bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Growth and Yield Model Incorporating Hardwood Competition for Natural Loblolly Pine Stands in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Martin Stacey W. , Brister Graham H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using 5 yr remeasurement data from even-aged natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands in the Georgia Piedmont, a system of growth equations was developed to project pine yield over time that accounts for hardwood competition. In this system, the increase in the proportion of hardwood basal area over time is estimated, then the projected pine basal area and trees per acre are adjusted inversely to account for this increase. The parameter estimates for this system ensure compatibility between volume prediction and projection equations and the proportion of hardwood basal area, pine basal area, dominant height, and trees per acre projection equations. The whole-stand growth and yield system developed here coupled with published merchantable yield equations allow for the evaluation of the impact of hardwoods on future stand yield and product distributions. The results indicate that the impact of hardwood competition on pine yield is substantial and occurs mainly as a reduction in sawtimber volume. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):179-185.
Stem Sinuosity, Tree Size, and Pest Injury of Machine-Planted Loblolly Pine with Bent versus Straight Taproots
Authors: Harrington Timothy B. , Gatch Jason A. , Price Terry S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-four machine-planted stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) of ages 3 to 10 yr were sampled near Athens, GA, to compare stem sinuosity, tree size, and pest injury of trees with bent versus straight taproots. Based on a 0- to 8-point index, the average level of stem sinuosity was medium (X = 2.6; n = 1,327 trees). Trees of high or low stem sinuosity index were identified near each of ten points per site, and one was selected to best represent each level (n = 240 pairs). Seventy-two pairs were excavated, and of these, 62 and 82 trees had bent and straight taproots, respectively. Levels of stem sinuosity were medium or high for 77% of trees with bent taproots, while they were low for 71% of trees with straight taproots (chi-square P = 0.001). Trees with bent taproots were 7% to 9% smaller in stem diameter and height, while their stem sinuosity index was over twice that of trees with straight taproots (P = 0.01). Taproot azimuth did not differ significantly (P > 0.20) from planting row azimuth, indicating that bent taproots from machine planting remained confined to the planting slit. Although biological mechanisms were not identified, results indicate a potentially problematic association between bent taproots and reduced stem quality of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 23(4):197-202.
Early Growth Responses of Slash and Loblolly Pine Following Fertilization and Herbaceous Weed Control Treatments at Establishment
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Wilson Duncan S. , Allen James E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from 21 regional experiments, established using a common study design, were analyzed to examine 5 and 8 yr growth responses and interactions between fertilizer and herbaceous competition control treatments applied to newly established plantations of slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) in the southeastern lower Coastal Plain. Eleven experiments were with slash pine and the remaining 10 with loblolly pine. The study sites were predominantly found on CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization, Univ. of Florida)A, B, C, D, and E group soils. The four treatments examined were (1) Control, no treatment; (2) Fertilizer (Fert) only, 250 lb/ac diammonium phosphate; (3) Herbaceous weed control (Herb) only, 1 quart/ac Velpar® (hexazinone) + 4 oz/ac Oust® (sulfometuron methyl); and (4) Fertilizer + Herbaceous weed control. Fifth-year survival rates for slash pine averaged 91% among all sites and were not significantly affected by silvicultural treatments or CRIFF soil groups. Loblolly pine survival rates were similarly unaffected by the Fert and Herb treatments; however, loblolly pine survival was lowest on CRIFF C group soils and most likely attributable to establishment practices rather than soil differences. The percentages of loblolly pine sites exhibiting significant volume responses at age 5 yr were 60% for Fert only, 40% for Herb only, and 100% for the Fert + Herb treatment; corresponding treatment responses for slash pine were 36%, 45%, and 64%, respectively. In the majority of tests (76%, both species), the Fert and Herb treatments were additive in nature, suggesting that each treatment was independent relative to its effects on volume growth. After 8 yr, loblolly pine volume responses for the Fert + Herb treatment over the control averaged 100% on CRIFF A group soils (1430 ft3/ac vs. 713 ft3/ac) and 52% on CRIFF C and D group soils (688 ft3/ac vs. 452 ft3/ac); corresponding treatment responses for slash pine on similar soils averaged 29% (645 ft3/ac vs. 499 ft3/ac) and 10% (805 ft3/ac vs. 733 ft3/ac), respectively. The early growth responses due to treatment declined between ages 5 and 8 yr, especially for the Herb only treatment with loblolly pine. Results from these studies suggest that growth responses were generally commensurate with management intensity, except for slash pine on sites with good inherent growth potential. Additional silvicultural inputs, in the form of midrotation fertilizer applications, would be necessary to sustain the early growth benefits afforded by the time of planting fertilizer and herbaceous weed control treatments, especially with loblolly pine on comparable sites. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):23-30.
Response of Advance Cherrybark Oak Reproduction to Midstory Removal and Shoot Clipping
Authors: Lockhard Brian R. , Hodges John D. , Gardiner Emile S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Midstory competition control and shoot clipping have been proposed to increase the vigor and height of advance bottomland oak reproduction. Results from a study in east-central Mississippi showed that advance cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) released from midstory competition had greater survival than nonreleased seedlings, 64% and 48%, respectively, 9 yr after treatment. Released seedlings were also 2.5-3.4 ft taller than nonreleased seedlings depending on site. However, this significant growth response was not observed until 3 to 5 yr after release. Clipping oak seedlings at the time of release did not result in greater seedling heights after 9 yr, but subsequent sprouts were similar in height to unclipped seedlings. Midstory competition control is recommended to increase the vigor and height of advance bottomland oak reproduction. This practice may need to be conducted 5 to 10 yr prior to final overstory removal to maximize height growth of advance reproduction. South J. Appl. For. 24(1):45-50.
Examination of the Arborsonic Decay Detector for Detecting Bacterial Wetwood in Red Oaks
Authors: Xu Zical , Leininger Theodor D. , Williams James G. , Tainter Frank H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Arborsonic Decay Detector (ADD; Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England) was used to measure the time it took an ultrasound wave to cross 280 diameters in red oak trees with varying degrees of bacterial wetwood or heartwood decay. Linear regressions derived from the ADD readings of trees in Mississippi and South Carolina with wetwood and heartwood decay yielded significantly different lines for some combinations and locations. The results of this study suggest that the ADD cannot yet be used to detect wetwood in oak trees with enough certainty to be of practical use to a forester or land manager. However, regression lines describing ADD readings of trees with wetwood at both study sites were located between those of healthy trees and decayed trees suggesting some, albeit limited, ability to differentiate wetwood trees. The use of ultrasound to detect bacterial wetwood in red oaks may be improved by designing a system that allows measurement of signal amplitude and evaluation of waveform patterns. The ability to successfully detect trees with heartwood decay was better, especially for trees with advanced decay. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):6-10.
Vegetative Response to 37 Years of Seasonal Burning on a Louisiana Longleaf Pine Site
Authors: Haywood James D. , Harris Finis L. , Grelen Harold E. , Pearson Henry A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
From 1962 through 1998, 20 prescribed burns were applied in a natural stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) to determine the effects of various fire regimes on the forest plant community. The original longleaf seedlings regenerated from the 1955 seed crop and were growing in a grass-dominated cover when the study began. By 1999, prescribed burning in March and May resulted in a significantly greater stocking of longleaf pine (203 trees/ac) than on the unburned and July burned treatments (72 trees/ac) (α = 0.05). Fire arrested the growth of natural loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) and hardwoods, but loblolly pines and hardwoods of at least 4 in. dbh added 70 ft2/ac of basal area on the unburned plots. Thus, total woody basal area was significantly greater on the unburned (117 ft2/ac) and May burned (132 ft2/ac) treatments than on the July burned treatment (66 ft2/ac); basal area was intermediate on the March burned treatment (97 ft2/ac). Pine volume was 4,315, 2,870, 2,652, and 1,970 ft3 inside-bark/ac on the May burned, March burned, unburned, and July burned treatments, respectively, but these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.06). There was only 11 lb/ac of herbaceous plants on the unburned plots. Herbaceous plants averaged 993 lb/ac on the three burned treatments, with pinehill bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium var. divergens [Hack] Gould) being the most common herbaceous plant. We believe the chief influence of burning in this natural longleaf pine forest was not on pine yield but how fires influenced overall stand structure and species composition. South. J. Appl. For. 25(3):122–130.
Incorporating Thinning Response into a Loblolly Pine Stand Simulator
Authors: Westfall James A. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effects of thinning, such as increased diameter growth and decreased mortality in the residual stand, are largely the result of increased tree vigor induced by a decreased level of competition. These relationships are reflected in the models that are central to PTAEDA2, a growth and yield simulator developed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. A long-term thinning study served as a basis for attempting to improve the predictive output of PTAEDA2. The growth models were refit using data from plots that received different thinning intensity treatments. Height increment and mortality models were found to need no additional refinement to account for response changes due to effects of thinning. The refit diameter increment and crown ratio models in PTAEDA2 could not account for thinning effects in their original form, and thinning response functions that exhibit proper behavioral response were added to these models. Models were evaluated individually and in combinations in a reduced growth simulator that contained the growth subroutines from PTAEDA2. Results showed significant improvements in predictive ability when using the diameter increment model with thinning response variable. There were no significant improvements in crown ratio prediction when the crown ratio model with thinning response variable was utilized. The thinning response modifications resulted in unanticipated model behavior when incorporated into the stand simulator, indicating that careful evaluation of the behavior of stand-level prediction is needed. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):159–164.
Does Prescribed Burning Have a Place in Regenerating Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands?
Authors: Cain Michael D. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Before the 1981 growing season, a study was installed in southeastern Arkansas to examine the effects of three dormant-season burn intervals (low, moderate, and high frequency) and an unburned treatment on natural regeneration in uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda andP. echinata, respectively). Merchantable pine basal areas were maintained by harvesting on a 5 or 6 yr cutting cycle. When the study began, hardwoods greater than 1 in. dbh were injected with herbicide on all plots. During the next 19 yr, there were eight high frequency, four moderate frequency, and three low frequency prescribed burns. In 1991, the unburned plots received a single, broadcast-herbicide treatment. Single-tree selection harvests were conducted in 1982, 1987, 1992, and 1997. Through 1999 (19 yr), herbicides applied at 10 yr intervals were more effective than dormant-season burns for enhancing the growth of submerchantable pines. Although recurring winter burns tended to stop the progression of both pines and hardwoods from seedling to sapling size classes, the data suggest that properly timed dormant-season burns might be used to secure natural pine regeneration in selection management. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):117–123.
Systemic Insecticide Injections for Control of Cone and Seed Insects in Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards—2 Year Results
Authors: Grosman Donald M. , Upton William W. , McCook Frank A. , Billings Ronald F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three systemic insecticide treatments, emamectin benzoate alone, imidacloprid alone, and a combination of emamectin benzoate and thiamethoxam, were injected one or two times into loblolly pine,Pinus taeda L., during a 2 yr period in a seed orchard in east Texas. Single injections of treatments containing emamectin benzoate reduced coneworm (Dioryctria spp.) damage by 94–97% during the study period. A second injection after 1 yr did not improve protection. Imidacloprid also significantly reduced coneworm damage in 1999, but not in 2000. Significant reductions in damage from pine seed bugs (Tetyra bipunctata Say andLeptoglossus corculus Herrich-Schaffer) and an increase in the number of full seeds per cone resulted from imidacloprid and thiamethoxam treatments and to a lesser extent from emamectin benzoate. Yearly injections of imidacloprid or thiamethoxam were required to maintain protection against seed bugs. The best overall treatment, two injections of emamectin benzoate plus thiamethoxam, reduced cone and seed losses from insects by 86%. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):146–152.
A System to Derive Optimal Tree Diameter Increment Models from the Eastwide Forest Inventory Data Base (EFIDB)
Authors: Bragg Don C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article is an introduction to the computer software used by the Potential Relative Increment (PRI) approach to optimal tree diameter growth modeling. These DOS programs extract qualified tree and plot data from the Eastwide Forest Inventory Data Base (EFIDB), calculate relative tree increment, sort for the highest relative increments by diameter class, and generate an ASCII file for post-processing in any software package capable of customized ordinary least squares regression. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):214–221.
Differences in Surface Water Quality Draining Four Road Surface Types in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Clinton Barton D. , Vose James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Improved and unimproved roads can be the primary source of stream sediment in forested watersheds. We assessed differences in production of total suspended solids (TSS; ppm) from four road surface conditions in a Southern Appalachian watershed: (1) a 2-yr-old paved surface (P), (2) an improved gravel surface with controlled drainage and routine maintenance (RG), (3) an improved gravel surface with erosion and sediment control structures installed and routine maintenance (IG), and (4) an unimproved poorly maintained gravel surface (UG). Variation was high among and within road surface types. The P surface generated the least amount of TSS, which was comparable to control sites, while the UG surface generated the most. The P surface produced significantly less TSS than the UG surface, but not less than the IG and RG surfaces. Variation among road surface types was related to TSS travel distance below the road, precipitation amount, time of year, and the existence of functioning erosion and sediment control structures. TSS decreased with travel distance (P = -81% over 38.5 m, IG = -30% over 30.5 m, RG = -89% over 39.4 m, and UG = -22% over 28.1 m). Also in this study we assessed the delivery of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH; ppm) from the P surface and found concentrations of < 0.5 ppm, which are well below published USEPA and NC DENR TPH standards for sediment. Paving is an attractive option for reducing maintenance costs and sediment production and transport; however, levels of TPH from freshly applied asphalt are unknown. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):100–106.
Longleaf Pine Restoration: Implications for Landscape-Level Effects on Bird Communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Tucker James W. , Hill Geoffrey E. , Holler Nicholas R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States is among the most heavily degraded of all ecosystems. Less than 1% of the original longleaf pine forests remain as old-growth stands. Eglin Air Force Base (Eglin) in northwest Florida contains the largest remaining extent of longleaf pine, but much of this habitat has been degraded through fire suppression, selective logging, and planting off-site species of pines. We examined the distribution of bird species among habitats during spring and fall 1994–1995 to assess the influence of large-scale habitat restoration on bird communities across the landscape. During both spring and fall, species richness and relative abundance of neotropical migrants were greatest in oak hammocks and riparian habitats. During spring, the abundance of resident species was greatest in barrier island scrub and flatwoods, but species richness of residents also was high in oak hammocks. During fall, both species richness and abundance of residents were greatest in oak hammocks and flatwoods. Analyses of abundance for individual species (both neotropical migrants and residents) suggested that each habitat examined was important for ≥1 species. An analysis examining the importance of habitats for conservation found that oak hammocks and riparian habitats were important for species of high management concern, but burned sandhills along with oak hammocks and riparian habitats were very important for species of the greatest management concern. Our results suggest that habitat modifications resulting from restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem will benefit many species of management concern. Bird species negatively affected by habitat modifications for longleaf pine restoration were abundant in other habitats. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):107–121.
Analysis of the Southern Pine Beetle Suppression Program on the National Forests in Texas in the 1990s
Authors: Clarke Stephen R. , Billings Ronald F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Infestations of the southern pine beetle (SPB) (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann) affected 7,929 ac of managed forest and 13,346 ac of wilderness on the National Forests in Texas (NFT) during the 1990s. Direct control treatments were applied to two-thirds of the 8,486 infestations on managed forest; the average size of treated spots was 1.3 ac. Inactive infestations averaged only 0.25 ac. Cut-and-remove was the preferred treatment; and only one application per infestation was required for over 97% of infestations treated by this method. Cut-and-leave was applied to 27% of infestations requiring treatment; and a single application was effective for 90% of treated infestations. In wilderness, where SPB suppression was limited due to legal constraints, large infestations developed, killing over 40% of the susceptible host type. In contrast, less than 2% of the susceptible host type was killed in nonwilderness areas of the NFT. Economic analyses indicate the SPB suppression program was cost-effective, with an estimated benefit/cost ratio of 3.55:1. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):122–129.
Value Recovery from Two Mechanized Bucking Operations in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Boston Kevin , Murphy Glen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The value recovered from two mechanized bucking operations in the southeastern United States was compared with the optimal value computed using an individual-stem log optimization program, AVIS. The first operation recovered 94% of the optimal value. The main cause for the value loss was a failure to capture potential sawlog volume; logs were bucked to a larger average small end diameter than necessary. The result was that a portion of the stem with potential sawlog volume was being converted into lower value pulpwood. Although the value loss was relatively small, the length measurements were outside of the acceptable range and the machine needed to be recalibrated. The second operation recovered only 58% of the optimal value. The main cause of loss was poor length measurement, producing a number of short logs that would have been rejected as chip-and-saw logs. Statistical quality control charts from both operations show that logs were being cut too long for the first operation studied and too short for the second operation. These low cost control methods should be required for monitoring mechanized bucking operations. We believe they will help to reduce the value lost from inconsistent measurements. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):259–263.
Effects of Oak Decline on Species Composition in a Northern Arkansas Forest
Authors: Heitzman Eric 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since 1999, widespread and locally severe oak decline and mortality have occurred throughout the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. A contributing factor in the decline and mortality is an outbreak of the red oak borer [Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)]. In northern Arkansas, a 2,150 ac mature oak forest severely affected by decline was selected as a case study to describe changes in species composition and stand structure and to assess regeneration potential of oaks and non-oak species. Mortality reduced total overstory basal area from 105 to 57 ft2/ac, and overstory density decreased from 156 to 89 trees/ac. Most dead and dying trees were northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.). Basal area and density of overstory red oaks were reduced from 51 to 11 ft2/ac and from 60 to 11 trees/ac, respectively. These trees died regardless of dbh class. Mortality was less common in white oak (Q. alba L.) and was generally limited to smaller trees. Understory trees and taller seedlings were predominantly red maple (Acer rubrum L.), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Oaks less than 3 ft tall were abundant, but taller oak seedlings and saplings were uncommon. Tree mortality increased the proportion of white oak and hickories (Carya spp.) in the overstory, and stimulated a regeneration response of mostly non-oak species. South. J. Appl. For. 27(4):264–268.