bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not so sweet refrain: sugar-sweetened beverage taxes, industry opposition and harnessing the lessons learned from tobacco control legal challenges
Authors: George Anita 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAs a growing number of countries implement, or announce plans to introduce, a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax, this paper explores the public health rationale for such a tax and provides an overview of the international normative and policy instruments supporting the introduction of fiscal measures on sugary drinks. After examining parallels between the legal arguments raised by the food and beverage industry in opposition to SSB taxes and those raised by the tobacco industry in response to tobacco control measures, this paper draws four key lessons that will assist countries to design effective and robust SSB tax measures and counter food and beverage industry opposition: regulatory distinctions in tax coverage should be based on bona fide, evidence-based reasoning; evidence-based measures need to be tailored to a country’s public health objectives as part of a comprehensive strategy to address unhealthy diet consumption; procedural requirements and due process should be observed in the drafting and implementation of the measure; and regulatory space exists within domestic constitutions, laws and international trade and investment agreements recognising the sovereign right of states to regulate in the interests of public health.
Radio bearing of sources with directional antennas in urban environment
Authors: Ziółkowski Cezary , Kelner Jan M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper focuses on assessing the limitations in the direction-finding process of radio sources with directional antennas in an urbanized environment, demonstrating how signal source antenna parameters, such as beamwidth and maximum radiation direction affect bearing accuracy in non-line-of-sight conditions. These evaluations are based on simulation studies, which use measurement-tested signal processing procedures. These procedures are based on a multi-elliptical propagation model, the geometry of which is related to the environment by the power delay profile or spectrum. The probability density function of the angle of arrival for different parameters of the transmitting antenna is the simulation result. This characteristic allows assessing the effect of the signal source antenna parameters on bearing error. The obtained results are the basis for practical correction bearing error and these show the possibility of improving the efficiency of the radio source location in the urbanized environment.
Managing Cool-Season Weeds in Sugarbeet Grown for Biofuel in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Webster Theodore M. , Grey Timothy L. , Luo Xuelin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSugarbeet, grown for biofuel, is being considered as an alternate cool-season crop in the southeastern U.S. coastal plain. Typically, the crop would be seeded in the autumn, then grow through the winter and be harvested the following spring. Labels for herbicides registered for use on sugarbeet grown in the traditional sugarbeet production regions do not list any of the cool-season weeds common in the southeastern United States. Field trials were initiated near Ty Ty, GA, to evaluate all possible combinations of ethofumesate applied PRE, phenmedipham+desmedipham applied POST, clopyralid POST, and triflusulfuron POST for cool-season weed control in sugarbeet. Phenmedipham+desmedipham alone and in combination with clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron effectively controlled cutleaf eveningprimrose, lesser swinecress, henbit, and corn spurry when applied to seedling weeds. Ethofumesate PRE alone was not as effective in controlling cool-season weeds compared to treatments containing phenmedipham+desmedipham POST. However, ethofumesate PRE applied sequentially with phenmedipham+desmedipham POST improved weed control consistency. Clopyralid and/or triflusulfuron alone did not adequately control cutleaf eveningprimrose. Triflusulfuron alone effectively controlled wild radish. In the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons, December-applied POST herbicides did not injure sugarbeet. However, in the 2015–2016 season POST herbicides were applied in late October. On the day of treatment, the maximum temperature was 25.4 C, which exceeded the established upper temperature limit of 22 C for safe application of phenmedipham+desmedipham, and sugarbeet plants were severely injured. In the southeastern United States, temperatures frequently exceed 22 C in early autumn, which may limit phenmedipham+desmedipham use for controlling troublesome cool-season weeds of sugarbeet in the region. Weed control options need to be expanded to compensate for this limitation.
Weed Seedbank Management: Revisiting How Herbicides Are Evaluated
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K. , Korres Nicholas E. , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere is great value in quantifying and reporting weed seed production as a component of herbicide efficacy evaluations for two reasons. First, visual weed control ratings and associated measurements such as weed density and biomass are not sufficient indicators of fecundity. Second, knowledge of fecundity associated with herbicide treatments can guide the development of effective management programs that impact long-term weed population dynamics and reduce the risk of herbicide resistance.
Seasonal Propagation Characteristics of MSTIDs Observed at High Latitudes Over Central Alaska Using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Negale M. R. , Taylor M. J. , Nicolls M. J. , Vadas S. L. , Nielsen K. , Heinselman C. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNear‐continuous electron density measurements obtained over a ∼3 year period, 2010–2013, using the Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) in central Alaska (69°N, 147°W) have been analyzed to quantify the properties of over 650 high‐latitude medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). Our analysis focused on the altitude range 100–300 km encompassing the lower ionosphere/thermosphere and yielded first full seasonal day/night distributions of MSTIDs at high northern latitudes with mean values: horizontal wavelength 446 km, horizontal phase speed 187 m/s, and period 41 min. These year‐round measurements fill an important summertime gap in existing MSTID measurements revealing predominantly eastward wave propagation during the summer, while continued winter season observations agree well with previous reports of near southward propagating MSTIDs. Our 3 years of results suggest a cyclic change in the seasonal horizontal propagation directions that was found to be quantitatively consistent with critical level wind and dissipative filtering. Concurrent measurements of the vertical wavelength spectrum as a function of altitude also compared favorably in shape with that calculated using a theoretical dispersion relation (Vadas & Fritts, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005574) for the thermosphere, but with a higher mean value. Evidence supporting the systematic broadening and shrinking in the azimuthal distributions of the MSTIDs during the course of the year was also found, as well as an unexpected correlation between the MSTID propagation directions and the AE index, both of which are under further investigation.
Link Between Arctic Tropospheric BrO Explosion Observed From Space and Sea‐Salt Aerosols From Blowing Snow Investigated Using Ozone Monitoring Instrument BrO Data and GEOS‐5 Data Assimilation System
Authors: Choi S. , Theys N. , Salawitch R. J. , Wales P. A. , Joiner J. , Canty T. P. , Chance K. , Suleiman R. M. , Palm S. P. , Cullather R. I. , Darmenov A. S. , da Silva A. , Kurosu T. P. , Hendrick F. , Van Roozendael M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBromine radicals (Br + BrO) are important atmospheric species owing to their ability to catalytically destroy ozone as well as their potential impacts on the oxidative pathways of many trace gases, including dimethylsulfide and mercury. Using space‐based observations of BrO, recent studies have reported rapid enhancements of tropospheric BrO over large areas (so called “BrO explosions”) connected to near‐surface ozone depletion occurring in polar spring. However, the source(s) of reactive bromine and mechanism(s) that initiate these BrO explosions are uncertain. In this study, we investigate the relationships between Arctic BrO explosions and two of the proposed sources of reactive bromine: sea‐salt aerosol (SSA) generated from blowing snow and first‐year (seasonal) sea ice. We use tropospheric column BrO derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in conjunction with the Goddard Earth Observing System Version 5 (GEOS‐5) data assimilation system provided by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Modeling and Assimilation Office. Case studies demonstrate a strong association between the temporal and spatial extent of OMI‐observed BrO explosions and the GEOS‐5 simulated blowing snow‐generated SSA during Arctic spring. Furthermore, the frequency of BrO explosion events observed over the 11‐year record of OMI exhibits significant correlation with a time series of the simulated SSA emission flux in the Arctic and little to no correlation with a time series of satellite‐based first‐year sea ice area. Therefore, we conclude that SSA generated by blowing snow is an important factor in the formation of the BrO explosion observed from space during Arctic spring.
Modeled Response of Greenland Snowmelt to the Presence of Biomass Burning‐Based Absorbing Aerosols in the Atmosphere and Snow
Authors: Ward Jamie L. , Flanner Mark G. , Bergin Mike , Dibb Jack E. , Polashenski Chris M. , Soja Amber J. , Thomas Jennie L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBiomass burning produces smoke aerosols that are emitted into the atmosphere. Some smoke constituents, notably black carbon, are highly effective light‐absorbing aerosols (LAA). Emitted LAA can be transported to high‐albedo regions like the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and affect local snowmelt. In the summer, the effects of LAA in Greenland are uncertain. To explore how LAA affect GrIS snowmelt and surface energy flux in the summer, we conduct idealized global climate model simulations with perturbed aerosol amounts and properties in the GrIS snow and overlying atmosphere. The in‐snow and atmospheric aerosol burdens we select range from background values measured on the GrIS to unrealistically high values. This helps us explore the linearity of snowmelt response and to achieve high signal‐to‐noise ratios. With LAA operating only in the atmosphere, we find no significant change in snowmelt due to the competing effects of surface dimming and tropospheric warming. Regardless of atmospheric LAA presence, in‐snow black carbon‐equivalent mixing ratios greater than ~60 ng/g produce statistically significant snowmelt increases over much of the GrIS. We find that net surface energy flux changes correspond well to snowmelt changes for all cases. The dominant component of surface energy flux change is solar energy flux, but sensible and longwave energy fluxes respond to temperature changes. Atmospheric LAA dampen the magnitude of solar radiation absorbed by in‐snow LAA when both varieties are simulated. In general, the significant melt and surface energy flux changes we simulate occur with LAA quantities that have never been recorded in Greenland.
Following the Turnover of Soil Bioavailable Phosphate in Mediterranean Savanna by Oxygen Stable Isotopes
Authors: Weiner T. , Gross A. , Moreno G. , Migliavacca M. , Schrumpf M. , Reichstein M. , Hilman B. , Carrara A. , Angert A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSoil phosphate oxygen isotope analysis (δ18OP) emerges as an effective method to trace the cycling of phosphorus (P) in soils. This study uses δ18OP measurements to learn how the nutrient status (P and N) affects the biological turnover rates of P in the soil of a Mediterranean holm oak Savanna. Such ecosystems cover >3 × 106 ha at the Iberian Peninsula. The analysis was part of a large‐scale nutrient manipulation experiment, where N and P were added. We followed the changes in δ18O values of soil bioavailable P during incubation of soils with a pulse of P and in addition measured the δ18OP in soil sampled at the site. In the incubations, the δ18OP values changed from the original value of the added P and approached a steady state of 16.3‰, which is 3.8‰ higher than the isotopic equilibrium with water. The steady state was higher with 18O‐enriched incubation media water. The change in δ18OP values was more pronounced under trees, indicating a faster microbial P turnover rate. Incubation of soils fertilized with either P or N showed faster P turnover rate than control, implying N and P colimitation. Soil samples from P‐fertilized plots displayed higher δ18OP than the fertilizer, rather than the expected decrease toward steady‐state values, found at the control and N plots. The microbial P turnover rates during incubations were slower than the rates reported for lowland tropical forest with lower bioavailable P concentrations but resemble ecosystems with similar concentrations.
Deltaic and Coastal Sediments as Recorders of Mediterranean Regional Climate and Human Impact Over the Past Three Millennia
Authors: Jalali Bassem , Sicre Marie‐Alexandrine , Klein Vincent , Schmidt Sabine , Maselli Vittorio , Lirer Fabrizio , Bassetti Maria‐Angela , Toucanne Samuel , Jorry Stephan J. , Insinga Donatella Domenica , Petrosino Paola , Châles Fanny 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDeltaic and shallow marine sediments represent unique natural archives to study the evolution of surface coastal ocean water properties as compared to environmental changes in adjacent continents. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and higher plant biomarker records were generated from the Rhone and Var River deltaic sediments (NW Mediterranean Sea), and three sites in the South Adriatic Sea (Central/Eastern Mediterranean Sea), spanning all or part of the past three millennia. Because of the high sediment accumulation rates at all core sites, we were able to produce time series at decadal time scale. SSTs in the Gulf of Lion and the convection area of the South Adriatic Sea indicate similar cold mean values (around 17 °C) and pronounced cold spells, reflecting strong wind‐driven surface water heat loss. However, they differ in the rate of postindustrial warming, which is steeper in the Gulf of Lion. The three Adriatic Sea SST records are notably different reflecting different hydrological influence from nearshore to open sea sites. The compositional features of higher plant n‐alkanes in the Rhone and Var delta sediments and inferred vegetation types show differences consistent with the latitudinal extension of the drainage basins of both river streams. In the Adriatic Sea, both coastal and open sea sediments indicate enhanced land‐derived material over the past 500 years, which is not seen in the NW Mediterranean record. We suggest that increased erosion as the result of changes in land use practices is the most likely cause for this trend.
How Does the Orientation of a Preexisting Basement Weakness Influence Fault Development During Renewed Rifting? Insights From Three‐Dimensional Discrete Element Modeling
Authors: Deng Chao , Gawthorpe Robert L. , Fossen Haakon , Finch Emma 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe variety in fault geometry, fault interaction style, and evolution of the fault network above a weak planar preexisting fault as a result of a change in the strike angle (α) of the preexisting fault relative to the extension direction is investigated using three‐dimensional discrete element modeling. The preexisting fault shows three reactivation modes: (i) full reactivation (α ≥ 60°), (ii) partial reactivation (α = 45°), and (iii) little or no reactivation (α = 30°). A fully reactivated fault decreases the density, affects the orientation, and enhances the length and displacement of adjacent new faults. A partially reactivated fault generates some isolated fault segments along strike and also influences fault orientation. However, when the preexisting fault is not reactivated, its presence has little effect on the growth of new faults. Our study confirms that the reactivation pattern of a preexisting fault and its influence on new fault growth varies with its strike angle relative to the extension direction. It also demonstrates how a preexisting fault influences adjacent fault geometry and the fault network by changing the density, orientation, length, and displacement of newly formed faults. The work impacts understanding three‐dimensional fault geometries, the distribution, and evolution of fault networks in rift basins affected by preexisting faults and on predicting the extension direction of renewed rifting.
Helium and Neon in the Accreted Ice of the Subglacial Antarctic Lake Vostok
Authors: Jean‐Baptiste P. , Fourré E. , Petit J. R. , Lipenkov V. , Bulat S. , Chetverikov Y. , Raynaud D. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe analyzed helium and neon in 24 samples from between 3,607 and 3,767 m (i.e., down to 2 m above the lake‐ice interface) of the accreted ice frozen to the ceiling of Lake Vostok. Within uncertainties, the neon budget of the lake is balanced, the neon supplied to the lake by the melting of glacier ice being compensated by the neon exported by lake ice. The helium concentration in the lake is about 12 times more than in the glacier ice, with a measured 3He/4He ratio of 0.12 ± 0.01 Ra. This shows that Lake Vostok's waters are enriched by a terrigenic helium source. The 3He/4He isotope ratio of this helium source was determined. Its radiogenic value (0.057 × Ra) is typical of an old continental province, ruling out any magmatic activity associated with the tectonic structure of the lake. It corresponds to a low geothermal heat flow estimated at 51 mW/m2.
A Solar Cycle of Cosmic Ray Fluxes for 2006–2014: Comparison between PAMELA and Neutron Monitors
Authors: Koldobskiy Sergey A. , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Usoskin Ilya G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA comparison of cosmic proton spectra directly measured by the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light‐nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment during 2006–2014 with data of polar neutron monitors for the same time interval is presented. It is shown that the measured spectra are well described by the force‐field model for the modulation potential range 350–750 MV. The obtained modulation potential agrees with that calculated from the data of the world neutron monitor network for low solar activity between 2006 and 2012 but diverges during the maximum of solar cycle. The empirical relation between the modulation potential and the (inverted) neutron monitor count rate appears somewhat steeper than the modeled one, as confirmed also by data from fragmentary balloon‐borne measurements. A reason for the discrepancy is unclear and calls for additional study using independent data sets.
Detecting, Extracting, and Monitoring Surface Water From Space Using Optical Sensors: A Review
Authors: Huang Chang , Chen Yun , Zhang Shiqiang , Wu Jianping 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObservation of surface water is a functional requirement for studying ecological and hydrological processes. Recent advances in satellite‐based optical remote sensors have promoted the field of sensing surface water to a new era. This paper reviews the current status of detecting, extracting, and monitoring surface water using optical remote sensing, especially progress in the last decade. It also discusses the current status and challenges in this field, including spatio‐temporal scale issues, integration with in situ hydrological data and elevation data, obscuration caused by clouds and vegetation, and the growing need to map surface water at a global scale. Historically, sensors have exhibited a contradiction in resolutions. Techniques including pixel unmixing and reconstruction, and spatio‐temporal fusion have been developed to alleviate this contradiction. Spatio‐temporal dynamics of surface water have been modeled by combining remote sensing data with in situ river flow. Recent studies have also demonstrated that the river discharge can be estimated using only optical remote sensing imagery, providing valuable information for hydrological studies in ungauged areas. Another historical issue for optical sensors has been obscuration by clouds and vegetation. An effective approach of reducing this limitation is to combine with synthetic aperture radar data. Digital elevation model data have also been employed to eliminate cloud/terrain shadows. The development of big data and cloud computation techniques makes the increasing demand of monitoring global water dynamics at high resolutions easier to achieve. An integrated use of multisource data is the future direction for improved global and regional water monitoring.
Structural Inheritance and Rapid Rift‐Length Establishment in a Multiphase Rift: The East Greenland Rift System and its Caledonian Orogenic Ancestry
Authors: Rotevatn A. , Kristensen T. B. , Ksienzyk A. K. , Wemmer K. , Henstra G. A. , Midtkandal I. , Grundvåg S.‐A. , Andresen A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe investigate (i) margin‐scale structural inheritance in rifts and (ii) the time scales of rift propagation and rift length establishment, using the East Greenland rift system (EGR) as an example. To investigate the controls of the underlying Caledonian structural grain on the development of the EGR, we juxtapose new age constraints on rift faulting with existing geochronological and structural evidence. Results from K‐Ar illite fault dating and syn‐rift growth strata in hangingwall basins suggest initial faulting in Mississippian times and episodes of fault activity in Middle‐Late Pennsylvanian, Middle Permian, and Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times. Several lines of evidence indicate a close relationship between low‐angle late‐to‐post‐Caledonian extensional shear zones (CESZs) and younger rift structure: (i) reorientation of rift fault strike to conform with CESZs, (ii) spatial coincidence of rift‐scale transfer zones with CESZs, and (iii) close temporal coincidence between the latest activity (late Devonian) on the preexisting network of CESZs and the earliest rift faulting (latest Devonian to earliest Carboniferous). Late‐ to post‐Caledonian extensional detachments therefore likely acted as a template for the establishment of the EGR. We also conclude that the EGR established its near‐full length rapidly, i.e., within 4–20% of rift life. The “constant‐length model” for normal fault growth may therefore be applicable at rift scale, but tip propagation, relay breaching, and linkage may dominate border fault systems during rapid lengthening.