bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching structural diversity of hexoses to graduate and postgraduate students: Methods to correlate stereochemistry
Authors: Arya Aditya , Kumar Amit 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCarbohydrates, or in strictly chemical terms, polyhydroxy‐aldehydes or ketones represent enormous structural diversity in terms of the arrangement of atoms in space, resulting in hundreds of stereoisomers. Although the chemical properties of most stereoisomers may not be very different, their metabolic fate and utilization in biological systems is significantly different and known to influence the overall carbohydrate metabolism. This dictates the importance of understanding the structures of various stereochemical structures for a biochemist. At graduate level teaching, it is really a challenging task to correlate, connect, and recall all the structures. Conventional teaching methods and standard textbook illustrations seldom enable the learners and instructors to sustain the information for a prolonged period. We, in this article, present a unique approach and introduce sigma notation rules for the correlation of stereochemistry of carbohydrates in order to enhance the understanding of stereochemical structures. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48(1):8–20, 2020.
Development of novel economical methodologies for zymographic analysis of purified xylano–pectinolytic enzymes using agrowaste‐based substrates
Authors: Agrawal Sharad , Kaur Amanjot , Varghese Libin Mathew , Mahajan Ritu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this study, zymographic analysis for xylanase and pectinase enzymes has been carried out using agrowaste residues, wheat bran and citrus peel as well as their extracts. Isozymic forms of xylanase as well as pectinase enzyme displayed comparable zymographic bands onto agar petriplates containing either commercial substrates (xylan and pectin), agrowaste‐based substrates (wheat bran and citrus peel), or polysaccharides extracted from these agrowastes (crude xylan and pectin extracted from wheat bran and citrus peel, respectively), indicating the fact that agro residues and their extracts can be utilized as a substitute of cost‐intensive commercial substrates, xylan and pectin for zymographic analysis. This is the first report revealing the zymographic analysis of xylano–pectinolytic enzymes using agro‐based solid residues particles or polysaccharides extracted from agro‐based residues.
Population prevalence of individuals meeting criteria for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer testing
Authors: Greenberg Samantha , Buys Saundra S. , Edwards Sandra L. , Espinel Whitney , Fraser Alison , Gammon Amanda , Hafen Brent , Herget Kimberly A. , Kohlmann Wendy , Roundy Camille , Sweeney Carol 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPersonal cancer diagnosis and family cancer history factor into which individuals should undergo genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome. Family history is often determined in the research setting through kindreds with disease clusters, or clinically from self‐report. The population prevalence of individuals with diagnostic characteristics and/or family cancer history meeting criteria for HBOC testing is unknown.MethodsUtilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry data and a research resource linking registry records to genealogies, the Utah Population Database, the population‐based prevalence of diagnostic and family history characteristics meeting National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) criteria for HBOC testing was objectively assessed.ResultsAmong Utah residents with an incident breast cancer diagnosis 2010‐2015 and evaluable for family history, 21.6% met criteria for testing based on diagnostic characteristics, but the proportion increased to 62.9% when family history was evaluated. The proportion of cases meeting testing criteria at diagnosis was 94% for ovarian cancer, 23% for prostate cancer, and 51.1% for pancreatic cancer. Among an unaffected Utah population of approximately 1.7 million evaluable for family history, 197,601 or 11.6% met testing criteria based on family history.ConclusionsThis study quantifies the population‐based prevalence of HBOC criteria using objectively determined genealogy and cancer incidence data. Sporadic breast cancer likely represents a portion of the high prevalence of family cancer history seen in this study. These results underline the importance of establishing presence of a deleterious mutation in an affected family member, per NCCN guidelines, before testing unaffected relatives.
The clinical behavior and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and a family history of the disease
Authors: An Jihyun , Chang Seheon , Kim Ha Il , Song Gi‐Won , Shim Ju Hyun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPurposeFamilial clustering is a common feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as well as a risk factor for the disease. We aimed to assess whether such a family history affected prognostic outcomes in patients with HCC diagnosed at different stages of the disease.Materials/MethodsThis hospital registry‐based cohort study included 5484 patients initially diagnosed with HCC. Individual family histories of cancer were obtained by interview and reported by trained nurses who constructed three‐generation pedigrees. Overall survival data were compared between cases with and without first‐degree relatives affected by HCC, with adjustment for other potential predictors.ResultsOf 5484 patients, 845 (15.4%) had first‐degree relatives with a history of HCC. Family history was associated with longer survival in the entire cohort (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.80‐0.98, P = .025). A significant trend for reduced risk of death with increasing number of affected family members was also observed (P for trend = 0.018). The stage‐stratified analysis showed that the presence of family history was especially associated with a reduced risk of death in the subset of patients with HCC at a (very) early stage (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69‐0.99; P = .042). The proportion of cases receiving curative treatment was also higher in early‐stage patients with a family history (72.6% vs 63.3%; P < .001).ConclusionsA first‐degree family history of the disease is a prognostic factor for improved survival in patients with HCC, especially in those whose tumors can be cured by radical treatments.
Associations between pretherapeutic body mass index, outcome, and cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Løhmann Ditte J. A. , Asdahl Peter H. , Abrahamsson Jonas , Ha Shau‐Yin , Jónsson Ólafur G. , Kaspers Gertjan J. L. , Koskenvuo Minna , Lausen Birgitte , De Moerloose Barbara , Palle Josefine , Zeller Bernward , Sung Lillian , Hasle Henrik 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundAssociations between body mass index (BMI), outcome, and leukemia‐related factors in children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unclear. We investigated associations between pretherapeutic BMI, cytogenetic abnormalities, and outcome in a large multinational cohort of children with AML.MethodsWe included patients, age 2‐17 years, diagnosed with de novo AML from the five Nordic countries (2004‐2016), Hong Kong (2007‐2016), the Netherlands and Belgium (2010‐2016), and Canada and USA (1995‐2012). BMI standard deviations score for age and sex was calculated and categorized according to the World Health Organization. Cumulative incidence functions, Kaplan‐Meier estimator, Cox regression, and logistic regression were used to investigate associations.ResultsIn total, 867 patients were included. The median age was 10 years (range 2‐17 years). At diagnosis, 32 (4%) were underweight, 632 (73%) were healthy weight, 127 (15%) were overweight, and 76 (9%) were obese. There was no difference in relapse risk, treatment‐related mortality or overall mortality across BMI groups. The frequency of t(8;21) and inv(16) increased with increasing BMI. For obese patients, the sex, age, and country adjusted odds ratio of having t(8;21) or inv(16) were 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1‐3.4) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.3‐5.8), respectively, compared to healthy weight patients.ConclusionsThis study did not confirm previous reports of associations between overweight and increased treatment‐related or overall mortality in children. Obesity was associated with a higher frequency of t(8;21) and inv(16). AML cytogenetics appear to differ by BMI status.
Treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis: Experience of 55 patients with 124 relapses—A descriptive study
Authors: Ishiguro Takashi , Kojima Ayako , Takata Naomi , Takayanagi Noboru 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThere is no established consensus for the treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) on its diagnosis or at relapse. We reviewed our experience with patients with ABPM, which showed that although systemic corticosteroids are effective in ABPM, and other treatment options can also be selected.
Cover Picture: Transition‐Metal‐Free Defluorosilylation of Fluoroalkenes with Silylboronates* (Chin. J. Chem. 10/2019)
Authors: Gao Pan , Wang Guoqiang , Xi Longlong , Wang Minyan , Li Shuhua , Shi Zhuangzhi 
Published: September 2019

The cover picture shows a simple, inexpensive and robust method on defluorosilylation of diverse fluoroalkenes with silylboronates in the presence of alkoxy base to directly synthesize various silylated fluoroalkenes. Density functional theory calculations revealed that transient silyl anion complex undergoes SN2’ or SNV substitution, which is responsible for this base‐mediated defluorosilylation reaction, thus obviating the need for copper salts. More details are discussed in the article by Shi et al. on page 1009–1014.
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Parallel organization of the avian sensorimotor arcopallium: Tectofugal visual pathway in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Fernández Máximo , Morales Cristian , Durán Ernesto , Fernández‐Colleman Sara , Sentis Elisa , Mpodozis Jorge , Karten Harvey J. , Marín Gonzalo J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe sensory–motor division of the avian arcopallium receives parallel inputs from primary and high‐order pallial areas of sensory and vocal control pathways, and sends a prominent descending projection to ascending and premotor, subpallial stages of these pathways. While this organization is well established for the auditory and trigeminal systems, the arcopallial subdivision related to the tectofugal visual system and its descending projection to the optic tectum (TeO) has been less investigated. In this study, we charted the arcopallial area displaying tectofugal visual responses and by injecting neural tracers, we traced its connectional anatomy. We found visual motion‐sensitive responses in a central region of the dorsal (AD) and intermediate (AI) arcopallium, in between previously described auditory and trigeminal zones. Blocking the ascending tectofugal sensory output, canceled these visual responses in the arcopallium, verifying their tectofugal origin. Injecting PHA‐L into the visual, but not into the auditory AI, revealed a massive projection to tectal layer 13 and other tectal related areas, sparing auditory, and trigeminal ones. Conversely, CTB injections restricted to TeO retrogradely labeled neurons confined to the visual AI. These results show that the AI zone receiving tectofugal inputs sends top‐down modulations specifically directed to tectal targets, just like the auditory and trigeminal AI zones project back to their respective subpallial sensory and premotor areas, as found by previous studies. Therefore, the arcopallium seems to be organized in a parallel fashion, such that in spite of expected cross‐modal integration, the different sensory–motor loops run through separate subdivisions of this structure.
Ontology reasoning of start‐ups' growth risk based on immune system
Authors: Yang Bo , Liu Chang 
Published: September 2019

SummaryUnder the background of “Internet +” and “dual innovation,” start‐ups are faced with huge, complex, and diverse growth risks with sudden, dominant, and dynamic characteristics during the growth process. It is significant to identify these risks accurately during the growth and development of new ventures. This paper draws on the theory of biological immune system, combines the ontology with the growth risk of start‐ups, and uses SWRL and Jess engine to build an ontology knowledge base of start‐ups' growth risk to identify various risks in the growth process of start‐up. The results show that the ontology model supports the risk identification based on semantic reasoning and can improve the accuracy of the growth risk identification of start‐ups. What's more, it provides new ideas for the research on the growth risk identification of new start‐ups.
Densification Mechanism and Microstructure Evolution of Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Sun Haoxuan , Wang Zhenhua , Du Yulei , Yuan Juntang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work, Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy is sintered via spark plasma sintering with pre‐alloyed powders prepared by the atomized method. The densification mechanism and microstructure evolution of the spark plasma sintered Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy are analyzed. The sintering process is divided into two stages of densification and microstructure transformation. First, the densification mechanism of the powder materials at different sintering temperatures is investigated. At the beginning of the sintering process, the powder particles are closely rearranged under pressure. In the middle of the sintering process, the plastic deformation of the powder particles and the material migration between the adjacent particles promote the densification into the high‐speed stage. In the late stages of sintering, the unique equilibrium phase transition of the TiAl alloy allows the densification to be completed quickly. Additionally, the formation process and phase transition mechanism of the near gamma structure, the duplex structure, the full‐lamellar structure, and spherical structure in Ti‐48Al‐2Cr‐8Nb alloy are systematically studied.
Creating Diversity from Biomass: A Tandem Bio/Metal‐Catalysis towards Chemoselective Synthesis of Densely Substituted Furans
Authors: Ravasco João M. J. M. , Monteiro Carlos M. , Siopa Filipa , Trindade Alexandre F. , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni , Simeonov Svilen P. , Afonso Carlos A. M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA new chemoselective (enzymatic desymmetrization/Ru‐catalyzed C−H activation) sequence to obtain differently substituted furans from the largely available 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was developed. Series of di‐ and trisubstituted furans were prepared in very good yields and excellent chemoselectivity. This study discloses a new approach towards valorization of the furanics platform through the use of FDCA as a stable intermediate, thus circumventing the chemical instability of the parent 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural.
Impacts of early social experience on cognitive development in infant rhesus macaques
Authors: Murphy Ashley M. , Dettmer Amanda M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough much is known about the influences of early life experiences on the neurobiology and behavior of macaque models of child development, there is scant literature on cognitive development with respect to early rearing. Here, we examined the effects of rearing condition on affective reactivity and cognitive development in infant rhesus macaques. Infants were pseudo‐randomly assigned to one of the two rearing conditions: nursery reared (NR, N = 32; 16 peer‐reared, 16 surrogate‐peer‐reared) or mother‐peer‐reared (MPR, N = 7). During the first month of life, infants were administered the Primate Neonatal Neurobehavioral Assessment (PNNA). Beginning at 4 months old, infants were tested on cognitive tasks that assessed reward association, cognitive flexibility, and impulsivity. We found no gross cognitive differences between MPR and NR infants. However, MPR infants were more reactive than NR infants on the PNNA. Additionally, reactivity on the PNNA correlated with impulsivity, such that infants who were more reactive at 1 month of age completed fewer trials correctly on this task at 8–10 months. These findings are the first to directly compare cognitive development in MPR and NR infants, and add to the existing literature elucidating the influences of early social experience on temperament and development.
Temperament moderates developmental changes in vigilance to emotional faces in infants: Evidence from an eye‐tracking study
Authors: Fu Xiaoxue , Morales Santiago , LoBue Vanessa , Buss Kristin A. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAffect‐biased attention reflects the prioritization of attention to stimuli that individuals deem to be motivationally and/or affectively salient. Normative affect‐biased attention is early‐emerging, providing an experience‐expectant function for socioemotional development. Evidence is limited regarding how reactive and regulatory aspects of temperament may shape maturational changes in affect‐biased attention that operate at the earliest stages of information processing. This study implemented a novel eye‐tracking paradigm designed to capture attention vigilance in infants. We assessed temperamental negative affect (NA) and attention control (AC) using laboratory observations and parent‐reports, respectively. Among infants (N = 161 in the final analysis) aged 4 to 24 months (Mean = 12.05, SD = 5.46; 86 males), there was a significant age effect on fixation latency to emotional versus neutral faces only in infants characterized with high NA and high AC. Specifically, in infants with these temperament traits, older infants showed shorter latency (i.e., greater vigilance) toward neutral faces, which are potentially novel and unfamiliar to infants. The age effect on vigilance toward emotional faces was not significant. The findings support the argument that the development of affect‐biased attention is associated with multiple temperament processes that potentially interact over time.
Effect of coupled reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soil mite community composition in a wheat field
Authors: Zheng Chunyan , Ouyang Fang , Liu Xianghui , Ma Junhua , Zhao Fenghua , Ouyang Zhu , Ge Feng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGroundwater and nitrogen fertilizer overuse severely threatens crop productions; thus, current ecological agriculture requires low irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. The effects of combined reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil organism (e.g., mite) community and biodiversity remain poorly understood. We analyzed soil mite community composition, wheat grain yield, and soil characteristics in a 10‐year manipulation experiment with two levels of irrigation (reduced and conventional irrigation) and five nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha). Reduced irrigation (20% reduction, from 280 to 220 mm) and nitrogen fertilizer (25% reduction, from 280 to 210 kg N/ha) addition did not significantly influence soil mite community and wheat yield. The relative abundances of fungivores and predators showed negative quadratic relationships with wheat yield, while that of plant parasites showed a positive relationship. The relationships between soil mite trophic groups and wheat yield revealed that we can evaluate the impacts of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition from the perspective of soil fauna. Soil mite community composition was altered by soil abiotic factors prior to reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition. Overall, moderate reductions of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer may not threaten to soil mite community and diversity or decrease crop production; in contrast, such reductions will benefit mite community development and the sustainable agriculture.
Exposure to anti‐PD‐1 causes functional differences in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in rare solid tumors
Authors: Creasy Caitlin A. , Forget Marie‐Andrée , Singh Gopal , Tapia Coya , Xu Mingxuan , Stephen Bettzy , Sabir Sharjeel , Meric‐Bernstam Funda , Haymaker Cara , Bernatchez Chantale , Naing Aung 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe pervasive use of therapeutic antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) to boost anti‐tumor immunity has positioned this approach to become the standard‐of‐care for some solid tumor malignancies. However, little is known as to how blockade of PD‐1 may alter the function or phenotype of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). We used our ongoing Phase II clinical trial of pembrolizumab for patients with rare solid tumors from various types (NCT02721732) with matched core biopsies taken at baseline and after initial dose of anti‐PD‐1 (15–21 days post‐dose) to elucidate this question. One fresh core needle biopsy was used to propagate TIL ex vivo to analyze phenotype and function using flow cytometry in both CD8+ and CD4+ TIL populations. An enriched CTLA‐4 expression in the CD4+ TIL population was observed in TIL expanded from the on‐treatment samples compared to TIL expanded from the matched baseline (n = 22, p = 0.0007) but was not observed in patients who experienced tumor regression. Impact on functionality was evaluated by measuring secretion of 65 soluble factors by expanded TIL from 26 patients at baseline and on‐treatment. The CD8+ TIL population demonstrated a diminished cytokine secretion profile post‐pembrolizumab. Overall, our study assesses the ramifications of one dose of anti‐PD‐1 on TIL in rare solid tumor types.
Feasibility Study on the Determination of the Solid Fat Content of Fats Using Temperature‐Modulated Optical Refractometry
Authors: Häupler Michaela , Hutschenreuter Valeska , Rudolph Susanne , Flöter Eckhard 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe solid fat content (SFC) at different temperatures is an important characteristic of fat phases because it correlates to functionality in product applications. Consequently, this characteristic is also used to specify fat compositions in trade. Of three methods applicable, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (pMNR) is predominantly applied. Dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) find much less application. Handling with glass vials and high equipment costs make the search for alternatives to pNMR a useful endeavor. Optical refractometry is evaluated with respect to its potential to determine SFC values. Since refractometry is in the first place not suited for suspensions the positive results found are surprising. Applying temperature modulated optical refractometry (TMOR), isothermal optical refractometry with a superimposed temperature undulation yields repeatable results that are highly comparable to pNMR data. For the system studied (palm oil, coconut oil, partially hydrogenated palm oil), TMOR clearly outperforms DSC when pNMR is considered the method of reference. The key finding that refractive index is suitable to determine properties of suspensions is accompanied by the indications that refractometry has the potential to enable competitive methods within the fat technology.Practical Applications: The observation that refractometry can deliver quantitative data on fat suspensions enables the development of an array of new analytical methods. Next to SFC values and melting point, studies on the characterization of polymorphism can be envisioned. Since the device is robust and affordable, it could be in product development and quality control.