bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presumed Neuroglycopenia Caused by Severe Hypoglycemia in Horses
Authors: Aleman M. , Costa L. R. R. , Crowe C. , Kass P. H. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundNeuroglycopenia refers to a shortage of glucose in the brain resulting in neuronal dysfunction and death if left untreated. Presumed neuroglycopenia has not been described in horses.ObjectiveTo report neurological signs in horses with presumed neuroglycopenia as the result of severe hypoglycemia.AnimalsNinety horses (hours to 28 years of age) diagnosed with hypoglycemia (blood glucose concentration < 75 mg/dL [< 4.2 mmol/L]).MethodsRetrospective study. Electronic medical records were searched. Signalment, history, complaint, clinical signs, laboratory findings including CSF analysis, electroencephalogram, clinical or definitive diagnosis, and outcome were recorded. Kruskal‐Wallis analysis of variance and logistic regression were used to investigate association between blood glucose concentration and data extracted. Statistical significance was set atP< 0.05.ResultsThirty‐eight and 52 horses had mild (50‐74 mg/dL [2.8‐4.1 mmol/L]), and severe hypoglycemia (< 50 mg/dL [< 2.8 mmol/L]), respectively. Most common causes of hypoglycemia included liver and gastrointestinal (40%) disease, sepsis (33%), neoplasia (7%), and insulin‐induced (4%). Most common neurologic deficits included obtundation (100%), seizures (42%), and disorientation (22%). CSF‐glucose was severely low (mean 2.5 mg/dL [0.1 mmol/L], median 0 mg/dL). Paroxysmal discharges in support of seizures were identified in the occipital (visual) and parietal (closest to temporal‐auditory) cortical regions upon EEG examination (8/8 horses).Conclusions and clinical importanceNeuroglycopenia is presumed to occur in horses as the result of severe hypoglycemia. Subclinical seizures, and intermittent blindness and deafness of cortical origin can occur. Severe altered state of consciousness and seizures can be observed at a blood glucose cut‐off value of < 42 mg/dL (< 2.3 mmol/L).
25‐Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in dogs with naturally acquired blastomycosis
Authors: O'Brien M.A. , McMichael M.A. , Le Boedec K. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundHypovitaminosis D is common in humans with tuberculosis, and adequate serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations may improve response to therapy. The pathomechanism ofBlastomyces dermatitidisis similar to that ofMycobacterium tuberculosis,but the 25(OH)D status of dogs with blastomycosis has not been investigated.ObjectivesTo determine if dogs with blastomycosis have lower 25(OH)D concentrations compared with healthy controls and to explore the prognostic value of 25(OH)D concentrations in blastomycosis.Animals35 control dogs (16 client‐owned, healthy dogs and 19 healthy, random‐source hound mixes) and 22 dogs with blastomycosis.MethodsProspective study. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), ionized calcium were measured, and biochemistry and hematology profiles were performed. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were compared between groups, and factors associated with 25(OH)D variation were investigated in dogs with blastomycosis. Dogs with blastomycosis were followed for up to 5 years after discharge and factors associated with survival were investigated.ResultsDogs with blastomycosis had significantly lower concentrations of 25(OH)D and PTH and higher concentrations of ionized calcium than did control dogs. In dogs with blastomycosis, 25(OH)D concentrations were independently associated with neutrophil count, pCO2, and with bone and skin involvement. The 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration was not associated with survival in dogs with blastomycosis, whereas lactate concentrations; bone, skin, and lymph node involvement; number of affected sites; and, presence of respiratory signs were associated with survival.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with blastomycosis had lower 25(OH)D concentrations than did healthy controls. Despite no impact on survival, investigating the effect of 25(OH)D supplementation on recovery is warranted.
An E321G MYH1 mutation is strongly associated with nonexertional rhabdomyolysis in Quarter Horses
Authors: Valberg Stephanie J. , Henry Marisa L. , Perumbakkam Sudeep , Gardner Keri L. , Finno Carrie J. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundAn E321G mutation in MYH1 was recently identified in Quarter Horses (QH) with immune‐mediated myositis (IMM) defined by a phenotype of gross muscle atrophy and myofiber lymphocytic infiltrates.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized that the MYH1 mutation also was associated with a phenotype of nonexertional rhabdomyolysis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of the MYH1 mutation in QH with exertional (ER) and nonexertional (nonER) rhabdomyolysis.AnimalsQuarter Horses: 72 healthy controls, 85 ER‐no atrophy, 56 ER‐atrophy, 167 nonER horses selected regardless of muscle atrophy.MethodsClinical and histopathologic information and DNA was obtained from a database for (1) ER > 2 years of age, with or without atrophy and (2) nonER creatine kinase (CK) ≥ 5000 U/L, <5 years of age. Horses were genotyped for E321G MYH1 by pyrosequencing.ResultsThe MYH1 mutation was present in a similar proportion of ER‐no atrophy (1/56; 2%) and in a higher proportion of ER‐atrophy (25/85; 29%) versus controls (4/72; 5%). The MYH1 mutation was present in a significantly higher proportion of nonER (113/165; 68%) than controls either in the presence (39/42; 93%) or in absence (72/123; 59%) of gross atrophy. Lymphocytes were present in <18% of muscle samples with the MYH1 mutation.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough not associated with ER, the MYH1 mutation is associated with atrophy after ER. The MYH1 mutation is highly associated with nonER regardless of whether muscle atrophy or lymphocytic infiltrates are present. Genetic testing will enhance the ability to diagnose MYH1 myopathies (MYHM) in QH.
Drug residues in poultry meat: A literature review of commonly used veterinary antibacterials and anthelmintics used in poultry
Authors: Patel Trishna , Marmulak Tara , Gehring Ronette , Pitesky Maurice , Clapham Maaike O. , Tell Lisa A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPoultry meat is widely consumed throughout the world and production practices often include the administration of pharmaceutical products. When appropriate, extra‐label drug use of medications is necessary, but scientifically derived drug withdrawal intervals must be observed so that poultry meat is not contaminated with drug residues which could pose health risks to consumers. Over the past decade, there has been increased advocacy for judicious use of antimicrobial drugs for treating food animals. Judicious use of medications is commonly referred to as practices that reduce antibiotic resistance, but also includes residue avoidance. In that light, many investigators have performed scientific studies and have published estimated pharmacokinetic parameters for veterinary medications used in commercial avian species. This manuscript is a review of medication classes that have been studied in poultry (mostly chickens) with an emphasis on drug residue depletion in poultry meat.
Oleanolic acid reprograms the liver to protect against hepatotoxicants, but is hepatotoxic at high doses
Authors: Liu Jie , Lu Yuan‐Fu , Wu Qin , Xu Shang‐Fu , Shi Fu‐Guo , Klaassen Curtis D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOleanolic acid (OA) is a triterpenoid that exists widely in fruits, vegetables and medicinal herbs. OA is included in some dietary supplements and is used as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in China, India, Asia, the USA and European countries. OA is effective in protecting against various hepatotoxicants, and one of the protective mechanisms is reprogramming the liver to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2). OA derivatives, such as CDDO‐Im and CDDO‐Me, are even more potent Nrf2 activators. OA has recently been shown to also activate the Takeda G‐protein‐coupled receptor (TGR5). However, whereas a low dose of OA is hepatoprotective, higher doses and long‐term use of OA can produce liver injury, characterized by cholestasis. This paradoxical hepatotoxic effect occurs not only for OA, but also for other OA‐type triterpenoids. Dose and length of time of OA exposure differentiate the ability of OA to produce hepatoprotection vs hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity produced by herbs is increasingly recognized and is of global concern. Given the appealing nature of OA in dietary supplements and its use as an alternative medicine around the world, as well as the development of OA derivatives (CDDO‐Im and CDDO‐Me) as therapeutics, it is important to understand not only that they program the liver to protect against hepatotoxic chemicals, but also how they produce hepatotoxicity.
Comparison of GEMS in interplanetary dust particles and GEMS‐like objects in a Stardust impact track in aerogel
Authors: Ishii Hope A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractComet 81P/Wild 2 dust, the first comet sample of known provenance, was widely expected to resemble anhydrous chondritic porous (CP) interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). GEMS, distinctly characteristic of CP IDPs, have yet to be unambiguously identified in the Stardust mission samples despite claims of likely candidates. One such candidate is Stardust impact track 57 “Febo” in aerogel, which contains fine‐grained objects texturally and compositionally similar to GEMS. Their position adjacent the terminal particle suggests that they may be indigenous, fine‐grained, cometary material, like that in CP IDPs, shielded by the terminal particle from damage during deceleration from hypervelocity. Dark‐field imaging and multidetector energy‐dispersive X‐ray mapping were used to compare GEMS‐like‐objects in the Febo terminal particle with GEMS in an anhydrous, chondritic IDP. GEMS in the IDP are within 3× CI (solar) abundances for major and minor elements. In the Febo GEMS‐like objects, Mg and Ca are systematically and strongly depleted relative to CI; S and Fe are somewhat enriched; and Au, a known aerogel contaminant, is present, consistent with ablation, melting, abrasion, and mixing of the SiOx aerogel with crystalline Fe‐sulfide and minor enstatite, high‐Ni sulfide, and augite identified by elemental mapping in the terminal particle. Thus, GEMS‐like objects in “caches” of fine‐grained debris abutting terminal particles are most likely deceleration debris packed in place during particle transit through the aerogel.
Shock metamorphic history of >4 Ga Apollo 14 and 15 zircons
Authors: Crow Carolyn A. , Moser Desmond E. , McKeegan Kevin D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring impact events, zircons develop a wide range of shock metamorphic features that depend on the pressure and temperature conditions experienced by the zircon. These conditions vary with original distance from impact center and whether the zircon grains are incorporated into ejecta or remain within the target crust. We have employed the range of shock metamorphic features preserved in >4 Ga lunar zircons separated from Apollo 14 and 15 breccias and soils in order to gain insights into the impact shock histories of these areas of the Moon. We report microstructural characteristics of 31 zircons analyzed using electron beam methods including electron backscatter pattern (EBSP) and diffraction (EBSD). The major results of this survey are as follows. (1) The abundance of curviplanar features hosting secondary impact melt inclusions suggests that most of the zircons have experienced shock pressures between 3 and 20 GPa; (2) the scarcity of recrystallization or decomposition textures and the absence of the high‐pressure polymorph, reidite, suggests that few grains have been shocked to over 40 GPa or heated above 1000 °C in ejecta settings; (3) one grain exhibits narrow, arc‐shaped bands of twinned zircon, which map out as spherical shells, and represent a novel shock microstructure. Overall, most of the Apollo 14 and 15 zircons exhibit shock features similar to those of terrestrial zircon grains originating from continental crust below large (~200 km) impact craters (e.g., Vredefort impact basin), suggesting derivation from central uplifts or uplifted rims of large basins or craters on the Moon and not high‐temperature and ‐pressure ejecta deposits.
Protecting, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding on Instagram
Authors: Marcon Alessandro R. , Bieber Mark , Azad Meghan B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBreastfeeding has many established benefits for mothers, children, and society at large; however, the vast majority of infants globally do not meet international breastfeeding recommendations. There are many complex reasons for suboptimal breastfeeding rates, including social and societal factors. Alongside increasing social media use worldwide, there is an expanding research focus on how social media use affects health behaviours, decisions and perceptions. The objective of this study was to systematically determine if and how breastfeeding is promoted and supported on the popular social media platform Instagram, which currently has over 700 million active users worldwide. To assess how Instagram is used to depict and portray breastfeeding, and how users share perspectives and information about this topic, we analysed 4,089 images and 8,331 corresponding comments posted with popular breastfeeding‐related hashtags (#breastfeeding, #breastmilk, #breastisbest, and #normalizebreastfeeding). We found that Instagram is being mobilized by users to publicly display and share diverse breastfeeding‐related content and to create supportive networks that allow new mothers to share experiences, build confidence, and address challenges related to breastfeeding. Discussions were overwhelmingly positive and often highly personal, with virtually no antagonistic content. Very little educational content was found, contrasted by frequent depiction and discussion of commercial products. Thus, Instagram is currently used by breastfeeding mothers to create supportive networks and could potentially offer new avenues and opportunities to “normalize,” protect, promote, and support breastfeeding more broadly across its large and diverse global online community.
Adaptive introgression and maintenance of a trispecies hybrid complex in range‐edge populations of Populus
Authors: Chhatre Vikram E. , Evans Luke M. , DiFazio Stephen P. , Keller Stephen R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn hybrid zones occurring in marginal environments, adaptive introgression from one species into the genomic background of another may constitute a mechanism facilitating adaptation at range limits. Although recent studies have improved our understanding of adaptive introgression in widely distributed tree species, little is known about the dynamics of this process in populations at the margins of species ranges. We investigated the extent of introgression between three species of the genus Populus sect. Tacamahaca (P. balsamifera, P. angustifolia and P. trichocarpa) at the margins of their distributions in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada. Using genotyping by sequencing (GBS), we analysed ~ 83,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 296 individuals from 29 allopatric and sympatric populations of the three species. We found a trispecies hybrid complex present throughout the zone of range overlap, including early as well as advanced generation backcross hybrids, indicating recurrent gene flow in this hybrid complex. Using genomic cline analysis, we found evidence of non‐neutral patterns of introgression at 23% of loci in hybrids, of which 47% and 8% represented excess ancestry from P. angustifolia and P. balsamifera, respectively. Gene ontology analysis suggested these genomic regions were enriched for genes associated with photoperiodic regulation, metal ion transport, maintenance of redox homeostasis and cell wall metabolites involved in regulation of seasonal dormancy. Our study demonstrates the role of adaptive introgression in a multispecies hybrid complex in range‐edge populations and has implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of adaptation in hybrid zones, especially at the margins of species distributions.
Effect of torpor on host transcriptomic responses to a fungal pathogen in hibernating bats
Authors: Field Kenneth A. , Sewall Brent J. , Prokkola Jenni M. , Turner Gregory G. , Gagnon Marianne F. , Lilley Thomas M. , Paul White J. , Johnson Joseph S. , Hauer Christopher L. , Reeder DeeAnn M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHibernation, the use of prolonged torpor to depress metabolism, is employed by mammals to conserve resources during extended periods of extreme temperatures and/or resource limitation. Mammalian hibernators arouse to euthermy periodically during torpor for reasons that are not well understood, and these arousals may facilitate immune processes. To determine whether arousals enable host responses to pathogens, we used dual RNA‐Seq and a paired sampling approach to examine gene expression in a hibernating bat, the little brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus). During torpor, transcript levels differed in only a few genes between uninfected wing tissue and adjacent tissue infected with Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal pathogen that causes white‐nose syndrome. Within 70–80 min after emergence from torpor, large changes in gene expression were observed due to local infection, particularly in genes involved in pro‐inflammatory host responses to fungal pathogens, but also in many genes involved in immune responses and metabolism. These results support the hypothesis that torpor is a period of relative immune dormancy and arousals allow for local immune responses in infected tissues during hibernation. Host–pathogen interactions were also found to regulate gene expression in the pathogen differently depending on the torpor state of the host. Hibernating species must balance the benefits of energy and water conservation achieved during torpor with the costs of decreased immune competence. Interbout arousals allow hibernators to optimize these, and other, trade‐offs during prolonged hibernation by enabling host responses to pathogens within brief, periodic episodes of euthermy.
A conserved motif promotes HpaB‐regulated export of type III effectors from Xanthomonas
Authors: Prochaska Heike , Thieme Sabine , Daum Sebastian , Grau Jan , Schmidtke Cornelius , Hallensleben Magnus , John Peter , Bacia Kirsten , Bonas Ulla 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe type III secretion (T3S) system, an essential pathogenicity factor in most Gram‐negative plant‐pathogenic bacteria, injects bacterial effector proteins directly into the plant cell cytosol. Here, the type III effectors (T3Es) manipulate host cell processes to suppress defence and establish appropriate conditions for bacterial multiplication in the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. T3E export depends on a secretion signal which is also present in ‘non‐effectors’. The latter are secreted extracellular components of the T3S apparatus, but are not translocated into the plant cell. How the T3S system discriminates between T3Es and non‐effectors is still enigmatic. Previously, we have identified a putative translocation motif (TrM) in several T3Es from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv). Here, we analysed the TrM of the Xcv effector XopB in detail. Mutation studies showed that the proline/arginine‐rich motif is required for efficient type III‐dependent secretion and translocation of XopB and determines the dependence of XopB transport on the general T3S chaperone HpaB. Similar results were obtained for other effectors from Xcv. As the arginine residues of the TrM mediate specific binding of XopB to cardiolipin, one of the major lipid components in Xanthomonas membranes, we assume that the association of T3Es to the bacterial membrane prior to secretion supports type III‐dependent export.
Inequalities in Educational Outcomes: How Important Is the Family?
Authors: Bredtmann Julia , Smith Nina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing rich administrative and longitudinal survey data for Denmark, we investigate sibling correlations in educational outcomes, which serve as a broad measure of the importance of family and community background. We find sibling correlations of up to 0.38, suggesting that more than a third of the variation in educational achievement can be explained by family background. Our results further reveal that parents’ socio‐economic background can account for a large part of the sibling correlation. Other family characteristics such as family structure, social problems and parents’ educational preferences only contribute to explaining sibling similarities at lower levels of the educational distribution.
Interventions for dry mouth and hyposalivation in Sjögren’s syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Al Hamad Arwa , Lodi Giovanni , Porter Stephen , Fedele Stefano , Mercadante Valeria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesSystematic review with meta‐analysis of interventions for dry mouth symptoms and hyposalivation of Sjögren's syndrome (SS).Materials and MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central and EMBASE up to February 2018 for randomized trials of interventions for dry mouth and hyposalivation of SS. The primary outcome was the mean change in xerostomia symptoms. The secondary outcomes included changes in salivary flow and quality of life. We used the Cochrane risk of bias tool for individual studies and the GRADE method to summarize the quality of evidence across studies for the included outcomes.ResultsThirty‐six studies (3,274 patients) were included in the systematic review. Results from the meta‐analyses showed high‐quality evidence that pilocarpine was superior to placebo in reducing dry mouth symptoms. We found moderate quality of evidence that pilocarpine, rituximab and interferon‐alpha were more effective than placebo in increasing salivary flow, with the relevant effect size being large for pilocarpine, and notably smaller for rituximab and interferon‐alpha.ConclusionClinicians should be very confident in the beneficial effects of pilocarpine upon dry mouth symptoms of SS and moderately confident that pilocarpine, rituximab and interferon‐alpha can have beneficial effects upon salivary flow. Adverse events are common. The use of other treatment modalities cannot be supported on the basis of current evidence.