bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meditation-based therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Junhua , Díaz-Román Amparo , Cortese Samuele 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe efficacy of meditation-based therapies for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the lifespan remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of meditation-based therapies for ADHD core symptoms and associated neuropsychological dysfunctions in children/adolescents or adults with ADHD.MethodsWe searched Pubmed, PsycInfo, Embase+Embase Classic, Ovid Medline and Web of Knowledge with no language, date or type of document restriction, up to 5 May 2018. Random-effects model was used. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran’s Q and I2statistics. Publication (small studies) bias was assessed with funnel plots and the Egger’s test. Studies were evaluated with the Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool. Analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.Findings13 RCTs (seven in children/adolescents, n=270 and six in adults, n=339) were retained. Only one RCT was double-blind.Meditation-based therapies were significantly more efficacious than the control conditions in decreasing the severity of ADHD core symptoms (inattention+hyperactivity/impulsivity: children/adolescents: Hedge’s g=-0.44, 95% CI −0.69 to −0.19, I20%; adults: Hedge’s g=−0.66, 95% CI –1.21 to −0.11, I281.81%). No significant effects were found on neuropsychological measures of inattention and inhibition in children/adolescents. In adults, significant effects were detected on working memory and inhibition, although these results were based on a small number of studies (n=3). 57% and 43% of the studies in children/adolescents were rated at overall unclear and high risk of bias, respectively. In adults, 33% and 67% of the studies were deemed at overall unclear and high risk of bias, respectively. No evidence of publication bias was found.ConclusionsDespite statistically significant effects on ADHD combined core symptoms, due to paucity of RCTs, heterogeneity across studies and lack of studies at low risk of bias, there is insufficient methodologically sound evidence to support meditation-based therapies for ADHD.Trial registration numberPROSPERO 2018 [CRD42018096156].
Cladribine: mechanisms and mysteries in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jacobs Benjamin Meir , Ammoscato Francesca , Giovannoni Gavin , Baker David , Schmierer Klaus 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesThe aims of this manuscript were to review the evidence for the efficacy and safety of cladribine in multiple sclerosis (MS) and to review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cladribine acts as a disease-modifying therapy in MS.MethodsThis is a narrative review of the available clinical and preclinical data on the use of cladribine in MS.ResultsClinical trial data argue strongly that cladribine is a safe and effective therapy for relapsing MS and that it may also be beneficial in progressive MS. The pharmacology of cladribine explains how it is selectively toxic towards lymphocytes. Immunophenotyping studies show that cladribine depletes lymphocyte populations in vivo with a predilection for B cells. In vitro studies demonstrate that cladribine also exerts immunomodulatory influences over innate and adaptive immunity.ConclusionsCladribine is a safe and effective form of induction therapy for relapsing MS. Its mechanism of benefit is not fully understood but the most striking action is selective, long-lasting, depletion of B lymphocytes with a particular predilection for memory B cells. The in vivo relevance of its other immunomodulatory actions is unknown. The hypothesis that cladribine’s action of benefit is to deplete memory B cells is important: if correct, it implies that selective targeting of this cell population and sparing of other lymphocytes could modify disease activity without predisposing to immunosuppression-related complications.
Light-front and conformal field theories in two dimensions
Authors: Grangé Pierre , Werner Ernst 
Published: July 2018

Light-front (LF) quantization of massless fields in two spacetime dimensions is a long-standing and much debated problem. Even though the classical wave-equation is well-documented for almost two centuries, either as problems with initial values in spacetime variables or with initial data on characteristics in light-cone variables, the way to a consistent quantization in both types of frames is still a puzzle in many respects. This is in contrast to the most successful Conformal Field Theoretic (CFT) approach in terms of complex variables [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] pioneered by Belavin, Polyakov and Zamolodchikov in the ’80s. It is shown here that the 2D-massless canonical quantization in both reference frames is completely consistent provided that quantum fields are treated as Operator-Valued Distributions (OPVD) with Partition of Unity (PU) test functions. We recall first that classical fields have to be considered as distributions (e.g. generalized functions in the Russian literature). Then, a necessary condition on the PU test function follows from the required matching of the classical solutions of the massless differential equations in both types of reference frame. Next we use a mathematical formulation for OPVD, developed in the recent past. Specifically, smooth [Formula: see text] fields are introduced through the convolution operation in the distributional context. Due to the specific behavior of the Fourier-transform of the initial test function, this convolution transform has a well-defined integral in the dual space, whatever the initial choice of the reference frame. The relation to the conformal fields method follows immediately from the transition to Euclidean time and leads directly to explicit calculations of a few correlation functions of the scalar field and its energy–momentum tensor. The LF derivation of the Virasoro algebra is then obtained from the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] expansions of the canonical fields as distributional Laplace-transform in these variables. Finally, the popular and problematic Discretized Light Cone Quantization (DLCQ) method is scrutinized with respect to its zero mode and ultraviolet content as encompassed in the continuum OPVD formulation.
Aerial photographic intelligence during World War II: contributions by some distinguished British geologists
Authors: Rose Edward P. F. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
During the war of 1939–45, intelligence was gleaned from aerial photographs by a newly founded organization that developed into the Allied Central Interpretation Unit. This was based primarily at Danesfield House (known as Royal Air Force Medmenham) some 50 km west of London, in Buckinghamshire. At least six British geoscientists (and at least one American, L. J. Simon) were amongst its pioneering photographic interpreters, all recruited from civilian life: palaeobotanist H. Hamshaw Thomas; geologists L. R. Wager, N. L. Falcon, P. E. Kent and P. Allen; and a geologist who became distinguished as a geographer, D. L. Linton. Of these six, all except Linton were to become Fellows of the Royal Society (FRS): the highest British academic accolade for a scientist. Work at Medmenham, although important for the war effort, required interpreters familiar with aerial photographs rather than geology as such – but geology did assist the search for storage sites for ‘V’ weapons, terrain interpretation for the 1944 Allied landings in Normandy, and in guiding plans to bomb German industrial complexes hidden underground.
Archibald Geikie: his influence on and support for the roles of female geologists
Authors: Burek Cynthia V. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the interaction between Archibald Geikie and female geologists in their many different roles and within the social context of his life and time (1835–1924). The roles adopted by female geologists altered around 1875 when there was a change in the educational and legal background. Geikie's attitude to female fieldwork and research publications changes through time too. His life is divided up into five different stages according to his ability to support and influence female geologists in their roles as researchers, lecturers, wife assistants and students. Case studies of both single and married women are explored looking at the influence and interaction they had with Archibald Geikie. They include Maria Ogilvie Gordon, Catherine Raisin, Annie Greenly, Gertrude Elles, Ethel Skeat and Ethel Wood. Geikie seems to have accepted most of the roles that women undertook and supported them wherever he could.
Physical Activity, Global DNA Methylation, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Boyne Devon J. , O'Sullivan Dylan E. , Olij Branko F. , King Will D. , Friedenreich Christine M. , Brenner Darren R. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The extent to which physical activity reduces breast cancer risk through changes in global DNA methylation is unknown. We systematically identified studies that investigated the association between: (i) physical activity and global DNA methylation; or (ii) global DNA methylation and breast cancer risk. Associations were quantified using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was investigated through subgroup analyses and the Q-test and I2 statistics. Twenty-four studies were reviewed. We observed a trend between higher levels of physical activity and higher levels of global DNA methylation [pooled standardized mean difference = 0.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.03–0.40; P = 0.09] which, in turn, had a suggestive association with a reduced breast cancer risk (pooled relative risk = 0.70; 95% CI, 0.49–1.02; P = 0.06). In subgroup analyses, a positive association between physical activity and global DNA methylation was observed among studies assessing physical activity over long periods of time (P = 0.02). Similarly, the association between global DNA methylation and breast cancer was statistically significant for prospective cohort studies (P = 0.007). Despite the heterogeneous evidence base, the literature suggests that physical activity reduces the risk of breast cancer through increased global DNA methylation. This study is the first to systematically overview the complete biologic pathway between physical activity, global DNA methylation, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(11); 1320–31. ©2018 AACR.
Association of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Kim Joonseok , Choi Jaehyoung , Kwon Soo Young , McEvoy John W. , Blaha Michael J. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Guallar Eliseo , Zhao Di , Michos Erin D. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Multiple studies have attempted to identify the association between multivitamin/mineral (MVM) supplementation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, but the benefits remain controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between MVM supplementation and various CVD outcomes, including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.

Methods and Results:
We conducted a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 1970 and August 2016. We included clinical trials and prospective cohort studies in the general population evaluating associations between MVM supplementation and CVD outcomes. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently conducted by 2 authors, and a third author resolved discrepancies. Eighteen studies with 2 019 862 participants and 18 363 326 person-years of follow-up were included in the analysis. Five studies specified the dose/type of MVM supplement and the rest did not. Overall, there was no association between MVM supplementation and CVD mortality (relative risk [RR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97–1.04), CHD mortality (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92–1.13), stroke mortality (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.82–1.09), or stroke incidence (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.91–1.05). There was no association between MVM supplements and CVD or CHD mortality in prespecified subgroups categorized by mean follow-up period, mean age, period of MVM use, sex, type of population, exclusion of patients with history of CHD, and adjustment for diet, adjustment for smoking, adjustment for physical activity, and study site. In contrast, MVM use did seem to be associated with a lower risk of CHD incidence (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.79–0.97). However, this association did not remain significant in the pooled subgroup analysis of randomized controlled trials (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.80–1.19).

Conclusions:
Our meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective cohort studies demonstrates that MVM supplementation does not improve cardiovascular outcomes in the general population.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Remch Molly , Laskaris Zoey , Flory Janine , Mora-McLaughlin Consuelo , Morabia Alfredo 
Published: July 2018

Background:
We sought to determine whether post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, beyond the expected effects from recognized cardiovascular risk factors and depression.

Methods and Results:
World Trade Center–Heart is an observational prospective cohort study of 6481 blue-collar first responders nested within the World Trade Center Health Program in New York City. Baseline measures in 2012 and 2013 included blood pressure, weight and height, and blood lipids. PTSD, depression, smoking, and dust exposure during the 2001 cleanup were self-reported. During the 4-year follow-up, outcomes were assessed through (1) interview-based incident, nonfatal MI, and stroke, validated in medical charts (n=118); and (2) hospitalizations for MI and stroke for New York city and state residents (n=180). Prevalence of PTSD was 19.9% in men and 25.9% in women, that is, at least twice that of the general population. Cumulative incidence of MI or stroke was consistently larger for men or women with PTSD across follow-up. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were 2.22 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–3.82) for MI and 2.51 (95% CI, 1.39–4.57) for stroke. For pooled MI and stroke, adjusted HRs were 2.35 (95% CI, 1.57–3.52) in all and 1.88 (95% CI, 1.01–3.49) in men free of depression. Using hospitalization registry data, adjusted HRs were 2.17 (95% CI, 1.41–3.32) for MI; 3.01 (95% CI, 1.84–4.93) for stroke; and for pooled MI and stroke, the adjusted HR was 2.40 (95% CI, 1.73–3.34) in all, HR was 2.44 (95% CI, 1.05–5.55) in women, and adjusted HR was 2.27 (95% CI, 1.41–3.67) in men free of depression. World Trade Center dust exposure had no effect.

Conclusions:
This cohort study confirms that PTSD is a risk factor for MI and stroke of similar magnitude in men and women, independent of depression.
Prior Intravenous Stroke Thrombolysis Does Not Increase Complications of Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Ijäs Petra , Aro Ellinoora , Eriksson Henrietta , Vikatmaa Pirkka , Soinne Lauri , Venermo Maarit 
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose—
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is recommended within 14 days after carotid artery stroke to prevent recurrence. However, the optimal timing of CEA after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) remains unclear. We studied the safety of CEA after IVT while taking into account both stroke recurrence and CEA-related complications.

Methods—
Patients who underwent IVT followed by CEA in Helsinki University Hospital 2005 to 2016 were withdrawn from prospectively collected registers. The incidence of stroke recurrence during the time between IVT and CEA, peri/postoperative stroke, hyperperfusion syndrome or drug-resistant high blood pressure, and 3-month outcome measured by modified Rankin Scale was recorded. Stroke patients treated with CEA without preceding IVT were used as controls.

Results—

Altogether 128 CEAs with preceding IVT and 777 CEAs for stroke without IVT were identified. The median time from IVT to CEA was 9 days (range, 0–349 days; interquartile range, 16). Seven patients (5.5%) underwent CEA within 24 hours, 20 (15.6%) within 48 hours and 87 (68.0%) within 2 weeks from IVT. Stroke recurrence in IVT-CEA patients was 5.5% at median 4 days after IVT (range, 0–8 days). Outcome from CEAs performed within 48 hours from IVT did not differ from CEAs performed later with respect to peri/postoperative ischemic strokes (5.0% and 3.7%), hemorrhagic strokes (5.0% and 1.9%), neck hematomas (5.0% and 8.3%), myocardial infarctions (0.0% and 0.9%), or 3-month modified Rankin Scale. There was a tendency toward higher incidence of hyperperfusion syndrome in the patients operated within 48 hours from IVT (20.0% versus 6.5%;
P
=0.070). The CEA-related stroke rate was similar to that of the operation without thrombolysis. Only smoking was significantly associated with peri/postoperative stroke (odds ratio, 21.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–439.58).

Conclusions—
Time between IVT and CEA was not associated with CEA-related complications. The high rate of stroke recurrence during the waiting time for CEA underscores the importance of shortening surgery delays.
Contextual effects on explicature
Authors: Carston Robyn , Hall Alison 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The debate between advocates of free pragmatic enrichment and those who maintain that any pragmatic contribution to explicature is mediated by a covert linguistic indexical took a new turn with the claim that these covert elements may be optional (Martí, 2006). This prompted the conclusion (Recanati, 2010b) that there is no longer any issue of substance between the two positions, as both involve optional elements of utterance meaning, albeit registered at different representational levels (conceptual or linguistic). We maintain, on the contrary, that the issue remains substantive and we make the case that, for a theory of the processes involved in utterance comprehension, the free pragmatic enrichment account is indispensable. We further argue that the criticism of free enrichment that motivates at least some indexicalist accounts rests on a mistaken assumption that it is the semantic component of the grammar (linguistic competence) that is responsible for delivering truth-conditional content (explicature).
Novitates neocaledonicae VII: A new monocaulous species of Bocquillonia (Euphorbiaceae) from New Caledonia
Authors: BRUY DAVID , BARRABÉ LAURE , MUNZINGER JÉRÔME 
Published: July 2018

A new species of Euphorbiaceae, Bocquillonia corneri, narrowly endemic to the extreme north-east of New Caledonia’s main island, is here highlighted, described and illustrated, based on original morphological and architectural characteristics. This new species differs notably by its unique monocaulous tree habit, while other Bocquillonia species are ramified shrubs, small monocaulous shrubs or well reiterated trees. A previous identification key to Bocquillonia species is expanded to include this new species. Bocquillonia corneri is located in a very confined gully forest at low-elevation on volcano-sedimentary substrate. A preliminary IUCN conservation status of Critically Endangered (CR) is proposed.
Catalogue of the Egyptian Ephydroidea (Diptera: Schizophora: Acalyptratae)
Authors: EL-HAWAGRY MAGDI S. , ZATWARNICKI TADEUSZ , EBRAHIM AYMAN M. 
Published: July 2018

We present a catalogue of all known taxa of the superfamily Ephydroidea in Egypt. Old World synonymies, type localities, type depositories, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities and dates of collection are provided. A total number of 117 species belonging to 45 genera, 18 tribes, 7 subfamilies, and representing 3 families has been catalogued. The treated families are: Ephydridae (shore flies or brine flies), Drosophilidae (vinegar flies or fruit flies) and Braulidae (bee lice). One shore fly species, Psilopa clara (Wollaston, 1858), is recorded for the first time from Egypt. Two new synonyms of shore flies are proposed, namely: Philotelma ulianai Raffone, 2011 = Ephydra (Ephydra) macellaria Egger, 1862 and Notiphila rufitarsis Macquart, 1851 = Allotrichoma biroi Cresson, 1929. Lectotypes are designated for three shore fly species, namely: Psilopa pectinata Hendel, 1931; Rhynchopsilopa nitidissima Hendel, 1931 and Notiphila rufitarsis Macquart, 1851.
On the Use of Cost-Effective Valid-Time-Shifting (VTS) Method to Increase Ensemble Size in the GFS Hybrid 4DEnVar System
Authors: Huang Bo , Wang Xuguang 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Valid-time-shifting (VTS) ensembles, either in the form of full ensemble members (VTSM) or ensemble perturbations (VTSP), were investigated as inexpensive means to increase ensemble size in the NCEP Global Forecast System (GFS) hybrid four-dimensional ensemble–variational (4DEnVar) data assimilation system. VTSM is designed to sample timing and/or phase errors, while VTSP can eliminate spurious covariances through temporal smoothing. When applying a shifting time interval (τ = 1, 2, or 3 h), VTSM and VTSP triple the baseline background ensemble size from 80 (ENS80) to 240 (ENS240) in the EnVar variational update, where the overall cost is only increased by 23%–27%, depending on the selected τ. Experiments during a 10-week summer period show the best-performing VTSP with τ = 2 h improves global temperature and wind forecasts out to 5 days over ENS80. This could be attributed to the improved background ensemble distribution, ensemble correlation accuracy, and increased effective rank in the populated background ensemble. VTSM generally degrades global forecasts in the troposphere. Improved global forecasts above 100 hPa by VTSM may benefit from the increased spread that alleviates the underdispersiveness of the original background ensemble at such levels. Both VTSM and VTSP improve tropical cyclone track forecasts over ENS80. Although VTSM and VTSP are much less expensive than directly running a 240-member background ensemble, owing to the improved ensemble covariances, the best-performing VTSP with τ = 1 h performs comparably or only slightly worse than ENS240. The best-performing VTSM with τ = 3 h even shows more accurate track forecasts than ENS240, likely contributed to by its better sampling of timing and/or phase errors for cases with small ensemble track spread.