bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robustness of N=152 and Z=108 shell closures in superheavy mass region*
Authors: Chen 陈 Buyu 布雨 , Dong 董 Jianmin 建敏 , Wang 王 Yaqian 亚乾 , Wu 吴 Guoqing 国庆 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The neutron shell gap at

has been experimentally confirmed through high-precision mass measurements on nobelium (

) and lawrencium (

) isotopes. The experimental measurements on α-decay properties suggest that deformed doubly-magic nature of

Hs. However, the magic gaps in the superheavy region are generally expected to be fragile. In this study, we test the robustness of

shell closure in

isotones and

shell closure in Hs isotopes by employing an alternative approach where both theoretical analysis and available experimental data are required. Combined with existing experimental measurements on α-decay energies, it is determined that robust

neutron shell persists at least in

isotopes, and robust

proton shell persists in Hs isotopes with

. Additionally, the relativistic mean-field model is determined as unable to provide

shell. Thus, the conclusion that robust

shell exists at least in

isotopes, provides crucial benchmarks for constraining effective interactions suitable for superheavy nuclei in nuclear energy-density functional theory in future.
Evaluation of fission fragment moments of inertia forspontaneous fission of CF-252
Authors: Lyubashevsky D. E. , Kostryukov P. V. , Pisklyukov A. A. , Shcherbina J. D. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the present study, methods for estimating the moments of inertia of fission fragments resulting from the spontaneous fission of isotope Cf-252 were analyzed. In particular, two main approaches were examined: statistical and microscopic. The classical and superfluid approaches for calculating the moments of inertia were also examined, along with their implementations in a variety of nuclear models. In this context, the impact of diverse oscillation modes and nucleon exchange on the moments of inertia and spin distributions of fission fragments was assessed. This study emphasizes the need for a comparative analysis of theoretical predictions and experimental data, which would contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the internal structure of nuclei and the mechanisms of fission.
Beam energy recovery in Neutral Beam Injections and related simulations
Authors: Variale V. , Cavenago M. , Valentino V. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Neutral Beam Injectors (NBI) will be used to further increase the plasma temperature for the ignition of the fusion reactions in the ITER project. For future applications of electric energy production, the NBI efficiency is crucial. Since the gas neutralizer gives large residual ion fractions of D+ and D-, adequate energy recovery systems may be necessary. Recently a conceptually simple beam energy recovery based on space charge effects has been proposed; it can also work as an ion dump device, with advantages in removing the residual ions with reduced power dissipation. Preliminary simulation results were evidence of that the proposed device can remove all the residual ions by collecting them at very low energy on proper electrodes. In this contribution, further simulations with more accurate space charge calculations are reported to mostly confirm the high residual ion collection efficiency obtained in the preliminary simulations. The simulated operation voltage is also increased from 20 kV to 500 kV in steps. Higher efficiencies require some increase of the collector length, especially at higher operation voltage, as here discussed. Some design detailed features are also updated.
Optimizing charge transport simulation for hybrid pixel detectors
Authors: Xie X. , Barten R. , Bergamaschi A. , Braham B. , Brückner M. , Carulla M. , Dinapoli R. , Ebner S. , Ferjaoui K. , Greiffenberg D. , Hasanaj S. , Heymes J. , Hinger V. , King T. , Kozlowski P. , Lopez-Cuenca C. , Mezza D. , Moustakas K. , Mozzanica A. , Paton K.A. , Ruder C. , Schmitt B. , Sieberer P. , Thattil D. , Zhang J. , Fröjdh E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To enhance the spatial resolution of the MÖNCH 25 µm pitch hybrid pixel detector, deep learning models have been trained using both simulation and measurement data.
Challenges arise when comparing simulation-based deep learning models to measurement-based models for electrons, as the spatial resolution achieved through simulations is notably inferior to that from measurements.
Discrepancies are also observed when directly comparing X-ray simulations with measurements, particularly in the spectral output of single pixels.
These observations collectively suggest that current simulations require optimization.

To address this, the dynamics of charge carriers within the silicon sensor have been studied using Monte Carlo simulations, aiming to refine the charge transport modeling.
The simulation encompasses the initial generation of the charge cloud, charge cloud drift, charge diffusion and repulsion, and electronic noise.
The simulation results were validated with measurements from the MÖNCH detector for X-rays, and the agreement between measurements and simulations was significantly improved by accounting for the charge repulsion.
Characterization of EJ-276D plastic scintillator and its comparison with EJ-299-33A and BC-501A
Authors: Pant Pankaj , Banerjee K. , Roy P. , Shil R. , Saha A.K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A characteristic study of the new generation EJ-276D plastic
scintillator detector, measuring 5 inches in diameter and 5 inches
in length, was conducted. This study compared it with the earlier
EJ-299-33A plastic scintillator and the BC-501A liquid
scintillator. Key characteristics such as pulse height response,
pulse shape discrimination, efficiency, and time resolution were
measured and compared for each detector of the same dimensions. The
results show that the performance of EJ-276D is superior to
EJ-299-33A in every aspect. It exhibits comparable efficiency but
lower pulse shape discrimination capabilities compared to the
BC-501A liquid scintillator. Notably, the stability of the EJ-276D
over time was also studied and found to be satisfactory.
Fast high voltage pulser for the southern advanced photon source
Authors: Zhu Jianbin , Lin Munan , Li Haibo , Zhang Wenqing , Liu Yuntao , Qi Xin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Southern Advanced Photon Source (SAPS) is a planned
fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facility featuring a
low-emittance storage ring. For the H-7BA lattice design, the
dynamic aperture is significantly smaller than the physical
aperture, necessitating the use of a strip-line kicker based on an
on-axis injection scheme. To minimize interference from the pulser
on adjacent beams, a nanosecond pulser with stringent rise and fall
time requirements is essential. A prototype pulser, based on a
semiconductor opening switch, was developed to meet these demands. A
nonlinear transmission line loaded with ferrite was utilized for
pulse shaping, yielding favorable results. The prototype generated a
pulse at a 50 Ω load with a rise time (10%–90%) of
2.4 ns, a fall time (90%–10%) of 3.9 ns, a pulse width
(10%–10%) of 7.8 ns, and an amplitude of 19.8 kV. This paper
presents the detailed design, optimization, and performance
evaluation of the pulser.
The cascade integration model based on machine learning to predict gestational diabetes
Authors: Ma Jinlong , Shi Xiaoyue , Xu Liwei , Wang Shengpu , Zheng Rui , Du Lijia , Yang Zhifeng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Machine learning has significant advantages in the research environment of disease prediction due to its data analysis and exploration capabilities. In recent years, despite progress in identifying risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), however no predictive models have been developed in clinical practice to date. This work improves GDM predictive models by developing a new integrated learning model building approach to more fully utilise the benefits of machine learning models to bring the disease management port forward. Initially, the clinical data set is normalized. Then, according to the principle of removing the redundant features of each machine learning model, the first nine high-importance features of the five single models are filtered respectively. Finally, the GDM Cascade integration prediction model is constructed and compared with the Blending model and Stacking model, it is obvious that the proposed model construction method has superior performance and the AUC value reaches 0.9536.
An algorithm that excavates suboptimal states and improves Q-learning
Authors: Zhu Canxin , Yang Jingmin , Zhang Wenjie , Zheng Yifeng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Reinforcement learning is inspired by the trial-and-error method in animal learning, where the reward values obtained from the interaction of the agent with the environment are used as feedback signals to train the agent. Reinforcement learning has attracted extensive attention in recent years. It is mainly used to solve sequential decision-making problems and has been applied to various aspects of life, such as autonomous driving, game gaming, and robotics. Exploration and exploitation are the main characteristics that distinguish reinforcement learning methods from other learning methods. Reinforcement learning methods need reward optimization algorithms to better balance exploration and exploitation. Aiming at the problems of unbalanced exploration and a large number of repeated explorations in the Q-learning algorithm in the MDP environment, an algorithm that excavates suboptimal states and improves Q-learning was proposed. It adopts the exploration idea of ‘exploring the potential of the second-best’, and explores the state with suboptimal state value, and calculates the exploration probability value according to the distance between the current state and the goal state. The larger the distance, the higher the exploration demand of the agent. In addition, only the immediate reward and the maximum action value of the next state are needed to calculate the Q value. Through the simulation experiments in two different MDP environments, The frozenLake8x8 environment and the CliffWalking environment, the results verify that the proposed algorithm obtains the highest average cumulative reward and the least total time consumption.
Business Freedoms and Fundamental Rights in European Union Law
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The recognition of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right within European Union law has reignited debate as to the proper place of competing economic freedoms and fundamental social rights within the European Union legal order. In particular, the Court of Justice of the European Union has relied on freedom of contract as a component of the freedom to conduct a business in order to undermine the protection of competing employment rights. Using the employment law context as a case study, this book argues that the potential regulatory consequences of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right can only properly be understood within its wider constitutional and social dimensions. A holistic assessment of the value placed on business freedoms within the legal reasoning of the Court of Justice of the European Union demonstrates that there is nothing inherently deregulatory in granting fundamental rights status to such freedoms, with the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right also being contoured by competing ‘social’ rights, interests, and values. The freedom to conduct a business is thereby also shown to be a malleable fundamental rights concept in that its precise reach remains dependent on the underlying constitutional context whether that be within national constitutional law, the general principles of EU law, the Charter of Fundamental Rights, or in those arrangements governing the United Kingdom’s departure from—and new relationship with—the European Union.
The Fragmentary Constitutionalization of Rights, Freedoms, and (General) Principles
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to re-evaluate the fragmented relationship between the diverse sources of European Union fundamental rights. In particular, it is demonstrated that the general principles have an ongoing constitutional role despite the purported codification of Union fundamental rights within the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. The ambiguous relationship between the general principles and the Charter as well as that between ‘rights’ and ‘principles’ remains crucial to understanding the inconsistencies that have emerged within the Court of Justice of the European Union’s interpretation and application of the freedom to conduct a business in differing constitutional and social rights contexts.
The Evolution of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that there has been a ‘reconstitution’ of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right in the sense that although this freedom emerged from the general principles, it is also vitally distanced from those same general principles through its further (re)constitutionalization within the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. It is shown that the Court of Justice of the European Union’s interpretation and application of the freedom to conduct a business has evolved over time depending on the constitutional (rights) context. The chapter assesses the restricted nature of the freedom to conduct a business in the early jurisprudence of the Court, notably through the explicit recognition of that freedom’s ‘social function’ and which can be contrasted with the purpose underlying the inclusion of the freedom to conduct a business within the Charter, which was intended to act as a counterweight to the Charter’s social rights.
The Jurisprudential Significance of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses the materiality and significance of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right in the judicial reasoning of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Particular attention is paid to tracing the Court’s expansive conception of that freedom in relation to protective social legislation. It is shown that inconsistency is the hallmark of the case law concerning the freedom to conduct a business, including freedom of contract. Expansive conceptions of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right are reinforced through that freedom’s connection to the fundamental economic freedoms of the European Union’s internal market, leading to the mutual reinforcement of deregulatory (rights) concepts. Deficiencies in the Court’s approach to legal reasoning within the fundamental rights context, including the absence of a binding doctrine of precedent, compound the existing gaps in the application of the social function of business freedoms.
Law's Machinery
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Law’s Machinery tells how Americans, in an age of industrialization, began to think of law as a tool, one that could be forged and reformed to fit their needs without regard to the traditional ways of litigating cases in court. By legislating a “code of practice,” innovators like New York attorney David Dudley Field and his associates across the elite American bar attempted to rebuild the practice of law from the ground up in the mid-nineteenth century. While many of their reforms proved futile or misguided over time, ultimately, the codifiers succeeded in making American law a machine run by, and in the interests of, professional lawyers like themselves. Often overlooked in histories of the world’s great code systems, the United States settled on a code of practice that elevated lawyers as the dominant force among America’s legal institutions. This account ranges widely from the Jacksonian Era to the end of the Gilded Age, from industrializing Gotham to the periphery of the American West and Reconstruction South, from the parlors of Brooklyn pastors and merchants to the ornamented courthouses of Wall Street. Drawing on innovative methods in digital legal history, Law’s Machinery offers a sweeping intellectual, cultural, and political history of the modernization of American legal practice.
Introduction
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This introduction sketches the central arguments and themes of Law’s Machinery. This book tells a story of legal practice in the United States as it underwent a transformation from an all-encompassing law of practice to a segmented law of substance and procedure. Its central focus is the New York Code of Procedure, known colloquially as the Field Code after its chief drafter, Manhattan trial lawyer David Dudley Field. Codifiers like Field repeatedly returned to one central metaphor for their reforms, describing procedure as “law’s machinery.” As a neutral, mechanical supplement to the real law, procedure was both inoffensive enough for legislative reform and technical enough that lawyerly experts had to control it. However, because American procedure codes classified remedies as procedural, the domain of procedure continued to expand into substantive law and politics and threatened to swallow the law itself. What Field and his imitators ultimately achieved was the creation of a peculiarly lawyerly code, written and enacted by lawyers and written for and addressed to the trial bar. But most of all, the code was a lawyer’s code for what it did not say. Despite its attempt at comprehensiveness, the massive code neglected to define the key terms of its most fundamental requirements for legal practice, leaving it to the lawyers to fill the gaps with inherited habits of thought and practice.
The Rule of Writs
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys legal practice in the courts of common law and equity in early nineteenth-century New York. Subtle changes in the practice of law coupled with industrialization and an expanding economy brought unprecedented strains on the daily work of practitioners. They created a complex system of civil justice that was constantly evolving. Meanwhile, jurists continued to pursue a century-long project to reformulate the common law as a system of principles and rules rather than a set of ad hoc practices and modes of reasoning about legal remedies—a movement from a “rule of writs” to a “rule of law.” New York’s first experiment with codification in the late 1820s failed to end the rule of writs, but it sharpened ideas about legislative supremacy and practical reform. It also provided the legislative strategy that legal reformers would later use to steer codification through the vicissitudes of politics by treating “practice” as a distinct field for legal reform.
The Nature of Things
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the wide-ranging debates over the fusion of law and equity and whether such fusion could be accomplished through a procedure code. After describing the central themes of the fusion debate in the New York Constitutional Convention of 1846, the chapter traces David Dudley Field’s ideas about fusion in the litigation strategy Field undertook in the “Erie Wars.” The Erie Railroad litigation shows how fully equity—especially in its provisional remedies—did not inhere in articulable principles of substantive law but in chancery’s traditional power to change the game of litigation without changing the conventional rules. After attempting to reduce equity to a list of procedures and remedies on a page, Field showed how greatly those remedies had depended on traditional structures of uncodified thought to keep them within practical bounds, especially the bounds of conscience. The fusion of law and equity was a joint project across the common law world in the nineteenth century. In general, one might say that Field Code states sought to accomplish fusion largely through equity’s diffusion. Under the code, every trial judge became a chancellor, and every case was a potential application of equitable remedies. Yet throughout the code, both initially and as finalized by the commissioners, rights to specific remedies and modes of proceeding depended on the form of the complaint, which in turn depended on the remedy sought, which in turn depended on the traditions distinguishing legal from equitable relief.
Loss of STIM1 and STIM2 in Salivary Glands Disrupts ANO1 Function but Does Not Induce Sjogren’s Disease
Authors: Son Ga-Yeon , Zou Anna , Wahl Amanda , Huang Kai Ting , Zorgit Saruul , Vinu Manikandan , Zhou Fang , Wagner Larry , Idaghdour Youssef , Yule David I , Feske Stefan , Lacruz Rodrigo S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ca2+ signaling via the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) mediated by STIM1 and STIM2 proteins and the ORAI1 Ca2+ channel is important in saliva fluid secretion and has been associated with Sjogren’s disease (SjD). However, there are no studies addressing STIM1/2 dysfunction in salivary glands or SjD in animal models. We report that mice lacking Stim1 and Stim2 [Stim1/2K14Cre(+)] in salivary glands exhibited reduced Ca2+ levels and hyposalivate. SOCE was functionally required for the activation of the Ca2+ activated Cl− channel ANO1. Ageing Stim1/2K14Cre(+) mice showed no evidence of lymphocytic infiltration or increased levels of autoantibodies characteristic of SjD, possibly associated with a downregulation of toll-like receptor 8 (Tlr8) expression. Salivary gland biopsies of SjD patients showed increased expression of STIM1 and TLR7/8. Our study shows that SOCE activates ANO1 function and fluid secretion in salivary glands and highlights a potential link between SOCE and TLR signaling in SjD.
Changes in Dental Care Use Following Marital Status Change in the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Hubbard Shaw , Cornell Portia Y 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Previous studies have indicated that married people are generally healthier than unmarried people, with lower mortality rates. Most work in this area has employed cross-sectional data, and few studies have examined change in marital status from married to unmarried as a potential social ecological determinant of dental health behavior. Here, we used longitudinal data to examine change in dental behavior over time following marital status change, and to explore whether self-reported gender may play a modifying role in any behavioral change.

Research Design and Methods
Employing panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (1996–2018) to follow all individuals who entered the study in married/partnered status, and using both 2-way fixed effects and group-time average difference-in-difference models, we analyzed the association between any change in marital status and dental care use, compared with individuals who remained married. All analyses were stratified by gender.

Results
Both types of difference-in-difference analyses indicated that both widowhood and divorce were associated with a decrease in dental care use in both genders. Divorced men saw the greatest decrease in dental care use. We found gender had a moderating effect on strength of association in all analyses.

Discussion and Implications
This research suggests that any change in marital status from married to unmarried has a detrimental effect on dental health behavior for both genders. Future research might investigate other potential barriers to dental care access these populations might face, in order to develop effective interventions.