bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene–environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and stressful life events in depression: a systematic review
Authors: Normann Caroline , Buttenschøn Henriette N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:Depression is a disorder caused by genetics and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to perform a review investigating the interaction between genetic variations located in genes involved in hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA-axis) and stressful life events (SLEs) in depression.Methods:In this systematic review, we selected articles investigating the interaction between genes involved in the HPA-axis, such as Arginine Vasopressin (AVP), Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Receptor 1 (CRHR1), Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 (CRHR2), FK506 binding protein (FKBP5), Nuclear Receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), Nuclear Receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2), and SLE. The literature search was conducted using the Pubmed, Embase, and PsychINFO databases in adherence with the PRISMA guidelines.Results:The search yielded 48 potentially relevant studies, of which 40 were excluded following screening. Eight studies were included in the final review. A total of 97 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were examined in the eight included studies. The most prevalent gene was FKBP5, and the best studied polymorphism was FKBP5:rs1360780. Two of the five studies reported significant gene–environment (G × E) interactions between rs1360780 and SLE. Overall, four studies reported significant G × E interactions between FKBP5, CRH, or CRHR1 and SLE, respectively. No significant G × E interactions were found for the remaining genes.Conclusions:Our results suggest that genetic variation in three genes in the HPA-axis possibly moderate the effects of SLEs in depression.
Radiocarbon Dating of Medieval Buildings in the Mountainous Part of Ingushetia (Northern Caucasus, Russia)
Authors: Matskovsky Vladimir , Gadiev Umalat , Dolgikh Andrey , Cherkinsky Alexander , Polumieva Polina , Panov Vsevolod , Kudikov Arseniy , Lomakin Nikita , Dolgova Ekaterina 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThere are hundreds of preserved medieval buildings in the mountainous part of Ingushetia, including Christian churches, crypts, temples, sanctuaries, battle towers, and living buildings. The chronology of their construction period is still questioned, as there are no radiocarbon (14C) dates published for these buildings and their dating is mainly based on architectural features, a few historical sources, and sometimes on accompanying archaeological material. The aim of this study is to assess more precisely the period of their construction. To do this, we selected the 10 most prominent medieval buildings that contain wooden construction elements and sampled these wooden elements in order to apply 14C accelerator mass-spectrometry dating (AMS) followed by wiggle-matching. From two of these buildings, plaster and mortar were also sampled for 14C AMS dating. This is the first time that these kinds of analyses have been performed for medieval buildings from the mountainous part of Ingushetia. For 6 out of 10 buildings, we acquired sufficiently precise dates that helped us to clarify their construction period. For the other 4 buildings, the acquired dates are still informative but could be refined further with additional 14C analyses. The calibrated dates obtained cover the period from AD 662 until recent time with the majority of them concentrated in 15th–17th centuries.
The People of the Grey Bull: the Origin and Expansion of the Turkana
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: May 2019

While archaeology and linguistics provide an important basis for the reconstruction of the early history of those parts of eastern Africa inhabited by pastoral societies, oral traditions also can make a valuable contribution. In this paper an examination of the traditions of the Turkana of north-western Kenya reveals an often remarkably sophisticated rendering of complex processes of origin and migration. Moreover, those traditions also embody insights into basic factors concerning the development and spread of pastoralism in East Africa that the methodologies of other disciplines have only recently begun to identify.Turkana traditions suggest that their society had not just one, monolithic ‘origin’, but rather what might be seen as a whole series of them. Highly dramatic and memorable tales of genesis provide vivid idioms of socio-political identity and also contain fundamental cosmological messages. But they also correspond to important stages of change in the development of the Turkana community, and, as such, they (together with less ‘formal’ traditions associated with them) provide vital historical information.The factors which combined to enable the Turkana to carry out their vast and rapid territorial expansion are identified. For instance, one early tradition suggests a fundamental change in their pastoral system – the acquisition of Zebu cattle-while others emphasize important commercial contacts which provided a steady flow of iron-ware and grain. Still others trace the development of the office of Great Diviner, revealing how it became a primary focus of economic and cultural redefinition and corporate identity as alterations to the earlier generation-set system occurred. Another tradition provides a glimpse of Turkana expansion from the point of view of peoples absorbed by it.
‘HAVE YOU EVER CAPTURED ANYTHING FOR YOUR PARENTS?’ WAR, CAPTIVITY, AND SLAVERY ON THE PRECOLONIAL SOUTHERN AFRICAN HIGHVELD, C.1800–71
Authors: MORELLI ETTORE 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe article analyses various cases of captivity in a region comprised within modern-day South Africa and Lesotho in the late precolonial period. Focusing on a single social institution,bohlanka, the article follows its traces scattered among the Batlhaping, the Basotho, the Barolong, the Bataung, and other smaller precolonial communities. Generally considered by scholars as a form of clientship based on cattle-loans,bohlankais here redefined as originating from warfare and captivity, and later expanding to include the destitute. The fundamental elements of the institution — violence, natal alienation, and suspended death — lead to the conclusion thatbohlankaconstituted a local form of slavery that pre-dated colonial influences.
THE NASTY WAR: ORGANISED VIOLENCE DURING THE ANYA-NYA INSURGENCY IN SOUTH SUDAN, 1963–72
Authors: ROLANDSEN ØYSTEIN H. , KINDERSLEY NICKI 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn 1963, unrest in Sudan's three southern provinces (today's South Sudan) escalated into a civil war between the government and the Anya-Nya rebellion. The subsequent eight years of violence has hitherto largely escaped scrutiny from academic researchers and has remained a subject of popular imagination and politicised narratives. This article demonstrates how this history can be explored with greater nuance, thereby establishing a local history of a postcolonial civil war. Focusing on the garrison town of Torit, our research reveals a localised and personalised rebellion, made up of a constellation of parochial armed groups. This new history also demonstrates how these parties built upon experiences from imperial conquest and colonial rule when entrenching violent wartime practices such as mass displacement and encampment, the raising of local militias and intelligence networks, and the deliberate starvation of civilians — all common methods in subsequent wars.
Prevalence of anaemia among 6- to 59-month-old children in India: the latest picture through the NFHS-4
Authors: Bharati Susmita , Pal Manoranjan , Bharati Premananda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIndia is the highest contributor to child anaemia among developing countries. To see the latest picture of child anaemia in India, data for 6- to 59-month-old children were taken from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16 (NFHS-4). The study sample consisted of 1,37,347 children. The dependent variable was the anaemia status of the child. The objectives of the study were to assess (i) the distribution of anaemia prevalence by child age group, (ii) the prevalence of child anaemia by zone and state and (iii) the relation of child anaemia prevalence with social, demographic and economic variables, including maternal nutritional status and low birth weight. The study found that in India in 2015–16, 56% of 6- to 59-month-old children were anaemic – a decrease of only 13.5 percentage points since the NFHS-3 study conducted in 2005–06. It is well known that iron supplementation is necessary for child growth and brain development. This study suggests that, in addition, the socioeconomic conditions of households in India need to be improved to prevent child anaemia. Low birth weight and low maternal nutritional status are also responsible for the high prevalence of anaemia among children in India.
Feeding habits of the swimming blue crab Portunus segnis (Forskål, 1775) (Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Mediterranean
Authors: Ben Abdallah-Ben Hadj Hamida Olfa , Ben Hadj Hamida Nader , Ammar Rihab , Chaouch Houda , Missaoui Hechmi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe alien blue swimming crab, Portunus segnis (Forskål, 1775), an Indo-Pacific species, has been recorded in the southern Mediterranean Sea for decades, and its occurrence along the southern Tunisian coasts has been recorded since 2014. The feeding habits of P. segnis were studied in the Gulf of Gabes from October 2015 to September 2016. The stomach contents of 3061 crabs, ranging from 50 to 168 mm carapace width, were analysed. The stomach contents appeared to consist mainly of large quantities of crustaceans, fish and molluscs, and small quantities of echinoderms, annelids, tunicates, cnidarians, plants, unidentifiable matter and debris. The major food groups observed were crustaceans throughout the year with fish and molluscs secondly. In juvenile, sub-adult and adult crabs, crustaceans constituted the dominant food source and these were present in more than 65% of the stomachs analysed. Ingestion of fish increases as the crab matures. A significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was observed in the quantity of the food consumed by the two sexes. The diet also increased with increasing ovary maturity degree, while the percentage of empty stomachs in ovigerous and non-ovigerous females did not show any difference. The vacuity index varied significantly in both sex (P &lt; 0.0001), among size (P &lt; 0.0001) and seasons (P &lt; 0.0001). This study shows that, despite the diversity in blue crab diets and feeding habits, it is omnivorous with a preference for animal material.
Threatened species in a threatened ecosystem: the conservation status of fourSolanumspecies in the face of ongoing habitat loss
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. , Halford Jason , Hansen Chris , Laffineur Boris , Williams Billie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlant biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation and invasion by exotic species, but the effects of these disturbances on individual plant species are rarely quantified. Since the 1950s, brigalowAcacia harpophyllaforests in Australia have been extensively cleared and converted to pastures dominated by exotic grasses. Here we assess the habitat requirements, population numbers and threats for four poorly known bush tomato species,Solanum adenophorum, Solanum dissectum, Solanum elachophyllumandSolanum johnsonianum. Herbarium records and surveys demonstrated a strong association of all four species with brigalow habitat, althoughS. elachophyllumalso occurred in other habitat. We derived historical and current population estimates from plant densities at current sites and the area of mapped brigalow habitat. Density estimates are imprecise because the survey data vary greatly, but the assessment indicates the populations of all four species have declined > 93%.Solanum dissectumandS. johnsonianumdid not persist in cleared brigalow habitat, whereasS. adenophorumandS. elachophyllumhad some capacity to persist in clearings. None of the species occur where the exotic grass cover is > 40%. Between 27% and 57% of the records of the four species are in brigalow remnants with a high edge-to-area ratio or open canopy (< 50% cover), making them highly vulnerable to invasive grasses. We recommend the categorization ofS. dissectumandS. johnsonianumas Critically Endangered,S. adenophorumas Vulnerable andS. elachophyllumas Near Threatened.
Influence of autophagy, apoptosis and their interplay in filaricidal activity of C-cinnamoyl glycosides
Authors: Roy Priya , Sengupta Anirban , Joardar Nikhilesh , Bhattacharyya Arindam , Saha Nimai Chandra , Misra Anup Kumar , Sinha Babu Santi P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe present work aims to explore the mechanism of action ofC-cinnamoyl glycoside as an antifilarial agent against the bovine filarial nematodeSetaria cervi. Both apoptosis and autophagy programmed cell death pathways play a significant role in parasitic death. The generation of reactive oxygen species, alteration of the level of antioxidant components and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential may be the causative factors that drive the parasitic death. Monitoring of autophagic fluxviathe formation of autophagosome and autophagolysosome was detectedviaCYTO ID dye. The expression profiling of both apoptotic and autophagic marker proteins strongly support the initial findings of these two cell death processes. The increased interaction of pro-autophagic protein Beclin1 with BCL-2 may promote apoptotic pathway by suppressing anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 from its function. This in turn partially restrains the autophagic pathway by engaging Beclin1 in the complex. But overall positive increment in autophagic flux was observed. Dynamic interaction and regulative balance of these two critical cellular pathways play a decisive role in controlling disease pathogenesis. Therefore, the present experimental work may prosper the chance forC-cinnamoyl glycosides to become a potential antifilarial therapeutic in the upcoming day after detailin vivostudy and proper clinical trial.
Anthelmintic activity of plants against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats: a review
Authors: Oliveira Santos Francianne , Ponce Morais Cerqueira Amanda , Branco Alexsandro , José Moreira Batatinha Maria , Borges Botura Mariana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) stand out as an important cause of disease in small ruminant, especially on goat farm. Widespread resistance to synthetic anthelminthics has stimulated the research for alternative strategies of parasite control, including the use of medicinal plants. The present work summarizes the in vitro and in vivo studies of plants with activity against GIN of goats, focusing on the description of chemical constituents related to this effect. This review retrieved 56 scientific articles from 2008 to 2018 describing more than 100 different plant species. The most frequently investigated family was Fabaceae (30.7%). Most in vitro studies on the activity of plant extracts and fractions were carried out with of free-living stages nematodes. In vivo studies were conducted mainly with the use of plants in animal feed and generally showed lower effectiveness compared to in vitro assays. The main plant secondary metabolites associated with anthelmintic effect are condensed tannins, saponin and flavonoids. However, the studies with compounds isolated from plants and elucidation of their mechanisms of action are scarce. Herbal medicines are thought to be promising sources for the development of effective anthelmintic agents.
Gastrointestinal helminths from the common warthog,Phacochoerus africanus(Gmelin) (Suidae), in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, with comments on helminths of Suidae and Tayassuidae worldwide
Authors: Junker Kerstin , Spickett Andrea , Swanepoel Monlee , Krasnov Boris R. , Boomker Joop , Hoffman Louwrens C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThirty warthogs,Phacochoerus africanus, were collected in the Pongola Game Reserve, South Africa and examined for helminths. Gastrointestinal helminth assemblages comprisedGastrodiscus aegyptiacus, the cestode genusMonieziaand seven species of nematodes. A single warthog harboured a metacestode ofTaenia hydatigenain the mesenteries. No helminths were found in the heart, lungs or liver of the warthogs.Probstmayria viviparaandMurshidiaspp. were the most prevalent as well as abundant helminth species, followed byPhysocephalus sexalatus. The incidence ofMonieziadid not differ between hosts of different sex or age. Numbers ofMurshidiaspp. were not affected by host sex, but were higher in adults than in juveniles. Conversely, burdens ofTrichostrongylus thomasiwere not affected by host age, but were higher in males than in females. While not highly significant, helminth assemblages in male warthogs were more species rich than in females. Helminth communities in the three genera of wild sub-Saharan suids are largely unique, butPh. africanusandHylochoerus meinertzhagenishare more worm species with each other than withPotamochoerus larvatus, possibly because the former two are more closely related. Overlap between helminth communities of African wild suids and those of other suids and Tayassuidae worldwide is limited.
LA CORRUZIONE POLITICA IN ITALIA
Authors: Cazzola Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn altra sede ho già avuto modo di ricordare come intorno al problema «corruzione politica» (un fenomeno difficile da afferrare) sia venuta fuori una miriade babelica di esercizi denotativi riconducibile a tre grandi filoni, a seconda del criterio che vi viene posto a base. Se si assume il criterio legalistico corruzione è «un comportamento che devia dai doveri formali di un ruolo pubblico (una carica elettiva o dovuta a nomina) per ottenere vantaggi legati a questioni private (personali, di famiglia, di clan privato) relative al denaro o allo status; oppure che viola delle regole stabilite per impedire indebite forme di influenza privata». Se, invece, si pone a fondamento della definizione il criterio dell'interesse pubblico si allarga notevolmente il concetto di corruzione: «Un sistema di ordine pubblico e civile esalta l'interesse comune ponendolo al di sopra di interessi particolari; trasgredire l'interesse comune per interessi particolari è corruzione». Se, infine, si cerca nel criterio dell'opinione pubblica il fondamento della definizione abbiamo che è corruzione ciò che viene considerato tale dal peso dell'opinione pubblica: un atto è presumibilmente corrotto solo se la società lo condanna come tale, e se chi lo compie sente dei sensi di colpa nel compierlo.
IL GOVERNO: PROBLEMI CONCETTUALI E VERIFICHE EMPIRICHE
Authors: Urbani Giuliano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneInnanzitutto, una doverosa premessa. Credo che si debba riconoscere all'articolo di Mauro Calise il non trascurabile merito di aver messo in tutta evidenza la fertilità contenuta in alcuni fondamentali temi di ricerca, sui quali converrà proseguire con maggiore sistematicità lo scandaglio appena iniziato. Mi limito a ricordarne uno solo: l'importanza di riconsiderare l'intera problematica del processo di «istituzionalizzazione del governo» nel nostro paese alla luce dell'abbondantissima letteratura non strettamente politologica. Penso, ovviamente, al diritto costituzionale e parlamentare; ma anche alla stessa storia parlamentare, alla scienza dell'amministrazione, alle molte branche della sociologia politica fino alla moderna teoria economica delle strutture organizzative complesse (com'è nel caso, tanto per citare gli autori più potenzialmente rilevanti per il nostro problema, della produzione di un James G. March o di un Wilson o di un Williamson). La ragione è evidente. Non si tratta, infatti, di abdicare al nostro ruolo specialistico di politologi per vivere alle spalle di qualcun altro quanto di riconoscere apertamente che le altrui prospettive specialistiche possono consentirci di vedere in termini nuovi (e, a volte, notevolmente complicati) le nostre stesse questioni peculiari: come sono quelle attinenti alla specifica «logica politica» dei modi di essere dell'istituzione-governo. Limitiamoci anche qui a un solo esempio: il funzionamento del collegio «Consiglio dei ministri», considerato come la più tipica manifestazione delle coalizioni interpartitiche, ma anche — e allo stesso tempo — come un'organizzazione «economica» (finalizzata a massimizzare i possibili benefici, minimizzando i relativi costi), come un organo disciplinato da precise norme giuridiche, come una struttura sociale caratterizzata da una propria storia autonoma e così via. L'ipotesi è, infatti, che la comprensione dei «comportamenti coalizionali» all'interno del Consiglio dei ministri possa giovarsi grandemente di una simile considerazione interdisciplinare, sia pure impostata e finalizzata all'ottica esclusiva del lavoro politologico.
MODELLI DI SICUREZZA
Authors: Santoro Carlo M. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'impiego di modelli consente di ordinare concettualmente una teoria, oppure una pre-teoria, nel senso che per le sue caratteristiche di rappresentazione schematica (e talvolta anche grossolana) della realtà facilita l'identificazione di tutti gli elementi necessari alla sua impostazione. D'altra parte opera un raccordo fra classi o idealtipi la cui affinità affiora indirettamente, per metodo comparativo, proprio nel quadro della loro diversità. Infine, attraverso la loro potenza esplicativa, per le proprietà di raffigurare una teoria, nonché per la loro semplicità, riduzione di scala, e omissione dei dettagli, i modelli possono far da crocicchio, ovvero da intersezione, anche in seno all'analisi delle Relazioni Internazionali.
Solar and Stellar Flare Observations using Watch
Authors: Brandt S. , Lund N. , Rao A. R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Danish experiment WATCH (Wide Angle Telescope for Cosmic Hard X-rays) is to be flown on board the Soviet satellite GRANAT in middle of 1989. The performence characteristics of the WATCH instrument is described. It is estimated that WATCH can detect about 100 solar hard X-ray bursts per day. WATCH can also detect about 40 energetic stellar soft X-ray flares, similar to the fast transient X-ray emissions detected by the Ariel V satellite.
Simultaneous Multi-Wavelength Observations
of an Intense Flare on AD Leonis
Authors: Rodonó M. , Houdebine E.R. , Catalano S. , Foing B. , Butler C.J. , Scaltriti F. , Cutispoto G. , Gary D.W. , Gibson D.M. , Haisch B.M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe report on the first successful coordinated observations of stellar flares carried out on March 28, 1984 simultaneously over a wide range of wavelengths, from UV to microwaves, using the IUE satellite, three ESO telescopes at La Silla (Chile) and the VLA at Socorro (NM, USA).
A gas-dynamic model for a flare on YZ CMi: Interpretation of spectroscopic observations with high temporal resolution
Authors: Katsova M.M. , Livshits M.A. , Butler C.J. , Doyle J.G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe spectra of a flare on YZ CMi, obtained with a temporal resolution of 60 seconds on March 4 1985 and over the range 3600-4400 A, are analysed using a gas-dynamic model. In this model, the optical radiation in the U-band, outside of flare maximum, is produced by a condensation formed during the gas-dynamic process. With the optical continuum described by a Planck function for a temperature of T ≈ 104K, the emitting source area S ≥ 5 10l7cm2. The hydrogen plasma kinetics of an “8 levels plus continuum” model atom are calculated, and it is shown that the low slope of the Balmer decrement, just after the flare maximum, is connected with a large population in the second level of the hydrogen atom.