bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insight into the Development of the Respiratory Acini in Rabbits: Morphological, Electron Microscopic Studies, and TUNEL Assay
Authors: Mokhtar Doaa M. , Hussein Manal T. , Hussein Marwa M. , Abd-Elhafez Enas A. , Kamel Gamal 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the histomorphological features of developing rabbit respiratory acini during the postnatal period. On the 1st day of postnatal life, the epithelium of terminal bronchiole consisted of clear cells which intercalated between few ciliated and abundant non-ciliated (Clara) cells. At this age, the rabbit lung was in the alveolar stage. The terminal bronchioles branched into several alveolar ducts, which opened into atria that communicated to alveolar sacs. All primary and secondary inter-alveolar septa were thick and showed a double-capillary network (immature septa). The primitive alveoli were lined largely by type-I pneumocytes and mature type-II pneumocytes. The type-I pneumocytes displayed an intimate contact with the endothelial cells of the blood capillaries forming the blood–air barrier (0.90 ± 0.03 µm in thickness). On the 3rd day, we observed intense septation and massive formation of new secondary septa giving the alveolar sac a crenate appearance. The mean thickness of the air–blood barrier decreased to reach 0.78 ± 0.14 µm. On the 7th day, the terminal bronchiole epithelium consisted of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The non-ciliated cells could be identified as Clara cells and serous cells. New secondary septa were formed, meanwhile the inter-alveolar septa become much thinner and the air–blood barrier thickness was 0.66 ± 0.03 µm. On the 14th day, the terminal bronchiole expanded markedly and the pulmonary alveoli were thin-walled. Inter-alveolar septa become much thinner and single capillary layers were observed. In the 1st month, the secondary septa increased in length forming mature cup-shaped alveoli. In the 2nd month, the lung tissue grew massively to involve the terminal respiratory unit. In the 3rd month, the pulmonary parenchyma appeared morphologically mature. All inter-alveolar septa showed a single-capillary layer, and primordia of new septa were also observed. The thickness of the air–blood barrier was much thinner; 0.56 ± 0.16 µm. TUNEL assay after birth revealed that the apoptotic cells were abundant and distributed in the epithelium lining of the pulmonary alveoli and the interstitium of the thick interalveolar septa. On the 7th day, and onward, the incidence of apoptotic cells decreased markedly. This study concluded that the lung development included two phases: the first phase (from birth to the 14th days) corresponds to the period of bulk alveolarization and microvascular maturation. The second phase (from the 14th days to the full maturity) corresponds to the lung growth and late alveolarization.
The Politics of Regime Mainstreaming: Knowledge Production and the Institutionalization of Islamic Finance
Authors: Sandal Nukhet A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIslamic finance has been surprisingly undertheorized in the international relations literature. In this paper, I fill this gap by investigating the dynamics of mainstreaming within the Islamic finance regime in global markets. Using the norm diffusion literature, I argue that the development and diffusion of Islamic economics, and the corresponding expertise, have followed three distinct steps. First, Islamic economics initially was a critique of capitalism and world markets; second, it was “nationalized” by the political leaders of major Muslim-majority countries; and third, it became an integral part of world markets. By tracing the development of Islamic finance as part of global politics, I situate it within a theoretical framework and show the wider implications of this economic framework for global politics.
The Abundance, Size, and Spacing of Lakes and Reservoirs Connected to River Networks
Authors: Gardner J. R. , Pavelsky T. M. , Doyle M. W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDescriptions of river network topology do not include lakes/reservoirs that are connected to rivers. We describe the properties and scaling patterns of river network topology across the contiguous United States: how lake/reservoir abundance, median lake/reservoir size, and median lake/reservoir spacing change with river size. Typically, lake/reservoir abundance decreases, median lake/reservoir size increases, but median lake/reservoir spacing is uniform across river size. There is a characteristic lake/reservoir size of 0.01–0.05 km2 and a characteristic lake/reservoir spacing of 1–5 km that shifts to 27–61 km in larger rivers. Climate explains more of the variance in river network topology than both glacial history and constructed reservoirs. Our results provide conceptual models for building river network topologies to assess how lake/reservoir abundance, size, and spacing effect the transport, storage, and cycling of water, materials, and organisms across networks.
Simulations of Electron Energization and Injection by BBFs Using High‐Resolution LFM MHD Fields
Authors: Eshetu W. W. , Lyon J. G. , Hudson M. K. , Wiltberger M. J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe study electron injection and energization by bursty bulk flows (BBFs), by tracing electron trajectories using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) field output from the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) code. The LFM MHD simulations were performed using idealized solar wind conditions to produce BBFs. We show that BBFs can inject energetic electrons of few to 100 keV from the magnetotatail beyond −24 RE to inward of geosynchronous, while accelerating them in the process. We also show the dependence of energization and injection on the initial relative position of the electrons to the magnetic field structure of the BBF, the initial pitch angle, and the initial energy. In addition, we have shown that the process can be nonadiabatic with violation of the first adiabatic invariant (μ). Further, we discuss the mechanism of energization and injection in order to give generalized insight into the process.
The Morphology of the Topside Martian Ionosphere: Implications on Bulk Ion Flow
Authors: Wu X.‐S. , Cui J. , Xu S. S. , Lillis R. J. , Yelle R. V. , Edberg N. J. T. , Vigren E. , Rong Z.‐J. , Fan K. , Guo J.‐P. , Cao Y.‐T. , Jiang F.‐Y. , Wei Y. , Mitchell D. L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPrior to the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, the only information on the composition of the Martian ionosphere came from the Viking Retarding Potential Analyzer data, revealing the presence of substantial ion outflow on the dayside of Mars. Extensive measurements made by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer allow us to examine the morphology of the Martian ionosphere not only in unprecedented detail but also on both the dayside and the nightside of the planet. Above 300 km, various ionospheric species present a roughly constant density scale height around 100 km on the dayside and 180 km on the nightside. An evaluation of the ion force balance, appropriate for regions with near‐horizontal magnetic field lines, suggests the presence of supersonic ion outflow predominantly driven by the ambient magnetic pressure, with characteristic dayside and nightside flow velocities of 4 and 20 km/s, respectively, both referred to an altitude of 500 km. The corresponding total ion outflow rates are estimated to be 5 × 1025 s−1 on the dayside and 1 × 1025 s−1 on the nightside. The data also indicate a prominent variation with magnetic field orientation in that the ion distribution over regions with near‐vertical field lines tends to be more extended on the dayside but more concentrated on the nightside, as compared to regions with near‐horizontal field lines. These observations should have important implications on the pattern of ion dynamics in the vicinity of Mars.
Modeling of Seasonal Lake Level Fluctuations of Titan's Seas/Lakes
Authors: Tokano Tetsuya , Lorenz Ralph D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSeasonal variations in lake levels of Titan's hydrocarbon seas/lakes are predicted by an ocean circulation model in an effort to understand the observed temporal changes in lake size or lack thereof. Three different ground permeabilities are assumed so as to change the relative importance of precipitation, evaporation, river runoff, and groundwater seepage for the lake methane budget. The lake level generally rises in the rainy season around the summer solstice and falls or stagnates during long dry periods in autumn and winter. The annual lake level range in the northern hemisphere amounts to 50–120 cm depending on geographic location and size of the lakes and ground permeability. If the hydraulic connection between Punga Mare and Kraken Mare is weak, the lake level range of Punga Mare amplifies at the expense of other seas and also establishes a large lake level difference between these two seas, which is not compatible with the observation by the Cassini spacecraft. On‐lake precipitation would cause the lake level of Ontario Lacus to vary seasonally by merely 15 cm, yet river runoff from the huge catchment area can increase the annual lake level range to several meters. The shrinkage of Ontario Lacus observed by Cassini is more likely to be caused by lakebed seepage than by evaporation. The ultimate cause of the difference in the seasonal behavior between northern and southern lakes may be the hemispheric asymmetry in precipitation, be it caused astronomically or topographically.
Analysis of whole genome-transcriptomic organization in brain to identify genes associated with alcoholism
Authors: Kapoor Manav , Wang Jen-Chyong , Farris Sean P. , Liu Yunlong , McClintick Jeanette , Gupta Ishaan , Meyers Jacquelyn L. , Bertelsen Sarah , Chao Michael , Nurnberger John , Tischfield Jay , Harari Oscar , Zeran Li , Hesselbrock Victor , Bauer Lance , Raj Towfique , Porjesz Bernice , Agrawal Arpana , Foroud Tatiana , Edenberg Howard J. , Mayfield R. Dayne , Goate Alison 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlcohol exposure triggers changes in gene expression and biological pathways in human brain. We explored alterations in gene expression in the Pre-Frontal Cortex (PFC) of 65 alcoholics and 73 controls of European descent, and identified 129 genes that showed altered expression (FDR < 0.05) in subjects with alcohol dependence. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for pathways related to interferon signaling and Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) signaling. A coexpression module (thistle2) identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was significantly correlated with alcohol dependence, alcohol consumption, and AUDIT scores. Genes in the thistle2 module were enriched with genes related to calcium signaling pathways and showed significant downregulation of these pathways, as well as enrichment for biological processes related to nicotine response and opioid signaling. A second module (brown4) showed significant upregulation of pathways related to immune signaling. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for genes in the brown4 module were also enriched for genetic associations with alcohol dependence and alcohol consumption in large genome-wide studies included in the Psychiatric Genetic Consortium and the UK Biobank’s alcohol consumption dataset. By leveraging multi-omics data, this transcriptome analysis has identified genes and biological pathways that could provide insight for identifying therapeutic targets for alcohol dependence.
Perceptions of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in different policy scenarios
Authors: Bellamy Rob , Lezaun Javier , Palmer James 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThere is growing interest in bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) as a possible technology for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. In the first study of its kind, we investigate whether and how different forms of incentivisation impact on public perceptions of this technology. We develop a new experimental method to triangulate perceptions of BECCS in different policy scenarios through quantitative measurement and qualitative elicitation. Here we show that the type of policy instrument used to incentivise BECCS significantly affects perceptions of the technology itself. While we find approval of coercive and persuasion-based policy scenarios for incentivisation, supportive instruments proved polarising. Payments based on the amount of CO2 removed from the atmosphere were approved, but guarantees of higher prices for producers selling energy derived from BECCS were strongly opposed. We conclude that public support for BECCS is inextricably linked to attitudes towards the policies through which it is incentivised.
Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability by Plasma from Patients with Crohn’s Disease in a Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model
Authors: Xu Pan , Elamin Elhaseen , Elizalde Montserrat , Bours Paul P. H. A. , Pierik Marieke J. , Masclee Ad A. M. , Jonkers Daisy M. A. E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntestinal epithelial barrier is affected by multiple factors, such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Plasma concentration of TNF-α is higher in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) than healthy controls (HC) and correlates positively with disease activity. This study aimed to determine the effect of plasma from active, inactive CD patients on intestinal barrier function and to investigate the underlying mechanism. Plasma samples were collected from CD patients and HC. 3D Caco-2 cysts were treated with plasma or TNF-α, with or without pre-incubation of adalimumab (a monoclonal antibody that antagonizes TNF-α) or JNK inhibitor SP600125. The results demonstrated that exposure of the cysts to plasma from CD patients resulted in enhanced paracellular permeability in a disease activity-dependent manner. Compared to HC, active CD plasma decreased ZO-1 and OCCLUDIN expression on mRNA and protein levels, and led to an increased JNK phosphorylation. Pre-incubation with adalimumab or SP600125 ameliorated TJ disruption and barrier dysfunction induced by plasma from CD patients. These results indicate that plasma from CD patients is able to induce epithelial barrier disruption, in part through TNF-α induced TJs modulation. The data also demonstrate an involvement of MAPK pathway, in particular the JNK isoform, in CD patient plasma-induced barrier dysfunction.
Bushen Yijing Fang Reduces Fall Risk in Late Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia: A Randomized Double-blind and Placebo-controlled Trial
Authors: Zheng Yuxin , Wang Xuezong , Zhang Zong-Kang , Guo Baosheng , Dang Lei , He Bing , Zhang Chi , Zhou Jiwei , Shi Wanzhong , Zhao Yongfang , Zhan Hongsheng , Xu Yu , Liang Chao , Liu Jin , Guan Daogang , Wang Luyao , Wu Xiaohao , Li Jie , Zhuo Zhenjian , Lin Zhixiu , Qiu Hong , Zhong Lidan , Bian Zhaoxiang , Shi Yinyu , Zhang Bao-Ting , Zhang Ge , Lu Aiping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFalls in late postmenopausal women with osteopenia usually cause fractures with severe consequences. This 36-month randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial with a 10-year observational follow-up study aimed to investigate the long-term effect of herbal formula Bushen Yijing Fang (BSYJF) on fall risk in the late postmenopausal women with osteopenia. 140 late postmenopausal women (Femoral neck T-score, −2.5~−2 SD) were recruited and randomized to orally receive calcium carbonate 300 mg daily with either BSYJF or placebo for 36 months. The effect was further investigated for another 10-year follow-up. During the 36-month administration, there were 12 falls in BSYJF group and 28 falls in placebo group, respectively, indicating 64% lower risk of falls (RR 0.36 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.71]; P = 0.004) in BSYJF group. During the 10-year follow-up, 36% lower fall risk (RR 0.64 [95% CI, 0.46 to 0.89]; P = 0.009) was observed in BSYJF group. No significant difference was found in safety profile between two groups. Thirty-six-month administration of BSYJF reduced fall risk with an increase in bone mass, and its latent effect on fall risk was continually observed in the 10-year follow-up in late postmenopausal women with osteopenia. This clinical trial was registered at Chinese clinical trial registry (ChiCTR-IOR-16008942).
A mutagenesis analysis of Tim50, the major receptor of the TIM23 complex, identifies regions that affect its interaction with Tim23
Authors: Dayan Dana , Bandel May , Günsel Umut , Nussbaum Inbal , Prag Gali , Mokranjac Dejana , Neupert Walter , Azem Abdussalam 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMaintenance of the mitochondrial proteome depends on import of newly made proteins from the cytosol. More than half of mitochondrial proteins are made as precursor proteins with N-terminal extensions called presequences and use the TIM23 complex for translocation into the matrix, the inner mitochondrial membrane and the intermembrane space (IMS). Tim50 is the central receptor of the complex that recognizes precursor proteins in the IMS. Additionally, Tim50 interacts with the IMS domain of the channel forming subunit, Tim23, an interaction that is essential for protein import across the mitochondrial inner membrane. In order to gain deeper insight into the molecular function of Tim50, we used random mutagenesis to determine residues that are important for its function. The temperature-sensitive mutants isolated were defective in import of TIM23-dependent precursor proteins. The residues mutated map to two distinct patches on the surface of Tim50. Notably, mutations in both patches impaired the interaction of Tim50 with Tim23. We propose that two regions of Tim50 play a role in its interaction with Tim23 and thereby affect the import function of the complex.
Machine vision benefits from human contextual expectations
Authors: Katti Harish , Peelen Marius V. , Arun S. P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractScene context is known to facilitate object recognition in both machines and humans, suggesting that the underlying representations may be similar. Alternatively, they may be qualitatively different since the training experience of machines and humans are strikingly different. Machines are typically trained on images containing objects and their context, whereas humans frequently experience scenes without objects (such as highways without cars). If these context representations are indeed different, machine vision algorithms will be improved on augmenting them with human context representations, provided these expectations can be measured and are systematic. Here, we developed a paradigm to measure human contextual expectations. We asked human subjects to indicate the scale, location and likelihood at which cars or people might occur in scenes without these objects. This yielded highly systematic expectations that we could then accurately predict using scene features. This allowed us to predict human expectations on novel scenes without requiring explicit measurements. Next we augmented decisions made by deep neural networks with these predicted human expectations and obtained substantial gains in accuracy for detecting cars and people (1–3%) as well as on detecting associated objects (3–20%). In contrast, augmenting deep network decisions with other conventional computer vision features yielded far smaller gains. Taken together, our results show that augmenting deep neural networks with human-derived contextual expectations improves their performance, suggesting that contextual representations are qualitatively different in humans and deep neural networks.
miR-302a inhibits human HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells proliferation and promotes apoptosis by targeting MAP3K2 and PBX3
Authors: Wang Meng , Lv Guoyue , Jiang Chao , Xie Shuli , Wang Guangyi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and has a poor prognosis. miR-302a is an important regulator of tumor occurrence and deterioration, while MAP3K2 and PBX3 genes are involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, the expression of miR-302a and MAP3K2/PBX3 were evaluated by qPCR in liver cancer cell lines. Next, the target relationship between miR-302a and MAP3K2/PBX3 was verified using luciferase assays. Meanwhile, the expression correlation between miR-302a and target genes was analyzed in cancer tissue and para-cancerous tissue. In addition, an increased miR-302a level in HepG2 cells and SMMC-7721 cells were achieved through transfection with miR-302a mimics, and the effects on HepG2 cell and SMMC-7721 cell proliferation, apoptosis and MAPK pathways were determined using MTT, flow cytometry, qPCR and western blot assays. The results showed that liver cancer cell lines exhibited low miR-302a expression and MAP3K2 and PBX3 were confirmed to be the target genes of miR-302a. Meanwhile, the HE results showed that cells became enlarged with loose cytoplasm and formed balloon-like lesions in HCC specimens and we found a significant negative correlation between miR-302a and MAP3K2/PBX3 expression. In addition, treatment with miR-302a mimics inhibited HepG2 cells and SMMC-7721 cells proliferation and increased the apoptosis rate. Further research revealed that the MAPK key factors p-p38, p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK were significantly reduced in miR-302a transfected cells and MAP3K2/PBX3 silenced cells. Besides, MAP3K2 and PBX3 overexpression in miR-302a mimics-treated cells exerted the opposite effects. In conclusion, miR-302a inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in human hepatoma cells by targeting MAP3K2 and PBX3.
Longitudinal association of carotid endothelial shear stress with renal function decline in aging adults with normal renal function: A population-based cohort study
Authors: Zhao Yingxin , Dong Yuanli , Wang Juan , Sheng Lin , Chai Qiang , Zhang Hua , Liu Zhendong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the associations between carotid wall shear stress (WSS) and renal function impairment (RFI) and albuminuria in aging adults. A total of 1,447 subjects aged 60 years and older with normal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ≥ 60 mL·min−1·1.72 m−2) and albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR < 30 mg·g−1) were enrolled between April 2007 and October 2009 in the Shandong area, China. Carotid WSS was assessed at baseline, and eGFR, which is based on serum creatinine and cystatin C, and ACR were assessed at baseline and at the annual follow-up visits. After an average of 62.9 months of follow-up, the reduction in eGFR and the increase in ACR were significantly higher in the Q1+2+3 group than the Q4 group, as classified by either the interquartile of the mean WSS or the interquartile of the peak WSS after adjustment for multi-variabilities, including the average blood pressures at every annual visit and baseline eGFR and ACR. For groups classified by mean WSS, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 3.45 (1.36–8.75, p = 0.008) in the incident RFI and 3.24 3.22 (1.37–7.57, p = 0.009) in the incident albuminuria for the Q1+2+3 group compared with the Q4 group. Similar results were observed among groups classified by peak WSS. The Q1+2+3 group was associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation with respect to the Q4 group as classified by mean or peak WSS. The results indicate that carotid WSS plays an important role in RFI and albuminuria progression in aging adults. Lower WSS was associated with a higher risk of RFI and albuminuria compared with higher WSS.