bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual victimization against transgender women in prison: Consent and coercion in context
Authors: Jenness Valerie , Sexton Lori , Sumner Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this article, we conjoin two long‐standing lines of inquiry in criminology—the study of prison life and the study of sexual assault—by using original qualitative and quantitative data from 315 transgender women incarcerated in 27 California men's prisons. In so doing, we advance an analysis of the factors and processes that shape their experience of sexual victimization in prison. The results of qualitative analysis of 198 reported incidents of sexual victimization exhibit a range of types of sexual victimization experienced by transgender women in prison and reveal the centrality of relationships to their experiences of victimization. Findings from logistic regression models buttress the qualitative results, highlighting a factor that consistently and powerfully indicates vulnerability to sexual victimization is involvement in consensual sexual relationships with male prisoners. Together, the data demonstrate the prominence of intimate partner violence in prison, complicate the distinction between consent and unwanted sexual experiences in the lives of transgender women in prisons for men, and shine a light on the workings of gender in a total institution that privileges heteronormativity at the expense of the safety of transgender women in prisons for men. We discuss the implications of our findings in light of timely policy concerns.
Enhanced Curcumin Bioavailability through Nonionic Surfactant/Caseinate Mixed Nanoemulsions
Authors: Cuomo Francesca , Perugini Luisa , Marconi Emanuele , Messia Maria Cristina , Lopez Francesco 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe potential of heterogeneous systems like oil‐in‐water (O/W) nanoemulsions is exploited as an oral delivery system for curcumin, a natural lipophilic compound with numerous health benefits. Two types of O/W nanoemulsions, one stabilized by sodium caseinate (Cas‐O/W), a surface‐active and emulsifying protein, and the other stabilized by a blend of caseinate and Tween 20 (Mix‐O/W), were loaded with the bioactive compound and tested through a simulated gastrointestinal digestion process to evaluate their effects on delivering of curcumin. It was first demonstrated that the amount of curcumin solubilized through Mix‐O/W nanoemulsion was higher than that in Cas‐O/W nanoemulsion. Cas‐O/W nanoemulsions, indeed, at their best, solubilized about 55 µg/mL of curcumin while Mix‐O/W nanoemulsions reached a curcumin concentration around 180 µg/mL. Furthermore, for both the systems an increase of curcumin loading capacity was recorded with the rise of incubation temperature. Finally, after the in vitro simulated digestion process, the potential curcumin bioavailability was evaluated and the data suggested that Mix‐O/W nanoemulsions provided more than twice the amount of curcumin compared to Cas‐O/W nanoemulsions. On balance, the outcomes of this investigation demonstrated that the mixed emulsifier system offered a higher amount of lipophilic compound with a low fat intake compared to nanoemulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate.Practical ApplicationThe outcomes of this study allow the recognition of the protein/surfactant‐stabilized nanoemulsions as a suitable solution to deliver curcumin. The nanoemulsions proposed here provide a high intake of curcumin, a lipophilic compound, with low fat content. The use of such delivery systems helps to overcome limits in oral bioavailability related with the scarce solubility of some compounds in food preparations and beverages.
Advancing Precision Medicine for Alcohol Use Disorder: Replication and Extension of Reward Drinking as a Predictor of Naltrexone Response
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Roos Corey R. , Mann Karl , Kranzler Henry R. 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundPrecision medicine aims to identify those patients who will benefit the most from specific treatments. Recent work found large effects of naltrexone among “reward drinkers,” defined as individuals who drink primarily for the rewarding effects of alcohol. This study sought to replicate and extend these recent findings by examining whether the desire to drink mediated the effect of naltrexone among reward drinkers.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of a 12‐week randomized clinical trial of daily or targeted naltrexone among problem drinkers (n = 163), with a focus on 86 individuals (n = 45 naltrexone and n = 41 placebo) who received daily medication. Interactive voice response technology was used to collect daily reports of drinking and desire to drink. Factor mixture models were used to derive reward and relief phenotypes. Moderation analyses were used to evaluate naltrexone effects, with phenotype as a moderator variable. Multilevel mediation tested average desire to drink as a mediator.ResultsResults indicated 4 phenotypes: low reward/low relief; low reward/high relief; high reward/low relief; and high reward/high relief. There was an interaction between the high reward/low relief subgroup (n = 10) and daily naltrexone versus placebo on drinks per drinking day (DPDD; p = 0.03), percent heavy drinking days (p = 0.004), and daily drinking (p = 0.02). As compared to placebo, individuals in the high reward/low relief phenotype who received daily naltrexone had significantly fewer DPDD (Cohen's d = 2.05) and had a lower proportion of heavy drinking days (Cohen's d = 1.75). As hypothesized, reductions in average desire to drink mediated the effect of naltrexone on average daily drinking among the high reward/low relief drinkers (moderated mediation effect: p = 0.029).ConclusionsThis theory‐driven study replicates the empirical finding that naltrexone is particularly efficacious among high reward/low relief drinkers. Our study brings the field a step closer to the potential of using a precision medicine approach to treating alcohol use disorder.
Does extreme flooding drive vegetation and faunal composition across the Gulf Plains of north‐eastern Australia?
Authors: Crowley Gabriel M. , Preece Noel D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHigh levels of sub‐speciation in Australian mesic zone taxa have been attributed to the creation of biogeographic barriers by Pleistocene expansion of the arid zone. However, several of these barriers also align with major floodplains. The Carpentarian Barrier in the Gulf Plains (GUP) – one of Australia's most significant biogeographic barriers – experiences extreme floods on a sub‐decadal timescale. These floods rise suddenly, cover thousands of square kilometres to a depth of several metres and can take weeks to subside. We investigated whether these floods have shaped community composition. If this is the case, species that are particularly vulnerable to extreme flooding – understorey animals and woody plants, particularly shrubs – should be under‐represented, and grasslands should be over‐represented on GUP floodplains. We used Akaike selection of logistic models to assess influence of floodplains and other potential drivers on grassland distribution and shrub abundance, and on representation of understorey fauna. We also compared post‐flood faunal records with the bioregional data set to assess influence of the 2009 flood on representation of understorey reptiles. Grasslands and shrub‐free vegetation were significantly over‐represented and understorey fauna significantly under‐represented on floodplains, even when the influences of other factors were taken into account. Understorey Gekkota were absent from – and understorey skinks under‐represented in – recently flooded areas. Hence, floods appear to have shaped community composition on GUP floodplains by selectively displacing and/or destroying woody plants – particularly shrubs – and understorey animals. Our findings demonstrate association rather than causality, but show that further examination of the ecological and biogeographic impacts of extreme flooding is warranted. Influence of floods on the Australian biota should be considered an ongoing ecological and evolutionary driver, and one that is likely to intensify as extreme floods are expected to become more frequent under climate change.
The role of the respectful maternity care model in São Paulo, Brazil: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Giordano Juliana , Surita Fernanda G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe promotion of a positive birth experience has been a main goal of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recent work on improving maternity care. The purpose of this study was to assess the cesarean rates, the prevalence of birth practices, perinatal outcomes, and maternal satisfaction, in women involved with the respectful maternity care (RMC) support groups in Sao Paulo, Brazil.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of women with low‐risk pregnancies who were assisted by professionals recommended by the RMC groups. An online questionnaire was administered. Variables to assess birth practices were classified as positive, negative, or unspecified according to the WHO guidelines. The Pearson chi‐square tests and odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to assess differences between the groups.ResultsFive‐hundred and eighty women completed the questionnaire. The cesarean rate was 14.7%, and the operative vaginal birth rate was 9.5%. The VBAC rate was 87.1%, and there was no significant difference in risk for cesarean between women with or without a prior cesarean. Of all women, 83.1% had a midwife's assistance and 75.5% hired a doula; 81.4% gave birth in a nonlithotomic position. The practices of enema, fasting and episiotomy were all under 2%. All 5‐minute Apgar scores were ≥7. Most (83.1%) women reported having a positive birth experience.ConclusionsWoman's engagement with the birth support groups and a transdisciplinary team focused on RMC are key elements to achieve positive perinatal outcomes and high women's satisfaction.
Changing of the guards: Detrital zircon provenance tracking sedimentological reorganization of a post‐Gondwanan rift margin
Authors: Barham Milo , Kirkland Christopher L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the development of sedimentary systems during continental rifting is important for tracking environmental change and lithospheric processes. Conceptual models have been developed for the sourcing, routing and facies architecture of sediments in rift‐settings, driven in part by quantitative sediment tracking. Here, we present laser ablation split‐stream detrital zircon U/Pb geochronology and Hf‐isotopes for post‐rift (Cretaceous‐Paleogene) clastic sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) wells and Plio‐Pleistocene palaeoshoreline material, from the southern margin of Australia. Provenance results are contextualized through comparison with well‐characterized source regions and regional pre‐ and syn‐rift sediment reservoirs to track changes associated with Australia‐Antarctica separation during East Gondwana break‐up. The provenance character of the post‐rift sediments studied are distinct from pre‐existing sediment reservoirs and demonstrate termination of previously stable sediment routing systems and a dominance of local basement of the Proterozoic Madura and Coompana provinces (~1.2 Ga and CHUR‐like Hf‐signatures; Moodini Supersuite) in offshore ODP wells. A composite post‐rift Cretaceous?‐Eocene sample in the easternmost well expresses characteristic Phanerozoic zircon age signatures associated with source regions in eastern Australia that are interpreted to reflect inversion in the Ceduna Sub‐basin to the east. Detrital zircon signatures in Plio‐Pleistocene palaeoshoreline sediment are also relatively distinct, indicating derivation from coastal erosion in the Leeuwin Complex (~0.5 and 0.7 Ga subchondritic grains) and Albany–Fraser Orogen (~1.2 Ga subchondritic grains) several hundred, to over a thousand kilometers to the west. Collectively, results highlight the fundamental geological processes associated with rifting that dramatically change the character of sediment provenance via (a) isolation of pre‐existing primary and secondary sources of detritus, (b) development of new source regions in basin compartmentalized highs and localized fault scarps, and (c) establishment of marine and coastal currents that redefine clastic sediment transport.
Characteristics of flavonoids as potent MERS‐CoV 3C‐like protease inhibitors
Authors: Jo Seri , Kim Hyojin , Kim Suwon , Shin Dong Hae , Kim Mi‐Sun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMiddle East respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted between animals and human beings. It causes MERS with high mortality rate. However, no vaccine or specific treatment is currently available. Since antiviral activity of some flavonoids is known, we applied a flavonoid library to probe inhibitory compounds against MERS‐CoV 3C‐like protease (3CLpro). Herbacetin, isobavachalcone, quercetin 3‐β‐d‐glucoside and helichrysetin were found to block the enzymatic activity of MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. The binding of the four flavonoids was also confirmed independently using a tryptophan‐based fluorescence method. The systematic comparison of the binding affinity of flavonoids made it possible to infer their scaffolds and functional groups required to bind with MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. An induced‐fit docking analysis revealed that S1 and S2 sites play a role in interaction with flavonoids. The experimental and computational study showed that flavonol and chalcone are favourite scaffolds to bind with the catalytic site of MERS‐CoV 3CLpro. It was also deduced that some flavonoid derivatives with hydrophobic or carbohydrate attached to their core structures have a good inhibitory effect. Therefore, we suggest that flavonoids with these characteristics can be used as templates to develop potent MERS‐CoV 3CLpro inhibitors.
Identification and molecular characterization of the tubulin‐podophyllotoxin‐type lignans binding site on Giardia lamblia
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gutiérrez Filiberto , Romo‐Mancillas Antonio , Puebla‐Pérez Ana María , Hernández‐Hernández José Manuel , Castillo‐Romero Araceli 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere are several drugs for the treatment of giardiasis; however, there is a tendency for patients to abandon treatment because of drug‐related adverse effects, resulting in relapses, acquired resistance, and higher rates of treatment failure. Recently, we reported some podophyllotoxin‐type lignans from Bursera fagaroides var. fagaroides showing antigiardial activity. In the present work, we demonstrated that 5′‐desmethoxy‐peltatin‐A‐methylether (5‐DES), acetylpodophyllotoxin (APOD), and podophyllotoxin (POD) affect the distribution and staining pattern of microtubular structures on Giardia trophozoites. Virtual screening results revealed that the lignans act via binding in a hydrophobic pocket in the heterodimer interface of tubulin in Giardia. This study provides useful insight to understand the action mechanism of 5DES, APOD, and POD on Giardia lamblia. The optimization of these podophyllotoxin‐type lignans will lead to promising candidates for antigiardial drugs.
A critical appraisal of population viability analysis
Authors: Chaudhary Vratika , Oli Madan K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPopulation viability analysis (PVA) is useful in management of imperiled species. Applications range from research design, threat assessment, and development of management frameworks. Given the importance of PVAs, it is essential that they be rigorous and adhere to widely accepted guidelines; however, the quality of published PVAs is rarely assessed. We evaluated the quality of 160 PVAs of 144 species of birds and mammals published in peer‐reviewed journals from 1990 to 2017. We hypothesized that PVA quality would be lower with generic programs than with custom‐built programs; be higher for those developed for imperiled species; change over time; and be higher for those published in journals with high impact factors (IFs). Each included study was evaluated based on answers to an evaluation framework containing 32 questions reflecting whether and to what extent the PVA study adhered to published PVA guidelines or contained important PVA components. All measures of PVA quality were generally lower for studies based on generic programs. Conservation status of the species did not affect any measure of PVA quality, but PVAs published in high IF journals were of higher quality. Quality generally declined over time, suggesting the quantitative literacy of PVA practitioners has not increased over time or that PVAs developed by unskilled users are being published in peer‐reviewed journals. Only 18.1% of studies were of high quality (score >75%), which is troubling because poor‐quality PVAs could misinform conservation decisions. We call for increased scrutiny of PVAs by journal editors and reviewers. Our evaluation framework can be used for this purpose. Because poor‐quality PVAs continue to be published, we recommend caution while using PVA results in conservation decision making without thoroughly assessing the PVA quality.
Begutachtung in der Dermatologie
Authors: Elsner Peter 
Published: August 2019

ZusammenfassungNeben den ärztlichen Aufgaben in Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention von Hauterkrankungen gehört auch die Gutachtertätigkeit zum Berufsbild des Dermatologen. Als Gutachter ist er für öffentlich‐rechtliche Institutionen und Gerichte, aber auch für private Auftraggeber tätig. Im dermatologischen Gutachten werden medizinische Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen auf einen Einzelfall im Hinblick auf eine rechtliche Fragestellung angewandt; der dermatologische Sachverständige ist damit „Gehilfe“ einer Verwaltung, Behörde oder eines Gerichtes. Neben der erforderlichen Fachkenntnis muss der Gutachter strikte Neutralität wahren und jede Befangenheit vermeiden.Eine besondere Bedeutung haben Gutachten in der Berufsdermatologie, wobei wissenschaftliche Gutachten zum Vorliegen einer Berufskrankheit der Haut und zur Höhe der Minderung der Erwerbsfähigkeit von den viel häufigeren „kleinen Gutachten“ der Stellungnahmen zur Prävention im Hautarztverfahren zu unterscheiden sind. Daneben gewinnen Gutachten in Arzthaftpflichtfragen im Auftrag von Gerichten und Gutachterkommissionen der Landesärztekammern zunehmend an Bedeutung.Für die Qualitätssicherung der dermatologischen Gutachtertätigkeit werden insbesondere von der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Berufs‐ und Umweltdermatologie der DDG (ABD) Gutachter‐Zertifizierungskurse angeboten; ferner existieren Begutachtungsempfehlungen für die Berufskrankheiten der Haut (Bamberger Empfehlungen).
Impact of an invasive tree on arthropod assemblages in woodlots isolated within an intensive agricultural landscape
Authors: Štrobl Martin , Saska Pavel , Seidl Miroslav , Kocian Matúš , Tajovský Karel , Řezáč Milan , Skuhrovec Jiří , Marhoul Pavel , Zbuzek Bořivoj , Jakubec Pavel , Knapp Michal , Kadlec Tomáš 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimLandscape simplification and the spread of invasive species are considered beyond the main threats to global biodiversity. It is well recognized that non‐crop habitats bring complexity to farmland and provide refuge for a wide range of organisms, including arthropods. However, knowledge about the effects of invasive trees on arthropods in non‐crop habitats in intensive agricultural landscapes is still weak. Therefore, we examined differences in the arthropod assemblages between woodlots formed by the invasive black locust (Robinia pseudoacaciaL.) and by native deciduous tree species in the intensive agricultural landscape.LocationCzech Republic, Central Europe.MethodsWe used a multi‐taxonomic approach to record arthropod assemblages using various sampling methods. The impacts of woodlot habitat structure were investigated across 13 arthropod taxa from different trophic levels.ResultsTotal abundance and species richness of all arthropods and the majority of the herbivore taxa were lower inR. pseudoacaciawoodlots, likely due to losses of the forest canopy specialists. The forest specialists were associated with the native woodlots with more developed canopy and shrub layers. The impoverished diversity of the forest specialists and canopy herbivores in theR. pseudoacaciawoodlots was partly compensated by the higher presence of species exploiting a well developed herb layer and open‐habitat specialists, including threatened species.Main conclusionsNative woodlots and those formed byR. pseudoacaciadiffer in vegetation structure and host different assemblages of arthropods. Therefore, parallel presence of both types of woodlots supports arthropod diversity in otherwise simplified agricultural landscapes through creating more complex mosaic of habitats.
Attrition rates in trials for adolescents and young adults at clinical high‐risk for psychosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Farris Megan S. , Devoe Daniel J. , Addington Jean 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of those at clinical high‐risk (CHR) for developing psychosis may lead to preventive strategies. However, attrition in trials may hamper efforts to detect effective changes and lead to bias. Our objective was to synthesize the relative attrition rates in clinical trials conducted in CHR for psychosis samples.MethodWe searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EBM with no restrictions. Inclusion criteria was any treatment‐based randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted in CHR samples that reported attrition. Relative attrition rates were calculated using random‐effects meta‐analysis, stratified by time, and reported as odds ratios (ORs), proportions, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsTwenty‐one RCTs met our inclusion criteria, including a total of 2260 CHR participants. Attrition rates between all treatment types identified were not statistically different from control treatments at any time‐point. When accessing overall trial attrition, the pooled attrition rate was 29.57% (95% CI = 23.84‐35.63%) with statistically significant heterogeneity (I2 = 88.70%; P < .001). Furthermore, 11 trials had a subsequent follow‐up after the intervention was conducted and the pooled attrition was 33.96% (95% CI = 24.94‐43.59%). When examining predictors of attrition, no statistically significant subgroup differences were observed in attrition rates.ConclusionsAlmost one third of CHR participants will not complete participation in an RCT, however no predictors were found to be statistically significantly related to attrition. Methods to account for missing data and attrition are warranted in CHR trials to account for potential biases associated with high attrition rates.