bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of treatment planning approaches for spatially fractionated irradiation of deep tumors
Authors: Sheikh Khadija , Hrinivich William T. , Bell Leslie A. , Moore Joseph A. , Laub Wolfram , Viswanathan Akila N. , Yan Yulong , McNutt Todd R. , Meyer Jeffrey 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this work was to compare the dosimetry and delivery times of 3D‐conformal (3DCRT)‐, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)‐, and tomotherapy‐based approaches for spatially fractionated radiation therapy for deep tumor targets.MethodsTwo virtual GRID phantoms were created consisting of 7 “target” cylinders (1‐cm diameter) aligned longitudinally along the tumor in a honey‐comb pattern, mimicking a conventional GRID block, with 2‐cm center‐to‐center spacing (GRID2 cm) and 3‐cm center‐to‐center spacing (GRID3 cm), all contained within a larger cylinder (8 and 10 cm in diameter for the GRID2 cm and GRID3 cm, respectively). In a single patient, a GRID3 cm structure was created within the gross tumor volume (GTV). Tomotherapy, VMAT (6 MV + 6 MV‐flattening‐filter‐free) and multi‐leaf collimator segment 3DCRT (6 MV) plans were created using commercially available software. Two tomotherapy plans were created with field widths (TOMO2.5 cm) 2.5 cm and (TOMO5 cm) 5 cm. Prescriptions for all plans were set to deliver a mean dose of 15 Gy to the GRID targets in one fraction. The mean dose to the GRID target and the heterogeneity of the dose distribution (peak‐to‐valley and peak‐to‐edge dose ratios) inside the GRID target were obtained. The volume of normal tissue receiving 7.5 Gy was determined.ResultsThe peak‐to‐valley ratios for GRID2 cm/GRID3 cm/Patient were 2.1/2.3/2.8, 1.7/1.5/2.8, 1.7/1.9/2.4, and 1.8/2.0/2.8 for the 3DCRT, VMAT, TOMO5 cm, and TOMO2.5 cm plans, respectively. The peak‐to‐edge ratios for GRID2 cm/GRID3 cm/Patient were 2.8/3.2/5.4, 2.1/1.8/5.4, 2.0/2.2/3.9, 2.1/2.7/5.2 and for the 3DCRT, VMAT, TOMO5 cm, and TOMO2.5 cm plans, respectively. The volume of normal tissue receiving 7.5 Gy was lowest in the TOMO2.5 cm plan (GRID2 cm/GRID3 cm/Patient = 54 cm3/19 cm3/10 cm3). The VMAT plans had the lowest delivery times (GRID2 cm/GRID3 cm/Patient = 17 min/8 min/9 min).ConclusionOur results present, for the first time, preliminary evidence comparing IMRT‐GRID approaches which result in high‐dose “islands” within a target, mimicking what is achieved with a conventional GRID block but without high‐dose “tail” regions outside of the target. These approaches differ modestly in their ability to achieve high peak‐to‐edge ratios and also differ in delivery times.
Atomic‐Scale Spectroscopic Imaging of the Extreme‐UV Optical Response of B‐ and N‐Doped Graphene
Authors: Hage Fredrik S. , Kapetanakis Myron D. , Idrobo Juan‐Carlos , Ramasse Quentin M. , Kepaptsoglou Demie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSubstitutional doping of graphene by impurity atoms such as boron and nitrogen, followed by atom‐by‐atom manipulation via scanning transmission electron microscopy, can allow for accurate tailoring of its electronic structure, plasmonic response, and even the creation of single atom devices. Beyond the identification of individual dopant atoms by means of “Z contrast” imaging, spectroscopic characterization is needed to understand the modifications induced in the electronic structure and plasmonic response. Here, atomic scale spectroscopic imaging in the extreme UV‐frequency band is demonstrated. Characteristic and energy‐loss‐dependent contrast changes centered on individual dopant atoms are highlighted. These effects are attributed to local dopant‐induced modifications of the electronic structure and are shown to be in excellent agreement with calculations of the associated densities of states.
Constructing CoO/Co3S4 Heterostructures Embedded in N‐doped Carbon Frameworks for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Guo Can , Zhang Wenchao , Liu Yi , He Jiapeng , Yang Shun , Liu Mingkai , Wang Qinghong , Guo Zaiping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHeterostructures are attractive for advanced energy storage devices due to their rapid charge transfer kinetics, which is of benefit to the rate performance. The rational and facile construction of heterostructures with satisfactory electrochemical performance, however, is still a great challenge. Herein, ultrafine hetero‐CoO/Co3S4 nanoparticles embedded in N‐doped carbon frameworks (CoO/Co3S4@N‐C) are successfully obtained by employing metal‐organic frameworks as precursors. As anodes for sodium ion batteries, the CoO/Co3S4@N‐C electrodes exhibit high specific capacity (1029.5 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and excellent rate capability (428.0 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1), which may be attributed to their enhanced electric conductivity, facilitated Na+ transport, and intrinsic structural stability. Density functional theoretical calculations further confirm that the constructed heterostructures induce electric fields and promote fast reaction kinetics in Na+ transport. This work provides a feasible approach to construct metal oxide/sulfide heterostructures toward high‐performance metal‐ion batteries.
Plasmonic Nanoparticles with Supramolecular Recognition
Authors: Mosquera Jesús , Zhao Yuan , Jang Hee‐Jeong , Xie Nuli , Xu Chuanlai , Kotov Nicholas A. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEven after more than two decades of intense studies, the research on self‐assembly processes involving supramolecular interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) is continuously expanding. Plasmonic NPs have attracted particular attention due to strong optical, electrical, biological, and catalytic effects they are accompanied with. Surface plasmon resonance characteristics of plasmonic NPs and their assemblies enable fine‐tuning of these effects with unprecedented dynamic range. In turn, the uniquely high polarizability of plasmonic nanostructures and related optical effects exemplified by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and red–blue color changes give rise to their application to biosensing. Since supramolecular interactions are ubiquitous in nature, scientists have found a spectrum of biomimetic properties of individual and assembled NPs that can be regulated by the layer of surface ligands coating all NPs. This paradigm has given rise to multiple studies from the design of molecular containers and enzyme‐like catalysts to chiroplasmonic assemblies. Computational and theoretical advances in plasmonic effects for geometrically complex structures have made possible the nanoscale engineering of NPs, assemblies, and supramolecular complexes with biomolecules. It is anticipated that further studies in this area will be expanded toward chiral catalysis, environmental monitoring, disease diagnosis, and therapy.
Hyaluronidase with pH‐responsive Dextran Modification as an Adjuvant Nanomedicine for Enhanced Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Wang Hairong , Han Xiao , Dong Ziliang , Xu Jun , Wang Jian , Liu Zhuang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe condensed tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of key factors that results in the aberrant tumor microenvironment (TME) and the resistance to various types of therapies. Herein, hyaluronidase (HAase) is modified by a biocompatible polymer, dextran (DEX), via a pH‐responsive traceless linker. The formulated DEX‐HAase nanoparticles show enhanced enzyme stability, reduced immunogenicity, and prolonged blood half‐life after intravenous injection. With efficient tumor passive accumulation, DEX‐HAase within the acidic TME would be dissociated to release native HAase, which afterward triggers the breakdown of HA to loosen the ECM structure, subsequently leading to enhanced penetration of oxygen and other therapeutic agents. The largely relieved tumor hypoxia would promote the therapeutic effect of nanoparticle‐based photodynamic therapy (PDT), accompanied by the reverse of the immunosuppressive TME to boost cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, the therapeutic responses achieved by the combination of PDT and anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (anti‐PD‐L1) checkpoint blockade therapy could be significantly enhanced by pretreatment with DEX‐HAase. In addition to destructing tumors with direct light exposure, a robust abscopal effect is achieved after such treatment, which is promising for tumor metastasis inhibition. The work presents a new type of adjuvant nanomedicine to assist photodynamic‐immunotherapy of cancer, by effective modulation of TME.
Pressure‐Tunable Ambipolar Conduction and Hysteresis in Thin Palladium Diselenide Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Di Bartolomeo Antonio , Pelella Aniello , Liu Xiaowei , Miao Feng , Passacantando Maurizio , Giubileo Filippo , Grillo Alessandro , Iemmo Laura , Urban Francesca , Liang Shi‐Jun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFew‐layer palladium diselenide (PdSe2) field effect transistors are studied under external stimuli such as electrical and optical fields, electron irradiation, and gas pressure. The ambipolar conduction and hysteresis are observed in the transfer curves of the as‐exfoliated and unprotected PdSe2 material. The ambipolar conduction and its hysteretic behavior in the air and pure nitrogen environments are tuned. The prevailing p‐type transport observed at atmospheric pressure is reversibly turned into a dominant n‐type conduction by reducing the pressure, which can simultaneously suppress the hysteresis. The pressure control can be exploited to symmetrize and stabilize the transfer characteristics of the device as required in high‐performance logic circuits. The transistors are affected by trap states with characteristic times in the order of minutes. The channel conductance, dramatically reduced by the electron irradiation during scanning electron microscope imaging, is restored after an annealing of several minutes at room temperature. The work paves the way toward the exploitation of PdSe2 in electronic devices by providing an experiment‐based and deep understanding of charge transport in PdSe2 transistors subjected to electrical stress and other external agents.
Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces for Advanced Ionic Electronic Conducting Oxides
Authors: Acosta Matias , Baiutti Federico , Tarancón Albert , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMixed ionic electronic conductors (MIEC) are pivotal materials in a number of electrochemical devices that are relevant for clean energy technologies and industrial chemical processes. In this report progress, an overview of the recent strategies to tune surfaces and interfaces of MIEC fluorite and perovskite oxides for solid oxide fuel cells and microsolid oxide fuel cells electrodes is provided. Most of the works presented focus on salient strategies to improve the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the fuel oxidation reaction kinetics. Herein insights on the current understanding of heterointerfaces in epitaxial thin films and vertically aligned nanocomposites for ORR kinetics is provided. A selection of oxide materials having potential for thin‐film anode application is also presented. Further, recent salient results in grain boundary engineering and ex‐solution as well as strain engineering and photoactivation for the development of advanced electrodes is discussed.
A Multifunctional Biodegradable Nanocomposite for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Wu Jianrong , Williams Gareth R. , Niu Shiwei , Gao Feng , Tang Ranran , Zhu Li‐Min 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTheranostic formulations, integrating both diagnostic and therapeutic functions into a single platform, hold great potential for precision medicines. In this work, a biodegradable theranostic based on hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) is reported and explored for ultrasound/photoacoustic dual‐modality imaging guided chemo‐photothermal therapy of cancer. The HMONs prepared are endowed with glutathione‐responsive biodegradation behavior by incorporating disulfide bonds into their framework. The nanoparticles are loaded with indocyanine green (ICG) and perfluoropentane (PFP). The former acts as a photothermal agent and the latter can generate bubbles for ultrasound imaging. A paclitaxel prodrug is developed to both serve as a redox‐sensitive gatekeeper controlling ICG release from the HMON pores and a chemotherapeutic. ICG generates mild hyperthermia upon exposure to an 808 nm laser, and this in turn leads to a liquid–gas phase transition of PFP, resulting in the generation of bubbles which can be used for ultrasound imaging. The platform is found to have excellent properties for both ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo results show that the nanoparticles provide potent synergistic chemo‐photothermal therapy. The material developed in this work thus has great potential for exploitation in advanced cancer therapies.
A Chest‐Laminated Ultrathin and Stretchable E‐Tattoo for the Measurement of Electrocardiogram, Seismocardiogram, and Cardiac Time Intervals
Authors: Ha Taewoo , Tran Jason , Liu Siyi , Jang Hongwoo , Jeong Hyoyoung , Mitbander Ruchika , Huh Heeyong , Qiu Yitao , Duong Jason , Wang Rebecca L. , Wang Pulin , Tandon Animesh , Sirohi Jayant , Lu Nanshu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSeismocardiography (SCG) is a measure of chest vibration associated with heartbeats. While skin soft electronic tattoos (e‐tattoos) have been widely reported for electrocardiogram (ECG) sensing, wearable SCG sensors are still based on either rigid accelerometers or non‐stretchable piezoelectric membranes. This work reports an ultrathin and stretchable SCG sensing e‐tattoo based on the filamentary serpentine mesh of 28‐µm‐thick piezoelectric polymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). 3D digital image correlation (DIC) is used to map chest vibration to identify the best location to mount the e‐tattoo and to investigate the effects of substrate stiffness. As piezoelectric sensors easily suffer from motion artifacts, motion artifacts are effectively reduced by performing subtraction between a pair of identical SCG tattoos placed adjacent to each other. Integrating the soft SCG sensor with a pair of soft gold electrodes on a single e‐tattoo platform forms a soft electro‐mechano‐acoustic cardiovascular (EMAC) sensing tattoo, which can perform synchronous ECG and SCG measurements and extract various cardiac time intervals including systolic time interval (STI). Using the EMAC tattoo, strong correlations between STI and the systolic/diastolic blood pressures, are found, which may provide a simple way to estimate blood pressure continuously and noninvasively using one chest‐mounted e‐tattoo.
Engineering Cell Membrane‐Based Nanotherapeutics to Target Inflammation
Authors: Yan Huize , Shao Dan , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Li Mingqiang , Hu Hanze , Leong Kam W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInflammation is ubiquitous in the body, triggering desirable immune response to defend against dangerous signals or instigating undesirable damage to cells and tissues to cause disease. Nanomedicine holds exciting potential in modulating inflammation. In particular, cell membranes derived from cells involved in the inflammatory process may be used to coat nanotherapeutics for effective targeted delivery to inflammatory tissues. Herein, the recent progress of rationally engineering cell membrane‐based nanotherapeutics for inflammation therapy is highlighted, and the challenges and opportunities presented in realizing the full potential of cell‐membrane coating in targeting and manipulating the inflammatory microenvironment are discussed.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridine Derivatives via Sequential AlCl3‐Catalyzed Condensation/Aza‐Wittig/Isomerization Reactions and a Study of their Antifungal Activities
Authors: Ren Zhi‐Lin , Su Lei , Cai Shuang , Lu Wen‐Ting , Qiao Yue , He Ping , Ding Ming‐Wu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA facile approach to access polysubstituted pyridine derivatives starting from Baylis‐Hillman adducts is disclosed. The reactions proceeded smoothly by sequential AlCl3‐catalyzed condensation/aza‐Wittig/isomerization reactions, leading to the target products at room temperature within 24 h in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, the final products were evaluated in mycelial growth tests against Pythium dissimile, Botryotinia fuckeliana and Zymoseptoria tritici and showed potential activities.
Catalytic Ammonia Oxidation to Dinitrogen by Hydrogen Atom Abstraction
Authors: Bhattacharya Papri , Heiden Zachariah M. , Chambers Geoffrey M. , Johnson Samantha I. , Bullock R. Morris , Mock Michael T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCatalysts for the oxidation of NH3 are critical for the utilization of NH3 as a large‐scale energy carrier. Molecular catalysts capable of oxidizing NH3 to N2 are rare. This report describes the use of [Cp*Ru(PtBu2NPh2)(15NH3)][BArF4], (PtBu2NPh2=1,5‐di(phenylaza)‐3,7‐di(tert‐butylphospha)cyclooctane; ArF=3,5‐(CF3)2C6H3), to catalytically oxidize NH3 to dinitrogen under ambient conditions. The cleavage of six N−H bonds and the formation of an N≡N bond was achieved by coupling H+ and e− transfers as net hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) steps using the 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenoxyl radical (tBu3ArO.) as the H atom acceptor. Employing an excess of tBu3ArO. under 1 atm of NH3 gas at 23 °C resulted in up to ten turnovers. Nitrogen isotopic (15N) labeling studies provide initial mechanistic information suggesting a monometallic pathway during the N⋅⋅⋅N bond‐forming step in the catalytic cycle.
Swelling‐Induced Chain Stretching Enhances Hydrolytic Degrafting of Hydrophobic Polymer Brushes in Organic Media
Authors: Wang Jian , Klok Harm‐Anton 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHydrophilic polymer brushes grown via surface‐initiated polymerization from silicon oxide surfaces can detach or degraft in aqueous media. Degrafting of these chain end‐tethered polymers is believed to involve hydrolysis of bonds at the polymer–substrate interface. Degrafting so far has not been reported for hydrophobic polymer brushes in non‐aqueous media. This study has investigated the degrafting and swelling properties of poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA) brushes in different water‐miscible, organic solvents, viz. DMF, acetone and THF. In the presence of a sufficient quantity of water in the organic solvent, degrafting was also observed for PtBMA brushes. More importantly, however, the rate of degrafting depended on the nature of the organic solvent and the apparent initial rate constant of the degrafting reaction was found to correlate with the swelling ratio of the polymer brush in the different solvents. This correlation is first, direct evidence in support of the hypothesis that degrafting is facilitated by a tension that acts on the bond(s) that tether the polymer chains to the surface and which is amplified upon swelling of the polymer brush.
Highly Efficient CO2 Utilization via Aqueous Zinc– or Aluminum–CO2 Systems for Hydrogen Gas Evolution and Electricity Production
Authors: Kim Changmin , Kim Jeongwon , Joo Sangwook , Yang Yejin , Shin Jeeyoung , Liu Meilin , Cho Jaephil , Kim Guntae 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAtmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased from 278 to 408 parts per million (ppm) over the industrial period and has critically impacted climate change. In response to this crisis, carbon capture, utilization, and storage/sequestration technologies have been studied. So far, however, the economic feasibility of the existing conversion technologies is still inadequate owing to sluggish CO2 conversion. Herein, we report an aqueous zinc– and aluminum–CO2 system that utilizes acidity from spontaneous dissolution of CO2 in aqueous solution to generate electrical energy and hydrogen (H2). The system has a positively shifted onset potential of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by 0.4 V compared to a typical HER under alkaline conditions and facile HER kinetics with low Tafel slope of 34 mV dec−1. The Al–CO2 system has a maximum power density of 125 mW cm−2 which is the highest value among CO2 utilization electrochemical system.
Abbildung des Orbitals des ungepaarten Elektrons in einem stabilen, organischen Radikal anhand seiner Kondo‐Resonanz
Authors: Patera Laerte L. , Sokolov Sophia , Low Jonathan Z. , Campos Luis M. , Venkataraman Latha , Repp Jascha 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDie Adsorptionsgeometrie und elektronische Struktur eines auf einer Goldoberfläche adsorbierten Blatter‐Radikals wurden mittels einer Kombination aus hochauflösender Rasterkraftmikroskopie und Rastertunnelmikroskopie untersucht. Trotz der Hybridisierung der elektronischen Zustände des Moleküls mit Zuständen der Goldoberfläche, die eine direkte Beobachtung der Erstgenannten verhindert, kann das Orbital des ungepaarten Elektrons mit Ångström‐Auflösung untersucht werden, indem die räumliche Verteilung der Kondo‐Resonanz abgebildet wird. Das oben genannte Orbital ist bei dem hier untersuchten Blatter‐Derivat über einige, aber nicht alle Teile des Moleküls delokalisiert, wobei die Kondo‐Signatur direkt die räumliche Verteilung des Orbitals widerspiegelt. Die räumliche Kondo‐Signatur zeigt eine ausgeprägte Knotenebenenstruktur, die ebenfalls der des Orbitals des ungepaarten Elektrons entspricht. Schließlich zeigen wir, dass die Kondo‐Resonanz auch bei einer nicht‐kovalenten Dimerisierung von Molekülen erhalten bleibt.
Reducing the Exciton Binding Energy of Donor–Acceptor‐Based Conjugated Polymers to Promote Charge‐Induced Reactions
Authors: Lan Zhi‐An , Zhang Guigang , Chen Xiong , Zhang Yongfan , Zhang Kai A. I. , Wang Xinchen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExciton binding energy has been regarded as a crucial parameter for mediating charge separation in polymeric photocatalysts. Minimizing the exciton binding energy of the polymers can increase the yield of charge‐carrier generation and thus improve the photocatalytic activities, but the realization of this approach remains a great challenge. Herein, a series of linear donor–acceptor conjugated polymers has been developed to minimize the exciton binding energy by modulating the charge‐transfer pathway. The results reveal that the reduced energy loss of the charge‐transfer state can facilitate the electron transfer from donor to acceptor, and thus, more electrons are ready for subsequent reduction reactions. The optimized polymer, FSO‐FS, exhibits a remarkable photochemical performance under visible light irradiation.
Unraveling the Interfacial Charge Migration Pathway at the Atomic Level in a Highly Efficient Z‐Scheme Photocatalyst
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Mao Yueshuang , Li Lina , Shen Zhurui , Luo Xiao , Wu Kaifeng , An Pengfei , Wang Haitao , Su Lina , Li Yi , Zhan Sihui 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA highly efficient Z‐scheme photocatalytic system constructed with 1D CdS and 2D CoS2exhibited high photocatalytic hydrogen‐evolution activity of 5.54 mmol h−1 g−1with an apparent quantum efficiency of 10.2 % at 420 nm. More importantly, its interfacial charge migration pathway was unraveled: The electrons are efficiently transferred from CdS to CoS2through a transition atomic layer connected by Co–S5.8coordination, thus resulting in more photogenerated carriers participating in surface reactions. Furthermore, the charge‐trapping and charge‐transfer processes were investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy, which gave an estimated charge‐separation yield of approximately 91.5 % and a charge‐separated‐state lifetime of approximately (5.2±0.5) ns in CdS/CoS2. This study elucidates the key role of interfacial atomic layers in heterojunctions and will facilitate the development of more efficient Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems.