bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human activity is altering the world’s zoogeographical regions
Authors: Bernardo-Madrid Rubén , Calatayud Joaquín , González-Suarez Manuela , Rosvall Martin , Lucas Pablo M. , Rueda Marta , Antonelli Alexandre , Revilla Eloy 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHuman activity leading to both species introductions and extinctions is widely known to influence diversity patterns on local and regional scales. Yet, it is largely unknown whether the intensity of this activity is enough to affect the configuration of biodiversity at broader levels of spatial organization. Zoogeographical regions, or zooregions, are surfaces of the Earth defined by characteristic pools of species, which reflect ecological, historical, and evolutionary processes acting over millions of years. Consequently, it is widely assumed that zooregions are robust and unlikely to change on a human timescale. Here, however, we show that human-mediated introductions and extinctions can indeed reconfigure the currently recognized zooregions of amphibians, mammals, and birds. In particular, introductions homogenize the African and Eurasian zooregions in mammals; reshape boundaries with the reallocation of Oceania to the New World zooregion in amphibians; and divide bird zooregions by increasing biotic heterogeneity. Furthermore, the combined effect of amphibian introductions and extinctions has the potential to divide two zooregions largely representing the Old and the New World. Interestingly, the robustness of zooregions against changes in species composition may largely explain such zoogeographical changes. Altogether, our results demonstrate that human activities can erode the higher-level organization of biodiversity formed over millions of years. Comparable reconfigurations have previously been detectable in Earth’s history only after glaciations and mass extinction events, highlighting the profound and far-reaching impact of ongoing human activity and the need to protect the uniqueness of biotic assemblages from the effects of future species introductions and extinctions.
A Polygenic Score for Higher Educational Attainment is Associated with Larger Brains
Authors: Elliott Maxwell L. , Belsky Daniel W , Anderson Kevin , Corcoran David L. , Ge Tian , Knodt Annchen , Prinz Joseph A. , Sugden Karen , Williams Benjamin , Ireland David , Poulton Richie , Caspi Avshalom , Holmes Avram , Moffitt Terrie , Hariri Ahmad R 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPeople who score higher on intelligence tests tend to have larger brains. Twin studies suggest the same genetic factors influence both brain size and intelligence. This has led to the hypothesis that genetics influence intelligence partly by contributing to development of larger brains. We tested this hypothesis with molecular genetic data using discoveries from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment, a correlate of intelligence. We analyzed genetic, brain imaging, and cognitive test data from the UK Biobank, the Dunedin Study, the Brain Genomics Superstruct Project (GSP), and the Duke Neurogenetics Study (DNS) (combined N=8,271). We measured genetics using polygenic scores based on published GWAS. We conducted meta-analysis to test associations among participants’ genetics, total brain volume (i.e., brain size), and cognitive test performance. Consistent with previous findings, participants with higher polygenic scores achieved higher scores on cognitive tests, as did participants with larger brains. Participants with higher polygenic scores also had larger brains. We found some evidence that brain size partly mediated associations between participants’ education polygenic scores and their cognitive test performance. Effect-sizes were larger in the population-based UK Biobank and Dunedin samples than in the GSP and DNS samples. Sensitivity analysis suggested this effect-size difference partly reflected restricted range of cognitive performance in the GSP and DNS samples. Recruitment and retention of population-representative samples should be a priority for neuroscience research. Findings suggest promise for studies integrating GWAS discoveries with brain imaging data to understand neurobiology linking genetics with individual differences in cognitive performance.
Nanoscale spatio-temporal diffusion modes measured by simultaneous confocal and STED imaging
Authors: Schneider Falk , Waithe Dominic , Galiani Silvia , de la Serna Jorge Bernadino , Sezgin Erdinc , Eggeling Christian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe diffusion dynamics in the cellular plasma membrane provides crucial insights into the molecular interactions, organization and bioactivity. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy combined with super-resolution stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy (STED-FCS) measures such dynamics with high spatial and temporal resolution and reveals nanoscale diffusion characteristics by measuring the molecular diffusion in conventional confocal mode and super-resolved STED mode sequentially. However, to directly link the spatial and the temporal information, a method that simultaneously measures the diffusion in confocal and STED modes is needed. Here, to overcome this problem, we establish an advanced STED-FCS measurement method; line interleaved excitation scanning STED-FCS (LIESS-FCS) which discloses the molecular diffusion modes at different spatial positions with a single measurement. It relies on fast beam-scanning along a line with alternating laser illumination that yields, for each pixel, the apparent diffusion coefficients for two different observation spot sizes (conventional confocal and super-resolved STED). We demonstrate the potential of the LIESS-FCS approach with simulations and experiments on lipid diffusion in model and live cell plasma membranes. We also apply LIESS-FCS to investigate the spatio-temporal organization of GPI-anchored proteins in the plasma membrane of live cells which interestingly show multiple diffusion modes at different spatial positions.
SSMART: Sequence-structure motif identification for RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Munteanu Alina , Mukherjee Neelanjan , Ohler Uwe 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMotivationRNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate every aspect of RNA metabolism and function. There are hundreds of RBPs encoded in the eukaryotic genomes, and each recognize its RNA targets through a specific mixture of RNA sequence and structure properties. For most RBPs, however, only a primary sequence motif has been determined, while the structure of the binding sites is uncharacterized.ResultsWe developed SSMART, an RNA motif finder that simultaneously models the primary sequence and the structural properties of the RNA targets sites. The sequence-structure motifs are represented as consensus strings over a degenerate alphabet, extending the IUPAC codes for nucleotides to account for secondary structure preferences. Evaluation on synthetic data showed that SSMART is able to recover both sequence and structure motifs implanted into 3‘UTR-like sequences, for various degrees of structured/unstructured binding sites. In addition, we successfully used SSMART on high-throughput in vivo and in vitro data, showing that we not only recover the known sequence motif, but also gain insight into the structural preferences of the RBP.AvailabilitySSMART is freely available at https://ohlerlab.mdc-berlin.de/software/SSMART_137/Contactuwe.ohler@mdc-berlin.de
Urothelial organoids originate from Cd49fHighstem cells and display Notch-dependent differentiation capacity
Authors: Santos Catarina P. , Lapi Eleonora , Álvaro-Espinosa Laura , Fernández-Barral Asunción , Barbáchano Antonio , Megías Diego , Muñoz Alberto , Real Francisco X 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe urothelium is a specialized stratified epithelium with unique structural and functional features. Understanding the mechanisms involved in urothelial stem cell biology and differentiation has been limited by the lack of methods for unlimited propagation. Here, we establish normal mouse urothelial organoid (NMU-o) cultures that can be maintained uninterruptedly for >1 year. Organoid growth is dependent on EGF and Wnt activators. High CD49f/ITGA6 expression features a subpopulation of organoid-forming urothelial stem cells expressing basal markers. On induction of differentiation, multilayered organoids show reduced layer number, acquire barrier function, and activate the urothelial program, including expression of uroplakins and tight junction components. Combined pharmacological modulation of PPARγ and EGFR was most potent driving cell differentiation. Transcriptome analysis of organoids widely validates the system, highlights the transcriptional networks involved, and reveals NOTCH signaling as a novel pathway required for normal urothelial organoid differentiation.
Model-based Pavlovian control of attention to threat
Authors: Talmi D , Slapkova M , Wieser MJ 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSignals for reward or punishment attract attention preferentially, a principle termed ‘value-modulated attention capture’ (VMAC). The mechanisms that govern the allocation of attention resources can be productively described with a terminology that is more often applied to the control of overt behaviours, namely, the distinction between instrumental and Pavlovian control, and between model-free and model-based control. While instrumental control of VMAC can be either model-free or model-based, it is not known whether Pavlovian control of VMAC can be model-based. To decide whether this is possible we measured Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEPs) while 20 healthy adults took part in a novel task. During the learning stage participants underwent aversive threat conditioning with two CSs, one that predicted pain (CS+) and one that predicted safety (CS-). Instructions given prior to the test stage in the task allowed participants to infer whether novel, ambiguous CSs (new CS+/ new CS-) were threatening or safe. Correct inference required combining stored internal representations and new propositional information, the hallmark of model-based control. SSVEP amplitudes quantified the amount of attention allocated to novel CSs on their very first presentation, before they were ever reinforced. We found that SSVEPs were higher for new CS+ than new CS-. Because task design precluded model-free or instrumental control this result demonstrates a model-based Pavlovian control of VMAC. It confirms, in the domain of internal resource allocation, the model-based Pavlovian control of incentive behaviour and underlines the potential transformative role of information as an emotion regulation technique.
Detection ofGBAmissense mutations and other variants using the Oxford Nanopore MinION
Authors: Leija-Salazar Melissa , Sedlazeck Fritz J. , Mokretar Katya , Mullin Stephen , Toffoli Marco , Athanasopoulou Maria , Donald Aimee , Sharma Reena , Hughes Derralynn , Schapira Anthony H , Proukakis Christos 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeMutations inGBAcause Gaucher disease when biallelic, and are strong risk factors for Parkinson’s disease when heterozygous.GBAanalysis is complicated by the nearby pseudogene. We aimed to design and validate a method for sequencingGBAon the Oxford Nanopore MinION.MethodsWe sequenced an 8.9 kb amplicon from DNA samples of 17 individuals, including patients with Parkinson’s and Gaucher disease, on older and current (R9.4) flow cells. These included samples with known mutations, assessed in a blinded fashion on the R9.4 data. We used NanoOK for quality metrics, two different aligners (Graphmap and NGMLR), Nanopolish and Sniffles to call variants, and Whatshap for phasing.ResultsWe detected all known mutations, including the common p.N409S (N370S) and p.L483P (L444P), and three rarer ones, at the correct zygosity, as well as intronic SNPs. In a sample with the complex RecNciI allele, we detected an additional coding mutation, and a 55-base pair deletion. We confirmed compound heterozygosity where relevant. False positives were easily identified.ConclusionThe Oxford Nanopore MinION can detect missense mutations and an exonic deletion in this difficult gene, with the added advantage of phasing and intronic analysis. It can be used as an efficient diagnostic tool.
Adolescents’ experiences of street harassment: creating a typology and assessing the emotional impact
Authors: Betts Lucy , Harding Rachel , Peart Sheine , Sjolin Knight Catarina , Wright David , Newbold Kendall 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
Research examining young people’s experiences of harassment has tended to focus on the school and digital environment. Despite street harassment being identified as a common experience for adult women, very few studies have explored adolescents’ experiences of street harassment. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach
A person-centred analytical approach, based on experienced reporting, was used to create a typology of street harassment. The reports of street harassment were received from 118 (68 female, 43 male, no gender reported in 7) 11-15-year olds over a 6-8 week period.

Findings
Cluster analysis revealed four distinct groups: “predominately verbal”, “non-verbal/non-direct”, “other incident”, and “all forms”. Young women and those in the “all forms” group reported experiencing greater negative emotions following the episode of street harassment. Young men were equally as likely as young women to report experiencing street harassment.

Originality/value
The findings uniquely highlight that adolescents experience distinct types of street harassment, some of which are associated with negative emotions.
Incidence and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest: A New Zealand perspective
Authors: Dicker Bridget , Davey Paul , Smith Tony , Beck Ben 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the incidence and outcomes from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the New Zealand population served by the St John Ambulance Service.MethodsA retrospective observational study was conducted using data from the St John New Zealand OHCA registry, which serves a population of around 4 million. The incidence and outcomes of adult patients who were treated for an OHCA between 1 October 2013 and 30 September 2015 are reported.ResultsA total of 7996 adult OHCA cases were attended, resuscitation was attempted in 3862 cases (60 per 100 000 person‐years). The median response time was 9 min (interquartile range 7–12), the median age was 66 (interquartile range 53–77) and 69% were men. Most events occurred in the home (67%), bystanders witnessed 53%, EMS witnessed 16% and 31% were unwitnessed. Bystander CPR was administered in 62% of cases and 8% were defibrillated prior to EMS arrival. Most events had a presumed cardiac aetiology (77%) and 38% presented in a shockable rhythm. Of those who had attempted resuscitation, a return of spontaneous circulation sustained to hospital handover occurred in 30% of events and 15% survived to 30 days. Adjusted survival outcomes demonstrated differences according to ethnicity.ConclusionThis is the first study to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of OHCA in New Zealand. Our findings provide important baseline data to monitor temporal trends, investigate the impact of changes in the management of OHCA and demonstrate that there are opportunities for improvement across the system of care.
Description of a new species of the whitefly genus Pealius Quaintance & Baker (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China
Authors: Wang Ji‐Rui , Du Yu‐Zhou , Martin Jon H. , Xu Zhi‐Hong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA new whitefly species, Pealius yunnanensis sp. nov., collected from Mengzi, Caoba village (Yunnan, China) on Ficus microcarpa Linn. f. (Urticales: Moraceae), is described with morphology, line illustrations, photographs and scanning electron microscope images. In addition, a checklist of Chinese species of Pealius is provided and all Pealius species recorded from Ficus around the world are listed. Specimens have been deposited in the Insect Collection of Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University (ZAFU), Lin'an, China.
Sex‐biased gene expression during the adult stage of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Shafeeq Tahir , Lee Kyeong‐Yeoll 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSexual dimorphisms are primary regulated by sex‐biased gene expression. In the present study, using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, we determined the expression profiles of nine genes associated with development, metabolism, stress, and defense throughout adulthood of the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella, a global pest of stored food products. Most genes were differentially expressed in a sex‐biased manner during the adult lifespan of the moth. Expression of the heat shock protein genes hsp25 and hsp90 and the antioxidant gene thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx) was highly female biased, whereas the expression of a gene related to host development (ecdysone receptor [EcR]) and two genes associated with immunity (β‐glycan recognition protein [βgrp] and prophenoloxidase [ProPO]) was male biased. In contrast, the expression of hsp70, glucose‐regulated protein 78 (grp78) and ultraspiracle (USP) was not sex biased. The results of the present study provide important insights into the role of sex‐biased genes in the physiology and behavior of P. interpunctella.
Comparison of outcomes of laparoscopy‐assisted and open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Takayama Yuichi , Kaneoka Yuji , Maeda Atsuyuki , Fukami Yasuyuki , Onoe Shunsuke 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionLaparoscopy‐assisted proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition (LAPG‐JI) is not yet widely used because the three anastomotic procedures involved in this operation are technically complicated. This study aimed to describe our surgical procedure for LAPG‐JI and assess its feasibility and safety.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 70 patients who had undergone proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach between July 2007 and October 2016. Of these patients, 32 underwent LAPG‐JI, and 38 underwent open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition. Clinical characteristics and both surgical and postoperative outcomes were compared between LAPG‐JI and open proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition.ResultsThe operation time was longer in the LAPG‐JI group (189 vs 154 min, P < 0.001) and estimated blood loss was lower (30 vs 180 mL, P < 0.001). There were no differences in the rates of early (9.4% vs 13.2%) or late postoperative complications (12.5% vs 10.5%). No anastomotic leakage was observed in either group. In the LAPG‐JI group, the time to first eating was shorter, and the white blood cell counts on postoperative days 1 and 7 and body temperature on postoperative day 3 were lower. The number of additional doses of postoperative analgesia was lower in the LAPG‐JI group. Reflux esophagitis graded C according to the Los Angeles classification was observed in only one patient (3.1%) in the LAPG‐JI group.ConclusionAlthough the operation time was longer in the LAPG‐JI group, the procedure seemed to be feasible and safe. Also, it offered the advantages of laparoscopic surgery, including less invasiveness and quicker recovery.
ENDOGENOUS DEBT‐EQUITY RATIO AND BALANCE‐SHEET CHANNEL: IMPLICATIONS FOR GROWTH AND WELFARE
Authors: Shaw Ming‐fu , Chang Juin‐jen , Fan Chih‐ping 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper endogenizes the debt‐equity ratio and embodies financial leverage in a cash‐in‐advance model of endogenous growth. Our analysis finds that the debt‐equity ratio is positively related to the balanced‐growth rate, since it serves as a ‘financial accelerator’ to stimulate investment projects. Compared to previous studies, this positive relationship gives rise to an additional balance‐sheet effect, which substantially affects the macroeconomic consequences of monetary and taxation policies. Due to the existence of the balance‐sheet effect, we also find that the Friedman rule is not necessarily optimal.
Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum Cripto‐1 in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Xu Chun Hua , Chi Chuan Zhen , Zhang Qian , Wang Yu Chao , Wang Wei , Yuan Qi , Zhan Ping , Zhang Xiu Wei , Lin Yong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroductionCripto‐1 (CR‐1) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐CFC protein family, which is involved in tumor pathogenesis.ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum CR‐1 level in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsSerum specimens from 312 NSCLC patients and 120 healthy controls were collected. Serum CR‐1 level was measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe serum CR‐1 level was significantly elevated in NSCLC patients compared with healthy controls (P < .001). Higher serum CR‐1 level was associated with advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. With a cutoff value of 1.67 ng/mL, CR‐1 showed a good diagnostic performance for NSCLC. Kaplan–Meier log rank analysis revealed that the low serum CR‐1 patients had a better overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) compared with high CR‐1 patients (P = .004 and .001, respectively). Further univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that serum CR‐1 level was an independent risk factor of prognosis of NSCLC patients.ConclusionsOur study suggests that serum CR‐1 level is a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
Eighteen‐month‐olds selectively generalize words from accurate speakers to novel contexts
Authors: Luchkina Elena , Sobel David M. , Morgan James L. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe present studies examine whether and how 18‐month‐olds use informants' accuracy to acquire novel labels for novel objects and generalize them to a new context. In Experiment 1, two speakers made statements about the labels of familiar objects. One used accurate labels and the other used inaccurate labels. One of these speakers then introduced novel labels for two novel objects. At test, toddlers saw those two novel objects and heard an unfamiliar voice say one of the labels provided by the speaker. Only toddlers who had heard the novel labels introduced by the accurate speaker looked at the appropriate novel object above chance. Experiment 2 explored possible mechanisms underlying this difference in generalization. Rather than making statements about familiar objects' labels, both speakers asked questions about the objects' labels, with one speaker using accurate labels and the other using inaccurate labels. Toddlers' generalization of novel labels for novel objects was at chance for both speakers, suggesting that toddlers do not simply associate hearing the accurate label with the reliability of the speaker. We discuss these results in terms of potential mechanisms by which children learn and generalize novel labels across contexts from speaker reliability.