bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of the Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction with Engineered Transaminases
Authors: Dawood Ayad W. H. , Bassut Jonathan , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A. , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe combination of enzymatic and chemical reaction steps is one important area of research in organic synthesis, preferentially as cascade reactions in one‐pot to improve total conversion and achieve high operational stability. Here, the combination of the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction is described to synthesize biaryl compounds followed by a transamination reaction. Careful optimization of the reaction conditions required for the chemo‐ and biocatalysis reaction enabled an efficient two‐step‐one‐pot reaction yielding the final chiral amines with excellent optical purity (>99 % ee) in up to 84 % total conversion. Key to the success was the protein engineering of the amine transaminases from Asperguillus fumigatus (4CHI‐TA) where single alanine mutations increased the conversion up to 2.3‐fold. Finally, the transfer to a continuous flow system after immobilization of the best 4CHI‐TA variant is demonstrated.
Dependability analysis of a cyber‐physical system for smart environments
Authors: Andrade Ermeson , Nogueira Bruno , Callou Gustavo , Alves Gabriel 
Published: August 2018

SummaryCyber‐Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new generation of smart systems that orchestrates physical elements with computation. This new class of system is intelligent and connected and is changing the way people deal with engineered systems, just as the Internet transformed the way people interact with information. Although several works have been proposed to support the design and development of CPSs, dependability evaluation of these systems have been investigated little. Dependability assessment (eg, reliability and availability) of cyber‐physical systems is of great importance as, very often, they are deployed in safety or business‐critical contexts. This paper presents a strategy based on Stochastic Petri Nets (SPNs) for dependability modeling, evaluation, and tuning of smart CPSs. The tuning is carried out through sensitivity analysis on the SPN models to efficiently identify the system components that most impact on the system's overall availability. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated by evaluating a smart CPS deployed in a water treatment plant. Experimental results revealed that the proposed strategy helps highlight which components require attention when attempting to achieve high availability, and by adding redundancy to these components, the downtime of adopted CPS was reduced drastically from half a day to only 8 minutes.
Node importance to community based caching strategy for information centric networking
Authors: Shan Chun , Cai Jun , Liu Yan , Luo JianZhen 
Published: August 2018

SummaryInformation Centric Networking (ICN) is a novel future network architecture that is focusing on content distribution. Its ubiquitous caching schemes can improve network performance. In this paper, we propose a node importance to community based caching scheme with network coding in ICN, which is named as NICNC. For each community, content router makes cache decision depending on its node importance to community to make content cached more reasonable in temporal and spatial distribution. Moreover, by applying network coding into ICN, one coded blocks containing information of multiple chunks can satisfy multiple interests for different chunks sent by different consumers. This can significantly enhance cache diversity and cache hit rate without increasing cache capacity. Experimental results show that our scheme can improve the network performance at many aspects, such as average download time, cache hit rate, and instantaneous hop reduction rate.
Optimization of checkpointing/recovery strategy in cloud computing with adaptive storage management
Authors: Meroufel Bakhta , Belalem Ghalem 
Published: August 2018

SummaryCloud Computing is a type of distributed system that is usually based on the services offered to the user based on SLA contract. In this case, the implementation of a fault‐tolerant system that ensures the reliability and the services continuity becomes a major requirement. In this paper, we propose a fault tolerance strategy based on checkpointing and replication. Our approach uses a smart checkpoint infrastructure for cloud computing tasks. The checkpoints are stored in alternative already paid VMs. This allows resuming a task execution faster and cheaper after a node crash. Since checkpoints are distributed and replicated, our approach increases also the system reliability. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in term of energy consumption, SLA (System Level Aggregation) violation, and reliability.
A PETSc parallel‐in‐time solver based on MGRIT algorithm
Authors: Mele Valeria , Constantinescu Emil M. , Carracciuolo Luisa , D'Amore Luisa 
Published: August 2018

SummaryWe address the development of a modular implementation of the MGRIT (MultiGrid‐In‐Time) algorithm to solve linear and nonlinear systems that arise from the discretization of evolutionary models with a parallel‐in‐time approach in the context of the PETSc (the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific computing) library. Our aim is to give the opportunity of predicting the performance gain achievable when using the MGRIT approach instead of the Time Stepping integrator (TS). To this end, we analyze the performance parameters of the algorithm that provide a‐priori the best number of processing elements and grid levels to use to address the scaling of MGRIT, regarded as a parallel iterative algorithm proceeding along the time dimension.
The σ‐Hole Coulombic Interpretation of Trihalide Anion Formation
Authors: Clark Timothy , Murray Jane S. , Politzer Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIt is shown that the interactions of dihalogen molecules XY with halide anions Z− to form trihalide anions (XYZ)− can be satisfactorily described as Coulombic, involving the σ‐holes on the atoms Y, but only if polarization is taken into account. We have approximated the polarizing effect of the halide anion Z− by means of a unit negative point charge. The CCSD/aug‐cc‐pVTZ computed interaction energies ΔE correlate well with the most positive electrostatic potentials associated with the induced σ‐holes over a ΔE range of −12 to −63 kcal mol−1. The (XYZ)− anions are more stable when the central atom is the largest, as has been observed, because the central atom is then the most polarizable, making the electrostatic potential associated with its σ‐hole more positive.
Bandwidth utilization efficiency enhancement for OFDM‐based WSN
Authors: H. Ansar , M.S. Noor 
Published: August 2018

SummaryNormally IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) is used for mainly downlink traffic applications. However in the upper tier of 2‐tier (WiMAX‐WiFi) wireless sensor network, the uplink bandwidth faces bottlenecks for high throughput. In this paper, a solution has been proposed for this limitation of uplink bandwidth allocation through the use of queuing theoretic performance modeling. A Markov‐modulated Poisson process traffic model has been formed for orthogonal frequency division multiple access‐based transmission along with discrete time Markov chain system model for queuing. A downlink traffic pattern has been defined for wireless sensor network nodes. Analytical methods are used to estimate the performance parameters like throughput, delay, and probability of packet drop for resource allocation. An algorithm is formulated to find out minimum resource requirement for downlink and to transfer rest of the resources to uplink bandwidth allocation, for throughput enhancement. Uplink frame utilization is determined through another discrete time Markov chain model for adaptive triggering between the proposed maximum and the normal downlink to uplink ratio operations, for efficient distribution of bandwidth resources. Algorithm and simulation results prove outstanding improvement in the uplink throughput around 50%, without degrading the downlink throughput.
Identification of a distinct phenotype of elderly latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: LADA China Study 8
Authors: Niu Xiaohong , Luo Shuoming , Li Xia , Xie Zhiguo , Xiang Yufei , Huang Gan , Lin Jian , Yang Lin , Liu Zhenqi , Wang Xiangbing , Leslie R. David , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundLatent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) exhibits significant clinical heterogeneity, but the underlying causes remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether age of onset of LADA contributes to the observed clinical heterogeneity by comparing the clinical, metabolic, and immunogenetic characteristics between elderly and young LADA patients.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study included a total of 579 patients with LADA which was further divided into elderly LADA (E‐LADA) group (n = 135, age of onset ≥60 years) and young LADA (Y‐LADA) group (n = 444, age of onset <60 years). Age‐matched subjects with type 2 diabetes were served as control (E‐T2D group, n = 622). Clinical characteristics, serum autoantibodies, and HLA‐DQ haplotypes were compared among these groups.ResultsCompared with patients with Y‐LADA, patients with E‐LADA have better residual beta‐cell function and higher level of insulin resistance (both P < .01), more metabolic syndrome characteristics, similar proportion of islet autoantibody positivity, and strikingly different HLA‐DQ genetic background. In comparison with E‐T2D patients, E‐LADA patients tend to have similar metabolic syndrome prevalence, comparable C‐peptide levels, and insulin resistance levels and share similar HLA‐DQ genetic characteristics.ConclusionsElderly LADA differs phenotypically and genetically from Y‐LADA but has a clinical and genetic profile more similar to that of E‐T2D. These distinct phenotypes could potentially help physicians better manage patients with E‐LADA.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes treatment: are they all the same?
Authors: Gentilella Raffaella , Pechtner Valeria , Corcos Antonella , Consoli Agostino 
Published: August 2018

SummaryGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists (RAs) are an important class of drugs with a well‐established efficacy and safety profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Agents in this class are derived from either exendin‐4 (a compound present in Gila monster venom) or modifications of human GLP‐1 active fragment. Differences among these drugs in duration of action (ie, short‐acting vs long‐acting), effects on glycaemic control and weight loss, immunogenicity, tolerability profiles, and administration routes offer physicians several options when selecting the most appropriate agent for individual patients. Patient preference is also an important consideration. The aim of this review is to discuss the differences between and similarities of GLP‐1 RAs currently approved for clinical use, focusing particularly on the properties characterising the single short‐acting and long‐acting GLP‐1 RAs rather than on their individual efficacy and safety profiles. The primary pharmacodynamic difference between short‐acting (ie, exenatide twice daily and lixisenatide) and long‐acting (ie, albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide once weekly, liraglutide, and semaglutide) GLP‐1 RAs is that short‐acting agents primarily delay gastric emptying (lowering postprandial glucose) and long‐acting agents affect both fasting glucose (via enhanced glucose‐dependent insulin secretion and reduced glucagon secretion in the fasting state) and postprandial glucose (via enhanced postprandial insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion). Other advantages of long‐acting GLP‐1 RAs include smaller fluctuations in plasma drug concentrations, improved gastrointestinal tolerability profiles, and simpler, more convenient administration schedules (once daily for liraglutide and once weekly for albiglutide, dulaglutide, the long‐acting exenatide formulation, and semaglutide), which might improve treatment adherence and persistence.
The dual effect of C‐peptide on cellular activation and atherosclerosis: Protective or not?
Authors: Alves Michelle Teodoro , Ortiz Mylena Maira Oliveira , dos Reis Guilherme Victor Oliveira Pimenta , Dusse Luci Maria Sant'Ana , Carvalho Maria das Graças , Fernandes Ana Paula , Gomes Karina Braga 
Published: August 2018

SummaryC‐peptide is a cleavage product of proinsulin that acts on different type of cells, such as blood and endothelial cells. C‐peptide biological effects may be different in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Besides, there are further evidence for a functional interaction between C‐peptide and insulin. In this way, C‐peptide has ambiguous effects, acting as an antithrombotic or thrombotic molecule, depending on the physiological environment and disease conditions. Moreover, C‐peptide regulates interaction of leucocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets with the endothelium. The beneficial effects include stimulation of nitric oxide production with its subsequent release by platelets and endothelium, the interaction with erythrocytes leading to the generation of adenosine triphosphate, and inhibition of atherogenic cytokine release. The undesirable action of C‐peptide includes the chemotaxis of monocytes, lymphocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Also, C‐peptide was related with increased lipid deposits and elevated smooth muscle cells proliferation in the vessel wall, contributing to atherosclerosis. Purpose of this review is to explore these dual roles of C‐peptide on the blood, contributing at one side to haemostasis and the other to atherosclerotic process.
Polycentric struggles: The experience of the global climate justice movement
Authors: Tormos‐Aponte Fernando , García‐López Gustavo A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhat is the relationship between social movements and polycentric governance? The concept of polycentricity has been at the center of recent debates in environmental governance. While most of this work has analyzed polycentric arrangements in relation to collaborative and adaptive governance, some have recently focused on how political conflicts shape these arrangements. In this paper we build on this work through Luther Gerlach's forgotten framework of polycentric social movements to undertake the task of politicizing polycentricity. This task entails expanding the analytical focus of institutional analyses of polycentricity and examining the social group politics of social movements. To this end, we present a case study of the climate justice movement and its relation to climate change governance. We analyze whether and to what extent the movement has embodied polycentric arrangements throughout its history, and to what effects. We show that show that, in seeking to address the multiscalar nature of environmental problems and the limits of existing institutional arrangements, climate justice groups are increasingly organized in a polycentric fashion. Climate justice groups mobilize multiple strands of environmental justice movements from the global North and South, as well as from indigenous and peasant rights movements, and it is organized as a decentralized network of semiautonomous, coordinated units. We find that this strategy generates new opportunities and challenges for the movement, and thus has important implications for its effectiveness in achieving these transformations. Lastly, we find that through these polycentric arrangements, movements such as that for climate justice are able to exert simultaneous influence on multiple sites of environmental governance, from the local to the global, furthering increased polycentricity in formal institutional arrangements.
‘I have not witnessed it personally myself, but…’: Epistemics in managing talk on racism against immigrants in Ireland
Authors: Sambaraju Rahul , Minescu Anca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSocial psychologists who study racism or prejudice argue that various versions of these are constructed in ways to suppress or minimise their relevance. However, researchers have not particularly examined how knowledge‐claims about racism can also be variously made or negotiated in attending to the relevance of racism. We offer such an examination through a discursive psychological analysis of interview talk with Irish nationals on immigration, since in these settings issues of immigration and racism are not readily relevant. Findings show that participants treated how knowledge of racism can be accessed and who has the rights to make knowledge‐claims about racism, as relevant. Epistemic access and rights were negotiated in ways that showed sensitivity to possibilities for suppressing alternative claims about racism. These findings are discussed in relation to current social psychological and discursive approaches to racism.
Semiparametric Bayesian joint modeling of clustered binary and continuous outcomes with informative cluster size in developmental toxicity assessment
Authors: Hwang Beom Seuk , Pennell Michael L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMany authors have shown that joint modeling outcomes can effectively improve statistical power in studies involving clustered data. For instance, in developmental toxicity studies, fetal weight and malformation have been jointly analyzed to obtain more efficient inferences. Unfortunately, in these studies, the number of subjects is often correlated with the outcome values, which can result in biased estimates if the relationship is not accounted for. Most methods for joint modeling data with informative cluster size assume standard parametric response distributions. However, in developmental toxicity studies, it is possible that response distributions vary in location and shape with dose, which may not be easily captured by parametric models. Motivated by applications in developmental toxicity, we propose a semiparametric Bayesian joint model for clustered binary and continuous responses with informative cluster size. In our model, a nested kernel stick‐breaking process prior is assigned to the distribution of a random effect shared across outcomes, which allows simultaneous grouping of clusters and subjects within clusters, and flexible changes in distribution shape with dose shared across outcomes. We account for informative cluster size by modeling the number of subjects in each cluster using a Poisson regression model with a cluster‐specific random effect that is shared with the outcome variables. The Poisson assumption is relaxed by assigning a Dirichlet process prior to the unknown distribution of the cluster‐specific random effect. We apply our method to data from a developmental toxicity study of diethylhexyl phthalate.
Food addiction and impaired executive functions in women with obesity
Authors: Steward Trevor , Mestre‐Bach Gemma , Vintró‐Alcaraz Cristina , Lozano‐Madrid María , Agüera Zaida , Fernández‐Formoso José A. , Granero Roser , Jiménez‐Murcia Susana , Vilarrasa Nuria , García‐Ruiz‐de‐Gordejuela Amador , Veciana de las Heras Misericordia , Custal Nuria , Virgili Nuria , López‐Urdiales Rafael , Gearhardt Ashley N. , Menchón José M. , Soriano‐Mas Carles , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with obesity (OB) often report suffering from addiction‐like symptoms. As in addictions, deficits in executive function domains, such as decision‐making and sustained attention, are found in OB. No study to date has examined the associations between food addiction, OB, and neuropsychological performance.MethodThirty‐three adult women with OB and 36 healthy weight controls completed the Yale Food Addiction Scale Version 2.0, a validated instrument used to assess food‐related addictive behaviours. Additionally, participants completed computerized versions of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Conners' Continuous Performance Test, second edition (CPT‐II) to examine decision‐making and attentional control, respectively.ResultsFood addiction criteria were met in 24.2% of the participants with OB and in 2.8% of the control group. In the OB group, food addiction severity levels were negatively correlated with overall scores on the IGT. Participants with OB meeting criteria for food addiction committed more omissions and perseveration errors on the CPT‐II compared with those without food addiction.ConclusionsOur results point to an association between food addiction severity levels and impairments in decision‐making and attentional capacity in individuals with OB. Given the heterogeneity found in OB, it stands to reason that this subset of patients with food addiction could potentially benefit from interventions targeting neuropsychological deficits.
Overestimation of short‐term coastal cliff retreat rates in the eastern Mediterranean resolved with a sediment budget approach
Authors: Mushkin Amit , Katz Oded , Porat Naomi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOur understanding of sea‐cliff erosion processes and their response to recent and/or projected environmental changes such as sea‐level rise, climate change and anthropogenic development hinges on our ability to quantify sea‐cliff retreat rates and their variability through time. Here, we focus on Israel's Mediterranean ‘Sharon’ sea‐cliff as a case study for examining the significance of recent short‐term (i.e. annual to decadal) cliff‐top retreat rates that appear to exceed longer‐term rates of ‘background’ (i.e. centennial to millennial) retreat by 1–2 orders of magnitude. We demonstrate that an inherent sampling bias in rate estimates inferred from observation intervals shorter than process episodicity can also explain such a pattern. This potential ambiguity leads to a striking paradox where despite highly accurate and robust documentation of recent cliff‐top retreat, such as that obtained from aerial photographs and/or instrumental surveys, the short‐term retreat rates of episodically retreating sea cliffs remain poorly constrained. To address this key data gap along the Sharon sea cliff we employed a sediment budget approach that focuses on quantifying the continuous wave scouring of cliff‐collapsed material from the shore platform as a rate‐limiting process for episodic retreat of the cliff above. We used four high‐resolution (0.5 m/pixel) airborne LiDAR data sets acquired between 2006 and 2015 to determine short‐term maximum retreat rates of up to ~0.08 m/yr during this nine‐year period. These modern retreat rates compare to the cliff's background retreat rate of 0.03 to 0.09 m/yr since the mid‐Holocene, as determined herein from multiple geologic and archeological observations. Our results demonstrate that previously reported twentieth century cliff‐top retreat rates for this sea cliff, which range up to values of several meters per year, are biased and that sea‐cliff erosion rates have not yet been significantly impacted by recent environmental changes in the eastern Mediterranean basin, such as the restriction of sediment supply following emplacement of the Nile's Aswan dam system. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.