bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Reappraisal of the Depositional Environment of the Precambrian Metasediments around Ghatsila-Galudih, Eastern Singbhum
Authors: Bhattacharya H. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Early Proterozoic Chaibasa Formation around Ghatsila-Galudih region comprises a number of cyclic fining-upward prograding sequences of tidalites. Each cycle begins with a basal flat-bedded to cross-bedded quartzit.e that passes into phyllite/ schist through a zone of alternating quartzite-phyllite/schist. Occurrences of large-scale cross-bedding, reactivation surface, mud cracks, fiaser, lenticular bedding and wave ripples coupled with channels and scours and evidence of strong current variability suggest deposition by tractional current in tidal fiats rather than in deep-sea environment by turbidity current. Dominance of unidirectional current structures results from migration of bedforms only during the dominant phase of the tidal current.
Three Probable Locations for Kimberlites in Wajrakarur-Lattavaram- P.C. Pyapilli Area, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Subrahmanyam Burra , Subba Rao J. A. V. R. K , Rao H. V. , Chakravarthy D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The deep fractures reported from near the Pennar - Hagari schist belt in Wajrakarur - Lattavaram - P.C. Pyapilli, Ananthapur District, A.P. (Fig. 1) when followed by ground geophysical methods have brought out prominent magnetic trends coinciding with fractures and a number of moderate to strong E.M. 'Poor' conductor indications near their vicinity, some of which have been duly corroborated by subsequent airborne electromagnetic and radiometric (potassium) survey. The combined study of the results from geophysics, geology and geochemistry have pointed to three probable locations of kimberlites.
Granites of Petermann Ranges, East Antarctica and Implications on their Genesis
Authors: Joshi A. , Pant N. C. , Parimoo M. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The hypersolvus granitic rocks of the Petermann Ranges in East Antarctica reveal high alkali content, generation from a relatively dry magma as shown by the field and petrological characters and development in an anorogenic selling as indicatcd by an indirect genetic linkage with the spatially associated Gruber anorthosite massif. Hence, their resemblance to A-type granites and generation in a tensional tectonic environment is suggested.
The petrochemical characters indicate that the partial melting of a heterogenous but largely metasedimentary source generated the melt for crystallisation of the Petermann granite. The heat required for melting was possibly released by the fractionating basic magma which produced the juxtaposed Gruber anorthosite massif.
Structures and Sequences in Fine-Grained Point Bars of Yamuna River Near Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Tewari R. C. , Gaur R. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Poiot bar sediments on two meander lobes of Yamuna river near Etawah, Uttar Pradesh are fine to very fine sand and silt, and moderately to wen sorted. Fining upward sequences of 60 to 280 cm thick are recognised in the top 4 meters of the point bar sequences. The large-scale trough cross-bedded fine-sand, a dominant lithofacies of the lower interval of fining upward sequence, corresponds to lateral accretion by migration of sinuous created dunes. The upper member consisting of ripple cross-lamioated, ripple drift-laminated and parallel-laminated fine sand and silt respectively, represents movement of small ripple bed forms and vertical accretion deposits of receding flood phase.
The Generation and Emplacement of Closepet Granite During Late Archaean Granulite Metamorphism in Southeastern Karnataka
Authors: Jayananda M. , Mahabaleswar B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the amphibolite-granulite facies transition zone of southeastern Karnataka a typical metamorphic-anatectic sequence is exposed. In this zone large scale melting of basement gneisses during late Archaean granulite metamorphism has led to the generation of the Closepet granite. Field evidence suggests a space-time relationship between charnockite development, migmatite formation and generation of the Closepet granite. This is also substantiated by U-Pb and Pb-Pb isotope data. At the southern end of the Closepet granite, conventional petrological data and oxygen isotope work suggest that CO2-rich fluid phase of subcrustal origin was instrumental in granulite metamorphism and anatexis. The Southern Closepet granite is highly heterogeneous and displays a very complex polyphase internal structure. Based on texture and cross cutting relationships, four major granite phases are recognised. The P-T conditions inferred from mineralogic geothermometry and geobarometry indicate that granite melts were generated at midcrustal levels. The spatial association of migmatites and gradational contacts suggest that the granite in the transition zone did not rise far from its source region. The occurrence of ductile mylonites and augen gneisses further north of the study area indicates a major shear control in the generation of the Closepet granite. A model involving collision of eastern and western crustal blocks along a N-S dividing line is the possible tectonic set-up for evolution of the Closepet granite.
Evidence from Earthquake Fault Plane Solutions on Upper Crustal Stresses in the Garhwahl Himalaya
Authors: Chander R. , Kalpna  
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The individual thrust-fault type fault plane solution of the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake is considered along with a reverse fault type and a strike-slip type composite fault plane solutions for the Garhwal Himalaya. The two latter solutions are based on data from 49 small and micro-earthquakes. All 50 earthquakes occured in the vicinityof Main Central Thrust over a distance of about 150km from Yamuna to Alaknanda valleys. The data are consistent with the view that a thrust-fault type stress environment prevails throughout the uppercrust in the region. The maximum effective principal stress (s1) is horizontal to sub-horizontal with azimuth along N42° everywhere in the upper crust except in the hypocental region of the Utrarkashi earthquake, where it is N26°. lntermediate effective principal stress (s2)is horizontal in the NW quadrant and the minimum effective principal stress (s3) is vertical to sub-vertical correspondingly. Reactivation of the strike-slip faults occurs under the influence of s1 and s2. This is within the theory of fault reactivation under general three dimensional stresses. Pore pressures could be relatively high and may approach lithostatic levels over most parts of upper crust in the region.
Depositional Pattern in Upland Surfaces of Central Gangetic Plain Near Lucknow
Authors: Kumar Suyash , Singh I. B. , Singh M. , Singh D. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Several meter thick muddy sequences make up the topmost part of upland surfaces in Central Gangetic Plain. Excavations in the river-valley terrace (T1-surface) of Gomti River show about 4 m thick fine-grained deposits, which are underlain by a meter thick sand body: The sand of such sand bodies is coarser-grained than the present-day Gomti River sand. The sequence is essentially a silty very fine sand, highly mottled due to extensive bioturbation. These muddy successions are deposited by sheet floods of monsoon rains and not linked to flood plain of present-day active river. The high plateau surface (T2-surface) shows locally a few meter thick channel fill sequences, produced by small channels which have been abandoned. The muddy sediments of upland surfaces show high degree of variability.
Mineral Economics and Occupational Health Hazards of the Asbestos Resources of Rajasthan
Authors: Mansinghka B. K. , Ranawat P. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
World's largest anthophyllite and tremolite deposits occur as small pods and lenses in the Precambrian ultramafic rocks of South Rajasthan. These deposits are being exploited by small-scale manual, open-cast mining methods. The recovered are is pulverised, without beneficiation, for use in asbestos-cement products that are manufactured in the small-scale industrial units throughout the country. Field survey conducted for mining, milling, and processing units did not yield anomalous health hazard results. The industry falls under the "extremely low-risk" catergory of the "Notion of acceptable risks". The paper attempts to rationally examine the facts and fallacies associated with asbestos mining and focuses attention on its risk-benefit aspect. It is concluded that the curbs imposed on asbestos are not justified.
Deep Geoelectric Structure in the Rohtak Region Using the Magnetotelluric Studies
Authors: Gupta Gautam , Rao C. K. , Gokarn S. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Magnetotelluric studies conducted in the seismically active regions around Rohtak over two linear profiles showed a predominantly two dimensional behaviour with major and minor rotation directions along the E-W and N-S respectively, indicative of strong influence of an approximately N-S arfgned conductive feature. The geoelectric structure indicates a 25m thick surface layer with a resistivity of 1.4 ohm-m corresponding to the alluvium. The thickness of the second (30 ohm-m) and third (1.2 ohm-m) layers were 50m and 150m respectively. These are interpreted to be due to the Siwalik sediments below alluvium. The fourth layer is 3000-4500m thick and has a resistivity of 100 ohm-m. This is presumably the metamorphosed basement and is separated from the granitic basement by 500-1500m thick highly conductive (1 ohm-m) layer, which presumably is the unconformity between the metamorphosed and granitic basements.
A N-S oriented vertical conductive zone was delineated extending from near surface to depths of atleast 18 km. This conductive body is about 5 km wide (along E-W) and has a resistivity of 1 ohm-m. The vertical conductor is indicative of a N-S aligned active fault or fracture zone transverse to the strike of the Himalayan collision belt. The epicentral distribution of the earthquakes indicates that this fault may be of significance in understanding the seismicity of this region.
PREPARATION TECHNIQUES: FROM SINGLE BONE FRAGMENTS TO MOUNTED SKELETONS—MODELS, HYBRID EPISTEMIC OBJECTS, AND THE QUESTION OF EVIDENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF 19TH-CENTURY MOA FINDS
Authors: KLEMUN MARIANNE 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
After the first Moa bones were found in New Zealand in 1839, a Moa ‘frenzy’ unfolded in London under Richard Owen’s dominant expertise. Further finds of Moa skeletons in New Zealand gave Julius Haast, the founder of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, New Zealand, the opportunity to sell or exchange the bones to other museums, making him an international expert, independent from London as one of the world’s scientific centres. By 1870, the museum had seven complete mounted skeletons on display.
In 1860, Vienna joined New Zealand and London in having a unique Moa skeleton find. Ferdinand Hochstetter visited New Zealand in 1858–1859 as a member of the Austrian circumnavigation expedition of the Novara and travelled across the islands as a geologist with Julius Haast. Hochstetter placed great attention on obtaining these bones, and on his return to Vienna they were prepared and articulated by Gustav Jäger. As an early Darwinian scholar in Vienna, he described the procedure of bone preparation and articulation in great detail and developed a plaster cast model made from a complete skeleton of the Palapteryx ingens Owen, of which only rudiments had been known until 1858.
This paper discusses the technique of mounting skeletons, working with plaster casts and their role in the making of science. How did the mounting of skeletons guide research and how did the relationship between authenticity and evidence work? The use and meaning of 3-D constructions as opposed to images are the focus of the article. Jäger’s casts from 1863 will serve to illustrate how a producer reflected the relationship between ‘Naturwahrheit’ and preparation, between an original skeleton and a replica. What is the significance of taxidermy and artificial reconstruction, especially as it mediated between research and the public? I argue in different directions: the moa skeletons were hybrid objects that captivated scientists and the general public alike. As models, they mediated between the founders and describers of the bones, the producers of the skeletons and the public. Not only did the skeletons raise unresolved palaeontological, anatomical, taxonomical and evolutionary questions, they also fascinated because of their monumentality and uniqueness. They broadened the public’s view of the general phenomenon of extinction in the animal world, they allowed Māori legends to be incorporated as information into natural history research, and they linked human history with natural history. They were also objects that publicly promoted the importance of palaeontological collections and palaeontology as a young science.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS AND THEIR COLLECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN STRATIGRAPHY
Authors: HARPER DAVID A. T. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
The disciplines of palaeontology and stratigraphy are inextricably linked and it is not a surprise that fossils and their collections played and continue to play a major role in recognizing and correlating rock successions. Geological systems have traditionally been identified by their lithologies and fossil content. Collections in state and other recognized institutions are key references to the passage of geological time and organic evolution but are also fundamental for the correlation of rock successions. Stratigraphically-arranged displays, common in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have been commonly morphed into galleries show-casing the evolution of life. Nevertheless, chronostratigraphic units, such as systems, series and stages defined on their fossil content ultimately proved an unstable concept. Stages were recognized by the presence of groups of fossils initially in a type area and elsewhere on the occurrence of some or all of those in the type sections. Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) are where rock meets time, at a point defined in a section and provide a more stable way to define and correlate rock successions.
SCARS ON THE SHIELD: CARLYLE BEALS, PETER MILLMAN, AND THE BEGINNING OF THE CANADIAN METEORITE CRATER PROGRAM, 1950–1960
Authors: PLOTKIN HOWARD 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
When Peter Millman, an astronomer at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, read Ralph Baldwin’s 1949 book The Face of the Moon, he excitedly brought it to the attention of the Observatory’s recently-appointed Director, Carlyle Beals. Baldwin’s book argued that the Moon’s numerous circular features were not of volcanic origin, but were due to meteorite impacts, and that the Earth should similarly have an abundance of meteorite impact scars. Beals and Millman decided to test Baldwin’s arguments, and Beals initiated an innovative program at the Observatory to search for meteorite craters on the Canadian Shield. By the mid-1960s, ten craters had been discovered in Canada. Today, 190 meteorite craters have been confirmed worldwide, with nearly one-sixth of them in Canada. Investigations of the Canadian craters, employing gravity, magnetic, seismic, and diamond drilling studies, became a model for all future crater studies, and brought international attention to Canadian scientists.
ORIGINS AND OUTCOMES OF THE 1961 SEPM/AAPG CARBONATE ROCK CLASSIFICATION SYMPOSIUM
Authors: DRUMMOND CARL N. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT
In the spring of 1961 William E. Ham of the Oklahoma Geological Survey organized a symposium at the joint meeting of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists (SEPM) and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) in Denver, Colorado on the topic “Modern Concepts and Classification of Carbonate Rocks”. This meeting brought together some of the most experienced and well-regarded sedimentologists and stratigraphers from academic and industry research laboratories. The symposium was motivated by an expansion of interest in carbonate petrology over the preceding two decades driven primarily by advances in petroleum exploration. The scientific origin of the meeting as well as the status of carbonate rock classification prior to the symposium is reviewed. The evolution of the Folk classification, from his dissertation research in the early 1950s through the Denver meeting and subsequent publication in the 1962 AAPG memoir is reviewed. Comparisons between the Folk and its well-known alternative the Dunham classification are drawn along with a review and summary of other approaches to classification presented at the meeting. The impact of the symposium on advances in carbonate rock classification over the six decades since the Denver meeting is summarized including a brief review of emergent advances in digital rock textural analysis utilizing deep-learning neural network technology.
Prevalence of medication use in the postpartum period: A narrative review of current trends and implications for midwifery practice.
Authors: Tigka Maria , Nanou Christina , Lazarou Eleftheria , Lykeridou Aikaterini , Metallinou Dimitra 
Published: November 2024

IntroductionThe postpartum period is a critical phase for maternal recovery and infant care. The aim of this narrative
review is to explore the prevalence and indications of medication use in the postpartum period.MethodsThis narrative review synthesized studies published in English over the past 20 years from electronic databases,
including PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, using key terms. Screening and data extraction were performed
independently by two reviewers. Disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. No formal quality
assessment was performed.ResultsPostpartum medication use is common, with prevalence rates varying between 34% and 100%, depending on
the study population and setting. Medications for the nervous system (21.6%-99.6%), anti-infectives (27.6%-99.3%), and
hematopoietic drugs (1.4%-91.7%) are frequently prescribed to manage pain, prevent infections, and support recovery from
blood loss or prevent thrombosis. Musculoskeletal medications (14.1%-87.4%), drugs for the alimentary tract and metabolism
(5.9%-79.5%), and treatments for the genitourinary system and hormonal preparations (7%-69.2%) are also commonly used,
with significant variability among studies. In contrast, cardiovascular (2%-22.4%) and respiratory medications (0.8%-15%)
are less commonly prescribed. The reasons for medication use include immediate recovery needs and the management of
acute conditions. Medications are also used to manage chronic conditions.ConclusionsMedication use is highly prevalent in the postpartum period worldwide. A balanced approach, combining
pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic care, is essential for safe recovery. Midwives are vital in helping mothers make
informed choices. Future research should aim to establish standardized medication guidelines and evaluate safety to support
evidence-based postpartum care.
Assessment of the Clinical Ability of Dental Students in Tooth Extraction at the University of Sulaimani
Authors: Abdalkarim Kardo Mustafa , Hamaamin Kanar Abdaladhim , Mahmood Faris Bayad Jaza 
Published: November 2024

Introduction: To evaluate undergraduate students’ clinical ability to extract teeth, we created a new, coordinated, and quantitative assessment form containing nine items that were required to measure the various skills, using the visual analog scale.
Materials and Methods: A pilot study was performed with 30 students, each of whom was rated by three examiners. In addition, 118 students (59 fourth-year and 59 fifth-year) were reviewed halfway through the year and at their final examinations. The assessment form was then used to evaluate students’ abilities for tooth extraction throughout the academic year 2022–2023.
Results: High inter-examiner reliability and a significant association of mean scores (p < 0.001) between three examiners at the beginning and final of the block for both 4th and 5th students. Both groups showed considerable improvement in their mean scores between the beginning and final examinations. The result shows the association between socio-demographic characteristics of patients treated by fourth and fifth-stage students, (52.54% and 54.24%) of the participants were males in fourth and fifth-stage students respectively. At the same time (47.46% and 45.76%) of the participants were females in fourth and fifth stage students respectively. The age of majority of the participants was more than 30 years old, representing (76.27%), and only (10.17%) were between 25-30 years in fourth stage students, and (8.47%) were between 25-30 years in fifth stage students.
Conclusion: The use of a newly developed assessment scale during tooth extraction offered an objective, standardized, and feasible method for the assessment of clinical skills of undergraduate students for both formative and summative purposes.
Geometrically Investigating the Effect of Maxillary Posterior Impaction on Mandible Autorotation in Patients with Anterior Openbite Using Proplan CMF Software on Available CT Scans
Authors: Mahmoudi Hamed , MalekHosseini Nima , Tehrani Mona Mohajeri , Zadeh Samad Samadi 
Published: November 2024

Background: Posterior impaction of the maxilla leads to spontaneous rotation of the mandible and these rotations are often accompanied by soft tissue and skeletal changes. The present research aims to determine the effects of posterior impaction of the maxilla on mandible's Autorotation in patients with anterior open bite.
Methods and material: Using a 3D reconstructed model of 25 patients with anterior open bites, this descriptive study is conducted. The construction model of the posterior segment of the mandible design was subjected to 2, 3, 5, and 7 mm posterior impaction of the maxilla around the ANS axis without any mandibular intervention, using the available CT scan and ProPlan CMF software. Following this, the autorotation and anterior open bite correction were assessed. A basic linear regression test was used to examine the effects of various variables on the anterior open bite closure at various impaction rates.
Results: The rise, in impact rate led to an increase in the byte closure rate. With 2, 3, 5 and 7 mm posterior impaction of the maxilla, the bite closure was not significantly affected by maxilla length, mandible length, U1-SN angle, ANS-PNS angle with the maxillary occlusal plane, or mandibular incisor angle with the mandibular plane. Nevertheless, during the 5 mm posterior maxillary impaction procedure, there was a 0.25 mm increase in the open bite closure for every 1 degree increase in IMPA; this number is statistically significant. (p<0.001).
Conclusion: The amount of bite closure increased along with the posterior impaction of the maxilla. All other variables did not significantly affect bite closure rate, with the exception of the IMPA variable in 5 mm impactions.