bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enforcement agencies and an emerging category of law: examining EEOC processing of sexual orientation and gender identity charges
Authors: Baumle Amanda K. , Boutcher Steven , Badgett M. V. Lee , Tomaskovic-Devey Donald 
Published: November 2024

AbstractScholars have recognized the role that legal intermediaries can play in shaping the law through their interpretations of legal ambiguity and guidance to rule-takers on legal compliance. Although legal intermediaries thus have the potential to effect social change, most research in the area of employment discrimination has focused on the way they facilitate only symbolic compliance with the law. In this article, we examine how the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) took steps that legitimized a new area of claiming, classifying sexual orientation and gender identity (“SOGI”) discrimination as prohibited sex discrimination. Drawing on 2012–2016 confidential charge data, we analyze which alleged issues had a greater likelihood of being identified by EEOC actors as strong cases of discrimination. We use quantitative administrative data and a unique dataset generated from the coding of charge narratives to develop our description of the EEOC’s categorization of SOGI charges. Our findings indicate that first by accepting SOGI charges and then by assigning 34% – much higher than other discrimination charge bases – with the highest processing category, the EEOC made new law, expanding Title VII protection. At the same time, our findings reflect that the EEOC exhibited restraint in this expansion through prioritizing charges that were closely aligned to prior gender stereotyping cases, rather than more directly signaling an SOGI identity-based protection. These findings illustrate the exercise of initiative within prior legal constraint, defining a new area of legal claiming.
“It’s two separate systems that … keep you under a thumb”: dual debt in the child support and criminal legal systems
Authors: Schwendeman Hannah , Horowitz Veronica L. , Edwards Frank , Stewart Robert , Larson Ryan , Uggen Christopher 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPeople simultaneously entangled in multiple state systems are often subject to contradictory legal mandates that can foster distrust and incentivize system avoidance. This study focuses on those indebted to both the child support system and the criminal legal system, a situation we describe as dual debt. We ask whether and how the imposition of legal debts with punitive surveillance and collections mechanisms fosters alienation in the form of legal cynicism and estrangement, which we refer to jointly as legal anomie. Drawing from interview data in Minnesota, we find that legal anomie and system avoidance are mutually reinforcing processes, as debts in these systems triggered consequences that pushed people out of the formal labor market and heightened their distrust of legal institutions. The case of dual debt demonstrates how alienating and contradictory policy systems can foster both legal anomie and system avoidance, particularly in the context of economic and social precarity.
Skinny fat model of metabolic syndrome induced by a high-salt/sucrose diet in young male rats
Authors: Cavalcante Keilah Valéria Naves , Ferreira-Junior Marcos Divino , Moreira Marina Conceição dos Santos , Marques Stefanne Madalena , Fajemiroye James Oluwagbamigbe , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , Lisboa Patrícia Cristina , Moura Egberto Gaspar de , Xavier Carlos Henrique , Colombari Eduardo , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Pedrino Gustavo Rodrigues 
Published: November 2024

AbstractChildhood and puberty can affect metabolism, leading to tissue injury and malfunction later in life. The consumption of high-processed foods rich in salt and sugar is increasing in middle- and high-income countries, especially among young people. It is necessary to evaluate the effects of high salt and sugar levels in the youth on most injured organs during metabolic challenges. We aimed to investigate whether high-salt/sucrose intake affects whole-body development and leads to end-organ injury. Weaned male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group fed a standard diet and tap water, and an experimental group (SS) fed a standard diet and a beverage containing 1·8 % NaCl and 20 % sucrose instead of tap water. The animals were treated for 60 d, starting after weaning at 21 d of age, after which the animals were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, urine collection and heart rate monitoring and euthanised for sample collection at 81 d of age. SS showed reduced body weight gain and increased food intake of sodium/sucrose solution. Interestingly, high-salt/sucrose intake led to increased body adiposity, liver lipid inclusion, heart rate and renal dysfunction. SS exhibits increased levels of PPAR alpha to counterbalance the hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue. Our findings reveal that the SS rat model exhibits non-obvious obesity with end-organ damage and preserved brown adipose tissue function. This model closely parallels human conditions with normal BMI but elevated visceral adiposity, providing a relevant tool for studying atypical metabolic disorders.
Race, Representation, and the Legitimacy of International Organizations
Authors: Steinberg David A. , McDowell Daniel 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study explores how race impacts the legitimacy of international organizations (IOs). Specifically, we examine whether the representation of Black people in IO leadership positions influences perceptions of IO legitimacy among Black and white individuals. To do so, we fielded seven survey experiments in two racially diverse countries, South Africa and the United States, and three experiments in one predominantly Black country, Kenya. Our experiments were designed to distinguish the effects of an IO leader's race from their region of origin. We find that Black IO leadership enhances perceptions of institutional legitimacy among Black citizens, but does not strongly influence the legitimacy perceptions of their white counterparts. Our findings suggest that improving the representation of historically marginalized racial groups within IOs can enhance their popular legitimacy.
The End of Tutela Mulierum
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDespite the well-known weakening of the Roman guardianship of women by the early Principate, its final disappearance from Roman law has remained a mystery. In modern scholarship, the proposed dates for the abolishment of tutela have ranged from the late third century to the early fifth, or to the claim that it just fell out of use without ever being formally abrogated. This article combines legal and papyrological sources to show that we can in fact establish the time when tutela was abolished in the reign of Constantine. It further places the disappearance of the guardianship in the broader context of the historical development of Roman law and the legal independence of women in the Roman world.
The Future of Strikes and Trade Unions
Authors: van der Velden Sjaak 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn early modern times, workers, especially the unskilled, in many countries were already striking against low wages and long working hours before the advent of the trade union movement. These modern trade unions on the other hand were mainly a form of organization invented by skilled labor from around 1800. Trade unions became a part of the labor movement or the workers’ movement. For over a century the movement of the workers and the workers’ movement merged although this marriage was not always a very happy one. There have been periods of tensions between the two. Since the crisis of the 1970s both have been on the defensive, which can be seen from lowering union density rates and the plummeting of strike activity in most Western countries.Many trade unions have been connected to the political part of the labor movement (more specifically social democracy) which in turn grew into the existing political and socioeconomic form of capitalism.1 Can a bureaucratic trade union movement that is so embedded in capitalist society be able to become the advocate of a future rise of working-class struggles? Is there a future for trade unionism or will another form of organization arise? And will the strike as a weapon of the working class really disappear as was predicted so many times? And was there a moment in time when both strikes and trade unions took the path that took them into the dangerous direction where they ended up in such life-threatening circumstances. Let’s go back in time to look for answers to these questions.
Tracking the non-breeding range of Rapa Shearwater Puffinus myrtae, a Critically Endangered seabird of the South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Jiguet Frédéric , Thibault Jean-Claude , Dufour Paul , Withers Tehani 
Published: November 2024

Summary
We report the non-breeding range of an adult Rapa Shearwater Puffinus myrtae, as estimated from data collected by one light logger deployed from 31 August 2019 to 22 July 2020. The Rapa Shearwater is classified as “Critically Endangered”, with a strong decline in breeding numbers reported recently. As the species is threatened by various introduced mammals on the breeding colonies, the main objective of this tracking essay was to identify the oceanic regions where the birds forage during the non-breeding season. The non-breeding range of this bird was located south-east of Rapa Island, where fishery activities are limited. The conservation efforts for the Critically Endangered Rapa Shearwater should first focus on securing mammal-free sites for breeding colonies.
QUASI-ERGODICITY OF COMPACT STRONG FELLER SEMIGROUPS ON
$L^2$
Authors: Kaleta Kamil , Schilling René L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe study the quasi-ergodicity of compact strong Feller semigroups
$U_t$
,
$t> 0$
, on
$L^2(M,\mu )$
; we assume that M is a locally compact Polish space equipped with a locally finite Borel measue
$\mu $
. The operators
$U_t$
are ultracontractive and positivity preserving, but not necessarily self-adjoint or normal. We are mainly interested in those cases where the measure
$\mu $
is infinite and the semigroup is not intrinsically ultracontractive. We relate quasi-ergodicity on
$L^p(M,\mu )$
and uniqueness of the quasi-stationary measure with the finiteness of the heat content of the semigroup (for large values of t) and with the progressive uniform ground state domination property. The latter property is equivalent to a variant of quasi-ergodicity which progressively propagates in space as
$t \uparrow \infty $
; the propagation rate is determined by the decay of . We discuss several applications and illustrate our results with examples. This includes a complete description of quasi-ergodicity for a large class of semigroups corresponding to non-local Schrödinger operators with confining potentials.
Pre-breeding highlights of intraspecific polymorphism and genetic estimates of seed traits of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst Ex. A. Rich.) Harms breeding lines
Authors: Adewale Daniel B. , Ibiloye Rachael M. , Odetoye Adefunke A. , Paul Marvelous U. , Ojo Grace A. , Ogundare Emmanuel B. , Fasaanu Abosede O. , Aribilola Esther O. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Discriminatory morpho-metric features are obvious on legume seeds. This study utilized seven quantitative and 11 qualitative seed traits to characterize 139 African yam bean (AYB) breeding lines which were developed through single seed descent procedure. The seven quantitative data were subjected to analysis of variance, their means were combined with qualitative scores for genetic distance, principal component (PC) and clustering analyses. Significant (P ≤ 0.001) variation existed among the breeding lines for the seven traits. Mean ranges of seed length (SL), width (SW), thickness (ST) and a single seed weight (SSW) among the 139 breeding lines were respectively: 6.77–10.22 mm, 5.70–7.86 mm, 4.96–7.45 mm and 0.15–0.42 g. Positive and significant (P ≤ 0.05) genotypic correlation existed among SSW, SL, SW and ST. Seed colours, pattern, shapes, sizes, surface texture, brilliance varied among the breeding lines. Ranges of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation and broadsense heritability were: 5.49–23.84%, 2.95–19.88% and 28.91–69.54% respectively. Fourteen (quantitative and qualitative) traits contributed higher (≥ 0.30) eigenvector loadings to the first three PC axes which explained 57.9% of the total variation among the breeding lines. Similarity among the lines was 0.75. Four clusters ensued in the dendrograph and each group had genetic similarities of: 0.85 (I), 0.82 (II), 0.78 (III) and 0.80 (IV). This research unveiled significant variation among AYB breeding lines with promising reliability for breeding opportunities of the qualitative and quantitative seed traits, which could contribute to higher grain yield and acceptability.
Exploring self-supervised learning biases for microscopy image representation
Authors: Bendidi Ihab , Bardes Adrien , Cohen Ethan , Lamiable Alexis , Bollot Guillaume , Genovesio Auguste 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Self-supervised representation learning (SSRL) in computer vision relies heavily on simple image transformations such as random rotation, crops, or illumination to learn meaningful and invariant features. Despite acknowledged importance, there is a lack of comprehensive exploration of the impact of transformation choice in the literature. Our study delves into this relationship, specifically focusing on microscopy imaging with subtle cell phenotype differences. We reveal that transformation design acts as a form of either unwanted or beneficial supervision, impacting feature clustering and representation relevance. Importantly, these effects vary based on class labels in a supervised dataset. In microscopy images, transformation design significantly influences the representation, introducing imperceptible yet strong biases. We demonstrate that strategic transformation selection, based on desired feature invariance, drastically improves classification performance and representation quality, even with limited training samples.
Quantifying Salt Crystallization Impact on Evaporation Dynamics From Porous Surfaces
Authors: Jannesarahmadi Sahar , Aminzadeh Milad , Helmig Rainer , Or Dani , Shokri Nima 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe investigated the effects of salt crystallization on the dynamics of saline water evaporation in porous media. Water mass loss rates from sand columns supplied with NaCl solutions at three concentrations were monitored under controlled ambient conditions. The formation and evolution of salt crystals over sand surfaces were synchronously imaged optically and thermally. Despite identical experimental and ambient conditions, we observed distinct crystallization dynamics that affected evaporative mass loss rates for similar salt concentrations, highlighting high variability of crystallization and its impact on evaporation. We observed the enhancement of maximum evaporation rates by factors of 3 to 14 under our experimental conditions and attributed this enhancement to the formation and evolution of porous crystalized salts at the surface. Additionally, visible intermittent temperature fluctuations of the salt crust were quantified using thermal imagery attributed to the dynamic processes of crystallization, dissolution and evaporation occurring simultaneously at the surface.
Parent–child interaction frequency: associations with age, sibling presence, and child health
Authors: Twork Kira , Ludwig Juliane , Kiess Wieland , Poulain Tanja 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Objectives
Parent-child interaction plays a crucial role in child development. This study investigated associations between the frequency of parent-child-interactions and sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, socio-economic status, family structure, number and age of siblings), physical and psychological symptoms in children, and mental health of parents.

Methods
The frequencies of 11 different parent-child interactions (shared reading, singing, moving, painting, building, puzzle, playing ball, role games, language games, number games and talking about problems) were assessed in 739 children aged 2–6.5 years-old using a standardised parental questionnaire, within a population-based cohort study in Leipzig, Germany. Physical and psychological symptoms were investigated using the HBSC Symptom-Checklist and parental depression symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire. We applied regression analyses to assess associations between variables.

Results
Shared reading was the parent-child interaction reported most frequently, with an average occurrence of several times a week. Number games were reported least frequently, with an average occurrency of every two weeks. Fewer parent-child interactions were significantly associated with higher child age, higher number of siblings, presence of older siblings and a lower level of physical and psychological symptoms. The other variables (sex, SES, living situation, presence of younger siblings or both (younger and older), depression symptoms of parents) were not significantly associated with the frequency of parent-child interactions.

Conclusion
The findings show that age of children and number as well as age of siblings at home may shape the frequency of parent-child interaction in preschool children. In addition, the findings suggest that parent-child interaction might be related to the health of children rather than the (mental) health of parents.

Impact

This study assessed the associations between the frequency of different types of parent-child interactions and sociodemographic as well as health-related parameters in a large sample of children.

There still exist sex-specific differences in the frequency of parent-child interactions related to traditional role models of girls and boys.

A higher frequency of parent-child interactions is associated with more physical and psychological symptoms in children.

Parent-child interactions are less frequent in families with more children, especially when older siblings are present.
Phenotypical differences of neutrophils patrolling tumour-draining lymph nodes in head and neck cancer
Authors: Ekstedt Sandra , Piersiala Krzysztof , Kolev Aeneas , Farrajota Neves da Silva Pedro , Margolin Gregori , Kumlien Georén Susanna , Cardell Lars-Olaf 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Background
The complexity and heterogeneity of neutrophils are recognized, especially their roles in modulating inflammation and cancer immune responses. The detailed functions of neutrophils in human tumour-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs), specifically in the context of head and neck cancer, remain inadequately characterized.

Aim
This study aims to delineate the phenotypic diversity of neutrophils in TDLNs, non-tumour-draining lymph nodes (nTDLNs) from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and to evaluate their correlation with clinical outcomes.

Methods
A flow cytometry-based investigation.

Results
Neutrophils manifest a tissue-specific heterogeneity with significant phenotypic differences between compartments. A substantial fraction of neutrophils displayed an activated CD16highCD62Ldim profile in TDLNs, more prominent in patients with advanced T stages, implicating their involvement in the disease’s progression. Notably, the presence of this activated neutrophil phenotype in TDLNs was strongly associated with poorer patient prognosis.

Conclusions
The study confirms the heterogeneity of neutrophils in human TDLNs, aligning with findings from animal models but extending them to show clinical relevance in human disease. The correlation of neutrophil phenotypes with cancer progression and prognosis emphasizes the importance of these cells in the tumour-microenvironment. The data suggests a future possibility to develop targeted therapies that modulate the neutrophilic response in OSCC.
Reevaluating antibiotic prophylaxis: insights from a network meta-analysis on dry socket and surgical site infections
Authors: Rojhanian Tayebe , Sofi-Mahmudi Ahmad , Vahdati Amin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Data sources
Three databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Scopus) were searched in December 2021 for 16 Randomised Clinical Trials (RCTs).

Study selection
Three reviewers reviewed the articles on oral antibiotic prophylaxis (ABP) for the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) and dry socket (DS) after lower third molar (L3M) extraction using the PICO framework. From 1999 to 2021, RCTs involving healthy patients undergoing L3M extraction with ABP, placebo, or no therapy were included. Adverse effects (AEs) associated with antibiotic usage, along with the main outcomes (DS and SSI), were also documented.

Data extraction and synthesis
Three independent investigators selected articles based on pre-established inclusion criteria, with any disagreements resolved by consensus or additional researchers. PRISMA guidelines were followed, involving initial title and abstract screening, followed by full-text evaluation. Exclusion reasons were documented, and the most recent report was included when multiple reports on the same patients were found, with no language restrictions applied. Two investigators evaluated studies quality and quality of evidence respectively using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and GRADEpro GDT. They independently extracted data, focusing on the type of extraction and the number of extracted L3M. They also detailed the use of antibiotics, including dosage, dosage regimen, timing, and duration. Among 16 articles, 15 used a parallel arm design, while one used a crossover design. The antibiotics studied included Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid (7 articles), Amoxicillin (6), Metronidazole (2), Azithromycin (1), and Clindamycin (2), all compared with no treatment or placebo. A pairwise meta-analysis was used to combine studies with equivalent treatment (direct estimation), and a network meta-analysis compared outcome variables across different treatments (indirect comparison).

Results
Two included articles had a low risk of bias and the level of evidence was low according to GRADE. Pooled results supported the use of antibiotics to reduce DS and SSI following L3M extraction with a number needed to treat 25 and 18, respectively.

Conclusions
Despite the fact that ABP reduces the risk of DS and SSI, it is recommended to consider systemic conditions and individual patient risk factors before prescribing antibiotics, due to global health threat.
Systematic assessment of the achieved emission reductions of carbon crediting projects
Authors: Probst Benedict S. , Toetzke Malte , Kontoleon Andreas , Díaz Anadón Laura , Minx Jan C. , Haya Barbara K. , Schneider Lambert , Trotter Philipp A. , West Thales A. P. , Gill-Wiehl Annelise , Hoffmann Volker H. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCarbon markets play an important role in firms’ and governments’ climate strategies. Carbon crediting mechanisms allow project developers to earn carbon credits through mitigation projects. Several studies have raised concerns about environmental integrity, though a systematic evaluation is missing. We synthesized studies relying on experimental or rigorous observational methods, covering 14 studies on 2346 carbon mitigation projects and 51 studies investigating similar field interventions implemented without issuing carbon credits. The analysis covers one-fifth of the credit volume issued to date, almost 1 billion tons of CO2e. We estimate that less than 16% of the carbon credits issued to the investigated projects constitute real emission reductions, with 11% for cookstoves, 16% for SF6 destruction, 25% for avoided deforestation, 68% for HFC-23 abatement, and no statistically significant emission reductions from wind power and improved forest management projects. Carbon crediting mechanisms need to be reformed fundamentally to meaningfully contribute to climate change mitigation.