bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
البيئة الاستثمارية الملائمة لقطاع الاعمال في العراق
Authors: معلة حالوب كاظم , نظمي داليا عمر 
Published: January 2019

يرتكز الاستثمار وبشكل مباشر ووثيق على بيئة تتسم بالاستقرار السياسي والاجتماعي والاقتصادي ، ومن خلال مجموعة السياسات والمؤسسات والقوانين الاقتصادية التي تؤثر في ثقة المستثمر وتقنعه بتوجيه استثماراته إلى بلد دون آخر. ويعد الاستثمار احد المصادر المهمة لتمويل التنمية مما دفع بدول العالم باختلاف توجهها الى السعي من اجل اجتذابه بوسائل مختلفة بالرغم مما يثيره من تناقضات سياسية واقتصادية ماتزال مثار جدل ومناقشات حادة حتى في الدول الام للشركات المستثمرة . ونظرا لاهمية الاستثمار في سد فجوة الادخار – الاستثمار ، يسعى العراق للافادة من حركة روؤس الاموال العالمية . وقد تبلور السعي نحو هذا المنحى بسن قانون رقم 13 لسنة2006 المعدل . الا ان الاهتمام بالبيئة الاستثمارية لقطاع الاعمال مايزال ضعيفا فالقطاع العام هو المسيطر على النشاط الاقتصادي رغم الترويج لالية اقتصاد السوق في ظل غياب الضمانات والامتيازات والتسهيلات اللازمة لدع القطاع الخاص المحلي والاجنبي وغياب العمل بالنافذه الواحدة وعوامل اخرى انعكست سلبا على مؤشر سهولة ممارسة انشطة الاعمال وسهولة تأمين النشاطات التجارية . اذ احتل العراق وفق تقرير انشطة الاعمال المرتبة ال 164من مجموع 183 دولة عام 2012 . وذلك يعني ان البيئة الاستثمارية ليست موائمة لقدوم او جذب المستثمر نحوها لعدم اكتمال منظومة البيئة القانونية الاستثمارية ، حيث اهمية الاستثمار الخاص للمساهمة مع الاستثمارات الحكومية في اعادة الاعمار والتنمية الاقتصادية وخلق فرص لتشغيل العاطلين عن العمل وبالتالي وتخفيض معدلات الفقر.
من هنا تاتي اهمية البحث في اهمية وضع ستراتيجية لخلق بيئة استثمار ملائمة لقطاع الاعمال بما يحفز النشاط الخاص على النهوض والتطور في العراق .
Pemanfaatan Refugia Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi Tanaman Padi Berbasis Kearifan Lokal
Authors: Sakir Icuk Muhammad , Desinta Desinta 
Published: January 2019

Sakir et al, 2018. Utilization of Refugia in Increasing Rice Production Based on Local Wisdom. JLSO 7(1): The use of refugia as a habitat for natural enemies of rice pest organisms has not been widely used by farmers on an ongoing basis in preserving the environment. Therefore, this research aimed to observe the effect of utilizing refugia on rice production. Based on observations for 18 weeks in 3 hectares rice field, field with refugia harbored an abundance of natural enemies or predators including dome beetles (Micraspis sp.), Tomcat (Paederus littoralis), needle dragonflies (Zygoptera sp), praying grasshoppers (Stagmomantis carolina), spiders hunters (Oxyopes javanus), nets making spider (Tetragnatha maxillosa), and wasps (Polistes sp.). Insect pest infestations of white pest/leaf roller (Nymphula depunctalis), fake white pest/leaf folding (Cnaphlacorosis medinalis), white rice stem borer (Tryporyza innotata), and walang sangit (Leptocorisa acuta) was low. The rice field with plant refugia in 2018 produced 8.13 tons compared to 5.4 tons of rice grain/ha of the preceding year (2017) of yield without refugia. Plant refugia can be applied to increase swamp rice yield.
Effect of Extra Curricular Activity on Student’s Academic Performance
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Rahman Md Fashiur , Ali Mohammad , Rahman Farial Naima , Al Azad Md Abdus Samad 
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Extracurricular activities are part and parcel of modern day’s academic curriculum. It provides them a positive character building opportunity and teaches ways to develop discipline, commitment, tenacity, self control and a healthy respect for college authority.
Objectives: To find out the relation between student’s participation in extracurricular activities in college campus and academic performance.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at Armed Forces Medical College, Dhaka from February 2015 to October 2015. A total of 475 students belonged to four different phase groups were selected as research sample. The dependant variable was fixed at overall improvement in examination results where as independent variables were gender, participation and non participation in all extra academic activities performed at college campus. Research Data were collected from records of training section of the college. Data was analyzed in terms of percentage and Pearson Chi-Square test using SPSS-20 version of software.
Results: Total participant students were 475 and Male female student ratio was 168(35.36%): 307 (64.64%). In outdoor games and sports, males showed better participation than female 121(72.02%): 89(28.99%). But the number of participating female increased in case of indoor games {male 115(68.45%): female 205(66.77%)}. Considering photography club participation male showed better response {male 76(45.23%): female 41(13.35%)}. In case of cultural and debate club activities females showed greater response {female 226(73.61%): male 106(63.09%)}. In medical carnival club activities female: male score was almost similar {Female 207(67.43%): male 112(66.66%)}. The class attendance (more than 75%) of participating students {male 106(94.64%) and female 208 (92.04%)) were much better than non participating students. Regarding result of term finals all the participants showed better academic performance {male 87(77.68%) and female 187 (82.74%)}. In Professional MBBS examinations participant 103 (91.96%) male and 201 (88.94%) female passed at one chance while percentage of pass was less in non participant students {31 (55.35%) male and 44 (57.14%) female}. Pearson Chi-Square test result showed significance in all the above aspects.
Conclusion: Students participating in extracurricular activities generally benefit from having better examination results, higher self concept, higher standardized test scores and educational attainment. Students often learned skills such as teamwork and leadership from college club activities while decreasing the likelihood of different problem behaviors.
Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.11(2) 2015: 41-46
Practice Merariq On Society The Sasak In Lombok Regency West Gerung
Authors: Rosdiana Rosdiana , Arman Arman , Multazam Andi 
Published: January 2019

Sasak language Merariq is a verb that is generally meant as a unity of action pre-wedding begins with the escape of girls (the prospective wife) from the supervision of the guardian and simultaneously serve as a procession of early marriage. There are various interpretations in interpret merariq, some interpret it as the process of escape (with the consent of both partners), there are also interpreted as an act of stealing, Sasak language called memaling a girl from the supervision of the person her parents. This research aims to examine and analyze information in depth about the custom merarik. Type a descriptive qualitative research.
The results of this research are sasak community interpret merarik as the event of theft of the girl from the parental controls either with the consent or without the consent of a parent or guardian. Most sasak communities do merarik because it has become a tradition of the local community. In this case, Islam does not forbid the practice of merarik origin against corresponding to phases as well as the actual procedure. As for the impact caused is one of them raise the age of marriage of young age. If women get married at a young age a lot once a given impact due to unpreparedness both physical and psychic, in addition, merarik very vulnerable creates a conflict between the two sides if there is one party that is not a registered user agreement.
It is hoped this research can contribute to the prevention of marriage due to the young age of merarik. As well as the necessity of granting of socialization to society Sasak about how the nature of the custom merarik is actually so no more self-contradictory the associated practice of merarik.
Unusual Isotopic Abundances in a Fully Convective Stellar Binary
Authors: Crossfield I. J. M. , Lothringer J. D. , Flores B. , Mills E. A. C. , Freedman R. , Valverde J. , Miles B. , Guo X. , Skemer A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Low-mass M dwarfs represent the most common outcome of star formation, but their complex emergent spectra hinder detailed studies of their composition and initial formation. The measurement of isotopic ratios is a key tool that has been used to unlock the formation of our solar system, the Sun, and the nuclear processes within more massive stars. We observed GJ 745AB, two M dwarfs orbiting in a wide binary, with the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility/iSHELL spectrograph. Our spectroscopy of CO in these stars at the 4.7 μm fundamental and 2.3 μm first-overtone rovibrational bandheads reveals

,

, and

in their photospheres. Because the stars are fully convective, the atomic constituents of these isotopologues should be uniformly mixed throughout the stars’ interiors. We find that in these M dwarfs, both

/

and

/

greatly exceed the Solar values. These measurements cannot be explained solely by models of Galactic chemical evolution, but require that the stars formed from an interstellar medium significantly enriched by material ejected from an exploding core-collapse supernova. These isotopic measurements complement the elemental abundances provided by large-scale spectroscopic surveys, and open a new window onto studies of Galactic evolution, stellar populations, and individual systems.
A Quasi-periodic Propagating Wave and Extreme-ultraviolet Waves Excited Simultaneously in a Solar Eruption Event
Authors: Miao Y. H. , Liu Y. , Shen Y. D. , Li H. B. , Abidin Z. Z. , Elmhamdi A. , Kordi A. S. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Quasi-periodic fast-propagating (QFP) magnetosonic waves and extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) waves were proposed to be driven by solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), respectively. In this Letter, we present a detailed analysis of an interesting event in which we find that both QFP magnetosonic waves and EUV waves are excited simultaneously in one solar eruption event. The co-existence of the two wave phenomena offers an excellent opportunity to explore their driving mechanisms. The QFP waves propagate in a funnel-like loop system with a speed of 682–837 km s

and a lifetime of 2 minutes. On the contrary, the EUV waves, which present a faster component and a slower component, propagate in a wide angular extent, experiencing reflection and refraction across a magnetic quasi-separatrix layer. The faster component of the EUV waves travels with a speed of 412–1287 km s

, whereas the slower component travels with a speed of 246–390 km s

. The lifetime of the EUV waves is ∼15 minutes. It is revealed that the faster component of the EUV waves is cospatial with the first wavefront of the QFP wave train. The QFP waves have a period of about 45 ± 5 s, which is absent in the associated flares. All of these results imply that QFP waves can also be excited by mass ejections, including CMEs or jets.
Large Spot Endolaser for Retinal Photocoagulation and Transvitreal Thermotherapy
Authors: Newsom Richard S B , Austin Jeffrey S , Fini M Elizabeth , Reichel Elias 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diode laser transpupillary thermotherapy can be used for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization and choroidal tumors. A large spot endolaser probe was developed for endophotocoagulation and transvitreal thermotherapy. The aim of this study was to assess the probe's clinical performance for photocoagulation and transvitreal thermotherapy combined with macular elevation.
* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endolaser with a divergent beam giving a 3 mm spot size on the retina was developed. Vitrectomy was performed on ten eyes of five Dutch Belted rabbits. Threshold for photocoagulation was determined for the diode (810 nm) laser in four eyes. In another six eyes, the retina was detached with balanced salt solution prior to laser irradiation. The tissue effects were monitored clinically and with photography and microscopy.
* RESULTS: Threshold photocoagulation was induced with 150 mW power, for 1 minute, in attached retina. Following retinal detachment, no coagulation occurred at 200 mW (suprathreshold) power for 1 minute.
* CONCLUSIONS: A large spot endolaser probe may be useful for endophotocoagulation. It generates more gradual photocoagulation than standard endolaser probes, giving a more controllable reaction over a larger area. This may be useful for treatment of large areas of the retina when tteating retinal detachments or ischemic retinopathies. When detached retina was irradiated, no retinal damage occurred at suprathreshold power. This development may allow for intraoperative transvitreal thermotherapy of choroidal neovascularization while protecting the retina with intentional intraoperative detachment of the retina.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004;35:26-30.]
Effect of Apraclonidine Versus Dorzolamide on Intraocular Pressure After Phacoemulsification
Authors: Onal Sumru , Gozum Nilufer , Gucukoglu Ahmet 
Published: January 2019

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride and 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride in controlling postoperative intraocular pressure elevation in patients undergoing phacoemulsification.
* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. Seventy-five patients were randomized to receive either 1% apraclonidine hydrochloride, 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride, or artificial tears immediately after uncomplicated phacoemulsification. Intraocular pressure was measured by Goldmann applanation tonometer 1 to 3 hours preoperatively and 24 hours and 5 days postoperatively.
* RESULTS: Mean intraocular pressure measured at 24 hours and 5 days after surgery was not significantly different between groups. None of the patients had an elevated intraocular pressure of 30 mm Hg or higher. No marked difference was observed in patient age, preoperative intraocular pressure, mean ultrasound time, degree of nuclear hardness, and amount of postoperative intraocular inflammation between groups.
* CONCLUSION: Uneventful phacoemulsification involving meticulous cortical and viscoelastic removal does not cause a significant increase in intraocular pressure 24 hours following surgery.
[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2005;36:457-462.]
Coexistent Helminth Infection–Mediated Modulation of Chemokine Responses in Latent Tuberculosis
Authors: Rajamanickam Anuradha , Munisankar Saravanan , Bhootra Yukthi , Dolla Chandra Kumar , Nutman Thomas B. , Babu Subash 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Coexistent helminth infections are known to modulate T cell and cytokine responses in latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, their role in modulating chemokine responses in latent tuberculosis (LTB) has not been explored. Because chemokines play a vital role in the protective immune responses in LTB, we postulated that coexistent helminth infection could modulate chemokine production in helminth-LTB coinfection. To test this, we measured the levels of a panel of CC and CXC chemokines at baseline and following mycobacterial Ag or mitogen stimulation in individuals with LTB with (Strongyloides stercoralis+LTB+) or without S. stercoralis (S. stercoralis−LTB+) infection and in individuals without both infections, healthy controls (HC). At baseline (in the absence of a stimulus), S. stercoralis+LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in comparison with S. stercoralis−LTB+ and/or HC individuals. Upon mycobacterial Ag stimulation, S. stercoralis+LTB+ individuals exhibited significantly diminished production of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 in comparison with S. stercoralis−LTB+ and/or HC individuals. No differences were observed upon mitogen stimulation. Finally, after anthelmintic treatment, the baseline levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL4, CCL11, and CXCL11 and mycobacterial Ag–stimulated levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL11, CXCL2, and CXCL10 were significantly increased in S. stercoralis+LTB+ individuals. Thus, our data demonstrate that S. stercoralis+LTB+ individuals are associated with a compromised ability to express both CC and CXC chemokines and that this defect is at least partially reversible upon treatment. Hence, coexistent helminth infection induces downmodulation of chemokine responses in LTB individuals with likely potential effects on tuberculosis pathogenesis.
Angiogenic Host Defense Peptide AG-30/5C and Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonist Icatibant Are G Protein Biased Agonists for MRGPRX2 in Mast Cells
Authors: Roy Saptarshi , Ganguly Anirban , Haque Maureen , Ali Hydar 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
AG-30/5C is an angiogenic host defense peptide that activates human mast cells (MC) via an unknown mechanism. Using short hairpin RNA–silenced human MC line LAD2 and stably transfected RBL-2H3 cells, we demonstrate that AG-30/5C induces MC degranulation via Mas-related G protein–coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2). Most G protein–coupled receptors signal via parallel and independent pathways mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins. AG-30/5C and compound 48/80 induced similar maximal MC degranulation via MRGPRX2, which was abolished by pertussis toxin. However, compound 48/80 induced a robust β-arrestin activation as determined by transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation (Tango), but AG-30/5C did not. Overnight culture of MC with compound 48/80 resulted in reduced cell surface MRGPRX2 expression, and this was associated with a significant decrease in subsequent MC degranulation in response to compound 48/80 or AG-30/5C. However, AG-30/5C pretreatment had no effect on cell surface MRGPRX2 expression or degranulation in response to compound 48/80 or AG-30/5C. Icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, promotes MC degranulation via MRGPRX2 and causes pseudoallergic drug reaction. Icatibant caused MC degranulation via a pertussis toxin–sensitive G protein but did not activate β-arrestin. A screen of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection library led to the identification of resveratrol as an inhibitor of MRGPRX2. Resveratrol inhibited compound 48/80–induced Tango and MC degranulation in response to compound 48/80, AG-30/5C, and Icatibant. This study demonstrates the novel finding that AG-30/5C and Icatibant serve as G protein–biased agonists for MRGPRX2, but compound 48/80 signals via both G protein and β-arrestin with distinct differences in receptor regulation.
Jaime Serra: “A infografia no jornalismo segue sendo um plus”
Authors: Silva Willian Robson Cordeiro 
Published: January 2019

Considerado um dos grandes infografistas da atualidade, o espanhol Jaime Serra trata, nesta entrevista, desde o futuro da infografia jornalística até as ferramentas utilizadas para a produção de suas peças. Ele diz que a crise que afeta o jornalismo e as empresas jornalísticas também atingiu os departamentos de arte, mas sente que o prejuízo para a infografia tem sido menor. Considera que o infográfico é elemento importante e útil, embora não indispensável para a prática jornalística: é “um plus”, que faz a diferença no modo de contar histórias.
Development of an online-coupled MARGA upgrade for the 2 h interval quantification of low-molecular-weight organic acids in the gas and particle phases
Authors: Stieger Bastian , Spindler Gerald , van Pinxteren Dominik , Grüner Achim , Wallasch Markus , Herrmann Hartmut 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A method is presented to quantify the low-molecular-weight organic acids such
as
formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, pyruvic, glycolic, oxalic,
malonic, succinic, malic, glutaric, and methanesulfonic acid in the
atmospheric gas and particle phases, based on a combination of the Monitor for
AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) and an additional ion
chromatography (Compact IC) instrument. Therefore, every second hourly
integrated MARGA gas and particle samples were collected and analyzed by the
Compact IC, resulting in 12 values per day for each phase. A proper separation
of the organic target acids was initially tackled by a laboratory IC
optimization study, testing different separation columns, eluent compositions
and eluent flow rates for both isocratic and gradient elution. Satisfactory
resolution of all compounds was achieved using a gradient system with two
coupled anion-exchange separation columns. Online pre-concentration with an
enrichment factor of approximately 400 was achieved by solid-phase extraction
consisting of a methacrylate-polymer-based sorbent with quaternary ammonium
groups. The limits of detection of the method range between 0.5 ng m−3
for malonate and 17.4 ng m−3 for glutarate. Precisions are below
1.0 %, except for glycolate (2.9 %) and succinate (1.0 %).
Comparisons of inorganic anions measured at the TROPOS research site in
Melpitz, Germany, by the original MARGA and the additional Compact IC are in
agreement with each other (R2 = 0.95–0.99). Organic acid concentrations
from May 2017 as an example period are presented. Monocarboxylic acids were
dominant in the gas phase with mean concentrations of 306 ng m−3 for
acetic acid, followed by formic (199 ng m−3), propionic
(83 ng m−3), pyruvic (76 ng m−3), butyric (34 ng m−3)
and glycolic acid (32 ng m−3). Particulate glycolate, oxalate and
methanesulfonate were quantified with mean concentrations of 26, 31 and
30 ng m−3, respectively. Elevated concentrations
of gas-phase formic acid and particulate oxalate in the late afternoon indicate photochemical
formation as a source.
Tsunamigenic potential of a Holocene submarine landslide along the North Anatolian Fault (northern Aegean Sea, off Thasos island): insights from numerical modelling
Authors: Janin Alexandre , Rodriguez Mathieu , Sakellariou Dimitris , Lykousis Vasilis , Gorini Christian 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The North Anatolian Fault in the northern Aegean Sea triggers frequent
earthquakes of magnitudes up to Mw∼7. This seismicity can be
a source of modest tsunamis for the surrounding coastlines with less than
50 cm height according to numerical modelling and analysis of
tsunami deposits. However, other tsunami sources may be involved, like
submarine landslides. We assess the severity of this potential hazard by
performing numerical simulations of tsunami generation and propagation from a
Holocene landslide (1.85 km3 in volume) identified off Thasos. We
use a model coupling the simulation of the submarine landslide, assimilated
to a granular flow, to the propagation of the tsunami wave. The results of
these simulations show that a tsunami wave of water height between 1.10 and
1.65 m reaches the coastline at Alexandroupoli
(58 000 inhabitants) 1 h after the triggering of the landslide. In the same
way, tsunami waves of water height between 0.80 and 2.00 m reach
the coastline of the Athos peninsula 9 min after the triggering of
the landslide. Despite numerous earthquakes of Mw>7 and strong detrital input (on the order of 30 cm ka−1), only
a few Holocene landslides have been recognized so far, asking for tsunami
recurrence in this area.