bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estratégia geopolítica e hegemonia de classe: para uma análise materialista-histórica de política externa
Authors: Apeldoom Bastiaan Van 
Published: June 2019

Este artigo procura estabelecer os fundamentos para uma análise materialistahistórica de política externa. Embora exista uma vasta literatura marxista sobre, especialmente, o imperialismo estadunidense, é pequeno o número de pesquisas empíricas sistematizadas sobre formulação de política externa nessa perspectiva. A maioria das contribuições nessa tradição, incluindo as mais recentes do debate sobre o “novo imperialismo”, são geralmente exercícios abstratos em grande teoria – importantes e perspicazes, mas não necessariamente direcionados à pesquisa empírica. De outro lado, os estudos mais empíricos que existem sobre formulação de política externa (estadunidense) geralmente tendem a sofrer com a falta de teorização adequada. Procurando suprir essa lacuna este artigo primeiramente examina de forma crítica a atual (e crescente) literatura materialista-histórica sobre a geopolítica (e suas ligações com o capitalismo global) e então busca ir além, oferecendo uma estrutura [F]2 analítica que pode ser aplicada em pesquisa empírica. Um ponto de partida teórico é o que Harvey identifica como as lógicas territorial e capitalista de poder, dialética e intrinsicamente relacionadas. Mas considerando que muitos acadêmicos materialista-históricos concordariam com essa noção abstrata, a questão é não apenas por que mas também como (na prática) elas estão relacionadas e como podemos estudar os efeitos dessa relação intrínseca. Para tal, argumentamos que é preciso ir além de postular lógica(s) abstrata(s) e analisar a agência concreta das forças sociais que constituem o elo entre Estado e capital. Argumentamos que a classe é a força crucial de mediação e o elo perdido da literatura. Enfocar a classe e a estratégia de classe nos proporciona uma base para análise empírica e sistemática de processos concretos mediante os quais estratégias geopolíticas dos Estados capitalistas (a maioria) são formuladas e implementadas.
Report on three ectoparasites of the Greater Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx Vahl, 1797 (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in Cachar District of Assam, India
Authors: Rahman Anisur , Choudhury Parthankar 
Published: June 2019

Ectoparasites of bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), with a description of three species of of which two belong to order Mesostigmata (family: Ameroseiidae and Macronyssidae) and one belong to order Ixodida (family: Ixodidae), from northeastern India are discussed. The present study was carried out for six months (January–June 2014) to identify the various ectoparasites of the Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx in Cachar District of Assam, northeastern India. A total of 12 individuals of C. sphinx was captured using mist nets from eight different localities of the study area. During the study, a total of 125 parasites was collected from C. sphinx. The identified parasites were Dermacentor sp. Indet., Ameroseius sp. Indet., and Steatonyssus sp. Indet. and falls under the class Arachnida.
Scully’s Balsam Impatiens scullyi Hook.f. (Balsaminaceae): a new record for India from Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Sharma Ashutosh , Singh Nidhan , Adamowski Wojciech 
Published: June 2019

Impatiens scullyi Hook.f. is reported here as a new record for India as well as for the western Himalaya from Kullu and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh. To facilitate its identification, detailed description along with colour images are provided here.
Instabilities of a Time-Dependent Shear Flow
Authors: Radko Timour 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study offers a systematic stability analysis of unsteady shear flows representing large-scale, low-frequency internal waves in the ocean. The analysis is based on the unbounded time-dependent Couette model. This setup makes it possible to isolate the instabilities caused by uniform shear from those that can be attributed to resonant triad interactions or to the presence of inflection points in vertical velocity profiles. Linear analysis suggests that time-dependent spatially uniform shears are unstable regardless of the Richardson number (Ri). However, the growth rate of instability monotonically decreases with increasing Ri and increases with increasing frequency of oscillations. Therefore, models assuming a steady basic state—which are commonly used to conceptualize shear-induced instability and mixing—can be viewed as singular limits of the corresponding time-dependent systems. The present investigation is focused on the supercritical range of Richardson numbers (Ri > 1/4) where steady parallel flows are stable. An explicit relation is proposed for the growth rate of shear instability as a function of background parameters. For moderately supercritical Richardson numbers (Ri ~ 1), we find that the growth rates obtained are less than, but comparable to, those expected for Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities of steady shears at Ri < 1/4. Hence, we conclude that the instability of time-dependent flows could represent a viable mixing mechanism in the ocean, particular in regions characterized by relatively weak wave activity and predominantly supercritical large-scale shears.
Prediction Errors of Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific in the Met Office Global Forecast Model
Authors: Hodges K. I. , Klingaman N. P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The prediction of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the Philippines Area of Responsibility (PAR) has been explored in the Met Office (UKMO) global forecasting system over a 10-yr period at 0–7-day lead times. Both the high-resolution deterministic and lower-resolution ensemble systems have been considered. Location errors for verification against the observations are comparable for the deterministic, control, and ensemble mean forecasts; however, the ensemble spread indicates the ensemble is underdispersive. Intensity error metrics, for pressure and surface winds, show large biases relative to the observations, with the smallest biases for the deterministic system. For the intensity metrics the ensemble spread shows the ensemble is severely underdispersive primarily due to the large errors relative to the observations. Verification against the analyses shows similar results to verification against the observations for location. This is also the case for the intensities albeit with smaller errors and less underdispersion. The PAR region has larger intensity errors and biases and larger intensity ensemble spread compared with the broader WNP region. Forecast errors for location and intensity have reduced significantly with system upgrades over the period studied (2008–17) for the deterministic and ensemble systems. Intensity errors for the latest configuration of the deterministic system at day 4 are smaller than the initial errors of all the earlier configurations for both pressure and winds. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) significantly affect the intensity forecast errors, but not the location errors. Intensity errors are lower at the initiation and for early lead times of the forecasts started in phases 6–7 and 7–8, when the MJO and BSISO are active in the WNP. These reduced errors appear to result mainly from the variations in intensity of the observed storms with MJO and BSISO phases, though the initial states of the forecasts are also affected. Over the studied period, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) deterministic and ensemble systems have lower errors and biases for both location and intensity than the UKMO forecast systems.
Multicentre evaluation of the Roche Elecsys® Active B12 (holotranscobalamin) electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay
Authors: Heil Sandra G , Bodenburg Petra , Findeisen Peter , Luebcke Silke , Sun Yuli , de Rijke Yolanda B 
Published: June 2019

Background Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common disorder. In circulation, vitamin B12 is bound to transcobalamin (holotranscobalamin), which is considered the active form of cobalamin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the analytical performance of the Roche Elecsys Active B12 immunoassay. Methods Limit of quantification and linearity were assessed according to CLSI EP17-A2 and EP-6A guidelines. Precision and bias of Roche Active B12 test against Architect ci8200 (Abbott) were performed according to CLSI EP-5 A3 guideline at three European laboratories. Precision requirements were set at <4% for within-run precision and <15% for intermediate precision. Requirements for method comparison were set at a slope of 1.00 ± 20%. In addition, 95% reference interval was conducted in European adults according to CLSI-EP28 guideline. Results The assay was shown to be linear and precise and met the requirements. Lot-to-lot variation and lab-to-lab variation both were ≤4%. Method comparison with Abbott Architect showed a significant bias of 9 pmol/L, which increases to up to 23 pmol/L around the current medical decision point. The 95% reference interval of the Roche Elecsys Active B12 test was determined at 37–188 pmol/L. Conclusion Although Roche Elecsys Active B12 immunoassay met the requirements, this test has a positive bias of 9 pmol/L, which led to an increase in lower limit of reference interval compared with Abbott test. This test first needs to be clinically validated before it can be applied as a first-line screening test in the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Integrating multicultural music education into the public elementary school curricula in Thailand
Authors: Chandransu Nantida 
Published: June 2019

This article reflects on various challenges encountered during a pilot action-based research “Integrating Multicultural Music Education into the Elementary School Curricula of Public Schools in Thailand.” This project was set up to develop lesson plans, activities, teaching tools and evaluation methods for music teachers. As a pilot-curriculum model, it pays particular attention to cross-cultural understanding for helping Thai children gain a sense of cultural conceptualization and the skills necessary for growing up in a racially, religiously, and culturally diverse society. This research attempts to explore possibilities for various music cultures introduced to the formal education system in Thailand, which had previously restricted music education to nationalist-based Thai music and certain samples of Western classical music. Once children discover multiple music cultures, their perspectives are broadened. The outcomes of this research will also be beneficial for future instruction designs. The attempt to update music education in the Basic Education level to accommodate changing social and cultural contexts affected by globalization and urbanization will raise awareness of cultural diversity and the direction of music education curriculum development. Music education through the Thai formal education system is one method of preparing children to grow up in a culturally diverse world.
Shopping Orientation in the Evolving Indian Market
Authors: Sinha Piyush Kumar 
Published: June 2019

Studies on shoppers in India have largely been limited to their time and money spending pattern, demographic profile, and preferences for a particular format. It has been found in the studies in other countries that shoppers do not differ much in terms of their demographic profile. Therefore, this study attempts to understand shoppers from their disposition towards shopping. This has been found useful as the differences between retailers are not significant in terms of value delivered. The study brings out the shopping orientation of the Indian shoppers. The analysis indicates that the Indian shoppers seek emotional value more than the functional value of shopping. Although there is an indication of shopping being considered as a task and should be finished as soon as possible, this orientation is overshadowed by the entertainment value derived by the shoppers. The study also indicates that though there are some similarities in the orientation of Indian shoppers and shoppers from developed countries, there are some significant differences too. The Indian shoppers show an orientation that is based more on the entertainment value than on the functional value. The other distinct aspects of the Indian shoppers are as follows: Post-purchase information management and bargaining. Definition of convenience which is proximity to home, work place as well as the places that the shoppers frequent. Based on the orientation of the Indian shoppers, 300 shoppers are clustered into two segments: Fun shoppers: Consisting of 39 per cent of the sample, this segment enjoys shopping and is found to be involved. Work shoppers: This segment takes to shopping as an activity that needs to be finished with least effort. The two segments are found to be different in terms of their demographic and behavioural profile: More men in the second segment. The first segment buys products of varying values. The new format stores attract more fun shoppers than the work shoppers. The orientation is found to be affected primarily by the type of store, the frequency of buying, and to some extent by the socio-economic classification (SEC). It may be inferred that these variables could be utilized to define the orientation of the shoppers. Based on the findings, the study draws implications for store format, pricing, and merchandising and suggests that, in order to be successful, the retailers need to experiment with a format that attracts both types of shoppers. As a future initiative, researchers may like to find out the relationship of orientation with store variables such as merchandising, location, communication, and customer retention.
Innovation, Incubation, and Incubator
Authors: Chandra Pankaj , Srivastav Sandeep , Shah Bipin 
Published: June 2019

This panel discussion was a part of a programme ‘From Incubation to Enterprise’ which was conducted by Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad's (IIMA) Centre for Innovation, Incubation, and Entreprenuership (CIIE) on January 4, 2003. Professor Pankaj Chandra of IIMA led the discussion. The distinguished panelists were Mr Sandeep Srivastav and Professor Bipin Shah. Their experience and insight on the subject helped in understanding the process of incubation leading to enterprise. The panel discussion addressed the following questions: What is incubation? What is innovation? What is the process of incubation that is needed for commercializing an innovation? What role does an incubator play? The following important points were made by the panelists: An innovative entrepreneur should adapt to the demand of the market. The adaptation may be with regard to technology, marketing, business idea or business plan. The concept of incubation originated from the medical field. The concept of incubators is applied more to project ideas which have a high degree of uncertainty. The aim of the incubators is to facilitate the survival of such companies and also to nurture these companies for growth and success. Incubators play the role of risk-sharing and providing credibility to an idea as it progresses from being an idea to some kind of product. It minimizes uncertainty and increases the success rate of an enterprise that is at a very nascent stage. The difference among promotional efforts and hand-holding is that promotional effort is the assistance given for setting up a business whereas, in an incubator, it is more of hand-holding. The biggest benefit of being in an incubator is that it insulates you from the outside environment and hence an innovator can just concentrate on getting his idea fool-proof for the market. Incubators even provide the network, linking the innovators with societal resources. The network is of two kinds - knowledge network and social network. The role of venture capitalists in enterprise building is to provide linkages for a budding entrepreneur. But not many people are ready to give money at an idea level Professor Pankaj Chandra concluded the discussion by saying that the incubator is not just for supporting the innovator but also for ensuring that the idea is converted into an enterprise.
Organizational Decline and Turnaround Management
Authors: Raina Bushen , Chanda Pradip , Mehta D P , Maheshwari Sunil Kumar 
Published: June 2019

A panel of turnaround leaders, consultant, and academia responded to the theme on Organizational Decline and Turnaround Management. The panel members addressed the following issues: What are the causes of organizational decline? How do stakeholders respond to organizational decline? What are the turnaround challenges? The salient features of the responses are as follows: There is a divide among the turnaround leaders regarding the causes of decline. Some view the decline purely as the result of the failure of management to anticipate and act appropriately in time. For others, the decline is caused primarily due to external changes. People in academia and consulting view the problem as a mix of the two. According to them, a complex mix of variables-organizational processes, structure, leadership, vision, and technologies-lead to organizational decline. To safeguard against decline, organizations must carefully monitors difficulties in adapting changes and rigidity of systems declining profitability shift in customer preferences working capital problems like inventory build-up; dumping products on dealers; and increasing receivables from customers inability to plough back into the business lack of vision and explicit direction for the future frequent labour unrest regular plant breakdowns. The response of stakeholders to organizational decline becomes hostile. Often, financial institutions include compound interest and increase penal charges to secure their dues. The employees and union members tend to become aggressive owing to loss of credibility of management. Suppliers tend to evaluate the risk of their dues. Their hostility reduces if the management assures them of payment. Managers experience erosion of pride in their company. It leads to low individual initiatives. The turnaround challenges include the following: Leadership that provides a vision, induces creativity, challenges the existing business assumptions, and shows willingness to take tough decisions. The support of financial institutions by way of loan restructuring. Industry is experiencing a definite shift in the approach of financial institutions and banks; they are now tending to support the turnaround effort. Gaining the trust of the suppliers to seek their support. Internally, management needs to be concerned about: maximizing productivity of all resources and capacity utilization manpower rationalization stringent working capital management stretching the targets and making assets ‘sweat’ streamlining systems investing in technology upgradation through internal generation financial restructuring in low interest cost regime.
Income Tax Compliance Cost of Corporations in India, 2000–01
Authors: Das-Gupta Arindam 
Published: June 2019

This is the first study of compliance costs of income taxation of corporations in India. Compliance costs are the costs of meeting obligations under the income tax law and in planning to save taxes. Opportunity costs such as when tax refunds are delayed are also included. Social compliance costs, gross versus net private costs, and mandatory versus voluntary cost can be distinguished. Gross private compliance costs include both legal and illegal expenses (such as bribes paid), employee costs, the cost of tax advice, and also other non-labour expenses. Estimates in this paper are for the year 2000-01 based on a postal survey of 45 companies throughout India in August-September 2001. Estimated gross compliance costs, excluding bribe costs, are between 5.6 and 14.5 per cent of corporation tax revenues. These are similar to estimates for other countries near the lower limit but are a cause for concern near the upper limit. Tax deductibility of legal expenses and cash flow benefits from the timing difference between taxable income and payment of tax result in net compliance costs between minus 0.7 and plus 0.6 per cent of corporation tax revenue. Both gross and net compliance costs are regressive. Among other findings, five are noteworthy: First, around 25 per cent of sampled companies knowingly paid excess tax (median value: 46%) since tax evasion penalty cannot be levied under Indian law if assessed taxes have already been paid. Second, 70 per cent of companies, especially small companies, used external assistance to prepare tax returns accounting for 39 per cent of the legal compliance costs. Third, voluntary costs associated with tax planning contribute 19 to 43 per cent of total compliance costs. Fourth, the average sample company had 10 to 11 assessment years locked in disputes for tax or penalty in addition to around two years for which assessments were incomplete. Statistical analysis suggested that one extra disputed assessment year raises legal compliance costs by 5.7 per cent. Fifth, it was found to be fairly common for incorrect application of tax laws by tax officials in areas where they have high discretion to cause tax assessments to be revisited. Among reform suggestions is streamlining of 22 legal and procedural �hot spots� which add to compliance costs. Since the response rate was a disappointing 1.15 per cent, the stratified random sample design degenerated into a convenience sample with over-representation of large firms and under-representation of loss-making and zero-profit companies. Therefore, results should be viewed as preliminary and tentative. Other problems are that there were only qualitative questions about in-house cost components; assumed opportunity cost of funds to value cash flow benefits were used; and, as in earlier studies, there can possibly be a bias due to incorrect apportionment of fixed costs and the value of time of company management