bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Conspectus
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Classical typologies of polities often assumed that the rulers and the ruled are co-ethnics. They focused on whether rulers ruled in their own interests or in that of their subjects. Liberal thinkers, by contrast, focused on how to check or balance rulers, either though the separation of powers, or through representative democracy. Yet neither the separation of powers nor representative democracy necessarily prevents a political monopoly from being exercised by an ethnic group. The tyranny of an ethnic majority was not considered in early liberal thought. Northern Ireland under the hegemony of the Ulster Unionist Party after 1920 illustrated how the Westminster model of democracy can be exploited to secure an apparently permanent ethnic monopoly through the exercise of control. An account of the concept of control is developed in this chapter, and of its manifestation in both democratic and undemocratic political systems. The meanings of hegemony are elaborated before appropriate applications to Northern Ireland are signaled.
Not an Inch
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The formation of Northern Ireland is treated in this chapter. Contrary to subsequent misrepresentation, Northern Ireland was not a state, but a devolved government within the UK, with limited powers. Despite Craig’s and the UUP’s pledges of fair and impartial government, Northern Ireland had fiery and partisan beginnings, marked by pogroms and deadly ethnic riots. What follows examines how the UUP improvised amid the constraints of the Government Ireland Act and the 1921 treaty to establish constitutional, policing, territorial, legal, and economic control throughout Northern Ireland. The extensive electoral gerrymandering is explored, as well as its consequences. Cultural Catholics had restricted autonomy in their schooling system, which was not equally or proportionally funded. The chapter addresses what motivated the system of control, and how the British allowed it to develop.
Losing Control, 1958–1972
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
At the start of 1959, when Sean Lemass became Ireland’s prime minister, Northern Ireland’s UUP looked fully in control, having quickly defeated an IRA campaign that had begun in 1956 and sputtered out in 1961. Yet just over a decade later the UUP’s control collapsed under the pressure of a civil-rights movement and its consequences. How this unexpected set of events unfolded and led to renewed British direct rule is explained in this chapter. The consequences of the British welfare state are emphasized. Northern Irish Catholics demanding equal rights with British citizens proved to be the key that unwound the UUP’s system of control. The UK Labour government of 1964–70 proved more sympathetic to Northern Irish Catholics than its predecessors had been in 1945–51 for reasons that are explained in this chapter and the next. Paradoxically, improved relations between the Southern and Northern governments preceded the erosion of the UUP’s control of the North.
Teaching Britain
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Teaching Britain examines teachers as key agents in the production of social knowledge. Teachers claimed intimate knowledge of everyday life among the poor and working class at home and non-white subjects abroad. They mobilized their knowledge in a wide range of mediums, from accounts of local happenings in their schools’ official log books to travel narratives based on summer trips around Britain and the wider world. Teachers also obsessively narrated and reflected on their own careers. Through these stories and the work they did every day, teachers imagined and helped to enact new models of professionalism, attitudes towards poverty and social mobility, ways of thinking about race and empire, and roles for the state. As highly visible agents of the state and beneficiaries of new state-funded opportunities, teachers also represented the largesse and the reach of the liberal state—but also the limits of both.
‘A Home for Poets’?
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter four, ‘“A Home for Poets”?’ builds on this idea of a culture of defiance in training colleges by showing how teachers-in-training reshaped the curriculum. The official curriculum of the 1840s, 50s, and 60s, with its narrow focus and emphasis on rote memorization, frustrated budding teachers. Despite enduring long, exhausting days, they stayed up after ‘lights out’ to hold informal classes on Shakespeare and Byron, ancient history and modern science. They also turned their geography lessons into opportunities to reflect on the political cultures of the empire and the global networks of production and consumption that connected Britons of all social backgrounds to peoples from around the world. In large part owing to the everyday pressure of teachers-in-training, the official curriculum in training colleges came, over time, to be much more liberal as well as socially and globally engaged.
The Job Market
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter five, ‘The Job Market’, maps out the challenges teachers faced in seeking work. They had to navigate a curious mix of paternalistic favouritism and bureaucratic meritocracy, procedural transparency and opaqueness, conservative and more radical ideas about gender on the part of hiring authorities. Most of all, teachers had to make big choices early in their careers: did they want to make personal sacrifices and endure a seemingly endless series of moves to try to secure a well-paying and prestigious position in a large urban school, or did they want to put down roots in a community, even if it meant settling for a less-than-desirable position? Did they want to stay in Britain or venture out to the empire, where they had a much greater chance of securing a well-paying job at a relatively young age? Teachers forged new understandings of what constituted fair and just hiring practices and desirable careers paths as they confronted, discussed, and protested the dilemmas they faced on the job market.
Everyday Stories
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter seven, ‘Everyday Stories’, argues that teachers turned the log books in which they were supposed to keep a basic, factual record of their work into vivid stories about the communities in which they worked. Acquiring and sharing intimate, textured knowledge about local communities and the people who inhabited them was central to teachers’ sense of professional duty. They opened up dialogues between and balanced the frequently competing desires of local communities, state officials, and private do-gooders. Teachers’ mediation ran both ways. They enforced state policies, albeit in a selective manner which took account of local circumstances. However, they also represented to policymakers the flaws that they saw in those policies, the difficulties they faced in their everyday work, and the particulars of the local culture and economy. Teachers moved back and forth between acting as servants of the central state, local advocates, and independent professionals sometimes occupying more than one role at once. They sought to affect significant changes, but to do so carefully, slowly, and by working through rather than against local cultures.
Intercultural Borders in Europe and its Emulators
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 shifts to Phase 2 in the rise of diaspora institutions, describing the spread of diaspora institutions from the mid-1990s, as a ‘model’ of migration management in regional integration schemes like the EU. Diaspora institutions helped regional leaders to merge their member states into new regional units. Because these diaspora institutions involved the projection of one state’s authority into the domestic domain of another, they required states to soften their sovereignties and share responsibility for migrants. They demonstrated how an integrated region with porous ‘intercultural’ borders could address Europe’s abiding ethnic minority issues where a Europe of sealed nation-states could not. And they helped the new EU border states build the migration management capacities to deal with their new responsibilities as the sentries of Europe’s new perimeter. But sometimes, this process has released pent-up nationalisms and dredged up past territorial disputes.
Self-Care and Proportionality
Authors: Hendrix Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Within unjust societies, the political claims of groups facing persistent injustice may come in conflict with one another. Even if it would be possible for all of their claims to be resolved at once within an ideal world, real political choices will often require decisions about how strongly to seek improvements for one’s own group at the expense of others. Can groups seek to reduce their own disadvantage even if this blockades the efforts of other groups to achieve justice, or even collaterally worsens their situation? The chapter argues that giving priority to such self-care is permissible, and perhaps required. While disadvantaged social actors should strive to build wider coalitions where they can, competing groups can reasonably seek to improve conditions for their own members first where such alliances do not emerge. The chapter illustrates with examples of directly competing Aboriginal land claims, as well as more indirectly competing political situations.
Spinoza’s Starting Points
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining the nature of and reasons for the geometric method in Spinoza’s Ethics. It argues that Spinoza’s definitions and axioms are not intended to be neutral starting points but rather proclaim a substantive picture of the world that receives further development in the propositions that Spinoza derives from them. The chapter also explores this substantive picture by showing how it is both similar to and different from those of his predecessors, focusing especially on Aristotelian scholasticism and orthodox Cartesianism. It argues that, whereas nearly all of Spinoza’s definitions and axioms would be, on one natural interpretation of them, rejected by Aristotelian scholastics, they all look to be acceptable, at least at first glance, to orthodox Cartesians.
Substance
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One of Spinoza’s most surprising claims about substance is that it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist. What does this mean and why does Spinoza’ believe it? This chapter begins by situating Spinoza’s concept of substance in historical context by explaining the Aristotelian and Cartesian concepts of substance. Next, Spinoza’s argument for the claim that it pertains to the nature of a substance to exist is reconstructed and discussed step by step. Particular attention is paid to the connection that Spinoza sees between causation and similarity: one thing causes another only if they are similar to each other (that is, they share an attribute). Other issues considered in detail include Spinoza’s claim that no two substances can share an attribute and whether a world devoid of substance would involve a vicious regress with respect to being.
The Attributes
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
According to Descartes, an attribute is the essence of a substance, and as such each substance has one and only one attribute. Spinoza, however, claims that the one substance, God or nature, has infinitely many attributes. But how can a single substance have infinitely many essences? This chapter argues for a new interpretation of the attributes according to which each distinct attribute of a substance is identical to its unique essence and the distinction between them is merely a distinction of reason created by the plurality of concepts used to cognize that essence. The chapter also solves a long standing puzzle about mind–body interaction in Spinoza. If minds and bodies are identical, as Spinoza claims, how can he both maintain mind–mind and body–body causation but deny mind–body causation? It argues that Spinoza’s topic, when he appears to deny mind–body causation, is, in fact, mind–body causal explanation.
Modes
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that commentators have misunderstood Spinoza’s claim that particular things are modes of God by holding that modes are either accidents that inhere in God or objects that do not inhere but are merely caused by God. Instead, it argues that modes in Spinoza must be understood as objects that inhere in God. Modes stand to substance as waves stand to the ocean, fists stand to hands, and wrinkles stand to carpets. It further argues that, in addition to avoiding criticisms to which others are subject, this interpretation allows an attractive account of inherence in terms of constitution. It concludes by considering the question of the reality of the modes: are the modes genuine beings or are they mere illusions?
Love, Honour, and Jealousy
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This book investigates how the intimate lives of Italians were transformed during the post-war ‘economic miracle’ of the 1950s and 1960s, during which millions of Italians migrated to the cities, leaving behind rural ways of life and transforming how people thought about love, marriage, gender, and family. At the core of this book lies the investigation of almost 150 unpublished diaries and memoirs written by ordinary men and women who were growing up and coming of age during these years. The book weaves these personal stories together with the Italian popular culture of the time, which was saturated with both new and old ideas of romance. Films and magazines encouraged young Italians to put romantic love and individual desire over family, contributing to changing expectations about marriage, and sometimes tensions within families. At the same time popular love stories were frequently laced with jealousy, hinting at the darker emotions that were linked, in many minds, to love. Through its exploration of courtship, marriage, honour crime, forced marriage, jealousy, and marriage breakdown, this book traces the ways in which the lives both of individuals and of the nation itself were shaped by changing understandings of romantic love and its darker companions, honour and jealousy.
‘Who to Choose?’ Finding a Suitable Marriage Partner
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how young Italians met and chose their marriage partners, drawing primarily on the evidence from diaries and memoirs. One of the key themes of this chapter is how and why men and women remembered courtship, love, and marriage differently. Men tended to describe strong, open, and definite feelings of love in courtship, while women were much more likely to recount doubt, hesitation, ambivalence, or indifference. Reaching adulthood in post-war Italy had very different meanings for men and women, with men typically leaving home for military service and migration while women were more likely to remain with their families until their wedding. Love, marriage, home, and family thus had different meanings in their lives. While arranged marriages were becoming less common in these decades, the strong role played by family in courtship meant that it was often difficult to distinguish an arranged marriage from one that was not. With the rise of mass culture, men and women also began to measure their own experiences against romantic ideals, often to see them falling short. Experience of illness and disability marked many courtships, especially in the late 1940s and early 1950s, when malaria, tuberculosis, and pneumonia were common. In some cases this proved to be a barrier to marriage, although attitudes were beginning to change in the late 1950s. Class was also crucial in determining suitability, although it was family that was the ultimate arbiter.
Where Violence and Love Meet: Honour and Italian Society
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration of southern customs of love, courtship, and marriage. The notion of honour, strong in the southern regions and particularly Sicily and Calabria at least up to the late 1960s, strongly shaped courtship and marriage. Since family honour was measured by the sexual purity of unmarried daughters, young women’s lives were often tightly controlled. Honour crime, elopement, and kidnap marriage were the outward and most extreme signs of these customs and attitudes. The second part of chapter moves away from the diary and memoirs because of the difficulty in finding sources that both write openly about such experiences, and are willing to be published. Film was a medium that was increasingly used to draw attention to such customs, although crime reportage and the courtroom and are the real arena of this chapter. The well-known but seldom explored case of Franca Viola forms the core of the chapter’s second part. Kidnapped in 1965 with the aim of forcing her into marriage, Franca Viola was the first Sicilian woman to refuse to marry her kidnapper and by implication to have him prosecuted. The trial of Filippo Melodia and his accomplices in 1966 saw competing definitions of love and honour on trial in the Sicilian courtroom, each connected to different ideas of what it meant to be Italian, Sicilian, and modern. Although the trial was a great public victory for Sicilian women, with Melodia found guilty and sentenced to prison, a closer look at the sources suggests that, in private, attitudes were slower to change.
‘Love Means Jealousy’: A Jealousy Epidemic in Post-war Italy?
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how the behaviour and attitudes associated with honour were made more acceptable in the late twentieth century by being repackaged in the emotional language of jealousy, as couples increasingly married for love rather than family reasons. When we widen the lens to look for jealousy rather than honour, we see that in contrast to the media picture, the masculine controlling behaviour associated with jealousy and honour was widespread everywhere in Italy and not just in the south. Indeed, when we turn to the mass media—magazines and film in particular—we get the impression of what might be termed a jealousy epidemic in Italy. This chapter uses a diverse range of sources—from film, magazines, and crime reportage to diaries and memoirs—to trace how people thought about jealousy and how they experienced it in these years. We will see how it was often represented as illness or madness and could also be experienced as such. Indeed, much more than love, jealousy was likely to be described as an intense bodily experience. It was also something that many Italians were keen to distance themselves from and to combat, whether in society at large or in themselves.
Conclusion: Individuals, Families, and Nation
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
At the heart of the book are intimate experiences and ordinary lives. The evidence amassed, especially in Chapters 3–5, also tells us a little and perhaps even a lot about how Italians were coming to view themselves as a nation. By the 1960s, Italy had cast off the shadow of fascism and begun to project itself as a self-confident, modern country. This concluding chapter offers some thoughts on how love, honour, and jealousy were not just personal experiences but part of the national stories that Italians told about themselves, in an effort to forge a modern identity to suit the new Italy of the economic miracle.
Introduction
Authors: Cullen Niamh 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The introduction sets out the context of post-1945 Italian society and the impact of the economic miracle of the late 1950s and 1960s on the lives of ordinary Italians. Since the book is based on the examination of almost 150 unpublished diaries and memoirs of ordinary Italians, there is a discussion of these sources and how they are used in the book. Emotions are also central to the argument of the book and the introduction sets the book’s approach to love, honour and jealousy firmly within the history of the emotions.
An Audit of Violence after 1966
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a systematic and partly comparative survey of the scale of political violence in Northern Ireland 1966–2006, with some additional materials related to the broader costs of the conflict. Graphs and charts depict primary patterns of violence, victims of violence, agents held responsible for violence, the human and economic costs, and disputes over culpabilities and consequences. In specific locales the conflict was deeply intense, in others few suffered—explanations are provided for this spatial variation. Inaccurate accounts of the patterns of violence are corrected. The damage done to UK and Irish democracy and constitutionalism are assessed. The benefits that have accrued since a largely successful peace process came to fruition are also highlighted.
Wild and Bitter Fruits and Royal Pains
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter portrays the formation of early modern Ireland through to the formation and defeat of the United Irishmen. The conquest, and three subsequent reconquests, of Ulster and Ireland over two centuries, and their legacies, are traced. The reactive fusion of the Gaelic Irish and the Old English in the first manifestations of modern Irish nationalism are treated. The plantation of Ulster, the Ulster Rising of 1641, the War of the Three Kingdoms, and the Cromwellian conquest and its legacies are surveyed in turn, before a comparative portrayal of the penal laws and the impacts of the American and French revolutions are introduced. The costs of the failure of the United Irishmen are assessed.
“ ’Twas better to die ’neath an Irish Sky, than at Suvla, or Sud-el-Bar”
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the significance of the First World War in the partial successes of Irish republicanism and Ulster unionism. The run-up to the 1916 Rising was preceded by significant evidence of declining support for Redmond’s Irish Parliamentary Party. The 1916 Rising, British wartime policy, and the elections of 1918 are examined to demonstrate the weakening of British authority in Ireland. The Rising itself was more rational and less romantic than it is typically portrayed. The British decision to ignore the election outcomes in Ireland at the end of the First World War led militant republicans to return to armed combat, conducting a guerrilla war of independence. The partition of Ireland and the war of independence are surveyed before a puzzle is addressed: why did the English prove incapable of federalizing their dominions and their dependencies in the Isles? The development of Irish nationalism and Ulster unionism are examined in their comparative European context. The UVF’s significance is emphasized in blocking Ireland’s comprehensive secession and in the formation of Northern Ireland.