bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reality vs. Expectations for ESP Reliability Analysis
Authors: Dowling Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
If you're reading this, then it's likely that your first reaction to the paper's title was something along the lines of ‘oh no, not another paper on reliability’. Believe me, I totally understand: ESP reliability – something that is fundamentally important to both ESP suppliers and end users – often gets treated in technical papers with unnecessarily complex and arcane mathematics. Fundamentally, however, it can be and should be kept reasonable so that everyone can discuss it using the same concepts and terms.
This paper, therefore, will not try to create complicated new metrics. It will use existing runlife analysis techniques to analyze Perenco's entire ESP history and to highlight how different measures can be used in different ways. At each step, the paper will compare the results of the various measures to expectations in order to gain some real evidence-based insight into ESP reliability, which is often surprising. Next, the paper will create logical conclusions based on this evidence that potentially apply to general ESP reliability behavior. And finally, based on those conclusions, the paper will address the implications on how to manage ESP's.
Before getting started, it's important to emphasize a couple points about reliability analysis. The first point is that there is no single evaluation that will tell you everything you want to know about reliability. There are many different analyses possible because there are many different questions to address on reliability, such as: ‘which ESP's are at risk?’ ‘are we improving?’, ‘did this change make a difference?’, or ‘how many ESP failures should I plan for?’ The second point is that, because of this inherent diversity in analysis, and despite my feeling that the subject can be kept at a level most people can understand, there will always be a certain level of complexity to statistical evaluation. It takes time to explain and understand, and this can be difficult to condense into a 5-minute ‘elementary school level’ presentation, as is often requested.
Design and Qualification Testing of ESP Cable to Improve ESP System Run Life
Authors: Harris Dennis , Banman Mark , Malone David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The petroleum industry has made significant changes and improvements to extend the run life and the operating envelope of ESP systems. Design improvements have dominantly focused on motors, seals, and pumps through improved material selection, bearings, etc.; changes accepted and deployed by operators without consideration of technology which can be applied to cable design and packaging. The ESP power delivery system (downhole cables and associated components) have remained largely unchanged for nearly 90 years.
The ESP cable system is responsible for greater than 20% of ESP failures, with a large portion occurring early in the system life (&lt;2 years). In the last 10 years, offshore cable system failures have risen to more than 30% due to installation in harsher operating conditions.
In 2015, two major operators and a rigless ESP provider launched an extensive R&D program to develop a "life-of-well ESP" cable system to complement Wireline Retrievable ESP (WRESP) systems planned for deployment in West Africa and the Middle East. The logic was simple – if a life-of-well cable system could be developed, this could be used with a WRESP to provide rigless ESP operation throughout the life of a well, greatly reducing intervention costs while maximizing production. Once developed, it became apparent that the same technology could also be used in conventional ESP deployments to eliminate cable system failures while reducing the lost rig time and HSE risk associated with traditional ESP cable installations.
The proposed ESP cable system is essentially a repackaging of existing, proven components that have been adapted and qualified to the high voltage and high current requirements of an ESP. This new topology was rigorously tested to industry standards by a joint committee of operators under laboratory and field conditions to confirm the thermal, mechanical, and electrical performance of the system. An installation test was performed in an onshore well to validate reliability of the cable system, packer/wellhead penetrations and downhole splices.
Qualification testing has proven that a "life-of-well" ESP cable system is achievable. Discussion with other operators indicates the system to be scalable to both onshore and offshore applications for improved reliability at a minimal additional cost.
Starting Up the Most Powerful ESP Installed into Deepwater Offshore Wells Completed with Open Hole Gravel Packing: A Real Challenge
Authors: Pedroso Carlos Alberto , Cavalcante Barbara , Marsili Marcelo , Santos Marcelo , Rocha Paulo S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Atlanta Field, offshore Brazil, is probably the most challenging deep-water heavy oil field in the world.
Great challenges have been overcome to build and test the first two wells in this field which have already been detailed elsewhere (Papers OTC 25813, SPE 174893, SPE 174896, SPE 174897, SPE 173946). The refurbishment of the FPSO Petrojarl I, to enable it to process the high viscous oil will be described elsewhere. Finally, the last frontier to prove the technical and economic viability of Atlanta Project is the so called "First Oil" and the ESP operation.
In normal conditions starting an offshore well when equipped with an ESP (Electrical Submersible Pump) is not a trivial task. Furthermore, Atlanta's wells lower completion is composed of Open Hole Horizontal Gravel Packs, due to the completely unconsolidated reservoir. To produce the viscous oil to the FPSO, the most powerful ESPs in the world, with 1,550 HP induction motors, were installed into the wells. Because of the low temperature on the seabed (around four degrees Celsius) in the event of any (expected or unexpected) plant or pump shutdowns, the viscosity of the cold oil could increase to up 100.000 cP in a few hours, despite the flowline insulation. Finally, managing the treatment plant start up procedure is a very complex task.
All these conditions combined made the Atlanta Field Start Up a real challenge. A very restrictive procedure to increase the production drawdown, the production rates, the ESP demand and the plant processing capacities were successfully implemented.
These extremely harsh conditions and the effective procedures to cope with them are thoroughly discussed in this paper.
ESP Downhole Power Quality - Do We have a Healthy Cardiovascular System?
Authors: Williams A. J. , Shipp David 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Electricity is the lifeblood of the Electric Submersible Pump (ESP), the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is the heart that keeps it going, the power cable is the artery that provides the blood and the motor is the equivalent of the body that moves. As Doctors, if we looked at our system "would we pass our annual physical exam"? Surprisingly, there is no specification in our industry for the ‘blood’ or electricity we provide to our ESPs, a shocking (pun intended) omission when most operators desire increased ESP runlife. This paper will identify the key aspects (what and why) of healthy power going downhole and put forward a proposed specification.
In the 2017 ESP Symposium a breakout session was run that looked at downhole power quality (PQ) and posed the question "Is our operating environment worse than other industries and do we apply the best practices from other industries?". The short answer was that our operating environment is extremely challenging and that we have not adopted the learnings that other industries have applied. As part of the breakout, these key learnings were presented. There was overwhelming agreement in the room that a downhole PQ specification is required. Volunteers were solicited to work on a committee to put together such a specification.
This paper will illustrate the best practices from other industries and put forward the rationale and a practical methodology for applying PQ best practices to ESPs. The key aspects of PQ will be presented in layman's terms so that this work can be easily understood by petroleum engineers using ESPs.
Many of the PQ improvements can be implemented retroactively at surface and can provide benefit to existing ESPs as well as provide a basis for technical requirements as part of the surface and downhole specification for new wells. The consequences of poor power quality are ESP component failures (penetrator, cable, splice, MLE / pothead, motor end turn, motor bearing, sensor, shafts) and short runlives. This paper will put the information and practices in the hands of the operator to act to improve ESP runlife.
Need a Lift? A Rotary Gear Pump, an ESP System Without the ESP Pump
Authors: Chachula Ryan , Serafinchan Dale , Dietz Jerry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Electric submersible pump (ESP) systems have over many decades proven themselves as a reliable Industry leading lift system. However, there are limitations to the ESP lift system particularly with reliability and performance in high volume deep unconventional wells with steep decline curves and high amounts of free gas which present multiple challenges that require reliable solutions to enhance the performance and run life of the ESP system and increase overall production. This paper presents the "new innovative next thing" in artificial lift. A robust high volume, low speed positive displacement rotary gear pump (RGP) that has the ability to operate reliably throughout ranges untouched with centrifugal pumps, delivers optimal production and does so in a cost-effective manner in comparison to a conventional ESP system.
The main challenge for long economical production is high decline rate – typically production rates drop 50-80% of initial rates after the first year. The primary reasons for such reservoir behavior: transient inflow effect, no pressure maintained and fracture deterioration. Producing a wide and flexible range of production rates with high efficiency is a significant challenge to artificial lift selection.
With the Industry trending to reduce costs by drilling reduced ID horizontal wellbores with long lateral lengths, this poses a challenge particularly in integrating a life-time one artificial lift system design to capture both the high and low ends of the decline curves that can be handled by ESP systems particularly in confined wellbore architectures. This coupled with operational issues such as pump cavitation or gas locking, high motor operating temperatures, and abrasion/erosional issues due to excessive gas slugging and solids production led to the development of an innovative positive displacement pump.
This paper describes the steps undertaken in designing, testing, and planning a pilot for a prototype rotary gear pump which replaces the centrifugal pump component of an ESP system while addressing all of the functional requirements for successful field implementation.
World's First Mass Implementation of Ultra-High-Speed ESP Systems in Salym Group of Fields, Western Siberia, Russia
Authors: Shakirov Anton , Alexeev Yaroslav , Gorlov Alexander 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a three-year project at Salym Petroleum Development (50:50 joint venture between Shell and GazPromNeft), aimed at mass field implementation of innovative Ultra-High-Speed (UHS) ESP Systems, with over 200 installs having been done. The project was targeted to produce oil and gas safely and efficiently and to reduce Total Cost of Ownership (TCO).
Based on the previous study [1], the key elements, identified to evaluate the technology performance include: equipment, services and operating costs, reliability, production and HSE optimization. Continuous analysis made during the project incorporated a few phases, with each phase followed by a detailed technical and economical assessment. Monitoring, analysis, and optimization methodologies are detailed in several case histories demonstrating principal outcomes of the technology implementation and pointing out its advantages vs counterparts in use as well as limitations and recommendations.
The results of the study proved high potential of Ultra-High-Speed ESP Systems to optimize production and to provide operational benefits under a range of production and well-fluid conditions.
Close study of project results revealed significant savings in power consumption by 40 % at an average, improved runlife in challenging operating conditions (20% increase over other ESP suppliers), and field operating efficiency, with installation time being reduced by 60 %.
The successful results have been achieved through the use of Ultra-High-Speed Permanent Magnet Motor operating in a speed range from 1,000 to 12,000 rpm. Wide speed control facilitates operational adaptation in changing conditions. Due to its high nameplate frequency (10,000 rpm) the system has shorter length allowing for flexible setting depth selection. Innovative design along with precise manufacturing techniques made the system tolerant to harsh environment, including solids, corrosive and gassy fluids.
As a result, UHS ESP Technology allowed for reducing TCO and improving business results in a safe and efficient manner.
The UHS ESP systems studied in this paper represent an innovative technology targeted to provide capital and operational savings. Project findings helped determine a target application range of the technology. The conclusions of this paper are intended to develop guidance for selection of an artificial lift technology in challenging operating conditions.
Use of New Design Tool Improves ESP Design Across the Life of Well in Unconventional Applications
Authors: Williams A. J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Sizing electric submersible pumps (ESPs) for unconventional wells presents new challenges compared to traditional applications, typically conventional, vertical wells. These challenges are due to the highly dynamic, rapidly changing nature of unconventional wells compared to conventional wells. Traditional ESP sizing software is not structured to design for dynamic conditions, but rather a single point in time. The objective is to design an ESP tool fit for unconventional design applications.
Because of the rapidly changing conditions of unconventional wells, it is difficult to balance the lifetime sizing needs of the equipment with needs of the equipment during peak demand. Changing flow rates, water cuts, pump intake pressure (PIP), and gas oil ratio (GOR) have a great effect on stage size, total dynamic head (TDH), and motor horsepower (HP) requirements at different points over time. The new design tool will allow the user to upload a well type curve and help chose a pump and motor combination by calculating different TDH and motor horsepower requirements for each day over the life of the well.
Optimized ESP sizing will allow oil and gas operators to install one initial ESP at the completion of the well which lasts until production rates have declined to the conversion point of a lower rate form of artificial lift. This has significant cost savings implications both for capital and operational budgets, by avoiding overspending on oversized equipment upon the initial install of the wells, and greatly reduced the work of the operations team by eliminating workovers needed to downsize equipment. The use of this design tool allows much more rigorous reviews of vendor designs, to avoid over sizing equipment while still capturing high initial production rates during the early production life of the well.
ESPs designed using the new design tool will be compared to historical ESP designs provided by the vendors on analogous wells. Production numbers, run life, and historical ESP data streams will be compared between wells designed using the old methodology vs the new design tool.
Haynesville Shale: Predicting Long-Term Production and Residual Analysis To Identify Well Interference and Fracture Hits
Authors: Gupta Ishank , Rai Chandra , Devegowda Deepak , Sondergeld Carl 
Published: May 2019

Summary
In this study we analyze the production data from 2,755 horizontal wells in the Haynesville Shale. Correlations were generated to predict 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-year cumulative production from initial, 6-, 12-, and 24-month production data. These correlations can help in field-development planning and economic analysis. The residuals (Predicted – Actual Cumulative Production) from these correlations were also analyzed, and this technique can be used to identify wells affected by interference, refracturing, fracture hits, and other factors.
The cumulative-production estimates from the developed correlations were also compared with the corresponding estimates from the decline-curve-analysis (DCA) equations (seven different DCA methods were used). The accuracy of prediction made on the basis of correlations developed in this study is close to that for various standard DCA methods published and used in the industry. The developed correlations are faster to use and easier to implement for a large number of wells.
Another of our objectives was to develop P10, P50, and P90 type curves for the Haynesville Shale using the available production data. A subset of the total wells (i.e., 150 wells evenly distributed throughout the study area) was used for predicting type curves. These type curves were generated and compared using different DCA models. The different DCA methods predicted an uncertainty of 5 to 27% for the P10, P50, and P90 production profiles.
Solving the iron quantification problem in low-kV EPMA: An essential step toward improved analytical spatial resolution in electron probe microanalysis—Olivines
Authors: Moy Aurélien , Fournelle John H. , von der Handt Anette 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe relatively recent entry of field emission electron microprobes into the field of microanalysis provides another tool for the study of small features of interest (e.g., mineral and melt inclusions, ex-solution lamellae, grain boundary phases, high-pressure experimental charges). However, the critical limitation for accurate quantitative analysis of these submicrometer- to micrometer-sized features is the relationship between electron beam potential and electron scattering within the sample. To achieve submicrometer analytical volumes from which X-rays are generated, the beam accelerating voltage must be reduced from 15–20 to ≤10 kV (often 5 to 7 kV) to reduce the electron interaction volume from ~3 to ~0.5 μm in common geological materials. At these low voltages, critical Kα X-ray lines of transition elements such as Fe are no longer generated, so L X-ray lines must be used. However, applying the necessary matrix corrections to these L lines is complicated by bonding and chemical peak shifts for soft X-ray transitions such as those producing the FeLα X-ray line. It is therefore extremely challenging to produce accurate values for Fe concentration with this approach. Two solutions have been suggested, both with limitations. We introduce here a new, simple, and accurate solution to this problem, using the common mineral olivine as an example. We also introduce, for the first time, olivine results from a new analytical device, the Extended Range Soft X-ray Emission Spectrometer.
The Relationship Between Pregnant Women’s Perceptions Of Family Support And The Motivation For HIV/AIDS Examination In Gedong Tengen Public Health Center. Yogyakarta City
Authors: I.H. Lende Maria Wiwin , Nugroho Setyo Mahanani , Wantini Nonik Ayu 
Published: May 2019

<p><em>In 2016 the number of pregnant woman who required the prevention of transmission trough sexual reached 278 pregnant women. Efforts that have been made by government to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV/AIDS are HIV/AIDS comprehensive service which are sustainable that cover all froms of services for HIV and se</em><em>x</em><em>ual transmitted infections. In 2015, the lowest coverage of HIV/AIDS examination in Yogyakarta City was at Gedong Tengen </em><em>Public </em><em>Health Center, which was 3,7%. In addition to medical efforts, pregnant women need psychological and social support from people around the family and surronding environment, and motivation to have HIV/AIDS examinations.</em><em> </em><em>The purpose of study is t</em><em>o find out the relationship between pregnant women’s perceptions of family support and the motivation for the HIV/AIDS examination in Gedong Tengen </em><em>Public </em><em>Health</em><em> </em><em>Center, Yogyakarta City.</em><em> </em><em>The study used the analytical descriptive method with the cross-sectional design. The resea</em><em>r</em><em>ch population comprised 48 pregnant women and the sampel consisted of 43 pregnant women. The sampling thecnique was accidental sampling technique. The data analysis in the study used Kendall tau.</em><em> </em><em>The results of the data analysis showed thats most of the pregnat women were 20-35 years old (86%), had </em><em>secondary education </em><em>(60</em><em>.</em><em>5%), </em><em>unemployed</em><em> (74</em><em>.</em><em>4%), and were multipara</em><em>e</em><em> (62</em><em>.</em><em>8%). Perceptions of family support were negative (58</em><em>.</em><em>1%), and their motivation for the HIV/AIDS examination was moderate (72</em><em>.</em><em>1%). The result of the analysis using Kendall tau test showed p-value = 0</em><em>.</em><em>001 and z table = 4</em><em>.</em><em>35</em><em>. </em><em>There is relationship between pregnant women’s perceptions of family support and the motivation for the HIV/AIDS examination in Gedong Tengen </em><em>Public </em><em>Health Center, Yogyakarta City.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong>Keywords</strong>:<em> </em>Perceptions; motivation; HIV/AIDS
Effect Of Sleep Hygiene And Deep Breathing Exercise With Spiritual Care On Sleep Quality And Quality Of Life Of Hemodialysis Patient In Ahmad Yani Islamic Hospital Surabaya
Authors: Hasina Siti Nur , Sukartini Tintin , Setiyowati Eppy 
Published: May 2019

<p><em>Hemodialysis patients experienced sleep disturbance problems that directly affect sleep quality and quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Quality of life is an important part of hemodialysis patients that need attention. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of sleep hygiene and deep breathing exercise with spiritual care on sleep quality and quality of life of hemodialysis patients. The research design used a quasy experiment with the pretest posttest approach with control group. Population in this study were all of hemodialysis patients . Sample of this study </em><em>were </em><em>38 respondents divided into 19 respondents for intervention group and 19 respondents for control group. Sleep hygiene intervention and deep breathing exercise with spiritual care were applied every day for 30 days 30 minutes before going to sleep in the intervention group and in the control group only ran routine or habit before going to bed. Instrument used a PSQI questionnaire (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) </em><em>and</em><em> KDQOL SF<sup>TM </sup>1.3 (Kidney Disease Quality of Life). </em><em>Data</em><em> analysis us</em><em>ed</em><em> MANOVA test with significance value α = 0.05. The results of this study indicated that p value 0,000 with the effect of R squared 72.7% on sleep quality and 66.4% on quality of life, which means that sleep hygiene and deep breathing exercise with spiritual care were significantly influence sleep quality and quality of life</em><em> on </em><em>hemodialysis patient </em><em>in </em><em>Ahmad</em><em> </em><em>Yani </em><em>Islamic Hospital </em><em>Surabaya. The application of sleep hygiene and deep breathing exercise with spiritual care had a strong influence on the quality of sleep and the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Nurses are expected to be able to implement sleep hygiene interventions and deep breathing exercises with spiritual care to enhance sleep quality and quality of life for hemodialysis patients.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Keyword</strong> : <em>Hemodialysis, Sleep Quality, Quality of Life, Sleep Hygiene, Deep Breathing Exercise, Spiritual care</em><em></em></p>