bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Legalizing and Legitimizing Function of UN General Assembly Resolutions
Authors: Talmon Stefan 
Published: June 2019

In his essay on the “Uniting for Peace” resolution, Larry Johnson suggests that the General Assembly can recommend non-use of force collective measures when the Security Council is blocked because of a permanent member casting a veto. He rightly points out that today there is no longer any need to use Uniting for Peace for such recommendations. The General Assembly can and has recommended so-called “voluntary sanctions” in cases where it found a threat to international peace and security to exist. For example, in resolution 2107 (XX) of December 21, 1965 concerning the Question of Territories under Portuguese Administration, the Assembly, making no reference to Uniting for Peace, urged “Member States to take the following measures, separately or collectively:(a)To break off diplomatic and consular relations with the Government of Portugal or refrain from establishing such relations;(b)To close their ports to all vessels flying the Portuguese flag or in the service of Portugal;(c)To prohibit their ships from entering any ports in Portugal and its colonial territories;(d)To refuse landing and transit facilities to all aircraft belonging to or in the service of the Government of Portugal and to companies registered under the laws of Portugal;(e)To boycott all trade with Portugal.”
Introduction to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on Recognition of Governments and Customary International Law
Authors: Gathii James 
Published: June 2019

In the lead essay in this symposium, Professor Erika de Wet contends that notwithstanding all of the post-Cold War enthusiasm for a right to democratic governance and the non-recognition of governments resulting from coups and unconstitutional changes of government, a customary international law norm on the nonrecognition of governments established anti-democratically has not emerged. De Wet’s position, primarily based on state practice in Africa, is vigorously debated by six commentators.Jure Vidmar agrees with de Wet that the representative legitimacy of governments still lies primarily in effective control over the territory of the state. Vidmar, in his contribution, examines recent collective practice when neither the incumbent government nor the insurgents control the territory exclusively, arguing that in such cases states may apply human rights considerations. Like de Wet, however, Vidmar regards state practice as ambivalent and unamenable to ideal-type distinctions between coups (against a democratically legitimate government) and regime changes (to a democratically legitimate government).
Indigenous Interests and the Chapeau of Article XX: Equality of What?
Authors: Herwig Alexia 
Published: June 2019

My analysis focuses on a limited aspect of the Appellate Body’s (AB) EC—Seal Products decision under the chapeau of Article XX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It is revelatory for the kind of discrimination at issue under the chapeau in surprising ways.The general exceptions in Article XX serve to justify measures infringing other GATT provisions that have a close nexus to a list of types of public policies. The list of public policies is exhaustive. The chapeau prohibits application of those measures that arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between countries where the same conditions prevail or that constitute a disguised restriction on international trade.
Will the Dinosaurs Rise Again?
Authors: Schweitzer Mary Higby , Cano Raúl J. 
Published: June 2019

The movie Jurassic Park has engendered much excitement and some speculation among both the general public and the scientific community as to the possibilities of genetic research and molecular preservation.But will the dinosaurs “rise” again? Will scientists be able to ‘clone’ a dinosaur out of bits of genetic material and once again unleash these great beasts to walk the earth? If it is possible, should it be attempted? If not, why are time, money and effort being expended by several groups of investigators in attempts to isolate and characterize the DNA of these extinct creatures, if such DNA can possibly still exist? What can we hope to learn from these efforts, should they be fruitful?
Linguistische Fairness und differentielle Validität des Auditiven Wortlisten Lerntests (AWLT) bei Demenz vom Alzheimer-Typ
Authors: Hessler Johannes Baltasar , Brieber David , Egle Johanna , Mandler Georg , Jahn Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der Auditive Wortlisten Lerntest (AWLT) ist Teil des Test-Sets Kognitive Funktionen Demenz (CFD; Cognitive Functions Dementia) im Rahmen des Wiener Testsystems (WTS). Der AWLT wurde entlang neurolinguistischer Kriterien entwickelt, um Interaktionen zwischen dem kognitiven Status der Testpersonen und den linguistischen Eigenschaften der Lernliste zu reduzieren. Anhand einer nach Alter, Bildung und Geschlecht parallelisierten Stichprobe von gesunden Probandinnen und Probanden ( N = 44) und Patientinnen und Patienten mit Alzheimer Demenz ( N = 44) wurde mit ANOVAs für Messwiederholungen überprüft, inwieweit dieses Konstruktionsziel erreicht wurde. Weiter wurde die Fähigkeit der Hauptvariablen des AWLT untersucht, zwischen diesen Gruppen zu unterscheiden. Es traten Interaktionen mit geringer Effektstärke zwischen linguistischen Eigenschaften und der Diagnose auf. Die Hauptvariablen trennten mit großen Effektstärken Patientinnen und Patienten von Gesunden. Der AWLT scheint bei vergleichbarer differenzieller Validität linguistisch fairer als ähnliche Instrumente zu sein.
The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Angular Variation of Surface Spectral Polarized Reflectance Relationships: Improvements on Aerosol Remote Sensing Over Land
Authors: Wang Han , Yang Leiku , Zhao Meiru , Du Weibing , Liu Pei , Sun Xiaobing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSurface polarized reflectance is related to its optical properties and observation geometry. It disturbs remote sensing of aerosol. In this study, we differentiated the polarized reflectance of a natural surface based on the normalized difference vegetation index and scattering angle, and the interband correlation coefficients were generally higher than that without differentiation. The spectral relationship was determined based on normalized difference vegetation index and scattering angle and then employed for aerosol retrieval from polarization and anisotropy of reflectances for atmospheric sciences coupled with observations from a lidar measurements. The retrieved aerosol optical depths (AODs) were contrasted with Aerosol Robotic Network results. The correlation coefficient between the retrieved and Aerosol Robotic Network AODs increased from 0.723 to 0.836, and the root‐mean‐square error reduced from 0.348 to 0.245 after considering the differentiated relationship. Thus, the accuracy of the retrieved AOD values was improved.
Low Frequency Radio Pulses Produced by Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Cummer Steven A. , Lyu Fanchao , Briggs Michael , Mailyan Bagrat , Stanbro Matthew , Roberts Oliver 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDo terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) produce their own radio signatures? To explore this question, we analyze TGF data from the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor, independent lightning geolocation data from the National Lightning Detection Network, and low‐frequency (LF) magnetic field waveforms, to determine the relationship between TGF generation and LF waveforms. LF waveforms associated with six TGFs are found to contain a clear and isolated slow pulse (~80‐μs duration) within a sequence of multiple fast pulses (<10‐μs risetime). We find that the slow LF pulse is produced simultaneously with the observed gamma rays, with an uncertainty as small as 7 μs. Simultaneity implies a consistent TGF source altitude range of approximately 10–15 km, which is consistent with previous estimates. These findings provide important evidence that the slow LF pulse, when observed, is associated with TGF production and perhaps produced by the electron acceleration itself.
Morphology of Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer Intensity Based on COSMIC Occultation Data in the Midlatitude and Low‐Latitude Regions
Authors: Niu J. , Weng L. B. , Meng X. , Fang H. X. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIonospheric sporadic E layer is thin irregularity with much higher plasma density in the ionospheric E region (~90‐120 km). Morphology of sporadic E intensity is investigated by using the COSMIC radio occultation data during 2007‐2012. Maximum gradient value of total electron content fluctuation is defined as Smax index, and it shows good linear relationship with the sporadic E intensity parameter (ordinary critical frequency, foEs) in the low‐latitude and midlatitude regions. By using this Smax index as the sporadic E layer intensity, distribution of sporadic E intensity is obtained. Some known features are confirmed such as the hemisphere summer enhancement, diurnal and semidiurnal behavior, and intensity depression anomaly regions. New findings are also obtained, especially the different behavior pattern in the low‐latitude region. (1) Both positive and negative correlations exist between sporadic E intensity and solar activity, and this correlation also shows complex magnetic latitude dependency. (2) Weaker seasonal variation is found in the low‐latitude region. Besides, hemisphere asymmetries of sporadic E intensity/location are also found during the equinox. (3) Longitudinal wave number‐4 feature of sporadic E intensity is prominent in the lower latitude region, which may be related to the diurnal eastward wave number‐3 tide. In a word, it is feasible to investigate the sporadic E layer intensity distribution based on radio occultation data, which also allows for a global morphology analysis.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 attenuates oxidative stress-induced hepatocyte premature senescence in liver fibrogenesis via regulating nuclear p53–progerin interaction
Authors: Luo Xiaoying , Jiang Xiaoke , Li Jun , Bai Yangqiu , Li Zhen , Wei Peiru , Sun Suofeng , Liang Yuan , Han Shuangyin , Li Xiuling , Zhang Bingyong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStress-induced premature senescence (SIPS), a state of cell growth arrest due to various stimuli, is implicated in the pathogeneses of hepatic fibrogenesis. Progerin, a permanently farnesylated mutant lamin A protein, likely leads to premature senescence to influent liver diseases. The previous reports showed that activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling could enhance cell longevity and attenuate liver fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms about hepatocyte premature senility in liver fibrosis, and how IGF-1 regulates cell premature aging and fibrogenesis, remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found the augment of hepatocyte oxidation and premature aging, along with the decrease of plasm IGF-1 level in patients with liver fibrosis and CCl4-induced liver injury rat models. Nevertheless, IGF-1 gene transfer to CCl4 rats to overexpress intrahepatic IGF-1 relieved hepatocyte oxidative stress and premature senescence, which was likely mediated by the p53/progerin pathway, to improve hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis. In vitro, H2O2 caused abnormal accumulation of progerin in nuclear and activation of nuclear p53–progerin interaction to trigger primary rat hepatocyte premature senescence through the p21-independent pathway; while these effects were rescued by prolonged exogenous IGF-1 or the IGF-1 adenovirus vector. Furthermore, the IGF-1 adenovirus vector, transfected to H2O2-treated hepatocytes, reversed oxidative stress-induced premature senescence via enhancing cytoplasmic AKT1–p53 interaction and subsequently inhibiting nuclear p53–progerin interaction. Consequently, our data illuminate a novel role of IGF-1 in regulating stress-induced hepatocyte premature senescence in liver fibrosis: prolonged IGF-1 relieves oxidative stress-initiated hepatocyte premature senescence via inhibition of nuclear p53–progerin interaction to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and fibrogenesis.
Alcohol exposure alters pre-mRNA splicing of antiapoptotic Mcl-1L isoform and induces apoptosis in neural progenitors and immature neurons
Authors: Donadoni Martina , Cicalese Stephanie , Sarkar Dipak K. , Chang Sulie L. , Sariyer Ilker Kudret 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlternative splicing and expression of splice variants of genes in the brain may lead to the modulation of protein functions, which may ultimately influence behaviors associated with alcohol dependence and neurotoxicity. We recently showed that ethanol exposure can lead to pre-mRNA missplicing of Mcl-1, a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family, by downregulating the expression levels of serine/arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1). Little is known about the physiological expression of these isoforms in neuronal cells and their role in toxicity induced by alcohol exposure during the developmental period. In order to investigate the impact of alcohol exposure on alternative splicing of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and its role in neurotoxicity, we developed a unique primary human neuronal culture model where neurospheres (hNSPs), neural progenitors (hNPCs), immature neurons, and mature neurons were cultured from the matching donor fetal brain tissues. Our data suggest that neural progenitors and immature neurons are highly sensitive to the toxic effects of ethanol, while mature neuron cultures showed resistance to ethanol exposure. Further analysis of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing by semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis revealed that ethanol exposure causes a significant decrease in Mcl-1L/Mcl-1S ratio in a dose and time dependent manner in neural progenitors. Interestingly, ectopic expression of Mcl-1L isoform in neural progenitors was able to recover the viability loss and apoptosis induced by alcohol exposure. Altogether, these observations suggest that alternative splicing of Mcl-1 may play a crucial role in neurotoxicity associated with alcohol exposure in the developing fetal brain.
Novel chitosan–cellulose nanofiber self-healing hydrogels to correlate self-healing properties of hydrogels with neural regeneration effects
Authors: Cheng Kun-Chih , Huang Chih-Feng , Wei Yen , Hsu Shan-hui 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Biodegradable self-healing hydrogels are attractive materials for tissue repair; however, the impact of the self-healing abilities of hydrogels on tissue repair is not clear. In this study, we prepared novel chitosan–cellulose nanofiber (CS–CNF) composite self-healing hydrogels with the same modulus (approximately 2 kPa) but tunable self-healing properties. By adding a low amount of CNFs (0.06–0.15 wt%) in the pristine chitosan (CS) self-healing hydrogel, the reversible dynamic Schiff bonding, strain sensitivity, and self-healing of the hydrogel are obviously affected. Neural stem cells embedded in the CS–CNF hydrogel with better self-healing properties reveal significantly enhanced oxygen metabolism as well as neural differentiation. The differentiation of neural stem cells is highly correlated with their metabolic change in the self-healing hydrogel. Moreover, the neural regeneration effect of the optimized CS–CNF hydrogel with 0.09 wt% CNFs and the best self-healing properties show a 50% improvement over the pristine CS hydrogel in the zebrafish brain injury model. A mechanism is proposed to interpret the tunable self-healing properties of CS–CNF hydrogels with stiffness maintained in a similar range. The new self-healing hydrogels help to clarify the role of self-healing in the biological performance of hydrogels as well as provide design rationale for hydrogels with better injectability and tissue regeneration potential.
New approach to waste-heat energy harvesting: pyroelectric energy conversion
Authors: Pandya Shishir , Velarde Gabriel , Zhang Lei , Wilbur Joshua D. , Smith Andrew , Hanrahan Brendan , Dames Chris , Martin Lane W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHarvesting waste heat for useful purposes is an essential component of improving the efficiency of primary energy utilization. Today, approaches such as pyroelectric energy conversion are receiving renewed interest for their ability to turn wasted energy back into useful energy. From this perspective, the need for these approaches, the basic mechanisms and processes underlying their operation, and the material and device requirements behind pyroelectric energy conversion are reviewed, and the potential for advances in this area is also discussed.
PRL3-zumab as an immunotherapy to inhibit tumors expressing PRL3 oncoprotein
Authors: Thura Min , Al-Aidaroos Abdul Qader , Gupta Abhishek , Chee Cheng Ean , Lee Soo Chin , Hui Kam Man , Li Jie , Guan Yeoh Khay , Yong Wei Peng , So Jimmy , Chng Wee Joo , Ng Chin Hin , Zhou Jianbiao , Wang Ling Zhi , Yuen John Shyi Peng , Ho Henry Sun Sien , Yi Sim Mei , Chiong Edmund , Choo Su Pin , Ngeow Joanne , Ng Matthew Chau Hsien , Chua Clarinda , Yeo Eugene Shen Ann , Tan Iain Bee Huat , Sng Joel Xuan En , Tan Nicholas Yan Zhi , Thiery Jean Paul , Goh Boon Cher , Zeng Qi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTumor-specific antibody drugs can serve as cancer therapy with minimal side effects. A humanized antibody, PRL3-zumab, specifically binds to an intracellular oncogenic phosphatase PRL3, which is frequently expressed in several cancers. Here we show that PRL3-zumab specifically inhibits PRL3+cancer cells in vivo, but not in vitro. PRL3 antigens are detected on the cell surface and outer exosomal membranes, implying an ‘inside-out’ externalization of PRL3. PRL3-zumab binds to surface PRL3 in a manner consistent with that in classical antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis tumor elimination pathways, as PRL3-zumab requires an intact Fc region and host FcγII/III receptor engagement to recruit B cells, NK cells and macrophages to PRL3+tumor microenvironments. PRL3 is overexpressed in 80.6% of 151 fresh-frozen tumor samples across 11 common cancers examined, but not in patient-matched normal tissues, thereby implicating PRL3 as a tumor-associated antigen. Targeting externalized PRL3 antigens with PRL3-zumab may represent a feasible approach for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
Gene expression dysregulation domains are not a specific feature of Down syndrome
Authors: Ahlfors Helena , Anyanwu Nneka , Pakanavicius Edvinas , Dinischiotu Natalia , Lana-Elola Eva , Watson-Scales Sheona , Tosh Justin , Wiseman Frances , Briscoe James , Page Karen , Fisher Elizabeth M. C. , Tybulewicz Victor L. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDown syndrome (DS), trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), results in a broad range of phenotypes. A recent study reported that DS cells show genome-wide transcriptional changes in which up- or down-regulated genes are clustered in gene expression dysregulation domains (GEDDs). GEDDs were also reported in fibroblasts derived from a DS mouse model duplicated for some Hsa21-orthologous genes, indicating cross-species conservation of this phenomenon. Here we investigate GEDDs using the Dp1Tyb mouse model of DS, which is duplicated for the entire Hsa21-orthologous region of mouse chromosome 16. Our statistical analysis shows that GEDDs are present both in DS cells and in Dp1Tyb mouse fibroblasts and hippocampus. However, we find that GEDDs do not depend on the DS genotype but occur whenever gene expression changes. We conclude that GEDDs are not a specific feature of DS but instead result from the clustering of co-regulated genes, a function of mammalian genome organisation.
Spinal neural tube closure depends on regulation of surface ectoderm identity and biomechanics by Grhl2
Authors: Nikolopoulou Evanthia , Hirst Caroline S. , Galea Gabriel , Venturini Christina , Moulding Dale , Marshall Abigail R. , Rolo Ana , De Castro Sandra C. P. , Copp Andrew J. , Greene Nicholas D. E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLack or excess expression of the surface ectoderm-expressed transcription factor Grainyhead-like2 (Grhl2), each prevent spinal neural tube closure. Here we investigate the causative mechanisms and find reciprocal dysregulation of epithelial genes, cell junction components and actomyosin properties in Grhl2 null and over-expressing embryos. Grhl2 null surface ectoderm shows a shift from epithelial to neuroepithelial identity (with ectopic expression of N-cadherin and Sox2), actomyosin disorganisation, cell shape changes and diminished resistance to neural fold recoil upon ablation of the closure point. In contrast, excessive abundance of Grhl2 generates a super-epithelial surface ectoderm, in which up-regulation of cell-cell junction proteins is associated with an actomyosin-dependent increase in local mechanical stress. This is compatible with apposition of the neural folds but not with progression of closure, unless myosin activity is inhibited. Overall, our findings suggest that Grhl2 plays a crucial role in regulating biomechanical properties of the surface ectoderm that are essential for spinal neurulation.
Diabetes causes marked inhibition of mitochondrial metabolism in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Haythorne Elizabeth , Rohm Maria , van de Bunt Martijn , Brereton Melissa F. , Tarasov Andrei I. , Blacker Thomas S. , Sachse Gregor , Silva dos Santos Mariana , Terron Exposito Raul , Davis Simon , Baba Otto , Fischer Roman , Duchen Michael R. , Rorsman Patrik , MacRae James I. , Ashcroft Frances M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDiabetes is a global health problem caused primarily by the inability of pancreatic β-cells to secrete adequate levels of insulin. The molecular mechanisms underlying the progressive failure of β-cells to respond to glucose in type-2 diabetes remain unresolved. Using a combination of transcriptomics and proteomics, we find significant dysregulation of major metabolic pathways in islets of diabetic βV59M mice, a non-obese, eulipidaemic diabetes model. Multiple genes/proteins involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis are upregulated, whereas those involved in oxidative phosphorylation are downregulated. In isolated islets, glucose-induced increases in NADH and ATP are impaired and both oxidative and glycolytic glucose metabolism are reduced. INS-1 β-cells cultured chronically at high glucose show similar changes in protein expression and reduced glucose-stimulated oxygen consumption: targeted metabolomics reveals impaired metabolism. These data indicate hyperglycaemia induces metabolic changes in β-cells that markedly reduce mitochondrial metabolism and ATP synthesis. We propose this underlies the progressive failure of β-cells in diabetes.
Low viscosity of the Earth’s inner core
Authors: Belonoshko Anatoly B. , Fu Jie , Bryk Taras , Simak Sergei I. , Mattesini Maurizio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Earth’s solid inner core is a highly attenuating medium. It consists mainly of iron. The high attenuation of sound wave propagation in the inner core is at odds with the widely accepted paradigm of hexagonal close-packed phase stability under inner core conditions, because sound waves propagate through the hexagonal iron without energy dissipation. Here we show by first-principles molecular dynamics that the body-centered cubic phase of iron, recently demonstrated to be thermodynamically stable under the inner core conditions, is considerably less elastic than the hexagonal phase. Being a crystalline phase, the body-centered cubic phase of iron possesses the viscosity close to that of a liquid iron. The high attenuation of sound in the inner core is due to the unique diffusion characteristic of the body-centered cubic phase. The low viscosity of iron in the inner core enables the convection and resolves a number of controversies.