bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Veil of Philanthropy
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends the practice that Kant described as “throwing the veil” of philanthropy or charity over the moral flaws and failings of other people. This practice requires not just avoiding making defamatory remarks and spreading unpleasant gossip but also actively working to generate charitable narratives about other people and their actions. The veil of philanthropy serves as a buffer against natural human tendencies toward self-conceit and misanthropy. The practice is essential to good moral neighborhoods because it enhances and reinforces individual and collective commitments to moral improvement, and it expresses faith in the eventual success in the project. Good moral neighborhoods depend on participants being able to maintain hope in moral progress. In other words, in order for moral improvement to be successful, it is necessary to act as though it could be.
Reproduction
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the ILO’s Programme on Rural Women, which offered an alternative vision of development around the worth of subsistence and reproductive labor. Beginning in the late 1970s, its feminist staff moved beyond the findings of Ester Boserup on the gendered impact of development. They considered relations in the household, the centrality of women’s domestic and non-monetized work, and the significance of both for capitalist accumulation. Eschewing reliance on statistical data, program staff sought to decolonize knowledge by commissioning fieldwork and surveys by women researchers from the very places under investigation. The staff encouraged participatory action research that regarded rural women themselves as experts and empowered poor women collectively. The resulting studies, including ones by Lourdes Benería and Maria Mies, would define the field of women and development. But the program came into conflict with FEMMES, the ILO’s coordinating unit on women’s issues, over institutional domains, issue priorities, and the very meaning of equality. By the mid-1980s whether the conditions of the rural woman in the Global South would foreshadow wider precarity was unclear, but a general belief emerged that family labor created a barrier to full labor force participation.
Peace, the Constitution, and Rebellion, 1781–1800
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The years following Cornwallis’s surrender in 1781 saw a few more treason cases, and a large number of cases of persons accused of aiding British prisoners to escape. Summary data on treason prosecutions are presented. Returning Loyalists were largely well treated. The state’s last treason indictment, dealing with the Connecticut land dispute, was issued in the late 1780s. The Constitutional Convention adopted a Treason Clause, the meaning of which was tested in trials resulting from the Whiskey Rebellion and Fries’s Rebellion. The prosecution and defense disagreed over whether these rebellions amounted to levying war against the United States. This debate contained many echoes of the earlier debate over resistance to British measures, and would not be conclusively resolved until the nineteenth century, if then.
Reading Revolution
Authors: Jones Polly 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the large and hitherto unexplored archives of readers’ letters to Politizdat and to individual authors about the series (Iurii Trifonov, Natan Eidel′man), in order to challenge understandings of how late Soviet literature was read, and to diversify the ‘uses’ of Soviet biography. Reader responses to the series reveal a vibrant multiplicity of late Soviet ‘interpretive communities’ and hermeneutic practices: the traditionally Soviet model of remoulding the self in the image of the hero; both factographic and more sophisticated historical reflection; and critique of the late Soviet public sphere and its constraints on self-expression. The ‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ series thus exemplifies the ways in which late Soviet ‘official’ culture could also contribute to pluralization and ‘diverse thinking’ (raznomyslie), which is often identified only with the underground. The historical collaboration and solidarity facilitated by the correspondence between the series’ authors and their readers also suggest the survival of intelligentsia networks and ideas of literary professionalism from the Khrushchev-era thaw.
Physiological and morphological effects of climate change
Authors: McKechnie Andrew E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The direct impacts of higher temperatures on birds are manifested over timescales ranging from minutes and hours to years and decades. Over short timescales, acute exposure to high temperatures can lead to hyperthermia or dehydration, which among arid-zone species occasionally causes catastrophic mortality events. Over intermediate timescales of days to weeks, high temperatures can have chronic sub-lethal effects via body mass loss or reduced nestling growth rates, negatively affecting sev eral fitness components. Long-term effects of warming manifested over years to decades involve declining body mass or changes in appendage size. Key directions for future research include elucidating the role of phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic processes in avian adaptation to climate change, examining the role of stress pathways in mediating responses to heat events, and understanding the consequences of higher temperatures for species that traverse hot regions while migrating.
Predator–prey interactions and climate change
Authors: Bretagnolle Vincent , Terraube Julien 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Climate change is likely to impact all trophic levels, although the response of communities and ecosystems to it has only recently received considerable attention. Further, it is expected to affect the magnitude of species interactions themselves. In this chapter, we summarize why and how climate change could affect predator–prey interactions, then review the literature about its impact on predator–prey relationships in birds, and provide prospects for future studies. Expected effects on prey or predators may include changes in the following: distribution, phenology, population density, behaviour, morphology, or physiology. We review the currently available information concerning particular key topics: top-down versus bottom-up control, specialist versus generalist predators, functional versus numerical responses, trophic cascades and regime shifts, and lastly adaptation and selection. Finally, we focus our review on two well-studied bird examples: seabirds and raptors. Key future topics include long-term studies, modelling and experimental studies, evolutionary questions, and conservation issues.
Social Claims in the Shadow of the Fallen
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the left’s attempts to mobilize the wartime ‘moral economy of sacrifice’ in support of its vision of a just post-war order in the colony. Focusing on the immediate post-war moment, it examines how the campaigns of strike action and political protests led by socialists and trade unionists in the colony relied heavily on egalitarian notions grounded in the wartime experience. It also considers the response this provoked from conservative forces, which sought to counter the left’s rhetoric by stressing the ‘fraternity of arms’. Finally, it assesses the place of indigenous workers in these debates, asking how the left reconciled its use of an egalitarian language, drawn in part from the experience of the war, with its ambiguous attitude toward any erosion of European hegemony in the colony.
Working Conditions, Workers’ Rights, and Candidate Preference in the 2016 Democratic Primary
Authors: Lyon Gregory 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Working conditions and workers’ rights have long been indicators of broader societal power, yet it is unclear whether candidates who take explicit stands on such issues can expect to find electoral support among voters. This study draws on cross-sectional and panel data to examine the relationship between attitudes toward such issues and candidate preference in the 2016 Democratic primary. Although research on vote choice suggests issue attitudes are typically remote considerations, the findings indicate that Democrats who were more concerned about workers’ working conditions and the exploitation of workers were significantly more likely to prefer Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic primary. Moreover, findings from panel data suggest such attitudes were latent, rather than adopted, as Democrats who expressed support for stronger regulation of business in 2011 were significantly more likely to prefer Bernie Sanders five years later in 2016. The findings suggest that issue attitudes can be meaningful considerations when there are distinct options for voters, and that the unanticipated Democratic support enjoyed by Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic primary is at least partially attributable to his strong and explicit stands on working conditions and workers’ rights.
Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and Variability in Risk Prioritization
Authors: Wambaugh John F , Wetmore Barbara A , Ring Caroline L , Nicolas Chantel I , Pearce Robert G , Honda Gregory S , Dinallo Roger , Angus Derek , Gilbert Jon , Sierra Teresa , Badrinarayanan Akshay , Snodgrass Bradley , Brockman Adam , Strock Chris , Setzer R Woodrow , Thomas Russell S 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHigh(er) throughput toxicokinetics (HTTK) encompasses in vitro measures of key determinants of chemical toxicokinetics and reverse dosimetry approaches for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). With HTTK, the bioactivity identified by any in vitro assay can be converted to human equivalent doses and compared with chemical intake estimates. Biological variability in HTTK has been previously considered, but the relative impact of measurement uncertainty has not. Bayesian methods were developed to provide chemical-specific uncertainty estimates for 2 in vitro toxicokinetic parameters: unbound fraction in plasma (fup) and intrinsic hepatic clearance (Clint). New experimental measurements of fup and Clint are reported for 418 and 467 chemicals, respectively. These data raise the HTTK chemical coverage of the ToxCast Phase I and II libraries to 57%. Although the standard protocol for Clint was followed, a revised protocol for fup measured unbound chemical at 10%, 30%, and 100% of physiologic plasma protein concentrations, allowing estimation of protein binding affinity. This protocol reduced the occurrence of chemicals with fup too low to measure from 44% to 9.1%. Uncertainty in fup was also reduced, with the median coefficient of variation dropping from 0.4 to 0.1. Monte Carlo simulation was used to propagate both measurement uncertainty and biological variability into IVIVE. The uncertainty propagation techniques used here also allow incorporation of other sources of uncertainty such as in silico predictors of HTTK parameters. These methods have the potential to inform risk-based prioritization based on the relationship between in vitro bioactivities and exposures.
Climatic and physiological regulation of the bimodal xylem formation pattern in Pinus pinaster saplings
Authors: Garcia-Forner Núria , Vieira Joana , Nabais Cristina , Carvalho Ana , Martínez-Vilalta Jordi , Campelo Filipe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSeasonality in tree cambial activity and xylem formation encompass large variation in environmental conditions. Abiotic stressors such as warming or drought also modulate plant behavior at species and individual level. Despite xylem formation susceptibility to carbon (C) and water availability, it is still unknown which are the key physiological variables that regulate xylogenesis, and to what extent plant performance contributes to further explain the number of cells in the different phases of xylem development. Xylogenesis and physiological behavior was monitored in saplings of Pinus pinaster Aiton, a bimodal growth pattern species, distributed in different irrigation regimes. Xylogenesis and plant physiological behavior were compared between treatments and the relationship between climate, physiology and the number of cells in the cambium, enlargement and cell-wall thickening phases was evaluated. Xylogenesis regulation shifted from physiological to climatic control as cell differentiation advanced to mature tracheids. The number of cells in the cambium increased with assimilation rates and decreased with the water potential gradient through the plant. Enlargement was the most susceptible phase to plant relative water content, whereas no physiological variable contributed to explain the number of cells in the wall thickening phase, which declined as temperatures increased. All treatments showed a bimodal growth pattern with a second growth period starting when primary growth was completed and after plants had experienced the highest summer hydraulic losses. Our study demonstrates the importance of including physiological responses and not only climate to fully understand xylogenesis, with special attention to the enlargement phase. This is critical when studying species with a bimodal growth pattern because the second growth peak responds to internal shifts of C allocation and may strongly depend on plant hydraulic responses and not on a fine tuning of cambial activity with soil water availability.
Effect of a Cognitive Aid on Reducing Sugammadex Use and Associated Costs
Authors: Drzymalski Dan M. , Schumann Roman , Massaro Frank J. , Trzcinka Agnieszka , Azocar Ruben J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
The authors observed increased pharmaceutical costs after the introduction of sugammadex in our institution. After a request to decrease sugammadex use, the authors implemented a cognitive aid to help choose between reversal agents. The purpose of this study was to determine if sugammadex use changed after cognitive aid implementation. The authors’ hypothesis was that sugammadex use and associated costs would decrease.

Methods
A cognitive aid suggesting reversal agent doses based on train-of-four count was developed. It was included with each dispensed reversal agent set and in medication dispensing cabinet bins containing reversal agents. An interrupted time series analysis was performed using pharmaceutical invoices and anesthesia records. The primary outcome was the number of sugammadex administrations. Secondary outcomes included total pharmaceutical acquisition costs of neuromuscular blocking drugs and reversal agents, adverse respiratory events, emergence duration, and number of neuromuscular blocking drug administrations.

Results
Before cognitive aid implementation, the number of sugammadex administrations was increasing at a monthly rate of 20 per 1,000 general anesthetics (P < 0.001). Afterward, the monthly rate was 4 per 1,000 general anesthetics (P = 0.361). One month after cognitive aid implementation, the number of sugammadex administrations decreased by 281 per 1,000 general anesthetics (95% CI, 228 to 333, P < 0.001). In the final study month, there were 509 fewer sugammadex administrations than predicted per 1,000 general anesthetics (95% CI, 366 to 653; P < 0.0001), and total pharmaceutical acquisition costs per 1,000 general anesthetics were $11,947 less than predicted (95% CI, $4,043 to $19,851; P = 0.003). There was no significant change in adverse respiratory events, emergence duration, or administrations of rocuronium, vecuronium, or atracurium. In the final month, there were 75 more suxamethonium administrations than predicted per 1,000 general anesthetics (95% CI, 32 to 119; P = 0.0008).

Conclusions
Cognitive aid implementation to choose between reversal agents was associated with a decrease in sugammadex use and acquisition costs.
A Population-based Comparative Effectiveness Study of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Hip Fracture Surgery
Authors: Hamilton Gavin M. , Lalu Manoj M. , Ramlogan Reva , Bryson Gregory L. , Abdallah Faraj W. , McCartney Colin J. L. , McIsaac Daniel I. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Adverse outcomes and resource use rates are high after hip fracture surgery. Peripheral nerve blocks could improve outcomes through enhanced analgesia and decreased opioid related adverse events. We hypothesized that these benefits would translate into decreased resource use (length of stay [primary outcome] and costs), and better clinical outcomes (pneumonia and mortality).

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of hip fracture surgery patients in Ontario, Canada (2011 to 2015) using linked health administrative data. Multilevel regression, instrumental variable, and propensity scores were used to determine the association of nerve blocks with resource use and outcomes.

Results
The authors identified 65,271 hip fracture surgery patients; 10,030 (15.4%) received a block. With a block, the median hospital stay was 7 (interquartile range, 4 to 13) days versus 8 (interquartile range, 5 to 14) days without. Following adjustment, nerve blocks were associated with a 0.6-day decrease in length of stay (95% CI, 0.5 to 0.8). This small difference was consistent with instrumental variable (1.1 days; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.2) and propensity score (0.2 days; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.3) analyses. Costs were lower with a nerve block (adjusted difference, −$1,421; 95% CI, −$1,579 to −$1,289 [Canadian dollars]), but no difference in mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.11) or pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.16) was observed.

Conclusions
Receipt of nerve blocks for hip fracture surgery is associated with decreased length of stay and health system costs, although small effect sizes may not reflect clinical significance for length of stay.
Acoustic Shadowing Facilitates Ultrasound-guided Radial Artery Cannulation in Young Children
Authors: Quan ZheFeng , Zhang Liang , Zhou Chen , Chi Ping , He HaiLi , Li Ying 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Arterial cannulation in young children can be challenging. Ultrasound guidance using focused acoustic shadowing may be suitable for guiding radial artery puncture in young children. The present research tested the hypothesis that ultrasound guidance using focused acoustic shadowing helps increase the success rate of radial artery cannulation in this population.

Methods
In a double-blinded, parallel-group trial, 79 young children undergoing surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups (1:1 ratio): the traditional ultrasound group and the novel ultrasound group. Young children in the traditional group underwent conventional ultrasound-guided radial artery puncture, whereas those in the novel ultrasound group underwent radial artery puncture guided by acoustic shadowing ultrasound with double developing lines. All radial artery punctures were performed using the short-axis out-of-plane approach. The primary endpoint was the success rate of cannulation at the first attempt. The secondary endpoints included cannulation failure rate, ultrasound location time, and puncture time.

Results
The success rate of cannulation at the first attempt in the novel ultrasound group (35 of 39 [90%]) was significantly higher than that in the traditional ultrasound group (24 of 40 [60%]; difference: 30% [95% CI, 12 to 48%], P =0.002). None of the patients in the ultrasound with acoustic shadowing group experienced failure of radial artery puncture and cannulation. The ultrasound location time and puncture time in the ultrasound acoustic shadowing group were significantly lower than that in the traditional ultrasound group (location time: median [interquartile range]: 6 [5, 8] vs. 18 [15, 21] s; puncture time: 24 [15, 41] vs. 40 [23, 56] s).

Conclusions
Acoustic shadowing via the use of double developing lines significantly improved the success rate of radial artery puncture in young children, compared with that achieved with the use of traditional ultrasound guidance.
Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder
Authors: Eckenhoff Roderic G. , Maze Mervyn , Xie Zhongcong , Culley Deborah J. , Goodlin Sarah J. , Zuo Zhiyi , Wei Huafeng , Whittington Robert A. , Terrando Niccolò , Orser Beverley A. , Eckenhoff Maryellen F. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to provide a succinct summary of the different experimental approaches that have been used in preclinical postoperative cognitive dysfunction research, and an overview of the knowledge that has accrued. This is not intended to be a comprehensive review, but rather is intended to highlight how the many different approaches have contributed to our understanding of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, and to identify knowledge gaps to be filled by further research. The authors have organized this report by the level of experimental and systems complexity, starting with molecular and cellular approaches, then moving to intact invertebrates and vertebrate animal models. In addition, the authors’ goal is to improve the quality and consistency of postoperative cognitive dysfunction and perioperative neurocognitive disorder research by promoting optimal study design, enhanced transparency, and “best practices” in experimental design and reporting to increase the likelihood of corroborating results. Thus, the authors conclude with general guidelines for designing, conducting and reporting perioperative neurocognitive disorder rodent research.