bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of laboratory salmon louse infection on Arctic char osmoregulation, growth and survival
Authors: Fjelldal P G , Hansen T J , Karlsen Ø , Wright D W 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation levels resulting from intensive salmonid sea-cage aquaculture can threaten populations of wild salmonid hosts. This includes anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), which rely on short migrations into more productive seawater environments to build energy stores for maturation, spawning and over-wintering in freshwater. Elevated salmon lice burdens may limit the benefits of migration by constraining osmoregulation, growth, survival and reproduction. To test for these effects, we simulated anadromous migration in tanks by transferring individually tagged Arctic char smolts (n = 352, averaging 133 g) to seawater where they were infected with salmon lice or left as uninfected controls for 1 month, and then transferring them back to freshwater for 2 months. After the seawater phase, infected post-smolts had a mean of 0.33 (range of 0.09–0.91) mobile lice g−1 fish weight. At this point, specific growth rates (SGRs) dropped in infected compared to control fish (0.1% vs. 1.6% day−1). Higher plasma Na+ and osmolality in infected fish also indicate osmoregulatory impairment. Throughout the study, mortality was 18.2% and 1.7% in infected and control groups, but sexual maturation was low and comparable between groups. Infection intensity correlated positively with mortality rate and plasma Cl−, and correlated negatively with SGR and condition factor (CF). CF dropped (ΔCF < 0) at intensities of >0.09 lice g−1 fish weight, and intensities of >0.3 causing zero or negative SGRs and increased mortality were particularly concerning. If infection intensities reach these levels in the wild, char could be impacted by growth restrictions and increased mortality rates, which potentially cause shorter migration durations, lowered reproductive success and possibly also selection against anadromy. This study provides vital information for conservation practitioners wanting to understand the physiologically derived burden salmon lice can have on Arctic char populations, and can be used to define thresholds in the monitoring and conservation of Arctic char populations affected by aquaculture-driven salmon lice infestations.
Abnormal aortic flow conduction is associated with increased viscous energy loss in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Schäfer Michal , Barker Alex J , Jaggers James , Morgan Gareth J , Stone Matthew L , Truong Uyen , Browne Lorna P , Malone Ladonna , Ivy D Dunbar , Mitchell Max B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Aortopathy in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is characterized by increased aortic stiffness, dilation and reduced left ventricular (LV) function. Repair in infancy normalizes aortic dimensions in early childhood. Our prior work demonstrated that early TOF repair does not normalize aortic compliance and that abnormal ascending aortic flow patterns are prevalent. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine whether proximal aortic flow-mediated viscous energy loss (EL′) is elevated in patients with early TOF repair compared with healthy controls, and (ii) determine whether the degree of EL′ is associated with LV function.

METHODS
Forty-one patients post TOF repair with normalized aortic size and 15 healthy controls underwent 4-dimenisonal-flow magnetic resonance imaging flow analysis and EL′ assessment. Correlations between EL′, aortic size, and LV function were assessed.

RESULTS
The TOF group had increased peak systolic thoracic aorta EL′ (3.8 vs 1.5 mW, P = 0.004) and increased averaged EL′ throughout the cardiac cycle (1.2 vs 0.5 mW, P = 0.003). Peak and mean systolic EL′ in the ascending aorta was increased 2-fold in the TOF group compared with control (peak: 2.0 vs 0.9 mW, P = 0.007). Peak EL′ measured along the entire thoracic aortic length correlated with LV ejection fraction (R = −0.45, P = 0.009), indexed LV end-systolic volume (R = −0.40, P = 0.010), and right ventricular end-systolic volume (R = −0.37, P = 0.034).

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with repaired TOF exhibit abnormal aortic flow associated with increased EL′ in the thoracic aorta. The magnitude of EL′ is associated with LV function and volumes. Increased aortic EL′ in TOF is likely due to inherently abnormal LV outflow geometry and or right ventricular interaction. Reduced aortic flow efficiency in TOF increases cardiac work and may be an important factor in long-term cardiac performance.
Can socioeconomic and psychosocial factors predict the duration of orthodontic treatment?
Authors: Nakhleh Kamal , Joury Easter , Dean Rabia , Marcenes Wagner , Johal Ama 
Published: August 2019

SummaryIntroduction and objectivesVery little is known about the role of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors in predicting orthodontic treatment duration. Thus, this study aimed to test whether socioeconomic position (SEP) and psychosocial factors, namely, family environment and resiliency can predict orthodontic treatment duration.MethodsData were analysed from a hospital-based, prospective, longitudinal study that recruited 145 consecutively selected 12- to 16-year-old male and female adolescents. Baseline SEP and psychosocial data were collected by a validated child self-completed questionnaire before the placement of fixed appliances. Linear regression analysis was used.ResultsThe response rate was 98.6 per cent and the dropout was 8.2 per cent. Maternal emotional support was an important predictor of orthodontic treatment duration. Adolescents with high levels of maternal emotional support were more likely to have a shorter orthodontic treatment duration (by nearly four months) than those with low levels of maternal emotional support (P = 0.02). Parental SEP, paternal emotional support, maternal and paternal control, as well as resiliency were not significantly associated with orthodontic treatment duration (P &gt; 0.05). The multivariable regression analysis (including age, gender, and malocclusion severity) confirmed the significance of maternal emotional support as a predictor of orthodontic treatment duration.ConclusionsMaternal emotional support is an important predictor of orthodontic treatment duration. This may be explained by a higher maternal involvement in the orthodontic treatment, which may have facilitated achieving the required orthodontic treatment outcome in a shorter treatment duration.
An insight to the current state and sustainability of urban forests across Great Britain based on i-Tree Eco surveys
Authors: Monteiro Madalena Vaz , Handley Phillip , Doick Kieron J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUrban trees are instrumental in providing ecosystem services to urban society. However, they are subject to many pressures linked to harsh site conditions created by the urban environment, climate change, attack by pests and diseases and the political and social influences that control how urban trees are perceived and managed. An ongoing provision of services from all trees within an urban area (known as the urban forest) can only be achieved through high resilience to these pressures. This study aims to examine the current state of composition, condition and structure of 12 urban forests across Great Britain, by reviewing data collected from i-Tree Eco city or town-wide surveys and recommending a framework to rate their sustainability. The study shows that urban forests are hardy to local winter temperatures and in good health, but lack in large size trees and tree species diversity. Also, several urban forests offer small percentage canopy cover. The wider application of this framework and the creation of detailed tree strategies could help local authorities to establish management strategies, set goals and monitor progress towards achieving greater sustainability.
Testosterone for Androgen Deficiency-Like Symptoms in Men Without Pathologic Hypogonadism: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Cross-over With Masked Choice Extension Clinical Trial
Authors: Mok Shao Feng , Fennell Carolyn , Savkovic Sasha , Turner Leo , Jayadev Veena , Conway Ann , Handelsman David J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Off-label testosterone prescribing for androgen deficiency (AD)-like sexual and energy symptoms of older men without pathologic hypogonadism has increased dramatically without convincing evidence of efficacy.

Methods
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with three phases, we entered 45 men aged at least 40 years without pathologic hypogonadism but with AD-like energy and/or sexual symptoms to either daily testosterone or placebo gel treatment for 6 weeks in a cross-over study design with a third, mandatory extension phase in which participants chose which previous treatment they preferred to repeat while remaining masked to their original treatment. Primary endpoints were energy and sexual symptoms as assessed by a visual analog scale (Lead Symptom Score [LSS]).

Results
Increasing serum testosterone to the healthy young male range produced no significant benefit more than placebo for energy or sexual LSS. Covariate effects of age, body mass index, and pretreatment baseline serum testosterone on quality-of-life scales were detected. Only 1 out of 22 indices from seven quality-of-life scales was significantly improved by testosterone treatment over placebo. Participants did not choose testosterone significantly more than placebo as their preferred treatment in the third phase.

Conclusions
Six-week testosterone treatment does not improve energy or sexual symptoms more than placebo in symptomatic men without pathologic hypogonadism.
Influence of life-history-dependent migration strategies on Atlantic salmon diets
Authors: Bøe Kristin , Power Michael , Robertson Martha J , Morris Corey J , Dempson J Brian , Parrish Christopher C , Fleming Ian A 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMigratory behaviour may vary according to the life history and demographic attributes of fish and lead to the spatial segregation of distinct population segments during the non-breeding season. In adult Atlantic salmon, spawning history differences are associated with intra-population variation in marine movements, but the degree of connectivity in spatial resource use among and within maiden and repeat spawning salmon is not well understood. We analysed muscle fatty acids (FAs), δ13C and δ15N of Atlantic salmon returning to spawn, and found significant differences among spawning histories. Maiden and alternate repeat spawning Atlantic salmon were differentiated from consecutive repeat spawners by fatty acid biomarkers associated with distinct biogeographic regions of the Labrador Sea, consistent with differential migration and divergent feeding locations. The presence and pattern of feeding contrasts among spawning history groups were further supported by dorsal muscle δ15N, which covaried with FA compositional values and distinguished consecutive repeat spawners from the two other groups. Because the degree of connectivity among population segments affects the ecological factors faced by such groups, an improved understanding of differential migration is necessary to better predict potential population responses to environmental change.
Inherited Wealth over the Path of Development: Sweden, 1810–2016
Authors: Ohlsson Henry , Roine Jesper , Waldenström Daniel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe estimate the importance of inherited wealth in Sweden over the past 200 years. Inheritance is measured both as the annual inheritance flow divided by national income and as the share of inherited wealth in all private wealth. In the 19th century, Sweden differs from France and the United Kingdom in having much lower inheritance–income flows, but at the same time exhibiting equally large shares of inherited wealth in total wealth. This pattern is in line with Sweden at the time being a poor country with low domestic capital accumulation, but at the same time exhibiting high economic growth rates. In the 20th century the importance of inheritance in relation to national income fell, but since the 1990s it has increased rapidly, today reaching almost the same levels as a century ago. The share of inherited wealth in total wealth has also fallen over time, but remains relatively low due to a rapid accumulation of new wealth. We study potential determinants and explanations, pointing especially to Swedish welfare-state institutions, and in particular to the development of an extensive public occupational pension system contributing to keeping private inheritance low.
Posthumously Conceived Children and Succession Law: A View from Ireland
Authors: O’Sullivan Kathryn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since its emergence in the late 1970s, posthumous conception has provoked controversy. However, notwithstanding that a number of jurisdictions continue to apply a blanket ban on the posthumous use of genetic material, many (if not most) common law jurisdictions now expressly or implicitly permit such post-mortem conception. Yet as awareness of the potential for posthumous conception continues to increase, so too does awareness of the associated legal complications. In particular, serious questions arise as to whether the so-called ‘after born’ children ought to enjoy succession rights in their deceased parent’s estate. This article considers various arguments for and against the recognition of the succession rights of posthumously conceived children and reflects on the position adopted in a number of jurisdictions. With these international perspectives in mind, the article then places the spotlight on recent developments in Ireland, specifically the recent publication of the General Scheme of the Assisted Human Reproduction Bill 2017, which seeks to expressly permit and regulate posthumous assisted reproduction in the jurisdiction. The article considers the apparent intention of the Irish legislature to recognize the ‘inheritance’ rights of posthumously conceived children and, drawing on international experiences, questions how this intention might best be realized.
The Perception of Frozen Intervals in Anton Webern’s Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24, Third Movement
Authors: Brown Jenine 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMany have described twelve-tone music as difficult to aurally comprehend (e.g., Huron, 2006; Meyer, 1967). This study addresses such claims by investigating what listeners can implicitly learn when hearing a recording of a twelve-tone composition. Krumhansl (1990) has argued that listeners unfamiliar with a musical style attune to the distribution of pitch occurrences, with the most frequent pitch providing a reference point. However, in Anton Webern’s Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24/iii, each pitch occurs nearly the same number of times. Because the distribution of pitches in this twelve-tone work is flat, this study investigates whether listeners instead perceive its recurring intervals. After passive exposure to the composition, musician participants (n = 12) with no formal training in non-tonal music theory demonstrated learning of the frequent intervals (and pairs of intervals) in both forced-choice and ratings tasks. Nonmusicians (n = 13) did not. I then use these empirical findings to inform an interval-based analytical approach to Webern’s compositions.
Identification of a novel autoantigen eukaryotic initiation factor 3 associated with polymyositis
Authors: Betteridge Zoe , Chinoy Hector , Vencovsky Jiri , Winer John , Putchakayala Kiran , Ho Pauline , Lundberg Ingrid , Danko Katalin , Cooper Robert , McHugh Neil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the prevalence and clinical associations of autoantibodies to a novel autoantigen, eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3), detected in idiopathic inflammatory myositis.

Methods
Sera or plasma from 678 PM patients were analysed for autoantigen specificity by radio-labelled protein immunoprecipitation (IPP). Samples immunoprecipitating the same novel autoantigens were further analysed by indirect immunofluorescence and IPP using pre-depleted cell extracts. The autoantigen was identified through a combination of IPP and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and confirmed using commercial antibodies and IPP-western blots. Additional samples from patients with DM (668), DM-overlap (80), PM-overlap (191), systemic sclerosis (150), systemic lupus erythematosus (200), Sjogren’s syndrome (40), rheumatoid arthritis (50) and healthy controls (150) were serotyped by IPP as disease or healthy controls.

Results
IPP revealed a novel pattern in three PM patients (0.44%) that was not found in disease-specific or healthy control sera. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated a fine cytoplasmic speckled pattern for all positive patients. Mass spectrometry analysis of the protein complex identified the target autoantigen as eIF3, a cytoplasmic complex with a role in the initiation of translation. Findings were confirmed by IPP-Western blotting. The three anti-eIF3-positive patients had no history of malignancy or interstitial lung disease, and had a favourable response to treatment.

Conclusion
We report a novel autoantibody in 0.44% of PM patients directed against a cytoplasmic complex of proteins identified as eIF3. Although our findings need further confirmation, anti-eIF3 appears to correlate with a good prognosis and a favourable response to treatment.
Evaluation of ambiguous genitalia
Authors: Stambough Kathryn , Magistrado Leila , Perez-Milicua Gisselle 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
To provide a framework for the evaluation of ambiguous genitalia.

Recent findings
The most pressing evaluation of ambiguous genitalia is assessment for life-threatening causes such as salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) or syndromes with underlying anomalies such as neurologic or cardiac malformations. A multidisciplinary team, including specialists in Gynecology, Endocrinology, Urology, Genetics, Clinical Psychology/Psychiatry, Radiology, Nursing, Neonatology, and Pediatric Surgery, should be involved. Each patient should be approached in an individualized manner to assign sex of rearing in the most expeditious yet thoughtful means possible.
As knowledge on the natural history of sex preference and fertility of individuals with ambiguous genitalia increases, controversy regarding the indication for and timing of genital surgery continues. Considerations include gender identity, future fertility, malignancy risk, infection prevention, and functional anatomy for sexual activity.

Summary
The evaluation of ambiguous genitalia should involve a multidisciplinary team. A combination of history taking, physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and radiologic assessment can assist with the diagnosis. Care should be taken to emphasize karyotypic sex is not equivalent to gender and to use caution with regards to irreversible medical and surgical therapies which may impact fertility and sexual function and nonconform with future sex identity.
Single-port 3-dimensional Videoscope-assisted Endoscopic Nipple-sparing Mastectomy in the Management of Breast Cancer
Authors: Lai Hung-Wen , Chen Shou-Tung , Mok Chi Wei , Lin Shih-Lung , Tai Chin-Mei , Chen Dar-Ren , Kuo Shou-Jen 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
The preliminary experience and results of an innovative surgical technique that incorporated a single-port and 3-dimensional (3D) videoscope system for endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM) were reported. The medical records of patients who underwent single-port 3D E-NSM for breast cancer during the period of August 2018 to October 2018 in a single institution were collected prospectively and analyzed. Patients’ reported cosmetic outcome results were also obtained. During the study period, 11 patients received 15 procedures of single-port 3D E-NSM. The mean operation time for single-port 3D E-NSM and immediate prosthesis breast reconstruction was 181.8 ± 32.4 minutes. The mean blood loss was 38.3 ± 45.3 ml (15–60). In the postoperative morbidity evaluation, 1 patient (6.7%) had delayed axillary wound healing and 2 (13.4%) had transient nipple ischemia, but there were no cases of total nipple areolar complex necrosis and implant loss observed. In addition, there were no cases with margin involvement or locoregional recurrence during the follow-up period. In patient-reported cosmetic outcomes, high (93.3%) satisfaction rates were observed in terms of postoperative scar appearance, location, and length. All patients who had received 3D E-NSM and immediate prosthesis breast reconstruction reported that they would choose the same operation again if given the chance to do so. From our preliminary experience, single-port 3D E-NSM is a feasible and safe procedure with good cosmetic results. Hence, this technique could be a promising new technique for patients with breast cancer indicated for nipple-sparing mastectomy.
Eyelid Thread-lifting Treatment for Periocular Infantile Hemangioma in an Extremely Premature Low-birth-weight Infant
Authors: Kurachi Ayana , Ozaki Mine , Ihara Aki , Eto Hitomi , Takushima Akihiko 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
Periocular infantile hemangioma (IH) sometimes hinders proper eye opening and limits the visual field. Even short-term deprivation of hemilateral vision may cause amblyopia in infants during the visually sensitive period and, thus, necessitates prompt treatment. Propranolol is a commonly known remedy for IH, though it may not act sufficiently to rapidly resolve a vision-threatening critical condition in an infant. Low birth weight is a significant risk factor for IH incidence. Despite the high incidence, evidence-based treatment for IH in preterm infants has not been established. This report describes periocular IH of an extremely premature low-birth-weight infant (body weight: 526 g) whose lesion showed no reduction after oral administration of propranolol for 2 weeks but was successfully treated by topical steroid injection and eyelid thread-lifting management, with no eventual visual impairment.
Ten-Year Outcomes After Catcher’s Mask Cranioplasty for Large Cranial Bone Defects in Children: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Sakurai Toru , Ishii Nobuaki , Takumi Ichiro , Ogawa Rei , Akimoto Masataka 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARY:
Cranioplasty is complicated in children with severe, extensive head trauma because allografting is not advisable in pediatric patients and the amount of available autologous materials is limited. To overcome these problems, Takumi reported a novel procedure called “catcher’s mask cranioplasty” in 2008, in which split-rib grafts are placed perpendicularly over each other while calvarial grafts are placed in the hairless forehead region. Despite the small amount of grafts used, this method can yield esthetically satisfactory results and provides excellent structural integrity. Here, we report 2 cases of catcher’s mask cranioplasty and their long-term outcomes. After more than 10 years, the transplanted bone grafts have not resorbed and have maintained their esthetically pleasing contours. In conclusion, catcher’s mask cranioplasty is an effective option for traumatic cranial defects in children.