bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Inorganic Anions Templated Silver Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Structures and Properties
Authors: Wang Zhi , Gupta Rakesh Kumar , Luo Geng‐Geng , Sun Di 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOver recent years, research on the ligand‐protected silver clusters have gained significant interest owing to their unique potential applications in catalysis, organic optoelectronics, and luminescent materials. However, the synthesis of structurally precise high‐nuclearity silver nanoclusters is still challenging and become one of the prime interests of chemists. The controllable synthesis of high‐nuclearity silver nanoclusters involves the ingenious use of capping ligands or/and templating agents. Thereinto, the main role of the templating agents is to promote the order arrangement of silver ions around them to form discrete molecules. Our lab has performed comprehensive studies on the ligand‐protected silver clusters in the past eight years. This review highlights recent progress in the use of inorganic template anions, silver precursors, solvents, and the ligand types in synthesizing high‐nuclearity silver nanoclusters. Furthermore, some interesting photo‐ and electrochemical properties revealed by silver clusters including luminescent thermochromism, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical reduction of H2O2 have been also summarized.
Identifying predators from saliva at kill sites with limited remains
Authors: Peelle Laurel E. , Wirsing Aaron J. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Schwartz Michael K. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTKill‐site investigations can yield valuable data about elusive predators and predator–prey interactions, provided the predator species can be definitively identified as the one responsible for the predation event. The traditional method of visually analyzing prey remains to identify predators is prone to observer bias and may be particularly challenging when few remains are present or in systems with congeneric predators. Other potential evidence left by predators, such as scat, may be difficult to reliably link to the responsible predator, whereas tracking requires adequate substrate conditions. Swabbing for predator DNA from saliva is an objective yet underutilized alternative that has primarily been applied to larger carcasses. We demonstrate the usefulness of a saliva‐swabbing method for smaller prey with minimal surface area, including kill sites with almost no prey remains or even just a radiocollar left behind. This study is also the first to compare saliva‐swabbing success by sample type (carcass remains vs. radiocollar). From 2010 to 2014, in the Loomis State Forest and Okanogan National Forest, Washington, USA, we employed forensic techniques to increase certainty about predator species identification at snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) kill sites for the ultimate purpose of elucidating predator–prey interactions. Predator saliva was sampled from remains and radiocollars with foam buccal swabs, stored in lysis buffer for shelf‐stable preservation, and tested for mitochondrial DNA using polymerase chain reaction and species‐specific primers. This saliva‐swabbing protocol yielded definitive and objective predator species identification for a majority (58.5%) of sampled kill sites (nkill sites = 31/53). Not only were minimal remains often able to yield predator DNA, but swabs from radiocollars provided significantly more predator identifications. Saliva swabbing also provided identifications at 65.5% of kill sites lacking identifiable predator sign and contributed significantly more predator identifications throughout the year when compared with snow‐tracking methods. Expanding saliva‐swabbing methods to smaller prey, radiocollars, and limited remains should allow for more definitive predator identifications at kill sites than have been possible with commonly employed methods, thus augmenting the potential to understand and manage for predators and prey. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Use of the CDR® plus NACC FTLD in mild FTLD: Data from the ARTFL/LEFFTDS consortium
Authors: Miyagawa Toji , Brushaber Danielle , Syrjanen Jeremy , Kremers Walter , Fields Julie , Forsberg Leah K. , Heuer Hilary W. , Knopman David , Kornak John , Boxer Adam , Rosen Howie , Boeve Bradley ,   on Behalf of the ARTFL/LEFFTDS Consortium
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionBehavior/Comportment/Personality (BEHAV) and Language (LANG) domains were added to the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR®) for improving evaluation of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) (CDR® plus NACC FTLD).MethodsWe analyzed the CDR® plus NACC FTLD among participants from the baseline visit of the Advancing Research and Treatment for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration/Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects Consortium.ResultsThe CDR® plus NACC FTLD was able to detect early symptoms in the mildly impaired participants who were rated as CDR® sum of boxes (CDR®‐SB) = 0. The CDR®‐SB was not sensitive, particularly in participants with mild nonfluent/agrammatic primary progressive aphasia. Participants with familial and sporadic behavioral variant FTD exhibited similar CDR® plus NACC FTLD profiles except that language impairment was more frequent in participants with mild sporadic behavioral variant FTD. Adding the BEHAV and/or LANG domains to the CDR®‐SB significantly enhanced discriminatory power in differentiating among the FTLD spectrum disorders.DiscussionThe BEHAV and LANG domains enable the CDR® plus NACC FTLD to capture early symptomatology of FTLD.
Assessment of need and practice for assistive technology and telecare for people with dementia—The ATTILA (Assistive Technology and Telecare to maintain Independent Living At home for people with dementia) trial
Authors: Forsyth Kirsty , Henderson Catherine , Davis Lucy , Singh Roy Anusua , Dunk Barbara , Curnow Eleanor , Gathercole Rebecca , Lam Natalie , Harper Emma , Leroi Iracema , Woolham John , Fox Chris , O'Brien John , Bateman Andrew , Poland Fiona , Bentham Peter , Burns Alistair , Davies Anna , Gray Richard , Bradley Rosie , Knapp Martin , Newman Stanton , McShane Rupert , Ritchie Craig , Talbot Emma , Hooper Emma , Winson Rachel , Scutt Bethany , Ordonez Victoria , Nunn Samantha , Lavelle Grace , Howard Robert 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to define current assistive technology and telecare (ATT) practice for people with dementia living at home.MethodsThis is a randomized controlled trial (N = 495) of ATT assessment and ATT installation intervention, compared with control (restricted ATT package). ATT assessment and installation data were collected. Qualitative work identified value networks delivering ATT, established an ATT assessment standard.ResultsATT was delivered by public and not‐for‐profit telecare networks. ATT assessments showed 52% fidelity to the ATT assessment standard. Areas of assessment most frequently leading to identifying ATT need were daily activities (93%), memory (89%), and problem‐solving (83%). ATT needs and recommendations were weakly correlated (τ = 0.242; P < .000), with ATT recommendations and installations moderately correlated (τ = −0.470; P < .000). Half (53%) of recommended technology was not installed. Safety concerns motivated 38% of installations.DiscussionAssessment recommendations were routinely disregarded at the point of installation. ATT was commonly recommended for safety and seldom for supporting leisure.
Responsible Precautions for Uncertain Environmental Risks
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip , Huber Joel , Bell Jason 
Published: August 2019

AbstractUncertain future risks pose cognitive and analytical challenges to household decision makers. Risks with uncertain probabilities, coupled with potentially severe outcomes pose problems for decision-making and are prone to overreactions. Imprecision in risk estimates generates behavioral distortions such as ambiguity aversion. This article presents new empirical results indicating household overvaluations of uncertain threats posed by several drinking water risks: traces of prescription drugs in drinking water, plastic water bottles with bisphenol-A, and the weed killer atrazine in drinking water. Negative reactions reflect responses to ambiguous risks, but policies driven by these concerns may misallocate regulatory resources due to risk conservatism and “no-regrets” responses.
Attachment, Efficacy Beliefs and Relationship Satisfaction in Dating, Emerging Adult Women
Authors: Julal Cnossen Fay S. , Harman Katherine A. , Butterworth Ruth 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study tested the hypothesis that relationship efficacy beliefs mediate the well-documented association between attachment style and relationship satisfaction in a sample of emerging adult women in dating relationships. Further, it explored whether efficacy beliefs vary as a function of romantic experience. Participants (N = 216, Mage = 19.2 years) completed measures of attachment style, efficacy beliefs (mutuality, differentiation, emotional control, and social), and relationship satisfaction. Mutuality beliefs mediated the association between attachment avoidance and anxiety and satisfaction; however, other patterns of mediation were also found. Social, but not relationship, efficacy beliefs differed as a function of number of previous romantic relationships. Results suggest that insecurely attached individuals experience lower relationship satisfaction, in part because they hold less efficacious beliefs about their ability to engage in caregiving and careseeking behaviours. Future longitudinal research might examine how newly forming attachment representations and relationship-relevant efficacy beliefs shape each other.
On the notions of upper and lower density
Authors: Leonetti Paolo , Tringali Salvatore 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLet $\mathcal {P}(\mathbf{N})$ be the power set of N. We say that a function $\mu ^\ast : \mathcal {P}(\mathbf{N}) \to \mathbf{R}$ is an upper density if, for all X, Y ⊆ N and h, k ∈ N+, the following hold: (f1) $\mu ^\ast (\mathbf{N}) = 1$; (f2) $\mu ^\ast (X) \le \mu ^\ast (Y)$ if X ⊆ Y; (f3) $\mu ^\ast (X \cup Y) \le \mu ^\ast (X) + \mu ^\ast (Y)$; (f4) $\mu ^\ast (k\cdot X) = ({1}/{k}) \mu ^\ast (X)$, where k · X : = {kx: x ∈ X}; and (f5) $\mu ^\ast (X + h) = \mu ^\ast (X)$. We show that the upper asymptotic, upper logarithmic, upper Banach, upper Buck, upper Pólya and upper analytic densities, together with all upper α-densities (with α a real parameter ≥ −1), are upper densities in the sense of our definition. Moreover, we establish the mutual independence of axioms (f1)–(f5), and we investigate various properties of upper densities (and related functions) under the assumption that (f2) is replaced by the weaker condition that $\mu ^\ast (X)\le 1$ for every X ⊆ N. Overall, this allows us to extend and generalize results so far independently derived for some of the classical upper densities mentioned above, thus introducing a certain amount of unification into the theory.
Optical image and microchemical analysis of gold grains from a weathered profile of the Minvoul greenstone belt, northern Gabon
Authors: Iglesias-Martínez Mario , Ordóñez-Casado Berta , Berrezueta Edgar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMorphological characterization and quantification of gold particles by optical image analysis (OIA) and by compositional analysis of microprobes using scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe analysis techniques were carried out on gold grains from the Minvoul area (Archean greenstone belt in Gabon). Large grains of almost pure gold were found throughout a weathering profile, which consisted of saprolite, mottled clay zone, iron duricrust, pisolitic gravels and yellow latosol. In the deeper horizons, gold was dissolved as shown by corrosion features on the surface of particles with average sizes of 2.6Φ and 2.35Φ in the saprolite and mottled clay zones, respectively. The occurrence of secondary gold in the duricrust was indicated by the larger size of the nuggets (average, 1.8Φ), the high fineness (> 995 in average) and the close textural relationship between gold and neoformed iron oxyhydroxides. The uppermost horizons composed of yellow latosol and pisolitic gravels were interpreted as transported materials based on their size distribution (average 0.85Φ and 1.34Φ), sorting and shape parameters. The best morphological parameter to describe the whole weathering profile was found to be the perimeter/area ratio. The highest ratios were recorded in the saprolite (average 0.192 μm−1), and decreased towards the surface (average 0.057 μm−1). The combination of the OIA technique and the microchemical analysis of gold grains allowed us to define specific morphological and compositional characteristics of the gold particles for each horizon. Both methods proved to be of great utility to understand gold concentration, dissolution and dispersion processes in supergene environments.
ROBUST FLICKERS OF FREEDOM
Authors: Robinson Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract:This essay advances a version of the flicker of freedom defense of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) and shows that it is invulnerable to the major objections facing other versions of this defense. Proponents of the flicker defense argue that Frankfurt-style cases fail to undermine PAP because agents in these cases continue to possess alternative possibilities. Critics of the flicker strategy contend that the alternatives that remain open to agents in these cases are unable to rebuff Frankfurt-style attack on the grounds that they are insufficiently robust (that is, morally significant in a way that could ground ascriptions of moral responsibility). Once we see that omissions are capable of constituting robust alternatives, even when they are not intentional, it becomes clear that agents in these cases do indeed possess robust alternative possibilities—alternatives that are ineliminable from cases of this sort. The upshot is that Frankfurt-style cases are theoretically incapable of providing us with good grounds for rejecting PAP.
Simultaneous Retrieval of PWV and VTEC by Low‐Cost Multi‐GNSS Single‐Frequency Receivers
Authors: Zhao Chuanbao , Zhang Baocheng , Li Wei , Yuan Yunbin , Li Min 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrecipitable water vapor (PWV) and ionospheric vertical total electron content (VTEC) are two essential components of space‐atmosphere parameters. The zenith troposphere delay can be converted into PWV, which plays a crucial role in meteorological studies. In the meantime, the importance of the VTEC lies in providing ionospheric corrections for single‐frequency (SF) positioning, navigation, and timing users. Currently, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has become one of the most commonly used tools for retrieving PWV and VTEC and normally relies on dual‐frequency, geodetic‐grade receivers and antennas. However, this reliance also implies high hardware costs. In this paper, we propose a single‐frequency ionosphere and troposphere retrieval approach that enables the simultaneous retrieval of PWV and VTEC from multi‐GNSS data collected by low‐cost SF receivers. The use of SF receivers can greatly reduce the cost of hardware. Furthermore, the simultaneous provision of PWV and VTEC also has a positive effect on studying the coupling mechanisms of the ionosphere and troposphere. The accuracy of the estimated zenith troposphere delay can be better than 10 mm compared with the troposphere products published by the International GNSS Service, and the PWV is no more than 3 mm compared with radiosonde‐derived results. Referring to the final International GNSS Service global ionosphere map products and the Jason altimeter data, the VTEC retrieved from the single‐frequency ionosphere and troposphere retrieval method can perform at roughly equal levels compared to the customary dual‐frequency method.
Quantifying Fracture Networks Inferred From Microseismic Point Clouds by a Gaussian Mixture Model With Physical Constraints
Authors: McKean S. H. , Priest J. A. , Dettmer J. , Eaton D. W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMicroseismicity is generated by slip on fractures and faults and can be used to infer natural or anthropogenic deformation processes in the subsurface. Yet identifying patterns and fractures from microseismic point clouds is a major challenge that typically relies on the skill and judgment of practitioners. Clustering has previously been applied to tackle this problem, but with limited success. Here, we introduce a probabilistic clustering method to identify fracture networks, based on a Gaussian mixture model algorithm with physical constraints. This method is applied to a rich microseismic data set recorded during the hydraulic fracturing of eight horizontal wells in western Canada. We show that the method is effective for distinguishing hydraulic‐fracture‐created events from induced seismicity. These fractures follow a log‐normal distribution and reflect the physical mechanisms of the hydraulic fracturing process. We conclude that this method has wide applicability for interpreting natural and anthropogenic processes in the subsurface.
Evidence of Magnetic Nulls in the Reconnection at Bow Shock
Authors: Chen Z. Z. , Fu H. S. , Wang Z. , Liu C. M. , Xu Y. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMagnetic nulls are believed to play important roles in the energy dissipation during reconnection. Such nulls have been observed in reconnection at the magnetopause, magnetosheath, and magnetotail but have never been observed in reconnection at the bow shock. Recently, four reconnection events were reported at the terrestrial bow shock, by utilizing Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data. We examine whether the magnetic nulls exist in these events. We successfully find radial nulls in three of the events, meaning that spacecraft were close to X points in these events; we, however, cannot find radial nulls in another event, which was actually a crossing of the reconnection exhaust region. The minimum distance between radial nulls and spacecraft is 8 km, about 0.3 ion inertial length. We reconstruct topologies of these nulls and subsequently resolve the reconnection rates in these events. We find that the resolved reconnection rates are comparable with those at the magnetopause and magnetotail. Surprisingly, we do not find electron heating at the radial nulls. Our results are useful to understand the reconnection at bow shock.
Freezing Rain Events Related to Atmospheric Rivers and Associated Mechanisms for Western North America
Authors: Liang J. , Sushama L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for hazardous hydrometeorological events over western North America. For the period 2070–2099 relative to 1976–2005, regional climate model simulations driven by two coupled global climate models for the RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios project up to 90% increase in AR occurrences over western North America. Results also suggest that the increase in AR‐related freezing rain (FR) events is possibly due to changes in both dynamical and thermal mechanisms associated with AR events. In the west coast of Canada, AR‐related FR events are projected to intensify, which is facilitated by the increased midlevel ascent related to differential vorticity advection associated with ARs. The fraction of AR‐related FR amount is projected to increase over the inland of western U.S. and the west coast of Canada, which is possibly driven by the increased temperature difference between the subfreezing near‐surface layer and the above‐freezing layer aloft.
Characterization of Extreme Wet‐Bulb Temperature Events in Southern Pakistan
Authors: Monteiro Joy Merwin , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe study extreme wet‐bulb temperature (Tw) events in a regional hot spot of high Tw values in southwest Pakistan's Indus Valley. We focus on the May–June premonsoon months and employ a combination of station data, ERA‐Interim reanalysis, and trajectory calculations to analyze the extreme events. We find that the events are associated with anomalous influx of marine air from the Arabian Sea. The air flows in a shallow layer below 950 hPa and is heated and moistened by diabatic processes over land, arriving at the hot spot region with very high Tw. We surmise that surface evaporation within the strip of well‐irrigated land flanking the Indus River plays a major role in generating these extreme Tw values. Our results imply that studies of extreme Tw events in future, warmer climates must pay close attention to fine‐scale diabatic processes within the boundary layer, especially evaporation over land.
Electrically Anisotropic Crust From Three‐Dimensional Magnetotelluric Modeling in the Western Junggar, NW China
Authors: Liu Ying , Junge Andreas , Yang Bo , Löwer Alexander , Cembrowski Marcel , Xu Yixian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn island arc environment related to intraoceanic subduction or ridge subduction from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian has been proposed for the formation of Western Junggar, NW China, situated in the southwest of Central Asian Orogenic Belt. However, the details and consequences of the subduction remain controversial. To further identify the relics of the Late Carboniferous subduction at depth, three magnetotelluric profiles were deployed. Phase tensors, real induction arrows, and three‐dimensional (3‐D) isotropic resistivity models indicate the presence of a 3‐D anisotropic resistivity structure in the crust. Consequently, a 3‐D anisotropic resistivity model was constructed by forward modeling. The 3‐D anisotropic resistivity model contains two azimuthally anisotropic middle‐upper crust anomalies with minimum resistivity striking N90°E at depths of 5 to 20 km, and an azimuthally anisotropic lower crust anomaly with minimum resistivity striking N20°E at depths of 20 to 46 km. The electrically anisotropic anomalies are closely related to relatively high shear‐wave velocities with significant negative radial anisotropy. The anisotropies in the middle‐to‐upper crust and the lower crust are related to the oceanic ridge (N90°E) subduction with a slab window in the Late Carboniferous and the remnant oceanic slab, respectively. The magnetotelluric observations support a NW70° subduction with an intraoceanic ridge‐transform system in the Late Carboniferous and a remnant oceanic slab trapped in Western Junggar.
Eddies in the Western Arctic Ocean From Spaceborne SAR Observations Over Open Ocean and Marginal Ice Zones
Authors: Kozlov Igor E. , Artamonova Anastasia V. , Manucharyan Georgy E. , Kubryakov Arseny A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Western Arctic Ocean is a host to major ocean circulation systems, many of which generate eddies that can transport water masses and corresponding tracers over long distances from their formation sites. However, comprehensive observations of critical eddy characteristics are currently not available and are limited to spatially and temporally sparse in situ observations. Here we use high‐resolution spaceborne synthetic aperture radar measurements to detect eddies from their surface imprints in ice‐free sea surface roughness, and in sea ice patterns throughout marginal ice zones. We provide the first estimate of eddy characteristics extending over the seasonally ice‐free and marginal ice zone regions of the Western Arctic Ocean, including their locations, diameters, and monthly distribution. Using available synthetic aperture radar data, we identified over 4,000 open ocean eddies, as well as over 3,500 eddies in marginal ice zones from June to October in 2007, 2011, and 2016. Eddies range in size between 0.5 and 100 km and are frequently found over the shelf and near continental slopes but also present in the deep Canada Basin and over the Chukchi Plateau. We find that cyclonic eddies are twice more frequent compared to anticyclonic eddies at the surface, distinct from the dominating anticyclonic eddies observed at depth by in situ moorings and ice‐tethered profilers. Our study supports the notion that eddies are ubiquitous in the Western Arctic Ocean even in the presence of sea ice and emphasizes the need for improved ocean observations and modeling at eddy scales.