bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmakokinetische Modellierung in der Nuklearmedizin
Authors: Kletting Peter , Glatting Gerhard 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungFür die nuklearmedizinische Dosimetrie wird die Kenntnis der Anzahl der Zerfälle des verwendeten Radionuklids im jeweiligen Gewebe oder dem betrachteten Volumenelement (Voxel) benötigt. Hierfür muss die Pharmakokinetik, also der entsprechende Zeitaktivitätsverlauf, bekannt sein, weil die Zahl der Zerfälle durch die mathematische Integration des Aktivitätsverlaufs über der Zeit berechnet werden kann. Da die Aktivität nur für einige wenige Zeitpunkte gemessen werden kann, muss die vollständige Pharmakokinetik für alle Zeitpunkte anhand von mathematischen Modellen geschätzt werden. Nur auf der Basis geeigneter Modelle können Vorhersagen der Pharmakokinetik zur Optimierung der Therapie erhalten werden.Diese Modelle unterscheiden sich in ihrer Komplexität aufgrund des im Modell enthaltenen Vorwissens über die zugrundeliegende Physiologie und der zur Verfügung stehenden Anzahl von Messpunkten: So gibt es modellunabhängige Varianten, einfache Kompartimentmodelle oder physiologisch basierte Kompartimentmodelle. In den Letzteren werden die mathematischen Kompartimente mit entsprechenden physiologischen Kompartimenten identifiziert, weshalb die Parameter des Modells physiologischen Größen entsprechen. Damit erlauben diese physiologisch basierten pharmakokinetischen (PBPK) Modelle nicht nur eine Kurvenanpassung an die Messwerte sondern zusätzlich auch die Simulation verschiedener therapeutischer Optionen als Basis zukünftiger Optimierungen der Therapie. Die unterschiedliche Komplexität des verwendeten Vorwissens für die verschiedenen Modelle beeinflusst die Anzahl der benötigten Messdaten und damit sowohl die Kosten als auch die Qualität der Ergebnisse. In dieser Übersicht werden zuerst verschiedene Arten von Modellen eingeführt und beobachterunabhängige Verfahren zur Auswahl des besten Modells basierend auf den gegebenen Messdaten diskutiert. Danach wird die Modellselektion am Beispiel des Akaike Informations-Kriteriums und von Qualitätskriterien für die Datenanpassung durch Modelle demonstriert. Des Weiteren werden Beispiele für den Einsatz von physiologisch basierten pharmakokinetischen Ganzkörpermodellen in der nuklearmedizinischen Dosimetrie zur Optimierung der Radionuklid-Therapie vorgestellt.
Women show similar central and peripheral fatigue to men after half‐marathon*
Authors: Boccia Gennaro , Dardanello Davide , Tarperi Cantor , Festa Luca , La Torre Antonio , Pellegrini Barbara , Schena Federico , Rainoldi Alberto 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWomen are known to be less fatigable than men in single‐joint exercises, but fatigue induced by running has not been well understood. Here we investigated sex differences in central and peripheral fatigue and in rate of force development (RFD) in the knee extensors after a half‐marathon run. Ten male and eight female amateur runners (aged 25–50 years) were evaluated before and immediately after a half‐marathon race. Knee extensors forces were obtained under voluntary and electrically evoked isometric contractions. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) force and peak RFD were recorded. Electrically doublet stimuli were delivered during the MVC and at rest to calculate the level of voluntary activation and the resting doublet twitch. After the race, decreases in MVC force (males: −11%, effect size [ES] 0.52; females: −11% ES 0.33), voluntary activation (males: −6%, ES 0.87; females: −4%, ES 0.72), and resting doublet twitch (males: −6%, ES 0.34; females: −8%, ES 0.30) were found to be similar between males and females. The decrease in peak RFD was found to be similar between males and females (males: −14%, ES 0.43; females: −15%, ES 0.14). Half‐marathon run induced both central and peripheral fatigue, without any difference between men and women. The maximal and explosive strength loss was found similar between sexes. Together, these findings do not support the need of sex‐specific training interventions to increase the tolerance to neuromuscular fatigue in half‐marathoners.
Fermentative utilization of glycerol residue for the production of acetic acid
Authors: Irvan  , Trisakti B , Hasibuan R , Joli M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Glycerol residue, frequently known as pitch, is a waste produced from the downstream product of crude glycerine distillation. With the increasing need of pure glycerine in the world, the glycerol residue produced is also increasing. Glycerol residue is a solid waste at room temperature, highly alkaline (pH > 13), corrosive, and categorized as hazardous and poisonous waste. In this research, acetic acid was produced from glycerol residue through the anaerobic fermentation process by using purple non-sulphur photosynthetic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to find out the influence of concentration change of glycerol residue on time and to find out the possibility of glycerol residue to be utilized as acetic acid. In this research, at first 400 g of glycerol residue was diluted with 200 ml of distilled water to change the glycerine phase, from solid to liquid at room temperature, acidified by using hydrochloric acid until pH 2. The top layer formed was fatty acid and triglycerides that should be removed. Meanwhile, the bottom layer was diluted glycerol residue which was then neutralized with caustic soda. To produce acetic acid, glycerol residue with various concentrations, salt, and purple non-sulphur photosynthetic bacteria were put together into a 100 ml bottle which had been previously sterilized, then incubated for four weeks under the light of 40-watt bulb. The result showed that on the 28th day of fermentation, the produced acetic acid were 0.28, 1.85, and 0.2% (w/w) by using glycerine with the concentration of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (w/w), respectively.
State of the Art Control Measures for Aluminium Fade and SEN Clogging during Steelmaking Operations
Authors: Kamaraj Ashok , Saravanakumar R , Rajaguru M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Crack formation, fatigue failure of components and other process interruptions in liquid steel practices such as ladle nozzle clogging, SEN clogging, break outs are mainly due to residual deoxidation products such as alumina present in steels. The present paper deals with the issues in steel processing operations and provides state-of-the-art control measures for clean steel production. Investigations regarding the residual alumina content and its consequences at integrated steel plant shows that, Al-fade of maximum 0.02% is observed, which produces equivalent of 37 Kg of alumina in the liquid steel. Furthermore, slag carry over, re-oxidation, improper argon rinsing practice, aluminium consumption at secondary steelmaking practices also influences the alumina formation during steelmaking practices. The residual alumina not only affects the quality of steel, but also results in process interruptions such as ladle choking, SEN choking, subsequent break outs etc. various steelmaking practices influences clogging and aluminium fade are discussed and possible suggestions are given to improve the cleanliness of steel.
Perioral Rejuvenation: A Prospective, Quantitative Dynamic Three-Dimensional Analysis of a Dual Modality Treatment
Authors: Chang Catherine S , Chang Brian L , Lanni Michael , Wilson Anthony J , Beer Jacob , Percec Ivona 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Background
The perioral region is the most dynamic anatomic area of the face and subject to complex and dramatic changes during aging. Successful treatment for perioral rejuvenation has yet to be identified, and prior studies have reported only subjective outcomes.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to utilize our validated dynamic 3-dimensional imaging technology to determine whether conservative neuromodulation combined with hyaluronic acid filler volumization can decrease perioral strain and increase volume with significant patient satisfaction.

Methods
An IRB-approved prospective study of a dual modality treatment for perioral rhytids was performed on females with perioral aging who had not had prior facial treatment within the past year. Eighteen (18) units of Dysport were injected into the upper and lower orbicularis oris and 1 cc of Restylane Silk was injected in volume-depleted perioral regions in each patient. Each patient underwent imaging with digital image correlation (DIC) and completed the FACE-Q survey prior to injection and at 14 days and 90 days postinjection.

Results
Thirty-two female patients were recruited. A significant reduction in perioral strain was observed at both day 14 and day 90. This was concomitant with a significant increase in perioral volume at day 14 that at 90 days was significantly retained in the marionette lines. Further, there was a significant improvement in patient satisfaction with overall facial appearance at day 14 that was maintained at 90 days.

Conclusions
Conservative neuromodulation and hyaluronic acid filler volumization of the perioral region produces a significant reduction in strain correlating with high patient satisfaction, even at 90 days. This dual modality treatment is effective in rejuvenating the perioral region, and its future optimization will provide greater therapeutic options for this anatomically complex area.

Level of Evidence: 4
Distinct telomere length and molecular signatures in seminoma and non-seminoma of testicular germ cell tumor
Authors: Sun Hua , Kim Pora , Jia Peilin , Park Ae Kyung , Liang Han , Zhao Zhongming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTesticular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are classified into two main subtypes, seminoma (SE) and non-seminoma (NSE), but their molecular distinctions remain largely unexplored. Here, we used expression data for mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to perform a systematic investigation to explain the different telomere length (TL) features between NSE (n = 48) and SE (n = 55). We found that TL elongation was dominant in NSE, whereas TL shortening prevailed in SE. We further showed that both mRNA and miRNA expression profiles could clearly distinguish these two subtypes. Notably, four telomere-related genes (TelGenes) showed significantly higher expression and positively correlated with telomere elongation in NSE than SE: three telomerase activity-related genes (TERT, WRAP53 and MYC) and an independent telomerase activity gene (ZSCAN4). We also found that the expression of genes encoding Yamanaka factors was positively correlated with telomere lengthening in NSE. Among them, SOX2 and MYC were highly expressed in NSE versus SE, while POU5F1 and KLF4 had the opposite patterns. These results suggested that enhanced expression of both TelGenes (TERT, WRAP53, MYC and ZSCAN4) and Yamanaka factors might induce telomere elongation in NSE. Conversely, the relative lack of telomerase activation and low expression of independent telomerase activity pathway during cell division may be contributed to telomere shortening in SE. Taken together, our results revealed the potential molecular profiles and regulatory roles involving the TL difference between NSE and SE, and provided a better molecular understanding of this complex disease.
MatrixEpistasis: ultrafast, exhaustive epistasis scan for quantitative traits with covariate adjustment
Authors: Zhu Shijia , Fang Gang 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Motivation
For many traits, causal loci uncovered by genetic mapping studies explain only a minority of the heritable contribution to trait variation. Multiple explanations for this ‘missing heritability’ have been proposed. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)–SNP interaction (epistasis), as one of the compelling models, has been widely studied. However, the genome-wide scan of epistasis, especially for quantitative traits, poses huge computational challenges. Moreover, covariate adjustment is largely ignored in epistasis analysis due to the massive extra computational undertaking.

Results
In the current study, we found striking differences among epistasis models using both simulation data and real biological data, suggesting that not only can covariate adjustment remove confounding bias, it can also improve power. Furthermore, we derived mathematical formulas, which enable the exhaustive epistasis scan together with full covariate adjustment to be expressed in terms of large matrix operation, therefore substantially improving the computational efficiency (∼104× faster than existing methods). We call the new method MatrixEpistasis. With MatrixEpistasis, we re-analyze a large real yeast dataset comprising 11 623 SNPs, 1008 segregants and 46 quantitative traits with covariates fully adjusted and detect thousands of novel putative epistasis with P-values &lt; 1.48e-10.

Availability and implementation
The method is implemented in R and available at https://github.com/fanglab/MatrixEpistasis.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GAIT: Gene expression Analysis for Interval Time
Authors: Kim Yoojoong , Kang Yeong Seon , Seok Junhee 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Despite the potential usefulness, the association analysis of gene expression with interval times of two events has been hampered because the occurrence of events can be censored and the conventional survival analysis is not suitable to handle two censored events. However, the recent advances of multivariate survival analysis considering multiple censored events together provide an unprecedented chance for this problem. Based on such advances, we have developed a software tool, GAIT, for the association analysis of gene expression with interval time of two events.

Results
The performance of GAIT was demonstrated by simulation studies and the real data analysis. The result indicates the usefulness of GAIT in a wide range of biomedical applications.

Availability and implementation
http://cdal.korea.ac.kr/GAIT/index.html

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
GDCRNATools: an R/Bioconductor package for integrative analysis of lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA data in GDC
Authors: Li Ruidong , Qu Han , Wang Shibo , Wei Julong , Zhang Le , Ma Renyuan , Lu Jianming , Zhu Jianguo , Zhong Wei-De , Jia Zhenyu 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Motivation
The large-scale multidimensional omics data in the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) provides opportunities to investigate the crosstalk among different RNA species and their regulatory mechanisms in cancers. Easy-to-use bioinformatics pipelines are needed to facilitate such studies.

Results
We have developed a user-friendly R/Bioconductor package, named GDCRNATools, for downloading, organizing and analyzing RNA data in GDC with an emphasis on deciphering the lncRNA-mRNA related competing endogenous RNAs regulatory network in cancers. Many widely used bioinformatics tools and databases are utilized in our package. Users can easily pack preferred downstream analysis pipelines or integrate their own pipelines into the workflow. Interactive shiny web apps built in GDCRNATools greatly improve visualization of results from the analysis.

Availability and implementation
GDCRNATools is an R/Bioconductor package that is freely available at Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/html/GDCRNATools.html). Detailed instructions, manual and example code are also available in Github (https://github.com/Jialab-UCR/GDCRNATools).
Preview tracking control for a class of discrete-time Lipschitz non-linear time-delay systems
Authors: Yu Xiao , Liao Fucheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe design of a preview tracking controller for a class of discrete-time Lipschitz non-linear time-delay systems is considered in this paper. First, based on preview control theory, we introduce a difference operator and deduce an augmented error system which contains previewable information on the reference signal. The original tracking problem is thus transformed into a regulation problem. Second, we design a memory state feedback controller for the augmented error system. Applying Lyapunov’s second method, the sufficient condition for stability of the closed-loop system is derived in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI), and the preview controller is obtained accordingly. Finally, to show the superiority of the controller proposed, two numerical examples are presented.
Pointwise Asymptotics for Orthonormal Polynomials at the Endpoints of the Interval via Universality
Authors: Lubinsky Doron S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We show that universality limits and other bounds imply pointwise asymptotics for orthonormal polynomials at the endpoints of the interval of orthonormality. As a consequence, we show that if $\mu $ is a regular measure supported on $\left [ -1,1\right ] $, and in a neighborhood of 1, $ \mu $ is absolutely continuous, while for some $\alpha&gt;-1$, $\mu ^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) =h\left ( t\right ) \left ( 1-t\right )^{\alpha }$, where $ h\left ( t\right ) \rightarrow 1$ as $t\rightarrow 1-$, then the corresponding orthonormal polynomials $\left \{ p_{n}\right \} $ satisfy the asymptotic $$ \lim_{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{p_{n}\left( 1-\frac{z^{2}}{2n^{2}}\right) }{ p_{n}\left( 1\right) }=\frac{J_{\alpha }^{\ast }\left( z\right) }{J_{\alpha }^{\ast }\left( 0\right) } $$uniformly in compact subsets of the plane. Here $J_{\alpha }^{\ast }\left ( z\right ) =J_{\alpha }\left ( z\right ) /z^{\alpha }$ is the normalized Bessel function of order $\alpha $. These are by far the most general conditions for such endpoint asymptotics.
Operationalizing International Regulatory Standards in a Limited-Resource Setting During an Epidemic: The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola (STRIVE) Experience
Authors: Kabineh Abdul Karim , Carr Wendy , Motevalli Mahnaz , Legardy-Williams Jennifer , Vincent Willietta , Mahon Barbara E , Samai Mohamed 
Published: March 2018

AbstractInternational regulatory standards ensure human subjects protection, data quality, and scientific integrity of clinical trials. Operationalizing regulatory standards during a large vaccine clinical trial—the Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola—in a resource-constrained setting during an epidemic required flexibility and creativity. We highlight areas that required special attention, such as developing standard operating procedures appropriate for the setting, obtaining space and supplies for the regulatory office, and creating a strategy to maintain both a dedicated central regulatory office and satellite regulatory sites for this trial with paper-based records.Clinical Trials RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov [NCT02378753] and Pan African Clinical Trials Registry [PACTR201502001037220].
Toward a normalized clinical drug knowledge base in China—applying the RxNorm model to Chinese clinical drugs
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Yaoyun , Jiang Min , Wang Jingqi , Dong Jiancheng , Liu Yun , Tao Cui , Jiang Guoqian , Zhou Yi , Xu Hua 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Objective
In recent years, electronic health record systems have been widely implemented in China, making clinical data available electronically. However, little effort has been devoted to making drug information exchangeable among these systems. This study aimed to build a Normalized Chinese Clinical Drug (NCCD) knowledge base, by applying and extending the information model of RxNorm to Chinese clinical drugs.

Methods
Chinese drugs were collected from 4 major resources—China Food and Drug Administration, China Health Insurance Systems, Hospital Pharmacy Systems, and China Pharmacopoeia—for integration and normalization in NCCD. Chemical drugs were normalized using the information model in RxNorm without much change. Chinese patent drugs (i.e., Chinese herbal extracts), however, were represented using an expanded RxNorm model to incorporate the unique characteristics of these drugs. A hybrid approach combining automated natural language processing technologies and manual review by domain experts was then applied to drug attribute extraction, normalization, and further generation of drug names at different specification levels. Lastly, we reported the statistics of NCCD, as well as the evaluation results using several sets of randomly selected Chinese drugs.

Results
The current version of NCCD contains 16 976 chemical drugs and 2663 Chinese patent medicines, resulting in 19 639 clinical drugs, 250 267 unique concepts, and 2 602 760 relations. By manual review of 1700 chemical drugs and 250 Chinese patent drugs randomly selected from NCCD (about 10%), we showed that the hybrid approach could achieve an accuracy of 98.60% for drug name extraction and normalization. Using a collection of 500 chemical drugs and 500 Chinese patent drugs from other resources, we showed that NCCD achieved coverages of 97.0% and 90.0% for chemical drugs and Chinese patent drugs, respectively.

Conclusion
Evaluation results demonstrated the potential to improve interoperability across various electronic drug systems in China.
Evaluation of the learning environment designed to develop student mathematics teachers’ mathematical modelling competencies
Authors: Aydin-Güç Funda , Baki Adnan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the mathematical modelling competencies of student mathematics teachers within a learning environment that was based on a holistic approach to instruction. The participants were student mathematics teachers enrolled in undergraduate programmes at two different universities. In one of the university programmes, the participants took a mathematical modelling course that was taught according to a holistic approach, while the participants at the other university followed the standardized undergraduate programme that did not include a mathematical modelling course. The sub-competencies of mathematical modelling of the student mathematics teachers who participated in the mathematical modelling course were examined using an analytic rubric that was designed according to the holistic approach applied within the context of the study. In order to determine whether the observed changes were related to the experiences of mathematical modelling, these results were compared to the sub-competencies of mathematical modelling of the control group. The findings showed that experience within a learning environment based on mathematical modelling, as well as affective factors, supported the development of modelling competencies. On the other hand, it was observed that certain sub-competencies were difficult to develop; while many sub-competencies were enhanced by the modelling experiences, others were adversely affected. Furthermore, a certain group of sub-competencies was found not to be directly linked to modelling experiences.