bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropathological lesions in the very old: results from a large Brazilian autopsy study
Authors: Suemoto Claudia K. , Leite Renata E.P. , Ferretti‐Rebustini Renata E.L. , Rodriguez Roberta D. , Nitrini Ricardo , Pasqualucci Carlos A. , Jacob‐Filho Wilson , Grinberg Lea T. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare neuropathological correlates of cognitive impairment between very old and younger individuals from a Brazilian clinicopathological study.MethodsWe assessed the frequency of neuropathological lesions and their association with cognitive impairment (Clinical Dementia Rating scale ≥0.5) in the 80 or over age group compared to younger participants, using logistic regression models adjusted for sex, race and education.ResultsExcept for infarcts and siderocalcinosis, all neuropathological lesions were more common in the 80 or over age group (n = 412) compared to 50–79 year olds (n = 677). Very old participants had more than twice the likelihood of having ≥2 neuropathological diagnoses than younger participants (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 2.03–3.50). Neurofibrillary tangles, infarcts and hyaline arteriolosclerosis were associated with cognitive impairment in the two age groups. Siderocalcinosis was associated with cognitive impairment in the younger participants only, while Lewy body disease was associated with cognitive impairment in the very old only. In addition, we found that the association of infarcts and multiple pathologies with cognitive impairment was attenuated in very old adults (Infarcts: P for interaction = 0.04; and multiple pathologies: P = 0.05). However, the predictive value for the aggregate model with all neuropathological lesions showed similar discrimination in both age groups [Area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) = 0.778 in younger participants and AUROC = 0.765 in the very old].Conclusion and relevanceDespite a higher frequency of neuropathological findings in the very old group, as found in studies with high‐income populations, we found attenuation of the effect of infarcts rather than neurofibrillary tangles and plaques as reported previously.
Reconciling the concepts and measures of diversity, rarity and originality in ecology and evolution
Authors: Kondratyeva Anna , Grandcolas Philippe , Pavoine Sandrine 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThe concept of biological diversity, or biodiversity, is at the core of evolutionary and ecological studies. Many indices of biodiversity have been developed in the last four decades, with species being one of the central units of these indices. However, evolutionary and ecological studies need a precise description of species' characteristics to best quantify inter‐species diversity, as species are not equivalent and exchangeable. One of the first concepts characterizing species in biodiversity studies was abundance‐based rarity. Abundance‐based rarity was then complemented by trait‐ and phylo‐based rarity, called species' trait‐based and phylogenetic originalities, respectively. Originality, which is a property of an individual species, represents a species' contribution to the overall diversity of a reference set of species. Originality can also be defined as the rarity of a species' characteristics such as the state of a functional trait, which is often assumed to be represented by the position of the species on a phylogenetic tree. We review and compare various approaches for measuring originality, rarity and diversity and demonstrate that (i) even if attempts to bridge these concepts do exist, only a few ecological and evolutionary studies have tried to combine them all in the past two decades; (ii) phylo‐ and trait‐based diversity indices can be written as a function of species rarity and originality measures in several ways; and (iii) there is a need for the joint use of these three types of indices to understand community assembly processes and species' roles in ecosystem functioning in order to protect biodiversity efficiently.
Early postoperative reactions following lateral sinus floor elevation using piezosurgery: A radiographic study
Authors: Makary Christian , Menhall Abdallah , Rebaudi Alberto 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and purposeEarly postoperative reactions occur following lateral sinus floor elevation (LSFE). This article radiographically describes, quantifies, and measures these early postoperative changes inside grafted maxillary sinus area.Materials and MethodsIn 24 patients, 31 maxillary sinuses were performed using piezosurgery and grafted by bioceramic materials. Cone beam computed tomography was done preoperatively and then postoperatively, randomly, at either day 1 (n = 6), 2 (n = 11), 3 (n = 8), or 7 (n = 6) and at 6 months for all patients. Membrane thickening and subsequent swelling ratio, submucosal edema, and air bubbles inside grafted area were noted and measured. Inflammation was classified as mild, moderate, or severe.ResultsPreoperative mean membrane thickness was 0.75 mm then following LSFE it significantly increased at days 1, 2, 3, and 7 and was respectively 2.36, 4.14, 6.05, and 6.63 mm. Mean swelling ratio significantly increased over time and was 11.37, 13.73, 16.34 and 35.78 at days 1, 2, 3, and 7, respectively. Submucosal edema height was noted in 24 cases. It had a mean value of 3.35 mm and increased significantly with time. Inflammation inside grafted area was mild in 7, moderate in 15, and severe in 9 of the cases. It significantly increased with time. Apical air bubble was present in 19 cases and had mean dimensions of 6.6 × 4.6 mm. No inflammatory signs were noted at 6 months.ConclusionsInflammatory reactions are always noted following LSFE and tend to increase with time reaching peak values at 7 days. All inflammatory changes significantly subsided at 6 months.
Monitoring mosaic biotopes in a marine conservation zone by autonomous underwater vehicle
Authors: Benoist Noëlie M.A. , Morris Kirsty J. , Bett Brian J. , Durden Jennifer M. , Huvenne Veerle A.I. , Le Bas Tim P. , Wynn Russell B. , Ware Suzanne J. , Ruhl Henry A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe number of marine protected areas (MPAs) has increased dramatically in the last decade and poses a major logistic challenge for conservation practitioners in terms of spatial extent and the multiplicity of habitats and biotopes that now require assessment. Photographic assessment by autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) enables the consistent description of multiple habitats, in our case including mosaics of rock and sediment. As a case study, we used this method to survey the Greater Haig Fras marine conservation zone (Celtic Sea, northeast Atlantic). We distinguished 7 biotopes, detected statistically significant variations in standing stocks, species density, species diversity, and faunal composition, and identified significant indicator species for each habitat. Our results demonstrate that AUV‐based photography can produce robust data for ecological research and practical marine conservation. Standardizing to a minimum number of individuals per sampling unit, rather than to a fixed seafloor area, may be a valuable means of defining an ecologically appropriate sampling unit. Although composite sampling represents a change in standard practice, other users should consider the potential benefits of this approach in conservation studies. It is broadly applicable in the marine environment and has been successfully implemented in deep‐sea conservation and environmental impact studies. Without a cost‐effective method, applicable across habitats, it will be difficult to further a coherent classification of biotopes or to routinely assess their conservation status in the rapidly expanding global extent of MPAs.
Adenovirus in solid organ transplant recipients: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Florescu Diana F. , Schaenman Joanna M. ,   on behalf of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

AbstractThese updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of adenovirus infections after solid organ transplantation. Adenovirus is an important cause of infectious complications in both stem cell transplant and SOT patients, causing a range of clinical syndromes including pneumonitis, colitis, and disseminated disease. The current update of the guidelines highlights that adenovirus surveillance testing should not be performed in asymptomatic recipients. Serial quantitative PCR might play a role in the decision to initiate or assess response to therapy in a symptomatic patient. The initial and most important components of therapy remain supportive care and decrease in immunosuppression. The use of antiviral therapy is not supported by prospective randomized clinical trials. However, intravenous cidofovir is considered the standard practice for treatment of severe, progressive, or disseminated adenovirus disease in most transplant centers. Intravenous immunoglobulin may be beneficial, primarily in a select group of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. Future approaches to treatment of adenovirus disease may include administration of adenovirus‐specific T‐cell therapy.
BK polyomavirus in solid organ transplantation—Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Hirsch Hans H. , Randhawa Parmjeet S. ,   AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present AST‐IDCOP guidelines update information on BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infection, replication, and disease, which impact kidney transplantation (KT), but rarely non‐kidney solid organ transplantation (SOT). As pretransplant risk factors in KT donors and recipients presently do not translate into clinically validated measures regarding organ allocation, antiviral prophylaxis, or screening, all KT recipients should be screened for BKPyV‐DNAemia monthly until month 9, and then every 3 months until 2 years posttransplant. Extended screening after 2 years may be considered in pediatric KT. Stepwise immunosuppression reduction is recommended for KT patients with plasma BKPyV‐DNAemia of >1000 copies/mL sustained for 3 weeks or increasing to >10 000 copies/mL reflecting probable and presumptive BKPyV‐associated nephropathy, respectively. Reducing immunosuppression is also the primary intervention for biopsy‐proven BKPyV‐associated nephropathy. Hence, allograft biopsy is not required for treating BKPyV‐DNAemic patients with baseline renal function. Despite virological rationales, proper randomized clinical trials are lacking to generally recommend treatment by switching from tacrolimus to cyclosporine‐A, from mycophenolate to mTOR inhibitors or leflunomide or by the adjunct use of intravenous immunoglobulins, leflunomide, or cidofovir. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended for prophylaxis or therapy. Retransplantation after allograft loss due to BKPyV nephropathy can be successful if BKPyV‐DNAemia is definitively cleared, independent of failed allograft nephrectomy.
Objective validity of the Japan Narrow‐Band Imaging Expert Team classification system for the differential diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Authors: Minoda Yosuke , Ogino Haruei , Chinen Takatoshi , Ihara Eikichi , Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Akiho Hirotada , Takizawa Nobuyoshi , Aso Akira , Tomita Yosuke , Esaki Mitsuru , Komori Keishi , Otsuka Yoshihiro , Iwasa Tsutomu , Ogawa Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2019

Background and AimThe Japan Narrow‐Band Imaging (NBI) Expert Team (JNET) classification is a recently proposed NBI magnifying endoscopy‐based classification system for colorectal tumors. Although the usefulness of this system has been reported by JNET experts, its objective validity remains unclear. We tested its validity and usefulness for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps by including colonoscopy experts and non‐experts as test participants.MethodsForty NBI images of polyps of various JNET types were shown to 22 doctors (11 experts and 11 non‐gastrointestinal [GI] trainees) who had not examined the patients. The doctors diagnosed the polyps based solely on the surface and vessel patterns in the magnified images and the JNET classification system. Concordance rates of their diagnoses with the pathological findings of the polyps were determined, and the results for experts and non‐GI trainees were compared.ResultsBoth for colonoscopy experts and non‐GI trainees, the JNET classification system was particularly useful for classifying polyps as benign or malignant. Although the accuracy rates for classifying polyps into each JNET type varied among colonoscopy experts, those who were familiar with the JNET classification system were able to diagnose polyps with approximately 90% accuracy. Common mistakes were attributable to misunderstandings of the wording in the JNET classification chart and lack of proper training.ConclusionThe JNET classification system is a practical approach for the diagnosis of colorectal polyps. Training is required even for experienced colonoscopists to adopt the system properly. Common pitfalls must be shared among colonoscopists to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Inter‐kingdom signaling — symbiotic yeasts produce semiochemicals that attract their yellowjacket hosts
Authors: Babcock Tamara , Borden John H. , Gries Regine , Carroll Cassandra , Lafontaine Jean Pierre , Moore Margo , Gries Gerhard 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn recent studies, the yeast speciesHanseniaspora uvarumandLachancea thermotoleranswere isolated from the digestive tract of four North American yellowjacket species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and attraction of yellowjackets to brewer's yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae(all Saccharomycetaceae), growing on fruit powder was demonstrated. We tested the hypothesis thatVespulaspp. are attracted to cultures ofH. uvarumandL. thermotoleransand their respective volatiles. In field experiments, we found thatH. uvarumandL. thermotoleransare attractive to three species of yellowjacket, but only when grown on grape juice‐infused yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) agar. Using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, we analyzed the headspace volatiles produced by these yeasts, and field tested an 18‐component yeast synthetic semiochemical blend. This synthetic blend attracted western yellowjackets,Vespula pensylvanica(Saussure), but no other yellowjacket species. Acetic acid or ethanol added to the synthetic blend at biologically relevant doses either had no effect or significantly lowered trap captures. Our results demonstrate that yeast symbionts isolated from the digestive tract of yellowjackets are attractive to their hosts. Further research is needed to identify the volatiles mediating attraction of species other thanV. pensylvanicato the yeast cultures.
Foraging behaviour and optimal microhabitat selection in Yukon River Basin nonanadromous Dolly Varden Charr (Salvelinus malma)
Authors: Bozeman Bryan , Grossman Gary 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSpecies conservation requires understanding the mechanistic processes of habitat selection and their effects on fitness. Nonetheless, there are few fitness‐based habitat selection models for aquatic organisms. We examined multiple aspects of foraging behaviour of nonanadromous Dolly Varden Charr (Salvelinus malma) in Panguingue Creek, Alaska, USA and applied these data to test a fitness‐based microhabitat selection model. Velocity negatively affected prey capture success, positively affected holding velocity, and had no effect on reactive distance. Dominance was a better predictor of prey capture success than length difference between competitors, but there was no relationship between these variables and holding velocity or reactive distance. We used the velocity–prey capture success relationship to parameterise the microhabitat habitat selection model and compared the predicted optimal holding velocity to the 95% confidence interval (24.9–29.3 cm/s) of holding velocities occupied by Dolly Varden (N = 29) in Panguingue Creek. The prediction of 24.0 cm/s fell just slightly (0.9 cm/s) outside the lower limit of the confidence interval; the model barely failed to predict holding velocity for this species in Panguingue Creek. Although this discrepancy fell within measurement error, model failure also may have been due to influence of high turbulence on fish holding velocities in the creek, low sample sizes imposed by permitting limitations, or field logistical issues. The relationship between velocity and prey capture success is an important aspect of drift feeder habitat selection. Our optimal holding velocity prediction for Dolly Varden should aid in the management and conservation of this species.
Carabid beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in the intermediate successional stage after Mt. Bandai eruption of 1888: Effects of environmental variables on carabid beetles in the Urabandai area
Authors: Okatsu Yutaro , Tsutsumi Tadaaki 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe studied carabid beetle assemblage structure and species diversity in an intermediate successional stage (seral) forest established in areas affected by the 1888 eruption of Mt. Bandai and a climax forest that had not been affected by the eruption at the Urabandai area, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. In total, 2,131 carabid beetles representing 31 species were collected using pitfall traps without bait. A comparison of carabid beetle assemblages between the two forest types revealed that the number of species observed was comparable, but their abundance was greater in the seral forest. The assemblage structure clearly differed between the two forest types. In the seral forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus arcuaticollis and Pterostichus prolongatus, along with forest specialists including Carabus vanvolxemi and Pterostichus asymmetricus, were collected. In the climax forest, forest generalists, such as Synuchus cycloderus and Carabus albrechti tsukubanus, were more abundant than forest specialists. This suggests that the current seral forest in the Urabandai area possesses environmental variables that enable the coexistence of both forest specialist and generalist beetle species. A redundancy analysis showed that six species from the genera Synuchus and Pterostichus were associated with high canopy openness and high understory vegetation cover, whereas species recorded only in the climax forest were associated with deep litter. Therefore, it seems likely that carabid beetles in the Urabandai area were affected by these three environmental variables.
Non‐random latitudinal gradients in range size and niche breadth predicted by spatial patterns of climate
Authors: Saupe Erin E. , Myers Corinne E. , Peterson A. Townsend , Soberón Jorge , Singarayer Joy , Valdes Paul , Qiao Huijie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTropical species are thought to experience and be adapted to narrow ranges of abiotic conditions. This idea has been invoked to explain a broad array of biological phenomena, including the latitudinal diversity gradient and differential rates of speciation and extinction. However, debate continues regarding the broad‐scale applicability of this pattern and potential processes responsible. Here, we use a simulation approach to test two propositions: (a) strong geographical patterns in realized niche breadth variation can arise in the absence of variance in fundamental niche breadth size, and (b) realized niche breadths can show latitudinal patterns as a consequence of spatio‐temporal climate change, even when fundamental niche breadths are unrelated to latitude and dispersal abilities are held constant.LocationGlobal.Time periodSimulations were conducted using climate models from over the last 120 ka, with trait dynamics captured at 95 ka and in the Modern.Major taxa studiedWe used virtual species with traits based loosely on plants.MethodsWe simulated latitudinal trends of niche breadth and range size for virtual species using a cellular automaton algorithm that linked a gridded geographical domain with a three‐dimensional environmental landscape.ResultsIn all simulations, strong spatial patterns in realized niches were obtained in the absence of niche evolution, and realized niches showed geographical patterns deriving only from realistic, spatio‐temporal variation in climate. We noted contrasting patterns of niche breadth in different environmental dimensions, with temperature breadth increasing with latitude, but precipitation breadth decreasing with latitude. Overall, simulation outcomes mimicked the real‐world pattern of latitudinal range extent co‐varying with amount of land area.Main conclusionsTropical species can have narrower niche breadths for maximum and minimum temperature ranges compared with temperate species solely as the result of the spatial arrangement of environments. We therefore suggest that the complex spatio‐temporal distribution of global abiotic environments has strong potential for structuring observed latitudinal gradients of niche breadths.
Let the Data Speak? On the Importance of Theory-Based Instrumental Variable Estimations
Authors: Grossmann Volker , Osikominu Aderonke 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn absence of randomized-controlled experiments, identification is often aimed via instrumental variable (IV) strategies, typically two-stage least squares estimations. According to Bayes’ rule, however, under a low ex ante probability that a hypothesis is true (e.g. that an excluded instrument is partially correlated with an endogenous regressor), the interpretation of the estimation results may be fundamentally flawed. This paper argues that rigorous theoretical reasoning is key to design credible identification strategies, the foremost, finding candidates for valid instruments. We discuss prominent IV analyses from the macro-development literature to illustrate the potential benefit of structurally derived IV approaches.
Comparison of characteristics of centers practicing incremental vs. conventional approaches to hemodialysis delivery – postdialysis recovery time and patient survival
Authors: Davenport Andrew , Guirguis Ayman , Almond Michael , Day Clara , Chilcot Joseph , Wellsted David , Farrington Ken 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroduction: Conventional haemodialysis (HD) involves treatment times of around 4 hours thrice weekly, taking no account of residual kidney function (RKF). In incremental HD the frequency and duration of dialysis sessions are individualized according to RKF. There are no studies comparing these approaches. We utilized data from a recent multicenter study to compare patient characteristics and outcomes between a center practicing incremental HD and others using a conventional approach.Methods: Seven hundred and nine patients attending for routine outpatient HD in five UK centers were studied. One center practiced incremental dialysis (n = 254) and four conventional HD (n = 455). Data collected included demographics, comorbidity, dialysis parameters, routine biochemistry and hematology, recovery time postdialysis, and Beck Depression Inventory‐II score (BDI‐II). Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months.Findings: Pre‐ and postdialysis BP, serum calcium and phosphate were higher in the incremental center, whilst sessional Kt/Vurea was lower (all P < 0.001), as was the proportion of patients with a mean postdialysis BP <100 mmHg (P = 0.011). Patients recovered from their HD session more quickly in the incremental center, with significantly more patients reporting recovery within 1 and 4 hours Short‐term survival was significantly better in the incremental center both unadjusted and adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, dialysis vintage, anuria, history of cancer, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, serum albumin, BDI‐II score, and sessional Kt/V.Discussion: The association between incremental dialysis, shorter postdialysis recovery times and improved short‐term survival may be related to reduced haemodynamic stress as a consequence of less intensive ultrafiltration and reduced length of dialysis sessions. Prospective studies are required to test this hypothesis.