bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transforming growth factor‐β signal regulates gut bending in the sea urchin embryo
Authors: Suzuki Haruka , Yaguchi Shunsuke 
Published: May 2018

During gastrulation, one of the most important morphogenetic events in sea urchin embryogenesis, the gut bends toward the ventral side to form an open mouth. Although the involvement of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signals in the cell‐fate specification of the ectoderm and endoderm along the dorsal–ventral axis has been well reported, it remains unclear what controls the morphogenetic behavior of gut bending. Here, using two sea urchin species, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Temnopleurus reevesii, we show that TGF‐β signals are required for gut bending toward the ventral side. To search for the common morphogenetic cue in these two species, we initially confirmed the expression patterns of the dorsal–ventral regulatory TGF‐β members, nodal, lefty, bmp2/4, and chordin, in T. reevesii because these factors are appropriate candidates to investigate the cue that starts gut bending, although genetic information about the body axes is entirely lacking in this species. Based on their expression patterns and a functional analysis of Nodal, the dorsal–ventral axis formation of T. reevesii is likely regulated by these TGF‐β members, as in other sea urchins. When the Alk4/5/7 signal was inhibited by its specific inhibitor, SB431542, before the late gastrula stage of T. reevesii, the gut was extended straight toward the anterior tip region, although the ectodermal dorsal–ventral polarity was normal. By contrast, H. pulcherrimus gut bending was sensitive to SB431542 until the prism stage. These data clearly indicate that gut bending is commonly dependent on a TGF‐β signal in sea urchins, but the timing of the response varies in different species.
How Jane Addams Expands Our View of Education as an Ethical Enterprise
Authors: Bruce Bertram C. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTJane Addams's Democracy and Social Ethics is more than a historical artifact describing the work of a prominent social reformer. It is also a significant contribution to philosophy, especially in the area of social ethics. Moreover, though less widely acknowledged, Addams's work is essential for anyone who seeks an ethical vision for education. Here, we examine these claims through three interrelated questions. First, Addams argues for a social ethics that goes beyond individual virtues, such as honesty. Yet, she situates and builds that ethics on concrete, situated personal relations. How can an all‐encompassing social ethics develop from localized individual relations? Second, Addams worked to address specific problems faced by immigrants. However, her social ethics explicitly denies that material conditions justify contentious struggle. How does a theory of social ethics relate to material conditions, especially in terms of inequities of race, class, or gender? Third, Addams always focuses on immediate problems, even engaging deeply with the situation of specific individuals. How can such local, interpersonal action be integrated with large‐scale political action? A close examination of these questions shows that Addams's work offers powerful insights into the mutually constitutive practice of engaging in pragmatist philosophy and reflective, ethically guided education, a practice that has never been more important than it is today.
Engaging Across Intractable Differences: Why, When, and How Should Educators Work With?
Authors: Lake Danielle 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTWhen should instructors encourage students to work across ideological differences and within unjust institutional structures in order to affect change? What are the dangers and challenges inherent in working across seemingly intractable differences in the community? And what is the value of such a pedagogical approach? The scholarship on feminist pragmatism, wicked problems, and democratic deliberation offers a set of tentative answers — a means forward — for instructors wrestling with these questions. In this article, Danielle Lake argues that the integrated application of insights from thinkers such as John Dewey and Jane Addams provides instructors with flexible tools that can empower students and foster place‐based systemic change. The recommendations presented here emerge through the integration and the application of their philosophical ideas in place‐based community engagement efforts with undergraduate students. In place of prescriptions or standardized formulas, Lake presents tentative observations, piecemeal strategies, and practical tools. In particular, she emphasizes the need for mutuality and reciprocity, narrative and perplexity, relationship building and cooperative action, as well as the expansion of our ethical framework in community‐based learning practices. Instructors could, for instance, do more to invite others in — and to get out of — the classroom, to broaden their scope, to engage dialogic tools, and to privilege relationships. Collaborative, tolerant activism can create critical spaces for engaging the tension within difference, supporting reflexive action subject to comprehensive oversight. By exploring the value of a hybrid feminist pragmatist approach to engaging across divisions, as well as its dangers and challenges, Lake ultimately offers strategies for mutual and transformational change.
Living Arrangements and Older Adults' Psychological Well‐Being and Life Satisfaction in China: Does Social Support Matter?
Authors: Mao Xupeng , Han Wen‐Jui 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the associations between living arrangements and the psychological well‐being and life satisfaction of Chinese older adults, as well as the mediating role of social support.BackgroundChina has the largest elderly population of any nation, and the country's overall population is rapidly aging. At the same time, China is experiencing substantial changes in living arrangements, particularly among older adults, that may have reshaped the types and sources of social support older adults receive.MethodUsing a nationally representative longitudinal dataset from 5 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (N ≈ 5,000), we carried out structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine our research questions.ResultsCompared with elders living with their children, living alone was negatively associated with rural elders' life satisfaction, whereas urban elders living in nursing homes were more likely to be satisfied with their lives. Social support not only was important to elders' psychological well‐being and life satisfaction but also played some mediating role through receiving formal financial support.ConclusionOur results indicate that living arrangements had both direct and indirect effects (through social support) on older adults' psychological well‐being and life satisfaction. The mediating role played by social support differed by types and sources of social support.ImplicationsOur results speak to the importance of providing social support from suitable sources for contemporary elders in China.
Experimental investigation of mechanical and fracture properties of offshore wind monopile weldments: SLIC interlaboratory test results
Authors: Mehmanparast A. , Taylor J. , Brennan F. , Tavares I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractS355 structural steel is commonly used in fabrication of offshore structures including offshore wind turbine monopiles. Knowledge of mechanical and fracture properties in S355 weldments and the level of scatter in these properties is extremely important for ensuring the integrity of such structures through engineering critical assessment. An interlaboratory test programme was created to characterise the mechanical and fracture properties of S355 weldments, including the base metal, heat‐affected zone, and the weld metal, extensively. Charpy impact tests, chemical composition analysis, hardness tests, tensile tests, and fracture toughness tests have been performed on specimens extracted from each of the 3 material microstructures. The experimental test results from this project are presented in this paper, and their importance in structural integrity assessment of offshore wind turbine monopiles has been discussed. The results have shown a decreasing trend in the Charpy impact energy and Jmax values with an increase in yield stress from base metal to heat‐affected zone to weld metal. Moreover, the JIC fracture toughness value in the heat‐affected zone and weld metal is on average around 60% above and 40% below the base metal value, respectively. In addition, the average Charpy impact energy value in the heat‐affected zone and weld metal is around 5% and 30% below the base metal value, respectively. The effects of mechanical and fracture properties on the critical crack size estimates have been investigated, and the results are discussed concerning the impact of material properties on structural design and integrity assessment of monopiles.
Divergent response of seasonally dry tropical vegetation to climatic variations in dry and wet seasons
Authors: Wang Xuhui , Ciais Philippe , Wang Yilong , Zhu Dan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInterannual variations of photosynthesis in tropical seasonally dry vegetation are one of the dominant drivers to interannual variations of atmosphericCO2growth rate. Yet, the seasonal differences in the response of photosynthesis to climate variations in these ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), we explored the response of photosynthesis of seasonally dry tropical vegetation to climatic variations in the dry and the wet seasons during the past three decades. We found significant (p < 0.01) differences between dry and wet seasons in the interannual response of photosynthesis to temperature (γint) and to precipitation (δint).γintis ~1% °C−1more negative andδintis ~8% 100 mm−1more positive in the dry season than in the wet season. Further analyses show that the seasonal difference inγintcan be explained by background moisture and temperature conditions. Positiveγintoccurred in wet season where mean temperature is lower than 27°C and precipitation is at least 60 mm larger than potential evapotranspiration. Two widely used Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) estimates (empirical modeling by machine‐learning algorithm applied to flux tower measurements, and nine process‐based carbon cycle models) were examined for theGPP–climate relationship over wet and dry seasons. TheGPPderived from empirical modeling can partly reproduce the divergence ofγint, while most process models cannot. The overestimate by process models on negative impacts by warmer temperature during the wet season highlights the shortcomings of current carbon cycle models in representing interactive impacts of temperature and moisture on photosynthesis. Improving representations on soil water uptake, leaf temperature, nitrogen cycling, and soil moisture may help improve modeling skills in reproducing seasonal differences of photosynthesis–climate relationship and thus the projection for impacts of climate change on tropical carbon cycle.
Genotypes, phenotypes and whole genome sequence: Approaches from the My Life Our Future haemophilia project
Authors: Konkle B. A. , Johnsen J. M. , Wheeler M. , Watson C. , Skinner M. , Pierce G. F. ,   on behalf of My Life Our Future programme
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionInformation from the genes encoding factor VIII (F8) and IX (F9) is used in reproductive planning and to inform inhibitor formation, bleeding severity and response to therapies. Advances in technology and our understanding of the human genome now allows more comprehensive methods to study genomic variation and its impact on haemophilia.AimsThe My Life Our Future (MLOF) programme was begun in 2012 to provide genetic analysis and to expand research in haemophilia through a research repository.MethodsMLOF enrolled haemophilia A and B patients followed at haemophilia treatment centers in the U.S., including, since 2015, known and potential genetic carriers. Initial F8 and F9 DNA analysis was performed utilizing a next generation sequencing approach which allowed simultaneous detection of F8 inversions and other variants. Candidate variants were confirmed using a second method and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification was used to detect structural variants.ResultsThe initial phase of MLOF completed enrollment in December 2017 with 11,356 patients, genetic carriers, and potential carriers enrolled. In the 9453 subjects in whom analysis is complete, 687 unique previously unreported variants were found. Simultaneous sequencing of the F8 and F9 genes resulted in identification of non‐deleterious variants previously reported as causative in haemophilia. DNA from 5141 MLOF subjects has undergone whole genome sequencing through the NHLBI TOPMed programme of the U.S. NIH.ConclusionMLOF has provided genetic information for patients and their families to help inform clinical care and has established a repository of data and biospecimens to further advance haemophilia research.
Dynamic changes of portal vein pressure gradient under different degrees of liver cirrhosis and resection volume in the first week post hepatectomy
Authors: Lan Xiang , Zhang Hua , Li Hongyu , Chen Kefei , Liu Fei , Wei Yonggang , Li Bo 
Published: May 2018

AimWe set out to acquire original pathophysiologic data of dynamic changes in portal vein pressure gradient (PVPG) following liver resection (LR) during post‐operation days (POD) 1–7.MethodsPortal vein pressure gradient was measured in 31 patients daily until POD 7 at our liver surgery center. Patients were divided into non‐, mild, moderate, and severe cirrhosis groups according to histopathology and were also divided into subgroups according to the volume of hepatectomy.ResultsPortal vein pressure gradient reached its peak on POD 3 in mild cirrhosis (F = 7.525, P < 0.001), moderate cirrhosis (F = 11.200, P < 0.001), and severe cirrhosis groups (F = 26.634, P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in PVPG in the non‐cirrhosis group (F = 1.050, P = 0.411). Moreover, PVPG on POD 3 was higher with increasing severity of cirrhosis under the same interval of LR volume (resection volume <200 cm3: F = 13.040, P = 0.004; ≥200 cm3 but <400 cm3: F = 13.243, P = 0.004; ≥400 cm3: F = 43.685, P < 0.001). Finally, the LR volume had significant impact on PVPG for patients with moderate cirrhosis (F = 6.339, P = 0.033) and severe cirrhosis (t = −7.000, P = 0.020). A similar tendency was also observed when patients were divided according to the ratio of the resected liver volume to total liver volume.ConclusionsThe increase in PVPG following LR was positively associated with the degree of cirrhosis, significantly peaking on POD 3. The LR volume only had a significant impact on PVPG for patients with moderate and severe cirrhosis. This represents the first time, to our knowledge, that dynamic changes of PVPG after LR were measured and compared to cirrhosis and resection volume.
SHRIMP U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from the Early Cretaceous Nakdong Formation, South East Korea: Timing of initiation of the Gyeongsang Basin and its provenance
Authors: Lee Tae‐Ho , Park Kye‐Hun , Yi Keewook 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTo constrain the depositional age of the lowermost Nakdong Formation in the Early Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, SHRIMP U–Pb age determination was carried out on zircon separates. The U–Pb compositions of detrital zircons from the Nakdong Formation yield a wide range of ages from the Archean to the Cretaceous but show a marked contrast in age distribution according to the geographical locations within the basin. The provenance of the southern Nakdong Formation is dominantly the surrounding Yeongnam Massif, which is composed of Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks and Triassic to Jurassic plutonic rocks, whereas the central to northern Nakdong Formation records significant sediment derivation from the Okcheon Metamorphic Belt, which is distributed to the northwest, in addition to the contribution from the Yeongnam Massif. It is suggested that the maximum depositional age of the Nakdong Formation is ca 127 Ma, based on its youngest detrital zircon age population. The onset of its deposition at 127 Ma coincided with the tectonic inversion in East Asia from a compressional to an extensional geodynamic setting, probably due to the contemporaneous change in the drift direction of the Izanagi Plate and its subsequent oblique subduction.
Resource‐mediated effects of grazing and irrigation on insect diversity in a meadow steppe
Authors: Zhu Hui , Wang Wenhui , Qu Yekuan , Fu Jun , Jiang Siqi , Wang Deli , Kaplan Ian , Ren Bingzhong 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Human activities and climate change are key drivers of biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems. In particular, a growing body of evidence shows that grazing and altered precipitation patterns strongly affect grassland plant and insect diversity respectively, but their combined effects and impact on trophic interactions are largely unknown.

In this study, a field experiment was conducted with different grazing intensities and irrigation to examine how plant diversity responds to variation in grazing and precipitation, which in turn influences the diversity of herbivores and predators in insect communities in a meadow steppe.

Overall, grazing and irrigation increased plant biomass and decreased plant diversity, except for non‐significant effects of irrigation treatments on plant diversity. Higher herbivore diversity in grazing treatments was mediated by plant diversity because path analysis revealed a positive relationship between plant and herbivore species richness. Increased predator diversity caused by grazing was mediated indirectly through changes in herbivore abundance. Our results indicate that plant‐mediated changes in herbivore diversity are consistent with the Resource Diversity Hypothesis, whereas changes in predator diversity correspond with the More Individuals Hypothesis.

Our findings highlight the importance of assessing both direct and indirect effects of grazing and irrigation on the diversity of guilds at different trophic levels within an insect community. Furthermore, understanding mechanistic responses to such changes could help us to better account for biodiversity loss in the context of grazing and altered precipitation patterns.
Native Water Protection Flows Through Self‐Determination: Understanding Tribal Water Quality Standards and “Treatment as a State”
Authors: Diver Sibyl 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFor Indigenous communities, protecting traditional lands and waters is of the utmost importance. In the U.S. context, scholars have documented an unfortunate neglect of water quality on tribal lands. Treatment as a State (TAS) provisions, adopted in the 1987 amendments to the Clean Water Act, and tribal Water Quality Standards (WQSs) programs are intended to address such problems. Importantly, tribal WQSs may be more stringent than neighboring state standards, and can be used to influence pollution levels coming from upstream, off‐reservation users. Tribes can also develop WQSs that support unique tribal values, including ceremonial and cultural uses of native waters. Yet scholarly debates question whether tribal environmental self‐determination strategies can fully succeed within dominant regulatory structures. Based on a synthesis of the published literature, this article examines tribal WQSs as a case of tribal environmental self‐determination. The author discusses how U.S. tribes pursue WQSs under TAS, program outcomes, and why so few tribes have established WQSs to date. Because most scholarship was found within the legal literature, the author focuses on the legal and political outcomes that arise from tribal WQSs, and analyzes specific opportunities and constraints for program participants. The author also considers how some tribes use WQSs as a “third space” strategy—simultaneously working inside and outside of dominant government structures to advance tribal sovereignty (Bruyneel ). Additional research is needed to understand the diversity of tribal environmental self‐determination strategies that occur through federal regulatory frameworks and under tribal law.
Navajo Nation, USA, Precipitation Variability from 2002 to 2015
Authors: Tulley‐Cordova Crystal L. , Strong Courtenay , Brady Irving P. , Bekis Jerome , Bowen Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDue to its semi‐arid climate, the Navajo Nation, situated in the southwestern United States, is sensitive to small changes in precipitation. However, little information on patterns and causes of rainfall variation is available for this sparsely populated region. In order to study stability and variability over time, this study characterized hydroclimatic changes for the Navajo Nation over timescales of months to years based on data from 90 sites from 2002 to 2015. This research will help local water managers identify related precipitation areas within the region, compare Navajo Nation precipitation with climate indices to ascertain larger‐scale atmospheric contributors to precipitation in the Four Corners region, and support future water planning in this understudied region. A vector quantization method, called k‐means clustering, identified five sub‐regions of contrasting precipitation climatology. The regions differed in the timing, magnitude, and relative importance of the winter and summer peaks comprising the bimodal precipitation regime of the area. Correlation examination of spatial and temporal trends of precipitation variability with three climate indices revealed strong winter precipitation relationships to the Pacific North American teleconnection pattern for all regions; summer precipitation teleconnections were weaker and more variable; however, modest correlations with Pacific Decadal Oscillation were observed. Climate field analysis indicates that cold‐season precipitation is enhanced by intensification of the Aleutian Low with a storm trajectory into the southwest United States; warm season precipitation is enhanced by poleward shift of the North American monsoon ridge.
Silicon carbide fiber oxidation behavior in the presence of boron nitride
Authors: McFarland Bohuslava , Opila Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe oxidation behavior of Sylramic SiC fibers without a boron nitride surface layer was compared to Sylramic iBN SiC fibers with a boron nitride surface layer by conducting thermogravimetric analysis in dry O2 at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1300°C for times up to 100 hours. Sylramic fibers followed the Deal and Grove oxidation kinetic model. A transient period of accelerated oxidation kinetics was observed with Sylramic iBN fibers. Raman spectroscopic analysis of oxidized fibers provided evidence for a borosilicate glass structure. The boron concentrations in the oxides, quantified by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry, were correlated with the weight change behavior, oxide thickness, and fiber recession of the oxidized fibers. Oxides formed from Sylramic iBN fibers were typically higher in boron concentration, which led to initial rapid oxidation rates that were 3‐10 times faster than observed for pure SiC. Slower oxidation rates followed as the oxide surface became increasingly enriched with SiO2 due to boria volatilization, thus limiting boria effects on SiC fiber oxidation kinetics. The accelerated high‐temperature oxidation of SiC fibers due to the presence of BN are discussed in terms of the borosilicate glass structure and composition.