bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of mechanical-annealing on the mechanical properties of a Zr-based bulk metallic glass
Authors: Deng P. , Wang X. C. , Zhang F. , Qin X. M. , Gao P. , Sui Y. D. , Tan J. 
Published: January 2019

The mechanical-annealing referred in this work is also named pre-strain, which is widely investigated in TRIP steel, stainless steel, magnesium alloy and aluminum alloy. In this case, we used preloading to input energy into a bulk metallic glass (BMG) to observe the changes in the structure and mechanical properties. We selected Zr[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Al[Formula: see text] BMG as a model material owning to its outstanding glass forming ability and excellent mechanical properties. The samples were kept at a constant pressure of 1900, 1700 and 1500 MPa (below the yield strength) for 40, 55 and 70 h. The study found out that the density of those samples increased after being pre-loaded. Then, the samples underwent aging treatment at room-temperature for more than 30 days after unloading. After re-compressing the samples, the results show that the yield strength and fracture strength of the samples decreased, and the amplitude of the serrated plastic flow increased during the plastic stage. Our finding might have some implications for understanding the plastic deformation of BMGs.
Adaptive Confrontation? Strategies of Three Women’s Groups for Expanding Political Space in China
Authors: WU WEITING 
Published: January 2019

An absence of overt contention has led scholars to question the existence of social movements in China and to agree with the “state corporatism” description of state–social group relations there. This article presents the idea of “adaptive confrontation” to demonstrate that there are women’s and lesbian groups in China that go beyond the idea of state corporatism, as well as to challenge current applications of social movement theories and better understand state–social group relationships in a repressive regime.By applying different strategies, three gender groups have not only confronted a repressive state interference in their affairs that aims to dismiss them, but also have managed to expand their political space. This paper presents three pieces of evidence: the building of alliances, the empowerment of other grassroots groups to do advocacy work, and the building of a community.
Quantifying vertical movements in fold and thrust belts: subsidence, uplift and erosion in Kurdistan, northern Iraq
Authors: Tozer Richard S. J. , Hertle Michael , Petersen Henrik I. , Zinck-Jørgensen Kim 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Traditional structural analysis in fold and thrust belts has focused on quantifying horizontal movements. In this paper, the importance of quantifying vertical movements is illustrated using a case study from Kurdistan, northern Iraq. The subsidence history of this area can be determined by analysis of the stratigraphic record from deep exploration wells. A phase of thermal subsidence from Middle Permian to Late Cretaceous (tectonic subsidence 1.8–1.9 km) was followed by flexural subsidence in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic (tectonic subsidence >0.6 km) in response to the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. The main phase of continental collision during the Neogene resulted in the development of the Zagros fold and thrust belt; the amount of uplift at individual anticlines can be estimated from their amplitude (up to 3 km), but regional cross-sections indicate that approximately 1 km of additional basement-involved uplift is present NE of the Mountain Front. The timing of basement-involved uplift is interpreted to be coeval with the deposition of a Pliocene–Quaternary growth sequence adjacent to the Mountain Front. The amount of erosion resulting from the uplift can be estimated from vitrinite reflectance and cross-sections; these estimates show a similar pattern, with maximum erosion in the mountains NE of the Mountain Front (>1.5 km) and lesser erosion in the adjacent foreland basin (generally <0.8 km). The results provide a quantitative understanding of subsidence, uplift and erosion, and have been used to define prospective and high-risk areas for petroleum exploration.
Role of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx
Authors: Ali Mohamed M. , Mahmoud Abeer M. , Le Master Elizabeth , Levitan Irena , Phillips Shane A. 
Published: January 2019

The glycocalyx is crucial for normal endothelial function. It also tethers extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), which protects the endothelium against oxidative damage. Proteolytic enzymes [matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] are capable of disrupting endothelial cell surface proteins, such as syndecans, resulting in derangements of the endothelial glycocalyx. We sought to test the role of MMPs in oxidative stress-mediated disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx and examine the effect of pharmacological inhibition of MMPs on mitigating this detrimental effect. We also examined the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in the oxidative stress-mediated MMP induction and glycocalyx remodeling. Oxidative stress was experimentally induced in human adipose microvascular endothelial cells using H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine in the presence and absence of potent MMP and HDAC inhibitors. H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine resulted in a notable loss of the endothelial glycocalyx; they also increased the expression and proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and subsequently increased the shedding of syndecan-1 and SOD3 from the endothelial cell surface. MMP upregulation was accompanied by a decline in mRNA and protein levels of their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs; TIMP-1 and TIMP-3). Furthermore, oxidative stress induced HDAC activity. Inhibition of MMPs and HDAC reversed syndecan-1 and SOD3 shedding and maintained endothelial glycocalyx integrity. HDAC inhibition increased TIMP expression and reduced MMP expression and activity in endothelial cells. Our findings shed light on MMPs and HDAC as therapeutically targetable mechanisms in oxidative stress-induced glycocalyx remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress, a hallmark of many diseases, damages the endothelial glycocalyx, resulting in vascular dysfunction. Studying the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and endothelial glycocalyx derangements might help discover new therapeutic targets to preserve vascular function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced endothelial glycocalyx degradation.
The Misclassification of Diffuse Gliomas: Rates and Outcomes
Authors: Iorgulescu J. Bryan , Torre Matthew , Harary Maya , Smith Timothy R. , Aizer Ayal A. , Reardon David A. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Perry Arie 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
The integrated histopathologic and molecular diagnoses of the 2016 WHO classification of central nervous system tumors have revolutionized patient care by improving diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility; however, the frequency and consequences of misclassification of histologically diagnosed diffuse gliomas are unknown.

Experimental Design:
Patients with newly diagnosed ICD-O-3 (International Classification of Diseases) histologically encoded diffuse gliomas from 2010–2015 were identified from the National Cancer Database, the misclassification rates and overall survival (OS) of which were assessed by WHO grade and 1p/19q status. In addition, misclassification rates by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), ATRX, and p53 statuses were examined in an analogous multi-institutional cohort of registry-encoded diffuse gliomas.

Results:
Of 74,718 patients with diffuse glioma, only 74.4% and 78.8% of molecularly characterized WHO grade II and III oligodendrogliomas were in fact 1p/19q-codeleted. In addition, 28.9% and 36.8% of histologically encoded grade II and III “oligoastrocytomas”, and 6.3% and 8.8% of grade II and III astrocytomas had 1p/19q-codeletion, thus molecularly representing oligodendrogliomas if also IDH mutant. OS significantly depended on accurate WHO grading and 1p/19q status.

Conclusions:
On the basis of 1p/19q, IDH, ATRX, and p53, the misclassification rates of histologically encoded oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and glioblastomas are approximately 21%–35%, 6%–9%, and 9%, respectively; with significant clinical implications. Our findings suggest that when compared with historical histology-only classified data, in national registry, as well as, institutional databases, there is the potential for false-positive results in contemporary trials of molecularly classified diffuse gliomas, which could contribute to a seemingly positive phase II trial (based on historical comparison) failing at the phase III stage. Critically, findings from diffuse glioma clinical trials and historical cohorts using prior histology-only WHO schemes must be cautiously reinterpreted.
Association of Tumor Microenvironment T-cell Repertoire and Mutational Load with Clinical Outcome after Sequential Checkpoint Blockade in Melanoma
Authors: Yusko Erik , Vignali Marissa , Wilson Richard K. , Mardis Elaine R. , Hodi F. Stephen , Horak Christine , Chang Han , Woods David M. , Robins Harlan , Weber Jeffrey 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
To understand prognostic factors for outcome between differentially sequenced nivolumab and ipilimumab in a randomized phase II trial, we measured T-cell infiltration and PD-L1 by IHC, T-cell repertoire metrics, and mutational load within the tumor. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) and assessed the association of those parameters with response and overall survival. Immunosequencing of the T-cell receptor β-chain locus (TCRβ) from DNA of 91 pretreatment tumor samples and an additional 22 pairs of matched pre- and posttreatment samples from patients who received nivolumab followed by ipilimumab (nivo/ipi), or the reverse (ipi/nivo), was performed to measure T-cell clonality and fraction. Mutational and neoantigen load were also assessed by NGS in 82 of the 91 patients. Tumors were stained using IHC for PD-L1+ and CD8+ T cells. Pretreatment tumor TCR clonality and neoantigen load were marginally associated with best response with nivo/ipi (P = 0.04 and 0.05, respectively), but not with ipi/nivo. Amalgamated pretreatment mutational load and tumor T-cell fraction were significantly associated with best response with nivo/ipi (P = 0.002). Pretreatment PD-L1 staining intensity and CD8+ T-cell counts were correlated with T-cell fraction and clonality, but not mutational or neoantigen load. Patients with increased T-cell fraction posttreatment at week 13 had a 30-fold increased likelihood of survival (P = 0.002). Mutational and neoantigen load, and T-cell infiltrate within the tumor, were associated with outcome of sequential checkpoint inhibition using nivolumab then ipilimumab, but not when ipilimumab was administered before nivolumab.
Noninvasive Quantification of Pressure-Volume Loops From Brachial Pressure and Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Seemann Felicia , Arvidsson Per , Nordlund David , Kopic Sascha , Carlsson Marcus , Arheden Håkan , Heiberg Einar 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Pressure-volume (PV) loops provide a wealth of information on cardiac function but are not readily available in clinical routine or in clinical trials. This study aimed to develop and validate a noninvasive method to compute individualized left ventricular PV loops.

Methods:
The proposed method is based on time-varying elastance, with experimentally optimized model parameters from a training set (n=5 pigs), yielding individualized PV loops. Model inputs are left ventricular volume curves from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and brachial pressure. The method was experimentally validated in a separate set (n=9 pig experiments) using invasive pressure measurements and cardiovascular magnetic resonance images and subsequently applied to human healthy controls (n=13) and patients with heart failure (n=28).

Results:

There was a moderate-to-excellent agreement between in vivo-measured and model-calculated stroke work (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.93; bias, −0.02±0.03 J), mechanical potential energy (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.57; bias, −0.04±0.03 J), and ventricular efficiency (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.84; bias, 3.5±2.1%). The model yielded lower ventricular efficiency (
P
<0.0001) and contractility (
P
<0.0001) in patients with heart failure compared with controls, as well as a higher potential energy (
P
<0.0001) and energy per ejected volume (
P
<0.0001). Furthermore, the model produced realistic values of stroke work and physiologically representative PV loops.

Conclusions:
We have developed the first experimentally validated, noninvasive method to compute left ventricular PV loops and associated quantitative measures. The proposed method shows significant agreement with in vivo-derived measurements and could support clinical decision-making and provide surrogate end points in clinical heart failure trials.
One-Year Outcomes of a European Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Cohort According to Surgical Risk
Authors: Tarantini Giuseppe , Lefèvre Thierry , Terkelsen Christian Juhl , Frerker Christian , Ohlmann Patrick , Mojoli Marco , Eltchaninoff Hélène , Pinaud Frédéric , Redwood Simon , Windecker Stephan 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is increasingly being used in patients at lower risk for surgery. We aimed to assess the distribution of surgical risk score categories in current clinical practice and their relationship with clinical outcomes and the calibration and discrimination power of both the logistic EuroSCORE (logES) and EuroSCORE II. The SOURCE 3 study is a European prospective registry of patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with the commercially available SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve.

Methods and Results:
Out of 1785 patients, 518 patients (low-surgical risk) had a baseline logES <10%, 691 (intermediate-surgical risk) had a logES 10% to 20%, and only 576 patients (high-surgical risk) had a logES ≥20%. Even if low-risk patients were younger compared with the other groups, the mean age was about 80 years old in each risk category. At 1 year, all-cause mortality was 10.3%, 11.4%, and 17.1% in low-, intermediate-, or high-surgical risk patients, respectively, while cardiac mortality was 5.3%, 7.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. Observed mortality rates were substantially lower than that predicted with logES. The observed/predicted mortality ratio was 0.26 in low-surgical risk patients, 0.08 in intermediate-surgical risk patients, and 0.12 in high-surgical risk patients. Similar observations were obtained with EuroSCORE II.

Conclusions:
In this real-world setting, two-thirds of SAPIEN 3 transcatheter heart valve treated transcatheter aortic valve implantation patients had a logES <20 but were still considered appropriate transcatheter aortic valve implantation candidates by the heart team, mainly because of older age and less frequently because of conditions not captured by risk scores. logES and EuroSCORE II had poor discrimination and calibration power in this transcatheter aortic valve implantation cohort.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02698956.
Medication Discontinuation in the IMPROVE-IT Trial
Authors: Navar Ann Marie , Roe Matthew T. , White Jennifer A. , Cannon Christopher P. , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Newby L. Kristin , Giugliano Robert P. , Tershakovec Andrew M. , Braunwald Eugene , Califf Robert M. , Blazing Michael A. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Although cholesterol-lowering medications can reduce the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events, premature discontinuation limits effectiveness. Discontinuation rates have not been systematically reported for lipid-lowering trials.

Methods and Results:

We evaluated medication discontinuation in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial), which evaluated placebo+simvastatin versus ezetimibe+simvastatin in patients hospitalized with the acute coronary syndrome and followed longitudinally postdischarge. Reasons for discontinuation were evaluated from randomization through study end (median 71.9 [interquartile range 51.8–85.8] months). Kaplan-Meier (KM) discontinuation rates were evaluated at 30 days, 1 year, and through year 7, and compared by treatment arm and region, with Cox proportional hazards modeling used to evaluate predictors of discontinuation. Overall, 46.7% of subjects discontinued study medication (KM rate by study end 50.9% [95% CI, 50.1%–51.7%]). The risk of discontinuation was highest early in the trial but decreased with increasing time, with a terminal KM rate per 100 person-years of 8.4 (8.2–8.6) from years 1 to 7. Discontinuation was higher in the placebo+simvastatin versus ezetimibe+simvastatin arm (KM rate 52.0% versus 49.8%,
P
=0.049) and was highest in the United States (7-year KM rate 57.4%). In multivariable modeling, smoking, prior revascularization, hypertension, unstable angina, female sex, nonwhite race, and US location were associated with higher discontinuation rates.

Conclusions:
Although discontinuation was highest early and stabilized to 8% per year, because of prolonged follow-up, most discontinuation occurred after year 1. Adding ezetimibe to statin therapy did not increase discontinuation risk. Geographic differences and patient-level factors should be considered in trial design and analysis.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00202878.
On the Spatial Scales to be Resolved by the Surface Water and Ocean Topography Ka-Band Radar Interferometer
Authors: Wang Jinbo , Fu Lee-Lueng , Torres Hector S. , Chen Shuiming , Qiu Bo , Menemenlis Dimitris 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission aims to measure the sea surface height (SSH) at a high spatial resolution using a Ka-band radar interferometer (KaRIn). The primary oceanographic objective is to characterize the ocean eddies at a spatial resolution of 15 km for 68% of the ocean surface. This resolution is derived from the ratio between the wavenumber spectrum of the conventional altimeter (projected to submesoscale) and the SWOT SSH errors. While the 15-km threshold is useful as a global approximation of the spatial scales resolved by SWOT (SWOT scale), it can be misleading for regional studies. Here we revisit the problem using a high-resolution (~2-km horizontal grid spacing) tide-resolving global ocean simulation and map the SWOT scale as a function of location and season. The results show that the SWOT scale increases, in general, from about 15 km at low latitudes to ~30–45 km at mid- and high latitudes but with a large geographical dependence. A SWOT scale smaller than 30 km is expected in the high-latitude energetic regions. The SWOT scale varies seasonally as a result of the seasonality in both the noise and ocean signals. The seasonality also has a geographical dependence. Both eddies and internal gravity waves/tides contribute significantly to the SWOT scale variation. Our analysis provides model predictions for interpreting the anticipated observations from SWOT and guidance for the development of analysis methodologies.
Explicit Filtering and Reconstruction to Reduce Grid Dependence in Convective Boundary Layer Simulations Using WRF-LES
Authors: Simon Jason S. , Zhou Bowen , Mirocha Jeffrey D. , Chow Fotini Katopodes 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
As model grid resolutions move from the mesoscale to the microscale, turbulent structures represented in atmospheric boundary layer simulations change dramatically. At intermediate resolutions, the so-called gray zone, turbulent motions are not resolved accurately, posing a challenge to numerical simulations. The representation of turbulence is also highly sensitive to the choice of closure model. Here, we examine explicit filtering and reconstruction in the gray zone as a technique to better represent atmospheric turbulence. The convective boundary layer is simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with horizontal resolutions ranging from 25 m to 1 km. Four large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models are considered: the Smagorinsky model, the TKE-1.5 model, and two versions of the dynamic reconstruction model (DRM). The models are evaluated by their ability to produce consistent mean potential temperature profiles, heat and momentum fluxes, velocity fields, and turbulent kinetic energy spectra as the grids become coarser. The DRM, a mixed model that uses an explicit filtering and reconstruction technique to account for resolvable subfilter-scale (RSFS) stresses, performs very well at resolutions of 500 m and 1 km without any special tuning, whereas the Smagorinsky and TKE-1.5 models produce heavily grid-dependent results.
Effect of online courses on US college students’ knowledge about health disparities
Authors: Njoku Anuli 
Published: January 2019

Objective: To describe faculty efforts to deliver and evaluate health disparities–related education in US online undergraduate and graduate public health courses. Design: A pre- and post-survey was given to a cohort of 46 US college students in three public health courses taught asynchronously online over an 8-week period in 2017. This study took place at a mid-sized, public, rural, midwestern US university. Method: Faculty received professional development and online training and were assigned to develop courses for a new public health programme. Following the receipt of ethical approval, students completed anonymous, online pre- and post-surveys to assess effect of intentional instructional approaches on their knowledge and attitudes about health disparities. Curricula incorporated various assessment methods and teaching strategies. Descriptive statistics were used to compare pre- and post-survey scores and analyse demographic data. Paired t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyse pre- and post-survey test scores. Results: At post-survey, students demonstrated a positive change in mean scores for several items, including for ability to discuss the role of theory in understanding health behaviour and disparities in health status (3.20 vs 4.06; p < .001) and ability to discuss strategies health promotion programmes can use to reduce health disparities (3.47 vs 4.40; p < .001). Post-survey response rate was 87%. Conclusion: Results suggest an effective way to increase health disparities knowledge among online college students. Additional research is encouraged to expand upon these findings.