bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total intended antibiotic delivery related to drug concentration affecting the flow rate of elastomeric devices used in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT)
Authors: Perks Stephen J. , Pain Tilley , Franklin Richard 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany studies have investigated drug stability in extended home infusion pumps, but little is known of other factors that may affect the total daily dose the patient receives. It has been noted that up to 40% of these infusions are incomplete after the designated run out time.AimThis study investigated whether concentration can affect the flow rate of home infusion pumps, and thus the total dose the patient receives in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT).MethodThe flow rates of 10 different drug and dose formulations (4–18 g in 0.9% sodium chloride) in Baxter LV10 (Old Toongabbie, Australia) infusion pumps were investigated. The pumps were run out at 31°C and weighed at intervals, with flow rate and total volume infused calculated over the 24‐h period.ResultsPiperacillin/tazobactam 18 g was the only formulation not to meet the minimum standard of 90% of the volume being infused over the 24‐h period. This indicates a failure of intended therapy. Across all infusions, the expected dose delivered (DD) can be calculated as %DD = −1.9x + 122.85, where x is the total drug and excipient weight within the infusor.ConclusionDose is inversely related to flow rate in the LV10 Baxter infusion pump. Under nominal conditions, any amount greater than 12.02 g in the 240‐mL infusion pump will result in an incomplete run out over the 24‐h period. Clinicians should be aware that prescribing daily doses higher than 17.28 g may result in <90% of the intended dose being received by the patient. Further research should investigate whether this decrease in flow rate results in poor clinical outcomes.
Navigating off‐label and unlicensed medicines use in obstetric and paediatric clinical practice
Authors: Gray Susan G. , McGuire Treasure M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOff‐label or unlicensed medicines use is extremely common in obstetric and paediatric clinical practice and necessitates greater emphasis on the underlying evidence of a medicines safety or efficacy. This creates significant challenges for pharmacists relating to the supply and use of medicines in this setting. Understanding how and why unlicensed or off‐label medicine use occurs, together with the underlying evidence base, is critical for supporting the quality use of medicines. Addressing issues surrounding unlicensed or off‐label medicine use in a collaborative manner with prescribers and patients can help reduce unnecessary patient concern, possible non‐adherence and risk of suboptimal treatment outcomes. This review summarises current evidence and challenges surrounding off‐label and unlicensed medicine use in the obstetric and paediatric clinical setting from the perspective of key stakeholders. It aims to support pharmacists in their evaluation of the appropriateness of off‐label and unlicensed medicine use, and provide strategies to help manage these challenging medicines management decisions.
The experimental design approach to the optimization of a simple quick easy cheap effective rugged and safe method for the analysis of phytoestrogens in complex soy‐based food
Authors: Benedetti Barbara , Magi Emanuele , Di Carro Marina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe present paper deals with the multivariate optimization of an extraction‐purification strategy for the determination of phytoestrogens (daidzein, genistein, coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A) in soy‐based meat substitutes by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. For a reliable quantitation of these new concerning compounds in such a complex matrix, recovery and matrix effect must be carefully evaluated. Therefore, two sequential experimental designs were used to optimize the sample‐pretreatment of soy‐based burgers: the chosen technique was the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe methodology, which does not require any particular facility or instrumentation. Thanks to the first screening design (Plackett‐Burman), the significant factors influencing the studied responses were identified and further investigated through a response surface design (Box‐Behnken). The optimal values of the variables (volume of extraction solvent mix/sample mass ratio and two clean‐up sorbents) led to quantitative recoveries (97–104%) and low ion suppression (matrix effect 60–93%) for all analytes. This optimized method was characterized by low detection limits (0.2–1.5 ng/g) and excellent intraday precision (RSD 2–4%). It was applied to the determination of the considered compounds in several soy‐burgers from the Italian market, detecting low ng/g levels (up to 40 ng/g) of coumestrol, formononetin, and biochanin A, and high concentrations (7.9–78 µg/g) of genistein and daidzein.
The safety and efficacy of open bedside tracheotomy: A retrospective analysis of 1000 patients
Authors: Liao David Z. , Mehta Vikas , Kinkhabwala Corin M. , Li Daniel , Palsen Sarah , Schiff Bradley A. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the safety/efficacy of performing open bedside tracheotomy (OBT) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and identify predictive factors for outcomes.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study. We identified 1000 consecutive patients undergoing OBT at a single university hospital starting from August 1, 2007. Complication rate, 30‐day mortality, decannulation rate, time to surgery (TTS) from initial consult, and ICU length of stay were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of complication rate, 30‐day mortality, and decannulation rate.ResultsMean TTS was 1.80 days. Major complication rate was 1%. No intraoperative deaths were caused by tracheotomy although two deaths resulted from late tracheotomy‐related complications. Thirty‐day mortality was 26.6%. The only significant predictor for overall complications was mild chronic hepatitis (OR = 2.355). Predictors for 30‐day mortality included platelet count <50,000 (OR = 2.125) and vasopressor use (OR = 3.51). Each additional year of age was associated with decreased decannulation rate (OR = 0.972).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of starting an OBT program in a highly comorbid population without strict selection criteria. Safety of OBT was supported by minimal major complication rates and no intraoperative tracheotomy‐related deaths in our cohort. These complication rates were comparable to, or lower than, published studies of open and percutaneous techniques. Predictive factors for decannulation, complication, and mortality were identified to help determine which patients would benefit from OBT.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 130:1263–1269, 2020
Singlet–Triplet Transition Rate Enhancement inside Hyperbolic Metamaterials
Authors: Roth Diane J. , Ginzburg Pavel , Hirvonen Liisa M. , Levitt James A. , Nasir Mazhar E. , Suhling Klaus , Richards David , Podolskiy Viktor A. , Zayats Anatoly V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe spontaneous emission process is known to be largely affected by the surrounding electromagnetic environment of emitters, which manifests itself via the Purcell enhancement of decay rates. This phenomenon has been extensively investigated in the case of dipolar transitions in quantum systems, commonly delivering fast decay rates in comparison to forbidden transitions such as high‐order multipolar transitions or spin‐forbidden, singlet–triplet phosphorescence processes. Here, a decay rate enhancement of almost 2750‐fold is demonstrated for a ruthenium‐based phosphorescent emitter located inside a plasmonic hyperbolic metamaterial. The standard electromagnetic local density of states description, typically employed for the Purcell factor analysis of dipolar transitions, is unable to account for a photoluminescence enhancement of this magnitude, which is attributed to the interplay between the local density of states and strongly inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields inside the metamaterial. The large available range of spontaneous emission lifetimes reported here enables application of phosphorescent emitters in novel, fast, and efficient light‐emitting sources, beneficial for optical communications, quantum information processing, spectroscopy, or bio‐imaging.
III‐Nitride Micro‐LEDs for Efficient Emissive Displays
Authors: Wierer Jonathan J. , Tansu Nelson 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEmissive displays based on light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), with high pixel density, luminance, efficiency, and large color gamut, are of great interest for applications such as watches, phones, and virtual displays. The high pixel density requirements of some emissive displays require a particular class of LEDs that are sub‐20‐micrometers in length, called micro‐LEDs. While state‐of‐the‐art emissive displays incorporate organic LEDs, an alternative is inorganic III‐nitride LEDs with potential reliability and efficiency benefits. Here we explore the performance, challenges, and prospective outcomes for III‐nitride micro‐LEDs to produce efficient emissive displays and provide insight to advance this technology. Calculations are performed to determine the operating points for the micro‐LEDs and the efficiency of the overall emissive display. It is shown that III‐nitride micro‐LEDs suffer from some of the same problems as their larger‐sized solid‐state lighting LED cousins; however, the operating conditions of micro‐LEDs can result in different challenges and research efforts. These challenges include improving efficiency at low current densities; improving the efficiency of longer wavelength (green and red) LEDs; and creating device designs that can overcome low coupling efficiency, high surface recombination, and display assembly difficulties.
Investigation of the relationship between intergranular corrosion and retrogression and reaging in the AA6063
Authors: Özer Gökhan , Kisasöz Alptekin , Karaaslan Ahmet 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAA6063 was heat treated with different retrogression temperatures and durations, and the effect of heat treatment conditions on the microstructure, hardness, electrical conductivity, intergranular corrosion (IGC) and electrochemical corrosion behaviours of the AA6063 was determined compared with the T6 condition. The IGC test was applied according to the BS EN ISO 11846: 2008 standard. Moreover, potentiodynamic polarization tests were applied to determine the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the heat‐treated samples. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out by using a Ivium Compactstat potentiostat in 3.5 wt.%. NaCl solution at 24°C with a scanning rate of 0.5 mV/s. The corrosion test cell consisted of the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), working electrode (test sample) and a reference electrode (platinum). The effect of IGC on the microstructure of AA6063 and corrosion depth values was investigated by using a stereo optical microscope and a light metal microscope, respectively. Corrosion depth examinations were performed on microstructures taken from the cross‐sections of the samples. The chemistry of the precipitates formed at grain boundaries and distribution of the precipitates in the microstructure were investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray and transmission electron microscope analyses. The results showed that retrogression and reaging heat treatment improves both the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of AA6063. After 50°C/15  min RRA heat treatment, the highest corrosion resistance and a higher hardness value than the T6 level were obtained.
Fabrication of Multifunctional Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels Susceptible to both pH and Metal Cation for Visual Detections
Authors: Cengiz Nergiz 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAdvances in several areas of contemporary biomaterial science are closely related to the design of stimuli‐responsive smart materials. An important aspect that governs widespread adaptation of a synthetic biomaterial depends on its ease of synthesis, as well as facile functionalization. In this study, readily available homo‐bifunctional PEG‐based diamines are mixed with a tetra‐arm epoxide based cross‐linker to yield hydrogels through the epoxy‐amine addition reaction. Hydrogels obtained with varying chain lengths of PEG polymer are characterized for their morphology, swelling, and rheological properties. The residual epoxide groups within the hydrogel are used for post‐gelation functionalization to obtain a functional material. In particular, functionalization with an amine‐containing rhodamine derivative yields a hydrogel that serves as a colorimetric sensor for acidic pH environment, and indicates the presence of Fe3+ cation with high specificity.
AMBN mutations causing hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta and Ambn knockout‐NLS‐lacZ knockin mice exhibiting failed amelogenesis and Ambn tissue‐specificity
Authors: Liang Tian , Hu Yuanyuan , Smith Charles E. , Richardson Amelia S , Zhang Hong , Yang Jie , Lin Brent , Wang Shih‐Kai , Kim Jung‐Wook , Chun Yong‐Hee , Simmer James P. , Hu Jan C.‐C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAmeloblastin (AMBN) is a secreted matrix protein that is critical for the formation of dental enamel and is enamel‐specific with respect to its essential functions. Biallelic AMBN defects cause non‐syndromic autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Homozygous Ambn mutant mice expressing an internally truncated AMBN protein deposit only a soft mineral crust on the surface of dentin.MethodsWe characterized a family with hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta caused by AMBN compound heterozygous mutations (c.1061T>C; p.Leu354Pro/ c.1340C>T; p.Pro447Leu). We generated and characterized Ambn knockout/NLS‐lacZ (AmbnlacZ/lacZ) knockin mice.ResultsNo AMBN protein was detected using immunohistochemistry in null mice. ß‐galactosidase activity was specific for ameloblasts in incisors and molars, and islands of cells along developing molar roots. AmbnlacZ/lacZ 7‐week incisors and unerupted (D14) first molars showed extreme enamel surface roughness. No abnormalities were observed in dentin mineralization or in nondental tissues. Ameloblasts in the AmbnlacZ/lacZ mice were unable to initiate appositional growth and started to degenerate and deposit ectopic mineral. No layer of initial enamel ribbons formed in the AmbnlacZ/lacZ mice, but pockets of amelogenin accumulated on the dentin surface along the ameloblast distal membrane and within the enamel organ epithelia (EOE). NLS‐lacZ signal was positive in the epididymis and nasal epithelium, but negative in ovary, oviduct, uterus, prostate, seminal vesicles, testis, submandibular salivary gland, kidney, liver, bladder, and bone, even after 15 hr of incubation with X‐gal.ConclusionsAmeloblastin is critical for the initiation of enamel ribbon formation, and its absence results in pathological mineralization within the enamel organ epithelia.
Ultra‐wideband circularly polarized crossed‐dual‐arm bowtie dipole antenna backed by an artificial magnetic conductor
Authors: Elsaid Mohamed , Mahmoud Korany R. , Hussein Mohamed , Hameed Mohamed F. O. , Yahia Ashraf , Obayya Salah S. A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn ultra‐wideband antenna is suggested, simulated, and fabricated for ground penetrating radar (GPR) and landmine detection applications. The reported design has wideband, high gain, and high directivity. The new configuration achieves unidirectional radiation characteristics maintaining circularly polarized (CP) radiation characteristics. The whole configuration is optimized using the particle swarm optimization algorithm to achieve the optimal bandwidth, gain, and axial ratio (AR). The performance of the overall geometrical design is analyzed in terms of bandwidth, gain, directivity, and AR. The proposed antenna offers a gain of 2.66 dB in free space, which is enhanced to 8.86 by using an artificial magnetic conductor. The measured results show that the proposed configuration offers −10 dB return loss bandwidth of 540 MHz over the frequency range (0.8‐1.34 GHz) with ~50.5% operational bandwidth and 3‐dB AR bandwidth of 295 MHz for the frequency range (0.97‐1.265 GHz) with an approximate percentage of 26.4%. Furthermore, the maximum gain over the CP‐operated bandwidth close to 8.86 dB, at frequency 1.05 GHz, is obtained. It is anticipated that this antenna is suitable for GPR applications as well as for employment in landmine detection.
A novel concept to include uncertainties in the evaluation of stereotactic body radiation therapy after 4D dose accumulation using deformable image registration
Authors: Azcona Juan Diego , Huesa‐Berral Carlos , Moreno‐Jiménez Marta , Barbés Benigno , Aristu José Javier , Burguete Javier 
Published: August 2019

PurposeTo use four‐dimensional (4D) dose accumulation based on deformable image registration (DIR) to assess dosimetric uncertainty in lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) treatment planning. A novel concept, the Evaluation Target Volume (ETV), was introduced to achieve this goal.MethodsThe internal target volume (ITV) approach was used for treatment planning for 11 patients receiving lung SBRT. Retrospectively, 4D dose calculation was done in Pinnacle v9.10. Total dose was accumulated in the reference phase using DIR with MIM. DIR was validated using landmarks introduced by an expert radiation oncologist. The 4D and three‐dimensional (3D) dose distributions were compared within the gross tumor volume (GTV) and the planning target volume (PTV) using the D95 and Dmin (calculated as Dmin,0.035cc) metrics. For lung involvement, the mean dose and V20, V10, and V5 were used in the 3D to 4D dose comparison, and Dmax (D0.1cc) was used for all other organs at risk (OAR). The new evaluation target volume (ETV) was calculated by expanding the GTV in the reference phase in order to include geometrical uncertainties of the DIR, interobserver variability in the definition of the tumor, and uncertainties of imaging and delivery systems. D95 and Dmin,0.035cc metrics were then calculated on the basis of the ETV for 4D accumulated dose distributions, and these metrics were compared with those calculated from the PTV for 3D planned dose distributions.ResultsThe target registration error (TRE) per spatial component was below 0.5 ± 2.1mm for all our patients. For five patients, dose degradation above 2% (>4% in 2 patients) was found in the PTV after 4D accumulation and attributed to anatomical variations due to breathing. Comparison of D95 and Dmin,0.035cc metrics showed that the ETV (4D accumulated dose) estimated substantially lower coverage than the PTV (3D planning dose): in six out of the 11 cases, and for at least for one of the two metrics, coverage estimated by ETV was at least 5% lower than that estimated by PTV. Furthermore, the ETV approach revealed hot and cold spots within its boundaries.ConclusionsA workflow for 4D dose accumulation based on DIR has been devised. Dose degradation was attributed to respiratory motion. To overcome limitations in the PTV for the purposes of evaluating DIR‐based 4D accumulated dose distributions, a new concept, the ETV, was proposed. This concept appears to facilitate more reliable dose evaluation and a better understanding of dosimetric uncertainties due to motion and deformation.
Automated adaptive preconditioner for quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Liu Zhe , Wen Yan , Spincemaille Pascal , Zhang Shun , Yao Yihao , Nguyen Thanh D. , Wang Yi 
Published: August 2019

PurposeTo develop an automated adaptive preconditioner for QSM reconstruction with improved susceptibility quantification accuracy and increased image quality.Theory and MethodsThe total field was used to rapidly produce an approximate susceptibility map, which was then averaged and trended over

binning to generate a spatially varying distribution of preconditioning values. This automated adaptive preconditioner was used to reconstruct QSM via total field inversion and was compared with its empirical counterparts in a numerical simulation, a brain experiment with 5 healthy subjects and 5 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, and a cardiac experiment with 3 healthy subjects.ResultsAmong evaluated preconditioners, the automated adaptive preconditioner achieved the fastest convergence in reducing the RMSE of the QSM in the simulation, suppressed hemorrhage‐associated artifacts while preserving surrounding brain tissue contrasts, and provided cardiac chamber oxygenation values consistent with those reported in the literature.ConclusionAn automated adaptive preconditioner allows high‐quality QSM from the total field in imaging various anatomies with dynamic susceptibility ranges.
Unsupervised learning of a deep neural network for metal artifact correction using dual‐polarity readout gradients
Authors: Kwon Kinam , Kim Dongchan , Kim Byungjai , Park HyunWook 
Published: August 2019

PurposeA new unsupervised learning method was developed to correct metal artifacts in MRI using 2 distorted images obtained with dual‐polarity readout gradients.MethodsAn unsupervised learning method is proposed for a deep neural network architecture consisting of a deep neural network and an MR image generation module. The architecture is trained as an end‐to‐end process without the use of distortion‐free images or off‐resonance frequency maps. The deep neural network estimates frequency‐shift maps between 2 distorted images that are obtained using dual‐polarity readout gradients. From the estimated frequency‐shift maps and 2 distorted input images, distortion‐corrected images are obtained with the MR image generation module. Experiments using synthetic data and actual MR data were performed to compare images corrected by several metal‐artifact‐correction methods.ResultsThe proposed method resolved the ripple and pile‐up artifacts in the reconstructed images from synthetic data and actual MR data. The results from the proposed method were comparable to those from supervised‐learning methods and superior to the compared model‐based method. The proposed unsupervised learning method enabled the network to be trained without labels and to be more robust than supervised learning methods, for which overfitting problems can arise when using small training data sets.ConclusionMetal artifacts in the MR image were drastically corrected by the proposed unsupervised learning method. Two distorted images obtained with dual‐polarity readout gradients are used as the input of the deep neural network. The proposed method can train networks without labels and does not overfit the network, even with small training data sets.