bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of glutamate receptors in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From physiology to disease
Authors: Huang Xin , Wang Min , Zhang Qi , Chen Xinzhen , Wu Jing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAttention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents, which is characterized by behavioral problems such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. As the receptors of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate receptors (GluRs) are strongly linked to normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Extensive investigations have been made about the structure, function, and regulation of GluR family, describing evidences that support the disruption of these mechanisms in mental disorders, including ADHD. In this review, we briefly described the family and function of GluRs in the CNS, and discussed what is recently known about the role of GluRs in ADHD, that including GluR genes, animal models, and the treatment, which would help us further elucidate the etiology of ADHD.
Pd‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation for Stereoselective Syntheses of Allylic Alcohols bearing a Quaternary Carbon Center
Authors: Shi Linlin , He Yingdong , Gong Jianxian , Yang Zhen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOlefins play a vital role in the fields of bioscience, medicine, and chemistry. Stereo‐defined olefins are important resource in both chemical laboratory and industry. Using a palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative transformation of vinyl cyclic carbonates, we have developed an efficient and reliable method for the direct construction of highly substituted olefins with the concomitant formation of a new Csp3‐Csp3 bond. The desired olefins could be generated in reasonable yields with good stereoselectivities, in contrast to the existing methods, which are usually non‐stereoselective. The palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative transformation will undoubtedly provide new synthetic routes for the formation of multi‐substituted allylic scaffolds.
Diaphysator: An online application for the exhaustive cartography and user‐friendly statistical analysis of long bone diaphyses
Authors: Santos Frédéric , Lacoste Jeanson Alizé 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe cross‐sectional geometry (CSG) of long bone diaphyses is used in bioanthropology to evaluate their resistance to biomechanical constraints and to infer life‐history‐related patterns such as mobility, activity specialization or intensity, sexual dimorphism, body mass and proportions. First limited by technical analytical constraints to the analysis of one or two cross sections per bone, it has evolved into the analysis of cross sections of the full length of the diaphyseal part of long bones. More recently, researchers have developed analytical tools to map the cortical thickness of entire diaphyses to evaluate locomotor signatures. However, none of these analytical tools are easy to use for scientists who are not familiar with computer programming, and some statistical procedures–such as mapping the correlation coefficients of the diaphyseal thickness with various parameters have yet to be made available. Therefore, we developed an automated and open‐source application that renders those analyses (both CSG and cortical thickness) in a semiautomated and user friendly manner. This application, called “Diaphysator”, is associated with another free software (“Extractor”, presented in Dupej et al. (2017). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 164, 868–876). Diaphysator can be used as an online application (https://diaphysator.shinyapps.io/maps) or as a package for R statistical software. Along with the mean maps of cortical thickness and mean CSG parameter graphs, the users can evaluate the correlations and partial correlations of both CSG parameters at every cross section along the diaphyseal length, and cortical thickness data points of the entire diaphysis, with any factor such as age, sex, stature, and body mass.
Esophageal IgE, IgG4, and mucosal eosinophilia in individuals with dysphagia
Authors: Ramaswamy Apoorva T. , No Jae Seong , Anderson Lillye , Solomon Aliza , Ciecierega Thomas , Barfield Elaine , Chien Kimberly , Schnoll‐Sussman Felice , Reisacher William R. 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundEosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an inflammatory disease of the esophagus, producing failure to thrive in infants and dysphagia with food impaction in older children and adults. Although most people with EoE manifest atopic/allergic disease, the specific allergens to which immunoglobulin E (IgE) is directed, if any, have not yet been characterized.MethodsMucosal brush biopsy (MBB) and solid tissue biopsy (STB) specimens were prospectively obtained from 25 individuals with dysphagia and suspicion of EoE. Specific IgE (sIgE) against 112 epitopes from airborne and food proteins, antigens known to cause a polyclonal IgE response and IgG4 to food allergens, were measured.ResultsThere was no difference in total IgE harvested between the 2 biopsy methods (p > 0.05) or between the EoE‐positive (N = 12) and EoE‐negative (N = 13) groups (p > 0.05). None of the samples in either group contained measurable serum IgE to any of the airborne or food proteins tested, but low levels of IgE specific to Candida and Staphylococcus enterotoxins were detected. Low levels of IgG4 specific to wheat, soy, peanut, and egg were also detected.ConclusionsBoth MBB and STB are able to harvest measureable levels of IgE and IgG4 from the esophageal mucosa. Low levels of serum‐specific IgE suggest that other inflammatory mechanisms, besides type I, IgE‐mediated, allergen‐specific hypersensitivity, may act as the primary catalyst for mucosal eosinophilia. Clarifying the role of both IgE‐mediated and non‒IgE‐mediated inflammatory mechanisms will help identify more targeted diagnostic and treatment strategies for individuals who present with dysphagia and esophageal eosinophilia.
Photoenzymatic Catalysis Enables Radical‐Mediated Ketone Reduction in Ene‐Reductases
Authors: Sandoval Braddock A. , Kurtoic Sarah I. , Chung Megan M. , Biegasiewicz Kyle F. , Hyster Todd K. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFlavin‐dependent ene‐reductases (EREDs) are known to stereoselectively reduce activated alkenes, but are inactive toward carbonyls. Demonstrated here is that in the presence of photoredox catalysts, these enzymes will reduce aromatic ketones. Mechanistic experiments suggest this reaction proceeds through ketyl radical formation, a reaction pathway that is distinct from the native hydride‐transfer mechanism. Furthermore, this reactivity is accessible without modification of either the enzyme or cofactors, allowing both native and non‐natural mechanisms to occur simultaneously. Based on control experiments, we hypothesize that binding to the enzyme active site attenuates the reduction potential of the substrate, enabling single‐electron reduction. This reactivity highlights opportunities to access new catalytic manifolds by merging photoredox catalysis with biocatalysis.
Electrochromic Poly(chalcogenoviologen)s as Anode Materials for High‐Performance Organic Radical Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Guoping , Zhang Bingjie , Wang Jianwei , Zhao Hongyang , Ma Wenqiang , Xu Letian , Zhang Weidong , Zhou Kun , Du Yaping , He Gang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA series of electrochromic electron‐accepting poly(chalcogenoviologen)s with multiple, stable, and reversible redox centers were used as anodic materials in organic radical lithium‐ion batteries (ORLIBs). The introduction of heavy atoms (S, Se, and Te) into the viologen scaffold significantly improved the capacity and cycling stability of the ORLIBs. Notably, the poly(Te‐BnV) anode was able to intercalate 20 Li ions and showed higher conductivity and insolubility in the electrolyte, thus contributing to a reversible capacity of 502 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 when the Coulombic efficiency approached 100 %. The charged/discharged state of flexible electrochromic batteries fabricated from these anodic materials could be monitored visually owing to the unique electrochromic and redox properties of the materials. This study opens a promising avenue for the development of organic polymer‐based electrodes for flexible hybrid visual electronics.
Use of High‐Intensity Ultrasound to Change the Physical Properties of Oleogels and Emulsion Gels
Authors: da Silva Thais Lomonaco Teodoro , Arellano Daniel Barrera , Martini Silvana 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) on the physical properties of a soft oleogel (2% of candelilla wax, 2% of monoacylglycerol, and 2% of hardfat) and of water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsion gels (EG) with various amounts of water (0%, 5%, and 25%). Physical properties of these systems such as thermoresistance, microstructure, melting profile, hardness, rheology, and oil loss were measured. When HIU was applied to the oleogel for 3 min using a 3.2 mm‐diameter tip at an amplitude of vibration of 216 μm, a reduction in crystal size and crystal area (P < 0.05) was observed with an increase in hardness and no change in G′ nor in oil loss compared to the nonsonicated oleogel. Other sonication conditions (lower power levels, shorter durations, and bigger tips) tested in this study reduced the hardness and elasticity of the sample and increased oil loss. When HIU (3.2 mm‐diameter tip, 216 μm, 3 min) was used in emulsions, harder and more elastic (P < 0.05) samples were obtained only in the samples with 25% water. This study shows that the texture of oleogels and EG with 25% of water can be improved by using HIU. The impact of these results is that the fat content of an EG can be reduced by 25% by adding water and HIU can be used to recover the structure lost due to water addition.
Improving tribological properties of phenolic resin/carbon fiber composites using m‐Si3N4@PANI core–shell particles
Authors: Fan Chunlei , Li Honglong , Jin Lin , Zhang Mengjie , Xiao Linghan , Li Ming , Ao Yuhui 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPhenolic resin/carbon fiber (PF/CF) composites have good tribological properties; however, their extensive applications are limited because of the poor thermal conductivity of the phenolic resins. In this work, core‑shell particles of polyaniline‐coated (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane‐modified β‐Si3N4 (m‐SiN@PANI) were used to enhance the tribological, electrical, and thermal conductivity properties of a PF/CF composite. A core‑shell particle, consisting of m‐SiN@PANI, was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, X‐Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Transmission Electron Microscope. The friction, thermal, and electrical properties of the composites were characterized by multifunctional vertical friction testing, wear measurement testing, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal constant analysis, and electrical conductivity testing. Remarkably, the test results showed that compared with the wear surface of the PF/CF composite, that of the phenolic resin/(2.0 wt % m‐SiN@PANI)/carbon fiber composite exhibited a smoother morphology. The results indicated that the addition of m‐SiN@PANI effectively improved the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, friction coefficient, and wear rate of the composites, which were 3.164 Wm−1 K−1, 5.33 × 10−6 S/m, 0.1681 and 1.13 × 10−8 mm3/Nm, respectively. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47785.
Endocytosis and Transport of Growth Factor Receptors in Peripheral Axon Regeneration: Novel Lessons from Neurons Expressing Lysine‐Deficient FGF Receptor Type 1 in vitro
Authors: Hausott Barbara , Förste Alexandra , Zach Fabian , Mangger Stefan , Haugsten Ellen Margrethe , Klimaschewski Lars 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIn the course of peripheral nerve regeneration, axons encounter different extracellular growth factors secreted by non‐neuronal cells at the injury site and retrogradely transported after binding to neuronal membrane receptor tyrosine kinases. The present study reviews the role of receptor transport in peripheral axon outgrowth and provides novel data on trafficking of fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 (FGFR1). Differences in receptor transport are determined by different numbers of lysine residues acting as ubiquitination sites in the intracellular receptor domain. We previously demonstrated that overexpression of mutant FGFR1‐25R (25 out of 29 intracellular lysines replaced with arginine) results in enhanced receptor recycling as compared to wild‐type FGFR1 followed by strong stimulation of elongative axon growth in vitro. Here, the effects of lysine‐deficient FGFR1 (FGFR1‐29R lacking all 29 cytoplasmic lysine residues) or of only 15 lysine mutations (FGFR1‐15R) on axon outgrowth and concomitant changes in signal pathway activation were investigated by immunocytochemistry and morphometry of cultured primary neurons. Overexpression of FGFR1‐15R in adult sensory neurons resulted in enhanced receptor recycling, which was accompanied by increased axon elongation without stimulating axon branching. By contrast, FGFR1‐29R was neither endocytosed nor axon outgrowth affected. Although overexpression of FGFR1‐15R or FGFR1‐25Ra strongly promoted elongation, we did not detect increased signal pathway activation (ERK, AKT, PLC, or STAT3) in neurons expressing mutant FGFR1 as compared with wild‐type neurons raising the possibility that other signaling pathways or signaling independent mechanisms may be involved in the axon outgrowth effects of recycled FGF receptors. Anat Rec, 302:1268–1275, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Progesterone Effects in the Nervous System
Authors: Theis Verena , Theiss Carsten 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe sex hormone progesterone is mainly known as a key factor in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. In addition, progesterone has been shown to induce morphological changes in the central and peripheral nervous system by increasing dendrito‐, spino‐, and synaptogenesis in Purkinje cells (Wessel et al.: Cell Mol Life Sci (2014a) 1723–1740) and increasing axonal outgrowth in dorsal root ganglia (Olbrich et al.: Endocrinology (2013) 3784–3795). These effects mediated mainly by the classical progesterone receptors (PRs) A and B seem to be limited to young neurons. It may be assumed that microRNAs (miRNAs), which are potent regulators of nervous system maturation and degeneration, are also involved in the regulation of progesterone‐mediated neuronal plasticity by altering the expression patterns of the corresponding PR A/B receptors (Theis and Theiss: Neural Regen Res (2015) 547–549, Pieczora et al.: Cerebellum (2017) 376–387). This review critically discusses current data on the neuroprotective effect of progesterone and its corresponding receptors in the nervous system, with possible regulatory processes by miRNAs. Preclinical studies on stroke and traumatic brain injury revealed neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of progesterone in the treatment of severe neurological diseases in animal models, but have so far failed in humans. In this context, the identification of specific miRNAs that regulate the expression of progesterone and PR could help to exploit the neuroprotective potential of progesterone for the treatment of various neurological disorders. Anat Rec, 302:1276–1286, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound Therapy on the Degree of Collateral Axonal Branching at the Lesion Site, Polyinnervation of Motor End Plates, and Recovery of Motor Function after Facial Nerve Reconstruction
Authors: Ozsoy Umut , Ogut Eren , Sekerci Rahime , Hizay Arzu , Rink Svenja , Angelov Doychin N. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study is to test whether ultrasound therapy of muscles denervated by nerve injury would improve the quality of their reinnervation by reduction of the collateral axonal branching at the lesion site and poly‐innervation degree at the neuromuscular junctions. After transection and suture of the buccal branch of the facial nerve, pulsed or continuous type of ultrasound therapy was applied to the paralyzed whisker pad muscles of rats in the course of 2 months. Instead of reduction, we found a significant increase in the collateral axonal branching after continuous ultrasound therapy when compared to the branching determined after pulsed or sham ultrasound therapy. Both types of ultrasound therapy also failed to reduce the proportion of polyinnervated end plates in the reinnervated facial muscles. Accordingly, continuous ultrasound therapy failed to restore any parameter of the motor performance of the vibrissal hairs. Application of pulsed ultrasound therapy promoted slight improvements of the functional parameters angular velocity and acceleration. The inhomogeneous structural and functional results achieved after both types of ultrasound therapy let us conclude that further studies are required to evaluate its effects on peripheral nerve regeneration. Anat Rec, 302:1314–1324, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Studies on Facial Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Rink Svenja , Bendella Habib , Akkin Salih Murat , Manthou Marilena , Grosheva Maria , Angelov Doychin N. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTInsufficient recovery after injury of a peripheral motor nerve is due to (1) inappropriate pathfinding as a result of axonal regrowth to inappropriate targets, (2) excessive collateral axonal branching at the lesion site, and (3) polyinnervation of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). The rat facial nerve model is often used because of its simple and reliable readout to measure recovery of function (vibrissal whisking). Over the last decades scientists have concentrated their efforts to combat mostly NMJ polyinnervation, because it turned out to be very difficult to reduce collateral axonal branching and impossible to navigate thousands of axons toward the original fascicles. In the past, several groups of scientists concentrated their efforts to reduce the activity‐dependent polyinnervation of NMJs by electrical stimulation of the muscles (square 0.1 msec pulses at 5 Hz). The results showed no recovery of functions and a severe reduction in the number of innervated NMJs to approximately one fifth of those observed in intact animals. More recent experiments, however, have shown that motor recovery improved significantly following mechanical stimulation of the denervated facial muscles (vibrissal and orbicularis oculi) and that restored functions could invariably be linked to reduced polyinnervation at the NMJ while the number of innervated NMJ remained the same. These results suggest that clinically feasible and effective therapies could be developed and tested in the near future. Anat Rec, 302:1287–1303, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enteric Neurogenesis During Life Span Under Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions
Authors: Grundmann David , Loris Eva , Maas‐Omlor Silke , Schäfer Karl‐Herbert 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe enteric nervous system (ENS) controls gastrointestinal key functions and is mainly characterized by two ganglionated plexus located in the gut wall: the myenteric plexus and the submucous plexus. The ENS harbors a high number and diversity of enteric neurons and glial cells, which generate neuronal circuitry to regulate intestinal physiology. In the past few years, the pivotal role of enteric neurons in the underlying mechanism of several intestinal diseases was revealed. Intestinal diseases are associated with neuronal death that could in turn compromise intestinal functionality. Enteric neurogenesis and regeneration is therefore a crucial aspect within the ENS and could be revealed not only during embryogenesis and early postnatal periods, but also in the adulthood. Enteric glia and/or enteric neural precursor/progenitor cells differentiate into enteric neurons, both under homeostatic and pathologic conditions beyond the perinatal period. The unique role of the intestinal microbiota and serotonin signaling in postnatal and adult neurogenesis has been shown by several studies in health and disease. In this review article, we will mainly focus on different recent studies, which advanced the concept of postnatal and adult ENS neurogenesis. Moreover, we will discuss the key factors and underlying mechanisms, which promote enteric neurogenesis. Finally, we will shortly describe neurogenesis of transplanted enteric neural progenitor cells. Anat Rec, 302:1345–1353, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promotion of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Stimulation of the Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase (ERK) Pathway
Authors: Hausott Barbara , Klimaschewski Lars 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTPeripherally projecting neurons undergo significant morphological changes during development and regeneration. This neuroplasticity is controlled by growth factors, which bind specific membrane bound kinase receptors that in turn activate two major intracellular signal transduction cascades. Besides the PI3 kinase/AKT pathway, activated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) plays a key role in regulating the mode and speed of peripheral axon outgrowth in the adult stage. Cell culture studies and animal models revealed that ERK signaling is mainly involved in elongative axon growth in vitro and long‐distance nerve regeneration in vivo. Here, we review ERK dependent morphological plasticity in adult peripheral neurons and evaluate the therapeutic potential of interfering with regulators of ERK signaling to promote nerve regeneration. Anat Rec, 302:1261–1267, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Electrical Stimulation Improves Functional Recovery After Femoral But Not After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats
Authors: Raslan Ashraf , Salem Mohamed A. M. , Al‐Hussaini Ahmed , Guntinas‐Lichius Orlando , Irintchev Andrey 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTBrief low‐frequency electrical stimulation (ES, 1 h, 20 Hz) of the proximal nerve stump has emerged as a potential adjunct treatment for nerve injury. Despite available experimental and clinical data, the potentials and limitations of the ES therapy still have to be defined using different animal models, types of nerves, and clinical settings. Here, we show that brief ES of the proximal stump of the transected rat femoral nerve causes, as estimated by motion analysis, enhanced functional recovery reaching preoperative levels within 5 months of injury, in contrast to the incomplete restoration in sham‐stimulated (SS) animals. The functional advantage seen in ES rats was associated with higher numbers, as compared with SS, of correctly targeted quadriceps motoneurons. In contrast, ES prior to facial nerve suture did not lead to improvement of whisking compared with SS. Lack of functional effects of the treatment was correlated with lack of changes, as compared with SS, in the precision of muscle reinnervation and frequency of abnormally innervated muscle fibers. These results show that ES is an effective therapy in a spinal nerve injury model leading to complete restoration of function. Although this finding and the safety of the procedure are encouraging, the results for the facial nerve model suggest that brief ES may not be a universal treatment for nerve injuries. Anat Rec, 302:1304–1313, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.