bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the structural transition of CoNi nanoclusters using molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Xia J. H. , Gao Xue-Mei 
Published: February 2018

In this work, the segregation and structural transitions of CoNi clusters, between 1500 and 300 K, have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations with the embedded atom method potential. The radial distribution function was used to analyze the segregation during the cooling processes. It is found that Co atoms segregate to the inside and Ni atoms preferably to the surface during the cooling processes, the Co[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text] cluster becomes a core–shell structure. We discuss the structural transition according to the pair-correction function and pair-analysis technique, and finally the liquid Co[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text] crystallizes into the coexistence of hcp and fcc structure at 300 K. At the same time, it is found that the frozen structure of CoNi cluster is strongly related to the Co concentration.
STUDY ON SURFACE CHARGING EFFECT ON MASK DURING PLASMA ETCHING PROCESS THROUGH PARTICLE SIMULATION
Authors: ZHANG P. 
Published: February 2018

Damage on the mask surface caused by charging effect during plasma etching process continues to attract much attention currently. For example, the round shape of holes can be changed into hexagonal shape. In our previous paper, the reason for this phenomenon has been explained through a particle simulation approach [P. Zhang et al., Plasma Sci. Technol. 15 (2013) 570]. However, it has been observed that the round shape of holes in a mask can also be etched into an asymmetric shape due to factors such as nonuniform plasma source, inclination or vibration of sample platform, etc. This work further aims to explore the charging effect when the round-shaped holes in a mask have been changed into asymmetric-shaped ones by particle simulation method. The distribution of electric field produced by electrons was calculated for different shaped isolated holes (round, hexagonal and asymmetric shapes) in a mask as well as various heights from the mask surface. It is found that the field strength reaches its maximum around a hole edge and presents uniform distribution for the round hole and nonuniform distribution for the hexagonal- and asymmetric-shaped holes. The nonuniform electric field distribution can affect the trajectories of ions falling on the mask surface, further enhancing the asymmetry of the mask hole shape. Additionally, the charging effect on a mask of asymmetric holes aligned in a hexagonal array is also studied. It is found that due to the alignment of holes, the charging effect is quite different from the case in an isolated hole.
Caffeine increases both total work performed above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a 4-km cycling time trial
Authors: Felippe Leandro Camati , Ferreira Guilherme Assunção , Learsi Sara Kely , Boari Daniel , Bertuzzi Romulo , Lima-Silva Adriano Eduardo 
Published: February 2018

The link between total work performed above critical power (CP) and peripheral muscle fatigue during self-paced exercise is unknown. We investigated the influence of caffeine on the total work done above CP during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT) and the subsequent consequence on the development of central and peripheral fatigue. Nine cyclists performed three constant-load exercise trials to determine CP and two 4-km TTs ~75 min after oral caffeine (5 mg/kg) or cellulose (placebo) ingestion. Neuromuscular functions were assessed before and 50 min after supplementation and 1 min after TT. Oral supplementation alone had no effect on neuromuscular function ( P > 0.05). Compared with placebo, caffeine increased mean power output (~4%, P = 0.01) and muscle recruitment (as inferred by EMG, ~17%, P = 0.01) and reduced the time to complete the TT (~2%, P = 0.01). Work performed above CP during the caffeine trial (16.7 ± 2.1 kJ) was significantly higher than during the placebo (14.7 ± 2.1 kJ, P = 0.01). End-exercise decline in quadriceps twitch force (pre- to postexercise decrease in twitch force at 1 and 10 Hz) was more pronounced after caffeine compared with placebo (121 ± 13 and 137 ± 14 N vs. 146 ± 13 and 156 ± 11 N; P < 0.05). There was no effect of caffeine on central fatigue. In conclusion, caffeine increases muscle recruitment, which enables greater work performed above CP and higher end-exercise peripheral locomotor muscle fatigue. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The link between total work done above critical power and peripheral fatigue during a self-paced, high-intensity exercise is unclear. This study revealed that caffeine ingestion increases muscle recruitment, which enables greater work done above critical power and a greater degree of end-exercise decline in quadriceps twitch force during a 4-km cycling time trial. These findings suggest that caffeine increases performance at the expense of greater locomotor muscle fatigue.
Chronic, complete cervical6–7cord transection: distinct autonomic and cardiac deficits
Authors: Lujan Heidi L. , Tonson Anne , Wiseman Robert W. , DiCarlo Stephen E. 
Published: February 2018

Spinal cord injury (SCI) resulting in tetraplegia is a devastating, life-changing insult causing paralysis and sensory impairment as well as distinct autonomic dysfunction that triggers compromised cardiovascular, bowel, bladder, and sexual activity. Life becomes a battle for independence as even routine bodily functions and the smallest activity of daily living become major challenges. Accordingly, there is a critical need for a chronic preclinical model of tetraplegia. This report addresses this critical need by comparing, for the first time, resting-, reflex-, and stress-induced cardiovascular, autonomic, and hormonal responses each week for 4 wk in 12 sham-operated intact rats and 12 rats with chronic, complete C6–7spinal cord transection. Loss of supraspinal control to all sympathetic preganglionic neurons projecting to the heart and vasculature resulted in a profound bradycardia and hypotension, reduced cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tonus, reduced reflex- and stress-induced sympathetic responses, and reduced sympathetic support of blood pressure as well as enhanced reliance on angiotensin to maintain arterial blood pressure. Histological examination of the nucleus ambiguus and stellate ganglia supports the profound and distinct autonomic and cardiac deficits and reliance on angiotensin to maintain cardiovascular stability following chronic, complete cervical6–7cord transection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, resting-, reflex-, and stress-induced cardiovascular, autonomic, and hormonal responses were studied in rats with chronic, complete C6–7cord transection. Loss of supraspinal control of all sympathetic preganglionic neurons reduced cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tonus, reflex and stress-induced sympathetic responses, and sympathetic support of blood pressure as well as enhanced reliance on angiotensin to maintain arterial blood pressure. Histological examination supports the distinct deficits associated with cervical cord injury.
Pharmacological and Structural Characterizations of Naquotinib, a Novel Third-Generation EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, in EGFR-Mutated Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Hirano Toshiyuki , Yasuda Hiroyuki , Hamamoto Junko , Nukaga Shigenari , Masuzawa Keita , Kawada Ichiro , Naoki Katsuhiko , Niimi Tatsuya , Mimasu Shinya , Sakagami Hideki , Soejima Kenzo , Betsuyaku Tomoko 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Multiple epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) have been developed to effectively inhibit EGFR-derived signals in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we assessed the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs, including a novel third-generation inhibitor naquotinib (ASP8273), in clinically relevant EGFR mutations, including L858R, exon 19 deletion, L858R+T790M, exon 19 deletion+T790M with or without a C797S mutation, and several exon 20 insertion mutations. Using structural analyses, we also elucidated the mechanism of activation and sensitivity/resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. The efficacy of naquotinib in cells with L858R, exon 19 deletion and exon 19 deletion+T790M was comparable with that of osimertinib. Interestingly, naquotinib was more potent than osimertinib for L858R+T790M. Additionally, naquotinib and osimertinib had comparable efficacy and a wide therapeutic window for cells with EGFR exon 20 insertions. Structural modeling partly elucidated the mechanism of activation and sensitivity/resistance to EGFR-TKIs in two EGFR exon 20 insertion mutants, A767_V769dupASV and Y764_V765insHH. In summary, we have characterized the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs for NSCLC using in vitro and structural analyses and suggested the mechanism of activation and resistance to EGFR-TKIs of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. Our findings should guide the selection of appropriate EGFR-TKIs for the treatment of NSCLC with EGFR mutations and help clarify the biology of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(4); 740–50. ©2018 AACR.
Platelets Drive Thrombus Propagation in a Hematocrit and Glycoprotein VI–Dependent Manner in an In Vitro Venous Thrombosis Model
Authors: Lehmann Marcus , Schoeman Rogier M. , Krohl Patrick J. , Wallbank Alison M. , Samaniuk Joseph R. , Jandrot-Perrus Martine , Neeves Keith B. 
Published: February 2018

Objective—
The objective of this study was to measure the role of platelets and red blood cells on thrombus propagation in an in vitro model of venous valvular stasis.

Approach and Results—
A microfluidic model with dimensional similarity to human venous valves consists of a sinus distal to a sudden expansion, where for sufficiently high Reynolds numbers, 2 countercurrent vortices arise because of flow separation. The primary vortex is defined by the points of flow separation and reattachment. A secondary vortex forms in the deepest recess of the valve pocket characterized by low shear rates. An initial fibrin gel formed within the secondary vortex of a tissue factor–coated valve sinus. Platelets accumulated at the interface of the fibrin gel and the primary vortex. Red blood cells at physiological hematocrits were necessary to provide an adequate flux of platelets to support thrombus growth out of the valve sinus. A subpopulation of platelets that adhered to fibrin expose phosphatidylserine. Platelet-dependent thrombus growth was attenuated by inhibition of glycoprotein VI with a blocking Fab fragment or D-dimer.

Conclusions—
A 3-step process regulated by hemodynamics was necessary for robust thrombus propagation: First, immobilized tissue factor initiates coagulation and fibrin deposition within a low flow niche defined by a secondary vortex in the pocket of a model venous valve. Second, a primary vortex delivers platelets to the fibrin interface in a red blood cell–dependent manner. Third, platelets adhere to fibrin, activate through glycoprotein VI, express phosphatidylserine, and subsequently promote thrombus growth beyond the valve sinus and into the bulk flow.
Animal Welfare and Animal Rights
Authors: Dolby Nadine , Litster Annette 
Published: February 2018

AbstractVeterinarians routinely position themselves as the professionals who are most knowledgeable about non-human animals, and the public turns to them for guidance in matters of animal health and welfare. However, as research indicates, there is a considerable gap between what the public thinks veterinarians know and the actual veterinary curriculum. This study investigates the perspectives of veterinary students towards issues of animal welfare and animal rights, based on the results of a 2012 survey. Results indicate that veterinary students have limited and narrow understandings of both concepts, and that their knowledge is shaped by their professional socialization in veterinary education. Despite the enormous ethical complexity and diversity of philosophical perspectives that are inherent to both animal welfare and animal rights positions, veterinary students typically are not adequately prepared for a career that is located at the very center of these debates.
Divine Action and the Meaning of Eternity
Authors: Duby Steven J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
In theological and philosophical analysis of divine eternity today there are debates about whether the notion of a ‘timeless’ or ‘atemporal’ God coheres with a Christian understanding of creation and divine action in time. In this article I seek to illumine the coherence of God’s transcendence of time and his presence and action in time by analyzing the concept of motion and the role it might play in an account of divine action and divine eternity. This will involve considering the reflections of some major authors of the Christian tradition on divine eternity and divine action and then exploring how those reflections are rooted in scriptural teaching on God and his relationship to the world. After describing how a right understanding of divine action bears on our understanding of God’s eternity, I will then suggest some specific ways in which this approach can shed light on the nature of God’s action in creation and providence.
Mountain-Wave Turbulence in the Presence of Directional Wind Shear over the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Guarino Maria-Vittoria , Teixeira Miguel A. C. , Keller Teddie L. , Sharman Robert D. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Mountain-wave turbulence in the presence of directional wind shear over the Rocky Mountains in Colorado is investigated. Pilot reports (PIREPs) are used to select cases in which moderate or severe turbulence encounters were reported in combination with significant directional wind shear in the upstream sounding from Grand Junction, Colorado (GJT). For a selected case, semi-idealized numerical simulations are carried out using the WRF-ARW atmospheric model, initialized with the GJT atmospheric sounding and a realistic but truncated orography profile. To isolate the role of directional wind shear in causing wave breaking, sensitivity tests are performed to exclude the variation of the atmospheric stability with height, the speed shear, and the mountain amplitude as dominant wave breaking mechanisms. Significant downwind transport of instabilities is detected in horizontal flow cross sections, resulting in mountain-wave-induced turbulence occurring at large horizontal distances from the first wave breaking point (and from the orography that generates the waves). The existence of an asymptotic wake, as predicted by Shutts for directional shear flows, is hypothesized to be responsible for this downwind transport. Critical levels induced by directional wind shear are further studied by taking 2D power spectra of the magnitude of the horizontal velocity perturbation field. In these spectra, a rotation of the most energetic wave modes with the background wind, as well as perpendicularity between the background wind vector and the wavenumber vector of those modes at critical levels, can be found, which is consistent with the mechanism expected to lead to wave breaking in directional shear flows.
Assessing the Impact of Indian Irrigation on Precipitation in the Irrigation-Enabled Community Earth System Model
Authors: Fowler Megan D. , Pritchard Michael S. , Kooperman Gabriel J. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Global climate models are beginning to include explicit treatments of irrigation to investigate the coupling between human water use and the natural hydrologic cycle. However, differences in the formulation of irrigation schemes have produced inconsistent results, and thus the impact of irrigation on the climate system remains uncertain. To better understand the influence of irrigation on precipitation, the authors analyze simulations from the irrigation-enabled Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4), where irrigation is applied only over a region centered on India. The addition of irrigation to the land surface has the anticipated consequence of increasing evapotranspiration locally, despite issues revealed in CLM4 of unrealistically high partitioning of irrigation water to surface runoff and unrealistically fast water drainage through the soil column. These limitations highlight a need to observationally constrain and simultaneously optimize irrigation, runoff, drainage, and evapotranspiration. Nonlocal precipitation changes as a result of Indian irrigation during the premonsoon season are examined through a hindcast framework that reveals robust hydrologic teleconnections to parts of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Japan on short lead times, but with strong dependence on initial synoptic conditions. On longer time scales, many of these teleconnections to Indian irrigation are easily shrouded by internal variability, but a potential geographic action center remains over the meiyu-baiu rainband indicative of a nonlocal bridge mechanism. Many of the sensitivities identified here are distinct from other global models, emphasizing the need for carefully designed irrigation-intercomparison studies.
Reply to “Comments on ‘Langmuir Turbulence and Surface Heating in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer’”
Authors: Pearson Brodie C. , Grant Alan L. M. , Polton Jeff A. , Belcher Stephen E. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe differences between the conclusions of Noh and Choi and of Pearson et al., which are largely a result of defining different length scales based on different quantities, are discussed. This study shows that the layer over which Langmuir turbulence mixes (nominally hTKE) under a stabilizing surface buoyancy flux should be scaled by a combination of the Langmuir stability length LL and initial/nocturnal boundary layer depth h0 rather than by the Zilitinkevich length.
Mitigating VHF Lightning Source Retrieval Errors
Authors: Koshak William J. , Mach Douglas M. , Bitzer Phillip M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe problem of inferring the location and time of occurrence of a very high frequency (VHF) lightning source emission from Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) network time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements is closely examined in order to clarify the cause of retrieval errors and to determine how best to mitigate these errors. With regard to this inverse problem, the previous literature lacks a comprehensive discussion of the associated forward problem. Hence, the forward problem is analyzed in this study to better clarify why retrieval errors increase with increasing source horizontal range and/or decreasing source altitude. Further insight is obtained by performing carefully designed Monte Carlo inversion simulations that provide specific retrieval error plots, which in turn lead to clear recommendations for mitigating retrieval errors. Based on all of the numerical results, the following strategies are recommended for mitigating retrieval errors (when possible, and without obstructing the line of sight): expand the horizontal extent of the LMA network, maximize the vertical sensor baseline by using mountainous terrain if available, and improve TOA measurement timing accuracy. Adding sensors to the network is relatively ineffective, unless of course the addition of sensors expands the horizontal extent and/or vertical baseline of the network. It is also shown how the standard retrieval method can be generalized by considering, in addition to the regular (unpolarized) point VHF source, the polarized transient very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) electric point dipole source. Multiple observations (i.e., VHF arrival time and power, and VLF/LF arrival time and electric field amplitude) are simultaneously implemented into the new generalized mathematical framework, and the potential benefits are indicated.
The impact of perceived discrimination on personality among Chinese migrant children: The moderating role of parental support
Authors: Xiang Xiaoping , Wong Daniel Fu Keung , Hou Ke 
Published: February 2018

Background: Previous research has indicated that perceived discrimination has harmful effects on migrant children’s physical, mental and behavioral health. However, little is known as to whether these harmful effects cumulate to impact on migrant children’s personalities. Aims: This study examines the effect of perceived discrimination on personality, as well as the moderating role of parental support in the discrimination–personality linkage. Methods: A purposeful convenience sample of 215 migrant children in Beijing, China, completed a standardized questionnaire. Results: Migrant children experienced a moderate level of perceived discrimination, with Form 8 students experiencing greater discrimination than lower grades and those with lower family incomes also experiencing greater discrimination than those with higher family incomes. Perceived discrimination significantly predicted neuroticism; parental support significantly predicted extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, but the moderating effect of parental support was only marginally significant for the relation between discrimination and conscientiousness. Conclusion: This study underlines the need for researchers and policy makers to pay more attention to the impact of perceived discrimination on migrant children’s personality development.
Reality of obesity paradox: Results of percutaneous coronary intervention in Middle Eastern patients
Authors: Jarrah Mohamad , Hammoudeh Ayman J. , Khader Yousef , Tabbalat Ramzi , Al-Mousa Eyas , Okkeh Osama , Alhaddad Imad A. , Tawalbeh Loai Issa , Hweidi Issa M. 
Published: February 2018

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the baseline clinical characteristics, coronary angiographic features, and adverse cardiovascular events during hospitalization and at 1 year of follow-up in obese patients compared with overweight and normal/underweight patients. Methods A prospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention was performed. Results Of 2425 enrolled patients, 699 (28.8%) were obese, 1178 (48.6%) were overweight, and 548 (22.6%) were normal/underweight. Obese patients were more likely to be female and to have a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or previous percutaneous coronary intervention. Acute coronary syndrome was the indication for percutaneous coronary intervention in 77.0% of obese, 76.4% of overweight, and 77.4% of normal/underweight patients. No significant differences in the prevalence of multi-vessel coronary artery disease or multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention were found among the three groups. Additionally, no significant differences were found in stent thrombosis, readmission bleeding rates, or cardiac mortality among the three groups during hospitalization, at 1 month, and at 1 year. Conclusion The major adverse cardiovascular event rate was the same among the three groups throughout the study period. Accordingly, body mass index is considered a weak risk factor for cardiovascular comorbidities in Arab Jordanian patients.