bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Oxidation and Degradation Products in Raw Materials: Low‐Fat Topical Skin‐Care Formulations
Authors: Thomsen Birgitte R. , Taylor Richard , Hyldig Grethe , Blenkiron Peter , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTopical skin formulations with a lipid content below 15% were stored for 6 months at 5, 20, or 40 °C or for 2 weeks at 50 °C in darkness or at 20 °C with exposure to light for 6 months. The volatile lipid‐oxidation compounds formed during this storage period were compared to those formed in the raw materials during 3 months of accelerated stability storage at 40 °C. The volatile compounds were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. It was possible to link eight out of nine volatile compounds detected during storage of topical skin formulations to the raw materials. In addition, a possible link between the appearance of butane nitrile and the decomposition of an initiator used for polyacrylate crosspolymer‐6 production was observed. The polymer may originate from texture modifiers added to the topical skin formulation or from plastics used for packaging of topical skin formulations. Furthermore, six well‐known lipid‐oxidation and nonenzymatic browning products were suggested to originate from the two raw materials, tricaprylin/tricaprin and coconut oil.
Formation of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐Trans‐Nonenal, a Toxic Aldehyde, in Thermally Treated Olive and Sunflower Oils
Authors: Yuan Jieyao , Shoeman Don W. , Csallany A. Saari 
Published: July 2018

Abstract4‐Hydroxy‐2‐trans‐nonenal (HNE) is a toxic aldehyde produced mostly in oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acid due to heat‐induced lipid peroxidation. The present study examined the effects of the heating time, the degree of unsaturation, and the antioxidant potential on the formation of HNE in two light olive oils (LOO) and two sunflower oils (one high oleic and one regular) at frying temperature. HNE concentrations in these oil samples heated for 0, 1, 3, and 5 hours at 185 °C were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The fatty‐acid distribution and the antioxidant capacity of these four oils were also analyzed. The results showed that all oils had very low HNE concentrations (<0.5 μg g−1 oil) before heating. After 5 hours of heating at 185 °C, HNE concentrations were increased to 17.98, 25.00, 12.51, and 40.00 μg g−1 in the two LOO, high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), and regular sunflower oil (RSO), respectively. Extending the heating time increased HNE formation in all oils tested. It is related to their fatty‐acid distributions and antioxidant capacities. RSO, which contained high levels of linoleic acid (59.60%), a precursor for HNE, was more susceptible to degradation and HNE formation than HOSO and LOO, which contained only 6–8% linoleic acid.
Structural Characterization and Functional Properties of Proteins from Oat Milling Fractions
Authors: Walters Mallory E. , Udenigwe Chibuike C. , Tsopmo Apollinaire 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the structure and functionalities of proteins from commercial oat milling fractions. Protein isolates obtained from fine (FB), medium (MB), and low (LB) oat brans, and whole oat groat flour (WF) contained 75.0–97.1% proteins. However, the protein content of the products of 15% (15% high glucan [15HG]) and 20% (20% high glucan [20HG]) HG flours were four fold less because of their high carbohydrate contents (~75%). There was no apparent difference in molecular weights of the polypeptides (20, 35, 60, and 150 kDa) contained in these protein products. Protein profiling using mass spectrometry showed that avenin was not detected in FB and MB because of their relatively high concentrations of 11–12S globulins. Secondary structural features of the molecules and microstructure details of the gelled proteins were similar for proteins from FB, MB, LB, and WF, but different from those of 15HG and 20HG. Similarly, these differences in the structural features of proteins of the milling fractions were reflected in their water‐holding capacity and the solubility properties of the protein products.
Expandable graphite encapsulated by magnesium hydroxide nanosheets as an intumescent flame retardant for rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Wang Yintao , Wang Feng , Dong Quanxiao , Yuan Wenjing , Liu Peng , Ding Yanfen , Zhang Shimin , Yang Mingshu , Zheng Guoqiang 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTEncapsulation of expandable graphite (EG) particles by organic or inorganic shells has been proved to efficiently enhance the expandability of EG, and thus to improve the flame‐retardant efficiency of EG. In this study, magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanosheets were utilized to fabricate core–shell EG@MH flame‐retardant particles through a heterocoagulation method. It was observed that after the encapsulation by MH nanosheets, the edges of the char residue of the EG layer were sealed after combustion, which contributed to the enhancement of expandability. The expansion volume of EG@MH increased dramatically to 456 mL/g, in contrast to 338 mL/g for pure EG. By incorporating 11.5 wt % of flame‐retardant particles, polyurethane foam containing EG@MH (here PU‐EG@MH) displayed excellent flame retardancy. Compared with the physically mixed sample, PU‐EG+MH, the limiting oxygen index value for the PU‐EG@MH sample increased from 29.8% to 32.6%. Furthermore, the shell of MH nanosheets was beneficial for improving the interfacial adherence between EG and the rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) matrix, due to the reaction between isocyanate functional groups and MH. The cell structure and storage modulus of PU‐EG@MH were improved. In other words, the shell of MH nanosheets successfully improved the flame‐retardant efficiency and enhanced the interface adhesion between EG and the matrix. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46749.
Preparation and performance of nanoparticle‐reinforced chitosan proton‐exchange membranes for fuel‐cell applications
Authors: Ahmed Saad , Cai Yangben , Ali Muhammad , Khanal Santosh , Xu Shiai 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, we incorporated commercially available p‐toluene sulfonic acid coated boehmite nanofillers (commercially known as OS1) into the chitosan (CS) matrix to fabricate CS–OS1 nanocomposite membranes with a high proton conductivity for fuel‐cell applications. These nanocomposite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Their mechanical properties, water uptake, ion‐exchange capacity, and proton conductivity were also determined. The results show that the incorporation of OS1 to CS chains can inhibit the mobility of CS chains and, hence, enhance the thermal stability and mechanical properties of CS–OS1 nanocomposite membranes. The composite membrane with 5 wt % OS1 showed a proton conductivity of 0.032 S/cm; this was almost equal to that of commercially available Nafion 117. We concluded that CS–OS1 nanocomposite membranes have potential for fuel‐cell applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46904.
Dynamic Core–Shell Bioconjugates for Targeted Protein Delivery and Release
Authors: Seidler Christiane , Zegota Maksymilian Marek , Raabe Marco , Kuan Seah Ling , Ng David Y. W. , Weil Tanja 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDynamic covalent chemistry is a versatile and powerful tool that integrates both stable chemical bonds and stimulus responsiveness into the construction of smart biotherapeutics. With minimalistic molecular design, a dynamic covalent protein assembly that incorporates selective targeting and intracellular release upon pH stimulus is presented. The construct comprises an active enzymatic protein core (cytochrome c) self‐assembled with cancer cell targeting motifs (somatostatin) through boronic acid/salicylhydroxamate chemistry. The bioorthogonal assembly takes place rapidly under neutral aqueous conditions while the release of the protein is initiated under acidic conditions found within cellular vesicles during uptake. By demonstrating that these modular components act in synergy, we show the broad applicability of such chemical strategies to advance the frontier of modern nanomedicine.
Recent Advances in the Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized β‐Lactones
Authors: Mukherjee Subrata , Biju Akkattu T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis Focus Review highlights recent developments in the organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of β‐lactone derivatives. Owing to the importance of β‐lactones as a heterocyclic motif that is present in a variety of natural products and biologically active molecules, several catalytic methods have been developed for the synthesis of these compounds in their enantiomerically pure form. Organocatalytic methods that employ N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), cinchona alkaloids, isothioureas, 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) derivatives, and phosphines have allowed the highly enantioselective synthesis of β‐lactones from cheap and readily available starting materials. Moreover, the inherent strain in the four‐membered ring of β‐lactones has also been utilized in further synthetic transformations, thus making β‐lactones a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis.
β‐Cyclodextrin Functionalized Nanoporous Graphene Oxides for Efficient Resolution of Asparagine Enantiomers
Authors: Qie Fengxiang , Guo Jiahui , Tu Bin , Zhao Xing , Zhang Yuchun , Yan Yong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEfficient resolution of racemic mixture has long been an attractive but challenging subject since Pasteur separated tartrate enantiomers in 19th century. Graphene oxide (GO) could be flexibly functionalized by using a variety of chiral host molecules and therefore, was expected to show excellent enantioselective resolution performance. However, this combination with efficient enantioselective resolution capability has been scarcely demonstrated. Here, nanoporous graphene oxides were produced and then covalently functionalized by using a chiral host material‐β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD). This chiral GO displayed enantioselective affinity toward the l‐enantiomers of amino acids. In particular, >99 % of l‐asparagine (Asn) was captured in a racemic solution of Asn while the adsorption of d‐enantiomer was not observed. This remarkable resolution performance was subsequently modelled by using an attach‐pull‐release dynamic method. We expect this preliminary concept could be expanded to other chiral host molecules and be employed to current membrane separation technologies and finally show practical use for many other racemates.
Integration von FM‐Prozessdaten in ein digitales Gebäudemodell
Authors: Otto Jens , Bartels Niels 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBuilding Information Modeling (BIM) ist derzeit einer der am meisten diskutierten Begriffe der Bau‐ und Immobilienbranche. Auch im Facility‐Management (FM) gewinnt der Einsatz von BIM immer mehr an Bedeutung. Das Ziel eines integrierten BIM‐Prozesses stellt ein digitales Gebäudemodell dar, in dem alle erforderlichen Daten des gesamten Lebenszyklus enthalten und zugänglich sind. Eine Grundlage für den Datenaustausch bilden die Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), ein offener Standard zur Verbesserung der Interoperabilität von Planungsprozessen in der Bau‐ und Immobilienbranche. Auf IFC basieren weitere Schnittstellenstandards wie COBie und CAFM‐Connect. Sowohl IFC als auch COBie und CAFM‐Connect ermöglichen eine Übertragung von Bestandsdaten aus der Planungs‐ und Ausführungsphase in Systeme des Facility‐Managements. Die Prozessdaten sowie die Historisierung der Prozessdaten, die im Rahmen des Facility‐Managements entstehen, spielen jedoch in den vorgenannten Standards derzeit keine Rolle. Um ein vollständiges digitales Gebäudemodell über den gesamten Lebenszyklus zu erhalten, muss der IFC‐Standard um weitere Property Sets zu Prozessdaten erweitert werden. Diese Property Sets enthalten sowohl Auftragsdaten, die durch den Auftraggeber definiert werden, als auch Zustands‐ und Verbrauchsdaten, die durch das FM generiert werden. Diese Daten können nach deren Erfassung nicht nur ausgewertet, sondern auch ohne Medienbruch an weitere Dienstleister im Rahmen des digitalen Gebäudemodells übergeben werden.
The developing significance of context and function: Neuroscience and law
Authors: Freedman David , Woods George W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNeuroscience has already changed the understanding of how intent forms and is acted upon, how an individual's cognitive processes shape behavior, and how bio‐psychosocial history and neurodevelopmental approaches provide information that has been largely missing from the assessment of intent. In this paper, we first review the state of forensic assessment of mental condition and intent, focused primarily on the weaknesses of the current approach. In Section 2, we discuss neurobehavioral forensic assessment, which is a neuroscience‐based approach. Section 3 focuses on the changing understanding of mental illness and how neuroscience is pushing law towards a functional capacity‐and‐ability model and away from a diagnostic cut‐off model. Finally, in Sections 4 and 5, we turn to the role of social and environmental context in shaping behavior and propose a model of behavioral intent in line with the scientific evidence.
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator in a patient with triple mechanical valves
Authors: Tan Alex W. X. , Ho Kah L. , Ching Chi K. , Chua Kelvin C. M. 
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical MessageA patient with permanent atrial fibrillation, triple mechanical prosthetic valve replacements, and nonischemic cardiomyopathy presented with symptomatic high‐grade atrioventricular block. A transvenous implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator system was achieved with the defibrillator lead and bipolar pace‐sense lead in separate anterolateral branches of the coronary sinus with successful defibrillation testing.
Disappearance of multiple pancreatic cysts after prednisolone treatment in a patient with autoimmune pancreatitis
Authors: Kohisa Junji , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Ikemi Masatoshi , Terai Shuji 
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical MessageAutoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) with multiple pancreatic cysts is rare. The severe narrowing of the branched pancreatic ducts found in active AIP with a chronic pancreatitis background may have caused pancreatic juice outflow obstruction, resulting in multiple cysts. Oral steroid therapy resolved the stenosis, resulting in disappearance of the cysts.
Wunderlich syndrome
Authors: Chamarthi Gajapathiraju , Koratala Abhilash 
Published: July 2018

Key Clinical MessageEnd‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients are predisposed to bleeding diathesis in the setting of uremic platelet dysfunction and endothelial abnormalities. One should have high index of suspicion for spontaneous renal hemorrhage when these patients present with abdominal pain and/or unexplained drop in hemoglobin and appropriate imaging should be undertaken without delay.
The Road Travelled: After Main‐Group Elements as Transition Metals
Authors: Weetman Catherine , Inoue Shigeyoshi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSince the latter quarter of the twentieth century, main group chemistry has undergone significant advances. Power's timely review in 2010 highlighted the inherent differences between the lighter and heavier main group elements, and that the heavier analogues resemble transition metals as shown by their reactivity towards small molecules. In this concept article, we present an overview of the last 10 years since Power's seminal review, and the progress made for catalytic application. This examines the use of low oxidation state and/or low coordinate group 13 and 14 complexes towards small molecule activation (oxidative addition step in a redox based cycle) and how ligand design plays a crucial role in influencing subsequent reactivity. The challenge in these redox based catalytic cycles still centres on the main group complexes’ ability to undergo reductive elimination, however considerable progress in this field has been reported via reversible oxidative addition reactions. Within the last 5 years the first examples of well‐defined low valent main group catalysts have begun to emerge, representing a bright future ahead for main group chemistry.
Three‐Dimensional Flower‐Like MoS2@Carbon Nanotube Composites with Interconnected Porous Networks and High Catalytic Activity as Cathode for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Long Jianping , Hu Anjun , Shu Chaozhu , Wang Sha , Li Jiabao , Liang Ranxi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLithium‐oxygen (Li−O2) batteries show great potential to become one of the most promising energy‐storage and conversion systems owing to their ultrahigh theoretical specific energy (∼3505 Wh kg−1). However, commercialization of Li‐O2 batteries is constrained by a large charging overpotential caused by the sluggish electrode kinetics and low conductivity of the discharge product, resulting in unsatisfied energy efficiency and poor cyclability. In this paper, aiming to address these issues, we propose unique orderly arranged three‐dimensional (3D) flower‐like MoS2 nanospheres combined with carbon nanotubes (f‐MoS2@CNTs) as an efficient cathode catalyst for Li−O2 batteries. Homogeneously dispersed CNTs on the surface of MoS2 can not only increase the electrical conductivity and thereby lowering the charge overpotential, but also maintain the structural integrity of the cathode, improving the cyclic reversibility. Benefiting from the unique 3D flower‐like structure with an interconnected porous network and the excellent catalytic activity of MoS2, the Li−O2 battery with a f‐MoS2@CNTs catalyst achieved a lower charge overpotential (1.02 V) and exhibited excellent cyclic reversibility with 141 cycles until the terminal voltage decreased below 2 V at a current density of 500 mA g−1. The reasonable design of the f‐MoS2@CNTs‐based cathode thus provides a promising solution for practical applications of Li−O2 batteries.
Synthesis of Doubly Annulated m‐Terphenyl‐Based Molecular Tweezers and Their Charge‐Transfer Complexes with DDQ as a Guest
Authors: Thakur Khushabu , Wang Denan , Lindeman Sergey V. , Rathore Rajendra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe synthesis of a doubly‐annulated m‐terphenyl‐based tweezer platform has been developed, which affords ready incorporation of various pincer units from monobenzenoid to polybenzenoid electron donors. The complexation study with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) as guest has been carried out, and the crystal structure of T‐Py∩DDQ reveals the sandwich‐type binding mode in the solid state.
Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed Formal anti‐Carboalkoxylation of Alkynes: Access to Tetrasubstituted Enol Ethers
Authors: Schitter Theresa , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed formal anti‐carboalkoxylation reaction is presented that provides access to tetrasubstituted enol ethers. The key to success is a cascade consisting of a formal anti‐carbopalladation of a carbon–carbon triple bond followed by a nucleophilic attack of a hydroxy group at the emerging vinyl organopalladium species. The desired transformation proceeded smoothly with primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, and even with phenols. Depending on the substitution pattern of the enol ethers, a further Tsuji–Trost‐type step may occur resulting in oligocyclic ketals.
Unmet need for clinician engagement regarding financial toxicity after diagnosis of breast cancer
Authors: Jagsi Reshma , Ward Kevin C. , Abrahamse Paul H. , Wallner Lauren P. , Kurian Allison W. , Hamilton Ann S. , Katz Steven J. , Hawley Sarah T. 
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUNDLittle is known regarding whether growing awareness of the financial toxicity of a cancer diagnosis and its treatment has increased clinician engagement or changed the needs of current patients.METHODSThe authors surveyed patients with early‐stage breast cancer who were identified through population‐based sampling from 2 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) regions and their physicians. The authors described responses from approximately 73% of surgeons (370 surgeons), 61% of medical oncologists (306 medical oncologists), 67% of radiation oncologists (169 radiation oncologists), and 68% of patients (2502 patients).RESULTSApproximately one‐half (50.9%) of responding medical oncologists reported that someone in their practice often or always discusses financial burden with patients, as did 15.6% of surgeons and 43.2% of radiation oncologists. Patients indicated that financial toxicity remains common: 21.5% of white patients and 22.5% of Asian patients had to cut down spending on food, as did 45.2% of black and 35.8% of Latina patients. Many patients desired to talk to providers about the financial impact of cancer (15.2% of whites, 31.1% of blacks, 30.3% of Latinas, and 25.4% of Asians). Unmet patient needs for engagement with physicians about financial concerns were common. Of 945 women who worried about finances, 679 (72.8%) indicated that physicians and their staff did not help. Of 523 women who desired to talk to providers regarding the impact of breast cancer on employment or finances, 283 (55.4%) reported no relevant discussion.CONCLUSIONSMany patients report inadequate clinician engagement in the management of financial toxicity, even though many providers believe that they make services available. Clinician assessment and communication regarding financial toxicity must improve; cure at the cost of financial ruin is unacceptable. Cancer 2018;000:000‐000. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Continuous Flow Photochemical Benzylic Bromination of a Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of a 2‐Oxazolidinone
Authors: Chen Yuesu , de Frutos Oscar , Mateos Carlos , Rincon Juan A. , Cantillo David , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA continuous flow procedure for the benzylic photobromination of methyl N,N‐bis (tert‐butoxycarbonyl) phenylalaninate is presented. This photochemical transformation generating the brominated intermediate is the critical step in the synthesis of the oxazolidinone methyl (4S,5R)‐3‐N‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐oxo‐4‐carboxylate, a key intermediate for the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The reaction was optimized in three continuous flow photoreactors: A self‐made reactor based on a T5 8 W black light lamp, as well as the commercially available VapourTec® UV‐150 and Corning® Advanced‐Flow™ reactors, both equipped with LED light sources. Under optimal conditions, concentrated solutions (95 g/L) of the starting material could be processed on a multi‐gram scale, providing high conversion (96 %) within 7 min at 30 °C, using 2 equivalents of N‐bromosuccinimide (NBS).
Feathery Microstructure Formation of Ti48Al2Cr2Nb Alloy by Rapidly Quenched Solidification
Authors: Liu Yi , An Junchao , Yang Guang , Shi Lei , Wang Yujiang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFeathery microstructure is observed in the rapidly solidified sample of Ti48Al2Cr2Nb (at%) alloy. The results show that the microstructure changes significantly from the surface to bottom of the sample, that is, cellular → dendrite → dendrite cell → feathery γ phase (γf). This phenomenon is attributed to the variation of cooling rates in local regions. The cooling rates of sample by rapidly quenched solidification are calculated by ANSYS software. A rapid solidification at about 3.67 × 103 K s−1 is obtained at the bottom of sample, causing the formation of γf. High dislocation density is detected in γf by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), attributed to the releases of the stresses during rapid solidification. The formation of γf is considered to be solid‐state phase transformation because of the strong chilling. Rapidly quenched solidification can provide high driving force for the nucleation of γf during rapid solidification.