bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant loss of mitochondrial diversity within the last century due to extinction of peripheral populations in eastern gorillas
Authors: van der Valk Tom , Sandoval-Castellanos Edson , Caillaud Damien , Ngobobo Urbain , Binyinyi Escobar , Nishuli Radar , Stoinski Tara , Gilissen Emmanuel , Sonet Gontran , Semal Patrick , Kalthoff Daniela C. , Dalén Love , Guschanski Katerina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSpecies and populations are disappearing at an alarming rate as a direct result of human activities. Loss of genetic diversity associated with population decline directly impacts species’ long-term survival. Therefore, preserving genetic diversity is of considerable conservation importance. However, to assist in conservation efforts, it is important to understand how genetic diversity is spatially distributed and how it changes due to anthropogenic pressures. In this study, we use historical museum and modern faecal samples of two critically endangered eastern gorilla taxa, Grauer’s (Gorilla beringei graueri) and mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei), to directly infer temporal changes in genetic diversity within the last century. Using over 100 complete mitochondrial genomes, we observe a significant decline in haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Grauer’s gorillas. By including historical samples from now extinct populations we show that this decline can be attributed to the loss of peripheral populations rather than a decrease in genetic diversity within the core range of the species. By directly quantifying genetic changes in the recent past, our study shows that human activities have severely impacted eastern gorilla genetic diversity within only four to five generations. This rapid loss calls for dedicated conservation actions, which should include preservation of the remaining peripheral populations.
Radiating pattern of surge-current-induced THz light in near-field and far-field zone
Authors: Han J. W. , Choi Y. G. , Lee J. S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe generate the THz wave on the surface of an unbiased GaAs crystal by illuminating femtosecond laser pulses with a 45° incidence angle, and investigate its propagation properties comprehensively both in a near-field and in a far-field zone by performing a knife-edge scan measurement. In the near-field zone, i.e. 540 μm away from the generation point, we found that the beam simply takes a Gaussian shape of which width follows well a behavior predicted by a paraxial wave equation. In the far-field zone, on the other hand, it takes a highly anisotropic shape; whereas the beam profile maintains a Gaussian shape along the normal to the plane of incidence, it takes satellite peak structures along the direction in parallel to the plane of incidence. From the comparison with simulation results obtained by using a dipole radiation model, we demonstrated that this irregular beam pattern is attributed to the combined effect of the position-dependent phase retardation of the THz waves and the diffraction-limited size of the initial beam which lead to the interference of the waves in the far-field zone. Also, we found that this consideration accounting for a crossover of THz beam profile to the anisotropic non-Gaussian beam in the far-field zone can be applied for a comprehensive understanding of several other THz beam profiles obtained previously in different configurations.
The plant hormone abscisic acid regulates the growth and metabolism of endophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Xu Gangming , Yang Suiqun , Meng Linghong , Wang Bin-Gui 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPlant hormones are well known chemical signals that regulate plant growth, development, and adaptation. However, after comparative transcriptome and metabolite analysis, we found that the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) also affect the growth and metabolism of endophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans. There were 3148 up-regulated and 3160 down-regulated genes identified during 100 nM ABA induction. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly involved in: RNA polymerase and basal transcription factors; ribosome biogenesis, protein processing, proteasome, and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis; nucleotide metabolism and tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; cell cycle and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Production of mycotoxins, which have insect-resistance or anti-pathogen activity, was also changed with ABA induction. This study provides the first global view of ABA induced transcription and metabolite changes in endophytic fungus, which might suggest a potential fungus-plant cross-talk via ABA.
A new model to predict the influence of surface temperature on contact angle
Authors: Villa Fabio , Marengo Marco , De Coninck Joël 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe measurement of the equilibrium contact angle (ECA) of a weakly evaporating sessile drop becomes very challenging when the temperatures are higher than ambient temperature. Since the ECA is a critical input parameter for numerical simulations of diabatic processes, it is relevant to know the variation of the ECA with the fluid and wall temperatures. Several research groups have studied the effect of temperature on ECA either experimentally, with direct measures, or numerically, using molecular dynamic simulations. However, there is some disagreement between the authors. In this paper two possible theoretical models are presented, describing how the ECA varies with the surface temperature. These two models (called Decreasing Trend Model and Unsymmetrical Trend Model, respectively) are compared with experimental measurements. Within the experimental errors, the equilibrium contact angle shows a decrease with increasing surface temperatures on the hydrophilic surface. Conversely the ECA appears approximately constant on hydrophobic surfaces for increasing wall temperatures. The two conclusions for practical applications for weakly evaporating conditions are that (i) the higher the ECA, the smaller is the effect of the surface temperature, (ii) a good evaluation of the decrease of the ECA with the surface temperature can be obtained by the proposed DTM approach.
A Novel Method for Investigating the Role of Reflux Pattern in Color Doppler Ultrasound for Grading of Varicocele
Authors: Bagheri Seyed Morteza , Khajehasani Fatemeh , Iraji Hamed , Fatemi Iman 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVaricocele is the most common correctable cause of infertility. Color Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) has a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 94% for diagnosing this condition. This study aimed to propose a new pattern of scrotal Doppler for predicting the severity of varicocele. An observational study was conducted from January 2016 to January 2017 on 120 testes units in 60 patients. Scrotal CDUS and semen analysis were done in all participants. Patients were evaluated for reflux pattern, pampiniform venous plexus diameter, and venous reflux time. The ultrasonography parameters and semen analysis data were compared to assess the correlations between the results. The reflux pattern and vein diameters had a significant correlation. Also, a significant correlation was detected between the reflux pattern and reflux time. There was a significant correlation between the reflux pattern and two parameters of semen analysis namely sperm count and its motility. In conclusion, the reflux pattern classification suggested in this study can be used as a useful predictor of varicocele severity and sperm parameters in patients with varicocele.
The Phytophthora cactorum genome provides insights into the adaptation to host defense compounds and fungicides
Authors: Yang Min , Duan Shengchang , Mei Xinyue , Huang Huichuan , Chen Wei , Liu Yixiang , Guo Cunwu , Yang Ting , Wei Wei , Liu Xili , He Xiahong , Dong Yang , Zhu Shusheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPhytophthora cactorumis a homothallic oomycete pathogen, which has a wide host range and high capability to adapt to host defense compounds and fungicides. Here we report the 121.5 Mb genome assembly of theP. cactorumusing the third-generation single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology. It is the second largest genome sequenced so far in thePhytophthoragenera, which contains 27,981 protein-coding genes. Comparison with otherPhytophthoragenomes showed thatP. cactorumhad a closer relationship withP. parasitica,P. infestansandP. capsici.P. cactorumhas similar gene families in the secondary metabolism and pathogenicity-related effector proteins compared with other oomycete species, but specific gene families associated with detoxification enzymes and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) underwent expansion inP. cactorum.P. cactorumhad a higher utilization and detoxification ability against ginsenosides–a group of defense compounds fromPanax notoginseng–compared with the narrow host pathogenP. sojae. The elevated expression levels of detoxification enzymes and hydrolase activity-associated genes after exposure to ginsenosides further supported that the high detoxification and utilization ability ofP. cactorumplay a crucial role in the rapid adaptability of the pathogen to host plant defense compounds and fungicides.
Hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of isoquercitrin as an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 in type 2 diabetic mice
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Shi-Tao , Yin Yan-Chun , Xing Shu , Li Wan-Nan , Fu Xue-Qi 
Published: April 2018

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a potent glucose-dependent insulinotropic gut hormone released from intestinal L cells.
Orthomolekulare Medizin bei Erschöpfung
Authors: Feldhaus Simon 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungKnapp ein Drittel der deutschen Bevölkerung über 16 Jahren leidet unter den Symptomen von Erschöpfung. Während die heutigen Ernährungsgewohnheiten oft zu einer
verminderten Zufuhr bestimmter Mikronährstoffe führen, erhöhen Stress, starke Beanspruchung oder Krankheiten den Bedarf an Mikronährstoffen. Die integrative
Behandlung von Patienten mit Adrenal Fatigue mit einer Mikronährstofftherapie erzielt gute Ergebnisse, wobei eine individuelle Betrachtung und Diagnostik
zwingend notwendig sind. Eine therapeutisch dosierte Zufuhr, die weit über der offiziellen Zufuhrempfehlung liegt, ist bei der Behandlung meist notwendig.
Vegetarische Kostformen in der Kinderernährung? Eine Bewertung aus Pädiatrie und Ernährungswissenschaft
Authors: Kersting Mathilde , Kalhoff Hermann , Melter Michael , Lücke Thomas 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungSich vegetarisch zu ernähren liegt im Trend. Und viele sich vegetarisch ernährende Eltern wünschen eine entsprechende Kost auch für ihre Kinder. Doch sind alle vegetarischen Kostformen für Schwangere, Stillende, Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche gleichermaßen geeignet? Auf welche kritischen Nährstoffe sollen Eltern, Kinder- und Jugendärzte und Ernährungsfachkräfte achten? Auf diese Fragen und andere Aspekte wie wissenschaftlich basierte Ernährungskonzepte geht dieser Beitrag ein.
DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction Complication Rate in Previously Irradiated Internal Mammary Nodes
Authors: Shechter Shirley , Arad Ehud , Inbal Amir , Friedman Or , Gur Eyal , Barnea Yoav 
Published: April 2018

Background Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is a widely accepted treatment for locally advanced breast cancer. Some patients require additional boost radiation to the internal mammary nodes as the part of regional nodal irradiation (RNI). Delayed breast reconstruction with an autologous free flap using the internal mammary vessels for microvascular flap anastomosis is a common practice for these patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of RNI on autologous microvascular breast reconstruction.
Patients and Methods A retrospective study was performed on 57 patients (69 flaps) undergoing deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap for delayed breast reconstruction after radiation therapy. The study group included 37 patients (65%) who received PMRT and RNI to the internal mammary nodes. The control group included 20 patients (35%) who received PMRT alone. Early and delayed surgical complications, including wound complications, fat necrosis, and flap loss, were compared between the groups.
Results The patient demographics in both groups were similar. Complication rate showed a higher trend in the study group for flap loss (8.3% versus 0%) and vascular anastomosis failure (5.6% versus 0%), but with no statistical difference (p = 0.54, 0.53, respectively). The control group showed a higher trend in fat necrosis (25% versus 8.3%, p = 0.11).
Conclusions DIEP flap breast reconstructions with internal mammary vessels anastomosis should be performed with cautious in patients who had received RNI to internal mammary nodes because of potential added risk for surgical complications.
Advanced Imaging in the Diagnosis of Gout and Other Crystal Arthropathies
Authors: McQueen Fiona , Eshed Iris , Plagou Athena , Klauser Andrea , Teh James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn recent years significant advances have been made in imaging techniques. Dual-energy computed tomography has revolutionized the ability to detect and quantify gout. The key ultrasound features of gout have been defined. Magnetic resonance imaging is an excellent modality for demonstrating the extent and severity of crystal arthropathies, but the findings may be nonspecific. This article summarizes the use of advanced imaging techniques in the diagnosis and assessment of gout and other crystal arthropathies.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Participate in All Different Types of Thrombotic and Haemorrhagic Complications of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Pertiwi Kartika , van der Wal Allard , Pabittei Dara , Mackaaij Claire , van Leeuwen Marinus , Li Xiaofei , de Boer Onno 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAcute coronary syndromes can be initiated by either atherosclerotic fibrous cap ruptures, superficial plaque erosions or intraplaque haemorrhages (IPHs). Since neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) display pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic properties, we investigated the presence, extent and distribution of neutrophils and NETs in different types of plaque complications in relation to the age of overlying thrombus mass or haemorrhage. Sixty-four paraffin-embedded coronary plaque segments of 30 acute myocardial infarction patients were retrieved from the autopsy archives, which contained 44 complicated plaques (17 IPHs, 9 erosions and 18 ruptures) and 20 intact plaques. Complicated plaques were further categorized according to the histological age of thrombus or haemorrhage. Immunohistochemistry was performed to visualize neutrophils (anti-myeloperoxidase, anti-elastase and anti-CD177) and NETs (anti-citrullinated histone-3 and anti-peptidyl-arginine-deiminase-4). The results were scored semi-quantitatively. Neutrophils and NETs were abundantly present in all types of complicated, but not in intact, plaques (p < 0.05). They were found in thrombus, haemorrhages and at the thrombus–plaque interface, with no significant differences in extent between ruptures, erosions and IPHs. Interestingly, adjacent perivascular tissue of complicated, but not of intact plaques, also contained high numbers of neutrophils and NETs (p < 0.05). In thrombus and haemorrhage of different age, neutrophils and NETs were more frequently present in non-organized (fresh) thrombi and in on-going IPHs. In conclusion, netosis is a prominent pro-thrombotic participant in all distinct types of atherothrombosis, which may facilitate the progression of thrombotic or haemorrhagic complications and thus the onset of ensuing clinical coronary ischemic syndromes.
Evaluation of Quality of Life: Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy after Thoracic Sympathectomy for Palmar Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Dobosz Lukasz , Stefaniak Tomasz 
Published: April 2018

Background Primary hyperhidrosis is a condition that significantly decreases the quality of life (QOL). Thoracic sympathectomy is safe and efficient method of treatment in palmar hyperhidrosis.
Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the change in QOL in patients with palmar hyperhidrosis who underwent thoracic sympathectomy.
Methods The study includes 149 patients (37 men and 112 women) who were treated with bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy for primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Subjective and objective evaluation of hyperhidrosis were performed prior to the surgery, 3 and 12 months after the treatment. Control group consists of 305 healthy volunteers (118 men and 187 women). The QOL was measured using Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) scale.
Results The average level of palmar hyperhidrosis in the study group prior to surgery was 224.69 ± 179.20 mg/min/m2. General QOL (FACIT total) before the surgery was significantly lower in the study group when compared with the control group (66.57 ± 16.33 vs. 91.29 ± 11.13; p < 0.05). Three months after surgery level of hyperhidrosis decreased significantly and remained at similar level 12 months after the procedure (13.55 ± 15.41 mg/min/m2 p < 0.05 and 14.41 ± 18.19 mg/min/m2 p < 0.05, respectively). After thoracoscopic sympathectomy, the QOL increased and did not differ when compared with the control group 3 and 12 months after the surgery (90.28 ± 11.13 vs. 91.29 ± 11.13; p = 0.55 and 89.59 ± 11.34 vs. 91.29 ± 11.13; p = 0.84, respectively). The highest increase was observed in functional well-being domain (32.25%); however, it was also noticeable in other domains.
Conclusion Thoracic sympathectomy is an efficient method of treatment in palmar hyperhidrosis which significantly increases patients' QOL especially in a functional domain.
Tissue Engineering von Fettgewebe mittels bioabbaubaren Biomaterialien zur Weichteildefektdeckung
Authors: Klein Silvan , Aung Thiha , Haas Robert Michael , Medved Fabian , Schiller Stefan M. , Felthaus Oliver , Dolderer Jürgen H. 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungBestehende Weichteildefekte nach Unfallverletzungen, onkologischen Tumorresektionen, kongenitalen Anomalien oder chronischen Wunden stellen eine zentrale
Herausforderung in der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie dar. Der derzeitige Goldstandard in der Therapie von Gewebedefekten besteht in der Gewebetrans plantation in
Form von freien oder lokalen Lappenplastiken. Limitierend ist jedoch die unumgängliche Morbidität an der Spenderstelle nach dem Gewebetransfer. Vor diesem
Hintergrund wurden in den letzten Jahren aufgrund der günstigen Gewebetextur und hohen Plastizität große Anstrengungen im Bereich des Tissue Engineerings von
vaskularisierten, langzeitstabilen autologen Fettgewebskonstrukten unternommen. Dabei stellt der enge Zusammenhang von Adipogenese und Angiogenese eine
entscheidende Hürde in der de novo Erzeugung von Fettgewebe dar. Eine besondere Rolle kommt hierbei bioabbaubaren Biomaterialien (Scaffolds) als Trägereinheiten
für Zellen und der damit verbundenen Zell-Matrix-Interaktion zu. Ein ideales Biomaterial sollte die Zellproliferation, -adhäsion und -differenzierung
unterstützen, und gleichzeitig unbedenklich in seiner Biokompatibilität sein. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit gewährt einen Überblick über derzeitige Ansätze
des Tissue Engineerings von Fettgewebe vor dem Hintergrund der aktuell verfügbaren Evidenz.Die Problematiken bisheriger Modelle sind einerseits hohe Resorptionsraten der gezüchteten Gewebekonstrukte und andererseits der fehlende Nachweis von klinisch
relevanten Gewebevolumina. Das Tissue Engineering von Fettgewebe in einem Wachtumskammermodell in Kombination mit Scaffolds bietet eine weitere Möglichkeit zur
in vivo Gewebezüchtung. Hier zeigen aktuelle Ergebnisse, dass eine de novo Fettgewebezüchtung mit klinisch relevanten und langzeitstabilen Volumina in vivo
möglich ist. Dieses Modell besitzt, unserer Auffassung nach, das Potential die Therapie großer Weichteildefekte signifikant zu verbessern.
Induction of antitumor cytotoxic lymphocytes using engineered human primary blood dendritic cells
Authors: Wu Long , Zhang Huan , Jiang Yixing , Gallo Robert C. , Cheng Hua 
Published: April 2018

Significance
The dendritic cell (DC) is the master regulator of host immunity. The results of our study bring significant technical improvements in DC methodology. First, a method was developed to expand primary blood DCs at unlimited amounts. Second, the established DCs are constitutively activated and readily available to prime naïve T cells. Third, the DCs can be genetically modified to deliver given tumor antigens in high efficiency and to express activating molecules in driving simultaneous production of antigen-specific T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Fourth, introducing two allogeneic DRB1 molecules into the DCs improves generation of tumor antigen-specific T cells. Further, the DC-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells potently suppress tumor growth and metastasis in human lung cancer mouse models.
Diachronic and synchronic aspects of the simplification of grammatical gender in an obsolescent language
Authors: Frenda Alessio S. 
Published: April 2018

The comparison of two corpora of spoken Irish – one representative of a traditional variety as spoken in 1964, the other of the language spoken today on Irish-language media – reveals a number of differences in the way gender agreement is marked on different agreement targets. The difference is minimal in terms of article–noun agreement and most conspicuous with pronominal agreement. An intermediate position is occupied by noun–adjective agreement within the noun phrase. This study suggests that the gender system of Irish, historically based on both semantic and morphological assignment, is becoming purely semantic, similar in this to the gender system which characterized the final stages of a number of now-extinct Celtic varieties. In their final stages, these exhibited a purely semantic gender assignment system, whereby feminine agreement was limited to anaphoric pronouns with female antecedents. Within the noun phrase, feminine agreement markers were only found in a few fossilized expressions. Irish currently appears to be at an intermediate stage along the path towards a similar system.
Analysis of metonymic triggers, metonymic chaining, and patterns of interaction with metaphor and with other metonymies as part of the metonymy database in the Córdoba project
Authors: Hernández-Gomariz Isabel 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This chapter offers a continuation of the chapters presented by Antonio Barcelona and Olga Blanco-Carrión in this same volume. Consequently, it deals with part of the results of the project FFI2012–36523, focused on the development of a detailed database on metonymy. The present chapter discusses the issues addressed in the remaining fields of the database entry model, namely Fields 8, 9 and 11. First, the chapter addresses the identification of the triggers leading to the operation – or blockage – of the metonymy (Field 8). The subsequent section analyzes the cases of metonymic chaining (Field 9), as proposed in Barcelona (2005). Finally, it studies the patterns of interaction that the metonymy may have with metaphors and/or other metonymies (Field 11).
The role of metonymy in the constructionist approach to the conceptualization of emotions
Authors: Perak Benedikt 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Based on the corpus analysis of the conceptualization of strah ‘fear’ in Croatian, this chapter demonstrates that the conceptual structure of emotions emerges from syntactic and semantic organization activated by sensory-motor, ontological, spatial, thematic and agentive linguistic constructions. The proposed emergent constructionist model argues for a hierarchal organization of the metonymic and metaphorical conceptualizations. In terms of cognitive hierarchy, the model shows that sensory-motor metonymic profiling is the most basic, distinctive and, therefore, the most informative mechanism of conceptualizing emotions because it conveys knowledge about the affective state, enabling simulations of the quality of a specific emotion category, while additional metaphorical mechanisms build on metonymic conceptualizations using other general cognitive abilities expressing knowledge about objects, properties, relations and events.