bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracing the (re-)emergence of /h/ and /j/ onsets through 350 years of books: Mergers and merger reversals at the interface of phonetics and phonology
Authors: Schlüter Julia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the (re-)emergence of onset consonants in English loans from French, Latin and Greek, spelt with initial <u> (> /juː/; e.g.union,use), initial <eu> (> /juː/; e.g.eulogy,euphemism), or initial <h> (e.g.habit,homogeneous). It analyses Google Books data, exploiting the occurrence of the article allomorpha(rather thanan) as a diagnostic of consonantal realisation. The analysis yields a fine-grained description of the (re-)emergence of consonantal onsets. It shows that their emergence has been a gradual process and has not reached completion yet. On a theoretical level, the paper discusses the interaction between categorical phonological processing and fine-grained phonetic distinctions in an exemplar-based framework. It also sheds light on the question of (near-)mergers and their potential reversibility.
Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among adolescents in Indonesia: results from the 2015 Global School-based Student Health Survey
Authors: Yusuf Ah , Habibie Aziz Nashiruddin , Efendi Ferry , Kurnia Iqlima Dwi , Kurniati Anna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Violence against adolescents is prevalent in the world, yet this issue is neglected especially in developing countries. Bullying among adolescents negatively affects the victims in relation to emotional, physical, social and overall health status. This study was conducted to understand bullying and its associated factors in school-going adolescents in Indonesia.

Methods
This study was a correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were obtained from the 2015 Indonesia Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS). As many as 9969 adolescents in schools were selected by probability proportional to size method and systematic sampling. Variables analyzed on this study were age, sex, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption, close friends and feeling of loneliness. The research instrument used the GSHS 2015 questionnaire. Chi-square (χ2) analysis and multiple logistic regression tests were conducted to determine the significance of each variable.

Results
A total of 19.9% of adolescents in Indonesian schools were victims of being bullied. Being bullied was associated with ≤14 years old [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–1.45], being male (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.28–1.59), being a smoker (AOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.23–1.73), consuming alcohol (AOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.64–2.62), having no close friends (AOR 1.27, 95% CI 0.95–1.70) and feeling lonely (AOR 2.29, 95% CI 2.05–2.55).

Conclusion
Indonesian in-school adolescents report a relatively high prevalence of having been bullied. Being bullied is related to various factors depending on personal and environmental factors. School communities and health professionals’ attention to adolescents should be sensitized and this issue discussed, developing strategies and minimizing the negative effect on the adolescents. Policy makers need to consider developing a social platform among adolescents to facilitate students’ interaction.
Did Interest Rates at the Zero Lower Bound Affect Lending of Commercial Banks? Evidence for the Euro Area
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Dreger Christian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe paper examines the bank lending activities of banks in a low interest rate environment. External financing of small- and medium-sized enterprises in the euro area primarily takes place via bank loans and not through capital markets. Based on the Bankscope database, bank balance sheet data is utilized. Control variables are included, such as for the system of banking regulation. The panel estimation includes 706 banks from 15 Euro area member states and is conducted for the period 2000 to 2015. All models show a significant positive impact of lower interest rates on net lending. In particular, the results do not indicate that credit is restricted if interest rates move towards the zero-lower bound.
Educational Differences in Smoking: Selection Versus Causation
Authors: Jürges Hendrik , Meyer Sophie-Charlotte 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigate sources of educational differences in smoking. Using a large German data set containing retrospective information on the age at smoking onset, we compare age-specific hazard rates of starting smoking between (future) low and high educated individuals. We find that up to 90 % of the educational differences in smoking develop before the age of 16, i. e. before compulsory schooling is completed. This education gap persists into adulthood. Further, we examine the role of health-related knowledge (proxied by working in health-related occupations) and find it hardly explains smoking decisions. Our findings suggest that (unobserved) factors determining both the selection into smoking and education are almost exclusively responsible for educational differences in smoking. Only small parts of the education gap seem to be caused by general or health-specific education. The effectiveness of education policy to combat smoking is thus likely limited.
Comparison of fetal cardiac functions between small-for-gestational age fetuses and late-onset growth-restricted fetuses
Authors: Kaya Başak , Tayyar Ahmet , Açar Deniz Kanber , Kaya Serdar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to investigate fetal cardiac functions by spectral tissue Doppler imaging (s-TDI) in pregnancies complicated with late-onset fetal growth restriction (LO-FGR) and small-for-gestational age (SGA).

Methods
Forty pregnancies complicated with late-onset FGR and 40 pregnancies complicated with SGA between the 34th and 37th weeks of gestation were enrolled in this study. Forty gestational age-matched pregnant women with no obstetrics complication were randomly selected as a control group. Small fetuses were classified as fetal growth restriction or SGA according to estimated fetal weight (EFW), umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI), cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and uterine artery PI. s-TDI measurements were obtained at the right atrioventricular valve annulus.

Results
SGA and LO-FGR fetuses had significantly lower A′ and S′ values, and higher E′/A′ ratio than the control group (P < 0.001). In comparison to controls, significantly prolonged isovolumetric contraction time (ICT′) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT′) and, significantly shortened ejection time (ET′) were observed in fetuses with SGA and LO-FGR. Increased myocardial performance index (MPI′) values were also found in fetuses with SGA and LO-FGR compared to controls.

Conclusion
The signs of cardiac dysfunction were observed both in fetuses with SGA and LO-FGR. The fetal cardiac function assessment with s-TDI could be a valuable method in the diagnosis of true growth restricted fetuses and in the management of these fetuses.
Genetic variation in the Sicista subtilis (Pallas, 1773) species group (Rodentia, Sminthidae), as compared to karyotype differentiation
Authors: Lebedev Vladimir , Poplavskaya Natalia , Bannikova Anna , Rusin Mikhail , Surov Alexey , Kovalskaya Yulia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Genetic variation in chromosomally polymorphic Sicista subtilis complex and related Sicista betulina species group was analysed using two mitochondrial markers (COI and Cytb). The S. subtilis group is shown to include six lineages, five of which correspond to species currently recognized based on cytogenetic and genetic data: Sicista nordmanni, Sicista trizona, S. subtilis
sensu stricto, Sicista severtzovi and Sicista cimlanica. A previously unknown genetic lineage of S. subtilis was found in the North Caucasus. The existence of two divergent lineages within Sicista strandi is supported. It is suggested that the speciation rate in Sicista was strongly affected by rapid chromosomal evolution.
Effects of Animacy in Grammar and Cognition: Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Vihman Virve-Anneli , Nelson Diane 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost, if not all, languages exhibit “animacy effects”: grammatical structures interact with the relative animacy of noun referents, as represented on various versions of animacy scales, with human discourse participants at one end and inanimate objects at the other. Cross-linguistic evidence attests to a range of linguistic phenomena conditioned by animacy, with complex effects requiring (a) subtler distinctions than a binary contrast [± animate] and (b) more sophisticated analyses than mapping higher animacy to higher grammatical role.This paper introduces the Special Issue, “Effects of Animacy in Grammar and Cognition”, in which the linguistic interest in grammatical effects of animacy is aligned with broader questions concerning animacy in cognition, including the origins of animacy in language, the biases underlying how we attend to animacy distinctions and how animacy affects discourse. Recent work in cognitive science and adjacent fields has contributed to the understanding of the role of animacy across linguistic domains. Yet, despite the consensus that sensitivity to animacy is a property central to human cognition, there is no agreement on how to incorporate animacy within linguistic theories. This SI focusses on the cognitive construal of animacy, aiming to extend our understanding of its role in grammar(s) and theory.
Isolation and characterization of antiplasmodial constituents from the marine sponge Coscinoderma sp.
Authors: Jeong Huijeong , Latif Abdul , Kong Chang-Suk , Seo Youngwan , Lee Yeon-Ju , Dalal Seema R. , Cassera Maria B. , Kingston David G.I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six known compounds, namely two halisulfates 1 and 2 and four epidioxy sterols 3–6, were isolated from the marine sponge Coscinoderma sp. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopy, and their antiplasmodial activities were determined against the chloroquine-resistant Dd2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The epidioxy steroids 3–6 all showed moderate to weak antiplasmodial activity, with IC50 values of 2.7 μM for (24S)-5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6-en-3β-ol (3), 11.6 μM for 5α,8α-epidioxycholesta-6,24(28)-dien-3β-o1 (4), 2.33 μM for 5α,8α-epidioxy-24-methylcholesta-6,9(11)-24(28)-trien-3β-ol (5), and between 12 and 24 μM for 5α,8α-epidioxycholesta-6-en-3β-ol (6). In contrast, halisulfate 2 (1) was inactive, and halisulfate 1 (2) had an of IC50 value of about 24 μM.
La población sénior y su percepción de la publicidad: influencia del medio y del emisor
Authors: Ávila-Rodríguez-de-Mier Belén , Martín-García Noemí 
Published: August 2019

El acelerado envejecimiento de la población ha hecho que los mayores se estén convirtiendo en un público objetivo de alto interés para algunas marcas. Debido a ello, este trabajo se plantea con la finalidad de conocer la opinión que los sénior tienen de la publicidad y el grado de credibilidad que dan a los anuncios en función del emisor y del medio en el que sean expuestos. La metodología utilizada para dar respuesta a este objetivo está basada en entrevistas realizadas a individuos de 65 a 84 años con hábitos de envejecimiento activo y residentes en Segovia capital (N=184). Los resultados muestran cierto rechazo a la publicidad, especialmente entre los varones y los más jóvenes (65 a 74 años), a pesar de que se reconozca su utilidad. Además, la publicidad en radio y la publicidad institucional son percibidas como las más creíbles en contraposición con la emitida en internet y la proveniente de los partidos políticos. Su originalidad radica en ofrecer una información novedosa y segmentada que pueda ayudar a plantear estrategias de comunicación dirigidas a impactar a un público objetivo tan heterogéneo y desconocido como el sénior.
Invasion and Extinction Dynamics of Mating Types Under Facultative Sexual Reproduction
Authors: Czuppon Peter , Constable George W A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In sexually reproducing isogamous species, syngamy between gametes is generally not indiscriminate, but rather restricted to occurring between complementary self-incompatible mating types. A longstanding question regards the evolutionary pressures that control the number of mating types observed in natural populations, which ranges from two to many thousands. Here, we describe a population genetic null model of this reproductive system, and derive expressions for the stationary probability distribution of the number of mating types, the establishment probability of a newly arising mating type, and the mean time to extinction of a resident type. Our results yield that the average rate of sexual reproduction in a population correlates positively with the expected number of mating types observed. We further show that the low number of mating types predicted in the rare-sex regime is primarily driven by low invasion probabilities of new mating type alleles, with established resident alleles being very stable over long evolutionary periods. Moreover, our model naturally exhibits varying selection strength dependent on the number of resident mating types. This results in higher extinction and lower invasion rates for an increasing number of residents.
“Imitating Bandits”: The Mimesis of Criminal Groups in Soviet Lithuania (1945–1957)
Authors: Indrišionis Darius 
Published: August 2019

During the 1940s–1950s, the Supreme Court of the Lithuanian SSR solved 44 criminal cases of “banditry” (Article 59 part 3 of RSFSR Criminal Code of 1926) with some noticeable facts of mimesis: these bandits, during their raids, were trying to create an illusion to their victims that these raids were performed by Lithuanian partisans (freedom fighters) or by some Soviet oficials (militia officers, the “defenders of the People,” or Soviet army personnel). This article focuses on the mimesis of various criminal groups in Soviet Lithuania of the 1940s–1950s. The first issue to solve in this research is the problematic terminology used by the Soviets: the term bandit was oftenly used in Soviet ideological discourse: an attempt to intertwine anti-Soviet partisan operations (“political banditry,” according to Soviet terminology) and the activities of “simple criminals” (burglars, raiders, rapists, murderers – any of such organized groups were referred to as “criminal bandits” by Soviet terms) under a single dubious term – the banditry. An analysis of criminal raids performed by fake partisan (or fake Soviet) bandit groups showed that criminals were more often inclinded to appear as if they were Soviets rather than partisans (21 bandit group used the mimesis of partisans, and 27 bandit groups used the mimesis of Soviets, while there were also 4 bandit groups that used both roles: fake partisans during one raid and fake Soviets during another). This can be explained by the bandits’ avoidance of becoming the targets of partisan revenge or by a large number of various criminals that migrated to Soviet Lithuania from the eastern republics of the Soviet Union. It may also be explained in terms of simpler imitation: for these criminals, it was more difficult to imitate Lithuanian partisans than Soviet militia.The real widespread effect of this phenomenon cannot be easily revealed. As there several few different types of courts (Soviet military courts, the “People’s” courts) that could solve the criminal cases of various criminal bandits, it is not even possible to give a real number of all mimetic bandits that were active in Soviet Lithuania. Also, not every raid case was documented by the Soviet side; not every raid case was even reported to the Soviets. Sometimes, Lithuanian partisans used to catch and punish these criminals themselves – all these circumstances makes the task of stating the real number of bandit groups who used various mimesis techniques an unsolvable one.
اختلاف مترجمى القرآن الكريم في مقابلة أحرف مصدرية
Authors: Mas'ud Yulius 
Published: August 2019

قد قام بترجمة القرآن الكريم كثير من العلماء و كانت ترجمتهم منتشرة وسط المجتمع. ونحن قد وجدنا اختلافهم في مقابلة الأحرف المصدرية إلى اللغة الإندونيسية، وكثيرا ما يختلفون في مقابلة إنّ و أن. قد تكون بمعنىbahwa و bahwasanya و sesungguhnya و bahwa sesungguhnya. ويبدو أنهم يختلفون فيها خوفا لزوال معنى إن او أن للتوكد التى يؤدى فساد روح ما يراد به الله في كتابه الكريم. وفي الحقيقة، كانت المعانى الثلاثة الأخيرة شاذة بالنسبة لقواعد اللغة الأندونسية.
DHABITH KRITERIA HADIS SHAHIH Studi Kasus: Periwayatan Hadis bi al-Ma’na
Authors: Chalida Sri 
Published: August 2019

Hadis Rasulullah SAW dalam bentuk qauli (perkataan) dapat diriwayatkan dengan bentuk lafaz sesuai dengan apa yang disampaikan oleh Rasulullah , namun hadis dalam bentuk perbuatan dan taqrir beliau, sudah tentu diformulasikan oleh para sahabat yang menyaksikannya. Kenyataannya tidak semua hadis qauli ini disampaikan dengan lafaz yang sama. Ada kalanya memang Rasulullah SAW sendiri yang menyampaikan lafaz yang berbeda karena para shahabat yang menerimanya tidak paham dengan lafaz yang pertama disampaikan Rasulullah SAW, sehingga Rasulullah SAW menggantinya dengan lafaz lain yang dimengerti oleh para shahabat tersebut. Namun ada kalanya para periwayat hadis mengganti lafaz hadis tersebut dengan kata yang bersinonim disebabkan mereka tidak dapat mengingat lafaz asli yang didengarnya dari Rasulullah SAW. Pada hal dalam menyampaikan hadis, para periwayat tersebut harus dhabith atau dapat menerima hadis dengan baik dan benar dan menyampaikannya kembali sebagaimana yang diterimanya dengan baik dan benar pula.Periwatan hadis yang tidak sesuai dengan lafaz aslinya ini disebut riwayat bi al-ma’na. Dalam realitasnya periwayatan hadis bi al-ma’na ini tidak dapat dihindari dan sering terjadi. Dalam sejarah hadis, pada awalnya ternyata periwayatan hadis bi al-ma’na ini merupakan dispensasi sebelum kitab-kitab hadis dibukukan. Dispensasi bagi periwayatan bi al-ma’na ini bukanlah merupakan indikasi dari ketidakkonsistenan para ulama dalam memenuhi persyaratan ke-dhabith-an, karena sebenarnya para ulama telah menetapkan kriteria-kriteria tertentu yang harus dipenuhi para rawi dalam periwayatan hadis .
Equivalent diameter of grouted micropile embedded in marine soft clay under lateral load
Authors: Wen Lei , Kong Gangqiang , Li Qingsong , Zhang Zhendong 
Published: August 2019

Grouted micropiles are widely used in transmission tower foundations and in situ reinforcement in China. This paper deals with the grouting effect on the lateral performance of grouted micropiles embedded in marine soft clay, especially with an external driving shoe. Full-scale lateral loading tests on both grouted and non-grouted micropiles were conducted. The equivalent diameter of a grouted micropile was determined using the cylindrical cavity expansion method and the empirical value of the equivalent diameter was also calculated. The test results showed that, compared with a non-grouted micropile, the lateral bearing capacity of the grouted micropile was improved by 3·75 times. The empirical equivalent diameter was determined to be about 1·5 times the diameter of the steel pipe used, and this was used to predict lateral load–displacement responses of the grouted micropile.
Comparing the outcome of septoplasty and septoplasty with turbinectomy in patients with deviated nasal septum
Authors: Karodpati Nayanna , Ingale Mayur , Rawat Sharad , Kuradagi Vinayak 
Published: August 2019

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Deviated nasal septum is a bodily disorder results in nasal obstruction. Many surgical procedures are available in correcting the disorder. The present study aimed to compare the surgical outcome of septoplasty alone and septoplasty with turbinectomy in patients with deviated nasal septum.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This prospective study was done on 50 patients attending to the department of ENT of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, DPU with complaints of nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy with deviated nasal septum. The severity of nasal obstruction was assessed by NOSE (nasal obstruction symptom evaluation) scale. Of them, 25 patients were managed with septoplasty alone and other 25 patients with septoplasty and turbinectomy. The outcome of both the procedures was assessed statistically by using NOSE scale. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Postoperative symptom improvement was seen in the both groups following surgery (p&lt;0.05). When the NOSE scores are compared between two groups, statistically significant improvement in the symptoms (NOSE score) was seen in the group of patients treated with septoplasty and turbinectomy compared to septoplasty alone (p&lt;0.05).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study re-iterates both septoplasty and concurrent turbinectomy are established mode of treatment in deviated nasal septum along with hypertrophy of inferior turbinates when the preoperative and postoperative symptoms are compared. However, the symptomatic outcomes and diagnostic nasal endoscopic findings are significantly better in patients who underwent septoplasty with concurrent resection of the inferior turbinate. </p>
Stres a objawy depresji i sposoby radzenia sobie u kobiet z niepłodnością i kobiet w ciąży wysokiego ryzyka
Authors: Chanduszko-Salska Jolanta , Kossakowska Karolina 
Published: August 2019

Zdiagnozowanie niepłodności stanowi jedno z najsilniej stresujących wydarzeń życiowych, a doświadczanie niepowodzeń w prokreacji nasila stres i zwiększa ryzyko wystąpienia depresji. Z kolei w okresie okołoporodowym kilkakrotnie może wzrosnąć ryzyko wystąpienia problemów psychicznych, w szczególności gdy ciąża jest zagrożona. Sposoby radzenia sobie kobiet w sytuacji zdiagnozowania niepłodności lub ciąży zagrożonej mogą sprzyjać łagodzeniu lub nasila­niu się u nich napięcia psychicznego.
Celem badań było określenie nasilenia przeżywanego stresu, depresji oraz wskazanie sposobów radzenia sobie ze stresem przez kobiety z problemem niepłodności oraz kobiety w ciąży wysokiego ryzyka. Sprawdzono ponadto, czy badane kobiety różnią się w zakresie uwzględnionych w badaniu zmiennych.
Badaniami objęto łącznie 220 kobiet. Grupę pierwszą stanowiły kobiety leczące się z powodu niepłodności (N = 61), drugą – aktualnie niepodejmujące leczenia niepłodności z zastosowaniem metod wspomaganego rozrodu i nieplanujące leczenia w najbliższych miesiącach (N = 33), trzecią – kobiety w ciąży wysokiego ryzyka (n = 67), czwartą grupę – kontrolną – stanowiły kobiety w ciąży prawidłowej, bez wcześniejszych problemów z płodnością (N = 59). W badaniach wykorzystano Skalę Odczuwanego Stresu (SOS), Inwentarz Depresji Becka (BDI) i Wielowymiarowy Inwentarz Radzenia Sobie (COPE) oraz ankietę socjodemograficzną.
Badane grupy kobiet różniły się tak pod względem odczuwanego stresu, jak i objawów depresji, a także w zakresie wybieranych sposobów radzenia sobie. Najwyższy poziom stresu był obecny u kobiet leczących się z powodu niepłodności, natomiast objawy depresji stwierdzano u kobiet w ciąży wysokiego ryzyka. Kobiety leczące się z powodu niepłodności, spośród sposobów radzenia sobie ze stresem najczęściej wybierały aktywne radzenie sobie, zaprzeczanie i odwracanie uwagi. Podobne wyniki uzyskano dla grupy kobiet z problemem niepłodności niepodejmujących leczenia. Kobiety w ciąży zagrożonej najczęściej poszukiwały wsparcia emocjonalnego, zwracały się ku religii lub koncentrowały na emocjach i ich rozładowaniu lub zaprzestaniu działań.
Wyniki badań wskazują na silniej przeżywany stres przez kobiety niepłodne, natomiast wyższe nasilenie depresji u kobiet w ciąży zagrożonej. Różne są też sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem w badanych grupach. Poszerzenie wiedzy w tym względzie powinno przyczynić się do opracowania stosownych do potrzeb metod pomocy psychologicznej kobietom oczekującym poczęcia i narodzin dziecka, a doświadczającym w tym względzie trudności.