bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predominant Cropping Systems affect Soil Organic Carbon Content in the Soil Profile of North–West India
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Sundha Parul , Basak Nirmalendu , Chandra Priyanka , Bedwal Sandeep , Rai Arvind Kumar 
Published: November 2024

The soil organic carbon (SOC) content depends on the physiography, climatic conditions, soil type, and cropping patterns of a particular region. The improvement in soil health contributes to better productivity of the soil. The present study focused on the estimation of the organic carbon content in soil profile of predominant cropping system in Karnal and Kaithal districts of Haryana. Soil samples were collected at four different depths viz., 0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m from the different predominant cropping systems for the estimation of pH, electrical conductivity, and fractions of organic carbon and calcium carbonate content (CaCO3). The organic carbon was greater at the surface and decreased along the depth in all the cropping systems in Karnal district. The total organic carbon (TOC) in soil for Karnal district was higher (11 g kg-1) in the vegetable–vegetable system. In Kaithal district the Walkley Black organic C content was greater in the surface soil (0–0.15 m depth), then a decrease at the sub–surface (0.15–0.30 m), followed by 0.30–0.45 and 0.45–0.60 m depth. The rice–barseem/rice–wheat and sugarcane–sugarcane maintained a higher amount of TOC (8.03–9.19 g kg–1) in surface soil. Irrespective of the cropping system and region, total OC and its oxidizable fraction showed a negative correlation with CaCO3. The alkaline to moderately alkali soils presented higher values of pH with poor performance of crops resulting in lower root biomass return to soils and low C content. This study will provide valuable insights for formulating better management practices in soils inclined towards degradation to achieve goals of sustainable land use in predominant cropping-systems in Haryana.
گۆڕانى زمانى لە نێوان شێوەزارى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى بەپێى تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان، ئاستى دەنگسازى بە نموونە
Authors: بەختیار نصرالدین محمد طالب  , پ.ى.د. مزگین عەبدوڕەحمان ئەحمەد  
Published: November 2024

پوختە
سەرچاوەی گۆڕان و جیاوازییە زمانییەكان دوو شتە: یەكەمیان؛ مرۆڤ ھەمیشە بۆ پڕکردنەوەى پێویستییەكانی خۆی كه‌ره‌سته‌ی نوێی خولقاندووە، دووەم؛ دووركه‌وتنه‌وه‌ی قسه‌پێكه‌ران له‌ یه‌كتر، به‌هۆی لاوازیی په‌یوه‌ندی له‌ كۆندا، له‌گه‌ڵ گۆڕانی زماندا جیاوازیی نێوان قسه‌پێكه‌رانی ناوچه‌ جیاوازه‌كانیش هاتۆته ‌ئاراوه‌.
ئەم توێژینەوەیە بە ناونیشانی: (گۆڕانى زمانى لە نێوان شێوەزارى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى بە پێى تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان، ئاستى دەنگسازى بە نموونە)یە، هەوڵێکە بۆ دەستنیشانکردنى هه‌ندێك لایه‌نی گەشە و گۆڕانى زمانی له‌ شێوەزارى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى بە پێى تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان، واتە کار لەسەر بڵاوبوونەوەى شێوەزارى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى کراوە لە ناو سنورى یەکتردا. لێکۆڵینەوەکە جگە لە پێشەکى و ئەنجام لە دوو تەوەرە پێکهاتووە:
تەوەرى یەکەم: باسى گۆڕانى زمان، سەرهەڵدان و بڵاوبوونەوەى زار و شێوەزاره‌كان، دیاریکردنى سنورى شێوەزارەکانى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى و پەیوەندییان بە یەکترەوە کراوە، ئینجا تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان ناسێندراوە.
تەوەرى دووەم: ئاستى دەنگسازى بە نموونە وەرگیراوە، کە تێیدا بە پێى تیۆرى شەپۆلەکان گۆڕانى دەنگى لە نێوان شێوەزارەکانى سۆرانى و گەرمیانى باسکراوە، دواتریش ئه‌نجامه‌كان خراونه‌ته‌ڕوو.
وشە سەرەکییەكان: زمان، زار، شێوەزار، گۆڕانی زمان، تیۆری شەپۆلەكان
جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی " گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ "ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا
Authors: پ. ی. د. ل هنجه عبدالرحمن غریب  , عمر إبراهیم سەركەوت 
Published: November 2024

پوختە:
جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی "گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌"ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا، له‌ باره‌ی جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌ په‌روه‌رده‌كردنی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ی شاكه‌سی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ و شێرزادی كه‌سێتی سه‌ره‌كی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ ده‌دوێت، ئه‌ویش له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌ی کەلتوور وه‌ك ڕه‌هه‌ندێكی ژیان، له‌ رۆمانی گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌دا ئاوێنه‌ی بیروڕا و بۆچوون و کردار و رەفتاری تاکەکەسی و کۆمەڵایەتی هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ كه‌سێتییه‌كانه‌ و ڕۆڵی له‌ یه‌كلایكردنه‌وه‌ی چاره‌نووسیاندا هه‌یه‌، چونكه‌‌ له‌ ڕووی بینای كه‌سێتییه‌وه‌ هه‌ریه‌ك له‌م دوو كه‌سێتییه‌‌ به‌جۆرێك بونیادنراون، كه‌ خاوه‌ن تێڕامان و بیرو بۆچوون و جیهانبینی تایبه‌ت به‌خۆیانن بۆ چۆنیه‌تی خۆ گونجاندنیان له‌گه‌ڵ كه‌لتووری وڵاتێكی ئه‌وروپی وه‌ك سویددا، كه‌ دواجار ئه‌م تێڕوانینه‌یان بۆ كه‌لتوور ده‌بێته‌‌ جۆرێك له‌ ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییان و توانای خۆ گونجان و هه‌ڵكردنیان له‌گه‌ڵ دونیای ده‌ره‌وه‌دا. له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌شدا جیاوازی و نه‌بوونی هۆشیاری كه‌لتووری چاره‌نووسی هه‌ریه‌ك له‌و دوو كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌ به‌ تراژیدیا و ڕووداوی ناخۆش ده‌گه‌یه‌نێت له‌ ڕه‌وتی گێڕانه‌وه‌ی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌دا.
كلیله‌ وشه‌كان: كه‌لتوور، ناسنامه‌، ڕۆمان، كه‌سێتی، شاكه‌س
پوختە:
جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌به‌رجه‌سته‌بوونی ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌كان له‌ ڕۆمانی "گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌"ی عه‌تای نه‌هایی دا، له‌ باره‌ی جیاوازی كه‌لتووریی له‌ په‌روه‌رده‌كردنی هه‌ڵاڵه‌ی شاكه‌سی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ و شێرزادی كه‌سێتی سه‌ره‌كی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌ ده‌دوێت، ئه‌ویش له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌ی کەلتوور وه‌ك ڕه‌هه‌ندێكی ژیان، له‌ رۆمانی گره‌وی به‌ختی هه‌ڵاڵه‌دا ئاوێنه‌ی بیروڕا و بۆچوون و کردار و رەفتاری تاکەکەسی و کۆمەڵایەتی هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ كه‌سێتییه‌كانه‌ و ڕۆڵی له‌ یه‌كلایكردنه‌وه‌ی چاره‌نووسیاندا هه‌یه‌، چونكه‌‌ له‌ ڕووی بینای كه‌سێتییه‌وه‌ هه‌ریه‌ك له‌م دوو كه‌سێتییه‌‌ به‌جۆرێك بونیادنراون، كه‌ خاوه‌ن تێڕامان و بیرو بۆچوون و جیهانبینی تایبه‌ت به‌خۆیانن بۆ چۆنیه‌تی خۆ گونجاندنیان له‌گه‌ڵ كه‌لتووری وڵاتێكی ئه‌وروپی وه‌ك سویددا، كه‌ دواجار ئه‌م تێڕوانینه‌یان بۆ كه‌لتوور ده‌بێته‌‌ جۆرێك له‌ ناسنامه‌ی كه‌سێتییان و توانای خۆ گونجان و هه‌ڵكردنیان له‌گه‌ڵ دونیای ده‌ره‌وه‌دا. له‌ ئه‌نجامی ئه‌وه‌شدا جیاوازی و نه‌بوونی هۆشیاری كه‌لتووری چاره‌نووسی هه‌ریه‌ك له‌و دوو كه‌سێتییه‌ سه‌ره‌كییه‌ به‌ تراژیدیا و ڕووداوی ناخۆش ده‌گه‌یه‌نێت له‌ ڕه‌وتی گێڕانه‌وه‌ی ڕۆمانه‌كه‌دا.
كلیله‌ وشه‌كان: كه‌لتوور، ناسنامه‌، ڕۆمان، كه‌سێتی، شاكه‌س
Manejo de gonartrosis con terapia regenerativa
Authors: Pilatasig Plasencia Aracely Fernanda , Telenchana Chimbo Paulo Fernando 
Published: November 2024

La gonartrosis es una condición degenerativa que afecta a una proporción significativa de la población, particularmente a personas mayores o con antecedentes de lesiones articulares. Se caracteriza por dolor, rigidez de la articulación y disminución de la funcionalidad con un evidente deterioro severo de la calidad de vida del paciente y convirtiendose en un mayor gasto para los sistemas de salud de las diferentes naciones. En los últimos años, las terapias regenerativas han emergido como una alternativa prometedora para el tratamiento de la gonartrosis, siendo la infiltración de factores de crecimiento derivados de plaquetas, el plasma rico en plaquetas, la terapia con células madre, y la utilización de biomateriales útiles para la reparación del cartílago además de aliviar los síntomas, promover la regeneración del tejido articular y ralentizar la progresión de la enfermedad. Este estudio no experimental de tipo descriptivo se basa en una búsqueda bibliográfica de información científica de los últimos 5 años sobre los beneficios de la terapia regenerativa en el desarrollo de la gonartrosis con el objetivo de brindar recomendaciones sobre su uso según los estadios de la patología y realizar una caracterización respecto a los beneficios de cada una de las terapias. En conclusión, métodos como la infiltración de células madre, los factores de crecimiento y las terapias con plasma rico en plaquetas han demostrado potencial terapéutico para reducir el dolor, mejorar la función articular y, en algunos casos, frenar el daño del cartílago.
Dampak Penggunaan QRIS Pembangunan Ekonomi Digital Pada Pelaku UMKM
Authors: Hardiyanti Menik , Santosa Sedya 
Published: November 2024

Digitaliasasi memberikna dmapak positf dalam perkembangan teknologi dji Inonesia termasuk di bidang ekonomi. Adanya teknologi ini membuat pelaku usaha UMKM bisa memberikan manfaat dalam usahanya termasuk dalam pembayaran non tunai QRIS. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dampak penggunaan QRIS dalam pelaku usaha UMKM di Balikpapan . Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan bahwa QRIS membatu dalam pelaku usaha UMKM dalam QRIS proses transakasi lebih efekif dna efesien dan mengurangi risiko pencurian mata uang, Hambatan yang menjadi kendala masih banyak para pedagang yang belum paham penggunaan QRIS, dan para pelangggan yang belum bisa jujur dalam penggunaan QRIS dalam proses pembayaran.
Pengaruh Pengalaman Magang, Minat Kerja, Soft Skill dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kesiapan Kerja Mahasiswa Jurusan Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Riau
Authors: Amanda Vontinesa , Kurniawaty Fitri  , Mida Aprilina Tarigan  
Published: November 2024

This study to determine the effect of internship experience, work interest, soft skills, and work motivation on work readiness of students majoring in Management Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, Riau University. The population in this study included all students majoring in Management class 2020, Faculties of Economics and Business, totaling 321 people with a sample of 178 people using the Slovin formula. This study used quantitative descriptive method with multiple linear regression analysis tools with the help of SPSS version 26. The results of this research showed that there is a positive and significant effect between internship experience on student work readiness, there is a positive and significant effect between work interest on student work readiness, there is a positive and significant influence between soft skills on student work readiness and there is a positive and significant influence between work motivation on student work readiness.
Analisis Efisiensi Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen Terhadap Kinerja Manajerial: Studi Literatur
Authors: Sundari Sri , Sakinah Andi Nur , Irfan Lidya Pratiwi , Syamsuddin Syamsuddin 
Published: November 2024

Studi literatur ini menjelaskan dampak Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen (SPM) terhadap kinerja manajerial, dengan menyoroti tema-tema utama dan temuan-temuan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa SPM yang efektif meningkatkan keselarasan strategis, sehingga memungkinkan manajer untuk membuat keputusan yang tepat dan mencapai tujuan organisasi.
Studi ini menjelaskan hubungan antara SPM dan kinerja manajerial, dengan menekankan pentingnya menyesuaikan sistem pengendalian agar sesuai dengan konteks dan tujuan organisasi tertentu. Studi menunjukkan bahwa pengendalian formal dan informal memainkan peran penting dalam mengarahkan perilaku manajerial dan mendorong akuntabilitas.
Studi ini juga membahas peran budaya organisasi dalam membentuk efektivitas SPM, dengan mencatat bahwa budaya yang mendukung dapat meningkatkan penerapan dan implementasi praktik pengendalian. Selain itu, interaksi antara SPM dan faktor eksternal, seperti dinamika pasar dan tekanan persaingan, dipertimbangkan, yang menyoroti perlunya mekanisme pengendalian yang adaptif. Secara keseluruhan, analisis ini menggarisbawahi peran penting SPM dalam meningkatkan kinerja manajerial, yang menunjukkan bahwa penelitian yang sedang berlangsung sangat penting untuk lebih memahami kompleksitas hubungan ini.
Pengaruh Beban Kerja dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Turnover Intention Guru dan Karyawan pada Unit Sekolah di Yayasan Masjid Al Ikhlas
Authors: Destiani Arinda Tria , Nurhayaty Ety 
Published: November 2024

Al Ikhlas Mosque Foundation has a Turnover intention percentage value above 10% in several years during the period 2019 to 2023. Meanwhile, based on the prariset, it was found that the workload variable was the most selected variable and followed by the work discipline variable with a percentage value of only 20% in the period 2020 to 2023. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of workload and work discipline on Turnover intention of teachers and employees in the school unit at the Al Ikhlas Mosque Foundation (YMAI), Jakarta. This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with data collection techniques in the form of documentation, and a questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale. The population used was 95 respondents and in withdrawing samples using saturated samples. Furthermore, the data were tested for validity and reliability and carried out normality tests, Heteroscedasticity tests, multicollinearity tests. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression equation tests with the results Y = -0.456 + 0.254X1 + 0.667X2 which shows that workload and work discipline affect Turnover intention. Furthermore, partially workload affects Turnover intention by 63.2% and work discipline affects turnover intention by 7.47%. Meanwhile, simultaneously workload and work discipline affect turnover intention by 75.8%.
Eksaminasi Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara: Relasi Kepemimpinan, Budaya Organisasi dan Lingkungan Kerja
Authors: Batubara Soulthan Saladin , Wulandari Niken , Satria Bima 
Published: November 2024

Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) sebagai ujung tombak pelayanan dituntut untuk memiliki kinerja secara optimal guna memenuhi pencapaian tujuan institusi dalam memberikan pelayanan publik, yaitu kesejahteraan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bagaimana pengaruh Budaya Organisasi (X1), Lingkungan Kerja (X2) terhadap Kinerja (Y) aparatur sipil pada Aparatur Sipil pada Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dalam pengolahan data maupun informasi yang diperoleh. Populasi pada penelitian ini merupakan seluruh Aparatur Sipil Aparatur Sipil pada Dinas Perindustrian, Perdagangan, Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Provinsi Sumatera Utara yang didapat dengan menggunakan teknik sensus. Pada penelitian ini, data dikumpulkan menggunakan quesioner, wawancara serta studi dokumentasi. Hasil jawaban kuesioner dihitung dengan satuan pengukuran skala Likerts, yang diolah menggunakan metode analisis regresi dengan menggunakan program statistical product and service solution. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secsara parsial kepemimpinan, budaya organisasi dan lingkungan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja.
Gerakan Literasi Keuangan Syariah Mengedukasi Masyarakat Dalam Memahami Produk Keuangan
Authors: Anita Anita , Pratama Muhammad Irfan , Alfredo Harold Kevin 
Published: November 2024

The Shari'ah financial literacy movement is a strategic effort to support the government in educating the public to understand Islamic financial products. Islamic financial products have three pillars, among others, Promoting education programs and national financial literacy campaigns, Strengthening financial literacy infrastructure. With the rapid sharia industry sector and the sizeable Muslim population in Indonesia, it has an impact on the importance of Islamic Financial Literacy to introduce Islamic financial products to the public. This study uses the Library Review method by exploring various reports and journals that are available to obtain information regarding the background of the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Islamic financial literacy movement that has been carried out by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and other Financial Institutions to find the right solution for the acceleration of Islamic Financial Literacy.
Generasi Emas: Peran Lansia di Atas 70 Tahun dalam Dunia Kerja Jepang yang Unik dan Dinamis
Authors: Dian Sudiantini  , Herwan Herwan , Susan Kustiawan  , Pebrianti Pebrianti 
Published: November 2024

Penuaan populasi di Jepang telah menciptakan dinamika sosial dan ekonomi yang unik, di mana lansia, khususnya mereka yang berusia di atas 70 tahun, terus memainkan peran penting dalam dunia kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kontribusi dan peran lansia dalam sektor ketenagakerjaan Jepang, serta memahami faktor-faktor yang mendorong partisipasi mereka di usia lanjut. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan campuran, penelitian ini menggabungkan survei kuantitatif dan wawancara kualitatif mendalam terhadap pekerja lanjut usia, pengusaha, serta pembuat kebijakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lansia Jepang memiliki karakteristik yang khas dalam hal ketahanan fisik dan mental, yang berkontribusi pada produktivitas dan stabilitas ekonomi, khususnya di sektor pertanian, manufaktur tradisional, dan layanan lokal. Lansia juga dipandang sebagai sumber pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang tidak tergantikan, yang menjadi nilai tambah bagi usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM). Namun, meski lansia memberikan kontribusi signifikan, tantangan seperti keterbatasan fisik, adaptasi teknologi, dan risiko kesehatan tetap menjadi perhatian yang perlu diatasi melalui kebijakan ketenagakerjaan yang lebih inklusif dan dukungan sosial. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa dengan intervensi kebijakan yang tepat, seperti pelatihan keterampilan teknologi dan penyesuaian tempat kerja, peran lansia dalam dunia kerja dapat terus berkembang, mendukung keberlanjutan ekonomi dan sosial Jepang. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan strategis bagi negara-negara dengan populasi yang menua dalam merancang kebijakan ketenagakerjaan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan.
Costs associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis disease progression in Medicare patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kim Yestle , Medicis Joseph , Davis Matthew , Nunag Dominic , Gish Robert 
Published: November 2024

Aim:
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated liver disease (MASLD), that may progress to advanced liver disease. Costs associated with progression are not well characterized. This study sought to quantify costs and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with NASH progression.
Methods:
Patients were included if diagnosed with NASH (ICD-10: K75.81) in 100% Medicare claims data (2015–2021) who were ≥66 years at index (diagnosis), continuously enrolled in Parts A, B and D for ≥12 months prior to and 6 months following index (unless death) and who had no evidence of other causes of liver disease. Patient-time was categorized into five severity states: non-cirrhotic NASH, compensated cirrhosis (CC), decompensated cirrhosis (DCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver transplant (LT). Annualized HRU and costs were calculated during the study periods overall and stratified by occurrence and timing of progression.
Results:
In 14,806 unique patients (n = 12,990 non-cirrhotic NASH; 1899 CC; 997 DCC; 209 HCC; 140 LT), mean age and follow-up were 72.2 and 2.8 years, respectively. Average annualized costs increased from baseline following diagnosis, generally scaling with severity: $16,231 to $27,044; $25,122 to $57,705; $40,613 to $181,036; $36,549 to $165,121 and $35,626 to $108,918 in NASH; CC; DCC; HCC; and LT; respectively. Non-cirrhotic NASH and CC patients with progression had higher follow-up spending (1.6x for NASH; 1.7x for CC) than non-progressors (both p < 0.001), 2.8 and 6.1-times higher odds of an inpatient stay and 2.6 and 3.6-times higher odds to be in the top 20% of spenders, respectively, relative to non-progressors (both p < 0.001). Patients progressing within a year had costs 1.4, 1.6, 1.7 and 2.2-times more than year 2, 3, 4 and 5 progressors' costs, respectively, for non-cirrhotic NASH and 1.3, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2-times more than year 2, 3, 4 and 5 progressors' costs, respectively, for CC.
Conclusion:
NASH progression is associated with high costs that increase in more severe disease states. Slower progression is associated with lower costs, suggesting a potential benefit of therapies that may delay or prevent progression.
Pumped Storage
Authors: El Mansour Jamal 
Published: November 2024

Pumped storage systems (PSS) is the largest worldwide battery system to store excess energy and manage the balance between electricity consumption and production. Using the Francis turbine as a turbine or pump makes the development of PSS feasible and economically accepted. Pumped storage is classified as low-, medium-, and high-head power plants. It needs two separate vertical reservoirs. In the case of using the sea as a lower reservoir, we reduce the construction cost and improve the system viability by an illimited reservoir. The coastline line areas are suitable for implementing these systems with very interesting altitudes (up to 400 m). The erosion due to the seawater depends on velocity distribution in the blade-to-blade section from the hub to the shroud section. For the pump, the erosion rate is as high as the trailing edge where the absolute velocity is high.
Superconductor Magnets
Authors: Anagaw Habtamu , Mebratie Gedefaw 
Published: November 2024

Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without any resistance, offering a world of potential applications. At extremely low temperatures, their electrical resistance becomes zero. This property enables them to carry massive currents, making them ideal for technologies like maglev trains, improved power grids, medical devices, and particle accelerators. While superconducting technology has advanced significantly, MRI and NMR are currently the main commercial applications. High-temperature superconductors (HTS) with transition temperatures in excess of 100 K have renewed interest in using superconductivity in power technology. While low-temperature superconductors (LTS) were previously explored, they did not lead to commercial products. This book reviews past and present activities in power generation, transmission, and distribution using HTS. Many groups are working on superconducting generators, motors, and cables, which could lead to significant growth in superconductor applications. However, technological and economic challenges with HTS materials must be overcome. The review chapter covers the properties of HTS, cooling systems, and applications in devices like rotating machines, transformers, and maglev trains. It also provides examples of device designs for practical use.
Towards Organic Electronics: Enhanced PEDOT:PSS Electrode Conductivity
Authors: DiFilippo Aaron , Chakraborty Amrita , Orlowski Marius K. 
Published: November 2024

This chapter focuses on enhancing the electrical conductivity of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS:PSS) films for flexible substrate-based organic electronics. Techniques such as acid treatments, doping with noble and non-noble metal nanoparticles (Cu and Ag), multiple layer depositions, and the incorporation of mono/multiatomic layer graphene are systematically investigated. The optimized process prioritizes PEDOT:PSS multilayer depositions and nitric acid treatment, proving more effective and cost-efficient compared to alternatives using metal nanoparticles and graphene. When exposed to nitric acid, the optimized multilayer PEDOT:PSS:PSS stack decreases sheet resistance to 7.66 Ω/sq. from over 1 MΩ/sq., which results in an extraordinary conductivity of 15,701 S/cm, as opposed to 0.17 S/cm for single PEDOT:PSS layer films. The research details adhesion techniques using oxygen plasma treatment and patterning methods involving Ag sacrificial layers. The enhanced electrical conductivity achieved through multiple PEDOT:PSS: PSS depositions does not result in a significant increase in thickness, allowing for the attainment of very high electrical conductivity values. The study also addresses film aging and strategies to mitigate reliability effects induced by ambient conditions. These findings offer significant advancements in the fabrication of organic conductive electrodes, providing engineering flexibility for various applications and ensuring long-term reliability and performance of the films.