bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgG Responses to Porins and Lipopolysaccharide within an Outer Membrane-Based Vaccine against NontyphoidalSalmonellaDevelop at Discordant Rates
Authors: Schager Anna E. , Dominguez-Medina C. Coral , Necchi Francesca , Micoli Francesca , Goh Yun Shan , Goodall Margaret , Flores-Langarica Adriana , Bobat Saeeda , Cook Charlotte N. L. , Arcuri Melissa , Marini Arianna , King Lloyd D. W. , Morris Faye C. , Anderson Graham , Toellner Kai-Michael , Henderson Ian R. , López-Macías Constantino , MacLennan Calman A. , Cunningham Adam F. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTAntibodies acquired after vaccination or natural infection with Gram-negative bacteria, such as invasiveSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium, can protect against disease. Immunization with naturally shed outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria is being studied for its potential to protect against many infections, since antigens within vesicles maintain their natural conformation and orientation. Shedding can be enhanced through genetic modification, and the resulting particles, generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), not only offer potential as vaccines but also can facilitate the study of B-cell responses to bacterial antigens. Here we show that the response to immunization with GMMA fromS. Typhimurium (STmGMMA) provides B-cell-dependent protection and induces antibodies to two immunodominant antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porins. Antibodies to LPS O antigen (O-Ag) markedly enhance protection in the spleen, but this effect is less marked in the liver. Strikingly, IgG responses to LPS and porins develop with distinct kinetics. In the first week after immunization, there is a dramatic T-cell-independent B1b-cell-associated induction of all IgG isotypes, except IgG1, to porins but not to LPS. In contrast, production of IgG1 to either antigen was delayed and T cell dependent. Nevertheless, after 1 month, cells in the bone marrow secreting IgG against porins or LPS were present at a similar frequency. Unexpectedly, immunization with O-Ag-deficient STmGMMA did not substantially enhance the anti-porin response. Therefore, IgG switching to all antigens does not develop synchronously within the same complex and so the rate of IgG switching to a single component does not necessarily reflect its frequency within the antigenic complex.IMPORTANCEVaccines save millions of lives, yet for some infections there are none. This includes some types ofSalmonellainfections, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. We show how a new type of vaccine, called GMMA, that is made from blebs shed from theSalmonellacell wall, works to protect against infection in mice by inducing host proteins (antibodies) specifically recognizing bacterial components (antigens). The rate of development of IgG antibody to antigens within GMMA occurred with different kinetics. However, the antibody response to GMMA persists and is likely to provide prolonged protection for those who need it. These results help show how antibody responses to bacterial antigens develop and how vaccines like GMMA can work and help prevent infection.
Life Cycle, Ultrastructure, and Phylogeny of New Diplonemids and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria
Authors: Tashyreva Daria , Prokopchuk Galina , Votýpka Jan , Yabuki Akinori , Horák Aleš , Lukeš Julius 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Diplonemids represent a hyperdiverse and abundant yet poorly studied group of marine protists. Here we describe two new members of the genus
Diplonema
(Diplonemea, Euglenozoa),
Diplonema japonicum
sp. nov. and
Diplonema aggregatum
sp. nov., based on life cycle, morphology, and 18S rRNA gene sequences. Along with euglenozoan apomorphies, they contain several unique features. Their life cycle is complex, consisting of a trophic stage that is, following the depletion of nutrients, transformed into a sessile stage and subsequently into a swimming stage. The latter two stages are characterized by the presence of tubular extrusomes and the emergence of a paraflagellar rod, the supportive structure of the flagellum, which is prominently lacking in the trophic stage. These two stages also differ dramatically in motility and flagellar size. Both diplonemid species host endosymbiotic bacteria that are closely related to each other and constitute a novel branch within
Holosporales
, for which a new genus, “
Candidatus
Cytomitobacter” gen. nov., has been established. Remarkably, the number of endosymbionts in the cytoplasm varies significantly, as does their localization within the cell, where they seem to penetrate the mitochondrion, a rare occurrence.

IMPORTANCE
We describe the morphology, behavior, and life cycle of two new
Diplonema
species that established a relationship with two
Holospora
-like bacteria in the first report of an endosymbiosis in diplonemids. Both endosymbionts reside in the cytoplasm and the mitochondrion, which establishes an extremely rare case. Within their life cycle, the diplonemids undergo transformation from a trophic to a sessile and eventually a highly motile swimming stage. These stages differ in several features, such as the presence or absence of tubular extrusomes and a paraflagellar rod, along with the length of the flagella. These morphological and behavioral interstage differences possibly reflect distinct functions in dispersion and invasion of the host and/or prey and may provide novel insight into the virtually unknown function of diplonemids in the oceanic ecosystem.
Impact of a national QI programme on reducing electronic health record notifications to clinicians
Authors: Shah Tina , Patel-Teague Shilpa , Kroupa Laura , Meyer Ashley N D , Singh Hardeep 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundEmerging evidence suggests electronic health record (EHR)-related information overload is a risk to patient safety. In the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), EHR-based ‘inbox’ notifications originally intended for communicating important clinical information are now cited by 70% of primary care practitioners (PCPs) to be of unmanageable volume. We evaluated the impact of a national, multicomponent, quality improvement (QI) programme to reduce low-value EHR notifications.MethodsThe programme involved three steps: (1) accessing daily PCP notification load data at all 148 facilities operated nationally by the VA; (2) standardising and restricting mandatory notification types at all facilities to a recommended list; and (3) hands-on training for all PCPs on customising and processing notifications more effectively. Designated leaders at each of VA’s 18 regional networks led programme implementation using a nationally developed toolkit. Each network supervised technical requirements and data collection, ensuring consistency. Coaching calls and emails allowed the national team to address implementation challenges and monitor effects. We analysed notification load and mandatory notifications preintervention (March 2017) and immediately postintervention (June–July 2017) to assess programme impact.ResultsMedian number of mandatory notification types at each facility decreased significantly from 15 (IQR: 13–19) to 10 (IQR: 10–11) preintervention to postintervention, respectively (P<0.001). Mean daily notifications per PCP decreased significantly from 128 (SEM=4) to 116 (SEM=4; P<0.001). Heterogeneity in implementation across sites led to differences in observed programme impact, including potentially beneficial carryover effects.ConclusionsBased on prior estimates on time to process notifications, a national QI programme potentially saved 1.5 hours per week per PCP to enable higher value work. The number of daily notifications remained high, suggesting the need for additional multifaceted interventions and protected clinical time to help manage them. Nevertheless, our project suggests feasibility of using large-scale ‘de-implementation’ interventions to reduce unintended safety or efficiency consequences of well-intended electronic communication systems.
Experimental investigations on characteristics of boundary layer and control of transition on an airfoil by AC-DBD
Authors: Geng Xi , Shi Zhiwei , Cheng Keming , Dong Hao , Zhao Qun , Chen Sinuo 
Published: March 2018

Plasma-based flow control is one of the most promising techniques for aerodynamic problems, such as delaying the boundary layer transition. The boundary layer’s characteristics induced by AC-DBD plasma actuators and applied by the actuators to delay the boundary layer transition on airfoil at Ma = 0.3 were experimentally investigated. The PIV measurement was used to study the boundary layer’s characteristics induced by the plasma actuators. The measurement plane, which was parallel to the surface of the actuators and 1 mm above the surface, was involved in the test, including the perpendicular plane. The instantaneous results showed that the induced flow field consisted of many small size unsteady vortices which were eliminated by the time average. The subsequent oil-film interferometry skin friction measurement was conducted on a NASA SC(2)-0712 airfoil at Ma = 0.3. The coefficient of skin friction demonstrates that the plasma actuators successfully delay the boundary layer transition and the efficiency is better at higher driven voltage.
Muḥammad as an Episcopal Figure
Authors: Sinai Nicolai 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Medinan stratum of the Qurʾān ascribes to Muḥammad a noticeably elevated status and a far wider range of functions than the earlier Meccan layer. Although this shift may well have responded to, and been facilitated by, historical circumstances, it is nonetheless appropriate to inquire whether specific aspects of it might be drawing on pre-Qurʾānic precedents. I argue that the Christian episcopate, arguably the most widespread type of urban religious leadership in late antiquity, yields a surprising number of close overlaps with the Medinan presentation of the function and authority of Muḥammad. In tandem with this assessment, however, the article also considers important differences between the figure of Muḥammad and that of the Christian bishop. The most important such divergence consists in the fact that the Qurʾānic Messenger, unlike a Christian bishop, does not owe his authority to ordination by an ecclesiastical hierarchy: Muḥammad does not occupy an office that imparts authority independently of the person occupying it.
Spectral sensitivities of ants – a review
Authors: Aksoy Volkan , Camlitepe Yilmaz 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAnts constitute one of the most intriguing animal groups with their advanced social lifes, different life histories and sensory modalities, one of which is vision. Chemosensation dominates all other modalities in the accomplishment of different vital tasks, but vision, varying from total blindness in some species to a relatively well-developed vision providing ants the basis for visually-guided behaviors, is also of importance. Although studies on ant vision mainly focused on recognition of and guidance by landmark cues in artificial and/or natural conditions, spectral sensitivities of their compound eyes and ocelli were also disclosed, but to a lesser extent. In this review, we have tried to present current data on the spectral sensitivities of the different ant species tested so far and the different methodological approaches. The results, as well as the similarities and/or discrepancies of the methodologies applied, were compared. General tendencies in ants’ spectral sensitivities are presented in a comparative manner and the role of opsins and ant ocelli in their spectral sensitivity is discussed in addition to the sensitivity of ants to long wavelengths. Extraocular sensitivity was also shown in some ant species. The advantages and/or disadvantages of a dichromatic and trichromatic color vision system are discussed from an ecological perspective.
Intact Dynamic Visual Capture in People With One Eye
Authors: Moro Stefania S. , Steeves Jennifer K. E. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Observing motion in one modality can influence the perceived direction of motion in a second modality (dynamic capture). For example observing a square moving in depth can influence the perception of a sound to increase in loudness. The current study investigates whether people who have lost one eye are susceptible to audiovisual dynamic capture in the depth plane similar to binocular and eye-patched viewing control participants. Partial deprivation of the visual system from the loss of one eye early in life results in changes in the remaining intact senses such as hearing. Linearly expanding or contracting discs were paired with increasing or decreasing tones and participants were asked to indicate the direction of the auditory stimulus. Magnitude of dynamic visual capture was measured in people with one eye compared to eye-patched and binocular viewing controls. People with one eye have the same susceptibility to dynamic visual capture as controls, where they perceived the direction of the auditory signal to be moving in the direction of the incongruent visual signal, despite previously showing a lack of visual dominance for audiovisual cues. This behaviour may be the result of directing attention to the visual modality, their partially deficient sense, in order to gain important information about approaching and receding stimuli which in the former case could be life-threatening. These results contribute to the growing body of research showing that people with one eye display unique accommodations with respect to audiovisual processing that are likely adaptive in each unique sensory situation.
Observations in Aid of Weather Prediction for North America: Report of Prospectus Development Team Seven
Authors: Emanuel Kerry , Kalnay Eugenia , Bishop Craig , Elsberry Russell , Gelaro Ronald , Keyser Daniel , Lord Steven , Rogers David , Shapiro Melvyn , Snyder Christopher , Velden Christopher 
Published: March 2018

One of the most significant impediments to progress in forecasting weather over North America is the relative paucity of routine observations over data-sparse regions adjacent to the United States. Prospectus Development Team Seven was convened to consider ways to promote research that seeks to determine implementations of observing systems that are optimal for weather prediction in the United States. An “optimal” measurement system is considered to be one that maximizes the ratio of societal benefit to overall cost. The thrust of the conclusions is that existing means of estimating the value of current observing systems and the potential benefits of new or proposed observing systems are underutilized. At the same time, no rational way exists for comparing the cost of observations across the spectrum of federal agencies responsible for measuring the atmosphere and ocean. The authors suggest that a rational procedure for configuring an observation system that is optimal for weather prediction would consist of the following steps.Identify specific forecast problems arising from insufficient data. Examples might include hurricane landfall and intensity forecasts, 24-h forecasts of intense extratropical cyclones affecting the West Coast and Alaska, and medium-range forecasts of severe weather for all of North America.Use contemporary modeling techniques, such as observing system simulation experiments, ensemble forecasting, and model adjoint-derived sensitivities, to delineate measurement requirements for each specific forecasting problem and identify candidate observing systems and data assimilation techniques that could be brought to bear on each problem.Estimate the incremental forecast improvements that could plausibly result from the added or reconfigured data and the societal benefits that would accrue from such improvements.Estimate the overall cost (to the nation, not to specific federal agencies) of obtaining the data by the various candidate techniques and the benefits that are projected to result.Use standard cost–benefit analysis as a basis for deciding the optimal deployment of measuring systems.
The authors believe that a rational approach to atmospheric measurement is critical to further improvements in weather prediction and that such improvements might very well be made within the current budget of routine observations, integrated across all of the responsible federal agencies. This document outlines a proposed strategy for rationalizing atmosphere observations in aid of weather prediction in the United States. The paper begins with a summary of recommendations.
Observations for Reanalyses
Authors: Brönnimann Stefan , Allan Rob , Atkinson Christopher , Buizza Roberto , Bulygina Olga , Dahlgren Per , Dee Dick , Dunn Robert , Gomes Pedro , John Viju O. , Jourdain Sylvie , Haimberger Leopold , Hersbach Hans , Kennedy John , Poli Paul , Pulliainen Jouni , Rayner Nick , Saunders Roger , Schulz Jörg , Sterin Alexander , Stickler Alexander , Titchner Holly , Valente Maria Antonia , Ventura Clara , Wilkinson Clive 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGlobal dynamical reanalyses of the atmosphere and ocean fundamentally rely on observations, not just for the assimilation (i.e., for the definition of the state of the Earth system components) but also in many other steps along the production chain. Observations are used to constrain the model boundary conditions, for the calibration or uncertainty determination of other observations, and for the evaluation of data products. This requires major efforts, including data rescue (for historical observations), data management (including metadatabases), compilation and quality control, and error estimation. The work on observations ideally occurs one cycle ahead of the generation cycle of reanalyses, allowing the reanalyses to make full use of it. In this paper we describe the activities within ERA-CLIM2, which range from surface, upper-air, and Southern Ocean data rescue to satellite data recalibration and from the generation of snow-cover products to the development of a global station data metadatabase. The project has not produced new data collections. Rather, the data generated has fed into global repositories and will serve future reanalysis projects. The continuation of this effort is first contingent upon the organization of data rescue and also upon a series of targeted research activities to address newly identified in situ and satellite records.
Strategy and Structure in a State Industrial Development Corporation
Authors: Venkataramana P , Sarma Sri Ananthanarayana 
Published: March 2018

What are the variables determining the organization structure of public sector enterprises in developing countries? Are they different from those of private sector organizations in developed and developing countries? Venkataramana and Sarma attempt to answer these questions by examining in depth the structure of the Andhra Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation (APIDC), which has been set up by the Government of Andhra Pradesh to promote industrial development in the state. The authors examine how APIDC'S structure has evolved and assess the performance of the organization against the stated objectives. They state that APIDC's structure has so evolved as to subserve the strategic interests of a dominant coalition which relies on political power in decision making.
Effect of continuous progressive resistance training during hemodialysis on body composition, physical function and quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rosa Clara Suemi da Costa , Nishimoto Danilo Yuzo , Souza Giovana Damasceno e , Ramirez Ariane Pereira , Carletti Carla Oliveira , Daibem Célio Guilherme Lombardi , Sakkas Giorgos K , Monteiro Henrique Luiz 
Published: March 2018

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous progressive resistance training on body composition, functional capacity and self-reported quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Subjects: The study included 52 hemodialysis patients (aged 55.7 ± 14.03 years) randomized into exercise (progressive resistance training (PRT), n = 28) or control (CON, n = 24) groups. Intervention: Patients randomized into the PRT group received prescribed strength exercises in two sets of 15–20 repetitions, in a repetition maximum training zone regime, thrice a week for 12 weeks, during hemodialysis. Patients randomized into the CON group received a sham-exercise with active mobilization of the arms and legs without load and progression. Main outcome measure: Body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), strength using handgrip dynamometry (HGS), repeated sit-to-stand test (STT), 6-minute walk test, flexibility and the SF-36 questionnaire (quality of life (QoL)) were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Results: Leg lean mass ( P = 0.04, effect size (ES) of 0.56), bone mineral content ( P = 0.02, ES of 0.65), leg strength in STT repetitions ( P = 0.01, ES of 0.66) and flexibility ( P < 0.01, ES of 1.03) were significantly improved in the PRT group compared to the CON group. Walking capacity, HGS and QoL were not different between the groups. Conclusion: 12 weeks of PRT with a repetition maximum training zone regime provided significant load to increase leg lean mass and STT performance as well as bone mineral content, compared to the CON, which continued to deteriorate. There was lack of efficacy on walking test, HGS and QoL.
Association of neurologist care with headache expenditures: A population-based, longitudinal analysis
Authors: Ney John P , Sico Jason J , Klein Brad C , Magliocco Brandon , Callaghan Brian C , Esper Gregory J 
Published: March 2018

Objective To assess the association of neurologist ambulatory care with healthcare utilization and expenditure in headache. Methods This was a longitudinal cohort study from two-year duration panel data, pooled from 2002–2013, of adult respondents identified with diagnostic codes for headache in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Those with a neurologist ambulatory care visit in year one of panel participation were compared with those who did not for the change in annual aggregate direct headache-related health care costs from year one to year two of panel participation, inflated to 2015 US dollars. Results were adjusted via multiple linear regression for demographic and clinical variables, utilizing survey variables for accurate estimates and standard errors. Results Eight hundred and eighty-seven respondents were included, with 23.3% (207/887) seeing a neurologist in year one. The neurologist group had higher year-one mean headache-related expenditures ($3032 vs. $1636), but nearly equal mean year-two expenditures compared to controls ($1900 vs. $1929). Adjusted association between neurologist care and difference in mean annual expenditures from year two to year one was −$1579 (95% CI −$2468, −$690, p < 0.001). Conclusion Among headache sufferers, particularly those with higher headache-related healthcare expenditures, neurologist care is associated with a significant reduction in costs over two years.