bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is Developing Integrated or Interdisciplinary or Multidisciplinary or Transdisciplinary Education in School?
Authors: Helmane Ineta , Briška Ilze 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Interdisciplinarity is a vital topicality in contemporary education and science. In general education of Latvia, the concept ‘integrated learning’ is traditionally used. The question is, if interdisciplinary teaching/learning differs from conventional approaches, or it means something completely new in terms of study content organisation and a pupil’s self-regulated learning. In order to find it out, the article analyses the concept of interdisciplinary teaching/learning in comparison with the integrated learning and identifies their common and distinctive features.
Genome-Wide Association Study and Pathway-Level Analysis of Kernel Color in Maize
Authors: Owens Brenda F , Mathew Deepu , Diepenbrock Christine H , Tiede Tyler , Wu Di , Mateos-Hernandez Maria , Gore Michael A , Rocheford Torbert 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Rapid development and adoption of biofortified, provitamin A-dense orange maize (Zea mays L.) varieties could be facilitated by a greater understanding of the natural variation underlying kernel color, including as it relates to carotenoid biosynthesis and retention in maize grain. Greater abundance of carotenoids in maize kernels is generally accompanied by deeper orange color, useful for distinguishing provitamin A-dense varieties to consumers. While kernel color can be scored and selected with high-throughput, low-cost phenotypic methods within breeding selection programs, it remains to be well established as to what would be the logical genetic loci to target for selection for kernel color. We conducted a genome-wide association study of maize kernel color, as determined by colorimetry, in 1,651 yellow and orange inbreds from the Ames maize inbred panel. Associations were found with y1, encoding the first committed step in carotenoid biosynthesis, and with dxs2, which encodes the enzyme responsible for the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors of carotenoids. These genes logically could contribute to overall carotenoid abundance and thus kernel color. The lcyE and zep1 genes, which can affect carotenoid composition, were also found to be associated with colorimeter values. A pathway-level analysis, focused on genes with a priori evidence of involvement in carotenoid biosynthesis and retention, revealed associations for dxs3 and dmes1, involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis; ps1 and vp5, within the core carotenoid pathway; and vp14, involved in cleavage of carotenoids. Collectively, these identified genes appear relevant to the accumulation of kernel color.
A Rare Tumor of the Mediastinum: Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor
Authors: Arsalane Adil , Fenane Hicham , Azami Amine , Mzouri Simohamed , Zidane Abdelfetah 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) arising in the mediastinum is rare. Their etiology remains unknown and their diagnosis is often overlooked before the use of surgery which allows the proper diagnosis and adequate treatment.Case report: We report a case of the 56-year-old woman that had a mediastinal mass discovered after a long complaint of chest discomfort. Chest contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a heterogeneously enhanced mass in the middle mediastinum The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemical study after surgical resection through a thoracotomy The patient was well and had no recurrence 6 months after surgery.Conclusion: The diagnosis of IMT should be kept in mind and included in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses.
Strategies of Legitimisation and Delegitimisation in Selected American Presidential Speeches
Authors: Trajkova Zorica , Neshkovska Silvana 
Published: April 2019

[full article and abstract in English]
Politicians invest a lot of time and effort to win elections and present themselves in the best possible manner. They use language strategies to present and legitimise themselves as the right choice. And if they are the right choice, then their opponent is obviously not, so while they are trying to acclaim themselves and their political party, they use strategies to delegitimise and attack their opponents and the policy they represent.
This paper aims to conduct a critical discourse analysis of the speeches of the two main political opponents in the last elections in the USA, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. The research gives an insight into the manipulative function of language and covers two aspects: the lexical-semantic and pragmatic aspect and is based on the supposition that the strategies politicians use while talking about themselves and describing their opponents differ. As expected, they use more positive terminology to talk about themselves and their policies, and negative terminology to criticise the opponent’s policy. They also employ different pragmatic strategies, such as intensifiers and inclusive pronouns, to involve the audience into the discourse and convince them in their arguments. Finally, although carried out on a relatively small corpus, the analysis gives an insight into the language techniques employed by politicians to legitimise themselves and delegitimise their opponent and thus win the elections.
Patterns of Ironic Metaphors in Lithuanian Politicized Discourse
Authors: Vengalienė Dovilė 
Published: April 2019

[full article and abstract in English]
The present article is an attempt to examine the metaphoric models of ironic assessment employed in politicized public discourse in Lithuania. The examination follows the implications of the Blending theory (Fauconnier & Turner 2002), and discusses the topicality of the dominant metaphoric patterns in online newspaper headlines and commentaries, as well as in a number of posters the political parties of Lithuania prepared for the electoral campaign. The database of 200 newspaper headlines, comments, and posters allowed to identify dominant references to political issues in terms of sport, miracles, family, business and crime. Furthermore, the analysis has shown that attention should be drawn to aspects of social cognition and culture as they appear to be an integral part of the blending structure and are crucial in successful transmission of both the intended message and the evaluative attitude. Metaphors in the mode of irony follow a double-scope conceptual integration network, as the final blend comprises not only the elements of the two input spaces of the employed metaphor but also the elements of our background knowledge.
Tarmiškumo bruožų nomenklatūra: nuo tarminių požymių prie tarmiškumo žymenų
Authors: Mikulėnienė Danguolė 
Published: April 2019

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
Traditionally it is believed that the dialect first shows the person’s interrelationship with the place, i.e., where the dialect is spoken and from which it probably comes. Rapid changes in traditional dialects and the formation of regional dialects (or regiolects) are gradually changing the concept of dialecticism. It also incorporates a number of sociolinguistic variables, such as gender, age, education, etc. This article examines several fragments of sound-stimulus texts that have been developed during the project Distribution of Regional Variants and Quasistandard Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Perceptual Approach (Perceptual Categorisation of Variants), funded by the Commission of the Lithuanian Language (2017–2019, the head Prof Daiva Aliūkaitė).
The aim is to systematically evaluate the more imperceptible dialectal features that are more difficult to identify by users of the language, which, even in the context of traditional (sub)dialects due to convergence, divergence or analogue alignment, remain in consumer language longest. It is they who are often the most important distinctive signs of regiolectity.
In the first decades of the 21st century, when the regiolects and other larger formations were formed, the term of the dialectal features in traditional dialectology gradually replaced with the dialectal marker corresponding to it. They are not synonyms – the dialectal feature is stable, whereas the dialectal marker is a floating element of the local language. Moreover, it is less phonologically marked.
In multimodal dialectology, phonological markers (or more precisely, their complete set) continue being important differential elements, but the value of morphological and derivative markers, in addition to phonological, clearly increases.
Although the dialectal markers show the heterogeneous and multi-layer nature of the Lithuanian language landscape of the 21st century, they cannot be mechanically removed from the territory in which they occur. Thus, the sociogeolinguistic methods are necessary to be applied to conduct a more detailed analysis.
The “Human-animal” Relationship in Psychological Definition Chains
Authors: Hajduk Jan 
Published: April 2019

[full article and abstract in English]
The article presents the results of research on definition chains carried out among Polish and German students. Definition chains are systematized hierarchical collections, in which the next lexeme is the superordinate of the previous one, e.g.: Alsatian wolfdog – dog – animal – living creature. The research on definition chains was initiated by R. Martin, French linguist, in the 1970s. Similar analyses were conducted in Poland and Germany 10 years later. The text draws attention to both the inclusive chains, as well as those in which the relation of inclusions does not occur. Non-inclusive definition chains, referred to as psychological chains, indicate the occurrence of the features related to the lexeme of the lowest level, which belong to the linguistic picture of the described word. The relation between “human-animal” and the common top-level domains in both language groups deserve special emphasis.
Peripheral Blood Markers Identify Risk of Immune-Related Toxicity in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Pavan Alberto , Calvetti Lorenzo , Dal Maso Alessandro , Attili Ilaria , Del Bianco Paola , Pasello Giulia , Guarneri Valentina , Aprile Giuseppe , Conte PierFranco , Bonanno Laura 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now standard of care for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, many patients experience immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which are usually mild and reversible, but they require timely management and may be life threatening. No predictive markers of irAEs are available.

Materials and Methods
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were evaluated in patients with NSCLC consecutively treated with ICIs. Prespecified cutoff values of NLR and PLR were used and related to outcome and onset of irAEs. A control group of patients with advanced NSCLC not receiving ICIs was included.

Results
The study included 184 patients: 26 (14.1%) received pembrolizumab upfront, and 142 (77%) received ICIs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab or atezolizumab) after one or more lines of chemotherapy. The median number of ICIs cycles was six (range, 1–61). The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 4.8 (95% CI, 3.4–6.3) and 20.6 (95% CI, 14.7–26.5) months, respectively. Sixty patients (32.6%) developed irAEs, mainly grade 1–2 (65.0%), causing ICI interruption in 46 cases (25.0%). Low NLR and low PLR at baseline were significantly associated with the development of irAEs (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; p = .018 and OR, 2.8; p = .003, respectively). Multivariate analyses confirmed PLR as independent predictive marker of irAEs (OR, 2.3; p = .020).

Conclusion
NLR and PLR may predict the appearance of irAEs in non-oncogene-addicted aNSCLC, although this conclusion warrants prospective validation.
Outcome of Patients with Soft-Tissue Sarcomas: An Age-Specific Conditional Survival Analysis
Authors: Bourcier Kevin , Dinart Derek , Le Cesne Axel , Honoré Charles , Meeus Pierre , Blay Jean-Yves , Michot Audrey , Le Loarer François , Italiano Antoine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Soft-tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a group of rare cancers that can occur at any age. Prognostic outcomes of patients with STS are usually established at the time of the patient's initial disease presentation. Conditional survival affords a dynamic prediction of prognosis for patients surviving a given period after diagnosis. Estimates of conditional survival can provide crucial prognostic information for patients and caregivers, guide subsequent cancer follow-up schedules, and impact decisions regarding management. This study aims to estimate conditional survival and prognostic factors in patients with STS according to age at diagnosis (≤75 years and ≥75 years).

Subjects, Materials, and Methods
A total of 6,043 patients with nonmetastatic STS at first diagnosis who underwent complete surgical resection (R0 or R1) were assessed. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to establish prognostic factors of conditional metastasis-free survival and overall survival at 1, 2, and 5 years after diagnosis.

Results
Elderly patients have more adverse prognostic features at presentation and tend to receive less aggressive treatment than do younger patients. However, at baseline as well as at each conditional survival time point, the 5-year estimated probability of metastatic relapse decreases in both young and elderly patients and is almost identical in both groups at 2 years and 5 years after initial diagnosis. Prognostic factors for metastatic relapse and death change as patient survival time increases in both young and elderly patients. Grade, the strongest prognostic factor for metastatic relapse and death at baseline, is no longer predictive of metastatic relapse in patients surviving 5 years after initial diagnosis. Leiomyosarcoma is the histological subtype associated with the highest risk of metastatic relapse and death in young patients surviving 5 years after initial diagnosis. The positive impact on the outcome of peri-operative treatments tends to decrease and disappears in patients surviving 5 years after initial diagnosis.

Conclusion
Conditional survival estimates show clinically relevant variations according to time since first diagnosis in both young and elderly patients with STS. These results can help STS survivors adjust their view of the future and STS care providers plan patient follow-up.
Patterns of Care Among Real-World Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Klink Andrew J. , Feinberg Bruce , Yu Hsing-Ting , Ray David , Pulgar Sonia , Phan Alexandria , Vinik Aaron 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Although recent pivotal trials (PROMID, CLARINET) have established somatostatin analogs (SSAs) as first-line agents for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), their use in clinical practice is largely unknown. We aimed to understand real-world management and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NETs.

Materials and Methods
Patients with metastatic GEP-NETs treated with SSAs, lanreotide depot or octreotide long-acting release (LAR), between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015, were identified from a U.S. claims database supplemented with chart review for a subset of patients. Descriptive statistics summarized patients’ demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and healthcare resource use. Univariate and multivariate comparisons were made across SSA groups.

Results
Among 548 patients treated with an SSA for metastatic GEP-NET (lanreotide = 108; octreotide = 440), demographic and clinical characteristics were similar across groups, except more patients with pancreatic NETs were treated with lanreotide (38.7% vs. 6.3%, p &lt; .01). More octreotide patients had a diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome compared with lanreotide patients (19.8% vs. 11.1%, p = .02). Approximately 1.1% of patients received lanreotide (&gt;120 mg every 4 weeks [Q4W]) at a dose above label compared with 12.7% of octreotide patients (&gt;30 mg Q4W; p &lt; .01). At 1.5 years after SSA initiation, 85.7% (95% confidence interval, 74.3%–92.3%) were still on index SSA as reported by the physician. Variances between chart review and claims data were significant.

Conclusion
SSAs were common in first-line systemic intervention, but dose escalations and dosing deviations outside of label were noted. Variances between claims and chart review warrant additional research to compare methodologies. With an increasing focus on value-based care in oncology, it is critical to understand the use of, and outcomes with, these agents in community practices.

Implications for Practice
The aim of this study was to enhance understanding of real-world management and treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), with particular focus on systemic therapy with a somatostatin analog (SSA). As per published guidelines, SSAs are common in first-line systemic intervention, but dose escalations and dosing deviations outside of the label are noted for symptom control. Nevertheless, oncologists must weigh the implications of the use of above-label dosing of SSAs to manage and treat patients with metastatic NET within a value-based care framework.
Types of Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agents and Mortality among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Sakaguchi Yusuke , Hamano Takayuki , Wada Atsushi , Masakane Ikuto 
Published: April 2019

Significance Statement
Although both short-acting and long-acting erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) are used to treat anemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis, the relative effects on survival of these ESA types are unknown. In this nationwide, registry-based cohort study enrolling 194,698 patients on hemodialysis, the authors found that long-acting ESA users showed a 13% higher rate of death than short-acting ESA users (P<0.001) during the 2-year follow-up period. The difference in risk was pronounced among patients receiving high doses of ESA, for whom the adjusted 2-year number needed to harm for death was 30.8. Survival of long-acting ESA users who achieved more optimal hemoglobin levels was inferior to that of short-acting ESA users. Among patients on hemodialysis, long-acting ESA use might be associated with an increased rate of death compared with short-acting ESA use.

Background
Despite the widespread use of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) to treat anemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis, the relative mortality risks associated with use of different types of ESAs are unknown.

Methods
To compare the mortality risk associated with use of short-acting ESAs versus long-acting ESAs, we conducted a nationwide cohort study of 194,698 hemodialysis patients in Japan who received either a short-acting (epoetin α/β or epoetin κ) or a long-acting (darbepoetin or epoetin β pegol) ESA. Study outcomes were 2-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In addition to Cox proportional hazards models, we performed an instrumental variable analysis in which facility-level long-acting ESA prescription rates were taken as the instrumental variable.

Results
During the 2-year follow-up period, 31,557 deaths occurred. In a multivariable Cox model, long-acting ESA users had a 13% higher rate of deaths compared with short-acting ESA users, a significant difference (P<0.001). Similar results were obtained in other analyses. This difference in risk was pronounced among patients receiving high doses of ESA (for whom the adjusted 2-year number needed to harm for death was 30.8). Long-acting ESA use was associated with an increased rate of death from cardiovascular diseases, infection, and malignancies. In the instrumental variable analysis, long-acting ESA users remained at a significantly higher risk of death. Compared with anemic (hemoglobin 9.0–9.9 g/dl) short-acting ESA users, long-acting ESA users who achieved more optimal hemoglobin levels (10.0–10.9 g/dl) showed a higher mortality rate.

Conclusions
Among patients undergoing hemodialysis, use of long-acting ESAs might be associated with a higher risk of death than use of short-acting ESAs.
Biological Activity of Trichilia americana (Meliaceae) on Copitarsia decolora Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Brito Rodolfo Figueroa , Miranda Elyda Hernández , Gómez Víctor Rogelio Castrejón 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The biological activity of extracts from Trichilia americana (Sesse and Mocino) T.D. Penn. (rind), Carica papaya L., Jatropha curcas L., Ricinus communis L., and Lupinus campestris Schldl. & Cham. (seeds), at 1% and 5%, were evaluated on neonates of Copitarsia decolora Guenée in ingestion bioassays. The plants that caused the highest percentage of larval mortality were T. americana at 1% and 5%, and Carica papaya at 5% with 98% and 100% and 100%, respectively. Trichilia americana was the plant with higher toxicological properties against C. decolora. Extracts in hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol from T. americana were then evaluated at 10, 100, 300, and 1,000 ppm also in ingestion bioassays against C. decolora. Extracts of ethyl acetate and acetone at 1,000 ppm recorded the highest percentages of larval mortality of C. decolora (90% and 55%, respectively). In addition to larval mortality, feeding on T. americana extract also decreased mean larval weight, prolonged duration of the larval stage, resulted in malformed pupae and adults, and affected adult fertility and fecundity. Finally, these extracts were evaluated in a toxicity model, for which the crustacean Artemia salina Leach was used. The ethyl acetate, acetone, and hexane extracts showed no toxicity to A. salina, while the methanol extract caused 30% mortality, which is considered to be slightly toxic. Based on the results obtained, T. americana is a species with insecticidal and insectistatic activity against C. decolora and can be considered as a potential insecticide for the management of this or other insect pests.
Determination of Effective Factors on Attendance in Theoretical Classrooms from The Viewpoint of Students and Faculty Members of Paramedical Sciences Faculty of Mashhad in 2015
Authors: Meraji M , Ziaee A , Erfani M , Fathalizadeh A , Nouri M 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: The presence in the classroom is closely linked to academic achievement and the prevention of student academic failure. This is while students are unwilling to attend class today. Therefore, study was conducted to determine the effective factors in their absence from the theoretical classes from the viewpoint of faculty members and students of Paramedical Sciences Faculty.
Methods: : In this descriptive-analytical study, 38 faculty members of Paramedical Sciences Faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and 447 students was participated The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that it was included two parts of demographic information and attendance factors in the class including 25 questions in the faculty' questionnaire and 27 questions in the students' questionnaire and in the four areas of teacher, the student, the physical environment and the content of course which were based on Likert scale. The content validity of the questionnaire was evaluated after reviewing the relevant scientific texts and by qualified professors in this area and reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS18 software and descriptive tests.
Result: The professors and students participating in this study were with an average age of (43.16 ± 9.39) and (21.64 ± 1.21). According to the opinion of faculty members and students, the most important factors were the teacher's teaching and mastery (73.7%) and (46.6%), respectively, The least importance was attached to environmental factors such as light (7.9%) and heat (13.2%).
Conclusion: One of the most important reasons for the effective presence of students in theoretical classes is the positive qualities of professors, As a result, they can improve their teaching methods, raise their level of science, and create an appropriate relationship with students so interested them present in the classroom.