bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy via Targeting Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Saleem Jabran , Wang Liming , Chen Chunying 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCancer remains one of the major health problems all over the world and conventional therapeutic approaches have failed to attain an effective cure. Tumor microenvironments (TME) present a unique challenge in tumor therapy due to their complex structures and multiple components, which also serve as the soil for tumor growth, development, invasion, and migration. The complex TME includes immune cells, fibrous collagen structures, and tortuous blood vessels, in which conventional therapeutic approaches are rendered useless. State‐of‐the‐art nanotechnologies have potential to cope with the threats of malignant tumors. With unique physiochemical properties, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), including graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon quantum dots, offer opportunities to resolve the hurdles, by targeting not only cancer cells but also the TME. This review summarizes the progress about CNM‐based cancer therapy strategies, which mainly focuses on both the treatment for cancer cells and TME‐targeted modulation. In the last, the challenges for TME‐based therapy via CNMs are discussed, which will be important in guiding current basic research to clinical translation in the future.
Self‐Assembled Nanomedicines for Anticancer and Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Zhou Lingyun , Qiu Tian , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Ying Jianming , Wang Shu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSelf‐assembly strategies have been widely applied in the nanomedicine field, which provide a convenient approach for building various structures for delivery carriers. When cooperating with biomolecules, self‐assembly systems have significant influence on the cell activity and life process and could be used for regulating nanodrug activity. In this review, self‐assembled nanomedicines are introduced, including materials, encapsulation, and releasing strategies, where self‐assembly strategies are involved. Furthermore, as a promising and emerging area for nanomedicine, in situ self‐assembly of anticancer drugs and supramolecular antibiotic switches is also discussed about how to regulate drug activity. Selective pericellular assembly can block mass transformation of cancer cells inducing cell apoptosis, and the intracellular assembly can either cause cell death or effectively avoid drug elimination from cytosol of cancer cells because of the assembly‐induced retention (AIR) effect. Host–guest interactions of drug and competitive molecules offer reversible regulations of antibiotic activity, which can reduce drug‐resistance and inhibit the generation of drug‐resistant bacteria. Finally, the challenges and development trend in the field are discussed.
State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Prospects for Atomically Thin Membranes from 2D Materials
Authors: Prozorovska Liudmyla , Kidambi Piran R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAtomically thin 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron‐nitride, and others, offer new possibilities for ultrathin barrier and membrane applications. While the impermeability of pristine 2D materials to gas molecules, such as He, allows the realization of the thinnest physical barrier, nanoscale vacancy defects in the 2D material lattice manifest as nanopores in an atomically thin membrane. Such nanoporous atomically thin membranes (NATMs) present potential for enabling ultrahigh permeance and selectivity in a wide range of novel separation processes. Herein, the transport properties observed in NATMs are described and recent experimental progress achieved in their fabrication is summarized. Some of the challenges in NATM scale‐up for practical applications are highlighted and several opportunities are identified, including the possibility of blending traditional membrane‐processing approaches. Finally, a technological roadmap is presented with a contextual discussion for NATMs to progress from research to applications.
Autonomous Flexible Sensors for Health Monitoring
Authors: Huynh Tan‐Phat , Haick Hossam 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA concise, although admittedly non‐exhaustive, didactic summary is given of some of the main concepts and approaches related to recent advances and developments to enable autonomous detection and monitoring of the likelihood or existence of a health risk state in continuous and real‐time modes. To give a comprehensive statement, different aspects of these advanced materials and related devices are presented and discussed, such as: flexible sensors used for non‐invasive detection of health‐related physiological markers; self‐powered materials to enable extended usage periods by harvesting energy from body movement and temperature; and self‐healing properties of the materials used on the wearable devices to enable extended usage periods if scratched or cut. The linkage of these advanced materials and technologies together is particularly specified. Some of the strong and weak points in the development of each wearable material/device are clearly highlighted and criticized. Several ideas regarding further improvement of skin‐based wearable devices are also discussed.
Logic Computing with Stateful Neural Networks of Resistive Switches
Authors: Sun Zhong , Ambrosi Elia , Bricalli Alessandro , Ielmini Daniele 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBrain‐inspired neural networks can process information with high efficiency, thus providing a powerful tool for pattern recognition and other artificial intelligent tasks. By adopting binary inputs/outputs, neural networks can be used to perform Boolean logic operations, thus potentially surpassing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor logic in terms of area efficiency, execution time, and computing parallelism. Here, the concept of stateful neural networks consisting of resistive switches, which can perform all logic functions with the same network topology, is introduced. The neural network relies on physical computing according to Ohm's law, Kirchhoff 's law, and the ionic migration within an output switch serving as the highly nonlinear activation function. The input and output are nonvolatile resistance states of the devices, thus enabling stateful and cascadable logic operations. Applied voltages provide the synaptic weights, which enable the convenient reconfiguration of the same circuit to serve various logic functions. The neural network can solve all two‐input logic operations with just one step, except for the exclusive‐OR (XOR) needing two sequential steps. 1‐bit full adder operation is shown to take place with just two steps and five resistive switches, thus highlighting the high efficiencies of space, time, and energy of logic computing with the stateful neural network.
Highly Efficient Visible Light Photocatalytic Activities in Self‐Assembled Metastable TiO2/Bi4MoO9 Heterojunctions
Authors: Fang Guoli , Liu Jia , Yan Xianghui , Wang Danyang , Israr Jahanzaib , Xue Tong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMetastable TiO2/Bi4MoO9 heterojunctions are synthesized using a hydrothermal method. TiO2 nanoparticles, which are used as templates in the hydrothermal process, can induce the heterogeneous nucleation and 1D preferential growth of Bi4MoO9 to form TiO2/Bi4MoO9 heterojunctions. The TiO2/Bi4MoO9 heterojunctions exhibit very efficient visible‐light photocatalytic activity, which is much higher than those of TiO2 nanoparticles, Bi4MoO9 microcubes, and TiO2/Bi2MoO6 composites. This could be mainly ascribed to the synergistic effects of the band structure matching and the unique microstructure between TiO2 nanoparticles and Bi4MoO9 nanobelts in the heterojunctions. The Bi4MoO9 nanobelts with ≈150 nm in width promote the production of photogenerated electron–hole pairs due to its narrow bandgap. The TiO2 nanoparticles embedded into Bi4MoO9 nanobelts still remain small size, large specific surface area, and high crystallinity. These not only facilitate the transfer of photogenerated holes from Bi4MoO9 nanobelts to TiO2 nanoparticles, but also improve the holes capture rate on the surface of the heterojunctions.
Organized Community Activity Participation and the Dynamic Roles of Neighborhood Violence and Gender among Latino Adolescents
Authors: Camacho‐Thompson Daisy E. , Vargas Robert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRelative to their peers, Latino youth are underinvolved in organized community activities (e.g., Boys and Girls Club), and their experiences lack examination. This study employed a neighborhood case‐study approach to examine the experiences of Latino youth in a neighborhood with high levels of violence and their participation in organized community activities. Employing a cluster sampling design (Lohr, Sampling: Design and analysis. Pacific Grove, CA: Nelson Education, 2009), we used quantitative, spatial, and qualitative data to understand adolescents’ participation in organized community activities. Furthermore, to understand how adolescents from the same neighborhood may experience violence differently we examined gender differences. Those who participated in organized community activities witnessed more violence, regardless of gender. General violence (e.g., robberies, shootings) was dispersed throughout the neighborhood, but gender‐specific violence was concentrated along the main street of the neighborhood. In qualitative interviews, adolescents reported this concentration of violence a deterrent to their participation: sexual harassment for girls and gang intimidation for boys. Our findings highlight the unique experiences of youth in violent neighborhoods and the importance of examining differential constraints for those within the same neighborhood.
Glasdegib in combination with cytarabine and daunorubicin in patients with AML or high‐risk MDS: Phase 2 study results
Authors: Cortes Jorge E. , Douglas Smith B. , Wang Eunice S. , Merchant Akil , Oehler Vivian G. , Arellano Martha , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Pollyea Daniel A. , Sekeres Mikkael A. , Robak Tadeusz , Ma Weidong Wendy , Zeremski Mirjana , Naveed Shaik M. , Douglas Laird A. , O'Connell Ashleigh , Chan Geoffrey , Schroeder Mark A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGlasdegib is a Hedgehog pathway inhibitor. This ongoing, open‐label, phase 2 study (NCT01546038) evaluated glasdegib plus cytarabine/daunorubicin in patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Patients received glasdegib 100 mg orally, once daily in continuous 28‐day cycles from day −3, with intravenous cytarabine 100 mg/m2 on days 1‐7 and daunorubicin 60 mg/m2 on days 1‐3. Patients in remission then received consolidation therapy (2‐4 cycles of cytarabine 1 g/m2 twice daily on days 1, 3, 5 of each cycle), followed by maintenance glasdegib (maximum 6 cycles). Primary endpoint was complete remission (CR) in patients aged ≥55 years. Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), safety and outcome by mutational status. Patients had a median (range) age of 64.0 (27‐75) years, 60.0% were male, and 84.5% were white. In 69 evaluable patients, 46.4% (80% confidence interval [CI]: 38.7‐54.1) achieved investigator‐reported CR. Among patients ≥55 years old (n = 60), 40.0% (80% CI 31.9‐48.1) achieved CR. Among all 69 patients, median OS was 14.9 (80% CI 13.4‐19.3) months, with 12‐month survival probability 66.6% (80% CI 58.5‐73.4). The most common treatment‐related adverse events (≥50% patients) were diarrhea and nausea. There were no significant associations between mutational status (12 genes) and clinical response, suggesting potential benefit across diverse molecular profiles. Glasdegib plus cytarabine/daunorubicin was well tolerated and associated with clinical activity in patients with untreated AML or high‐risk MDS. A randomized phase 3 trial of glasdegib in combination with chemotherapy (7 + 3 schedule) is ongoing.
The Transition‐Metal‐Like Behavior of B2(NHC)2 in the Activation of CO: HOMO–LUMO Swap Without Photoinduction
Authors: Zhang Huaiyu , Cao Zexing , Wu Wei , Mo Yirong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIt is a current trend to explore multi‐bonded and unsaturated main group compounds that can interact with small molecules, in order to find non‐metal catalysts. Notably, Braunschweig et al. found that diboryne stabilized by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) can bind and activate CO. Here we explore the bonding nature of B2(NHC)2 and its activation mechanism for CO from a novel theoretical perspective. While the ground state of B2 is of a single bond, the approach of NHCs excites B2 to its third excited state of a triple bond with two significant σ‐holes at the two ends. The subsequent electrostatic attraction drives the formation of B2(NHC)2. However, only one of the two π bonds (HOMOs) of B2(NHC)2 fits to one of the degenerate LUMOs of CO. Interestingly, the strong steric repulsion between CO and B2(NHC)2 leads to the HOMO–LUMO swap in the latter. Subsequently, both HOMO and HOMO−1 of B2(NHC)2 can effectively interact with the two π* anti‐bonding orbitals (LUMO and LUMO+1) of CO, resulting in substantial electron back‐donation and the ultimate activation of CO.
Alkoxyl Radicals Generated under Photoredox Catalysis: A Strategy for anti‐Markovnikov Alkoxylation Reactions
Authors: Barthelemy Anne‐Laure , Tuccio Béatrice , Magnier Emmanuel , Dagousset Guillaume 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReported herein is a novel photoredox‐catalyzed approach for ether synthesis and it involves alkoxyl radicals generated from N‐alkoxypyridinium salts. A wide range of alkenes are smoothly difunctionalized in an anti‐Markovnikov fashion, affording various functionalized alkyl alkyl ethers. Notably, this mild process tolerates a number of functional groups and is efficiently carried out under both batch and flow conditions. Importantly, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments by spin trapping were carried out to characterize the radical intermediates involved in this radical/cationic process.
Silver‐Promoted Oxidative Benzylic C−H Trifluoromethoxylation
Authors: Yang Haodong , Wang Feng , Jiang Xiaohuan , Zhou Yu , Xu Xiufang , Tang Pingping 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA silver‐promoted oxidative benzylic C−H trifluoromethoxylation has been reported for the first time. With trifluoromethyl arylsulfonate as the trifluoromethoxylation reagent, various arenes, having diverse functional groups, undergo trifluoromethoxylation of their benzylic C−H bonds to form trifluoromethyl ethers under mild reaction conditions. In addition, the trifluoromethoxylation and the fluorination of methyl groups of electron‐rich arenes have been achieved to prepare α‐fluorobenzyl trifluoromethyl ethers in one step.
Einzelnanopartikel‐Strichkodierung von Zellen mittels durchstimmbarem FRET von Lanthanoiden auf Quantenpunkte
Authors: Chen Chi , Ao Lijiao , Wu Yu‐Tang , Cifliku Vjona , Cardoso Dos Santos Marcelina , Bourrier Emmanuel , Delbianco Martina , Parker David , Zwier Jurriaan M. , Huang Liang , Hildebrandt Niko 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFluoreszenzstrichkodierung mittels Nanopartikeln bietet viele Vorteile für die Multiparameter‐Mikroskopie. Es ist jedoch extrem schwierig, verschiedene konzentrationsunabhängige Codes zu erstellen, ohne verschiedene Nanopartikel zu mischen und Anregung und Emission einer einzelnen Wellenlänge für die zelluläre Multiplex‐Bildgebung zu verwenden. Hier berichten wir über die Entwicklung von Quantenpunkten (quantum dots: QDs) mit zwei unterschiedlichen SiO2‐Schalenstärken (6 und 12 nm), die mit zwei verschiedenen Lanthanoidkomplexen (Tb und Eu) beschichtet sind. FRET von Tb‐ oder Eu‐Donoren auf QD‐Akzeptoren führte zu vier unterschiedlichen Photolumineszenz(PL)‐Abklingkurven, die durch einfache zeitgetaktete (time‐gated: TG) PL‐Intensitätsdetektion in drei individuellen temporalen Detektionsfenstern kodiert wurden. Die wohldefinierten Einzelnanopartikel‐Codes wurden für die Lebendzellen‐Mikroskopie und die Unterscheidung von vier verschiedenen Zellen in einem einzigen Sichtfeld mittels einer Messung verwendet. Diese Einzelfarben‐Strichkodierungsstrategie eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für die Multiplexmarkierung und Verfolgung von Zellen.
Cross‐Linked Aptamer–Lipid Micelles for Excellent Stability and Specificity in Target‐Cell Recognition
Authors: Li Xiaowei , Figg C. Adrian , Wang Ruowen , Jiang Ying , Lyu Yifan , Sun Hao , Liu Yuan , Wang Yanyue , Teng I‐Ting , Hou Weijia , Cai Ren , Cui Cheng , Li Long , Pan Xiaoshu , Sumerlin Brent S. , Tan Weihong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe specific binding ability of DNA–lipid micelles (DLMs) can be increased by the introduction of an aptamer. However, supramolecular micellar structures based on self‐assemblies of amphiphilic DLMs are expected to demonstrate low stability when interacting with cell membranes under certain conditions, which could lead to a reduction in selectivity for targeting cancer cells. We herein report a straightforward cross‐linking strategy that relies on a methacrylamide branch to link aptamer and lipid segments. By an efficient photoinduced polymerization process, covalently linked aptamer–lipid units help stabilize the micelle structure and enhance aptamer probe stability, further improving the targeting ability of the resulting nanoassembly. Besides the development of a facile cross‐linking method, this study clarifies the relationship between aptamer–lipid concentration and the corresponding binding ability.
A Green BODIPY‐Based, Super‐Fluorogenic, Protein‐Specific Labelling Agent
Authors: Chen Yingche , Tsao Kelvin , Acton Sydney L. , Keillor Jeffrey W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report the development of YC23, a novel green BODIPY‐based dimaleimide derivative that undergoes a fluorogenic addition reaction (FlARe) with a genetically encodable peptide tag (dC10α) that can be fused to a protein of interest (POI). We also demonstrate the application of this reaction for the fluorogenic labelling of a specific POI in bacterial lysate and in living mammalian cells.
Capturing the Genesis of an Active Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst with Operando X‐ray Nanospectroscopy
Authors: van Ravenhorst Ilse K. , Vogt Charlotte , Oosterbeek Heiko , Bossers Koen W. , Moya‐Cancino José G. , van Bavel Alexander P. , van der Eerden Ad M. J. , Vine David , de Groot Frank M. F. , Meirer Florian , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA state‐of‐the‐art operando spectroscopic technique is applied to Co/TiO2 catalysts, which account for nearly half of the world's transportation fuels produced by Fischer–Tropsch catalysis. This allows determination of, at a spatial resolution of approximately 50 nm, the interdependence of formed hydrocarbon species in the inorganic catalyst. Observed trends show intra‐ and interparticular heterogeneities previously believed not to occur in particles under 200 μm. These heterogeneities are strongly dependent on changes in H2/CO ratio, but also on changes thereby induced on the Co and Ti valence states. We have captured the genesis of an active FTS particle over its propagation to steady‐state operation, in which microgradients lead to the gradual saturation of the Co/TiO2 catalyst surface with long chain hydrocarbons (i.e., organic film formation).
The Multifaceted Reactivity of Single‐Atom Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Mitchell Sharon , Vorobyeva Evgeniya , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSingle‐atom heterogeneous catalysts (SACs) attached to carefully chosen hosts are attracting considerable interest; principally because they offer maximum utilization per metal atom and are usually readily recyclable. However, diminution of the atomic population of nanoparticles or nanoclusters to single atoms can significantly alter reactivity because of the consequent changes in the active‐site structure. By examining various diverse applications, we ascertain whether the performance of SACs is enhanced or suppressed. We also note that SACs generally display unique kinds of catalytic cycles. The choice of host is crucial since it influences both the electronic and steric environment of the metal center. Moreover, it may function as a cocatalyst. All these aspects impact upon the design of new SACs, which exhibit similarities to hetero‐ and homogeneous predecessors. Additionally, SACs offer a viable replacement of soluble metal complexes in processes that remain difficult to heterogenize.
Sensing Picomolar Concentrations of RNA Using Switchable Plasmonic Chirality
Authors: Funck Timon , Nicoli Francesca , Kuzyk Anton , Liedl Tim 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDetecting small sequences of RNA in biological samples such as microRNA or viral RNA demands highly sensitive and specific methods. Here, a reconfigurable DNA origami template has been used where a chiral arrangement of gold nanorods on the structure can lead to the generation of strong circular dichroism (CD). Switching of the cross‐like DNA structure is achieved by the addition of nucleic acid sequences, which arrests the structure in one of the possible chiral states by specific molecular recognition. A specific sequence can thus be detected through the resulting changes in the plasmonic CD spectrum. We show the sensitive and selective detection of a target RNA sequence from the hepatitis C virus genome. The RNA binds to a complementary sequence that is part of the lock mechanism, which leads to the formation of a defined state of the plasmonic system with a distinct optical response. With this approach, we were able to detect this specific RNA sequence at concentrations as low as 100 pm.
Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition of Trimethylenemethane and Fluorinated Ketones
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Mata Guillaume 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA nitrile‐substituted trimethylenemethane (TMM) donor undergoes palladium‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloadditions with fluorinated ketones to generate tetrasubstituted trifluoromethylated centers in high enantioselectivity under mild conditions. The generation of the palladium–TMM complex was achieved by a self‐deprotonation strategy, which shows remarkable improvements in regiocontrol, efficiency, and atom economy of asymmetric [3+2] cycloadditions. Moreover, the versatility of the nitrile group provides direct access to a variety of synthetically useful intermediates, including amides, aldehydes, and esters. The developed reaction conditions allow for the synthesis of a wide variety of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic fluorinated dihydrofurans in excellent regio‐ and enantioselectivities.
Ring‐Opening Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride with Functional Epoxides: Poly(propylene fumarate) Analogues Capable of Post‐Polymerization Modification
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Wilson James A. , Petersen Shannon R. , Luong Derek , Sallam Sahar , Mao Jialin , Wesdemiotis Chrys , Becker Matthew L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThree functional epoxides were copolymerized with maleic anhydride to yield degradable poly(propylene fumarate) analogues. The polymers were modified post‐polymerization and post‐printing with either click‐type addition reactions or UV deprotection to either attach bioactive species or increase the hydrophilicity. Successful dye attachment, induced wettability, and improved cell spreading show the viability of these analogues in biomaterials applications.