bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of the low-temperature plasma in the Galactic center X-ray emission
Authors: Yamauchi Shigeo , Shimizu Miku , Nobukawa Masayoshi , Nobukawa Kumiko K , Uchiyama Hideki , Koyama Katsuji 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The Galactic Center X-ray emission (GCXE) is composed of high-temperature (∼7 keV) and low-temperature (∼1 keV) plasmas (HTP and LTP, respectively). The global structure of the HTP is roughly uniform over the Galactic Center (GC) region, and the origin of the HTP has been extensively studied. On the other hand, the LTP is more clumpy, and its origin has not been studied in detail. In the S xv Heα line map, a pair of horn-like soft diffuse sources are seen at symmetric positions with respect to Sagittarius A⋆. The X-ray spectra of the pair are well represented by an absorbed thin thermal plasma model of temperature and NH of 0.6–0.7 keV and 4 × 1022 cm−2, respectively. The NH values indicate that the pair are located near the GC. Then the dynamical time scales of the pair are ∼105 yr. The Si and S abundances and the surface brightnesses in the S xv Heα line band are 0.7–1.2 and 0.6–1.3 solar, and (2.0–2.4) × 10−15 erg s−1 cm−2 arcmin−2, respectively. The temperature, abundances, and surface brightness are similar to those of the LTP in the GCXE, while the abundances are far larger than those of known point sources, typically coronal active stars and RS CVn-type active binaries. Based on these results, the possible origin of the LTP is discussed.
Physical activity accrued as part of public transport use in England
Authors: Patterson R , Webb E , Millett C , Laverty A A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Walking and cycling for transport (active travel) is an important source of physical activity with established health benefits. However, levels of physical activity accrued during public transport journeys in England are unknown.

Methods
Using the English National Travel Survey 2010–14 we quantified active travel as part of public transport journeys. Linear regression models compared levels of physical activity across public transport modes, and logistic regression models compared the odds of undertaking 30 min a day of physical activity.

Results
Public transport users accumulated 20.5 min (95% confidence interval=19.8, 21.2) a day of physical activity as part of public transport journeys. Train users accumulated 28.1 min (26.3, 30.0) with bus users 16.0 min (15.3, 16.8). Overall, 34% (32%, 36%) of public transport users achieved 30 min a day of physical activity in the course of their journeys; 21% (19%, 24%) of bus users and 52% (47%, 56%) of train users.

Conclusion
Public transport use is an effective way to incorporate physical activity into daily life. One in three public transport users meet physical activity guidelines suggesting that shifts from sedentary travel modes to public transport could dramatically raise the proportion of populations achieving recommended levels of physical activity.
The role of SGLT2 inhibitors in managing type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tat Velen , Forest Christopher P. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and ertugliflozin represent a novel class of medications to manage type 2 diabetes through urinary excretion of glucose. These drugs block glucose reabsorption by the kidneys to increase glucosuria. These drugs provide hemoglobin A1C reduction, promote weight loss, and remain hypoglycemic-neutral when not used in combination with insulin or secretagogues. Canagliflozin and empagliflozin have shown cardiovascular benefit. The potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes, along with the benefit of weight reduction, makes these new agents useful tools for the primary care provider.
TOPICAL DORZOLAMIDE–TIMOLOL WITH INTRAVITREOUS ANTI–VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR FOR RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION: A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Obeid Anthony , Hsu Jason , Ehmann David , Gao Xinxiao , Sridhar Jayanth , Chiang Allen , Park Carl H. , Ho Allen C. 
Published: June 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate topical dorzolamide hydrochloride–timolol maleate as an adjunct therapy to intravitreous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections in eyes with retinal vein occlusion resistant to treatment.

Methods:
Retinal vein occlusion patients with a history of persistent macular edema, despite fixed-interval intravitreous anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections, were enrolled between April 4, 2016, and June 4, 2017. On enrollment, patients were instructed to administer one drop of topical dorzolamide–timolol twice daily for the duration of the study. They were maintained on the same anti–vascular endothelial growth factor drug and same interval between injections as preenrollment for the subsequent two visits. Primary outcome measures were change in central foveal thickness, central subfield thickness, and thickest macular cut at the final study visit.

Results:
Eight patients (8 eyes) were eligible for enrollment and completed the study. There was a significant decrease in central foveal thickness (P = 0.02), central subfield thickness (P = 0.03), and thickest macular cut (P = 0.01) between the enrollment visit and the final visit. There was a decrease in mean (±SD) logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution from 0.52 (±0.35) (20/66, Snellen equivalent) at the enrollment visit to 0.41 (±0.35) (20/51, Snellen equivalent) at the final visit (P = 0.08).

Conclusion:
Topical dorzolamide–timolol may have a beneficial anatomical and functional effect in eyes with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion resistant to treatment.
Cannabis and cannabinoids for the treatment of people with chronic noncancer pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled and observational studies
Authors: Stockings Emily , Campbell Gabrielle , Hall Wayne D. , Nielsen Suzanne , Zagic Dino , Rahman Rakin , Murnion Bridin , Farrell Michael , Weier Megan , Degenhardt Louisa 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This review examines evidence for the effectiveness of cannabinoids in chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and addresses gaps in the literature by: considering differences in outcomes based on cannabinoid type and specific CNCP condition; including all study designs; and following IMMPACT guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CENTRAL, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched in July 2017. Analyses were conducted using Revman 5.3 and Stata 15.0. A total of 91 publications containing 104 studies were eligible (n = 9958 participants), including 47 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 57 observational studies. Forty-eight studies examined neuropathic pain, 7 studies examined fibromyalgia, 1 rheumatoid arthritis, and 48 other CNCP (13 multiple sclerosis–related pain, 6 visceral pain, and 29 samples with mixed or undefined CNCP). Across RCTs, pooled event rates (PERs) for 30% reduction in pain were 29.0% (cannabinoids) vs 25.9% (placebo); significant effect for cannabinoids was found; number needed to treat to benefit was 24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 15-61); for 50% reduction in pain, PERs were 18.2% vs 14.4%; no significant difference was observed. Pooled change in pain intensity (standardised mean difference: −0.14, 95% CI −0.20 to −0.08) was equivalent to a 3 mm reduction on a 100 mm visual analogue scale greater than placebo groups. In RCTs, PERs for all-cause adverse events were 81.2% vs 66.2%; number needed to treat to harm: 6 (95% CI 5-8). There were no significant impacts on physical or emotional functioning, and low-quality evidence of improved sleep and patient global impression of change. Evidence for effectiveness of cannabinoids in CNCP is limited. Effects suggest that number needed to treat to benefit is high, and number needed to treat to harm is low, with limited impact on other domains. It seems unlikely that cannabinoids are highly effective medicines for CNCP.
Inhibition of the Ubc9 E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme–CRMP2 interaction decreases NaV1.7 currents and reverses experimental neuropathic pain
Authors: François-Moutal Liberty , Dustrude Erik T. , Wang Yue , Brustovetsky Tatiana , Dorame Angie , Ju Weina , Moutal Aubin , Perez-Miller Samantha , Brustovetsky Nickolay , Gokhale Vijay , Khanna May , Khanna Rajesh 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
We previously reported that destruction of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification site in the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) was sufficient to selectively decrease trafficking of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 and reverse neuropathic pain. Here, we further interrogate the biophysical nature of the interaction between CRMP2 and the SUMOylation machinery, and test the hypothesis that a rationally designed CRMP2 SUMOylation motif (CSM) peptide can interrupt E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9-dependent modification of CRMP2 leading to a similar suppression of NaV1.7 currents. Microscale thermophoresis and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous alpha assay revealed a low micromolar binding affinity between CRMP2 and Ubc9. A heptamer peptide harboring CRMP2's SUMO motif, also bound with similar affinity to Ubc9, disrupted the CRMP2–Ubc9 interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, incubation of a tat-conjugated cell-penetrating peptide (t-CSM) decreased sodium currents, predominantly NaV1.7, in a model neuronal cell line. Dialysis of t-CSM peptide reduced CRMP2 SUMOylation and blocked surface trafficking of NaV1.7 in rat sensory neurons. Fluorescence dye-based imaging in rat sensory neurons demonstrated inhibition of sodium influx in the presence of t-CSM peptide; by contrast, calcium influx was unaffected. Finally, t-CSM effectively reversed persistent mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity induced by a spinal nerve injury, a model of neuropathic pain. Structural modeling has now identified a pocket-harboring CRMP2's SUMOylation motif that, when targeted through computational screening of ligands/molecules, is expected to identify small molecules that will biochemically and functionally target CRMP2's SUMOylation to reduce NaV1.7 currents and reverse neuropathic pain.
Is Alcohol Use Associated With Increased Risk of Developing Adverse Health Outcomes Among Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Ge Song , Sanchez Michael , Nolan Marie , Liu Tingting , Savage Christine L. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background:
Alcohol use is associated with many HIV-related behaviors that are associated with increased risk of reinfection, transmission, and poorer health outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV). The population of middle-aged and older PLHIV is growing because of increased life longevity and aging trend.

Methods:
A systematic review across three databases was conducted to evaluate existing studies that examined the association between alcohol use and medication adherence, high-risk sex behaviors, HIV progression, depression, resource utilization, and survival among studies of PLHIV with an average age of 40 years and above.

Results:
Among the 47 included studies, most found a positive association between alcohol use and depression, risky sex behaviors, medication nonadherence, and healthcare resource utilization among PLHIV. The association between alcohol use and response to treatment was variable. The association between alcohol use and survival warrants further study because of lack of existing studies.

Conclusions:
The results of this review support that alcohol use negatively impacts middle-aged and older PLHIV in many aspects; however, there is lack of studies exclusively targeting older PLHIV, and more relevant studies in the future are needed.
The Effect of Work Addiction on Korean Nurses’ Professional Quality of Life
Authors: Kwak Yeunhee , Kim Ji-Su , Han Yonghee , Seo Yeji 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This study sought to delineate the relations between work addiction and professional quality of life among nurses in university hospitals. The differences between compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress by work addiction tendency were investigated among 278 Korean nurses. Results revealed that 46.5% of participating nurses had mild or high work addiction, and nurses with high work addiction tended to have higher burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Factors influencing burnout were work addiction and daily work hours. Only work addiction influenced secondary traumatic stress. Therefore, concern, understanding, and prevention of nurses’ work addiction are needed, as work addiction could affect nurses’ professional quality of life.
Acute Variceal Bleeding Causes Significant Morbidity
Authors: Carneiro de Moura Marta , Chen Shiyi , Kamath Binita M. , Ng Vicky L. , Ling Simon C. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:The need for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in children is unclear due to insufficient evidence of the efficacy of prophylactic therapy and the mortality and morbidity associated with the first bleeding event. Previous studies have provided estimates of mortality. We aimed to investigate the morbidity associated with acute variceal bleeding (AVB) in children and to identify contributing factors.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed children with chronic liver disease or portal vein thrombosis admitted with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding between 2000 and 2015.Results:Seventy AVB episodes in 57 children (median age 6 years, 52% girls) were included, 58% with cirrhosis and 30% portal vein thrombosis. Approximately 67% were the patient's first bleed. Post‐AVB morbidity was present in 57% of all episodes and in 64% of first bleeds and included: ascites (34%), infection (30%), respiratory complications (24%), intensive care unit admission (20%), rebleed (11%), encephalopathy (7%), acute kidney injury (6%), and failure to control bleed (4%). Two patients died (4% of first bleeds, 8% of cirrhotics’ first bleeds) within 6 weeks of bleeding. Median length of stay was 7 days. Overall morbidity was associated with total bilirubin (P = 0.001). Ascites after AVB was associated with pediatric end‐stage liver disease (P = 0.0007), total bilirubin (P = 0.001), and cirrhosis (P = 0.006). Median length of stay was longer in patients with morbidities (18 vs 4 days, P < 0.0001).Conclusion:Children with AVB suffer significant morbidity but have a low risk of death. Morbidity should therefore be considered in future studies measuring the risks and benefits of primary prophylaxis of first AVB in children.
Evolving Trends of Gastrostomy Insertion Within a Pediatric Population
Authors: Glasson Emma J. , Wong Kingsley , Leonard Helen , Forbes David , Ravikumara Madhur , Mews Catherine , Jacoby Peter , Bourke Jenny , Trollor Julian , Srasuebkul Preeyaporn , Wilson Andrew , Nagarajan Lakshmi , Downs Jenny 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTObjective:Gastrostomy insertion in pediatrics is usually used in children with complex needs and severe disability. The accessibility and acceptance of the procedure is increasing but population‐based occurrence data are lacking and there is limited understanding of its use in clinical subgroups.Methods:This birth cohort study investigated the trends in first gastrostomy insertion among a pediatric population born between 1983 and 2009 in Western Australia using linked administrative and health data collected over a 32‐year period (1983–2014). Indications were identified using diagnosis codes from linked hospitalization data and grouped according to a refined classification system. Age and birth cohort patterns of first gastrostomy use, over calendar year and age respectively, were described.Results:Of the 690,688 children born between 1983 and 2009, 466 underwent a gastrostomy insertion. Overall, the prevalence was approximately 7 cases per 10,000 births. New gastrostomy insertions were increasingly performed in children during the preschool years over calendar years and in successive birth cohorts. Children with a neurological disorder constituted the largest group receiving gastrostomy (n = 372; 79.8) including 325 (87.4%) with comorbid intellectual disability.Conclusions:New gastrostomy insertion among children who require long‐term enteral feeding support increased over the study period. The procedure is most often performed in the context of severe neurological disability, including intellectual disability, and offers families potential for long‐term home‐based management of feeding difficulties.
Exploring the Association of Hypertension With Risk for Depression: Evidence for Tamed Neurobehavioral Arousal Versus Central Emotional Dysregulation
Authors: Herrmann-Lingen Christoph , al'Absi Mustafa 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Depression is an established predictor of adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. Less is known about cardiovascular risk factors as predictors of depression. In this issue of Psychosomatic Medicine (2018;80:508–514), Patel et al. report data indicating that pre-existing hypertension may be inversely associated with the atypical but not typical form of depression. We highlight here the strengths and limitations of the article and discuss the findings in light of research linking blood pressure and emotion regulation. In general, evidence suggests that higher blood pressure is associated with reduced expression of negative emotions and pain. Two prominent models of interaction have been proposed and supported by epidemiological and experimental research: one assumes that elevations in blood pressure lead to reduced arousal and pain sensitivity through baroreceptor activation and possibly additional afferent mechanisms. Operant conditioning may then result in (chronic) hypertension. The other one posits that impaired emotion processing as indicated by dampened emotion recognition may lead to disinhibition of hypothalamic centers and thereby result in sustained increases in blood pressure. These models are described in context of the current literature and open research questions are formulated.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Grading of Cartilaginous Bone Tumors
Authors: Fritz Benjamin , Müller Daniel A. , Sutter Reto , Wurnig Moritz C. , Wagner Matthias W. , Pfirrmann Christian W.A. , Fischer Michael A. 
Published: May 2018

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the interreader agreement and diagnostic accuracy of morphologic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis and quantitative MRI-based texture analysis (TA) for grading of cartilaginous bone tumors.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective study was approved by our local ethics committee. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of 116 cartilaginous bone neoplasms were included (53 chondromas, 26 low-grade chondrosarcomas, 37 high-grade chondrosarcomas). Two musculoskeletal radiologists blinded to patient data separately analyzed 14 morphologic MRI features consisting of tumor and peritumoral characteristics. In addition, 2 different musculoskeletal radiologists separately performed TA including 19 quantitative TA parameters in a similar fashion. Interreader reliability, univariate, multivariate, and receiver operating characteristics analyses were performed for MRI and TA parameters separately and for combined models to determine independent predictors and diagnostic accuracy for grading of cartilaginous neoplasms. P values of 0.05 and less were considered statistically significant.

Results
Between both readers, MRI and TA features showed a mean kappa value of 0.49 (range, 0.08–0.82) and a mean intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.79 (range, 0.43–0.99), respectively. Independent morphological MRI predictors for grading of cartilaginous neoplasms were bone marrow edema, soft tissue mass, maximum tumor extent, and active periostitis, whereas TA predictors consisted of short-run high gray-level emphasis, skewness, and gray-level and run-length nonuniformity. Diagnostic accuracies for differentiation of benign from malignant as well as for benign from low-grade cartilaginous lesions were 87.0% and 77.4% using MRI predictors exclusively, 89.8% and 89.5% using TA predictors exclusively, and 92.9% and 91.2% using a combined model of MRI and TA predictors, respectively. For differentiation of low-grade from high-grade chondrosarcoma, no statistically significant independent TA predictors existed, whereas a model containing MRI predictors exclusively had a diagnostic accuracy of 84.8%.

Conclusions
Texture analysis improves diagnostic accuracy for differentiation of benign and malignant as well as for benign and low-grade cartilaginous lesions when compared with morphologic MRI analysis.
Quality of Life of Caregivers of Individuals With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Lee JuHee , Kim Sung Hae , Kim Yonji , Kim Yie Lin , Sohn Youngho 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Purpose
This study aimed to construct a structural equation model to predict the quality of life of caregivers of individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

Design
A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire in South Korea.

Methods
A total of 208 subjects participated in this study from August 31 to November 26, 2015. The questionnaire included caregiving appraisal, social support, educational program needs, and the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-Carer.

Findings
Participants were either spouses (46.2%) or adult children (45.2%) of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. The mean score obtained on the caregiver’s quality of life was 40.94 ± 25.30. Social support, caregiving appraisal, and educational program needs were the predictors, explaining 67.0% of the variance in caregivers’ quality of life.

Conclusions
Predicting the quality of life is useful for the development of support resources for caregivers of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Further studies exploring the multidimensional aspects of caregivers’ quality of life are needed.

Clinical Relevance
Rehabilitation nurses should identify caregivers at high risk in order to improve their quality of life. Nurses should assess education program needs and caregiving appraisal of caregivers of individuals with Parkinson’s disease and develop a customized intervention program.
Effects of Craniofacial Morphology on Nasal Respiratory Function and Upper Airway Morphology
Authors: Gong Xu , Li Weiran , Gao Xuemei 
Published: May 2018

Background:
Craniofacial skeletal patterns change after orthognathic surgery. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different craniofacial patterns on nasal respiratory function and the upper airway.

Methods:
Forty-seven healthy subjects were selected and divided into 3 groups according to their mandibular position. Sixteen were in the skeletal Class I group, 15 were in the skeletal Class II group, and 16 were in the skeletal Class III group. Cone beam computed tomography was performed, and nasal airflow and nasal resistance were measured. Differences in nasal respiratory functions and upper airway were compared among the groups. A correlation analysis was conducted for nasal respiratory function, upper airway, and skeletal patterns.

Results:
There were significant differences among the 3 groups regarding dominant-side nasal inspiratory capacity (P = 0.001), bilateral nasal inspiratory capacity (P = 0.005), nasal partitioning ratio-inspiration (P = 0.007), and velopharyngeal minimum cross-sectional area (P = 0.029). The values were significantly higher for the skeletal Class III group than the skeletal Class I and II groups. A correlation analysis showed that the nasal partitioning ratio and nasal airway resistance were mostly negatively correlated with SNA, but the upper airway volume and cross-sectional area were positively correlated with SNB and negatively correlated with ANB. The dominant-side nasal expiratory capacity was mainly negatively correlated with the mean velopharyngeal cross-sectional area (r = −0.324, P = 0.026), mean glossopharyngeal cross-sectional area (Glosso-A mean) (r = −0.293, P = 0.046), and mean total airway cross-sectional area (Total-A mean) (r = −0.307, P = 0.036).

Conclusion:
Craniofacial skeletal morphology may affect nasal respiratory function and the upper airway.