bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics‐constrained non‐Gaussian probabilistic learning on manifolds
Authors: Soize Christian , Ghanem Roger 
Published: August 2019

SummaryAn extension of the probabilistic learning on manifolds (PLoM), recently introduced by the authors, has been presented: In addition to the initial data set given for performing the probabilistic learning, constraints are given, which correspond to statistics of experiments or of physical models. We consider a non‐Gaussian random vector whose unknown probability distribution has to satisfy constraints. The method consists in constructing a generator using the PLoM and the classical Kullback‐Leibler minimum cross‐entropy principle. The resulting optimization problem is reformulated using Lagrange multipliers associated with the constraints. The optimal solution of the Lagrange multipliers is computed using an efficient iterative algorithm. At each iteration, the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm developed for the PLoM is used, consisting in solving an Itô stochastic differential equation that is projected on a diffusion‐maps basis. The method and the algorithm are efficient and allow the construction of probabilistic models for high‐dimensional problems from small initial data sets and for which an arbitrary number of constraints are specified. The first application is sufficiently simple in order to be easily reproduced. The second one is relative to a stochastic elliptic boundary value problem in high dimension.
Synthesis of cyclic poly(l‐lactide) catalyzed by Bismuth Salicylates—A combination of two drugs
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Weidner Steffen M. , Scheliga Felix 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTl‐lactide was polymerized in bulk at 160 or 180°C with mixtures of bismuth subsalicylate (BiSub) and salicylic (SA) as catalysts. The SA/Bi ratio and the monomer/Bi ratio were varied. The highest molecular weights (weight average, Mw) were achieved at a SA/Bi ratio of 1/1 (Mw up to 92 000 g mol−1). l‐Lactide was also polymerized with combinations of BiSub and silylated SA, and Mw values up to 120 000 g mol−1 were achieved at 180°C. MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and Mark‐Houwink‐Sakurada measurements proved that under optimized reaction conditions the resulting polylactides consist of cycles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2056–2063
TWIST2: A new candidate tumor suppressor in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhao Chengxiao , Zhang Wei , Zhu Xiaoquan , Xu Yong , Yang Kuo , Wei Dong , Liang Siying , Zhao Fan , Zhang Yaoguang , Chen Xin , Sun Liang , Yuan Huiping , Shi Xiaohong , Wang Xin , Liu Ming , Yang Fan , Wang Jianye , Yang Ze 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in men worldwide; however, PCa incidence and mortality rates vary widely across geographic regions and ethnic groups. The current study was designed to elucidate the pivotal factors involved in PCa occurrence and development.MethodsWe performed RNA sequencing on the prostate tumor and adjacent normal tissues from Chinese PCa patients. Genes identified via genome‐wide expression profile analysis were validated by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Hypermethylation of CpG islands was assessed by nested methylation‐specific PCR. Whole genome microarray analysis was performed using an Affymetrix GeneChip.ResultsWe identified nine possible abnormally expressed genes (P < .05) and then revealed TWIST2 as having strikingly lower expression in tumors than in control tissues (P < .01). Low messenger RNA expression levels of TWIST2 were associated with hypermethylation of CpG islands in its promoter region. In accordance with these findings, PCa tumor tissues showed markedly decreased TWIST2 protein expression compared to that in both normal and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissues by immunohistochemical staining. Ectopic expression of TWIST2 in LNCap cells not only inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo but also induced transcriptional repression of a cell proliferation‐related gene cohort, including androgen receptor signaling mediators, cyclins, homeobox genes, forkhead box genes, and SOX2.ConclusionsOur results suggest that TWIST2 could function as a tumor suppressor involved in the pathogenesis of PCa by influencing the expression of target genes and that hypermethylation of the TWIST2 promoter in prostate tumors may be an underlying mechanism for TWIST2 transcriptional silencing.
Semimechanistic Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Aztreonam‐Avibactam Combination to Understand Its Antimicrobial Activity Against Multidrug‐Resistant Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Chauzy Alexia , Gaelzer Silva Torres Bruna , Buyck Julien , de Jonge Boudewijn , Adier Christophe , Marchand Sandrine , Couet William , Grégoire Nicolas 
Published: August 2019

Aztreonam‐avibactam (ATM‐AVI) is a promising combination to treat serious infections caused by multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens. Three distinct mechanisms of action have been previously characterized for AVI: inhibition of ATM degradation by β‐lactamases, proper bactericidal effect, and enhancement of ATM bactericidal activity. The aim of this study was to quantify the individual contribution of each of the three AVI effects. In vitro static time‐kill studies were performed on four MDR Enterobacteriaceae with different β‐lactamase profiles. β‐Lactamase activity was characterized by measuring ATM concentrations over 27 hours. Data were analyzed by a semimechanistic pharmacodynamics modeling approach. Surprisingly, even though AVI prevented ATM degradation, the combined bactericidal activity was mostly explained by the enhancement of ATM effect within clinical range of ATM (5–125 mg/L) and AVI concentrations (0.9–22.5 mg/L). Therefore, when selecting a β‐lactamase inhibitor for combination with a β‐lactam, its capability to enhance the β‐lactam activity should be considered in addition to the spectrum of β‐lactamases inhibited.
Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Predict Rifampin‐Mediated Intestinal P‐Glycoprotein Induction
Authors: Yamazaki Shinji , Costales Chester , Lazzaro Sarah , Eatemadpour Soraya , Kimoto Emi , Varma Manthena V. 
Published: August 2019

Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a powerful tool to quantitatively describe drug disposition profiles in vivo, thereby providing an alternative to predict drug–drug interactions (DDIs) that have not been tested clinically. This study aimed to predict effects of rifampin‐mediated intestinal P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) induction on pharmacokinetics of Pgp substrates via PBPK modeling. First, we selected four Pgp substrates (digoxin, talinolol, quinidine, and dabigatran etexilate) to derive in vitro to in vivo scaling factors for intestinal Pgp kinetics. Assuming unbound Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km) to be intrinsic, we focused on the scaling factors for maximal efflux rate (Jmax) to adequately recover clinically observed results. Next, we predicted rifampin‐mediated fold increases in intestinal Pgp abundances to reasonably recover clinically observed DDI results. The modeling results suggested that threefold to fourfold increases in intestinal Pgp abundances could sufficiently reproduce the DDI results of these Pgp substrates with rifampin. Hence, the obtained fold increases can potentially be applicable to DDI prediction with other Pgp substrates.
Sustainability
Authors: Chang Chein‐Chi , DiGiovanni Kimberly , Mei Ying 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis review on Sustainability covers selected 2018 publications on the focus of sustainability. It is divided into the following sections: (a) Water quantity; (b) Water quality; (c) Climate change and resilience; (d) Planning and ecosystem evaluation; (e) Life cycle assessment (LCA) applications; (f) Sustainable management; (g) Sustainability and asset management; (h) Sustainability in wastewater treatment; (i) Sustainable water and wastewater utilities; (j) Sustainable water resource management.
Bioenergy from biofuel residues and waste
Authors: Plante Luke , Sheehan Nathaniel P. , Bier Peter , Murray Kyle , Quell Kimberly , Ouellette Charles , Martinez Erick 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis section presents a review of the scientific literature published in 2018 on topics relating to sustainable bioenergy from biofuel residues and waste. This review is divided into the following sections: Feedstocks, Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biohydrogen, Hydrogen, Biofuel Residues, Microalgae, and Lignocelluloses.
Bigger or Better? Research-Based Reflections on the Cultural Deconstruction of Rural Schools in Norway: Metaperspectives
Authors: Kvalsund Rune 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe author identifies indicators of the pressure for deep changes in rural schools—from weight on place-conscious education to focus on tested pupil achievement in abstract school subjects—as potential research themes. Examples of such indicators are changed school structure, localization and scale; learning by acquisition or participation; educational quality or deficiency; schools as units of knowledge production; educational governance and governmentality; changed funding; migration, thinning out communities and child settlement. The context builds the larger Norwegian school reforms—silent closing of rural schools. This adds up to an overarching research theme: the cultural deconstruction of rural schools and communities as places. The author analyzes three projects covering 30 years of research on rural schools in Norway referring to metaknowledge of research themes, design, methods, concepts, and theories to trace how the footprint of cultural deconstruction of rural schools and communities, deconstructing knowledge and place, is visible in social science research as well.
A Multilevel View of Small Schools: Changing Systems in Baden-Württemberg and Vorarlberg
Authors: Kramer Caroline 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOwing to demographic changes, discussions concerning the quality of small schools have increased in European countries. Two opposing schooling paradigms form this discussion’s backdrop: Advocacy of and opposition to small schools. How the discussion on the “making of schools” is conducted depends on preferred education policies and ideological affiliations, as well as on national state or economic situations. Numerous actors on a number of different spatial levels are involved in determining concrete school parameters, e.g., system structures via school planning, traffic planning, teacher allocation and organizing school routines. The multilevel view on small schools introduced here identifies an array of factors that influence the making of schools, i.e., societal processes, structures and systems, groups of actors and individuals. The author’s empirical research in Baden-Württemberg and Vorarlberg covers 25 years, and the pioneering comprehensive multilevel view on issues related to the making of small schools illustrates its importance for spatial planning.
Redefining School: Educational Spaces for Adolescents’ Engagement in Learning
Authors: Sliwka Anne , Klopsch Britta 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMembers of school systems around the globe recognize the challenge of educating adolescents to enable them to thrive in a rapidly changing world. They are faced with the complex task of designing educational spaces that combine more traditional instructional school settings with the “real world,” that is, the tangible world surrounding the school as well as the digital world connecting schools to the wider world. This contribution shows how adolescent students’ engagement in learning can be supported by redefining schools’ settings for learning and by designing hybrid spaces that provide complex, authentic, and demanding tasks in real-life settings to enable deeper learning.
Displacing Workers Between Companies
Authors: Sandoz Laure 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe fourth chapter explores the role of the private sector in managing the mobility of workers. Interactions between service providers, companies, and workers are examined in order to shed light on the mechanisms that enable companies to access a flexible workforce. Building on interviews, ethnographic observations, and the author’s personal experience, the analysis shows that the recruitment of qualified workers relies on mobility infrastructure composed of intermediaries such as headhunters, relocation agents, consultants, and short-term labour providers. The main role of these intermediaries is to facilitate corporate access to workers who can be immediately efficient, thus reducing the need for employers to invest in training employees. Efficiency, however, means more than skills in this context, since it often implies evaluating a candidate’s social background, lifestyle, values, and perceived cultural attributes. In addition, the recent emergence and rapid growth of a migration industry specialised in securing short-term contracts for skilled workers creates new norms and constraints for employees. By facilitating mobility, these intermediaries have trivialised it. In some sectors, constant mobility has become a condition for career success. Individuals rather than institutions assume the difficulties associated with frequent mobility. Such constraints create new challenges for reconciling work with private life, as well as new uncertainties and forms of precariousness, even in well-paid and socially valued professions.
Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal perfusion: a systematic review and statement paper
Authors: Villa Giulia , Ringgaard Steffen , Hermann Ingo , Noble Rebecca , Brambilla Paolo , Khatir Dinah S. , Zöllner Frank G. , Francis Susan T. , Selby Nicholas M. , Remuzzi Andrea , Caroli Anna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivePhase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) is a non-invasive method used to compute blood flow velocity and volume. This systematic review aims to discuss the current status of renal PC-MRI and provide practical recommendations which could inform future clinical studies and its adoption in clinical practice.MethodologyA comprehensive search of all the PC-MRI studies in human healthy subjects or patients related to the kidneys was performed.ResultsA total of 39 studies were included in which PC-MRI was used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) alongside other derivative hemodynamic parameters. PC-MRI generally showed good correlation with gold standard methods of RBF measurement, both in vitro and in vivo, and good reproducibility. Despite PC-MRI not being routinely used in clinical practice, there are several clinical studies showing its potential to support diagnosis and monitoring of renal diseases, in particular renovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.DiscussionRenal PC-MRI shows promise as a non-invasive technique to reliably measure RBF, both in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal disease. Future multicentric studies are needed to provide definitive normative ranges and to demonstrate the clinical potential of PC-MRI, likely as part of a multi-parametric renal MRI protocol.
Adolescents and their aspirations for private car-based transport
Authors: Hopkins Debbie , García Bengoechea Enrique , Mandic Sandra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe need to transition away from the current car-dominated transport system is well documented in sustainability, health and transportation literatures. Despite growing interest in active and public transport modes, the car still dominates travel preferences for most age groups. There is, however, some evidence of declining preferences for car-based travel for younger generations. In this paper, we use empirical material gathered through a mixed methods study of high school students in Dunedin, New Zealand, to explore the aspirations of adolescents for private car-based transport. We present and interpret findings from a quantitative survey of high school students (n = 1240) and qualitative focus groups (n = 10 focus groups, 54 participants). Contrary to somewhat optimistic reports of reduced aspiration for driving and cars, we find evidence of ongoing preference for car-based transport, and intentions to learn to drive amongst the cohort of young urban millennials. The findings signal the importance of socialisation processes and everyday travel decisions (e.g. mode choice) for long term aspirations to replicate practices of automobility. Such findings have important implications for interventions to increase non-motorised mobilities, and reduce dependence on private vehicles across the transport system.
Hypergravity-induced plastic alteration of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex involves decrease in responsiveness of CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex
Authors: Abe Chikara , Yamaoka Yusuke , Maejima Yui , Mikami Tomoe , Morita Hironobu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe vestibular system contributes to not only eye movement and posture but also the sympathetic response. Plastic alteration of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex is induced by hypergravity load; however, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we examined 2 g-induced changing in responsiveness of CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nucleus complex using optogenetic tools. The excitatory photostimulation of the CAMK2-expressing neurons in the unilateral vestibular nuclear complex induced body tilt to the contralateral side, while inhibitory photostimulation showed the opposite response. Photoactivation of either cell body or the axonal terminal in the rostral ventrolateral medulla showed sympathoexcitation followed by the pressor response. Furthermore, this response was significantly attenuated (49.8 ± 4%) after the 1st day of 2 g loading, and this value was further reduced by the 5th day (22.4 ± 3%), suggesting that 2 g-induced attenuation of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex involves at least decrease in responsiveness of CAMK2-expressing neurons in the vestibular nuclear complex.
White matter alterations in early‐stage Alzheimer's disease: A tract‐specific study
Authors: Wen Qiuting , Mustafi Sourajit M. , Li Junjie , Risacher Shannon L. , Tallman Eileen , Brown Steven A. , West John D. , Harezlak Jaroslaw , Farlow Martin R. , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Gao Sujuan , Apostolova Liana G. , Saykin Andrew J. , Wu Yu‐Chien 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionDiffusion magnetic resonance imaging may allow for microscopic characterization of white matter degeneration in early stages of Alzheimer's disease.MethodsMultishell Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired from 100 participants (40 cognitively normal, 38 with subjective cognitive decline, and 22 with mild cognitive impairment [MCI]). White matter microscopic degeneration in 27 major tracts of interest was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, and q‐space imaging.ResultsLower DTI fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity were observed in the cingulum, thalamic radiation, and forceps major of participants with MCI. These tracts of interest also had the highest predictive power to discriminate groups. Diffusion metrics were associated with cognitive performance, particularly Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test immediate recall, with the highest association observed in participants with MCI.DiscussionWhile DTI was the most sensitive, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging and q‐space imaging complementarily characterized reduced axonal density accompanied with dispersed and less restricted white matter microstructures.
Reconsidering frameworks of Alzheimer's dementia when assessing psychosocial outcomes
Authors: Gaugler Joseph E. , Bain Lisa J. , Mitchell Lauren , Finlay Jessica , Fazio Sam , Jutkowitz Eric ,   the Alzheimer's Association Psychosocial Measurement Workgroup, Banerjee Sube , Butrum Kim , Fazio Sam , Gaugler Joseph , Gitlin Laura , Hodgson Nancy , Kallmyer Beth , Le Meyer Oanh , Logsdon Rebecca , Maslow Katie , Zimmerman Sheryl 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this introductory article to the special issue on psychosocial outcome measures in Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions is to outline new frameworks to more effectively capture and measure the full range of how people living with Alzheimer's dementia and their family caregivers experience the disease process. Specifically, we consider the strengths and weaknesses of alternative perspectives, including person‐centered, strength‐based, and resilience‐focused approaches that may complement and extend the dominant deficit paradigm to reflect the entirety of the dementia experience. Our aim is to encourage innovative methods to measure psychosocial aspects of Alzheimer's dementia and caregiving that have not yet received sufficient attention, including resources (e.g., services and supports) and positive caregiver and care recipient outcomes (e.g., positive mood and adaptation).
Nonmonotonic Postdeglacial Relative Sea Level Changes at the Aftermath of Marinoan (635 Ma) Snowball Earth Meltdown
Authors: Irie Yoshiya , Nakada Masao , Okuno Jun'ichi , Bao Huiming 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMarinoan snowball Earth offers us a set of sedimentary and geochemical records for exploring glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) associated with one of the most severe glaciations in Earth history. An accurate prediction of GIA‐based relative sea level (RSL) change associated with a snowball Earth meltdown will help to explore sedimentary records for RSL changes and to place independent constraints on mantle viscosity and on the durations of syndeglaciation (Td) and cap carbonate deposition. Here we mainly examine postdeglacial RSL change characterized by an RSL drop and a resumed transgression inferred from the cap dolostones on the continental shelf in south China. Such a nonmonotonic RSL behavior may be a diagnostic GIA signal for the Marinoan deglaciation resulting from a significantly longer postdeglacial GIA response than that for the last deglaciation. A postdeglacial RSL drop followed by transgression in south China, which is significantly affected by Earth's rotation, is predicted over the continental shelf for models with Td ≤ 20 kyr and a deep mantle viscosity of ~5 × 1022 Pa s regardless of the upper mantle viscosity. The inferred GIA model also explains the postdeglacial RSL changes such as sedimentary‐inferred RSL drops on the continental shelf in northwestern Canada and California at low‐latitude regions insignificantly affected by Earth's rotation. Furthermore, the good match between the predicted and observed RSL changes in south China suggests an approximate duration of ~50 kyr for the Marinoan 17O depletion event, an atmospheric event linked to the post‐Marinoan drawdown of CO2 and the concurrent rise of O2.