bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise and Asthma
Authors: Côté Andréanne , Turmel Julie , Boulet Louis-Philippe 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTransient airway narrowing can occur during or following exercise, a phenomenon called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The main mechanism of EIB is considered to be airway dehydration, resulting from increased ventilation during exercise. In asthma, such water loss causes an increase in airway fluid osmolarity, inducing airway smooth muscle contraction following the release of mediators from airway inflammatory cells. Asthmatics frequently experience EIB, but it may also be observed in others not reporting asthma symptoms, particularly elite endurance athletes. Individuals with asthma often refrain from performing physical exercise because they fear troublesome respiratory symptoms. However, in addition to its well-known cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, physical training has been shown to be beneficial for asthmatic adults and children in improving asthma control and asthma-related quality of life. Exercise training also reduces the risk of asthma exacerbations, improves exercise capacity, and decreases frequency and severity of EIB. To minimize the risk of EIB, asthma must be well controlled, and specific pharmacological and nonpharmacological preventative measures can be taken. Counterintuitively, in high-level athletes, the development of asthma, airway hyperresponsiveness, and EIB can be promoted by intense training over many years following exposure to environmental conditions, such as cold air, pollutants, and allergens. As for nonathletes, athletes must have optimal asthma control and apply preventative measures against EIB, taking into account antidoping regulations for asthma medications. A better understanding of the impact of exercise on asthma should improve the overall care of asthmatic patients.
Management of Asthma during Pregnancy: Optimizing Outcomes and Minimizing Risk
Authors: Schatz Michael , Namazy Jennifer 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPregnancy may be complicated by new onset or preexisting asthma. This article reviews diagnosis and management of asthma in the pregnant patient. Special attention is paid to the challenges in diagnosis and management of this condition during pregnancy. Asthma is one of the most common potentially serious medical problems to complicate pregnancy, and asthma may adversely affect both maternal quality of life and perinatal outcomes. Asthma may adversely affect both maternal quality of life and, perinatal outcomes. Pregnant asthmatics have been shown to be at an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. Optimal management of asthma during pregnancy is thus important for both mother and baby. This article provides an update on the available literature regarding the safety of commonly used asthma medications during pregnancy.
Biologic Therapy and Asthma
Authors: Viswanathan Ravi , Busse William 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAlthough airway inflammation is an intrinsic and key feature of asthma, this response varies in its intensity and translation to clinical characteristics and responsiveness to treatment. The observations that clinical heterogeneity is an important aspect of asthma and a feature that likely dictates and determines responses to treatment in severe asthma, patient responsiveness to medication is incomplete, and risks for exacerbation are increased. The development of biologics, which target selected and specific components of inflammation, has been a promising advance to achieve asthma control in patients with severe disease. This article reviews the current biologics available and under development and how their use has affected asthma and which subpopulations appear to benefit the greatest.
Environmental Causes of Asthma
Authors: Cockcroft Donald 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEnvironmental factors which cause asthma are those that induce airway inflammation with eosinophils (more common) or neutrophils along with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). The most common of these (indeed the most common cause of asthma) are IgE-mediated inhalant allergen exposures. Allergen-induced AHR and inflammation are both associated with the allergen-induced late asthmatic response (LAR). Although allergens were previously recognized only as causes of symptoms and bronchoconstriction in asthmatics, we now appreciate them as causes of the fundamental pathophysiologic features of asthma. Low-molecular-weight chemical sensitizers, causes of occupational asthma, also cause asthma in a manner analogous to allergen. Acute irritant-induced asthma (reactive airways dysfunction syndrome) following a very heavy irritant exposure and chronic irritant-induced asthma following repeated high exposures can also induce persistent or permanent changes (inflammation and AHR) consistent with asthma. Textile dust exposure produces a different form of airway disease (byssinosis) which is less frequently observed currently. Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke facilitates the development of asthma in children. Personal smoking and environmental air pollution have an inconsistent and likely generally small effect in causing asthma.
Advances and Evolving Concepts in Allergic Asthma
Authors: Tung Hui-Ying , Li Evan , Landers Cameron , Nguyen An , Kheradmand Farrah , Knight J. , Corry David 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAllergic asthma is a heterogeneous disorder that defies a unanimously acceptable definition, but is generally recognized through its highly characteristic clinical expression of dyspnea and cough accompanied by clinical data that document reversible or exaggerated airway constriction and obstruction. The generally rising prevalence of asthma in highly industrialized societies despite significant therapeutic advances suggests that the fundamental cause(s) of asthma remain poorly understood. Detailed analyses of both the indoor (built) and outdoor environments continue to support the concept that not only inhaled particulates, especially carbon-based particulate pollution, pollens, and fungal elements, but also many noxious gases and chemicals, especially biologically derived byproducts such as proteinases, are essential to asthma pathogenesis. Phthalates, another common class of chemical pollutant found in the built environment, are emerging as potentially important mediators or attenuators of asthma. Other biological products such as endotoxin have also been confirmed to be protective in both the indoor and outdoor contexts. Proasthmatic factors are believed to activate, and in some instances initiate, pathologic inflammatory cascades through complex interactions with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on many cell types, but especially airway epithelial cells. PRRs initiate the release of proallergic cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-33, IL-25, and others that coordinate activation of innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2), T helper type 2 cells, and immunoglobulin E–secreting B cells that together promote additional inflammation and the major airway remodeling events (airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus hypersecretion) that promote airway obstruction. Proteinases, with airway fungi and viruses being potentially important sources, are emerging as critically important initiators of these inflammatory cascades in part through their effects on clotting factors such as fibrinogen. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that targeting inflammatory pathways orchestrated through IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and the prostaglandin receptor CRTH2 is potentially highly effective in adult asthma.
Respiratory Viruses and Asthma
Authors: Ramsahai James , Pathinayake Prabuddha , Malik Bilal , Bartlett Nathan , Wark Peter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAsthma remains the most prevalent chronic respiratory disorder, affecting people of all ages. The relationship between respiratory virus infection and asthma has long been recognized, though remains incompletely understood. In this article, we will address key issues around this relationship. These will include the crucial role virus infection plays in early life, as a potential risk factor for the development of asthma and lung disease. We will assess the impact that virus infection has on those with established asthma as a trigger for acute disease and how this may influence asthma throughout life. Finally, we will explore the complex interaction that occurs between the airway and the immune responses that make those with asthma so susceptible to the effects of virus infection.
Epidemiology of Asthma and Influence of Ethnicity
Authors: Moraes Theo , Sears Malcolm , Subbarao Padmaja 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAsthma is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex etiology. Prevalence rates for asthma have been increasing in many countries over the past few decades. While it is unclear why this increase is occurring, the variation reported in asthma prevalence and severity associated with ethnicity offers some insight into the determinants of asthma. In this chapter, we discuss the data linking asthma to ethnicity and some of the factors that may explain this association. These include socioeconomic status, environmental exposures, the host microbiome, and genetics. A better understanding of these processes may inform future mechanistic studies and identify modifiable risk factors for targeted health care interventions.
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy in Childhood: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Okuma Yoshiaki , Urabe Tomomi , Mori Tomoko , Takeshita Mika , Morishita Natsumi , Ishida Yu , Oana Shingo , Yamanaka Gaku , Kawashima Hisashi , Morıchı Shinichiro 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) occurs in 1 in 4,500 children, and this incidence is more than 20 times that of sudden death in the general population. We report two cases of SUDEP and a review of the literature. There are various hypotheses regarding the cause of this event, but investigation and research are difficult due to the small number of autopsy cases. The risk of SUDEP may be reduced by the accumulation of cases in the future.
Teachers and Urban‐Rural Gaps in Educational Outcomes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Jin Songqing , Torero Maximo , Li Tao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe examine the role of teachers in explaining the urban‐rural gap in educational outcomes. Using a large panel data set of students and teachers collected from China and explicitly controlling for the endogeneity of prior student academic achievement, we find that the urban‐rural difference in teacher effects contributes in large part to the observed urban‐rural gap in student academic achievement. In other words, if rural teachers were of the same quality as urban teachers, the urban‐rural gap in student academic achievement would be reduced substantially.
Surgical management of esophageal sarcoma: a multicenter European experience
Authors: Mege D , Depypere L , Piessen G , Slaman A E , Wijnhoven B P L , Hölscher A , Nilsson M , van Berge Henegouwen M I , van Lanschot J J B , Schroeder W , Thomas P A , Nafteux P , D’Journo X B 
Published: February 2018

SUMMARYEsophageal sarcomas are rare and evidence in literature is scarce making their management difficult. The objective is to report surgical and oncological outcomes of esophageal sarcoma in a large multicenter European cohort. This is a retrospective multicenter study including all patients who underwent en-bloc esophagectomy for esophageal sarcoma in seven European tertiary referral centers between 1987 and 2016. The main outcomes and measures are pathological results, early and long-term outcomes. Among 10,936 esophageal resections for cancer, 21 (0.2%) patients with esophageal sarcoma were identified. The majority of tumors was located in the middle (n = 7) and distal (n = 9) third of the esophagus. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was performed in five patients. All the patients underwent en-bloc transthoracic esophagectomy (19 open, 2 minimally invasive). Postoperative mortality occurred in 1 patient (5%). One patient received adjuvant chemotherapy. Definitive pathological results were carcinosarcoma (n = 7), leiomyosarcoma (n = 5), and other types of sarcoma (n = 9). Microscopic R1 resection was present in one patient (5%) and seven patients (33%) had positive lymph nodes. Median follow-up was 16 (3–79) months in 20 of 21 patients (95%). One-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates were 74%, 43%, and 35%, respectively. One-, 3- and 5-years disease-free survival rates were 58%, 40%, and 33%, respectively. Median overall survival was 6 months in N+ patients vs. 37 months for N0 patients (p = 0.06). At the end of the follow-up period, nine patients had died from cancer recurrences (43%), three patients died from other reasons (14%), one patient was still alive with recurrence (5%) and the seven remaining patients were free of disease (33%). Recurrence was local (n = 3), metastatic (n = 3), or both (n = 4). In conclusion, carcinosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma were the most common esophageal sarcoma histological subtypes. Lymph node involvement was seen in one third of cases. A transthoracic en-bloc esophagectomy with radical lymphadenectomy should be the best surgical option to achieve complete resection. Long-term survival remained poor with a high local and distant recurrence rate.
Biomacromolecular nanostructures-based interfacial engineering: from precise assembly to precision biosensing
Authors: Yang Fan , Zuo Xiaolei , Fan Chunhai , Zhang Xian-En 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Biosensors are a type of important biodevice that integrate biological recognition elements, such as enzyme, antibody and DNA, and physical or chemical transducers, which have revolutionized clinical diagnosis especially under the context of point-of-care tests. Since the performance of a biosensor depends largely on the bio–solid interface, design and engineering of the interface play a pivotal role in developing quality biosensors. Along this line, a number of strategies have been developed to improve the homogeneity of the interface or the precision in regulating the interactions between biomolecules and the interface. Especially, intense efforts have been devoted to controlling the surface chemistry, orientation of immobilization, molecular conformation and packing density of surface-confined biomolecular probes (proteins and nucleic acids). By finely tuning these surface properties, through either gene manipulation or self-assembly, one may reduce the heterogeneity of self-assembled monolayers, increase the accessibility of target molecules and decrease the binding energy barrier to realize high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we summarize recent progress in interfacial engineering of biosensors with particular focus on the use of protein and DNA nanostructures. These biomacromolecular nanostructures with atomistic precision lead to highly regulated interfacial assemblies at the nanoscale. We further describe the potential use of the high-performance biosensors for precision diagnostics.
Molecular clouds toward three Spitzer bubbles S116, S117, and S118: Evidence for a cloud–cloud collision which formed the three H ii regions and a 10 pc scale molecular cavity
Authors: Fukui Yasuo , Ohama Akio , Kohno Mikito , Torii Kazufumi , Fujita Shinji , Hattori Yusuke , Nishimura Atsushi , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tachihara Kengo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We carried out a molecular-line study toward the three Spitzer bubbles S116, S117, and S118, which show active formation of high-mass stars. We found molecular gas consisting of two components with a velocity difference of ∼5 km s−1. One of them, the small cloud, has a typical velocity of −63 km s−1 and the other, the large cloud, has one of −58 km s−1. The large cloud has a nearly circular intensity depression, the size of which is similar to that of the small cloud. We present an interpretation that its cavity was created by a collision between the two clouds and that this collision compressed the gas into a dense layer elongating along the western rim of the small cloud. In this scenario, the O stars including those in the three Spitzer bubbles were formed in the interface layer compressed by the collision. Assuming that the relative motion of the clouds has a tilt of 45° to the line of sight, we estimate that the collision continued for the last 1 Myr at a relative velocity of ∼10 km s−1. In the S116-S117-S118 system the H ii regions are located outside of the cavity. This morphology is ascribed to the density-bound distribution of the large cloud which caused the H ii regions to expand more easily toward the outer part of the large cloud than towards the inside of the cavity. The present case proves that a cloud–cloud collision creates a cavity without the action of O-star feedback, and suggests that the collision-compressed layer is highly filamentary.
Molecular gas in the H ii-region complex RCW 166: Possible evidence for an early phase of cloud–cloud collision prior to the bubble formation
Authors: Ohama Akio , Kohno Mikito , Fujita Shinji , Tsutsumi Daichi , Hattori Yusuke , Torii Kazufumi , Nishimura Atsushi , Sano Hidetoshi , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tachihara Kengo , Fukui Yasuo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Young H ii regions are an important site for the study of O star formation based on distributions of ionized and molecular gas. We reveal that two molecular clouds at ∼48 km s−1 and ∼53 km s−1 are associated with the H ii regions G018.149−00.283 in RCW 166 by using the JCMT CO High-Resolution Survey (COHRS) of the 12CO(J = 3–2) emission. G018.149−00.283 comprises a bright ring at 8 μm and an extended H ii region inside the ring. The ∼48 km s−1 cloud delineates the ring, and the ∼53 km s−1 cloud is located within the ring, indicating a complementary distribution between the two molecular components. We propose a hypothesis that high-mass stars within G018.149−00.283 were formed by triggering during cloud–cloud collision at a projected velocity separation of ∼5 km s−1. We argue that G018.149−00.283 is in an early evolutionary stage, ∼0.1 Myr after the collision according to the scheme detailed by Habe and Ohta (1992, PASJ, 44, 203), which will be followed by a bubble formation stage like RCW 120. We also suggest that nearby H ii regions N21 and N22 are candidates for bubbles possibly formed by cloud–cloud collision. Inoue and Fukui (2013, ApJ, 774, L31) showed that the interface gas becomes highly turbulent and realizes a high-mass accretion rate of 10−3–10−4 M⊙ yr−1 by magnetohydrodynamical numerical simulations, which offers an explanation of the O-star formation. The fairly high frequency of cloud–cloud collision in RCW 166 is probably due to the high cloud density in this part of the Scutum arm.
The impact of buyer-supplier relationships’ social capital on bi-directional information sharing in the supply chain
Authors: Lee Chang-Hun , Ha Byoung-Chun 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand how the development of social capital can promote buyer’s bi-directional (inflow and outflow) information sharing. The authors examined buyers’ perceptional differences in information sharing: when they receive information from suppliers and when they provide information to suppliers, and how such inequivalent perception in information sharing can be resolved by the level of social capital and its’ sub-dimensions.Design/methodology/approachTheoretical model and the hypotheses were developed through literature review. Data were collected from Korean manufacturers in supply chains and structural equation modelling was used for analysis.FindingsThe results show that each dimension of social capital has a different effect on bi-directional information sharing. For the information inflow, all of the facets of social capital were significant; for the information outflow, however, only relational capital was significant. That is, with cognitive and structural capital, buyers perceive that they can receive appropriate information from suppliers yet be reluctant to provide information to suppliers.Practical implicationsGiven that relational capital is essential for the balanced information sharing in buyer-supplier relationship, firms should pay attention to having social interactions with partners to promote trust in the relationship for efficacy in information sharing.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to explore the role of social capital in facilitating equivalent information sharing. This study develops a framework that social capital can provide valuable guidance in achieving equivalency of bi-directional information sharing.
Cost-based price and value-based price: are they conflicting approaches?
Authors: Guerreiro Reinaldo , Amaral Juliana Ventura 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
While the gap between economic theory and companies’ practice, regarding to the pricing setting, has been extensively explored and explained, the new gap between the marketing normative view and companies’ practice needs further clarification. In this way, the paper aims to investigate whether marketing researchers’ claim that the use of cost-based price approach prevails over the use of value-based price approach is pertinent.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is guided by the following research question: “Does price-setting based on cost plus margin go against the value-based price approach?” The answer to this question is grounded in reflections on results of previous research studies and in a case study conducted in an industrial company. Because of the qualitative focus of the present study, hypotheses are not established, but rather the following proposition: certain companies use the mechanics of cost plus margin in the sale price-setting process, but it does not necessarily mean that these companies set prices based on cost.

Findings
The arguments, propositions and the case study findings provide the logical sequence and the support required to conclude that price-setting based on cost plus margin does not always conflict with the value-based price approach. As a result, it may be claimed that the general proposition established is theoretically valid, i.e. using a price formula that contains the elements cost and margin does not necessarily mean that the company sets prices based on cost.

Originality/value
The key contribution of this paper is demonstrating that in certain business environments, such as, B2B, using the price formation mechanics based on cost plus margin is the way found by companies to enable the approach adopted. The approach may be cost-based or value-based price. This is the first study that explicitly reveals how B2B companies may set prices based on value while simultaneously preserving the simplicity of cost plus margin formulas. Researchers have significant misconceptions about these formulas: in previous studies, they classified all price-making companies as those adopting the cost-based price approach simply because they used formulas containing the element cost.