bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analytic findings reveal lower means but higher variances in visuospatial ability in dyslexia
Authors: Chamberlain Rebecca , Brunswick Nicola , Siev Joseph , McManus I. C. 
Published: June 2018

Conflicting empirical and theoretical accounts suggest that dyslexia is associated with either average, enhanced, or impoverished high‐level visuospatial processing relative to controls. Such heterogeneous results could be due to the presence of wider variability in dyslexic samples, which is unlikely to be identified at the single study level, due to lack of power. To address this, this study reports a meta‐analysis of means and variances in high‐level visuospatial ability in 909 non‐dyslexic and 956 dyslexic individuals. The findings suggest that dyslexia is associated not only with a lower mean performance on visuospatial tasks but also with greater variability in performance. Through novel meta‐analytic techniques, we demonstrate a negative effect size for mean differences (−.457), but a positive effect size for SD differences (+.118; SD ratio = 1.107). In doing so, this is the first study to demonstrate impoverished visuospatial processing of the majority of individuals with dyslexia in addition to greater variance in performance in this group. The findings advocate for further consideration of both the presence of, and reasons for, increased variance in perception, attention, and memory across neurodevelopmental disorders.
A comprehensive synthesis of liana removal experiments in tropical forests
Authors: Estrada‐Villegas Sergio , Schnitzer Stefan A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLianas are a quintessential feature of tropical forests and are often perceived as being poorly studied. However, liana removal studies may be one of the most common experimental manipulations in tropical forest ecology. In this review, we synthesize data from 64 tropical liana removal experiments conducted over the past 90 yr. We explore the direction and magnitude of the effects of lianas on tree establishment, growth, survival, reproduction, biomass accretion, and plant and animal diversity in ecological and forestry studies. We discuss the geographical biases of liana removal studies and compare the various methods used to manipulate lianas. Overall, we found that lianas have a clear negative effect on trees, and trees benefitted from removing lianas in nearly every study across all forest types. Liana cutting significantly increased light and water availability, and trees responded with vastly greater reproduction, growth, survival, and biomass accumulation compared to controls where lianas were present. Removing lianas during logging significantly reduced damage of future merchantable trees and improved timber production. Our review demonstrates that lianas have an unequivocally detrimental effect on every metric of tree performance measured, regardless of forest type, forest age, or geographic location. However, lianas also appear to have a positive contribution to overall forest plant diversity and to different animal groups. Therefore, managing lianas reduces logging damage and improves timber production; however, the removal lianas may also have a negative effect on the faunal community, which could ultimately harm the plant community.
Maternal insulin resistance, triglycerides and cord blood insulin are not determinants of offspring growth and adiposity up to 5 years: a follow‐up study
Authors: Meyer D. M. , Brei C. , Stecher L. , Brunner S. , Hauner H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsMetabolic dysregulation in utero may influence fetal metabolism and early growth. We previously investigated relationships between maternal indices of glucose homeostasis and triglycerides as well as cord blood insulin with offspring anthropometry up to 2 years. The aim of this analysis was to follow these relationships up to the age of 5 years.MethodsAssociations between maternal metabolic variables of glucose and lipid metabolism measured at 32 weeks’ gestation and cord blood insulin with growth and body composition of 162 offspring aged 3–5 years were explored. Both indirect (i.e. body weight, BMI percentiles, sum of four skinfold thicknesses) and direct (i.e. ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging in a subgroup) measurement techniques were employed.ResultsMaternal metabolic indices were largely unrelated to child body composition. Cord blood insulin was negatively associated with fat mass and lean body mass at 3 years in unadjusted analyses, and the sum of four skinfold thicknesses and body fat percentage in adjusted analyses, whereas the association with lean body mass was no longer observed. An inverse relationship between cord blood insulin and weight gain up to 5 years was observed in girls only with small effect sizes.ConclusionsResults from this follow‐up do not provide convincing evidence that these markers are independently related to offspring growth and adiposity in early childhood. Although cord blood insulin was weakly inversely related to weight gain in girls at 5 years, we cannot conclude that the observed changes in outcomes are clinically meaningful. (Clinical Trials Registry No: NCT00362089)
The time lag prior to the rise in glucose requirements to maintain stable glycaemia during moderate exercise in a fasted insulinaemic state is of short duration and unaffected by the level at which glycaemia is maintained in Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Shetty V. B. , Fournier P. A. , Davey R. J. , Retterath A. J. , Paramalingam N. , Roby H. C. , Davis E. A. , Jones T. W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsTo determine the duration of the low hypoglycaemia risk period after the start of moderate‐intensity exercise performed under basal insulinaemic conditions and whether this period is affected by the level at which glycaemia is maintained under these conditions.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized counterbalanced study. Eight participants with Type 1 diabetes (mean ± sd age 21.5 ± 4.0 years) underwent either a euglycaemic (5–6 mmol/l) or hyperglycaemic clamp (9–10 mmol/l) on separate days and were infused with insulin at basal rates and [6,6‐2H]glucose while cycling for 40 min at 50% maximum oxygen consumption rate. The main outcome measures were the glucose infusion rates required to maintain stable glycaemia and glucoregulatory hormone levels, and rates of glucose appearance and disappearance.ResultsDuring the first 20 min of exercise, the glucose infusion rate did not increase significantly, irrespective of the level at which glycaemia was maintained, but increased acutely between 20 and 25 min under both conditions. Maintaining higher glycaemia resulted in higher glucose infusion rate during, but not early post‐exercise. With the exception of epinephrine, the glucoregulatory hormone levels and rates of glucose appearance and disappearance were similar between conditions.ConclusionIrrespective of the levels at which glycaemia is maintained, there is a 20‐min low exogenous glucose demand period during which the exogenous glucose requirements to maintain stable glycaemia do not increase during moderate exercise performed at basal insulin level.
Carryover effects from natal habitat type upon competitive ability lead to trait divergence or source–sink dynamics
Authors: Kristensen Nadiah Pardede , Johansson Jacob , Chisholm Ryan A. , Smith Henrik G. , Kokko Hanna 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLocal adaptation to rare habitats is difficult due to gene flow, but can occur if the habitat has higher productivity. Differences in offspring phenotypes have attracted little attention in this context. We model a scenario where the rarer habitat improves offspring's later competitive ability – a carryover effect that operates on top of local adaptation to one or the other habitat type. Assuming localised dispersal, so the offspring tend to settle in similar habitat to the natal type, the superior competitive ability of offspring remaining in the rarer habitat hampers immigration from the majority habitat. This initiates a positive feedback between local adaptation and trait divergence, which can thereafter be reinforced by coevolution with dispersal traits that match ecotype to habitat type. Rarity strengthens selection on dispersal traits and promotes linkage disequilibrium between locally adapted traits and ecotype‐habitat matching dispersal. We propose that carryover effects may initiate isolation by ecology.
Carbon stocks, sequestration, and emissions of wetlands in south eastern Australia
Authors: Carnell Paul E. , Windecker Saras M. , Brenker Madeline , Baldock Jeff , Masque Pere , Brunt Kate , Macreadie Peter I. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNontidal wetlands are estimated to contribute significantly to the soil carbon pool across the globe. However, our understanding of the occurrence and variability of carbon storage between wetland types and across regions represents a major impediment to the ability of nations to include wetlands in greenhouse gas inventories and carbon offset initiatives. We performed a large‐scale survey of nontidal wetland soil carbon stocks and accretion rates from the state of Victoria in south‐eastern Australia—a region spanning 237,000 km2 and containing >35,000 temperate, alpine, and semi‐arid wetlands. From an analysis of >1,600 samples across 103 wetlands, we found that alpine wetlands had the highest carbon stocks (290 ± 180 Mg Corg ha−1), while permanent open freshwater wetlands and saline wetlands had the lowest carbon stocks (110 ± 120 and 60 ± 50 Mg Corg ha−1, respectively). Permanent open freshwater sites sequestered on average three times more carbon per year over the last century than shallow freshwater marshes (2.50 ± 0.44 and 0.79 ± 0.45 Mg Corg ha−1 year−1, respectively). Using this data, we estimate that wetlands in Victoria have a soil carbon stock in the upper 1 m of 68 million tons of Corg, with an annual soil carbon sequestration rate of 3 million tons of CO2 eq. year−1—equivalent to the annual emissions of about 3% of the state's population. Since European settlement (~1834), drainage and loss of 260,530 ha of wetlands may have released between 20 and 75 million tons CO2 equivalents (based on 27%–90% of soil carbon converted to CO2). Overall, we show that despite substantial spatial variability within wetland types, some wetland types differ in their carbon stocks and sequestration rates. The duration of water inundation, plant community composition, and allochthonous carbon inputs likely play an important role in influencing variation in carbon storage.
Diminished circulating concentration of interleukin‐35 in Helicobacter pylori‐infected patients with peptic ulcer: Its association with FOXP3 gene polymorphism, bacterial virulence factor CagA, and gender of patients
Authors: Bassagh Arezoo , Hayatbakhsh Abasi Mehdi , Larussa Tiziana , Ghazizadeh Motahareh , Nemati Maryam , Mirkamandar Ehsan , Jafarzadeh Abdollah 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIL‐35 modulates immune and inflammatory responses during infections. Here, we investigated IL‐35 levels and a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs3761548, in FOXP3 gene in Helicobacter pylori‐infected patients with peptic ulcer (PU), to clarify possible associations.Materials and MethodsThis study includes 100 H. pylori‐infected PU patients, 100 H. pylori‐infected asymptomatic subjects (AS), and 100 noninfected healthy subjects (NHSs). Serum IL‐35 levels and the genotyping were determined using ELISA and RFLP‐PCR methods, respectively.ResultsIn PU patients, the IL‐35 levels were lower than AS and NHS groups (P < .001). The IL‐35 levels in CagA+ H. pylori‐infected participants from PU and AS groups were lower than individuals infected with CagA‐ strains (P < .02 and P < .04, respectively). Women had higher IL‐35 levels than men among PU, AS, and NHS groups (P < .0001). In PU patients, AA genotype and A allele at rs3761548 were more frequent than total healthy subjects (AS + NHS groups) and associated with an increased PU risk (AA genotype: OR = 5.51, P < .0001; A allele: OR = 3.857, P < .002). In PU and AS groups, IL‐35 levels were lower in subjects displaying AA genotype or A allele than subjects displaying CC genotype or C allele, respectively (P < .0001 and P < .03 for PU patients; P < .001 and P < .02 for AS group, respectively).ConclusionsDecreased IL‐35 levels could be involved in PU development in H. pylori‐infected individuals. IL‐35 levels are affected by CagA status of H. pylori, participants gender, and genetic variations at rs3761548. The AA genotype and A allele at rs3761548 could represent a risk factor for PU development.
Topical 5‐fluorouracil in dermatologic disease
Authors: Prince Garrett T. , Cameron Michael C. , Fathi Ramin , Alkousakis Theodore 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackground5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) has proven to be an effective therapy in the treatment of a variety of dermatologic conditions. Approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma, topical 5‐FU has also demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of a variety of other dermatologic diseases.MethodsA search of the MEDLINE standard computer database, MEDLINE advanced database, and EMBASE database was conducted.ResultsThirty‐four articles met criteria for inclusion in this review. These articles represented 16 randomized controlled trials and 18 case series. Each article was reviewed and summarized.ConclusionsTopical 5‐FU is used in a variety of dermatologic disease processes with a wide range of efficacy and levels of evidence. Based on extent and level of evidence, our disease‐specific systematic review found that the evidence is strongest for topical 5‐FU use in the treatment of actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of topical 5‐FU use in dermatology.
Synthesis of Ti0.2Zr0.8B2 solid‐solution nanopowders by molten salt assisted borothermal reduction
Authors: Liu Da , Chu Yanhui , Jing Siyi , Ye Beilin , Zhou Xiya 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh‐purity Ti0.2Zr0.8B2 solid‐solution nanopowders were successfully synthesized via a molten salt assisted borothermal reduction at 1323‐1373 K using ZrO2, TiO2 and amorphous B as starting materials. The Ti0.2Zr0.8B2 solid‐solution nanopowders synthesized at 1323 K show the largest specific surface area of 12.24 m2/g and the lowest equivalent average particle size of 86 nm. Meanwhile, they exhibit the high compositional uniformity and the good single‐crystal hexagonal structure. This study provides a new method to synthesize the high‐purity solid‐solution nanopowders of the transition‐metal borides.
Grain size variation in nanocrystalline silicon carbide irradiated at elevated temperatures
Authors: Zhang Limin , Jiang Weilin , Ai Wensi , Chen Liang , Pan Chenlong , Wang Tieshan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study reports on ion irradiation‐induced grain size variations in nanocrystalline SiC films on Si substrates. The SiC grains with average size ranging from ~2 to 20 nm were embedded in amorphous SiC matrices. Irradiation was performed using 5 MeV Xe23+ ions to 1.15 × 1016 ions/cm2 at 700 K. The irradiated films were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Significant grain growth is observed for smaller grains that tend to saturate at ~8 nm. In contrast, irradiation of larger grains (~20 nm in size) leads to a decrease in the grain size, which could be associated with the production of lattice disorder within the grains. Homonuclear C‐C bonds in the irradiated amorphous SiC matrix are found to be graphitized. This bonding transformation could limit or inhibit grain growth and contribute to the size saturation. The results from this study may suggest nanocrystalline SiC as a promising candidate structural or cladding material for applications in advanced nuclear reactors.
Targeted doping builds a high energy density composite piezoceramics for energy harvesting
Authors: Yu Xiaole , Hou Yudong , Zheng Mupeng , Yan Jing , Jia Wenxu , Zhu Mankang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo build piezoceramics with high transduction coefficient (d33 × g33) is the key to improve the power generation capability of piezoelectric energy harvester. Here, a new targeted doping strategy has been proposed to significantly increase the energy density of piezoceramics. Taking the modification of 0.2Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.8Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 (PZN‐PZT) as an example, dual functions can be achieved by introducing appropriate amount of target‐doped (Zn0.1Ni0.9)TiO3 (ZTN9) based on its pyrolysis characteristics. On the one hand, Ni2+ ions enter the perovskite matrix to replace Zn2+ ions to form equivalent doping; on the other hand, it induces the formation of 0‐3 ZnO/perovskite composite structure, and both of which promote the large increase in d33 × g33 due to the changes in the domain configuration are more conducive to the ferro‐/piezoelectricity. In all compositions, 0.67 mol% ZTN9 added specimen has a maximum value (12 433 × 10−15 m2/N) of the d33 × g33. The cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester fabricated with this material generates up to 4.50 μW/mm3 of power density at 1 g acceleration, which is capable of quickly charging a 47 μF electrolytic capacitor and then lit 135 parallel‐connected commercial blue light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), showing its important application in implementing self‐powered microsensors.
Modelled incubation conditions indicate wider potential distributions based on thermal requirements for an oviparous lizard
Authors: Stenhouse Vaughn , Carter Anna L. , Chapple David G. , Hare Kelly M. , Hartley Stephen , Nelson Nicola J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimPredicting the distribution of species relies increasingly on understanding the spatially explicit constraints of environmental conditions on an organism's physiological traits. We combined an empirical model of temperature‐dependent embryonic development with a mechanistic model of soil temperatures to examine potential thermal limitations on the distribution of a nocturnal, oviparous skink,Oligosoma suteri, a range‐restricted endemic.LocationNew Zealand.MethodsWe estimated a thermal requirement for successful embryonic development as 616 degree‐days above a threshold of 13.8°C. We then modelled soil temperatures at representative sites across New Zealand and predicted duration of incubation to map the distribution of potentially viable oviposition sites, given variation in the timing of egg‐laying under even temperature increases.ResultsSuccessful development ofO. suteriembryos is possible in locations outside their current distribution. Increasing temperatures increased the species’ potential range, reducing incubation duration and lengthening the oviposition window. However, due to the disconnected nature of their rocky shore habitat, individuals may not be able to disperse to currently uninhabited sites within that extended range. Additionally, although locations may be thermally suitable for incubation, predation by introduced mammals, competition and habitat modification may prevent successful establishment of populations.Main conclusionsOur models contribute to understanding fundamental physiological constraints on an important life history stage that will inform conservation management actions, including potential future translocations.
The Tortoise and the Finch: Testing for island effects on diversification using two iconic Galápagos radiations
Authors: Román‐Palacios Cristian , Wiens John J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimsIslands are widely recognized as natural laboratories for evolutionary studies, but many questions about evolution on islands remain unresolved. Here we address two general questions from a macroevolutionary perspective. First, do lineages on islands have increased diversification rates relative to mainland lineages? Second, does the same geographical context (e.g., same archipelago) have similar effects on diversification in unrelated groups? We focused on Darwin's finches and Galápagos tortoises, two endemic radiations from the Galápagos Islands, and the larger families in which they are embedded.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe estimated a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for tortoises (Testudinidae). Then, we examined their macroevolutionary patterns and compared them to those of Darwin's finches and relatives (Thraupidae), using a published thraupid tree. Specifically, we estimated and compared diversification rates between islands and the mainland and between the Galapagos Islands and all other regions, using clade‐based and species‐based approaches.ResultsContrary to expectations, occurrence on islands in general did not significantly increase diversification rates in tanagers or tortoises. However, occurrence in the Galápagos Islands in particular was associated with increased speciation and diversification rates, and explained ~28% of the variation in diversification rates for thraupids and ~46% for testudinids. Both Darwin's finches and Galápagos tortoises were unique within each family in exhibiting the highest diversification rates. The congruence of these macroevolutionary patterns between both radiations supports a strong “place‐dependent” effect on diversification associated with the Galápagos. Finally, we found that Darwin's finches diversified ~2–8 times faster than Galápagos tortoises.Main conclusionsOur results show that occurring on islands in general did not increase diversification rates in these clades, but occurrence in the Galápagos did. We also show that dramatic local‐scale differences in diversification rates between clades in the Galápagos parallel global‐scale differences in diversification rates between these families and between birds and turtles overall.
Epibiont communities on stranded kelp rafts of Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)—Do positive interactions facilitate range extensions?
Authors: López Boris A. , Macaya Erasmo C. , Rivadeneira Marcelo M. , Tala Fadia , Tellier Florence , Thiel Martin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThis study examines how rafting on floating bull kelps can shape the biogeographic patterns of raft‐associated species, and analyses the spatio‐temporal variability of taxonomic richness and co‐occurrences of epibionts on beach‐cast rafts of Durvillaea antarctica along a latitudinal gradient.LocationSoutheast Pacific, along ~1,700 km of coastline.MethodsWe examined the epibionts on stranded individuals of D. antarctica on 33 beaches along the continental coast of Chile (28° S–42° S) within four biogeographic districts during the winter and summer of two years (2014/2015–2015/2016). Taxonomic richness and co‐occurrences of epibionts within a holdfast were examined. Known geographic ranges and rafting ranges were compared to determine possible range expansions via rafting dispersal.ResultsSessile species were the most frequent epibionts. Taxonomic richness varied among biogeographic zones and seasons, and was higher between 33° S and 42° S than between 28° S and 33° S, particularly in summer compared to winter. Taxonomic richness decreased with floating time (indicated by the presence and size of Lepas spp.). Habitat‐forming epibionts such as mytilid mussels, the polychaete Phragmatopoma moerchi and the seaweeds Gelidium lingulatum and Lessonia spicata favoured co‐occurrences of other species within a holdfast, suggesting a habitat cascade (i.e. biogenic holdfast—sessile eco‐engineers—other epibionts), while the boring isopod Limnoria chilensis and the excavating limpet Scurria scurra were negatively correlated with many other species. Some rafting epibiont species with low dispersal ability were found more than 100–300 km outside of their known geographic ranges, with more extensive ephemeral range extensions at the southern edge of their respective ranges, probably facilitated by higher availability of rafts in those areas.Main ConclusionsThese findings confirm that raft‐associated species are frequently dispersed outside their known geographic ranges, although these range extensions vary strongly depending on the availability and persistence of rafts, and on the biotic interactions within the rafting assemblage.