bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVII-3 Effects of oral administration of essential oils on anti-immune stress, antimicrobial and repairing the intestinal damage in broilers challenged by lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Oh Hanjin , Liu Shudong , Yun Won , Lee Jihwan , An Jiseon , Cho Jinho 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of essential oils (Carvacrol, Thyme and Oregano essential oils) on anti-immune stress, antimicrobial and repairing the intestinal damage, caused by Salmonella enterica Lipopolysaccharide, in vivo of broilers. A total of 100 ROSS 308 broilers (21-day-old; 1.10 ± 0.11kg) were randomly allocated to 5 groups, T1: basal diet + Saline; T2: basal diet + LPS; T3: basal diet+ 200μL carvacrol oils+ LPS; T4: basal diet+ 200μL thyme oils+ LPS; T5: basal diet+ 200μL oregano oils+ LPS, with 20 replicates every group, and 1 chicken per replicate per cage. The challenged by LPS resulted in an immune stress, which manifests as the abnormal growth (P < 0.05) in immune organs, the content of IgG (P < 0.05) and TNF-α(P < 0.05) and the rectum temperature (P < 0.05) increased compared with other groups; the oral administration of essential oils controlled the immune stress to a certain extent. The essential oils could withhold maleficent bacteria, as E. coli (P < 0.05) and Salmonella enumeration (P < 0.05), in vivo of the broiler. Meanwhile, the essential oils repaired the intestinal damage which shown a reduction in the villi height (P < 0.05) and goblet cell (P < 0.05) caused by LPS. In conclusion, the essential oils (Carvacrol, Thyme and Oregano essential oils) controlled the stress reaction and maintain intestinal health to a certain extent. http://www.conferenceharvester.com/
PSIII-16 The effect of Activo and a competitor phytogenic on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Cabrera Rafael A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding two phytogenics compunds on growth performance and carcass characteristics in grow-finish pigs. Activo is a phytogenic feed additive consisting of a blend of microencapsulated secondary plant compounds used as an alternative to antibniotics to support gut health and overall animal performance. The study was desgined as a split plot design with 2 treatments (Activo and Control) with 44 replicates each and 22 pigs per pen. Pigs were alloted by weight (41.9 kgs in average) and age (about 12 weeks of age). Three dietary feeding phases were used. Grow-finish phase 1 (9-16 weeks post weaning) containing 13.6 g/ton of Skycis plus the tested phytogenics; grow-finish phase 2 had the tested phytogenics and finally gorw-finish phase 3 had 6.75 g/ton of Ractopamine plus the tested phytogenics. There were no siginifcant differences between the two groups on overal growth performance and mortality. Carcass characteristics data was analyzed by combining harvest cuts 1 and 2. Cut 1 was performed 15 days after the supplementation of Ractopamine and cut 2 when the barn was empty. This includes 27 pens for the Activo group and 30 pens for the Control group due to carcass data that was removed or missing. Any pen with a harvest cut missing 3 or more carcasses was removed from the data set. The Acitvo group had heavier (P = 0.03) hot carcass weigh (101.7 vs. 100.3 kgs, respectively) and higher (P = 0.04) carcass yield % (76.3 vs. 75.8%, respectively) when compared to the Control group. There was a tendency for the Activo group to have higher (P = 0.06) Longissimus muscel depth than the Control group. In conclusion, the Activo group appears to be a better alternative to antibiotics than the competitor phytogenic.
PSIII-21 Processing of food proteins of animal origin sometimes, but not always, increases values for Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Scores
Authors: Bailey Hannah M , Berg Eric P , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that processing of meat proteins increases the Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS). In Exp. 1, 10 pigs (26.62 ± 1.62 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 10 x 10 Latin square with 10 diets and ten 7-d periods. In Exp. 2, 9 cannulated pigs (35.50 ± 3.77 kg) were randomly allotted to a 9 x 8 Youden square with 9 diets and eight 7-d periods. Meat proteins (Table 1) were included in the diet as the only source of AA. The DIAAS for each meat protein was calculated using the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) established reference patterns for children 6 mo to 3 yr and older children, adolescents, and adults. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS in a randomized complete block design with the pig as the experimental unit. In Exp. 1, all meat proteins had a DIAAS greater than 100% regardless of the reference pattern. For both reference patterns, the DIAAS for smoked-cooked bacon was greater (P < 0.05) than for raw belly and smoked bacon, the 2 cured hams had a numerically greater DIAAS than the uncured ham, and the medium loin had a greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS compared with the medium-well and well-done loins. In Exp. 2, most proteins had a DIAAS value greater than 100%. For both reference patterns, raw ground beef had a greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS than cooked ground beef, and medium ribeye roast had a greater (P < 0.05) DIAAS than medium-rare and well-done ribeye roasts. In conclusion, curing and moderate cooking may increase DIAAS, whereas grinding meat prior to some, but not all, cooking methods or overcooking may reduce the DIAAS of meat proteins.
PSIII-20 Oil source and peroxidation affects performance and vitamin E status in nursery pigs
Authors: Lindblom Stephanie , Faris Richard , Zhao Junmei , Kerr Brian 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Oil source and peroxidation are known to impact performance and oxidative status in young pigs. The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effect of oil source and peroxidation status on pig performance and plasma vitamin E. Pigs (initial BW 6.07 ± 0.12 kg) were allotted to 96 pens containing 3 pigs/pen in a completely randomized design and fed for 21 d. The 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments included 4 oil sources (palm, poultry fat, soybean, and canola oil) and either fresh (FO) or peroxidized oil (PO). Peroxidation was achieved by heating oils at 90oC for 72 h with air flow rate of 12L/min. Both FO and PO were analyzed for peroxide value and anisidine value, each of which increased with peroxidation compared to FO, while peroxidation reduced total tocopherols. Blood was also collected from one randomly selected pig/pen from 9 replications per treatment on d 12 for plasma vitamin E analysis. PO decreased both ADFI (318 vs. 338 g, P < 0.05) and ADG (267 vs. 289 g, P < 0.05) compared to FO. No difference in ADG and ADFI was detected for the main effect of oil source. An interaction tended to occur (P = 0.10) for ADFI where pigs fed PO palm, soybean, and canola oil had reduced ADFI compared to pigs fed peroxidized poultry fat, with the greatest reduction in ADFI noted for pigs fed peroxidized soybean and canola oil. Changes in ADG were directionally similar. Plasma vitamin E was reduced in pigs fed PO (P < 0.01), with the largest difference in pigs fed peroxidized soybean (-67%) and canola oil (-40%) compared to fresh soybean and canola oil. Based on changes in peroxidation status, performance and plasma vitamin E were reduced most in pigs fed soybean and canola oils and less in pigs fed palm oil and poultry fat.
PSIII-22 Performance of DNA 600 Duroc sired pigs when split sex fed with commercial diets with or without a blend of phytonutrients (Lean Fuel)
Authors: Soltwedel Kevin T , England Steve J , Sandberg Fredrik , Bible Megan R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of a blend of phytonutrients (Lean Fuel, LF) on performance of pigs in late finishing in a commercial research barn. A total of 590 DNA 600 Duroc finishing pigs (BW=75.7 + 1.0 kg) were blocked by weight and sex and allocated across two dietary treatments with 6 replications per treatment and 21 to 26 pigs per pen. Dietary treatments were: barrow (B) diets with and without LF and gilt (G) diets with and without LF. Diets were formulated to split-sex requirements (CON) for each period and LF diets were control diets + 0.125% LF. The experiment was 44-d where d 0 was 98-d post-wean. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as a randomized complete block design as a 2 x 2 (diet x sex) factorial arrangement. Pen served as the experimental unit. Overall (d 0-44), the B gained more weight (P = 0.0282) and consumed more feed (P > 0.10) in ADFI. There was no diet x sex interaction (P > 0.10) for ADG. There was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.0545) for ADFI, where LF B consumed more feed compared to CON B and CON G consumed more feed compared to LF G. There was an interaction for G:F (P = 0.0028) where G on LF had higher G:F compared to G on CON whereas G:F for B was not different to B on LF. In conclusion, LF improved ADG and G:F, but did so differently for G and B.

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PSIII-24 Selenium requirement of turkeys based on tissue selenium concentration and selenoprotein activity and transcript expression
Authors: Taylor Rachel M , Sunde Roger A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential and toxic trace mineral in animal diets. The current NRC turkey Se requirement is 0.2 µg Se/g diet for all life stages, higher than the published rat and mouse requirements. The studies that form the basis for the turkey requirement were performed over 50 years ago and based on prevention of Se-deficiency disease. With the genetic improvement of commercial turkey flocks and emerging new Se status biomarkers, we fed day-old male poults a Se-deficient (0.005 µg/g), vitamin E-adequate torula-based diet supplemented with graded levels of Se, from 0 to 5 µg/g, for 28 days. Poults supplemented with <0.05 µg/g had reduced growth, but there was no effect of high Se on growth. Se biomarkers responded hyperbolically to increasing dietary Se and reached plateaus at or before 0.4 µg/g. In deficiency, liver and kidney Se fell to <10% of Se-adequate levels. Activities of plasma GPX3; liver, kidney, pancreas and muscle GPX1; and liver, kidney, muscle and gizzard GPX4 all decreased to <10% in Se deficiency and reached plateau levels by 0.4 µg/g. In the same tissues, ≤6 out of 24 selenoprotein transcripts were downregulated to 2X Se-adequate levels in poults fed up to 5 µg/g diet. Liver Se increased to 5.6X Se-adequate levels with 5 µg/g diet. We conclude that the dietary Se level to maximize Se status biomarkers in growing turkey poults is 0.4 µg Se/g diet, double the current NRC requirement. Transcript expression is maximized at lower dietary Se levels than enzyme activities of the corresponding selenoproteins. Lastly, based on growth data, the turkey appears resistant to excess dietary Se, suggesting FDA Se supplementation limits can be safely raised. (Funded by USDA Hatch 1013496)
PSIV-11 Description of a novel Calorimetric unit to determine net energy in group housed pigs
Authors: Muñoz Cristhiam J , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Swine Calorimeter Unit (SCU) is being developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The objective of the SCU unit is to be able to determine net energy (NE) of diets and ingredients fed on an ad-libitum basis to group-housed pigs in all phases of production. The SCU allows for calculating NE based on the indirect calorimetry procedure. There are 6 calorimetry chambers in the SCU. Each chamber is made air-tight by means of a gasketed surface, measures 1.8 × 2.1 × 2.7 m, has fully slatted floors, and a volume of 10.2 m3, with capacity to hold 4 to 10 growing-finishing pigs depending on size. There are manure screens and urine pans under the slatted floors. Each chamber is equipped with a fresh air supply system (Fantech, Lenexa, KS, and Accutrol LLC, Monroe, CT). Humidity and temperature in each chamber is controlled by a regulator unit (Parameter, Black Mountain, NC). The precision for maintenance of the temperature can be controlled with an accuracy of ± 0.1°C and relative humidity (RH) ±0.5%. These levels of precision are ensured by the use of a dew point control system. To measure the gas exchange in the chambers, the Classic Line system developed by Sable Systems International is used (Sable System International, North Las Vegas, NV). The air subsample first enters the methane analyzer, then the CO2 analyzer, and as the last step the oxygen analyzer. The gas analyzers provide readings in percentage units with high resolution (0.00001 to 0.01%) depending on gas concentrations. Those values are obtained in a determined period of time to be able to calculate total heat production from each chamber. Operation of the SCU will start in January 2019, and the initial objectives include comparisons of net energy in individually housed and group housed pigs.

Figure1. Schematic of the Calorimeter chamber and its sub-systems.
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PSIV-5 Can dietary oxidized protein induce oxidative stress in pigs?
Authors: Frame Carl A , Kilburn Logan R , Johnson Erika M , Rossoni Serao Mariana C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Endogenous protein oxidation as a result of oxidative stress is known to reduce the efficiency of livestock species (Boler et al., 2012; DeRouchey et al., 2004; Dibner, Atwell, Kitchell, Shermer, & Ivey, 1996). Additionally, rendered by-products are common feedstuffs in livestock diets. During processing, these sources have the potential to become oxidized. While most research on oxidative stress has focused on consumption of dietary oxidized lipids, little research has been done in the area of dietary oxidized proteins and the potential to induce oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative stress in pigs. For this study, 30 pigs 6 weeks old were divided into three dietary treatments of control, medium, and high dietary oxidized protein. Each treatment was fed the same diet, with the exception of the degree of oxidation in bovine plasma which was included in the diet at 10 percent. Pigs were fed for 19 days and then euthanized for tissues collected. Jejunum, liver, and colon were collected along with urine and plasma samples on day 0 and 18. Jejunum samples were also collected for histology. Markers of oxidative stress included protein carbonyls, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), 8-hydroxyguanine, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Pigs in the high oxidation treatment had an increase in crypt depth of 16 percent (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control further resulting in an 11 percent decrease in villi height to crypt depth ratio (p-value less than 0.05). Additionally, lipid oxidation products, measured by TBARS, was 28 percent greater in the liver of pigs in the medium oxidation treatment (p-value less than 0.05) when compared to control. Even with the short duration of this study, dietary oxidized protein did impact the oxidative status of the animal. Using pigs as a model for companion animals, it could be hypothesized then that long-term exposure could have implications on longevity.
PSIV-2 Digestibility evaluation of fermented soybean for nursery piglets
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Arruda Gabriel , Chaves Rhuan , Ribeiro Charles , Mendes Melissa , Cantarelli Vinícius S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Anti-nutritional factors (ANF) and antigenic proteins present in soybean meal (SBM) limit its application in piglet diets. Therefore, protein sources of high biological value are used as an alternative to replace SBM, which became the pre-initial feed the most expensive diet in pork production. The main problems caused by the presence of ANF are related to poor digestion, absorption and nutrient utilization resulting in increased diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and consequent lower growth performance. ANF in soybean might be inactivated through heat treatment but also, it may reduce the availability of some amino acids when overheated. The process of fermentation may enhance the nutritional value of soybean by increasing the bioavailability of nutrients and reducing ANF. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrients digestibility of fermented soybeans for nursery piglets. Twenty pigs (barrows), initial weight of 11 kg, were housed in metabolic cages and had their feces and urine collected for analysis. Piglets were assigned in ten replicates and two experimental diets, basal diet and fermented soybean diet (80% of the basal diet and 20% of the fermented soybean). The total amount fed was determined based on metabolic weight parameters. Ferric oxide was used as a fecal marker. The coefficient of digestibility was used to estimate the nutritional value trough analyzing dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein digestibility (CPD), calcium digestibility (CD), phosphorus digestibility (PD), digestible energy (DE) and, metabolizable energy (ME). The digestibility coefficients were 91.02% for DMD; 93.74% for CPD; 76.10% for CD; 54.62% for PD; and 86.73% for DE. ME was determined in 3589 kcal kg-1. Crude protein was determined in 59.64%. The nutritional profile of the fermented soybean shows a great potential to be used in initial diets of piglets due to their high level of nutrients digestibility.
PSIV-21 Effect of phytase, Natuphos® e, target dosing on pig performance and feed cost savings from wean to finish
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effect of a phytase, Natuphos E, target dosing on pig performance and feed costs from wean to finish. A total of 240 (PIC 337 x Camborough), pigs were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (6 pig/pen x 2 treatments x 20 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight equalized and fed mash corn/soy diets formulated to meet or exceed the current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments consisted of PC, NC1 in phase 1 and 2=PC- 0.16% Ca, - 0.14% aP, -0.02% Na + 3000 FTU/kg phytase. NC2 in phase 3 and grow-fin= PC- 0.16% Ca, - 0.14% aP, -0.02% Na, -120 Kcal/kg + 2500 FTU/kg phytase. Phase 2 ADG was 396 and 457 g/d, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 1.31 and 1.25, P < 0.05, respectively. Phase 3 (11-23kg) ADG was 638 and 644 g, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 1.52 and 1.48, P < 0.05, respectively. Finishing phase (120 kg) ADG was 871 and 875 g, P < 0.05, respectively, and FCR was 3.02 and 2.98, P < 0.05, respectively. In phase 1 and 2, only P, Ca and Na were removed from the diet, allowing AA and ME released from phytic acid to go into performance, ADG increased by 15% and FCR improved by 6 points, P < 0.05. In conclusion, by removing P in phase 1 and 2 and adding 3000 FTU/kg phytase, ADG and FCR were significantly improved, and net feed cost was reduced by $1.33/ton. In phase 3 and grow-fin, P and ME savings and adding 2500 FTU/kg phytase reduced net cost by $11.00/ton feed, while maintaining the pig performance.
PSIV-16 Effect of a 1-monoglyceride, 1,2-diglyceride of butyric-, caproic- and caprilic acid, and Avilamycin on performance and intestinal E. coli when fed to piglets challenged with E. coli
Authors: Coelho Michael , Ader Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effect of 1-monoglycerides and 1,2-diglycerides of butyric-, caproic- and caprylic acid (SILOHealth™ 104L [monoglycerides]) and avilamycin on day 14 and 21 post weaning performance of E. coli (GN-Ent and O157:H7) day 5 challenged piglets fed corn/soy diets that met or exceeded current NRC (2012) recommendations. A total of 96, Choice Genetics CG32, piglets were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (4 piglets/pen x 3 treatments x 8 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and were orally dosed with 5 ml (1x109 CFU/g, strain GN-Ent and O157:H7) E. coli d 5 after weaning (Ec). The treatment were: NC with Ec; T1=NC + 3 kg/MT monoglycerides; T2=NC+ 80 ppm avilamycin. Least significant difference was used to compare means of treatment. Mortalities and pen removals were weighed and recorded. The E. coli infection model was effective in causing E. coli mortality of 25% at d14 post weaning and 33% at d21 post weaning in NC. T1 and T2 reduced mortality versus NC at d14 (25, 3 and 0%, P < 0.05) and d21 (33, 4 and 0%, P < 0.05), increased ADG at d14 (203, 255 and 259 g, P < 0.05) and d21 (456, 511 and 515 g, P < 0.05), decreased FCR at d21 (1.90, 1.85 and 1.83, P < 0.05), and decreased intestinal E. coli, log 10 of CFU/g, versus NC (4.1, 2.2 and 2.1, P < 0.05). Monoglycerides and avilamycin performance, mortality and intestinal E. coli log 10 were not significantly different at P < 0.05. In conclusion, the use of monoglycerides improved ADG, reduced FCR, reduced mortality and reduced intestinal E. coli log 10 at day 14 and 21 post weaning versus NC and monoglycerides were not significant different (P < 0.05) than avilamycin.
PSIV-24 Comparison of amino acid digestibility in feed ingredients for mini and commercial pigs
Authors: Jo Hyunwoong , Htoo John K , González-Vega Jolie C , Kim Beob G 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objectives were to determine the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and AA in feed ingredients and to develop prediction equations for estimating SID of feed ingredient for commercial pigs using data from mini pigs. Six 11-week-old crossbred commercial pigs (31.5 ± 1.6 kg of BW; Landrace × Yorkshire) and six 20-week-old mini pigs (31.0 ± 3.2 kg BW; Jeju Island’s native pig) were individually housed in pens and all pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Each pig breed was assigned to 5 dietary treatments in a 5 × 10 incomplete Latin square design involving 10 periods, respectively. Four diets were prepared to contain soybean meal, corn gluten feed, copra meal, and sesame expellers as the sole source of N. An N-free diet was formulated to estimate basal ileal endogenous losses of CP and AA. There were no interactions between breed and feed ingredient for the digestibility of CP and AA. The digestibility of CP and AA, except Arg, His, Val, and Pro, were not different between mini pigs and commercial pigs. Prediction equations for SID CP and AA of commercial pigs using SID value of mini pigs were: SID of CP (%) = (1.02 × SID of CP in mini pigs) – 5.20 with r2 = 0.97 and P < 0.05; SID of Lys (%) = (1.12 × SID of Lys in mini pigs) – 9.10 with r2 = 0.98 and P < 0.05; and SID of Met (%) = (1.08 × SID of Met in mini pigs) – 4.27 with r2 = 0.96 and P < 0.05. In conclusion, Jeju Island’s native mini pigs can be used for estimating AA digestibility in feed ingredients for commercial pigs.