bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The torso integration hypothesis revisited in Homo sapiens: Contributions to the understanding of hominin body shape evolution
Authors: Torres‐Tamayo Nicole , García‐Martínez Daniel , Nalla Shahed , Barash Alon , Williams Scott A. , Blanco‐Pérez Esther , Mata Escolano Federico , Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan Alberto , Bastir Markus 
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Lower thoracic widths and curvatures track upper pelvic widths and iliac blades curvatures in hominins and other primates (torso integration hypothesis). However, recent studies suggest that sexual dimorphism could challenge this assumption in Homo sapiens. We test the torso integration hypothesis in two modern human populations, both considering and excluding the effect of sexual dimorphism. We further assess covariation patterns between different thoracic and pelvic levels, and we explore the allometric effects on torso shape variation.
Material and Methods: A sex‐balanced sample of 50 anatomically connected torsos (25 Mediterraneans, 25 Sub‐Saharan Africans) was segmented from computed tomography scans. We compared the maximum medio‐lateral width at seventh–ninth rib levels with pelvic bi‐iliac breadth in males and females within both populations. We measured 1,030 (semi)landmarks on 3D torso models, and torso shape variation, mean size and shape comparisons, thoraco‐pelvic covariation and allometric effects were quantified through 3D geometric morphometrics.
Results: Females show narrow thoraces and wide pelves and males show wide thoraces and narrow pelves, although this trend is more evident in Mediterraneans than in Sub‐Saharans. Equal thoracic and pelvic widths, depths and curvatures were found in absence of sexual dimorphism. The highest strength of covariation was found between the lowest rib levels and the ilia, and allometric analyses showed that smaller torsos were wider than larger torsos.
Conclusions: This is the first study testing statistically the torso integration hypothesis in anatomically connected torsos. We propose a new and more complex torso integration model in H. sapiens with sexual dimorphism leading to different thoracic and pelvic widths and curvatures. These findings have important implications in hominin body shape reconstructions.
An N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Based Silver Precursor for Plasma‐Enhanced Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition of Silver Thin Films at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Boysen Nils , Hasselmann Tim , Karle Sarah , Rogalla Detlef , Theirich Detlef , Winter Manuela , Riedl Thomas , Devi Anjana 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA new N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐based silver amide compound, 1,3‐di‐tert‐butyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene silver(I) 1,1,1‐trimethyl‐N‐(trimethylsilyl)silanaminide [(NHC)Ag(hmds)] was synthesized and analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as EI mass spectrometry, and subsequently evaluated for its thermal characteristics. This new halogen‐ and phosphine‐free Ag atomic layer deposition (ALD) precursor was tested successfully for silver thin film growth in atmospheric pressure plasma enhanced spatial (APP‐ALD). High‐purity conductive Ag thin films with a low sheet resistance of 0.9 Ω/sq (resistivity: 10−5 Ωcm) were deposited at 100 °C and characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, optical transmittance, and Rutherford back‐scattering techniques. The carbene‐based Ag precursor and the new APP‐ALD process are significant developments in the field of precursor chemistry as well as metal ALD processing.
Density correlation of carbonated amine solvents for CO2 loading determination
Authors: Spietz Tomasz , Stec Marcin , Wilk Andrzej , Krótki Aleksander , Tatarczuk Adam , Więcław‐Solny Lucyna 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this study, the densities of carbonated aqueous solution of amines (ethanolamine, methylethanolamine, aminoethylethanolamine, and N‐methyldiethanolamine with piperazine) in various concentration and CO2 loadings were measured with temperatures ranging from 20°C to 60°C. The measured densities are in good agreement with those reported in the literature. The density experimental data were correlated with temperature and CO2 loading. Additionally, in case of the monoethanolamine, amine concentration was included into the correlation. Furthermore, an obtained correlation for density prediction of carbonated monoethanoloamine solutions was compared with Jouyban–Acree model. The fitted models are able to predict the density of carbonated amine solutions with a satisfactory precision. Presented correlations can be used either to predict the density of carbonated amine solutions or to determine CO2 loading of the investigated solution, if the density is known. The results of this paper may have an industrial application as a tool for process control of CO2 capture systems.
Bayesian knowledge integration for an in vitro–in vivo correlation model
Authors: Erhardt Elvira M. , Ursino Moreno , Biewenga Jeike , Jacobs Tom , Gasparini Mauro 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe primary goal of “in vitro–in vivo correlation” (IVIVC) is the reliable prediction of the in vivo serum concentration‐time course, based on the in vitro drug dissolution or release profiles. IVIVC methods are particularly appropriate for formulations that are released over an extended period of time or with a lag in absorption and may support approving a change in formulation of a drug without additional bioequivalence trials in human subjects. Most of the current IVIVC models are assessed using frequentist methods, such as linear regression, based on averaged data and entail complex and potentially unstable mathematical deconvolution. The proposed IVIVC approach includes (a) a nonlinear‐mixed effects model for the in vitro release data; (b) a population pharmacokinetic (PK) compartment model for the in vivo immediate release (IR) data; and (c) a system of ordinal differential equations (ODEs), containing the submodels (a) and (b), which approximates and predicts the in vivo controlled release (CR) data. The innovation in this paper consists of splitting the parameter space between submodels (a) and (b) versus (c). Subsequently, the uncertainty on these parameters is accounted for using a Bayesian framework, that is estimates from the first two submodels serve as priors for the Bayesian hierarchical third submodel. As such, the Bayesian method explained ensures a natural integration and transfer of knowledge between various sources of information, balancing possible differences in sample size and parameter uncertainty of in vitro and in vivo studies. Consequently, it is a very flexible approach yielding results for a broad range of data situations. The application of the method is demonstrated for a transdermal patch (TD).
Action observation for sensorimotor learning in surgery
Authors: Harris D J , Vine S J , Wilson M R , McGrath J S , LeBel M-E , Buckingham G 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Acquiring new motor skills to learn complex movements and master the use of a diverse range of instruments is fundamental for developing expertise in surgery. Although aspects of skill development occur through trial and error, watching the performance of another individual (action observation) is an increasingly important adjunct for the acquisition of these complex skills before performing a procedure. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence in support of the use of action observation in surgery.

Methods
A narrative review of observational learning for surgical motor skills was undertaken. Searches of PubMed and PsycINFO databases were performed using the terms ‘observational learning’ OR ‘action observation’ AND ‘motor learning’ OR ‘skill learning’.

Results
Factors such as the structure of physical practice, the skill level of the demonstrator and the use of feedback were all found to be important moderators of the effectiveness of observational learning. In particular, observation of both expert and novice performance, cueing attention to key features of the task, and watching the eye movements of expert surgeons were all found to enhance the effectiveness of observation. It was unclear, however, whether repeated observations were beneficial for skill learning. The evidence suggests that these methods can be employed to enhance surgical training curricula.

Conclusion
Observational learning is an effective method for learning surgical skills. An improved understanding of observational learning may further inform the refinement and use of these methods in contemporary surgical training curricula.
A quality framework for the role of invasive, non‐interventional cardiologists in the present‐day cardiac catheterization laboratory: A multidisciplinary SCAI/HFSA expert consensus statement
Authors: Mulukutla Suresh R. , Babb Joseph D. , Baran David A. , Boudoulas Konstantinos Dean , Feldman Dmitriy N. , Hall Shelley A. , Jennings Henry S. , Kapur Navin K. , Rao Sunil V. , Reginelli Joel , Schussler Jeffrey M. , Yang Eric H. , Cigarroa Joaquin E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe present‐day cardiac catheterization laboratory (CCL) is home to varied practitioners who perform both diagnostic, interventional, and complex invasive procedures. Invasive, non‐interventional cardiologists are performing a significant proportion of the work as the CCL environment has evolved. This not only includes those who perform diagnostic‐only cardiac catheterization but also heart failure specialists who may be involved in hemodynamic assessment and in mechanical circulatory support and pulmonary hypertension specialists and transplant cardiologists. As such, the training background of those who work in the CCL is varied. While most quality metrics in the CCL are directed towards evaluation of patients who undergo traditional interventional procedures, there has not been a focus upon providing these invasive, noninterventional cardiologists, hospital/CCL administrators, and CCL directors a platform for quality metrics. This document focuses on benchmarking quality for the invasive, noninterventional practice, providing this physician community with guidance towards a patient‐centered approach to care, and offering tools to the invasive, noninterventionalists to help their professional growth. This consensus statement aims to establish a foundation upon which the invasive, noninterventional cardiologists can thrive in the CCL environment and work collaboratively with their interventional colleagues while ensuring that the highest quality of care is being delivered to all patients.
Tuning Biphasic Catalysis Reaction with a Pickering Emulsion Strategy Exemplified by Selective Hydrogenation of Benzene
Authors: Zhang Yabin , Zhang Ming , Yang Hengquan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlthough organic/aqueous biphasic catalysis reactions are widely used, it is difficult to effectively control their reaction process. Here we develop a solid particles‐stabilized emulsion (Pickering emulsion) strategy to address this limitation. A challenging biphasic reaction, selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene, was investigated as a case. The developed Pickering emulsion system exhibited higher catalysis efficiency and selectivity than the conventional biphasic reaction system even under mild stirring. The cyclohexene selectivity and yield in the Pickering emulsion system reached as high as 51.2 % and 43.3 %, respectively. More importantly, the findings presented here demonstrate the feasibility that the reaction rate and selectivity of challenging biphasic reactions can be regulated by the rational adjustment of Pickering emulsion parameters including emulsion droplet size, droplet distance as well as emulsion type, which is otherwise unattainable for conventional biphasic reaction systems.
POXC Laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus: A High‐Performance Multicopper Enzyme for Direct Oxygen Reduction Reaction Operating in a Proton‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Sorrentino Ilaria , Gentil Solène , Nedellec Yannig , Cosnier Serge , Piscitelli Alessandra , Giardina Paola , Le Goff Alan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this work, POXC, a laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus, was immobilized on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modified by electrografting anthraquinone and naphthoate diazonium salts. Thanks to a favorable interaction between laccase and covalently modified CNTs, this laccase exhibits high‐potential/high‐current oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performances, surpassing the performances of the well‐known laccase from Trametes versicolor (TvLAC) immobilized on the same nanostructured electrodes. Furthermore, immobilized POXC demonstrates high ORR activity over a wide range of pH (2 to 8), being also highly active at a gas‐diffusion electrode. Finally, owing to these unique performances, this enzyme was able to operate at the interface of the microporous layer, humidified air and a polymer electrolyte, that is, Nafion®, in a conventional H2/air proton‐exchange membrane fuel.
Host–Guest‐Induced Environment Tuning of 3d Ions in a Polyoxopalladate Matrix
Authors: Stuckart Maria , Izarova Natalya V. , van Leusen Jan , Smekhova Alevtina , Schmitz‐Antoniak Carolin , Bamberger Heiko , van Slageren Joris , Santiago‐Schübel Beatrix , Kögerler Paul 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA series of unprecedented supramolecular associates of phenylarsonate‐capped {MIIPdII12O8}‐type (M=Co, Ni and Zn) polyoxopalladates with α‐cyclodextrins (α‐CD) was obtained and characterized in the solid state (single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses), in aqueous solution (1H and 13C NMR) and in the gas phase (ESI‐MS). The non‐covalent host–guest interactions between the organopolyoxoanions and α‐CD rings alter the O8 coordination environment of a 3d transition metal ion (MII) situated at the center of a cuboid polyoxododecapalladate shell. This synthetically controlled “chemical pressure” effectively induces axial distortion of the otherwise cubic polyoxopalladate environment between two trans‐positioned α‐CD moieties. Its effect on the magnetic properties and the electronic structure of the CoII derivative was assessed in a combined SQUID magnetometry, EPR, X‐ray magnetic circular/linear dichroism (XMCD/XMLD), and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy study.
Luminescence Vapochromism of a Dynamic Copper Iodide Mesocate
Authors: Benito Quentin , Balogh Cristina M. , El Moll Hani , Gacoin Thierry , Cordier Marie , Rakhmatullin Aydar , Latouche Camille , Martineau‐Corcos Charlotte , Perruchas Sandrine 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA copper iodide complex coordinated by three phosphine ligands with the formula [Cu2I2(Ph2PC2(C6H4)C2PPh2)3] exhibits solvatochromic and vapochromic luminescence properties. A mechanism based on solvent‐dependent molecular motion appears to occur. The highly contrasted response observed upon THF solvent exposure makes this complex an appealing candidate for chemical sensor applications.
Sustainable Carbon Sources and Renewable Energy: Challenges and Opportunities at the Interface of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering
Authors: Palkovits Regina 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLimited fossil resources and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions require the development of environmentally benign production processes. Economic, energy and carbon‐efficient value chains based on lignocellulosic biomass are essential for a sustainable and potentially CO2‐neutral chemical industry. Biomass presents a concentrated renewable carbon source for base and fine chemicals, polymers and liquid fuels of high energy density. Research studies have highlighted the need for novel process concepts to account for the high degree of functionality of lignocellulosic biomass. Major challenges include selective deoxygenation of the highly functionalized starting materials, energy‐intensive separation and processes bridging chemo‐catalysis, biotechnology and electro‐catalysis. In the following, these challenges are exemplarily discussed. The showcases are selected to illustrate concepts and not meant to provide a comprehensive overview of the field.
An effective application of 3D cloud printing service quality evaluation in BM‐MOPSO
Authors: Wang Xinggang , Sheng Buyun , Zhang Chenglei , Xiao Zheng , Wang Hui , Zhao Feiyu 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAddressing service control factors, rapid manufacturing environment change, difficulty of resource allocation evaluation, resource optimization of 3D cloud printing service in a cloud manufacturing environment, and other characteristics, this paper proposes an evaluation indicator system of innovative new product development 3D printing order task execution. The evaluation indicator has eight dimensional components, including Time (T), Quality of Service (Q), Matching (Mat), Reliability (R), Flexibility (Flex), Cost (C), Fault tolerance (Ft), and Satisfaction (Sa). It constructs a type of optimal selection model based on a Multi‐Agent 3D Cloud Printing Service Quality Evaluation and a framework of cloud service evaluation of an AHP‐TOPSIS evaluation model based on Pareto optimization, and it designs an algorithm involving hybrid multi‐objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on the Baldwin Effect Model. In addition, this paper verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm through an example and offers a case study designed to test its feasibility and effectiveness.
Growth and Morphology of Liquid Phase in Frozen Aqueous NaCl Probed by Voltammetry and Simulations
Authors: Fukui Yoshiharu , Miyagawa Akihisa , Qu Hui , Harada Makoto , Okada Tetsuo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCyclic voltammograms (CVs) of Fe(CN)64− are measured using a microelectrode in frozen aqueous NaCl solutions to obtain morphological information on the liquid phase developed on the electrode surface. CVs in frozen solutions feature the radial diffusion similar to that measured in bulk solution in some cases but the linear diffusion in other cases. The former suggests the sufficient growth of the liquid phase, whereas the latter implies the diffusion paths in particular directions are hindered. Two parameters, i. e. a ratio of the maximum current to the steady‐state current (R) and current amplification (ramp), are extracted from CVs and compared with those of simulated ones. CV simulations are carried out for four geometrical models. From the relationship between ramp and R, the FCS developed on the electrode surface can be regarded as a thin layer developed in the direction parallel to the electrode surface or a cylinder running in the direction away from the electrode. Since solutes are concentrated in this liquid phase, highly sensitive voltammetric analysis would be possible if the growth of the FCS were successfully managed. The liquid phase morphology on the electrode, which cannot be probed by other methods, is useful information for designing such highly sensitive voltammetric analyses.
Establishment of a Human Blood‐Brain Barrier Co‐Culture Model Mimicking the Neurovascular Unit Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Appelt‐Menzel Antje , Cubukova Alevtina , Metzger Marco 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHuman blood‐brain barrier (BBB) in vitro models pose a promising tool in drug development and understanding of mechanistic regulations during health and disease. Human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS cells) represent an unlimited cell source to generate functional cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU), independent of variations or limitations during isolation and in vitro cultivation. This unit describes the standardized 2‐D differentiation of adherent hiPS cells into BBB endothelial cells and neuronal stem cells (NSCs). Both cell types are combined with primary astrocytes and pericytes to develop complex, physiological BBB in vitro models. The endothelial cells in the apical compartment of the transwell models are separated from the basolateral seeded co‐culture mixture by a synthetic membrane, simplifying analyses. The barrier integrity and functionality of the endothelium is improved by the specific mixture of NVU niche cells, determined here by decrease in the paracellular permeability of sodium‐fluorescein and transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solar Energy Harvesting with Carbon Nitrides and N‐Heterocyclic Frameworks: Do We Understand the Mechanism?
Authors: Domcke Wolfgang , Ehrmaier Johannes , Sobolewski Andrzej L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe photocatalytic splitting of water into molecular hydrogen and molecular oxygen with sunlight is the dream reaction for solar energy conversion. For decades, transition metal oxide semiconductors and supramolecular organometallic structures have been extensively explored as photocatalysts for solar water splitting. More recently, polymeric materials consisting of triazine or heptazine building blocks have attracted considerable attention as hydrogen‐evolution photocatalysts. The mechanism of hydrogen evolution with these materials is discussed throughout the current literature in terms of the familiar concepts developed for photoelectrochemical water splitting with semiconductors since the 1970s. We discuss in this Minireview an alternative mechanistic paradigm for photoinduced water splitting with carbon nitrides, which focusses on the specific features of the photochemistry of aromatic N‐heterocycles in aqueous environments. Using ab initio electronic‐structure calculations, it is shown that a water molecule which is hydrogen‐bonded to an N‐heterocycle can be decomposed into hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals by two simple sequential photochemical reactions. This concept is illustrated by the discussion of excited‐state reaction paths and their energy profiles for hydrogen‐bonded complexes of pyridine, triazine and heptazine with a water molecule. It is shown that the excited‐state hydrogen‐transfer and hydrogen‐detachment reactions are essentially barrierless, in sharp contrast to water oxidation in the electronic ground state, where high barriers prevail. We also discuss in some detail the products of possible reactions of the highly reactive photogenerated hydroxyl radicals with the chromophores. We hypothesize that the challenge of efficient solar hydrogen generation with carbon nitride materials is less the decomposition of water as such, but rather the controlled recombination of the photogenerated radicals to the closed‐shell products H2 and H2O2.
Non‐Fullerene Organic Electron‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jung Su‐Kyo , Lee David S. , Ann Myung Hyun , Im Sang Hyuk , Kim Jong H. , Kwon O‐Pil 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOrganic electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) with low‐temperature solution processability and high electron‐transfer/transport characteristics have received significant attention for their use in high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In contrast to widely investigated fullerene‐based organic ETMs for PSCs, only a few types of non‐fullerene‐based ETMs have been developed. In this Concept article, a representative design concept for non‐fullerene ETMs is described for use in normal (n‐i‐p) and inverted (p‐i‐n) type PSCs. On the basis of a discussion on ETM requirements for PSCs, recently developed non‐fullerene polymeric and small‐molecule‐based ETMs for PSCs are highlighted, alongside various other approaches for enhancing PSC device performance, such as using additional dopants and introducing amine terminal groups in the ETMs and ETM‐based interlayers. This Concept provides a basic design concept for non‐fullerene‐based ETMs in PSCs.