bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Strongly-Coupled, Implicit Well Coning Model
Authors: Trimble Russel H. , McDonald A. E. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
An implicit, three-dimensional, three-phase well coning simulator has been developed which strongly couples the well production equations to the reservoir flow equations. This strong coupling scheme allows the well production to be determined simultaneously with the reservoir pressures and saturations. The flexibility obtained allows the use of production constraints on the well production terms. This results in a highly user-oriented model. The model may be used to obtain the maximum well productivity for a given set of physical limitations and regulatory constraints, such as minimum surface pressure, maximum allowed GOR, WOR, water rate, gas rate, etc. The model can function either as a production well or an injection well and, in general, may be used to study any single-well behavior.
This paper develops the strongly-coupled formulation and discusses its utility in relationship to other implicit models. The linearization of the resulting set of finite difference equations, along with a discussion of the solution algorithm to solve the coupled system of simultaneous equations, is included. Development of the production constraints and their coupling into the reservoir equations is emphasized. Example problems of field applications of the model are included to show the utility of user supplied production constraints in determining well performance.
Risk Factors for and Management of Anterior Chamber Intravitreal Dexamethasone Implant Migration
Authors: Röck Daniel , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Röck Tobias 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for the anterior chamber migration of an intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex®).

Methods
A retrospective review of 640 consecutive intravitreal dexamethasone implant injections was conducted from February 2011 through February 2018 at the University Eye Hospital in Tübingen, Germany. Those patients who experienced anterior chamber dexamethasone implant migrations were identified, as well as the reasons for the anterior chamber migration. The surgical histories were obtained and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were conducted for all of the eyes. Cross-tabulations, chi-squared tests, and Fisher's exact tests were used to assess the influences of different factors on the anterior chamber implant migrations.

Results
Overall, 4 eyes of four patients (0.63%) showed anterior chamber implant migrations. All four of the eyes were pseudophakic, and they had undergone prior vitrectomies. Three eyes had sclerally-fixated intraocular lenses, and one eye had a posterior chamber intraocular lens in the capsular bag, with a capsular tension ring due to partial zonular dehiscence. When comparing the vitrectomized eyes with reduced zonular/capsular bag complex integrity to the vitrectomized pseudophakic eyes with intact zonular/capsular bags, the former were significantly associated with an increased risk of anterior chamber implant migration (P = 0.008). The vitrectomized pseudophakic eyes, in contrast to the nonvitrectomized pseudophakic eyes, were significantly associated with an increased risk of anterior chamber implant migration (P = 0.009).

Conclusions
The anterior chamber migration of an intravitreal dexamethasone implant is a serious complication. To minimize the risk of permanent corneal edema, immediate removal of the implant with a 20-gauge alligator forceps over a 2.75-mm long clear corneal tunnel is important. Those patients with insufficient zonular support, defects, or missing posterior capsular membranes and vitrectomy histories present a high risk of anterior chamber dexamethasone implant migration.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Unilateral Peripheral Cone Dysfunction Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Hasegawa Tetsuya , Tetsuka Soichi , Yamaguchi Aya , Kobashi Chieko , Sato Tomomi , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Kakehashi Akihiro 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Introduction: To report a case of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome and evaluate the associated clinicopathological changes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).
Case Presentation: A 39-year-old Japanese woman reported a visual field defect of 2-years duration in the right eye. The patient underwent visual field testing, full-field electroretinography (ff-ERG), SS-OCT, and a routine ophthalmologic examination. The best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 bilaterally. The funduscopy examination was normal bilaterally. Visual field testing showed a relative paracentral scotoma in the right eye. SS-OCT scans showed an unclear interdigitation zone (IZ) throughout the posterior pole except for the foveal zone in the right eye. SS-OCT macular analysis showed thinning of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) corresponding to the region of the IZ defect. ff-ERG showed almost normal flash ERGs and normal rod responses bilaterally. The cone response and flicker ERG response were decreased markedly only in the right eye.
Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of unilateral peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome in which SS-OCT showed pathological changes in the GCL and IPL. The OCT findings corresponded well to the ERG changes and visual field abnormality. Because foveolar cone photoreceptor cells are connected in a one-to-one correspondence to retinal ganglion cells without connection to the horizontal cells or amacrine cells, the GCL and IPL were not present in the fovea. Based on this analysis, we speculated that the primary lesion of peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome is not in the cone photoreceptor cells but in the horizontal cells and/or amacrine cells. The clinicopathological changes in the ganglion cells and cone photoreceptor cells might be the subsequent pathologies in the horizontal cells in peripheral cone dysfunction syndrome.
Is Drinking Water Sources Safe for Drink? A Multicenter Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Tigray Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremedhn Goyitom , Berhe Abera Aregawi , Desta Abraham Aregay , Legesse Lemlem 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background

Fecal contamination of drinking water sources is the main cause of diarrhea with estimated incidence of 4.6 billion episodes and 2.2 million deaths every year.

Methods

A total of 145 water samples of different source type were collected from different areas in Tigray region from August 2018 to January 2019. The water samples from each site were selected purposively which involved sampling of water sources with the highest number of users and functionality status during the study period. Most Probable Number (MPN) protocol was used for the bacteriological analysis of the samples.

Results

A total of 145 water samples were collected from six zones in Tigray region, Ethiopia from August 2018 to January 2019. The study indicated that 63(43.5%) of the water samples were detected to have fecal coliform which is E.coli. In Mekelle city, which is the capital city of Tigray region, three in five 34(60.7%) of the collected samples were confirmed to have fecal coliform. Water samples from health facilities were 9.48 times [AOR=9.48, 95%CI: (1.59, 56.18)] more likely to have fecal coliform. Water samples from wells were 10.23 times [AOR=10.23, 95%CI: (2.74, 38.26)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Similarly, water samples from hand pumps were 22.28 times [AOR=22.28, 95%CI: (1.26, 393.7)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from Tap/Pipe. Water samples reported to be not chlorinated were 3.51 times [AOR=3.51, 95%CI: (1.35, 9.13)] more likely to have fecal coliform than water samples from chlorinated sources.

Conclusion

In this study all water source, including the chlorinated drinking water sources, were found highly contaminated with fecal origin bacteria. This may be mainly due to constructional defects, poor sanitation inspection, poor maintenance, intermittent water supply and irregular chlorination.
Tillage and Irrigation Impact on Early and Late Maturing Cotton Cultivars
Authors: Byrd Seth A. , Collins Guy D. , Barentine Ronnie M. , Snider John L. , Culpepper A. Stanley , Roberts Phillip M. , Porter Wesley M. , Whitaker Jared R. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
There was little interaction between tillage and irrigation on agronomic parameters.Excessive rainfall minimized agronomic benefits of the rolled rye cover crop.Continuous experiments are likely optimal to properly evaluate cover crop systems.
Concerns surrounding agricultural water use have increased interest in investigating more efficient cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production practices. A study was conducted to determine potential water savings from using a conservation tillage system employing a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. The performance of early and late maturing cotton cultivars was assessed in two tillage systems, conventional or strip tillage with a rye cover crop, under various irrigation levels (100, 75, and 50% of University of Georgia recommendations, and non‐irrigated) to determine the effect of crop growth, development, and yield in Camilla, GA (2013 and 2014), Moultrie, GA (2014), and Vienna, GA (2014). At Camilla, increases in irrigation typically benefited the cotton crop regardless of tillage treatment; however, there was little difference between the two highest irrigation treatments, suggesting that application rates <100% recommendations could result in water savings. During 2013, excessive rainfall resulted in minimal soil moisturedifferences; subsequently, cotton growth, development, and yield were negatively impacted under strip tillage compared with conventional. Although almost half the rainfall was received in 2014 compared with 2013, and the conservation tillage system benefited crop growth and development, no yield differences were observed. At Moultrie and Vienna, either no difference between tillage systems or only benefits to crop growth and development in the conventional tillage system occurred. Results illustrate that the potential impact of cover crops is highly dependent on environmental conditions and is likely minimal under slight to moderate water deficit conditions, but can be detrimental when excessive rainfall occurs.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Maize Roots in Response to Controlled‐Release Urea under Different Soil Moisture Conditions
Authors: Li Guanghao , Zhao Bin , Dong Shuting , Zhang Jiwang , Liu Peng , Ren Baizhao , Lu Dalei , Lu Weiping 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
We investigated the impacts of CRU on summer maize root growth under different soil water conditions.We clarified the interaction of water and CRU on summer maize grain yield.We found an optimized amount of CRU for each water level for summer maize grain yield.
Controlled‐release urea (CRU) is being promoted in Chinese maize (Zea mays L.) planting to improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency, yield and reduce N losses, but its impacts vary widely depending on the soil moisture condition. There has been little study on the effects of CRU on the morphological and physiological characteristics of maize roots under different soil moisture conditions. We conducted three soil moistures (severe stress, mild stress, and adequate condition) and four levels of CRU (0, 105, 210, and 315 kg N ha−1) in a specially designed soil column experiment. Results revealed that CRU regulated plant growth by affecting root morphology and activity under different soil moistures, and ultimately influenced yield. Drought limited root and shoot dry matter accumulation, and decreased root length and root length density, which significantly reduced root active absorption area; leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) were also inhibited. Increasing CRU application did not counteract the inhibition of root and shoot growth under severe water stress, but did counteract this effect under mild water stress. An application of CRU beyond the optimal N rate did not consistently promote maize root growth or increase yield under adequate soil moisture. The CRU application of 210 kg N ha−1 under adequate moisture was the best treatment combination, and was associated with superior root morphology and activity during the grain‐filling period, which could transport more water and nutrients to aboveground plant, improved LAI, chlorophyll content, and Pn, ultimately increased yield. Based on the yield and cost, the CRU application of 315 kg N ha−1 was optimal under mild drought stress, and selecting the lower CRU application of 210 kg N ha−1 under adequate soil moisture condition is recommended to promote root growth and increase grain yield in maize production.
How Does Phosphorus Restriction Impact Soil Health Parameters in Midwestern Corn–Soybean Systems?
Authors: Wade Jordon , Culman Steve W. , Sharma Stuti , Mann Meredith , Demyan M. Scott , Mercer Kristin L. , Basta Nicholas T. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Three sites showed no yield difference between control and P fertilized treatment after 11 yr.Tissue and grain P contents showed no sign of crop P stress associated with 11 yr of P restriction.Phosphorus fertilization rate was positively related to labile P pools and inversely related to organic P.No consistent effect of P fertilization on soil health parametersGreater proportion of active organic matter in unfertilized treatments, relative to fertilized
Limiting agricultural P losses to surface waters is essential to overall ecological sustainability of agroecosystems. Recent studies have suggested that decreasing P fertilization rates decrease organic matter content, adversely impacting other mitigation strategies. Corn–soy cropping systems from three soil regions of Ohio were subjected to 11 yr of P restriction to measure impacts on soil P availability and agronomic performance as well as both physical and biological indicators of soil health. While both soil P availability and plant tissue P contents decreased with P fertilization rate, crops did not exhibit signs of P stress, such as consistent decreases in corn yield. Organic P levels increased in plots with no P fertilization. Both physical and biological indicators of soil health showed mixed responses to P fertilization, although trends suggested greater organic matter stabilization in unfertilized plots relative to the fertilized plots. This study suggests that reductions in P fertilization can result in more efficient nutrient cycling without adverse agronomic impacts, although it is unclear how long this effect would persist before P restriction would consistently impact grain yields.
A Systems Approach to Modeling Watershed Ecohydrology and Pesticide Transport
Authors: Janney Philip , Jenkins Jeffrey 
Published: May 2019

Nonpoint‐source pollutant surface water loading from agricultural lands, including sediment, nutrients, and pesticides, is a major concern. As contaminants entering surface water may harm endangered species, there is ongoing concern regarding the compliance of agricultural practices with the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Compliance with the ESA for the protection of threatened salmonid species is of particular concern in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. We report here use of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to characterize ecohydrology and solute transport in the Zollner Creek watershed, Willamette River basin, Oregon. Using a systems approach, integrating institutional expertise with local knowledge, we evaluated a succession of parameterization scenarios designed to sufficiently simulate watershed ecohydrology. The model was further evaluated through simulation of solute transport. Using probabilistic methods to characterize pesticide application patterns, SWAT concurrent mean estimates of daily atrazine surface water concentrations were correlated with observed instantaneous grab samples (r2 = 0.37) and followed the general trend of the observed data near the watershed outlet. Further development of this modeling application may provide a new understanding of continuous pesticide surface water loading at the watershed scale, allowing assessment of environmental impacts with much greater certainty, thereby facilitating consideration of refined mitigation strategies.Core Ideas
Sequential model optimization incorporating local knowledge improved ecohydrologic estimates.
Probabilistic pesticide application provided more realistic model estimates of solute transport.
This modeling application allows a systems approach to sustainable agricultural practices.
Controlled Drainage as a Targeted Mitigation Measure for Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Carstensen Mette V. , Børgesen Christen D. , Ovesen Niels B. , Poulsen Jane R. , Hvid Søren K. , Kronvang Brian 
Published: May 2019

Drainage systems provide a more or less direct conduit for excess water and nutrients from fields to surface water. High nutrient loads to streams and lakes are known to adversely affect water quality and may potentially cause algae blooms. Therefore, in‐field as well as edge‐of‐field mitigation measures that can assist in reducing the loss of nutrients are needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and possibility of using controlled drainage during the drainage season to reduce nutrient losses while growing a winter crop in a temperate climate. The 3‐yr‐long (2012–2015) study was conducted on four experimental field plots on loamy soil. The impacts of controlled drainage on groundwater levels, drain flow, and water quality at regulation levels of 50 and 70 cm above the conventional drain pipe level were determined by using a before‐after control‐impact study design. A regulation level of 70 cm was required to significantly elevate groundwater levels and reduce the drain outflow and N and P loss, which decreased by 37 to 54%, 38 to 51%, and 43 to 46%, respectively, relative to conventional drainage levels. Denitrification in the root zone, as measured with stable isotopes, was not markedly enhanced at the plots with controlled drainage, except on a few occasions. Resetting the groundwater level to conventional levels in early spring only had a marginal influence on water and nutrient losses. Thus, potential water quality tradeoffs (e.g., increased N loss to groundwater) need to be more thoroughly investigated before implementing controlled drainage as a mitigation measure in Denmark.Core IdeasControlled drainage reduced the N and P loss from drainage systems.The reduction of N and P loss was mainly due to reduced drain flow.Denitrification was evident both at field plots with and without controlled drainage.Controlled drainage is not officially accepted as a mitigation measure in Denmark.
Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Native Forage GrassTrichloris crinita
Authors: Kozub Perla Carolina , Peñas María Laura Las , Novo Patricia Elda , Cavagnaro Pablo Federico 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTTrichloris crinita(Lag.) Parodi is a perennial forage grass native to—and of wide distribution in—arid and semiarid regions of the American continent. In addition to its good forage quality, this species is particularly valued in these drylands due to its high tolerance to drought, salinity, trampling, and grazing. Genetic and cytogenetic information forT. crinitais very scarce, hindering progress in genetic research and breeding of the species. We describe chromosome numbers, karyotypes, heterochromatin distribution, physical mapping of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes (18–5.8–26S and 5S) by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromosome pairing in meiotic cells for the first time inT. crinitaaccessions. Karyotype based on chromosome morphology and cytogenetic landmarks are presented for eightT. crinitaaccessions. Physical mapping of rDNA loci revealed variation in the number, size, and intensity of the 18–5.8–26S FISH signals, whereas 5S rDNA produced two signals per accession. Considering a basic chromosome number of 10, as reported for most Chloridoideae species and the facts that all 20T. crinitaaccessions analyzed had 40 somatic chromosomes, that only bivalent chromosome pairings were observed in meiosis, and that chromosome morphology and sizes revealed high similarity between pairs of chromosomes, along with other reproductive features of the species, strongly suggest thatT. crinitais an allotetraploid (2n= 4x= 40). Our cytogenetic data represent a useful resource for advancing cytogenetic research and breeding inT. crinita.
Effect of Soil Water Content on Soil Detachment Capacity for Coarse‐ and Fine‐Grained Soils
Authors: Zhang H. Y. , Li M. , Wells R. R. , Liu Q. J. 
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas
Aging had a nonlinear effect on soil detachment capacity for fine‐grained soil.
Detachment capacity of fine soil had a concave pattern as soil water increased.
Detachment capacity of coarse soil had a convex pattern as soil water increased.
A systematic set of flume tests was developed to explore the relation between soil water content and soil detachment capacity for a coarse‐grained soil and a fine‐grained soil. The experiments included aging treatments (three volumetric water contents of 4.0, 11.5, and 21.7% for the sandy loam soil and 5.0, 10.5, and 17.4% for the silt loam soil, and seven aging durations of 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h) and drying treatments (saturated soil samples oven‐dried for 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h). Results showed that soil detachment capacity for these two soils presented unique patterns as soil water content increased: the fine‐grained soil presented an increasing and then a decreasing trend under aging treatments, whereas the coarse‐grained soil showed a continuous increasing trend as soil water content increased. Both patterns could be fitted by quadratic equations. The effect of soil water content on soil detachment capacity was mainly reflected by water‐stable aggregate content. Higher soil water content results in weaker bonds for fine‐grained soil but in less slaking for coarse‐grained soil. Lower soil water content leads to less slaking for fine‐grained soil but more particle deposition and cementation for coarse‐grained soil. Future work will include additional soil textures and focus on soil erodibility and critical shear stress to expand our understanding of soil detachment influenced by soil water content.