bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of the Iberian‐European Convergent Plate Boundary Fault and Its Effect on Intraplate Deformation in Central Europe
Authors: Dielforder Armin , Frasca Gianluca , Brune Sascha , Ford Mary 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWith the Late Cretaceous onset of Africa‐Iberia‐Europe convergence Central Europe experienced a pulse of intraplate shortening lasting some 15–20 Myr. This deformation event documents area‐wide deviatoric compression of Europe and has been interpreted as a far‐field response to Africa‐Iberia‐Europe convergence. However, the factors that governed the compression of Europe and conditioned the transient character of the deformation event have remained unclear. Based on mechanical considerations, numerical simulations, and geological reconstructions, we examine how the dynamics of intraplate deformation were governed by the formation of a convergent plate boundary fault between Iberia and Europe. During the Late Cretaceous, plate convergence was accommodated by the inversion of a young hyperextended rift system separating Iberia from Europe. Our analysis shows that the strength of the lithosphere beneath this rift was initially sufficient to transmit large compressive stresses far into Europe, though the lithosphere beneath the rift was thinned and thermally weakened. Continued convergence forced the formation of the plate boundary fault between Iberia and Europe. The fault evolved progressively and constituted a lithospheric‐scale structure at the southern margin of Europe that weakened rheologically. This development caused a decrease in mechanical coupling between Iberia and Europe and a reduction of compressional far field stresses, which eventually terminated intraplate deformation in Central Europe. Taken together, our findings suggest that the Late Cretaceous intraplate deformation event records a high force transient that relates to the earliest strength evolution of a lithospheric‐scale plate boundary fault.
Lateral Motion of Mantle Plumes in 3‐D Geodynamic Models
Authors: Li Mingming , Zhong Shijie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIt has been proposed that hot spot tracks are caused by moving rigid plates above relatively stationary hot spots. However, the fixity of hot spots remains under debate. Here, we perform 3‐D very high resolution (<25 km laterally) global mantle convection models with realistic convection vigor to investigate the lateral motion of mantle plumes. We find that the lateral motion of plumes beneath the Pacific plate is statistically similar to that beneath the Indo‐Atlantic plates. In the past 80 Ma, the majority (>90%) of plumes move laterally with an average speed of 0–20 mm/year under the no‐net‐rotation reference frame, and there are a small portion (~10–20%) of plumes whose lateral motion is less than 5 mm/year. The geodynamic modeling results are statistically in a good agreement with the hot spot motions in the last 5 Ma estimated from observation‐based kinematic models. Our results suggest a small‐to‐moderate (0–20 mm/year) lateral motion of most plume‐induced hot spots.
Leveraging Commercial Cubesat Constellations for Auroral Science: A Case Study
Authors: Parham J. Brent , Beukelaers Vincent , Leung Lawrence , Mason James , Walsh Brian , Semeter Joshua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMagnetometers deployed on the largest satellite constellation to date are leveraged as a space‐based sensor network to study space‐time variability in auroral field‐aligned currents (FACs). The cubesat constellation of Planet Labs Inc. consists of nearly 200 satellites in two polar Sun‐synchronous orbits, with median spacecraft separations on the order of 375 km, and some occasions of opportunity providing much closer spacing. Each spacecraft contains a magnetoinductive magnetometer, able to sample the ambient magnetic field at 0.1 to 10 Hz with <200‐nT sensitivity. In this study, seven satellites from the Planet constellation were used to investigate space‐time variations in FACs over an active auroral display during a 10‐min interval. The aurora occurred during the early recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm and was characterized by large‐scale vortical motions and embedded rayed structure. Clear signatures of the large‐scale auroral current system were detected by the orbital magnetometers. Estimation of FAC patterns was carried out using three different methods. The results suggest a high degree of spatial and temporal variability during the 10‐min interval. The location of upward and downward current channels relative to the aurora was consistent with theoretical expectations, but current densities were not well correlated with visible features in the available imagery, suggesting unresolved small‐scale structure not captured by the collaborative observations. Advantages, limitations, and caveats in using opportunistic networks of low‐quality space‐based magnetometers to study dynamic auroral phenomena are discussed.
Observation‐Based Radiative Kernels From CloudSat/CALIPSO
Authors: Kramer Ryan J. , Matus Alexander V. , Soden Brian J. , L'Ecuyer Tristan S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRadiative kernels describe the differential response of radiative fluxes to small perturbations in state variables and are widely used to quantify radiative feedbacks on the climate system. Radiative kernels have traditionally been generated using simulated data from a global climate model, typically sourced from the model's base climate. Consequently, these radiative kernels are subject to model bias from the climatological fields used to produce them. Here, we introduce the first observation‐based temperature, water vapor, and surface albedo radiative kernels, developed from CloudSat's fluxes and heating rates data set, 2B‐FLXHR‐LIDAR, which is supplemented with cloud information from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). We compare the radiative kernels to a previously published set generated from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) model and find general agreement in magnitude and structure. However, several key differences illustrate the sensitivity of radiative kernels to the distribution of clouds. The radiative kernels are used to quantify top‐of‐atmosphere and surface cloud feedbacks in an ensemble of global climate models from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5, showing that biases in the GFDL low clouds likely cause the GFDL kernel to underestimate longwave surface cloud feedback. Since the CloudSat kernels are free of model bias in the base state, they will be ideal for future analysis of radiative feedbacks and forcing in both models and observations and for evaluating biases in model‐derived radiative kernels.
Effects of a Cold Ocean Eddy on Local Atmospheric Boundary Layer Near the Kuroshio Extension: In Situ Observations and Model Experiments
Authors: Jiang Yuxi , Zhang Suping , Xie Shang‐ping , Chen Yang , Liu Haikun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractShipboard observations captured clear modulations of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) over a 300‐km‐diameter cold eddy in the Kuroshio Extension in April 2014. Regional atmospheric model experiments, with 30‐km and 10‐km horizontal resolutions for outer and inner domains, respectively, are conducted to aid the interpretations of the in situ observations. Enhanced turbulent heat fluxes promoted a well‐mixed MABL up to 1900‐m deep and a stratocumulus layer over the warm water west of the eddy. Over the cold sea surface of the eddy, the MABL was free of cloud and shrank to 1,200‐m deep. In the transition zone from the warm water in the west to the cold eddy, the MABL deepened and convective cumulus developed under a temperature inversion at 2,800 m. Model results indicate that, via the vertical mixing and pressure adjustment mechanisms, low sea surface temperatures of the cold eddy drives anomalous easterly winds in the transition zone, causing surface convergence to deepen the MABL and clouds. The model further shows that the atmospheric asymmetric responses in surface divergence and secondary circulation are due to the combined effects of the vertical mixing and pressure adjustment.
Historic and Projected Changes in Coupling Between Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration (ET) in CMIP5 Models Confounded by the Role of Different ET Components
Authors: Berg Alexis , Sheffield Justin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe coupling of soil moisture (SM) and evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical process of the terrestrial climate and water cycle, whose simulation in climate models exhibits substantial uncertainties. Here we investigate, across phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models in present‐day and future simulations, how this coupling manifests itself across the different components of ET: soil evaporation, transpiration, and canopy interception. We characterize summertime SM‐ET coupling by (interannual) correlations, which we decompose into terms attributable to each ET component. The transpiration and soil evaporation terms share similar spatial patterns, but the contribution of transpiration, globally, is less positive. Canopy interception contributes a positive term to SM‐ET coupling, reflecting the noncausal, rainfall‐forced positive correlation between SM and canopy interception. Model differences are greatest for the transpiration term, which explains most of the model spread in SM‐ET coupling. Models project a robust pattern of more positive SM‐ET correlations in the future. In parts of the midlatitudes and Tropics, this increase reflects reduced precipitation and increased SM limitation on transpiration and soil evaporation. However, at higher latitudes (north of 50°N), increased SM‐ET coupling is driven by the increased contribution of canopy interception induced by the increase in vegetation and precipitation. Analysis of ET partitioning is thus essential to the interpretation of simulated changes in ET and its drivers: While increased SM‐ET correlations may suggest a widespread increase in SM limitation on ET in a warmer world, increases in actual SM control on land‐atmosphere water fluxes are generally limited to regions of negative precipitation change.
Halite Precipitation From Double‐Diffusive Salt Fingers in the Dead Sea: Numerical Simulations
Authors: Ouillon Raphael , Lensky Nadav G. , Lyakhovsky Vladimir , Arnon Ali , Meiburg Eckart 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe employ direct numerical simulations in order to analyze the role of double‐diffusive salt fingering in halite precipitation from hypersaline lakes. Guided by field observations from the Dead Sea, which represents the only modern deep stratified lake that precipitates halite under hydrological crisis, we consider a saturated layer of warm, salty brine (epilimnion) overlying a layer of colder, less salty brine (hypolimnion) that is also saturated. The double‐diffusive instability originating in the metalimnion gives rise to an asymmetrical pattern of less salty ascending fingers, accompanied by descending salt fingers that lose heat as they propagate through the metalimnion. The net result is a strong, downward salinity flux that leads to the undersaturation of the epilimnion, while the hypolimnion becomes oversaturated and precipitates halite. These interfacial processes within deep, hypersaline water columns in warm and dry regions suggest a potential route toward the formation of thick halite layers found in the geological record.
The ecological drivers of variation in global language diversity
Authors: Hua Xia , Greenhill Simon J. , Cardillo Marcel , Schneemann Hilde , Bromham Lindell 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLanguage diversity is distributed unevenly over the globe. Intriguingly, patterns of language diversity resemble biodiversity patterns, leading to suggestions that similar mechanisms may underlie both linguistic and biological diversification. Here we present the first global analysis of language diversity that compares the relative importance of two key ecological mechanisms – isolation and ecological risk – after correcting for spatial autocorrelation and phylogenetic non-independence. We find significant effects of climate on language diversity, consistent with the ecological risk hypothesis that areas of high year-round productivity lead to more languages by supporting human cultural groups with smaller distributions. Climate has a much stronger effect on language diversity than landscape features, such as altitudinal range and river density, which might contribute to isolation of cultural groups. The association between biodiversity and language diversity appears to be an incidental effect of their covariation with climate, rather than a causal link between the two.
The pharynx of the stem-chondrichthyan Ptomacanthus and the early evolution of the gnathostome gill skeleton
Authors: Dearden Richard P. , Stockey Christopher , Brazeau Martin D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe gill apparatus of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) is fundamental to feeding and ventilation and a focal point of classic hypotheses on the origin of jaws and paired appendages. The gill skeletons of chondrichthyans (sharks, batoids, chimaeras) have often been assumed to reflect ancestral states. However, only a handful of early chondrichthyan gill skeletons are known and palaeontological work is increasingly challenging other pre-supposed shark-like aspects of ancestral gnathostomes. Here we use computed tomography scanning to image the three-dimensionally preserved branchial apparatus in Ptomacanthus, a 415 million year old stem-chondrichthyan. Ptomacanthus had an osteichthyan-like compact pharynx with a bony operculum helping constrain the origin of an elongate elasmobranch-like pharynx to the chondrichthyan stem-group, rather than it representing an ancestral condition of the crown-group. A mixture of chondrichthyan-like and plesiomorphic pharyngeal patterning in Ptomacanthus challenges the idea that the ancestral gnathostome pharynx conformed to a morphologically complete ancestral type.
Molecular determinants regulating selective binding of autophagy adapters and receptors to ATG8 proteins
Authors: Wirth Martina , Zhang Wenxin , Razi Minoo , Nyoni Lynet , Joshi Dhira , O’Reilly Nicola , Johansen Terje , Tooze Sharon A. , Mouilleron Stéphane 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAutophagy is an essential recycling and quality control pathway. Mammalian ATG8 proteins drive autophagosome formation and selective removal of protein aggregates and organelles by recruiting autophagy receptors and adaptors that contain a LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif. LIR motifs can be highly selective for ATG8 subfamily proteins (LC3s/GABARAPs), however the molecular determinants regulating these selective interactions remain elusive. Here we show that residues within the core LIR motif and adjacent C-terminal region as well as ATG8 subfamily-specific residues in the LIR docking site are critical for binding of receptors and adaptors to GABARAPs. Moreover, rendering GABARAP more LC3B-like impairs autophagy receptor degradation. Modulating LIR binding specificity of the centriolar satellite protein PCM1, implicated in autophagy and centrosomal function, alters its dynamics in cells. Our data provides new mechanistic insight into how selective binding of LIR motifs to GABARAPs is achieved, and elucidate the overlapping and distinct functions of ATG8 subfamily proteins.
Predicting interfacial thermal resistance by machine learning
Authors: Wu Yen-Ju , Fang Lei , Xu Yibin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVarious factors affect the interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) between two materials, making ITR prediction a high-dimensional mathematical problem. Machine learning is a cost-effective method to address this. Here, we report ITR predictive models based on experimental data. The physical, chemical, and material properties of ITR are categorized into three sets of descriptors, and three algorithms are used for the models. Those descriptors assist the models in reducing the mismatch between predicted and experimental values and reaching high predictive performance of 96%. Over 80,000 material systems composed of 293 materials were inputs for predictions. Among the top-100 high-ITR predictions by the three different algorithms, 25 material systems are repeatedly predicted by at least two algorithms. One of the 25 material systems, Bi/Si achieved the ultra-low thermal conductivity in our previous work. We believe that the predicted high-ITR material systems are potential candidates for thermoelectric applications. This study proposed a strategy for material exploration for thermal management by means of machine learning.
Hypoallergenic diet may control refractory epilepsy in allergic children: A quasi experimental study
Authors: Gorjipour H. , Darougar S. , Mansouri M. , Karimzadeh P. , Amouzadeh M. Hassanvand , Sohrabi M. R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent data has suggested a definitive role for inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. In this study we hypothesized that food allergies, as chronic inflammatory processes, underlie the pathophysiology of refractory idiopathic epilepsy and investigated whether food elimination diets may assist in managing refractory epilepsy. The study was conducted on 34 patients up to 16 years of age with refractory convulsions who attended the Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Mofid Children Hospital between 2015 and 2016 with youngest and oldest participants at ages of 3 months and 16 years old, respectively. The participants were categorized into three groups according to the results of skin prick test and serum specific IgE measurements. Elimination diets were instituted for the patients with non IgE-mediated and mixed food allergies. The study was conducted for a period of 12 weeks. The participants were assessed for at least 50% reduction in number of seizures following the intervention. There was a significant reduction in number of seizures (p < 0.001) following the intervention. Seventeen patients (50%) did not experience any seizures after 8 weeks of treatment and 12 patients (35%) had a significant (51–99%) decrease in the number of their seizures. Five patients did not show any changes in their daily seizure frequency. The obtained data suggest that food allergy may play a role in triggering refractory epilepsies and their adequate response to treatment. A trial of elimination diet showed more than 50% seizure reduction in more than 85% of the children studied. However, we believe these results are preliminary and they motivate a fully controlled study in the future.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Risk Factors Predict Late Recurrence after Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Kim Yun Gi , Choi Jong-Il , Boo Ki Yung , Kim Do Young , Oh Suk-Kyu , Park Hee-Soon , Lee Kwang-No , Shim Jaemin , Kim Jin Seok , Park Sang Weon , Park Seong-Mi , Shim Wan Joo , Kim Young-Hoon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe benefits of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) significantly decrease with late recurrence (LR). We aimed to develop a scoring system to identify patients at high and low risk for LR following RFCA, based on a comprehensive evaluation of multiple risk factors for AF recurrence, including echocardiographic parameters. We studied 2,352 patients with AF undergoing first-time RFCA in a single institution. The LR-free survival rate up to 5 years was measured using a Kaplan-Meier analysis. The influence of clinical and echocardiographic parameters on LR was calculated with a Cox-regression analysis. Duration of AF ≥4 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.75; p < 0.001), non-paroxysmal AF (HR = 3.18; p < 0.001), and diabetes (HR = 1.34; p = 0.015) were associated with increased risk of LR. Left atrial (LA) diameter ≥45 mm (HR = 2.42; p < 0.001), E/e′ ≥ 10 (HR = 1.44; p < 0.001), dense SEC (HR = 3.30; p < 0.001), and decreased LA appendage flow velocity (≤40 cm/sec) (HR = 2.35; p < 0.001) were echocardiographic parameters associated with increased risk of LR following RFCA. The LR score based on the aforementioned risk factors could be used to predict LR (area under curve = 0.717) and to stratify the risk of LR (HR = 1.45 per 1 point increase in the score; p < 0.001). In conclusion, LR after RFCA is affected by multiple clinical and echocardiographic parameters. This study suggests that combining these multiple risk factors enables the identification of patients with AF at high or low risk for having arrhythmia recurrence.
Soil amendments with ethylene precursor alleviate negative impacts of salinity on soil microbial properties and productivity
Authors: Liu Hongwei , Khan Muhammad Yahya , Carvalhais Lilia C. , Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel , Yan Lijuan , Crawford Mark , Dennis Paul G. , Singh Brajesh , Schenk Peer M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSome microbes enhance stress tolerance in plants by minimizing plant ethylene levels via degradation of its immediate precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), in the rhizosphere. In return, ACC is used by these microbes as a source of nitrogen. This mutualistic relationship between plants and microbes may be used to promote soil properties in stressful environments. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that amendments of ACC in soils reshape the structure of soil microbiome and alleviate the negative impacts of salinity on soil properties. We treated non-saline and artificially-developed saline soils with ACC in different concentrations for 14 days. The structure of soil microbiome, soil microbial properties and productivity were examined. Our results revealed that microbial composition of bacteria, archaea and fungi in saline soils was affected by ACC amendments; whereas community composition in non-saline soils was not affected. The amendments of ACC could not fully counteract the negative effects of salinity on soil microbial activities and productivity, but increased the abundance of ACC deaminase-encoding gene (acdS), enhanced soil microbial respiration, enzymatic activity, nitrogen and carbon cycling potentials and Arabidopsis biomass in saline soils. Collectively, our study indicates that ACC amendments in soils could efficiently ameliorate salinity impacts on soil properties and plant biomass production.
Bus bunching as a synchronisation phenomenon
Authors: Saw Vee-Liem , Chung Ning Ning , Quek Wei Liang , Pang Yi En Ian , Chew Lock Yue 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBus bunching is a perennial phenomenon that not only diminishes the efficiency of a bus system, but also prevents transit authorities from keeping buses on schedule. We present a physical theory of buses serving a loop of bus stops as a ring of coupled self-oscillators, analogous to the Kuramoto model. Sustained bunching is a repercussion of the process of phase synchronisation whereby the phases of the oscillators are locked to each other. This emerges when demand exceeds a critical threshold. Buses also bunch at low demand, albeit temporarily, due to frequency detuning arising from different human drivers’ distinct natural speeds. We calculate the critical transition when complete phase locking (full synchronisation) occurs for the bus system, and posit the critical transition to completely no phase locking (zero synchronisation). The intermediate regime is the phase where clusters of partially phase locked buses exist. Intriguingly, these theoretical results are in close correspondence to real buses in a university’s shuttle bus system.