bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Media Evaluation and Behavior of Clostridium Perfringens as an Adjunct Indicator of Quality in Shellfish Growing Areas
Authors: Abeyta C. , Wekell M. M. , Kaysner C. A. , Stott R. F. , Raghubeer E. V. , Matches J. R. , Peeler J. T. 
Published: May 2018

In numerous studies of estuaries of the West Coast of the United States, we have recovered C.perfringens, total and fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci from shellfish, sediments and water. In some areas closed to shellfish harvest and known to be subject to fecal contamination, C.perfrinqens were recovered regularly from shellfish and sediments. For example, in one estuary, prior to sampling, a local sewage treatment plant (STP) with a design capacity of 1 million gallons per day (MGD) was receiving high flows of raw sewage of 3.02 MGD. This resulted in an overflow or bypass of raw sewage into the estuary. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci levels measured in impacted oysters showed an increase during the initial stages of the bypass and decreased to baseline levels by the 5th day of sampling. C.perfringens levels increased from 36 MPN/100 g and reached maximum levels in oysters (4600 MPN/100 g) on the 6th day when the sewage flow was returning to normal, but still over capacity (1.8 MGD) and sewage was being discharged into the bay. At this time, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci counts were near baseline levels (120 and 50 organisms/100 g respectively). Therefore, at the later stages of the sewage bypass, C.perfrinqens was a useful indicator of fecal contamination in oysters.
The most recent and promising method for the enumeration of C.perfrinqens in all types of environmental samples is the Iron Milk Method (IMM). The method has been tested with water, marine and freshwater sediments, soil, fish gut contents and foods, and has been shown to enumerate C.perfrinqens without the need for confirmation. The IMM uses a 3 tube MPN procedure with each tube containing 10 ml of homogenized milk plus 0.2 g iron powder per tube. Inoculated tubes are incubated for 16-18 hrs at 45 °C. The presence of the classical stormy fermentation signifies a positive tube. Numbers of C.perfrinqens in samples are rapidly measured.
Utilization of Immobilized-Bacteria to Degrade Aromatic Compounds Common to Wood-Treatment Wastewaters
Authors: O'Reilly Kirk T. , Kadakia Rakesh , Korus Roger A. , Crawford Ronald L. 
Published: May 2018

The utilization of immobilized bacterial cells to remove toxic compounds from contaminated water is reviewed. A microbial biofilm capable of degrading the wood preservative pentachlorophenol (PCP) was developed in an aquatic system exposed to the biocide. The ability of the biofilm to function in a variety of bioreactors was tested. PCP and other aromatic compounds were degraded in the reactors. Large-scale bioreactors developed following these initial studies are currently in operation decontaminating water associated with wood-treatment facilities.
Pure cultures of bacteria capable of degrading PCP or p-cresol have been immobilized in calcium alginate. Complete degradation of the target compounds occurred in both batch and continuous bioreactors. Studies indicate that it should be possible to customize bioreactors for decontamination of specific waste streams by immobilizing the proper bacteria.
Water Quality Management at Palm Meadows Golf Course (Australia) by Limited Tidal Exchange
Authors: Milligan C. J. , McAlister A. B. 
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the fulfillment of a design brief for a tidal exchange system for lakes within a golf course on the Queensland Gold Coast to maintain aesthetic appeal while retaining approximately constant water levels. Secondary objectives of minimal maintenance, yet ability of the system to support water based recreation were also defined.
To achieve the above, a simulation of potential lake layouts and their tidal hydraulics was achieved using ‘ESTRY', a hydrodynamic modelling program developed by Winders, Barlow and Morrison. Output from the model defined the necessary design criteria. This allowed significant cost savings in civil works to be achieved during construction and minimal ongoing maintenance costs in the developed golf course complex.
Confirmation of fulfillment of the design criteria has been provided by the satisfactory agreement between predicted model results and actual characteristics of the lakes and the results of a water quality monitoring program.
Recreational Use Considerations of the Sugarloaf Reservoir (Melbourne, Australia)
Authors: Howard N. H. 
Published: May 2018

Sugarloaf Reservoir, one of Melbourne's newer storages, draws an increasing proportion of its water from the unprotected and polluted lower Yarra requiring all supply to be comprehensively treated before being supplied to consumers. Because of this special situation, compared to harvesting from protected catchments, a recreational use study of the reservoir and its small natural catchment was initiated.
The first phase of this study was undertaken by Dr J Forsyth of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne which recommended that, from the public health point of view, the present nominal recreational use (passive) at Sugarloaf Reservoir could be extended to include shore based fishing, establishment of a catchment nature trail, sailing, rowing, youth club and model yacht sailing. A Phase 2 study reported on the financial, managerial aspects, etc, not addressed by Dr Forsyth, while the “implementation stage” is being currently considered in a third phase. A report on this last phase is to be submitted to the Board and Minister for Water Resources for consideration for the summer of 1988.
Impact of Lagoon Effluent on an Inland Stream – A 10 Year Perspective
Authors: Skerry G. P. , Parker J. G. 
Published: May 2018

The discharge of lagoon treated effluent to inland waterways has long been of contention in relation to the impact of residual algal cells and nutrients in the receiving water body, especially a water body used extensively for recreation.
This paper examines the pre lagoon and post lagoon discharge effects on water quality in a major inland river over a ten year monitoring period. The impact of a lagoon discharge flow of up to 20 ML/day during summer conditions is assessed in relation to effect on receiving stream physical, chemical and biological water quality indicators and implications for management are assessed and evaluated.
Impact of Water Quality on Fish Production Based on Egyptian and Israeli Practices
Authors: Fattal B. , Eisawy A. M. , Dotan A. , Shuval H. I. , Mancy K. H. 
Published: May 2018

This study deals with an Israel-Egypt-USA collaborative project on the health risks and technological options for fish grown in polluted waters.
The fish were grown in aquaculture either with wastewater–enrichment or without. The study included one effluent polishing pond, two fish ponds and two water reservoirs. The fish stock in the ponds and reservoirs consisted mainly of tilapia (usually hybrids of Sarotherodonniloticus × S. aureus). The results of Israeli and Egyptian studies indicated that, on the average, the yields for wastewater aquaculture were higher than the yields without wastewater. However the Egyptian study showed that in areas with inadequate dilution of wastewater by freshwater near to a sewage outfall, there were negative effects on fish production.
Microbiological assays (E.coli and Aeromonas) of water and fish tissues, indicate that the Aeromonas counts were high in the water as well as in the fish tissue. The bacterial count was higher in the digestive tract than in the water in which the fish were grown. In most cases only Aeromonas was detected in muscles. There was no difference between wastewater-enriched and nonwastewater aquacultures for both E.coli and Aeromonas concentrations in fish tissues.
The Incidence of Waterborne and Water-Associated Disease in Scotland from 1945 to 1987
Authors: Benton C. , Forbes G. I. , Paterson G. M. , Sharp J. C. M. , Wilson T. S. 
Published: May 2018

A review of the incidence of waterborne disease in Scotland from 1945 to 1987 has been undertaken in conjunction with the Communicable Diseases (Scotland) Unit and the Scottish Home and Health Department. Primarily, these relate to contamination of private and public supplies by microbiological and chemical agents, but incidents in which water such as river water was ingested deliberately or accidentally were included. Water-related infections such as legionellosis and leptospirosis which are acquired by non-alimentary routes have been excluded. During the period of the review there were 57 outbreaks of water-borne disease comprising of over 15,305 cases of illness. A total of 18 outbreaks occurred in public supplies and 21 in private supplies. Microbiological contamination gave rise to the greatest number of cases of water-borne disease which were caused by viral gastroenteritis and shigellosis followed by outbreaks of gastroenteritis of unknown aetiology.
The highest number of outbreaks were due to chemical poisoning,caused mainly by lead and copper, followed by outbreaks of gastroenteritis of unknown aetiology. The type of deficiency giving rise to incidents of waterborne disease were described for private and public water supplies. In public supplies the need for hygenic storage of water in distribution and effective catchment control practices in conjunction with adequate water treatment facilities is emphasised. In private supplies the need to, at minimum, apply rudimentary disinfection to untreated source water is highlighted by the large numbers of people who have been affected by water-borne disease.
DNA-Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Adenoviruses Isolated from Waters
Authors: Krikelis V. , Markoulatos P. , Spyrou N. , Govari V. , Karabatsas P. 
Published: May 2018

Adenoviruses can often be isolated from waters in Greece. Among them, serotype adenovirus 7 (Ad 7) was found most frequently, accounting for nearly 55% of all adenovirus isolates from water, with the protamine sulphate precipitation method used. The corresponding isolation rate of the Ad 7 serotype from humans was even higher, approaching 85% of all human isolates. This high frequency of occurrence of the Ad 7 serotype prompted us to perform a DNA restriction enzyme analysis of Ad 7 strains, so as to find their genome type. Twenty eight strains, 14 from waters and 14 from humans, were grown in Hep2 cells in the presence of radioactive phosphorus.
Viruses were harvested after 24 hours incubation, the DNA was extracted and digested with the endonucleases of Bam HI and XhoI. DNA restriction digests were electrophoresed in agarose gels, vacuum dried and autoradiographed. The comparison of the restriction digests showed that all strains from waters and 12 out of 14 from humans belong to the genome type Adeno 7b, which is the most prevalent in other European countries as well.
Plasmid-Determined Resistance to Silver in Enterobacter cloacae Isolated from Sewage
Authors: Nakahara Hideomi , Yonekura Ikumi , Sato Akio , Moriyama Kiyoshi , Kobayashi Yutaka , Mori Tadahiro , Chino Mitsuo 
Published: May 2018

Microbial silver toxicity is found in situations of industrial pollution, especially those associated with the use of photographic film. In hospitals, silver salts are the preferred antimicrobial agents for burns. It is well known that silver-resistant bacteria with plasmids (extrachromosomal DNA molecules) encoded for silver resistance can be isolated from polluted industrial sites and hospitals.
The silver resistance of five strains of Enterobactercloacae isolated from contaminated sewage was investigated. In one of these strains, a high frequency of inactivation of silver resistance was achieved by treatment with ethidium bromide and acriflavine (inactivation frequencies of 23.3% and 17.7%, respectively). The maximum concentration of AgNO3 at which plasmid-less Ag-sensitive strains could be grown was 20 mg/l. The maximum concentration of AgNO3 at which Ag-resistant strains were able to grow was 10 000 mg/l, i.e., 500 times that for silver-sensitive strains. Agarose gel electrophoresis profiles showed that the DNA with higher mobility, i.e., plasmids, present in the silver-resistant cells was inactivated by the treatment with ethidium bromide and acriflavine.
Viable organisms of Ag-resistant and Ag-sensitive strains at about 108 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml were inoculated into broth containing AgNO3. The concentrations of AgNO3 in the supernatants were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A decrease in the concentration of AgNO3 was observed. The concentrations decreased to below 50% of the initial value after 24 h, and to almost 0% (trace) after 1 week.
Sprat – A Simple River Quality Impact Model for Intermittent Discharges
Authors: Crockett C. P. , Crabtree R. W. , Markland H. R. 
Published: May 2018

The detrimental influence of storm sewer overflows on urban river quality has been widely recognised for many years. One objective of the WRc River Basin Management programme is the development of a river impact model capable of predicting the transient quality changes in receiving waters due to intermittent storm sewage discharges. The production of SPRAT (Spill Pollution Response Assessment Technique) is the first step in the development of such a model.
SPRAT incorporates a number of significant simplifications, most notably plug flow and instantaneous mixing, and does not implicitly take into account the effects of dispersion. These simplifications reflect the large errors associated with the model inputs. These errors severely limit the potential accuracy of any river impact model.
The model has been applied to the Bolton river system in North West England. The development and application of SPRAT has enabled the requirements for a more sophisticated river quality impact model to be clearly defined, in addition to highlighting the problems associated with gathering suitable data with which to build and calibrate such a model.
The Treatment of Wastewaters from Sugar Cane Alcohol Production with Modified Bentonites
Authors: Büchler P. M. 
Published: May 2018

The recent use of hydrated ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in Brazil has created a major environmental problem to the country. The final product of sugar cane juice fermentation is a ten percent ethanol solution. In order to reach the concentration of the hydrated ethanol (96%) the weak solution has to be distilled. Therefore for each liter of alcohol produced ten liters of liquid residue will be generated. This residue, known as vinasse, is a 5 to 10% solution of mostly organic molecules. Therefore the BOD of vinasse can be as high as 50,000 mg/l.
The present work is a study of the adsorption of some organic components of vinasse in a tetra methyl ammonium derivative of Wyoming bentonite. A sodium Brazilian bentonite was also studied. The hydrophobic nature of this ammonium quaternary cation makes the silicate surface of the clay more receptive to organic molecules and, above all to polar organic molecules. Several organic compounds, beyond vinasse, at temperatures close to ambient were tested. Isotherms were plotted and their shapes were compared with Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption is higher at lower temperatures. This means that the treatment is less effective at hot climates.
The adsorption of phenol at 1,000 ppm and 20°C has shown a removal effectiveness of 85%. For lower concentrations and higher temperatures the adsorption was less effective. Other organics tested were glucose, glycine, dextran, ethanol, glycerol and fructose. All showed a lower adsorption pattern.
Dimensioning of Aerated Grit Chambers and Use as a Highly Loaded Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Londong Jorg 
Published: May 2018

The aerated grit chamber has long been used to separate sand from sewage. Nevertheless, there are no definite and uniform recommendations for dimensioning, and there is little information in the literature about the degree of separation attainable. Thus, principles for dimensioning and the possible degree of separation are derived from measurements of large pilot scale plants, two-dimensional models, and existing aerated grit chambers. The following values for dimensioning were found in this work: a detention period of about 20 minutes; a width to depth ratio (w/d) of about 0.8; a minimal and maximal cross section area between 1 and about 7 m2; a flow velocity of 20 cm/s at the bottom of the aerated grit chamber.
Simple formulae for the determination of the required amount of air can be given in relation to the w/d ratio, the depth of air injection and the kind of aeration used (fine or coarse bubble). The simultaneous use of an aerated grit chamber as an adsorption stage (highly loaded activated sludge process) is possible without additional air being required to maintain the velocity at the bottom of the grit chamber. For purely aerobic operation, however, the amount of air has to be increased.
The Clogging of Sewage Lagoon Aerators
Authors: Davis E. 
Published: May 2018

The Lagoon method of waste water treatment was introduced into Canada in the mid 1950's. At present, of the 2019 waste water treatment systems in Canada, 1163 are Lagoon systems and 265 of these include aeration equipment.
Continuing difficulties associated with the plugging of the aerators have led to a study of this maintenance problem.
Physical factors have been identified as the major cause of the plugging of large bubble aerators; whereas chemical solution and deposition under high algal growth conditions have been set forward as the causes of fine bubble aerator plugging.
Selected field investigation data collected indicate that the proposed push-pull system of precipitation of calcium carbonate and silica dioxide may in fact be responsible for the plugging of fine bubble aerators with these materials.
Research Applications in the Field of Wastewater Treatment Technology in Japan
Authors: Murakami Ken 
Published: May 2018

Three case studies of research applications in the field of wastewater treatment technology in Japan are presented. The technologies being dealt with in the case studies are the two-stage dewatering of sewage sludge, the use of prefabricated panels for the construction of oxidation ditches and the multi-stage reversing-flow bioreactor (MRB) process. The main organizations in charge of development of these technologies are a city, a public corporation and a national research institute, respectively. The processes of research application as well as the associated problems are described and discussed through the case studies.
The technology evaluation system that started in 1986 is also described here. This system was established in order to promote the actual use of new technologies, particularly those developed by the private sector.
Research Applications
Authors: Rouse M. J. 
Published: May 2018

This paper covers the approach taken by WRc to the practical application of research results. WRc works on an annual programme of research paid for collectively by the UK water utilities totalling ₤15m. In addition contract research is carried out for government largely on environmental matters and for utilities and others on a confidential basis.
The approach to the implementation described here deals with the application of results across the whole of the United Kingdom where there are a large number of users of the results but with varying degrees of interest in any particular topic. The requirement is to inform all of the outcome of the work and then to provide the facility of rapid implementation for those who have an immediate requirement to apply the new knowledge and technology.
Evaluation of Composted Sewage Sludge/Straw Mixture for Horticultural Utilization
Authors: Lopez-Real J. M. , Witter E. , Midmer F. N. , Hewett B. A. O. 
Published: May 2018

Collaborative research between Southern Water and Wye College, University of London, has led to the development of a static aerated pile composting process for the treatment of dewatered activated sludge cake/straw mixtures. The process reduces bulk volume of the sludge producing an environmentally acceptable, stabilised, odour and pathogen-free product.
Characteristics of the compost make it a suitable general purpose medium for container grown plants, providing the salt concentration is reduced by washing the compost prior to planting. Compared with peat the compost has a higher bulk density, a lower waterholding capacity, a lower cation exchange capacity, a high content of soluble salts, and a higher content of plant nutrients. A compost mixture was successfully developed in the growing trials containing equal quantities of compost, Sphagnum peat, and horticultural vermiculite.
The compost has been used successfully to grow a wide range of plants. Plants grown in mixtures based on the compost were in general similar to those grown in peat-based growing media. The compost is a valuable soil conditioner and slow release fertilizer.
Measurements, Data Analysis and Control Methods in Wastewater Treatment Plants–State of the Art and Future Trends
Authors: Olsson Gustaf , Andersson Bengt , Göran Hellstrom Bengt , Holmström Hans , Reinius Lars Gunnar , Vopatek Petr 
Published: May 2018

This paper is a summary of a committee working for the Swedish Water and Wastewater Works Association (VAV). The purpose of the report is to present the possibilities today to measure, present and analyze data and control treatment plants. The typical audience is the operator, the process engineer, or the consulting engineer. The methods presented are all known from different disciplines, but are here presented in a form that connects the methods to wastewater treatment operation. Unlike any manual of practice the report is not a concensus report of current practice-Rather it is an attempt to show the potential of modern methods for data analysis and control. This will help the potential equipment or computer buyer to specify relevant demands for the system.
The fact that any wastewater treatment plant is highly dynamic has to be reflected both in measurements and in control. The report discusses relevant sampling times for different measurements, both from the inherent dynamics and from the variability of the disturbances. Current design practice is almost always based on steady state analysis, and disturbances are too often controlled by larger tank volumes rather than relevant control actions.
In order to obtain relevant data analysis the purpose of the measurement has to be clearly stated. Interesting and relevant measurement variables are listed. Moreover, a short survey of existing instrumentation and its status is presented. The transfer of data from the primary sensor to the computer has to be carefully designed.
Once the data is in the computer, the data structure must be specified. The different compromizes between storage capacity, data formats and other relevant information are discussed. Simple measurement handling is described before statistical analysis is discussed. Numerous examples demonstrate the results. Some methods for parameter estimation and model building from measurement data are discussed, particularly with the purpose to make the methods available for on-line use. It is shown how estimated models can be used for the operation of plants. Different control methods are discussed. The basic kind of local control to keep the plant running is first mentioned, but more emphasis is laid on plant quality control, like dissolved oxygen, return sludge and waste sludge control.
Dynamic models offer interesting possibilities for plant simulation, and simulators are being developed, that can support the operator with further predictive information. Some future possibilities of knowledge-based systems for process diagnosis are further discussed. They offer new possibilities to use natural language for systematic error analysis and diagnostic searches.