bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects and Mechanism of Action of Neonatal Versus Adult Astrocytes on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dai Yong , Sun Feifan , Zhu Hui , Liu Qianqian , Xu Xide , Gong Peipei , Jiang Rui , Jin Guohua , Qin Jianbing , Chen Jian , Zhang Xinghua , Shi Wei 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Due to the limited capacity of brain tissue to self-regenerate after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the mobilization of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is a popular research topic. In the clinic, the neurogenic abilities of adults versus neonates vary greatly, which is likely related to functional differences in NSCs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the molecules secreted from astrocytes play important roles in NSC fate determination. In this study, conditioned media (CM) derived from neonatal or adult rat astrocytes, which were unstimulated or stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were prepared to treat NSCs. Our results revealed that neonatal rat astrocytes can significantly promote the proliferation of NSCs, compared with adult rat astrocytes, regardless of whether or not they were stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, we used mass spectrometry to detect the constituents of the CM from each group. We analyzed and screened for a protein, Tenascin-C (TNC), which was highly expressed in the neonatal group but poorly expressed in the adult group. We found that TNC can bind to the NSC surface epidermal growth factor receptor and promote proliferation through the PI3K-AKT pathway in vitro. Additionally, we confirmed in vivo that TNC can promote damage repair in a rat model of TBI, through enhancing the proliferation of endogenous NSCs. We believe that these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of why neonates show better neuroregenerative abilities than adults. This also provides a potential future therapeutic target, TNC, for injury repair after TBI. Stem Cells 2019;37:1344–1356
The Role of User Emotions for Content Personalization in e-Commerce: Literature Review
Authors: Bielozorov Artem , Bezbradica Marija , Helfert Markus 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Purchasing decisions do not always come from the rational mental processes but are often being driven by emotions. This insight made researchers think of emotions as of an essential contextual variable capable of enhancing personalized services and providing more precise recommendations within e-Commerce. In this paper we explore the studies made to discover why emotions are an important research domain necessary to understand purchasing behavior of online shoppers. We also explore how user emotions can be captured and recognized by existing technologies to provide enhanced personalization. Specifically, we apply Webster and Watson (2002) literature review approach to create a sample of studies published in scientific journals and conference proceedings. We synthesize the extant studies on the role of user emotions for personalized services within e-Commerce. We also provide a comprehensive concept-matrix which aggregates the range of existing emotions recognition technologies and highlights which specific emotions these technologies are able to recognize as well as in which domains these solutions are applied. Our study extends prior reviews and provides insights into open research areas which will benefit Human-Computer Interactions (HCI) practitioners and researchers in academia and industry.
Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2019
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey , Lee Garam , Ritter Aaron , Sabbagh Marwan , Zhong Kate 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) has few available treatments, and there is a high rate of failure in AD drug development programs. Study of the AD drug development pipeline can provide insight into the evolution of drug development and how best to optimize development practices.MethodsWe reviewed clinicaltrials.gov and identified all pharmacologic AD trials of all agents currently being developed for treatment of AD.ResultsThere are 132 agents in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Twenty‐eight agents are in 42 phase 3 trials; 74 agents are in 83 phase 2 trials; and 30 agents are in 31 phase 1 trials. There is an increase in the number of agents in each phase compared with that in the 2018 pipeline. Nineteen agents in trials target cognitive enhancement, and 14 are intended to treat neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms. There are 96 agents in disease modification trials; of these, 38 (40%) have amyloid as the primary target or as one of several effects. Eighteen of the antiamyloid agents are small molecules, and 20 are monoclonal antibodies or biological therapies. Seven small molecules and ten biologics have tau as a primary or combination target (18%). Amyloid is the most common specific target in phase 3 and phase 2 disease modification trials. Novel biomarkers (e.g., neurofilament light), new outcomes (e.g., AD Composite Score [ADCOMS]), enrollment of earlier populations, and innovative trial designs (e.g., Bayesian adaptive designs) are new features in recent clinical trials.DiscussionDrug development continues robustly at all phases despite setbacks in several programs in the recent past. Continuing unmet needs require a commitment to growing and accelerating the pipeline.
Going along with the default does not mean going on with it: attrition in a charitable giving experiment
Authors: GAUDEUL ALEXIA , KACZMAREK MAGDALENA C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDefaults may not directly get people to behave as intended, such as saving more, eating healthy food or donating to charity. Rather, defaults often only put people on the ‘right’ path, such as joining a savings plan, buying healthy food or pledging money to charity. This an issue because getting more people to take those first steps does not necessarily motivate them to go on with further steps. Indeed, the default does little to help them understand the benefit of doing so. This can greatly reduce the impact of the default. We test this idea in a charitable giving experiment where people first can promise to give to charity (‘pledge’) and then can go on to donate. We find that participants pledge more often when that is the default, but those who pledge in that case are less likely to take further steps to donate than those who pledge when pledging is against the default. We interpret this in terms of motivation and transaction costs. Some people pledge only to avoid the psychological costs of going against the default. Those people are closest to indifference between donating or not and are therefore less motivated to go on to donate. We also show that the intrinsic motivation of pledgers is lower when pledging is the default and that making pledges the default does not change attitudes to charities.
Closure of tracheocutaneous fistula using prefabricated conchal bowl cartilage and a supraclavicular flap
Authors: Mundi N , Patel K B , Yeh D H , Nichols A C 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundTracheocutaneous fistula represents one of the most troublesome complications of prolonged tracheostomy. Simple closure of a fistula can be ineffective, particularly in the context of prior surgery and adjuvant radiation. As such, modes of repair have expanded to include locoregional flaps and even free tissue transfers.ObjectiveThis paper describes a case of persistent tracheocutaneous fistula in an irradiated patient who had undergone previous unsuccessful attempts at repair.Method and resultsThe use of regional fasciocutaneous supraclavicular flap with prefabricated conchal bowl cartilage resulted in successful closure of the tracheocutaneous fistula.ConclusionThis represents a novel technique for closure of such fistulas in patients for whom previous attempts have failed. This mode of repair should be added to the surgeon's repertoire of reparative techniques.
Using the Bioelectric Signals to Control of Wearable Orthosis of the Elbow Joint with Bi-Muscular Pneumatic Servo-Drive
Authors: Dindorf Ryszard , Wos Piotr 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYThis study presents a new design of a wearable orthosis of elbow joint with a bimuscular pneumatic servo-drive (PSD) with control based on the recording of bioelectric signals (BESs). The authors analyzed the impact of the induced brain activity and the muscular tension within the head of the participant on the BESs that can be used to control the PSD of the elbow joint orthosis. To control the elbow joint orthosis, a distributed control system (DCS) was developed, which contains two control layers: a master layer connected to the device for recording the BES and a direct layer contained in a wireless manner with the controller of the PSD. A kinematic-dynamic model of the elbow joint orthosis, patterned after the biological model of human biceps–triceps, was used in the programming of the PSD controller. A biomimetic dynamic model of the pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) was used, in which the contraction force results from the adopted exponential static model of the pneumatic muscle (PM). The use of direct visual feedback (DVF) makes it possible for the participant to focus on the movement of the orthosis taking into account the motoric functions of the elbow.
A “Struggle of Life or Death”: Han and Uyghur Insecurities on China's North-West Frontier
Authors: Tobin David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn July 2009, nearly 200 people were killed in ethnically targeted mass violence between Turkic-speaking Muslim Uyghurs and Han Chinese in Urumqi, overshadowing the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC). How have ethnic relations between Han and Uyghurs descended into mass violence among ordinary people? This paper argues that the party-state exacerbates ethnic tensions between Han and Uyghurs through ethnocentric security narratives. These narratives frame China's identity as being under threat from Turkic enemies within who are supported by Islamic terrorists and Western “enemies of China” from outside. Discourse analysis of official texts, participant-observation of security practices, and interviews with Han and Uyghurs reveal the interplay between official identity discourses and everyday security practices before, during and after the violence. Since July 2009, one official solution to ethnic violence has been the construction of a shared multi-ethnic identity, officially described as a “zero-sum political struggle of life or death.” However, Han-centric conceptualizations of ethnic unity promote Han chauvinism and portray the Uyghur as a security threat. The party-state thus creates hierarchical ethnic relations that exacerbate both Han and Uyghur insecurities and contribute to spirals of violence. China's extra-judicial internment camps in Xinjiang are the logical conclusions of the ethnocentric insecurity cycles analysed in this article.
Global Evaluation of Proxy System Models for Stable Water Isotopes With Realistic Atmospheric Forcing
Authors: Okazaki Atsushi , Yoshimura Kei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProxy system models (PSMs) are an important bridge between climate simulations and climate records prior to the period where instrumental observations are available. PSMs help to interpret what proxies show and how they record climate. Although previous studies have evaluated PSMs for individual sites, their systematic evaluation on a global scale has not yet been conducted. This study evaluated the performance of PSMs for stable water isotopes in ice cores, corals, and tree‐ring cellulose for the period 1950–2007. Spatial distributions of the mean state were well simulated for all proxy types, albeit with a bias for tree‐ring cellulose. Interannual variability was well simulated for corals and tree‐ring cellulose. These results indicate that the models represent key mechanisms for the proxies. In contrast, the reproducibility of interannual variability in ice cores was markedly lower than that for the other proxies. Although the reproducibility was limited by the atmospheric forcing used to drive the model, the results suggest that the PSM may be missing postdepositional processes, such as sublimation for ice cores on the interannual time scale.
Lightning Location, NOx Production, and Transport by Anomalous and Normal Polarity Thunderstorms
Authors: Davis Trenton C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Fuchs Brody R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProduction and transport of NOx by convection is critical as it serves as a precursor to tropospheric ozone, an important greenhouse gas. Lightning serves as the largest source of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) to the upper troposphere (UT) and is one of the largest natural sources of NOx. Interest is placed on the vertical advection of NOx because its lifetime increases to several days in the UT compared to roughly 3 hr in the lower troposphere and boundary layer. Thus, lightning can play an important role in ozone production within the UT. However, the amount of NOx produced per flash and NOx advection in storms remain uncertain. This study investigates lightning NOx (LNOx) production and transport processes in anomalous (midlevel positive charge) and normal polarity (midlevel negative charge) thunderstorms by advecting parcels containing LNOx from the flash channels of over 5,600 lightning flashes observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. Results reveal that most flash channels occur near 6‐8 km in the normal polarity thunderstorms and 5‐6 km within anomalous polarity thunderstorms. Larger flash rates and stronger updrafts in anomalous storms result in considerably larger LNOx mixing ratios (peaks of 0.75‐1.75 ppb) in the UT compared to normal polarity storms (peaks < 0.5 ppb). A slightly lower mean flash LNOx production was also found among all five storms in this study (storm mean values of 72‐158 moles per flash) compared to previous estimates, which generally parameterize LNOx by flash rate rather than flash count.
Bainaimiao Arc as an Exotic Terrane Along the Northern Margin of the North China Craton: Evidences From Petrography, Zircon U‐Pb Dating, and Geochemistry of the Early Devonian Deposits
Authors: Ma Shouxian , Wang Zongqi , Zhang Yingli , Sun Jianxun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs one of the most important Early Paleozoic arc systems in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, the tectonic affinity of the Bainaimiao arc belt is highly controversial. This study performed paleocurrent, petrography, trace elements of the whole rocks and U‐Pb geochronology of tuff and detrital zircons of the Early Devonian deposits, to constrain the tectonic affinity of the Bainaimiao arc belt. New zircon U‐Pb age constrains the Xibiehe Formation to the Early Devonian. Both the Xibiehe and Qiankuntougou formations show similar framework mineral and trace element components, suggesting a dissected ensialic island arc source. However, the U‐Pb age spectra of detrital zircons for the two formations are totally different. The Xibiehe Formation reflects continuous ages ranging 1977–597 Ma, indicating the Bainaimiao arc origin. The Qiankuntougou Formation has a mixed source displaying the North China Craton‐derived ages (~1.85 and ~2.52 Ga) and Bainaimiao arc ages (~1.4, ~1.2, ~0.97, 0.55, and 0.5–0.43 Ga). The comparable age components indicate that the Bainaimiao arc is an exotic terrane accreted to the North China Craton in an arc‐continent collision way at ca. 430–410 Ma. The arc‐continent collision and the following postorogenic magmatism (410–360 Ma), sedimentation during extensional collapse and south dipping subduction complex evolution imply a subduction polarity flip from the northward subduction to the southward subduction.
An Overview of the Atmospheric Component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model
Authors: Rasch P. J. , Xie S. , Ma P.‐L. , Lin W. , Wang H. , Tang Q. , Burrows S. M. , Caldwell P. , Zhang K. , Easter R. C. , Cameron‐Smith P. , Singh B. , Wan H. , Golaz J.‐C. , Harrop B. E. , Roesler E. , Bacmeister J. , Larson V. E. , Evans K. J. , Qian Y. , Taylor M. , Leung L. R. , Zhang Y. , Brent L. , Branstetter M. , Hannay C. , Mahajan S. , Mametjanov A. , Neale R. , Richter J. H. , Yoon J.‐H. , Zender C. S. , Bader D. , Flanner M. , Foucar J. G. , Jacob R. , Keen N. , Klein S. A. , Liu X. , Salinger A.G. , Shrivastava M. , Yang Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Energy Exascale Earth System Model Atmosphere Model version 1, the atmospheric component of the Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model is described. The model began as a fork of the well‐known Community Atmosphere Model, but it has evolved in new ways, and coding, performance, resolution, physical processes (primarily cloud and aerosols formulations), testing and development procedures now differ significantly. Vertical resolution was increased (from 30 to 72 layers), and the model top extended to 60 km (~0.1 hPa). A simple ozone photochemistry predicts stratospheric ozone, and the model now supports increased and more realistic variability in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. An optional improved treatment of light‐absorbing particle deposition to snowpack and ice is available, and stronger connections with Earth system biogeochemistry can be used for some science problems. Satellite and ground‐based cloud and aerosol simulators were implemented to facilitate evaluation of clouds, aerosols, and aerosol‐cloud interactions. Higher horizontal and vertical resolution, increased complexity, and more predicted and transported variables have increased the model computational cost and changed the simulations considerably. These changes required development of alternate strategies for tuning and evaluation as it was not feasible to “brute force” tune the high‐resolution configurations, so short‐term hindcasts, perturbed parameter ensemble simulations, and regionally refined simulations provided guidance on tuning and parameterization sensitivity to higher resolution. A brief overview of the model and model climate is provided. Model fidelity has generally improved compared to its predecessors and the CMIP5 generation of climate models.
Constrictional Strain and Linear Fabrics as a Result of Deformation Partitioning: A Multiscale Modeling Investigation and Tectonic Significance
Authors: Yang Rui , Jiang Dazhi , Lu Lucy X. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRocks with a well‐developed lineation but weak or no foliation (L‐tectonites) commonly occur as isolated volumes dispersed in other tectonites. We consider L‐tectonites that reflect constrictional finite strains here and use a multiscale approach to investigate the conditions for constrictional strain fields. The approach combines the strength of kinematic and mechanical analyses in large strain three‐dimensional deformations. Our modeling shows that, in simple shearing and thinning zone progressive deformations, constrictional strains develop only in rheological heterogeneities that are moderately stronger than the bulk material as a whole. Stronger elements never accumulate enough internal strains for any fabric to develop. Inclusions weaker than the bulk material will develop flattening strains. L‐tectonites are most likely developed in macroscale simple shearing, simple‐shearing‐dominated plane‐strain general shearing, or simple‐shearing‐dominated Sanderson and Marchini transpression. The lineations of the L‐tectonites are always nearly parallel to the lineations in the bulk material. Where the lineations are nearly 90° from the vorticity axis, the macroscale flow is close to a plane‐strain general shearing. Where the lineations are oblique to the vorticity axis or more variable, a simple‐shearing‐dominated triclinic thinning zone with mainly uniaxial boundary stretching is likely. The concept of homogeneous transtension deformation, combining a homogeneous pure shearing and a transcurrent simple shearing, is unsupported by fabric evidence and is likely unrealistic. Under an oblique divergence boundary condition, the upper lithosphere deforms by folding and fracturing and the ductile lithosphere develops simple‐shearing‐dominated detachment shear zones. Constrictional strains (hence L‐tectonites) can develop in these detachment zones due to flow partitioning.
A novel method to test non-exclusive hypotheses applied to Arctic ice projections from dependent models
Authors: Olson R. , An S.-I. , Fan Y. , Chang W. , Evans J. P. , Lee J.-Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA major conundrum in climate science is how to account for dependence between climate models. This complicates interpretation of probabilistic projections derived from such models. Here we show that this problem can be addressed using a novel method to test multiple non-exclusive hypotheses, and to make predictions under such hypotheses. We apply the method to probabilistically estimate the level of global warming needed for a September ice-free Arctic, using an ensemble of historical and representative concentration pathway 8.5 emissions scenario climate model runs. We show that not accounting for model dependence can lead to biased projections. Incorporating more constraints on models may minimize the impact of neglecting model non-exclusivity. Most likely, September Arctic sea ice will effectively disappear at between approximately 2 and 2.5 K of global warming. Yet, limiting the warming to 1.5 K under the Paris agreement may not be sufficient to prevent the ice-free Arctic.
Mapping the drivers of within-host pathogen evolution using massive data sets
Authors: Palmer Duncan S. , Turner Isaac , Fidler Sarah , Frater John , Goedhals Dominique , Goulder Philip , Huang Kuan-Hsiang Gary , Oxenius Annette , Phillips Rodney , Shapiro Roger , Vuuren Cloete van , McLean Angela R. , McVean Gil 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDifferences among hosts, resulting from genetic variation in the immune system or heterogeneity in drug treatment, can impact within-host pathogen evolution. Genetic association studies can potentially identify such interactions. However, extensive and correlated genetic population structure in hosts and pathogens presents a substantial risk of confounding analyses. Moreover, the multiple testing burden of interaction scanning can potentially limit power. We present a Bayesian approach for detecting host influences on pathogen evolution that exploits vast existing data sets of pathogen diversity to improve power and control for stratification. The approach models key processes, including recombination and selection, and identifies regions of the pathogen genome affected by host factors. Our simulations and empirical analysis of drug-induced selection on the HIV-1 genome show that the method recovers known associations and has superior precision-recall characteristics compared to other approaches. We build a high-resolution map of HLA-induced selection in the HIV-1 genome, identifying novel epitope-allele combinations.
Human cytomegalovirus evades antibody-mediated immunity through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the FcRn receptor
Authors: Liu Xiaoyang , Palaniyandi Senthilkumar , Zhu Iowis , Tang Jin , Li Weizhong , Wu Xiaoling , Ochsner Susan Park , Pauza C. David , Cohen Jeffrey I. , Zhu Xiaoping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persistently infect humans, but how HCMV avoids humoral immunity is not clear. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) controls IgG transport from the mother to the fetus and prolongs IgG half-life. Here we show that US11 inhibits the assembly of FcRn with β2m and retains FcRn in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consequently blocking FcRn trafficking to the endosome. Furthermore, US11 recruits the ubiquitin enzymes Derlin-1, TMEM129 and UbE2J2 to engage FcRn, consequently initiating the dislocation of FcRn from the ER to the cytosol and facilitating its degradation. Importantly, US11 inhibits IgG-FcRn binding, resulting in a reduction of IgG transcytosis across intestinal or placental epithelial cells and IgG degradation in endothelial cells. Hence, these results identify the mechanism by which HCMV infection exploits an ER-associated degradation pathway through US11 to disable FcRn functions. These results have implications for vaccine development and immune surveillance.