bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BEGINNING OF RELIGION
Authors: Wunn Ina 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the last two decades, the study of Palaeolithic religion has come to be of increasing concern to both scholars of the history of religion and archaeologists. In this paper the appropriateness of some recent views in the interpretation of the archaeological findings is re-evaluated. The conclusion of this study is that neither evidence of early ritual practises nor of belief in an afterlife can be endorsed. All relevant conceptions of that kind are either products of a certain mental climate at the time of the discovery of the fossils, or of ideologies. The results of palaeanthropological research prove that none of the early representatives of the genus Homo was capable of developing a complicated symbol system. Only in the middle Palaeolithic period Homo neanderthalensis had developed advanced intellectual abilities. But neither in connection with his hunting customs nor with his domestic activities can any traces of cult practice be found. Only the rare burials can be interpreted as a first sign of religious feelings. But there are no funeral rituals or funeral gifts. All assumptions that Neanderthal man already believed in an afterlife, are mere speculation. Theories of rituals during the lower and middle Palaeolithic belong to the realm of legend.
How Ordinary Cognition Informs Petitionary Prayer
Authors: Barrett Justin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFour studies (two experiments, a journaling study, and a questionnaire) conducted with American Protestant college students explored intuitions concerning petitionary prayer. Since Protestant theology offers little teaching on through which modes of causation God is most likely to act, it was hypothesized that intuitive causal cognition would be used to generate inferences regarding this aspect of petitionary prayer. Participants in these studies favored asking God to act via psychological causation over the biological and mechanistic domains. Further, in fictitious scenarios participants reported being more likely to ask a supercomputer or Superman to solve a problem through mechanistic intervention than God. These results are consistent with two previous findings: that God is often intuitively represented as having a single physical location (and it is not nearby); and psychosocial agents (such as God) are expected to require physical contact to act on non-agents.
EAVESDROPPING AND MATE CHOICE IN FEMALE FIGHTING FISH
Authors: Doutrelant Claire , McGregor Peter 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Despite the fact that most communication occurs in the context of networks of several individuals, the consequences of considering communication as a network on individuals' capacity for gathering information on congeners has been little investigated. Eavesdropping is the behaviour of a receiver extracting information from an interaction in which it is taking no part. Due to the fact that signals used in aggressive interactions are assumed to be reliable, eavesdropping could be an effective way of evaluating the quality of potential mates. We conducted two experiments designed to discover if female fighting fish (Betta splendens) monitor aggressive interactions between two males and if information gained by eavesdropping is used in the initial stages of subsequent mate choice. We found that females that had seen the interaction visited the winner first more often and spent significantly more time near, looking at and displaying to the winner of the interaction. By contrast females that had not seen the interaction visited the loser first more often and did not behave significantly differently to winner and loser. Overall these results are consistent with the idea that in the initial stages of mate choice females eavesdrop, i.e. use information gathered from male-male displays.
Ultrastructure of the stoma in Heth mauriesi Adamson, 1982 (Rhigonematida: Hethidae)
Authors: Spiridonov Sergei , Yushin Vladimir 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe structure of the highly modified cephalic end of females of Heth mauriesi (Rhigonematida, Hethidae) was studied under transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The specific muscle cells and cuticular differentiations responsible for regular movements of the Heth female cephalic end are described. An identification of separate regions of Heth mauriesi stoma with cheilostom, gymnostom and stegostom is proposed. Ultrastructure du stoma d 'Heth mauriesi Adamson, 1982 (Rhigonematida: Hethidae) - La structure de l'extrémité céphalique fortement modifiée des femelles de Heth mauriesi (Rhigonematida; Hethidae) est étudiée en microscopie électronique à balayage et de transmission. Les cellules musculaires spécifiques et les différentiations cuticulaires responsables des mouvements réguliers de l'extrémité céphalique des femelles de Heth sont décrites. Une identification des régions du stoma de Heth mauriesi , divisé en cheilostome, gymnostome et stégostome, est proposée.
Modelling water uptake in highly compacted bentonite in environmental sealing barriers
Authors: Gattermann J. , Wittke W. , Erichsen C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPlans to close a German radioactive waste repository in rock salt include as one alternative the construction of a ‘Cross Section Closure (CSC)’ sealing barrier. The proposed material for the sealing barrier is highly compacted bentonite. To investigate the swelling behaviour of a highly compacted bentonite, a large number of laboratory tests were performed. In addition, large scale model tests were carried out to demonstrate the development of a nearly homogeneous and isotropic swelling pressure. The results of the large scale model tests were interpreted numerically based on the models for stress-strain behaviour and water uptake which are implemented in the finite element computer codes FEST03 and HYDOPO. The investigations show good agreement between the results of the model tests and the corresponding analyses and show that the theoretical models are capable of describing the behaviour of sealing structures based on highly compacted bentonite.
The reactivity of bentonites: a review. An application to clay barrier stability for nuclear waste storage
Authors: Meunier A. , Velde B. , Griffault L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe thermal stability of bentonites is of particular interest for containment barriers in nuclear waste storage facilities. The kinetics of smectite reactions have been investigated under laboratory conditions for some time. The variables of time, chemical composition and temperature have been varied in these experiments. The results of such an assessment are that there are about as many kinetic values deduced from experiments as there are experiments.Experiments using natural bentonite to study the smectite-to-illite conversion have been interpreted as a progressive transformation of montmorillonite to illite. It is highly probable that the initial reaction product is not illite but a high-charge beidellite + saponite + quartz mineral assemblage which gives, then, beidellite-mica interstratified mixed-layer minerals. These experimental reactions are noticeably different from those of diagenesis, being closer to reactions in hydrothermal systems.
Illite-smectites and the influence of burial diagenesis on the geochemical cycling of nitrogen
Authors: Schroeder P. A. , McLain A. A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFixed nitrogen in illite-smectites (I-S) has been measured for Miocene shales from a Gulf of Mexico oil well. Fixed N values for the <0.2 µm fraction increase with depth from 150 ppm (1000 m) to a maximum of 360 ppm (3841 m). This increase is coincident with illitization from 41% I in I-S to 75% I in I-S. Below 3841 m, fixed N values decrease to 190 ppm (4116 m) while I-S is maintained with a slight increase from 77 to 82%. The changes in fixed N with increasing illitization are consistent with the notion that illitization proceeds via both transformation and dissolution/ precipitation reaction mechanisms. The trend of decreasing fixed N in illitic I-S is compatible with surface-controlled crystal growth and Ostwald ripening mechanisms for illitization. The trend may also be linked to the timing of maximum NH] release from kerogen maturation during oil generation. The changing rate of NH+4 liberation from organic matter and multiple illitization reaction mechanisms can result in complex N geochemical cycling pathways throughout early diagenesis to metamorphism.
Low-temperature diagenetic illite-smectite in Lower Cambrian clays in North Estonia
Authors: Kirsimäe K. , Jøgensen P. , Kalm V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEarly Cambrian sediments on the East European platform in North Estonia, represented mostly by clays and silty clays, were deposited under normal marine conditions. The sediments were never affected by significant tectonic or thermal events after sedimentation 530 Ma ago, and the clays still have high water contents. The clay fraction, divided into four sub-fractions, was studied using X-ray methods and Rb/Sr dating. Decomposition of the XRD curves was used to quantify the amounts of illitic minerals in the sub-fractions. Dating by Rb/Sr showed that the finest fraction (<0.06 µm) was formed 50–150 Ma after sedimentation. The coarser fractions also contain considerable amounts of diagenetically formed minerals. This shows that neoformation of illitic minerals in marine sediments with high water/sediment ratios is a very important process even at temperatures <35°C.
Computational methods for the study of energies of cation distributions: applications to cation-ordering phase transitions and solid solutions
Authors: Bosenick A. , Dove M. T. , Myers E. R. , Palin E. J. , Sainz-Diaz C. I. , Guiton B. S. , Warren M. C. , Craig M. S. , Redfern S. A. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe structural and thermodynamic properties of minerals are strongly affected by cation site-ordering processes. We describe methods to determine the main interatomic interactions that drive the ordering process, which are based on parameterizing model Hamiltonians using empirical interatomic potentials and/or ab initio quantum mechanics methods. The methods are illustrated by a number of case study examples, including Al/Si ordering in aluminosilicates, Mg/Ca ordering in garnets, simultaneous Al/Si and Mg/Al ordering in pyroxenes, micas and amphiboles, and Mg/Al non-convergent ordering in spinel using only quantum mechanical methods.
Rare-earth element determination in minerals by electron-probe microanalysis: application of spectrum synthesis
Authors: Reed S. J. B. , Buckley A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractElectron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) is applicable to rare-earth elements (REE) in minerals with relatively high REE concentrations (e.g. hundreds of parts per million). However, given that each of the 14 REE has at least 12 X-ray lines in the L spectrum, finding peak-free regions for background measurement can be problematical. Also, measured peak intensities are liable to require correction for interferences. Hitherto, little attention has been paid to the optimisation of background offsets and the implications of the wide variation in REE distribution patterns in different minerals. The ‘Virtual WDS’ program, which enables complex multi-element spectra to be synthesised, has been used to refine the conditions used for different REE distributions. Choices include whether to use the Lβ1 rather than the Lα1 line, background offsets, and counting times for comparable relative precision. Correction factors for interferences affecting peak and background measurements have also been derived.
Zoning of chloritoid from kyanite-facies metapsammites, Alpi Apuane,
Italy
Authors: Franceschelli M. , Memmi I. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Chloritoid with significant Mg-Fe zoning occurs as lath-shaped porphyroblasts
and as clusters of subradiating crystals in the Triassic Verrucano metapsammite
(quartz + muscovite + chlorite + chloritoid ± kyanite) of the Massa Unit, Alpi
Apuane. Two main types of chloritoid zoning profiles were found. The first type is
characterised by gradual increase in Mg from core to rim of the porphyroblasts. In
the second type the Mg content is constant from the core to the inner rim, but
sharply decreases in the outer rim. Both types of zoning have been interpreted as
the result of prograde growth during the Alpine metamorphism. The temperature,
estimated using the chlorite-chloritoid thermometer, ranges from 467 to
560°C.
Induction of monocyte tissue factor expression by antibodies to heparin–platelet factor 4 complexes developed in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Pouplard Claire , Iochmann Sophie , Renard Benoit , Herault Olivier , Colombat Philippe , Amiral Jean , Gruel Yves 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe pathogenesis of thrombosis in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) was studied by investigating whether antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 (H-PF4) induced tissue factor (TF) synthesis by monocytes. Plasma from 5 patients with HIT containing IgG to H-PF4 was incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells without or with purified PF4 and heparin. Significant TF-dependent procoagulant activity (PCA) expressed by monocytes, measured with a factor Xa-based chromogenic assay, was induced after incubation of each HIT plasma sample. This monocyte PCA required the presence of PF4 and was inhibited by high concentrations of heparin. Furthermore, purified HIT IgG added to whole blood with PF4 and heparin also provoked significant synthesis of TF mRNA by monocytes, demonstrated by RT-PCR, and this effect was not observed with normal IgG. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that antibodies to PF4 developed in HIT trigger the production of tissue factor by monocytes, and this effect could account in vivo for hypercoagulability and thrombotic complications in affected patients.
Acquired activated protein C resistance is associated with lupus anticoagulants and thrombotic events in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Male Christoph , Mitchell Lesley , Julian James , Vegh Patricia , Joshua Penny , Adams Margaret , David Michelle , Andrew Maureen E. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Acquired activated protein C resistance (APCR) has been hypothesized as a possible mechanism by which antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) cause thrombotic events (TEs). However, available evidence for an association of acquired APCR with APLAs is limited. More importantly, an association of acquired APCR with TEs has not been demonstrated. The objective of the study was to determine, in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), whether (1) acquired APCR is associated with the presence of APLAs, (2) APCR is associated with TEs, and (3) there is an interaction between APCR and APLAs in association with TEs. A cross-sectional cohort study of 59 consecutive, nonselected children with SLE was conducted. Primary clinical outcomes were symptomatic TEs, confirmed by objective radiographic tests. Laboratory testing included lupus anticoagulants (LAs), anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLAs), APC ratio, protein S, protein C, and factor V Leiden. The results revealed that TEs occurred in 10 (17%) of 59 patients. Acquired APCR was present in 18 (31%) of 58 patients. Acquired APCR was significantly associated with the presence of LAs but not ACLAs. Acquired APCR was also significantly associated with TEs. There was significant interaction between APCR and LAs in the association with TEs. Presence of both APCR and LAs was associated with the highest risk of a TE. Protein S and protein C concentrations were not associated with the presence of APLAs, APCR, or TEs. Presence of acquired APCR is a marker identifying LA-positive patients at high risk of TEs. Acquired APCR may reflect interference of LAs with the protein C pathway that may represent a mechanism of LA-associated TEs.
Evidence for the presence of murine primitive megakarycytopoiesis in the early yolk sac
Authors: Xu Ming-jiang , Matsuoka Sahoko , Yang Feng-Chun , Ebihara Yasuhiro , Manabe Atsushi , Tanaka Ryuhei , Eguchi Mitsuoki , Asano Shigetaka , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Tsuji Kohichiro 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring mouse embryogenesis, primitive erythropoiesis occurs in blood islands of the yolk sac (YS) on the seventh day of gestation. This study demonstrated for the first time the presence of unique primitive megakaryocytic (Mk) progenitors in the early YS, which disappeared by 13.5 days postcoitum (dpc). When 7.5 dpc YS cells were incubated in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in methylcellulose clonal culture, not only erythroid bursts but also megakaryocyte colonies were observed. The megakaryocytes in the colonies matured to proplatelet stages and produced platelets as early as day 3 of culture, much earlier than those from adult bone marrow, although their ploidy class was lower. These megakaryocytes were stained with acetylcholine esterase, and expressed platelet glycoprotein (GP)Ibβ, GPIIIa, and platelet factor 4 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The analysis of hemoglobin types in erythrocytes obtained from hematopoietic multilineage colonies containing the megakaryocytes indicated that the Mk progenitors originated from primitive hematopoiesis. The primitive Mk progenitors formed colonies in the absence of any cytokines in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture, and SCF, IL-3, EPO, and TPO significantly enhanced the Mk colony formation. In FBS-free culture, however, no colony formation was induced without these cytokines. Because megakaryocytes were detected in 8.5-dpc YS, these unique primitive Mk progenitors may rapidly mature and give rise to platelets to prevent hemorrhage in the simultaneously developing blood vessels until definitive hematopoiesis begins to produce platelets.
Signal transduction pathways involved in soluble fractalkine–induced monocytic cell adhesion
Authors: Cambien Bèatrice , Pomeranz Manuel , Schmid-Antomarchi Heidy , Millet Marie-Ange , Breittmayer Violette , Rossi Bernard , Schmid-Alliana Annie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFractalkine displays features that distinguishes it from the other chemokines. In particular, besides its chemoattractant action it promotes, under physiologic flow, the rapid capture and the firm adhesion of a subset of leukocytes or intervenes in the neuron/microglia interaction. This study verified that indeed the human monocytic MonoMac6 cell line adheres to fibronectin-coated filters in response to soluble fractalkine (s-FKN). s-FKN stimulates, with distinct time courses, extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1 and ERK2) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK1/JNK1 and SAPK2/p38). Both p60 Src and p72 Syk were activated under s-FKN stimulation with a rapid kinetic profile compatible with a downstream regulation on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) congeners. The use of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors revealed that the ERK pathway is strictly controlled by Syk, whereas c-Src up-regulated the downstream SAPK2/p38. In contrast, the SAPK1/JNK1 pathway was not regulated by any of these nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. The s-FKN–mediated increased adherence of MonoMac6 cells was partially inhibited by SB202190, a broad SAPKs inhibitor, PD98059, an MEK inhibitor, LY294002, a phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase inhibitor, and a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. These data highlight that the integration of a complex array of signal transduction pathways is necessary to complete the full s-FNK–dependent adherence of human monocytic cells to fibronectin.
Identification of novel markers for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Chen Jiann-Shiuh , Coustan-Smith Elaine , Suzuki Toshio , Neale Geoffrey A. , Mihara Keichiro , Pui Ching-Hon , Campana Dario 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo identify new markers of minimal residual disease (MRD) in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), gene expression of leukemic cells obtained from 4 patients with newly diagnosed ALL was compared with that of normal CD19+CD10+ B-cell progenitors obtained from 2 healthy donors. By cDNA array analysis, 334 of 4132 genes studied were expressed 1.5- to 5.8-fold higher in leukemic cells relative to both normal samples; 238 of these genes were also overexpressed in the leukemic cell line RS4;11. Nine genes were selected among the 274 overexpressed in at least 2 leukemic samples, and expression of the encoded proteins was measured by flow cytometry. Two proteins (caldesmon and myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen) were only weakly expressed in leukemic cells despite strong hybridization signals in the array. By contrast, 7 proteins (CD58, creatine kinase B, ninjurin1, Ref1, calpastatin, HDJ-2, and annexin VI) were expressed in B-lineage ALL cells at higher levels than in normal CD19+CD10+ B-cell progenitors (P &lt; .05 in all comparisons). CD58 was chosen for further analysis because of its abundant and prevalent overexpression. An anti-CD58 antibody identified residual leukemic cells (0.01% to 1.13%; median, 0.03%) in 9 of 104 bone marrow samples from children with ALL in clinical remission. MRD estimates by CD58 staining correlated well with those of polymerase chain reaction amplification of immunoglobulin genes. These results indicate that studies of gene expression with cDNA arrays can aid the discovery of leukemia markers.
Ionizing radiation sensitizes erythroleukemic cells but not normal erythroblasts to tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–mediated cytotoxicity by selective up-regulation of TRAIL-R1
Authors: Di Pietro Roberta , Secchiero Paola , Rana Rosalba , Gibellini Davide , Visani Giuseppe , Bemis Kristi , Zamai Loris , Miscia Sebastiano , Zauli Giorgio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCytotoxic activity of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand), used alone or in different combinations with either a low (1.5 Gy) or a high (15 Gy) single dose of ionizing radiation (IR), was investigated on erythroleukemic cells (K562, HEL, Friend, primary leukemic erythroblasts) and on primary CD34+-derived normal erythroblasts. Human recombinant TRAIL alone variably affected the survival/growth of erythroleukemic cells; K562 cells were the most sensitive. Moreover, all erythroleukemic cells were radio-resistant, as demonstrated by the fact that cytotoxicity was evident only after treatment with high-dose (15 Gy) IR. Remarkably, when IR and TRAIL were used in combination, an additive effect was noticed in all erythroleukemic cells. Augmentation of TRAIL-induced cell death by IR was observed with both low and high IR doses and required the sequential treatment of IR 3 to 6 hours before the addition of TRAIL. Conversely, both TRAIL and IR showed a moderate cytotoxicity on primary CD34+-derived normal erythroblasts when used alone, but their combination did not show any additive effect. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of IR plus TRAIL observed in erythroleukemic cells was accompanied by the selective up-regulation of the surface expression of TRAIL-R1 (DR4), and it was completely blocked by the z-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe)-CH2 (z-VAD-fmk) caspase inhibitor. On the other hand, the surface expression of TRAIL-R1 in CD34+-derived normal erythroblasts was unaffected by IR, which induced the up-regulation of the decoy TRAIL-R3. These data demonstrate that treatment with IR provides an approach to selectively sensitize erythroleukemic cells, but not normal erythroblasts, to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the functional up-regulation of TRAIL-R1.