bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD4CD8 Double Positive T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Diedrich Collin Richard , Gideon Hannah Priyadarshini , Rutledge Tara , Baranowski Tonilynn Marie , Maiello Pauline , Myers Amy J. , Lin Philana Ling 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundTuberculosis (TB) kills millions of people every year. CD4 and CD8 T cells are critical in the immune response against TB. T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 (CD4CD8 T cells) are functionally active and have not been examined in the context of TB.MethodsWe examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) and lung granulomas from 28 cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection.ResultsCD4CD8 T cells increase in frequency during early Mtb infection in PBMC and BAL from pre‐infection. Peripheral, airway, and lung granuloma CD4CD8 T cells have distinct patterns and greater cytokine production than CD4 or CD8 T cells.ConclusionOur data suggest that CD4CD8 T cells transient the blood and airways early during infection to reach the granulomas where they are involved directly in the host response to Mtb.
Sustainability via Active Garden Education: Translating Policy to Practice in Early Care and Education
Authors: Lee Rebecca E. , Soltero Erica G. , Ledoux Tracey A. , Sahnoune Iman , Saavadra Fiorella , Mama Scherezade K. , McNeill Lorna H. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe describe the development of sustainability via active garden education (SAGE), an early care and education (ECE) garden‐based curriculum developed from a 5‐year community partnership to link national health policy guidelines with ECE accreditation standards.METHODSNational health guidelines and ECE accreditation standards were reviewed, and community advisory board members, ECE staff, and parents provided feedback and support throughout the development of the curriculum. The SAGE curriculum components were guided by the Ecologic Model of Physical Activity and Social Cognitive Theory. Strengths‐weaknesses‐opportunities‐threat analyses were used to refine and revise the curriculum to overcome challenges to implementation.RESULTSTwelve 1‐hour, developmentally appropriate, modularized lessons were created using the garden as a metaphor for human development. Lessons featured songs, simple games, pretend play, modeling, and garden activities. Parents were engaged via weekly newsletters with information about activities in the classroom, strategies to improve health habits at home, and free community resources.CONCLUSIONSAGE partnered scientific theory and rigor with community ingenuity and innovation to create a clear translation of policy guidelines to easily implementable practice in a fun and engaging manner.
Comprehensive coronary plaque assessment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Bikov Andras , Kolossváry Márton , Jermendy Adam L. , Drobni Zsofia D. , Tarnoki Adam D. , Tarnoki David L. , Forgó Bianka , Kovacs Daniel T. , Losonczy Gyorgy , Kunos Laszlo , Voros Szilard , Merkely Bela , Maurovich‐Horvat Pal 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have assessed the relationship between OSA and coronary artery disease (CAD) using coronary artery calcium score (CAC) measurements. However, limited data are available regarding the association of OSA with non‐calcified plaque burden. We therefore aimed to assess the relationship between CAD severity as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and OSA. Forty‐one adult subjects (59 ± 9 years, 15 men) underwent a 256‐slice coronary CTA, which was followed by a diagnostic attended cardiorespiratory polygraphy (n = 13) or polysomnography (n = 28). Segment involvement score (SIS), segment stenosis score (SSS) and CAC were used to quantify total CAD burden. Correlation analysis was used to assess potential associations between CAD and OSA. Twenty‐two patients were diagnosed with OSA. SIS and SSS were elevated in OSA (2.90 ± 2.78 versus 1.79 ± 2.39 and 4.91 ± 5.94 versus 1.79 ± 4.54, OSA versus controls, SIS and SSS respectively, both p < 0.01) and correlated with OSA severity as measured by the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI, r = 0.41 and 0.43, p < 0.01) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI, r = 0.45 and 0.46, p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed between CAC and OSA. Compared to CAC, SIS and SSS provide additional information on coronary plaque burden in OSA, which shows a significant association with OSA.
Theory, a lost character? As presented in general practice education research papers
Authors: Brown James , Bearman Margaret , Kirby Catherine , Molloy Elizabeth , Colville Deborah , Nestel Debra 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesThe use of theory in research is reflected in its presence in research writing. Theory is often an ineffective presence in medical education research papers. To progress the effective use of theory in medical education, we need to understand how theory is presented in research papers. This study aims to elicit how theory is being written into general practice (GP) vocational education research papers in order to elucidate how theory might be more effectively used. This has relevance for the field of GP and for medical education more broadly.MethodsThis is a scoping review of the presentation of theory in GP vocational education research published between 2013 and 2017. An interpretive approach is taken. We frame research papers as a form of narrative and draw on the theories of Aristotle's poetics and Campbell's monomyth. We seek parallels between the roles of theory in a research story and theories of characterisation.ResultsA total of 23 papers were selected. Theories of ‘reflective learning’, ‘communities of practice’ and ‘adult learning’ were most used. Six tasks were assigned to theory: to align with a position; to identify a research problem; to serve as a vehicle for an idea; to provide a methodological tool; to interpret findings, and to represent an object of examination. The prominence of theory in the papers ranged from cameo to major roles. Depending on the way theory was used and the audience, theory had different impacts. There were parallels between the tasks assigned to theory and the roles of four of Campbell's archetypal characters. Campbell's typology offers guidance on how theory can be used in research paper ‘stories’.ConclusionsTheory can be meaningfully present in the story of a research paper if it is assigned a role in a deliberate way and this is articulated. Attention to the character development of theory and its positioning in the research story is important.
Multiple‐role mentoring: mentors’ conceptualisations, enactments and role conflicts
Authors: Meeuwissen Stephanie N E , Stalmeijer Renée E , Govaerts Marjan 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionOutcome‐based approaches to education and the inherent emphasis on programmatic assessment in particular, require models of mentoring in which mentors fulfil dual roles: coach and assessor. Fulfilling multiple roles could result in role confusion or even role conflicts, both of which may affect mentoring processes and outcomes. In this study, we explored how mentors conceptualise and enact their role in a multiple‐role mentoring system and to what extent they experience role conflicts.MethodsWe conducted a constructivist grounded theory study at one undergraduate medical school. A purposive sample of 12 physician‐mentors active in a programmatic assessment system was interviewed. Data analysis followed stages of open, axial and selective coding through which themes were constructed.ResultsThree predominant mentoring approaches were constructed: (i) empowering (a reflective and holistic approach to student development); (ii) checking (an observant approach to check whether formal requirements are met), and (iii) directing (an authoritative approach to guide students’ professional development). Each approach encompassed a corresponding type of mentor‐mentee relationship: (i) partnership; (ii) instrumental, and (iii) faculty‐centred. Furthermore, mentors’ strategies, focus, agency provided to students and perception of the assessment system characterised mentoring approaches and relationships. Role conflicts were mainly experienced by mentors with a directing mentoring approach. They used various coping mechanisms, including deviation from assessment guidelines.ConclusionsIn multiple‐role mentoring in the context of programmatic assessment, mentors adopted certain predominant mentoring approaches, which were characterised by different strategies for mentoring and resulted in different mentor–mentee relationships. Multiple‐role mentoring does not necessarily result in role conflict. Mentors who do experience role conflict seem to favour the directing approach, which is most at odds with key principles of competency‐based education and programmatic assessment. These findings build upon existing mentoring literature and offer practical suggestions for faculty development regarding approaches to mentoring in programmatic assessment systems.
Setting an Agenda for Positive Psychology in SLA: Theory, Practice, and Research
Authors: MACINTYRE PETER D. , GREGERSEN TAMMY , MERCER SARAH 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this article we introduce Positive Psychology (PP), a relatively new subfield of psychology, and outline its development since the year 2000. We describe ways in which PP represents an exciting addition to the Second Language Acquisition (SLA) literature and the ways it is already influencing trends in education generally, thus creating promising expectations of its impact on language teaching and learning. After reviewing the progress made thus far under the rubric of PP in SLA, we offer suggestions for an agenda to move forward with theory, research, and practice.
Tissue‐specific study across the stem reveals the chemistry and transcriptome dynamics of birch bark
Authors: Alonso‐Serra Juan , Safronov Omid , Lim Kean‐Jin , Fraser‐Miller Sara J. , Blokhina Olga B. , Campilho Ana , Chong Sun‐Li , Fagerstedt Kurt , Haavikko Raisa , Helariutta Ykä , Immanen Juha , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Kauppila Tiina J. , Lehtonen Mari , Ragni Laura , Rajaraman Sitaram , Räsänen Riikka‐Marjaana , Safdari Pezhman , Tenkanen Maija , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari T. , Teeri Teemu H. , Strachan Clare J. , Nieminen Kaisa , Salojärvi Jarkko 
Published: February 2019

Summary

Tree bark is a highly specialized array of tissues that plays important roles in plant protection and development. Bark tissues develop from two lateral meristems; the phellogen (cork cambium) produces the outermost stem–environment barrier called the periderm, while the vascular cambium contributes with phloem tissues. Although bark is diverse in terms of tissues, functions and species, it remains understudied at higher resolution.

We dissected the stem of silver birch (Betula pendula) into eight major tissue types, and characterized these by a combined transcriptomics and metabolomics approach. We further analyzed the varying bark types within the Betulaceae family.

The two meristems had a distinct contribution to the stem transcriptomic landscape. Furthermore, inter‐ and intraspecies analyses illustrated the unique molecular profile of the phellem. We identified multiple tissue‐specific metabolic pathways, such as the mevalonate/betulin biosynthesis pathway, that displayed differential evolution within the Betulaceae. A detailed analysis of suberin and betulin biosynthesis pathways identified a set of underlying regulators and highlighted the important role of local, small‐scale gene duplication events in the evolution of metabolic pathways.

This work reveals the transcriptome and metabolic diversity among bark tissues and provides insights to its development and evolution, as well as its biotechnological applications.
Medial Open‐wedge Osteotomy with Double‐plate Fixation for Varus Malunion of the Distal Femur
Authors: He Qi‐fang , Wang Han‐xu , Sun Hui , Zhan Yu , Zhang Bin‐bin , Xie Xue‐tao , Luo Cong‐feng 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo present our clinical experience of treating varus malunion of the distal femur through a medial open‐wedge osteotomy with double‐plate fixation.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed. From January 2005 to February 2015, 15 consecutive patients with varus malunion following distal femur fractures were surgically treated at a single level I trauma center. The coronal and sagittal deformity were corrected by a medial open‐wedge osteotomy of the distal femur. A medial buttress plate was used to maintain the realignment. A lateral locking plate was additionally used as a protection plate. The mean age of patients at the time of the surgery was 35.5 years (range, 22–58 years). The radiographical evaluation included the mechanical femorotibial angle, the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, the anatomic posterior distal femoral angle, and the leg length discrepancy. Clinical outcome evaluation consisted of the range of motion (ROM) and Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score.ResultsMean follow‐up was 7.4 years (range, 4–11.5 years). Varus and flexion malalignment and limb discrepancy were adequately corrected in all patients. The mechanical femorotibial angle, the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, and the anatomic posterior distal femoral angle were restored from 17.5° (range, 13°–25°) to 2.3° (range, − 2°–7°), 102.3° (range, 95°–112°) to 85.2° (range, 81°–92°), and 77.1° (range, 65°–87°) to 82.7° (range, 76°–88°), respectively. The leg length discrepancy was diminished from 3.4 cm (range, 2.4–4.5 cm) to 0.8 cm (range, 0–1.7 cm). The average bone healing time was 4.1 months (range, 2.5–6 months). The average ROM of the affected knees at 24‐month follow‐up was 3.4°–112.55°. The score of HSS at 4‐years follow‐up was 76.1 (range, 64–88). No internal fixation failure or secondary operation was noted until the last follow‐up.ConclusionMedial open‐wedge osteotomy can adequately correct the posttraumatic varus malunion of the distal femur. With fixation of the double plate, non‐displaced bone healing and good functional outcome are expected.
Within‐ and between‐individual variation in fathers’ emotional expressivity in Chinese families: Contributions of children’s emotional expressivity and fathers’ emotion‐related beliefs and perceptions
Authors: Li Danli , Li Xuan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractParental emotion socialization is a dynamic process encompassing moment‐to‐moment fluctuations in parents’ emotional displays and responsiveness. This study attempted to examine the within‐ and between‐individual variation in fathers’ emotional expressivity during a real‐time father–child interaction in Chinese families. Eighty‐five children (Mage = 7.58 years,SD = 0.50 years, 47.1% boys) from east China and their biological fathers participated in the study. Fathers’ and children’s emotional expressivity were observed during a problem‐solving interaction task. Fathers’ beliefs about children’s negative emotions and fathers’ perceptions of their children’s emotion regulation ability were assessed via self‐report questionnaires. Results showed that (1) At the within‐individual level, fathers’ and children’s emotional expressivity covariated with each other in concurrent intervals when controlling for their emotional expressivity in previous intervals; fathers’ emotional expressivity gradually became less positive over time whereas children’s emotional expressivity did not change significantly over time; (2) At the between‐individual level, fathers’ perceptions of children’s emotion regulation accounted for the between‐individual variance in the dynamics of fathers’ emotional expressivity. These findings chart the dynamics of paternal emotion expressivity during father–child interactions and shed light on the relevant roles of children’s emotional expressivity and fathers’ emotion‐related beliefs and perceptions.
An appearance‐preserving simplification method for complex 3D building models
Authors: She Jiangfeng , Gu Xiaoyan , Tan Junzhong , Tong Ming , Wang Chaofan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe simplification of 3D building models to effectively reduce model complexity and improve rendering efficiency is an important component of 3D GIS. To reduce the data volume while preserving the model appearance, this article proposes a novel simplification method for complex 3D building models. Texture discontinuities are addressed by developing a new data model that records the mapping relation between the texture coordinates of each vertex and its neighboring triangles. The surface mesh of the building model is then segmented into regions, guided by topology and appearance. Finally, the mesh segmentation information is used to derive an improved error metric that considers both geometric and texture errors, and the texture coordinates are adjusted after each simplification operation. A series of comparative experiments alongside traditional methods demonstrates that our approach achieves a good balance between geometric fidelity and texture preservation, and produces simplified 3D building models with better visual quality.
Quantification and rep‐PCR characterization of Salmonella spp. in retail meats and hospital patients in Northern Thailand
Authors: Prasertsee Teerarat , Chokesajjawatee Nipa , Santiyanont Pannita , Chuammitri Phongsakorn , Deeudom Manu , Tadee Pakpoom , Patchanee Prapas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHuman salmonellosis is a major public health problem worldwide. Infections can pass to humans by contact with contaminated substances in the food chain. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and contamination levels of Salmonella isolated from pork, chicken and beef sold in different types of retail stores in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and to investigate the genetic relatedness among Salmonella isolates in food chains in that area. A total of 360 meat samples from supermarkets, mini‐grocery stores and fresh markets were obtained. Salmonella Rissen and S. Weltevreden were found in all meat sample types and in human cases. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the chicken, pork and beef samples was 34.17%, 32.50% and 3.33%, respectively. Quantitatively, Salmonella contamination was highest in pork (1.24 log10MPN/g), followed by chicken (1.08 log10MPN/g), and beef (0.75 log10MPN/g). The highest frequency of Salmonella contamination was found at the fresh markets (85.71%), whereas the highest quantity of contamination level was from mini‐grocery stores (1.27 log10MPN/g). The rep‐PCR analysis results revealed that some of the Salmonella from meat samples and human cases were identical clones.
The increase in muscle force after 4 weeks of strength training is mediated by adaptations in motor unit recruitment and rate coding
Authors: Del Vecchio Alessandro , Casolo Andrea , Negro Francesco , Scorcelletti Matteo , Bazzucchi Ilenia , Enoka Roger , Felici Francesco , Farina Dario 
Published: February 2019

Key points
Previous studies have indicated that several weeks of strength training is sufficient to elicit significant adaptations in the neural drive sent to the muscles.
There are few data, however, on the changes elicited by strength training in the recruitment and rate coding of motor units during voluntary contractions. We show for the first time that the discharge characteristics of motor units in the tibialis anterior muscle tracked across the intervention are changed by 4 weeks of strength training with isometric voluntary contractions.
The specific adaptations included significant increases in motor unit discharge rate, decreases in the recruitment‐threshold force of motor units and a similar input–output gain of the motor neurons.
The findings suggest that the adaptations in motor unit function may be attributable to changes in synaptic input to the motor neuron pool or to adaptations in intrinsic motor neuron properties.
AbstractThe strength of a muscle typically begins to increase after only a few sessions of strength training. This increase is usually attributed to changes in the neural drive to muscle as a result of adaptations at the cortical or spinal level. We investigated the change in the discharge characteristics of large populations of longitudinally tracked motor units in tibialis anterior before and after 4 weeks of strength training the ankle‐dorsiflexor muscles with isometric contractions. The adaptations exhibited by 14 individuals were compared with 14 control subjects. High‐density electromyogram grids with 128 electrodes recorded the myoelectric activity during isometric ramp contractions to the target forces of 35%, 50% and 70% of maximal voluntary force. The motor unit recruitment and derecruitment thresholds, discharge rate, interspike intervals and estimates of synaptic inputs to motor neurons were assessed. The normalized recruitment‐threshold forces of the motor units were decreased after strength training (P < 0.05). Moreover, discharge rate increased by 3.3 ± 2.5 pps (average across subjects and motor units) during the plateau phase of the submaximal isometric contractions (P < 0.001). Discharge rates at recruitment and derecruitment were not modified by training (P < 0.05). The association between force and motor unit discharge rate during the ramp‐phase of the contractions was also not altered by training (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate for the first time that the increase in muscle force after 4 weeks of strength training is the result of an increase in motor neuron output from the spinal cord to the muscle.
Harmful algae and export production collapse in the equatorial Atlantic during the zenith of Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum warmth
Authors: Cramwinckel Marlow J. , van der Ploeg Robin , Bijl Peter K. , Peterse Francien , Bohaty Steven M. , Röhl Ursula , Schouten Stefan , Middelburg Jack J. , Sluijs Appy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
New palynological, sedimentological, and geochemical records spanning the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ca. 40 Ma) in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean indicate that peak warming was associated with upper-ocean stratification, decreased export production, and possibly harmful algal blooms, followed by slight oxygen minimum zone expansion. Combining these findings with published MECO records suggests that export production collapse and benthos starvation during the zenith of MECO warmth were widespread in the Atlantic. Furthermore, comparison to records across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (ca. 56 Ma) at the same site suggests a similar system response to warming, but with different impact on benthic communities.