bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of using two natural enemies of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) toward tomato yield enhancement
Authors: Mirhosseini M.A. , Fathipour Y. , Soufbaf M. , Reddy G.V.P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTomato leaf miner (TLM),Tuta absoluta(Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most destructive tomato pests worldwide. We tested quantity and quality of tomato fruits after simultaneous use of two biological control agents, the predatory mirid bugNesidiocoris tenuis(Reuter) and the egg parasitoidTrichogramma brassicaeBezdenko against TLM. We varied the timing of predator releases (before or after pest establishment) and the number of parasitoids released (ten or 30 females per week per m2). The highest number of fruits per cage, percentage of undamaged fruits, total yield weight, and undamaged yield weight were all obtained with predator-in-first treatments, with or without parasitoid releases. Furthermore, measures of fruit quality were also highest in predator-in-first treatments, including, highest percentage of water, greatest proportional fresh weight of carbohydrates, most lycopene, most β-carotene, most flavonoids, and highest total chlorophyll. Thus, our findings support a predator-in-first augmentation approach for management of TLM.
The Landscape of Comparative Politics: Which Regions and Countries Have Had High Profiles in Comparative Politics Journals?
Authors: Song Yoonjin 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThis article uses descriptive statistics and social-network analysis to examine which regions and countries were selected in studies comparing-two countries that have been published in America’s renowned academic journals in comparative politics (CP): Comparative Political Studies and Journal of Comparative Politics. Which regions and countries are favored (and disfavored) by these studies? Analysis shows that the US-based CP journals strongly favor research on the countries of Western Europe and North America. There may be several explanations for this, but the uneven distribution of research publications with respect to continents and countries may be a source of several biases that should be of concern in the CP field.
Academic Censorship in China: The Case of The China Quarterly
Authors: Wong Mathew Y. H. , Kwong Ying-ho 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThe recent censorship requests made by Chinese authorities to Western academic publishers have sent shockwaves throughout the academic world. This article examines the high-profile The China Quarterly incident as a case in point. Because the censorship is expected to be followed by similar demands to other publications, it is important for the academic community to explore the logic behind it. This research article provides a preliminary analysis of publications on the censorship list and compares them to uncensored articles on similar themes. This exercise allows us to draw important insights. Theoretically, this article makes an original contribution by going beyond the censorship within to outside China. Empirically, it offers a comprehensive analysis of what China wants to censor and the context for its actions.
Low knowledge of osteoporosis and its risk factors in urban Indian adults from Pune city, India
Authors: Kadam Nidhi , Chiplonkar Shashi , Khadilkar Anuradha , Khadilkar Vaman 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess knowledge of osteoporosis and its risk factors and to explore associations between knowledge and various sociodemographic factors in Indian adults.DesignCross-sectional study. The Revised Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT) was used to assess knowledge of osteoporosis. Four scores (OKT-total, range 0–32; OKT-exercise, range 0–20; OKT-nutrition, range 0–26; OKT-risk factors, range 0–14) were generated by giving 1 point to every correct answer and 0 points for incorrect or ‘not known’ answers.SettingTertiary-care hospital in Pune city, India.ParticipantsAdults aged 40–75 years (n477; 234 males) enrolled through voluntary routine health checks and health camps.ResultsMean age of the study population was 54·6 (sd9·5) years. Half the participants were aware of osteoporosis and could correctly define it. Women showed significantly higher median OKT-total and OKT-nutrition scores than men (P&lt;0·05). Those with higher education and higher socio-economic status had significantly higher scores in both men and women (P&lt;0·05). All four scores were significantly higher in both men and women who could correctly define osteoporosis (P&lt;0·05). All four scores were significantly higher in women with a family history of osteoporosis (P&lt;0·05) but not in men (P&gt;0·1).ConclusionsUnderstanding about osteoporosis and its risk factors is low in the present cohort of Indian men and women. There is need to create awareness programmes aimed at both men and women especially targeting those with lower education, lower socio-economic status and no previous exposure to osteoporosis.
Reproducibility of San Andreas Fault Slip Rate Measurements at Wallace Creek in the Carrizo Plain, CA
Authors: Grant Ludwig Lisa , Akciz Sinan O. , Arrowsmith J Ramon , Salisbury J. Barrett 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReproducibility of results from scientific studies is rarely demonstrated outside the laboratory. Measurements of fault slip rate underpin scientific models of active faulting and seismic hazard assessments widely used for policymaking and risk mitigation. We replicated a highly referenced study that measured the slip rate as 33.9 ± 2.9 mm/year along the San Andreas fault over the past ~3,700 years at Wallace Creek in the Carrizo Plain National Monument, USA. Our results provide a slip rate of slip 36 ± 1 mm/year since ~3,500 CalBP. We find that the late Holocene slip rate of the San Andreas fault, a key indicator of seismic hazard, is reproducible within measurement uncertainty. Geologic slip rate determinations are relatively insensitive to short‐term fluctuations and thus should be reproducible if the time interval of measurement is much greater than the average rupture interval.
Multiscale Direct Envelope Inversion: Algorithm and Methodology for Application to the Salt Structure Inversion
Authors: Chen G. X. , Wu R. S. , Chen S. C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFor the full‐waveform inversion, obtaining a globally optimal solution is difficult when the seismic data do not contain sufficient low‐frequency information and the inversion object is a salt structure with a large‐scale salt dome. The large salt dome presents difficulty for the inversion of the salt structure; however, it also confers a convenience that can be utilized: A large salt dome makes the events in the seismic record sparse and isolated. We use the envelope to obtain the arrival time of the events in the seismic data and apply multiscale strategies to extract the low‐frequency information of the seismic data that relates to the long‐wavelength components of the subsurface. In calculating the gradient, the envelope Fréchet derivative is used to take advantage of the multiscale envelope for the characteristics of the salt structure. Therefore, the multiscale direct envelope inversion using the window‐averaged envelope and the direct envelope Fréchet derivative is proposed. To further improve the computational efficiency and inversion quality of the multiscale direct envelope inversion, several auxiliary strategies are proposed: A joint misfit function is designed to make the inversion method more adaptable, and an offset weighting factor is introduced to implement the multioffset inversion method to improve the inversion quality of subsalt. We analyze the antinoise performance of the multiscale direct envelope inversion. The SEG/EAGE salt model is used to test the application effect of the multiscale direct envelope inversion. The antinoise ability and insensitivity to low‐frequency data of the method are verified in the numerical experiments.
What We Can Learn from the Electric Field and Conductivity Measurements in Auroral Atmosphere
Authors: Seran E. , Godefroy M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper we present measurements of the electric field and electric conductivity of air performed with the Short Dipole Antenna (SDA) in the auroral atmosphere. The observations were carried out during two stratospheric balloon flights in the northern Sweden in winter of 2011. Two‐fold objectives were attained as the outcome of these flights and the data analysis. First aimed at understanding the mechanisms that control the electric properties of the auroral atmosphere and at estimation of some key parameters from the measured data, such as the charge and current density, the mobility of the small‐ions, their concentration and generation rate, as well as the radiation dose rate. Second objective was to test the SDA instrument performances in a radiation environment close to that we expect to encounter near the Mars surface.
Evidence for a Moist to Wet Source Transition Throughout the Oman‐UAE Ophiolite, and Implications for the Geodynamic History
Authors: de Graaff S. J. , Goodenough K. M. , Klaver M. , Lissenberg C. J. , Jansen M. N. , Millar I. , Davies G. R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Oman‐United Arab Emirates (UAE) ophiolite represents the largest and best‐preserved fragment of obducted oceanic lithosphere in the world. However, debate continues regarding its geodynamic history. This debate is in part a consequence of the lateral variability in the later stage magmatic units, with arc signatures considered to be well developed in the north of the ophiolite but less so in the south. In this study, we investigate later stage intrusions in the central and southern part of the ophiolite. These intrusions vary from wehrlite to gabbro and tonalite and crosscut all levels of the main ophiolite sequence from the mantle peridotites up to the sheeted dike complex. They are characterized by the presence of magmatic amphibole, low TiO2 (<1 wt%), document an enrichment in Th, Sr, and Ba, depletion of Y and Dy, and decreasing Dy/Yb and Dy/Dy* with increased fractionation. These data record hydrous fractionation with a significant role for amphibole, which is comparable to many arc‐type magmas. The relative Nb and light rare earth element ((La/Yb)nchon < 1) depletion and coupled Nd and Hf isotope variations indicate the same (but depleted) Indian mid‐ocean ridge basalts‐type mantle source as the main ophiolite sequence. More radiogenic Pb isotope compositions of plagioclase imply the addition of a fluid component likely derived from sediments or altered oceanic crust. These intrusions occur across larger areas than previously reported, implying the entire ophiolite formed in a setting characterized by arc‐type magmas, such as a suprasubduction zone setting.
Historical Expansion of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India From 1957 to 2017: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Andrade F. C. D. , Ghosh S. , Uelmen J. , Ruiz M. O. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA highly infectious tick‐borne virus causes Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD), which has been expanding in recent decades in India. Current studies do not provide an updated understanding of the disease trends and its expansion in India. We address this gap in the literature through a detailed review to reveal the annual historic expansion of KFD cases across the span of years from 1957 to 2017. In addition, we explore the factors that may have led to the geographic expansion of KFD. The annual numbers of cases of KFD among humans are estimated using peer‐reviewed journal articles, Pro‐MED database, historical and archived newspapers, and government reports, technical reports, publications, and medical websites. From 1957 to 2017, there were an estimated 9,594 cases of KFD within 16 districts in India. The most significant human outbreaks of the disease were in the years 1957–1958 (681 cases), 1983–1984 (2,589 cases), 2002–2003 (1,562 cases), and 2016–2017 (809 cases). In 2015, KFD appeared in Goa. In 2016, new cases emerged in Belgaum, a district in Karnataka state, and in the Sindhudurg district in Maharashtra state. The processes by which KFD persists and spreads are not clear, but demographic, socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors seem to play a role.
Analysis of the Forbush Decreases and Ground‐Level Enhancement on September 2017 Using Neutron Spectrometers Operated in Antarctic and Midlatitude Stations
Authors: Hubert G. , Pazianotto M. T. , Federico C. A. , Ricaud P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis work investigates solar events occurred in September 2017 characterized by a series of Forbush decreases and a ground level enhancement (GLE). Forbush decreases is a rapid decrease in the observed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_cosmic_ray intensity following a coronal mass ejection while GLE is induced by a strong solar event for which the flux of high‐energy solar particles is sufficient to enhance the radiation level on the ground. These investigations were performed using data recorded by a neutron spectrometer network composed of a Bonner sphere system. Two instruments located at Pic‐du‐Midi Observatory (+2,885 m above sea level) and at Concordia station (Antarctica, +3,233 m) record simultaneously and continuously the neutron spectra, allowing to consider short‐term variations during solar events. The main objective is to analyze neutron spectral properties including their energy distributions and dynamics. This paper presents cosmic ray‐induced neutron spectra during active solar event leading to changes in the local cosmic ray spectrum (Forbush decreases and a GLE). Concerning the GLE, analyses show that neutrons in the evaporation domain are particularly amplified during the GLE, while other energetic domains increase uniformly.
Low‐Energy (<keV) O+ Ion Outflow Directly Into the Inner Magnetosphere: Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Gkioulidou Matina , Ohtani S. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Mitchell D. G. , Takahashi K. , Spence H. E. , Wygant J. R. , Kletzing C. A. , Barnes R. J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe heavy ion component of the low‐energy (eV to hundreds of eV) ion population in the inner magnetosphere, also known as the O+ torus, is a crucial population for various aspects of magnetospheric dynamics. Yet even though its existence has been known since the 1980s, its formation remains an open question. We present a comprehensive study of a low‐energy (<keV), bidirectional O+ outflow event, which occurred deep into the inner magnetosphere (inside L = 4), and was observed by the Helium, Oxygen, Proton and Electron (HOPE) instrument aboard the Van Allen Probe B. The observed spectrogram exhibited multiple bands of field‐aligned intensity enhancements with energy dispersion. A 2‐D guiding‐center test‐particle tracing simulation demonstrates that the observed spectral features can be attributed to O+ ions exiting both hemispheres of the nightside ionosphere over L ~ 3–4 latitudinal and magnetic local time (MLT) ~ 21 to 23 hr longitudinal extent, directly entering the inner magnetosphere, and subsequently bouncing from one hemisphere to the other. The outflow is associated with earthward field‐aligned Poynting flux enhancement and field‐aligned electron beams, as observed at the Van Allen Probes location, as well as with strong upward field‐aligned current, as revealed by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) at the ionospheric footpoint of the spacecraft. O+ partial density in the region outside plasmapause was significantly enhanced by the outflow population, exceeding the H+ density and indicating the possible formation of an O+ torus.
Effective Elastic Properties of Rocks With Transversely Isotropic Background Permeated by Aligned Penny‐Shaped Cracks
Authors: Guo Junxin , Han Tongcheng , Fu Li‐Yun , Xu Denghui , Fang Xinding 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeismic characterization of fractures is of great importance in many disciplines, for which rock physics models provide the basis to link fracture properties to seismic attributes. However, to date, most rock physics models neglect the background anisotropy that may exist in many fractured formations. Hence, in this work, we developed a theoretical model for rock effective elastic properties with penny‐shaped cracks embedded in the transversely isotropic (TI) background medium. We first derived analytical solutions for the case with dry or fluid‐filled penny‐shaped cracks parallel to the isotropic plane of TI background medium. Further, the results were extended to the case with cracks inclined to the isotropic plane with any angles. We then studied, based on the developed theoretical model, two tight sand samples with TI and isotropic background, respectively, to illustrate effects of background anisotropy on effective elastic properties of fractured rocks. The results show that the background anisotropy has significant influence on P and S wave velocity anisotropy, as well as on shear wave splitting. The background anisotropy can either increase or decrease P and SH wave velocity anisotropy depending on crack inclination angles, whereas it has relatively small influence on SV wave velocity anisotropy. To further illustrate the important effects of background anisotropy, we compared theoretical predictions to ultrasonic measurements on a synthetic fractured sandstone sample with TI background medium. The results show notable improvement of the agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results after considering background anisotropy.
Magnetotelluric Evidence for Asymmetric Simple Shear Extension and Lithospheric Thinning in South China
Authors: Xu Shan , Unsworth Martyn J. , Hu Xiangyun , Mooney Walter D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractExtension and rifting of the lithosphere is fundamental to the evolution of the continents, but the mechanism by which the lithosphere thins under extension remains enigmatic. Using a new dense array of magnetotelluric data from the rifted margin of southeast China, we resolve the three‐dimensional electrical resistivity structure of the lithosphere to constrain the process of rifting and thinning. Our results reveal a brittle‐ductile transition zone in the Cathaysia Block, featuring low electrical resistivity and low seismic velocity at 15‐ to 20‐km depth. A southeast directed dip is resolved for the Jiangshan‐Shaoxing Fault—a suture zone originally formed by the Neoproterozoic collision of Yangtze and Cathaysia Blocks. This boundary fault had been reactivated to different extents by the Early Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic intracontinental orogenies of south China. Its present structural style, however, was interpreted as a lithospheric‐scale detachment fault that acted during the Late Mesozoic extension and rifting. Given the asymmetries of topography, electrical resistivity, Bouguer gravity anomaly, and Late Mesozoic volcanism across the Gan‐Hang Rift, we propose an asymmetric simple shear extension model for the south China rift system. Water content of up to 0.1 wt% and melt fraction of up to 1% are estimated at 70‐km depth beneath the central Wuyi Mountains, suggesting hydration and partial melting of the mantle lithosphere. The hydration weakening of the mantle lithosphere promoted both the gravitational instability and convective removal of the lowermost lithosphere in south China.
The Generation of Overtides in Flow Around a Headland in a Low Inflow Estuary
Authors: Lieberthal Brandon , Huguenard Kimberly , Ross Lauren , Bears Kristopher 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Damariscotta River in midcoast Maine is a weakly stratified estuary characterized by several constrictions and channel bends that affect tidal asymmetry and material transport. Microstructure and current velocity measurements were collected at a cross‐channel transect in the northern reach of the estuary during spring and neap tidal conditions to study the effects of a channel bend immediately upstream of a constricted sill on intratidal dynamics. During the flood phase, a counterclockwise gyre is formed upstream of the headland, which enhances landward‐directed flow in the channel and is countered by seaward‐directed flow over the shallow shoal. Semidiurnal and quarter‐diurnal patterns of lateral advection and stress divergence emerge in the surface layer because of these secondary flows. Lateral advection effects dominate the dynamics in neap tide, and although they are stronger in spring tide, they are partially obscured by bottom friction forces that are proportional to the along‐channel velocity squared. A novel harmonic decomposition technique is introduced to determine the relative importance of advection and stress divergence on quarter‐diurnal velocity generation, and their implications to neap/spring variability in estuarine water quality are discussed.
Evaluating the Roles of Wind‐ and Buoyancy Flux‐Induced Mixing on Phytoplankton Dynamics in the Northern and Central South China Sea
Authors: Geng Bingxu , Xiu Peng , Shu Chan , Zhang Wen‐Zhou , Chai Fei , Li Shiyu , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObservations from two Bio‐Argo floats deployed in the northern and central South China Sea (SCS) show distinct seasonal patterns of vertical chlorophyll distribution. There is a permanent subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) located between 60 and 80 m throughout the year and a weak seasonality of surface chlorophyll in the central SCS. In the northern SCS, the SCM shoals to the upper mixed layer in winter and surface phytoplankton shows a clear winter bloom pattern. The mechanism driving the spatial and seasonal differences in phytoplankton dynamics in the euphotic zone remains unclear. Here a coupled physical‐biological model is developed and applied to the northern and central SCS. With model and satellite data, we show that the contrasting patterns in chlorophyll are induced by the spatial variability in winter mixing dynamics. In the northern SCS, the buoyancy flux‐induced mixing plays a dominant role in controlling the seasonal variability of vertical nutrient transport and phytoplankton production, which leads to the peak of surface chlorophyll and the significant shoaling of the SCM in winter. In the central SCS, the intensity of the buoyancy flux is reduced and both buoyancy flux‐ and wind‐induced mixing control the winter mixing dynamics. However, the combination of these two mixing processes is weaker than in the northern SCS and the vertical nutrient transport is limited to the layer above the SCM, resulting in the reduced seasonality of surface chlorophyll and the relatively stable SCM all year round in the central SCS.
Double‐Diffusive Layering in the Canada Basin: An Explanation of Along‐Layer Temperature and Salinity Gradients
Authors: Bebieva Yana , Timmermans Mary‐Louise 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDouble‐diffusive mixing gives rise to layered structures in the Arctic Ocean: layers within a double‐diffusive staircase overlying deeper layers associated with thermohaline intrusions. These layers exhibit well‐defined lateral temperature and salinity gradients. Gradients in salinity along individual layers change sign with depth, while along‐layer gradients in temperature remain the same sign with depth. A theoretical formalism is put forward to explain these features in terms of vertical divergences of double‐diffusive fluxes; temperature and salinity gradients along layers are set by the depth‐dependent ratio of double‐diffusive heat to salt fluxes. Examination of fine structure in temperature and salinity profiles reveals how the net flux ratio depends upon whether the layer is part of an evolving thermohaline intrusion or a staircase. The physical framework in context with observations of varying along‐layer gradients in temperature and salinity provides evidence for thermohaline intrusions evolving to a staircase and describes the parameters that dictate this process. Results bring new understanding to heat and salt transport in the Arctic Ocean as well as the physics of double‐diffusive layering in the world's oceans.