bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustenance of Phytoplankton in the Subpolar North Atlantic During Winter
Authors: Karimpour Farid , Tandon Amit , Mahadevan Amala 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe consider two factors that affect the mixed layer depth (MLD) and potentially contribute to phytoplankton sustenance over winter—variability of air‐sea fluxes and three‐dimensional processes arising from horizontal density gradients (fronts). The role of these two factors is addressed using several three‐dimensional idealized numerical simulations in a process study ocean model forced with air‐sea fluxes at different temporal averaging frequencies. Results show that in winter, when the average mixed layer is much deeper than the euphotic layer and the period of daylight is short, phytoplankton production is relatively insensitive to high‐frequency variability in air‐sea fluxes. Short‐lived stratification events during light‐limited conditions have very little impact on phytoplankton production. On the other hand, the slumping of fronts shallows the mixed layer in a patchy manner and the associated restratification persists considerably longer than that caused by changes in air‐sea fluxes. Simulations with fronts show that in winter, the average MLD is about 600 m shallower than simulations without fronts. Prior to spring warming, the depth‐integrated phytoplankton concentration in the model with fronts is about twice as large as the case without fronts. Hence, even in winter, restratification by fronts is important for setting the MLD; it increases the residence time of phytoplankton in the euphotic layer and contributes to phytoplankton growth, thereby sustaining phytoplankton populations in winter. Higher model resolution intensifies submesoscale dynamics, leading to stronger restratification, shallower mixed layers, greater variability in the MLD, and more production of phytoplankton.
Spectral Characteristics of Gravity‐Capillary Waves, With Connections to Wave Growth and Microbreaking
Authors: Laxague Nathan J. M. , Zappa Christopher J. , LeBel Deborah A. , Banner Michael L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn order to improve our understanding of physical air‐sea interaction, it is essential to better describe the short‐scale ocean wave response to wind forcing. This is particularly true for waves which are small enough to evade observation by traditional buoy and point‐based gauge measurements but large enough to appreciably alter the transfer of momentum between atmosphere and ocean. Such waves are restored to equilibrium both by the Earth's gravity and air‐sea surface tension, hence the classification as “gravity‐capillary.” Radar remote sensing techniques depend greatly upon these waves in order to extract useful physical parameters from afar. Despite this importance, field observations of gravity‐capillary wave characteristics are uncommon and results vary from study to study. Furthermore, leading‐edge model wave number spectra generally do not match each other in shape or important spectral parameters. Here we present an extended analysis of short wave data collected via a polarimetric camera aboard Research Platform Floating Instrument Platform in the Santa Barbara Channel. Our wave number saturation spectra show the emergence of a peak in the gravity‐capillary subrange at low wind forcing magnitude (u*~0.045 m/s), consistent with critical wave growth in air side stability theory and previously only observed in the laboratory. Finally, the effects of microbreaking on wave spectral characteristics are discussed.
Hf‐Nd‐Sr Isotopic Composition as Fingerprint for Long‐Range Transported Eolian Dust Deposition in Glacier Snowpack of Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Dong Zhiwen , Shao Yaping , Qin Dahe , Kang Shichang , Wei Ting , Wang Xuejia , Wang Shijin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis study presents the Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic compositions of eolian dust deposited on glacier snowpacks along a longitude transect on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, in order to trace its source areas and the provenance of long‐range transported (LRT) Asian dust on the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau. Most of the glacier snowpack samples from northern locations (Qiyi and Lenglongling Glaciers) indicated similar Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios with that of large central Asian deserts. However, the southern locations (Dagu, Hailuogou, and Baishui Glaciers) showed dramatic difference in the Hf‐Nd‐Sr isotopic ratios of snowpack dust compared with those of large Asian deserts, but were more similar to that of Tibetan Plateau surface crust. Hf‐Nd isotopes indicated that the southern Tibetan Plateau locations are hardly influenced by central Asian dust, but probably influenced by southward dust transport from the Loess Plateau, in addition to the arid deserts on the Tibetan Plateau surface. Meteorological data and aerosol optical depth also demonstrated the potential differences of eolian dust transport and input between the north and south locations. Loess Plateau is even in today's climate a dust sink, but dust emission from the Loess Plateau is also possible. The influence of the Tibetan Plateau and southwest vortex of China to atmospheric circulation may have caused such eolian transport, in particular for LRT eolian dust transport to southeastern Tibetan Plateau glaicers. This study is also of importance in that the Hf‐Nd isotopic fingerprinting could provide new evidences for LRT dust deposition on the Tibetan Plateau.
DNS and LES for Simulating Stratocumulus: Better Together
Authors: Mellado J. P. , Bretherton C. S. , Stevens B. , Wyant M. C. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe argue that combining direct numerical simulation (DNS) with large‐eddy simulation (LES) and field studies could accelerate current lines of stratocumulus research. LES allows for a faster and more holistic study of the parameter space, but LES is sensitive to details of its formulation because the energetics are tied to unresolved processes in the cloud top region. One way to assess this sensitivity is through field studies. Another way is through DNS. In particular, DNS can be used to test the hypothesis that LES, even with an inadequate representation of the physics of cloud top entrainment, properly quantifies the sensitivity of cloud‐topped boundary layers to changing environmental conditions. We support this argument by contrasting theoretical aspects of both techniques, by presenting first DNS results of a stratocumulus‐topped boundary layer and discussing their convergence toward Reynolds number similarity, and by showing the consistency of DNS results with LES results and field measurements.
Neutrophil TLR4 and PKR are targets of breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycans and effectors of glycosaminoglycan-induced APRIL secretion
Authors: Bat-Erdene Uilst , Quan Eric , Chan Kelvin , Lee Brianna-Marie , Matook Wejdan , Lee Ki-Young , Rosales Jesusa L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which induces survival and migration signals and tumor growth, is commonly observed in breast cancer tissues but is not often expressed in breast cancer cells themselves. Here, we examined whether breast cancer cells induce APRIL secretion from neutrophils, which are frequently recruited into the breast tumor microenvironment. We found that breast cancer cells do stimulate neutrophils to secrete APRIL through their glycosaminoglycans. Breast cancer cells depleted of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans lose their ability to induce APRIL secretion from neutrophils, and heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate can induce secretion that is comparable to that of breast cancer cell-induced secretion. While stimulation of the RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is sufficient to induce neutrophil APRIL secretion, both PKR and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are required for breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycan-induced secretion as separate and specific inhibition of TLR4 or PKR completely prevents the process, suggesting that breast cancer cell glycosaminoglycans target neutrophil TLR4 and PKR to trigger APRIL secretion. Thus, apart from the putative role of cell surface heparan sulfate in binding APRIL that leads to cell growth, we demonstrate that heparan sulfate, as well as chondroitin sulfate plays a novel role in promoting neutrophil secretion of APRIL that could lead to further cell growth. We propose that breast cancer cells take advantage of the neutrophil recruitment to the tumor microenvironment through the dual role of heparan sulfate as cell surface receptor or docking molecule for APRIL and as a ligand that induces neutrophil APRIL secretion to promote their own growth.
Risk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteria
Authors: Lakshman Arjun , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Buadi Francis K. , Binder Moritz , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dispenzieri Angela , Dingli David , Fonder Amie L. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Hobbs Miriam A. , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Hwa Yi Lisa , Kapoor Prashant , Leung Nelson , Go Ronald S. , Lin Yi , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Warsame Rahma , Lust John A. , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Kyle Robert A. , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn 2014, the International Myeloma Working Group reclassified patients with smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) and bone marrow-plasma cell percentage (BMPC%) ≥ 60%, or serum free light chain ratio (FLCr) ≥ 100 or >1 focal lesion on magnetic resonance imaging as multiple myeloma (MM). Predictors of progression in patients currently classified as SMM are not known. We identified 421 patients with SMM, diagnosed between 2003 and 2015. The median time to progression (TTP) was 57 months (CI, 45–72). BMPC% > 20% [hazard ratio (HR): 2.28 (CI, 1.63–3.20); p < 0.0001]; M-protein > 2g/dL [HR: 1.56 (CI, 1.11–2.20); p = 0.01], and FLCr > 20 [HR: 2.13 (CI, 1.55–2.93); p < 0.0001] independently predicted shorter TTP in multivariate analysis. Age and immunoparesis were not significant. We stratified patients into three groups: low risk (none of the three risk factors; n = 143); intermediate risk (one of the three risk factors; n = 121); and high risk (≥2 of the three risk factors; n = 153). The median TTP for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups were 110, 68, and 29 months, respectively (p < 0.0001). BMPC% > 20%, M-protein > 2 g/dL, and FLCr > 20 at diagnosis can be used to risk stratify patients with SMM. Patients with high-risk SMM need close follow-up and are candidates for clinical trials aiming to prevent progression.
A recurrent point mutation in PRKCA is a hallmark of chordoid gliomas
Authors: Rosenberg Shai , Simeonova Iva , Bielle Franck , Verreault Maite , Bance Bertille , Le Roux Isabelle , Daniau Mailys , Nadaradjane Arun , Gleize Vincent , Paris Sophie , Marie Yannick , Giry Marine , Polivka Marc , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Aubriot-Lorton Marie-Hélène , Villa Chiara , Vasiljevic Alexandre , Lechapt-Zalcman Emmanuèle , Kalamarides Michel , Sharif Ariane , Mokhtari Karima , Pagnotta Stefano Maria , Iavarone Antonio , Lasorella Anna , Huillard Emmanuelle , Sanson Marc 
Published: June 2018

AbstractChordoid glioma (ChG) is a characteristic, slow growing, and well-circumscribed diencephalic tumor, whose mutational landscape is unknown. Here we report the analysis of 16 ChG by whole-exome and RNA-sequencing. We found that 15 ChG harbor the same PRKCA
D463H
mutation. PRKCA encodes the Protein kinase C (PKC) isozyme alpha (PKCα) and is mutated in a wide range of human cancers. However the hot spot PRKCA
D463H
mutation was not described in other tumors. PRKCA
D463H
is strongly associated with the activation of protein translation initiation (EIF2) pathway. PKCαD463H mRNA levels are more abundant than wild-type PKCα transcripts, while PKCαD463H is less stable than the PCKαWT protein. Compared to PCKαWT, the PKCαD463H protein is depleted from the cell membrane. The PKCαD463H mutant enhances proliferation of astrocytes and tanycytes, the cells of origin of ChG. In conclusion, our study identifies the hallmark mutation for chordoid gliomas and provides mechanistic insights on ChG oncogenesis.
A CD4-mimetic compound enhances vaccine efficacy against stringent immunodeficiency virus challenge
Authors: Madani Navid , Princiotto Amy M. , Mach Linh , Ding Shilei , Prevost Jérémie , Richard Jonathan , Hora Bhavna , Sutherland Laura , Zhao Connie A. , Conn Brandon P. , Bradley Todd , Moody M. Anthony , Melillo Bruno , Finzi Andrés , Haynes Barton F. , Smith III Amos B. , Santra Sampa , Sodroski Joseph 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer ((gp120/gp41)3) mediates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells. The “closed,” antibody-resistant Env trimer is driven to more open conformations by binding the host receptor, CD4. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved elements of the closed Env are potentially protective, but are elicited inefficiently. HIV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade readily elicited antibodies against more open Env conformations. Small-molecule CD4-mimetic compounds (CD4mc) bind the HIV-1 gp120 Env and promote conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4, exposing conserved Env elements to antibodies. Here, we show that a CD4mc synergizes with antibodies elicited by monomeric HIV-1 gp120 to protect monkeys from multiple high-dose intrarectal challenges with a heterologous simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). The protective immune response persists for at least six months after vaccination. CD4mc should increase the protective efficacy of any HIV-1 Env vaccine that elicits antibodies against CD4-induced conformations of Env.
Anion insertion enhanced electrodeposition of robust metal hydroxide/oxide electrodes for oxygen evolution
Authors: Yan Zhenhua , Sun Hongming , Chen Xiang , Liu Huanhuan , Zhao Yaran , Li Haixia , Xie Wei , Cheng Fangyi , Chen Jun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractElectrochemical deposition is a facile strategy to prepare functional materials but suffers from limitation in thin films and uncontrollable interface engineering. Here we report a universal electrosynthesis of metal hydroxides/oxides on varied substrates via reduction of oxyacid anions. On graphitic substrates, we find that the insertion of nitrate ion in graphene layers significantly enhances the electrodeposit–support interface, resulting in high mass loading and super hydrophilic/aerophobic properties. For the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction, the nanocrystalline cerium dioxide and amorphous nickel hydroxide co-electrodeposited on graphite exhibits low overpotential (177 mV@10 mA cm−2) and sustains long-term durability (over 300 h) at a large current density of 1000 mA cm−2. In situ Raman and operando X-ray diffraction unravel that the integration of cerium promotes the formation of electrocatalytically active gamma-phase nickel oxyhydroxide with exposed (003) facets. Therefore, combining anion intercalation with cathodic electrodeposition allows building robust electrodes with high electrochemical performance.
Comparative Evaluation of MS-based Metabolomics Software and Its Application to Preclinical Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hao Ling , Wang Jingxin , Page David , Asthana Sanjay , Zetterberg Henrik , Carlsson Cynthia , Okonkwo Ozioma C. , Li Lingjun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMass spectrometry-based metabolomics has undergone significant progresses in the past decade, with a variety of software packages being developed for data analysis. However, systematic comparison of different metabolomics software tools has rarely been conducted. In this study, several representative software packages were comparatively evaluated throughout the entire pipeline of metabolomics data analysis, including data processing, statistical analysis, feature selection, metabolite identification, pathway analysis, and classification model construction. LC-MS-based metabolomics was applied to preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using a small cohort of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (N = 30). All three software packages, XCMS Online, SIEVE, and Compound Discoverer, provided consistent and reproducible data processing results. A hybrid method combining statistical test and support vector machine feature selection was employed to screen key metabolites, achieving a complementary selection of candidate biomarkers from three software packages. Machine learning classification using candidate biomarkers generated highly accurate and predictive models to classify patients into preclinical AD or control category. Overall, our study demonstrated a systematic evaluation of different MS-based metabolomics software packages for the entire data analysis pipeline which was applied to the candidate biomarker discovery of preclinical AD.
Monitoring brain activity and behaviour in freely moving Drosophila larvae using bioluminescence
Authors: Marescotti Manuela , Lagogiannis Konstantinos , Webb Barbara , Davies R. Wayne , Armstrong J. Douglas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe present a bioluminescence method, based on the calcium-reporter Aequorin (AEQ), that exploits targeted transgenic expression patterns to identify activity of specific neural groups in the larval Drosophila nervous system. We first refine, for intact but constrained larva, the choice of Aequorin transgene and method of delivery of the co-factor coelenterazine and assay the luminescence signal produced for different neural expression patterns and concentrations of co-factor, using standard photo-counting techniques. We then develop an apparatus that allows simultaneous measurement of this neural signal while video recording the crawling path of an unconstrained animal. The setup also enables delivery and measurement of an olfactory cue (CO2) and we demonstrate the ability to record synchronized changes in Kenyon cell activity and crawling speed caused by the stimulus. Our approach is thus shown to be an effective and affordable method for studying the neural basis of behavior in Drosophila larvae.
Unraveling the Complexity of Wildland Urban Interface Fires
Authors: Mahmoud Hussam , Chulahwat Akshat 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRecent wildland urban interface fires have demonstrated the unrelenting destructive nature of these events and have called for an urgent need to address the problem. The Wildfire paradox reinforces the ideology that forest fires are inevitable and are actually beneficial; therefore focus should to be shifted towards minimizing potential losses to communities. This requires the development of vulnerability-based frameworks that can be used to provide holistic understanding of risk. In this study, we devise a probabilistic approach for quantifying community vulnerability to wildfires by applying concepts of graph theory. A directed graph for community in question is developed to model wildfire inside a community by incorporating different fire propagation modes. The model accounts for relevant community-specific characteristics including wind conditions, community layout, individual structural features, and the surrounding wildland vegetation. We calibrate the framework to study the infamous 1991 Oakland fire in an attempt to unravel the complexity of community fires. We use traditional centrality measures to identify critical behavior patterns and to evaluate the effect of fire mitigation strategies. Unlike current practice, the results are shown to be community-specific with substantial dependency of risk on meteorological conditions, environmental factors, and community characteristics and layout.
Association of gyrA and rrs gene mutations detected by MTBDRsl V1 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains of diverse genetic background from India
Authors: Rufai Syed Beenish , Singh Jitendra , Kumar Parveen , Mathur Purva , Singh Sarman 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThere is limited data on the use of Genotype MTBDRslVersion 1 (MTBDRsl V1) as an initial rapid screening test to rule out XDR-TB and most importantly its performance in various genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is scarcely studied. A total of 359 MDR-TB isolates were tested for gene mutations representing second line drug resistance, using the MTBDRsl_V.1 and the results were compared with phenotypic method (Bactec MGIT-960 system) for second-line drug (SLD) susceptibility testing. Genetic lineages of all these isolates were also determined using spoligotyping and SITVIT2 WEB database. The MTBDRsl V1 detected mutations in the gyrA, rrs, and emb genes in 108 (30%), 2 (0.5%) and 129 (35.9%) isolates, respectively. Remaining 120 (33.4%) had no second line drug (SLD) resistance. In 17 (4.7%) isolates mutations were detected in both gyrA and rrs genes. Its concordance with MGIT-960 culture drug susceptibility testing (DST) was 97% and 94.1%, 93.5%, 60.5% and 50% for the detection of XDR-TB, pre-XDR, Ethambutol, and Aminoglycosides/Cyclopeptides resistance. The Beijing lineage was predominant (46%) between both the pre-XDR/XDR-TB isolates. We conclude that MTBDRsl is useful for rapid detection of SLD resistance. Also in pre-XDR and XDR-TB isolates the frequency of relevant genetic mutations was significantly higher in the Beijing strains.
D-Cateslytin: a new antifungal agent for the treatment of oral Candida albicans associated infections
Authors: Dartevelle Pauline , Ehlinger Claire , Zaet Abdurraouf , Boehler Christian , Rabineau Morgane , Westermann Benoit , Strub Jean-Marc , Cianferani Sarah , Haïkel Youssef , Metz-Boutigue Marie-Hélène , Marban Céline 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe excessive use of antifungal agents, compounded by the shortage of new drugs being introduced into the market, is causing the accumulation of multi-resistance phenotypes in many fungal strains. Consequently, new alternative molecules to conventional antifungal agents are urgently needed to prevent the emergence of fungal resistance. In this context, Cateslytin (Ctl), a natural peptide derived from the processing of Chromogranin A, has already been described as an effective antimicrobial agent against several pathogens including Candida albicans. In the present study, we compared the antimicrobial activity of two conformations of Ctl, L-Ctl and D-Ctl against Candida albicans. Our results show that both D-Ctl and L-Ctl were potent and safe antifungal agents. However, in contrast to L-Ctl, D-Ctl was not degraded by proteases secreted by Candida albicans and was also stable in saliva. Using video microscopy, we also demonstrated that D-Ctl can rapidly enter C. albicans, but is unable to spread within a yeast colony unless from a mother cell to a daughter cell during cellular division. Besides, we revealed that the antifungal activity of D-Ctl could be synergized by voriconazole, an antifungal of reference in the treatment of Candida albicans related infections. In conclusion, D-Ctl can be considered as an effective, safe and stable antifungal and could be used alone or in a combination therapy with voriconazole to treat Candida albicans related diseases including oral candidosis.