bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new diagnostic index for sarcopenia and its association with short‐term postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer
Authors: Yang J. , Zhang T. , Feng D. , Dai X. , Lv T. , Wang X. , Gong J. , Zhu W. , Li J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimSarcopenia is a robust prognostic indicator of outcomes after surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, there are no serum markers routinely available for estimating skeletal muscle mass (SMM). The present study aimed to describe a new sarcopenia index (SI), serum creatinine (Scr) × cystatin C‐based glomerular filtration rate, and investigate its association with short‐term complications after curative resection of CRC.MethodConsecutive patients who underwent curative resection of CRC from December 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively identified. Skeletal muscle cross‐sectional area was analysed on L3 computed tomographic images. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff points of SI for sarcopenia were below 56.1 in men and below 43.7 in women. Patients were classified into low and high SI groups in accordance with these cutoff values. The association between SI and body composition and the impact of preoperative SI on postoperative outcomes were analysed.ResultsAmong 417 patients, SI showed a stronger correlation with skeletal muscle area (SMA) (r = 0.537, P < 0.001) than with the Scr/cystatin C ratio (r = 0.469, P < 0.001) and Scr (r = 0.447, P < 0.001). The low SI group had a lower SMA, lower preoperative haemoglobin, a higher prevalence of sarcopenia and experienced more postoperative complications compared with the high SI group (all P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for overall complications were low preoperative haemoglobin, low SI, sarcopenia and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade ≥ 3.ConclusionThis new SI is a simple and useful surrogate marker for estimating SMM, and is associated with outcomes after CRC surgery.
“I Want to Know More!”: Children Are Sensitive to Explanation Quality When Exploring New Information
Authors: Mills Candice M. , Sands Kaitlin R. , Rowles Sydney P. , Campbell Ian L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen someone encounters an explanation perceived as weak, this may lead to a feeling of deprivation or tension that can be resolved by engaging in additional learning. This study examined to what extent children respond to weak explanations by seeking additional learning opportunities. Seven‐ to ten‐year‐olds (N = 81) explored questions and explanations (circular or mechanistic) about 12 animals using a novel Android tablet application. After rating the quality of an initial explanation, children could request and receive additional information or return to the main menu to choose a new animal to explore. Consistent with past research, there were both developmental and IQ‐related differences in how children evaluated explanation quality. But across development, children were more likely to request additional information in response to circular explanations than mechanistic explanations. Importantly, children were also more likely to request additional information in direct response to explanations that they themselves had assigned low ratings, regardless of explanation type. In addition, there was significant variability in both children's explanation evaluation and their exploration, suggesting important directions for future research. The findings support the deprivation theory of curiosity and offer implications for education.
Bacteremia in kidney transplant recipients: Burden, causes, and consequences
Authors: Brar Sandeep , Wang Yue , Cannitelli Alyssa , Lambadaris Maria , Li Yanhong , Famure Olusegun , Husain Shahid , Kim Sang J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBacteremia is an important complication after kidney transplantation. We examined bacteremia and its outcomes in a large cohort of kidney transplant recipients. Kidney transplants from 1‐Jul‐2004 to 1‐Dec‐2014 at the Toronto General Hospital were eligible for study inclusion. Bacteremia was defined as two blood culture positives for common skin contaminants or one blood culture positive for other organisms. The cumulative incidence of first bacteremia was estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method, and risk factors were examined in a Cox proportional hazards model. The risk of graft failure or death was assessed in a time‐dependent Cox model. Over follow‐up, 154 of 1333 patients had at least one bacteremia episode. The cumulative incidence of first bacteremia was 6.8% (6 months) and 11.9% (5 years). Risk factors included recipient diabetes mellitus, time on dialysis, dialysis modality, delayed graft function, donor age, and donor eGFR. Bacteremia increased the risk of total graft failure (hazard ratio 2.11 [95% CI: 1.50, 2.96]), death‐censored graft failure (1.73 [0.99, 3.02]), and death with graft function (2.52 [1.63, 3.89]). In conclusion, bacteremia is common after kidney transplantation and impacts both graft and patient survival. Identifying high‐risk patients for targeted preventive strategies may reduce the burden and adverse consequences of this important complication.
The Evolution and Reshaping of Globalization: A Perspective Based on the Development of Regional Trade Agreements
Authors: Bao Xiaohua , Wang Xiaozhuo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith the weakening role of the World Trade Organization multilateral trading system, the globalization pattern is moving toward regional economic integration. As a result, the number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) has rapidly increased. New trends in international economics and trade, such as the withdrawal of the US from the Trans‐Pacific Partnership and the trade disputes between the US and China, have revealed the intention of the developed countries represented by the US to reshape the direction of globalization. This paper combines the relevant research conclusions and current stylized facts to examine the evolution and reshaping of globalization. We find that: (i) countries have different attitudes toward the recent round of globalization, which are related to changes in the patterns of income distribution within countries caused by the last round of globalization; and (ii) regional economic development is an effective way to reshape globalization. The self‐strengthening effect of the hub country in the trade network has promoted global RTA expansion.
In vitro lifetime of zirconium dioxide‐based crowns veneered using Rapid Layer Technology
Authors: Riedel Christopher , Wendler Michael , Belli Renan , Petschelt Anselm , Lohbauer Ulrich 
Published: January 2019

Rapid Layer Technology (RLT) uses computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) to manufacture a veneer layer that is adhesively bonded to the zirconia framework, avoiding firing steps during the fabrication process and thus preventing build‐up of residual stresses. This work studied, using sliding contact fatigue, the in vitro lifetime of restorations produced using RLT compared with restorations produced using conventional veneering techniques. Zirconia copings were veneered with a conventional hand‐layering method (VM9) using a fast (n = 16) or a slow (n = 16) cooling protocol, or with RLT. For the latter, the veneers were CAD/CAM fabricated using a feldspathic reinforced‐glass (Vitablocs Mark II; n = 16) or a polymer‐infiltrated reinforced‐glass network (Enamic; n = 16) and adhesively bonded to the zirconia frameworks. Crowns thus obtained were submitted to sliding contact fatigue against a steatite indenter in a chewing simulator until failure. A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was conducted. None of the hand‐layered restorations survived after a 2 × 106‐cycle interval, whereas no fractures in the RLT groups were observed. Vitablocs Mark II veneers survived for a longer testing period (3.5 × 106 cycles) than their Enamic counterparts (2.5 × 106 cycles) owing to their superior wear behavior. The RLT represents an efficient method to veneer zirconia frameworks by reducing processing steps and, more importantly, increasing the lifetime of the restorations.
Strong ZrC ceramics at high temperatures with the addition of W
Authors: Shen Yi‐Bo , Wang Xin‐Gang , Zhang Guo‐Jun , Xue Jia‐Xiang , Li Qiang , Jiang Dan‐Yu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe effect of W addition on densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of ZrC ceramics was investigated. W reacted with carbon in ZrC to form WC, which resulted in the formation of ZrC1‐x at 1300‐1700°C, while WC was further dissolved in ZrC to form a (Zr1‐yWy)C1‐x solid solution at 1800‐2000°C. The relative density of ZrC with 5 mol% W (ZW5, 96.8%) was markedly higher than that of pure ZrC (Z0, 94.8%). ZW5 exhibited a fine homogeneous microstructure with a grain size (2.6 ± 0.5 μm) much smaller than that of Z0 (10.9 ± 3.0 μm), while excess W addition (10 mol%) in ZrC adversely affected the densification and the microstructure. The flexure strength of Z0 was 446 ± 46 MPa at room temperature, which almost linearly decreased to 281 ± 10 MPa at 1800°C in a high‐purity flowing argon atmosphere. The flexure strength of ZW5 was 512 ± 40 MPa at room temperature, and had no degradation even up to 1800°C. The fine and homogeneous microstructure of ZW5 and the removal of oxygen impurity from the grain boundaries promoted the enhancement of high‐temperature mechanical properties.
Prevalence, risk factors, and characterization of multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase/AmpC β‐lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy horses in France in 2015
Authors: de Lagarde Maud , Larrieu Caroline , Praud Karine , Schouler Catherine , Doublet Benoît , Sallé Guillaume , Fairbrother John M. , Arsenault Julie 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundAlthough antimicrobial resistance is increasingly common in equine medicine, molecular and epidemiological data remains scarce.ObjectivesWe estimated the prevalence of, and risk factors for, shedding of multidrug resistant (MDR), extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing, and AmpC β‐lactamase‐producing, or some combination of these in Escherichia coli in horses in France. We characterized ESBL/AmpC isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence and ESBL/AmpC‐associated resistance genes.AnimalsFecal samples from healthy adult horses at 41 premises were collected. A questionnaire was completed by each premises manager. A subset of these samples was tested to build 2 bacterial collections.MethodsIndicator (without enrichment) and specific (enrichment with ceftriaxone) E. coli tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Prevalence of isolates nonsusceptible to antimicrobials was estimated at the horse and the premises level. The ESBL/AmpC and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for MDR and ESBL/AmpC isolates at premises.ResultsApproximately 44% of horses shed MDR E. coli. Resistance most commonly was observed to ampicillin, streptomycin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Twenty‐nine percent of premises housed horses shedding ESBL/AmpC‐producing isolates. The ESBL/AmpC gene most commonly identified was blaCTX‐M‐1. Virulence gene iutA was identified in 1 ESBL/AmpC‐producing isolate. Medical treatment, staff numbers, and activity were identified as risk factors for housing horses shedding ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli isolates.Conclusions and Clinical ImportancePrevalence of healthy horses harboring ESBL/AmpC genes and MDR isolates in their intestinal microbiota is substantial. Risk factors could be used to elaborate guidelines to prevent their dissemination.
Aurantimycin resistance genes contribute to survival of Listeria monocytogenes during life in the environment
Authors: Hauf Samuel , Herrmann Jennifer , Miethke Marcus , Gibhardt Johannes , Commichau Fabian M. , Müller Rolf , Fuchs Stephan , Halbedel Sven 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBacteria can cope with toxic compounds such as antibiotics by inducing genes for their detoxification. A common detoxification strategy is compound excretion by ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are synthesized upon compound contact. We previously identified the multidrug resistance ABC transporter LieAB in Listeria monocytogenes, a Gram‐positive bacterium that occurs ubiquitously in the environment, but also causes severe infections in humans upon ingestion. Expression of the lieAB genes is strongly induced in cells lacking the PadR‐type transcriptional repressor LftR, but compounds leading to relief of this repression in wild‐type cells were not known. Using RNA‐Seq and promoter‐lacZ fusions, we demonstrate highly specific repression of the lieAB and lftRS promoters through LftR. Screening of a natural compound library yielded the depsipeptide aurantimycin A – synthesized by the soil‐dwelling Streptomyces aurantiacus – as the first known naturally occurring inducer of lieAB expression. Genetic and phenotypic experiments concordantly show that aurantimycin A is a substrate of the LieAB transporter and thus, lftRS and lieAB represent the first known genetic module conferring and regulating aurantimycin A resistance. Collectively, these genes may support the survival of L. monocytogenes when it comes into contact with antibiotic‐producing bacteria in the soil.
Physiologic and pathologic effects of dietary free fatty acids on cells of the joint
Authors: Harasymowicz Natalia S. , Dicks Amanda , Wu Chia‐Lung , Guilak Farshid 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFatty acids (FAs) are potent organic compounds that not only can be used as an energy source during nutrient deprivation but are also involved in several essential signaling cascades in cells. Therefore, a balanced intake of different dietary FAs is critical for the maintenance of cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. A diet with an imbalanced fat composition creates a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and various musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and mechanistic insights regarding the role of dietary FAs, such as saturated FAs, omega‐6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega‐3 PUFAs on joint inflammation and OA pathogeneses. In particular, we review how different types of dietary FAs and their derivatives distinctly affect a variety of cells within the joint, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FAs on metabolic behavior, anabolic, and catabolic processes, as well as the inflammatory response of joint cells, may help identify therapeutic targets for the prevention of metabolic joint diseases.
GeoTxt: A scalable geoparsing system for unstructured text geolocation
Authors: Karimzadeh Morteza , Pezanowski Scott , MacEachren Alan M. , Wallgrün Jan O. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this article we present GeoTxt, a scalable geoparsing system for the recognition and geolocation of place names in unstructured text. GeoTxt offers six named entity recognition (NER) algorithms for place name recognition, and utilizes an enterprise search engine for the indexing, ranking, and retrieval of toponyms, enabling scalable geoparsing for streaming text. GeoTxt offers a flexible application programming interface (API), allowing for customized attribute and/or spatial ranking of retrieved toponyms. We evaluate the system on a corpus of manually geo‐annotated tweets. First, we benchmark the performance of the six NERs that GeoTxt provides access to. Second, we assess GeoTxt toponym resolution accuracy incrementally, demonstrating improvements in toponym resolution achieved (or not achieved) by adding specific heuristics and disambiguation methods. Compared to using the GeoNames web service, GeoTxt's toponym resolution demonstrates a 20% accuracy gain. Our results show that places mentioned in the same tweet do not tend to be geographically proximate.
Temperature dependence of conduction and low frequency noise characteristics in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistors
Authors: Zhong Kai , Liu Yuan , Cai Shu-Ting , Xiong Xiao-Ming 
Published: January 2019

The transfer and low frequency noise characteristics of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film transistors (a-Si:H TFTs) were measured in the temperature range of 230–430 K. The variation of threshold voltage, field effect mobility and sub-threshold swing with increasing temperatures were then extracted and analyzed. Moreover, the shifts of low frequency noise in the a-Si:H TFT under various temperatures are reported for the first time. The variation of flatband voltage noise power spectral density with temperature is also calculated and discussed.
A comparison of neural responses in the primary auditory cortex, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex of cats during auditory discrimination tasks
Authors: Zhao Zhenling , Ma Lanlan , Wang Yifei , Qin Ling 
Published: January 2019

Discriminating biologically relevant sounds is crucial for survival. The neurophysiological mechanisms that mediate this process must register both the reward significance and the physical parameters of acoustic stimuli. Previous experiments have revealed that the primary function of the auditory cortex (AC) is to provide a neural representation of the acoustic parameters of sound stimuli. However, how the brain associates acoustic signals with reward remains unresolved. The amygdala (AMY) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play keys role in emotion and learning, but it is unknown whether AMY and mPFC neurons are involved in sound discrimination or how the roles of AMY and mPFC neurons differ from those of AC neurons. To examine this, we recorded neural activity in the primary auditory cortex (A1), AMY, and mPFC of cats while they performed a Go/No-go task to discriminate sounds with different temporal patterns. We found that the activity of A1 neurons faithfully coded the temporal patterns of sound stimuli; this activity was not affected by the cats’ behavioral choices. The neural representation of stimulus patterns decreased in the AMY, but the neural activity increased when the cats were preparing to discriminate the sound stimuli and waiting for reward. Neural activity in the mPFC did not represent sound patterns, but it showed a clear association with reward and was modulated by the cats’ behavioral choices. Our results indicate that the initial auditory representation in A1 is gradually transformed into a stimulus–reward association in the AMY and mPFC to ultimately generate a behavioral choice. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared the characteristics of neural activities of primary auditory cortex (A1), amygdala (AMY), and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) while cats were performing the same auditory discrimination task. Our results show that there is a gradual transformation of the neural code from a faithful temporal representation of the stimulus in A1, which is insensitive to behavioral choices, to an association with the predictive reward in AMY and mPFC, which, to some extent, is correlated with the animal’s behavioral choice.
Saccade selection and inhibition: motor and attentional components
Authors: Jonikaitis Donatas , Dhawan Saurabh , Deubel Heiner 
Published: January 2019

Motor responses are fundamentally spatial in their function and neural organization. However, studies of inhibitory motor control, focused on global stopping of all actions, have ignored whether inhibitory control can be exercised selectively for specific actions. We used a new approach to elicit and measure motor inhibition by asking human participants to either look at (select) or avoid looking at (inhibit) a location in space. We found that instructing a location to be avoided resulted in an inhibitory bias specific to that location. When compared with the facilitatory bias observed in the Look task, it differed significantly in both its spatiotemporal dynamics and its modulation of attentional processing. While action selection was evident in oculomotor system and interacted with attentional processing, action inhibition was evident mainly in the oculomotor system. Our findings suggest that action inhibition is implemented by spatially specific mechanisms that are separate from action selection. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that cognitive control of saccadic responses evokes separable action selection and inhibition processes. Both action selection and inhibition are represented in the saccadic system, but only action selection interacts with the attentional system.
Identification of Genes Regulating Breast Cancer Dormancy in 3D Bone Endosteal Niche Cultures
Authors: McGrath Julie , Panzica Louis , Ransom Ryan , Withers Henry G. , Gelman Irwin H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Tumor cell dormancy is a significant clinical problem in breast cancer. We used a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of the endosteal bone niche (EN), consisting of endothelial, bone marrow stromal cells, and fetal osteoblasts in a 3D collagen matrix (GELFOAM), to identify genes required for dormancy. Human triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, but not the bone-tropic metastatic variant, BoM1833, established dormancy in 3D-EN cultures in a p38-MAPK–dependent manner, whereas both cell types proliferated on two-dimensional (2D) plastic or in 3D collagen alone. “Dormancy-reactivation suppressor genes” (DRSG) were identified using a genomic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in MDA-MB-231 cells for gene knockdowns that induced proliferation in the 3D-EN. DRSG candidates enriched for genes controlling stem cell biology, neurogenesis, MYC targets, ribosomal structure, and translational control. Several potential DRSG were confirmed using independent shRNAs, including BHLHE41, HBP1, and WNT3. Overexpression of the WNT3/a antagonists secreted frizzled-related protein 2 or 4 (SFRP2/4) and induced MDA-MB-231 proliferation in the EN. In contrast, overexpression of SFRP3, known not to antagonize WNT3/a, did not induce proliferation. Decreased WNT3 or BHLHE41 expression was found in clinical breast cancer metastases compared with primary-site lesions, and the loss of WNT3 or BHLHE41 or gain of SFRP1, 2, and 4 in the context of TP53 loss/mutation correlated with decreased progression-free and overall survival.

Implications:
These data describe several novel, potentially targetable pathways controlling breast cancer dormancy in the EN.
The Influence of Vertical Wind Shear on the Evolution of Mountain-Wave Momentum Flux
Authors: Durran Dale R. , Menchaca Maximo Q. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The influence of vertical shear on the evolution of mountain-wave momentum fluxes in time-varying cross-mountain flows is investigated by numerical simulation and analyzed using ray tracing and the WKB approximation. The previously documented tendency of momentum fluxes to be strongest during periods of large-scale cross-mountain flow acceleration can be eliminated when the cross-mountain wind increases strongly with height. In particular, the wave packet accumulation mechanism responsible for the enhancement of the momentum flux during periods of cross-mountain flow acceleration is eliminated by the tendency of the vertical group velocity to increase with height in a mean flow with strong forward shear, thereby promoting vertical separation rather than concentration of vertically propagating wave packets.