bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jets, bubbles, and heat pumps in galaxy clusters
Authors: Chen Yi-Hao , Heinz Sebastian , Enßlin Torsten A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Feedback from active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets has been proposed to counteract the catastrophic cooling in many galaxy clusters. However, it is still unclear which physical processes are acting to couple the energy from the bi-directional jets to the intra-cluster medium (ICM). We study the long-term evolution of rising bubbles that were inflated by AGN jets using magnetohydrodynamic simulations. In the wake of the rising bubbles, a significant amount of low-entropy gas is brought into contact with the hot cluster gas. We assess the energy budget of the uplifted gas and find it comparable to the total energy injected by the jets. Although our simulation does not include explicit thermal conduction, we find that, for reasonable assumptions about the conduction coefficient, the rate is fast enough that much of the uplifted gas may be thermalized before it sinks back to the core. Thus, we propose that the AGN can act like a geothermal heat pump to move low-entropy gas from the cluster core to the heat reservoir and will be able to heat the inner cluster more efficiently than would be possible by direct energy transfer from jets alone. We show that the maximum efficiency of this mechanism, i.e. the ratio between the conductive thermal energy and the work needed to lift the gas, ξmax, can exceed 100 per cent. While ξ &lt; ξmax in realistic scenarios, AGN-induced thermal conduction has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency with which AGN can heat cool-core clusters and transform the bursty AGN activities into a smoother and enduring heating process.
The first maps of κd – the dust mass absorption coefficient – in nearby galaxies, with DustPedia
Authors: Clark C J R , De Vis P , Baes M , Bianchi S , Casasola V , Cassarà L P , Davies J I , Dobbels W , Lianou S , De Looze I , Evans R , Galametz M , Galliano F , Jones A P , Madden S C , Mosenkov A V , Verstocken S , Viaene S , Xilouris E M , Ysard N 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The dust mass absorption coefficient, κd is the conversion function used to infer physical dust masses from observations of dust emission. However, it is notoriously poorly constrained, and it is highly uncertain how it varies, either between or within galaxies. Here we present the results of a proof-of-concept study, using the DustPedia data for two nearby face-on spiral galaxies M 74 (NGC 628) and M 83 (NGC 5236), to create the first ever maps of κd in galaxies. We determine κd using an empirical method that exploits the fact that the dust-to-metals ratio of the interstellar medium is constrained by direct measurements of the depletion of gas-phase metals. We apply this method pixel-by-pixel within M 74 and M 83, to create maps of κd. We also demonstrate a novel method of producing metallicity maps for galaxies with irregularly sampled measurements, using the machine learning technique of Gaussian process regression. We find strong evidence for significant variation in κd. We find values of κd at 500 $\mu$m spanning the range 0.11–0.25 ${\rm m^{2}\, kg^{-1}}$ in M 74, and 0.15–0.80 ${\rm m^{2}\, kg^{-1}}$ in M 83. Surprisingly, we find that κd shows a distinct inverse correlation with the local density of the interstellar medium. This inverse correlation is the opposite of what is predicted by standard dust models. However, we find this relationship to be robust against a large range of changes to our method – only the adoption of unphysical or highly unusual assumptions would be able to suppress it.
The role of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor-mediated homeobox gene expression in human placental apoptosis, and its implications in idiopathic fetal growth restriction
Authors: Harris Lynda K , Pantham Priyadarshini , Yong Hannah E J , Pratt Anita , Borg Anthony J , Crocker Ian , Westwood Melissa , Aplin John , Kalionis Bill , Murthi Padma 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFetal growth restriction (FGR) is caused by poor placental development and function early in gestation. It is well known that placentas from women with FGR exhibit reduced cell growth, elevated levels of apoptosis and perturbed expression of the growth factors, cytokines and the homeobox gene family of transcription factors. Previous studies have reported that insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) interacts with its receptor-2 (IGF2R) to regulate villous trophoblast survival and apoptosis. In this study, we hypothesized that human placental IGF2R-mediated homeobox gene expression is altered in FGR and contributes to abnormal trophoblast function. This study was designed to determine the association between IGF2R, homeobox gene expression and cell survival in pregnancies affected by FGR. Third trimester placentas were collected from FGR-affected pregnancies (n = 29) and gestation matched with control pregnancies (n = 30). Functional analyses were then performed in vitro using term placental explants (n = 4) and BeWo trophoblast cells. mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR, while protein expression was examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. siRNA transfection was used to silence IGF2R expression in placental explants and the BeWo cell-line. cDNA arrays were used to screen for downstream targets of IGF2R, specifically homeobox gene transcription factors and apoptosis-related genes. Functional effects of silencing IGF2R were then verified by β-hCG ELISA, caspase activity assays and a real-time electrical cell-impedance assay for differentiation, apoptosis and cell growth potential, respectively. IGF2R expression was significantly decreased in placentas from pregnancies complicated by idiopathic FGR (P < 0.05 versus control). siRNA-mediated IGF2R knockdown in term placental explants and the trophoblast cell line BeWo resulted in altered expression of homeobox gene transcription factors, including increased expression of distal-less homeobox gene 5 (DLX5), and decreased expression of H2.0-Like Homeobox 1 (HLX) (P < 0.05 versus control). Knockdown of IGF2R transcription increased the expression and activity of caspase-6 and caspase-8 in placental explants, decreased BeWo proliferation and increased BeWo differentiation (all P < 0.05 compared to respective controls). This is the first study linking IGF2R placental expression with changes in the expression of homeobox genes that control cellular signalling pathways responsible for increased trophoblast cell apoptosis, which is a characteristic feature of FGR.
Social Equity in Public Administration: A Call to Action
Authors: Blessett Brandi , Dodge Jennifer , Edmond Beverly , Goerdel Holly T , Gooden Susan T , Headley Andrea M , Riccucci Norma M , Williams Brian N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article presents a “Call to Action” Social Equity Manifesto developed at the Minnowbrook at 50 conference. The Social Equity Manifesto identifies several critical areas of emphasis that can help move toward the achievement of social equity in the research, teaching, and practice of public administration. Regarding research, we discuss the presence of social equity manuscripts in PAR, JPART, and ATP. Interestingly, the coverage of class inequality is low across all three journals. However, a clear research strength is the plurality of methodological and theoretical approaches. In terms of teaching, all of the NASPAA social equity award winning public affairs programs in the United States offer multiple courses that provide intentional coverage of social equity. With respect to practice in the United States, inequities exist across multiple policy areas. Programs and policies ranging from nondiscrimination to diversity management are discussed. In essence, exposing students to social equity perspectives within the context of public administration curricula can make PA graduates more responsive to the needs of all people.
ISO 4037:2019 VALIDATION OF RADIATION QUALITIES BY MEANS OF HALF-VALUE LAYER AND HP(10) DOSIMETRY
Authors: Bandalo V , Greiter M B , Brönner J , Hoedlmoser H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Radiation qualities were characterised and validated at the fully automated X-ray calibration facility of the Individual Monitoring Service at Helmholtz Zentrum München by using half-value layer and Hp(10) dosimetry approaches specified in the updated ISO 4037:2019 standard. As the ISO 4037 contains a somewhat vague description of the half-value layer procedure, we extended it to be more constrained and thus less subjective in its implementation. We specify both the measurement and data analysis steps performed in order to provide reproducible half-value layer results and compare the results with the Hp(10) dosimetry-based validation approach specified in the ISO 4037 as an alternative for field validation. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results and the extended procedure on validation and the recent changes to the ISO 4037.
A Subgroup of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients With Central Sensitization
Authors: Aoyagi Kosaku , He Jianghua , Nicol Andrea L. , Clauw Daniel J. , Kluding Patricia M. , Jernigan Stephen , Sharma Neena K. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Our knowledge of central sensitization (CS) in chronic low back pain (CLBP) is limited. 2011 fibromyalgia criteria and severity scales (2011 FM survey) have been used to determine FM positive as a surrogate of CS. The major features of CS including widespread hyperalgesia and dysfunction of the descending inhibitory pathways can be identified by pressure pain threshold (PPT) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) tests. The purpose of the study was to examine neurophysiological characteristics and psychosocial symptoms in a subgroup of FM-positive CLBP compared with FM-negative CLBP patients.

Methods:
A total of 46 participants with CLBP and 22 pain-free controls completed outcome measures of the 2011 FM survey, PPT and CPM tests, and psychosocial questionnaires. Differences between FM-positive and FM-negative CLBP participants on these measures and correlations were analyzed.

Results:
The 2011 FM survey identified 22 (48%) participants with CLBP as FM positive. FM-positive CLBP participants showed lower PPT values of the thumbnail (P=0.011) and lower back (P=0.003), lower CPM values of the thumbnail (P=0.002), and more severe pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression symptoms (P<0.05) than FM-negative CLBP participants. The 2011 FM scores were significantly correlated with the PPT and CPM values of the thumbnail and with psychosocial symptoms (P<0.001).

Discussion:
Our findings suggest a subgroup of CLBP patients exhibiting with signs and symptoms of CS. Associations between subjective and objective CS measures indicate that the 2011 FM survey can be utilized to identify the presence of CS in CLBP in clinical practice.
Lower circulating irisin in middle-aged and older adults with osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Kunyan , Qiao Xiaoyong , Cai Yitong , Li Ailin , Shan Dan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective:
Osteoporosis has imposed a heavy socioeconomic burden worldwide, especially in postmenopausal women. As a newly found protein, irisin has an important physiological role in bone metabolism. This meta-analysis intends to identify the association between circulating irisin levels and osteoporosis.

Methods:
This meta-analysis was conducted following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guideline. A comprehensive search of five databases was performed from inception to January 2019. Studies with original date on middle-aged and older participants were included. Data were analyzed according to study characteristics and heterogeneity between studies. The quality of each study and the presence of publication bias were assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa score (NOS) and normal quantile plot.

Results:
Seven studies, with a total of 1,018 participants, conducted in four countries, were included. Six of them were identified as high-quality research. Five studies included postmenopausal women, and two studies included both men and women. Possible publication bias was found in the analysis of irisin and osteoporosis. Pooled analysis indicated decreased irisin levels in osteoporotic participants (mean difference −87.91, 95% CI, −92.56 to −83.25). Subgroup analysis revealed an even lower level of irisin in postmenopausal women and in participants with a history of fractures. Analysis on associations between irisin and femoral neck or lumbar spine bone mineral density showed a weak positive correlation.

Conclusions:
The findings of this analysis suggested that circulating irisin levels were decreased in middle-aged and older participants with osteoporosis. Irisin was positively correlated with bone mineral density.
Daily and bidirectional linkages between pain catastrophizing and spouse responses
Authors: Martire Lynn M. , Zhaoyang Ruixue , Marini Christina M. , Nah Suyoung , Darnall Beth D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pain catastrophizing has been shown to predict greater pain and less physical function in daily life for chronic pain sufferers, but its effects on close social partners have received much less attention. The overall purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which pain catastrophizing is an interpersonal coping strategy that is maladaptive for patients and their spouses. A total of 144 older knee osteoarthritis patients and their spouses completed baseline interviews and a 22-day diary assessment. Multilevel lagged models indicated that, on days when patients reported greater catastrophizing in the morning, their spouses experienced more negative affect throughout the day. In addition, a higher level of punishing responses from the spouse predicted greater pain catastrophizing the next morning, independent of patient pain and negative affect. Multilevel mediation models showed that patients' morning pain catastrophizing indirectly impacted spouses' negative affect and punishing responses through patients' own greater negative affect throughout the day. There was no evidence that spouses' empathic or solicitous responses either followed or preceded patients' catastrophizing. These findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral interventions that reduce pain catastrophizing should be modified for partnered patients to address dyadic interactions and the spouse's role in pain catastrophizing.
Time to Adjuvant Systemic Therapy Following Pancreatic Cancer Resection and Effect on Outcome
Authors: White Richard J. , Hasan Shaakir , Monga Dulabh , Finley Gene , Islam Mohammed , Schiffman Suzanne , Williams H. Kenneth , Kulkarni Abhijit , Thakkar Shyam , Kirichenko Alexander V. , Wegner Rodney E. 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThe appropriate timing of chemotherapy following surgery for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma is controversial. Using the National Cancer Database we evaluated time to initiation of chemotherapy postresection and correlated with outcome.MethodsWe identified stage I-III pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated surgically with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Receiver operator curve analysis identified an interval of 66 days as the a priori value for largest discrepancy in outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified variables associated with increased time to chemotherapy postoperatively (>66 days). Propensity matching was performed to account for indication bias.ResultsIn total, 6873 and 3348 patients received chemotherapy before and after the 66-day cutoff, respectively. Predictors of expedited chemotherapy included lower comorbidity, treatment outside a community program in an urban location, having insurance, white race, and treatment after 2009. Propensity-matched median survival was 21.8 months for all patients, and of these, 6462 were stage 1. Five-year survival was 20% in patients receiving chemotherapy within 66 days and 18% in those not (P= 0.0266). In stage 1 patients, 5-year survival was 23% versus 21% (P= 0.0116) in favor of expedited chemotherapy.ConclusionsThe present propensity-matched analysis showed a significant association with survival for earlier delivery of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting.
Association Between Pancreatic Cystic Lesions and High-grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Aging
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Kimura Wataru , Matsukawa Miho , Aida Junko , Takubo Kaiyo , Ishiwata Toshiyuki , Furukawa Toru , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Arai Tomio 
Published: August 2019

Objectives
This study aimed to clarify clinicopathological features of pancreatic cysts.

Methods
Pancreata from 280 autopsies (median, 83 years; male, 146; female, 134) were sectioned every 5 mm. Cysts (<10 mm) were diagnosed as a simple cyst or low-grade, intermediate-grade, or high-grade dysplasia.

Results
We found 236 cysts in 93 patients (33.2%). The number and diameter of cysts increased according to the age. Of the 236 cysts, 9 (3.8%) were with high-grade dysplasia. Cysts with high-grade dysplasia arose in the pancreata of older patients with larger numbers of cysts. In contrast, 15 noncystic lesions with high-grade dysplasia were also detected. Hence, in total, 24 high-grade dysplastic lesions in 15 patients (5.4%) were noted. Of the 15 patients with high-grade dysplastic lesions, in 10 patients, the condition was accompanied by pancreatic cysts, whereas 5 patients did not have any cysts in the pancreas; therefore, patients with cyst showed higher incidence of high-grade dysplasia (10.8%; P = 0.0047) than patients without cyst (2.7%). All cysts with high-grade dysplasia were located in the branch duct of the pancreatic head/body, whereas 20% of noncystic lesions with high-grade dysplasia were located in the main pancreatic duct.

Conclusions
Cystic lesions with high-grade dysplasia may have different characteristics compared with noncystic high-grade dysplasia.
Examining gender differences in opioid, benzodiazepine, and antibiotic prescribing
Authors: Hamamsy Tymor , Tamang Suzanne , Lembke Anna 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhile gender differences have been explored across several areas of medicine, our study is the first to present a systematic comparison of drug prescribing behavior of male and female providers, including opioid, benzodiazepine, and antibiotic prescribing. Our work is of particular relevance to the current opioid crisis and other iatrogenic harms related to injudicious prescribing. Our objective is to explore prescribing differences between male and female providers across medical specialties and for different prescription drug categories in Medicare Part D. To this end, we performed a descriptive, retrospective study of 1.13 million medical providers who made drug claims to Medicare Part D in 2016, analyzing by gender, specialty, and drug category. We found that male providers across diverse specialties prescribe significantly more medications, including opioids, benzodiazepines, and antibiotics than female providers by volume, cost, and per patient. These observed gender differences in prescribing, while agnostic to the quality of care provided, nonetheless inform the design of prevention strategies that seek to reduce iatrogenic harms related to prescribing.
Depletion-of-susceptibles bias in influenza vaccine waning studies: how to ensure robust results
Authors: Lipsitch M. , Goldstein E. , Ray G.T. , Fireman B. 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYVaccine effectiveness (VE) studies are subject to biases due to depletion of at-risk persons or of highly susceptible persons at different rates from different groups (depletion-of-susceptibles bias), a problem that can also lead to biased estimates of waning effectiveness, including spurious inference of waning when none exists. An alternative study design to identify waning is to study only vaccinated persons, and compare for each day the incidence in persons with earlier or later dates of vaccination. Prior studies suggested under what conditions this alternative would yield correct estimates of waning. Here we define the depletion-of-susceptibles process formally and show mathematically that for influenza vaccine waning studies, a randomized trial or corresponding observational study that compares incidence at a specific calendar time among individuals vaccinated at different times before the influenza season begins will not be vulnerable depletion-of-susceptibles bias in its inference of waning under the null hypothesis that none exists, and will – if waning does actually occur – underestimate the extent of waning. Such a design is thus robust in the sense that a finding of waning in that inference framework reflects actual waning of vaccine-induced immunity. We recommend such a design for future studies of waning, whether observational or randomized.
Childhood coordination and survival up to six decades later: extended follow-up of participants in the National Child Development Study
Authors: Batty G. David , Deary Ian J. , Hamer Mark , Ritchie Stuart J. , Bann David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPoorer performance on standard tests of motor coordination in children has emerging links with sedentary behaviour, obesity, and functional capacity in later life. These observations are suggestive of an as-yet untested association of coordination with health outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine the association of performance on a series of psychomotor coordination tests in childhood with mortality up to six decades later.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort study) is a prospective cohort study based on a nationally representative sample of births from England, Scotland and Wales. A total of 17,415 individuals had their gross and fine motor psychomotor coordination assessed using nine tests at 11 and 16 years of age.Main outcome and measureAll-cause mortality as ascertained from a vital status registry and survey records.ResultsMortality surveillance between 7 and 58 years of age in an analytical sample of 17,336 men and women yielded 1,090 deaths. After adjustment for sex, higher scores on seven of the nine childhood coordination tests were associated with a lower risk of mortality in a stepwise manner. After further statistical control for early life socioeconomic, health, cognitive, and developmental factors, relations at conventional levels of statistical significance remains for three tests: ball catching at age 11 (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval for 0-8 versus 10 catches: 1.56; 1.21, 2.01), match-picking at age 11 (>50 seconds versus 0-36: 1.33; 1.03, 1.70), and hopping at age 16 years (very unsteady versus very steady: 1.29; 1.02, 1.64).Conclusion and RelevanceThe apparent predictive utility of early life psychomotor coordination requires replication.Key pointsQuestionWhat is the association of performance on a series of psychomotor coordination tests in childhood with mortality up to six decades later?FindingsAfter taking into account multiple confounding factors, lower performance on three gross and fine motors skills tests in childhood were associated with a shorter survival over six decades.MeaningThese findings require replication in other contexts and using complementary observational approaches.