bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection, referral and control of diabetes and hypertension in the rural Eastern Cape Province of South Africa by community health outreach workers in the rural primary healthcare project: Health in Every Hut
Authors: Morris-Paxton Angela A. , Rheeder Paul , Ewing Rose-Marie G. , Woods Dillon 
Published: April 2018

Background: Non-communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory diseases, are responsible for approximately 63% of all deaths occurring worldwide in any given year. The majority of these deaths have occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The latest World Health Organization (WHO) report shows that the increase in diabetes is also most pronounced in the LMICs. The South African Labour and Development Research Unit estimated a 9% prevalence within the adult population in 2016. In the Eastern Cape Province, hypertensive heart disease has become the second most common cause of death, followed by diabetes, the third most common cause of death.Aim and setting: The aim of this study was to report on the follow-up of patients in the community with known hypertension or diabetes or who were deemed at-risk (as identified during a prior community-wide survey).Methods: Data were collected via a household primary health screening, monitoring and follow-up process, which included taking anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP) and blood glucose and referring to clinics for further testing and treatment where necessary.Results: Of the 1885 participants followed up by the community health outreach workers, 1702 were known to be hypertensive and 183 were deemed at-risk [of these, only 24 (13.2%) had normal or high normal systolic BP readings]. There were 341 participants with diabetes and 34 at-risk of diabetes [of these, 28 (82%) had levels of 11 mmol/l or higher at follow-up]. There was a significant improvement in BP and glucose control over repeated visits.Conclusion: In this rural area of the Eastern Cape, South Africa, the follow-up of patients with hypertension or diabetes as well as those individuals at-risk adds value to hypertension and glucose control.
Cognitive-behavioural theories and adherence: Application and relevance in antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Adefolalu Adegoke O. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Adherence in chronic disease conditions is described as the extent to which a person‘s behaviour corresponds to the prescribed medical advice of the healthcare provider. This is not limited to medication intake only but also includes acts such as following instructions regarding dietary or fluid restrictions and taking medicines at the prescribed times and intervals. Although adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a predictor of good clinical outcome among HIV-infected persons on ART, it is a major challenge and strict adherence is not very common. This article aims to examine the application and relevance of some cognitive-behavioural theories in antiretroviral therapy adherenceMethods: After doing a thorough literature review, contemporary theories of health behaviour at the individual and interpersonal levels referred to as cognitive-behavioural theories were explored. This review highlights some aspects of the cognitive perspective of health behaviour theories as a good theoretical framework that could be used for organising thoughts about adherence and other health behaviours among patients on lifelong treatment such as ART.Results: Key concepts of these theories stipulate that behaviour is mediated by cognition i.e. knowledge and attitude affect the person’s action. In addition, cognitive-behavioural theories recognise knowledge alone as being insufficient to produce behavioural change; a person’s perception, motivation, skills and social environment are all influential in the process of behavioural change.Conclusion: Prediction of medication adherence is complex, and health-related knowledge and beliefs alone are insufficient to achieve behaviour change, especially in chronic conditions such as HIV/AIDS. However, people can control or influence the events affecting their lives by integrating cognitive, social, and behavioural sub-skills related to beliefs of personal efficacy in performing these skills.
Integrating Authentic Scientific Research in a Conservation Course–Based Undergraduate Research Experience
Authors: Sorensen Amanda E. , Corral Lucía , Dauer Jenny M. , Fontaine Joseph J. 
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas
Field‐based conservation CUREs can engage more students in authentic research.
Model‐based pedagogy in CUREs allows students to grapple with complexity of scientific research.
Post CURE, student assessment shows science skill gains and clarity in professional goals.
Post CURE, students are more likely to talk with friends, family, or the public about wildlife conservation.
Course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) have been developed to overcome barriers including students in research. However, there are few examples of CUREs that take place in a conservation and natural resource context with students engaging in field research. Here, we highlight the development of a conservation‐focused CURE integrated to a research program, research benefits, student self‐assessment of learning, and perception of the CURE. With the additional data, researchers were able to refine species distribution models and facilitate management decisions. Most students reported gains in their scientific skills, felt they had engaged in meaningful, real‐world research. In student reflections on how this experience helped clarify their professional intentions, many reported being more likely to enroll in graduate programs and seek employment related to science. Also interesting was all students reported being more likely to talk with friends, family, or the public about wildlife conservation issues after participating, indicating that courses like this can have effects beyond the classroom, empowering students to be advocates and translators of science. Field‐based, conservation‐focused CUREs can create meaningful conservation and natural resource experiences with authentic scientific teaching practices.
Aerosol particle size distribution in the stratosphere retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb measurements
Authors: Malinina Elizaveta , Rozanov Alexei , Rozanov Vladimir , Liebing Patricia , Bovensmann Heinrich , Burrows John P. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Information about aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere is of a great importance in the scientific community. While tropospheric aerosol influences the radiative balance of the troposphere and affects human health, stratospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. In particular, information about the amount and distribution of stratospheric aerosols is required to initialize climate models, as well as validate aerosol microphysics models and investigate geoengineering. In addition, good knowledge of stratospheric aerosol loading is needed to increase the retrieval accuracy of key trace gases (e.g. ozone or water vapour) when interpreting remote sensing measurements of the scattered solar light. The most commonly used characteristics to describe stratospheric aerosols are the aerosol extinction coefficient and Ångström coefficient. However, the use of particle size distribution parameters along with the aerosol number density is a more optimal approach. In this paper we present a new retrieval algorithm to obtain the particle size distribution of stratospheric aerosol from space-borne observations of the scattered solar light in the limb-viewing geometry. While the mode radius and width of the aerosol particle size distribution are retrieved, the aerosol particle number density profile remains unchanged. The latter is justified by a lower sensitivity of the limb-scattering measurements to changes in this parameter. To our knowledge this is the first data set providing two parameters of the particle size distribution of stratospheric aerosol from space-borne measurements of scattered solar light. Typically, the mode radius and w can be retrieved with an uncertainty of less than 20 %. The algorithm was successfully applied to the tropical region (20° N–20° S) for 10 years (2002–2012) of SCIAMACHY observations in limb-viewing geometry, establishing a unique data set. Analysis of this new climatology for the particle size distribution parameters showed clear increases in the mode radius after the tropical volcanic eruptions, whereas no distinct behaviour of the absolute distribution width could be identified. A tape recorder, which describes the time lag as the perturbation propagates to higher altitudes, was identified for both parameters after the volcanic eruptions. A quasi-biannual oscillation (QBO) pattern at upper altitudes (28–32 km) is prominent in the anomalies of the analysed parameters. A comparison of the aerosol effective radii derived from SCIAMACHY and SAGE II data was performed. The average difference is found to be around 30 % at the lower altitudes, decreasing with increasing height to almost zero around 30 km. The data sample available for the comparison is, however, relatively small.
Estimation of nocturnal CO2 and N2O soil emissions from changes in surface boundary layer mass storage
Authors: Grant Richard H. , Omonode Rex A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Annual budgets of greenhouse and other trace gases require knowledge of the emissions throughout the year. Unfortunately, emissions into the surface boundary layer during stable, calm nocturnal periods are not measurable using most micrometeorological methods due to non-stationarity and uncoupled flow. However, during nocturnal periods with very light winds, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) frequently accumulate near the surface and this mass accumulation can be used to determine emissions. Gas concentrations were measured at four heights (one within and three above canopy) and turbulence was measured at three heights above a mature 2.5 m maize canopy from 23 July to 10 September 2015. Nocturnal CO2 and N2O fluxes from the canopy were determined using the accumulation of mass within a 6.3 m control volume and out the top of the control volume within the nocturnal surface boundary layer. Diffusive fluxes were estimated by flux gradient method. The total accumulative and diffusive fluxes during near-calm nights (friction velocities < 0.05 ms−1) averaged 1.16 µmol m−2 s−1 CO2 and 0.53 nmol m−2 s−1 N2O. Fluxes were also measured using chambers. Daily mean CO2 fluxes determined by the accumulation method were 90 to 130 % of those determined using soil chambers. Daily mean N2O fluxes determined by the accumulation method were 60 to 80 % of that determined using soil chambers. The better signal-to-noise ratios of the chamber method for CO2 over N2O, non-stationary flow, assumed Schmidt numbers, and anemometer tilt were likely contributing reasons for the differences in chambers versus accumulated nocturnal mass flux estimates. Near-surface N2O accumulative flux measurements in more homogeneous regions and with greater depth are needed to confirm the conclusion that mass accumulation can be effectively used to estimate soil emissions during nearly calm nights.
Effect of metformin monotherapy on serum lipid profile in statin-naïve individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study
Authors: Lin Szu Han , Cheng Po Chung , Tu Shih Te , Hsu Shang Ren , Cheng Yun Chung , Liu Yu Hsiu 
Published: April 2018

Background
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies have consistently identified dyslipidemia as an important risk factor for the development of macrovascular disease. The landmark United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study has shown that metformin therapy reduces cardiovascular events in overweight people with T2DM. This study investigates the effect of metformin monotherapy on serum lipid profile in statin-naïve individuals with newly diagnosed T2DM, and whether the effect, if any, is dosage-related.

Methods
This cohort study enrolled individuals exceeding 20 years of age, with recent onset T2DM, who received at least 12 months of metformin monotherapy and blood tests for serum lipid at 6-month intervals. Exclusion criteria involved people receiving any additional antidiabetic medication or lipid-lowering drug therapy. Lipid-modifying effect of metformin was recorded as levels of serum triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measured at six month intervals.

Results
The study enrolled 155 participants with a mean age of 58.6 years and average glycosylated hemoglobin A1c of 8%. After initiating metformin therapy, LDL-C was significantly reduced from 111 mg/dl to 102 mg/dL at 6 months (P < 0.001), TG was reduced from 132 mg/dl to 122 mg/dL at 12 months (P = 0.046), and HDL-C increased from 45.1 mg/dL to 46.9 mg/dL at 12 months (P = 0.02). However, increasing the dosage of metformin yielded no significant effect on its lipid-lowering efficacy.

Discussion
Metformin monotherapy appreciably improves dyslipidemia in statin-naive people with T2DM. Its lipid-modifying effect may be attributable to insulin sensitization, reduction of irreversibly glycated LDL-C, and weight loss. In practice, people with dyslipidemia who are ineligible for lipid-lowering agents may benefit from metformin therapy. Moreover, previous studies report a synergistic effect between metformin and statin, which may further reduce cardiovascular events in at-risk individuals. Overall, metformin is a safe and efficacious approach to alleviate dyslipidemia in people with newly diagnosed T2DM.
Joint-level energetics differentiate isoinertial from speed-power resistance training—a Bayesian analysis
Authors: Liew Bernard X.W. , Drovandi Christopher C. , Clifford Samuel , Keogh Justin W.L. , Morris Susan , Netto Kevin 
Published: April 2018

Background
There is convincing evidence for the benefits of resistance training on vertical jump improvements, but little evidence to guide optimal training prescription. The inability to detect small between modality effects may partially reflect the use of ANOVA statistics. This study represents the results of a sub-study from a larger project investigating the effects of two resistance training methods on load carriage running energetics. Bayesian statistics were used to compare the effectiveness of isoinertial resistance against speed-power training to change countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) height, and joint energetics.

Methods
Active adults were randomly allocated to either a six-week isoinertial (n = 16; calf raises, leg press, and lunge), or a speed-power training program (n = 14; countermovement jumps, hopping, with hip flexor training to target pre-swing running energetics). Primary outcome variables included jump height and joint power. Bayesian mixed modelling and Functional Data Analysis were used, where significance was determined by a non-zero crossing of the 95% Bayesian Credible Interval (CrI).

Results
The gain in CMJ height after isoinertial training was 1.95 cm (95% CrI [0.85–3.04] cm) greater than the gain after speed-power training, but the gain in SJ height was similar between groups. In the CMJ, isoinertial training produced a larger increase in power absorption at the hip by a mean 0.018% (equivalent to 35 W) (95% CrI [0.007–0.03]), knee by 0.014% (equivalent to 27 W) (95% CrI [0.006–0.02]) and foot by 0.011% (equivalent to 21 W) (95% CrI [0.005–0.02]) compared to speed-power training.

Discussion
Short-term isoinertial training improved CMJ height more than speed-power training. The principle adaptive difference between training modalities was at the level of hip, knee and foot power absorption.
Investigação do sexo e idade por meio de mensurações interforames em crânios secos de adultos
Authors: Almeida Júnior Erasmo De , Reis Francisco Prado , Galvão Luís Carlos Cavalcante , Alves Marcelo Correa , Vasconcelos Diane 
Published: April 2018

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Introdução: A Odontologia Legal tem grande importância no processo de identificação, principalmente quando os profissionais </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">da área recebem para análise apenas a porção cefálica do corpo. Objetivo: a meta deste estudo é verificar o dimorfismo sexual e </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">estimação da idade através de mensurações interforames em crânios secos de adultos. Metodologia: Os autores estudaram uma </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%; mso-pagination: none; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">amostra de 160 crânios secos, sendo 80 masculinos e 80 femininos, que pertenceram a indivíduos com idade acima de 20 anos, </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">e com sexo e idade conhecidos com absoluta segurança. Os crânios estudados eram de pessoas cujos familiares não reclamaram </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">os ossos no tempo hábil administrativo estabelecido pelo Cemitério e que estavam sendo encaminhados para incineração. Foram </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">realizadas as seguintes mensurações: distância entre os forames ovais, distância entre os forames espinhosos e distância entre os </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">forames estilomastóides. Resultados: De acordo com a análise estatística, houve índice de acerto de 72,7% por regressão logística </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">e 69,3% pela análise discriminante. Foi também verificada a média e intervalo de confiança através do teste t e utilizado o método </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">da regressão linear múltipla para a predição da idade, constatando que o modelo não foi significativo (p=0,1121). Conclusão: Os </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">resultados permitiram a elaboração de metodologia estatística para o diagnóstico do sexo e idade em observações futuras.</span></p>
Relato de caso: Intervenção fisioterapêutica na atelectasia
Authors: Goncalves Renata Maba , Albuquerque Yessa Do Prado , Ferreira Letícia Goulart , Assumpção Maíra De Seabra , Bobbio Tatiana Godoy , Schivinski Camila Isabel Santos 
Published: April 2018

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="line-height: 15px;">Objetivo: Descrever os efeitos da aplicação de recursos fisioterapêuticos em um caso pediátrico de atelectasia lobar, em âmbito </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">ambulatorial. Relato de Caso: paciente com 04 anos de idade realizou acompanhamento fisioterapêutico durante 17 sessões, no </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">período de outubro de 2011 até março de 2012, devido ao quadro de atelectasia em lobo médio. As técnicas fisioterapêuticas incluíam </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">terapias manuais para reexpansão, uso de inspirômetro de incentivo e manobras de higiene brônquica. Resultados: Houve reversão </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">da atelectasia, confirmada por imagem radiológica de tórax, além da melhora dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, bem como da </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">ausculta pulmonar, após casa sessão e ao longo do tratamento. Conclusão: a fisioterapia respiratória ambulatorial se mostrou eficaz </span><span style="line-height: 15px;">na reversão de um caso de atelectasia em criança.</span></p>
Efeito Inibitório de Dentifrícios Infantis Sobre o Crescimento de Bactérias Cariogênicas
Authors: Ramos Ianny Alves , Cardoso Andreia Medeiros Rodrigues , Leite Rafaella Bastos , Cavalcanti Yuri Wanderley , Cavalcanti Alessandro Leite 
Published: April 2018

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Introdução: o uso de cremes dentais contendo flúor tem mostrado reduzir a incidência de cárie em diversos estudos clínicos. Objetivo: </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">avaliar o efeito inibitório de dentifrícios infantis, comercialmente disponíveis, sobre Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175), S. oralis </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">(ATCC10557) e S. salivarius (ATCC25586). Metodologia: adotou-se uma abordagem indutiva com procedimento comparativo e técnica </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">de observação direta em laboratório. A amostra compreendeu quatro dentifrícios infantis, a saber: Tandy®, Condor®, Even kids®, </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">Bitufo Ben 10®. Adotou-se a Clorexidina a 2% como controle positivo. A atividade antibacteriana dos dentifrícios foi avaliada pela </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">técnica de difusão em Agar em triplicata, na qual foram realizadas perfurações de 6mm no meio de cultura agar sangue e inseridos</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">os produtos testados. Após o período de incubação (24h, 37ºC), os halos de inibição do crescimento bacteriano, em milímetros, </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">foram mensurados e analisados descritivamente. Resultados: sobre S. mutans, S. oralis e S. salivarius, o Diâmetro médio dos halos </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">de inibição de crescimento, em mm, para cada dentrifício foi, respectivamente, 16, 16 e 15 (Condor®); 14, 14 e 13.66 (Even Kids®); </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">13.34, 13.34 e 13 (Bitufo Ben); e, 13, 14.33 e 12.33 (Tandy®). A Clorexidina 2% apresentou atividade satisfatória frente às cepas </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">testadas. Conclusão: todos os dentifrícios apresentaram atividade inibitória sobre as bactérias analisadas, porém o creme dental </span><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">Condor Kids® apresentou os maiores halos de inibição microbiana.</span></p>