bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating Fear Circuitry: Amygdala Projections to Subgenual and Perigenual Anterior Cingulate in the Macaque
Authors: Sharma K K , Kelly E A , Pfeifer C W , Fudge J L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRodent fear-learning models posit that amygdala–infralimbic connections facilitate extinction while amygdala–prelimbic prefrontal connections mediate fear expression. Analogous amygdala–prefrontal circuitry between rodents and primates is not established. Using paired small volumes of neural tracers injected into the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC; areas 24b and 32; a potential homologue to rodent prelimbic cortex) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, areas 25 and 14c; a potential homologue to rodent infralimbic cortex) in a single hemisphere, we mapped amygdala projections to the pgACC and sgACC within single subjects. All injections resulted in dense retrograde labeling specifically within the intermediate division of the basal nucleus (Bi) and the magnocellular division of the accessory basal nucleus (ABmc). Areal analysis revealed a bias for connectivity with the sgACC, with the ABmc showing a greater bias than the Bi. Double fluorescence analysis revealed that sgACC and pgACC projections were intermingled within the Bi and ABmc, where a proportion were double labeled. We conclude that amygdala inputs to the ACC largely originate from the Bi and ABmc, preferentially connect to the sgACC, and that a subset collaterally project to both sgACC and pgACC. These findings advance our understanding of fear extinction and fear expression circuitry across species.
How to Construe a Myth: Neutrality Within the United Nations System Under Special Consideration of the Austrian Case
Authors: Hilpold Peter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the 19th century neutrality was a highly appreciated concept. In the 20th century it widely lost relevance and in principle it should be incompatible with UN membership. However, also under the UN system, some States have opted for neutrality and it can be argued that there is still space for this status within the universal peace order. In fact, this peace order is far from perfect. There are several lacunae in the prohibition of the use of force and this concept is open to different interpretations. New threats, such as international terrorism, are emerging that could threaten the absolute prohibition of the use of force. It is contended here that neutrals could play an important role when it comes to finding an interpretation of this prohibition that best could reconcile the goals of peace and security with the overall—still imperfect—structure of the UN system. These questions are analysed with primary reference to Austrian neutrality which on the one hand seems obsolete but on the other is forcefully looking for a new meaning.
Genetically modulated educational attainment and coronary disease risk
Authors: Zeng Lingyao , Ntalla Ioanna , Kessler Thorsten , Kastrati Adnan , Erdmann Jeanette ,   The UK Biobank CardioMetabolic Consortium CHD Working Group, Danesh John , Watkins Hugh , Samani Nilesh J , Deloukas Panos , Schunkert Heribert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
Genetic disposition and lifestyle factors are understood as independent components underlying the risk of multiple diseases. In this study, we aim to investigate the interplay between genetics, educational attainment—an important denominator of lifestyle—and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

Methods and results
Based on the effect sizes of 74 genetic variants associated with educational attainment, we calculated a ‘genetic education score’ in 13 080 cases and 14 471 controls and observed an inverse correlation between the score and risk of CAD [P = 1.52 × 10−8; odds ratio (OR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73–0.85 for the higher compared with the lowest score quintile]. We replicated in 146 514 individuals from UK Biobank (P = 1.85 × 10−6) and also found strong associations between the ‘genetic education score’ with ‘modifiable’ risk factors including smoking (P = 5.36 × 10−23), body mass index (BMI) (P = 1.66 × 10−30), and hypertension (P = 3.86 × 10−8). Interestingly, these associations were only modestly attenuated by adjustment for years spent in school. In contrast, a model adjusting for BMI and smoking abolished the association signal between the ‘genetic education score’ and CAD risk suggesting an intermediary role of these two risk factors. Mendelian randomization analyses performed with summary statistics from large genome-wide meta-analyses and sensitivity analysis using 1271 variants affecting educational attainment (OR 0.68 for the higher compared with the lowest score quintile; 95% CI 0.63–0.74; P = 3.99 × 10−21) further strengthened these findings.

Conclusion
Genetic variants known to affect educational attainment may have implications for a health-conscious lifestyle later in life and subsequently affect the risk of CAD.
Outcomes of cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation in symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Hoffmann Ellen , Straube Florian , Wegscheider Karl , Kuniss Malte , Andresen Dietrich , Wu Li-Qun , Tebbenjohanns Jürgen , Noelker Georg , Tilz Roland Richard , Chun Julian Kyoung Ryul , Franke Andreas , Stellbrink Christoph , Garcia-Alberola Arcadi , Dorwarth Uwe , Metzner Andreas , Ouarrak Taoufik , Brachmann Johannes , Kuck Karl-Heinz , Senges Jochen ,   FREEZE Cohort Study Investigators, Souza J J , Stanley A , Spitzer S G , Willems S , Dierk T , Borchard R , Seidl K H , Zahn R , Groschup G , Obel I W P , Gerds-Li J H , Gopal R R , Schrickel J , Lewalter T , Stanley A , Moshage W , Eckardt L , Jung W , Kremer P , Lubinski A , Schumacher B , Lickfett L , Muenzel T , Steinwender C , Efremidis M , Deneke T , Nguyen D Q , Hochadel M , Schneider s 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Aims
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cryoballoon ablation (CBA) compared with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for symptomatic paroxysmal or drug-refractory persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results
Prospective cluster cohort study in experienced CBA and RFA centres. Primary endpoint was ‘atrial arrhythmia recurrence’, secondary endpoints were as follows: procedural results, safety, and clinical course. A total of 4189 patients were included: CBA 2329 (55.6%) and RFA 1860 (44.4%). Cryoballoon ablation population was younger, with fewer comorbidities. Procedure time was longer in the RFA group (P = 0.01). Radiation exposure was 2487 (CBA) and 1792 cGycm2 (RFA) (P &lt; 0.001). Follow-up duration was 441 (CBA) and 511 days (RFA) (P &lt; 0.0001). Primary endpoint occurred in 30.7% (CBA) and 39.4% patients (RFA) [adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.70–1.04; P = 0.12). In paroxysmal AF, CBA resulted in a lower risk of recurrence (adjHR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64–0.99; P = 0.047). In persistent AF, the primary outcome was not different between groups. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event rates were 1.0% (CBA) and 2.8% (RFA) (adjHR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26–1.10; P = 0.088). Re-ablations (adjHR 0.46, 95% CI 0.34–0.61; P &lt; 0.0001) and adverse events during follow-up (adjHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.88; P = 0.005) were less common after CBA. Higher rehospitalization rates with RFA were caused by re-ablations.

Conclusions
The primary endpoint did not differ between CBA and RFA. Cryoballoon ablation was completed rapidly; the radiation exposure was greater. Rehospitalization due to re-ablations and adverse events during follow-up were observed significantly less frequently after CBA than after RFA. Subgroup analysis suggested a lower risk of recurrence after CBA in paroxysmal AF.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01360008), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01360008.
‘Candidatus Oscillochloris fontis’: a novel mesophilic phototrophic Chloroflexota bacterium belonging to the ubiquitous Oscillochloris genus
Authors: Gaisin Vasil A , Burganskaya Ekaterina I , Grouzdev Denis S , Osipova Natalya S , Ashikhmin Aleksandr A , Sinetova Maria A , Krutkina Maria S , Bryantseva Irina A , Sukhacheva Marina V , Kochetkova Tatiana V , Koziaeva Veronika V , Kalashnikov Aleksandr M , Gorlenko Vladimir M 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a study of mesophilic anoxygenic phototrophic Chloroflexota bacteria from Mechigmen hot spring (the Chukotka Peninsula) and Siberia. According to 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, these bacteria belong to Oscillochloris trichoides. However, sequencing the draft genome of the bacterium from the Chukotka and analysis of the average nucleotide identity, as well as in silico DNA-DNA hybridization, reveal that this bacterium belongs to a novel species within the Oscillochloris genus. We, therefore, propose ‘Candidatus Oscillochloris fontis’ as a novel taxon to represent this mesophilic alkaliphilic anaerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium. Spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis show that the bacterium possesses bacteriochlorophylls c and a, as well as lycopene, β-carotene and γ-carotene. In addition, transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of chlorosomes, polyhydroxyalkanoate- and polyphosphate-like granules. The genome of ‘Ca. Oscillochloris fontis’ and the Siberian strains of Oscillochloris sp. possess the key genes for nitrogenase complex (nifH) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (cbbL), as previously described for O. trichoides DG-6. The results presented here, and previously published data, show that Oscillochloris bacteria from different aquatic environments have the potential for CO2 and N2 fixation. Additionally, we describe a new primer system for the detection of RuBisCo form I.
Negative impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Piovezan Júlia Mottecy , Premaor Melissa Orlandin , Comim Fábio Vasconcellos 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has reproductive and metabolic aspects that may affect bone health. Controversial results from different studies regarding the risk of fractures, bone mineral density (BMD) or bone markers led to uncertainty whether PCOS might improve or deteriorate bone health.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE
This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCOS on bone markers, BMD and fracture risk.

SEARCH METHODS
A systematic review and a meta-analysis were carried out. PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible studies from 1st of January of 1990 to 9th of October of 2018. Eligible studies enrolled women older than 18 years with PCOS, which should be diagnosed according to the Rotterdam Consensus, the Androgen Excess Society, the National Institutes of Health Consensus or the International Classification of Diseases. The studies were grouped according to patient mean BMI: <27 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2. The results were polled as mean difference (MD), standardized MD (SMD) and hazard ratio (HR).

OUTCOMES
Overall, 921 studies were retrieved, and 31 duplicated studies were removed. After screening the titles and abstracts, 80 studies were eligible for full text reading. Of those, 23 studies remained for qualitative synthesis. With the exception of one study, all studies were considered high quality based on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS; score ≥6). Meta-analysis was performed in 21 studies, with a total of 31 383 women with PCOS and 102 797 controls. Women with PCOS with BMI <27 kg/m2 had lower BMD of the total femur (MD, −0.04; 95% CI, −0.07 to 0.00; I2 = 31%; P = 0.22) and spine (MD, −0.07; 95% CI, −0.13 to −0.01; I2 = 70%; P < 0.01) when compared with the control group, whereas for women with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 no difference was observed (femur: MD, 0.02; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.05; I2 = 20%, P = 0.29; spine: MD, 0.02; 95% CI, −0.06 to 0.05; I2 = 0%; P = 0.84). Osteocalcin was remarkably reduced in women with PCOS with BMI <27 kg/m2 (SMD, −2.68; 95% CI, −4.70 to −0.67; I2 = 98%; P < 0.01), but in women with BMI ≥27 kg/m2, there were no differences between PCOS and controls. Few studies (n = 3) addressed the incidence of bone fractures in women with PCOS. The HR for total bone fractures did not identify differences between women with PCOS and controls.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS
On the basis of the available evidence, it is possible to assume that PCOS in women with BMI <27 kg/m2 is associated with reduced BMD in the spine and femur, and decreased bone formation, as manifested by lower levels of circulating osteocalcin. These findings suggest that bone parameters in PCOS may be linked, to some extent, to adiposity. These studies included premenopausal women, who have already achieved peak bone mass. Hence, further prospective studies are necessary to clarify the existence of increased risk of fractures in women with PCOS.
Changes in Vedolizumab Utilization Across US Academic Centers and Community Practice Are Associated With Improved Effectiveness and Disease Outcomes
Authors: Koliani-Pace Jenna L , Singh Siddharth , Luo Michelle , Hirten Robert , Aniwan Satimai , Kochhar Gursimran , Chang Shannon , Lukin Dana , Gao Youran , Bohm Matthew , Swaminath Arun , Gupta Nitin , Shmidt Eugenia , Meserve Joseph , Winters Adam , Chablaney Shreya , Faleck David M , Yang Jiao , Huang Zhongwen , Boland Brigid S , Shashi Preeti , Weiss Aaron , Hudesman David , Varma Sashidhar , Fischer Monika , Sultan Keith , Shen Bo , Kane Sunanda , Loftus Edward V , Sands Bruce E , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Sandborn William J , Lasch Karen , Siegel Corey A , Dulai Parambir S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Vedolizumab effectiveness estimates immediately after Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are limited by use in refractory populations. We aimed to compare treatment patterns and outcomes of vedolizumab in 2 time frames after FDA approval.

Methods
We used 2 data sets for time trend analysis, an academic multicenter vedolizumab consortium (VICTORY) and the Truven MarketScan database, and 2 time periods, May 2014–June 2015 (Era 1) and July 2015–June 2017 (Era 2). VICTORY cumulative 12-month clinical remission, corticosteroid-free remission, and mucosal healing rates, and Truven 12-month hospitalization and surgery rates, were compared between Eras 1 and 2 using time-to-event analyses.

Results
A total of 3661 vedolizumab-treated patients were included (n = 1087 VICTORY, n = 2574 Truven). In both cohorts, CD and UC patients treated during Era 2 were more likely to be biologic naïve. Compared with Era 1, Era 2 CD patients in the VICTORY consortium had higher rates of clinical remission (31% vs 40%, P = 0.03) and mucosal healing (42% vs 58%, P < 0.01). These trends were not observed for UC. In the Truven database, UC patients treated during Era 2 had lower rates of inflammatory bowel disease–related hospitalization (22.4% vs 9.6%, P < 0.001) and surgery (17.2% vs 9.4%, P = 0.008), which was not observed for CD.

Conclusion
Since FDA approval, remission and mucosal healing rates have increased for vedolizumab-treated CD patients, and vedolizumab-treated UC patients have had fewer hospitalizations and surgeries. This is likely due to differences between patient populations treated immediately after drug approval and those treated later.
Root System Chip-Firing II: Central-Firing
Authors: Galashin Pavel , Hopkins Sam , McConville Thomas , Postnikov Alexander 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Jim Propp recently proposed a labeled version of chip-firing on a line and conjectured that this process is confluent from some initial configurations. This was proved by Hopkins–McConville–Propp. We reinterpret Propp’s labeled chip-firing moves in terms of root systems; a “central-firing” move consists of replacing a weight $\lambda$ by $\lambda +\alpha$ for any positive root $\alpha$ that is orthogonal to $\lambda$. We show that central-firing is always confluent from any initial weight after modding out by the Weyl group, giving a generalization of unlabeled chip-firing on a line to other types. For simply-laced root systems we describe this unlabeled chip-firing as a number game on the Dynkin diagram. We also offer a conjectural classification of when central-firing is confluent from the origin or a fundamental weight.
Product Formula for the Limits of Normalized Characters of Kirillov–Reshetikhin Modules
Authors: Lee Chul-hee 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The normalized characters of Kirillov–Reshetikhin modules over a quantum affine algebra have a limit as a formal power series. Mukhin and Young found a conjectural product formula for this limit, which resembles the Weyl denominator formula. We prove this formula except for some cases in type $E_8$ by employing an algebraic relation among these limits, which is a variant of $Q\widetilde{Q}$-relations.
Conjoined twins in Aegla uruguayana Schmitt, 1942 (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae)
Authors: Diawol Valeria P , Negro Carlos L , Musin Gabriela E , Collins Pablo A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe first instance of a pair of conjoined embryos in Aegla uruguayanaSchmitt, 1942 is reported. Collected in a stream in Entre Ríos province, Argentina, the embryos were detected among 550 eggs containing embryos with normal morphological development, and constitute the second observed case of twins in AeglaLeach, 1820. The twins were joined together by their dorsum and lived for a few days in the laboratory; however, they did not hatch, dying inside the egg envelope.
Modulation of oxidative damage by lipopolysaccharides and antioxidant responses in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense Bott 1967 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonidae) during cadmium exposure
Authors: Zhou Yanying , Luo Zhengming , Wang Lan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a toxic pollutant that exerts adverse effects on organisms. We examined oxidative damage and antioxidative parameters in hemocytes of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense Bott 1967 exposed to sublethal levels of Cd for 21 d. We also examined the immunomodulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on oxidation caused by Cd in the crab. Cd induced higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels but ROS production in crab hemocytes was down-regulated after LPS injection. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl derivatives (PCO), DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs) coefficient in the hemocytes of crabs exposed to Cd increased. LPS injection could decrease these oxidative parameters. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly inhibited by Cd and LPS enhanced the activity of T-AOC in crab hemocytes. Cd treatment also up-regulated activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Only CAT activity decreased when crabs were exposed to Cd followed by LPS stimulation. Peroxidase (POD) activities showed little change after Cd or LPS treatments. The oxidative damage caused by Cd exposure may be reduced by LPS, suggesting its possible use in aquaculture as an immunostimulant for crustaceans.
Plant vibrations at all scales: a review
Authors: de Langre Emmanuel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPlant vibrations is a wide subject that covers topics ranging from the swaying of trees under wind to elastic waves made by an insect on a leaf to communicate with its neighbors. For this reason, the state of the art is somehow fragmented over several communities. This review aims at giving a general overview of the main results and challenges in plant vibrations. Several scales are considered, from the very small and local, in leaves or fruits, to large canopies of many plants.
Rhodanese domain-containing sulfurtransferases: multifaceted proteins involved in sulfur trafficking in plants
Authors: Selles Benjamin , Moseler Anna , Rouhier Nicolas , Couturier Jérémy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSulfur is an essential element for the growth and development of plants, which synthesize cysteine and methionine from the reductive assimilation of sulfate. Besides its incorporation into proteins, cysteine is the building block for the biosynthesis of numerous sulfur-containing molecules and cofactors. The required sulfur atoms are extracted either directly from cysteine by cysteine desulfurases or indirectly after its catabolic transformation to 3-mercaptopyruvate, a substrate for sulfurtransferases (STRs). Both enzymes are transiently persulfidated in their reaction cycle, i.e. the abstracted sulfur atom is bound to a reactive cysteine residue in the form of a persulfide group. Trans-persulfidation reactions occur when sulfur atoms are transferred to nucleophilic acceptors such as glutathione, proteins, or small metabolites. STRs form a ubiquitous, multigenic protein family. They are characterized by the presence of at least one rhodanese homology domain (Rhd), which usually contains the catalytic, persulfidated cysteine. In this review, we focus on Arabidopsis STRs, presenting the sequence characteristics of all family members as well as their biochemical and structural features. The physiological functions of particular STRs in the biosynthesis of molybdenum cofactor, thio-modification of cytosolic tRNAs, arsenate tolerance, cysteine catabolism, and hydrogen sulfide formation are also discussed.
Hyperons and quarks in proto-neutron stars
Authors: Roark J , Du X , Constantinou C , Dexheimer V , Steiner A W , Stone J R 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
In this work, we study matter in the cores of proto-neutron stars, focusing on the impact of their composition on the stellar structure. We begin by examining the effects of finite temperature (through a fixed entropy per baryon) and lepton fraction on purely nucleonic matter by making use of the DSH (Du, Steiner & Holt) model. We then turn our attention to a relativistic mean-field model containing exotic degrees of freedom, the Chiral Mean Field (CMF) model, again, under the conditions of finite temperature and trapped neutrinos. In the latter, since both hyperons and quarks are found in the cores of large-mass stars, their interplay and the possibility of mixtures of phases is taken into account and analysed. Finally, we discuss how stellar rotation can affect our results.
The plasmoid instability in a confined solar flare
Authors: MacTaggart David , Fletcher Lyndsay 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Eruptive flares (EFs) are associated with erupting filaments and, in some models, filament eruption drives flare reconnection. Recently, however, observations of a confined flare (CF) have revealed all the hallmarks of an EF (impulsive phase, flare ribbons, etc.) without the filament eruption itself. Therefore, if the filament is not primarily responsible for impulsive flare reconnection, what is? In this Letter, we argue, based on mimimal requirements, that the plasmoid instability is a strong candidate for explaining the impulsive phase in the observed CF. We present magnetohydrodynamic simulation results of the non-linear development of the plasmoid instability, in a model active region magnetic field geometry, to strengthen our claim. We also discuss how the ideas described in this Letter can be generalized to other situations, including EFs.