bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining duration of performance-based contracts based on fair payoff for the government and contractors
Authors: Tjendani H T , Oetomo W , Wiguna IPA , Anwar N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Conventional contracts are one of the road maintenance contracts based on the number of jobs measured and paid at an agreed level for different work items or referred to as unit price contracts. Meanwhile, performance-based road maintenance determines the minimum conditions of roads, bridges, and traffic assets that must be fulfilled by contractors. National road maintenance in several developed countries has successfully used integrated contracts, performance-based contracts. This is followed by the developing countries that previously had problems with the quality of national roads in which they were unable to provide the desired level of service. This performance contract prioritizes products and it is up to the contractor how to achieve this. Therefore, the choice of design, application of technology, innovation, process, and management are all determined by the contractors. This allocates higher risks to contractors compared to traditional contracts. But at the same time, it opens opportunities to increase margins where increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of design, process, technology, and management can reduce costs to achieve established standard performance. This study uses simulations to obtain the duration of fair and optimal contracts for the government and contractor. Duration 5-7 years is determined a duration that can provide benefits for both parties.
The economic benefit of toll road investment on the performance of the industry sectors in West Java Province
Authors: Sembiring I S , Anas R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Toll road infrastructure investment will affect the production sector, where the role of transportation is to be the logistics function of the manufacturing industry. The government policy based on the acceleration of toll road investment is expected to boost production performance. The local government is expected to provide support by increasing the economic potential of the region along with the policy. This research tends to describe the contribution of the toll road infrastructure investment in the Manufacturing Industry Sector in West Java Province. The empirical data result shows the difference of the significant efficiency level of the Manufacturing Industry Sector from connected district areas/cities compared to the areas that are not connected to the toll road (+ 6%). With the T-test Pair analysis, there is a significant difference against the value of efficiency level for the areas that are connected to the toll road from the Manufacturing Industry Sector once the Cipularang Toll Road begins to operate (+ 4%).
Slope structural health monitoring method against rainfall-induced shallow landslide
Authors: Koizumi K , Oda K , Komatsu M , Ito S , Tsutsumi H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The structural health monitoring of a slope against rainfall-induced shallow landslides has become an important issue in Japan with the recent instances of extreme weather. In particular, the early detection of a sudden rainfall-induced shallow landslide is well known to be relatively difficult compared with that of a slow-moving landslide. Thus, local governments or civil-structure management companies provide residents or users with early warning information of a disaster via rainfall-based data. However, rainfall information is not enough to predict the risk of individual slope disasters because it does not directly reflect the soil-moisture condition of a slope. To solve this problem, a soil moisture-based index (iQS) is proposed. The applicability of iQS in a real slope was evaluated using the result obtained by monitoring a real slope during heavy rainfall along an expressway. The monitoring results of the real slope were seen to agree well with the results of past laboratory experiments. This implies that slope deformation owing to the rise in water level does not occur unless the volumetric water content exceeds the IQS of the real slope. Based on this result, iQS can be used for predicting the risk of shallow landslides at an early stage.
Investigation of the gradation effect on ballast mechanical behaviors by means of discrete element modeling - part 2
Authors: Wang B , Martin U , Rapp S , Schuk V 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The ballast gradation has a strong influence on the mechanical behaviour of ballast aggregates. Discrete Element Method (DEM) based simulations are performed to investigate the gradation effect of ballast aggregates on their settlement, ballast position rearrangement, breakage rate and void ratio. In the second part of this article, DEM based simulations are performed to investigate the gradation effect of ballast aggregates on their settlement, ballast position rearrangement, breakage rate and void ratio (Part 2). The results indicate that the settlement and the ballast position rearrangement increase with the decrease of the averaged ballast size of a ballast aggregate, whereas the void ratio decreases. Besides, the breakage and the ballast position rearrangement occur mainly with the dynamic loading rather than the static loading. Based on the simulation result, appropriately enlarged ballast stones will benefit not only the stability, but also the hydraulic conductivity of ballast aggregates. The gained result can be used for the optimization of ballast aggregate regarding to its gradation, so that its service cycle can be prolonged.
Analysis of earthquake structure on a traditional wooden house of Mandailing
Authors: Irma N N , Syahreza A , Hari A W 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Most regions in Indonesia have the potential for earthquakes, including Mandailing. Traditional wooden house of Mandailing was established without the expertise of an engineer and architect. The aim of the study was to identify the wooden structures against seismicity to obtain an efficient and contextual wood construction for earthquakes. Therefore, it is important to observe and analyse the structure of buildings through seismic approaches and alternative solutions to the sustainability of construction. The research method was an experimental using SAP2000 simulations. It was to identify the performance of columns and beams as the main structures that require reinforcement and experience friction. The data analysis showed that the building had a mass of 355.484 kN with a static shear force of 150.0142 kN and a dynamic shear force of 693.274 kN, while the vibrating period of the Mandailing traditional wooden houses structure had a T = 0.94267 seconds value. In other words, the SAP2000 modelling results illustrate that the displacement which occurs in buildings with an earthquake scale factor of 10 is still within the safety limits. Thus, the buildings are flexible to earthquake movements, and damages in the buildings can be minimized.
Safety reduction in anchor groups due to uneven crack distribution
Authors: Di Nunzio G , Muciaccia G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the present paper, the safety reduction in anchor groups composed of cast-in place headed anchors was experimentally investigated. In particular, groups of two anchors were installed in concrete members designed such that one of the anchors was located in a crack and the other one in plain concrete. The samples were loaded in tension, thus simulating a connection with clamped rotation under both monotonic and cyclic conditions. The results are commented and discussed demonstrating how the presence of uneven crack distribution could lead to a safety reduction, which should be properly taken into account in the design of anchor groups.
Testing setup to examine punching shear strength in Self-Compacting Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SCFRC) ribbed slabs
Authors: Fodzi N H M , Mohd Hashim M H , Mhd Radzi M S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The punching shear resistance and behaviour of self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete (SCFRC) of flat slab were studied in the previous research. Currently, there is limited information available on the ribbed slab, without conventional reinforcement, and using SCFRC as the main material. The extensive convolution of the punching shear behaviour within the concrete and structure itself, and insufficient appropriate test method ascribed to the conventional reinforcement are being used. Hence, the testing setup, to examine the punching shear resistance and behaviour of the ribbed slabs by using SCFRC, was carried out. The substantial experiment on the SCFRC ribbed slabs, prone to punching shear failure, with the designed test arrangement was employed. The association between the punching shear load and the angle of the shear plane, the critical value of the basic control perimeter and the failure mode were studied and analysed from the results obtained. This research gives insight into the punching shear capacity of SCFRC ribbed slabs. The results exemplify and accentuate the advantages of using SCFRC, compared to the normal concrete in structural designs. The punching shear test presented here has established itself as a suitable procedure for testing SCFRC, and potentially, other fibre reinforcement composites.
Application of the 3D chemo-hygro-thermo mechanical model on existing bridges exposed to chlorides and mechanical damages
Authors: Kušter Marić M , Ožbolt J , Balabanić G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bridge engineering world practice has showed that implicit method of service life prediction, relying on sufficient quality and depth of concrete cover, do not guarantee a 100- year structure lifetime without major, complex and expensive repair works. Bridges exposed to harsh combination of mechanical (static, dynamic, cyclic loading) and environmental (sea salts, de-icing agencies, freeze - thawing cycles, etc.) actions are particularly vulnerable. Two such case studies: Krk Bridge and Maslenica Bridge located in aggressive maritime environment will be analysed in the paper including in-service performance and comparison between measured values on bridges and numerical results obtained by two numerical models for service life prediction: the 3D chemo-hygro-thermo mechanical (3D CHTM) model implemented into the finite element code MASA and the Life-365 model. Both models are capable to realistically predict chloride content in concrete after long-term exposure to seawater. However, the 3D CHTM model, which considers cracks and damage in concrete, anticipates the beginning of steel reinforcement depassivation much more precisely than the other model which doesn’t take concrete damage and cracks into account.
Experimental and numerical comparison of bio-based and conventional phase change materials for thermal storage applications
Authors: Lackovic L , Garrecht H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the paper, the performance of two phase change materials (PCMs) is evaluated numerically and experimentally. Technical requirements, size limitations and time response of the PCM present crucial boundary conditions when choosing the right material and storage type in the residential sector. The latent heat thermal energy storage system analysed in this paper is a modified shell-and-tube type of heat exchanger using paraffin wax RT-28-HC and a bio-based substance PureTemp28 as phase change materials with heat storage capacity of 255 and 190 kJ/kg, respectively. Their phase change transition temperatures are between 27 and 29 °C which makes them suitable for domestic applications together with underfloor heating and heat pump units. In order to properly validate the simulation results, a corresponding machine with the similar initial and boundary conditions has been set up. Additionally, to account for all possible impacts on the performance of the PCM, thermal storage unit was equipped with 24 radially distributed temperature sensors, a pump with variable rotational speed and a water supply machine that operates in temperature ranges from -50 to 150 °C. The results from the experiment exhibit very good correlation with the numerical simulations concerning the charging and discharging times.
Study on performance of lightweight concrete bricks with a ratio of sand and cement composition
Authors: Maizir H , Suryanita R , Arditama R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) brick is a material composition for wall building made of Portland cement, water, and fine aggregate blended with a foaming agent. The weight of the brick is light due to the air cavities formed in the CLC brick. The number composition of sand and cement in the CLC brick could improve the strength of the bricks. Thus, it is essential to find out the sand and cement consumption in order to improve the rate of brick strength. The study aims to improve the strength of the CLC bricks with the different composition of the material and to find out the index properties of the CLC bricks with the variable component of the materials. The study used an experimental work in the material laboratory with two variations of the material composition. The first variation is mixing concrete for the ratio of cement and sand of 1:2, while the second variation is mixing concrete for cement and sand ratio of 2:3. The wet density of the CLC brick is about 800-900kg/m3, and the average compressive strength test was conducted at ages 3, 7, 14, and 28 days for each test. Three identical specimens were prepared for each test. The study resulted in the 28-day strength of the CLC brick with a mass ratio of cement to sand 1:2 of 0.52 MPa, and the strength of the CLC brick with a mass ratio of cement to sand 2:3 was 0.68 MPa. The first variation was lower by 24.5% than the second variation in terms of strength. The higher cement consumption used into the mixed can make porosity of the specimen decrease, and then the strength of the specimen will improve.
Mechanical properties of crumb rubber-rice husk ash concrete as a rigid pavement material
Authors: Abdurrahman H , Wibisono G , Qoryati M , Sitompul I R , Olivia M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Waste tyres accumulate very quickly in a landfill as a result of the fast development of the transport industry, and mainly automobiles. The polymeric waste has limited usage and is rarely employed in a highly economic and viable product. A rigid pavement material needs to have high mechanical properties and durability when exposed to aggressive environments. In this research, a combination of waste tyre with rice husk ash and Portland Cement Composite (PCC) as a primary binder was designed to produce concrete that meets the requirements of flexural strength value of the rigid pavement based on the Indonesian Standard from Bina Marga 2018. Eight mixes with a variety of water/cement ratio (0.30-0.40), crumb rubber (2.5-7.5%), and rice husk ash (7.5-10%) were designed in this research. The control mix was PCC concrete. The crumb rubber substituted the fine aggregate content, while the rice husk ash replaced the cement content in concrete. The specimens were cast and subsequently cured in water pond up to 28 days. The mechanical properties of concrete, namely compressive strength and flexural strength were determined for all variations. Based on the results, Mix 1 with w/c ratio of 0.30, crumb rubber of 5%, and rice husk ash of 10%, performed both the highest compressive strength and flexural strength values of 36.38 MPa and 4.53 MPa, respectively, after 28 days. Both values fulfilled the requirements of the Indonesian Standard Bina Marga 2018. It can be concluded that an appropriate combination of crumb rubber and rice husk ash improves the mechanical properties of the concrete and has potential as a rigid pavement material.
Recognition of track defects through measured acceleration - part 1
Authors: Bahamon-Blanco S , Rapp S , Rupp C , Liu J , Martin U 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
For an optimized maintenance strategy, the early detection of track defects is necessary. Mounted sensors (e.g. acceleration sensors) on in-service trains are very suitable for track monitoring. With the continuous measurement of axle-box acceleration, short wavelength defects can be identified. For example, these defects can be rail breaks or cracks (i.e. rail defects), or local instabilities. Local instabilities can reduce the track quality in a short period of time. For an efficient data analysis of the acceleration signal and classification of different track defects, the development of appropriate methods is necessary. Therefore, a track-vehicle scale model was built to generate acceleration data used to detect typical types of failures. With the generated acceleration data, developed algorithms for pattern recognition can be easily tested. In the first part of this research, the vertical acceleration signals generated by the rail defects and local instabilities are collected, analysed, classified and prepared for being used in a model that can automatically identify these failures. The data is collected in a track-vehicle scale model, and after data analysis, the characteristics of the waveforms associated with each failure are examined using cross correlation. Every failure is classified both manually as well as automatically, and statistical features of the waveforms are extracted to create a database that is used to train a model using supervised learning. This model is described in the second part of the research.
Recognition of track defects through measured acceleration - part 2
Authors: Bahamon-Blanco S , Rapp S , Rupp C , Liu J , Martin U 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
For an optimized maintenance strategy, the early detection of track defects is necessary. Mounted sensors (e.g. acceleration sensors) on in-service trains are very suitable for track monitoring. With the continuous measurement of axle-box acceleration, short wavelength defects can be identified. For example, these defects can be rail breaks or cracks (i.e. rail defects), or local instabilities. Local instabilities can reduce the track quality in a short period of time. For an efficient data analysis of the acceleration signal and classification of different track defects, the development of appropriate methods is necessary. Therefore, a track-vehicle scale model was built to generate acceleration data for typical types of failures. With the generated dataset, developed algorithms for pattern recognition can be easily tested. In the second part of this research, three models created by the supervised learning method are trained and tested for the detection of the local instability in the vertical acceleration signal. The model A is trained with 78 laps and uses a manual classification. The chosen classifier for the model is a bagged tree algorithm implemented in the software MATLAB. The developed models distinguished between no failure, rail defect and local instability. For the training process of the model, the measured acceleration is treated statistically (e.g. Root-mean-square, Standard deviation, Spectral peaks and power). Subsequently test data for different scenarios is generated and used in the prediction model. With this model the track defects in the track-vehicle scale model are detected and classified very reliably. In contrast to existing methods, a machine learning approach is used for the non-destructive detection of the local instability. The results of the model are also improved by the model B and C by using 139 laps as training data, an automatic classification and an optimization of the statistics. The knowledge gained, can be used for acceleration data from in­service trains in regular operation, by adapting the developed model.
Invasion of China’s Traditional Architecture: A Review
Authors: Qing Xia , Hafizal Bin Mohd Isa Mohd , Azhar Bin Ghazali Muhamad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the process of China’s rapid urbanization, the issue of ‘uniformity in Architectural identity’ has become more serious, while traditional Chinese architectures are replaced by alien buildings. Since 1978, the Chinese government has implemented a series of open policies that have stimulated economic development, driven the development of architecture and changed China’s architectural style. Many countries in the context of globalization are inevitably obscured by their own characteristics, especially China. Contemporary Chinese architecture is completely modern and has lost its traditional identity and mainly has Western-style appearances. Chinese traditional architecture has almost withdrawn from the stage of building construction. This paper aims to review the reasons for the current status of Chinese architecture. The formation of China’s current construction status has internal reasons in China, and there are also reasons for globalization as the background of China’s construction and development. It was found that in recent years, a few architects have begun to pay attention to the construction and development of traditional Chinese architecture. It is hoped that China can continue to develop while not forgetting and abandoning its own traditions, and not losing its own characteristics and identity. The inheritance and development of traditional architecture is also the inheritance and development of culture. Even in the context of globalization, any country should strive not to lose its culture and identity.
Effectiveness of Local Waste Materials as Organic-Based Coagulant in Treating Water
Authors: Zaidi N S , Muda K , Abdul Rahman M A , Sgawi M S , Amran A H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The adequacy of chemicals as coagulants such as alum is all around perceived. Nevertheless, there are numerous drawbacks related with the use including high operational costs, impeding impacts on human wellbeing and generation of huge sludge volumes. In this manner, it is crucial to supplant these chemical coagulants with organic-based coagulants to minimize the downsides. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the suitability of selected local wastes in becoming organic-based coagulant as to treat raw water. Regarding choice of organic-based coagulants, this study focused on the local waste materials, which are chestnut peels, bagasse and maize cobs. These waste materials were prepared by washing, drying, grinding lastly sieving in obtaining powder of coagulants ready to be used. A jar test was then performed to decide the effect of individual characteristic coagulants on the effectiveness of turbidity removal under different working variables of pH and coagulant dosage. Based on the findings, bagasse contributed to the highest yield of 79.5% followed by chestnut and maize cob. From the jar test experiments, the optimum dosage of 90 mg/L and pH 7.5 was obtained. At these optimizations, highest turbidity removal of 97.3% was recorded by bagasse compared to the other tested natural coagulants. This showing that bagasse as one of the representatives of organic wastes has the potential to physically treat the water. Keywords: Organic-based coagulant; Organic wastes; Coagulant dosage; Turbidity removal.
Adaptive reuse approaches of Shophouses at Cannon Street in George Town, Penang.
Authors: Abdulhameed N , Mamat M J , Zakaria S A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
George Town has many heritage buildings as a UNESCO World Heritage Site that need to be preserved due to their status. Adaptive reuse of heritage buildings is a common method of building conservation and should be done in maximum retention with minimal intervention by applying the right materials with the appropriate approach. This paper focuses on the four approaches of adaptive reuse that were applied to Shophouses at Cannon Street in George Town, Penang. The data was collected from a survey on ten Shophouses in Cannon Street, Penang. The findings of this research point to the common approach of adaptive reuse in Shophouses that has been used as the Preservation approach.