bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Prophylaxis and Treatment of Thromboembolic Events
Authors: Raksin P B , Harrop James S , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION 1
Does routine screening for deep venous thrombosis prevent pulmonary embolism (or venous thromboembolism (VTE)-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATION 1
There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine screening for deep venous thrombosis in preventing pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

QUESTION 2
For patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures, is one regimen of VTE prophylaxis superior to others with respect to prevention of pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality)?

RECOMMENDATION 2
There is insufficient evidence to recommend a specific regimen of VTE prophylaxis to prevent pulmonary embolism (or VTE-associated morbidity and mortality) in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

QUESTION 3
Is there a specific treatment regimen for documented VTE that provides fewer complications than other treatments in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATION 3
There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against a specific treatment regimen for documented VTE that would provide fewer complications than other treatments in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

RECOMMENDATION 4
Based on published data from pooled (cervical and thoracolumbar) spinal cord injury populations, the use of thromboprophylaxis is recommended to reduce the risk of VTE events in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.
Consensus Statement by the Workgroup
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_7.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Hemodynamic Management
Authors: Dhall Sanjay S , Dailey Andrew T , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION
Does the active maintenance of arterial blood pressure after injury affect clinical outcomes in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATIONS
There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of active maintenance of arterial blood pressure after thoracolumbar spinal cord injury.
Grade of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient
However, in light of published data from pooled (cervical and thoracolumbar) spinal cord injury patient populations, clinicians may choose to maintain mean arterial blood pressures >85 mm Hg in an attempt to improve neurological outcomes.
Consensus Statement by the Workgroup
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_6.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Nonoperative Care
Authors: Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , John H Chi , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Rabb Craig H , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Thoracic and lumbar burst fractures in neurologically intact patients are considered to be inherently stable, and responsive to nonsurgical management. There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal conservative treatment modality. The question remains whether external bracing is necessary vs mobilization without a brace after these injuries.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the use of external bracing improves outcomes compared to no brace for neurologically intact patients with thoracic or lumbar burst fractures.

METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library for studies relevant to thoracolumbar trauma. Clinical studies specifically comparing external bracing to no brace for neurologically intact patients with thoracic or lumbar burst fractures were selected for review.

RESULTS
Three studies out of 1137 met inclusion criteria for review. One randomized controlled trial (level I) and an additional randomized controlled pilot study (level II) provided evidence that both external bracing and no brace equally improve pain and disability in neurologically intact patients with burst fractures. There was no difference in final clinical and radiographic outcomes between patients treated with an external brace vs no brace. One additional level IV retrospective study demonstrated equivalent clinical outcomes for external bracing vs no brace.

CONCLUSION
This evidence-based guideline provides a grade B recommendation that management either with or without an external brace is an option given equivalent improvement in outcomes for neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures. The decision to use an external brace is at the discretion of the treating physician, as bracing is not associated with increased adverse events compared to no brace.

RECOMMENDATIONS

QUESTION
Does the use of external bracing improve outcomes in the nonoperative treatment of neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures?

RECOMMENDATION
The decision to use an external brace is at the discretion of the treating physician, as the nonoperative management of neurologically intact patients with thoracic and lumbar burst fractures either with or without an external brace produces equivalent improvement in outcomes. Bracing is not associated with increased adverse events compared to not bracing.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade B
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_8.
Are redshift-space distortions actually a probe of growth of structure?
Authors: Kimura Rampei , Suyama Teruaki , Yamaguchi Masahide , Yamauchi Daisuke , Yokoyama Shuichiro 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Although multiple cosmological observations indicate the existence of dark matter and dark energy, cosmological tests of interactions between them have not yet been established. We point out that, in the presence of a coupling between dark matter and dark energy, a peculiar velocity of total matter field is determined not only by a logarithmic time-derivative of its density perturbation but also by density perturbations for both dark matter and baryonic matter, leading to a large modification of the physical interpretation of observed data obtained by measurements of redshift-space distortions. We reformulate a galaxy two-point correlation function in the redshift space based on the modified continuity and Euler equations. We conclude from the resultant formula that redshift space distortions provide us information on the coupling between dark matter and the scalar field by combining weak lensing measurements.
Tradecraft to Standards—Moving Criminal Intelligence Practice to a Profession through the Development of a Criminal Intelligence Training and Development Continuum
Authors: Harrison Mark , Walsh Patrick F , Lysons-Smith Shane , Truong David , Horan Catherine , Jabbour Ramzi 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Australian governments, academia, and law enforcement agencies have recognized the need to improve intelligence capabilities in order to adapt to the increasingly complex criminal and security environments. In response, the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACIC), the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and other Australian policing agencies have adopted several reform measures to improve intelligence capability support. While some have focused on developing specific criminal intelligence doctrine, others have sought to improve more challenging aspects of intelligence capability such as analytical and field collection workforce planning. The complexity of the current and emerging criminal environment and a growing professionalization of policing practice more broadly has resulted in a uniquely new strategic approach to developing the analytical and field collection workforce. This article surveys the development of an Australian Criminal Intel Training and Development Continuum (CITDC). The continuum is an end-to-end continuing professional development framework for criminal intelligence analysts and field intelligence officers that monitor proficiency, competence, and knowledge achievement through pre-entry aptitude testing, rigorous class room, and workplace mentoring. The continuum is designed at the post-graduate level and articulates with Charles Sturt University’s MA (Intelligence Analysis). The article argues that both the philosophy of rigorous standards and the learning underpinning the continuum are having demonstrable and positive outcomes for intelligence practitioners and the investigative workforce they support.
Balancing Police Independence and Political Responsibility for the Police: Some Recent Developments in Australia, Canada, and the UK
Authors: Roach Kent 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
There is a need for balance between respecting the independence of the police to make law enforcement decisions in individual cases while allowing and indeed encouraging many other forms of legitimate political direction of the police. This article will argue that legislative reform should codify a minimal definition of police independence that would produce narrower definitions of police independence than found in recent policing legislation enacted in Australia and Canada and clearer standards than found either in the common law or the Policing Protocol Order, 2011 used in England. In addition, it suggests that Police Acts should encourage transparent political direction of the police by requiring such direction to be in writing and to be made public. It will be suggested that Victoria’s Police Service Act, 2013 and Ontario’s new Police Act, 2018 achieve some, but not all, of these objectives.
The prevention of female genital mutilation in England: what can be done?
Authors: Plugge E , Adam S , El Hindi L , Gitau J , Shodunke N , Mohamed-Ahmed O 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global public health issue. Women in the UK are at risk of FGM and its adverse health consequences but little is known about its practice. Since 1985 it has been a criminal offence to perform FGM in the UK and further legislation has tightened the law but FGM continues.

Methods
Four community researchers from the Kenyan, Nigerian, Somalian and Sudanese communities in Oxford conducted focus groups and interviews with 53 people to understand the communities’ beliefs about how best to prevent FGM.

Results
Participants believed that the current UK legislation alone was not sufficient to tackle FGM and might in fact be counterproductive by alienating communities through its perceived imposition. They felt that there had been insufficient consultation with affected communities, awareness raising and education about the legislation. Community-led solutions were the most effective way to tackle FGM.

Conclusions
FGM adversely affects communities globally. In the UK, researchers from affected communities gathered data demonstrating the feasibility and importance of involving communities in FGM prevention work. Further research is needed to understand how best to prevent FGM in affected communities and, very importantly, to examine the impact of the UK legislation relating to FGM.
Neuroimmune regulation of lung infection and inflammation
Authors: Huang Y , Zhao C , Su X 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The distal airway of the lung is innervated by vagus nerve. Upon stimulation, vagus nerve endings release acetylcholine or neuropeptides via C-fiber afferents to regulate lung infection and immunity. Vagal sensory nerve endings, brain integration center, acetylcholine and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expressing cells are key components of pulmonary parasympathetic inflammatory reflex. Meanwhile, this local machinery synergizes with spleen (as a functional hub of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway) to finely tune recruitment of the splenic α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells into the inflamed lungs during lung infection. Recent studies have showed that lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) express both α7 nAChR and neuropeptide receptors. Acetylcholine and neuropeptides can regulate ILC2 and reshape pulmonary infection and immunity. Among the airway epithelial cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells are rare cell population; however, these cells are innervated by sensory nerve endings and they could secrete neuropeptides that influence lung infection and immunity.
Monetary Policy, Bank Bailouts and the Sovereign-Bank Risk Nexus in the Euro Area*
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel , Rieth Malte 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The article analyses the empirical relationship between bank credit risk and sovereign credit risk in the euro area, using a system of simultaneous equations identified through heteroskedasticity. We first confirm a two-way causality between both risks, which amplifies initial credit risk shocks. We also document significant credit risk spillovers between sovereigns and banks in the periphery and the core countries. The article then focuses on the impact of ECB non-standard monetary policy and bank bailout policies. We show that bailouts have reduced both risks. Monetary policy lowered in most but not all cases bank and sovereign risk.
Internal migration and public opinion about the European Union: a time series cross-sectional study
Authors: Jeannet Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Although the European Union (EU) allows citizens from member countries to migrate freely within its confines to facilitate integration, it may be alienating public support for Europe. This article investigates this by extending group threat theory to explain how internal migration is related to public opinion about the EU using annual Eurobarometer data from 1998 to 2014 across 15 Western European countries. Employing a pooled time cross-sectional design, I find that the presence of EU citizens from Central and Eastern European member states is positively related to public beliefs that EU membership is not beneficial for their country. The results also show that this relationship is even stronger during an economic downturn. There is weak evidence that it may be related to distrust in European institutions as well. These findings shed light on why public support for the EU can erode over time and how it responds to contextual changes in Europe’s internal migration patterns. The study concludes by discussing how group threat theory is relevant for understanding public opinion about the EU.
Within-Neighborhood Dynamics: Disadvantage, Collective Efficacy, and Homicide Rates in Chicago
Authors: Becker Jacob H 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Research on neighborhood structural conditions like concentrated disadvantage and crime largely focuses on between-neighborhood differences; for example, places with more disadvantage are expected to experience higher homicide rates. However, empirical research often does not consider within-neighborhood dynamics of structural stability and change. Furthermore, several recent studies have found cross-sectional associations between structural variables and crime outcomes can vary significantly across units, violating a key assumption of global modeling strategies. The current work explores if and how historical changes in disadvantage influence neighborhood collective efficacy and homicide rates, net of the level of disadvantage at a given time point. Collective efficacy theoretically mediates the relationship between conditions and crime, and is hypothesized to be the mechanism through which structural change influences homicide rates. It is also hypothesized that spatial variation in cross-sectional associations between disadvantage and social outcomes can be explained by accounting for within-neighborhood changes in disadvantage. Using a sample of Chicago neighborhoods and ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression models, I find that within-neighborhood changes in disadvantage significantly predict neighborhood collective efficacy, though the effects of this change on homicide rates are not completely mediated by collective efficacy. Within-neighborhood change completely accounts for spatial variation in cross-sectional associations, offering one explanation of prior research findings. Within-neighborhood structural changes appear to disrupt collective efficacy and contribute to higher homicide rates than predicted by the level of disadvantage alone.
Deterring Kickbacks and Encouraging Entry in Public Procurement Markets: Evidence from Firm Surveys in 90 Developing Countries
Authors: Knack Stephen , Biletska Nataliya , Kacker Kanishka 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThere is little systematic evidence on the links between procurement systems and outcomes such as competition and corruption levels. This paper adds to the evidence, using data on 34,000 firms from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, in 90 countries with procurement systems data from Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessments. We find that in countries with better public access to complete, reliable, and timely procurement information, firms are more likely to participate in public procurement markets. Firms report paying less in kickbacks to officials in countries where exceptions to open competition in tendering must be explicitly justified, and where there are effective and independent complaints mechanisms. These findings—particularly on kickbacks—are robust to the inclusion of numerous controls and to a range of sensitivity tests. However, due to data limitations we are unable to rule out the possibility that these estimates may reflect in part endogeneity bias.
The Effect of Compulsory Schooling Expansion on Mothers’ Attitudes Toward Domestic Violence in Turkey
Authors: Gulesci Selim , Meyersson Erik , Trommlerová Sofia K 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn extensive literature examines the intergenerational spillover effects of education, but evidence on the causal effects of children's education on their parents’ outcomes is scarce. This paper estimates the spillover effects of children's schooling on their mothers’ attitudes toward domestic violence in Turkey. To identify the causal effect of children's schooling, we take advantage of a reform that took place in Turkey in 1997 and expanded compulsory schooling from five to eight years. Using a regression discontinuity design based on monthly birth cohorts and data from the 2008 and 2013 waves of the Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys, this paper shows that mothers whose eldest daughters were exposed to higher compulsory schooling are by 12 percentage points less likely to find domestic violence justifiable, which represents a decrease by 43 percent. We find no similar effect for boys’ schooling. Our findings demonstrate that children's schooling can have impacts on their parents’ attitudes, and such effects are likely to vary by the gender of the child.
Do Poor Countries Really Need More IT?
Authors: Eden Maya , Gaggl Paul 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Productivity differences across countries are often attributed to differences in technological capabilities. This paper asks whether there are systematic cross-country differences in the adoption of information technologies (IT). We document a positive correlation between IT use and income, which weakens over time. However, given that IT use is an endogenous outcome of both technological capabilities and the abundance of complementary factors of production, it tends to over-state the degree of cross-country differences in technology. We propose two novel calibration approaches to address this problem. After accounting for endogenous differences in industrial composition, we find that there is no systematic relationship between income and IT capabilities.
Cognitive Function Is Associated With Mobility in Community Dwelling Older Adults With a History of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Blackwood Jennifer 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
Impaired cognitive function has been associated with changes in gait and balance deficits in older adults, thus contributing to an increased falls risk. However, associations between physical mobility and cognitive function have not been reported in older adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined relationships between cognitive performance (executive function, visual spatial ability) and physical mobility (Timed Up and Go [TUG], gait speed, timed chair rise) in community-dwelling older adults with and without CVD.

Methods:
Forty-six participants met inclusion/exclusion criteria. Group assignment was completed based on CVD history (CVD group: n = 27; non-CVD group: n = 19). Groupwise comparisons between demographic, cognitive, and mobility variables were performed. Associations between cognitive function and physical mobility were examined within each group.

Results:
Groups did not differ in performance on mobility or cognitive measures; however, in older adults with CVD, executive function (Trail Making Test Part B) was independently associated with gait speed (rs = −0.469; P = .01) and TUG (rs = 0.430; P = .02). Other cognitive measures were not associated with physical mobility in those without CVD.

Conclusions:
Due to associations found between executive processes and mobility, clinicians should consider screening executive function in older adults with CVD because it may influence physical mobility and falls risk; however, due to the small sample size, further study is indicated.