bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mobile Telephony in Rural Australia: Is it a Natural Monopoly?
Authors: Crase Lin , Patullock Evan , Lamb Peter , Dollery Brian 
Published: March 2018

Considerable debate surrounds the provision of mobile telephony to remote and rural Australians. Disquiet about the closure of the analogue network, controversy over its replacement and recognition of potential rural competitiveness from digital technologies are all significant aspects of this debate. Within the discussion surrounding regional and rural development, there is a growing concern over the standard of mobile telecommunications infrastructure in non-metropolitan Australia. Of particular interest are the mechanisms by which infrastructure is provided. More specifically, there appears to be a need for public subsidies for mobile networks since demand may be insufficient to stimulate provision through normal market processes. This paper explores these arguments by drawing on data from the Upper Murray region of New South Wales and Victoria. Empirical results indicate a significant current expenditure by present mobile telephony users and a preparedness to increase this expenditure under an improved service scenario. There is also evidence of relative price inelasticity. This evidence is used to question the conventional wisdom of providing public funds to telecommunications firms to encourage extension of the mobile network to all rural communities.
What's the Big Idea? Production, Consumption and Internet Regulatory Discourse
Authors: Young Sherman 
Published: March 2018

The internet is most often described in technical terms — as a combination of network protocols, infrastructure and access devices. However, rather than reduce the internet to a technical specification, it is more useful to understand it as an assemblage of technology, people and ideas. The dominant idea informing the internet has been one of openness —embracing a desire for freedom of information and the cultural potential of new communicative possibilities. This ‘meme’ of freedom is predicated on expanded notions of consumption, production and distribution of information, Internet technologies open up a space of possibility that allows for innovative options for information creation and dissemination. This article considers the possibilities of consumption and production that the internet has so far allowed, and suggests that the imposition of new limitations on those activities is indicative of a reconfiguration of the dominant idea of the internet — a reconfiguration that is currently being contested, but one that threatens its ultimate shape. Some suggest — deterministically — that the internet is a technology of freedom, and that openness is embedded in its design. I argue that, far from being intrinsic to the technology. the ‘idea’ of openness is merely one of several competing ideas which might define the internet. Recent constraints on internet consumption and production are evidence that a less open network is not merely possible, but central to the more recent imaginings of government and corporate actors.
What is Journalism? The View from under a Stubbie Cap
Authors: Hartley John 
Published: March 2018

Researchers into journalism have expressed fears about the decline of the public sphere and the rise of tabloid journalism; the old certainties about what counts as journalism at all, never mind good journalism, can no longer be taken for granted. Meanwhile, the teaching of journalism in universities has some difficult issues to face, and not only because of new technologies in a rapidly internationalising industry. Technical integration goes hand in hand with institutional convergence between government, media and education, while the cultural form of journalism evolves into something not always even recognisable as such. Should journalism educators be teaching or resisting shifts in news from power to identity, word to image, government to entertainment, serious to trivial, public to private? This paper looks at journalism from the point of view of the reading public rather than a political one, and asks what is at stake in considering journalism in the context of everyday life, personal routines, the private consumption of corporate entertainment … and stubbie caps. In this banal but democratic context, journalism competes with other media, and with other knowledge institutions from government to education, to teach critical literacy to publics. Both journalism education itself and cultural research into journalistic forms might benefit from a perspective that focuses on the ‘ethics of reading’ for publics, and not solely on the power and control of producers.
Journalism, Corporatism, Democracy
Authors: Davies Chris Lawe 
Published: March 2018

The corporatising of journalists has been an issue in the United States for most of the current decade. Journalists find themselves increasingly drawn into the commercial strategies of their employers. Indeed, the role of the editor is increasingly also one of publisher. News value is as much a question of how to pursue and capture audience demographics and psychographics as it is about servicing the general democratic needs of citizens. Similar trends and concerns are evident in Australia. The question is whether this constitutes some kind of crisis for democracy or an evolving communication industry. What is certain is that the work of journalists increasingly needs to be analysed in terms of the ‘communications industry’ as a whole. It is Windschuttle's failure to any longer look at the industry as a whole, and to insist that journalism is some kind of scientifically pure practice, which leads off this discussion of the corporatisation of journalists.
Cleaning up the Grunge
Authors: Webb Jen 
Published: March 2018

In 1996, Triple J's ‘Unearthed’ competition awarded the Central Queensland prize to Andalusion, a grunge band of four young high school students. Since winning this award, the band has been transformed from a group of musical amateur-enthusiasts to a semi-professional band with an industry manager, recording contracts, video and CD recordings, steady (paid) gigs in public venues and a clear career trajectory. The band's music is also changing from semi-heavy grunge, deeply inflected by teenage angst, to a more reflective and developed sound. In other words, it seems that they have been relocated from the private sphere to a position as one of the providers of public culture. This paper focuses on the conditions under which, and the institutional arrangements through which, relatively marginalised subjects can become legitimated as agents of the cultural industries and creators of authorised cultural products. By drawing on discussions with the band members and a reading of their audio and visual work, and through theoretical perspectives offered by Pierre Bourdieu, it investigates the logic of creative production and its agents, and identifies the capital necessary to enter the field. The paper also discusses the extent to which artists operating within the cultural industries are necessarily products of its discourses.
Cognitive control and language ability contribute to online reading comprehension: Implications for older adult bilinguals
Authors: Zirnstein Megan , van Hell Janet G , Kroll Judith F 
Published: March 2018

Aims: Previous research has indicated that young adults form predictions for the meaning of upcoming words when contexts are highly constrained. This can lead to processing benefits when expectations are met, but also costs, as indicated by a late, frontally distributed and positive event-related potential (ERP), when an unexpected word is encountered. This effect has been associated with the conflict that arises for prediction errors, as well as attempts to suppress a previously formed prediction. However, individual differences have been found for young adult bilingual and older adult monolingual readers, whereby only those who exhibited better language regulation and executive function skill showed this pattern. The goal of the current study was to investigate how these executive functions influence comprehension skill and behavior for elderly bilinguals. Approach: We asked whether older adult monolinguals and bilinguals were capable of generating predictions online, and whether cognitive control and language regulation ability were related to the magnitude of prediction costs. Data and Analysis: Participants ( N = 27) read sentences while their electroencephalogram was recorded, and completed a battery of language and cognitive performance tasks. Findings: While older adult monolinguals showed some sensitivity to prediction error, older adult bilinguals produced greater prediction costs, an effect that was significantly correlated with both age and control ability. Originality: This study is the first to show ERP evidence that bilinguals are capable of forming predictions during comprehension in older adulthood. Significance: These results have important implications for the ways in which bilingualism may influence comprehension across the lifespan. While healthy aging has been proposed to lead to declines in executive function these declines may be mitigated for bilinguals, who have a wealth of experience in negotiating language-related conflict.
Carotenoid supplementation and retinoic acid in immunoglobulin A regulation of the gut microbiota dysbiosis
Authors: Lyu Yi , Wu Lei , Wang Fang , Shen Xinchun , Lin Dingbo 
Published: March 2018

Dysbiosis, a broad spectrum of imbalance of the gut microbiota, may progress to microbiota dysfunction. Dysbiosis is linked to some human diseases, such as inflammation-related disorders and metabolic syndromes. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenesis of dysbiosis remain elusive. Recent findings suggest that the microbiome and gut immune responses, like immunoglobulin A production, play critical roles in the gut homeostasis and function, and the progression of dysbiosis. In the past two decades, much progress has been made in better understanding of production of immunoglobulin A and its association with commensal microbiota. The present minireview summarizes the recent findings in the gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunction of immunoglobulin A induced by the imbalance of pathogenic bacteria and commensal microbiota. We also propose the potentials of dietary carotenoids, such as β-carotene and astaxanthin, in the improvement of the gut immune system maturation and immunoglobulin A production, and the consequent promotion of the gut health.Impact statementThe concept of carotenoid metabolism in the gut health has not been well established in the literature. Here, we review and discuss the roles of retinoic acid and carotenoids, including pro-vitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls in the maturation of the gut immune system and IgA production. This is the first review article about the carotenoid supplements and the metabolites in the regulation of the gut microbiome. We hope this review would provide a new direction for the management of the gut microbiota dysbiosis by application of bioactive carotenoids and the metabolites.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Volume Measurement with Three-Dimensional Ultrasound—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Dajani Khalil F. , Salles-Cunha Sergio , Beebe Hugh G. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Endoluminal stent grafts are replacing conventional abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery in an increasing number of patients in an attempt to minimize morbidity and mortality. Long-term follow-up of endograft-treated AAA demands image-based surveillance to detect endoleak, graft migration, and morphology change in the excluded AAA. AAA diameter is a traditional but simplistic measurement that has inherent flaws and has been shown to be insensitive to changes in AAA sac morphology. Volume measurement, performed by CT data acquisition and computerized postprocessing, has been proposed as the most sensitive index of successful AAA stent graft exclusion. We evaluated two ultrasound (US) volume measuring techniques for AAA volume determination: Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) and Multi-Plane Area Summation (MPAS). Methods US images of an endograft-treated AAA were obtained with a commercially available three-dimensional (3-D) scanner. A fast rotating motor inside the probe allowed registration of multiple two-dimensional (2-D) images in real time. Data from these images were assembled in a 3-D dataset. With VOCAL, the 3-D AAA boundaries were identified, and volume was calculated. The operator traced AAA boundaries in six virtual planes selected by the software. With MPAS, aneurysm boundaries were traced in 2-D virtual images perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the aneurysm obtained every 1 mm. AAA area was calculated and multiplied by this 1-mm step to obtain incremental volumes that were summed to obtain the AAA volume. VOCAL and MPAS volumes were calculated 10 times each for one AAA scan. Results Average AAA volumes were 86.7 ± 3.7 cm3 with VOCAL and 87.6 ± 3.1 cm3 with MPAS. These averages were not statistically significantly different by t test ( p = 0.54). Standard deviation (SD) to average ratio was 4.3% for VOCAL and 3.5% for MPAS. Conclusion Volume of an endograft-treated AAA was successfully measured multiple times with two 3-D US techniques. Volumes obtained were comparable, demonstrating feasible reproducibility.
Upper Extremity Phlegmasia Cerula Dolens: Presentation by Color Duplex Ultrasound
Authors: Tuvell Nancy , Bates Kelly , Sorrell Kathryn 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Phlegmasia cerula dolens (PCD) is an uncommon complication of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and involvement in the upper extremities is rare. We report a case in which color duplex ultrasound (CDU) was used to diagnose PCD in a patient with extensive upper extremity DVT. Patient A 57-year-old woman underwent an open lung biopsy. On the first postoperative day, she had right hand and forearm pain, edema, and cyanosis. Findings CDU revealedacute DVT in the right radial, ulnar, and brachial veins and extensive thrombosis of the right cephalic and basilic veins. Arterial signals recorded from the ipsilateral arteries were remarkable for pandiastolic flow reversal (PDFR). In contrast, arterial signals from the contralateral arm had a normal, triphasic pattern. Arteriography revealed patent arteries to the wrist and no flow present in the right hand. Conclusions This report demonstrates the sensitivity of CDU to arterial compromise associated with PCD in a case of upper extremity DVT. Vascular technologists should consider including arterial Doppler signals in their venous duplex protocols in cases of extensive deep and superficial vein thrombosis.
The Hemodynamic Relationships that Exist between Various Parts of the Lower Extremity Arterial Circuit Containing a Bypass Graft: Case Study
Authors: LeBaron Shani D. , Fex Beverly A. , Clay Amber L. , Wakefield Thomas W. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Circuits containing bypass grafts are made up of four elements: (1) the inflow tract, (2) the graft, (3) the collateral beds, and (4) the outflow tract. The fundamental principles developed by Poiseuille, Ohm, and Bernoulli can facilitate our understanding of the hemodynamics that occur within the arterial circuit containing bypass grafts. Case Report A 59-year-old man was seen at our diagnostic vascular unit with severe claudication. Invasive and noninvasive vascular studies revealed occlusion of his aorta and bilateral common iliac arteries with reconstitution at bilateral groins by way of visceral vessels. Elective aortobifemoral bypass graft surgery was performed. Postoperatively, duplex ultrasonography (Phillips/ATL 5000, Bothell, WA, 7-MHz linear array transducer) performed on bilateral groins revealed prograde flow distal to the anastomoses and retrograde flow involving the distal external iliac arteries proximal to the anastomoses. Discussion Depending on the outflow resistance, flow might be prograde to the leg or retrograde to the pelvis and/or muscle proximal to the anastomosis or a combination of both as demonstrated in this case study. Such retrograde flow is desirable when one needs to perfuse the pelvis or thigh and not desirable if it steals blood from distal circulation. Conclusions The preceding fundamental principles refer to flow and pressure as inseparable manifestations of the total energetics of circulation. These principles are applied to the following case study and demonstrate competitive flow and pressure resistance relationships that exist within the arterial circuit containing a bypass graft.
Utility of venous Ultrasound to Diagnose Deep venous Thrombosis when the Primary Indication is Pulmonary Embolus
Authors: Rosenberg David , Waters MaryAnne , Callas Peter , Ricci Michael A. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction With increasing frequency, physicians are requesting a duplex ultrasound (US) to detect lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the face of suspected pulmonary embolus (PE), even when leg symptoms are absent. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy and the prevalence of DVT detected by duplex ultrasonography in patients with suspected PE in the presence or absence of leg symptoms. Methods Medical records for the calendar years 2000 and 2001 were examined from inpatients referred for lower extremity venous US. Basic demographic information, comorbidities, and indications for the test were retrieved from the records. Subjects were categorized into groups on the basis of risk factors and/or symptoms of DVT. For positive studies, the location of the DVT was also recorded. Results Of the 740 patients, 143 patients were suspected of having PE, whereas the remaining 597 subjects were suspected of having a DVT alone. Among subjects with suspected PE, 2 (2%) of the 110 patients without leg symptoms/risk factors were positive for DVT, whereas 15 (45%) of the 33 patients with symptoms/risk factors were positive for DVT ( p < 0.001). Among patients with questionable DVT, none of 24 asymptomatic patients were positive for DVT, whereas 65 (11%) of the 573 symptomatic patients were positive for DVT ( p = 0.10). Conclusions Lower extremity duplex US to diagnose DVT in the absence of leg symptoms when PE is suspected is not an effective strategy. If US is contemplated as the initial examination in patients suspected of having a PE, it should be used in those patients who have suggestive symptoms in the limb or medical contraindications to contrast injection.
The Role of Transcranial Color Duplex Ultrasound in Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm
Authors: Sorrell Kathryn , Harris Shelley , Carpenter Julora , Lugo Alex , Wills Shelly , Tuvell Nancy 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Recent advances in neuroradiology have made it possible to perform superselective catheterization of the intracranial arteries. Intra-arterial papaverine infusion (PI) or percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) can then be performed to treat vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the angiographic result and transcranial color duplex ultrasound (TCDU) and to define a velocity threshold that could be used to predict the success of endovascular treatment for vasospasm. Methods Seven patients with SAH and symptomatic cerebral vasospasm underwent endovascular therapy and daily TCDU. PTA and/or PI was performed on a total of 23 arterial segments. Fifteen arterial segments were treated once, and eight segments required a second or third intervention. Preintervention and postintervention TCDU velocities were compared with angiographic results. Results Good to excellent relief of spasm was reported in 15 segments on the basis of postintervention angiography. The average preintervention TCDU velocity for these 15 responders was 170 cm/sec. Velocities dropped to an average of 96.5 cm/sec immediately after intervention. For the eight nonresponders, the average velocity pretreatment was 128 cm/sec. Angiography demonstrated modest or no relief of spasm after PTA or PI, and the average velocity after treatment was 130 cm/sec. When a change of >25 cm/sec was used, TCDU correctly predicted angiographic responders with a p value of < 0.01. Conclusions Our data demonstrate a strong correlation between the angiographic result and the drop in velocity after endovascular therapy for vasospasm. Postintervention TCDU values can be used as a point of reference from which to monitor further progression or regression of vasospasm. We believe that TCDU has significant value in the management decisions of endovascular interventions for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm.
Sonographic Detection of Renal Artery Dissection Secondary to Stanford Type a Aortic Dissection: Case Report
Authors: LeBaron Shani D. , Brown Sandra L. , Ruttkofsky Heather , Wakefield Thomas W. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction Aortic dissections (AD) are a result of the development of a focal intimal tear, most likely caused by medial degeneration. Medial changes occur as a consequence of hemodynamics and other predisposing factors. This condition most often affects males between 40 and 70 years of age, with the history or presence of hypertension being the most consistent clinical finding. The creation of the intimal tear allows pulsatile blood to enter and propagate through the aortic media, thus forming a false channel and predisposing the patient to possible end-organ complications. Duplex ultrasound demonstrates dissection as an undulating membrane, containing asymmetrical blood flow. Aortic dissections are classified by location and extent of the intimal tear. Stanford type A (DeBakey type I) involves the ascending aorta. These dissections are life-threatening, and patients usually require emergent surgical reconstruction. Case Report A 33-year-old male with a past medical history significant for hypertension since 15 years of age was transferred from an outside hospital and presented with a greater than 5 cm ascending aortic aneurysm and a Stanford type A aortic dissection. A transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was performed and confirmed a type I dissection that showed extension to just below the level of the diaphragm. He was taken for emergent aortic repair. On postoperative day 1, the patient developed acute renal insufficiency. Duplex ultrasound was performed to assess renal artery flow, revealing propagation of dissection into bilateral proximal renal arteries and significant stenosis at the origin of the right renal artery. The patient underwent right renal artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement to restore blood flow to the right kidney. Conclusions This case demonstrates and identifies the etiology, pathology, and classifications of aortic dissection as it relates to this case. Duplex ultrasound was a safe, reliable, and sensitive tool for the evaluation of end-organ complications associated with dissection.