bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sculpting the valley in the radius distribution of small exoplanets as a by-product of planet formation: the core-powered mass-loss mechanism
Authors: Gupta Akash , Schlichting Hilke E 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Recent observations revealed a bimodal radius distribution of small, short-period exoplanets with a paucity in their occurrence, a radius ‘valley’, around 1.5–2.0 R⊕. In this work, we investigate the effect of a planet’s own cooling luminosity on its thermal evolution and atmospheric mass loss (core-powered mass-loss) and determine its observational consequences for the radius distribution of small, close-in exoplanets. Using simple analytical descriptions and numerical simulations, we demonstrate that planetary evolution based on the core-powered mass-loss mechanism alone (i.e. without any photoevaporation) can produce the observed valley in the radius distribution. Our results match the valley’s location, shape and slope in planet radius–orbital period parameter space, and the relative magnitudes of the planet occurrence rate above and below the valley. We find that the slope of the valley is, to first order, dictated by the atmospheric mass-loss time-scale at the Bondi radius and given by d logRp/d logP ≃ 1/(3(1 − β)) that evaluates to −0.11 for β ≃ 4, where Mc/M⊕ = (Rc/R⊕)β(ρc∗/ρ⊕)β/3 is the mass–radius relation of the core. This choice for β yields good agreement with observations and attests to the significance of internal compression for massive planetary cores. We further find that the location of the valley scales as $\rho _{\rm c*}^{-4/9}$ and that the observed planet population must have predominantly rocky cores with typical water–ice fractions of less than ${\sim } 20{{\, \rm per\, cent}}$. Furthermore, we show that the relative magnitude of the planet occurrence rate above and below the valley is sensitive to the details of the planet-mass distribution but that the location of the valley is not.
Doc2Hpo: a web application for efficient and accurate HPO concept curation
Authors: Liu Cong , Peres Kury Fabricio Sampaio , Li Ziran , Ta Casey , Wang Kai , Weng Chunhua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present Doc2Hpo, an interactive web application that enables interactive and efficient phenotype concept curation from clinical text with automated concept normalization using the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). Users can edit the HPO concepts automatically extracted by Doc2Hpo in real time, and export the extracted HPO concepts into gene prioritization tools. Our evaluation showed that Doc2Hpo significantly reduced manual effort while achieving high accuracy in HPO concept curation. Doc2Hpo is freely available at https://impact2.dbmi.columbia.edu/doc2hpo/. The source code is available at https://github.com/stormliucong/doc2hpo for local installation for protected health data.
Joint Outcomes Following Surgery for Superior Tibiofibular Joint-Associated Peroneal Intraneural Ganglion Cysts
Authors: Wilson Thomas J , Stone Jonathan J , Howe B Matthew , Rock Michael G , Spinner Robert J 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Intraneural ganglion cysts are joint-connected, with the primary pathology residing in the associated joint. For peroneal intraneural ganglion cysts, the surgical strategy can include resection of the synovial surface of the superior tibiofibular joint (STFJ). However, the rate of instability postoperatively is unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the rate of STFJ instability, following surgery for peroneal intraneural ganglion cysts. The second goal of the study was to assess the relationship between volume of resection of the STFJ and risk of extraneural recurrence.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients with peroneal intraneural ganglion cysts. We analyzed clinical factors, including recurrence, and assessed the rate of postoperative STFJ instability. We created 3-dimensional models of the STFJ pre- and postoperatively to compare the volume of resection in recurrent cases and nonrecurrent cases using a case-control design.

RESULTS
The total cohort consisted of 65 subjects. No patient had evidence of radiological or clinical instability of the STFJ postoperatively. Extraneural radiological recurrence occurred in 6 (9%) patients. No intraneural recurrences were observed. The average volume of resection for patients with recurrence was 1349 mm3 (SD = 1027 mm3) vs 3018 mm3 (SD = 1433 mm3) in controls that did not have a recurrence (P = .018).

CONCLUSION
This study supports performing an aggressive STFJ resection to minimize the risk of extraneural recurrence. Superior tibiofibular joint resection is not associated with postoperative joint instability. A smaller volume resection is correlated with recurrence risk.
Biocontrol Activity of Three Pseudomonas in a Newly Assembled Collection of Phytophthora infestans Isolates
Authors: De Vrieze Mout , Gloor Ramona , Massana Codina Josep , Torriani Stefano , Gindro Katia , L’Haridon Floriane , Bailly Aurélien , Weisskopf Laure 
Published: May 2019

Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans constitutes the greatest threat to potato production worldwide. Considering the increasing concerns regarding the emergence of novel fungicide-resistant genotypes and the general demand for reducing inputs of synthetic and copper-based fungicides, the need for alternative control methods is acute. Several bacterial antagonists have shown anti-Phytophthora effects during in vitro and greenhouse experiments. We report the effects of three Pseudomonas strains recovered from field-grown potatoes against a collection of P. infestans isolates assembled for this study. The collection comprised 19 P. infestans isolates of mating types A1 and A2 greatly varying in fungicide resistance and virulence profiles as deduced from leaf disc experiments on Black’s differential set. The mycelial growth of all P. infestans isolates was fully inhibited when co-cultivated with the most active Pseudomonas strain (R47). Moreover, the isolates reacted differently to exposure to the less active Pseudomonas strains (S19 and R76). Leaf disc infection experiments with six selected P. infestans isolates showed that four of them, including highly virulent and fungicide-resistant ones, could be efficiently controlled by different potato-associated Pseudomonas strains. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Prevalence, Predictors, and Implications for Appropriate Use of Active Surveillance Management Among Black Men Diagnosed With Low-risk Prostate Cancer
Authors: Taku Nicolette , Narayan Vivek , Wang Xingmei , Vapiwala Neha 
Published: May 2019

Background:
Consensus guidelines recommend that active surveillance (AS) be considered in the management of men with low-risk prostate cancer (LRPC). The objective was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of an AS approach in black men (BM) diagnosed with LRPC after inclusion of AS in LRPC consensus guidelines.

Materials and Methods:
BM and white men (WM) diagnosed with LRPC (prostate-specific antigen ≤10 ng/mL, Gleason score [GS] ≤6, clinical stage T1-T2a) between 2010 and 2013 were identified from the National Cancer Database. Logistic regression models were used to assess the likelihood of AS over time and to examine associations between sociodemographic characteristics (SDCs) and the receipt of AS. A subanalysis was performed to assess the likelihood of GS upgrading on prostatectomy specimens for cases that received definitive treatment with radical prostatectomy.

Results:
Overall, 9% of BM (N=15,242) with LRPC were managed with AS. The likelihood of BM undergoing AS increased from 2010 and for all subsequent years of the study period (P<0.001). Uninsured BM were twice as likely as those with private insurance to undergo AS (odds ratio [OR]=1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-2.58; P<0.001). BM were less likely than WM (N=86,655) to receive AS (OR=0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.87; P<0.001). However, on multivariate analysis adjusted for SDCs, there was no significant difference in AS utilization between the 2 race groups. Nearly half of BM (47.5%) treated with radical prostatectomy had a postprostatectomy GS≥7, and BM were 17% more likely to experience postprostatectomy upgrading to GS≥7 when compared with WM (OR=1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26; P<0.001).

Conclusions:
The utilization of AS for BM with LRPC seems to be increasing, is influenced by SDCs, and may not differ from AS utilization among WM. Careful consideration of prostate biopsy technique and sampling as well as SDCs at time of treatment planning may be necessary to ensure adequate evaluation of prostatic disease and appropriate disease management for BM with LRPC.
Integration of Ultrasound Into the Physician Assistant Curriculum
Authors: Rizzolo Denise , Krackov Rachel E. 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
Over the past 10 years, successful ultrasound integration into medical education has resulted in 8 residencies and 52 undergraduate medical schools requiring ultrasound training for graduation. Physician assistants (PAs) are trained in the medical model, yet very little is known about the integration of ultrasound into their curricula. This study examined how ultrasound is used, if at all, in the PA education curricula.

Methods
Physician assistant program directors (PDs) were sent a survey addressing ultrasound integration into their curricula. Questions focused on the use of ultrasound to teach didactic courses and on inclusion of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) scanning skills as an adjunct to the physical examination. The survey also asked about students' feelings toward ultrasound integration into the curricula.

Results
Investigators contacted 201 PDs, and 107 (53.2%) PDs responded. Twenty-five of the respondents (23.4%) reported using ultrasound in the basic sciences. The top 3 reasons for not including ultrasound in preclinical courses were no ultrasound machine, expense, and no faculty trained in ultrasound. Seventy-three of the respondents (68.2%) thought that POCUS scanning skills should be included in the curriculum. More than 83% felt that faculty or adjunct faculty should teach those skills.

Conclusion
This survey demonstrated that there is great interest in integrating ultrasound into the PA curriculum but that many challenges inhibit implementation. Lack of access to ultrasound machines and to trained faculty are the biggest challenges to integrating ultrasound into the PA curriculum. Physician assistant programs face content and competency challenges similar to those that medical schools face, as well as several challenges that are unique to PA education. Future research is needed to address these issues.
Using the Core Competencies for New Physician Assistant Graduates to Prioritize Admission Criteria for PA Practice in 2025
Authors: Goldgar Constance , Hills Karen J. , VanderMeulen Stephane P. , Snyder Jennifer A. , Kohlhepp William C. , Lane Steven 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In a fast-changing medical and educational environment, it is incumbent upon the physician assistant (PA) education community to periodically consider what the future practice environment might look like for our graduates. Changes in technology, regulation, reimbursement, health system economics, and health care delivery are among the many forces shaping the practice environment of the future. The 2018 Physician Assistant Education Association (PAEA) Presidents Commission reflected on what PA practice might look like in 2025 and used the Association's Core Competencies for New PA Graduates to consider what characteristics might therefore be required of the PA graduates who will practice in this future. We postulate that the future PA practice environment will require enhanced skills in such areas as interpreting technology-driven clinical data for patients and practices, consulting effectively with increasingly specialized members of health care teams, understanding population health and predictive analytics, and knowing how to access and critically assess new medical information. Working backward, we identify certain noncognitive attributes that will likely need to be prioritized in our admission processes and suggest some tools that can be used to assess them. These attributes include ethical responsibility, communication, critical thinking, situational judgment, and professionalism. As with all Presidents Commission articles, this piece is intended primarily to stimulate thought, dialogue, and future research. We encourage all faculty to participate in this dialogue, through the new PAEA Digital Learning Hub (https://paealearning.org/learn/digital-learning-hub/) and other channels.
Evaluating the Indirect Effects of Trait Mindfulness Facets on State Tripartite Components Through State Rumination and State Experiential Avoidance
Authors: Parsons E. Marie , Dreyer-Oren Sarah E. , Magee Joshua C. , Clerkin Elise M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The present study investigated whether specific trait mindfulness facets indirectly influenced state negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and physiological hyperarousal (PH) through state rumination and state experiential avoidance. Participants (n = 360, 68% female) rated trait mindfulness facets, then completed an interview task about life experiences intended to elicit state NA, PA, and PH. After the interview task, participants completed measures of state NA, PA, and PH, and state measures of rumination and experiential avoidance. Indirect effect results indicated that the relationships between Nonjudge, Nonreact, and Describe, and each of the state tripartite components indirectly flowed through state rumination. Further, there was a significant indirect effect of Nonjudge and Actaware on each of the three state tripartite components through experiential avoidance. Overall, strengthening the mindfulness skills of Nonjudge, Nonreact, Describe, and Actaware may have positive downstream effects via reducing reliance on maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, such as rumination or experiential avoidance.
Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Depression, Anxiety, and Pain in Patients With Postherpetic Neuralgia
Authors: Zhu Xingmin , Hu Ping , Fan Zhengying , Zhan Wenxian , Wang Huijuan , Yang Yang , Zhou Zubin , Ma Lan , Gao Haiyan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on reducing the psychological and physical symptoms in patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). A total of 50 patients with PHN from January 2017 to September 2018 were selected into the intervention group and the control group. Both groups received routine care, whereas the intervention group also was given an 8-week of MBSR. Psychological (depression and anxiety) and physical (pain) symptoms were assessed before and after the intervention. The study demonstrated evidence of MBSR effectiveness in reducing depression (p < 0.01), anxiety (p < 0.01), and pain (p < 0.01) scores after intervention for herpetic patients with neuralgia. MBSR can effectively alleviate depression, anxiety, and pain in patients with PHN. Our results provide clinical effectiveness evidence that MBSR works to improve the psychological and physical symptoms with the greatest improvement occurring during the 8-week program.
The Role of Depressive Symptoms in Suicide Attempt in Rural China
Authors: Jiang Zhuoye , Liu Yanzheng , Zhang Jie , Lamis Dorian A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Depression is a well-established predictor of suicidal behaviors, yet its effects among Chinese rural suicide attempters are understudied. In this study, we examined the role of depressive symptoms with other common risk factors, such as impulsivity, among medically serious suicide attempters. A case-controlled study was conducted in 13 rural counties in China. Medically serious suicide attempters (n = 791) and 791 nonsuicidal controls matched for sex and age range (±3 years) in the same location were recruited and interviewed to obtain information with regard to demographics, depressive symptom severity, and psychological strain measures. Both depressive symptoms, assessed with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and psychological strains predicted suicide attempt risk, and psychological strains significantly predicted depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms fully mediated the relations between value strain, deprivation strain, and suicide attempt risk, and partially mediated the associations among aspiration strain, coping strain, and suicide attempt risk. The reduction of psychological strains may help decrease both depression and suicidal behaviors.
Assessment of breast cancer treatment outcome at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Adult Oncology Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Dagne Selamawit , Abate Sefinew Migbaru , Tigeneh Wondemagegnhu , Engidawork Ephrem 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
Breast cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and ranks as the fifth cause of death from all cancers, and the most common cause of cancer death in women in both developing and developed countries. However, information regarding treatment outcome of breast cancer is scarce in Ethiopia.

Objective:
The aim of this study was therefore to assess treatment outcome among breast cancer patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital.

Method:
Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were collected by reviewing the medical records and by phone interview.

Result:
A total of 303 patients were included in the study, more than one-fourth (31.02%) of the patients were in the age range of 30–39 years, with a mean age of 42.10 years. More than half (54.10%) of the patients were diagnosed to have breast cancer with clinical tumor, nodal status, and metastasis stage III breast cancer. The frequently used combination chemotherapy was FAC (5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) in 66.9% patients. At the end of 3 years treatment follow-up, 46.53% of patients were dead, 34.32% were alive. Logistic regression analysis showed that age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.32; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12, 0.95; P = 0.040), chemotherapy cycle (AOR = 7.36; 95% CI: 2.28, 23.79; P = 0.001), stage of the disease (AOR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.29; P = 0.000), and endocrine therapy (AOR = 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.22; P = 0.000) were significantly associated with the outcome of death.

Conclusion:
Treatment outcome of breast cancer is poor and requires health education and sensitization on preventive.
Quality control of cytotoxic infusions disturbed by a change of infusion bag
Authors: Le Quinio Pierre , Beiler Benoît , Lider Pauline , Demoré Béatrice , Vigneron Jean 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
In our centralized unit for the preparation of anticancer drugs, quality control is carried out by flow injection analysis (FIA) with detection by photodiode array detector. Criteria of concentration acceptance were established with ±10% of the theoretical concentration. The infusions were prepared with polyolefin infusions bags (Easyflex). However, due to an Easyflex shortage, Viaflo infusion bags were used and cyclophosphamide (CPM) concentrations showed a 10% increase despite a similar manufacturing process.
The objectives of this work were to study the influence of different containers on CPM concentrations measured by FIA and to investigate the origin of this artificial increase in concentration.

Methods:
Thirty infusions were prepared using 3 different infusion bags: Viaflo multilayer container, Ecoflac, low-density polyethylene, and Easyflex polyolefin bags.
Vials of CPM 1 g were reconstituted with 50 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride. CPM was injected into 0.9% sodium chloride 250-mL infusion bags. Then 1 mL samples were withdrawn to be analyzed by FIA, to determine CPM concentrations (ultraviolet detection at 205 nm).

Results:
Mean CPM concentration values (n = 10) were 3.52 mg/mL for Viaflo infusions, 3.12 mg/mL for Ecoflac infusions, and 3.16 mg/mL for Easyflex infusions. CPM concentrations were higher in Viaflo infusion bags. This difference could be explained by ε-caprolactam, a component released by the multilayer infusion bag.

Conclusion:
Viaflo infusion bags disturb outcomes of CPM dosage with a concentration artificially increased by about 10%. The FIA method cannot be used to quantify CPM at this concentration and at wavelength 205 nm.
Nonvitreoretinal Eye Injuries in 2 Infants Due to Nonaccidental Trauma
Authors: Brown Ryan , Pasquali Paige , Feldman Ken , Hines Larissa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Intraocular findings are well known and well documented in child abuse cases. However, eye deviation on physical examination can also be just as important in evaluating a child for maltreatment. We present 2 cases of infants younger than 6 months who presented to the emergency department with new-onset abnormal eye deviation, and further evaluation revealed other findings consistent with nonaccidental trauma. These cases were ruled as abusive head trauma and demonstrate the importance of conducting a thorough evaluation for any acute-onset ophthalmological and neurological finding.
Factors Associated With Urban Youth and Parent Perceptions of the Preventability of Assault Injury
Authors: Kironji A. Gatebe , Jones Vanya , Cheng Tina , Johnson Sarah Lindstrom , Fein Joel A. , Ryan Leticia 
Published: May 2019

Objectives
This study aimed to identify factors associated with urban youth and parent's perception of the preventability of medically attended youth assault injuries to guide future violence prevention strategies.

Methods
Assault-injured youth (n = 188; ages, 10–15 years; 60% male; 96% black) and their parents were recruited from 2 pediatric emergency departments in 2 cities. Mental health, injury severity, circumstances of injury, and family composition were some of the factors explored as cross-sectional predictors of the perception of the preventability of youth assault injury. Separate models were developed using stepwise regression for youth and parents.

Results
Sixty-eight (38%) youth and 123 parents (68%) reported that the injury was definitely preventable (χ2 = 9.6250, P < 0.05). For youth, identifying themselves as the aggressor (odds ratio [OR], 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–0.70) or having been hospitalized for psychiatric illness (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05–0.85) was associated with lower odds of perceiving their injury as preventable, while being under the care of a mental health professional (OR, 3.87; 95% CI, 1.21–12.39) was associated with higher odds. For parents, being in a household with grandparents (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.04–0.99) or having a child with a learning disability (OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05–0.57) was associated with lower odds of perceiving the injury as preventable.

Conclusions
Several factors in youth and parents were identified as being associated with perception of preventability of injuries in this high-risk population of youth. Youth and parents identified different factors. In addition, although most parents reported that the assault injury sustained by their child was preventable, the opposite was true for youth perceptions. Future violence prevention programs should consider youth and parent perspectives and develop unique strategies to address both their needs.