bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source Contributions to Carbon Monoxide Concentrations During KORUS‐AQ Based on CAM‐chem Model Applications
Authors: Tang Wenfu , Emmons Louisa K. , Arellano Jr Avelino F. , Gaubert Benjamin , Knote Christoph , Tilmes Simone , Buchholz Rebecca R. , Pfister Gabriele G. , Diskin Glenn S. , Blake Donald R. , Blake Nicola J. , Meinardi Simone , DiGangi Joshua P. , Choi Yonghoon , Woo Jung‐Hun , He Cenlin , Schroeder Jason R. , Suh Inseon , Lee Hyo‐Jung , Jo Hyun‐Young , Kanaya Yugo , Jung Jinsang , Lee Youngjae , Kim Danbi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe investigate regional sources contributing to CO during the Korea United States Air Quality (KORUS‐AQ) campaign conducted over Korea (1 May to 10 June 2016) using 17 tagged CO simulations from the Community Atmosphere Model with chemistry (CAM‐chem). The simulations use three spatial resolutions, three anthropogenic emission inventories, two meteorological fields, and nine emission scenarios. These simulations are evaluated against measurements from the DC‐8 aircraft and Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT). Results show that simulations using bottom‐up emissions are consistently lower (bias: −34 to −39%) and poorer performing (Taylor skill: 0.38–0.61) than simulations using alternative anthropogenic emissions (bias: −6 to −33%; Taylor skill: 0.48–0.86), particularly for enhanced Asian CO and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission scenarios, suggesting underestimation in modeled CO background and emissions in the region. The ranges of source contributions to modeled CO along DC‐8 aircraft from Korea and southern (90°E to 123°E, 20°N to 29°N), middle (90°E to 123°E, 29°N to 38.5°N), and northern (90°E to 131.5°E, 38.5°N to 45°N) East Asia (EA) are 6–13%, ~5%, 16–28%, and 9–18%, respectively. CO emissions from middle and northern EA can reach Korea via transport within the boundary layer, whereas those from southern EA are transported to Korea mainly through the free troposphere. Emission contributions from middle EA dominate during continental outflow events (29–51%), while Korean emissions play an overall more important role for ground sites (up to 25–49%) and plumes within the boundary layer (up to 25–44%) in Korea. Finally, comparisons with four other source contribution approaches (FLEXPART 9.1 back trajectory calculations driven by Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) WRF inert tracer, China signature VOCs, and CO to CO2 enhancement ratios) show general consistency with CAM‐chem.
The Mystery of Ceres' Activity
Authors: Küppers Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the dwarf planet Ceres has been found to release water vapor. Detailed investigation of the surface and subsurface by NASA's Dawn mission reveal localized patches of surface ice and an ice abundance of around 10% in the shallow subsurface, within a meter below the surface. Landis et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JE005780) quantify the expected sublimation from the surface and subsurface ice reservoirs at Ceres, and the expected evaporation rates are factors of several lower than the observed ones. Although consideration of additional processes may possibly reduce the discrepancy, the origin of Ceres' exosphere is not yet clear.
New Estimates of Ice and Oxygen Fluxes Across the Entire Lid of Lake Vostok From Observations of Englacial Radio Wave Attenuation
Authors: Winebrenner Dale P. , Kintner Paul M. S. , MacGregor Joseph A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOver deep Antarctic subglacial lakes, spatially varying ice thickness and the pressure‐dependent melting point of ice result in distinct areas of melting and freeze‐on at the ice‐water interface, that is, at the lake lid. These ice mass fluxes drive lake circulation and, because basal Antarctic ice contains air clathrate, affect the input of oxygen to the lake, with implications for subglacial life. Inferences of rates of melting and freeze‐on, that is, accretion rates, from radar layer tracking and geodesy are limited in spatial coverage and resolution. Here we develop a new method to estimate accretion rate, and the resulting oxygen input at a lake lid, using airborne radar data over Lake Vostok together with ice‐temperature and chemistry data from the Vostok ice core. Because the lake lid is a coherent reflector of known reflectivity (at our radar frequency), we can infer depth‐averaged radio wave attenuation in the ice, with a spatial resolution of ~1 km along flight lines. Spatial variation in attenuation depends mostly on variation in ice temperature near the lid, which in turn varies strongly with ice mass flux at the lid. We model ice temperature versus depth with ice mass flux as a parameter, thus linking that flux to observed depth‐averaged attenuation. The resulting map of melt and accretion rates independently reproduces features known from earlier studies but now covers the entire lid. We find that freeze‐on is dominant when integrated over the lid, with an ice imbalance of 0.05 to 0.07 km3/year, which is robust against uncertainties.
Crystal-confined freestanding ionic liquids for reconfigurable and repairable electronics
Authors: Gao Naiwei , He Yonglin , Tao Xinglei , Xu Xiao-Qi , Wu Xun , Wang Yapei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLiquid sensors composed of ionic liquids are rising as alternatives to solid semiconductors for flexible and self-healing electronics. However, the fluidic nature may give rise to leakage problems in cases of accidental damages. Here, we proposed a liquid sensor based on a binary ionic liquid system, in which a flowing ionic liquid [OMIm]PF6 is confined by another azobenzene-containing ionic liquid crystalline [OMIm]AzoO. Those crystal components provide sufficient pinning capillary force to immobilize fluidic components, leading to a freestanding liquid-like product without the possibility of leakage. In addition to owning ultra-high temperature sensitivity, crystal-confined ionic liquids also combine the performances of both liquid and solid so that it can be stretched, bent, self-healed, and remolded. With respect to the reconfigurable property, this particular class of ionic liquids is exploited as dynamic circuits which can be spatially reorganized or automatically repaired.
Dehydration and insulinopenia are necessary and sufficient for euglycemic ketoacidosis in SGLT2 inhibitor-treated rats
Authors: Perry Rachel J. , Rabin-Court Aviva , Song Joongyu D. , Cardone Rebecca L. , Wang Yongliang , Kibbey Richard G. , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSodium-glucose transport protein 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of anti-diabetic agents; however, concerns have been raised about their potential to induce euglycemic ketoacidosis and to increase both glucose production and glucagon secretion. The mechanisms behind these alterations are unknown. Here we show that the SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) dapagliflozin promotes ketoacidosis in both healthy and type 2 diabetic rats in the setting of insulinopenia through increased plasma catecholamine and corticosterone concentrations secondary to volume depletion. These derangements increase white adipose tissue (WAT) lipolysis and hepatic acetyl-CoA content, rates of hepatic glucose production, and hepatic ketogenesis. Treatment with a loop diuretic, furosemide, under insulinopenic conditions replicates the effect of dapagliflozin and causes ketoacidosis. Furthermore, the effects of SGLT2 inhibition to promote ketoacidosis are independent from hyperglucagonemia. Taken together these data in rats identify the combination of insulinopenia and dehydration as a potential target to prevent euglycemic ketoacidosis associated with SGLT2i.
On-demand serum-free media formulations for human hematopoietic cell expansion using a high dimensional search algorithm
Authors: Kim Michelle M. , Audet Julie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSubstitution of serum and other clinically incompatible reagents is requisite for controlling product quality in a therapeutic cell manufacturing process. However, substitution with chemically defined compounds creates a complex, large-scale optimization problem due to the large number of possible factors and dose levels, making conventional process optimization methods ineffective. We present a framework for high-dimensional optimization of serum-free formulations for the expansion of human hematopoietic cells. Our model-free approach utilizes evolutionary computing principles to drive an experiment-based feedback control platform. We validate this method by optimizing serum-free formulations for first, TF-1 cells and second, primary T-cells. For each cell type, we successfully identify a set of serum-free formulations that support cell expansions similar to the serum-containing conditions commonly used to culture these cells, by experimentally testing less than 1 × 10−5% of the total search space. We also demonstrate how this iterative search process can provide insights into factor interactions that contribute to supporting cell expansion.
The demise of catalysis, but new functions arise: pseudoenzymes as the phoenixes of the protein world
Authors: Jeffery Constance J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Pseudoenzymes are noncatalytic homologues of enzymes and are found in most enzyme families. Although lacking catalytic activity and sometimes referred to as ‘dead' enzymes, they instead resemble phoenixes because the loss of a catalytic function during evolution was associated with the development of vital new functions. They are important in regulating the activity and location of catalytically active homologues, scaffolding the assembly of signaling complexes, and regulating transcription or translation. They are key actors in cell proliferation and differentiation, proteostasis, and many other biochemical pathways and processes. They perform their functions in diverse ways, but many retain some aspects of the function of their catalytically active homologues. In some pseudoenzymes, their functions are very different from other members of their protein families, suggesting some arose from ancient moonlighting proteins during evolution. Much less is known about pseudoenzymes than their catalytically active counterparts, but a growing appreciation of their key roles in many important biochemical processes and signaling pathways has led to increased investigation in recent years. It is clear that there is still much more to learn about the structures, functions, and cellular roles of these phoenix-like proteins.
Towards functional characterization of archaeal genomic dark matter
Authors: Makarova Kira S. , Wolf Yuri I. , Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A substantial fraction of archaeal genes, from ∼30% to as much as 80%, encode ‘hypothetical' proteins or genomic ‘dark matter'. Archaeal genomes typically contain a higher fraction of dark matter compared with bacterial genomes, primarily, because isolation and cultivation of most archaea in the laboratory, and accordingly, experimental characterization of archaeal genes, are difficult. In the present study, we present quantitative characteristics of the archaeal genomic dark matter and discuss comparative genomic approaches for functional prediction for ‘hypothetical' proteins. We propose a list of top priority candidates for experimental characterization with a broad distribution among archaea and those that are characteristic of poorly studied major archaeal groups such as Thaumarchaea, DPANN (Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaeota) and Asgard.
Design of wideband four‐way filtering power divider based on SIW loaded square patch resonator
Authors: Yang Mengni , Wang Jianpeng , Wang Xuedao , Wu Wen 
Published: February 2019

A new design of wideband four‐way filtering power divider (FPD) based on substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) loaded square patch resonator is presented. The wideband operation is realised by utilising the TM20 mode of the patch and the TE110 mode of the SIW cavity resonator. Afterwards, the selectivity is obtained by adding four open‐ended coupling lines to each side of the square patch. Besides, an extra isolation network is introduced between each output port. To verify the design concept, a prototype of the proposed FPD operating at 3.55 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 21.3% is fabricated and measured. Results indicate that the input return loss is >10 dB and the insertion loss is <2 dB. The amplitude and phase imbalances are >0.3 dB and 3°, respectively. Both simulated and measured results are in good agreement.
Multiple coupled circuit modelling approach for squirrel cage induction machine under single‐broken‐bar fault with stator winding functions decomposed in d–q rotor reference frame
Authors: Fu Qiang , Yue Shigang , He Bo , Fu Ning 
Published: February 2019

Mathematical modelling is a fundamental issue in the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of electrical machines. This study presents a multiple coupled circuit approach for the modelling of squirrel cage induction machines (SCIMs) with a single broken bar. Derived by means of winding function, the model is capable of incorporating all the harmonics of air‐gap magnetomotive force and describing transient machine behaviours. A d–q reference frame fixed on rotor is introduced. Each stator winding function is decomposed into two parts, a q‐axis and a d‐axis component, both of which induce currents in each rotor mesh. The q‐axis and d‐axis equivalent circuits are developed for both healthy and faulty cage rotors. It is also shown that a single‐broken‐bar fault does not affect the q‐axis rotor mesh current distribution. The d‐axis equivalent circuit for healthy cage rotor is modified further to determine the deviations in the mesh currents due to bar breakage. A detailed model of a 2.2 kW, four‐pole, three‐phase, 28‐rotor‐bar SCIM is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment, and a laboratory test bed is set up for this machine. A comparison between the simulation and experimental results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed modelling approach.
Design and techno‐economic analysis of plug‐in electric vehicle‐integrated solar PV charging system for India
Authors: Shrivastava Prashant , Alam Mohammad Saad , Asghar Mohammad Syed Jamil 
Published: February 2019

Electrified transportation technology has matured in different parts of the globe. However, this technology is in an advent stage in the Indian market. Due to this fact, a lot more challenges are being encountered in the development of electrified transportation in India; with the scarcity of viable charging stations posing as a significant bottleneck. In this study, the techno‐economic analysis of different solar‐based charging schemes that are available in the existing environment and present a modest, economical and reliable method of charging an electric vehicle (EV))(e.g. e‐rickshaw) through a solar panel that ultimately enhances the driving range and overall reliability of the system has been done. To validate the performance, the prototype of vehicle‐integrated photovoltaic (PV) charging system has been developed and test results are demonstrated. Economic analysis is done based on the yearly average solar irradiance profile in Aligarh, India. Further, this work presents a comparative analysis of CO2 emission for 100 km driving range from the EVs charge by different charging schemes and internal combustion engine vehicles.
Pronounced morphological changes in a southern active zone on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Authors: Hasselmann P. H. , Barucci M. A. , Fornasier S. , Bockelée-Morvan D. , Deshapriya J. D. P. , Feller C. , Sunshine J. , Hoang V. , Sierks H. , Naletto G. , Lamy P. L. , Rodrigo R. , Koschny D. , Davidsson B. , Bertaux J.-L. , Bertini I. , Bodewits D. , Cremonese G. , Da Deppo V. , Debei S. , Fulle M. , Gutierrez P. J. , Güttler C. , Deller J. , Ip W.-H. , Keller H. U. , Lara L. M. , De Cecco M. , Lazzarin M. , López-Moreno J. J. L. , Marzari F. , Shi X. , Tubiana C. 
Published: February 2019

A smooth deposit in the southern Khonsu region has been seen in ESA/Rosetta observations as active during the second half of 2015, when the southern summer coincided with the perihelion passage of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P). Image color sequences acquired by the OSIRIS instrument in the period of January 2015 to July 2016, pre- and post-perihelion, show the occurrence of several small transient events as well as three massive outbursts (~10 to 1500 tons). High spatial resolution images taken one year and a half apart allowed us to track a variety of sources: the formation of cavities that are 1.3–14 m deep, ice-enriched patches, scarp retraction, and a second 50 m-wide boulder. We then estimated their masses and the dust mass of their corresponding plumes and outbursts. In particular, the deformation left by that boulder and its lack of talus may provide evidence for the lifting and subsequent falling back to the surface of large blocks. We calculate that a minimum vapor production rate of 1.4 × 1024 m−2 s−1 is required to lift such an object. The comparison of the masses that are lost in the new cavities to the dust mass of outbursts gives indirect evidence of highly volatile ice pockets underneath. The spectrophotometric analysis and boulder counting also provides evidence for cavities that formed only 30 m apart with different spectral slopes, two long-standing ice patches, and local variations in the boulder-size frequency distribution. All this points to sub-surface ice pockets with different degrees of depth. Finally, the total mass of the morphological changes compared to most recent calculations of the total released mass by activity on 67P is estimated to be between 1.5 and 4.2%. This means that as many as about 25 similar active zones across the nucleus would be enough to sustain the entire cometary activity.
Management of the dento-periodontomuscular imbalances in the incisor–canine mandibular region by labiomental weakening surgery and corticotomy
Authors: Chillès J.-G. , Riemenschneider-Chillès S. , Doustkam A.-A. , Chillès D. 
Published: February 2019

Incisor and canine mandibular regions are a key mechanical vault, which strives with strong muscle
and occlusal centripetal forces. In cases of dental and / or periodontal weakness and / or excessive
mechanical
stress, situations of imbalance can affect the stability of orthodontic treatments and
periodontal
durability.
This article reports two surgical techniques to prevent and treat these situations:

The labiomental weakening in growing children and adolescents;
Alveolar corticotomy with vestibular allograft bone in adults;
Both techniques allow functional management of mechanical imbalance, improvement of the periodontal biotype, and promote lower incisors’ relocation.
Gleichgewichtsdiagnostik im Spitzensport am Beispiel von
Wasserspringern
Authors: Lauenroth Andreas , Reinhardt Lars , Schulze Stephan , Kurz Eduard , Schwesig René 
Published: February 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Haltungs- und Gleichgewichtsregulation gehört in vielen Sportarten zu einer
wesentlichen Leistungsvoraussetzung. Wissenschaftliche Datenerhebungen, die den
Trainer aktiv in der Beurteilung und Betreuung der Athleten unterstützen sollen,
finden diesbezüglich selten statt. Am Beispiel von Wasserspringern beschreiben
die Autoren, wie sie bei Kader-Athleten Auffälligkeiten entdecken und
entsprechende Interventionen ableiten.
2 Flow Chemistry System Design and Automation
Authors: Coley C. W. , Imbrogno J. , Mo Y. , Thomas D. A. , Jensen K. F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOrganic chemistry performed in continuous-flow equipment, flow chemistry, has emerged as a complementary tool to traditional batch synthesis. This chapter describes typical components of a flow chemistry platform (e.g., pumps, mixers, reactors, and separators), reviews reaction engineering fundamentals as they apply to flow chemistry (e.g., mixing, dispersions, mass and heat transfer), summarizes laboratory and production reactors for single-phase, multiphase, thermal, photochemical, and electrochemical reactions, and describes strategies for separation with a focus on extraction. The chapter also reviews systems for multistep reactions along with integrated flow platforms comprising flow reactors, analytics, and computer control for automation, screening, and optimization.
8 Gaseous Reagents in Continuous-Flow Synthesis
Authors: O’Brien M. , Polyzos A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough reactive gases facilitate a wide range of important synthetic transformations, their use is often not straightforward. Significant safety issues arise from the highly mobile nature of gases, both in terms of the rapidity with which they can spread throughout the laboratory and also because of the frequent need to use pressurized containment. Additionally, as surface-area-to-volume ratios tend to decrease as reactor dimensions are increased, gas–liquid transformations carried out in batch mode are often accompanied by scale-dependent performance. This chapter highlights some of the benefits that continuous flow chemistry can bring to gas–liquid synthetic chemistry. A number of flow chemical reactor systems are described, including microfluidic devices which enhance the mechanical mixing of gas and liquid phases, as well as systems based on the use of gas-permeable membrane materials.
15.3 Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Part 3
Authors: Opalka S. M. , Kiesman W. F. , Kwok D.-I. A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhen considering whether to develop a flow-chemistry approach to a particular synthetic route, the criteria of safety, quality, cost, sustainability, scalability, and speed are all considered. This chapter presents a case study of a single reaction, the formylation of an aryl bromide, being performed in a batch reactor, a microreactor, a plug-flow reactor, and a spinning-disk reactor. An assessment of the various technologies is made with respect to the abovementioned criteria.
15.2 Flow Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Part 2
Authors: May S. A. , Kerr M. S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe development and application of continuous-flow drug-substance manufacturing at Eli Lilly is described. A series of examples are provided in which a continuous process was developed to solve problems associated with an existing batch process. The three distinct areas of focus are: facilitation of early phase delivery, hybrid batch/flow processes at manufacturing scale, and small-volume continuous manufacturing (linked multiunit operation processes at 10 kg/day throughput). An overview is provided of the types of reactors implemented in our program and the chemistries they enable. The use of online process analytical technology is also described for each of these systems. Special emphasis is placed on the examples pertaining to increased safety and improved product quality gained from flow processing.
Taste metaphors in Hieroglyphic Egyptian
Authors: Steinbach-Eicke Elisabeth 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This paper aims at giving an overview of the multiple meanings of the Ancient Egyptian verb of gustatory perception ṭp ‘to taste’. Different mappings from physical onto emotional and mental domains are explained by metaphorical meaning extensions. Data from Ancient Egyptian, as a still under-represented language within studies on perceptual language, is analysed by methods from the fields of Ancient Studies and Cognitive Linguistics.
Metaphors of perception in Japanese Sign Language
Authors: Takashima Yufuko 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Perception metaphors have been examined by analysing the polysemy of perception verbs in spoken languages. This chapter explores instantiations of metaphors of perception in Japanese Sign Language (JSL). Here I propose that the locations of articulation of signs be considered meaningful units and analyse signs articulated on or near to the signer’s eyes, ears, and nose in JSL. There are some potentially polysemous signs that illustrate meaning extensions from vision to intellection, where signs articulated on the perceptual organs are understood through metaphor. These conceptual metaphors in JSL are compared to the polysemy of perception expressions in the dominant spoken language, Japanese.