bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity Study of Decomposing Carbon Fiber Epoxy Composites Model
Authors: Bran Anleu Gabriela , Winters Caroline , Roybal Daniel , Scott Sarah N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The high strength-to-weight ratio of carbon fiber epoxy composites makes these materials ideal for automotive and aeronautical applications. However, carbon fibers and epoxy in the composite are a source of fuel when exposed to a fire environment. To understand the safety risk of these materials, a numerical model that accounts for the thermal properties of each constituent in the composite was developed to simulate the decomposition process of carbon fiber epoxy composites in fire environments. The numerical model was then compared to experimental temperature measurements of composites materials subjected to a low and a high radiant heating rate. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the uncertainties associated with the model input parameters. These results will help further understand thermal behavior during the decomposition process and serve as a tool to improve future models that will enable the mitigation of any safety concerns associated with these materials.
Reaction to fire of decorative moss-imitating panels with moss, lichens and algae
Authors: Węgrzyński Wojciech , Węgrzyńska Monika , Miechówka Bartosz , Bielawski Jakub , Papis Bartłomiej 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Moss-imitating panels for interior linings were tested with standard reaction-to-fire methods – three with Cone Calorimetry and all five with Single Burning Item (SBI). Different types of organisms were chosen, representing moss, lichen and algae. Panels with different species have exhibited vastly different fire behaviours. The moss was closest to the previously observed living wall behaviour, with rapid fire spread over the surface and a charred remnant layer formation. Algae burned only in the presence of the external flame source, but the shape (balls) allowed fire propagation to the sub-structure made of combustible MDF FR board. Lichens have not contributed to the fire and acted as an insulative layer between the fire and the sub-structure. Detailed measurements of the reaction to fire are presented and discussed. The research indicates potential challenges for architects and fire safety engineers, to whom the solutions with vastly different properties may be marketed under the same trade name, “moss panel”, as without experience in biology, distinguishing between the samples was difficult.
Numerical and experimental investigation of compartment fires
Authors: Mehaddi Rabah , Lafdal Bouaza , Boulet Pascal 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present study focuses on under-ventilated compartment fires, by analysing the results of an experimental and numerical study about fires issuing from heptane pools in a compartment with an open door. The key parameters in this case are the ventilation factor (based on the door height and its area) and the pool fire diameter. To analyse the combustion regimes, the fire Heat Release Rate (HRR) is split into two parts, namely, the heat released inside and outside the compartment. To quantify these quantities, two experimental methods have been combined. The first one is based on temperature measurements inside the compartment. The second one combines measurements for the heat fluxes outside the compartment and images taken with visible cameras that provide the flame shape outside the compartment and lead to the corresponding total released flux. The experimental data have been compared to dedicated numerical simulations carried out with the CFD code Fire Dynamics Simulator. These comparisons have revealed that in a well-ventilated or moderately under-ventilated regime, integral quantities such as mean temperature, fire heat release rate inside and outside the room appear to be well predicted by the simulations. However, under the same conditions, the temperature profiles show differences that can be locally significant. This observation might be explained by a difficulty in correctly reproducing the flame dynamics and the air flow entering through the door. Furthermore, in the severely under-ventilated case, the temporal evolution of the average quantities (HRR and mean temperatures) are very poorly estimated by the simulations, as well as the local distributions. In this case the simulations predict that the combustion of all the combustible vapours occurs at the door, which does not correspond to the physical observations. Therefore, modifications of the CFD code are required to improve the simulations, probably also involving dedicated efforts on the ignition and extinction sub-models.
Laminar smoke point-based analysis of soot production in liquid-fuelled laminar coflow non-premixed flames
Authors: Consalvi Jean-Louis , Nmira Fatiha 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article presents a smoke point-based (SP) analysis of experimental data of the literature in laminar coflow non-premixed flames fuelled by gaseous and pre-vaporized liquid fuels. As observed by Marstein and de Ris (Proc. Combust. Inst. 20 (1984) 1637) for gaseous fuels, the peak of radially-integrated soot volume fraction (SVF), Fv
, normalized by the ratio of flame length, Lf
, to the laminar SP flame height, Lsp
, is found to be a constant roughly independent of the fuel. For mixtures containing aromatics, this scaling is sensitive to the uncertainties on the very short Lsp
of aromatics, suggesting that a direct measurement is preferable rather than determining the mixture Lsp
from those of the mixture component fuels. The results obtained in this work support that that the current formulation of SP-based soot models, where the soot formation (SF) rate is calibrated for ethylene and extended to other fuels by considering that it scales with the inverse of Lsp
, can be directly applied to liquid fuels, despite different soot growth mechanisms.
An experimental study on the heating and burning of a binary liquid mixture in a pool fire
Authors: Xie En , Mehaddi Rabah , Terrei Lucas , Beji Tarek 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The paper presents experimental measurements for the transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures (at different depths below the surface) in pool fires. Steel square burners with two different side lengths are selected: 10.5 and 15.0 cm. The burner is 5 cm deep and the initial fuel height is about 4.6 cm. At 10°C, the fuel is a mixture of cyclohexane and methanol with a molar composition of about 50%-50%. Under these conditions, there is a top cyclohexane-rich layer and a bottom methanol-rich layer. In the initial transient and steady-state periods, the burning is slightly lower than that of pure cyclohexane due to the presence of methanol in the top layer. Then, a sudden more intense burning occurs due to the expansion of methanol vapor reaching the surface. A semi-empirical model is proposed to predict the onset of this event, assuming that it corresponds to the interface between the two layers reaching the azeotropic point of the blend. A second steady-state period is subsequently established, corresponding to the burning of a well-mixed blend of both liquids at the azeotropic point, as measured by the thermocouples immersed into the liquid.
Repeat Fire Tests of Upholstered Furniture: Influence of Experimental Conditions
Authors: Morrisset David , Reep Jonathan , Ojwang Ian , Hadden Rory M. , Law Angus 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted to illustrate the influence of different experimental conditions on the statistical variation observed for furniture-scale calorimetry. Commercially available upholstered chairs were independently assessed using different ignition techniques, both with or without the presence of a wall corner. For each experiment, heat release rate (HRR), gaseous emission yields (e.g., CO), and heat fluxes (HFs) from the fuel package were compared. Measurements made were used to link the burning behaviour to physical occurrence and identified the influence each experimental configuration had on the resulting behaviour. The time resolved HRR and CO yield were found to be largely unaffected by the presence of a wall corner, while the radiant heat flux from the item was increased with a wall corner. Both the HRR and CO yield in time showed a dependence on ignition location – however these differences can be contextualized by the use of key events that drive the burning process and global burning regimes.
Benchmarking an engineering model to estimate hot gas layer interface height
Authors: Johansson N 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An engineering model for estimating hot gas layer height is presented. The model is based on several sub-models, thus necessitating benchmarking against experimental data. Results from the model are compared to data from three different series of enclosure fire tests. The results indicate a strong correlation between the proposed model and the experimental observations, with an average error of less than 5%. The model demonstrates robustness in estimating hot gas layer interface heights, presenting valuable applications for fire safety design and analysis.
Experimental study of fire propagation on sloped roof with building applied photovoltaics
Authors: Stølen Reidar , Siren Fjærestad Janne , Fjellgaard Mikalsen Ragni , Jomaas Grunde 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Photovoltaic modules have been shown to influence how a fire propagates across a flat roof, but the circumstances for which building attached photovoltaic (BAPV) modules promote fire propagation on a sloped roof is not studied in detail. Therefore, a series of small-medium- and large-scale experiments on a sloped roof with a BROOF(t2)-rated bituminous roof membrane on a wood chipboard substrate has been performed. Steel plates mimicking non-combustible photovoltaic (PV) modules were placed at different distances above the roof. Different sized wood cribs placed in the gap between the roof and the PV module were used as the ignition source. Similarly to findings for flat roofs, the experiments showed that the gap distance and the size of the ignition source are key factors for how far the fire propagates from the starting point. This supports that BAPV installations affect the fire dynamics on roofs. As such, the complete system of roof composition and PV installation needs to be considered as a whole to ensure adequate fire safety levels.
Numerical assessment of smoke control systems in high-rack warehouses: the Spanish perspective
Authors: Rengel Borja , Dréan Virginie , Guillaume Eric 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The smoke control systems in high-rack warehouses are conceived to assist in firefighting efforts, providing acceptable safety conditions for firefighter intervention. Although the Spanish standard proposes a system based on dividing the space into smoke reservoirs using smoke curtains, recently performance based studies are being carried out to justify alternative systems to the standard one without smoke curtains, with low-level air intake and a lower number of outlets. This study compares the performance of both systems against different growth rates and ventilation areas by conducting 12 numerical experiments performed with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS).
Relevance of the steady laminar flamelet model for the large-eddy simulation of a reactive plume
Authors: Boyer Germain , Chikkabikkodu Uday , Aguilera Javier , Richard Franck , Mura Arnaud 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The relevance of the steady laminar flamelet model (SLFM) is analyzed and discussed on the basis of computational results issued from the large-eddy simulation (LES) of a 30 cm diameter methanol pool fire. In a first step of the analysis, the computational results are assessed versus available experimental data: a satisfactory level of agreement is obtained. Then, the computational database is used to analyze the combustion regimes and model response.
Repeatability Assessment in Tunnel Fire Experiments
Authors: Morales Mere J A , Madsen D , Johansson N , Ronchi E 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A medium-scale experimental setup located in Revinge, Sweden, is used to generate new repeated experimental datasets focussed on measuring a set of key variables, including time-temperature curves and temperature profiles. A total of 6 repeated fire tests were conducted and are here used to exemplify typical issues associated with repeatability, uncertainty and variability in tunnel fire experiments. A key aspect considered in this work is the smoke stratification among repeated experiments and how fire behaviour can be affected by boundary conditions. This work is important to facilitate future efforts to collect high-quality tunnel fire data including a quantitative assessment of the experimental uncertainty, data that will be useful for validation of tunnel fire models.
Model scale exposed timber compartment fire experiments with wood crib fuel load
Authors: Karannagodage Chamith , Schmid Joachim , Klippel Michael , Kleinhenz Miriam , Fahrni Reto , Frangi Andrea , Viertel Martin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A series of model-scale compartment fire experiments were performed to investigate the influence of different exposed timber area and configurations on the compartment fire dynamics. The experimental setup and part of the instrumentation (temperature, mass loss) are presented. The main findings from the compartment fire experiments with exposed timber are discussed with the current compartment fire experimental knowledge. The experimental results showed that the presence of exposed timber surfaces except for the exposed timber ceiling appears to influence the temperature development in the compartment and the fire duration. The number of exposed timber surfaces alone was not the governing parameter of self-extinguishment and it appears to be a function of geometry, openings and moveable fuel load.
Large-scale experimental study of interaction between fallout of tempered glass façade and enclosure fire dynamics
Authors: Chen H N , Wang Y 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This work presents several large-scale experiments on the interaction between fallout of tempered glass façade and enclosure fire dynamics. The experimental setup consisted of a compartment (1.8 × 1.4 × 1.4 m3) with a fixed glass frame on one side to install a glass façade, which can contain 4 pieces of 660 × 630 mm2 single-layer tempered glass at most. Some experiments were designed to investigate the influence of different glass positions on the framework on the breakage time, surface temperature, and heat flux. The flashover in all tests occurred before tempered glass breakage. Generally, the upper-installed glasses may lead to an earlier flashover but increase the breaking time. The first breakage normally occurred on the upper layer. The analysis indicated that with the lower opening on the framework, the critical time of flashover was 230 s, and the breakage occurred at 242 s. With the upper opening on the framework, the critical time of flashover was 148 s, but the breakage occurred at 296 s. Meanwhile, the maximum temperature differences between the central and shaded areas exceeded 150 ℃ in all cases, resulting in tempered glass breakage and fallout. The critical total heat flux was 88 kW/m2 but the radiative heat flux accounted for only 12.5% of the total heat flux before breakage.
Study of fire characteristics of forest vegetation in the Atlantic coastal region of Norway
Authors: Rosnes Magne , Synnøve Skilbred Ellen , Aamodt Edvard , Ståle Ertesvåg Ivar , Fjellgaard Mikalsen Ragni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Understanding of wildfire risk requires an understanding of the natural species’ fire dynamics. This study investigates fire characteristics of common wildland species in Norwegian forests – stair-step moss, lingonberry shrub, juniper, bilberry, and heather. Cone calorimetry experiments were conducted after conditioning samples to similar moisture content. Stair-step moss and bilberry stems exhibited longer burning times and lower peak heat release rates, suggesting a slower, more sustained combustion. Heather, despite age differences, showed similar fire behaviours, indicating moisture content’s role in wildfire risk. Evergreens displayed the most intense fire development, with juniper potentially acting as a ladder species for vertical fire spread.
Experimental investigations on ember- and radiation-coupled ignition in fuel beds
Authors: Duong Dana , Gomaa Islam 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Experimental tests were conducted to examine the behaviour of ignition in ember and radiant heat-coupled ignition of common construction material fuel beds. Embers were deposited sequentially onto various fuel beds at an ember flux rate of ∼2.1 pcs/min at various heat fluxes. Results show that ember and radiant heat-coupled conditions without a pilot had a slightly lower heat flux to flaming ignition of plywood compared to the critical heat flux for piloted flaming ignition value of previous studies. Increasing the initial radiant energy exposure time further decreased the critical heat flux for materials such as plywood, but for others, such as polyisocyanurate, the sample thermally decomposed, leading to a decrease in ignition probability.
Who is Exposed to Nordic WUI Fires?
Authors: Vermina Plathner Frida 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The impact of wildfire is not only determined by fire magnitude, but also by the predispositions of those who are affected, which is described by differences in social vulnerability. In this study, Swedish event reports on Wildland-Urban Interface fires that occurred between 1996 and 2022 were used to identify features of social vulnerability that are central to a Nordic setting. Results on both census tract scale and on household scale highlight that living in a sparsely populated area increases vulnerability to wildfire.
Prescribed Burns and UAV Drone Analysis: Towards A Coupled Wind-Fire Spread Model.
Authors: Gill Fearghal , Valencia Dr Andres , Baker Dr Greg 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Wildfires present significant challenges globally, necessitating precise fire spread models to comprehend and mitigate their extensive impacts. Various ‘reduced’ physics simulators, such as FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in level set mode, CAWFE, and WRF-Fire, offer promising capabilities for landscape-scale simulations through the parameterization of heat transfer to fuels using empirical/semi-empirical rate of spread (ESE-RoS) models. However, the introduction of heat/mass from the fire front in coupled systems alters wind patterns, which is not considered in the derivation of ESE-RoS models. This discrepancy presents a physical inconsistency when using ESE-RoS models in coupled simulators. To address this issue, this paper outlines preliminary progress towards developing an empirical rate of spread (RoS) model using UAV drone footage and experimental data from three prescribed burns on agricultural crop stubble. The analysis of the drone footage captures instantaneous RoS and links it to overhead wind speed to account for the coupled nature of wind/fire interactions and their subsequent influence on RoS. The completed model’s integration into FDS (in level set mode) is planned, focusing on assessing its accuracy and applicability in fire spread modelling
Analysis of the effectiveness of WUI shaded fuel breaks
Authors: Vacca Pascale , Dossi Simona , Planas Eulàlia , Pastor Elsa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The effectiveness of WUI fuel management practices aimed at protecting communities, infrastructures, and homes is analysed, specifically considering prescriptions for shaded fuel breaks of the regions of Catalonia (Spain) and Pyrénées-Orientales (France). Fire spread through fuel breaks is simulated under different environmental and wildfire exposure conditions in FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). The French regulated fuel breaks are simulated as 50 m wide areas with a density of 600 trees/ha, and the Catalan regulated breaks as 25 m wide areas with 300 trees/ha. The analysis allows a quantitative comparison of the fire protection provided by different fuel management regulations. Results show that the analysed shaded fuel breaks meet the objective of modifying fire behaviour and reducing emitted heat fluxes and temperatures, although, in some cases, not sufficiently, thus exposing assets to untenable environments, with possible direct flame contact or exposure to high heat fluxes and temperatures. Analysed scenarios also highlight that tree density within the fuel break can impact fire spread through surface fuels. Obtained results show that a 25 m wide break, as the one from the Catalan regulations, is not sufficient in several scenarios; additionally, when exposed to high wind speeds (7.8 m/s), a 50 m wide fuel break (French regulations) is also insufficient.
Modelling of wildland fire spread using empirical approach analysing the effect of moisture, wind, and slope
Authors: Zhang Enya , Bradford Tracy , Liu Weiming , Asimakopoulou Eleni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Due to rapid climate change, wildfires are an increasing risk to human life and economy. To prevent their occurrence and reduce their intensity, computational methods have been developed to study and simulate wildfire spread. Medium scale experiments and thermogravimetric analysis is conducted for Pinus Sylvestris Needle. Results from numerical analysis using level set model were validated using experimental data. And a parametric study was performed to study the effect of fuel moisture fraction, wind and slope to surface vegetation fire behaviour. Numerical data, including temperature and rate of spread, are analysed and limitations of model is also discussed.
Simulation of Thermal Infrared Images from Simulated Fire Scenes
Authors: Paugam Ronan , Bordbar Hadi , Àgueda Alba , Regaieg Omar , Chavanon Eric , Lauret Nicolas , Gastellu-Etchegorry Jean-Philippe , Wooster Martin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We summarize here the current development of a simulation strategy aiming at creating a 3D virtual fire lab that can model radiative transfer in simulated fire scenes, and render images in the infrared spectrum. While the end objective is to simulate open landscape scale vegetation fires to help improving fire monitoring Earth Observation products, this work presents a validation exercise performed using a small scale fire scene focusing on flame emission. The fire scene is simulated using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model to generate 3D distribution of temperature, soot volume fraction, and CO2, CO and H2O gases molar fractions. It is then passed to the 3D Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model to simulate radiative transfer in multiple infrared bands at a spectral resolution of 0.25 μm, and render images or intensity spectrum in the infra red spectra that can be compared against direct measurements.
Estimation of 3D Shape and Volume of Fire Plumes from Multiple Views
Authors: Blanco J A , Pardàs M , Casas J R , Paugam R , Àgueda A , Wagner J , Parsons R A , Planas E 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study evaluates deep-learning and Shape from Silhouette (SfS) methods for 3D reconstruction of smoke plumes. It demonstrates the deep-learning method’s superiority in cases with limited camera views and calibration data, achieving high-quality reconstructions of semi-transparent smoke without precise calibration. The research emphasizes the significance of pre-processing and data appearance for neural network efficacy. By improving 3D reconstruction techniques, this work aids in advancing wildfire tracking and environmental analysis, offering a practical approach for real-world applications in fire science.