bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical insights into the effect of heterocycles of the molecular framework on photochromic magnetic properties of diarylethene compounds
Authors: Huang Jiangen , Wang Yin‐Feng , Xu Ling , Liu Yun‐Meng , Zhou Guangpei , Li Jia , Li Zhi‐Ru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConsidering the effect of heterocycles on photochromic magnetic properties, we presented a comparative study among series of closed‐ and open‐ring isomers of benzothiophene‐, benzofuran‐, and 1‐methylindole‐based diarylperfluorocyclopentenes or diarylmaleic anhydrides bearing nitronyl nitroxide diradicals. Owing to the better itinerant exchange of the unpaired electrons for the closed‐ring isomers than for the open‐ring ones, the former have ferromagnetic coupling interactions, while the later are antiferromagnetic. This difference indicates that the interconversion between them is switchable. In the molecular framework of the diarylethene, the participation of benzofuran group(s) can increase Jab value and contributes to thermal stability, while that of 1‐methylindole group(s) can increase Jab value and has block effect on thermal stability. Still, the later can lead to red‐shift of the maximum absorption wavelength, which is benefit for the requirement of the application to optical memory media. It is the better choice for perfluorocyclopentenes than for maleic anhydrides as the bridging group in construction of photochromic magnetic molecular switch of diarylethene compound.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids from Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleobases
Authors: Gavhane Rajshree J. , Madkar Kavita R. , Kurhe Deepti N. , Dagade Dilip H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurine and pyrimidine nucleobases are of central attraction in biological and chemical sciences as these bases or their derivative are primary components in genetic materials. The solubility of these components is the main concern and puts certain limitations on their use in laboratory synthesis of medicinally important molecules. In this work, efficient conversions of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases (namely uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine, xanthine and hypoxanthine) into corresponding completely water soluble salts are reported. All the reported salts are room temperature ionic liquids except xanthine salts which have melting points higher than 100 °C and hence cannot be called as ionic liquids. Synthesized room temperature ionic liquids from nucleobases were well characterized using spectral and thermal analysis. Experimental data of some physicochemical properties such as density, conductivity, glass transition temperature, melting temperature as well as decomposition temperature reported which shows that the reported ionic liquids are stable upto 200 °C.
Dielectronic recombination at low energy range with Boron‐like Ar13+at the CSRm
Authors: Huang Z.K. , Wang S.X. , Wen W.Q. , Xu X. , Wang H.B. , Li S. , Dou L.J. , Khan N. , Mahmood S. , Zhu X.L. , Zhao D.M. , Mao L.J. , Ma X.M. , Li J. , Mao R.S. , Yang J.C. , Yin D.Y. , Yuan Y.J. , Chen C.Y. , Zhu L.F. , Ma X. 
Published: May 2019

In order to extend the dielectronic recombination (DR) experiments from the main cooler storage ring CSRm with intermediate charge state ions to the experimental cooler storage ring CSRe with highly charged ions and even radioactive ions, a test electron‐ion recombination experiment of B‐like Ar13+ ions was performed with a section of the new electron beam energy detuning system, which will be installed at the CSRe. We present the measured and also the calculated DR spectra for the ∆n = 0 resonances from 0 to 3 eV. The experimental results agree very well with the previous DR experimental data from CRYRING, and the energy resolution reached 30 meV full width at half maximum. This test experiment demonstrates that the reliability and stability of the newly developed electron beam energy detuning system are satisfactory for the upcoming DR experiments at the CSRe. However, we found large discrepancies between the experimental result and the calculation in both resonance positions and the intensities of the recombination spectrum below 0.7 eV, which indicate that precise calculation of the DR spectrum of multielectron ions is still a challenge.
Estimating the Global Demand and Delivery of Cancer Surgery
Authors: Zafar Syed Nabeel , Siddiqui Asif H. , Channa Roomasa , Ahmed Shayan , Javed Ammar A. , Bafford Andrea 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundCancer is a leading cause of death and disability globally. While surgery remains a vital part of cancer management, access to surgical care remains inconsistent. Our objective was to estimate the global need for cancer‐related surgery and to identify disparities in the surgeon workforce.MethodsThe World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Global Cancer Observatory were queried for estimates on national incidences of 35 different malignancies. The proportion of patients requiring surgery for each of these cancers was extrapolated from the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End‐Result database. The number of people requiring cancer surgery in each country was calculated and compared with the surgical workforce. Estimates were presented as choropleth maps. Associations were tested with country development indicators.ResultsAn estimated 9,464,214 (95% CI 4,364,196–14,564,230) patients required cancer‐related surgical care in 2018. An overall 1.24 people needed cancer surgery per 1000 population. This was related to income status (p < 0.01) and Human Development Index (r = 0.86, p < 0.001), with the largest need being in high‐income countries. The number of people requiring cancer surgery per surgeon (CP–S ratio) ranged from 7.3 in the European region to 80 in the African regions. The CP–S ratio was 10 times higher for low‐ versus high‐income countries (p < 0.001) and was inversely related to healthcare expenditure (r = −0.59, p < 0.001).ConclusionsAn estimated 9.5 million people required cancer surgery globally. Low‐ and middle‐income countries experience a severe and acute shortage of surgeons to provide for the cancer surgery needs of the population.
Gait and postural disorders in parkinsonism: a clinical approach
Authors: Raccagni Cecilia , Nonnekes Jorik , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Peball Marina , Boehme Christian , Seppi Klaus , Wenning Gregor K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Disturbances of balance, gait and posture are a hallmark of parkinsonian syndromes. Recognition of these axial features can provide important and often early clues to the nature of the underlying disorder, and, therefore, help to disentangle Parkinson’s disease from vascular parkinsonism and various forms of atypical parkinsonism, including multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal syndrome. Careful assessment of axial features is also essential for initiating appropriate treatment strategies and for documenting the outcome of such interventions. In this article, we provide an overview of balance, gait and postural impairment in parkinsonian disorders, focusing on differential diagnostic aspects.
Preventing a Civil Defendant from Leaving the Country as a Form of Preliminary Relief
Authors: Goldstein Stephen 
Published: May 2019

All legal systems have long recognized the need to provide the plaintiff with provisional relief of various types so as to insure that, during the pendency of the legal proceedings, the defendant does not take actions that would frustrate the possibility of enforcing the plaintiff's judgment should one be obtained.While recognizing the need to provide such relief, the law has, however, also been faced with an opposing set of values. That is, provisional relief is, by definition, relief provided before the plaintiff has proven the defendant's liability. In other words, the coercive power of the courts is sought to be brought to bear, whether in the form of sequestration of the defendant's property or by an order directed against him personally to restrain from acting as he otherwise would, before it is determined definitively that he is liable to the plaintiff. This is a drastic step indeed—a restraint of the defendant's property or liberty prior to a definitive adjudication of his liability.
Protection of Data Privacy in Computer Systems
Authors: Walker Benjamin G. 
Published: May 2019

The protection of data in computer-based systems is a serious and growing problem. It is one of the most challenging technical problems in the field of computer science today. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical overview of the problem and to suggest some steps that need to be taken to assure progress in the field toward cost-effective systems that provide adequate protection.The Problem: Protecting the privacy of data in computer systems involves establishing safeguards against accidental disclosure as well as protection against a deliberate attack. During system failures and restart procedures errors in coding procedures often cause data to be stored in the wrong files or put sensitive data out on the printer along with diagnostic information intended for maintenance personnel. You have probably had the experience at some time of being wired into someone else's telephone conversation.
Electronic Publishing: The Role of Carrier and Publisher
Authors: Neustadt Richard M. 
Published: May 2019

Since this is a legal seminar, I thought it would be appropriate to begin with a case. There is a person in Los Angeles who has been operating an electronic bulletin board on his personal computer. What that means is that he has memory attached to his computer, and it is possible for anyone else in the country with a computer to dial into that bulletin board and leave a message automatically in the memory. That message can then be accessed by anyone else who dials in.This person does not exercise any control over the messages that are put in. It is open to anyone who wants to put a message in there. Somebody put into that bulletin board the telephone credit card number of a rich person. Subsequently, many other people dialed into the bulletin board, got the telephone credit card number and charged phone calls to that person. No one knows where the number came from. The board operator was prosecuted under a criminal charge. The question is, is he liable?
Closing Remarks
Authors: Klinghoffer Hans 
Published: May 2019

In the name of all those who had the privilege to listen to today's enlightening lectures and discussion, I should like to express our gratitude both to our guests from abroad and to the Israeli participants for their valuable contribution to the illumination of problems connected with the relationship between computerized data-collecting and the law. As was stressed by Chief Justice Shamgar, Erwin Shimron was very much interested in questions of mutual interaction between the progress of social life and legal development. May I, as a retired teacher of constitutional law, ask your permission to refer briefly, in these concluding remarks, to the crucial issue of the protection of privacy in the computer age.The need to protect privacy is deeply rooted in the respect for human dignity, the highest and most fundamental of all values in the civilized world. Considering then the close link between the private sphere of the individual and the very essence of human dignity, we have to attach the greatest importance to the task of protecting the private sphere in the relationship between State and individual and among individuals themselves.
The Problem of Equity in Maimonides
Authors: Englard Izhak 
Published: May 2019

Concern with the question of equity – in the Aristotelian sense of epieikeia – in the teaching of Maimonides has been revived by the profound study of this basic and complex subject by the late Eliezer Shimshon Rosenthal. The immediate purpose of that study, amplified in the intricate manner characteristic of the author, is to show that Maimonides' answer regarding the Halakhah on the last hour for eating hamez on the eve of Pessah is intimately associated with his perception of the generality of the Torah as expressed in Part III, chapter 34 of The Guide of the Perplexed, and comparable to another well-known responsum of his concerning the prohibition of listening to musical song.In the course of his discussion, the author points out the connection between Maimonides' approach and the writings of Aristotle, and in a special appendix he enlarges on the relationship of Aristotle to Plato. Rosenthal's understanding of Maimonides' position gave rise to a critical response by Shalom Rosenberg, which in turn led other scholars to contribute to the debate with their own clarifications and comments.
Ordovician Sphinctozoan Sponges from the Eastern Klamath Mountains, Northern California
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , Potter A. W. 
Published: May 2019

Extensive silicified faunules of Middle and Late Ordovician sphinctozoan sponges have been assembled from the northern part of the eastern Klamath Mountains in northern California. The sponges are from eugeosynclinal rocks that are the westernmost Middle Ordovician to Late Devonian rocks at that latitude in North America. Seventeen new species occur in the assemblages, including 10 porate and 7 aporate forms. New genera of porate forms areAmblysiphonelloidesandCorymbospongia, and new porate species include:Amblysiphonella grossa, Amblysiphonelloides tubula, A. reticulata, Imperatoria mega, I. media, I. minima, I. irregularis, Corymbospongia adnata, C. mica, andC.(?)perforata.These are the first reported occurrences ofAmblysiphonellaandImperatoriain the Ordovician. New aporate genera areCystothalamiellaandPorefieldia, and new aporate species include:Cystothalamiella ducta, C. craticula, C. tuboides, Porefieldia robusta, Girtyocoelia epiporata, andG. canna.This is the oldest known occurrence ofGirtyocoelia, which is generally considered a Late Paleozoic form.Cliefdenella obconican. sp. is characterized by an obconical growth form in contrast to other species of the genus that are more massive or explanate.Cliefdenellais considered here as an imperforate sphinctozoan.Minor isolated hexactines and hexactine-derived spicules of Hexactinellida were associated with the sphinctozoans. No particular taxa within the class can be distinguished from these individual elements.
The ecology and physiology of anaerobic bacteria isolated from Tay Estuary sediments
Authors: Keith S. M. , Russ Moya A. , Macfarlane G. T. , Herbert R. A. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe spatial distribution of different physiological groups of bacteria (nitrifying bacteria, nitrate respiring bacteria, clostridia, phototrophic bacteria, sulphate reducing bacteria and methanogens) has been determined in the surface sediments of Kingoodie Bay in the Tay Estuary. The overall distribution of the different microbial populations is largely dependent upon the presence or absence of O2, i.e. populations of obligate aerobes were greater at the surface where O2was present, but with increasing depth and hence anoxia were successively displaced by populations of facultative and then strictly anaerobic bacteria. Thus, maximum rates of nitrification, an oxygen dependent process, were recorded in the 0–10 mm depth horizon (098μg of N per g dry weight of sediment per day) while nitrate respiration rates were maximal in the 10–20 mm horizon (2.92μg N per g dry weight of sediment per day). Dissimilatory sulphate reduction at 20–30 mm depth (102.1 n mol SO42reduced g dry weight sediment-1.d-1). Methanogenesis was similarly recorded at all depths investigated but higher rates were recorded at 40–50 mm depth (22.64 n mol CH4produced g dry weight sediment-1.d-1). These data are discussed in relation to the physico-chemical factors which arc generated in these estuarine sediments and which not only govern the spatial organisation of individual microbial populations but also modulate their metabolic activities.
Saltmarsh vegetation in the Forth estuary, Scotland
Authors: Proctor John 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Forth saltmarshes occur as a more or less continuous strip on the south bank of the middle Forth and as scattered fragments of varying sizes elsewhere on the banks of the estuary and the Firth of Forth. The most complex and important from a conservation viewpoint are those at Aberlady and Tyninghame. Floristically the Forth saltmarshes are poor and lack several plant species which are imporant in England, notably Halimione portulacoides and Limonium vulgare (the latter recently extinct at Aberlady). Most of the Forth saltmarsh vegetation apparently falls into the two most common and widespread Associations of British saltmarshes, Puccinellietum maritimae and Juncetum gerardii, although several other community types occur. The most distinctive features of the Forth saltmarshes are: (a) the presence of the physiographically distinct and nationally rare beach-head saltmarshes; (b) the occurrence locally of community types which have a predominantly northern or southern distribution in Britain; and (c) communities which are subtly different from more widespread examples nationally.
The availability of oil
Authors: Ford G. M. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisSome 6 billion of the 14 billion barrels of proven reserves on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf have already been produced. The remaining 8 billion barrels are reasonably insensitive to oil prices even as low as $10 per barrel, as the operating costs of most existing fields are below $7 per barrel. Production from these proven reserves is already dropping from a peak of just under 3 million barrels per day towards 0·3 million barrels per day in the year 2000.A description of the buried sequence in the northern North Sea and the frontier area towards Rockall and Faeroe leads to an assessment of probable oil reserves somewhat more conservative than the Department of Energy best guess of 44 billion barrels. Further developments will be sensitive to the course of oil prices, but at least another 8 billion barrels could be added to the proven reserves.The world is consuming oil far faster than it is finding it, and the supply must be dominated again by the Middle East producers as production declines.
Integrated fish farming: An international effort
Authors: Schroeder Gerald 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn much of the developing world, the high cost of purchased feeds makes meat and milk too expensive to be consumed by the producers' own families. A fish pond integrated with livestock or crop production provides an important source of animal protein for home consumption or sale. This protein involves almost no cash costs, since the needed nutrients and energy are supplied by crop residues, green manure, livestock manure and sunlight. Conversion of manure into animal flesh is possible because the anoxic sediments support a microbial flora similar to that of the rumen. Although integrated fish farming has been practiced for thousands of years in China, it has not yet been successfully adapted to all regions for which it potentially is applicable. A program in Wuxi, China brings together students and scientists from all over the world who are working towards that goal.
The Use of Discriminant Analysis in Measuring Cooperative Growth Factors
Authors: Henehan Brian M. , Pelsue Neil H. 
Published: May 2019

Vermont agricultural cooperatives were surveyed to investigate key factors contributing to cooperative success. Most of the cooperatives were formed within the last 15 years. Financial, organizational, and operational data were collected for selected years from 1974–1984.Average annual changes in gross sales were used to divide cooperatives into low-growth and high-growth groups. Selected variables were identified to classify individual cooperatives into low- or high-performance groups with discriminant analysis.Management experience and adoption of multi-year plans were the two factors found to have the most significant influence on cooperative sales growth.
Consequentialism and Robust Goods
Authors: Andrić Vuko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this article, I critique the moral theory developed in Philip Pettit's The Robust Demands of the Good: Ethics with Attachment, Virtue, and Respect (2015). Pettit's theory, which I label Robust-Goods Consequentialism, aims to avoid the problems but retain the attractive features of traditional consequentialist theories. The distinctive feature of Robust-Goods Consequentialism is a value theory that attempts to accommodate what Pettit calls rich goods: certain moral phenomena that can be categorized under the headings of attachment, virtue and respect. I argue that Robust-Goods Consequentialism fails because it implies very implausible value judgements.
The Effect of Repetition on the Academic Performance of Primary School Repeaters
Authors: Kenny Dianna 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTRepetition has been extensively employed as a remedial tool for low achieving students. Test results on children’s learning report that approximately one third of students benefits from repetition while the remaining two thirds make fair to poor academic progress. This study attempts to define the characteristics which differentiate those students who respond favourably to repetition from those who do not. Sex, I.Q., the grade in which repetition occurred and the reason for repetition were the variables selected for investigation. Students were 78 boys and 54 girls who repeated in either grade 3, 4, 5 or 6. Position in year for the year before repetition, the year of repetition and the year following repetition were examined. The results indicate that the outcome of repetition cannot be predicted from sex, I.Q., grade in which repetition occurred, the position in year before repetition or the reason for repetition. It was hypothesised that non-intellect factors such as motivational and characterological variables may affect the outcome of repetition and therefore need to be explored further.
Recognition of Special Education Needs: Co-operation at the Political Level
Authors: Harris Ross 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTAttention is drawn to issues arising from major reports on education that have been prepared recently for the Commonwealth Government. Implications of several reports are discussed in terms of their likely effect on special education provision and funding. An analysis of selected recommendations of reports is given. Guidance is provided on existing mechanisms for the Association to stimulate Government awareness of its views on the shape of special education for the future.