bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Banya . . . Is It Still Necessary?
Authors: Pollock Ethan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By the late 1960s, the growth of apartments with indoor plumbing and bathing facilities took the pressure off the state to build banyas. Yet that growth was not universal enough to alleviate the need for banyas altogether. As the utilitarian need for banyas ebbed, the sense of the banya as a crucial meeting place only grew. Stories, films, and memoirs pointed to the banya as a place to escape from the pressures of public life and to reconnect with spiritual and communal identities. By the time the USSR collapsed, the banya was clearly more than just a institution of Soviet hygiene; it was also a symbol of Russian resiliency.
Renormalization Group: From a general concept to numbers
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 first recalls the importance of the concept of scale decoupling in physics. It then emphasizes that quantum field theory and the theory of critical phenomena have provided two examples where this concepts fails. To deal with such a situation, a new tool has been invented: the renormalization group. In the framework of effective quantum field theory, a perturbative renormalization group has been formulated. Its implementation has led to the discovery of fixed points as zeros of beta functions, and calculations of critical exponents of a class of macroscopic phase transitions in the form of Wilson–Fisher epsilon or fixed dimension expansions. These expansions being divergent, they could summed by methods based on the Borel transformation and the determination of the large order behaviour of perturbation theory.
Stability of renormalization group fixed points and decay of correlations
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 is devoted to a discussion of the renormalization group (RG) flow when the effective field theory that describes universal properties of critical phenomena depends on several coupling constants. The universal properties of a large class of macroscopic phase transitions with short range interactions can be described by statistical field theories involving scalar fields with quartic interactions. The simplest critical systems have an O(N) orthogonal symmetry and, therefore, the corresponding field theory has only one quartic interaction. However, in more general physical systems, the flow of quartic interactions is more complicated. This chapter examines these systems from the RG viewpoint. RG beta functions are shown to generate a gradient flow. Some examples illustrate the notion of emergent symmetry. The local stability of fixed points is related to the value of the scaling field dimension.
O(N) vector model in the ordered phase: Goldstone modes
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines the case of the spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry. When there is spontaneous symmetry breaking, the correlation length diverges at all temperatures in the ordered phase. Physical systems then display universal properties for all temperatures below Tc. This phenomenon is a consequence of the existence of Goldstone modes (massless bosons, in the quantum field theory terminology). Chapter 10 considers a lattice model with O(N) symmetry. In the continuum limit, it leads to the non–linear sigma model. A renormalization group can then be constructed and universal properties can be derived at and near dimension 2 in the framework of dimensional continuation and a d − 2 expansion. In dimension 2, the O(N) symmetric model illustrates asymptotic freedom with symmetry restoration and the Mermin–Wagner–Coleman theorem. In d &gt; 2, a crossover scale appears, between infrared behaviour and critical behaviour.
Gauge invariance and gauge fixing
Authors: Zinn-Justin Jean 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 is the first of four chapters that discuss various issues connected with the Standard Model of fundamental interactions at the microscopic scale. It discusses the important notion of gauge invariance, first Abelian and then non–Abelian, the basic geometric structure that generates interactions. It relates it to the concept of parallel transport. Due to gauge invariance, not all components of the gauge field are dynamical and gauge fixing is required (with the problem of Gribov copies in non–Abelian theories). The quantization of non–Abelian gauge theories is briefly discussed, with the introduction of Faddeev–Popov ghost fields and the appearance of BRST symmetry.
How Researchers Understand, Construct, and Bound Context
Authors: Murray Eleanor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how actors (including researchers) understand, experience, and engage with context. It illuminates the process and elaborates on the challenges researchers face in understanding and bounding context in their work. It suggests liminality as a metaphor for how researchers can understand and bound context, as something to be studied in dynamic, multidirectional relationships of context and action. It illustrates this through reflections during a study of the integration of care in complex interdependent work settings, and proposes that the researcher’s role is that of boundary constructor, articulating and exploring the transitioning boundaries of the center and the periphery, and how they are continually and recursively reconstituted through a liminal space.
Analyzing Context in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Ferlie Ewan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter reprises and reflects on Pettigrew, Ferlie, and McKee’s Shaping Strategic Change (1992), which analyzed processes of strategic change in the health care sector in England, based on a set of eight comparative and longitudinal case studies of management teams in English District Health Authorities attempting to accomplish large-scale service-level change. Further, it derived a more general and inductive model of receptive and nonreceptive contexts for change. The strengths and the limitations of this text are considered, along with a possible contemporary research agenda. Present day conditions for such research projects may not be as favorable as they were then.
How Context Shapes the Experience of Staff and Residents in Residential Long-Term Care Settings
Authors: Estabrooks Carole A. , Chamberlain Stephanie A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes 10 years of research into organizational context in residential long-term care (LTC) settings. It focuses on this book’s first and third questions: What constitutes context for an event, situation, or phenomenon? And how do contexts change, and what is the role of actors in such processes? Although with respect to change, it does not focus as much on secular trends as it does on strategies to improve local context. We explore how context influences use of research by staff, quality-of-life indicators for staff, and ability to improve quality of care and quality of life for LTC residents. First, it describes the development and ongoing use of the Alberta Context Tool. Second, it describes the Translating Research in Elder Care (TREC) program of research, and the LTC setting in which the authors study context to bring about quality improvements. Third, it presents selected empirical findings as evidence that context matters in LTC. Finally, it proposes future directions to understand and modify context for improved quality in LTC.
Context in Action
Authors: Meier Ninna , Dopson Sue 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter brings together the findings of the various research experiences outlined throughout the book, and it presents ways for furthering contextual research in organization and management. It also discussed the implications this research may have on practice, and the challenges faced by academics, practitioners, and policy makers going forward. The important point is that it is wise for researchers to reflect on and explicitly state how they understand the construct of context applied in their work and whether or not “context” refers to a shared/common context or an idiosyncratic/individual context or both. For both theoretical and methodological reflections, the crucial question is not what context is, as a stable phenomenon “out there,” rather it is how we theorize, operationalize, study, and analyze context in action, and the consequences of these choices for the research we can produce.
Information and Content
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes information in terms of ruling out scenarios. It discusses informative identity statements, which give rise to Frege’s puzzle, and the problem understanding how a valid logical inference can be informative. An analysis of informative logical inferences is given, on which the content of a valid deduction is often indeterminate. A consequence is that it is indeterminate exactly which logical inferences are informative. The chapter then analyses a rather different notion of content, concerning what is said by a speaker in making an utterance.
Counterpossible Conditionals
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark , French Rohan , Priest Graham , Ripley David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vacuism is the view that all counterpossibles are trivially true. There are reasons to think it incorrect. An impossible worlds semantics for counterfactuals is offered, which makes room for non-trivial counterpossibles. One principle which pins down its application is the Strangeness of Impossibility condition: for any given possible world, any impossible worlds is further away from it than any possible world is. A number of Williamson’s objections to the non-vacuist approach are discussed and it is argued that they can be overcome. The question of whether counterfactuals in general should permit the substitution of rigidly coreferential terms is then raised. Having defended non-vacusim against Williamson’s objections, a range of arguments in its favour are considered.
The Ecology of Tropical East Asia
Authors: Corlett Richard T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tropical East Asia is home to over 1 billion people and faces massive human impacts from its rising population and rapid economic growth. It has already lost more than half of its forest cover and has the highest rates of deforestation and logging in the tropics. Hunting and the trade in wildlife products threaten all its large and many smaller vertebrates. Despite these problems, the region still supports an estimated 15–25 per cent of global terrestrial biodiversity and is thus a key focus for global conservation. This book therefore deals with plants, animals, and the ecosystems they inhabit, as well as the diverse threats to their survival and the options for their conservation. It provides the background knowledge of the region’s ecology needed by both specialists and non-specialists to put their own work into a broader context. The first edition was the first book to describe the terrestrial ecology of the entire East Asian tropics and subtropics, from southern China to western Indonesia, and the second edition extended the coverage to include the very similar ecosystems of Northeast India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. The third edition updates the contents and gives more prominence to Anthropocene impacts and possible conservation responses. The accessible style, comprehensive coverage, and engaging illustrations make this advanced textbook an essential read for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students studying the terrestrial ecology of the East Asian tropics, as well as an authoritative reference for professional ecologists, conservationists, and interested amateurs worldwide.
The Rise and Fall of OPEC in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Garavini Giuliano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is one of the most recognizable acronyms among international organizations. It is mainly associated with the “oil shock” of 1973 when the price of petroleum increased fourfold and industrialized countries and consumers were forced to face the limits of their development model. This is the first history of OPEC and of its members written by a professional historian. It carries the reader from the formation of the first petrostate in the world, Venezuela in the late 1920s, to the global ascent of petrostates and OPEC in the 1970s, to their crisis at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s. Born in 1960, OPEC was the first international organization of the Global South. It was widely perceived as acting as the economic “spearhead” of the Global South and acquired a role that went far beyond the realm of oil politics. Petrostates such as Venezuela, Nigeria, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, have been (and still are) key regional actors and their enduring cooperation, defying wide political and cultural differences and even wars, speaks to the centrality of natural resources in the history of the twentieth century, and to the underlying conflict between producers and consumers of these natural resources. Being the first study to use previously unavailable OPEC sources, it offers surprising insights into the way of thinking of the ruling elites in petrostates and to the way the world looks when seen through their eyes.
Term Limits in South Korea
Authors: Yap Fiona 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
South Korea’s single five-year term limit for the presidency is among the shortest office terms for a head of government. This chapter traces constitutional revisions in the country before and following the 1987 Constitution to show how the term limit represents a hard-fought critical principle of democratic accountability following a history of autocratic authority in the hands of presidents willing to use force to get into office or extend their tenure. At the same time, the unwelcome outcome of the term limit is a political system where the president as leader has few incentives to shift focus to the parties or legislature, which contributes to under-institutionalization in the country and fuels policy gridlock and conflict. The unsatisfactory fit of principle and outcome explains why talk of reforms has surfaced regularly since 1987; while none has been adopted, political and policy progress in the country clearly hinge on mediating principle with better outcomes.
Landscape Effects on Community Structure and Dynamics
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ecological communities consist of species that interact to varying degrees within the same geographical area, and so by definition exist within a landscape context. This chapter begins by reviewing the measures and different scales at which species diversity can be assayed, including the use of spatial partitioning to evaluate multiscale patterns of diversity. The chapter then reviews correlates of species diversity, including explanations for latitudinal and elevational diversity gradients, before considering how habitat loss and fragmentation are expected to influence species diversity. The chapter tackles the debate surrounding the relative importance of habitat amount versus fragmentation in predicting species’ responses to landscape change, and highlights the importance of studying these effects at a landscape rather than patch scale. The chapter concludes with a discussion of landscape effects on different types of species interactions, and how interactions among species in different communities can give rise to metacommunity structure and dynamics.
China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Zhang Jun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
China is one of a handful of economies that has successfully achieved rapid long-term growth since the Second World War and is one of the fastest technological learners among latecomers. Its technological progress and economic success is attributable to the grand transformation of its development strategy since 1978. With special economic zones and encouraging inflow of foreign direct investment, China created conditions to help comparative advantage-following industries to grow and integrate with the global supply chain, paving the way for institutional reform and turning a relatively closed economy into a global manufacturing powerhouse. The catching-up strategy proposed by development economics to latecomers fails to take into account the evolutionary nature of industrial structure and downplays the role of initial factor endowments. The New Structural Economics advocated by Justin Yifu Lin underscores the importance of comparative advantage and learning, linking endowment structure and rapid economic growth. Late latecomers following the NSE approach and accumulating physical and human capital through learning are most likely to achieve rapid development and to upgrade from imitation to innovation.
Learning and Catch-up in Singapore
Authors: Yeo George , Yam Tan Kong , Giap Tan Khee 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the learning and catch-up experience of Singapore between 1965 and 2018. It attempts to contribute to both academic and practical policy discussion by examining the critical role of the state, and its determination of the policies, incentives, and institutions that played a crucial role in the pace and direction of learning. Case studies of industrial strategy and upgrading, public housing, and the development of regional transport hubs illuminate the experience of technological learning and policy learning as well as the process of catching up. The experience of past policy failures will also be highlighted. Finally, given the present challenging global and trade environment, relevant lessons for developing countries are drawn.
Learning to Catch up in Africa
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Tesfachew Taffere 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
African countries are ‘late-latecomers’ to industrialization and have weak manufacturing sectors, poor export performance, low technological capability, and weak domestic linkages, unlike many successful South East Asian ‘late-comer’ countries, where export-led industrialization has been a driving force of technological learning, structural transformation, and catch-up. This chapter reviews two divergent cases of successful learning and catch-up in Ethiopia, the floriculture and cement industries, representing an export sector and a strategic basic industry, to demonstrate policy learning through sectoral-level industrial policies. Both successes and failures provide lessons on the dynamics of technological and policy learning, and show the complexity of learning and catch-up in Africa. Furthermore, Ethiopia’s recent university reforms, the largest in Africa, and the strategic and dynamic learning approach to the development of industrial hubs, are reviewed, together with implications for the progress, challenges, and complexities of national skill formation and the development of domestic absorptive capacity. This chapter argues that successful catch-up by African countries is linked to the intensity, pace, and direction of learning, and that policy learning by an active state is an essential element in industrial policy serving as a vehicle for catch-up.
Old Utopias, New Tax Havens
Authors: Eich Stefan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cryptocurrencies are frequently framed as future-oriented, technological innovations that decentralize money, thereby liberating it from centralized governance and the political tentacles of the state. This is misleading on several counts. First, electronic currencies cannot leave the politics of money behind even where they aim to disavow it. Instead, we can understand their impact as a political attempt to depoliticize money. Second, the dramatic price swings of cryptocurrencies challenge their self-fashioning as a new form of money and reveal them instead as speculative assets and securities in need of regulation. While the preferential tax and regulatory treatment of cryptocurrencies hinges on their nominal currency status, it is ironically precisely their success as speculative assets that has undermined these claims. Finally, far from heralding a radical break with the past, electronic currencies serve as a reminder of the unresolved global politics of money since the 1970s. To support these three interrelated theses this chapter places the rise of cryptocurrencies in the historical context of the international politics of money between the end of the Bretton Woods system and the response to the 2008 Financial Crisis.
Consciousness
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
What is the significance of consciousness? This book argues that consciousness has unique epistemic significance: all epistemic justification ultimately depends on consciousness. Section 1.1 clarifies the concept of consciousness by invoking Ned Block’s distinction between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness. Section 1.2 raises a challenge to the significance of consciousness by arguing that unconscious creatures—zombies—can conceivably do everything conscious creatures can do. Section 1.3 situates this challenge in the context of David Chalmers’s distinction between the hard problem of explaining phenomenal consciousness and the easy problem of explaining its associated psychological functions. Section 1.4 explores the research program of putting phenomenal consciousness first: that is, explaining psychological functions in terms of phenomenal consciousness. Section 1.5 outlines the program developed in this book, which explains epistemic justification in terms of phenomenal consciousness. Section 1.6 concludes with chapter summaries and some guidelines for reading the book.
Perception
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the epistemic role of consciousness in perception. Section 3.1 argues that unconscious perceptual representation in blindsight cannot justify beliefs about the external world. Section 3.2 argues that this is because phenomenal consciousness, rather than access consciousness or metacognitive consciousness, is necessary for perceptual representation to justify belief. Section 3.3 argues that perceptual experience has a distinctive kind of phenomenal character—namely, presentational force—that is not only necessary but also sufficient for perception to justify belief. Section 3.4 uses a version of the new evil demon problem to argue that the justifying role of perceptual experience supervenes on its phenomenal character alone. Section 3.5 defends this supervenience thesis against the objection that phenomenal duplicates who perceive distinct objects thereby have justification to believe different de re propositions.
Epistemic Akrasia
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 argues that accessibilism is needed to explain the epistemic irrationality of epistemic akrasia—roughly, believing things you believe you shouldn’t believe. Section 9.1 defines epistemic akrasia and separates questions about its possibility and its rational permissibility. Section 9.2 argues from the premise that epistemic akrasia is never rationally permissible to the conclusion that the JJ principle is true. The remaining sections motivate the premise that epistemic akrasia is never rationally permissible: section 9.3 appeals to an epistemic version of Moore’s paradox, section 9.4 to the slogan that knowledge is the aim of belief, and section 9.5 to the connection between epistemic justification and reflection.