bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid declines across Australian fishery stocks indicate global sustainability targets will not be achieved without an expanded network of ‘no‐fishing’ reserves
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Ward Trevor J. , Stuart‐Smith Rick D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

A continuing debate between environmental scientists and fisheries biologists on the sustainability of fisheries management practices, and the extent of fishing impacts on marine ecosystems, is unlikely to be resolved without fishery‐independent data spanning large geographic and temporal scales. Here, we compare continental‐ and decadal‐scale trends in fisheries catches with underwater reef monitoring data for 533 sites around Australia, and find matching evidence of rapid fish‐stock declines.
Regardless of a high global ranking for fisheries sustainability, catches from Australian wild fisheries decreased by 31% over the past decade. The biomass of large fishes observed on underwater transects decreased significantly over the same period on fished reefs (36% decline) and in marine park zones that allow limited fishing (18% decline), but with a negligible overall change in no‐fishing marine reserves. Populations of exploited fishes generally rose within marine reserves and declined outside the reserves, whereas unexploited species showed little difference in population trends within or outside reserves.
Although changing climate and more precautionary fisheries management contribute to declining fish catches, fisheries‐independent transect data suggest that excessive fishing also plays a major role.
The large number of fishery stocks that remain unmanaged or have poor data, coupled with continuing declines in the stock biomass of managed fish species, indicate that Aichi Target 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (i.e. ‘by 2020, all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably’) will not be achieved in Australia, or elsewhere.
In order to maintain some naturally functioning food webs supported by large predators and associated ecosystem services in this era of changing climate, a greatly expanded network of effective, fully protected marine protected areas is needed that encompasses global marine biodiversity. The present globally unbalanced situation, with >98% of seas open to some form of fishing, deserves immediate multinational attention.
Synthesis of Oxazolidin‐2‐ones from Unsaturated Amines with CO2 by Using Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Ye Jian‐Heng , Wu Dong‐Shan , Zhou Yu‐Qin , Yu Da‐Gang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2), a well‐known greenhouse gas, is also a nontoxic, readily accessible, and renewable one‐carbon (C1) source. However, owing to its thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness, the efficient utilization of CO2 is challenging. Much effort has been devoted to achieving efficient and selective organic transformations of CO2. Recently, the synthesis of important oxazolidin‐2‐ones from unsaturated amines by using CO2 has attracted much attention and been heavily studied. This Focus Review presents recent advances in this area by using homogenous catalysis. The cyclization of amines that contain alkynes, alkenes, and allenes with CO2 is discussed, and possible reaction mechanisms and applications of these transformations are also described.
Unravelling the Specificity of Laminaribiose Phosphorylase from Paenibacillus sp. YM‐1 towards Donor Substrates Glucose/Mannose 1‐Phosphate by Using X‐ray Crystallography and Saturation Transfer Difference NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kuhaudomlarp Sakonwan , Walpole Samuel , Stevenson Clare E. M. , Nepogodiev Sergey A. , Lawson David M. , Angulo Jesus , Field Robert A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGlycoside phosphorylases (GPs) carry out a reversible phosphorolysis of carbohydrates into oligosaccharide acceptors and the corresponding sugar 1‐phosphates. The reversibility of the reaction enables the use of GPs as biocatalysts for carbohydrate synthesis. Glycosyl hydrolase family 94 (GH94), which only comprises GPs, is one of the most studied GP families that have been used as biocatalysts for carbohydrate synthesis, in academic research and in industrial production. Understanding the mechanism of GH94 enzymes is a crucial step towards enzyme engineering to improve and expand the applications of these enzymes in synthesis. In this work with a GH94 laminaribiose phosphorylase from Paenibacillus sp. YM‐1 (PsLBP), we have demonstrated an enzymatic synthesis of disaccharide 1 (β‐d‐mannopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐d‐glucopyranose) by using a natural acceptor glucose and noncognate donor substrate α‐mannose 1‐phosphate (Man1P). To investigate how the enzyme recognises different sugar 1‐phosphates, the X‐ray crystal structures of PsLBP in complex with Glc1P and Man1P have been solved, providing the first molecular detail of the recognition of a noncognate donor substrate by GPs, which revealed the importance of hydrogen bonding between the active site residues and hydroxy groups at C2, C4, and C6 of sugar 1‐phosphates. Furthermore, we used saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy to support crystallographic studies on the sugar 1‐phosphates, as well as to provide further insights into the PsLBP recognition of the acceptors and disaccharide products.
Bio‐industrial Waste Silk Fibroin Protein and Carbon Nanotube‐Induced Carbonized Growth of One‐Dimensional ZnO‐based Bio‐nanosheets and their Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Saravanan Adhimoorthy , Huang Bohr‐Ran , Kathiravan Deepa 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh performance UV/Visible photodetectors are successfully fabricated from ZnO/fibroin protein‐carbon nanotube (ZFPCNT) composites using a simple hydrothermal method. The as‐fabricated ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) and ZFPCNT nanostructures were measured under different light illuminations. The measurements showed the UV‐light photoresponse of the as‐fabricated ZFPCNT nanostructures (55,555) to be approximately 26454 % higher than that of the as‐prepared ZnO NRs (210). This photodetector can sense photons with energies considerably smaller (2.75 eV) than the band gap of ZnO (3.22 eV). It was observed that the finest distribution of fibroin and CNT into 1D ZnO resulted in rapid electron transportation and hole recombination via carbon/nitrogen dopants from the ZFPCNT. Carbon dopants create new energy levels on the conduction band of the ZFPCNT, which reduces the barrier height to allow for charge carrier transportation under light illumination. Moreover, the nitrogen dopants increase the adsorptivity and amount of oxygen vacancies in the ZFPCNT so that it exhibits fast response/recovery times both in the dark and under light illumination. The selectivity of UV light among the other types of illumination can be ascribed to the deep‐level energy traps (ET) of the ZFPCNT. These significant features of ZFPCNT lead to the excellent optical properties and creation of new pathways for the production of low‐cost semiconductors and bio‐waste protein based UV/Visible photodetectors.
Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Gated, Carbon‐Coated Fe3O4 Nanocapsules (BPQDs@ss‐Fe3O4@C) with Low Premature Release Could Enable Imaging‐Guided Cancer Combination Therapy
Authors: Zhang Ming , Wang Wentao , Wu Fan , Graveran Kathleen , Zhang Jun , Wu Changzhu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCombination therapies for tumors based on different therapeutic approaches should try to improve treatment efficacy, but also to reduce side‐effects related to the exogenous stimulus and premature release. In the following study, we established and validated a pH/near‐infrared (NIR)/glutathione (GSH)/‐responsive multifunctional disulfide cross‐linked Fe3O4@C nanocarriers (ss‐Fe3O4@C NCs) with black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) as a capping agent. BPQDs and carbon shell of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) were used as a photothermal agents, while the inner empty nucleus that allows for a high drug payload served as an effective drug carrier. These magnetofluorescent BPQDs@DOX@ss‐Fe3O4@C NPs were conjugated with a targeting aptamer (epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR), denoted as BPQDs@DOX@ss‐Fe3O4@C‐EGFR NPs, for targeting dual modal magnetic resonance (MR)/fluorescence imaging. The synthetic NCs showed that drug release was dependent on pH, near‐infrared (NIR), and intracellular GSH levels, with minimum systemic release in the blood and maximum drug release within the tumors. Also, the photothermal effect resulting from the Fe3O4@C NPs and BPQDs upon application to NIR light caused a rapid rise in local temperature, which accounted for the highest enhancement of cell cytotoxicity. Thus, a theranostic system consisting of BPQDs@DOX@ss‐Fe3O4@C‐EGFR NPs is shown to generate excellent advantages in combined chemotherapy/photothermal therapy (PTT) with minimal side effects.
Comparing the Halogen Bond to the Hydrogen Bond by Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy: Anion Coordinated Dimers from 2‐ and 3‐Iodoethynylpyridine Salts
Authors: Szell Patrick M. J. , Cavallo Gabriella , Terraneo Giancarlo , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Gabidullin Bulat , Bryce David L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHalogen bonding is an increasingly important tool in crystal engineering, and measuring its influence on the local chemical and electronic environment is necessary to fully understand this interaction. Here, we present a systematic crystallographic and solid‐state NMR study of self‐complementary halogen‐bonded frameworks built from the halide salts (HCl, HBr, HI, HI3) of 2‐iodoethynylpyridine and 3‐iodoethynylpyridine. A series of single crystal X‐ray structures reveals the formation of discrete charged dimers in the solid state, directed by simultaneous X−⋅⋅⋅H−N+ hydrogen bonds and C−I⋅⋅⋅X− halogen bonds (X=Cl, Br, I). Each compound was studied using multinuclear solid‐state magnetic resonance spectroscopy, observing 1H to investigate the hydrogen bonds and 13C, 35Cl, and 79/81Br to investigate the halogen bonds. A natural localized molecular orbital analysis was employed to help interpret the experimental results. 1H SSNMR spectroscopy reveals a decrease in the chemical shift of the proton participating in the hydrogen bond as the halogen increases in size, whereas the 13C SSNMR reveals an increased 13C chemical shift of the C−I carbon for C−I⋅⋅⋅X− relative to C−I⋅⋅⋅N halogen bonds. Additionally, 35Cl and 79/81Br SSNMR, along with computational results, have allowed us to compare the C−I⋅⋅⋅X− halogen bond involving each halide in terms of NMR observables. Due to the isostructural nature of these compounds, they are ideal cases for experimentally assessing the impact of different halogen bond acceptors on the solid‐state NMR response.
Unraveling the Mechanism of 1,3‐Diyne Cross‐Metathesis Catalyzed by Silanolate‐Supported Tungsten Alkylidyne Complexes
Authors: Schnabel Tobias M. , Melcher Daniel , Brandhorst Kai , Bockfeld Dirk , Tamm Matthias 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Matthias Tamm at the Technische Universität Braunschweig. The image depicts an ambitious karateka opting to break the carbon–carbon triple bond rather than the single bond. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201801651.
Functionalization of nanostructured gold substrates with chiral chromophores for SERS applications: The case of 5‐Aza[5]helicene
Authors: Zanchi Chiara , Lucotti Andrea , Cancogni Damiano , Fontana Francesca , Trusso Sebastiano , Ossi Paolo M. , Tommasini Matteo 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNanostructured gold thin films can be fabricated by controlled pulsed laser deposition to get efficient sensors, with uniform morphology and optimized plasmon resonance, to be employed as plasmonic substrates in surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. By attaching 5‐aza[5]helicen‐6‐yl‐6‐hexanethiol to such gold nanostructures, used in a previous work for label‐free drug sensing with biomedical purposes, we successfully prepared functionalized substrates with remarkable surface enhanced Raman scattering activity. The long‐term motivation is to develop probes for drug detection at low concentrations, where sensitivity to specific chiral targets is required.
Cellulose type chiral stationary phase based on reduced graphene oxide@silica gel for the enantiomer separation of chiral compounds
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Li Qiang , Zhu Nan , Gao Zhuxian , Ma Yulong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe graphene oxide (GO) was covalently coupled to the surfaces of silica gel (SiO2) microspheres by amide bond to get the graphene oxide@silica gel (GO@SiO2). Then, the GO@SiO2 was reduced with hydrazine to the reduced graphene oxide@silica gel (rGO@SiO2), and the cellulose derivatives were physically coated on the surfaces of rGO@SiO2 to prepare a chiral stationary phase (CSP) for high performance liquid chromatography. Under the optimum experimental conditions, eight benzene‐enriched enantiomers were separated completely, and the resolution of trans‐stilbene oxide perfectly reached 4.83. Compared with the blank column of non‐bonded rGO, the separation performance is better on the new CSP, which is due to the existence of rGO to produce special retention interaction with analytes, such as π‐π stacking, hydrophobic effect, π‐π electron‐donor–acceptor interaction, and hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the obtained CSP shows special selectivity for benzene‐enriched enantiomers, improves separation selectivity and efficiency, and rGO plays a synergistic effect with cellulose derivatives on enantioseparation.
A flow analysis and preemption framework for periodic traffic in an SDN network
Authors: Bull Peter , Murphy Stephen , Bruno Junior Nelson , Austin Ron , Sharma Mak 
Published: June 2018

SummarySoftware Defined Networking (SDN) utilises the concept of centralised command and control to significantly improve network manageability. However, this is at the expense of performance, with the controller(s) now being a bottleneck. This paper further develops the authors' concept of using a Preemptive Flow Installation Mechanism (PFIM) to improve SDN performance for periodic traffic by limiting the number of controller look‐ups through predicting when a flow is likely to need a particular rule. Unlike previous work in this area, the paper uses real SDN hardware and a series of experiments containing varying amounts of temporally predictable and random flows, along with a modified version of the POX controller. The work goes on to discuss issues found pairing the controller with hardware, before presenting results that demonstrate that the system can detect majority of temporally periodic flows and preemptively install a flow rule, facilitating the performance comparable to layer two switching speeds. The paper also suggests that the performance of the modified controller is approximately equivalent to the unmodified version when dealing with non‐periodic traffic.
Study on wear mechanism of gear pump end plate of combined harvester based on CFD fluid analysis
Authors: Gao Liqiang , Hu Xiong , Liu Wei , Sun Dejian 
Published: June 2018

SummaryAiming at the floating end plate wear of the high pressure gear pump of combine harvester, the key factors that lead to overturning moment of the end plate and the dynamic equilibrium mechanism of the end plate were studied emphatically. The internal flow field of gear pump with a model of gear pump of a certain type combine harvester was analyzed using CFD software, and according to the characteristics of the end plate structure, the differential equation about the compression force and the anti – thrust was established, and the overturning moment change rules of the end plate in the meshing period of 1 wheel tooth can be obtained. Meanwhile, the experimental system was established to verify the theoretical analysis results. The experimental data show that the error of the overturning moment test and the theoretical value is 4.18% under rated condition and when the gear angle φ = 14°, the overturning moment reaches the maximum value Ms = 82.16 N·m. The research provides theoretical basis and technical support for the structural optimization design to reduce the wear of end plates.
Hierarchically Structured FeNiOxHy Electrocatalyst Formed by In Situ Transformation of Metal Phosphate for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Xiujuan , Zhao Yimeng , Xing Tongyu , Zhang Peili , Li Fusheng , Lee Husileng , Li Fei , Sun Licheng 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Prof. Licheng Sun at the Dalian University of Technology. The image shows the evolution of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas in an electrocatalytic system with water as the hydrogen and oxygen source. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201800407.
Litter chemistry influences decomposition through activity of specific microbial functional guilds
Authors: Bhatnagar Jennifer M. , Peay Kabir G. , Treseder Kathleen K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractNiche differentiation among species is a key mechanism by which biodiversity may be linked to ecosystem function. We tested a set of widely invoked hypotheses about the extent of niche differentiation in one of the most diverse communities on Earth, decomposer microorganisms, by measuring their response to changes in three abundant litter resources: lignin, cellulose, and nitrogen (N). To do this, we used the model system Arabidopsis thaliana to manipulate lignin, cellulose, and N availability and then used high‐throughput sequencing to measure the response of microbial communities during decay. Resequencing the decomposer communities after incubation of decomposed litter with pure substrates showed that groups of species had unique substrate use profiles, such that species organized into functional “guilds” of decomposers that were associated with individual litter chemicals. Low concentrations of lignin, cellulose, or N in the litter caused unique shifts in decomposer community composition after 1 yr of decay. Low cellulose plants had low levels of fungi in all decomposer guilds, low lignin plants had high levels of fungi in all decomposer guilds, and low N plants had low levels of fungi in decomposer guilds associated with sucrose and lignin. The relative abundance of decomposer guilds correlated with the total loss of individual litter chemicals during litter decay in the field. In addition, N fertilization shifted decomposer communities during both the early and later stages of decay to those dominated by decomposers in the cellulose guild. Our results contrast the assumption that major carbon (C) and N degradation mechanisms are uniform across whole decomposer communities and instead suggest that decomposition arises from complementarity among groups of metabolically distinct taxa.
Integrating larval connectivity with local demography reveals regional dynamics of a marine metapopulation
Authors: Johnson Darren W. , Christie Mark R. , Pusack Timothy J. , Stallings Christopher D. , Hixon Mark A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMany ocean species exist within what are called marine metapopulations: networks of otherwise isolated local populations connected by the exchange of larval offspring. In order to manage these species as effectively as possible (e.g., by designing and implementing effective networks of marine protected areas), we must know how many offspring are produced within each local population (i.e., local demography), and where those offspring disperse (i.e., larval connectivity). Although there is much interest in estimating connectivity in the relatively simple sense of identifying the locations of spawning parents and their settling offspring, true measures of demographic connectivity that account for among‐site variation in offspring production have been lacking. We combined detailed studies of local reproductive output and larval dispersal of a coral reef fish to quantify demographic connectivity within a regional metapopulation that included four widely spaced islands in the Bahamas. We present a new method for estimating demographic connectivity when the levels of dispersal among populations are inferred by the collection of genetically “tagged” offspring. We estimated that 13.3% of recruits returned to natal islands, on average (95% CI = 1.1–50.3%), that local retention was high on one of the islands (41%, 95% CI = 6.0–97.0%), and that larval connectivity was appreciable, even between islands 129 km apart (mean = 1.6%, 95% CI = 0.20–8.8%). Our results emphasize the importance of properly integrating measurements of production with measurements of connectivity. Had we not accounted for among‐site variation in offspring production, our estimates of connectivity would have been inaccurate by a factor as much as 6.5. At a generational timescale, lifetime offspring production varied substantially (a fivefold difference among islands) and the importance of each island to long‐term metapopulation growth was dictated by both larval production and connectivity. At the scale of our study (local populations inhabiting 5‐ha reefs), the regional metapopulation could not grow without external input. However, an exploratory analysis simulating a network of four marine protected areas suggested that reserves of >65 ha each would ensure persistence of this network. Thus, integrating studies of larval connectivity and local demography hold promise for both managing and conserving marine metapopulations effectively.
Patient‐shared TCRβ‐CDR3 clonotypes correlate with favorable prognosis in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Jiang Qiong , Zhao Tingting , Zheng Wenhong , Zhou Jijun , Wang Haoliang , Dong Hui , Chen Yongwen , Tang Xiaoqin , Liu Cong , Ye Lilin , Mao Qing , Wang Chunlin , Han Jian , Shang Xiaoyun , Wu Yuzhang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe presence of shared T‐cell clonotypes was found in several different diseases, but its relationship with the progression of disease remains unclear. By sequencing the complementary determining region 3 of T‐cell receptor (TCR) β chains from the purified antigen‐experienced CD8+ T cells, we characterized the T‐cell repertoire in a prospective cohort study among 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, as well as a healthy control and a validation cohort. We found that most T‐cell clones from patients harbored the “patient‐specific” TCR sequences. However, “patient‐shared” TCR clonotypes were also widely found, which correlated with the favorable turnover of disease. Interestingly, the frequency of the “patient‐shared” clonotypes can serve as a biomarker for favorable prognosis. Based on the clonotypes in those patients with favorable outcomes, we created a database including several clusters of protective anti‐HBV CD8+ T‐cell clonotypes that might be a reasonable target for therapeutic vaccine development or adoptive cell transfer therapy. These findings were validated in an additional independent cohort of patients. These results suggest that the “patient‐shared” TCR clonotypes may serve as a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and possibly other chronic viral diseases.
Optimization of PEM Fuel Cell Operation with High‐purity Hydrogen Produced by a Membrane Reactor
Authors: Foresti S. , Manzolini G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn innovative micro‐cogeneration system (m‐CHP) based on membrane reformer and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is developed within the FluidCELL project. The purity of the hydrogen separated by the membrane reformer can decrease over time, due to membrane/sealing degradation, therefore a methanator is adopted to prevent CO poisoning of the fuel cell. This paper investigates the optimal control strategies of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell at different hydrogen purities by using a detailed 1D model, including the CO poisoning on the anode Pt‐Ru catalyst, and calibrated against experimental data. Simulation results show that the system is able to work also with low‐purity hydrogen thanks to the effectiveness of the methanator, the resistance to CO poisoning of the Pt‐Ru anode catalyst, the small voltage drop due to inert gases accumulation in the anode recirculation loop: at 0.3 A cm−2 as current density, the stack efficiency is always above 60% even when the membranes selectivity drops to 5 102.