bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation Barrier Valves Installed Successfully in Deepwater Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 28453, “Egina Deepwater Development: Isolation-Barrier-Valve Case Study,” by G. Forrest, C. Morand, K. Johnson, and V. Okengwu, Halliburton, and V. Chaloupka, SPE, Total, prepared for the 2018 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 20–23 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2018 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
A major operator manages multiple deepwater projects in the Gulf of Guinea. This paper describes one of these, a recent 44-well project. The operator required an ISO 28781-qualified bidirectional subsurface isolation barrier valve (IBV) to be installed in each well. This paper presents the results of the IBV deployment in the field.
Introduction
The Egina field was discovered in 2003 in Oil Mining Lease 130 located in deep water (1150–1750 m) approximately 200 km offshore Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Subsurface IBVs have become commonplace in lower-sandface-completion installations. The potential time and operational cost savings are well understood. However, industry concerns remain regarding the ability of these devices to operate reliably in demanding wellbore conditions.
The primary challenges for this project were
Deviated wells with horizontal drains, high dogleg severity, and azimuth changes
Isolation of different reservoirs along each drain
Faults
Running the upper completion in sieved nonaqueous-based mud (NABM)
Well-Control Philosophy and Barrier Requirements
General philosophies and requirements for well control—including the overall principles for well barriers, kill methods, and project-specific needs—require the following with respect to barriers:
Can be pressure-tested
Location and status can be known at all times
Can be re-established in a short period of time
Can operate in the environment despite challenges related to pressures, temperatures, and fluids
The integrity of a barrier can be verified by pressure-testing to working pressure in the direction of flow when possible. These tests can also be run in the reverse direction. After completion and tree installation, tests are conducted using available well pressure.
IBV Design Update. The IBV design in question (Fig. 1) was first run in west Africa in 2008 as a result of an extensive qualification and testing program aimed at improving upon its predecessor. The new IBV improved debris tolerance to meet ISO 28781 regulatory requirements. Enhancements also included increased differential opening pressure, simplified operating and workshop-testing procedures, removal of the transit pin, and increased opening force.
Energy, Environment, and Social Development: What If You Had No Modern Energy? The Realities of Solving Energy Poverty
Authors: Alnuaim Sami 
Published: May 2019

President's column
Hurricane Harvey gave many SPE members in Houston at least a few days’ experience of life without electricity. Most of us find it hard to imagine what life would be like without the access to energy that we take for granted—the flip of a light switch, heating something in the microwave, or climate control in our homes. Yet nearly 1 billion people on our planet go through their days without electric lights, refrigeration, heating/cooling, clean fuel for cooking food indoors, and more. Those who rely on wood, peat, or dung for cooking spend hours each day gathering fuel. The gatherers are often the women and children, precluding their access to education and other opportunities. Use of kerosene for lighting has been linked to lung cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, and other health problems. Lamps are easily knocked over and start fires. A lack of access to electricity has ripple effects across many aspects of people’s lives, health, and safety.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) reports that in 2017 more than 120 million people worldwide gained access to electricity, causing the total number of people without access to fall below 1 billion for the first time ever. IEA is expecting this reduction in energy poverty to double when 2018 data are available. The United Nations is targeting zero energy poverty by 2030. The gains during 2017 are largely attributable to a significant government effort in India to bring electricity to all of its villages and progress in a few African countries. Despite these gains, more than 55% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa and around 9% of those in Asia still lack access to the benefits of electricity. In 15 African countries, the percentage of the population without access to electricity is 75% or more.
Where did the electricity for those 120 million new consumers come from? Since 2000, according to IEA, 26% of this additional access to electricity has come from natural gas, and to a lesser extent, oil. Another 45% has come from coal (commonly used for electricity in India). Since 2012, renewables have grown in the mix and now constitute 34% of new electric connections in developing areas, led by solar power. Those who argue we should stop using all fossil fuels immediately may not realize that they would be limiting the opportunity of those without power to improve their standard of living.
Progress on ensuring access to clean fuels for cooking has been much slower. IEA estimates that 2.8 billion people lack access to modern cooking fuels, virtually unchanged from 2000. China and Indonesia have made progress through policies encouraging use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and electricity for cooking. IEA reports that 2.5 billion people cook with traditional biomass sources, while another 120 million use kerosene and 170 million use coal for cooking. Natural gas, LPG, and natural gas liquids have the potential for replacing these sources, with significant environmental and health benefits as well.
New Operators, Well Designs Drive Record Gas Production in Haynesville
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: May 2019

The Haynesville Shale might be the greatest comeback story of the US shale revolution.
At one point in 2016, there were just 13 active rigs in the dry-gas play that stretches between Louisiana and Texas. That figure has increased fourfold to today and, in April, the Haynesville set a new production record of 10.5 Bcf/D—the strongest output since 2011, per the US Department of Energy (DOE).
The resurgence has been led not by the large operators who initially put the Haynesville on the map, but by a group of private equity-backed operators that entered the play within the last few years. Their momentum has been driven by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities that began exporting the product from the US Gulf Coast in 2016.
Petroleum engineers have also moved the needle by creating a class of horizontal wells that look nothing like what the region has seen before in terms of productivity.
“I think that over the past 3 or 4 years, the understanding of optimal frac design and the selection of the targets has evolved quite dramatically,” said Artem Abramov, the head of shale research for Rystad Energy in Oslo.
The nearly 300 wells that were brought online in the Haynesville during 2017 have produced a cumulative average of 3.6 Bcf. They continue to generate an average of 8.5 MMcf/D, according to public data compiled by ShaleProfile.
This is a marked improvement over 2015 vintage wells that managed only 1.5 MMcf/D after reaching the same cumulative production point. In terms of long-tail production, this is an increase of more than 450%.
One of the most critical factors behind the improved recovery is the increased use of proppant in horizontal wells. Thanks to lower prices made possible by the in-basin mine trend taking hold across the US shale sector, operators can afford to place two or three times the amount of sand into Haynesville’s tight-rock system than they were prior to 2016.
Abramov remarked that this development has effectively “re-established it as a completely new play.”
Too Much of a Good Thing
Rig counts have remained steady at around an average of 55 since the start of the year but the region is seeing more completion activity and has become one of the fastest-growing demand centers for hydraulic fracturing crews in the US. As the race to reawaken the sleeping giant continues on, there are concerns that too much production could harm the play’s economic standing.
Calgary-based RS Energy Group (RSEG) recently looked at the issue and found that takeaway capacity may hit a wall as early as this summer, possibly curtailing drilling plans for the rest of the year.
“It’s not a Haynesville constraint in isolation,” explained Trevor Sloan, an executive director and co-head of research at RSEG. “Rather, Haynesville producers share common routes to coastal demand centers—including LNG facilities—with northeast producers, and the midcontinent for that matter. Potential from all those basins could cause some congestion on routes south.”
Offshore Enters a New Era
Authors: Wilson Adam , Whitfield Stephen , Jacobs Trent , Donnelly John 
Published: May 2019

2019 OTC review
Digitalization and automation were key topics in the panel and technical sessions at this year’s Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) as the iconic event celebrated its 50th anniversary. More than 59,000 attendees participated in the conference, which was held 6–9 May in Houston.
OTC launched its golden anniversary with a wide-ranging panel discussion on the current viability of the offshore sector and how digitalization will change it in the future.
Total’s Energy Outlook 2040 proposes two distinct scenarios of the energy future: a momentum scenario, in which oil demand is dominated by transportation and petrochemicals, and a rupture scenario, which sees a massive shift in public policy and the growth of renewables. Either way, “our industry has a major role to play in climate change issues,” said Arnaud Breuillac, president of exploration and production for Total.
The global energy mix is changing, he said, but the question is how rapidly, especially regarding use of electric vehicles and the growth of electrification in developing countries. Given the projected population rise and the fact that 1.5 billion people do not have access to energy now, increased use of natural gas and renewables is the “right approach to stabilize the energy system,” Breuillac said. The 21st century will likely be the “century of electricity,” he added.
“It is clear that the pace of change does not lie entirely in our hands,” he said about the use of hydrocarbons in the future, but will be influenced by the public and policymakers as well. For now, Total is pursuing projects on the low end of the cost curve while trying to reduce its carbon footprint from production to customer delivery.
Whether the industry should pursue a future of reduced hydrocarbon production and use appears to be a dilemma, said panel moderator Scott Tinker, director of the Bureau of Economic Geology at The University of Texas at Austin. If climate change is the worst problem, then reduced hydrocarbon use could be part of the solution; but if poverty is the globe’s biggest issue, then hydrocarbons are undoubtedly part of the solution.
Although the industry “does produce a lot of CO2,” Tinker said, access to readily available and affordable energy also alleviates hunger and provides clothing, shelter, and clean water, and allows access to education, health care, and medical services, among other things. Offering more perspective, Tinker noted that although there is a lot of talk about the growth in wind and power for energy, their use is but a fraction of demand for oil, natural gas, and coal. Over the past several decades, carbon emissions in the US and Europe have been flat to slightly down, while emissions in Asia have grown sharply, he said.
Factory-Model Approach Improves Performance of Coiled-Tubing Drillout
Authors: Feder Judy 
Published: May 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 191689, “Factory-Model Approach for Successful Coil-Tubing-Unit Drillout Operations in Unconventional Wells,” by Jesus Barraza, SPE, and Chris Champeaux, SPE, Chevron; Heath Myatt, SPE, and Kyle Lamon, C&J Energy Services; Ryan Bowland, Spartan Energy Services; Troy Bishop, SPE, and Jerry Noles, SPE, Coil Chem; and Rocky Garlow, RGC Consulting, prepared for presentation at the 2019 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 5–7 February. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
As drilling and fracturing operations improve, there is a need to adapt current coiled-tubing (CT) drillout processes to a more fit-for-purpose approach applicable in any area, regardless of lateral length, number of plugs, and reservoir target. This paper presents a factory-model approach to improving CT drillout performance that has been used successfully for more than 3 years and has become standard practice. The paper includes detailed discussion of the methodology used to create a successful, repeatable, and operationally safe process; field case studies and results; and engineering, design, and implementation of new technologies to improve the process.
Introduction
CT practices have become increasingly effective in plug drillout operations by reducing the operational cost, environmental exposure, and time to production. Techniques for no-wiper or short trips and plug milling, added benefits from extended-reach bottomhole assemblies (BHAs), and improved fluid-system monitoring methods have helped enhance overall performance. However, there are still components within each of these techniques that can be evaluated.
Background and Methodology Results of a thorough evaluation of the CT drillout process revealed that the factors with the greatest influence on improving performance included the following:
Wellbore trajectory
Plug type
CT size
BHA selection
Fluid-rheology quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
Real-time modeling
Communication
Wellbore trajectory is an important factor because it has a major effect on the ability of a CT unit to reach plug-back total depth. High tortuosity in the lateral section can cause plug parts and sand to settle on the low side of the wellbore, making adequate cleaning of the hole by increasing overall friction difficult.
Proper plug type and design serve two purposes: to provide a barrier between stages during hydraulic-fracturing operations and to be easily removed from the wellbore during drillout. Ideally, a fully composite plug should be selected because the lower specific gravity of the material aids in removal.
The proper CT size can lead to a more-successful drillout because it allows for higher pump rates, leading to better hole cleaning. Additionally, larger outer-diameter CT (23/8 in. or greater) ensures sufficient weight on bit (WOB) in the toe of longer laterals to reduce friction pressure and protect against helical buckling.
Technology Focus: EOR Operations (June 2019)
Authors: Goodyear Stephen 
Published: May 2019

Technology Focus
In the March edition of JPT, a series of articles looked at professional pride. Reading them made me reflect on my own career and consider what have been my best moments in the industry (to date!). Back in the 1990s, I was part of an EOR group providing technical advice to the UK Department of Energy in sup-port of their review and approval of field-development plans for the UK sector of the North Sea. The Captain field was under consideration for development. The viscous oil made it a challenging development, requiring waterflooding with horizontal injectors and producers and lifting with electrical submersible pumps.
I led an assessment of EOR for the UK Department of Energy showing that there were potentially viable polymer-injection strategies that could give substantial additional economic recovery. The Department of Energy approved the basic waterflood development but, on the basis of my team’s work, required some minimum preinvestment in facilities to enable subsequent polymer injection, including a polymer line in the bundle from the floating production storage and offloading vessel to the wellhead platform.
These facilities now have been used in very successful polymer-injection pilots, with the first results published last year. An excellent response is reported, showing that polymer can recover more oil more quickly than waterflooding. The current operator notes that the foresight of including the front-end provisions enabled the timely implementation of polymer flooding.
This is one of my best moments: to have made the technical case for polymer flooding and to see the fruits of this several decades later. As is so often the case in our industry, my contribution stands alongside those of many others in the intervening years who have made the EOR journey for the Captain field possible and now a reality.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 190248 Miscible Hydrocarbon Gas/Oil Gravity-Drainage Pilot in the Yates Field Unit by R. Valdez, Kinder Morgan, et al.
SPE 190306 An Update on Full-Field Implementation of Chemical Flooding in Daqing Oil Field, China, and Its Future by Shize Yin, Missouri University of Science and Technology, et al.
SPE 190472 Polymer-Injection Pilots in Bhagyam Oil Field and Full-Field Polymer-Development Planning by Vivek Shankar, Cairn Oil and Gas, et al.
Computational Prediction of the Isoform Specificity of Cytochrome P450 Substrates by an Improved Bayesian Method
Authors: Dai Hao , Zheng Yu-Xi , Shan Xiao-Qi , Chu Yan-Yi , Wang Wei , Xiong Yi , Wei Dong-Qing 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is the most important drug-metabolizing enzyme in human beings. Each CYP isoform is able to metabolize a large number of compounds, and if patients take more than one drugs during the treatment, it is possible that some drugs would be metabolized by the same CYP isoform, leading to potential drug-drug interactions and side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the isoform specificity of CYP substrates. In this study, we constructed a data set consisting of 10 major CYP isoforms associated with 776 substrates, and used machine learning methods to construct the predictive models based on the features of structural and physicochemical properties of substrates. We also proposed a new method called Improved Bayesian method, which is suitable for small data sets and is able to construct more stable and accurate predictive models compared with other traditional machine learning models. Based on this method, the predictive performance of our method got the accuracy of 86% for the independent test, which was significantly better to the existing models. We believe that our proposed method will facilitate the understanding of drug metabolisms and help the large-scale analysis of drug-drug interactions.
The Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Volta Region of Ghana: A Five-Year Multisite Parallel Population-Based Analysis vis-à-vis the Sentinel Survey
Authors: Lokpo Sylvester Yao , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Deku John Gameli , Orish Verner Ndudiri , Kye-Duodu Gideon , Ussher Francis Abeku , Boakye Thomas , Adigbli Daniel , Ameke Louis Selasi , Fianko William Klutse , Adedze-Kpodo Robert , Letsa Henry Komla , Tashie Worlanyo , Gbormittah Noble Selorm , Kpene Godsway Edem , Osei-Yeboah James 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background: Syphilis is contagious and one of the oldest sexually transmitted infections, with great public health consequences. This study aimed to comparatively describe the five–year (2013-2017) regional epidemiology of syphilis infection using pregnant women in the Sentinel Survey and apparently healthy blood donors as proxy for the general population at the four sentinel sites in the Volta Region of Ghana. Method: We analysed retrospectively data from 17,744 prospective blood donors aged between 18 to 58 years and 7,805 pregnant women in a Sentinel Survey who fell within the 15 and 49 years age bracket at Hohoe, Ho, Tongu and Krachi-West sentinel sites in the Volta Region. Data extracted included age, gender, date of blood donation and Treponena pallidum chromatographic immunoassay results from the blood banks of the four study sites. Published reports of Sentinel Surveys conducted at the four sentinel sites from the years 2013-2017 were retrieved. Results: The cumulative five-year prevalence of syphilis infections among the pregnant women in the Sentinel Survey and prospective blood donors was 0.38% and 2.38% respectively. Site-specific prevalence for population-base/Sentinel survey was 4.6%/0.4%, 2.0%/0.2%, 1.3%/0.8 and 1.2%/0.2 for Hohoe, Ho, Krachi-West and Tongu respectively. New Syphilis infection rate was 0.31% in the sentinel survey and 2.22% in the general population. Significant gender disparity in syphilis infection exist with male preponderance. Conclusion: The regional prevalence of syphilis infection in the Sentinel Survey is lower compared to the general population. Therefore, the use of pregnant women as proxy for population estimate could lead to underestimation of the burden in the study jurisdiction.
HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and prevention assessment of residents in Liangshan prefecture: A cross-sectional survey
Authors: Tian Gang , Zeng Zhangrui , Long Jun , Wang Shaohua , Fu Hu , Liu Jinbo , Li Guangrong , Wang Qin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Background

The knowledge, attitude and prevention methods are crucial to avoid and prevent potential HIV infection especially in Liangshan prefecture, a high HIV infection prevalence area in China. Currently, as HIV/AIDS related studies were mainly based on sentinel surveillance groups and students, little information is known for local community residents. Our objectives were to survey HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and prevention methods in these general populations to take targeted action for better prevention and control of HIV infection.

Methods

A large sample, multicounty based cross-sectional study was conducted to select seven counties randomly from 15 Yi ethnic counties plus the capital city, Xichang, for this study. A method of stratified cluster sampling was used to select 5500 local community residents in these eight counties from September 12, 2017 to October 23, 2018.

Results

Only 65.8% of respondents gave correct responses to all HIV/AIDS related knowledge and routes of transmission. The differences were significantly related to age distribution (P< 0.001), gender (P= 0.006), ethnicity (P< 0.001), educational level (P< 0.001), residence (P< 0.001) as well as fixed income or work (P< 0.001). Multicounty analysis showed the total correct answer rate of Xichang city was the highest (83.8%) in eight counties, whereas Meigu county (57.5%), Zhaojue county (50.9%) and Butuo country (48.2%) were the lowest. The positive answer rates of respondents to HIV/AIDS attitudes varied from 33.0% to 80.3%. 33.0% of the respondents wanted to have a child even though their spouse was infected with HIV, and 39.9% of the represents emerged in suicidal ideas if the HIV test results were positive. As for the prevention methods, 32.6% of the respondents did not use a condom during sexual intercourse, and 26.9% of the respondents did not approve to encourage free HIV screening.

Conclusion

It is urgent to strengthen the popularization of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and routes of transmission, and take targeted intervention and prevention policies for local community residents in Liangshan prefecture.