bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and sustainable management of animal genetic resources, globally
Authors: Fimland E. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryGeneral trends of development imply an increasing uniformity of animal genetic resources, caused by the loss of endangered breeds and increased inbreeding within commercial breeding populations. The implications of these trends point to a reduction in the genetic diversity of the animal genetic resources, which may reduce possibilities for utilization in the future, while at the same time a dramatic change in environmental production conditions can be observed. In order to change this developmental trend, sustainable management of animal genetic resources must be promoted globally. The fundamental issues for such sustainable management are illustrated by the principles given in the Convention on Biological Diversity. In order to accomplish sustainable management of these resources, the following actions must be taken:• The development of policies to promote national and global responsibility for maintaining genetic diversity, which will not be addressed within this paper• The development of knowledge as a fundamental concept to impose sustainable management principles on these animal genetic resources. This will be dealt with in this paper. A more complete description of these features can be found in Woolliams et al, 2005 in (Sustainable Management of Animal Genetic Resources).
Predators and Predation in Paleozoic Marine Environments
Authors: Brett Carlton E. , Walker Sally E. 
Published: June 2019

The Paleozoic body fossil record of potential benthic predators includes nautiloid and ammonoid cephalopods, phyllocarids, decapods, and several lineages of gnathostomes. The latter group, in particular, radiated rapidly during the Devonian. In the pelagic realm, predator-prey interactions involving cephalopods and some nektonic arthropods probably appeared in the Ordovician. Again, evidence indicates intensification of pelagic predation, much of it by arthrodires and sharks on other fishes, during the Devonian radiation of gnathostomes.Trace fossils provide direct evidence of predatory attack from the Ediacarian and Early Cambrian onward, but with a substantial increase in the Siluro-Devonian. Brachiopod and molluscan shells and trilobite exoskeletons show evidence of healed bite marks and peeling from the Cambrian onward, but with an increased frequency in the Devonian. Predatory drill holes with stereotypical position and prey-species preference are found in brachiopods (Cambrian onward) and mollusks (Ordovician onward); boreholes also show increased frequency in the middle Paleozoic. Certain of these boreholes are tentatively attributable to platyceratid gastropods.Hard-shelled benthic organisms with thicker, more spinose skeletons may have had a selective advantage as durophagous predators increased. Brachiopods, gastropods, trilobites, and crinoids show an abrupt increase in spinosity beginning in the Siluro-Devonian. But spinosity decreases after the early Carboniferous. Late Paleozoic benthos may have taken refuge in smaller size and resistant, thick-walled skeletons, as well as endobenthic and cementing modes of life. Conversely, in the pelagic realm, external armor was reduced, while more efficient, fast-swimming modes of life (e.g., in sharks) increased in the post-Devonian.
Changing the milk supply to increase cheese yield: The Kaikoura experience
Authors: Boland M. , Hill J. , O’Connor P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper describes the steps that were taken to increase the productivity of a commercial cheese company by genetically altering the milk composition. These steps included validation of the effect of b–lactoglobulin polymorphism on casein production and cheese yield under typical New Zealand pastoral farming conditions, manufacture and ripening of cheese from single variant milks, selection of a suitable company to trial breeding for a single variant, development of a suitable payment scheme to reflect the additional value of the higher casein milk, development of a testing regime to support the payment system and getting buy–in from the company. These steps have all been taken, and the company has pursued the recommended breeding strategy for 3 years, purchased instrumentation and elected to move to the new testing and payment scheme for the current dairy season.
Dumb animals and smart machines: the implications of modern milking systems for integrated management of dairy cows
Authors: Mottram T. T. , Masson L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe dairy industry has continued to innovate to meet the needs of the consumers' specification of milk at a low price, of good hygienic quality and with rising expectations of animal welfare. The introduction of robotic milking offers the opportunity for the cost effective deployment of novel sensors for a variety of milk analytes. Traditional methods of monitoring health changes in animals are based entirely on the human senses. However, in modern milking systems humans rarely have enough time to see the cows to observe for signs of ill health, the extreme case is that of robotic milking. Novel sensors will allow closed loop control systems where the early detection of deviations from optimal performance will enable the farm manager to make management decisions before damage to potential milk yields is irreversible. Where a biological model already exists, for example, in the prediction of ovulation with milk progesterone analysis, rapid progress is being made towards an automated prediction system. Integrated management systems for dairy cows will not only have the traditional goals of efficient milk production but can also be tuned to reduce polluting outputs of ammonia, phosphorus and methane. The main metabolic markers in milk to be monitored are urea, fat, ketones and protein. The detection of mastitis can be achieved by the development of sensor systems to detect enzyme markers of inflammatory response such as Nagase. Multi-disciplinary research is needed to develop integrated management systems drawing all the different elements of dairy cow management into a single system. The major cause of death in dairy cows is dystocia and monitoring systems are needed to ensure that parturition is better managed.
Status Report of the Work on the FK5
Authors: Schwan H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA survey is given on the tasks to be performed in the process of improving a fundamental system. Completed tasks are the derivation of corrections to the values for general precession and the determination of the FK4 equinox and equator. The selection of new fundamental stars and the improvement of the systematic and individual accuracy of the FK4 is in progress. A description of the observational material and of new methods of analysis is given. Preliminary results are reported.
The Background to the Merit/Cotes Recommendations on the Terrestrial and Celestial Reference Systems
Authors: Wilkins G A 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe MERIT programme of international collaboration to monitor earth-rotation and to intercompare the techniques of observation and analysis has fostered the development of the use of space techniques. Earth-rotation parameters are now determined regularly with a precision that is better than 1 milliarcsecond () and the relative positions of the observing stations are determined to better than 1 decimetre (0.1 m). It is therefore necessary that the terrestrial and celestial reference frames be defined more precisely. The MERIT and COTES Working Groups have proposed that new conventional terrestrial and celestial reference systems be established and that the maintenance of these systems be the responsibility of a new International Earth Rotation Service. The new reference frames are to be based on the adoption of positions and motions of designated stations and extragalactic radio sources. Appropriate models and parameters will be associated with these frames to form reference systems so that observations can be used to determine the rotation of the terrestrial frame with respect to the celestial frame.
A Spectroscopic View of Epsilon Aurigae
Authors: Lambert David L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpectroscopic observations from the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared obtained at the recent eclipse are discussed. The rotation curve for the disk around the secondary suggests that secondary is a low mass star (or binary). This result with the known mass function suggests that the primary may be a low mass (m1 ≤ the Chandraskehar limit, 1.4 M⊙) star leaving the AGB and evolving to the white dwarf region.
Extraction of the Shell Spectrum of Epsilon Aurigae
Authors: Boehm Conrad , Ferluga Steno 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA sample of high-dispersion optical spectrograms of ε Aur,taken on different epochs before and during eclipse, has been processed by computer in order to extract the shell spectrum, produced by the eclipsing body. Using an uneclipsed spectrum as reference, the primary’s dominant contribution was removed, and this makes it possible for the first time to study the secondary body spectrum separately at all eclipse phases. As the first striking result, one finds that the internal regions of the extended eclipsing body are hotter than the outer zones.
Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum Measurements
Authors: Smoot George F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper reviews the three major cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) spectrum measurement programs conducted and published since the last (XVII) IAU General Assembly. The results are consistent with a Planckian spectrum with temperature 2.72 ± 0.03 K spanning a wavelength range of 0.1 to 12 cm. Limits on possible distortions and implications are outlined. Ongoing and future measurements are discussed.
The Microwave Background from Cambridge
Authors: Saunders Richard 
Published: June 2019

Microwave background astronomy has arrived. Largely because of improvements in receivers, the last three years have seen the emergence of agreement concerning important measurements of the microwave background radiation (MBR):– hard evidence that the MBR has a black-body spectrum (see Smoot in these proceedings);– the unambiguous detection of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich decrement in clusters of galaxies (Birkinshaw et al 1984), and indeed profiles of the decrement across clusters (Birkinshaw in these proceedings);– the lack of anisotropy in the MBR temperature T on scales of a few arcmin down to ΔT/T˜5×10-5 (Uson & Wilkinson 1984; Readhead, private communication) and the consequent elimination of simple theories of adiabatic primordial fluctuations.
Abundances of the Very Light Elements (D, 3He, 4He and 7LI) And Primordial Nucleosynthesis
Authors: Audouze Jean 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe determinations of the primordial abundances of D, 3He, 4He and 7Li play a major role in building up models of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Much progress has been made recently in that respect but there are still large uncertainties on these determinations. Although canonical Big Bang models predicting a cosmological baryonic parameter ΩB ~ 0.10 consistent with the dynamics of small groups of galaxies and three different families of neutrinos seem to be the most appropriate in accounting for these abundances, the simplest models of galactic evolution lead to discrepant comparisons concerning D and 4He. The relatively small abundance of 4He might challenge the canonical Big Bang models unless specific models of galactic evolution are invoked.
The Dichotomy between Co Absorptions and ca II Emissions in the Sun and Stars: An Indirect Diagnostic for Gas Disturbed by Magnetic Fields?
Authors: Ayres T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpectra of the 4.7 μm bands of carbon monoxide in absorption, and spectra of the cores of the 0.4 μm resonance lines of ionized calcium in emission, might be used to diagnose the presence of atmospheric inhomogeneities, caused by the action of surface magnetic fields, on stars as diverse as the Sun and the red giant Arcturus.
Stellar X-ray and Radio Activities and Coronal Magnetic Field
Authors: Uchida Yutaka 
Published: June 2019

AbstractActivities due to the magnetic effects in the stellar atmospheres are discussed with a special emphasis on the enhanced X-rays and radio activities in RS CVn binaries. Enhanced activities in these close binary systems are proposed to be due to an enhanced production of the twist of the subphotospheric magnetic flux tubes by the large differential rotation in radius, created between the inertially rotating core and more or less synchronously rotating envelope. The magnetic twist of the emerged flux tubes in the “active-longitude-belt” will be dynamically released into inter-star flux tubes together with the driven-out mass heated in the events of magnetic reconnections which are mediated by the magnetic fields of the companion star.
Recent Optical Observations of Supernovae
Authors: Filippenko Alexei V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the basic optical properties of supernovae (SNe), concentrating on the most interesting new observations. It is emphasized that SNe can be securely subdivided into the two well-known classes (Type I and Type II) only on the basis of their spectra, since the light curves alone can be misleading. Brief interpretations of the spectra and light curves are presented. Spectroscopic and photometric characteristics of “peculiar” Type I supernovae (SNe I-pec), which may be physically distinct from “normal” SNe I, are discussed. Finally, the complete optical spectrum of SN 1985f in NGC 4618 is illustrated, and comparisons are made with the spectra of SNe I and SNe II. No resemblance is found, suggesting that this object belongs to a truly new class (Type III) of SNe. There is, however, very recent evidence that the spectra of SNe I-pec obtained more than eight months past maximum brightness are strikingly similar to that of SN 1985f.
Phase Transitions of Superdense Matter and Supernova Explosion
Authors: Sato Katsuhiko , Takahara Mariko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEffects of the phase transitions of superdense matter on supernova explosions are investigated with the aid of an idealized model of phase transition. It is found that in the case of strong phase transitions explosions become weaker, while in the case of weak phase transitions explosions become stronger, but the increment of the ejectecd energy is less than 20 percent and is not large as suggested by Migdal et al.
The Sources of Major Heliospheric Disturbances
Authors: Hewish A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObservations of interplanetary scintillation on about 900 sources made with the 3.6 hectare array at Cambridge have been used to map, and to track, 96 heliospheric transients during August 1978–September 1979. This sample included most of the interplanetary shocks recorded by near-Earth spacecraft in the same period.Some corotating interaction regions were observed but the most frequent disturbances were “erupting streams” in which spherical shells of enhanced density were driven by the birth of high-speed solar wind streams which persisted for several days. Although these transients were of the type traditionally associated with solar flares or disappearing filaments they were not caused by such processes. Back-projection to the Sun indicated that the sources were always associated with coronal holes. It is concluded that the sources of the most energetic interplanetary transients are mid-latitude coronal holes which, near solar maximum, produce sporadic high-speed streams lasting several days, in contrast to the more stable flows typical of the declining phase of the solar cycle.
The Response of Microwave Emission to the Development of Active Regions
Authors: Smolkov G. Ya. 
Published: June 2019

As is known from eclipse observations, the microwave emission of an active region consists of three main components: floccular, inter-spot (halo) and spot components which differ in intensity, the degree of polarization, and in structure and sizes /1/. A possibility of identifying the finer spatial and temporal structure in the active region (AR) emission has existed since RATAN, the VLA and WSRT became operational. The construction of the SSRT permitted the initiation of a systematic study of spatio-temporal properties of the development of active regions /2, 3/.The majority of the properties in the AR development are reflected in detail and rapidly in the microwave emission characteristics /4, 6/.
Joint Summary Report of the IAU/IUGG Working Groups on the Rotation of the Earth and the Terrestrial Reference System
Authors: Wilkins G. A. , Mueller I. I. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Working Group on the Rotation of the Earth was established in 1978 and developed a programme of international collaboration to Monitor Earth-Rotation and Intercompare the Techniques of observation and analysis (MERIT). The MERIT Short Campaign was held in 1980 to test and develop the organisational arrangements required during the MERIT Main Campaign in 1983-4. The Working Group on the Terrestrial Reference System was established in 1980 to prepare a proposal for the establishment and maintenance of a new Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (COTES) that would be based on the new techniques of space geodesy. The Working Groups collaborated closely and organised two intensive campaigns in 1984 and 1985 that were aimed primarily at determining the relationships between the reference systems of the six different techniques that were used to determine earth-rotation parameters. Observational data were obtained from 35 countries; analyses and intercomparisons of the results were carried out in 7 countries. The Working Groups reviewed the results at the Third MERIT Workshop and recommended that a new International Earth Rotation Service be set up in 1988 and that it be based on the use of very-long-baseline radio interferometry and both satellite and lunar laser ranging.
Theoretical Stellar Energy Distributions
Authors: Kurucz Robert L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryWe are working hard to improve model atmospheres because existing models have numerical errors, an unphysical treatment of convection, an inadequate or non-existant treatment of statistical equilibrium, an arbitrarily chosen microturbulent velocity, an arbitrarily chosen helium abundance, and a greatly underestimated line opacity for iron group elements.
Halley’S Comet (Part I): Ground-based Observations
Authors: West Richard M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSince the recovery in October 1982, an extensive, international programme to observe Comet Halley with ground-based instruments has been co-ordinated by the International Halley Watch (IHW), and a comprehensive archive is now in the final phases of preparation. The observations were carried out at more than 150 observatories and with all available methods. A special effort was made to support the space missions during the comet encounters in early March 1986. Whereas the spacecraft provided detailed in-situ measurements over a short time interval, ground-based observers have so far followed the development of the comet over a period of nearly six years, and a number of spectacular events near the nucleus and in the tail have been documented in great detail. These observations still continue. This article gives an overview of the most important results obtained from the ground and also mentions the prospects for further observations with large telescopes during the next years.
Effects of the soft X-ray burst from SN 1987A on its circumstellar medium
Authors: Lundqvist Peter , Fransson Claes 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe observations of the narrow UV and optical emission lines from SN 1987A are modelled as reprocessed radiation in a shell around the supernova, heated and ionized by the soft X-ray and EUV radiation at the shock breakout. Constraints on the early soft X-ray burst are discussed, as well as the physical conditions and abundances in the shell.
What are Families of Minor Planets?
Authors: Kozai Yoshihide 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper describes how the families of minor planets were discovered and how minor planets are classified into families and shows several evidences that at least some families were originated by collisions of minor planets. In fact for major families there are much more fainter minor planets than in other regions and when the families were discovered by Hirayama in 1918 only one sixth of the total numbered minor planets belonged to families whereas now more than one third of them belong to the families. It is also emphasized that the classification into the families is theory dependent and that any theory available now is not accurate enough to derive stable quantities for the families to study their origins as the families are usually bounded partly by mean motion and/or secular motion commensurability regions in the phase space.
Comets, Meteorites and Interplanetary Dust
Authors: Brownlee D. E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCometary debris of all sizes impacts the Earth but it is likely that only particles the size of dust survive atmospheric entry and are collected as meteoritic samples. Conventional meteorites and a substantial fraction of collected interplanetary dust particles appear to be asteroidal debris. Nearly half of the collected interplanetary particles have properties consistent with cometary material and resemble Halley dust that has lost the maiority of its carbon and nitrogen. These particles might be aggregates of presolar grains ana they provide some insight into the properties of interstellar grains.
Cometary Dust and Zodiacal Light Connection
Authors: Dollfus A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhotopolarimetry of P/Halley coma characterizes, in the cloud of dust grains released by the nucleus, the presence of a significant population of large flakes, made of aggregated small and very dark grains. These globules are subsequently transported toward the Sun, with some modifications in texture, and concentrate in the inner part of the Solar System. Comets appear to be the source for the fluffy grains which are observed in the zodiacal light.
Chemistry in Shocks
Authors: Hartquist T.W. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe column densities of interstellar CH+, first detected about fifty years ago, cannot be explained with models of the chemistry in low temperature gas. The resolution of this classic problem is necessary for us to have confidence in our understanding of interstellar chemistry and its role in determining the physical conditions in interstellar clouds and in the utility of molecular abundance measurements as diagnostics. The possibility that the observed CH+ is formed primarily in shocks in diffuse clouds is addressed. The way in which the chemistry affects the structure of such a diffuse cloud shock is also discussed. The analogous chemical influence on the structures of shocks in dense molecular clouds is also considered as is the possibility that gas in some dense molecular clouds passes repeatedly through dynamical cycles and is shocked frequently enough to influence the global chemical structures in those clouds. Some atomic and molecular data needs are mentioned.
Synchrotron Thermal Instabilities and Radio Filaments in the Lobes of Cygnus A
Authors: Bodo G. , Ferrari A. , Massaglia S. , Trussoni E. 
Published: June 2019

Recent VLA observations of the lobes of Cygnus A exhibit complex “filamentary” structures, with typical scale width ~ 1 arcsec (Dreher, Carilli and Perley, 1987, Perley, 1987). The filaments appear aligned with the magnetic field, as results from polarization measures, suggesting that the field may play a fundamental role in the process of their formation.We propose a mechanism for the possible formation of these filaments based upon a thermal instability connected with synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons. This type of instability was studied by Simon and Axford (1967), who discussed it in connection with the Crab Nebula filaments, and by Eilek and Caroff (1979), who generalized the previous study for application to quasar atmospheres.