bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Mass Index Trajectories During Young Adulthood and Incident Hypertension: A Longitudinal Cohort in Chinese Population
Authors: Fan Bingbing , Yang Yachao , Dayimu Alim , Zhou Guangshuai , Liu Yanxun , Li Shengxu , Chen Wei , Zhang Tao , Xue Fuzhong 
Published: April 2019

Background

This longitudinal study aims to characterize longitudinal body mass index (
BMI
) trajectories during young adulthood (20–40 years) and examine the impact of level‐independent
BMI
trajectories on hypertension risk.

Methods and Results

The cohort consisted of 3271 participants (1712 males and 1559 females) who had
BMI
and blood pressure (
BP
) repeatedly measured 4 to 11 times during 2004 to 2015 and information on incident hypertension. Four distinct trajectory groups were identified using latent class growth mixture model: low‐stable (n=1497), medium‐increasing (n=1421), high‐increasing (n=291), sharp‐increasing (n=62). Model‐estimated levels and linear slopes of
BMI
at each age point between ages 20 and 40 were calculated in 1‐year intervals using the
latent class growth mixture
model parameters and their first derivatives, respectively. Compared with the low‐stable group, the hazard ratios and 95% CI were 2.42 (1.88, 3.11), 4.25 (3.08, 5.87), 11.17 (7.60, 16.41) for the 3 increasing groups, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the standardized odds ratios and 95%
CI
of model‐estimated
BMI
level for incident hypertension increased in 20 to 35 years, ranging from 0.80 (0.72–0.90) to 1.59 (1.44–1.75); then decreased gradually to 1.54 (1.42–1.68). The standardized
odds ratio
s of level‐adjusted linear slopes increased from 1.22 (1.09–1.37) to 1.79 (1.59–2.01) at 20 to 24 years; then decreased rapidly to 1.12 (0.95–1.32).

Conclusions

These results indicate that the level‐independent
BMI
trajectories during young adulthood have significant impact on hypertension risk. Age between 20 and 30 years is a crucial period for incident hypertension, which has implications for early prevention.
Like Stars in the Sky: Networks of Astronomers in Mongol Eurasia
Authors: Yang Qiao 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Mongols established an empire that ruled over two thirds of Eurasia. This was achieved, so they believed, by the will of heaven. Therefore, they had a great interest in reading the sky for guiding their earthly activities. Under the patronage of Mongol rulers, astronomers in both Yuan China and the Ilkhanate of Iran developed an extensive scholarly network and the astral sciences in both khanates witnessed their heyday. This paper reconstructs and compares the dynamic networks of astronomers in Ilkhanid Iran and Yuan China. Based on the astronomers’ biographies, it analyzes the wider culture of expertise and social settings that shaped the profession of heavenly observation and predictive analysis. The comparative perspective will highlight the continuities and changes of astronomy in China and Iran under Mongol rule. I will also discuss the achievements and limitations of the cross-cultural reading of heaven in Mongol Eurasia.
The Legal Framework for the Fight against Female Circumcision: From Cultural Indulgence to Human Rights Violations. The French Example
Authors: Le Bris Catherine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The harmful consequences of female circumcision for women’s health have been demonstrated and are regularly recalled by the World Health Organisation. Whereas in the past, the cultural dimension of the practice was emphasised, which result in impunity or absence of guilt, it is now considered by the United Nations as a violation of human rights, especially of the right to health. In 2012, the General Assembly asked States for a total ban on the practice. Despite the consensus on the punishability of female circumcision, its enforcement diverges, in particular in Western Europe. France is considered as a model in this area, that’s why this study focuses on it. Yet, under French law, there is no special legislation criminalising the practice: female circumcision is punishable on grounds of mutilation. However, the French success is not complete: the prevention of such acts could be improved.
Universality in the Spatial Evolution of Self-Aggregation of Tropical Convection
Authors: Windmiller Julia M. , Craig George C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSelf-aggregation in numerical simulations of tropical convection is described by an upscale growth and intensification of dry and moist regions. Previous work has focused on determining the relevant mechanism that induces moist regions to get moister and dry regions to get drier. Though different mechanisms have been identified, the spatial evolution of self-aggregation is remarkably universal. The first part of this study shows that different mechanisms can lead to a similar evolution of self-aggregation, if self-aggregation is described by a phase separation of moist and dry regions, through a process called coarsening. Though it was previously introduced based on a convection–humidity feedback, coarsening, importantly, is not tied to a specific feedback process but only requires an intensification of local humidity perturbations. Based on different feedback loops, three simple models of the evolution of the humidity field are introduced, all of which lead to coarsening. In each model, diffusive transport of humidity is assumed, which approximates a humidity increase due to convection, within a finite region around convective cores. In the second part, predictions made by coarsening are compared with atmospheric model simulations. Analyzing a set of radiative–convective equilibrium simulations shows that coarsening correctly predicts the upscale growth of the moist and dry regions in the early stages of self-aggregation. In addition, coarsening can explain why self-aggregation is not observed for small domains and why the shape of the final moist region changes with the shape of the domain.
Wind–Mixed Layer–SST Feedbacks in a Tropical Air–Sea Coupled System: Application to the Atlantic
Authors: Kataoka Takahito , Kimoto Masahide , Watanabe Masahiro , Tatebe Hiroaki 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The ocean–atmosphere feedback associated with the thermodynamic coupling among wind speed, evaporation, and sea surface temperature (SST), called the wind–evaporation–SST (WES) feedback, contributes to the cross-equatorial SST gradient over the tropical oceans. By conducting an eigenanalyses of simple linear air–sea coupled models, it is shown that two additional feedback processes are present when the variable oceanic mixed layer depth (MLD) is considered. The horizontal structures of the leading modes are similar to the WES mode, which shows a meridional dipole in the SST anomalies straddling the equator with cross-equatorial wind anomalies that represent the weakening/strengthening of the trade winds over the warm/cool SST anomalies. The coupling of the variable MLD with winds and SST more than doubles the growth rate of the WES mode and enhances the equatorward propagation of the coupled disturbances. The identified feedbacks operate as follows: The weaker winds associated with warm SST anomalies shoal the mixed layer through suppressed turbulent mixing, which causes the mixed layer to be more sensitive to the climatological shortwave radiation and amplifies the initial positive SST anomalies. Likewise, deepening of the mixed layer due to stronger winds acts to maintain the negative SST anomaly on the other side of the dipole. The MLD anomalies can also be generated by the buoyancy flux anomaly related to the wind-induced latent heat flux anomaly. The antiphase relationship between the SST and MLD anomalies seen in the simple model bears some resemblance to that which is observed in the observations and a state-of-the-art coupled model during the Atlantic meridional mode.
On the Physics of the Warm Water Volume and El Niño/La Niña Predictability
Authors: Clarke Allan J. , Zhang Xiaolin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPrevious work has shown that warm water volume (WWV), usually defined as the volume of equatorial Pacific warm water above the 20°C isotherm between 5°S and 5°N, leads El Niño. In contrast to previous discharge–recharge oscillator theory, here it is shown that anomalous zonal flow acceleration right at the equator and the movement of the equatorial warm pool are crucial to understanding WWV–El Niño dynamics and the ability of WWV to predict ENSO. Specifically, after westerly equatorial wind anomalies in a coupled ocean–atmosphere instability push the warm pool eastward during El Niño, the westerly anomalies follow the warmest water south of the equator in the Southern Hemisphere summer in December–February. With the wind forcing that causes El Niño in the eastern Pacific removed, the eastern equatorial Pacific sea level and thermocline anomalies decrease. Through long Rossby wave dynamics this decrease results in an anomalous westward equatorial flow that tends to push the warm pool westward and often results in the generation of a La Niña during March–June. The anomalously negative eastern equatorial Pacific sea level typically does not change as much during La Niña, the negative feedback is not as strong, and El Niños tend to not follow La Niñas the next year. This El Niño/La Niña asymmetry is seen in the WWV/El Niño phase diagram and decreased predictability during “La Niña–like” decades.
Winter Storm Tracks and Related Weather in the NCEP Climate Forecast System Weeks 3–4 Reforecasts for North America
Authors: Lukens Katherine E. , Berbery Ernesto Hugo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article examines to what extent the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) weeks 3–4 reforecasts reproduce the CFS Reanalysis (CFSR) storm-track properties, and if so, whether the storm-track behavior can contribute to the prediction of related winter weather in North America. The storm tracks are described by objectively tracking isentropic potential vorticity (PV) anomalies for two periods (base, 1983–2002; validation, 2003–10) to assess their value in a more realistic forecast mode. Statistically significant positive PV biases are found in the storm-track reforecasts. Removal of systematic errors is found to improve general storm-track features. CFSR and Reforecast (CFSRR) reproduces well the observed intensity and spatial distributions of storm-track-related near-surface winds, with small yet significant biases found in the storm-track regions. Removal of the mean wind bias further reduces the error on average by 12%. The spatial distributions of the reforecast precipitation correspond well with the reanalysis, although significant positive biases are found across the contiguous United States. Removal of the precipitation bias reduces the error on average by 25%. The bias-corrected fields better depict the observed variability and exhibit additional improvements in the representation of winter weather associated with strong-storm tracks (the storms with more intense PV). Additionally, the reforecasts reproduce the characteristic intensity and frequency of hazardous strong-storm winds. The findings suggest a potential use of storm-track statistics in the advancement of subseasonal-to-seasonal weather prediction in North America.
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists professional practice guidelines for the administration of electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Weiss Alan , Hussain Salam , Ng Bradley , Sarma Shanthi , Tiller John , Waite Susan , Loo Colleen 
Published: April 2019

Objectives:To provide guidance for the optimal administration of electroconvulsive therapy, in particular maintaining the high efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy while minimising cognitive side-effects, based on scientific evidence and supplemented by expert clinical consensus.Methods:Articles and information were sourced from existing guidelines and the published literature. Information was revised and discussed by members of the working group of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ Section for Electroconvulsive Therapy and Neurostimulation, and findings were then formulated into consensus-based recommendations and guidance. The guidelines were subjected to rigorous successive consultation and external review within the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, involving the full Section for Electroconvulsive Therapy and Neurostimulation membership, and expert and clinical advisors and professional bodies with an interest in electroconvulsive therapy administration.Results:The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists’ professional practice guidelines for the administration of electroconvulsive therapy provide up-to-date advice regarding the use of electroconvulsive therapy in clinical practice and are informed by evidence and clinical experience. The guidelines are intended for use by psychiatrists and also others with an interest in the administration of electroconvulsive therapy. The guidelines are not intended as a directive about clinical practice or instructions as to what must be done for a given patient, but provide guidance to facilitate best practice to help optimise outcomes for patients. The outcome is guidelines that strive to find the appropriate balance between promoting best evidence-based practice and acknowledging that electroconvulsive therapy is a continually evolving practice.Conclusion:The guidelines provide up-to-date advice for psychiatrists to promote optimal standards of electroconvulsive therapy practice.
Clinical analysis of percutaneous computed tomography–guided injection of cyanoacrylate for localization of 115 small pulmonary lesions in 113 asymptomatic patients
Authors: Huang Bing-Yang , Zhou Jun-Jun , Song Xiao-Yong , Wu Ji-Hua , Zheng Dong , Li Xin-Ming , Li Lu 
Published: April 2019

Objective This study was performed to assess the clinical feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of a computed tomography (CT)–guided cyanoacrylate injection system and investigate the relationship between clinical features and pathologic characteristics of diminutive pulmonary lesions. Methods In total, 115 pulmonary nodules from 113 patients (63 female, 50 male) with a diameter of <20 mm were percutaneously localized with a CT-guided cyanoacrylate injection system and then resected. Results Of the pure ground-glass opacities (GGOs), 16.0% were atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), 18.7% were adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), 49.3% were lung adenocarcinoma (ADC), and 16.0% were benign inflammatory fibrosis/fibrotic scars. Of the mixed GGOs, 18.2% were AAH, 22.7% were AIS, 22.7% were ADC, and 36.4% were benign lesions. Lesions of >10 mm and those located in relation to vessels were significantly more likely to be malignant. The success rate of both the cyanoacrylate injection system and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was 100% with no severe complications. Conclusions Preoperative localization of small pulmonary nodules using a cyanoacrylate injection system is a safe, simple, and useful technique.
Putting the leader back into authentic leadership: Reconceptualising and rethinking leaders
Authors: Crawford Joseph A , Dawkins Sarah , Martin Angela , Lewis Gemma 
Published: April 2019

Increasingly poor and unethical decision-making on the part of leaders across the globe, such as the recent Australian Cricket Ball Tampering Scandal, pose a significant challenge for society and for organisations. Authentic leadership development is one strategy that has been positioned as an antidote to unethical leadership behaviours. However, despite growing interest in authentic leadership, the construct still embodies several criticisms including conceptual clarity; leader-centricity; bias towards the person, not the leader; philosophical ambiguity; and demographic challenges. Each of these criticisms will be explored in depth to inform a reconceptualisation of the authentic leader construct, comprising indicators of awareness, sincerity, balanced processing, positive moral perspective and informal influence. Importantly, this revised conceptualisation considers how researchers can conceptually distinguish between authentic leaders, followers and individuals. To conclude, we propose a research agenda for authentic leaders, encouraging the pursuit of further construct clarity, including the development of rigorous authentic leader behaviour measures, expanding the psychometric profile of the authentic leader construct, increasing the focus on authentic followers and enhancing leader development programmes. JEL Classification: M12
Do Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Scales Demonstrate Responsiveness as Well as Disease-Specific Scales in Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroscopy?
Authors: Kenney Raymond J. , Houck Jeff , Giordano Brian D. , Baumhauer Judith F. , Herbert Meghan , Maloney Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

Background: The Patient Reported Outcomes Information System (PROMIS) is an efficient metric able to detect changes in global health. Purpose: To assess the responsiveness, convergent validity, and clinically important difference (CID) of PROMIS compared with disease-specific scales after knee arthroscopy. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A prospective institutional review board–approved study collected PROMIS Physical Function (PF), PROMIS Pain Interference (PI), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) results in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. The change from preoperative to longest follow-up was used in analyses performed to determine responsiveness, convergent validity, and minimal and moderate CID using the IKDC scale as the anchor. Results: Of the 100 patients enrolled, 76 were included. Values of the effect size index (ESI) ranged from near 0 to 1.69 across time points and were comparable across scales. Correlations of the change in KOOS and PROMIS with IKDC ranged from r values of 0.61 to 0.79. The minimal CID for KOOS varied from 12.5 to 17.5. PROMIS PF and PI minimal CID were 3.3 and −3.2. KOOS moderate CID varied from 14.3 to 18.8. PROMIS PF and PI moderate CID were 5.0 and −5.8. Conclusion: The PROMIS PF and PI showed similar responsiveness and CID compared with disease-specific scales in patients after knee arthroscopy. PROMIS PI, PROMIS PF, and KOOS correlations with IKDC demonstrate that these scales are measuring a similar construct. The ESIs of PROMIS PF and PI were similar to those of KOOS and IKDC, suggesting similar responsiveness at 6 months or longer (ESI >1.0). Minimum and moderate CID values calculated for PROMIS PF and PI using IKDC as an anchor were sufficiently low to suggest clinical usefulness. Clinical Relevance: PROMIS PF and PI can be accurately used to determine improvement or lack thereof with clinically important changes after knee arthroscopy.
Inpatient Enhanced Multidisciplinary Care Effects on the Quality of Life for Parkinson Disease: A Quasi-Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Marumoto Kohei , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Inoue Tomomi , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kawami Yuki , Nakatani Ayumi , Fukazawa Yoshihiro , Hosoe Yayoi , Yamasaki Aki , Domen Kazuhisa 
Published: April 2019

Objectives: To compare the effects of inpatient enhanced multidisciplinary care (EMC) and multidisciplinary rehabilitation (MR) on the symptoms and quality of life (QOL) of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and to clarify the relation between reduction in symptoms and the improved QOL. Methods: This study was a quasi-randomized controlled (alternate allocation), assessor-blinded, single-center study. We recruited 80 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease, Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 to 4, on stable medication. Patients were included in an EMC or MR group. Both rehabilitation programs were performed for 8 weeks (17 h/wk). Main outcome measures were Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. Results: The EMC induced significant improvements in QOL compared to MR. We found that body axis symptoms (rising from a chair, posture, postural stability, falling, and walking) as well as nonmotor symptoms (depression) in patients with PD were relieved by the inpatient EMC. Conclusions: Enhanced multidisciplinary care for patients with PD appears to be effective in improving the QOL. The improvement in motor and nonmotor symptoms, including depression, may contribute to the improved QOL.
Beyond silos: An interprofessional, campus-wide ethics education program
Authors: Polczynski Angela M , Rozmus Cathy L , Carlin Nathan 
Published: April 2019

Background: Ethics education is essential to the education of all healthcare professionals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an interprofessional approach to ethics education to all students across an academic health science center. Research objectives: The objectives were to (1) compare student perception of ethics education before and after the implementation of the campus-wide ethics program and (2) determine changes in student ethical decision-making skills following implementation of a campus-wide ethics program. Research design: This study was a quasi-experimental design with seniors graduating prior to the intervention serving as the control group. Participants and research context: The setting was a comprehensive health science center in the southwestern United States. All students enrolled in the university participated in the intervention; however, 976 graduating students were used for evaluation of the intervention. Ethical considerations: Study materials for each survey were submitted to the university’s IRB, and the project was approved as exempt by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects. Student participation in the surveys was voluntary. No names or other identifying information were collected, and responses to the survey questions were kept confidential. Findings: Students’ perception of the adequacy of time spent on the ethics content in course instruction and practical training decreased from the baseline to the fifth-year survey. Students’ overall comfort level with their abilities to deal with ethical issues increased from the baseline to the fifth year. Student ethical decision-making skills were higher at the third-year evaluation for all indicators. For the fifth-year survey, responses were also higher scoring on all four indicators. Discussion: After participation in an interprofessional campus-wide effort on health professions ethics, students demonstrated higher ethical decision-making scores according to the Health Professional Ethics Rubric. However, their scores still did not reach the proficiency level identified in the rubric. Conclusion: Examination of the effectiveness of each part of the intervention is needed.