bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quand la puissance se disperse : les relations entre le Sahara-Sahel et le Maghreb depuis la chute du colonel Kadhafi (2011-2018)
Authors: Poupart Pauline 
Published: August 2019

Cet article suit, dans une perspective chronologique, les évolutions des relations entre le Maghreb (Algérie et Libye) et le Sahara-Sahel (Mali, Niger) depuis la chute de Kadhafi en 2011. Il s’intéresse à la fois aux pratiques contestataires des acteurs saharo-sahéliens et aux réponses diplomatiques qui y sont apportées en se concentrant sur la diplomatie algérienne. Si celle-ci a été pensée comme capable de combler le vide politique laissé par la Libye, l’Algérie tente aujourd’hui de combiner mesures sécuritaires et engagement dans la médiation politique, ce qui crée, dans un contexte diplomatique internationalisé, une tension permanente entre le recours aux méthodes de gestion passées des relations avec le Sahara-Sahel et leur nécessaire adaptation.
Understanding the Nature, Contributing Factors, and Corrective Actions of Medication Administration Errors: Insights from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bashaireh Akram M. , Jaran Mohammad S. , Alobari Rania I. , Al-khani Salma M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Medication errors continue to be a global patient safety concern as they are associated with a negative impact on morbidity and mortality and health-care costs. Research in Middle Eastern countries has been limited and focused on reporting on the incidence, type, and contributing factors with limited knowledge on the preventability and severity of medication errors and the corrective action taken from the reported medication errors. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study design was used with selected clinical units in one hospital in the Middle East to gain insight into the incidence, type, location, level of severity, and causes of medication administration errors (MAEs) and the corrective actions taken. Data collected between February 17, 2014 and August 30, 2015, in the organization's reporting system were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The most frequent types of MAEs reported were delayed administration (23%) and wrong dose (15%), occurring in the clinical units (65%), ambulatory settings (18%), the pediatric children cancer center (11%), and the surgery division (3%). The majority of MAEs were rated as no harm (184 errors, 69%) followed by temporary harm (80 errors, 30%), with two incidents with pediatric patients resulting in permanent functional harm and one incident with a pediatric patient resulting in death. The majority of factors contributing to the MAEs involved staff factors including failure to follow policies and procedures (86%) followed by inadequate communication (17%). The most common corrective action was no action (30%) followed by counseling the staff involved in the MAE (29%), sharing at a unit or departmental meeting (25%), and training and educating the staff (15%) as a result of the error. Conclusion: Our study results delineated the nature, contributing factors, and corrective actions taken associated with reported MAEs. Future research is required to examine and explore the nature of MAEs, contributing factors, corrective actions taken, and exploration and examination of the impact of efforts to enhance MAE reporting and learning systems in hospitals.
2019/15 Uniform minimum body height standards in the police service do not constitute indirect gender discrimination on grounds of sex (DE)
Authors: Schreiner Paul , Stephan Nina 
Published: August 2019

2019/15 Uniform minimum body height standards in the police service do not constitute indirect gender discrimination on grounds of sex (DE)
The Higher Administrative Court of Münster (Oberverwaltungsgericht, the ‘OVG’) has held that a minimum body height of 163 cm for applicants to the police service, irrespective of gender, is lawful. At least, this shall apply if the determination of a minimum body height standard is a suitability criterion for access to the police service. Minimum standards solely serve the purpose of ensuring fitness for service and result from a comprehensive investigation. The investigation in this case established that suitability for the police service can only be guaranteed from a height of 163 cm upwards.
Edward Trojanowski: The Search for Style in Early 20th-century Furniture Design in Poland
Authors: Wójcik Agata 
Published: August 2019

Three sources of inspiration are discernible in early 20th-century Polish furniture design and especially in the output of artist-designers associated with the Polish Applied Art Association (TPSS), namely, folk art, the historical styles, and the modernistic/geometrical current. Edward Trojanowski’s oeuvre in that area combines all these three tendencies and embodies the evolution of a Polish approach to designing furniture; hence it may serve to illustrate the history of Polish furniture design in the early 20th century. Although initially Trojanowski turned to folk art, he did not passively copy its decorative motifs. His study of folk craft persuaded him to simplify the forms of pieces of furniture and to experiment with the use of colour in furniture design and interior decoration. Later, his search for a national style encouraged him to seek inspiration in Biedermeier furniture design, which added elegance to his designs, as evident in the proportions of the pieces of furniture and in the use of decorative veneers or sophisticated geometric ornaments. In this manner Trojanowski, while following his own artistic path, developed forms of furniture that effortlessly bear comparison with the avant-garde designs of the Modernist geometric current, as proposed by the Wiener Werkstätte and the Werkbund, which heralded the arrival of Art Déco.
Comprehensive classification of the plant non-specific lipid transfer protein superfamily towards its sequence–structure–function analysis
Authors: Fleury Cécile , Gracy Jérôme , Gautier Marie-Françoise , Pons Jean-Luc , Dufayard Jean-François , Labesse Gilles , Ruiz Manuel , de Lamotte Frédéric 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundNon-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins (nsLTPs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and constitute a superfamily of related proteins. Several hundreds of different nsLTP sequences—and counting—have been characterized so far, but their biological functions remain unclear. It has been clear for years that they present a certain interest for agronomic and nutritional issues. Deciphering their functions means collecting and analyzing a variety of data from gene sequence to protein structure, from cellular localization to the physiological role. As a huge and growing number of new protein sequences are available nowadays, extracting meaningful knowledge from sequence–structure–function relationships calls for the development of new tools and approaches. As nsLTPs show high evolutionary divergence, but a conserved common right handed superhelix structural fold, and as they are involved in a large number of key roles in plant development and defense, they are a stimulating case study for validating such an approach.MethodsIn this study, we comprehensively investigated 797 nsLTP protein sequences, including a phylogenetic analysis on canonical protein sequences, three-dimensional structure modeling and functional annotation using several well-established bioinformatics programs. Additionally, two integrative methodologies using original tools were developed. The first was a new method for the detection of (i) conserved amino acid residues involved in structure stabilization and (ii) residues potentially involved in ligand interaction. The second was a structure–function classification based on the evolutionary trace display method using a new tree visualization interface. We also present a new tool for visualizing phylogenetic trees.ResultsFollowing this new protocol, an updated classification of the nsLTP superfamily was established and a new functional hypothesis for key residues is suggested. Lastly, this work allows a better representation of the diversity of plant nsLTPs in terms of sequence, structure and function.
Perceived Effect of Dry Season Farming on Household Food Security in Goronyo Local Government Area of Sokoto State
Authors: Yakubu D. H. , Nwolisa N. , Kehinde E. A. , Muhammad M. B. , Shuaibu H. , Usman T. 
Published: August 2019

Some farm households engage in dry season farming to reduce the problem of food deficit due to low access to food and low income from agriculture. Coping strategy and daily calorie intake of farm households used to determine the level of food security is often subject to bias, thus determining the farmers’ perceived level of food security becomes imperative. This study was therefore conducted with main objective of assessing the perceived effects of dry season farming on household food security in Goronyo Local Government Area (LGA) of Sokoto State. A sample of 100 farmers was used. Data were obtained with the use of an interview schedule. Descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (Chi-square analysis) statistics were used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the entire farmers were male; majority of whom were in their economically active age group of less than 50 years, married (73.0%), with no formal education (83.0%). Farming was their major occupation (94.0%), to which they devoted 1-5 hectares (91.0%) of their personal land (69.0%) for dry season farming. They cultivated mainly rice (76.0%) during the season and perceived that they were food secured (85.0%). They reported that dry season farming improved their standard of living (= 4.26), served as a source of income (= 3.84) and lowered their food insecurity level (= 3.65), among others. Result of the Chi-square analysis indicated that a significant relationship between educational attainment of the farmers and their perceived level of food security (x2 = 0.003 < P value = 47.69). It was concluded that dry season farmers in Goronyo LGA of Sokoto State believed that dry season farming had a positive effect on their household food security.
The Queen of Problems in Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Meirmans Stephanie , Meirmans Patrick G 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSexual reproduction is widespread amongst higher eukaryotes. But why are there not many more organisms reproducing asexually? After all, an asexual organism avoids making males, can thus in theory reproduce more efficiently, and one asexual mutant should quickly lead to the extinction of a sexual source population. Owing to such arguments, understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction has in 1982 been called ‘the queen of problems in evolutionary biology’. In the last four decades, we have gained tremendous insights into this issue: perhaps most importantly, we understand more clearly that the powerful arguments against sex are not fully realised in all species. There are also recent insights into understanding the maintenance of sex in species where the problem is (partially) realised. Experimental evolution studies show that outcrossing can speed up the response to selection, while studies on natural populations emphasise the importance of niche differentiation and parasites.Key ConceptsSexual organisms dominate amongst higher eukaryotes.Sexuals should in theory suffer from severe costs of sex, such as the cost of males.All else equal, sexual populations should quickly go extinct due to these costs of sex.On the genetic level, sexuality leads to fixed combinations of alleles across loci – also known as linkage disequilibrium (LD) – whereas sexual reproduction tends to break down these combinations to make sure that all combinations are possible, causing the population to be in a state of linkage equilibrium.Since the breakdown of linkage disequilibrium is the most striking genetic effect of sexual reproduction, this has been the focus of most of the proposed benefits for sex.In many species, the costs of sex might not be realised; the exact costs are affected by species‐specific constraints on the evolution of asexuality as well as ecological differentiation between sexuals and asexuals and life‐history traits.
Pinning synchronization of fractional‐order complex networks with adaptive coupling weights
Authors: Ding Xiaoshuai , Cao Jinde , Alsaadi Fuad E. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis work studies the issue of synchronization control for a type of fractional‐order complex networks, in which the adaptive coupling matrix is considered under the directed topology structure. A pinning control strategy, with the free selection of pinning nodes, is adopted for the synchronization goal. Then, by absorbing the information of eigenvectors and adaptive laws for the coupling matrix, a new Lyapunov function is constructed, by which, and with the assistance of Gronwall inequality and network features, the sufficient condition for Mittag‐Leffler synchronization of the fractional‐order network is established. Accordingly, an easy verifiable algebraic criterion is further derived by means of some matrix inequalities. Besides, we also discuss the effect of outer coupling strength on the achievement of network synchronization. Finally, a numerical experiment is performed to show the evidence of the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed results.
A Game Changer: Functional Nano/Micromaterials for Smart Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Ryu Jaegeon , Song Woo‐Jin , Lee Sangyeop , Choi Sungho , Park Soojin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe imperative to electrify the transport sector in the past few decades has put millions of electric vehicles on the road worldwide with an extended mile range from critical technological breakthroughs in developing the rechargeable energy storage systems, which also covers electronic devices and smart grid applications. However, the available energy density of prevailing systems in the market (i.e., batteries) is reaching its boundaries due to the limited choice of electrochemical reactions that necessarily depend on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the components (e.g., cathode, anode, electrolyte, separator, and current collectors). Reaching the high energy density of batteries exploits new redox chemistry such as sensitive metal anodes, insulating and highly dissolving sulfur cathodes, etc., thus requiring novel designs of various multiscale functional materials to address the corresponding issues. Here, the recent achievements on the designs of smart functional materials for emerging problems in the whole range of systems are discussed: i) interfacial control/kinetic regulation of Li–S battery; ii) self‐healing‐driven structural stability in the electrode and electrolyte; iii) ion‐sieving functional membranes for selective scavenging capability; and iv) functional materials to ensure battery safety.
Nonspherical Nanoparticle Shape Stability Is Affected by Complex Manufacturing Aspects: Its Implications for Drug Delivery and Targeting
Authors: Haryadi Bernard Manuel , Hafner Daniel , Amin Ihsan , Schubel Rene , Jordan Rainer , Winter Gerhard , Engert Julia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe shape of nanoparticles is known recently as an important design parameter influencing considerably the fate of nanoparticles with and in biological systems. Several manufacturing techniques to generate nonspherical nanoparticles as well as studies on in vitro and in vivo effects thereof have been described. However, nonspherical nanoparticle shape stability in physiological‐related conditions and the impact of formulation parameters on nonspherical nanoparticle resistance still need to be investigated. To address these issues, different nanoparticle fabrication methods using biodegradable polymers are explored to produce nonspherical nanoparticles via the prevailing film‐stretching method. In addition, systematic comparisons to other nanoparticle systems prepared by different manufacturing techniques and less biodegradable materials (but still commonly utilized for drug delivery and targeting) are conducted. The study evinces that the strong interplay from multiple nanoparticle properties (i.e., internal structure, Young's modulus, surface roughness, liquefaction temperature [glass transition (Tg) or melting (Tm)], porosity, and surface hydrophobicity) is present. It is not possible to predict the nonsphericity longevity by merely one or two factor(s). The most influential features in preserving the nonsphericity of nanoparticles are existence of internal structure and low surface hydrophobicity (i.e., surface‐free energy (SFE) > ≈55 mN m−1, material–water interfacial tension <6 mN m−1), especially if the nanoparticles are soft (<1 GPa), rough (Rrms> 10 nm), porous (>1 m2g−1), and in possession of low bulk liquefaction temperature (<100 °C). Interestingly, low surface hydrophobicity of nanoparticles can be obtained indirectly by the significant presence of residual stabilizers. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that nonsphericity of particle systems is highly dependent on surface chemistry but cannot be appraised separately from other factors. These results and reviews allot valuable guidelines for the design and manufacturing of nonspherical nanoparticles having adequate shape stability, thereby appropriate with their usage purposes. Furthermore, they can assist in understanding and explaining the possible mechanisms of nonspherical nanoparticles effectivity loss and distinctive material behavior at the nanoscale.
16.67% Rigid and 14.06% Flexible Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Ternary Heterojunction Strategy
Authors: Yan Tingting , Song Wei , Huang Jiaming , Peng Ruixiang , Huang Like , Ge Ziyi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTernary heterojunction strategies appear to be an efficient approach to improve the efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) through harvesting more sunlight. Ternary OSCs are fabricated by employing wide bandgap polymer donor (PM6), narrow bandgap nonfullerene acceptor (Y6), and PC71BM as the third component to tune the light absorption and morphologies of the blend films. A record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.67% (certified as 16.0%) on rigid substrate is achieved in an optimized PM6:Y6:PC71BM blend ratio of 1:1:0.2. The introduction of PC71BM endows the blend with enhanced absorption in the range of 300–500 nm and optimises interpenetrating morphologies to promote photogenerated charge dissociation and extraction. More importantly, a PCE of 14.06% for flexible ITO‐free ternary OSCs is obtained based on this ternary heterojunction system, which is the highest PCE reported for flexible state‐of‐the‐art OSCs. A very promising ternary heterojunction strategy to develop highly efficient rigid and flexible OSCs is presented.
A Transparent Photonic Artificial Visual Cortex
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Som Tapobrata , Kim Joondong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMimicking brain‐like functionality with an electronic device is an essential step toward the design of future technologies including artificial visual and memory applications. Here, a proof‐of‐concept all‐oxide‐based (NiO/TiO2) highly transparent (54%) heterostructure is proposed and demonstrated, which mimics the primitive functions of the visual cortex. Specifically, orientation selectivity and spatiotemporal processing similar to that of the visual cortex are demonstrated using direct optical stimuli under the self‐biased condition due to photovoltaic effect, illustrating an energy‐efficient approach for neuromorphic computing. The photocurrent of the device can be modulated from zero to 80 µA by simply rotating the slit by 90°. The device shows fast rise and fall times of 3 and 6 ms, respectively. Based on Kelvin probe force measurements, the observed results are attributed to a lateral photovoltaic effect. This highly transparent, self‐biased, photonic triggered device paves the way for the advancement of energy‐efficient neuromorphic computation.
Gold‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted Allenes from Benzaldehydes and Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Lustosa Danilo M. , Clemens Simon , Rudolph Matthias , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new and facile one‐pot synthesis of 1,3‐disubstituted allenes, using cheap and readily available terminal alkynes, benzaldehyde derivatives and morpholine, was developed. A small library of 20 allenes demonstrates a broad applicability, with yields up to 86%. Isotopic‐labelling and cross‐over experiments strongly indicate that our reaction proceeds via a two‐step A3‐coupling followed by a 1,5‐hydrogen shift process.magnified image
Amorphous Molybdenum Selenide Nanosheet as an Efficient Trap for the Permanent Sequestration of Vapor‐Phase Elemental Mercury
Authors: Yang Zequn , Li Hailong , Yang Junwei , Yang Qin , Zhao Jiexia , Yang Jianping , Qu Wenqi , Feng Yong , Shih Kaimin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe key challenge of vapor‐phase elemental mercury (Hg0) sequestration is the rational design of a sorbent with abundantly available ligands that exhibit excellent affinity toward Hg0 to simultaneously achieve a high uptake capacity and rapid capture rate. In this work, it is demonstrated how the correct combination of functional ligands and structural properties can form an ideal remediator for permanent Hg0 immobilization. The adsorption capacity of an amorphous molybdenum triselenide (MoSe3) nanosheet greater than 1000 mg g−1 is the highest recorded value compared to previously reported sorbents tested in a fixed‐bed reactor. Meanwhile, the uptake rate of 240 µg g−1 min−1 is also the highest recorded rate value. Mercury selenide as formed exhibits extremely low leachability when environmentally exposed. This impressive performance is primarily attributed to the appropriate layer space between the nanosheets that permeated Hg0 and the existence of diselenide (Se22−) ligands that exhibit excellent affinity toward Hg0. Thus, this work not only provides a promising trap for permanent Hg0 sequestration from industrial and domestic sources with minimum hazard but also provides a detailed illustration of using structural advantages to obtain an ideal sorbent as well as guidance for the further development of Hg0 decontamination techniques.
Tuning Effective Spin Hall Angles via Oxygen Vacancies in Multiferroic BiFeO3‐Based Heterostructures
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Miao Jun , Liu Qi , Xu Zedong , Ren Zengyao , Meng Kangkang , Wu Yong , Chen Jikun , Xu Xiaoguang , Jiang Yong 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecently, magnetization switching driven by spin–orbit torque (SOT) has been intensely studied. However, it is still a challenge to effectively control the spin Hall angle (SHA) and critical current density for SOT switching. With the help of multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films, a method to adjust SHA and the switching current is proposed. The BFO‐based heterostructures with opposite spontaneous polarization fields show huge changes in both perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and SOT‐induced magnetization switching. The variation of the effective SHAs for the heterostructures with opposite polarizations is estimated to be 272%, which can be attributed to the distribution of oxygen vacancies inside the BFO films. The possible applications of these structures in memory and reconfigurable logic devices are also demonstrated.