bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Gap Between Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Climate Vulnerability Assessments: Process Informed Exploratory Scenarios Identify System‐Based Water Resource Vulnerabilities
Authors: Kucharski J. , Steinschneider S. , Herman J. , Olszewski J. , Arnold W. , Rahat S. , Maendly R. , Ray P. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe threat that climate change poses to water resource systems has led to a substantial and growing number of impact studies. These studies follow two approaches: (a) top‐down studies are driven by projections of future climate change provided by downscaled general circulation models (GCMs); and (b) bottom‐up studies are driven by the systematic evaluation of exploratory scenarios. Top‐down approaches produce realistic scenarios rooted in the simulation of thermodynamic and dynamic processes represented in GCMs, but the internal resolution of these processes make it difficult to link vulnerabilities to discrete components of change. Bottom‐up approaches link vulnerabilities to discrete components of change through the structured evaluation of exploratory scenarios, but the lack of insight rooted in climate change processes can lead to the development of implausible scenarios. This paper evaluates exploratory scenarios developed through thermodynamic and dynamical guided perturbations motivated by GCM‐bound insights. The result is a hybrid approach that bridges a gap between top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. This yields several advantages. First, emerging vulnerabilities are linked to distinct thermodynamic and dynamic processes that are modeled in GCMs with differential likelihoods and plausible ranges of change. Second, the structured evaluation of process‐informed exploratory scenarios link system vulnerabilities to distinct components of climate change. An illustrative case study demonstrates perturbations linked to thermodynamic and dynamical processes have a large impact on stakeholder‐defined flood and drought performance, and the structured evaluation of process‐informed exploratory scenarios find nuanced infrastructure‐specific vulnerabilities that would be difficult to identify using an alternative approach.
Earth‐Based Transmitters Trigger Precipitation of Inner Radiation Belt Electrons: Unveiling Observations and Modeling Results
Authors: Xiang Zheng , Li Xinlin , Baker Daniel N. , Mei Yang , O'Brien Declan , Hogan Benjamin , Zhao Hong , Brennan David , Ni Binbin , Sarris Theodore , Temerin Michael A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHuman activity influence Earth's environment, including the space environment hundreds to thousands of kilometers above the Earth. One direct evidence is that the 19.8 kHz electromagnetic signals launched by the North West Cape (NWC) transmitter station in Australia produce a wisp‐like energy distribution of precipitating energetic electrons in Earth's inner radiation belt, observed by many Low Earth Orbiting satellites. Typically, satellites observe a single wisp with energy that decreases with increasing L (approximately the radial distance in the equatorial plane), which is produced by a first‐order cyclotron resonance of transmitter signals with energetic electrons. Here we report, for the first time, multiple wisps observed by the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment‐2 (REPTile‐2) on board the recently launched Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) CubeSat. Based on simulation results, we demonstrate that harmonic cyclotron resonances including the 1, −1, and 2 orders by highly oblique NWC transmitter signals produce these multiple wisps. The discovery of multiple‐order cyclotron resonances simultaneously occurring in space sheds new light on wave‐particle interactions in near‐Earth space. It also has implications for developing artificial radiation belt remediation techniques and understanding the propagation and scattering of plasma waves in planetary magnetospheres.
Controls on Erosion and Cyclic Step‐Formation Upstream of Waterfalls
Authors: Inoue T. , Hiramatsu Y. , Scheingross J. S. , Yamaguchi S. , Takahashi K. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWaterfall retreat transmits base‐level perturbations upstream, thereby providing markers of changing climate and tectonics. In homogeneous rock, waterfalls often retreat either by direct waterfall‐face erosion or incision from repeating (‘cyclic’) steps formed above waterfalls. We lack knowledge on the conditions driving these different erosion styles, limiting our ability to predict waterfall retreat. We address this knowledge gap through flume experiments assessing how changing flow hydraulics modulates bedrock erosion. We show that, under large discharges, changes in flow hydraulics cause spatial variability in particle impact velocity, leading to cyclic step formation. As discharge decreases, both the magnitude and spatial variability of particle impact velocity decreases, causing more uniform erosion, limiting cyclic step development and potentially allowing direct erosion of the waterfall face to become the dominant retreat mechanism. These results suggest climate change and water‐resource management can alter the rate and style of waterfall retreat.
Dominating Remote Source and Its Potential Contribution of Airborne Dust Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Tang Jingyi , Wang Tianhe , Han Ying , Zhang Xinyi , Tan Ruiqi , Dong Yuanzhu , He Shanjuan , Abdullaev Sabur F. , Amonov Mansur O. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDust particles, transported over long‐distances and driven by westerly winds, dominate high‐altitude (>4 km) snow darkening and melting over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). A systematic assessment of their remote sources and potential contributions remains limited. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for source‐tracing of airborne dust designed to tackle the aforementioned challenges. The algorithm effectively constrains dust activity and guarantees precise tracking through using satellite and reanalysis‐based estimates. The high‐altitude airborne dust over the TP shows considerable spatial variation and primarily comes from the desert clusters in Central Asia, West Asia, and South Asia. The Karakum, Taklimakan, and Thar deserts are significant sources of high‐altitude airborne dust in the northwest, northeast, and southwest regions of TP, with average mass loadings (mg m−2) contributing rates of 42.2% (32.9), 49.6% (48.3), and 16.4% (32.1), respectively. The results demonstrate significant differences in how adjacent deserts affect high‐altitude snowmelt in the TP.
GOES‐R Series X‐Ray Sensor (XRS): 1. Design and Pre‐Flight Calibration
Authors: Woods Thomas N. , Eden Thomas , Eparvier Francis G. , Jones Andrew R. , Woodraska Donald L. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Machol Janet L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe X‐Ray Sensor (XRS) has been making full‐disk observations of the solar soft X‐ray irradiance onboard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites since 1975. Critical information about solar activity for space weather operations is provided by XRS measurements, such as the classification of solar flare magnitude based on X‐ray irradiance level. The GOES‐R series of XRS sensors, with the first in the series launched in November 2016, has a completely different instrument design compared to its predecessors, GOES‐1 through GOES‐15. To provide continuity, the two GOES‐R XRS spectral bands remain unchanged providing the solar X‐ray irradiance in the 0.05–0.4 nm and 0.1–0.8 nm bands. The changes for the GOES‐R XRS instrument included using Si photodiodes instead of ionization cells to improve performance, using multiple channels per X‐ray band to allow for a wider dynamic range, and providing accurate radiometric calibrations using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility in Gaithersburg, Maryland. In addition to the standard XRS data product of solar irradiances in the two X‐ray bands, a new real‐time flare location data product is also available from the GOES‐R XRS instruments because two channels are quadrant photodiodes for position detection. The design and pre‐flight calibration results for this next‐generation XRS instrument are presented here in this XRS Paper‐1, and in‐flight solar X‐ray measurements from GOES‐16, GOES‐17, and GOES‐18 are provided in the XRS Paper‐2.
A Century of Deformation and Stress Change on Kīlauea's Décollement
Authors: Yong Lauren Ward , Foster James H. , Smith‐Konter Bridget R. , Frazer L. Neil 
Published: November 2024

AbstractKīlauea Volcano on Hawai'i Island is host to a complex volcanic and interwoven fault system. Over the last ∼120 years, a range of seismic events, including large earthquakes such as the 1975 7.7 Kalapana earthquake, creep, and slow slip events, have occurred along the décollement underlying Kilauea's south flank. We explore both the deformation and stress changes of Kīlauea from 1896 to 2018 by collating six geodetic data sets and creating an analytical model to determine the dominant deformation sources (i.e., fault planes, rifts, magma chambers) driving this system at different times. The 1975 Kalapana earthquake significantly altered the region's state of stress and deformation; we find the average slip along the décollement was reduced from 10 cm/yr prior, to 4 cm/yr after the rupture. Prior to 1975 no slip is resolved along the décollement where the earthquake nucleated, suggesting that this portion may have been locked leading up to the rupture. After 1975, décollement slip overall is smaller and more irregular, suggesting increased control by spatial variation of mechanical properties. We find increases in shear stress along the Kīlauea décollement and a decrease in normal compressive stress within the East Rift Zone prior to the Kalapana earthquake, creating favorable conditions for failure of the décollement and subsequent magmatic intrusion.
Characterizing Sub‐Seafloor Seismic Structure of the Alaska Peninsula Along the Alaska‐Aleutian Subduction Zone
Authors: Zheng Mengjie , Sheehan Anne F. , Liu Chuanming , Wu Mengyu , Ritzwoller Michael H. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA shallow sub‐seafloor seismic model that includes well‐determined seismic velocities and clarifies sediment‐crust discontinuities is needed to characterize the physical properties of marine sediments and the oceanic crust and to serve as a reference for deeper seismic modeling endeavors. This study estimates the seismic structure of marine sediments and the shallow oceanic crust of the Alaska‐Aleutian subduction zone at the Alaska Peninsula, using data from the Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment (AACSE). We measure seafloor compliance and Ps converted wave delays from AACSE ocean‐bottom seismometers (OBS) and seafloor pressure data and interpret these measurements using a joint Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion to produce a sub‐seafloor S‐wave velocity model beneath each available OBS station. The sediment thickness across the array varies considerably, ranging from about 50 m to 2.80 km, with the thickest sediment located in the continental slope. Lithological composition plays an important role in shaping the seismic properties of seafloor sediment. Deep‐sea deposits on the incoming plate, which contain biogenic materials, tend to have reduced S‐wave velocities, contrasting with the clay‐rich sediments in the shallow continental shelf and continental slope. A difference in S‐wave velocities is observed for upper oceanic crust formed at fast‐rate (Shumagin) and intermediate‐rate (Semidi) spreading centers. The reduced S‐wave velocities in the Semidi crust may be caused by increased faulting and possible lithological variations, related to a previous period of intermediate‐rate spreading.
Hydrography of the Inner Basins in Hornsund (Svalbard): Heat Advection Near Tidewater Glaciers
Authors: Jain Vineet , Korhonen Meri , Głowacki Oskar , Moskalik Mateusz 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAtlantic‐type hydrography is becoming more dominant in the Svalbard fjords. Advected warm waters affect sea‐ice formation and melting rates of tidewater glaciers. Therefore, it is important to study hydrographic variability in fjords. Here, we use hydrographic data from Hornsund fjord to investigate the presence of warm water masses close to tidewater glaciers. Data span from May to October of 2015–2023 and cover several inner basins: Brepollen, Samarinvågen, Burgerbukta West, and Burgerbukta East, in addition to the main fjord. Average temperatures above 2C are observed during August–October in the surface–50 m layer of all the inner basins, and during September–October in the 50 m–bottom layer of all the inner basins except Burgerbukta East. The surface–50 m layer of both Burgerbukta basins is colder and fresher compared to Brepollen, despite Burgerbukta basins being closer to the fjord mouth. These spatial differences likely arise from counter‐clockwise currents that advect warm and saline shelf waters to Brepollen along the southern side of the fjord, and relatively cold and fresh mixed shelf‐fjord waters to Burgerbukta as they exit along the northern side of the fjord. Burgerbukta East is the coldest and freshest inner basin. The differences between the two Burgerbukta basins suggest a strong influence of underwater sills and site‐specific environmental processes such as glacier ablation and local circulation on the water properties. Observed differences in the water temperatures of these closely‐spaced inner basins match the spatial variability in the glacier retreat rates, and indicate the importance of ocean forcing for the ice mass loss.
Boreal Summer Extratropical Intraseasonal Oscillation Prediction in Current Subseasonal‐To‐Seasonal Operational Models Over Eurasia
Authors: Zhu Tao , Yang Jing , Bao Qing , Vitart Frederic 
Published: November 2024

AbstractExtratropical intraseasonal oscillations (EISO), which is akin to the tropical ISO, significantly influence mid‐high‐latitude intraseasonal variability. Previous studies have shown that biases in the dynamical prediction of EISOs reduce the accuracy of subseasonal forecasts for extreme events, particularly in extratropical regions. However, the current dynamical prediction skills of EISO and associated dependence remain unclarified. Based on the recently proposed EISO metrics, which represent three dominant zonally propagating EISO modes traveling along the westerly jets, this study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the EISOs' prediction skill in 13 state‐of‐the‐art subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) prediction project models. Firstly, the S2S models display skill to predict the EISOs out to a range of 9–20 days, which demonstrates higher predictability compared to other conventional circulation modes in the extratropics. In the subseasonal prediction, EISOs' amplitudes are underestimated, and their propagating speeds feature large random errors in all S2S models. Secondly, the EISOs' prediction skill depends on their initial/target amplitude, particularly for strong target amplitudes, which showcase higher skill than weak‐amplitude EISOs. Thirdly, although the EISOs' prediction skill is sensitive to the EISOs' phase, it is not locked to any fixed phase, indicating that EISOs do not have an inherent prediction barrier like the tropical ISO. This study also discusses how the humidity initialization and ensemble sizes influence the EISOs' prediction skill, suggesting that increasing the ensemble members in the saturation range is an effective way of improving the prediction for extratropical subseasonal variation and related extreme events.
Predicting Cloud‐To‐Ground Lightning in the Western United States From the Large‐Scale Environment Using Explainable Neural Networks
Authors: Kalashnikov Dmitri A. , Davenport Frances V. , Labe Zachary M. , Loikith Paul C. , Abatzoglou John T. , Singh Deepti 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLightning is a major source of wildfire ignition in the western United States (WUS). We build and train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict the occurrence of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning across the WUS during June–September from the spatial patterns of seven large‐scale meteorological variables from reanalysis (1995–2022). Individually trained CNN models at each 1° × 1° grid cell (n = 285 CNNs) show high skill at predicting CG lightning days across the WUS (median AUC = 0.8) and perform best in parts of the interior Southwest where summertime CG lightning is most common. Further, interannual correlation between observed and predicted CG lightning days is high (median r = 0.87), demonstrating that locally trained CNNs realistically capture year‐to‐year variation in CG lightning activity across the WUS. We then use layer‐wise relevance propagation (LRP) to investigate the relevance of predictor variables to successful CG lightning prediction in each grid cell. Using maximum LRP values, our results show that two thermodynamic variables—ratio of surface moist static energy to free‐tropospheric saturation moist static energy, and the 700–500 hPa lapse rate—are the most relevant CG lightning predictors for 93%–96% of CNNs depending on the LRP variant used. As lightning is not directly simulated by global climate models, these CNNs could be used to parameterize CG lightning in climate models to assess changes in future CG lightning occurrence with projected climate change. Understanding changes in CG lightning risk and consequently lightning‐caused wildfire risk across the WUS could inform fire management, planning, and disaster preparedness.
The Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum Recognized in Distal Alluvial Fan Strata of the Sevier Fold‐And‐Thrust Belt (Southwestern Wyoming, USA)
Authors: Foreman B. Z. , Secord R. , Korasidis V. A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFifty‐six million years ago a massive flux of exogenic carbon was rapidly released into Earth's oceans and atmosphere during the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). The warming associated with this release persisted for ∼200 kyr. It had severe impacts on ocean environments, global ecosystems, and the hydrologic cycle. Yet, regional patterns of response within continental settings are not well constrained. Here we describe the first recognition of the PETM in the Greater Green River Basin of western Wyoming, USA. We present new sedimentologic, chemostratigraphic, and paleontologic data from the Chappo Member of the Wasatch Formation in the Sevier fold‐and‐thrust belt. The Chappo Member contains lithofacies indicative of debris flows, ephemeral and incisional stream channels, and well‐drained overbank deposits, which, along with the geographic position of the study area, indicate a distal alluvial fan setting. Using pedogenic carbonates, we find a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) of ∼3.8‰ associated with the first appearance of Celtis endocarps stratigraphically above beds containing late Paleocene mammals. The CIE magnitude here is considerably smaller, compared to records from the Bighorn Basin, which we interpret to represent drier, better‐drained conditions. High baseline carbon isotope values suggest dry conditions in the study area, which likely resulted from well‐drained sediments associated with the distal alluvial fan. Low amounts of precipitation, as suggested by previous climate models, may have contributed to dryness. We also find sedimentologic evidence consistent with an enhanced hydrologic cycle during the PETM, as seen in other basins in the region.
Exact Solutions and Upscaling for 1D Two‐Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Prempeh Kofi Ohemeng Kyei , George Parker William , Bedrikovetsky Pavel 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUpscaling of 1D two‐phase flows in heterogeneous porous media is important in interpretation of laboratory coreflood data, streamline quasi 3D modeling, and numerical reservoir simulation. In 1D heterogeneous media with properties varying along the flow direction, phase permeabilities are coordinate‐dependent. This yields the Buckley‐Leverett equation with coordinate‐dependent fractional flow f = f(s, x), which reflects the heterogeneity. So, an x‐dependency is considered to reflect microscale heterogeneity and averaging over x—upscaling. This work aims to average or upscale the heterogeneous system to obtain the homogenized media with such fractional flow function F(S) that provides the same water‐cut history at the reservoir outlet, x = 1. Thus, F(S) is an equivalent property of the medium. So far, the exact upscaling for 1D micro heterogeneous systems has not been derived. With the x‐dependency of fractional flow, the Riemann invariant is flux f, which yields exact integration of 1D flow problems. The novel exact solutions are derived for flows with continuous saturation profile, transition of shock into continuous wave, transition of continuous wave into shock, and transport in heterogeneous piecewise‐uniform rocks. The exact procedure of upscaling from f = f(s, x) to F(S) is as follows: the inverse function to the upscaled F(S) is equal to the averaged saturation over x of the inverse microscale function s = f −1(f, x). It was found that the Welge's method as applied to heterogeneous cores provides the upscaled F(S). For characteristic finite‐difference scheme, the fluxes for microscale and upscaled‐numerical‐cell systems, coincide in all grid nodes.
Utilization of hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy technology in Europe and associated Countries. Using the 2022 activity survey data to correlate with economic and demographic factors. A report from the EBMT
Authors: Passweg Jakob R. , Baldomero Helen , Alexander Tobias , Angelucci Emanuele , Averbuch Dina , Bazarbachi Ali , Ciceri Fabio , Raffaella Greco , Hazenberg Mette D. , Kalwak Krzysztof , McLornan Donal P. , Risitano Antonio M. , Ruggeri Annalisa , Snowden John A. , Sureda Anna 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We looked at treatment rates and center density across countries for patients treated in 2022; 46,143 HCTs (19,011 (41.2%) allogeneic, 27,132 (58.8%) autologous) reported by 689 centers. 4329 patients received advanced cellular therapies, 3205 were CAR-T. We found considerable differences in utilization of autologous, allogeneic HCT and more so for CAR-T. Differences in procedure type and for allogeneic HCT in donor use and disease indication are highlighted. For instance, countries with the highest use of unrelated donors per 10 million inhabitants were Germany (297) and the Netherlands (230), for identical sibling HCT it was Israel (148) and Lebanon (113), for haploidentical it was Israel (94) and Italy (94) and for cord blood it was the Netherlands (24) and the United Kingdom (15). We looked at HCT use for specific indications in allogeneic HCT (AML CR1, MDS, MPN and BMF). We correlated treatment rates with GNI and with demographic age structure and show correlations in HCT and CAR-T use and center density, highest in Italy for allogeneic and autologous HCT and in Switzerland for CAR-T. Resource restricted countries tend to concentrate HCT use in a limited number of centers. These data are useful for comparisons across countries.