bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood donors and their changing engagement in other prosocial behaviors
Authors: Studte Sinika , Clement Michel , Soliman Meikel , Boenigk Silke 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUNDIncreasing competition by nonprofit organizations provides blood donors with many options to engage themselves prosocially (e.g., by donating money or time). While most previous studies focused only on one form of donation, only a few studies analyzed two or more forms. This research gap is remarkable, as prior research has shown that a substantial portion of donors engage in more than one form of donation. In addition, studies have shown that donors' main reason for lapsing is switching to another donation form.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis study relies on longitudinal data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel. In total, 5640 (non)blood donors are analyzed over a period of 5 years, alongside their engagement in four forms of prosocial behavior: money donations, taking care of persons in need, volunteer work, and citizens' initiatives. We control for sociodemographic, psychographic, and health‐related factors and rely on propensity score matching to reduce selection effects often observed in the blood donation context.RESULTSThere are significant differences between blood donors and nondonors in their engagement in prosocial behaviors. Blood donors (vs. nondonors) are more likely to engage in other prosocial behavior forms, namely, donating money, volunteering, and participating in citizens' initiatives. If people start donating blood, they also are more likely to act in other prosocial ways, namely, donating money and volunteering. If people stop donating blood, they also are more likely to stop other forms of prosocial behavior, namely, volunteering and participating in citizens' initiatives.CONCLUSIONThis study provides new insights into blood donors' prosocial behavior. While most previous studies neglected blood donors' engagement in other prosocial behaviors, this study highlights the fact that blood banks need to be aware of blood donor switching behavior between all prosocial behavior forms. As most blood banks also are providing other types of donations forms, they can use this knowledge and cross‐recruit blood donors to engage in other forms of prosocial behavior.
Costs and outcomes in evaluating management of unhealed surgical wounds in the community in clinical practice in the UK: a cohort study
Authors: Guest Julian F , Fuller Graham W , Vowden Peter 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the patient pathways and associated health outcomes, resource use and corresponding costs attributable to managing unhealed surgical wounds in clinical practice, from initial presentation in the community in the UK.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort analysis of the records of 707 patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database whose wound failed to heal within 4 weeks of their surgery. Patients’ characteristics, wound-related health outcomes and healthcare resource use were quantified, and the total National Health Service (NHS) cost of patient management was estimated at 2015/2016 prices.ResultsInconsistent terminology was used in describing the wounds. 83% of all wounds healed within 12 months from onset of community management, ranging from 86% to 74% of wounds arising from planned and emergency procedures, respectively. Mean time to healing was 4 months per patient. Patients were predominantly managed in the community by nurses and only around a half of all patients who still had a wound at 3 months were recorded as having had a follow-up visit with their surgeon. Up to 68% of all wounds may have been clinically infected at the time of presentation, and 23% of patients subsequently developed a putative wound infection a mean 4 months after initial presentation. Mean NHS cost of wound care over 12 months was £7300 per wound, ranging from £6000 to £13 700 per healed and unhealed wound, respectively. Additionally, the mean NHS cost of managing a wound without any evidence of infection was ~£2000 and the conflated cost of managing a wound with a putative infection ranged from £5000 to £11 200.ConclusionSurgeons are unlikely to be fully aware of the problems surrounding unhealed surgical wounds once patients are discharged into the community, due to inconsistent recording in patients’ records coupled with the low rate of follow-up appointments. These findings offer the best evidence available with which to inform policy and budgetary decisions pertaining to managing unhealed surgical wounds in the community.
Characterization of CdZnO/Si heterojunction photodiode prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Saimon Jehan A. , Madhat Suzan N. , Khashan Khawla S. , Hassan Azhar I. 
Published: December 2018

The Cd[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]O thin films have been deposited on glass and Si substrates at room-temperature with different Cd contents (x = 0, 2%, 4% and 6 wt.%) by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses evidenced that the films possess polycrystalline and a hexagonal ZnO crystal structure for x = 0, 2% and 4% with a preferred orientation in the a-axis (101) direction, while films with a mixed hexagonal and cubic structure was revealed for x = 6 wt.%. Electrical measurement presented that the resistivity decreased with increased temperature and concentration of Cd. The deliberated activation energy was reduced was from 0.224 to 0.113 eV with increase doping concentration. Current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of the fabricated Cd[Formula: see text]Zn[Formula: see text]O/p-Si heterojunction varied with the applied bias and the Cd concentration. The results of the values of built-in potential (V[Formula: see text]) and the ideality factor (n) increased with raising Cd concentration.
Images and Theories
Authors: Laurenza Domenico 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The paper examines how images, technological-artistic knowledge and theories interacted with each other in early modern geology. Casting techniques provided Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) with an analogical model for the study of fossils, which he expounded using only texts and theories, not images. For painter Agostino Scilla, on the other hand, images of fossils and animals (La Vana speculazione disingannata dal senso, Napoli, 1670) were the key-feature of his approach, intentionally limited to the external aspects of the specimen, the very domain of the painter. Theories and microscopic examination of the internal aspects orientated Robert Hooke’s visual comparisons in Micrographia (London, 1665), aimed at demonstrating the organic origin of fossils, while, in the same period, visual comparisons were used to support opposite interpretations of fossils as well, like in the case of Francesco Stelluti.
“Immoderatus fervor ad intra coërcendus”
Authors: Ciancio Luca 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
To explain how the element of fire, after a prevailing association with antichristian attitudes such as atheism and heresy was gradually rehabilitated in early modern natural philosophy and began to be perceived as a providential agent of change, debates in medicine, natural history, chemistry and theory of matter have been called into consideration. Changes of perception toward fire and its meanings that took place in Jesuit natural philosophy and emblematics can provide additional explanations, especially if we focus on the reactions to Athanasius Kircher’s ideas and representations of the Earth’s central fire by authoritative confreres such as Pierre Gautruche, Honoré Fabri, Paolo Casati and Giovanni Battista Tolomei. At the edge of the natural philosophical domain, Franz Reinzer’s Meteorologia philosophico-politica (1697) suggests that a reappraisal of the symbolic meaning of fire as a positive fervor capable of driving man to beneficial enterprises took place in Jesuit moral and didactic literature elaborating on Kircher’s views and images propounded in his Mundus subterraneus. This notion of fire as a christianized agent, however, did not imply any concession to the innovative views on the matter of fire worked out by Seventeenth-century corpuscularists.
Jahanpanah’s Jamiʿ Masjid (Circa 1343): A Reassessment
Authors: Porter Yves , Castinel Richard 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Begumpuri or Jamiʿ (Friday) Masjid of Jahanpanah (Delhi) is an impressive monument built during the Tughluq period, circa 1343. Although often credited to Firuz Shah (1351–88), the mosque was probably ordered by Muhammad Shah Tughluq (1325–51), since it was situated next to his royal palace in the heart of his capital (Jahanpanah). The Begumpuri Masjid represents a particular phase in the sequence of Tughluq architecture, both for its plan and elevation, and for its architectural decoration. It has often been described as a “Persianate” four-iwan mosque, although such a designation seems inappropriate. This article explores the probable patronage of the mosque by Muhammad Tughluq and its siting at the center of Jahanpanah. The plan and elevation of the mosque are detailed, with a discussion on the possible models for the building, together with its vernacular characteristics. We then present a study of the architectural decoration, made in stone, stucco, and turquoise glazed tiles. The peculiar features of the Begumpuri Masjid make it a unique monument celebrating the grandeur of Muhammad Tughluq through its huge and void court, as well as in its mulūk khāna (Royal Loggia).
Mosque-Building on the Ottoman-Venetian Frontier, circa 1550–1650: The Phenomenon of Square-Tower Minarets Revisited
Authors: Hartmuth Maximilian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In the Balkan region of Herzegovina is found a series of Ottoman-period mosques distinguished by minarets of an atypical form: unlike standard Ottoman designs with cylindrical or polygonal minaret shafts, the square plan of these minarets makes them more reminiscent of bell towers. Despite this salient and unusual feature, the “campanile minarets,” as some scholars choose to call them, remain little studied as a historical phenomenon; outside the former Yugoslavia, they are still practically unknown. The current article aims to establish the reasons for the popularity and dissemination of this curious architectural feature in a particular region and time. It discusses two hypotheses that link square-tower minarets morphologically to the Catholic Adriatic and Arab world, but ultimately offers a different interpretation of their formal origins and their establishment as a type.
History Regained: A Modern Artist in Baghdad Encounters a Lost Tradition of Painting
Authors: Al-Bahloly Saleem 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This essay explores how the re-encounter with a medieval history of manuscript illustration laid a foundation for the practice of modern art in Iraq. It focuses on the artist Jewad Selim (1919–61) and his discovery of Yahya al-Wasiti’s illustrations of the Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī, but it also marks the ways in which that discovery was mediated by the enterprise of orientalist scholarship, the context of European modernism, and the broader cultural renewal that occurred with the collapse of the Ottoman empire and the creation of new nation-states in the Middle East.
Oceans and Space: Some New Frontiers for International Investment Law
Authors: Greenwood Sir Christopher 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article poses a number of questions about the various ways in which the law of investment protection and the system of investor-State arbitration may interact with the law of the sea and the law concerning outer space. It asks whether the relationship between the different bodies of law will be one characterized by co-operative interaction or fragmentation and looks at the spatial application of the relevant laws, as well as touching upon the issue of regulation in an area of law where national authorities may be implementing regulations decided upon by international bodies.
NewSpace: A Wave of Private Investment in Commercial Space Activities and Potential Issues Under International Investment Law
Authors: Baumann Ingo , El Bajjati Hussaine , Pellander Erik 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The space industry is witnessing a commercialization wave which is commonly circumscribed by the term NewSpace. Together with the increasing commercialization, legal issues in the space sector may require rethinking, laws and regulations form other sectors may become relevant, and new laws and regulations need to be developed. Overall, there are significant risks associated with the legal and regulatory framework under which NewSpace companies are operating. Some of these risks could generally be mitigated through the application of investment treaties. In this regard, it is not an obstacle that space activities are taking place beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Administrative rights, such as a governmental license to undertake commercial space activities, are one of the most eminent and likely area where space companies may present claims against a foreign government. The level of protection in relation to these administrative rights may differ from one investment treaty to another.
The Protection of Satellite Telecommunications Activities Under Bilateral Investment Treaties
Authors: Hobe Stephan , Popova Rada , El Bajjati Hussaine , Scheu Julian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Telecommunications activities are based on the use of the satellite segment which represents the largest sector in the space industry, generating revenues of hundreds of billions of dollars annually and constantly growing. The article seeks to answer the question of whether investments made for the realization of telecommunications activities can enjoy protection under bilateral investment treaties (BITs) by taking into consideration the scope of financial contributions involved, the significant duration of a telecommunications project from planning to operating a satellite in outer space, and the generally inevitable involvement of more than one national legislation for the implementation of the activity. Through investigating the cross-sections and pitch points between international space law and investment law and looking at all phases of satellite-based telecommunications projects, the article demonstrates that investment law can be applied to space activities and that BITs may provide favorable protection standards for investors.
Typology of Motion Events: 重構早期漢語方言語法——位移事件的類型
Authors: Yiu Carine Yuk-man 
Published: December 2018

提要
按照在位移事件中，路徑由動詞還是衛星表達，Talmy（1985, 2000b）把語言分成動詞框架和衛星框架語言。前者用動詞表達路徑，後者用衛星成分表達。本文通過定量統計，說明現代粵語和現代官話傾向用衛星成分，即趨向補語，表達路徑。有學者認為漢語從古到今經歷了由動詞框架語言到衛星框架語言的類型轉變。這個類型轉變在十世紀左右完成。但是，我們發現這個類型轉變在不同位移事件和不同方言中的進程都不一樣。同時，通過考察十九世紀、二十世紀初編寫的早期粵語和早期官話材料，我們發現兩個早期方言比現在更傾向用動詞表達路徑，更接近動詞框架語言。我們進一步指出這個類型轉變的動因跟雙音節化有關。最後，本文對現代粵語和現代官話在不同性質的材料中表達路徑的方式進行定量考察。統計結果說明書面材料跟口語材料同樣反映語言的實際使用情況。
Some New Insight into the Historical Source of the Chinese Copula Shì/*deʔ 是 (關於繫詞“是”歷史來源的新思考)
Authors: Deng (鄧琳) Lin 
Published: December 2018

The present study is mainly concerned with the nature of the demonstrative shì 是 as the historical source of the copula shì. Tracing the development of shì in bronze inscriptions from the 11th to 3rd centuries bce and comparing the patterns of change against two purportedly contemporary texts, Shī jīng 詩經 and Shàng shū 尚書, it argues that shì is not a typical demonstrative in origin because it only occurs pronominally and is strongly associated with the structural expression of focus in its early stage of development. On the basis of these observations, shì is analyzed as a special demonstrative that combines anaphoric and focalizing force to highlight and contrast a constituent that has been introduced into the discourse. It is then compared with the expressions wéi zhī  唯之and huì zhī 惠之 with the same function in the Shang oracle-bone inscriptions (13th–11th centuries bce). The investigation of whether shì is derived from wéi zhī only finds evidence indicating a morphological relationship with zhī, while the etymological link with wéi remains speculative. In conclusion, this study claims that the focalizing force of shì is important in answering the question why it is the only demonstrative evolving into a copula. The observed development of shì confirms that the origination of copulas is often related to the morphosyntactic expression of features of information structure.
本文擬對指示詞“是”的最初歷史來源進行探討。根據學界近年對指示詞的研究成果，本文提出“是”很可能在產生之初即具有促發其向繫詞轉變的特徵。通過對西周至春秋戰國金文資料中指示詞“是”的全部用例的研讀以及與《詩經》、《尚書》中用例的比照，本文發現“是”的早期用法均為復指，且僅出現在焦點位置，其產生與商代甲骨語言中獨有的“唯／惠之”的表達方式大有關聯，極大可能是“之”在焦點位置的形態變體。“是”以及“唯／惠之”在語篇中具有同樣的復指及聚焦的雙重功能，是焦點的句法表達手段，反映了繫詞產生與焦點的句法表達之間的密切聯繫。
Sound Correspondence and the Comparative Study of Miao-Yao Languages (語音對應與苗瑤語比較研究)
Authors: Wang (汪鋒) Feng , Liu (劉文) Wen 
Published: December 2018

Rigorous sound correspondence is fundamental to historical linguistics. It serves as a solid start in studying genetic relationship. Regarding the genetic position of Miao-Yao languages, Li (1937) proposed a hypothesis that the Sino-Tibetan language family consists of Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, Kam-Tai, and Miao-Yao. Benedict (1942; 1975) excluded Miao-Yao from the Sino-Tibetan language family since sound correspondences between Miao-Yao and Chinese were considered to be caused by language contact. The key point in this debate has been ignored for a long time: are the related morphemes proposed in this debate supported by rigorous sound correspondence? In this paper, related morphemes across 11 Miao-Yao languages have been first identified under the requirement of complete sound correspondence, and then analyzed by the Rank Method. The result of the genetic relationship between the 11 Miao-Yao languages has been confirmed. The same procedure has been applied to Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes, and similar pattern has been found. The Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes were recognized to be inherited from the common ancestor of Chinese and Miao-Yao. Combined with the result from the perspective of pervasive sound correspondence (Wang 2015), the proposal of a genetic relationship between Chinese and Miao-Yao has been supported. The Inexplicability Principle has been used to weaken the possibility of Sino-Miao-Yao related morphemes being induced by borrowing from Chinese to Miao-Yao, since some sound correspondences are unlikely to be explained by natural phonetic mechanisms. Moreover, related morphemes in Chinese and Miao-Yao have been examined from the perspective of Old Chinese, and such an examination also supports the hypothesis of a genetic relationship between Chinese and Miao-Yao languages.
嚴格的語音對應是歷史比較的基礎，也是判定語源關係的必要條件。在苗瑤語的語源問題研究中，李方桂（1937）提出漢藏語系四語族學說，即漢語、藏緬語、侗台語和苗瑤語。Benedict（1942、1975）則將苗瑤語從漢藏語系中劃分出去，理由是苗瑤語和漢語有對應關係的語素是由接觸造成的。苗瑤語系屬問題的爭議焦點在於苗瑤語和漢語音近義同的一批關係語素是否有嚴格的語音對應支持，然而這一問題一直以來不被重視。本文基於完全對應得到苗瑤語族內部11個語言的關係語素，隨後應用詞階法分析，結果如願所示，這11個語言之間具有發生學關係。同樣的程序應用于漢-苗瑤語關係語素，結果與上述呈現的模式相同，即這些關係語素是來自漢語和苗瑤語共同的祖語，而非語言接觸的產物。結合普遍對應的研究（Wang 2015），漢語和苗瑤語的發生學關係可以得到支持。不可釋原則也顯示漢-苗瑤語關係語素是由苗瑤語從漢語借用的可能性較小，因為二者間的部分語音對應不可能通過自然音變來解釋。此外，從上古漢語的角度對漢-苗瑤語關係語素的校驗也支持二者的同源關係。
The Axisymmetric and Asymmetric Aspects of the Secondary Eyewall Formation in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone under Idealized Conditions on an f Plane
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Yuqing , Xu Jing , Duan Yihong 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The axisymmetric and asymmetric aspects of the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) in a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) under idealized conditions were analyzed. Consistent with previous findings, prior to the SEF, the tangential wind of the TC experienced an outward expansion both above and within the boundary layer near and outside the region of the SEF later. This outward expansion was found to be closely related to the top-down development and inward propagation of a strong outer rainband, which was characterized by deeper and more intense convection upwind and shallower and weaker convection downwind. In response to diabatic heating in the outer rainband was inflow in the mid- to lower troposphere, which brought the absolute angular momentum inward and spun up tangential wind in the inflow region and also in the convective region because of vertical advection. As a result, as the outer rainband intensified and spiraled cyclonically inward, perturbation tangential and radial winds also spiraled cyclonically inward and downward along the rainband. As it approached the outer edge of the rapid filamentation zone outside the primary eyewall, the downwind sector of the rainband in the boundary layer was rapidly axisymmetrized. Continuous inward propagation and axisymmetrization and secondarily the merging with inner rainbands led to the spinup of tangential wind in the boundary layer, enhancing surface enthalpy flux and convection and eventually leading to the simulated SEF. Our results demonstrate that the simulated SEF was a top-down process and was mainly triggered by asymmetric dynamics.
The Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Comorbidity Index predicts survival after allogeneic transplant for nonmalignant diseases
Authors: Thakar Monica S. , Broglie Larisa , Logan Brent , Artz Andrew , Bunin Nancy , Burroughs Lauri M. , Fretham Caitrin , Jacobsohn David A. , Loren Alison W. , Kurtzberg Joanne , Martinez Caridad A. , Mineishi Shin , Nelson Adam S. , Woolfrey Ann , Pasquini Marcelo C. , Sorror Mohamed L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDespite improvements, mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for nonmalignant diseases remains a significant problem. We evaluated whether pre-HCT conditions defined by the HCT Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI) predict probability of posttransplant survival. Using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database, we identified 4083 patients with nonmalignant diseases transplanted between 2007 and 2014. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS) using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated by multivariable Cox regression models. Increasing HCT-CI scores translated to decreased 2-year OS of 82.7%, 80.3%, 74%, and 55.8% for patients with HCT-CI scores of 0, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and ≥5, respectively, regardless of conditioning intensity. HCT-CI scores of 1 to 2 did not differ relative to scores of 0 (HR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.93-1.34]), but HCT-CI of 3 to 4 and ≥5 posed significantly greater risks of mortality (HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.09-1.63]; and HR, 2.31 [95% CI, 1.79-2.96], respectively). The effect of HCT-CI differed by disease indication. Patients with acquired aplastic anemia, primary immune deficiencies, and congenital bone marrow failure syndromes with scores ≥3 had increased risk of death after HCT. However, higher HCT-CI scores among hemoglobinopathy patients did not increase mortality risk. In conclusion, this is the largest study to date reporting on patients with nonmalignant diseases demonstrating HCT-CI scores ≥3 that had inferior survival after HCT, except for patients with hemoglobinopathies. Our findings suggest that using the HCT-CI score, in addition to disease-specific factors, could be useful when developing treatment plans for nonmalignant diseases.