bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Studies of School-Level Governance Dynamics in the Eastern Cape
Authors: Brian Levy , Shumane Lawule 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores some micro-level governance and political economy determinants of performance over time in four schools in low-income communities in the Butterworth district of the Eastern Cape. Using process tracing methodologies, the chapter explores the interactions over time between school-level leadership, the bureaucracy, school governing bodies, and the broader community—and how they impact school-level performance. There was no evidence of effective support by the bureaucracy for the educational mission of the schools. But there was striking evidence in three of the four case study schools of the role of participatory governance by SGBs, communities, and parents as a partial institutional substitute, offsetting to some extent the weaknesses of hierarchy. The findings offer encouragement that non-hierarchical entry points for improving educational outcomes indeed have some potential to achieve gains.
Art’s Swindle
Authors: Brazil Kevin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In a 1992 interview W. G. Sebald remarked that ‘I myself work like a painter who has to consider how big to make the frame. The painter’s craft has always fascinated me’. This chapter traces what Sebald understood by working like a painter in fiction, arguing that he used painting as a counterpoint to explore the limitations of the photographs used throughout what he called his ‘semi-documentary prose fictions’—and the limitations of photography as a model of historical memory. It moves from a discussion of visual aesthetics in Sebald’s unpublished PhD on Döblin and his often overlooked art criticism to argue that Sebald conceptualized the photograph as a visual readymade, and that this modernist approach to photography informs the treatment of historical memory in The Emigrants and Austerlitz.
Confrontation and its Limits
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Picking up from chapter one, this chapter focuses chiefly on 1941, and the height of church–state conflict that year witnessed in Nazi Germany. It devotes special attention to Bishop Galen of Münster’s three sermons of protest of July and August 1941, attacking the Nazi regime’s murder of Germany’s disabled population and its seizures of church property. The chapter analyses these famous sermons, and their attitudes towards the German war effort. Its most novel contribution, however, is to analyse lay Catholics’ responses to these famous protests. The chapter demonstrates that Catholics in the Rhineland and Westphalia displayed a wide range of attitudes towards Galen’s arguments, which received criticism as well as vocal support. The chapter demonstrates that the divided and contested nature of Catholic opinion in late 1941 is key to understanding the mutual attempts at church–state rapprochement undertaken by Galen and the Nazi regime as of that autumn.
The War Intensifies, December 1941–June 1944
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses Catholics’ responses to Germany’s worsening geopolitical position during the crucial period of the war between the beginning of 1942 and spring 1944. Much historiography has traditionally depicted this as a period of rising defeatism in German society, and as a time when many individuals began to distance themselves from the Nazi regime. This chapter contributes to recent critiques of this interpretation, noting how diverse Catholics’ views regarding the war remained in this period. Many continued to hope for and believe in German victory, and increasingly viewed the war through the prism of the Nazi regime’s anti-Semitic ideology. Drawing on a wide range of sources, ranging from the intelligence reports of Gestapo informers to private letters and diaries, this chapter explores Catholic mentalities during this period in greater depth than previously attempted.
Forced Migration and Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence
Authors: Gulesci Selim 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the long-term effects of internal displacement caused by the Kurdish-Turkish conflict on women’s attitudes towards domestic violence. Using the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, we show that Kurdish women who migrated from their homes during the conflict are more likely to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife; and the spouses of migrant women were more likely to have tried to control their wives by limiting their movements or social interactions. In a novel dataset of applicants to a women’s shelter, we find that forced migrant women have endured violence for longer and of greater intensity before deciding to seek assistance. We discuss possible mechanisms through which forced migration may affect migrants’ attitudes towards domestic violence.
The Commission on Responsibilities
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
When the Peace Conference opens in Paris in January 1919, Georges Clemenceau insists upon the importance of prosecuting war criminals. It decides to set up a Commission on Responsibilities, with representatives of the five Powers (the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan), as well as five smaller countries, including Belgium. The Commission soon agrees that the Kaiser should not be prosecuted for starting the war or for violating Belgian neutrality. However, a majority, led by the British representative, Ernest Pollock, and the French delegate, Ferdinand Larnaude, insist that the Kaiser should be tried for violations of the laws and customs of war by an international tribunal. The Americans, led by Robert Lansing, are fiercely opposed. Compromise proves impossible. The Commission issues a majority report favouring trial of the Kaiser for war crimes, while the Americans and the Japanese write dissenting opinions.
Safety and tolerability of subcutaneous sarilumab and intravenous tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Emery Paul , Rondon Juan , Parrino Janie , Lin Yong , Pena-Rossi Claudia , van Hoogstraten Hubert , Graham Neil M H , Liu Nancy , Paccaly Anne , Wu Richard , Spindler Alberto 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
Safety and efficacy of mAbs blocking the IL-6 receptor have been established in RA. This is the first analysis examining safety and tolerability of sarilumab and tocilizumab administered as single or multiple doses in patients with RA within the same study.

Methods
In ASCERTAIN, patients were randomized 1: 1: 2 to 24 weeks’ double-blind sarilumab 150 or 200 mg every 2 weeks s.c. or tocilizumab 4 mg/kg every 4 weeks i.v., increased to 8 mg/kg if clinically indicated. In Study 1309, patients were randomized 1: 1: 1: 1 to single-dose open-label sarilumab 150 or 200 mg s.c. or tocilizumab 4 or 8 mg/kg i.v.

Results
In ASCERTAIN, incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between sarilumab and tocilizumab. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were the following: sarilumab: neutropenia [6 patients (12.2%) in the 150 mg group and 8 (15.7%) in the 200 mg group], nasopharyngitis [6 (12.2%) and 3 (5.9%)], and injection-site erythema [4 (8.2%) and 4 (7.8%)]; tocilizumab: accidental overdose [9 (8.8%)], upper respiratory tract infection [7 (6.9%)] and nausea [7 (6.9%)]. Laboratory changes in both studies included decreased neutrophils and platelets and increased transaminases and lipids. In Study 1309, incidence of absolute neutrophil count <1.0 giga/l was similar between sarilumab and tocilizumab, and occurred more frequently in the higher dose groups. No association between decrease in absolute neutrophil count and increased incidence of infection was observed in either study.

Conclusion
No clinically meaningful differences in treatment-emergent adverse events were observed between sarilumab and tocilizumab. Laboratory changes with sarilumab were within the same range as those with tocilizumab.

Trial registration numbers
ASCERTAIN (NCT01768572); Study 1309 (NCT02097524).
Risk of Rare, Serious Genital Infection from some Diabetes Drugs
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: November 2018

Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, used to treat type 2 diabetes, now carry a warning regarding the risk of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum.NPs should assess for this rare genital infection if a patient taking an SGLT2 inhibitor presents with redness, swelling, and pain in the genitals or in the area from the genitals to the rectum, and has a fever above 100.4°F or general malaise.
Initial Laryngeal Tube Insertion in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

For adults who had an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, a strategy of initial laryngeal tube insertion instead of endotracheal intubation was associated with significantly greater 72-hour survival.Return of spontaneous circulation hospital survival, and favorable neurologic status at discharge were also better in patients who had a laryngeal tube inserted compared with endotracheal intubation.
High LDL-C, Non-HDL-C Levels Associated with Higher CVD Death Risk, Even in Those at Low CVD Risk
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: November 2018

According to this study:

In a cohort of patients at low 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with higher risk of CVD and coronary heart disease mortality.Further study is needed to determine whether low-risk individuals with elevated LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol would benefit from lipid-lowering lifestyle modifications and drug therapy.
Asthma, obesity and targeted interventions: an update
Authors: Ricketts Helen Clare , Cowan Douglas C. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Obese asthma is now widely recognized as a phenotype of difficult asthma that is common and less responsive to traditional asthma treatments, so identifying specific treatments is increasingly important.

Recent findings
Obesity can lead to asthma through a complex relationship of causes including mechanical, inflammatory, metabolic and genetic factors. Exercise programmes including pulmonary rehabilitation, weight loss via dietary restriction, exercise and bariatric surgery, or combinations of all of these can improve quality of life, symptoms, and exercise capacity, with reductions in medication use and exacerbations, and represent tailored treatment for this phenotype of severe difficult to treat asthmatic patients.

Summary
Exercise programmes and pulmonary rehabilitation, weight loss programmes targeting 5–10% weight loss and bariatric surgery are effective treatments for the obese asthma phenotype.
An Innovative Technique to Simplify and Improve Pattern Fabrication for Digital Somatoprosthesis
Authors: Aggarwal Himanshi , Singh Saumyendra Vikram 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Patterns for somatoprostheses are conventionally made of modeling wax.
The rigidity, brittle nature, reduced edge strength, and susceptibility to distortion of this wax often leads to failure in achieving marginal thinning and desired aesthetics.

Technique
A technique for fabrication of digital somatoprosthetic wax patterns with thin accurate margin by incorporation of a vacuum-formed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) template is described.

Results and Discussion
The technique helps in overcoming limitations of an all-wax pattern and improves accuracy and aesthetics of outcomes.

Conclusions
Incorporation of a PVC template in a somatoprosthetic wax pattern is a valuable technique to achieve good aesthetics and accuracy with the prosthesis.
Advances in neuroblastoma therapy
Authors: MacFarland Suzanne , Bagatell Rochelle 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Our understanding of the biologic basis of neuroblastoma, the genetic heterogeneity of this malignancy and the role of host factors has expanded significantly in recent years. In this review, we highlight current and future risk-based treatment approaches and discuss the opportunities and challenges of selecting optimal therapies for specific patient subsets.

Recent findings
Significant progress has been made in understanding neuroblastoma predisposition and new approaches have been taken to treatment of this disease. Although survival remains poor for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, current-era therapy has improved outcomes. Integration of new prognostic markers into neuroblastoma classification systems will allow more precise risk classification and refined treatment assignment. Promising treatments that include targeted therapies as well as immunotherapeutics are being evaluated in clinical trials, and new predictive biomarkers are being developed.

Summary
As our understanding of neuroblastoma biology deepens, our approaches to therapy for this disease continue to evolve. Improved risk stratification and the use of predictive biomarkers will aid in treatment selection for patients with neuroblastoma, and it is expected that future treatments will be associated with greater efficacy and less toxicity.
Effector B cells in cardiac allograft vasculopathy
Authors: Zorn Emmanuel 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
B cells have recently emerged as important immune players in solid organ rejection, especially in cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV), a chronic form of rejection following heart transplantation. B cells can exert either regulatory or effector functions. This review will provide an update on effector B cells in CAV.

Recent findings
Independent studies reported the abundance of B cells in graft infiltrates during CAV, especially around coronary arteries. Infiltrates comprise CD20+ CD27+ memory B cells together with differentiated CD20−CD138+ plasma cells, which are almost always associated with T cells and macrophages. The structure of some of these infiltrates evokes that of germinal centers, suggesting the generation of tertiary lymphoid organs in the graft. Remarkably, B-cell infiltrates are most often detected in the absence of circulating donor human leukocyte antigen-specific antibodies, strongly suggesting that the two components are unrelated. Characterization of B-cell clones isolated from explanted human cardiac graft infiltrates revealed the prevalence of polyreactive innate, B1-like B cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that these cells act primarily as antigen-presenting cells in situ. Additional effector functions, such as local antibody secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, promoting T-cell polarization, macrophage activation and fibrosis are also considered.

Summary
Converging observations made through animal and human studies add substantial support for an effector B-cell role in the pathophysiology of CAV. On the basis of these collective findings, a therapeutic strategy targeting B cells could reasonably be envisaged to prevent or treat this complication.
Manifestations of High-Reliability Principles on Hospital Units With Varying Safety Profiles
Authors: Mossburg Sarah E. , Weaver Sallie J. , Pillari MarieSarah , Daugherty Biddison Elizabeth 
Published: November 2018

Background:To prevent patient harm, health care organizations are adopting practices from other complex work environments known as high-reliability organizations (HRO).Purpose:The purpose was to explore differences in manifestations of HRO principles on hospital units with high and low safety performance.Methods:Focus groups were conducted on units scoring high or low on safety measures. Themes were identified using a grounded theory approach, and responses were compared using qualitative thematic analysis.Results:High performers indicated proactive responses to safety issues and expressed understanding of systems-based errors, while low performers were more reactive and often focused on individual education to address issues. Both groups experienced communication challenges, although they employed different methods of speaking up.Conclusion:Some HRO principles were present in the language used by our participants. High performers exhibited greater manifestations of HRO, although HRO alone was insufficient to describe our results. Mindful organizing, which expands on HRO, was a better fit.
A precursor of reading ability? 3-month-old infants easily learn to pair a phoneme with a visual shape
Authors: Mersad Karima , Kabdebon Claire , Dehaene-Lambertz Ghislaine 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBeing aware of the phonemes that compose syllables is difficult without having learned to read an alphabetic script, a skill generally acquired around 5 to 7 years of age. Nevertheless, preverbal infants are particularly good at discriminating syllables that differ by a single phoneme. Do they perceive syllables as a whole unit or can they become aware of the underlying phonemes if their attention is attracted to the relevant level of analysis? We trained 3-month-old infants to pair two consonants, co-articulated with different vowels, with two visual shapes. Using event-related potentials, we show that infants generalize the learned associations to new syllables with respect to a familiarization phase. The systematic pairing of a visual label with a phonetic category is thus easy to learn, suggesting that the main process underlying reading (i.e., grapheme-phoneme pairing) is grounded in the early faculties of the human linguistic system.
Facile method for screening clinical T cell receptors for off-target peptide-HLA reactivity
Authors: Gee Marvin H. , Yang Xinbo , Garcia K. Christopher 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTT cell receptors (TCRs) exhibit varying degrees of cross-reactivity for peptides presented by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA). In engineered T cell therapies, TCR affinity maturation is a strategy to improve the sensitivity and potency to often a low-density peptide-HLA (pHLA) target. However, the process of affinity maturation towards a known pHLA complex can introduce new and untoward cross-reactivities that are difficult to detect and raises significant safety concerns. We developed a yeast-display platform of pHLA consisting of ~100 million different 9mer peptides presented by HLA-A*01 and used a previously established selection approach to validate the specificity and cross-reactivity of the A3A TCR, an affinity-matured TCR against the MAGE-A3 target (EVDPIGHLY). We were able to identify reactivity against the titin peptide (ESDPIVAQY), to which there is now known clinical toxicity. We propose the use of yeast-display of pHLA libraries to determine cross-reactive profiles of candidate clinical TCRs to ensure safety and pHLA specificity of natural and affinity-matured TCRs.
Analysis of a Novel Bioreactor Designed for Ultrasound Stimulation of Cell-Seeded Scaffolds
Authors: Crapps Jacob , Rahimi Abdolrasol , Case Natasha 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAlthough daily low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment has been shown to induce cellular responses supporting bone repair, in vitro studies in 3D models, such as cell-seeded scaffolds, are needed to further investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms. This requires well-controlled conditions in an US bioreactor. Computational studies are needed to investigate various effects on US wave propagation influenced by bioreactor configurations, such as reflections at interfaces and wave interference, and optimize the bioreactor design for experimental repeatability. In this study, an enclosed cylindrical sample holder that contained an inner well for placement of a scaffold immersed in culture medium was fabricated by stereolithography 3D printing and combined with an acoustic absorbent material to eliminate the presence of an air-liquid interface perpendicular to the wave propagation path. Finite element simulations conducted in the frequency domain demonstrated that weak standing waves were present within the culture medium, indicating the effects of reflections at solid-liquid interfaces within the sample holder, as expected. Focusing on the acoustic pressure at the inner well surface, it was found that the spatially-averaged pressure varied from a maximum to a minimum value as the thickness of the water layer beneath the sample holder was changed. Average pressure values at antinode positions were 2-fold higher than at node positions. A volume-averaged pressure was calculated within the culture medium corresponding to the region where a scaffold would be centrally located within the bioreactor. It was shown that the thickness of the volume analyzed had a minimal effect on the calculated average pressure. Time-dependent simulations for one complete pulse (i.e. 1 ms) showed that the acoustic pressure in volumes that would be occupied by scaffolds of two different thicknesses (diameter of 8.5 mm and thicknesses of 0.2 or 2.0 mm) reached a stable value after 45 µs, and then remained at that value until the active period of the pulse ceased. Once the active period ended, the acoustic pressure rapidly decreased to a low baseline pressure. Overall, this study showed that the proposed novel bioreactor design provided a controlled environment for the US treatment of a cell-seeded scaffold by removing the air-liquid interface using a custom-designed sample holder and an acoustic absorbent material.
Laboratory evolution of aSaccharomyces cerevisiaexS. eubayanushybrid under simulated lager-brewing conditions: genetic diversity and phenotypic convergence
Authors: de Vries Arthur R. Gorter , Voskamp Maaike A. , van Aalst Aafke C. A. , Kristensen Line H. , Jansen Liset , van den Broek Marcel , Salazar Alex N. , Brouwers Nick , Abeel Thomas , Pronk Jack T. , Daran Jean-Marc G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSaccharomyces pastorianuslager-brewing yeasts are domesticated hybrids ofS. cerevisiaexS. eubayanusthat display extensive inter-strain chromosome copy number variation and chromosomal recombinations. It is unclear to what extent such genome rearrangements are intrinsic to the domestication of hybrid brewing yeasts and whether they contribute to their industrial performance. Here, an allodiploid laboratory hybrid ofS. cerevisiaeandS. eubayanuswas evolved for up to 418 generations on wort under simulated lager-brewing conditions in six independent sequential batch bioreactors. Characterization of 55 single-cell isolates from the evolved cultures showed large phenotypic diversity and whole-genome sequencing revealed a large array of mutations. Frequent loss of heterozygosity involved diverse, strain-specific chromosomal translocations, which differed from those observed in domesticated, aneuploidS. pastorianusbrewing strains. In contrast to the extensive aneuploidy of domesticatedS. pastorianusstrains, the evolved isolates only showed limited (segmental) aneuploidy. Specific mutations could be linked to calcium-dependent flocculation, loss of maltotriose utilisation and loss of mitochondrial activity, three industrially relevant traits that also occur in domesticatedS. pastorianusstrains. This study indicates that fast acquisition of extensive aneuploidy is not required for genetic adaptation ofS. cerevisiaexS. eubayanushybrids to brewing environments. In addition, this work demonstrates that, consistent with the diversity of brewing strains for maltotriose utilization, domestication under brewing conditions can result in loss of this industrially relevant trait. These observations have important implications for the design of strategies to improve industrial performance of novel laboratory-made hybrids.