bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PACS and SPIRE range spectroscopy of cool, evolved stars
Authors: Nicolaes D. , Groenewegen M. A. T. , Royer P. , Lombaert R. , Danilovich T. , Decin L. 
Published: October 2018

Context. At the end of their lives AGB stars are prolific producers of dust and gas. The details of this mass-loss process are still not understood very well. Herschel PACS and SPIRE spectra which cover the wavelength range from ∼55 to 670 μm almost continuously, offer a unique way of investigating properties of AGB stars in general and the mass-loss process in particular as this is the wavelength region where dust emission is prominent and molecules have many emission lines.
Aims. We present the community with a catalogue of AGB stars and red supergiants (RSGs) with PACS and/or SPIRE spectra reduced according to the current state of the art.
Methods. The Herschel interactive processing environment (HIPE) software with the latest calibration is used to process the available PACS and SPIRE spectra of 40 evolved stars. The SPIRE spectra of some objects close to the Galactic plane require special treatment because of the weaker fluxes in combination with the strong and complex background emission at those wavelengths. The spectra are convolved with the response curves of the PACS and SPIRE bolometers and compared to the fluxes measured in imaging data of these sources. Custom software is used to identify lines in the spectra, and to determine the central wavelengths and line intensities. Standard molecular line databases are used to associate the observed lines. Because of the limited spectral resolution of the PACS and SPIRE spectrometers (∼1500), several known lines are typically potential counterparts to any observed line. To help identifications in follow-up studies the relative contributions in line intensity of the potential counterpart lines are listed for three characteristic temperatures based on local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) calculations and assuming optically thin emission.
Results. The following data products are released: the reduced spectra, the lines that are measured in the spectra with wavelength, intensity, potential identifications, and the continuum spectra, i.e. the full spectra with all identified lines removed. As simple examples of how this data can be used in future studies we have fitted the continuum spectra with three power laws (two wavelength regimes covering PACS, and one covering SPIRE) and find that the few OH/IR stars seem to have significantly steeper slopes than the other oxygen- and carbon-rich objects in the sample, possibly related to a recent increase in mass-loss rate. As another example we constructed rotational diagrams for CO (and HCN for the carbon stars) and fitted a two-component model to derive rotational temperatures.
Koxarthrose – Epidemiologie und Versorgungsrealität – Versorgungsdatenanalyse von 2,4 Millionen Versicherten der AOK Baden-Württemberg ab 40 Jahren
Authors: Endres Heinz , Schneider Olaf , Scharf Hanns-Peter , Kaufmann-Kolle Petra , Knapstein Sabine , Hermann Christopher , Lembeck Burkhard , Flechtenmacher Johannes 
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels ist mit einer steigenden Zahl an Koxarthrosefällen zu rechnen mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf das Gesundheitssystem. Ziel der Studie war es, konkretisierte Aussagen zur Versorgungsrealität von Koxarthrosepatienten, inklusive ihrer ambulanten Versorgung und Endoprothesenversorgung zu erhalten.
Patienten und Methodik Ausgewertet wurden die Versorgungsdaten von 2,4 Mio. Versicherten der AOK Baden-Württemberg für die Jahre 2007 bis 2016. Altersuntergrenze war 40 Jahre. Die Daten beinhalten den ambulanten und stationären Versorgungssektor.
Ergebnisse Altersstandardisiert ergibt sich eine Koxarthroseprävalenz für Frauen ab dem 40. Lebensjahr von 6,18% (95%-KI: ± 0,09%) und für Männer von 6,02% (95%-KI: ± 0,09%). Ab dem 75. Lebensjahr werden die Geschlechtsunterschiede signifikant. Das Maximum für Koxarthrose-Erstdiagnosen findet sich bei den 80- bis 84-Jährigen (Frauen: 1,31%, Männer: 1,16%). Ab dem 85. Lebensjahr weisen 17,4% der Frauen und 16,5% der Männer eine Koxarthrose auf. Das Maximum für Hüft-TEPs unter Koxarthrosepatienten (Frauen: 5,2%, Männer: 4,3%) findet sich bei den 75- bis 79-Jährigen. Nach Erstdiagnose einer Koxarthrose erhält jeder 8. AOK-Versicherte (13,0%) innerhalb des 1. Jahres und jeder 4. (24,8%) innerhalb von 8 Jahren eine Hüft-TEP. Zwischen 2009 und 2016 ist, unabhängig von der Hauptdiagnose, die Häufigkeit von Hüft-TEPs nicht gestiegen. Im Mittel wurden pro 100 000 Versichertenjahre bei Frauen 300,9 und bei Männern 275,8 Hüft-TEP OPs durchgeführt. Ab dem 80. Lebensjahr fällt die Koxarthrose als Hauptdiagnose zurück. Ab 85 weisen mehr als 70% aller Hüft-TEP-Patienten eine Femurfraktur als Hauptdiagnose auf. Nur rund ¾ der Koxarthrosepatienten waren im Jahr vor OP in ambulanter fachärztlicher Betreuung und deutlich weniger als die Hälfte erhielten eine Heilmittelverordnung.
Schlussfolgerungen Koxarthrose kommt bis zum 75. Lebensjahr bei Frauen und Männern in etwa gleich häufig vor. Dennoch werden Frauen häufiger operiert. Insgesamt kam es in den letzten 8 Jahren aber nicht zu einem Anstieg der Hüft-TEP-Erstimplantationen. Innerhalb der ersten 8 Jahre nach Erstdiagnose erhalten 24,8% aller Koxarthrosepatienten eine TEP. Die Mehrzahl wird in den ersten 8 Jahren also konservativ behandelt. Im direkten Vergleich zwischen inzidenten und prävalenten Koxarthrosepatienten zeigt sich, dass nach langjähriger therapeutischer Begleitung in den letzten 1 – 2 Jahren vor OP sowohl die fachärztliche Betreuung als auch die Heilmittelverordnung reduziert werden. Eine Neubewertung konservativer Therapiemöglichkeiten im zeitlichen Verlauf erscheint notwendig.
Osteocytes
Authors: Rupp Markus , Merboth Felix , Daghma Diaa , Biehl Christoph , El Khassawna Thaqif , Heiß Christian 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungLange Zeit galten Osteozyten als passive Zuschauer der Knochenhomöostase, dem Gleichgewicht zwischen Knochenaufbau durch Osteoblasten und Knochenabbau durch Osteoklasten. Das Dogma der ruhenden, im Knochen eingemauerten funktionslosen Zellen hat sich seit der Jahrtausendwende grundlegend gewandelt. Osteozyten stehen vielmehr im Mittelpunkt des Knochenstoffwechsels und können somit als dessen Dirigent angesehen werden. Auf Grundlage einer Literaturrecherche in PubMed und Google Scholar mit den einzeln oder in Kombination verwendeten Suchbegriffen „osteocyte“, „fracture healing“, „bone healing“, „bone remodeling“, „bone metabolism“, „sclerostin“, „RANKL/OPG“, „Wnt-signaling pathway“, „FGF-23“ wurde die Rolle der Osteozyten im Knochenstoffwechsel anhand von präklinischen und klinischen Studien sowie Übersichtsarbeiten erarbeitet. Einzelne Fallberichte wurden hierfür nicht verwandt. Im Rahmen der Literaturrecherche wurden nur Publikationen in englischer oder deutscher Sprache berücksichtigt. Die sich aus Osteoblasten entwickelnden Osteozyten sind funktionell die zentrale Schaltstelle im Knochenmetabolismus. Morphologisch bildet ein Netzwerk von Osteozyten, die 90 – 95% der Zellen im Knochen ausmachen und im Gegensatz zu Osteoblasten und Osteoklasten das Alter des Gesamtorganismus erreichen können, durch mit Nexus miteinander verbundenen Dendriten innerhalb des Knochens die optimale Grundlage für deren funktionelle Aufgaben. Neben der Aufgabe als Mechanosensor im Knochen wird die Osteoblastenfunktion über Sclerostin, die Osteoklastenfunktion über den RANK/RANKL/OPG-Signalweg gesteuert. Ferner wird die Mineralisierung des Knochens über die lokale Phosphatkonzentration, der systemische Phosphathaushalt in Interaktion mit der Niere über FGF23 hormonell gesteuert. Das Verständnis der Rolle der Osteozyten verspricht eine weitere Verbesserung möglicher Therapiealternativen. Hinsichtlich des Knochenstoffwechsels sind bereits Sclerostinantikörper und Denosumab, ein monoklonaler Antikörper, der als OPG-Agonist fungiert, eingeführt worden. Neben den in der Osteoporosetherapie bereits etablierten Therapieansätzen sind Antikörper gegen FGF23 oder dessen Rezeptoren in der präklinischen und klinischen Erprobung. Auch Bortezomib, ein Proteasomeninhibitor, der die Lebensfähigkeit von Osteozyten verbessert, ist zur Therapie des multiplen Myeloms im klinischen Einsatz. Das zunehmende Verständnis der osteozytären Funktion lässt darüber hinaus weitere Therapiemöglichkeiten erwarten – in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie sind dies insbesondere die ossäre Integration von Implantaten und die medikamentöse Beeinflussung der (gestörten) Frakturheilung.
Intervention Strategies into Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors for Modulating (Mal–)function, with Special Emphasis on the TSH Receptor
Authors: Krause Gerd , Marcinkowski Patrick 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), the lutropin- (LHR), and the follicotropin receptor (FSHR) belong to glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHR), a subgroup of the class A G-protein coupled receptors. In this review, the unique features of GPHR have been taken into account for their pharmacological interventions: i) The respective hormone and stimulating or blocking antibodies are binding on the large ectodomain that is ii) via a hinge region, containing iii) an internal tethered agonist linked to the transmembrane domain. iv) Multimerization and mechanisms for negative or positive cooperativity of GPHR upon ligand binding and v) dimer- and oligomeric arrangements enabling trans-activation on GPHR signaling are considered. Available knowledge concerning the modulation of the GPHR (mal)-function and associated structural aspects by diverse entities such as antibodies, chaperones, peptides, small molecule agonists, inverse agonists, and antagonists is summarized. The TSHR is important with respect to autoimmune [Graves’ disease (GD), Graves’ orbitopathy (GO)] or non-autoimmune thyroid dysfunctions and cancer-development. To date there is neither an agonist nor antagonist modulator of pathogenic such as TSHR signaling in the clinics. However, several different ligands monoclonal stimulating and inhibiting antibodies and small molecule drug-like ligands have been reported in the last decade. In special focus are the most recent findings regarding the development and use of small molecule TSHR ligands. Finally, limitations of current knowledge and lack of information are discussed highlighting the need for intensified efforts towards understanding the interplay of TSHR multimers, especially their interaction with drug-like ligands. Important in this context is the biased ligand development.
A High Alanine Aminotransferase/Aspartate Aminotransferase Ratio Determines Insulin Resistance and Metabolically Healthy/Unhealthy Obesity in a General Adult Population in Korea: The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2007–2010
Authors: Kwon Soon Sung , Lee Sang-Guk 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Aims Early identification of individuals with insulin resistance (IR) and metabolically unhealthy state can help prevent various diseases and improve quality of life. In this study, we investigated a possible marker of IR and metabolic health status, alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) ratio, and aimed to confirm its feasibility in a large population study.
Methods A total of 16,371 adults from Korean National Health and Examination Survey were studied. Participants were divided into four groups according to their ALT/AST ratio quartiles. The homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance level and proportion of people with IR, impaired fasting glucose, and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes were compared for each group. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve was also used to assess the usefulness of ALT/AST ratio to identify individuals with IR and metabolically unhealthy.
Results In the groups with higher ALT/AST ratio, HOMA-IR level, proportion of IR, and proportion of individuals with IFG or type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher than that in those with low ALT/AST ratio. When analyzed with other factors related to IR, the data showed that the ALT/AST ratio was an independent predictor of IR (odds ratio 1.363, 95% confidential interval 1.323–1.405, p<0.001). When ROC curve analysis was done, area under curve (AUC) for identifying individuals with IR was 0.634. In addition, metabolically unhealthy individuals showed significantly higher ALT/AST ratio than metabolically healthy individuals (0.9780 vs 0.8511, p<0.001).
Conclusions ALT/AST ratio was well-correlated with IR, IR-related conditions, and metabolic health status. This easily accessible method to estimate IR may facilitate the early screening of IR, which can result in prevention of IR-related morbid conditions.
Conventional Amplification for Children and Adults with Severe-to-Profound Hearing Loss
Authors: Benson Emily , McCreery Ryan , Jorgensen Lindsey 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe primary goal of amplification is to restore audibility without causing discomfort; for someone with severe-to-profound hearing loss, the reduced dynamic range poses unique challenges in hearing-assistive device fitting. These challenges, including physiological limitation, processing difficulties, technology constraints, and other confounding factors, must be considered when selecting, fitting, and counseling for appropriate amplification. Many of the advanced features in hearing aids do not adequately address the unique characteristics of patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss. This review article will attempt to unravel some of the challenges and associated considerations when fitting adults and children with severe-to-profound hearing loss.
Electric and Acoustic Stimulation in Cochlear Implant Recipients with Hearing Preservation
Authors: Welch Christopher , Dillon Margaret , Pillsbury Harold 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHearing loss affects 30 million people in the United States, and a subset of these patients have normal low-frequency hearing and ski-sloped high-frequency hearing loss. For these patients, hearing aids alone may not provide adequate benefit. Cochlear implantation alone has been utilized to improve speech perception. The addition of high-frequency electric hearing to low-frequency acoustic hearing in these patients is beneficial. Technical improvements have allowed preservation of low-frequency hearing in cochlear implant recipients, allowing for electric and acoustic stimulation in the same ear with significant improvements in speech perception, sound localization, music appreciation, and quality of life.
Profound Hearing Loss: Addressing Barriers to Hearing Healthcare
Authors: Pratt Sheila 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe impact of profound hearing loss on infants and adults is variable and greatly influenced by improved audition derived from hearing aids and cochlear implants. However, barriers to healthcare, hearing healthcare in particular, can offset the benefits provided by these sensory devices. Common barriers include cost, location, availability of trained professionals, acceptance of the hearing loss, language and cultural differences, secondary disabilities, and mental health issues. These barriers and their distinct presentations vary somewhat by age, language, and where people live (urban vs. rural), and can interfere with receiving testing and devices in a timely manner. They also can limit auditory, speech and language therapies, and interfere with acceptance of the hearing loss and devices. Rehabilitation should focus on eliminating or reducing the adverse impact of these barriers on patients and their families. Some of which can be done through professional training and multidisciplinary activities, counseling, and community outreach.
Characteristics of lower leg and foot muscle thicknesses in sprinters: Does greater foot muscles contribute to sprint performance?
Authors: Tanaka Takahiro , Suga Tadashi , Imai Yuya , Ueno Hiromasa , Misaki Jun , Miyake Yuto , Otsuka Mitsuo , Nagano Akinori , Isaka Tadao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present study aimed to determine the differences in thicknesses of the lower leg and foot muscles between sprinters and non‐sprinters and to examine the relationship between these muscle thicknesses and sprint performance in sprinters. Twenty‐six well‐trained sprinters and 26 body size‐matched non‐sprinters participated in this study. Total 9 muscle thicknesses of bilateral lower leg and foot muscles in participants were measured using ultrasonography. Regarding the lower leg muscles, thicknesses of the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medial, and gastrocnemius lateral were measured. Regarding the foot muscles, thicknesses of the flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneal longus and brevis, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and flexor hallucis brevis were measured. Most muscle thicknesses were significantly larger in sprinters than in non‐sprinters. The differences in mean thicknesses of both legs between the two groups were greater in the foot muscles, where it ranged from 10.2% to 17.1%, than in the lower leg muscles, where it ranged from −0.9% to 9.4%. Among foot muscles, the thickness of only the abductor hallucis was positively correlated with the personal best 100‐m sprint time in sprinters (r = 0.419, P = 0.033), indicating that a greater abductor hallucis may be a negative factor for superior sprint performance. These findings suggest that although the foot muscles in addition to the lower leg muscles are more developed in sprinters than in non‐sprinters, these muscle sizes may not contribute to achieve superior sprint performance.
Relationship between pre‐exercise muscle stiffness and muscle damage induced by eccentric exercise
Authors: Xu Jingfei , Fu Siu Ngor , Zhou Dong , Huang Chen , Hug François 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether pre‐exercise muscle stiffness is related to the amount of muscle damage induced by an eccentric exercise and to determine whether the post‐exercise increase in stiffness is homogenously distributed between the synergist muscles. Fifty healthy participants were randomly assigned to an eccentric exercise group or a control group. The shear modulus (an index of stiffness) of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) was measured before, immediately after and at 48 h after eccentric exercise. The maximal isometric voluntary knee extension (MVC) torque was also measured. Significant reduction in MVC torque was observed in the eccentric group both at post and 48 H when compared with pre‐exercise (both p < .001). RF shear modulus increased significantly when assessed at 90° of knee flexion at post and 48 H after the eccentric exercise (p = .004 and. 005, respectively). Slight but significant decrease in VL shear modulus was observed at post‐exercise for the eccentric group (p = .002). No change was observed in VMO. The decrease in MVC at 48 H was negatively correlated with the RF shear modulus measured at 90° of knee flexion before the exercise. Eccentric exercise induced a wide range of peak torque reduction and muscle‐head specific modulation on muscle stiffness. Participants with stiffer RF muscles exhibited greater decrease in force generating capacity at 48 H after eccentric exercise.
International public opinion surveys and public policy in Southern European democracies
Authors: Fernández-Prados Juan Sebastián , Cuenca-Piqueras Cristina , González-Moreno María José 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article aims to analyse the presence of and relationship between the most relevant comparative social research thorough international surveys and public policies reflected in the different official bulletins or gazettes of the countries of southern Europe, specifically Spain, Portugal and Italy. Following a consideration of the process of globalisation of research through surveys, four surveys were selected (Eurobarometer, World Values Survey, International Social Survey Programme, European Social Survey). The complex relationships between public opinion and public policy were also addressed. Finally, it is concluded that the most prominent international surveys have little or no presence in public policies in the countries analysed.
Identification of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms in Burn Patients and Impact on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics: A Pilot Study
Authors: Grimsrud Kristin N , Ivanova Xenia , Sherwin Catherine M , Palmieri Tina L , Tran Nam K 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Pain management is critical for burn care. Unfortunately, interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics (PK) due to burn hypermetabolism and genetic polymorphisms can lead to treatment failures in this at-risk population. Analgesics may be affected by genetic polymorphisms affecting cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzymes. Fentanyl is a common opiate primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 subtypes. Recent studies demonstrate CYP2D6 variants, affecting fentanyl PK. Functional CYP polymorphisms can significantly alter opiate levels resulting in inadequate analgesia or life-threatening toxicity. The goal of our study was to evaluate fentanyl PK and assess associations with CYP polymorphisms. We obtained samples from the previously banked blood of 13 patients (eight males and five females) with &gt;20% TBSA burns. Mean (SD) patient age was 41.7 (14.5) years, and mean burn size was 25.8 (15.3) %TBSA. Plasma fentanyl was quantified, and CYP genotyping was performed. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using Monolix software (Lixsoft, France) with a two-compartment population model best-representing fentanyl profiles. Three CYP slow-metabolizing genotypes were identified, which included CYP2D6*9, CYP2D6*29, and CYP3A4*1B. All three patients with variant polymorphisms had increased serum fentanyl concentrations due to impaired clearance. This pilot study supports the need for further research in this topic, and CYP genotyping of individual patients prior to receiving opiate analgesics to inform precision-guided decisions, improve therapeutic efficacy, and, most importantly, increase patient well-being and safety.
Introducing consistency in a dialogical framework for paraconsistent logic
Authors: Barrio Eduardo Alejandro , Clerbout Nicolas , Rahman Shahid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe logics of formal inconsistency are logics tolerant to some amount of contradiction, but in which some versions of explosion still hold. The main result of this paper is a reconstruction of two such logics in the dialogical framework. By doing so, we achieve two things. On the one hand, we provide a formal approach to argumentative situations where some contradictions may occur while keeping the idea that there may still be situations in which some propositions are ‘safe’ in the sense of immunity to the contradictions. On the other hand, we open a new line of study on these logics, in the context of the game-theoretical approach to semantics born in the 1960s, with various interesting perspectives, some of which are discussed at the end of this article.
Prescribing
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores prescribing, including general considerations in prescribing, how to prescribe, best practice, drug interactions, reporting adverse drug reactions, special considerations, controlled drugs, enzyme inducers and inhibitors, endocarditis prophylaxis, night sedation, steroid therapy, topical corticosteroids, empirical antibiotic treatment, and Clostridium difficile (C. diff).
Gastroenterology
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Hall Catriona , Hjelde Nina , Dawson James , Sanders Stephan , Eccles Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses gastroenterology, and includes abdominal pain and abdominal pain emergency, GI bleeding emergency, acute upper GI bleeds, acute lower GI bleeds, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, liver failure and liver failure emergency, and jaundice.