bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internet Governance Regimes by Epistemic Community
Authors: An Jungbae , Yoo In Tae 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Global Internet governance is unique in that it officially adopted a multi-stakeholder decision making procedure instead of a state-driven international cooperation modality. We focus on the role of the Internet epistemic community in Asia, which can explain the emergence of the current norms of Internet coordination and the Internet governance structure. By sharing the most advanced knowledge from global discussions and by organizing regional cooperation platforms starting from the early 1980s, Asian Internet technical professionals created Internet coordination norms based on open contribution and led the stewardship from the early stage of Internet development in the region. Based on a review of historical documents on the early development of the Internet in Asia, we show that the Internet epistemic community in Asia has played a critical role in designing and managing the current formation of regional Internet governance regimes, as well as their working norms starting from the early stage of Internet development in the region.
South Africa and Civil and Political Rights
Authors: Jordaan Eduard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
For constructivists, a state’s identity implies its preferences, interests, and resultant actions in international affairs, which is why constructivists expect democracies to support human rights internationally. This study examines South Africa’s record on civil and political rights at the UN Human Rights Council. While there is an element of anti-imperialism in South Africa’s identity that might help explain some of its actions, human rights remain important in South Africa’s self-understanding. Despite the presence of human rights in South Africa’s identity, at the Human Rights Council, South Africa’s actions have ranged from failing to uphold civil and political rights to supporting their restriction. A bifurcated national identity therefore diminishes the predictive power of a constructivist national identity approach.
The Power of Justice
Authors: Dembinski Matthias , Peters Dirk 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Complaints about “double standards” in global governance are widespread. When governments from the Global South criticize powerful Western states for applying double standards in implementing norms such as international criminal justice, this is usually taken to indicate that they disagree with the substance of these norms. In contrast, this article argues that the criticism can also be understood as expressing dissatisfaction with the procedures for applying those norms. Based on insights from empirical justice research in social psychology, the article highlights the significance of procedural fairness for the legitimacy of institutions and illustrates the importance of concerns about procedural unfairness in recent complaints about the International Criminal Court (ICC) by African governments.
Cultural and service factors related to mental health beliefs among post-9/11 veterans
Authors: Krill Williston Sarah , Roemer Lizabeth , Vogt Dawne S 
Published: April 2019

Background and aims: The primary purpose of this study was to examine cultural and demographic predictors of dimensions of anticipated stigma and negative mental health beliefs, known barriers to mental health care utilization, among post-9/11 veterans. Methods: A cross-sectional survey methodology was used to assess 132 post-9/11 veterans. Bivariate correlations were used to examine associations between military cultural values (self-reliance and emotional control), demographic variables (gender and service characteristics) and dimensions of anticipated stigma and negative beliefs about mental health. Descriptive statistics were used to examine item-level agreement on scales of stigma, mental health beliefs and cultural values to more fully describe these beliefs in this population. Results: Descriptive findings revealed that the most highly endorsed dimension of stigma was anticipated stigma from coworkers. Correlational findings indicated that only exaggerated self-reliance, not emotional control, was positively associated with higher negative beliefs about treatment and treatment-seeking, and not other dimensions of negative beliefs about mental health. Active duty service members and those who deployed reported higher negative beliefs about treatment-seeking, emotional control and self-reliance. In addition, men reported higher negative beliefs about treatments, treatment-seeking and self-reliance than women. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of addressing concerns about self-reliance and mental health treatment in stigma-reduction interventions especially among male, deployed, and active duty service members to reduce stigma and stigma-related barriers to care.
On the Matrix, neuroscience and dialogue
Authors: Bhurruth Martin 
Published: April 2019

The author poses a position statement that Foulkes underplayed the importance of emotions as an organizing principle in the mental life of groups, and indeed, paid very little attention to emotions in his published works. Evidence from the field of neuroscience is drawn upon to identify seven emotional neuro-chemical systems in the sub-cortical region of the brain. The fundamental emotions are: rage, fear, seeking, panic/grief, lust, care and play. The article makes a distinction between emotions, as being physiological responses triggered by neurochemical release caused by perception of both external and internal realities, whereas feelings are a higher order level of functioning at cognitive levels that can articulate cause, meaning and symbolism of the more visceral emotional experiences. The article puts forward the idea that emotions are the biological substrate of the Foundation Matrix, linking all of humanity and the mammalian world. In turn, groups and individuals have valences to particular emotional responses and this will be demonstrated with examples from the Personal, Social and Dynamic Matrices. An elaboration of the concept of dialogue, within the wider sphere of communication, is put forward, which the author argues is the group analytic expression of love (care). Love is mutative and facilitates the plasticity of the brain/mind relationship encouraging new neuronal connections to be made, linking sub-cortical brain regions with the neo-cortex thinking cap.
Copeptin, myeloperoxidase and pro-adrenomedullin for acute coronary syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Pek Jen Heng , Fook-Chong Stephanie Man Chung , Choo Jason Chon Jun , Tan Carol Hui Chen , Lin Ziwei , Chan Choong Meng , Yeo Chin Pin , Lim Swee Han 
Published: April 2019

Objectives: Copeptin, myeloperoxidase and pro-adrenomedullin have emerged as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, their applicability in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown as these patients were excluded from previous studies. Our objective was to determine the superior novel cardiac marker to predict 30-day and six-month adverse cardiac events (ACEs) defined as cardiac-related death, myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out. Patients were included if they presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of ACS and had CKD as defined as a serum creatinine of more than 130 µmol/l. Copeptin, myeloperoxidase and pro-adrenomedulin assays were performed. Occurrence of ACE was traced from review of the patients’ case records and the registry of deaths. Results: A total of 724 patients were recruited: 60.6% were male and 68.6% were Chinese. The median age was 67 years. Among those recruited, 88.3% had CKD stages 4 and 5, with 33.5% on dialysis. The rates of ACE at 30 days and six months were 15.1% and 21.7%, respectively. All readings of the three biomarkers were not significantly different in patients with ACE compared with those without both at 30 days and six months. The areas under the curve for copeptin, myeloperoxidase and pro-adrenomedullin were 0.53, 0.50 and 0.45, respectively ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: The poor performance of the biomarkers may be attributable to lack of specificity for ACS, as elevated levels could be from other causes in CKD patients. Routine testing cannot be recommended.
Best Clinical Practice for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Imaging
Authors: Freund K. Bailey , Toth Cynthia , Zarbin Marco 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: To identify best clinical practices for macular degeneration imaging. Methods: We reviewed best clinical practices for imaging patients with age-related macular degeneration. These recommendations are based on different levels of evidence (I-III). Results: The type of imaging needed depends to some degree on the clinical scenario: first visit vs follow-up visit vs poorly responsive patient. Conclusions: Imaging technologies that may be useful include optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography angiography.
Molecular characterization and distribution of Schistosoma cercariae collected from naturally infected bulinid snails in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Tian-Bi Yves-Nathan T. , Webster Bonnie , Konan Cyrille K. , Allan Fiona , Diakité Nana R. , Ouattara Mamadou , Salia Diabaté , Koné Amani , Kakou Adolphe K. , Rabone Muriel , Coulibaly Jean T. , Knopp Stefanie , Meïté Aboulaye , Utzinger Jürg , N’Goran Eliézer K. , Rollinson David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background
Accurate identification of schistosome species infecting intermediate host snails is important for understanding parasite transmission, schistosomiasis control and elimination. Cercariae emerging from infected snails cannot be precisely identified morphologically to the species level. We used molecular tools to clarify the distribution of the Schistosoma haematobium group species infecting bulinid snails in a large part of Côte d’Ivoire and confirmed the presence of interspecific hybrid schistosomes.

Methods
Between June 2016 and March 2017, Bulinus snails were sampled in 164 human-water contact sites from 22 villages of the northern and central parts of Côte d’Ivoire. Multi-locus genetic analysis (mitochondrial cox1 and nuclear ITS) was performed on individual schistosome cercariae shed from snails, in the morning and in the afternoon, for species and hybrid identification.

Results
Overall, 1923 Bulinus truncatus, 255 Bulinus globosus and 1424 Bulinus forskalii were obtained. Among 2417 Bulinus screened, 25 specimens (18 B. truncatus and seven B. globosus) shed schistosomes, with up to 14% infection prevalence per site and time point. Globally, infection rates per time point ranged between 0.6 and 4%. Schistosoma bovis, S. haematobium and S. bovis × S. haematobium hybrids infected 0.5%, 0.2% and 0.4% of the snails screened, respectively. Schistosoma bovis and hybrids were more prevalent in B. truncatus, whereas S. haematobium and hybrid infections were more prevalent in B. globosus. Schistosoma bovis-infected Bulinus were predominantly found in northern sites, while S. haematobium and hybrid infected snails were mainly found in central parts of Côte d’Ivoire.

Conclusions
The data highlight the necessity of using molecular tools to identify and understand which schistosome species are transmitted by specific intermediate host snails. The study deepens our understanding of the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of S. haematobium and S. bovis in Côte d’Ivoire and provides the first conclusive evidence for the transmission of S. haematobium × S. bovis hybrids in this West African country.
Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN10926858. Registered 21 December 2016; retrospectively registered (see: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN10926858)
Co-opting evo-devo concepts for new insights into mechanisms of behavioural diversity
Authors: Hoke Kim L. , Adkins-Regan Elizabeth , Bass Andrew H. , McCune Amy R. , Wolfner Mariana F. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTWe propose that insights from the field of evolutionary developmental biology (or ‘evo-devo’) provide a framework for an integrated understanding of the origins of behavioural diversity and its underlying mechanisms. Towards that goal, in this Commentary, we frame key questions in behavioural evolution in terms of molecular, cellular and network-level properties with a focus on the nervous system. In this way, we highlight how mechanistic properties central to evo-devo analyses – such as weak linkage, versatility, exploratory mechanisms, criticality, degeneracy, redundancy and modularity – affect neural circuit function and hence the range of behavioural variation that can be filtered by selection. We outline why comparative studies of molecular and neural systems throughout ontogeny will provide novel insights into diversity in neural circuits and behaviour.
Sepsis Presenting in Hospitals versus Emergency Departments: Demographic, Resuscitation, and Outcome Patterns in a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort
Authors: Leisman Daniel E , Angel Catalina , Schneider Sandra M , D'Amore Jason A , D'Angelo John K , Doerfler Martin E 
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUNDDifferences between hospital‐presenting sepsis (HPS) and emergency department‐presenting sepsis (EDPS) are not well described.OBJECTIVESWe aimed to (1) quantify the prevalence of HPS versus EDPS cases and outcomes; (2) compare HPS versus EDPS characteristics at presentation; (3) compare HPS versus EDPS in process and patient outcomes; and (4) estimate risk differences in patient outcomes attributable to initial resuscitation disparities.DESIGNRetrospective consecutive‐sample cohort.SETTINGNine hospitals from October 1, 2014, to March 31, 2016.PATIENTSAll hospitalized patients with sepsis or septic shock, as defined by simultaneous (1) infection, (2) ≥2 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria, and (3) ≥1 acute organ dysfunction criterion. EDPS met inclusion criteria while physically in the emergency department (ED). HPS met the criteria after leaving the ED.MEASUREMENTSWe assessed overall HPS versus EDPS contributions to case prevalence and outcomes, and then compared group differences. Process outcomes included 3‐hour bundle compliance and discrete bundle elements (eg, time to antibiotics). The primary patient outcome was hospital mortality.RESULTSOf 11,182 sepsis hospitalizations, 2,509 (22.4%) were hospital‐presenting. HPS contributed 785 (35%) sepsis mortalities. HPS had more frequent heart failure (OR: 1.31, CI: 1.18‐1.47), renal failure (OR: 1.62, CI: 1.38‐1.91), gastrointestinal source of infection (OR: 1.84, CI: 1.48‐2.29), euthermia (OR: 1.45, CI: 1.10‐1.92), hypotension (OR: 1.85, CI: 1.65‐2.08), or impaired gas exchange (OR: 2.46, CI: 1.43‐4.24). HPS were admitted less often from skilled nursing facilities (OR: 0.44, CI: 0.32‐0.60), had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR: 0.53, CI: 0.36‐0.78), tachypnea (OR: 0.76, CI: 0.58‐0.98), or acute kidney injury (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.68‐0.97). In a propensity‐matched cohort (n = 3,844), HPS patients had less than half the odds of 3‐hour bundle compliant care (17.0% vs 30.3%, OR: 0.47, CI: 0.40‐0.57) or antibiotics within three hours (66.2% vs 83.8%, OR: 0.38, CI: 0.32‐0.44) vs EDPS. HPS was associated with higher mortality (31.2% vs 19.3%, OR: 1.90, CI: 1.64‐2.20); 23.3% of this association was attributable to differences in initial resuscitation (resuscitation‐adjusted OR: 1.69, CI: 1.43‐2.00).CONCLUSIONSHPS differed from EDPS by admission source, comorbidities, and clinical presentation. These patients received markedly less timely initial resuscitation; this disparity explained a moderate proportion of mortality differences.
NÓS, OS DO MAKULUSU, ROMANCE DE GUERRA COMBATE, VIOLÊNCIA E LIBERTAÇÃO NA NARRATIVA DE LUANDINO VIEIRA
Authors: Aparecido Bergamo Edvaldo , Canedo Silva Rogério Max 
Published: April 2019

O presente artigo analisa ao obra Nós, os do Makulusu (1974) como um romance de guerra, em Angola, figurando os impasses étnico-culturais e socioeconômicos gerados por um conflito bélico num país em processo de descolonização, que logo deixaria de ser domínio luso e se tornaria uma nação independente. Um território africano convulsionado pelo embate oriundo da luta de libertação nacional na segunda metade do século XX, eis a matéria histórica transfigurada esteticamente, a qual é convertida em aspecto determinante do relato arquitetado por Luandino Vieira.
Jargon Content and Readability of Health Service Policy Documents
Authors: Ali Bushra , Mulkerrin Eamon C. , O'Keeffe Shaun T 
Published: April 2019

Background/Aims Readability of written material is essential for effective communication. The readability of 40 healthcare policies published by the NHS or the Health Service Executive were compared and contrasted against 40 newspaper articles regarding healthcare from the Irish Times or the Irish Mirror. Methods Readability was measured using the Flesch reading ease score and the standardised measure of gobbledygook grade. Findings Flesch and the standardised measure of gobbledygook were significantly worse in health policies than in newspaper articles: none of the healthcare policies met a minimum standard of a Flesch score of 50 or more (P<0.0001); 60% of health policies and no newspaper article had a standardised measure of gobbledygook grade of 13 or more, suggesting a need for a university level education for comprehension (P<0.0001). Conclusions The readability of healthcare policies in Britain and Ireland is poor. A stronger emphasis on the use of plain language is needed.
High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I Assay for Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Boeddinghaus Jasper , Nestelberger Thomas , Twerenbold Raphael , Koechlin Luca , Meier Mario , Troester Valentina , Wussler Desiree , Badertscher Patrick , Wildi Karin , Puelacher Christian , du Fay de Lavallaz Jeanne , Rubini Giménez Maria , Zimmermann Tobias , Hafner Benjamin , Potlukova Eliska , Miró Òscar , Martin-Sanchez F Javier , Keller Dagmar I , Reichlin Tobias , Mueller Christian , Walter Joan Elias , Strebel Ivo , Kozhuharov Nikola , Freese Michael , Fuenzalida Carolina , Stelzig Claudia , Gualandro Danielle M , Michou Eleni , Meissner Kathrin , Kulangara Caroline , Shrestha Samyut , Fahrni Gregor , Osswald Stefan , López Beatriz , Adrada Esther Rodriguez , Ganovská Eva , Lohrmann Jens , Kloos Wanda , Steude Jana , Buser Andreas , von Eckardstein Arnold , Morawiec Beata , Kawecki Damian , Nowalany-Kozielska Ewa , Muzyk Piotr , Geigy Nicolas , Rentsch Katharina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to validate the clinical performance of the Beckman Access high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay.

METHODS
We enrolled patients presenting to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Final diagnoses were centrally adjudicated by 2 independent cardiologists with all clinical information including cardiac imaging twice: first, using serial hs-cTnT (Elecsys, primary analysis), and second, using hs-cTnI (Architect, secondary analysis) measurements in addition to the clinically used hs-cTn. hs-cTnI Access was measured at presentation and at 1 h. The primary objective was a direct comparison of diagnostic accuracy as quantified by the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of hs-cTnI Access vs the hs-cTnT Elecsys and hs-cTnI Architect assays. Secondary objectives included the derivation and validation of an hs-cTnI Access-specific 0/1-h algorithm.

RESULTS
AMI was the adjudicated final diagnosis in 243 of 1579 (15.4%) patients. The AUC at presentation for hs-cTnI Access was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94–0.96), higher than hs-cTnI Architect [0.92 (95% CI, 0.91–0.94; P &lt; 0.001)] and comparable to hs-cTnT Elecsys [0.94 (95% CI, 0.93–0.95; P = 0.12)]. Applying the derived hs-cTnI Access 0/1-h algorithm (derivation cohort n = 686) to the validation cohort (n = 680), 60% of patients were ruled out [sensitivity, 98.9% (95% CI, 94.3–99.8)], and 15% of patients were ruled in [specificity, 95.9% (95% CI, 94.0–97.2)]. Patients ruled out by the 0/1-h algorithm had a survival rate of 100% at 30 days. Findings were confirmed in the secondary analyses by the adjudication including serial measurements of Architect hs-cTnI.

CONCLUSIONS
Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of the Beckman hs-cTnI Access assay are very high and at least comparable to Roche hs-cTnT and Abbott hs-cTnI assays. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00470587.
Primer reporte de Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitando equinos en Uruguay
Authors: FELIX María Laura , VENZAL José Manuel 
Published: April 2019

Se presenta el primer reporte de Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 parasitando equinos en Uruguay. Adultos de esta especie de garrapata fueron hallados en un equino junto a Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) en una localidad del departamento de Tacuarembó, con presencia de monte nativo denso y abundante fauna silvestre, como el ciervo guazubirá (Mazama gouazoubira), hospedador preferencial de adultos de H. juxtakochi. Con este hallazgo son cuatro las especies de garrapatas parásitas de equinos reportadas para Uruguay: R. microplus, Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma triste Koch, 1844 y H. juxtakochi. La importancia médico-veterinario de H. juxtakochi en equinos es desconocida.