bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumption of traditional alcoholic beverages in children from a rural village in Northern Peru, 2017
Authors: Ramírez-Ubillus Juan M. , Vilela-Estrada Martín A. , Herrera-Arce Shirley A. , Mejía-Morales Estefany , Mejia Christian R. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Alcoholic beverages have a proven impact on neuronal development and other areas of the body, primarily the heart, kidneys and liver, which is why their consumption in children is prohibited. However, there are traditional drinks that have alcohol content (Chicha de Jora-Clarito); artisanal drinks of traditional origin with alcoholic content in Peru. The aim of this study was to characterize the consumption of traditional alcoholic beverages in children of a rural village in Northern Peru. Methods: This study was an analytical cross-sectional study. Mothers were recruited by census sampling and reported the consumption by their children of two traditional drinks with alcoholic content: Chicha de Jora (Ch) and Clarito (Cl), which are derived from the fermentation of maize. The frequency of consumption, accessibility and perception of consumption risk were described. Results: Data were collected about 300 children, 61% (183) of whom consumed Ch. and 31% (92) of whom consumed Ch and Cl. Regarding drink accessibility, the majority of mothers said that these drinks were cheap (Ch: 69.0% and Cl: 60.7%). Additionally, the vast majority of families sometimes consumed or always consumed such beverages (Ch: 81.3% and CI: 65.7%). One in three mothers perceived Ch and Cl as being nutritious and helping their children grow. 25% of mothers perceived that there was no risk to their children from the consumption of the beverages, whereas >60% said that there could be a risk due to the beverages’ alcohol content. Conclusions: Our study found that traditional beverages containing alcohol are consumed frequently by children in a village in Northern Peru. Mothers provide accessibility to the beverages and perceive the risk the drinks have, which will more accurately evaluate this risk. We advise that future studies concerning the intervention of these attitudes are performed, for a better future and development of children.
Kodu- ja väliseestlaste vahelise kultuurisuhtluse institutsionaalne raamistik Nõukogude Liidu kultuuridiplomaatia kontekstis [Abstract: The institutional framework of cultural communication between Estonians in the homeland and in exile in the context of Soviet cultural diplomacy]
Authors: Tark Triin 
Published: March 2018

During the Cold War, a massive organisation for cultural diplomacy was developed in the Soviet Union as well as in other countries, especially in the United States. Exile Estonians were drawn into the middle of the cultural Cold War that evolved between the two superpowers. In this article, the institutional framework for influencing exile Estonians is analysed in the context of Soviet cultural diplomacy. A frequently confusing fact is that two major organisations – firstly, the Estonian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and secondly, the Society for the Development of Cultural Ties with Estonians Abroad – were involved in the Soviet efforts aimed at influencing émigrés. In some cases, these organisations are even mixed up. This article clarifies the situation and shows how these organisations were formed, and how they were related to each other. However, the main aim of the article is to show how and why cultural communication with foreign countries and influencing exile Estonians were two sides of the same coin, from the point of view of the Soviet authorities, and how the respective organisations were therefore tightly intertwined.
Two important conclusions were drawn: firstly, institutions were shaped by the fact that exile Estonians, as well as Soviet diaspora overall, were an inconvenient reality for the Soviet Union because they hampered Soviet propagandistic efforts in their countries of residence. Thus, when dealing with diaspora, the aim of institutions for cultural diplomacy was on the one hand to achieve a positive, or at least neutral, attitude towards the Soviet Union within exile Estonian communities, and on the other hand to reduce the influence of émigrés on the population of their countries of residence. Secondly, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union’s diaspora policy gradually switched from repatriation to propaganda and influence through cultural communication. These political changes were conspicuously reflected in the structural transformation and name changes of the organisations analysed in this article. The Society for the Development of Cultural Ties with Estonians Abroad was formed in 1960 as a section of the Estonian Society for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and was then gradually disengaged until their final separation in 1968. Among other things, this was caused by the thaw period with a growing number of contacts across the Iron Curtain, and an increased workload in both organisations. Due to overlapping fields of activity, the two organisations maintained their cooperation until the very end in the early 1990s.
Referral of individuals with cardiovascular disease to secondary prevention programmes
Authors: Trejo Ronald , Edward Karen-leigh , Cross Wendy 
Published: March 2018

Background: secondary prevention programmes help manage risk factors, prevent progression of disease, minimise complications and reduce readmissions to hospitals. Referrals to these programmes are suboptimal even though they improve survival and quality of life. Aim: to explore referral of individuals with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease to secondary prevention programmes. Methods: a non-experimental descriptive retrospective design was used to analyse 176 patient records from a tertiary referral hospital in Melbourne, Australia. The study population consisted of individuals over 18 years of age admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral vascular disease within a 12-month period in 2009. Findings: from the patient records reviewed, 34% (n=60) were referred to secondary prevention programmes compared with 66% (n=116) not referred. Individuals with acute coronary syndrome were more likely to be referred than those with peripheral vascular disease or cerebrovascular disease. Those most likely to be referred were young males, married, living in a rural area and English speaking. Discussion: the study highlights that referrals to secondary prevention programmes are suboptimal. There is a need to investigate reasons for under-referral and the best approach to manage referrals. Conclusion: referrals to secondary prevention programmes are an important area of research: these are beneficial, yet some individuals are not being referred. Nurses are well placed to promote referrals to these programmes potentially. reducing under-referral.
SYLFATION OF XYLAN WITH SULFAMIC ACID IN N,N-DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Authors: Левданский (Levdanskii) Владимир (Vladimir) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) , Кондрасенко (Kondrasenko) Александр (Aleksandr) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) , Левданский (Levdanskii) Александр (Aleksandr) Владимирович (Vladimirovich) , Кузнецов (Kuznetsov) Борис (Boris) Николаевич (Nikolaevich) 
Published: March 2018

Sulfation of birch wood xylan by sulfamic acid in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of urea was studied for the first time. The effect of the duration of sulfation of xylan with a mixture of sulfamic acid–urea in DMF on the yield and substitution degree of xylan sulfates was studied. The sulfur content in the obtained samples was determined using chemical method. It was found, that the degree of substitution in the obtained xylan sulfates was in the range from 1.30 to 1.64 at sulfation for 1–2 hours. The structure of initial and sulfated xylan was investigated with the use of FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy methods. The introduction of sulfate groups into the structure of xylan was confirmed by appearance in FTIR spectra new absorption bands characteristic for the stretching vibrations n (C–O–S) at 804 cm-1, symmetric stretching vibrations ns (SO2) at 1009 cm-1, asymmetric stretching vibrations nas (SO2) at 1244 and 1260 cm-1.Studying of 13C NMR spectrum of the obtained xylan sulfates showed that there was partial substitution of hydroxyl groups at С2 and С3 positions of anhydroxylose units of xylan.
EXTRACTING SUBERIN ACIDS FROM BIRCH BARK WHEN EXPOSED TO A MICROWAVE FIELD
Authors: Безумова (Bezumova) Анна (Anna) Викторовна (Viktorovna) , Третьяков (Tret'iakov) Сергей (Sergei) Иванович (Ivanovich) , Кутакова (Kutakova) Наталья (Natal'ia) Алексеевна (Alekseevna) , Коптелова (Koptelova) Елена (Elena) Николаевна (Nikolaevna) 
Published: March 2018

The present study focuses on the identification of the components included in the suberin of birch bark, as well as the development of the method of intensification of hydrolysis of birch bark in the allocation of suberin.Identification suberin derived from the technical of birch bark in conditions the microwave field was conducted the method of IR-spectroscopy (IRS). In the study of the chemical composition of suberin acids using gas chromatomass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed the following dominant acid: docosanedioic (phellogenic) acid and 22-hydroxydocosanoic (phellonic) acid.It is established that processing of birch bark in a microwave field allows 2 times to reduce the duration of process of water-alkaline hydrolysis. By the planned experiment, mathematical description of the process of hydrolysis of birch bark in conditions of microwave radiation was obtained; the influence of the main parameters was installed and the optimal conditions for suberin acids secretion were determined. Concentration of alkali, %; power, W; duration, min were selected How were the independent variables. It is noted that the increase in alkali concentration and duration of hydrolysis leads to a positive result. On the basis of economic considerations, the optimum concentration of KOH for microwave hydrolysis is 5%, duration – 15 min, power – 600 W. The power consumption is 37,5 kWh/kg birch bark.
PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF PICEA OBOVATA LEDEB. BARK
Authors: Федорова (Fedorova) Татьяна (Tat'iana) Евгеньевна (Evgen'evna) , Федоров (Fedorov) Сергей (Sergei) Владимирович (Vladimirovich) , Бабкин (Babkin) Василий (Vasilii) Анатольевич (Anatol'evich) 
Published: March 2018

Chemical composition of a phenolic complex of the Siberian spruce bark (Picea obovata Ledeb.) and a structure their oligomeric phenolic compounds are studied.The samples of the spruce bark have been collected in the vicinity of Fr. Baikal in September 2015. Extractive substances were recovered from the crushed bark by extraction with ethyl acetate at the boiling point of the solvent for 4 hours. The resinous substances were extracted from the obtained ethyl acetate extracts by hexane by the infusion method for 3 days. The bark samples, after extraction with ethyl acetate, were dried to remove solvent residues, then the water-soluble substances were extracted by extraction with distilled water at 90 °C for 4 hours.The yields of the extractive substances extracted with ethyl acetate and water from the spruce bark were 3,4 and 6,9% in absolutely dry bark (a.d.b.), respectively. The content of phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of the spruce bark have been 42,4% relative. The ethyl acetate extract of a spruce bark, pretreated with hexane, was fractionated on a silica gel column using mixture chloroform-acetone as the eluent with an increase in the fraction of the latter (from 0 to 100%). The content of monomeric and oligo-, polymeric phenolic compounds in the extract was determined.Based on the data of 1Н and 13C NMR spectroscopy, it was established that the flavonoid dihydroquercetin and stilbene glycosides – isorhapontin and astringin are the main monomeric phenolic extractive substances of Siberian spruce bark. It is shown that the structure of oligomeric phenolic compounds of the spruce bark includes structural fragments of stilbene glycosides, mainly monomeric blocks with the structure of isorhapontin and astringin.
IR SPECTRA AND HEATS OF HYDRATION OF THE OZONATED PULP
Authors: Осовская (Osovskaia) Ираида (Iraida) Ивановна (Ivanovna) , Антонова (Antonova) Вероника (Veronika) Сергеевна ( Sergeevna) , Деркачева (Derkacheva) Ольга (Ol'ga) Юрьевна (Iur'evna) , Авакумова (Avakumova) Альбина (Al'bina) Васильевна (Vasil'evna) 
Published: March 2018

Reduce the consumption of chlorine dioxide in the bleaching of pulp is one of the main problems of technology of production of bleached pulp at Russian enterprises. We have developed a modified method of bleaching of sulphate hardwood pulp with a degree of ozonization. The new in work is the identification of the mechanism of ozonation on the structure of cellulose at different stages of the pulp bleaching. To assess structural changes of cellulose in the process of bleaching was used technique for IR spectroscopy. To characterize the hydrophilic properties of the cellulose used a calorimetric method and the method equilibrium sorption.Shown an advantage of using both chlorine dioxide and ozone in the bleaching of sulphate hardwood pulp. The obtained results of physical and chemical research associated with physico-mechanical properties of bleached and unbleached cellulose at different stages of bleaching. Shows the effect of ozonation on the mechanism of interaction of cellulose with bleaching agents. Effective delignification in the joint use of ozone and chlorine dioxide, can reduce the cost of bleaching chemicals. The brightness level corresponds to the world standards. and the content of organochlorine compounds (AOH) decreased by 30%. Reduce the consumption of chlorine dioxide helps to reduce contamination of waste water, reducing the content of organochlorine compounds (AOH).
WOOD-DESTROYING PROPERTIES OF FOMITOPSIS PINICOLA (SW.) P. KARST. FROM MIDDLE SIBERIA
Authors: Литовка (Litovka) Юлия (Julija) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) , Павлов (Pavlov) Игорь (Igor') Николаевич (Nikolaevich) , Рязанова (Rjazanova) Татьяна (Tat'jana) Васильевна (Vasil'evna) , Газизулина (Gazizulina) Алена (Alena) Владимировна (Vladimirovna) , Чупрова (Chuprova) Нелли (Nelli) Александровна (Aleksandrovna) 
Published: March 2018

Presents the results of a research of wood-destroying properties of the basidiomycete Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw.) P. Karst. The strains were isolated in pure culture from fruiting bodies that grew on the Abies sibirica Ledeb, Pinus sylvestris Ledeb, Pinus sibirica Du Tour and Larix sibirica Ledeb in the forests of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (56°09'–56°22' N; 92°10'–92°58' E). The cultures screened for growth parameters and the dynamics of enzymatic activity during cultivation on cellulose-containing media. The radial growth rate of Siberian strains on the agar medium and plant substrates is 1,1–3,3 mm / day; the growth coefficient is 10–42. All studied cultures synthesize extracellular cellulolytic enzymes that hydrolyze the sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose. The enzymatic activity is in the range 0,05–0,39 U / ml with a maximum of 7–9 days. The most active strain of Fp5-15 F. pinicola used for bioconversion of coniferous plant substrates under solid-phase culture conditions. The maximum wood-destroying activity observed on pine and larch wood – the mass loss of substrates was 16 and 20%, respectively. On Pinus sylvestris sawdust, the total content of polysaccharides decreased by 1,2 times due to the fermentolysis of the hardly hydrolyzable fraction (a decrease of 1,4 times); the content of lignin substances did not change significantly. On the sawdust of Larix sibirica, the amount of polysaccharides decreased by 1,3 times in comparison with the initial substrate; lignin – in 1,2 times.
DELIGNIFICATION OF FLAX SHIVE
Authors: Каретникова (Karetnikova) Наталья (Natal'ja) Викторовна (Viktorovna) , Чендылова (Chendylova) Лариса (Larisa) Валерьевна (Valer'evna) , Пен (Pen) Роберт (Robert) Зусьевич (Zus'evich) 
Published: March 2018

Delignification of the flax shive (wastes of oakum and heat insulation production) was studied. Chemical composition of the work material (mass parts in percents from the bone-dry material): cellulose 30,7, lignin 33,1, pentosans 28,0, extractable by organic solvent 4,3, extractable by hot water 5,4, ash 1,7. The flax shive was delignificated in laboratory condition by means of peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and sulfate cooking solution. The conditions of peracetic pulping: initial mass part of the «icy» acetic acid in cooking solution 0,65, perhydrol 0,35, the catalyst concentration (sodium tungstate) 0,03 g-mol/dm3, liquid module 6, temperature 92 °C; pulp yield 46,1% without of undercooked pulp. The conditions of peroxide pulping: initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide 17%, liquid module 6, complex catalyst concentration 0,1 g-mol/dm3 (molar parts of the Na2WO4, Na2MoO4 and H2SO4 in catalyst composition are 0,3 : 0,3 : 0,4 accordingly), temperature 98 °C; pulp yield 45,8% without undercooked pulp. The conditions of sulfate pulping: initial concentration of active alkali 55 g/dm3 (in Na2O unit), degree of sulfidity 18%, liquid module 4, temperature 170 °C; pulp yield 32,3% without undercooked pulp. Samples of the technical cellulose, received by oxidizing methods, excel sulphate cellulose in relation to yield, ability for milling, whiteness and mechanical properties (except for tear). On the set of normalized properties they approach to characteristic of kraft bleached pulp from deciduous woods and can be considered as perspective stringy half-finished for production of the paper sanitary-household and hygienic purpose.
SYNTHESIS AND INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MECHANOCOMPOSITES OF ARABINOGALACTAN WITH CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
Authors: Неверова (Neverova) Надежда (Nadezhda) Анатольевна (Anatol'evna) , Медведева (Medvedeva) Елена (Elena) Николаевна (Nikolaevna) , Бабкин (Babkin) Василий (Vasilii) Анатольевич (Anatol'evich) , Ларина (Larina) Людмила (Liudmila) Ивановна (Ivanovna) , Сапожников (Sapozhnikov) Анатолий (Anatolii) Николаевич (Nikolaevich) , Левчук (Levchuk) Алексей (Aleksei) Александрович (Aleksandrovich) , Кузьмин (Kuz'min) Сергей (Sergei) Георгиевич (Georgievich) 
Published: March 2018

Methods of the creating systems for directional transport in the organism with the help of various carriers have recently been developed to improve the effectiveness and selectivity of the action of known drug substances (DS). Especially, the relevant problem is the toxicity reducing and selectivity increasing of antitumor DS. In recent years, studies are conducted on the creation of DS conjugates with natural polymers, in particular, with non-starch polysaccharides, many of which exhibit antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. Due to the unique combination of physico-chemical and biological properties, larch arabinogalactan (AG) is one of the most promising for the development of complex drugs with increased bioavailability and reduced toxicity.The aim of this work is to obtain mechanocomposites of cyclophosphamide (CPA) with the initial (molecular weight 16645 Da) and fragmented (molecular weight 8380 Da) arabinogalactan and to study their physico-chemical properties.According to IR and NMR 13C, 15N and 31P spectroscopy data, the long-term mechanochemical treatment does not lead to the change of the chemical composition of CPA molecules, only the formation of hydrogen bonds NH•••OH is observed. According to the data of X-ray diffraction analysis, IR and multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy, the disordering of the crystal CPA structure and its molecular dispersion in the polysaccharide matrix without chemical interaction of the components are occurred during the mechanochemical treatment of CPA-AG mixtures at mass ratios of 1 : 5 and 1 : 10 for 4–12 hours.
FEATURES OF RHEOLOGY OF AGAR-AGAR SOLUTIONS
Authors: Шипунов (Shipunov) Борис (Boris) Павлович (Pavlovich) , Коптев (Koptev) Виталий (Vitalii) Евгеньевич (Evgen'evich) , Маркин (Markin) Вадим (Vadim) Иванович (Ivanovich) 
Published: March 2018

The article presents the results of experiments on studying of rheological behaviour of dilute solutions of agar-agar. The chosen range of concentration 0,1–0,7% allows to avoid gelation at ambient temperature. Dependence of viscosity and shear stress on concentration, shearing speed and temperature in an interval 25–45 °С is investigated. It was found that the concentration dependence of viscosity severely depends on the shear speed, a nonlinearity is observed that increases with decreasing shear speed. The dependence of the viscosity on the shear speed for concentrations of 0,3–0,7% has a similar but gradually changing type of the asymptotic decrease, whereas for 0,1%, solution dependence linearly grows with increase of shear speed. The interrelation of viscosity and shear stress is studied. Curves for solutions of 0,3–0,7% have a similar type and differ significantly from curves for 0,1% solutions. Moreover, the dependencies are not typical for polymer solutions. The activation energy of viscosity and shear stress is studied. For two temperature intervals: 25–35 and 35–45 °C, there is no correlation and a smooth dependence of the measured parameters on temperature. The activation energy of both viscosity and shear stress not decreases with temperature increase, as one might expect, but increases, for many times. This fact is observed completely individually for the different concentrations. An explanation is proposed for the observed dependences, which is based on the assumption of a structural change in agar-agar solutions, which is caused by changing the concentration of solution and magnitude of the mechanical influence.
Bernardo Brixy, the first Laue’s follower in Croatia
Authors: Hanžek Branko , Popović Stanko 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
M. von Laue discovered diffraction of X-rays in the crystal in 1912 and W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg determined the first crystal structures in 1913. Soon after that (1916–1918), Bernardo Eduard Brixy, a Croatian Franciscan, published papers (in Croatian language) on generation and properties of X-rays and on the theory of interference of X-rays in a general, triclinic, case. The main points of the Brixy papers are outlined.
Alzheimer's Disease and Sleep–Wake Disturbances: Amyloid, Astrocytes, and Animal Models
Authors: Vanderheyden William M. , Lim Miranda M. , Musiek Erik S. , Gerstner Jason R. 
Published: March 2018

Sleep–wake abnormalities are common in patients with Alzheimer's disease, and can be a major reason for institutionalization. However, an emerging concept is that these sleep–wake disturbances are part of the causal pathway accelerating the neurodegenerative process. Recently, new findings have provided intriguing evidence for a positive feedback loop between sleep–wake dysfunction and β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation. Studies in both humans and animal models have shown that extended periods of wakefulness increase Aβ levels and aggregation, and accumulation of Aβ causes fragmentation of sleep. This perspective is aimed at presenting evidence supporting causal links between sleep–wake dysfunction and aggregation of Aβ peptide in Alzheimer's disease, and explores the role of astrocytes, a specialized type of glial cell, in this context underlying Alzheimer's disease pathology. The utility of current animal models and the unexplored potential of alternative animal models for testing mechanisms involved in the reciprocal relationship between sleep disruption and Aβ are also discussed.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper:Microglia-Mediated Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease by Lawrence Rajendran and Rosa Paolicelli