bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Vegetation and Pine Growth Response to Silvicultural Treatments in a Six-Year-Old Piedmont Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Fredericksen Todd S. , Allen H. Lee , Wentworth Thomas R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Combinations of two levels of site preparation (chop vs. shear, pile, and disk) with two levels of herbicide application (annual applications vs. none) resulted in distinct communities of competing vegetation, as well as differential pine growth in a six-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the North Carolina Piedmont. Chopping resulted in communities dominated by hardwood tree species, while shear-pile-disk led to a more even distribution among competing plant growth forms. Herbicide treatment reduced the overall amount of vegetation substantially, but dramatically increased the relative abundance of certain species, many of which are known to be resistant to the herbicides used. Trees, especially hardwoods, had a significant negative impact on the current growth increment of planted pines. No significant relationships were detected between pine growth and amounts of other growth forms of competing vegetation, such as forbs, grasses, shrubs, or vines. Shear-pile-disk-treated plots had higher species richness, evenness, and diversity than chopped plots, particularly on plots not treated with herbicide. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):138-144.
Storing Loblolly Pine Pollen
Authors: Bramlett David L. , Matthews Frederick R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A series of controlled-pollination tests with fresh pollen and pollen stored for up to 10 years demonstrates the conditions required to maintain high pollen viability and vigor. During handling, freshly extracted pollen is highly resistant to exposure to temperatures up to 50°C for as long as 24 hours. Moisture content must be reduced to less than 10% prior to storage. It can then be held in a refrigerator at 3°C for up to 1 year in a container that maintains low moisture content. For longer storage, dried pollen should be placed in tightly closed glass or plastic bottles and held at -20°C. Pollen can be stored in vacuum-sealed ampules at 3°C for at least 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):153-157.
The Influence of Woody and Herbaceous Competition on Early Growth of Naturally Regenerated Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines
Authors: Cain M. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four levels of competition control were used to study the response of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Treatments included: (1) Check (no competition control), (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. Herbaceous plants were controlled for 4 consecutive years, and woody plants were controlled for 5 years. Control of herbaceous vegetation resulted in significant increases in pine height, groundline diameter (GLD), and volume per tree. Control of only woody competition did not improve pine growth compared to untreated checks. After 5 years, pines on total control plots had significantly larger GLDs and significantly more volume per tree compared to pines on any other treatment. Pine growth gains were achieved with herbaceous competition control and total control of nonpine vegetation although these two treatments averaged 4,000 more pines/ac, in trees taller than 5 ft, than the other two treatments. Results of this investigation represent a unique standard of pine growth to which operational treatments might be compared. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):179-185.
Comparison of Herbicide Treatments for Controlling Common Coastal Plain Flatwoods Species
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Knowe Steven A. , Edwards M. Boyd , Kline William N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to identify optimum picloram-triclopyr combinations for use on the following flatwoods species: gallberry (Ilex glabra [L.] Gray), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens [Bartram] Small), vacciniums (Vaccinium spp.), waxmyrtle (Myrica cerifera L.), fetterbush (Lyonia lucida [Lam.] K. Koch), staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea [Water] Nutall), and sweetbay (Magnolia virginiana L). More than 70% control of gallberry, saw palmetto, vacciniums, waxmyrtle, and sweetbay was obtained with 4.0 lb a.e./ac of triclopyr alone. At least 1.0 lb of picloram combined with 1.0 lb or more of triclopyr was required to achieve 70% or greater control of fetterbush and staggerbush. The picloram formulation including 2,4-D (Tordon 101®) was more effective than the formulation without 2,4-D (Tordon K®) on saw palmetto, vacciniums and waxmyrtle. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):187-193.
Spot-Size of Herbaceous Control Impacts Loblolly Pine Seedling Survival and Growth
Authors: Dougherty Phillip M. , Lowery Robert F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two studies were installed at diverse locations to evaluate the seedling-centered area of herbaceous vegetation control needed to optimize seedling survival and growth. Study site I, established in 1986, was located on an upland Piedmont site in northeast Georgia. Study site II, established in 1985, was located on an alluvial site in southeastern Oklahoma. Treatments applied on both sites were: a no vegetation control check, and competition control in seedling-centered spots 2, 4, 6, and 8 ft in diameter. After 3 years in the field at the Georgia site, trees in the 6 and 8 ft diameter spot treatments averaged 13% to 15% better survival, 49% to 64% larger diameters at breast height (dbh), and 19% to 24% greater height than trees in the check treatments. On the Oklahoma site, after 3 years in the field, survival in treatments receiving vegetation control ranged from 41% to 56% greater survival than in the check treatment. Height in the 4, 6, and 8 ft diameter spot treatments averaged 32% to 47% taller, and dbh was 238 to 425% larger than those in the check. Most of the gain in survival was obtained with only a 2 ft diameter spot size at the Oklahoma location. At the Georgia installation, a 6 to 8 ft diameter spot size treatment was required to obtain a significant increase in survival. Diameter and height responses at both locations increased in proportion to the area treated with herbicide. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):193-199.
Growth and Physiological Response of Four Shortleaf Pine Families to Herbicidal Control of Herbaceous Competition
Authors: Yeiser Jimmie L. , Barnett James P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four open-pollinated families of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings were planted near Perryville, AR, in February 1988. Three herbaceous weed control treatments were tested for each family along with an untreated check. A single treatment of 3 oz ai/ac of Oust® was applied in April 1988 for spot, band, and total control of herbs. Total control was maintained with directed applications of Roundup° (3% product) as needed. Seedling survival averaged above 95% after two growing seasons for each treatment. Soil moisture, seedling growth, and seedling biomass were greatest and fascicle water potential of pines was least negative on plots receiving total control of herbs. Intermediate levels of fascicle water potentials occurred in spot- and band-treated plots where seedlings realized 91% of the height and 83% of the diameter growth potential for the site. Lowest soil moisture and growth plus most negative fascicle water potentials occurred on untreated check plots. Families differed in their physiological response when soil moisture increased. Needles and roots were the largest components of biomass. While improving pine growth, spot treatments for herbaceous weed control offer ecological and cost advantages over band treatments or total control. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):199-204.
Relation of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Attack and Fusiform Rust Infection in Loblolly Pine Families
Authors: Hedden Roy L. , Belanger Roger P. , Powers Harry R. , Miller Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship between pine tip moth attack and fusiform rust infection was studied in a 12-year-old loblolly pine stand in Houston County, GA. Four pine families were selected for study, and 24 trees of each family were felled for evaluation. The lower 8 ft of each tree was cut into two 4-ft sections and split to reveal the pith. Each section was examined for evidence of pine tip moth attack and the presence of fusiform rust galls. The analysis revealed 476 tip moth attacks and 99 fusiform rust galls. Forty-six of the rust galls occurred at the same place as a tip moth attack. These results, when combined with those of previous studies, suggest that the control of the pine tip moth may reduce the incidence of fusiform rust. Growth and yield simulations and economic analyses indicate that insecticide treatment of loblolly pine for the combined control of the pine tip moth and the associated reduction in levels of fusiform rust infection may be potentially cost effective in stands managed for sawtimber, but not for pulpwood. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):204-208.
Effect of Cone Storage on Pine Seed Storage Potential
Authors: Bonner F. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of cone storage on seed viability during 5 years of storage at 35°F was tested with seeds from studies with loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and eastern white (P. strobus L.) pines. Results showed that: (1) with the exception of slash pine, seeds from cones stored for the longer periods retained quality during storage better than seeds from cones that were stored only short periods; (2) all species exhibited slight, but statistically significant, decreases in seed quality after 3 years of storage, and with the exception of loblolly, more substantial decreases in germination rate at 5 years; (3) with the exception of eastern white pine, declining rates of germination indicated losses of seed quality at least one year before total percent germination decreased, and (4) slash pine seeds from cones in the center of 20-bushel crates performed better in storage than those from cones at the top of the crates or from cones stored in bags, but storage container made no difference for loblolly. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):216-221
Costs of Protecting Water Quality During Harvesting on Private Forestlands in the Southeast
Authors: Lickwar Peter , Hickman Clifford , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data on harvest volumes, topography, and other site and area characteristics were obtained from 22 timber harvests in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. An economic analysis was then used to estimate the marginal costs of implementing each state's recommended Best Management Practices (BMPs), as well as a set of enhanced BMPs on these sites. Considering all of the areas combined, the costs of using the recommended BMPs averaged 2.9% of gross timber sale revenue, $2.34 per thousand board feet (mbf) of timber harvested, or $12.45/ac. The cost of implementing the enhanced BMPs averaged 5.1% of gross stumpage value, $4.13/mbf, or $21.94/ac. Seed, fertilizer, and mulch, broad based dips, and water bars were the most expensive practices on a total cost basis. Culvert installation, streamside management zones, and road relocation costs were less expensive for most tracts. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):13-20.
Assessing Timber Availability in Upland Hardwood Forests
Authors: May Dennis M. , LeDoux Chris B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reported forest inventory statistics gathered by the USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis (SOFIA) have been criticized because not all of the inventory volume reported is truly available for harvest. In response to this criticism, a procedure has been developed for assessing timber availability from reported inventory statistics for upland hardwood forests. The procedure uses forest inventory and ownership statistics gathered by SOFIA, a stump-to-mill cost prediction model developed by the USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, and published wood price reports. Under the specific assumptions and conditions set forth in a demonstration of the procedure, a quarter of Tennessee's reported upland hardwood forest, containing about 40% of the reported inventory volume, was estimated to be available for harvest. The usefulness of the procedure in assessing available timber supplies for individual mills was also demonstrated. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):82-88.
Basal Area and Diameter Distribution Models for Loblolly Pine Plantations with Hardwood Competition in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain
Authors: Knowe Steven A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prediction equations were developed for basal area and percentiles of diameter distributions to account for the hardwood component in site-prepared, Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Unlike existing stand-level simulation models that incorporate hardwood competition, the new equations resulted in constant total basal area regardless of the amount of hardwood competition and permitted the variance of the diameter distribution to increase with increasing proportion of hardwoods. The equations presented can be used with existing dominant height, survival, and volume equations as a tool for assessing the impact of hardwoods on loblolly pine yield. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):93-98.
Habitat Characteristics of Active and Abandoned Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies
Authors: Loeb Susan C. , Pepper William D. , Doyle Arlene T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Active red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) colonies in the Piedmont of Georgia are mature pine stands (mean age = 87 ± 1 yr old) with relatively sparse midstories (mean basal area = 31 ± 3 ft²/ac). Active and abandoned colony sites have similar overstory characteristics, but midstories are significantly denser in abandoned colony sites (mean basal area = 56 ± 3 ft²/ac). Previous studies have focused on the effect of hardwoods in the midstory, but we found that increases in both pine and hardwood midstory density are associated with colony abandonment. A logistic regression model based on field data suggests that the probability of a colony becoming abandoned increases considerably when midstory basal area is >30 ft²/ac. To maintain redcockaded woodpecker populations, managers should keep midstory basal area in colonies below 25ft²/ac. Treatments should be applied to entire stands and not just around individual cavity trees. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):120-125.
Response of Pondcypress (Taxodium distichurn var. nutans) to Thinning
Authors: Ewel Katherine C. , Davis H. Terrell 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth rates increased in 1/5-ac plots after thinning in four out of five pondcypress swamps in Florida. Trees in the more heavily thinned plots (70 and 110 ft²/ac) usually had faster growth rates than those in the more lightly thinned plots (150 ft²/ac). Rates of increasein total basal area in thinned plots were not large enough to be economically meaningful. Trees in unthinned plots grew in basal area at an average rate of 1.2% annually. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):175-177
A Density-Management Diagram for Slash Pine Plantations in the Lower Coastal Plain
Authors: Dean Thomas J. , Jokela Eric J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from 92 regional, midrotation-fertilizer trials were used to develop a density-management diagram for site-prepared slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) plantations. The density-management diagram shows the interrelationships of five important stand variables (i.e., quadraticmean diameter (Dq), trees/ac, site height, standing volume/ac, and relative current annual increment) in a graphical form. The diagram can aid foresters in designing and comparing alternative density-management regimes for slash pine. In doing so, foresters can evaluate individualtree and stand level performances in relation to growing stock levels and make field approximations of growth and yield for various density-management regimes. Results indicated that fertilization and soil type had minimal effects on the diagram's isolines. This suggests broad applicabilityof the diagram for fertilized or unfertilized plantations found in the lower Coastal Plain. The use of the diagram is illustrated with three alternative density-management regimes, and a method is presented for estimating midrotation fertilization responses. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):178-185
Thinning and Fertilizing Southern Pine Stands of the Lower Coastal Plain: Biological and Economic Effects
Authors: Stearns-Smith Stephen C. , Jokela Eric J. , Abt Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The interaction between thinning and fertilization (nitrogen and phosphorus) was investigated in seven slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) plantations and one natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand in the lower Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Thestands ranged in age from 14-20 years when the 2² factorial (thinning X fertilization) experiments were installed. Significant thinning X fertilization interactions occurred on five tests, but the nature of the interactions was inconsistent. Fertilization responses remained significant8 years after treatment and averaged 35 ft³/ac/yr. Fertilization increased stand volume production in the chip-n-saw product class more frequently than thinning. After 8 years, thinning increased individual tree volume growth by 0.50-3.05 ft³/tree over the controls; however, thinninggenerally decreased both total stand and chip-n-saw volumes at final harvest. Economic effects were examined by determining soil expectation values (SEV) for each thinning and fertilization treatment combination for various rotation lengths using uniform economic assumptions. The treatmentcombination that maximized stand volume production was not always the best financial choice. The increased growth rates due to thinning, fertilization, or both tended to extend the optimal rotation. A 4% real cost of capital with harvest merchandizing of pulpwood and chip-n-saw product classeseconomically favored fertilization over the other treatments. However, increasing the cost of capital (6% real) or merchandizing solely for pulpwood put fertilization at a relative disadvantage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):186-193
Reduction of Root Competition Increases Growth of Slash Pine Seedlings on a Cutover Site in Florida
Authors: Putz Francis E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) seedlings (1-0) planted in a cutover stand dominated by 6-year-old coppiced hardwoods and woody vines benefited from reduction in root competition (by trenching) but not from increased light (by guy-wiring back overtopping trees).Over the 2-year experimental period there was no apparent effect of increasing canopy openness from 10% to 30% on pine seedling height, diameter, or aboveground biomass. In contrast, trenching resulted in increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, higher soil moisture contents,and a twofold increase in aboveground growth. The results support the use of site preparation and planting techniques that reduce root competition suffered by pine seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):193-197
Substitution of Public for Private Funding in Planting Southern Pine
Authors: Lee Karen J. , Kaiser H. Fred , Alig Ralph J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although public tree planting programs are designed to correct market failures, their only result may be a transfer of income if cost-shared planting is being substituted for private investment in tree planting. Previous research and anecdotal evidence suggests: (1) that nonindustrialowners use public cost-sharing funds even when they would have planted anyway, and (2) that forest industry and/or nonindustrial owners plant fewer acres because of large nonindustrial cost-sharing programs. We addressed these questions using an economic model and did not find conclusive evidenceof substitution. Without substitution, increased inventories and hence increased timber supplies should result from the public tree planting programs. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):204-208
Seed Source Variation for Height and Crown Traits of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Jett J. B. , McKeand S. E. , Liu Y. , Huxster W. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four-year-old open-pollinated progeny of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) from several elevations on each of five mountains were planted at three locations in western North Carolina. Total height, crown diameter, branch diameter, number of branch buds, number of buds in theterminal cluster, and tree crown density factor all varied significantly by seed source. Low elevation sources (5000-5500 ft) grew taller and had larger crowns than the high elevation seed sources (6000 and 6500 ft). The seed sources collected from Roan Mountain, the area most often used forcommercial seed collection, were significantly poorer than the best seed sources for total height, crown diameter, and density factor. Seed source x location interactions were significant for total height, crown diameter, number of buds in the terminal cluster, and branch diameter, but thebest seed sources were generally the same in all tests. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):5-9.
Valmet's Woodstar Series Harvesting System: A Case Study
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Brinker Richard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A production study was conducted on a Valmet 544 harvester and 546 forwarder operating in central Alabama. The average time to select, cut, and process a tree including moving between harvesting locations was 45 sec. Productivity averaged 6.4 cords per productive machine hour (PMH) and ranged from 1.3 to 12.6 cords/PMH. Tree size harvested during the second thinning averaged 7.7 in. dbh and ranged from 3.3 to 12.4 in. The average time to place a grapple of wood on the forwarder was 32 sec. A complete cycle (loading, traveling, and unloading) would require about 36.5min. for a 700 ft forwarding distance for a productivity of 5.5 cords/PMH. The estimated, after-tax cost for the harvester averaged over a 4-yr life was $85/PMH or $13.35/cord (excluding support and supervision). The estimated cost for the forwarder was $51/PMH or $9.27/cord.South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):69-74.
Comparative Performance of Sand and Longleaf Pines on a Phytophthora Cinnamomi-Infested Sandhill in West Florida
Authors: Barnard E. L. , Cordell C. E. , Gilly S. P. , Kais A. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survival, but not growth, of Choctawhatchee sand pine exceeded that of Ocala sand pine on a Phytophthora cinnamomi-infested sandhill in west Florida. However, both varieties exhibited relatively high levels of susceptibility to root disease and mortality caused by P. cinnamomi. Longleaf pine survived significantly better than either variety of sand pine and exhibited an apparent resistance to infection by P. cinnamomi. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):90-95.
A Flexible Yield Model for Regional Timber Forecasting
Authors: Murray Daniel M. , von Gadow Klaus 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Projecting the development of a regional timber resource in response to specific harvest patterns is an important activity for wood procurement planners and forest sectors modelers. Central to this is the development of suitable timber production functions. However, general yield models covering all possible growing sites, regimes, and tree species are simply not available. This paper introduces a general yield model for age-class based timber resource projection. The model is driven by mean annual increment (MAI) and can be used where reasonable estimates of MAI, based on historical evidence are available. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):112-115.