bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of demographic and behavioural change for the long-term decline in daily smoking in Norway
Authors: Vedøy Tord F 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
The aim of this paper was to compare the effects of demography (population aging and the increasing fraction of tertiary educated) and behaviour (intra-cohort ageing and inter-cohort change) on long-term change in the fraction of daily smokers (FrS), using a counterfactual framework.

Methods
Using aggregated data on smoking prevalence, education and population size from Norway 1978 to 2017, the probabilities of smoking for men and women were calculated using a pseudo-panel approach. From these estimates, four counterfactual scenarios of FrS were constructed by holding the age effect, the cohort effect and the distribution of age and education constant over time.

Results
FrS decreased from 45 to 14% among men, and from 33 to 14% among women over the study period. Holding the age distribution constant did not have any substantial effect on FrS. Holding the distribution of education constant led to a five percentage points increase in FrS among women, but not among men. In the case of no intra-cohort ageing, FrS would have been 11/12 percentage points higher among women/men. The corresponding figures for no inter-cohort change were 13 points for women and 27 points for men.

Conclusions
If the age distribution had remained stable over time, FrS would have been almost identical to the current level. In contrast, if smoking behaviour had remained stable over the life course or between birth cohorts, FrS would have been substantially higher than it is today. These results highlight the large cumulative effect of reducing smoking uptake in successive cohorts.
Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs
Authors: Holbrook Eric D , Greene Russell T , Rubin Stanley I , Renschler Janelle S , Book Bradley P , Hanzlicek Andrew S , Durkin Michelle M , Smedema Melinda L , Wheat L Joseph 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis (CM) in dogs is typically based on clinical presentation, serology, and (less frequently) spherule identification. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) is the most commonly employed serological method, but AGID is slow (requiring up to a week for titer). A Coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is also available; however, sensitivity is low in CM dogs. An antibody EIA was developed to detect canine immunoglobulin G (IgG) reacting to Coccidioides antigens. Serum was evaluated from dogs with pathology proven CM and/or AGID positive CM, as well as dogs with histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, non-fungal infections, or healthy dogs. A standard curve was used to convert optical density (OD) values into EIA units (EU). Serum and urine samples from CM dogs were also tested in the antigen EIA. Sensitivity and specificity for IgG were 89.2% and 97.2%, respectively, upon evaluation of dogs with proven or probable CM and control dogs. Cross-reactivity was observed in 7.7% and in 6.4% of dogs with histoplasmosis or blastomycosis, respectively. The antigen EIA alone was insensitive (33.8%). Combined IgG and antigen testing increased sensitivity to 93.2%, as three dogs were IgG-negative but had detectable serum or urine antigen. In 22 dogs with proven CM, sensitivity was statistically similar for antibody EIA and AGID (86% and 73%; P = .487). The MiraVista® canine Coccidioides antibody IgG EIA may aid in the diagnosis of CM by improving turnaround time with comparable sensitivity to AGID. Serial or concurrent testing by antibody and antigen EIAs may be beneficial when screening dogs for CM.
Influence of the microbiota on epigenetics in colorectal cancer
Authors: Sun Danfeng , Chen Yingxuan , Fang Jing-Yuan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractColorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Generally, there are three categories of colorectal cancer development mechanism—genetic, epigenetic and aberrant immunological signaling pathways—all of which may be initiated by an imbalanced gut microbiota. Epigenetic modifications enable host cells to change gene expression without modifying the gene sequence. The microbiota can interact with the host genome dynamically through the interface presented by epigenetic modifications. In particular, bacterially derived short-chain fatty acids have been identified as one clear link in the interaction of the microbiota with host epigenetic pathways. This review discusses recent findings relating to the cross talk between the microbiota and epigenetic modifications in colorectal cancer.
Two-Stage Revascularization and Clip Reconstruction of a Giant Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Gandhi Sirin , Mascitelli Justin R , Zhao Xiaochun , Chen Tsinsue , Hardesty Douglas A , Wright Ernest J , Lawton Michael T 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Ophthalmic segment aneurysms (OSAs) are technically challenging lesions with a wide-neck morphology and proximity to the optic nerve. Revascularization and aneurysm trapping are occasionally needed to manage unclippable OSAs. Microsurgical treatment requires anterior clinoidectomy, optic strut drilling, and proximal/distal dural ring dissection for adequate exposure. This video demonstrates a two-stage revascularization and clip reconstruction of an OSA. A 62-yr-old woman was presented, with acute-onset expressive aphasia, right hemineglect, and hemiparesis. Neuroimaging revealed a partially thrombosed giant OSA measuring 2.5 × 2.3 cm2. Patient consent was obtained for bypassing, trapping, and decompressing the aneurysm. A pterional craniotomy was performed and an external carotid artery – radial artery graft – middle cerebral artery bypass was performed. The aneurysm was proximally occluded with a permanent clip on the clinoidal internal carotid artery (ICA). Adherence of the distal supraclinoid ICA to the aneurysm wall did not allow for aneurysm trapping. On postoperative day 8, the patient experienced acute mental status decline due to a frontal intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The aneurysm was trapped in a second surgery to occlude persistent retrograde aneurysm filling. The aneurysm sac was circumferentially dissected with temporary parent artery trapping. The OSA was opened and thrombectomized using an ultrasonic aspirator followed by trapping clip application. Postoperatively, the patient gradually returned to neurological baseline with minimal expressive aphasia. Although OSAs are preferentially treated with flow diversion, giant OSAs with significant mass effect may necessitate microsurgical clipping or trapping with decompressive thrombectomy. This case demonstrates that proximal clip occlusion may not be sufficient for aneurysm thrombosis and rupture prevention.
Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Bullying, School Violence, and Climate in Evolving Contexts
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenisthty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Since 2005, the bullying, school violence, and school safety literatures have expanded dramatically in content, disciplines, and empirical studies. However, with this massive expansion of research, there is also a surprising lack of theoretical and empirical direction to guide efforts on how to advance our basic science and practical applications of this growing scientific area of interest. Parallel to this surge in interest, cultural norms, media coverage, and policies to address school safety and bullying have evolved at a remarkably quick pace over the past 13 years. For example, behaviors and populations that just a decade ago were not included in the school violence, bullying, and school safety discourse are now accepted areas of inquiry. These include, for instance, cyberbullying, sexting, social media shaming, teacher–student and student–teacher bullying, sexual harassment and assault, homicide, and suicide. Populations in schools not previously explored, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer students and educators and military- and veteran-connected students, become the foci of new research, policies, and programs. As a result, all US states and most industrialized countries now have a complex quilt of new school safety and bullying legislation and policies. Large-scale research and intervention funding programs are often linked to these policies. This book suggests an empirically driven unifying model that brings together these previously distinct literatures. This book presents an ecological model of school violence, bullying, and safety in evolving contexts that integrates all we have learned in the 13 years, and suggests ways to move forward.
Variations and Similarities in School Victimization
Authors: Avi Astor Ron , Benbenishty Rami 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines which patterns of victimization are universal and shared by many groups and in multiple contexts and which are more unique to groups or contexts. The chapter distinguishes among base rates (i.e., the prevalence of victimization types) and structures of victimization. It suggests that although base rates of victimization types may vary significantly among different contexts, structural patterns may be much more similar across contexts. The chapter suggests that are multiple ways to address structures of victimization. For example, will the prevalence of being humiliated by a peer always be higher than being pushed or shoved? Are verbal and physical types of victimization correlated in the same ways in different countries? Will latent class analyses reveal the same profiles of students in different countries? cultures? Are poverty, sexual minority status, school climate, and teacher support associated with victimization in the same way in different countries?
Global Burden of HIV/AIDS
Authors: DiClemente R. J , Crosby R. A , Sims J. P 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Beginning with the observation that AIDS has a tendency to invade subpopulations within a nation that are the most marginalized, this chapter provides case examples of the epidemic within five different nations. Specifically, the authors discuss Lesotho, the United Kingdom, Thailand, Ukraine, and India. The chapter characterizes the vast differences that exist across the national HIV epidemics that comprise the AIDS pandemic. The authors examine specific vulnerable populations, such as sex workers, intravenous drug users, transgendered people, and men who have sex with other men. They also discuss the role of social conditions and social norms, such as women’s rights, not only in the spread of but also the treatment of HIV.
Community Mobilization as an HIV Prevention Strategy
Authors: Parker R , Garcia J , Muñoz-Laboy M , Murray L , Seffner F 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter documents the ways in which the Brazilian focus on community mobilization and empowerment has succeeded in implementing timely and effective HIV prevention programs in key affected communities such as sex workers and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Further, the chapter analyzes the ways in which this strategy made it possible to address many of the structural drivers of HIV in these communities. Of great importance, however, it also highlights the extent to which addressing these structural forces depended on a favorable political context capable of supporting and nurturing such approaches. The subsequent “shift” of focus in terms of HIV prevention in Brazil is then examined to show how the broader political ecology of the country unfavorably changed what had been an effective initial response to ending AIDS in Brazil.
Enhancing Theory of Structural-Level Interventions for HIV Prevention and Care
Authors: Hensen B , Dringus S , Eakle R , Remme M , Hargreaves J 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides multiple insights into the theoretical basis of structural-level intervention approaches to the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Set within the context of social science theories applied to HIV/AIDS and the growing realization that behavioral theories are lacking in effect, the chapter suggests an expanded role of social science theory in the development of structural-level interventions. A case is presented that moving forward to prevent and control the pandemic will require improved theoretical frameworks for addressing persistent inequities. Topics covered include the emergence of “structural interventions” in HIV/AIDS and ways to move theoretically informed structural interventions. A theoretically informed agenda for a new generation of structural interventions is proposed.
Social Conditions and the AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Crosby R. A , DiClemente R. J , Sims J. P 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes the AIDS pandemic as being intimately linked with inequitable social conditions. The case is made that these social inequities must be the primary “target” of HIV prevention efforts. The five pillar model is introduced and used as guide for illustrating the inherent value of structural-level interventions to the goal of ending AIDS. The chapter further makes the case that rectifying social inequities is the basis for going beyond the goal of ending AIDS and moving toward global health for all people. The chapter describes the social drivers of the pandemic, a prevention paradigm, and a proposed framework for structural-level interventions.
Criminal Justice Issues Among Homeless Veterans
Authors: Blue-Howells Jessica , Timko Christine , Clark Sean , Finlay Andrea K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
While there is not research that demonstrates that homelessness causes incarceration or that incarceration causes homelessness, there has long been an understanding that the two influence and create risk for one another. This chapter examines the prevalence of and risk factors for criminal justice involvement among homeless Veterans and the prevalence of and risk factors for homelessness among criminal justice–involved Veterans. The lack of shared definitions of homelessness and criminal justice involvement results in a wide range of prevalence estimates, few risk factors have been identified, and the cyclical nature and mechanisms explaining the link between homelessness and criminal justice involvement among Veterans is largely unknown. The US Department of Veterans Affairs currently has two programs designed to address treatment needs, including homelessness, among criminal justice–involved Veterans. As these programs expand and evolve, research is needed to fill our extensive knowledge gaps and develop programs and interventions to attenuate Veterans’ risks for chronic homelessness and criminal justice involvement.
Homelessness and Money Management in Military Veterans
Authors: Elbogen Eric B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Research has identified many factors associated with homelessness in Veterans; however, relatively less attention has been given to how poor financial decision-making may contribute to homelessness in Veterans. This chapter first outlines money management challenges and issues faced by Veterans and emphasizes unique characteristics of military service and Veteran status that may play a role. Evidence of a link between mental health problems and money management in Veterans is then presented, along with a review of empirical literature on money management and Veteran homelessness. The chapter then discusses how to effectively improve money management and financial literacy in Veterans, highlighting US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and military programs aimed at improving financial literacy. In the end, it is argued that striving to improve money management in Veterans’ lives should be a core component in efforts to eliminate Veteran homelessness.
Aging and Mortality in Homeless Veterans
Authors: Schinka John A. , Byrne Thomas H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this chapter the authors describe and discuss two emerging related issues in the homeless Veteran population: aging and mortality. To facilitate the presentation of the current status of these issues, the authors have divided the chapter into four sections. The first section provides an overview on the current state of homelessness in Veterans and a perspective on the factors contributing to Veteran homelessness. The second and third sections present reviews of aging and mortality in homeless Veterans. These are two separate yet related issues, given that the homelessness is disproportionately represented in older Veterans, the Veteran homeless population is aging, and homeless Veterans have increased mortality risk across the age range but especially in older age. The last section provides a summary with comments on intervention strategies for older homeless Veterans.
Policy and Poverty in Seven European Union Countries in the Lisbon Decade
Authors: Hills John , Paulus Alari , Sutherland Holly , Tasseva Iva 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which tax and benefit policy changes introduced in the period 2001−2011 had poverty- or inequality-reducing effects. The analysis uses the tax−benefit model EUROMOD and covers seven diverse EU countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It separates effects of structural policy reforms and those resulting from methods used for indexation of monetary parameters of the systems. Adequate indexation was typically more important in alleviating poverty and inequality than changes to the structure of policies. In fact, most of the structural changes that governments introduced, especially in the 2007−2011 crisis-onset period, had poverty- and inequality-increasing effects. There was considerable variation among the countries in how different policy instruments were adjusted and in the effects of the adjustments by income, by age, and by household composition.
Do Employment-Conditional Earnings Subsidies Work?
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cash transfers and tax credits to people in paid work but with low earnings are increasingly prominent in affluent countries. How effective are these programs at reducing poverty and increasing employment? The experiences of the United States and United Kingdom suggest that, in an economy with weak unions and limited labor market regulations, an employment-conditional earnings subsidy increases employment among persons at the low end of the labor market but reduces low-end wage levels somewhat. Overall, it appears to boost the absolute incomes of low-end households. Even so, cross-country comparison offers little support for a conclusion that the institutional configuration in these countries, including the employment-conditional earnings subsidy, is especially effective at generating high and rising employment, high and rising incomes among low-end households, or low and decreasing relative poverty rates. Quite a few other affluent nations have done as well as or better than the United Kingdom and the United States in recent decades.
Improving Poverty Reduction
Authors: Oosterlynck Stijn , Novy Andreas , Kazepov Yuri , Cools Pieter , Saruis Tatiana , Leubolt Bernhard , Wukovitsch Florian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the potential of social innovations as effective policies and actions to reduce poverty. Social innovations are driven by an unconventional mix of actors and apply multidimensional approaches to respond to social needs that are not adequately met by macro-level welfare policies. The chapter first gives a brief overview of the history of social innovation as an academic concept and an important concept in current European policies to combat poverty. It then turns to the implications of adopting a social innovation perspective for our understanding of poverty. We stress the multidimensional and relational character of poverty, highlight the importance of place-based developments and their multilevel governances, and point out the crucial role of participation and empowerment. Finally, we present preliminary lessons for anti-poverty strategies based on our extensive case-study analysis, stressing the important link to broader strategies to foster social cohesion, the value of bottom-linked approaches, and the importance of collective empowerment.
Social Investment at Crossroads
Authors: Cronert Axel , Palme Joakim 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The concept of social investment has gained ground among European Union policymakers as a strategy to reconcile the goals of employment, growth, and social inclusion. However, scholars have criticized the social investment approach for not achieving its intended distributional consequences and have questioned the complementarity between the goals of increasing employment and decreasing poverty. We argue that distinguishing between the “Enlightened Path”—more commonly known as the “Nordic approach”—and the “Third Way” approach to social investment is important for understanding the relationships between social investment policies, employment, and poverty. By critically examining policy developments in Sweden, we find that the recent noticeable increase in relative poverty can best be accounted for by changes in tax and transfer policies that represent a shift from the Nordic approach to the Third Way approach, whereas an “employment vs. poverty” trade-off is mitigated by the sustained presence of a compressed wage structure.
The Design of In-work Benefits
Authors: Vandelannoote Dieter , Verbist Gerlinde 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact of the design of in-work benefits on work incentives and poverty reduction. Focusing on one country, Belgium, microsimulation techniques are used to study stylized design changes in a stepwise manner, examining in each step which characteristics of an in-work benefit “make it work.” As this study makes clear, both the size and design matter. Sufficient budget is needed to reach significant changes in outcomes, while the exact specifications of the way in which the benefit is designed are crucial. The results show some trade-offs between employment and poverty objectives, as well as between labor-supply outcomes at the extensive and the intensive margin. For the Belgian context, an individual-based system that uses hourly wages as a threshold seems to reconcile both work incentives and poverty outcomes in a satisfactory way.
The Enduring Significance of Segregation
Authors: Purnell Jason Q. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Residential segregation remains a perennial problem in major metropolitan areas across the United States. Many researchers have focused on the effects of segregation on housing patterns, educational disparities, and the geographic concentration of poverty. This chapter explores how these and other results of residential segregation affect population health. Using as its backdrop the St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area—one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in the nation—this chapter reviews the scientific literature on segregation and health outcomes. It also discusses potential strategies for addressing segregation in this local context and nationally. Much of the local discussion draws on For the Sake of All, a landmark study on the health and well-being of African Americans in St. Louis. An analysis of the cultural, psychological, political, and practical barriers to integration is also presented.