bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lopinavir/ritonavir treatment increases the placental transfer of bupivacaine enantiomers in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected pregnant women
Authors: Ribeiro Rodrigo Metzker Pereira , Moreira Fernanda de Lima , Moisés Elaine Christine Dantas , Cavalli Ricardo Carvalho , Quintana Silvana Maria , Lanchote Vera Lucia , Duarte Geraldo 
Published: June 2018

AimsThe present study evaluated the placental transfer and amniotic fluid distribution of bupivacaine enantiomers in health pregnant women and in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected pregnant women receiving epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section.MethodsTwelve HIV‐infected pregnant women (HIV group) were treated long‐term (at least 8 weeks) with lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg twice daily), and 12 healthy pregnant women (Control group) who submitted to epidural anaesthesia with racemic bupivacaine (75 mg) during caesarean section were investigated. At delivery, samples of maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid were collected (10–20 min after drug administration).ResultsThe placental transfer ratio of bupivacaine enantiomers was significantly higher among the pregnant women from the HIV group when compared with those from the Control group (Mann–Whitney test, P ≤ 0.05). Placental transfer ratios (median and 25th ‐ 75th percentiles) for (+)‐(R)‐bupivacaine were 0.58 (0.38–0.82) in the HIV group vs. 0.25 (0.18–0.33) in the Control group, and for (–)‐(S)‐bupivacaine, they were 0.54 (0.34–0.69) in the HIV group vs. 0.25 (0.19–0.29) in the Control group. The transplacental distribution of bupivacaine was stereoselective only in the HIV group. The umbilical artery/umbilical vein ratio and amniotic fluid/maternal vein ratio were low and nonstereoselective, and no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups.ConclusionsThis study supports that the placental transfer of both bupivacaine enantiomers was 100% higher in HIV‐pregnant women treated with lopinavir/ritonavir when compared with that in healthy pregnant women receiving epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section.
Gambogic Acid Inhibits Melanoma through Regulation of miR‐199a‐3p/ZEB1 Signalling
Authors: Liang Lili , Zhang Zhixin , Qin Xiaowei , Gao Ying , Zhao Peng , Liu Jing , Zeng Weihui 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMalignant melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer which is highly resistant to chemotherapy. We have previously found that gambogic acid (GA), a kind of polyprenylated xanthone, exhibits an antitumour role in melanoma. The study was designed to investigate novel mechanisms of the antitumour effect of GA in melanoma cells and implanted nude mice. Gambogic acid significantly decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion in A375 cells. In addition, cisplatin‐induced cytotoxicity in both A375 and A375/CDDP cells was increased by GA. The expression of miR‐199a‐3p was increased by GA in A375 cells and implanted tumours, and inhibition of miR‐199a‐3p significantly prevented GA‐induced effect on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cisplatin sensitivity in A375 cells. miR‐199a‐3p mimics reduced tumour weight and volume in vivo and decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion in vitro. miR‐199a‐3p expression was decreased in melanoma tissues and cells, as compared with their controls. miR‐199a‐3p possessed a potential binding site in the 3′‐UTR of zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox (ZEB1). ZEB1 expression was increased in melanoma tissues and cells, as compared with their controls. ZEB1 and miR‐199a‐3p expression was negatively correlated in melanoma tissues. The expression of ZEB1 was decreased by GA in A375 cells and implanted tumours, and up‐regulation of ZEB1 significantly prevented GA‐induced effect on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, invasion and cisplatin sensitivity. Down‐regulation of ZEB1 reduced tumour weight and volume in vivo and decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion in vitro. We identified the important roles of miR‐199a‐3p and ZEB1 in melanoma and elucidated the tumour suppressor function of miR‐199a‐3p through inhibition of ZEB1. The results highlight the importance of miR‐199a‐3p–ZEB1 signalling in antitumour effect of GA in malignant melanoma and provide novel targets for the chemotherapy of melanoma.
Tracking the Within‐Trial, Cross‐Trial, and Developmental Dynamics of Cognitive Control: Evidence From the Simon Task
Authors: Erb Christopher D. , Marcovitch Stuart 
Published: June 2018

Six‐ to 8‐year‐olds, 10‐ to 12‐year‐olds, and adults (N = 108) performed the Simon task by reaching to targets on a digital display. The spatial and temporal characteristics of their movements were used to assess how two key processes underlying cognitive control—a threshold adjustment process and a controlled selection process—unfold over the course of a response (within‐trial dynamics), are modulated by recent experience (cross‐trial dynamics), and contribute to age‐related gains in control (developmental dynamics). The results indicate that the controlled selection process undergoes a more protracted development than the threshold adjustment process. The results also shed light on a prominent debate concerning the cross‐trial dynamics of control by supporting the feature integration account over the conflict adaptation account.
Hemoglobin A1c predicts hemorrhagic transformation and poor outcomes after acute anterior stroke
Authors: Zhang G. , He M. , Xu Y. , Li X. , Cai Z. , Guo Z. , Meng P. , Ji N. , He X. , Pang L. 
Published: June 2018

Background and purposeHemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a major complication of acute ischaemic stroke that is potentially related to clinical deterioration. The objective of this study was to assess whether chronic hyperglycemia is a predictive factor of HT in patients with acute anterior stroke.MethodsPatients with acute anterior stroke were included in this study. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured in the morning after hospitalization. HT was detected by computed tomography scans or gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging performed 4 (±2) days after onset. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the risks for HT and short‐term outcomes.ResultsOf the 426 patients included, 93 (21.8%) had HT: 61 (14.3%) presented with hemorrhagic infarction and 32 (7.5%) presented with parenchymal hematoma. A total of 54 patients received thrombolytic treatment and 18 (33.3%) were found to have HT. In the multivariate analysis, HbA1c [odds ratio (OR), 1.294; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.097–1.528], infarction size (OR, 3.358; 95% CI, 1.748–6.449) and thrombolytic therapy (OR, 3.469; 95% CI, 1.757–6.847) were predictors of HT. The predictive effect of HbA1c on HT was still observed in both groups when patients were stratified according to the levels of fasting blood glucose. HbA1c was found to be a predictor of poor outcomes in the multilogistic regression analysis (OR, 1.482; 95% CI, 1.228–1.788).ConclusionsHigher HbA1c was independently related to HT and poor neurological outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke. These findings have significant implications for the treatment of diabetes and glucose management in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or acute ischaemic stroke.
A century of genetic variation inferred from a persistent soil‐stored seed bank
Authors: Summers Jennifer L. , Bernik Brittany , Saunders Colin J. , McLachlan Jason S. , Blum Michael J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStratigraphic accretion of dormant propagules in soil can result in natural archives useful for studying ecological and evolutionary responses to environmental change. Few attempts have been made, however, to use soil‐stored seed banks as natural archives, in part because of concerns over nonrandom attrition and mixed stratification. Here, we examine the persistent seed bank of Schoenoplectus americanus, a foundational brackish marsh sedge, to determine whether it can serve as a resource for reconstructing historical records of demographic and population genetic variation. After assembling profiles of the seed bank from radionuclide‐dated soil cores, we germinated seeds to “resurrect” cohorts spanning the 20th century. Using microsatellite markers, we assessed genetic diversity and differentiation among depth cohorts, drawing comparisons to extant plants at the study site and in nearby and more distant marshes. We found that seed density peaked at intermediate soil depths. We also detected genotypic differences among cohorts as well as between cohorts and extant plants. Genetic diversity did not decline with depth, indicating that the observed pattern of differentiation is not due to attrition. Patterns of differentiation within and among extant marshes also suggest that local populations persist as aggregates of small clones, likely reflecting repeated seedling recruitment and low immigration from admixed regional gene pools. These findings indicate that persistent and stratified soil‐stored seed banks merit further consideration as resources for reconstructing decadal‐ to century‐long records that can lend insight into the tempo and nature of ecological and evolutionary processes that shape populations over time.
The climate, the fuel and the land use: Long‐term regional variability of biomass burning in boreal forests
Authors: Molinari Chiara , Lehsten Veiko , Blarquez Olivier , Carcaillet Christopher , Davis Basil A. S. , Kaplan Jed O. , Clear Jennifer , Bradshaw Richard H. W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe influence of different drivers on changes in North American and European boreal forests biomass burning (BB) during the Holocene was investigated based on the following hypotheses: land use was important only in the southernmost regions, while elsewhere climate was the main driver modulated by changes in fuel type. BB was reconstructed by means of 88 sedimentary charcoal records divided into six different site clusters. A statistical approach was used to explore the relative contribution of (a) pollen‐based mean July/summer temperature and mean annual precipitation reconstructions, (b) an independent model‐based scenario of past land use (LU), and (c) pollen‐based reconstructions of plant functional types (PFTs) on BB. Our hypotheses were tested with: (a) a west‐east northern boreal sector with changing climatic conditions and a homogeneous vegetation, and (b) a north‐south European boreal sector characterized by gradual variation in both climate and vegetation composition. The processes driving BB in boreal forests varied from one region to another during the Holocene. However, general trends in boreal biomass burning were primarily controlled by changes in climate (mean annual precipitation in Alaska, northern Quebec, and northern Fennoscandia, and mean July/summer temperature in central Canada and central Fennoscandia) and, secondarily, by fuel composition (BB positively correlated with the presence of boreal needleleaf evergreen trees in Alaska and in central and southern Fennoscandia). Land use played only a marginal role. A modification towards less flammable tree species (by promoting deciduous stands over fire‐prone conifers) could contribute to reduce circumboreal wildfire risk in future warmer periods.
Accumulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid during cold storage in mulberry leaves
Authors: Li Erna , Luo Xinxin , Liao Sentai , Shen Weizhi , Li Qian , Liu Fan , Zou Yuxiao 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) contained in mulberry leaves has the effect of improving mood. Mulberry leaf cultivars ‘Kangxuan 01‐28’, ‘Lunbai No.1’ and ‘BR 60’ were analysed for GABA accumulation under low temperature storage. The effects of ice temperature storage (ITS), cold acclimation combined with ice‐temperature storage (CACIS) and cold storage (CS) on GABA and associated enzymes, soluble protein and leaf colour were measured. The increase in GABA content differed among varieties. Under different low temperature storage treatments, the GABA concentration increased by 33.93‐fold, 11.75‐fold and 4.28‐fold in mulberry leaves compared with the initial concentration in the three cultivars ‘Kangxuan 01‐28’, ‘Lunbai No.1’ and ‘BR 60’, respectively. GAD activity and soluble protein were positively correlated with GABA concentration, while GABA‐T activity showed an opposite trend to the GABA concentration. After being treated with ITS, ‘Kangxuan 01‐28’ could accumulate higher GABA and should be consumed within 7 days.
Comparison of AC to DC current sources for field‐assisted sintering of aluminum alloy 5083 powder
Authors: Kellogg Frank , Kornecki Michael , Raju Selva Vennila , McWilliams Brandon , Brennan Raymond 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe viability of resistively sintering aluminum 5083 powder with an alternating current (AC) was explored under both as‐atomized and cryomilled conditions. Samples were processed under an AC field and a direct current (DC) field. Samples processed by both methods exhibited similar microstructures and densities at different die wall temperatures. For as‐atomized powders, similar densities (99% of theoretical [TD]) were achieved at die wall temperatures of 564°C under DC fields and 525°C under AC fields. For cryomilled 5083, densities up to 90% of theoretical were achieved at 550°C under DC fields, while density values 99% of TD were achieved at 500°C under AC fields. Based on these findings, it has been determined that AC fields can be used as an alternative to SPS for achieving optimal density.
Quantitative prediction of the structure and properties of Li2O–Ta2O5–SiO2 glasses via phase diagram approach
Authors: Tan Linling , Mauro John C. , Peng Jie , Yang Xinlei , Peng Mingying 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTantalum silicate glasses serve as laser host materials to take advantage of their high refractive index and the ability to tailor their physical properties in the design of high‐performance photonic and photoelectric components. However, successful attainment of feature control in tantalum‐doped materials remains a longstanding problem due to the limited understanding of local structure around the tantalum ions, a problem that lies at the heart of predicting the micro‐ and macroscopic properties of these glasses. Herein, we present a novel approach for predicting the local structural environments in tantalum silicate glass based on a phase diagram approach. The phase relations and glass formation region of Li2O–Ta2O5–SiO2 ternary systems are explored to calculate the structure and additive physical properties of lithium tantalum silicate glasses. These measured and calculated results are in good quantitative agreement, indicating that the phase diagram approach can be applied broadly to Li2O–Ta2O5–SiO2 ternary glass systems. Using the phase diagram approach, the local structure of tantalum can be directly obtained. Each Ta atom is surrounded by six atoms, and its polyhedron, the TaO6 octahedron, bonds through oxygen to Li and Ta. As a network modifier, Ta5+ depolymerizes the silicate glass structure by modulating the local structure of lithium atoms in Li2O–Ta2O5–SiO2 ternary glass system. The compositional dependence of structure in lithium tantalum silicate glasses is quantitatively determined based on the structure of the nearest neighbor congruent compound through the lever rule. These findings offer a precise prediction of tantalum silicate glass properties with quantitative control over local structural environment of the disordered materials.
Local prey community composition and genetic distance predict venom divergence among populations of the northern Pacific rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus)
Authors: Holding Matthew L. , Margres Mark J. , Rokyta Darin R. , Gibbs H. Lisle 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIdentifying the environmental correlates of divergence in functional traits between populations can provide insights into the evolutionary mechanisms that generate local adaptation. Here, we assess patterns of population differentiation in expressed venom proteins in Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus) from 13 locations across California. We evaluate the relative importance of major biotic (prey species community composition), abiotic (temperature, precipitation and elevation) and genetic factors (genetic distance based on RAD‐seq loci) as correlates of population divergence in venom phenotypes. We found that over half of the variation in venom composition is associated with among‐population differentiation for genetic and environmental variables and that this variation occurred along axes defining previously observed functional trade‐offs between venom proteins that have neurotoxic, myotoxic and hemorrhagic effects. Surprisingly, genetic differentiation among populations was the best predictor of venom divergence, accounting for 46% of overall variation, whereas differences in prey community composition and abiotic factors explained smaller amounts of variation (23% and 19%, respectively). The association between genetic differentiation and venom composition could be due to an isolation‐by‐distance effect or, more likely, an isolation‐by‐environment effect where selection against recent migrants is strong, producing a correlation between neutral genetic differentiation and venom differentiation. Our findings suggest that even coarse estimates of prey community composition can be useful in understanding the selection pressures acting on patterns of venom protein expression. Additionally, our results suggest that factors other than adaptation to spatial variation in prey need to be considered when explaining population divergence in venom.
Machado–Joseph disease/spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: lessons from disease pathogenesis and clues into therapy
Authors: Matos Carlos A. , de Almeida Luís Pereira , Nóbrega Clévio 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMachado–Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is an incurable disorder, widely regarded as the most common form of spinocerebellar ataxia in the world. MJD/SCA3 arises from mutation of the ATXN3 gene, but this simple monogenic cause contrasts with the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms that are currently admitted to underlie neuronal dysfunction and death. The aberrantly expanded protein product – ataxin‐3 – is known to aggregate and generate toxic species that disrupt several cell systems, including autophagy, proteostasis, transcription, mitochondrial function and signalling. Over the years, research into putative therapeutic approaches has often been devoted to the development of strategies that counteract disease at different stages of cellular pathogenesis. Silencing the pathogenic protein, blocking aggregation, inhibiting toxic proteolytic processing and counteracting dysfunctions of the cellular systems affected have yielded promising ameliorating results in studies with cellular and animal models. The current review analyses the available studies dedicated to the investigation of MJD/SCA3 pathogenesis and the exploration of possible therapeutic strategies, focusing primarily on gene therapy and pharmacological approaches rooted on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease.
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Methyl donors dietary supplementation to gestating sows diet improves the growth rate of offspring and is associating with changes in expression and DNA methylation of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 gene
Authors: Jin Chao , Zhuo Yong , Wang Jun , Zhao Yang , Xuan Yuedong , Mou Daolin , Liu Hong , Zhou Pan , Fang Zhengfeng , Che Lianqiang , Xu Shengyu , Feng Bin , Li Jian , Jiang Xuemei , Lin Yan , Wu De 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal dietary methyl donors on the performance of sows and their offspring, and the associated hepatic insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) expression of the offspring. A total of 24 multiparous sows were randomly fed the control (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with methyl donors (MD) at 3 g/kg betaine, 15 mg/kg folic acid, 400 mg/kg choline and 150 μg/kg VB12, from mating until delivery. After farrowing, sows were fed a common lactation diet through a 28‐days lactation period and six litters per treatment were selected to be fed until at approximately 110 kg BW. Maternal MD supplementation resulted in greater birthweight (p < 0.05) and increased the piglet weights (p < 0.01) and litter weights (p < 0.05) at the age of day 28, compared with that in CON group. The offspring pigs in the MD group had greater ADG (p < 0.05) and tended to lower F:G ratio (p = 0.07) compared with that of CON group from day 28 to 180 of age. The offspring pigs from MD group had greater serum IGF‐1 concentrations and expressions of hepatic IGF‐1 gene and muscular IGF‐1 receptor (IGF‐1r) protein at birth (p < 0.05), and greater hepatic IGF‐1 protein (p = 0.03) and muscular IGF‐1r gene expressions (p < 0.05) at slaughter, than that from the CON group. Moreover, the methylation at the promoter of IGF‐1 gene in the liver of newborn piglets and finishing pigs was greater in the MD group than that of the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal MD supplementation throughout gestation could enhance the birthweight and postnatal growth rate of offspring, associated with an increased expression of the IGF‐1 gene and IGF‐1r, as well as the altered DNA methylation of IGF‐1 gene promotor.
Hepatitis C virus incidence in HIV‐infected and in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)‐using men having sex with men
Authors: Cotte Laurent , Cua Eric , Reynes Jacques , Raffi François , Rey David , Delobel Pierre , Gagneux‐Brunon Amandine , Jacomet Christine , Palich Romain , Laroche Hélène , Cabie André , Hoen Bruno , Chidiac Christian , Pradat Pierre ,   The Dat'AIDS Study Group
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsHCV incidence still appears on the rise in HIV‐infected MSM in France. We assessed the incidence of HCV infection in HIV‐positive and in preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)‐using MSM.MethodsHIV‐infected, HCV‐negative MSM with serological follow‐up in 2016 and HIV‐negative, HCV‐negative PrEP‐using MSM enrolled from January 2016 to May 2017 in the French Dat’AIDS cohort were analysed to assess the incidence of a primary HCV infection. The incidence of HCV reinfection was also determined in patients having cured a previous infection.ResultsAmong 10 049 HIV‐infected MSM followed in 2016, 681 patients were already HCV‐infected when entering the study (prevalence 6.8%). Serological follow‐up was available in 2016 for 4151 HCV‐negative patients. Virological follow‐up was available for 478 patients who had cured a previous infection. Fifty‐seven HCV infections occurred in 2016 (42 primary infections, 15 reinfections). Incidence of primary HCV infection, reinfection and overall HCV infection was, respectively, 1.0, 3.1 and 1.2/100 person‐years (PY). From January 2016 to May 2017, 930 HIV‐negative subjects were enrolled for PrEP. Seventeen patients were already HCV‐infected (prevalence 1.8%). Twelve HCV infections occurred during follow‐up (10 primary infections, 2 reinfections) giving an incidence of primary infection of 1.0/100 PY and an overall incidence of 1.2/100 PY.ConclusionsThe overall incidence of HCV infection and of a primary HCV infection in HIV‐positive and in PrEP‐using MSM appeared similar in France in 2016 to early 2017. HIV‐positive and PrEP‐using MSM probably share similar at‐risk practices and both should be targeted for preventative interventions.