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study was performed to measure changes in soil properties due to cable yarding and to estimate the resulting changes in hydrologic response. Soils were sampled before and after a commercial logging operation in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington. The samples were analyzed for saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), moisture release characteristics, and bulk density (BD). Postlogging Ks values ranged from 1.08 to 497 cm/h and were significantly less than prelogging values, which ranged from 10.8 to 623 cm/h. Postlogging bulk densities ranged from 0.34 to 1.13 g/cm³ and were significantly greater than prelogging values, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.95 g/cm³. Because of the high Ks values it was concluded that Horton overland flow is not a dominant process even after disturbance. A 32.7% reduction in available water storage was found due to decreases in noncapillary porosity and surface horizon thickness. From this, increases in saturation overland flow and/or subsurface flow are predicted on skid trails. Overall impacts on the cutting unit however are considered small. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):36-39.
Dominant Height and Site Index Equations for Douglas-Fir and Engelmann Spruce in East-Central Arizona
Authors: Stansfield W. F. , McTague J. P. , Lacapa R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dominant height and site index equations were constructed for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, located in east-central Arizona. An indirect parameter prediction method was utilized to develop the equations from stem analysis data. The dominant height equation for Douglas-fir is a function of site index, age, habitat type groups, and soil texture groups. The Engelmann spruce dominant height equation is a function of only site index and age. Site index may be calculated directly by inverting the dominant height equations. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):40-44.
Effects of Rootstock Source on the Size, Cone Production, and Compatibility of Douglas-Fir Grafts
Authors: Karlsson Ingemar , Woods Jack H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Scions of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were grafted on rootstock from coastal, northern interior and southern interior origin. Data on ramet size, cone production, and graft compatibility were collected. Twelve years after grafting significant differences for most crown and stem traits were found among the rootstock sources, with coastal rootstock resulting in the fastest scion growth. Northern interior rootstock sources produced larger grafts than southern interior rootstock. Significant graft union appearance and cone production differences were not detected, but coastal sources consistently had higher graft compatibility and healthier unions. It is concluded that, for coastal Douglas-fir, the use of a vigorous coastal rootstock source that promotes fast growth in the scion, and has high graft compatibility potential, is the most desirable for coastal locations. This will result in fewer losses due to graft incompatibility, faster crown development, more options for crown management and increased cone production potential. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):73-77.
Comparing the Efficiency of Three Inventory Sampling Methods To Determine Timber Volumes in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands
Authors: Fox Bruce E. , Raskob Pamela E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared three sampling methods to determine timber volumes in pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus spp.) woodlands, fixed radius plots, variable radius "point" sampling, and line intercept transects. Based on the criterion of the square of the standard error of the mean volume per acre multiplied by total time required to take the field measurements, line intercept transect sampling was the most efficient method. Fixed plot sampling had the highest standard error of the mean and highest measurement time, while point sampling fell between the other two methods in measurement time and standard error of the mean. Based on this analysis, transect sampling is an efficient approach for inventorying pinyon-juniper woodlands, in terms of required field time and in the variance estimates of volume per acre. West. J. Appl. For. 7(4):110-113.
Financial Analysis of Pruning Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Bolon Natalie A. , Cahill James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent lumber recovery studies of pruned and unpruned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) were incorporated into computer software using lumber grade prices, growth and yield data, the cost of pruning, and interest rates to determine the expected financial return from pruning. Financial analyses showed that the cost of pruning at which the investment would yield an expected 4% real rate of return was positive on sites where individual tree growth is fairly high, pruning is done as early as biologically possible given limitations on crown removal, and the harvest is 30 to 70 yr after pruning. The better situations in Douglas-fir showed a breakeven cost of up to $21/tree and an internal rate of return exceeding 9%. The better situations in ponderosa pine showed a breakeven cost of up to $11/tree and an internal rate of return of 7%. West. J. Appl. For. 10(1):58-61.
A Method to Initialize the Keetch-Byram Drought Index
Authors: Burgan Robert E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1988 National Fire Danger Rating System implements the Keetch-Byram Drought Index. This index is output both as an estimator of drought in its own right and is used to modify fire danger calculations to account for deep drying of dead vegetation and duff. A method initializes this index for those fire danger rating stations that do not run the National Fire Danger Rating System all year long. West J. Appl. For. 8(4)109-115.
"Black Bark" Ponderosa Pine: Tree Grade Definition and Value Comparison with Old-Growth Trees
Authors: Willits Susan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree grade has been developed to separate lower value, small-diameter trees typical of young-growth stands from small-diameter old-growth trees. The tree grade uses a combination of bark, limb, and crown characteristics to identify the "black bark," trees. The tree grade was tested in two shop type mills and one dimension mill in southern Oregon and eastern Washington. Significant differences in value were found between the sample of black bark pine and the grade 5 control sample. Differences in value increased with diameter because of increased opportunities to recover high-quality lumber from the larger old-growth trees. The dimension mill recovered more lumber volume from the smaller diameter logs because of fewer sawlines and smaller rough-green sizes. Even though the shop mills recovered lower volumes, they did recover higher value by producing Shop and Common grade lumber rather than standard Dimension grades. Overall the differences compensated for each other, and both mill types recovered roughly equal value from logs of similar grade and size. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1): 8-13.
Impact of Pacific Northwest Environmental Regulation on International Timber Supply
Authors: Kelson Aaron R. , Lilieholm Robert J. , Lyon Kenneth S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent world developments highlight the near global nature of today's economy. Global sources of industrial timber continue to be affected by emerging world trade patterns. The U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) has been a major supplier to global markets. The region is also subject to numerous expense-generating environmental constraints. This article estimates the effects on international timber supply of applying Washington State Forest Practice Act (WSFPA) regulations to the entire PNW using the Timber Supply Model. Results indicate that in the absence of similar constraints in other regions, the added cost of WSFPA compliance reduces average annual harvest in the PNW by 19.3% over a 50-yr horizon. Production is shifted to other regions, including Western Canada, which increases average annual harvests by 7.6% over this simulation period. West. J. Appl. For 9(3): 77-80.
Surgeon Preference for Endothelial Keratoplasty Techniques
Authors: Varadaraj Varshini , Woreta Fasika A. , Stoeger Christopher G. , Tran Khoa D. , Jorgenson Rebecca , Srikumaran Divya 
Published: August 2019

Purpose:
To examine barriers and facilitators to adoption of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for treatment of endothelial dysfunction.

Methods:
Anonymous electronic surveys were emailed to surgeons ordering corneal transplant tissue in the past 18 months from 2 eye banks in the United States (US).

Results:
Of 365 surgeons emailed, 118 (32%) completed the survey. Most respondents were located at an urban site (59%), were in private practice (64%), and had been in practice for >10 years (53%). Participants performing DMEK (n = 70) were more likely to have been in practice for ≤10 years than those not performing DMEK (56% vs. 35%, respectively, P = 0.03). Among respondents not performing DMEK (n = 48, 41%), the most frequently reported barriers were technical difficulty (n = 30, 63%), a lack of experience (n = 29, 60%), low surgical volume (n = 20, 42%), and risk of postoperative complications (n = 19, 40%). Most (n = 46, 96%) respondents not performing DMEK were interested in doing so, with the following reported as helpful resources: wet laboratory courses (n = 35, 73%), eye bank-prepared tissue: preloaded/prestripped (n = 32, 67%), back-up tissue in case of inadvertent graft damage (n = 29, 60%), higher surgical volume to support the learning curve (n = 28, 58%), and surgical mentorship (n = 22, 46%). Only a minority wanted more data to highlight superiority over other EK procedures (n = 12, 25%).

Conclusions:
There is substantial interest in learning to perform DMEK among the surgical community. Barriers identified in this survey may be addressed to help surgeons increase DMEK adoption.
Combined Thoracoscopic Surgical Stapling and Endobronchial Valve Placement For Lung Volume Reduction With Incomplete Lobar Fissures
Authors: Majid Adnan , Kheir Fayez , Alape Daniel , Chee Alex , Parikh Mihir , DeVore Lauri , Agnew Alexis , Gangadharan Sidhu 
Published: August 2019

Background:
In patients with severe emphysema and complete fissures, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with valves reduces target lobe volume providing improvement in respiratory symptoms, lung function, quality of life, and exercise capacity. It is estimated that up to 88% of patients with emphysema have at least 1 incomplete interlobar fissure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of creating a complete fissure with stapling via minimally invasive video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) followed by bronchoscopic valve placement to induce lobar collapse in a swine model.

Methods:
Chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on 2 swine and at least 1 target incomplete fissure was identified. Both swine underwent VATS to complete the target fissure using a surgical stapler, followed by bronchoscopic placement of the Spiration endobronchial valves. A chest CT scan was performed immediately postprocedure. Follow-up bronchoscopy and CT scans were performed 2 weeks after the initial procedure prior to sacrifice.

Results:
Successful fissure completion was accomplished using VATS and confirmed at postmortem explanted lung gross examination. Flexible bronchoscopy 2 weeks following valve placement showed proper positioning of the valves. Effectiveness of combined procedures was confirmed by a chest CT scan that showed complete atelectasis of the target lobe at 2-week follow-up. There was no perioperative or postoperative morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion:
Combined minimally invasive VATS fissure stapling with bronchoscopic valve placement to induce lobar atelectasis appears safe and feasible in the swine model. Future research in humans using a combined procedure is needed to confirm safety and clinical efficacy.
Using a Steroid‐sparing Tool in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease to Evaluate Steroid Use and Dependency
Authors: Harris Rachel E. , Sim Wei , Sutton Harry , Garrick Vikki , Curtis Lee , Gervais Lisa , Merrick Victoria , Barclay Andrew R. , Flynn Diana M. , Tayler Rachel , Hansen Richard , Russell Richard K. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of steroids within the paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) population at a tertiary paediatric centre over a year; to identify cases of steroid dependency; and assess factors associated with steroid excess.Methods:The prevalent PIBD population (May 1, 2017–April 30, 2018) were reviewed. Data were collected retrospectively from patient records and entered into an online steroid assessment tool (modified for paediatrics).Results:A total of 229 patients (181 Crohn disease, 31 ulcerative colitis [UC], and 17 inflammatory bowel disease–unclassified) were included. Of the 229 patients 38 (16.6%) received oral steroids; 12 of 38 (31.6%) receiving >3‐month course. Eleven of 38 (28.9%) received >1 steroid course (maximum 2). Of the 229 patients 37 (16.2%) had exclusive enteral nutrition, with 26 of 37 (11.4% total cohort) avoiding steroid use during the study period.Quiescent disease activity had a negative correlation with steroid use (11/127 [8.7%] vs 27/102 [26.5%] P < 0.01), and steroid dependency (3/127 [2.4%] vs 12/102 [11.8%] P < 0.01). Patients with UC were more likely to be steroid dependent (5/31 [16.1%] UC vs 10/198 [5.1%]; P = 0.02); as were network‐managed patients (8/11 [72.7%] vs 7/27 [25.9%]; P = 0.01). Fourteen of 15 (93.3%) of steroid‐dependent patients had active steroid sparing strategies in place (eg, commencement, switching, or optimization of therapies).Conclusions:We have described rates of steroid use and dependency within our PIBD population. Exclusive enteral nutrition served as a steroid sparing tool in 11.4% of the total cohort. Replication of this study in other paediatric centres would allow comparative analysis.
Efficacy and Safety of the Local Application of Mitomycin C to Recurrent Esophageal Strictures in Children
Authors: Ley Delphine , Bridenne Marie , Gottrand Frédéric , Lemale Julie , Hauser Bruno , Lachaux Alain , Rebouissoux Laurent , Viala Jérôme , Fayoux Pierre , Michaud Laurent 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:Research on long‐term use of mitomycin C (MC) for recurrent esophageal stenoses is limited. We assessed the long‐term efficacy and safety of local application of MC for recurrent esophageal stenoses in children.Methods:This was a retrospective study of 39 patients (17 girls) with a median age of 19.5 months (range: 2.4–196.0) at the time of MC application. The etiologies of stenosis were esophageal atresia (n = 25), caustic ingestion (n = 9), congenital esophageal stenosis (n = 3), and other causes (n = 2). Stenosis was single in 35 (90%) patients and multiple in 4 (10%). Before MC, patients underwent multiple repeated dilations (median: 3 dilations per child [range: 2–26]) over a median period of 7 months (range: 2.6–49.3). Treatment success was defined a priori as a reduction in the number of dilations over the same period from before to after the application of MC.Results:For 26 (67%) patients, the application of MC was considered a success: 102 versus 17 dilatations (P < 0.0001). Sixteen (41%) patients never required additional dilation during the follow‐up after MC application (median: 3.1 years [range: 0.6–8.5]). No complication related to MC was observed. Biopsies at the site of MC application were performed at maximal follow‐up in 16 patients and revealed no dysplasia. Three factors were associated with success of MC: single stenosis, short stenosis, and esophageal atresia type III.Conclusions:This study is the largest series reported showing that topical application of MC is an efficient and safe treatment for recurrent esophageal stenosis in children.