bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of standard field and laboratory methods to compare protection times of the topical repellents PMD and DEET
Authors: Colucci Barbara , Müller Pie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMosquitoes are important vectors of pathogens, and travellers to disease endemic countries are advised to avoid bites by applying topical repellents. Topical repellents are typically tested either in the arm-in-cage (AIC) test under laboratory conditions or in the field, but not often under both conditions. We, therefore, investigated how two topical repellents, 15% para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) and 15% N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) compare against each other both in the AIC test against three species recommended by the World Health Organization (i.e. Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus) and at two field sites in Switzerland, while using the same study participants in all experiments. In the field, the median complete protection time (CPT) was at least 6 hours for both PMD and DEET, while in the AIC test DEET slightly outperformed PMD. CPTs for DEET in the AIC test were 0.5, 2 and 2 hours against Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, and the corresponding median CPTs for PMD were 0.5, 1 and 0.5 hours. In conclusion, DEET slightly outperformed PMD in the AIC test, while the observed landing rates suggest the AIC test to underestimate efficacy of topical repellents in areas with lower landing pressure.
Context-dependent extinction of threat memories: influences of healthy aging
Authors: Battaglia Simone , Garofalo Sara , di Pellegrino Giuseppe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlthough a substantial progress has been made in recent years on understanding the processes mediating extinction of learned threat, little is known about the context-dependent extinction of threat memories in elderly individuals. We used a 2-day differential threat conditioning and extinction procedure to determine whether young and older adults differed in the contextual recall of conditioned responses after extinction. On Day 1, conditioned stimuli were paired with an aversive electric shock in a ‘danger’ context and then extinguished in a different ‘safe’ context. On Day 2, the extinguished stimulus was presented to assess extinction recall (safe context), and threat renewal (danger context). Physiological and verbal report measures of threat conditioning were collected throughout the experiment. Skin conductance response (SCR data revealed no significant differences between age groups during acquisition and extinction of threat conditioning on Day 1. On Day 2, however, older adults showed impaired recall of extinction memory, with increased SCR to the extinguished stimulus in the ‘safe’ context, and reduced ability to process context properly. In addition, there were no age group differences in fear ratings and contingency awareness, thus revealing that aging selectively impairs extinction memories as indexed by autonomic responses. These results reveal that aging affects the capacity to use context to modulate learned responses to threat, possibly due to changes in brain structures that enable context-dependent behaviour and are preferentially vulnerable during aging.
Live-stream characterization of cadmium-induced cell death using visible CdTe-QDs
Authors: Filali Samira , Geloën Alain , Lysenko Vladimir , Pirot Fabrice , Miossec Pierre 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCharacterization of cell death currently requires the use of indirect markers, which has largely limited the ability to monitor cell death processes inside the cell. Here, we introduce a new method for the characterization of cell death mechanisms using cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe-QDs). Using visible CdTe-QDs with mesenchymal cells (e.g. synoviocytes), live-stream imaging allowed for visualization of cadmium-induced cell death, combining characteristics of apoptosis and autophagy. Initially, similar anti-proliferative effect was observed between 10 µg/ml Cd2+ and CdTe-QDs at 24 h (cell index/cell density ratio decreased from 0.6 to −16.6, p < 0.05) using techniques that do not require the capacity of CdTe-QDs. Apoptosis was confirmed by the quantification of morphological parameters (reduced surface area, increased cell thickness) and positive labeling with annexin V. Autophagy was confirmed by monodansylcadaverine staining, identifying similar autophagic vacuoles with both Cd2+ and CdTe-QD. However, QD imaging allowed for visualization of cadmium elements inside cell structures and their kinetic changes leading to cell death. Cell death characteristics were similar in inflammatory and non-inflammatory environment but were induced up to 4 h earlier in the former. Therefore, live-stream imaging of a visible cytotoxic agent has useful applications not currently possible with indirect methods, including chronological monitoring of cell death.
Substratbilanzen von Kolonkarzinomen des Menschen während parenteraler Ernährung – Eine Pilotstudie
Authors: Holm Eggert , Heumann Barbara , Jentschura Dirk 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungUm die Nutzung von Nährstoffen durch maligne Tumoren des Menschen zu untersuchen, wurden bei 13 Patienten an Kolonkarzinomen intraoperativ die Austauschraten von Energiesubstraten und Aminosäuren quantifiziert. Die Blutabnahmen erfolgten arteriell und aus der größten tumordrainierenden Vene; letztere diente zusätzlich der Durchblutungsmessung (direkte venöse Ausflusstechnik). Am Tag vor dem Eingriff begann eine parenterale Ernährung, durch die sich schon nach 3 Stunden metabolisch stabile Bedingungen eingestellt hatten. Die Tumordurchblutung variierte von ca. 20 – 250 ml/100 g × min; ihre Abhängigkeit von der Tumorgröße stellte sich als Hyperbel dar. Die Substratbilanzen der Karzinome zeigten, dass vor allem Glukose verbraucht wurde, während eine Utilisation der freien Fettsäuren und – abgesehen von Serin – der Aminosäuren ausblieb. Glukose hatte mit 40,8 ± 22,6 µmol/100 g × min eine etwas höhere mittlere Aufnahmequote als postabsorptiv und wurde von 3 Karzinomen netto abgegeben. Die Tumoren behielten ferner Azetazetat ein. Freigesetzt wurden Laktat und (aus der Lipomikronen-Hydrolyse) die freien Fettsäuren. Unter den Aminosäuren hatten nur 3 signifikant von Null verschiedene Austauschquoten: Serin wurde aufgenommen, Taurin und Alanin wurden abgegeben. Von kleinen Tumoren (< 25 g) wurden Serin und Glutamin jeweils signifikant stärker retiniert als von großen (> 25 g). Ein Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Glukose-Aufnahmequoten sprach für eine Beteiligung des Transporters GLUT1. In Kolonkarzinomen wird Glukose wie in anderen Malignomen bevorzugt glykolytisch abgebaut; Fettsäuren und Ketonkörper sind hier offenbar keine wesentlichen Nährsubstrate. Die regelhafte Aufnahme von Serin durch Malignome von Tieren und des Menschen entspricht den zahlreichen Funktionen dieser Aminosäure im Stoffwechsel aller Zellen, besonders aber von Tumorzellen.
Klimawandel in der thorakalen Onkologie
Authors: Reinmuth N. , Schumann C. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungIn den letzten Jahren haben sich die Diagnose und die medizinische Behandlung von Lungenkarzinompatienten erheblich gewandelt. Auch wenn die Mehrzahl der Patienten weiterhin nicht von der Erkrankung geheilt wird, so können durch verschiedene, klug abgestimmte Therapieansätze eine deutlich längere Krankheitskontrolle und stark verlängerte Überlebenszeiten als noch vor wenigen Jahren erreicht werden. Diese Entwicklung ist nicht nur durch medizinische, sondern auch zahlreiche politische und organisatorische Aspekte charakterisiert. Diese verschiedenen Ebenen, die klinischen Konsequenzen und die resultierenden Herausforderungen werden im Folgenden kurz skizziert.
Generation of Pancreatic β-cells From iPSCs and their
Potential for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Replacement Therapy and
Modelling
Authors: Csobonyeiova Maria , Polak Stefan , Danisovic Lubos 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDiabetes type 1 (T1D) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by
permanent destruction of the insulin-secreting β-cells in pancreatic
islets, resulting in a deficiency of the glucose-lowering hormone insulin
and persisting high blood glucose levels. Insulin has to be replaced by
regular subcutaneous injections, and blood glucose level must be monitored
due to the risk of hyperglycemia. Recently, transplantation of new
pancreatic β-cells into T1D patients has come to be considered one
of the most potentially effective treatments for this disease. Therefore,
much effort has focused on understanding the regulation of β-cells.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a valuable source for T1D
modelling and cell replacement therapy because of their ability to
differentiate into all cell types in vitro. Recent advances in stem
cell-based therapy and gene-editing tools have enabled the generation of
functionally adult pancreatic β-cells derived from iPSCs. Although
animal and human pancreatic development and β-cell physiology have
significant differences, animal models represent an important tool in
evaluating the therapeutic potential of iPSC-derived β-cells on type
1 diabetes treatment. This review outlines the recent progress in
iPSC-derived β-cell differentiation methods, disease modelling, and
future perspectives.
The Effect of Dorsal Angulation on Distal Radioulnar Joint Arthrokinematics Measured Using Intercartilage Distance
Authors: Lalone Emily , Nishiwaki Masao , Willing Ryan , Johnson James , King Graham , Gammon Braden 
Published: August 2018

Background The effects of dorsal angulation deformity on in vitro distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) contact patterns are not well understood.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to utilize intercartilage distance to examine the effects of forearm rotation angle, distal radius deformity, and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) sectioning on DRUJ contact area and centroid position.
Methods An adjustable implant permitted the creation of simulated intact state and dorsal angulation deformities of 10, 20, and 30 degrees. Three-dimensional cartilage models of the distal radius and ulna were created using computed tomography data. Using optically tracked motion data, the relative position of the cartilage models was rendered and used to measure DRUJ cartilage contact mechanics.
Results DRUJ contact area was highest between 10 and 30 degrees of supination. TFCC sectioning caused a significant decrease in contact area with a mean reduction of 11 ± 7 mm2 between the TFCC intact and sectioned conditions across all variables. The position of the contact centroid moved volarly and proximally with supination for all variables. Deformity had a significant effect on the location of the contact centroid along the volar–dorsal plane.
Conclusion Contact area in the DRUJ was maximal between 10 and 30 degrees of supination during the conditions tested. There was a significant effect of simulated TFCC rupture on contact area in the DRUJ, with a mean contact reduction of 11 ± 7 mm2 after sectioning. Increasing dorsal angulation caused the contact centroid to move progressively more volar in the sigmoid notch.
Acute Effect of Mitral Valve Repair on Mitral Valve Geometry
Authors: Noack Thilo , Wittgen Kathleen , Kiefer Philipp , Emrich Fabian , Raschpichler Matthias , Eibel Sarah , Holzhey David , Misfeld Martin , Mohr Friedrich-Wilhelm , Borger Michael , Ender Joerg , Seeburger Joerg 
Published: August 2018

Background The aim of this study was to quantify acute mitral valve (MV) geometry dynamic changes throughout the cardiac cycle using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) in patients undergoing surgical MV repair (MVR) with ring annuloplasty and optional neochord implantation.
Methods Twenty-nine patients (63 ± 10 years) with severe primary mitral regurgitation underwent surgical MVR using ring annuloplasty with or without neochord implantation. We recorded 3D TEE data throughout the cardiac cycle before and after MVR. Dynamic changes (4D) in the MV annulus geometry and anatomical MV orifice area (AMVOA) were measured using a novel semiautomated software (Auto Valve, Siemens Healthcare).
Results MVR significantly reduces the anteroposterior diameter by up to 38% at end-systole (36.8–22.7 mm; p < 0.001) and the lateromedial diameter by up to 31% (42.7–30.3 mm; p < 0.001). Moreover, the annular circumference was reduced by up to 31% at end-systole (129.6–87.6 mm, p < 0.001), and the annular area was significantly decreased by up to 52% (12.8–5.7 cm2; p < 0.001). Finally, the AMVOA experienced the largest change, decreasing from 1.1 to 0.2 cm2 during systole (at midsystole; p < 0.001) and from 4.1 to 3.2 cm2 (p < 0.001) during diastole.
Conclusions MVR reduces the annular dimension and the AMVOA, contributing to mitral competency, but the use of annuloplasty rings reduces annular contractility after the procedure. Surgeons can use 4D imaging technology to assess MV function dynamically, detecting the acute morphological changes of the mitral annulus and leaflets before and after the procedure.
Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate Exposure and Ponderal Index in Preterm Infants
Authors: Simhan Hyagriv , Deihl Tiffany 
Published: August 2018

Objective Antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is known to affect the central nervous system of preterm infants, and there is biologic rationale for influence on other phenotypes. This study investigated the effect of MgSO4 exposure on the trajectory of ponderal index (PI, kg/m3) from birth to 2 years of age.
Study Design A secondary analysis of a U.S. randomized controlled trial investigating MgSO4 versus placebo administration among women at high risk for preterm delivery was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between PI from birth to 2 years of age and exposure to MgSO4 versus placebo.
Results There was a larger decrement in PI from birth to 2 years of age in infants exposed to MgSO4 compared with placebo (p = 0.032). There was a statistically significant one-way interaction between newborn sex and treatment group (p = 0.019). Change in PI in males exhibited a greater decrement in those exposed to MgSO4 versus placebo (p = 0.227), whereas female infants exposed to MgSO4 had a smaller decrement (p = 0.04).
Conclusion MgSO4 exposure in preterm infants is associated with a larger decrease in PI from birth to 2 years of age. In addition, the direction of effect of MgSO4 on the change in PI over the first 2 years of life is different by sex.
European Paediatric Surgeons' Association Survey on the Management of Pediatric Appendicitis
Authors: Hall Nigel , Rahman Abidur , Morini Francesco , Pini Prato Alessio , Friedmacher Florian , Koivusalo Antti , van Heurn Ernest , Pierro Agostino , Zani Augusto 
Published: August 2018

Aim To define patterns in the management of pediatric appendicitis.
Methods A total of 169 delegates from 42 (24 European) countries completed a validated survey administered at the EUPSA 2017 annual congress.
Results In the work-up of children with suspected acute appendicitis, most surgeons rely on full blood count (92%), C-reactive protein (82%), and abdominal ultrasonography (76%), but rarely on computed tomography scans or magnetic resonance imaging. In suspected simple appendicitis, most surgeons (76%) do not perform appendectomy at night in clinically stable patients and start antibiotic preoperatively (64%), but only 15% offer antibiotic therapy alone (no appendectomy). In suspected perforated appendicitis, 96% start antibiotic preoperatively, and 92% perform an appendectomy. Presence of phlegmon/abscess is the main contraindication to immediate surgery. In case of appendix mass, most responders (75%) favor a conservative approach and perform interval appendectomy always (56%) or in selected cases (38%) between 2 and 6 months from the first episode (81%). Children with large intraperitoneal abscesses are managed by percutaneous drainage (59% responders) and by surgery (37% responders). Laparoscopy is the preferred surgical approach for both simple (89%) and perforated appendicitis (81%). Most surgeons send the appendix for histology (96%) and pus for microbiology, if present (78%). At the end of the operation, 58% irrigate the abdominal cavity only if contaminated using saline solution (93%). In selected cases, 52% leave a drain in situ.
Conclusion Some aspects of appendicitis management lack consensus, particularly appendix mass and intraperitoneal abscess. Evidence-based guidelines should be developed, which may help standardize care and improve clinical outcomes.
Effects of Cutaneous Negative Pressure Application on Perforator Artery Flow in Healthy Volunteers: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Innocenti Marco , Santini Mariella , Dreassi Emanuela , Martin Robin , Melita Dario , Colombini Barbara , Innocenti Alessandro 
Published: August 2018

Background The creation of skin flaps based on small perforator vessels is an increasingly popular procedure nowadays; the optimization of their blood supply enhances surgical success. This study evaluates the effects on the flowmetries of 7 days' negative pressure application on the skin surface overlying the muscle fascia emergence of periumbilical perforators of the deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA).
Methods Ten volunteer participants were enrolled. In each subject, one periumbilical perforator of the DIEA was identified on each side of the abdomen using an eco-color-Doppler. One of them was used as the control group, while the other (the study group) underwent 80 mm Hg negative pressure for 7 days. The flowmetries of both perforators were measured before and after the application of negative pressure wound therapy.
Results After the application of negative pressure, randomly applied on the skin surface over one of the two selected periumbilical perforators, an increase in the flowmetries was observed in both groups of perforators (2.74 cm/s; p < 0.0001). The relative flowmetry increase in the control group was 9.55% (2.735 cm/s), while in the study group it was 44.03% (8.748 cm/s).
Conclusion The application of negative pressure system on the skin surface over the muscle fascia emergence of the selected periumbilical perforators showed an increase in flowmetry. Although this is a preliminary study, this simple and economical procedure before surgery could be usefully employed to increase the rate of success in microsurgical procedures.
Co-occurrence of an HSPG2 Missense Variant and Functional Polymorphisms in Atypical Schwartz–Jampel Syndrome Type 1 with Obesity: A Case Report
Authors: Maini Ilenia , Farnetti Enrico , Nicoli Davide , Pavlidis Elena , Spagnoli Carlotta , Salerno Grazia Gabriella , Frattini Daniele , Iodice Alessandro , Fusco Carlo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSchwartz–Jampel syndrome type 1 (SJS1) is an autosomal recessive chondrodystrophic myotonia, linked to heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) variants. We describe a patient with typical features of SJS1, but not obesity. Clinical exome sequencing detected a rare missense variant in HSPG2, confirming our clinical diagnosis, but also two homozygous variants in SDC3 and ADRB3 genes, previously described to be associated with obesity. This additional genetic result could better explain our patient's phenotype. Despite the phenotypic variability associated to HSPG2 variants, it is advisable to carefully check other possible genetic causes underlying clinical signs not strictly related to the classical phenotype of SJS1.
Cine MRI of the Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex during Radial–Ulnar Deviation
Authors: Abe Koji , Terada Nobuki , Nakamura Toshiyasu 
Published: August 2018

Purpose Changes in the shape of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) during radial–ulnar deviation were studied using “cine-mode” magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 10 right wrists of healthy volunteers, 5 wrists of TFCC tear, and 5 wrists of ulnar styloid nonunion.
Subjects and Methods The wrist was fixed in a custom acrylic device, which only allows radial and ulnar deviation. Coronal MR images of nine radial–ulnar deviated positions (every 5 degree from 15 degrees radial deviation to 25 degrees ulnar deviation) were obtained in volunteers and patients. Cine-mode MRI was assembled and was output to MPEG video to observe.
Results Cine MRI demonstrated the ulnar side of the TFCC was elongated by average 15 mm in 15 degrees of radial deviation and shortened by average 8 mm in 25 degrees of ulnar deviation in all normal TFCC subjects. Distal portion of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) was compressed during radial–ulnar deviation in 10 healthy volunteers and in 3 patients, but proximal portion of the TFC was stable throughout the motion. In contrast, the wavy deformities on the disc in ulnar deviation were observed in three patients with horizontal tear inside the TFCC. In nonunion of the ulnar styloid process, the fragment was snapped in maximum ulnar deviated position or elongation of the space between the styloid fragment and ulna was seen.
Conclusion This study indicated normal and abnormal changes in the shape of the TFCC during radial–ulnar deviation motion on cine MRI. The abnormal dynamic changes of the TFCC may be seen in ulnar deviated position in patients, which are related to positive ulnocarpal stress test with the wrist forced ulnar deviated.
The Pediatric Examination Assessment Rubric (PEAR): A Pilot Project
Authors: Langue Michael , Scott Ingrid , Soni Ajay 
Published: August 2018

Purpose The pediatric ophthalmic examination is often considered a challenge to ophthalmologists at any level of training. New tools need to be developed and tested to enhance resident and fellow training in pediatric ophthalmology. To our knowledge, this pilot project introduces the first educational rubric designed specifically for a pediatric ophthalmic examination.
Methods Preliminary surveys were completed by 11 ophthalmic residents, of all three postgraduate years (PGY), to gauge comfort level with the pediatric ophthalmic examination. A one-page Pediatric Examination Assessment Rubric (PEAR) was developed and reviewed by 13 content experts (12 pediatric ophthalmologists and a lead developer of the Ophthalmic Clinical Exercise Examination [OCEX] tool) at eight academic institutions. A total of five educators from three academic institutions used the rubric to evaluate a total of six residents during a new strabismus evaluation. Postevaluation surveys were completed by both the five educators and the six residents.
Results Preliminary surveys showed that only 18.2% of residents felt their pediatric examination skills were good. Residents noted higher levels of frustration and less comfort with the pediatric examination when compared with an adult examination. Thirteen experts' comments were incorporated into the rubric to establish content validity. Postevaluation surveys showed that 60% of faculty and 100% of residents found the rubric to be very effective in providing feedback.
Conclusion In this pilot project, we established the need for more concrete educational tools in pediatric ophthalmology, created an educational tool, established content validity, and demonstrated feasibility. The PEAR helps residents identify skills to target for improvement based on the quality of their pediatric ophthalmic examinations. At three academic institutions, the PEAR was shown to be easy to use and a useful tool for training residents to perform the pediatric ophthalmic examination.