bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Moral Theology to Moral Philosophy
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries represent a period of remarkable intellectual vitality in British philosophy, as figures such as Hobbes, Locke, Hume, and Smith attempted to explain the origins and sustaining mechanisms of civil society. Their insights continue to inform how political and moral theorists think about the world in which we live. The aim of this book is to reconstruct a debate which preoccupied contemporaries, but which seems arcane to us today. This concerned the relationship between reason and revelation as the two sources of mankind’s knowledge, particularly in the ethical realm: to what extent, they asked, could reason alone discover the content and obligatory character of morality? This was held to be a historical, rather than merely a theoretical question: had the philosophers of pre-Christian antiquity, ignorant of Christ, been able satisfactorily to explain the moral universe? What role did natural theology play in their ethical theories—and was it consistent with the teachings delivered by revelation? Much recent scholarship has drawn attention to the early-modern interest in two late Hellenistic philosophical traditions—Stoicism and Epicureanism. Yet in the English context, three figures above all—John Locke, Conyers Middleton, and David Hume—quite deliberately and explicitly identified their approaches with Cicero as the representative of an alternative philosophical tradition, critical of both the Stoic and the Epicurean: academic scepticism. All argued that Cicero provided a means of addressing what they considered to be the most pressing question facing contemporary philosophy: the relationship between moral theology and moral philosophy.
Epilogue
Authors: Stuart-Buttle Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hume’s naturalistic moral philosophy and rejection of moral theology represented a challenge to which his Scottish contemporaries sought to respond. Almost all did so with reference to Cicero—whom they sought to re-appropriate for a broadly Stoic ethical tradition which was held to be amenable to a polite Presbyterian Christianity. Drawing together the discussions in the foregoing chapters, the Epilogue illustrates how Locke, Middleton, and Hume were central provocateurs in a full-blown Ciceronian controversy in eighteenth-century Britain. Edward Gibbon was well-read in this debate and contributed to it in his earliest publications; but the later volumes of the Decline and Fall indicate a movement away from an interest in late Hellenistic philosophies—including the Ciceronian—as living traditions which might provide answers to pressing contemporary questions. By the early nineteenth century, indeed, this earlier debate over Cicero’s ‘real’ philosophical commitments had come to seem strange indeed.
Recombination and linkage disequilibrium in evolutionary signatures
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Recombination and linkage disequilibrium in evolutionary signatures,” explores the role of partial genetic linkage within and between genes in influencing patterns of nucleotide polymorphism and evolutionary change. It introduces the concept of linkage disequilibrium as the non-random association of alleles at different loci, the potential causes of linkage disequilibrium, and different methods to quantify and visualize it. The empirical effects of partial recombination on patterns of linkage disequilibrium in genomes are illustrated with theoretical predictions and natural examples. The phenomena of non-crossover recombination and gene conversion are presented, as is the application of linkage disequilibrium to inferring population demography and the genetic mapping of traits. This chapter lays the foundation for understanding how complete linkage, partial linkage, and no linkage integrate with the other forces in evolutionary theory and with the empirical analysis of molecular population genetic data.
Rescuing Public Justification from Public Reason Liberalism
Authors: Wendt Fabian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Public reason liberals from John Rawls to Gerald Gaus uphold a principle of public justification as a core commitment of their theories. Critics of public reason liberalism have sometimes conceded that there is something compelling about the idea of public justification. But so far there have not been many attempts to elaborate and defend a “comprehensive” liberalism that incorporates a principle of public justification. This chapter spells out how a principle of public justification could be integrated into a comprehensive liberalism, and it rebuts three objections: That the idea of public reason could not be sustained in a comprehensive liberalism, that public justification would lose its point (be it to provide stability, express respect, or form a community), and that the principle of public justification could not work on the right theoretical level. The chapter concludes that everything worthwhile about public justification can be extracted from public reason liberalism.
Blockchains, Private Ordering, and the Future of Governance
Authors: Rohr Jonathan , Wright Aaron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ten years ago Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper and launched the first Bitcoin protocol. Since then, blockchain’s potential to impact upon a wide variety of relationships and transactions has become evident. Blockchain-based governance is now possible, and as technologists, entrepreneurs, and legal professionals refine its implementation, it will likely become more mainstream. It is no exaggeration to say that a blockchain revolution has begun. Although not as attention-grabbing as blockchain’s earliest uses to facilitate cryptocurrency, the technology’s potential to transform the way business enterprises are governed is no less ground-breaking. This chapter considers blockchain-based governance from an American business law perspective. It argues that, despite the possibility that it will allow parties to rely less on the governance arrangements currently provided by traditional business organizations, it is nonetheless consistent with American business law’s ‘enabling’ approach and the significant room it leaves for private ordering. Furthermore, substitution of blockchain-based for traditional governance does not obviate the need for limited liability and the other advantages of separate legal personhood. Consequently, state-level efforts to accommodate blockchain-based governance in the context of limited liability entities are already appearing. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of some of the challenges that blockchain-based governance presents under American business law.
Corporate Governance for Complex Cryptocurrencies?
Authors: Hacker Philipp 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum are gaining ground not only as alternative modes of payment but also as platforms for financial innovation, particularly through token sales or initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’). All of these ventures are based on decentralized, permissionless blockchain technology, distinguished by their openness to, and the formal equality of, participants. However, recent cryptocurrency crises have shown that these architectures lack robust governance frameworks and are therefore prone to patterns of re-centralization. They are informally dominated by coalitions of powerful players within the cryptocurrency ecosystem who may violate basic rules of the blockchain community without accountability or sanction. This chapter first suggests that cryptocurrency and token-based ecosystems can be fruitfully analysed as complex systems that have been studied for decades in complexity theory and have recently gained prominence in financial regulation, too. It applies these insights to three key case studies: the Bitcoin Hard Fork of 2013; the Ethereum hard fork of 2016, following the DAO hack; and the ongoing Bitcoin scaling debate. Second, the chapter argues that complexity-induced uncertainty can be reduced, and elements of stability and order strengthened, by adapting a corporate governance framework to blockchain-based organizations: cryptocurrencies, and decentralized applications built on top of them via token sales. The resulting ‘comply-or-explain’ approach combines transparency and accountability with the necessary flexibility that allows blockchain developers to continue to experiment for the sake of innovation. Eventually, however, the coordination of these activities may necessitate the establishment of a self-regulatory institution.
Blockchain, Securities Markets, and Central Banking
Authors: Seretakis Alexandros L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Distributed ledger technology, a variant of which is blockchain technology, represents one of the most important innovations of the FinTech revolution. Academics, policy-makers, and market participants are experimenting with the technology with the aim of enhancing the functioning of financial markets. Industry consortia are being formed by the biggest financial institutions in the world seeking to leverage the use of the technology, in order to improve the clearing and settlement process. Furthermore, central banks in advanced and developing economies are examining the potential of using the technology in market infrastructures operated by central banks and are even exploring the possibility of issuing digital base money. Nevertheless, the widespread adoption of distributed ledger technology as envisioned by its ardent supporters encounters considerable legal obstacles, including the numerous new regulations imposed on financial markets and market participants in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis. This chapter seeks to disentangle the myths from the realities of the so-called distributed ledger technology or blockchain revolution and discusses how the legal regime can act both as an impediment and a catalyst to the widespread adoption of the technology.
Homer's Divine Audience
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book lays out and explores a new ‘metaperformative’ approach to scenes of divine viewing, counsel, and intervention in the Iliad. Critics have often described the gods’ activities in terms of attendance at a ‘show’ and have suggested analogies to theatre and sports, but have done little to investigate the particular strategies by which the poet conveys the impression of gods attending a live, staged event. This book’s analysis of those strategies points to a ‘metaperformative’ significance to the motif of divine viewing: the poet is using the gods, in part, to model and thereby manipulate the ongoing dynamics of performance and live reception. The gods, like the external audience, are capable of a variety of emotional responses to events at Troy; notably pleasure, pity—and also great aloofness. By performing the speeches of the provocative, infuriating, yet ultimately obliging Zeus, the poet at key moments both challenges his listeners to take a stake in the continuation of the performance, and presents a sophisticated critique of possible responses to his poem. The result is a conception of epic not only as song that will transcend time through re-performance—as famously evinced in the Iliad’s meditations on kleos—but also as raw spectacle, in which audience ‘participation’, and complicity, magnify and complicate the emotional impact of the devastation at Troy.
Addition, Subtraction, and Canonization
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two key memories Joseph Smith left for consolidating a collective memory of his first vision went unpublished until the 1960s. Church historians Willard Richards and George Smith and their successors did not select them for consolidation by the saints nor relate them meaningfully to their shared story. That these sources could have informed Mormon collective memory shows that nothing about its consolidation was foregone or fixed. Everything hung on the unpredictable and unplanned combination of influences that led Smith to remember and privilege some memories above others as he did, and his followers to select from and relate to those memories as they did.
Collective Consolidation Culminates
Authors: Harper Steven C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many contingent choices determined whether and how Mormons would remember Smith’s vision. This chapter shows how as late as the late 1870s, after the death of Brigham Young, Latter-day Saints had still not consolidated collective memory of Joseph Smith’s first vision. However, the 1880 canonization of a version of the 1838/39 account symbolized an institutional collective consolidation of the first vision. Orson Pratt, a long-time selector and relater of the vision, witnessed its consolidation before his death in 1881. Pratt was the saints’ foremost relater and repeater of Smith’s first vision, making their shared memory usable, a past for the present.
The Epistemic Role of Consciousness
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
What is the role of consciousness in our mental lives? This book argues that consciousness plays an essential role in explaining how we can acquire knowledge and epistemically justified belief about ourselves and our surroundings. On this view, our mental lives cannot be preserved in unconscious creatures—zombies—who behave just as we do. Only conscious creatures have epistemic justification to form beliefs about the world. Zombies cannot know anything about the world, since they have no epistemic justification to believe anything. On this view, all epistemic justification depends ultimately on consciousness. This book builds a sustained argument for the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, which draws on a range of considerations in epistemology and the philosophy of mind. The book is divided into two parts, which approach the theory of epistemic justification from opposite directions. Part I argues from the bottom up by drawing on considerations in the philosophy of mind about the role of consciousness in mental representation, perception, cognition, and introspection. Part II argues from the top down by arguing from general principles in epistemology about the nature of epistemic justification. These mutually reinforcing arguments form the basis for a unified theory of the epistemic role of phenomenal consciousness, one that bridges the gap between epistemology and the philosophy of mind.
Production networks and economic policy
Authors: Grassi Basile , Sauvagnat Julien 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we show how to combine data on input–output tables and recent insights from the theory of production networks in order to inform policy. We first describe the information contained in input–output tables compiled by statistical agencies, and show how to derive relevant statistics of production networks. We then discuss the implications of production networks for policy intervention in a series of domains, such as fiscal policy, industrial policy, or, finance. Finally, we present a quantitative exercise applied to French data in order to illustrate that production networks shape the overall impact of competition policy on the economy.
Current State of International Clinical Experiences in US Prelicensure Nursing Programs
Authors: McKinnon Tamara , McNelis Angela M. , de Leon Kathleen , Whitlow Malinda , Fitzpatrick Joyce J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

AIM
The study purpose was to describe current international clinical experience (ICE) practices in RN prelicensure programs in the United States.

BACKGROUND
There is interest in ICE to fulfill the goal of preparing global citizens; however, lack of evidence on developing, implementing, and evaluating best practices for ICE limits the enactment of this approach.

METHOD
An electronic survey was completed by 900 deans and/or directors of diploma, associate, bachelor’s, accelerated bachelor’s, and master’s-entry RN prelicensure programs.

RESULTS
Respondents (n = 241, 27 percent) indicated their programs included ICE. Across programs, ICE occurred most often in community health courses. The predominant reason for offering ICE was alignment with the institutional mission and vision.

CONCLUSION
Wide variability exists in methods used to implement ICE for credit toward the nursing major. There is a need to continue to assess and disseminate best practices in implementing ICE to accomplish the goal of global health engagement.
Automated Quantification of Enlarged Perivascular Spaces in Clinical Brain MRI across Sites
Authors: Dubost Florian , Dünnwald Max , Huff Denver , Scheumann Vincent , Schreiber Frank , Vernooij Meike , Niessen Wiro , Skalej Martin , Schreiber Stefanie , Oeltze-Jafra Steffen , de Bruijne Marleen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) are structural brain changes visible in MRI, and are a marker of cerebral small vessel disease. Most studies use time-consuming and subjective visual scoring to assess these structures. Recently, automated methods to quantify enlarged perivascular spaces have been proposed. Most of these methods have been evaluated only in high resolution scans acquired in controlled research settings. We evaluate and compare two recently published automated methods for the quantification of enlarged perivascular spaces in 76 clinical scans acquired from 9 different scanners. Both methods are neural networks trained on high resolution research scans and are applied without fine-tuning the networks parameters. By adapting the preprocessing of clinical scans, regions of interest similar to those computed from research scans can be processed. The first method estimates only the number of PVS, while the second method estimates simultaneously also a high resolution attention map that can be used to detect and segment PVS. The Pearson correlations between visual and automated scores of enlarged perivascular spaces were higher with the second method. With this method, in the centrum semiovale, the correlation was similar to the inter-rater agreement, and also similar to the performance in high resolution research scans. Results were slightly lower than the inter-rater agreement for the hippocampi, and noticeably lower in the basal ganglia. By computing attention maps, we show that the neural networks focus on the enlarged perivascular spaces. Assessing the burden of said structures in the centrum semiovale with the automated scores reached a satisfying performance, could be implemented in the clinic and, e.g., help predict the bleeding risk related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Symbiotic signalling is at the core of an endophyticFusarium solani-legume association
Authors: Vasiliki Skiada , Avramidou Marianna , Bonfante Paola , Genre Andrea , Papadopoulou Kalliope K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLegumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root system, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so-called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis. In our study, the recognition of an endophyticFusarium solanistrain K inLotus japonicusinduced the expression ofLysMreceptors for chitin-based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP-dependent genes inL. japonicus. InLysMand CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited while FsK exudates are perceived in a CSSP-dependent manner, triggering nuclear calcium spiking in epidermal cells ofMedicago truncatulaRoot Organ Cultures. Our results corroborate that the CSSP is a more common pathway than previously envisaged, involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactionssensu stricto.
Synthetic cassettes for pH-mediated sensing, counting and containment
Authors: Stirling Finn , Naydich Alexander , Bramante Juliet , Barocio Rachel , Certo Michael , Wellington Hannah , Redfield Elizabeth , O’Keefe Samuel , Gao Sherry , Cusolito Adam , Way Jeffrey , Silver Pamela 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs pH is fundamental to all biological processes, pH-responsive bacterial genetic circuits enable precise sensing in any environment. Where unintentional release of engineered bacteria poses a concern, coupling pH sensing to expression of a toxin creates an effective bacterial containment system. Here, we present a pH-sensitive kill switch (acidic Termination of Replicating Population; acidTRP), based on theE. coli asrpromoter, with a survival ratio of less than 1 in 106. We integrate acidTRP with cryodeath to produce a two-factor containment system with a combined survival ratio of less than 1 in 1011whilst maintaining evolutionary stability. We further develop a pulse-counting circuit with single cell readout for each administered stimulus pulse. We use this pulse-counter to record multiple pH changes and combine it with acidTRP to make a two-count acid-sensitive kill switch. These results demonstrate the ability to build complex genetic systems for biological containment.
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy lowers kidney SGLT2 expression in the mouse
Authors: Akalestou Elina , Lopez-Noriega Livia , Leclerc Isabelle , Rutter Guy A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundBariatric surgery has been established to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose clearance, but also increases insulin and glucagon secretion. Each of the above effects have also been observed following treatment with sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.AimTo determine whether there is an effect of bariatric surgery (Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy; VSG) on renal SGLT2 expression in mice.MethodsEighteen lean mice underwent VSG (n=8) or sham (n=9) surgery. Glucose tolerance tests with or without treatment with the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin were performed four weeks post operatively, in order to assess if pharmacological SGLT2 inhibition has the same euglycemic effects after bariatric surgery. Kidneys were harvested from fed mice and SGLT2 expression was analysed using Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and immunofluorescence.ResultsVSG mice displayed significantly improved glucose tolerance (AUC=103±6.8; AUC=66.6±2.9 in control and VSG mice, respectively; p<0.001), despite an absence of significant weight loss when compared to sham operated mice (p=0.37, Mann-Whitney test). Treatment of sham-operated mice with dapagliflozin (10 mg/kg) improved glucose tolerance. In contrast, dapagliflozin did not further improve glucose tolerance in VSG-operated mice. Moreover, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis on mouse kidneys demonstrated a significant lowering of SGLT2 expression at both the mRNA (n=7, p<0.0001) and protein (n=5, p=0.0007) levels four weeks after VSG.ConclusionsVertical sleeve gastrectomy in lean animals causes a significant inhibition of SGLT2 expression in the kidney cortex. These findings are in line with our previous results on the effects of Duodenal Jejunal Bypass in lean rats, and point towards a physiologically-relevant gut-kidney axis. SGLT2 inhibition may thus be an important mechanism through which bariatric surgery improves glucose tolerance in man.