bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power, politics and the police: lessons from Marikana
Authors: Dixon Bill 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between politicians and the police in the days before the shooting by members of the South African Police Service of 34 striking mineworkers at the Marikana platinum mine in South Africa on 16 August 2012. Drawing on evidence presented to the official inquiry into events at Marikana, it argues that political influence over the police may be exercised most effectively when it is least obvious. Instead of issuing directives, or openly exerting pressure on the police, it is suggested that politicians may secure compliance with their wishes when chief officers share their priorities, and act accordingly. The senior officers in command at Marikana did not need to be told what to do. In ordering an intervention that led to 34 deaths they were behaving as conscious political actors attuned to the needs of a dominant elite aligned to the ruling African National Congress.
Position-Based Visual Servoing of a Mobile Robot with an Automatic Extrinsic Calibration Scheme
Authors: Sharma Radhe Shyam , Shukla Santosh , Behera Laxmidhar , Subramanian Venkatesh K. 
Published: July 2019

SUMMARYIn this paper, we present and implement a novel approach for position-based visual servoing. The challenge of controlling the mobile robot while simultaneously estimating the camera to mobile robot transformation is solved. This is achieved using gradient descent (GD)-based estimation and the sliding-mode approach. The GD approach allows online parameter estimation for controlling the robot to achieve a desired position and orientation. The adaptive nature of the parameters demonstrates the robustness of the system. In contrast to existing work, the proposed technique achieves both estimation and control tasks in a single experiment. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed scheme.
Understanding knowledge threatened by declining wild orchid populations in an urbanizing China (Sichuan)
Authors: Seyler Barnabas C , Gaoue Orou G , Tang Ya , Duffy David C 
Published: July 2019

SummaryWith rapid urbanization worldwide, most people now live in cities, but the effects of urbanization on knowledge about the natural environment is not well studied. Due to the importance of Cymbidium to Chinese traditional culture, we tested how urbanization influences the distribution of orchid knowledge across various knowledge domains at risk of loss due to declining orchid populations. Participants in the Cymbidium trade were interviewed in three distinct urbanization-level jurisdictions in Sichuan, China: Puge (low urbanization), Huili (moderate urbanization) and Chengdu (high urbanization). Using photographic cue-cards of nine Cymbidium taxa, we assessed aggregate and specific knowledge held by 91 orchid collectors/traders across the urbanization gradient. Contrary to expectations, we found that urbanization and orchid knowledge were positively related, but this varied by knowledge type, with moderate urbanization showing significantly higher knowledge in two domains. Our findings suggest that a generalizable understanding of how urbanization affects knowledge must account for differences in knowledge types and geographic/cultural scales, with implications for biocultural diversity conservation in an increasingly urban world.
Experience of stent implantation for recurrent aortic arch obstruction following Norwood or Damus–Kaye–Stansel operation over the last decade
Authors: McCrossan Brian , Nolke Lars , Kenny Damien , Oslizlok Paul , Crispino Gloria , Walsh Kevin P. , McMahon Colin J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground:Recurrent aortic arch obstruction following the Norwood procedure is recognised as an important complication. Balloon arch angioplasty is associated with a high recoarctation rate.Methods:We sought to evaluate the prevalence and outcome of stent implantation for recoarctation in children following Norwood or Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure over the past decade at a single national cardiology centre.Results:Of 114 children who underwent Norwood procedure or Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure between January 2003 and June 2013, 80 patients survived. Of these 15 children underwent stent implantation for recoarctation. Six of these patients had previous balloon angioplasty. The median age at stent implantation was 4.4 months (range 2–82 months). The median peak aortic arch gradient at catheterisation decreased from 26mmHg (range 10–70mmHg) to 2mmHg (range 0–20mmHg). The median luminal diameter increased from 4.7 mm (range 3.2–7.9 mm) to 8.6 mm (range 6.2–10.9 mm). The median coarctation index increased by 0.49 (range = 0.24–0.64). A Valeo stent was employed in 11 children, a Palmaz Genesis stent in 2 patients, a MultiLink stent in 1 child, and a Jomed covered stent in 1 child. Two factors were associated with the need for stent placement: previous arch angioplasty (p valve &lt; 0.001, χ-square 11.5) and borderline left ventricle (p = 0.04, χ-square = 4.1). Stent migration occurred in one child. There were two deaths related to poor right ventricular systolic function and severe tricuspid regurgitation. Six patients underwent redilation of the stent with no complications.Conclusions:The prevalence of recurrent aortic arch obstruction following Norwood/Damus–Kaye–Stansel procedure was 18%. Stent implantation is safe and reliably eliminates the aortic obstruction. Redilation can be successfully achieved to accommodate somatic growth or development of stent recoarctation.
Proposal of a Model of Disaster Medical Education for Practical Risk Management and Disaster Nursing: The SINCHI Education Model
Authors: Shinchi Koichi , Matsunaga Hitomi , Fukuyama Yumi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEducation in disaster nursing and risk management is important, and developing the human resources of medical staff who participate in disaster response is also necessary. However, a practical educational model for risk management and disaster nursing has not yet been established in Japan. In the present study, a model of disaster medical education for practical risk management and disaster nursing was proposed. Seventeen expert nurses with experience in practical international disaster response (IDR) participated in this study. They were recruited from among past members of Japan disaster response medical teams. They were asked an open-ended question through a questionnaire survey: “What kind of nursing education is necessary for risk management and practical activities in disaster response?” The responses were analyzed qualitatively and an educational model was developed.Sixty-five codes were obtained from the answers to the open-ended question, and they were categorized into 19 sub-categories and three categories. Subsequently, the “SINCHI education model” was proposed for practical disaster nursing education; it comprises six elements: (1) Simulation exercise and small-group work; (2) International nursing knowledge; (3) Nursing skills and knowledge, including disaster nursing; (4) Communication ability promotion; (5) Humanity, responsibility, and flexibility; and (6) Infection prevention and control. A sample of this education exercise model is the following: (1) preparing the list of medical staff members (2) information-gathering simulation (3) preparing the list of medical instruments, and (4) developing the plan for risk management and operation, including infection prevention and control. Disaster nursing education could be made more instructive and practical by including simulation exercises.
Measuring diachronic language distance using perplexity: Application to English, Portuguese, and Spanish
Authors: Campos José Ramom Pichel , Otero Pablo Gamallo , Loinaz Iñaki Alegria 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe objective of this work is to set a corpus-driven methodology to quantify automatically diachronic language distance between chronological periods of several languages. We apply a perplexity-based measure to written text representing different historical periods of three languages: European English, European Portuguese, and European Spanish. For this purpose, we have built historical corpora for each period, which have been compiled from different open corpus sources containing texts as close as possible to its original spelling. The results of our experiments show that a diachronic language distance based on perplexity detects the linguistic evolution that had already been explained by the historians of the three languages. It is remarkable to underline that it is an unsupervised multilingual method which only needs a raw corpora organized by periods.
Institutions and moral agency: the case of Scottish banking
Authors: Robson Angus , Beadle Ron 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt has been an enduring concern of institutional economics and critical realism to understand how individuals are able to exercise agency in the context of social structures, and to maintain appropriate connections, separations and balances between these two levels of causal power. This paper explores the contribution of Alasdair MacIntyre's neo-Aristotelian philosophy to the topic. Empirical data are provided from the career narratives of senior Scottish bankers recalled in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007/8. The method of the study is interpretive, using themes drawn from MacIntyre's writings. These bankers faced moral choices as tensions developed between their own professional standards and the new corporate goals of the banks. We discuss MacIntyre's understanding of individual moral agency as a narrative quest in the context of different types of institution with different and often conflicting ideas about what constitutes good or right action. Habituation and deliberation are important in enabling action, but fully developed moral agency also depends on individuals being able to make choices in the space opened up by tensions within and between institutions.
Breast Milk for Preterm Multiples: More Proteins, Less Lactose
Authors: Congiu Marco , Reali Alessandra , Deidda Federica , Dessì Angelica , Bardanzellu Flaminia , Fanos Vassilios 
Published: July 2019

AbstractExclusive breastfeeding is currently recommended until at least 6 months of postnatal age, due to maternal breast milk (BM) unique composition and beneficial properties. In fact, BM modifies itself according to gestational age (GA) at birth, adapting its composition to neonatal requests during lactation. Multiple births represent about 3% of the whole pregnancies; such neonates result more vulnerable than full-term newborns, due to lower GA and birth weight (BW) and the higher incidence of perinatal complications. Although an adequate nutrition is fundamental for twins and other multiples, studies on this topic are lacking. We collected and analyzed BM from mothers of 19 twins and 5 triplets showing GA < 33 weeks and BW < 1500 g, comparing it to a control group of 28 preterm singletons. As a result, at GA ≤ 28 weeks, we observed that protein content is higher in BM for multiples (1.53 vs. 1.29 g per 100 ml), lactose concentration is greater in BM for singletons (6.72 vs. 6.34 g per 100 ml) and GA results the most relevant factor influencing BM protein composition. BM for multiples results higher in proteins and lower in lactose, if compared with singleton’s samples; this could promote and sustain growth and organ development in this vulnerable category. BM from multiples shows a trophic and immunologic role, since these neonates often show lower GA and BW instead of singletons. These findings could help in optimizing nutritional strategies and improving BM individualized fortification.
Comparing MSL Curiosity Rover TLS‐SAM Methane Measurements With Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System Atmospheric Transport Experiments
Authors: Pla‐Garcia Jorge , Rafkin Scot C. R. , Karatekin Özgür , Gloesener Elodie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe detection of methane at Gale crater by the Tunable Laser Spectrometer–Sample Analysis at Mars instrument aboard the Curiosity rover has garnered significant attention because of the implications for the presence of Martian organisms (Webster et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261713). Methane's photochemical lifetime is several centuries unless there is a fast, as‐yet‐unknown destruction mechanism (Lefèvre and Forget, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08228). This is much longer than the atmospheric mixing time scale, and thus, the gas should be well‐mixed except when near a source or shortly after a release. Although most measurements report low background levels of ~0.4 parts per billion by volume, observed spikes of several parts per billion by volume or greater and a subsequent return to the background level are intriguing (Webster et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261713). The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System is used to simulate, via passive tracers, the transport and mixing of methane released inside and outside of the crater from instantaneous and steady state releases, and to test whether the results are consistent with in situ observations made by the Mars Curiosity rover. The simulations indicate that the mixing time scale for air within the crater is approximately 1 sol. The timing of methane measurements within the crater is also important, because modeled methane abundance varies by ~1 order of magnitude over a diurnal cycle under all the scenarios considered. While the observed low background levels can be reproduced by the model under some circumstances, it is difficult to reconcile the measured peaks with the modeled transport and mixing. For periods of high methane abundance lasting longer than a few hours there must be a continuous release of methane inside the crater to counteract mixing, or there must be a large, methane‐rich air mass continually transported into the crater. The few scenarios that can produce peaks are problematic, because they would result in background methane values above what is observed.
Predicting Lower Band Chorus With Autoregressive‐Moving Average Transfer Function (ARMAX) Models
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Engebretson Mark J. , Rodger Craig J. , Gjerloev Jesper W. , Reeves Geoffrey D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe model lower band chorus observations from the DEMETER satellite using daily and hourly autoregressive‐moving average transfer function (ARMAX) equations. ARMAX models can account for serial autocorrelation between observations that are measured close together in time and can be used to predict a response variable based on its past behavior without the need for recent data. Unstable distributions of radiation belt source electrons (tens of keV) and the substorm activity (SMEd from the SuperMAG array) that is thought to inject these electrons were both statistically significant explanatory variables in a daily ARMAX model describing chorus. Predictions from this model correlated well with observations in a hold‐out test data set (validation correlation of 0.675). Source electron flux was most influential when observations came from the same day or the day before the chorus measurement, with effects decaying rapidly over time. Substorms were more influential when they occurred on previous days, presumably due to their injecting source electrons from the plasma sheet. A daily ARMAX model with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)|B|, IMF Bz, and solar wind pressure as inputs instead of those given above was somewhat less predictive of chorus (r=0.611). An hourly ARMAX model with only solar wind and IMF inputs was even less successful, with a validation correlation of 0.502.
Shale Anisotropy Estimation From Logs in Vertical Wells
Authors: Li Yunyue Elita , Cheng Arthur C. H. , You Nan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnisotropic elastic parameters for shales are widely needed in seismic imaging, reservoir characterization, and carbon sequestration monitoring. Unlike other elastic parameters such as vertical P and S wave velocities, anisotropy parameters are not measured directly from the acoustic well logs due to the single‐directional nature of a well. We assume that shale anisotropy is induced by thin cracks that are filled with liquid in a background isotropic medium, whose bulk and shear moduli are obtained from the vertically measured P and S wave velocities, density, and porosity from corresponding well logs through a formalized inversion scheme. We show that the estimated anisotropy using the proposed method is consistent with the mineralogy and agrees with the published laboratory measurements. This framework allows us to quantify the uncertainties in the anisotropy parameters estimated from the inversion, which can be used as a measure to evaluate the validity of the chosen rock physics model.
The Importance of Coarse Organic Matter and Depositional Environment to Carbon Burial Behind Dams in Mountainous Environments
Authors: Stratton L. E. , Haggerty R. , Grant G. E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe relationship between carbon burial and sedimentation in reservoirs is unknown, contributing to uncertainty in our understanding of the net impact of dams to the global carbon budget and exposing gaps in our fundamental understanding of the transport, processing, and deposition of organic matter in fluvial and lacustrine systems. Taking opportunistic advantage of the removal of two high‐head dams, we investigate this relationship by developing a stratigraphic, process‐based framework to estimate total carbon accumulation as a function of depositional environment in the sediments of two former ~1‐km2 reservoirs on the Elwha River, Washington, USA. Former Lake Mills (upstream; completed 1927) accumulated ~330 Gg, with depositional zone average accumulation rates from 229 to 9,262 gCm2/year, while Former Lake Aldwell (downstream; completed 1913) accumulated ~91 Gg (263 to 2,414 gCm2/year). Carbon storage in both reservoirs was dominated by heterogeneous, coarse organic matter and woody debris in the coarse‐grained delta slope and relatively coarse‐grained prodelta regions of the reservoirs, with little in the gravel‐dominated, subaerial delta plains. Carbon accumulation in fine‐grained lacustrine and prodelta sediments was relatively homogeneous, but turbidity flows from the Gilbert‐style delta slope in former Lake Mills delivered significantly more carbon to the prodelta than the mouth bar‐style delta of former Lake Aldwell. C:N ratios support interpretation of most organic matter in both reservoirs as allochthonous. Sampling schemes based only on lacustrine and/or prodelta would underestimate total carbon accumulation by up to 30% in former Lake Aldwell but overestimate carbon by up to 47% in former Lake Mills.
Terrain Analysis Enhancements to the Height Above Nearest Drainage Flood Inundation Mapping Method
Authors: Garousi‐Nejad Irene , Tarboton David G. , Aboutalebi Mahyar , Torres‐Rua Alfonso F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFlood inundation remains challenging to map, model, and forecast because it requires detailed representations of hydrologic and hydraulic processes. Recently, Continental‐Scale Flood Inundation Mapping (CFIM), an empirical approach with fewer data demands, has been suggested. This approach uses National Water Model forecast discharge with Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) calculated from a digital elevation model to approximate reach‐averaged hydraulic properties, estimate a synthetic rating curve, and map near real‐time flood inundation from stage. In 2017, rapid snowmelt resulted in a record flood on the Bear River in Utah, USA. In this study, we evaluated the CFIM method over the river section where this flooding occurred. We compared modeled flood inundation with the flood inundation observed in high‐resolution Planet RapidEye satellite imagery. Differences were attributed to discrepancies between observed and forecast discharges but also notably due to shortcomings in the derivation of HAND from National Elevation Dataset as implemented in CFIM, and possibly due to suboptimal hydraulic roughness parameter. Examining these differences highlights limitations in the HAND terrain analysis methodology. We present a set of improvements developed to overcome some limitations and advance CFIM outcomes. These include conditioning the topography using high‐resolution hydrography, dispersing nodes used to subdivide the river into reaches and catchments, and using a high‐resolution digital elevation model. We also suggest an approach to obtain a reach specific Manning's n from observed inundation and validated improvements for the flood of March 2019 in the Ocheyedan River, Iowa. The methods developed have the potential to improve CFIM.
The tetraspanin CD9 controls migration and proliferation of parietal epithelial cells and glomerular disease progression
Authors: Lazareth Hélène , Henique Carole , Lenoir Olivia , Puelles Victor G. , Flamant Martin , Bollée Guillaume , Fligny Cécile , Camus Marine , Guyonnet Lea , Millien Corinne , Gaillard François , Chipont Anna , Robin Blaise , Fabrega Sylvie , Dhaun Neeraj , Camerer Eric , Kretz Oliver , Grahammer Florian , Braun Fabian , Huber Tobias B. , Nochy Dominique , Mandet Chantal , Bruneval Patrick , Mesnard Laurent , Thervet Eric , Karras Alexandre , Le Naour François , Rubinstein Eric , Boucheix Claude , Alexandrou Antigoni , Moeller Marcus J. , Bouzigues Cédric , Tharaux Pierre-Louis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe mechanisms driving the development of extracapillary lesions in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) remain poorly understood. A key question is how parietal epithelial cells (PECs) invade glomerular capillaries, thereby promoting injury and kidney failure. Here we show that expression of the tetraspanin CD9 increases markedly in PECs in mouse models of CGN and FSGS, and in kidneys from individuals diagnosed with these diseases. Cd9 gene targeting in PECs prevents glomerular damage in CGN and FSGS mouse models. Mechanistically, CD9 deficiency prevents the oriented migration of PECs into the glomerular tuft and their acquisition of CD44 and β1 integrin expression. These findings highlight a critical role for de novo expression of CD9 as a common pathogenic switch driving the PEC phenotype in CGN and FSGS, while offering a potential therapeutic avenue to treat these conditions.
Nanoscale nonreciprocity via photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering
Authors: Lawrence Mark , Dionne Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTime reversal symmetry stands as a fundamental restriction on the vast majority of optical systems and devices. The reciprocal nature of Maxwell’s equations in linear, time-invariant media adds complexity and scale to photonic diodes, isolators, circulators and also sets fundamental efficiency limits on optical energy conversion. Though many theoretical proposals and low frequency demonstrations of nonreciprocity exist, Faraday rotation remains the only known nonreciprocal mechanism that persists down to the atomic scale. Here, we present photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering as a new nonreciprocal optical phenomenon which has, in principle, no lower size limit. Exploiting this process, we numerically demonstrate nanoscale nonreciprocal transmission of free-space beams at near-infrared frequencies with a 250 nm thick silicon metasurface as well as a fully-subwavelength plasmonic gap nanoantenna. In revealing all-optical spin-splitting, our results provide a foundation for compact nonreciprocal communication and computing technologies, from nanoscale optical isolators and full-duplex nanoantennas to topologically-protected networks.