bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of the 2017 flash drought in the US Northern plains informed by satellite-based evapotranspiration and solar-induced fluorescence
Authors: He Mingzhu , Kimball John S , Yi Yonghong , Running Steve , Guan Kaiyu , Jensco Kelsey , Maxwell Bruce , Maneta Marco 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Drought is increasing in frequency and severity, exacerbating food and water security risks in an era of continued global warming and human population growth. Here, we analyzed a severe summer drought affecting the US Northern Plains region in 2017. We examined the spatial pattern and seasonal progression of vegetation productivity and water use in the region using satellite-based estimates of field-scale (30 m) cropland evapotranspiration (ET), county level annual crop production statistics, and GOME-2 satellite observations of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF). The cropland ET record shows strong potential to track seasonal cropland water demands spatially, with strong correspondence to regional climate variables in the Northern Plains. The GOME-2 SIF record shows significant but limited correlations with finer scale climate variability due to the coarse sensor footprint, but captured an anomalous regional productivity decline coincident with drought related decreases in crop production and ET. The drought contributed to an overall 25% reduction in cropland ET, 6% decrease in crop production, and 11% reduction in SIF productivity over the region from April to September in 2017 relative to the longer (2008–2017) satellite record. More severely impacted agricultural areas indicated by the US Drought Monitor exceptional drought (D4) category represented 11% of the region and showed much larger anomalous ET (20%–81%) and productivity (11%–73%) declines. The regional pattern of drought impacts indicated more severe productivity and ET reductions in the north central and southern counties with extensive agriculture, and less impact in the western counties of the Northern Plains. This study provides a multiscale assessment of drought related impacts on regional productivity and ET over a crop intensive region, emphasizing the use of global satellite observations capable of informing regional to global scale water and food security assessments.
Matching scope, purpose and uses of planetary boundaries science
Authors: Downing Andrea S , Bhowmik Avit , Collste David , Cornell Sarah E , Donges Jonathan , Fetzer Ingo , Häyhä Tiina , Hinton Jennifer , Lade Steven , Mooij Wolf M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background: The Planetary Boundaries concept (PBc) has emerged as a key global sustainability concept in international sustainable development arenas. Initially presented as an agenda for global sustainability research, it now shows potential for sustainability governance. We use the fact that it is widely cited in scientific literature (>3500 citations) and an extensively studied concept to analyse how it has been used and developed since its first publication. Design: From the literature that cites the PBc, we select those articles that have the terms ‘planetary boundaries’ or ‘safe operating space’ in either title, abstract or keywords. We assume that this literature substantively engages with and develops the PBc. Results: We find that 6% of the citing literature engages with the concept. Within this fraction of the literature we distinguish commentaries—that discuss the context and challenges to implementing the PBc, articles that develop the core biogeophysical concept and articles that apply the concept by translating to sub-global scales and by adding a human component to it. Applied literature adds to the concept by explicitly including society through perspectives of impacts, needs, aspirations and behaviours. Discussion: Literature applying the concept does not yet include the more complex, diverse, cultural and behavioural facet of humanity that is implied in commentary literature. We suggest there is need for a positive framing of sustainability goals—as a Safe Operating Space rather than boundaries. Key scientific challenges include distinguishing generalised from context-specific knowledge, clarifying which processes are generalizable and which are scalable, and explicitly applying complex systems’ knowledge in the application and development of the PBc. We envisage that opportunities to address these challenges will arise when more human social dimensions are integrated, as we learn to feed the global sustainability vision with a plurality of bottom-up realisations of sustainability.
Accelerating The Physilogical Properties of Sodium Alginate Paste by Thermal Method and Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Yudiati E , Djarod M S R , Pringgenies D , Susilo E S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Breaking down the polysaccharide of sodium alginate powder to enhance the bioactivity has been done by several methods. This study was aimed to enhance the physiological properties by drying up the sodium alginate paste with cool dry, oven dry, low and high intensity of microwave irradiation. Cool dry technique was done in refrigerated laboratory at 4°C for 24 hr. The drying technique was done in oven laboratory at 60°C for 24 hr. The microwave was set up at minimum intensity (2 Ghz, 450 watt, 13 mins) and maximum intensity (4 Ghz, 450 watt, 5 mins) for the low and high microwave irradiation. The assessment of molecular weight, UV-visible and FT-IR spectroscopic studies were applied. The UV-visible spectroscopic studies pointed that there was a new absorption band around 260-270 nm in all treatments. Comparing to the standard alginate, the spectra of FT_IR analysis show that there were some variation in certain bands and fingerprint area. The antiradical scavenging activity (DPPH) of cool and oven dry, low and high microwave irradiation were 24.68%, 26.54%, 40.43% and 45.44%, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was exhibited from the lowest molecular weight at high intensity of microwave irradiation treatment (P<0.05).The simple and practical treatment of high microwave irradiation accelerated the antioxidant activity and reduced the ability of donate electrons or hydrogen atoms to inactivate this radical action.
Characterization of time-varying magnetic fields and temperature of helium gas exit during a quench of a human magnetic resonance system
Authors: Pace Nicola , Ricci Leonardo , Scotoni Mario , Perinelli Alessio , Jovicich Jorge 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The quench of a human magnetic resonance imaging system is a critical event that may occur spontaneously, as an accident or purposely in response to an emergency. Although a magnet’s quench presents its own risks, little experimental data is available in this respect. In this study, the programmed quench of a human MRI scanner was used to measure the induced time varying magnetic fields (

d
B

/

d
t

) inside the bore in order to evaluate cardiac stimulation risks during a quench. Additionally, we measured the exit temperature of the helium gas, to evaluate potential implications in quench pipe design. The maximum

d
B

/

d
t

was 360 mT s−1 at the center of the magnet, far below the cardiac stimulation threshold (20 T s−1). The helium exit temperature reached 35 K, perhaps implying further considerations about quench pipe designs. Replication of similar experiments on programmed quenches, specially in high-field MRI systems, will be useful to further characterize quench risks.
Harmonization of Training, Training Requirements, Board Certification, and Practice of Hematopathology
Authors: Swerdlow Steven H , Monaghan Sara A , Douglas Aaron R , Johnson Kristen , Johnson Rebecca L 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Hematopathology (HP) is a rapidly changing field with insufficient data to provide guidance to program directors (PDs), the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, or the American Board of Pathology.

Methods
Two surveys were performed—one for HP PDs and one, given twice, for HP diplomates doing Maintenance of Certification/Continuing Certification reporting in 2017 to 2018.

Results
Bone marrow (BM), lymph node (LN), and flow cytometry interpretations and peripheral blood/fluid reviews are performed by more than 80% of hematopathologists and are the areas with the greatest amount of training. A smaller proportion of hematopathologists is involved in other HP-related activities. Most PDs believed fellows should perform BM procedures. Interpretation of 400 or more LNs and 500 BMs was PDs’ median expectations for fellows. PDs and HP diplomates considered coagulation and benign RBC disorders overemphasized on the certification examination.

Conclusions
These results highlight how varied the practice of HP is and can provide guidance to HP PDs, those responsible for assessing HP programs, and the American Board of Pathology.
Exploiting ambiguity in community development: lesson from the UK Coalition government (2010–2015)
Authors: Reynolds Andie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article scrutinizes the ambiguous nature of community development (CD) in England. It does so by drawing attention to CD’s porous boundaries in relation to its allied community-based practices. Empirical evidence is provided – from national policy-making and the policy and practice in a case study local authority in England – that the Coalition government (2010–2015) exploited the ambiguity of CD by re-shaping its practices as social enterprise, volunteering and community organizing. This was to achieve a ‘new’ permutation of neoliberalism where civil society and its citizens provide local public services instead of ‘relying’ on state intervention and resources. The article concludes that the CD academic and practitioner field both shapes and is shaped by competing discourses of CD ‘fighting’ for hegemonic articulation. Yet, to the detriment of the field, this is rarely acknowledged nor engaged with.
Differential Structure of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in the Human and Mouse
Authors: Benavides-Piccione Ruth , Regalado-Reyes Mamen , Fernaud-Espinosa Isabel , Kastanauskaite Asta , Tapia-González Silvia , León-Espinosa Gonzalo , Rojo Concepcion , Insausti Ricardo , Segev Idan , DeFelipe Javier 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pyramidal neurons are the most common cell type and are considered the main output neuron in most mammalian forebrain structures. In terms of function, differences in the structure of the dendrites of these neurons appear to be crucial in determining how neurons integrate information. To further shed light on the structure of the human pyramidal neurons we investigated the geometry of pyramidal cells in the human and mouse CA1 region—one of the most evolutionary conserved archicortical regions, which is critically involved in the formation, consolidation, and retrieval of memory. We aimed to assess to what extent neurons corresponding to a homologous region in different species have parallel morphologies. Over 100 intracellularly injected and 3D-reconstructed cells across both species revealed that dendritic and axonal morphologies of human cells are not only larger but also have structural differences, when compared to mouse. The results show that human CA1 pyramidal cells are not a stretched version of mouse CA1 cells. These results indicate that there are some morphological parameters of the pyramidal cells that are conserved, whereas others are species-specific.
MycoResistance: a curated resource of drug resistance molecules in Mycobacteria
Authors: Dai Enyu , Zhang Hao , Zhou Xu , Song Qian , Li Di , Luo Lei , Xu Xinyu , Jiang Wei , Ling Hong 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of global concern. To improve the understanding of drug resistance in Mycobacteria, numerous studies have been performed to discover diagnostic markers and genetic determinants associated with resistance to anti-tuberculosis drug. However, the related information is scattered in a massive body of literature, which is inconvenient for researchers to investigate the molecular mechanism of drug resistance. Therefore, we manually collected 1707 curated associations between 73 compounds and 132 molecules (including coding genes and non-coding RNAs) in 6 mycobacterial species from 465 studies. The experimental details of molecular epidemiology and mechanism exploration research were also summarized and recorded in our work. In addition, multidrug resistance and extensively drug resistance molecules were also extracted to interpret the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for cross resistance among anti-tuberculosis drugs. Finally, we constructed an omnibus repository named MycoResistance, a user friendly interface to conveniently browse, search and download all related entries. We hope that this elaborate database will serve as a beneficial resource for mechanism explanations, precise diagnosis and effective treatment of drug-resistant mycobacterial strains.
Mode of death in Shapiro syndrome: a case report
Authors: Braams Natalia Joanna , Hendriks Matthijs L , van Halm Vokko P 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Shapiro syndrome is extremely rare and is characterized by the triad of spontaneous periodic hypothermia, hyperhidrosis and agenesis of the corpus callosum, resulting in neurological and psychological disorders. The exact mechanism of this syndrome is unknown and treatment consists of controlling the periodic attacks. This case report describes a case of Shapiro syndrome presenting with ventricular fibrillation (VF) who was treated with dual chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy.

Case summary
A 45-year-old man, suffering from Shapiro syndrome with frequent hypothermic attacks, was admitted to the emergency department with an out of hospital cardiac arrest caused by VF due to hypothermia. To prevent cardiac death during future hypothermic attacks with VF, the patient was treated with a dual chamber ICD. Within 1 month after ICD implantation the patient had two events of ventricular tachycardia/VF during hypothermia, which were both successfully terminated by an ICD shock. One year after ICD implantation the patient suffered from an uncontrolled urinary tract infection and the patient passed away. Post-mortem interrogation of the ICD did not reveal further episodes of VF and showed a higher supraventricular heartrate in the last days before his death, probably due to a sinus tachycardia driven by the infection. It was concluded that the most likely cause of death was an uncontrolled sepsis.

Discussion
The current case showed that ICD therapy can be successful in treating VF episodes in patients with unexpected periods of hypothermia.
O soberana luz: a spiritual madrigal and a Mass for Philip IV, monarch of the Hispanic kingdoms
Authors: Villanueva Serrano Francesc 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The polyphonic models for five of the six imitation or parody Masses published by the Portuguese composer Filipe de Magalhães in his Missarum liber (Lisbon, 1636) are well known. However, for the sixth, O soberana luz, only tentative musical or contextual connections with works by other composers have been suggested, none of which satisfy the criteria for them to be considered as a model. In this article, I reveal that the homonymous spiritual madrigal by Stefano Limido is undoubtedly the piece that Magalhães used as the basis for his Mass. In addition, Magalhães’s general compliance with Pedro Cerone’s theoretical recommendations of 1613 for compositions of this type is demonstrated. In light of this information, new ideas are put forward—and previous ones re-evaluated—about the creative context of both works in the courtly circles of Philip IV, who was at that time the absolute sovereign of the Iberian Peninsula. An edition of the previously unpublished madrigal by Limido is included in the Appendix.
German Trade Unions in the Nineteenth Century: Sociological Foundations in Comparative Perspective*
Authors: Welskopp Thomas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The article explores the origins of trade unions in the nineteenth-century industrializing German economy. In German territories—in contrast to the United Kingdom and the United States—the labour movement emerged as a political movement, from which trade unions developed relatively late, under the auspices of Social Democratic Party initiatives, remaining under threat throughout the 1870s. We therefore have particular reason to examine the sociological foundations that account for the development of German trade unions in general, which is done here with a broad comparative perspective.
Inflammaging: Age and Systemic, Cellular, and Nuclear Inflammatory Biology in Older Adults
Authors: Piber Dominique , Olmstead Richard , Cho Joshua Hyong-Jin , Witarama Tuff , Perez Christian , Dietz Nicholas , Seeman Teresa E , Breen Elizabeth C , Cole Steve W , Irwin Michael R 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Systemic inflammation is associated with increasing age. Yet, there are limited data about the association between age and systemic inflammation within older adults, and whether older age is also associated with cellular and nuclear signaling markers of inflammation. In community-dwelling older adults (N = 262, 60–88 years), systemic levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II; levels of toll-like receptor-4–stimulated monocytic production of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor α; and resting nuclear levels of activated nuclear factor kappa B and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1, STAT3, STAT5) were evaluated. Adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, multivariate linear regression tested the association between age and each inflammatory marker. Age was positively associated with increased levels of interleukin-6 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (p’s < .05) and with increases in STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 activation (p’s < .05). However, no relationship was found between age and C-reactive protein, toll-like receptor-4–stimulated interleukin-6/tumor necrosis factor alpha α production, or nuclear factor kappa B. Within a community-dwelling sample of older adults, older age is associated with increases in STAT activation, along with increases of systemic inflammatory cytokines. In older adults, heterogeneity in age-related increases in inflammatory disease risk may be related to individual variability in inflammation.
The Evolution of a Single Toe in Horses: Causes, Consequences, and the Way Forward
Authors: McHorse Brianna K , Biewener Andrew A , Pierce Stephanie E 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHorses are a classic example of macroevolution in three major traits—large body size, tall-crowned teeth (hypsodonty), and a single toe (monodactyly)—but how and why monodactyly evolved is still poorly understood. Existing hypotheses usually connect digit reduction in horses to the spread and eventual dominance of open-habitat grasslands, which took over from forests during the Cenozoic; digit reduction has been argued to be an adaptation for speed, locomotor economy, stability, and/or increased body size. In this review, we assess the evidence for these (not necessarily mutually exclusive) hypotheses from a variety of related fields, including paleoecology, phylogenetic comparative methods, and biomechanics. Convergent evolution of digit reduction, including in litopterns and artiodactyls, is also considered. We find it unlikely that a single evolutionary driver was responsible for the evolution of monodactyly, because changes in body size, foot posture, habitat, and substrate are frequently found to influence one another (and to connect to broader potential drivers, such as changing climate). We conclude with suggestions for future research to help untangle the complex dynamics of this remarkable morphological change in extinct horses. A path forward should combine regional paleoecology studies, quantitative biomechanical work, and make use of convergence and modern analogs to estimate the relative contributions of potential evolutionary drivers for digit reduction.
Environmentally Accurate Microplastic Levels and Their Absence from Exposure Studies
Authors: Cunningham Eoghan M , Sigwart Julia D 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Microplastics (synthetic polymers; &lt;5 mm) are ubiquitous, in the environment and in the news. The associated effects of microplastics on flora and fauna are currently only established through laboratory-based exposure trials; however, such studies have come under scrutiny for employing excessive concentrations with little environmental relevance. This critical review is intended to summarize key issues and approaches for those who are considering the need for local microplastics research, both in terms of environmental pollution and the impacts on aquatic species. A meta-analysis of results from published experimental (n = 128) and environmental (n = 180) studies allowed us to compare the reported impacts from experiments that expose organisms to microplastics, and the concentrations of environmental microplastics found in the wild. The results of this meta-analysis highlight three issues that should be modified in future work (1) use of extreme dosages, (2) incompatible and incomparable units, and (3) the problem of establishing truly informative experimental controls. We found that 5% of exposure trials examined did not use any control treatment, and 82% use dramatically elevated dosages without reference to environmental concentrations. Early studies in this field may have been motivated to produce unequivocal impacts on organisms, rather than creating a robust, environmentally relevant framework. Some of the reported impacts suggest worrying possibilities, which can now inspire more granular experiments. The existing literature on the extent of plastic pollution also has limited utility for accurately synthesizing broader trends, as has been raised in previous reviews; environmental extraction studies use many different units, among which only 76% (139/180) could be plausibly converted for comparison. Future research should adopt the units of microparticles/kg (of sediment) or mp/L (of fluid) to improve comparability. Now that the global presence of microplastic pollution is well established, with more than a decade of research, new studies should focus on comparative aspects rather than the presence of microplastics. Robustly designed, controlled, hypothesis-driven experiments based on environmentally relevant concentrations are needed now to understand our future in the new plastic world.
Investments in Unsettled Maritime Boundary Contexts: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties in Delivering Certainty
Authors: Khamsi Kathryn 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Interest in offshore investment is growing: the oil and gas sector has been developing offshore reserves for some time; more recently, the renewable energy sector has also been investing offshore. In that context, this paper considers the legal uncertainties that overlapping sovereign claims in offshore areas create for investments. It then canvasses the commitments that States can accord to address these legal uncertainties, whether unilaterally or through inter-State authorities that jointly regulate areas subject to overlapping claims. This paper is then principally devoted to considering the role of bilateral investment treaties in enforcing such commitments, and otherwise addressing the legal uncertainties generated by overlapping maritime claims. By way of conclusion, this paper considers analogies to other situations where investments are subject to the sovereign rights of more than one State.