bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia (Thismiaceae)
Authors: Guo Xing , Zhao Zhongtao , Mar Shek Shing , Zhang Dianxiang , Saunders Richard M K 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsMycorrhizal associations in mycoheterotrophic plants are generally more specialized than in autotrophs. Mycoheterotrophs typically bear small, inconspicuous flowers that often self-pollinate to maximize seed set, although some have structurally complex flowers indicative of xenogamy. A trade-off has previously been proposed between specialization in these above- and below-ground symbioses, although empirical data are lacking.MethodsWe used next-generation DNA sequencing to compare the mycorrhizal communities from the roots of a mycoheterotrophic species, Thismia tentaculata (Thismiaceae), and its neighbouring autotrophs. We furthermore conducted detailed assessments of floral phenology and pollination ecology, and performed artificial pollination experiments to determine the breeding system.Key ResultsThismia tentaculata maintains a symbiotic association with a single arbuscular mycorrhizal Rhizophagus species. The flowers are pollinated by a single species of fungus gnats (Corynoptera, Sciaridae), which are attracted by the yellow pigments and are temporarily restrained within the perianth chamber before departing via apertures between the anthers. The plants are self-compatible but predominantly xenogamous.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that T. tentaculata maintains highly specialized associations with pollinators and mycorrhizal fungi, both of which are widely distributed. We suggest that specialization in multiple symbiotic interactions is possible in mycoheterotrophs if redundant selective pressures are not exerted to further restrict an already constrained suite of life-history traits.
Neurocognitive Development in Perinatally Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Adolescents on Long-term Treatment, Compared to Healthy Matched Controls: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Van den Hof Malon , ter Haar Anne Marleen , Scherpbier Henriette J , van der Lee Johanna H , Reiss Peter , Wit Ferdinand W N M , Oostrom Kim J , Pajkrt Dasja 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
A cross-sectional analysis of the Neurological, cOgnitive and VIsual performance in hiv-infected Children cohort showed significant cognitive impairment in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated, perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adolescents (PHIV+) compared to age-, sex-, ethnicity- and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched HIV-negative controls (HIV−). In this longitudinal study, we compared cognitive development in the same adolescents over time.

Methods
We repeated the standardized cognitive test battery after a mean of 4.6 years (standard deviation 0.3). In participants who completed both assessments, we compared cognitive trajectories between groups in the domains of intelligence quotient (IQ), processing speed, working memory, executive functioning, learning ability, and visual-motor function, using linear mixed models. We explored associations with disease- and treatment-related factors and used multivariate normative comparison (MNC) to determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment.

Results
There were 21 PHIV+ and 23 HIV− participants that completed 2 assessments and were similar concerning age, sex, ethnicity, and SES. Compared to HIV− participants, in PHIV+ participants the IQ score increased significantly more over time (group*time 6.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–10.50; P = .012), whereas executive functioning decreased significantly more (group*time −1.43 z score, 95% CI −2.12 to −0.75; P &lt; .001), resulting in the disappearance and appearance of significant differences. Processing speed, working memory, learning ability, and visual-motor function trajectories were not statistically different between groups. Univariately, those who had started cART at an older age deviated more in executive functioning (−0.13 z score, 95% CI −0.24 to −0.02; P = .043). The prevalence of cognitive impairments by MNC was similar in both groups, at both time points.

Conclusions
The cART-treated PHIV+ adolescents appeared to have similar global cognitive development, compared to their healthy peers. Executive functioning trajectory appears to deviate, potentially explained by earlier brain damage.
Responding to the weather: energy budgeting by a small mammal in the wild
Authors: Hume Taylor , Geiser Fritz , Currie Shannon E , Körtner Gerhard , Stawski Clare 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEnergy conservation is paramount for small mammals because of their small size, large surface area to volume ratio, and the resultant high heat loss to the environment. To survive on limited food resources and to fuel their expensive metabolism during activity, many small mammals employ daily torpor to reduce energy expenditure during the rest phase. We hypothesized that a small terrestrial semelparous marsupial, the brown antechinus Antechinus stuartii, would maximize activity when foraging conditions were favorable to gain fat reserves before their intense breeding period, but would increase torpor use when conditions were poor to conserve these fat reserves. Female antechinus were trapped and implanted with small temperature-sensitive radio transmitters to record body temperature and to quantify torpor expression and activity patterns in the wild. Most antechinus used torpor at least once per day over the entire study period. Total daily torpor use increased and mean daily body temperature decreased significantly with a reduction in minimum ambient temperature. Interestingly, antechinus employed less torpor on days with more rain and decreasing barometric pressure. In contrast to torpor expression, activity was directly related to ambient temperature and inversely related to barometric pressure. Our results reveal that antechinus use a flexible combination of physiology and behavior that can be adjusted to manage their energy budget according to weather variables.
Towards a more balanced assessment of the dynamics of North Atlantic ecosystems—a comment on Drinkwater and Kristiansen (2018)
Authors: Frank Kenneth T , Petrie Brian , Leggett William C , Boyce Daniel G 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Drinkwater and Kristiansen (hereafter D&K) (2018, A synthesis of the ecosystem responses to the late 20th century cold period in the northern North Atlantic, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 75: 2325–2341) examined multi-trophic level biological responses in relation to a 1960s–1980s “cold period” that they associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). They concluded that ocean temperature was a major driver of ecosystem changes throughout the North Atlantic during this interval and adversely affected the abundance, spawning stock biomass (SSB), recruitment, survival success of several species including cod in four North Atlantic ecosystems (NE Arctic, Iceland, West Greenland, and Labrador–northern Newfoundland). D&K further suggested that negative ocean temperature anomalies during this cold period occurred first in the Eastern Arctic and Barents Sea, propagated westward across the North Atlantic to the Labrador Sea and were potentially related to a sequential E–W collapse of the four cod stocks. We take issue with these conclusions and suggest that a more quantitative discussion of fisheries exploitation was in order.
Energy saving and emission reduction of fossil energy based on low carbon economy and its consumption structure optimization
Authors: Li Yan , Dai Guilin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Energy saving and emission reduction have been not only a slogan but also a policy in this modern society where the phenomenon of greenhouse is exacerbated. In this study, calculation method of carbon emission and integrated parallel acquisition technique (IPAT) scenario prediction model were combined to predict the changes of total carbon emissions, energy structure distribution, and carbon emission intensity under three measures of energy saving and emission reduction in the next ten years in Shandong, China. The results showed that the total carbon emission increased year by year, and the coal ratio and carbon emission intensity decreased under the natural scenario; the total carbon emission in the weakly constrained scenario would increase annually until 2029, the amplitude was smaller than that of the natural scenario, while the coal ratio and carbon emission intensity would decrease, and the amplitude was larger than that of the natural scenario. Under the strongly constrained scenario, the total carbon emission would increase annually before 2025, and the amplitude was smaller than the weakly constrained scenario, while the coal ratio and carbon emission intensity would decrease, and the amplitude was larger than the weakly constrained scenario.
Effects of feeding juniper as a roughage on feedlot performance, carcass measurements, meat sensory attributes, and volatile aroma compounds of yearling Rambouillet wethers1,2
Authors: Kerth Christopher R , Wall Kayley R , Miller Rhonda K , Whitney Travis R , Stewart Whitney C , Boles Jane A , Murphy Thomas W 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The majority of U.S. lambs are born during late winter or early spring, which can create downstream variability in carcass quality if commercial lamb harvest is to be relatively constant throughout the year. Flavor is an important quality determining characteristic of sheep meat and is influenced, in part, by animal age at harvest. However, management practices to mitigate the risk of objectionable flavors in meat from old crop lambs or yearlings are not well known. Yearling (16.8 ± 0.14 mo) Rambouillet wethers were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, which consisted of feeding a 20% ground sorghum-sudangrass hay diet for 40 d (JUN0; n = 10), a 20% ground juniper diet for 40 d (JUN40; n = 10), or a 20% ground hay diet for 20 d followed by a 20% ground juniper diet for 20 d (JUN20; n = 10). Wethers were harvested on day 41 and a whole bone-in loin and a boneless inside leg roast were fabricated from one side each of carcass. After grilling (loin chop) or convection air roasting (leg roast), trained sensory panel evaluation and measurement of aroma volatiles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were performed. Treatment diet did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) wether feedlot performance, dressing percentage, or loin eye area. However, wethers fed JUN0 tended (P = 0.06) to have greater back fat depth than wethers fed JUN20 or JUN40. No trained sensory panel trait of loin chop samples was affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. Leg roasts from JUN0 and JUN20 wethers had greater (P = 0.01) lamb identification sensory score than JUN40. Benzaldehyde, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) and decanal and nonenal concentrations were less (P < 0.05) in loin chops from JUN0 compared with JUN40 wethers. Additionally, the terpenes cedr-8-ene, gamma muurolene, and widdrene tended to be greater (P < 0.07) in loin chops from JUN20 and JUN40 than JUN0 wethers. The 2-pentyl-furan concentrations were greatest (P = 0.03) in leg roasts from JUN40 wethers. Like the loin chops, cedr-8-ene, gamma-muurolene, toluene, and widdrene were greater (P < 0.05) in leg roasts from wethers fed either of the juniper diets compared with JUN0. Yearling wethers can be finished on a feedlot diet containing 20% juniper for up to 40 d prior to harvest with no impact on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, nor negative impact on sensory attributes or volatile compounds of either grilled loin chops or roasted legs.
Role of prophylactic cranial irradiation for elderly patients with limited-disease small-cell lung cancer: inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity score
Authors: Kim Tae Gyu , Pyo Hongryull , Ahn Yong Chan , Noh Jae Myoung , Oh Dongryul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Studies of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) focused on elderly patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are rarely conducted. We aimed to identify whether there is a survival benefit of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in elderly patients using a single institution’s retrospective data. A total of 234 patients with limited-disease SCLC (LD-SCLC) treated with thoracic chemoradiotherapy were evaluated; of these, 139 patients received PCI. To minimize treatment selection bias, patients were adjusted using the propensity score on factors associated with receipt of PCI. Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to identify which subgroup may benefit from PCI. Median follow-up time was 22 months (range 1–150 months). PCI was associated with favorable brain metastasis–free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival in the entire population [hazard ratios (HR) 0.588, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.338–1.024, P = 0.060; HR 0.477, 95% CI 0.331–0.687, P < 0.001; HR 0.543, 95% CI 0.383–0.771, P = 0.001, respectively). However, PCI had no significant relationship with overall survival in patients aged ≥65 years with cT3–4 disease and/or females gender (HR 0.817, 95% CI 0.098–6.849, P = 0.853; HR 1.082, 95% CI 0.114–10.227, P = 0.946, respectively). The benefits and risks of PCI in elderly patients with LD-SCLC need to be scrutinized, especially in those with high T stage tumors and/or females.
Sarcopenia Predicts Overall Survival in Patients with Lung, Breast, Prostate, or Myeloma Spine Metastases Undergoing Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT), Independent of Histology
Authors: Zakaria Hesham Mostafa , Llaniguez Jeremy T , Telemi Edvin , Chuang Matthew , Abouelleil Mohamed , Wilkinson Brandon , Chandra Ankush , Boyce-Fappiano David , Elibe Erinma , Schultz Lonni , Siddiqui Farzan , Griffith Brent , Kalkanis Steven N , Lee Ian Yu , Chang Victor 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Predicting survival of patients with spinal metastases would help stratify treatments from aggressive to palliation.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether sarcopenia predicts survival in patients with lung, breast, prostate, or multiple myeloma spinal metastases.

METHODS
Psoas muscle measurements in patients with spinal metastasis were taken from computed tomography scans at 2 time points: at first episode of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and from the most recent scan available. Overall survival and hazard ratios were calculated with multivariate cox proportional hazards regression analyses.

RESULTS
In 417 patients with spinal metastases, 40% had lung cancer, 27% breast, 21% prostate, and 11% myeloma. Overall survival was not associated with age, sex, ethnicity, levels treated, or SBRT volume. Multivariate analysis showed patients in the lowest psoas tertile had shorter survival (222 d, 95% CI = 185-323 d) as compared to the largest tertile (579 d, 95% CI = 405-815 d), (HR1.54, P = .005). Median psoas size as a cutoff value was also strongly predictive for survival (HR1.48, P = .002). Survival was independent of tumor histology. The psoas/vertebral body ratio was also successful in predicting overall survival independent of tumor histology and gender (HR1.52, P < .01). Kaplan–Meier survival curves visually represent survival (P = .0005).

CONCLUSION
In patients with spine metastases, psoas muscle size as a hallmark of frailty/sarcopenia is an objective, simple, and effective way to identify patients who are at risk for shorter survival, regardless of tumor histology. This information can be used to help with surgical decision making in patients with advanced cancer, as patients with small psoas sizes are at higher risk of death.
Protocolization of Post-Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Pain Control with Elimination of Benzodiazepines and Long-Acting Opioids
Authors: Boulter Jason H , Curry Brian P , Szuflita Nicholas S , Miller Charles A , Spinelli Joseph , Delaney John J , Neal Chris J , Spevak Christopher J , Bell Randy S 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The opioid epidemic continues to worsen with a concomitant increase in opioid-related mortality. In response, the Department of Defense and Veterans Health Agency recommended against the use of long-acting opioids (LAOs) and concurrent use of opioids with benzodiazepines. Subsequently, we eliminated benzodiazepines and LAOs from our postoperative pain control regimen.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of removing benzodiazepines and LAOs on postoperative pain in single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) patients.

METHODS
A retrospective cohort study of single-level TLIF patients from February 2016-March 2018 was performed. Postoperative pain control in the + benzodiazepine cohort included scheduled diazepam with or without LAOs. These medications were replaced with nonbenzodiazepine, opioid-sparing adjuncts in the −benzodiazepine cohort. Pain scores, length of hospitalization, trigger medication use, and opioid use and duration were compared.

RESULTS
Among 77 patients, there was no difference between inpatient pain scores, but the -benzodiazepine cohort experienced a faster rate of morphine equivalent reduction (−18.7%, 95% CI [−1.22%, −36.10%]), used less trigger medications (−1.55, 95% CI [−0.43, −2.67]), and discharged earlier (0.6 d; 95% CI [0.01, 1.11 d]). As outpatients, the −benzodiazepine cohort was less likely to receive opioid refills at 2 wk (29.2% vs 55.8%, P = .021) and 6 mo postoperatively (0% vs 13.2%, P = .039), and was less likely to be using opioids by 3 mo postoperatively (13.3% vs 34.2%, P = .048).

CONCLUSION
Replacement of benzodiazepines and LAOs in the pain control regimen for single-level TLIFs did not affect pain scores and was associated with decreased opioid use, a reduction in trigger medications, and shorter hospitalizations.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Breakthrough Invasive Mold Infections in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Receiving Remission Induction Chemotherapy
Authors: Patel Heena P , Perissinotti Anthony J , Patel Twisha S , Bixby Dale L , Marshall Vincent D , Marini Bernard L 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite fungal prophylaxis, invasive mold infections (IMIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) receiving remission induction chemotherapy. The choice of antifungal prophylaxis agent remains controversial, especially in the era of novel targeted therapies. We conducted a retrospective case–control study to determine the incidence of fungal infections and to identify risk factors associated with IMI.

Methods
Adult patients with AML receiving anti-Aspergillus prophylaxis were included to determine the incidence of IMI per 1000 prophylaxis-days. Patients without and with IMI were matched 2:1 based on the day of IMI diagnosis, and multivariable models using logistic regression were constructed to identify risk factors for IMI.

Results
Of the 162 included patients, 28 patients had a possible (n = 22), probable, or proven (n = 6) diagnosis of IMI. The incidence of proven or probable IMI per 1000 prophylaxis-days was not statistically different between anti-Aspergillus azoles and micafungin (1.6 vs 5.4, P = .11). The duration of prophylaxis with each agent did not predict IMI occurrence on regression analysis. Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.004–1.081; P = .03) and relapsed/refractory AML diagnosis (OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 1.56–12.64; P = .003) were associated with IMI on multivariable analysis.

Conclusions
In cases that preclude use of anti-Aspergillus azoles for prophylaxis, micafungin 100 mg once daily may be considered; however, in older patients and those with relapsed/refractory disease, diligent monitoring for IMI is required, irrespective of the agent used for antifungal prophylaxis.
The Interplay Between Age and Frailty in People Living With HIV: Results From an 11-Year Follow-up Observational Study
Authors: Guaraldi Giovanni , De Francesco Davide , Milic Jovana , Franconi Iacopo , Mussini Cristina , Falutz Julian , Cesari Matteo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Between 2006 and 2017, frailty prevalence decreased in HIV-positive individuals aged 50 years but presented a 3-fold increase among those 75 years of age. This dynamic relationship, defined as the frailty compression ratio, represents the net result of gero-inducing and gero-protective competing forces, described in the cohort.
Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Constraint
Authors: Enders Adam M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract Recent research on conspiracy beliefs reveals that the general predisposition to believe conspiracy theories cuts across partisan and ideological lines. While this may signify that political orientations have no bearing on conspiratorial reasoning, it also may suggest that conspiracy theorists are simply less engaged in traditional left-right politics. In this manuscript, I consider the relationship between conspiratorial thinking and political constraint, or the extent to which individuals have a clear picture of “what goes with what” with respect to the various objects of the political world. Using the 2012 American National Election Study, I construct a measure of conspiratorial thinking, as well as several operationalizations of both ideological and group-based constraint and ideological thinking. Results show that individuals prone to conspiratorial thinking are less politically constrained—when it comes to both thoughts about issues and feelings about political groups—than their less conspiratorial counterparts. Moreover, conspiratorial thinking is positively associated with antigovernmental orientations and a lack of political efficacy, with conspiracy theorists perceiving a governmental threat to individual rights and displaying a deep skepticism that who one votes for really matters. These findings suggest that conspiratorial thinking may have broader implications for individuals’ basic conceptualization of politics.
Differential operators on polar harmonic Maass forms and elliptic duality
Authors: Bringmann Kathrin , Jenkins Paul , Kane Ben 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we study polar harmonic Maass forms of negative integral weight. Using work of Fay, we construct Poincaré series which span the space of such forms and show that their elliptic coefficients exhibit duality properties which are similar to the properties known for Fourier coefficients of harmonic Maass forms and weakly holomorphic modular forms.
An Evaluation of an Extended Intervention to Reduce Plagiarism in Bachelor of Nursing Students
Authors: Smedley Alison , Crawford Tonia , Cloete Linda 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Pre- and postintervention surveys of first-year nursing students were undertaken to establish the students’ knowledge of plagiarism following implementation of an online library-based Academic Integrity Module and the use of plagiarism detection software. Knowledge and understanding of plagiarism improved, but students’ ability to paraphrase remained poor. Students entering postsecondary educational institutions require ongoing support and learning opportunities to improve their skills in paraphrasing and referencing to avoid plagiarism.
Comparing Virtual Reality Telepresence and Traditional Simulation Methods: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dang Bryan K. , O’Leary-Kelley Colleen , Palicte Jeland S. , Badheka Soham , Vuppalapati Chandrasekhar 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) could enable clinical simulation centers to reach the teaching capacity of traditional hospital practica. This study quantitatively tests VR telepresence against two traditional simulation learning methods using a within-subject design and the Presence Questionnaire. Eight nursing students were randomly assigned and rotated through simulation participation, VR observation, and television observation conditions, completing a questionnaire after each condition. Each condition had a significant effect on presence. Simulation participation yielded the highest perceived presence, followed by VR, and lastly by television observation. This pilot study probed for effect and feedback that will inform a larger experiment.