bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The juvenile hormone receptor as a target of juvenoid “insect growth regulators”
Authors: Jindra Marek , Bittova Lenka 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSynthetic compounds that mimic the action of juvenile hormones (JHs) are founding members of a class of insecticides called insect growth regulators (IGRs). Like JHs, these juvenoids block metamorphosis of insect larvae to reproductive adults. Many biologically active juvenoids deviate in their chemical structure considerably from the sesquiterpenoid JHs, raising questions about the mode of action of such JH mimics. Despite the early deployment of juvenoid IGRs in the mid‐1970s, their molecular effect could not be understood until recent discoveries of JH signaling through an intracellular JH receptor, namely the ligand‐binding transcription factor Methoprene‐tolerant (Met). Here, we briefly overview evidence defining three widely employed and chemically distinct juvenoid IGRs (methoprene, pyriproxyfen, and fenoxycarb), as agonist ligands of the JH receptor. We stress that knowledge of the target molecule is critical for using these compounds both as insecticides and as research tools.
Antiviral defense against Cypovirus 1 (Reoviridae) infection in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Swevers Luc , Feng Min , Ren Feifei , Sun Jingchen 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRecent years have shown a large increase in studies of infection of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) with Cypovirus 1 (previously designated as B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus), that causes serious damage in sericulture. Cypovirus 1 has a single‐layered capsid that encapsulates a segmented double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) genome which are attractive features for the establishment of a biotechnological platform for the production of specialized gene silencing agents, either as recombinant viruses or as viral‐like particles with nonreplicative dsRNA cargo. For both combatting viral disease and application of Cypovirus‐based pest control, however, a better understanding is needed of the innate immune response caused by Cypovirus infection of the midgut of lepidopteran larvae. Studies of deep sequencing of viral small RNAs have indicated the importance of the RNA interference pathway in the control of Cypovirus infection although many functional aspects still need to be elucidated and conclusive evidence is lacking. A considerable number of transcriptome studies were carried out that revealed a complex response that hitherto remains uncharacterized because of a dearth in functional studies. Also, the uptake mechanism of Cypovirus by the midgut cells remains unclarified because of contrasting mechanisms revealed by electron microscopy and functional studies. The field will benefit from an increase in functional studies that will depend on transgenic silkworm technology and reverse genetics systems for Cypovirus 1.
Heightened Integration of POM‐based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Superior Energy Storage
Authors: Li Xiao , Zhou Kun‐Feng , Tong Zhi‐Bo , Yang Xi‐Ya , Chen Cui‐Ying , Shang Xue‐Hui , Sha Jing‐Quan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo increase the conductivity of polyoxometalate‐based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) and promote their applications in the field of energy storage, herein, a simple approach was employed to improve their overall electrochemical performances by introducing a functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT‐COOH). A new POMOF compound, [Cu18(trz)12Cl3(H2O)2][PW12O40] (CuPW), was successfully synthesized, then the size‐matched functionalized SWNT–COOH was introduced to fabricate CuPW/SWNT–COOH composite (PMNT–COOH) by employing a simple sonication‐driven periodic functionalization strategy. When the PMNT–COOH nanocomposite was used as the anode material for Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), PMNT–COOH(3) (CuPWNC:SWNT‐COOH=3:1) showed superior behavior of energy storage, a high reversible capacity of 885 mA h g−1 up to a cycle life of 170 cycles. The electrochemical results indicate that the uniform packing of SWNT–COOH provided a favored contact between the electrolyte and the electrode, resulting in enhanced specific capacity during lithium insertion/extraction process. This fabrication of PMNT–COOH nanocomposite opens new avenues for the design and synthesis of new generation electrode materials for LIBs.
Optical‐Dielectric Duple Bistable Switches: Photoluminescence of Reversible Phase Transition Molecular Material
Authors: Zhang Yao‐Zu , Sun Dong‐Sheng , Chen Xiao‐Gang , Gao Ji‐Xing , Hua Xiu‐Ni , Liao Wei‐Qiang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMolecular optical‐dielectric duple bistable switches are photoelectric (dielectric and fluorescent) multifunctional materials that can simultaneously convert optical and electrical signals in one device for seamless integration. However, exploring optical‐dielectric duple channels of dielectric and photoluminescence is still a bigger challenge than single dielectric or photoluminescence bistable ones, which are hardly reported but probably will be heavily researched owing to the new generation artificial intelligence development needs in the future. Herein, a new optical‐dielectric duple bistable switches material, [(CH3)3NCH2CH3]2MnCl4 (I), was obtained by a simple method for volatilization of solvents. Variable temperature single crystal X‐ray analysis indicates that material I has a reversible bistable structure (order‐disorder structure phase transition) corresponding to switching “ON′′ and ”OFF′′. Unlike the single dielectric bistable structures that were previously reported, material I also own bistable features in terms of fluorescence property. This material enriches the specific examples of photoelectric duple function switch materials and facilitates the development of required devices.
Systematic review of functional outcome and quality of life after total pancreatectomy
Authors: Scholten L , Stoop T F , Del Chiaro M , Busch O R , Eijck C , Molenaar I Q , Vries J H , Besselink M G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Surgeons have traditionally been reluctant to perform total pancreatectomy because of concerns for brittle diabetes and poor quality of life (QoL). Several recent studies have suggested that outcomes following total pancreatectomy have improved, but a systematic review is lacking.

Methods
A systematic review was undertaken of studies reporting on outcomes after total pancreatectomy for all indications, except chronic pancreatitis. PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), and Cochrane Library were searched (2005–2018). Endpoints included functional outcome and QoL.

Results
A total of 21 studies, including 1536 patients, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. During a median follow-up of 20·8 (range 1·5–96·0) months, 18·6 per cent (45 of 242 patients) were readmitted for endocrine-related morbidity, with associated mortality in 1·6 per cent (6 of 365 patients). No diabetes-related mortality was reported in studies including only patients treated after 2005. Symptoms related to exocrine insufficiency were reported by 43·5 per cent (143 of 329 patients) during a median follow-up of 15·9 (1·5–96·0) months. Overall QoL, reported by 102 patients with a median follow-up of 28·6 (6·0–66·0) months, using the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire, showed a moderately reduced summary score of 76 per cent, compared with a general population score of 86 per cent (P = 0·004).

Conclusion
Overall QoL after total pancreatectomy is affected adversely, in particular by the considerable impact of diarrhoea that requires better treatment. There is also room for improvement in the management of diabetes after total pancreatectomy, particularly with regards to prevention of diabetes-related morbidity.
Trauma models to identify major trauma and mortality in the prehospital setting
Authors: Sewalt C A , Venema E , Wiegers E J A , Lecky F E , Schuit S C E , den Hartog D , Steyerberg E W , Lingsma H F 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients with major trauma might benefit from treatment in a trauma centre, but early identification of major trauma (Injury Severity Score (ISS) over 15) remains difficult. The aim of this study was to undertake an external validation of existing prognostic models for injured patients to assess their ability to predict mortality and major trauma in the prehospital setting.

Methods
Prognostic models were identified through a systematic literature search up to October 2017. Injured patients transported by Emergency Medical Services to an English hospital from the Trauma Audit and Research Network between 2013 and 2016 were included. Outcome measures were major trauma (ISS over 15) and in-hospital mortality. The performance of the models was assessed in terms of discrimination (concordance index, C-statistic) and net benefit to assess the clinical usefulness.

Results
A total of 154 476 patients were included to validate six previously proposed prediction models. Discriminative ability ranged from a C-statistic value of 0·602 (95 per cent c.i. 0·596 to 0·608) for the Mechanism, Glasgow Coma Scale, Age and Arterial Pressure model to 0·793 (0·789 to 0·797) for the modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (mREMS) in predicting in-hospital mortality (11 882 patients). Major trauma was identified in 52 818 patients, with discrimination from a C-statistic value of 0·589 (0·586 to 0·592) for mREMS to 0·735 (0·733 to 0·737) for the Kampala Trauma Score in predicting major trauma. None of the prediction models met acceptable undertriage and overtriage rates.

Conclusion
Currently available prehospital trauma models perform reasonably in predicting in-hospital mortality, but are inadequate in identifying patients with major trauma. Future research should focus on which patients would benefit from treatment in a major trauma centre.
Diagnostic performance of MRI and histology in assessment of deep lipomatous tumours
Authors: Cairncross L , Snow H A , Strauss D C , Smith M J F , Sjokvist O , Messiou C , Thway K , Hayes A J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Deep lipomatous tumours can be benign lipomas or intermediate/locally recurring atypical lipomatous tumours (ALTs). Differentiating between these two entities clinically and radiologically is difficult. The aims of this study were to report a series of deep lipomatous tumours, comparing the clinical, radiological and pathological features of ALTs and lipomas; and to predict the likelihood of a lipomatous tumour being ALT based on anatomical site and MRI characteristics.

Methods
This was a retrospective review of patients with deep lipomatous tumours presenting over 6 years to a tertiary sarcoma centre, with preoperative MRI, and preoperative or postoperative histology including MDM2 gene analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and accuracy in diagnosing ALT were calculated for MRI and histopathological features.

Results
Some 248 patients were included; 81 (32·7 per cent) had a final diagnosis of ALT. ALTs were larger than lipomas (median 19 versus 10 cm; P &lt; 0·001); there was no ALT smaller than 5 cm. A tumour presenting in the lower limb was more likely to be an ALT than a lesion at any other site (48·4 versus 13·5 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). In patients with lipomatous tumours at sites other than the lower limbs, MRI had a negative predictive value of 95 per cent for excluding ALT.

Conclusion
Despite concern, most deep lipomatous tumours (nearly 70 per cent) are benign lipomas. Certain features imply that tumours are almost never ALT: smaller than 5 cm or located outside the lower limb with no suspicious characteristics on MRI. Tumours with these features might safely and confidently be managed outside tertiary sarcoma centres.
Dysregulation of the actin scavenging system and inhibition of DNase activity following severe thermal injury
Authors: Dinsdale R J , Hazeldine J , Al Tarrah K , Hampson P , Devi A , Ermogenous C , Bamford A L , Bishop J , Watts S , Kirkman E , Dalle Lucca J J , Midwinter M , Woolley T , Foster M , Lord J M , Moiemen N , Harrison P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is not found in healthy subjects, but is readily detected after thermal injury and may contribute to the risk of multiple organ failure. The hypothesis was that a postburn reduction in DNase protein/enzyme activity could contribute to the increase in cfDNA following thermal injury.

Methods
Patients with severe burns covering at least 15 per cent of total body surface area were recruited to a prospective cohort study within 24 h of injury. Blood samples were collected from the day of injury for 12 months.

Results
Analysis of blood samples from 64 patients revealed a significant reduction in DNase activity on days 1–28 after injury, compared with healthy controls. DNase protein levels were not affected, suggesting the presence of an enzyme inhibitor. Further analysis revealed that actin (an inhibitor of DNase) was present in serum samples from patients but not those from controls, and concentrations of the actin scavenging proteins gelsolin and vitamin D-binding protein were significantly reduced after burn injury. In a pilot study of ten military patients with polytrauma, administration of blood products resulted in an increase in DNase activity and gelsolin levels.

Conclusion
The results of this study suggest a novel biological mechanism for the accumulation of cfDNA following thermal injury by which high levels of actin released by damaged tissue cause a reduction in DNase activity. Restoration of the actin scavenging system could therefore restore DNase activity, and reduce the risk of cfDNA-induced host tissue damage and thrombosis.
Long-term follow-up of two randomized trials comparing laparoscopic Nissen 360° with anterior 90° partial fundoplication
Authors: Hopkins R J , Irvine T , Jamieson G G , Devitt P G , Watson D I 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The side-effects of Nissen fundoplication have led to modifications, including partial fundoplications such as an anterior 90° wrap. Five-year follow-up of two randomized trials suggested fewer side-effects following anterior 90° partial fundoplication, but better reflux control after Nissen fundoplication. However, longer-term outcomes have not been reported. This study combined data from previous trials to determine 10-year outcomes.

Methods
From 1999 to 2003, 191 patients were enrolled in two randomized trials comparing anterior 90° partial versus Nissen fundoplication. Trial protocols were similar, and data were combined to determine long-term clinical outcomes. Patients completed annual questionnaires assessing dysphagia, heartburn, medications, satisfaction and other symptoms. Visual analogue scales (0–10), a composite dysphagia score (0–45) and yes/no responses were used.

Results
Of the 191 patients, 152 (79·6 per cent) were available for 10-year follow-up. After anterior 90° fundoplication, patients reported less dysphagia to solids (score 2·03 versus 3·18 for the Nissen procedure; P = 0·037). Heartburn scores were lower after Nissen fundoplication (1·90 versus 2·83 for anterior 90° fundoplication; P = 0·035) and fewer patients required proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (22 versus 39 per cent respectively; P = 0·035). Satisfaction scores were similar for both anterior 90° and Nissen groups (7·45 versus 7·36 respectively; P = 0·566), and the majority considered their original decision for surgery to be correct (86 versus 84 per cent; P = 0·818).

Conclusion
After 10 years, both procedures achieved similar success as measured by global satisfaction measures. Patients who had a Nissen fundoplication reported more dysphagia, whereas more heartburn and PPI consumption were reported after anterior 90° fundoplication. Registration numbers: ACTRN12607000298415 and ACTRN12607000304437 (http://www.anzctr.org.au/).
miR‐106b‐5p promotes aggressive progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting RUNX3
Authors: Gu Hao , Gu Shensen , Zhang Xinlong , Zhang Songjiang , Zhang Dongming , Lin Junsheng , Hasengbayi Saiken , Han Wei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe roles of microRNA(miR)‐106b‐5p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. We aimed here to investigate the clinical significance of miR‐106b‐5p expression in HCC and its underlying mechanisms.MethodsExpression levels of miR‐106b‐5p in 108 HCC clinical samples by quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR. Associations of miR‐106b‐5p expression with various clinicopathological features and patients' prognosis were evaluated by Chi‐square test, Kaplan‐Meier, and Cox proportional regression analyses, respectively. The target gene of miR‐106b‐5p and their functions in HCC cells were investigated by luciferase reporter, CCK‐8, and Transwell Matrigel invasion assays.ResultsmiR‐106b‐5p expression was markedly higher in HCC tissues than in noncancerous adjacent liver tissues (P < .001). miR‐106b‐5p upregulation was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage (P = .02), short recurrence‐free (P = .005), and overall (P = .001) survivals. Importantly, miR‐106b‐5p expression was an independent predictor of poor prognosis (P < .05). RUNX3 was identified as a direct target gene of miR‐106b‐5p in HCC cells. Functionally, miR‐106b‐5p upregulation promoted the viability and invasion of HCC cells, while enforced RUNX3 expression reversed the oncogenic effects of miR‐106b‐5p overexpression.ConclusionsmiR‐106b‐5p may serve as a potent prognostic marker for tumor recurrence and survival of HCC patients. miR‐106b‐5p may exert an oncogenic role in HCC via regulating its target gene RUNX3.
Ionic Carbon Nitrides in Solar Hydrogen Production and Organic Synthesis: Exciting Chemistry and Economic Advantages
Authors: Savateev Aleksandr , Antonietti Markus 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMolecular photoredox complexes from the platinum group paved the way of organic photocatalysis. However, high price and difficulties related to removal and recycling hamper application of such complexes on the larger scale. Carbon nitride semiconductor photocatalysts are deprived at large extent of such limitations. Herein, we summarize application of ionic carbon nitrides in photocatalysis. A salt‐like structure of ionic carbon nitrides comprising negatively charged poly(heptazine imide) anion and positively charged alkali metal cations gives rise to a number of unique properties and high activity in photocatalysis. The performance of ionic carbon nitrides in H2 generation is up to 100 times higher compared with the covalent graphitic carbon nitrides. Eleven photocatalytic reactions mediated by ionic carbon nitrides and their long‐lived radicals are reviewed. Economy of using carbon nitride photocatalysts in comparison with the photoredox complexes from the platinum group has been analyzed.
Unraveling the Photocatalytic Water Dissociation Pathways on Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Wang Lei , Wan Yangyang , Cheng Hao , Qi Zeming , Zheng Xusheng , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Hangxun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the water dissociation pathways on polymer photocatalysts is critically important for developing new conjugated polymers toward solar fuel generation by virtue of their diverse bond‐forming reactions. Until now, the detailed reaction pathways on the surface active sites of polymer photocatalysts still remain unknown. Herein, we employed in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to unravel the water dissociation pathways on two‐dimensional 1,3‐diyne‐linked conjugated polymers synthesized via oxidative coupling of 1,3,5‐tris‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)‐benzene and 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene. In addition, we also used quasi in situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to further validate the results obtained from DRIFTS. In this way, several crucial intermediates formed during photocatalytic water splitting were identified and can be correlated to the computational results. It is shown that the water dissociation pathways are different for different polymers, exemplifying the significance of structural control in developing polymer photocatalysts. This study not only provides significant insights into the microscopic processes of the water splitting reaction catalyzed by metal‐free polymer photocatalysts but also offers essential principles for future development of metal‐free polymer photocatalysts toward solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion.
Microalgae as a Feedstock for Sustainable Fatty Acids: Factorial Design Study
Authors: Da Rós Patrícia Caroline Molgero , Menezes Talitha Kühn , Bredda Eduardo Henrique , Silva Messias Borges , De Castro Heizir Ferreira 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMicroalgal oil from Nannochloropsis gaditana cultivated in a laboratory‐scale photobioreactor was submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis using Candida rugosa lipase. A 22 full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effects of the soy lecithin emulsifier concentration and the lipase loading on the formation of free fatty acids. As control, a similar set of reactions was carried out with macaw palm oil. The results showed similar hydrolysis yields for both feedstocks. The highest value was reached when the concentrations of soy lecithin and lipase were taken at their lowest and highest levels, respectively. The hydrolysate from microalgal oil showed that the majority of the fatty acids released by C. rugosa consisted of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids.
Direct Microwave Conversion from Lignin to Micro/Meso/Macroporous Carbon for High‐Performance Symmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Xin , Liu Yuchen , Chen Minzhi , Luo Min , Yang Pei , Chen Weimin , Zhou Xiaoyan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) is a common biomass that is difficult to use for the synthesis of porous carbon (PC) via direct microwave heating because it absorbs very little microwave energy. In this study, a novel method was developed to synthesize high‐performance PC directly from EHL using only 8 min of microwave heating. The resulting PC exhibits a high specific surface area of 2482 m2 g−1 and a hierarchical pore distribution with a high mesopore content of 35.6 % and oxygen content of 17.1 %. Nitrogen (as a protecting gas) passes through water molecules provided by steam to absorb microwave energy and acts as a physical porogen to form mesopores. Using solid KOH allows one to bypass the time‐consuming drying process and generate sufficient micropores. Additionally, fast self‐pyrolysis and a high heating rate lead to the generation of both mesopores and macropores in a PC framework. Furthermore, multiple active centers can be formed during microwave heating and subsequently stabilized by oxidation once the PC is exposed to an air atmosphere, resulting in the attachment of oxygen functional groups to the PC surface. Based on these desirable physicochemical characteristics, the PC electrodes fabricated in this study exhibit a high specific capacitance of 338 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and high capacitance retention of 86 % at 10 A g−1. The final PC‐based supercapacitor delivers a maximum energy density of 17.1 Wh kg−1 in a Na2SO4 electrolyte and 8.6 Wh kg−1 in a KOH electrolyte.