bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrate multiple traits to detect novel trait–gene association using GWAS summary data with an adaptive test approach
Authors: Guo Bin , Wu Baolin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotivationGenetics hold great promise to precision medicine by tailoring treatment to the individual patient based on their genetic profiles. Toward this goal, many large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in the last decade to identify genetic variants associated with various traits and diseases. They have successfully identified tens of thousands of disease-related variants. However they have explained only a small proportion of the overall trait heritability for most traits and are of very limited clinical use. This is partly owing to the small effect sizes of most genetic variants, and the common practice of testing association between one trait and one genetic variant at a time in most GWAS, even when multiple related traits are often measured for each individual. Increasing evidence suggests that many genetic variants can influence multiple traits simultaneously, and we can gain more power by testing association of multiple traits simultaneously. It is appealing to develop novel multi-trait association test methods that need only GWAS summary data, since it is generally very hard to access the individual-level GWAS phenotype and genotype data.ResultsMany existing GWAS summary data-based association test methods have relied on ad hoc approach or crude Monte Carlo approximation. In this article, we develop rigorous statistical methods for efficient and powerful multi-trait association test. We develop robust and efficient methods to accurately estimate the marginal trait correlation matrix using only GWAS summary data. We construct the principal component (PC)-based association test from the summary statistics. PC-based test has optimal power when the underlying multi-trait signal can be captured by the first PC, and otherwise it will have suboptimal performance. We develop an adaptive test by optimally weighting the PC-based test and the omnibus chi-square test to achieve robust performance under various scenarios. We develop efficient numerical algorithms to compute the analytical P-values for all the proposed tests without the need of Monte Carlo sampling. We illustrate the utility of proposed methods through application to the GWAS meta-analysis summary data for multiple lipids and glycemic traits. We identify multiple novel loci that were missed by individual trait-based association test.Availability and implementationAll the proposed methods are implemented in an R package available at http://www.github.com/baolinwu/MTAR. The developed R programs are extremely efficient: it takes less than 2 min to compute the list of genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for all proposed multi-trait tests for the lipids GWAS summary data with 2.5 million SNPs on a single Linux desktop.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Bronchiolitis in US Emergency Departments, 2007–2015
Authors: Papenburg Jesse , Fontela Patricia S , Freitas Raphael R , Burstein Brett 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
One-fourth of patients with bronchiolitis seen in US emergency departments between 2007 and 2015 received antibiotics; 70% of them had no documented bacterial coinfection. Macrolides were prescribed in 38% of the cases. Antibiotic use did not decrease after national recommendations against routine prescribing. Efforts are needed to reduce unnecessary and inappropriate antibiotic use for bronchiolitis.
The ‘Prima Facie Expectation Relief’ Approach in the Australian Law of Proprietary Estoppel
Authors: Liew Ying Khai 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In Australia, proprietary estoppel attracts the prima facie remedy of expectation relief. This article argues that this remedial approach can be understood simply as a presumption of fact, providing a practical starting point that reflects the frequency with which cases justifying expectation relief are brought. This understanding of the remedial approach is consistent with the aim of the doctrine, which is (and remains) the avoidance of detriment. The article suggests that the remedial approach does provide, and ought to be understood as providing, only a weak default position. This position encourages judges to be alive to the facts of particular cases in framing the appropriate relief.
Firearms
Authors: Pirelli Gianni 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview intended to summarize essential introductory information to help the reader consume the material provided throughout the remainder of the book. First, the authors review the history of firearms across numerous contexts, including military, law enforcement, corrections, civilian, and pop culture. They then outline the available statistics from various sources related to firearm ownership and use in the United States, as well as provide comparisons across states. Next, they set forth important foundational information about firearms. They then address issues related to the public sentiment and attitudes toward firearms, gun control, and related concepts. Finally, they review a wide range of Second Amendment and other firearm-related groups, including gun control, gun violence prevention, and antigun groups.
Wordless Sounds
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Philosophers have worried that music cannot be sad or happy. Only sentient creatures can have emotions. However, empirical studies show that people do perceive emotions in music, including music from unfamiliar traditions. The question then becomes how music conveys emotion. Research shows that structural features in music mirror how emotions are conveyed by prosodic features of speech. When we are sad we speak slowly, softly, and in a low register; and when music is slow and soft and low, we perceive it as sad. Other emotional properties (like the link between the minor mode and sadness, the major mode and happiness) may be learned, but this matter remains in dispute. The research provides no support for the claim that music does not express emotions. The conventional wisdom that music is the language of the emotions holds up very well.
Too Easy to Be Good?
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines whether beliefs about how an artwork was made unconsciously affect judgments. Philosopher Denis Dutton believed that we judge an artwork in part by the kind of achievement it represents. Something created without effort constitutes a different achievement from something created with much effort. One might assume that a work completed without much effort would be most valued because such a work is evidence of a greater talent than one completed with greater effort. However, research shows the opposite. All else being equal (and without priming people to think about talent), more effort leads to a more positive judgment. The history behind the work is part and parcel of the work. We cannot help but allow process to affect our evaluation of the product. This understanding helps to explain why many connoisseurs were angered by artist David Hockney’s theory that certain Renaissance artists used optical aids to achieve realism.
Identical!
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Why we should care if a painting we find beautiful turns out to be a perfect fake is a profound question that philosophers have wrestled with. The fake is just as beautiful as it always was. Yet research confirms that we do not valorize works once we find out they are fakes. Studies show that we devalue perfect copies even when we admit they remain beautiful. This finding shows that there is more to what we value in a work of art than its pictorial properties. What we esteem is the work’s connection to history, to the hand of the master, and to what we know about the mind that made it. This conclusion is entirely consistent with philosopher Denis Dutton’s position that we judge a work by the kind of achievement we believe it represents.
Who Makes Art and Why?
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter asks who becomes an artist. The course of typical versus gifted artistic development is first delineated. This leads to the question of whether artists are individuals born with innate talent or simply the product of disciplined work. Psychologists have argued recently for the latter position, claiming that we can all achieve extreme levels in a domain as long as we are willing to engage in thousands of hours of effortful practice beginning at a young age. However, four pieces of evidence are presented against the it’s-all-practice view: early signs, biological markers of giftedness, rage to master, and evidence that individuals with the same intensity of practice don’t end up reaching the same level. The talent view turns out to have truth to it after all. The chapter concludes with a discussion and critique of evolutionary explanations for why we have art.
The Decline of the Liberal Global Order and the Revival of Nationalism
Authors: Ferguson Yale H. , Mansbach Richard W. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter addresses the erosion of the postwar liberal global order and the accompanying disorder in global politics. It describes the perceptions of declining US hegemony during the Obama administration of American decline and the return of geopolitical and economic rivalries that are undermining the liberal order. The election of President Donald Trump in 2016 in the United States was the most significant manifestation of national populism that has emerged in recent years in Europe and elsewhere. The profile of supporters of national populism are much the same globally. They oppose so-called elites and immigrants (especially minorities) whom they blame for the loss of manufacturing jobs. After defining national populism, the chapter describes how it fosters isolationism and malignant nationalism and focuses on national interests rather than global cooperation. Such policies threaten the movement of goods and people, multinational global organizations, and the postwar order in which globalization thrives.
Normatividad Internacional en Colisión con la Norma Fundamental del Derecho Internacional
Authors: López Zamora Luis A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
It is undeniable that current international relations are exhibiting regressive trends that target International Law Rule of Law. These trends have limited the space for the construction of a coherent discourse coming from the constitutional school of International Law; however, this scenario is not only the result of speculative behavior of certain states. It lies—as well—in the lack of an articulate theory offered by international constitutionalism directed to explain the consequences of asserting the existence of a fundamental norm in the international realm. If the constitutional movement maintains that International Law has a constitution, then: Why is there no attempt to label current world events, not only as illegal but as breaches of its constitution? Why are legal norms being formed in the context of those breaches not labeled as constitutionally flawed? This chapter will attempt to analyze this in order to strengthen the constitutionalization argument in our discipline.
Rise and Shine
Authors: Bäumler Jelena 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article examines the concept, development and implementation of the no harm principle and its wider role in public international law. While generally acknowledged in international environmental law protecting other states from physical harm caused to their territory, in other areas of international law the principle is of increasing importance in order to find a balancing mechanism between colliding states’ interest in case of negative externalities caused by one state to the detriment of other states. The article traces implementations of the regulatory mechanism to focus on the adverse effect in other areas of public international law, ranging from trade and monetary agreements to invocation of the concept in current initiatives especially in the context of harmful tax competition and banking regulations. This will show the general capability to balance colliding states’ interest providing solutions for an increasingly interdependent world and giving meaning to the concept of a global community.
Introductory Note
Authors: Gomula Joanna 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In 2016, panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in seven disputes. The majority of the disputes concerned general obligations under two basic WTO agreements: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Therefore, the 2016 reports provide valuable analytical resources on basic GATT and GATS concepts, and the respective general exceptions clauses. The other disputes concerned anti-dumping and countervailing duty measures. Two disputes involving Latin American states related to measures imposed in order to combat money laundering and tax evasion, and raised the question of whether GATT tariff obligations apply to “illicit trade”. Two other disputes related to the use of green energy, including the promotion of solar cells and modules, and anti-dumping duties on imports of biodiesel.
Introductory Note
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The year 2016 preludes the start of three trials at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The trials of Mr. Ongwen, Mr. Al Mahdi and the trial of Mr. Gbagbo and Mr. Blé Goudé started in the same year while several trials drew to a close. Both Mr. Bemba and Mr. Al Mahdi were convicted for crimes committed in the Central African Republic and Mali, respectively. In a separate trial Mr. Bemba and his co-defendants were convicted of witness tampering. While some of the developments at the Court are promising, a closer look at both the legal and political developments warrants some caution. Some states remained uncooperative with the ICC, to the extent that three member states have left the ICC.
Introductory Note
Authors: Nieto-Navia Rafael 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This Introductory Note refers to the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2016. During this period the Tribunal delivered three judgements, two by the Trial Chambers and one by the Appeals Chamber. The judgements of the two Trial Chambers have been appealed. The Šešelj case, in which the Chamber acquitted the accused, was appealed by the prosecutor. The appeals judgements are under the jurisdiction of the Mechanism and will be delivered in 2017 or 2018. There are still pending the Prlić case on appeal and the Mladić case in trial, both under the jurisdiction of the ICTY.
Introductory Note
Authors: Raimondi Guido 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article comments on four important judgments given by the European Court of Human Rights in 2016. Al-Dulimi v. Switzerland addresses the issue of how, in the context of sanctions regimes created by the UN Security Council, European states should reconcile their obligations under the UN Charter with their obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights to respect the fundamentals of European public order. Baka v. Hungary concerns the separation of powers and judicial independence, in particular the need for procedural safeguards to protect judges against unjustified removal from office and to protect their legitimate exercise of freedom of expression. Magyar Helsinki Bizottság v. Hungary is a judgment on the interpretation of the Convention, featuring a review of the “living instrument” approach. Avotiņš v. Latvia addresses the principle of mutual trust within the EU legal order and the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the Convention.
Introductory Note
Authors: Caldas Roberto F. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
During 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued fourteen judgments in contentious cases and seven interpretations of previous judgments that covered a wide variety of issues, ranging from grave human rights violations, such as forced disappearances, to violations of the minimum guarantees of due process. However, it is important to note this year as one in which the protection of sexual and reproductive rights was brought to the fore of the Court’s jurisprudence, and one in which the Court tackled new issues, such as forced sterilization and modern-day slavery.
Mining’s Contribution to Low- and Middle-income Economies
Authors: Ericsson Magnus , Löf Olof 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In several low- and middle-income countries with important extractive sectors, gross national income has developed favourably. Africa has benefitted most, particularly West Africa. This chapter provides an up-to-date statistical analysis of the contribution of non-fuel minerals mining to low- and middle-income economies. Using the detailed data available for the minerals sector, an analysis is carried out of the current situation for 2014, and of trends in mining’s contribution to economic development for the years 1996–2014. The contribution of minerals and mining to gross domestic product and exports reached a maximum at the peak of the mining boom in 2011. Although the figures for mining’s contribution had declined for most countries by 2014, the levels were still considerably higher than in 1996. The results of this chapter contradict the widespread view that mineral resources create a dependency that might not be conducive to economic and social development.
The Role of Oil and Gas in the Economic Development of the Global Economy
Authors: Stevens Paul 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the role of oil and gas in the economic development of the global economy. It focuses on the context in which established and newer oil and gas producers in developing countries must frame their policies to optimize the benefits of such resources. It outlines a history of the issue over the last twenty-five years. It considers oil and gas as factor inputs, their role in global trade, the role of oil prices in the macroeconomy and the impact of the geopolitics of oil and gas. It then considers various conventional views of the future of oil and gas in the primary energy mix. Finally, it challenges the drivers behind these conventional views of the future with an emphasis on why they may prove to be different from what is expected and how this may change the context in which producers must frame their policy responses.
The Curse of the One-size-fits-all Fix
Authors: Lahn Glada , Stevens Paul 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In the context of falls in extractive commodities prices since 2011, this chapter examines the history of thinking about the interplay between extractive industries and economic development. Just as ‘the resource curse’ fails as a generic explanation on account of the huge diversity in country contexts, so does the one-size-fits-all governance solution, which international aid agencies, industry, and banks have promoted in support of ‘extractives-led growth’ since the early 2000s. Asking why the sector has not in many cases yielded more durable economic gains reveals the need for greater attention to a country’s capacity to diversify, options for pacing development, and appropriate performance measures.
Bride Price and the Well-Being of Women
Authors: Lowes Sara , Nunn Nathan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Bride price, a payment from the groom to the bride’s family at the time of marriage, is a common cultural practice in many African societies. We examine the relationship between the bride price amount and a range of outcomes using a sample of 317 couples from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Motivated by common concerns associated with high bride price, we examine whether payment of a higher bride price is associated with earlier marriage and higher fertility; a greater acceptance of domestic violence; decreased ability of the wife to leave her husband; lower-quality marriages; and lower levels of happiness for the wife. We find evidence that women for whom a high bride price was paid are less accepting of domestic violence and are happier.
Public Inquiries, Policy Learning, and the Threat of Future Crises
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This book is animated by a simple but very important question. Can post-crisis inquiries deliver effective lesson-learning which will reduce our vulnerability to future threats? Conventional wisdom suggests that the answer to this question should be an emphatic no. Inquiries are regularly vilified as costly wastes of time that illuminate very little and change even less. This book, however, draws upon evidence from an international comparison of post-crisis inquiries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom to show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the post-crisis inquiry is an effective means of learning from disaster and that they consistently encourage policy reforms that enhance our resilience to future threats. This evidence is accompanied by a re-booted conceptualization of the public inquiry, which better recognizes the complexity of the modern state, the challenges of policy learning within it, and contemporary forms of public policy scholarship.
Conclusion
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by first summarizing its key arguments, which relate to the effectiveness of inquiries and the ways in which we conceptualize them. It then then moves on to discuss some ways in which inquiries might be designed more effectively to enhance their lesson-learning functions. This discussion focuses upon five areas: institutional amnesia and the loss of lessons over time; problematic forms of policy transfer; street-level resistance to inquiry lessons; the dangers of policy refinement; and the need to properly synthesize legal-judicial logics into inquiry formats. In each of these areas, recommendations are proposed for those who design, staff, and implement future public inquiries.
‘Hang the Kaiser’
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
There is interest in prosecuting war crimes committed by Germany from the first weeks of the war. The execution of Edith Cavell and the sinking of the Lusitania help build public outrage and a desire for justice. The plan to try the Kaiser germinates when George Curzon and Georges Clemenceau meet in Paris immediately after the armistice in November 1918. Curzon and Lloyd George convince the Imperial War Cabinet to ask the Law Officers of the Crown to examine the question of charging the former Emperor, as well as the former Crown Prince, ‘for the crime against humanity of having caused the war’ and ‘for offences, by one or both, against international law during the war’, with the purpose of ‘bringing home to one or both the responsibility for the acts charged’. Lloyd George makes trial of the Kaiser part of his election campaign, using the slogan ‘hang the Kaiser’.
Making the Case in International Law
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Two French law professors, Ferdinand Larnaude and Albert de Lapradelle, prepare a report for their government on the legal issues involved in prosecuting the Kaiser, something that they recommend enthusiastically. The British set up a committee of experts that also studies the legal difficulties, recommending prosecution, although not unanimously. The French are mainly interested in atrocities perpetrated in the parts of their country that were occupied. The British focus on such issues as submarine warfare. Both groups of experts concur in dividing the types of charges that might be made against the Kaiser into waging a war of aggression, violating the treaties of neutrality, and unlawful conduct during the conflict, and believe Kaiser Wilhelm II cannot invoke immunity before an international tribunal.