bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capture of Iodide by Bismuth Vanadate and Bismuth Oxide: An Insight into the Process and its Aftermath
Authors: Zhang Liping , Gonçalves Alexandre A. S. , Jiang Baojiang , Jaroniec Mietek 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAs a result of the scarcity of iodine, as well as its threat to the environment if it is present in excess, iodine as a waste needs to be captured. Compared with ion‐exchange resins and Ag‐containing materials, which are popular iodide adsorbents, Bi‐containing compounds show some important advantages, such as high iodide‐capture capacity and fast kinetics. In this study, two Bi‐containing compounds, BiVO4 and Bi2O3, were investigated comprehensively for iodide immobilization. The influence of the pH, iodide/adsorbent ratio, temperature, crystallite size, and competing ions was explored, with a view to optimization of the capture process. Further study of the iodide‐adsorbed bismuth compounds confirms that the capture of iodide by BiVO4 and Bi2O3 is a chemisorption process with the formation of bismuth oxyiodide (BixOyIz). Furthermore, iodide ions are able to penetrate into the bulk of BiVO4 and Bi2O3, which is believed to be responsible for their high capture capacity. The application of BixOyIz as a photocatalyst has also been examined in CrVI reduction. This result makes the capture of iodide by BiVO4 and Bi2O3 even more environmentally friendly as the photocatalytic application of the iodide‐containing adsorbents not only avoids the production of secondary waste but may help to solve other environmental issues.
Simple Cadmium Sulfide Compound with Stable 95 % Selectivity for Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Li Yu Hang , Cheng Ling , Liu Peng Fei , Zhang Le , Zu Meng Yang , Wang Chong Wu , Jin Yan Huan , Cao Xiao Ming , Yang Hua Gui , Li Chunzhong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA simple cadmium sulfide nanomaterial is found to be an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction in aqueous medium for more than 40 h with a steady CO faradaic efficiency of approximately 95 %. Moreover, it can realize a current density of −10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of −0.55 V on a porous substrate with similar selectivity. Theoretical and experimental results confirm that the high selectivity for CO2 reduction is due to its (0 0 0 2) face with sulfur vacancies that prefers CO2 molecule reduction in aqueous medium.
A guide to choosing fluorescent protein combinations for flow cytometric analysis based on spectral overlap
Authors: Kleeman Benjamin , Olsson Andre , Newkold Tess , Kofron Matt , DeLay Monica , Hildeman David , Grimes H. Leighton 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe advent of facile genome engineering technologies has made the generation of knock‐in gene‐expression or fusion‐protein reporters more tractable. Fluorescent protein labeling of specific genes combined with surface marker profiling can more specifically identify a cell population. However, the question of which fluorescent proteins to utilize to generate reporter constructs is made difficult by the number of candidate proteins and the lack of updated experimental data on newer fluorescent proteins. Compounding this problem, most fluorescent proteins are designed and tested for use in microscopy. To address this, we cloned and characterized the detection sensitivity, spectral overlap, and spillover spreading of 13 monomeric fluorescent proteins to determine utility in multicolor panels. We identified a group of five fluorescent proteins with high signal to noise ratio, minimal spectral overlap, and low spillover spreading making them compatible for multicolor experiments. Specifically, generating reporters with combinations of three of these proteins would allow efficient measurements even at low‐level expression. Because the proteins are monomeric, they could function either as gene‐expression or as fusion‐protein reporters. Additionally, this approach can be generalized as new fluorescent proteins are developed to determine their usefulness in multicolor panels. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
An approach to shortening the timeframe between the emergence of new compounds on the drugs market and the availability of reference standards: The microscale syntheses of nitrazolam and clonazolam for use as reference materials, utilizing polymer‐supported reagents
Authors: Dowling Geraldine , Kavanagh Pierce V. , Eckhardt Hans‐Georg , Twamley Brendan , Hessman Gary , McLaughlin Gavin , O'Brien John , Brandt Simon D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNitrazolam and clonazolam are 2 designer benzodiazepines available from Internet retailers. There is growing evidence suggesting that such compounds have the potential to cause severe adverse events. Information about tolerability in humans is scarce but typically, low doses can be difficult to administer for users when handling bulk material. Variability of the active ingredient in tablet formulations can also be of a concern. Customs, toxicology and forensic laboratories are increasingly encountering designer benzodiazepines, both in tablet and powdered form. The unavailability of reference standards can impact on the ability to identify these compounds. Therefore, the need arises for exploring in‐house approaches to the preparation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that can be carried out in a timely manner. The present study was triggered when samples of clonazolam were received in powdered and tablet form at a time when reference material for this drug was commercially unavailable. Therefore, microscale syntheses of clonazolam and its deschloro analog nitrazolam were developed utilizing polymer‐supported reagents starting from 2‐amino‐2'‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzophenone (clonazolam) and 2‐amino‐5‐nitrobenzophenone (nitrazolam). The final reaction step forming the 1,2,4‐triazole ring moiety was performed within a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) injector. A comparison with a preparative scale synthesis of both benzodiazepine derivatives showed that microscale synthesis might be an attractive option for a forensic laboratory in terms of time and cost savings when compared with traditional methods of synthesis and when qualitative identifications are needed to direct forensic casework. The reaction by‐product profiles for both the micro and the preparative scale syntheses are also presented.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire: A comparison of five factor solutions across vegan and omnivore participants
Authors: Heiss Sydney , Boswell James F. , Hormes Julia M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) is a valid and reliable measure of eating‐related pathology, but its factor structure has proven difficult to replicate. Given differences in dietary patterns in vegans compared to omnivores, proper measurement of eating disorder symptoms is especially important in studies of animal product avoiders.MethodThis study compared goodness‐of‐fit of five alternative models of the EDE‐Q in vegans (i.e., individuals refraining from all animal products, n = 318) and omnivores (i.e., individuals not restricting intake of animal products, n = 200). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare fit indices of the original four‐factor model of the EDE‐Q, along with alternative three‐, two‐, full one‐, and brief one‐factor models.ResultsNo model provided adequate fit of the data in either sample of respondents. The fit of the brief one‐factor model was the closest to acceptable in omnivores, but did not perform as well in vegans. Indicators of fit were comparable in vegans and omnivores across all other models.DiscussionOur data confirm difficulties in replicating the proposed factor structure of the EDE‐Q, including in vegans. More research is needed to determine the suitability of the EDE‐Q for quantifying eating behaviors, including in those abstaining from animal products.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Flow Injection Analysis of Isoniazid Drug Using an Unmodified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode in Neutral pH
Authors: Gopinathan Manavalan , Thiyagarajan Natarajan , Thiruppathi Murugan , Zen Jyh‐Myng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this work we report electrocatalytic oxidation and flow injection analysis of tuberculostatic drug isoniazid (INZ) based on a disposable and unmodified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Instead of using chemically modified electrode to increase the sensitivity at low overpotential, the same purpose can be achieved simply by preanodization of a bare SPCE in a suitable electrolyte medium. Surface characterization of the as‐preanodized electrode by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicate that both oxygen functionalities and edge/defect sites effectively assist the INZ oxidation. Flow injection analysis extends its applicability with a wide linear range up to 1 mM and an enhanced sensitivity of 100 nA μM−1 with a low detection limit of 2.7 nM (S/N=3). These good analytical features accomplished with disposable and economical devices could make possible the implementation of this methodology for INZ on‐line monitoring in pharmaceuticals.
3D‐Printed, Carbon‐Nanotube‐Wrapped, Thermoresponsive Polymer Spheres for Safer Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Huang Zhi Xiang , Sim Glenn Joey , Tan Jeck Chuang , Low Hong Yee , Yang Hui Ying 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSafety of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) has persistently plagued their development, despite widespread commercialization and usage. Thermal runaway is a notorious event where the overheating of the LIB results in a chain of events leading to the catastrophic failure of the device. Here, an in situ safety mechanism that shutdowns the LIB at critical temperatures before the onset of thermal runaway is developed. This is achieved by the deposition of thermal responsive polyethylene (PE) microspheres coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on electrodes via 3D printing. Rapid shutdown of LIB full cells under 60 s with ≈1 mg of additive is demonstrated. The mechanism of the shutdown is investigated through post‐mortem analysis of the heat‐treated cells that provides evidence of the formation of an insulating PE film that prevents ionic flow, disabling the LIB. Further, galvanostatic cycling of CNT‐coated PE‐loaded cells is used to demonstrate the advantages of the approach, where the precise and low loading of the conductive additive exhibits no impact on the full cell normal operation.
Controlling Competitive Side Reactions in the Electrochemical Upgrading of Furfural to Biofuel
Authors: Jung Sungyup , Biddinger Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFurfural (FF) is obtained from lignocellulosic biomass and is a promising platform chemical that can produce valuable chemicals including furfuryl alcohol (FA) and 2‐methylfuran (MF). We synthesized both FA and MF using electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis (ECH) of FF in acidic electrolyte using a Cu electrode. We investigated the role of concurrent side reactions including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and polymerization of furanic compounds during ECH, as well as the potential dependence of the reaction pathway for ECH of FF. As the magnitude of applied potential increased, both ECH and HER were promoted. Polymerization of furanic compounds was diminished by lowering the initial concentration of FF, but at a cost of increased the HER activity. In contrast, higher concentrations of FF suppressed the HER, though excessive initial concentrations of FF resulted in lowering the activity of both ECH and the HER due to a polymeric film being formed on the electrode. The highest mole balances and faradaic efficiencies towards ECH were achieved at −0.5 V, though at the expense of lower conversions of FF than those obtained at greater overpotentials. We also found that the ECH of FF followed two parallel reactions to independently produce FA and MF on Cu in 0.5 m H2SO4 regardless of the applied potential.
Geomorphological changes in an arid transgressive coastal dune field due to natural processes and human impacts
Authors: Hernández‐Cordero Antonio I. , Hernández‐Calvento Luis , Hesp Patrick A. , Pérez‐Chacón Emma 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGeomorphological changes in recent decades in an arid transgressive coastal dune system (Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands) are analyzed. The methodology used is based on the generation of two geomorphological maps (1961 and 2003) by interpretation of digital orthophotos. The overlay of both maps in a geographic information system (GIS) enabled the spatial and surface changes of the landforms to be determined, and the processes that generated these changes. Twelve cultural and geomorphological processes were identified from highest to lowest importance, namely: anthropization by urban occupation (114 ha changed), stabilization (92.5 ha), barchanization (37 ha), salinization/halophytication (15 ha), anthropization (12.4 ha), deflation (11.8 ha), dune loss/beach gain (11.3 ha), dune formation (9.6 ha), progradation (8 ha), retrogradation (7.7 ha), destabilization (2.7 ha) and flooding (0.7 ha). Geomorphological changes are associated with a combination of five main factors, three of anthropogenic origin and two natural ones. The natural factors are: (1) the arid climate, which favors changes occurring at high speed; (2) the existence of a progressive sedimentary deficit. Anthropogenic factors are: (3) construction of tourist urbanizations, infrastructures and facilities; (4) installation of equipment or infrastructure on the beaches; (5) the activities carried out by users. These human factors have altered the aeolian dynamics and reduced the area occupied by vegetation in some areas, causing changes in aeolian sedimentary processes. The geomorphological processes identified can be used as indicators of environmental change, allowing us to synthesize the changes in landforms detected, and group all combinations derived from the analysis by GIS and analyze them spatially. Thus, the environmental changes in the transgressive coastal dune systems could be interpreted more effectively. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat release rate determination of pool fire at different pressure conditions
Authors: Ma Qiuju , Chen Jiachen , Zhang Hui 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThis research deals with the experimental determination of the heat release rate (HRR) of n‐heptane pool fire at different pressure conditions based on oxygen consumption method. The method, initially developed for open atmosphere fires, is modified for pool fires in ventilated chamber under different pressure conditions. The calculation equation of the HRR with consideration of ambient pressure is presented. The experiments are performed in the large‐scale ventilated altitude chamber of size 2 × 3 × 4.65 m under series of pressure, 24, 38, 64, and 75 to 90 kPa. Based on the experimental data, the effects of pressure on the mass burning rate and HRR are discussed; meanwhile, the calculation method of HRR is verified. The results show that the mean mass burning rate at the steady burning stage increases exponentially with pressure as
, with α = 0.68. The maximum HRR increases from 27 to 63 kW as the pressure rises from 24 to 90 kPa. It is concluded that the ambient pressure has a significant effect on the fire HRR and will further influence on other fire parameters.
Resampling strategies to improve surrogate model‐based uncertainty quantification: Application to LES of LS89
Authors: Roy Pamphile T. , Segui Luis Miguel , Jouhaud Jean‐Christophe , Gicquel Laurent 
Published: March 2018

SummaryUncertainty quantification (UQ) is receiving more and more attention for engineering applications particularly from robust optimization. Indeed, running a computer experiment only provides a limited knowledge in terms of uncertainty and variability of the input parameters. These experiments are often computationally expensive, and surrogate models can be constructed to address this issue. The outcome of an uncertainty quantification study is, in this case, directly correlated to the surrogate's quality. Thus, attention must be devoted to the design of experiments to retrieve as much information as possible. This work presents 2 new strategies for parameter space resampling to improve a Gaussian process surrogate model. These techniques indeed show an improvement of the predictive quality of the model with high‐dimensional analytical input functions. Finally, the methods are successfully applied to a turbine blade large‐eddy simulation application: the aerothermal flow around the LS89 blade cascade.
Effects of gamma radiation combined with cinnamon oil on qualities of smoked salmon slices inoculated with Shewanella putrefaciens
Authors: Lyu Fei , Gao Fei , Ding Yuting 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSmoked salmon slices inoculated with Shewanella putrefaciens were untreated (CK) or treated with 2 kGy gamma radiation (G), 1% (v/v) cinnamon oil (C), or the combination of them (G+C), and then packaged and stored at 4°C for 10 days. Microbiological and physiochemical analyses were then carried out. All treatments showed a better effect on inhibiting the increase in total viable counts, total volatile basic nitrogen, and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances than CK, especially the treatment of G+C. In addition, the combination treatment also showed a best effect on retarding the reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids of salmon samples in all treatments. These results indicated that treatments of gamma radiation and cinnamon oil on salmon samples, especially the combination treatment, can be used to maintain the quality of smoked salmon slices.
The effect of replacing egg yolk with sesame–peanut defatted meal milk on the physicochemical, colorimetry, and rheological properties of low‐cholesterol mayonnaise
Authors: Karshenas Mahsa , Goli Mohammad , Zamindar Nafiseh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEgg yolk was replaced with sesame–peanut meal milk in mayonnaise in the levels of 0, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The pH was significantly decreased by increasing the percentage of replacement in all three kinds of replacement (p < .05). However, over the whole period, no significant difference was observed in the acidity. The mayonnaise samples, except for the replacements of 50%, were desirable in terms of physical and thermal stability. A significant decrease was seen in lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) of the samples as a result of an increase in the percentage of replacements (p < .05). In the power law model, the flowing index amount (n) of all samples was in the domain between zero and one, which served as evidence for pseudoplastic behavior (dilatant with shear) of mayonnaise samples. The positive results are employing suitably the sesame–peanut meal milk instead of egg yolk, decreasing the cholesterol of mayonnaise and increasing its nutritional value, proposing mayonnaise factories to make use of the meal of the oil extraction factory as emulsifier, which lead to a decrease in overall costs of producing these products.
Nutrient and aflatoxin contents of traditional complementary foods consumed by children of 6–24 months
Authors: Alamu Emmanuel Oladeji , Gondwe Therese , Akello Juliet , Sakala Nancy , Munthali Grace , Mukanga Mweshi , Maziya‐Dixon Busie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe nutrient composition and safety of complementary foods have recently become areas of concern, especially with regard to aflatoxin contamination which has been found to adversely affect health outcomes. This study presents the nutrient and aflatoxin contents of complementary foods consumed by children (6–24 months) and infants and young child feeding practices of mothers from two districts in eastern and southern Zambia. A total of 400 mother–child pairs were recruited from Monze and Chipata districts, and data on breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices were collected twice at 3‐month interval using a structured questionnaire. Samples of two traditional complementary foods (Maize Nshima and Maize porridge) were collected from the mothers and analyzed for nutrient contents and aflatoxin contamination. The results showed that there is a high level of awareness on exclusive breastfeeding among mothers. Fat, protein, carbohydrate, and ash contents of Maize nshima from Chipata were significantly lower (p < .05) compared to those from Monze district except for starch and sugar. Monze mothers preferred to prepare a thicker Maize nshima and Maize porridge compared to their Chipata counterparts. The aflatoxin contamination showed that the Maize porridge samples from Chipata were the most contaminated with mean aflatoxin content of 5.8 ± 15.93 mg/100 g, while Maize nshima was the most contaminated of the two complementary foods from Monze districts with mean aflatoxin level of 3.8 ± 6.41 mg/100 g. There were significant (p < .05) positive correlations between fat and aflatoxin contents for Chipata samples (r = .12409) and for Monze samples (r = .13666). The traditional complementary foods studied were found to be low in fat and protein and high in aflatoxin contamination. Thus, it is imperative that best practices and interventions are designed and introduced to reduce the possible lethal health implications of consumption of such complementary foods by children under 5 years.
Effect of drying methods on the retention of bioactive compounds in African eggplant
Authors: Mbondo Naomi N. , Owino Willis O. , Ambuko Jane , Sila Daniel N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAfrican eggplants (Solanum aethiopicum L.) are a rich source of bioactive compounds and functional constituents that are beneficial to human health. However, the short shelf life of these vegetables can be a major cause of postharvest losses especially during peak harvesting season. Drying is one of the most convenient technologies for the production of shelf stable food products. However, drying can lead to considerable loss of the available bioactive compounds due to thermal degradation depending on the drying method and temperature conditions. This study investigated the effect of four drying methods (solar, oven, vacuum, and freeze) on the retention of total phenolics, beta‐carotene, antioxidant capacity, and lycopene in five African eggplant (S. aethiopicum) accessions (sangawili, manyire green, S00047A, AB2, and aubergine blanche). Samples were dried up to ~10% moisture content. The fresh and dried samples were analyzed for total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, beta‐carotene content, and the lycopene content. In the fresh state, beta‐carotene, total phenolic content, and free radical scavenging activity ranged between 14.75 ± 0.50 and 29.50 ± 0.77 mg/100 g db, 751.21 ± 1.73 and 1,363.95 ± 2.56 mg/100 g GAE db, and 99.58 and 325.61 mg/ml db IC50 value, respectively. The accession S00047 showed highest total phenolic content and lowest IC50 value in the fresh samples. The results also showed that total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and beta‐carotene contents were significantly (p < .05) affected by drying method and drying temperature with freeze‐drying presenting the highest retention. Overall, 36.26%s–95.05% (total phenolics) and 31.44%–99.27% (beta‐carotene) were retained during freeze‐drying. Lycopene was only detected in the dried samples of the accession manyire green but absent in all the fresh samples of all the accessions. This study demonstrates that freeze‐drying was the most effective in retaining the highest bioactive compounds in African eggplants.