bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision Making in Special Education: A Plea for Parent-Professional Partnerships
Authors: Irvine Jim 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe number of agencies inevitably involved with families of handicapped children suggests the necessity for co-ordination of services and liaison among professionals in the helping professions. This paper argues for the primacy of parents as both coordinators of services and fully informed partners in all decisions affecting their handicapped children. The far-reaching implications of this proposition for educational services are briefly discussed in the context of current developments in special education.
Community Management of Young and Disabled Children
Authors: Irvine John F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCommunity management is proposed as a sound, economical and demonstrably successful alternative in the management of young and disabled children. The author seeks to go beyond the health-education debate in this matter towards a welfare oriented model based upon principles drawn from a diversity of disciplines. One such principle incorporates the natural law of utilising forces to counterbalance forces – a principle fundamental to most areas of science but one which is rarely extrapolated for use within social science generally, or management of the disabled specifically. In the Darling Downs project in Queensland, Australia, resource families are deployed to counterbalance or assist “disabled” families with the support of professionals in the community network. The paper sets out the variously derived principles underlying the Darling Downs project and then provides a detailed description of other aspects of the framework including funding, administration, services, procedures and current developments. The programme is then analysed in terms of its anticipated directions, strengths/weaknesses, limitations and applicability to the other situations.
Parents Teaching Location Prepositions to their Intellectually Handicapped Children
Authors: Rees Roger J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing prompting and reinforcement procedures, two intellectually handicapped children in a parent oriented language teaching programme were taught to respond correctly to categories of locational prepositional requests. Training sessions for parents and daily parent teaching sessions for the children alternated with weekly probe sessions. During home teaching a child was taught to respond to one request and then, during probing, the child was tested for generalization of this teaching to untrained requests. Responses to probed requests were never prompted. The results show that, as requests from one category were taught, so the children’s responses to the untrained requests became increasingly correct. One child was able to satisfactorily discriminate among two and then three different categories of prepositional requests. The other child did not reach this stage, largely because his mother felt that the discrimination tasks were too difficult. However, there was evidence in training that this child could cope with more difficult tasks, and the success of the other child does appear to indicate that the teaching method employed was successful in teaching generalized receptive discrimination among locational prepositional categories.
A Challenge to Group-Oriented Teaching: Typical Responses to Typical Rewards
Authors: Sharpley C. F. , Irvine J. W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough operant techniques have been successfully used to modify the classroom behaviours of children, some recent suggestions for the implementation of specialist educational interventions have emphasized the need to individualize instruction which utilizes such methods. The present study shows evidence of individual variations within marked group effects in an operant situation. The presence of such variations to responses which are modified by powerful reinforcers suggests that recent trends in special education towards mainstreaming need to take individual characteristics of subject-behaviours into careful consideration when implementing policies in the normal classroom.
The Learning Disabled Student: Structuring of the Classroom Environment to Improve Learning
Authors: Ann Nugent Shirley 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA child classified as learning disabled can function better in the school setting where the academic environment is structured under a competent instructor who is a well-ordered individual and who finds joy in teaching. The special teacher is seen as a sensitive person possessing those qualities of knowledge and dedication necessary to individualize instruction and to help each child to feel successful in the classroom regardless of his limitations. A comprehensive over-view of the aspects of classroom structure for the learning disabled student is discussed in relation to the writer’s own experiences as principal of a school for learning disabled children in Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
Economic Conditions and the Employment of Mildly Retarded School Leavers
Authors: Lake Pat , Wilton Keri 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn examination was made of the employment patterns of school leavers who had graduated from the four Christchurch work-experience programmes for mildly retarded children during a 4-year period in the current economic recession. Contrary to expectations, no differences were found in the employment patterns for graduates of each of the four years. In each year-group, levels of employment were high as were meantimes in employment since graduation, and frequencies of job changes were low. Several methodological problems which cloud interpretation of the results are discussed and the need for comprehensive and consistent monitoring of the employment patterns of mildly retarded school-leavers over the next few years is emphasised.
An Application of the Distar Language 1 Programme in an Infants E.S.L. setting: Comparison with a current E.S.L. Programme
Authors: Kenny Dianna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProgrammes for teaching English as a second language (E.S.L.) to infant school aged migrant children in Australia have not been systematically evaluated. With the exception of the Tate “Oral English” Course, no other programmes have been specifically designed for this very young age group, and programmes designed for use with primary aged children and even adults have been adapted and used by E.S.L. teachers in Infants’ Schools. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate an E.S.L. programme currently operating in some Infants’ Schools as well as to implement and evaluate the use of the Distar Language 1 programme in an E.S.L. Kindergarten group, and to compare outcomes from this programme with those obtained by the currently operating programme.Results indicate that the Distar Language 1 programme was more effective than the standard programme for all language structures other than vocabulary development and phonological discrimination. The superior outcome of the Distar programme may be due to either a programme effect, a behavioural teaching technology, or both.
A Review of Curricular and Instructional Approaches for Behaviour Disordered Children
Authors: Neal Dagmar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlternative curricular and instructional approaches for behaviour disordered children are reviewed against a background of various definitions and perspectives of disturbance. Schooling is a major part in the life of all, including behaviour disordered children. An overview of curriculum designs and instructional approaches is discussed according to “appropriateness” and “effectiveness”. Consideration is made of the current trend to mainstreaming and individualization and it is noted that the great majority of “disturbed” children are currently in the regular class. They are seen to be included in the “handicapped” population. Five major projects which have focussed on instruction of the handicapped are examined. It is stressed that all teachers need to be equipped with competencies, skills and support services to be able to effectively teach all children who are either currently in their classrooms or are being placed in there as a “least restrictive alternative”. Behaviourally oriented, empirically based curricular and instructional approaches are seen as a vehicle by which the repertoires of disturbed or behaviour disordered children can be widened.
The delivery of educational technical assistance services for children with special learning needs: A comment on Maggs
Authors: Murphy Gregory C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecently Maggs described a model for the delivery of technical assistance in special education settings in which he emphasized the importance to service delivery of the role played by consultant personnel. This paper identifies three fundamentally important influences on the work performance of consultants, whether they are working “traditionally” or within a model such as that proposed by Maggs.
Remediating Children’s Handwriting: A Case Study
Authors: Gay Jan , Sharpley Chris 
Published: May 2019

Concern for the academic-skills area of normal classroom students has marked the resurgence of interest in the basic skills of literacy and numeracy (Baum, 1976; Corbin, 1976; Hogan & Judy, 1976). School counsellors and other resource personnel can contribute to the classroom teacher’s effectiveness in these areas by providing advice and demonstrating procedures useful in the teaching of these basic skills. Although there has been a major focus upon such areas as reading and mathematics, the abovementioned concern with literacy skills should also encompass handwriting as a major medium of communication. As a result of many requests from teachers in the field, the authors instituted the following study with a child who was experiencing learning difficulties. The study had three aims:
(1) to improve the handwriting performance of peter, a 7 year old with few successul handwriting skills;(2) to implement a self-evaluative teaching system in which Peter would eventually monitor his own handwriting Performance; and(3) to demonstrate to teachers a method of evaluating handwriting which they could use in their classrooms.
Integration or Segregation of Behaviourally Disruptive Students
Authors: Townsend Roslyn H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe extent to which young people with emotional and behavioural disturbances can remain integrated within the normal school is contentious. The article proposes that every effort should be made to maintain integration and that an Alternative Unit is one means of helping to bring this about. The Alternative Unit would not only work with students in the mainstream but could also function as an intermediary between mainstream and special education.
Evaluation of BrachyDose Monte Carlo code for HDR brachytherapy: dose comparison against Acuros®BV and TG-43 algorithms
Authors: Dagli Ayse , Yurt Fatma , Yegin Gultekin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAim:The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy of dose distributions calculated by the BrachyDose Monte Carlo (MC) code in heterogeneous media for high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy and to evaluate its usability in the clinical brachytherapy treatment planning systems.Materials and methods:For dose comparisons, three different dose calculation algorithms were used in this study. Namely, BrachyDose MC code, Eclipse TG-43 dose calculation tool and Acuros®BV model-based dose calculation algorithm (MBDCA). Dose distributions were obtained using any of the above codes in various scenarios including ‘homogenous water medium scenario’, an ‘extreme case heterogeneous media scenario’ and clinically important ‘a patient with a cervical cancer scenario’. In the ‘extreme case, heterogeneous media scenario’, geometry is a rare combination of unusual high-density and low-density materials and it is chosen to provide a test environment for the propagation of photons in the interface of two materials with different absorption and scattering properties. GammaMed192Ir Model 12i Source is used as the HDR brachytherapy source in this study. Dose calculations were performed for the cases where there is either a single source or five sources planted into the phantom geometry in all homogenous water phantom and extreme case heterogeneous media scenarios. For the scenario a patient with a cervical cancer, dose calculations were performed in a voxelized rectilinear phantom, which is constructed from a series of computed tomography (CT) slices of a patient, which are obtained from a CT device.Results:In homogeneous water phantom scenario, we observed no statistically significant dose differences among the dose distributions calculated by any of the three algorithms at almost every point in the geometry. In the extreme case heterogeneous media scenario, the dose calculation engines Acuros®BV and BrachyDose are agreed well within statistics in every region of the geometry and even in the points close to the interfaces of low-density and high-density materials. On the other hand, the dose values calculated by these two codes are significantly different from those calculated by the TG-43 algorithm. In the ‘a patient with a cervical cancer scenario’, the calculated D2ccdose difference between Acuros®BV and BrachyDose codes is within 2% in the rectum and 11% for the bladder and sigmoid. There was no meaningful difference in the mean dose values between MBDCAs in the bone structures.Conclusions:In this study, the accurate dose calculation capabilities of the BrachyDose program in HDR brachytherapy were investigated on various scenarios and, as a MC dose calculation tool, its effectiveness in HDR brachytherapy was demonstrated by comparative dose analysis.
A Seismic‐Frequency Laboratory Study of Solid Substitution in Bentheim Sandstone
Authors: Mikhaltsevitch V. , Lebedev M. , Gurevich B. , Sun Y. , Glubokovskikh S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStudying the effects of the solid pore fills on the elastic properties of rocks is of significant importance for a range of applications, such as, for example, monitoring of heavy oil reservoirs or modeling the transport properties of the rocks affected by salt precipitation or cementation. We present the results of the laboratory solid‐substitution experiments carried out on Bentheim sandstone at a seismic frequency of 2 Hz. The experiments were performed when the pore space of the tested sample was filled sequentially with solid (23°C) and liquid (40°C) octadecane. Previously, ultrasonic measurements on the same octadecane‐filled sandstone showed significant discrepancy from the predictions of Ciz‐Shapiro theory, which was explained by the effect of stiffening of compliant pores at the grain contacts. However, the present results show good agreement with the predictions of the Ciz‐Shapiro theory and suggest that the effect of stiffening of the compliant pores in presence of solid is negligible at low frequency.
Soliton bursts and deterministic dissipative Kerr soliton generation in auxiliary-assisted microcavities
Authors: Zhou Heng , Geng Yong , Cui Wenwen , Huang Shu-Wei , Zhou Qiang , Qiu Kun , Wei Wong Chee 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDissipative Kerr solitons in resonant frequency combs offer a promising route for ultrafast mode-locking, precision spectroscopy and time-frequency standards. The dynamics for the dissipative soliton generation, however, are intrinsically intertwined with thermal nonlinearities, limiting the soliton generation parameter map and statistical success probabilities of the solitary state. Here, via use of an auxiliary laser heating approach to suppress thermal dragging dynamics in dissipative soliton comb formation, we demonstrate stable Kerr soliton singlet formation and soliton bursts. First, we access a new soliton existence range with an inverse-sloped Kerr soliton evolution—diminishing soliton energy with increasing pump detuning. Second, we achieve deterministic transitions from Turing-like comb patterns directly into the dissipative Kerr soliton singlet pulse bypassing the chaotic states. This is achieved by avoiding subcomb overlaps at lower pump power, with near-identical singlet soliton comb generation over twenty instances. Third, with the red-detuned pump entrance route enabled, we uncover unique spontaneous soliton bursts in the direct formation of low-noise optical frequency combs from continuum background noise. The burst dynamics are due to the rapid entry and mutual attraction of the pump laser into the cavity mode, aided by the auxiliary laser and matching well with our numerical simulations. Enabled by the auxiliary-assisted frequency comb dynamics, we demonstrate an application of automatic soliton comb recovery and long-term stabilization against strong external perturbations. Our findings hold potential to expand the parameter space for ultrafast nonlinear dynamics and precision optical frequency comb stabilization.
Intelligent ICU for Autonomous Patient Monitoring Using Pervasive Sensing and Deep Learning
Authors: Davoudi Anis , Malhotra Kumar Rohit , Shickel Benjamin , Siegel Scott , Williams Seth , Ruppert Matthew , Bihorac Emel , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Tighe Patrick J. , Bihorac Azra , Rashidi Parisa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCurrently, many critical care indices are not captured automatically at a granular level, rather are repetitively assessed by overburdened nurses. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of using pervasive sensing technology and artificial intelligence for autonomous and granular monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). As an exemplary prevalent condition, we characterized delirious patients and their environment. We used wearable sensors, light and sound sensors, and a camera to collect data on patients and their environment. We analyzed collected data to detect and recognize patient’s face, their postures, facial action units and expressions, head pose variation, extremity movements, sound pressure levels, light intensity level, and visitation frequency. We found that facial expressions, functional status entailing extremity movement and postures, and environmental factors including the visitation frequency, light and sound pressure levels at night were significantly different between the delirious and non-delirious patients. Our results showed that granular and autonomous monitoring of critically ill patients and their environment is feasible using a noninvasive system, and we demonstrated its potential for characterizing critical care patients and environmental factors.
Transcriptomics Analysis Reveals New Insights into the Roles of Notch1 Signaling on Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Hans Chetan P. , Sharma Neekun , Sen Sidharth , Zeng Shuai , Dev Rishabh , Jiang Yuexu , Mahajan Advitiya , Joshi Trupti 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNaïve macrophages (Mφ) polarize in response to various environmental cues to a spectrum of cells that have distinct biological functions. The extreme ends of the spectrum are classified as M1 and M2 macrophages. Previously, we demonstrated that Notch1 deficiency promotes Tgf-β2 dependent M2-polarization in a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. The present studies aimed to characterize the unique set of genes regulated by Notch1 signaling in macrophage polarization. Bone marrow derived macrophages isolated from WT or Notch1+/− mice (n = 12) were differentiated to Mφ, M1 or M2-phenotypes by 24 h exposure to vehicle, LPS/IFN-γ or IL4/IL13 respectively and total RNA was subjected to RNA-Sequencing (n = 3). Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that Notch1 haploinsufficiency downregulated the expression of 262 genes at baseline level, 307 genes with LPS/IFN-γ and 254 genes with IL4/IL13 treatment. Among these, the most unique genes downregulated by Notch1 haploinsufficiency included fibromodulin (Fmod), caspase-4, Has1, Col1a1, Alpl and Igf. Pathway analysis demonstrated that extracellular matrix, macrophage polarization and osteogenesis were the major pathways affected by Notch1 haploinsufficiency. Gain and loss-of-function studies established a strong correlation between Notch1 haploinsufficiency and Fmod in regulating Tgf-β signaling. Collectively, our studies suggest that Notch1 haploinsufficiency increases M2 polarization through these newly identified genes.
Role of lipid composition on the structural and mechanical features of axonal membranes: a molecular simulation study
Authors: Saeedimasine Marzieh , Montanino Annaclaudia , Kleiven Svein , Villa Alessandra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe integrity of cellular membranes is critical for the functionality of axons. Failure of the axonal membranes (plasma membrane and/or myelin sheath) can be the origin of neurological diseases. The two membranes differ in the content of sphingomyelin and galactosylceramide lipids. We investigate the relation between lipid content and bilayer structural-mechanical properties, to better understand the dependency of membrane properties on lipid composition. A sphingomyelin/phospholipid/cholesterol bilayer is used to mimic a plasma membrane and a galactosylceramide/phospholipid/cholesterol bilayer to mimic a myelin sheath. Molecular dynamics simulations are performed at atomistic and coarse-grained levels to characterize the bilayers at equilibrium and under deformation. For comparison, simulations of phospholipid and phospholipid/cholesterol bilayers are also performed. The results clearly show that the bilayer biomechanical and structural features depend on the lipid composition, independent of the molecular models. Both galactosylceramide or sphingomyelin lipids increase the order of aliphatic tails and resistance to water penetration. Having 30% galactosylceramide increases the bilayers stiffness. Galactosylceramide lipids pack togetherviasugar-sugar interactions and hydrogen-bond phosphocholine with a correlated increase of bilayer thickness. Our findings provide a molecular insight on role of lipid content in natural membranes.
Behavioural and Neural Responses to Facial Disfigurement
Authors: Hartung Franziska , Jamrozik Anja , Rosen Miriam E. , Aguirre Geoffrey , Sarwer David B. , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFaces are among the most salient and relevant visual and social stimuli that humans encounter. Attractive faces are associated with positive character traits and social skills and automatically evoke larger neural responses than faces of average attractiveness in ventral occipito-temporal cortical areas. Little is known about the behavioral and neural responses to disfigured faces. In two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that people harbor a disfigured is bad bias and that ventral visual neural responses, known to be amplified to attractive faces, represent an attentional effect to facial salience rather than to their rewarding properties. In our behavioral study (N = 79), we confirmed the existence of an implicit ‘disfigured is bad’ bias. In our functional MRI experiment (N = 31), neural responses to photographs of disfigured faces before treatment evoked greater neural responses within ventral occipito-temporal cortex and diminished responses within anterior cingulate cortex. The occipito-temporal activity supports the hypothesis that these areas are sensitive to attentional, rather than reward properties of faces. The relative deactivation in anterior cingulate cortex, informed by our behavioral study, may reflect suppressed empathy and social cognition and indicate evidence of a possible neural mechanism underlying dehumanization.