bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating type ratios and pathogenicity in Diplodia shoot blight fungi populations: Comparative analysis
Authors: Manzanos Tania , Stanosz Glen R. , Smith Denise R. , Muenchow Jannes , Schratz Patrick , Brenning Alexander , Aragonés Ana , Iturritxa Eugenia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDiplodia sapinea and Diplodia scrobiculata are opportunistic pathogens of Pinus species. Several studies about taxonomy, impact and epidemiology of these fungi have been conducted in previous years, which have provided useful information and have raised new issues. These diseases produce a considerable impact on plantations resulting in significant economic losses. The main aims of this study are to increase the knowledge of the potential of genetic exchange and the relative aggressiveness of these organisms that can persist in healthy tissues of asymptomatic trees. A collection of 250 isolates among which are 149 strains collected from Pinus radiata plantations in Basque Country (Spain) and 101 strains from different countries was included in this work. Mating type ratios were analysed and compared using the structure of the MAT locus (MAT1‐1‐1 and MAT1‐2‐1). Inoculations of Pinus radiata seedlings were performed in a biosafety greenhouse (P2) to confirm pathogenicity of isolates and compare their aggressiveness. The frequency of occurrence of both idiomorphs of D. sapinea in Basque Country isolates was close to 1:1, however, for collection of isolates of this fungus from around the world, the ratio was 1:2. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the two mating types in the Basque Country was random. Despite no detection of a sexual state, these results could suggest sexual reproduction behaviour. The pathogenicity of all strains in the collection was confirmed. Although aggressiveness (in terms of lesion lengths resulting from inoculation) varied greatly, no statistically significant effects of MAT type or pathogen species were detected.
Prestimulus neural alpha power predicts confidence in discriminating identical auditory stimuli
Authors: Wöstmann Malte , Waschke Leonhard , Obleser Jonas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhen deciding upon a sensory stimulus, the power of prestimulus neural alpha oscillations (~10 Hz) has been shown to hold information on a perceiver's bias, or confidence, as opposed to perceptual sensitivity per se. Here, we test whether this link between prestimulus alpha power and decision confidence, previously established in vision and somatosensation, also holds in the auditory modality. Moreover, confidence usually depends on the physical evidence available in the stimulus as well as on decision accuracy. It is unclear in how far the link between prestimulus alpha power and confidence holds when physical stimulus evidence is entirely absent, and thus accuracy does not vary. We here analysed electroencephalography data from a paradigm where human listeners (N = 17) rated their confidence in the discrimination of the pitch of two tones that were, unbeknownst to the listeners, identical. Lower prestimulus alpha power as recorded at central channel sites was predictive of higher confidence ratings. Furthermore, this link was not mediated by auditory evoked activity. Our results support a direct link between prestimulus alpha power and decision confidence. This effect, first, shows up in the auditory modality similar to vision and somatosensation, and second, is present also in the complete absence of physical evidence in the stimulus and in the absence of varying accuracy. These findings speak to a model wherein low prestimulus alpha power increases neural baseline excitability, which is reflected in enhanced stimulus‐evoked neural responses and higher confidence.
Investigation of microstructure effect on fretting fatigue crack initiation using crystal plasticity
Authors: Minaii Kaveh , Farrahi Gholam Hossein , Karimpour Morad , Bahai Hamid , Majzoobi Gholam Hossein 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe onset of fretting fatigue is characterized by material microstructural changes in which the extent of the damage is comparable to grain size, and hence, the microstructure characteristics could have a significant effect on fatigue crack initiation. In this paper, a three‐dimensional finite element crystal plasticity framework is presented for simulation of the fretting fatigue. Controlled Poisson Voronoi tessellation (CPVT) method is employed to generate the polycrystalline region. In the CPVT method, regularity parameter controls the shape of grains. In this study, the impact of grain size and regularity parameter on crack initiation life and initiation site has been investigated. Cumulative plastic slip was used as a parameter of microstructure‐sensitive fatigue indicator. This parameter could effectively predict the location of crack initiation and its life. The results show that regularity parameter has a significant effect on the location of crack initiation. Furthermore, the effect of grain size on the fretting fatigue life of 316L stainless steel was investigated experimentally through testing different specimens with different grain sizes, to validate the simulation results.
Stress intensity factors for cracks emanating from a circular hole in an infinite quasi‐orthotropic plane
Authors: Hajimohamadi Mojtaba , Ghajar Rahmatollah 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAn infinite quasi‐orthotropic plane with a cracked circular hole under tensile loading at infinity is studied analytically. To this end, complex variable theory of Muskhelishvili is used. In addition, to obtain analytical functions, a new conformal mapping is proposed and expanded to series expressions. Stress intensity factors (SIFs) for two unequal cracks emanating from a circular hole are obtained. To validate the analytical SIFs in a quasi‐orthotropic plane, the results are compared with FEM and the results of isotropic plane. The SIFs for small cracks in a quasi‐orthotropic and an isotropic plane are different, because of difference between stress concentrations in points which cracks emanate from the hole. However, the results of quasi‐orthotropic plane converge to isotropic plane for the large cracks. Therefore, the SIFs of the large cracks in a quasi‐orthotropic plane can be replaced by the results of the center crack with equivalent length in an isotropic plane.
Climate and soils together regulate photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination within C3 plants worldwide
Authors: Cornwell William K. , Wright Ian J. , Turner Joel , Maire Vincent , Barbour Margaret M. , Cernusak Lucas A. , Dawson Todd , Ellsworth David , Farquhar Graham D. , Griffiths Howard , Keitel Claudia , Knohl Alexander , Reich Peter B. , Williams David G. , Bhaskar Radika , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Richards Anna , Schmidt Susanne , Valladares Fernando , Körner Christian , Schulze Ernst‐Detlef , Buchmann Nina , Santiago Louis S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimWithin C3 plants, photosynthesis is a balance between CO2 supply from the atmosphere via stomata and demand by enzymes within chloroplasts. This process is dynamic and a complex but crucial aspect of photosynthesis. We sought to understand the spatial pattern in CO2 supply–demand balance on a global scale, via analysis of stable isotopes of carbon within leaves (Δ13C), which provide an integrative record of CO2 drawdown during photosynthesis.LocationGlobalTime period1951–2011.Major taxa studiedVascular plants.MethodsWe assembled a database of leaf carbon isotope ratios containing 3,979 species–site combinations from across the globe, including 3,645 for C3 species. We examined a wide array of potential climate and soil drivers of variation in Δ13C.ResultsThe strongest drivers of carbon isotope discrimination at the global scale included atmospheric pressure, potential evapotranspiration and soil pH, which explained 44% of the variation in Δ13C. Addition of eight more climate and soil variables (each explaining small but highly significant amounts of variation) increased the explained variation to 60%. On top of this, the largest plant trait effect was leaf nitrogen per area, which explained 11% of Δ13C variation.Main conclusions: By considering variation in Δ13C at a considerably larger scale than previously, we were able to identify and quantify key drivers in CO2 supply–demand balance previously unacknowledged. Of special note is the key role of soil properties, with greater discrimination on low‐pH and high‐silt soils. Unlike other plant traits, which show typically wide variation within sets of coexisting species, the global pattern in carbon stable isotope ratios is much more conservative; there is relatively narrow variation in time‐integrated CO2 concentrations at the site of carboxylation among plants in a given soil and climate.
Species invasions and the phylogenetic signal in geographical range size
Authors: Pigot Alex L. , Dyer Ellie E. , Redding David W. , Cassey Phillip , Thomas Gavin H. , Blackburn Tim M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimAccelerating rates of anthropogenic introductions are leading to a dramatic restructuring of species distributions globally. However, the extent to which invasions alter the imprint of evolutionary history in species geographical ranges remains unclear. Here, we provide a global assessment of how the introduction, establishment and spread of alien species alters the phylogenetic signal in geographical range size using birds as a model system.LocationGlobal.Time periodContemporaneous.TaxaBirds.MethodsWe compare the phylogenetic signal in alien range size with that of native distributions of species globally (n = 9,993) and across different stages in the invasion pathway, from introduced (n = 965) to established species (n = 359). Using stochastic simulations, we test whether differences in phylogenetic signal arise from nonrandom patterns of species introduction, establishment or spread.ResultsGeographical range size in birds exhibits an intermediate phylogenetic signal, driven by the spatial clustering of closely related species. Nonrandom introductions, biased towards wide‐ranging species from particular clades and regions, produce an anomalously strong phylogenetic signal in the native range size of introduced species. In contrast, the phylogenetic signal in alien range size is substantially weaker than for native distributions. This weak phylogenetic signal cannot be explained by a lack of time for dispersal but is instead regulated by phylogenetic correlations across species in the location and number of introduction events.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that the effects of anthropogenic introductions on the phylogenetic signal in range size vary across different stages in the invasion pathway. The process of transport and introduction amplifies the phylogenetic signal in the pool of potential invaders, whereas the subsequent pattern of spread decouples variation in alien range size from phylogenetic ancestry. Together, our findings suggest that evolutionary relatedness is likely to be a relatively weak predictor of the spread of invasive species.
Genetic suppression of collapsin response mediator protein 2 phosphorylation improves outcome in methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine‐induced Parkinson’s model mice
Authors: Togashi Kentaro , Hasegawa Masaya , Nagai Jun , Tonouchi Aine , Masukawa Daiki , Hensley Kenneth , Goshima Yoshio , Ohshima Toshio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by slow and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Levodopa (l‐Dopa), the current main treatment for PD, supplies dopamine, but it does not prevent neurodegeneration. There is thus no promising remedy for PD. Recent in vitro study showed the increase in the phosphorylation levels of Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 2 (CRMP2) is involved in dopaminergic axon degeneration. In the present study, we report elevation of CRMP2 phosphorylation in dopaminergic neurons in SNc after challenge with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a common model for PD. Genetic suppression of CRMP2 phosphorylation by mutation of the obligatory Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)‐targeted serine‐522 site prevented axonal degradation in the nigrostriatal pathway of transgenic mice. As a result, the degree of MPTP‐induced motor impairment in the rotarod test was suppressed. These results suggest that suppression of CRMP2 phosphorylation may be a novel therapeutic target for PD.
Internal workplace violence from colleagues is more strongly associated with poor health outcomes in nurses than violence from patients and families
Authors: Pien Li‐Chung , Cheng Yawen , Cheng Wan‐Ju 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsTo examine the associations between different workplace violence sources and health outcome in nurses.BackgroundWorkplace violence is a major threat to nurses’ physical and mental health. Other workers in the health sector, patients and visitors can cause workplace violence. To effectively prevent workplace violence‐related health problems, the differential impact of internal and external violence needs to be explored.DesignsA cross‐sectional survey of 1,690 fully employed female nurses.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was used to record the nurses’ experiences of workplace violence, including types (physical, psychological, verbal and sexual) and sources (internal and external) of violence. Data on psychosocial work conditions including work shift, psychological job demands, job control and workplace justice, were also collected. The nurses’ health condition was measured using the 5‐item Brief Symptom Rating Scale and Self‐Rated Health Scale and multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations between workplace violence and health. The study was carried out in 2015–2016.ResultsSixty percent of the internal workplace violence was psychological and verbal and adverse psychosocial work conditions were associated with workplace violence. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and psychosocial work conditions, internal workplace violence resulted in higher risks of poor self‐rated health and mental health than did external workplace violence, particularly in nurses who had experienced psychological and verbal violence.ConclusionInternal workplace violence in the form of psychological and verbal violence had a stronger effect on nurses’ health than did external workplace violence. Organization‐level measures should be implemented to prevent internal violence.
Impact of resilience on the health‐related quality of life of adolescents with a chronic health problem: A structural equation approach
Authors: Kim Mijin , Kim Kyunghee , Kim Ji‐Su 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to test the impact of resilience on the health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem, we established a structural model to explain patients’ health‐related quality of life.BackgroundThere are various resilience‐related factors with major effects on the health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic disease; however, little is known about relationships among resilience, these influencing factors and direct and indirect effects of health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem.DesignThis study adopted a cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational design.MethodsParticipants were 220 adolescents with a chronic disease who were aged between 10 and 18 years and currently receiving treatment at a hospital or clinic for least 6 months from February to October 2017 in Korea.ResultsThis study verifies that hope and courageous coping had direct effects on the resilience of adolescents with a chronic health problem and the level of direct effects on health‐related quality of life was in the following order: hope, resilience and courageous coping. In addition, illness‐related distress, social support, hope and defensive coping had indirect effects on resilience and the level of indirect effects on health‐related quality of life was in the following order: illness‐related distress, social support, defensive coping, hope and courageous coping.ConclusionResilience is a major factor that improves health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem. In consideration of the direct and indirect paths verified through this study, it is necessary to develop interventions to improve health‐related quality of life among adolescents with a chronic health problem.
Effects of oral hygiene programme and home phone counselling for hepatitis C patients receiving antiviral treatment
Authors: Wu I‐Jung , Chang Te‐Sheng , Hwang Su‐Lun , Chen Mei‐Yen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsTo explore the effectiveness of an oral hygiene programme combined with home phone counselling on hepatitis C patients during antiviral treatment.BackgroundHepatitis C virus infection is the leading cause of liver diseases. Evidence indicates that the antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus infection has been successful, albeit its many side effects, such as discomfort symptoms of oral ulcers, which, in turn, leads to discontinued treatment. Inappropriate oral hygiene may worsen the side effects and increase the risk of dropping out of the treatment.DesignA quasi‐experimental pre–post‐test design was used.MethodsThe oral hygiene programme was based on a standardized protocol of oral health care combined with home phone counselling. The participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic between August 2016 and July 2017. The generalized estimating equation was used for repeated measures of oral health behaviour, oral health status and discomfort symptoms.FindingsThirty‐four participants completed this study. The findings indicated that the oral hygiene programme significantly improved tooth brushing, use of dental floss and oral comfort. The result showed that the participants’ oral health status significantly improved in 3 months.ConclusionsThis pilot study supports the finding that an oral hygiene programme can reduce oral discomfort, improve oral hygiene behaviour, and enhance the oral health status of hepatitis C patients receiving treatment. This is a simple and low‐cost programme, which can be performed at home easily and boosts the completion of antiviral treatment.
A complex intervention of self‐management for patients with COPD or CHF in primary care improved performance and satisfaction with regard to own selected activities; A longitudinal follow‐up
Authors: Zakrisson Ann‐Britt , Arne Mats , Hasselgren Mikael , Lisspers Karin , Ställberg Björn , Theander Kersti 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo test a self‐management intervention in primary health care (PHC) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic heart failure (CHF) on self‐efficacy, symptoms, functioning, and health.BackgroundPatients with COPD or CHF experience often the same symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, lack of energy, dry mouth, numbness or tingling in hands and feet, pain and sleeping problems.DesignA multicentre randomized control trial.MethodThe trial was conducted with one intervention group (N = 73) and one control group (N = 77). The trial was performed from September 2013–September 2015 at nine PHC centres in three county councils in Sweden. At baseline patients with COPD and CHF experienced any symptom. Follow‐ups were performed after 3 months and 1 year. The intervention was structured on Bandura's theory of self‐efficacy in six meetings and individual action plans based on personal problems were performed and discussed.ResultsAt baseline, there were no differences between the groups except for SF‐36 social function. After 3 months, the intervention group improved performance and satisfaction with regard to own selected activities, otherwise no differences were found.ConclusionWhen designing a program, the patient's own difficulties must be taken into consideration if person‐centred care is to be established. It is feasible to include both patients with COPD and CHF in the same group in PHC. Healthcare professionals need supervision in pedagogics during intervention in self‐management.
Volatile compounds and biogenic amines during the ripening of mold‐ripened Civil cheese manufactured using three different strains of Penicillium roqueforti
Authors: Gurkan H. , Yilmaztekin M. , Cakmakci S. , Hayaloglu A. A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThree different strains of Penicillium roqueforti were used for the manufacture of mold‐ripened Civil cheese and these cheeses were ripened at 4 and 10 °C for 90 days. Sixty‐five volatile compounds were identified in the volatile fractions of the cheeses. The concentration of volatile compounds in cheeses was significantly affected ripening time temperature and by mold strains a lesser extent. 3‐Methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐nonanol, methyl dodecanoate, butanoic acid, and decanoic acid were the most frequently identified volatiles. Tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine were also found. The most abundant biogenic amine was cadaverine. The formation of biogenic amines was significantly influenced by strain, ripening time, and temperature. The biogenic amine content was found to be between 2.41 and 228.94 μg/g cheese. Ripening temperature and ripening time significantly influenced the formation of volatile compounds and biogenic amines.Practical applicationsMoldy Civil is a traditional cheese variety produced in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey and it is protected by geographical indication by Turkish Patent and Trademark Office (TURKPATENT) by 2010. It is manufactured using skimmed milk which is spontaneously acidified with native lactic acid bacteria and also the addition of preacidified whey. Three strains of P. roqueforti was used in Moldy Civil cheese‐making and strains of the mold changed the volatile profiles and the levels of biogenic amines less than ripening time and temperature. Methyl ketones and alcohols were the dominant groups in volatiles, while cadaverine was found to be principal biogenic amine in Moldy Civil cheese. Use of P. roqueforti strains contributed to the formation of the volatile fraction of the cheese; however, the level of biogenic amines changed by P. roqueforti strains a lesser extent.