bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rasburicase versus intravenous allopurinol for non-malignancy-associated acute hyperuricemia in paediatric cardiology patients
Authors: Moss Jeffrey D. , Wu May , Axelrod David M. , Kwiatkowski David M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectives:Limited data exist for management of hyperuricemia in non-oncologic patients, particularly in paediatric cardiac patients. Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for acute kidney injury and may prompt treatment in critically ill patients. The primary objective was to determine if rasburicase use was associated with greater probability normalisation of serum uric acid compared to allopurinol. Secondary outcomes included percent reduction in uric acid, changes in serum creatinine, and cost of therapy.Design:A single-centre retrospective chart review.Setting:A 20-bed quaternary cardiovascular ICU in a university-based paediatric hospital in California.Patients:Patients admitted to cardiovascular ICU who received rasburicase or intravenous allopurinol between 2015 and 2016.Interventions:None.Measurements and main results:Data from a cohort of 14 patients receiving rasburicase were compared to 7 patients receiving IV allopurinol. Patients who were administered rasburicase for hyperuricemia were more likely to have a post-treatment uric acid level less than 8 mg/dl as compared to IV allopurinol (100 versus 43%; p = 0.0058). Patients who received rasburicase had a greater absolute reduction in post-treatment day 1 uric acid (−9 mg/dl versus −1.9 mg/dl; p = 0.002). There were no differences in post-treatment day 3 or day 7 serum creatinine or time to normalisation of serum creatinine. The cost of therapy normalised to a 20 kg patient was greater in the allopurinol group ($18,720 versus $1928; p = 0.001).Conclusion:In a limited paediatric cardiac cohort, the use of rasburicase was associated with a greater reduction in uric acid levels and associated with a lower cost compared to IV allopurinol.
Comparison of intranasal midazolam, intranasal ketamine, and oral chloral hydrate for conscious sedation during paediatric echocardiography: results of a prospective randomised study
Authors: Alp Hayrullah , Elmacı Ahmet M. , Alp Esma K. , Say Bülent 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:There are several agents used for conscious sedation by various routes in children. The aim of this prospective randomised study is to compare the effectiveness of three commonly used sedatives: intranasal ketamine, intranasal midazolam, and oral chloral hydrate for children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography.Methods:Children who were referred to paediatric cardiology due to a heart murmur for transthoracic echocardiography were prospectively randomised into three groups. Seventy-three children received intranasal midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), 72 children received intranasal ketamine (4 mg/kg), and 72 children received oral chloral hydrate (50 mg/kg) for conscious sedation. The effects of three agents were evaluated in terms of intensity, onset, and duration of sedation. Obtaining high-quality transthoracic echocardiography images (i.e. absence of artefacts) were regarded as successful sedation. Side effects due to medications were also noted.Results:There was no statistical difference in terms of sedation success rates between three groups (95.9, 95.9, and 94.5%, respectively). The median onset of sedation in the midazolam, ketamine, and chloral hydrate was 14 minutes (range 7–65), 34 minutes (range 12–56), and 40 minutes (range 25–57), respectively (p &lt; 0.001 for all). However, the median duration of sedation in study groups was 68 minutes (range 20–75), 55 minutes (range 25–75), and 61 minutes (range 34–78), respectively (p = 0.023, 0.712, and 0.045). Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in the chloral hydrate group (11.7 versus 0% for midazolam and 2.8% for ketamine, respectively, p = 0.002).Conclusion:Results of our prospectively randomised study indicate that all three agents provide adequate sedation for successful transthoracic echocardiography. When compared the three sedatives, intranasal midazolam has a more rapid onset of sedation while intranasal ketamine has a shorter duration of sedation. Intranasal ketamine can be used safely with fewer side effects in children undergoing transthoracic echocardiography.
Putting Culture into Prehospital Emergency Care: A Systematic Narrative Review of Literature from Lower Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Tran Thanh Tam , Lee Janice , Sleigh Adrian , Banwell Cathy 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackground:Prehospital emergency care is cost-effective for improving morbidity and mortality of emergency conditions. However, such care has been discounted in the public health system of many lower middle-income countries (LMICs). Where it exists, the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system is grossly inadequate, unpopular, and misrepresented. Many EMS reviews in developing countries have identified systemic problems with infrastructure and human resources, but they neglected impacts of sociocultural factors. This study examines the sociocultural dimensions of LMICs’ prehospital emergency systems in order to improve the quality and impact of emergency care in those countries.Methods:Qualitative studies on EMS systems in LMICs were systematically reviewed and analyzed using Kleinman’s health system theory of folk, popular, and professional health sectors. Also, the three-delay model of emergency care – seeking, reaching, and receiving – provided a guiding framework.Results:The search yielded over 3,000 papers and the inclusion criteria eventually selected 14, with duplicates and irrelevant papers as the most frequent exclusion. Both user and provider experiences with emergency conditions and the processes of prehospital care were described. Sociocultural factors such as trust and beliefs underlay the way emergency care was experienced. Attitudes of family and community shaped service-seeking behaviors. Traditional medicine was often the first point of care. Private vehicles were the main transportation for accessing care due to distrust and misunderstanding of ambulance services.Conclusion:The findings led to the discussion on how culture is woven into the patients’ pathway to care, and the recommendation for any future development to place a far greater emphasis on this aspect. Instead of relying purely on the biomedical sector, the health system should acknowledge and show respect for popular knowledge and folk belief. Such strategies will improve trust, facilitate information exchange, and enable stronger healer-patient relationships.
The constitutions of international organisations: How institutional design seeks to foster diplomatic deliberation
Authors: PANKE DIANA , HOHLSTEIN FRANZISKA , POLAT GURUR 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:Whether we look at constitutions of states or founding treaties of International Organisations (IO), it is striking that many rules on interaction between delegates create room for deliberation, whilst simultaneously limiting the time for discussion. While the latter speeds up decision making, it risks reducing its quality and legitimacy by hampering the exchange and contestation of information and ideas. How are these competing elements balanced in IOs? Do IOs differ in this respect, and if so, how and why? The article draws on a unique and novel dataset and assesses variation in the extent to which institutional design fosters or inhibits diplomatic deliberation in more than 110 diverse IOs. To this end, the article uses a combination of theories of functionalism, rational choice institutionalism and liberal approaches on variation, fit, and mismatch of deliberative institutional design within and across IOs. The hypotheses are analysed with quantitative methods. The article shows that diplomatic deliberative institutional design elements are the most pronounced when IOs are small in size, deal in high politics, and are regional in character.
Transnational Environmental Law's Missing People
Authors: Affolder Natasha 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLegal scholars rely heavily on vocabularies of ‘actors’, ‘agents’, and ‘experts’ to account for the fact that law does not develop by itself. However, the identities, idiosyncrasies, and individual professional contributions of law'speopleare rarely illuminated. This article suggests that the relative absence of people in transnational legal scholarship helps to explain some of its gaps. The task of bringing ‘human actors back on stage’ creates some new opportunities for transnational environmental law scholarship. It invites attention to both dominant and excluded voices. It offers a way of bridging the gap between the bureaucratic language of law and its lived reality. It also provides an understanding of why, despite ferocious attempts to roll back the advances of environmental law in some places, many scholars and practitioners find reason to be optimistic about the future of environmental law.
Disclosure of Grief Questionnaire (DGQ): Entwicklung und Validierung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von Kommunikationsmustern nach Trauerfällen
Authors: Köhler Martina , Goebel Simone , Maercker Andreas , Pedersen Anya 
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Für die Verarbeitung belastender Ereignisse ist das Offenlegen der persönlichen Erfahrungen gegenüber dem sozialen Umfeld von zentraler Bedeutung. Allerdings gibt es bislang keine geeigneten Instrumente zur Erfassung der Kommunikationsmuster nach Trauerfällen. Ziel der aktuellen Studie war daher, den Fragebogen zum Offenlegen von traumatischen Erfahrungen (FOT; Müller, Beauducel, Raschka & Maercker, 2000 ) für Trauerprozesse zu adaptieren und seine psychometrische Qualität über eine Online-Befragung von 302 Personen, die mindestens einen Trauerfall erlebt hatten, zu überprüfen. In einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse ergab sich eine 2-Faktoren-Lösung mit den beiden Faktoren „Verschwiegenheit“ und „Mitteilungsbedürfnis“. Die psychometrischen Kennwerte der Skalen sind mit Cronbachs α-Werten zwischen .82 – .88 als zufriedenstellend bis gut einzuordnen. Ebenso kann die Konstruktvalidität vor dem Hintergrund signifikanter Korrelationen mit verwandten Maßen als gegeben angesehen werden. Der „Disclosure of Grief Questionnaire“ (DGQ) ist somit ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Erfassung der individuellen Kommunikationsmuster nach einem Trauerfall.
New Bidirectional Ammonia Flux Model in an Air Quality Model Coupled With an Agricultural Model
Authors: Pleim Jonathan E. , Ran Limei , Appel Wyat , Shephard Mark W. , Cady‐Pereira Karen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAmmonia surface flux is bidirectional; that is, net flux can be either upward or downward. In fertilized agricultural croplands and grasslands there is usually more emission than deposition especially in midday during warmer seasons. In North America, most of the ammonia emissions are from agriculture with a significant fraction of that coming from fertilizer. A new bidirectional ammonia flux modeling system has been developed in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which has close linkages with the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) agricultural ecosystem model. Daily inputs from EPIC are used to calculate soil ammonia concentrations that are combined with air concentrations in CMAQ to calculate bidirectional surface flux. The model is evaluated against surface measurements of NH3 concentrations, NH4+ and SO42− aerosol concentrations, NH4+ wet deposition measurements, and satellite retrievals of NH3 concentrations. The evaluation shows significant improvement over the base model without bidirectional ammonia flux. Comparisons to monthly average satellite retrievals show similar spatial distribution with the highest ammonia concentrations in the Central Valley of California (CA), the Snake River valley in Idaho, and the western High Plains. In most areas the model underestimates, but in the Central Valley of CA, it generally overestimates ammonia concentration. Case study analyses indicate that modeled high fluxes of ammonia in CA are often caused by anomalous high soil ammonia loading from EPIC for particular crop types. While further improvements to parameterizations in EPIC and CMAQ are recommended, this system is a significant advance over previous ammonia bidirectional surface flux models.
Subnanometer imaging and controlled dynamical patterning of thermocapillary driven deformation of thin liquid films
Authors: Rubin Shimon , Hong Brandon , Fainman Yeshaiahu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExploring and controlling the physical factors that determine the topography of thin liquid dielectric films are of interest in manifold fields of research in physics, applied mathematics, and engineering and have been a key aspect of many technological advancements. Visualization of thin liquid dielectric film topography and local thickness measurements are essential tools for characterizing and interpreting the underlying processes. However, achieving high sensitivity with respect to subnanometric changes in thickness via standard optical methods is challenging. We propose a combined imaging and optical patterning projection platform that is capable of optically inducing dynamical flows in thin liquid dielectric films and plasmonically resolving the resulting changes in topography and thickness. In particular, we employ the thermocapillary effect in fluids as a novel heat-based method to tune plasmonic resonances and visualize dynamical processes in thin liquid dielectric films. The presented results indicate that light-induced thermocapillary flows can form and translate droplets and create indentation patterns on demand in thin liquid dielectric films of subwavelength thickness and that plasmonic microscopy can image these fluid dynamical processes with a subnanometer sensitivity along the vertical direction.
Neurobiological roots of psychopathy
Authors: Tiihonen Jari , Koskuvi Marja , Lähteenvuo Markku , Virtanen Pekka L. J. , Ojansuu Ilkka , Vaurio Olli , Gao Yanyan , Hyötyläinen Ida , Puttonen Katja A. , Repo-Tiihonen Eila , Paunio Tiina , Rautiainen Marja-Riitta , Tyni Sasu , Koistinaho Jari , Lehtonen Šárka 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPsychopathy is an extreme form of antisocial behavior, with about 1% prevalence in the general population, and 10–30% among incarcerated criminal offenders. Although the heritability of severe antisocial behavior is up to 50%, the genetic background is unclear. The underlying molecular mechanisms have remained unknown but several previous studies suggest that abnormal glucose metabolism and opioidergic neurotransmission contribute to violent offending and psychopathy. Here we show using iPSC-derived cortical neurons and astrocytes from six incarcerated extremely antisocial and violent offenders, three nonpsychopathic individuals with substance abuse, and six healthy controls that there are robust alterations in the expression of several genes and immune response-related molecular pathways which were specific for psychopathy. In neurons, psychopathy was associated with marked upregulation of RPL10P9 and ZNF132, and downregulation of CDH5 and OPRD1. In astrocytes, RPL10P9 and MT-RNR2 were upregulated. Expression of aforementioned genes explained 30–92% of the variance of psychopathic symptoms. The gene expression findings were confirmed with qPCR. These genes may be relevant to the lack of empathy and emotional callousness seen in psychopathy, since several studies have linked these genes to autism and social interaction.
Decipher identifies men with otherwise clinically favorable-intermediate risk disease who may not be good candidates for active surveillance
Authors: Herlemann Annika , Huang Huei-Chung , Alam Ridwan , Tosoian Jeffery J. , Kim Hyung L. , Klein Eric A. , Simko Jeffry P. , Chan June M. , Lane Brian R. , Davis John W. , Davicioni Elai , Feng Felix Y. , McCue Peter , Kim Hyun , Den Robert B. , Bismar Tarek A. , Carroll Peter R. , Cooperberg Matthew R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background
We aimed to validate Decipher to predict adverse pathology (AP) at radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) favorable-intermediate risk (F-IR) prostate cancer (PCa), and to better select F-IR candidates for active surveillance (AS).

Methods
In all, 647 patients diagnosed with NCCN very low/low risk (VL/LR) or F-IR prostate cancer were identified from a multi-institutional PCa biopsy database; all underwent RP with complete postoperative clinicopathological information and Decipher genomic risk scores. The performance of all risk assessment tools was evaluated using logistic regression model for the endpoint of AP, defined as grade group 3−5, pT3b or higher, or lymph node invasion.

Results
The median age was 61 years (interquartile range 56–66) for 220 patients with NCCN F-IR disease, 53% classified as low-risk by Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment (CAPRA 0−2) and 47% as intermediate-risk (CAPRA 3−5). Decipher classified 79%, 13% and 8% of men as low-, intermediate- and high-risk with 13%, 10%, and 41% rate of AP, respectively. Decipher was an independent predictor of AP with an odds ratio of 1.34 per 0.1 unit increased (p value = 0.002) and remained significant when adjusting by CAPRA. Notably, F-IR with Decipher low or intermediate score did not associate with significantly higher odds of AP compared to VL/LR.

Conclusions
NCCN risk groups, including F-IR, are highly heterogeneous and should be replaced with multivariable risk-stratification. In particular, incorporating Decipher may be useful for safely expanding the use of AS in this patient population.
The microbiota–gut–brain interaction in regulating host metabolic adaptation to cold in male Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)
Authors: Bo Ting-Bei , Zhang Xue-Ying , Wen Jing , Deng Ke , Qin Xiao-Wei , Wang De-Hua 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gut microbiota play a critical role in orchestrating metabolic homeostasis of the host. However, the crosstalk between host and microbial symbionts in small mammals are rarely illustrated. We used male Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) to test the hypothesis that gut microbiota and host neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine (NE), interact to regulate energetics and thermogenesis during cold acclimation. We found that increases in food intake and thermogenesis were associated with increased monoamine neurotransmitters, ghrelin, short-chain fatty acids, and altered cecal microbiota during cold acclimation. Further, our pair-fed study showed that cold temperature can alter the cecal microbiota independently of overfeeding. Using cecal microbiota transplant along with β3-adrenoceptor antagonism and PKA inhibition, we confirmed that transplant of cold-acclimated microbiota increased thermogenesis through activation of cAMP–PKA–pCREB signaling. In addition, NE manipulation induced a long-term alteration in gut microbiota structure. These data demonstrate that gut microbiota-NE crosstalk via cAMP signaling regulates energetics and thermogenesis during cold acclimation in male Brandt’s voles.
Nelfinavir and lenalidomide/dexamethasone in patients with lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma. A phase I/II Trial (SAKK 39/10)
Authors: Hitz F. , Kraus M. , Pabst T. , Hess D. , Besse L. , Silzle T. , Novak U. , Seipel K. , Rondeau S. , Stüdeli S. , Vilei S. Berardi , Samaras P. , Mey U. , Driessen C. ,   for the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research SAKK
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe antiretroviral agent nelfinavir has antimyeloma activity and can overcome resistance to bortezomib. Our phase I/II trial investigated whether adding nelfinavir to lenalidomide–dexamethasone can overcome lenalidomide resistance in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Twenty-nine patients were included (high-risk cytogenetic aberrations 31%; ≥2 prior therapy lines 93%; lenalidomide–bortezomib double-refractory 34%). Twenty-four patients (83%) had prior bortezomib and 10 (34%) were lenalidomide–bortezomib double-refractory. They received four cycles of nelfinavir 2500 mg/day with standard-dose lenalidomide (25 mg days 1–21) and dexamethasone (40/20 mg days 1, 8, 15, 22). Minor response or better was achieved in 16 patients (55%; 95% CI 36–74%), including 40% of those who were lenalidomide–bortezomib double-refractory, and partial response or better in nine patients (31%; 95% CI 15–51%). Median progression-free survival was 3.4 (95% CI 2.0–4.9) months and median overall survival 21.6 (13.0–50.1) months. Lenalidomide-related pneumonitis, pneumonia, and neutropenic fever occurred, but there were no unexpected adverse events. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a 45% (95% CI 40–51%) reduction in total proteasome activity from baseline and significant induction of unfolded protein response and autophagy. Thus, nelfinavir–lenalidomide–dexamethasone is an active oral combination in lenalidomide-refractory MM.
Transcription-independent and -dependent p53-mediated apoptosis in response to genotoxic and non-genotoxic stress
Authors: Ho Cheng-Jung , Lin Ru-Wei , Zhu Wei-Hua , Wen Tsung-Kai , Hu Chieh-Ju , Lee Yi-Lin , Hung Ta-I , Wang Chihuei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe previously reported that p53-mediated apoptosis is determined by severity of DNA damage, not by the level of p53, in doxorubicin-treated prostate cancer cells. In addition to doxorubicin, our results here indicated that camptothecin and bortezomib, which are a topoisomerase 1 poison and a 26 S proteasome inhibitor, respectively, could also induce apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner in prostate cancer. Then, we examined whether p53-mediated apoptosis induced by genotoxic and non-genotoxic stress occur in the same or a different way. By using dominant negative p53 to compete with wild-type p53 in transcription activity, we demonstrated that p53-mediated apoptosis in response to doxorubicin- or camptothecin-induced genotoxic stress is transcription-independent. In contrast, p53-mediated apoptosis from bortezomib-induced stress is transcription-dependent. Interestingly, we also found that doxorubicin-induced p21 expression is activated by p53 in transcription-dependent manner, while camptothecin-induced p21 expression is p53-independent. We then investigated the p53 ratio of nucleus to cytosol corresponding to low and high dose doxorubicin, camptothecin, or bortezomib treatment. The results suggested that p53 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus actively drives cells toward apoptosis in either transcription-dependent or -independent manner for responding to non-genotoxic or genotoxic stress, respectively.