bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the quality of drug safety information for patients: An analysis of REMS educational materials
Authors: Chan Hilda W. , Russell Andrea M. , Smith Meredith Y. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPoor‐quality patient drug information has been identified as a major cause of preventable medication errors in the United States. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to require marketing authorization holders of medicinal products to implement risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS) to ensure that the benefits of a drug or biological product outweigh its risks. Aside from medication guides, no research has been conducted to assess the quality of patient‐targeted REMS materials, including whether, and to what extent, patients find these materials understandable and actionable.PurposeTo describe the readability, understandability, and actionability of patient educational materials in currently approved REMS programs, and to highlight opportunities for improving both the quality and effectiveness of these important drug safety tools.MethodsSeventy‐seven REMS programs were identified from the FDA REMS database. We excluded medication guides (MGs) from our analysis because of the fact that there is a mandatory MG template. Based on this, we identified a total of 27 (non‐MG) REMS patient materials on the FDA REMS website for analysis purposes. The materials were tested for readability using the Lexile Measure, the Gunning Fog Index, and Flesch Kincaid and then assessed using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for printable materials, for understandability and actionability.ResultsTwenty‐three of 77 (30%) REMS programs used educational materials to communicate serious risks to patients, yielding a total of 27 REMS patient materials for analysis. The median readability score for these materials was at a ninth‐grade reading level or higher. While most (89%) of these patient education materials met established criteria for being understandable, less than half (49%) were deemed actionable.DiscussionCurrently approved REMS patient materials fell short in terms of recommended reading level, and over half did not meet recommended standards for actionability. Developers of these materials should apply plain language principles when design these materials to improve their readability and to assess both understandability and actionability in order to increase the effectiveness when distributed to patients.
Time Course and Extent of Renal Function Changes in Patients Receiving Treatment for Staphylococcal Pneumonias: An Analysis Comparing Telavancin and Vancomycin from the ATTAIN Trials
Authors: Nogid Boris , Lacy Melinda K. , Jacobs Micah , Bruss Jon , Dwyer Jamie 
Published: July 2018

Study ObjectiveTelavancin and vancomycin are both approved for treatment of hospital‐acquired and ventilator‐associated bacterial pneumonias caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and both agents can cause renal dysfunction. The objective of this study was to assess renal function changes by performing renal shift table analyses of telavancin‐ and vancomycin‐treated patients in phase III trials.DesignRetrospective, descriptive analysis of data from the safety population from the Assessment of Telavancin for Treatment of Hospital‐Acquired Pneumonia (ATTAIN) trials.PatientsA total of 1503 adults with hospital‐acquired or ventilator‐associated bacterial pneumonia primarily caused by gram‐positive pathogens and who received telavancin (n = 751) or vancomycin (n = 752).Measurements and Main ResultsDecline or improvement in creatinine clearance (CrCl) across seven defined categories (≤30, >30–40, >40–50, >50–60, >60–70, >70–80, and >80 ml/min) was classified as negative or positive shifts, respectively. The number of categories crossed (either positive or negative) determined the grade of shift (of a potential grades 1–6, with crossing from one category to the next adjacent category defined as a grade 1 shift) at specific time points compared with baseline: day 4, day 7, and end of therapy (EOT). Approximately 77%–91.6% of patients had either no change or improvement of CrCl across all time points for both treatments. Negative shifts were consistent for telavancin (day 4, 19.3%; day 7, 19.0%; EOT, 23.0%) but increased over time for vancomycin (day 4, 8.4%; day 7, 12.3%; EOT, 19.3%). A significantly lower proportion of patients receiving vancomycin showed renal function decline on day 4 and day 7. At EOT, negative shift rates were similar between treatments (treatment difference 3.6% [95% CI −0.7 to 7.9]). At day 7 and EOT, a higher percentage of vancomycin‐treated patients experienced high‐grade negative shifts relative to telavancin (day 7, vancomycin 2.8% vs telavancin 1.9%; EOT, vancomycin 4.7% vs telavancin 4.1%), though differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionUse of shift tables revealed differences in timing of renal function changes in patients receiving telavancin and vancomycin. Telavancin‐related declines in renal function were similar at day 4 and day 7, with a slight increase by EOT. This differed from vancomycin, which caused a steady increase in the percentage of patients with renal function decline over time. A significant difference in negative renal shifts between treatments occurred at day 4 and day 7 and favored vancomycin; however, the difference was minimal and not significant at EOT.
Molecular structure and driving force to metastable states: Janus faces in polymer crystallization
Authors: Mathot Vincent BF 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper is a retrospective of a past dedicated to research on polymers and a situation sketch of the present and the near future. (Co)polymers discussed are mainly based on ethylene. (Cross‐)fractionation techniques combined with state‐of‐the‐art characterization techniques, like quantitative differential scanning calorimetry, are powerful tools for the study of the links between two main topics: molecular structure and crystallization/melting. These form the two ‘Janus faces’ polymers can show, namely Face 1: the molecular structure resulting from polymerization with the keyword ‘nature’; and Face 2: the driving force of crystallization towards a metastable state, with the keyword ‘nurture’. After all, to meet demands for properties of products, in principle one starts with a given molecular architecture, after which dedicated processing, including application of temperature–time ramps, has to do the job. With new instrumentation, especially fast scanning (chip) calorimetry, for the first time in history the driving force towards crystallization into one of the possible metastable states – via Face 2 – can be controlled, of course within certain limits given by Face 1. This promising outlook of combining the faces to a useful symbiosis of Janus will be a challenge for those working in the science of crystallization of polymers. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A dopant‐free polymer as hole‐transporting material for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Li Xianqiang , Tang Xiaohong , Yang Yijie , Ye Tao , Wu Dan , Wang Hong , Li Jun , Wang Xizu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA series of thiazolothiazole‐thiophene‐based polymer hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) are synthesized and applied into perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These polymer HTMs have good performance and stability without any dopants. The improved performance and stability of PSCs is attributed to the polymer HTMs' crystallinity which can be controlled by adjusting the thiophene units on the polymer backbone. The highest PCE of the polymer HTMs based PSCs reached 14.02%. The stability of the PSCs was shown by retaining 80% PCE of the original value after stored them in a N2‐filled glovebox for 113 days.
A multilevel analysis of home and classroom literacy environments in relation to preschoolers’ early literacy development
Authors: Altun Dilek , Tantekin Erden Feyza , Snow Catherine E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the characteristics of preschoolers’ home and classroom literacy environments and the relationships between receptive and expressive vocabulary, phonological awareness, and concepts about print (CAP) development. The participants were 168 parents and their children from five private preschools in a large suburban area. Two waves of data were collected. Multilevel linear modeling was used to analyze the two‐level data set. The findings of the study revealed that children have more oral language related home experiences than print‐related experiences. Similarly, the scores of the children's classroom environment that were related to oral language sources had the highest average of all rated dimensions. Print‐related resources and experiences and provisions for book corners in the classrooms were limited. The results revealed that children's spring semester early literacy scores were significantly associated with their initial early literacy scores, mother's education level, and the classroom literacy environment. However, the home literacy environment was not significantly related to spring semester CAP scores.
The effect of psychomotor physical therapy on health‐related quality of life, pain, coping, self‐esteem, and social support
Authors: Bergland Astrid , Olsen Cecilie Fromholt , Ekerholt Kirsten 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundNorwegian psychomotor physiotherapy (NPMP) is commonly applied for patients with long‐lasting pain and psychological symptoms. The approach is based on a bio‐psychosocial model of health and might have benefits to physical, psychological, and physical domains of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). No previous randomized controlled clinical trials have been performed to examine the effectiveness of NPMP as individual treatment. The aim was therefore to assess the effect of a 6‐month intervention of NPMP on HRQOL and on pain, coping, social support, and self‐esteem.MethodsThe study was a pragmatic randomized controlled trial comparing an intervention group with a control group. Participants were recruited from 36 physiotherapists specialized in NPMP, working in private practice. The intervention group received NPMP once weekly for 6 months, whereas the control group received no intervention. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 6 months. A total of 105 participants were included. HRQOL was measured by the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey, SF‐36. To examine the effect of the intervention, independent samplettests were performed with the “difference in mean values,” delta (=∆, posttest result − baseline result).ResultsSignificant differences between the two groups were observed in six of the eight SF‐36 domains: Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain, General Health, Mental Health, Social Functioning, and Vitality. Effect size ranged from 0.9 for Vitality to 0.3 for Role Physical and Role Emotional. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between groups regarding pain and self‐esteem in favour of the intervention group. The Cohen'sdeffect sizes of the different dimensions of HRQOL ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 with a median of 0.6.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that 6‐month intervention of NPMP increased HRQOL and self‐esteem as well as reduced pain.
Screening of anticancer drugs to detect drug‐induced interstitial pneumonia using the accumulated data in the electronic medical record
Authors: Shimai Yoshie , Takeda Toshihiro , Okada Katsuki , Manabe Shirou , Teramoto Kei , Mihara Naoki , Matsumura Yasushi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBecause drug‐induced interstitial pneumonia (DIP) is a serious adverse drug reaction, its quantitative risk with individual medications should be taken into due consideration when selecting a medicine. We developed an algorithm to detect DIP using medical record data accumulated in a hospital. Chest computed tomography (CT) is mainly used for the diagnosis of IP, and chest X‐ray reports, KL‐6, and SP‐D values are used to support the diagnosis. The presence of IP in the reports was assessed by a method using natural language‐processing, in which IP was estimated according to the product of the likelihood ratio of characteristic keywords in each report. The sensitivity and the specificity of the method for chest CT reports were 0.92 and 0.97, while those for chest X‐ray reports were 0.83 and 1, respectively. The occurrence of DIP was estimated by the patterns of presence of IP before, during, and after the administration of the target medicine. The occurrence rate of DIP in cases administered Gefitinib; Methotrexate (MTX); Tegafur, Gimeracil, and Oteracil potassium (TS‐1); and Tegafur and Uracil (UTF) was 6.0%, 2.3%, 1.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. The estimated DIP cases were checked by having the medical records independently reviewed by medical doctors. By chart review, the positive predictive values of DIP against Gefitinib, MTX, TS‐1, and UFT were 69.2%, 44.4%, 58.6%, and 77.8%, respectively. Although the cases extracted by this method included some that did not have DIP, this method can estimate the relative risk of DIP between medicines.
Time‐correlated model error in the (ensemble) Kalman smoother
Authors: Amezcua Javier , van Leeuwen Peter Jan 
Published: July 2018

Data assimilation is often performed in a perfect‐model scenario, where only errors in initial conditions and observations are considered. Errors in model equations are increasingly being included, but typically using rather adhoc approximations with limited understanding of how these approximations affect the solution and how these approximations interfere with approximations inherent in finite‐size ensembles.We provide the first systematic evaluation of the influence of approximations to model errors within a time window of weak‐constraint ensemble smoothers. In particular, we study the effects of prescribing temporal correlations in the model errors incorrectly in a Kalman smoother, and in interaction with finite‐ensemble‐size effects in an ensemble Kalman smoother.For the Kalman smoother we find that an incorrect correlation time‐scale for additive model errors can have substantial negative effects on the solutions, and we find that overestimating of the correlation time‐scale leads to worse results than underestimating. In the ensemble Kalman smoother case, the resulting ensemble‐based space–time gain can be written as the true gain multiplied by two factors, a linear factor containing the errors due to both time‐correlation errors and finite ensemble effects, and a nonlinear factor related to the inverse part of the gain. Assuming that both errors are relatively small, we are able to disentangle the contributions from the different approximations. The analysis mean is affected by the time‐correlation errors, but also substantially by finite‐ensemble effects, which was unexpected. The analysis covariance is affected by both time‐correlation errors and an in‐breeding term. This first thorough analysis of the influence of time‐correlation errors and finite‐ensemble‐size errors on weak‐constraint ensemble smoothers will aid further development of these methods and help to make them robust for e.g. numerical weather prediction.
Assessing the reliability of ensemble forecasting systems under serial dependence
Authors: Bröcker Jochen 
Published: July 2018

The problem of testing the reliability of ensemble forecasting systems is revisited. A popular tool to assess the reliability of ensemble forecasting systems (for scalar verifications) is the rank histogram; this histogram is expected to be more or less flat, since, for a reliable ensemble, the ranks are uniformly distributed among their possible outcomes. Quantitative tests for flatness (e.g. Pearson's goodness‐of‐fit test) have been suggested; without exception, however, these tests assume the ranks to be a sequence of independent random variables, which is not the case in general, as can be demonstrated with simple toy examples. In this article, tests are developed that take the temporal correlations between the ranks into account. A refined analysis exploiting the reliability property shows that the ranks still exhibit strong decay of correlations. This property is key to the analysis, and the proposed tests are valid for general ensemble forecasting systems with minimal extraneous assumptions.
Increasing the availability and spatial variation of spawning habitats through ascending baseflows
Authors: Goodman D. H. , Som N. A. , Hetrick N. J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrecipitation in fall and winter is important to recharge aquifers in Northern California and the Pacific Northwestern United States, causing the baseflow in rivers ascend during the time when Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) construct redds. Herein, we evaluate the availability of spawning habitats under a constant streamflow common in regulated rivers against ascending baseflows patterned from free‐flowing rivers. A binomial logistic regression model was applied to predict the suitability of redd locations based on physical characteristics. Next, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic habitat models were developed at two locations representing a broad range of channel forms common in large rivers. Hydrodynamic and habitat models were leveraged together to simulate the quality, amount, and spatial distribution of spawning habitat at a series of individual flow rates, as well as the combined effect of those flow rates through a spawning season with ascending baseflows. Ascending baseflows increased the abundance of spawning habitat over individual streamflows at a site where the river channel is confined by levee‐like features. However, improvements were greater at an unconfined site that facilitated lateral connectivity and greater expansion of wetted channel area as streamflows increased. Ascending baseflows provided spatial separation in preferred habitats over a spawning season, which may reduce the risk of superimposition among runs or among species. Ascending baseflows provided a benefit across the range of hydrologic regimes in a 100‐year gauge record ranging from 20% to 122% improvements in habitat area over low streamflows that are currently used to manage for spawning habitat. Although replicating natural flow regimes in managed systems can be impossible or impractical, these results demonstrate that incorporating elements of the natural flow regime like ascending baseflows can benefit the restoration and conservation of riverine species.
Multiframe message broadcast in agility link based navigation satellite network
Authors: Hou Zhenwei , Yi Xianqing , Zhao Yue 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe agility link based navigation satellite network suffers from a lack of continuous end‐to‐end connectivity. Message transmitting relies on a store‐forward mechanism—ie, data are sent from one node to another, depending on the communication opportunities, termed contacts, which arise when 2 nodes are connected by a link. To address the technical issues in such networks, the common approach is termed delay‐tolerant networking. However, the problem becomes more complicated when the message is subdivided into several frames for the limited transmission capacity of one contact. In this paper, we formalize the multiframe message broadcast problem where node may possess different knowledge, such as contact plans and message distribution, which depict the state of network and is helpful for data transmission. With the different amount of the knowledge, we investigate several different transmission strategies. And we propose the theoretical models to evaluate the above transmission strategies. Simulations prove the accuracy of our model. We also find that, as expected, the strategy using more knowledge tends to perform better. To the best of our knowledge this is the first investigation of multiframe message broadcast issues in the agility link based navigation satellite network.
Young students' understanding of the relationship between inheritance and variation of traits using structural equation modeling
Authors: Ibourk Amal , Williams Michelle , Opperman Amanda , Cisterna Dante , Nazar Christina Restrepo , Xie Yiyu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGenetics has become increasingly important in everyday life, a fact that is reflected in state and national science education standards. This study examines the relationship between 474 fifth graders' understandings of the core ideas of inheritance of traits and variation of traits. A confirmatory factor analysis, supplemented with qualitative analyses of students’ responses, revealed a relationship between these concepts and contributed evidence about the nature of students' challenges in learning these ideas. While most students demonstrated some normative ideas, many struggled to explain variation of traits as resulting from equal inheritance of genetic information from two parents. Instead, they focused on generational patterns of visible traits or on the influence of nongenetic factors. Deepening understanding of young students' heredity‐related thinking can improve preparation of older students for learning advanced genetics‐related ideas.
Structural damage and ion‐channelling effects in a single‐crystal Si layer modified by medium‐heavy ions
Authors: Mikšová R. , Macková A. , Jagerová A. , Yatskiv R. 
Published: July 2018

Structural modification after medium‐heavy ion irradiation was characterised by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in the channelling mode (RBS‐C) for silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) material. Silicon on insulator was irradiated using C+, 2+, N+, 2+, and O+, 2+ ions at fluences of 1 × 1014 and 1 × 1015 cm−2 and energies of 0.4, 3, and 5 MeV to follow the interplay of electronic and nuclear stopping and its influence on damage accumulation. The relative amount of displaced atoms in the surface‐irradiated layer was extracted from RBS‐C spectra and used, along with axial channel analysis, to study ion‐channelling effects in the modified crystalline lattice. The discussion of ion penetration through the modified crystalline layer of the SOI structure in channelling direction was supported by a Monte Carlo simulation (FLUX code) of He ion flux maps in a gradually modified Si crystalline upper layer taking into account the experimentally determined relative disorder extracted from RBS‐C.The RBS‐C measurement shows an increase of the relative amount of displaced atoms mainly after irradiation using 0.4‐MeV ions at an ion fluence of 1 × 1015 cm−2. The narrowing effect of channels for He ion‐beam channelling experiment was observed in the irradiated silicon layers and discussed in connection with the irradiation parameters. The FLUX simulation, provided with the experimentally given value of the displaced atoms, has confirmed that it is not only the vacancies that can cause such a narrowing effect of the angular scan. The angular scan narrowing can be explained for predominately electronic stopping by induced crystalline‐cell modification.