bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanitation Inequity and the Cumulative Effects of Racism in Colorblind Public Health Policies
Authors: Carrera Jennifer S. , Flowers Catherine Coleman 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA majority of Lowndes County, Alabama, residents live without properly functioning, legal, basic sanitation infrastructure. We describe the contemporary racialization of sanitation inequality in the county. We trace structural dimensions of race in land tenure through the heir property system, housing availability, and public health enforcement. Our analysis shows how cumulative effects of colorblind policies overlain on explicitly racist foundations operate to establish public health sanitation law as a persistent mechanism of producing racial stratification.
How to Blow Up a Wall with a Heartbeat
Authors: Powers Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA manifesto written in the form of a letter is a tradition in the African American canon, one that undergoes a radical revision in this essay. Whether in My Dungeon Shook, the first section of James Baldwin’s 1963 classic The Fire Next Time or Ta‐Nehisi Coates’s 2015 Between the World and Me, the strategy was a pedagogical one. The double work being done in these texts was to use a stated reader, in each case a family member, to grant the writer an intimacy that guaranteed the larger claims made on racism in America. Yet both writers seemed ultimately to elude that stated reader for a not too implicit, liberal white reader. In “How to Blow Up a Wall with a Heartbeat,” the text reverses this tactic to ask what a new life teaches us about racism and the desire for human connection it frustrates. The time frame is the end of the Obama presidency, where there was a hint of hope, even if it was betrayed. It ends shortly after November 2016 when white Americans chose a president who threatened to initiate a new neo‐Jim‐Crow era and asks: How does the endless, generative power of life teach a man of color to love during a politically reactionary time?
What it Means to be American: Identity Inclusiveness/Exclusiveness and Support for Policies About Muslims among U.S.‐born Whites
Authors: Doucerain Marina M. , Amiot Catherine E. , Thomas Emma F. , Louis Winnifred R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAmericans’ support for policies targeting Muslims was hotly debated during the 2016 presidential campaign. This study of U.S.‐born White Americans seeks to move beyond explanations of this political polarization as a matter of liberal versus conservative, Democrat versus Republicans by focusing on the content of the superordinate American identity, in terms of how inclusive versus exclusive it is. In line with the ingroup projection model, we expected that a more inclusive representation of the American identity would be related to support for more welcoming (rather than hostile) policies about Muslim people. White Americans (N = 237) were recruited online during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign (June 2016). Results supported our hypothesis and showed the independent associations of identity inclusiveness and exclusiveness with policy support. This study makes three important contributions to a growing literature on the relation between national identity representations and hostility toward immigrants and minorities: (1) directly and independently measuring inclusive and exclusive representations of the superordinate identity, alongside national identity, party affiliation, and political ideology; (2) focusing on Muslims, an understudied group targeted by a great deal of divisive political rhetoric in the 2016 campaign; and (3) considering policy support rather than general attitudes.
Pitfalls in short‐chain fatty acid research: A methodological review
Authors: Sakata Takashi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis methodological review suggests what to do and what not to do in short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) research for researchers, supervisors, scientific reviewers, and regulatory officers. High viscosity of gut contents, existence of bacterial biofilm and of mucus layer at the mucosal surface, and rapid absorption of SCFAs make it difficult to know their concentrations at the very surface of the mucosa. As lumen or fecal concentration of SCFAs does not reflect their rate of production, these parameters should not be used as measures of SCFA production or absorption. Effects of SCFAs can vary and even become opposite at different dose, time of/after exposure or time of the day. Thus, results without dose–response, time‐course, and diurnal variance experiments can be seriously misleading. It is also to note that too much emphasis on n‐butyrate should be avoided.
High blood lead concentrations in captive Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii): a threat to the conservation of the species?
Authors: Hivert LG , Clarke JR , Peck SJ , Lawrence C , Brown WE , Huxtable SJ , Schaap D , Pemberton D , Grueber CE 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is the world’s largest extant marsupial carnivore. Since the emergence of devil facial tumour disease in 1996, the species has undergone a severe population decline. The insurance population (IP) was established in 2006 to build a disease‐free captive population to maintain 95% of the wild Tasmanian devil genetic diversity for 50 years. Captive and semi‐wild Tasmanian devils are fed with possum and wallaby meat provided by local hunters, who use lead ammunition. Lead ingestion can cause acute toxicity, including ataxia, coma and death, or chronic subclinical deleterious effects including decreased fertility.MethodsWe determined blood lead concentrations in 26 captive and 133 wild Tasmanian devils from various sites across Tasmania.ResultsCaptive Tasmanian devils showed significantly higher blood lead concentrations than their conspecifics in the wild. In captivity, older animals had higher blood lead concentrations than young animals, which suggested regular exposure, as lead can accumulate in a living organism in the blood, soft tissues and bones. After a response measure was implemented by removing the heads and wounds containing lead from the diet, blood concentrations significantly decreased in animals at one of the captive study sites, supporting the suspicion of food as the source of lead.ConclusionThis study highlights the need to ensure meat fed to captive carnivores is not contaminated by lead, especially in the context of a conservation program breeding individuals in captivity, as for Tasmanian devils.
Kidney function estimates using cystatin C versus creatinine: Impact on medication prescribing in acutely hospitalized elderly patients
Authors: Iversen Esben , Bodilsen Ann Christine , Klausen Henrik Hedegaard , Treldal Charlotte , Andersen Ove , Houlind Morten Baltzer , Petersen Janne 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundMedication errors due to inaccurate measures of kidney function are common among elderly patients. We investigated differences between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine and cystatin C and how these differences would affect prescribing recommendations among acutely hospitalized elderly patients. We also identified factors associated with discrepancies between estimates.MethodsEstimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease (CKD) classifications were determined for 338 acutely hospitalized elderly patients using equations from Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI), Berlin Initiative Study (BIS) and Cockcroft‐Gault (CG). Prescribed renal risk medications were compared with dosing guidelines in Renbase®. Linear regression models were used to identify explanatory variables for eGFR discrepancies between equations. Muscle weakness was assessed by handgrip strength; inflammation was assessed by smoking status, serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL); and organ dysfunction was assessed by thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and FI‐OutRef.ResultsMedian eGFR values were 65.5, 60.7, 54.1, 57.1, 55.1 and 57.6 mL/min/1.73m2 according to CKD‐EPICr, CKD‐EPIComb, CKD‐EPICys, BISCr, BISComb and CGCr, respectively. Depending on choice of equation, renal risk medications were prescribed at higher than recommended dose in 13.6% to 22.5% of patients using normalized GFR units and 9.9% to 19.1% of patients using absolute units. Age, handgrip strength, CRP, suPAR, NGAL and smoking status had significant association with eGFR discrepancies between creatinine‐ and cystatin C‐based equations.ConclusionsSignificant discrepancies in eGFR and CKD classification were observed when switching between eGFR equations in acutely hospitalized elderly patients. Switching from a creatinine‐based equation to its corresponding cystatin C‐based equation resulted in lower GFR estimates, and these differences were larger than in community‐dwelling older populations. Switching between CKD‐EPICr, CGCr and the alternative equations would result in clinically relevant changes to medication prescribing. Discrepancies between equations were associated with high age, muscle weakness and inflammation.
The predictive value of scores based on peripheral complete blood cell count for long‐term neurological outcome in acute carbon monoxide intoxication
Authors: Moon Jeong Mi , Chun Byeong Jo , Cho Yong Soo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGrowing evidence indicates that inflammation is associated with neurological sequelae after CO poisoning. Several scores incorporating the peripheral complete blood cell (CBC) count have been introduced as indicators of systemic inflammation. This study investigated whether these scores can improve the predictive accuracy for long‐term neurological outcome of acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Two hundred seventy‐nine patients who suffered from acute CO poisoning were included. Data on the demographic details, serial peripheral CBC counts and scores based on peripheral CBC counts (neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index [SII]) over the first 12 hours after presentation together with the clinical course during hospitalization and long‐term neurological outcome were collected. Both a multivariate logistic regression model with only significant univariate predictors and a model with univariate predictors plus each score for long‐term neurological outcome were constructed. Patients with a poor long‐term neurological outcome had higher neutrophil and monocyte counts and lower lymphocyte counts over the first 12 hours after admission than patients with a good outcome. The diagnostic performance of the NLR, MLR and SII over the first 12 hours for predicting long‐term neurological outcome was acceptable. These scores at presentation were independently associated with the long‐term neurological outcome. Among these scores, only the SII at presentation significantly improved the predictive accuracy of the model when combined with clinical parameters (AUC 0.949, 95% CI 0.916‐0.972 vs AUC 0.923, 95% CI 0.884‐0.952 for the model with clinical parameters only, P = 0.0476). The optimal cut‐off value for SII at presentation was 1012.2, resulting in a sensitivity of 97% (84.2%‐99.9%) and specificity of 64.6% (58.2%‐70.6%). The SII at presentation could significantly improve the prognostic accuracy for predicting the long‐term neurological outcome in patients with acute CO poisoning. Because the SII is an inexpensive and easily measurable parameter, it might be used as a prognostic tool in clinical fields.
Penile cancer information on the internet: a needle in a haystack
Authors: Teh Jiasian , Op't Hoog Stephanie , Nzenza Tatenda , Duncan Catriona , Wang Judy , Radojcic Matija , Feng Cheng , Lawrentschuk Nathan 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionPenile cancer is a disease with high morbidity and mortality and is rare in developed countries. In the developing world, the incidence is significantly higher, and accounts for 1–2% of malignant disease in men. Penile cancer is associated with delayed diagnosis, often due to psychological factors. Web based resources are especially important when obtaining information from health professionals is challenging, such as when symptoms are embarrassing or stigmatised.ObjectiveTo assess the quality of information about penile cancer on the internet and to compare the quality of information from developed countries with developing countries.MethodHealth on the Net (HON) principles were applied to websites using the Google search engine imbedded with HON toolbar. This was used to assess 750 websites in English, French, German, Spanish and Portuguese by two independent examiners using the key word ‘penile cancer’ in all languages. The first 150 websites in each language were analysed. Further analysis was completed comparing results between languages and site sponsors.ResultsOf the 750 websites analysed, 10.4% were HON accredited. There were significantly more HON accredited websites in English and French compared with Portuguese (P = 0.009 and P = 0.0007). A total of 45% of websites were sponsored by Commercial enterprise and 27% were sponsored by Government organisations.ConclusionA lack of validation of penile cancer internet resources should be appreciated by clinicians. Additionally, there is a discrepancy in the quality of websites between languages, with significantly more resources available in the developed world. Limited available web resources in Spanish and Portuguese contribute to disparities in information access and disease outcomes.
Synthesis of 99mTc‐roxithromycin: A novel diagnostic agent to discriminate between septic and aseptic inflammation
Authors: Rizvi Syed Faheem Askari , Tariq Saleha , Mehdi Muhammad , Hassan Ahmad Junaid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRoxithromycin is a second‐generation macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin. In the current study, roxithromycin (ROX) was successfully labeled with technetium‐99m for early diagnosis of bacterial infection and discrimination between septic and aseptic inflammation. The highest radiochemical purity of ≥95% was achieved by investigating different labeling parameters such as pH, ligand/reducing agent concentration, temperature, and amount of stabilizing agent. For this purpose, 0.3–0.5 mg ligand, 2–6 μg SnCl2·2H2O as a reducing agent at basic pH (8–10 pH) and 2 mg mannitol used as a stabilizing agent, in the end, 370 MBq 99mTc added into the reaction vials and incubated for a wide range of temperature (−4 to 65°C). The percent radiochemical purity of 99mTc‐roxithromycin was assessed with the help of the radio‐thin‐layer chromatography technique. The characterization studies were carried out using electrophoresis and Radio‐HPLC techniques as well as saline stability and serum stability studies were also performed. Furthermore, biodistribution study was also performed in an inflamed animal model to discriminate between septic (heat‐killed Staphylococcus aureus) and aseptic (turpentine oil) inflammatory lesions. The results were elaborated that 99mTc‐roxithromycin (99mTc‐ROX) was clearly bounded at the septic inflammation site (T/NT ratio of 7.08 ± 1.14) at 30 min postadministration, and maximum accumulation was seen in heart, lungs, liver, stomach, kidneys, and intestine. The results were suggested that 99mTc‐ROX might be used to discriminate between septic and aseptic inflammatory lesions at an early stage.
Development of an artificial intelligence system to classify pathology and clinical features on retinal fundus images
Authors: Stevenson Clark H. , Hong Sheng Chiong , Ogbuehi Kelechi C. 
Published: October 2018

ImportanceArtificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are under development for use in diabetic retinopathy photo screening pathways. To be clinically acceptable, such systems must also be able to classify other fundus abnormalities and clinical features at the point of care.BackgroundWe aimed to develop an AI system that can detect several fundus pathologies and report relevant clinical features.DesignConvolutional neural network training with retrospective data set.ParticipantsColour fundus photos were obtained from publicly available fundus image databases.MethodsImages were uploaded to a web‐based AI platform for training and validation of AI classifiers. Separate classifiers were created for each fundus pathology and clinical feature.Main Outcome MeasuresAccuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for each classifier.ResultsWe obtained 4435 images from publicly available fundus image databases. AI classifiers were developed for each disease state above. Although statistical performance was limited by the small sample size, average accuracy was 89%, average sensitivity was 75%, average specificity was 89% and average AUC was 0.58.Conclusion and RelevanceThis study is a proof‐of‐concept AI system that could be implemented within a diabetic photo‐screening pathway. Performance was promising but not yet at the level that would be required for clinical application. We have shown that it is possible for clinicians to develop AI classifiers with no previous programming or AI knowledge, using standard laptop computers.
A nomogram prediction of peri‐implantitis in treated severe periodontitis patients: A 1–5‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Zhang Haidong , Li Wenjing , Zhang Li , Yan Xia , Shi Dong , Meng Huanxin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundNo nomogram of peri‐implantitis was reported before which is valuable for risk‐estimating, clinical decision‐making, and better‐patients‐communicating.PurposeTo identify the risk indicators and develop a nomogram prediction model of peri‐implantitis in treated severe periodontitis patients.Materials and MethodsA prospective study was conducted on 100 patients with 214 implants. Periodontal and peri‐implant parameters were evaluated at implant surgery procedure (T1), and at follow‐up (T2). Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analyses with generalized estimating equations. Nomogram was developed and the discriminatory ability of the model was analyzed.ResultsThe incidence of peri‐implantitis at patient‐level and implant level were 16% and 11.2% respectively, with no implant lost. The variables associated with peri‐implantitis were the PDT1 ≥ 6 mm (%) > 10%, the implant position, length, and diameter after adjusting for covariates. A nomogram prediction model of peri‐implantitis were developed with factors of PD T1 ≥ 6 mm (%) > 10% and implant placed in posterior. The area under the ROC curves of stepwise model was 0.794.ConclusionsThe residual pockets and implants position were identified as predictors for the peri‐implantitis. The nomogram can be used to estimate the risk of peri‐implantitis in treated severe periodontitis patients.
Cutaneous localization of angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma may masquerade as B‐cell lymphoma or classical Hodgkin lymphoma: A histologic diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Szablewski Vanessa , Dereure Olivier , René Céline , Tempier Ariane , Durand Luc , Alame Melissa , Cacheux Valère , Costes‐Martineau Valérie 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundWe report the cases of three patients presenting skin lesions whose biopsies showed nodular polymorphic infiltrates consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, histiocytes, eosinophils, B blasts, and Hodgkin Reed‐Sternberg (HRS)‐like cells. Two of them were initially diagnosed as classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), on the other hand, the last one as a B‐cell lymphoma. All patients have been treated for angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL).MethodsWe performed a second review of the skin biopsies with further immunophenotypic molecular analyses. Scrupulous observation revealed, in the background of the three cases, atypical small to medium‐sized lymphocytes carrying a CD3+, CD4+ T‐cell phenotype and expressing PD1 and CXCL13 follicular helper T‐cell markers. The two lesions initially diagnosed as cHL showed scattered HRS‐like cells with CD30+, CD15+, PAX5+, CD20−, Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) + classical phenotype. The case initially diagnosed as B‐cell lymphoma showed a diffuse B‐cell proliferation associated with small B‐cell and medium to large‐sized B blasts that were positive for EBV.ConclusionThose cases highlighted that atypical T‐cells may be obscured by B‐cell proliferation mimicking cHL or B‐cell lymphoma in cutaneous localization of AITL and confirmed the requirement of collecting clinical information before performing a diagnosis.
Outpatient appointment non‐attendance and unplanned health care for children and young people with neurological conditions: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jarvis Stuart , Livingston John , Childs Anne‐Marie , Fraser Lorna 
Published: October 2018

AimTo test the hypothesis that children and young people with neurological conditions who missed outpatient appointments have more emergency inpatient admissions and Accident and Emergency centre (A&E) visits than those who missed none.MethodRetrospective cohort of individuals aged up to 19 years with neurological conditions, identified from routine hospital data in England, UK from April 1st, 2003 to March 31st, 2015 using an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, coding framework. Counts of emergency inpatient admissions and A&E visits per person per year were modelled (random intercept negative binomial regression) with outpatient attendance the independent variable of interest.ResultsThe cohort numbered 524 613 individuals. Those who missed outpatient appointments had 19 per cent (95% confidence interval [CI] 18–19) more emergency inpatient admissions and 16 per cent (95% CI 15–17) more A&E visits per year than those who missed none. ‘Did not attends’ had a larger increase in unplanned health care than patient or provider cancellations. If no appointments were missed, the models predict there would have been 107 000 fewer A&E visits from 2007/2008 to 2014/2015 and 104 000 fewer emergency inpatient admissions from 2003/2004 to 2014/2015.InterpretationMissed outpatient appointments were associated with increased unplanned health care. Improving outpatient attendance may have the potential to reduce emergency inpatient admissions and A&E visits.What this paper adds

Missed outpatient appointments by children and young people with neurological conditions are associated with increased unplanned health care.

Both emergency inpatient admissions and Accident and Emergency centre visits are increased.

‘Did not attends’ are more strongly associated with unplanned health care than cancellations.
Both local presence and regional distribution of predator cues modulate prey colonisation in pond landscapes
Authors: Trekels Hendrik , Vanschoenwinkel Bram 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent work on habitat selection has shown that the perceived quality of habitat patches may depend on the quality of adjacent patches. However, it is still unclear how local habitat selection cues can alter distribution patterns in metacommunities at a larger (regional) scale. We studied mosquito oviposition in pond landscapes that differed in the proportion of bad patches with fish predation risk. Our experiment provided conclusive evidence for two local and two regional types of habitat selection. Good patches near bad patches were avoided (local risk contagion) while more distant good patches experienced increased oviposition (regional compression). Oviposition in bad patches increased when located next to good patches (reward contagion) or when there were no good patches regionally present (regional compromise). This complex colonisation behaviour involving compromises at different spatial scales forces experimenters to reconsider the independence of spatial replicates and challenges available theories to predict species distribution patterns.