bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Truth and Consequences: When Is It Rational to Accept Falsehoods?
Authors: Edis Taner , Boudry Maarten 
Published: May 2019

AbstractJudgments of the rationality of beliefs must take the costs of acquiring and possessing beliefs into consideration. In that case, certain false beliefs, especially those that are associated with the benefits of a cohesive community, can be seen to be useful for an agent and perhaps instrumentally rational to hold. A distinction should be made between excusable misbeliefs, which a rational agent should tolerate, and misbeliefs that are defensible in their own right because they confer benefits on the agent. Likely candidates for such misbeliefs are to be found in the realm of nationalism and religion, where the possession costs of true beliefs are high, and where collective beliefs in falsehoods may allow for a cohesive community. We discuss the paradoxes of reflective awareness involved in the idea of deliberately embracing falsehoods. More rigorous, fully reflective concepts of rationality would still disallow false beliefs, but such demanding versions of rationality would commit agents to pay large costs, thereby weakening the motivation for acquiring true beliefs.
Dis-locating Subaltern Therapeutics
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe article is about totka chikitsha, a particular type of subaltern therapeutics widely recognized in northern and eastern South Asia. These simple recipes often circulated through transient encounters, physical or mediatized, between strangers. During the colonial era, government employment and the traveling that it required made many Bengalis in clerical jobs particularly authoritative in totka therapeutics. Though this mode of therapy was seen as an alternative to the increasingly commoditized medical market, anticonsumerism also became a discursive frame within which certain sections of the medico-print market appropriated totkas. My discussion of the colonial history of totka therapeutics is also intended as a critique of the persistent “localism” that haunts any attempt to engage, whether academically or practically, with subaltern therapeutics. I insist that we must historicize the local, the same way we now historicize the global.
Arbitration of Energy Disputes Under the Energy Charter Treaty: Added Value for the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Hobér Kaj 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
One of the objectives underlying the Belt and Road Initiative is to improve energy co-operation in areas such as energy infrastructure and exploration and development of energy resources. Most Central Asian States are situated along the Silk Road Economic Belt. At the same time those States are members of the Energy Charter Treaty. This treaty provides a multilateral framework for co-operation and investment protection in the energy sector. This contribution explores three aspects of the ECT (definition of investment and investor, dispute settlement and ECT jurisprudence, and energy transit) which could facilitate for China to achieve its energy objectives within the Belt and Road Initiative, were China to become a member of the ECT.
New record of the smalleye stingray, Dasyatis microps (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae), from the western Indian Ocean
Authors: PIERCE SIMON J. , WHITE WILLIAM T. , MARSHALL ANDREA D. 
Published: May 2019

Members of the Dasyatidae (stingrays) range in width from very small (<24 cm, e.g. the dwarf whipray Himantura walga) to very large size (>200 cm, e.g. the smooth stingray Dasyatis brevicaudata) (Last & Compagno, 1999; White & Dharmadi, 2007). The dasyatids are represented worldwide by more than 70 currently recognised extant species which occur in a variety of habitats, e.g. marine, estuarine and freshwater. They are typically demersal on insular and continental shelves, but one species (the pelagic stingray Dasyatis violacea) is pelagic in oceanic waters (Last & Compagno, 1999). In this paper we report the first occurrence of the smalleye stingray Dasyatis microps (Annandale) in the western Indian Ocean and provide information on the fresh colouration of this rare species.
Integrating Science and Rhetoric on Climate Change in the Classroom
Authors: Labosier Christopher F. , Fay Isabel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLike many of the world’s most pressing challenges, climate change is a complex problem spanning the realms of science, economics, law and policy, ethics, communication, and more. With this multitude of implications, tomorrow’s leaders require the ability to think across academic disciplines to solve such problems. Here, we describe a newly developed course that responds to these demands by introducing undergraduate students to climate change as both a scientific theory and a policy concern. Through this integration of the fields of atmospheric science and communication, novel, pedagogically valuable questions and course themes emerged. Thus, students were engaged in readings and discussions of what science is and what it means for decision-making to be science based, in addition to acquiring a fundamental understanding of climate change science. Moreover, students developed media literacy skills by analyzing how science is presented in the public sphere and the challenges of communicating scientific uncertainty. In informative, narrative, and persuasive speech assignments, students practiced using rhetorical techniques to build audience interest in scientific questions of public relevance. These assignments required students to participate in public discourse on various aspects of climate change. With this note, we encourage other educators in a variety of disciplines to develop novel approaches to climate change education.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Assimilating AERI Retrievals, Kinematic Profilers, Rawinsondes, and Surface Observations on a Forecast of a Nocturnal Convection Initiation Event during the PECAN Field Campaign
Authors: Degelia Samuel K. , Wang Xuguang , Stensrud David J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Numerical weather prediction models often fail to correctly forecast convection initiation (CI) at night. To improve our understanding of such events, researchers collected a unique dataset of thermodynamic and kinematic remote sensing profilers as part of the Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) experiment. This study evaluates the impacts made to a nocturnal CI forecast on 26 June 2015 by assimilating a network of atmospheric emitted radiance interferometers (AERIs), Doppler lidars, radio wind profilers, high-frequency rawinsondes, and mobile surface observations using an advanced, ensemble-based data assimilation system. Relative to operational forecasts, assimilating the PECAN dataset improves the timing, location, and orientation of the CI event. Specifically, radio wind profilers and rawinsondes are shown to be the most impactful instrument by enhancing the moisture advection into the region of CI in the forecast. Assimilating thermodynamic profiles collected by the AERIs increases midlevel moisture and improves the ensemble probability of CI in the forecast. The impacts of assimilating the radio wind profilers, AERI retrievals, and rawinsondes remain large throughout forecasting the growth of the CI event into a mesoscale convective system. Assimilating Doppler lidar and surface data only slightly improves the CI forecast by enhancing the convergence along an outflow boundary that partially forces the nocturnal CI event. Our findings suggest that a mesoscale network of profiling and surface instruments has the potential to greatly improve short-term forecasts of nocturnal convection.
General Features of Extreme Rainfall Events Produced by MCSs over East China during 2016–17
Authors: Zhang Liu , Min Jinzhong , Zhuang Xiaoran , Schumacher Russ S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the characteristics of extreme precipitation events associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in East China (the area east of 96°E) during 2016–17. Over the entire region, 204 events were first identified and classified into synoptic, tropical, MCS, small-scale-storm (SSS), and unclassified types. For 73 MCS-type events, further division and analysis were conducted according to the organizational modes. Results show that MCS-related events occurred most frequently near southern Fujian Province and from April to October with a peak in July. The area of occurrence shifted from the south in spring to the north in summer before going back to the south in autumn. The events occurred most commonly from afternoon to early evening, matured around late afternoon, and ended before dark. Among MCS subcategories, the longest average duration was seen in the multiple-MCS cases. Of the 15 selected multiple-MCS events, 11 were defined as early-maturing type with peak rainfall occurrence before the midpoint of duration while the others were late maturing. Although multiple-MCS events were accompanied by a southwest low-level jet, strong warm-air advection, and convective instability, early-maturing cases had stronger synoptic-scale ascent, moister environments, and smaller surface-based convective available potential energy (SBCAPE) and convection inhibition (SBCIN) at the most extreme rainfall-occurrence point. Compared to the MCS type within all extreme precipitation events over the United States, the percentage was lower in China. However, the events in China exhibit more pronounced seasonal cycle.
The association of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T with echocardiographic stages of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Hoffmann Julia , Behnes Michael , Ansari Uzair , Weidner Kathrin , Kuche Philip , Rusnak Jonas , Kim Seung-Hyun , Natale Michele , Reckord Nadine , Lang Siegfried , Hoffmann Ursula , Bertsch Thomas , Fatar Marc , Borggrefe Martin , Akin Ibrahim 
Published: May 2019

Background This study evaluates the associations between high-sensitivity troponin I and T (hs-TnI/hs-TnT) and the stages of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)/diastolic dysfunction. Methods Blood samples for biomarker measurements (hs-TnI/hs-TnT/NT-proBNP) were collected within 24 h of routine echocardiographic examination. Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, right ventricular dysfunction and moderate-to-severe valvular heart disease were excluded. Graduation of diastolic dysfunction was determined according to current guidelines. Results A total of 70 patients were included. Hs-TnT concentrations increased significantly according to the progression of diastolic dysfunction ( P = 0.024). Hs-TnT was able to discriminate patients with diastolic dysfunction grade III (AUC = 0.737; P = 0.013), while NT-proBNP revealed a greater AUC (AUC 0.798; P = 0.002). Concentrations of hs-TnI increased only numerically according to the increasing stages of diastolic dysfunction ( P = 0.353). In multivariable logistic regression models, hs-TnT concentrations > 28 ng/L were associated with diastolic dysfunction grade III (OR = 4.7, P = 0.024), even after adjusting for NT-proBNP. Conclusion Increasing concentrations of hs-TnT may reflect the stages of diastolic dysfunction being assessed by echocardiography, whereas hs-TnI does not show any association with diastolic dysfunction.
Complications and Outcomes of Chimeric Free Flaps: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ettyreddy Abhinav R. , Chen Collin L. , Zenga Joseph , Simon Laura E. , Pipkorn Patrik 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveAblations of locally advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer commonly result in large composite orofacial defects. Chimeric flaps represent a unique surgical option for these defects, as they provide diverse tissue types from a single donor site. The purpose of the study was to consolidate the literature on chimeric flaps with regard to postoperative complication rates to help inform surgical decision making.Data SourcesThe librarian created search strategies with a combination of keywords and controlled vocabulary in Ovid Medline (1946), Embase (1947), Scopus (1823), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinicaltrails.gov (1997).Review MethodsCandidate articles were independently reviewed by 2 authors familiar with the subject material, and inclusion/exclusion criteria were uniformly applied for article selection. Articles were considered eligible if they included patients who received a single chimeric flap for reconstruction of head and neck defects and if they provided data on complication rates.ResultsA total of 521 chimeric flaps were included in the study. The major complication rate was 22.6%, while the minor complication rate was 14.0%. There were 7 flap deaths noted in the series. Median operative time and harvest time were 15.0 and 2.5 hours, respectively.ConclusionChimeric flaps represent a viable option for reconstruction of complex head and neck defects and have complication rates similar to those of double free flaps and single free flaps with locoregional flap while only modestly increasing total operative time.
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided biopsy for evaluation of suspected lung cancer
Authors: Harris Dwight , Saha Sibu 
Published: May 2019

Purpose Historically, mediastinoscopy has been the gold standard for lung cancer diagnosis and staging, but mediastinoscopy has many limitations including sensitivity, the limited number of lymph node levels that can be sampled, and safety. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is a relatively new and less-invasive technique being used for lung cancer screening. Many studies have reported that it has similar sensitivity and specificity compared to mediastinoscopy, with a significantly lower complication rate. We performed this review to determine our institution’s experience with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in lung cancer diagnosis and staging. Methods We reviewed the last 150 patients with suspected lung cancer who underwent endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration procedures in our institution from May 26, 2016 to August 31, 2017. Results Ninety-seven of the 150 patients had a confirmed diagnosis of malignancy. Forty patients had a diagnosis other than cancer, and 13 had incomplete information or were lost to follow-up. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was correct in diagnosing malignancy or excluding malignant lymph nodes in 92 of the 97 patients with malignancy. Overall, the sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, and negative-predictive value was 94.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 91.5%, respectively. Only 3 complications were reported: 2 patients suffered minor bleeding, and one suffered major bleeding that resulted in cardiac arrest. Conclusions Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration has a similar sensitivity and specificity to mediastinoscopy in diagnosing malignancy, with fewer complications and more financial benefit.
A critique of Marilyn Lake’sProgressive New World
Authors: Dabscheck Braham 
Published: May 2019

This review article provides a critique of Marilyn Lake’s Progressive New World, a monograph that postulates that Australian/Australasian transpacific exchange shaped the development of American progressivism. The review outlines the major contours of her claim, notes her ambivalence concerning her overall position, and critiques her decision to not explain/examine differences in the political culture of the United States of America and Australia. The review seeks to overcome this problem by examining key differences in the cultural history of both societies and draws on the insights of Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy and America. The review (a) develops a model which provides a means to understand how one society can impact another; (b) contrasts the origins of progressivism in the United States of America and Australia; (c) examines the work of the Australian scholar Michael Roe, who postulated that American progressivism was the independent factor impacting Australian developments; (d) distinguishes between two types of progressivism – racist conceit, pure and simple, and broader social reforms, which may or may not entrench racist conceit; and (e) examines various dimensions of progressivism which Marilyn Lake has used in developing her claim.JEL codes: B10, B22
Adherence to pre‐set benchmark quality criteria to qualify as expert assessor of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus biopsies – towards digital review of Barrett's esophagus
Authors: van der Wel MJ , Klaver E , Duits LC , Pouw RE , Seldenrijk CA , Offerhaus GJA , Visser M , ten Kate FJW , Biermann K , Brosens LAA , Doukas M , Huysentruyt C , Karrenbeld A , Kats-Ugurlu G , van der Laan JS , van Lijnschoten G , Moll FCP , Ooms AHAG , Tijssen JG , Bergman JJGHM , Meijer SL 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundDysplasia assessment of Barrett's esophagus biopsies is associated with low observer agreement; guidelines advise expert review. We have developed a web‐based review panel for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus biopsies.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test if 10 gastrointestinal pathologists working at Dutch Barrett's esophagus expert centres met pre‐set benchmark scores for quality criteria.MethodsTen gastrointestinal pathologists twice assessed 60 digitalized Barrett's esophagus cases, enriched for dysplasia; then randomised (7520 assessments). We tested predefined benchmark quality criteria: (a) percentage of ‘indefinite for dysplasia’ diagnoses, benchmark score ≤14% for all cases, ≤16% for dysplastic subset, (b) intra‐observer agreement; benchmark score ≥0.66/≥0.39, (c) percentage agreement with ‘gold standard diagnosis’; benchmark score ≥82%/≥73%, (d) proportion of cases with high‐grade dysplasia underdiagnosed as non‐dysplastic Barrett's esophagus; benchmark score ≤1/78 (≤1.28%) assessments for dysplastic subset.ResultsGastrointestinal pathologists had seven years’ Barrett's esophagus‐experience, handling seven Barrett's esophagus‐cases weekly. Three met stringent benchmark scores; all cases and dysplastic subset, three met extended benchmark scores. Four pathologists lacked one quality criterion to meet benchmark scores.ConclusionPredefined benchmark scores for expert assessment of Barrett's esophagus dysplasia biopsies are stringent and met by some gastrointestinal pathologists. The majority of assessors however, only showed limited deviation from benchmark scores. We expect further training with group discussions will lead to adherence of all participating gastrointestinal pathologists to quality criteria, and therefore eligible to join the review panel.
Cost‐of‐illness of inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with anti‐tumour necrosis factor: A French large single‐centre experience
Authors: Lawton Jean , Achit Hamza , Pouillon Lieven , Boschetti Emmanuelle , Demore Béatrice , Matton Thierry , Tournier Charlène , Prodel Martin , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Guillemin Francis 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundNo study has evaluated the direct annual costs of inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify annual direct costs and main cost drivers of anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐treated inflammatory bowel disease patients.MethodsAll inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with infliximab or adalimumab at Nancy University Hospital were consecutively screened for inclusion from November 2016–February 2017. Data about hospitalisation, surgery, medication, outpatient visits, investigations and transport over the previous 12 months were retrospectively collected.ResultsA total of 108 patients (n = 83 Crohn's disease; n = 25 ulcerative colitis) were included. The mean annual cost per patient was €15,775 (standard deviation €7221), with no difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (p = 0.2). The main cost driver was medication, which accounted for 84% of the total direct cost. Hospitalisation and surgery represented 11% and 2% of the direct costs. History of switch to another anti‐tumour necrosis factor treatment was identified as the only independent predictor of greater direct costs in the multivariate analysis (p = 0.0018).ConclusionsIn a French tertiary referral centre, direct costs of anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy‐treated patients were mainly driven by medication, while hospitalisation and surgery represented only a minor part of the costs. There was no difference between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients.
The Effect of Thoracolumbar Pedicle Isthmus on Pedicle Screw Accuracy
Authors: Raasck Kyle , Khoury Jason , Aoude Ahmed , Beland Benjamin , Munteanu Alexander , Weber Michael H. , Golan Jeff 
Published: May 2019

Study Design: Retrospective analysis. Objectives: Aberrant pedicle screws can cause serious neurovascular complications. We propose that a predominant factor of pedicle screw breach is the vertebral anatomy at a given spinal level. We aim to investigate the inverse correlation between breach incidence and vertebral isthmus width. Methods: The computed tomography scans of patients undergoing thoracolumbar surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Breaches were categorized as minor (<2 mm) or major (>2 mm). Breach incidence was stratified by spinal level. Average isthmus width was then compared to the collected breach incidences. A regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation were performed. Results: A total of 656 pedicle screws were placed in 91 patients with 233 detected breaches. Incidence of major breach was 6.3%. Four patients developed post-operative radiculopathy due to breach. Breach incidence was higher in the thoracic than lumbar spine (Fisher’s exact test, P < .0001). The 2 spinal levels with the thinnest isthmus width (T4 and T5) were breached most often (73.7% and 73.9%, respectively). The 2 spinal levels with the thickest isthmus width (L4 and L5) were breached least often (20.5% and 11.8%). Breach incidence and isthmus width were shown to have a significant inverse correlation (Pearson’s correlation, R2 = 0.7, P < .0001). Conclusions: Thinner vertebral isthmus width increases pedicle screw breach incidence. Image-guided assistance may be most useful where breach incidence is highest and isthmus width is lowest (T2 to T6). Despite high incidence of cortical bone violation, there was little correlation with clinical symptoms. A breach is not automatically a clinical problem, provided the screw is structurally sound and the patient is symptomless.