bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms and impact of differential fouling of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha on different unionid bivalves
Authors: Dzierżyńska‐Białończyk Anna , Jermacz Łukasz , Maćkiewicz Tomasz , Gajewska Joanna , Kobak Jarosław 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Macrobiofouling is an important phenomenon in the aquatic environment, resulting in economic losses and environmental changes, including negative impact on hard‐shelled animals. A freshwater invasive byssate bivalve, the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Dreissenidae), strongly affects bivalves from the family Unionidae by fouling their shells. We tested potential mechanisms explaining variable fouling of different unionids (four native species: Anodonta anatina, A. cygnea, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus and the non‐native Sinanodonta woodiana) by the zebra mussel.

We conducted a field survey (unionids collected at a sandy and muddy site in a dam reservoir), field experiment (unionids exposed without sediments in suspended baskets to dreissenid settlement) and laboratory experiment (a multiple choice test with and without the possibility of unionid burrowing into sandy sediments).

In the survey, zebra mussel density was highest on A. anatina and S. woodiana, intermediate on U. pictorum and lowest on A. cygnea and U. tumidus. In the field experiment, A. anatina and S. woodiana were more fouled than Unio spp. In the laboratory, zebra mussels less often attached to U. pictorum and, when unionids could burrow themselves, also to S. woodiana. However, no unionid species was positively selected in the presence of stone substrata.

The percentage of zebra mussels attached directly to unionids (compared to those attached to conspecifics) in the field survey was negatively related to the overall zebra mussel biomass. Zebra mussel fouling negatively affected the biomass of an allopatric S. woodiana on muddy bottom.

Dreissenids overgrow different unionid species to variable extent, not only due to the differences in their exposed surface area, but, as our experimental results show, also because of their active substratum selection. Moreover, mussels seem to prefer unionid surface over conspecific shells, the latter being fouled only when overall dreissenid fouling is heavy. As unionids often constitute the main source of hard substratum for zebra mussels in waterbodies, the species composition of a unionid assemblage may affect dreissenid success by offering them variable substratum quality.
Limited prospects for future alpine treeline advance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Davis Emma L. , Gedalof Ze’ev 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTreeline advance has occurred throughout the twentieth century in mountainous regions around the world; however, local variation and temporal lags in responses to climate warming indicate that the upper limits of some treelines are not necessarily in climatic equilibrium. These observations suggest that factors other than climate are constraining tree establishment beyond existing treelines. Using a seed addition experiment, we tested the effects of seed availability, predation and microsite limitation on the establishment of two subalpine tree species (Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa) across four treelines in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. The effect of vegetation removal on seedling growth was also determined, and microclimate conditions were monitored. Establishment limitations observed in the field were placed in context with the effects of soil properties observed in a parallel experiment. The seed addition experiment revealed reduced establishment with increasing elevation, suggesting that although establishment within the treeline ecotone is at least partially seed limited, other constraints are more important beyond the current treeline. The effects of herbivory and microsite availability significantly reduced seedling establishment but were less influential beyond the treeline. Microclimate monitoring revealed that establishment was negatively related to growing season temperatures and positively related to the duration of winter snow cover, counter to the conventional expectation that establishment is limited by low temperatures. Overall, it appears that seedling establishment beyond treeline is predominantly constrained by a combination of high soil surface temperatures during the growing season, reduced winter snowpack and unfavourable soil properties. Our study supports the assertion that seedling establishment in alpine treeline ecotones is simultaneously limited by various climatic and nonclimatic drivers. Together, these factors may limit future treeline advance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and should be considered when assessing the potential for treeline advance in alpine systems elsewhere
Assessment of aspiration pneumonia using the Anticholinergic Risk Scale
Authors: Kose Eiji , Hirai Toshiyuki , Seki Toshiichi 
Published: June 2018

AimThe association between anticholinergic drug use and aspiration pneumonia (AP) based on the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) or clinical study reports on AP risks using the ARS are unclear in Japan. The aim of the present study was to establish whether anticholinergic load affects AP, and to clarify the risk based on the ARS score among geriatric patients in the convalescing stage.MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal cohort study included consecutive geriatric patients admitted and discharged from convalescent rehabilitation wards between 2010 and 2016. Participants were divided based on the presence or absence of an increased anticholinergic load from admission to discharge. Demographic data, laboratory data and the Functional Independence Measure were analyzed between groups. The primary outcome was the presence of AP. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship between anticholinergic drug use and AP.ResultsIn total, 618 participants (220 men, 398 women; interquartile range 73–84 years) were included in the present study. Multiple logistic regression analysis of AP, adjusting for confounding factors, showed that anticholinergic drug use was independently and positively correlated with AP. In particular, an increase in ARS score by 2 points correlates with a 1.92‐fold greater risk for AP, and an increase of ≥3 points results in a 3.25‐fold greater risk, both being statistically significant results.ConclusionIncreased anticholinergic load during hospitalization might be a predictor of increased AP in geriatric patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1230–1235.
Individual thrombin generation and spontaneous bleeding rate during personalized prophylaxis with Nuwiq®(human‐cl rhFVIII) in previously treated patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Dargaud Y. , Negrier C. , Rusen L. , Windyga J. , Georgiev P. , Bichler J. , Solomon C. , Knaub S. , Lissitchkov T. , Klamroth R. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionFor individuals with haemophilia A, prophylaxis with factorVIII(FVIII) is typically directed towards trough activity >1 IU/dL; however, some patients still experience spontaneous bleeding events (sBEs).AimAims were to evaluate relationships of endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) andFVIII:C with occurrence of clinical bleeding.MethodsGENA‐21 was a prospective, open‐label, phaseIIIb study investigating the safety and efficacy of Nuwiq®(human‐cl rhFVIII) in previously treated adults with severe haemophilia A. The study included a 72‐hour pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation phase and a 6‐month personalized prophylaxis phase in which treatment was guided byPKparameters. This subanalysis assessedFVIII:C by one‐stage assay andETPby thrombin generation assay in blood samples.ResultsBaseline meanETPwas lower in the 7 patients who experiencedsBEs during personalized prophylaxis versus 25 who did not (n = 32 with data fromPKphase and prophylaxis phase;P = .0002). During personalized prophylaxis (n = 49), only patients with lower median troughETPexperiencedsBEs (8/49 patients;ROC AUC = 0.9421;P < .0001); there was no significant relationship forFVIII:C in predictingsBEs (ROCAUC = 0.5838;P = .4750). Directly following infusion of human‐cl rhFVIII,ETPwas lower in patients who experiencedsBEs versus those who did not (P = .0002), whereasFVIII:C did not differ significantly between these groups.ConclusionsIn adults with severe haemophilia A and reduced thrombin generation, increased frequency of spontaneous bleeding was observed irrespective of troughFVIIIlevels. Thus, personalized prophylaxis should take into account variables other thanFVIII:C. Large prospective trials are needed to verifyETPas a marker for spontaneous bleeding.
The Jamaican Haemophilia Registry: Describing the burden of disease
Authors: Wharfe G. , Buchner‐Daley L. , Gibson T. , Hilliard P. , Usuba K. , Abad A. , Boma‐Fischer L. , Bouskill V. , Floros G. , Lillicrap D. , Lowe Y. , Lowe D. , Palmer‐Mitchell N. , Rand M. L. , Teitel J. , Tuttle A. , Watson A. , White R. , Young N. L. , Blanchette V. S. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionJamaica has an estimated 200 persons with haemophilia (PWH), who face significant constraints in access to specialized haemophilia care, including access to clotting factor concentrates.AimThe aim of this paper is to establish the current burden of disease in PWH in Jamaica.MethodsPWH were enrolled through the University Hospital of the West Indies, Jamaica. The impact of haemophilia was assessed using a comprehensive battery of heath outcome measures that included the following: laboratory, clinical information and validated outcome measures of joint structure and function, activity, and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) to provide a health profile of the Jamaican haemophilia population.ResultsIn all, 45 PWH were registered (mean age: 29, range: 0.17‐69 years), including 13 children (<18 years of age) and 32 adults. In this sample, 41 had haemophilia A (30 severe) and 4 had haemophilia B (3 severe); 10 patients with haemophilia A were inhibitor positive. The results indicate that adults with haemophilia in Jamaica have significant joint damage: mean Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) = 42.1 (SD = 17.3); moderate activity levels − mean Haemophilia Activities List (HAL) score = 64.8 (SD = 17.8); and low HRQoL scores − mean Haemo‐QoL‐A score = 62.3 (SD = 19.4). Results for children are also reported but should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size.ConclusionsThere is a very high burden of disease in PWH in Jamaica. The health profiles reported in this paper are an essential first step in advocating for a multidisciplinary Comprehensive Care Program for assessment and care of PWH in Jamaica.
Resveratrol regulates the silent information regulator 1–nuclear factor‐κB signaling pathway in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Liao E. , Li Zhizun , Shao Yong 
Published: June 2018

AimIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy‐specific liver disease characterized by raised serum bile acids and adverse fetal outcomes. In this study, we aimed to explore the molecular and biochemical mechanism of resveratrol in regulating the silent information regulator 1–nuclear factor‐κB (SIRT1–NF‐κB) signaling pathway and bile acid biosynthesis in ICP.MethodsWe analyzed serum and placenta samples from 30 normal and ICP pregnancy women. Then we treated HTR‐8/SVneo cells with taurocholic acid (TCA) to mimic ICP conditions before treating these cells with resveratrol, as an activator of SIRT1, and EX‐57, as an inhibitor of SIRT1. We established an ICP rat model to analyze the therapeutic effect of resveratrol.ResultsThe expression of SIRT1 protein was higher in normal placenta tissues than in ICP, and the expression of NF‐κB was lower in the normal group than in the ICP group. We found that SIRT1 was downregulated, whereas NF‐κB and tuor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were upregulated, in syncytiotrophoblast HTR‐8 cells treated with TCA. This phenomenon could be reversed by resveratrol, and these effects could be blocked by Ex‐527.ConclusionThese data indicate that resveratrol might protect syncytiotrophoblast against TCA‐induced inflammatory injury by upregulation of SIRT1 and downregulation of NF‐κB and TNF‐α. Resveratrol could be a potential therapeutic target for ICP.
Sebaceous adenocarcinomas of the major salivary glands: a clinicopathological analysis of 10 cases
Authors: Soares Ciro D , Morais Thayná M L , Carlos Roman , Jorge Jacks , de Almeida Oslei Paes , de Carvalho Maria G F , Altemani Albina M M 
Published: June 2018

AimsSebaceous carcinomas are uncommon malignant cutaneous tumours originating from the pilosebaceous unit. Although its occurrence is mostly common in peri‐ocular glands, other anatomical regions of the head and neck may be affected, including major and minor salivary glands.Methods and resultsWe describe a series of sebaceous adenocarcinomas of the parotid and submandibular glands. The mean age was 62.1 (range = 31–90) years. Two patients (20%) presented regional or distant metastasis to mandible and lungs. All cases were positive for cytokeratins (AE1AE3 and CK‐5), epithelial membrane antigen and adipophilin and negative for androgen receptor, Factor XIIIa, S‐100, vimentin and perforin. MLH1 and MSH2 were expressed in the nuclei of most tumour cells, and one case showed loss of MSH2 expression. Proliferative index (assessed by Ki‐67 expression) and microvessel density (CD34‐positive vessels) were higher in metastasis‐associated cases. P63 expression was noted in the periphery of the tumour nests, in the basaloid cells, with a mean of 69.2% nuclear positivity.ConclusionsThe sebaceous adenocarcinoma of salivary glands is rare and may show an unfavourable outcome; therefore, its correct diagnosis may be challenging. For this reason, immunohistochemical studies, including adipophilin in particular, constitute an important diagnostic tool.
Analytical estimation of fracture toughness for circumferential cracks in thin hard films on ductile substrates
Authors: Azizpour Ahmad , Soleymani Asma , Poursaeidi Esmaeil 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this study, the fracture toughness of circumferential crack caused by indentation effect of a rigid indenter on a thin and elastic coating deposited on the elastic substrate was calculated. In the coating and substrate, the analytical solution of displacement and stress field was used. The complete adhesion was considered for the coating on the substrate. The location of maximum circumferential stress was investigated using the analytical calculation of the stress and it was found that this place was located at a distance away from the center of the indenter. Then, the stress intensity factor and energy release rate for plane strain state was determined, and consequently, the energy release rate for a channel crack was calculated. Finally, the fracture toughness was calculated with energy release rate curves for plane strain crack and crack channeling. This method was used to calculate the fracture toughness of TiN/TiCrN ceramic multilayer coating which was deposited on the GTD450 substrate using the Cathodic Arc PVD method. To validate the results, the analytically calculated crack radius was compared with the experimental crack radius in the fracture load and the difference between the radiuses was in the acceptable range.
Market Power Europe and the Externalization of Higher Education
Authors: Damro Chad , Friedman Yoav 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigher education policy has long had important domestic, intergovernmental and values‐based features. However, through the Bologna Process, the European Union (EU) has influenced these traditional features and helped to develop an external dimension to higher education policy in and beyond Europe. Despite these significant changes, scholarship on the EU has not yet interrogated directly the external dimensions of Bologna and the influence the EU wields through this process. This article employs Market Power Europe (MPE) as a conceptual framework to examine the Bologna Process and the EU's role in these important changes. Focusing on the notion of externalization, the article reveals the importance of market factors, multiple means (externalization tools) and actors (beyond intergovernmental) through which the EU influences other actors in higher education policy. The findings contribute to the MPE conceptual framework and encourage further research into the causal mechanisms at play in the under‐studied external dimensions of this policy area.
Controlling Bias in Both Constructed Response and Multiple‐Choice Items When Analyzed With the Dichotomous Rasch Model
Authors: Andrich David , Marais Ida 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEven though guessing biases difficulty estimates as a function of item difficulty in the dichotomous Rasch model, assessment programs with tests which include multiple‐choice items often construct scales using this model. Research has shown that when all items are multiple‐choice, this bias can largely be eliminated. However, many assessments have a combination of multiple‐choice and constructed response items. Using vertically scaled numeracy assessments from a large‐scale assessment program, this article shows that eliminating the bias on estimates of the multiple‐choice items also impacts on the difficulty estimates of the constructed response items. This implies that the original estimates of the constructed response items were biased by the guessing on the multiple‐choice items. This bias has implications for both defining difficulties in item banks for use in adaptive testing composed of both multiple‐choice and constructed response items, and for the construction of proficiency scales.
Gault's Promise Revisited: The Search For Due Process
Authors: Blitzman Jay D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFifty years ago, due process was introduced into the juvenile courts, but today children still do not have the guiding hand of counsel at every stage of the proceedings. In assessing the pre‐Gault world, Chief Justice Fortas observed that “[a] child receives the worst of both worlds:…he gets neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children.” Fortas opined that “Then as now good will and compassion were admirably prevalent. But recent studies have entered with surprising unanimity, sharp dissent to the vitality of this gentle conception. They suggest that the appearance as well as the actuality of fairness‐ impartiality and orderliness‐ in short the essentials of due process may be a more therapeutic attitude so far as the juvenile is concerned.” The prescience of his observation has found resonance and reinforcement with the 2013 publication of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach which was commissioned by the Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency and Prevention (OJJDP).Reforming Juvenile Justice's emphasis on encouraging not only the perception but the actuality of fairness in all domains connects directly to the essence of Gault's message. “Treating youth fairly and ensuring that they perceive that have been treated fairly and with dignity contribute to positive outcomes in the normal processes of social learning, moral development, and legal socialization adolescence.” The research also demonstrates that public health oriented alternatives to traditional court processing promote social connection and positive youth development. The OJJDP report provides a road map for promoting positive youth development and social engagement by demonstrating that supporting such policies improves public safety outcomes by reducing recidivism. In exploring whether Gault's promise of due process has been realized or is still aspirational, this article suggests that our inquiry requires us to think contextually by considering how children and families are treated in and out of the courtroom. This entails consideration of educational, child welfare and mental health services, as well as the scope of legal entitlements. Equity and fundamental fairness, euphemisms for due process, are what will truly effectuate Gault's promise and should be the benchmark for all courts and systems that engage with children.
Effect of deriving periosteal and endosteal contours from microCTscans on computation of cross‐sectional properties in non‐adults: the femur
Authors: Sládek Vladimír , Sabolová Veronika , Šebesta Ondřej , Zikmund Tomáš , Kaiser Jozef , Čerevková Simona 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDerivation of periosteal and endosteal contours taken from transversal long bone cross‐sections limits the accuracy of calculated biomechanical properties. Although several techniques are available for deriving both contours, the effect of these techniques on accuracy of calculated cross‐sectional properties in non‐adults is unknown. We examine a sample of 86 non‐adult femora from birth to 12 years of age to estimate the effect of error in deriving periosteal and endosteal contours on cross‐sectional properties. Midshaft cross‐sections were taken from microCTscans and contours were derived using manual, fully automatic, spline, and ellipse techniques. Agreement between techniques was assessed against manually traced periosteal and endosteal contours using percent prediction error (%PE), reduced major axis analysis, and limits of agreement. The %PEs were highest in the medullary area and lowest in the total area. Mean %PEs were sufficiently below the 5% level of acceptable error, except for medullary areas, but individual values can greatly exceed this 5% boundary given the high standard deviation of %PEmeans and wide minimum–maximum range of %PEs. Automatic processing produces greater errors than does combination with manual, spline, and ellipse processing. Although periosteal contour is estimated with stronger agreement compared with endosteal contour, error in deriving periosteal contour has a substantially greater effect on calculated section moduli than does error in deriving endosteal contours. We observed no size effect on the resulting bias. Nevertheless, cross‐sectional properties in a younger age category may be estimated with greater error compared with in an older age category. We conclude that non‐adult midshaft cross‐sectional properties can be derived from microCTscans of femoral diaphyses with mean error of < 5% and that derivation of endosteal contour can be simplified by the ellipse technique because fully automatic derivation of endosteal contour may increase the resulting error, especially in small samples.
Dimorphism throughout the European eel's life cycle: are ontogenetic changes in head shape related to dietary differences?
Authors: De Meyer J. , Goethals T. , Van Wassenbergh S. , Augustijns T. , Habraken J. , Hellemans J. , Vandewiele V. , Dhaene J. , Bouillart M. , Adriaens D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA well‐known link exists between an organism's ecology and morphology. In the European eel, a dimorphic head has been linked to differences in feeding ecology, with broad‐headed eels consuming harder prey items than narrow‐headed ones. Consequently, we hypothesized that broad‐heads should exhibit a cranial musculoskeletal system that increases bite force and facilitates the consumption of harder prey. Using 3D‐reconstructions and a bite model, we tested this hypothesis in two life stages: the sub‐adult yellow eel stage and its predecessor, the elver eel stage. This allowed us to test whether broad‐ and narrow‐headed phenotypes show similar trait differences in both life stages and whether the dimorphism becomes more pronounced during ontogeny. We show that broad‐headed eels in both stages have larger jaw muscles and a taller coronoid, which are associated with higher bite forces. This increased bite force together with the elongated upper and lower jaws in broad‐headed eels can also improve grip during spinning behavior, which is used to manipulate hard prey. Head shape variation in European eel is therefore associated with musculoskeletal variation that can be linked to feeding ecology. However, although differences in muscle volume become more pronounced during ontogeny, this was not the case for skeletal features.