bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Area‐Level Socioeconomic Deprivation on Risk of Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults
Authors: McCann Adrian , McNulty Helene , Rigby Jan , Hughes Catherine F. , Hoey Leane , Molloy Anne M. , Cunningham Conal J. , Casey Miriam C. , Tracey Fergal , O’Kane Maurice J. , McCarroll Kevin , Ward Mary , Moore Katie , Strain J.J. , Moore Adrian 
Published: February 2018

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the relationship between area‐level deprivation and risk of cognitive dysfunction.DESIGNCross‐sectional analysis.SETTINGThe Trinity, Ulster, and Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study from 2008 to 2012.PARTICIPANTSCommunity‐dwelling adults aged 74.0 ± 8.3 without dementia (N = 5,186; 67% female).MEASUREMENTSAdopting a cross‐jurisdictional approach, geo‐referenced address‐based information was used to map and link participants to official socioeconomic indicators of deprivation within the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Participants were assigned an individual deprivation score related to the smallest administrative area in which they lived. These scores were categorized into comparable quintiles, that were then used to integrate the datasets from both countries. Cognitive health was assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE); cognitive dysfunction was defined as a MMSE score of 24 or less.RESULTSApproximately one‐quarter of the cohort resided within the most‐deprived districts in both countries. Greater area‐level deprivation was associated with significantly lower MMSE scores; fewer years of formal education; greater anxiety, depression, smoking and alcohol use, and obesity; and more adverse outcomes, including higher blood pressure and diabetes risk. After adjustment for relevant covariates, area deprivation was associated with significantly higher risk of cognitive dysfunction (odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–1.87, P = .02, for most vs least deprived).CONCLUSIONThis analysis combining data from two health systems shows that area deprivation is an independent risk factor for cognitive dysfunction in older adults. Adults living in areas of greatest socioeconomic deprivation may benefit from targeted strategies aimed at improving modifiable risk factors for dementia. Further cross‐national analysis investigating the impact of area‐ level deprivation is needed to address socioeconomic disparities and shape future policy to improve health outcomes in older adults.© 2018 American Geriatrics Society and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The many faces of vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Girouard Hélène , Munter Lisa M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis Preface introduces the articles of the special issue on “Vascular Dementia” in which several recognized experts provide an overview of this research field. The brain is a highly vascularized organ and consequently, vascular dysfunction and related pathways affect cognitive performance and memory. Vascular dementia or vascular cognitive impairment is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, and both disorders often occur in parallel. With this special issue, we hope to provide insight and a stimulating discussion for the future development of this research field.
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This article is part of the Special Issue “Vascular Dementia”.
Stress‐induced tRNA cleavage and tiRNA generation in rat neuronal PC12 cells
Authors: Elkordy Alaa , Mishima Eikan , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Akiyama Yasutoshi , Fujimura Miki , Tominaga Teiji , Abe Takaaki 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTransfer RNA (tRNA) plays a role in stress response programs involved in various pathological conditions including neurological diseases. Under cell stress conditions, intracellular tRNA is cleaved by a specific ribonuclease, angiogenin, generating tRNA‐derived fragments or tRNA‐derived stress‐induced RNA (tiRNA). Generated tiRNA contributes to the cell stress response and has potential cell protective effects. However, tiRNA generation under stress conditions in neuronal cells has not been fully elucidated. To examine angiogenin‐mediated tiRNA generation in neuronal cells, we used the rat neuronal cell line, PC12, in combination with analysis of SYBR staining and immuno‐northern blotting using anti‐1‐methyladenosine antibody, which specifically and sensitively detects tiRNA. Oxidative stress induced by arsenite and hydrogen peroxide caused tRNA cleavage and tiRNA generation in PC12 cells. We also demonstrated that oxygen‐glucose deprivation, which is an in vitro model of ischemic–reperfusion injury, induced tRNA cleavage and tiRNA generation. In these stress conditions, the amount of generated tiRNA was associated with the degree of morphological cell damage. Time course analysis indicated that generation of tiRNA was prior to severe cell damage and cell death. Angiogenin over‐expression did not influence the amount of tiRNA in normal culture conditions; however, it significantly increased tiRNA generation induced by cell stress conditions. Our findings show that angiogenin‐mediated tiRNA generation can be induced in neuronal cells by different cell stressors, including ischemia–reperfusion. Additionally, detection of tiRNA could be used as a potential cell damage marker in neuronal cells.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14191.
Morphological study of the ureterovesical junction in children
Authors: Makosiej Ryszard , Orkisz Stanisław , Czkwianianc Elżbieta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMorphological and morphometric assessment of the elements of the ureterovesical junction in children was performed in the present study in different age groups ranging from 24 weeks of gestation to 16 years old. We tried to answer the question whether, in human ontogenesis, there is a period of anatomical predisposition to primary vesicoureteral reflux. The study included 210 urinary bladders with juxtavesical parts of the ureters that had been obtained from routine autopsies. As a result of the study, we showed that provided the pregnancy is uncomplicated there is no inherited susceptibility that would account for reducing or disturbing the development of ureterovesical junction elements. Based on the analysis of our results concerning the anatomy and morphological changes taking place in the elements of the ureterovesical junction in different age groups, one could put forward a hypothesis that anatomical predisposition to primary vesicoureteral reflux occurs in age group II, i.e. between 28 and 37 weeks of gestation. The parameters that define interrelations between elements of the ureterovesical junction and that are considered essential for normal functioning of antireflux mechanism were still observed in age group VI in our study. This suggests that these relations are not unambiguous in children with normally structured and functionally competent vesicoureteral junction.
Significance of blood and salivary IEX‐1 expression in diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Li Yuan , Tan Chaoyue , Liu Liya , Han Liping 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimThis study assesses a clinical potential of immediate early responsive gene X‐1 (IEX‐1), also named IER3, in the diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma using blood and salivary specimens.MethodsImmediate early responsive gene X‐1 was quantified in blood and saliva by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in 26 cases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma, 37 cases of benign ovarian tumor and 55 cases of healthy women. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of IEX‐1.ResultsImmediate early responsive gene X‐1 was expressed in blood and saliva of the benign ovarian tumor group and the healthy women group, both at a level significantly higher than that of the ovarian carcinoma group (P < 0.017). There were no significant differences in IEX‐1 expression in blood and saliva (P = 0.376 or 0.621, respectively) between the benign ovarian tumor and the healthy women group. Comparison of IEX‐1 expression in blood between the ovarian carcinoma group and the benign ovarian tumor group or the healthy women group demonstrated the ROC‐area under curves (AUC) of 0.947 or 0.929, respectively. In discriminating the ovarian carcinoma group from the benign ovarian tumor group, IEX‐1 expression in blood demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 84.6% and 94.6%, respectively. Similarly, blood IEX‐1 expression conferred a sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 90.9% in distinguishing the ovarian carcinoma group from the healthy women group. Moreover, salivary IEX‐1 expression had ROC‐AUC of 0.851 when compared between the ovarian carcinoma group and the benign ovarian tumor group or 0.896 when compared between the ovarian cancer group and the healthy women group. IEX‐1 expression was able to discriminate the ovarian carcinoma group from the benign ovarian tumor group with a sensitivity and specificity of 65.4% and 94.6%, respectively, or the ovarian carcinoma from the healthy women with 92.3% sensitivity and 72.5% specificity.ConclusionThese results suggest the clinical potential of IEX‐1 expression in blood and saliva as a sensitive and specific diagnosis for epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Microtensile Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Blocks to Dual‐Cure Adhesive Cement: The Effect of Different Sandblasting Procedures
Authors: Tekçe Neslihan , Tuncer Safa , Demirci Mustafa , Kara Dilan , Baydemir Canan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effect of sandblasting powder particles on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of dual‐cure adhesive cement to CAD/CAM blocks.Materials and MethodsCAD/CAM blocks (Cerasmart, VITA, and LAVA) were cut in slabs and divided into groups: group 1, no sandblasting; group 2, sandblasted with 27‐μm Al2O3; group 3, sandblasted with 30‐μm CoJet; group 4, sandblasted with 50‐μm Al2O3. After sandblasting, all specimens were silanized and luted using dual‐cure adhesive cement (G‐CEM LinkForce). After 24 hours, bonded specimens were cut into 1 ± 0.2 mm2 sticks, and μTBS values were obtained (N = 30). Additionally, 132 CAD/CAM block sections were prepared for surface roughness testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluations. Results were analyzed using Kruskal‐Wallis One‐way ANOVA and Dunn's Post Hoc Test (p < 0.05).ResultsGroup 1 exhibited significantly lower μTBS than the other groups (p < 0.05). The highest bond strength values were obtained from group 4 (p > 0.05). For LAVA, μTBS values of specimens that were sandblasted with 50‐μm Al2O3 powder were significantly higher than 30‐μm‐SiO2 and 27‐μm Al2O3 (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe sand particles investigated (27‐μm Al2O3, 30‐μm SiO2, or 50‐μm Al2O3) did not significantly affect μTBS results of CAD/CAM blocks for Cerasmart and VITA, although the results changed significantly for LAVA. The ideal bond protocol for CAD/CAM blocks is specific to the material used.
Layered Manufacturing of Dental Ceramics: Fracture Mechanics, Microstructure, and Elemental Composition of Lithography‐Sintered Ceramic
Authors: Uçar Yurdanur , Aysan Meriç İpek , Ekren Orhun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPurposeTo compare the fracture mechanics, microstructure, and elemental composition of lithography‐based ceramic manufacturing with pressing and CAD/CAM.Materials and MethodsDisc‐shaped specimens (16 mm diameter, 1.2 mm thick) were used for mechanical testing (n = 10/group). Biaxial flexural strength of three groups (In‐Ceram alumina [ICA], lithography‐based alumina, ZirkonZahn) were determined using the “piston on 3‐ball” technique as suggested in test Standard ISO‐6872. Vickers hardness test was performed. Fracture toughness was calculated using fractography. Results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunnett T3 (α = 0.05). Weibull analysis was conducted. Polished and fracture surface characterization was made using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used for elemental analysis.ResultsBiaxial flexural strength of ICA, LCM alumina (LCMA), and ZirkonZahn were 147 ± 43 MPa, 490 ± 44 MPa, and 709 ± 94 MPa, respectively, and were statistically different (P ≤ 0.05). The Vickers hardness number of ICA was 850 ± 41, whereas hardness values for LCMA and ZirkonZahn were 1581 ± 144 and 1249 ± 57, respectively, and were statistically different (P ≤ 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between fracture toughness of ICA (2 ± 0.4 MPa⋅m1/2), LCMA (6.5 ± 1.5 MPa⋅m1/2), and ZirkonZahn (7.7 ± 1 MPa⋅m1/2) (P ≤ 0.05). Weibull modulus was highest for LCMA (m = 11.43) followed by ZirkonZahn (m = 8.16) and ICA (m = 5.21). Unlike LCMA and ZirkonZahn groups, a homogeneous microstructure was not observed for ICA. EDS results supported the SEM images.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this in vitro study, it can be concluded that LCM seems to be a promising technique for final ceramic object manufacturing in dental applications. Both the manufacturing method and the material used should be improved.
Reputation versus information: The delegation policy when the principal has reputational concerns
Authors: Tamada Yasunari , Tsai Tsung‐Sheng 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe analyze the delegation policy when the principal has reputational concerns. Both the principal and the agent can be either good or biased; the good players prefer the correct decision, while the biased ones prefer a high action even though it may be wrong. An evaluator who forms the principal's reputation may or may not be able to observe who makes the decision. When the evaluator cannot observe the allocation of authority, the principal shares the credit and blame with the agent. Although delegation can improve the quality of decision making because the agent has better information, it may also hurt the good principal's reputation because the high action may be taken by the biased agent while the blame will be shared when it is wrong. Thus, the good principal has a tendency to keep too much authority to maintain her reputation. By contrast, when the evaluator can observe the allocation of authority, delegation becomes a signaling device for the good type of principal to differentiate herself from the biased one. This results in an excessive allocation of authority toward the agent.
Magnetotactic bacteria used to generate electricity based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
Authors: Smit B.A. , Van Zyl E. , Joubert J.J. , Meyer W. , Prévéral S. , Lefèvre C.T. , Venter S.N. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have the unique ability to produce magnetic particles surrounded by a biomembrane to form the magnetosome organelle. Therefore, MTB have novel physical and magnetic properties and have consequently been used in several biotechnological applications. The magnetic properties of these micro-organisms and their magnetosomes have, however, never been used for the generation of electricity as described in this letter. Comparisons were made between, firstly, the electricity generated from purified magnetosomes, MTB culture (bacterial cells with magnetosomes) and sterile, liquid growth medium (control). Secondly, the electricity generated by a dilution series of purified magnetosomes were compared. A statistically significant difference was found between the voltage measured from the purified magnetosomes (highest voltage), MTB culture (lower voltage) and liquid growth medium (lowest voltage). In the dilution series, the voltage measured increased as the magnetosome concentration increased, but only up to an optimum concentration (0·0376 mg ml−1). In this study, we have demonstrated that a significantly higher voltage than that of the control could be measured when MTB or purified magnetosomes were pumped through a solenoid by applying Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This study provides proof-of-concept of electromagnetic induction using magnetosomes or magnetotactic bacteria in an experimental setup based on the law of Faraday. The concept of using these bacteria or their biomineralized magnetic nanoparticles as a biological alternative in low voltage electricity generation has the potential to be further explored and developed.
Reading for pleasure: whose job is it to build lifelong readers in the classroom?
Authors: Garces‐Bacsal Rhoda Myra , Tupas Ruanni , Kaur Sarinajit , Paculdar Agnes Maria , Baja Emmanuel S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA survey questionnaire was administered to 146 MEd students enrolled in a teacher‐training institute in Singapore to determine the strategies they use to promote engaged reading in the classroom. The majority of the teacher respondents when asked how they motivate students to read, wrote down Not Applicable, and 38% were unable to write down strategies to promote engaged reading. However, the results further indicate that even the non‐devoted readers amongst them were able to identify sound literacy instructional strategies. This paper argues that the desirability of lifelong reading and the need for teachers to be accountable for its promotion should be culturally positioned within locally shaped realities and perceived from within the unique configuration of the results‐driven context of the Singaporean educational landscape.
Robust Markowitz mean‐variance portfolio selection under ambiguous covariance matrix
Authors: Ismail Amine , Pham Huyên 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper studies a robust continuous‐time Markowitz portfolio selection problem where the model uncertainty affects the covariance matrix of multiple risky assets. This problem is formulated into a min–max mean‐variance problem over a set of nondominated probability measures that is solved by a McKean–Vlasov dynamic programming approach, which allows us to characterize the solution in terms of a Bellman–Isaacs equation in the Wasserstein space of probability measures. We provide explicit solutions for the optimal robust portfolio strategies and illustrate our results in the case of uncertain volatilities and ambiguous correlation between two risky assets. We then derive the robust efficient frontier in closed form, and obtain a lower bound for the Sharpe ratio of any robust efficient portfolio strategy. Finally, we compare the performance of Sharpe ratios for a robust investor and for an investor with a misspecified model.
Life‐stage‐associated remodelling of lipid metabolism regulation in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Gillard Gareth , Harvey Thomas N. , Gjuvsland Arne , Jin Yang , Thomassen Magny , Lien Sigbjørn , Leaver Michael , Torgersen Jacob S. , Hvidsten Torgeir R. , Vik Jon Olav , Sandve Simen R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAtlantic salmon migrates from rivers to sea to feed, grow and develop gonads before returning to spawn in freshwater. The transition to marine habitats is associated with dramatic changes in the environment, including water salinity, exposure to pathogens and shift in dietary lipid availability. Many changes in physiology and metabolism occur across this life‐stage transition, but little is known about the molecular nature of these changes. Here, we use a long‐term feeding experiment to study transcriptional regulation of lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon gut and liver in both fresh‐ and saltwater. We find that lipid metabolism becomes significantly less plastic to differences in dietary lipid composition when salmon transitions to saltwater and experiences increased dietary lipid availability. Expression of genes in liver relating to lipogenesis and lipid transport decreases overall and becomes less responsive to diet, while genes for lipid uptake in gut become more highly expressed. Finally, analyses of evolutionary consequences of the salmonid‐specific whole‐genome duplication on lipid metabolism reveal several pathways with significantly different (p < .05) duplicate retention or duplicate regulatory conservation. We also find a limited number of cases where the whole‐genome duplication has resulted in an increased gene dosage. In conclusion, we find variable and pathway‐specific effects of the salmonid genome duplication on lipid metabolism genes. A clear life‐stage‐associated shift in lipid metabolism regulation is evident, and we hypothesize this to be, at least partly, driven by nondietary factors such as the preparatory remodelling of gene regulation and physiology prior to sea migration.
Faster‐X evolution: Theory and evidence from Drosophila
Authors: Charlesworth Brian , Campos José L. , Jackson Benjamin C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA faster rate of adaptive evolution of X‐linked genes compared with autosomal genes can be caused by the fixation of recessive or partially recessive advantageous mutations, due to the full expression of X‐linked mutations in hemizygous males. Other processes, including recombination rate and mutation rate differences between X chromosomes and autosomes, may also cause faster evolution of X‐linked genes. We review population genetics theory concerning the expected relative values of variability and rates of evolution of X‐linked and autosomal DNA sequences. The theoretical predictions are compared with data from population genomic studies of several species of Drosophila. We conclude that there is evidence for adaptive faster‐X evolution of several classes of functionally significant nucleotides. We also find evidence for potential differences in mutation rates between X‐linked and autosomal genes, due to differences in mutational bias towards GC to AT mutations. Many aspects of the data are consistent with the male hemizygosity model, although not all possible confounding factors can be excluded.
Is pulmonary vascular disease reversible with PPAR ɣ agonists?
Authors: Afdal Peter , AbdelMassih Antoine F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSevere angio‐obliterative PAH remains a disease characterized by great morbidity and shortened survival. Unfortunately, the only currently available treatments for angio‐obliterative changes are palliative in the form of pulmonary vasodilators evolving from the phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil to endothelin receptor antagonist: Bosentan; while the only definitive treatment is lung transplantation which remains dependent on the availability of donors and the transplant policies which vary widely from a country to another. PPARs, especially the γ isoform, are largely expressed in pulmonary artery endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. They are also found on endothelial progenitor cells. Several previous studies have highlighted the role of PPAR γ agonists in reversal of vascular remodeling especially in coronary, carotid and peripheral vascular disease atherosclerotic plaques. Experimental studies have also revealed that PPAR γ activation affects many different pathways; thus, the effect of PPAR γ is multifaceted, affecting almost every pathobiological pathway involved in the development of PAH simultaneously. We thereby hypothesize that PPAR γ agonists may play a key role in reversing severe pulmonary angio‐obliterative changes and promote microvascular regeneration which may substitute the need for heart‐lung transplantation in such patients.