bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Yew Disaster Severity Index: A New Tool in Disaster Metrics
Authors: Yew Ying Ying , Castro Delgado Rafael , Heslop David James , Arcos González Pedro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe Richter Scale measures the magnitude of a seismic occurrence, but it does not feasibly quantify the magnitude of the “disaster” at the point of impact in real humanitarian needs, based on United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR; Geneva, Switzerland) 2009 Disaster Terminology. A Disaster Severity Index (DSI) similar to the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale has been formulated; this will quantify needs, holistically and objectively, in the hands of any stakeholders and even across timelines.BackgroundAn agreed terminology in quantifying “disaster” matters; inconsistency in measuring it by stakeholders posed a challenge globally in formulating legislation and policies responding to it.MethodsA quantitative, mathematical calculation which uses the median score percentage of 100% as a baseline, indicating the ability to cope within the local capacity, was used. Seventeen indicators were selected based on the UNISDR 2009 disaster definition of vulnerability and exposure and holistic approach as a pre-condition. The severity of the disaster is defined as the level of unmet needs. Thirty natural disasters were tested, retrospectively, and non-parametric tests were used to test the correlation of the DSI score against the indicators.ResultsThe findings showed that 20 out of 30 natural disasters tested fulfilled the inability to cope, within local capacity in disaster terminology. Non-parametric tests showed that there was a correlation between the 30 DSI scored and the indicators.ConclusionBy computing a median fit percentage score of 100% as the ability to cope, and the correlation of the 17 indicators, in this DSI Scale, 20 natural disasters fitted into the disaster definition. This DSI will enable humanitarian stakeholders to measure and compare the severity of the disaster objectively, as well as enable future response to be based on needs.YewYY, Castro DelgadoR, HeslopDJ, Arcos GonzálezP. The Yew Disaster Severity Index: a new tool in disaster metrics. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):8–19.
Development, implementation, and initial results of the UC San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center Wellbeing Screening Tool
Authors: Cardenas Veronica , Abbott Yuko , Hirst Jeremy M. , Mausbach Brent T. , Agarwal Suzanne , Collier Georgianna , Tran Luke , Tamayo Geline , Downey Anna , Herring Maurice , Irwin Scott A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveAll accredited cancer institutions are required to screen patients for psychosocial distress. This paper describes the development, implementation, and preliminary outcomes of the University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center Wellbeing Screening Program.MethodEssential steps learned in a formal National Cancer Institute–funded training workshop entitled “Implementing Comprehensive Biopsychosocial Screening” were followed to ensure successful program implementation. These steps included identification of stakeholders; formation of a working committee; establishment of a vision, process, and implementation timeline; creation of a screening tool; development of patient educational material; tool integration into an electronic medical record system; staff training and pilot testing of tool administration; and education about tool results and appropriate follow-up actions. Screening data were collected and analyzed retrospectively for preliminary results and rapid cycle improvement of the wellbeing screening process.ResultsOver an 8-month implementation and assessment period, the screening tool was administered 5,610 times of 7,664 expected administrations (73.2%.) to 2,394 unique patients. Visits in which the questionnaire was administered averaged 39.6 ± 14.8 minutes, compared with 40.3 ± 15.2 minutes for visits in which the questionnaire was not administered (t = −1.76, df = 7,662, p = 0.079).Significance of resultsThis program provides a process and a tool for successful implementation of distress screening in cancer centers, in a meaningful way for patients and providers, while meeting accreditation standards. Further, meaningful data about patient distress and tool performance were able to be collected and utilized.
Meaning and Purpose (MaP) therapy I: Therapeutic processes and themes in advanced cancer
Authors: Lethborg Carrie , Kissane David W. , Schofield Penelope 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveUnderstanding the way therapy works is a complex undertaking. Historically, such enquiry has been dominated by “outcomes” leading to a lack of discourse about clinical processes. In the cancer setting, identifying clinical process can be even more complex because of the added challenges of an ongoing illness. This study investigated the therapeutic processes used in a meaning-based intervention developed for the advanced cancer setting: Meaning and Purpose therapy.MethodFour sessions of therapy were delivered to 24 participants. Transcribed sessions (n = 96) of the intervention were analyzed by two independent researchers to describe participant themes, therapeutic processes, and patterns of change related to common points in the intervention.ResultAlthough both suffering and meaning were present in all sessions, when we tracked the focus of the content across sessions, there was a clear progressive shift toward meaning-centered content for all participants. This finding is in spite of the fact that all participants had progressive disease and were living with ongoing challenges.Significance of resultsProcesses such as focusing on meaning, reflecting a sense of significance, joining with participants to explore their unique meaning, and directing them away from a preoccupation with suffering were identified as clear influences of a shift toward a meaning-based focus. These processes offer a fresh focus on meaning and a buffer to the distress of advanced cancer.
Thermoelastic Properties of Eclogitic Garnets and Omphacites: Implications for Deep Subduction of Oceanic Crust and Density Anomalies in the Upper Mantle
Authors: Xu Jingui , Zhang Dongzhou , Fan Dawei , Dera Przemyslaw K. , Shi Feng , Zhou Wenge 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSynchrotron‐based high‐pressure/high‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments to ~24 GPa and 700 K were conducted on eclogitic garnets (low‐Fe: Prp28Alm38Grs33Sps1 and high‐Fe: Prp14Alm62Grs19Adr3Sps2) and omphacites (low‐Fe: Quad57Jd42Ae1 and high‐Fe: Quad53Jd27Ae20), using an externally heated diamond anvil cell. Fitting the pressure‐volume‐temperature data to a third‐order Birch‐Murnaghan equation of state yields the thermoelastic parameters including bulk modulus (KT0), its pressure derivative (K′T0), temperature derivative ((∂KT/∂T)P), and thermal expansion coefficient (αT). The densities of the high‐Fe and low‐Fe eclogites were then modeled along typical geotherms of the normal mantle and the subducted oceanic crust to the transition zone depth (550 km). The metastable low‐Fe eclogite could be a reason for the stagnant slabs within the upper range of the transition zone. Eclogite would be responsible for density anomalies within 100–200 km in the upper mantle of Asia.
Strength of Strained Two‐Phase Mixtures: Application to Rapid Creep and Stress Amplification in Subduction Zone Mélange
Authors: Beall Adam , Fagereng Åke , Ellis Susan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAseismic creep may occur by distributed deformation in mélange shear zones comprising weak matrix and stronger clast materials. Slow slip events or steady tectonic displacement can be distributed over <100‐m thick shear zones if weak matrix controls bulk shear zone deformation. We use 2‐D numerical models to quantify the rheology of moderately strained (shear strain <1.75) mélange for various volumetric proportions of competent clasts. Mélange deformation with <50% clasts is matrix dominated and can accommodate steady creep. At higher clast proportions mélange viscosity increases more than tenfold after small strains, because strong clasts interact and form force chains. Clast shear stress is amplified above the imposed shear stress, by a factor of <14 where force chains develop. Slow slip events may occur due to a temporary absence of force chains, while localized regions of high shear stress generate coincident fracturing and potentially tremor events.
Generation and Utilization of Volatile Fatty Acids and Alcohols in Hydrothermally Altered Sediments in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California
Authors: Zhuang Guang‐Chao , Montgomery Andrew , Samarkin Vladimir A. , Song Min , Liu Jiarui , Schubotz Florence , Teske Andreas , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe , Joye Samantha B. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractVolatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols are key intermediates of anaerobic carbon metabolism, yet their biogeochemical cycling remains poorly constrained in hydrothermal systems. We investigated the abundance, stable carbon isotopic composition, and metabolic cycling of VFAs and alcohols to elucidate their generation and utilization pathways in hydrothermally influenced sediments (4 °C to 90 °C) from the Guaymas Basin. Acetate (up to 229 μM) and methanol (up to 37 μM) were abundant in porewaters. The δ13C values of acetate varied between −35.6‰ and −18.1‰. Carbon isotopic signatures, thermodynamic predictions, and experimental incubations suggested biological sources such as fermentation and acetogenesis for acetate. Acetate and methanol were predominantly consumed by nonmethanogenic processes (e.g., sulfate reduction), as reflected in high oxidation rates versus low methanogenesis rates, and further evidenced through inhibition experiments with molybdate. These results reveal an important role for VFAs and alcohols as energy sources for diverse chemoheterotrophs in organic‐rich hydrothermally influenced sediments.
Application of Ps Scattering Kernels to Imaging the Mantle Transition Zone With Receiver Functions
Authors: Zhang Han , Schmandt Brandon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeismic imaging of the global boundaries of the mantle transition zone provides important constraints regarding mantle composition and convection. Additionally, modern hypotheses about mantle convection and increasing seismic data resources motivate attempts to image more complex regional transition zone structures such as dipping and discontinuous interfaces. Here we extend a 3‐D prestack migration method to make it more applicable for transition zone imaging with Ps receiver functions. After validation with 1‐D synthetic data, two types of hypothetical structures are adopted to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of different practical imaging parameters with 2‐D synthetic tests. The results show that the method can resolve dipping anomalies and laterally discontinuous low velocity layers. However, receiver spacing of 0.5° is inadequate to accurately migrate scattering from all possible angles in the transition zone at ~0.3 Hz. Application of a slowness cutoff window about the Ps raypath can mitigate artifacts due to low receiver density, but the tradeoff is a decrease in the maximum resolvable dip angle. Further synthetic tests evaluate source wavelet effects, addition of observed seismic noise to synthetic data, and imaging grid dimensions. Cumulatively, the tests indicate that generic application of migration algorithms to the limited source‐receiver distributions relevant for the transition zone should be treated cautiously. Imaging parameters, such as the slowness cutoff and wavelet, should be chosen based on synthetic tests for hypothetical targets and realistic source‐receiver geometries. Finally, observational Ps receiver functions from the USArray are migrated with the new method.
A Column Canopy‐Air Turbulent Diffusion Method for Different Canopy Structures
Authors: Chen Xuelong , Massman William J. , Su Zhongbo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn accurate simulation of the sensible heat flux (H) over vegetation from thermal remote sensing requires an a priori estimate of roughness length and the excess resistance parameter kB−1. Despite being the subject of considerable interest in hydrometeorology, there still does not exist a uniform method for estimating roughness length from remote sensing techniques. This study demonstrates a turbulent diffusion method to simulate canopy‐air sensible heat. The performance of the roughness length scheme as described in Chen et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC‐D‐12‐056.1) was examined by comparing simulated H to measured values at 28 flux tower stations, which include seven different land covers (needle forest, broadleaf forest, shrub, savanna, grassland, cropland, and sparsely vegetated land). The model predictions of H for grass, crop, and sparsely vegetated land compare favorably with observed values, when actual canopy height is given. H is significantly underestimated at forest sites due to a high value of kB−1. Among the different physical representations for the canopy, canopy‐soil mixture, and soil component, it is found that such a high kB−1 value is caused by the high kB−1 value for the canopy part. The reasons for this high kB−1 were investigated from canopy‐air physical process of turbulent diffusion. This study introduces the vertical foliage density information into a column canopy‐air turbulent diffusion model to include the different momentum and heat transfer efficiencies in the vertical canopy layers to enhance the thermal turbulent transfer intensity above the tall canopy. The new model has been verified to provide accurate simulation over different canopy structures.
Land‐Atmosphere Responses to a Total Solar Eclipse in Three Ecosystems With Contrasting Structure and Physiology
Authors: Wood J. D. , Sadler E. J. , Fox N. I. , Greer S. T. , Gu L. , Guinan P. E. , Lupo A. R. , Market P. S. , Rochette S. M. , Speck A. , White L. D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMid‐Missouri experienced up to 2 min 40 s of totality at around solar noon during the total eclipse of 2017. We conducted the Mid‐Missouri Eclipse Meteorology Experiment to examine land‐atmosphere interactions during the eclipse. Here, research examining the eclipse responses in three contrasting ecosystems (forest, prairie, and soybeans) is described. There was variable cloudiness around first and fourth contacts (i.e., the start and end of partial solar obscuration) at the forest and prairie; however, solar irradiance (K↓) signals during the eclipse were relatively clean. Unfortunately, the eclipse forcing at the soybean field was contaminated by convective activity, which decreased K↓ beginning about an hour before first contact and exposed the field to cold outflow ~30 min before second contact. Turbulence was suppressed during the eclipse at all sites; however, there was also an amplified signal at the soybean field during the passage of a gust front. The standard deviations of the horizontal and vertical wind velocities and friction velocities decreased by ~75% at the forest (aerodynamically rough), and ~60% at the prairie (aerodynamically smooth). The eddy fluxes of energy were highly coherent with the solar forcing with the latent and sensible heat fluxes approaching 0 W/m2 and changing in direction, respectively. For the prairie site, we estimated a canopy‐scale time constant for the surface conductance light response of 10 min. Although the eclipse imparted large forcings on surface energy balances, the air temperature response was relatively muted (1.5–2.5 °C decrease) due to the absence of topographic effects and the relatively moist land and atmosphere.
Linking Remote Sensing and Dendrochronology to Quantify Climate‐Induced Shifts in High‐Elevation Forests Over Space and Time
Authors: Correa‐Díaz A. , Silva L. C. R. , Horwath W. R. , Gómez‐Guerrero A. , Vargas‐Hernández J. , Villanueva‐Díaz J. , Velázquez‐Martínez A. , Suárez‐Espinoza J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt is well known that tree growth is strongly affected by climate at high elevations, but it is still unclear how climate variability influences the distribution of montane forest ecosystems, particularly tree line species. To advance knowledge in this field, we combined temporal (tree ring measurements) and spatial data (remotely sensed variables), to quantify how forests responded to climatic variability across altitudinal gradients in Central Mexico. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree‐ring chronologies, and site‐level climatic data were used in a vegetation trend analysis of greenness and browning and to reconstruct canopy vigor for the last century. Although a common ring width chronology was developed, we found significant site‐dependent forest growth response, where young trees (<100 years) exhibited heterogeneous growth trends, without an altitudinal pattern. However, mature trees (100–200 years) showed a common growth decline during the middle twentieth century, regardless of their altitude. Annual maximum NDVI anomalies did not show a general greening effect at high‐elevations. The forest showed both greening and browning zones denoting spatial variability in tree vigor. Furthermore, temperature from the previous year had a positive effect on both NDVI and ring width index but negative at beginning of the growing season. The significant relationship between winter‐spring NDVI (December to March) and ring width index (r = 0.64, p < 0.05), was useful to reconstruct the canopy vigor for the last 151 years. Thus, the greening effect derived from NDVI should be carefully interpreted as a direct forest growth increase. These results highlight the potential of integrating remotely sensed and dendrochronological methods to improve predictions of forest ecosystem responses.
Tectonothermal Evolution of the Cameros Basin: Implications for Tectonics of North Iberia
Authors: Rat J. , Mouthereau F. , Brichau S. , Crémades A. , Bernet M. , Balvay M. , Ganne J. , Lahfid A. , Gautheron C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConstraining the way in which continental deformation is accommodated in time and space is essential to reconcile past plate movements with geological observations. Kinematic reconstructions of the Iberia‐Europe plate boundary are still debated. Here we focus on an inverted Mesozoic rift basin, the Cameros basin, which is part of the Iberian chain. We use a combination of detrital low‐temperature thermochronological techniques to define the time‐temperature evolution of the basin from Mesozoic rifting to Cenozoic collision. Zircon fission‐track analyses of Oligocene–Miocene sedimentary rocks yield two main age populations at ~170 ± 10 and ~100 ± 10 Ma, reflecting (i) an Early Jurassic thermal event related to the Atlantic‐Alpine Tethys opening and (ii) an Albo‐Cenomanian thermal event related to the Bay of Biscay opening. Thermal modeling of combined zircon fission‐track, apatite fission‐track, and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data reveals that collision‐related cooling of the Cameros basin started during the Paleocene (~60 Ma). A second cooling/exhumation phase of the basin is recorded from 35 to 25 Ma. Initial cooling occurred after a protracted postrift period characterized by persistence of high geothermal gradients, a feature also recognized in the Pyrenees. Our results show that the Iberian chain shared the same Early to Late Jurassic tectonothermal evolution with the Atlantic‐Alpine Tethyan rifted margins. From the Albian onward, the thermal evolution of the Cameros basin was very similar to that of the Pyrenees. This study shows that the preservation in mountain ranges of a succession of rifting events provide important clues for plate reconstructions.
Efficacy of an orally active small-molecule inhibitor of RANKL in bone metastasis
Authors: Nakai Yuta , Okamoto Kazuo , Terashima Asuka , Ehata Shogo , Nishida Jun , Imamura Takeshi , Ono Takashi , Takayanagi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBone is one of the preferred sites for the metastasis of malignant tumours, such as breast cancer, lung cancer and malignant melanoma. Tumour cells colonizing bone have the capacity to induce the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), which promotes osteoclast differentiation and activation. Tumour-induced osteoclastic bone resorption leads to a vicious cycle between tumours and bone cells that fuels osteolytic tumour growth, causing bone pain and hypercalcaemia. Furthermore, RANKL contributes to bone metastasis by acting as a chemoattractant to bone for tumour cells that express its receptor, RANK. Thus inhibition of the RANKL–RANK pathway is a promising treatment for bone metastasis, and a human monoclonal anti-RANKL antibody, denosumab, has been used in the clinic. However, orally available drugs targeting RANKL must be developed to increase the therapeutic benefits to patients. Here we report the efficacy of the small-molecule RANKL inhibitor AS2676293 in treating bone metastasis using mouse models. Oral administration of AS2676293 markedly inhibited bone metastasis of human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231-5a-D-Luc2 as well as tumour-induced osteolysis. AS2676293 suppressed RANKL-mediated tumour migration in the transwell assay and inhibited bone metastasis of the murine cell line B16F10, which is known not to trigger osteoclast activation. Based on the results from this study, RANKL inhibition with a small-molecule compound constitutes a promising therapeutic strategy for treating bone metastasis by inhibiting both osteoclastic bone resorption and tumour migration to bone.
Central dogma rates and the trade-off between precision and economy in gene expression
Authors: Hausser Jean , Mayo Avi , Keren Leeat , Alon Uri 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSteady-state protein abundance is set by four rates: transcription, translation, mRNA decay and protein decay. A given protein abundance can be obtained from infinitely many combinations of these rates. This raises the question of whether the natural rates for each gene result from historical accidents, or are there rules that give certain combinations a selective advantage? We address this question using high-throughput measurements in rapidly growing cells from diverse organisms to find that about half of the rate combinations do not exist: genes that combine high transcription with low translation are strongly depleted. This depletion is due to a trade-off between precision and economy: high transcription decreases stochastic fluctuations but increases transcription costs. Our theory quantitatively explains which rate combinations are missing, and predicts the curvature of the fitness function for each gene. It may guide the design of gene circuits with desired expression levels and noise.
Discovery of colossal Seebeck effect in metallic Cu2Se
Authors: Byeon Dogyun , Sobota Robert , Delime-Codrin Kévin , Choi Seongho , Hirata Keisuke , Adachi Masahiro , Kiyama Makoto , Matsuura Takashi , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Matsunami Masaharu , Takeuchi Tsunehiro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBoth electrical conductivity σ and Seebeck coefficient S are functions of carrier concentration being correlated with each other, and the value of power factor S2σ is generally limited to less than 0.01 W m−1 K−2. Here we report that, under the temperature gradient applied simultaneously to both parallel and perpendicular directions of measurement, a metallic copper selenide, Cu2Se, shows two sign reversals and colossal values of S exceeding ±2 mV K−1 in a narrow temperature range, 340 K < T < 400 K, where a structure phase transition takes place. The metallic behavior of σ possessing larger magnitude exceeding 600 S cm−1 leads to a colossal value of S2σ = 2.3 W m–1 K–2. The small thermal conductivity less than 2 W m−1 K−1 results in a huge dimensionless figure of merit exceeding 400. This unusual behavior is brought about by the self-tuning carrier concentration effect in the low-temperature phase assisted by the high-temperature phase.