bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microvascular Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Amputation
Authors: Beckman Joshua A. , Duncan Meredith S. , Damrauer Scott M. , Wells Quinn S. , Barnett Joey V. , Wasserman David H. , Bedimo Roger J. , Butt Adeel A. , Marconi Vincent C. , Sico Jason J. , Tindle Hilary A. , Bonaca Marc P. , Aday Aaron W. , Freiberg Matthew S. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The mechanism of adverse limb events associated with peripheral artery disease remains incompletely understood. We investigated whether microvascular disease is associated with amputation in a large cohort of veterans to determine whether microvascular disease diagnosed in any location increases the risk of amputation alone and in concert with peripheral artery disease.

Methods:
Participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study were recruited from April 1, 2003 through December 31, 2014. We excluded participants with known prior lower limb amputation. Using time-updated Cox proportional hazards regression, we analyzed the effect of prevalent microvascular disease (retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy) and peripheral artery disease status on the risk of incident amputation events after adjusting for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors.

Results:
Among 125 674 veterans without evidence of prior amputation at baseline, the rate of incident amputation over a median of 9.3 years of follow-up was 1.16 per 1000 person-years, yielding a total of 1185 amputations. In time-updated multivariable-adjusted analyses, compared with those without peripheral artery disease or microvascular disease, microvascular disease alone was associated with a 3.7-fold (95% CI, 3.0–4.6) increased risk of amputation; peripheral artery disease alone conferred a 13.9-fold (95% CI, 11.3–17.1) elevated risk of amputation; and the combination of peripheral artery disease and microvascular disease was associated with a 22.7-fold (95% CI, 18.3–28.1) increased risk of amputation.

Conclusions:
Independent of traditional risk factors, the presence of microvascular disease increases the risk of amputation alone and synergistically increases risk in patients with peripheral artery disease. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which this occurs.
İNSANİ GELİŞME ENDEKSİ BAĞLAMINDA AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NE ÜYE VE ADAY ÜLKELERİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ
Authors: ZANBAK Mehmet , ÖZEŞ ÖZGÜR Reyhan 
Published: July 2019

Ulusal gelir seviyesinin yüksek olması, bir ülkenin gelişmiş
olarak nitelendirilmesi için gerekli ancak yeterli bir koşul değildir. Kalkınma
sürecini yaşayan birçok ülkede sosyal sorunların çözümlenememesi, ekonomik
büyüme ve insani gelişme arasındaki ilişkinin önemini arttırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda
Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yayımlanan raporlarda insani gelişme, bir
ülkenin ulusal geliri ile birlikte, eğitim ve sağlığa ilişkin göstergelerini de
dikkate alarak ölçülmektedir. Bu çalışmada da 2005-2017 döneminde, seçilmiş
Avrupa Birliği üyesi ve Türkiye'nin de içinde bulunduğu aday ülkelerin,
Birleşmiş Milletlerin ölçütleriyle hesaplanmış insani gelişme endeksi değerleri
karşılaştırılmakta ve üyeliğin olası etkileri değerlendirilmektedir. Elde
edilen bulgular, insani gelişme bakımından en avantajlı konumda yer alan Avrupa
Birliği’nin kurucu ülkelerini, adaylığını 2015 yılında geri çeken İzlanda’nın
yakından takip ettiğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte üyeliğe kabul
edilmelerine karşın,
Bulgaristan, Hırvatistan ve Romanya'nın ise çok büyük bir gelişme gösteremediği
söylenebilir. Ayrıca, aday statüsünü sürdüren Makedonya'nın tüm ülkeler
arasında en düşük performansa sahip ülke olduğunu, Türkiye'nin ise nispeten
geride ancak en hızlı değişimi gerçekleştiren ülkelerin başında geldiğini
vurgulamak mümkündür.
Örgütselsel Ustalığın (Çift Yönlülük) Kurumsal İmaj Ve Kurumsal İtibar Üzerindeki Etkisi:Bir Alan Araştırması
Authors: ERŞAHAN Burcu , BAKAN İsmail , BÜYÜKBEŞE Tuba , SOĞANCI Gülbahar 
Published: July 2019

Bu
çalışma, örgütsel ustalığın (çiftyönlülük) kurumsal imaj ve kurumsal itibar
değişkenleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için yapılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda
önce literatür değerlendirmesi yapılarak kavramsal çerçeve oluşturulmuş,
ardından, yapılan araştırmanın bulgularıpaylaşılmıştır. Çalışmanın uygulama kısmında Akdeniz bölgesinde
bulunan bir devletüniversitesindegörev yapanakademik ve idari personel üzerinden
nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan anket çalışmasıuygulanmıştır. Bu
uygulama sonucunda elde edilen bulgular değerlendirilmiş,örgütsel ustalığın kurumsal
imaj ve kurumsal itibara etkisi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
‘Strasbourg was something new, it was an adventure’
Authors: Lavrysen Laurens 
Published: July 2019

Summary
In recent years, a burgeoning literature has focused on the history of human rights in general and the history of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in particular. In order to understand how the ECHR gradually managed to gain authority in diverse national settings, it is necessary to complement transnational historical perspectives with studies of national reception histories. The present article approaches the history of the ECHR in Belgium by focusing on the history of the Belgian cases in Strasbourg, which have played an important role in contributing to the ‘discovery’ of the ECHR in the Belgian legal system. On the basis of interviews with actors involved in the early cases against Belgium, it was possible to determine their position in the Belgian legal landscape as well as their motivations and aspirations in going to Strasbourg. Moreover, these interviews allowed gaining insight into the circumstances out of which litigation against Belgium arose.
De 19e-eeuwse geschiedenis van de Nederlandse wetenschap van het burgerlijke recht? Helemaal niet!
Authors: Chorus Jeroen M.J. 
Published: July 2019

Summary
This article reviews C.J.H. Jansen’s attempt to write the history of Private Law (except for Commercial Law) doctrine in The Netherlands during the 19th Century. Regrettably, Jansen’s book does next to nothing discuss academic and other scholarly writings on the Law of Property and of Obligations, and does not at all discuss such writings on the Law of Persons and the Family, of Juristic Persons and of Succession. It only deals with aspects of methodology, of sources of law and of extra-legal factors which inspired some authors, apart from pouring out over the reader lots of facts unconnected with Private Law doctrine. The book’s title is misleading.
Observed Synergies between Urban Heat Islands and Heat Waves and Their Controlling Factors in Shanghai, China
Authors: Ao Xiangyu , Wang Liang , Zhi Xing , Gu Wen , Yang Hequn , Li Dan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate as to whether the UHI intensity (UHII) is enhanced or dampened under heat waves (HWs). Using a comprehensive dataset including continuous surface energy flux data for three summers (2016–18) and automated weather station data for six summers (2013–18) in Shanghai, China, we find synergies between UHIs and HWs when either a coastal or an inland suburban site is used as the reference site. We further find that during HWs, the increase of net radiation at the urban site is larger than that at the suburban site. More importantly, the latent heat flux is slightly reduced at the urban site but is slightly increased at the suburban site, while the increase of the sensible heat flux is larger at the urban site. This change of surface energy partitioning, together with the increased anthropogenic heat flux during HWs, exacerbates the UHII. The change of surface energy partitioning is consistent with the observed decrease of relative humidity ratio between urban and suburban areas. The UHII is stronger when the regional wind speed is reduced and under sea breeze, both of which are found to be associated with HWs in our study region. This study suggests that there are multiple factors controlling the interactions between UHIs and HWs, which may explain why synergies between UHIs and HWs are only found in certain metropolitan regions and/or under certain HW events.
A Climatology of Rain-on-Snow Events for Norway
Authors: Pall Pardeep , Tallaksen Lena M. , Stordal Frode 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rain-on-snow (ROS) events are multivariate hydrometeorological phenomena that require a combination of rain and snowpack, with complex processes occurring on and within the snowpack. Impacts include floods and landslides, and rain may freeze within the snowpack or on bare ground, potentially affecting vegetation, wildlife, and permafrost. ROS events occur mainly in high-latitude and mountainous areas, where sparse observational networks hinder accurate quantification—as does a scale mismatch between coarse-resolution (50–100 km) reanalysis products and localized events. Variability in the rain–snow temperature threshold and temperature sensitivity of snowmelt adds additional uncertainty. Here the high-resolution (1 km) seNorge hydrometeorological dataset, capturing complex topography and drainage networks, is utilized to produce the first large-scale climatology of ROS events for mainland Norway. For daily data spanning 1957–2016, suitable rain and snowpack thresholds for defining ROS events are applied to construct ROS climatologies for 1961–90 and 1981–2010 and to investigate trends. Differing ROS characteristics are found, reflecting Norway’s diverse climates. Relative to 1961–90, events in the 1981–2010 period decrease most in the southwest low elevations in winter, southeast in spring, and north in summer (consistent with less snow cover in a warming climate) and increase most in the southwest high elevations, central mountains, and north in winter–spring (consistent with increased precipitation and/or more snow falling as rain in a warming climate). Winter–spring events also broadly correlate with the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the Scandinavia pattern—and more so with the Arctic Oscillation, particularly in the southern mountain region where long-term ROS trends are significant (+0.50 and +0.33 daily ROS counts per kilometer squared per decade for winter and spring).
Migratory Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea Modulated by Intraseasonal Oscillations and Climatological Circulations
Authors: Chen Jau-Ming , Wu Ching-Hsuan , Gao Jianyun , Chung Pei-Hsuan , Sui Chung-Hsiung 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study focuses on the migratory tropical cyclones (TCs) that form in the western North Pacific (WNP) and move into the South China Sea (SCS). Their movements are found to be modulated differently by intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) and climatological circulations through the TC-active months. The modulating processes of climatological circulations vary from a westward intensifying western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) in July and August to a southeastward extending monsoon trough (MT) in September, and a strengthening equatorial trough (ET) in October and November. In July and August, enhanced tropical ISO convections in the SCS are accompanied by a 30–60-day anomalous anticyclone to the northeast of the SCS. The migratory TCs move along the southern peripheries of this anomalous anticyclone and the WPSH into the SCS. In September, enhanced ISO convections in the SCS coincide with a meridional 30–60-day circulation pair with an anomalous anticyclone to the north of 20°N and an anomalous cyclone to the south. TCs move in between this meridional 30–60-day circulation pair and the northern periphery of the MT toward the SCS. In October and November, enhanced ISO convections in the SCS and WNP coexist with an overlying 30–60-day anomalous cyclone and an intensified ET. The migratory TCs move along the northern sections of this 30–60-day anomalous cyclone and the ET toward the SCS. With a different track, TCs recurving northward from the tropical WNP into the region east of Taiwan are modulated by completely different variability features of the 30–60-day ISO and climatological circulations.
The Zonal Dipole Pattern of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the Indian Ocean Influenced by the Tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Yuan Junpeng , Gao Yong , Feng Dian , Yang Yali 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFrom a basinwide perspective, the dominant mode of Indian Ocean tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) in September–November (SON) shows an equatorially symmetric east–west zonal dipole pattern, which can explain approximately 13% of the SON TCG variance. This zonal dipole TCG pattern is significantly related to the tripole pattern of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean (IPT). The IPT, which is a combined interbasin mode and presents a dipole pattern of SSTAs in the tropical Indian Ocean and El Niño–like SSTAs in the tropical Pacific Ocean, can influence the local Walker circulation and zonal dipole TCG pattern over the tropical Indian Ocean. Associated with a positive IPT phase, abnormal ascending (descending) motions are induced and favorable for more (less) water vapor transport to the lower–middle level in the western (eastern) tropical Indian Ocean; significant anticyclonic vorticity anomalies are evoked in the lower level over the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, and weak easterly vertical wind shear appears over the tropical Indian Ocean. Thus, abnormally strong upward motion, abundant water vapor in the lower–middle level, and weak vertical wind shear are favorable for more TCG in the western tropical Indian Ocean, while the combined negative contributions of the vertical motion, lower-level vorticity, and humidity terms result in less TCG in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.
Extreme Daily Rainfall in Central-Southern Chile and Its Relationship with Low-Level Horizontal Water Vapor Fluxes
Authors: Valenzuela Raúl A. , Garreaud René D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExtreme rainfall events are thought to be one of the major threats of climate change given an increase of water vapor available in the atmosphere. However, before projecting future changes in extreme rainfall events, it is mandatory to know current patterns. In this study we explore extreme daily rainfall events along central-southern Chile with emphasis in their spatial distribution and concurrent synoptic-scale circulation. Surface rain gauges and reanalysis products from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis are employed to unravel the dependency between extreme rainfall and horizontal water vapor fluxes. Results indicate that extreme rainfall events can occur everywhere, from the subtropical to extratropical latitudes, but their frequency increases where terrain has higher altitude, especially over the Andes Mountains. The majority of these events concentrate in austral winter, last a single day, and encompass a north–south band of about 200 km in length. Composited synoptic analyses identified extreme rainfall cases dominated by northwesterly (NW) and westerly (W) moisture fluxes. Some features of the NW group include a 300-hPa trough projecting from the extratropics to subtropics, a surface-level depression, and cyclonic winds at 850 hPa along the coast associated with integrated water vapor (IWV) &gt; 30 mm. Conversely, features in the W group include both a very weak 300-hPa trough and surface depression, as well as coastal westerly winds associated with IWV &gt; 30 mm. About half of extreme daily rainfall is associated with an atmospheric river. Extreme rainfall observed in W (NW) cases has a strong orographic (synoptic) forcing. In addition, W cases are, on average, warmer than NW cases, leading to an amplified hydrological response.
Assessing the Quality of Shortwave and Longwave Irradiance Observations over the Ocean: One Year of High-Time-Resolution Measurements at the Lampedusa Oceanographic Observatory
Authors: di Sarra Alcide , Bommarito Carlo , Anello Fabrizio , Di Iorio Tatiana , Meloni Daniela , Monteleone Francesco , Pace Giandomenico , Piacentino Salvatore , Sferlazzo Damiano 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMeasurements of downwelling shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) irradiance were carried out on an oceanographic buoy close to the island of Lampedusa (Italy), in the central Mediterranean Sea. Irradiance measurements on the buoy were acquired at high time resolution together with the radiometer pitch and roll angles. The measurements carried out during 2016 have been compared with ground-based observations made at the Lampedusa Atmospheric Observatory, about 15 km northeast of the buoy. The radiometers were compared before and after deployment on the buoy and are traceable to the World Radiometric Reference scale. The SW measurements were corrected for the thermal offset. A small bias (measurements over the sea are smaller than on land) of about −2 W m−2 is found in the daily mean SW, and a moderate bias of +6.2 W m−2 (irradiance over the sea is larger than on land) is found in the LW. Similar biases are found when instantaneous measurements obtained with horizontal radiometers, clean domes, and cloud-free conditions are selected, suggesting that impacts of the moving platform and poor dome cleaning are minor at this site. The effect of the mean tilt angle was also investigated. Deviations in the hourly mean SW irradiance are on the order of 20% for a mean offset of 4° with respect to the solar zenith angle; the effect of tilt angle on LW irradiance appears to be negligible. Radiative transfer calculations show that the observed biases may be ascribed to the differences in the instrument altitude (through radiation absorption, scattering, and emission by the atmospheric constituents in the lowest atmospheric layers) and in the SW surface albedo.
Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Forecasts in the Next Generation Global Prediction System
Authors: Chen Jan-Huey , Lin Shian-Jiann , Zhou Linjiong , Chen Xi , Rees Shannon , Bender Morris , Morin Matthew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new global model using the GFDL nonhydrostatic Finite-Volume Cubed-Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3) coupled to physical parameterizations from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Global Forecast System (NCEP/GFS) was built at GFDL, named fvGFS. The modern dynamical core, FV3, has been selected for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Next Generation Global Prediction System (NGGPS) due to its accuracy, adaptability, and computational efficiency, which brings a great opportunity for the unification of weather and climate prediction systems. The performance of tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts in the 13-km fvGFS is evaluated globally based on 363 daily cases of 10-day forecasts in 2015. Track and intensity errors of TCs in fvGFS are compared to those in the operational GFS. The fvGFS outperforms the GFS in TC intensity prediction for all basins. For TC track prediction, the fvGFS forecasts are substantially better over the northern Atlantic basin and the northern Pacific Ocean than the GFS forecasts. An updated version of the fvGFS with the GFDL 6-category cloud microphysics scheme is also investigated based on the same 363 cases. With this upgraded microphysics scheme, fvGFS shows much improvement in TC intensity prediction over the operational GFS. Besides track and intensity forecasts, the performance of TC genesis forecast is also compared between the fvGFS and operational GFS. In addition to evaluating the hit/false alarm ratios, a novel method is developed to investigate the lengths of TC genesis lead times in the forecasts. Both versions of fvGFS show higher hit ratios, lower false alarm ratios, and longer genesis lead times than those of the GFS model in most of the TC basins.
Environmental Conditions for Nighttime Offshore Migration of Precipitation Area as Revealed by In Situ Observation off Sumatra Island
Authors: Yokoi Satoru , Mori Shuichi , Syamsudin Fadli , Haryoko Urip , Geng Biao 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The diurnal cycle over tropical coastal waters is characterized by offshore migration of precipitation area during nighttime. This study analyzes in situ observational data collected during the YMC-Sumatra 2017 field campaign around the western coast of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, to examine the offshore migration phenomenon during 5–31 December 2017, when the Research Vessel Mirai was deployed about 90 km off the coast to perform observation. The offshore migration is observed in only less than a half of the 27 days. A comparison of radiosonde data at the vessel between days with and without the offshore migration reveals that vertical wind shear in the lower troposphere is a key environmental condition. In late afternoon of the days with the offshore migration, offshore (northeasterly) wind shear with height with considerable magnitude is observed, which is due to weaker daily mean southwesterly wind in the lower free troposphere, stronger southwesterly wind in the boundary layer, and sea breeze. As this condition is considered favorable for regeneration of convective cells to the offshore side of old ones, these results support an idea that the regeneration process is critical for the offshore migration. The Madden–Julian oscillation and cold surges play some roles in the weakening of the free-tropospheric wind. The migration speed is estimated at 2–3 m s−1, which is lower than that observed in another field campaign conducted in 2015 (Pre-YMC 2015). This difference is partly due to the difference in the environmental wind in the lower to midtroposphere.
Safe Injection Sites: A Moral Reflection
Authors: Bozza Steven , Berger Jeffrey 
Published: July 2019

This article addresses the issue of safe injection sites (SIS) that municipalities in the United States and elsewhere in the world propose to save lives by curbing the instances of fatal overdoses and provide addicts with healthcare services and opportunities for detoxification and social rehabilitation. Drawing on current clinical science and the medical facts regarding substance abuse and addiction, widely accepted bioethical principles, Catholic social teaching, and the common good, it shows the administration and consumption of illicit recreational drugs in an SIS is not a suitable medical intervention and a violation of the core principles of Catholic social teaching and Catholic healthcare ethics. More importantly, municipal governing bodies and the clinicians who staff these facilities cooperate in the evil of illegal drug abuse. Summary: Safe injection sites are morally illicit.
A qualitative study of physicians’ conscientious objections to medical aid in dying
Authors: Bouthillier Marie-Eve , Opatrny Lucie 
Published: July 2019

Background: Under Quebec’s Act respecting end-of-life care, physicians may refuse to provide medical aid in dying because of personal convictions, also called conscientious objections. Before legalisation, the results of our survey showed that the majority of physicians were in favour of medical aid in dying (76%), but one-third (28%) were not prepared to perform it. After 18 months of legalisation, physicians were refusing far more frequently than the pre-Act survey had anticipated. Aim: To explore the conscientious objections stated by physicians so as to understand why some of them refuse to get involved in their patients’ medical aid in dying requests. Design/participants: An exploratory qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with 22 physicians who expressed a refusal after they received a request for medical aid in dying. Thematic descriptive analysis was used to analyse physicians’ motives for their conscientious objections and the reasons behind it. Results: The majority of physicians who refused to participate did not oppose medical aid in dying. The reason most often cited is not based on moral and religious grounds. Rather, the emotional burden related to this act and the fear of psychological repercussions were the most expressed motivations for not participating in medical aid in dying. Conclusion: The originality of this research is based on what the actual perception is of doing medical aid in dying as opposed to merely a conceptual assent. Further explorations are required in order to support policy decisions such as access to better emotional supports for providers and interdisciplinary support.