bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gesichtspunkte beim Aufbau eines modular organisierten klinischen Datenverarbeitungssystems
Authors: überla K. , Hansen Th. 
Published: March 2018

Der Rahmenplan für den Aufbau der Datenverarbeitung in den Kliniken der Universität Ulm wird beschrieben. Aus allgemeinen Anforderungen an ein klinisches Datenverarbeitungssystem wird das Konzept eines Moduls für die klinische Datenverarbeitung abgeleitet und festgelegt. Die Informationseinheit innerhalb des modular aufgebauten klinischen Datenverarbeitungssystems wird formal definiert. Elementare Vorgänge in den Moduln werden näher beschrieben. Der Modul »Patientenaufnahme und Archiv« wird in seiner Lösung für die Kliniken in Ulm bestimmt. Das Konzept eines modular aufgebauten klinischen Datenverarbeitungssystems sieht die Zusammenfassung der verschiedenen Moduln eines Klinikkomplexes durch einen Organisations- und Kommunikationsmodul vor, der die Daten umorganisiert, einen Patientenfile aufbaut, die Verwaltung und Abrechnung durchführt sowie statistische Übersichten liefert.Von diesem modular aufgebauten Subsystem getrennt werden alle Aufgaben, die über einen historisch gewachsenen Klinikkomplex hinausgehen und die on-line-Dialogverkehr mit direktem Zugriff zu großen Dateien erfordern. Diese Aufgaben sollen für mehrere Klinikkomplexe von einem Großrechner realisiert werden, der weitgehend unabhängig von den zuerst genannten Subsystemen arbeitet.
An Automatic System for the Management of Drug-Related Literature
Authors: Lewi P. J. , Reyntjens A. , Van Gestel S. 
Published: March 2018

An attempt to use an automatic system for the management of drug-related literature is described. The system, which is based on an alphabetical search technique, was designed for an IBM-1800 computer and is used for processing, storage and retrieval of pharmacological and clinical reports and publications.The mode of input and computer procedures used are briefly reviewed.
Ideas on the Construction of an Automated System for the Determination of Hospital Morbidity for the Public Health Services in Bulgaria
Authors: PEEVSKY T. D. , PETKOVA E. V. , BAYKUSHEV B. P. , VALOVA A. P. 
Published: March 2018

As an integral part in the planning for the Unified System of Social Information in Bulgaria, a system of public health management is envisaged. One of the basic subsystems is the automated system of management and account of hospital morbidity. Its construction is preceded by a detailed analysis of the organizational and informational structure. The parameters of the incoming information are described and some of the more fundamental tables produced by the system are shown. According to the character of the information contained in the tables, the periodicity of the data processing is determined and so are the levels of administration to which it is to be sent.We believe that, as a result of the processing of information by means of computer technique, the efficiency of management will improve on the basis of a detailed analysis of public health, the functioning and the medical activity of the health establishments.
Investigation into Cigarette Smoking and Atmospheric Pollution in the Aetiology of Lung Cancer
Authors: Doll R. 
Published: March 2018

The evidence that cigarette smoking and atmospheric pcllution are causes of lung cancer is largely statistical. The first evidence was indirect; that is, i1. was noticed that in many countries the incidence of lung cancer had increased and that the increase could be correlated with changes in the prevalence of cigarette smoking and of certain types of atmospheric pollution.Since then much direct evidence has been obtained. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer has been demonstrated retrospectively by comparing the smoking habits of patients with and without lung cancer and prospectively by observing the mortality from lung cancer in groups of persons of known smoking habits. Conclusions can be drawn from these studies only after careful examination of the results. In particular it is important in retrospective studies to test a) the reproducibility of the data, b) the representativeness of the data, and c) the comparability of the special series and their controls. The resul1.s of retrospective studies are all similar and all show a close relationship between cigarette smoking and the disease.The results have been confirmed by pro~pective studies which are lesF. open to bias. The results can be explained if cigarette smoking causes lung cancer or if both are related to some third common factor. Ancillary data (pathological changes in the bronchial mucosa, animal experiments, etc.) support the causal hypothesis.The evidence relating to atmospheric pollution is less definite and it is difficult to get direct evidence of a relationship in the individual. It is clear that pollution has little effect in the absence of smoking, but the mortality associated with a given amount of smoking is generally greater in large towns than in the countryside and among men who have emigrated from Britain than among men who have lived all their lives in less polluted countries.
Ätiologische upd pathogenetische Untersuchungen beim Lupus vulgaris
Authors: Wagner G. 
Published: March 2018

Der Lupus vulgaris — die in Mitteleuropa häufigste und soziologisch bedeutsamste Form der Hauttuberkulose — eignet sieh als Modell für ätiologische Untersuchungen insofern besonders gut, weil die Lupuskranken in Deutschland seit 1934 in zentralen Institutionen registriert werden und dadurch nahezu alle Erkrankten in der Population erfaßt und langzeitig beobachtet worden sind. Die Lupuskartei des Landes Schleswig-Holstein überwacht den Krankheitsverlauf der registrierten Kranken seit über 10 Jahren mittels des maschinellen Lochkartenverfahrens. Jeder Patient wird jährlich einmal nachuntersucht; die dabei erhobenen Befunde werden auf Lochkarten übernommen. Die chronologisch geordneten Lochkarten jedes Patienten gestatten einen genauen Uberblick über den individuellen Krankheitsverlauf.Seitdem man erkannt hat, daß Entstehung und klinische Variabilität des tuberkulösen Geschehens nicht allein durch das bloße Vorliegen von Tuberkelbakterien hinreichend erklärt werden können, hat die Suche nach krankheitsauslösenden und den Krankheitsverlauf beeinflussenden „Mitfaktoren” erneute Aktualität gewonnen. Die eigenen diesbezüglichen Untersuchungen an über 2 000 Lupuskranken haben ergeben, daß als derartige Mitfaktoren neben dem Geschlecht gewisse exogene Momente (wie körperliche Überbeanspruchung, schlechte Ernährung, bestimmte klimatische Bedingungen und soziales Milieu), eine Rolle spielen, dagegen nicht — wie man bisher geglaubt hat — das Lebensalter. Eine vorhergehende Lymphknoten-tuberkulöse fördert ebenfalls die Entstehung eines Lupus vulgaris. Die tuberkulöse Gesamtbelastung des Organismus ist entscheidend für den Verlauf der Hauttuberkulose. Der Lupus vulgaris verkürzt an sich die Lebenserwartung nicht; die Frühsterblichkeit der Lupösen ist allein auf ihre erhöhte Sterblichkeit an Lungentuberkulose zurückzuführen. Mit den bei den internen Organtuberkulosen entwickelten immunpathologischen Vorstellungen allein läßt sich das klinische Phänomen „Lupus vulgaris” nicht ausreichend plausibel erklären.
Relevance Predictability in Information Retrieval Systems
Authors: Kent A. , Belzer J. , Kuhfeerst M. , Dym E. D. , Shirey D. L. , Bose A. 
Published: March 2018

An experiment is described which attempts to derive quantitative indicators regarding the potential relevance predictability of the intermediate stimuli used to represent documents in information retrieval systems. In effect, since the decision to peruse an entire document is often predicated upon the examination of one »level of processing« of the document (e.g., the citation and/or abstract), it became interesting to analyze the properties of what constitutes »relevance«. However, prior to such an analysis, an even more elementary step had to be made, namely, to determine what portions of a document should be examined.An evaluation of the ability of intermediate response products (IRPs), functioning as cues to the information content of full documents, to predict the relevance determination that would be subsequently made on these documents by motivated users of information retrieval systems, was made under controlled experimental conditions. The hypothesis that there might be other intermediate response products (selected extracts from the document, i.e., first paragraph, last paragraph, and the combination of first and last paragraph), that would be as representative of the full document as the traditional IRPs (citation and abstract) was tested systematically. The results showed that:1. there is no significant difference among the several IRP treatment groups on the number of cue evaluations of relevancy which match the subsequent user relevancy decision on the document;2. first and last paragraph combinations have consistently predicted relevancy to a higher degree than the other IRPs;3. abstracts were undistinguished as predictors; and4. the apparent high predictability rating for citations was not substantive.Some of these results are quite different than would be expected from previous work with unmotivated subjects.
J 5 — A Data Processing System for Medical Information
Authors: Hall P. , Mellner Ch. , Danielsson T. 
Published: March 2018

A system for medical information has been developed. The system is a general and flexible one which without reprogramming or new programs can accept any alphabetic and/or numeric information. Coded concepts and natural language can be read, stored, decoded and written out. Medical records or parts of records (diagnosis, operations, therapy, laboratory tests, symptoms etc.) can be retrieved and selected. The system can process simple statistics but even make linear pattern recognition analysis.The system described has been used for in-patients, outpatients and individuals in health examinations.The use of computers in hospitals, health examinations or health care systems is a problem of storing information in a general and flexible form. This problem has been solved, and now it is possible to add new routines like booking and follow-up-systems. •
Psychiatric Interview Simulation by Computer
Authors: Starkweather J. A. , Kamp M. , Monto A. 
Published: March 2018

A particularly interesting form of computer simulation may be undertaken when it is possible to arrange real-time interaction between a computer program and a human subject. A program can be written to play the part of an interviewer who is engaged in information gathering for diagnostic purposes. In this respect it can imitate a sequential decision process analogous to that of medical diagnosis by a clinician. On the other hand, it can play the part of a patient and act as a repository of information which can provide practice in interviewing. The writing of such interaction programs by those with clinical skills is made possible by an appropriate programming language oriented to this class of problems.The paper describes such a programming language, called COMPUTEST, and its use for the programmed simulation of both physician and patient behavior in the context of an initial psychiatric interview.
Erfahrungen mit einer Dokumentationsmaschine (K 600) in der Klinik
Authors: Reissner I. 
Published: March 2018

Die Umwandlung von Maschinenlochkarten in ein anderes Kartenformat bereitet bei Benutzung der Maschinenkombination KLEMT K600 keine Schwierigkeiten, sofern der Kartenlocher über einen 80-stelligen, alphanumerischen Speicher verfügt. Die Umwandlung ist nicht in einer der drei Maschinen (Schreibeinheit, Kartenleser, Kartenlocher) allein vorzunehmen; man benötigt die gesamte Kombination. Jede der drei Maschinen ist für den Umwandlungsprozeß gesondert programmiert (Programmtafel). Der Ablauf des Prozesses ist in zwei hintereinanderliegende Abschnitte geteilt:1. Tabellierung der Daten der Ursprungskarte mit Hilfe von Leser und Schreibeinheit. Gleichzeitig werden die bereits veränderten Daten in den Speicher des Lochers eingegeben.2. Versetztes Ablochen der Daten im Locher aus- dem Speicher. Gleichzeitig können nochmals Daten eingeführt oder verändert werden.Die Maschinenkombination wird so weit beschrieben, daß einige Eigenschaften, besonders die zur Umwandlung nötigen Programmierungen und die vielseitigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der K600 verstanden werden können.
Heilkunde und Statistik — Mensch und Zahl
Authors: Griesser G. 
Published: March 2018

Heilkunde und Statistik sind zwei nur scheinbar gegensätzliche Begriffe. Geht man den Gründen für die im Kreise der Ärzte verbreitete Ablehnung der Statistik als Arbeitsmethode nach, dann läßt sich zeigen, daß eine der Hauptursachen hierfür in der Verkennung ihres Wesens und ihrer Aussagemöglichkeiten liegt.Die Betrachtung der Krankheit als ein Massenphänomen ist in der Medizin viel weiter verbreitet, als dies bei einer oberflächlichen Beurteilung den Anschein hat. Dies gilt sowohl für den Inklusions- wie für den Repräsentationsschluß als Mittel zur Gewinnung neuer Erkenntnisse.Im Rahmen der Planung und Ausführung eines »Versuches« kommt der Auswahl und Definition der Erhebungsmerkmale eine ebenso große Bedeutung zu wie der formalen mathematisch-statistischen Bewertung und der sachlogisch richtigen Interpretation der gewonnenen Rechenergebnisse. Als wesentlich erscheint die Kenntnis der Fehlermöglichkeiten, die sich nicht durch die »große Fallzahl« allein ausmerzen lassen. Die große Variabilität menschlicher Kollektive läßt sich mittels der Stichprobenmethodik und durch die Verwendung modemer Dokumentationsmethoden und den Einsatz elektronischer Rechenanlagen berücksichtigen und beherrschen. Auf diese Weise können weitreichende Aufschlüsse über bisher unbekannte Zusammenhänge gewonnen werden.
Mini-Computer-based Appointment Scheduling for Ambulatory Patients)
Authors: Ratzer G. , Fletoher Suzanne W. , Pollack M. , Fletcher H. 
Published: March 2018

A fast, reliable and flexible appointment system is essential for ambulatory medical care facilities attempting to provide high quality medical care; computerization has helped meet these objectives. To date, however, central computing facilities have been used. These have been too expensive for widespread use, and their programs have not included specific features necessary to improve the quality of patient care. To overcome these limitations, a system was designed which can be implemented on a mini-computer, and which incorporates a variety of capabilities promoting personalized medical care in a busy clinic environment. This on-line system potentially can handle up to 250,000 patient visits/ year.Three files store the necessary data base: a patient file, an appointment file, and a physican file. Simple commands and special access techniques are used. In addition to on-line appointment making, confirming and cancelling functions, the system can communicate with patients of several languages; send reminder postcards; promote continuity of care by keeping track of which patients belong to each physician; enable each physician to determine his own clinic schedule routine; and provide physicians with master lists of their patients, including address, telephone number, and summaries of important medical information.The development of automated appointment systems on mini-computers permits widespread implementation in ambulatory medical care.
Aussagekraft von Schuleingangsuntersuchungen
Authors: Schlinkmann K. , Meyer F. , Mikolajczyk R. , Stich H. L. 
Published: March 2018

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen des Jahres 2010 im niederbayerischen Landkreis Dingolfing-Landau wurden beschulungsrelevante Kompetenzen aus zwölf Teilbereichen standardisiert überprüft. Nach Beendigung der vierjährigen Grundschulphase wurden die Eltern und die Kinder dieser Einschulungskohorte zum bisherigen Schulerfolg befragt. Von den 789 Vorschulkindern haben 380 (52,7 %) an der Befragung teilgenommen. Es zeigten sich Zusammenhänge zwischen Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten aus dem Teilbereich des Grammatismus mit schlechten Schulnoten im Fach „Deutsch”, aus der Kalkulie im Fach „Mathematik” und aus der Grobmotorik im Fach „Sport”. Zudem waren grundsätzlich eine hohe Spezifität, eine moderate Sensitivität und ein moderater positiver prädiktiver Wert für die Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten in Hinblick auf den schulischen Erfolg festzustellen.Zum einen deutete die moderate Sensitivität auf die Möglichkeit hin, dass auch psychosoziale und primär soziale Einflussfaktoren zum schlechten Outcome führen können, und zum anderen war die hohe Spezifität konsistent mit der Zielstellung, das Vorliegen von Entwicklungsauffälligkeiten als Ursache späteren Schulmisserfolges auszuschließen.
Computer-assisted Diagnosis of Dyspepsia — Report on Transferability of a System, with Emphasis on Early Diagnosis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Zoltie N. , Horrocks J. C. , de Dombal F. T. 
Published: March 2018

This paper reports a retrospective study of computer-assisted diagnosis of 86 cases of >dyspepsia< in Bristol, England; the computer-assisted diagnosis making use of a database provided by 360 patients from Leeds, England. The computer’s diagnostic prediction proved to be correct in 63 out of the 86 cases — an overall accuracy of 73.3%. The system correctly diagnosed 14 out of 18 cases of gastric cancer (77.8%) at the expense of only three false positives.These results (1) confirm that gastric cancer can be diagnosed in most cases on the history alone; (2) suggest that this method of assisting diagnosis can be transferred successfully to different localities without loss of accuracy; and (3) indicate that a detailed structured computer-assisted analysis of the patient’s symptoms may be of value in selecting high-risk patients for intensive investigation.
A Fuzzy Logical Model of Computer-Assisted Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Adlassnig K.-P. 
Published: March 2018

A model of a computer-assisted diagnostic system using fuzzy subsets has been developed. The physician documents symptom—diagnosis presence relationships and symptom—diagnosis conclusiveness relationships by means of labels of the fuzzy subsets never, almost never, very very seldom, very seldom, seldom, more or less seldom, not known, more or less often, often, very often, very very often, almost always, always.
Symptoms are regarded as fuzzy subsets of reference sets. The reference set includes all values the symptom may assume. The degree of membership of a value in the fuzzy subset of a symptom is calculated when the patient’s symptom pattern is available. By means of compositions of fuzzy relations, four different diagnostic indications are determined for every diagnosis under consideration: presence indication, conclusiveness indication, non-presence indication and non-symptom presence indication.
By performing the diagnostic process, the system provides the physician with proven diagnoses, excluded diagnoses and diagnostic hints, including reasons for the diagnoses displayed. Proposals for further investigations may also be requested.
The Impact of an Explanation Capability for a Computer Consultation System
Authors: Erdman H. P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe impact of a computer consultation program including explanations for its decisions was examined. The consultation program was designed as a decision aid for non-psychiatrists regarding the treatment of depression. Both psychiatrists and non-psychiatrists were used to evaluate the system, with different results for the two groups. Explanations improved the non-psychiatrists’ attitudes towards the computer recommendations, while for psychiatrists the impact of explanation depended on the specific content of the recommendations and explanations. The results for psychiatrists were consistent with the view that explanations are important for computer consultation systems because they may help physicians decide whether or not the computer’s advice is reasonable.
Graphical Access to Medical Expert Systems: I. Design of a Knowledge Engineer’s Interface
Authors: Tsuji S. , Shortliffe E. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryOptimal construction of medical expert systems demands a powerful interactive environment for knowledge base management by knowledge engineers. Key requirements include techniques for (a) examining existing information, (b) adding new knowledge and editing preexisting data structures, and (c) examining dynamic internal system behavior to facilitate debugging during consideration of actual cases. This article addresses design considerations in the development of such knowledge engineering tools. The emphasis is on the use of professional workstations with high density graphics interfaces since that technology is rapidly becoming a predominant environment for knowledge engineering activities. To illustrate the points made, examples are drawn from an experimental knowledge base management tool designed for knowledge engineers constructing the knowledge base of ONCOCIN, an expert system to advise in the management of cancer patients.
Medical Informatics Training and Research at Rennes University School of Medicine
Authors: Beux P. , Burgun A. , Jarno P. , Siregar P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe University of Rennes Medical School has offered Medical informatics training since 1988; at the same time, research in medical informatics was started. This paper describes the teaching programs at both the undergraduate level and at the graduate level. Research topics comprise fundamental research on biomedical models, ontologies for medical knowledge representations, natural language processing, and research for diagnosis and therapeutic aids. We have developed a local area network which communicates between the School of Medicine and the University Hospital, both internally (Intranet) and externally by access to the National Research network (RENA TER) in France, which is connected to the internet.
The Medical Informatics Program at the National - University of Singapore
Authors: Leong T.Y. , Ong Kenneth , Raghavan R. , Pung H.K. , Lun K.C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Medical Informatics Program at the National University of Singapore was established in September 1996 with a $4 million joint funding from the National Science and Technology Board and the Ministry of Education. The primary aims of the research program are to undertake upstream basic research in medical informatics and to build a critical mass of medical informatics expertise to meet long-term research goals and to effect technology transfer to the health sector of Singapore. Research projects fall into five groups: Clinical Decision Systems, Health Information Systems, Biomedical Datamining Systems, Medical Education Systems and Medical Networking, Applications Development and Integration Systems.
Patient-Computer Dialogue: A Review,
Authors: Slack W.V. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSince the first study of communication between patient and computer was performed at the University of Wisconsin in 1965, programs for patient-computer dialogue have been developed, implemented, and studied in numerous settings in the United States and abroad, and the results have been encouraging. This review presents a brief history of patient-computer dialogue together with suggested guidelines for programs in the future.