bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architecture support for disciplined approximate programming
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Hadi , Sampson Adrian , Ceze Luis , Burger Doug 
Published: February 2019

Disciplined approximate programming lets programmers declare which parts of a program can be computed approximately and consequently at a lower energy cost. The compiler proves statically that all approximate computation is properly isolated from precise computation. The hardware is then free to selectively apply approximate storage and approximate computation with no need to perform dynamic correctness checks.
In this paper, we propose an efficient mapping of disciplined approximate programming onto hardware. We describe an ISA extension that provides approximate operations and storage, which give the hardware freedom to save energy at the cost of accuracy. We then propose Truffle, a microarchitecture design that efficiently supports the ISA extensions. The basis of our design is dual-voltage operation, with a high voltage for precise operations and a low voltage for approximate operations. The key aspect of the microarchitecture is its dependence on the instruction stream to determine when to use the low voltage. We evaluate the power savings potential of in-order and out-of-order Truffle configurations and explore the resulting quality of service degradation. We evaluate several applications and demonstrate energy savings up to 43%.
A Simple Three-dimensional Hydrogel Platform Enables Ex Vivo Cell Culture of Patient and PDX Tumors for Assaying Their Response to Clinically Relevant Therapies
Authors: Hribar Kolin C. , Wheeler Christopher J. , Bazarov Alexey , Varshneya Kunal , Yamada Ryosuke , Buckley Padraig , Patil Chirag G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A cell culture platform that enables ex vivo tissue growth from patients or patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and assesses sensitivity to approved therapies (e.g., temozolomide) in a clinically relevant time frame would be very useful in translational research and personalized medicine. Here, we present a novel three-dimensional (3D) ECM hydrogel system, VersaGel, for assaying ex vivo growth and therapeutic response with standard image microscopy. Specifically, multicellular spheroids deriving from either 5 patients with glioblastoma (GBM) or a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) PDX model were incorporated into VersaGel and treated with temozolomide and several other therapies, guided by the most recent advances in GBM treatment. RCC ex vivo tissue displayed invasive phenotypes in conditioned media. For the GBM patient tumor testing, all five clinical responses were predicted by the results of our 3D-temozolomide assay. In contrast, the MTT assay found no response to temozolomide regardless of the clinical outcome, and moreover, basement membrane extract failed to predict the 2 patient responders. Finally, 1 patient was tested with repurposed drugs currently being administered in GBM clinical trials. Interestingly, IC50s were lower than Cmax for crizotinib and chloroquine, but higher for sorafenib. In conclusion, a novel hydrogel platform, VersaGel, enables ex vivo tumor growth of patient and PDX tissue and offers insight into patient response to clinically relevant therapies. We propose a novel 3D hydrogel platform, VersaGel, to grow ex vivo tissue (patient and PDX) and assay therapeutic response using time-course image analysis.
A Nondilated Main Pancreatic Duct Predicts Type 2 Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Comparative Study of Resected Pancreatic Head Masses
Authors: Peláez-Luna Mario , Medina-Campos Claudia , Uscanga-Domínuez Luis , Hernandez-Calleros Jorge , Chan-Nuñez Carlos , Negrete Eduardo , Angeles Arturo 
Published: February 2019

Background: Chronic pancreatitis (CP), pancreatic cancer (PCa), and autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) often present as a pancreatic mass. Accurate diagnosis is not always possible; up to 8% of surgical procedures are performed in benign pancreatic masses presumed to be malignant. Objectives: We aimed to compare clinical and imaging characteristics of resected focal type 2 AIP, CP, and PCa and identify factors that could improve preoperative differential diagnosis. Methods: Charts from patients that underwent pancreatic resection under suspicion of PCa between 2000 and 2014 were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were recorded. Subjects were grouped as type 2 AIP, CP, and PCa. Results: We included 79 cases; 41 men, mean age of 57.3 years/old ± 15.6 SD. Pathology report was type 2 AIP (20%), CP (10%), and PCa (70%). According to international consensus criteria for AIP 11 cases were deemed probable type 2 and 5 as unspecific pancreatic mass. A nondilated main pancreatic duct (MPD) was associated with AIP (OR 9.3; 95% CI 3.05–28.7), p < 0.001; obstructive jaundice (OR 28.5; 95% CI 8.18–79.5); and a dilated MPD (OR 5.21; 95% CI 1.9–14.6) suggested malignancy. Conclusions: In the setting of undetermined pancreatic focal mass, a nondilated MPD suggests the diagnosis of type 2 AIP.
Coronary Artery Calcium Progression Among the US and Japanese Men
Authors: Hisamatsu Takashi , Liu Kiang , Chan Cheeling , Krefman Amy E. , Fujiyoshi Akira , Budoff Matthew J. , Miura Katsuyuki , Lloyd-Jones Donald M. , Ueshima Hirotsugu 
Published: February 2019

Background
The risk of coronary heart disease remains low in Japan, although distributions of several coronary risk factors have become comparable with those in the United States. We prospectively compared coronary atherosclerosis burden, measured with coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression, between men in the 2 countries.

Methods
In 2 population-based samples of 1712 US White, Black, Hispanic, Chinese men (baseline, 2000–2002) and 697 Japanese men in Japan (2006–2008) aged 45–74 years without clinical cardiovascular disease, we quantified CAC progression by serial computed tomography with medians of 3.4 and 5.2 years between scans, respectively.

Results
Among White, Black, Hispanic, Chinese, and Japanese men free of baseline CAC, CAC incidence was observed in 35.2%, 26.9%, 29.2%, 18.9%, and 29.2%, respectively. After adjustment for times between scans, demographics, behaviors, coronary risk factors, and their changes between scans, White men had significantly higher CAC incidence than Japanese men (relative risk, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.13–2.50). Among those with detectable baseline CAC, after similar adjustments, all the US race/ethnic groups had significantly greater annual changes in CAC score (mean [95% CI]: 39.4 [35.2–43.6] for White, 26.9 [21.4–32.4] for Black, 30.6 [24.7–36.5] for Hispanic, and 30.2 [22.6–37.8] for Chinese men) than Japanese men (15.9 [10.1–21.8]).

Conclusions
We found a higher CAC incidence among US White men and greater increases in existing CAC among all the US race/ethnic groups than among Japanese men in Japan. These differences persisted despite adjustment for differences in coronary risk factors.
Novel Left Heart Catheterization Ramp Protocol to Guide Hemodynamic Optimization in Patients Supported With Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy
Authors: Rosenbaum Andrew N. , Frantz Robert P. , Kushwaha Sudhir S. , Stulak John M. , Maltais Simon , Behfar Atta 
Published: February 2019

Background

Left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic assessment has been sparsely performed in patients supported on continuous‐flow LV assist devices (cf
LVADs
). Insight into dynamic changes of left heart parameters during ramp studies may improve LV assist device optimization and evaluate pathology.

Methods and Results

To complement right heart catheterization, a novel technique for left heart catheterization in patients with a cf
LVAD
was developed. Patients implanted with cf
LVAD
s underwent hemodynamic ramp left heart catheterization and right heart catheterization with transthoracic echocardiography. Continuous aortic and LV pressures were measured along with right atrial, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. A novel index, the transaortic gradient (
TAG
) was established. Thirty eight patients with cf
LVADs
were evaluated at a median of 446 days (interquartile range, 183–742) after device implant. During left heart catheterization performed for hemodynamic optimization, drop‐in LV end‐diastolic pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were associated with a rise in
TAG
. A range was identified for
TAG
(20–40 mm Hg) as providing the most optimal level of hemodynamic offloading. Pathologic states deviated from normal responses to ramp. LV assist device thrombosis was associated with an inability to increase in
TAG
during speed ramp. Significant aortic insufficiency was associated with a marked increase in LV end‐diastolic pressure despite a concomitant decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with increasing LV assist device speeds.

Conclusions

Inclusion of left heart catheterization to a typical right heart catheterization LV assist device ramp protocol imparted unique insights to optimize cf
LVAD
speeds in different clinical scenarios. A novel index, the
TAG
was defined and provided additional resolution to optimized offloading.
Rearticulating the Friend–Enemy Distinction within States: The HCNM’s ‘New Diplomacy’ of Desecuritization
Authors: Jackson-Preece Jennifer 
Published: February 2019

Summary
This article’s premise is that the practice of representatives of international organizations has something important to tell us about what it means to ‘do desecuritization’. The analysis provides a qualitative process-tracing of diplomacy by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s (OSCE’s) High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM). It finds that ‘new diplomats’ can ‘do desecuritization’ differently. By rearticulating norms, as well as negotiating interests, the HCNM is able to escape the constraints imposed by security grammar and begin to transform the friend–enemy distinction within states. ‘New diplomats’ like the HCNM are capable of initiating such fundamental changes within states because their non-state platforms and institutional cultures transcend traditional international dichotomies of ‘us’ and ‘them’. These findings add nuance to our understanding of desecuritization as practice and suggest a novel methodological approach for studying desecuritization empirically.
Business Diplomacy Strategies and Instruments: Biotechnology Companies Promoting GMOs in Mexico
Authors: Martínez Pantoja Yadira Ixchel 
Published: February 2019

Summary
Business diplomacy emphasizes engagement with stakeholders to shape the environment to favour business interests. This article recognizes that multinational corporations (MNCs) play a relevant role in the international arena, dealing with governments and other non-state actors by means of business diplomacy. Biotechnology companies, in particular, bargain with government representatives for commercialization, deregulation or intellectual property enforcement. In order to advance their economic and business goals, biotechnology companies have implemented reactive, proactive and relationship-building strategies and instruments. These MNCs have applied reactive instruments to respond to evolving problems and proactive instruments to address more complex issues. MNCs have also employed long-term relationship-building instruments, such as awards and research centres, to establish stronger relationships with multiple stakeholders. This article contributes to the discussion of what business diplomacy is and presents an analysis of strategies and instruments that is scarce in the business diplomacy literature.
Animus of the Underling: Theorizing City Diplomacy in a World Society
Authors: Leffel Benjamin 
Published: February 2019

Summary
This article explores the nature of city diplomacy using newly available archives chronicling the ‘municipal foreign policy movement’ of the 1980s, in which US city governments intervened directly in late Cold War foreign affairs issues. Cases covered include US city governments’ involvement in the nuclear free zone movement, the Central American crisis and the anti-Apartheid movement throughout the 1980s. A theoretical synthesis of literature in world society theory, diplomatic studies and social movement theory is used to explain the normative, macro-sociological, legal, democratic and sociopolitical dynamics of contentious city-government intervention in foreign affairs. Emphasizing the normative processes at play, this article argues through a world society theoretical interpretation that ‘municipal foreign policy’ efforts represent local-level codification of universal norms that the US federal government either neglected to enforce or directly violated.
The Neogene wood flora of Yuanmou, Yunnan, southwest China
Authors: Cheng Ye-Ming , Wang Yu-Fei , Liu Feng-Xiang , Jin Yue-Gao , Mehrotra R. C. , Jiang Xiao-Mei , Li Cheng-Sen 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
The Pliocene fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan, near the southeastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, have yielded diverse and abundant assemblages of fossilized mammals and woods. The Yuanmou fossil woods reveal a wood flora with the highest diversity in the Cenozoic wood in China. The woods can play an important role in understanding palaeofloristics and in reconstructing palaeoclimate of southeastern China. In this study, we describe ten angiosperm taxa and three gymnosperm taxa namely: Castanopsis makinoi (Ogura) Suzuki & Terada (Fagaceae), Cedreloxylon cristalliferum Selmeier (Meliaceae), Dalbergioxylon biseriatensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Lagerstroemioxylon yuanmouensis Cheng, Li, Jiang & Wang (Lythraceae), Lithocarpoxylon microporosum sp. nov., Lithocarpoxylon sp. (Fagaceae), Paraalbizioxylon sinica sp. nov., P. yunnanensis sp. nov. (Fabaceae), Pterocaryoxylon huxii sp. nov. (Juglandaceae), Zelkova wakimizui (Watari) Watari (Ulmaceae), Abies sp. (Pinaceae), Cephalotaxus sp. (Cephalotaxaceae), and Picea sp. (Pinaceae). Nearest living relative (NLR) comparisons of these taxa, coupled with previously identified taxa, suggest that altitudinal vegetation zones were present in the Yuanmou region during the Pliocene: (i) subtropical evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved forest dominated by Pterocarya/Juglans, Albizia/Acacia, Bischofia and allied taxa at lower elevations, (ii) subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Quercus/Lithocarpus and Castanopsis at middle altitudes of mountains around the basin, and (iii) evergreen coniferous forest of Abies, Picea and other genera at the higher elevations of the mountains. Based on the habits of the NLRs, the prevailing climate was probably humid subtropical and thus differed from the present-day hot and dry climate supporting savanna. It is suggested that subtropical forest was predominant in Yunnan, while tropical rainforest occurred in southwest Asia and India during the same period. The uplift of the mountains near the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in western Yunnan presumably acted as a barrier to block warm and humid air from the Indian Ocean, which influenced the dispersal and distribution of plants.
Influence of climatic factors on silver fir xylogenesis along the Italian Peninsula
Authors: Antonucci Serena , Rossi Sergio , Lombardi Fabio , Marchetti Marco , Tognetti Roberto 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTXylem phenology has been widely recognised as an ecological indicator of the impact of environmental changes on forest ecosystems, especially at the edge of a species distribution. We investigated xylem phenology of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in three sites in Italy, between the 38th and 46th parallels. The phases of xylem phenology were assessed weekly on wood microcores collected from March to November 2015 to calculate timing and duration of xylem cell production. The effect of temperature and precipitation on xylem phenology were sequentially included in stepwise regressions and used to predict the duration of each phenological phase under three future climatic scenarios at different concentrations of greenhouse gases (RCP 2.6; 4. 5; 8. 5). A growing season of 163 days was detected in the southern site that was longer compared to the central (132 days) and northern (120 days) sites. A longer duration of xylogenesis was mostly related to a delayed completion of xylem differentiation in autumn rather than an earlier onset of cambium reactivation in spring. Overall, 67–76% of the duration of phenological phases was controlled by growing season precipitation, while 24 –33% was influenced by minimum temperature. Inclusion of both the above factors in the modelling exercise simulated a lengthening of the silver fir growing season during the 21st century. A longer duration of xylogenesis was envisaged in the scenario RCP 8. 5, especially in the central site. Population and climate gradients need to be considered when addressing phenological shifts and growth dynamics of silver fir in Mediterranean mountains.
Linking functional traits and climate-growth relationships in Mediterranean species through wood density
Authors: Julio Camarero J. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTFunctional traits are considered to influence the performance of woody plants. However, few field studies have tested this idea by using radial-growth data. Here, I test if five major traits of the leafand wood-economics spectra (height, leaf area, specific leaf area – SLA, wood density – WD and hydraulic diameter) explain climate-growth relationships in 14 Mediterranean trees and shrubs. Traits were measured for both gymnosperm (four Juniperus species plus three Pinus species) and angiosperm species (two Quercus species, two Pistacia species, Arbutus unedo, Celtis australis, and one Tamarix species). Climategrowth relationships were calculated relating ring-width indices (RWIs) and local climate data. Leaf area and SLA were high in broadleaf deciduous species (e.g., C. australis), and low in junipers. WD reached minimum and maximum values in pine and oak species, respectively. WD explained 45 % of the variation of the association observed between RWI and April precipitation, one of the main climatic variables driving radial growth. Therefore, WD is a relevant functional trait useful to predict the performance of Mediterranean woody plant species, specifically concerning their growth responses to climate. Functional traits as WD should be further explored to explain growth variability between and within woody species, and to link this variability with responsiveness to climate and ecosystem productivity.
Seasonal growth responses to climate in wet and dry conifer forests
Authors: Acosta-Hernández Andrea Cecilia , Julio Camarero J. , Pompa-García Marín 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTWarming-amplified drought stress may decrease productivity and growth in both wet and dry conifer forest ecosystems. However, the seasonal radial-growth responses to climate, drought and related climate atmospheric patterns have not been compared in detail in wet and dry sites. We focus on drought-prone northern Mexico conifer forests and compare growth responses in tree species from wet (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and dry sites (Pinus leiophylla). to characterize the responsiveness to interand intra-annual changes in water availability we used dendrochronology and measured tree-ring (TRW), earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) widths. We calculated adjusted LW (LWadj) by removing the influence of EW on LW. We identified E(narrow tracheids within the earlywood) and L-type (wide tracheids within the latewood) intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) and related their frequencies to seasonal climate and drought. We also related growth to atmospheric patterns related to the El NiñoSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) which drives precipitation patterns in the studied region. Wet-cool conditions during the prior winter and current spring linked to El Niño events enhanced TRW and EW, particularly in P. menziesii, whereas wet summer conditions enhanced LWadj. The formation of E(P. leiophylla) and L-type (P. menziesii) IADFs was associated with seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, suggesting different strategies to withstand drought. the sensitive P. menziesii strongly responded to short spring droughts, whereas the tolerant P. leiophylla responded to longer spring droughts. Seasonal wood measures (EW, LWadj) and IADFs are proxies of intra-annual fluctuations in water availability in similar conifer forests.
Inhomogeneous Turbulent Dispersion across the Nearshore Induced by Surfzone Eddies
Authors: Spydell Matthew S. , Feddersen Falk , Suanda Sutara 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn various oceanic regions, drifter-derived diffusivities reach a temporal maximum and subsequently decrease. Often, these are regions of inhomogeneous eddies, however, the effect of inhomogeneous turbulence on dispersion is poorly understood. The nearshore region (spanning from the surfzone to the inner shelf) also has strong cross-shore inhomogeneous turbulence. Nearshore Lagrangian statistics are estimated from drifter trajectories simulated with a wave-resolving two-dimensional Boussinesq model with random, normally incident, and directionally spread waves. The simulation is idealized and does not include other (wind, tidal, Coriolis) processes. The eddy field cross-shore inhomogeneity affects both the mean cross-shore drift and cross- and alongshore diffusivities. Short-time diffusivities are locally ballistic, and the mean drift is toward the eddy velocity variance maximum. The diffusivities reach a maximum and subsequently decrease, that is, are subdiffusive. The diffusivity maximum and time to maximum are parameterized taking into account the eddy field inhomogeneity. At long times, the cross- and alongshore diffusivities scale as t−1/2 and t−1/4, respectively, which is related to the offshore decay of the eddy intensity. A diffusion equation, with a space-dependent Fickian diffusivity related to the eddy velocity variance, reproduced the short-, intermediate-, and long-time behavior of the mean drift and cross-shore diffusivity. The small Middleton parameter, indicating fixed float dispersion, suggests the Eulerian time scale can parameterize the Lagrangian time scale in this region. Although this idealized simulation had no mean currents, and thus no shear dispersion or mixing suppression, inhomogeneous turbulence effects may be relevant in other regions such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and western boundary current extensions.
Uncertainty in Retrieving Raindrop Size Distribution from Polarimetric Radar Measurements
Authors: Huang Hao , Zhang Guifu , Zhao Kun , Liu Su , Wen Long , Chen Gang , Yang Zhengwei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDrop size distribution (DSD) is a fundamental parameter in rain microphysics. Retrieving DSDs from polarimetric radar measurements extends the capabilities of rain microphysics research and quantitative precipitation estimation. In this study, issues in rain DSD retrieval were studied with simulated and measured data. It was found that a three-parameter gamma distribution model was not suitable for directly retrieving DSD from polarimetric radar measurements. A statistical constraint, such as the shape–slope relation used in the constrained-gamma (C-G) distribution model, helped to reduce the uncertainties and errors in the retrieval. The inclusion of specific differential phase (KDP) measurements resulted in more accurate DSD retrieval and rain physical parameter estimation if the measurement errors were properly characterized in the error minimization analysis (EMA), which was verified using two real precipitation events. The study demonstrated the potential of using full polarimetric radar measurements to improve rain DSD retrieval.