bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical crowdfunding and the virtuous donor
Authors: Moore Bryanna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPatients and families are increasingly turning to crowdfunding to help them cover the cost of medical care. The ethics of crowdfunding has garnered some attention in the bioethical literature. In this paper I examine an ethical aspect of medical crowdfunding (MCF) that has received limited attention: the role of donors. I defend a virtue ethical approach to analyzing the role of donors in MCF. Vicious donation, where donors do not exercise the relevant virtues, can compound some of the ethical risks associated with MCF, as seen in the several recent, high‐profile cases. My primary contention in this paper is that encouraging donors to think about how donating to a particular campaign would measure against the virtues I outline could help to discourage acts of ethically problematic donation to MCF campaigns.
Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus
Authors: Blackshaw Bruce P. , Rodger Daniel 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEctogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.
Histamine pharmacology: from Sir Henry Dale to the 21st century
Authors: Tiligada Ekaterini , Ennis Madeleine 
Published: October 2018

Histamine has been one of the most studied substances in medicine, playing a major role in diverse (patho)physiological processes. It elicits its multifaceted modulatory functions by activating four types of GPCRs, designated as H1–4. Despite the heterogeneity and the complexity of histamine receptor pharmacology, many discoveries over the past 100 years resulted in the development of H1 antihistamines and H2‐targeting ‘blockbuster’ therapeutics for the management of allergies and gastrointestinal disorders respectively. Recently, a first‐in‐class H3 inverse agonist was approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, whereas H4 antagonists are under clinical evaluation for their potential therapeutic exploitation in immune‐related diseases. This review critically presents the past successes and drawbacks in histamine research, complemented by the modern conceptual innovations in molecular and receptor pharmacology. It targets both young and experienced researchers in an ongoing effort to stimulate novel insights for the dissection of the translational potential of histamine pharmacology.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
Modelling of drainage dynamics influence on sediment routing system in a fold‐and‐thrust belt
Authors: Viaplana‐Muzas Marc , Babault Julien , Dominguez Stéphane , Van Den Driessche Jean , Legrand Xavier 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDrainage networks link erosional landscapes and sedimentary basins in a source‐to‐sink system, controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of sediment flux at the outlets. Variations of accumulation rates in a sedimentary basin have been classically interpreted as changes in erosion rates driven by tectonics and/or climate. We studied the interactions between deformation, rainfall rate and the intrinsic dynamics of drainage basins in an experimental fold‐and‐thrust belt subjected to erosion and sedimentation under constant rainfall and shortening rates. The emergence of thrust sheets at the front of a prism may divert antecedent transverse channels (perpendicular to the structural grain) leading to the formation of longitudinal reaches, later uplifted and incorporated in the prism by the ongoing deformation. In the experiments, transverse incisions appear in the external slopes of the emerging thrust sheets. Headward erosion in these transverse channels results in divide migration and capture of the uplifted longitudinal channels located in the inner parts of the prism, leading to drainage network reorganization and modification of the sediment routing system. We show that the rate of drainage reorganization increases with the rainfall rate. It also increases in a nonlinear way with the rate of uplift. We explain this behaviour by an exponent > 1 on the slope variable in the framework of the stream power erosion model. Our results confirm the view that early longitudinal‐dominated networks are progressively replaced by transverse‐dominated rivers during mountain building. We show that drainage network dynamics modulate the distribution of sedimentary fluxes at the outlets of experimental wedges. We propose that under constant shortening and rainfall rates the drainage network reorganization can also modulate the composition and the spatial distribution of clastic fluxes in foreland basins.
Does fatigue and distress in a clinical cohort of adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome correlate with fatigue and distress in their parents?
Authors: Loades Maria E. , Rimes Katharine A. , Ali Sheila , Lievesley Kate , Chalder Trudie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have found that parents of children with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are more fatigued, and mothers are more distressed than healthy controls. Managing the disabling symptoms of CFS can result in disruption and burden for the family. Most research has focused on mothers. This study sought to further explore the associations between adolescent fatigue and distress and parental fatigue and distress, as well as family functioning, including both mothers and fathers.DesignCross‐sectional study of a clinical cohort of consecutive attenders at a specialist chronic fatigue unit.MethodsQuestionnaires were completed by adolescents (N = 115, age 11–18) with a confirmed diagnosis of CFS and their mothers (N = 100) and fathers (N = 65).ResultsMaternal fatigue was significantly correlated with maternal distress, but not with adolescent fatigue, depression, anxiety, or functioning. This pattern held true for paternal fatigue. Maternal and paternal anxiety and depression were significantly correlated with family functioning. Paternal and maternal distress were correlated with each other. Mothers and fathers tended to have a consistent view of family functioning. Family functioning, specifically being overwhelmed by difficulties and scoring lower on strengths and adaptability, was positively associated with adolescent depression. Unexpectedly, higher levels of adolescent fatigue and poorer physical functioning were associated with better family functioning as rated by the mother.ConclusionsParents of adolescents with fatigue scored near to or within normative range for non‐clinical samples on distress, fatigue, and family functioning. Parental distress may contribute to or result from poorer family functioning. Family functioning, particularly building strengths and adaptability, may be clinically important in CFS, as well as attending to parental (particularly paternal) distress in families where adolescents are low in mood.
Changing trends in surgery for abdominal Crohn's disease
Authors: Mege D. , Garrett K. , Milsom J. , Sonoda T. , Michelassi F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimThe introduction of biological agents and laparoscopy are, arguably, the most important developments for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) in the last two decades. Due to the efficacy of biological agents in treating mild disease, it is likely that the percentage of surgery for complex cases may have increased. The objective of this study was to analyse the changing characteristics and results of the surgical treatment of patients with CD over the past 13 years.MethodsAll patients who underwent abdominal surgery for CD between 2004 and 2016 were retrospectively identified. Data were compared between two periods (2004–2010 and 2011–2016).ResultsA total of 908 procedures were performed (48% men, mean age 43 ± 16 years). Demographic and CD characteristics changed significantly over time: comorbidities were more frequent (35% vs 46%, P < 0.0001), and preoperative steroids (28% vs 36%, P < 0.01) and anti‐tumour necrosis factor (20% vs 40%, P < 0.0001) treatments were more frequently used in the second period. Smoking (14% vs 8%, P < 0.0001) and use of immunosuppressors (32% vs 22%, P < 0.001) decreased significantly. More cases of penetrating disease (22% vs 32%, P < 0.001) were operated upon in the second period. The laparoscopic approach (49% vs 57%, P < 0.04) was more frequently performed and mean blood loss (167 ± 222 vs 123 ± 243 ml, P < 0.01) decreased significantly. Postoperative morbidity did not change between the two periods.ConclusionDespite a higher incidence of comorbidities and the use of biologics postoperative morbidity remained unchanged. An increased use of laparoscopy and a decreased intra‐operative blood loss may have contributed to offsetting the impact of increased comorbidity.
Novel Implementation of Genotype‐Guided Proton Pump Inhibitor Medication Therapy in Children: A Pilot, Randomized, Multisite Pragmatic Trial
Authors: Cicali Emily J. , Blake Kathryn , Gong Yan , Mougey Edward B. , Al‐Atrash Hadeel , Chambers Nancy , Denham Jolanda , Evans Jonathan , George Donald E. , Gomez Roberto , Palomo Pablo , Taufiq Salik , Johnson Julie A. , Lima John J. , Franciosi James P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medications is highly dependent on plasma concentrations, which varies considerably due to cytochrome P450 (CYP2C19) genetic variation. We conducted a pragmatic, pilot study of CYP2C19 genotype‐guided pediatric dosing of PPI medications. Children aged 5–17 years old with gastric‐acid‐related conditions were randomized to receive either conventional dosing of a PPI or genotype‐guided dosing for a total of 12 weeks. Sixty children (30 in each arm) were enrolled and had comparable baseline characteristics. The mean daily omeprazole equivalent dose prescribed to participants across metabolizer phenotype groups was significantly different in the genotype‐guided dosing arm (P < 0.001), but not in the conventional dosing arm. Prescribers waited for the genotype result before prescribing the PPI medication for 90% of the participants in the genotype‐guided dosing arm. The number of participants who reported an infection was marginally lower in genotype‐guided dosing vs. conventional dosing (20% vs. 44%; P = 0.07). Sinonasal symptoms were higher in the conventional dosing arm as compared with genotype‐guided dosing arm: (2.6 (2.0, 3.4) vs. 1.8 (1.0, 2.3), P = 0.031). CYP2C19 genotype‐guided PPI therapy is feasible in a clinical pediatric setting, well accepted by providers, resulted in differential PPI dosing, and may reduce PPI‐associated infections. A future large scale randomized clinical trial of CYP2C19 genotype‐guided pediatric dosing of PPI medications in children is warranted.
Pinus taedaL. response to differential inoculum density ofLeptographium terebrantiscolonized toothpicks
Authors: Devkota Pratima , Mensah John K. , Nadel Ryan L. , Matusick George , Eckhardt Lori G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBark beetle‐vectored ophiostomatoid fungi,Leptographium terebrantis, is inoculated on the roots and lower stems of stressedPinusspecies during the feeding activity of bark beetle. To determine the exact host response following inoculation, it is critical to challenge the host with a realistic amount of fungal inoculum. Thus, we designed a series of stepwise experiments usingL. terebrantiscolonized toothpicks which focused on the inoculum transfer from the toothpicks to excisedPinus taedastem segments and living saplings, respectively, at different inoculum densities. The toothpicks served as a substrate for fungal growth and sporulation and the inoculation showed their utility in eliciting host's response to the pathogen. The inoculated fungus caused blue‐stain and sapwood occlusions inP. taedastems and saplings, respectively. The volume of occluded, visually damaged sapwood increased by 1.96 cm3per radial inoculation point on average. Fungal colonized toothpicks can be used as a suitable alternative to agar discs for studying bark beetles vectored fungi and their host interactions.
Serum Vitamin D Status in a Group of Migraine Patients Compared With Healthy Controls: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Togha Mansoureh , Razeghi Jahromi Soodeh , Ghorbani Zeinab , Martami Fahimeh , Seifishahpar Maryam 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe association between serum vitamin D and migraine is investigated in this research.sBackgroundAlthough the pathogenesis of migraine headache is not fully understood, the possible role of inflammation and disturbed immune system has been proposed; thus, higher levels of vitamin D might reduce the risk of migraine. However, the results of related studies have been inconclusive.MethodsSeventy healthy individuals and 70 age‐ and sex‐matched migraineurs (34 chronic and 36 episodic migraineurs), diagnosed according to the International Headache Society criteria (ICHD‐IIIβ), were recruited. After obtaining baseline data and assessing migraine disability, a 30‐day headache diary was given to the participants. Blood samples were obtained and 25(OH)D serum concentrations were determined using ELISA techniques. Serum 25(OH)D under 20, 20–29, and 30–100 ng/mL were considered deficient, insufficient, and sufficient, respectively. The applied statistical tests for between‐group comparisons include independent‐sample t‐test, chi‐square, and analysis of variance. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to identify the possible risk factors of migraine headache.ResultsMigraine patients had significantly lower mean (SD) of serum VitD (30 (16) ng/mL) than healthy subjects (43 (19) ng/mL) (P < .001). The number (%) of subjects with VitD deficiency and insufficiency was significantly higher among the migraineurs (36 (53.7%)) than the controls (18 (26.1%)) (P < .0001). A significant negative association between migraine headache and serum VitD was detected in the fully adjusted multiple regression models when comparing the third and the highest serum 25(OH)D quartiles with the lowest (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.05–0.77; OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.04–0.64, respectively, P for trend = .009). For each 5 ng/mL increase in serum 25(OH)D, there was a 22% odds decrease in the odds of migraine (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.68–0.90; P = .001).ConclusionWe have found that a higher level of serum VitD (between 50 to less than 100 ng/mL) among a sample of the Iranian population is associated with 80–83% lower odds of migraine headache than those with serum 25(OH)D levels below 20 ng/mL. However, there is a need for well‐designed clinical trials to investigate beneficial effects of increased serum 25(OH)D on lower risk of migraine.
Microguided Endodontics: a case report of a maxillary lateral incisor with pulp canal obliteration and apical periodontitis
Authors: Torres A. , Shaheen E. , Lambrechts P. , Politis C. , Jacobs R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo describe a minimally invasive method to create a 3D‐printed guide to gain access to obliterated root canals on the basis of CBCT data.SummaryA 85‐year‐old female ASA III was referred for root canal treatment of tooth 22. Clinically, there were no complaints, no percussion pain or sinus tract. Radiologically, the tooth had an obliterated canal with an apical radiolucency. The tooth was diagnosed with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Microguided Endodontic treatment was performed with the help of a 3D‐printed guide. The root canal was localized initially with the aid of the 3D‐printed guide using a round carbide bur with a head diameter of 0.8 mm. Then, the canal was shaped and cleaned using mechanical rotary files under copious irrigation with 5% NaOCl, 17% EDTA and passive ultrasonic activation. A completely healed apical area of tooth 22 was visible after 6 months on periapical radiographs and small field of view CBCT.Key learning points

Using the Microguided Endodontics concept, a minimally invasive access was achieved up to the middle of the root, in a maxillary lateral incisor with pulp canal obliteration (PCO) and apical periodontitis.

This technique is a valuable tool for the negotiation of PCO, reducing chair time and risk of iatrogenic damage to the root.
The impact of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption and IFRS renouncement on audit fees: The case of Switzerland
Authors: Raffournier Bernard , Schatt Alain 
Published: October 2018

Several studies have shown that International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption is associated with higher audit fees. We provide additional evidence on this issue by analyzing the Swiss context, which is particularly suitable for two reasons. First, it allows a better estimation of the impact of IFRS adoption on audit fees because the choice of accounting standards (IFRS, US generally accepted accounting principles [GAAPs] or Swiss GAAPs) is left to companies. Accordingly, comparisons can be made within the same institutional context. Second, it is also possible to measure the impact of IFRS renouncement on audit fees because Swiss companies following IFRS can switch back to Swiss GAAPs at any time. Based on a hand‐collected database including 1,651 firm‐year observations over 15 years, we show that, with the exception of very large companies, firms using IFRS pay higher audit fees. We also find that firms switching to IFRS incur additional audit fees in the year preceding the change. By contrast, the return to local GAAPs does not result in lower audit fees, which confirms the stickiness of audit fees reported by several prior studies.
The role of auditors in merger and acquisition completion time
Authors: Chahine Salim , Hasan Iftekhar , Mazboudi Mohamad 
Published: October 2018

Using a sample of 664 merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions and office‐level audit data, this study investigates the role of auditors in M&A completion time. We find that having a common auditor for both acquirer and target firms in M&A transactions increases the completion time of such transactions because the exposure to higher litigation and reputational costs outweighs the information‐access advantage of common auditors. However, auditors' past experience in M&A transactions helps reduce completion time and costs. These results are robust to having Big N auditors at both ends as well as to various acquirer, target, and deal characteristics.
Association between periodontal health status and patient‐reported outcomes in patients managed in a non‐specialist, general dental practice
Authors: Sharma Praveen , Yonel Zehra , Busby Michael , Chapple Iain L. , Dietrich Thomas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimsTo explore the associations between periodontal status and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in a large cohort of patients based in non‐specialist general dental practice.Materials and methodsAnalysis was conducted using data from 14,620 patients, in 233 non‐specialist dental practices across the UK. As part of routine clinical care, data on periodontal probing depths (PPD), alveolar bone loss (ABL), bleeding on probing (BoP) as well as PROs (oral pain/discomfort, dietary restrictions and dental appearance) were recorded using an online database. The associations between periodontal status and PROs were investigated using logistic regression analysis, adjusting for confounders.ResultsWe found a positive association between worse periodontal health and the prevalence of PROs. After adjustment for confounders, 13.8% of patients in the healthiest category (PPD < 5 mm, ABL < 2 mm, no BoP) reported pain/discomfort, compared to 20.7% of patients in the worst category (PPD > 7 mm, ABL > 4 mm). A similar trend was seen with reporting a restricted diet and unhappiness with appearance.ConclusionThis study provides novel insights into the associations between periodontal status and PROs in a non‐specialist, general dental practice, highlighting the benefits of prevention and management of periodontitis.
The severity of human peri‐implantitis lesions correlates with the level of submucosal microbial dysbiosis
Authors: Kröger Annika , Hülsmann Claudia , Fickl Stefan , Spinell Thomas , Hüttig Fabian , Kaufmann Frederic , Heimbach André , Hoffmann Per , Enkling Norbert , Renvert Stefan , Schwarz Frank , Demmer Ryan T. , Papapanou Panos N. , Jepsen Søren , Kebschull Moritz 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo cross‐sectionally analyse the submucosal microbiome of peri‐implantitis (PI) lesions at different severity levels.Materials and MethodsMicrobial signatures of 45 submucosal plaque samples from untreated PI lesions obtained from 30 non‐smoking, systemically healthy subjects were assessed by 16s sequencing. Linear mixed models were used to identify taxa with differential abundance by probing depth, after correction for age, gender, and multiple samples per subject. Network analyses were performed to identify groups of taxa with mutual occurrence or exclusion. Subsequently, the effects of peri‐implant probing depth on submucosal microbial dysbiosis were calculated using the microbial dysbiosis index.ResultsIn total, we identified 337 different taxa in the submucosal microbiome of PI. Total abundance of 12 taxa correlated significantly with increasing probing depth; a significant relationship with lower probing depth was found for 16 taxa. Network analysis identified two mutually exclusive complexes associated with shallow pockets and deeper pockets, respectively. Deeper peri‐implant pockets were associated with significantly increased dysbiosis.ConclusionIncreases in peri‐implant pocket depth are associated with substantial changes in the submucosal microbiome and increasing levels of dysbiosis.