bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning by Seconding: Evidence from National Science Foundation Rotators
Authors: Kolympiris Christos , Hoenen Sebastian , Klein Peter G. 
Published: April 2019

We study knowledge flows between organizations through secondments, short-term employee assignments at an organization different from the home institution. Secondments allow the sending organization to capture knowledge and network resources from the receiving organization without an organization-level contract, alliance, or colocation, a process we term learning by seconding. We focus on the National Science Foundation (NSF) rotation program, under which the NSF employs academics, called rotators, on loan from their university, to lead peer reviews. We ask how rotators affect the behavior of their academic colleagues after returning from a secondment. Using difference in differences estimations, we show that rotators’ colleagues raise considerably more research funds than similar scientists who do not have a rotator colleague. Additional quantitative and qualitative evidence implies that the treatment effect occurs via knowledge transfer, as rotators help generate ideas, frame proposals, and explain processes, rather than rent-seeking on the part of the rotator. Overall, the results suggest that strong ties and shared social identity play an important role in organizational knowledge acquisition.The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1245 .
Emergency nurses' perceptions of their roles and practices during epidemics: a qualitative study
Authors: Lam Stanley KK , Kwong Enid WY , Hung Maria SY , Pang Samantha MC , Chien Wai Tong 
Published: April 2019

Background: although emergency nurses have a pivotal role in the public health response to epidemics, little is known about their responsibilities and practice in terms of epidemic management. Aims: this study aimed to explore how emergency nurses understand and perform their professional roles and practice during epidemics. Methods: a qualitative descriptive study design was used. Data were collected from 24 participants through semistructured interviews and subjected to thematic analysis. Findings: the analysis yielded two overarching themes: expansion in the practice of emergency care; and the altered role of emergency nurses. Conclusion: emergency nurses perceive their practice during the management of an epidemic expanded in that they shouldered a greater responsibility in the control of infectious diseases. This expansion led to role ambiguity among them.
Technical Considerations in the Use of the E-Value
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Ding Peng , Mathur Maya 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association on the risk ratio scale that an unmeasured confounder would have to have with both the exposure and the outcome, conditional on the measured covariates, to explain away the observed exposure-outcome association. We have elsewhere proposed that the reporting of E-values for estimates and for the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null become routine whenever causal effects are of interest. A number of questions have arisen about the use of E-value including questions concerning the interpretation of the relevant confounding association parameters, the nature of the transformation from the risk ratio scale to the E-value scale, inference for and using E-values, and the relation to Rosenbaum’s notion of design sensitivity. Here we bring these various questions together and provide responses that we hope will assist in the interpretation of E-values and will further encourage their use.
Clinical influence of maternal serum homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in the development of pre-eclampsia
Authors: Zhao Hongyan , Zeng Xu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between maternal serum homocysteine (Hcy), folate, vitamin B12 (VitB12) and the development of pre-eclampsia (PE).

Methods: Seventy-eight normal pregnant women (without hypertension and proteinuria during their pregnancy (control group)), 66 cases of gestational hypertension (GH group) and 82 cases of pre-eclampsia (PE group, with 56 cases of mild disease and 26 cases of severe disease) were include in this study. The maternal serum Hcy, folate and VitB12 level of the included cases were examined between 11 to 13 weeks gestation and compared between each group.

Results: The serum levels of VitB12 were significantly different between the control, GH and PE groups (p<0.05). The serum levels of Hcy in the PE group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). However, the serum levels of folate in the PE group were significantly lower than those of control group (p<0.05). Significant statistical differences in the maternal serum Hcy and folate were found between mild and severe PE patient groups (p<0.05). A significant correlation was found between maternal serum Hcy and VitB12 (r=-0.34, p=0.001).

Conclusion: Hcy, folate and VitB12 may play an important role in the development of PE and could be potential serological biomarkers for early PE diagnosis.
Assessment of an Online Training Tool for the Automated Unit-Dose Dispensing System (ADS) Process
Authors: Hamon Marie , Capelle Flora , Passemard Raphaël , Gourieux Bénédicte 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Automated unit-dose dispensing system (ADS) of oral solid medication is a complex and sensitive production process in the drug distribution system. Hence, an appropriate training of hospital pharmacy technicians (HPT) is essential. A basic training (observational and practical) of 3 weeks is first organized to evaluate the HPT, followed by an interview with both the pharmacist and the HPT chief. The importance of the human factor (daily routine and repetitive tasks) showed by the risks analysis within this process has led us to search new learning methods to keep the team engaged. An e-learning training was selected in order to further complete the HPT initial training but also as a continuous training to the HPTs who are already working in the ADS process.

Process and Methods
The e-learning tool was developed using the Google® platform and includes four theoretical training modules (Google® Slides): Module 1 “General organization”, Module 2 “Automatic preparation machine”, Module 3 “Repackaging” and Module 4 “Non-automated drug dispensing”. Each module ends with a self-assessment (Google® Forms). Various teaching materials are included: links to institutional procedures, videos, photos, quizzes, simulations … A minimum of 75 % of correct answers is requested to validate each module. The e-learning, once final, was validated with a new HPT and with five HPTs already in place for more than a year. A satisfaction form is available at the end of the training.

Results
The 6 HPTs obtained an average of 17.75/20 correct answers. The most successful modules were 1 and 4 (average per module: M1 =  18.5/20; M2=16.8/20; M3=17/20; M4=18.7/20). For module 3, two HPTs scored below 75 % and therefore had to pass this module again. The average time to complete this training was 1.5 hours. HPTs are 100 % satisfied with the training and the teaching materials used.

Discussion/Conclusions
The e-learning tool fit well with the initial training and the continuous training of the HPTs. Its set up is simple. The duration length spent on the training is shortened for both the pharmacist and the learner. This tool is tailored to the learner needs and constraints. It allows the integration of playful and interactive teaching tool which were appreciated. An audit will be conducted to assess the impact of this training tool on the overall ADS process.
Overlapping Roles in Chromosome Segregation for Heterochromatin Protein 1 (Swi6) and DDK in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Shen Kuo-Fang , Forsburg Susan L 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Fission yeast Swi6 is a human HP1 homolog that plays important roles in multiple cellular processes. In addition to its role in maintaining heterochromatin silencing, Swi6 is required for cohesin enrichment at the pericentromere. Loss of Swi6 leads to abnormal mitosis, including defects in the establishment of bioriented sister kinetochores and microtubule attachment. Swi6 interacts with Dfp1, a regulatory subunit of DBF4-dependent kinase (DDK), and failure to recruit Dfp1 to the pericentromere results in late DNA replication. Using the dfp1-3A mutant allele, which specifically disrupts Swi6-Dfp1 association, we investigated how interaction between Swi6 and Dfp1 affects chromosome dynamics. We find that disrupting the interaction between Swi6 and Dfp1 delays mitotic progression in a spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent manner. Artificially tethering Dfp1 back to the pericentromere is sufficient to restore normal spindle length and rescue segregation defects in swi6-deleted cells. However, Swi6 is necessary for centromeric localization of Rad21-GFP independent of DDK. Our data indicate that DDK contributes to mitotic chromosome segregation in pathways that partly overlap with, but can be separated from both, Swi6 and the other HP1 homolog, Chp2.
Early detection of insulin resistance in children with different types of intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Islamova Kristina F. , Kaplina Alexandra V. , Shabalova Nina N. , Plotnikova Elena V. , Medinskaya Kseniya A. 
Published: April 2019

Relevance of the research. Intrauterine growth restriction in children is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus later in life. The influence of type of intrauterine growth restriction and the mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unknown; the role of catch-up growth in this process is controversial.
The aim of the study was to identify insulin resistance in children with different types of intrauterine growth restriction and to analyze the role of catch-up growth in this process.
Materials and methods. The research involved 95 newborns, which were divided into groups based on birth weight and length: 60 newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (group I – 31 with asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction; group II – 29 with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction) and control group (group III) – 35 newborns without intrauterine growth restriction. Children also were divided into groups according to the presence of catch-up growth to 3 months old. The levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone were measured in cord blood at birth and in blood serum at 3 months old. Glucose levels were measured in serum and insulin resistance index “the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance” (HOMA-IR) was calculated in children at 3 months.
Results. The children with intrauterine growth restrictioncompared to control group had significantly lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 in cord blood. The differences between types of intrauterine growth restrictionhave been observed: children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction had higher levels of growth hormone, insulin and HOMA-IR then in asymmetrical one. Correlations between insulin and glucose in children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction were absent unlike to asymmetrical intrauterine growth restriction (+0.61). The negative role of catch-up growth in insulin resistance development has been defined: it was related to hyperinsulinemia and increased the frequency of insulin resistance in children either in asymmetrical or in symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction, but more in symmetrical one.
Conclusion. Children with symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction especially with catch-up growth are at the highest risk of metabolic syndrome development in later life and require increased monitoring by pediatricians and endocrinologists.
The activity of transforming growth factor-β in young age with marfanoid habitus
Authors: Timofeev Eugene V. , Malev Eduard G. , Luneva Ekaterina B. , Zemtsovsky Eduard V. 
Published: April 2019

According to contemporary views, hereditary connective tissue disorders divided classified Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz’s, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, the primary mitral valve prolapse. It is known that the fibrillinopaty, which include the Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz’s is characterized by activation of TGF-β signaling pathway. With high le vels of TGF-β attributed most of these clinical manifestations these diseases – aneurysm of the aorta, arahnodaktylya, duralectasy. Assessment of the activity of TGF-β in persons with marfanoid habitus has not previously been studied.
Materials and methods. As part of this work, surveyed 70 people: 61 patients young age (median age of 20.1 ± 2.1 years), among which 36 boys and 25 girls and 9 men with verified diagnosis Marfan syndrome (median age 27.9 ± 9.3 years). All survey performed Echocardiography with a targeted search of small anomalies of heart.
Results. Correlation analysis showed a direct and reliable connection between arahnodaktylya and concentration of TGF-β1 in serum (r = 0.4, p = 0.05). For young people with signs of marfanoid habitus are characterized by reliably a higher concentration in the serum of both isoforms of TGF-β. Excess of threshold levels of TGF-β1 revealed at 20% of the core group and not found at all in the control (p < 0.05). Among persons with exceedances of threshold values for at least one faction of the TGF-β patients with signs of marfanoid habitus met almost three times more often than in the group with normal values of TGF-β (p = 0.01, χ2 = 5.58). In the group of persons with marfanoid habitus and increases TGF-β are detected more frequently such as atrial septal aneurysm, false chord left ventricle papillary muscles, incremental, deflection of shutters of the mitral valve in 1-2 mm, asymmetry tricuspid aortic valve.
State of health of St. Petersburg’s children which are engaged in sports schools
Authors: Zemlyanoy Dmytry A. , Antonov Andrey A. , Alexandrovich Irina V. , Krutova Elizaveta S. 
Published: April 2019

Pupils have a high level of chronic disease, the indicators of their physical development are reduced with increasing educational load. In this regard, of particular interest is the state of health of schoolchildren, additionally engaged in active sports in special clubs.
Purpose of research. To study the state of health of schoolchildren of St. Petersburg attending the clubs of active sport, depending on age. Materials and methods. Data of medical examinations of 1122 schoolchildren 8-16 years old, engaged in sports schools in St. Petersburg. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the comparison of relative frequencies in two populations were used. Results of the research and discussion. Among children, the most popular sports are football (36.7%) and athletics (29.4%), the prevailing majority of children attend clubs from 1 year to 6.5 years. The proportion of pupils from the second health group was 84.9%, healthy children from the first health group – 13.1%, respectively. The most frequent deviations of musculoskeletal system were posture disorders (69.7% of children) and scoliosis (10.0%), at the same time, by the age of 16, the incidence of posture disorders significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and the proportion of scoliosis increased (p < 0.01). Myopia of weak and moderate degree was revealed in 13.3% of surveyed schoolchildren, the proportion of children with myopia by the age of 16 increased significantly (to 20.7%, p < 0.05). Among children attending sports clubs, fewer have myopia than among pupils enrolled in regular schools. The revealed dynamics of morbidity of the musculoskeletal system among children engaged in sports sections, indicates the need for continuous medical monitoring of the level of physical activity and the need to correct the training regimen in identifying children’s health abnormalities.
Testosterone replacement therapy in male urolithiasis patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Tagirov Nair S. 
Published: April 2019

Urolithiasis is one of the most wide-spread kidney lesions in males and females all over the world. It is particularly important for males with hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome.
The goal of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of Testosterone replacement therapy in males with hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome. Patients and methods. 465 male urolithiasis patients were studied. Mean age was 46 (38-54 years). All patients involved in the study had excessive body mass and obesity of various extent. Mean body mass was 92 (85-97 kg) and body mass index 40.5. More than 50% of the patients had Ischaemic Heart Disease, Cholelithiasis and Goiter. Essential Hypertension was present in 76.3% of cases. In more than 50% of the cases there was a combination of two or three nosological forms present. Depending on the replacement therapy used all patients were distributed into two groups: the main (300 patients) and the control one (165 patients).
Results of the study. Testosterone replacement therapy proved to contribute to normalization of mineral and lipid metabolism as well as improvement of kidney function and restoration of normal bone tissue density. Analysis of 5-year relapse frequency demonstrated it to be considerably lower in the main group (10%) than in the control one (30%) which is astatistically valid difference (p < 0.05).
Conclusion. Testosterone replacement therapy is a highly effective and safe method for urolithiasis therapy in males with hypogonadism.
Dynamics of Coronary Calcification and Its Association with the Clinical Course of Ischemic Heart Disease and Osteopenic Syndrome
Authors: Zykov M. V. , Hryachkova O. N. , Kashtalap V. V. , Bykova I. S. , Kokov A. N. , Shibanova I. A. , Barbarash O. L. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose: to study the relationship between degree of calcification of coronary arteries, osteopenic syndrome, and clinical course of ischemic heart disease (IHD) during 3–5 years of follow-up in men after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).Materials and methods. We included in this prospective study 111 men admitted for CABG under cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients underwent color duplex scanning (CDS) of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA), coronary angiography, multislice computed tomography (MSCT) of coronary arteries (CAs) to assess the degree of calcification, densitometry of femoral neck. Cardiac calcium score of the vessels was assessed by the Agatston method. After 3–5 (mean 4.2) years we assessed dead or alive status of 111 patients. Mortality during followup was 11.7 % (n=13). In 59 of 98 survived patients we repeated CDS of BCA and MSCT of CAs with calculation of CA calcification scores.Results. Significant CA calcification prior to CABG was detected in more than half of the patients (57.6 %). Among all clinical and anamnestic factors only one risk factor – smoking was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR] 9.8, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.2–78.1, χ2=6.6, р=0.01). There were no association of mortality with index of CA calcification, Syntax score, osteopenic syndrome and BCA involvement. In the group of patients with baseline coronary calcification index >400 there were more smokers (р=0.026) and patients with lesions in >3 CAs (р=0.037) compared with the group with values ≤400. At the preoperative stage we revealed associations of CAs calcification index with T-test characterizing presence of the osteopenic syndrome (r= –0.24, р=0.06), Syntax score (r=0.26, р=0.041), and number of affected CAs (r=0.25, р=0.048). At repeated examination 3–5 years after CABG a medium positive correlation was detected between the severity of CA calcification and the severity of BCA stenoses (r=0.28, р=0.029). Linear regression analysis with stepwise selection identified baseline (prior to CABG) higher values of T-test evaluated at femoral bone as the only significant predictor of calcium score increase during 3–5 years of follow-up.Conclusion. Dynamics of calcification of CAs in men with IHD during 3–5 years of follow-up after CABG was multidirectional, but in most cases (66 %) it was progressive. There was correlation between coronary calcification and smoking status and decreased T-test assessed at femoral bone prior to CABG. In the long-term follow-up period the correlation between severity of BCA lesion and severity of coronary calcification was found. Negative correlation was detected between progression of coronary calcification and baseline impairment of mineral density of femoral bone.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: Innovative Possibilities for Management of Prognosis
Authors: Kobalava Zh. D. , Yeshniyazov N. V. , Medovchshikov V. V. , Khasanova E. R. 
Published: April 2019

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has gone beyond the professional interests of one specialty. T2DM, cardiovascular (CV) diseases and chronic kidney disease, considered from the standpoint of a single cardio-reno-metabolic continuum, place a heavy economic burden on society. At the same time, the improvement of diagnostic methods and medical technologies led to distinct decrease in the frequency and mortality from a number of complications of T2DM, including myocardial infarction and stroke, but other states took their place. Thus, heart failure (HF) has taken the position of one of the most frequent complications with average prevalence of 24–40 % and significant predominance of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). According to this paradigm, HFpEF is not a disease of diastolic dysfunction, but a systemic disease, the central element of which is impaired renal function. All this together has a potential value for choosing the optimal therapy. In recent years the results of specially designed studies assessing the CV-safety of antidiabetic drugs from the groups of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like preptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium – glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have become known. These drugs, except for SGLT2 inhibitors, by their mechanism of action affecting insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, demonstrated neutral or negative result on the frequency of hospitalizations due to HF. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME study with SGLT2, which has a special insulin-independent mechanism of action, demonstrated not only the efficacy and CV-safety of the drug in the form of a decrease in CV mortality by 38 %, but also a decrease in hospitalizations for HF by 35 %. Further studies with SGLT2 inhibitors confirmed positive effect on HF, indicating a class effect of the drugs. The recently completed study DECLARE-TIMI 58 proved the advantages of using dapagliflozin for the primary and secondary prevention of HF. This review highlights the prevalence of HF in diabetes mellitus, a new concept of the pathophysiology of HF, the main groups of sugar-lowering drugs and their effect on CV outcomes, in particular on HF.
Macrophages and Their Role in Destabilization of an Atherosclerotic Plaque
Authors: Pigarevsky P. V. , Snegova V. A. , Nazarov P. G. 
Published: April 2019

The modern data on structure and the functional activity of macrophages are presented in the review. It is shown that they are the nonhomogeneous cell population. Two of their main subpopulations are presented as M1 and M2 phenotypes which perform opposite functions at inflammation development. The main attention in the review is paid to a role of macrophages in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and, first, in formation of unstable atherosclerotic plaques which are the cause of the most severe complications of the disease. It is shown that main subpopulations of macrophages play different roles in formation of unstable and stable atherosclerotic plaques. Macrophages of M1 phenotype in the vascular wall carry out pro-atherogenic role and influence destabilization of an atherosclerotic plaque, while M2 macrophages perform atheroprotective function.