bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidentiality in the Uto-Aztecan Languages
Authors: Thornes Tim 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe expression of evidentiality is quite diverse among the languages of the Uto-Aztecan family. This diversity is seen both in the number of terms and associated functional distinctions and in the formal means used to express them. The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize and describe evidential expression across the family, both as a contribution to a typology of evidential systems in the world’s languages and to an understanding of the diachronic development of such systems.All the languages surveyed in this chapter mark, at a minimum, reported information, and most of them also carry some means for marking inference. The grammaticalization and renewal of reportative evidentials is considered. Most of the languages treat direct evidence either as the default or unspecified case. The overt marking of direct, firsthand evidence is rare, and just a few languages express perceptual evidence, either visual or auditory.
Evidentiality and Epistemic Modality in Gitksan
Authors: Peterson Tyler 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter presents a sketch of the grammatical evidential system and related epistemic meanings in Gitksan, a critically endangered indigenous language of the Tsimshianic language family spoken in the northwest interior of Canada. A number of basic syntactic and semantic tests utilizing presupposition, negation, and dissent are applied that provide a nuanced description of the meanings of the individual evidentials. A specific feature of the Gitksan evidentials which is examined in detail involves how they can be used to express epistemic modality, and how a speaker’s choice of which evidential to use in a particular speech context is conditioned by her evaluation of the information acquired in that context. One of the effects of this choice is the expression of what can be translated as modal force.
Turkic Indirectivity
Authors: Johanson Lars 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter deals with various Turkic evidential categories, which typically express the notion of indirectivity. The primary task of indirectivity is not to express an external origin of the addresser’s knowledge of an event, but to indicate that a narrated event is stated in an indirect way, by reference to its reception by a conscious subject. The reception may be realised through hearsay, inference, or perception. Some more elaborate Turkic systems distinguish between reported and non-reported indirectivity. The various evidential notions are realized morphologically by two types of markers. One type consists of post-terminal inflectional markers that sometimes tend to vacillate between evidential and non-evidential readings. The other type consists of copular particles that are more stable markers of evidentiality.
Evidentials in Uralic Languages
Authors: Skribnik Elena , Kehayov Petar 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of Uralic evidential systems: of the type A3 in Finnic, A2 in Mari and Permic, A1 and A2 in Ob-Ugric (with strong mirativization), of B3, C3, and higher types in Samoyedic, i.e. very different in different branches of the Uralic family. Due to this and to similarities in both semantic values and coding with their geographical neighbours, grammatical evidentiality cannot be considered an inherited feature of Uralic languages—but rather appeared due to areal diffusion and independent innovations with different sources, from past tenses to desubordination.Uralic evidentials are not used in commands and tend to be incompatible with non-indicative moods; they are rarely found in negative clauses and questions, in which case they are outside the scope of the negative/interrogative operator; i.e. the content of the clause is negated/questioned, not the information source.
Evidentiality and the Expression of Knowledge: An African Perspective
Authors: Storch Anne 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEvidentials in African languages range from systems that distinguish between firsthand and non-firsthand information to repertoires of evidential markers that express source of information, control over knowledge, reliability of inferred information, etc. Besides more ‘typical’ evidentials, there are also examples where evidential meanings are expressed via spatial deictic markers, discourse markers, and pronominal elements. This contribution provides an overview of evidentiality in a number of African languages and a case study of the pragmatics of these expressions. The chapter’s main argument is that evidential meanings can emerge ad hoc in specific sociolinguistic settings, where a number of factors translate into a need for clarity and unambiguity in phatic communication. To avoid misinterpretations, speakers make use of evidential markers, thereby reacting to social pressure. They also make reference to notions of agency, voice, and control over knowledge. This chapter focuses on individual languages of Nigeria (Jukun, Maaka) and South Sudan (Luwo).
Evidentiality in Japanese
Authors: Narrog Heiko , Yang Wenjiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the structure, meaning and use of evidential markers in Modern Japanese and a brief summary of evidential markers through Japanese language history. Japanese has inferential evidentials and reportive markers. They are realized as suffixes on a variety of (mainly verbal) predicates, and as grammaticalized nouns. Issues that arise and are discussed in this chapter include the differentiation between markers that are semantically similar, the purported existence of direct evidential uses, the distinction between evidentials (reportives) on the one hand and quotatives on the other, the interaction with other categories of (mainly verbal) predicates such as tense, aspect, and modality, and the use in interrogatives.
Dizqueand other Emergent Evidential forms in Romance Languages
Authors: Alcázar Asier 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter addresses the origin, meaning, syntax, and classification of dizque ‘they.say.that’. These questions are framed in the context of ongoing diachronic and synchronic investigations of new evidential markers (complementizer que ‘that’, digamos ‘let’s say’) and dizque variants (que dizque, quesque). Contingent on the dialect, dizque is a reportative and/or quotative, with a higher or lower degree of epistemic extensions, and mirativity. Dizque can be primarily epistemic too. Syntactic distribution varies. Most forms behave as a particle, with variable scope, to include sentences, constituents, and predicates. Contact with Quechua is thought to accelerate grammaticalization in some dialects. The origin of dizque is unresolved. Dizque may be substratum influence from indigenous languages of South America. Because Romance presents similar forms, dizque could be part of a more general genealogical development. Considering its early presence in the seed Peninsular Dialect, borrowing from Basque, or a calque from Latin cannot be dismissed.
Evidentiality and Information Source in Signed Languages
Authors: Wilcox Sherman , Shaffer Barbara 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines evidentiality in signed languages. Data comes primarily from three signed languages—American Sign Language (ASL), Brazilian Sign Language (Libras), and Catalan Sign Language (LSC). The relationship between evidentiality, epistemic modality, and mirativity is examined across the expression of perceptual information as an evidential source, inference, and reported speech. It is suggested that evidentiality relies on simulation and subjectification. Finally, a proposal is offered that evidentiality, epistemic modality, and mirativity are primarily expressed through grammaticalized facial markers in signed languages, rather than by means of manual signs. These markers allow for simultaneous expression of grammatical markers. In signed languages, therefore, not only are the semantic components of evidentiality, epistemic modality, and mirativity integrated, so too are the phonological means of expression.
Evidentials and Epistemic Modality
Authors: Wiemer Björn 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter deals with the relation between the notional domains of information source and epistemic modality. It surveys various approaches to this relation and the cross-linguistic patterns of the way in which linguistic units (of diverse formats) with evidential or epistemic meanings develop extensions whereby they encroach into each other’s domains. Meaning extensions in either direction can adequately be captured, and confusion between both domains can be avoided, only if in the analysis of the meaning of such units (a) an onomasiological and semasiological perspective and (b) a coded-inferred divide are distinguished. Thus, epistemic extensions often arise as Generalized Conversational Implicatures (GCIs). Concomitantly, reliability functions as a mechanism that mediates between, but cannot be identified with, the contributions of evidential and epistemic meanings. Reliability, together with the predictability of specific markers and discourse expectations, is considered responsible for the rise of epistemic GCIs.
Where Do Evidentials Come From?
Authors: Friedman Victor A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the origins of evidential marking, with a focus on the languages of the Eurasian continent. These languages display both transmission and diffusion. Moreover, a feature that diffuses from one system into another can then be elaborated by mechanisms of transmission, while a transmitted system can be affected by diffusion. With the exception of Turkic and Mongolic, historically centrally located in Eurasia, reconstructable evidential systems of the continent have relatively shallow time-depths and are not reconstructable for respective protolanguages. This also appears to be the case for some instances in Native America when reconstruction is possible. Reinterpreted past tenses, subordinate clauses, and nominalizations are major sources, reduced lexical items also occur, on rare occasions future marking, noun incorporation, and the reinterpretation of interrogative or emphatics is attested as relevant. Copying, calquing, and subsequent internal elaboration also play roles.
Evidentials, Information Sources, and Cognition
Authors: Ünal Ercenur , Papafragou Anna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates how conceptual representations of sources of knowledge make contact with linguistic evidentiality. By drawing on empirical evidence from both adult and child speakers of languages with different evidential systems, the present chapter aims to understand which aspects of cognition are shared by speakers of different languages and which aspects may be susceptible to linguistic influences. Findings from these lines of work support a universalist view of the relation between language and cognition, according to which linguistic categories of evidentiality do not shape, but build on conceptual representations of sources of knowledge that are shared across speakers of different languages.
Newton and Spinoza
Authors: Peterman Alison 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between Newton’s philosophy and Spinoza’s. It begins by outlining the historical context in which Spinoza and Newton may have exerted mutual influence, considering in particular the Newtonian response to Spinoza and to Spinozistic doctrines like necessitarianism, monism, and scientific apriorism. It goes on to discuss some of the most interesting aspects of the relationships between Spinoza’s and Newton’s positions on natural-philosophical method, the status of final causes, and God’s relationship to creation. While Newton and Spinoza are fundamentally at odds concerning the role of induction in natural philosophy and the question of whether the investigation of nature reveals God’s designs, shared influences and a concern to emphasize creatures’ dependence on God bring Newton close to aspects of Spinozist ontology.
Conceptualizing Artists’ Rights
Authors: van Haaften-Schick Lauren 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Artist’s Reserved Rights Transfer and Sale Agreement (Siegelaub-Projansky Agreement) of 1971 and the certificates of early Conceptual art have been considered contradictory for enabling so-called “dematerialized” artworks to be exchanged as any other commodifiable work, thus negating Conceptual artists’ claims of challenging market and institutional conventions. However, an expanded lens on the life of the Siegelaub-Projansky Agreement in law yields another legacy for these endeavors, where the Agreement is instead evidenced as influencing artists’ rights laws in the United States, and where its rhetoric of collectivity can be viewed as a radical appropriation of private law in an effort to establish more equitable art industry norms. This reclaimed narrative of political influence emerges only when we recognize the capacity of these artistic documents as legal instruments, and consider how they have circulated through and challenged the limits of both fields they are cross-classified between: art and law.
Periurethral Mass Mimicking Neoplasm After Injection of Macroplastique for Postprostatectomy Stress Incontinence
Authors: Richard Capucine , Dejust Sébastien , Moubtakir Abdenasser , Bruna-Muraille Claire , Morland David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A 64-year-old man underwent initial 18F-FDG PET/CT staging for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, which showed the primary gastric tumor, several bone metastases, and high uptake in a periurethral mass mimicking pelvic neoplasm developed after injection of polydimethylsiloxane (Macroplastique) urethral bulking agent 6 years ago for postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. This case showed a very rare complication of silicon particle injection therapy, and the intense uptake is likely due to granulomatous reaction around the implant.
FDG PET/CT in 2 Cases of Hepatic Pseudolymphoma
Authors: Zhong Xinping , Dong Aisheng , Dong Hui , Wang Yang 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Hepatic pseudolymphoma, also known as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia or nodular lymphoid hyperplasia, is a rare benign lymphoproliferative lesion. Preoperative diagnosis of hepatic pseudolymphoma is challenging. We present 2 cases of hepatic pseudolymphoma with focal intense FDG uptake on FDG PET/CT mimicking malignancy. These 2 cases suggest that hepatic pseudolymphoma should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis in patients with focal hypermetabolic hepatic lesion.
False-Positive Uptake of 131I Due to Tubal Ligation in a Patient With Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Tong Junyu , Jin Yuchen , Liu Min , Lv Zhongwei , Chen Libo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A 39-year-old woman with papillary thyroid cancer underwent 131I therapy after thyroidectomy. Posttherapeutic 131I whole-body scan accidentally showed symmetric “hot spots” in the pelvic region beyond known bone metastases. SPECT/CT was immediately added and revealed metal artifacts with 131I accumulation in the nearby uterus. Further inquiry discovered that she underwent tubal ligation 19 years ago. Our case demonstrates that 131I accumulation can occur at the site of oviducts many years after tubal ligation, which should be distinguished from 131I-avid metastases.
Feasibility of Laparoscopy-assisted Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer in Elderly Patients: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Tsuchiya Nobuhiro , Kunisaki Chikara , Makino Hirochika , Kimura Jun , Takagawa Ryo , Sato Sho , Tanaka Yusaku , Sato Kei , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Kosaka Takashi , Akiyama Hirotoshi , Endo Itaru , Sakamaki Kentaro , Yamanaka Takeharu 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
The present study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) in elderly gastric cancer patients.

Patients and Methods:
This study included 78 gastric cancer patients aged 80 years or above [39 in the LG group and 39 in the open gastrectomy group (matched)]. Patient characteristics, surgical outcomes, survival time, and immunonutritional status were compared.

Results:
Mean blood loss was significantly lower in the LG group, although the operation time did not differ. There were no significant differences in the number of dissected lymph nodes, postoperative morbidity, mortality, total hospital stay, and the causes of death. The prognostic nutritional index and skeletal muscle index at 1 year were better maintained in the LG group than in the open gastrectomy group. The overall and relapse-free survivals did not differ.

Conclusions:
LG may be feasible in elderly patients with gastric cancer. A prospective randomized controlled trial should be conducted to confirm its efficacy.
Electromyographic Study of Thoracic Paraspinal and Rectus Abdominis Muscles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Zambelis Thomas , Koutsoudaki Pinelopi , Anagnostou Evangelos , Kokotis Panagiotis , Karandreas Nikolaos 
Published: March 2018

Purpose:
The aim of our study was the comparison of active denervation (fibrillation and/or positive sharp wave potentials) in thoracic paraspinal muscles with rectus abdominis in patients with definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Methods:
Ninety-five consecutive patients with clinically definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis according to the revised El Escorial criteria were studied prospectively over a 5-year period. Concentric needle electromyogram was performed in thoracic paraspinal muscles, in the rectus abdominis at the T9 level, and in limb muscles.

Results:
Active denervation was present in thoracic paraspinal muscles in 75 patients (79%) and in rectus abdominis in 62 patients (65.3%) (P = 0.02). No significant difference was found between the two muscles regarding the type of onset (bulbar, upper, and lower limbs), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis functional rating scale values, and creatine phosphokinase levels.

Conclusions:
Thoracic paraspinal muscles are the first to be tested in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Absence of active denervation in T-PSM is rarely associated with active denervation in rectus abdominis.
Effects of geometric nonlinearity in an adhered microbeam for measuring the work of adhesion
Authors: Fang Wenqiang , Mok Joyce , Kesari Haneesh 
Published: March 2018

Design against adhesion in microelectromechanical devices is predicated on the ability to quantify this phenomenon in microsystems. Previous research related the work of adhesion for an adhered microbeam to the beam's unadhered length, and as such, interferometric techniques were developed to measure that length. We propose a new vibration-based technique that can be easily implemented with existing atomic force microscopy tools or similar metrology systems. To make such a technique feasible, we analysed a model of the adhered microbeam using the nonlinear beam theory put forth by Woinowsky–Krieger. We found a new relation between the work of adhesion and the unadhered length; this relation is more accurate than the one by Mastrangelo & Hsu (Mastrangelo & Hsu 1993J. Microelectromech. S.,2, 44–55. (doi:10.1109/84.232594)) which is commonly used. Then, we derived a closed-form approximate relationship between the microbeam's natural frequency and its unadhered length. Results obtained from this analytical formulation are in good agreement with numerical results from three-dimensional nonlinear finite-element analysis.
Back pain, mental health and substance use are associated in adolescents
Authors: Kamper SJ , Michaleff ZA , Campbell P , Dunn KM , Yamato TP , Hodder RK , Wiggers J , Williams CM 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundDuring adolescence, prevalence of pain and health risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and poor mental health rise sharply. While these risk factors and mental health are accepted public health concerns, the same is not true for pain. The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between back pain and health risk factors in adolescents.MethodsCross-sectional data from the Healthy Schools Healthy Futures study, and the Australian Child Wellbeing Project was used. The mean age of participants was 14-15 years. Children were stratified according to the frequency they experienced back pain over the past 6 months. Within each strata, the proportion of children that reported drinking alcohol or smoking in the past month and the proportion that experienced feelings of anxiety or depression was reported. Test-for-trend analyses assessed whether increasing frequency of pain was associated with health risk factors.ResultsData from approximately 2,500 and 3,900 children in the two studies was analysed. Larger proportions of children smoked or drank alcohol within each strata of increasing pain frequency. The trend with report of anxiety and depression was less clear, although there was a marked difference between the children that reported pain ‘rarely or never’, and those that experienced back pain more frequently.ConclusionTwo large, independent samples show Australian adolescents that experience back pain more frequently are also more likely to smoke, drink alcohol and report feelings of anxiety and depression. Pain appears to be part of the picture of general health risk in adolescents.What is already known on this subject?The prevalence of back pain rises steeply during the adolescent years, and is responsible for considerable personal impact in a substantial minority. During this time, indicators of adverse health risk such as smoking, alcohol use, anxiety and depression also increase in prevalence. Pain and lifestyle-related health risk factors can have ongoing consequences that stretch into adulthood.What this study adds?This study shows a close relationship between increasing pain frequency, and tendency to engage in health risk behaviours and experience indicators of poor mental health in adolescents. This study shows that pain may be an important consideration in understanding the general health, and health risk in adolescents.