bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical and nutritional properties of rice as affected by parboiling steaming time at atmospheric pressure and variety
Authors: Zohoun Elvire V. , Tang Erasmus N. , Soumanou Mohamed M. , Manful John , Akissoe Noel H. , Bigoga Jude , Futakuchi Koichi , Ndindeng Sali A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTo elucidate the effect of different parboiling steaming time on the physicochemical and nutritional quality of rice, four varieties, NERICA1, NERICA7, IR841, and WITA4, were soaked at the same initial temperature (85°C) and steamed for 5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 min. NERICA7 steamed for 25 min recorded the highest head rice yield (71.9%). Nonparboiled IR841 recorded the shortest cooking time (17.0 min), while NERICA1 steamed for 35 min recorded the longest cooking time (26.1 min). NERICA1 steamed for 45 min was the hardest (63.2 N), while nonparboiled IR841 was the softest (28.7 N). NERICA7 recorded higher peak and final viscosities across all steaming times compared to the other varieties. NERICA7 steamed for 35 and 45 min recorded the lowest total starch (77.3%) and the highest protein (13.2%) content, respectively. NERICA7 steamed for 25 and 45 min recorded the highest phosphorus (0.166%), magnesium (572 mg/kg), and potassium (2290 mg/kg) content, respectively. We conclude that, depending on desired physicochemical and nutritional properties, specific varieties and steaming times can be selected to achieve those outcomes.
Galactomannan from Trigonella foenum‐graecum L. seed: Prebiotic application and its fermentation by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans strain MTCC 5856
Authors: Majeed Muhammed , Majeed Shaheen , Nagabhushanam Kalyanam , Arumugam Sivakumar , Natarajan Sankaran , Beede Kirankumar , Ali Furqan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHealth benefits of dietary fibers are currently being widely recognized. However, the assessment of dietary fiber as a prebiotic is essential and also important for the development of an improved synbiotic commercial preparation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of galactomannan extracted from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic fiber and also its fermentation by the probiotic strain Bacillus coagulansMTCC 5856. Nondigestibility by the gastric acid and pancreatic enzyme hydrolysis of galactomannan were determined using an in vitro model mimicking the in vivo conditions. Further, anaerobic fermentation and utilization of galactomannan by the B. coagulansMTCC 5856 was investigated followed by selective inhibition of Escherichia coliATCC 25922. The galactomannan from fenugreek seeds was found to be nondigestible to gastric acid and also to pancreatic enzymatic hydrolysis. The galactomannan was fermented and utilized (71.4%) by the B. coagulansMTCC 5856, and also significant amount of short‐chain fatty acids production was also observed. Furthermore, B. coagulansMTCC 5856 inhibited the E. coliATCC 25922 growth when cocultured with galactomannan suggesting competitive fermentation of probiotic bacteria. Galactomannan exhibited prebiotic activity and also showed suitability with probiotic B. coagulansMTCC 5856 in a synbiotic combination. This study provides the first scientific evidence of galactomannan from fenugreek seeds as a prebiotic that may play an important role in modulating gut flora by acting as substrate to beneficial microbes.
Surgical management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroidectomy: American Head and Neck Society Consensus Statement
Authors: Fundakowski Christopher E. , Hales Nathan W. , Agrawal Nishant , Barczyński Marcin , Camacho Pauline M. , Hartl Dana M. , Kandil Emad , Liddy Whitney E. , McKenzie Travis J. , Morris John C. , Ridge John A. , Schneider Rick , Serpell Jonathan , Sinclair Catherine F. , Snyder Samuel K. , Terris David J. , Tuttle R. Michael , Wu Che‐Wei , Wong Richard J. , Zafereo Mark , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract“I have noticed in operations of this kind, which I have seen performed by others upon the living, and in a number of excisions, which I have myself performed on the dead body, that most of the difficulty in the separation of the tumor has occurred in the region of these ligaments…. This difficulty, I believe, to be a very frequent source of that accident, which so commonly occurs in removal of goiter, I mean division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.” Sir James Berry (1887)
Transformation/dissolution characterization of tungsten and tungsten compounds for aquatic hazard classification
Authors: Huntsman Philippa , Skeaff Jim , Pawlak Marcin , Beaudoin Robert 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

The transformation/dissolution protocol (T/DP) for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds was applied to determine the transformation/dissolution (T/D) characteristics of yellow tungsten trioxide, WO3; blue tungsten oxide, WOx, x taken as 2.9; tungsten disulphide, WS2; tungsten metal, W; 3 samples of tungsten carbide, WC; sodium tungstate, Na2WO4 · 2H2O; ammonium paratungstate (APT), (NH4)10(H2W12O42) · 4H2O; and ammonium metatungstate (AMT) (NH4)6(H2W12O40) · 3H2O. The T/D data were used to derive aquatic hazard classification outcomes under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) and European Union Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (EU CLP) schemes by comparing the data with selected acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values (ERVs) of 31 and 3.37 mg W/L, respectively. In addition to the concentration of total dissolved tungsten (W), the T/D solutions were analyzed for the concentration of the tungstate anion, because speciation can be an important factor in establishing the ecotoxicity of dissolved metals. Results show that the tungstate anion was the predominant W-bearing species in solution for all substances examined at pH 6 and 8.5. It was found that the 100 mg/L loadings of both the yellow WO3 and the blue WOx exceeded the 31 mg/L acute ERV, so they would classify as Acute 3-Chronic 3 under the UN GHS scheme but they would not classify under the EU CLP. An effect of pH on the reactivity of the W metal was observed with 3% and 16% W dissolution at pH 6 and 8.5, respectively. Tungsten metal would not classify under either the UN GHS or EU CLP schemes nor would the WS2. The WCs were the least reactive in terms of the 1% or less dissolution of the contained W at pH 6. A critical surface area for WC was calculated. The sodium tungstate, APT and the AMT all yielded, at pH 8.5, total dissolved W concentrations that would result in UN GHS Acute 3-Chronic 3 classifications. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:498–508. © 2018 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management © 2018 SETAC

Key Points
Transformation/Dissolution characteristics of W metal and 7 W compounds were examined for aquatic hazard classification. An adaption of the existing high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method is reported to provide quantitative determinations of the concentrations of total dissolved W and the tungstate anion in the same run. Results show that the tungstate anion was the predominant W-bearing species in solution for all substances examined, which is important for ecotoxicity. An effect of pH on the reactivity of the W metal and the W compounds was observed, with the substances being more reactive at pH 8.5 than at pH 6.
Application of Jar‐Test Analysis at Phoenix, Ariz.
Authors: Griffith J. David , Williams Robert G. 
Published: February 2018

A Metricized ArticleJar testing and pilot‐plant work can prove valuable precursors in designing floc basins—as the authors of this article pointedly cite. They also are quite incisive in their refutation of some prevailing theories regarding mixing and settling times. By their preliminary research, the Phoenix water department has been able to trim design costs considerably.
Modifying ion exchange for combined removal of uranium and radium
Authors: Clifford Dennis , Zhang Zhihe 
Published: February 2018

Mixing only a small amount of strong base anion resin with the strong acid cation resin in a conventional water softener results in efficient uranium removal in addition to radium removal.Adding a small amount of strong base anion (SBA) resin to the strong acid cation (SAC) resin in a conventional water softener provides good uranium and radium removal. In tests on a well water containing 25 pCi/L radium and 120 μg/L uranium, a mixed bed containing 10 percent SBA and 90 percent SAC resin provided a product water with less than 1 pCi/L radium and 20 μg/L uranium during cyclic operation with sodium chloride regeneration. Additional tests indicated that too much anion resin or stratified resin beds caused excessive radium and uranium leakage. Also, potassium chloride was a superior regenerant to sodium chloride for elution of radium from the spent resin.
Quality degradation: implications for DBP formation
Authors: Krasner Stuart W. , Sclimenti Michael J. , Means Edward G. 
Published: February 2018

The results of these studies of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta demonstrate that DBP control strategies should include watershed management as well as treatment processes in other regions of the United States.During development of the draft Disinfectants‐Disinfection Byproducts (D‐DBP) Rule, the issue of watershed management for DBP precursor control was discussed but not included in the rule. This article focuses on a major California watershed, describing examples of the types of studies that utilities can use to determine precursor sources and develop solutions for control. In addition, a chlorination and ozonation study of a five‐by‐five matrix of total organic carbon and bromide levels—which spanned a wide range of concentrations that can be expected in many US waters—provided insights into the effects of organic and inorganic precursors and disinfectants in DBP formation.
Arsenic removal by coagulation
Authors: Scott Karen N. , Green James F. , Do Hoang D. , McLean Stephen J. 
Published: February 2018

This utility's goal of 90 percent arsenic removal was attained through treatment with 6.5 mg/L ferric chloride.This study evaluated the removal of naturally occurring arsenic in a full‐scale (106‐mgd) conventional treatment plant. When the source water was treated with 3–10 mg/L of ferric chloride or 6, 10, or 20 mg/L of alum, arsenic removal was 81–96 percent (ferric chloride) and 23–71 percent (alum). Metal concentrations in the sludge produced during this study were below the state's current hazardous waste levels at all coagulant dosages. No operational difficulties were encountered.
Removing Cryptosporidium by dissolved‐air flotation
Authors: Plummer Jeanine D. , Edzwald James K. , Kelley Michael B. 
Published: February 2018

DAF achieved more than a 2‐log removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts under a variety of treatment conditions.Bench‐scale studies were used to investigate the effectiveness of dissolved‐air flotation (DAF) for the removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from a drinking water supply. Oocysts were spiked into a natural water at a concentration of 3–4 times 105 oocysts/L. Results indicate that DAF achieved a >2‐log removal of oocysts under a variety of conditions. In addition, flotation was a superior clarification process to sedimentation for the conditions tested. Coagulation and DAF conditions that minimize residual turbidity and maximize the removals of organic matter are conditions that produce high log removals of Cryptosporidium.
DBPs in chlorinated North Carolina drinking waters
Authors: Singer Philip C. , Obolensky Alexa , Greiner Anthony 
Published: February 2018

Compliance with the proposed D/DBP Rule may be dictated to a much more significant degree by haloacetic acids than by THMs.The proposed Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products (D/DBP) Rule establishes a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for haloacetic acids (HAAs) of 60 μg/L and revises the MCL for trihalomethanes (THMs) to 80 μg/L. In anticipation of the proposed rule, researchers obtained finished drinking water from six North Carolina utilities and analyzed for THMs, HAAs, and total organic halides. Samples from representative locations within the distribution system were collected three times over 12 months to discern seasonal patterns in DBP formation. Relationships among the different by‐products were explored, as was their relationship to raw water quality. The results suggest that HAA concentrations can be as much as 50 percent greater than THM concentrations and that the occurrence of HAAs in finished drinking water may be much higher than was anticipated when the D/DBP Rule was proposed.
Biofiltration performance: part 1, relationship to biomass
Authors: Wang Jack Z. , Summers R. Scott , Miltner Richard J. 
Published: February 2018

Many factors could account for the good performance of coal‐based GAC biofilters, including the quantity of biomass attached to the media.A phospholipid analytical technique was used to measure the amount of biomass attached to the surfaces of drinking water filter media. The method was reproducible and able to detect significant differences in biomass concentrations in different filters and at various depths within filters. The amount of attached biomass decreased as filter depth increased, suggesting that most removal of natural organic matter occurred at the top of the biofilters. The results show that granular activated carbon media were able to hold more biomass than were anthracite and sand media and that concentrations of biomass in anthracite‐sand filters were lower with chlorine in the backwash water.
Assessing DBP yield: uniform formation conditions
Authors: Summers R. Scott , Hooper Stuart M. , Shukairy Hiba M. , Solarik Gabriele , Owen Douglas 
Published: February 2018

Results from UFC tests will enable direct comparison of DBP formation in different water sources.A new chlorination approach has been developed for assessing disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation under constant, yet representative conditions. The rationale used in the development of the uniform formation conditions (UFC) test and the results of a parametric sensitivity analysis are presented. Within the acceptable range of conditions, the DBP formation varied by less than 4 percent for the three waters examined. UFC test results will allow a direct comparison of DBP formation among different waters and allow the evaluation of how treatment changes affect DBP formation in a specific water.
Water quality and mixing models for tanks and reservoirs
Authors: Grayman Walter M. , Deininger Rolf A. , Green Adam , Boulos Paul F. , Bowcock Robert W. , Godwin Chris C. 
Published: February 2018

Using three types of models, researchers studied mixing and water quality in an aboveground cylindrical reservoir.Long detention times and improper mixing in tanks and reservoirs may negatively affect water quality. Mathematical and physical models of mixing and water quality dynamics may be used to determine how alternative designs or operational policies affect the quality of water within and leaving the facility. Three models—a systems model that uses a simplified representation of the reservoir emphasizing the input and output from the facility, a computational fluid dynamics model based on mathematical equations, and physical scale models of the reservoir—were applied to the Ed Heck Reservoir, a 4‐mil‐gal (0.015 X 106 m3) cylindrical reservoir in Azusa, Calif. Results of the application of each model are presented graphically along with a discussion of each model's advantages, disadvantages, and costs.
Milwaukee's crypto outbreak: investigation and recommendations
Authors: Fox Kim R. , Lytle Darren A. 
Published: February 2018

Members of the USEPA team that advised Milwaukee officials during the outbreak describe their findings.In March and April 1993, the largest US waterborne disease outbreak occurred in Milwaukee, Wis., causing illness in more than 400,000 people. The etiological agent responsible for most cases was Cryptosporidium. Milwaukee was served by two water treatment plants that used raw water from Lake Michigan. Before the outbreak, severe spring storms caused the lake's turbidity and bacterial counts to rise dramatically. During the outbreak, effluent produced by one plant had a turbidity approaching 2.5 ntu, a high reading that indicated an increase in particulates passing through the plant. The increase may have also meant an increase in passage of Cryptosporidium oocysts. This article discusses the investigation by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division (formerly the Drinking Water Research Division) of the US Environmental Protection Agency into what may have happened to allow the oocysts to pass through the treatment plant.
The cost of infrastructure needs
Authors: Hertzler Patricia Carroll , Davies Clive 
Published: February 2018

A USEPA survey of drinking water infrastructure needs yields data used to construct cost models for more than 50 types of water supply projects.A survey conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency provided a wealth of information on the cost of drinking water infrastructure needs. This information was used to develop cost models for more than 50 types of source, treatment, storage, and transmission and distribution projects. The cost models provide the tools to accurately estimate the total infrastructure investment needed by community water systems in the United States. They also give insight into real‐world costs for common types of drinking water infrastructure projects.
Kinetics of chlorine decay
Authors: Vasconcelos John J. , Rossman Lewis A. , Grayman Walter M. , Boulos Paul F. , Clark Robert M. 
Published: February 2018

Models of chlorine kinetics in distribution systems characterize chlorine decay as a combination of first‐order decay in the bulk liquid and first‐order or zero‐order decay reactions at the pipe wall.Proper understanding, characterization, and prediction of water quality behavior in drinking water distribution systems are critical to ensure meeting regulatory requirements and customer‐oriented expectations. This article investigates the factors leading to loss of chlorine residual in water distribution systems. Kinetic rate equations describing the decay of chlorine were developed, tested, and evaluated using data collected in field‐sampling studies conducted at several water utility sites. Results indicated that chlorine decay in distribution systems can be characterized as a combination of first‐order reactions in the bulk liquid and first‐order or zero‐order mass transfer–limited reactions at the pipe wall. Wall reaction kinetic constants were inversely proportional to pipe roughness coefficients. Wide variations in both bulk reaction constants and wall reaction constants were observed among the sites.
Evaluating Ferrous Iron for Chlorite Ion Removal
Authors: Hurst Gregory H. , Knocke William R. 
Published: February 2018

Fe(II) dosing proves an efficient technique for removing ClO2– over a wide range of conditions.Effective use of chlorine dioxide as an alternative disinfectant in water treatment may require removal of the by‐product chlorite ion (ClO2–). This study evaluated the effect of alkaline conditions (pH 7–10) and the presence–absence of dissolved oxygen on the ability of ferrous iron [Fe(II)] to reduce ClO2– ion to chloride ion (Cl–). Fe(II) dosing from 3.5–4.0 mg Fe(II) per mg ClO2– provided for efficient removal of ClO2– over the targeted pH range. Furthermore, no by‐product formation of chlorate ion was observed. Results from mass balance studies indicated that approximately 95 percent of the reacting ClO2– was chemically reduced to Cl–.
Modifying a backwash trough to reduce media loss
Authors: Kawamura Susumu , Najm Issam N. , Gramith Karl 
Published: February 2018

In this pilot study, simple baffles on the sidewall of backwash troughs reduced GAC loss by 70 percent.Since the 1960s, many rapid sand filters have been modified to become high‐rate filters, and dual media have replaced sand. A common problem caused by this change is excessive loss of anthracite coal medium (5–10 percent annually) under regular filter‐washing practices. This happens because the space between the top of the filter bed and the top of the wash troughs is insufficient for the lightweight coal grains, even though it was adequate for the rapid sand filter beds. Also, rather tight spacing of wash troughs for old filter designs aggravates the loss of coal grains. The authors evaluate the loss of granular actived carbon (GAC) after existing rapid sand beds are converted to GAC beds without raising the concrete wash troughs. Results of the pilot study indicate that a simple baffle configuration can reduce media loss by as much as 70 percent.
14C‐MIB adsorption on PAC in natural water
Authors: Gillogly Thomas E.T. , Snoeyink Vernon L. , Elarde Joseph R. , Wilson Claude M. , Royal Earl P. 
Published: February 2018

A new way of measuring very low concentrations of MIB allows calculation of the PAC dose needed to mitigate odors caused by MIB.Kinetic and equilibrium studies using five powdered activated carbons (PACs) and 14C‐labeled 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB) in Lake Michigan water produced guidelines for determining the dose of PAC needed to remove MIB. The equilibrium data, supported by predictions from the equivalent background compound competitive adsorption model, indicate that the percent MIB remaining at equilibrium is a function of the carbon dosage, independent of the initial MIB concentration. Kinetic experiments, analyzed in terms of the homogeneous surface diffusion model, demonstrated that the surface diffusion coefficient, Ds, is independent of both carbon dosage and initial MIB concentration. Together these equilibrium and kinetic studies show that for any given PAC dosage in natural water and for any fixed time of contact, the percent MIB remaining in an ideal reactor is independent of the initial MIB concentration. Thus the PAC dosage required to mitigate any MIB episode for any contact time of interest may be quickly determined from a Ct/C0 × 100 percent versus Cc plot. These studies have also exhibited a new application of 14C‐MIB allowing for the rapid collection of reproducible and accurate adsorption data.
Conservation rates in the real world
Authors: Chesnutt Thomas W. , Beecher Janice A. 
Published: February 2018

Conservation‐oriented rates that reflect the true price of water can change consumers' water use and pay off in reduced operating and development costs.Old and familiar ways of setting water rates can fail to recover the cost of providing water service, can send inaccurate signals as to the worth of this scarce resource, and are becoming more and more difficult to defend. At the same time, revenues from rates and charges are essential if water agencies are to accomplish their mission of providing dependable, potable water on demand. What can water utilities do to price water more sensibly, ensure financial viability, and achieve a publicly accepted and successful rate‐making process? The California Urban Water Conservation Council has developed a technical handbook on alternative pricing approaches and their associated effects. “Designing, Evaluating, and Implementing Conservation Rate Structures”1 demonstrates how quantitative tools can be used to measure rate effects, develop strategies for managing the results of rate changes, and provide insights about the process of successful rate‐making. By linking technical knowledge with practical implementation tools, rate‐making that incorporates conservation objectives can be accomplished.