bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of diet, exercise and the combination of the two as a treatment for OSA: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Edwards Bradley A. , Bristow Claire , O'Driscoll Denise M. , Wong Ai‐Ming , Ghazi Ladan , Davidson Zoe E. , Young Alan , Truby Helen , Haines Terry P , Hamilton Garun S. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to provide an updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions on weight loss and the impact on the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). A systematic search of five databases between 1980 and May 2018 was used to identify all RCT which employed a lifestyle intervention (i.e. diet‐only, exercise‐only or combination of the two) aiming to reduce the severity of OSA (assessed using the apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI)). Random‐effects meta‐analyses followed by meta‐regression were conducted. Ten RCT involving 702 participants (Intervention group: n = 354; Control group: n = 348) were assessed in two meta‐analyses. The weighted mean difference in AHI (−8.09 events/h, 95% CI: −11.94 to −4.25) and body mass index (BMI, −2.41 kg/m2, 95% CI: −4.09 to −0.73) both significantly favoured lifestyle interventions over control arms. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that all interventions were associated with reductions in the AHI, but only the diet‐only interventions were associated with a significant reduction in BMI. No association was found between the reduction in AHI or BMI and the length of the intervention, or with baseline AHI and BMI levels. All lifestyle interventions investigated appear effective for improving OSA severity and should be an essential component of treatment for OSA. Future research should be directed towards identifying subgroups likely to reap greater treatment benefits as well as other therapeutic benefits provided by these interventions.
Add‐on interventions during pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Vanfleteren Lowie E.G.W. , Gloeckl Rainer 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTBoth pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are generic terms and it increasingly becomes clear that rehabilitation programmes need to be tailored to the complexity and circumstances of the individual patient. Indeed, PR is described as a comprehensive, individualized intervention based on thorough assessment of identifiable treatable traits. The current review summarizes ongoing developments regarding additional interventions and tools to facilitate PR and improve outcomes in patients with a chronic respiratory disease.
Beyond the Disposition and Deliberation Dichotomy: The Interrelation of Teacher Habit and Intention in the Adoption of Student Advisories*
Authors: Diehl David K. 
Published: May 2019

Using the example of teachers implementing student advisories as part of a larger school reform effort, this article proposes a rethinking of the dichotomous relationship between disposition and deliberation posited by much of the sociological literature. Running student advisories may be a challenge for teachers if they lack the dispositions necessary for providing students with social–emotional support and guidance. Current sociological theory, however, is at odds with our cognitive understandings of how dispositions and deliberation interrelate in situations like the one described in this article where actors are tasked with changing their habits. To address this shortcoming, I draw on a qualitative analysis of observations, interviews, and focus groups of 21 teachers and administrators to develop a typology of the ways teachers use deliberative action to deal with such situations: traditionalists, who engage in deliberative action to maintain existing dispositions; transposers, who deliberatively apply existing alternative dispositions to the situation; and cultivators, who do not possess the dispositions needed to succeed but engage in a deliberative process to develop them.
A novel Bruton tyrosine kinase gene variation was found in an adult with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia during blood cross‐matching prior to surgical operation
Authors: Wang N. , Tian Y. , Jia S. , Shao L. , Yu W. , Fang M. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYAims/ObjectivesTo investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of the patient's ABO typing discrepancy.BackgroundABO typing discrepancy was frequently seen in patients due to different causes. In this study, ABO typing discrepancy was found in a 24‐year‐old man with arthralgia, whose forward ABO grouping was O and reverse ABO grouping was AB. Primary immunodeficiency disease was speculated in this patient, especially X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).MethodsImmunoglobulins of all isotypes were detected using a specific protein analyser. Lymphocyte subgroups were analysed by flow cytometry. All 19 exons and boundaries of BTK gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and all PCR products were sequenced by a DNA analyser. BTK protein in the leukocytes and platelets was detected by Western blot.ResultsNo B lymphocytes could be detected in the peripheral blood of the patient. A novel BTK gene variation, c.817G>T, in the exon 9 of BTK gene was discovered. No BTK protein expression could be detected in the leukocytes and platelets of the patient.ConclusionsXLA could be occasionally discovered by ABO typing discrepancy in some cases because of the deficiency of reciprocal IgM anti‐A and/or anti‐B antibodies in the serum of the patient. Humoral immunodeficiency is one of the causes of ABO typing discrepancy.
Cardiac sympathetic innervation network shapes the myocardium by locally controlling cardiomyocyte size through the cellular proteolytic machinery
Authors: Pianca Nicola , Di Bona Anna , Lazzeri Erica , Costantini Irene , Franzoso Mauro , Prando Valentina , Armani Andrea , Rizzo Stefania , Fedrigo Marny , Angelini Annalisa , Basso Cristina , Pavone Francesco S. , Rubart Michael , Sacconi Leonardo , Zaglia Tania , Mongillo Marco 
Published: May 2019

Key points
The heart is innervated by a dense sympathetic neuron network which, in the short term, controls chronotropy and inotropy and, in the long term, regulates cardiomyocyte size. Acute neurogenic control of heart rate is achieved locally through direct neuro‐cardiac coupling at specific junctional sites (neuro‐cardiac junctions).
The ventricular sympathetic network topology is well‐defined and characteristic for each mammalian species.
In the present study, we used cell size regulation to determine whether long‐term modulation of cardiac structure is achieved via direct sympatho‐cardiac coupling.
Local density of cardiac innervation correlated with cell size throughout the myocardial walls in all mammalian species analysed, including humans.
The data obtained suggest that constitutive neurogenic control of cardiomyocyte trophism occurs through direct intercellular signalling at neuro‐cardiac junctions.
AbstractIt is widely appreciated that sympathetic stimulation of the heart involves a sharp increase in beating rate and significant enhancement of contractility. We have previously shown that, in addition to these evident functions, sympathetic neurons (SNs) also provide trophic input to cardiomyocytes (CMs), regulating cell and organ size. More recently, we have demonstrated that cardiac neurons establish direct interactions with CMs, allowing neuro‐cardiac communication to occur locally, with a ‘quasi‐synaptic’ mechanism. Based on the evidence that cardiac SNs are unevenly distributed throughout the myocardial walls, we investigated the hypothesis that CM size distribution reflects the topology of neuronal density. In vitro analyses of SN/CM co‐cultures, ex vivo confocal and multiphoton imaging in clarified hearts, and biochemical and molecular approaches were employed, in both rodent and human heart biopsies. In line with the trophic effect of SNs, and with local neuro‐cardiac communication, CMs, directly contacted by SNs in co‐cultures, were larger than the non‐targeted ones. This property reflects the distribution of CM size throughout the ventricles of intact mouse heart, in which cells in the outer myocardial layers, which were contacted by more neuronal processes, were larger than those in the less innervated subendocardial region. Such differences disappeared upon genetic or pharmacological interference with the trophic SN/CM signalling axis. Remarkably, CM size followed the SN distribution pattern in other mammals, including humans. Our data suggest that both the acute and chronic influence of SNs on cardiac function and structure is enacted as a result of the establishment of specific intercellular neuro‐cardiac junctions.
Respiratory muscle training in athletes with cervical spinal cord injury: effects on cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity
Authors: Gee Cameron M. , Williams Alexandra M. , Sheel A. William , Eves Neil D. , West Christopher R. 
Published: May 2019

Key points
The effect of combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle training on resting and reflexive cardiac function, as well as exercise capacity, in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is presently unknown.
Six weeks of combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle training enhances both inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in highly‐trained athletes with cervical SCI with no significant effect on lung function.
There was a significant decrease in left‐ventricular filling and stroke volume at rest in response to 45° head‐up tilt, which is irreversible by respiratory muscle training.
Combined inspiratory and expiratory muscle training increased peak aerobic work rate and reduced end‐expiratory lung volumes during exercise, which may have implications for left‐ventricular filling during exercise.
AbstractTo investigate the pulmonary, cardiovascular and exercise responses to combined inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle training (RMT) in athletes with tetraplegia, six wheelchair rugby athletes (five males and one female, aged 33 ± 5 years) completed 6 weeks of pressure threshold RMT, 2 sessions day–1 on 5 days week–1. Resting pulmonary and cardiac function, exercise capacity, exercising lung volumes and field‐based exercise performance were assessed at pre‐RMT, post‐RMT and after a 6‐week no RMT period. RMT enhanced maximal inspiratory (pre‐ vs. post‐RMT: −76 ± 15 to −106 ± 23 cmH2O, P = 0.002) and expiratory (59 ± 26 to 73 ± 32 cmH2O, P = 0.007) mouth pressures, as well as peak expiratory flow (6.74 ± 1.51 vs. 7.32 ± 1.60 L/s, P < 0.04). Compared to pre‐RMT, peak work rate was higher at post‐RMT (60 ± 23 to 68 ± 22 W, P = 0.003), whereas exercising end‐expiratory lung volumes were reduced (P < 0.017). Peak oxygen uptake increased in all athletes at post‐RMT (1.24 ± 0.40 vs. 1.40 ± 0.50 l min−1, P = 0.12). After 6 weeks of no RMT all indices returned towards baseline, with peak work rate (P = 0.037), peak oxygen uptake (P = 0.041) and end‐expiratory lung volume (P < 0.034) being significantly lower at follow‐up than at post‐RMT. There was a significant decrease in left‐ventricular end‐diastolic volume and stroke volume in response to 45° head‐up tilt (P = 0.030 and 0.021, respectively); however, all cardiac indices in both supine and tilted positions were unchanged by RMT. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of RMT with respect to enhancing respiratory muscle strength, lowering exercising lung volumes and increasing exercise capacity. Although the precise mechanisms by which RMT may enhance exercise capacity remain unclear, our data suggest that it is probably not the result of a direct cardiac adaptation associated with RMT.
Health outcomes of a high fructose intake: the importance of physical activity
Authors: Tappy Luc , Rosset Robin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFructose metabolism is generally held to occur essentially in cells of the small bowel, the liver, and the kidneys expressing fructolytic enzymes (fructokinase, aldolase B and a triokinase). In these cells, fructose uptake and fructolysis are unregulated processes, resulting in the generation of intracellular triose phosphates proportionate to fructose intake. Triose phosphates are then processed into lactate, glucose and fatty acids to serve as metabolic substrates in other cells of the body. With small oral loads, fructose is mainly metabolized in the small bowel, while with larger loads fructose reaches the portal circulation and is largely extracted by the liver. A small portion, however, escapes liver extraction and is metabolized either in the kidneys or in other tissues through yet unspecified pathways. In sedentary subjects, consumption of a fructose‐rich diet for several days stimulates hepaticde novolipogenesis, increases intrahepatic fat and blood triglyceride concentrations, and impairs insulin effects on hepatic glucose production. All these effects can be prevented when high fructose intake is associated with increased levels of physical activity. There is also evidence that, during exercise, fructose carbons are efficiently transferred to skeletal muscle as glucose and lactate to be used for energy production. Glucose and lactate formed from fructose can also contribute to the re‐synthesis of muscle glycogen after exercise. We therefore propose that the deleterious health effects of fructose are tightly related to an imbalance between fructose energy intake on one hand, and whole‐body energy output related to a low physical activity on the other hand.image
Granular zircon from Vredefort granophyre (South Africa) confirms the deep injection model for impact melt in large impact structures
Authors: Kovaleva Elizaveta , Zamyatin Dmitry A. , Habler Gerlinde 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Vredefort impact structure, South Africa, is a 2.02 Ga deeply eroded meteorite scar that provides an opportunity to study large impact craters at their lower stratigraphic levels. A series of anomalous granophyre dikes in the core of the structure are believed to be composed of an impact melt, which intruded downwards from the crater floor, exploiting fractures in basement rocks. However, the melt emplacement mechanisms and timing are not constrained. The granophyre dikes contain supracrustal xenoliths captured at higher levels, presently eroded. By studying these clasts and shocked minerals within, we can better understand the nature of dikes, magnitude of impact melt movement, conditions that affected target rocks near the impacted surface, and erosional rates. We report “former reidite in granular neoblastic” (FRIGN) zircon within a granite clast enclosed in the granophyre. High-pressure zircon transformation to reidite (ZrSiO4) and reversion to zircon resulted in zircon grains composed of fine neoblasts (∼0.5–3 µm) with two or three orthogonal orientations. Our finding provides new independent constraints on the emplacement history of Vredefort granophyre dikes. Based on the environment, where other FRIGN zircons are found (impact glasses and melts), the clast was possibly captured near the top of the impact melt sheet and transported to the lowermost levels of the structure, traveling some 8–10 km. Our finding not only provides the highest-pressure shock estimates thus far discovered in the Vredefort structure (≥30 GPa), but also shows that microscopic evidence of high shock pressures can be found within large eroded craters at their lowest stratigraphic levels.
Plume-modified mantle flow in the northern Basin and Range and southern Cascadia back-arc region since ca. 12 Ma
Authors: Camp Victor E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBimodal volcanism and rhyolite migration along the High Lava Plains in central Oregon (United States) lie above a broader feature defined by low seismic velocity in the upper mantle that emanates from the Yellowstone hotspot (northwest United States) and extends westward across the northern Basin and Range. It was emplaced by a westward current, driven in part by rapid buoyancy-driven flow across the east-west cratonic boundary of North America. Geothermometry studies and geochemical considerations suggest that the low-velocity feature may be composed of moderately hot, low-density mantle derived from the Yellowstone plume but diluted by thermomechanical erosion and entrainment of colder mantle lithosphere. Finger-like conduits of plume-modified mantle beneath Quaternary eruption sites delineate flow-line channels that have developed across the broader mantle structure since 2 Ma. These channels have allowed low-density mantle to accumulate against the Cascades arc, thus providing a heated mantle source for mafic magmatism in the Newberry (Oregon) and Medicine Lake (California) volcanic fields.
Bird’s-eye view of an Ediacaran subglacial landscape
Authors: Le Heron Daniel Paul , Vandyk Thomas Matthew , Kuang Hongwei , Liu Yongqing , Chen Xiaoshuai , Wang Yuchong , Yang Zhenrui , Scharfenberg Lars , Davies Bethan , Shields Graham 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDepositional evidence for glaciation (dropstones, diamictites) is common in Neoproterozoic strata, and often debated, but erosional evidence (e.g., unconformities cut directly by ice) is rare. Only two such unconformities are known to have been well preserved globally from the Ediacaran Period (in western Australia and central China). This paper provides the first full description of a spectacular subglacial landscape carved beneath ice masses in the Shimengou area of central China, with classical subglacial bed forms including general faceted forms, müschelbruche, cavetto, spindle forms, and striations that testify to an abundance of meltwater during subglacial erosion. These features were produced during the southward, somewhat sinuous, flow of a temperate to polythermal ice mass.
Long-term outcomes following resection-recession versus plication-recession in children with intermittent exotropia
Authors: Lee Haeng-Jin , Kim Seong-Joon 
Published: May 2019

Background/AimsTo compare the long-term surgical outcomes between unilateral lateral rectus recession-medial rectus resection (RR) and lateral rectus recession-medial rectus plication (RP) in children with intermittent exotropia.MethodsChildren who underwent RR or RP for intermittent exotropia between January 2008 and July 2016, with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years were retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative angle of deviations and clinical factors including sex, age, refractive errors, preoperative angle of deviation, types of exotropia and stereopsis were investigated. Based on the angle of deviation at year 2, surgical outcomes were classified into two groups as follows: success (esodeviation ≤5 prism dioptres (PD) to exodeviation ≤10 PD) and failure (overcorrection (esodeviation >5 PD) and undercorrection or recurrence (exodeviation >10 PD)).ResultsOf the 186 patients, 114 underwent RR and 72 underwent RP. The angle of exodeviation steadily increased over time in both groups after surgery. The durations of exodrift were longer in the RP group than in the RR group. The surgical success at postoperative year 2 was 55.3% in the RR group and 27.8% in the RP group (p<0.001). The amount of overcorrection was associated with successful outcomes in both groups.ConclusionsIn children with intermittent exotropia, RR group presented better surgical outcomes than RP group. The amount of initial overcorrection was important to achieve favourable outcomes in children with intermittent exotropia.
Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: van de Kreeke Jacoba Alida , Nguyen Hoang-Ton , Konijnenberg Elles , Tomassen Jori , den Braber Anouk , ten Kate Mara , Yaqub Maqsood , van Berckel Bart , Lammertsma Adriaan A , Boomsma Dorret I , Tan Stevie H , Verbraak Frank , Visser Pieter Jelle 
Published: May 2019

Background/aimsAs a protrusion from the brain, the retina might reflect the status of the brain. Previous studies showed a decrease in vessel density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) enlargement on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aims to assess whether such changes are already present in preclinical stages of AD, in a population of monozygotic (MZ) twins.Methods124 cognitively healthy individuals (MZ twins, ages 60–93 years) underwent [18F]flutemetamol amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and OCTA. PET scans were visually rated for cortical amyloid-beta (Aβ) positivity. Parametric global cortical non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) was used as a continuous measure for Aβ aggregation. FAZ size and vessel densities for the inner and outer ring of the macular ETDRS grid and in a 3–6 mm ring around the optic nerve head (ONH) were measured.OCTA measures were associated with visual Aβ score,BPNDand amyloid load estimated by twin concordance on visual Aβ score. Twin correlations were estimated as a measure of maximum heritability of OCTA measures.Results13 of 124 participants were Aβ+. Aβ+ individuals had significantly higher vessel density than Aβ– individuals in all regions but did not differ in FAZ size. Twin analyses showed a positive association between and vessel densities in all regions.BPNDtended to be associated with higher vessel density in the inner ring. Twin correlations were moderate/high for all OCTA parameters except vessel density around the ONH, which correlated weakly.ConclusionRetinal vessel density was higher in individuals with preclinical AD.
The surgical burden of disease and perioperative mortality in patients admitted to hospitals in Victoria, Australia: a population-level observational study
Authors: Fehlberg Trafford , Rose John , Guest Glenn Douglas , Watters David 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesComprehensive reporting of surgical disease burden and outcomes are vital components of resilient health systems but remain under-reported. The primary objective was to identify the Victorian surgical burden of disease necessitating treatment in a hospital or day centre, including a thorough epidemiology of surgical procedures and their respective perioperative mortality rates (POMR).DesignRetrospective population-level observational study.SettingThe study was conducted in Victoria, Australia. Access to data from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset was obtained using the Dr Foster Quality Investigator tool. The study included public and private facilities, including day-case facilities.ParticipantsFrom January 2014 to December 2016, all admissions with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases-10 code matched to the Global Health Estimates (GHE) disease categories were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdmissions were assigned a primary disease category according to the 23 GHE disease categories. Surgical procedures during hospitalisations were identified using the Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Groups (AR-DRG). POMR were calculated for GHE disease categories and AR-DRG procedures.ResultsA total of 4 865 226 admitted episodes were identified over the 3-year period. 1 715 862 (35.3%) of these required a surgical procedure. The mortality rate for those undergoing a procedure was 0.42%, and 1.47% for those without. The top five procedures performed per GHE category were lens procedures (162 835 cases, POMR 0.001%), caesarean delivery (76 032 cases, POMR 0.01%), abortion with operating room procedure (65 451 cases, POMR 0%), hernia procedures (52 499 cases, POMR 0.05%) and other knee procedures (47 181 cases, POMR 0.004%).ConclusionsConditions requiring surgery were responsible for 35.3% of the hospital admitted disease burden in Victoria, a rate higher than previously published from Sweden, New Zealand and the USA. POMR is comparable to other studies reporting individual procedures and conditions, but has been reported comprehensively across all GHE disease categories for the first time.