bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid cargo verification with cosmic ray muon scattering and absorption tomography
Authors: Georgadze Anzori Sh. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Cosmic ray muon tomography is considered a promising method
for the non-invasive inspection of shipping containers and
trucks. It utilizes highly penetrating cosmic-ray muons and their
interactions with various materials to generate three-dimensional
images of large and dense materials, like inter-modal shipping
containers, typically not transparent with conventional X-ray
radiography techniques. The commonly used methods for imaging with
muons are based on muon scattering or absorption-transmission data
analysis. Due to large thickness of cargo material in shipping
container substantial scattering and absorption occur when muons are
passing through cargo.

One of the key tasks of customs and border security is to verify
shipping container declarations to prevent illegal trafficking, and
muon tomography could be a viable choice for this task. In this
paper, we demonstrate through Monte Carlo simulations using the
GEANT4 toolkit that a combined analysis of muon scattering and
absorption data can improve the identification of cargo materials
compared to using scattering or absorption data alone. The
statistical differences in scattering and absorption data for
several cargo materials are quantified. For a particular smuggling
scenario where tobacco declared as paper towel rolls, it is
demonstrated that the combined analysis can accurately distinguish
between tobacco and paper towel rolls with 5.5σ accuracy for
detector spatial resolution (FWHM) of 0.235 mm, 4.5σ for
1.175 mm resolution (FWHM), and 3.9σ accuracy for 2.35 mm
spatial resolution (FWHM), in a short scanning time of 10
seconds. This rapid detection capability has significant
implications for anti-smuggling efforts and cargo inspection.
Simulation studies of charging-up effect for single GEMs
Authors: Jiang Jiechen , Jiang Weichun , Jiao Yang , Liu Xiaohua , Du Yuanyuan , Li Hong , Wu Qiong , Liu Xiaojing , Sun Liang , Yang Jiawei , Xu Yupeng , He Huilin , Feng Hua , Liu Congzhan , Chen Hangyu , Song Zipeng , Zhao Yongqi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Many experiments revealed a charging-up effect inside the
Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) holes, resulting in variation of GEM
effective gain. Charge accumulation on the insulator surface inside
the GEM hole (charge process) is involved in the present simulation
models. With only the charge process in the simulation, a longer and
larger gain stability of GEM was observed while comparing the
charging-up curves to references, even distinct in the relatively
high conductivity of GEM insulator. This observation indicates that
charge transportation within the GEM insulator (discharge process)
is non-negligible; the charging-up stability depends on the dynamic
balance of the charge and discharge process. Therefore, a discharge
model is induced and expressed by a piecewise function based on the
presence of a simulation framework. Charging-up curves are compared
for single GEMs with two different structures under different gain
values and input flux; the trend from simulation with the discharge
process is consistent with those from references. Although the
deviation of simulated charging-up curves is observed at the region
started to be stable, indicating improvements in the discharge
formulation, it can still predict the trend of stability and values
of GEM effective gain. This study improves the present simulation
model of the charging-up effect for single GEMs and provides a
reference for other charging-up models.
Optimal investments in private land conservation depend more on landholder preferences than climate change
Authors: Williams Brooke A , Archibald Carla L , Brazill-Boast James , Drielsma Michael J , Thapa Rajesh , Love Jamie , Cho Frankie H T , Lunney Daniel , Fitzsimons James A , Iftekhar Md Sayed , Villarreal-Rosas Jaramar , Bekessy Sarah , Hetherington Scott Benitez , McAlpine Clive A , Beaumont Linda J , Thonell Jillian , Rhodes Jonathan R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Effective private land conservation strategies that consider both landholder preferences and future climatic conditions are critical for preserving biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, the interaction and relative importance of these factors for conservation planning performance is unknown. Here, we assess the importance of considering landholder preferences and climate change for prioritising locations for conservation tenders to recruit landholders for conservation covenants. To achieve this we develop a planning framework that accounts for the tender process to optimise investment across regions and apply it to koala-focused tenders in New South Wales, Australia, exploring four planning approaches that consider or are ignorant to landholder preferences or climate change. We find that optimal investments depend more on landholder preferences than climate change, and when landholder preferences are ignored, there is little benefit in accounting for climate change. Our analysis reveals new insights into this important interaction.
Optically tuned soliton dynamics in Bose-Einstein condensates within dark traps
Authors: Célanie Erwan , Delisle Laurent , Jaouadi Amine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the formation and dynamics of solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) within dark traps generated by two crossed Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams with varying azimuthal indices

ℓ

. As the index

ℓ

increases, the potential transitions from a harmonic trap when

ℓ
=
1

to a square-well potential for larger values of

ℓ

. This transition allows us to study a range of soliton dynamics under different confinement conditions while maintaining the same BEC volume. Through the derivation of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) and under these specific conditions in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional configurations, we explore the dynamics of solitons across multiple scenarios. The study examines two primary methods for solitons generation: the temporal modulation of the scattering length and the implementation of an initial potential barrier that is subsequently removed. The results indicate that the trap shape plays a critical role in the generation and interaction dynamics of solitons. In harmonic traps, solitons exhibit a behavior different from those observed in anharmonic traps, where the dynamics is significantly influenced by the azimuthal index of the trap. The ability to control soliton dynamics in BECs holds significant promise for applications in quantum technologies, precision sensing, and the exploration of fundamental quantum phenomena.
Negative differential resistance of viscous electron flow in graphene
Authors: Estrada-Álvarez Jorge , Díaz Elena , Domínguez-Adame Francisco 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Negative differential resistance (NDR) devices show a decrease in the voltage drop with increasing current, an advantageous feature for amplifying and oscillating circuits. We introduce a NDR mechanism based on the electron hydrodynamics of two dimensional (2D) materials. An increase of the current in the system favors electron-electron collisions so that a ballistic-hydrodynamic transition takes place and the device resistance is reduced. This phenomenon results in NDR provided that the electron’s mean free path is much longer than the device size. We discuss the strategies towards NDR and find that geometrically engineered devices make it possible to achieve NDR in graphene with

∼

200

nm

sized geometrical features. This NDR mechanism is revealed as a new hydrodynamic signature, particularly relevant in graphene devices for 2D electronics and high-frequency operation.
Achieving precise graphenization of diamond coatings below the interfacial thermal stress threshold
Authors: Yan Bo , He Ning , Chen Ni , Weigold Matthias , Chen Huiwen , Sun Shuchen , Wu Yang , Fu Shiyang , Li Liang , Abele Eberhard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Diamond coatings possess numerous excellent properties, making them desirable materials for high-performance surface applications. However, without a revolutionary surface modification method, the surface roughness and friction behavior of diamond coatings can impede their ability to meet the demanding requirements of advanced engineering surfaces. This study proposed the thermal stress control at coating interfaces and demonstrated a novel process of precise graphenization on conventional diamond coatings surface through laser induction and mechanical cleavage, without causing damage to the metal substrate. Through experiments and simulations, the influence mechanism of surface graphitization and interfacial thermal stress was elucidated, ultimately enabling rapid conversion of the diamond coating surface to graphene while controlling the coating’s thickness and roughness. Compared to the original diamond coatings, the obtained surfaces exhibited a 63%–72% reduction in friction coefficients, all of which were below 0.1, with a minimum of 0.06, and a 59%–67% decrease in specific wear rates. Moreover, adhesive wear in the friction counterpart was significantly inhibited, resulting in a reduction in wear by 49%–83%. This demonstrated a significant improvement in lubrication and inhibition of mechanochemical wear properties. This study provides an effective and cost-efficient avenue to overcome the application bottleneck of engineered diamond surfaces, with the potential to significantly enhance the performance and expand the application range of diamond-coated components.
Cyber attacks detection and mitigation in hybrid power system using type-2 fuzzy controller
Authors: Dundi Jesraj Tataji , Appikonda Padmaja , Rama Sudha Kasibhatla , Anguru Jeevan Sai , Burlagadda Surya Venu Teja 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a novel control technique using Fuzzy Type-2 controller for regulating the frequency deviations in an independent Hybrid Power System (HPS). The HPS comprises of a wind system and a solar photovoltaic (PV) system as primary energy sources, along with Fuel Cells (FCs) as additional generation systems and Double Layer Capacitor (DLC) Banks as storage devices to meet the load demand. The frequency variations occur in the HPS due to the intermittency in power outputs from the primary sources, the load changes as well as any attacks in the system. The frequency regulation is achieved by effective coordination control of FC and DLC with the aid of a Fuzzy Type-2 controller and a high pass filter (HPF). The DLC technology adequately satisfies the residual power of hybrid systems resulting from the slow dynamics of FCs. The Fuzzy Type-2 controller is trained using an input-output data set of a PID controller whose gains are tuned to their optimal values using Monte-Carlo state estimators. The proposed system is simulated using real weather data to validate the capability of the Hybrid Power System (HPS) in supplying isolated loads while maintaining power frequency balance conditions. Also the HPS is subjected to attacks in daily load variation and the results are compared with the system without attacks. The simulation results show that the peak over shoots are reduced considerably but the settling time is 0.2 s in the system with no attacks where as the settling time is prolonged to 1.2 s with the attacks. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the Fuzzy Type-2 controller for the coordination control of DLC and FC to achieve generation-load balance condition in comparison with that of the PID controller for HPS system with and without attacks.
Introduction
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets the scene for the book’s exploration of the constitutional and social dimensions of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right, notably as manifested through freedom of contract. The working definitions of ‘constitutionalization’ and ‘social rights’ are set out, before explaining how the ‘socialization’ of the freedom to conduct a business will be assessed against the regulatory backdrop of the employment relationship, a field which is characterized by the tension between competing economic and social rights, interests, and values. In so doing, this chapter articulates the book’s overarching purpose in offering a reconstructive account of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right in relation to its constitutional and social (rights) functions.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this concluding chapter is to tie together the book’s elaboration of the interrelated constitutional and social dimensions of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right within European Union law. Particular attention is placed in this chapter on the potential limitations of the book’s proposed reconceptualization of the freedom to conduct a business, including freedom of contract in relation to competing social rights. Most notably, the emphasis placed on the ‘right to work’ as an emanation of a socialized form of freedom of contract in the employment sphere might impede the application of the proposed constitutional and social re-orientation of business freedoms within other regulatory fields such as consumer protection. Further avenues for potential future research are then set out, including the potential exploration of the themes of this book at national level.
Brain health is essential for smooth economic transitions: towards socio-economic sustainability, productivity and well-being
Authors: Nail-Beatty Olivia , Ibanez Agustin , Ayadi Rym , Swieboda Pawel , Njamnshi Alfred K , Occhipinti Jo-An , Hynes William , Ikiz Burcin , Castro-Aldrete Laura , O’Brien Kelly , Platt Michael L , Adalat Shazia , Abdullah Jafri Malin , Dhamija Rajinder K , Merali Zul , Mostert Cyprian , Beck Debbie , Saxena Shekhar , Salama Mohamed , Abdelraheem Omnia M , Destrebecq Frederic , Slavich George M , Shehu Bello , Fieggen Graham , Ghogomu Paul M , Bassetti Claudio L A , Eyre Harris A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Optimal brain health is essential to smoothing major global skill-intensive economic transitions, such as the bioeconomy, green, care economy and digital transitions. Good brain health is vital to socio-economic sustainability, productivity and well-being. The care transition focuses on recognizing and investing in care services and care work as essential for economic growth and social well-being. The green transition involves shifting towards environmentally sustainable and fairer societies to combat climate change and environmental degradation. The digital transition aims to unlock digital growth potential and deploy innovative solutions for businesses and citizens, and to improve the accessibility and efficiency of services. The bioeconomy transition refers to the shift towards an economy based on products, services and processes derived from biological resources, such as plants and microorganisms. Brain capital, which encompasses brain health and brain skills, is a critical economic asset for the success of economies of the future. The brain economy transition from a brain-negative (brain-unhealthy) economy, which depletes brain capital, to a brain-positive (brain-healthy) economy, which arrests and reverses the loss of brain capital, will be foundational to these major transitions. Increased brain capital is vital to educational attainment, upskilling and reskilling. In this paper, we provide a detailed roadmap for the brain economy transition.
Effect of the cobalt addition on benzene oxidation of supported MnOx nanocluster catalysts
Authors: Araki Tomonori , Devred François , Gaigneaux Eric M , Hara Takayoshi , Ichikuni Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
By varying the precursor ratios, cobalt doped manganese oxide nanocluster catalysts with different cobalt contents were prepared using the colloidal method. Catalysts were applied to a gas phase benzene oxidation reaction. Among them, the catalyst with a Mn:Co ratio of 90:10 showed the highest conversion. The addition of cobalt changing the valence of manganese was observed by XANES analysis, and that is thought to be the reason for the high activity.
Liver safety of tolvaptan in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: interim data from a post-authorization safety study
Authors: Jaeger Thomas , Lohrmann Emanuel , Ezenekwe Adachukwu , Enekebe Kene , Kumar Retesh , Nunna Sasikiran , Fernandes Ancilla W , McCormick Linda , George Vinu 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
After the risk of drug-induced liver injury was detected during tolvaptan clinical development for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a post-marketing pharmacovigilance study was required for European Union regulatory approval.

Methods
This is an interim analysis from a prospective, observational study enrolling patients prescribed tolvaptan for ADPKD in routine clinical practice. Data were obtained through physician records collected during regular care. Per the prescribing label, liver transaminases were to be monitored monthly for the first 18 months of treatment and once every 3 months thereafter. Patients and physicians were required to report adverse events suggestive of serious and potentially fatal liver injury. Data collection was from October 2016 to April 2022.

Results
Of 2074 patients (median follow-up 528 days), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels ≥3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) were reported in 75 (3.6%) patients. At data cut-off, the enzyme elevations were confirmed for 65 patients. Among the 65 confirmed patients, in addition to transaminase elevations, there were 69 adverse events suggestive of liver injury. Tolvaptan was interrupted or withdrawn in 59/65 (90.8%) participants with confirmed ALT or AST ≥3 times the ULN, with most transaminase elevations and adverse events resolved or resolving at data cut-off. No liver enzyme elevations met laboratory criteria for Hy's law cases.

Conclusions
Transaminase elevations occurred post-marketing in a similar proportion of patients as reported in clinical trials (4.4–5.6%). Regular monitoring per label facilitates prompt detection of liver adverse events and intervention to mitigate the risk of severe injury.
Comparison of 2 Sets of Immunoassays Used in Modified 2-Tiered Testing Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Lyme Disease
Authors: Walsh Michael E , Sietsma Daniel J , Martin Isabella W , Brunelle Lynn A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Since 2019, modified 2-tiered testing (MTTT) algorithms have been available for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. MTTTs replaced the standard algorithms that utilized enzyme immunoassays and immunoblots with sequential enzyme immunoassays that detect different antigens.

Methods
We compared the performance of serological assays from ZEUS Scientific Inc. and DiaSorin Inc. that are used for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. Serological results were compared with clinical information gathered by chart review.

Results
Percent positive agreement (PPA) and percent negative agreement (PNA) for total immunoglobulin G (IgG)/immunoglogulin M (IgM) (n = 120) were 64% (95% confidence interval 54% to 73%) and 100% (87% to 100%), respectively. PPA and PNA for IgG (n = 93) were 91% (80% to 97%) and 66% (52% to 78%), respectively. PPA and PNA for IgM (n = 93) were 75% (62% to 85%) and 95% (82% to 99%), respectively. Fewer positive total IgG/IgM results confirmed positive for either IgG or IgM for ZEUS compared to DiaSorin. Overall MTTT algorithm interpretation was concordant in 58% (55/95) of samples, and concordance improved when the results were limited to IgM in patients with symptom duration &lt;30 days. Treatment with antibiotics was most strongly associated with IgM positivity.

Conclusions
This analysis highlights differences in the performance characteristics between commercially available diagnostic assays for Lyme disease. Our data suggest that the DiaSorin assays would result in fewer positive total IgG/IgM tests, decreasing the required number of confirmatory IgG and IgM tests. This would potentially lead to fewer patients treated with antibiotics.
Efficacy of phytase and/or chromium tripicolinate supplementation on dry matter and nitrogen digestibility and blood metabolites in grower pigs
Authors: Edmonds Michael S , Bergstrom Jon R , Weber Thomas E 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Phytase supplementation is widely used throughout the world for enhancing nutrient use efficiencies in pigs, while added chromium has been shown to help stabilize glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the objectives of this metabolism study were to examine the potential synergies of these additives to see if nutrient digestibilities and/or blood metabolites could be improved in grower pigs. A total of 12 Genesus terminal genetics grower pigs (20.7 kg) were allotted randomly in a crossover experiment with 4 periods and 4 dietary treatments based on a 2 × 2 factorial design via 2 groups. This provided 12 replicates per dietary treatment. Treatment (Trt) 1 consisted of a control diet without phytase while Trt 2 had decreased levels of soybean meal, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) with added phytase (1,500 phytase units (FYT)/kg, HiPhorius; dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ). The nutrient release values for amino acids, calcium and phosphorus were via standard recommendations from dsm-firmenich for the phytase. Treatment 3 consisted of the control diet without phytase with 200 parts per billion (ppb) of added chromium from chromium tripicolinate (Chromax, Kent Nutrition Group, Inc., Muscatine, IA) while Trt 4 consisted of the diets with decreased levels of soybean meal, Ca and P with added HiPhorius (1,500 FYT/kg) and Chromax (200 ppb). With 6 metabolism crates available, 4, 1-wk-long periods were utilized to evaluate each of the 4 treatments with each pig with 2 groups evaluated and pooled for data analysis. The pigs were allowed a 4-d acclimation period followed by a 3-d collection period with the experimental diets fed at 4% body weight each day. Water was administered to each pig at 2.5 times the amount of feed fed each day. On the last day of the collection period, blood samples were collected before the meal (fasting) and then 2 h after the meal (postprandial). There were no significant differences among treatments for both fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Added phytase resulted in a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in fasting blood urea nitrogen (N). Nitrogen digestibility and retention and dry matter (DM) digestibility were all improved (P &lt; 0.01) with pigs fed supplemental phytase. Supplemental chromium was without effect on any of the N and DM digestibility measurements. These data suggest that supplemental phytase has positive effects on improving N and DM digestibilities.