bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rigidity of Linearly Constrained Frameworks
Authors: Cruickshank James , Guler Hakan , Jackson Bill , Nixon Anthony 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We consider the problem of characterising the generic rigidity of bar-joint frameworks in $\mathbb{R}^d$ in which each vertex is constrained to lie in a given affine subspace. The special case when $d=2$ was previously solved by Streinu and Theran [14] in 2010. We will extend their characterisation to the case when $d\geq 3$ and each vertex is constrained to lie in an affine subspace of dimension $t$, when $t=1,2$ and also when $t\geq 3$ and $d\geq t(t-1)$. We then point out that results on body–bar frameworks obtained by Katoh and Tanigawa [8] in 2013 can be used to characterise when a graph has a rigid realisation as a $d$-dimensional body–bar framework with a given set of linear constraints.
Identification of validated case definitions for medical conditions used in primary care electronic medical record databases: a systematic review
Authors: McBrien Kerry A , Souri Sepideh , Symonds Nicola E , Rouhi Azin , Lethebe Brendan C , Williamson Tyler S , Garies Stephanie , Birtwhistle Richard , Quan Hude , Fabreau Gabriel E , Ronksley Paul E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Data derived from primary care electronic medical records (EMRs) are being used for research and surveillance. Case definitions are required to identify patients with specific conditions in EMR data with a degree of accuracy. The purpose of this study is to identify and provide a summary of case definitions that have been validated in primary care EMR data.

Materials and Methods
We searched MEDLINE and Embase (from inception to June 2016) to identify studies that describe case definitions for clinical conditions in EMR data and report on the performance metrics of these definitions.

Results
We identified 40 studies reporting on case definitions for 47 unique clinical conditions. The studies used combinations of International Classification of Disease version 9 (ICD-9) codes, Read codes, laboratory values, and medications in their algorithms. The most common validation metric reported was positive predictive value, with inconsistent reporting of sensitivity and specificity.

Discussion
This review describes validated case definitions derived in primary care EMR data, which can be used to understand disease patterns and prevalence among primary care populations. Limitations include incomplete reporting of performance metrics and uncertainty regarding performance of case definitions across different EMR databases and countries.

Conclusion
Our review found a significant number of validated case definitions with good performance for use in primary care EMR data. These could be applied to other EMR databases in similar contexts and may enable better disease surveillance when using clinical EMR data. Consistent reporting across validation studies using EMR data would facilitate comparison across studies.

Systematic review registration
PROSPERO CRD42016040020 (submitted June 8, 2016, and last revised June 14, 2016)
3D deep learning for detecting pulmonary nodules in CT scans
Authors: Gruetzemacher Ross , Gupta Ashish , Paradice David 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo demonstrate and test the validity of a novel deep-learning-based system for the automated detection of pulmonary nodules.Materials and MethodsThe proposed system uses 2 3D deep learning models, 1 for each of the essential tasks of computer-aided nodule detection: candidate generation and false positive reduction. A total of 888 scans from the LIDC-IDRI dataset were used for training and evaluation.ResultsResults for candidate generation on the test data indicated a detection rate of 94.77% with 30.39 false positives per scan, while the test results for false positive reduction exhibited a sensitivity of 94.21% with 1.789 false positives per scan. The overall system detection rate on the test data was 89.29% with 1.789 false positives per scan.DiscussionAn extensive and rigorous validation was conducted to assess the performance of the proposed system. The system demonstrated a novel combination of 3D deep neural network architectures and demonstrates the use of deep learning for both candidate generation and false positive reduction to be evaluated with a substantial test dataset. The results strongly support the ability of deep learning pulmonary nodule detection systems to generalize to unseen data. The source code and trained model weights have been made available.ConclusionA novel deep-neural-network-based pulmonary nodule detection system is demonstrated and validated. The results provide comparison of the proposed deep-learning-based system over other similar systems based on performance.
Characterization of Serotonin Signaling Components in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Shajib Md Sharif , Chauhan Usha , Adeeb Salman , Chetty Yeshale , Armstrong David , Halder Smita L S , Marshall John K , Khan Waliul I 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundTryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)1 catalyzes the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine; 5-HT) in enterochromaffin (EC) cells, the predominant source of gut 5-HT. Secreted 5-HT regulates various gut functions through diverse 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) families, and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) sequesters its activity via uptake into surrounding cells. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mucosal 5-HT signaling is altered, including upregulated EC cell numbers and 5-HT levels. We examined key mucosal 5-HT signaling components and blood 5-HT levels and, as part of a pilot study, investigated the association between 5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) and Crohn’s disease (CD).MethodsIn the context of inflammation, colonic expressions of TPH1, 5-HTT and 5-HTRs were studied in CD patients (n=15) and healthy controls (HC; n=10) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We also investigated 5HTTLPR in 40 CD patients and HC utilizing PCR and measured platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and plasma 5-HT concentrations.ResultsCompared with HC, inflammation in CD patients was associated with elevated TPH1, 5-HTR3, 5-HTR4, 5-HTR7 and downregulated 5-HTT expressions. In our second cohort of participants, significantly higher PPP and plasma 5-HT levels and higher S-genotype (L/S+S/S) than L/L genotype were observed in CD patients compared with HC.ConclusionOur results suggest that augmented mucosal 5-HT signaling and specific 5-HTTLPR genotype–associated decreased efficiency in 5-HT reuptake, the latter through increased 5-HT availability, may contribute to inflammation in CD patients. These findings revealed important information on various components of 5-HT signaling in intestinal inflammation which may ultimately lead to effective strategies targeting this pathway in IBD.
Procedural Issues in International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Procedural issues are an area of increasing complexity and concern in modern investment arbitration, and one in which very little guidance currently exists. There are a number of important points of departure from the procedural rules commonly adopted in the context of international-commercial arbitration. This book is the first of its kind to address this gap, examining the most prevalent and controversial procedural issues that arise in investment arbitration proceedings conducted under the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), UNCITRAL, and other arbitral rules. The book takes the reader through an investment arbitration in chronological order, identifying each key procedural issue in turn and providing details of the relevant precedents. It charts the process of an arbitration from applicable law and first sessions right through to cost submissions and statements of costs and post-award remedies. Fully cross-referenced and tabled, the book is an invaluable and practical guide to issues of increasing importance and relevance in ICSID and other arbitrations today.
The Law Applicable to Procedural Issues
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the various sources of procedural law in investment arbitration and articulates a hierarchy among those sources. It first considers the procedural law selected by the parties to the arbitration, emphasizing the fact that some of the laws selected by the parties impose mandatory rules that cannot then be deviated from, while others are binding, unless the parties later decide on a separate course. It then explains how the appropriate governing rules can be determined when the rules selected by the parties are silent. In particular, it describes the arbitral tribunals' role to fill gaps in the rules and suggests that, in doing so, the tribunals and the parties rely on the context of the applicable procedural rules, certain soft law protocols, and prior arbitral practice for guidance.
Provisional Measures
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provisional measures used to preserve the integrity of an investment arbitration. It first reviews the applicable rules and standards utilized by arbitral tribunals to determine whether to grant a request for provisional measures, including before tribunals applying the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), ICSID Additional Facility, and UNCITRAL rules. In particular, it outlines five criteria that must generally be met to grant a request for provisional measures: prima facie jurisdiction, prima facie establishment of the case, urgency, imminent danger of serious prejudice (necessity), and proportionality. The chapter proceeds by considering case examples of the types of provisional measures requested by parties, namely: security for costs, specific performance, stop parallel domestic proceedings, preservation of documents, preservation of status quo, and non-aggravation of the dispute.
The Splitting of Issues for Separate Determination (Bifurcation/Trifurcation)
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one of the most important procedural decisions a tribunal can make in an investment arbitration: the bifurcation or trifurcation of issues into separate phases. The rationale behind bifurcation/trifurcation is straightforward: bifurcation may result in the narrowing or even dismissal of claims, but can significantly increase the costs and duration of an arbitration. This has not gone unnoticed by users of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and other systems of dispute settlement. After discussing the relevant arbitration rules that govern the decisions of arbitral tribunals on bifurcation, the chapter considers the various procedural aspects of bifurcation requests. It also examines the number of bifurcation requests actually filed in ICSID and UNCITRAL arbitrations, how tribunals decided those requests, and the factors applied by tribunals in those decisions.
Evidentiary Issues
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines evidentiary issues that arise in investment arbitrations. It first reviews the basic procedures through which the evidentiary record is generally established in international arbitrations before discussing the procedural rules that usually apply in investment arbitration cases. In particular, it considers both the mandatory law and the specific rules that parties are likely to select as applying to an investment dispute. It then explains how tribunals in investment arbitrations have approached key evidentiary issues differently than tribunals in commercial cases, paying attention to issues relating to the collection and presentation of evidence that could apply to any investment dispute. The chapter proceeds by analysing unique evidentiary issues that arise in the context of allegations of corruption and concludes with a brief overview of the unique rules for amicus-curiae submissions that address an additional source that arbitral tribunals may take into account in investment, but generally not commercial, arbitrations.
Hearing Procedures
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the components of a typical investment arbitration hearing as well as various procedural issues that arise in the context of the hearing. Hearings often present the best opportunity to test the evidence and arguments presented by the parties over the course of an arbitration. It is therefore important to give both parties an equal and adequate opportunity to present their case at the hearing. Yet, there is a desire to conduct the hearing in an efficient manner. The goal in adopting hearing procedures is to strike a balance between these considerations. The chapter first considers how parties and the tribunal will want to plan for the hearing at the outset. It then discusses the pre-hearing procedures and the hearing itself, taking into account the order of proceedings, cases where witnesses/experts are unavailable to testify in person, transcription of proceedings, and transparency and confidentiality of the hearing.
Post-Award Applications
Authors: Commission Jeffery , Moloo Rahim 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and UNCITRAL tribunal practice on post-award applications. It begins with a discussion of certain post-award remedies under the ICSID Convention and ICSID Additional-Facility arbitral rules, including requests for supplementary decision, rectification/correction, interpretation and revision. It then considers annulment under the ICSID Convention, with emphasis on the conduct and procedure for annulment proceedings, the number of annulment applications and rates of success, and the constitution and composition of ad-hoc committees. It also examines the practice of stays of enforcement in annulment proceedings, and in particular the relatively long line of ICSID decisions rendered by ad-hoc committees on such applications. Finally, it outlines the post-award remedies available to parties under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.
General Obligations of States to Take Effective Action to Combat Impunity
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In general, Principle 1 is the introduction and cornerstone to the Principles. It defines state responsibility for the interrelated obligations spelled out in the Principles, emphasizing the mandatory, interrelated, non-hierarchical nature of these obligations in addition to responsibility for the underlying violations. Principle 1 is based on then-existing jurisprudence of the regional human rights courts and the United Nations human rights bodies, as well as from academic and non-governmental commentary. This chapter first provides a historical background and discusses the contemporary context in which Principle 1 is applied. It then describes the normative (legal/ethical) foundation of the Principle, focusing on how its interpretation is influenced by international law and how it relates to notions of transitional justice. It also analyzes the applications of the Principle in practice before concluding with an assessment of some of its ambiguities and weaknesses.
The Duty to Preserve Memory
Authors: Viebach Julia 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 3 is concerned with the duty to preserve memory, which falls under the rubric of ‘the right to know’. This principle recognizes the role of collective memory in transitional processes, attests to a people’s right to know ‘the history of its oppression’ as part of its heritage, and calls upon the state’s duty to preserve archives and other evidence. This chapter first provides a historical background and an overview of the contemporary context in which Principle 3 is applied before outlining its normative framework, focusing on case law and truth commissions. It also analyzes the applications of the Principle in practice and argues that the duty to preserve memory has only implicitly been addressed under either symbolic reparations in truth-seeking processes or under satisfaction in jurisprudence. It contends that this approach over-simplifies the collective and societal level and neglects the dangers and complexity of memorialization in transitional contexts.
Guarantees for Persons Implicated
Authors: Bisset Alison 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 9 provides guarantees of procedural fairness for persons implicated in past violations. An important element of a commission’s historical account is to identify those responsible for past violations, which contributes to the fulfilment of the right to truth. However, the consequences of being named in a final report can have important ramifications, especially for an individual’s reputation, family life and privacy. Before commissions publish findings in relation to specific persons, best practice dictates that information implicating individuals be corroborated and that they be afforded a right to reply to the allegations against them. Such requirements impose administrative burdens on commissions given their often limited resources and short temporal mandates. After giving a contextual and historical background on Principle 9, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework and how commissions operate in practice in terms of verifying the allegations against certain individuals.
Adequate Resources for Commissions
Authors: Varney Howard 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 11 guarantees adequate resources in support of a commission of inquiry so that it can comply with its legal mandate without compromising its independence and autonomy. A commission with autonomy means that it has control over its own finances and may make its own decisions in respect of the allocation of its resources. The issue of autonomy is inextricably linked to the independence of a commission. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 11 before discussing its theoretical framework, focusing on international law instruments governing the investigation of human rights violations that oblige state parties to adequately resource the responsible investigative agency. In particular, it considers the role of competent authorities, explicit duty, funding principles, and political will. It also examines how commissions of inquiry have been supported in practice and cautions against proceeding with commissions where adequate support is not guaranteed.
Advisory Functions of the Commissions
Authors: Robinson Isabel , Varney Howard 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 12 deals with the advisory functions of truth commissions. The advisory function of truth commissions is one of the most concrete ways that they can achieve their goals of helping rebuild society and prevent further violence. Such function is an essential dimension of the forward-looking dimension of truth-telling and truth-seeking processes. In particular, it enables truth commissions to pay attention to the experiences and role of women in transitioning societies, as well as to intersect with others measures aimed at combating impunity, including reparations and criminal prosecutions. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 12 before discussing its theoretical framework and how the recommendations of truth commissions have been implemented. It also highlights some of the key challenges involved in the implementation of a commission’s recommendations, noting that the failure to implement recommendations is often the result of a lack of political will.
Duties of States with Regard to the Administration of Justice
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 19 outlines the duties of States with regard to the administration of justice for victims of serious human rights violations and other international crimes. Under this Principle, States must ensure that those responsible for serious crimes under international law are prosecuted, tried and adequately punished. A state’s (criminal) justice obligations have long been recognized by regional human rights courts and international human rights bodies. While the fight against impunity is the explicit aim of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and a major goal of the United Nations, the duty to prosecute lies primarily with the domestic justice system with regional or international mechanisms being subsidiary or complementary. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 19 before discussing its theoretical framework and how human rights courts and treaty bodies have interpreted the duty of States to investigate and prosecute serious human rights violations.
Measures for Strengthening the Effectiveness of International Legal Principles Concerning Universal and International Jurisdiction
Authors: Gaeta Paola 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 21 outlines measures for strengthening the effectiveness of international legal principles concerning universal and international jurisdiction. In particular, it requires states to establish universal criminal jurisdiction and highlights their obligations to prosecute or to extradite (aut dedere aut judicare) states may possess under treaty law. The relationship between dedere and judicare might vary depending on the formulation of the relevant treaty obligation. A controversial issue is whether states can assert ‘pure’ universal criminal jurisdiction, and whether the aut dedere aut judicare treaty based formula is opposable to non-state parties. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 21 before discussing its theoretical framework, focusing on the definition and scope of ‘universal jurisdiction’ and the aut dedere aut judicare principle. It also examines how Principle 21 has been exercised in practice.
Nature of Restrictive Measures
Authors: Pinzauti Giulia 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 22 is an overarching guideline to states on the nature of the safeguards and restrictions that they may need to adopt and enforce in order to counter impunity more effectively. It is an umbrella provision listing certain rules or principles in national legal systems which might impede the criminal prosecution or other scrutiny of human rights violations by domestic courts. These rules and principles include those regulating amnesty, prescription (statutory limitations), extradition, the right to asylum, due obedience, repentance, the jurisdiction of military courts and the irremovability of judges. This chapter first provides a contextual and historical background on Principle 22 before discussing its theoretical framework and how the safeguards or restrictive measures outlined in Principle 22 have been applied in practice.
Restrictions and Other Measures Relating to Amnesty
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia Maria , Wierda Marieke 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Principle 24 deals with restrictions and other measures relating to amnesty. It requires that no amnesty should take precedence over the obligation of states to prosecute, try, and punish the perpetrators of serious crimes under international law. Through the impunity principles, the obligation to prosecute becomes intertwined with the prohibition of amnesties. An amnesty has long been considered a valuable tool to end conflicts or to ease transitions to democracy. In reality, however, state practice on amnesties remains inconsistent and the debate on amnesties continues to persist. After providing a contextual and historical background on Principle 24, this chapter discusses its theoretical framework, focusing on issues arising from the obligation to prosecute, the right to remedy, amnesties in international criminal law, and the right to refuse amnesty. It also examines how amnesties are used by states to end armed conflicts.