bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolisable Energy Content of a Saponified Palm Fat Product for Ruminants
Authors: Givens D I , Everington Jeannie M , Shepperson N 
Published: June 2019

Many experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibility of forage cell walls due to adverse affects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the formation of insoluble calcium soaps in rumen fluid could prevent this problem. Additionally, Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) reported that the feeding of the preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of fibre whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused a reduction in fibre digestion.The main aims of the present experiment were to examine a new calcium soap of palm fatty acids for its effects on whole tract digestibility of various feed fractions and to measure its effective metabolisable energy (ME) content at maintenance, the present United Kingdom standard.
An Assessment of the Performance of a New Formulation of Soluble Phosphate Glass Bolus on the Copper and Selenium Status of Scottish-Blackface Ewes
Authors: Driver P.M. , Telfer S.B. 
Published: June 2019

Soluble, phosphate glass boluses containing copper, cobalt and selenium have proved successful in elevating and maintaining blood levels of these trace minerals in sheep (Driver et al, 1985 & 1986). In 1983 these boluses were marketed as the trace mineral supplement COSECURE. Recently trials with glasses of various solubilities were carried out and one formulation (Code EX) proved superior to all glasses tested to date (Driver et al, 1988). Last year the performance of this more soluble glass was compared with that of the commercial product, COSECURE, on a site which in previous years had shown severe copper deficiency.On day 0 (22 October), 20 Scottish-Blackface ewes each received one new (EX) bolus, another 20 received COSECURE boluses and a further 15 were left as untreated controls. Blood samples were taken at intervals over the following 330 days and assayed for plasma copper and serum caeruloplasmin for copper status and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) as a measure of selenium status. Boluses were recovered from culled ewes at 341 days after bolusing. The results were analysed by an analysis of variance.
The Effect of Food Intake During Lactation and Early Pregnancy on Plasma Progesterone Concentrations and Prolificacy in Multiparous sows
Authors: Prime G.R. , Varley M.A. , Symonds H.W. 
Published: June 2019

High food intake in early pregnancy resulted in increased prenatal mortality and reduced subsequent litter size in many studies using gilts (den Hartog and Van Kempen, 1980). With multiparous sows there is generally no difference in the rate of embryo survival or litter size with high feeding in early pregnancy (Toplis et al, 1983, Dyck & Cole, 1986).Limited evidence suggests that sows fed low levels in lactation and then a high level early in the following pregnancy may show increased rates of embryo mortality (Pike and Boaz, 1972; Hughes et al, 1984). The effect of high feeding may be due to low plasma progesterone concentrations (Hughes et al 1984; Dyck et al, 1980) in early pregnancy which may be associated with reduced embryo survival and litter size.This study was designed to investigate the effects of high or low feed intake in lactation and early pregnancy on plasma progesterone concentrations in early pregnancy and subsequent litter size using multiparous sows.
The effect of winter feeding level and summer sward height on the performance of autumn calving beef cows and their calves
Authors: Wright I.A. , Whyte T.K. , Osoro K. 
Published: June 2019

It has been demonstrated previously that sward height has a large effect on herbage intake and performance of spring calving cows and their calves (Wright and Russel, 1986) with maximum cow and calf live-weight gain occurring when sward height is maintained at 8 to 10 cm. No comparable information is available for autumn calving cows, and the aims of the present experiment were to examine the effect of sward height on cow and calf performance, in the pre- and post-weaning periods in cows that were turned out to pasture in late lactation at two levels of body condition.The experiment was a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial, with two levels of winter feeding, two sward heights from turn-out to weaning, and two sward heights from weaning to housing. During the summer grazing periods there were two replicates. Thirty-nine Hereford x Friesian cows (mean calving date 17 Sept, 1986) with Charolais-cross calves were used. The experiment started on 30 October 1986 when the cows and calves were housed in two groups. One group (L) was fed silage alone and the other group (H) was fed silage plus barley. Estimated daily metabolisable energy intakes were 63 MJ (L) and 92 MJ (H). Calves were fed 1 kg barley/day plus hay ad 1ibitum. The cows were mated to Charolais bulls for 8 weeks from 15 November 1986.
Genetic effect's on pork product composition and quality
Authors: Bovey M. , Bichard H. , Bruce E A 
Published: June 2019

Genetic variation in pig meat composition and quality offers the possibility of manipulating both between and within line composition in order to Improve the end product. The extent of this variation has been evaluated on batches of PIC pigs sent to the Meat and Livestock Commission for carcass assessment and full side dissection. In the last two years, hind loin samples from these carcasses have gone to the Institute of Food Research, Bristol for taste panel assessment, chemical analysis, and measurements of fat firmness and androstenone concentration.289 entire males of eight pure lines (20-55 per line) were slaughtered at 90-100 kg liveweight following performance test on ad libitum feeding from 33 kg. The ration contained 13.8 MJ DE, 200g crude protein and 10g lysine per kg. Standard MLC dissection procedures were followed. At IFR, the SOXHLET method was used to determine the concentrations of extractable fat, moisture, total nitrogen and ash In the m. longissimus.
Degradation Characteristics of Wheat, Barley and Oats Straws Untreated and Treated with Ammonia in an Oven
Authors: Everington Jeannie M , Givens D I 
Published: June 2019

Compared with stack treatment the literature contains little information on the nutritive value of cereal straws treated with ammonia in “ovens” at elevated temperature. Recently,Mason et al (1987) and Givens et al (1987) have studied in vitro and in vivo respectively the effect on chemical composition, digestibility and energy value of treating barley, wheat and oat straws with ammonia by the oven method. Substantial changes in chemical composition and nutritive value were found as a result of treatment.Reid and Ørskov (1987) have suggested that the dry matter (DM) degradation characteristics of straw as measured by the nylon bag technique provide a good prediction of its nutritive value. The aims of the experiment reported here were therefore to examine using the straws of Mason et al (1987), the effect of oven ammonia treatment on the DM degradation characteristics and to assess whether these parameters could be used to predict the metabolisable energy (ME) content of the straws.
A Comparison of Methods to Convert Foreign Progeny Test Evaluations to Approximate United Kingdom Improved Contemporary Comparison Equivalents (Friesian/Holstein)
Authors: Swanson G.J.T. , Joanne Bellamy H. , Oliver G. 
Published: June 2019

A major problem facing breeders interested in using bulls from other populations is that the foreign bull evaluations cannot be directly compared with the evaluations produced in the United Kingdom (UK). This is due to differences in the units of measurement, the base against which all bulls are compared and the method used to express the merit of the bulls. In order that selection is possible on an equal basis, it is necessary to be able to convert bull evaluations from the scale used in the country of export to that used in the importing country.The general formula used to convert evaluations is of the form Y = a + bX where Y is the converted evaluation, X is the evaluation in the exporting country, a is the difference between the bases used for bull evaluations and b is the factor to take account of the differences in scale.
Masking the Taste of Rapeseed Meal in Dairy Compound Feeds
Authors: Frederick Gina , Forbes J.M. , Johnson C.L. 
Published: June 2019

Oilseed rape meal is high in protein and available in the UK relatively cheaply. Toxic constituents limit its inclusion in feeds for pigs and poultry but this is not a problem with ruminant animals where microbial action in the rumen removes them. However, the bitter taste of rape meal has been thought to reduce its palatability for ruminant animals (Stedman and Hill, 1987) and it is recommended that its inclusion in compound feeds for cows should not exceed about 150kg/tonne; masking agents are incorporated to reduce this limitation.The question to be addressed can be summarized as “can higher rates of inclusion of rape meal in dairy compound feeds be concealed by more mask?”. Twelve dry cows in late pregnancy were offered feeds with various levels of rape meal in combination with several levels of mask and rate of consumption was monitored.
Feed Intake, growth and carcass quality of improved genotypes of growing/finishing pigs
Authors: Chadd S.A. , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: June 2019

There have been a number of reports that voluntary feed intake (VFI) of modern pig genotypes may be the limitation to their growth performance. It has been suggested that selection for leanness (Fowler et al. 1976) and breeding for faster growth may have reduced appetite.In addition there is only limited information about the effect on VFI, performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed ad libitum to liveweights greater than 100kg. A study was therefore undertaken to compare VFI and energy intake of improved genotypes with predicted intakes based on earlier genotypes (ARC, 1981). The associated effects on performance and carcass characteristics at heavier slaughter weights were also studied.
Alternative sources of meat
Authors: Milne J.A. , Hamilton W.J. , Lippert M. 
Published: June 2019

The possibility of farming deer and goats as alternatives to other forms of ruminant livestock for meat production in the UK has been investigated only relatively recently. The collaborative research between the Rowett Research Institute and the Hill Farming Research Organisation on red deer (Cervus elaphus) was initiated in 1970 and serious consideration of goats as a source of meat has only taken place in the last 5 years. Consequently there is considerably more research information on the red deer than the goat and this is reflected in the length of the discussion on each species in this paper. Moreover the number of red deer being farmed commercially in the UK, estimated to be approximately 7000 animals, is currently greater than the number of goats being reared for meat production. Goat meat is mainly a by-product of the production of milk.Both species have the attributes of producing a lean carcass (5-10% fat), which is acceptable to the consumer, and of having the capability of being farmed over the whole spectrum of hill, upland and lowland swards. Systems of management are firstly described, followed by a discussion of the biological potential that could be exploited by further research and by a consideration of marketing and the economics of current production systems.
The Administration of a Probiotic Agent to Early-weaned Piglets
Authors: Varley M.A. , Royle H. 
Published: June 2019

Low levels of antibiotics have been used in animal diets since the 1950’s to improve growth rates by stabilising the gut flora. At higher levels antibiotics have also been used as prophylactics against enteric diseases.As a result of growing public concern of the the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the animal industry there are now strict controls on their use. An alternative approach to the use of antibiotics in the control of the gut flora is the use of what have become known as probiotics. Probiotics include viable lactobacillus bacteria cultures and fermentation products which actively colonise the gut wall, and suppress further colonisation by potential pathogens such as virulent E. coli organisms. At times of stress in an animal’s life, such as weaning or re-grouping, the oral application of probiotic agents could be beneficial by both preventing disease and minimising the clinical use of antibiotics.Early-weaned artificially-reared piglets are particularly at risk to enteric disease and therefore the purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a probiotic agent in pigs weaned at 6 hours of age.
The effect of grinding and pelleting of roughages of known degradability on voluntary intake and digestibility by sheep
Authors: DeB. Hovell F. D. , Campos-Arceu R. , Kyle D. J. 
Published: June 2019

There is a considerable literature on the effect of grinding and pelleting roughages on their intake and digestibility by ruminants. It is also well established that intake is correlated with digestibility, which parameters are themselves correlated with the rumen degradability of the roughages concerned (Hovell et al. (1986)). However there is little information in which the effect of processing on the intake and digestibility of roughages of known degradation characteristics has been examined. The objective of the experiment reported here was to examine the effect of grinding and pelleting on the voluntary intake and digestibility of two roughages whose degradation characteristics had been defined.Four mature 63-69 kg Finn-Dorset ewes fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used. The roughages were a hay (potential degradability 0.81), and a barley straw (potential degradability 0.57) given coarsely chopped, or ground and pelleted. The composition of the hay and straw is shown in Table 1, and the particle size distribution of the two forms is given in Fig. 1. Urea was added to the straw at 18 g/kg and to the hay at 3.6 g/kg (air dry), with 0.13 g sodium sulphate per g urea. A mineral/vitamin supplement was also given. The experimental design was a latin-square with 21 d periods. Food was offered to 10-15% excess of voluntary intake. Voluntary intakes and digestibility were measured during the last 7 d of each period.
The predicted and actual rates of intake of a high quality feed by Suffolk rams from 20-70 kg liveweight
Authors: Emmans G.C. , Dingwall W.S. , FitzSimons J. , Simm G. 
Published: June 2019

ARC (1980), in its Chapter 2, gives a method for predicting the rate of feed intake of a sheep of a given weight, W, on a given feed (feed class and energy metabolisability, q). In its Chapter 3 a method is given for predicting the growth rate, GR, of a sheep of a given sex and W from its ME intake. Where GR and W are known the latter procedure can be used to predict the rate at which feed, needs to be eaten, from the ME content and q values of the feed, to support the observed GR. A third method is that of Emmans (1985), which predicts the rate of intake of a non-constraining feed with energy as the first limiting resource by a given animal in a given initial state in a thermally neutral environment; the animal is described by its mature protein weight, Pm kg, its mature lipid:protein ratio, LPRm, its Gompertz rate parameter for protein growth, B/day, and its fattening rate parameter, b, where (b + 1) is the allometric exponent for body lipid on body protein in potential growth.The three methods were used to predict the intakes of Suffolk rams and the predictions compared with the intakes observed in an experiment.The data were from 66 Suffolk rams born in mid-January, weaned at 8 weeks into single pens and given free and continuous access to the feed shown in Table 1. Their intakes and weights were recorded for successive periods of 2, 2, 2, 2, and 3 weeks from 20th March. The sheep were split into three groups on the basis of their weights on 20th March with mean values of 22, 27 and 33 kg. On the basis of their weights the second and third groups were judged to be 9 and 19 days respectively ahead of the first group.
Grassland utilisation in england and wales 1984–5 and 1985–6
Authors: Poole A H , Mabey S J , Peel S 
Published: June 2019

Animal performance from grassland is dependant both on the grass growth achieved and the efficiency of utilisation. The Grassland Research Institute and ADAS conducted a series of trials (GM 20) which showed grass growth to be mainly influenced by the available water capacity of the soil, summer rainfall and altitude. This gives a site class which together with the fertilizer used determines the quantity of herbage grown.Less is known of the variation in utilisation of the grass grown. This analysis has been undertaken to assess the levels of grassland utilisation found on dairy farms of England and Wales.
Compression in the California Vowel Shift: Tracking generational sound change in California's Central Valley
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette , Pratt Teresa , Van Hofwegen Janneke 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the California Vowel Shift, previously characterized as a chain shift, in communities across California's Central Valley. An incremental apparent time analysis of 72 Californians’ vowel spaces provides no clear evidence of a gradual chain shift; that is, changes have not unfolded in an order that reflects an implicational chain in chronological time. Instead, we see contemporaneous movements of vowels that work against the phonological tendency of maximal dispersion typically invoked in describing chain shifts. By analyzing change in the size and dispersion of the entire vowel space, we find that ongoing sound change is instead characterized by a holistic compression of the vowel space. This suggests that, in these California communities, the shift's unfolding was driven by articulatory and social, rather than purely phonological, factors. We propose that the analysis of the size and spread of holistic vowel space can help characterize the nature and motivations for vocalic changes.
Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation
Authors: Chapman Alexander L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe and complex disorder characterized by instability across many life domains, including interpersonal relations, behavior, and emotions. A core feature and contributor to BPD, emotion dysegulation (ED), consists of deficits in the ability to regulate emotions in a manner that allows the individual to pursue important goals or behave effectively in various contexts. Biosocial developmental models of BPD have emphasized a transaction of environmental conditions (e.g., invalidating environments and adverse childhood experiences) with key genetically linked vulnerabilities (e.g., impulsivity and emotional vulnerability) in the development of ED and BPD. Emerging evidence has begun to highlight the complex, heterotypic pathways to the development of BPD, with key heritable vulnerability factors possibly interacting with aspects of the rearing environment to produce worsening ED and an adolescent trajectory consisting of self-damaging behaviors and eventual BPD. Adults with BPD have shown evidence of a variety of cognitive, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of ED. As the precursors to the development of ED and BPD have become clearer, prevention and treatment efforts hold great promise for reducing the long-term suffering, functional impairment, and considerable societal costs associated with BPD.
A rare association: first degree AV block and long QT syndrome
Authors: Kasar Taner , Kafali H. Candas , Ergul Yakup 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe coexistence of long QT syndrome with 2:1 or complete atrioventricular blocks has been reported in the literature, but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first pediatric case of long QT syndrome coexisting with first-degree atrioventricular blocks(1–3).
The effect of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on the development of left-sided heart structures
Authors: Coffman Zachary J. , McGahren Eugene D. , Vergales Brooke D. , Saunders Christine H. , Vergales Jeffrey E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias often have concomitant congenital heart disease (CHD), with small left-sided cardiac structures as a frequent finding. The goal of this study is to evaluate which left-sided heart structures are affected in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernias.Methods:Retrospective review of neonates between May 2007 and April 2015 with a diagnosis of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia was performed. Clinical and echocardiographic data were extracted from the electronic medical record and indexed to body surface area and compared to normative values. Univariable regression models assessed for associations between different variables and length of stay.Results:Data of 52 patients showed decreased mean z scores for the LVIDd (–3.16), LVIDs (–3.05), aortic annulus (–1.68), aortic sinuses (–2.11), transverse arch (–3.11), and sinotubular junction (–1.47) with preservation of the aorta at the diaphragm compared to age-matched normative data with similar body surface areas. Regression analysis showed a percent reduction in length of stay per 1 mm size increase for LVIDd (8%), aortic annulus (27%), aortic sinuses (18%), sinotubular junctions (20%), and transverse arches (25%).Conclusions:Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias have significantly smaller left-sided heart structures compared to age-matched normative data. Aortic preservation at the diaphragm provides evidence for a mass effect aetiology with increased right-to-left shunting at the fetal ductus resulting in decreased size. Additionally, length of stay appears to be prolonged with decreasing size of several of these structures. These data provide quantitative evidence of smaller left-sided heart structures in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernias.
The echinoderm classes Stylophora and Homoiostelea: non Calcichordata
Authors: Parsley R. L. 
Published: June 2019

Stylophora and Homoiostelea are the largest classes of the subphylum Homalozoa. They have also been placed in the Calcichordata but that position is herein rejected. Stylophorans are divided into two orders the Cornuta and Ankyroida: cornutes have asymmetrical thecae, aulacophores with stylocones and cover plates over the food groove that open widely; ankyroids have essentially bilaterally symmetrical thecae, aulacophores with styloids and in most the cover plates do not open widely. Epispires, cothurnopores, and lamellipores in cornutes are respiratory structures not atypical of early echinoderms and are only superficially similar to chordate gill slits. The superior and inferior faces of cornute and ankyroid thecae and the aulacophores are homologous. There is no evidence that ‘mitrates’ (most ankyroids) are inverted or their aulacophores(calcichordate tail) have been lost and re-evolved.Homoiosteles are superficially similar to stylophorans: the column or stele resembles the aulacophore and the theca in younger genera develope distinct marginal and somatic plate patterns. The earliest homoiosteles are attached by a holdfast, at least in juvenile stages, and this fixation may have imprinted some morphological features on steles of vagile genera. Earliest homoiosteles share significant characters with coeval species of the eocrinoidGogiaand it serves as outgroup.Cladograms for Stylophora and Homoiostelea were generated by NONA, a phylogenetic program for personal computers.