bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Content and In Vitro Incorporation of Free Fatty Acids Into Lipids of Human Platelets: The Effect of Storage at 4°C
Authors: OKUMA MINORU , STEINER MANFRED , BALDINI MARIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lipid content and capacity to incorporate in vitro palmitate-1-14C and linoleate-1-14C into lipids was investigated in fresh and stored (4°C) human platelets. Cholesterol and phospholipids decreased 30% during storage for 6 days. Molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids and percentage distribution of individual phospholipids were similar in fresh and stored platelets. Palmitate bound to albumin was rapidly transferred by an energy-independent mechanism into a free fatty acid fraction of platelets. From there it was incorporated into glycerides and phospholipids, a process requiring energy. More palmitate than linoleate was incorporated into fatty acids and glycerides of fresh and stored platelets but linoleate exceeded palmitate in its incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine. Storage of platelets produced the following changes: (1) Incorporation of palmitate into total lipids was significantly reduced but not that of linoleate. (2) Both palmitate and linoleate showed increased incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine. (3) Incorporation of linoleate into free fatty acids and triglycerides and of palmitate into phosphatidylcholine was reduced.
Treatment of Meningeal Leukemia With Pyrimethamine
Authors: GEILS GEORGE F. , SCOTT CHARLIE W. , BAUGH CHARLES M. , BUTTERWORTH CHARLES E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pyrimethamine, a substituted pyrimidine with potent folate antagonistic properties, was given orally to treat two episodes of meningeal leukemia in a longterm survivor with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Remissions of seven and at least 6 mo duration were obtained on the two occasions. Spinal fluid concentrations of pyrimethamine were 10-25% of the simultaneous plasma concentrations. Considerations regarding lipid solubility, body distribution, and easily reversible toxicity of pyrimethamine suggest that further therapeutic trials are warranted, especially in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.
Effect of High Concentrations of Leukocytes on Whole Blood Viscosity
Authors: STEINBERG MARTIN H. , CHARM STANLEY E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Whole blood viscosity of patients with leukemic leukocytosis was compared to that of normals with a similar total packed cell volume (TPCV). Leukocytes in suspension were also studied and found to have a greater viscosity than erythrocytes. We found no relation between the magnitude of the leukocyte count and whole blood viscosity. The presence of anemia in the patients with leukemia prevented elevation of their TPCV. This, as well as the normal variability of blood viscosity obscured any increase that could have been produced by the greater viscosity of massed leukocytes.
A Method for Leukokinetic Study in the Nonsteady State
Authors: ROTHSTEIN G. , BISHOP C. R. , ATHENS J. W. , ASHENBRUCKER H. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In these studies, the DF32P leukokinetic technique has been modified so that neutrophil kinetics may be studied in the nonsteady state. In order to achieve this modification, an acid citrate solution was used in preparing leukocytes for radioactive assay. This results in a suspension free of cell agglutination so that a specific activity related only to neutrophils is obtained. This technique has been successfully employed in the study of the early phase of cortisol-induced granulocytosis, allowing measurement of cell flow rate in and out of the circulating granulocyte pool. This method is also useful in the study of subjects with pronounced neutropenia.
Nutritional Deficiency and Anemia in Latin America: A Collaborative Study
Authors: COOK J. D. , ALVARADO J. , GUTNISKY A. , JAMRA M. , LABARDINI J. , LAYRISSE M. , LINARES J. , LORíA A. , MASPES V. , RESTREPO A. , REYNAFARJE C. , SÁNCHEZ-MEDAL L. , VÉLEZ H. , VITERI F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A collaborative study of nutritional anemia in third trimester pregnancy was performed in seven Latin American countries. Laboratory measurements included hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), serum iron and iron-binding capacity, serum folate, vitamin B12 and albumin. Iron deficiency (transferrin saturation below 15%) was found in 48% of pregnant women, as compared with 21% of nonpregnant females and 3% of male controls of comparable age. The prevalence of folate deficiency (serum folate below 3 ng/ml.) was 10%, 10% and 9% in these three groups, respectively. Vitamin B12 deficiency (serum level below 80 pg/ml.) was found in 15% of pregnant women, but in less than 1% of both control groups. Anemia, as defined by current WHO criteria, was found in 38.5% of pregnant women, 17.3% of nonpregnant women and 3.9% of men. Analysis of the frequency distribution for hemoglobin levels, based on a Gaussian distribution in normal subjects, suggested that a large portion of subjects considered anemic by WHO criteria were normal and that the true incidence of anemia in pregnant and nonpregnant females was 22 and 12% respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that iron deficiency was of major importance as a cause of anemia, while folate lack was contributory only in pregnancy; no relationship could be demonstrated between vitamin B12 deficiency and anemia.
Serine and Aspartic Acid Metabolism in Leukemic Leukocytes: Correlation to Effectiveness of Therapy
Authors: DIMITROV N. V. , HANSZ J. , TOTH M. A. , BARTOLOTTA B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukocytes from patients with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL), acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) and blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia (BC) were incubated with serine-U-C14 or aspartic acid-U-C14. The metabolism was followed by determination of radioactivity of CO2, lipids, proteins, organic acids, and nucleotides. Leukemic leukocytes in AGL, AMoL, and BC exhibit high serine utilization compared to lymphocytic leukemias. Significant changes in the metabolic pattern of the leukocytes from patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) preceded the onset of blastic crisis. Serine utilization remained abnormal in two patients with AGL after complete remission was achieved. Low conversion of serine to CO2 in AMoL was associated with achievement of complete remission and long survival time. Aspartic acid was most actively metabolized by leukemic cells in BC. The results of these studies indicate that the metabolic pattern of serine and aspartic acid varies with the type of leukemic cell. There is evidence that mature polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in the blood of leukemic patients may possess an abnormal metabolism.
Perturbation of Generation Cycle of Human Leukemic Myeloblasts In Vivo by Methotrexate
Authors: ERNST PETER , KILLMANN SVEN-AAGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cytokinetic effects of Methotrexate (MTX) on leukemic myeloblasts in vivo in man have been studied, utilizing in vitro and in vivo labeling with 3H-TDR, mitotic index, stathmokinetic index after VCR, measurements of single-cell DNA content, and in vitro labeling with 3H-UDR. It is demonstrated that MTX arrests cells in S for a period (about 20 hr) that corresponds to their DNA synthesis time. This S-phase arresting effect of MTX seems restricted to those cells that are in S at the time of MTX exposure. Cells in G1, G2, and M are not directly influenced by MTX. Some implications of these observations for combination drug therapy and for exploiting differences in the duration of cell cycle phases between leukemic blast cells and differentiating hemopoietic cells to obtain preferential killing of leukemic cells are briefly discussed. In one case, erythroblasts hardly incorporated exogenous TDR and UDR, although their mitotic activity was high. After MTX there was a transient but very pronounced increase in TDR and UDR ultilization. It is suggested that these cells may have had a large intracellular pool of thymidine triphosphate that was temporarily reduced by the action of MTX. Whether these erythroblasts were of leukemic origin remains undecided.
Hemoglobin Köln Disease Occurring as a Fresh Mutation: Erythrocyte Metabolism and Survival
Authors: MILLER DENIS R. , WEED ROBERT I. , STAMATOYANNOPOULOS GEORGE , YOSHIDA AKIRA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Electrophoretic and fingerprinting studies in a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia revealed the presence of the unstable hemoglobin Köln (β98val→met). Examination of parents and siblings gave normal results. Extensive blood group and isozyme studies were consistent with the thesis that Hb Köln disease in the propositus was the result of a fresh mutation in one of his parent’s gametes. In the propositus, the activities of enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof and pentose phosphate pathways were increased, but the level of ATP was decreased. Methemoglobin reduction was delayed when the NADPH-dependent system was utilized with added methylene blue and gave a false-positive result in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase screening test. Methemoglobin reduction in the absence of methylene blue was normal. Increased methemoglobin and Heinz body formation, decreased osmotic fragility, decreased red cell deformability, and a disproportionate potassium loss without sodium gain occurred with metabolic depletion. The rate of decline of glutathione in propositus’ cells paralleled that in normal cells. Autologous survival of Hb Köln cells was decreased but was not compromised further by oxidant drugs. Marked splenic sequestration of Hb Köln erythrocytes was demonstrated, and an excellent response to splenectomy with improved erythrocyte survival was observed. The intracellular precipitation of unstable globin chains, intracellular dehydration, and increased membrane rigidity probably all contribute to the splenic entrapment of these erythrocytes.
Methemoglobinemia, Heinz Bodies, and Acute Massive Intravascular Hemolysis in Lysol Poisoning
Authors: CHAN T. K. , MAK L. W. , NG RONALD P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two patients with poisoning by concentrated lysol are reported. One developed methemoglobinemia, a marked decrease in red cell glutathione level, and large solitary Heinz bodies associated with massive intravascular hemolysis 3 days later. The other patient, who had absorbed less lysol, developed methemoglobinemia and multiple small Heinz bodies that subsequently disappeared without frank hemolysis. No preexisting red cell defect was demonstrated in either patient, and in vitro experiments showed that these effects were due to a direct oxidant action of lysol and hydroquinone, a metabolite of phenol on the red cell.
Immune Lysis of Normal and AET-treated Lymphocytes: A Study by Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: LAMBERTENGHI-DELILIERS GIORGIO , FERRONE SOLDANO , RANZI TULLIO , SIRCHIA GIROLAMO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A morphologic study of normal and AET-treated lymphocytes exposed in vitro to cytotoxic antibody and complement (C) has been carried out using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The abnormalities observed were of the same kind for the two types of cell, but they were more marked in AET-treated lymphocytes than in their untreated counterparts. These results confirm the serologic finding that AET-treated lymphocytes possess a higher than normal susceptibility to the damaging action of antibody and C in the lymphocytotoxicity reaction.
Turnover Rate of Normal Blood Lymphocytes and Exchangeable Pool Size in Man, Calculated From Analysis of Chromosomal Aberrations Sustained During Extracorporeal Irradiation of the Blood
Authors: Field E. O. , Sharpe H. B. A. , Dawson K. B. , Andersen V. , Killmann S. A. , Weeke E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphocyte kinetics have been studied in four patients treated by extracorporeal irradiation of the blood (ECIB) for immunosuppressive purposes prior to renal transplantation. The technique involves the analysis of chromosomal aberrations sustained by lymphocytes during irradiation and demonstrable in cultures stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Lymphocytes containing aberrations may be regarded as labeled, and this form of labeling has the advantage that it does not require the manipulation of lymphocytes outside the body. Preliminary experiments established that about half of lymphocytes irradiated with doses of 300-400 rad fail to undergo mitosis in culture and that the aberration yield per lymphocyte is the same at the end of a course of ECIB as at the beginning. Irradiated lymphocytes were found to have a mean residence time in the blood of less than 2 min, and for the first few hours of irradiation they were replaced by lymphocytes from tissue pools at a rate such that there was no appreciable fall in the peripheral count. These findings imply that a large proportion of the vascular endothelium acts as a filter for damaged lymphocytes and that initially damaged cells were replaced at the rate of one blood pool per hour; this may represent the normal turnover time of blood lymphocytes. The size of the total exchangeable lymphocyte pool was calculated by two methods depending on a series of basic assumptions concerning the kinetics of irradiated cells. According to the most likely estimate, the total pool contains some 30 times as many cells as circulate in the blood. Forty-two per cent of lymphocytes survived an irradiation dose of 300 rad, 10%-19% survived 380 rad.
Familial Immunopathy With Chromosomal and Functional Abnormalities of Lymphocytes
Authors: Jehn Ulrich W. , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphocytes from members of a family with multiple immunologic disorders had abnormal chromosomes and defective in vitro function. The clinical findings ranged from agammaglobulinemia in the propositus to periarteritis nodosa in his grandnephew. The wife of the propositus was clinically healthy, but her lymphocytes were hyporeactive when cultured with nonspecific mitogens. The high incidence of lymphocyte abnormalities in the children may be the result of the mating of two individuals who have abnormal lymphocytes.
Leukapheresis Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Curtis J. E. , Hersh E. M. , Freireich E. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effects of repeated leukapheresis with the IBM Blood Cell Separator were assessed in 13 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Five patients had from 14 to 25 leukaphereses at intervals ranging from 7 to 33 days. The median total number of lymphocytes removed was 18.0 x 1011 (range 11.9 x 1011-26.6 x 1011). Two of these patients had a decrease in lymphocyte count and in lymphadenopathy. One of the above and eight additional patients had intensive leukapheresis therapy consisting of five procedures per week for 1-4 wk. The median total number of lymphocytes removed from these patients was 11.34 x 1011 (range 3.30 x 1011-47.4 x 1011). Eight of these patients had a decrease in lymphocyte count, five in spleen size, eight in lymph node size, seven in bone marrow infiltration, and one in liver size. Lymphocyte counts before beginning leukapheresis therapy ranged from 20,500 to 684,000 (median 70,900). The median lymphocyte count on completion of treatment was 19,200 (range 6,590-40,000). After leukapheresis therapy, the median doubling time of the lymphocyte count was 71 days (range 29-118 days). In addition to demonstrating a significant proliferative component in CLL, the objective regression of disease in ten of the 13 patients suggests that leukapheresis is a potentially useful treatment for CLL.
Further Evidence for a Deficient Storage Pool of Adenine Nucleotides in Platelets From Some Patients With Thrombocytopathia—"Storage Pool Disease"
Authors: Holmsen Holm , Weiss Harvey J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The metalobism of adenine nucleotides in platelets was studied in one patient with thrombasthenia and in six patients whose bleeding disorder has been attributed to a defect in collagen-induced platelet aggregation associated with impaired release of platelet ADP (thrombocytopathia). In two of these patients no specific abnormality was found that might account for the defect in the release reaction (thrombocytopathia B). In the other four patients (thrombocytopathia A), significantly decreased amounts of platelet ATP and ADP and an increase in the ATP/ADP ratio were obtained. The specific radioactivity of both ATP and, more strikingly, ADP that was found after incubating their platelets with 3H-adenine was significantly greater than normal. This indicated that the patients’ platelets lacked the nonmetabolic pool of adenine nucleotides present in specialized intracellular granules and that are specifically extruded from the platelet during the release reaction. Low platelet serotonin values were found in three of these patients, indicating that their platelets may lack the entire content of substances normally found in these granules. In all four of the patients with thrombocytopathia A, for which the name "storage pool disease" is proposed, platelet adenine uptake was normal, but increased hypoxanthine formation by resting cells was found in the three patients with low serotonin values. The breakdown of the ATP to inosine monophopshate and hypoxanthine during the release reaction was normal in all patients studied. Platelets from the patient with thrombasthenia were normal in all respects studied.
Alteration of the Cell Periphery During Granulocyte Maturation: Relationship to Cell Function
Authors: Lichtman Marshall A. , Weed Robert I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Physiologic characteristics of the surface of human granulocytes may be important determinants of functional capacity. Studies of immature granulocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN’s) from marrow and blood indicated that immature granulocytes are characterized by a high, neuraminidase-susceptible, negative surface charge density; a high degree of cellular rigidity, as measured by an elastimeter with a micropipette orifice size that approximated estimates of average bone marrow basement membrane pore size (3.5µ); low adhesiveness to glass and plastic; low propensity to aggregate; a slow rate of cell spreading, pseudopod extension, and motility; and a very low rate of phagocytosis. At the myelocyte stage, adhesiveness and phagocytosis, although not prominent, became evident. In contrast PMN’s had a lower negative surface charge density, a higher degree of surface deformability (the entire PMN readily deforming to enter a 3.5µ micropipette whereas the immature granulocyte would not so deform), higher adhesiveness (plastic > glass), a higher propensity to aggregate, a higher rate of cell spreading, pseudopod formation and motility, and a higher rate of phagocytosis. The increased deformability and adhesiveness of the PMN as compared to the immature granulocyte may be a reflection of an altered relationship between relaxing and contracting systems at the cell periphery during maturation and/or changes in the sol-gel state of macromolecules at the cell periphery. This concept is supported by the change in surface properties of the PMN toward those of the immature granulocyte at cold temperature (4°C). The increased deformability and reduced surface negative charge of the PMN could facilitate adhesiveness and pseudopod formation and, thereby, increase cell-surface and cell-particle contact with enhancement of motility and phagocytosis. Hence the exit of PMN from bone marrow and circulation and the functional capacity of the PMN may be determined by a process of cytoplasmic maturation during granulopoiesis that adapts the PMN for its essential cell-extracell interactions.
Acceleration of Fibrin Polymerization by Calcium Ions
Authors: Boyer Markley H. , Shainoff John R. , Ratnoff Oscar D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Calcium ions are known to accelerate the formation of a visible clot upon the addition of thrombin to plasma or fibrinogen. The experiments described demonstrate that this effect of calcium ions is not upon the rate of release of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen, but rather upon the aggregation of soluble fibrin monomers or polymers, independent of the action of fibrin-stabilizing factor.
An Improved Radioisotope Dilution Assay for Serum Vitamin B12 Using Hemoglobin-coated Charcoal
Authors: Liu Yong K. , Sullivan Louis W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A radioisotope dilution assay for vitamin B12, using hemoglobin-coated charcoal, was modified in several respects, the most prominent of which was the use of cyanide extraction of sera. With these modifications, the B12 levels were significantly higher in sera from normal subjects and patients with folate deficiency, whereas sera from patients with pernicious anemia and other B12-deficient states were only minimally affected. The use of cyanide extraction thus resulted in a clearer differentiation of B12-deficient sera from other sera; all 23 patients with pernicious anemia had B12 levels below 140 pg/ml, whereas all of 85 normal and 218 folate-deficient subjects had B12 levels above 156 pg/ml. The microbiologic assay with Euglena gracilis was similarly affected by cyanide extraction of sera. Thus, it appears that the use of cyanide results in more complete extraction of B12 from serum proteins.
Platelet Function and Pyrophosphates in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Hathaway William E. , Solomons Clive C. , Ott John E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Platelet function and serum pyrophosphate (PPi) levels were measured in 15 osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) patients and their parents. The bleeding time was abnormal in five of the subjects. Platelet adhesion to glass was occasionally abnormal (9 of 30 subjects). Platelet factor 3 (PF3) release was impaired in all patients except one and in one or both parents. Platelet aggregation to ADP was abnormal in most of the subjects. Aggregation to collagen was also frequently defective. Thrombin-induced platelet aggregation was always normal. Serum PPi levels were elevated in 62.5% of the subjects. The increased level of PPi was occasionally related to the defect in release of PF3; however, addition of PPi to normal platelet-rich plasma (PRP) did not alter the PF3 release or ADP aggregation. Thrombin-clotted PRP contributed to the elevated PPi but no more in the subjects than in the controls. Presumed carriers of the gene for OI may have defective platelet function and elevated serum PPi, even though no obvious signs of the disease are apparent.
The Effect of L-Asparaginase on the Nucleic Acid Metabolism and Cell Cycle of Human Leukemia Cells
Authors: Saunders E. Fred 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of L-asparaginase on the cell cycle and nucleic acid synthesis of leukemic cells was studied in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Following an intravenous infusion of the drug, serial marrow samples were obtained for buffy coat volume, mitotic index, and autoradiographic assessment of DNA and RNA synthesis using tritiated thymidine and tritiated uridine, respectively. A rapid decline in buffy coat volume indicated a lytic effect on lymphoblasts. There was a greater kill of proliferative (blasts in the cell cycle) than nonproliferative (G0) leukemic cells. Mitotic indices changed little until 24 hr; in contrast, thymidine labeling indices decreased markedly to less than 50% of control by 6 hr. The changes in labeling indices prior to changes in mitotic indices indicated that L-asparaginase blocked the entrance of cells into the DNA synthesis period of the cell cycle. Cells already in DNA synthesis appeared to continue into mitosis. Uridine labeling indices decreased progressively in all patients. Uridine uptake was inhibited equally in both proliferative and nonproliferative blasts. Therefore, inhibition of RNA synthesis by L-asparaginase was independent of the proliferative activity of the marrow.