bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pullout Strength of Screws in Foal Third Metacarpal Bone after Overdrilling a 4.5 mm Hole
Authors: Kelly K. , Martin G. S. , Burba D. J. , Sedrish S. A. , Moore R. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to determine and to compare the in vitro pullout strength of 5.5 mm cortical versus 6.5 mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal (MCIII) bones in threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm drill bit. This information is relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery.
In vitro pullout tests were performed in two independent cadaver studies, each consisting of 12 foal MCIII bones. Two 4.5 mm cortical screws were placed either in the mid-diaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit and had either a 5.5 mm cortical or a 6.5 mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/s until screw or bone failure occurred.The bone failed in all of the tests in the diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone. The holding power for 6.5 mm cancellous screws was significantly (p <0.05) greater than for 5.5 mm cortical screws in both the diaphysis and metaphysis. There was not any difference in the holding power of screws in either the diaphysis or the metaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes.If a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal or metaphyseal bone of foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide greater holding power than a 5.5 mm cortical screw.In order to provide information regarding selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped, the in vitro pullout strength was determined for 5.5 mm cortical and 6.5 mm cancellous screws inserted in third metacarpal diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone of foals in which threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes had been overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit. The holding power of the 6.5 mm cancellous screw was significantly greater than the 5.5 mm cortical screw in both the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal bone. Thus, it appears that if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery in foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide superior holding power.
Effect of the Oestrus Cycle on Coxofemoral Joint Laxity
Authors: Smith G. K. , Conzemius M. G. , Saunders H. M. , Hill C. M. , Gregor T. P. , Hassinger K. A. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA few investigations in the 1960’s were performed to document the effect of exogenous oestrogens on development of hip dysplasia. These projects concluded that oestrogen administration caused a significant increase in hip dysplasia. Additionally, the Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has recommended that bitches should not have hip evaluation for certification during oestrus, due to the possibility of increased coxofemoral joint laxity. The purpose of this project was to determine if physiological fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone throughout the oestrus cycle significantly affected coxofemoral joint laxity. Nine bitches were evaluated through a single oestrus cycle. Although significant fluctuations of oestrogen and progesterone occurred throughout the phases of the oestrus cycle, neither statistically nor clinically significant changes in coxofemoral joint laxity were documented.A prospective study documented the effect of fluctuations of hormone levels throughout the oestrus cycle on coxofemoral joint laxity in nine dogs. Although oestrogen and progesterone levels changed significantly throughout the oestrus cycle, neither statistically nor clinically significant changes in hip laxity were observed.
Effects of Carpal Synovectomy on Stride Kinematics of Trotting Horses
Authors: Theoret C. L. , Barber S. M. , Curie R. D. , Clayton Hilary M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA group of eight horses was used to study the effects of synovectomy of one antebrachiocarpal joint on stride kinematics of the trot. Two months after the operation, four of the horses started a progressive exercise program lasting two months. A standardised lameness evaluation and videographic gait analysis were performed on three occasions: two days before the operation, two days after the operation and four months after the operation when the exercise programme had been completed. There were no significant differences in clinical lameness score, amplitude of poll motion, maximal metacarpophalangeal angle, maximal carpal angle, or minimal carpal angle between the synovectomized limb and the unoperated limb on any of the three evaluation days. It is concluded that carpal synovectomy did not cause lameness in the immediate post-operative period, and that strenuous exercise can safely be commenced after a two month recovery period, unless underlying cartilaginous lesions dictate otherwise.Gait analysis was performed qualitatively using a standard clinical examination and quantitatively using videographic analysis to measure kinematic variables that have previously been associated with lameness. Following synovectomy of one antebrachiocarpal joint no signs of lameness were observed on clinical examination and there were no asymmetrics in the kinematic variables. A strenuous exercise program, which commenced 2 months after surgery and lasted for 2 months, was completed without the development of clinical or video-graphic signs of lameness.
Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle in dogs
Authors: Grundmann S. , Montavon P. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryChronic lameness of the forelimb with a firm swelling at the medial aspect of the antebrachiocarpal joint can be caused by a tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle. Connective tissue proliferation leads to stenosis of the synovial sheath. The patients show pain in hyperflexion of the carpus. Radiographically, proliferative bone reactions at the distal radius can be found in advanced cases of the disease. If the results of medical treatment by injection of corticosteroids in the area of the synovial sheath are not successful, good results can be achieved by surgical release of the tendon. Based on 10 cases examined, aetiology, clinical findings and therapy are discussed and compared with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis in man.Lameness due to tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus muscle is reported and findings and therapy of ten animals is discussed.
A Review of Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Olmstead M. L. , von Rechenberg A. , Auer J. A. , El-Warrak A. O. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTotal hip arthroplasty has gained worldwide acceptance over the last few decades in humans and in dogs. Although long-term success is high in most studies, aseptic loosening of components is still a serious complication. Aseptic loosening can affect either the acetabular or femoral component of both cemented and cementless systems. The process is usually characterized by an interface membrane which develops between the adjacent bone and bone cement of the prosthesis, or in cementless components, between the bone and the implant itself. The process leading to the formation of this interface membrane and its function is still unclear; although much has been written about this topic in recent years. Biomechanical factors including: prosthesis design and material composition and cellular mechanisms such as signaling pathways of cytokines, local mediators or matrix metalloproteinases, have been incriminated to be responsible for the process. None of these factors, alone, have been conclusively proven to be the cause of aseptic loosening.Aseptic loosening is the major cause of implant failure in total hip arthroplasty. The controversial aspects of the pathogenesis of the process are reviewed. The role of biomechanical factors, including prosthesis design, material composition and biological factors, such as inflammatory mediators, cellular mechanisms, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, are detailed.
Femoral and humeral fracture treatment with an intramedullary pin/external fixator tie-in configuration in growing dogs and cats
Authors: Camuzzini D. , Filippi D. , Valazza A. , Peirone B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryNineteen growing animals, eleven dogs and eight cats, suffering from femoral or humeral fractures were treated with IM pin/external fixator “tie-in” configuration. Implant disassembling was performed in nine subjects within 30 days. Radiographic examination showed bone healing within 60 days in all of the patients and the implants were removed. Limb function recovery was complete in most patients (16/19). Therefore, our conclusion is that the “tie-in” technique is a good surgical option for treating fractures affecting growing animals.
Feline intervertebral disc disease: a review of the literature
Authors: Rayward R. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIntervertebral disc disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of feline myelopathy. Animals of any age, breed or gender may be affected and onset of neurological dysfunction may be variable. The thoracolumbar junction and to a lesser extent the mid lumbar spine are the most commonly affected sites and Hansen type I disc extrusions predominate. Standard investigations (radiography, myelography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and surgical techniques (laminectomy, hemilaminectomy, fenestration, durotomy) may be employed. Although response to conservative treatment is variable, surgically treated cases generally respond favourably but neurological recovery may be incomplete. Following surgical intervention, a recurrence of clinically significant IVDD has not been reported.
Two unreported modes of interlocking nail failure: breakout and screw bending
Authors: Basinger R. R. , Keller W. G. , Suber J. T. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryInterlocking nails (ILN) have been successfully used to repair fractures of the humerus, femur, and tibia in dogs and cats. The purpose of these case reports is to describe two previously unreported complications of ILN use that occurred in three skeletally immature large breed dogs. Two cases of breakout of the ILN, through previously intact corticocancellous bone and one case of screw bending through the nail, resulted in loss of reduction and stability requiring additional surgery. Stability of the ILN construct depends upon proper placement of the ILN within the main fracture fragments, maximal medullary canal filling, and adequate nail and screw strength. In these cases, technical errors with ILN placement, relatively soft metaphyseal bone, as well as deficiencies in the ILN system may have factored into these failures.
The evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendonitis
Authors: Kersh K. D. , Van Sickle D. , Evans R. B. , McClure S. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryExtracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is being used to treat desmitis and tendonitis in horses. This paper compares the clinical, ultrasonographic and histological characteristics of ESWT treated collagenase induced superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) lesions, versus untreated controls. This blinded study utilizes six mature, healthy horses where bilateral forelimb SDFT lesions were induced. One forelimb was treated while the other served as an untreated control. Three shock wave treatments were administered at three week intervals. At weekly intervals, ultrasonograms were used to measure: 1) percentage lesion at the maximum injury zone (MIZ), 2) the grey scale of the SDFT at the MIZ, 3) the percentage disruption of the longitudinal fibres at the MIZ. The data were also summed from 8–20 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone. Measurements of the external width of the SDFT were obtained through the study period. Examinations were performed on four occasions to evaluate heat, response to palpation, presence/character of swelling over the SDFT, and lameness. At the completion of the study all tendons were evaluated histologicalally. The lesion size, grey scale, and longitudinal fibre disruption at the MIZ, and sum of each variable changed significantly over time, however, there was no difference between treated and control groups. Histopathology showed increased neovascularization in treated tendons (p = 0.001). When compared to untreated controls, ESWT did not change the ultrasonographic appearance of the tendons. However, it did increase neovascularization.
Inclusion of marbofloxacin in PMMA orthopaedic cement
Authors: Boulouis H. J. , Moissonnier P. , Cariou M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis in vitro experimental study investigated the feasibility for marbofloxacin, a veterinary fluoroquinolone antibiotic, to retain its antibacterial activity after its inclusion in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. The assays were conducted on gelose cultures of various types of bacteria isolated from canine spontaneous osteomyelitis. The efficiency of the antibiotics was assessed by using an antibiogram method. Resistance of marbofloxacin to the temperature observed during PMMA polymerization, antimicrobial effect of galenic, useful concentrations and comparison with gentamicin (reference antibiotic for this use) were evaluated. Marbofloxacin retained its antimicrobial activity after being heated to high temperatures reached during polymerization. The more effective galenic form to incorporate into the PMMA monomer was the marbofloxacin powder and the appropriate concentration was 1/40°. In this experiment, marbofloxacin included in PMMA showed a good antimicrobial activity; however this activity was lower than gentamicin added to PMMA on Gram + and Pseudomonas bacteria.Therefore, it seems useful to incorporate marbofloxacin to PMMA cement to treat, or to prevent, osteomyelitis associated with marbofloxacin sensitive bacteria.Nevertheless, the development of a marbofloxacin-PMMA cement requires further evaluation, especially pharmacological, biomechanical and clinical.
Fibrotic contracture of the canine infraspinatus muscle
Authors: Sørby R. , Devor M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryFibrotic contracture of the canine infraspinatus muscle (FCIM) is considered a rare musculotendineous disorder mainly affecting hunting dogs. After an acute onset of a painful non-weight bearing lameness, the initial pain and lameness improve over a period of one to four weeks, after which a characteristic circumducted gait abnormality develops in the forelimb. The initial injury to the infraspinatus muscle is not fully recognized or correctly interpreted in most cases, at least not with regard to its potential as a precursor of myopathy and FCIM. A mixed breed hunting dog developed an acute and extremely painful swelling of the infraspinatus muscle. The injury was easily recognized during clinical examination. The clinical signs were interpreted as an osteo-fascial compartment syndrome (OFCS) of the infraspinatus muscle. Immediate surgical decompression of the osteo-fascial compartment to prevent development of FCIM was undertaken. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of the injured infrapinatus muscle revealed tissue changes that indicated acute muscle rupture, without any signs of an initiating degenerative process. On the day following surgery the dog was fully weight bearing. Restriction of activity for four weeks was recommended. Eight months after the initial injury, the dog had completely recovered and had full days of vigorous exercise and hunting activity without any apparent lameness. The findings in this case suggested that the infraspinatus muscle may be considered to be an osteo-fascial compartment in dogs and must be added to the list of compartments that may pose a potential risk for OFCS in the canine extremity.
A comparative study of articular cartilage thickness in the stifle of animal species used in human pre-clinical studies compared to articular cartilage thickness in the human knee
Authors: Frisbie D. D. , Cross M. W. , McIlwraith C. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryHistological measurements of the thickness of non-calcified and calcified cartilage, as well as the subchondral bone plate in five locations on the femoral trochlea and medial femoral condyles of species were used in preclinical studies of articular cartilage and compared to those of the human knee. Cadaver specimens were obtained of six human knees, as well as six equine, six goat, six dog, six sheep and six rabbit stifle joints (the animal equivalent of the human knee). Specimens were taken from the lateral trochlear ridge, medial trochlear ridge and medial femoral condyle. After histopathological processing, the thickness of non-calcified and calcified cartilage layers, as well as the subchondral bone plate, was measured. Average articular cartilage thickness over five locations were 2.2–2.5 mm for human, 0.3 mm for rabbit, 0.4–0.5 mm for sheep, 0.6–1.3 mm for dog, 0.7–1.5 mm for goat and 1.5–2 mm for horse. The horse provides the closest approximation to humans in terms of articular cartilage thickness, and this approximation is considered relevant in pre-clinical studies of cartilage healing.
Mosaicplasty with photooxidized, mushroom shaped, bovine, osteochondral xenografts in
experimental sheep
Authors: Akens M. K. , Nadler D. , Bittmann P. , Zlinszky K. , Kästner S. B. R. , Auer J. A. , von Rechenberg B. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe goal was to study the performance of mushroom shaped, photooxidized, osteochondral grafts in mosaicplasty focusing on graft stability and survival. Mushroom shaped, photooxidized grafts (6 mm for the cartilaginous head of the mushroom, 3 mm for the stem) were implanted in the medial femoral condyle of 10 sheep. Four transplants were inserted per condyle in an overlapping fashion using the pressfit technique (n=40 grafts in 10 condyles). The grafts were followed for 6 and 12 months. Semi-quantitative evaluation of graft performance was performed using a validated score system. All grafts were mechanically stable at 6 and 12 months with one exception, where the mushroom head broke off. The formation of cystic lesions in the subchondral bone area was minimal. Repopulation of the old photooxidized cartilage was noticed with cells invading the matrix from the subchondral bone area and also from the pannus on the surface. Fusion between host and graft cartilage was observed in some of the grafts at 12 months, while remodeling of the calcified cartilage zone and tidemark was noticed in all grafts. Results scored significantly better for the 6 months compared to the 12 months group if cartilage surface integrity was compared (p<0.05). In all other variables no significant differences were found between groups. Despite moderate graft recession in the 12 months group partial fusion of grafts and functional results were satisfactory. The photooxidized mushroom shaped osteochondral transplants may be a suitable type of graft for functional results in cartilage resurfacing if stable anchorage of the grafts can be achieved.
An investigation of misoprostol in the promotion of wound healing
Authors: Nieves M. A. , Fales-Williams A. , Evans R. , Mason D. R. , Vandervoort J. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMisoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 that is known to attenuate the inflammatory process and promote collagen formation by inhibiting IL-1 and TNF. The objective of this study was to determine if the application of misoprostol wound powder to open wounds in dogs would modulate inflammation and decrease wound healing time. This prospective randomized study included 20 dogs with 281 surgically cre0ated 8 mm open wounds over the dorsum. The wounds were assigned to one of three treatments: control (no treatment), treatment (misoprostol powder with ‘avicel’), or vehicle (‘avicel’ alone). Open wounds were digitally photographed on days zero, one, three, seven, 10, and 15 to measure wound size. All wounds were harvested at day 15 and evaluated histologically for evidence of edema, inflammation, necrosis, and collagen characteristics. Amount of epithelialization of open wounds was not significantly different among the groups at days three, seven, 10, and 15. The vehicle treated wounds were found to have a significantly higher degree of necrosis in comparison to control and treatment wounds. The control wounds had significantly lower scores for deep inflammation. All of the other parameters evaluated including location of wound, oedema, and characteristics of collagen fibres in the wound showed no significance among groups. However, the total wound score for the misoprostol was statistically higher than that for the control wounds. Therefore the value of using misoprostol wound powder with ‘avicel’ as the vehicle to enhance wound healing cannot be substantiated by the results of this study.
Dental Trauma Caused by Screws in Internal Fixation of Mandibular Osteotomies in the Dog
Authors: Ligthelm A. J. , Verstraete F. J. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn a canine mandibular osteotomy model, the extent and nature of dental trauma resulting from internal fixation by means of a plate and screws was investigated. The plate was positioned relatively dorsally on the buccal aspect of the body of the mandible, for maximum biomechanical advantage. After a three-month period, dental trauma was evaluated clinically and histologically. Erosion of the oral mucosa overlying the plate occurred in 10 out of 15 dogs. Dental roots were damaged by 61% of the screws. A variety of lesions involving the periodontal ligament, dentine, cementum, pulp, and periapical tissue were noted. It is concluded that this method of fixation can not be recommended for mandibular fracture repair in the dog.The effects of plating osteotomies of canine mandibles are described and evaluated following a three-month postoperative period.
Characteristics of Pelvic Fracture in the Cat
Authors: Flanders J. A. , Bookbinder P. F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe medical records from 103 cats with pelvic fracture were studied retrospectively. Most cats were 12 months of age or younger and both sexes were equally represented. The majority of the cats had been hit by a car. Numerous combinations of fracture types were present, but more than half involved combination of pelvic floor fractures with ilial body fracture, ilial body fracture contralateral to a sacroiliac luxation, a unilateral sacroiliac luxation, or bilateral sacroiliac luxation. The majority of cats had one or more serious extrapelvic injuries, the most common being sacral fracture, disruption of the coxofemoral joint, femoral fracture, and peripheral nerve paresis. Statistically significant positive association was found for ischiatic nerve injury and ipsilateral ilial body fracture alone and in combination with other fractures, and for ischial body fracture and sacral body injury. A negative or “protective” association was found between sacroiliac luxation and ipsilateral coxofemoral injury.A retrospective study of 103 pelvic fractures in cats was done. More than 50% of the cats had pelvic floor fractures in combination with unilateral ilial body fractures, unilateral sacroiliac luxations, bilateral sacroiliac luxations, or contralateral ilial body fracture and sacroiliac luxation. Common extrapelvic injuries included sacral fracture, coxofemoral joint injury, femoral fracture, and peripheral nerve paresis.