bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterococcal bacteraemia: predictive and prognostic risk factors for ampicillin resistance
Authors: Matsumura T. , Nagao M. , Nakano S. , Yamamoto M. , Matsumura Y. , Ichiyama S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo identify the predictive and prognostic factors associated with ampicillin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia, we retrospectively reviewed demographic, microbiological and clinical data of patients attending the Kyoto University Hospital, Japan, between 2009 and 2015. Logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive and prognostic factors, respectively. In total, 235 episodes of enterococcal bacteraemia were identified. As ampicillin susceptibility was uniform forEnterococcus faecalisisolates and almost all ampicillin-resistant isolates wereE. faecium, bacteraemia due to these species was investigated separately.E. faecalisandE. faeciumaccounted for 41.7% (98/235) and 48.1% (113/235) of the isolates, respectively and 91.2% of allE. faeciumwere ampicillin resistant. NosocomialE. faeciumbacteraemia acquisition (odds ratio (OR), 13.6; 95% confidence intervals, 3.16–58.3) was associated with ampicillin-resistant isolates. Bacteraemia from an unknown source (hazard ratio (HR), 2.91; 95% CI 1.36–6.21) and an increased Pitt bacteraemia score (PBS) (HR, 1.36; 95% CI 1.21–1.52) were associated with 30-day mortality inE. faeciuminfections. Likewise, bacteraemia from an unknown source (HR, 4.17; 95% CI 1.25–13.9) and increased PBS (HR, 1.27; 95% CI 1.09–1.48) were associated with 30-day mortality in patients withE. faecalisbacteraemia. The empirical therapeutic administration of glycopeptides is recommended for patients with bacteraemia from an unknown source in whom severeE. faeciumbacteraemia is suspected.
Effects of Sleep Health on Cognitive Function in HIV+ and HIV– Adults
Authors: Mahmood Zanjbeel , Hammond Andrea , Nunez Rodolfo A. , Irwin Michael R. , Thames April D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectives:People living with HIV (PLWH) are more likely to report sleep difficulties and cognitive deficits. While cognitive impairment associated with sleep problems have been found in healthy and medical populations, less is known about the effects of poor sleep health (SH) on cognition among PLWH. This study examined differences in cognitive performance among participants classified based upon their HIV status and reported SH.Methods:One hundred sixteen (N=116) adults recruited from the Greater Los Angeles community were administered a comprehensive cognitive test battery and completed a questionnaire about SH. Participants were classified into the following HIV/SH groups: [HIV+/good sleep health (SH+;n=34); HIV−/SH+ (n=32); HIV−/poor sleep health (SH−;n=18) and HIV+/SH− (n=32)].Results:For both HIV+ and HIV− individuals, poor SH was associated with lower cognitive performance, with the domains of learning and memory driving the overall relationship. The HIV+/SH− group had poorer scores in domains of learning and memory compared to the SH+ groups. Additionally, the HIV−/SH− group demonstrated poorer learning compared to the HIV−/SH+ group.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that sleep problems within medical populations are relevant to cognitive functioning, highlighting the clinical and scientific importance of monitoring sleep health and cognition to help identify individuals at greatest risk of poor health outcomes. Longitudinal investigations using both objective and subjective measures of sleep are needed to determine the robustness of the current findings and the enduring effects of poor SH in the context of chronic disease. (JINS, 2018,24, 1038–1046)
Age-Related Changes in the Allocation of Vertical Attention
Authors: Mańkowska Aleksandra , Heilman Kenneth M. , Williamson John B. , Harciarek Michał 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectives: Healthy individuals often have a leftward and upward attentional spatial bias; however, there is a reduction of this leftward bias with aging. The right hemisphere mediates leftward spatial attention and age-related reduction of right hemispheric activity may account for this reduced leftward bias. The right hemisphere also appears to be responsible for upward bias, and this upward bias might reduce with aging. Alternatively, whereas the dorsal visual stream allocates attention downward, the ventral stream allocates attention upward. Since with aging there is a greater atrophy of the dorsal than ventral stream, older participants may reveal a greater upward bias. The main purpose of this study was to learn if aging influences the vertical allocation of spatial attention. Methods: Twenty-six young (17 males; mean age 44.62±2.57 years) and 25 healthy elderly (13 males; mean age 72.04±.98 years), right-handed adults performed line bisections using 24 vertical lines (24 cm long and 2 mm thick) aligned with their midsagittal plane. Results: Older adults had a significantly greater upward bias than did younger adults. Conclusions: Normal upward attentional bias increases with aging, possibly due to an age-related reduction of the dorsal attentional stream that is responsible for the allocation of downward attention. (JINS, 2018, 24, 1121–1124)
Geochemistry and Distribution of Recycled Domains in the Mantle Inferred From Nd and Pb Isotopes in Oceanic Hot Spots: Implications for Storage in the Large Low Shear Wave Velocity Provinces
Authors: Jackson M. G. , Becker T. W. , Konter J. G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSubduction of continental and oceanic crust is thought to give rise to geochemically distinct reservoirs in the mantle called EM (enriched mantle) and HIMU (high μ = 238U/204Pb), respectively. However, the locations of EM and HIMU domains in the Earth's interior are poorly constrained. We explore the geographic distribution of extreme EM (143Nd/144Nd ≤ 0.512630) and HIMU (206Pb/204Pb ≥ 20) geochemical signatures in ocean island basalts erupted at hot spots, highlighting three observations. First, hot spots geographically associated with the two large low shear wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) have a similar range of EM compositions. If these hot spots are sourced by the LLSVPs via upwelling plumes, this observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the LLSVPs formed by similar processes and have similar geodynamic histories. Second, the EM and HIMU domains exhibit different latitudinal zonation: oceanic hot spots with the most extreme EM compositions (143Nd/144Nd < 0.5125) are concentrated in the Southern Hemisphere (14°S to 52°S latitude), while oceanic hot spots hosting HIMU compositions are found primarily near the tropical latitudes (38°N to 29°S). Third, all 13 oceanic hot spots with EM compositions (143Nd/144Nd ≤ 0.512630) are geographically associated with the LLSVPs; oceanic hot spots located far from the LLSVPs exhibit only non‐EM (143Nd/144Nd > 0.512630) compositions. In contrast, the HIMU domains do not show a clear geographic association with the LLSVPs. Therefore, EM and HIMU domains in the Earth's mantle exhibit different spatial distributions. This may reflect differences in subduction inputs of these two components, or differences in how they segregate or accumulate in the deep Earth.
Sudden Stratospheric Warming Formation in an Idealized General Circulation Model Using Three Types of Tropospheric Forcing
Authors: Lindgren E. A. , Sheshadri A. , Plumb R. A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTropospheric heating perturbations and topography are used to create Northern Hemisphere winter‐like stratospheric variability in an idealized atmospheric general circulation model. Wave 1 and wave 2 heating perturbations as well as wave 2 topography are used. With appropriate choices of amplitudes, the three forcings produce reasonable sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) frequencies. It is found that large numbers of both split and displacement sudden warmings occur when the model is forced by heating perturbations, regardless of the wave number of the forcing. This is different from the wave 2 topographic forcing, which produces almost only splits. We use the results of the three model runs to investigate the extent to which SSWs are caused by anomalous tropospheric wave fluxes. We find that SSWs in this model can form both as a direct result of anomalous tropospheric wave activity and due to internal stratospheric processes which alter the propagation of tropospheric wave flux into the stratosphere and that the fraction of the two mechanisms is similar to that of the observed atmosphere for all three forcings. We further investigate the circulation differences associated with splits and displacements and find that splits and displacements have different zonal mean surface signatures when the model is forced by wave 1 heating.
Sea Breeze Sensitivity to Coastal Upwelling and Synoptic Flow Using Lagrangian Methods
Authors: Seroka Greg , Fredj Erick , Kohut Josh , Dunk Rich , Miles Travis , Glenn Scott 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSea breezes occur nearly daily in the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic summer during high electricity demand periods, and thus have important implications for the burgeoning U.S. offshore wind energy industry. The sea breeze's offshore component is poorly understood and ill defined relative to its onshore counterpart. Here a new Lagrangian method not yet readily used to study the sea breeze, relative dispersion, was validated and applied to a validated Weather Research and Forecasting model in the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic. This Lagrangian method is used to characterize the onshore convergent and offshore divergent sea breeze extents and intensities, and test their sensitivities to both atmospheric synoptic flow and oceanic coastal upwelling, another common summer season regional phenomenon. It was found that offshore‐directed synoptic flow impacted the sea breeze onshore extent more than offshore extent, and that coastal upwelling did not significantly impact sea breeze onshore or offshore extent for these carefully selected case studies. Upwelling, however, produced an earlier sea breeze onset (~5 hr), and a shallower, sharper, and more intense offshore/onshore sea breeze during strong offshore synoptic flow, consistent with past studies. The offshore side of the sea breeze cell—with stronger intensity during upwelling—crossed the New Jersey Wind Energy Area at ~1900 UTC, regardless of synoptic wind or upwelling conditions. Results overall are consistent with dynamic linear sea breeze theory. Uncertain projected trends in coastal upwelling/sea breezes in a warming world highlight the importance of continued study of coastal air‐sea interactions for improved offshore wind energy assessment and prediction.
Long‐Lived Mesoscale Convective Systems of Superparameterized CAM and the Response of CAM
Authors: Chen Gino , Kirtman Ben P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMesoscale organized convection is generally misrepresented in the large‐scale convective parameterizations used in contemporary climate models. This impacts extreme weather events (e.g., Madden‐Jullian Oscillation) and the general circulation driven by the significant amount of latent heat released from mesoscale organized convection. Studies show that the missing processes could be partially recovered by embedding a 2‐D cloud‐resolving model in each general circulation model columns, that is, superparameterization. To enable analysis of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the multiscale modeling framework, we apply a detection and hierarchical clustering algorithm on the 3‐hourly 2‐D cloud‐resolving model embedded in the superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM) 5.2. We then examine the fields of a long‐lived and large MCS cluster at the central Pacific. The MCS cluster shows a squall line‐like circulation throughout the life cycle in SPCAM. We simultaneously obtain the 3‐hourly CAM parameterized convection outputs based on the time step‐wise perfect initial conditions given by SPCAM. This allows pure model physics comparison without introducing initial condition errors. The results show that CAM has a systematically biased stratiform cooling and moistening response below 3 km to the given SPCAM deep convection favoring conditions. We show that this bias is mainly due to the CAM's stratiform microphysics scheme. The mesoscale organization in SPCAM thus provides a baseline for improvements of convective parameterization of CAM.
Evaluating and Improving a PDF Cloud Scheme Using High‐Resolution Super Large Domain Simulations
Authors: Griewank P. J. , Schemann V. , Neggers R. A. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCloud schemes, which use probability density functions (PDFs) to describe the subgrid‐scale variability of thermodynamic state variables, rely heavily on large eddy simulation (LES) data to provide information on the distributions of state variables in a turbulent domain. Until recently, LES simulations were commonly limited to small domains and highly idealized prototype regimes, but super large domain realistically forced simulations are now available, which contain previously excluded synoptic scale variability and orographic effects. Thanks to these advances PDF cloud schemes can be confronted with much more realistic distributions of thermodynamic states and clouds on the horizontal scales they were developed for. One example of super large domain LES is a library of recent Germany‐wide simulations with a 100‐m resolution. We use these simulations to study how a PDF cloud scheme, which represents variability through a beta function of total water, represents cloud fraction and the total and liquid water distribution. Special emphasis is placed on studying how various closures, which limit the possible shape of the beta function, affect the resulting cloud fraction. Our analysis shows that the PDF cloud scheme leads to much smaller cloud fraction errors than a classic parameterization that relates cloud fraction to relative humidity and that the PDF scheme is suitable for model resolutions from 5 to 100 km. The PDF cloud scheme performance is increased by introducing a zero‐buoyancy relationship between water vapor and temperature to approximate the orientation of their joint PDF.
Stressor interaction networks suggest antibiotic resistance co-opted from stress responses to temperature
Authors: Cruz-Loya Mauricio , Kang Tina Manzhu , Lozano Natalie Ann , Watanabe Rina , Tekin Elif , Damoiseaux Robert , Savage Van M , Yeh Pamela J 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Environmental factors like temperature, pressure, and pH partly shaped the evolution of life. As life progressed, new stressors (e.g., poisons and antibiotics) arose as part of an arms race among organisms. Here we ask if cells co-opted existing mechanisms to respond to new stressors, or whether new responses evolved de novo. We use a network-clustering approach based purely on phenotypic growth measurements and interactions among the effects of stressors on population growth. We apply this method to two types of stressors—temperature and antibiotics—to discover the extent to which their cellular responses overlap in Escherichia coli. Our clustering reveals that responses to low and high temperatures are clearly separated, and each is grouped with responses to antibiotics that have similar effects to cold or heat, respectively. As further support, we use a library of transcriptional fluorescent reporters to confirm heat-shock and cold-shock genes are induced by antibiotics. We also show strains evolved at high temperatures are more sensitive to antibiotics that mimic the effects of cold. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that temperature stress responses have been co-opted to deal with antibiotic stress.
Nucleolar fibrillarin is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of bacterial pathogen resistance
Authors: Tiku Varnesh , Kew Chun , Mehrotra Parul , Ganesan Raja , Robinson Nirmal , Antebi Adam 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInnate immunity is the first line of defense against infections. Pathways regulating innate responses can also modulate other processes, including stress resistance and longevity. Increasing evidence suggests a role for the nucleolus in regulating cellular processes implicated in health and disease. Here we show the highly conserved nucleolar protein, fibrillarin, is a vital factor regulating pathogen resistance. Fibrillarin knockdown enhances resistance in C. elegans against bacterial pathogens, higher levels of fibrillarin induce susceptibility to infection. Pathogenic infection reduces nucleolar size, ribsosomal RNA, and fibrillarin levels. Genetic epistasis reveals fibrillarin functions independently of the major innate immunity mediators, suggesting novel mechanisms of pathogen resistance. Bacterial infection also reduces nucleolar size and fibrillarin levels in mammalian cells. Fibrillarin knockdown prior to infection increases intracellular bacterial clearance, reduces inflammation, and enhances cell survival. Collectively, these findings reveal an evolutionarily conserved role of fibrillarin in infection resistance and suggest the nucleolus as a focal point in innate immune responses.
A scoring system to detect fixed airflow limitation in smokers from simple easy-to-use parameters
Authors: Román-Conejos Esther , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Folgado-de la Rosa David Manuel , Sánchez-Molla Manuel , Rizo-Baeza María Mercedes , Gil-Guillén Vicente Francisco , Cortés-Castell Ernesto 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNo validated screening method currently exists for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in smokers. Therefore, we constructed a predictive model with simple parameters that can be applied for COPD screening to detect fixed airflow limitation. This observational cross-sectional study included a random sample of 222 smokers with no previous diagnosis of COPD undertaken in a Spanish region in 2014–2016. The main variable was fixed airflow limitation by spirometry. The secondary variables (COPD factors) were: age, gender, smoking (pack-years and Fagerström test), body mass index, educational level, respiratory symptoms and exacerbations. A points system was developed to predict fixed airflow limitation based on secondary variables. The model was validated internally through bootstrapping, determining discrimination and calibration. The system was then integrated into a mobile application for Android. Fifty-seven patients (25.7%) presented fixed airflow limitation. The points system included as predictors: age, pack-years, Fagerström test and presence of respiratory symptoms. Internal validation of the system was very satisfactory, both in discrimination and calibration. In conclusion, a points system has been constructed to predict fixed airflow limitation in smokers with no previous COPD. This system can be integrated as a screening tool, though it should be externally validated in other geographical regions.
Comparative metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals by cytochrome P450s in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Harlow Philippa H. , Perry Simon J. , Stevens Alexander J. , Flemming Anthony J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe investigated the metabolic capabilities of C. elegans using compounds whose metabolism has been well characterised in mammalian systems. We find that similar metabolites are produced in C. elegans as in mammals but that C. elegans is deficient in CYP1-like metabolism, as has been seen in other studies. We show that CYP-34A9, CYP-34A10 and CYP-36A1 are the principal enzymes responsible for the metabolism of tolbutamide in C. elegans. These are related to the mammalian enzymes that metabolise this compound but are not the closest homologs suggesting that sequence comparison alone will not predict functional conservation among cytochrome P450s. In mammals, metabolite production from amytryptiline and dextromethorphan is dependent on specific cytochrome P450s. However, in C. elegans we did not find evidence of similar specificity: the same metabolites were produced but in small amounts by numerous cytochrome P450s. We conclude that, while some aspects of cytochrome P450 mediated metabolism in C. elegans are similar to mammals, there are differences in the production of some metabolites and in the underlying genetics of metabolism.
Link Prediction based on Quantum-Inspired Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Cao Zhiwei , Zhang Yichao , Guan Jihong , Zhou Shuigeng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIncomplete or partial observations of network structures pose a serious challenge to theoretical and engineering studies of real networks. To remedy the missing links in real datasets, topology-based link prediction is introduced into the studies of various networks. Due to the complexity of network structures, the accuracy and robustness of most link prediction algorithms are not satisfying enough. In this paper, we propose a quantum-inspired ant colony optimization algorithm that integrates ant colony optimization and quantum computing to predict links in networks. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real networks show that the accuracy and robustness of the new algorithm is competitive in respect to most of the state of the art algorithms. This result suggests that the application of intelligent optimization to link prediction is promising for boosting its accuracy and robustness.
Lateral Ventricle Enlargement and Cortical Thinning in Idiopathic Normal-pressure Hydrocephalus Patients
Authors: Kang Kyunghun , Kwak Kichang , Yoon Uicheul , Lee Jong-Min 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe utilized three-dimensional, surface-based, morphometric analysis to investigate ventricle shape between 2 groups: (1) idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) patients who had a positive response to the cerebrospinal fluid tap test (CSFTT) and (2) healthy controls. The aims were (1) to evaluate the location of INPH-related structural abnormalities of the lateral ventricles and (2) to investigate relationships between lateral ventricular enlargement and cortical thinning in INPH patients. Thirty-three INPH patients and 23 healthy controls were included in this study. We used sparse canonical correlation analysis to show correlated regions of ventricular surface expansion and cortical thinning. Significant surface expansion in the INPH group was observed mainly in clusters bilaterally located in the superior portion of the lateral ventricles, adjacent to the high convexity of the frontal and parietal regions. INPH patients showed a significant bilateral expansion of both the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles and the medial aspects of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles to surrounding brain regions, including the medial frontal lobe. Ventricular surface expansion was associated with cortical thinning in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral rostral anterior cingulate cortex, left parahippocampal cortex, left temporal pole, right insula, right inferior temporal cortex, and right fusiform gyrus. These results suggest that patients with INPH have unique patterns of ventricular surface expansion. Our findings encourage future studies to elucidate the underlying mechanism of lateral ventricular morphometric abnormalities in INPH patients.