bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Longitudinal Audiologic Assessment in Single and Fractionated Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Khattab Mohamed H , Sherry Alexander D , Whitaker Ryan , Wharton David M , Weaver Kyle D , Chambless Lola B , Cmelak Anthony J , Attia Albert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannomas (VS) has been theorized to allow for tumor control with higher rates of hearing preservation in selected patients with useful hearing. However, there is a paucity of literature with formal audiologic measures of hearing preservation to support the standard use of fractionated SRS in VS. We hypothesized that fractionation would diminish the amount of hearing damage.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relationship between audiologic performance and SRS fractionation scheme.

METHODS
We performed an IRB-approved retrospective review of patients treated with 1, 3, or 5 fraction SRS for VS at our institution from 1998 to 2016. Pre- and post-SRS audiograms with speech awareness threshold (SAT) in treated and contralateral ears were obtained. Contralateral ear measurements were used for hearing normalization to account for presbycusis.

RESULTS
Fifty-six patients with median audiologic follow-up 2.0 yr (mean 2.66 yr, min-max 0.50-9.45 yr) were included. Patients treated with single fractionation had a significantly worsened SAT (dB) compared to patients treated with 5 fractions (P = .008) and compared to all multifraction patients (P = .009) at 12 to 24 mo follow-up.

CONCLUSION
This retrospective analysis supports the use of fractionated SRS to preserve hearing in patients with VS. SAT can be used as an objective metric of hearing response to radiosurgery.
Potential role of neglected and underutilized plant species in improving women’s empowerment and nutrition in areas of sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Conti Maria Vittoria , Campanaro Ausilia , Coccetti Paola , De Giuseppe Rachele , Galimberti Andrea , Labra Massimo , Cena Hellas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the context of the nutrition transition, women in sub-Sahara Africa are a critical target group from a nutrition standpoint, and they experience significant discrimination in food production. Food-based, women-centered strategies are recommended to address nutrient gaps, and to educate and empower women. In this context, local natural resources, such as neglected and underutilized plant species (NUS), may contribute to adding nutritional value, enriching diet diversity, and ensuring nutrition security. The aim of the current narrative review is to investigate the nutritional status of the sub-Saharan African population and the potential role of local agriculture strategies in improving food production and diet diversity and in expanding income-generating activities for women. The nutritional properties of the most important regional NUS are also discussed.
A Critical Encyclopedia of Heterosex
Authors: Farvid Panteá , Braun Virginia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Building on theoretical discussions regarding the institution of heterosexuality and heteronormativity, this chapter demonstrates how language and heterosexual sex (that is, heterosex) are intimately intertwined. The chapter teases out the ways in which the norms of heterosexuality have changed over time yet also remained the same in several fundamental ways. The first section maps the broad discursive conditions that shape dominant norms of contemporary heterosexuality in Anglo-Western contexts. The second section demonstrates the cultural imperatives that govern the desires, norms, and acts of heterosex, outlining how they create specific modes of being and doing in everyday practice. Finally, the conclusion considers the possibility that recent global activism may lead to a revamping of gendered norms and their tired rigidity.
Critical Discourse Studies of Language and Sexuality
Authors: Koller Veronika 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at how sexuality, including sexual identity, has been addressed in critical discourse studies. It will first review previous work (e.g., Marko 2008; Morrish and Sauntson 2011) and point out the relative lack of relevant studies in this area, given that research into language and sexuality is mostly indebted to anthropology, sociolinguistics, and conversation analysis. Building on queer discourse studies (Motschenbacher and Stegu 2013), the chapter suggests a way of critically analyzing discourses on sexuality, where discourse is defined as textually mediated social action, with text producers utilizing linguistic resources and sociocognitive representations to establish, maintain, or challenge power relations. Critical discourse studies combine the description of linguistic features with their interpretation and explanation in context and ultimately make transparent the way in which language and discourse either construct and reinforce, or challenge and subvert, normativity. The chapter closes with an illustrative example of the discursive construction of lesbian identities.
Innovation in Work Teams
Authors: Stollberger Jakob , West Michael A. , Sacramento Claudia A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Researchers and practitioners have recognized the importance of team innovation for organizational effectiveness. This chapter provides an overview of the factors that influence team innovation using an input–process–output structure. It identifies factors relating to the team and organizational context as inputs for various team processes that translate into innovative outputs. It further suggests that leadership acts as a contingency factor that facilitates the transition of input factors into team processes. Highlighting the often-overlooked difference between idea generation and idea implementation as part of team innovation, it discusses which input factors and processes are more likely to exert more influence over idea generation and/or idea implementation. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of implementing creative ideas for achieving innovation success.
Contrasting Scientific Discourses of Skin Lightening in Domestic and Global Contexts
Authors: Curington Celeste Vaughan , Kang Miliann 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines how racial and gender ideologies shape and are shaped by scientific understandings of beauty practices via a critical examination of the scholarly discourses on skin lightening. Based on qualitative content analysis of thirty domestic and international scholarly articles on skin lightening and whitening published between 2000 and 2017, the authors found that products in Europe and the United States marketed to white customers were likely to be framed as benign beauty products, with health risks attributed to imported products. In contrast, the use of similar products overseas, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, were depicted as higher risk and locally sourced. Further, by mapping certain skin-related pathologies onto distinct human bodies, these studies reinforce discredited biological understandings of race. Overall, scientific studies of skin whitening and lightening practices enforce the scientific validation of white/western beauty practices alongside the problematization of similar practices/products when used by non-white or non-western subjects. These studies often recognize the dominance of a white cultural ideal but, rather than tracing its structural and historical determinants, instead pathologize those who aspire to it, often neglecting the dynamics of global white supremacy, marketing, production, and distribution in the global beauty economy that fuel the desire and consumption for these products.
Ways out of the Globalization Trilemma
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Based on Rodrik’s diagnosis of a “globalization trilemma” in designing the institutions of international economic exchange, this chapter suggests a solution that applies Sen’s argument favoring realization-focused comparisons over transcendental institutionalism in evaluating institutions. In the paradigm of deliberative trade policy, this contribution approaches the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a regime of deliberation, reaching beyond the scope of interactions with civil society. This prepares the ground for normative principles of WTO reform that shift the emphasis from efficiency to justice, mainly in the procedural sense. The central operational criterion is the inclusiveness of international trade and trade policy. This is applied on the issues of multilateralism versus regionalism and the design of the dispute settlement process. A WTO renewed under the auspices of deliberative trade policy can meet the challenges of new trade policy issues such as coordination of regulatory regimes under the conditions of rapid and unpredictable technological change, and can resolve the tension between democracy and globalization as laid out in the globalization trilemma.
Corporate Liabilities
Authors: Priemel Kim Christian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The debate on how to rein in transnational corporate power has greatly intensified over the past decades. Following a series of scandals, conflicts, and crises, civil rights activists, lawyers, and heterodox economists have been promoting efforts to hold private business accountable for the social, economic, ecological, and political costs of its actions. National legal cultures, however, differ widely on that issue, in particular with an eye to corporate personhood and extraterritoriality. After centuries of not prosecuting corporations on grounds of their lack of mens rea, the pattern changed in the twentieth century as developments in different legal spheres intertwined. When competition law coalesced with tightened national corruption standards as well as the emergence of international war crimes prosecution, a path toward international corporate liability opened up. By now a patchwork set of approaches has emerged in which soft and hard law, statutory and treaty law, and national and international regulation converge on corporate liability.
Distributivity
Authors: Syrett Kristen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the related topics of distributivity, collectivity, and cumulativity. Evidence is reviewed for the availability of multiple readings of ambiguous sentences that support distributive and collective interpretations, and the constrained interpretation of sentences arising from the lexical semantics of a universal quantifier, a predicate (adjective), an adverbial modifier, a determiner, or quantification scope. Off-line tasks with child and adult participants reveal a developmental comparison in the availability of these readings and the predication of individuals and groups of individuals, while on-line processing tasks with adults provide fine-grained behavioural evidence for the role of lexical and structural factors in facilitating or suppressing such readings.
Ironic Utterances
Authors: Spotorno Nicola , Noveck Ira 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIrony is a compelling pragmatic phenomenon to investigate experimentally because a) it clearly exposes how an utterance’s meaning can change as a function of context; b) it invites investigations of the cognitive functions that go beyond mere linguistic decoding and, specifically; c) it allows one to have a clearer understanding of the role played by attitude ascription, which we show is central. This chapter will review how attitude ascription became a central topic in the theoretical debate on irony in the 1980s, how it almost disappeared from the experimental literature for about twenty years and how it deserves a place both as a hallmark of irony processing and as a hallway that connects various subfields of cognitive science, including neuroscience.
Word Senses
Authors: Rabagliati Hugh , Srinivasan Mahesh 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAcross languages, most frequent words are also highly ambiguous, and carry multiple distinct but related senses of meaning. This chapter aims to explain why words have the particular senses that they do, discussing to what degree word senses are arbitrary cultural conventions or reflections of how speakers conceptualize the world around them. The chapter reviews theoretical proposals about the nature of word senses drawn from linguistics and psychology, and evaluates these proposals against a large recent body of experimental work on the topic. Finally, the chapter suggests that word senses reflect a balance between two communicative pressures: a pressure toward facilitating fast and efficient conversational exchanges, and one toward making languages easier for children to learn.
Theory of Mind
Authors: Rubio-Fernández Paula 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCurrent accounts of Theory of Mind development have tried to explain the results of false-belief tasks with infants and children, but failed to account for the evidence of early belief reasoning reported in the experimental pragmatics literature. This chapter reviews a number of studies on the acquisition of the mental state verb know; toddlers’ understanding of factivity (or the difference between knowing and thinking); early referential communication and toddlers’ reliance on others’ engagement as a proxy for their knowledge, and the emergence of preschoolers’ understanding of the seeing-knowing relation. The results of these studies reveal a more nuanced picture than those of false-belief tasks, with some Theory of Mind abilities emerging earlier in conversation than in laboratory tasks, while children’s epistemic theories continue to develop beyond their passing of standard Theory of Mind tasks.
Negation
Authors: Tian Ye , Breheny Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNegation has long been of interest to logicians and philosophers, and relatively recently to psycholinguists and pragmatists. In terms of the processing of negation, psycholinguistics studies have shown two effects that call for an explanation: the first is the asymmetry between its frequent use in natural language and its apparent processing costs, often reported in psycholinguistics studies; the second is the finding that, in early stages of processing, negation seems to be ignored and attention seems to be focused on its positive argument. In terms of pragmatic functions, it has been shown that despite its simple semantic meaning, negation interacts with context to produce rich pragmatic effects. Both negation processing and its pragmatic functions present puzzles that cannot be explained by its semantic function.
Quantification
Authors: Brasoveanu Adrian , Dotlačil Jakub 
Published: May 2019

AbstractQuantification is abundant in natural language and is one of the most studied topics in generative grammar. Sentences with multiple quantifiers are famously ambiguous with respect to their quantifier scope, representing a type of ambiguity related to, but not necessary the same as, structural ambiguity. Two key questions in the psycholinguistic study of quantification are: (i) how does the human processor assign quantifier scope? and (ii) how and under what circumstances is this scope assignment reanalysed? The investigation of these questions lies at the intersection of psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics. The chapter summarizes both strands of research, and discusses experimental data that played an essential role in the (psycho)linguistic theorizing about the topic of processing quantification and quantifier scope.
Negative Polarity Items
Authors: Xiang Ming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of the experimental investigations on Negative Polarity Items (NPIs). NPIs are grammatically licensed under a set of complex semantic, syntactic and pragmatic conditions. The linguistic complexity of NPI licensing makes it a rich empirical domain for investigating the cognitive architecture of language processing and acquisition. This chapter brings together a rich set of empirical findings to address two issues: first, during language comprehension, how information from different sources, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic, are incrementally combined, stored, accessed, and continuously consolidated over time to form an appropriate licensing context for NPIs; and second, what learning mechanisms are necessary for children to acquire the complex set of NPI licensing conditions from their linguistic input.
Counterfactuals
Authors: Ferguson Heather 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores counterfactual language understanding (e.g. If money grew on trees…), which requires false information to be accepted as temporarily true (and vice versa). First, counterfactual constructions are defined, then counterfactual reasoning strategies are reviewed, and understanding is linked to existing theories of language comprehension. The key focus of this chapter is to evaluate recent empirical work that has sought to understand how counterfactuals are represented and accessed on-line during language comprehension. Thus, temporally sensitive cognitive neuroscientific methodologies are discussed alongside a variety of language comprehension tasks. Overall, it is concluded that healthy adult readers can make appropriate inferences following a counterfactual context, showing rapid (possibly simultaneous) access to both the counterfactual and factual interpretations of events, which parallels the processes involved in mental state attributions.
V723 Persei: A short-period Algol-like near-contact binary
Authors: Tian Xiao-Man , Zhu Li-Ying 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Complete multi-color photometric observations in the BVRCIC bands and low-resolution spectra of the short-period binary V723 Per are presented for the first time. The stellar atmospheric parameters of effective temperature, gravitational acceleration, and metallicity are determined as Teff = 7407 ± 53 K, log g = 3.98 ± 0.10 cm s−2, and [Fe/H] = −0.25 ± 0.10 dex, respectively. Photometric solutions are obtained by analyzing the phased light curves with the Wilson–Devinney method. We found that V723 Per is an Algol-like semi-detached-type near-contact binary with a mass ratio of q = 0.3168 ± 0.0011. The secondary component is filling the critical Roche lobe, while the primary is nearly filling its Roche lobe (the filling degree is about 80.93%). The primary component contributes about 96% of the luminosity of the total system, and the temperature difference between the two component stars is about 3000 K. All available times of light minimum, including three new observed eclipse times, were used to construct the O − C curve. The period shows a continuous increase at a rate of dP/dt = +7.63(±0.75) × 10−6 d yr−1 superposed with a periodic oscillation of amplitude of 0.0392 d and period 17.4 yr. The period increase could be explained by mass transfer from the secondary component to the primary one on the thermal timescale, which is in agreement with the semi-detached configuration. The cyclic change may be caused by the light-time effect due to a massive ($M_3=3.03\, M_\odot$) but quite faint (L3/Ltotal ≃ 3%) tertiary companion orbiting the central binary. Such a third body might be a black hole or a binary with two nearly identical stars. More observations are required in the future to confirm our conclusion about the cycle variation and tertiary companion.
Regulation by FurC in Anabaena Links the Oxidative Stress Response to Photosynthetic Metabolism
Authors: Sevilla Emma , Sarasa-Buisan Cristina , Gonz�lez Andr�s , Cases Rafael , Kufryk Galyna , Peleato M Luisa , Fillat Mar�a F 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The FUR (Ferric Uptake Regulator) family in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 consists of three paralogs named FurA (Fur), FurB (Zur) and FurC (PerR). furC seems to be an essential gene in the filamentous nitrogen-fixing strain Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, suggesting that it plays a fundamental role in this organism. In order to better understand the functions of FurC in Anabaena, the phenotype of a derivative strain that overexpresses this regulator (EB2770FurC) has been characterized. The furC-overexpressing variant presented alterations in growth rate, morphology and ultrastructure, as well as higher sensitivity to peroxide than Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Interestingly, the overexpression of furC led to reduced photosynthetic O2 evolution, increased respiratory activity, and had a significant influence in the composition and efficiency of both photosystems. Comparative transcriptional analyses, together with electrophoretic mobility shift assays allowed the identification of different genes directly controlled by FurC, and involved in processes not previously related to PerR proteins, such as the cell division gene ftsZ and the major thylakoid membrane protease ftsH. The rise in the transcription of ftsH in EB2770FurC cells correlated with reduced levels of the D1 protein, which is involved in the PSII repair cycle. Deregulation of the oxidative stress response in EB2770FurC cells led to the identification of novel FurC targets involved in the response to H2O2 through different mechanisms. These results, together with the effect of furC overexpression on the composition, stability and efficiency of the photosynthetic machinery of Anabaena, disclose novel links between PerR proteins, cell division and photosynthesis in filamentous cyanobacteria.
Automatized, Standardized, and Patient-Tailored Progressive Walking-Adaptability Training: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Timmermans Celine , Roerdink Melvyn , Janssen Thomas W J , Beek Peter J , Meskers Carel G M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Treadmill training augmented with visual images projected on the belt's surface can help improve walking adaptability. Moreover, patient-tailored automatization and standardization can increase the feasibility of walking-adaptability therapy. We developed C-Gait, a treadmill protocol consisting of a baseline walking-adaptability assessment involving 7 putatively distinct walking-adaptability tasks and a decision algorithm, to automatically update training content and execution parameters to a patients’ performance and perceived challenge.

Objectives
The main objective was to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical potential of C-Gait training. The secondary objective was to evaluate the validity of the baseline assessment.

Design
This was a longitudinal proof-of-concept study with pretraining, posttraining, and retention tests encompassing baseline assessment and walking-related clinical measures.

Methods
Twenty-four healthy adults, 12 healthy older persons, and 28 patients with gait and/or balance deficits performed the baseline assessment; the gait deficit group received 10 C-Gait training sessions over a 5-week period. Baseline assessment scores and walking-related clinical measures served as outcome measures.

Results
C-Gait training exhibited significant progression in training content and execution, with considerable between-patient variation and minimal overruling by therapists. C-Gait training was well accepted and led to improvements in walking adaptability and general walking ability, which persisted after training cessation. Baseline assessment scores differed over groups and difficulty levels, had no-to-moderate correlations with walking-related clinical measures, and had limited correlations among walking-adaptability tasks.

Limitations
C-Gait was evaluated in a small yet diverse cohort. More encompassing studies are required to further establish its apparent merits. The validity of treadmill-based walking-adaptability assessment against an overground standard remains to be established.

Conclusions
C-Gait offers automatized, standardized, and patient-tailored walking-adaptability training that is feasible and well accepted, with good potential for improving task-specific and generic measures of walking.