bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the uptake of a mass media intervention to improve child feeding in Bangladesh
Authors: Kim Sunny S. , Roopnaraine Terry , Nguyen Phuong H. , Saha Kuntal K. , Bhuiyan Mahbubul I. , Menon Purnima 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMass media are increasingly used to deliver health messages to promote social and behaviour change, but there has been little evidence of mass media use for improving a set of child feeding practices, other than campaigns to promote breastfeeding. This study aimed to examine the factors influencing the uptake of infant and young child feeding messages promoted in TV spots that were launched and aired nationwide in Bangladesh. We conducted a mixed‐methods study, using household surveys (n = 2,000) and semistructured interviews (n = 251) with mothers of children 0–23.9 months and other household members. Factors associated with TV spot viewing and comprehension were analysed using multivariable logistic regression models, and interview transcripts were analysed by systematic coding and iterative summaries. Exposure ranged from 36% to 62% across 6 TV spots, with comprehension ranging from 33% to 96% among those who viewed the spots. Factors associated with comprehension of TV spot messages included younger maternal age and receipt of home visits by frontline health workers. Three direct narrative spots showed correct message recall and strong believability, identification, and feasibility of practicing the recommended behaviours. Two spots that used a metaphorical and indirect narrative style were not well understood by respondents. Understanding the differences in the uptake factors may help to explain variability of impacts and ways to improve the design and implementation of mass media strategies.
Altered gastrointestinal motility involving autoantibodies in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Spear E. T. , Holt E. A. , Joyce E. J. , Haag M. M. , Mawe S. M. , Hennig G. W. , Lavoie B. , Applebee A. M. , Teuscher C. , Mawe G. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that, in addition to motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms, also causes constipation, which is poorly understood. Here, we characterize gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS and evaluate whether autoantibodies target the enteric nervous system (ENS) and cause dysmotility.MethodsEAE was induced in male SJL and B6 mice. GI motility was assessed in vivo and ex vivo in wild type (WT) and B cell‐deficient mice. MS and EAE serum was used to survey potential targets in the ENS and changes in the ENS structure were characterized using immunohistochemistry.Key ResultsEAE mice developed accelerated gastric emptying and delayed whole GI transit with reduced colonic motility. Fecal water content was reduced, and colonic migrating myoelectrical complexes (CMMC) and slow waves were less frequent. Colons from EAE mice exhibited decreased GFAP levels in glia. Sera from MS patients and from EAE mice targeted ENS neurons and glia. B‐cell deficiency in EAE protected against colonic dysmotility.Conclusions & InferencesConsistent with symptoms experienced in MS, we demonstrate that EAE mice widely exhibit features of GI dysmotility that persisted in the absence of extrinsic innervation, suggesting direct involvement of ENS neurocircuitry. The absence of GI dysmotility in B cell‐deficient mice with EAE together with EAE and MS serum immunoreactivity against ENS targets suggests that MS could be classified among other diseases known to induce autoimmune GI dysmotility.
Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–positive vasculitis, oligoarthritis, tendinitis, and myositis associated with isotretinoin in a 15‐year‐old boy: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Mangodt Thomas C. , Joos Rik , Siozopoulou Vasiliki , Cortoos Pieter‐Jan , Baeten Hans , Docx Martine , van den Akker Machiel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present a patient in whom a combination of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–positive vasculitis, oligoarthritis, tendinitis, and myositis was considered to be associated with isotretinoin use. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in complete clinical and biochemical remission (normalization of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titer). Although we were unable to prove causality, no other underlying cause for the patient's course was found. We report this occurrence to bring it to the attention of physicians prescribing isotretinoin.
Implementing the End TB Strategy in the Western Pacific Region: Translating vision into reality
Authors: Rahevar Kalpeshsinh , Fujiwara Paula I. , Ahmadova Shalala , Morishita Fukushi , Reichman Lee B. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTThe End TB Strategy aims to end the global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2035 in line with the sustainable development goals targets and has been implemented in the World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region since 2015. Significant progress has been made in implementing this strategy. However, several challenges still remain. In 2016, an estimated 1.8 million people developed TB in the region, and of these about 20% were missed by national TB programmes. The gap in diagnosis and enrolment as well as treatment completion is greater with drug‐resistant TB. Many TB‐affected families face catastrophic costs due to the disease. Sustaining financing for TB care is a long‐term challenge in many countries. This article emphasizes targeted interventions in high‐risk populations, including systematic screening and patient‐centred TB care. Several other approaches including improving TB diagnostic tools and algorithm, and engaging all care providers are suggested to find missing TB patients. Drug‐resistant TB requires additional resourcing for laboratories, enrolment and patient support. Specific measures are required at different levels to mitigate financial burden due to TB including linking TB to overall social protection schemes. The Moscow Ministerial conference in 2017 and upcoming United Nations (UN) 2018 high‐level meeting provide an opportunity to raise TB higher on the global agenda, forge partnerships and move towards universal health coverage.
In vitro quality of apheresis platelets divided into paediatric‐sized units and stored in PVC bags plasticised with TOTM, BTHC or DINCH
Authors: Bashir S. , Meli A. , Cardigan R. 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYBackground and ObjectivesTwo of the predictive factors of the quality of small volumes of platelets suitable for paediatric use are bag size and material. This study evaluated the storage properties of paediatric platelet aliquots in TOTM‐, BTHC‐ or DINCH‐PVC bags.Methods/Materials(i) Three apheresis platelet concentrates (PC) were pooled and split into three units. One was retained as an adult unit (control; polyolefin bag). The second and third units were split into four MacoPharma TOTM‐PVC and BTHC‐PVC paediatric bags, respectively. (ii) Two apheresis PC were pooled and split into two units. One PC was retained as an adult unit, and the other was split into four Fresenius DINCH‐PVC paediatric bags. Testing was performed on storage for pH, blood gases, hypotonic shock response, soluble CD62P, LDH, glucose and lactate, ATP, CD62P, CD63, platelet‐derived microparticles and annexin V.ResultsThe volumes, platelet yields and pH of all paediatric units met local specifications. The TOTM‐PVC bag showed no worse quality than the adult bag up to day 7 for all parameters studied, and it maintained pH higher than BTHC‐PVC and DINCH‐PVC over storage. The BTHC‐PVC bag was shown to be the most gas permeable; however, it had the highest glucose consumption rates and the highest platelet activation.ConclusionAll bags showed an acceptable in vitro quality. Overall, the TOTM‐PVC paediatric bag showed better platelet quality compared to the other storage bags, whereas storage in the BTHC‐PVC bag resulted in poorer platelet quality.
Influence of group III/IV muscle afferents on small muscle mass exercise performance: a bioenergetics perspective
Authors: Broxterman Ryan M. , Hureau Thomas J. , Layec Gwenael , Morgan David E. , Bledsoe Amber D. , Jessop Jacob E. , Amann Markus , Richardson Russell S. 
Published: April 2018

Key points
This investigation assessed the influence of group III/IV muscle afferents on small muscle mass exercise performance from a skeletal muscle bioenergetics perspective.
Group III/IV muscle afferent feedback was attenuated with lumbar intrathecal fentanyl during intermittent isometric single‐leg knee‐extensor all‐out exercise, while 31P‐MRS was used to assess skeletal muscle bioenergetics.
Attenuation of group III/IV muscle afferent feedback improved exercise performance during the first minute of exercise, due to an increase in total ATP production with no change in the ATP cost of contraction. However, exercise performance was not altered during the remainder of the protocol, despite a sustained increase in total ATP production, due to an exacerbated ATP cost of contraction.
These findings reveal that group III/IV muscle afferents directly limit exercise performance during small muscle mass exercise, but, due to their critical role in maintaining skeletal muscle contractile efficiency, with time, the benefit of attenuating the muscle afferents is negated.
AbstractThe direct influence of group III/IV muscle afferents on exercise performance remains equivocal. Therefore, all‐out intermittent isometric single‐leg knee‐extensor exercise and phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS) were utilized to provide a high time resolution assessment of exercise performance and skeletal muscle bioenergetics in control conditions (CTRL) and with the attenuation of group III/IV muscle afferent feedback via lumbar intrathecal fentanyl (FENT). In both conditions, seven recreationally active men performed 60 maximal voluntary quadriceps contractions (MVC; 3 s contraction, 2 s relaxation), while knee‐extensor force and 31P‐MRS were assessed during each MVC. The cumulative integrated force was significantly greater (8 ± 6%) in FENT than CTRL for the first minute of the all‐out protocol, but was not significantly different for the second to fifth minutes. Total ATP production was significantly greater (16 ± 21%) in FENT than CTRL throughout the all‐out exercise protocol, due to a significantly greater anaerobic ATP production (11 ± 13%) in FENT than CTRL with no significant difference in oxidative ATP production. The ATP cost of contraction was not significantly different between FENT and CTRL for the first minute of the all‐out protocol, but was significantly greater (29 ± 34%) in FENT than in CTRL for the second to fifth minutes. These findings reveal that group III/IV muscle afferents directly limit exercise performance during small muscle mass exercise, but, due to their critical role in maintaining skeletal muscle contractile efficiency, with time, the benefit from muscle afferent attenuation is negated.
Amikacin Inhalation as Salvage Therapy for Refractory Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease
Authors: Jhun Byung Woo , Yang Bumhee , Moon Seong Mi , Lee Hyun , Park Hye Yun , Jeon Kyeongman , Kwon O Jung , Ahn Jungmin , Moon Il Joon , Shin Sung Jae , Daley Charles L. , Koh Won-Jung 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Although guidelines recommend amikacin (AMK) inhalation therapy for difficult-to-treat nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD), data are limited regarding the safety and clinical efficacy of this salvage therapy. We retrospectively evaluated the treatment outcomes of 77 patients with refractory NTM-LD caused by
Mycobacterium abscessus
complex (MABC) or
M. avium
complex (MAC) who initiated AMK inhalation therapy between February 2015 and June 2016. MABC was the most common etiology (
n
= 48, 62%), followed by MAC (
n
= 20, 26%) and mixed infections (
n
= 9, 12%). Isolates with macrolide resistance and baseline AMK resistance were identified in 63 (82%) patients and 5 (6%) patients, respectively. At 12 months after AMK inhalation therapy, 49% of patients had symptomatic improvement, whereas 42% had radiological improvement. Conversion to a negative sputum culture occurred in 14 (18%) patients, and the culture conversion rate was higher in patients infected with macrolide-susceptible isolates (7/14, 50%) than in those infected with macrolide-resistant isolates (7/63, 11%) (
P
= 0.003). Significant decreases in sputum semiquantitative culture positivity occurred after AMK inhalation therapy (
P
< 0.001). On multivariate analysis, conversion to a negative sputum culture was associated with mixed infections (
P
= 0.009), a forced expiratory volume in 1 s of greater than 60% (
P
= 0.008), and the absence of macrolide resistance (
P
= 0.003). Thirty-eight percent of patients experienced adverse effects, with ototoxicity (
n
= 15) being the most common. AMK inhalation salvage therapy may improve the treatment responses in some patients with refractory NTM-LD. However, considering the common adverse effects, further evaluation of the optimal dosage and intervals for AMK inhalation therapy is needed.
Triclosan Is an Aminoglycoside Adjuvant for Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms
Authors: Maiden Michael M. , Hunt Alessandra M. Agostinho , Zachos Mitchell P. , Gibson Jacob A. , Hurwitz Martin E. , Mulks Martha H. , Waters Christopher M. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

One of the most important clinical obstacles in cystic fibrosis (CF) treatment is antibiotic treatment failure due to biofilms produced by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. The ability of this pathogen to survive eradication by tobramycin and pathoadapt into a hyperbiofilm state leading to chronic infections is key to its success. Retrospective studies have demonstrated that preventing this pathoadaptation by improving eradication is essential to extend the lives of CF patients. To identify adjuvants that enhance tobramycin eradication of
P. aeruginosa
, we performed a high-throughput screen of 6,080 compounds from four drug-repurposing libraries. We identified that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved compound triclosan, in combination with tobramycin, resulted in a 100-fold reduction of viable cells within biofilms at 6 h, but neither compound alone had significant antimicrobial activity against biofilms. This synergistic treatment significantly accelerated the killing of biofilms compared to that with tobramycin treatment alone, and the combination was effective against 6/7 CF clinical isolates compared to tobramycin treatment alone, including a tobramycin-resistant strain. Further, triclosan and tobramycin killed persister cells, causing a 100-fold reduction by 8 h and complete eradication by 24 h. Triclosan also enhances tobramycin killing of multiple
Burkholderia cenocepacia
and
Staphylococcus aureus
clinical isolates grown as biofilms. Additionally, triclosan showed synergy with other aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin or streptomycin. Triclosan is a well-tolerated aminoglycoside adjuvant shown to be safe for human use that could improve the treatment of biofilm-based infections.
The Genetic Polymorphism UGT1A4*3 Is Associated with Low Posaconazole Plasma Concentrations in Hematological Malignancy Patients Receiving the Oral Suspension
Authors: Suh Hyeon Jeong , Yoon Seo Hyun , Yu Kyung-Sang , Cho Joo-Youn , Park Sang-In , Lee Eunyoung , Lee Jeong-Ok , Koh Youngil , Song Kyoung-Ho , Choe Pyoeng Gyun , Kim Eu Suk , Bang Soo-Mee , Kim Hong Bin , Kim Inho , Kim Nam Joong , Song Sang Hoon , Park Wan Beom , Oh Myoung-don 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

The metabolism of posaconazole is mediated mainly by uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, especially UGT1A4. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of genetic polymorphisms on the posaconazole plasma concentration (PPC). This prospective study was conducted from September 2014 to August 2016. We enrolled patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome treated with posaconazole oral suspension (200 mg) three times daily for fungal prophylaxis. The patients were examined for the multidrug resistance gene 1 3435C>T and 2677G>T/A variations and the UGT1A4*3 allele by direct sequencing of DNA from peripheral whole-blood samples. We defined poor absorbers to be those with PPCs of <200 ng/ml and the optimal PPC to be ≥700 ng/ml on day 8. The associations between genetic polymorphisms and the PPC were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis including clinical variables. During the study period, 132 patients were enrolled. Six patients (4.5%) were defined as poor absorbers, and 49 patients (37.1%) did not reach the optimal PPC on day 8. In multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for a poor absorber were at least one UGT1A4*3 allele (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 18.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 324.44;
P
= 0.043) and poor oral food intake (aOR per −100 kcal, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.99;
P
= 0.029). There was no statistically significant association between the genetic polymorphisms and achievement of the optimal PPC on day 8. The UGT1A4*3 polymorphism is an independent risk factor for being a poor absorber of posaconazole oral suspension in patients with hematological malignancies.
Spread of Clonally Related Escherichia coli Strains Harboring an IncA/C
1
Plasmid Encoding IMP-8 and Its Recruitment into an Unrelated MCR-1-Containing Isolate
Authors: Elena Alan , Cejas Daniela , Magariños Francisco , Jewtuchowicz Virginia , Facente Andrea , Gutkind Gabriel , Di Conza José , Radice Marcela 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Ten IMP-8-producing
Escherichia coli
isolates were recovered from surveillance cultures of a neonatal intensive care unit; eight of the isolates were clonally related. A 168.2-kb
bla
IMP-8
plasmid was fully sequenced, and it corresponded to the recently described IncA/C1-ST13 plasmid. This plasmid was detected in all isolates, even in those that were not clonally related. One unrelated isolate was also resistant to colistin and positive for
mcr-1
. This marker was located in a 62.7-kb IncI2 plasmid, which was also fully sequenced.
Identification and Evaluation of Novel Protective Antigens for the Development of a Candidate Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine
Authors: Stylianou Elena , Harrington-Kandt Rachel , Beglov Julia , Bull Naomi , Pinpathomrat Nawamin , Swarbrick Gwendolyn M. , Lewinsohn Deborah A. , Lewinsohn David M. , McShane Helen 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

The development of a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, is urgently needed. The only currently available vaccine,
M. bovis
BCG, has variable efficacy. One approach in the global vaccine development effort is focused on boosting BCG using subunit vaccines. The identification of novel antigens for inclusion in subunit vaccines is a critical step in the TB vaccine development pathway. We selected four novel mycobacterial antigens recognized during the course of human infection. A replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx1) was constructed to express each antigen individually, and these vectors were evaluated for protective efficacy in murine
M. tuberculosis
challenge experiments. One antigen, PPE15 (Rv1039c), conferred significant and reproducible protection when administered alone and as a boost to BCG vaccination. We identified immunodominant epitopes to define the protective immune responses using tetramers and intravascular staining. Lung parenchymal CD4
+
and CD8
+
CXCR3
+
KLRG1
−
T cells, previously associated with protection against
M. tuberculosis
, were enriched in the vaccinated groups compared to the control groups. Further work to evaluate the protective efficacy of PPE15 in more stringent preclinical animal models, together with the identification of further novel protective antigens using this selection strategy, is now merited.
Substrate Specificities and Efflux Efficiencies of RND Efflux Pumps of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Leus Inga V. , Weeks Jon W. , Bonifay Vincent , Smith Lauren , Richardson Sophie , Zgurskaya Helen I. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Antibiotic-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
causes infections that are extremely difficult to treat. A significant role in these resistance profiles is attributed to multidrug efflux pumps, especially those belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of transporters. In this study, we analyzed functions and properties of RND efflux pumps in
A. baumannii
ATCC 17978. This strain is susceptible to antibiotics and does not contain mutations that are commonly selected upon exposure to high concentrations of antibiotics. We constructed derivatives of ATCC 17978 lacking chromosomally encoded RND pumps and complemented these strains by the plasmid-borne genes. We analyzed the substrate selectivities and efficiencies of the individual pumps in the context of native outer membranes and their hyperporinated variants. Our results show that inactivation of AdeIJK provides the strongest potentiation of antibiotic activities, whereas inactivation of AdeFGH triggers the overexpression of AdeAB. The plasmid-borne overproduction complements the hypersusceptible phenotypes of the efflux deletion mutants to the levels of the parental ATCC 17978. Only a few antibiotics strongly benefitted from the overproduction of efflux pumps and antibacterial activities of some of those depended on the synergistic interaction with the low permeability barrier of the outer membrane. Either overproduction or inactivation of efflux pumps change dramatically the lipidome of ATCC 17978. We conclude that efflux pumps of
A. baumannii
are tightly integrated into physiology of this bacterium and that clinical levels of antibiotic resistance in
A. baumannii
isolates are unlikely to be reached solely due to the overproduction of RND efflux pumps.

IMPORTANCE
RND-type efflux pumps are important contributors in development of clinical antibiotic resistance in
A. baumannii
. However, their specific roles and the extent of contribution to antibiotic resistance remain unclear. We analyzed antibacterial activities of antibiotics in strains with different permeability barriers and found that the role of active efflux in antibiotic resistance of
A. baumannii
is limited to a few select antibiotics. Our results further show that the impact of efflux pump overproduction on antibiotic susceptibility is significantly lower than the previously reported for clinical isolates. Additional mechanisms of resistance, in particular those that improve the permeability barriers of bacterial cells and act synergistically with active efflux pumps are likely involved in antibiotic resistance of clinical
A. baumannii
isolates.