bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filtered incremental velocity: A novel approach in intensity measures for seismic collapse estimation
Authors: Dávalos Héctor , Miranda Eduardo 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis study evaluates the performance of a new intensity measure, referred to as filtered incremental velocity FIV3, which is computed using time‐domain features extracted from an acceleration time series and is aimed at the evaluation of structural collapse. This novel approach focuses on the area under a small number of acceleration pulses in the ground motion instead of focusing on the peak response of linear elastic oscillators as in many recently proposed measures of ground motion intensity. FIV3 is developed based on previous research that has highlighted the close relation between the incremental velocity of a ground motion and its potential to induce large inelastic incursions on structures. However, unlike the original definition of incremental velocity which provides a single level of intensity for a ground motion, this new intensity measure is period‐dependent and computed as the sum of the three largest incremental velocities obtained from a low‐pass filtered ground acceleration time series. Efficiency and sufficiency with respect to several ground motion parameters such as magnitude, source‐to‐site‐distance, spectral shape, scale factor, and duration are carefully evaluated and compared against those computed with some traditional and recently proposed intensity measures using collapse results from a four‐story reinforced concrete frame. Results indicate that FIV3 leads to lower variability of collapse estimates and therefore higher efficiency as well as high sufficiency compared with those of other ground motion intensity parameters indicating that this new intensity measure is a promising parameter for structural collapse risk assessment.
Perspectives on HIV partner notification, partner HIV self‐testing and partner home‐based HIV testing by pregnant and postpartum women in antenatal settings: a qualitative analysis in Malawi and Zambia
Authors: Hershow Rebecca B , Zimba Chifundo C , Mweemba Oliver , Chibwe Kasapo F , Phanga Twambilile , Dunda Wezzie , Matenga Tulani , Mutale Wilbroad , Chi Benjamin H , Rosenberg Nora E , Maman Suzanne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV testing male partners of pregnant and postpartum women can lead to improved health outcomes for women, partners and infants. However, in sub‐Saharan Africa, few male partners get HIV tested during their partner's pregnancy in spite of several promising approaches to increase partner testing uptake. We assessed stakeholders’ views and preferences of partner notification, home‐based testing and secondary distribution of self‐test kits to understand whether offering choices for partner HIV testing may increase acceptability.MethodsInterviewers conducted semi‐structured interviews with HIV‐negative (N = 39) and HIV‐positive (N = 41) pregnant/postpartum women, male partners of HIV‐negative (N = 14) and HIV‐positive (N = 14) pregnant/postpartum women, healthcare workers (N = 19) and policymakers (N = 16) in Malawi and Zambia. Interviews covered views of each partner testing approach and preferred approaches; healthcare workers were also asked about perceptions of a choice‐based approach. Interviews were transcribed, translated and analysed to compare perspectives across country and participant types.ResultsMost participants within each stakeholder group considered all three partner testing strategies acceptable. Relationship conflict was discussed as a potential adverse consequence for each approach. For partner notification, additional barriers included women losing letters, being fearful to give partners letters, being unable to read and men refusing to come to the clinic. For home‐based testing, additional barriers included lack of privacy or confidentiality and fear of experiencing community‐level HIV stigma. For HIV self‐test kits, additional barriers included lack of counselling, false results and poor linkage to care. Preferred male partner testing options varied. Participants preferred partner notification due to their respect for clinical authority, home‐based testing due to their desire to prioritize convenience and clinical authority, and self‐test kits due to their desire to prioritize confidentiality. Less than half of couples interviewed selected the same preferred male partner testing option as their partner. Most healthcare workers felt the choice‐based approach would be acceptable and feasible, but noted implementation challenges in personnel, resources or space.ConclusionsMost stakeholders considered different approaches to partner HIV testing to be acceptable, but concerns were raised about each. A choice‐based approach may allow women to select their preferred method of partner testing; however, implementation challenges need to be addressed.
Community‐led HIV testing services including HIV self‐testing and assisted partner notification services in Vietnam: lessons from a pilot study in a concentrated epidemic setting
Authors: Nguyen Van Thi Thuy , Phan Huong TT , Kato Masaya , Nguyen Quang‐Thong , Le Ai Kim A , Vo Son H , Thanh Duong C , Baggaley Rachel C , Johnson Cheryl C 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe HIV epidemic in Vietnam is concentrated in key populations and their partners – people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, sex workers and partners of people living with HIV. These groups have poor access to and uptake of conventional HIV testing services (HTS). To address this gap, lay provider‐ and self‐testing and assisted partner notification (aPN) were introduced and delivered by the community. We explored the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing aPN as part of community testing services for key populations.MethodsLay provider testing and self‐testing was started in January 2017, and targeted key populations and their partners. Since July 2017, aPN was introduced. HTS was offered at drop‐in houses or coffee shops in Thai Nguyen and Can Tho provinces. All self‐testing was assisted and observed by peer educators. Both in‐person and social network methods were used to mobilize key populations to test for HIV and offer HTS to partners of people living with HIV. Client‐level data, including demographic information and self‐reported risk behaviour, were collected on site by peer educators.ResultsBetween January 2017 and May 2018, 3978 persons from key populations were tested through community‐led HTS; 66.7% were first‐time testers. Of the 3978 clients, 3086 received HTS from a lay provider and 892 self‐tested in the presence of a lay provider. Overall, 245 (6.2% of tested clients) had reactive results, 231 (94.3%) were confirmed to be HIV positive; 215/231 (93.1%) initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of 231 adult HIV‐positive clients, 186 (80.5%) were provided voluntary aPN, and 105 of their partners were contacted and received HTS. The ratio of partners who tested for HIV per index client was 0.56. Forty‐four (41.9%) partners of index clients receiving HTS were diagnosed with HIV, 97.7% initiated ART during the study period. No social harm was identified or reported.ConclusionsIncluding aPN as part of community‐led HTS for key populations and their partners is feasible and effective, particularly for reaching first‐time testers and undiagnosed HIV clients. Scale‐up of aPN within community‐led HTS for key populations is essential for achieving the United Nations 90‐90‐90 targets in Vietnam.
Effects of high‐speed shear homogenization on the emulsifying and structural properties of myofibrillar protein under low‐fat conditions
Authors: Zhou Lei , Feng Xiao , Yang Yuling , Chen Yinji , Tang Xiaozhi , Wei Sumeng , Li Shanshan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDEmulsification is important for food quality and processing functionality. Most emulsification occurs under high‐fat conditions that eventually cause health concerns. Protein emulsifiers also have drawbacks such as lower dispersity. This study considered the effects of different high‐speed shear homogenization (HSH) speeds on the emulsifying and structural properties of myofibrillar proteins (MPs) under low‐fat conditions.RESULTSHigh‐speed shear homogenization significantly increased the emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability of MPs at lower speeds (8000 to 14 500 rpm). The primary structure of MP was not altered significantly by HSH, whereas its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures were changed. Particle size decreased first and then increased significantly, and reached a minimum when the HSH speed was 14 500 rpm. The absolute zeta potential values increased significantly and the dendritic fibrous structure of sample was destroyed when the speed exceeded 14 500 rpm. High‐speed shear homogenization (14 500 rpm) decreased the particle size and unfolded the protein, which improved the emulsifying properties of MPs. Excessive HSH speeds (20 500 rpm or higher) caused an aggregation of MP molecules, which was not conducive to improving their emulsifying properties.CONCLUSIONOptimal HSH speed was achieved at 14 500 rpm to modify MPs' emulsifying and structural properties under low‐fatconditions. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of base chemistry choice in a generated n‐hexane oxidation model using an automated mechanism generator
Authors: Hilbig Martin , Malliotakis Zisis , Seidel Lars , Vourliotakis George , Keramiotis Christos , Mauss Fabian , Founti Maria 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe present study describes the utilization of a reaction mechanism generator for the development of chemical kinetic models. The aim of the investigation is twofold. The in‐house developed mechanism generator is updated with reaction classes reported in the literature, and the effect of the lower hydrocarbon chemistry, that is, base chemistry, on the generation process is assessed. For this purpose, the algorithm is implemented on two different base chemistry mechanisms, that have previously been validated against a different range of hydrocarbons, that is, the mechanisms of the groups coauthoring the study. n‐Hexane has been used as a modeling target due to its important role in combustion studies as a surrogate for engine and aviation applications. The steps of the generation process are given in detail as this is the first time the current algorithm is utilized. The two generated mechanisms are compared against speciation data, ignition delay times, and flame velocities from the literature. The overall agreement of the generated mechanisms is satisfying; discrepancies exist in the negative temperature coefficient regime. Reaction path analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed, revealing the reactions that cause the different mechanism performance. Among others, the study reveals that the generated schemes pose a fast and adequate alternative to literature mechanisms; it is however evident that the latter may include more detailed reaction paths and are therefore superior in terms of validation.
Fast and accurate reconstruction of human lung gas MRI with deep learning
Authors: Duan Caohui , Deng He , Xiao Sa , Xie Junshuai , Li Haidong , Sun Xianping , Ma Lin , Lou Xin , Ye Chaohui , Zhou Xin 
Published: July 2019

PurposeTo fast and accurately reconstruct human lung gas MRI from highly undersampled k‐space using deep learning.MethodsThe scheme was comprised of coarse‐to‐fine nets (C‐net and F‐net). Zero‐filling images from retrospectively undersampled k‐space at an acceleration factor of 4 were used as input for C‐net, and then output intermediate results which were fed into F‐net. During training, a L2 loss function was adopted in C‐net, while a function that united L2 loss with proton prior knowledge was used in F‐net. The 871 hyperpolarized 129Xe pulmonary ventilation images from 72 volunteers were randomly arranged as training (90%) and testing (10%) data. Ventilation defect percentage comparisons were implemented using a paired 2‐tailed Student's t‐test and correlation analysis. Furthermore, prospective acquisitions were demonstrated in 5 healthy subjects and 5 asymptomatic smokers.ResultsEach image with size of 96 × 84 could be reconstructed within 31 ms (mean absolute error was 4.35% and structural similarity was 0.7558). Compared with conventional compressed sensing MRI, the mean absolute error decreased by 17.92%, but the structural similarity increased by 6.33%. For ventilation defect percentage, there were no significant differences between the fully sampled and reconstructed images through the proposed algorithm (P = 0.932), but had significant correlations (r = 0.975; P < 0.001). The prospectively undersampled results validated a good agreement with fully sampled images, with no significant differences in ventilation defect percentage but significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio values.ConclusionThe proposed algorithm outperformed classical undersampling methods, paving the way for future use of deep learning in real‐time and accurate reconstruction of gas MRI.
Class dynamics in Tajikistan: Development of urban middle class at the intersection of migration and capital
Authors: Zotova Natalia , Cohen Jeffrey H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study explores the formation of the urban middle class in Tajikistan, a low‐income country in which large outmigration has developed over the past decades. Our study uses a Bourdieusian framework to note the ways international migration creates opportunities for class in the context of socio‐political constraints, which hinder upward social mobility of Tajikistan's population. Drawing from ethnographic research in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, our study investigates the cultural production of the urban middle class and contextualises its contested nature. We address the dynamic quality of class distinctions through the lens of culture, status, and symbolic values to unpack social and cultural processes that shape the formation of class in post‐Soviet Tajikistan. We argue that although managing competing constraints, Tajik migrants use migration‐related capital to become a part of the growing middle class. Our study contributes to scholarship on migration and class and suggests that analytical attention to different types of capital allows for a better understanding of class formation in sending countries.
Mitochondria in the biology, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis virus infections
Authors: Qu Changbo , Zhang Shaoshi , Li Yang , Wang Yijin , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Pan Qiuwei 
Published: July 2019

SummaryHepatitis virus infections affect a large proportion of the global population. The host responds rapidly to viral infection by orchestrating a variety of cellular machineries, in particular, the mitochondrial compartment. Mitochondria actively regulate viral infections through modulation of the cellular innate immunity and reprogramming of metabolism. In turn, hepatitis viruses are able to modulate the morphodynamics and functions of mitochondria, but the mode of actions are distinct with respect to different types of hepatitis viruses. The resulting mutual interactions between viruses and mitochondria partially explain the clinical presentation of viral hepatitis, influence the response to antiviral treatment, and offer rational avenues for novel therapy. In this review, we aim to consider in depth the multifaceted interactions of mitochondria with hepatitis virus infections and emphasize the implications for understanding pathogenesis and advancing therapeutic development.
Model‐based reconstruction of the succession dynamics of a large river floodplain
Authors: Ochs Konstantin , Egger Gregory , Kopecki Ianina , Ferreira Teresa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMost large rivers in Europe and North America suffered flow regulations and channelization in the 19th and 20th century. To study the effects of the altered site conditions on the development of floodplain vegetation and create a benchmark map for their restoration, we calibrated and applied a dynamic floodplain vegetation model that accounts for the processes recruitment as well as morphodynamic disturbance and physiologic stress on vegetation to reconstruct the succession dynamics of the floodplain vegetation of a segment of the Rhine River from shortly after it was channelized (1872) until today (2016). The model calibration was based on historical maps and hydrologic data.Our simulation demonstrated a steady, one‐way progression of the vegetation communities towards mature phases without regression to younger stages. It was possible to attribute this development to a lack of morphodynamic disturbances strong enough to reset succession and to identify physiological stress caused by long inundations periods as the most relevant controlling factor of succession. The resulting vegetation distribution (2016) can be considered an estimation of the potential natural vegetation (PNV) under altered site conditions.The good agreement of the model results with an expert‐based PNV map showed that our approach is a good alternative to create benchmark maps for floodplain conservation and restoration projects. From a research and practitioners' viewpoint, it has the big advantage over the traditional approach that it allows to analyse different points in time as well as to be comprehensive and reproducible.
Sequential optimal positioning of mobile sensors using mutual information
Authors: Schmidt Kathleen , Smith Ralph C. , Hite Jason , Mattingly John , Azmy Yousry , Rajan Deepak , Goldhahn Ryan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSource localization, such as detecting a nuclear source in an urban area or ascertaining the origin of a chemical plume, is generally regarded as a well‐documented inverse problem; however, optimally placing sensors to collect data for such problems is a more challenging task. In particular, optimal sensor placement—that is, measurement locations resulting in the least uncertainty in the estimated source parameters—depends on the location of the source, which is typically unknowna priori. Mobile sensors are advantageous because they have the flexibility to adapt to any given source position. While most mobile sensor strategies designate a trajectory for sensor movement, we instead employ mutual information, based on Shannon entropy, to choose the next measurement location from a discrete set of design conditions.
An online categorization task to investigate changes in students' interpretations of organic chemistry reactions
Authors: Lapierre Keith R. , Flynn Alison B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study, we investigated how students organized their knowledge about organic chemistry reactions in a transformed curriculum, including their choices, abilities, and changes over time. This transformed curriculum focuses on interpreting the underlying mechanistic patterns of chemical reactions and emphasizes the principles of reactivity in organic chemistry. Data from this study were collected at beginning and end of an Organic Chemistry II course using an open and closed online categorization task with a set of organic chemistry reactions. In the open task, participants organized the set of reactions as they chose, giving us insight into how the participants preferred to organize their knowledge. In the closed task, participants were asked to organize the set of reactions in a specific way—by each reaction's governing mechanism—which would provide a measure of the students' ability to categorize the reactions in that way. We investigated the similarities and differences of the open and closed categorizations at each time of administration and analyzed the changes over time. Findings from this study emphasized the efficacy of the transformed curriculum for: (a) promoting a focus on process‐oriented features of reactions over static features of a reaction and (b) increasing the students' abilities to categorize a set of reactions according to the mechanism governing the reaction. Findings revealed implications for the transformed curriculum, which addresses key areas for improvements, potential implications for research, and also limitations of the current study. We further describe possible extensions of this study to how the open and closed categorization tasks may be used for research and instruction in other science, technology, engineering, and math disciplines.
Appeals to Science: Recirculation of Online Claims in Socioscientific Reasoning
Authors: Solli Anne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConflicting knowledge claims regarding complex issues have become readily available through networked digital media, and the introduction of Internet access to classrooms has provided opportunities for accessing a huge number of sources. Science education plays an important role in providing students opportunities to seek and evaluate information and engage in reasoning. The aim of this article is to analyze ways upper secondary science students invoke recirculated online claims originating from a scientific paper in conversations regarding genetically modified organisms (GMO), and to understand how such invocations are effective in order for students to engage accountably. By using the notion of communicative activity types—the meaning and function of the recirculated claims were analyzed in (1) a peer discussion, (2) a debate, and (3) a reflective seminar. The persuasive power of the discursive resource “appeals to science” is illustrated when students enlist scientific objectivity and rigor to underpin the credibility of arguments in a debate, and when qualifying a reflective position in a seminar, whereas they reflect on how actors in a Web context use appeals to science rhetorically when engaged in a discussion with peers reporting online claims. The study offers insight into kinds of communicative competences involved in conversations and how “scientific facts” justify, in this case, opposition to GMO. Finally, it is reflected upon the importance of not only learning how to make well-founded knowledge claims, but also to understand how science is used rhetorically in order to develop appropriate responses to complex issues in the digital age.
Incidence of Clostridioides difficile infections among young and middle-aged adults: Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Russo Ellyn M. , Kuntz Jennifer , Yu Holly , Smith Jeremy , Hauser Ronald George , Halchenko Yuliya , Young-Xu Yinong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a significant public health concern, resulting in excess morbidity, mortality, and costs. Additional insight into the burden of CDI in adults aged <65 years is needed.Design/Setting:A 6-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using data extracted from United States Veterans Health Administration electronic medical records.Patients/Methods:Patients aged 18–64 years on January 1, 2011, were followed until incident CDI, death, loss-to-follow-up, or December 31, 2016. CDI was identified by a diagnosis code accompanied by metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin therapy, or positive laboratory test. The clinical setting of CDI onset was defined according to 2017 SHEA-IDSA guidelines.Results:Of 1,073,900 patients, 10,534 had a CDI during follow-up. The overall incidence rate was 177 CDIs per 100,000 person years, rising steadily from 164 per 100,000 person years in 2011 to 189 per 100,000 person years in 2016. Those with a CDI were slightly older (55 vs 51 years) and sicker, with a higher baseline Charlson comorbidity index score (1.4 vs 0.5) than those without an infection. Nearly half (48%) of all incident CDIs were community associated, and this proportion rose from 41% in 2011 to 56% in 2016.Conclusions:The findings from this large retrospective study indicate that CDI incidence, driven primarily by increasing community-associated infection, is rising among young and middle-aged adult Veterans with high service-related disability. The increasing burden of community associated CDI in this vulnerable population warrants attention. Future studies quantifying the economic and societal burden of CDI will inform decisions surrounding prevention strategies.