bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mysterious polyamines, the enigmatic Barr body, and lupus: comment on the article by Kim et al.
Authors: Brooks W 
Published: February 2018

“Polyamine patterns in plasma of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and fever” by Kim et al. provides insight into possible involvement of polyamines in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The authors report decreases in N1-acetylspermidine, spermidine, spermine, and N1-acetylcadaverine and increased cadaverine in SLE. Polyamine involvement in many cellular processes and their unique characteristics (high charge, length, flexibility, and ubiquity) give polyamines importance in health and disease. In this editorial, I describe a scenario, the “X chromosome-nucleolus nexus” hypothesis, in which polyamines could initially rise because of cellular stress. This rise in polyamines increases nucleolar size and activity. Polyamines are critical in the nucleolar assembly of ribonucleoprotein complexes, such as ribosomes. However, the expanding nucleolus could disrupt a neighboring inactive X chromosome (Barr body). This disruption opens additional polyamine genes that alter polyamine levels and types through wasteful synthesis and recycling of polyamines. This could include a decrease in the key polyamines spermidine and spermine, which are critical to nucleolar functioning. And this can decrease S-adenosylmethionine needed for cellular methylation leading to hypomethylation seen in SLE. As a result, the nucleolus can no longer respond properly to future stresses. With altered polyamine levels and types in the nucleolus, many RNA transcripts, proteins, and ribonucleoprotein complexes assembled in the nucleolus may be trapped in autoantigenic conformations. Many of the major autoantigens in SLE are, at least transiently, components of the nucleolus. Therefore, the observations of decreased polyamines reported by Kim et al. could be important in the formation of autoantigens.
Optimization of resources by drug management: A multicentred web-administered study on the use of ipilimumab in Italy
Authors: Damuzzo V , Russi A , Chiumente M , Masini C , Rebesco B , Gregis F , Nozza S , Pigozzo J , Chiarion-Sileni V , Palozzo AC 
Published: February 2018

Objective In a scenario of new expensive cancer therapies entering the market, strategies of optimisation and cost containment are crucial in oncology care. Better management of drug waste and centralization of drug preparation can be effective strategies to achieve these goals. The aim of this work is to describe the economic management of a high cost anticancer drug (ipilimumab) in some Italian reference centres. Methods This was an observational, multicentred study in which economical and clinical data of 21 cancer centres (418 patients) were collected during the enrollment period from February 2013 to August 2014. The follow-up period ended in July 2015. Results Participants purchased 10.7% more vials of ipilimumab than necessary for compounding. The results were variable among centres, and only five centres had a deviation lower than 5% between the drug purchased and the drug prescribed. Hospitals applying the drug day reached a statistically significant residual of drug effectively used compared to the amount prescribed (P = 0.018). Consequently, the price for treating a model patient was significantly lower in those hospitals (median spare of 7456 euro per patient). Conclusions This study demonstrated that the careful management of drug waste and the application of drug-day, through a proper selection of vial and the ability to use the leftover drug, can generate economic savings. However, tailoring the drug stock to clinical need is still an open issue which deserves further analysis.
Powerful substances in tiny amounts
Authors: Johnstad Petter Grahl 
Published: February 2018

Aims: This article presents a qualitative interview study of people who microdose with psychedelic drugs, which means that the user takes about one tenth of an ordinary recreational dose. Design: Respondents ( n = 21) were recruited at several Internet fora for individual interviews via private messaging. Every participant was male, and the median respondent was in his 30s with a stable job and relationship and extensive entheogen experience. Results: Respondents tended to experiment with microdosing in phases, reporting mostly positive consequences from this form of drug use. Reported effects included improved mood, cognition, and creativity, which often served to counteract symptoms especially from conditions of anxiety and depression. There were also reports of various challenges with psychedelic microdosing, and some did not find the practice worth continuing. Conclusion: The study obtained evidence of a group of users taking small doses of psychedelics not for the purpose of intoxication but to enhance everyday functioning. While the study’s findings are not generalisable, they may inform subsequent investigations with research questions and hypotheses.
An experimental model for hypertensive crises emergencies: Long-term high-fat diet followed by acute vasoconstriction stress on spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Liu Hong , Su Wei-Wei , Long Chao-Feng , Zhang Wei-Jian , Li Pei-Bo , Wu Zhong , Liao Yin-Yin , Zeng Xuan , Chen Tao-Bin , Zheng Yu-Ying , Yan Zeng-Hao , Bi Cong , Yao Hong-Liang 
Published: February 2018

Currently, the prevention and treatment of hypertensive crises especially when it occurs with serious adverse outcomes have led to worldwide controversy. Despite of clinical possibilities of multiple agents, clinical failures still occur frequently. Therefore, early evaluations and observations of different therapies on appropriate animals should be emphasized. In the present study, an animal model for hypertensive crises emergencies was firstly established and experimentally testified. Five-month-male spontaneously hypertensive rat was consecutively fed with 60%-Kcal fat diet for four, six, and eight weeks with body weight and blood pressure monitored every two weeks, and then followed by an acute vasoconstriction stress of 5-min ice-bath treatment in the 4-h time interval of two adrenaline injections (0.8 mg/kg). Forty-four biochemical parameters were detected, covering hepatic and renal function, blood glucose and lipid levels, myocardial enzymes and energy metabolisms, blood coagulative and anti-coagulative system, oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory cytokine, blood viscosity, and RAAS system. Six tissues including heart, brain, liver, kidney, coronary arteries, and mesenteries were removed for pathological observations with hematoxylin–eosin staining. As a result, multi-organ dysfunctions in the heart, brain, liver, kidney, vascular endothelium, and blood system were testified in the modeling rats at weeks 6 and 8. In conclusion, severe consequences of this animal model were highly similar to those in hypertensive crises emergencies, which could be further utilized in the early intervention of hypertensive crises emergencies including the possible risk factors control and efficient therapies assessment.Impact statementIn the late 90s, numerous reports predicted that 1–2% of hypertensive individuals would undergo hypertensive crises (HPC) and figures reached as high as 7% when no antihypertensive therapies were administrated. Currently, clinical failures appear frequently due to the improper or excessive medication regimen instead of the illness itself. Therefore, early evaluations and observations of HPC on appropriate animal models ahead of patients should be discussed and emphasized more widely. In the present study, an appropriate animal model for HPC emergencies was firstly established, in which the consequences of long-term high-fat diet feeding followed by an acute vasoconstriction stress on the spontaneously hypertensive rats were experimentally testified. The proposed model would have a wide application prospects in early intervention of HPC emergencies including the controls of possible risk factors and assessments of efficient therapies.
Central Tendon Injuries of Hamstring Muscles: Case Series of Operative Treatment
Authors: Lempainen Lasse , Kosola Jussi , Pruna Ricard , Puigdellivol Jordi , Sarimo Janne , Niemi Pekka , Orava Sakari 
Published: February 2018

Background: As compared with injuries involving muscle only, those involving the central hamstring tendon have a worse prognosis. Limited information is available regarding the surgical treatment of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings. Purpose: To describe the operative treatment and outcomes of central tendon injuries of the hamstrings among athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eight athletes (6 top level, 2 recreational) with central hamstring tendon injuries underwent magnetic resonance imaging and surgical treatment. The indication for surgery was recurrent (n = 6) or acute (n = 2) central hamstring tendon injury. All patients followed the same postoperative rehabilitation protocol, and return to play was monitored. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging found a central tendon injury in all 3 hamstring muscles (long head of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus) with disrupted tendon ends. In acute and recurrent central tendon injuries, full return to play was achieved at 2.5 to 4 months. There were no adverse events during follow-up. Conclusion: Central tendon injuries of the hamstrings can be successfully repaired surgically after acute and recurrent ruptures.
Analysis of airway pathology in COPD using a combination of computed tomography, micro-computed tomography and histology
Authors: Tanabe Naoya , Vasilescu Dragoş M. , Kirby Miranda , Coxson Harvey O. , Verleden Stijn E. , Vanaudenaerde Bart M. , Kinose Daisuke , Nakano Yasutaka , Paré Peter D. , Hogg James C. 
Published: February 2018

The small conducting airways are the major site of obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study examined small airway pathology using a novel combination of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT), micro-computed tomography (microCT) and histology.Airway branches visible on specimen MDCT were counted and the dimensions of the third- to fifth-generation airways were computed, while the terminal bronchioles (designated TB), preterminal bronchioles (TB-1) and pre-preterminal bronchioles (TB-2) were examined with microCT and histology in eight explanted lungs with end-stage COPD and seven unused donor lungs that served as controls.On MDCT, COPD lungs showed a decrease in the number of 2–2.5 mm diameter airways and the lumen area of fifth-generation airways, while on microCT there was a reduction in the number of terminal bronchioles as well as a decrease in the luminal areas, wall volumes and alveolar attachments to the walls of TB, TB-1 and TB-2 bronchioles. The combination of microCT and histology showed increased B-cell infiltration into the walls of TB-1 and TB-2 bronchioles, and this change was correlated with a reduced number of alveolar attachments in COPD.Small airways disease extends from 2 mm diameter airways to the terminal bronchioles in COPD. Destruction of alveolar attachments may be driven by a B-cell-mediated immune response in the preterminal bronchioles.
Low uptake of palliative care for COPD patients within primary care in the UK
Authors: Bloom Chloe I. , Slaich Bhavan , Morales Daniel R. , Smeeth Liam , Stone Patrick , Quint Jennifer K. 
Published: February 2018

Mortality and symptom burden from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are similar but there is thought to be an inequality in palliative care support (PCS) between diseases. This nationally representative study assessed PCS for COPD patients within primary care in the UK.This was a cohort study using electronic healthcare records (2004–2015). Factors associated with receiving PCS were assessed using logistic regression for the whole cohort and deceased patients.There were 92 365 eligible COPD patients, of which 26 135 died. Only 7.8% of the whole cohort and 21.4% of deceased patients received PCS. Lung cancer had a strong association with PCS compared with other patient characteristics, including Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage and Medical Research Council Dyspnoea score (whole cohort, lung cancer: OR 14.1, 95% CI 13.1–15; deceased patients, lung cancer: OR 6.5, 95% CI 6–7). Only 16.7% of deceased COPD patients without lung cancer received PCS compared with 56.5% of deceased patients with lung cancer. In patients that received PCS, lung cancer co-diagnosis significantly increased the chances of receiving PCS before the last month of life (1–6versus≤1 month pre-death: risk ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.7).Provision of PCS for COPD patients in the UK is inadequate. Lung cancer, not COPD, was the dominant driver for COPD patients to receive PCS.
Chitinase-3-like 1 is a biomarker of acute kidney injury and mortality in paediatric severe malaria
Authors: Conroy Andrea L. , Hawkes Michael T. , Elphinstone Robyn , Opoka Robert O. , Namasopo Sophie , Miller Christopher , John Chandy C. , Kain Kevin C. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background
Chitinase-3-like 1 (CHI3L1) is a glycoprotein elevated in paediatric severe malaria, and an emerging urinary biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Based on the hypothesis that elevated CHI3L1 levels in malaria are associated with disease severity, the relationship between plasma CHI3L1 levels, AKI and mortality was investigated in Ugandan children enrolled in a clinical trial evaluating inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) as an adjunctive therapy for severe malaria.

Methods
Plasma CHI3L1 levels were measured daily for 4 days in children admitted to hospital with severe malaria and at day 14 follow up. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes consensus criteria. This is a secondary analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of iNO versus placebo as an adjunctive therapy for severe malaria. Inclusion criteria were: age 1–10 years, and selected criteria for severe malaria. Exclusion criteria included suspected bacterial meningitis, known chronic illness including renal disease, haemoglobinopathy, or severe malnutrition. iNO was administered by non-rebreather mask for up to 72 h at 80 ppm.

Results
CHI3L1 was elevated in patients with AKI and remained higher over hospitalization (p < 0.0001). Admission CHI3L1 levels were elevated in children who died. By multivariable analysis logCHI3L1 levels were associated with increased risk of in-hospital death (relative risk, 95% CI 4.10, 1.32–12.75, p = 0.015) and all-cause 6 month mortality (3.21, 1.47–6.98, p = 0.003) following correction for iNO and AKI. Treatment with iNO was associated with delayed CHI3L1 recovery with a daily decline of 34% in the placebo group versus 29% in the iNO group (p = 0.012). CHI3L1 levels correlated with markers of inflammation (CRP, sTREM-1, CXCL10), endothelial activation (Ang-2, sICAM-1) and intravascular haemolysis (LDH, haem, haemopexin).

Conclusions
CHI3L1 is a novel biomarker of malaria-associated AKI and an independent risk factor for mortality that is associated with well-established pathways of severe malaria pathogenesis including inflammation, endothelial activation, and haemolysis.
Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01255215. Registered December 7th 2010
Glycans modify mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to impact on the function of resulting osteoblasts
Authors: Wilson Katherine M. , Jagger Alistair M. , Walker Matthew , Seinkmane Estere , Fox James M. , Kröger Roland , Genever Paul , Ungar Daniel 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Glycans are inherently heterogeneous, yet glycosylation is essential in eukaryotes, and glycans show characteristic cell type-dependent distributions. By using an immortalized human mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) line model, we show that both N- and O-glycan processing in the Golgi functionally modulates early steps of osteogenic differentiation. We found that inhibiting O-glycan processing in the Golgi prior to the start of osteogenesis inhibited the mineralization capacity of the formed osteoblasts 3 weeks later. In contrast, inhibition of N-glycan processing in MSCs altered differentiation to enhance the mineralization capacity of the osteoblasts. The effect of N-glycans on MSC differentiation was mediated by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway owing to reduced Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, by inhibiting PI3K during the first 2 days of osteogenesis, we were able to phenocopy the effect of inhibiting N-glycan processing. Thus, glycan processing provides another layer of regulation that can modulate the functional outcome of differentiation. Glycan processing can thereby offer a novel set of targets for many therapeutically attractive processes.
АНАЛИЗ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИИ КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНОЙ КАРТИНЫ МИРА ЖИТЕЛЕЙ СЕВЕРА РОССИИ И НОРВЕГИИ
Authors: Kobtseva Svetlana Aleksandrovna 
Published: February 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена описанию лингвокультурологического исследования концептуальной картины мира жителей северных регионов. Данное исследование основано на сравнительном анализе дискурса региональной прессы Мурманской области и Норвегии с результатами, полученными в ходе ассоциативных экспериментов в данных регионах. Целью данного исследования является сравнительно-сопоставительное изучение специфики репрезентации картины мира у носителей разных языков и культур, проживающих в условиях Арктического региона.Метод или методология проведения работы. В работе применялись следующие методы исследования: элементы контент-­анализа текстов региональных СМИ с целью выявления ключевых концептов; контекстуальный анализ текстов региональной прессы; ассоциативный эксперимент; количественная обработка материалов; сравнительный анализ и интерпретация полученных данных.Результаты. Проведенное исследование позволило выделить ключевые концепты языковой картины мира жителей севера России (Мурманская область) и Норвегии на основе анализа газетного дискурса, определить содержание и структуру одного из ключевых концептов ПОЛИТИКА и его репрезентацию в сознании представителей разных языков и культур (по материалам ассоциативных экспериментов), а также уточнить влияние общественно-политического дискурса на содержание и структуру культурных представлений у жителей Арктического региона.Область применения результатов. Материалы данного исследования могут быть востребованы и актуальны в области сравнительной культурологи, межкультурной коммуникации, а также в сфере социально-политического проектирования и прогнозирования.
КОГНИТИВНАЯ ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ИНТЕГРАТИВНЫХ ПРОЦЕССОВ (К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ВОПРОСА)
Authors: Kovrigina Galina Dmitrievna 
Published: February 2018

Цель. Проанализировать роль, значение и направления реализации когнитивной тематики в современных науках об обществе с точки зрения эвристичности данного подхода в исследованиях проблемы социальной интеграции.Метод или методология проведения работы. При подготовке статьи были использованы сопоставительный анализ и обобщение с референцией к данным как теоретических, так и практических исследований.Результаты. В современном обществознании, включающем социологию, антропологию, экономику, социальную психологию когнитивная проблематика занимает все более значительное место, что дает возможность исследовать социальные процессы на новом теоретико-методологическом уровне и в рамках действительной полидисциплинарности. Серьезным эвристическим потенциалом обладает подход, учитывающий когнитивные факторы, и для исследования процессов социальной интеграции или конъюнкции, напрямую связанным с доминирующей в массовом сознании в конкретный исторический период поведенческой «схемой».Область применения результатов. Выводы и результаты могут быть применены для теоретического обоснования и методологического оснащения дальнейших исследований различных социальных процессов, включая социальную интеграцию. Закономерным будет и использование данных результатов в образовательной практике социально-гуманитарных направлений.
Using Organic Amendments to Restore Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of a Mine Site in Northeastern Oregon, USA
Authors: Page-Dumroese Deborah S. , Ott Monica R. , Strawn Daniel G. , Tirocke Joanne M. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. New cost-effective strategies are needed to reclaim soils disturbed from mining activity on National Forests. In addition, disposal of waste wood from local timber harvest operations or biosolids from waste water treatment plants can be expensive. Therefore, using organic byproducts for soil reclamation activities on National Forests may provide an opportunity to increase soil cover and productivity, and decrease restoration costs. To test the effectiveness of these amendments for reclamation, a field study was established using organic amendments applied to gold dredgings capped with 10 cm of loam and with little regenerating vegetation within the Umatilla National Forest in northeastern Oregon. Study plots had biochar (11 Mg/ha), biosolids (17 Mg/ha), or wood chips (22 Mg/ha) applied singly or in combination. Each plot was divided in half. One half of the plot was seeded with native grasses and forb and the other half was planted with a combination of California brome ( Hook &amp; Am.) and Jepson’s blue wildrye ( Buckl.). After two growing seasons, there were no significant differences in plant cover between the planted or seeded plots. Biosolids, biosolid + biochar + wood chips, and biosolid + wood chips had greater grass and forb planted cover after two years; seeded plots on the biosolid + biochar + wood chips and biosolid + wood chip treatments had the greatest grass and forb cover. Soil properties were significantly altered by individual treatments; combination treatments improved nutrient availability and soil moisture, resulting in up to twice as much plant cover than in the control plots. Forest managers can produce biochar and wood chips from the abundant forest waste generated during harvest operations, and class “A” biosolids are available in Oregon from local municipalities. Using these three amendments in combination to restore disturbed mine soils can provide an affordable and effective strategy. Keywords: Biochar, Biosolids, Bromus carinatus, Elymus glaucus, Wood chips.