bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal Infections in Children Undergoing Acute Peritoneal Dialysis at a Tertiary/Quaternary Central Hospital in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Nepfumbada Mulalo , Naicker Elaene , Bhimma Rajendra 
Published: July 2018

Background In a resource-limited setting, acute peritoneal dialysis (APD) is the modality of choice as a form of renal replacement therapy in children with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, there is a high risk of peritonitis that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Data on PD and peritonitis in developing countries are scarce. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of APD-related peritonitis at a central referral hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods A retrospective study from January 2010 until December 2014 was done at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital (IALCH). All children under the age of 13 years with AKI requiring APD were included in the study. Results Forty children were included in the study. Age ranged from 0.2 years to 12.25 years; 25 (62.5%) were male and 15 (37.5%) female. Twenty-seven (67.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 13 (32.5%) to the pediatric high care ward. Septicemia with multi-organ dysfunction was the was the main cause of AKI requiring APD in 18 (45%) children followed by poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in 8 (20%). Acute PD was complicated by culture-proven peritonitis in 19 (47.5%) children of whom 16 (84.2%) had a single organism cultured while in 3, (15.7%) there was a mixed culture. The total number of organisms cultured was 24: 8 (33.3%) were gram-positive organisms, 12 (50%) gram-negative organisms, and 4 (16.67%) fungal. The Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) 2 Score risk of mortality was 99.4% for patients admitted to ICU. Mortality rate was 65%, and 14 (53%) of the children who demised had peritonitis. Conclusion This study showed an inordinately high complication rate of peritonitis, mostly secondary to gram-negative organisms, of children undergoing APD in a central referral hospital. The use of surgically placed, tunneled catheters, meticulous attention to aseptic techniques and judicious use of antimicrobials is highly recommended in reducing the incidence of peritonitis in children undergoing APD.
BANYAN. XIII. A First Look at Nearby Young Associations with Gaia Data Release 2
Authors: Gagné Jonathan , Faherty Jacqueline K. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we examine the nearest 100 pc entries in Data Release 2 of Gaia to identify previously unrecognized candidate members in young associations. We analyze 695 952 stars with the BANYAN Σ Bayesian classification software and discover 898 new high-likelihood candidate members that span a wide range of properties, from spectral types B9 to L2, including 104 comoving systems, 111 brown dwarfs, and 31 new bona fide members. Our sample is mostly composed of highly active M dwarfs and will be crucial in examining the low-mass end of the initial mass function of young associations. Our sample includes new candidate members near the Galactic plane where previous surveys suffered from a high rate of contamination. This paper represents the first step toward a full reassessment of young associations in the solar neighborhood with the second data release of the Gaia mission.
The Quest for the Inflationary Spectral Runnings in the Presence of Systematic Errors
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Weaverdyck Noah , Adhikari Saroj , Huterer Dragan , Muir Jessica , Wu Hao-Yi 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Cosmological inflation predicts that the scalar spectral index “runs” with scale. Constraints on the values of the spectral runnings,

and

, therefore provide a fundamental test of the physics of inflation. Here, we study the feasibility of measuring the runnings when information from upcoming large-volume galaxy surveys is used to supplement the information provided by a cosmic microwave background (CMB)-S4 experiment, particularly focusing on the effect of including high-k, nonlinear scales. Since these measurements will be sensitive to modeling uncertainties for the nonlinear power spectrum, we examine how three different ways of parameterizing those systematics—introducing zero, two, or several hundred nuisance parameters—affect constraints and protect against parameter biases. Considering statistical errors alone, we find that including strongly nonlinear scales can substantially tighten constraints. However, these constraints weaken to levels not much better than those from a CMB-S4 experiment alone when we limit our analysis to scales where estimates are not strongly affected by systematic biases. Given these considerations, near-future large-scale structure (LSS) surveys are unlikely to add much information to the CMB-S4 measurement of the first running α

s
. There is more potential for improvement for the second running, β

s
, for which LSS information will allow constraints to be improved by a factor of 3–4 relative to using the CMB alone. Though these constraints are still above the value predicted by slow-roll inflation, they do probe regions of parameter space relevant to nonstandard inflationary models with large runnings, for example, those that can generate an appreciable abundance of primordial black holes.
Evidence of Environmental Quenching at Redshift z ≈ 2
Authors: Ji Zhiyuan , Giavalisco Mauro , Williams Christina C. , Faber Sandra M. , Ferguson Henry C. , Guo Yicheng , Liu Teng , Lee Bomee 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We report evidence of environmental quenching among galaxies at redshifts of ≈2, namely the probability that a galaxy quenches its star formation activity is enhanced in the regions of space in proximity of other quenched, more massive galaxies. The effect is observed as strong clustering of quiescent galaxies around quiescent galaxies on angular scales of θ ≤ 20 arcsec, corresponding to a proper (comoving) scale of 168 (502) kpc at z = 2. The effect is observed only for quiescent galaxies around other quiescent galaxies; the probability to find star-forming galaxies around quiescent or around star-forming ones is consistent with the clustering strength of galaxies of the same mass and at the same redshift, as observed in dedicated studies of galaxy clustering. The effect is mass dependent in the sense that the quenching probability is stronger for galaxies of smaller masses (M
* < 1010
M
☉) than for more massive ones, i.e., it follows the opposite trend with mass relative to gravitational galaxy clustering. The spatial scale where the effect is observed suggests that these environments are massive halos, in which case the observed effect would likely be satellite quenching. The effect is also redshift dependent in that the clustering strength of quiescent galaxies around other quiescent galaxies at

z

¯

=
1.6

is ≈1.7× larger than that of the galaxies with the same stellar mass at

z

¯

=
2.6

. This redshift dependence allows for a crude estimate of the timescale of environmental quenching of low-mass galaxies, which is in the range of 1.5 ∼ 4 Gyr, in broad agreement with other estimates and with our ideas on satellite quenching.
Electron–ion Recombination Rate Coefficients of Be-like 40Ca16+
Authors: Wang S. X. , Xu X. , Huang Z. K. , Wen W. Q. , Wang H. B. , Khan N. , Preval S. P. , Badnell N. R. , Schippers S. , Mahmood S. , Dou L. J. , Chuai X. Y. , Zhao D. M. , Zhu X. L. , Mao L. J. , Ma X. M. , Li J. , Mao R. S. , Yuan Y. J. , Tang M. T. , Yin D. Y. , Yang J. C. , Ma X. , Zhu L. F. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Electron–ion recombination rate coefficients for beryllium-like calcium ions in the center of mass energy from 0 to 51.88 eV have been measured by means of the electron–ion merged-beam technique at the main cooler storage ring at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China. The measurement energy range covers the dielectronic recombination (DR) resonances associated with the

core excitations and the trielectronic recombination (TR) resonances associated with the

core excitations. In addition, the AUTOSTRUCTURE code was used to calculate the recombination rate coefficients for comparison with the experimental results. Resonant recombination originating from parent ions in the long-lived metastable state

ions has been identified in the recombination spectrum below 1.25 eV. A good agreement is achieved between the experimental recombination spectrum and the result of the AUTOSTRUCTURE calculations when fractions of 95% ground-state ions and 5% metastable ions are assumed in the calculation. It is found that the calculated TR resonance positions agree with the experimental peaks, while the resonance strengths are underestimated by the theoretical calculation. Temperature dependent plasma rate coefficients for DR and TR in the temperature range of 103–108 K were derived from the measured electron–ion recombination rate coefficients and compared with the available theoretical results from the literature. In the temperature range of photoionized plasmas, the presently calculated rate coefficients and the recent results of Gu & Colgan et al. are up to 30% lower than the experimentally derived ones, and the older atomic data are even up to 50% lower than the present experimental result. This is because strong resonances situated below electron–ion collision energies of 50 meV were underestimated by the theoretical calculation, which also has a severe influence on the rate coefficients in low-temperature plasmas. In the temperature range of collisionally ionized plasmas, agreement within 25% was found between the experimental result and the present calculation as well as the calculation by Colgan et al. The present result constitutes a set of benchmark data for use in astrophysical modeling.
The Strongest Magnetic Fields on the Coolest Brown Dwarfs
Authors: Kao Melodie M. , Hallinan Gregg , Pineda J. Sebastian , Stevenson David , Burgasser Adam 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We have used NSF’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array to observe a sample of five known radio-emitting late-L and T dwarfs ranging in age from ∼0.2 to 3.4 Gyr. We observed each target for seven hours, extending to higher frequencies than previously attempted and establishing proportionally higher limits on maximum surface magnetic field strengths. Detections of circularly polarized pulses at 8–12 GHz yield measurements of 3.2–4.1 kG localized magnetic fields on four of our targets, including the archetypal cloud variable and likely planetary-mass object T2.5 dwarf SIMP J01365663+0933473. We additionally detect a pulse at 15–16.5 GHz for the T6.5 dwarf 2MASS 10475385+2124234, corresponding to a localized 5.6 kG field strength. For the same object, we tentatively detect a 16.5–18 GHz pulse, corresponding to a localized 6.2 kG field strength. We measure rotation periods between ∼1.47–2.28 hr for 2MASS J10430758+2225236, 2MASS J12373919+6526148, and SDSS J04234858–0414035, supporting (i) an emerging consensus that rapid rotation may be important for producing strong dipole fields in convective dynamos, and/or (ii) rapid rotation is a key ingredient for driving the current systems powering auroral radio emission. We observe evidence of variable structure in the frequency-dependent time series of our targets on timescales shorter than a rotation period, suggesting a higher degree of variability in the current systems near the surfaces of brown dwarfs. Finally, we find that age, mass, and temperature together cannot account for the strong magnetic fields produced by our targets.
Physics of Eclipsing Binaries. III. Spin–Orbit Misalignment
Authors: Horvat Martin , Conroy Kyle E. , Pablo Herbert , Hambleton Kelly M. , Kochoska Angela , Giammarco Joseph , Prša Andrej 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Binary systems where the axis of rotation (spin) of one or both components is tilted w.r.t. the axis of revolution are called misaligned binary systems. The angle of misalignment, obliquity, has been measured for a handful of stars and extrasolar planets to date. Here, we present a mathematical framework for a complete and rigorous treatment of misalignment and introduce an extension to the public PHOEBE code that implements this framework. We discuss misalignment for the Roche geometry and introduce methods for computing stellar shapes, equilibrium (generalized Lagrange) points of the potential, and minimal requirements for lobe existence. Efficient parameterization of misalignment is proposed in the plane-of-sky coordinates and implementation details in PHOEBE are given alongside the proof-of-concept toy model, comparison with a known misaligned binary DI Her, and comparison with a misaligned planetary system, Kepler-13. We provide important mathematical details of the model in the Appendix. This paper accompanies the release of PHOEBE 2.1, which is available from its website, http://phoebe-project.org.
Les compagnies de moulins en Occitanie : émergence et gouvernance de sociétés par actions multiséculaires
Authors: Le Bris David , Goetzmann William N. , Pouget Sébastien 
Published: July 2018

À partir du Moyen Âge, un gouvernement d’entreprise original prospère sur les bords des rivières occitanes pour gérer des moulins organisés sous forme de sociétés par actions. Pour résoudre les problématiques intemporelles créées par la séparation entre propriété et contrôle, ces entreprises trouvent des solutions souvent très modernes. Les actionnaires bénéficient de la responsabilité limitée, prennent les grandes décisions en assemblée générale, nomment des administrateurs et des auditeurs des comptes pour veiller à leurs intérêts et mettent en place des politiques de surveillance. D’autres aspects sont plus originaux comme une politique de no free-cash-flows , des mandats annuels d’administrateurs et l’obligation pour un actionnaire désigné d’œuvrer pour le bien de la société. Pour comprendre cette gouvernance originale, le contexte de l’apparition de ces sociétés est tout d’abord présenté. Classification JEL : G32, G34, N5, N23.
Pourquoi manque-t-on d’investisseurs à long terme ?
Authors: Plihon Dominique , Rigot Sandra 
Published: July 2018

Les investisseurs institutionnels sont devenus les principaux acteurs des marchés financiers internationaux, à côté des banques systémiques. Ces acteurs offrent des services financiers différents mais, selon la théorie, ils ont pour fonction commune de réduire les imperfections des marchés et d’assurer l’ajustement global entre l’épargne et l’investissement. Cependant, l’observation montre que, dans la réalité, le comportement de ces acteurs est affecté d’un biais court-termiste, qui s’explique notamment par leur politique de délégation de la gestion de leurs actifs. Ce comportement contribue au déséquilibre global entre épargne et investissement, les excédents d’épargne ne pouvant participer au financement des innovations et de la production faute d’investisseurs à long terme. Bien que disposant d’un passif stable et à long terme, certains investisseurs institutionnels ne sont pas en mesure de se projeter sur un horizon long, supérieur aux cycles conjoncturels, car ils ne parviennent pas à s’affranchir des contraintes de liquidité et de la volatilité des marchés. Les facteurs institutionnels, réglementaires et comptables, qu’il serait souhaitable de réformer, semblent contribuer à ce biais court-termiste. Cette situation suggère également que de nouvelles modalités d’intermédiation financière sont nécessaires, telles que celles réalisées par les banques publiques de développement, qui fonctionnent déjà dans certains pays, comme l’Allemagne, le Brésil et la France. Classification JEL : G32, E21, G21, G23.
Le conseil d’administration : enjeux de gouvernance et de responsabilité
Authors: Rebérioux Antoine , Roudaut Gwenael 
Published: July 2018

Cet article s’intéresse au rôle, au fonctionnement et à la composition du conseil d’administration dans les sociétés de capitaux. Il s’appuie sur la littérature récente en économie, finance et management, et retrace les principales évolutions des conseils pour les sociétés du SBF120 (Euronext-Paris) sur la période 2007-2015. Les pouvoirs conférés par le droit à cet organe en font un acteur clef de la vie des sociétés, dont l’étude éclaire aussi bien les questions de performance, de gouvernance et de responsabilité des entreprises. Trois thèmes principaux ressortent de cette revue. Le premier est celui de l’organisation interne des conseils en comités spécialisés, qui constitue une voie de recherche prometteuse. Le second est celui de la composition des conseils : alors que la littérature s’est longtemps focalisée sur la question des administrateurs indépendants, c’est maintenant celle de la diversité qui s’impose (à la fois comme vecteur de performance, et comme vecteur de représentation d’intérêts divers). Le dernier thème est celui de la diversité genrée, avec l’adoption par de nombreux pays européens de réglementation en la matière. Classification JEL : G32, G34, M12, M14.
La codétermination : un modèle européen ?
Authors: Clerc Christophe 
Published: July 2018

La codétermination est une forme principale d’implication des salariés qui relève de la coparticipation : elle donne directement des pouvoirs réels à l’ensemble des salariés de l’entreprise, par l’intermédiaire de leurs représentants, sans considération de revenus ni contrainte de détention de capital. Au regard de l’histoire comme de l’extension géographique de la codétermination, cette forme de participation des salariés apparaît indubitablement comme un modèle européen, né en Europe et majoritaire dans l’Union européenne. Compte tenu de ses nombreux avantages, la codétermination peut aussi devenir un modèle pour l’avenir de l’Europe. Classification JEL : G32, K22, M12, P12.
L’évolution des rémunérations des dirigeants dans les sociétés cotées françaises
Authors: Almeida Lionel 
Published: July 2018

Les rémunérations managériales les plus élevées suscitent chaque année de l’indignation de la part de l’opinion publique. Dans les grandes sociétés cotées françaises du SBF120, les rémunérations les plus hautes n’ont pas augmenté sur l’ensemble de la période 2001-2016. Les rémunérations sous forme de titres ont même eu tendance à reculer dans les plus grandes entreprises, depuis que leur valeur estimée est rendue publique. En revanche, un effet de rattrapage s’observe parmi les sociétés les moins exposées. L’opinion se concentre sur les rémunérations les plus fortes. Ce sont pourtant les rémunérations relativement plus faibles qui progressent le plus et contribuent à l’accroissement des inégalités. De manière plus générale, les rémunérations en numéraire ont nettement augmenté dans l’ensemble des entreprises. Cette hausse est en partie expliquée par des forces de marché, que sont la compétitivité croissante sur le marché des dirigeants et la sensibilité à la performance demandée par les marchés financiers. Classification JEL : G32, G34, M12, M14.
Enjeux et défis de la réduction du bilan de la Fed des États-Unis
Authors: Dupuy Michel , Lacueille Sylvie 
Published: July 2018

La normalisation de la politique monétaire américaine, engagée en décembre 2015 avec la hausse des taux directeurs, est entrée dans une nouvelle phase caractérisée par la réduction de la taille du gigantesque bilan de la Fed. L’institut d’émission américain a opté pour une réduction progressive et prévisible de son bilan, basée sur le non-réinvestissement des titres arrivant à échéance. Vu le caractère inédit d’une telle opération de réduction du bilan d’une banque centrale, il convient d’étudier en profondeur les questions que soulève le virage monétaire de la Fed. Un dégonflement mal maîtrisé du bilan de la Fed pourrait en effet déstabiliser l’ensemble des marchés financiers, tant aux États-Unis qu’à l’échelle mondiale. Afin de donner un aperçu le plus complet possible des principaux enjeux et défis de la normalisation du bilan de la Fed, nous avons retenu une approche fondée sur la mise en perspective de la politique monétaire américaine. Après avoir retracé la gestion du bilan de la Fed au début de la normalisation de la politique monétaire américaine, puis montré la nécessité de réduire la taille de ce bilan, nous abordons la question centrale de la détermination du niveau optimal du bilan de l’institut d’émission américain. Classification JEL : E52, E58.
Interaction between sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1 phosphate and transforming growth factor-β/Smads pathways in experimental intestinal fibrosis. An in vivo immunohistochemical study
Authors: Sferra Roberta , Pompili Simona , Ventura Luca , Dubuquoy Caroline , Speca Silvia , Gaudio Eugenio , Latella Giovanni , Vetuschi Antonella 
Published: July 2018

A concomitant action of multiple profibrotic mediators appears crucial in the development and progression of fibrosis. Sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1 phosphate and transforming growth factor-β/Smads pathways are both involved in pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs by controlling differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the epithelial to-mesenchymal transition. However, their direct involvement in chronic colitis-associated fibrosis it is not yet known. In this study we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of some proteins implicated in sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1 phosphate and transforming growth factor-β/Smads pathways in Dextrane Sodium Sulphate (DSS)-induced colorectal fibrosis in mice. Compared to control mice, DSS-induced chronic colitis mice developed a marked intestinal fibrosis associated with a concomitant overexpression of TGF-β, p-Smad3, α-SMA, collagen I-III, SPHK1, RhoA, PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, p-mTOR. This study highlights the relationship between the two pathways and the possible role of SPHK1 in the intestinal fibrosis. These results, if confirmed by in vitro studies, may have important clinical implications in the development of new therapeutical approaches in inflammatory bowel disease.
Infusing African management philosophy into project management
Authors: Marnewick Carl , Erasmus Wikus , Joseph Nazeer 
Published: July 2018

Orientation: The project management field of study is investigated in the context of the current debate on decolonisation of the university curriculum.Research purpose: Current project management theories and curriculum are based on Western management philosophy (WMP). This creates tension on the African continent where the debate is currently about the revival of African management philosophy (AMP) and how it should form part of management theories and the discourse in general.Motivation for the study: The problem currently is that AMP is not incorporated or even discussed within project management literature. The aim of this article is to create discussion around AMP and how it can be infused into project management theories and ultimately the curriculum. The AMP and WMP are discussed through the lens of project management, specifically the Project Management Body of Knowledge.Research design, approach and method: Philosophical discussion was employed to facilitate the discussion of infusing AMP into project management. Various historical concepts and practices were explored to provide perspective concerning management philosophies and theories.Main findings: Infusing AMP into the curriculum must be a conscientious effort from the academic staff who teach project management. Moreover, true infusion of AMP is best facilitated through the interaction between academics, students and stakeholders. There are, however, certain processes that are principle agnostic and are independent of either AMP or WMP.Practical/managerial implications: We should philosophise more on infusing AMP into project management, creating new theories, and that the curriculum should be adjusted to incorporate AMP.Contribution/value-add: This paper stimulates discussion around AMP and project management.