bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehension of the α-Arylation of Nitroalkanes
Authors: Zheng Peng-Fei , An Yang , Jiao Zuo-Yi , Shi Zhou-Bao , Zhang Fu-Min 
Published: August 2019

Background:
α-Aryl substituted nitroalkanes are important synthetic intermediates
for the preparation of pharmaceutical molecules, natural products, and functional
materials. Due to their scare existence in Nature, synthesis of these compounds has attracted
the attention of synthetic and medicinal chemists, rendering α-arylation of nitroalkanes
of an important research topic. This article summarizes the important advances of α-
arylation of nitroalkanes since 1963.

Results:
After a brief introduction of the synthetic application and the reactions of nitroalkanes,
this article reviewed the synthetic methods for the α-arylated aliphatic nitro compound.
The amount of research on α-arylation of nitroalkanes using various arylation reagents
and the discovery of elegant synthetic approaches towards such skeleton have been
discussed. This review described these advances in two sections. One is the arylation of non-activated nitroalkanes,
with an emphasis on the application of diverse arylation reagents; the other focuses on the arylation of
activated nitroalkanes, including dinitroalkanes, trinitroalkanes, α-nitrosulfones, α-nitroesters, α-nitrotoluenes,
and α-nitroketones. The synthetic application of these methods has also been presented in some cases.

Conclusion:
In this review, we described the progress of α-arylation of nitroalkanes. Although the immense
amount of research on α-arylation of aliphatic nitro compounds has been achieved, many potential issues still
need to be addressed, especially the asymmetric transformation and its wide application in organic synthesis.
Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing Atorvastatin Calcium
Authors: Diril Mine , Türkyılmaz Gülbeyaz Yıldız , Karasulu H. Yeşim 
Published: August 2019

Objective:The aim of this study was to develop a new dosage form as an alternative to the classical tablet forms of atorvastatin calcium (AtrCa). The formulation strategy was to prepare an optimum self micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to overcome the problem of low solubility of the active substance.Methods:In this study, pseudo ternary phase diagrams were plotted determined by the solubility studies. According to the solubility studies; oleic acid was used as the oil phase, Tween 20 and Span 80 were used as the surfactants and ethanol was used as the co-surfactant. SMEDDS formulations were characterized according to pH, electrical conductivity, density, refractive index, viscosity, emulsification time, dispersibility, robustness of dilution stability, droplet size, polidispersity index, zeta potential, transmittance %, cloud point, content quantification %, chemical and physical stability. The lipolysis study was conducted under fed and fasted conditions. In vitro release studies and kinetic evaluation were carried out. Permeability studies were also examined with Caco-2 cell culture.Results:The droplet size of the optimized formulation did not change significantly in different medias over the test time period. Improved SMEDDS formulation will progress steadily without precipitating along the gastrointestinal tract. Lipolysis studies showed that the oil solution had been exposed to high amount of lipolysis compared to the SMEDDS formulation. The release rate of AtrCa from AtrCa- SMEDDS formulation (93.8%, at 15 minutes) was found as increased when the results were compared with commercial tablet formulation and pure drug. The permeability value of AtrCa from AtrCa- SMEDDS formulation was found higher than pure AtrCa and commercial tablet formulation, approximately 9.94 and 1.64 times, respectively.Conclusion:Thus, lipid-based SMEDDS formulation is a potential formulation candidate for lymphatic route in terms of the increased solubility of AtrCa.
Inhibition of 2C Coxsackie B Virus Protein to Decrease Pathogenicity of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Authors: Amin Amina , Rasheed Muhammad A. , Diwan Rana A. , Shahid Muhammad , Bano Saddia , Riaz Adnan , Iqbal Muhammad N. , Sajid Muhammad W. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (T1D) also referred to as autoimmune
diabetes. T1D is a chronic disease which is characterized by way of insulin deficiency.
The deficiency is due to the loss of pancreatic β cells and leads to hyperglycemia. There are many
factors which play a significant role in T1D disease pathogenicity including genetic predisposition,
the immune system, and environmental factors. The environmental factors may include Coxsackie
B4 virus, a small RNA virus.

Objective:
The objective of current in silico study is to identify active lead compounds against Coxsackie
B4 virus, a small RNA virus which has been reported in diabetic patients after PCR. There is
a need to predict inhibitors against TID caused by Coxsackie B4 viral protein that may be used as a
drug against TID in the future.

Methods:
For this purpose, different bioinformatics databases and tools were used. The protein
structure generation and validation, retrieval of ligands and their properties analysis were performed
by different databases, web servers, and software tools. Moreover, the docking tools were
used to identify the target site of the protein and interaction of different inhibitors with the target
protein molecule.

Results:
Based on the analysis, two lead compounds ZINC00034488 and ZINC00034585 were selected
as potential drugs. These compounds are non-toxic and have best interaction energy and fulfill
Lipinski rule, Veber rule, Ghose Rule, Weighted QED, Unweighted QED and BBB likeness parameters.

Conclusion:
Our work will help researchers to get an idea about the understanding of chemicals
against Coxsackie B4 Viruses and helpful to design a drug and test these chemicals to overcome
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 caused by Coxsackie B4 virus.
Sonographically Measured Improvement in Diaphragmatic Mobility and Outcomes Among Patients Requiring Prolonged Weaning from the Ventilator
Authors: Gibis N , Schulz A , Vonderbank S , Boyko M , Gürleyen H , Schulz X , Bastian A 
Published: August 2019

Background:The need of prolonged weaning from the ventilator is a well-known predictor of an unfavorable patients` outcome. Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a serious problem for these patients. We wanted to determine the survival in patients who were already intubated for more than 4 weeks before they were admitted to our weaning unit. In this prospective study, we wanted to investigate if the diaphragmatic function could improve or was related to survival over an 18 months follow up period.Methods:84 patients were included when they were able to breathe at least 10 minutes over a t-piece and sit upright for at least 5 minutes. The diaphragmatic function was estimated sonographically using the up and downward movement of the lung silhouette. Sonographic follow-ups were performed for over 18 months. The survival rate, outcome and changes in diaphragm mobility were investigated.Results:a) Survival: 49 patients (58%) survived the 18 months follow up period - 30 had a good outcome; 19 needed assistance. b) Survival in relation to diaphragm mobility: If diaphragmatic mobility improved ≥ 15.5 mm on the left side, the probability of survival was 94% with a probability of 76% to have a satisfying outcome.Conclusion:Survival and outcome of prolonged weaning were significantly better when sonographically measured the mobility of left hemidiaphragm improved.
Correlation of High Interleukin 17A and Interleukin 6 Levels with High Virus Load Among Subtype C HIV-infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-naive Zimbabwean Patients: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Mlambo Tommy , Tshabalala Mqondisi , Bandason Tsitsi , Mhandire Kudakwashe , Mudenge Bonface , Zijenah Lynn Sodai 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:In response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, activated immune cells produce several cytokines that alter the immune response and HIV disease progression. We quantified Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in an antiretroviral therapy naïve (ART) cohort to investigate their correlation with traditional markers of HIV disease progression; CD4+ T-lymphocytes and virus load (VL).Methods:We enrolled 247 HIV-infected ART-naïve participants into the study. CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocytes were enumerated using flow cytometry. VL was quantified using the Cavidi ExaVirTMLoad assay. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels were quantified using the BD Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine assay. The Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between log10transformed data for cytokine levels and CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio, and VL.Results:The median CD4+ T- and CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts were 458 cells/µL (IQR:405-556) and 776 cells/µL (IQR:581-1064), respectively. The median CD4/CD8 ratio was 0.6 (IQR: 0.45-0.86). The median VL was log103.3.copies/mL (IQR:2.74-3.93). Low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts (p=0.010) and CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.044) were significantly correlated with high VL. There was no significant correlation of cytokine levels with CD4+ T-, CD8+ T-lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratio. However, high levels of IL-17A (p=0.012) and IL-6 (p=0.034) were significantly correlated with high VL.Conclusion:Our study contributes to the little knowledge available on the role of cytokine profiles in the immune response to subtype C HIV infection.
Markers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in only Diabetic and Obese Ghanaian Populations: The RODAM Study
Authors: Darko Samuel N. , Owiredu William K.B.A. , Yar Denis , Agyemang Charles , Beune Erik , Addo Juliet , de Graft Aikins Ama , Bahendeka Silver , Mockenhaupt Frank , Spranger Joachim , Agyei-Baffour Peter , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Smeeth Liam , Owusu-Dabo Ellis 
Published: August 2019

Background:
The RODAM study has established a link between peripheral insulin resistance and varying fasting blood glucose levels among Ghanaian populations. However, associations of oxidative stress and inflammation with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and obesity is yet to be assessed in this population.

Objective:
This study determined the association of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in T2DM and obesity among Ghanaian migrants in Europe and non-migrants in Ghana.

Methods:
Socio-demographic and anthropometric variables were collected from 5350 participants of 25-70 years and stratified into migrant Ghanaians (n= 2921), urban (n=1411) and rural Ghanaians (n=1018). C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Uric Acid (UA) and ferritin were quantified and associations drawn between these markers and the metabolic disorders using logistic regression.

Results:
Overall mean ages (years) were highest for migrant Ghanaians [46.59, 95%CI (46.24, 46.93)] compared to rural [46.49 (45.72, 47.26)] and urban [45.24 (44.65, 45.83)]. CRP was associated with obesity and T2DM respectively in urban [OR=1.531, 95%CI (1.407, 1.666): OR=1.354, 95% CI (1.195, 1.535)] and migrant Ghanaians [OR=1.552, 95% CI (1.449, 1.662): OR=1.405, 95%CI (1.234, 1.600)]. Similarly, ferritin was positively associated (p<0.05) with T2DM in migrant [OR=1.312, 95% CI (1.058, 1.626)], urban [OR=1.972, 95% CI (1.510, 2.575)] and rural Ghanaians [OR=1.240, 95%CI (1.020, 1.507)].

Conclusion:
CRP and ferritin are associated with T2DM in Ghanaian populations at varying magnitudes. Moreover, indulgence in lifestyles that elevate inflammation and oxidative stress has the potential to increase risk of T2DM and obesity among Ghanaian populations.
A Mobile Phone App for the Provision of Personalized Food-Based Information in an Eating-Out Situation: Development and Initial Evaluation
Authors: Appleton Katherine Marie , Bray Jeff , Price Sarah , Liebchen Gernot , Jiang Nan , Mavridis Ioannis , Saulais Laure , Giboreau Agnès , Perez-Cueto Federico J A , Coolen Rebecca , Ronge Manfred , Hartwell Heather 
Published: August 2019

Background
Increasing pressure from governments, public health bodies, and consumers is driving a need for increased food-based information provision in eating-out situations. Meals eaten outside the home are known to be less healthy than meals eaten at home, and consumers can complain of poor information on the health impact and allergen content of meals eaten out.

Objective
This paper aimed to describe the development and early assessment of a mobile phone app that allows the provision of accurate personalized food-based information while considering individual characteristics (allergies, diet type, and preferences) to enable informed consumer choice when eating out.

Methods
An app was designed and developed to address these requirements using an agile approach. The developed app was then evaluated at 8 public engagement events using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire and qualitative feedback.

Results
Consideration of the literature and consultation with consumers revealed a need for information provision for consumers in the eating-out situation, including the ability to limit the information provided to that which was personally relevant or interesting. The app was designed to provide information to consumers on the dishes available in a workplace canteen and to allow consumers the freedom to personalize the app and choose the information that they received. Evaluation using the SUS questionnaire revealed positive responses to the app from a range of potential users, and qualitative comments demonstrated broad interest in its use.

Conclusions
This paper details the successful development and early assessment of a novel mobile phone app designed to provide food-based information in an eating-out situation in a personalized manner.
Écrits. Manuscrits à miniatures otomí
Authors: Mora Libertad , Heiras Rodríguez Carlos Guadalupe 
Published: August 2019

Desde mediados de la década de 1970, Alfonso Margarito García Téllez, chamán ñähñu (otomí) de San Pablito (Pahuatlán, Puebla), es autor de una serie de libros confeccionados con el formato de “códices” (largas tiras de “papel amate”, dobladas a manera de biombos). Éstos reúnen la tradición mitológica y chamánica sudhuasteca, la afamada industria artística-artesanal sanpableña y la creatividad del empresario-comerciante que ofrece una nueva mercancía. El etnólogo Pierre Déléage tuvo el tino de apreciar el valor de esos códices –novedosos y a la vez tradicionales objetos recortados y escritos–, traducirlos del español al francés y promover su publicación. Asimismo, tuvo un segundo acierto igualmente relevante: reconocer la autoría del curandero ñähñu y no imponer su nombre como autor principal, como han hecho otros antropólogos y artistas plagiarios. Aunque no impuso su nombre como autor, Déléage sí le regaló su título al libro –inspirado en los llamados “ ‘manuscritos con miniaturas’ del Renacimiento, conocidos también como ‘Libros de horas’ ” (Pierre Déléage, 2018, comunicación personal)–.
Sem critérios: a abertura oportunizada ao magistrado para a aceitação de prova ilicitamente derivada
Authors: Silveira Antônio Paulo Soares Lopes da , Azambuja Mariana 
Published: August 2019

Sem critérios: a abertura oportunizada ao magistrado para a aceitação de prova ilicitamente derivadaNo criteria: the opening provided for the judge to accept illegally derived evidence Antônio Paulo Soares Lopes da Silveira[1]Mariana Azambuja[2] RESUMO: O trabalho tem como proposta uma reflexão sobre o artigo 157 do Código de Processo Penal, a partir das reformas introduzidas pela Lei nº 11.690/2008, na parte em que regulou a matéria relativa a prova ilícita por derivação. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi realizar uma análise crítica à abertura que o novo texto do dispositivo legal oportunizou ao magistrado para interpretar a aceitação da prova ilicitamente derivada. Outra questão bastante analisada foi o esvaziamento do texto constitucional que veda a utilização da prova ilícita no processo, haja vista que ocorreu uma verdadeira relativização da previsão. A análise da teoria dos frutos da árvore envenenada, bem como dos institutos de relativização das provas ilícitas criados no ordenamento jurídico norte-americano foram abordados, pois é a partir de sua introdução no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, pela aludida reforma, que se consolidou a abertura para aceitação das provas ilícitas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Processo Penal. Provas ilícitas por derivação. Artigo 157. Frutos da árvore envenenada. ABSTRACT: The paper aims to reflect on the Article 157 of the Criminal Procedure Code, from the reforms introduced by Act No. 11,690 of 2008, to the extent that it regulated the matter concerning illegal evidence by derivation. The main objective of the research was to make a critical analysis of the opening that the new text of the legal provision provided for the judge to interpret the acceptance of illicitly derived evidence. Another issue fairly analyzed was the emptying of the constitution text, which prohibits the use of illegal evidence in the case, given that there was a real relativization of the provision. The analysis of the theory of the fruits of the poisonous tree, as well as the relativization institutes of illegal evidence created in the American legal system were addressed, because it is since its introduction into the Brazilian legal system, by the aforesaid reform, that the opening for acceptance of illegal evidence was consolidated. KEYWORDS: Criminal Procedure. Illegal evidence by derivation. Article 157. Fruits of the poisoned tree.[1] Mestre em Ciências Criminais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUCRS, 2016. Especialista em Ciências Criminais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUCRS, 2013 e Bacharel em Direito pelo Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis, 2012. Advogado.[2] Mestre em Ciências Criminais pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUCRS, 2016. Especialista em Ciências Penais em 2014 e graduada em 2012 pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul – PUCRS.
Da precariedade do acesso à saúde, das políticas públicas ineficazes e das técnicas clandestinas de modificação corporal utilizadas pelas travestis e mulheres trans
Authors: Mazaro Juliana Luiza , Cardin Valéria Silva Galdino 
Published: August 2019

As travestis e os transexuais se submetem a métodos e procedimentos clandestinos de modelagem, automedicação hormonal e inoculação de silicone industrial líquido para adequarem seus corpos ao binarismo imposto pela heteronormatividade, por não reconhecerem o gênero que foi imposto pelo seu sexo biológico ao nascer, alterando assim a sua imagem externa para o gênero que se sentem pertencidos. Esta prática clandestina é realizada pelas “bombadeiras”, que realizam os procedimentos sem o preparo profissional adequado e sem as condições mínimas de higiene. Estas pessoas aceitam e assumem os riscos do uso prolongado e excessivo dos hormônios femininos e da inserção em seu organismo de silicone líquido, em nome de seus objetivos, ou seja, de um corpo feminino. O Brasil tem a maioria de suas políticas públicas de saúde voltadas para os heterossexuais. Para a comunidade LGBT existem apenas alguns programas de controle de DST e da AIDS, e na última década alguns mais específicos, mas insuficientes quanto ao número de serviços e ao número de atendimentos. Para as travestis e mulheres trans só há o Processo Transexualizador do SUS. Por fim, os transgêneros não possuem um acesso digno a saúde pública
O controle da edição de medidas provisórias: avaliação legislativa da Emenda Constitucional nº 32/2001
Authors: Michéias Mayara Paschoal , Gaspardo Murilo 
Published: August 2019

RESUMOTrata-se de avaliação legislativa da Emenda Constitucional nº 32/2001 com a finalidade de verificar sua eficácia. A partir da identificação prévia de seus objetivos, analisamos se os objetivos foram ou não atingidos, portanto, se a EC 32/2001 foi eficaz. A Emenda em questão foi elaborada para reformar a tramitação das medidas provisórias, as quais eram reeditadas constantemente. Por conseguinte, aprovou-se a Emenda Constitucional nº 32/2001 com o objetivo de vedar as reedições de medidas provisórias e assim fortalecer o papel institucional do Congresso Nacional. Utilizamos o método da avaliação legislativa e a técnica da análise documental pertinente ao processo de elaboração da Emenda e à edição e apreciação de medidas provisórias pelo Congresso.PALAVRAS-CHAVEMedidas provisórias. Avaliação legislativa. Emenda Constitucional nº. 32/2001. Avaliação de eficácia. Separação de Poderes. ABSTRACTThis study comprehends a legislative evaluation of the Constitutional Amendment n. 32/2001 in order to verify its effectiveness. Starting with a previous identification of the Amendment’s objectives we analyze if its goals were achieved or not, therefore, if the Amendment was effective. This Amendment was approved to revise provisional measures' processing, which used to be re-edited very often. Therefore, the Constitutional Amendment n. 32/2001 was created to forbid the re-edition and reinforce the institutional role of the National Congress. We use the method of legislative evaluation and the documental analysis technique applied to documents related to the legislative process of the Amendment and the edition and assessment of provisional measures by Congress. KEYWORDSProvisional measures. Legislative evaluation. Constitutional Amendment n. 32/2001. Effectiveness evaluation. Separation of Powers.
Evolving Models of Case Management in Home Infusion
Authors: Williams Ann , Hanchett Marilyn 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Although case management is now well established within many areas of healthcare, its use in home infusion remains sporadic and largely undocumented. Few published examples exist in the literature. At the same time, home care professionals remain under intense pressure to provide high quality and often technically complex care in a cost-effective manner. Case management has been proposed as a method for achieving this goal in home infusion. This, article describes two current models, acute and chronic, of case management. They are discussed in terms of the Case Management Society of America's basic program definition and present how adaptations of the basic definition function to meet the specific patient needs in home infusion.