bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a novel glycosylated glutathione transferase of Onchocerca ochengi, closest relative of the human river blindness parasite
Authors: Rose Clair , Praulins Giorgio , Armstrong Stuart D. , Casas-Sanchez Aitor , Davis Jem , Molyneux Gemma , Yunta Cristina , Stead Zenaida , Prescott Mark , Perally Samirah , Rutter Anne , Makepeace Benjamin L. , La Course E. James , Acosta-Serrano Alvaro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFilarial nematodes possess glutathione transferases (GSTs), ubiquitous enzymes with the potential to detoxify xenobiotic and endogenous substrates, and modulate the host immune system, which may aid worm infection establishment, maintenance and survival in the host. Here we have identified and characterized a σ class glycosylated GST (OoGST1), from the cattle-infective filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi, which is homologous (99% amino acid identity) with an immunodominant GST and potential vaccine candidate from the human parasite, O. volvulus, (OvGST1b). Onchocerca ochengi native GSTs were purified using a two-step affinity chromatography approach, resolved by 2D and 1D SDS-PAGE and subjected to enzymic deglycosylation revealing the existence of at least four glycoforms. A combination of lectin-blotting and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses of the released N-glycans indicated that OoGST1 contained mainly oligomannose Man5GlcNAc2 structure, but also hybrid- and larger oligommanose-type glycans in a lower proportion. Furthermore, purified OoGST1 showed prostaglandin synthase activity as confirmed by Liquid Chromatography (LC)/MS following a coupled-enzyme assay. This is only the second reported and characterized glycosylated GST and our study highlights its potential role in host-parasite interactions and use in the study of human onchocerciasis.
Sexual orientation and mental health over the life course in a birth cohort
Authors: Spittlehouse J. K. , Boden J. M. , Horwood L. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundSexual minority individuals consistently report higher rates of mental disorder than heterosexuals. However, much of the research has methodological limitations related to the classification of sexuality, the use of cross-sectional data and problematic sampling procedures such as using convenience samples.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from a birth cohort enrolled in the Christchurch Health and Development Study (n = 1040). Latent class analysis was used to classify participants sexuality based on self-report data of sexual behaviour, attraction, identity and fantasy, gathered over five assessments between the ages of 18 and 35 years. Mental health and substance use outcome data were gathered at four assessments between the ages of 21 and 35 years. Potential covariate variables were collected during childhood.ResultsThe latent class analysis identified four groups interpreted as: ‘heterosexual’ 82%, ‘mostly heterosexual’ 12.6%, ‘bisexual’ 3.5% and ‘gay/lesbian’ 1.9%. In the sexual minority groups, women outnumbered men by at least 2:1. Pooled rates for mental health disorders of depression, anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, cannabis abuse and total disorders, after adjustment for childhood covariate variables, were significantly higher in the sexual minority groups (p < 0.01). The strength of association between sexuality group and mental health outcomes did not differ according to sex. Fluidity in sexuality reports appeared unrelated to risk of mental health outcomes.ConclusionsOver the life course, membership of a sexual minority group is clearly associated with mental health problems of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation regardless of the age when same-sex attraction, behaviour, identity or fantasy is expressed.
Psychosis breakthrough on antipsychotic maintenance: results from a nationwide study
Authors: Rubio Jose M. , Taipale Heidi , Correll Christoph U. , Tanskanen Antti , Kane John M. , Tiihonen Jari 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is uncertainty about the incidence of breakthrough psychosis in treatment adherent patients, and the role that factors, such as cumulative antipsychotic exposure, play in this phenomenon.MethodsIn a nationwide cohort of individuals treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in Finland between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2015, ‘Breakthrough Psychosis on Antipsychotic Maintenance Medication’ (BAMM) was defined as hospitalization for psychosis despite ongoing continuous treatment with long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) or oral antipsychotics (OAPs) for ⩾8 weeks. Incidence rates, survival curves, and risk factors were presented.ResultsIn a cohort of 16 031 continuous LAI treatment episodes with virtually assured adherence [median duration = 441 days, interquartile range (IQR) = 155–1277], BAMM incidence was 31.5%. For 42 867 OAPs treatment episodes (median duration = 483 days, IQR = 167–1491), for whom adherence was modeled by the PRE2DUP method, BAMM incidence was 31.1%. Factors related to illness instability at treatment onset were associated with BAMM, although median time to BAMM was 291 days (IQR = 121–876) for LAIs and 344 days (IQR = 142–989) for OAPs, and 27.4% (N= 1386) of the BAMM events in the LAI, and 32.9% (N= 4378) in the OAP group occurred despite >1 year since last hospitalization at treatment onset. Cumulative antipsychotic exposure was not a consistent risk factor.ConclusionBAMM was relatively common even when adherence was confirmed with LAIs. Illness instability at treatment onset accounted for most cases, but relapse after years of continuous treatment was still prevalent. There was insufficient evidence to support causality between cumulative antipsychotic exposure and BAMM. Future research needs to address the role of symptom severity and neurobiology in BAMM.
Dynamics of proteins in solution
Authors: Grimaldo Marco , Roosen-Runge Felix , Zhang Fajun , Schreiber Frank , Seydel Tilo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe dynamics of proteins in solution includes a variety of processes, such as backbone and side-chain fluctuations, interdomain motions, as well as global rotational and translational (i.e. center of mass) diffusion. Since protein dynamics is related to protein function and essential transport processes, a detailed mechanistic understanding and monitoring of protein dynamics in solution is highly desirable. The hierarchical character of protein dynamics requires experimental tools addressing a broad range of time- and length scales. We discuss how different techniques contribute to a comprehensive picture of protein dynamics, and focus in particular on results from neutron spectroscopy. We outline the underlying principles and review available instrumentation as well as related analysis frameworks.
Making energy personal: policy coordination challenges in UK smart meter implementation
Authors: Giest Sarah 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGovernments are increasingly facilitating the roll-out of so-called “smart meters”, a technology for measuring energy consumption that are able to transmit and receive data using a form of electronic communication. However, implementation has been slow or even stalled. To identify some of the causes for this, the policy coordination perspective serves as a lens to unravel the different elements involved in smart meter implementation. The research adds the demand and supply dimension to account for market dynamics and public engagement challenges in the process. A case study of the UK finds that government efforts are challenged by the timely and coherent coordination of diverse stakeholders and regulatory measures.
Population Adjustment Methods for Indirect Comparisons: A Review of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Technology Appraisals
Authors: Phillippo David M. , Dias Sofia , Elsada Ahmed , Ades A. E. , Welton Nicky J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesIndirect comparisons via a common comparator (anchored comparisons) are commonly used in health technology assessment. However, common comparators may not be available, or the comparison may be biased due to differences in effect modifiers between the included studies. Recently proposed population adjustment methods aim to adjust for differences between study populations in the situation where individual patient data are available from at least one study, but not all studies. They can also be used when there is no common comparator or for single-arm studies (unanchored comparisons). We aim to characterise the use of population adjustment methods in technology appraisals (TAs) submitted to the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).MethodsWe reviewed NICE TAs published between 01/01/2010 and 20/04/2018.ResultsPopulation adjustment methods were used in 7 percent (18/268) of TAs. Most applications used unanchored comparisons (89 percent, 16/18), and were in oncology (83 percent, 15/18). Methods used included matching-adjusted indirect comparisons (89 percent, 16/18) and simulated treatment comparisons (17 percent, 3/18). Covariates were included based on: availability, expert opinion, effective sample size, statistical significance, or cross-validation. Larger treatment networks were commonplace (56 percent, 10/18), but current methods cannot account for this. Appraisal committees received results of population-adjusted analyses with caution and typically looked for greater cost effectiveness to minimise decision risk.ConclusionsPopulation adjustment methods are becoming increasingly common in NICE TAs, although their impact on decisions has been limited to date. Further research is needed to improve upon current methods, and to investigate their properties in simulation studies.
A Portrait of Late Life Homelessness in Calgary, Alberta
Authors: Milaney Katrina , Kamran Hasham , Williams Nicole 
Published: June 2019

RÉSUMÉLe présent article vise à évaluer les problèmes de santé des Calgariens de plus de 50 ans en situation d’itinérance chronique, à identifier les manques en matière de services pour cette population et à cerner les prédicteurs de l’itinérance chronique, tels que les traumatismes durant l’enfance, qui pourraient être atténués par des modifications touchant les politiques ou la prestation de services. Des personnes en situation d’itinérance, dont trois cents provenaient de refuges d’urgence, ont été recrutées à Calgary (Canada) à hiver 2016. Les logiciels Excel et SPSS ont été utilisés pour l’analyse des statistiques descriptives des participants qui ont été séparés en deux groupes, soit les répondants de 50 ans et plus (n = 142) et ceux de moins de 50 ans (n = 158). Plus de la moitié des participants étaient en situation d’itinérance continue depuis plus de dix ans. Les personnes plus âgées ont fait état de problèmes de santé complexes et d’obstacles importants pour l’accès aux soins de santé, associés notamment à leurs problèmes financiers, aux listes d’attente et au fait de ne pas recevoir d’aide malgré leurs demandes. Les répondants plus âgés ont rapporté des taux de traumatismes durant l’enfance inférieurs à ceux des répondants plus jeunes, bien que la moyenne de ces taux soit 2,5 fois supérieure à celle de la population générale. La reconnaissance des effets croisés et cumulatifs de l’itinérance de long terme et de l’âge pourrait guider la modification des politiques visant à réduire les cloisonnements entre les services publics. Étant donné que les personnes âgées en situation d’itinérance sont plus à risque de mourir prématurément, elles devraient être priorisées par les programmes d’aide au logement. Des interventions adaptées au contexte culturel et tenant compte des traumatismes seraient nécessaires pour répondre aux besoins à la fois variés et complexes de ce groupe vulnérable.
Molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisisolates from a high-burden tuberculosis state in Brazil
Authors: Salvato R. S. , Schiefelbein S. , Barcellos R. B. , Praetzel B. M. , Anusca I. S. , Esteves L. S. , Halon M. L. , Unis G. , Dias C.F. , Miranda S. S. , de Almeida I. N. , de Assis Figueredo L. J. , Silva E. C. , Kritski A. L. , Dalla Costa E. R. , Rossetti M. L. R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases worldwide. Among the estimated cases of drug-resistant TB, approximately 60% occur in the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Among Brazilian states, primary and acquired multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) rates were the highest in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to perform molecular characterisation of MDR-TB in the State of RS, a high-burden Brazilian state. We performed molecular characterisation of MDR-TB cases in RS, defined by drug susceptibility testing, using 131Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb)DNA samples from the Central Laboratory. We carried out MIRU-VNTR 24loci, spoligotyping, sequencing of thekatG,inhA andrpoB genes and RDRiosublineage identification. The most frequent families found were LAM (65.6%) and Haarlem (22.1%). RDRiodeletion was observed in 42 (32%) of theM.tbisolates. Among MDR-TB cases, eight (6.1%) did not present mutations in the studied genes. In 116 (88.5%)M.tbisolates, we found mutations associated with rifampicin (RIF) resistance inrpoB gene, and in 112 isolates (85.5%), we observed mutations related to isoniazid resistance inkatG andinhA genes. An insertion of 12 nucleotides (CCAGAACAACCC) at the 516 codon in therpoB gene, possibly responsible for a decreased interaction of RIF and RNA polymerase, was found in 19/131 of the isolates, belonging mostly to LAM and Haarlem families. These results enable a better understanding of the dynamics of transmission and evolution of MDR-TB in the region.
Prior exposure to immunogenic peptides found in human influenza A viruses may influence the age distribution of cases with avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 virus infections
Authors: Komadina N. , Sullivan S. G. , Kedzierska K. , Quiñones-Parra S. M. , Leder K. , McVernon J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 avian viruses of humans infected in China differs despite both viruses being avian reassortants that have inherited six internal genes from a common ancestor, H9N2. The median age of infected populations is substantially younger for H5N1 virus (26 years) compared with H7N9 virus (63 years). Population susceptibility to infection with seasonal influenza is understood to be influenced by cross-reactive CD8+ T cells directed towards immunogenic peptides derived from internal viral proteins which may provide some level of protection against further influenza infection. Prior exposure to seasonal influenza peptides may influence the age-related infection patterns observed for H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. A comparison of relatedness of immunogenic peptides between historical human strains and the two avian emerged viruses was undertaken for a possible explanation in the differences in age incidence observed. There appeared to be some relationship between past exposure to related peptides and the lower number of H5N1 virus cases in older populations, however the relationship between prior exposure and older populations among H7N9 virus patients was less clear.
Promoting Diversity and Inclusion through Engagement: The APSA 2018 Hackathon
Authors: Htun Mala 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTOrganizations—from academic and professional associations to private corporations and police forces—face challenges promoting diversity and inclusion among their workers and affiliates. Instead of training and regulations, recent research recommends mechanisms that engage managers and leaders in activities that involve behavioral changes. This article describes how we put the managerial engagement approach into practice by organizing a “Diversity and Inclusion Hackathon” at the 2018 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. With 11 teams focused on a range of topics, the hackathon attracted more than 200 people and produced multiple outputs. It engaged scholars from a range of backgrounds, social identities, institutions, ranks, and beliefs in the generation of new norms, programmatic ideas, and plans for the profession. Although we cannot infer causality, analysis of the APSA Annual Meeting evaluation survey reveals that hackathon participants are significantly more likely to express positive perceptions of the conference.
CONTRACTUALIST JUSTIFICATION AND THE DIRECTION OF A DUTY
Authors: Jonker Julian 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTTo whom is a duty owed? Contractualism answers with an interest theory of direction. As such, it faces three challenges. The Conceptual Challenge requires acknowledgment that a duty is conceptually distinct from an interest. The Extensional Challenge requires an account of cases in which one who is owed a duty does not take an interest in the duty, or does not take as much of an interest as someone who is not owed the duty. The Positivist Challenge requires explanation of the great flexibility of law and other social practices in positing duties that do not reflect the landscape of moral interests. Contractualism can be shown to meet these challenges once we acknowledge the centrality of the idea of a generic interest. Focusing on generic interests also illuminates the distinctive form of respect involved in directedness.
A Feminine Advantage? Delineating the Effects of Feminine Trait and Feminine Issue Messages on Evaluations of Female Candidates
Authors: Bauer Nichole M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCurrent scholarship offers conflicting conclusions about whether female candidates have a feminine advantage or a disadvantage. Previous work does not consider whether voters respond similarly to all types of messages that might emphasize feminine stereotypes, such as feminine trait and feminine issue messages. I argue that voters will respond differently to trait-based feminine messages relative to issue-based feminine messages. I test the effects of trait-based and issue-based feminine messages through two survey experiments. The results consistently show that emphasizing feminine traits harms female candidates, whereas emphasizing feminine issues helps female candidates. I use role congruity theory to argue that feminine traits activate feminine stereotypes about women, and feminine issues do not activate these stereotypes. I also show that trait-based and issue-based feminine messages affect Democratic and Republican female candidates in very different ways. These results have implications for the ability of women to win elected office and reverse the pervasive underrepresentation of women in politics.
The Women's Movement in Timor-Leste and Potential for Social Change
Authors: Niner Sara Louise , Loney Hannah 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe postconflict period in Timor-Leste is significant for the status of women and the struggle for gender equality. Women today face cultural and political pressure to conform to patriarchal demands, driven by a complex history of conflict, colonialism and changing customary practices. The contemporary East Timorese women's movement, largely a coalition of local NGOs, key women leaders and parliamentarians, has successfully driven the introduction of progressive egalitarian laws and policy, but it continues to grapple with the deeper changes in social practices required for systemic change. We argue that a better understanding of the history of the women's movement, forged within an anticolonial, nationalist independence movement, alongside a conceptualization of the intersecting structures that have shaped the capacity for East Timorese women to effect social change in their communities and nation, is necessary to fully realize the movement's goals and potential. Situating the movement within this framework provides new perspectives on these successes and on strategizing for the transformation of gender relations to make gender equality a lasting reality in everyday practice in contemporary Timor-Leste.
Who am I without anorexia? Identity exploration in the treatment of early stage anorexia nervosa during emerging adulthood: a case study
Authors: Koskina A. , Schmidt U. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEmerging adulthood (age 18–25 years) is a distinct developmental phase, characterized by multiple life changes, transitions and uncertainties, associated with significant risk of mental ill health in vulnerable individuals. Identity exploration and development is key during this phase, and the development of an eating disorder during this time can significantly impact on this process. This single-case study details the treatment of an 18-year-old female outpatient with first episode, recent onset anorexia nervosa. Using the Maudsley Model of Anorexia Nervosa Treatment in Adults (MANTRA), focus was placed on identity exploration and development as a tool to reduce the dominance of anorexia nervosa and increase recovery focus. Outcome measures at end of treatment and 6-month follow-up showed significant sustained improvement in BMI and EDE-Q scores. The patient gave detailed positive feedback suggesting that this was a highly acceptable and effective intervention. The case study is discussed with reference to limitations and some reflections on the utility of incorporating identity work in the treatment of anorexia nervosa in emerging adulthood.Key learning aims(1)This case study is thought to have important clinical implications for tailoring the treatment of early stage AN to the emerging adult population.(2)Identity exploration is a key feature of this developmental stage, and incorporating this work into therapy allows for experimentation and formation of an alternative, healthy set of values, beliefs and behaviours.(3)This case also highlights the value of using role models in the construction of a non-illness driven identity, to support with behavioural change.
VARIETIES OF POSITIVE MODAL ALGEBRAS AND STRUCTURAL COMPLETENESS
Authors: MORASCHINI TOMMASO 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPositive modal algebras are the$$\left\langle { \wedge , \vee ,\diamondsuit ,\square,0,1} \right\rangle $$-subreducts of modal algebras. We prove that the variety of positive S4-algebras is not locally finite. On the other hand, the free one-generated positive S4-algebra is shown to be finite. Moreover, we describe the bottom part of the lattice of varieties of positive S4-algebras. Building on this, we characterize (passively, hereditarily) structurally complete varieties of positive K4-algebras.
Why China finds it difficult to appreciate democracy
Authors: HUANG DAVID KC , LI NIGEL NT 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:This article explores the Chinese cognition of democracy in accordance with ancient Chinese political philosophy and modern constitutional jurisprudence. It argues that the classical Chinese cognition of democracy, i.e., demo-orientation, does not consist of any sense of equality and procedure, by which the Chinese people easily confuse democracy by the people with democracy for the people, thinking that China’s democracy subsists when the Chinese Government decides in favour of their interests. Moreover, the lack of sense of procedure produces inadequate means against tyranny, that the Chinese people can either admonish the ruler when he or she is still tolerable, or rebel when he or she is unbearable. Neither means serves institutionally.