bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alleviation of acute dental pain from localised apical periodontitis: A prospective randomised study comparing two emergency treatment procedures
Authors: Wolf Eva , Dragicevic Mille , Fuhrmann Märta 
Published: October 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of two emergency treatment procedures to alleviate pain from localised symptomatic apical periodontitis: complete chemo‐mechanical disinfection (CMD) of the root canal system, or removal of necrotic tissue from the pulp chamber (RNT), that is without instrumentation of the root canals.MethodsFifty‐seven consecutive patients from the emergency clinic at Malmö University met the inclusion criteria: spontaneous pain and/or pain on percussion and palpation, non‐bleeding pulp in the canal orifice, pain ≥4 on a Numeric Rating Scale and ≥18 years of age. The diagnosis was symptomatic apical periodontitis, in the absence of swelling and/or fever. Pre‐operative pain levels and intake of analgesics were registered. The patients were randomised to one of the two treatment groups. Three to five days post‐operatively, the patients were contacted by telephone and asked to grade their current pain level and report any post‐operative intake of analgesics and antibiotics.ResultsOf the patients treated with CMD of the root canal system, 26/30 (87%) reported satisfactory pain relief, compared with 22/27 (81%) of those treated by RNT. There was no mean difference in pain relief between the two groups (P = 0.879). Post‐operatively, 37% in each group reported using analgesics and one in each group reported using antibiotics.ConclusionThree to five days after treatment, a majority (>80%) in both groups reported adequate pain relief, in some cases in combination with analgesics. Removal of necrotic and infected tissue from the pulp chamber might therefore be a cost‐effective emergency treatment alternative to complete chemo‐mechanical disinfection.
Orofacial pain assessment and management for patients with dementia: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Geddis‐Regan Andrew R. , Stewart Margaret , Wassall Rebecca R. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryDelivering dental treatment for patients with dementia can be challenging, and the complexity of treatment provision can increase as dementia progresses. Treatment at the later stages of dementia can be associated with ethical challenges and procedural risk meaning that a comprehensive patient assessment is crucial; the presence of orofacial pain is a key indication for active intervention from dental teams. To explore the process of oro‐facial pain assessment and management, a comprehensive review of qualitative literature was undertaken by searching six electronic databases. No literature specific to orofacial pain assessment was identified. The inclusion criteria were widened to explore assessment and management of pain in general for patients with dementia. Meta‐ethnography with reciprocal translation was used to identify key concepts and themes and synthesise information applicable to the dental setting. Three major themes arose as follows: challenges with pain assessment, challenges with pain management and logistics and education. Healthcare teams struggle with pain identification in patients with dementia though many signs were identified which may suggest a patient is experiencing pain. The long‐term knowledge of individual patients held by family members and care teams can allow identification of deviation from patients’ normal states; this knowledge can assist healthcare professionals in determining whether to provide specific treatments or interventions. Pain assessment tools were found to be problematic and are unlikely to be a practical solution to use for complex patients in dental settings. Education for dental and wider care teams on orofacial pain would be highly valuable; yet, this needs to be based on suitable evidence.
Investigation of sensory thresholds in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with and without Chiari‐like malformations and syringomyelia
Authors: Sparks Courtney R. , Gorney Angela , Williams Kim , Griffith Emily H. , Cerda‐Gonzalez Sofia , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Olby Natasha J. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundCavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) suffer pain associated with Chiari‐like malformation and syringomyelia (CMSM). People suffer from a similar condition and describe numerous sensory abnormalities. Sensory changes have not been quantified in affected CKCS.ObjectivesTo use quantitative sensory testing (QST) to quantify thermal and mechanical thresholds in CKCS and to compare QST in dogs with and without syringomyelia (SM).AnimalsForty‐four CKCS.MethodsProspective study. Dogs underwent neurological examinations and craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Thermal testing was performed over the humerus and thorax (n = 32); mechanical testing was performed on the paw and neck (n = 44). Latencies, thresholds, and response rates were compared with presence and severity of SM on MRI, presence of pain reported by the owner and pain identified on examination.ResultsThirty dogs had SM, 30 were painful on examination, 29 were owner‐reported symptomatic. Thermal and mechanical variables were not significantly different based on presence or severity of SM. Dogs with pain on examination had decreased mechanical thresholds on the paw (0.38 kg, SD = 0.18) and neck (2.05 kg, SD = 0.74) compared to thresholds of dogs without pain on examination on the paw (0.60 kg, SD = 0.30) and neck (2.72 kg, SD = 0.57; P = .021).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMechanical and thermal sensitivity does not appear to be related to the presence of SM, but mechanical sensitivity appears to be related to the presence of pain and clinical signs. Mechanical testing may be useful for assessing sensory abnormalities during clinical trials.
Evaluation of cell culture‐grownBartonellaantigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs
Authors: Neupane Pradeep , Hegarty Barbara C. , Marr Henry S. , Maggi Ricardo G. , Birkenheuer Adam J. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundBecause of poor sensitivity and questionable specificity of immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs), serological diagnosis ofBartonellaspecies infections in dogs remains challenging. Despite limitations, IFA testing is the historical “gold standard” forBartonellaserodiagnosis in animals and humans. Because most diagnostic laboratories test against only 1 or 2Bartonellaspp., testing against a broader panel ofBartonellaantigens may enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.ObjectiveTo evaluate the sensitivity and specificity ofBartonellaIFA using 8 cell culture‐grownBartonellaspp. isolates.AnimalsArchived serum samples from 34Bartonellaspp. naturally exposed, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive dogs and from 26 PCR‐negative and IFA‐negative dogs.MethodsBartonellaIFA sensitivity and specificity were assessed using cell culture‐grown whole cell antigens derived from 3Bartonella henselae(Bh) strains (BhHouston 1,BhSan Antonio Type 2, BhCalifornia 1), 3Bartonella vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffiigenotypes (BvbI, II, and III),Bartonella koehlerae(Bk), andBartonella quintana(Bq).ResultsOnly 62% of 34Bartonellaspp. PCR‐positive dogs were seroreactive to any of the 8BartonellaIFA antigens, indicating low IFA sensitivity. PCR‐positive dogs were most often IFA seroreactive toBq(n= 15), toBvbII (n= 13), or to both (n= 9) antigens. Of the 26 previously IFA‐negative/PCR‐negative dogs, 4 (15%) were seroreactive using the expanded antigen panel.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceDespite IFA testing of dogs against 8 differentBartonellaisolates, IFA sensitivity remained poor, and specificity was only 85%. Development of a reliable serological assay is needed to facilitate the diagnosis ofBartonellainfection in dogs.
Prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes
Authors: McClosky Megan E. , Cimino Brown Dorothy , Weinstein Nicole M. , Chappini Nicole , Taney Michael T. , Marryott Kimberly , Callan Mary Beth 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundRecognition of the feline red blood cell (RBC) antigenMikand the presence of naturally occurring anti‐Mikantibodies resulting in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions prompted the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before a cat's first RBC transfusion, but this guideline has not yet become a standard practice.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB alloantibodies detectable by tube crossmatch, and to compare transfusion outcomes in cats with and without a crossmatch performed.AnimalsThree hundred cats that received an RBC transfusion, with or without a major crossmatch performed.MethodsRetrospective study.ResultsMajor crossmatch incompatibilities were documented in 23 of 154 transfusion‐naive cats (14.9%) and in 15 of 55 previously transfused cats (27%;P = 0.042). Type‐specific packed RBCs (pRBCs) were administered to 167 and 82 cats with and without a crossmatch, respectively. Median volume of pRBCs administered during the first transfusion was 5.3 mL/kg (range, 2.4‐18 mL/kg). Median change in PCV scaled to dose of pRBCs was +0.8%/mL/kg; administration of crossmatch‐compatible pRBCs was not associated with a greater increase in PCV. Febrile transfusion reactions occurred more often in cats that received non‐crossmatched (10.1%) compared to crossmatched (2.5%) pRBCs (P =0.022). Seventy‐six percent of cats that received pRBC transfusions survived to hospital discharge. A crossmatch was not associated with improved survival to discharge or at 30 or 60 days posttransfusion.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe prevalence of naturally occurring non‐AB incompatibilities is sufficiently high to justify the recommendation to perform a crossmatch before all (including the first) RBC transfusions in cats.
Variables of initial examination and clinical management associated with survival in small ruminants with obstructive urolithiasis
Authors: Riedi Anna‐Katharina , Nathues Christina , Knubben‐Schweizer Gabriela , Nuss Karl , Meylan Mireille 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundObstructive urolithiasis is a common disease associated with a guarded prognosis in small ruminants.Hypothesis/ObjectiveThe results of physical examination, laboratory analyses, and clinical management of male small ruminants presented to 2 referral clinics were investigated to identify variables significantly associated with disease outcome, so as to provide better recommendations to animal owners regarding the management of these patients.AnimalsTwo‐hundred ten small ruminants (130 sheep and 80 goats) with confirmed diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis.MethodsClinical findings (including diagnostic imaging) and laboratory results of the 210 animals were reviewed, and relevant information regarding clinical and laboratory variables recorded upon admission and clinical management was retrieved. The association of the different variables with nonsurvival was investigated by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsOnly 39% of all patients considered for treatment and 52% of those undergoing tube cystostomy survived to be released from the clinic. Nonsurvival was strongly associated with a very poor clinical condition upon presentation, obesity, castration, and evidence of uroperitoneum. Among blood variables, abnormal PCV, severely increased serum creatinine concentrations, and increased activity of the creatine kinase were associated with increased risk of nonsurvival. Presence of signs of colic or macroscopic appearance of urine was not significantly associated with outcome.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe prognosis of obstructive urolithiasis was guarded with survival rates of 39% (overall) to 52% (after tube cystostomy). Intact young males with normal body condition presented early in the course of disease had the best chances of survival.
Control of Corruption and Luxury Goods Consumption
Authors: Tajaddini Reza , Gholipour Hassan F. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis paper investigates the effect of control of corruption on the consumption of luxury goods, after controlling other relevant determinants of luxury spending. The model is empirically tested for 32 developed and emerging economies between 2004 and 2014. Using panel fixed effects, difference generalized method of moments (GMM) and instrumental variable estimation methods, and two measures of the control of corruption (Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank's Control of Corruption Index), the results show that higher levels of control of corruption decrease luxury spending. This relationship is stronger in countries with higher levels of press freedom and information transparency. These findings offer some important implications. Governments and policymakers may develop and implement regulations that increase transparency in luxury gifting and limit corruption practices. Luxury brand companies should further enhance their due diligence obligations to minimise reputational risks in the long term.
Geospatial variation in co‐occurrence networks of nitrifying microbial guilds
Authors: Jones Christopher M. , Hallin Sara 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMicrobial communities transform nitrogen (N) compounds, thereby regulating the availability of N in soil. The N cycle is defined by interacting microbial functional groups, as inorganic N‐products formed in one process are the substrate in one or several other processes. The nitrification pathway is often a two‐step process in which bacterial or archaeal communities oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and bacterial communities further oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Little is known about the significance of interactions between ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacterial communities (NOB) in determining the spatial variation of overall nitrifier community structure. We hypothesize that nonrandom associations exist between different AO and NOB lineages that, along with edaphic factors, shape field‐scale spatial patterns of nitrifying communities. To address this, we sequenced and quantified the abundance of AOA, AOB, and Nitrospira and Nitrobacter NOB communities across a 44‐hectare site with agricultural fields. The abundance of Nitrobacter communities was significantly associated only with AOB abundance, while that of Nitrospira was correlated to AOA. Network analysis and geostatistical modelling revealed distinct modules of co‐occurring AO and NOB groups occupying disparate areas, with each module dominated by different lineages and associated with different edaphic factors. Local communities were characterized by a high proportion of module‐connecting versus module‐hub nodes, indicating that nitrifier assemblages in these soils are shaped by fluctuating conditions. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of network analysis in accounting for potential biotic interactions that define the niche space of nitrifying communities at scales compatible to soil management.
Comparative population genomics reveals key barriers to dispersal in Southern Ocean penguins
Authors: Clucas Gemma V. , Younger Jane L. , Kao Damian , Emmerson Louise , Southwell Colin , Wienecke Barbara , Rogers Alex D. , Bost Charles‐André , Miller Gary D. , Polito Michael J. , Lelliott Patrick , Handley Jonathan , Crofts Sarah , Phillips Richard A. , Dunn Michael J. , Miller Karen J. , Hart Tom 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe mechanisms that determine patterns of species dispersal are important factors in the production and maintenance of biodiversity. Understanding these mechanisms helps to forecast the responses of species to environmental change. Here, we used a comparative framework and genomewide data obtained through RAD‐Seq to compare the patterns of connectivity among breeding colonies for five penguin species with shared ancestry, overlapping distributions and differing ecological niches, allowing an examination of the intrinsic and extrinsic barriers governing dispersal patterns. Our findings show that at‐sea range and oceanography underlie patterns of dispersal in these penguins. The pelagic niche of emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri), king (A. patagonicus), Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (P. antarctica) penguins facilitates gene flow over thousands of kilometres. In contrast, the coastal niche of gentoo penguins (P. papua) limits dispersal, resulting in population divergences. Oceanographic fronts also act as dispersal barriers to some extent. We recommend that forecasts of extinction risk incorporate dispersal and that management units are defined by at‐sea range and oceanography in species lacking genetic data.
Oil price cycles, fiscal dominance and countercyclical monetary policy in Iran
Authors: Naini Ahmad Reza Jalali , Naderian Mohammad Amin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe mission of monetary policy is to conduct countercyclical policy, however, this is not a universally practiced norm. Pro‐cyclical fiscal and monetary policies during boom periods have often been observed in developing countries and tend to amplify the impact of positive commodity price shocks. The consequence is strengthening of domestic inflationary pressures and appreciation of the exchange rate. This paper examines counter‐cyclicality of monetary policy and the role of fiscal policy in this regard. The stance of fiscal policy and the manner of financing government expenditures have a significant effect on the conduct of monetary policy. Our empirical observations indicate that, fiscal and monetary policies in Iran are generally expansionary, particularly during economic booms, often resulting in subsequent large depreciation of the domestic currency followed by higher inflation rates and economic slowdown. Under fiscal dominance, monetary policy is ineffective and both targets and instruments of monetary policy will not be under the control of the central bank. A structurally balanced fiscal rule that maintains an aligned exchange rate allows effective countercyclical monetary policies and discourages excessive foreign financing. Moreover, policy measures that increase more reliance on domestic resources are the appropriate policy measures that makes the economy more resistant to external shocks.
Aquaporin regulation in roots controls plant hydraulic conductance, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential in Pinus radiata under water stress
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gamir Juan , Xue Jianming , Clearwater Michael J. , Meason Dean F. , Clinton Peter W. , Domec Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStomatal regulation is crucial for forest species performance and survival on drought‐prone sites. We investigated the regulation of root and shoot hydraulics in three Pinus radiata clones exposed to drought stress and its coordination with stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potential (Ψleaf). All clones experienced a substantial decrease in root‐specific root hydraulic conductance (Kroot‐r) in response to the water stress, but leaf‐specific shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot‐l) did not change in any of the clones. The reduction in Kroot‐r caused a decrease in leaf‐specific whole‐plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant‐l). Among clones, the larger the decrease in Kplant‐l, the more stomata closed in response to drought. Rewatering resulted in a quick recovery of Kroot‐r and gs. Our results demonstrated that the reduction in Kplant‐l, attributed to a down regulation of aquaporin activity in roots, was linked to the isohydric stomatal behaviour, resulting in a nearly constant Ψleaf as water stress started. We concluded that higher Kplant‐l is associated with water stress resistance by sustaining a less negative Ψleaf and delaying stomatal closure.
Timing of puberty in boys and girls: A population‐based study
Authors: Brix Nis , Ernst Andreas , Lauridsen Lea Lykke Braskhøj , Parner Erik , Støvring Henrik , Olsen Jørn , Henriksen Tine Brink , Ramlau‐Hansen Cecilia Høst 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundA secular trend towards earlier puberty has been observed in girls, while a similar trend has been more uncertain in boys. We estimated current ages at pubertal development in both boys and girls.MethodsIn this population‐based cohort study, 14 759 of 22 439 invited boys and girls born from 2000 to 2003 in the Danish National Birth Cohort gave half‐yearly self‐reported information on puberty from the age of 11.5 years and throughout puberty. This late start of follow‐up limits the estimation of age at onset of puberty but not later pubertal milestones. We estimated mean age at attaining the following pubertal milestones in years with 95% confidence intervals (CI): age at menarche, voice break, first ejaculation of semen and Tanner stages for pubic hair development and breast development or genital development. Further, the difference in mean age at menarche between mothers and daughters was estimated.ResultsIn boys, voice break occurred at 13.1 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years, first ejaculation of semen occurred at 13.4 (95% CI 13.3, 13.4) years, and Tanner Genital Stage 5 occurred at 15.6 (95% CI 15.5, 15.6) years. In girls, age at menarche occurred at 13.0 (95% CI 13.0, 13.1) years and Tanner Breast Stage 5 occurred at 15.8 (95% CI 15.7, 15.9) years. Daughters had menarche 3.6 (95% CI 3.1, 4.2) months earlier than their mothers had.ConclusionThese data indicate that age at menarche has declined and to some extent support a decline in age at attaining other markers of pubertal development among boys.
Minimum Wages and the Gender GAP in Pay: New Evidence from the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Doorley Karina , Van Kerm Philippe 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWomen are disproportionately in low‐paid work compared to men so, in the absence of rationing effects on their employment, they should benefit the most from minimum wage policies. This study examines the change in the gender wage gap around the introduction of minimum wages in Ireland and the United Kingdom (U.K.). Using survey data for the two countries, we develop a decomposition of the change in the gender differences in wage distributions around the date of introduction of minimum wages. We separate out “price” effects attributed to minimum wages from “employment composition” effects. A significant reduction of the gender gap at low wages is observed after the introduction of the minimum wage in Ireland, while there is hardly any change in the U.K. Counterfactual simulations show that the difference between countries may be attributed to gender differences in non‐compliance with the minimum wage legislation in the U.K.
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology of a Cenozoic foreland basin in Northeast India: Implications for zircon provenance during the collision of the Indian and Asian plates
Authors: Baral Upendra , Lin Ding , Goswami Tapos Kumar , Sarma Mondip , Qasim Muhammad , Bezbaruah Devojit 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGeochronology is useful for understanding provenance, and while it has been applied to the central and western Himalaya, very little data are available in the eastern Himalaya. This study presents detrital zircon U–Pb ages from the late Palaeocene–Eocene Yinkiong Group in NE India. The samples are from the late Palaeocene to early Eocene Lower Yinkiong Formation, and the Upper Yinkiong Formation deposited during the early to mid‐Eocene within the Himalayan foreland basin. The U–Pb ages of the detrital zircon within the Lower Yinkiong Formation are older than late Palaeozoic, with a cratonic and early Himalayan Thrust Belt affinity, whereas the Cenozoic grains in the Upper Yinkiong Formation indicate a Himalayan Thrust Belt source and possibly a granitic body within the Asian plate. The shift of the sources and the changes in the foreland basin system strongly suggest that the India–Asia collision in the Eastern Himalaya began before or immediately after the deposition of the Upper Yinkiong Formation, i.e., within the early Eocene (c. 56 to 50 Ma).