bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effort valuation and psychopathology in children and adults
Authors: Nguyen Nicholas H. , Albert Avery B. , Van Orman Sarah , Forken Patricia , Blatt Steven D. , Fremont Wanda P. , Faraone Stephen V. , Glatt Stephen J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe Research Domain Criteria initiative was launched by the US National Institute of Mental Health to establish a multi-level framework for understanding psychological constructs relevant to human psychiatric disorders, and identified ‘effort valuation/willingness to work’ as a clinically useful construct worthy of further study. This construct encompasses the processes by which the cost(s) of obtaining an outcome are calculated, and the tendency to overcome response costs to obtain a reinforcer. The current study aims to examine effort valuation as a correlate of psychopathology in children and adults, and the moderating effects of sex on this relationship.MethodsParticipants were 1215 children aged 6–12 and their parents (n= 1044). All participants completed the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as a measure of effort expenditure. Child psychopathology was measuredviathe Child Behavior Checklist, while adult psychopathology was measuredviathe Adult Self Report. Additionally, the Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents and Injury Behavior Checklist were used to examine child social impairments/problem behaviors.ResultsIn children, significant interactions between reward sensitivity and sex were observed in association with anxiety and thought problems, specifically at low reward sensitivity levels. In adults, main effects of effort expenditure were seen in drug and alcohol abuse, where higher effort was associated with higher degrees of abuse.ConclusionsThese results establish effort valuation as a relevant psychological construct for understanding psychopathology, but with different profiles of associated psychopathology across sex in children and adults.
Two Adaptive Communication Methods for Multi-Robot Collision Avoidance
Authors: Rosenfeld Avi 
Published: January 2019

SummaryDesigners of robotic groups are faced with the formidable task of creating effective coordination architectures that can deal with collisions due to changing environment conditions and hardware failures. Communication between robots is a mechanism that can at times be helpful in such systems, but can also create a time, energy, or computation overhead that reduces performance. In dealing with this issue, different communication schemes have been proposed ranging from those without any explicit communication, localized algorithms, and centralized or global communicative methods. Finding the optimal communication act is typically an intractable problem in real-world problems. As a result, we argue that at times group designers should use computationally bounded team communication approaches. We propose two such approaches: an algorithm selection approach to communication whereby robots choose between a known group of communication schemes and a parameterized communication framework whereby robots can reason about how large a communication radius is needed for a given problem. Both solutions use a novel coordination cost measure, combined coordination costs, to find the appropriate level of communication within such groups. Robots can then use this measure to create adaptive communication approaches that select between communication approaches as needed during task execution. We validated this approach through conducting extensive experiments in a canonical robotic foraging domain and found that robotic groups using these adaptive methods were able to significantly increase their productivity compared to teams that used only one type of communication scheme.
A Hybrid Obstacle-Avoidance Method of Spatial Hyper-Redundant Manipulators for Servicing in Confined Space
Authors: Mu Zonggao , Liu Tianliang , Xu Wenfu , Lou Yunjiang , Liang Bin 
Published: January 2019

SummaryDue to a large number of redundant degrees of freedom (DOFs), the hyper-redundant manipulator shows outstanding dexterity and adaptability in avoiding the obstacles in confined space. In this paper, a hybrid obstacle-avoidance method of spatial hyper-redundant manipulators is proposed, with both efficiency and accuracy considered. The space around an obstacle is classified into safe, warning, and dangerous zones. A two-level protection strategy is then addressed to handle the obstacle-avoidance problem from qualitative (i.e., pseudo-distance based on super-quadric function) and quantitative (i.e., Euclidean distance based on practical geometry function) perspectives, respectively. The only condition for switching between the two-level protections is the value of pseudo-distance. Then, a modified modal method, which is a trajectory planning method, is presented to plan the collision-free trajectory of the manipulator by maximizing the minimum pseudo-distance or Euclidean distance in different zones. Some parameters, including the arm-angle parameters and the equivalent link length parameters, are defined to represent the manipulator configuration. They are adjusted to avoid the obstacle, singularity, and joint limit. The simulations of 12-DOF manipulator and an experiment of 18-DOF manipulator verify the proposed methods.
Distribution of Wildlife and Illegal Human Activities in the Lampi Marine National Park (Myanmar)
Authors: Bisi Francesco , Gagliardi Alessandra , Cremonesi Giacomo , Colombo Roberto , Mazzamuto Maria Vittoria , Wauters Lucas Armand , Preatoni Damiano Giovanni , Martinoli Adriano 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAsian tropical forests are among the most affected by overhunting of wildlife species. Bushmeat is not just a source of food, but is also often seen as an income source due to the increasing regional demand for wildlife products. In this study, we assess for the first time the medium- and large-size vertebrate species present in Lampi Marine National Park (Myanmar) using camera traps and opportunistic sightings, and we use data from law enforcement patrolling to identify areas where poaching activities occur. Nineteen different terrestrial vertebrate species were observed in the Park, five of which are listed as globally threatened, while illegal activities were recorded at 107 locations. We estimated wildlife and human distributions using the maximum-entropy (i.e., MaxEnt) algorithm. Human activities were widely distributed in the Park, and areas selected by people were those at lower elevations and mainly in evergreen or semi-evergreen forests where most of the species occur. These models could improve knowledge of species presence and of the potential risk to wildlife associated with human activities. The modelling of wildlife and human presence proved to be useful for identifying areas that would receive special attention during patrolling, management and conservation actions.
Electronic medical orders for life-sustaining treatment in New York State: Length of stay, direct costs in an ICU setting
Authors: Serrano-Eanelli Denise , Fattakhov Emma , Krishna Murali , Embler Jill , Byrne Steven , DiBlasi Claudia , Ludwigsen Kaitlyn , Leigh Yasmin , Alamgir Hasanat 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveIn the United States, approximately 20% patients die annually during a hospitalization with an intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Each year, critical care costs exceed $82 billion, accounting for 13% of all inpatient hospital costs. Treatment of sepsis is listed as the most expensive condition in US hospitals, costing more than $20 billion annually. Electronic Medical Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (eMOLST) is a standardized documentation process used in New York State to convey patients’ wishes regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and other life-sustaining treatments. No study to date has looked at the effect of eMOLST as an advance care planning tool on ICU and hospital costs using estimates of direct costs. The objective of our study was to investigate whether signing of eMOLST results in any reduction in length of stay and direct costs for a community-based hospital in New York State.MethodA retrospective chart review was conducted between July 2016 and July 2017. Primary outcome measures included length of hospital stay, ICU length of stay, total direct costs, and ICU costs. Inclusion criteria were patients ≥65 years of age and admitted into the ICU with a diagnosis of sepsis. An independent samplesttest was used to test for significant differences between those who had or had not completed the eMOLST form.ResultThere were no statistical differences for patients who completed or did not complete the eMOLST form on hospital's total direct cost, ICU cost, total length of hospital stay, and total hours spent in the ICU.Significance of resultsCompleting an eMOLST form did not have any effect on reducing total direct cost, ICU cost, total length of hospital stay, and total hours spent in the ICU.
Recombination contributes to population diversification in the polyploid intestinal symbiont Epulopiscium sp. type B
Authors: Arroyo Francine A , Pawlowska Teresa E , Choat J Howard , Clements Kendall D , Angert Esther R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Epulopiscium sp. type B (Lachnospiraceae) is an exceptionally large, highly polyploid, intestinal symbiont of the coral reef dwelling surgeonfish Naso tonganus. These obligate anaerobes do not form mature endospores and reproduce solely through the production of multiple intracellular offspring. This likely makes them dependent on immediate transfer to a receptive host for dispersal. During reproduction, only a small proportion of Epulopiscium mother-cell DNA is inherited. To explore the impact of this unusual viviparous lifestyle on symbiont population dynamics, we investigated Epulopiscium sp. type B and their fish hosts collected over the course of two decades, at island and reef habitats near Lizard Island, Australia. Using multi-locus sequence analysis, we found that recombination plays an important role in maintaining diversity of these symbionts and yet populations exhibit linkage disequilibrium (LD). Symbiont populations showed spatial but not temporal partitioning. Surgeonfish are long-lived and capable of traveling long distances, yet the population structures of Epulopiscium suggest that adult fish tend to not roam beyond a limited locale. Codiversification analyses and traits of this partnership suggest that while symbionts are obligately dependent on their host, the host has a facultative association with Epulopiscium. We suggest that congression of unlinked markers contributes to LD estimates in this and other recombinant populations of bacteria. The findings here inform our understanding of evolutionary processes within intestinal Lachnospiraceae populations.
Novel habitat causes a shift to diurnal activity in a nocturnal species
Authors: Doody J. Sean , McHenry Colin R. , Rhind David , Clulow Simon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPlastic responses may allow individuals to survive and reproduce in novel environments, and can facilitate the establishment of viable populations. But can novel environments reveal plasticity by causing a shift in a behavior as fundamental and conspicuous as daily activity? We studied daily activity times near the invasion front of the cane toad (Rhinella marina), an invasive species that has colonized much of northern Australia. Cane toads in Australia are nocturnal, probably because diurnal activity would subject them to intolerably hot and dry conditions in the tropical savannah during the dry season. Our study can demonstrate, however, that upon reaching novel environments some toad populations became diurnal. Sandstone gorges offered cane toads novel, deeply shaded habitat. Gorges with an east-west axis (day-long northern shadow), narrow gorges and narrow sections of gorges contained toads that were primarily diurnal, while gorges with a north-south axis, wide gorges and wide sections of gorges contained mainly nocturnal toads. For example, remote camera data (1314 observations of toad activity times over 789 trap days) revealed strictly nocturnal activity at four ‘exposed’ sites (99% of 144 observations over 179 days), compared to mostly diurnal activity at a ‘shaded’ site (78% of 254 observations). Visual encounter surveys confirmed that diurnal activity occurred exclusively at shaded sites, while most nocturnal activity occurred at exposed sites. The close proximity of diurnal and nocturnal toads (4–7 km) provided compelling evidence for the abovementioned physical factors as the proximate cause of the behavioral dichotomy, and for a novel (deeply shaded gorges) environment causing the shift to diurnal activity.
Syntheses and cytotoxicity of phosphatidylcholines containing ibuprofen or naproxen moieties
Authors: Kłobucki Marek , Urbaniak Anna , Grudniewska Aleksandra , Kocbach Bartłomiej , Maciejewska Gabriela , Kiełbowicz Grzegorz , Ugorski Maciej , Wawrzeńczyk Czesław 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, novel phosphatidylcholines containing ibuprofen or naproxen moieties were synthesized in good yields and high purities. Under the given synthesis conditions, the attached drug moieties racemized, which resulted in the formation of phospholipid diastereomers. The comperative studies of the cytotoxicity of ibuprofen, naproxen and their phosphatidylcholine derivatives against human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, human colon carcinoma Caco-2, and porcine epithelial intestinal IPEC-J2 cells were carried out. The results of these studies indicated that phospholipids with NSAIDs at bothsn-1 andsn-2 positions (15 and 16) were more toxic than ibuprofen or naproxen themselves, whereas 2-lysophosphatidylcholines (7 and 8) were less toxic against all tested cell lines. Phospholipids with NSAIDs atsn-1 and palmitic acid atsn-2 (9 and 10) were also less toxic against Caco-2 and normal cells (IPEC-J2).
Robustness and Information Transfer within IL-6-induced JAK/STAT Signalling
Authors: Billing Ulrike , Jetka Tomasz , Nortmann Lukas , Wundrack Nicole , Komorowski Michal , Waldherr Steffen , Schaper Fred , Dittrich Anna 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCellular communication via intracellular signalling pathways is crucial. Expression and activation of signalling proteins is heterogenous between isogenic cells of the same cell-type. However, mechanisms evolved to enable sufficient communication and to ensure cellular functions. We use information theory to clarify mechanisms facilitating IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling despite cell-to-cell variability. We show that different mechanisms enabling robustness against variability complement each other. Early STAT3 activation is robust as long as cytokine concentrations are low. Robustness at high cytokine concentrations is ensured by high STAT3 expression or serine phosphorylation. Later the feedback-inhibitor SOCS3 increases robustness. Channel Capacity of JAK/STAT signalling is limited by cell-to-cell variability in STAT3 expression and is affected by the same mechanisms governing robustness. Increasing STAT3 amount increases Channel Capacity and robustness, whereas increasing STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation reduces robustness but increases Channel Capacity. In summary, we elucidate mechanisms preventing dysregulated signalling by enabling reliable JAK/STAT signalling despite cell-to-cell heterogeneity.
Field metabolic rates of teleost fishes are recorded in otolith carbonate
Authors: Chung Ming-Tsung , Trueman Clive N. , Godiksen Jane Aanestad , Holmstrup Mathias Engell , Grønkjær Peter 
Published: January 2019

AbstractField metabolic rate (FMR) is key to understanding individual and population-level responses to environmental changes, but is challenging to measure in field conditions, particularly in aquatic environments. Here we show that FMR can be estimated directly from the isotopic composition of carbon in fish otoliths (δ13Coto). We describe the relationship between δ13Cotovalues and oxygen consumption rate, and report results from laboratory experiments relating individual-level measurements of oxygen consumption rates to δ13Cotovalues in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). We apply our new δ13Cotometabolic proxy to existing δ13Cotodata from wild cod and four deepwater fish species to test the validity of inferred FMR estimates. The δ13Cotometabolic proxy offers a new approach to study physiological ecology in free-ranging wild fishes. Otolith-based proxies for FMR are particularly promising as they allow retrospective assessment of time-integrated, individual-level FMR throughout an individual fish’s life history.
MEP50/PRMT5-mediated methylation activates GLI1 in Hedgehog signalling through inhibition of ubiquitination by the ITCH/NUMB complex
Authors: Abe Yoshinori , Suzuki Yosuke , Kawamura Kenji , Tanaka Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTranscription factor GLI1 is an effecter of Hedgehog (HH) signalling and activated in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, the role of the HH-GLI1 pathway in cancer and the activation mechanism of GLI1 in HH signalling after dissociation from its inhibitor, SUFU, are not fully understood. Here, we found that GLI1 associated with the methylosome protein 50 (MEP50)/protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) complex and was methylated. Association of MEP50/PRMT5 with GLI1 was enhanced and expression of MEP50 and PRMT5 was activated by HH signals, suggesting their role in positive feedback regulation. Methylated GLI1 lost its ability to bind ubiquitin ligase ITCH/NUMB, resulting in nuclear accumulation and activation of GLI1. Moreover, protein expression of GLI1 was enhanced by MEP50/PRMT5 and expression of MEP50, PRMT5, and GLI1 target genes was upregulated in HH-expressing cancers. These results suggest that MEP50/PRMT5 is important for HH signal-induced GLI1 activation, especially in cancers.
Models of Geometrically “Stabilized” Laser Cavity
Authors: Aissani A. , Leghmizi S. , Battou K. 
Published: January 2019

The Lamb-dip characterizing the line shape emitted by a gas laser is often used in spectroscopy of materials as a reference for frequency measurements. For such lasers, the frequency control is performed on the Lamb-dip. It is therefore essential, for accurate measurements, that its frequency matches with the laser resonance frequency. This is only possible if the emitted line shape is symmetrical, which is not usually the case. Indeed, the lens effects induced in the laser amplifying medium, which are due to the population and the saturation inhomogeneities, generally produce an asymmetrical emitted line shape. So, the frequency of the Lamb-dip is shifted compared to the central frequency.
In this work, we will first revisit the model given in the literature, in order to highlight the limit of its validity, and then we will propose through an appropriate choice of the cavity geometry, a "stabilized" cavity model giving rise to a symmetrical line shape even when the control parameters vary.
Mid-term results of impaction bone grafting in tibial bone defects in complex primary knee arthroplasty for severe varus deformity
Authors: Tanwar Yashwant Singh , Kharbanda Yatinder , Bhargava Harsh , Attri Kulbhushan , Bandil Anoop 
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Bone defects are a challenging problem encountered occasionally during primary knee arthroplasty. These defects should be meticulously addressed so as to avoid malalignment and premature loosening and failure. Out of the many options available to deal with these defects, impaction bone grafting provides a more biological solution, which is especially important in case of primary knees.Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was done and patients with severe varus deformity of more than 20 degrees who had undergone primary knee arthroplasty with impaction bone grafting of the tibial condyle defect were followed up.Results: Between 2008 and 2014, out of the 1124 patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty, only 26 knees in 23 patients met the inclusion criteria. The amount of varus deformity ranged from 20 to 35 degrees. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 8 years with an average of 6 years. The average pre-operative Knee Society Score (KSS) and Western Ontario McMaster Universities (WOMAC) score were 24.2 and 78, respectively. There were significant improvements in the post-op scores, with the average KSS being 90.2 and the WOMAC being 38.Conclusion: Impaction bone grafting provides an invaluable option to the orthopedic surgeon for managing bone defects, especially in case of primary knee arthroplasty as it reconstitutes the bone stock.
Medical terminology in the Western world
Authors: Wermuth Maria-Cornelia , Verplaetse Heidi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter first describes the fundamentals of medical concept formation, the different types of medical concepts and the specific properties of medical terms. We provide an overview of the most important types of terminologies (controlled vocabularies) and databases and recent medical terminology standardization activities at the national and international levels (CEN/TC 251). We introduce the domain of medical linguistics as a field of study that is concerned with specific aspects of medical language to enable the computer-aided recording, storage, and retrieval of medical data. The following types of terminologies and databases will be described in greater detail: anatomical and nosological nomenclatures, coding systems (International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED), indexing systems (Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)), thesauri and metathesauri (Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and the bibliographic database Medline (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online). We conclude with a discussion of science popularization strategies for general health texts in terms of intralingual translation between Language for Specific Purposes (LSP) and Language for General Purposes (LGP), as well as implications for interlingual translation of medical terminology for lay readers.
Medical terminology in the Arab world
Authors: Sara Kassem 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The cherished terminological principle of a single term for a single concept seems to be lagging behind in the Arab world despite the serious standardization steps taken to that end. Arabic medical terminology, like terminologies of other disciplines, is unfortunately still in a state of chaos due to the plurality of Arabic terms for the same scientific concept. This article attempts to describe the current state of Arabic health and medical terminology, shedding light on the political, educational and terminological practices followed to overcome this problem. It also highlights certain individual and institutional responses to issues of medical terminology and proposes a number of ways to help standardize Arabic terminology.