bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data‐driven estimation for multithreshold accelerated failure time model
Authors: Wan Chuang , Zeng Hao , Zhang Wenyang , Zhong Wei , Zou Changliang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article develops a novel estimation framework for the multithreshold accelerated failure time model, which has distinct linear forms within different subdomains. One major challenge is to determine the number of threshold effects. We first show the selection consistency of a modified Bayesian information criterion under mild conditions. It is useful sometimes but heavily depends on the penalization magnitude, which usually varies from the model configuration and data distribution. To address this issue, we leverage a cross‐validation criterion alongside an order‐preserved sample‐splitting scheme to yield a consistent estimation. The new criterion is completely data driven without additional parameters and thus robust to model setting and data distributions. The asymptotic properties for the parameter estimates are also carefully established. Additionally, we propose an efficient score‐type test to examine the existence of threshold effects. The new statistic is free of estimating any potential threshold effects and is thus suitable for multithreshold scenarios. Numerical experiments validate the reliable finite‐sample performance of our methodologies, which corroborates the theoretical results.
Social disorganization theory and the college campus periphery
Authors: Tapia Mike , Ochoa Erika , Cundiff Kelsey 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study tests the idea that neighborhoods on the periphery of large U.S. university campuses are socially disorganized and thus higher in crime relative to those that do not border university campuses. Social disorganization theory predicts that crime in these neighborhoods is elevated due to their high rate of residential mobility, relatively low socioeconomic status, and high levels of ethnic heterogeneity.MethodsTo test this hypothesis, data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study 2000 were analyzed. The data set contains a representative sample of U.S. neighborhoods with variables measured at the tract level. A series of t‐tests note the difference in crime rate means for campus and non‐campus areas, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses further test the hypothesis.ResultsWe find support for the main prediction using basic social disorganization models containing composite measures plus tract and city‐level controls.ConclusionThe theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed along with the study's limitations and the potential for future research.
Reflection and self‐efficacy for clinical skills
Authors: Yong Jade Lene , Roberts Gwyndaf 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntroductionClinical skills are fundamental to medical school curriculums and typically introduced within the preclinical years. In their experiential learning, students' self‐efficacy, or the belief in their ability to succeed, is an important factor in influencing clinical skill mastery. Reflection is thought to affect self‐efficacy; however, its exact impacts remain largely unexplored within published literature. This mixed methods study investigated whether preclinical students' engagement with reflection affected self‐efficacy for clinical skills.MethodsTwo hundred seventy‐three of the 289 preclinical medical students who were invited to participate responded to this 2022 study. We used validated questionnaires to measure engagement with reflection and perceived self‐efficacy for clinical skills, conducting hierarchical multiple linear regression for analysis. Thirteen students participated in semi‐structured interviews and focus groups, which were analysed via thematic analysis.ResultsWhile statistical analysis showed no significant effects of engaging with reflection on clinical skill self‐efficacy, thematic analysis suggested that students perceived the opposite. The themes through which reflection affected self‐efficacy were by ‘evaluation of performances’ against expected outcomes, ‘familiarisation and understanding of skills’, by ‘transforming personal mindsets’ and allowing students to ‘connect to their emotions’.ConclusionThis study suggests that engaging with reflection can positively or negatively affect self‐efficacy for clinical skills, depending on students' attitudes towards reflective practice. Solely engaging with reflection is insufficient to alter self‐efficacy beliefs and should be considered alongside personal factors including the individual's mindset and perceived need for reflection. The medical educator's role in facilitating reflection is important, enabling students to reap the benefits of this practice.
Efficient sorghum and maize transformation using a ternary vector system combined with morphogenic regulators
Authors: Fontanet‐Manzaneque Juan B. , Haeghebaert Jari , Aesaert Stijn , Coussens Griet , Pauwels Laurens , Caño‐Delgado Ana I. 
Published: November 2024

SUMMARYSorghum bicolor (sorghum) is a vital C4 monocotyledon crop cultivated in arid regions worldwide, valued for its significance in both human and animal nutrition. Despite its agricultural prominence, sorghum research has been hindered by low transformation frequency. In this study, we examined sorghum transformation using the pVS1‐VIR2 ternary vector system for Agrobacterium, combined with the morphogenic genes BABY BOOM and WUSCHEL2 and selection using G418. We optimized Agrobacterium‐mediated infection, targeting key parameters such as bacterial optical density, co‐cultivation time, and temperature. Additionally, an excision‐based transformation system enabled us to generate transgenic plants free of morphogenic regulators. The method yielded remarkable transformation frequencies, reaching up to 164.8% based on total isolated plantlets. The same combination of ternary vector, morphogenic genes and geneticin‐based selection also resulted in a marked increase in transformation efficiency of the Zea mays (maize) inbred line B104. The potential for genomic editing using this approach positions it as a valuable tool for the development of sorghum and maize varieties that comply with evolving European regulations. Our work marks a significant stride in sorghum biotechnology and holds promise for addressing global food security challenges in a changing climate.
Perception and processing of stress signals by plant mitochondria
Authors: Selinski Jennifer , Frings Stephanie , Schmidt‐Schippers Romy 
Published: November 2024

SUMMARYIn the course of their life, plants continuously experience a wide range of unfavourable environmental conditions in the form of biotic and abiotic stress factors. The perception of stress via various organelles and rapid, tailored cellular responses are essential for the establishment of plant stress resilience. Mitochondria as the biosynthetic sites of energy equivalents in the form of ATP—provided in order to enable a multitude of biological processes in the cell—are often directly impacted by external stress factors. At the same time, mitochondrial function may fluctuate to a tolerable extent without the need to activate downstream retrograde signalling cascades for stress adaptation. In this Focus Review, we summarise the current state of knowledge on the perception and processing of stress signals by mitochondria and show which layers of retrograde signalling, that is, those involving transcription factors, metabolites, but also enzymes with moonlighting functions, enable communication with the nucleus. Also, light is shed on signal integration between mitochondria and chloroplasts as part of retrograde signalling. With this Focus Review, we aim to show ways in which organelle‐specific communication can be further researched and the collected data used in the long‐term to strengthen plant resilience in the context of climate change.
Attitudes toward diverse English accents among Japanese elementary school students
Authors: Hiasa Ayako 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis paper explores Japanese elementary school students’ attitudinal responses toward diverse English accents presented in their multimodal course material. In the study, 86 sixth‐grade students (m = 48, f = 38) watched four self‐introduction videos representing Inner Circle and Expanding Circle accent varieties and rated the comprehensibility of each accent using 7‐point Likert‐type scales. In addition, they answered questions about proximity to their own accent and desirability as a learning model. Significant results suggest two major contradictions from previous studies; (1) that the White male American‐English speaker was rated least comprehensible among the four; (2) that the participants did not base their appraisal on closeness to a “native‐speaker” model in evaluating the idealness of an accent as a learning model. Based on the findings, I discuss the possible relationship between extended exposure and enhanced comprehensibility, the absence of “native‐speaker” benchmark among novice learners, and novice learners’ agency as an English user.
Metrics of positive Ricci curvature on simply‐connected manifolds of dimension 6k$6k$
Authors: Reiser Philipp 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA consequence of the surgery theorem of Gromov and Lawson is that every closed, simply‐connected 6‐manifold admits a Riemannian metric of positive scalar curvature. For metrics of positive Ricci curvature, it is widely open whether a similar result holds; there are no obstructions known for those manifolds to admit a metric of positive Ricci curvature, while the number of examples known is limited. In this article, we introduce a new description of certain ‐dimensional manifolds via labeled bipartite graphs and use an earlier result of the author to construct metrics of positive Ricci curvature on these manifolds. In this way, we obtain many new examples, both spin and nonspin, of ‐dimensional manifolds with a metric of positive Ricci curvature.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation on Friction and Lubrication Behaviors of Chevron Micro-Textured Valve Plate/Cylinder Block Interface With Various Area Densities
Authors: Chen Luanxia , Liu Zhanqiang , Huang Haihong , Zhu Yingying 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As the critical friction pairs of swashplate-type axial piston pumps, the cylinder block/valve plate lubricating interface is the primary source of friction, wear, and leakage in axial piston pumps. Surface micro-texturing has been widely employed in cylinder block/valve plate conjunctions to ameliorate tribological performance. However, little research has been conducted to investigate the influence of chevron micro-texture area density on the tribological behaviors and lubricating properties of cylinder block/valve plate interface both experimentally and numerically. In this article, the chevron micro-textures with various area densities were manufactured on H62 brass by micro-milling and subsequently characterized with a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The friction and wear performance of H62 brass/38CrMoAl conjunctions were obtained via disc-on-disc tribological tests to simulate the cylinder block/valve plate lubricating interface. Moreover, the load-carrying capacity of untextured and chevron micro-textured samples was numerically investigated under hydrodynamic lubrication. It was found that the chevron micro-textured surface with an area density of 30.1% displayed the lowest friction coefficient and the shallowest wear depth. Although the load-carrying capacity of chevron micro-textured samples with a high dimple area density was larger, the severe stress concentration induced by the reduced micro-texture spacing caused the increment and large fluctuations of friction coefficient.
Thermohydraulic Performance and Flow Structures of Diamond Pyramid Arrays
Authors: Corbett Thomas M. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Surface features are a common heat transfer enhancement method used in a myriad of applications including gas turbines and heat exchangers. One such style of surface feature is diamond pyramids, which offer significant heat transfer augmentation for moderate increases in overall pressure losses. This study investigated a suite of additively manufactured pyramids in a variety of sizes and arrangements at relevant scale contained in test coupons. Designs were printed with low surface roughness relative to typical additive components (Ra &lt; 5 μm), and pyramids were printed within 100 μm of the design intent. Experimental and computational results indicate that the pressure penalty and heat transfer increased as the pyramids increased in size with aligned pyramids on both channel walls having higher values than staggered pyramids. It was found that implementing the pyramids onto a rough surface had a lesser impact on the friction factor than implementing it on a smooth surface, but that the relative increase in heat transfer was the same regardless of the roughness of the endwall. The greatest enhancement to local heat transfer and pressure loss was offset from the location of the minimum flow area due to local acceleration around the wake regions. The vortices formed in the wake of the pyramid structures enhanced the endwall heat transfer and shear stress. The performance of the pyramids investigated in this study follows a similar trend to prior studies investigating smooth rib geometries, though certain rib designs had higher heat transfer at lower pressure losses.
A Physics-Informed Neural Network for Solving the Inverse Heat Transfer Problem in Gas Turbine Rotating Cavities
Authors: Puttock-Brown Mark R. , Bindhu Goutham K. M. , Ashby Colin E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recently, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have displayed great potential in delivering swift and accurate solutions for inverse problems. Here, a PINN was used to solve the inverse heat conduction problem in the rotating cavities of an aeroengine high-pressure compressor internal air system. The neural network was designed to receive experimentally captured radially distributed temperature profiles as inputs and predict the associated surface heat fluxes. The correctness of these predicted heat fluxes was assessed by numerically solving the direct heat conduction equation using a 2D finite-element model, thereby recovering the original temperature profiles. A comparative analysis is conducted between the predicted temperature profiles and the initial inputs. The physics-informed neural network is trained using noise-free synthetic data, created from a range of radial temperature curve-fit coefficients, and subsequently tested on noisy experimental data at engine representative conditions. The predicted temperature values exhibit some good agreement with their respective actual counterparts. Furthermore, the sensitivity of model hyperparameters is explored to show the capability of the proposed approach. The results show that physics-informed neural networks exhibit reduced susceptibility to experimental uncertainties when addressing inverse problems, in contrast to inverse solution methods, and offer a possible new approach for the analysis of experimental data if trained on a sufficiently large dataset.
Isolated and Combined Effects of Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia and Sleep Restriction on Energy Intake and Food Reward
Authors: Clavé Paco , Fabries Pierre , Beauchamps Vincent , Pontiggia Anaïs , David Louis , Van Beers Pascal , Guillard Mathias , Tavard Blandine , Malgoyre Alexandra , Koulmann Nathalie , Gomez-Merino Danielle , Sauvet Fabien , Chennaoui Mounir , Charlot Keyne , _ _ 
Published: November 2024

Hypoxia (HY) and sleep deprivation have opposite effects on appetite. As HY may alter sleep, it may be informative to assess the accumulative effects of these two stressors on hunger, energy intake (EI), and food reward. Seventeen young, active, healthy males completed four 5-hr sessions in normoxia (NO) or normobaric HY (FIO2 = 13.6%, ∼3,500 m) after a night of habitual sleep (HS; total sleep time >6 hr) or sleep restriction (SR; total sleep time <3 hr). Subjective appetite was assessed regularly using visual analogic scales and EI during an ad libitum lunch after 3.5 hr of exposure. Food reward was assessed using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire just before the lunch. As expected, EI was lower for the HY-HS (4.32 ± 0.71 MJ; p = .048) and HY-SR (4.16 ± 0.68 MJ, p = .013) sessions than the NO-HS (4.90 ± 0.84 MJ) session without acute mountain sickness-related gastrointestinal symptoms. No significant effect of SR alone was observed (NO-SR: 4.40 ± 0.68 MJ). Subjective appetite was not affected. Explicit liking for high-fat foods was higher with SR than HS (main effect: p = .002) and implicit wanting for high-fat foods was higher for the NO-SR, HY-HS, and HY-SR sessions than the NO-HS session (p < .006). Thus, acute SR did not modify subjective appetite or EI despite the increasing food reward for high-fat foods and did not alter the HY-induced changes of appetite or food reward.
Postexercise Dietary Leucine Retention for Whole-Body Anabolism Is Greater With Whey Protein Isolate and Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Than Nonessential Amino Acids in Trained Young Men
Authors: Evans Mark , Lees Matthew J. , Aguilera Jonathan A. , West Daniel W.D. , da Fonseca Guilherme W.P. , Amigo-Benavent Miryam , Carson Brian P. , Moore Daniel R. , Egan Brendan 
Published: November 2024

Marine-derived proteins, such as blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysates (BWPH), represent high-quality sources of dietary protein, but their ability to support postexercise anabolism is not established. The impact of BWPH on whole-body anabolism was compared with an isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) control in 10 trained young males (31 ± 4 years) who, on three separate visits, performed a session of whole-body resistance exercise and then consumed, in randomized crossover fashion, BWPH, WPI, or NEAA (0.33 g/kg; 19, 33, and 0 mg/kg leucine, respectively) with L-[1-13C]leucine. Breath, blood, and urine samples were collected for 6-hr postprandial to assess dietary leucine oxidation, amino acid (AA) concentrations, and 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio. Peak and area under the curve concentrations for leucine, branched-chain amino acids, and essential amino acids were greater in WPI compared with BWPH (all p < .05) but with no differences in time to peak concentration. Total oxidation reflected leucine intake (WPI > BWPH > NEAA; p < .01), whereas relative oxidation was greater (p < .01) in WPI (28.6 ± 3.6%) compared with NEAA (21.3 ± 4.2%), but not BWPH (28.6 ± 8.8%). Leucine retention, a proxy for whole-body protein synthesis, was greater in WPI (185.6 ± 9.5 μmol/kg) compared with BWPH (109.3 ± 14.1 μmol/kg) and NEAA (5.74 ± 0.30 μmol/kg; both p < .01), with BWPH being greater than NEAA (p < .01). Urinary 3-methylhistidine: creatinine ratio did not differ between conditions. Both WPI and BWPH produced essential aminoacidemia and supported whole-body anabolism after resistance exercise, but a higher intake of BWPH to better approximate the leucine and EAA content of WPI may be needed to produce an equivalent anabolic response.
Accelerometer-Measured Volumes of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Functional Fitness in Older Adults
Authors: Cruz Daniel , Freire Yuri A. , Rosa-Souza Francisco J. , Cabral Ludmila L.P. , Silva Raissa M. , Camara Marcyo , Waters Debra L. , Browne Rodrigo A.V. , Costa Eduardo C. 
Published: November 2024

The objective of this study is to investigate the association between different volumes of accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and functional fitness in older adults in a cross-sectional study (n = 242; 66 ± 5 years; 80% women). MVPA was assessed by accelerometer for 1 week. Based on the MVPA recommendations, the participants were classified as: (a) inactive (<50 min/week), (b) somewhat active (50–99 min/week), (c) moderately active (100–149 min/week), and (d) active (≥150 min/week). These groups reflect <33%, 33%–66%, 67%–99%, and ≥100% of the MVPA recommendations, respectively. Functional fitness was assessed by the Senior Fitness Test battery: 6-min walk test (6MWT), timed up and go (TUG), 30-s chair stand test, 30-s arm curl test, chair sit-and-reach test, and back scratch test. In addition to the analysis for each functional fitness test, a total functional fitness score was calculated by the sum of the z scores of all tests. Generalized linear models were used for data analyses (reference: inactive). Compared with the inactive group (n = 59), the somewhat active group (n = 47) had better performance on the 6MWT and TUG (p < .05). The moderately active group (n = 47) had better performance on the 6MWT, TUG, 30-s chair stand test, and the total functional fitness score (p < .05). The active group (n = 89) had better performance on the 6MWT, TUG, 30-s chair stand test, chair sit-and-reach test, and the total functional fitness score (p < .05). Older adults who engaged in higher volumes of MVPA had better performance in more functional fitness components. However, lower than recommended volumes of MVPA (meeting ≥50 min/week) were also associated with greater lower limb functional fitness performance.
Students’ Perspectives on the Organization of Health in Physical Education
Authors: Beaumont Lee C. , Warburton Victoria E. 
Published: November 2024

Purpose: This study explored students’ perspectives of the approaches to organizing health in secondary school physical education lessons. Method: Utilizing a qualitative methodology, 47 students (aged 11–16 years) from four secondary schools were interviewed. Data were analyzed thematically, with Harris’ “approaches to organizing health in physical education” conceptual framework used to support the analytical process. Results: For the focused approach, many students reported that a positive aspect was its functional nature. They valued a dedicated lesson specifically for health-related learning and appreciated not having to concentrate on two aspects at once. For the permeation approach, views were mixed, whereas the combined approach was hardly mentioned from either a positive or a negative perspective. Conclusion: We provided the first insight into students’ perspectives of the organization of health in physical education and highlighted the importance of consulting students in the development of effective health education programs.