bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial and community assessment of relatives of victims of extra-judicial killings in Peru: Informing international courts
Authors: Rivera-Holguín Miryam , Pérez-Sales Pau , Hildenbrand Adriana , Custodio Elba , Vargas Germán , Baca Nelida , Corveleyn Jozef , De Haene Lucia 
Published: May 2019

Introduction: During the Peruvian internal armed conflict, fifteen members of the Santa Barbara community were collectively executed by state agents, and their relatives were made victims of persecution, torture, and imprisonment. The case, known as the Santa Barbara massacre, was brought to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The documentation of individual, family and community impacts for the Court became a challenge due to the need to address cultural, geographical, political and community aspects. This paper aims to discuss the complexities of forensic documentation of human rights violations using a psychosocial and communitarian background. Method: The assessment included seven survivors from three different families. Both qualitative and quantitative instruments were used. A participative action research framework guided the design, documentation process, and discussion of outcomes with the survivors. Results/ discussion: The report included four levels of documentation exhibited in the Istanbul Protocol framework: clinical impacts from a western perspective, emic formulations and cultural idioms of distress, communitarian perspectives, and a proposal of reparation measures for the Court. Individual analysis revealed chronic mental health sequelae of forced displacement, imprisonment and torture. Local idioms of distress (in Quechuan, “pinsamientuwan,” “llaki,” “ñakary,” “umananay” and “iquyay”) deepened the understanding of the damage faced by the survivors. The analysis of the community uncovered three main areas of collective damage: broken social and cultural identity, lack of political participation, and loss of perspective on the future. Regarding reparations, survivors highlighted the pursuit for justice, the dignified remembrance of their loved ones, social re-inclusion of displaced persons into the community, education for offspring, and measures for the preservation of their community’s identity and culture. Conclusions: Psycholegal accompaniment for victims through a participatory research approach is essential for the proper documentation of the consequences of violence in complex contexts. It is also essential in guaranteeing that the forensic documentation of the impact of political violence can be proposed as reparative for the survivors in itself.
Ultraviolet-B band lasers fabricated on highly relaxed thick Al0.55Ga0.45N films grown on various types of AlN wafers
Authors: Kawase Yuta , Ikeda Syunya , Sakuragi Yusuke , Yasue Shinji , Iwayama Sho , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Miyake Hideto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the dependence of threshold power density on the Al0.55Ga0.45N underlying layer film thickness in ultraviolet-B band (UV-B) lasers on various AlN wafers (four types). We also prepared and compared AlN templates for AlN freestanding substrates, AlN films fabricated by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, and annealed sputtered AlN templates at high temperature. The initial growth of AlGaN became three-dimensional by inserting a homoepitaxial Ga-doped AlN layer between the AlN template and Al0.55Ga0.45N, before it shifted to two-dimensional growth. It is possible to reduce the dislocation in Al0.55Ga0.45N using this mode. The dependence of AlGaN film thickness and that of the AlN template on samples with an inserted homoepitaxial Ga-doped AlN layer were studied. Compared with Al0.55Ga0.45N having a thickness of 5 μm, there was almost no noticeable difference between the dark spot density characterized by cathodoluminescence and the threshold power density in UV-B lasers for the AlN template. Besides, the characteristics were noticeably different for the film thickness of Al0.55Ga0.45N. The threshold power density in UV-B laser and dark spot density were reduced by increasing the film thickness. Through the optimization of the crystal growth condition, the threshold power density in UV-B laser and dark spot density were reduced to 36 kW cm−2 and 7.5 × 108 cm−2, respectively.
Recent progress of Na-flux method for GaN crystal growth
Authors: Mori Yusuke , Imanishi Masayuki , Murakami Kosuke , Yoshimura Masashi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this review, the history of research and development of the Na-flux method for growing single GaN crystals is summarized from its discovery in 1994 until the present. Underlying the development of the Na-flux method, which has become one of the more important technologies for growing high quality GaN crystals, there have been several important innovations without which it would have been impossible to achieve current technical levels. Here, we describe the development of the Na-flux method through these innovations, including a method for controlling nucleation by adding carbon, single- and multipoint seed techniques, and a hybrid of the flux-film coated and multipoint seed approaches.
Chemodiversity ofCalophyllum inophyllumL. oil bioactive components related to their specific geographical distribution in the South Pacific region
Authors: Ginigini Joape , Lecellier Gaël J. , Nicolas Mael , Nour Mohammed , Hnawia Edouard , Lebouvier Nicolas , Herbette Gaëtan , Lockhart Peter , Raharivelomanana Phila 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundDifferent parts of the treeCalophyllum inophyllumL. (nuts, leaves, roots, bark, fruits, nut oil and resin) are used as traditional medicines and cosmetics in most of the Pacific Islands. The oil efficiency as a natural cure and in traditional cosmetics has been largely described throughout the South Pacific, which led us to investigateC. inophyllum’s chemical and genetic diversity. A correlative study of the nut resin and leaf DNA from three distinct archipelagos in the South Pacific was carried out in order to identify diversity patterns inC. inophyllumacross the South Pacific.MethodsCalophyllum inophyllumplants were sampled from French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Fiji. We extracted tamanu oil (nut oil) resin for chemo-diversity studies and sampled leaf tissues for genetic studies. We applied an analysis method designed for small quantities (at a microscale level), and used High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to establish the chemo-diversity of tamanu oil resin. In-house standards were co-eluted for qualitative determination. Genetic diversity was assessed using chloroplast barcoding markers (the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (accD) gene and the psaA-ycf3 intergenic spacer region).ResultsOur HPLC analysis revealed 11 previously known tamanu oil constituents, with variability among plant samples. We also isolated and characterized two new neoflavonoids from tamanu oil resin namely, tamanolide E1 and E2 which are diastereoisomers. Although genetic analysis revealed low genetic variation, our multivariate analysis (PCA) of the tamanu oil resin chemical profiles revealed differentiation among geographic regions.ConclusionWe showed here that chromatographic analysis using formalized in-house standards of oil resin compounds for co-elution studies against oil resin samples could identify patterns of variation among samples ofC. inophyllum,and discriminate samples from different geographical origins.
Antennas
Authors: Christodoulou C. G. , Wahid P. F. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the characteristics of various antennas used in the RF/microwave region. A brief history of antennas is presented. Starting from simple wire antennas, the article goes on to describe reflector antennas, lens antennas, horn antennas, frequency‐independent antennas, conformal antennas, and reconfigurable antennas. The salient properties of each of these antennas are presented and discussed.
Calibration of a Circular Loop Antenna
Authors: Aykan Aydin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The calibration of a measuring loop antenna means assigning an antenna factor
K
for each frequency in the entire measurement band. This factor can be found either by calculating the impedance of the loop or by using a well‐defined standard magnetic field of a transmitting antenna. For both methods, it is necessary to obtain an accurate relation between the magnetic field and the geometric dimensions of the loops. Generally, a manufactured loop has a complex geometric shape with complex electrical behavior so that its impedance cannot be accurately determined analytically. In such cases, the standard magnetic field method remains as the only alternative for calibration. The formulas needed for implementation of the method, which takes into account the dimensions of the loops with finite conductor radii as well as the current distribution along the loop, are given. With the procedure presented here, the calibration is reduced to an accurate measurement of attenuation.
Directive antennas
Authors: Alexeff Igor , Rader Mark , Kang Weng Lock 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Radio antennas that are directive have many advantages
over stationary antennas. They can observe in one direction
while ignoring much larger signals coming in from
the sides. In addition, as transmitting antennas, they can
direct a small amount of radiation directly to the proper
receiver. Conventional directive antennas use large mirrors
for short waves, such as are used in radar. For longerwave
antennas, they use reflector and director elements
aligned with the antenna. The basic problem with such
arrays is that they are mechanically steered, which is slow
and difficult to do with large antennas, especially in the
presence of wind, ice, or snow.
Horn Antennas
Authors: Jull Edward V. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA “horn” antenna is a length of conducting tube, flared at one end, and used for the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. For an efficient transition between guided and radiated waves, the horn dimensions must be comparable to the wavelength. Consequently horns are used mostly at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths. At lower or higher frequencies they are inconveniently large or small, respectively. They are most popular at microwave frequencies (3–30 GHz), as antennas of moderate directivity or as feeds for reflectors or elements of arrays.
Integrated Antenna Systems
Authors: Fujimoto Kyohei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAn antenna system is ordinarily designed independently from transmitter or receiver circuitry, to which the antenna is connected by a transmission line. Unlike such an ordinary antenna system, an integrated antenna system (IAS) incorporates components, either passive, active, or both, into the antenna structure. The term integration here implies unification of an antenna and device or circuitry so that the performance of the antenna system is determined by both the antenna and the integrated device or circuitry. By means of integration, one can expect either improvement or modification of the antenna characteristics, or enhancement of antenna performance due to the addition of functions introduced by the integration.
Waveguide Antennas
Authors: Kummer Winifred E. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWaveguide antennas are useful for a variety of airborne, ground‐based, space, and missile applications in the microwave frequency band because they offer high radiating efficiency, a high degree of control over the radiation pattern, compact architecture, and low weight.In waveguide slot arrays the radiating and transmission structures are inexorably intertwined, thus it is appropriate to treat the history of the waveguides together with that of slot radiators.
Bandpass Filters
Authors: Ramirez-Angulo Jaime 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bandpass filters are common building blocks of many electronic systems. They find applications in diverse fields such as communications, audio, instrumentation, and biomedicine. Bandpass filters are used on the receiver side in order to select or “filter out” only one of the signals transmitted in the channel. A process called demodulation is used to shift the spectrum of the selected signal back to baseband (to a zero center frequency).
Filter Synthesis
Authors: Lueder Ernst 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe most common types of components for classical filters are lossless inductors and capacitors, as well as ideal transformers for the two‐port and resistances R1 and R2 as internal resistance of the source and as the terminating load. This case is treated in this article. Other types of components are switches such as FETs, capacitors, and operational amplifiers in so‐called switched capacitor filters or delays, adders and multipliers in digital filters or resistors, capacitors and operational amplifiers in RC‐active filters, or electromechanical transducers and a set of electrodes in surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, which are treated in the last section.Guidelines will be presented on how to determine from filter tables the component values of a filter meeting given specifications. This should enable a system engineer to achieve a quick filter design by selecting the appropriate type of filter and by then finding the component values in a table.
Low‐Pass Filters
Authors: Choi Chiu H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A lowpass filter suppresses the high‐frequency components of a signal, leaving intact the low‐frequency ones.
An approach to design a circuit (a lowpass filter) whose frequency response satisfies the lowpass requirements consists of two steps: approximation of the requirements by a transfer function and synthesis of the transfer function.
There are several approximation methods, for instance, Butterworth, Chebyshev, inverse Chebyshev, and Cauer approximations. A transfer function obtained by one method is different from those obtained by the others, and has different properties. However, the frequency response of each of the transfer functions satisfies the lowpass requirements.
MIMO Systems for Wireless Communications
Authors: Iyanda Sulyman Ahmed , Ibnkahla Mohamed 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDemands for high‐speed, reliable wireless data communications have increased rapidly. Multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) communication systems have recently been embraced as an effective means to achieve high data rate transmission over wireless channels. Several MIMO signal processing techniques have thus been exploited, each of them aimed at providing high data rate while optimizing various other additional performance criteria. These techniques include spacetime codes, MIMO beamforming, and spatial multiplexing systems among others. In this article, an overview of these MIMO algorithms is presented. Performance improvement of the MIMO communications system over the conventional wireless communications system is then illustrated. Equalization techniques employed in MIMO receivers for transmissions over frequency‐selective channels are then reviewed.
Personal Area Networking with Bluetooth
Authors: Zeadally S. , Kumar A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe availability and adoption of a wide range of mobile computing devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants (PDA s), wearable computers) of varying sizes and processing capabilities, along with the emergence of wireless local‐area networks (WLAN s) and wireless personal‐area networks (WPAN s), are enabling the ubiquitous access of information anywhere, anytime. These networks are frequently being used as extensions to the Internet, and end users are increasingly exploiting them to access wireless Internet services. One of the emerging short‐range wireless networking technologies that shows great promise as an enabling technology in the deployment of WPAN s is the recent industry‐standard Bluetooth. In this article, we explore by design, implementation, and experimental performance evaluation, mechanisms and approaches that enable Bluetooth devices to achieve (1) seamless IP connectivity to external IP ‐based networks, (2) high performance even in the presence of IEEE 802.11 interfering traffic, and (3) efficient support for high‐quality audio by exploiting the Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVDTP ). We anticipate that our reported experiences and practical results will benefit network designers, developers, and users of Bluetooth technology in WPAN environments.
Capacitance Extraction
Authors: Yu Wenjian , Wang Zeyi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWith the advances in integrated circuit (IC) technology, the effects of electromagnetic coupling among the metal interconnect lines have greatly influenced circuit performance in both VLSI circuits and microwave ICs. Therefore, the modeling and accurate extraction of interconnect capacitance has become a subject of advanced research in these fields. In this article, the fundamental theory, contemporary methodology, and algorithms of capacitance extraction are presented. First, the electrostatic basis of the capacitor is introduced and the capacitance for a multiconductor system is defined. Then, the practical methodologies of capacitance extraction for VLSI interconnects are presented, ranging from 1D, 2D, 2.5D to 3D methods and including the technique used for the task of current full‐chip extraction. Various numerical techniques of 3D capacitance extraction are discussed, some of which represent the frontier of this research field. For 3D capacitance extraction, the state of the art in fast boundary‐element methods and semianalytical approaches are surveyed, with a fairly complete list of references. Finally, some future tends on capacitance extraction are discussed.
Boundary‐Value Problems
Authors: Beker Benjamin , Cokkinides George , Jin Kong Myung 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis article strictly concentrates on the use of the finite‐difference method (FDM) in the numerical analysis of boundary value problems associated with primarily static and to some extent quasistatic electromagnetic (EM) fields. Although all examples presented herein deal with EM‐related engineering applications, some numerical aspects of FDM are also covered.The emphasis will be placed on the applications of FDM to three‐dimensional boundary value problems involving objects with arbitrary geometric shapes that are composed of complex dielectric materials.
BiCMOS Devices and RF Integrated Circuits
Authors: Chen Yupeng , Yang Xiaomin , Thomas X. Wu 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn this article, BiCMOS technology development focusing on the most recent achievements of SiGe BiCMOS technology is reviewed first. Several important figures of merit of SiGe device for RFIC designers such asfT,fmax, BVCEO(collector–emitter breakdown voltage with an open base), and NFminare studied in detail. We begin with the stringent system requirements of typical modern wireless communication standards. Commercial available technology options for RFIC are compared according to performance, power consumption, level of integration, and cost with special emphasis on GaAs, RF CMOS, and SiGe BiCMOS. Passive devices are also explored with respect to their impacts on RFIC design. The design of key wireless system building blocks is investigated. Recently reported results of SiGe BiCMOS low‐noise amplifiers (LNAs), power amplifiers (PAs) and integrated voltage‐controlled oscillators (VCOs) are reviewed. Finally, future trends of RF integrated system adopting SiGe BiCMOS technology are discussed.
Radar Remote Sensing of Irregular Stratified Layers
Authors: Bahar Ezekiel 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA variational full‐wave approach to electromagnetic scattering from irregular stratified media with multiple scale features is presented. Since the scales of the irregular features, such as surface roughness, are often a continuum from very large to very small compared to the wavelength, a two‐scale unified full‐wave approach is applied. The method used to smoothly decompose the random medium fluctuations into larger‐scale and smaller‐scale fluctuations is illustrated for random media characterized by Gaussian and Pearson–Moskowitz‐type spectral density functions. The variational parameter is related to the two‐scale subdivision of the random features of media. It is shown that the total scatter cross section of the irregular stratified media is stationary over a very broad range of the variational parameter. Thus the full‐wave solutions, which are expressed as weighted sums of two cross sections, are practically insensitive to the precise decomposition into two‐scale features.
Underground Propagation
Authors: Zhang Y. P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article presents both natural and guided propagation of radiowaves in underground structures. By natural propagation, we mean that no special‐purpose cables are strung in underground structures to guide radiowaves, whereas by guided propagation we mean that special‐purpose cables such as leaky feeders are strung in underground structures to guide radiowaves. The imperfect waveguide model is developed for the analysis of natural propagation. It predicts that natural propagation is that of waveguide modes. The fundamental mode is important for long‐distance propagation as it suffers the least attenuation, whereas higher order modes are problematic as they cause fluctuation because of addition or subtraction of these modes. The geometrical optical model is also developed for the analysis of natural propagation. It predicts that natural propagation is achieved via a direct ray and many reflected rays. Only the direct ray and those rays with fewer reflections are significant for long‐distance propagation. The diffuse model is developed for the analysis of guided propagation by coupled‐type leaky feeders. It undertakes to calculate the mean power flow per unit solid angle from a coupled‐type leaky feeder according to Lambert's cosine law. The geometrical optical model is developed for the analysis of guided propagation by radiated‐type leaky feeders. It compares a radiated‐type leaky feeder with an array of magnetic diploes, which radiate energy in a certain direction. Furthermore, the statistical characteristics of both natural and guided propagation are also discussed.
Electronic Warfare
Authors: Spezio Anthony E. , Duckworth Alan N. , Klemm Francis J. , Moroz Stanley A. , Talley James M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Electronic warfare (EW) is the systems discipline that exploits an adversary's use of the electromagnetic spectrum to overcome threats that use communications, navigation, and radar systems. This article includes a description of the EW timeline and the various phases of conflict. Also provided is a summary description of the signal environment in which EW systems operate.
This article includes a description of the EW timeline and the various phases of conflict. Also provided is a summary description of the signal environment in which EW systems operate.
High‐Frequency Broadcasting
Authors: Elliot Kim Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

High‐frequency (HF) broadcasting, more commonly known as
shortwave broadcasting
, employs the long‐distance capabilities of skywave propagation for transmissions over long distances. HF is used for international broadcasting. Some international broadcasters additionally use the mediumwave broadcast band (standard AM) to reach audiences in nearer target countries. HF is also used for domestic broadcasting in countries with large remotely populated regions (e.g., Russia, China, Canada, Australia) and in tropical countries, where the effectiveness of mediumwave broadcasting is reduced by poor soil conductivity and static from lightning.