bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide Against Giardia lamblia
Authors: Barbosa-Cabrera Elizabeth , Moo-Puc Rosa , Monge Antonio , Paz-González Alma Delia , Bocanegra-García Virgilio , Rivera Gildardo 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Giardiasis is an important public health problem. However, its
pharmacological treatment is limited mainly to two drugs, metronidazole and nitazoxanide.
Objectives: Screening four series of esters (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-propyl) of quinoxaline-7-
carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide in in vitro and in vivo models as antigiardiasis agents.

Objectives:
Screening four series of esters (methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and n-propyl) of quinoxaline-7-
carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide in in vitro and in vivo models as antigiardiasis agents.

Methods:
Briefly, 4 × 104 trophozoites of G. lamblia were incubated for 48 h at 37 °C with different
concentrations of esters of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide, albendazole, metronidazole
and nitazoxanide. Afterwards, trophozoites were counted and the half maximal inhibitory
concentration (IC50) was calculated by Probit analysis. The in vivo antigiardial activity of the
compounds was demonstrated using experimental infections of G. lamblia in suckling female CD-1
mice.

Results:
Compound T-069 with a thienyl, a trifluoromethyl and an isopropyl group at R1-, R2- and
R3-position, respectively, on the quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide ring in an in vitro model showed an IC50
value of 0.0014 µM, and 3502 and 1108 times more giardicidal activity than nitazoxanide and
metronidazole in an in vivo model.

Conclusion:
Isopropyl ester of quinoxaline-7-carboxylate 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives showed better
giardicidal activity than the reference drugs; therefore, these compounds are good candidates to
develop new pharmacological treatment for giardiasis.
A Study on Time Series Forecasting using Hybridization of Time Series Models and Neural Networks
Authors: Aijaz Iflah , Agarwal Parul 
Published: July 2019

Introduction:
Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) are leading linear and non-linear models in Machine learning respectively for time series
forecasting.

Objective:
This survey paper presents a review of recent advances in the area of Machine Learning techniques
and artificial intelligence used for forecasting different events.

Methods:
This paper presents an extensive survey of work done in the field of Machine Learning where hybrid
models for are compared to the basic models for forecasting on the basis of error parameters like Mean
Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute
Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE).

Results:
Table 1 summarizes important papers discussed in this paper on the basis of some parameters
which explain the efficiency of hybrid models or when the model is used in isolation.

Conclusion:
The hybrid model has realized accurate results as compared when the models were used in isolation
yet some research papers argue that hybrids cannot always outperform individual models.
Exploring Molecular Docking Studies of Alanine Racemase Inhibitors from Elettaria cardamomum
Authors: Kumari Rosy , Mishra Ratish Chandra , Yadav Shivani , Yadav Jaya Parkash 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Enterococcus faecalis has attracted much attention in recent times due to its
increased virulence in hospital-acquired infections. Cardamom which is an exotic spice in food items
can be proposed for its antimicrobial potential. In the present study, alanine racemase (AlaR) of the
bacteria was considered as inhibitors’ target due to its crucial role in cell wall synthesis.

Methods:
GC-MS analysis of Cardamom extract was performed and the identified phytochemicals
were docked against AlaR using AutoDock 4.0. Top score ligands were further subjected to Absorption,
Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion (ADME) analysis.

Results & Conclusion:
Molecular docking studies reveal that among 85 phytoligands, ricinoleic acid,
bombykol, 1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid, and linalool showed significant interaction to the enzyme
with an energy of -7.81, -7.57, -7.03, -7.02 and -7 kcal/mol, respectively, as compared to its substrate
(ΔG Alanine: -5.03 kcal/mol). Among all the five lead compounds, 1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid, and
linalool exhibited high bioactivity score on druglikeliness. This enabled us to conclude that the compounds
1,8- cineole, heptanoic acid and linalool would be useful antibacterial agents against E. faecalis
infections.
Evaluation of Selected Natural Compounds as Dual Inhibitors of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Monoamine Oxidase
Authors: Engelbrecht Idalet , Petzer Jacobus P. , Petzer Anél 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The most effective symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease remains
the metabolic precursor of dopamine, L-dopa. To enhance the efficacy of L-dopa, it is often combined
with inhibitors of the enzymes, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase
(MAO) B, key metabolic enzymes of L-dopa and dopamine.

Objective:
This study attempted to discover compounds that exhibit dual inhibition of COMT and
MAO-B among a library of 40 structurally diverse natural compounds. Such dual acting inhibitors
may be effective as adjuncts to L-dopa and offer enhanced value in the management of Parkinson’s
disease.

Methods:
Selected natural compounds were evaluated as in vitro inhibitors of rat liver COMT and
recombinant human MAO. Reversibility of MAO inhibition was investigated by dialysis.

Results:
Among the natural compounds morin (IC50 = 1.32 µM), chlorogenic acid (IC50 = 6.17 µM),
(+)-catechin (IC50 = 0.86 µM), alizarin (IC50 = 0.88 µM), fisetin (IC50 = 5.78 µM) and rutin (IC50 =
25.3 µM) exhibited COMT inhibition. Among these active COMT inhibitors only morin (IC50 = 16.2
µM), alizarin (IC50 = 8.16 µM) and fisetin (IC50 = 7.33 µM) were noteworthy MAO inhibitors, with
specificity for MAO-A.

Conclusion:
None of the natural products investigated here are dual COMT/MAO-B inhibitors.
However, good potency COMT inhibitors have been identified, which may serve as leads for future
development of COMT inhibitors.
Effects of Myo-inositol Alone and in Combination with Seleno-Lmethionine on Cadmium-Induced Testicular Damage in Mice
Authors: Benvenga Salvatore , Micali Antonio , Pallio Giovanni , Vita Roberto , Malta Consuelo , Puzzolo Domenico , Irrera Natasha , Squadrito Francesco , Altavilla Domenica , Minutoli Letteria 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Cadmium (Cd) impairs gametogenesis and damages the blood-testis barrier.
Objective: As the primary mechanism of Cd-induced damage is oxidative stress, the effects of two natural
antioxidants, myo-inositol (MI) and seleno-L-methionine (Se), were evaluated in mice testes.

Methods:
Eighty-four male C57 BL/6J mice were divided into twelve groups: 0.9% NaCl (vehicle; 1
ml/kg/day i.p.); Se (0.2 mg/kg/day per os); Se (0.4 mg/kg/day per os); MI (360 mg/kg/day per os); MI
plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 (2 mg/kg/day i.p.) plus vehicle; CdCl2 plus
MI; CdCl2 plus Se (0.2 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day); CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.2
mg/kg/day); and CdCl2 plus MI plus Se (0.4 mg/kg/day). After 14 days, testes were processed for biochemical,
structural and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results:
CdCl2 increased iNOS and TNF-α expression and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lowered
glutathione (GSH) and testosterone, induced testicular lesions, and almost eliminated claudin-11 immunoreactivity.
Se administration at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α expression,
maintained GSH, MDA and testosterone levels, structural changes and low claudin-11 immunoreactivity.
MI alone or associated with Se at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg significantly reduced iNOS and TNF-α
expression and MDA levels, increased GSH and testosterone levels, ameliorated structural organization
and increased claudin-11 patches number.

Conclusion:
We demonstrated a protective effect of MI, a minor role of Se and an evident positive role
of the association between MI and Se on Cd-induced damages of the testis. MI alone or associated with
Se might protect testes in subjects exposed to toxicants, at least to those with behavior similar to Cd.
Inventarisasi Pemanfaatan Daun Tanaman Sebagai Sumber Protein dalam Pakan Kambing Peranakan Etawa (Studi Kasus di Dusun Prodosumbul, Desa Klampok, Kecamatan Singosari, Kabupaten Malang)
Authors: Marhaeniyanto Eko , Susanti Sri , Siswanto Bambang , Murti Ariani Trisna 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian dilaksanakan di Dusun Prodosumbul, Desa Klampok, Kecamatan Singosari Kabupaten Malang. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menginventarisasi jenis pakan, konsumsi pakan dan produktivitas kambing PE ditingkat peternak. Penelitian ini melibatkan peternak kambing PE sebagai responden sebanyak 91 orang, berdasarkan kriteria jumlah kepemilikan ternak kambing >3 ekor, pengalaman beternak > 5 tahun. Pemilihan responden melibatkan peran kelompok tani yaitu Gapoktan Arjuna Sejahtera. Metode penelitian adalah studi kasus. Pengamatan in vivo dilakukan pada 20 ekor kambing PE jantan muda dengan rataan bobot awal 16,71Â±1,76 kg. Data dianalisis melalui tahap pengumpulan data, reduksi data, tabulasi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil inventarisasi didapatkan 27 jenis hijauan pakan ternak kambing, terdiri dari 22 macam daun tanaman dan 5 macam hijauan rumput (81,48% daun tanaman : 18,52% hijauan rumput). Pakan hijauan yang sering diberikan pada ternak kambing adalah rumput lapang, pucuk tebu, daun sengon, daun pahitan dan rumput gajah (responden pengguna >40%). Rataan konsumsi hijauan pakan 7,06 kg/ekor/hari dengan konsumsi bahan kering 526,07Â±88,15 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi bahan organik 511,89Â±80,32 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi protein kasar 61,58Â±16,21 g/ekor/hari, konsumsi serat kasar 101,18Â±29,68 g/ekor/hari dan konsumsi lemak kasar 17,50Â±13,75 g/ekor/hari.Â Pertambahan bobot badan harian 65,9Â±11,7 g/ekor/hari, konversi pakan 7,53Â±2,85. Terdapat 13 jenis daun tanaman yang memiliki kandungan protein kasar (PK) lebih dari 18% yaitu Paracerianthes falcataria, Calliandra calothyrsus, Lecaena leucocephala, Artrocarpus heterophyllus Lamk, Calliandra haemochephala, Gliricidia sepium, Colocasia esculenta, Eritrina lithosperma, Sauropus adrogynus, Agratum conyzoides, Ceiba petandra, Manihot utilissima, Centrosema pubescens merupakan pakan potensial sebagai sumber protein untuk pakan ternak kambing PE.
Peningkatan hasil belajar passing atas pada permainan bola voli melalui variasi pembelajaran siswa SMP
Authors: Lubis Ade Evriansyah , Agus Muhammad 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar passing atas bola voli pada siswa kelas VIII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Aek Songsongan Asahan Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017, melalui Variasi Pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus, dengan tiap siklus terdiri atas perencanaan, tindakan, observasi, dan refleksi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini berupa tes kepada para siswa yang berbentuk aplikasi teknik dasar passing atas bola voli. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan penilaian hasil belajar passingatasbola voli. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan secara deskriptif berdasarkan pada analisis kualitatif dengan prosentase. Adapun hasil yang diperoleh dari observasi yakni 7 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (21%) sedangkan 25 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (79%). Pada siklus I diperoleh hasil dimana 25 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (78%) sedangkan 7 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (22%). Dan pada siklus II diperoleh hasil dimana 29 siswa dinyatakan tuntas (90%) sedangkan 3 siswa lainnya dinyatakan tidak tuntas (10%). Improving the learning results of high pass on volleyball through learning variance among junior high school students AbstractThe study aims at identifying the learning results of high pass on volleyball among Grade VIII-1 students of Negeri 1 Aek Songsongan Junior High School Asahan Academic Year 2016/2017 by means of learning variance. The study itself is a Classroom Action Research. When the study was conducted there were two cycles and each cycle consisted of planning, action, observation and reflection. The data sources in the study were the tests to the students in the form of basic high pass technique application in volleyball. Then, the data in the study were gathered by means of assessment toward the learning results of high pass. In analysing the data, the descriptive qualitative technique was implemented with percentage. From the observation, 7 students (21.00%) passed the test while 25 students (79.00%) did not pass the test. Furthermore, in the first cycle 25 students (78.00%) passed the test while the remaining 7 students (22.00%) did not pass the test. In the second cycle, 29 students (90.00%) passed the test while the 3 remaining students (10.00%) did not pass the test.
Alih kode dan campur kode tuturan di lingkungan pendidikan
Authors: Simatupang Ruth Remilani , Rohmadi Muhammad , Saddhono Kundharu 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan alih kode dan campur kode yang digunakan oleh penutur di lingkungan SMK di Kota Medan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahasa-bahasa yang digunakan oleh guru dan siswa pada saat pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah tuturan penggunaan alih kode dan campur kode yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengumpulkan data adalah teknik pengamatan, teknik wawancara dan teknik rekam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alih kode dan campur kode yang terjadi ialah bahasa Inggris,bahasa Batak, dan bahasa Indonesia. Jenis alih kode yang ditemukan adalah bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Batak. Jenis campur kode yang ditemukan adalah campur kode ke dalam dan campur kode keluar dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia,bahasa Inggris, dan bahasa Batak dengan bentuk kata, kelompok kata, kata ulang, ungkapan dan klausa.Code Switching and Code Mixing on the Speech of Education Environment AbstractThe research aims to describe code switching and code mixing that are used by speaker in vacation high school at Medan. This research is a qualitative descriptive. The subject of this research is languages used by teacher and students in learning Indonesian. The object of this research is code switching and code mixing used on learning Indonesian.The method used to collecting the data are observational echniques, interview techniques and recording techniques. The result shows that languages undergoing code switching and code mixing are English, Bataknese and indnesian. The type of code switching found is Bataknese languages to Indonesian languages.furthermor, the type of code mixing found is inner code-mixing and outer code -mixing by using Indonesian language, English and Bataknese with the form of the word, group of words, repetition of word, expression and clause.
ACCOUNTABILITY PRESSURE AS DEBIASER FOR CONFIRMATION BIAS IN INFORMATION SEARCH AND TAX CONSULTANT’S RECOMMENDATIONS
Authors: Misra Fauzan - 
Published: July 2019

Introduction: This study examines the influence of accountability pressure toward information search behavior and the subsequent tax recommendation. Background Problem: Prior research has shown that tax consultants are subject to confirmation bias during their information search when providing recommendations to their clients. Nevertheless, less attention has been given to identifying boundary condition or mitigating factors. This study proposes accountability pressure to mitigate such bias. Novelty: This study broadens the understanding of the effect of different accountability pressures on an individual’s effort and judgement making. Research Method: The research was conducted by an experimental approach using a 1x2 between-subjects design using an Internet-based instrument. Accountability pressure is manipulated into 2 levels (strong or weak). The experiment involved 82 tax professionals. Findings: The results show that accountability pressures influence the depth of the consultant information search. That is, a tax consultant those faced a high accountability pressure performed a deep search, while those who faced a weak accountability pressure conducted a shallow search. Then, a deep search leads to more conservative recommendations, while a shallow search leads to an aggressive recommendation. Furthermore, the results of interaction and simple effect tests show that the information search depth can mitigate confirmation bias occurred during information search processes. Conclusion: These findings imply that accountability within the organization needs to get more attention from tax consultants. While any prior research found that confirmation bias was proofed to have pervasive character and hard to be eliminated, this study pointed out that the accountability pressure could mitigate such bias.
EFFECT OFCO-ADMINISTRATION OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS AND AEGLE MARMELOS EXTRACTS FOR ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Jain Hemant Kumar , JAISWAL SNEHAL R. 
Published: July 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to develop an HPLC analytical method and to perform in vivo study of Emblica officinalis and Aegle marmelos extracts for antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.
Methods: The phytochemical analyses, total phenolic content (TPC), TLC, DPPH assay were performed for freeze-dried Emblica officinalis fruits aqueous extract (EOFAE) and Aegle marmelos leaves ethyl acetate extract (AMLEAE). The active constituents present in both extracts were estimated by using HPLC system having Hibar® C18 column [250 x4.6 mm, 5 µm] and UV detector (264 nm). A gradient mobile phase (acetonitrile and water with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) was used at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In vivo antioxidant, antidiabetic activity of both extracts was conducted on male albino Wistar rats for 21 d in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (42 rats; n=6). The antidiabetic activity was measured by blood glucose level and biochemical parameters i.e. total cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein. Oxidative stress was measured by antioxidant biomarkers i.e. SOD, GSH, lipid peroxidation by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances method on the liver of the experimental rat.
Results: Tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, glycosides are found in EOFAE; coumarins and flavonoids are found in AMLEAE and quinones, phenols are present in both extracts. The values of TPC present in standard gallic acid, EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 485.7, 315.6, 300.7 mgGAE/g, respectively. Rf values obtained by TLC of EOFAE and AMLEAE were found to be 0.41 and 0.50, respectively. The values of % inhibition shown by EOFAE and AMLEAE in DPPH assay were found to be 97.8%±2 and 95.2%±2, respectively. The values of retention time of EOFAE and AMLEAE by HPLC analysis were found to be 4.59 and 5.28 min, respectively. Histopathological examination of the liver was revealed that low dose EOAM (containing of EOFAE 250+AMLEAE 250 mg/kg body weight) administered once a daily for 21 d showed significant activity (P˂0.001) with biochemical parameters and antioxidant biomarkers.
Conclusion: The present study showed that the EOFAE and AMLEAE treated group III with (EOAM) low dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has potent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.
TWO NOVEL FLAVONE C-GLYCOSIDES ISOLATED FROM AFROCARPUS GRACILIOR: POM ANALYSES AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY AGANIST HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Authors: Kamal Amel M. , Abdelhady Mohamed , Ben Hadda Taibi 
Published: July 2019

Objective: Cancer is considered as one of the top reasons of death and the number of cases increasing gradually. Cancer is severe clinical difficulty to the health caution system. This study explored two novel polyphenols of Afrocarpus gracilior Pilger growing in Egypt and evaluated their cytotoxic activity.
Methods: Methanolic (80%) extract of the leaves of A. gracilior was subjected to column chromatography; the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established by advanced spectral techniques: UV, 1H, 13C NMR, two dimensional NMR (2D NMR) and electron spray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS). Compounds 1 and 2 were studied for their cytotoxic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Furthermore the pharmacokinetics profiles of these molecules were accessed by employing Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analyses.
Results: Two novel C-flavonoid glycosides were isolated [1: Apigenin 8-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1```→4``)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside] and [2: 7-O methyl-luteolin 8-C-β-glucopyranosyl-(1```→4``)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside]. They exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 9.02 and 15.61 µg/ml, respectively) against Hep-G2 cells. The POM analyses revealed that the activity of these two compounds depends on the presence of glucosyl and alkyl groups at the internal and terminal atmosphere of the compounds.
Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that the leaves of A. gracilior contain a series of bioactive polyphenolic compounds with significant cytotoxic properties against hepatocellular carcinoma and may be used as alternative anticancer agents for doxorubicin. On the basis of POM calculations, it will be interesting to develop some alternative flavones because the deglucosylated derivatives have a better drug score than parent molecules. This preliminary study will be extended to other strains of cancer.
EFFECT OF SODIUM NITRITE EXPOSURE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST OF RIFT VALLEY FEVER VACCINE IN MICE
Authors: Abo-EL-Sooud Khaled , Hashem Mohamed , ABD ELHAKIM Yasmina , Kamel Gehan , ELEIWA Mona , Gab-Alllah Ali 
Published: July 2019

Objective: Daily exposure to food preservatives constitutes a major crisis to children especially during vaccination so; the aim of the study is to assess the effect of sodium nitrite on the immune responses against Rift Valley fever vaccine (RVFV) in Swiss mice.
Methods: Mice were divided into four equal groups: group 1 (control) was orally administrated with distilled water (2 ml/kg b. wt.); group 2 was orally administrated with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sodium nitrite 0.07 mg/kg b. wt. daily for 21 d, group 3 was vaccinated with inactivated RVFV two times and group 4 was orally given sodium nitrite and vaccinated as group 3. Blood samples were collected from all groups two weeks after booster vaccination. The leucocytic indices and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were determined to assess the cell-mediated immunity. The humoral immunity was evaluated using direct enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) test and serum neutralization test (SNT).
Results: Sodium nitrite significantly increased the neutrophil index and the NLR whereas; it decreased the total leucocytic count and lymphocyte index in both non-vaccinated and vaccinated mice. Moreover, sodium nitrite significantly decreased both the IgG titer and the efficiency of vaccination through increasing the ED50 value.
Conclusion: Sodium nitrite existed an immune-suppressive effect on both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.