bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community and Media
Authors: Fuller Linda K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis entry defines and describes community media historically, adding numerous global case studies and referencing key organizations. It emphasizes the range of terms that are often associated with the various kinds of media and lists key literature related to the topic. Historical, economic, political, and sociocultural issues abound here. The entry then considers some of the best known organizations: Active Voice Lab, Alliance for Community Media, Alternet, Center for Citizen Media, Center for Media & Social Impact, Communications Initiative Network, Community Media Association, Deep Dish TV, Global Voices, J‐Lab, Media Action Grassroots Network, Media for Development, Panos Institute, Who Makes the News?, World Association of Community Broadcasters, World Association of Communication Radio Broadcasters, and more. Further, Our Media/Nuestros Medios is cited as critical in the field. It ends with this statement: “Whether for educational, entertainment, and/or development purposes, [community media's] role in the mediascape allows for access and empowerment.”
Economic Geography
Authors: Barnes Trevor 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnglophone economic geography has been a central component of human geography for the last 150 years. It is concerned with empirically describing and theoretically explaining the relationship between economic activities broadly defined and their varied geographies. Over the last half‐century, it has become a diverse, vibrant, and open discipline, both methodologically pluralist and theoretically ecumenical. It tends towards situated case studies, often urban and regional, using an eclectic range of mid‐level concepts and theories. Major contemporary areas of economic geographical research include: spaces of production and consumption, geographies of labor and work, governance and regulation, finance, biophysical resources and the environment, globalization and development, and diverse (“more than capitalist”) economies.
Facework
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans) 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The concept of “facework” is a common cultural notion that has to do with status and honor. It was articulated in sociology in a new way by Erving Goffman in 1955 in his book
Interaction Ritual
. He provides a “subject–object” model of human symbolic interaction in which individuals interact with other individuals in terms of subjective perceptions. He views this as a universal aspect of all cultures at the micro level. Much of the “work” involved is ritualized ceremonies. A more nuanced version of the idea is presented by other scholars.
Gambling and Sport
Authors: Smith Garry 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis entry outlines the current global sports‐betting landscape and traces the history of sports‐betting from ancient to modern times. Horse‐racing has long been a popular gambling format, due to the thrill of watching elite equine talent perform and because of technological advancements such as the pari‐mutuel betting system that allows on‐track spectators to view the money bet on each horse and the grand total in the betting pool in real time. The creation of the “point spread,” extensive television coverage, and sports leagues expanding from coast to coast have all spurred an interest in betting on team sports, which has led to a decline in horse‐race wagering. Both legal and illegal sports‐betting are discussed, along with the dearth of legal sports‐betting outlets in North America. Newer sports‐gambling modes such as online betting via offshore Web sites and daily fantasy sports contests are described, and the entry concludes with a discussion on the possibility of changing sports‐betting laws to make the activity more widely available.
Gender, Work, and Family
Authors: Siemieńska Renata 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWomen's participation in activities in the public sphere is accompanied by much slower changes in the private sphere in all countries with different histories and different welfare regimes. Gender inequality persists in both spheres, although increasing levels of education, especially for women, are a factor stimulating changes in both spheres. The creation of conditions for alternative choices between employment and household work as well as between concrete forms of employment makes it possible for employment to adjust to current labor‐market and family demands. In contrast to the stereotype, women tend to attribute the same importance to work as men do. For women, work is a value in itself, even in countries with lower rates of female employment. The family continues to be highly valued and is the main sphere of personal investment for men and women in many countries.
Knowledge Politics
Authors: Grundmann Reiner 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKnowledge politics, or the politics of knowledge, is a term to describe the relation between knowledge claims and political decision‐making. Scholars have investigated the relative influence of one over the other, the rising impact of knowledge, and the asymmetric relation between the two, which seems to confer power to politics. Knowledge politics denotes the practices of initiating, regulating, and using knowledge in order to justify specific policies. Conceptually, a distinction between knowledge, science, and expertise is required in order to avoid confusion.
LangueandParole
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans) 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFerdinand de Saussure distinguishes between a “language” (langue) in its structural form and the spoken word (parole). Linguistics studies patterns of communication using an auditory mode, but vocalized sounds in one language are structurally related to sounds in other languages, particularly languages of the same language family. Chomsky makes a similar distinction between “competence” and “performance.” When a native speaker speaks a language, he or she “performs” theparolebut is not necessarily aware of the linguistic structure of that language as a generalized “competence” in the linguistics of thatlangue. It is possible to speak alanguein a grammatically correct manner without any knowledge of the discipline of linguistics in general, or even the application of linguistic rules to that specific language.
Medicine, Sociology of
Authors: Usher Carey L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Sociology of medicine is a label distinguishing the work of the medical sociologist based upon the goals, setting, and disciplinary context of the work. Sociology of medicine uses sociological inquiry to examine the medical system as a social institution, focusing on organizational and professional structure, roles, and values, on functions of medicine, and on the social psychology of health and illness. The sociologist of medicine typically works within an academic setting, using a sociological perspective to study medicine, health, and illness. This distinguishing term was first published by Robert Straus in 1957.
Millenarianism
Authors: Dawson Andrew 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article treats millenarianism by first defining its key characteristics. Examples of millenarian movements from past and present are then provided, exemplifying both their organizational diversity and their geographical spread. Systemic marginalization and strategic impotence are subsequently identified as important structural causes, while practical‐symbolic crises such as persecution, social transformation, and natural disaster are noted as key triggers of millenarian activity. The piece closes by detailing a number of narrative tropes through which millenarian discourse valorizes both the community of the faithful and individual adepts.
Playboy
Authors: Beggan James K. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Playboy
magazine was founded by Hugh Hefner in December 1953. Although the underlying philosophy of the magazine has been accused of the sexist objectification of women, the magazine presented a progressive attitude toward sexuality during a conservative period in American history.
Playboy
featured nude photographs of women, especially the
Playboy
Playmate, which were complemented with high quality stories and nonfiction.
Playboy
magazine was at its peak popularity in the 1970s, when the monthly circulation was over 7 million copies. The Playboy brand has expanded well beyond the boundaries of the magazine. Although
Playboy
magazine currently sells fewer than 1 million copies bi‐monthly, the company generates over $1 billion a year in revenue from licensing agreements for men's and women's clothing and accessories as well as other products. Given the easy access to sexually explicit material provided by the Internet, some critics feel
Playboy
has lost its cultural significance.
Rational Legal Authority
Authors: Guzmán Sebastián G. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Rational legal authority is a concept developed by Max Weber (1864–1920) to explain the stability of domination in modern times, especially in bureaucracies and democracies. A ruler is or has rational legal authority when she is perceived as legitimate by her subjects on the grounds that she has been given rights to issue commands by formal rules or laws. This entry defines the concept in relation to Weber's more general understanding of domination and other types of legitimate domination, explains the usefulness of the concept from a Weberian perspective, and presents some of the main criticisms of the concept.
Residential Segregation
Authors: Arapoglou Vassilis P. , Maloutas Thomas 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Segregation is a particular residential distribution of the city's population whereby members of a particular population category are not distributed uniformly across space in relation to the rest of the population. Research has focused on groups whose spatial separation was perceived as a social or political problem, such as racial or ethnic minorities, the poor, and the lower categories in established social hierarchies. The levels and patterns of segregation are a spatial configuration of social and ethnic stratification, mediated by national and local institutional arrangements in the allocation of land and housing. Comparisons were initially informed by an evolutionary perspective seeking to identify a common segregation path across cities in different regions of the world. Recent theorizations attempt to understand how historical contingencies and path dependency shape the diverse outcomes of global economic restructuring, rising income inequality, and transnational migration.
Rosenfeld,Rachel (1948–2002)
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRachel Ann Rosenfeld was an American sociologist who studied the influence of social stratification on career and job mobility, and on earnings inequality, particularly for women. Her quantitative empirical research included studies of the US women's movement, women farm workers, work histories of women, academic careers, and differences among work–family policies in advanced industrialized countries.
S
aussure,
F
erdinand
de
(1857–1913)
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans) 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Ferdinand de Saussure is an important linguist and, along with C.S. Peirce, one of the two main contributors to semiotics. His distinction between the signifier and the signified is central. His ideas can be traced back to Neo‐Scholasticism as filtered through Descartes's philosophy. The theory of signification, the idea that a sign is an entirely arbitrary verbal or written phonemic and phonetic device, is attributed to him.
Signs
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans) 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe term “sign” is used in semiotics and hermeneutics as an umbrella (portmanteau) word covering all forms of gestures, ciphers, tokens, marks, indices, and symbols that convey human meaning. There have been many philosophical views expressed in the study of human meaning construction. Some thinkers trace the beginning of human cognition by the earliestHomo sapiensto the use of signs. The earliest religious thinkers emphasized some supernatural indicators of the true nature of reality: they understood “signs” in nature as messages. This led to necromancy and other forms of divination. The Chinese Yi Ching (I Ching) was initially based on the reading of tortoise shells. Victory in battle was often seen as a sign of the whim of the gods or of God's pleasure in ancient times. That which was not understood directly had to be fathomed on the basis of conjecture. Greek physicians utilized somatic signs to diagnose disease. They called this process semeiosis.
Structural and Chemical Changes to CH3NH3PbI3 Induced by Electron and Gallium Ion Beams
Authors: Rothmann Mathias Uller , Li Wei , Zhu Ye , Liu Amelia , Ku Zhiliang , Bach Udo , Etheridge Joanne , Cheng Yi‐Bing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have shown highly promising photovoltaic performance. Electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool for studying the crystallography, morphology, interfaces, lattice defects, composition, and charge carrier collection and recombination properties at the nanoscale. Here, the sensitivity of CH3NH3PbI3 to electron beam irradiation is examined. CH3NH3PbI3 undergoes continuous structural and compositional changes with increasing electron dose, with the total dose, rather than dose rate, being the key operative parameter. Importantly, the first structural change is subtle and easily missed and occurs after an electron dose significantly smaller than that typically applied in conventional EM techniques. The electron dose conditions under which these structural changes occur are identified. With appropriate dose‐minimization techniques, electron diffraction patterns can be obtained from pristine material consistent with the tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 phases determined by X‐ray diffraction. Radiation damage incurred at liquid nitrogen temperatures and using Ga+ irradiation in a focused ion beam instrument are also examined. Finally, some simple guidelines for how to minimize electron‐beam‐induced artifacts when using EM to study hybrid perovskite materials are provided.
Copper‐Catalyzed Bora‐Acylation and Bora‐Alkoxyoxalylation of Allenes
Authors: Sawada Ayumi , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBora‐acylation of allenes proceeds in the presence of a copper catalyst using B2(pin)2 and carboxylic anhydrides as boron and acyl sources, respectively. The reaction selectively affords the corresponding β‐boryl‐β,γ‐unsaturated ketones in good‐to‐high yields. Bora‐alkoxyoxalylation of an allene is also achieved using oxalates.magnified image
Social networks, cooperative breeding, and the human milk microbiome
Authors: Meehan Courtney L. , Lackey Kimberly A. , Hagen Edward H. , Williams Janet E. , Roulette Jennifer , Helfrecht Courtney , McGuire Mark A. , McGuire Michelle K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesWe present the first available data on the human milk microbiome (HMM) from small‐scale societies (hunter‐gatherers and horticulturalists in the Central African Republic [CAR]) and explore relationships among subsistence type and seasonality on HMM diversity and composition. Additionally, as humans are cooperative breeders and, throughout our evolutionary history and today, we rear offspring within social networks, we examine associations between the social environment and the HMM. Childrearing and breastfeeding exist in a biosocial nexus, which we hypothesize influences the HMM.MethodsMilk samples from hunter‐gatherer and horticultural mothers (n = 41) collected over two seasons, were analyzed for their microbial composition. A subsample of these women's infants (n = 33) also participated in detailed naturalistic behavioral observations which identified the breadth of infants' social and caregiving networks and the frequency of contact they had with caregivers.ResultsAnalyses of milk produced by CAR women indicated that HMM diversity and community composition were related to the size of the mother‐infant dyad's social network and frequency of care that infants receive. The abundance of some microbial taxa also varied significantly across populations and seasons. Alpha diversity, however, was not related to subsistence type or seasonality.ConclusionWhile the origins of the HMM are not fully understood, our results provide evidence regarding possible feedback loops among the infant, the mother, and the mother's social network that might influence HMM composition.
Midfacial growth patterns in males from newborn to 5 years old based on computed tomography
Authors: Evteev Andrej , Anikin Anatoliy , Satanin Leonid 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesGrowth patterns of the human facial skeleton have been of great interest and importance for biological anthropologists, forensic scientists, craniofacial surgeons, and orthopedists. Nevertheless, growth trends of the facial skeleton in infancy and early childhood are still poorly known and clinical CT data have been insufficiently used for studying craniofacial ontogeny. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive quantitative description of human midfacial ontogeny in infancy and early childhood, and to contribute to debates regarding the role of modularity vs. integration in shaping the human face.MethodsOur dataset includes 146 high resolution clinical CT datasets of males from the 2nd to 6th years of life and 101 dataset of infants (males) in the 1st year of life. Forty landmarks were collected from each 3D reconstructed skull, then 25 linear measurements describing the morphological features of the facial skeleton were calculated. The integration/modularity issue was addressed via comparison of intragroup correlation matrices at different ages.ResultsGrowth trends for all the measurements are presented in charts and tables of statistical parameters that can be used as normative data. The midfacial variables display a great diversity of growth patterns. The correlation structure of the measurements is different at different ages.ConclusionsVariables commonly assigned to the same unit of the facial skeleton can exhibit rather different growth trends, but some measurements display seemingly coordinated patterns of growth change. The level of interindividual variation of most measurements is stable after the second half of the first year of life.
Pigment and Binder Concentrations in Modern Paint Samples Determined by IR and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wiesinger Rita , Pagnin Laura , Anghelone Marta , Moretto Ligia M. , Orsega Emilio F. , Schreiner Manfred 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKnowledge of the techniques employed by artists, such as the composition of the paints, colour palette, and painting style, is of crucial importance not only to attribute works of art to the workshop or artist but also to develop strategies and measures for the conservation and restoration of the art. While much research has been devoted to investigating the composition of an artist's materials from a qualitative point of view, little effort has been made in terms of quantitative analyses. This study aims to quantify the relative concentrations of binders (acrylic and alkyd) and inorganic pigments in different paint samples by IR and Raman spectroscopies. To perform this quantitative evaluation, reference samples of known concentrations were prepared to obtain calibration plots. In a further step, the quantification method was verified by additional test samples and commercially available paint tubes. The results obtained confirm that the quantitative method developed for IR and Raman spectroscopy is able to efficiently determine different pigment and binder concentrations of paint samples with high accuracy.
Oxidation of Naphthalene with a Manganese(IV) Bis(hydroxo) Complex in the Presence of Acid
Authors: Jeong Donghyun , Yan James J. , Noh Hyeonju , Hedman Britt , Hodgson Keith O. , Solomon Edward I. , Cho Jaeheung 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNaphthalene oxidation with metal–oxygen intermediates is a difficult reaction in environmental and biological chemistry. Herein, we report that a MnIV bis(hydroxo) complex, which was fully characterized by various physicochemical methods, such as ESI‐MS, UV/Vis, and EPR analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and XAS, can be employed for the oxidation of naphthalene in the presence of acid to afford 1,4‐naphthoquinone. Redox titration of the MnIV bis(hydroxo) complex gave a one‐electron reduction potential of 1.09 V, which is the most positive potential for all reported nonheme MnIV bis(hydroxo) species as well as MnIV oxo analogues. Kinetic studies, including kinetic isotope effect analysis, suggest that the naphthalene oxidation occurs through a rate‐determining electron transfer process.
Traversing Steric Limitations by Cooperative Lewis Base/Palladium Catalysis: An Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Branched Esters Using 2‐Substituted Allyl Electrophiles
Authors: Schwarz Kevin J. , Pearson Colin M. , Cintron‐Rosado Gabriel A. , Liu Peng , Snaddon Thomas N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCooperative catalysis enables the direct enantioselective α‐allylation of linear prochiral esters with 2‐substituted allyl electrophiles. Critical to the successful development of the method was the recognition that metal‐centered reactivity and the source of enantiocontrol are independent. This feature is unique to simultaneous catalysis events and permits logical tuning of the supporting ligands without compromising enantioselectivity.
A Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective γ‐Boryl Substitution of Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Alkenes: Synthesis of Enantioenriched γ,γ‐gem‐Difluoroallylboronates
Authors: Kojima Ryoto , Akiyama Sota , Ito Hajime 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe first catalytic enantioselective γ‐boryl substitution of CF3‐substituted alkenes is reported. A series of CF3‐substituted alkenes was treated with a diboron reagent in the presence of a copper(I)/Josiphos catalyst to afford the corresponding optically active γ,γ‐gem‐difluoroallylboronates in high enantioselectivity. The thus obtained products could be readily converted into the corresponding difluoromethylene‐containing homoallylic alcohols using highly stereospecific allylation reactions.
Controlled Nucleation and Controlled Growth for Size Predicable Synthesis of Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs): A General and Scalable Approach
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Gang , Cheng Qian , Yu Yun , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNanoscale metal–organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) are promising porous nanomaterials for diverse applications, such as catalysis, imaging, functional membranes, and drug delivery. At the nanoscale, the size of materials is critical for their properties and utility. Herein, a straightforward and convenient strategy is developed for size precisely controlled synthesis of nanoMOFs. Unlike other approaches, this strategy can directly give nanoMOFs of predicable sizes within a wide range without the time consuming trial‐and‐error process and without the addition of additives. In this approach, the preciseness of size control is ensured by the separated and controlled nucleation and growth. The size controlled synthesis of 9 kinds of most widely studied nanoMOFs confirms the versatility of this strategy. More importantly, this approach can be utilized for scale‐up synthesis of nanoMOFs with the same precise size control.
Indanol‐Based Chiral Organoiodine Catalysts for Enantioselective Hydrative Dearomatization
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Shimazaki Yuto , Omatsu Yamato , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRapid development in the last decade has rendered chiral organoiodine(I/III) catalysis a reliable methodology in asymmetric catalysis. However, due to the severely limited numbers of effective organoiodine catalysts, many reactions still give low to modest enantioselectivity. We report herein a solution to this issue through the introduction of a pivotal indanol scaffold to the catalyst design. Our catalyst architecture exhibits the advantage of high modularity and thereby expedites catalyst optimization. The catalyst was optimized for the challenging and highly sought‐after hydrative dearomatization of 2‐substituted phenols at the 4‐position.