bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application method affects pesticide efficiency and effectiveness in wheat fields
Authors: Xiao Jinjing , Chen Li , Pan Fan , Deng Yajing , Ding Chenchun , Liao Min , Su Xianyan , Cao Haiqun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is an urgent need to enhance pesticide effectiveness while reducing adverse environmental impacts, based on the pesticide reduction program that requires net zero growth in chemical pesticide applications by 2020. Agricultural production can benefit from appropriate pesticide application using the optimal method. In this study, the effects of different application methods on the effectiveness, spray deposition, and residue behaviour of 48% phenamacril · tebuconazole suspension concentrate (SC) in wheat production were compared to determine the most efficient and effective method.RESULTS48% phenamacril · tebuconazole SC was most effective in controllingFusariumhead blight (FHB) and mycotoxin contamination. Statistically significant differences in the control effect, spray deposition, initial residues, and half‐life (t1/2) were subsequently observed with different application methods, suggesting that the application method plays a key role in pesticide availability and control efficiency. The differences in control efficiency and pesticide residues between application methods were thought to be related to droplet size, droplet distribution, and penetrability. Unmanned aerial vehicle and mister sprayers were found to effectively increase the control efficacy of 48% phenamacril · tebuconazole SC in terms of FHB control and mycotoxin concentrations, as well as enhancing pesticide availability.CONCLUSIONThese findings are of theoretical and practical value for the scientific application of pesticides in wheat, helping to enhance pesticide utilization while reducing harmful residues. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of mutations in West Australian populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei CYP51 conferring resistance to DMI fungicides
Authors: Tucker Madeline A , Lopez‐Ruiz Francisco , Cools Hans J , Mullins Jonathon GL , Jayasena Kithsiri , Oliver Richard P 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDPowdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is a constant threat to barley production but is generally well controlled through combinations of host genetics and fungicides. An epidemic of barley powdery mildew was observed from 2007 to 2013 in the West Australian grain belt.RESULTSWe collected isolates across Australia, examined their sensitivity to demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides and sequenced the Cyp51B target gene. Five amino acid substitutions were found, of which four were novel. The most resistant haplotypes increased in prevalence from 0% in 2009 to 16% in 2010 and 90% in 2011. Yeast strains expressing the Bgh Cyp51 haplotypes replicated the altered sensitivity to various DMIs and these results were complemented by in silico protein docking studies.CONCLUSIONSThe planting of very susceptible cultivars and the use of a single fungicide mode of action was followed by the emergence of a major epidemic of barley powdery mildew. Widespread use of DMI fungicides led to the selection of Bgh isolates carrying both the Y137F and S524T mutations, which, as in Zymoseptoria tritici, account for resistance factors varying from 3.4 for propiconazole to 18 for tebuconazole, the major azoles used at that time in WA. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Primary screening and application of repellent plant volatiles to control tea leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda
Authors: Cai Xiaoming , Luo Zongxiu , Meng Zhaona , Liu Yan , Chu Bo , Bian Lei , Li Zhaoqun , Xin Zhaojun , Chen Zongmao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tea leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a major pest of tea plants in China. Here, we evaluated the repellent properties of eight volatile chemicals alone and in various combinations as tools for the management of this pest in tea gardens. These chemicals were from the Alliaceae and other aromatic plants, and are known to repel various insect species.RESULTSAmong the eight volatile compounds, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), 1,8‐cineole and allyl methyl sulfide were significantly repellent towards E. onukii adults. DMDS and 1,8‐cineole were mixed to formulate a binary repellent. Under field conditions, spraying and slow‐release applications of the mixture significantly decreased the density of E. onukii adults. The repelling effect after spraying was very short, only ∼ 2 days, but the slow‐release mixture had a longer term repelling effect on E. onukii adults. High emission of the slow‐release mixture, which was achieved by increasing the number of slow‐release bottles, had a stronger repellent effect than low emission. Moreover, when the amount emitted was sufficient, the slow‐release mixture significantly decreased the number of leafhopper nymphs in a treated tea‐plant line, and significantly decreased the number of leafhopper adults and nymphs in a tea‐plant line adjacent to the treated area.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates the repellent action of a mixture of DMDS and 1,8‐cineole applied by a slow‐release method against E. onukii in a tea plantation. This mixture has potential applications in integrated pest management schemes. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Reliability reallocation for cost uncertainty of fuel cell vehicles via improved differential evolution algorithm
Authors: Yu Xueguang , Wang Xu , Liu Xintian , Wang Yansong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is composed of many subsystems; it is necessary to reallocate subsystem reliability to improve FCV system reliability. A comprehensive evaluation method considering uncertainty is proposed to obtain the interval value of feasibility factor. The FCV cost uncertainty model is established on the basic of parameters such as feasibility factor, initial reliability, limit reliability, and subsystem cost. To solve the optimization problem for cost uncertainty, the cost interval model is transformed into a deterministic model by interval order relation. An improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm is proposed to reallocate subsystem reliability for minimum cost.
Assessing the relationship between markers of glycemic control through flexible copula regression models
Authors: Espasandín‐Domínguez J. , Cadarso‐Suárez C. , Kneib T. , Marra G. , Klein N. , Radice R. , Lado‐Baleato O. , González‐Quintela A. , Gude F. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryGlycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a sensitive marker of blood glucose in patients with diabetes. However, levels can vary considerably, even amongst individuals with similar mean blood glucose concentrations. Other glycated proteins, such as fructosamine, can also act as blood sugar markers, but estimating HbA1c and fructosamine via independent models may lead to errors of interpretation regarding disease severity. From a clinical standpoint, it would be of great interest to know the factors that affect the mean concentration of both HbA1c and fructosamine, which influence the variability in the concentrations of these glycated markers and cause HbA1c/fructosamine discordance. Flexible models are required to illustrate the behaviour of these variables as well as the association between them. This work reviews existing models that might serve in this regard. Flexible copula regression models using splines were used to provide a better understanding of the behaviour of both glycated proteins and the relationship between them under the possible influence of different covariates. This work shows the usefulness of this type of models in practise and provides a basis for their clinical interpretation by means of an understandable case study. Ultimately, to better understand the effects of each continuous covariate, they are represented at the true scale of the response variables.
The Role of Protein Engineering in Biomedical Applications of Mammalian Synthetic Biology
Authors: Bojar Daniel , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEngineered proteins with enhanced or altered functionality, generated for example by mutation or domain fusion, are at the core of nearly all synthetic biology endeavors in the context of precision medicine, also known as personalized medicine. From designer receptors sensing elevated blood markers to effectors rerouting signaling pathways to synthetic transcription factors and the customized therapeutics they regulate, engineered proteins play a crucial role at every step of novel therapeutic approaches using synthetic biology. Here, recent developments in protein engineering aided by advances in directed evolution, de novo design, and machine learning are discussed. Building on clinical successes already achieved with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR‐) T cells and other cell‐based therapies, these developments are expected to further enhance the capabilities of mammalian synthetic biology in biomedical and other applications.
Electrostatically Assembling 2D Nanosheets of MXene and MOF‐Derivatives into 3D Hollow Frameworks for Enhanced Lithium Storage
Authors: Zhao Xi , Xu Hai , Hui Zengyu , Sun Yue , Yu Chenyang , Xue Jialu , Zhou Ruicong , Wang Lumin , Dai Henghan , Zhao Yue , Yang Jian , Zhou Jinyuan , Chen Qiang , Sun Gengzhi , Huang Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAs an essential member of 2D materials, MXene (e.g., Ti3C2Tx) is highly preferred for energy storage owing to a high surface‐to‐volume ratio, shortened ion diffusion pathway, superior electronic conductivity, and neglectable volume change, which are beneficial for electrochemical kinetics. However, the low theoretical capacitance and restacking issues of MXene severely limit its practical application in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a facile and controllable method is developed to engineer 2D nanosheets of negatively charged MXene and positively charged layered double hydroxides derived from ZIF‐67 polyhedrons into 3D hollow frameworks via electrostatic self‐assembling. After thermal annealing, transition metal oxides (TMOs)@MXene (CoO/Co2Mo3O8@MXene) hollow frameworks are obtained and used as anode materials for LIBs. CoO/Co2Mo3O8 nanosheets prevent MXene from aggregation and contribute remarkable lithium storage capacity, while MXene nanosheets provide a 3D conductive network and mechanical robustness to facilitate rapid charge transfer at the interface, and accommodate the volume expansion of the internal CoO/Co2Mo3O8. Such hollow frameworks present a high reversible capacity of 947.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, an impressive rate behavior with 435.8 mAh g−1 retained at 5 A g−1, and good stability over 1200 cycles (545 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1).
Understanding Myopia: Pathogenesis and Mechanisms
Authors: Chakraborty Ranjay , Read Scott A. , Vincent Stephen J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMyopia is a common refractive error, characterized by an excessive increase in axial length relative to the refractive power of the eye. Despite much research, the mechanisms underlying the development of myopia are unknown. A large body of work on animal models (such as chicks, guinea pigs, and monkeys) has been instrumental to our understanding of visually guided ocular growth, and potential mechanisms leading to myopia. These studies have shown that experimentally degrading the quality of the image formed on the retina by introducing translucent diffusers (i.e., form-deprivation), or altering the focal point of the image with respect to the retinal plane by imposing plus or minus lenses to the eyes (i.e., lens induced defocus) results in abnormal eye growth and development of reflective errors. Ocular changes in response to form-deprivation and lens induced defocus are primarily associated with changes in axial length (mainly due to changes in vitreous chamber depth) and choroidal thickness. These experimentally induced ocular changes quickly revert to normal upon removal of the imposed optical treatment. Physiological changes in retinal cells and neurotransmitters (such as dopamine), presence of ocular aberrations, altered accommodative response to visual stimuli, and even subtle variations in natural circadian rhythms of axial length may all influence ocular growth, and hence susceptibility to myopia. In fact, several optical interventions alter ocular aberrations, peripheral refraction, and the accommodative response of the eye in an attempt to arrest myopia development. Epidemiological studies have also linked excessive near work, better socioeconomic status, and urbanization to myopia, although the exact cause for these associations remain elusive. Based on decades of work on the effects of ambient lighting on refractive development in laboratory animals, recent clinical studies have revealed protective effects of greater outdoor exposures on development and progression of myopia in children. Experimental models continue to provide valuable information on the cellular and biochemical mechanisms of myopia.
Clinical Management and Control of Myopia in Children
Authors: Chia Audrey , Tay Su Ann 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOur understanding of why myopia develops and how various interventions (such as life style modification, spectacles, contact lenses, and pharmacological agents) affect myopia progression has evolved over time. In this chapter, the theories behind the development of myopia (i.e., the effect of near versus outdoor activity, peripheral defocus, and genetic processes), and the various interventions available for the management of childhood myopia will be reviewed and discussed.
Verwirrung um die Wirkung von Omega-3-Fettsäuren
Authors: von Schacky C. 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Über die Wirkungen von Omega-3-Fettsäuren herrscht Verwirrung. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen brachten scheinbar keine Klarheit. Leitlinien und Regulierungsbehörden widersprechen einander.

Ziel der Übersicht
Der vorliegende Beitrag will Klarheit schaffen, indem statt der Zufuhr die Spiegel der Eicosapentaensäure (EPA) und Docosahexaensäure (DHA) in Erythrozyten als prozentualer Anteil aller gemessenen Fettsäuren (Omega-3-Index) betrachtet werden.

Datenlage
Die breiteste Datenbasis aller Methoden zur Fettsäureanalytik hat der standardisierte HS-Omega‑3 Index® (Omegametrix, Martinsried, Deutschland). Er erfasst den EPA+DHA-Status einer Person und liegt minimal bei 2 %, maximal bei 20 % und optimal zwischen 8 und 11 %. In vielen westlichen Ländern, aber nicht in Japan oder Südkorea sind die Mittelwerte suboptimal. Suboptimale Werte korrelieren mit einer erhöhten Gesamtmortalität, einem plötzlichen Herztod, tödlichen und nichttödlichen Myokardinfarkten, anderen kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, kognitiven Einschränkungen, Major-Depression, Frühgeburten und weiteren Gesundheitsproblemen. Interventionsstudien zu Surrogat- und Intermediärparametern zeigten viele positive Effekte, die, wenn gemessen, mit dem Omega-3-Index korrelierten. Wegen methodischer Mängel, die erst aus der Perspektive des Omega-3-Index erkennbar wurden, waren zahlreiche, auch große, Interventionsstudien mit klinischen Endpunkten nicht positiv, was sich in den jeweiligen Metaanalysen spiegelt. In Interventionsstudien ohne methodische Mängel wurden die genannten klinischen Endpunkte vermindert.

Schlussfolgerung
Alle Menschen haben Spiegel von EPA+DHA. Bei methodisch korrekter Erfassung in Erythrozyten liegt der optimale Bereich zwischen 8 und 11 %. Mangelzustände bedingen teils schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme, denen mit optimalen Spiegeln vorgebeugt werden kann.
Image registration in dynamic renal MRI—current status and prospects
Authors: Zöllner Frank G. , Šerifović-Trbalić Amira , Kabelitz Gordian , Kociński Marek , Materka Andrzej , Rogelj Peter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities have achieved an increasingly important role in the clinical work-up of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). This comprises among others assessment of hemodynamic parameters by arterial spin labeling (ASL) or dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-) MRI. Especially in the latter, images or volumes of the kidney are acquired over time for up to several minutes. Therefore, they are hampered by motion, e.g., by pulsation, peristaltic, or breathing motion. This motion can hinder subsequent image analysis to estimate hemodynamic parameters like renal blood flow or glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To overcome motion artifacts in time-resolved renal MRI, a wide range of strategies have been proposed. Renal image registration approaches could be grouped into (1) image acquisition techniques, (2) post-processing methods, or (3) a combination of image acquisition and post-processing approaches. Despite decades of progress, the translation in clinical practice is still missing. The aim of the present article is to discuss the existing literature on renal image registration techniques and show today’s limitations of the proposed techniques that hinder clinical translation. This paper includes transformation, criterion function, and search types as traditional components and emerging registration technologies based on deep learning. The current trend points towards faster registrations and more accurate results. However, a standardized evaluation of image registration in renal MRI is still missing.
IL-6 deficiency attenuates p53 protein accumulation in aged male mouse hippocampus
Authors: Bialuk Izabela , Cieślińska Magdalena , Kowalczuk Oksana , Bonda Tomasz A. , Nikliński Jacek , Winnicka Maria M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Our earlier studies demonstrated slower age-related memory decline in IL-6-deficient than in control mice. Therefore, in the present study we evaluated the effect of IL-6 deficiency and aging on expression of p53, connected with accumulation of age-related cellular damages, in hippocampus of 4- and 24-month-old IL-6-deficient C57BL/6J (IL-6KO) and wild type control (WT) mice. The accumulation of p53 protein in hippocampus of aged IL-6KO mice was significantly lower than in aged WT ones, while p53 mRNA level was significantly higher in IL-6-deficient mice, what indicates that the effect was independent on p53 transcription. Presence of few apoptotic cells in hippocampal dentate gyrus and lack of changes in levels of pro-apoptotic Bax, antiapoptotic Bcl-2, as well as in p21 protein in aged animals of both genotypes, points to low transcriptional activity of p53, especially in aged WT mice. Because the amount of p53 protein did not correlate with the level of Mdm2 protein, its main negative regulator, other than Mdm2-dependent mechanism was involved in p53 build-up. Significantly higher mRNA levels of autophagy-associated genes: Pten, Tsc2, and Dram1 in IL-6KO mice, in conjunction with significantly lower amount of Bcl-2 protein in 4-month-old IL-6KO mice, suggests that lack of IL-6/STAT3/Bcl-2 signaling could account for better autophagy performance in these mice, preventing excessive accumulation of proteins. Taken together, attenuated p53 protein build-up, absence of enhanced apoptosis, and transcriptional up-regulation of autophagy-associated genes imply that IL-6 deficiency may protect hippocampus from age-related accumulation of cellular damages.
Population responses of bird populations to climate change on two continents vary with species’ ecological traits but not with direction of change in climate suitability
Authors: Mason Lucy R. , Green Rhys E. , Howard Christine , Stephens Philip A. , Willis Stephen G. , Aunins Ainars , Brotons Lluís , Chodkiewicz Tomasz , Chylarecki Przemysław , Escandell Virginia , Foppen Ruud P. B. , Herrando Sergi , Husby Magne , Jiguet Frédéric , Kålås John Atle , Lindström Åke , Massimino Dario , Moshøj Charlotte , Nellis Renno , Paquet Jean-Yves , Reif Jiří , Sirkiä Päivi M. , Szép Tibor , Florenzano Guido Tellini , Teufelbauer Norbert , Trautmann Sven , van Strien Arco , van Turnhout Chris A. M. , Voříšek Petr , Gregory Richard D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Climate change is a major global threat to biodiversity with widespread impacts on ecological communities. Evidence for beneficial impacts on populations is perceived to be stronger and more plentiful than that for negative impacts, but few studies have investigated this apparent disparity, or how ecological factors affect population responses to climatic change. We examined the strength of the relationship between species-specific regional population changes and climate suitability trends (CST), using 30-year datasets of population change for 525 breeding bird species in Europe and the USA. These data indicate a consistent positive relationship between population trend and CST across the two continents. Importantly, we found no evidence that this positive relationship differs between species expected to be negatively and positively impacted across the entire taxonomic group, suggesting that climate change is causing equally strong, quantifiable population increases and declines. Species’ responses to changing climatic suitability varied with ecological traits, however, particularly breeding habitat preference and body mass. Species associated with inland wetlands responded most strongly and consistently to recent climatic change. In Europe, smaller species also appeared to respond more strongly, whilst the relationship with body mass was less clear-cut for North American birds. Overall, our results identify the role of certain traits in modulating responses to climate change and emphasise the importance of long-term data on abundance for detecting large-scale species’ responses to environmental changes.
Preschool Educators’ Emotional Directions Towards Mathematics
Authors: Sumpter Lovisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates Swedish preschool educators’ emotional directions towards mathematics. A questionnaire was answered by 157 preschool educators and their responses were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The majority of preschool educators stated that they are positive towards mathematics. Regarding the hypotheses that education or years of experience have a positive impact on how you feel about a subject, the statistical analysis did not confirm these hypotheses. However, the results from the qualitative analysis suggest that some preschool educators change their feelings towards mathematics with time, experience, more education and/or new setting such as a new curriculum. They expressed a dynamic view where they previously have been more negative towards mathematics but now are much more positive. Some implications are that compared with the reputation, preschool educators express more positive feelings, and that targeted education is a contributing factor.