bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saccadic Performance as a Function of the Presence and Disappearance of Auditory and Visual Fixation Stimuli
Authors: Taylor Tracy L. , Klein Raymond M. , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Relative to when a fixated stimulus remains visible, saccadic latencies are facilitated when a fixated stimulus is extinguished simultaneously with or prior to the appearance of an eccentric auditory, visual, or combined visual-auditory target. In a study of nine human subjects, we determined whether such facilitation (the “gap effect”) occurs equivalently for the disappearance of fixated auditory stimuli and fixated visual stimuli. In the present study, a fixated auditory (noise) stimulus remained present (overlap) or else was extinguished simultaneously with (step) or 200 msec prior to (gap) the appearance of a visual, auditory (tone), or combined visual-auditory target 10° to the left or right of fixation. The results demonstrated equivalent facilitatory effects due to the disappearance of fixated auditory and visual stimuli and are consistent with the presumed role of the superior colliculus in the gap effect.
Auditory-Visual Integration during Multimodal Object Recognition in Humans: A Behavioral and Electrophysiological Study
Authors: Giard M. H. , Peronnet F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was (1) to provide behavioral evidence for multimodal feature integration in an object recognition task in humans and (2) to characterize the processing stages and the neural structures where multisensory interactions take place. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 30 scalp electrodes while subjects performed a forced-choice reaction-time categorization task: At each trial, the subjects had to indicate which of two objects was presented by pressing one of two keys. The two objects were defined by auditory features alone, visual features alone, or the combination of auditory and visual features. Subjects were more accurate and rapid at identifying multimodal than unimodal objects. Spatiotemporal analysis of ERPs and scalp current densities revealed several auditory-visual interaction components temporally, spatially, and functionally distinct before 200 msec poststimulus. The effects observed were (1) in visual areas, new neural activities (as early as 40 msec poststimulus) and modulation (amplitude decrease) of the N185 wave to unimodal visual stimulus, (2) in the auditory cortex, modulation (amplitude increase) of subcomponents of the unimodal auditory N1 wave around 90 to 110 msec, and (3) new neural activity over the right fronto-temporal area (140 to 165 msec). Furthermore, when the subjects were separated into two groups according to their dominant modality to perform the task in unimodal conditions (shortest reaction time criteria), the integration effects were found to be similar for the two groups over the nonspecific fronto-temporal areas, but they clearly differed in the sensory-specific cortices, affecting predominantly the sensory areas of the nondominant modality. Taken together, the results indicate that multisensory integration is mediated by flexible, highly adaptive physiological processes that can take place very early in the sensory processing chain and operate in both sensory-specific and nonspecific cortical structures in different ways.
What Geometric Visual Hallucinations Tell Us about the Visual Cortex
Authors: Bressloff Paul C. , Cowan Jack D. , Golubitsky Martin , Thomas Peter J. , Wiener Matthew C. 
Published: July 2002

Many observers see geometric visual hallucinations after taking hallucinogens such as LSD, cannabis, mescaline or psilocybin; on viewing bright flickering lights; on waking up or falling asleep; in “near-death” experiences; and in many other syndromes. Klüver organized the images into four groups called form constants: (I) tunnels and funnels, (II) spirals, (III) lattices, including honeycombs and triangles, and (IV) cobwebs. In most cases, the images are seen in both eyes and move with them. We interpret this to mean that they are generated in the brain. Here, we summarize a theory of their origin in visual cortex (area V1), based on the assumption that the form of the retino–cortical map and the architecture of V1 determine their geometry. (A much longer and more detailed mathematical version has been published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356 [2001].) We model V1 as the continuum limit of a lattice of interconnected hypercolumns, each comprising a number of interconnected iso-orientation columns. Based on anatomical evidence, we assume that the lateral connectivity between hypercolumns exhibits symmetries, rendering it invariant under the action of the Euclidean group E(2), composed of reflections and translations in the plane, and a (novel) shift-twist action. Using this symmetry, we show that the various patterns of activity that spontaneously emerge when V1's spatially uniform resting state becomes unstable correspond to the form constants when transformed to the visual field using the retino-cortical map. The results are sensitive to the detailed specification of the lateral connectivity and suggest that the cortical mechanisms that generate geometric visual hallucinations are closely related to those used to process edges, contours, surfaces, and textures.
Design of Graph-Based Evolutionary Algorithms: A Case Study for Chemical Process Networks
Authors: Emmerich Michael , Grötzner Monika , Schütz Martin 
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the adaptation of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to the structural optimization of chemical engineering plants, using rigorous process simulation combined with realistic costing procedures to calculate target function values. To represent chemical engineering plants, a network representation with typed vertices and variable structure will be introduced. For this representation, we introduce a technique on how to create problem specific search operators and apply them in stochastic optimization procedures. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated by a reference example. The design of the algorithms will be oriented at the systematic framework of metricbased evolutionary algorithms (MBEAs). MBEAs are a special class of evolutionary algorithms, fulfilling certain guidelines for the design of search operators, whose benefits have been proven in theory and practice. MBEAs rely upon a suitable definition of a metric on the search space. The definition of a metric for the graph representation will be one of the main issues discussed in this paper. Although this article deals with the problem domain of chemical plant optimization, the algorithmic design can be easily transferred to similar network optimization problems. A useful distance measure for variable dimensionality search spaces is suggested.
Products and Ecological Models: A Population Ecology Perspective
Authors: Levine Stephen H. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIndustrial ecology has used the systems ecology model, with its emphasis on the flows of energy and nutrients, as a tool to find ways to minimize the adverse environmental effects of industrial activity. A second ecosystem model, the population ecology model, emphasizes intra‐and inter‐specific interactions of many types. When applied to industrial systems, it suggests an increased focus on products. It therefore can provide a useful complement to the systems ecology approach. If industrial processes that are less harmful to the environment are to be successfully implemented, they will have to produce products that can successfully penetrate the marketplace. A number of historical examples are used to illustrate the many product interactions discussed.
Comparing the Environmental Performance of Fluorescent Whitening Agents with Peroxide Bleaching of Mechanical Pulp
Authors: Scheringer Martin , Halder Daniel , Hungerbühler Konrad 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe use of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) instead of oxidative bleaching agents such as peroxide is an alternative for the bleaching of mechanical pulp. By this approach, the chromophores of the wood components in the pulp are not destroyed chemically but the brightness of the pulp is achieved by increased re‐emission of blue light in the range of 400–500 nm. In this study, a typical FWA and peroxide bleaching chemicals are compared with respect to both production and application in the pulp mill. The life‐cycle inventory shows that, on the one hand, the production of the FWA leads to higher releases of salts and adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) to surface waters and that, on the other hand, significantly less FWA is required in the application step in order to reach the same pulp brightness. The life‐cycle impact assessment of the production step is presented in terms of Eco‐indicator 95. These results, however, do not cover the environmental fate of various chemicals released to the aquatic environment in the course of the bleaching/whitening step. Therefore, this part is assessed by means of a more detailed investigation of the chemicals' environmental fate in rivers and their aquatic toxicity.
THE LOSS OF ARMAGEDDON, OR, 621 AND ALL THAT: BIBLICAL FICTION, BIBLICAL HISTORY AND THE REWRITTEN BIBLE
Authors: Carroll Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this brief article the 'what if' focus takes as its stage the disappearance from the biblical narrative of the so-called deuteronomistic movement and, in particular, the loss of Armageddon entailed by an imagined failure of Josiah to be killed at Megiddo. The loss of a substantive associated with representations of the end of the world is acknowledged, but the concomitant loss of the world of authoritarian, moralistic discourses associated with the ideology of deuteronomism would more than compensate for the aesthetic loss of the descriptor Armageddon. It would not be a case of all subsequent history having to be radically altered, but everything would have been different and, in this author's opinion, better (a non-postmodernist attitude). The stimulating writings of Margaret Barker are utilized to this end and some points are made about the conceivable benefits of such a loss of the ideology and rhetoric of deuteronomism. The Rewritten Bible which lacked any sense of '621 and All That' might then be a pleasure to read.
THE SAFFRON ARMY, VIOLENCE, TERROR(ISM): BUDDHISM, IDENTITY, AND DIFFERENCE IN SRI LANKA
Authors: Abeysekara Ananda 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes alternative approaches to conceptualizing the relation between religion and violence, Buddhism and terror(ism). An important body of scholarship seeks to theorize religion and violence as transparent objects of disciplinary knowledge in terms of their supposed difference or interrelation, while chronically failing to appreciate them as discursive categories. The relation between religion and violence, the paper contends, is not available for disciplinary canonization as it is conventionally conceived in the now familiar terms of "Buddhism Betrayed?," "religious violence," "religious terrorism," etc. Rather the questions, terms, and parameters defining which persons, practices, and knowledges can and cannot count as religion or violence, civilization or terror are produced, battled out, and subverted in minute contingent conjunctures. Put differently, they are authorized to come into (central) view and fade from view, to emerge and submerge, to become centered and decentered within a microspace of competing authoritative "native" debates and discourses.
ADULTEROUS JERUSALEM'S IMAGINED DEMISE: DEATH OF A METAPHOR IN EZEKIEL XVI
Authors: Day Peggy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractScholars typically assert that the punishment section of Ezekiel xvi includes several features that accurately depict the appropriate and lawful punishment for adultery in ancient Israel. This article refutes the standard scholarly interpretation in two ways. First, it demonstrates that the standard interpretation is based on a flawed understanding of the nature of metaphor. It concludes that, although scholars claim that they are reading metaphorically, in fact they are taking the language literally. Secondly, it reviews all of the biblical and extrabiblical evidence cited by scholars in support of asserting that four of the features of the depicted punishment reflect the lawful punishment for adultery. It concludes that the evidence cited does not support the assertion. Rather, the punishment depicted draws upon consequences threatened for breach of covenant, which is the transgression that the people of Jerusalem are accused of committing in Ezekiel xvi.
ZUR INTERPRETATION VON WE'ET KÅL-BÊT HĀREKĀBÎM IN JEREMIA XXXV 3
Authors: Migsch Herbert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn Jer. xxxv 3 sind drei besondere Begriffe und ein allgemeiner Begriff einander gegenübergestellt. Die Gegenüberstellung ist jedoch formal nicht ausgedrückt: Das Substantiv......... ("der Rest"), durch das das indefinite Zahladjektiv "übrige"/"andere" ersetzt wird, ist erspart. In der Übersetzung muß das indefinite Zahladjektiv zugefügt werden.
NATURAL HISTORIES: LEARNING FROM ANIMALS IN T.H. WHITE'S ARTHURIAN SEQUENCE
Authors: Sly Debbie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the changes T.H. White made to The Sword in the Stone between its first publication in 1938 and subsequent appearance as the first part of the Once and Future King in 1958. These changes are related to the immediate historical context of World War II, and also to the wider context of children's literature dealing with the relationship between the child and the ''natural world''. Rather than seeing White's texts as reflecting a post-Enlightenment idealisation, placing both child and nature beyond the bounds of culture and human limitation, the essay argues that even in the first version White's medieval worldview is constructed from a sophisticated and deliberately anachronistic medley of discourses including medieval codes of hunting and chivalry, Renaissance tragedy and Victorian natural history. These combine to create an exclusively male world, which is analysed as part of the ideological construction of a masculine relationship to the environment based on a ''natural'' nstinct to hunt and kill. White's growing pacifism leads to the insertion in the later version of episodes replacing this relationship with models of cooperative animal behaviour, and even introducing a female mentor for the hero.
ARE DUNG FLIES IDEAL-FREE DISTRIBUTED AT THEIR OVIPOSITION AND MATING SITE?
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf , Morf Cornelia , Reuter Max 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We experimentally tested the ideal-free distribution (IFD) using oviposition sites and mates as resources. We asked whether (1) female dung flies are distributed in an ideal-free manner among various fresh dung pats (the mating site and their resource for oviposition), and whether (2) the males are distributed likewise and consequently (3) ideal-free distributed with regard to the number of females. The last prediction links the IFD to the operational sex ratio (OSR), the number of competing males per receptive female. The flies were simultaneously offered six fresh dung pats in their natural environment, arrayed in a small and a large equalsided triangle. In one experiment all dung pats were the same size, and in another the three dung pats in each triangle had different surface areas. The large and mobile yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria, was overall evenly distributed with regard to oviposition sites and mates, whereas the distribution of the smaller and less mobile Sepsis cynipsea deviated randomly from the IFD. More flies were attracted to larger pats, but not in proportion to the pat's surface area (undermatching). Based on the speed at which an IFD was approached, individuals did not appear to sample different pats. The differences between the two species in agreement with the IFD predictions are probably quantitative rather than qualitative, relating to differences in mobility and local distribution.
EXTRA-PAIR PATERNITY IN GREAT TITS (PARUS MAJOR)-A LONG TERM STUDY
Authors: Lubjuhn Thomas , Strohbach Sabine , Brün Jörg , Gerken Thomas , Epplen Jörg 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExtra-pair paternity is known to be common in many socially monogamous avian species. One question to which much attention has been paid is which benefits females might gain from copulations outside the pair bond. The 'good genes' hypothesis suggests that females obtain indirect benefits (i.e. good genes for at least part of their offspring). To test predictions from this hypothesis we analysed paternity in a study on great tits (Parus major) over 5 years. Each year 27.8-44.2% of broods contained at least one nestling that derived from a male other than its social father. 5.4-8.6% of all nestlings investigated were extra-pair sired. Males that were cuckolded survived with the same probability to the next year's breeding season as males whose broods did not contain extra-pair young. In addition there were no differences in local recruitment rates of offspring whether they were extra-pair sired or not. Our results do not fit the predictions of the 'good genes' hypothesis. Moreover, patterns of extra-pair paternity in successive years were highly inconsistent, suggesting that factors other than the genetic quality of males play an important role in determining if a particular female or male has extra-pair young in its brood.
SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND SOMATIC INDEX IN RELATION TO MORPHOMETRIC MATURITY FOR MALE SNOW CRAB, CHIONOECETES OPILIO (O. FABRICIUS, 1788), IN THE BAIE DES CHALEURS, CANADA (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA)
Authors: Comeau Michel , Lanteigne Marc , Cormier Roland 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe serum protein concentrations of juvenile and mature male snow crabs, Chionoecetes opilio, were measured using a refractometer. The somatic indices of juvenile and mature male snow crab were calculated using the weight of the dry flesh of the chelae versus its wet weight. Results indicate that juvenile male snow crab have significantly higher serum protein concentrations and significantly lower somatic indices than their mature counterparts. These observations are attributed to basic physiological differences that could be explained by a terminal moult. Les concentrations en proteines seriques de males juveniles et a maturite du crabe des neiges Chionoecetes opilio ont ete mesurees au moyen d'un refractometre. Les indices somatiques de ces individus ont ete calcules en utilisant le rapport entre le poids sec et le poids humide de la chair. Les resultats indiquent que les individus males juveniles ont des concentrations en proteines seriques significativement plus elevees et des indices somatiques significativement plus bas que les individus males matures. Ces observations sont attribuees a des differences physiologiques de base qui peuvent etre expliquees par une mue terminale.
POTENTIAL YIELD OF A ROCK SHRIMP STOCK, SICYONIA PENICILLATA IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA
Authors: Lopez-Martinez Juana , Alcantara-Razo Edgar , Hernandez-Vazquez Sergio , Chavez Ernesto 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA stock of rock shrimp Sicyonia penicillata was assessed in a fishery recently opened at Bahoa Kino, Sonora, Mexico. An age-structured model with stochastic recruitment was developed, which considers growth rate, natural mortality, and fishing mortality by age. Age groups were followed year by year with a stock-recruitment Ricker function where the seasonal recruitment pattern was defined as well. Simulations might be interpreted as showing a stable population with four year cycles, reflecting a density-dependent process. In 1996, fishing intensity had an apparent compensatory effect on the stock, decreasing the amplitude of natural oscillations and maintaining the stock at a biomass level similar to the size observed in a condition of no exploitation. The stock was found currently underexploited. As a result of the seasonal accessibility and the age of first-catch fishing (adult shrimp), the stock might be capable to withstand high fishing pressure without being overexploited. Se evaluo una poblacion de camaron de roca Sicyonia penicillata, de una pesqueroa recientemente abierta en Bahoa Kino, Sonora, Mexico. Se desarrollo un modelo basado en la estructura por edades que considera reclutamiento estocastico, tasa de crecimiento, mortalidad natural y mortalidad por pesca por grupo de edad. Estos grupos de edad fueron determinados ano tras ano mediante la funcion de reclutamiento de Ricker, en los que tambien se definio el patron estacional de reclutamiento. Las simulaciones muestran una poblacion estable con ciclos de cuatro anos, que indican un proceso de densodependencia. En 1996, la intensidad de pesca tuvo un efecto compensatorio sobre la poblacion, reduciendo la amplitud de las oscilaciones naturales y manteniendo al stock en un nivel de biomasa similar al observado en la condicion sin explotacion. Se encontro que el recurso esta subexplotado. Como resultado de la accesibilidad estacional y de que la edad de primera captura corresponde a camaron adulto, el recurso soporta alta presion de pesca sin dar evidencias de sobreexplotacion.
Effects of hatching factors on potato cyst nematode hatch and in-egg mortality in soil and in vitro
Authors: Jones Peter , Devine Ken 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe exogenous application to three Globodera pallida-infested fields of tomato root leachate (TRL) containing hatching factors increased nematode hatch and in-egg mortality, particularly in a highly organic soil, and in a sandy but not in a clay soil. The most active concentrations of TRL (7.5-12.5 mg m-2) resulted in a reduction of between 69 and 79% in the number of viable eggs per cyst recovered 12 weeks after TRL application. At high hatching factor concentrations, supra-optimal inhibition of both hatch and in-egg mortality was observed; generally, hatch and in-egg mortality exhibited similar dosage-responses to TRL. A significant TRL dosage-hatch response was observed at 4 weeks after TRL application only in the sandy soil. In vitro, a G. pallida population exhibiting moderate hatch gave similar hatching and in-egg mortality responses as in the field experiment. The response of the PCN populations in vitro was found to be dependent on the physiological state of the egg/juvenile complex, with egg populations in diapause responding to the presence of natural and artificial hatching factors by exhibiting increased in-egg mortality but not increased hatch. The results are discussed in relation to novel G. pallida control measures.