bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
States Reorganization and Accommodation of Ethno-Territorial Cleavages in India
Authors: Bhattacharyya Harihar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the so-called “states reorganization” during the 1950s and 1960s and its accommodation of ethno-territorial cleavages has made ethnic peace and political stability possible in multi-ethnic India. It first sketches the political context that led to state reorganization before discussing the process of constitutional engagement and the constitutional changes associated with the various reorganizations. In particular, it analyzes the nature of the state’s institutional responses to ethno-linguistic cleavages, taking into account the role played by the States Reorganization Commission. It also describes the outcome of these exercises and shows how “subnational autonomy” emerged as major incentives for the regional political elites. Finally, it outlines the comparative lessons that can be learned from India’s approach to progressive staging of state creation, focusing on the effects of ongoing neo-liberal reforms (post-1991) in the country that have posed newer challenges for state autonomy and future territorial changes.
Dealing with Territorial Cleavages in Constitutional Transitions in Iraq
Authors: Al-Ali Zaid 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines why constitutional transition has failed to resolve Iraq’s territorial cleavages, especially the one between Arabs and Kurds. It first provides the context that led to the Constitution drafting process and the establishment of Iraq’s first federal arrangement that saw the merger of provinces to form larger regions. In particular, it considers a range of contentious issues that arose during the constitutional negotiations, not least of which was the ownership and management of oil and gas resources. Furthermore, the push for a more traditional form of federalism left minority views (generally those of the Kurdish negotiators) unrepresented. The chapter also analyzes the outcomes of Iraq’s constitutional transition, including the deterioration of the Kurdistan Region’s economic and political crises, before concluding with an overview of the key lessons that can be drawn from the process.
Nigeria’s Permanent Constitutional Transition
Authors: Suberu Rotimi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how Nigeria has made the transition under military rule from a relatively decentralized, parliamentary federation comprised of four ethnic regions to a centrist, presidential federalism with thirty-six states. It first provides a historical background on Nigeria’s constitutional evolution between 1914 and 1999 before discussing the period of constitutional engagement, focusing on the military’s Constitution-making procedures and especially its territorial restructuring initiatives, its centralization of constitutional functions and fiscal resources, its constitutional choice of a executive presidential system of government, and its establishment of the so-called agencies of restraint. The chapter also considers the outcomes of the military’s constitutional reforms and concludes with an analysis of lessons that can be drawn from the Nigerian case. In particular, it highlights the challenges that have developed since the return of civilian rule, giving rise to a relentless constitutional politics that underscores the permanent or continuous nature of Nigeria’s constitutional transition.
Yemen’s Failed Constitutional Transition
Authors: Anderson George 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines why Yemen’s constitutional transition during the period 2011–15 failed. In 2011 a popular uprising forced Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh to resign. Neighboring Arab countries soon got involved in steering the constitutional process, which included a National Dialogue to address the design of a new constitution. The dialogue recommended a new federal regime, but failed to resolve the critical issue of the number and boundaries of states. The document presented in January 2015 by the Constitutional Drafting Committee tasked to draft a new constitution was deeply flawed and became the trigger for civil war. The chapter first considers the context leading up to the National Dialogue before discussing the outcomes of the constitutional process and three lessons that can be drawn from it: the role and design of sub-national governance arrangements; political legitimacy and process in a constitutional transition; and a more integrated approach to transitions.
Processes of Constitutional Transitions in the Face of Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Saunders Cheryl 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications of territorial cleavages for the process of constitutional transition by drawing on the experiences of various countries such as Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ethiopia, India, Iraq, Nepal, Philippines, Scotland, Spain, Sri Lanka, and Ukraine. It first considers four variables that are likely to affect the process for constitutional transition within a state in which there are significant cleavages along territorial lines: the nature of transition, the nature of territorial cleavage, the challenges confronting statehood, and the involvement of international actors. It then examines four dimensions of the processes of transition that may be influenced by territorial cleavages: phases of the transition process, agenda setting, deliberation and ratification, and implementation and other matters. Finally, it explains how constitutional transitions are shaped by the postponement of final decisions on key matters through deliberate ambiguity, incomplete prescription or reliance on the future operation of rules on constitutional amendments.
Constitutional Design and Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers a variety of constitutional options for resolving and managing enduring territorial cleavages. Three categories of constitutional tools are discussed: those that involve allocation of decision-making to different levels of government, including federalism, autonomy, and various forms of devolution; those that concern central government institutions, including representation of territorial interests at the center, budget redistribution, and rights; and those that allow the territorial units to exit. The chapter also explores how Constitutions deal with secession and concludes with an analysis of the role of courts in establishing and guaranteeing constitutional bargains on territory as well as the role of international institutions in helping to resolve institutional problems of territorial cleavages. It shows that a combination of representation and decentralization may be sufficient to stabilize territorial cleavages, and that the traditional rationales for federalism do not seem to fit with the resolution of territorial cleavages.
Sources of Context-Dependence
Authors: Glanzberg Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper has two goals. The first is to defend a form of context-dependence for knowledge ascriptions. The second is to explore the different sources of context-dependence that natural language provides. Using knowledge ascriptions as an illustration, it argues that there are two very different sorts of sources of context-dependence in language. One is highly specific, typically lexical context-dependence. The other is general. Highly general features of extremely broad categories of expressions can create context-dependence that is only minimally associated with any one expression. The case of knowledge ascriptions provides an example of this kind of context-dependence. When it comes to philosophical concerns about contextualism, the difference points to something not always fully noted. Specific context-dependence can often reveal something important about the concept a given word expresses. General context-dependence does this in at best highly limited ways.
Semantic Explanations
Authors: Szabó Zoltán Gendler 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper is a defense of substantive explanations in semantics. It begins by offering a diagnosis of why the view that semantic theories are merely descriptive has been widely accepted in philosophy and suggests that these grounds are not compelling. Then it argues that semantic explanations don’t have a uniform direction—upwards or downwards the syntactic tree. There is an explanatory division within the lexicon: the meanings of content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) are semantically fundamental, while the meanings of function words (auxiliaries, connectives, copulas, derivational morphemes, determiners, expletives, prepositions, etc.) are derivative.
Copyright and the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This title focuses specifically on the role, action, and legacy of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the field of copyright, providing an exclusive survey that covers two decades (1998–2018) of decisions in this area. The main objective is to give a sense of the direction of EU copyright, by attempting to ‘tidy up’ and rationalize existing rulings. The book consists of three parts. The first part explores the role of the CJEU in copyright cases. Besides outlining the history of EU harmonization and providing data concerning the Court’s activity, it extracts the key standards employed in copyright case law, explains their meaning and significance, and undertakes a novel statistical analysis aimed at mapping relations between said standards. Following a discussion of the impact of CJEU interpretation of certain provisions (notably their preemptive force on Member States’ freedom), the second part concerns CJEU action (and vision) in respect of three key areas: economic rights, exceptions and limitations, and enforcement. The final part focuses on CJEU legacy broadly intended. It tackles the effect on national copyright laws and the current policy discourse around EU copyright reform. As regards the former, the book discusses the default consequences of the departure of a Member State from the EU, with a special focus on Brexit. In relation to the latter, attention turns to a number of areas which need to be considered in light, not just of existing legislation, but also—and perhaps most importantly—existing case law.
God and Progress
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Exploring the rich relationship between historical thought and religious debate in Victorian culture, this book offers a unique and authoritative account of intellectual change in nineteenth-century Britain. The volume recovers a twofold process in which the growth of progressive ideas of history transformed British Protestant traditions, as religious debate, in turn, profoundly shaped Victorian ideas of history. It adopts a remarkably wide contextual perspective, embracing believers and unbelievers, Anglicans and nonconformists, and writers from different parts of the British Isles, fully situating British debates in relation to their European and especially German Idealist surroundings. The Victorian intellectual mainstream came to terms with religious diversity, changing ethical sensibilities, and new kinds of knowledge by encouraging providential, spiritualized, and developmental understandings of human time. A secular counter-culture simultaneously disturbed this complex consensus, grounding progress in appeals to scientific advances and the retreat of metaphysics. The book thus explores the ways in which divisions within British liberalism were fundamentally related to differences over the past, present, and future of religion. It also demonstrates that religious debate powered the process by which historicism acquired cultural authority in Victorian national life, and later began to lose it. The study reconstructs the ways in which theological dynamics, often relegated to the margins of nineteenth-century British intellectual history, effectively forged its leading patterns.
Contemplating Jesus Risen
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a contemplative attitude toward Scripture’s portraits of Jesus helps one appreciate the credibility of the proclamation that Jesus rose from the dead to glorified life. The alternative consists in taking a reductive approach that is inadequate to the testimony as a whole. The chapter first attends briefly to certain elements of what Aquinas has to say about contemplating Jesus Christ, by way of providing some background in the Christian tradition. Second, it examines the efforts of Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Benedict XVI to perceive the face of Christ through the biblical portraits of Christ. In his Jesus of Nazareth, his meditation upon the New Testament narratives about Jesus’ Resurrection provides him with grounds for judging the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection. Third, the chapter surveys the case for the credibility of Christian claims that is offered by Hans Urs von Balthasar in his book Love Alone Is Credible.
Disjointedness in The Visiting Privilege
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Joy Williams’s transition into a late style resembles Alice Munro’s, occurring gradually over her career as the achievement of a perspective envisioned long before, slowly acquired through narrative experimentation and honed possibilities. Her elliptical, disruptive strain is linked to a passion for liminal moments, when consciousness tilts awry, or plants begin to think while inanimate objects somehow magically communicate with us. Enigmas remain enigmatic, even as her descriptions rely heavily on biblical allusions and psychological commonplaces. The sly revelations of earlier stories become in later years deracinating revelations that do not quite add up, as revealed in two drastically different versions of “Another Season” (1966), which is extensively reconfigured in its later version in The Visiting Privilege.
Beyond Punishment?
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
People convicted of crimes are subject to a criminal sentence, but they are also subject to a host of other legal measures: Some are denied access to jobs, housing, welfare, the vote, or other goods. Some may be deported. Others are subject to continued detention. Many have their criminal records made publicly accessible. These measures are often more burdensome than an offender’s formal sentence. This is the first book-length philosophical examination of these burdensome legal measures, called collateral legal consequences (CLCs). The book draws on resources in moral, legal, and political philosophy to shed light on whether these measures are ever morally justified. It analyzes the various kinds of CLCs imposed in different legal systems and the important moral challenges they raise, and it makes the case that these challenges have been largely overlooked by philosophers. The book examines whether CLCs can ever be justified as forms of criminal punishment—whether they are consistent with the values and principles that we believe should govern punishment. Then it considers whether CLCs are ever justifiable as civil measures, and specifically what could justify the state in imposing additional burdensome measures on offenders in addition to their punishment. Whether CLCs function as forms of punishment or as civil measures, the book contends that they are justifiable in a far narrower range of cases than we find in current legal practice.
Discharge against medical advice (DAMA) in paediatrics: An approach to promote safety and ethics
Authors: Kavanagh Aifric , Ostrow Olivia , Zlotnik Shaul Randi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Requests for discharge against medical advice are often challenging for clinicians to navigate, especially when the patient is a child. An informed, standardized approach to managing situations where children and their families are requesting to leave against medical advice is essential to maximizing safety and ethics for patients and staff, yet such situations are often not handled this way. Paediatric discharge against medical advice (DAMA) requests are best managed when clinicians ensure the patient’s best interests are met, understand and act upon their professional obligations, and engage in guided discussion with patients and families that involves both shared and informed decision-making strategies. A process map can capture these criteria and readily provide clinicians with a bedside reference tool when managing paediatric DAMA requests.
Comparison of comorbidities and treatment between ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in the United States
Authors: Zhao Sizheng Steven , Ermann Joerg , Xu Chang , Lyu Houchen , Tedeschi Sara K , Liao Katherine P , Yoshida Kazuki , Moots Robert J , Goodson Nicola J , Solomon Daniel H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to compare comorbidities and biologic DMARD (bDMARD) use between AS and non-radiographic axial SpA (nr-axSpA) patients, using a large cohort of patients from routine clinical practice in the United States.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional study using electronic medical records from two academic hospitals in the United States. Data were extracted using automated searches (⩾3 ICD codes combined with text searches) and supplemented with manual chart review. Patients were categorized into AS or nr-axSpA according to classification criteria. Disease features, comorbidities (from a list of 39 chronic conditions) and history of bDMARD prescription were compared using descriptive statistics.

Results
Among 965 patients identified, 775 (80%) were classified as having axSpA. The cohort was predominantly male (74%) with a mean age of 52.5 years (s.d. 16.8). AS patients were significantly older (54 vs 46 years), more frequently male (77% vs 64%) and had higher serum inflammatory markers than those with nr-axSpA (median CRP 3.4 vs 2.2 mg/dl). Half of all patients had at least one comorbidity. The mean number of comorbidities was 1.5 (s.d. 2.2) and similar between AS and nr-axSpA groups. A history of bDMARD-use was seen in 55% of patients with no difference between groups. The most commonly prescribed bDMARDs were adalimumab (31%) and etanercept (29%). Ever-prescriptions of individual bDMARDs were similar between AS and nr-axSpA.

Conclusion
Despite age differences, nr-axSpA patients had similar comorbidity burdens as those with AS. Both groups received comparable bDMARD treatment in this United States clinic-based cohort.
Phylogenetic systematics of the driftwood catfishes (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae): a combined morphological and molecular analysis
Authors: Calegari Bárbara B , Vari Richard P , Reis Roberto E 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA comprehensive phylogeny of species relationships of the Auchenipteridae is reconstructed here with a large-scale taxon sampling based on combined morphological and molecular datasets. The hypothesized phylogeny includes most species of Auchenipteridae (97 of 124 valid species) and multiple members of siluriform families as an outgroup (32 species) to embrace the diversity of forms among related catfishes. As the first large-scale phylogeny of the Auchenipteridae, comparison between taxa included information from both morphology (264 characters) and mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers (3490 nucleotides) from five genes: coI, 16S, rag2, myh6 and SH3PX3. Trees were generated under two different optimality criteria (Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference). A new classification for the family is presented herein to bring the taxonomy more in line with the new phylogenetic hypothesis. The strict consensus tree corroborates the monophyly of superfamily Doradoidea, family Auchenipteridae and its two subfamilies, Centromochlinae and Auchenipterinae. The new classification scheme proposes nine tribes in Auchenipteridae, based on the monophyly of major groups in both subfamilies. Centromochlus, Glanidium and Tatia are each recovered as paraphyletic. To maintain a monophyletic classification, some species treated as Tatia and Centromochlus are assigned to genera not previously recognized as valid.
The Structural Basis of the Genetic Code: Amino Acid Recognition by Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
Authors: Kaiser Florian , Krautwurst Sarah , Salentin Sebastian , Haupt V. Joachim , Leberecht Christoph , Bittrich Sebastian , Labudde Dirk , Schroeder Michael 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTStorage and directed transfer of information is the key requirement for the development of life. Yet any information stored on our genes is useless without its correct interpretation. The genetic code defines the rule set to decode this information. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are at the heart of this process. For the first time, we extensively characterize how these enzymes distinguish all natural amino acids based on the computational analysis of crystallographic structure data. The results of this meta-analysis show that the correct read-out of genetic information is a delicate interplay between the composition of the binding site, non-covalent interactions, error correction mechanisms, and steric effects.
Extension of thein vivohaploid induction system from maize to wheat
Authors: Liu Chenxu , Zhong Yu , Qi Xiaolong , Chen Ming , Liu Zongkai , Chen Chen , Tian Xiaolong , Li Jinlong , Jiao Yanyan , wang Dong , Wang Yuwen , Li Mengran , Xin Mingming , Liu Wenxin , Jin Weiwei , Chen Shaojiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDoubled haploid breeding technology has been one of the most important techniques for accelerating crop breeding. In compare toin vivohaploid induction in maize, which is efficient and background independent, wheat haploid production by interspecific hybridization pollinated with maize is influenced by genetic background and requires rescue of young embryos. Here, we analyzed the homologues of maize haploid induction geneMTL/ZmPLA1/NLDin several crop species systematically, the homologues are highly conserved in sorghum, millet and wheat etc. Since wheat is a very important polyploidy crop, as a proof of concept, we demonstrated that thein vivohaploid induction method could be extended from diploid maize to hexaploid wheat by knocking out the wheat homologues (TaPLAs). Result showed that double knock-out mutation could trigger wheat haploid induction at ~ 2%-3%, accompanied by 30% - 60% seed setting rate. The performance of haploid wheat individual showed shorter plant, narrower leaves and male sterile. Our results also revealed that knockout ofTaPLA-A andTaPLA-D do not affect pollen viability. This study not only confirmed the function of the induction gene and explored a new approach for haploid production in wheat, but also provided an example that thein vivohaploid induction could be applied in more crop species with different ploidy levels. Furthermore, by combining with gene editing, it would be a fast and powerful platform for traits improvement in polyploidy crops breeding.