bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol‐Mediated Glaciation of Mixed‐Phase Clouds: Steady‐State Laboratory Measurements
Authors: Desai N. , Chandrakar K. K. , Kinney G. , Cantrell W. , Shaw R. A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhat concentration of ice‐nucleating particles is required to completely glaciate a typical atmospheric supercooled liquid cloud? This seemingly esoteric question has far reaching implications, as the ratio of liquid to ice in these clouds governs, for example, their influence on Earth's radiation budget and their precipitation efficiency. Microphysical properties of steady‐state mixed‐phase clouds formed in a laboratory convection chamber are observed using digital holography. It is observed that the ratio of ice to total water content of steady‐state mixed‐phase clouds is determined by the concentration of ice‐nucleating aerosol particles. Existing theory is adapted to show such clouds result from a balance between the thermodynamic forcing (i.e., the source of excess water vapor that is condensing to liquid and ice) and the number and size of particles that become ice (i.e., the ice integral radius). The measurements quantitatively support the Korolev‐Mazin conditions for existence of mixed‐phase clouds.
Heat Flow and Near‐Seafloor Magnetic Anomalies Highlight Hydrothermal Circulation at Brothers Volcano Caldera, Southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand
Authors: Caratori Tontini F. , Tivey M. A. , de Ronde C. E. J. , Humphris S. E. 
Published: July 2019

Key Points

First systematic, integrated heat flow and magnetic study of a submarine arc volcano highlights multiscale convection cells
Deep circulation structurally controlled, with recharge through the caldera floor and discharge at the caldera walls and postcollapse cones
Shallow circulation is characterized by recharge zones in close proximity to the sites of present‐day diffuse and focused discharge
Solar Illumination Dependence of the Auroral Electrojet Intensity: Interplay Between the Solar Zenith Angle and Dipole Tilt
Authors: Ohtani S. , Gjerloev J. W. , Johnsen M. G. , Yamauchi M. , Brändström U. , Lewis A. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe present study investigates the dependence of the local auroral electrojet (AEJ) intensity on solar illumination by statistically examining northward geomagnetic disturbances in the auroral zone in terms of the solar zenith angle χ. It is found that on the dayside, both westward and eastward electrojets (WEJ and EEJ) are more intense for smaller χ, suggesting that the solar extreme ultraviolet‐induced conductance is the dominant factor for the AEJ intensity. On the nightside, in contrast, the χ dependence of the AEJ intensity, if sorted solely by the magnetic local time, apparently depends on the station longitude and hemisphere. However, if additionally sorted by the dipole tilt angle ψ, a consistent pattern emerges. That is, although χ and ψ are correlated, the solar zenith angle and dipole tilt angle have physically different effects on the AEJ intensity. The nightside AEJ, especially the WEJ, tends to be more intense for smaller |ψ|. Moreover, whereas the WEJ is statistically more intense when the ionosphere is dark, the EEJ is more intense when it is sunlit. The preference of the WEJ for the dark ionosphere prevails widely in magnetic local time from premidnight to dawn, and therefore, it cannot be attributed to the previously proposed processes of the preferred monoenergetic or broadband auroral precipitation in the dark ionosphere. Instead, it may be explained, at least morphologically, in terms of the conductance enhancement due to the diffuse auroral precipitation, which is also prevalent from premidnight to dawn and is more intense in the dark hemisphere.
Characteristics of Relativistic Microburst Intensity From SAMPEX Observations
Authors: Douma E. , Rodger C. J. , Blum L. W. , O'Brien T. P. , Clilverd M. A. , Blake J. B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRelativistic electron microbursts are an important electron loss process from the radiation belts into the atmosphere. These precipitation events have been shown to significantly impact the radiation belt fluxes and atmospheric chemistry. In this study we address a lack of knowledge about the relativistic microburst intensity using measurements of 21,746 microbursts from the Solar Anomalous Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX). We find that the relativistic microburst intensity increases as we move inward in L, with a higher proportion of low‐intensity microbursts (<2,250 [MeV cm2 sr s]−1) in the 03–11 magnetic local time region. The mean microburst intensity increases by a factor of 1.7 as the geomagnetic activity level increases and the proportion of high‐intensity relativistic microbursts (>2,250 [MeV cm2 sr s]−1) in the 03–11 magnetic local time region increases as geomagnetic activity increases, consistent with changes in the whistler mode chorus wave activity. Comparisons between relativistic microburst properties and trapped fluxes suggest that the microburst intensities are not limited by the trapped flux present alongside the scattering processes. However, microburst activity appears to correspond to the changing trapped flux; more microbursts occur when the trapped fluxes are enhancing, suggesting that microbursts are linked to processes causing the increased trapped fluxes. Finally, modeling of the impact of a published microburst spectra on a flux tube shows that microbursts are capable of depleting <500‐keV electrons within 1 hr and depleting higher‐energy electrons in 1–23 hr.
Ionospheric Peaked Structures and Their Local Time, Seasonal, and Solar Activity Dependence Based on Global Ionosphere Maps
Authors: Tsai T. C. , Jhuang H. K. , Lee L. C. , Ho Y. Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe total electron content (TEC) data from Global Ionosphere Maps are used to obtain the tidal modes through two‐dimensional Fourier transform in both universal time and LT (local time) frames. In the LT frame, a north‐south TEC asymmetry is observed along the longitude, where there is a large displacement of the geomagnetic equator from the geographic equator. The phases of tidal modes lead to a constructive or destructive interference of contributing tidal modes, producing different zonal waves and longitudinal peaked structures at different local time (tLT). The summation of all nonmigrating zonal waves in the low‐latitude region (geomagnetic latitude < 30°) produces a peaked structure with two to four major peaks at most local hours. The amplitude of this peaked structure in June solstice is smaller than those in other seasons. During solar maximum (minimum), the amplitude of peaked structure has a value ~20 (~12) TECu with two to four (one to three) peaks. The locations of peaked structures formed by the nonmigrating tides in 2006 (solar minimum) and in 2014 (solar maximum) are similar. The Weddell Sea Anomaly is found to have a density enhancement in the region from 135°E to 90°W and from 40°S to 80°S with an amplitude ~19.85 (~5.07) TECu during March equinox (December solstice) of solar maximum (minimum).
Environmental Forcings on the Remotely Sensed Phytoplankton Bloom Phenology in the Central Ross Sea Polynya
Authors: Park Jinku , Kim Jeong‐Hoon , Kim Hyun‐cheol , Hwang Jihyun , Jo Young‐Heon , Lee Sang Heon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe investigated the interannual variability of the phytoplankton bloom in the central Ross Sea Polynya derived from the annual phenology metrics of the bloom based on ocean color satellite measurements obtained between 2002 and 2017. The phenology metrics determined by the adjusted Gaussian fitting method include the bloom amplitude (BA), bloom initiation timing (BIT), and bloom peak timing (BPT). We found the following results for three phenology metrics. The BA tended to increase since 2002, probably related to the formation of open water area by the atmospheric circulation changes on the synoptic scale over the Ross Sea. The significant sea ice loss trend due to the changing winds over the entire southern coast of the Ross Sea was found. Continuous winds in widened open water can move surface water masses more easily along the wind direction, transferring water masses or chlorophyll pigments themselves accordingly. This process has led to the recent intense bloom in the central Ross Sea Polynya. The interannual variability of the BIT is a function of the sea surface temperature in November and wind speed in October, implying that there is a strong association between ice drift and melting, which can be primarily related to the onset of the polynya expansion. Although there was no direct factor to the BPT, it was somewhat related to the BIT and BA. In other words, the environmental factors forming the BIT and BA might have indirectly influenced the BPT, suggesting that early polynya and large biomass could lead to promoting the bloom decay.
Open Data in Science
Authors: Murray-Rust Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOpen Data (OD) is an emerging term in the process of defining how scientific data may be published and re-used without price or permission barriers. Scientists generally see published data as belonging to the scientific community, but many publishers claim copyright over data and will not allow its re-use without permission. This is a major impediment to the progress of scholarship in the digital age. This article reviews the need for Open Data, shows examples of why Open Data are valuable and summarizes some early initiatives in formalizing the right of access to and re-use of scientific data.
Multifunctional Hybrid Silica Particles for Multicolor Imaging and Multiplex Tasking
Authors: koo Sang Man , Kim Hae Sung , Jung Chan Yoon , Kim Ha Young , Hah Hoe Jin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMultifunctional submicron particles have recently emerged as great promises for biological applications such as bio-labeling, medical diagnostics, and drug delivery. These particles are non-toxic and have size comparable to biomolecules, becoming very suitable for biomedical applications. The particle structures can be engineered to perform multicolor imaging, as well as multiplex tasking such as site-selective binding, detection, and separation. In addition, these particles can load a large amount of fluorescent dye for signal amplification. Several synthetic techniques have been developed for a variety of submicron particles, including core-shell synthesis, layer-by-layer techniques, multi-block polymer emulsifications, and surface modifications. Silica particles are one of the most extensively studied particles as they can be easily modified with organic functionalities. However, these silica particles usually have only a single type of functional group. Therefore, multiple sequential modification steps have to be employed in order to attach multitasking components such as imaging components, drugs and targeting moieties. For wider biological applications, the development of a simple and efficient preparation method for particles with various types of functionalities is of great importance. Herein, a "ONE-POT"; synthesis of multifunctional hybrid silica (MHS) particles of uniform size and morphology with homogeneously distributed multiple functional moieties is reported. The MHS particles can be tagged with various multitasking components for detection, selective binding, and separation using different functionalities, in an easier and more flexible way than those particles with a single functional group. Moreover, each functional moiety can be further modified with additional organic or inorganic groups. We demonstrate here following abilities of MHS particles: 1) expansion of surface functionality through the reaction with organic or inorganic compounds; 2) multicolor imaging by surface-conjugation with multiple dyes; 3) controlled assembly of 3-dimensional aggregates from two different types of MHS particles; 4) multiplex tasking through dye-tagging and selective binding to a patterned surface.
A review of journal policies for sharing research data
Authors: Piwowar Heather , Chapman Wendy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
*Background:*
Sharing data is a tenet of science, yet commonplace in only a few subdisciplines. Recognizing that a data sharing culture is unlikely to be achieved without policy guidance, some funders and journals have begun to request and require that investigators share their primary datasets with other researchers. The purpose of this study is to understand the current state of data sharing policies within journals, the features of journals which are associated with the strength of their data sharing policies, and whether the strength of data sharing policies impact the observed prevalence of data sharing. *Methods:* We investigated these relationships with respect to gene expression microarray data in the journals that most often publish studies about this type of data. We measured data sharing prevalence as the proportion of papers with submission links from NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We conducted univariate and linear multivariate regressions to understand the relationship between the strength of data sharing policy and journal impact factor, journal subdiscipline, journal publisher (academic societies vs. commercial), and publishing model (open vs. closed access).

*Results:*
Of the 70 journal policies, 18 (26%) made no mention of sharing publication-related data within their Instruction to Author statements. Of the 42 (60%) policies with a data sharing policy applicable to microarrays, we classified 18 (26% of 70) as moderately strong and 24 (34% of 70) as strong.Existence of a data sharing policy was associated with the type of journal publisher: half of all commercial publishers had a policy compared to 82% of journals published by academic society. All four of the open-access journals had a data sharing policy. Policy strength was associated with impact factor: the journals with no data sharing policy, a weak policy, and a strong policy had respective median impact factors of 3.6, 4.5, and 6.0. Policy strength was positively associated with measured data sharing submission into the GEO database: the journals with no data sharing policy, a weak policy, and a strong policy had median data sharing prevalence of 11%, 19%, and 29% respectively.*Conclusion:* This review and analysis begins to quantify the relationship between journal policies and data sharing outcomes and thereby contributes to assessing the incentives and initiatives designed to facilitate widespread, responsible, effective data sharing.
Overnight weight loss: relationship with sleep structure and heart rate variability
Authors: Moraes Walter , Poyares Dalva , Guilleminault Christian , Rosa Agostinho , Mello Marco Tulio , Rueda Adriana , Tufik Sergio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background:
Weight loss can be caused by a loss of body mass due to metabolism and by water loss as unsensible water loss, sweating, or excretion in feces and urine. Although weight loss during sleep is a well-known phenomenon, it has not yet been studied in relation to sleep structure or autonomic tonus during sleep. Our study is proposed to be a first step in assessing the relationship between overnight weight loss, sleep structure, and HRV (heart rate variability) parameters.

Methods:
Twenty-five healthy volunteers received a 487 kcal meal and 200 ml water before experiment. Volunteers were weighed before and after polysomnography. Absolute and relative weight indices were calculated. Time and frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability was assessed during stages 2, 4, and REM. Nonparametric linear regression analysis was performed between night weight loss parameters, polysomnographic, and HRV ariables.

Results:
HF correlated positively with weight loss during stage 4. Slow wave sleep duration correlated positively with weight loss and weight loss rate. The duration of Stage 2 correlated negatively with absolute and relative weight loss.

Conclusions:
Weight loss during sleep is dependent upon sleep stage duration and sleep autonomic tonus. Slow-wave sleep and sleep parasympathetic tonus may be important for weight homeostasis.
Identification of the prebiotic translation apparatus within the contemporary ribosome
Authors: Agmon Ilana , Davidovich Chen , Bashan Anat , Yonath Ada 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA structural element that could have existed independently in the prebiotic era was identified at the active site of the contemporary ribosome. It is suggested to have functioned as a proto-ribosome catalyzing peptide bond formation and non-coded elongation in the same manner that contemporary ribosomes exert positional catalysis, namely by accommodating the reactants in stereochemistry favourable for inline nucleophilic attack. This simple apparatus is a dimer of self-folding RNA units that could have assembled spontaneously into a symmetrical pocket-like structure, sufficiently efficient to be preserved throughout evolution as the active site of modern ribosomes, thus presenting a conceivable starting point for translation.Here we discuss the proto-ribosome emergence hypothesis and show that the tendency for dimerization, a prerequisite for obtaining the catalytic centre, is linked to the fold of its two components, indicating functional selection at the molecular level in the prebiotic era and supporting the existence of dimeric proto-ribosome.
Plant functional constraints on foliar N:P ratios in a tropical forest landscape
Authors: Sierra Carlos 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough large scale analyses of foliar N:P ratios suggest and overall pattern of P limitation in tropical forests, analyses within the biome are less indicative of a consistent pattern of nutrient limitation. High tree species diversity and soil heterogeneity are important factors driving the variability of foliar chemistry in the tropics; however, this variability could be reduced at the level of the functional characteristics of the species present at a site. In this study it is hypothesized that foliar N:P ratios would be more constrained when the species are grouped according to functional characteristics, and would reveal patterns of nutrient limitation. The study was conducted in a tropical forest landscape of the Porce region in Colombia, which consists of patches of primary and secondary forests of different ages. The functional groupings revealed consistent patterns of conservative N cycling in species present at young secondary sites, as well as conservative P cycling of the species present later in succession and in primary forests. Although the observed data have limitations in terms of capturing the overall variability for each functional group, the classification used here provided support for the proposed hypotheses. It is concluded that functional composition, rather than taxonomic composition, can potentially improve our understanding of nutrient cycling in tropical forests.
Survey of the diagenesis process and effect these process on reservoir quality of the Kangan formation in South Pars Field
Authors: Hosseinyar Gholamreza , Rahimpour-Bonab Hossein , Asadi Esksndar Ashkan , Asgharian Rostami Masoud 
Published: July 2019

AbstractKangan and Upper Dalan formations are forming reservoir sequence of the South Pars field. Litology of the kangan formation is carbonate and (limestone and dolomite with anhydrite intervals), so digenetic processes were very active in this formation and these processes have changeed the reservoir quality. Importances of the digenetic process are including dissolution, calcite cements, dolomitization, anhydritization, physical and chemical compaction and fracturing.
Inhibition of Acid Phosphatase Enzyme Activity in the Presence of Noncrystalline Calcium Phosphate and Nanocrystalline Calcium Apatite: a Preliminary Study
Authors: Pekounov Yassen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background

Our bones are remodelled repeatedly throughout life. New and “healthy” bone tissue replaces the old one. It has been shown that the bone degrading cells, the osteoclasts, prefer old and fatigued bone. The young bone mineral, i.e. calcium apatite, is less crystalline than the mature one. Is it possible that the osteoclasts distinguish between relatively old and new bone via its mineral crystallinity?Methodology/Principal FindingsAcid phosphatase is an enzyme abundantly expressed by the osteoclasts during resorption and therefore used as a marker of the cells’ activity. This study explores whether its enzymatic activity would be decreased in the presence of biomimetically prepared noncrystalline calcium phosphate and nanocrystalline bone-like calcium apatite. The results showed that both biomimetic samples decreased significantly the enzyme activity while commercially available calcium phosphate samples (hydroxyapatite and brushite) did not. Consistent with our hypothesis the noncrystalline calcium phosphate had the greater inhibition effect.

Conclusions/Significance

The in vitro data suggest that the bone-resorbing cells’ activity could be regulated by the degree of crystallinity of the bone mineral. These findings imply that changes in the properties of biogenic inorganic materials induce specific interactions with biomolecules, which in turn should define the cell’s behaviour. These results would support an interesting mechanism of cell regulation if confirmed in vivo.
Do not log-transform count data
Authors: O'Hara Robert , Kotze Johan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract1. Ecological count data (e.g., number of individuals or species) are often log-transformed to satisfy parametric test assumptions.2. Apart from the fact that generalized linear models are better suited in dealing with count data, a log-transformation of counts has the additional quandary in how to deal with zero observations. With just one zero observation (if this observation represents a sampling unit), the whole dataset needs to be fudged by adding a value (usually 1) before transformation. 3. Simulating data from a negative binomial distribution, we compared the outcome of fitting models that were transformed in various ways (log, square-root) with results from fitting models using Poisson and negative binomial models to untransformed count data. 4. We found that the transformations performed poorly, except when the dispersion was small and the mean counts were large. The Poisson and negative binomial models consistently performed well, with little bias.
The origin of vertebrates and their symmetry, segmentation, chord and tubular nervous system
Authors: Ermolenko Alexander , Perepada Elena 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDevelopment of vertebrata begins with formation of a multicellular organism by ordered repeated division of a reproductive cell and nondisjunction of the new formed cells, which have kept connection by means of the extracellular matrix. Further there is a consecutive formation of organisms due to aggregation of similar structures: blastaea; segmentella, supersegmentella. Supersegmentella gave development to tunicates, hemichordates, chordates like lancelet and to predecessors of vertebrata. Segmentation of organisms is determined by aggregation of supergastraeas into one integrated. Symmetry is determined by structure-forming quality of extracellular matrix. Symmetry of primary organisms was radial; then radial-bilateral, and the first plane of symmetry divided the organism into dorsal and ventral sides. With the arrangement of supergastraeas in a line radial-two-plane symmetry consistently formed. Radial-three-plane symmetry formed by association of two segmentellas by posterior edges. The third plane of symmetry divided the organism into anterior and posterior antimeres. From extracellular matrix originated mesogloea, and then a chord; endodermic embolies gave development to the primary gut; ectodermic embolies after the concentration there earlier diffusely located nervous cells transformed first into a trench, and then into a tubular nervous system; the condensed nervous fabric of aboral poles gave development to the central nervous system. The glandulocytes of supergastraeas became starting material for all glands of the organism.