bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A first assessment of glyphosate, 2,4-D and Cry proteins in surface water of South Africa
Authors: Horn Suranie , Pieters Rialet , Bøhn Thomas 
Published: September 2019

Agriculture plays a vital role in the South African economy, as well as in the production of maize for food. Genetically modified maize is transformed to encode for crystalline (Cry) proteins found in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and is referred to as Bt maize. Ingestion of specific Cry proteins causes the death of target insects that cause harm to maize plants. Bt crops, along with herbicides such as glyphosate and 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), are widely adopted as part of the South African farming regime that aims to increase crop yield and reduce costs of production. As chemical compounds used in agriculture often end up in water sources, their presence should be monitored. There are many such monitoring programmes worldwide, but not in South Africa. We screened surface water sources in a maize-dominated agricultural area in the North West Province in South Africa for the presence of Cry1Ab, glyphosate and 2,4-D using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Cry1Ab was not detected at any site; glyphosate was below the limit of detection at most of the sites but one sample had quantifiable traces of glyphosate; and 2,4-D was detected at all the sites. The concentrations of 2,4-D exceeded those for drinking water according to European guidelines, thus highlighting the need for regular monitoring of these compounds. Many people depend on untreated water resources, which may be contaminated by toxic agricultural chemicals. This report is the first on levels of these target compounds in South African water systems.
Significance:

This report is the first on the presence of glyphosate, 2,4-D and Cry1Ab in the South African aquatic environment.
Concentrations of 2,4-D in South African surface waters exceed the European guideline for drinking water, indicating a risk to people using these water sources.
These preliminary results highlight the need to regularly monitor for the presence of glyphosate, 2,4-D and Cry1Ab in water resources in South Africa.
Inadmissible appeals of citizens: problems of qualification and law enforcement practice
Authors: Zaykov D. E. 
Published: September 2019

The right of citizens to appeal to State bodies (local self-government bodies) and freedom of speech are important constitutional institutions. However, their unscrupulous implementation may violate other constitutional values, such as the dignity, honour and good reputation of the individual.The conflict under consideration manifests itself when inadmissible appeals of citizens are submitted, namely, appeals containing unacceptable expressions or threats. At the same time, the current legal regulation of such situations is unsettled and contains in its basis assessment criteria, which leads to ambiguous practice of its application based on discretionary approach.The article reveals the problems of legal regulation of qualification of inadmissible appeals of citizens and suggests ways of their solution.
Lobbying as the main factor of influencing the process of development of parliamentary conciliation procedures
Authors: Bekmuradov K. A. 
Published: September 2019

The article analyzes lobbying activities, as well as lobbying as a factor in the development of parliamentary conciliation procedures. The author examines various legal and non-legal factors influencing different institutions of constitutional law including parliamentary conciliation procedures. The article provides the provisions of normative legal acts of the Russian Federation that form the basis for institutionalization of lobbying activity in Russia. Various instruments of institutionalization of lobbying in Russia are considered. The practice of lobbying is subject to research. The auther determines specific institutions of lobbyists’ influence used by them in their activity. The paper represents opinions of scholars and practitioners whose views are directed to parliamentarism in general and lobbyism in particular. The article contains definitions of lobbying and lobbying activities. According to the results of the analysis, the author identifies the main problems of the impact the lobbying activity has on parliamentary conciliation procedures, gives proposals for improvement of the normative and legal regulation and the primary elimination of the negative impact of lobbying on parliamentary conciliation procedures.
New types of the partnership agreement in the context of collective use of goods and services (sharing economy)
Authors: Poduzova E. B. 
Published: September 2019

The modern socio-economic context of shared consumption (sharing economy) sets new goals and objectives of using joint activities.The article presents the main theoretical and practical problems of types of the partnership agreement as an organizational agreement, forms of organization and conduct of joint activity.The article is prepared with due regard to the reform of contract law of the Russian Federation, new trends in the science of civil law and in law enforcement practice. Also, the article takes into account the jurisprudence that contains new approaches to the interpretation of an obligation and agreement under consideration. In this regard, the decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (for example, the Decision dated March 24, 2016 No. 7 “On Application by Courts of Certain Provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation Concerning the Breach of the Obligations,» 22 November 2016 No. 54 “On Certain Issues of Application of General Provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on Obligations and Their Performance”) are subjected to thorough examination.Particular attention is paid to the legal nature, constitutional features of certain types of the partnership agreement, their manifestations in modern civil legislation and practice of application.
FROM CONFRONTATION TO A DIALOGUE: THE DYNAMICS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE STATE (1917-1980)
Authors: Belyaeva Evguenia , Chumarova Lyubov , Fakhrutdinov Bulat , Fakhrutdinova Anastasia 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the Study: The aim of the research is to study the tendencies and potential of the church-state relationship at a critical juncture of the great political transformations. An objective need to analyze the past experience of church-state interrelations in Russia and to identify social and cultural role of church as the embodiment of religion served as the incentive for the present study. The article considers church-state relationship under the Soviet regime, the tragedy of their coexistence, reflected in a strong opposition, oppression and almost complete liquidation of the church, and, as a result, its accommodation in relations with the government within that period.
Methodology: The authors used philosophical analysis of the church-state interaction, historicism and comparison principles enabling to consider its dynamics and evolution trends within the defined period. The researchers make the presumption that church-state relationship should be maintained on a cultural dialogue and cooperation basis in contrast with prior politicizing it.
Result: The authors prove the provision that state performs not only external social function of organization and subjugation, but, in fact, defines moral criteria of living as a community of like-minded individuals. The conclusion about purely utilitarian and politicized perception of the social position of the church by Soviet state is drawn.
Implications: Theoretical implication of the study is promotion of the further research and development in the direction due to the methods used in the study. The material can also be used within university courses on history, culture theory, cultural studies and sociology of religion, history of world religions.
Novelty: The novelty of the study is manifested in introducing of expanded concepts of church and state in the context of their interaction into scientific circulation.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING TO LINGUISTICALLY GIFTED STUDENTS: COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
Authors: V. Gali Gulnara , V. Fakhrutdinova Anastasiya , I. Gali Askar 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the Study: The urgency of the problem under investigation is due to the fact that the issue of gifted students’ education is one of the most difficult and interesting aspects of contemporary pedagogy. The purpose of the article is to comprehensively characterize the components of foreign language teaching to linguistically gifted students.
Methodology: New directions of teaching linguistically gifted students of non-linguistic directions, based on the communicative and personal-activity approach, are analyzed.
Results: In this article, the concept of foreign language competence of students is defined and the content, forms, methods and means of pedagogical interaction in the process of foreign language teaching to gifted students are considered. The authors pay special attention to foreign language teaching to linguistically gifted students.
Applications: The materials of the article can be useful for teachers, students and a wide range of readers interested in the problems of gifted students’ education.
TEACHER - RESEARCHER IN WORK WITH GIFTED STUDENTS
Authors: Gali Gulnara , Shakhnina Irina , Zagladina Elena , Gali Askar 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the Study: The reforms occurred in foreign and domestic education systems over the past decades and the focus on humanistic, student-centered, and developing educational technologies have changed attitudes towards students exhibiting extraordinary abilities. Educational institutions, educational and social programs, public organizations, and foundations have emerged, which have identification, training, and development of gifted students as their main goal. Nowadays, working with gifted students appears to be an important and prioritized educational policy worldwide. The purpose of the article is to identify a new type of teacher-researcher who will be able to work with gifted students and analyze his or her professional skills.
Methodology: The leading approach to the study of this problem is a method of historical and logical analysis of regulatory documents of foreign governments and research papers of leading scientists dealing with gifted education issues.
Results: The main results of the study are identifying the teachers’ professional and personal positions to work with gifted students and revealing the pedagogical conditions to create educational environment for the development of students' talent. The readiness of a teacher to work with gifted students has been considered.
Applications: The authors focus on the specifics of working with gifted students as well as on the analysis of problems of gifted students’ education in different countries.
Novelty: The article can be useful for professors, teachers, students, and readers who are interested in the problems of gifted students' education.
SIGNIFICANCE OF AFGHANISTAN IN INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
Authors: Nath Dr. Jayasree 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: The purpose of the study is to understand the importance of Afghanistan in India’s foreign policy. Being situated in the proximity of Pakistan and Central Asian countries, Afghanistan holds a strategic significance in India’s neighbourhood foreign policy. Since the earlier period of time, the geographic location has made Afghanistan involved in any development occurred in Central Asia and South Asia.
Methodology: The study is interdisciplinary in nature. It is based on a comparative analysis of research methodology, comparing traditional and current relations between the nations. The study is empirical since it tries to explain the historical-cultural linkages of India and Afghanistan. The study also tries to investigate the obstacles furthering India’s relations with Afghanistan and beyond. The study involves both descriptive and qualitative analysis. The study is based on both primary and secondary sources. While books, articles and newspaper reports are secondary sources in the study, primary sources comprised of government sources like an annual report, other relevant reports of the Ministry of External Affairs, etc.
Main Findings: India’s policy towards Afghanistan is the embodiment of the soft power approach with a long term goal. Energy security and regional security connected with internal security are the topmost priorities of New Delhi factoring the significance of Afghanistan in India’s neighbourhood foreign policy.
Applications of this study: This study can be useful for understanding International relations covering areas of India-Afghanistan relations, the significance of Afghanistan in India’s foreign policy connecting with Central Asia and Iran.
Novelty/Originality of this study: India’s strategic consideration factoring Afghanistan to connect Central Asia and Iran for energy security, regional and internal security.
Program Pengembangan Nuklir Iran dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Masyarat Iran (1957-2006 M)
Authors: Fatoni Achmad 
Published: September 2019

This research explain a series of developments relatod Iran's nuclear program that can cause conflict and displeasure particularly when Iran face the westrn country. The research takes two main problems,including the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program, and how the dynamics of Iran's nuclear development and the response of Middle Eastern countries.
The results of the research that the history of the emergence of Iran's nuclear program in 1957 and in it is collaboration between Mohammad Shah Reza Pahlavi and the United States when Dwight D. Eisenhower become USA president. Then the Iraq-Iran war could affect the spirit to continue Iran's nuclear program. Furthermore, Rasfanjani has focused to the Iranian people welfare and emphasized his nuclear interests to become a fowerfull country and to protect iran country. however, Iran sanctioned by the United States which makes it difficult for Iran to export oil and gas.
Artificial Intelligence Distinguishes Surgical Training Levels in a Virtual Reality Spinal Task
Authors: Bissonnette Vincent , Mirchi Nykan , Ledwos Nicole , Alsidieri Ghusn , Winkler-Schwartz Alexander , Del Maestro Rolando F. ,   on behalf of the Neurosurgical Simulation & Artificial Intelligence Learning Centre
Published: September 2019

Background:
With the emergence of competency-based training, the current evaluation scheme of surgical skills is evolving to include newer methods of assessment and training. Artificial intelligence through machine learning algorithms can utilize extensive data sets to analyze operator performance. This study aimed to address 3 questions: (1) Can artificial intelligence uncover novel metrics of surgical performance? (2) Can support vector machine algorithms be trained to differentiate “senior” and “junior” participants who are executing a virtual reality hemilaminectomy? (3) Can other algorithms achieve a good classification performance?

Methods:
Participants from 4 Canadian universities were divided into 2 groups according to their training level (senior and junior) and were asked to perform a virtual reality hemilaminectomy. The position, angle, and force application of the simulated burr and suction instruments, along with tissue volumes that were removed, were recorded at 20-ms intervals. Raw data were manipulated to create metrics to train machine learning algorithms. Five algorithms, including a support vector machine, were trained to predict whether the task was performed by a senior or junior participant. The accuracy of each algorithm was assessed through leave-one-out cross-validation.

Results:
Forty-one individuals were enrolled (22 senior and 19 junior participants). Twelve metrics related to safety of the procedure, efficiency, motion of the tools, and coordination were selected. Following cross-validation, the support vector machine achieved a 97.6% accuracy. The other algorithms achieved accuracy of 92.7%, 87.8%, 70.7%, and 65.9%, respectively.

Conclusions:
Artificial intelligence defined novel metrics of surgical performance and outlined training levels in a virtual reality spinal simulation procedure.

Clinical Relevance:
The significance of these results lies in the potential of artificial intelligence to complement current educational paradigms and better prepare residents for surgical procedures.
Resident Independence Performing Common Orthopaedic Procedures at the End of Training
Authors: Kohring Jessica M. , Harrast John J. , Stotts Alan K. , Zhang Chong , Millar Morgan M. , Presson Angela P. , Saltzman Charles L. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) has established minimum exposure rates for specific orthopaedic procedures during residency but has not established the achievement of competence at the end of training. The determination of independence performing surgical procedures remains undefined and may depend on the perspective of the observer. The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of recently graduated orthopaedic residents on the number of cases needed to achieve independence and on the ability to perform common orthopaedic procedures at the end of training.

Methods:
We conducted a web survey of all 727 recently graduated U.S. orthopaedic residents sitting for the 2018 American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Part I Examination in July 2018. The surveyed participants were asked to assess the ability to independently perform 26 common adult and pediatric orthopaedic procedures as well as to recommend the number of cases to achieve independence at the end of training. We compared these data to the ACGME Minimum Numbers and the average ACGME resident experience data for residents who graduated from 2010 to 2012.

Results:
For 14 (78%) of the 18 adult procedures, >80% of respondents reported the ability to perform independently, and for 7 (88%) of the 8 pediatric procedures, >90% reported the ability to perform independently. The resident-recommended number of cases for independence was greater than the ACGME Minimum Numbers for all but 1 adult procedure. For 18 of the 26 adult and pediatric procedures, the mean 2010 to 2012 graduated resident exposure was significantly less than the mean number recommended for independence by 2018 graduates (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Overall, recently graduated residents reported high self-perceived independence in performing the majority of the common adult and pediatric orthopaedic surgical procedures included in this study. In general, recently graduated residents recommended a greater number of case exposures to achieve independence than the ACGME Minimum Numbers.
Autologous BPTB ACL Reconstruction Results in Lower Failure Rates Than ACL Repair with and without Synthetic Augmentation at 30 Years of Follow-up
Authors: Sporsheim Anne N. , Gifstad Tone , Lundemo Trond Olav , Engebretsen Lars , Strand Torbjørn , Mølster Anders , Drogset Jon Olav 
Published: September 2019

Background:
The aim of this study was to compare the 30-year follow-up results after treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures with 3 different surgical procedures.

Methods:
A total of 150 patients with acute rupture of the ACL who were managed between 1986 and 1988 were randomized into 1 of 3 open repair methods: acute primary repair (n = 49), acute repair with a synthetic ligament augmentation device (LAD) (n = 50), or reconstruction with an autologous bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft with retention of the ACL remnants (n = 51). The 30-year follow-up included evaluation of clinical findings, the Tegner and Lysholm questionnaires, radiographic examination, and registration of revisions and knee arthroplasties.

Results:
A total of 113 patients (75%) were available for the follow-up evaluation; 39 patients were in the primary repair group, 39 in the LAD group, and 35 in the BPTB group. Through telephone calls and investigation of patient medical records, 40 of these patients were excluded from further analyses because of revision surgery, knee arthroplasty in the involved or contralateral knee, or ACL reconstruction in the contralateral knee. One patient in the BPTB group had undergone revision ACL reconstruction compared with 12 in the primary repair group (p = 0.002) and 9 in the LAD group (p = 0.015). Seven patients had undergone knee arthroplasty in the involved knee, with no significant difference among the groups. In the remaining patients, no significant differences were found among the 3 groups with regard to range of motion, laxity, or Tegner and Lysholm scores. Radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, defined as an Ahlbäck grade of 2 through 5, was found in 42% of the operatively treated knees, with no significant differences among the groups.

Conclusions:
In the present 30-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled study, the BPTB graft augmented with the remnants of the ruptured ligament provided superior results with regard to the number of revisions compared with both the primary repair and LAD groups. No significant differences were found with respect to range of motion, laxity, activity, function, radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, and knee arthroplasties.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Ponseti Method Decreased the Surgical Incidence in Children with Congenital Clubfoot
Authors: Chang Chia H. , Wang Shu M. , Kuo Ken N. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
With the introduction of the Ponseti method for congenital clubfoot, the relapse rate and the surgical rate have been remarkably reduced. However, data from population studies for patients up to 10 years of age are still lacking. This study aimed to survey the relapse and surgery rates in the first 10 years of life in children with congenital clubfoot before and after introduction of the Ponseti method in Taiwan using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD).

Methods:
We retrieved clubfoot cases and related surgical procedures determined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) 754.51 from the 1999-2016 NHIRD. Foot and ankle surgical procedures coded as ICD-9 754.51 for patients who were older than 6 months of age were regarded as surgical procedures for relapsed or residual deformities. The rate of clubfoot release when the patients were 0.5 to 1 year of age and extensive surgical procedures in the first 10 years of life were assessed among 8 birth-year cohorts (1999 to 2006) with a 10-year follow-up.

Results:
Among 622 children with idiopathic congenital clubfoot diagnosis, 301 underwent a total of 367 surgical procedures for clubfoot between 6 months and 10 years of age. Disease incidence of 0.32 per 1,000 live births remained stable in the 8 birth-year cohorts. After the Ponseti method was introduced in 2002, there was a decrease in the clubfoot release rate in the 0.5 to 1-year age group (25.8% in the 1999 to 2002 birth-year cohorts compared with 17.6% in the 2003 to 2006 birth-year cohorts) and the rate of extensive surgical procedures (41.5% in the 1999 to 2002 birth-year cohorts compared with 31.3% in the 2003 to 2006 birth-year cohorts), both determined to be significant at p < 0.05 using the chi-square test. A significant decreasing trend (p < 0.05) was revealed in the rate of clubfoot release in patients who were 0.5 to 1 year of age by polynomial correlation, with an increasing negative slope after a turning point around 2002. The Ponseti method increased the ratio of minor to extensive surgical procedures when a surgical procedure was required.

Conclusions:
The Ponseti method decreased subsequent extensive surgical procedures for clubfoot, especially in the group that was 0.5 to 1 year of age.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.