bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics in humanitarian efforts: giving due credit to the local team
Authors: Fenton Kathleen N. , Molloy Frank , Novick William M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundIt has become increasingly apparent that only the truly effective humanitarian work emphasises empowering local practitioners. One problem, though, is that we are often seen as the “experts” who have come to “save” the children. This perception may adversely affect the confidence in the country’s own providers.MethodsNon-profit organisations performing paediatric heart surgery in developing countries were identified from two sources: the CTSnet “volunteerism” web page and an Internet search using the term “Pediatric Heart Surgery Medical Mission.” The website of each organisation was reviewed, seeking a “purpose” or “mission” statement or summary of the organisation’s work. A separate Internet search of news articles was performed. The top five articles were analysed for each organisation, and the findings are then analysed using the Principlist and Utilitarian ethical systems.ResultsA total of 10 separate non-profit organisations were identified. The websites of eight (80%) placed significant emphasis on the educational aspects of their work and/or on interaction with local professionals. However, of 43 news articles reviewed, reporters mentioned education of, or interaction with, local professionals in only 14 (33%), and four out of 10 organisations studied had no mention of the local providers in any article.ConclusionsAlthough non-profit organisations emphasise the teaching and programme-building aspects of their efforts, media reports largely focus on simpler and more emotional stories such as patient successes or large donations. Acknowledgement of the clinical and financial contributions of the host countries is both a duty following from the principle of justice and an important factor in long-term programme building.
InferPortOIE: A Portuguese Open Information Extraction system with inferences
Authors: Sena Cleiton Fernando Lima , Claro Daniela Barreiro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNowadays, there is an increasing amount of digital data. In the case of the Web, daily, a vast collection of data is generated, whose contents are heterogeneous. A significant portion of this data is available in a natural language format. Open Information Extraction (Open IE) enables the extraction of facts from large quantities of texts written in natural language. In this work, we propose an Open IE method to extract facts from texts written in Portuguese. We developed two new rules that generalize the inference by transitivity and by symmetry. Consequently, this approach increases the number of implicit facts in a sentence. Our novel symmetric inference approach is based on a list of symmetric features. Our results confirmed that our method outstands close works both in precision and number of valid extractions. Considering the number of minimal facts, our approach is equivalent to the most relevant methods in the literature.
Arc Andesitic Rocks Derived From Partial Melts of Mélange Diapir in Subduction Zones: Evidence From Whole‐Rock Geochemistry and Sr‐Nd‐Mo Isotopes of the Paleogene Linzizong Volcanic Succession in Southern Tibet
Authors: Yan Haoyu , Long Xiaoping , Li Jie , Wang Qiang , Zhao Bingshuang , Shu Chutian , Gou Longlong , Zuo Rui 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFormation of andesitic rocks is crucial to understand the evolution of continental crust. Here we present an integrated study for the Paleocene Dianzhong Formation of the Linzizong volcanic succession (LVS) in the Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet. The andesites of the Dianzhong Formation have relatively high Mg# (38–60) and exhibit typical subduction‐like geochemical signatures. They are characterized by slightly enriched εNd(t) values (−2.82–0.35) and have a range of δ98/95 Mo isotopic compositions (−0.40 to 0.13 ‰) larger than mid‐ocean ridge basalt. Their high Mg#, moderate light rare earth element‐enriched patterns, and slightly enriched εNd(t) values clearly rule out an origin of continental crust‐derived melts or partial melts of earlier underplated mafic rocks. The dacites show similar geochemistry to the andesites, indicating an origin from the parental magmas of the andesites. Based on the geochemical comparisons between the Dianzhong andesites and rocks of mélange, we suggest that the andesitic rocks of the LVS were derived from partial melts of a mantle source dominated by mélange that formed along the subduction channel. The mélange diapir melting was triggered by asthenospheric upwelling and corner flow during the Paleocene slab roll‐back of northward subducted Neotethyan oceanic crust. Because the Early Paleocene andesitic rocks in southern Lhasa show an average composition of continental crust, the partial melting of mélange rocks most likely provide an important mechanism for the production of andesitic magmas within continental arcs.
Expanding the Scope and Foundation of Sociohydrology as the Science of Coupled Human‐Water Systems
Authors: Konar Megan , Garcia Margaret , Sanderson Matthew R. , Yu David J. , Sivapalan Murugesu 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSociohydrology was launched as the science dealing with feedbacks between coupled human and water systems. Much of the early work in sociohydrology involved studies in spatially isolated domains (e.g., river basins) dealing with phenomena that involved emergent patterns in the time domain, with a focus on formulating and testing hypotheses about how they arise. The papers collected in this Special Section “Sociohydrology: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Coupled Human‐Water Systems” illustrate that the scientific scope of sociohydrology has broadened over the last few years, with a rich diversity of phenomena studied and an expansion of the knowledge foundations and methodologies applied. These Special Section papers now incorporate methodologies and approaches from a wide range of social science disciplines, including anthropology, complex systems, economics, and sociology. The major themes tackled by these papers are understanding (i) water metabolism—the economic use of water; (ii) interactions between humans and droughts; (iii) interactions between humans and floods; and (iv) the role of human institutions, policy, and management. These collected papers provide a foundation for future research that strives to understand how to achieve water resources sustainability (society to water) and reduce the risk of hydrological hazards in society (water to society). Going forward, we suggest that the development of a common sociohydrology framework will be paramount for research development and student training. Additionally, increased engagement with the broader water management communities will enhance sociohydrology understanding and impact.
Remote sensing quantifies widespread abundance of permafrost region disturbances across the Arctic and Subarctic
Authors: Nitze I. , Grosse G. , Jones B. M. , Romanovsky V. E. , Boike J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLocal observations indicate that climate change and shifting disturbance regimes are causing permafrost degradation. However, the occurrence and distribution of permafrost region disturbances (PRDs) remain poorly resolved across the Arctic and Subarctic. Here we quantify the abundance and distribution of three primary PRDs using time-series analysis of 30-m resolution Landsat imagery from 1999 to 2014. Our dataset spans four continental-scale transects in North America and Eurasia, covering ~10% of the permafrost region. Lake area loss (−1.45%) dominated the study domain with enhanced losses occurring at the boundary between discontinuous and continuous permafrost regions. Fires were the most extensive PRD across boreal regions (6.59%), but in tundra regions (0.63%) limited to Alaska. Retrogressive thaw slumps were abundant but highly localized (<10−5%). Our analysis synergizes the global-scale importance of PRDs. The findings highlight the need to include PRDs in next-generation land surface models to project the permafrost carbon feedback.
Creative exploration as a scale-invariant search on a meaning landscape
Authors: Hart Yuval , Goldberg Hagar , Striem-Amit Ella , Mayo Avraham E. , Noy Lior , Alon Uri 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCan knowledge accumulated in systems biology on mechanisms governing cell behavior help us to elucidate cognitive processes, such as human creative search? To address this, we focus on the property of scale invariance, which allows sensory systems to adapt to environmental signals spanning orders of magnitude. For example, bacteria search for nutrients, by responding to relative changes in nutrient concentration rather than absolute levels, via a sensory mechanism termed fold-change detection (FCD). Scale invariance is prevalent in cognition, yet the specific mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we screen many possible dynamic equation topologies, to find that an FCD model best describes creative search dynamics. The model further predicts robustness to variations in meaning perception, in agreement with behavioral data. We thus suggest FCD as a specific mechanism for scale invariant search, connecting sensory processes of cells and cognitive processes in human.
Impaired immune surveillance accelerates accumulation of senescent cells and aging
Authors: Ovadya Yossi , Landsberger Tomer , Leins Hanna , Vadai Ezra , Gal Hilah , Biran Anat , Yosef Reut , Sagiv Adi , Agrawal Amit , Shapira Alon , Windheim Joseph , Tsoory Michael , Schirmbeck Reinhold , Amit Ido , Geiger Hartmut , Krizhanovsky Valery 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCellular senescence is a stress response that imposes stable cell-cycle arrest in damaged cells, preventing their propagation in tissues. However, senescent cells accumulate in tissues in advanced age, where they might promote tissue degeneration and malignant transformation. The extent of immune-system involvement in regulating age-related accumulation of senescent cells, and its consequences, are unknown. Here we show that Prf1−/− mice with impaired cell cytotoxicity exhibit both higher senescent-cell tissue burden and chronic inflammation. They suffer from multiple age-related disorders and lower survival. Strikingly, pharmacological elimination of senescent-cells by ABT-737 partially alleviates accelerated aging phenotype in these mice. In LMNA+/G609G progeroid mice, impaired cell cytotoxicity further promotes senescent-cell accumulation and shortens lifespan. ABT-737 administration during the second half of life of these progeroid mice abrogates senescence signature and increases median survival. Our findings shed new light on mechanisms governing senescent-cell presence in aging, and could motivate new strategies for regenerative medicine.
Distinct adaptive mechanisms drive recovery from aneuploidy caused by loss of the Ulp2 SUMO protease
Authors: Ryu Hong-Yeoul , López-Giráldez Francesc , Knight James , Hwang Soo Seok , Renner Christina , Kreft Stefan G. , Hochstrasser Mark 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn response to acute loss of the Ulp2 SUMO-specific protease, yeast become disomic for chromosome I (ChrI) and ChrXII. Here we report that ChrI disomy, which creates an adaptive advantage in part by increasing the dosage of the Ccr4 deadenylase, was eliminated by extended passaging. Loss of aneuploidy is often accompanied by mutations in essential SUMO-ligating enzymes, which reduced polySUMO-conjugate accumulation. The mRNA levels for almost all ribosomal proteins increase transiently upon initial loss of Ulp2, but elevated Ccr4 levels limit excess ribosome formation. Notably, extended passaging leads to increased levels of many small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) involved in ribosome biogenesis, and higher dosage of three linked ChrXII snoRNA genes suppressed ChrXII disomy in ulp2Δ cells. Our data reveal that aneuploidy allows rapid adaptation to Ulp2 loss, but long-term adaptation restores euploidy. Cellular evolution restores homeostasis through countervailing mutations in SUMO-modification pathways and regulatory shifts in ribosome biogenesis.
Author Correction: Bi-directional cell-pericellular matrix interactions direct stem cell fate
Authors: Ferreira Silvia A. , Motwani Meghna S. , Faull Peter A. , Seymour Alexis J. , Yu Tracy T. L. , Enayati Marjan , Taheem Dheraj K. , Salzlechner Christoph , Haghighi Tabasom , Kania Ewa M. , Oommen Oommenp P. , Ahmed Tarek , Loaiza Sandra , Parzych Katarzyna , Dazzi Francesco , Varghese Oommen P. , Festy Frederic , Grigoriadis Agamemnon E. , Auner Holger W. , Snijders Ambrosius P. , Bozec Laurent , Gentleman Eileen 
Published: December 2018

The original version of this Article contained an error in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Marjan Enayati with ‘Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Cardiovascular Research at the Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria' was inadvertently omitted. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Enhanced oxygen reduction with single-atomic-site iron catalysts for a zinc-air battery and hydrogen-air fuel cell
Authors: Chen Yuanjun , Ji Shufang , Zhao Shu , Chen Wenxing , Dong Juncai , Cheong Weng-Chon , Shen Rongan , Wen Xiaodong , Zheng Lirong , Rykov Alexandre I. , Cai Shichang , Tang Haolin , Zhuang Zhongbin , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEfficient, durable and inexpensive electrocatalysts that accelerate sluggish oxygen reduction reaction kinetics and achieve high-performance are highly desirable. Here we develop a strategy to fabricate a catalyst comprised of single iron atomic sites supported on a nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur co-doped hollow carbon polyhedron from a metal-organic framework@polymer composite. The polymer-based coating facilitates the construction of a hollow structure via the Kirkendall effect and electronic modulation of an active metal center by long-range interaction with sulfur and phosphorus. Benefiting from structure functionalities and electronic control of a single-atom iron active center, the catalyst shows a remarkable performance with enhanced kinetics and activity for oxygen reduction in both alkaline and acid media. Moreover, the catalyst shows promise for substitution of expensive platinum to drive the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction in zinc-air batteries and hydrogen-air fuel cells.
Structure of transcribing RNA polymerase II-nucleosome complex
Authors: Farnung Lucas , Vos Seychelle M. , Cramer Patrick 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTranscription of eukaryotic protein-coding genes requires passage of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) through nucleosomes, but it is unclear how this is achieved. Here we report the cryo-EM structure of transcribing Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol II engaged with a downstream nucleosome core particle at an overall resolution of 4.4 Å. Pol II and the nucleosome are observed in a defined relative orientation that is not predicted. Pol II contacts both sides of the nucleosome dyad using its clamp head and lobe domains. Structural comparisons reveal that the elongation factors TFIIS, DSIF, NELF, SPT6, and PAF1 complex can be accommodated on the Pol II surface in the presence of the oriented nucleosome. Our results provide a starting point for analysing the mechanisms of chromatin transcription.
A structural and dynamic model for the assembly of Replication Protein A on single-stranded DNA
Authors: Yates Luke A. , Aramayo Ricardo J. , Pokhrel Nilisha , Caldwell Colleen C. , Kaplan Joshua A. , Perera Rajika L. , Spies Maria , Antony Edwin , Zhang Xiaodong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractReplication Protein A (RPA), the major eukaryotic single stranded DNA-binding protein, binds to exposed ssDNA to protect it from nucleases, participates in a myriad of nucleic acid transactions and coordinates the recruitment of other important players. RPA is a heterotrimer and coats long stretches of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The precise molecular architecture of the RPA subunits and its DNA binding domains (DBDs) during assembly is poorly understood. Using cryo electron microscopy we obtained a 3D reconstruction of the RPA trimerisation core bound with ssDNA (∼55 kDa) at ∼4.7 Å resolution and a dimeric RPA assembly on ssDNA. FRET-based solution studies reveal dynamic rearrangements of DBDs during coordinated RPA binding and this activity is regulated by phosphorylation at S178 in RPA70. We present a structural model on how dynamic DBDs promote the cooperative assembly of multiple RPAs on long ssDNA.
Gas-responsive porous magnet distinguishes the electron spin of molecular oxygen
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Liu Zhaoyuan , Zhang Jun , Sato Yohei , Hori Akihiro , Matsuda Ryotaro , Kitagawa Susumu , Miyasaka Hitoshi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractGas-sensing materials are becoming increasingly important in our society, requiring high sensitivity to differentiate similar gases like N2and O2. For the design of such materials, the driving force of electronic host-guest interaction or host-framework changes during the sorption process has commonly been considered necessary; however, this work demonstrates the use of the magnetic characteristics intrinsic to the guest molecules for distinguishing between diamagnetic N2and CO2gases from paramagnetic O2gas. While the uptake of N2and CO2leads to an increase inTCthrough ferrimagnetic behavior, the uptake of O2results in an O2pressure-dependent continuous phase change from a ferrimagnet to an antiferromagnet, eventually leading to a novel ferrimagnet with aligned O2spins following application of a magnetic field. This chameleonic material, the first with switchable magnetism that can discriminate between similarly sized N2and O2gases, provides wide scope for new gas-responsive porous magnets.
Molybdenum-based nanoclusters act as antioxidants and ameliorate acute kidney injury in mice
Authors: Ni Dalong , Jiang Dawei , Kutyreff Christopher J. , Lai Jianhao , Yan Yongjun , Barnhart Todd E. , Yu Bo , Im Hyung-Jun , Kang Lei , Cho Steve Y. , Liu Zhaofei , Huang Peng , Engle Jonathan W. , Cai Weibo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related renal disease that causes numerous deaths annually, yet only supportive treatment is currently available in the clinics. Development of antioxidants with high accumulation rates in kidneys is highly desired to help prevent AKI. Here we report molybdenum-based polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters with preferential renal uptake as novel nano-antioxidants for kidney protection. These POM nanoclusters, with a readily variable valence state of molybdenum ions, possess the capability to scavenge detrimental ROS. Our results demonstrate that POM nanoclusters can efficiently alleviate clinical symptoms in mice subjected to AKI, as verified by dynamic PET imaging with 68Ga-EDTA, serum tests, kidney tissue staining, and biomarkers detection in the kidneys. The protective effect of POM nanoclusters against AKI in living animals suggests exploring their use for the treatment of AKI patients, as well as patients with other ROS-related diseases.
Low-loss YIG-based magnonic crystals with large tunable bandgaps
Authors: Qin Huajun , Both Gert-Jan , Hämäläinen Sampo J. , Yao Lide , van Dijken Sebastiaan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractControl of spin waves in magnonic crystals is essential for magnon-based computing. Crystals made of ferromagnetic metals offer versatility in band structure design, but strong magnetic damping restricts their transmission efficiency. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) with ultralow damping is the palpable alternative, yet its small saturation magnetization limits dipolar coupling between discrete units. Here, we experimentally demonstrate low-loss spin-wave manipulation in magnonic crystals of physically separated nanometer-thick YIG stripes. We enhance the transmission of spin waves in allowed minibands by filling the gaps between YIG stripes with CoFeB. Thus-formed magnonic crystals exhibit tunable bandgaps of 50–200 MHz with nearly complete suppression of the spin-wave signal. We also show that Bragg scattering on only two units produces clear frequency gaps in spin-wave transmission spectra. The integration of strong ferromagnets in nanometer-thick YIG-based magnonic crystals provides effective spin-wave manipulation and low-loss propagation, a vital parameter combination for magnonic technologies.
Predicting wildlife reservoirs and global vulnerability to zoonotic Flaviviruses
Authors: Pandit Pranav S. , Doyle Megan M. , Smart Katrina M. , Young Cristin C. W. , Drape Gaylen W. , Johnson Christine K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFlaviviruses continue to cause globally relevant epidemics and have emerged or re-emerged in regions that were previously unaffected. Factors determining emergence of flaviviruses and continuing circulation in sylvatic cycles are incompletely understood. Here we identify potential sylvatic reservoirs of flaviviruses and characterize the macro-ecological traits common to known wildlife hosts to predict the risk of sylvatic flavivirus transmission among wildlife and identify regions that could be vulnerable to outbreaks. We evaluate variability in wildlife hosts for zoonotic flaviviruses and find that flaviviruses group together in distinct clusters with similar hosts. Models incorporating ecological and climatic variables as well as life history traits shared by flaviviruses predict new host species with similar host characteristics. The combination of vector distribution data with models for flavivirus hosts allows for prediction of global vulnerability to flaviviruses and provides potential targets for disease surveillance in animals and humans.
Revealing internal flow behaviour in arc welding and additive manufacturing of metals
Authors: Aucott Lee , Dong Hongbiao , Mirihanage Wajira , Atwood Robert , Kidess Anton , Gao Shian , Wen Shuwen , Marsden John , Feng Shuo , Tong Mingming , Connolley Thomas , Drakopoulos Michael , Kleijn Chris R. , Richardson Ian M. , Browne David J. , Mathiesen Ragnvald H. , Atkinson Helen. V. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractInternal flow behaviour during melt-pool-based metal manufacturing remains unclear and hinders progression to process optimisation. In this contribution, we present direct time-resolved imaging of melt pool flow dynamics from a high-energy synchrotron radiation experiment. We track internal flow streams during arc welding of steel and measure instantaneous flow velocities ranging from 0.1 m s−1 to 0.5 m s−1. When the temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient is negative, bulk turbulence is the main flow mechanism and the critical velocity for surface turbulence is below the limits identified in previous theoretical studies. When the alloy exhibits a positive temperature-dependent surface tension coefficient, surface turbulence occurs and derisory oxides can be entrapped within the subsequent solid as result of higher flow velocities. The widely used arc welding and the emerging arc additive manufacturing routes can be optimised by controlling internal melt flow through adjusting surface active elements.