bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal exercise (including but not limited to pelvic floor muscle training) and urinary incontinence during and following pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Davenport Margie H , Nagpal Taniya S , Mottola Michelle F , Skow Rachel J , Riske Laurel , Poitras Veronica J , Jaramillo Garcia Alejandra , Gray Casey E , Barrowman Nick , Meah Victoria L , Sobierajski Frances , James Marina , Nuspl Megan , Weeks Ashley , Marchand Andree-Anne , Slater Linda G , Adamo Kristi B , Davies Gregory A , Barakat Ruben , Ruchat Stephanie-May 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the relationships between prenatal physical activity and prenatal and postnatal urinary incontinence (UI).DesignSystematic review with random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression.Data sourcesOnline databases were searched up to 6 January 2017.Study eligibility criteriaStudies of all designs were included (except case studies) if they were published in English, Spanish or French and contained information on the Population (pregnant women without contraindication to exercise), Intervention (subjective or objective measures of frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of exercise, alone [“exercise-only”] or in combination with other intervention components [e.g., dietary; “exercise + co-intervention”]), Comparator (no exercise or different frequency, intensity, duration, volume and type of exercise) and Outcome (prenatal or postnatal UI).Results24 studies (n=15 982 women) were included. ‘Low’ to ‘moderate’ quality evidence revealed prenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) with or without aerobic exercise decreased the odds of UI in pregnancy (15 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), n=2764 women; OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.68, I2=60%) and in the postpartum period (10 RCTs, n=1682 women; OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51, 0.79, I2=0%). When we analysed the data by whether women were continent or incontinent prior to the intervention, exercise was beneficial at preventing the development of UI in women with continence, but not effective in treating UI in women with incontinence. There was ‘low’ quality evidence that prenatal exercise had a moderate effect in the reduction of UI symptom severity during (five RCTs, standard mean difference (SMD) −0.54, 95% CI −0.88 to –0.20, I2=64%) and following pregnancy (three RCTs, ‘moderate’ quality evidence; SMD −0.54, 95% CI −0.87 to –0.22, I2=24%).ConclusionPrenatal exercise including PFMT reduced the odds and symptom severity of prenatal and postnatal UI. This was the case for women who were continent before the intervention. Among women who were incontinent during pregnancy, exercise training was not therapeutic.
Is supine exercise associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes? A systematic review
Authors: Mottola Michelle F , Nagpal Taniya S , Bgeginski Roberta , Davenport Margie H , Poitras Veronica J , Gray Casey E , Davies Gregory A , Adamo Kristi B , Slater Linda G , Barrowman Nick , Barakat Ruben , Ruchat Stephanie-May 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTheoretical concerns regarding the supine position at rest due to the gravid uterus obstructing aorta and vena caval flow may impinge uterine blood flow (UBF) to the fetus and maternal venous return.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesOnline databases up to 11 December 2017.Study criteriaEligible population (pregnant without contraindication to exercise), intervention (frequency, intensity, duration, volume or type of supine exercise), comparator (no exercise or exercise in left lateral rest position, upright posture or other supine exercise), outcomes (potentially adverse effects on maternal blood pressure, cardiac output, heart rate, oxygen saturation, fetal movements, UBF, fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns; adverse events such as bradycardia, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, perinatal mortality and other adverse events as documented by study authors), and study design (except case studies and reviews) published in English, Spanish, French or Portuguese.ResultsSeven studies (n=1759) were included. ‘Very low’ to ‘low’ quality evidence from three randomised controlled trials indicated no association between supervised exercise interventions that included supine exercise and low birth weight compared with no exercise. There was ‘very low’ to ‘low’ quality evidence from four observational studies that showed no adverse events in the mother; however, there were abnormal FHR patterns (as defined by study authors) in 20 of 65 (31%) fetuses during an acute bout of supine exercise. UBF decreased (13%) when women moved from left lateral rest to acute dynamic supine exercise.ConclusionThere was insufficient evidence to ascertain whether maternal exercise in the supine position is safe or should be avoided during pregnancy.
CELEB trial: Comparative Effectiveness of Lung volume reduction surgery for Emphysema and Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with valve placement: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Buttery Sara , Kemp Samuel V , Shah Pallav L , Waller David , Jordan Simon , Lee John T , Banya Winston , Steiner Michael C , Hopkinson Nicholas S 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionAlthough lung volume reduction surgery and bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves have both been shown to improve lung function, exercise capacity and quality of life in appropriately selected patients with emphysema, there are no direct comparison data between the two procedures to inform clinical decision-making.Methods and analysisWe describe the protocol of the CELEB study, a randomised controlled trial which will compare outcomes at 1 year between the two procedures, using a composite disease severity measure, the iBODE score, which includes body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnoeaand exercise capacity (incremental shuttle walk test).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval to conduct the study has been obtained from the Fulham Research Ethics Committee, London (16/LO/0286). The outcome of this trial will provide information to guide treatment choices in this population and will be presented at national and international meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. We will also disseminate the main results to all participants in a letter.Trial registration numberISRCTN19684749; Pre-results.
Abdominal organ perfusion and inflammation in experimental sepsis: a magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Marchesi Silvia , Ortiz Nieto Francisco , Ahlgren Kerstin M. , Roneus Agneta , Feinstein Ricardo , Lipcsey Miklos , Larsson Anders , Ahlström Håkan , Hedenstierna Göran 
Published: October 2018

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) uses water as contrast and enables the study of perfusion in many organs simultaneously in situ. We used DW-MRI in a hypodynamic sepsis model, comparing abdominal organ perfusion with global hemodynamic measurements and inflammation. Sixteen anesthetized piglets were randomized into 3 groups: 2 intervention (sepsis) groups: HighMAP (mean arterial pressure, MAP > 65 mmHg) and LowMAP (MAP between 50 and 60 mmHg), and a Healthy Control group (HC). Sepsis was obtained with endotoxin and the desired MAP maintained with norepinephrine. After 6 h, DW-MRI was performed. Acute inflammation was assessed with IL-6 and TNFα in abdominal organs, ascites, and blood and by histology of intestine (duodenum). Perfusion of abdominal organs was reduced in the LowMAP group compared with the HighMAP group and HC. Liver perfusion was still reduced by 25% in the HighMAP group compared with HC. Intestinal perfusion did not differ significantly between the intervention groups. Cytokine concentrations were generally higher in the LowMAP group but did not correlate with global hemodynamics. However, cytokines correlated with regional perfusion and, for liver and intestine, also with intra-abdominal pressure. Histopathology of intestine worsened with decreasing perfusion. In conclusion, although a low MAP (≤60 mmHg) indicated impeded abdominal perfusion in experimental sepsis, it did not predict inflammation, nor did other global measures of circulation. Decreased abdominal perfusion partially predicted inflammation but intestine, occupying most of the abdomen, and liver were also affected by intra-abdominal pressure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study increases the knowledge of abdominal perfusion during sepsis. We used diffusion weighted imaging to assess perfusion simultaneously and noninvasively in different abdominal organs. The technique has not been used in a sepsis model before. Cytokine concentrations were measured in different abdominal organs and vascular beds and related to regional perfusion. Decreased abdominal perfusion, but not global measures of circulation, predicted inflammation. Intestine, occupying most of the abdomen, and liver were also affected by intra-abdominal pressure.
Crohn’s disease IRGM risk alleles are associated with altered gene expression in human tissues
Authors: Ajayi Teminioluwa A. , Innes Cynthia L. , Grimm Sara A. , Rai Prashant , Finethy Ryan , Coers Jörn , Wang Xuting , Bell Douglas A. , McGrath John A. , Schurman Shepherd H. , Fessler Michael B. 
Published: October 2018

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder. Genetic association studies have implicated dysregulated autophagy in CD. Among risk loci identified are a promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)( rs13361189 ) and two intragenic SNPs ( rs9637876 , rs10065172 ) in immunity-related GTPase family M ( IRGM) a gene that encodes a protein of the autophagy initiation complex. All three SNPs have been proposed to modify IRGM expression, but reports have been divergent and largely derived from cell lines. Here, analyzing RNA-Sequencing data of human tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression Project, we found that rs13361189 minor allele carriers had reduced IRGM expression in whole blood and terminal ileum, and upregulation in ileum of ZNF300P1, a locus adjacent to IRGM on chromosome 5q33.1 that encodes a long noncoding RNA. Whole blood and ileum from minor allele carriers had altered expression of multiple additional genes that have previously been linked to colitis and/or autophagy. Notable among these was an increase in ileum of LTF (lactoferrin), an established fecal inflammatory biomarker of CD, and in whole blood of TNF, a key cytokine in CD pathogenesis. Last, we confirmed that risk alleles at all three loci associated with increased risk for CD but not ulcerative colitis in a case-control study. Taken together, our findings suggest that genetically encoded IRGM deficiency may predispose to CD through dysregulation of inflammatory gene networks. Gene expression profiling of disease target tissues in genetically susceptible populations is a promising strategy for revealing new leads for the study of molecular pathogenesis and, potentially, for precision medicine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Single nucleotide polymorphisms in immunity-related GTPase family M ( IRGM), a gene that encodes an autophagy initiation protein, have been linked epidemiologically to increased risk for Crohn’s disease (CD). Here, we show for the first time that subjects with risk alleles at two such loci, rs13361189 and rs10065172 , have reduced IRGM expression in whole blood and terminal ileum, as well as dysregulated expression of a wide array of additional genes that regulate inflammation and autophagy.
Can We Use Survival Data from Cancer Registries to Learn about Disease Recurrence? The Case of Breast Cancer
Authors: Mariotto Angela B. , Zou Zhaohui , Zhang Fanni , Howlader Nadia , Kurian Allison W. , Etzioni Ruth 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Background: Population-representative risks of metastatic recurrence are not generally available because cancer registries do not collect data on recurrence. This article presents a novel method that estimates the risk of recurrence using cancer registry disease-specific survival.
Methods: The method is based on an illness–death process coupled with a mixture cure model for net cancer survival. The risk of recurrence is inferred from the estimated survival among the noncured fraction and published data on survival after recurrence. We apply the method to disease-specific survival curves from female breast cancer cases without a prior cancer diagnosis and with complete stage and hormone receptor (HR) status in Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registries (1992–2013).
Results: The risk of recurrence is higher for women diagnosed with breast cancer at older age, earlier period, more advanced stage, and HR-negative tumors. For women diagnosed at ages 60–74 in 2000–2013, the projected percent recurring within 5 years is 2.5%, 9.6%, and 34.5% for stages I, II, and III HR-positive, and 6.5%, 20.2%, and 48.5% for stages I, II, and III HR-negative tumors. Although HR-positive cases have lower risk of recurrence soon after diagnosis, their risk persists longer than for HR-negative cases. Results show a high degree of robustness to model assumptions.
Conclusions: The results show that it is possible to extract information about the risk of recurrence using disease-specific survival, and the methods can in principle be extended to other cancer sites.
Impact: This study provides the first population-based summaries of the risk of breast cancer recurrence in U.S. women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(11); 1332–41. ©2018 AACR.
Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. gen. and Archaeocroton n. gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “primitive” tick from the Carpathian Mountains
Authors: BARKER STEPHEN C. , BURGER THOMAS D. 
Published: October 2018

We establish two new monotypic genera, Robertsicus n. gen. and Archaeocroton n. gen., based on two enigmatic species of Amblyomma. Robertsicus, with the type species R. elaphensis (Price, 1959) n. comb., is proposed for Amblyomma elaphense, the tick of the Trans-Pecos rat-snake of the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico and southeastern USA (parts of Arizona, West Texas and New Mexico). Archaeocroton, with the type species Ar. sphenodonti (Dumbleton, 1943) n. comb., is proposed for Amblyomma sphenodonti, the tuatara tick of New Zealand. This is another step in the resolution of the systematic problems concerning the genus Aponomma, a heterogeneous group of eyeless ticks with a predilection for reptiles. By removing R. elaphensis (Price, 1959) and Ar. sphenodonti (Dumbleton, 1943) from the genus Amblyomma we have resolved, for now at least, the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma. We have also resolved a 50-year old mystery: the identity of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “primitive” tick from the Carpathian Mountains that had a “striking resemblance” to Ar. sphenodonti n. comb.; it was an Ar. sphenodonti n. comb. that had travelled to the Carpathian Mountains from New Zealand on a captive tuatara.
An Observing System Simulation Experiment with a Constellation of Radio Occultation Satellites
Authors: Cucurull L. , Atlas R. , Li R. , Mueller M. J. , Hoffman R. N. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Experiments with a global observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) system based on the recent 7-km-resolution NASA nature run (G5NR) were conducted to determine the potential value of proposed Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) constellations in current operational numerical weather prediction systems. The RO observations were simulated with the geographic sampling expected from the original planned Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) system, with six equatorial (total of ~6000 soundings per day) and six polar (total of ~6000 soundings per day) receiver satellites. The experiments also accounted for the expected improved vertical coverage provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory RO receivers on board COSMIC-2. Except that RO observations were simulated and assimilated as refractivities, the 2015 version of the NCEP’s operational data assimilation system was used to run the OSSEs. The OSSEs quantified the impact of RO observations on global weather analyses and forecasts and the impact of adding explicit errors to the simulation of perfect RO profiles. The inclusion or exclusion of explicit errors had small, statistically insignificant impacts on results. The impact of RO observations was found to increase the length of the useful forecasts. In experiments with explicit errors, these increases were found to be 0.6 h in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics (a 0.4% improvement), 5.9 h in the Southern Hemisphere extratropics (a significant 4.0% improvement), and 12.1 h in the tropics (a very substantial 28.4% improvement).
Seasonal Forecasting of Wind and Waves in the North Atlantic Using a Grand Multimodel Ensemble
Authors: Bell Ray , Kirtman Ben 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study assesses the skill of multimodel forecasts of 10-m wind speed, significant wave height, and mean wave period in the North Atlantic for the winter months. The 10-m winds from four North American multimodel ensemble models and three European Multimodel Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction project (EUROSIP) models are used to force WAVEWATCH III experiments. Ten ensembles are used for each model. All three variables can be predicted using December initial conditions. The spatial maps of rank probability skill score are explained by the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the large-scale wind–wave relationship. Two winter case studies are investigated to understand the relationship between large-scale environmental conditions such as sea surface temperature, geopotential height at 500 hPa, and zonal wind at 200 hPa to the NAO and the wind–wave climate. The very strong negative NAO in 2008/09 was not well forecast by any of the ensembles while most models correctly predicted the sign of the event. This led to a poor forecast of the surface wind and waves. A Monte Carlo model combination analysis is applied to understand how many models are needed for a skillful multimodel forecast. While the grand multimodel ensemble provides robust skill, in some cases skill improves once some models are not included.
Reinforcement attenuation as a behavioral technique to suppress conditioned avoidance response in rats: A comparative study with olanzapine
Authors: Gao Jun , Li Ming 
Published: October 2018

Background: Antipsychotic treatment is effective in the treatment of psychosis, although it also brings with it some unwanted side effects and is associated with low compliance. Finding a non-pharmacological alternative for antipsychotic treatment is highly desirable. Aims: This preclinical study examined the ‘antipsychotic’ efficacy of such a behavioral technique using a conditioned avoidance response model. This technique, termed reinforcement attenuation (RA), is to administer a brief footshock (0.1–2.0 s, 0.8 mA) at the end of each trial regardless of whether a well-trained rat makes an avoidance response or not. Results: RA achieved the same avoidance suppressing effect as olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic drug), including both acute suppression and sensitized suppression of avoidance response in well-trained Sprague–Dawley adult male rats. Interestingly, the RA-induced sensitization (an enhanced disruption of avoidance responding) enhanced subsequent olanzapine sensitivity, whereas the olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg)-induced sensitization had little impact on later RA treatment. When RA and olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously) were used together, the RA-induced sensitization was still detectable in the RA challenge test, although its magnitude was reduced by olanzapine. Finally, we showed that the RA-induced sensitization in avoidance suppression persisted from adolescence into adulthood, long after such a treatment was terminated. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the RA is functionally equivalent (if not superior) to antipsychotic treatment in the avoidance suppression effect (both acute and sensitization effects) in both adolescent and adult animals. Behavioral therapies that specifically target the reinforcer of psychotic thoughts might be a viable strategy for the treatment of psychosis.
Moving Beyond Marriage: Healthcare and the Social Safety Net for Families
Authors: Wilson Robin Fretwell 
Published: October 2018

This article teases out the relationship between family form and the state's social safety nets around healthcare, showing the deep unfairness of measuring social safety nets by whether a couple marries. By continuing to tie healthcare benefits to specific family structures, we perpetuate the “galloping” inequality marking America today.This article concludes that, whatever happens with the thousands of benefits given to married couples in other domains, social policy should move beyond marriage with respect to healthcare. Delinking support for healthcare coverage and services from family form is just, better assists struggling families, and is in our collective self-interest.
Similar or the Same? Why Biosimilars are not the Solution
Authors: Diependaele Lisa , Cockbain Julian , Sterckx Sigrid 
Published: October 2018

Advancements in the field of biotechnology have accelerated the development of drugs that are manufactured from cultures of living cells, commonly referred to as “biologics.” Due to the complexity of the production process, generic biologics are unlikely to be chemically identical to the reference product, and accordingly are referred to as “biosimilars.”Encouraging the development of biosimilars has been presented as the key solution to decrease prices and increase access to biologics, but the development and use of biosimilars continues to raise problems, none of which can easily be addressed. Developing a biosimilar requires considerable time and financial resources, and legitimate safety concerns necessitate elaborate clinical testing of biosimilars. As a consequence, the introduction of biosimilars onto the market has not resulted in significant price reductions, and concerns regarding the substitution and interchangeability of original biologics with biosimilars persist.This article will explain how the biologics production process distorts the trade-offs that traditionally guided both patent protection and regulatory exclusivities: disclosure as a key condition for benefiting from the corresponding monopoly position. Hence, we propose establishing a mechanism of mandatory deposit of the original biologic's cell line at the stage of the regulatory approval as the most effective remedy.