bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sky, sea, and forest islands: Diversification in the African leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis (Anura: Hyperoliidae) of the Lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest
Authors: Charles Kristin L. , Bell Rayna C. , Blackburn David C. , Burger Marius , Fujita Matthew K. , Gvoždík Václav , Jongsma Gregory F.M. , Kouete Marcel Talla , Leaché Adam D. , Portik Daniel M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate how putative barriers, forest refugia, and ecological gradients across the lower Guineo‐Congolian rain forest shape genetic and phenotypic divergence in the leaf‐folding frog Afrixalus paradorsalis, and examine the role of adjacent land bridge and sky‐islands in diversification.LocationThe Lower Guineo‐Congolian Forest, the Cameroonian Volcanic Line (CVL), and Bioko Island, Central Africa.TaxonAfrixalus paradorsalis (Family: Hyperoliidae), an African leaf‐folding frog.MethodsWe used molecular and phenotypic data to investigate diversity and divergence among the A. paradorsalis species complex distributed across lowland rain forests, a land bridge island, and mountains in Central Africa. We examined the coincidence of population boundaries, landscape features, divergence times, and spatial patterns of connectivity and diversity, and subsequently performed demographic modelling using genome‐wide SNP variation to distinguish among divergence mechanisms in mainland (riverine barriers, forest refugia, ecological gradients) and land bridge island populations (vicariance, overwater dispersal).ResultsWe detected four genetically distinct allopatric populations corresponding to Bioko Island, the CVL, and two lowland rain forest populations split by the Sanaga River. Although lowland populations are phenotypically indistinguishable, pronounced body size evolution occurs at high elevation, and the timing of the formation of the high elevation population coincides with mountain uplift in the CVL. Spatial analyses and demographic modelling revealed population divergence across mainland Lower Guinea is best explained by forest refugia rather than riverine barriers or ecological gradients, and that the Bioko Island population divergence is best explained by vicariance (marine incursion) rather than overseas dispersal.Main conclusionsWe provide growing support for the important role of forest refugia in driving intraspecific divergences in the Guineo‐Congolian rain forest. In A. paradorsalis, sky‐islands in the CVL have resulted in greater genetic and phenotypic divergences than marine incursions of the land bridge Bioko Island, highlighting important differences in patterns of island‐driven diversification in Lower Guinea.
A global analysis of bats using automated comparative phylogeography uncovers a surprising impact of Pleistocene glaciation
Authors: Carstens Bryan C. , Morales Ariadna E. , Field Kathryn , Pelletier Tara A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimOur work seeks to understand the global demographical response of bat species to the climate change that occurred at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).LocationAll continents except Antarctica.MethodsMitochondrial DNA sequences were sampled from bat species throughout the planet where we could associate a georeferenced sample with a given DNA sequence. Our investigation estimates the historical demographical response using over 12,000 samples from >300 nominal species of bats. Custom Python and R scripts were written to aggregate sequence data from GenBank, locality information from GBIF, and to associate these records to individual samples. We conducted approximate Bayesian computation to calculate the posterior probability of demographical bottleneck and expansion responses to the end of the Pleistocene, and then collected organismal trait data to identify traits that were associated with either demographical response. We also used R to estimate current and end‐Pleistocene species distribution models (SDM) for species where >10 georeferenced samples were available.ResultsAnalysis of the genetic data indicate that some temperate insectivores responded to the end of the Pleistocene by undergoing a demographical expansion. However, the neotropical family Phyllostomidae experienced the most dramatic response, with many of its species undergoing demographical bottlenecks. Larger bats, and those with shorter forewings, were more likely to undergo a demographical bottleneck. In contrast with the results of the genetic data analysis, the automated SDMs all predicted range expansion since the LGM.Main conclusionsHistorical populations of Neotropical bats that rely on Angiosperms for resources (i.e., pollen, nectar, fruit) were negatively influenced by the climate change that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene. Our work highlights the utility of incorporating exploratory trait‐based analyses in phylogeography. It serves as an example of automated big data phylogeography, and suggests that repurposed data can lead to new insights about global biodiversity.
Higher potential fire intensity at the dry range margins of European mountain trees
Authors: Fréjaville Thibaut , Curt Thomas , Carcaillet Christopher 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimPotential fire intensity (PFI) is among the main drivers of fire–vegetation interactions, but how it varies across species ranges is unknown. We test whether PFI and crown fire likelihood (CFL) increase preferentially towards the warm/dry range margins of mountain trees.LocationThe western Alps.MethodsWe analysed PFI and CFL patterns across the environmental niches of major mountain forest tree species, using field observation data of surface fuels with fire simulations. Empirical relationships between PFI and climate and vegetation structure were identified in communities sampled for surface fuels, and then used to predict PFI in national forest inventory plots.ResultsSimulations indicate that autumn drought, spring precipitation, tree cover and tree basal area drove the variation in understorey fuels among communities, leading to different PFI among and within the environmental ranges of mountain tree species. PFI was consistently higher in the open‐canopy, dry margins of dominant tree species. The highest PFI values were found in the sub‐Mediterranean and subalpine forests in conjunction with higher CFL.Main conclusionsMountain trees are exposed to higher PFI and CFL at their dry range margins, suggesting higher potential fire impacts at their rear distribution edges. Moist montane species (Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba, Picea abies) are exposed to surface fires of lower intensities than sub‐Mediterranean (Quercus pubescens, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris) and subalpine species (Larix decidua, P. uncinata, P. cembra) which may both experience higher likelihood of crown fires at their dry and flammable margins.
The global latitudinal diversity gradient pattern in spiders
Authors: Piel William H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the global latitudinal diversity gradient pattern in spiders is pear‐shaped, with maximum species diversity shifted south of the Equator, rather than egg‐shaped, centred on the equator, this study infers the gradient using two large datasets.LocationGlobal terrestrial.Time PeriodData sources range from 1757–2017; data assembled April 2017.TaxonSpiders (Araneae).MethodsUsing metadata on the countries of origin for 98% of all described spider species, this study applies PostGIS queries to calculate the number of species, and the species richness per land area, along ten‐degree latitudinal bands.ResultsMore spider species are known in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Although the global latitudinal diversity gradient pattern in species richness per area is, indeed, pear‐shaped, this pattern only applies to Old World longitudes and only if it is assumed that the species‐area relationship is linear. Without this assumption, the latitudinal gradient matches the classic parabolic shape.Main conclusionsUsing data from the World Spider Catalog, the global latitudinal diversity gradient pattern for spiders, in terms of species per unit area and assuming a power function for the species‐area relationship, is egg‐shaped, or parabolic, rather than pear‐shaped as previously claimed.
Practitioner Review: Therapeutics of unipolar major depressions in adolescents
Authors: Goodyer Ian M. , Wilkinson Paul O. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundOver the past two decades new and key randomized controlled trials have reported the efficacy, clinical and cost effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for adolescents with major depression.MethodsThe literature was searched through pubmed, psychinfo, scopus and web of science for randomized controlled trials of current major depression together with meta‐analyses and systematic reviews of trials between 2000 and 2017. Those specific to the adolescent years (11–18 years) were taken as the primary source for this narrative review. Additional selected studies in adults were used to illustrate methodological issues.ResultsManualized psychological therapies and the SSRI fluoxetine are more effective than active placebo in the treatment of major depressions. Mild to moderate illnesses attending community‐based services are likely to benefit from psychological treatment alone. Moderately to severely ill patients attending clinic and hospital services are likely to benefit from monotherapies or combining psychological and pharmacological treatment. Antidepressants carry a small but significant side‐effect risk including increased suicidality. Side effects from psychotherapies are somewhat lower but specific negative consequences remain less well characterized. There is some evidence that CBT‐based approaches prevent onset of major depression episode in well adolescents at high‐risk. Other psychological interventions have not been adequately studied. There has been only limited identification of treatment moderators and no clear understanding of therapeutic mechanisms.ConclusionsThere is now a range of clinically effective treatments for depressed adolescents. Future research needs to reveal moderators of and mechanisms for individual differences to treatment response, determine psychotherapies of value for milder depressions, enhance our understanding of safety and side‐effects for all treatments, and consider how to reduce and treat treatment‐resistant cases.
“A waste of time without patients”: The views of patient representatives attending a workshop in evidence‐based practice
Authors: Austvoll‐Dahlgren Astrid , Johansen Marit 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundShared decision‐making is a central element of evidence‐based practice (EBP). Training in EBP has traditionally focused on providers, but there is an increasing interest in developing such educational resources for patients. The aim of this study is to explore the views of patient representatives attending a workshop in EBP.MethodsWe conducted three focus groups with participants attending EBP workshops in 2013, 2014, and 2015. We used the framework method for content analysis. We reviewed the transcribed interviews independently and assigned initial codes and final categories to the transcriptions. We created an analytical framework and a flow diagram to visualize the category hierarchy and the relationship between categories.ResultsWe identified two main themes; “How to facilitate training in evidence‐based practice for patients,” and “Outputs of training in evidence based practice for patients.” Training in EBP for patient representatives “should reflect the principles EBP,” and include interaction with both health professionals and other representatives. The educational needs of representatives are much the same as those of health professionals, and the training should therefore be “on a par with professionals.” The relevance of such training may depend on the representatives’ mandate, and costs might be an important barrier. Important outputs of such training include “becoming a knowledge manager,” “enabling participation and informed decisions” and “re‐defining the patient representatives' role.”ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that training in EBP is attractive to patient representatives with outputs perceived important. Organizers should consider the principles of EBP when planning such training.
A New Halophilic Heterolobosean Flagellate, Aurem hypersalina gen. n. et sp. n., Closely Related to the Pleurostomum‐Tulamoeba Clade: Implications for Adaptive Radiation of Halophilic Eukaryotes
Authors: Jhin Soo Hwan , Park Jong Soo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHalophilic protozoa are independently scattered across the molecular phylogeny of eukaryotes; most of which are assigned to Heterolobosea. Here, we isolated a biflagellate from a hypersaline water of 342‰ salinity. This isolate shared several morphological features with typical halophilic heterolobosean flagellates. In addition, molecular phylogenetic trees of the 18S rRNA gene sequences clearly indicated flagellate is a heterolobosean species closely related to the halophilic Tulamoebidae. However, the flagellate was not accommodated to any described genus. Cells were ovoid‐shaped, and no amoebae were observed. The two unequal flagella beat heterodynamically. An ear‐like bulge at the margin of a cytostomal groove was observed. Flagellates could grow at 100–200‰ salinity, suggesting an obligately halophilic species. Currently, it appears that the new halophilic Aurem hypersalina forms a strong clade with Tulamoebidae, and is sister to the Tulamoebidae, indicating that this new clade is composed almost entirely of obligate halophilic taxa. Thus, A. hypersalina and the Tulamoebidae clade currently represent a unique adaptive radiation of halophilic eukaryotes.
Repeated sublethal freshwater exposures reduce the amoebic gill disease parasite, Neoparamoeba perurans, on Atlantic salmon
Authors: Wright Daniel William , Nowak Barbara , Oppedal Frode , Crosbie Phil , Stien Lars Helge , Dempster Tim 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFreshwater bathing is one of the main treatment options available against amoebic gill disease (AGD) affecting multiple fish hosts in mariculture systems. Prevailing freshwater treatments are designed to be long enough to kill Neoparamoeba perurans, the ectoparasite causing AGD, which may select for freshwater tolerance. Here, we tested whether using shorter, sublethal freshwater treatment durations are a viable alternative to lethal ones for N. perurans (2–4 hr). Under in vitro conditions, gill‐isolated N. perurans attached to plastic substrate in sea water lifted off after ≥2 min in freshwater, but survival was not impacted until 60 min. In an in vivo experiment, AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar subjected daily to 30 min (sublethal to N. perurans) and 120 min (lethal to N. perurans) freshwater treatments for 6 days consistently reduced N. perurans cell numbers on gills (based on qPCR analysis) compared to daily 3 min freshwater or seawater treatments for 6 days. Our results suggest that targeting cell detachment rather than cell death with repeated freshwater treatments of shorter duration than typical baths could be used in AGD management. However, the consequences of modifying the intensity of freshwater treatment regimes on freshwater tolerance evolution in N. perurans populations require careful consideration.
Evidence of altered depression and dementia‐related proteins in the brains of young rats after ovariectomy
Authors: Fang Ying‐Yan , Zeng Peng , Qu Na , Ning Lin‐Na , Chu Jiang , Zhang Teng , Zhou Xin‐Wen , Tian Qing 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMenopause, a risk factor for brain dysfunction in women, is characterized by neuropsychological symptoms including depression and dementia, which are closely related to alterations in different brain regions after menopause. However, little is known about the variability in pathophysiologic changes associated with menopause in the brain. Here, we observed that menopause in rats induced by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) showed depressive and dementia‐related behaviors along with neuronal loss in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIP), hypothalamus (HYP), and amygdala (AMY) by Nissl staining. Meanwhile, by immunohistochemical staining, increased microglia in the HIP and AMY and increased astrocytes in the PFC, HYP, and AMY were shown. Using quantitative proteomics, we identified 146 differentially expressed proteins in the brains of OVX rats, for example, 20 in the PFC, 41 in the HIP, 17 in the HYP, and 79 in the AMY, and performed further detection by western blotting. A link between neuronal loss and apoptosis was suggested, as evidenced by increases in adenylate kinase 2 (AK2), B‐cell lymphoma 2 associated X (Bax), cleaved caspase 3, and phosphorylated p53 and decreases in Huntingtin‐interacting protein K, hexokinase, and phosphorylated B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2), and apoptosis might be triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress (probed by increased glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), cleaved caspase 12, phosphorylated protein kinase R (PKR)‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1 and activating transcription factor 6), and mitochondrial dysfunction (probed by increased cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3 and decreased sideroflexin‐1 (SFXN1) and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 α subcomplex 11 (NDUFA11)). Activation of autophagy was also indicated by increased autophagy‐related 7, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor‐associated protein‐like 2, and oxysterol‐binding protein‐related protein 1 and confirmed by increased microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3II/I), autophagy‐related 5, and Beclin1 in the HIP and AMY. In the AMY, which is important in emotion, higher GABA transporter 3 and lower vesicular glutamate transporter 1 levels indicated an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, and the increased calretinin and decreased calbindin levels suggested an adjustment of GABAergic transmission after OVX. In addition, cytoskeletal abnormalities including tau hyperphosphorylation, dysregulated Ca²+ signals, and glutamic synaptic impairments were observed in the brains of OVX rats. Collectively, our study showed the changes in different brain regions related to depression and dementia during menopause.
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Insights into the musculature of the bonobo hand
Authors: van Leeuwen Timo , Vanhoof Marie J. M. , Kerkhof Faes D. , Stevens Jeroen M. G. , Vereecke Evie E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe human hand is well known for its unique dexterity which is largely facilitated by a highly mobile, long and powerful thumb that enables both tool manufacturing and use, a key component of human evolution. The bonobo (Pan paniscus), the closest extant relative to modern humans together with the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also possesses good manipulative capabilities but with a lower level of dexterity compared with modern humans. Despite the close phylogenetic relationship between bonobos and humans, detailed quantitative data of the bonobo forelimb musculature remains largely lacking. To understand how morphology may influence dexterity, we investigated the functional anatomy of the bonobo hand using a unique sample of eight bonobo cadavers, along with one chimpanzee and one human (Homo sapiens) cadaver. We performed detailed dissections of unembalmed specimens to collect quantitative datasets of the extrinsic and intrinsic hand musculature, in addition to qualitative descriptions of the forelimb muscle configurations, allowing estimation of force‐generating capacities for each functional group. Furthermore, we used medical imaging to quantify the articular surface of the trapeziometacarpal joint to estimate the intra‐articular pressure. Our results show that the force‐generating capacity for most functional groups of the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles in bonobos is largely similar to that of humans, with differences in relative importance of the extensors and rotators. The bonobo thumb musculature has a lower force‐generating capacity than observed in the human specimen, but the estimated maximal intra‐articular pressure is higher in bonobos. Most importantly, bonobos show a higher degree of functional coupling between the muscles of the thumb, index and lateral fingers than observed in humans. It is conceivable that differentiation and individualization of the hand muscles rather than relative muscle development explain the higher level of dexterity of humans compared with that of bonobos.
Community‐supported agriculture in the United States: Social, ecological, and economic benefits to farming
Authors: Paul Mark 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the United States, there is a tremendous amount of interest in community‐supported agriculture (CSA) among farmers, consumers, activists, and policymakers. Despite the attention garnered by CSA and the resurgence of local agriculture, relatively few studies have examined the livelihood opportunities for farmers within local agriculture. This paper evaluates the livelihoods of CSA farmers from the farmers' perspective in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts. Results indicate that although CSA farmers earn more farm income than other farms across the United States on average, they still earn far below the median national income and generally fail to earn a living wage. Despite these findings, CSA farmers stressed the importance of the broader social, ecological, and economic benefits to farming. Although these non‐market benefits are a significant source of well‐being from the CSA farmers' perspective, CSA has largely failed to provide adequate livelihoods for farmers to date.
Diversity, Discrimination, and Persistent Inequality: Hope for the Future through the Solidarity Economy Movement
Authors: Bell Myrtle P. , Leopold Joy , Berry Daphne , Hall Alison V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDespite considerable attention to “valuing diversity” among scholars and practitioners, discrimination, exclusion, and inequality persist in American organizations. In particular, similarly educated African Americans typically have higher unemployment and lower earnings than other groups, and continue to face discrimination in access to jobs and in treatment at work. Black‐White wage gaps are higher than they were decades ago, and without significant change, the wealth gap will take centuries to bridge. The solidarity economy, an economic framework that encourages governance that creates equity, shared prosperity, power, and ownership may help provide jobs, help build wealth, and yield other positive outcomes in African American communities. Cooperation Jackson, operating under solidarity economy principles, aims to create sustainable community development, economic democracy, and community ownership in Jackson, Mississippi, a predominantly black city plagued by poverty and unemployment. We discuss ways in which the solidarity economy may help marginalized populations and call for teaching and research on these alternative forms of governance.