bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults
Authors: AALTO-SETÄLÄ T. , MARTTUNEN M. , TUULIO-HENRIKSSON A. , POIKOLAINEN K. , LÖNNQVIST J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We aimed to provide prevalence data on depression and other current mental disorders, impairment, need of psychiatric care and use of mental health services among young adults.Methods. Based on a semi-structured clinical interview, current DSM-IV disorders, impairment, need of psychiatric care and use of mental health services were evaluated in a sample of 20–24-year-old young urban adults (N = 245), mean age 21·8, screened from a baseline population of 706. One-month prevalence estimates for disorders were calculated by the double sampling method, using various additional criteria to identify cases.Results. One in four young adults (23·8%) suffered from a current mental disorder, the most prevalent being depressive (10·8%), anxiety (6·9%), substance use (6·2%) and personality disorders (6·0%). Prevalence estimates varied substantially according to the use of additional diagnostic criteria. Impairment (GAF < 61) together with DSM-IV symptom criteria produced an overall disorder prevalence of 10·3%, and 5·5% for depression. Prevalences were higher for females than males, except for alcohol abuse and personality disorders. Current co-morbidity was found in 39% of subjects with any disorder, and in more than half of those with depression. One-third of subjects with a current disorder reported an associated contact with psychiatric services and 16% had an ongoing contact.Conclusions. Our findings support the use of additional criteria to produce clinically relevant prevalence data. Co-morbidity should receive special attention due to its amplification of both need for psychiatric care and severity of impairment. Finally, our results show disturbed young adults to be severely undertreated.
Prediction of outcome in neurotic disorder: a 5-year prospective study
Authors: SEIVEWRIGHT H. , TYRER P. , JOHNSON T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There have been no previous studies of the
outcome
of different neurotic disorders in
which a prospective group with original randomization to treatment have
been followed up over a
long period. Such studies are important in identifying the factors associated
with good and poor
outcome.Methods. A 5-year follow-up assessment was made of a cohort

of 210 psychiatric out-patients seen
in general practice psychiatric clinics with a DSM-III diagnosis of
generalized anxiety disorder (71),
panic disorder (74) or dysthymic disorder (65) and randomized to drug treatment,
cognitive and
behaviour therapy, and self-help. A total of 182 of the patients (87%)

were assessed after 5 years
by examination of hospital and GP records using a standardized procedure
and outcome
determined with a four-point outcome scale.Results. One hundred and seven (60%) of the patients had a

favourable outcome but the remainder
continued to be handicapped either intermittently or continuously throughout
the 5-year period.
Analysis of the value of initial data in predicting outcome using
polychotomous step-wise logistic
regression revealed that five variables were significant predictors of
poor prognosis: older age;
recurrent episodes; the presence of personality disorder at entry; general
neurotic syndrome at
entry; and symptom severity after 10 weeks. The initial DSM diagnosis and
original treatment
given, together with ten other variables, were of no predictive value.Conclusions. The long-term outcome of neurotic disorder is
better
predicted by age, personality and
recency of onset than by other clinical variables with the
exception of initial response to treatment.
Intimacy as a determinant of expressed emotion in
carers of people with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: FEARON M. , DONALDSON C. , BURNS A. , TARRIER N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although high expressed emotion (EE) has been

found to be an important predictor
of poor prognosis in a wide range of conditions such as schizophrenia,

anorexia and depression no
complete explanation exists for individual differences in EE responses

The aim of this paper is to
investigate the role of intimacy in determining the level of EE in
carers of people with dementia.Methods. Ninety-nine carers of people with dementia who presented

to Old Age Psychiatry Services
in South and Central Manchester completed questionnaires to ascertain
past and current levels of
intimacy. Camberwell Family Interviews (CFIs) were carried out to ascertain
levels of EE.Results. Current intimacy was found to be strongly related

to EE such that low current intimacy was
associated with high EE and there was a significant difference between

high and low intimacy groups
on measures of criticism and hostility, though not warmth.Conclusions. The association found between intimacy and EE

indicates that high EE may be a
characteristic of low intimacy relationships between the carer and
the cared-for-person. Since the
assessment of EE is time intensive, perhaps a measure of intimacy
will provide a short-hand screen
for identifying critical and hostile caring environments.
Searching the schizophrenic brain for temporal lobe deficits:
a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: ZAKZANIS K. K. , POULIN P. , HANSEN K. T. , JOLIC D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Several empirical studies have found temporal lobe impairments in many patients
with schizophrenia. The strength and consistency of this evidence, however, has not been evaluated
and synthesized quantitatively. Hence, we ask to what extent are temporal cortices really defective
in schizophrenia?Methods. Meta-analytical methods were used to determine the magnitude of evidence in support of
structural and physiological temporal–hippocampal system deficits in schizophrenia. We report
effect sizes from studies since 1980 that used structural (CT, MRI) and functional (SPECT, PET)
neuroimaging methods.Results. Both structural and functional imaging literatures are distinguished by heterogeneity
whereby most patients show normative temporal function and structure, a minority shows
diminished values and some patients demonstrate augmented function and structure rather than a
deficit.Conclusions. The findings are hard to incorporate within single disease models that propose major
involvement of the temporal system in schizophrenia, at least at the degree of resolution obtained
with current imaging technology.
THE DIVERGENCE OF ENGLAND: THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH ECONOMY IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
Authors: Wrigley E.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTHAT something remarkable was happening in England in the quarter millennium separating the late sixteenth century from the early nineteenth is plain. In Elizabeth I's reign the Spanish Armada was perceived as a grave threat: the English ships were scarcely a match for the Spanish, and the weather played a major part in the deliverance of the nation. By the later eighteenth century the Royal Navy was unchallenged by the naval forces of any other single country, and during the generation of war which followed the French revolution, it proved capable of controlling the seas in the face of the combined naval forces mustered by Napoleon in an attempt to break the British oceanic stranglehold. Growing naval dominance was a symbol of a far more pervasive phenomenon. In the later sixteenth century England was not a leading European power and could exercise little influence over events at a distance from its shores. The Napoleonic wars showed that, even when faced by a coalition of countries occupying the bulk of Europe west of Russia and led by one of the greatest of military commanders, Britain possessed the depth of resources to weather a very long war, enabling her to outlast her challenger and secure a victory. The combination of a large and assertive Navy and dominant financial and commercial strength meant that, in the early decades of the nineteenth century, Britain was able to impose her will over large tracts of every continent. But her dominance did not grow out of the barrel of a gun. It derived chiefly from exceptional economic success: it grew out of the corn sack, the cotton mill, and the coal mine.
A manipulation analysis for robot programming
Authors: Ceccarelli Marco 
Published: July 2002

In this paper a procedure is proposed for a rational and optimum
use of robots. It is the result of the lessons learned by the author in the course of his consultancy and teaching activities on manipulative tasks and programming capabilities of
robots.One of the chief aims of this paper is educational, and has been set on the basis of students' practice with robots in the Laboratory of Robotics at the University of Cassino, Italy. A second goal consists in highlighting and teaching how robots' versatility and flexibility can be easily exploited during robot's operation when a task is properly modelled through elementary actions. An elementary action, representing a small manipulative operation and consisting in one or few simple instructions given in
robot language, can be easily performed by the robot's programming capability. Some examples have been reported to better illustrate the ideas and the procedure proposed, whose main advantage, also from an educational viewpoint, consist in providing a simpler method for analysing manipulations for robot design and programming.
Population density and nesting behaviour of lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the Ngotto forest, Central African Republic
Authors: Brugiere D. , Sakom D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe population density and nesting behaviour of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was studied in the Ngotto forest, Central African Republic. We carried out a nest count along 94 km of transects. Also, the herbaceous vegetation of the understory was quantified and we attempted to assess the decay rate of nest sites. A total of 145 gorilla nests in 27 nest sites was found. We found 82.1% of gorilla nests > 2 m above ground. There was a significant correlation between the height of nests and the diameter of trees with nests. The density was estimated at 0.34–0.40 weaned gorillas per km2 depending on the value of nest site decay rate used. The herbaceous vegetation was scarce in the study site (42 out of 50 quadrats had no herbaceous stems). Compared with the gorilla population of the nearby Dzanga‐Sangha forest, the population density of gorillas at Ngotto was lower but the proportion of nests found above ground was much higher. These differences are discussed and we suggest that they were the result of the scarcity of herbaceous vegetation in the Ngotto forest.
Diving behaviour and foraging habitats of Brünnich's guillemots (Uria lomvia) breeding in the High‐Arctic
Authors: Mehlum F. , Watanuki Y. , Takahashi A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe foraging behaviour of Brünnich's guillemots Uria lomvia was studied in a high‐arctic fjord system (Kongsfjorden) in western Spitsbergen. The physical oceanographic characteristics of the water change from the head of the fjord and westward into the Greenland Sea, and are reflected in the vertical profiles of water temperatures in different parts of the area. Nine chick‐rearing Brünnich's guillemots were instrumented with temperature‐depth recorders, which generated vertical temperature profiles of the dives. These were compared to synoptic measurements of the water temperature characteristics of the region. This method was used to locate the foraging areas of the Brünnich's guillemots and to study the foraging site fidelity of individual birds. The results showed that only three of the nine birds foraged outside Kongsfjorden during the study period, and only 26 of the 186 dive bouts (14%) were conducted outside the fjord, 48–58 km from the colony. Most dives were probably made only a few kilometres from the colony. The data indicate that the birds showed strong fidelity to foraging areas at spatial scales of 1–20 km. However, the birds sometimes moved between feeding areas characterized by different vertical temperature profiles. The guillemots made 2229 dives during the study period and spent c. 10% of their time under water. The diving depth averaged 45 m, and the dive duration averaged 97 s. The deepest dive recorded was 136 m and lasted 196 s. We did not find any diel rhythm in the diving depths of the Brünnich's guillemots. Also, we found no diel pattern in diving frequency. These findings contradict the predominance of night‐time diving observed in studies of guillemots undertaken further south.
Capture success of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) feeding on mosquitoes
Authors: Rydell Jens , McNeill Doreen Parker , Eklöf Johan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA small colony of little brown bats Myotis lucifugus was observed feeding on mosquitoes (Culicidae) inside a barn near Fairbanks, Alaska in June 2000. Observations were made visually and with a bat detector. All capture attempts were associated with feeding buzzes, indicating that the bats used echolocation to detect and track the insects, although the light was bright and the insects were easily seen by us. The capture efficiency of the bats was 92% (n= 100). The insects did not show any defensive behaviour in response to approaching bats.
Erratum: Adhesion of lipid tubules in an assembly
Authors: ROSSO R. , VIRGA E. G. 
Published: July 2002

Volume 9 (1998), pp. 485–506One of the author's names was misprinted in this article. EPIFIANO G. VIRGA should
read EPIFANIO G. VIRGA.In addition, on page 502, line 9, the argument leading to evaluate
g(∞) := limb→+∞g(b)
is not conclusive. The passage‘On the other hand, if it were g(∞)>0, taking the limit as
b→+∞ in (9.9), we would
get A=πh2, which by (3.11) is violated by all admissible
values of A, but the limiting one. Thus we conclude that
g(∞)=0.’should be changed as follows:‘On the other hand, taking the limit as b→+∞ in (9.9),
we would get A=πh2, by which
(3.11) is violated by all admissible values of A, but the limiting one.
Thus we conclude that, in the limit as b→+∞, the equilibrium
configuration must be singular whenever A>πh2, and so
g(∞)=0 because, otherwise, by (9.7) there would be asymptotic regular
configurations, as soon as
h/2kc(τ0+w)
is sufficiently small.’On page 502, line −7, ‘below’ should be replaced with
‘above’ and ‘regular’ with ‘singular’.We apologise for the errors in the above paper and hope that no inconvenience has
been caused to readers.
A review of Centro Virtual Cervantes
Authors: GIMENO SANZ ANA , NAVARRO LABOULAIS CRISTINA 
Published: July 2002

The Centro Virtual Cervantes (http://cvc.cervantes.es) is the
Internet-based branch of
the Instituto Cervantes, the official Spanish institution commissioned to disseminate the use and
study of Spanish language and culture around the world.Since its creation in December 1997, the CVC has rapidly become one of the most
important reference sites devoted to Spanish language and culture on the WWW, having
reached an average of over 100,000 visitors a month. This increasing number of visitors
is primarily due to the great variety of resources available at the CVC website, which
attract both professionals and the public in general. These include announcements of
cultural events under Actos Culturales, the four discussion forums, each of which
focuses on a specific topic, and the language classroom, Aula de Lengua, designed for
both teachers and learners of Spanish.The CVC front page enables direct access to the entire contents which are well structured,
and organised in a very user-friendly manner. The central part is dedicated to current
cultural events and is therefore constantly up-dated. The sections included are listed
on the left and right hand side of the main menu page.
A climatological study of surface freezing precipitation in Europe
Authors: Carrière Jean‐Marie , Lainard Claude , Le Bot Christine , Robart Florent 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA climatological study of the occurrence of freezing precipitation at ground level is presented. It is based on reports of freezing precipitation in SYNOP messages from the three winters covering the years 1995–1998. The geographical domain covered is Western and Central Europe, extending northwards to Scandinavia and southwards to North Africa. The types of freezing precipitation selected are freezing rain, freezing drizzle and ice pellets. The frequency of occurrence of each of these types of freezing precipitation was computed. The results show that freezing precipitation is not an uncommon phenomenon in Europe, with the combined frequency of the various types of freezing precipitation (either drizzle, rain or ice pellets) being 0.5 to 1% of all SYNOP messages that include an observation of the current weather in Central Europe. The surface air temperature intervals associated with freezing precipitation have been studied. An attempt was then made to determine the mode of formation of freezing precipitation (either by melting of snow crystals in a layer of positive temperatures or by a process of coalescence or diffusional growth) by studying the thermodynamic soundings associated with freezing precipitation events. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Gene Expression Changes Triggered by Exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to Novobiocin or Ciprofloxacin: Combined Transcription and Translation Analysis
Authors: Gmuender Hans , Kuratli Karin , Di Padova Karin , Gray Christopher P. , Keck Wolfgang , Evers Stefan 
Published: July 2002

The responses of Haemophilus influenzae to DNA gyrase inhibitors were analyzed at the transcriptional and the translational level. High-density microarrays based on the genomic sequence were used to monitor the expression levels of >80% of the genes in this bacterium. In parallel the proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. DNA gyrase inhibitors of two different functional classes were used. Novobiocin, as a representative of one class, inhibits the ATPase activity of the enzyme, thereby indirectly changing the degree of DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin, a representative of the second class, obstructs supercoiling by inhibiting the DNA cleavage-resealing reaction. Our results clearly show that different responses can be observed. Treatment with the ATPase inhibitor Novobiocin changed the expression rates of many genes, reflecting the fact that the initiation of transcription for many genes is sensitive to DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin mainly stimulated the expression of DNA repair systems as a response to the DNA damage caused by the stable ternary complexes. In addition, changed expression levels were also observed for some genes coding for proteins either annotated as “unknown function” or “hypothetical” or for proteins not directly involved in DNA topology or repair.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AJ297131 and AL135960.]
Adenosine Kinase Deficiency Is Associated with Developmental Abnormalities and Reduced Transmethylation
Authors: Moffatt Barbara A. , Stevens Yvonne Y. , Allen Michael S. , Snider Jamie D. , Pereira Luiz A. , Todorova Margarita I. , Summers Peter S. , Weretilnyk Elizabeth A. , Martin-McCaffrey Luke , Wagner Conrad 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) kinase (ADK; ATP:Ado 5′ phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.20) catalyzes the salvage synthesis of adenine monophosphate from Ado and ATP. In Arabidopsis, ADK is encoded by two cDNAs that share 89% nucleotide identity and are constitutively, yet differentially, expressed in leaves, stems, roots, and flowers. To investigate the role of ADK in plant metabolism, lines deficient in this enzyme activity have been created by sense and antisense expression of the ADK1 cDNA. The levels of ADK activity in these lines range from 7% to 70% of the activity found in wild-type Arabidopsis. Transgenic plants with 50% or more of the wild-type activity have a normal morphology. In contrast, plants with less than 10% ADK activity are small with rounded, wavy leaves and a compact, bushy appearance. Because of the lack of elongation of the primary shoot, the siliques extend in a cluster from the rosette. Fertility is decreased because the stamen filaments do not elongate normally; hypocotyl and root elongation are reduced also. The hydrolysis of S-adenosyl-l-homo-cysteine (SAH) produced from S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methylation reactions is a key source of Ado in plants. The lack of Ado salvage in the ADK-deficient lines leads to an increase in the SAH level and results in the inhibition of SAM-dependent transmethylation. There is a direct correlation between ADK activity and the level of methylesterified pectin in seed mucilage, as monitored by staining with ruthenium red, immunofluorescence labeling, or direct assay. These results indicate that Ado must be steadily removed by ADK to prevent feedback inhibition of SAH hydrolase and maintain SAM utilization and recycling.
Stable Chloroplast Transformation of the Unicellular Red AlgaPorphyridium Species
Authors: Lapidot Miri , Raveh Dina , Sivan Alex , Arad Shoshana Malis , Shapira Michal 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Red algae are extremely attractive for biotechnology because they synthesize accessory photosynthetic pigments (phycobilins and carotenoids), unsaturated fatty acids, and unique cell wall sulfated polysaccharides. We report a high-efficiency chloroplast transformation system for the unicellular red microalgaPorphyridium sp. This is the first genetic transformation system for Rhodophytes and is based on use of a mutant form of the gene encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase [AHAS(W492S)] as a dominant selectable marker. AHAS is the target enzyme of the herbicide sulfometuron methyl, which effectively inhibits growth of bacteria, fungi, plants, and algae. Biolistic transformation of synchronized Porphyridium sp. cells with the mutant AHAS(W492S) gene that confers herbicide resistance gave a high frequency of sulfomethuron methyl-resistant colonies. The mutant AHAS gene integrated into the chloroplast genome by homologous recombination. This system paves the way for expression of foreign genes in red algae and has important biotechnological implications.
Inactivation of the petE Gene for Plastocyanin Lowers Photosynthetic Capacity and Exacerbates Chilling-Induced Photoinhibition in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus
Authors: Clarke A. K. , Campbell D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We describe the identification and expression of a petE gene in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942, a cyanobacterium previously thought to lack plastocyanin. The petE gene is a 420-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein 70 to 75% similar to plastocyanins from other cyanobacteria. Synechococcus possesses a single genomic copy of petE located immediately upstream of the clpB gene. It is transcribed as a single mRNA (550 bases) and, in contrast to most other photobionts, the level of petE expression in Synechococcus is unaffected by variable copper concentrations during acclimated growth. Inactivation of petE does not prevent photoautotrophic growth, but does induce a dramatic increase in mRNA for the alternative electron carrier cytochrome c6. Despite this adjustment, loss of plastocyanin results in slower growth, lower photosystem I content, and a decreased maximum capacity for photosynthetic electron transport. The mutant is also more susceptible to chilling-induced photoinhibition during a shift from 37 to 25[deg]C, at which temperature its inherently lower photosynthetic capacity exacerbates the normal slowing of electron transfer reactions at low temperatures. Under similar conditions, the amount of petE message in the wild type decreases by 50% in the 1st h, but then increases dramatically to almost three times the 37[deg]C level by 9 h.