bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Revised Look at Relativistic Electrons in the Earth's Inner Radiation Zone and Slot Region
Authors: Claudepierre S. G. , O'Brien T. P. , Looper M. D. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Roeder J. L. , Clemmons J. H. , Mazur J. E. , Turner D. L. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe describe a new, more accurate procedure for estimating and removing inner zone background contamination from Van Allen Probes Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) radiation belt measurements. This new procedure is based on the underlying assumption that the primary source of background contamination in the electron measurements at L shells less than three, energetic inner belt protons, is relatively stable. Since a magnetic spectrometer can readily distinguish between foreground electrons and background signals, we are able to exploit the proton stability to construct a model of the background contamination in each MagEIS detector by only considering times when the measurements are known to be background dominated. We demonstrate, for relativistic electron measurements in the inner zone, that the new technique is a significant improvement upon the routine background corrections that are used in the standard MagEIS data processing, which can “overcorrect” and therefore remove real (but small) electron fluxes. As an example, we show that the previously reported 1‐MeV injection into the inner zone that occurred in June of 2015 was distributed more broadly in L and persisted in the inner zone longer than suggested by previous estimates. Such differences can have important implications for both scientific studies and spacecraft engineering applications that make use of MagEIS electron data in the inner zone at relativistic energies. We compare these new results with prior work and present more recent observations that also show a 1‐MeV electron injection into the inner zone following the September 2017 interplanetary shock passage.
A North‐South Contrast of Subsurface Salinity Anomalies in the Northwestern Pacific From 2002 to 2013
Authors: Yan Youfang , Svendsen Lea , Wang Chunzai , Keenlyside Noel , Xu Dazhi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper finds a north‐south contrast of subsurface salinity trend during 2002–2013 in the northwestern Pacific. Both Argo float data and long‐term repeat hydrographic measurements along the 137°E section show that salinity anomalies along the isopycnals of 24.5–25.4 kg/m3 exhibit a pronounced decreasing trend north of 15°N and an increasing trend south of 15°N. We perform a quantitative analysis based on satellite‐derived data and a qualitative analysis that used a lower‐order isopyncal salinity model that represents key balance terms (i.e., evaporation E, precipitation P, and wind forcing advection). Both of the analyses consistently show that the subsurface salinity anomalies in the north and south of 15°N are induced by different physical processes. Fresher surface waters in the northwestern subtropical outcrop region due to an excess freshwater supply (E − P < 0) contribute to the freshening of subsurface waters north of 15°N. In contrast, saltier surface waters in the northeastern subtropical subduction region induced by a deficit of freshwater (E − P > 0) and anomalous ocean circulation associated with the recent accelerated trade winds of the tropical Pacific cause the saltiness of subsurface waters south of 15°N. The results imply that the salinity north‐south contrast may play an important role in changing ocean thermocline structure and upper ocean stratification in the northwestern Pacific.
Observed Vertical Structure of Convection During Dry and Wet Summer Monsoon Epochs Over the Western Ghats
Authors: Utsav Bhowmik , Deshpande Sachin M. , Das Subrata K. , Pandithurai Govindan , Niyogi Dev 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSummer precipitation over the Western Ghats is an important facet of Indian monsoon. The vertical structure of mesoscale convection during dry and wet epochs of regional precipitation is studied using X‐band Doppler radar, for the first time. The observed characteristics are distinctly different in terms of small‐scale convective and large‐scale atmospheric features for the dry versus wet regimes. The depth and intensity of convection is analyzed using various echo‐top heights (ETHs). The frequency distribution of 0‐ and 15‐dBZ ETH exhibits bimodality during the dry period, which changes to unimodal in wet period. Top heights of precipitating convection (characterized by 30‐dBZ echoes) decreased with low‐level static stability, suggesting preponderance of shallow convection with little stratiform clouds. Suppressed heating in the dry period is a signature of reduced 0‐dBZ ETH occurrence. However, its enhanced occurrence during the wet period resulted in cooling below 2 km and increased heating aloft with maxima at 6 km. Near high precipitation events, midtropospheric humidity rapidly builds up over 2–3 days prior to increase in cloud‐top heights and areal coverage. Observations indicate large amplitude of ETH diurnal cycle during the dry period (especially over leeside) accompanied by weak upstream winds. However, during the wet period, smaller amplitude of ETH is evident (throughout the radar domain) under strong upstream wind conditions. Convective activity during the late afternoon hours produces higher lighting flashes in the dry period compared to the wet. The lightning occurrences are related with penetrations of 30‐dBZ ETH above the freezing level and convective area fractions.
Characteristics of Summer Season Raindrop Size Distribution in Three Typical Regions of Western Pacific
Authors: Wu Zuhang , Zhang Yun , Zhang Lifeng , Lei Hengchi , Xie Yanqiong , Wen Long , Yang Jiefan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRaindrop size distribution (DSD) measurements were taken with an onboard OTT Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel) disdrometer over the western Pacific during a marine survey from June to July 2014. Three subregions named south western Pacific (SWP), west western Pacific, and north western Pacific were separated for a comparative study of the variability of DSD. In addition to disdrometer data, FengYun‐2E, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Final Analysis, and radiosonde data sets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with summer season rainfall of western Pacific. The DSD characteristics of six different rain rates and two rain types (convective and stratiform) were studied. Histograms of normalized intercept parameter log10(Nw) and mass‐weighted mean diameter Dm indicated largest log10(Nw) values in west western Pacific, while largest Dm values in south western Pacific, and the convective clusters in three regions could be identified between maritime like and continental like. The constrained relations between shape μ and slope Λ, Nw, and Dm of gamma DSDs are derived. An inverse relation of the coefficients and exponents of Z‐ARb for convective rain were found in three regions. The R (ZH, ZDR) estimator is proved to be more accurate than Z‐R relation algorithm. And the empirical relations between Dm and radar reflectivity factor in the Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms in the open sea of Pacific. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant DSD variability in three regions were investigated with respect to convective intensity, raindrop evaporation, and other meteorological variables.
Banded Convective Activity Associated With Mesoscale Gravity Waves Over Southern China
Authors: Du Yu , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBanded convective activity that occurred near the south coast of China on 30 January 2018 was investigated through convection‐allowing simulations using a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model. The simulations capture reasonably well the observed characteristics of this event. The convective bands are found to be closely related to an episode of mesoscale gravity waves propagating northeastward with a wave speed of around 12 m/s and a primary wavelength of about ~40–50 km. Further analyses and sensitivity experiments reveal that the environment provides a wave duct for these gravity waves, with a thick low‐level stable layer below 850 hPa capped by a low‐stability reflecting layer with a critical level. The strength and depth of the low‐level stable layer determine the intrinsic phase speed and wavelength of the ducted gravity waves. In the sensitivity tests that the stable layer depth is reduced, the wave characteristics change according to what are predicted with the wave duct theory. The convective bands collocate and propagate in phase with the peak updraft regions of the gravity waves, suggesting strong interactions of convection and gravity waves, in which the ducted gravity waves can trigger and modulate convection, while latent heating from convection enhances the waves. In essence, both wave ducting and wave‐convection interaction are jointly responsible for the banded convective activity.
The Growth of Dunes in Rivers
Authors: Bradley Ryan W. , Venditti Jeremy G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDune response to variable flow has been well documented, but there is no universal model to predict dune dimensions as they respond to imposed flows. Here we use a series of flume experiments to explore dune growth in response to constant flow to better understand the form of dune growth curves. Observations of dune growth from a flat sand bed were made at three flow depths, under five different constant transport stages in a laboratory flume. The transport stages ranged from the sediment entrainment threshold to suspension conditions. The bed was flattened before each run and topography was continually mapped, providing observations of dune growth and morphology at each distinct transport stage condition. The results show that dune growth curves exhibited three different behaviors: (1) exponential growth; (2) punctuated growth, when a period of initially linear growth was abruptly interrupted by exponential growth; and (3) instantaneous growth, when bed evolution happened so quickly that we were unable to take measurements of the phenomenon. Growth behavior is dependent on the applied transport stage, and the time for a growing dune field to reach equilibrium decreases nonlinearly with transport stage. Observations of evolving dunes and the time required to achieve an equilibrium bed state are used to propose a series of relations that can predict dune dimensions through time.
The Response of Fish Diversity in a Highly Modified Large River System to Multiple Anthropogenic Stressors
Authors: DeBoer Jason A. , Thoms Martin C. , Casper Andrew F. , Delong Michael D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLarge riverine landscapes are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, and the most affected by humans. Few studies explicitly explore the effects of, or responses to, multiple stressors in highly modified large river systems. Changes in fish assemblages in response to multiple anthropogenic stressors were explored from a 60‐year data set for the Illinois River (Illinois, USA). Despite a legacy of stressors, the highly modified Illinois River responded to additional multiple stressors, especially four distinct stressor phases, which included two policies to improve water quality and bigheaded carp invasion. The response in fish diversity (Shannon H′) was complex in terms of the number of thresholds in the pattern of fish diversity, the rate and direction of change between thresholds, and the variance of response at two spatial scales and two ecological levels of organization. Overall, nine response trajectories were observed. Changes in fish diversity in the Illinois River since 1959 do not conform to current ecosystem response models. Without long‐term and broad‐scale data, elucidating complex responses in large river ecosystems is unlikely. Expanding the spatial and temporal scale of investigation in modified large rivers will increase our ability to understand how these ecosystems respond to multiple stressors.
Orbital Forcing, Ice Volume, and CO2 Across the Oligocene‐Miocene Transition
Authors: Greenop Rosanna , Sosdian Sindia M. , Henehan Michael J. , Wilson Paul A. , Lear Caroline H. , Foster Gavin L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPaleoclimate records suggest that a rapid major transient Antarctic glaciation occurred across the Oligocene‐Miocene transition (OMT; ca. 23 Ma; ~50‐m sea level equivalent in 200–300 kyr). Orbital forcing has long been cited as an important factor determining the timing of the OMT glacial event. A similar orbital configuration occurred 1.2 Myr prior to the OMT, however, and was not associated with a major climate event, suggesting that additional mechanisms play an important role in ice sheet growth and decay. To improve our understanding of the OMT, we present a boron isotope‐based CO2 record between 22 and 24 Ma. This new record shows that δ11B/CO2 was comparatively stable in the million years prior to the OMT glaciation and decreased by 0.7‰ (equivalent to a CO2 increase of ~65 ppm) over ~300 kyr during the subsequent deglaciation. More data are needed, but we propose that the OMT glaciation was triggered by the same forces that initiated sustained Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene‐Oligocene transition: long‐term decline in CO2 to a critical threshold and a superimposed orbital configuration favorable to glaciation (an eccentricity minimum and low‐amplitude obliquity change). When comparing the reconstructed CO2 increase with estimates of δ18Osw during the deglaciation phase of the OMT, we find that the sensitivity of the cryosphere to CO2 forcing is consistent with recent ice sheet modeling studies that incorporate retreat into subglacial basins via ice cliff collapse with modest CO2 increase, with clear implications for future sea level rise.
TTG‐Adakitic‐Like (Tonalitic‐Trondhjemitic) Magmas Resulting From Partial Melting of Metagabbro Under High‐Pressure Condition During Continental Collision in the North Qaidam UHP Terrane, Western China
Authors: Yu Shengyao , Zhang Jianxin , Li Sanzhong , Santosh M. , Li Yunshuai , Liu Yongjiang , Li Xiyao , Peng Yinbiao , Sun Deyou , Wang Zhengyi , Lv Pei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe tectonic regime and melting conditions of adakitic tonalitic‐trondhjemitic leucosomes and tonalite plutons from the North Qaidam terrane are evaluated through petrology, whole‐rock major, trace element and Sr‐Nd isotopic data and zircon U‐Pb data. Zircons from leucosomes and metabasites preserve distinct U‐Pb age populations: early Ordovician inherited zircon cores record a protolith age of ~470 Ma, whereas zircon rims preserve subsequent HP granulite facies metamorphism, anatexis, and magmatism between 437 and 433 Ma. Whole‐rock geochemistry suggests that three types of leucosomes and tonalite plutons have geochemical features similar to adakites. Type 1 leucosomes record high Sr contents and positive Eu anomalies representing an earlier period of plagioclase accumulation. The flat fractionated rare earth element patterns of type 2 leucosomes correspond to residues of HP mafic granulites, and the steep fractionated rare earth element patterns of type 3 leucosomes correspond to garnet‐ and clinopyroxene‐rich residues. Petrological observations with P‐T paths and experimentally constrained melting curves together infer that melting of the metagabbro were triggered by the breakdown of amphibole ± zoisite under high‐pressure conditions. Therefore, tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite (TTG)‐adakitic magmas in the North Qaidam terrane were produced through partial melting of newly emplaced gabbroic rocks with an arc affinity under high‐pressure, granulite facies conditions in a thickened lower crust during continental collision. This model explains the origin of TTG‐adakitic rocks and related continental growth and crustal differentiation genetically associated with continental collision.
Repeated Seismic Slipping Events Recorded in a Fault Gouge Zone: Evidence From the Nojima Fault Drill Holes, SW Japan
Authors: Lin Aiming , Nishiwaki Takafumi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDrilling investigations and structural analysis of drill cores reveal that a fault gouge zone of 10–30 cm in width was observed at depths of ~260 to 900 m in nine drill holes that intersected the Nojima Fault (NF), on which the 1995 Mw 6.9 Kobe (Japan) earthquake occurred. Logging data and an analysis of mesostructures and microstructures in drill cores show that (i) a ~60‐m wide fault damage zone containing a 10‐ to 30‐cm‐thick fault gouge zone developed in the NF, (ii) the fault gouge zone can be divided into 11–20 thin layers of different color, and (iii) the individually colored layers contain different color breccias of fault gouge that are offset and/or cut by cracks and crack‐filled calcite and quartz veinlets. Our results reveal that the fault gouge zone probably records more than 11–20 paleoseismic faulting events along the NF during the late Pleistocene‐Holocene.
IFT80 is required for stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and odontoblast polarization during tooth development
Authors: Yuan Xue , Cao Xu , Yang Shuying 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrimary cilia and intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins control a wide variety of processes during tissue development and homeostasis. However, their role in regulation of stem cell properties during tooth development remains elusive. Here, we revealed that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) express IFT80, which is required for maintaining DPSC properties. Mice with deletion of IFT80 in odontoblast lineage show impaired molar root development and delayed incisor eruption through reduced DPSC proliferation and differentiation, and disrupted odontoblast polarization. Impaired odontoblast differentiation resulted from disrupted hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways. Decreased DPSC proliferation is associated with impaired fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signaling caused by loss of IFT80, leading to the disruption of FGF2-FGFR1-PI3K-AKT signaling in IFT80-deficient DPSCs. The results provide the first evidence that IFT80 controls tooth development through influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, and polarization, and Hh and FGF/AKT signaling pathways, demonstrating that IFT proteins are likely to be the new therapeutic targets for tooth and other tissue repair and regeneration.
Chromosome conformation capture resolved near complete genome assembly of broomcorn millet
Authors: Shi Junpeng , Ma Xuxu , Zhang Jihong , Zhou Yingsi , Liu Minxuan , Huang Liangliang , Sun Silong , Zhang Xiangbo , Gao Xiang , Zhan Wei , Li Pinghua , Wang Lun , Lu Ping , Zhao Haiming , Song Weibin , Lai Jinsheng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBroomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has strong tolerance to abiotic stresses, and is probably one of the oldest crops, with its earliest cultivation that dated back to ca. ~10,000 years. We report here its genome assembly through a combination of PacBio sequencing, BioNano, and Hi-C (in vivo) mapping. The 18 super scaffolds cover ~95.6% of the estimated genome (~887.8 Mb). There are 63,671 protein-coding genes annotated in this tetraploid genome. About ~86.2% of the syntenic genes in foxtail millet have two homologous copies in broomcorn millet, indicating rare gene loss after tetraploidization in broomcorn millet. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that broomcorn millet and foxtail millet diverged around ~13.1 Million years ago (Mya), while the lineage specific tetraploidization of broomcorn millet may be happened within ~5.91 million years. The genome is not only beneficial for the genome assisted breeding of broomcorn millet, but also an important resource for other Panicum species.
A natural in situ fabrication method of functional bacterial cellulose using a microorganism
Authors: Gao Minghong , Li Juan , Bao Zixian , Hu Moudong , Nian Rui , Feng Dexin , An Dong , Li Xing , Xian Mo , Zhang Haibo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe functionalization methods of materials based on bacterial cellulose (BC) mainly focus on the chemical modification or physical coating of fermentation products, which may cause several problems, such as environment pollution, low reaction efficiency and easy loss of functional moieties during application. Here, we develop a modification method utilizing the in situ microbial fermentation method combined with 6-carboxyfluorescein-modified glucose (6CF-Glc) as a substrate using Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans to produce functional BC with a nonnatural characteristic fluorescence. Our results indicate that the microbial synthesis method is more efficient, controllable and environmentally friendly than traditional modification methods. Therefore, this work confirms that BC can be functionalized by using a microbial synthesis system with functionalized glucose, which provides insights not only for the functionalization of BC but also for the in situ synthesis of other functional materials through microbial synthetic systems.
Modulation of miR-10a-mediated TGF-β1/Smads signaling affects atrial fibrillation-induced cardiac fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast proliferation
Authors: Li Peng-Fei , He Rong-Hua , Shi Shao-Bo , Li Rui , Wang Qiong-Tao , Rao Guo-Tao , Yang Bo 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) rat models and rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) with overexpressed or inhibited miR-10a were used to investigate the possible role of miR-10a-mediated transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1)/Smads signaling in cardiac fibrosis and fibroblast proliferation in rats with AF. Gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify the possible function of miR-10a in cardiac fibrosis. The results showed that overexpressed miR-10a significantly prolonged the duration of AF, further elevated the collagen volume fraction (CVF), and increased the viability of CFs in AF rats; these findings were in contrast with the findings for rats with inhibition of miR-10a (all P&lt;0.05). Moreover, miR-10a overexpression could promote miR-10a, collagen-I, collagen III, α-SMA, and TGF-β1 protein expression and increase the levels of hydroxyproline but reduced Smad7 protein expression in atrial tissues and CFs in AF rats. Not surprisingly, inhibiting miR-10a led to completely contrasting results (all P&lt;0.05). Moreover, TGF-β1 treatment could reverse the inhibitory effect of miR-10a down-regulation on cardiac fibrosis in CFs. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay results demonstrated that miR-10a bound directly to the 3′-UTR of BCL6, which is involved in cell growth and proliferation. Thus, our study indicate that down-regulation of miR-10a may inhibit collagen formation, reduce atrial structure remodeling, and decrease proliferation of CFs, eventually suppressing cardiac fibrosis in AF rats via inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway.