bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition
Authors: Nigrin Albert 
Published: March 2019

In a simple and accessible way it extends embedding field theory into areas of machine intelligence that have not been clearly dealt with before.
Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition takes the pioneering work in artificial neural networks by Stephen Grossberg and his colleagues to a new level. In a simple and accessible way it extends embedding field theory into areas of machine intelligence that have not been clearly dealt with before. Following a tutorial of existing neural networks for pattern classification, Nigrin expands on these networks to present fundamentally new architectures that perform realtime pattern classification of embedded and synonymous patterns and that will aid in tasks such as vision, speech recognition, sensor fusion, and constraint satisfaction. Nigrin presents the new architectures in two stages. First he presents a network called Sonnet 1 that already achieves important properties such as the ability to learn and segment continuously varied input patterns in real time, to process patterns in a context sensitive fashion, and to learn new patterns without degrading existing categories. He then removes simplifications inherent in Sonnet 1 and introduces radically new architectures. These architectures have the power to classify patterns that may have similar meanings but that have different external appearances (synonyms). They also have been designed to represent patterns in a distributed fashion, both in short-term and long-term memory.
Bradford Books imprint
Visual Reconstruction
Authors: Blake Andrew , Zisserman Andrew 
Published: March 2019

Visual Reconstruction presents a unified and highly original approach to the treatment of continuity in vision. It introduces, analyzes, and illustrates two new concepts. The first—the weak continuity constraint—is a concise, computational formalization of piecewise continuity. It is a mechanism for expressing the expectation that visual quantities such as intensity, surface color, and surface depth vary continuously almost everywhere, but with occasional abrupt changes. The second concept—the graduated nonconvexity algorithm—arises naturally from the first. It is an efficient, deterministic (nonrandom) algorithm for fitting piecewise continuous functions to visual data. The book first illustrates the breadth of application of reconstruction processes in vision with results that the authors' theory and program yield for a variety of problems. The mathematics of weak continuity and the graduated nonconvexity (GNC) algorithm are then developed carefully and progressively.
Contents Modeling Piecewise Continuity • Applications of Piecewise Continuous Reconstruction • Introducing Weak Continuity Constraints • Properties of the Weak String and Membrane • Properties of Weak Rod and Plate • The Discrete Problem • The Graduated Nonconvexity (GNC) Algorithm • Appendixes: Energy Calculations for the String and Membrane • Noise Performance of the Weak Elastic String • Energy Calculations for the Rod and Plate • Establishing Convexity • Analysis of the GNC Algorithm
Visual Reconstruction is included in the Artificial Intelligence series, edited by Michael Brady and Patrick Winston.
Waves and Forms
Authors: Zimmermann Basile 
Published: March 2019

An examination of the relationship between technical objects and culture in contemporary China, drawing on concepts from science and technology studies.
Technical objects constrain what users do with them. They are not neutral entities but embody information, choices, values, assumptions, or even mistakes embedded by designers. What happens when a technology is designed in one culture and used in another? What happens, for example, when a Chinese user is confronted by Roman-alphabet-embedded interfaces? In this book, Basile Zimmermann examines the relationship between technical objects and culture in contemporary China, drawing on concepts from science and technology studies (STS). He presents a new theoretical framework for “culture” based on the notions of waves and forms, which provides a powerful descriptive toolkit for technology and culture.
The materials Zimmermann uses to develop and illustrate his theoretical arguments come from three groups of case studies about the use of technical devices in today's China. The first and most extensive group consists of observations of electronic music devices in Beijing; the second is a study of a Chinese networking site, “Happy Network”; and the third is a collection of personal, small-scale observations on the way Chinese characters behave when located in alphabet-encoded devices such as mobile phones, web pages, or printed documents. Zimmermann discusses well-known frameworks from STS and combines them with propositions and topics from Chinese studies. Each of the case studies advances his theoretical argument. Zimmermann's account shows how cultural differences can be integrated into STS research, and how sinologists can turn their attention from ancient texts and traditional art to everyday things in present-day China.
Information and Intrigue
Authors: Burke Colin B. 
Published: March 2019

An account of Herbert Field's quest for a new way of organizing information and how information systems are produced by ideology as well as technology.
In Information and Intrigue Colin Burke tells the story of one man's plan to revolutionize the world's science information systems and how science itself became enmeshed with ideology and the institutions of modern liberalism. In the 1890s, the idealistic American Herbert Haviland Field established the Concilium Bibliographicum, a Switzerland-based science information service that sent millions of index cards to American and European scientists. Field's radical new idea was to index major ideas rather than books or documents. In his struggle to create and maintain his system, Field became entangled with nationalistic struggles over the control of science information, the new system of American philanthropy (powered by millionaires), the politics of an emerging American professional science, and in the efforts of another information visionary, Paul Otlet, to create a pre-digital worldwide database for all subjects.
World War I shuttered the Concilium, and postwar efforts to revive it failed. Field himself died in the influenza epidemic of 1918. Burke carries the story into the next generation, however, describing the astonishingly varied career of Field's son, Noel, who became a diplomat, an information source for Soviet intelligence (as was his friend Alger Hiss), a secret World War II informant for Allen Dulles, and a prisoner of Stalin. Along the way, Burke touches on a range of topics, including the new entrepreneurial university, Soviet espionage in America, and further efforts to classify knowledge.
Great Principles of Computing
Authors: Denning Peter J. , Martell Craig H. 
Published: March 2019

A new framework for understanding computing: a coherent set of principles spanning technologies, domains, algorithms, architectures, and designs.
Computing is usually viewed as a technology field that advances at the breakneck speed of Moore's Law. If we turn away even for a moment, we might miss a game-changing technological breakthrough or an earthshaking theoretical development. This book takes a different perspective, presenting computing as a science governed by fundamental principles that span all technologies. Computer science is a science of information processes. We need a new language to describe the science, and in this book Peter Denning and Craig Martell offer the great principles framework as just such a language. This is a book about the whole of computing—its algorithms, architectures, and designs.
Denning and Martell divide the great principles of computing into six categories: communication, computation, coordination, recollection, evaluation, and design. They begin with an introduction to computing, its history, its many interactions with other fields, its domains of practice, and the structure of the great principles framework. They go on to examine the great principles in different areas: information, machines, programming, computation, memory, parallelism, queueing, and design. Finally, they apply the great principles to networking, the Internet in particular.
Great Principles of Computing will be essential reading for professionals in science and engineering fields with a “computational” branch, for practitioners in computing who want overviews of less familiar areas of computer science, and for non-computer science majors who want an accessible entry way to the field.
Green potential ofPleurotusspp. in biotechnology
Authors: Sekan Alona S. , Myronycheva Olena S. , Karlsson Olov , Gryganskyi Andrii P. , Blume Yaroslave B. 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundThe genusPleurotusis most exploitable xylotrophic fungi, with valuable biotechnological, medical, and nutritional properties. The relevant features of the representatives of this genus to provide attractive low-cost industrial tools have been reported in numerous studies to resolve the pressure of ecological issues. Additionally, a number ofPleurotusspecies are highly adaptive, do not require any special conditions for growth, and possess specific resistance to contaminating diseases and pests. The unique properties ofPleurotusspecies widely used in many environmental technologies, such as organic solid waste recycling, chemical pollutant degradation, and bioethanol production.MethodologyThe literature study encompasses peer-reviewed journals identified by systematic searches of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, NCBI, Springer, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and ISI Web of Knowledge. The search scheme was divided into several steps, as described below.ResultsIn this review, we describe studies examining the biotechnological feasibility ofPleurotusspp. to elucidate the importance of this genus for use in green technology. Here, we review areas of application of the genusPleurotusas a prospective biotechnological tool.ConclusionThe incomplete description of some fungal biochemical pathways emphasises the future research goals for this fungal culture.
Fabrication and Characterization of a Hybrid Bi2Se3/Organic Superlattice for Thermoelectric Energy Conversion
Authors: Zong Peng‐An , Zhang Peng , Yin Shujia , Huang Yujia , Wang Yiliang , Wan Chunlei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHybrid inorganic/organic thermoelectric materials have recently gained increasing research interest, due to their mechanical flexibility and the wide tunability of their components and properties. In this Communication, a new strategy to fabricate an inorganic/organic superlattice of Bi2Se3hexylamm‐onium0.11dimethylsulfoxide0.06 (Bi2Se3HA0.11DMSO0.06) through a series of chemical reaction processes, including lithium intercalation, ionic exchange, and organic exchange, is put forward. It is shown that the organic molecules expand the interlayer space between the Bi2Se3 layers and form a triple‐layer structure, where the hexylammonium ions are ionically bonded to the negatively charged Bi2Se3 layers. The lattice vibration modes of the Bi2Se3 layers in this hybrid superlattice are found to be softened due to weakened interlayer interaction and phonon confinement effect. The hybrid Bi2Se3HA0.11DMSO0.06 shows a power factor of 950 µW m−1 K−2 at room temperature, among the best in n‐type flexible thermoelectric materials. A huge reduction of thermal conductivity is observed, which contributes to the large enhancement of zT value. The current research on Bi2Se3‐based inorganic/organic superlattices can stimulate exploration of novel high‐performance flexible thermoelectric materials by hybridizing inorganic and organic materials at the atomic scale.
Report of a Collaboration Between a Law School and an Emergency Medicine Residency Program for a Full‐scale Medical Malpractice Litigation Simulation
Authors: Curato Mark , Shlahet Adam 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundMedical malpractice litigation is a prevalent challenge for emergency physicians, but there is a dearth of dedicated training in residency programs on this subject. As a result, when emergency physicians become the subject of a medical malpractice action they often find themselves ill‐equipped to successfully navigate the process.ObjectivesWe sought to create an in‐depth medical malpractice simulation encompassing all key aspects of medical practice litigation. We collaborated with a law school for a semester‐long simulation of a fabricated medical malpractice case brought against an emergency medicine (EM) resident.DiscussionIn harnessing the legal expertise of law students and faculty we were able to deliver a months‐long medical malpractice simulation to our EM residency program. Similarly, in lending the medical expertise of our residents and faculty to the project, the law students were afforded a unique practical experience in learning to litigate medical malpractice.ConclusionsThe project resulted in a rich educational experience for both the EM residents and the law students. We present a guide for replication by any residency program in collaboration with a law school.
Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuch für thermisch gebogenes Glas
Authors: Bukieda Paulina , Engelmann Michael , Weller Bernhard , Elstner Michael , Broich Markus , Teichmann Thomas , Kohn Jürgen , Gruber Reinhard , Wittwer Jost 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThermisch gebogene Gläser bieten im Bauwesen, aber auch im Fahrzeugbau und anderen Branchen, eine Vielzahl neuer gestalterischer Möglichkeiten. Allerdings fehlt bisher eine standardisierte Methode zur Ermittlung der Festigkeit von gebogenem Glas, welche das spröde Materialverhalten des anspruchsvollen Baustoffs berücksichtigt. Mittels einer umfangreichen experimentellen und numerischen Studie wurde ein solches Verfahren entwickelt und soll nunmehr in einem zweiteiligen Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Im ersten Teil wird das experimentelle Versuchsprogramm zur Ableitung eines Vierpunkt‐Biegeversuchs als Erweiterung der bestehenden Flachglasprüfung dargelegt. Dabei wurde aus einem weit variierten Versuchsspektrum mit 363 Prüfkörpern ein Anwendungsbereich festgelegt, der grundlegend erfasst, welche Geometrien geprüft werden können. Mit den ermittelten Beziehungen zwischen Prüfkraft und Verzerrung der Glasoberfläche wird anschließend die Validierung des numerischen Modells beschrieben. Dabei werden insbesondere die spezifischen Anforderungen an eine geometrisch nichtlineare, numerische Versuchsmodellierung diskutiert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird im zweiten Teil des Beitrags das Effektivspannungskonzept eingeführt und ein normreifes Prüfkonzept vorgestellt.
Ermüdung von Beton bei mehrachsiger und mehrstufiger Beanspruchung
Authors: Heek Peter , Mark Peter 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBetonstrukturen wie Verkehrsflächen oder Industrieböden sind zyklischen Beanspruchungen aus Verkehr oder Maschinenvibrationen ausgesetzt. Zur Abschätzung der Ermüdungslebensdauer dienen Wöhlerlinien, die in der Regel experimentell an Referenzprobekörpern bei einachsiger Beanspruchung konstanter Frequenz, Amplitude und Oberspannung validiert werden. Unter realen Betriebsbedingungen treten Einwirkungen jedoch häufig mehrachsig und mit variabler Lasthöhe auf, sodass die im Zeitverlauf progressiv zunehmende Materialschädigung rechnerisch zu akkumulieren ist. In der Praxis hat sich dazu die lineare Akkumulationsregel nach Palmgren‐Miner etabliert, obwohl diese bekannte Effekte aus der Belastungsreihenfolge vernachlässigt. Im Beitrag wird zunächst das Wöhlerkonzept durch Einführung einer Vergleichsspannung auf mehrachsige Spannungszustände erweitert und anschließend ein modifizierter Schädigungsakkumulationsansatz entwickelt, welcher die Auswirkungen von Be‐ und Entlastungen mehrstufiger Lastprozesse auf verbleibende Bruchlastspielzahlen berücksichtigt. Der Ansatz wird anhand von Literaturdaten verifiziert und in Form eines Bemessungshilfsmittels zur praktischen Nutzung aufbereitet. Die Anwendung ist am Beispiel demonstriert.
Triplet Diradical‐Cation Salts Consisting of the Phenothiazine Radical Cation and a Nitronyl Nitroxide
Authors: Tahara Takuma , Suzuki Shuichi , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sugisaki Kenji , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Miyake Yota , Hosokoshi Yuko , Nojiri Hiroyuki , Okada Keiji 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe spin–spin and magnetic properties of two (nitronyl nitroxide)‐(di‐p‐anisylamine‐phenothiazine) diradical cation salts, (DAA‐PTZ)+‐NN⋅MBr4− (M=Ga, Fe), have been investigated. These diradical‐cation species were prepared by the cross‐coupling of iodophenothiazine DAA‐PTZ‐I with NN‐AuPPh3 followed by oxidation with the thianthrenium radical cation (TA+⋅MBr4−). These salts were found to be highly stable under aerobic conditions. For the GaBr4 salt, large ferromagnetic intramolecular and small antiferromagnetic intermolecular interactions (J1/kB=+320 K and J2/kB=−2 K, respectively) were observed. The magnetic property of the Fe3+ salt was analyzed by using a six‐spin model assuming identical intramolecular exchange interaction (J3/kB=+320 K) and the other exchange interactions (J4/kB=−7 K and J5/kB=−4 K). A significant color change was observed in the UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectra upon electrochemical oxidation of the doublet DAA‐PTZ‐NN to the triplet (DAA‐PTZ)+‐NN.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Vincadifformine Enabled by a Thiourea‐Phosphonium Salt Catalyzed Mannich‐Type Reaction
Authors: Pan Lu , Zheng Chang‐Wu , Fang Guo‐Sheng , Hong Hao‐Ran , Liu Jun , Yu Long‐Hui , Zhao Gang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn asymmetric total synthesis of vincadifformine is described. The limited tactics with chiral cation‐directed catalysis in total synthesis inspired the development of our strategy for accessing this alkaloid in enantionrich form. The route features a thiourea–phosphonium salt catalyzed Mannich‐type reaction, a phosphine‐promoted aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction and a trifluoroacetic acid promoted deprotection/amidation cascade process.
Tailoring Diindenochrysene through Intramolecular Multi‐Assemblies by C−F Bond Activation on Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Akhmetov Vladimir , Feofanov Mikhail , Troyanov Sergey , Amsharov Konstantin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe unique nature of the alumina‐mediated cyclodehydrofluorination gives the opportunity to execute the preprogrammed algorithm of the C−C couplings rationally built into a precursor. Such multi‐assemblies facilitate the construction of the carbon‐skeleton, superseding the conventional step‐by‐step by the one‐pot intramolecular assembly. In this work, the feasibility of the alumina‐mediated C−F bond activation approach for multi‐assembly is demonstrated on the example of a fundamental bowl‐shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (diindenochrysene) through the formation of all “missing” C−C bonds at the last step. Beside valuable insights into the reaction mechanism and the design of the precursors, a facile pathway enabling the two‐step synthesis of diindenochrysene was elaborated, in which five C−C bonds form in a single synthetic step. It is shown that the relative positions of fluorine atoms play a crucial role in the outcome of the assembly and that governing the substituent positions enables the design of effective precursor molecules “programmed” for the consecutive C−C bond formations. In general, these findings push the state of the field towards the facile synthesis of sophisticated bowl‐shaped carbon‐based nanostructures through multi‐assembly of fluoroarenes.
Enumeration of the Invasion Efficiency of Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro in Four Different Red Blood Cell Populations Using a Three‐Color Flow Cytometry‐Based Method
Authors: Vimonpatranon Sinmanus , Chotivanich Kesinee , Sukapirom Kasama , Lertjuthaporn Sakaorat , Khowawisetsut Ladawan , Pattanapanyasat Kovit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA novel in vitro culture system using variable concentrations of biotin/streptavidin to label red blood cells (RBCs) that allows for the simultaneous comparison of growth rates in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite in four heterogeneous target RBC populations is described. Donor RBCs containing both P. falciparum‐infected RBCs and non‐infected RBCs at 0.5% parasitemia were first labeled with 7‐hydroxy‐9H‐(1,3‐dichloro‐9,9‐dimethylacridin‐2‐one) succinimidyl ester (DDAO‐SE) followed by co‐culture with a mixture of equal numbers of four differentially biotin/streptavidin labeled RBC populations. After two to three schizogonic growth cycles, co‐cultures were harvested and stained with streptavidin‐phycoerythrin (SA‐PE) followed by staining of parasite‐infected RBCs with nucleic acid fluorochrome SYBR Green I. To demonstrate the application of this method, some target RBC populations that had sialic acid residues removed using neuraminidase treatment were mixed with RBC populations without enzymatic treatment and incubated with donor parasitized RBCs strain W2 (sialic acid‐dependent) or 3D7 (sialic acid‐independent). Significant less susceptibility to malaria parasite invasion was obtained with enzyme‐treated RBC populations when compared with non‐treated RBCs in blood samples from the same individual when using malaria parasite strain W2, whereas no difference in percent parasitemias was noted following infection with malaria parasite strain 3D7. This novel malaria culture method is cheap and provides increased sensitivity for direct comparison of parasite growth over time of any of the four RBC populations under identical conditions and eliminates the experimental bias due to contaminated donor RBCs. The application of biotin‐labeled RBCs will therefore provide a better understanding of invasion phenotype‐specific host–parasite interactions and the extent of complex malaria invasion mechanism. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The species richness pattern of vascular plants along a tropical elevational gradient and the test of elevational Rapoport's rule depend on different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities
Authors: Zhou Yadong , Ochola Anne C. , Njogu Antony W. , Boru Biyansa H. , Mwachala Geoffrey , Hu Guangwan , Xin Haiping , Wang Qingfeng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe research about species richness pattern and elevational Rapoport's rule (ERR) have been carried out mostly in the temperate regions in the recent years and scarcely in the tropical mountains; meanwhile, it is unclear whether the ERR is consistent among different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities. Here, we compiled a database of plant species of Mount Kenya, a tropical mountain of East Africa, and divided these species into twelve groups depending on the life‐form and phytogeographic affinity of each species. We inspected the species richness pattern of each group along the elevation gradient and also tested ERR of each group using Stevens' method. Our results showed that species richness of the total species showed a positively skewed (hump‐shaped) pattern along the elevation gradient and different life‐forms and phytogeographic affinities showed similar hump‐shaped patterns as the total species. The average elevation range size of the total species and herbaceous species showed increasing patterns along the elevation gradient, while lycophytes and ferns, and woody species showed an obvious downward trend after peaking in the high elevation regions. We concluded that the widely distributed herbaceous species which also have broad elevation range sizes are more applicable to ERR, while the narrowly distributed woody species with small elevation range sizes occurring in the higher elevations could reverse ERR. Therefore, we concluded that the ERR is not consistent among different organisms in the same region.