bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthcare Settings
Authors: Christensen Bryan E. , Fagan Ryan P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (e.g., bloodstream, respiratory tract, urinary tract, or surgical site) can be common in patients. Patients receiving acute and chronic healthcare across various settings, such as hospitals, dialysis clinics, and nursing homes, tend to have comorbidities that make them more susceptible to infection than their counterparts in the general community. Also, some pathogens may be more likely to cause infection in healthcare settings because of the unique exposures that patients can experience, such as invasive procedures or indwelling medical devices. Similar to community outbreak investigations, the primary purpose of an investigation in a healthcare setting is to determine the source of the outbreak, define mode of transmission, disrupt disease transmission, and prevent further transmission.
Exposures and Conditions of Acute Environmental Origin
Authors: Watkins Sharon M. , Fagliano Jerry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Investigations of acute events with suspected environmental associations include unique decision points and action steps. Public health professionals should prepare to respond to these investigations by maintaining expertise in fields including toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental and occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, environmental risk assessment, and environmental monitoring. Notification of a disease cluster or of an acute exposure event is often the initial trigger for public health awareness of the situation. Setting case definitions and characterizing exposure can be challenging, and input might be needed from subject matter experts, responders, and partners outside of public health. Quantifying the magnitude and route of exposure, understanding the inherent toxicity and duration of exposure, and other factors are unique steps in environmental investigations. Effective risk communication to affected communities and involved partners is critical and should be carefully planned.
Life Cycle of an Innovation Commons
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines a life-cycle view of an innovation trajectory that begins with an innovation commons, and considers what happens after the innovation commons collapses when entrepreneurial firms emerge (i.e., the fundamental transformation). This chapter explores how the governance role of an innovation commons will often reform and reconstitute to provide industry-specific public goods through collective action, usually in the form of an industry association. This governance function is associated with what in evolutionary theory is called niche construction. This evolutionary governance model of an innovation trajectory shows the complexities of innovation policy.
Introduction
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Gupta family through Satya, a member of the extended family. While his story is exceptional as his parents were Indian citizens living in Nigeria at the time of his birth in the United States, his family’s narrative performances of his birth experience demonstrate the ways that narratives help to create and maintain transnational family connections. Satya’s story and the family’s performances of it introduces readers to larger global and transnational processes and serves as an example of the ways that performance analysis can help uncover the methods by which narratives create transnational experiences. Additionally, this chapter describes the content and organization of the book.
New Opportunities, the Brain Drain, and the Guptas
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides information about the significant contexts of the Hindu American community’s narrative performances. Reviewing reasons behind why people immigrate, it begins with general theories of immigration and then concentrates on the specific reasons why Indians left India during the period after 1947. The chapter then shifts its focus to the context in the United States as a receiving site for immigrants from India with particular attention to race and religion, two dominant themes in American immigration that have contributed to the Guptas’ experiences and the dynamics of their community-making activities. This leads to a discussion of the significance of religion for migrants in the United States before introducing the more specific religious context of the Guptas’ community. Finally, the chapter expands its lens to their transnational extended family with family trees, a description of their social community, and a specific history of key players in the family.
Neither Black nor White
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers the unique religious and racial dynamics of Atlanta and its location in the U.S. South. Moving beyond the well-known black-and-white binary, it examines the historic experiences of Asian immigrants in the South and how they negotiated this dynamic. Contemporary immigrants, and particularly Hindu immigrants, have carved out space for themselves religiously and geographically in this historically segregated landscape. The chapter reviews the geography of Hindu Atlanta by looking at residential patterns and the religious institutions and informal groups that Hindus have established in the metropolitan area. While temple-building is important in India, it takes on new significance in the United States, where establishing a Hindu temple announces the community’s presence to the rest of the population and chips away at the Protestant hegemony of the South. Because these sites are the most visible sites of Hindu practice, they have received the most attention from scholarly researchers and local media outlets. This tendency to focus on institutional sites of Hinduism overlooks the central role that domestic practice takes in the tradition. This study of the Guptas’ and their community’s practices helps correct this imbalance in scholarly and popular conceptions of Hinduism in the United States and locates much of the transnational community and its formation within members’ homes.
Conclusion
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter reviews the kinds of narratives discussed in the book: immigration narratives, narratives about making home, and a recitation of the Sundarkāṇḍ. These narrative performances together demonstrate the means by which members of the Hindu transnational community imagine and enact their experiences: shaping identities, creating homes, and establishing religious communities and practices. Religion here is shaped in this process—changing and shifting as the narratives are performed. Shifting attention to the second generation, it is hard to predict how transnational Hinduism will continue to change, but it is clear that transnationalism will continue to shape Hinduism in India and abroad for the foreseeable future.
Conclusion
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter suggests that we use the broader framework of feminist social justice to analyze oppression and exploitation at the global level. Noting that in real life the ethical and the political overlap, the chapter advocates a dual-track approach to problems of injustice, both individual, immediate aid and long-term systemic changes. Emphasizing the connections between local economic institutions, such as cooperatives and Fair Trade organizations, and transnational projects, such as the solidarity economy, the chapter shows how the local work of the Self-Employed Women’s Association and Marketplace India connect to transnational projects for both economic justice and gender equity. Supporting grassroots organizations engaged in transnational work for gender and economic justice is one route for engaging in transnational feminist solidarity. In terms of methodology, the chapter concludes by suggesting a shift from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from political interest to social and political imagination.
Introduction
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter explores the nature of the science fiction (SF) pulp magazine in the 1910s–1940 period, with a special emphasis on the influence of the most influential editor of the period, Hugo Gernsback. It outlines how the subjects and aims of SF in this period paralleled the larger modernist agenda that was also shaping the development of film, with a special emphasis on the visual impact of early film and early film-viewing practices. The chapter especially emphasizes how cinema’s emphasis on “attractions” or “astonishments,” as film historian Tom Gunning labels them, finds a corollary in the new genre of SF’s concern with “wonders.”
The Pulps in the Consumer’s Republic
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Chapter 2 considers the sort of advertising typically found in the SF pulps. During the formative pre-war years, advertising was seldom about the movies, but it frequently implicated and even exploited a developing film consciousness in the pulp readership. And although some have argued that, in comparison to the numerous “slick” magazines of the period, advertising was not very important to the pulps, this chapter argues otherwise, particularly noting the various film-related ads that were common to all the SF magazines, including education in film-related occupations; placement of film scripts; opportunities for screen tests; and films, cameras, and projectors that were already being marketed to the pulp readers. Those readers were seen as part of what Lizabeth Cohen has termed the new “Consumer’s Republic” of America, with its tastes and desires in consumption already being partly shaped by their experience of the new modernist art of the movies.
The Real Thing
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Chapter Three traces out how film and a filmic consciousness entered into the fiction that was, ostensibly, the SF pulps’ primary reason for existence. It begins by recognizing the extent to which a cinematic rhetoric filtered into SF writing, which readily drew metaphors, similes, and key images or references from the world of the movies. The chapter then considers how film technology—cameras, sound recording devices, screens, etc.—took a place alongside other sorts of fascinating modern technology as proper subjects for SF narratives. Finally, it examines a variety of the stories that focus specifically on the film industry—of the present and the future—with a special emphasis on the work of neglected SF author Henry Kuttner.
Cover Stories
Authors: Telotte J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abstract: One of the most famous aspects of early pulps such as Amazing, Astounding, and Wonder Stories was their visually arresting covers, drawn by popular artists like Frank R. Paul, Howard V. Brown, and Hans Wesso. This chapter examines how those covers, as well as the magazines’ interior illustrations, drew on a kind of cinematic logic, with their style recalling that of movie posters, their images evoking the practices of movie-viewing, their subjects often including elements of film technology, and, late in the period, their designs even imitating specific films or film images. Like the movies, these illustrations drew readers out of their everyday experience, while starkly visualizing the ability of both the SF and cinematic imaginations to let us see other worlds, other beings, and other technologies.
What are species?
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter looks at the ideas underpinning the definition of species. After outlining a standard model of species applicable to sexual organisms, it looks more broadly at the multiple forces that cause lineages to diversify into multiple distinct and independently evolving groups. ‘Independently evolving’ is defined and illustrated by reference to different kinds of organisms: sexuals, asexuals, prokaryotes, and hybridizing taxa. It then discusses whether forces of diversification truly act to generate discrete units, as proposed by the ‘species model’, and outlines some possible alternatives for the structure of diversity, such as a continuum of increasingly independent forms. The chapter emphasizes concrete theory that makes testable predictions to distinguish alternative models of the structure of diversity.
Why are there species?
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter continues the discussion of evolutionary methods of species delimitation by exploring how multilocus methods can be used to delimit reproductively isolated groups, and how genetic and trait data can be used in concert to delimit groups that experience divergent selection. These methods provide a way to evaluate the different mechanisms leading to cohesion within species and divergence between them. Multilocus data are scarcer at present than single-locus data discussed in chapter 3, and more work is needed to test alternative hypotheses for the pattern of reproductive isolation—does it generally fall into discrete units or are there broader or gradually declining rates of gene exchange? Divergent selection is less commonly used as a metric for delimiting species, and possible new methods are introduced. Possible uses of whole-genome data are discussed for combining these approaches and testing whether reproductive isolation and divergent selection tend to overlap to generate species or whether more complex models of diversity are required.
What causes speciation?
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe balance of evidence from earlier chapters is largely consistent with the reality of species units. This chapter therefore moves on to investigate what causes new species to form. This process involves a series of steps involving the origin of new diversifying conditions, the genetic response of the organisms to those conditions, the persistence of the newly diverged species, and the re-establishment of diversifying conditions in one or more of the descendants to restart the process. Distinguishing the role of geographical isolation and divergent selection in this process, the chapter reviews the theory and evidence for the causes of speciation from systematic evidence across whole clades. In particular, it focuses on whether speciation depends more on the extrinsic conditions favouring divergence or the intrinsic responses of the affected organisms. More integrated theory and coordinated efforts to uncover speciation dynamics for whole clades or regions are needed to answer these questions.
Species and speciation without sex
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpecies and speciation have been called phenomena of sexual organisms, and many of the concepts developed with sexuals in mind. It is clear theoretically, however, that asexuals should be affected in similar ways by the diversifying processes that cause speciation in sexuals. This chapter investigates evidence for species and speciation in organisms with alternative lifestyles. Bdelloid rotifers are presented as a putative case of asexual species, before the theory and evidence for species in bacteria is discussed. Both theoretically and empirically, the notion that bacteria do not diversify into species can be dismissed. There are interesting differences from eukaryotes, including lower rates of recombination and greater frequency of gene transfer between distant relatives, but neither of these seems to prevent divergence into independently evolving species, at least at core genome regions. Experimental evolution is a useful but neglected avenue to test these ideas further.
Species interactions and contemporary evolution
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAll organisms live within a diverse assemblage of many other species. Even with strict boundaries to gene flow, species interact in ways that shape their evolutionary dynamics. This chapter outlines how species interactions affect evolution of constituent species within a community. Models of competitive communities illustrate how interactions can constrain evolution, as species shift to occupy new regions with conditions similar to those they were previously adapted to. In contrast, coevolutionary interactions can stimulate evolution and amplify responses to environmental change. Experimental evolution on bacteria isolated from tree-holes formed by the roots of beech trees shows how species adapt to the presence of other species, leading to a decline in the strength of competition. Much more work is needed to investigate these effects in model assemblages of interacting species.
Predicting evolution in diverse communities
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFollowing the outline of basic theory and evidence in chapters 7 and 8, this chapter sets the challenge of attempting to predict evolutionary dynamics in realistically diverse communities. Many challenges and opportunities facing human populations rely on being able to predict living systems. Even when a single focal species such as a pest or disease agent is of particular concern, its dynamics and responses to control measures always depend on interactions with a diverse set of other species. Even when the focus is on whole-ecosystem functioning, that depends on trait responses of constituent species. The chapter outlines several case studies where a multispecies evolutionary approach is required, including managing marine fisheries, controlling crop pests, and managing human microbiomes for improved health. To illustrate possible ways forwards, a model of evolution in a microbial community is presented, and possible methods for tracking evolution in diverse communities are discussed.
Plague, Civil War, and Epochal Evolution in Vergil’s Georgics
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vergil’s Noric cattle plague in Georgics 3 develops a more direct correlation between contagious disease and civil discord. In Vergil’s account, the initially conflicting symptoms of the disease (e.g. excessive heat and cold) collapse bodies into liquefied homogeneity, indicating plague’s power to create uniformity among a population and ultimately offer a clean slate upon which to rewrite the body politic. But in that process, the eradication of individual identities—expressed through Vergil’s anthropomorphized cattle—and the open-ended spread of the disease that concludes Book 3 suggest the poet’s ambivalence toward prospects of recovery from contagion as civil war. Through heaps of undistinguishable cadavera and Golden-Age imagery that neutralizes old enmities, as well as through verbal echoes of passages indicting fraternal strife elsewhere in the Georgics, the poet acknowledges the excesses of individual ambition. But he qualifies Lucretian polemic against desire and ambition as markers of personal identity: when pestilence strikes Aristaeus’ beehive in Book 4, its remedy—a violent ritual (the bougonia) that produces homogenous, loyal offspring—fails to offer an adequate model for human existence. The final section of the chapter looks to the failed attempt at settling Crete in the Aeneid as a coda to disease in the Georgics: the episode recalls depictions of epidemic disease in Georgics 3 and 4, clarifying the meaning of Aristaeus’ new hive as a caveat for Aeneas’ attempt to restore the Trojan race.
The Testimony of Sense
Authors: Milnes Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
British intellectual culture witnessed a sharp reduction in the volume of epistemological debate between the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This change coincided with a relocation of philosophical discourse from the treatise to the informal writing of the essayist. This study argues that these two phenomena are related. Around the middle of the eighteenth century, the idea of intersubjectivity emerged as a counterdiscourse to scientific empiricism. Exemplified by Hume’s ‘easy’ philosophy, it sought to reground epistemological correspondence in social correspondence, in the circulation of trusting conversation. Contemporaneously, the rise of the essay, like the concern with trust, reveals the period’s preoccupation with the ways in which intellectual life was being shaped by economic change. The essay genre sought to effect a performative critique of instrumental reason which, while essentially nostalgic in its desire for unsystematic accomplishment, presented a pragmatic counterthrust to Enlightenment rationality. For David Hume and Samuel Johnson, the performance of virtue represents and enacts the social solidarity that either underpins norms or reflects moral truths. For later essayists, however, the fiction of familiarity was both more tenuous and more urgent. In the Romantic period, the essayist’s primary burden became one of establishing social and epistemological norms through the exercise of imaginative power. In the essays of Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt, the enactment of familiar conversation created an experience of singularity and enchantment that was linked to idealized and nostalgic forms of sociability. Thus, while the eighteenth-century essay consolidated ‘truth’, the Romantic essay produced it.
Introduction
Authors: Milnes Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The introductory chapter begins by offering a reading of Hume’s unsent 1734 letter to Dr Arbuthnot, which recalls how his youthful enthusiasm for philosophy became pathological, leading him into the ‘Disease of the Learned’. The letter marks the point at which Hume consciously abandons the foundational idea of philosophy as the science of knowledge in favour of a holistic and ‘easy’ philosophy based upon the ‘science of man’, which encompasses moral, sentimental, and aesthetic concerns. This new science conceives experience according to the model of experimental thought evident in Hume’s own writing, a model based on the ‘essayistic’, trial-and-error method of intersubjective communication. The chapter explores the consequences of this fundamentally pragmatic reorientation for later eighteenth-century thought. While providing a breakdown and description of subsequent chapters, the Introduction also draws attention to the importance of this reorientation of notions of trust, language, virtue, performance, and the essay genre itself.
Metaphysics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The metaphysics of possible and impossible worlds revolves around a number of questions. Should we treat worlds as genuine entities, which represent something as being F by having an F as a part? This is a hard position to maintain in the case of impossible worlds. Should we treat (non-actual) worlds as non-existent beings? Or should we think of them as abstract entities? Should we give the same answer to these questions for possible and impossible worlds? Yet a further option is to distinguish two senses of ‘is’—encoding vs exemplifying some property—and claim that impossible worlds encode without exemplifying impossibilities. All of these approaches face difficulties. If one thinks these difficulties are insuperable, one can always adopt the approach that worlds are primitive entities. Another fallback position is fictionalism about world, on which truths about worlds are always given ‘in the fiction’.