bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poaching lowers elephant path tortuosity: implications for conservation
Authors: Ihwagi Festus W. , Skidmore Andrew K. , Wang Tiejun , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Toxopeus Albertus G. , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPoaching is the most immediate threat to African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Several continental‐wide surges in poaching have occurred since the latter half of the twentieth century, and the latest surge occurred from 2007 to 2012. The behavioral responses of elephants to poaching risk has not been studied widely because of a lack of high‐resolution movement data collected simultaneously with verified causes of mortality. We managed to collate 2 such datasets from 2004 to 2013. We studied the spatial‐temporal changes in movement behavior of 11 elephants in their core areas. Past studies have focused on elephant movement along corridors. We tested for the effect of poaching risk on their path straightness (i.e., tortuosity) while controlling for other environmental and human activities in the landscape using a set of generalized linear mixed models. To test for temporal variation of tortuosity, we used a time‐series linear model. Elephants turned less frequently while they were in poaching locations and at times with a high level of poaching activity, even though their speed did not change. The variation of tortuosity is a good indicator of differences in poaching risk as perceived by the elephants, which could complement patrol‐based anti‐poaching efforts by wildlife managers, especially in remote, inaccessible landscapes. © 2019 The Authors.The Journal of Wildlife Managementpublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society
Impact of perioperative pain management protocol on opioid prescribing patterns
Authors: Thuener Jason E. , Clancy Kate , Scher Maxwell , Ascha Mustafa , Harrill Katrina , Ahadizadeh Emily , Rezaee Rod , Fowler Nicole , Lavertu Pierre , Teknos Ted , Zender Chad 
Published: June 2019

Objectives/HypothesisThe objective of this study was to demonstrate the impact of preoperative education, patient risk stratification, and a postoperative pain management protocol for common head and neck procedures on opioid prescribing patterns and postoperative pain reporting.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsA postoperative pain management protocol was developed and implemented for patients undergoing head and neck surgical procedures. Medical charts were queried and postoperative patient satisfaction surveys were administered. Opioid prescribing patterns were evaluated in cohorts of patients undergoing procedures with anticipated mild pain (e.g., thyroidectomy, parotidectomy, lymph node biopsy) before and after the implementation of the protocol. Postoperative patient surveys were analyzed in the postimplementation group.ResultsA total of 302 patients were included for analysis. One hundred fifty‐four patients and 148 patients underwent surgery before and after the implementation of the protocol, respectively. There was a decreased incidence of oxycodone‐containing prescriptions (83% to 26%), and tramadol became the most common discharge medication (70%). There was a significant decrease in the total number of pills prescribed after the implementation of the protocol (34.71 to 25.36, P < .001). Ninety percent of patients reported high satisfaction (≥8) with pain management.ConclusionsThis study shows that a comprehensive pain management protocol can significantly reduce the amount and potency of opioid pain medication prescribed after head and neck procedures while maintaining high patient satisfaction.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 130:1180–1185, 2020
Listening to air–water gas exchange in running waters
Authors: Klaus Marcus , Geibrink Erik , Hotchkiss Erin R. , Karlsson Jan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAir–water gas exchange velocities (k) are critical components of many biogeochemical and ecological process studies in aquatic systems. However, their high spatiotemporal variability is difficult to capture with traditional methods, especially in turbulent flow. Here, we investigate the potential of sound spectral analysis to inferkin running waters, based on the rationale that both turbulence and entrained bubbles drive gas exchange and cause a characteristic sound. We explored the relationship betweenkand sound spectral properties using laboratory experiments and field observations under a wide range of turbulence and bubble conditions. We estimatedkusing flux chamber measurements of CO2exchange and recorded sound above and below the water surface by microphones and hydrophones, respectively. We found a strong influence of turbulence and bubbles on sound pressure levels (SPLs) at octave bands of 31.5 Hz and 1000 Hz, respectively. The difference in SPLs at these bands and background noise bands showed a linear correlation withkboth in the laboratory (R2= 0.93–0.99) and in the field (medianR2= 0.42–0.90). Underwater sound indices outperformed aerial sound indices in general, and indices based on hydraulic parameters in particular, in turbulent and bubbly surface flow. The results highlight the unique potential of acoustic techniques to predictk, isolate mechanisms, and improve the spatiotemporal coverage ofkestimates in bubbly flow.
Does Donor Allograft Microsteatosis Matter? Comparison of Outcomes in Liver Transplantation With a Propensity‐Matched Cohort
Authors: Croome Kristopher P. , Lee David D. , Croome Sarah , Nakhleh Raouf E. , Abader Sedki Senada Peter , Livingston David , Yataco Maria , Taner C. Burcin 
Published: June 2019

It has been suggested that microsteatosis does not negatively impact graft survival following liver transplantation (LT). The present study represents the largest series on donor livers with significant microsteatosis and investigates the impact of microsteatosis on perioperative factors such as postreperfusion syndrome (PRS), early allograft dysfunction (EAD), and postoperative renal dysfunction. Clinical outcomes of all patients undergoing LT with donor livers with isolated microsteatosis (≥30%; n = 239) between 2000 and 2017 were compared with a propensity score–matched cohort of patients undergoing LT with donor livers with no steatosis (n = 239). Patients in the microsteatosis group had a higher rate of PRS (33.1% versus 24.2%; P = 0.03), EAD (38.2% versus 23.0%; P < 0.001), and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) requirement following LT (10.9% versus 3.6%; P = 0.002) than the no steatosis group. No difference in patient (P = 0.33) or graft survival (P = 0.18) was observed between the 2 groups. On multivariate regression, livers with microsteatosis had an increased risk of graft loss with retransplant recipients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.59; P < 0.001), increasing Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score (HR, 1.13; P = 0.01), and organs from donation after circulatory death donors (HR, 1.46; P = 0.003). In conclusion, recipients of donor livers with significant microsteatosis are at an increased risk of PRS, EAD, and postoperative renal dysfunction requiring CRRT. Livers with significant microsteatosis should be avoided in retransplant recipients and in recipients with high biological MELD scores. Once appropriately selected recipients of these livers are able to overcome the initial perioperative implications of using these donor livers, longterm patient and graft survival is similar to recipients receiving grafts with no steatosis.
Dementia with lewy bodies: GBA1 mutations are associated with cerebrospinal fluid alpha‐synuclein profile
Authors: Lerche Stefanie , Machetanz Gerrit , Wurster Isabel , Roeben Benjamin , Zimmermann Milan , Pilotto Andrea , Preische Oliver , Stransky Elke , Deuschle Christian , Hauser Ann‐Kathrin , Schulte Claudia , Lachmann Ingolf , Waniek Katharina , Gasser Thomas , Berg Daniela , Maetzler Walter , Brockmann Kathrin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with dementia with Lewy bodies reveal a variable pathology including alpha‐synuclein, amyloid‐beta, and Tau. Mutations in GBA1 are specifically associated with synucleinopathies. PD patients with GBA1 mutations show reduced CSF levels of total alpha‐synuclein.ObjectiveWhether GBA1 mutations are associated with a CSF alpha‐synuclein profile in dementia with Lewy bodies.MethodsScreening of the GBA1 gene and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in SNCA rs356220, APOE rs429358, and MAPT rs1052587 as well as CSF levels of total alpha‐synuclein, amyloid‐beta1‐42, total‐Tau, phospho‐Tau, and neurofilament light chain were assessed in 100 dementia with Lewy bodies and 39 controls cross‐sectionally.ResultsSeverity of GBA1 mutations was associated with a younger age at onset and higher prevalence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. CSF levels of total alpha‐synuclein were lowest in DLBGBA_pathogenic compared to DLBGBA_mild and DLBGBA_wildtype.ConclusionSimilar to PD, pathogenic GBA1 mutations seem to be associated with CSF alpha‐synuclein profiles in dementia with Lewy bodies. That might be useful for patient stratification for specific alpha‐synuclein–lowering compounds. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Optimized quantification of spin relaxation times in the hybrid state
Authors: Assländer Jakob , Lattanzi Riccardo , Sodickson Daniel K. , Cloos Martijn A. 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThe optimization and analysis of spin ensemble trajectories in the hybrid state—a state in which the direction of the magnetization adiabatically follows the steady state while the magnitude remains in a transient state.MethodsNumerical optimizations were performed to find spin ensemble trajectories that minimize the Cramér‐Rao bound for ‐encoding, ‐encoding, and their weighted sum, respectively, followed by a comparison between the Cramér‐Rao bounds obtained with our optimized spin‐trajectories, Look‐Locker sequences, and multi‐spin‐echo methods. Finally, we experimentally tested our optimized spin trajectories with in vivo scans of the human brain.ResultsAfter a nonrecurring inversion segment on the southern half of the Bloch sphere, all optimized spin trajectories pursue repetitive loops on the northern hemisphere in which the beginning of the first and the end of the last loop deviate from the others. The numerical results obtained in this work align well with intuitive insights gleaned directly from the governing equation. Our results suggest that hybrid‐state sequences outperform traditional methods. Moreover, hybrid‐state sequences that balance ‐ and ‐encoding still result in near optimal signal‐to‐noise efficiency for each relaxation time. Thus, the second parameter can be encoded at virtually no extra cost.ConclusionsWe provided new insights into the optimal encoding processes of spin relaxation times in order to guide the design of robust and efficient pulse sequences. We found that joint acquisitions of and in the hybrid state are substantially more efficient than sequential encoding techniques.
The contribution of land tenure diversity to the spatial resilience of protected area networks
Authors: De Vos Alta , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

The relationship between diversity and resilience is relatively well‐established for ecological systems, but remains much less explored for socio‐economic systems. Institutional diversity can have particular relevance for protected areas, whose managerial responses to environmental change depend on their legal basis, ability to make and enforce rules and socio‐political acceptance and endorsement.

Protected area expansion strategies are increasingly turning to private land conservation to increase the configuration and connectivity of national protected area networks. Yet, we know little about the relative role of privately owned protected areas in protecting threatened and poorly protected (under‐represented) habitats, and in the overall connectivity of the national protected area network.

We present an empirical assessment of protected area tenure diversity across South Africa.

Privately owned protected areas comprise 25.58% (2,878,422.26 ha) of the area of the total protected area estate.

Private nature reserves emerged as the dominant protected area type in under‐represented and threatened habitats, protecting, on average, 32%, 38% and 41%, respectively, of poorly protected, threatened and endangered vegetation classes.

Private nature reserves had the largest overall effect, compared to other protected area types, on connectivity within the national network. A spatially randomized comparison showed that privately owned protected areas are overdispersed and more strategically positioned to connect other types of protected areas than would be expected by chance from their extent and abundance.

Our results suggest that privately owned protected areas enhance the resilience of the national protected area network, making it more extensive and better‐connected, with greater levels of habitat redundancy. More generally, our analysis highlights the potentially valuable role of institutional diversity in building resilient habitat networks for biodiversity conservation.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Time to onset in statistical signal detection revisited: A follow‐up study in long‐term onset adverse drug reactions
Authors: Scholl Joep H.G. , van Hunsel Florence P.A.M. , Hak Eelko , van Puijenbroek Eugène P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPurposeIn a previous study, we developed a signal detection method using the time to onset (TTO) of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The aim of the current study was to investigate this method in a subset of ADRs with a longer TTO and to compare its performance with disproportionality analysis.MethodsUsing The Netherlands's spontaneous reporting database, TTO distributions for drug—ADR associations with a median TTO of 7 days or more were compared with other drugs with the same ADR using the two‐sample Anderson–Darling (AD) test. Presence in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) was used as the gold standard for identification of a true ADR. Twelve combinations with different values for the number of reports and median TTO were tested. Performance in terms of sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) was compared with disproportionality analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the results with those from the previous study.ResultsA total of 38 017 case reports, containing 32 478 unique drug—ADR associations. Sensitivity was lower for the TTO method (range 0.08‐0.34) compared with disproportionality analysis (range 0.60‐0.87), whereas PPV was similar for both methods (range 0.93‐1.0). The results from the sensitivity analysis were similar to the original analysis.ConclusionsBecause of its low sensitivity, the developed TTO method cannot replace disproportionality analysis as a signal detection tool. It may be useful in combination with other methods.
Cervical Rotator Muscle Activity With Eye Movement at Different Speeds is Distorted in Whiplash
Authors: Bexander Catharina S.M. , Hodges Paul W. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundPeople with whiplash‐associated disorders (WADs) report difficulty with quick head movements and cervicoocular dysfunction. Changes in coordination between eye movement and neck muscle activity may be involved.ObjectiveTo examine whether activity of superficial and deep neck muscles increases with eye movement when the head is held in a fixed position, whether this differs between directions and speed of eye movement, and whether this is modified in WAD.DesignConvenience case series with unmatched controls.SettingResearch laboratory.ParticipantsNine individuals with chronic WAD grade II and 11 pain‐free controls.MethodsElectromyography (EMG) was recorded from muscles that could act to rotate the neck to the right (right obliquus capitis inferior [OI], multifidus [MF], splenius capitis [SC], and left sternocleidomastoid [SCM]) with intramuscular or surface electrodes in 9 WAD participants and 11 pain‐free controls. Eyes were rotated without head movement to track slow and medium‐speed targets to the right or left, and as fast as possible (FP).Main Outcome MeasurementsAmplitude of EMG.ResultsIn controls, SCM and SC EMG increased with right gaze (all P’s < .03). EMG of the deep OI muscle increased in both directions (P < .001). WAD involved counterintuitive greater activity of SCM with left rotation across speeds of eye movement (SC with slow movement, P < .036), decreased OI EMG with gaze left (P < .019), and no change in MF EMG (P < .6) in either gaze direction. For FP tasks, EMG of all muscles was greater than slower speeds in controls (all P’s < .0001), but not WAD (all P’s > .33).ConclusionsCoordination between neck muscle activity and eye movements with increasing speed is modified in WAD. Contrasting changes are present in deep and superficial neck muscles with implications for neck function that may explain some common WAD symptoms.Level of EvidenceIV
Synthesis and crystallization behavior of rigid copolyesters with biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate and 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate in the main chain
Authors: Edling Hans Eliot , Vincent Matthew , Marand Hervé , Talley Samantha J. , Barr Kevin , Moore Robert B. , Turner S. Richard 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTStructurally rigid copolyester thermoplastics were synthesized from 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol and the diesters dimethyl biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylate and dimethyl 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate (DMN) via conventional melt transesterification. Conventional differential scanning calorimetry (CDSC) showed all compositions to exhibit multiple endotherms upon heating. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis showed copolyester compositions to exhibit the crystalline structure of either the homopolyester Poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PCN) or the homopolyester Poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene 4,4′‐bibenzoate) (PCB), but not both simultaneously. Further thermal analysis using CDSC and fast DSC investigated the origin of the multiple endotherm behavior. While three endotherms are observed for low heating rates, the upper two endotherms appear to merge at heating rates about 1–5 °C s−1 and a single endotherm remains above heating rates about 10–50 °C s−1. While the behavior of the upper two endotherms is undeniably consistent with the mechanism of melting–recrystallization–remelting (MRR), we suggest that the low endotherm is likely associated with the melting of constrained secondary crystals, although MRR effects cannot be ruled out. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 973–980
Outcome of Botulinum Toxin‐A intraprostatic injection for benign prostatic hyperplasia induced lower urinary tract symptoms: A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Moussa Ayman S. , Ragheb Ahmed M. , Abdelbary Ahmed M. , Ibrahim Rabie M. , El Adawy Mahmoud S. , Aref Ahmad , Assem Ahmed , Elfayoumy Hany , Elzawy Faysal 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionOur aim was to determine the factors predicting the outcome of intraprostatic injection of Botulinum Toxin‐A (BTX‐A) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)‐induced lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and to evaluate its efficacy and safety.MethodsBetween September 2016 and May 2018, 45 Egyptian patients, with BPH‐induced LUTS were included; the indication was a failure of medical treatment, unfit, or refusing surgical intervention. Measurements of prostate size by TRUS, total PSA level before and 12 weeks after injection. IPSS, uroflow, and postvoiding residual urine (PVR) were measured before injection, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postinjection. 100 U BTX‐A vial was diluted with 10 mL of saline then injected into the transition zone at base and midzone of the prostate by TRUS.ResultsThe mean patients' age was 64.4 ± 6.6 years. Mean baseline IPSS 24.06 decreased to 18.75 at 2 weeks and progressively decreased to 16.37 at 12 weeks (P < 0.001), Q
max of 9.08 mL/s. increased to 10.44 at 2 weeks and 11.44 at 12 weeks (P < 0.001), mean prostate volume was 67.44cc; decreased to 66.06cc (P < 0.001) at 12 weeks and mean residual urine was 82.62 mL and decreased to 57.66 mL at 12 weeks.DiscussionIntraprostatic injection of BTX‐A as modality treatment of LUTS/BPH significantly improve IPSS, Q
max, PVR, and decrease prostate volume. We can suspect better results with this line of treatment in patients with IPSS ≤ 22 and Q
max ≤ 10 mL/min and prostate volume ≤ 56.5cc.
Silver Nanocluster Anchored TiO2/Nb2O5 Hybrid Nanocomposite as Highly Efficient and Selective Visible‐Light Sensitive Photocatalyst
Authors: Goswami Tapas , Reddy K. Mohan , Bheemaraju Amarnath 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is of great interest to find a suitable modification of noble metal nanocluster (NC) with an aim to get a profound change in physical and chemical properties. In the present study, a new class of hybrid nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by anchoring Ag nanocluster with TiO2/Nb2O5 nanocomposite. Two synthetic strategies have been carried out to prepare these. Two steps synthetic strategy was found to efficiently decorate TiO2/Nb2O5 with silver nanocluster whereas one step synthesis produced Ag/TiO2 nanocluster with negligible Nb2O5 content. The as‐prepared materials were characterized by HRTEM, EDAX, FTIR, Raman and XRD. Visible light photocatalytic activities of the as‐synthesized hybrid nanomaterials were investigated for the degradation of some of the potentially hazardous organic dyes (Malachite green and Methyl orange). We observed much greater photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite for the degradation of Malachite green when silver nanocluster is anchored to the TiO2/Nb2O5 as compared to the same materials with negligible Nb2O5 content. Such observations indicate that the loading of Nb2O5 in hybrid nanocomposite allowed the selective enhancement of the photocatalytic degradation of Malachite green.
Interactions of Polyproline II Helix Peptides with Iron(III) Oxide
Authors: Loney Charles N. , Perez Bakovic Sergio I. , Xu Cheyan , Graybill Ashley , Greenlee Lauren F. , Renner Julie N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInteractions of a peptide with polyproline II helical secondary structure with maghemite (iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3) surfaces were characterized using a variety of surface techniques. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to measure the hydrated mass and thickness (92 ± 29 ng/cm2 and 0.89 ± 0.27 nm, respectively) of a layer which formed after a sensor coated with Fe2O3 was exposed to the peptide in aqueous solution. The analysis revealed that the peptide formed a stable thin layer on the sensor. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy of the monolayer were employed to study the relationship between the metal and the peptide. Finally, Fe2O3 nanoparticles were incubated with the peptide, and analysis of the settling and particle size revealed that the presence of the peptide reduced the occurrence of large aggregates in solution.