bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3‐Deoxyanthocyanidin Colorant: Nature, Health, Synthesis, and Food Applications
Authors: Xiong Yun , Zhang Pangzhen , Warner Robyn Dorothy , Fang Zhongxiang 
Published: July 2019

Abstract3‐Deoxyanthocyanidins are a rare type of anthocyanins that are present in mosses, ferns, and some flowering plants. They are water‐soluble pigments and impart orange‐red and blue‐violet color to plants and play a role as phytoalexins against microbial infection and environmental stress. In contrast to anthocyanins, the lack of a hydroxyl group at the C‐3 position confers unique chemical and biochemical properties. They are potent natural antioxidants with a number of potential health benefits including cancer prevention. 3‐Deoxyanthocyanidin pigments have attracted much attention in the food industry as natural food colorants, mainly due to their higher stability during processing and handling conditions compared with anthocyanins. They are also photochromic compounds capable of causing a change in “perceived” color, when exposed to UV light, which can be used to design novel foods and beverages. Due to their interesting properties and potential industrial applications, great efforts have been made to synthesize these compounds. For biosynthesis, researchers have discovered the 3‐deoxyanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathway and their biosynthetic genes. For chemical synthesis, advances have been made to synthesize the compounds in a simpler and more efficient way as well as looking for its novel derivative with enhanced coloration properties. This review summarizes the developments in the research on 3‐deoxyanthocyanidin as a colorant, from natural sources to chemical syntheses and from health benefits to applications and future prospects, providing comprehensive insights into this group of interesting compounds.
Inequalities and crime
Authors: Heimer Karen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe study of inequalities undergirds much of criminology. At times, however, we may take the impact of inequalities for granted and miss opportunities to problematize the strong link between inequalities and crime. In this address, I maintain that it is important to step back and recognize that economic, race, ethnic, gender, and other inequalities are at the core of criminology. More explicit consensus about the centrality of the link between inequalities and crime will allow for our field to speak to the major social and political issues of our time and will strengthen the field. In this address, I highlight some fruitful avenues of research on inequalities and crime. I then argue that the concept of intersecting inequalities can provide additional connective tissue between research focused on economic, race, ethnic, and gender inequalities. By drawing on recent evaluations of the concept in other fields, I discuss key issues that must be addressed in employing an intersecting inequalities approach and then suggest solutions. I conclude that use of an intersecting inequalities approach has the potential to uncover important insights and span research areas, thereby pushing forward our understanding of the impact of economic, race, ethnic, gender, and other inequalities on crime and victimization.
Influence of Fiber Addition on White Sauces Made with Corn Starch: Effect on Their Freezing/Thawing Stability
Authors: Herranz Beatriz , Martínez Adrián , Alvarez María Dolores 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFiber‐enriched white sauces with apple (AF401), potato (KF200), and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were selected among six white sauces, all of them elaborated by replacing corn starch and milk with 3% of different dietary fibers. It was investigated the freezing/thawing (F/T) stability of these three enriched white sauces studying their physico‐chemical (color, syneresis percentage, total soluble solids content), rheological (viscoelastic and steady measurements), and sensorial properties before and after a freezing/thawing treatment. White sauce with MCC resulted in being the most like the control (without fiber) showing a higher elasticity and a heat stability. Moreover, the sauce elaborated with MCC has a sensorial profile as a traditional corn starch sauce with high “creaminess” and lower “heterogeneity” after the F/T treatment. Therefore, the properties provided by MCC make this product interesting in food design, and MCC sauce could be used as an industrial frozen fiber‐enriched white sauce.Practical ApplicationThese days, there is an increase in the demand of precooked frozen dishes due to current lifestyles and because the use of fiber exhibits many proven health benefits. A béchamel sauce made from corn starch and enriched with different fibers was elaborated, frozen and thawed in microwave. Both fresh and frozen/thawed microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) sauces exhibited very similar rheological and sensorial properties to an industrial and traditional frozen white sauce without fiber. Therefore, MCC‐enriched white sauce resulted to be a feasible strategy to produce a white sauce suitable for frozen dishes with good functional properties and sensorial quality.
Reducing Visual Differences in Whole Grain Bread Prepared with Hard Red and Hard White Wheat: Application for Sensory Studies
Authors: Smith Brennan M. , Ramsay Samantha A. , Roe Annie , Ferrante Mackenzie J. , Brooks Samantha (Worden) 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsumer taste preference can be influenced by visual preference. To eliminate the influence of visual preference in the sensory evaluation of whole grain wheat, a reproducible method to eliminate color differences between Whole Grain breads prepared from hard white wheat (HWW) and hard red wheat (HRW) was evaluated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to match the color of HWW to HRW with the addition of commercially available dye solutions: McCormick black (red #40, yellow #5, blue #1), red (red #40, red #3, yellow #6), and yellow (yellow #5). Bread color was assessed by L*, a*, and b* color parameters according to the CIELAB international system of color measurement. Four replicates of the control and dye treated breads were analyzed. Initial color values for HRW were L* = 56.8 ± 0.40; a* = 8.04 ± 0.44; b* = 21.34 ± 0.46. RSM was used to predict dye addition levels to match color between HWW and HRW. With the addition of black (0.457 µL/mL), red (0.574 µL/mL), and yellow (1.165 µL/mL) dye to HWW, breads could be produced with L*, a*, and b* values of no statistical difference to the HRW (P < 0.05). A timed storage trail demonstrated the need to standardize the time between bread production and feeding studies. Visual bias can hinder assessment of wheat varieties in sensory studies. A reproducible method of dying wheat was developed that can be used to reduce this bias in sensory studies.Practical ApplicationsThe ability to control color variability is a critical tool in determining perceived quality in sensory analysis of breads. In this study, a method to reduce or eliminate visual bias between breads made from different varieties of wheat was developed. This method is applicable to any foods where dye could be added to reduce or eliminate color bias in sensory studies.
Utilizing Herbs and Microwave‐Assisted Thermal Sterilization to Enhance Saltiness Perception in a Chicken Pasta Meal
Authors: Barnett Sasha M. , Sablani Shyam S. , Tang Juming , Ross Carolyn F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study was the first to evaluate the influence of herb addition in a complex food matrix processed by microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) system for potential salt reduction implications. In a chicken pasta meal, salt concentrations included 100% (full salt) and reduced salt variations (75%, 50%, and 25% of the original salt concentration) and for each meal, a version with and without herb addition. The influence of storage time on sensory perception and acceptance was investigated, along with the odor‐induced saltiness enhancement (OISE). Trained sensory panel results showed that the addition of herbs to the chicken pasta meal increased the intensity of many flavors and led to an increased saltiness perception, demonstrating their congruency with salty taste. The addition of herbs allowed for a 50% salt reduction in a processed prepared meal while maintaining the same intensity of saltiness perception as determined by a trained panel and overall meal acceptance by consumers. The OISE was only significant for the 25% salt meal (P < 0.05) suggesting that the influence of herb addition on saltiness perception at lower salt concentrations was more influential than at higher salt concentrations. Over longer storage times, meals processed by MATS and stored at ambient temperature increased in aroma, taste, and flavor intensities as well as in acceptance of many meal attributes. This study contributed an additional strategy of product reformulation, specifically herb addition, to the portfolio of salt‐reduction strategies for prepared meals using MATS.Practical ApplicationThe addition of herbs to prepared meals (chicken pasta) may allow for up to a 50% reduction in salt content while maintaining the same saltiness intensity perception and overall consumer acceptance. This has important implications for the food industry as sodium reduction is a complex task. Furthermore, the additional herbs utilized in this study increased the intensity of certain aromas and flavors, and led to increased saltiness perception; these herbs could be considered in future salt reduction applications as this study demonstrates their congruency with salty taste.
The Emerging Great Power Politics and Regionalism: Structuring Effective Regional Conflict Management
Authors: Troitskiy Mikhail 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe intensifying rivalry between the leading global powers (the United States and the European Union) on one hand, and the aspiring nations (such as China, Russia, India, Turkey, and others) on the other, creates additional challenges to conflict resolution on the regional scale. The global and aspiring powers often seek to use these conflicts to sap their opponents’ resources, discredit their commitments and undermine resolve. As a result, most conflicts in post‐Soviet Eurasia and some in the Middle East (Syria) and Asia (disputes over China's maritime claims) become ‘frozen’ or intractable and defy resolution. Existing multilateral alliances and blocs across the conflict ridden regions are engaged in the struggle for members and appear incapable of concerted conflict resolution policies. What is needed to address the intensifying proxy conflict problem is a set of multilateral permanent negotiation fora bringing together the leading global powers and aspiring nations. Despite the manifold challenges to such scheme, the contours of a deal that can be reached within such fora is clear: status elevation for the aspiring nations in return for their good faith engagement with the leading global powers in conflict resolution.
Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature from 2018
Authors: Trehan Indi , Osei‐Ampofo Maxwell , Balhara Kamna S. , Hexom Braden J. , Kivlehan Sean M. , Modi Payal , Pousson Amelia Y. , Selvam Anand , Quao Nana Serwaa A. , Cho Daniel K. , Becker Torben K. , Levine Adam C. ,   on behalf of the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) Group
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) conducts a systematic annual search of peer‐reviewed and gray literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) to identify, review, and disseminate the most rigorously conducted and widely relevant research in global EM.MethodsAn electronic search of PubMed, a comprehensive retrieval of articles from specific journals, and search of the gray literature were conducted. Title and abstracts retrieved by these searches were screened by a total of 22 reviewers based on their relevance to the field of global EM, across the domains of disaster and humanitarian response (DHR), emergency care in resource‐limited settings (ECRLS), and emergency medicine development (EMD). All articles that were deemed relevant by at least one reviewer, their editor, and the managing editor underwent formal scoring of overall methodologic quality and importance to global EM. Two independent reviewers scored all articles; editors provided a third score in cases of widely discrepant scores.ResultsA total of 19,102 articles were identified by the searches and, after screening and removal of duplicates, a total of 517 articles underwent full review. Twenty‐five percent were categorized as DHR, 61% as ECRLS, and 15% as EMD. Inter‐rater reliability testing between the reviewers revealed a Cohen's kappa score of 0.213 when considering the complete score or 0.426 when excluding the more subjective half of the score. A total of 25 articles scored higher than 17.5 of 20; these were selected for a full summary and critique.ConclusionsIn 2018, the total number of articles relevant to global EM that were identified by our search continued to increase. Studies and reviews focusing on pediatric infections, several new and traditionally underrepresented topics, and landscape reviews that may help guide clinical care in new settings represented the majority of top‐scoring articles. A shortage of articles related to the development of EM as a specialty was identified.
Social and Situational Party Characteristics Associated With High‐Intensity Alcohol Use Among Youth and Young Adults
Authors: Cox Melissa J. , Egan Kathleen L. , Suerken Cynthia K. , Reboussin Beth A. , Song Eunyoung Y. , Wagoner Kimberly G. , Wolfson Mark 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundRates of high‐intensity drinking, which is alcohol consumption that exceeds standard heavy drinking levels, have increased in recent years and peak in young adulthood. To identify modifiable environmental targets for prevention of high‐intensity drinking, we identified characteristics of parties attended by youth and young adults that were associated with high‐intensity drinking and the consequences of this excessive form of drinking.MethodsData are from 15‐ to 20‐year‐old participants in an online survey (n = 2,442; 55.4% female, 74.8% White) who resided in 24 communities across 7 states that were a part of a community randomized intervention trial to reduce the incidence and consequences of underage drinking parties. We used multinomial logistic regression to predict level of drinking by 6 party characteristics (size, location, age and gender composition, supervision, others’ drinking behavior), and to predict 6 consequences (hangover, not remember event, passed out, punished by parents, broke something/got in fight, and sex against will) from level of drinking. We tested study hypotheses in 2 models, one that used a single binge drinking threshold (below binge vs. at or above binge level) and one that additionally used a high‐intensity drinking level (below binge, 1 to 2 times binge, 2+ times binge level).ResultsWe found that larger party size and a mostly male composition were unique predictors of high‐intensity drinking when compared to those who consumed 1 to 2 times the binge drinking level. Odds of passing out, not remembering the drinking event, breaking/damaging property, or getting in a fight were more than double for high‐intensity drinkers compared to standard binge level drinkers.ConclusionsResults from this study indicate there are unique precursors and consequences of high‐intensity alcohol consumption among youth and young adults. These environmental factors associated with high‐risk drinking contexts can be used to develop prevention strategies to mitigate the harms associated with excessive alcohol consumption.
Behavioral economic tobacco demand in relation to cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence: a meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional relationships
Authors: González‐Roz Alba , Jackson Jacob , Murphy Cara , Rohsenow Damaris J. , MacKillop James 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsA cigarette purchase task (CPT) aims to characterize individual variation in the reinforcing value of tobacco. This meta‐analysis estimated the associations between cigarette demand, tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence using this task.DesignA meta‐analysis of cross‐sectional studies identified by PubMed and PsycINFO databases was conducted. Fixed‐ and random‐effects models were used. The study also examined the model used to derive elasticity of demand (exponential or exponentiated) as a potential moderator. Publication bias was assessed using ‘fail‐safe N', Begg–Mazumdar test, Egger's test, Tweedie's trim‐and‐fill approach and meta‐regression of publication year with effect size.SettingStudies from any setting that reported coefficient correlations on the tested associations.ParticipantsDaily cigarette users (i.e. 5 to 38 cigarettes per day; n = 7649).MeasurementsCigarette consumption, nicotine dependence and five tobacco demand indicators: intensity (i.e. consumption at no cost), elasticity (i.e. sensitivity to rises in costs), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (i.e. price at which consumption becomes elastic) and breakpoint (i.e. price at which consumption ceases).FindingsTwenty‐three studies met inclusion criteria. All the CPT indices were significantly correlated with smoking behavior (rs = 0.044–0.572, Ps = 0.012–10−8). Medium‐to‐large effect size associations were present for intensity, Omax, and elasticity, whereas small effects were obtained for breakpoint and Pmax. Evidence of a moderating effect of the different elasticity modeling approaches was not present. There was limited evidence of publication bias.ConclusionsAll five demand indices derived from the cigarette purchase task by (CPT) were robustly associated with cigarette consumption and tobacco dependence. Of the demand indices, maximum expenditure, intensity and elasticity exhibited the largest magnitude associations.
For Safety or Profit? How Science Serves the Strategic Interests of Private Actors
Authors: Perlman Rebecca L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractScience is central to the regulation of risk. But who provides the science on which risk regulations are based? Through an in‐depth empirical analysis of domestic health and safety standards, this article shows how private actors use scientific information to acquire preferential outcomes. I develop a formal model delineating conditions under which firms will seek stricter standards on their own products, and I reveal how companies can acquire these outcomes through the strategic provision of information. To test the theory, I track changes to U.S. agrochemical standards over a two‐decade period. I also introduce firm‐level petition data and historical evidence to test the mechanism directly. My findings provide new insight into the strategies companies use to benefit from regulations, while also forcing us to reevaluate what it means for regulations to be based on science.
Editorial: effect of hepatic steatosis on liver stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Kim Beom Kyung , Kim Seung Up 
Published: July 2019

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Shen et al and Shen and Fan papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15298 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15387.
Editorial: effect of hepatic steatosis on liver stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis B—authors' reply
Authors: Shen Feng , Fan Jian‐Gao 
Published: July 2019

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Shen et al and Kim and Kim papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15298 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15364.
Complexity leadership in learning analytics: Drivers, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Shan , Poquet Oleksandra , Gašević Dragan , Dawson Shane , Pardo Abelardo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLearning analytics (LA) has demonstrated great potential in improving teaching quality, learning experience and administrative efficiency. However, the adoption of LA in higher education is often beset by challenges in areas such as resources, stakeholder buy‐in, ethics and privacy. Addressing these challenges in a complex system requires agile leadership that is responsive to pressures in the environment and capable of managing conflicts. This paper examines LA adoption processes among 21 UK higher education institutions using complexity leadership theory as a framework. The data were collected from 23 interviews with institutional leaders and subsequently analysed using a thematic coding scheme. The results showed a number of prominent challenges associated with LA deployment, which lie in the inherent tensions between innovation and operation. These challenges require a new form of leadership to create and nurture an adaptive space in which innovations are supported and ultimately transformed into the mainstream operation of an institution. This paper argues that a complexity leadership model enables higher education to shift towards more fluid and dynamic approaches for LA adoption, thus ensuring its scalability and sustainability.
Characterising ‘bounce‐back’ readmissions after radical cystectomy
Authors: Kirk Peter S. , Skolarus Ted A. , Jacobs Bruce L. , Qin Yongmei , Li Benjamin , Sessine Michael , Liu Xiang , Zhu Kevin , Gilbert Scott M. , Hollenbeck Brent K. , Urish Ken , Helm Jonathan , Lavieri Mariel S. , Borza Tudor 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo examine predictors of early readmissions after radical cystectomy (RC). Factors associated with preventable readmissions may be most evident in readmissions that occur within 3 days of discharge, commonly termed ‘bounce‐back’ readmissions, and identifying such factors may inform efforts to reduce surgical readmissions.Patients and MethodsWe utilised the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's State Inpatient Databases to examine 1867 patients undergoing RC in 2009 and 2010, and identified all patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge. We assessed differences between patients experiencing bounce‐back readmission compared to those readmitted 8–30 days after discharge using logistic regression models and also calculated abbreviated LACE scores to assess the utility of common readmissions risk stratification algorithms.ResultsThe 30‐day and bounce‐back readmission rates were 28.4% and 5.6%, respectively. Although no patient or index hospitalisation characteristics were significantly associated with bounce‐back readmissions in adjusted analyses, bounce‐back patients did have higher rates of gastrointestinal (14.3% vs 6.7%, P = 0.02) and wound (9.5% vs 3.0%, P < 0.01) diagnoses, as well as increased index and readmission length of stay (5 vs 4 days, P = 0.01). Overall, the median abbreviated LACE score was 7, which fell into the moderate readmission risk category, and no difference was observed between readmitted and non‐readmitted patients.ConclusionOne in five readmissions after RC occurs within 3 days of initial discharge, probably due to factors present at discharge. However, sociodemographic and clinical factors, as well as traditional readmission risk tools were not predictive of this bounce‐back. Effective strategies to reduce bounce‐back readmission must identify actionable clinical factors prior to discharge.