bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeatability of Adaptive Radiation Depends on Spatial Scale: Regional Versus Global Replicates of Stickleback in Lake Versus Stream Habitats
Authors: Paccard Antoine , Hanson Dieta , Stuart Yoel E , von Hippel Frank A , Kalbe Martin , Klepaker Tom , Skúlason Skúli , Kristjánsson Bjarni K , Bolnick Daniel I , Hendry Andrew P , Barrett Rowan D H 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe repeatability of adaptive radiation is expected to be scale-dependent, with determinism decreasing as greater spatial separation among “replicates” leads to their increased genetic and ecological independence. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) provide an opportunity to test whether this expectation holds for the early stages of adaptive radiation—their diversification in freshwater ecosystems has been replicated many times. To better understand the repeatability of that adaptive radiation, we examined the influence of geographic scale on levels of parallel evolution by quantifying phenotypic and genetic divergence between lake and stream stickleback pairs sampled at regional (Vancouver Island) and global (North America and Europe) scales. We measured phenotypes known to show lake-stream divergence and used reduced representation genome-wide sequencing to estimate genetic divergence. We assessed the scale dependence of parallel evolution by comparing effect sizes from multivariate models and also the direction and magnitude of lake-stream divergence vectors. At the phenotypic level, parallelism was greater at the regional than the global scale. At the genetic level, putative selected loci showed greater lake-stream parallelism at the regional than the global scale. Generally, the level of parallel evolution was low at both scales, except for some key univariate traits. Divergence vectors were often orthogonal, highlighting possible ecological and genetic constraints on parallel evolution at both scales. Overall, our results confirm that the repeatability of adaptive radiation decreases at increasing spatial scales. We suggest that greater environmental heterogeneity at larger scales imposes different selection regimes, thus generating lower repeatability of adaptive radiation at larger spatial scales.
Knowledge in action: logico-philosophical approach to linguistic evidentiality
Authors: Barés-Gómez C , Fontaine M , Nepomuceno A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present study focuses on a grammatical category called evidentiality. The primary meaning of evidentiality is concerned with information source. That is, it expresses whether something has been seen, heard or inferred. The aim here is to conduct a conceptual study of evidentiality in which use is made of formal tools. The fundamental intuition is that the distinction between ‘evidence’as ‘proof’and ‘evidentiality’as ‘to do with proof’is a crucial one. Evidentiality is a dynamic notion to be analysed through the use of knowledge by the agents, a knowledge in action, which involves an in-coming state and an out-coming state that is typical of the transmission of information. We propose our own approach in which the dynamics of knowledge in action is grasped in the context of a dynamic epistemic logic.
Limit Theory for Forecasts of Extreme Distortion Risk Measures and Expectiles
Authors: Hoga Yannick 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe develop central limit theory for tail risk forecasts in general location–scale models. We do so for a wide range of risk measures, viz. distortion risk measures (DRMs) and expectiles. Two popular members of the class of DRMs are the Value-at-Risk and the Expected Shortfall. The forecasts we consider are motivated by a Pareto-type tail assumption for the innovations and allow for extrapolation beyond the range of available observations. Simulations reveal adequate coverage of the forecast intervals derived from the limit theory. An empirical application demonstrates that our estimators outperform nonparametric alternatives when forecasting extreme risk in sufficiently large samples.
Social Trust and Public Opinion about Territorial Disputes: Evidence from a Survey in India
Authors: Justwan Florian , Fisher Sarah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article explores the sources of public opinion about territorial disputes. Specifically, it investigates the impact of one particular character trait—social trust—on the policy preferences of Indian citizens in the context of the Sino-Indian dispute over Arunachal Pradesh/South Tibet. We argue that social trust shapes how a citizen thinks about a given territorial dispute and influences which policy options this individual favors in response to another country's claim. Our empirical analysis is based on original survey data collected in the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT) in January/February 2017. In line with our theoretical expectations, we find that high-trust individuals are: (1) more likely to regard China's claim to Arunachal Pradesh/South Tibet as legitimate; (2) more willing to favor the onset of conflict management; and (3) more supportive of concessions. This article therefore adds to a growing literature examining the individual-level determinants of public opinion in territorial disputes.
Taking Social Cohesion to Task: Perceptions of Transgender Military Inclusion and Concepts of Cohesion
Authors: Spindel Jennifer , Ralston Robert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecent political debates over the inclusion of transgender servicemembers in the US military center around the impact such inclusion will have on unit cohesion and effectiveness. Missing from the debate, however, are the perceptions of those who do the soldiering. What are their perceptions of cohesion? Do they, like political leaders and the general public, believe unit cohesion leads to military effectiveness? In other words, how much does the narrative at the elite level—that insists excluding minority groups is a military necessity—match the perceptions of those who serve? Drawing on an original survey of 151 current and former members of the US military, our results suggest that servicemembers’ perceptions mirror those in the general public: political ideology is correlated with beliefs that minority groups disrupt unit cohesion. We find that conservatives are more likely to believe that the inclusion of transgender soldiers will negatively impact cohesion and undermine unit effectiveness. Moreover, conservatives are more likely to endorse a conceptualization of cohesion that hinges on the social—“people like me” or “band of brothers”—dynamics of cohesion rather than more professional, task-oriented conceptions of cohesion. However, military experience affects these perceptions: respondents with combat experience, who held/hold a higher rank, and who are currently serving are more likely to endorse a task-based conception of cohesion that ties cohesion to professionalism and competence, rather than social identity.
Spinal subdural hygroma as a post-operative complication in revision spine fusion: a case report
Authors: Nentwig Michelle J , Whitaker Camden M , Yang Shang-You 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lumbar spine fusion has become a common and effective procedure in orthopedic practice, and a spinal subdural hygroma development is a rare complication following this procedure. We report here the case of a revision lumbar spine fusion at levels L4-5, L5-S1, where the patient subsequently developed cauda equina syndrome 2 days post-operatively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a subdural, extra-arachnoid fluid collection from T12-L2, cephalad to the site of spine fusion. It appears the first case reported a subdural hygroma developed cephalad to the site of spine fusion. When a patient complains of radicular pain along with urinary retention and neurologic deficits post-lumbar spine surgery, cauda equina syndrome possibly caused by subdural hygroma should be considered. This warrants immediate MRI and emergent reoperation to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord may be necessary.
Rhino–orbito–cerebral mucormycosis following penetrating keratoplasty
Authors: Raffa Lina H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rhino–orbito–cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is a potentially devastating fungal infection with a significant fatality rate. Early diagnosis and prompt management are crucial to ensure a favorable outcome due to the recognized rapid progression. This case is a rare presentation of ROCM in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes following a corneal transplant. The procedure required early surgical resection in the first 30 hours of hospitalization. The patient received wide-spectrum antibiotics and antifungal treatment and underwent extensive debridement of the necrotic area. A high index of suspicion is needed to diagnose ROCM. Any diabetic patient with sinonasal disease and/or cranial nerve involvement, irrespective of their serum glucose or glycated hemoglobin levels, is a candidate for prompt evaluation to exclude mucormycosis. The rapid evolution of our case highlights the importance of treating ROCM promptly and aggressively.
A statistical view to study the aphorisms in Nahj al-Balaghah
Authors: Tian Yu , Pho Kim-Hung 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Besides the Holly Quran, Nahj al-Balagha is the main source of literature in Arabian nations, especially for Shia as one of the main branches of the Muslims. Along with literary brilliance, the text of this book covers the broad topics. This research deals with the application of the statistical text and data analysis to extract knowledge from the aphorisms in Nahj al-Balaghah. First, we classify these aphorisms in seven topics. Then, the count of the aphorisms in each category is computed. Finally, the counts of the aphorisms of the categories are compared using the chi-square test and the cluster analysis.
Properties of jet and surrounding material of GW/GRB 170817A
Authors: Ziaeepour Houri 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We use published data in radio, optical, and X-ray bands to analyse and model afterglows of GW/GRB 170817A. Our analysis is based on a phenomenological gamma-ray burst generator model, which we previously used to study the prompt gamma-ray emission of this important transient. We find a multicomponent model and a few of its variants that are consistent with broad-band ∼1 yr observations of afterglows, once the contribution of kilonova in optical/IR band is taken into account. Considering beaming and off-axis view of relativistic outflows, we interpret the components of the model as approximately presenting the profile of a relativistic structured jet with a rapidly declining Lorentz factor from our line of sight, where it had a Lorentz factor of $\mathcal {O}(100)$, to outer boundaries, where it became a mildly relativistic cocoon with a relative velocity to light of ∼0.4–0.97. Properties of the ultra-relativistic core of the jet obtained here are consistent with conclusions from analysis of the prompt gamma-ray emission. In particular, our results show that after prompt internal shocks the remnant of the jet retained in some extent its internal collimation and coherence. Slow rise of the afterglows can be associated to low density of circumburst material and low column density of the jet. The long distance of external shocks from the merger, which could have been in part responsible for extensive thinning of the jet through expansion and energy dissipation before occurrence of external shocks, is responsible for the peak of emission being at ≳110 d after the merger. We discuss implications of these observations for origin and properties of circumburst material around binary neutron stars. This analysis confirms our previous results showing that an outflow with a Lorentz factor of ∼2–5 cannot explain observed afterglows without an additional X-ray source or significant absorption of optical/IR photons.
MSDB: a comprehensive, annotated database of microsatellites
Authors: Avvaru Akshay Kumar , Sharma Deepak , Verma Archana , Mishra Rakesh K , Sowpati Divya Tej 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Microsatellites are short tandem repeats of 1–6 nucleotide motifs, studied for their utility as genome markers and in forensics. Recent evidence points to the role of microsatellites in important regulatory functions, and their length polymorphisms at coding regions are linked to various neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Microsatellites show a taxon-specific enrichment in eukaryotic genomes, and their evolution remains poorly understood. Though other databases of microsatellites exist, they fall short on several fronts. MSDB (MicroSatellite DataBase) is a collection of &gt;4 billion microsatellites from 37 680 genomes presented in a user-friendly web portal for easy, interactive analysis and visualization. This is by far the most comprehensive, annotated, updated database to access and analyze microsatellite data of multiple species. The features of MSDB enable users to explore the data as tables that can be filtered and exported, and also as interactive charts to view and compare the data of multiple species simultaneously. Its modularity and architecture permit seamless updates with new data, making it a powerful tool and useful resource to researchers working on this important class of DNA elements, particularly in context of their evolution and emerging roles in genome organization and gene regulation.
A novel and translational role for autophagy in antisense oligonucleotide trafficking and activity
Authors: Ochaba Joseph , Powers Andrew F , Tremble Kaitlyn A , Greenlee Sarah , Post Noah M , Matson John E , MacLeod A Robert , Guo Shuling , Aghajan Mariam 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism by which cells sense their environment and internalize various nutrients, growth factors and signaling molecules. This process initiates at the plasma membrane, converges with autophagy, and terminates at the lysosome. It is well-established that cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) proceeds through the endocytic pathway; however, only a small fraction escapes endosomal trafficking while the majority are rendered inactive in the lysosome. Since these pathways converge and share common molecular machinery, it is unclear if autophagy-related trafficking participates in ASO uptake or whether modulation of autophagy affects ASO activity and localization. To address these questions, we investigated the effects of autophagy modulation on ASO activity in cells and mice. We found that enhancing autophagy through small-molecule mTOR inhibition, serum-starvation/fasting, and ketogenic diet, increased ASO-mediated target reduction in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, autophagy activation enhanced the localization of ASOs into autophagosomes without altering intracellular concentrations or trafficking to other compartments. These results support a novel role for autophagy and the autophagosome as a previously unidentified compartment that participates in and contributes to enhanced ASO activity. Further, we demonstrate non-chemical methods to enhance autophagy and subsequent ASO activity using translatable approaches such as fasting or ketogenic diet.
Minimally Invasive Injection to the Phrenic Nerve in a Porcine Hemidiaphragmatic Paralysis Model: A Pilot Study
Authors: Texakalidis Pavlos , Tora Muhibullah S , Canute Skyler , Hardcastle Nathan , Poth Kelly , Donsante Anthony , Federici Thais , Javidfar Jeffrey , Boulis Nicholas M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury can affect respiratory function often through motor neuron loss innervating the diaphragm. To reinnervate this muscle, new motor neurons could be transplanted into the phrenic nerve (PN), allowing them to extend axons to the diaphragm. These neurons could then be driven by an optogenetics approach to regulate breathing. This type of approach has already been demonstrated in the peripheral nerves of mice. However, there is no established thoracoscopic approach to PN injection. Also, there is currently a lack of preclinical large animal models of diaphragmatic dysfunction in order to evaluate the efficacy of potential treatments.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the feasibility of thoracoscopic drug delivery into the PN and to assess the viability of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis in a porcine model.

METHODS
Two Landrace farm pigs underwent a novel procedure for thoracoscopic PN injections, including 1 nonsurvival and 1 survival surgery. Nonsurvival surgery involved bilateral PN injections and ligation. Survival surgery included a right PN injection and transection proximal to the injection site to induce hemidiaphragmatic paralysis.

RESULTS
PN injections were successfully performed in both procedures. The animal that underwent survival surgery recovered postoperatively with an established right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Over the 5-d postoperative period, the animal displayed stable vital signs and oxygenation saturation on room air with voluntary breathing.

CONCLUSION
Thoracoscopic targeting of the porcine PN is a feasible approach to administer therapeutic agents. A swine model of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis induced by unilateral PN ligation or transection may be potentially used to study diaphragmatic reinnervation following delivery of therapeutics.
Steering elementary steps towards efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution via size-dependent Ni/NiO nanoscale heterosurfaces
Authors: Zhao Lu , Zhang Yun , Zhao Zhonglong , Zhang Qing-Hua , Huang Lin-Bo , Gu Lin , Lu Gang , Hu Jin-Song , Wan Li-Jun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), consisting of Volmer and Heyrovsky/Tafel steps, requires extra energy for water dissociation, leading to more sluggish kinetics than acidic HER. Despite the advances in electrocatalysts, how to combine active sites to synergistically promote both steps and understand the underlying mechanism remain largely unexplored. Here, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations predict that NiO accelerates the Volmer step while metallic Ni facilitates the Heyrovsky/Tafel step. A facile strategy is thus developed to control Ni/NiO heterosurfaces in uniform and well-dispersed Ni-based nanocrystals, targeting both reaction steps synergistically. By systematically modulating the surface composition, we find that steering the elementary steps through tuning the Ni/NiO ratio can significantly enhance alkaline HER activity, and Ni/NiO nanocrystals with a Ni/NiO ratio of 23.7% deliver the best activity, outperforming other state-of-the-art analogues. The results suggest that integrating bicomponent active sites for elementary steps is effective for promoting alkaline HER, but they have to be balanced.
Potential-tuned selective electrosynthesis of azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics over a CoP nanosheet cathode
Authors: Chong Xiaodan , Liu Cuibo , Huang Yi , Huang Chenqi , Zhang Bin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics are among the most widely used building blocks in materials science pharmaceuticals and synthetic chemistry, but their controllable and green synthesis has not yet been well established. Herein, a facile potential-tuned electrosynthesis of azoxy-, azo- and amino-aromatics via aqueous selective reduction of nitroarene feedstocks over a CoP nanosheet cathode is developed. A series of azoxy-, azo- and amino-compounds with excellent selectivity, good functional group tolerance and high yields are produced by applying different bias input. The synthetically significant and challenging asymmetric azoxy-aromatics can be controllably synthesized in moderate to good yields. The use of water as the hydrogen source makes this strategy remarkably fascinating and promising. In addition, deuterated aromatic amines with a high deuterium content can be readily obtained by using D2O. By pairing with anodic oxidation of aliphatic amines to nitriles, synthetically useful building blocks can be simultaneously produced in a CoP||Ni2P two-electrode electrolyzer. Only 1.25 V is required to achieve a current density of 20 mA cm−2, which is much lower than that of overall water splitting (1.70 V). The paired oxidation and reduction reactions can also be driven using a 1.5 V battery to synthesize nitrile and azoxybenzene with good yields and selectivity, further emphasizing the flexibility and controllability of our method. This work paves the way for a promising approach to the green synthesis of valuable chemicals through potential-controlled electrosynthesis.
Encapsulating soluble active species into hollow crystalline porous capsules beyond integration of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Cai Guorui , Ding Meili , Wu Qianye , Jiang Hai-Long 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHomogeneous molecular catalysts and heterogeneous catalysts possess complementary strengths, and are of great importance in laboratory/commercial procedures. While various porous hosts, such as polymers, carbons, silica, metal oxides and zeolites, have been used in an attempt to heterogenize homogeneous catalysts, realizing the integration of both functions at the expense of discounting their respective advantages, it remains a significant challenge to truly combine their intrinsic strengths in a single catalyst without compromise. Here, we describe a general template-assisted approach to incorporating soluble molecular catalysts into the hollow porous capsule, which prevents their leaching due to the absence of large intergranular space. In the resultant yolk (soluble)–shell (crystalline) capsules, the soluble yolks can perform their intrinsic activity in a mimetic homogeneous environment, and the crystalline porous shells endow the former with selective permeability, substrate enrichment, size-selective and heterogeneous cascade catalysis, beyond the integration of the respective advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
Benchmarking HIV Quality Measures in the US OPERA HIV Cohort
Authors: Heglar Robert , Mood Rodney , Priest Julie L , Schulman Kathy L , Fusco Gregory P 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Quality measures are effective tools to improve patient outreach, retention in care, adherence, and outcomes. This study benchmarks National Quality Forum–endorsed HIV quality measures in a US clinical cohort.

Methods
This observational study utilized prospectively captured data from the Observational Pharmaco-Epidemiology Research and Analysis (OPERA) database over 2014−2016 to assess quality measure achievement among patients with HIV in terms of medical visit frequency (#2079), medical visit gaps (#2080), viral suppression (#2082), and antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescriptions (#2083). The proportion of patients meeting each measure was calculated. Generalized estimating equations assessed trends in measure achievement.

Results
The OPERA sample included 23 059−42 285 patients with similar demographics and characteristics across measurement periods. Overall, 62%−66% of patients met the visit frequency measure (#2079), 81%−85% had no gaps between visits (#2080), 71%−73% achieved viral suppression (#2082), and 92%−94% were prescribed ART (#2083). The adjusted odds of achieving viral suppression and being prescribed ART increased over time by 3% and 19%, respectively, despite a significant decline in patient engagement (16% for #2079, 25% for #2080). Patients &lt;30 years of age were significantly less likely to meet all measures than older patients (P &lt; .0001), with particularly low levels of engagement. Measure achievement also varied by gender, ethnicity, region, and select clinical characteristics.

Conclusions
Despite gains in the rate of ART prescription and viral suppression, there remains room for improvement in the care of patients with HIV. Strategies for quality improvement may be more effective if tailored by age group.