bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The local rotation curve of the Milky Way based on SEGUE and RAVE data
Authors: Sysoliatina K. , Just A. , Golubov O. , Parker Q. A. , Grebel E. K. , Kordopatis G. , Zwitter T. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Gibson B. K. , Kunder A. , Munari U. , Navarro J. , Reid W. , Seabroke G. , Steinmetz M. , Watson F. 
Published: March 2018

Aims. We construct the rotation curve of the Milky Way in the extended solar neighbourhood using a sample of Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) G-dwarfs. We investigate the rotation curve shape for the presence of any peculiarities just outside the solar radius as has been reported by some authors.
Methods. Using the modified Strömberg relation and the most recent data from the RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE), we determine the solar peculiar velocity and the radial scale lengths for the three populations of different metallicities representing the Galactic thin disc. Subsequently, with the same binning in metallicity for the SEGUE G-dwarfs, we construct the rotation curve for a range of Galactocentric distances from 7 to 10 kpc. We approach this problem in a framework of classical Jeans analysis and derive the circular velocity by correcting the mean tangential velocity for the asymmetric drift in each distance bin. With SEGUE data we also calculate the radial scale length of the thick disc taking as known the derived peculiar motion of the Sun and the slope of the rotation curve.
Results. The tangential component of the solar peculiar velocity is found to be V ⊙ = 4.47 ± 0.8 km s−1 and the corresponding scale lengths from the RAVE data are Rd(0 < [Fe/H] < 0.2) = 2.07 ± 0.2 kpc, Rd(−0.2 < [Fe/H] < 0) = 2.28 ± 0.26 kpc and Rd(−0.5 < [Fe/H] <−0.2) = 3.05 ± 0.43 kpc. In terms of the asymmetric drift, the thin disc SEGUE stars are demonstrated to have dynamics similar to the thin disc RAVE stars, therefore the scale lengths calculated from the SEGUE sample have close values: Rd(0 < [Fe/H] < 0.2) = 1.91 ± 0.23 kpc, Rd(−0.2 < [Fe/H] < 0) = 2.51 ± 0.25 kpc and Rd(−0.5 < [Fe/H] <−0.2) = 3.55 ± 0.42 kpc. The rotation curve constructed through SEGUE G-dwarfs appears to be smooth in the selected radial range 7 kpc < R < 10 kpc. The inferred power law index of the rotation curve is 0.033 ± 0.034, which corresponds to a local slope of dV c∕dR = 0.98 ± 1 km s−1 kpc−1. The radial scale length of the thick disc is 2.05 kpc with no essential dependence on metallicity.
Conclusions. The local kinematics of the thin disc rotation as determined in the framework of our new careful analysis does not favour the presence of a massive overdensity ring just outside the solar radius. We also find values for solar peculiar motion, radial scale lengths of thick disc, and three thin disc populations of different metallicities as a side result of this work.
Merger types forming the Virgo cluster in recent gigayears
Authors: Olchanski M. , Sorce J. G. 
Published: March 2018

Context. As our closest cluster-neighbor, the Virgo cluster of galaxies is intensely studied by observers to unravel the mysteries of galaxy evolution within clusters. At this stage, cosmological numerical simulations of the cluster are useful to efficiently test theories and calibrate models. However, it is not trivial to select the perfect simulacrum of the Virgo cluster to fairly compare in detail its observed and simulated galaxy populations that are affected by the type and history of the cluster. Aims. Determining precisely the properties of Virgo for a later selection of simulated clusters becomes essential. It is still not clear how to access some of these properties, such as the past history of the Virgo cluster from current observations. Therefore, directly producing effective simulacra of the Virgo cluster is inevitable.
Methods. Efficient simulacra of the Virgo cluster can be obtained via simulations that resemble the local Universe down to the cluster scale. In such simulations, Virgo-like halos form in the proper local environment and permit assessing the most probable formation history of the cluster. Studies based on these simulations have already revealed that the Virgo cluster has had a quiet merging history over the last seven gigayears and that the cluster accretes matter along a preferential direction.
Results. This paper reveals that in addition such Virgo halos have had on average only one merger larger than about a tenth of their mass at redshift zero within the last four gigayears. This second branch (by opposition to main branch) formed in a given sub-region and merged recently (within the last gigayear). These properties are not shared with a set of random halos within the same mass range.
Conclusions. This study extends the validity of the scheme used to produce the Virgo simulacra down to the largest sub-halos of the Virgo cluster. It opens up great prospects for detailed comparisons with observations, including substructures and markers of past history, to be conducted with a large sample of high resolution “Virgos” and including baryons, in the near future.
Plants and Natural Products for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation – A Review
Authors: Kanlayavattanakul Mayuree , Lourith Nattaya 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSkin hyperpigmentation is caused by several factors that upregulate melanogenesis. Plants and natural products with skin-whitening effects are gaining interest among consumers and researchers because they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier than synthetic alternatives. This review extensively summarizes the status of plants and natural products currently used in skin-whitening cosmetics as well as potential candidates for future use, because the scope of natural choices for efficient treatment of skin hyperpigmentation is rapidly widening. Biological activities of plants and natural extracts are therefore available for cosmetic formulators and dermatologists interested in naturally derived ingredients for skin hyperpigmentation treatment and in accordance with the consumersʼ preferences and expectations upon natural cosmetic products.
Komplikationen in der Hüftchirurgie beim Rheumatiker
Authors: Bause Ludwig 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Erfolge der modernen Hüftendoprothetik sind unbestritten und ermöglichen vielen Patienten eine weiterhin aktive Lebensgestaltung. Gerade Patienten mit rheumatischer Grunderkrankung, die verhältnismäßig häufiger und in jüngerem Lebensalter betroffen sind, profitieren hiervon. Obwohl die technische Durchführung der Endoprothetik hierbei ähnlichen Gesetzen unterliegt wie bei arthrotischer Grunderkrankung sind doch krankheitsspezifische Besonderheiten zu beachten. Aus dem Blickwinkel einer auf Rheumachirurgie spezialisierten Klinik werden Besonderheiten der Endoprothetik rheumatischer Hüften anhand eigener Erfahrungen und der Literatur diskutiert. Hierbei wird sowohl auf die Primärversorgung als auch die Revisionschirurgie eingegangen. Revisionsgründe wie aseptische und septische Lockerungen, Luxationen, Materialversagen und periprothetische Frakturen werden erläutert. Besonders betrachtet wird die z. T. schwierige Differenzialdiagnose zwischen septischen und aseptischen Lockerungen. Im Rahmen einer Schubsituation der Grunderkrankung und gleichzeitiger Immunsuppression kann die Abgrenzung zu einem periprothetischen Infekt schwierig sein. Hier ist aufgrund der rasch ansteigenden Komplikationsrate besonders bei multilokulären Infekten eine schnelle Differenzierung und schnelle adäquate Therapieeinleitung erforderlich.
Biomass smoke from southern Africa can significantly enhance the brightness of stratocumulus over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Lu Zheng , Liu Xiaohong , Zhang Zhibo , Zhao Chun , Meyer Kerry , Rajapakshe Chamara , Wu Chenglai , Yang Zhifeng , Penner Joyce E. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Each year biomass burning (BB) aerosols emitted in southern Africa during the fire season (July–October) transport westward over the southeast Atlantic Ocean and interact with underlying stratocumulus decks. Previous studies showed that BB aerosols greatly perturb the top of atmosphere radiation balance by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by altering cloud properties via changing the lower tropospheric stability (direct and semidirect effects). Using a state-of-the-art model in combination with satellite observations, we found that BB aerosols that are entrained into the clouds function as cloud condensation nuclei, and increase the brightness of stratocumulus clouds (indirect effect). In these models, this indirect effect dominates the direct and semidirect effects of BB aerosols over this region.
High salt intake causes leptin resistance and obesity in mice by stimulating endogenous fructose production and metabolism
Authors: Lanaspa Miguel A. , Kuwabara Masanari , Andres-Hernando Ana , Li Nanxing , Cicerchi Christina , Jensen Thomas , Orlicky David J. , Roncal-Jimenez Carlos A. , Ishimoto Takuji , Nakagawa Takahiko , Rodriguez-Iturbe Bernardo , MacLean Paul S. , Johnson Richard J. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
High salt intake is common in Western diets and likely contributes to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Recently high salt intake has also been found to both be associated and predict the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Here we show that high-salt diet activates the aldose reductase (polyol) pathway in the liver, resulting in endogenous fructose production that then induces leptin resistance and the development of metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Blocking fructose metabolism blocks the effects of high-salt diet. High salt intake also predicts diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese adults. Thus, high-salt diet, an essential micronutrient with no intrinsic caloric value, may have a contributory role in driving obesity and diabetes.
Low agreement among reviewers evaluating the same NIH grant applications
Authors: Pier Elizabeth L. , Brauer Markus , Filut Amarette , Kaatz Anna , Raclaw Joshua , Nathan Mitchell J. , Ford Cecilia E. , Carnes Molly 
Published: March 2018

SignificanceScientific grant peer reviewers must differentiate the very best applications from comparatively weaker ones. Despite the importance of this determination in allocating funding, little research has explored how reviewers derive their assigned ratings for the applications they review or whether this assessment is consistent when the same application is evaluated by different sets of reviewers. We replicated the NIH peer-review process to examine the qualitative and quantitative judgments of different reviewers examining the same grant application. We found no agreement among reviewers in evaluating the same application. These findings highlight the subjectivity in reviewers’ evaluations of grant applications and underscore the difficulty in comparing the evaluations of different applications from different reviewers—which is how peer review actually unfolds.
Peptides of pHLIP family for targeted intracellular and extracellular delivery of cargo molecules to tumors
Authors: Wyatt Linden C. , Moshnikova Anna , Crawford Troy , Engelman Donald M. , Andreev Oleg A. , Reshetnyak Yana K. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Targeted delivery has been limited by reliance on tumor cell biomarkers. The emergence of the pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) technology provides an alternative by targeting a metabolic marker, tumor cell surface acidity. We report several new pHLIPs, including a new concept, pHLIP bundles, and we evaluate these constructs alongside a new generation of pHLIPs. We also discuss challenges inherent to the design and accurate evaluation of pHLIPs. Our research elucidates the strengths and weaknesses of existing pHLIPs, proposes future peptide modifications that could further improve tumor targeting, and discusses the applicability of this new generation of pHLIPs for specific areas of drug delivery. The principles and new constructs promise to advance applications to tumor therapy.
Deciphering the reading of the genetic code by near-cognate tRNA
Authors: Blanchet Sandra , Cornu David , Hatin Isabelle , Grosjean Henri , Bertin Pierre , Namy Olivier 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Protein translation is a key cellular process in which each codon of mRNAs has to be accurately and efficiently recognized by cognate tRNAs of a large repertoire of noncognate tRNAs. A successful decoding process is largely dependent on the presence of modified nucleotides within the anticodon loop, especially of tRNAs having to read A/U-rich codons. In this latter case, their roles appear to stabilize the codon–anticodon interaction, allowing them to reach an optimal energetic value close to that of other interacting tRNAs involving G/C-rich anticodons. In this work we demonstrate that, while helping an efficient translation of A/U-rich codons, modified nucleotides also allow certain unconventional base pairing to occur, as evidenced in the case of stop codon suppression.
Long-term nutrient reductions lead to the unprecedented recovery of a temperate coastal region
Authors: Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Orth Robert J. , Dennison William C. , Wilcox David J. , Murphy Rebecca R. , Keisman Jennifer , Gurbisz Cassie , Hannam Michael , Landry J. Brooke , Moore Kenneth A. , Patrick Christopher J. , Testa Jeremy , Weller Donald E. , Batiuk Richard A. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Human actions, including nutrient pollution, are causing the widespread degradation of coastal habitats, and efforts to restore these valuable ecosystems have been largely unsuccessful or of limited scope. We provide an example of successful restoration linking effective management of nutrients to the successful recovery of submersed aquatic vegetation along thousands of kilometers of coastline in Chesapeake Bay, United States. We also show that biodiversity conservation can be an effective path toward recovery of coastal systems. Our study validates 30 years of environmental policy and provides a road map for future ecological restoration.
Measuring the potential for sustainable intensification of aquaculture in Bangladesh using life cycle assessment
Authors: Henriksson Patrik John Gustav , Belton Ben , Jahan Khondker Murshed-e- , Rico Andreu 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Aquaculture has only recently begun to make significant contributions to the global food system but is undergoing rapid growth and intensification. Identifying the most sustainable intensification options for aquaculture provides an opportunity to avoid some of the environmental pitfalls of agriculture and livestock production. Life cycle assessment is operationalized here as a tool to evaluate a range of environmental impacts resulting from the intensification of aquaculture production in Bangladesh and a subset of trade-offs among them. Intensifying aquaculture production results in multidirectional outcomes across different environmental impact categories. These findings are used to identify simple improvements in farm management practices that can make the intensification of aquaculture more sustainable.
Exploring modular allostery via interchangeable regulatory domains
Authors: Fan Yifei , Cross Penelope J. , Jameson Geoffrey B. , Parker Emily J. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Protein functions are often evolved from recombination of a limited suite of protein folds. Engineering desired function into proteins via manipulation of the genes, mimicking natural evolutionary processes, represents a promising approach to synthesizing useful molecular tools. Allosteric proteins play important roles in many biological processes, often as regulatory switches or metabolic checkpoints. In this study, analysis of two natural allosteric proteins from different organisms revealed comparable yet distinct regulatory mechanisms via conformation rearrangement. Interchanging gene segments encoding for the nonhomologous regulatory elements of the two proteins results in new functional proteins with switched regulatory behavior. This modular approach represents a step toward a general scheme for construction of functional changes in proteins.
Single-molecule analysis of phospholipid scrambling by TMEM16F
Authors: Watanabe Rikiya , Sakuragi Takaharu , Noji Hiroyuki , Nagata Shigekazu 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Membrane proteins that translocate various compounds across biological membranes play important roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis in cells. Scramblases are membrane proteins that translocate phospholipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane. However, the mechanisms through which these scramblases translocate phospholipids carrying a hydrophilic residue across the hydrophobic membranes are still unclear. Here, we developed a microsystem containing lipid-bilayer membrane arrays with asymmetrically distributed fluorescent phospholipids. Using this system, we measured phospholipid transport mediated by the TMEM16F scramblase at the single-molecule level, thereby enabling characterization of the biophysical features of phospholipid transport.
Chirality-controlled spontaneous twisting of crystals due to thermal topochemical reaction
Authors: Rai Rishika , Krishnan Baiju P. , Sureshan Kana M. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Recently many crystals have been reported to show various mechanical responses when triggered by stimuli (heat, light, and pressure). Such properties are attributed to polymorphic transitions, conformational changes, packing changes, isomerizations, or chemical reactions inside the crystal and the consequent strain developed between parent and daughter phases. The role of molecular chirality in such macroscopic phenomena is yet to be established. In the present study we found that crystals of dipeptide LL undergo right-handed twisting and those of its enantiomer, dipeptide DD, undergo left-handed twisting upon heat-induced topochemical azide–alkyne cycloaddition. This study provides clear evidence for the role of molecular chirality in controlling the direction of macroscopic twisting of crystals.
Guanidinium export is the primal function of SMR family transporters
Authors: Kermani Ali A. , Macdonald Christian B. , Gundepudi Roja , Stockbridge Randy B. 
Published: March 2018

Significance
The small multidrug resistance (SMR family) was named for its founding member, a promiscuous exporter of antibiotics and antiseptics, and has become an important model system in membrane protein mechanism and evolution. But most members of this family do not share drug export activity, and their function has been enigmatic. Here we show that the SMR family is mostly comprised of proteins that export guanidinium ion, a small, cationic metabolic byproduct. In addition to opening up an unusual bacterial physiology for further exploration, this work provides a comprehensive view of the SMR family and provides critical context to understand the evolution and mechanism of the multidrug transporters.
Allostery revealed within lipid binding events to membrane proteins
Authors: Patrick John W. , Boone Christopher D. , Liu Wen , Conover Gloria M. , Liu Yang , Cong Xiao , Laganowsky Arthur 
Published: March 2018

Significance
The diverse environment of cellular membranes presents unique challenges in deciphering the roles that lipids play in modulating membrane protein structure and function. Here, we developed a native mass spectrometry approach to monitor binding of different lipid types to membrane proteins. We discovered that specific lipid−protein interactions can allosterically modulate the binding of lipids of different types. We also determined the structure of AmtB bound to cardiolipin, and mutation of residues involved in binding this lipid abolishes the observed allosteric effect. Our findings are of particular significance as they contribute to our general knowledge of how lipids modulate protein structure and function and how membrane proteins may recruit, through allostery, their own lipid microenvironment.
Cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required for type I interferon production
Authors: Cingöz Oya , Goff Stephen P. 
Published: March 2018

SignificanceInnate immune responses are the first line of defense against pathogens. Upon sensing a pathogen, cells produce IFNs: signaling molecules that activate a diverse array of genes involved in antiviral immunity. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are enzymes involved in cell cycle progression and transcription. We discovered that CDKs are essential for IFN production following nucleic acid sensing and virus infection. Depletion of CDK activity results in a block to the translation of IFN mRNA into protein, even though the mRNA levels remain unchanged. This block is specific for IFN, as the translation of other mRNAs proceeds normally. Our results establish a previously unknown and critical requirement for CDKs for IFN production in the response against pathogens.
Molecular mechanism of ATP versus GTP selectivity of adenylate kinase
Authors: Rogne Per , Rosselin Marie , Grundström Christin , Hedberg Christian , Sauer Uwe H. , Wolf-Watz Magnus 
Published: March 2018

Significance
As a prerequisite for life, enzymes enhance the rate constants of chemical reactions that otherwise would be orders-of-magnitude too slow. One of the challenges facing enzymes is recognition of correct substrates in the complex and multifaceted cellular environment. This is especially true when distinction must be made between substrates that have similar chemical structures. Here we have discovered an elegant solution to the problem of distinguishing between the correct substrate ATP over the incorrect, but related substrate GTP by the enzyme adenylate kinase. We have found that binding of GTP arrests the enzyme in a catalytically incompetent and open structural state, whereas it is known that binding of ATP activates the enzyme by promoting a large conformational change.
hnRNP R and its main interactor, the noncoding RNA 7SK, coregulate the axonal transcriptome of motoneurons
Authors: Briese Michael , Saal-Bauernschubert Lena , Ji Changhe , Moradi Mehri , Ghanawi Hanaa , Uhl Michael , Appenzeller Silke , Backofen Rolf , Sendtner Michael 
Published: March 2018

Significance
Neurons are highly polarized cells. RNA-binding proteins contribute to this polarization by generating diverse subcellular transcriptomes. The RNA-binding protein hnRNP R is essential for axon growth in motoneurons. This study reports the RNA interactome for hnRNP R. The main interacting RNA of hnRNP R was the noncoding RNA 7SK. Depletion of 7SK from primary motoneurons disturbed axon growth. This effect was dependent on the interaction of 7SK with hnRNP R. Both hnRNP R and 7SK localize to axons. Loss of 7SK led to a similar depletion of axonal transcripts as loss of hnRNP R. Our data suggest that 7SK, in addition to its role in transcriptional regulation, acts in concert with hnRNP R to sort specific transcripts into axons.
Stable iridium dinuclear heterogeneous catalysts supported on metal-oxide substrate for solar water oxidation
Authors: Zhao Yanyan , Yang Ke R. , Wang Zechao , Yan Xingxu , Cao Sufeng , Ye Yifan , Dong Qi , Zhang Xizi , Thorne James E. , Jin Lei , Materna Kelly L. , Trimpalis Antonios , Bai Hongye , Fakra Sirine C. , Zhong Xiaoyan , Wang Peng , Pan Xiaoqing , Guo Jinghua , Flytzani-Stephanopoulos Maria , Brudvig Gary W. , Batista Victor S. , Wang Dunwei 
Published: March 2018

Significance
While research on single-atom catalysts (SACs) is arguably mature, rare work has been done on atomically dispersed catalyst featuring two atoms. We synthesized Ir dinuclear heterogeneous catalyst in a facile photochemical way. It exhibits outstanding stability and high activity toward water oxidation. The significance of this work can also be appreciated from the catalysis perspective. A grand challenge in heterogeneous catalysis is how to understand the detailed mechanisms at the molecular level, because the most active heterogeneous catalysts are often poorly defined in their atomic structures. Our finding is built upon recent advances aimed at studying SACs but takes a crucial step forward. It provides a material platform to study reactions that would require more than one active site.