bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naltrexon/Bupropion in der Adipositastherapie
Authors: Blüher M. 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungIn der Therapie der Adipositas reichen häufig konservative Basistherapiemaßnahmen wie eine energiereduzierte Mischkost, eine Erhöhung der körperlichen Aktivität sowie eine Verhaltensmodifikation nicht aus, um die individuellen Gesundheitsziele langfristig zu erreichen. Eine medikamentöse Therapie kann bei nicht ausreichendem Erfolg in Kombination mit dem Basisprogramm erwogen werden. Seit Januar 2018 ist mit Naltrexon 32mg/Bupropion 360mg eine neue Pharmakotherapie der Adipositas in Deutschland eingeführt. Naltrexon ist ein _-Opioidrezeptor- Antagonist und Bupropion ein schwacher Inhibitor der neuronalen Dopamin- und Noradrenalin- Wiederaufnahme die zusammen über die Wirkung auf den Nucleus arcuatus des Hypothalamus und das mesolimbische dopaminerge Belohnungssystem zu einer Verringerung der Nahrungsaufnahme beitragen. Die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Naltrexon/Bupropion wurde zusätzlich zur Basistherapie in vier doppelblinden Placebo-kontrollierten Phase III-Studien bei 4 536 Personen mit Adipositas oder Übergewicht über einen Zeitraum von 56 Wochen untersucht (COR-I, COR-II, CORBMOD, COR-Diabetes). Unter Naltrexon/Bupropion wurde in der COR-I Studie eine durchschnittliche prozentuale Gewichtsabnahme von 5,4% im Vergleich zu 1,3% in der Placebogruppe erzielt. Zu den häufigsten Nebenwirkungen von Naltrexon/Bupropion zählen Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Obstipation, Durchfall, Schlaflosigkeit, Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel und Mundtrockenheit.
Diabetes und Soziales
Authors: Ebert Oliver 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases at all ages. Diabetes and consequential damages can have a significant impact on the capability on affected people.Drug therapy resp. hypoglycemia can compromise the driving ability; problems in the choice of profession and in the daily work routine are possible.This paper aims to highlight said social implications and gives legal background information.
Biochemically altered myelin triggers autoimmune demyelination
Authors: Caprariello Andrew V. , Rogers James A. , Morgan Megan L. , Hoghooghi Vahid , Plemel Jason R. , Koebel Adam , Tsutsui Shigeki , Dunn Jeffrey F. , Kotra Lakshmi P. , Ousman Shalina S. , Wee Yong V. , Stys Peter K. 
Published: May 2018

Significance
Caprariello et al. demonstrate that subtle biochemical pathology to axon-ensheathing myelin, in the absence of overt demyelination, is sufficient to elicit severe secondary demyelinating inflammatory reactions. The resulting lesions bear radiological and histological resemblance to inflammatory demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS), raising the possibility that subtle myelin degeneration in the MS brain may be a proximal event in the evolution of inflammation and consequent myelin loss. Consistent with an “inside-out” model of MS pathogenesis, these findings provide a rationale for investigating myelin as a target for early preventive therapy.
Travelling through a hostile world: the expansion of terror in American culture.
Authors: Korstanje M. E. , Skoll G. , Seraphin H. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses how colonialism links closely to modern terrorism, which is inextricably intertwined with travel. It also places the notion of exemption and 'American-ness' under a critical lens, and suggests that Americans are particularity exercised by terrorism due to the legacy of wayward Puritans who envisaged a dangerous world, and also due to the discourse of manifest destiny.
A risky delight: the dangers of being a participant in a Maltese Festa.
Authors: Cassar G. , Munro D. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

This chapter examines the Maltese 'festa', a religious celebration honouring the patron saint of each town and village of the Maltese islands Malta and Gozo. The local feasts are typically celebrated with a display of fireworks; sometimes with animal races; always with band parades; and, invariably, with devout processions featuring the statue of the patron saint being celebrated. Malta is one of a few places where ground fireworks are set off with people standing just a few metres away. This, clearly, poses dangers. The chapter discusses, critically, such practices.
Protection of phenolic compounds within nanocarriers.
Authors: Assadpour E. , Jafari S. M. , Esfanjani A. F. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
One of the main groups of bioactive components in the food, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries is phenolic compounds, which should be protected by encapsulation technologies because of their low bioavailability, low solubility, untargeted release and undesirable taste. Nanoencapsulation involves entrapment of different bioactive components in small capsules, allowing them to be stable, protected and preserved against nutritional and health losses during the process or delivery as well as attaining a controlled release. In this review study, production and application of different nanocarriers for phenolic compounds have been considered and discussed, including lipid nanocarriers, biopolymer nanostructures, special equipment-based nanovehicles and nature-inspired nano-carriers.
PROBE: analysis and visualization of protein block-level evolution
Authors: Kress Arnaud , Lecompte Odile , Poch Olivier , Thompson Julie D 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSummaryComparative studies of protein sequences are widely used in evolutionary and comparative genomics studies, but there is a lack of efficient tools to identify conserved regions ab initio within a protein multiple alignment. PROBE provides a fully automatic analysis of protein family conservation, to identify conserved regions, or ‘blocks’, that may correspond to structural/functional domains or motifs. Conserved blocks are identified at two different levels: (i) family level blocks indicate sites that are probably of central importance to the protein’s structure or function, and (ii) sub-family level blocks highlight regions that may signify functional specialization, such as binding partners, etc. All conserved blocks are mapped onto a phylogenetic tree and can also be visualized in the context of the multiple sequence alignment. PROBE thus facilitates in-depth studies of sequence–structure–function-evolution relationships, and opens the way to block-level phylogenetic profiling.Availability and implementationFreely available on the web at http://www.lbgi.fr/∼julie/probe/web.
CAVER Analyst 2.0: analysis and visualization of channels and tunnels in protein structures and molecular dynamics trajectories
Authors: Jurcik Adam , Bednar David , Byska Jan , Marques Sergio M , Furmanova Katarina , Daniel Lukas , Kokkonen Piia , Brezovsky Jan , Strnad Ondrej , Stourac Jan , Pavelka Antonin , Manak Martin , Damborsky Jiri , Kozlikova Barbora 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Motivation
Studying the transport paths of ligands, solvents, or ions in transmembrane proteins and proteins with buried binding sites is fundamental to the understanding of their biological function. A detailed analysis of the structural features influencing the transport paths is also important for engineering proteins for biomedical and biotechnological applications.

Results
CAVER Analyst 2.0 is a software tool for quantitative analysis and real-time visualization of tunnels and channels in static and dynamic structures. This version provides the users with many new functions, including advanced techniques for intuitive visual inspection of the spatiotemporal behavior of tunnels and channels. Novel integrated algorithms allow an efficient analysis and data reduction in large protein structures and molecular dynamic simulations.

Availability and implementation
CAVER Analyst 2.0 is a multi-platform standalone Java-based application. Binaries and documentation are freely available at www.caver.cz.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Long-term exposure to malaria and violence in Africa*
Authors: Cervellati Matteo , Esposito Elena , Sunde Uwe , Valmori Simona 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper explores the existence of a link between the long-term exposure to malaria and the frequency of civil conflicts in Africa. Using geographically disaggregated data at the level of grid cells the analysis provides empirical evidence for a hump-shaped relationship between the long-run stability and force of malaria transmission and the incidence of civil violence. In line with epidemiological predictions about the acquired immunity to malaria, cells that are characterized by intermediate malaria exposure exhibit higher conflict incidence than cells with very low or very high malaria exposure. We explore the role of the expansion of anti-malaria policies after 2005 in the context of the Roll Back Malaria programme. The results provide suggestive evidence that anti-malaria interventions reduced the incidence of civil violence, but only in areas where adults lack acquired immunity to malaria.
Recent progress in the study of transition in the hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Lee Cunbiao , Chen Shiyi 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Turbulence is a universal form of fluid motion. It is the key issue in fluid mechanics. Very recently, it has become a bottleneck in some key engineering research of national importance, such as aeronautics, astronautics and navigation. Developed turbulence and the onset of turbulence, i.e. transition, are two interrelated parts of turbulence. The hypersonic boundary-layer transition is a strategic focus in the fluid mechanics community. This article reviews recent developments in the study of the hypersonic boundary-layer transition, research facilities and experimental techniques. The hypersonic quiet wind tunnel is introduced as a necessary device to obtain real flight data in near space. Near-wall measurement techniques, such as temperature-sensitive paint, near-wall particle image velocimetry and Rayleigh-scattering visualization, are shown. The most important issues in the recent development of the transition in the hypersonic boundary layer are addressed. The instability and nonlinear interaction of different instability modes are discussed. The recent contributions from China, especially at Peking University, are also introduced.
Provider Adherence to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Monitoring Guidelines in a Large Primary Care Network
Authors: Spinelli Matthew A , Scott Hyman M , Vittinghoff Eric , Liu Albert Y , Morehead-Gee Alicia , Gonzalez Rafael , Buchbinder Susan P 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Insufficient pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) laboratory monitoring could increase HIV resistance and sexually transmitted infections. We examined test-ordering in a primary care network. Providers did not order HIV testing before almost one-quarter of PrEP initiations; panel management was associated with higher testing. Effective monitoring is needed to maximize PrEP’s preventive impact.
Minimally Invasive Bilateral Anterior Cingulotomy via Open Minicraniotomy Using a Novel Multiport Cisternoscope: A Cadaveric Demonstration
Authors: Manjila Sunil , Rosa Benoit , Mencattelli Margherita , Dupont Pierre E 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been used to treat chronic pain, obsessive compulsive disorder, and addictions. Lesioning of the target area is typically performed using bilateral stereotactic electrode placement and target ablation, which involves transparenchymal access through both hemispheres.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate an endoscopic direct-vision lesioning using a unilateral parasagittal minicraniotomy for minimally invasive bilateral anterior cingulotomy using a novel multiport endoscope through the anterior interhemispheric fissure.

METHODS
A novel multiport magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible neuroendoscope prototype is used to demonstrate cadaveric cingulate lesioning through a lateral imaging port while simultaneously viewing the pericallosal arteries as landmarks through a tip imaging port. The lateral port enables extended lesioning of the gyrus while rotation of the endoscope about its axis provides access to homologous areas of both hemispheres.

RESULTS
Cadaver testing confirmed the capability to navigate the multiport neuroendoscope between the hemispheres using concurrent imaging from the tip and lateral ports. The lateral port enabled exploration of the gyrus, visualization of lesioning, and subsequent inspection of lesions. Tip-port imaging provided navigational cues and allowed the operator to ensure that the endoscope tip did not contact tissue. The multiport design required instrument rotation in the coronal plane of only 20° to lesion both gyri, while a standard endoscope necessitated a rotation of 54°.

CONCLUSION
Multiport MRI-compatible endoscopy can be effectively used in cisternal endoscopy, whereby a unilateral parasagittal minicraniotomy can be used for endoscopic interhemispheric bilateral anterior cingulotomy.
Evaluating Muscle Mass in Survivors of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A 1-Year Multicenter Longitudinal Study*
Authors: Chan Kitty S. , Mourtzakis Marina , Aronson Friedman Lisa , Dinglas Victor D. , Hough Catherine L. , Ely E. Wesley , Morris Peter E. , Hopkins Ramona O. , Needham Dale M. 
Published: May 2018

Objectives:
Rapid muscle wasting occurs during acute respiratory failure, resulting in muscle weakness and functional impairments. This study examines survivors’ body composition in the year after acute respiratory distress syndrome and tests associations of patient characteristics, hospital exposures, and survivors’ strength and physical functioning with whole body percent lean mass.

Design:
Prospective cohort study with 6- and 12-month follow-up.

Setting:
National study enrolling patients from five study centers.

Patients:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors (n = 120).

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Lean and fat mass from dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. On average, survivors gained whole body total mass (+1.4 kg; 0.1–2.7) and fat mass (+1.2 kg; 0.2–2.2) and maintained lean mass (+0.2 kg; –0.4 to 0.8) between 6 and 12 months. Proportionally, percent fat mass increased and percent lean mass decreased for the whole body, trunk, and legs (p < 0.05). Greater whole body percent lean mass was associated with younger age, male sex, and lower baseline body mass index, but not other patient characteristics or ICU/hospital exposures. Greater percent lean mass was also significantly associated with gait speed and 6-minute walk distance, but not volitional strength or self-reported functional status.

Conclusions:
In the first year after acute respiratory distress syndrome, patients gained fat mass and maintained lean mass. We found no association of whole body percent lean mass with commonly hypothesized hospital risk factors. Direct measurement of body composition and performance-based functional measures may be helpful for understanding functional recovery in ICU survivors.
Asthma action plans in the adult population: Rediscovering an invaluable tool in today's health care domain
Authors: Mayeux Jack , Arekapudi Krysten Lisella , Amiri Azita 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT

Background and purpose:
Asthma in adults remains a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. Asthma action plans (AAPs) have demonstrated improved health outcomes in this populace; however, AAPs continue to be underused by providers. This article aims to re-emphasize the importance of AAPs for adults and refresh providers on the effectiveness and methods to use this indispensable tool.

Methods:
A literature search of MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and CINAHL was performed, and subsequent findings were reported.

Conclusions:
With proper involvement and inclusion of the patient in the creation of an AAP, adult patients can greatly improve their self-management capabilities through its use.

Implications for practice:
By recognizing the importance and success of AAPs for adults, providers can improve their personal practice through increased AAP delivery. Understanding today's available platforms and formats for AAPs will allow providers a widened subject knowledge base and increased adaptation of patient AAP needs for the adult population. Increased provider knowledge can potentially increase AAP use for adults, as well as improve overall patient outcomes.
Secondary prophylaxis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis of liver: a double-blind randomized controlled trial of l-ornithine l-aspartate versus placebo
Authors: Varakanahalli Shivakumar , Sharma Barjesh C. , Srivastava Siddharth , Sachdeva Sanjeev , Dahale Amol S. 
Published: May 2018

Background and aimsHepatic encephalopathy (HE) is associated with a poor prognosis. There is no study on the prevention of recurrence of encephalopathy withl-ornithinel-aspartate (LOLA).Patients and methodsWe conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial at a tertiary center. Consecutive patients with cirrhosis who had recovered from HE were randomized to receive LOLA (6 g thrice daily) or similar amount of placebo by computer-based randomization for 6 months. Patients were assessed by psychometric HE scores using five paper–pencil tests, critical flicker frequency test, arterial ammonia, and sickness impact profile scores at inclusion. Primary end point was development of overt HE.ResultsOf 306 patients, 150 patients were enrolled. HE recurred in nine (12.3%) of 73 and in 20 (27.7%) of 72 patients receiving LOLA and placebo, respectively (P=0.02), with hazard ratio of 0.389 (95% confidence interval=0.174–0.870). Mortality was similar in both groups (6.8 vs. 13.8%,P=0.18). At 6 months follow-up, there was a significant change in the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (2.53±2.18 vs. −0.01±1.92,P<0.001), ammonia level (−23.58±14.8 vs. 1.41±13.34 μmol/l,P<0.001), CFF (5.85±4.82 vs. 0.58±4.53,P<0.001), and SIP scores (−7.89±5.52 vs. −0.95±4.25,P<0.001) in patients treated with LOLA compared with placebo. On multivariate analysis, only MELD score predicted the recurrence of overt HE, with odds ratio of 2.21 (95% confidence interval: 1.526–3.204,P<0.001).ConclusionLOLA is effective in the secondary prophylaxis of HE and is associated with significant improvements in psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score, ammonia level, critical flicker frequency scores, and health-related quality of life.
Hepatitis C virus treatment by direct-acting antivirals in successfully treated hepatocellular carcinoma and possible mutual impact
Authors: Hassany Mohamed , Elsharkawy Aisha , Maged Amr , Mehrez Mai , Asem Noha , Gomaa Ahmed , Mostafa Zeinab , Abbas Bahaa , Soliman Mohamad , Esmat Gamal 
Published: May 2018

Background and aims
Treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) after successfully treated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) becomes possible with the introduction of direct-acting antivirals because of their favorable efficacy, safety, and short period of treatment. Few data are available on the results of treatment using different direct-acting antiviral regimens in successfully treated HCC and a lot of debate about its role in tumor recurrence.

Methods
Sixty-two HCV-related HCC patients were enrolled in the study after successfully treated HCC; the studied population included either Child–Pugh ‘A’ or ‘B7’. The patients were subcategorized to receive one of the following regimens: group 1: sofosbuvir (SOF)+ribavirin (RBV) for 24 weeks, group 2: SOF+simeprevir for 12 weeks, group 3: SOF+daclatasvir for 24 weeks, and group 4: SOF+daclatasvir+RBV for 12 weeks. The overall median follow-up period is 12 months after treatment initiation.

Results
All treatment regimens were tolerable for all patients, with no reported major adverse events during treatment. The overall sustained virologic response rate was 64.5%, with the highest result in group 4 and the lowest result in group 1; 87.5 and 26.7%, respectively. HCC recurrence was observed in 42% of patients; 80.7% of these patients developed recurrence within 6 months of treatment initiation.

Conclusion
Treatment of HCV in successfully treated HCC is feasible, with the best results achieved using multiple direct-acting antivirals and RBV; a high rate of HCC recurrence was observed, especially within the first 6 months of treatment initiation (ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT02771405).
Targeted Ultrasound-Guided Perineural Hydrodissection of the Sciatic Nerve for the Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome
Authors: Burke Christopher J. , Walter William R. , Adler Ronald S. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Piriformis syndrome is a common cause of lumbar, gluteal, and thigh pain, frequently associated with sciatic nerve symptoms. Potential etiologies include muscle injury or chronic muscle stretching associated with gait disturbances. There is a common pathological end pathway involving hypertrophy, spasm, contracture, inflammation, and scarring of the piriformis muscle, leading to impingement of the sciatic nerve. Ultrasound-guided piriformis injections are frequently used in the treatment of these pain syndromes, with most of the published literature describing injection of the muscle. We describe a safe, effective ultrasound-guided injection technique for the treatment of piriformis syndrome using targeted sciatic perineural hydrodissection followed by therapeutic corticosteroid injection.
Improving cross-cultural “mind-reading” with electrical brain stimulation
Authors: Martin A. K. , Su P. , Meinzer M 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTBackground: A cross-cultural disadvantage exists when inferring the mental state of others, which may be detrimental for individuals acting in an increasingly globalized world. The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) is a key hub of the social brain involved in ToM. Therefore, we explored whether facilitation of dmPFC function by focal high-definition tDCS can improve cross-cultural mind-reading.Method: 52 (26 F/M) Singaporeans performed the Caucasian version of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and received HD-tDCS to either the dmPFC or a control site (right temporoparietal junction,rTPJ) in sham-controlled, double-blinded, crossover studies. Contact with Caucasians was determined for the Singaporean cohort as a potential mediator of RMET performance and HD-tDCS response. 52 Caucasians completed the RMET during sham-tDCS and served as a comparison group.Results: A cross-cultural disadvantage on the RMET was confirmed in the Singaporean cohort and this disadvantage was more pronounced in those participants who had less contact with Caucasians. Importantly, HD-tDCS to the dmPFC improved RMET performance in those with less contact. No effect was identified for rTPJ HD-tDCS or for the age/sex control task demonstrating task and site specificity of the stimulation effects.Conclusion: Electrical stimulation of the dmPFC selectively improves the rate of cross-cultural ToM inference from facial cues, effectively removing cross-cultural disadvantage that was found in individuals with lower cross-cultural exposure.