bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Pacific Yew (Taxus brevifolia) to Partial Removal of the Overstory
Authors: Bailey J. D. , Liegel L. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth response of Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) to canopy disturbance or partial removal is undocumented. Ten year radial increment growth was determined from cores of yew stems in adjacent intact and partially harvested stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the central Oregon Cascades. The harvested stand had approximately half of its overstory trees removed in 1978. In the intact stand, 10 yr growth increment after 1978 averaged 0.9 mm less than the pre-1978 increment; in the partially harvested stand, the post-1978 10 yr increment averaged 4.7 mm more than the earlier one. This case study in the response of Pacific yew growth rate to partial overstory removal suggests that managers can preferentially retain these trees in select areas to encourage older forest characteristics or supplies for medicinal products. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):41-43.
Bunny Hops or Vegetable Tunnels? Perceptions and Preferences of Mountain Bike Riders on the San Jacinto Ranger District
Authors: Chavez Deborah J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To investigate mountain bike use on the San Jacinto Ranger District in southern California, mountain bike riders were queried using a mailed survey process. The objectives were to develop a socio-demographic profile of mountain bike riders; profile their activity patterns; and describe user perceptions related to mountain bike use in general and specifically to the region. This information was to be used in developing a regional mountain biking plan. Most respondents were male, about 34 years of age, and had some college education. They were active recreationists yet were committed to the sport of mountain bike riding. Trails were thought to have acceptable numbers of users and amounts of physical impacts. The respondents believed that they should share trails with other users and follow rules of etiquette. The regional biking plan should include little by way of site amenities. Few differences existed between more and less experienced riders. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):44-48.
Use of Artificially Created Douglas-Fir Snags by Cavity-Nesting Birds
Authors: Chambers Carol L. , Carrigan Tara , Sabin Thomas E. , Tappeiner John , McComb William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In western Oregon, we created snags by sawing tops off live Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (n = 821) trees and monitored their condition and use by cavity-nesting birds. We created snags in three silvicultural treatments: modified clearcut stands, two-story stands, and small-patchgroup-selection stands. We used two snag patterns: clumped and scattered. Created snags averaged 3.8/ha in density, 17 m in height, and 75 cm in diameter. Chainsaw-topped snags were used by cavity nesters within 5 yr of creation. Abundance of excavated cavities increased in all silvicultural treatments (P = 0.0001) and was higher in two-story and clearcut stands than in small-patch stands (P ≤ 0.0004). We did not, however, find that snag pattern (clumped v. scattered) affected use by cavity-nesting birds based on abundance of excavated cavities (P > 0.6). We observed excavated cavities in five hardwood species indicating that hardwoods represented an important resource for cavity-nesting birds. Creating conifer snags by topping and retaining hardwoods may retain or increase populations of cavity nesters in areas with low natural snag density. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):93-97.
Minimizing the Rounding Error from Point Sample Estimates of Tree Frequencies
Authors: Ritchie Martin W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three solutions are presented for estimating stems per acre when trees are tallied by diameter class with horizontal point sampling. The first solution is based on the arithmetic mean of the diameter-class limits. The second is based on the geometric mean of the diameter-class limits and is unbiased for uniform within-class diameter distributions. The third is a harmonic mean solution; it is derived from the ratio of the geometric mean squared and the arithmetic mean. If the within-class distribution is linear, then the solution based on the geometric mean is preferable. Any of these solutions may be adequate provided diameter-class widths are minimized, particularly for small trees. The geometric-mean solution is the recommended solution in instances where uniformity can be assumed within diameter classes. Observed frequencies in two stands, however, provided inconsistent results.
In estimating tree frequency, errors resulting from grouping become smaller as tree diameter increases. For large trees, estimation of frequency can be obtained with much wider diameter limits than with small trees for a fixed level of grouping error. Rather than fixing diameter-class width, it may be advantageous to consider a narrower class width or exact measurement for trees in smaller diameter classes. West. J. Appl. For. 12(4):108-114.
Evaluating the Association Among Alternative Measures of Cumulative Watershed Effects on a Forested Watershed in Eastern Oregon
Authors: Bettinger Peter , Johnson K. Norman , Sessions John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The national forests must address cumulative effects in planning, including cumulative effects on streams and watersheds. This analysis compares predictions of a commonly used index of landscape use [equivalent clearcut acres (ECA)] with predictions of two indices of aquatic habitat quality (stream sediment and stream temperature) and estimated timber harvest levels to test the degree of association over a 100 yr planning horizon. We found significant negative association between predicted ECA and stream temperature index levels. No significant association was observed among all other combinations of predicted variables. All four indices (stream sediment, stream temperature, ECA, timber harvest levels) were evaluated using a different set of spatial and nonspatial data, thus variation in one index did not necessarily imply that a corresponding positive (or negative) variation in another would occur. We concluded that different relationships among these indices may be observed, depending on how a planning problem is formulated. Therefore, predicted ECA levels may not be a good proxy for predicted stream sediment and temperature levels (or vice versa). Finally, we cannot say that the stream sediment index (or temperature index) used here is a good proxy for actual sediment delivery or transport levels (or temperature levels), because the relationship between predicted values and actual field measurements was not investigated. West. J. Appl. For. 13(1):15-22.
Pruning Western White Pine in British Columbia to Reduce White Pine Blister Rust Losses: 10-Year Results
Authors: Hunt R. S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Survey lines were located in areas that had been pruned to control blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) 10 yr previously and adjacent control (unpruned) areas in 10 stands of western white pine. Stands were classified as densely stocked, moderately stocked, or open. Cankers were tallied and their position noted. The success of pruning varied from stand to stand. Since the stands had not been pruned at an early age, there was only a 4 and 5% reduction in threatening cankers and stem cankers respectively, as few new cankers were initiated. Stands with the greatest increase in cankering had Ribes spp., were open grown, or possessed a high component of small white pine. Repruning these specific stands may be worthwhile, but in general, entering stands again to do either pruning or scribing would produce few additional healthy trees. Doing both treatments, however, may significantly enhance the number of healthy stems. To optimize the benefits of pruning, stands should be entered early and pruning should continue until a sufficient number of stems are pruned to a height of 3 m to ensure full stocking. Other species may be impediments to spore movement within stands, and thus they should not be pruned. Dense stands initially had less rust than open stands and could be entered later, but once spaced, they also need to be pruned to 3 m to minimize rust infection. West. J. Appl. For: 13(2):60-63.
Creating Snags and Wildlife Trees in Commercial Forest Landscapes
Authors: Lewis Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conversion of original older forests to second-growth stands has resulted in the loss of snag and wildlife tree habitat in the Pacific Northwest. Because many species require these habitat features, habitat managers have attempted to create snags and wildlife trees. From written contracts and contractor interviews, I summarized information about currently used snag and wildlife tree creation techniques including operation specifications, cost-effectiveness, safety considerations, and numbers of trees created. Removing the top of a tree with a chainsaw (~$35 per tree) or explosives (~$45 per tree) was commonly used to create snags and wildlife trees. Girdling in or near the base of the crown ($20-30 per tree) has also been used extensively. Cavity creation ($34-50 per tree), fungal inoculation ($23-33 per tree), and limbing (~$32 per tree) have been used to create or enhance snags and wildlife trees and cost less when used in conjunction with topping or girdling. These techniques have shown some success at providing suitable habitat for cavity- and snag-using wildlife; however, they have been used with the assumption that they will be successful. More in-depth research and monitoring are required to assess their effectiveness at meeting wildlife-habitat and forestry objectives. West. J. Appl. For. 13(3):97-101.
Effect of Plot Size on Estimates of Top Height in Douglas-Fir
Authors: Magnussen Steen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Top height is frequently used to estimate site quality and growth potential of forest stands. Top height estimates are quantile estimators and thus sensitive to scaling. If top height is defined as the height of the largest dbh tree per 0.01 ha of area, then it follows that any estimate based on ntop trees in a ntop · 0.01 plot will be a function of ntop, the distribution of dbh values, and the height-diameter relationship of the stand. This study quantifies for second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands along the west coast of British Columbia top height estimates derived from plots of size 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 1.0 ha. A pool of 635 permanent and remeasured sample plots allowed the estimation of expected stand-level diameter distributions (Weibull) and height-diameter relationships. Simulated sampling from these distributions quantified the impact of plot size. Top height, derived from plots of 0.01 ha, 0.03 ha and 0.05 ha were 5.6%, 3.0%, and 2.5% lower, respectively, than the estimates based on 1.0 ha plots. Yield predictions based on top heights from 0.01 ha plots were, on average, 8% lower than predictions from 1.0 ha plots. Three of four top height predictions based on 0.01 ha plots were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than predictions from a 1.0 ha plot. West. J. Appl. For. 14(1):17-27.
A Decision System for Assessing Stand Differentiation Potential and Prioritizing Precommercial Thinning Treatments
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. , Oliver Chadwick D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A decision support system was developed to prioritize diverse young stands for precommercial thinning treatments. This system utilizes variables to characterize stand structure and assess the potential for stand differentiation. Stands with greater differentiation potential are considered a low priority for precommercial thinning because of their lower susceptibility to insects and diseases, greater windfirmness, options for future treatments, and faster stand growth rates as compared to stands with less differentiation potential. Key variables include mixed-species stratification patterns, live-crown ratio, variability in heights of crop trees, and number of trees/ac. These variables were organized in a decision key to provide a logical and efficient system to assist land managers in making precommercial thinning decisions. The decision key prioritizes stands for precommercial thinning over a wide range of environmental conditions on a common scale. West. J. Appl. For. 14(1):7-13.
Estimating Extent of Mortality Associated with the Douglas-fir Beetle in the Central and Northern Rockies
Authors: Negron Jose F. , Schaupp Willis C. , Gibson Kenneth E. , Anhold John , Hansen Dawn , Their Ralph , Mocettini Phil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data collected from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands infested by the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) in Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Utah, were used to develop models to estimate amount of mortality in terms of basal area killed. Models were built using stepwise linear regression and regression tree approaches. Linear regression models using initial Douglas-fir basal area were built for all study sites but produce low precision estimates. Regression tree models using initial Douglas-fir basal area or stand density index or both were also built for all sites. Regression tree models provide a more realistic approach to estimate potential mortality by creating more homogenous mortality classes with reduced variance. The models developed provide land managers with a basis for determining the potential mortality should a Douglas-fir beetle outbreak develop. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):121-127.
Rapid Assessment of Risk Using Stand Density Indices
Authors: Ducey Mark J. , Larson Bruce C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When management decisions are based on a stand density measure, there is always a risk that sampling error will result in an incorrect management choice. Estimating confidence limits and associated probabilities for many popular stand density measures is computationally difficult, and can require information that is difficult to obtain in practice. Here, we present an alternative method for rapid assessment of risk that is applicable to Reineke's stand density index, Wilson's relative spacing, Drew and Fiewelling's relative density index, and Curtis's relative density. The method requires an independent estimate of stand density, for example, from a growth and yield model or from a subjective assessment before actual measurement. The results, while inexact, are both easier to obtain and more conservative than those obtained by exact methods. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):149-152.
Reverse Technology Transfer: Obtaining Feedback from Managers
Authors: Carey Andrew B. , Calhoun John M. , Dick Bob , O'Halloran Kathy , Young Leonard S. , Bigley Richard E. , Chan Sam , Harrington Constance A. , Hayes John P. , Marzluff John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forestry policy, planning, and practice have changed rapidly with implementation of ecosystem management by federal, state, tribal, and private organizations. Implementation entails new concepts, terminology, and management approaches. Yet there seems to have been little organized effort to obtain feedback from on-the-ground managers on the practicality of implementing ecosystem management. We convened a colloquium in Forks, WA, in 1997 to assess the state of ecosystem management. We used a recent interagency modeling exercise to formulate six concepts and questions to present to small working groups of practitioners and listening groups of a scientist, regulator, and conservation group member. Concepts and practices varied in a degree of development and sophistication; practitioners varied in sophistication and comfort with concepts. Many expressed dissatisfaction with new terminology they perceived as abstract and not operational. Research and technology transfer needs were identified. Organizational culture, structure, and centralization of decision making appeared to have influenced the creativity, systems thinking, and professional development of managers. Some practitioners, however, demonstrated narrow focus apparently arising from traditional disciplinary allegiances. Implications for organizations are discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):153-163.
Technical Note: White Pine Blister Rust, Root Disease, and Bears
Authors: Hunt Richard S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prior to harvest, nine root disease sites lacked any Ribes spp., but after harvest six supported Ribes spp. Surveys indicated that Ribes spp. and other berry plants were in greater abundance in root disease areas than in adjacently harvested areas. Seed deposition by bears and periodic flourishing in root disease areas are likely contributors to forest seed banks. On one site the blister rust incidence in white pines was 98% in the root disease area and 27% in the adjacent nonroot diseased area. The presence of root disease should be used to rank an area for high hazard potential to blister rust. West. J. Appl. For. 15(1)38-39.
A Comparison of the Economic Efficiency of Living and Artificial Snowfence Designs for Road Protection
Authors: Daigneault William , Betters David R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Both artificial and living snowfences are used to protect roads from blowing and drifting snow. This article evaluates and compares the economic performance of three snowfence designs--the Wyoming and double-row slatted artificial snowfences and a three-row living snowfence. The economic analysis evaluates the snowfences by applying four economic performance indicators: total net benefits, present net value, benefit/cost ratio, and annual breakeven benefits. The study uses snow removal savings and accident reduction benefit information from a case study in the state of Wyoming. The case study results show all the designs are economically efficient when used for road protection. However, the living snowfence outperformed the other designs in three of the four economic performance indicator categories. The largest proportion of total costs of the Wyoming and living snowfence are establishment costs whereas the bulk of total cost of the double-row slatted snowfence is for maintenance. The economic performance of all the snowfences is most sensitive to changes in their useful or effective lives. The procedures and general conclusions of the study can be applied to similar cases elsewhere. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):70-74.
Kozak's Variable-Exponent Taper Equation Regionalized for White Spruce in Alberta
Authors: Huang Shongming , Price Daryl , Morgan Dave , Peck Karl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kozak's (1988) variable-exponent taper equation was estimated for white spruce by ecoregion of Alberta to reflect stem form variability among different ecoregions. Inspection of fit statistics and residual plots showed that the taper equation fitted the data quite well. Since the relative height constraint p had little impact on the overall performance of the taper equation, the optimum p value was estimated as a part of the nonlinear least squares procedures. Regional differences of the taper equation were examined and tested using the nonlinear extra sum of squares method. Ecoregions of similar taper relationships were combined to provide a composite equation. Performance of the taper equation in predicting diameter inside bark, total volume, and merchantable height was evaluated. Results indicated that the biases in predictions were small, both across different parts of the stem and for various tree sizes. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):75-85.
Juvenile Height Development in Interior Spruce Stands of British Columbia
Authors: Nigh Gordon D. , Love Bobby A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Good estimates of juvenile heights are important for silviculture and timber supply decision-making. These height estimates are particularly important for estimating the number of years it takes a stand to reach green-up and breast height. Thirty-nine 0.04 ha plots were established in managed juvenile stands of interior spruce in the Prince Rupert Forest Region. Four sample trees in each plot were split longitudinally and height-age data were obtained from the exposed pith nodes or branch whorls. The height-age data were fit to a combined exponential and power function to create a juvenile height model for interior spruce. This model is a function of age and site index. Years to breast height and green-up age models were developed with data generated from the juvenile height model. Forecasts from these models indicate that the time to reach breast height and green-up age is less than previously expected. The juvenile height model, years to breast height model, and green-up age model should be used for site indices above 14.2 m. In addition, the height model should only be used up to total age 20. West. J. Appl. For. 15(3):117-121.
Changes in Interior Douglas-Fir Root Development in Containers after Copper and Auxin Treatments
Authors: Dumroese K.R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growing interior sources of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) seedlings in containers with four root-modifying treatments changed root morphology and subsequent abundance and location of new roots. Copper, 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and copper + NAA treatments reduced height and shoot biomass about 20% compared with the control, but root collar diameters were similar. In a root growth chamber, however, 30% more new roots occurred in the copper treatment compared with the control, and new roots originating in the upper portion of the root plug increased 3X. NAA increased the total number of new roots and roots growing from the upper root plug when compared with the control but not to the same extent as copper. Combining copper and NAA decreased the number of deliverable seedlings by about 50% when compared with all other treatments. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213–216.
Site Preparation for Establishing Interior Spruce in British Columbia: Trials at Upper Coalmine and Mackenzie
Authors: Sutton R.F. , Bedford L. , Stordeur Linda , Grismer Marvin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two trials (“Upper Coalmine” and “Mackenzie”) were begun in the 1980s in the Prince George Forest Region, B.C., to evaluate a total of 13 site preparation treatments for establishing interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii) in the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir and Sub-Boreal Spruce biogeoclimatic zones. Treatments included mounding (with various thicknesses of mineral soil “capping”), patch scarification, blading, disk trenching, and herbiciding. In each trial, five blocks each contained one 48 or 80 tree plot/treatment. Trees were monitored for 10 yr at Mackenzie and 15 yr at Upper Coalmine. Large mounds have had consistent biological success. Tree seedling response to blading was site specific; blading at Mackenzie was not significantly inferior to the best (Ministry mound) treatment, but at Upper Coalmine was no better than the untreated control. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):9–17.