bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water vapor exposure chamber for constant humidity and hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition
Authors: Oerter Erik J. , Singleton Michael , Thaw Melissa , Davisson M. Lee 
Published: October 2018

RationaleWater vapor exposure experiments have applications for studying water physisorption and chemisorption hydration and hydroxylation reactions on a wide variety of material surfaces. The stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen in the water molecule are useful tracers of water exchange mechanisms and/or rates in such vapor exposure experiments.MethodsWe designed and built a humidity chamber system that uses membrane‐mediated liquid–vapor exchange of water followed by mixing with dry air to control the relative humidity of air and its δ2H and δ18O isotopic composition. We tested the stability and precision of the humidity and its isotopic composition on hourly to 90‐day timescales.ResultsThe humidity chamber design reported here is capable of providing relative humidity control to within ±1%, and consistent δ2H and δ18O values of the water vapor that are similar to our cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) measurement precision (δ2Hvap ± 0.7‰ and δ18Ovap ± 0.24‰). We quantify the isotopic enrichment effects of Rayleigh distillation in the system and provide information on water reservoir sizes large enough to buffer isotopic enrichment effects to within measurement precision.ConclusionsThe humidity chamber design reported here provides a means to create constant δ2H and δ18O values over the course of an exposure experiment. The design has applications to a wide range of studies of water sorption on material surfaces from foods and pharmaceuticals to geological materials.
Investigation on the Different Photocatalytic Properties of Bismuths Oxychlorides: Bi12O15Cl6 versus Bi3O4Cl versus BiOCl
Authors: Gu Wenhao , Xu Juan , Teng Fei , Ul Abideen Zain 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIt is found that under UV light (λ≤420 nm) irradiation, the photo activity of Bi12O15Cl6 is 1 times higher than that of BiOCl for the degradation of methyl orange (MO), which is mainly attributed to the wider light absorption range and higher charge separation efficiency, but rather than BET area (4.5 m2g−1 vs. 15.9 m2g−1). Under visible light (λ>420 nm) irradiation, the photo activity of Bi12O15Cl6 is 3.3 times higher than that of Bi3O4Cl for the degradation of MO, which is mainly attributed to the higher charge separation efficiency and higher BET area (0.4 m2g−1), rather than light absorption range (2.86 vs. 2.63 eV). Under UV light irradiation (λ≤420 nm), the photo activity of BiOCl is 1 times higher than that of Bi3O4Cl for the degradation of MO, which is mainly ascribed to the higher BET area (15.9 vs. 0.4 m2g−1) and the higher charge separation efficiency, rather than light absorption (3.4 vs. 2.63 eV). This work suggests that various affecting factors should be fully investigated to correctly understand the photochemical properties of a photocatalyst.
Preparation and Properties of a ZnO/PVA/β‐CD Composite Electrode for Rechargeable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Zhang Zejie , Zhou Debi , Li Zhihui , Zhou Liang , Huang Boyun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractZnO/PVA/β‐CD composite electrode was prepared by chemical crosslinking method. The FT‐IR spectrum of the composite electrode shows that the absorption peaks in 3379 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration decreased significantly, indicating the decreased of the hydroxyl number. The blue shift of the absorption peak at 3900 cm−1 owing to the O−H stretching vibration proves that the complex substance formed after cross‐linked reaction is more stable. Compared with the bare electrode, the cycle numbers of the composite electrode increased from 40 to 80 before the discharge capacity of the battery reduced to 80% of the maximum capacity at the charge/discharge current density of 25 mA⋅cm−2, which revealed that the cycle life of the composite electrode was longer than the bare electrode. SEM spectrum of the composite after 80 cycles that the active substances were embedded in the composite electrode regularly with good morphology and no obvious dendrite while there was a large number of dendrite inside the bare electrode, which indicated that there was an effect of combination between the complex substance and the active Zn. The results of the polarization curves and the AC impedance measurements show that the composite electrode has high electrochemical activity and low internal resistance.
Ultrafast Fabrication of TiO2‐Inlaid Multilayered Carbon for Supercapacitor
Authors: Wang Qingtao , Zhang Zhonghao , Wang Lipeng , Zhang Yongxia , Zhou Xiaozhong , Ma Guofu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTiO2/C composite have been widely used in photoelectrochemistry and electrochemistry. Herein, we report a simple and ultrafast approach to produce TiO2/C nanocomposite. Multilayered Ti3C2Tx, i. e. MXenes material, was oxidized into TiO2/C nanocomposite under microwave irradiation in 20 seconds. The resulting TiO2/C nanocomposite have a multilayer carbon structure and the TiO2 crystals are embedded in the carbon layer. The interlayered TiO2 could effectively prevent the restacking of carbon flakes. As an electrode material, the special structure of TiO2/C can increase the diffusion channel of ions and improve the transmission of electrons. Therefore, the TiO2/C nanocomposite exhibit good cycle stability. The TiO2/C nanocomposite are expected to be used for other electrode materials, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium‐sulfur batteries and photoelectrocatalysis devices.
Effect of Temperature on the Catalytic Property of Pd‐P for the Formic Acid Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Yang Gaixiu , Yang Juntao , Li Lianhua , Lv Pengmei , Sun Yongming , Yuan Zhenhong , Yang Jun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe development of active anode catalysts for the oxidation of formic acid is of great importance in direct formic acid fuel cells, which show promising prospect as a potential power generator for portable electronic devices and vehicular applications. Herein, carbon supported palladium‐phosphorus (Pd−P/C) catalysts with a high content of P0 are successfully prepared at different temperatures and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and so on. The effects of the synthesis temperature on the activity and stability of Pd−P/C catalysts for formic acid oxidation are also investigated by electrochemical measures. The results of the study indicate that the catalytic activity of the catalysts toward formic acid oxidation decreases in the order of Pd‐P85> Pd‐P45>Pd/C > Pd‐P25 (the numbers refer to the preparation temperatures of the samples), and the stability of the four catalysts determined by the ratio between the steady‐state current and initial current through chronoamperometric measurements is in the following order: Pd‐P85 > Pd‐P45 > Pd‐P25 > Pd/C. The Pd−P/C catalysts prepared at elevated temperatures are more stable and active than the Pd/C catalyst because of the inclusion of P. Therefore, the Pd−P/C catalyst prepared at appropriate temperature is a promising anode catalyst indirect formic acid fuel cells.
Emergency Bleeding Control Interventions After Immediate Total‐Body CT Scans in Trauma Patients
Authors: Treskes Kaij , Saltzherr Teun P. , Edwards Michael J. R. , Beuker Benn J. A. , Den Hartog D. , Hohmann Joachim , Luitse Jan S. , Beenen Ludo F. M. , Hollmann Markus W. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Goslings J. Carel ,   the REACT‐2 study group, Sierink J. C. , Schep N. W. L. , Peters R. W. , Tromp T. J. , Brink M. , van Vugt R. , Harbers J. S. , Wertenbroek M. W. J. L. A. , ten Duis K. , Rood P. P. M. , De Rooij P. P. , Van Lieshout E. M. M. , Bingisser R. , Bless N. , Zaehringer C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundImmediate total‐body CT (iTBCT) is often used for screening of potential severely injured patients. Patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions benefit from fast and optimal trauma screening. The aim of this study was to assess whether an initial trauma assessment with iTBCT is associated with lower mortality in patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions.MethodsIn the REACT‐2 trial, patients who sustained major trauma were randomized for iTBCT or for conventional imaging and selective CT scanning (standard workup; STWU) in five trauma centers. Patients who underwent emergency bleeding control interventions following their initial trauma assessment with iTBCT were compared for mortality and clinically relevant time intervals to patients that underwent the initial trauma assessment with the STWU.ResultsIn the REACT‐2 trial, 1083 patients were enrolled of which 172 (15.9%) underwent emergency bleeding control interventions following their initial trauma assessment. Within these 172 patients, 85 (49.4%) underwent iTBCT as primary diagnostic modality during the initial trauma assessment. In trauma patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions, in‐hospital mortality was 12.9% (95% CI 7.2–21.9%) in the iTBCT group compared to 24.1% (95% CI 16.3–34.2%) in the STWU group (p = 0.059). Time to bleeding control intervention was not reduced; 82 min (IQR 5–121) versus 98 min (IQR 62–147), p = 0.108.ConclusionsReduction in mortality in trauma patients requiring emergency bleeding control interventions by iTBCT could not be demonstrated in this study. However, a potentially clinically relevant absolute risk reduction of 11.2% (95% CI − 0.3 to 22.7%) in comparison with STWU was observed.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01523626.
An interfacial zone evolutionary optimization method with manufacturing constraints for hybrid components
Authors: da Silva de Siqueira Renan , Mozgova Iryna , Lachmayer Roland 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
New multi-material manufacturing technologies demand the development of new mechanical design approaches, as seen in the production of hybrid components through Tailored Forming. Thereby, a new class of high-performance multi-material parts aiming for enhanced properties, such as lightweight properties, can be constructed and brings with it new challenges. The objective of this paper is to develop a method for finding the optimal material distribution for such multi-material components. Thereunto, Topology Optimization techniques were reviewed, focusing on the progress made on multi-materials and manufacturing constraints implementations. Following, a new method was developed and analyzed, called Interfacial Zone Evolutionary Optimization (IZEO), and here expanded for a multi-material approach. This method makes use of the Evolutionary Algorithms methodology to solve structural optimization problems and provides a flexible way to implement manufacturing constraints. Finally, some cases are presented, in which the developed tool was able to generate a multi-material and manufacturable high-performance design.
Highlights The potential of Interfacial Zone Evolutionary Optimization method is analyzed. An extension for multi-material design problems is presented. A set of manufacturing constraints is numerically implemented with success. A manufacturable design for hybrid components is successfully generated. Method is used for the development of Tailored Forming design research.
Sensitivity analysis of potential capacity and safety of flow corridor to self-separation parameters
Authors: Ye B. , Shortle J. , Ochieng W. , Yong T. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTA flow corridor is a new class of trajectory-based airspace that encloses groups of flights which fly along the same path in one direction and accept responsibility for separation from each other. A well-designed corridor could reduce the airspace complexity, decrease the workload of air traffic controllers and increase the airspace capacity. This paper analyses the impact of different self-separation parameters on capacity and conflicts of the flow corridor. Both the quantitative impact and interaction effects of pairs of parameters are evaluated using the combined discrete-continuous model and Monte Carlo simulation method. The simulation results show that although the initial separation is the dominating factor, the interactions between initial separation and separation buffer, minimum separation, extra switch buffer, extra threshold buffer and velocity difference threshold also have some significant impacts on the capacity and conflicts for the flow corridor.
A dural arteriovenous fistula associated with an encephalocele presenting as otitis media with effusion
Authors: Ahmed W , Connor S , Obholzer R , Pai I 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis case report illustrates an unusual case of a dural arteriovenous fistula and an associated encephalocele presenting as otitis media with effusion.Case reportA 53-year-old man presented with right-sided hearing loss and aural fullness of 2 years’ duration. Examination revealed ipsilateral post-auricular pulsatile tenderness. Computed tomography showed transcalvarial channels suggestive of dural arteriovenous fistula. Further magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of a temporal encephalocele herniating through the tegmen tympani defect, as well as the abnormal vascularity. Angiography confirmed a Cognard type I dural arteriovenous fistula, which is being managed conservatively. Surgical repair of the encephalocele was recommended but declined by the patient.ConclusionDural arteriovenous fistula is an uncommon intracranial vascular malformation rarely seen by otolaryngologists, with pulsatile tinnitus being the usual presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of dural arteriovenous fistula presenting with conductive hearing loss and otalgia.
Heavenly freedom, derivative freedom, and the value of free choices
Authors: KITTLE SIMON 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSennett (1999) and Pawl and Timpe (2009; 2013) attempt to show how we can praise heavenly agents for things they inevitably do in heaven by appealing to the notion of derivative freedom. Matheson (2017) has criticized this use of derivative freedom. In this article I show why Matheson's argument is inconclusive but also how the basic point may be strengthened to undermine the use Sennett and Pawl and Timpe make of derivative freedom. I then show why Matheson is mistaken to claim that the value of free choice depends on an agent retaining the ability to change their mind; in so doing I demonstrate that some choices which result in fixed outcomes – a feature of the choices leading to impeccability – can indeed be valuable even if they cannot be undone.
What is Moral Enhancement?
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe idea of moral enhancement has no clear meaning. This is because the idea of being moral has no clear meaning. There are numerous ways in which one might go astray, morally speaking, and each of these ways, in turn, fragments on further analysis. The concept of moral enhancement is as broad, messy, and mottled as the reasons why people behave badly. This mottled character of moral failure calls into question the feasibility of (non-traditional) programmes of moral enhancement.
Is Moral Enhancement a Right, or a Threat to Rights?
Authors: Shook John R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEnhancements for morality could become technologically practical at the expense of becoming unethical and uncivil. A mode of moral enhancement intensifying a person's imposition of conformity upon others, labeled here as “moral righteousness”, is particularly problematic. Moral energies contrary to expansions of civil rights and liberties can drown out reasoned justifications for equality and freedom, delaying social progress. The technological capacity of moral righteousness in the hands of a majority could impose puritanical conformities and override some rights and liberties. Fortunately, there cannot be a human right or a civil right to access righteous moral enhancement, and governments would be prudent to forbid such technology for moral righteousness. From an enlarged perspective, less righteousness could lead to a more just society. Going further, if a neurological intervention for moral righteousness could be invented, so too could moral de-enhancement, here labeled as “moral toleration”. Perhaps moral toleration deserves as much commendation as so-called moral enhancement. Justice with less delay can be justice enhanced.
Microscopic Chemical Characterization and Reactivity in Cementing Systems of Elephant Grass Leaf Ashes
Authors: Roselló Josefa , Soriano Lourdes , Savastano Holmer , Borrachero M. Victoria , Santamarina Pilar , Payá Jordi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMany agrowastes are being used for energy production by combustion in power plants. This process generates huge amounts of ash, which has a potential pozzolanic activity for blending with Portland cement or hydrated lime. In this paper, the ash obtained from elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum var. purple) leaves (EGLs) was studied, including the silicon content and its distribution, the presence of other compounds, and in addition, the presence of silica bodies (phytoliths). Combustion temperatures of 450 and 650°C produced an unaltered inorganic skeleton (spodogram), whereas at 850°C, there is a sintering process because of high potassium content in the ash. Phytoliths and different types of hairs were identified, and they contained high percentages of silica. Magnesium (mainly as periclase) was distributed in the most porous parts in the interior of the leaves. The silica can react with calcium hydroxide (pozzolanic reaction) forming calcium silicate hydrates (observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis). Fixed lime percentages at 28 curing days (63%) indicated the high reactivity of EGL ashes in calcium hydroxide pastes due to the pozzolanic reaction. This study demonstrates the possibility of the reuse of ashes from EGLs for the production of environmental-friendly cements.
Development of a tool to identify and assess psychosocial and spiritual needs in end-of-life patients: The ENP-E scale
Authors: Mateo-Ortega Dolors , Limonero Joaquín T. , Maté-Méndez Jorge , Beas Elba , González-Barboteo Jesús , Barbero Elisabeth , Ela Sara , Gómez-Batiste Xavier 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this study is to describe the development of a new tool, the Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs Evaluation scale Instrumento de Evaluación de Necesidades Psicosociales y Espirituales del Enfermo al Final de Vida (ENP-E), designed to assess the psychosocial needs of end-of-life (EOL) patients. And, secondarily, to describe the face validity and psychometric properties of this instrument in the Spanish-speaking context.MethodThe scale was developed through a seven-stage process: (1) literature review; (2) expert panel establishment; (3) discussion and agreement on the most relevant dimensions of psychosocial care; (4) description of key indicators and consensus-based questions to evaluate such dimensions; (5) assessment of the scale by external palliative care (PC) professionals; (6) evaluation by patients; and (7) analysis of scale's psychometrics properties. To assess content validity, 30 PC professionals and 20 patients evaluated the questionnaire. To determine psychometric properties, 150 participants completed these scales: the ENP-E; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; item 15 from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 15 Palliative; and the Distress Thermometer.ResultAll respondents evaluated the tool as “excellent.” In terms of construct validity, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.74) and temporal stability (test-retestr= 0.74,p&lt; 0.1) were both adequate. On the factorial analysis, four factors (emotional-wellbeing, social support, spiritual, and information) explained 58.4% of the variance. This scale has a sensitivity of 76.3%, specificity of 78.9%, and the cutoff is 28.Significance of resultsTo provide quality PC to EOL patients, it is essential to determine the psychosocial factors that influence well-being. This requires the use of reliable and specific instruments. The ENP-E is a novel tool that provides a systematic, holistic assessment of the psychosocial needs of EOL patients. Its routine use would allow clinicians to monitor such needs over time. This would, in turn, permit comprehensive, highly individualized interventions to improve effective PC approach.
She Who Shall Not Be Named: The Women That Women's Organizations Do (and Do Not) Represent in the Rulemaking Process
Authors: English Ashley 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThough the concept of intersectionality has been in circulation for nearly 30 years and women's organizations have long been criticized for failing to prioritize the concerns of women of color, poor women, and LGBTQ women, more research is needed to determine precisely why women's organizations do and do not discuss those intersectional identities during policy debates. This study analyzes 1,021 comments that women's organizations submitted to rulemakers to test a series of hypotheses about how women's organizations’ references to women's intersectional identities increase or decrease depending on the organization's primary constituency and ideology, the proposed rule's target population, and other features of the policy-making context. Using automated text analysis and a series of models, it shows that women's organizations do discuss intersectionally marginalized women in their comments. However, not all subgroups of women are equally represented during the process. Women's organizations focus on women's sexual orientations and gender identities more than their races, ethnicities, nationalities, or socioeconomic statuses. Intersectionally marginalized women also tend to receive the most attention when commenters are from organizations that are explicitly focused on representing intersectionally marginalized women and when bureaucrats include references to intersectionally marginalized women in their proposed rules.
Investigations of Mesoscopic Complexity of Small Ice Crystals in Midlatitude Cirrus
Authors: Järvinen E. , Wernli H. , Schnaiter M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring the Mid‐Latitude CIRRUS campaign small (<50 μm) ice crystals were characterized for their mesoscopic complexity using the Small Ice Detector Mk. 3. It was found that the majority (76%) of all measured small ice crystals were complex. Although some differences were found between the distributions of the complexity parameters between different cloud systems, no real correlation between the mesoscopic complexity and cloud formation mechanisms (liquid origin or in situ) was found. Some decrease in mesoscopic complexity was detected during those missions affected by Saharan dust outbreaks. The link between the crystal growth conditions and the observed mesoscopic complexity was investigated in a case study of an in situ cirrus with the help of trajectory analysis. A relatively weak correlation of r = 0.33 was found between the mesoscopic complexity and the maximum supersaturation with respect to ice along the ice particle trajectory.