bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rosetting revisited: a critical look at the evidence for host erythrocyte receptors inPlasmodium falciparumrosetting
Authors: McQuaid Fiona , Rowe J. Alexandra 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMalaria remains a major cause of mortality in African children, with no adjunctive treatments currently available to ameliorate the severe clinical forms of the disease. Rosetting, the adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to uninfected erythrocytes, is a parasite phenotype strongly associated with severe malaria, and hence is a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of rosetting are complex and involve multiple distinct receptor–ligand interactions, with some similarities to the diverse pathways involved inP. falciparumerythrocyte invasion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular interactions that lead to rosette formation, with a particular focus on host uninfected erythrocyte receptors including the A and B blood group trisaccharides, complement receptor one, heparan sulphate, glycophorin A and glycophorin C. There is strong evidence supporting blood group A trisaccharides as rosetting receptors, but evidence for other molecules is incomplete and requires further study. It is likely that additional host erythrocyte rosetting receptors remain to be discovered. A rosette-disrupting low anti-coagulant heparin derivative is being investigated as an adjunctive therapy for severe malaria, and further research into the receptor–ligand interactions underlying rosetting may reveal additional therapeutic approaches to reduce the unacceptably high mortality rate of severe malaria.
Psychological interventions using virtual reality for pain associated with medical procedures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Georgescu Raluca , Fodor Liviu A. , Dobrean Anca , Cristea Ioana A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundVirtual reality (VR) may enhance the effectiveness of psychological interventions for acute pain. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of VR-based interventions for pain associated with medical procedures.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO until June 17th 2018. We identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comparing VR-based psychological interventions to usual care, for pain intensity (primary outcome) or affective and cognitive components of pain (secondary outcomes), assessed real-time or retrospectively. Two independent reviewers performed study selection and data extraction. Risk of bias was independently evaluated by three raters using the revised Cochrane Collaboration tool. A random-effects model using the Paule and Mandel estimator was used for pooling effect sizes.Results27 RCTs (1452 patients) provided enough data for meta-analysis. Compared to usual care, VR-based interventions reduced pain intensity both real-time (9 RCTs, Hedges' g = 0.95, 95% CI 0.32–1.57) and retrospectively (22 RCTs, g = 0.87, 95% CI 0.54–1.21). Results were similar for cognitive (8 RCTs, g = 0.82, 95% CI 0.39–1.26) and affective pain components (14 RCTs, g = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34–0.77). There was marked heterogeneity, which remained similarly high in sensitivity analyses. Across domains, few trials were rated as low risk of bias and there was evidence of publication bias. Adverse events were rare.ConclusionsThough VR-based interventions reduced pain for patients undergoing medical procedures, inferring clinical effectiveness is precluded by the predominance of small trials, with substantial risk of bias, and by incomplete reporting.
Subjective wellbeing as a determinant of glycated hemoglobin in older adults: longitudinal findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Poole Lydia , Hackett Ruth A. , Panagi Laura , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown an association between subjective wellbeing and incident diabetes. Less is known about the role of wellbeing for subclinical disease trajectories as captured via glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). We aimed to explore the association between subjective wellbeing and future HbA1c levels, and the role of sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors in this association.MethodsWe used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing for this study (N = 2161). Subjective wellbeing (CASP-19) was measured at wave 2 and HbA1c was measured 8 years later at wave 6. Participants were free from diabetes at baseline. We conducted a series of analyses to examine the extent to which the association was accounted for by a range of sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors in linear regression models.ResultsModels showed that subjective wellbeing (CASP-19 total score) was inversely associated with HbA1c 8 years later after controlling for depressive symptoms, age, sex, and baseline HbA1c (B = −0.035, 95% CI −0.060 to –0.011, p = 0.005). Inclusion of sociodemographic variables and behavioral factors in models accounted for a large proportion (17.0% and 24.5%, respectively) of the relationship between wellbeing and later HbA1c; clinical risk factors explained a smaller proportion of the relationship (3.4%).ConclusionsPoorer subjective wellbeing is associated with greater HbA1c over 8 years of follow-up and this relationship can in part be explained by sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors among older adults.
Callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness: A cardiovascular psychophysiological perspective in two adolescent samples using virtual reality
Authors: Thomson Nicholas D. , Gillespie Steven M. , Centifanti Luna C.M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere has been a longstanding debate about the link between callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness. However, biological evidence for a relationship in adolescents is lacking. Using two adolescent samples, we measured emotional reactivity and cardiac measures of sympathetic (pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) reactivity during 3D TV and virtual reality fear induction. Study 1 included 62 community adolescents from a stratified sample. Study 2 included 60 adolescents from Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties schools. Results were consistent across both studies. Adolescents with high callous-unemotional traits showed coactivation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Consistent with these results, youths with callous-unemotional traits self-reported that they felt more in control after the fear induction. Thus, in both samples, youth with callous-unemotional traits displayed a physiological and emotional profile suggesting they maintained control during fear induction. Therefore, it is proposed here that a shift in thinking of youth with callous-unemotional traits as fearless to youth with callous-unemotional traits are better able to manage fearful situations, may be more appropriate.
Organizing Health Care Services for the 2017 “Athens Marathon, The Authentic:” Perspectives on Collaboration among Health and Safety Personnel in the Marathon Command Center
Authors: Bistaraki Angeliki , Georgiadis Konstantinos , Pyrros Demetrios G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Mass gatherings pose unique challenges for interorganizational collaboration. The “Athens Marathon, The Authentic” is a 42,195m (26.2mile) race with approximately 18,000 runners that increases annually. On the same day, additional races take place and a grand total of more than 50,000 runners fill the city center of Athens, Greece. Responding effectively to unexpected incidents requires comprehensive planning, clear decision-making structure, and effective collaboration. Nonetheless, there is limited empirical evidence to support interagency collaboration in mass gatherings.Purpose:This study used the 2017 Athens Marathon and related races as the empirical setting to examine how interagency collaboration was perceived among the multiple public health and safety professionals involved in the marathon command center.Methods:Data comprised 10 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with key informants, direct observations of meetings and the event itself, and documentary analysis. Open coding and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data.Results:Findings indicated four key components of interagency collaboration in such an event: organizational culture, team synthesis, on-site spatial planning, and the usage of radio-amateurs.Conclusion:This study outlined the factors that shaped interagency collaboration in the context of a mass event. Practical implications arising from this study may inform the ways organizers of marathons and other mass sporting events can engage in effective partnerships and joint working.
Core Disaster Medicine Education (CDME) for Emergency Medicine Residents in the United States
Authors: Sarin Ritu R. , Biddinger Paul , Brown John , Burstein Jonathan L. , Burkle Frederick M. , Char Douglas , Ciottone Gregory , Hick John L. , Koenig Kristi L. , Little Charles , Schultz Carl , Maggin Jeremy , Goralnick Eric 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectives:Disaster Medicine (DM) education for Emergency Medicine (EM) residents is highly variable due to time constraints, competing priorities, and program expertise. The investigators’ aim was to define and prioritize DM core competencies for EM residency programs through consensus opinion of experts and EM professional organization representatives.Methods:Investigators utilized a modified Delphi methodology to generate a recommended, prioritized core curriculum of 40 DM educational topics for EM residencies.Results:The DM topics recommended and outlined for inclusion in EM residency training included: patient triage in disasters, surge capacity, introduction to disaster nomenclature, blast injuries, hospital disaster mitigation, preparedness, planning and response, hospital response to chemical mass-casualty incident (MCI), decontamination indications and issues, trauma MCI, disaster exercises and training, biological agents, personal protective equipment, and hospital response to radiation MCI.Conclusions:This expert-consensus-driven, prioritized ranking of DM topics may serve as the core curriculum for US EM residency programs.
The Effect of Prehospital Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ng K.T. , Teoh W.Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Epinephrine has been recommended for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) resuscitation for nearly one century, but its efficacy and safety remain unclear in the literature. The primary aim of this review was to determine whether epinephrine increases the return of spontaneous circulation in OHCA patients.Methods:A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL, from their inception until October 2018. All the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Observational studies, case reports, case series, and non-systematic reviews were excluded.Results:Two trials including 8,548 patients were eligible for inclusion in the data synthesis. In patients who received epinephrine during OHCA, the incidence of return of spontaneous circulation was increased, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 4.25 (3.79-4.75), P &lt;.001, high-quality of evidence. The number of patients transported to hospital was increased in patients who had prehospital epinephrine, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 2.31 (2.11-2.53), P &lt;.001, high-quality of evidence. The prehospital use of epinephrine was associated with an increased survival to hospital discharge, the odds ratio (95%CI) being 1.43 (1.10-1.87), P = .008, moderate-quality of evidence. No significant effect was noted on the favorable neurologic state of patient at hospital discharge, with an odds ratio (95%CI) of 1.21 (0.90-1.64), P = .21, moderate-quality of evidence.Conclusions:This meta-analysis suggests that the prehospital use of epinephrine increases return of spontaneous circulation, transport of patients to hospital, and survival to hospital discharge for OHCA. However, no significant effects on favorable neurologic function at hospital discharge were demonstrated. The general quality of evidence ranged from moderate to high.
The Benefit of Interventions to Reduce Posttraumatic Stress in Youth Exposed to Mass Trauma: A Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pfefferbaum Betty , Nitiéma Pascal , Newman Elana , Patel Anushka 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNumerous interventions to address posttraumatic stress (PTS) in youth exposed to mass trauma have been delivered and evaluated. It remains unclear, however, which interventions work for whom and under what conditions. This report describes a meta-analysis of the effect of youth mass-trauma interventions on PTS to determine if interventions were superior to inactive controls and describes a moderator analysis to examine whether the type of event, population characteristics, or income level of the country where the intervention was delivered may have affected the observed effect sizes. A comprehensive literature search identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of youth mass-trauma interventions relative to inactive controls. The search identified 2,232 references, of which 25 RCTs examining 27 trials (N = 4,662 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. Intervention effects were computed as Hedge’s g estimates and combined using a random effects model. Moderator analyses were conducted to explain the observed heterogeneity among effect sizes using the following independent variables: disaster type (political violence versus natural disaster); sample type (targeted versus non-targeted); and income level of the country where the intervention was delivered (high- versus middle- versus low-income). The correlation between the estimates of the intervention effects on PTS and on functional impairment was estimated. The overall treatment effect size was converted into a number needed to treat (NNT) for a practical interpretation. The overall intervention effect was statistically significant (g = 0.57; P &lt; .0001), indicating that interventions had a medium beneficial effect on PTS. None of the hypothesized moderators explained the heterogeneity among the intervention effects. Estimates of the intervention effects on PTS and on functional impairment were positively correlated (Spearman’s r = 0.90; P &lt; .0001), indicating a concomitant improvement in both outcomes. These findings confirm that interventions can alleviate PTS and enhance functioning in children exposed to mass trauma. This study extends prior research by demonstrating improvement in PTS with interventions delivered to targeted and non-targeted populations, regardless of the country income level. Intervention populations and available resources should be considered when interpreting the results of intervention studies to inform recommendations for practice.
Forschungsnetzwerk KODAP
Authors: In-Albon Tina , Christiansen Hanna , Imort Stephanie , Krause Karen , Schlarb Angelika , Schneider Silvia , Schwarz Daniela , Weber Lorenz ,   KODAP-Team, Velten Julia 
Published: August 2019

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Anzahl universitärer psychotherapeutischer Ambulanzen für Kinder und Jugendliche an psychologischen Instituten ist in nur wenigen Jahren deutlich angestiegen. Diese erfreuliche Entwicklung ist potentiell für die Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit psychischen Störungen, die praxisnahe Lehre im Psychologiestudium, die qualifizierte Psychotherapieausbildung und die klinisch-psychologische Forschung äußerst relevant. Der Wissensstand bezüglich Diagnostik, Ätiologie und psychotherapeutischer Behandlung von psychischen Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter steht für viele Störungsbilder deutlich hinter dem umfangreichen Forschungs- und Wissensstand psychischer Störungen des Erwachsenenalters. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die Initiative, Daten der universitären Psychotherapieambulanzen für Kinder und Jugendliche zusammenzuführen, ein wesentlicher Schritt, um der Altersgruppe der Kinder und Jugendlichen gleich gut begründete und evaluierte Behandlungsansätze zukommen zu lassen. KODAP – die Koordination der Datenerhebung und -auswertung an Forschungs-‍, Lehr- und Ausbildungsambulanzen für psychologische Psychotherapie – übernimmt dabei die Koordination dieses komplexen Vorhabens sowohl für den Kinder- und Jugend- als auch den Erwachsenenbereich. Fragestellung / Methode: Es werden die soziodemographischen und klinischen Daten der im Jahr 2016 behandelten Patient_innen, deren Eltern und jeweiligen Therapeut_innen von sieben Ambulanzen beschrieben. Hierzu werden die deskriptiven Angaben zu Diagnosehäufigkeiten, Altersstruktur, Anzahl komorbider Störungen der Patient_innen und eine soziodemographische Beschreibung der Therapeut_innen und Eltern vorgestellt und diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Für das Jahr 2016 stehen Daten von 568 Kindern und Jugendlichen zwischen 3 und 20 Jahren ( Malter = 11.89, SD = 3.68; 46.6 % weiblich) zur Verfügung. Die häufigsten Diagnosen stellten die Angststörungen (F40, F41, F93) mit 317 Diagnosen (35.30 %), gefolgt von den hyperkinetischen Störungen und den Störungen des Sozialverhaltens (F90, F91, F92) mit 195 Diagnosen (21.71 %) dar. Bei 45.6 % der Patient_innen wurde mehr als eine Störungsdiagnose festgestellt. Des Weiteren lagen die Daten von 257 Müttern bzw. 228 Vätern und 126 Therapeut_innen, davon 83.1 % weiblich, vor. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie zeigt die Machbarkeit der Zusammenführung und Aufbereitung der Daten aus universitären Psychotherapieambulanzen für Kinder und Jugendliche. Zudem geben die Pilotdaten einen ersten Einblick in diese Inanspruchnahmepopulation.
The Seasonal Origins of Streamwater in Switzerland
Authors: Allen Scott T. , von Freyberg Jana , Weiler Markus , Goldsmith Gregory R. , Kirchner James W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractQuantifying the relative contributions of winter versus summer precipitation to streamflow may be important for understanding water‐resource sensitivity to precipitation variability. Here we compare volume‐weighted mean δ18O values in precipitation and streamflow for 12 catchments in Switzerland, to determine whether summer or winter precipitation is overrepresented in streamflow, relative to its proportion of total precipitation. Similarities between precipitation and streamflow weighted‐mean δ18O values indicate that roughly equal fractions of summer and winter precipitation supply streams in Switzerland. These results, together with mass conservation, suggest that similar fractions of summer and winter precipitation supply evapotranspiration. These findings contrast with the assumption that because summer precipitation falls when transpiration rates and evaporative demand are high, it should be underrepresented in streamflow and overrepresented in evapotranspiration. This contrast between seasonal water‐balance variations and the partitioning of seasonal precipitation into runoff and evapotranspiration demonstrates substantial interseasonal carryover of precipitation in storages that supply evapotranspiration.
A Synthetic Model to Quantify Dissolved Organic Carbon Transport in the Changjiang River System: Model Structure and Spatiotemporal Patterns
Authors: Lv Shucong , Yu Qibiao , Wang Fang , Wang Yuchun , Yan Weijin , Li Yanqiang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRiverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an important carbon pool in the global biogeochemical cycle. DOC transport in river networks involves three processes: DOC input (including DOC release from terrestrial ecosystems and in situ production in river networks), in‐river removal, and export through watershed outlets or estuaries. DOC transport in large river networks is gaining attention due to its important role in carbon and nutrient supply and CO2 emission, for example. However, quantifying DOC input to rivers and in‐river removal is still not properly understood. This study developed a synthesis model to quantify DOC transport in the Changjiang River Network (CRN) by coupling spiraling theory with Strahler river order. Our study suggested that the wetlands proportion and soil organic matter are valid parameters in a DOC model and our simulations showed that approximately 2.65–4.86 Tg C/year entered rivers and 1.16–2.12 Tg C/year was exported to the estuary as DOC, with a removal proportion of over 50% throughout the CRN in 1980–2015. The subbasins of the Dongting Lake, the Yichang‐Jiujiang section of the mainstream, and the Min‐Tuo River were primary contributors of DOC load, accounting for approximately 45% of the bulk DOC load of the CRN. The subbasins of Jinsha River and Yalong River in the upper reaches of the CRN and the subbasin of Wu River contributed less than 10% of the DOC load. DOC export by the CRN accounted for 0.3–1.2% of the global DOC flux from land to sea.
Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons subtypes signal both reward and aversion
Authors: Soares-Cunha Carina , de Vasconcelos Nivaldo A. P. , Coimbra Bárbara , Domingues Ana Verónica , Silva Joana M. , Loureiro-Campos Eduardo , Gaspar Rita , Sotiropoulos Ioannis , Sousa Nuno , Rodrigues Ana João 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDeficits in decoding rewarding (and aversive) signals are present in several neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression and addiction, emphasising the importance of studying the underlying neural circuits in detail. One of the key regions of the reward circuit is the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The classical view on the field postulates that NAc dopamine receptor D1-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) convey reward signals, while dopamine receptor D2-expressing MSNs (D2-MSNs) encode aversion. Here, we show that both MSN subpopulations can drive reward and aversion, depending on their neuronal stimulation pattern. Brief D1- or D2-MSN optogenetic stimulation elicited positive reinforcement and enhanced cocaine conditioning. Conversely, prolonged activation induced aversion, and in the case of D2-MSNs, decreased cocaine conditioning. Brief stimulation was associated with increased ventral tegmenta area (VTA) dopaminergic tone either directly (for D1-MSNs) or indirectly via ventral pallidum (VP) (for D1- and D2-MSNs). Importantly, prolonged stimulation of either MSN subpopulation induced remarkably distinct electrophysiological effects in these target regions. We further show that blocking κ-opioid receptors in the VTA (but not in VP) abolishes the behavioral effects induced by D1-MSN prolonged stimulation. In turn, blocking δ-opioid receptors in the VP (but not in VTA) blocks the behavioral effects elicited by D2-MSN prolonged stimulation. Our findings demonstrate that D1- and D2-MSNs can bidirectionally control reward and aversion, explaining the existence of controversial studies in the field, and highlights that the proposed striatal functional opposition needs to be reconsidered.