bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectators, the XXI student
Authors: Funes Virginia-Silvina 
Published: April 2019

Nowadays, teachers often face apathethic and demotivated pupils. Nevertheless, these students do not show either apathy or demotivation when they stop being students and become spectators: of television, of cinema, of new technologies, of PC displays. If in the 19th century we had citizens and in the 20th century we had speakers, in 21th century we have the figure of the spectator, whose main social experience is the multiplicity of connections with the flow of information. If school was created to learn reading and writing, what do we have to learn watching? It seems that the media youngsters should teach us the way to.Cotidianamente los profesores de los centros educativos se enfrentan con un alumnado apático y desmotivado. Sin embargo, ni apatía ni desmotivación es lo que demuestran cuando dejan de ser alumnos y se convierten en espectadores de televisión, de cine, de las tecnologías, de las pantallas del PC. Si en el siglo XIX tenemos al ciudadano, y en el XX tenemos al parlante, en el siglo XXI tenemos la figura del espectador, cuya experiencia social fundamental es la experiencia de la multiplicidad de conexiones con el flujo de la información. Si para aprender a leer y a escribir inventamos la escuela, ¿qué dispositivos tenemos para aprender a mirar? Parece que tenemos que aprender nosotros de los jóvenes mediáticos.
Childhood image: iconographyc aspects
Authors: Ramírez-Alvarado María-del-Mar 
Published: April 2019

This paper analyses the evolution of childhood image throughout History from the most ancient times, when realistic representation of specific infant features is practically non existent in –or irrelevant to- many cultures. Children´s image, with all its specific characteristics according to each historical period, turns into a major theme in a whole body of religious and secular iconography which grants them a leading role.
Este trabajo analiza la evolución de la imagen de la infancia a lo largo de la historia, desde de la más lejana antigüedad, donde la representación realista de rasgos específicos de la infancia es prácticamente inexistente o carecía de interés en las más variadas culturas. Con el paso del tiempo, la imagen de niños y niñas, con sus características específicas dependiendo del momento histórico, comienza a ser un motivo importante de toda una iconografía religiosa y laica que les convierte en protagonistas.
Archetype and reality on TV: Quality, formats and representation
Authors: Pindado-Pindado Julián 
Published: April 2019

This article arises from some conclusions of the «Wise´s Report » and examines the difficulties to obtain a quality TV at the moment. Data demonstrate that the audiences consume a lot of popular entertainment This fact proves that the way towards a quality TV is very difficult, after years of television channels modelling the audience´s tastes. It is necessary to start from the TV current reality to obtain a formative and cultural TV that includes the experience of «telephiles» generations. If these generations prefer entertainment formats, these formats must be used for an education in values.
El «Informe de los sabios» constituye el punto de partida de este artículo en el que se examina la dificultad que entraña conseguir una televisión de calidad en el momento presente. Los datos demuestran que la audiencia es una gran consumidora de entretenimiento popular, lo que dificulta el camino hacia una televisión de calidad tras años de modelación de gustos por parte de los operadores televisivos. Ello plantea la necesidad de partir de la realidad televisiva actual para conseguir unos mínimos de televisión formativa y cultural que tengan en cuenta la experiencia de las generaciones «teléfilas». Si estas generaciones prefieren formatos de entretenimiento, éstos deben aprovecharse para una educación en valores referidos a la representación del otro.
The future of the digital society and values in media education
Authors: Pérez-Tornero José-Manuel 
Published: April 2019

As the present world increase its complexity and speed in a society filled with information, it seems necessary to imagine the future. And media education must be included in this reflection because it is important to understand that complexity and that speed at the present as well as in the future, especially if we really want to rule our lives. This is the aim of this paper: to know the two basic pillars of audiovisual communication: digital television and the Internet, trying to deduce the values involved in this process in order to use some of them as a reference to renew the media education.
Cuando los procesos se aceleran del modo que lo hacen en una sociedad plena de información circulante a la velocidad de la luz –como es la sociedad digital–, imaginar el futuro se hace imprescindible. Y a esa necesidad no puede escapar la educación en medios, que, en la medida en que depende de ello, tiene que intentar comprender el aceleradísimo desarrollo mediático del presente y del inmediato futuro, sobre todo, si quiere, aunque sea mínimamente, gobernar su propio presente. A esta tarea arriesgada de imaginación dedicaremos los renglones que siguen. Nos ocuparemos de conocer lo que significa la construcción de la sociedad digital –centrada, sobre todo, en la puesta en marcha de una red universal de comunicación audiovisual que tiene dos pilares la televisión digital e Internet–. Y, posteriormente, de deducir algunos de los valores que están en juego en la construcción de este tipo de sociedad, algunos de los cuales pueden servir de valores de referencia para la renovación de la educación en medios.
The competition as quality gender on Spanish television
Authors: Guerrero-Pérez Enrique 
Published: April 2019

Television is entertainment. Nowadays the TV show business is identified to the concept of «trash television» to a greater extent. Nevertheless to entertain offering quality programmes is as respectable and necessary as to inform or educate. Among the immense miscellanea of entertainment genres, subgenres and formats, the game show stands out because of its noble spreading of values as the desire of being better and the stimulate of empathy and knowlodge. In spite of being in television since its birth, the game show has never disappeared of the schedule. The reason of this success is based on its structure and scheduling flexibility, its wide margins of profitability and on its capacity for involving to the audience in the programme itself. In Spain, the game show is one of the most frequent genres –since 1996, Spanish TV production companies have produced an average of more than 32 games each season, a number only overwhelmed by the local fiction (sitcoms and TV movies) - and its presence in the most watched programme ranking is constant in every television season.La televisión es fundamentalmente entretenimiento. Hoy día, el espectáculo televisivo se identifica en gran medida con la «telebasura». Sin embargo, entretener con un contenido de calidad debería ser considerada una labor tan respetable y necesaria como la de informar o educar. De entre la inmensa maraña de géneros, subgéneros y formatos de entretenimiento, el concurso destaca por la noble difusión de valores como el afán de superación y el estímulo de la empatía o el conocimiento. A pesar de haber estado presente en la pequeña pantalla desde el nacimiento del medio, nunca ha desaparecido de las parrillas televisivas. La razón del éxito radica en su flexibilidad de estructura y programación, los amplios márgenes de rentabilidad que permite y su capacidad para involucrar a la audiencia en el programa. En España, el concurso es uno de los géneros más producidos –desde 1996, las productoras españolas han producido una media de más de 32 concursos cada temporada, cifra exclusivamente superada por la suma de todos los géneros de ficción- y su presencia en el ranking de los programas más vistos es constante en todas las temporadas televisivas.
Comparison of Zernike and Fourier Wavefront Reconstruction Algorithms in Representing Corneal Aberration of Normal and Abnormal Eyes
Authors: Yoon Geunyoung , Pantanelli Seth , MacRae Scott 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To investigate the accuracy of Zernike and Fourier reconstruction algorithms in describing simulated wavefront data from corneal topography of normal and abnormal eyes.

Methods
Corneal topography (Orbscan IIz) was collected on 87 normal, 27 keratoconus, 9 penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), and 20 postoperative LASIK symptomatic eyes over a 6-mm pupil. Raw data from slit images were converted into elevation maps, which were then resampled at resolutions of 100, 300, and 500 µm. Differences in elevation between adjacent pixels were used to generate simulated wavefront slope data. Both conventional Zernike and iterative Fourier algorithms were used to reconstruct the elevation map from the same slope information. The difference between the reconstructed and original maps was used to evaluate reconstruction performance, quantified by the residual root-meansquare (RMS) error.

Results
When using the Zernike-based method, residual RMS error decreased substantially as the number of modes used in the reconstruction increased up to approximately the 10th order. Both Zernike and Fourier algorithms performed best when reconstructing simulated wavefronts from normal eyes and worst with PKP eyes. Using a large number of Zernike modes to reconstruct simulated wavefronts of low spatial resolution lead to inaccurate reconstructions. The Fourier method had better reconstruction reliability in the center of the pupil than peripherally. Only 2nd through 5th order Zernike modes were required to produce less residual RMS error than the Fourier method.

Conclusions

For all conditions tested, the Zernike method outperformed the Fourier method when representing simulated wavefront data from topography maps. Even 2nd through 5th order Zernike polynomials were enough to outperform the Fourier method in all populations. Up to 9th order Zernike modes may be required to accurately describe the simulated wavefronts in some abnormal eyes. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:582–590.]
Comparability and Intra-/Interobserver Reliability of Anterior Chamber Depth Measurements With the Pentacam and IOLMaster
Authors: Savant Vijay , Chavan Randhir , Pushpoth Sreekumari , Ilango B. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To assess the comparability and intra-/interobsever reliability of central anterior chamber depth measurements obtained using the Pentacam and IOLMaster.

Methods
Anterior chamber depth was measured in 50 eyes (25 healthy volunteers)—three times on each eye by two independent observers with each method. A total of 12 measurements were performed on each eye. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Mean values, standard deviations, and confidence limits (95% confidence interval) of the two modalities, two observers, and every observer/modality interaction were calculated.

Results

The mean anterior chamber depth values were 3.23±0.031 mm for the IOLMaster and 3.21±0.033 mm for the Pentacam. No statistically significant difference was noted in measurements between the two modalities (
P
=.291) or between the two observers (
P
=.903). Observer/modality interaction was not significant (
P
=.643). The confidence limits for observer 1 were 3.223±0.03 mm and 3.226±0.03 mm for observer 2. The confidence limits were: observer 1/IOLMaster, 3.23±0.04 mm; observer 2/IOLMaster, 3.24±0.04 mm; observer 1/Pentacam, 3.21±0.04 mm; and observer 2/Pentacam, 3.20±0.04 mm. The differences in measurements ranged from −0.14 to +0.10 mm for the IOLMaster and from −0.08 to +0.12 mm for the Pentacam. The worst deviation from the average eye reading of 3.23 mm was only 0.14 (4.3%).

Conclusions

Good agreement exists between anterior chamber depth measurements by the IOLMaster and Pentacam in the assessment of normal eyes, and they offer observer-independent results. Therefore, the modalities are interchangeable. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:615–618.]
Regularity of Human Corneal Flaps Prepared by Femtosecond Laser Technology
Authors: Vossmerbaeumer Urs , Jonas Jost B. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To evaluate the regularity of intracorneal femtosecond laser incisions for preparation of corneal flaps for LASIK.

Methods
Using a corneal contact lens and a femtosecond laser, superficial corneal flaps of two different thicknesses (140 µm and 260 µm) were created in five human donor eyes. The uniform evenness of the corneal flap thickness was assessed histomorphometrically.

Results
The coefficient of variation was 0.12 for the thin flaps and 0.77 for the thick flaps. Flap thickness did not vary statistically significantly between the peripheral half of the flap diameter (189.9±71.1 µm) and the center of the flap (198.8±80.2 µm). Mean thickness was 133.7±15.33 µm (median 141.1 µm; range: 105 to 151 µm) for the 140-µm intended flaps, and 268.53±20.6 µm (median 269.0 µm; range: 231 to 295 µm) for the 260-µm intended flaps.

Conclusions

Femtosecond laser–prepared corneal LASIK flaps may have acceptable regularity for clinical purposes. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:645–648.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy and Butterfly Laser Epithelial Keratomileusis: A Prospective, Contralateral Study
Authors: Ghanem Vinícius Coral , Kara-José Newton , Ghanem Ramon Coral , Coral Samuel Angelo 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To evaluate results of two surface excimer laser refractive surgery techniques—photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and butterfly laser epithelial keratomileusis (butterfly LASEK).

Methods
A prospective, randomized, double-masked study of 51 patients (102 eyes) who underwent laser refractive surgery. One eye of each patient was randomized to be operated with PRK and the fellow eye with butterfly LASEK. Patients were followed for 1 year.

Results

No significant difference between groups for distance uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) (
P
=.559) was noted. At 1 year, 98% (50 eyes) in the PRK group and 96.1% (49 eyes) in the butterfly LASEK group reached UCVA of 20/20. Predictability, efficacy, safety, and stability were not statistically significant between groups. Safety index was 1.0 for PRK and 0.996 for butterfly LASEK. One eye in the butterfly LASEK group lost one line of best-spectacle corrected visual acuity. At 12 months, 94.1% (48 eyes) and 86.3% (44 eyes) in the PRK and butterfly LASEK groups (
P
=.188), respectively, had a spherical equivalent refraction of ±0.50 diopters. Slight haze was observed in both groups. A statistical difference in haze between the groups was observed only in the first postoperative month, with higher intensity in the butterfly LASEK group (0.18±0.39) compared to the PRK group (0.08±0.21) (
P
=.04).

Conclusions

Butterfly LASEK had similar predictability, efficacy, safety, stability, and haze incidence to PRK for the treatment of low to moderate myopia. However, on the second postoperative day, PRK showed better UCVA than butterfly LASEK. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:671–684.]
Effect of Age on Outcomes in Patients With Keratoconus Treated by Intacs Using a Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Ertan Aylin , Ozkilic Ersel 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To compare the response to Intacs treatment in different age groups of patients with keratoconus.

Methods
One hundred nine eyes with keratoconus treated with Intacs by using femtosecond laser were divided into three groups according to age: group 1, 13 to 19 years old (n=20); group 2, 20 to 35 years old (n=75), and group 3, 35 to 56 years old (n=14). All patients had clear central corneas and were contact lens intolerant. Pre- and postoperative examination data including uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), mean refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and K-readings were evaluated. Pre- and postoperative corneal topographies were examined. Visual acuities were detected by Snellen chart. Postoperative follow-up was 1 year.

Results

The improvement in UCVA, BSCVA, MRSE, and K-readings postoperatively in each group was statistically significant. The pre- and postoperative differences in UCVA (
P
=.930), BSCVA (
P
=.470), MRSE (
P
=.205), and K-readings (
P
=.545) were similar among groups.

Conclusions

Intacs treatment is safe and effective in all age groups. Therefore, it may be an alternative treatment to penetrating keratoplasty in adolescent patients with keratoconus who are intolerant of contact lenses. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:690–695.]
Influence of Age on Ocular Wavefront Aberration Changes With Accommodation
Authors: Iida Yoshihiko , Shimizu Kimiya , Ito Misae , Suzuki Masanobu 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To perform a quantitative analysis of high order wavefront aberrations of the entire optical system of the eye that accompanies accommodation demands in the healthy and emmetropic eye.

Methods

Fifty-six healthy emmetropic eyes of 30 patients were separated into three groups according to age: group 1, 20 to 29 years; group 2, 30 to 39 years; and group 3, 40 to 49 years. Using iTrace ray-tracing technology, pupil diameter, objective refraction, and wavefront aberrations at accommodation demands of 0 to 4.00 diopters (D) in five 1.00-D increments were determined. In analyzing higher order aberrations in the central 4-mm diameter zone of the pupil, Zernike polynomials were used to study the changes associated with accommodation in the magnitude of total higher order aberrations, third order aberrations (coma-like aberrations), fourth order aberrations (spherical-like aberrations), and the spherical aberration component (

C

4
0

) of the fourth order aberrations.

Results

Pupil diameter decreased significantly (
P
<.05) with accommodation demand in each group. Total higher order aberrations in group 1 increased significantly (
P
<.05). No significant change was seen in third order aberrations in any group, but fourth order aberrations increased significantly (
P
<.05) in group 1. Spherical aberration (

C

4
0

) showed phase shifts from positive to negative in all groups, but the shift in group 3 was minimal, remaining positive even for a 4.00-D accommodation demand.

Conclusions

Among higher order aberrations accompanying accommodation demands, spherical aberration (

C

4
0

) in particular showed characteristic changes; however, these changes showed age-related disparities. The changes were probably due to the effects of reduction in accommodation resulting from age-related changes in the crystalline lens. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:696–701.]
Lack of Progression of Ectasia Seven Years After LASIK in a Highly Myopic Keratoconic Eye
Authors: Jampaulo Mario , Maloney Robert K. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To report a patient with clinically evident keratoconus with a preoperative spherical equivalent refraction of more than −10.00 diopters (D) who underwent successful LASIK with no evidence of progression of ectasia 7 years after surgery.

Methods
Interventional case report.

Results
A patient with clinically evident keratoconus in his left eye underwent bilateral LASIK. Preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) in the left eye was 20/25 with a manifest refraction of −8.50 −3.25 × 126. Seven years later he presented complaining of progressive loss of visual acuity in his left eye. A significant posterior subcapsular and nuclear cataract was present in the left eye. There was no evidence of ectasia on topography. Cataract surgery was performed and BSCVA returned to 20/20.

Conclusions

LASIK can be successful in some eyes with keratoconus, even when deep ablations are performed. It is not appropriate to conclude from this case that LASIK is safe in eyes with keratoconus. This case raises an important question: why do some eyes with normal preoperative topography develop ectasia after LASIK, whereas other eyes with significant keratoconus preoperatively remain stable after LASIK? [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:707–709.]
Immunofluorescence Confocal Microscopy of Porcine Corneas Following Collagen Cross-linking Treatment With Riboflavin and Ultraviolet A
Authors: Bottós Kátia M. , Dreyfuss Juliana L. , Regatieri Caio V.S. , Lima-Filho Acácio A.S. , Schor Paulo , Nader Helena B. , Chamon Wallace 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To assess ultrastructural stromal modifications in porcine corneas after riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) exposure using immunofluorescence confocal imaging.

Methods

Twenty-five freshly enucleated porcine eyes were enrolled in the study. Five eyes served as control (group I). Twenty eyes had their epithelium removed (groups I, II, IV, and V) and five eyes had their epithelium intact (group III). Groups II and III were cross-linked with riboflavin 0.1% solution (10 mg riboflavin-5-phosphate in 10 mL 20% dextran-T-500) and exposed to UVA (365 nm, 3 mW/cm
2
) for 30 minutes. Group IV included five eyes soaked with riboflavin without posterior irradiation, and group V included five eyes irradiated, without previous exposure to riboflavin. Ultra-thin sections (8 µm) of the corneas were stained with anti-collagen I and DAPI and their fluorescence was revealed under confocal microscopy.

Results
Only the cross-linked corneas (group II) showed a pronounced, highly organized anterior fluorescence zone of 182.5±22.5 µm. Using DAPI staining, an anterior and concentrated displacement of cell nuclei due to collagen compaction was observed after cross-linking (group II). No structural changes were observed in all other groups.

Conclusions

The cross-linking treatment effect can be directly visualized using confocal fluorescence imaging, allowing for a quantitative analysis. Cross-linked corneas showed a pronounced and limited anterior zone of organized collagen fibers, which was not observed in the other groups. Treatment of the cornea with riboflavin and UVA without previous deepithelialization did not induce any cross-linking effect. Consequently, to facilitate diffusion of riboflavin throughout the corneal stroma, the epithelium should be removed as an important initial step in the treatment. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:S715–S719.]
Photorefractive Keratectomy Retreatment After LASIK
Authors: Neira-Zalentein Waldir , Moilanen Jukka A.O. , Tuisku Ilpo S. , Holopainen Juha M. , Tervo Timo M.T. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
To study the results of late photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in corneas originally subjected to LASIK.

Methods
Seven eyes of seven patients who had LASIK for myopia were retreated with PRK at least 2 years after LASIK. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), refraction, and haze were evaluated before and after LASIK and after retreatment by PRK.

Results
Photorefractive keratectomy retreatment improved BSCVA in six (86%) of seven eyes, and one (14%) eye showed no changes. None of the eyes lost lines of BSCVA. Five of seven eyes developed mild haze, which disappeared before the last postoperative follow-up.

Conclusions

Photorefractive keratectomy retreatment performed at least 2 years after LASIK can improve visual acuity. We hypothesize that LASIK-induced corneal nerve damage disturbs corneal wound healing by increasing the tendency for development of haze. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:710–712.]