bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ratio of Non‐Darcian to Darcian Air Permeability as a Marker of Soil Pore Organization
Authors: Schjønning Per , Pulido‐Moncada Mansonia , Munkholm Lars J. , Iversen Bo V. 
Published: August 2019

Mechanical stresses from agricultural machinery affect subsoil layers, influencing pore systems and hence soil processes. The low resilience of the inflicted plastic deformation necessitates a better understanding of the impacts on soil functions and the risk of compromised soil ecosystem services. Soil samples were collected at 0.3‐, 0.5‐, 0.7‐, and 0.9‐m depths in a sandy loam subjected to repeated high wheel loads during 4 yr of slurry application at a water content close to field capacity. The 100‐cm3 soil samples were drained successively to matric potentials of –30 and –100 hPa, in which air permeability was measured via the Forchheimer approach, including estimation of apparent permeability (kapp) at four pneumatic pressure gradients. For all soil depths, the apparent permeability at 5 hPa pneumatic pressure for both control and compacted soil was significantly lower than the true Darcian permeability (kDarcy) derived from the relationship between the superficial air velocity and the pressure gradient. For high permeabilities, the ratio R (kapp/kDarcy) was generally lower than 0.3. This ratio was lower in compacted soil than in the control soil, significantly so for the 0.3‐m depth. For this depth, the decrease in R with increases in the average pore air velocity was more pronounced and a regression model explained more of the variation in data for compacted than for control soil. We consider that severe soil compaction may reduce the complexity of the subsoil pore system, closing a considerable part of the marginal pores branching from vertical (arterial) biopores.Core Ideas
Darcian air permeability is underestimated if measured at large pressure gradients.
The bias is stronger for compacted than for noncompacted subsoil.
The bias in air permeability can be used to evaluate the soil pore system.
Compaction is likely to increase the risk of preferential water flow.
Time Behavior of Anomalous Solute Transport in Three‐Dimensional Cemented Porous Media
Authors: Hou Yusong , Wu Jichun , Jiang Jianguo 
Published: August 2019

We quantitatively explore and explain the different time behavior of anomalous solute transport in three‐dimensional (3D) porous media with different cementation degrees. We find that the temporal evolution of the breakthrough curves (BTCs), spatial moments and propagators representing the time behavior of the transport varies significantly in each case with rising cementation degree. For example, the early breakthrough and long tail in the BTCs are enhanced simultaneously when the cementation degree increases, implying that the solute transport is anomalous. Correspondingly, instead of both the first and second central moments growing linearly with time as described by the traditional advection‐dispersion equation (ADE), the relationship between the second central moment M2 and time gradually transitions from an approximate linear relationship into a nonlinear relationship. This indicates that the scale effect is enhanced in the porous media with larger cementation degree. In addition, the propagator is characterized by a more remarkable and more persistent stagnant concentration peak when the cementation degree rises. Our simulations also demonstrate that the CTRW model can capture the simulated BTCs and quantitatively predict the temporal evolution of the first two moments of the solute plume. Finally, we explain the mechanism of the different time behavior of solute transport via the characteristics of the flow field.Core Ideas
Time behavior of solute transport varies radically with rising cementation degree.
CTRW model can characterize the different time behavior of solute transport.
The changing characteristics of flow field cause the different time behavior.
Augmented Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Equation for Water Adsorption on Soils
Authors: Zhang Chao , Lu Ning 
Published: August 2019

Core IdeasWe developed an augmented BET sorption isotherm equation for soils.We validated the equation through water adsorption isotherm data from a wide suite of soils.The equation can explicitly quantify soil's total SSA, particle SSA, and intra‐crystalline SSA.An augmented Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation was developed for describing water adsorption on soils, overcoming the limitation of the original BET equation for describing only isotherms of materials with a homogeneous adsorption surface. The different physicochemical mechanisms underlying water adsorption in soils are synthesized, leading to a unique adsorption sequence dictated by two distinguishable free energy levels. The higher adsorption free energy level reflects the internal (intra‐crystalline) surface adsorption, whereas the lower adsorption free energy level reflects the external (particle) surface adsorption. This adsorption energy disparity is provided by the interlamellar energy barrier of van der Waals and electrostatic attractive forces. Consequently, an augmented BET equation was formulated as a combination of the individual BET equations for the internal (intra‐crystalline) surface adsorption and external (particle) surface adsorption. The augmented BET equation demonstrates excellent performance in representing measured water adsorption isotherms of a wide suite of silty and clayey soils, validating its applicability. The augmented BET equation excellently predicts the expected dominance of the external particle surface adsorption of the non‐polar N2adsorption on clay soils, illustrating its ability in separating external and internal surface adsorption. Additionally, the specific surface area estimated by the augmented BET equation matches well the estimation by two independent methods, further confirming the validity of the augmented BET equation.
Mucilage Facilitates Nutrient Diffusion in the Drying Rhizosphere
Authors: Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Fink Theresa , Benard Pascal , Banfield Callum C. 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Our aim was to test whether mucilage promotes diffusion of nutrients in dry soil.
Mucilage favors transport of nutrients in drying soil and their uptake by plant.
Mucilage increases the soil moisture in the rhizosphere as soil dries.
Mucilage maintains the connectivity of liquid phase in the rhizosphere as soil dries.
Despite detailed investigations of its distinct biochemical properties and their effects on the availability of nutrients for plants, the biophysical aspects of the rhizosphere, particularly the effect of mucilage on the transport of water and nutrients, are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mucilage on the diffusion of nutrients and consequently their transport through the rhizosphere into the plant roots. Phosphor imaging technique determined the temporospatial distribution of 137Cs in a model rhizosphere (a sandy soil mixed with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L) mucilage. The observed profiles of activities were used to estimate the diffusion coefficient of K in soils. A diffusion–convection equation was numerically solved to predict the transport of K and its uptake by a single plant root in drying soil. The results suggest that mucilage (i) keeps the rhizosphere wet and (ii) maintains the connectivity of the liquid phase in drying soil. In these ways, mucilage moderates the drop in diffusive transport. The modeling results showed that the presence of mucilage in the rhizosphere (i) prevents depletion of nutrients in soils with a low nutrient concentration in the soil solution and (ii) delays the risk of nutrient and/or salt accumulation in the vicinity of the root in soils with a high concentration nutrient and/or salt the soil solution. In conclusion, mucilage appears to mitigate the risk of nutrient deficiency and salinity stress as it enhances the diffusive transport in drying soil. In this way, mucilage may favor the transport of nutrients within the rhizosphere and their uptake by plant roots in drying soil.
EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR DE JOVENS E ADULTOS PRIVADOS DE LIBERDADE: REALIDADE BRASILEIRA E PANORAMA LEGAL
Authors: Arbage Lucas Andres 
Published: August 2019

Este artigo tem como problema de pesquisa a ausência de políticas governamentais educativas dos apenados, as quais serviriam para a redução da desigualdade social e de renda da sociedade brasileira. O objetivo geral é conjecturar acerca da (não)atuação estatal frente a temática da educação de jovens e adultos privados de liberdade no contexto brasileiro. Os objetivos específicos são: discorrer acerca da legalidade da educação para jovens e adultos privados de liberdade, detectar os motivos pelos quais isso (não)acontece e ponderar acerca da pertinência de uma política pública voltada para esta finalidade. No desenvolvimento do artigo, constatou-se a pequena oferta de processos educativos nas instituições de privação de liberdade e a precariedade do sistema prisional brasileiro, consubstanciada pelo aumento no número geral de presidiários, pelos altos índices de reincidência no cometimento de crimes e pelas condições sub-humanas presenciadas nestas localidades. A conclusão é de que o atual contexto colabora para o aumento e perpetuação da desigualdade social, já que reflete poucas oportunidades de reintegração social do apenado. Como as instituições prisionais objetivam o oposto ao atual panorama brasileiro, apresenta-se como essencial a implementação de uma política pública estatal para instituir os referidos processos educativos, compreendendo-se a educação como direito humano, investindo em suas esferas escolares e não escolares, a fim de cumprir a lei e proporcionar uma oportunidade aos jovens e adultos privados de liberdade. A metodologia empregada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, composta pela análise de documentos oficiais, do ordenamento jurídico e doutrina.
Numerical investigation on bottom shear stress induced by flushing gate for sewer cleaning
Authors: Yang Haoming , Zhu David Z. , Zhang Yiping , Zhou Yongchao 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
One of the most common strategies for sewer cleaning is to generate flushing flows using flushing gates to store water in the upstream sewer pipe. Therefore it is important to obtain the flow information on the flushing waves and their eroding effects. In this study, the flow characteristics of the flushing wave and the flushing effect were investigated by a transient flow calculation using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The values of bottom shear stress were obtained and the effect of several factors are discussed. The water depth and the slope were related to the release rate of the storage volume, while the flushing volume determined the flushing distance at long sewer distances. The initial downstream water level was found to dramatically reduce the flushing effect. Equations based on the storage depth were developed to estimate the flushing effect, and suggestions for the installation and operation of flushing gates are provided.
Computational and Pharmacogenomic Insights on Hypertension Treatment: Rational Drug Design and Optimization Strategies
Authors: Loganathan Lakshmanan , Gopinath Krishnasamy , Sankaranarayanan Vadivel Murugan , Kukreti Ritushree , Rajendran Kannan , Lee Jung-Kul , Muthusamy Karthikeyan 
Published: August 2019

Background::
Hypertension is a prevalent cardiovascular complication caused by genetic
and nongenetic factors. Blood pressure (BP) management is difficult because most patients become
resistant to monotherapy soon after treatment initiation. Although many antihypertensive drugs are
available, some patients do not respond to multiple drugs. Identification of personalized antihypertensive
treatments is a key for better BP management.

Objective::
This review aimed to elucidate aspects of rational drug design and other methods to develop
better hypertension management.

Results::
Among hypertension-related signaling mechanisms, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
is the leading genetic target for hypertension treatment. Identifying a single drug that acts on multiple
targets is an emerging strategy for hypertension treatment, and could be achieved by discovering new
drug targets with less mutated and highly conserved regions. Extending pharmacogenomics research
to include patients with hypertension receiving multiple antihypertensive drugs could help identify the
genetic markers of hypertension. However, available evidence on the role of pharmacogenomics in
hypertension is limited and primarily focused on candidate genes. Studies on hypertension pharmacogenomics
aim to identify the genetic causes of response variations to antihypertensive drugs. Genetic
association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms affecting drug responses. To understand
how genetic traits alter drug responses, computational screening of mutagenesis can be utilized
to observe drug response variations at the protein level, which can help identify new inhibitors
and drug targets to manage hypertension.

Conclusions::
Rational drug design facilitates the discovery and design of potent inhibitors. However,
further research and clinical validation are required before novel inhibitors can be clinically used as
antihypertensive therapies.
Separation and Determination of the Enantiomeric Levamisole and Dexamisole in Equine Plasma Samples Using Chiral Polysaccharide Column/ LC-MS/MS
Authors: Karakka Kal Abdul Khader , Karatt Tajudheen K. , Philip Moses , Meissir Samir , Nalakath Jahfar 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Drug Enforcement Administration confirmed that many manufacturers began
adding tetramisole or its individual isomers to cocaine as an adulterant, and believed that
tetramisole may augment cocaine’s effects. In recent times, there is an increasing trend in the usage
of tetramisole and its individual enantiomer in race sports especially in horse and camel races. So it’s
is very much required to confirm the stereochemistry of this illicit drug in the routine race day samples
coming to the anti-doping labs in order to avoid legal arguments and challenges to the analytical
findings.

Methods:
The aim of the study was to develop a simple, rapid and accurate method for the chiral
separation and determination of enantiomeric mixtures of levamisole and dexamisole using Thermo
Q-Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer. In order to evaluate the suitability of the method for
determining the enantiomeric purity of tetramisole, validation studies were also carried out by using
equine plasma.

Results:
The enantio-separation was achieved using the Lux i-cellulose-5 column. Isocratic flow was
used with a 1:1 mixture of mobile phase A (10 mM ammonium acetate in water) and mobile phase B
(acetonitrile), at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. The run time was 8.0 min, and the column temperature
was 50°C. Dexamisole eluted at 5.94 min, and levamisole eluted at 6.62 min, giving the R-value of
1.50. The obtained inter-day precisions of dexamisole, levamisole were 3.16% and 2.85%, respectively.
The accuracy of dexamisole was in the range of 97.78 to 102.44%, and that for levamisole
was 99.16 to 102.82%. The limit of quantification value for both isomers in this method was 0.1 ng/
mL. The method was linear in the range of 0 to 50 ng/mL.

Conclusion:
Chromatographic separation was achieved using the polysaccharide cellulose chiral
column, and the reverse-phase separation approach was found to have the highest potential for successful
chiral resolution in LC-MS. Linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limit, recovery, and the
matrix effect in equine plasma were determined. Under the optimized conditions, the validated method
can be applied for the identification and detection of the tetramisole enantiomers in different
sources of illicit drugs of abuse.
Maternal Awareness of Adolescent Bullying Victimization in a Low-Income Context
Authors: Vieira Marlene A. , Handegård Bjørn H. , Rønning John A. , Duarte Cristine S. , Mari Jair J. , Bordin Isabel A. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Adolescents and parents often disagree about the perception of bullying
victimization since adults tend to underestimate its occurrence.

Objective:
This study identifies factors that can influence maternal perception of bullying
victimization experienced by her son/daughter in the past 12 months.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study involved a representative sample of in-school adolescents
(n=669, 11-15-years) living in Itaboraí city, Brazil (mean age±SE: 13.01±0.07 years;
51.7% females). A 3-stage probabilistic sampling procedure (random selection of census
units, eligible households and target child) generated sampling weights. Trained lay interviewers
individually applied semi-structured questionnaires to mothers and adolescents in
the households. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined factors potentially influencing
maternal perception of bullying victimization experienced by her son/daughter: adolescent
gender and age, adolescent self-perceived bullying victimization, exposure to severe
physical punishment by parents, internalizing/externalizing behaviour problems identified by
the Youth Self-Report/YSR, maternal education and maternal anxiety/depression identified
by the 20-item Self-Reporting Questionnaire/SRQ-20.

Results:
Univariable logistic regression analysis identified a strong association between adolescent
self-perceived bullying victimization and maternal perception of bullying victimization
experienced by her son/daughter. Multivariable models showed that adolescent perception
influenced maternal perception when adolescents had no clinical internalizing behaviour
problems and when mothers had higher education.

Conclusion:
Anxious/depressive adolescents may hide victimization incidents, while those
with no problems probably reveal these incidents to the mother. Considering that maternal
low education is an indicator of low socioeconomic status, which is associated with multiple
stressors, less educated mothers may be more likely to interpret these incidents as a common
part of growing-up.
Granzyme B and miR-378a Interaction in Acetaminophen Toxicity in Children
Authors: McCullough Sandra , Dweep Harsh , McGill Mitchell R. , Bhattacharyya Sudeepa , James Laura , Frankowski Sara , Woodall Aaron , Kearns Gregory , Gill Pritmohinder 
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim:
Hepatic phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes CYP2E1, CYP1A2
and CYP3A4 catalyze the biotransformation of Acetaminophen (APAP) and are important in the
mediation of toxicity. The potential role of other hepatic and non-hepatic Phase I enzymes in APAP
toxicity has not been established.

Methods:
PCR array containing 84 genes involved in phase I drug metabolism was examined in subgroups
of hospitalized children for APAP overdose, categorized as no toxicity (ALT ≤ 45 IU/L, n=5)
and moderate toxicity (ALT ≥ 500 IU/L, n=5).

Results:
Significant downregulation was observed for ALDH6A1, CYP4F12 and GZMB in the no
toxicity subgroup and ALDH1A1, CYP27A1 and GZMB in the moderate toxicity subgroup. qRTPCR
confirmed significant downregulation for ALDH1A1, CYP4F12, and GZMB. In-silico analysis
identified GZMB 3’UTR to be a target of miR-378a-5p. Overexpression of miR-378a-5p reduced the
luciferase activity of GZMB 3’UTR reporter plasmid reportedly by 50%. NK-92 cells transfected
with the miR-378a-5p mimic extended the effect of APAP on GZMB protein expression compared to
mimic controls. In addition, miR-378a-5p was significantly upregulated in blood samples of children
with APAP overdose undergoing NAC treatment.

Conclusion:
Overall, our study suggests the presence of a novel signaling pathway, whereby miR-
378a-5p inhibits GZMB expression in children with APAP overdose.
A Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Internet-Delivered Intervention for Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Salamanca-Sanabria Alicia , Richards Derek , Timulak Ladislav , Connell Sarah , Mojica Perilla Monica , Parra-Villa Yamilena , Castro-Camacho Leonidas 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundInternet-delivered treatments for depressive symptoms have proved to be successful in high-income Western countries. There may be potential for implementing such treatments in low- and middle-income countries such as Colombia, where access to mental health services is limited.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a culturally adapted cognitive behavioral internet-delivered treatment for college students with depressive symptoms in Colombia.MethodsThis was a randomized controlled trial with a 3-month follow-up. The program comprised seven modules. A total of 214 Colombian college students were recruited. They were assessed and randomly assigned to either the treatment group (n=107) or a waiting list (WL) control group (n=107). Participants received weekly support from a trained supporter. The primary outcome was symptoms of depression, as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire - 9, and the secondary outcomes were anxiety symptoms assessed by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire - 7. Other measures, including satisfaction with treatment, were evaluated after 7 weeks.ResultsResearch attrition and treatment dropouts were high in this study. On average, 7.6 sessions were completed per user. The mean time spent on the program was 3 hours and 18 min. The linear mixed model (LMM) showed significant effects after treatment (t197.54=−5.189; P<.001) for the treatment group, and these effects were maintained at the 3-month follow-up (t39.62=4.668; P<.001). Within-group results for the treatment group yielded a large effect size post treatment (d=1.44; P<.001), and this was maintained at the 3-month follow-up (d=1.81; P<.001). In addition, the LMM showed significant differences between the groups (t197.54=−5.189; P<.001). The results showed a large effect size between the groups (d=0.91; P<.001). In the treatment group, 76.0% (16/107) achieved a reliable change, compared with 32.0% (17/107) in the WL control group. The difference between groups was statistically significant (X22=10.5; P=.001).ConclusionsThis study was the first contribution to investigating the potential impact of a culturally adapted internet-delivered treatment on depressive symptoms for college students as compared with a WL control group in South America. Future research should focus on identifying variables associated both with premature dropout and treatment withdrawal at follow-up.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03062215; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03062215