bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy and caregiver burden: a systematic review
Authors: Landfeldt Erik , Edström Josefin , Buccella Filippo , Kirschner Janbernd , Lochmüller Hanns 
Published: June 2018

AimTo conduct a systematic literature review of caregiver burden in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).MethodWe searched Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed for full‐text articles reporting results from studies of caregiver burden in DMD.ResultsWe identified 483 unique publications. Of these, 450 were excluded after title and abstract screening, and 12 after full‐text review. A total of 21 articles were included for data synthesis. Results encompassing more than 15 aspects of caregiver burden, investigated through surveys and/or interviews across 15 countries, were identified in the literature. Caregiving in DMD was frequently associated with impaired health‐related quality of life, poor sleep quality, reduced family function, depression, pain, stress, sexual dysfunction, and/or lower self‐esteem, as well as a considerable impact on work life and productivity.InterpretationProviding informal care to a patient with DMD can be associated with a substantial burden. Yet, more research is needed to better understand the clinical implications of caregiving in DMD and the relationship between caregiver burden and the progression of the disease. Our data synthesis should be helpful in informing clinical and social support programmes directed to families caring for a patient with DMD.What this paper adds

A substantial body of evidence describes caregiver burden in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Little is known of the family burden beyond caregivers’ self‐assessments.
Optimism, opportunities, outcomes: the Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry
Authors: Ahern Susannah , Sims Geoff , Earnest Arul , C. Bell Scott 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Australian Cystic Fibrosis Data Registry is positioning itself as an exemplar of a rare disease registry for the future. While it continues to inform cystic fibrosis (CF) clinicians of patterns of CF disease and quality of care, its capability is increasing as a resource for further research into CF subpopulations, as a platform for clinical trials, and as an interface for patient experiences.
The upconversion luminescence modulation and its enhancement in Er3+‐doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 based on photochromic reaction
Authors: Li Kaixuan , Luo Laihui , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Weiping , Hou Yafei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA large and reversible upconversion (UC) luminescence modulation has been found in the Na0.498Bi0.498TiO3:0.002Er (NBT:0.002Er) based on the photochromic reaction. The dependence of luminescence modulation of the ceramics on the wavelength of irradiation light and sintering temperature was investigated. It was found that the optimized sintering temperature and irradiation wavelength were 1130°C and 405 nm, respectively. The highest ΔRt (defined as: ΔRt = (R0 – Rt)/R0×100(%), where R0 and Rt are the initial emission intensity and that after different irradiation time, respectively) value of 44.9% was obtained for the ceramics sintered at 1130°C after irradiation at 405 nm. More importantly, for the poled ceramics, ΔRt value was promoted to a high value of 75.5%, which was 168% of that of the unpoled ones. The mechanism of luminescence modulation and its enhancement via electric field poling were discussed. This study demonstrated that electric field poling was an effective strategy to enhance the PC reaction in the NBT ceramics.
Are Healthy Eating Policies Consistent with Public Reason?
Authors: Bonotti Matteo , Barnhill Anne 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStates are increasingly implementing policies aimed at changing people's dietary habits, such as fat taxes, food bans, and nudges. In this article, we ask whether healthy eating policies are consistent with public reason, the view that state laws and policies should be justified on the basis of reasons that all citizens can accept at some level of idealisation despite their different conceptions of the good. What we intend to explore is an ‘if…, then…’ line of thought: if one is committed to public reason, then may one consistently endorse healthy eating policies? First, we illustrate multiple ways in which contemporary societies are characterised by a reasonable pluralism concerning conceptions of health and values attached to eating practices. Second, we critically assess the implications of three main conceptions of the structure of public reason, i.e. ‘shareability’, ‘intelligibility’ and ‘accessibility’, for the public justifiability of healthy eating policies. We conclude that healthy eating policies are only consistent with public reason under the ‘accessibility’ conception, i.e. if they are based on reasons grounded in shared epistemic and moral evaluative standards, as long as such reasons reflect a reasonable balance of political values and do not overly prioritise or neglect any of these values.
Day‐flying moths are smaller: evidence for ecological costs of being large
Authors: Tammaru Toomas , Johansson Niko R. , Õunap Erki , Davis Robert B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResearch on evolutionary forces determining optimal body sizes has primarily relied on experimental evaluation of respective selective pressures. Accounting for among‐species variation through application of phylogenetic comparative methods is a complementary although little used approach. It enables the direct association of body size values with particular environments. Using phylogenetically explicit comparative analyses, we show that small body size is associated with diurnal (rather than nocturnal) activity of adults among temperate species of the moth family Geometridae. The association of an exclusively adult trait with species‐specific body size suggests that optimal body sizes are at least partly determined by the costs being a large adult, as opposed to the more frequently considered costs of attaining large size. It appears likely that size‐selective predation by insectivorous birds is the primary factor responsible for selection against large body size in day‐flying moths.
Directional selection in the evolution of elongated upper canines in clouded leopards and sabre‐toothed cats
Authors: Harano Tomohiro , Kutsukake Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExtremely developed or specialized traits such as the elongated upper canines of extinct sabre‐toothed cats are often not analogous to those of any extant species, which limits our understanding of their evolutionary cause. However, an extant species may have undergone directional selection for a similar extreme phenotype. Among living felids, the clouded leopard,Neofelis nebulosa, has exceptionally long upper canines for its body size. We hypothesized that directional selection generated the elongated upper canines of clouded leopards in a manner similar to the process in extinct sabre‐toothed cats. To test this, we developed an approach that compared the effect of directional selection among lineages in a phylogeny using a simulation of trait evolution and approximate Bayesian computation. This approach was applied to analyse the evolution of upper canine length in the Felidae phylogeny. Our analyses consistently showed directional selection favouring longer upper canines in the clouded leopard lineage and a lineage leading to the sabre‐toothed cat with the longest upper canines,Smilodon. Most of our analyses detected an effect of directional selection for longer upper canines in the lineage leading to another sabre‐toothed cat,Homotherium, although this selection may have occurred exclusively in the primitive species. In all the analyses, the clouded leopard andSmilodonlineages showed comparable directional selection. This implies that clouded leopards share a selection advantage with sabre‐toothed cats in having elongated upper canines.
Platelet rich plasma for the management of hair loss: Better alone or in combination?
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Pino Ander , Jaén Pedro , Navarro Mª Rogelia 
Published: June 2018

SummaryPlatelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and autologous protein‐based treatments have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for hair loss‐related disorders including androgenetic alopecia and alopecia areata. The safety and efficacy of repeated intradermal injections of PRP has proved to promote hair growth in a number of randomized clinical trials. Biologically active proteins and cytokines released upon platelet activation have shown to induce folliculogenesis and activate the anagen growing phase of dormant bulbs. Interestingly, further studies have revealed that combining PRP with other hair loss‐related products may enhance the final performance of the treatment. These synergistic approaches include Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs such as finasteride or minoxidil, bioactive macromolecules and cell‐based therapies. Here, recent research involving alone or combined therapy with platelet‐rich plasma for the management of hair loss‐related disorders are outlined and future prospects are discussed.
WHAT MOTIVATES TAX COMPLIANCE?
Authors: Alm James 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this paper, I review and assess what we have learned about what motivates individuals to pay – or to not pay – their legally due tax liabilities. I focus on three specific questions. First, what does theory say about what motivates tax compliance? Second, what does the evidence show? Third, how can government use these insights to improve compliance? I conclude with some suggestions – and some predictions – for future research.
Developing goal orientations conducive to learning and performance: An intervention study
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Chia‐Huei , Parker Sharon K. , Griffin Mark A. 
Published: June 2018

Goal orientation is an important psychological attribute for employees, as it has been found to predict a wide range of work‐related outcomes. Although goal orientation has been well‐studied, little is known about the extent to which individuals’ stable, trait‐like goal orientation can be changed and about whether some individuals are more likely than others to engage in such intrapersonal change. In this study, we examined an intervention program designed to change individuals’ trait‐like goal orientation. The results from 132 full‐time managers and professionals participating in a part‐time MBA course revealed that, on average, participants’ performance‐avoid orientation was lessened as a result of the intervention, while there was no overall change in learning orientation, perhaps due to ceiling effects. Furthermore, evidence showed individual variation in these changes. Drawing on adult attachment theory, we investigated and showed the critical role of facilitator support and individuals’ attachment styles in shaping intrapersonal changes in goal orientation. Facilitator support resulted in fostering greater positive change, particularly for individuals with high levels of anxious attachment. Implications are discussed in terms of advancing theories on personality change and goal orientation, as well as designing interventions to support the development of positive psychological attributes.Practitioner points

Individuals’ trait‐level goal orientation can be changed through a purposefully designed intervention program.

The program helps to significantly reduce participants’ performance‐avoid orientation while maintaining their learning orientation.

Greater support from program facilitators means greater change in participants’ goal orientation, especially for those with high attachment anxiety.
Testing reticulate evolution of fourVitisspecies from East Asia using restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing
Authors: Ma Zhi‐Yao , Wen Jun , Tian Jing‐Pu , Jamal Abbas , Chen Long‐Qing , Liu Xiu‐Qun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractReticulate evolution is an important driving force of angiosperm evolution. It has been proposed as an important evolutionary process inVitisL. subgenusVitis. Events of natural hybridization and introgression of several taxa native to North America have been hypothesized and discussed. However, there is no convincing evidence of reticulate evolution reported for closely relatedVitistaxa from East Asia. We aim to explore natural hybridization and introgression among four closely relatedVitistaxa from East Asia (V.amurensisRuprecht,V.romanetiiRomanet du Caillaud,V.shenxiensisC. L. Li, andV.piasezkiiMaximowicz) with the restriction‐site associated DNA sequencing technique. A total of 46 accessions, covering the potential morphological and geographic variation of each species, are sequenced. Our results show a complex evolutionary pattern of the fourVitisspecies. The phylogenetic inference suggests thatV.amurensisis monophyletic, however,V.romanetii,V.shenxiensis, andV.piasezkiido not appear to be monophyletic. Significant signals of introgression in some accessions have been detected by population structure analyses.D‐statistics analysis and population structure analyses support the presence of introgression betweenV.shenxiensis/V.piasezkiiandV.romanetiiin sympatric populations, but a strong signal of admixture has not been recognized between distantly located populations. Our results provide strong evidence of reticulate evolution amongV.romanetii,V.shenxiensis, andV.piasezkii.
Cast away: drift as the main determinant for larval survival in western fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in headwater streams
Authors: Reinhardt T. , Baldauf L. , Ilić M. , Fink P. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUnidirectional drift is amongst the most relevant population regulators in riverine animal populations. Drift occurs randomly, but it can also be a behavioural response to abiotic and biotic stressors, or the result of catastrophic events such as heavy rain. In this study, we investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of larvae of the fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) in three headwater streams in the Eifel mountains, Western Germany. We marked 568 salamander larvae to conduct capture–recapture estimates of abundance, and followed their individual fate throughout the season. Population density of larval salamanders along the stream showed both strong temporal and spatial variation. Random drift of salamander larvae was particularly rare, and drift did not result in a size structuring of larval populations in the field. Yet, catastrophic events of high summer precipitation were the best predictor for pulse‐wise restructuring of the salamander larvae's density distribution. Strong discharge coincided with a severe decrease in population density, and thus appears to be the most relevant cause of mortality for salamander larvae. Furthermore, we find strong indications that drift has the potential to influence this species’ evolutionary processes, as well as its ecological prevalence.
A CsTu‐TS1 regulatory module promotes fruit tubercule formation in cucumber
Authors: Yang Sen , Wen Changlong , Liu Bin , Cai Yanling , Xue Shudan , Bartholomew Ezra S. , Dong Mingming , Jian Chen , Xu Shuo , Wang Ting , Qi Wenzhu , Pang Jinan , Ma Dehua , Liu Xingwang , Ren Huazhong 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe fruit epidermal features such as the size of tubercules are important fruit quality traits for cucumber production. But the mechanisms underlying tubercule formation remain elusive. Here, tubercule size locus CsTS1 was identified by map‐based cloning and was found to encode an oleosin protein. Allelic variation was identified in the promoter region of CsTS1, resulting in low expression of CsTS1 in all 22 different small‐warty or nonwarty cucumber lines. High CsTS1 expression levels were closely correlated with increased fruit tubercule size among 44 different cucumber lines. Transgenic complementation and RNAi‐mediated gene silencing of CsTS1 in transgenic cucumber plants demonstrated that CsTS1 positively regulates the development of tubercules. CsTS1 is highly expressed in the peel at fruit tubercule forming and enlargement stage. Auxin content and expression of three auxin signalling pathway genes were altered in the 35S:CsTS1 and CsTS1‐RNAi fruit tubercules, a result that was supported by comparing the cell size of the control and transgenic fruit tubercules. CsTu, a C2H2 zinc finger domain transcription factor that regulates tubercule initiation, binds directly to the CsTS1 promoter and promotes its expression. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism in which the CsTu‐TS1 complex promotes fruit tubercule formation in cucumber.
Biosemantics and Words that Don't Represent
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOne of the virtues of the biosemantic view of language is the clarity and simplicity of its description of the general nature of nonrepresentational linguistic constructions. It doesn't follow, however, that it is obvious on this view how these functions should be described individually. After an explanation of the biosemantic approach, initial suggestions are made for analyses of a variety of nonrepresentational constructions that have traditionally been considered problematic. Included are “not”, “is” (of identity), “exists”, “means”, “but”, “if … then”, “possibly” and “true.”
Characteristics of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who are non-responders to intravitreal aflibercept
Authors: Hara Chikako , Wakabayashi Taku , Toyama Hiroshi , Fukushima Yoko , Sayanagi Kaori , Sato Shigeru , Sakaguchi Hirokazu , Nishida Kohji 
Published: June 2018

PurposeTo investigate the frequency and patient characteristics that influence anatomic response of intravitreal aflibercept in treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).DesignRetrospective, interventional, consecutive case series.MethodsThree hundred and sixty-five eyes of 365 patients with AMD who underwent 3 monthly intravitreal aflibercept treatments with follow-up for at least 12 months were investigated. Treatment response was evaluated as follows. Responders were defined as those with complete resolution of exudation, including intraretinal oedema, subretinal fluid and pigment epithelial detachment, or more than a 100 µm decrease of central retinal thickness at 3 months compared with baseline. Non-responders were defined as patients exhibiting an increase in exudation or a decreased central retinal thickness of less than 100 µm.ResultsNineteen (5.2%) of 365 eyes were identified as non-responders. The remaining were responders to intravitreal aflibercept. The non-responders group was significantly associated with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability on indocyanine green angiography and lower frequency of subretinal hyper-reflective materials on optical coherence tomography. The central choroidal thickness at baseline and after 3 monthly injections tended to be thicker in the non-responder group than the responder group, although the differences did not meet statistical significance (p=0.066 and p=0.051, respectively). Additional treatments with either intravitreal ranibizumab or PDT in combination with aflibercept were effective in 15 (79%) of 19 non-responders.ConclusionIntravitreal aflibercept is effective for treating eye pathology in most naïve AMD cases. However, non-responsiveness may occur in small subgroup of patients with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability.
Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery for the white cataract
Authors: Chee Soon-Phaik , Chan Nicole Shu-Wen , Yang Younian , Ti Seng-Ei 
Published: June 2018

AimTo report the capsulotomy and lens fragmentation outcomes of white cataracts managed with the femtosecond laser (FL).MethodsOutcomes of a prospective, observational consecutive case series of white cataracts (June 2012–November 2016) that underwent FL-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) (Victus, Bausch+Lomb, Munich, Germany) at the Singapore National Eye Centre were audited.Data collected: patient demographics, type of white cataract, levelness of docking, anterior capsule position following laser, completeness of capsulotomy and fragmentation, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 1 month, intraoperative complications.Outcome measures:capsulotomy integrity, fragmentation capability and BCVA at 1 month.Results58 eyes of 54 patients underwent FLACS. White cataract types included dry white (24 eyes), intumescent (28 eyes) and Morgagnian (6 eyes). Docking was level in 22 eyes (38.6%). Following FL, the anterior capsule level dropped in 20 eyes (34.5%). Incomplete capsulotomies occurred in 10 eyes (17.2%). Lens fragmentation attempted in 38 eyes was effective or partially effective in 31 eyes (81.6%). No anterior or posterior capsule tears occurred. LogMAR BCVA at 1 month was 0.073 (SD 0.09). Risk factors for incomplete capsulotomy were Morgagnian cataract and lens thickness (multiple logistic regression, p<0.01 and p=0.03, respectively).ConclusionThe main complication of FLACS in white cataracts was incomplete capsulotomy (17.2%), significantly associated with Morgagnian cataracts and increased lens thickness. Lens fragmentation was effected in four-fifths of white cataracts but should be avoided in Morgagnian cataracts due to possible overlap of the lens fragmentation plan and the anterior capsule.
Risk and temporal order of disease diagnosis of comorbidities in patients with COPD: a population health perspective
Authors: Tényi Ákos , Vela Emili , Cano Isaac , Cleries Montserrat , Monterde David , Gomez-Cabrero David , Roca Josep 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionComorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) generate a major burden on healthcare. Identification of cost-effective strategies aiming at preventing and enhancing management of comorbid conditions in patients with COPD requires deeper knowledge on epidemiological patterns and on shared biological pathways explaining co-occurrence of diseases.MethodsThe study assesses the co-occurrence of several chronic conditions in patients with COPD using two different datasets: Catalan Healthcare Surveillance System (CHSS) (ES, 1.4 million registries) and Medicare (USA, 13 million registries). Temporal order of disease diagnosis was analysed in the CHSS dataset.ResultsThe results demonstrate higher prevalence of most of the diseases, as comorbid conditions, in elderly (>65) patients with COPD compared with non-COPD subjects, an effect observed in both CHSS and Medicare datasets. Analysis of temporal order of disease diagnosis showed that comorbid conditions in elderly patients with COPD tend to appear after the diagnosis of the obstructive disease, rather than before it.ConclusionThe results provide a population health perspective of the comorbidity challenge in patients with COPD, indicating the increased risk of developing comorbid conditions in these patients. The research reinforces the need for novel approaches in the prevention and management of comorbidities in patients with COPD to effectively reduce the overall burden of the disease on these patients.