bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SHaRE: A DOE User Facility For Microscopy and Microanalysis
Authors: Evans ND 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Shared Research Equipment (SHaRE) Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) provides microanalytical facilities to researchers from U.S. universities, industries, and government laboratories for studies within the materials sciences. SHaRE is one of four microscopy and microanalysis research user facilities supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES). All BES user facilities, including SHaRE, are available to in order to foster collaborative research, scientific leadership, international competitiveness, and the education of graduate students being prepared for careers in materials science. Based on the scientific excellence and relevance of the proposed experiments, free operating time is available to researchers who then publish their results in open literature. Proprietary research can be accomplished on a full cost-recovery basis or by Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs). However, services that can be purchased from commercial laboratories are not appropriate for the SHaRE Program.
Force Modulation Imaging
Authors: Heaton MG , Rogers MR , Prater CB 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Force modulation Imaging is a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) technique that identifies and maps differences in surface stiffness or elasticity. It is one of several new techniques developed as extensions to the basic SPM topographical mapping capabilities. These techniques use a variety of surface properties to better differentiate among materials where topographical differences are small or immeasurable.
Force Modulation Imaging can be used in a wide range of applications including identifying transitions between different components in composites, rubber and polymer blends, evaluating polymer homogeneity, imaging organic materials on hard substrates, detecting residual photoresist on integrated circuits, and identifying contaminants in a variety of materials.
Visions
Authors: Levy Gabor B 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
People who have faced imminent death and survived report visions of their entire lives passing before their eyes. My experience at the recent 50th anniversary meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America was similar. In a matter of hours I saw a vision of the entire half-century history of electron microscopy. It was exhilarating.
I was an invited guest among the handful of surviving charter members. Attention was lavished on us and we were treated with TLC (the nursing profession's abbreviation for tender loving care). We recounted our experiences and had an opportunity to meet old friends and colleagues whom we had not seen in years. Most significant, however, were the formal presentations that showed the enormous growth of the field, both in depth and breadth.
Heavy Duty Camera Bellows for Digital Imaging
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My previous article on digital imaging in the April 1997 issue of Microscopy Today noted the use of an Olympus Auto Bellows with a Kodak MegaPlus 1.6i/AB CCD camera for digital photomacrographs equivalent to 4 x 5 Polaroid prints with magnifications between 10X and 50X, The purpose of this article is to document the high resolution obtainable with the bellows system and the design modifications needed to eliminate the plastic dovetail inserts of the Olympus Auto Bellows, which are susceptible to delayed stress cracking when used with a heavier camera like the MegaPlus, Total failure of the dovetail inserts could cause costly damage to the lens and the camera.
Scanning Acoustical Microscopy
Authors: Gallet Jacqueline 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Scanning acoustical microscopy has found a very comfortable niche in the area of non-destructive evaluation, testing and imaging. But the field need not be limited by such a narrow applications area.
In this article, a general review of current and possible applications will be conducted including archaeological conservation and evaluation. Part III of this series will deal exclusively with biomedical applications.
Since acoustical waves can penetrate a specimen, optically opaque materials can be visualized and more fully examined. Depending on the resolution required, a compromise needs to be achieved before a specimen can be imaged. Recall from Part I of this series, the higher the frequency, the better the resolution, but the depth of penetration is less. In many applications, it is not always necessary to achieve a high degree of resolution, it is more interesting to locate and identify internal structures. Acoustical microscopy is meant to be a complementary form of observation not necessarily a standalone modality.
Methods To Identify Contaminants On Photoresists
Authors: Nieveen Wesley 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Contaminants on photoresist can be difficult to identify, especially if they are very thin, e.g., less than 0.5 μm. It is very doubtful at the 0.2 μm realm that histological or optical microscopy methods will work, There are several methods available to identify such contaminants1 each giving different degrees or type of information about contaminants.
Reflected/Transmitted Nomarsky DIC Lighting
Authors: Silk Ely 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What could be better than reflected or transmitted Nomarski differential interference contrast? Why, combining the best features of both and for very little cost. My intended use of the technique was for Nomarski reflection DIC microscopy. It will work, of course, with other types of reflection microscopy.
What this embarrassingly simple artifice accomplishes is to simultaneously add transmission capabilities to reflection observations with the result being improved viewing of delicate details, And, yes, because of the reflective front surface layer, the observer can study details on the bottom side of the specimen which is usually hidden from view. This requires focusing through the specimen and below the point of normal focus.
Fe
2+/ Fe2+ Calculation In Spinels From Oxygen Deficiency Sum
Authors: Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A typical electron microprobe printout of an oxide analysis shows weight percent concentrations of different elements in terms of their oxides, Fe is usually expressed as FeO. For minerals, it also shows calculated number of cations on the basis of an assumed (theoretical) number of oxygen atoms. For examplejn olivines, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, the theoretical number of oxygen atoms is four and the sum of cations should add up to three if the analysis is good. However, in case of spinels such as magnetite, Fe3O4, which contain significant amounts of Fe2O3, the analysis total falls below 100 and the cation sum (based on four oxygens) exceeds the theoretical cation sum. in other words, the formula calculation shows an oxygen deficiency. Geologists use this information to calculate the amount of Fe2O3 in the spinel assuming the other cations have only one oxidation state.
Imaging Degraded Wood by Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Kim Yoon Soo , Singh Adya 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The application of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in the studies of biological materials is rapidly expanding because of the opportunity to produce sharp, high resolution images through optical sectioning and computer assisted 3-D reconstruction. At our institute CLSM is being used in a wide range of forestry and wood science studies.
Recently we investigated the potential usefulness of CLSM in characterizing biologically degraded wood. The following are images produced from an archaeological wood which has been buried in a wet environment (rice field) for nearly 2,000 years in South Korea and is apparently degraded by bacteria. In an attempt to develop suitable techniques which can be used for routine examination of fragile degraded wood with CLSM, we have compared two different embedding methods for their suitability in preserving the integrity of cells. The embedding media are paraffin wax and LR White resin.
The Truth in Imaging
Authors: Revel Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Several well (and also several not so well) publicized incidents of unethical conduct have raised the concerns of scientists, politicians and common folk that the truth and only the truth may not always emerge from scientific investigation. While this is a problem which clearly needs attention, I believe that Science alone of all fields of human endeavor has built in mechanisms which ensure that truth will emerge sooner or later, usually sooner (although some frauds, for example the Piltdown hoax, survived for quite a long time). This self correcting feature arises from the fact that today's interpretations are repeatedly tested against nature, whenever new methods or hypotheses arise. Only correct beliefs survive this repeated scrutiny. The misguided workers who for whatever reasons “cheat” or get so personally involved that they fall in traps made of their own gullibility are eventually discovered and at the very least lose the recognition that they longed for.
Few Remarkable TEM Facts
Authors: Fraundorf Phil 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What follows is a list of some physical perspectives on the electrons used routinely for transmission electron microscopy. Without knowing it, you may on a daily basis be putting to practical use things, like the wave nature of electrons, that were inconceivable in the early part of this century. In fact, some of the properties of these electrons may be only marginally conceivable today!
Popcorn, Diffraction and the Computer Revolution
Authors: Schlienger M Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As is the case with many other aspects of our lives here in the twilight years of the twentieth century, the computer is having an evermore pervasive role in the daily endeavors of the electron microscopist. And as I contemplate the little button on the microwave that allows me to burn popcorn the exact same way, time after time, I am led to wonder “where is it all going?”…the technology that is. I know where the burnt popcorn will end up. Whether we like it or not, the computer is a tool that can drastically improve our productivity, and typically such productivity gains occur precisely within those tasks where mistakes are the most likely to creep in, to wit: the mundane and repetitive.
As an example, consider the task of indexing a diffraction pattern for a known crystal. In the far distant and superstitious past of the mid to late 1960's, this task required all sorts of strange alchemy.
“Scope on a Rope”
Authors: Henk Cindy , Wandersee James , Sundberg Marshall , Silverman Harold 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We have acquired and made available for loan a durable, easy-to-use, though expensive video-probe microscope. This hand-held, automatically focussing instrument can be used by a 5 year-old and provides instant, excellent, in-focus images of 50X to 200X on a video screen visible simultaneously to all students in the class.
The probe consists of a miniature video camera with interchangeable magnifying “objective” lenses which are surrounded with built-in, cool, fiber-optic illumination. Each lens is capped with a “contact tip” which corresponds to the focal length of the lens and which, when touching the sample, provides automatic focus of the image on the monitor. The images can be videotaped in the normal fashion.
Were the First Microscopes Really That Good?
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When I see a drawing by an earty microcopist, I am often Impressed by the amount of detail they illustrated. I am frequently amazed by the resolution they apparently were able to achieve with primitive (by today's standards) unconected optics. Were their instruments and observational skills realty that good, or were they just lucky, correctly guessing what was beneath their lens? In an amazing pictorial published in the April issue of Scientific American, Brian Ford convincingly answers this question.
Ford describes the controversies surrounding descriptions by Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1674 and Robert Brown in 1827. Both of these pioneer microscopists were often dismissed by their contemporaries and ignored for many years after their deaths. Leeuwenhoek was considered to be a man of fertile imagination whose observations of “animalcules” in pond slime were not appreciated until the time of Louis Pasteur.
Hints On Costing Lab Services
Authors: Morken Timothy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Costing laboratory services is a huge job and takes a long time to do properly. I've done this many times, but only once from scratch and that one time took six months to finalize. The whole process depends on what the administration really wants and what you have to work with. There should be guidelines given and help forthcoming from the administration, as the results for the lab won't mean much if everyone does it a different way! I wouldn't even start figuring things until the administration gives guidelines and holds some meetings on how it is to be done.
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy for Materials Science
Authors: McMillan William 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Confocal microscopy has gained great popularity in biology and medical research because of the ability to image three-dimensional objects at greater resolution than conventional optical microscopes. In a typical Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM), the specimen stage is stepped up or down to collect a series of two-dimensional images (or slices) at each focal plane. Conventional light microscopes create images with a depth of field, at high power, of 2 to 3 μm. The depth of field of confocal microscopes ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 μm, which allows information to be collected from a well defined optical section rather than from most of the specimen. Therefore, due to this “thin” focal plane, out of focus light is virtually eliminated which results in an increase in contrast, clarity and detection.
Direct Monitoring of Combinatorial Chemistry Reactions by Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Martoglio Pamela A , Schiering David W , Smith Matthew J , Smith Daniel T 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What is combinatorial chemistry? Combinatorial chemistry is quickly becoming a very popular technique for organic synthesis in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology fields. Basically, combinatorial methods allow one to obtain thousands of derivatives of chemical compounds in a very quick and efficient manner. The method begins when a molecule of interest is attached to resin beads. Once the molecule is attached, a number of reactions can be run on the beads. The beads can be split up into several subsets, and different reactions can be run on each of the subsets. Because the beads are in the solid phase, it is extremely easy to separate the beads from the liquid layer after the reactions have completed.
Finger Painting or Digital Imaging
Authors: Revel Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In the good old days, when microscopists wanted to show others what they had found, they either drew by hand what they saw or hired someone to do same. Besides manual dexterity, and eye-hand coordination, drawing of course requires artistic interpretation, i.e. at least a smidgen of imagination. As a result one always had to be concerned with the objectively of rendering. Such concerns were more or less put to rest once the proper use of photography became established. The manual dexterity was reduced to twisting the focus knob, squeezing the shutter button without also shaking the camera and doing some handwaving in the dark room (artistic interpretation), surprisingly all non-trivial operations.
Today we have entered a different phase yet in the process of sharing morphological information, a phase characterized by digital recording and along with it, digital image processing. The digits now are not literally fingers anymore, but the numbers they stand for Digital image recording and processing was originally devised to improve the quality of images returned by spacecraft and used to require highly sophisticated computing facilities.
Stm at High Temperature: What you see is what you see … usually
Authors: Kersker Michael M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There remains two basic axioms of all microscopists: the first….if you look, you're bound to see something, and the second….not everything you will see is artifact. These axioms apply particularly well to scanning probe microscopy at the molecular and atomic level. Fortunately, coarser resolution images share comforting similarities with images from other established scanning methods. Holes in optical discs look like holes when probed with AFM tips, and these holes look very much like SEM images, a subject with which we have some familiarity. At the molecular and atomic level, however, the scanning probe instruments may or may not be “seeing” the sample, though they are clearly seeing something.
Comparison of surface structure observed with indirect surface structural measurements, for example by LEED (Low Energy Electron Diffraction) or RHEED (Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction) usually under ultra-high vacuum conditions can lead, by inference, to an understanding of the real bulk or average surface structure.
Industrial Mineral Microscopy
Authors: Solebello Louis P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What is industrial mineral microscopy? It is the application of any micro-analytical technique used to characterize and identify non-metallic and non-fuel earth materials. Humans have used industrial minerals since ancient times. The earliest known scientific work which dealt expressly with minerals and artificial products derived from them is Theophrastus On Stones. Theophrastus, a pupil and friend of Aristotle, described the use of fuller's earth and gypsum for whitening discolored cloth garments in the latter half of the 4th century, B.C. Fuller's earth is still used today as a decolorizing agent by manufacturers of oil and fat products. Gypsum, of course, is widely used in plaster of paris, cement, and paper.
Today, industrial minerals are encountered often by people in everyday life. Electronic, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, construction, paper, and plastics industries use industrial minerals in a multitude of products.
Telemicroscopy
Authors: Fan Gary , Mercurio Phil , Young Steve , Ellisman Mark 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
While many of us have used a computer network to send E-mail, how about using it to remotely control an electron microscope? That's exactly what Telemicroscopy refers to.
Up to now electron microscopy (EM) has been conducted typically in a darkened enclosure, with the operator sitting in the dark for hours staring at a dim phosphor screen. This paradigm was not, however, closely followed during the telemicroscopy demonstration at the SIGGRAPH 1992 meeting in Chicago, where microscopic images were acquired on-line over the Internet high-speed computer network from the intermediate-high voltage electron microscope located at the San Diego Microscopy and Imaging Resource. Stereo-pairs were displayed on a color projection screen in front of many spectators and camera crews.
Physics of Backscattered Electron Diffraction
Authors: Camus Patrick 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The scale of features that control the physical properties of engineered materials is ever decreasing. We can investigate the structure of these materials using several techniques. The techniques are usually selected based on the feature size of interest. Typical scales are the millimeter or optical scale, the micron or microscopic scale, and the nanometer or atomic scale. As the feature size decreases, the capabilities of the technique must increase.
Typical features that require at least microscopic characterization include particles in super alloys, grain misorientations in high temperature superconductors and thin films, inclusions in steels, reaction products in gas chambers.
Presentation of the Microscopy Image
Authors: Blystone Robert V 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopists have special challenges when presenting image data to audiences, Issues such as image size, resolution, and labeling are related to the format of the presented image. Contact prints, transparencies, 35 mm film, and projected video of digital images are some of the output options possible for microscopy presentation. This brings us to a question which Jonathan Krupp of the University of California, Santa Cruz, recently posed to the Microscopy listserver;
“In this age of digital imaging, is a film recorder still useful? The last presentation I went to was all PowerPoint ‘slides’, but shown directly from a computer to a video projector, no film to be seen.”
X-Ray Analysis in the Low Vacuum SEM
Authors: Chemoff Don 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Low vacuum and environmental SEMs have become commonplace in many labs for many applications. With the rise in popularity of these instruments comes the need to understand their capabilities and limitations. An article I wrote in this publication in August 1997 summarized the issue of beam scatter in the low vacuum SEM, In this first of a series of three articles, I will go into more detail and give more examples on the phenomena of beam scatter in the low vacuum SEM.
The problem of beam scatter in the low vacuum SEM chamber is well known. Electrons from the primary beam interact with gas molecules in the SEM chamber, scatter, and hit the sample surface some distance away from the primary beam. The result is a “skirt” of electrons much wider than the primary beam. The amount of scatter depends on four variables: chamber pressure, working distance, accelerating voltage, and gas type. I will discuss the first three in this paper. The effect of gas type will be addressed in the next issue.
Contemporary Problems in Science Jobs (Second Edition) Part 1: The Job Crunch and the Grant Crunch
Authors: Sowers Arthur E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Earlier versions of these essays have been posted primarily and repeatedly on the internet newsgroup &lt;sci.research.careers&gt; for approximately one year (March 1995 to March 1996). A number of versions are archived at a number of sites. These essays were written in the public interest and for the benefit of younger people who are in the grad. school to postdoc pipeline. This edition was cleaned up, reorganized somewhat, slightly shortened, and brought up to date.
People who are in the grad. school to postdoc pipeline are, for the most part, hoping to see their dreams come true with a real and decent career job in science. The purpose of this document is to inform these people about the realities that will be in conflict with their dreams.
A Berry Sweet Development: Microscopy of the Future
Authors: Revel Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One of the most pervasive problems in microscopy is that of making sure that what one is observing represents reality. The complex specimen preparation steps which have to be followed to obtainimages of biological samples all produce artifacts, at least in the sense that they modify the sample. The investigator has to somehow show that these changes in the sample reveal true microscopic features, rather than structures which do not exist in the living. This, of course, is why polarized light microscopy, phase and interference microscopy and their derived approaches, all of which reveal detail in live untreated specimen, are so important, in spite of the limited resolution which can be achieved.
When electron microscopy was in its infancy there were, and justifiably so, even more severe fears about the reality of what could be seen. Even visionary people like Gabor had their doubts and the first steps in biological microscopy were taken with the realization that if the sample was burned to a crisp, perhaps examination of its cinders would still give valuable information.