bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro antimicrobial activity against equine Lawsonia intracellularis strains
Authors: Pereira C. E. R. , Resende T. P. , Vasquez E. , Marshall‐Lund L. , Guedes R. M. C. , Gebhart C. J. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundLawsonia intracellularis is the aetiologic agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). This emerging equine disease leads to diarrhoea, severe protein loss and can result in death if left untreated. Timely treatment of EPE is critical for recovery from the disease, and hence, information about antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine L. intracellularis strains to antimicrobials used in horses is needed. However, L. intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium and so must be isolated and maintained in cell cultures.ObjectivesTo determine the in vitro antimicrobial activity of 14 antimicrobials against two equine L. intracellularis strains.Study designIn vitro experiments.MethodsThis study was designed to compare the relative in vitro susceptibility of each strain of L. intracellularis to different antimicrobials which included metronidazole, minocycline hydrochloride, erythromycin, cephalothin sodium salt, combination (4:1) of sulfamethazine and trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, penicillin, ampicillin, doxycycline hydrochloride, cefazolin sodium salt, clarithromycin, ceftiofur hydrochloride and enrofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was based on intracellular and extracellular activity that inhibited 99% of L. intracellularis growth in cell culture as compared to the antimicrobial‐free control.ResultsRifampicin and clarithromycin were the most active antimicrobials against the two L. intracellularis strains tested, with MICs of ≤0.125 when tested both intracellularly and extracellularly. Doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin showed intermediate to high activity, and activity was generally higher when evaluating intracellular activity. Sulfamethazine/trimethoprim showed variable results. Ampicillin, penicillin and metronidazole had low to moderate activity. L. intracellularis was resistant to cefazolin, cephalothin and ceftiofur in in vitro conditions.Main limitationsOnly two equine isolates of L. intracellularis were available for this study due to the difficulty in isolating this obligate intracellular species from intestinal samples.ConclusionsThis is the first report of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for equine L. intracellularis strains.
Regeneration of rete ridges in Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa): Insights for human skin wound healing
Authors: Lin Chein‐Hong , Chiu Po‐Yuan , Hsueh Yuan‐Yu , Shieh Shyh‐Jou , Wu Chia‐Ching , Wong Tak‐Wah , Chuong Cheng‐Ming , Hughes Michael W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRete ridges are important to the mechanical function of skin in animals with minimal hair, including humans. As mice do not exhibit rete ridges, the need for a quality animal model is pertinent. Here, we develop a Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa) full‐thickness wound model to explore tissue regeneration because the architecture and function are similar to humans and inbred genetic variants are available. Full‐ and partial‐thickness wounds were generated on the dorsum. Full‐thickness wounds at post‐wound day 57 exhibit severe scar with no signs of wound‐induced hair follicle neogenesis. Wound contraction is greater in the anterior/posterior relative to the medial/lateral axis. In wound beds, K14+ cells increased while K10+, p63+ and PCNA+ cells decreased compared to unwounded tissue. Epithelial β‐catenin is unchanged. The wound bed expresses more ColI, less ColIII and no elastin. Rete ridges do not form after full‐thickness wounding, but incompletely regenerate after partial‐thickness wounding. An alkaline phosphatase (ALP)+ cell population, not associated with hair follicles, is present at the bottom of the rete ridge basal layer in pig and human unwounded skin. These K5+/K10−/PCNA−/ALP+ epithelial cells are absent after full‐thickness wounding but reappear after partial‐thickness wounding, before invagination of new rete ridges. In summary, full‐thickness wounding on the dorsum of Lanyu pigs results in scar formation and perturbed molecular expression while partial‐thickness wounding permits limited rete ridge and papillary dermis regeneration. Future functional studies and further characterization will help contribute knowledge for the regenerative medicine field.
To what extent is drought‐induced tree mortality a natural phenomenon?
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. , Laffineur Boris , Allen Craig D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimCatastrophic forest mortality due to more extreme rainfall deficits and higher temperatures under future climate scenarios has been predicted. The aim of this study is to explore the magnitude of historical drought‐induced tree mortality under pre‐warming conditions.LocationNorth‐eastern Australia.Time period1845–2017.Major taxa studiedTrees.MethodsField survey, historical analysis and climate analysis.ResultsWe present evidence of 18%–30% tree mortality from recent droughts across three regions of north‐eastern Australia with rainfall deficits less severe than earlier historical droughts. The corrected temperature record represents modest warming at the stations with long records in the vicinity of the study areas. In terms of rainfall deficit the most severe drought on record occurred in the early 20th century, and historical evidence confirms that this drought and earlier droughts before the advent of pastoralism coincided with substantial tree mortality.Main conclusionsDramatic declines in woody biomass in response to drought historically occurred more than once a century and are a natural phenomenon in semi‐arid Australia. The magnitude of drought‐induced tree mortality under natural climate fluctuations requires further investigation in other continents. Widespread drought‐induced tree mortality is not just a recent global change phenomenon and has been underestimated as a natural ecological process. However, even more severe forest die‐off events from more extreme hotter droughts are predicted if Earth’s warming proceeds as currently projected.
The paleobiogeographical significance of the Silurian and Devonian trilobites of Japan
Authors: Stocker Christopher P. , Siveter Derek J. , Lane Philip D. , Williams Mark , Oji Tatsuo , Wallis Simon R. , Tanaka Gengo , Komatsu Toshifumi , Siveter David J. , Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSix major groups of trilobites from the Silurian and Devonian of Japan are evaluated for their paleobiogeographical signature. Silurian illaenids and scutelluids show four generic‐level and at least two species‐level links with the Australian segment of the Gondwana paleocontinent; encrinurids also indicate two generic‐level links with Australia and also the South China paleocontinent; whilst Devonian phacopids, and possibly proetids, suggest at least two generic‐level links with the North China paleocontinent. These different patterns may reflect the fragmentary biostratigraphical record of Japanese trilobites, but they also appear to reflect paleoenvironmental parameters associated with lithofacies, and paleoecology. Thus, Japanese assemblages of proetids and phacopids occurring in deep‐water clastic lithofacies have counterparts in similar settings in North China, and Japanese scutelluids and illaenids are strongly associated with shallow marine carbonate lithofacies that are similar to those of their occurrences in Australia. Japanese encrinurids occur in carbonate rocks indicative of shallow marine settings in the Kurosegawa Terrane, and they demonstrate a consistent paleobiogeographical affinity with Australia and South China. Larval ecology cannot be directly assessed for Japanese trilobite groups. However, proetids have consistently been shown to have planktonic protaspides, whereas illaenids, scutelluids, and encrinurids have benthic protaspides. Planktonic protaspides would have a greater propensity for distribution in ocean currents than benthic ones, and therefore may be of more limited paleobiogeographical utility. The combined data from the six different groups indicates that the complex paleobiogeographical patterns of the Japanese trilobite assemblages need to be interpreted with caution, and similarity of taxa does not necessarily denote paleogeographical proximity to other regions.
Early rapid weight gain among formula‐fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles
Authors: Mennella J. A. , Papas M. A. , Reiter A. R. , Stallings V. A. , Trabulsi J. C. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundWhat and how infants are fed are considered important determinants for the risk factor of early rapid gain weight.ObjectivesWe conducted secondary analyses on data from a randomized clinical trial, wherein infants randomized to feed cow milk formula had double the incidence of early rapid weight gain than those fed extensively hydrolyzed protein formula, to determine whether maternal feeding styles had independent effects or interactive effects with infant formula type on early rapid weight gain.MethodsAnthropometry and feeding patterning (number of daily formula feeds) were measured monthly, and maternal feeding styles were measured at 0.5, 3.5, and 4.5 months. Longitudinal models were fitted using generalized estimating equations and separate logistic models conducted.ResultsThe treatment groups did not differ in formula feeding patterning or in maternal feeding styles, which were stable across the first 4.5 months. Feeding styles had no significant effects on early rapid weight gain and did not interact with formula group. However, type of infant formula had a direct and independent impact on early rapid weight gain (P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe type of infant formula had a differential impact on early rapid weight gain independent of maternal feeding style, highlighting the self‐regulatory capabilities of infants.
Domain structure and evolution in ZnO‐modified Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.32PbTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Wang Rui‐Xue , Zhang Ji , Li Kai , Sun Lei , Yang Bin , Chen Yan‐Bin , Luo Zhen‐Lin , Wang Yaojin , Zhang Shan‐Tao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe doping of ZnO is efficient to improve the piezoelectric property and thermal stability of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PMN–PT) based ceramics. However, the underlying physics, especially the local domain structures of the ZnO modified PMN–PT ceramics, which is strongly associated with the electric properties, is not clear yet. In this paper, we investigated the local domain structures and their evolution as a function of x in PMN–0.32PT:xZnO ceramics. It was found that, the domain evolution is mainly caused by the growth of grain size induced by the sintering aiding effect of ZnO at x < 0.04, and the domain evolution can be attributed to the phase transition induced by the partial replacement of Mg2+ by Zn2+ in the B‐site of PMN–PT lattice at x > 0.06. Furthermore, we also investigated the domain structure evolution as functions of temperature and local external electric field in PMN–0.32PT:0.06ZnO ceramics, which exhibited superior piezoelectric property relative to other compositions. We found that the irregular nanodomains are more stable at high‐temperature range, and the regular non‐180° domains exhibited more complex rotation behavior under local electric field, which probably leads to the thermal stability and piezoelectric property enhancement in the ZnO‐modified PMN–0.32PT ceramics.
Elasticity, hardness, and fracture toughness of sodium aluminoborosilicate glasses
Authors: Januchta Kacper , To Theany , Bødker Mikkel S. , Rouxel Tanguy , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDue to an increasing demand for oxide glasses with a better mechanical performance, there is a need to improve our understanding of the composition‐structure‐mechanical property relations in these brittle materials. At present, some properties such as Young's modulus can to a large extent be predicted based on the chemical composition, while others—in particular fracture‐related properties—are typically optimized based on a trial‐and‐error approach. In this work, we study the mechanical properties of a series of 20 glasses in the quartenary Na2O–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 system with fixed soda content, thus accessing different structural domains. Ultrasonic echography is used to determine the elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio, while Vickers indentation is used to determine hardness. Furthermore, the single‐edge precracked beam method is used to estimate the fracture toughness (KIc) for some compositions of interest. The compositional evolutions of Vickers hardness and Young's modulus are in good agreement with those predicted from models based on bond constraint density and strength. Although there is a larger deviation, the overall compositional trend in KIc can also be predicted by a model based on the strength of the bonds assumed to be involved in the fracture process.
Infrared‐to‐ultraviolet light‐absorbing BaTiO3‐based ferroelectric photovoltaic materials
Authors: Wu Liyan , Akbashev Andrew R. , Podpirka Adrian A. , Spanier Jonathan E. , Davies Peter K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFerroelectric oxides have been demonstrated to be promising in developing emerging photovoltaic technologies because of the various mechanisms that allow above‐band‐gap photovoltages and higher efficiencies. However, the wide band gaps of conventional ferroelectric oxides (2.7‐4 eV) limit their utilization of the solar spectrum. Here the phase stability, absorption properties, ferroelectric, and photovoltaic responses of Ni‐ and Ni‐Nb‐substituted BaTiO3 were explored to evaluate their potential as visible‐light‐absorbing photovoltaic materials. Although the acceptor substitution of Ni2+ stabilized a hexagonal 6H polymorph in both systems, post‐annealing treatments allowed restoration of a tetragonal 3C phase for Ba(Ti0.99Ni0.01)O2.99 and (0.9)BaTiO3‐(0.1)Ba(Ni1/2Nb1/2)O2.75. The oxygen vacancies accompanying the Ni and Ni‐Nb substitutions significantly lower the optical band gap of BaTiO3 to ~1.5 eV and the visible light absorption can be systematically tuned between 380 and 1000 nm by varying the Ni:Nb ratio. Room temperature ferroelectricity was observed in Ba(Ti0.99Ni0.01)O2.99 with a saturation polarization = 18 μC/cm2 and remnant polarization = 1 μC/cm2. The Ni‐Nb substituted composition (0.9)BaTiO3‐(0.1)Ba(Ni1/2Nb1/2)O2.75 shows a ferroelectric response with a remnant polarization of 5 μC/cm2 at 77 K, which gradually decreases as temperature increases. Both compositions exhibit ferroelectrically switchable photoresponses under an AM 1.5 G sunlight simulator; the highest switchable steady‐state current of 8 nA/cm2 observed for (0.9)BaTiO3‐(0.1)Ba(Ni1/2Nb1/2)O2.75 exceeds those reported in previous studies of BaTiO3 ceramic samples (J Solid State Chem, 1975; 12: 193; Jpn J Appl Phys, 2013; 52: 09KF03).
Intelligibility, Moral Loss and Injustice
Authors: Laborde Cécile 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn Liberalism's Religion, I analyse the specific conception of religion that liberalism relies upon. I argue that the concept of religion should be disaggregated into its normatively salient features. When deciding whether to avert undue impingements on religious observances, or to avoid any untoward support of such observances, liberal states should not deal with ‘religion’ as such but, rather, with relevant dimensions of religious phenomena. States should avoid religious entanglement when ‘religion’ is epistemically inaccessible, socially divisive and/or comprehensive in scope. In turn, states should show special deference to religious observances insofar as they exhibit what I call integrity – whether personal or collective. The upshot of this interpretive strategy is that liberal law need not recognise religion as such. As a result, there are gaps between the liberal construal of disaggregated religion and the lived experience of religion as a uniquely integrated experience. Are these gaps morally regrettable? Are they unjust?
Incorporating antibiotics into platelet‐rich fibrin: A novel antibiotics slow‐release biological device
Authors: Polak David , Clemer‐Shamai Navit , Shapira Lior 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present in vitro study was to explore the possibility of using platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) as a local sustained released device for antibiotics.Materials and methodsPlatelet‐rich fibrin was prepared with the addition of antibiotics (5 mg/ml metronidazole; 150 mg/ml clindamycin; 1 mU/ml penicillin) or saline prior to centrifugation, while collagen sponges served as control. PRFs anti‐bacterial properties were examined in an anti‐biogram assay with Staphylococcus aureus or Fusobacterium nucleatum at different time intervals after PRF preparation.ResultsThe addition of antibiotic solutions at volumes of 2 or 1 ml led to significant changes in PRF's physical properties, while the addition of 0.5 ml solution did not. PRF with saline showed minor anti‐bacterial activity, while all PRFs with antibiotics showed significant anti‐bacterial activity (p < 0.05). No differences were observed between raw (clot) and pressed (membrane) forms of PRF. Collagen sponges with and without antibiotics showed similar results to PRF. PRF and collagen sponges with antibiotics preserved their anti‐bacterial properties 4 days after preparation.ConclusionsPlatelet‐rich fibrin incorporated with antibiotics showed long‐term anti‐bacterial effect against F. nucleatum and S. aureus. This modified PRF preparation may be used to reduce the risk of post‐operative infection in addition to the beneficial healing properties of PRF.
Traumatic occlusion aggravates bone loss during periodontitis and activates Hippo‐YAP pathway
Authors: Pan Weiyi , Yang Li , Li Jinle , Xue Lili , Wei Wei , Ding Handong , Deng Shibing , Tian Ye , Yue Yuan , Wang Min , Hao Liang , Chen Qianming 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThis study aimed at exploring changes in YAP expression and their effect on periodontitis (PD) combined with traumatic occlusion (TO).Materials and MethodsBALB/cJ mice were used to establish a PD model by local administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g, ATCC 33277) and a TO model by occlusal elevation (OE) using composite resin bonding on the bilateral maxillary molar. The mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and pre‐osteoblast cell line (MC3T3‐E1) were subjected to cyclic tensile/compressive stress and inflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli) to verify in vivo results.ResultsSevere bone resorption was observed by microCT scanning in OE with P.g group, when compared to OE only and P.g only groups. Mechanical stress caused by OE activated the Hippo‐YAP pathway in periodontal tissues and upregulated the expression of JNK/AP‐1. OE with P.g further promoted the expression of YAP and JNK/AP1, leading to the upregulation of the JNK/AP‐1 related inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL6. Similar results were obtained when osteoblasts were subjected to mechanical stress in vitro.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that periodontitis with TO caused severe inflammation‐induced bone resorption. Activation of YAP and upregulation of JNK/AP‐1 induced by TO potentially aggravated the symptoms of PD.
The status of workers and platforms in the sharing economy
Authors: Hagiu Andrei , Wright Julian 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe consider whether workers who provide their services through online platforms, such as Handy and Uber, should be classified as independent contractors or employees. Using a formal economic model, we show how being too strict or too liberal in classifying workers as independent contractors (relative to the actual degree of control workers have) can be detrimental, not just to firms and welfare, but sometimes to the workers themselves. We also use the model to explore the extent to which an intermediate classification of workers between employees and independent contractors may lead to better outcomes. The intermediate classification is meant to apply to firms that retain control of some actions while their workers control others, as is the case for many online platforms.
The importance of consumer multihoming (joint purchases) for market performance: Mergers and entry in media markets
Authors: Anderson Simon P. , Foros Øystein , Kind Hans Jarle 
Published: January 2019

AbstractConsumer “multihoming” (watching two TV channels, or buying two news magazines) has surprisingly important effects on market equilibrium and performance in (two‐sided) media markets. We show this by introducing consumer multihoming and advertising finance into the classic circle model of product differentiation. When consumers multihome (attend more than one platform), media platforms can charge only incremental value prices to advertisers. Entry or merger leaves consumer prices unchanged under consumer multihoming, but leaves advertiser prices unchanged under single‐homing: Multihoming flips the side of the market on which platforms compete. In contrast to standard circle results, equilibrium product variety can be insufficient under multihoming.
Psychoactive Medications and Adverse Outcomes among Older Adults Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: Ishida Julie H. , McCulloch Charles E. , Steinman Michael A. , Grimes Barbara A. , Johansen Kirsten L. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUNDGuidelines recommend avoidance of several psychoactive medications such as hypnotics in older adults due to their adverse effects. Older patients on hemodialysis may be particularly vulnerable to complications related to use of these agents, but only limited data are available about the risks in this population.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the association between the use of psychoactive medications and time to first emergency department visit or hospitalization for altered mental status, fall, and fracture among older patients receiving hemodialysis.DESIGNObservational cohort study.SETTINGNational registry of patients receiving hemodialysis (US Renal Data System).PARTICIPANTSA total of 60 007 adults 65 years or older receiving hemodialysis with Medicare Part D coverage in 2011.MEASUREMENTSThe predictors were use of sedative‐hypnotics and anticholinergic antidepressants (modeled as separate time‐varying exposures). The outcomes were time to first emergency department visit or hospitalization for altered mental status, fall, and fracture (modeled separately).RESULTSOverall, 17% and 6% used sedative‐hypnotics and anticholinergic antidepressants, respectively, in 2011. In multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression, anticholinergic antidepressant use was associated with a 25%, 27%, and 39% higher hazard of altered mental status, fall, and fracture, respectively, compared with no use. Use of sedative‐hypnotics was not associated with adverse outcomes.CONCLUSIONAnticholinergic antidepressants were associated with adverse outcomes in older hemodialysis patients, and alternative treatments should be considered. Sedative‐hypnotics were not associated with the risks evaluated in this study, but further investigation of the harms of this class of agents is warranted before their recommendation as a treatment option for insomnia in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:449–454, 2019.