bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the inhaled dose across different microenvironments
Authors: Borghi F , Cattaneo A , Spinazzè A , Manno A , Rovelli S , Campagnolo D , Vicenzi M , Mariani J , Bollati V , Cavallo D M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The principal aim of the INSIDE project (INdividual air pollution exposure, extracellular vescicles SIgnaling and hypertensive disorder DEvelopment in pregnancy) is to assess the molecular effects of environmental exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) of susceptible subject. Different approaches are considered to evaluate these effects, including an exposure-effect study performed on a selected population. The short-term exposure to different pollutants (PM and NO2) was evaluated considering 51 subjects recruited from October 2017 to April 2018. Each subject was asked to carry personal instruments for few hours before a clinical evaluation (blood and cardiological examination) from home to hospital. Instruments used in the study were: (I) CairClip – CairPol (NO2) and (II) Aerocet 831 - Aerosol Mass Monitor, Met One Instruments (size-fractionated PM). Moreover, a (III) smartphone with a GPS application and a (IV) Time Activity Diary (TAD) were used in this study to acquire information about the microenvironments (MEs) visited by subjects during the monitoring sessions.
The experimental design of the project allowed to further investigate issues related to the mode of exposure: through the analysis of TADs and GPS data, it was possible to document the time spent by each subject in the different MEs and characterize the average exposure and inhaled dose associated to different MEs.
The microenvironmental inhaled dose of pollutants was estimated considering the average exposure to PM and NO2, the time spent across these MEs and the specific ventilation rate of each subject. Moreover, to understand which of these parameters has the major impact of the dose model, a sensitivity analysis was performed, on the total and on the MEs dataset.
Bioclimatic potential of European locations: GIS supported study of proposed passive building design strategies
Authors: Pajek L , Tekavec J , Drešček U , Lisec A , Košir M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
According to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Europe is under the influence of at least ten different climate types. Thus, various climates can be found, from the polar tundra and cold climate in the Alps and northern European regions, to hot-arid climate in southern parts of Spain. This level of climate diversity makes the European territory interesting for the analysis from the bioclimatic building design perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the research was to assess the bioclimatic potential of selected European locations. The calculation of bioclimatic potential was done by acquiring the typical meteorological year (TMY) data comprised of climate characteristics, such as air temperature, air relative humidity and received solar irradiance, which was later processed by BcChart tool. In order to make bioclimatic potential maps of Europe, the points with uniform point sampling were generated. Furthermore, several additional locations of great interest were selected based on population density. The bioclimatic potential was used to define the prevailing passive building design strategies and measures at the analysed locations. At the same time, the in-depth analysis was conducted using the geospatial data and GIS tools, where the bioclimatic potential results at the selected locations were additionally analysed in relation to Köppen-Geiger climate types. The resulting bioclimatic potential maps can be used as a relevant onset for the policy makers in order to improve regional development strategies for building design.
Enhanced air quality modelling through AUSTAL2000 model in Milan urban area
Authors: Pepe N , Pirovano G , Balzarini A , Toppetti A , Riva G M , Lonati G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Atmospheric dispersion models are a useful tools to assess air quality and emission source contributions in urban areas. Eulerian chemical and transport models (CTMs) can assess the regional background, that is the baseline level in the region of the city, and the urban background, that is the increment of concentration due to the emissions of the city, but they are not able to properly assess the very local contribution of emission sources at pollution hotspots within the city, because of their relatively large grid step. For the assessment of local sources’ contribution, Lagrangian dispersion models can be profitably used, especially when high spatial resolution modelling is required. Actually, Lagrangian models rely on a more realistic spatialization of urban emissions, unevenly distributed because of the road network layout (for traffic emissions) and of the built environment structure (for space heating emissions); additionally, Lagrangian models also account for wind field modifications induced by buildings. In this work, air quality modelling results for fine particles (PM2.5) in the city centre of Milan obtained by means of the AUSTAL2000 Lagrangian model are compared with those of CAMx Eulerian model. Model simulations where performed for a 1.7x1.7 km2 area in Milan and focused on three receptor points selected in order to represent sites with both different features in terms of the surrounding built environment and different exposure to the local emission sources. Namely, the receptors correspond to a green area, to a residential and shopping area near Milan main square, and to a congested crossroad on the inner ring road of the city centre. Comparison results show that the outcome of the Eulerian model at the local scale is only representative of a background level, similar to Lagrangian model’s outcome for the green area receptor, but fails to reproduce concentration gradients and hot-spots, driven by local sources’ emissions.
Seawater and stainless steel bars for sustainable reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Lollini F , Carsana M , Gastaldi M , Redaelli E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In Mediterranean countries seawater might become a resource for the concrete production for sustainable construction industry. Nowadays its use, since it might induce the corrosion on ordinary carbon steel bars, is prohibited for the realization of reinforced concrete structures. Within the SeaCon Project, the use of seawater as mixing water has been studied in combination with corrosion-resistant reinforcement. This paper, firstly, discusses the influence of chlorides present in the seawater on the concrete properties related to the durability. Afterwards, the corrosion resistance of austenitic (304L and XM-28) and duplex (23-04 and 22-05) stainless steels reinforcing bars, and for comparison of carbon steel, embedded in alkaline and carbonated concretes made with seawater and subjected to different environmental conditions is evaluated. Results showed that seawater accelerated the early strength of concrete, whilst the carbonation penetration, the capillary suction and water absorption were slightly affected. Corrosion tests showed that corrosion did not initiate on 304L, 23-04 and 22-05 stainless steel bars, despite the presence of chlorides since the beginning even in the most aggressive exposure conditions and when concrete was carbonated; XM-28 reinforcement showed a slight change in corrosion behaviour in carbonated concrete exposed to the harshest conditions.
Rammed Earth stabilised with waste materials: a sustainable and resistant solution
Authors: Arrigoni A , Simoni G , Dotelli G , Pelosato R , Caruso M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Earthen dwellings are part of the vernacular architecture and cultural heritage of many countries in the Mediterranean region, and a renovated interest towards these types of structures is now widespread in the same countries mainly due to sustainability reasons. However, poor resistance to weathering compromises their durability and their popular acceptance. A fascinating option to improve the resistance of earthen structures while preserving their environmental sustainability is to use locally available waste materials as stabilisers. In this paper, the evolution over time of the mechanical resistance of rammed earth stabilised with residues from widespread industrial processes (i.e. fly ash from coal combustion and calcium carbide residue from acetylene production) was investigated. Waste-stabilisation prompted optimal long-term mechanical resistance; on the other hand, laboratory samples exhibited low compressive strengths in the short-term when cured under standard conditions. The addition of a supplementary industrial residue (i.e. gypsum from flue gas desulfurization) was explored to enhance the early-age strength. Results confirmed the short-term strength benefits induced by gypsum addition.
Comparative evaluations of sustainability, durability and resilience of external envelopes for environmentally efficient buildings
Authors: Nicolella M , Landolfi R , Pino A , Scognamillo C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The building sector is affected by a significant confusion between the concepts of sustainability and energetic efficiency: indeed, both the paradigms have the aim of safeguarding the planet, but the strategies to enact them certainly follow two different paths, often in contrast between them. The design of building envelopes has definite performance requirements, according to the current framework, but in any case the technological choices to fulfil them are not univocally determined. As an example, the objective of obtaining building envelopes with low transmittance can be reached by a huge number of typologies of solutions and materials, but of course the possible evaluations in terms of sustainability may in some cases show results that overturn the energetic assessment.
Also, considering the strict relation that exists between durability (also in terms of resilience) and sustainability, it can be concluded that the most correct tendency for materials and products can be – more in general – defined as environmental efficiency, the so-called eco-compatibility. Taking moves from the scientific literature on products and materials, both from the point of view of sustainability, and from that of durability and resilience, this work proposes a number of comparative evaluations that analyse the main systems and components of the external envelopes: built-up roofs and roof systems, opaque and transparent walls, ground floor slabs, doors and windows.
LCA analyses, durability assessments and considerations on resilience carried out on the abovementioned systems and components provide very interesting results to guide designers towards more conscious choices, aimed to integrate the different (and sometimes contradictory) aspects that allow to realize energetically and environmentally efficient buildings.
Integrating environmental sustainability indicators in BIM-based product datasheets
Authors: Signorini M , Frigeni S , Spagnolo S Lupica 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of a research study conducted with the aim of assessing the effectiveness and completeness of the environmental sustainability indicators at national and international level. The need is to clarify the various constantly evolving regulations for sustainability in the construction sector and to have a unique list of indicators mixing the several existing approaches. Starting from the main regulations on sustainability of construction works, the research outlines the required environmental indicators. Since the construction sector is considered one of the most impacting from an environmental point of view, a great attention is given to the creation of a user friendly tool to collect and store different sustainability indicators to support design choices and to increase the awareness of construction and manufacturing companies and end users. Nowadays manufacturers use EPD (Environmental product declaration), which is regulated by the European Standard EN 15804: 2014 and at the same time by the International ISO 21930: 2017, as an environmental certification and communication tool by which they can declare the environmental performance of their products through the use of specific indicators. After analysing the actual European and International regulations about the sustainability of construction works, the draft of the European standard has been examined in order to compare the used indicators and create an integrated and complete version of product data template in order to collect all of these parameters. Furthermore, the Ministerial Decree of April 10, 2013 has introduced the so called CAM (Italian acronyms for Minimum Environmental Criteria) - made mandatory by Legislative Decree 20/2016 Procurement Code, amended by Legislative Decree 56/2017 - in order to give the general criteria and technical indications required by tin Italy to help the public administration to identify and choose among several works and products those with a lower environmental impact. The paper shows an integrated BIM-based template to be adopted for product datasheets that can be exploited by manufactures, designers, facility managers and consumers in order to ease the information exchange about environmental impacts.
The evolution in planning and designing new corporate headquarters in Milan: Perspectives for urban resilience
Authors: Baiardi L , Bellintani S , Celani A , Ciaramella A , Puglisi V , Tagliaro C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Metropolitan cities can play a primary role in the creation of more resilient urban environments, by developing public interventions that improve social cohesion, and economic and environmental sustainability. The metropolitan city of Milan has emerged among the first European cities that successfully overcame the economic crisis without losing their leadership role. Thus, we analyzed the Milanese experience as an example of urban resilience, in the context of a Research Project of Relevant National Interest (PRIN) entitled “Metropolitan Cities: Economic-territorial strategies, financial constraints, and circular regeneration”.
In a first stage, we studied the investments of the major real estate players who have directed their attention to Milan. Our scrutiny showed that most of the investments concentrate in recent urban renewal programs, which entail the re-location of corporate headquarters. A conspicuous portion of commercial real estate hosts fashion companies, as Milan attracts many brands from all over the world.
In a second stage, we investigated in more detail the property settlement dynamics that drive corporate real estate development and re-location in the territory of Milan. This showed some urban clusters that the service and fashion sectors are respectively interested in.
Finally, we looked into the re-location strategies of eight leader companies, half of which in the fashion sector and half in the general services. Through interviews with their real estate managers, we scrutinized their choice of location in Milan, their environmental sustainability requirements, and added value that they expect to obtain. The fashion sector resulted as particularly keen on rehabilitating divested sites or abandoned buildings, inherited from previous industrial/productive activities.
Our scrutiny demonstrated that regeneration projects, can successfully meet the objectives of companies, while matching the goals of public interventions to improve social cohesion, and economic and environmental sustainability. This evidence can inform investors, organizations, and designers, and support them in the implementation of strategies to improve urban resilience.
Real estate market values and land revenue analysis in the metropolitan city of Milan
Authors: Baiardi L , Cia G , Morena M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The report illustrate the results of the survey have been evaluated in the Research Project for Relevant National Interest “Metropolitan cities: economic-territorial strategies, financial bonds and circular regeneration”. Among its objectives, the research aims to represent a compendium of the financial picture, the economic dynamics and the territorial structure in which the new metropolitan institutions will operate, by means of the structural changes of economics and legislative system. The phenomenon of urbanization of the Metropolitan Cities is analyzed proposing a framework for the analysis of the real estate profile on a metropolitan scale, in order to understand the role of this entity in relation to the aspects of social cohesion and economic-environmental sustainability. Through the use of dynamic and interactive instruments, a reading system for the real estate market value profile in the metropolitan cities has been developed. The framework for the analysis of the real estate profile on a metropolitan scale is experimentally applied to the case study of Milan, but can be reproduced on a national scale.
The Social Manager as driver of social innovation and of inclusive growth in the regeneration of built environment
Authors: Pavesi A S , Zaccaria R , Cia G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the last decade, social housing entered the real estate market and became a real estate product able to offer affordable housing and services on the market. The realization of social housing involves private and non-profit organizations - in support of public welfare – in order to achieve a housing policy of public interest.
The researches by Housing Europe show that the most effective way to reach this objective is represented by Social Management, which is the capacity to join management of real estate and social aspects, promoted by independent private subjects with a mission of public or philanthropic interest. Social Management consists in the provision of social promotion and asset management services and is distinguished from a traditional management for the central role of inhabitants and community receiving the services.
In addition to Building and Facility Management activities (and partly Property Management) aimed at preserving real estate value, the Social Manager carries out all activities addressed service beneficiaries attributable to Community Management area, characterizing them with the centrality of the community through an integrated management model.
When the role of the Social Manager is carried out by Cooperatives Enterprises, the instance of defining collaborative communities is intrinsically fulfilled through the skills deriving from the cooperative tradition who by their nature represent an important asset for structuring this type of management.
In the Social Housing sector, the Social Manager, the more Cooperative, with its significant track record in implementing the practices of conjunction between owner and inhabitants, represents a potential for carrying out the important guarantee function referred to at the beginning. It is in the management of the community of beneficiaries of social housing that the guarantee element for the achievement of the general interest in housing policies realized in the forms of private public partnership.
The Social Manager can in fact constitute the guarantor of the service of general interest contained in the general definition of “social housing” introduced by the D.M. April 22, 2008. The paper presents the results of the research “How to create and regenerate social value through social housing” promoted by Politecnico di Milano and Legacoop Abitanti; it’ll describe how the social housing management enterprises could represent the driver of social innovation and of inclusive growth in the regeneration of built environment.
Collective Residential Spaces in Sustainability Development: Turkish Housing Units within Co-Living Understanding
Authors: Ataman C , Dino I Gursel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Housing models that target rather typical family structures are increasingly failing to meet the needs of the new social changes regarding the rapid urbanization due to the mass-migration to cities, the lack of affordable housing, and the adoption of the sharing economy practices. As an architectural counterpart of the social dimension of sustainable development, co-living is introduced as a connected way of living, enabling sustainable living practices through efficient use of resources and space while sharing consumption. With respect to this, adapted collective residential units (namely informal co-living environments) come into use in places where affording a house becomes a challenging aspect and the conventional residential units do not reflect the transforming social demographics and economy. The reflection of the requirements of changing social and economic structures on urban settings can be seen in Turkish houses as well. This research, accordingly, focuses on co-living environments in Ankara, Turkey that were transformed from typical single-family residential units by its residents. Through investigating these co-living spaces, it is aimed to contribute to the current understanding of co-living practices, explore the spatial, economic and social underpinnings of these living models, and their relevance to the sustainable development while presenting initial findings regarding spatial use that can be of guidance for future co-living design processes.
The ASA (Approccio Sostenibile dell’Abitare) App. A sustainable housing approach tool to raise tenants’ awareness in the public housing sector
Authors: Toni M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This research project introduces an innovative tool promoting participatory processes for sustainability in the Public Housing system where different players are involved. It deals with a specific learning process aiming at fostering a responsible behaviour by the occupants, and envisages calling in new Players, namely, senior Students from technical high schools, to act as trainers themselves and coach the Tenants through on-going meetings. An Application called ASA (Sustainable Housing Approach in English) will be developed to include the information provided by the Tenants about their family households and housing units during the coaching sessions, and collected by the student-coaches. The characteristics of the ASA as a knowledge and management tool intended to improve savings and wellbeing are described. Available on iPad and accessible to all Tenants in the training environment, the ASA can be downloaded to mobile devices. Talking of outcomes, the logical steps making up the ASA’s dynamic process are outlined. The economic and social benefits for the different Players are outlined as well.
Sustainability certification of construction products through BIM
Authors: Cecconi F Re , Moretti N , Mannino A , Dejaco M C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sustainability certification of construction products is a key issue to be managed and controlled during the construction phase, in order to implement design choices and reduce buildings impact on the environment. Within this context, sustainability assessment protocols play an important role, since they provide a systematic approach for the sustainability rating of the building. The aim of this research is to define a BIM-based methodology to automate the sustainability certification process in construction phase. According to the proposed methodology, the contractor proposes a building component whose technical data are uploaded to a Document Management System (DMS) used as Common Data Environment (CDE). If the component passes a set of semi-automated authorisation steps, compliant with the work supervisor’s, client’s, and sustainability accredited professional’s needs, then it is uploaded to the BIM Model. The case study (an office building in Italy) confirmed that the proposed methodology allows to achieve a higher efficiency, minimizing the certification times and efforts. Nevertheless, this methodology should be validated in further case studies. Moreover, it may be improved and further automated to cope with product dictionaries and templates under development in CEN technical committee 442.