bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Front Porch Campaign
Authors: Capozzola Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the First Inaugural Address of William McKinley. It details how McKinley won against William Jennings Bryan through a “front porch” effort that invited thousands of onlookers into his home in Canton, Ohio. During the speech, McKinley spoke of the depths of the worst economic downturn America had experienced to date, following the Panic of 1893, and the speech mainly promised Americans the restoration of a better past. The chapter explains that McKinley embodied the contradictions of white Republicans’ thinking on race while referencing his observation of how the election demonstrated the obliteration of sectional or geographical lines. It also notes McKinley’s promises of moderation on reforms and reassurance toward foreign affairs.
William McKinley’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents William McKinley’s Second Inaugural Address. The address starts with the acknowledgment that the anxiety concerning currency and credit during his First Inaugural Address was now gone. Additionally, McKinley attributes the success to the Treasury that assured a surplus instead of a deficit for all public needs. Every avenue of production is crowded with activity, labor is well employed, and American products find good markets at home and abroad. The address also provides an overview of how McKinley highlighted the disappearance of sectionalism, the future relations of the United States and Cuba, and the conflict with the Philippines.
Theodore Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Theodore Roosevelt. According to Roosevelt, growth in wealth, population, and power of the nation is inevitably accompanied by a growth in the problems which are ever before every nation that rises to greatness. Moreover, Roosevelt highlights the importance of the relations with the other powers of the world and the relations among citizens. The forefathers faced certain perils which the nation outgrew, but now people face other perils that were impossible to foresee. Roosevelt acknowledges the insanity and complexity of modern life alongside the tremendous changes wrought by the extraordinary industrial development of the past half century.
William Howard Taft’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of William Howard Taft. Taft considers suggestions in respect to the needed amendments to the tariffs, antitrust and interstate commerce law, and the changes required in the executive departments concerned in their enforcement. Taft also highlights the importance of the nation maintaining its proper place in the world while proposing a focus on the Army, Navy, and suitable fortifications upon the mainland of the United States and its dependencies. The address indicates that Taft hoped Congress would be alive enough to push foreign trade and increase trade in the Orient, the Philippines, and South America. It also cites the work on the Panama Canal and the governments of dependencies in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.
Woodrow Wilson’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the First Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. The address begins with Wilson's acknowledgment of the Democrats becoming a decisive majority in government. The address indicates Wilson’s belief that the nation sought the use of the Democratic party to interpret a change and point of view. The nation’s work of restoration is concerned, with some degree of particularity, with matters such as tariffs, banking and currency systems, industrial systems, and water courses. Moreover, Wilson indicates that the nation has been deeply stirred by a solemn passion and the knowledge of wrong, but he assures that the new age will bring right and opportunity when justice and mercy are reconciled.
The Schoolmaster
Authors: Enholm Robert A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the First Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. It states that Wilson was the most consequential American president in the period between Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt, while he also represented the white supremacy that prevailed in and defined his era. The hallmark of Woodrow Wilson’s rhetoric was his exhortation to great ideals and his invocation of universal principles. Wilson’s First Inaugural Speech is animated by progressivism, a movement in both Republican and Democratic politics in this era, associated with good government, antitrust, conservation of natural resources, efficiency, workers’ rights and product safety. The chapter considers the approach of subjective or normative history to review Wilson's inauguration speech, including oversights on international issues and the growing suffragist movement.
Cool Cal
Authors: Shlaes Amity 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Inaugural Address of Calvin Coolidge. It explains that Coolidge became president following the death of President Warren Harding in August 1923, but he did win the election on his own right and by a powerful mandate in 1924. The themes of the inauguration speech revolve around the importance of the divisions of government, respect, toleration, tax policy, and religious faith. The chapter cites that Coolidge believed that free speech and free thought are important for the mind of America in order to be forever free. It notes that Coolidge offered consolidation regardless of America’s imperfect and lofty principles.
Herbert Hoover’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Inaugural Address of Herbert Hoover. Hoover provides a brief review of America’s progress as a nation after emerging from the losses of the Great War and the reconstruction following the war with increased virility and strength. Hoover also acknowledges Calvin Coolidge’s work and guidance amidst the great period of recovery. The address also presents several key concepts, such as public health, education, world peace, government cooperation, failing the criminal justice system, and the enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment. In the address, Hoover admits that the issues the country is facing are problems of progress to higher standards.
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Second Inaugural Address of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt contends that the founders of the Republic knew that a democratic government had an innate capacity to protect its people against disasters once considered inevitable. The chapter also indicates how Roosevelt noted the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Constitutional Convention wherein the forefathers created a strong government with powers of united action. Roosevelt also highlights how new materials of social justice can erect old foundations in a more enduring structure for future generations in response to progressing out of the Great Depression. The chapter notes the efforts to maintain a democracy.
Ike
Authors: Birkner Michael J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower as the nation’s thirty-fourth president, which was conducted in the midst of a stalemated war in Korea. The Korean War was one of the factors contributing to Eisenhower’s decisive victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson in November 1952. It looks at three key themes that were central to Eisenhower’s crusade: communism, corruption, and Korea. The chapter considers the inaugural speech Eisenhower delivered as neither the longest nor the shortest of its kind, nor was it filled with florid expressions. Eisenhower highlighted the importance of the American nation’s founding documents and the watchfulness of Divine Providence and observed the struggle against atheistic communism, which was central to America’s future.
John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, which he delivered on January 20, 1961. In his Inaugural Address, Kennedy emphasizes the Cold War challenges that he would face in foreign and defense policy. Kennedy begins his first address as president, to the American people and the world, with a paean to freedom, represented by his election and the peaceful transition of power. The address includes Kennedy’s praise of the revolutionary beliefs of America’s founders that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God. Kennedy does not hesitate to call on the deistic natural rights theory embraced by drafters of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Camelot
Authors: Perry Barbara Ann 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Inaugural Address delivered by John F. Kennedy. Kennedy’s historic Inaugural Address featured pithy syntax, soaring rhetoric, and compelling symbolism and conveyed a larger range of meaning, with emotional, moral, or psychological impact. It highlights Kennedy’s description of how drastically the world had changed in the nuclear age, implying that man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty as well as all forms of human life. The chapter reviews Kennedy’s words about how people must pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, and oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty. In his speech, Kennedy called for peace to avoid accidental self-destruction, but he also swore to maintain parity in the arms race in order to avoid tempting the communists with weakness.
Lyndon B. Johnson’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Lyndon B. Johnson’s Inaugural Address, which he delivered on January 20, 1965. In his Inaugural Address, Johnson lays out a covenant for the American people comprising justice, liberty, and union that will allow America to become a prosperous, great, and mighty nation. Johnson makes it clear that his vision of justice includes all Americans, portending future challenges and underscoring the need for racial justice. The address highlights Johnson’s belief that the Great Society is not an ordered, changeless, and sterile battalion of ants. Johnson calls America a nation of believers in justice and liberty and union, where every man must one day be free.
“The Title of Peacemaker”
Authors: Hughes Ken 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the First Inaugural Address of Richard M. Nixon. On Inauguration Day 1969, Nixon seemed to be copying the most popular inaugural address of the Cold War, the one delivered by John F. Kennedy eight years earlier. The chapter explores how Nixon’s speech inaugurated an era of rapprochement with Communist China and détente with the Soviet Union. Nixon thought he could play the Communist powers off one another, exploit the growing rift between the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China, and use the prospect of improved relations with China against Russia, with Russia against China, and with both against North Vietnam. Nixon fought successfully to keep the public from hearing most of his secretly recorded White House tapes and reading most of the records of his negotiations with Communist leaders.
Richard M. Nixon’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Richard M. Nixon’s Second Inaugural Address, wherein he emphasized that the peace he sought would not bring with it a return to pre–World War II isolationism. Nixon vowed to build a structure of peace, in which America’s role would remain indispensable. Although Nixon did not use the term “American exceptionalism,” he proclaimed that America’s record in this century has been unparalleled in the world’s history for its responsibility, generosity, creativity, and progress. The chapter details how Nixon had extricated America from an unwinnable war and reconciled the country with its two giant Cold War enemies, hoping that his actions would allow the country the opportunity to heal and to address its numerous domestic problems. It notes the Watergate scandal, which reflects some of Nixon’s worst political instincts and insecurities that overshadowed the vision presented in this speech and led to his downfall.
“Just a Little Straight Talk”
Authors: Greene John Robert 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Inaugural Address of Gerald R. Ford as the thirty-eighth president of the United States, which was unique in the annals of American history. Ford was the first vice president to accede to the presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, following the resignation of Richard M. Nixon. It explores how Ford’s talk emphasized his Midwestern roots and his deeply held Episcopalian faith, asking the nation for prayers for Richard Nixon and his family. The chapter notes that Ford’s speech of 850 words was the fourth shortest inaugural address in history. It was so brief that many in the press did not know what to make of it.
The Teflon President
Authors: Morgan Iwan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews Ronald Reagan’s inauguration to a second term as president, which marked the fiftieth inaugural ceremony in American history. Reagan’s Second Inaugural Address spoke to America’s restored confidence in expressing pride at the progress made in the last four years and looking ahead to what needed to be done in the next four to consolidate national renewal. It discusses how Reagan’s speech followed in spirit from the iconic political commercial of his re-election campaign, implying that it’s “morning again in America.” This conservative anti-statist message was at the heart of his 1985 address, which identified the two key domestic goals of his second administration as tax reform and deficit elimination. The chapter recounts how the failure to find political agreement doomed Reagan’s advocacy in the 1985 Inaugural Address of a constitutional amendment to stop the federal government from spending more than it took in annually in taxes.
George H. W. Bush’s Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents George H. W. Bush’s Inaugural Address, the theme of which was built upon a powerful quote about Bush taking the hope of a saint as his guide. In the speech, Bush makes a reference to President John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address. It details Bush’s addition to Kennedy’s allegory about the summons of the trumpet, noting that while others see leadership as the sound of trumpets calling, he sees history as a book with many pages that are filled with acts of hopefulness and meaning. According to Bush, the people of the world agitate for free expression and free thought through the door to the moral and intellectual satisfactions that only liberty allows. Bush speaks of new engagement in the lives of others, a new activism, hands-on and involved, that gets the job done.
The Politician
Authors: Riley Russell L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Bill Clinton’s Second Inaugural Address, which reveals a consistent and durable core to his approach to politics. Clinton’s speech focused on opportunity, responsibility, and community as cornerstones to a persistent philosophy of government. It considers the three themes as the product of long and hard thought by Clinton about how his chosen party could succeed in a nation that had in five of six elections voted overwhelmingly against it. The chapter explains that opportunity, responsibility, and community were an incantation intended to help Americans accept a role for government that might not occur naturally to them. Clinton’s Second Inaugural exposes a president laboring to fathom the obscure currents of history engulfing his times and how best to respond to them.
George W. Bush’s First Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents George W. Bush’s First Inaugural Address, which he delivered on January 20, 2001. Bush’s fourteen-minute paean to civic virtues repeatedly emphasizes the importance of showing respect to political opponents. Bush first thanks Bill Clinton for his service and then thanks Al Gore for a contest conducted with spirit and ended with grace. The address highlights Bush’s allusion to the partisan divisions of the election in soothing terms, implying that differences run so deep that it seems he and his peers share a continent, but not a country. Bush returns several times to the theme of civility in political discourse and asserts that civility is not a tactic or a sentiment, but a determined choice of trust over cynicism and of community over chaos.
“Democracy Is Precious, Democracy Is Fragile”
Authors: Masur Kate 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter details how Joe Biden delivered his Inaugural Address of January 20, 2021, to a jittery nation rocked by the lethal coronavirus pandemic and a horrific assault on American democracy. Biden did not characterize Abraham Lincoln as a unifier, but instead he quoted the reminiscences of artist Francis B. Carpenter. Much of Biden’s Inaugural Address was concerned with offering reasons for optimism amid a myriad of crises. The chapter highlights Biden’s first act as president, which was to ask Americans to join him in a moment of silent prayer to remember all those lost in the past year to the pandemic. It discusses Biden’s frankness regarding where the nation stood at the time, indicating a vision of the past that was a significant change from that of his predecessor.
Knocked Back on Our Heels
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Project ACT partners responded to adverse and unexpected events while implementing their advocacy activities. In every setting, a wide range of challenges emerged from security threats to political upheaval to disaster to the overwhelming stress of addressing violence and human rights abuses. Some disturbances were tied closely to the ongoing work, whereas others resulted from increased tensions and uncertainties of the larger political, economic, and cultural context. Still others resulted from oversights and miscalculations in planning. Chapter 7 lays out how these occurrences impacted the ongoing advocacy and identifies the resources and principles in action that assisted the partners in weathering challenging circumstances.
There Will Be No Protests Here
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Ayala George 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers the lessons learned through Project ACT on community-led work to upend the stigma and discrimination faced by gender and sexual minority people in Africa and the Caribbean, and that underpins the HIV epidemic. It highlights the principles of effective partnerships and advocacy practice that contributed to the project’s successes and which, when not closely observed, took away from the potential impact of the Project ACT partners collective efforts. The chapter draws policy and practice recommendations for removing structural barriers to HIV care for sexual and gender minority communities. It also addresses the role of evaluation and engaged forms of scholarship in human rights advocacy efforts and, in so doing, distinguishes advocacy evaluation and its importance.
Ideas and Antecedents
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A selective history of Canadian foreign policy from the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) to 1935. It highlights the roles of borders, national unity, the quest for independence in Canadian external affairs, colonialism in the context of Indigenous peoples, the Alaska boundary dispute, the expansion of Canadian diplomatic representation, early immigration policy and racism in Canada, the politics of negotiating free trade with the United States, the impact of the First World War, isolationism at the League of Nations, the Great Depression, political radicalism, and the role of non-state actors and civil society in shaping Canada’s early foreign policy posture. It emphasizes Ottawa’s cautious approach to international engagement, its selective approach to immigration, and the politicization of Canadian trade policy.
William Lyon Mackenzie King and the Evolution of Canada’s Global Posture, 1935–1948
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines Canada’s increased engagement in world affairs from 1935–48. It includes efforts to increase trade with the United States and the United Kingdom, the independent entry of Canada into the Second World War, the expansion of Canada’s diplomatic presence, the creation of the United Nations, and the onset of the Cold War. It discusses the origins of Canada’s functional principle and the middle power idea. The cases focus on the miserly Canadian response to the voyage of the MS St Louis, the wartime Canada–US Hyde Park Declaration, and Canadian involvement in the negotiations to create the North Atlantic Treaty. The Beyond the Book case examines the debate over the Great Power veto at the United Nations.
Louis St Laurent and the Expansion of the Canadian Foreign Policy Realm, 1948–1957
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a period of intense and successful Canadian activity in world affairs led by Liberal Prime Minister Louis St Laurent that is often referred to as a golden age in Canadian foreign policy. It includes expansion of diplomatic representation; involvement in a range of new international organizations; participation in a UN-sanctioned, US-led Western intervention in the Korean War; management of an increasingly complex relationship with the United States; the national response to decolonization; and the end of 22 consecutive years of Liberal rule. The cases include Canada’s initial contribution to the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia, the establishment of the Distant Early Warning Line in the Canadian North, and Canada’s roles in the Suez Crisis and Hungarian Revolution. The Beyond the Book case examines Canada’s post-war policy toward the Organization of American States.
John Diefenbaker and the Politics of Foreign Policy Decision Making, 1957–1963
Authors: Chapnick Adam , McKercher Asa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Canadian foreign policy under the unconventional leadership of Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker from 1957 to 1963. It includes the prime minister’s 1958 world tour, a failed effort to divert trade from the United States to Great Britain, disagreements within the Commonwealth over trade and human rights, peacekeeping in the Congo, closer military integration with the United States to support the defence of North America, and changes to Canada’s immigration policy. The cases include the establishment of the North American Air Defence Command, Canada’s response to South African Apartheid, and the national debate over nuclear weapons. The Beyond the Book case examines Canada–US relations during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The political challenges facing the inexperienced and insecure Diefenbaker government are emphasized throughout.