bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über die Häufigkeiten der Isotope des Zinns
Authors: Hintenberger Heinrich , Mattauch Josef , Seelmann-Eggebert Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Das seltene Zinnisotop der Masse 115, das mit dem häufigsten Isotop des Nachbarelementes Indium isobar ist, bildet eine der wenigen Ausnahmen zur Isobarenregel, bei der trotz mehrfacher Versuche noch keine Aktivität eines der beiden Partner nachgewiesen werden konnte. Da nun Zinn in der Regel durch Indium verunreinigt ist, wurde der gelegentlich geäußerte Verdacht, daß das seltene Zinnisotop vielleicht durch eine Indium- Verunreinigung vorgetäuscht oder zumindest in seiner Häufigkeit gefälscht worden sein könnte, besonders geprüft.
Durch geeignete chemische Methoden von Indium gereinigtes Zinn ergab jedoch die gleiche Häufigkeit für die Massenzahl 115 wie gewöhnliches Zinn. Ferner konnte bei der Masse 118 das zweite seltene Indiumisotop nicht gefunden werden, obwohl es hätte bemerkt werden müssen. Bei dieser Gelegenheit wurden die relativen Häufigkeiten der Zinnisotope erstmalig elektrometrisch gemessen und folgende Werte gefunden:
Masse........................... 112 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 122 124
Prozentuale Häufigkeit 0,94 0,65 0,33 14,36 7,51 24,21 8,45 33,11 4,61 5,83 Wahrscheinl. Fehler in %: ± 2 ± 5 ± 6 ± 0 , 3 ± 0 , 5 ± 0 , 3 ± 0 , 5 ± 0 , 3 ± 1 ± 0,9. Diese Werte weichen beträchtlich von den photometrisch von Aston bestimmten Werten ab.
Aus den obigen Häufigkeiten ergibt sich die mittlere Massenzahl Ā = 118,826 ± 0,009, und mit einem Packungsanteil von -5,07 ± 0,32 das chemische Atomgewicht für Zinn zu 118,73 ± 0,01, das mit dem internationalen Wert [1947] 118,70 zu vergleichen ist. Für die nicht vorkommenden Isotope bei den Massenzahlen 110, 111,113, 121, 123 und 125 ergab sich als obere Häufigkeitsgrenze 0,01%.
Das Schrödinger-Wellenfeld
Authors: Falk Gottfried , Marschall Hans 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Es ist im allgemeinen nicht üblich, die Schrödinger-Theorie unter dem Gesichtspunkt einer Feldtheorie zu betrachten. Dies soll im folgenden geschehen. Insbesondere sei dabei das Ziel, die in der Theorie der Wellenfelder formulierten Erhaltungssätze für den speziellen Fall des Schrödinger-Feldes zu untersuchen.
Das Lilienfeld-Leuchten und die Möglichkeit seiner Deutung durch elektrostatische Plasmaschwingungen an der Metalloberfläche
Authors: Sommermeyer Kurt 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Die Bedingungen für das Auftreten des Lilienfeld-Leuchtens werden erneut untersucht. Die Anregungsfunktionen sind S-förmige Kurven, die Ausbeuten betragen bis zu 0,1 Lichtquanten pro einfallendes Elektron und sind im übrigen stark von adsorbierten Gasen abhängig. Die Deutung des Lilienfeld-Leuchtens als Bremsstrahlung ist abzulehnen, die Deutung als Fluoreszenz äußerst unwahrscheinlich, die Deutung durch Plasmaschwingungen an der Metalloberfläche erscheint durchaus möglich.
Durch Dehnung bewirkter Vorzeichenwechsel der Magnetostriktion
Authors: Braunewell Wilhelm , Vogt Eckart 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Während der als Villari-Umkelir bekannte Vorzeichenwechsel der Magnetostriktion des Eisens von der Aufeinanderfolge von 90°-Wandverschiebungen und Drehprozessen bei fortschreitender Magnetisierung herrührt, findet man bei einer Heusler-Legierung und bei Fe-Ni-Legierungen eine andere Art des Vorzeichenwechsels. Sie läßt sich darauf zurückführen, daß entweder Zugspannung eine Änderung der spontanen Gitterverzerrung bewirkt oder daß durch Zug die Magnetisierungsvektoren unter Umständen trotz positiver Magnetostriktion aus der Zugrichtung herausgedreht werden können.
Über Kriechgalvanometer
Authors: Courvoisier Peter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Die Grundlagen zur Zeichnung von Diagrammen für die Kriechgeschwindigkeit und die Empfindlichkeit eines Kriechgalvanometers als Funktion des Widerstandes im Galvanometerkreis werden abgeleitet. Diese Diagramme gestatten die Abgrenzung des Bereiches, in dem ein Galvanometer sicher als Kriechgalvanometer arbeitet.
Über den Einfluß isolierter Gitterstörungen auf den elektrischen Widerstand elektronischer Halbleiter und seine Temperaturabhängigkeit
Authors: Heywang Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Der Einfluß isolierter Störstellen auf die Energieeigenwertverteilung wird unter-sucht und dabei die Strukturempfindlichkeit von e in der phänomenologischen Leitfähigkeits-Formel σ = a exp (-ε/kT) abgeleitet. Der von W.Meyer gefundene Zusammenhang zwischen a und s läßt sich jedoch nur auf Grund einer - zwar plausibeln - Hilfsannahme über die Abhängigkeit des Elektronenimpulses von der Gitterstörung er-klären. Im Zusammenhang mit der Deutung eines in gewissen Bereichen positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstands wird auf einige Besonderheiten der Fermi-Statistik hingewiesen. I. Das experimentelle Tatsachenmaterial D er Temperaturgang der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit o von Halbleitern läßt sich i. allg. bekanntlich gut durch die empirische Formel σ - a exp (- £ / k T) (1,1)
Über Addition von Maleinsäureanhydrid an phenylsubstituierte Anthracene
Authors: Hartmann Hermann , Grunert Heinz 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Mit Hilfe der quantenmechanischen Theorie der aromatischen Verbindungen wird gezeigt, daß aus den neuen experimentellen Befunden von Gillet über die Addition von Maleinsäureanhydrid an 9.10-Diphenyl-anthracen und 9-Phenylanthracen auf eine Verdrehung der Phenylringe gegen das Anthracenskelett geschlossen werden kann.
Über die Beugung von Rohrwellen an ebenen Blenden
Authors: Müller Rolf 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Im ersten einleitenden Abschnitt werden bekannte Beziehungen, die für das Folgende notwendig sind, zusammengestellt. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird das Beugungsproblem für Rohr-wellen an ebenen Blenden allgemein formuliert. Im dritten Abschnitt wird für den speziellen Fall der konzentrischen Lochblende im kreiszylindrischen Rohr gezeigt, daß die Beugung einer einfallenden zylindersymmetrischen E-bzw. H-Welle durch E-bzw. H-Wellen allein beschrieben wird, also an der Blende keine Umwandlungen von E-in H-Wellen auftreten, während bei einer einfallenden E-bzw. H-Welle die vom Azimut φ abhängt, zur Beschreibung der Beugung beide Wellentypen notwendig sind, also Umwandlungen auftreten.
Impuls bei der Vernichtung langsamer Positronen in verschiedenen festen Stoffen
Authors: Maier-Leibnitz H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Aus Koinzidenzhäufigkeitsmessungen an Vernichtungsquanten in einer bestimmten Geometrie läßt sich das mittlere Quadrat des Schwerpunktimpulses von Positron plus Elektron im Augenblick der Vernichtung für verschiedene Substanzen angeben. Solche Messungen wurden für Al, Cu, Ag, Sn, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Bi ausgeführt. Es zeigen sich starke Unterschiede von Element zu Element, die qualitative Aussagen über äußere Elektronenschalen im Gitter gestatten.
Cosmic Ray Interactions in Paraffin and Lead
Authors: Mundra J. P. , Bhattacharyya D. P. , Senchaudhury P. K. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nuclear interactions of cosmic rays under paraffin and lead have been studied by means of a counter controlled multiplate cloud chamber. The lead plates inside the chamber served as producer and analyser. A search has been made for the possible transition effect of nuclear interaction in lighter elements using charged components for triggering and to compare it with a previously observed apparent transition effect in graphite for neutron shower using coincidence of neutron counters. The results show a continuous increase of nuclear interaction with increasing thickness of paraffin absorber up to 30.4 gcm-2. A similar rise is also observed under 11.3 gem-2 of Pb.
Application des Lois de Penetration de Makhov a la Conductibilite Induite par Bombardement Electronique dans des Couches Minces de ZnS
Authors: Benoit J. , Benalloul P. , Mattler J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Al-ZnS-Al cells withstanding fields of 106 V cm -1 were studied; their resistivity being of 1014 Ω • cm. The induced conductibility is related to Makhov's law of the absorption of the electronic flux. The distribution of the secondary charge carriers and the electric field inside of the layer are given. The experimental results agree with Makhov's law. It is possible therefore to express the dependence of the range in the thin ZnS layer upon the energy of the bombarding electrons: R = 95 E0
1,8, where R is expressed in Å and E0 in kV. The optimal conditions for the gain as a function of the energy of the electronic flux, the thickness, and the quality of the layer are given.
Über die Rolle einer indefiniten Zustandsmatrix in der Quantenfeldtheorie / About the Role of an Indefinite Metric in the State Space of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Dürr H. P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The necessary extension of the quantum mechanical Hilbert space to a state space with indefinite metric in a local description of quantum electrodynamics, the Yang-Mills theory and a linearized gravitation theory is illustrated. As one of the essential physical consequences of such an extension we emphasize the fact that the interaction cannot be completely represented by the virtual exchange of particles but always does contain non-particle-like “genuine” parts of nonlocal character. In analogy to these cases the indefinite metric in Heisenberg's Lee model and in subcanonical quantum field theories, like Heisenberg's nonlinear spinor theory, is discussed. The physical consequences resulting from a unitarization of these theories with regard to the effective interaction and its causal character are pointed out.
A Nonperturbative Approach to the Problem π0 → 2 γ
Authors: Mukhopadhyay P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this paper the question of the asymptotic conformal invariance of the off-shell amplitude for the process π0 → 2 γ has been investigated. It has been shown that the off-shell amplitude for the process concerned can be given an asymptotically conformal covariant form by using a parton model description of the neutral pion instead of treating the pion as an elementary particle. This investigation shows that the conclusion regarding the question of the asymptotic conformal invariance of the off-shell amplitude for the process π0 → 2 γ obtained from the parton model along with the use of conformal covariant operator product expansions is the same as that of the Johnson-Baker-Willey version of finite QED from which the asymptotic conformal invariance of the 3-point Green's function for the process π0 → 2 γ follows as a necessary consequence.
Properties of Cold Condensed Silver Chloride and of Cocondensed Silver/Silver Chloride Films. I. UV-VIS-Spectra
Authors: Gottwald Helmut , Lieser Thomas , Weil Konrad G. , Weiss Alarieh 
Published: September 2019

When vapor of silver chloride is condensed with rates below 1 nm · min-1 onto a substrate at T= 10 K, a non-crystalline film grows. Typical of this film is the absence of the exciton absorption at 240 nm and the presence of a broad absorption extending to wavelengths > 300 nm. When the film is tempered for a few minutes at T > 170 K, it shows the typical UV-VIS-spectrum of crystalline AgCl. When silver is cocondensed with silver chloride, additional absorption around 300 nm can be observed. This situation is stable up to temperatures of T ≦ 200 K. Then silver chloride crystallizes and silver is precipitated, leading to Mie scattering at wavelengths around 500 nm.
Concondensation of silver stabilizes the non-crystalline state with respect to deposition temperature and deposition rate. Also the transition temperature non-crystalline/crystalline is increased.
Numerical Integration of the Navier-Stokes Equations for a Disk Rotating in a Housing
Authors: Borghesani A. F. 
Published: September 2019

The Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid motion induced by a disk rotating inside a cylindrical cavity have been integrated for several values of the boundary layer thickness d. The equivalence of such a device to a rotating disk immersed in an infinite medium has been shown in the limit as d → 0.
From that solution and taking into account edge effect corrections an equation for the viscous torque acting on the disk has been derived, which depends only on d. Moreover, these results justify the use of a rotating disk to perform accurate viscosity measurements.
Viscosity, Conductivity and Density of Fused Silver Chloride Doped with MeCln (Me = Li, K, Cs, Ba) in the Mole Fraction Region 0 ≦xdopant ≦0.1
Authors: Greening Giorgio G. W. , Weil Konrad G. 
Published: September 2019

The density, the electrolytic conductivity, and the viscosity of molten silver chloride doped with LiCl, KCl, CsCl, and BaCl2 have been measured in the concentration range 0 ≦x dopant ≦0.1 and temperature range 740 K ≧ Tm ≦900 K. The molar conductivity, Λ, decreases linearly with x dopant , the curve being independent of the charge of the added cation. Only in the case of LiCl is a very small increase of Λ observed. The viscosity of the melt remains virtually unchanged when doped with alkali halides. Addition of BaCl2 leads to a strong increase of the viscosity.
The findings show that for these systems no correlation exists between the conductivity and the viscosity. It is further suggested that there is a strong influence of the long range Coulomb interaction on the viscosity of molten salts.
Structural Changes in Two Different Types of Oxide Glass Melts: Borates and Metaphosphates
Authors: Herms G. , Sakowski J. , Gerike W. , Stachel Dörte 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
X-ray diffraction experiments of molten oxide glasses, which give new insights into the structure of melts, were carried out. Using modern means (synchrotron radiation, image plates, container-less high-temperature technique) it could be shown that the short range order of melt and solid glass is often qualitatively different. If vitreous B2O3 or binary borate glasses with low content of network modifier are heated up above Tg , the network topology begins to alter. With rising temperature more and more of the boroxol groups are replaced by independent B0 3 groups. While melting a metaphosphate glass, how-ever, structural changes of another kind take place. In solid glass the environment of the network modifier ions is similar to the one found in crystalline modifications, and their distances to the surrounding PO4 tetrahedra have narrow distributions. In the melt, however, these distances scarcely become evident, probably owing to the increased thermal motion of the modifier ions.
Short-term acidification detection in soils along the northern Dráva floodplain (SW Hungary) by means of Acid Neutralising Capacity (ANC) analysis
Authors: Engel-Di Mauro Salvatore 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Various methods can be used for soil acidification monitoring, which can be useful towards remediation or preventing environmental degradation. It has been demonstrated that acidification can be made evident over the span of a few years, with proper monitoring. However, a reliance on pH as a main indicator can lead to detection inadequacies, especially where soils are relatively well buffered against acidity and acid deposition is negligible. A technique employing acid-neutralising capacity (ANC) derivation was applied to cultivated and uncultivated Alluvial Meadow soils to find out whether ANC data could prove effective in determining the occurrence and degree of acidification. Sampling and lab work were carried out between 2009 and 2010 on 33 sites under various land uses. Unlike pH, ANC, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) decreased significantly. ANC analysis appears to be effective in detecting acidification trends over short periods and, in contrast to previous studies, under ostensibly unremarkable conditions.
Monoklonal antikorlardan bevacizumab'ın deneysel inflamatuar ağrı modelinde antianjiyogenik etkisi
Authors: YAMAN Selma , ÇUKADAR Nursima , BARAN Furkan , UYANIK Fatih Burak , KILINÇ Metin , MERT Tufan 
Published: September 2019

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, deneysel inflamatuar modelinde (Carrageenan kullanılarak meydana getirilen) sistemik (intraperitoneal: IP) ve lokal (intraplantar: IPL) olarak uygulanan bevacizumab’ın muhtemel anti-nosiseptif, anti-inflamatuar ve anti-ödem etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Sağlıklı ve Carrageenan (CAR) kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen inflamatuar ağrılı sıçanların duysal fonksiyonları termal plantar test (hiperaljezi için), dinamik plantar estesiometre (allodini için) kullanılarak, farklı dozlarda bevacizumab’ın sistemik veya lokal anti-hipernosiseptif etkileri, pençe kütleleri ölçülerek de anti-ödem etkileri değerlendirildi. Biyokimyasal analizler için sıçan pençelerinden alınan örnekler kullanıldı.Bulgular: Kontrol olarak kullanılan sağlıklı sıçanlarda lokal (intraplantar: IPL) veya sistemik (intraperitoneal: IP) bevacizumab uygulamasının nörobiyofizik testlerde termal latans veya mekanik eşik parametrelerinde herhangi bir değişime neden olmadığı görüldü. CAR uygulaması mekanik eşik ve termal latans parametresinde düşüşlere ve pençe kütlesinde artışa neden oldu. Sonuç: Çalışmalarımızda, bevacizumab’ın özellikle sistemik uygulamalarının daha fazla anti-hiperaljezik ve anti-allodinik etkiler gösterebileceği belirlendi. CAR uygulaması sonrası ortaya çıkan hiperaljezi, ağrılı bir uyaranın kullanıldığı termal latans ölçümleriyle belirlendi. Ortaya çıkan hiperaljezi, sistemik bevacizumab tarafından etkili bir şekilde uzun süreli baskılandı.
MAKING SINGLE COMPLETE DENTURES FOR THE MATERIAL WITH TUBER MAXILLA CASE LARGE
Authors: Kusdarjanti Endang , Setyowati Okti , Zseni Febriana 
Published: September 2019

Background: single complete denture is complete denture where its antagonist there tooth original good in part or else entirely. Besides that on case this there bulge tuber maxilla more big of the normal size of course only will complicate at the stage of preparation of teeth and also take effect on retention, stability, and comfort. Objective: to discuss about technique manufacture single complete denture with a large tuber maxilla. Review of literature: Single complete denture is a complete denture in which the antagonistic teeth can be either partial or whole natural teeth. Whereas complete denture is a complete maxillary and mandibular denture that is used if both jaws do not have natural teeth. To get good inclination and occlusal surface can do with Swenson technique and Yurkstas technique which is use a compensating curve template to determine the occlusal views of Wilson’s curve and spee curve. Conclusion: in the making single complete denture, moment preparation tooth there difficulty because have a big maxilla and need a lot of grinding on dental elements and additions anasir second premolar teeth for get aesthetic and functional is good, too take effect to retention and stability.
Do Clerkship Schemes effectively improve Pharmacy Students’ Understanding of and Attitudes Regarding Pharmaceutical Care?——A pre-post Study in China Pharmaceutical University
Authors: Huang Yuankai , Yao Dongning , Zhang WeiWei , Wang Yitao , Yao Wenbing 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Clerkship is potentially an effective measure of improving the pharmacy students’ understanding of and attitudes toward pharmaceutical care. This research aimed to validate whether clerkship schemes in China effectively improve pharmacy students’ understanding of and attitudes toward PC, and discuss on how to improve the clerkship schemes for better quality.
Methods A pre-post and self-administrated questionnaire survey among three continuous years of students was conducted to measure Chinese fifth-year clinical pharmacy students’ differences in understanding of pharmaceutical care and attitudes toward pharmaceutical care before and after their clerkship schemes. Statistical analysis was conducted on the retrieved data.
Results 602 respondents completed the post-part survey (drop rate= 1.8%). Correct rates of all statements regarding students’ understanding of pharmaceutical care were generally increased, but the rates of respondents holding correct understanding of the primary goal of pharmaceutical care (71.9% to 85.0%), the necessity of drug information support in pharmaceutical care (77.1% to 87.5%) and the patients’ role and duty when receiving pharmaceutical care (66.1% to 70.6%) were unsatisfactory before the clerkship and the improvement was not significant. Most statements regarding students’ attitudes toward pharmaceutical care were improved in general. However, rates of respondents holding negative attitudes toward students performing pharmaceutical care during their clerkship (3.7% to 7.5%) and choosing pharmaceutical care provider as their career after clerkship schemes (10.8% to 14.8%) had increased after the clerkship schemes.
Conclusion Clerkship generally improves clinical pharmacy students' understanding of and attitudes toward pharmaceutical care, yet adjustments are also required in some contents of the clerkship for further improvements in its outcomes.
Braden Scale for Assessing Pneumonia After Acute Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Ding Yunlong , Yan Yazhou , Niu Jiali , Zhang Yanrong , Gu Zhiqun , Tang Ping , Liu Yan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background

The prevention of pneumonia is critical for patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). The six subscales in the Braden Scale seem to be related to the occurrence of pneumonia. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using the Braden Scale to predict the occurrence of pneumonia after AIS.Methods

We studied a series of consecutive patients with AIS who were admitted to the hospital. The cohort was subdivided into pneumonia and no pneumonia groups. The scores on the Braden Scale, demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics were obtained and analysed by statistical comparisons between the two groups. We investigated the predictive validity of the Braden Scale by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.Results

A total of 414 patients with AIS were included in this study. Of those 414 patients, 57 (13.8%) patients fulfilled the criteria for post-stroke pneumonia. There were significant differences in age and histories of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dysphagia and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score between the two groups, and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in the pneumonia group was significantly higher than that in the no pneumonia group ( P <0.01). The mean score on the Braden Scale in the pneumonia group was significantly lower than that in the no pneumonia group ( P < 0.01). The six subscale scores on the Braden Scale were all significantly different between the two groups. The area under the curve (AUC) for the Braden Scale for the prediction of pneumonia after AIS was 0.883 (95% CI = 0.828-0.937). With 18 points as the cutoff point, the sensitivity was 83.2%, and the specificity was 84.2%.Conclusion

The Braden Scale with 18 points as the cutoff point is likely a valid clinical grading scale for predicting pneumonia after AIS at presentation. Further studies on the association of the Braden Scale score with stroke outcomes are needed.