bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Plethora on Growth and Differentiation of Normal Hemopoietic Colony-Forming Cells Transplanted in Mice of Genotype W/Wv
Authors: TILL J. E. , SIMINOVITCH L. , McCULLOCH E. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Suppression of erythropoiesis by transfusion of animals of genotype W/Wv was found to prevent the development of macroscopic spleen colonies following injection of normal coisogenic marrow cells. This inhibition of colony-formation was not due to a failure of colony-forming cells to proliferate in the absence of erythropoietic stimulation, since the growth rate of normal colony-forming cells in plethoric animals did not differ significantly from that seen in anemic hosts. It is likely that, in plethoric hosts, insufficient differentiated erythroblasts were produced to permit the development of macroscopically visible spleen colonies. Evidence was obtained that granulocytic differentiation proceeded during the growth of the transplanted colony-forming cells, and that this mode of differentiation was not affected by the suppression of erythropoiesis. These results indicate that both granulocytic differentiation and the process of selfrenewal by which colony-forming cells increase in numbers are controlled independently of the control of erythropoiesis. These experiments provide additional support for the view that colony-forming cells differ from erythropoietin-sensitive cells.
Regulation of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin Formation in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Transfused to Normal Hematocrits
Authors: GABUZDA THOMAS G. , GARDNER FRANK H. ,   Anne Council
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two patients with sickle cell anemia and one patient with sickle thalassemia were acutely transfused to normal hemoglobin levels. The synthesis of fetal and adult (in this instance, Hb S) hemoglobins was assessed in cohorts of reticulocytes emerging during the period of erythroid suppression which followed. In two patients observations were also made during the period of recovery from the suppression. Hemoglobin synthesis in the reticulocytes was assessed by means of in vitro incorporation of C14-labeled leucine into the separate hemoglobins. The results in all three patients suggested that both fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis are under similar physiologic control mechanisms during short-term alterations in the state of erythropoiesis; the formation of both was almost completely stopped soon after transfusion, and both were almost simultaneously reactivated as the patients returned to the anemic state.
Brief Report: Protease Content and Fibrinolytic Activity of Human Leukocytes
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , HENRICHSEN JØRGEN , KWAAN HAU C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The fibrinolytic activity of human leukocytes was studied by the fibrin plate method and by the histochemical fibrin slide method, using plasminogen-rich and plasminogen-free fibrin substrates. Lysis is caused by a protease. Plasminogen activator is absent. The slide method showed the effect of leukocytes to be weak in comparison to that produced by the plasminogen activator in capillary endothelial cells invading fibrin deposits in the body.
Composition and Structure of Cytoplasmic Globules in Leukemic Lymphocytes
Authors: LASZLO JOHN , GERBER HERBERT J. , SOMMER JOACHIM R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphocytes from a patient with lymphocytic leukemia were found to contain cytoplasmic globules. The globules varied in size, the largest appearing identical to Russell bodies. Histochemical staining was used to demonstrate the glycoprotein composition of these bodies. Electron microscopy revealed this material to be within dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is proposed that these globules are abnormal accumulations of glycoprotein which represent stages in the evolution of "Russell bodies." The generic description of these cytoplasmic globules would seem to be preferable to the continued use of eponyms.
Studies on the Macroglobulins of Human Serum
Authors: WOLLHEIM FRANK A. , WILLIAMS RALPH C. , POLESKY HERBERT F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Eighteen sera containing cold hemagglutinins were examined. IgM levels were determined before and after absorption of this cold antibody. In 5 sera with M-components (immunologic type M kappa) 33 per cent, 93 per cent, 93 per cent, 95 per cent, and 75 per cent of the total IgM was serologically active—that is, lost after the absorption. In 12 sera with no M-component (polyclonal), 0-24 per cent of the IgM molecules had cold activity. One exception was noted in a serum from a patient with cold agglutinin disease containing no monoclonal M-component, but which lost 66 per cent of its IgM after absorption with stromata. No correlation existed between cold agglutinin titer, total IgM-concentration, or per cent active IgM molecules. The results indicate a general qualitative difference between polyclonal and monoclonal cold hemagglutinins.
A Marrow Chromosomal Abnormality Preceding Clinical Leukemia in Down’s Syndrome
Authors: DEMAYO ALAN P. , KIOSSOGLOU KOSMAS A. , ERLANDSON MARION E. , NOTTERMAN REBECCA F. , GERMAN JAMES 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During a routine diagnostic cytogenetic study of the marrow of a child with Down’s syndrome, a minor line of cells with a complement of 50 chromosomes was discovered. The predominant cell in marrow and blood had 47 chromosomes with the standard trisomy in Group 21-22. Although anemia and thrombocytopenia were present, other diagnostic criteria of leukemia did not appear until several weeks later. It is proposed that careful cytogenetic studies combined with serial clinical evaluation may disclose important relationships between chromosomal mutation, aneuploid stemlines, and the production and evolution of neoplasms.
Brief Report: Nuclear Bodies of Normal and Pathological Human Lymph Node Cells: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: BROOKS ROBERT E. , SIEGEL BENJAMIN V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nuclear bodies in normal and pathologic human lymph node cells have been examined with the electron microscope and their structure has been illustrated and described. In normal lymph node cells, nuclear bodies are 0.3-0.5 microns in diameter, are slightly less electron dense than the nucleolus, and consist of peripheral fibrillar material with centrally located, dense granules, 200-400 Å in diameter. Morphologically abnormal nuclear bodies have been observed in a case of Hodgkin’s disease. The appearance of these atypical bodies would suggest either contact and fusion of two or more atypical bodies, or possibly the existence of single, large, irregular bodies.
The Regeneration of Reduced Glutathione in Normal and Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficient Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: KOSOWER NECHAMA S. , VANDERHOFF GRACE A. , LONDON IRVING M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reduced glutathione (GSH) was rapidly regenerated in normal human red blood cells treated with the GSH oxidizing agent, methyl phenylazoformate. Erythrocytes of G-6-PD deficient males regenerated little, if any, GSH under the same conditions. The rate of regeneration of GSH in erythrocytes of G-6-PD deficient heterozygote females was similar to that of a mixture of normal red blood cells and erythrocytes of G-6-PD deficient males. It was compatible with the assumption of mosaicism of the erythrocytes in the heterozygote females. The rapid rate at which the normal erythrocyte can regenerate its GSH may render it capable of continuously absorbing free radicals derived from drugs without harmful consequences to the cell.
Study of the rate of regeneration of GSH in erythrocytes treated with methyl phenylazoformate may be useful in the detection of deficiencies of G-6-PD, GSSG reductase, and hexokinase.
Treatment of Hereditary Spherocytosis in Peromyscus by Radiation and Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: STEINMULLER DAVID , MOTULSKY ARNO G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An inherited disease of the bone marrow identical in its pathophysiology to human hereditary spherocytosis has been described in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. As Peromyscus are not inbred and of distinct individually-specific histocompatibility, they provide an experimental model system for the use of hemopoietic allotransplantation in the treatment of hereditary diseases of the erythron. Ninety adult mice were exposed to otherwise 100 per cent lethal doses of x-rays and then inoculated intravenously with 20 to 60 million nucleated marrow cells. Marrow was transplanted on a one-to-one donor recipient basis in four combinations of phenotypes: normal to normal; spherocytic to normal; spherocytic to spherocytic; and normal to spherocytic. Mortality and pathology were similar in all groups. Thirty per cent of the hosts died as a direct result of the irradiation within 20 days. Another 30 per cent subsequently succumbed to secondary disease presumably of graft-against-host origin, bringing the overall mortality to 60 per cent at the end of 10 weeks. At 3 months, however, the hematologic status of the survivors, nearly without exception, was of donor phenotype: Genetically spherocytic recipients of normal marrow contained normal red cells; conversely, wild type recipients of spherocytic marrow had assumed the mutant phenotype. Evidence of chronic grafthost interaction was obtained. By 7 months, six mice in the spherocytic to normal transplant group had reassumed the host hematologic phenotype, but only one animal in the normal to spherocytic group reverted to the mutant phenotype.
Differential Consumption of Coagulation Factors Resulting from Activation of the Extrinsic (Tissue Thromboplastin) or the Intrinsic (Foreign Surface Contact) Pathways
Authors: NOSSEL H. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The consumption of coagulation Factors IX, X, and XI was studied in normal whole blood clotted with celite (intrinsic activation) or tissue thromboplastin (extrinsic activation).
2. During these studies an assay method for Factor XI was developed which was not influenced by the presence of tissue thromboplastin. The assay method is based on the thromboplastin generation principle.
3. When blood clotted in silicone treated tubes, the serum and plasma concentrations of Factors IX, X, and XI were almost identical, indicating that little consumption or activation of these factors had occurred.
4. In the presence of celite, coagulation Factors IX and XI are consumed, whereas Factor X is consumed only slightly.
5. In the presence of tissue thromboplastin, Factor X is consumed, whereas Factors IX and XI are not consumed.
6. In the presence of both celite and thromboplastin, the thromboplastin decreased the consumption of Factors IX and XI produced by celite.
7. The study of serum coagulation factor levels may provide evidence as to whether the coagulation process had been initiated by the intrinsic (foreign surface contact) or extrinsic (thromboplastin) pathways.
Studies of the Changes in Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Following Pyrogen Stimulation in Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: PERILLIE PASQUALE E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies of changes in leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) following infection and pyrogenic stimulation revealed that increased LAP appeared in circulating mature neutrophilic forms 24 hours later than in similar cells of the marrow, suggesting that the cells containing increased LAP originated in the marrow. It was reasoned that the LAP responsiveness in CGL probably requires the presence of foci of normal myeloid tissue.
The Chediak-Higashi Syndrome: Cytoplasmic Sequestration in Circulating Leukocytes
Authors: WHITE JAMES G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the course of investigations into the nature of the giant granulation anomaly of leukocytes from patients with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, an unusual process was observed in white cells from three patients with the disease. Small, normal-sized, lysosomal granules present in abundance in C.H. leukocytes were observed in the concentric arrangements around areas of cytoplasm. Apparent union of the small granules resulted in development of "doughnut-shaped" channels of fused granular material. Serial sections have indicated that the organelles formed in this manner are complete spheres or discs. Cytoplasmic constituents enclosed by the double-walled vacuoles were frequently observed in various stages of destruction. Ultrastructural cytochemical staining for acid phosphatase defined the presence of this lysosomal enzyme in the matrix between the unit membranes of the double-walled vacuoles, and associated with fragments of enclosed cytoplasm undergoing digestion. Sequestration and destruction of areas of C.H. cell cytoplasm within membrane-bound vacuoles is strikingly similar to the process of autophagy reported in other tissues. The possible relationship of the process of cytoplasmic sequestration to the giant lysosomes which characterize the leukocytes of patients with the C.H. syndrome is discussed.
Influence of Immunologic Hyperstimulation on Murine Viral Leukemogenesis
Authors: SIEGEL BENJAMIN V. , MORTON JANE I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mice inoculated with Rauscher leukemogenic virus, following a series of weekly injections of complete Freund’s adjuvant in combination with virus-unrelated antigens, showed increased survivals and delayed appearances of circulating nucleated erythrocytes characteristic of the leukemia. Virus-neutralizing serum antibody was not observed to be produced as a result of this hyperimmunization. The retardation of leukemogenesis was attributed to a transient diminution of numbers of host target cells available to viral infection as a consequence of their prior commitment along immunologic pathways.
Cytoplasmic Fibrils in Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: PARKER JOHN W. , WAKASA HARUKI , LUKES ROBERT J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bundles of cytoplasmic fibrils are described in activated (increased cytoplasm and organelles) lymphocytes and blasts in human mixed lymphocyte cultures. Similar bundles were not observed in the transformed lymphocytes in PHA cultures. They were encountered in the activated lymphocytes in the control cultures, but with a lower incidence. The fibrils were usually perinuclear, were frequently in contact with the nuclear envelopes and occasionally penetrated through defects in the nuclear membrane into the nucleus. A less frequent and less convincing connection with mitochondria was also observed.
These morphologic observations seem to indicate that the transformed cells observed in mixed lymphocyte and PHA cultures are not identical.
Release of Histamine from Human Basophils
Authors: SAMPSON DIAN , ARCHER G. T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method is described for obtaining basophil-enriched preparations of white cells from normal donor blood and from the blood of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. This histamine content of basophils obtained from normal donor blood was found to be equivalent to 2.4 ± 0.6 µg. histamine acid phosphate/106 basophils, and the histamine content of basophils obtained from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia was found to be equivalent to 1.8 ± 1.4 µg. histamine acid phosphate/106 basophils. The difference between the two mean values was significant (0.01 > p > 0.001).
Histamine was found to be present in the granule fraction of basophils and was released from basophils in conditions associated with granule lysis. Human basophils were shown to be capable of active movement and were able to phagocytose sensitized group A red cells. The basophils were less active as phagocytes than neutrophils and eosinophils. Granule lysis occurred independantly of phagocytosis in the A anti-A immune system, in human serum absorbed with zymosan, and following the addition to basophils of eosinophil peroxidase.
The Application of Freeze-Cleaving Technics to Studies on Red Blood Cell Fine Structure
Authors: WEINSTEIN RONALD S. , BULLIVANT STANLEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simplified freeze-cleave and replication method of tissue preparation for examination in the electron microscope is applied to studies on red blood cell fine structure. With this technic, the cytoplasm of red blood cells appears to have a uniform pattern of packed granularity, with individual particles approximating the dimensions anticipated for replicas of individual hemoglobin molecules. The cell surface is smooth and partially covered with small particles which may represent antigens, enzymes, or some structural proteins. The possibility that particles seen in cells and on cell membranes may represent an artifact is discussed. Pretreatment of cells prior to freezing influences the plane of cleavage through packed cells so that the plane of cleavage can be preferentially directed either through the cytoplasm or along red cell membranes. The freeze-cleave technic may be of particular value in applications where extensive areas of membrane must be surveyed, such as searching for leukemogenic viruses budding through cell membranes.
In Vitro Effect of Erythropoietin on the Spleen of The Polycythemic Mouse
Authors: MIURA YASUSADA , TAKAKU FUMIMARO , NAKAO KIKU 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. An in vitro method to observe radiosensitivity of stem cells was developed in the present study. In vivo and in vitro effect of 60Co irradiation on the erythropoietin-induced stem cell differentiation into erythroblasts was observed, using a tissue culture method of polycythemic mouse spleen. Response to erythropoietin was demonstrated by an appearance of heme synthesis and erythroblasts in spleen fragments.
2. A significant correlation between the rate of appearance of erythroblasts and heme synthesis of the spleen fragments was observed.
3. After irradiation, marked impairment of both heme synthesis and production of erythroblasts was observed, yielding D37 values in the vicinity of 70 r in vivo and 120 r in vitro irradiation, respectively.
4. Marked recovery of erythropoietin-induced heme synthesis in the polycythemic mouse spleen was observed 9 days after 300 r irradiation, with an "overshooting" phenomenon on the 12th day.
The Effect of Sulfinpyrazone on Platelet Economy and Thrombus Formation in Rabbits
Authors: MUSTARD J. F. , ROWSELL H. C. , SMYTHE H. A. , SENYI A. , MURPHY E. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Platelet survival was prolonged in rabbits which had been on sulfinpyrazone for 30 days or more. This was not accompanied by changes in tests of blood coagulation in vitro. Thrombus formation in flowing blood was on the average less, but not significantly so.
The mechanism of the change in platelet economy is unknown. It does not appear to depend on blood coagulation and cannot be explained by serum uric acid which does not occur in the rabbit. It may be attributable to changes in the platelet membrane which may also account for the increase in serotonin uptake.
Hemoglobin Polymorphism in White-Tailed Deer: Subunit Basis
Authors: KITCHEN HYRAM , PUTNAM FRANK W. , TAYLOR W. JAPE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A variety of aberrant erythrocyte forms have been related to seven adult and two fetal hemoglobins in white-tailed deer. While sickling of the erythrocyte was not associated with a single hemoglobin type, it was precluded by hemoglobin V or VII, even when in combination with other hemoglobin types normally associated with sickling. The subunit basis of the hemoglobin polymorphism was presented. Two kinds of α subunits, six kinds of β subunits and one γ subunit were related to the whole hemoglobin molecule. The heterogeneity of the deer hemoglobins was based upon a variety of combinations of these numerous polypeptide chains. It was concluded from the results of limited structural studies that there were multiple peptide differences upon comparison of three non-α polypeptide chains.
Neutrophilic Function in Animals with the Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Authors: PADGETT GEORGE A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate neutrophils collected from mink and cattle with and without the Chediak-Higashi syndrome were compared using various criteria. No significant differences were found in the motility, phagocytic capacity, or bactericidal action of C-HS neutrophils when compared to those from normal animals.
There was no significant difference in the amount of bactericidal cationic proteins, acid phosphatase, cathepsin and β-glucuronidase in leukocytes from C-HS and normal mink and cattle.
The abnormally enlarged granules in neutrophils from C-HS animals did not lyse following phagocytosis of bacteria.
The amount of lysozyme present was the same in C-HS and normal mink polymorphonuclear leukocytes. No lysozyme was detectable in cattle neutrophils, but they killed bacteria as well as mink neutrophils.
IN VITRO STUDY OF BONE MARROW. III. ERYTHROPOIESIS IN VITRO OF STERNAL MARROW FROM CASES OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA AND LYMPHATIC LEUKOSIS UNDER THERAPY
Authors: CLEMMESEN JOHANNES , ESPERSEN TAGE , PLUM CLAUS MUNK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experiments have been performed on sternal marrow kept alive in vitro with serum as a nutritional medium.
Cross experiments with marrow and serum from two normal persons show roughly identical values for erythropoiesis. The same applies to marrows and sera from cases of mild simple anemia.
Marrow from a patient with pernicious anemia showed increased erythropoiesis in vitro if nourished on normal serum, whereas serum from the same case lowered the erythropoiesis of normal marrow. After treatment with liver extract, conditions tended to return to normal.
Marrow from 2 cases of lymphatic leukosis displayed corresponding phenomena, and showed a tendency to return to normal after treatment with urethane and folic acid.
Further investigations along these lines are in progress.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES OF BLOOD CELLS
Authors: REBUCK JOHN W. , WOODS HELEN L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several technics were employed for the application of the electron microscope to the study of the blood cells. First; lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophilic leukocytes of acute inflammatory lesions in man were prepared by imbedding formvar-covered screens in the corium of the forearm. Exudative cells which migrated to the undersurfaces of the specimen screens were quick-frozen and dehydrated in vacuo, according to a modified Altmann-Gersh technic. In some cases formvar-covered glass cover slips were substituted for the screens in the lesions, in which case an extra step was needed to transfer the preparations to specimen screens.
In a further technic, blood cells of lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow of man were imprinted upon glass slides covered with formvar. These preparations were also frozen and dehydrated in vacuo. The films were then transferred to screens by a direct method in which the cells were retained intact.
Neutrophil granules, seen only as irregular, indistinct granules with the optical microscope, are actually round, oval, or rod-shaped structures measuring from 70 by 85 millimicrons up to as much as 465 by 650 millimicrons.
Immature blood cell precursors were found to possess fine chromatin patterns with distinct chromatin-parachromatin distinction and well-demarcated nucleoli.
At the higher magnifications made possible by electron microscopy, a new level of cytostructural organization appeared in the mononuclear phagocytes or macrophages. Individual fibrillar structural units can be made out in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic protoplasm which can be measured in Angstrom units. The nuclear protoplasmic interstices so formed are smaller than the corresponding cytoplasmic areas. The nuclear membrane is actually an anchoring structure for both nuclear and cytoplasmic fibrillar cross-pieces. Phagocytosis is depicted and the wall of the phagocytic vacuole is described. Finally, the observed cyto-structural features of the blood cells are discussed in the light of newer concepts of the finer structure of protoplasm.