bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Erythropoiesis. XVII. Some Quantitative Aspects of the Erythropoietic Response to Erythropoietin
Authors: GURNEY CLIFFORD W. , WACKMAN NANCY , FILMANOWICZ EDWARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The transfusion-induced polycythemic mouse is an excellent subject in which to study the physiology of erythropoiesis because endogenous erythropoiesis is reduced in a manner that does not appear to impair, to any recognizable degree, the animal’s ability to respond to an erythropoietic stimulus.
Using a purified glycoprotein, erythropoietin, obtained from the plasma of anemic sheep, a number of experiments was carried out on polycythemic mice. Morphological evidence of erythropoiesis in the spleen was observed following a single subcutaneous injection of erythropoietin. A cumulative response to multiple injections was noted. For a given total dose of erythropoietin, a greater response was produced when this amount was fractioned than when it was administered as a single dose. Animals made polycythemic by transfusion were maintained in a polycythemic state by daily injections of erythropoietin. Finally, a true erythrocytosis was produced by a prolonged course of injections of erythropoietin in normal mice.
The Mechanism of the Development of Anemia in Untreated Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: WASI PRAWASE , BLOCK MATTHEW 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The following conclusions can be made concerning the cause of anemia in patients with untreated chronic lymphatic leukemia excluding the rare case with an autoimmune hemolytic anemia:
1. Early in the natural history of the disease there is a normal amount of erythroblastic tissue which produces red cells at a normal rate. The rate of red cell destruction is also normal.
2. With progression of the disease the erythroblastic tissue is gradually replaced by lymphatic tissue, leading to a decrease in red cell production. The rate of red cell destruction is still normal.
3. Only late in the disease may decreased rate of red cell production be aggravated by an increased rate of red cell destruction.
Supravital Blood Studies, Using Acridine Orange Fluorescence
Authors: JACKSON JOHN F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple method for supravital fluorochroming of blood with acridine orange has been described. The supravital method is of value in distinguishing nucleated cellular elements, reticulocytes and erythrocytic inclusions. Preliminary studies of peripheral blood in leukemia indicate that it may be helpful in differentiating certain abnormal cellular elements. The chemistry of acridine orange with respect to metachromatic color differentiation of DNA and RNA has been discussed. Based on supravital observations of the L. E. cell phenomenon, speculation has been offered as to the site of interaction of the L.E. factor with DNA.
Thalassemia Minor Associated with Hemoglobin-B2 Heterozygosity. A Family Report
Authors: HUISMAN TITUS H. J. , PUNT K. , SCHAAD J. D. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In 14 members of 26 cases of a family originating from Surinam a double heterozygosity (for thalassemia and for the abnormal minor component Hb-B2) was demonstrated. Thalassemia heterozygous carriers or individuals heterozygous for the Hb-B2 abnormality alone were not encountered.
2. The diagnosis of thalassemia minor was based on hematologic data. The abnormal minor Hb-component present in these cases was identified using the conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic technics and the fingerprinting method as being Hb-B2 (an abnormal Hb-A2). The percentages of the two minor Hb-fractions (Hb-A2 and Hb-B2) in these thalassemia heterozygous carriers are doubled, their sum being similar to the high level of Hb-A2 typical for most cases of thalassemia trait.
3. The genetic relationship between thalassemia minor (genotype: tT) and Hb-B2 heterozygosity (genotype: A2/B2) is discussed. The data on this pedigree are suggestive of a close linkage of the t-T and A2/B2-loci.
A Note on Mortality from Lymphatic Leukemia in Oriental Populations of the United States
Authors: SHIMKIN MICHAEL B. , LOVELAND DONALD B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukemia mortality data by race for the decade 1949-1958 were examined to ascertain whether chronic lymphatic leukemia occurs infrequently, as has been reported for Singapore and Japan, among Chinese and Japanese in the United States. It was found that mortality ascribed to lymphatic leukemia in adult Chinese and Japanese in the United States was only 40 to 45 per cent of that reported in the white population.
Studies of the Irradiation Protection Effect of Fetal Liver in Mice. I. Influence of the Gestational Age of the Donor Tissue
Authors: TSCHETTER PAUL N. , GITHENS JOHN H. , MOSCOVICI M. GIOVANNELLA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The gestational age of donor hematopoietic tissue appeared to have no influence on the 30-day mortality following homologous transplants in irradiated mice.
2. Recipients of second trimester homologous donor tissue had a late (90-day) mortality that was 16 per cent lower than that observed in animals receiving tissue from third trimester and neonatal donors, but statistical analysis showed a low level of significance.
3. Irradiation alone appeared to cause a late mortality in non-injected irradiated animals and in isologously transplanted irradiated animals.
The Transfusion Behavior of Avian Erythrocytes: The Lack of Functional Transplantation Antigens in a Nucleated Cell
Authors: SILBER ROBERT , HEDBERG STEPHEN E. , AKEROYD JOSEPH H. , FELDMAN DONALD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Autotransfusion and cross-transfusion experiments in the turkey reveal that the avian erythrocyte, despite the presence of a nucleus, survives normally in homologous recipients of compatible blood groups.
2. Skin homografts were rejected without apparent relationship to blood group compatibility.
3. Evidence for blood groups in the turkey is presented. While no naturally occurring iso-agglutinins were found, stimulation led to the appearance of incomplete antibodies.
Pyridoxine-Responsive Anemia
Authors: RAAB SPENCER O. , HAUT ARTHUR , CARTWRIGHT GEORGE E. , WINTROBE MAXWELL M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia, hyperferremia, and hemosiderosis have been described .A partial hematologic remission was observed in both patients following the administration of pyridoxine.
2. Interruption of pyridoxine therapy resulted in reticulocytopenia, a decline in the concentration of hemoglobin and a decrease in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Increased excretion of kynurenine and kynurenic acid, but not xanthurenic acid, was observed in the urine of one of the patients following administration of tryptophane. The excretion of tryptophane metabolites was within normal limits in the second patient.
3. Reinstitution of pyridoxine therapy was followed by reticulocytosis, an increase in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and an increase in the concentration of hemoglobin. The excretion of tryptophane metabolites in the urine following the administration of tryptophane was within normal limits in both patients. However, microcytosis, hypochromia, anemia and hyperferremia persisted.
4. The administration of brewer’s yeast, Valentine’s liver extract, calcium disodium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, ethinyl estradiol, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, glutamic acid and tryptophane failed to elicit a further hematologic response.
5. These patients have been compared with the seven other reported cases of "pyridoxine-responsive" anemia.
Studies of the Irradiation Protection Effect of Fetal Liver in Mice. II. Storage by Freezing
Authors: GITHENS JOHN H. , TSCHETTER PAUL N. , MOSCOVICI M. GIOVANNELLA , HATHAWAY WILLIAM E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Various methods of freezing have been evaluated for the preservation of the radiation protection effect in fetal mouse liver. The best results were obtained with tissue frozen slowly in glycerol to -80 C., stored at -50 C. or lower, and thawed rapidly. Other variables such as the size of the tissue particles, the amount of serum in the freezing mixture, and the method of dilution did not influence the results.
The Effect of Sodium Nitrite and Para-Aminopropriophenone Administration on Blood Methemoglobin Levels and Red Blood Cell Survival
Authors: BEUTLER ERNEST , MIKUS BARBARA J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The administration of sodium nitrite or para-aminopropriophenone (PAPP) to rats caused a rise in the methemoglobin level with maximum concentrations of methemoglobin occurring generally after one-half to one hour. The level of methemoglobinemia gradually declined thereafter. No significant difference was observed between intragastric and subcutaneous administration either in the time-course or in the maximum level of methemoglobinemia achieved. When adminisitered at separate sites by the subcutaneous route, sodium nitrite and para-aminopropriophenone exert an additive effect in forming methemoglobin.
2. The concentration of PAPP in propylene glycol affected appreciably the course of methemoglobinemia. More concentrated solutions of PAPP caused greater methemoglobin formation, even when the total amount given was identical.
3. The dosage response curve for PAPP and sodium nitrite in rats has been defined.
4. Limited data have been obtained on the dosage response curves of human subjects without hematologic disease after the administration of sodium nitrite and PAPP.
5. No effect of red cell age on methemoglobin content of erythrocytes could be discerned using the method of differential osmotic hemolysis.
6. Stable concentrations of methemoglobin in the blood of human subjects could be achieved by chronic administration of drug every four hours.
7. The administration of 5 mgs. PAPP/Kg. body weight to rats resulted in accelerated destruction of red cells. In contrast, the administration of propylene glycol alone or the administration of 50 mgs. sodium nitrite/Kg. body weight, a quantity inducing tile same degree of methemoglobinemia, failed to accelerate red cell destruction.
An Unidentified Erythropoietic Substance in Liver
Authors: HORRIGAN DANIEL L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hematologic observations on a patient with hypochromic anemia and hyperferremia indicate (1) the presence in oral crude liver extract of an unidentified erythropoietic substance, and (2) an apparent metabolic relationship of this liver factor with pyridoxine and tryptophane.
Further Observations on Polycythemia in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: KAN Y. W. , MCFADZEAN A. J. S. , TODD D. , TSO S. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Direct measurement of the red cell mass has confirmed a previous report of the occurrence of polycythemia in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Twenty patients (17 males and 3 females) have been investigated. The red cell mass was increased in 11, normal in 8 and reduced in one. Because of hypervolemia, present in 15 of the 20 patients investigated and attributable to the associated cirrhosis of the liver, the hematocrit might be normal in the presence of an increased red cell mass. A venous hematocrit of 48 per cent and above was found invariably to be associated with an increase in the red cell mass. Using this criterion, 17 of 145 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were found to be polycythemic, an incidence of 11.7 per cent.
Plasma erythropoietic stimulating factor determined by Fe59 incorporation into red cells of fasted rats was not increased in 4 patients with hepatocarcinoma and polycythemia.
These findings are briefly discussed.
Blood Coagulation Factors in Total Body Irradiation
Authors: SISE HERBERT S. , GAUTHIER JACQUES , BECKER ROBERT , BOLGER JOHN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Investigation of the clotting factors in five humans accidentally exposed to total body irradiation disclosed no deficiencies. There was no evidence of a circulating anticoagulant in any case. Moderate fibrinolysis was seen in two instances in the same individual but was not evident in the others. At the eleventh day there was uniformly a moderate increase in the levels of fibrinogen. At the twenty-ninth day there was observed an increase in the levels of factors V and VIII coincidental with thrombocytopenia. This change reversed itself with recovery. A similar increase in the levels of factor VIII and less so of factor V was seen in cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and secondary thrombocytopenia. An increase in level of factor VIII was observed in patients on oral coumarin anticoagulation. It is concluded that the supernormal levels of factors V and VIII are secondary to lowered thrombin levels in the circulating plasma as a result of the thrombocytopenia and not due directly to the effect of irradiation.
A Study of Fibrinogen Turnover in Classical Hemophilia and Congenital Afibrinogenemia
Authors: RAUSEN AARON R. , CRUCHAUD ANDRE , McMILLAN CAMPBELL W. , GITLIN DAVID 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rate of disappearance from the plasma of intravenously administered I131-labeled fibrinogen was studied in six patients with classical hemophilia and in one patient with congenital afibrinogenemia.
The six patients with hemophilia had radioiodinated fibrinogen half-lives ranging from 2.8 to 3.6 days, while the patient with congenital afibrinogenemia had a labeled fibrinogen half-life of 3.0 days. These results compare favorably with fibrinogen turnover rates measured in normal adults by others and were similar to the normal fibrinogen turnover rate determined in the patient with congenital afibrinogenemia in a previous study. This failure to demonstrate a prolongation of survival of fibrinogen in patients with hemophilia suggests that in vivo clotting, if it occurs at all normally, is not a major factor in the turnover of fibrinogen.
A New Technic for Separation of Human Leukocytes
Authors: LALEZARI PARVIZ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A simple technic for separation of human leukocytes is described. It utilizes differential sedimentation following red cell and platelet agglutination induced by Polybrene. In this technic, lymphocytes are partially removed and over 50 per cent of polymorphonuclears are recovered. The leukocyte/red cell ratio is about 5, if blood samples with normal leukocyte counts are used. By use of blood samples containing higher white cell counts this ratio may be increased. The separated cells proved to be highly viable as tested by phase microscopy, supravital staining and phagocytosis. There was no significant change in oxygen uptake of leukemic cells in the presence of a relatively large Polybrene concentration.
Fluorescence Microscopy with Acridine Orange: A Study of Hemopoietic Cells in Fixed Preparations
Authors: SCHIFFER LEWIS M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A technic for the study of fixed preparations of blood and bone marrow by means of fluorescence microscopy with acridine orange is presented.
2. The distribution of RNA and DNA within the blood cells can be demonstrated cytochemically.
3. The RNA content of the erythroid and myeloid cells decreases with maturation. Mature plasma cells contain large quantities of RNA.
4. It is possible to demonstrate cytoplasmic metachromasia between the AO-RNA complexes of the erythroid, myeloid, and plasmacytic cells.
The Morphologic Responses of the Lymphoid System to Homografts. II. The Effects of Antimetabolites
Authors: ANDRÉ JANINE A. , SCHWARTZ ROBERT S. , MITUS W. J. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effects of 6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine on the morphologic responses of lymph nodes and spleen were studied in the rabbit. The main effect of these drugs was to inhibit the proliferation of hemocytoblasts, cells considered to be immunologically competent. Homograft rejection did not occur as long as these cells were suppressed. Rabbits which rejected their grafts in spite of continued 6-mercaptopurine treatment developed large numbers of hemocytoblasts in their lymphoid apparatus. These cells were thought to be drug resistant and analogous to resistant leukemic cells.
The Development and Persistence of Leukoagglutinins in Parous Women
Authors: PAYNE ROSE , Tripp Millie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Leukoagglutinins were shown to occur in sera from nontransfused gravid Negro, Caucasian and Asian women. Investigations into the relationship of parity to the incidence of leukoagglutinins indicated that two pregnancies were usually required before leukoagglutinins became demonstrable in the gravid women. In their second pregnancies, 13 of 68 women (19 per cent) possessed leukoagglutinins. In families with two children, the leukocytes of both offspring contained the potential antigenic stimulus for leukoagglutinin production. In this series with increasing parity, the proportion of women immunized did not significantly differ. The significance of the frequent leukocyte sensitization was discussed.
Leukoagglutinins persisted in the sera of parous women for varying periods of time after parturition. The antibodies of 16 of 31 women could still be identified in their sera three years after delivery. The distribution of potentially stimulating leukocyte antigens in the offspring of two large families provided suggestive evidence that the formation of leukoagglutinins had persisted in the two women for eight years after sensitization.
The leukoagglutinins found in gravid women had numerous specificities. Eighteen of the 40 specificities (agglutination patterns) of leukoagglutinins were observed in the sera of other women. With increasing time after delivery, the specificity of leukoagglutinating sera tended to become narrower than the serum sample obtained at parturition.
Identification and Counting of Granulocytes by Peroxidase Reaction
Authors: RYTÖMAA TAPIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present investigation concerns a staining method based on peroxidase activity which can be used for the specific staining of granulocytes both in the counting chamber and in smears. The reagent employed at pH 7.0 contained low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide as substrate, benzidine as chromogenic hydrogen donator and 2,4-dichlorphenol as catalase inhibitor. The only positively reacting cells, granulocytes, stained brown. The other cells failed to stain.
The observations made support the view that the peroxidase reaction of eosinophils differs slightly from that of neutrophils.
Nearly exactly two-thirds of the bone marrow cells of adult male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain belonged to the myeloid cell series.
The Effect of Acquired Immunologic Tolerance on the Development of Leukemia
Authors: HAYS ESTHER FINCHER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In these experiments, viable spleen cells from young, healthy AKR mice were injected intravenously into newborn C3Hf/Bi mice. Acquired tolerance to normal skin and leukemic cell homografts from AKR mice was demonstrated in the C3H animals. This presence of "cellular chimerism" with lymphoid cells from a strain of mice with a high spontaneous incidence of leukemia did not result in the development of this disease in the host animals. These tolerant C3Hf/Bi mice were also found not to be susceptible as adults to leukemia induction with cell free filtrates from leukemic tissues of AKR mice.
Phosphate Partition in the Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants and Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis. III. P32 Uptake and Incorporation
Authors: GREENWALT TIBOR J. , AYERS V. E. , MORELL S. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The uptake and incorporation of P32O4 by the cord blood erythrocytes of normal and erythroblastotic infants and the erythrocytes of adults was studied by incubating specimens in ACD at 37 C. in air. The uptake of p32 from the plasma was slower in the infants than in the adults. It was possible to demonstrate an initial "fast" phase followed by a "slow" phase in all the plasma p32 uptake experiments. The half-value time and the percentage turnover per minute indicated greater activity in the adults compared to the infants. The balance of movement of phosphorus was from red cells to plasma in all the experiments. No striking differences in phosphate metabolism were demonstrated between the normal and erythroblastotic newborns, except for the large turnover in µM of P per minute by the red cells of the latter during the first 20 minutes of incubation.
Labeling of intraerythrocytic inorganic phosphorus (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) proceeded more slowly in the infants than in the adults. The labeling of the erythrocyte 2,3-DPG of all the infants lagged far behind Pi and ATP whereas in the adults the r.s.a. of 2,3-DPG had equalled or exceeded the r.s.a. of Pi and ATP in four hours. It is suggested that there is decreased synthesis of phosphoglycerates by the erythrocytes of the newborn which may be due to a lower level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity.
The Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with 6-Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine
Authors: SCHWARTZ ROBERT S. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fourteen patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia were treated with either 6-mercaptopurine or thioguanine. Nine patients responded and five failed to improve. Eight patients developed side effects, either hematologic or gastrointestinal, of varying degrees of severity; in three the antimetabolite had to be discontinued, while in others adjustment of the dosage or the administration of antacids was sufficient to control side effects. Included in this series are nine patients who failed to respond adequately to corticosteroid therapy; four of these had a good effect from antimetabolite therapy.
Although these results indicate that antimetabolites may reverse the course of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the eventual role of these agents in the treatment of this disorder requires further study.
The Antigenic Structure of Blood Platelets. II. Histocompatibility Antigens in Rabbit Blood Platelets
Authors: EBBE SHIRLEY , BALDINI MARIO , DAMESHEK WILLIAM , Donovan Janet 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rejection time of skin homografts was measured in rabbits previously sensitized by one intradermal injection of homologous blood platelets which had been carefully prepared free of leukocytes. The graft rejection time was determined by gross inspection and based on the onset of definite signs of graft breakdown.
In the platelet sensitized rabbits, the skin homografts from the platelet donors ("specific" grafts) were rejected significantly earlier than in nonsensitized animals in 42 per cent of the experiments. The homografts from animals other than the platelet donors ("nonspecific" grafts) were rejected sooner than normal in only 10 per cent of the experiments.
The results were interpreted as demonstration that blood platelets contain histocompatibility antigens.
The Chemical and Genetic Relationships Between Hemoglobins S and GSan Jose
Authors: HILL ROBERT L. , SWENSON ROBERT T. , SCHWARTZ HERBERT C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Comparison of the structures of the S-carboxymethylglobin derivatives of hemoglobins A, S and G shows that the only differences in the structure of these proteins resides in the βTpI peptides.
2. When structural methods are used to determine the types of hemoglobin in individuals from a family that possesses genes for hemoglobins A, S and G, it is possible to show that hemoglobins S and G are not inherited by nonallelic genes.
3. Previous difficulties in judging the hemoglobin types in this family by electrophoretic methods were caused by electrophoretically abnormal minor hemoglobin components.
4. The minor hemoglobin components which are observed in this family appear to arise by denaturation of the major hemoglobin component.