bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Phase Hydrolysis and Oxo‐Exchange of Actinide Dioxide Cations: Elucidating Intrinsic Chemistry from Protactinium to Einsteinium
Authors: Vasiliu Monica , Gibson John K. , Peterson Kirk A. , Dixon David A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGas‐phase bimolecular reactions of metal cations with water provide insights into intrinsic characteristics of hydrolysis. For the actinide dioxide cations, actinyl(V) AnO2+, melding of experiment and computation provides insights into trends for hydrolysis, as well as for oxo‐exchange between actinyls and water that proceeds by a hydrolysis pathway. Here this line of inquiry is further extended into the actinide series with CCSD(T) computations of potential energy surfaces, for the reaction pathway for oxo‐exchange through hydrolysis of nine actinyl(V) ions, from PaO2+to EsO2+. The computed surfaces are in accord with previous experimental results for oxo‐exchange, and furthermore predict spontaneous exchange for CmO2+, BkO2+, CfO2+and EsO2+, but not for AmO2+. Natural Bond Order analysis of the species involved in both hydrolysis and oxo‐exchange reveals an inverse correlation between the barrier to hydrolysis and the charge on the actinide centre,q(An). Based on this correlation, it can be concluded that hydrolysis, and related phenomena such as oxo‐exchange, become less favourable as the charge on the metal centre decreases. The new results provide a straightforward rationalization of trends across a wide swathe of the actinide series.
Influence of Oil Sands Composition on Bitumen Quality During Non‐Aqueous Bitumen Extraction from the Athabasca Deposit
Authors: Geramian Mirjavad , Liu Qi , Ivey Douglas G. , Etsell Thomas H. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present work is to identify the most important species affecting a non‐aqueous bitumen extraction process and bitumen quality. This investigation was carried out on four petrologic end member samples from Syncrude's North Mine collected in 2012 (NM12), i.e., marine claystone (MC), marine sand (MS), estuarine claystone (EC), and estuarine sand (ES). Each end member was separately mixed with cyclohexane at a ratio of 40:60 (cyclohexane:end member), and the bitumen‐cyclohexane solutions were collected at different settling times (1–30 min). These solutions were analyzed to determine the amount, particle size distribution, and mineralogical composition of suspended fine solids (SFS), water content, as well as the bitumen content using a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) particle size analyzer, Karl Fischer (KF) titration, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), quantitative XRD (QXRD), and elemental analysis. The SFS was composed of mainly illite and kaolinite after cyclohexane extraction from MC, MS, EC, and ES. Although mixed layer expandable clay minerals (i.e., illite‐smectite and kaolinite‐smectite) were identified in the original clay, end members (EC and MC), illite‐smectite, and kaolinite‐smectite were not observed in the SFS of the bitumen‐cyclohexane solutions obtained from the four petrologic end members. The SFS content and bitumen quality of the bitumen product were affected slightly but significantly by the end member composition and settling time, respectively. Illite and kaolinite were identified as the main minerals in the SFS of the bitumen products after relatively long settling times.
Probing Membrane Protein Insertion into Lipid Bilayers by Solid‐State NMR
Authors: Najbauer Eszter E. , Movellan Kumar Tekwani , Schubeis Tobias , Schwarzer Tom , Castiglione Kathrin , Giller Karin , Pintacuda Guido , Becker Stefan , Andreas Loren B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDetermination of the environment surrounding a protein is often key to understanding its function and can also be used to infer the structural properties of the protein. By using proton‐detected solid‐state NMR, we show that reduced spin diffusion within the protein under conditions of fast magic‐angle spinning, high magnetic field, and sample deuteration allows the efficient measurement of site‐specific exposure to mobile water and lipids. We demonstrate this site specificity on two membrane proteins, the human voltage dependent anion channel, and the alkane transporter AlkL from Pseudomonas putida. Transfer from lipids is observed selectively in the membrane spanning region, and an average lipid‐protein transfer rate of 6 s−1 was determined for residues protected from exchange. Transfer within the protein, as tracked in the 15N‐1H 2D plane, was estimated from initial rates and found to be in a similar range of about 8 to 15 s−1 for several resolved residues, explaining the site specificity.
Alteration of T Cell Phenotypes in HIV‐Neurotuberculosis Coinfection
Authors: Rao Deepashri , Venkataswamy Manjunatha M. , Vasanthapuram Ravi , Satishchandra P. , Desai Anita 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundNeurotuberculosis is one of the commonest HIV associated opportunistic infections of the central nervous system in India. HIV‐TB coinfection may lead to altered frequencies of T cells, thereby influencing the course and progression of the disease.MethodsWe examined the frequencies of T cell subsets in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis (HIV+nTB+) as compared to individuals with HIV associated systemic TB (HIV+sTB+), asymptomatic HIV (HIV+TB‐), non‐HIV neuro TB (HIV‐nTB+), non‐HIV systemic TB (HIV‐sTB+), and healthy controls (HIV‐TB‐). Activation and senescence profiles of CD4 and CD8 T cells and memory subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were studied by flow cytometry.ResultsThe significant observations among the T cell subsets in HIV+nTB+ were: (1) Naïve T cells: decreased CD4 T cells compared to HIV‐sTB+ (P = 0.005); decreased CD8 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.007), (2) Memory T cells: expanded CD4 TEMRA cells compared to HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.003); expanded CD8 TEMRA cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.005), (3) Activated T cells: higher CD4 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.004); higher CD8 T cells compared to HIV + TB‐, HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ (P ≤ 0.001), and (4) Senescent T cells: increased CD8 T cells compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ groups (P = 0.000).ConclusionsIncreased activation compared to HIV+TB‐, HIV‐nTB+, HIV‐sTB+, and HIV‐TB‐ groups and increased senescence compared to HIV‐nTB+ and HIV‐TB‐ groups were observed in CD8 T cells in HIV+nTB+, suggesting that the frequencies of these T cell subsets are altered to a greater extent in these individuals. © 2018 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Body movements as pain indicators in older people with cognitive impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Strand Liv Inger , Gundrosen Kim Fredrik , Lein Regina Küfner , Laekeman Marjan , Lobbezoo Frank , Defrin Ruth , Husebo Bettina S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackground and objectivePain assessment tools for cognitively impaired older people, unable to self‐report pain, are commonly founded upon observation of pain behaviour, such as facial expressions, vocalizations and body movements. The scientific basis for claiming that body movements may indicate pain has not formerly been investigated in a systematic review. The objective was to explore research evidence for body movements being pain indicators in older people with cognitive impairment.Data bases and data treatmentMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. Two researchers independently identified and consented on studies to be included. PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews was followed. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for critical evaluation of study quality.ResultsA total of 2,096 records from the literature searches were identified, and 17 quantitative and eight qualitative studies were included in the review, the studies mainly related to older people with dementia. Quality scores ranged from 50% to 100%. We combined 62 items of body movements into 13 similar or synonymous items, and criteria for evidence were defined. Strong evidence was found for restlessness (agitation), rubbing, guarding, rigidity and physical aggression as the behaviours frequently responded (increased or decreased) to pain provoking activities, painful procedures and/or pain medication.ConclusionsAmong 13 categories of body movements, we found five with strong and five with moderate evidence of validity. As few items were typically included in many studies reflecting criterion validity, all should be included in future studies of patients with different characteristics, location and duration of pain.SignificancePain assessment tools for older people with cognitive impairment or dementia should include valid pain behaviour items. Our review shows strong scientific evidence for the following body movements indicating pain: restlessness (agitation), rubbing, guarding, rigidity and physical aggression.
Synergistic enantioseparation systems with either cyclodextrins or cyclofructans and L‐alanineTertbutyl ester lactate
Authors: Nicolaou Athina G. , Mavroudi Maria C. , Stavrou Ioannis J. , Weatherly Choyce A. , Kapnissi‐Christodoulou Constantina P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe combined use of chiral ionic liquids (CILs) and conventional chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, to establish a synergistic system, has proven to be an effective approach for the separation of enantiomeric pairs. In this study, a new CE method was developed, employing a binary system of a CS, either a cyclodextrin (CD) or a cyclofructan (CF), and a chiral amino acid ester‐based ionic liquid (AAIL), for the chiral separation of four basic, acidic and zwitterionic drug compounds. In particular, the enantioseparation of two anticoagulants, warfarin (WAR) and coumachlor (COU), a non‐opioid analgesic, nefopam (NEF) and a third‐generation antihistamine, fexofenadine (FXD), was examined, by supporting the BGE with a CS and the chiral AAIL L‐alaninetertbutyl ester lactate (L‐AlaC4Lac). Parameters, such as the type of the CS, the concentration of both the CS and L‐AlaC4Lac, and the BGE pH, were methodically examined in order to optimize the chiral separation of each analyte. It was observed that, in some cases, the addition of the AAIL into the BGE improved both resolution (Rs) and efficiency (N) significantly. In other cases, the synergistic effect enabled baseline separation of analyte enantiomers, at a much lower concentration of the CS. Finally, after optimization of separation conditions, baseline separations (Rs>1.5) of all four analytes were achieved in less than 5 min.
Rapid quantification of quinine by multi‐stacking in a portable microchip electrophoresis system
Authors: Tai Chee Tung , See Hong Heng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA new multi‐stacking pre‐concentration procedure based on field‐enhanced sample injection (FESI), field‐amplified sample stacking, and transient isotachophoresis was developed and implemented in a compact microchip electrophoresis (MCE) with a double T‐junction glass chip, coupled with an on‐chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) system. A mixture of the cationic target analyte and the terminating electrolyte (TE) from the two sample reservoirs was injected under FESI conditions within the two sample‐loading channels. At the double T‐junction, the stacked analyte zones were further concentrated under field‐amplified stacking conditions and then subsequently focused by transient‐isotachophoresis and separated along the separation channels. The proposed multi‐stacking strategy was verified under a Universal Serial Bus (USB) fluorescence microscope employing Rhodamine 6G as the model analyte. This developed approach was subsequently used to monitor the target quinine present in human plasma samples. The total analysis time for quinine was approximately 200 s with a sensitivity enhancement factor of approximately 61 when compared to the typical gated injection. The detection and quantification limits of the developed approach for quinine were 3.0 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL, respectively, with intraday and interday repeatability (%RSDs, n = 5) of 3.6 and 4.4%. Recoveries in spiked human plasma were 98.1–99.8%.
Analytical modeling of productivity of multi‐fractured shale gas wells under pseudo‐steady flow conditions
Authors: Zhang Chengli , Wang Peng , Guo Boyun , Song Guoliang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMultistage hydraulic fracturing has become a common well completion for horizontal shale gas wells. Some well test data from horizontal shale gas wells have shown pseudo‐steady flow conditions after a period of production. Considering linear flow from reservoir to fracture and linear flow in the fracture, an analytical model is established to calculate the productivity of horizontal shale gas wells under pseudo‐steady flow conditions. The equations in the analytical model are very simple. The production rates calculated by the analytical productivity model are in good agreement with actual gas wells production rates of a well in North American field and 12‐2 well in Fuling shale gas reservoir of China. Sensitivity analysis with the analytical productivity model shows that the different matrix permeability corresponds to the different reasonable fracture conductivity, and the higher the matrix permeability is, the greater the reasonable fracture conductivity. In the process of fracturing for a well, in order to increase production and save fracturing costs, there is no need to generate high‐conductivity fractures, the reasonable fracture conductivity should be determined based on economic evaluations in the real production process. The analytical model provides a practical way to predict production rate for optimization of fracturing design.
Recording inter‐annual changes on a boulder beach in Galicia, NW Spain using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Gómez‐Pazo Alejandro , Pérez‐Alberti Augusto , Trenhaile Alan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAn unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was flown over a boulder beach (area 20 000 m2) on the southern coast of Galicia (northwestern Spain) in May 2016, continuing earlier work based on flights over the same beach in July 2012, May 2013, and late March 2014. Digital surface models (DSMs) with 1.8 cm resolution were constructed from the 2014 and 2016 data to identify changes in beach morphology over the intervening period. Analyses were conducted using a Limit of Detection (LoD) of 0 cm and 3.71 cm. In both cases, the analyses showed that erosion dominated over 19% of the beach area. Accretion occurred over the rest of the beach, which acquired an additional 1500 m3 of material over the study period. Re‐analysis of the data from earlier flights suggested that erosion dominated on the beach in 2012–2013 and deposition in 2013–2014. Without any clear relationship between beach behaviour and storm severity during each winter period, it is proposed that gravitationally induced erosion and storm‐wave induced deposition are the result of perturbations about an equilibrium beach gradient. The UAV data also suggested that an essentially random component modulates regional patterns of movement. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of brittle and ductile structures at the surface of a partly debris‐covered, rapidly thinning and slowly moving glacier in 1998–2012 (Pasterze Glacier, Austria)
Authors: Kellerer‐Pirklbauer Andreas , Kulmer Bernd 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMany glaciers in alpine regions are currently rapidly receding and thinning at historically unobserved rates causing changes in the velocity field and in normal and shear stresses affecting the surface expression of structures within the ice. We studied the distribution of brittle and ductile structures at the surface of Pasterze Glacier during a 14‐year period by analysing orthophotos and digital elevation models of five stages (1998, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012). A structural glaciological mapping key was applied. Normal faults, strike‐slip faults, en échelon structures (systematic stepping of fractures), thrust faults, and band ogives were distinguished. Results indicate substantial deceleration and glacier thinning in 1998–2012. Glacier thinning was not homogenous over time related to the uneven distribution of supraglacial debris causing differential ablation or the selective ablation effects of subglacial water channels. Peculiar supraglacial features observed are circular collapse structures with concentric crevasses which form when the ice between the surface and the roof of water channels decreases. The total length of brittle structures increased from 38.4 km to 56.9 km whereas the extent of the glacier tongue decreased by 25%. The fracture density doubled from 0.009 to 0.018 m/m2. Areas of the glacier tongue which were up to 100 m away from the nearest brittle structure increased by 16%. The visual appearance of thrust faults shifted upglacier due to decreasing glacier velocity causing horizontal shortening or due to exhumation of faults that did not previously extend to the surface. A large number of brittle structures are progressively independent from glacier motion. Our study suggests that glacier tongues which are in a state of rapid decay and thinning are prone to fracturing due to normal fault formation and glacier disintegration. Water further increases ablation rates substantially if rather large amounts drain through supra‐, en‐ or subglacial water channels. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Production of nutrient‐enhanced millet‐based composite flour using skimmed milk powder and vegetables
Authors: Tumwine Gerald , Atukwase Abel , Tumuhimbise Gaston A. , Tucungwirwe Francis , Linnemann Anita 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a nutrient‐enhanced millet‐based composite flour incorporating skimmed milk powder and vegetables for children aged 6–59 months. Two processing methods were tested to optimize nutrient content and quality of millet‐based composite flour, namely germination for 0, 24 and 48 hr and roasting at 80, 100, and 140°C. The amount of ingredients in the formulation was determined using Nutri‐survey software. Germinating millet grains for 48 hr at room temperature significantly (p < 0.05) increased protein content (9.3%–10.6%), protein digestibility (22.3%–65.5%), and total sugars (2.2%–5.5%), while phytate content (3.9–3.7 mg/g) decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Roasting millet grains at 140°C significantly (p < 0.05) increased the protein digestibility (22.3%–60.1%) and reduced protein (9.3%–7.8%), phytate (3.9–3.6 mg/g), and total sugar content (2.2%–1.9%). Germinating millet grains at room temperature for 48 hr resulted in millet flour with the best nutritional quality and was adopted for the production of millet‐based composite flour. Addition of vegetables and skimmed milk powder to germinated millet flour significantly (p < 0.05) increased the macro‐ and micronutrient contents and the functional properties of millet‐based composite flour. The study demonstrated that the use of skimmed milk powder and vegetables greatly improves the protein quality and micronutrient profile of millet‐based complementary foods. The product has the potential to make a significant contribution to the improvement of nutrition of children in developing countries.
Distribution and characteristics of mud diapirs, gas chimneys, and bottom simulating reflectors associated with hydrocarbon migration and gas hydrate accumulation in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern slope of the South China Sea
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liang Jinqiang , Su Pibo , Wei Jiangong , Gong Yuehua , Lin Lin , Liang Jin , Huang Wei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA comprehensive analysis on high‐resolution seismic data and the geological characteristics of the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB) in the northern South China Sea reveals multiple seismic evidence indicative of hydrocarbon migration and gas hydrate accumulation, including mud diapirs, gas chimneys, bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), acoustic blanking, enhanced reflections, V‐AMP structures, elevated stacking velocity of sediments, and seafloor expressions. Mud diapirs and gas chimneys, which are characterized by acoustic turbidity, fuzziness, and blanking reflections on seismic profiles, with a diversity of structures and scales, are widespread and concentrated in the centres of sags and the transitional zones between sags and uplifts. Five BSR regions, with a total area of approximately 11,000 km2, have been delineated in the QDNB. They have high or medium‐high continuity amplitudes with overlying acoustic blanking on seismic profiles, indicating the occurrence of gas hydrate. Distinct fluid seepage phenomena are common below the BSRs, demonstrating that abundant free gas has migrated and accumulated beneath the gas hydrate. The distribution of BSRs and the developed zones of mud diapirs and gas chimneys presents a spatial superposition feature, and the BSRs are usually located on top of or within the structural highs of the mud diapirs and gas chimneys, indicating a close relationship between them. Mud diapirs, gas chimneys, and associated faults are efficient pathways for migrating hydrocarbons, through which the mature to highly mature thermogenic gas of the Palaeogene strata and the biogenic gas of the Neogene sediments migrate to the gas hydrate stability zones and form gas hydrate. Gas hydrate samples were recovered from the gas chimney area during the remote operated vehicle (ROV) investigation in deepwater QDNB in 2015. Based on the seismic interpretation and geochemical results, we propose two models of gas hydrate accumulation in the deepwater area of the QDNB: (a) near source biogenic gas hydrate with self‐generation and self‐accumulation, and (b) distal source thermogenic gas hydrate with lower generation and upper accumulation. We believe that the areas with a fine spatial coupling configuration between the mud diapirs, gas chimneys, and BSRs are favourable exploration targets for gas hydrate in the QDNB.
Joint visual attention and locomotor experience: A longitudinal study of infants with treated idiopathic clubfoot
Authors: Dillmann Julia , Gehb Gloria , Peterlein Christian‐Dominik , Schwarzer Gudrun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the link between joint attention skills and locomotor experiences in infants with locomotor delay due to congenital idiopathic clubfoot compared to typically developing infants. Using a following of point and gaze gesture task, we repeatedly tested joint attention skills of 11 infants with congenital idiopathic clubfoot and 14 typically developing infants at the ages of 6, 9, and 12 months. Additionally, we tested all typically developing infants and eight infants treated for idiopathic clubfoot at onset of crawling on hand and knees and after they had been crawling for about 5 to 6 weeks. Our results confirmed a delayed onset of locomotion in infants treated for idiopathic clubfoot; however, our results did not indicate lower joint attention performances in those infants in general. Moreover, we found a positive effect of crawling on the development of joint attention skills in typically developing infants; however, not in infants treated for idiopathic clubfoot. Our results complement previous work by indicating that locomotor experience, especially crawling is an important, however not necessary agent for developing joint attention skills.Highlights

We repeatedly tested the link between crawling experience and joint attention skills in typically developing and infants with locomotor delay due to congenital idiopathic clubfoot.
We did not find poorer joint attention performances in clubfoot infants, however crawling facilitated the development of joint attention skills in typically developing infants.
Results indicated that locomotor experience, especially crawling is an important, however not necessary agent for developing joint attention skills.