bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anterior Insula Reflects Inferential Errors in Value-Based Decision-making and Perception
Authors: Loued-Khenissi Leyla , Pfeuffer Adrien , Einhäuser Wolfgang , Preuschoff Kerstin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe process of inference is theorized to underlie neural processes, including value-based decision-making and perception. Value-based decision-making commonly involves deliberation, a time-consuming process that requires conscious consideration of decision variables. Perception, by contrast, is thought to be automatic and effortless. To determine if inference characterizes both perception and value-based decision-making, we directly compared uncertainty signals in visual perception and an economic task using fMRI. We presented the same individuals with different versions of a bi-stable figure (Necker’s cube) and with a gambling task during fMRI acquisition. To track the inferential process assumed in both tasks, we experimentally varied uncertainty, either on perceptual state or financial outcome. We found that inferential errors captured by surprise in the gambling task yielded BOLD responses in the anterior insula, in line with earlier findings. Moreover, we found perceptual risk and surprise in the Necker Cube task yielded similar responses in the anterior insula. These results suggest that uncertainty, irrespective of domain, correlates to a common brain region, the anterior insula. These findings provide empirical evidence that the brain interacts with its environment through inferential processes.
Yap suppresses T cell function and infiltration in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Stampouloglou Eleni , Federico Anthony , Slaby Emily , Monti Stefano , Szeto Gregory L. , Varelas Xaralabos 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTA major challenge for cancer immunotherapy is sustaining T cell activation and recruitment in immunosuppressive solid tumors. Here we report that Yap levels are sharply induced upon activation of CD4+and CD8+T cells and that Yap functions as an immunosuppressive factor and inhibitor of effector differentiation. Loss of Yap in T cells results in enhanced T cell activation, differentiation and function, which translatesin vivoto an improved ability for T cells to infiltrate and repress tumors. Gene expression analyses of tumor-infiltrating T cells following Yap deletion implicates Yap as a mediator of global T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment and as a key negative regulator of T cell tumor infiltration and patient survival in diverse human cancers. Collectively, our results indicate that Yap plays critical roles in T cell biology, and suggest that inhibiting Yap activity improves T cell responses in cancer.
Comparison of IL-33 and IL-5 Family Mediated Activation of Human Eosinophils
Authors: Angulo Evelyn L. , McKernan Elizabeth M. , Fichtinger Paul S. , Mathur Sameer K. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTEosinophils are the prominent inflammatory cell involved in allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and hypereosinophilic syndrome and are found in high numbers in local tissue and/or circulating blood of affected patients. There is recent interest in a family of alarmins, including TSLP, IL-25 and IL-33, that are epithelial-derived and released upon stimulation of epithelial cells. Several genome wide association studies have found SNPs in genes encoding IL-33 to be risk factors for asthma. In two studies examining the direct role of IL-33 in eosinophils, there were differences in eosinophil responses. We sought to further characterize activation of eosinophils with IL-33 compared to activation by other cytokines and chemokines. We assessed IL-33 stimulated adhesion, degranulation, chemotaxis and cell surface protein expression in comparison to IL-3, IL-5, and eotaxin-1 on human eosinophils. Our results demonstrate that IL-33 can produce as potent or more eosinophil activation than IL-3, IL-5 and eotaxin-1. Thus, when considering specific cytokine targeting strategies, IL-33 will be important to consider for modulating eosinophil function.
Energy balance; choices between energy spend on migration and mating influences the life cycle of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)
Authors: Haarsma Anne-Jifke , Lina Peter H.C. , Voûte Aldo M. , Glas Gerhard H. , Siepel Henk 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDuring autumn in the temperate zone, insectivorous male bats face a profound energetic challenge, as in the same period they have to make energy choices related to hibernation, mating and migration. We found evidence by looking at biometric measurements that male pond bats (Myotis dasycneme) are pre-occupied with mating and lose weight, while simultaneously females are accumulating fat. Our purpose was to characterize the known hibernacula in terms of male or female bias, and subsequently compare their population trend during two study periods, between 1930-1980 and 1980-2015. Our findings include evidence of colonisation of winter roosts in formerly unoccupied areas and consequently a change in the migration patterns of the male population of this species. As male bats do not assist to raise their offspring, males have abundant time to restore their energy balance after hibernation. Our results suggest that choosing a hibernacula closer to the summer habitat not only decreases energy cost needed for migration, it also lengthens the mating season and presumably also has the additional advantage of increased paternity. Additionally, these findings have important conservation implications, as male and female biased hibernation assemblages may differ critically in terms of microclimate preferences.
Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak
Authors: Hicks Joseph T. , Lee Dong-Hun , Duvuuri Venkata R. , Torchetti Mia Kim , Swayne David E , Bahl Justin 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe 2014 – 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5NX outbreak represents the largest and most expensive HPAI outbreak in the United States to date. Despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of HPAI among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. To better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome HPAI H5N2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolutionary models modified to incorporate epidemiological and geographic information. Epidemiological compartmental models constructed in a phylogenetic framework provided evidence that poultry type acted as a barrier to the transmission of virus among midwestern poultry farms. Furthermore, after initial introduction, a continuous external source of virus was not needed to explain the propagation of HPAI cases within the commercial poultry industries. Discrete trait diffusion models indicated that within state viral transitions occurred more frequently than inter-state transitions. Distance, road density and proportion of water coverage were all supported as associated with viral transition between county groups (Bayes Factor > 3.0). Together these findings indicate that the midwestern poultry industries were not a single homogenous population, but rather, the outbreak was shaped by poultry sectors and geographic factors.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak among poultry farms in the midwestern United States appears to be influenced by agricultural and geographic factors. After initial introduction of the virus into the poultry industries, no further introductions (such as from a wild bird reservoir) were necessary to explain the continuation of the outbreak from March to June 2015. Additionally, evidence suggests that proximity increases the chances of viral movement between two locations. While many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the transmission of virus among poultry farms, the support for road density as an important driver of viral movement suggests human-mediated viral transportation played a key role in the spread of the highly pathogenic H5N2 outbreak in North America.
Organizational learning and job satisfaction of trainee auditors: a case study of Chinese CPA firms
Authors: Liu Guangyou , Ren Hong 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This study aims to investigate the organizational learning of trainee auditors who represent the young generation of new entry-level professionals in CPA firms, and examines the possible associations between organizational learning and job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire survey is administered among the target group of trainee auditors to explore possible approaches to their organizational learning in CPA firms. The results are used to generate organizational learning variables, which enable us to empirically test the research hypotheses regarding the association between organizational learning and job satisfaction.

Findings
The authors conclude that there are three main dimensions of organizational learning for new entry-level professionals in CPA firms, namely: workplace interactions, supervising and monitoring and supportive informational systems. The authors also find that workplace interactions and supportive information systems are significantly associated with job satisfaction. The authors show that the females and males prefer different approaches to organizational learning in CPA firms. The authors also find that trainee auditors who work for bigger CPA firms enjoy more job satisfaction than those working for smaller CPA firms, and that male trainee auditors are more easily satisfied with audit jobs than female trainees.

Research limitations/implications
This study is limited in that its sample is composed of trainee auditors, who are used to proxy for entry-level professionals in CPA firms. Future studies can include a direct focus on the organizational learning of junior auditors in CPA firms. Future studies can also investigate organizational learning in the firm-wide context in which CPA firms and their employees are considered as part of a larger situational process of organizational learning.

Practical implications
The conclusions can help to improve practice management and human resource policies in CPA firms. The findings highlight the importance of establishing an effective organizational learning culture, and suggest how this can be achieved by providing friendly and instructive workplace interactions, helpful supervisory and mentoring relationships, and better information support.

Originality/value
This study contributes to the audit literature by identifying the three dimensions of organizational learning for entry-level professionals in CPA firms. The authors substantiate the argument that mentor-protégé relationships in CPA firms have different effects on job satisfaction for female and male trainee auditors.
The competitive forces that shape Australian medical education
Authors: Mahat Marian 
Published: May 2019

PurposeMedical education is an evidence-driven professional field that operates in an increasingly regulated environment as compared to other fields within universities. The purpose of this paper is to establish the extent to which Porter’s five competitive forces framework (Porter, 2008) can drive the management of medical schools in Australia.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on data from semi-structured interviews with over 20 staff from 6 case study Australian medical schools, this paper explores Australian medical education, by looking at the current policy context, structure and interactions between organizations within the system.FindingsThe findings provide evidence that environmental forces affect the nature of competition in medical education, and that competitive advantage can be gained by medical schools from a sustained analysis of the industry in which they operate in. Consequently, it is possible to apply a pre-dominantly profit-oriented framework to higher education.Research limitations/implicationsAs an industry facing increasing pressure toward marketization and competition, the findings provide sufficient evidence that an analysis of higher education as an industry is possible.Practical implicationsThe findings provide evidence that strategic leadership and management in higher education should encompass greater levels of delegation and decision making at all levels. Effective leadership should focus on creating an inspiring vision of the future through a sustained analysis of the industry in which they operate.Originality/valueThe study has made a key contribution through an industry analysis of Australian medical education, which provide important implications for leadership and management in higher education. The study is of significant value to researchers as well as senior management in higher education.
A theoretical framework for managing intellectual capital in higher education
Authors: Iacoviello Giuseppina , Bruno Elena , Cappiello Antonella 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify, through the preparation of a theoretical framework, the drivers able to highlight the relationships between universities and stakeholders in the area of higher education. It also intends to stress the importance of intellectual capital (IC) regarding its contribution to create the quality of higher education.

Design/methodology/approach
The method, through the repetition of different “rounds” of interviews with questionnaires, tends therefore to create situations of comparison, verification and discussion of the different hypotheses prefigured, and then come to a convergence of both scenarios and dates of realization.

Findings
The paper provides a system of indicators for assessing the quality of relationships between stakeholders in the key processes of the universities.

Research limitations/implications
The paper provides a pilot model that needs further adjustments in itinere, based on rigorous empirical tests conducted to confer on it the characteristics of universal applicability within the university context.

Practical implications
The major contribution of the model is evident from the resulting interpretative process, which makes it possible to deduce, from the performance indicators, the strategies put in place by the university to achieve their goals, that is, to prepare any interventions for the optimization of the management of IC which can create the quality of higher education institution.

Originality/value
None of the models presented in the literature details the quality of the relationship between stakeholders in the key processes of the universities and therefore neither investigates the impact produced by them on the performance of the university nor on the way stakeholders perceive the usefulness of the knowledge transmitted or the level of customer satisfaction achieved, as indeed the most recent research on the subject envisages.
Exploring school principals’ personal identities in Cyprus from a values perspective
Authors: Kafa Antonios , Pashiardis Petros 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore a broader understanding of the role of Cypriot school principals’ personal identities, through a values system perspective, when exercising their leadership.Design/methodology/approachA multicase study methodology was followed with five school principals, representing five different leadership styles. In each case, an in-depth investigation of the school principal’s personal identity was undertaken. School principals’ personal values were explored during interviews, staff meetings and daily activities observations, as well as through the use of the think-aloud protocol method. This study utilized the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, as well as the Pashiardis–Brauckmann Holistic Leadership Framework, as the guiding theoretical framework.FindingsSchool principals’ personal identities in Cyprus seem to influence, to some extent, their daily leadership practice. However, particular factors associated with the context in which they live (social identity) and work (professional identity), seemed to be affecting the personal values embedded throughout their personal identities.Research limitations/implicationsFive school principals are not enough to make generalizations on the relationships between leadership styles and values. However, through this paper, the authors sought to provide examples on how school principals’ personal identities influence their leadership practice.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the important role and attention to school principals’ personal identities, beyond the core management and leadership courses. The findings also shed light on the importance of looking more closely at contextual elements “outside” and “inside” the school and to what extent these could influence school principals’ personal identities.Originality/valueThis paper offers insights into school principals’ personal identities, through a values system perspective, and how these personal identities influence their leadership practice.
School principals’ key experiences and changing management patterns
Authors: Klein Joseph , Ninio Racheli 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The literature indicates that sudden key experiences induce emotional and cognitive reactions strong enough to change perceptions and behavior over time. The purpose of this paper is to examine the question whether school principals undergo key experiences and whether these experiences are related to improvements in their work patterns and to professional empowerment beyond what could be attributable to the professional insights acquired through on-the-job experience.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative in-depth interviews of 15 public high school principals with 4–19 years of experience elicited information about the extent of their exposure to key experiences and any changes that occurred in their managerial thinking and functioning after having undergone these experiences.

Findings
All of the respondents implemented significant changes in their work after undergoing key experiences. The insights gained from key experiences had not been acquired through on-the-job experience. Nevertheless, the qualitative nature of this research does not allow for any conclusive findings about the causality of key experiences upon managerial changes among principals.

Practical implications
It may be possible to use the findings uncovered by this study and its conclusions regarding experiential learning acquired from key experiences by school principals to enrich managers in general.

Originality/value
This study demonstrates that the process of school principals’ professional development involves a unique component and source of knowledge resulting from key experiences, and this phenomenon has not previously been investigated. This study’s findings about key experiences contribute to a deeper understanding of the process of professional development among principals.
Blended learning adoption: a case study of one of the oldest universities in Europe
Authors: Previtali Pietro , Scarozza Danila 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of blended learning adoption in universities by focusing on faculty’s satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology is based on a case study of one of the most ancient University in Europe. The authors administered a questionnaire to the professors that used blended technologies, and the authors conducted clinical interviews with some of the key people involved in the implementation process.

Findings
The paper allows to identify the main factors that impact on faculty’s satisfaction. Student-related issues seem to be the most important factors influencing faculty satisfaction, while instructor-related issues and especially institution-related issues definitely seem to be less important.

Research limitations/implications
The study is focused just on a single case study. Further researches could explore a wider application of this research approach to several universities and different countries.

Originality/value
This study is one of the first that analyzed blended learning adoption in historic universities.
Effectiveness of flipped classrooms
Authors: Maheshwari Prateek , Seth Nitin 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to suggest a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the flipped classroom (FC) model over traditional lecture-based teaching. It also proposed a tool to measure students’ perception toward the flipped approach in context of Indian management education.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs an experimental research design to assess the effectiveness of the FC pedagogy over traditional teaching methods. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used in order to judge student engagement, content understanding, students’ perception and student academic performance. Experimental research design, along with survey research, is implemented in order to judge the students’ perception toward FCs.FindingsThe study proposes a six-dimensional tool to measure learning in an FC setting. These dimensions are as follows: students’ in-class involvement, comprehensive content understanding, students’ academic performance, students’ cognitive capabilities, collaborative learning environment and students’ inclination toward teaching and learning process. Results of this research are promising and encouraging toward the adoption of the FC model.Research limitations/implicationsThe present research work is limited to assess the effectiveness of FC teaching for a management subject. Future studies may be carried out in other management subjects and other streams.Practical implicationsThe present study provides several valuable insights for future researchers, academicians and management institutions. Although implementation of flipped approach leads to a collaborative learning environment and prepares students for self-learning, it also offers educationalists to remodel their teaching pedagogy as per students’ learning and understanding needs.Originality/valueThe research demonstrates the successful implementation of qualitative and quantitative research techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of FC model in context of management education in India.