bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mother of All Pandemics Is 100 Years Old (and Going Strong)!
Authors: Morens David M. , Taubenberger Jeffery K. 
Published: September 2018

This year marks the 100th anniversary of the deadliest event in human history. In 1918–1919, pandemic influenza appeared nearly simultaneously around the globe and caused extraordinary mortality (an estimated 50–100 million deaths) associated with unexpected clinical and epidemiological features. The descendants of the 1918 virus remain today; as endemic influenza viruses, they cause significant mortality each year.Although the ability to predict influenza pandemics remains no better than it was a century ago, numerous scientific advances provide an important head start in limiting severe disease and death from both current and future influenza viruses: identification and substantial characterization of the natural history and pathogenesis of the 1918 causative virus itself, as well as hundreds of its viral descendants; development of moderately effective vaccines; improved diagnosis and treatment of influenza-associated pneumonia; and effective prevention and control measures.Remaining challenges include development of vaccines eliciting significantly broader protection (against antigenically different influenza viruses) that can prevent or significantly downregulate viral replication; more complete characterization of natural history and pathogenesis emphasizing the protective role of mucosal immunity; and biomarkers of impending influenza-associated pneumonia.
“Spanish Flu”: When Infectious Disease Names Blur Origins and Stigmatize Those Infected
Authors: Hoppe Trevor 
Published: September 2018

Despite not originating in Spain, the 1918 influenza pandemic is commonly known as the “Spanish flu”—a name that reflects a tendency in public health history to associate new infectious diseases with foreign nationals and foreign countries. Intentional or not, an effect of this naming convention is to communicate a causal relationship between foreign populations and the spread of infectious disease, potentially promoting irrational fear and stigma. I address two relevant issues to help contextualize these naming practices. First is whether, in an age of global hyperinterconnectedness, fear of the other is truly irrational or has a rational basis. The empirical literature assessing whether restricting global airline travel can mitigate the global spread of modern epidemics suggests that the role of travel may be overemphasized. Second is the persistence of xenophobic responses to infectious disease in the face of contrary evidence. To help explain this, I turn to the health communication literature. Scholars argue that promoting an association between foreigners and a particular epidemic can be a rhetorical strategy for either promoting fear or, alternatively, imparting a sense of safety to the public.
“Pay for Success” Projects: Financing Interventions That Address Social Determinants of Health in 20 Countries
Authors: Iovan Samantha , Lantz Paula M. , Shapiro Shoshana 
Published: September 2018

Over the past eight years, there has been an increase in the use of pay for success (PFS) as a financing tool whereby private investors provide initial funding for preventive health and human service interventions. If an independent evaluator deems the interventions successful, investors are repaid by the government. To better understand how PFS is used, we created a global landscape surveillance system to track and analyze data on all PFS projects that have launched through 2017. We focus on the potential for PFS to improve population health by funding interventions that target the social determinants of health. Our findings show that all launched projects to date have implemented interventions aimed at improving the structural and intermediary social determinants of health, primarily in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Although there are some challenges associated with PFS, we believe it is a promising tool for financing interventions aimed at social determinants of health in underserved and marginalized populations.
Trends in Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among American Indian and Alaska Native Women, Indian Health Service, 2001–2015
Authors: Apostolou Andria , Chapman Christina , Person Marissa , Kreisel Kristen , McCollum Jeffrey 
Published: September 2018

Objectives. To describe trends in rates of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) encounters among American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women aged 15 to 44 years in the United States receiving care within the Indian Health Service (IHS). Methods. We analyzed IHS discharge data sets for PID encounters during 2001 to 2015 with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, diagnosis codes. We calculated rates of PID encounters per 100 000 women overall and stratified by age group, region, and health care setting. We used regression to identify trends in the total, annual, and average annual percent changes in the rate of PID encounters. Results. There were 44 042 PID encounters during 2001 to 2015 (rate = 825 per 100 000). The highest rates were among women aged 20 to 24 years (1104) and from the Alaska region (1556). Rates significantly decreased overall (2001: 1084; 2015: 512; P < .001) and within all age groups and health care settings. There was variability in Alaska, with large increases during 2001 to 2010 followed by large decreases during 2010 to 2015. Conclusions. We observed decreasing trends in PID encounters among AI/AN women aged 15 to 44 years during 2001 to 2015, with the exception of increases in the Alaska region.
Early Child Development, Residential Crowding, and Commute Time in 8 US States, 2010–2017
Authors: Block Eryn Piper , Zimmerman Frederick J. , Aguilar Efren , Stanley Lisa , Halfon Neal 
Published: September 2018

Objectives. To examine relationships of residential crowding and commute time with early child development. Methods. We used the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher-reported, population-health measure of child development. The sample included child-level observations spanning 8 US states from 2010 to 2017 (n = 185 012), aggregated to the census tract (n= 2793), stratified by percentage of households in poverty. To test the association of commute times, crowding, and child development, we tested overall readiness and 5 EDI domains by using adjusted census tract–level multivariate regression with fixed effects. Results. In the full sample, a 1-standard-deviation increase in crowding was associated with 0.064- and 0.084-point decreases in mean score for cognitive development and communication skills, respectively. For the high-poverty subsample, a 1-standard deviation increase in commute time was associated with 0.081- and 0.066-point decreases in social competence and emotional maturity. Conclusions. In neighborhoods with increased crowding or commute time, early child development suffers. Policy Implications. This study suggests a potential relationship between the changing urban landscape and child health. Children would benefit from more multisector collaboration between urban planning and public health.
Three Metaphors to Aid Interdisciplinary Dialogue in Public Health
Authors: Collyer Taya A. 
Published: September 2018

Within this journal, authors have recently called for or discussed the benefits of interdisciplinary collaboration. However, in practice such collaborations are extremely challenging, and little guidance is available to support researchers’ efforts to communicate with colleagues from other disciplines.This article presents three metaphors from the sociology of scientific knowledge that can inform and support consideration and discussion of disciplinary issues. Disciplinary training acts as a “flashlight,” highlighting certain features of reality and leaving others in shadow. Our disciplinary sense of normal science is the metaphorical “box” into which we hope nature will fit, determining the manner in which we advance the frontier by recognizing the familiar in the unfamiliar. Finally, scientific training is a “lens” through which the world is perceived and understood.In interdisciplinary and some multidisciplinary contexts, researchers are encouraged to (1) identify the set of fundamental concepts underpinning their approach to public health, (2) discuss methodological choices in terms that do not depend on familiarity with a common tradition of research excellence, and (3) maintain awareness that colleagues from other fields potentially hold different understandings of key public health concepts.
The Teacher Academic Buoyancy Scale: Is it possible to keep TABS on students' academic buoyancy?
Authors: VERRİER Diarmuid , JOHNSON Scott , REİDY Lisa 
Published: September 2018

Academic buoyancy (AB) is the ability to
overcome minor academic setbacks. However, although it seems as though teachers
would be well placed to comment on this characteristic in students, no
teacher-report measure of AB exists. This study evaluates a teacher-report
version of the widely used, student-report, Academic Buoyancy Scale (ABS).
Confirmatory factor analysis supported the unifactorial nature of the Teacher
Academic Buoyancy Scale (TABS), and the scale showed excellent internal
reliability. However, while there was some evidence for the criterion-related
validity of the TABS, it showed very poor convergent validity with the ABS. It
also correlated better with academic achievement than should theoretically be
the case for a measure of AB. Further, AB
estimates from the two measures were moderated by demographic characteristics:
teachers rated girls and those not facing adversity as more buoyant, but the
opposite was the case for self-reports. In sum, this study suggests a
significant disjunction between teacher- and self-reports of AB, and that
teacher estimates of AB are likely to be affected by salient, non-AB-related,
student characteristics.
Removal of phenols-like substances in pharmaceutical wastewater with fungal bioreactors by adding Trametes versicolor
Authors: Bernats M. , Juhna T. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Fungi are known to be more resistant to toxic compounds and more effective in removing recalcitrant organics such as phenols than bacteria. Here we examined the removal of phenols (as a component of Zopliclone drugs), added to non-sterile pharmaceutical wastewater with continuous treatment fungal bioreactor by its augmentation with mono-species of white-rot fungi (WRF) Trametes versicolor. Results showed that WRF in a sterile reactor (a batch mode) were moderately effective for removal of phenols (40% in seven days); however, native wastewater microbes at optimal conditions for fungi (pH 5.5, 25 °C) were more effective (90%, both in batch and continuous flow modes). In continuous flow mode, addition of WRF was an effective way to mitigate high loads of phenols (up to 400 mg/L), by both fungal enzymes (growth rate 0.075 h−1, laccase enzymatic activity 4 nkat/mL) and biosorption. The study confirmed that naturaly occuring fungi in combination with fungus-augmentation is an effective approach for treatment of high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater.
Application of hybrid bead, persimmon leaf and chitosan for the treatment of aqueous solution contaminated with toxic heavy metal ions
Authors: Yu Sung-Whan , Choi Hee-Jeong 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In this study, hybrid beads, which are made by mixing persimmon leaf and chitosan, was used to remove Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solution. According to the Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) analysis, the hybrid bead has a structure that enables the easy adsorption of heavy metals because it has carboxylic, carbonyl groups, O-H carboxylic acid, and bonded -OH groups. The adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by hybrid beads was more suitable with the Langmuir isothermal adsorption and showed an ion exchange reaction which occurred in the uneven adsorption surface layer. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) and Cd(II) was determined to be 278.68 mg/g and 87.91 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption removal process of Pb(II) and Cd(II) using hybrid beads is a spontaneous exothermic reaction and the affinity of the adsorbed material for the adsorbent is excellent. Hybrid beads are inexpensive, have a high removal efficiency of heavy metals, and are environmentally friendly.
Recovery of ammonia in anaerobic digestate using vacuum thermal stripping – acid absorption process: scale-up considerations
Authors: Tao Wendong , Ukwuani Anayo T. , Agyeman Fred 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A vacuum thermal stripping process coupled with acid absorption has been developed at laboratory scale to recover ammonia in anaerobic digestate. To make this ammonia recovery process scalable, this study investigated the effects of feed depth on vacuum thermal stripping in a pilot system, developed sodium hydroxide dosages required to raise feed pH for stripping, and simulated the dynamics of ammonia reduction in batch stripping tests. As feed depth was increased from 8.5 to 34.0 cm, the ammonia mass transfer coefficient and ammonia stripping efficiency decreased while the mass of stripped ammonia increased. Digested municipal sludge had a greater ammonia mass transfer coefficient than digested dairy manure at each feed depth, which could be attributed to the difference in suspended and dissolved solids concentrations. The optimum feed depth was 18 cm of the digested sludge and 14 cm of the digested manure. Sodium hydroxide dosage for the digested manure was higher than that for the digested sludge and co-digested foodwaste. The dosages were correlated to concentrations of total dissolved solids and ammonia. Total ammonia concentration decreased exponentially in batch stripping of the digested sludge at 25.5 cm deep, with a first-order stripping rate coefficient of 0.087–0.144 h−1.
Performance of enhanced biological phosphorus removal and population dynamics of phosphorus accumulating organisms in sludge-shifting sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Pan Yang , Ruan Wenquan , Huang Yong , Chen Qianqian , Miao Hengfeng , Wang Tao 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The sludge-shifting sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process for wastewater treatment. In this study, the enrichment of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) will be attempted by using different high concentration of substrates. In sludge-shifting SBR, activated sludge can be continuously shifted from the bottom of SBR to anaerobic zone/selector, which contains high concentration of substrates, through an orderly reflux between the paralleled SBRs. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) methods were used to monitor microbial diversity in sludge. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the microbial population profile and distribution map under different sludge shifting volumes. The synthesis of intracellular polymers in this process was also analyzed. Phosphorus removal efficiency as high as 96% ± 1.3% was achieved under a sludge shifting ratio of 30%. Synthetic efficiencies of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by PAOs were improved at high sludge shifting ratios. FISH results demonstrated that the population of PAOs in the process increased under properly sludge shifting ratio and it significantly improved phosphorus removal efficiency. Sequencing results indicated that determined sequences (11 OTUs) belonged to Proteobacterium, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, Pseudomonas kuykendallii, which played an important role in the process of P removal.
Treatment of methyl orange by the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation process in batch and continuous fixed bed reactors using Fe-impregnated 13X as catalyst
Authors: Liu Jian , Peng Gang , Jing Xia , Yi Zhengji 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Fe-impregnated 13X (Fe-13X) catalysts were prepared for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of methyl orange (MO) solution in batch and continuous fixed bed reactors. A systematical study was carried out to investigate the influence of the main operating parameters on the batch reactor performance. The kinetic curves were analyzed by using a pseudo-first-order kinetic equation over the 30–70 °C temperature range. In addition, the effects of catalysts filling amount and feed flow rate on the catalytic performance of Fe-13X catalysts in a fixed bed reactor were studied. The experimental results showed that the Fe-13X catalysts achieved the highest activity (100% MO conversion and 74.5% chemical oxygen demand (COD) elimination ratio, respectively) at 25 min with trace mount of Fe leaching concentration (&lt;2.1 mg/L) at the optimized reaction conditions (namely 1.0 g/L catalyst concentration, pH 2.0, 17.6 mM H2O2, 70 °C) in a batch reactor. Kinetic studies showed that two different reaction regions existed, and an activation energy of 51.9 kJ/mol for the second region was found. Under the optimal operating conditions found (namely, catalysts filling amount of 3.5 g, feed flow rate of 4 mL/min), the Fe-13X catalysts displayed high MO conversion (99.4%) and COD elimination ratio (77.1%) after continuously ran for 200 min in a fixed bed reactor.
Application of online instrumentation in industrial wastewater treatment plants – a survey in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Cornelissen R. , Van Dyck T. , Dries J. , Ockier P. , Smets I. , Van den Broeck R. , Van Hulle S. , Feyaerts M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A survey regarding online instrumentation and control was conducted among 90 companies managing their own biological wastewater treatment plant in Flanders, Belgium. In this study, all types of online instrumentation have been found suitable for automatic process control. However, its integration in general process control as well as in nitrogen removal and chemical dosing control appeared to be rather limited. Only dissolved oxygen and pH sensors were widely applied, being present in 96% and 69% of the plants, respectively. Widespread process integration is mainly obstructed by the fact that companies, especially small and medium-sized, still do not regard wastewater treatment as a full-fledged part of the production process. Operators often lack technical expertise in this domain and tend to be skeptical towards automated control mechanisms. In addition, the price of online instrumentation is still perceived as too high, in particular at smaller companies. Lastly, the design of the existing wastewater treatment plant does not always allow for real-time control. Certain measures such as operator training, monitoring of energy and chemical consumption and reduction of instrumentation costs are essential for widespread application of online process control in future years. Additionally, water reuse can create an important incentive.
Hydrodynamic performance of a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR): effects of number of chambers, hydraulic retention time, and influent temperature
Authors: Khalekuzzaman Md , Hasan Mehedi , Haque Rezaul , Alamgir Muhammed 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Hydrodynamic performance of a biological reactor is an important design concern since it directly affects the treatment efficiency. In this research, a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) was proposed with improved design concepts and principles. The HABR consisted of a front sedimentation chamber, four regular baffled chambers followed by two floated filter media chambers. The effects of operating variables 5–20 hr hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 10–40 °C of influent temperature, as well as their interactive effects, on the hydrodynamic behaviour were investigated by residence time distributions study and response surface methodology. The study suggests that the hydrodynamic performance is greatly influenced by the number of chambers in the reactor rather than HRT and influent temperature. The influence of HRT and feed temperature were mainly observed on the front chambers (1–4) rather than rear chambers (5–7). The optimum reactor performance – low dead space (&lt;10%), excellent hydraulic efficiency (&gt;0.75), and intermediate mixing pattern (Peclet number &gt; 10) – were achieved using the proposed HABR with more than five chambers.
Temperature Dependent Green Synthesis of 3-Carboxycoumarins and 3,4-unsubstituted Coumarins
Authors: Schijndel Jack van , Molendijk Dennis , Canalle Luiz Alberto , Rump Erik Theodorus , Meuldijk Jan 
Published: September 2018

Aim and Objective: Because of the low abundance of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins in plants combined
with the complex purification process required, synthetic routes towards 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins are
especially valuable. In the present work, we explore the possibilities of a solvent-free Green Knoevenagel condensation
on various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives and malonic acid without the use of toxic organocatalysts
like pyridine and piperidine but only use ammonium bicarbonate as the catalyst.

Materials and Methods:
To investigate the scope of the Green Knoevenagel condensation for the synthesis of
3,4-unsubstituted coumarins, various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives were screened as starting material in
the optimized two-step procedure developed for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
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Results: This study shows that the intramolecular esterification and the decarboxylation are in competition, but
show different temperature optima. In order to suppress premature decarboxylation and maximize the yield of
coumarin, a two-step procedure was adopted. The reaction mixture containing ammonium bicarbonate is initially
kept at 90ºC for 1 hour. After completion of the cyclization, the temperature of the reaction mixture is
increased to 140ºC for 2 hours. Following this protocol, coumarin could be isolated with a yield of 95%.

Conclusion:
A two-step procedure for the solvent-free synthesis of several 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins was
developed using ammonium bicarbonate, resulting in high yields of the desired products. Moreover, this procedure
has a low E-factor and is, therefore an environmental friendly reaction in line with the principles of
Green Chemistry. It was shown that by initially capping the temperature at 90ºC, premature decarboxylation
can be suppressed. After full conversion to the intermediate 3-carboxycoumarin, the temperature can be increased
to 140ºC finalizing the reaction. Ammonium bicarbonate was shown to catalyze both the Green
Knoevenagel condensation and the decarboxylation step.