bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augustine on Evil
Authors: King Peter 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Augustine’s account of evil has influenced most later thinkers in the western tradition. He argues for three central theses: (a) evil is the lack of some positive feature that ought to be present, a “privation”; (b) moral evil comes about solely from the less-than-perfect free choices of rational beings; and (c) all suffering—which need not be the result of moral evil but perhaps of natural processes or events—is morally justified. As part of his defense of (b), Augustine states in full generality the problem of evil (namely, how can there be any genuine evil in a world presided over by an omnipotent and benevolent deity?), and articulates in reply the free will defense. The arguments Augustine offers in support of the free will defense, and in favor of (a)–(c), are set forth and their implications assessed. The upshot is a coherent account of evil that dominated the debates for many centuries to come.
Evils, Privations, and the Early Moderns
Authors: Newlands Samuel 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of evil in the works of early modern rationalists—especially Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Prior to the seventeenth century, there was a consensus among medieval Christians that evil was a privation of goodness. By the eighteenth century, privation theory had been mostly abandoned by leading theists. How and why did this conceptual shift occur? I first explore the nature and role of privation theory in medieval accounts of evil. I then turn to the early modern criticisms of this once dominant concept of evil and trace its abandonment. I conclude by wondering whether the early modern eclipse of privation theory has been wholly salutary for theists.
Satanically Great Instigators and Banal Compliers
Authors: Margalit Avishai 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This Reflection focuses on three of the great threats we confront in thinking about evil. First, we often forget to distinguish clearly between instigators of evil and compliers with evil. Second, we are too often tempted to think of the instigators as satanically great embodiments of pure evil—outside the moral domain. Second, we are also tempted to think that compliers are all banal and, in some sense, less guilty than the instigators.
An elastin-like recombinamer-based bioactive hydrogel embedded with mesenchymal stromal cells as an injectable scaffold for osteochondral repair
Authors: Cipriani Filippo , Ariño Palao Blanca , Gonzalez de Torre Israel , Vega Castrillo Aurelio , Aguado Hernández Héctor José , Alonso Rodrigo Matilde , Àlvarez Barcia Angel José , Sanchez Ana , García Diaz Verónica , Lopez Peña Monica , Rodriguez-Cabello José Carlos 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate injectable, in situ cross-linkable elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) for osteochondral repair. Both the ELR-based hydrogel alone and the ELR-based hydrogel embedded with rabbit mesenchymal stromal cells (rMSCs) were tested for the regeneration of critical subchondral defects in 10 New Zealand rabbits. Thus, cylindrical osteochondral defects were filled with an aqueous solution of ELRs and the animals sacrificed at 4 months for histological and gross evaluation of features of biomaterial performance, including integration, cellular infiltration, surrounding matrix quality and the new matrix in the defects. Although both approaches helped cartilage regeneration, the results suggest that the specific composition of the rMSC-containing hydrogel permitted adequate bone regeneration, whereas the ELR-based hydrogel alone led to an excellent regeneration of hyaline cartilage. In conclusion, the ELR cross-linker solution can be easily delivered and forms a stable well-integrated hydrogel that supports infiltration and de novo matrix synthesis.
Wealth preservation by using trusts or private foundations in a civil law environment
Authors: Schurr Francesco A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The article describes the use of trusts and private foundations as well as the cultural and legal differences between the two legal instruments. The problems and opportunities arising from any legislative measure that introduces the trust in a civil law jurisdiction will be addressed. The article will focus primarily on the Principality of Liechtenstein. While Liechtenstein is a typical civil law jurisdiction that has embedded partly the Austrian and partly the Swiss legal tradition, a unique trust regime was enacted as early as 1926. On the contrary, the Swiss legislature has never created its own legal instruments for private wealth structuring. Swiss practitioners have relied on foreign tools, such as the Liechtenstein foundation and the Liechtenstein trust. Currently an academic and political debate is underway in Switzerland regarding the introduction of genuinely Swiss vehicles for private wealth structuring. What lessons can be learned from the almost 100 years of Liechtenstein experience?
Age at natural menopause and physical functioning in postmenopausal women: the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Velez Maria P. , Alvarado Beatriz E. , Rosendaal Nicole , da Câmara Saionara M. , Belanger Emmanuelle , Richardson Harriet , Pirkle Catherine M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between categories of age at natural menopause (ANM) and gait speed (slowness) and grip strength (weakness), common measures of physical functioning in older women.

Methods:
We analyzed data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, which included participants from seven cities across Canada collected in 2012. The sample was restricted to women who reported to have entered menopause (N = 9,920). Women who had a hysterectomy before menopause were excluded since the age at which this surgical procedure was performed was not available. ANM was categorized into five groups: less than 40 (premature), 40 to 44 (early), 45 to 49, 50 to 54, and more than 54. We conducted linear regressions to assess the association between ANM and gait speed (m/s) and grip strength (kg) adjusting for participant age, education, body mass index, smoking, use of hormone therapy, height, and province of residence.

Results:
Mean ANM was 49.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 49.7-50.0), with 3.8% of women having a premature menopause; the average gait speed was 0.98 m/s (standard deviation: 0.22), the average grip strength was 26.6 kg (standard deviation: 6.39). Compared to women with ANM of 50 to 54, women with premature menopause had 0.054 m/s (95% CI −0.083, −0.026) lower gait speed when adjusting for age and study site. In the fully adjusted model, the association was attenuated, 0.032 m/s (95% CI −0.060, −0.004). ANM was not associated with grip strength.

Conclusion:
Our study suggests that premature menopause (<40 years) may be associated with lower gait speed (slowness) among Canadian women. No association was observed between ANM and grip strength. Future studies should include a life course approach to evaluate whether social and biological pathways modify the association between age at menopause and physical function in populations from different contexts.
Radon and Progeny Detection Using Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors
Authors: Boyle Nathan , Archambault Brian , Hemesath Mitch , Taleyarkhan Rusi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Radon and other alpha-emitting nuclides in air can be a significant risk for health hazards in the workplace and in dwellings. Radon gas in US homes causes over 21,000 deaths from lung cancer annually, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Alpha-emitting radionuclides from airborne contamination in the nuclear industry also constitute a known safety and security-safeguards related issue. Purdue University, along with Sagamore Adams Laboratories LLC, have developed the tensioned metastable fluid detector (TMFD) sensor technology for general-purpose alpha-neutron-fission. For radon detection, radon gas in air is sparged through the TMFD detection fluid, after which this radon-bearing fluid is placed into a tensioned metastable state. In this metastable state, an audible-visible cavitation (alpha radiation) detection event is created and electronically recorded. Tailoring the level of tension enables spectroscopic information through energy discrimination of radon and its progeny; This is also applicable to other alpha emitting isotopes (Pu, Cm, U…). TMFDs boast high intrinsic detection efficiencies (>95%) for alpha spectroscopy while remaining blind to background beta and gamma radiation even in ~103 R h−1 fields. The immunity to beta and gammas allows for reusability of the detection fluid through immunity to beta buildup from thoron and radon progeny. TMFD technology was used to measure the concentration of radon and radon progeny in air for concentrations from 74 Bq m−3 to 740 Bq m−3. The system measures radon concentration between these levels within 24 h with an intrinsic relative error (IRE) of ± 15% according to the standards set forth by the American Association of Radon Scientists and Technicians-National Radon Proficiency Program (AARST-NRPP) Device Evaluation Program (DEP). Precision evaluation defined using the relative standard deviation set by the AARST-NRPP measured a deviation of <5%, which exceeds the requirement of <25%. Temperature effects from 10°C and 27°C were assessed and corrected for dynamically. A radon decay correction method was introduced to correct for the radon activity decrease in the detection fluid over the counting period due to the ~3.8 d half-life. Blind testing was also successfully performed* with standards from the Bowser-Morner Radon Reference laboratory (2018); within 6 h, the TMFD-based technology accurately measured the concentration of radon to within 20% of the reference standards. Non-condensing relative humidity levels up to 95% per AARST-NRPP were assessed for and were found to have no impact on radon detection. This work improves upon the previous work by splitting the calibration curve into two distinct regions and adds additional information pertaining to the effects of relative humidity on the system.
Integrating Oral Health: Physician Assistant Education in 2017
Authors: Glicken Anita Duhl , Savageau Judith A. , Flick Tiffany A. , Lord Cynthia Booth , Harvan Robin A. , Silk Hugh 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This study describes the inclusion of oral health in physician assistant (PA) education programs in 2017. A 2014 study found that 78% of responding programs (n = 98 of 125) had integrated this content into their curriculum. The current study represents a partnership between the National Interprofessional Initiative on Oral Health, the Center for Integration of Primary Care and Oral Health, and the PA Leadership Initiative in Oral Health. The PA profession was one of 14 health professions surveyed to assess the quantity and quality of oral health integration, including barriers to and facilitators of change.

Methods
An electronic cover letter explaining the research purpose was emailed to all US PA education program directors along with a link to a web-based survey. Most questions were followed by predefined response options; some questions offered an opportunity to include narrative responses or comments.

Results
There was greater inclusion of oral health curriculum in 2017 than in 2014, for both the number of programs including oral health education and the breadth of their curriculum.

Conclusions
Efforts to equip PA faculty to integrate oral health core clinical competencies into their curriculum should continue, because existing strategies appear to be sustainable and effective in expanding oral health content across PA programs.
Serum interleukin-18
Authors: Dong Guangsu , Wang Fei , Xu Liang , Zhu Min , Zhang Bin , Wang Bin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the biological function of serum interleukin-18 (IL-18) on prognosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
From October 2016 to September 2017, 150 patients with ARDS in the ICU were enrolled according to the Berlin 2012 definition. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the expression level of IL-18 in serum isolated from the patients. Patients were divided into survival group (82 cases) and non-survival group (68 cases) and followed up for at least 2 months. The serum IL-18 expression level on the prognosis was calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).
The expression level of serum IL-18 was significantly higher in the non-survival group than that in the survival group (P < .05). Based on the ROC curve, the sensitivity and specificity of IL-18 as a predictor of prognosis at a cutoff of 509.5 pg/mL were 88% and 82%, respectively, and the area under the curve (RUC) was 0.84 (P < .05).
The expression level of serum IL-18 could be used to evaluate the possible outcomes of patients with ARDS.
Management of neuropathic pain induced by cubital tunnel syndrome using pulsed radiofrequency
Authors: Kwak Soyoung , Jeong Daeun , Choo Yoo Jin , Chang Min Cheol 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Recently, pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) has been applied to alleviate neuropathic pain caused by various peripheral nerve pathologies. This report describes and discusses the cases of 2 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who responded well to PRF for the management of neuropathic pain.

Patient concerns:
Patients 1 and 2 presented with numeric rating scale (NRS) scores of 4 and 3 for neuropathic pain due to right cubital tunnel syndrome, respectively.

Diagnoses:
Cubital tunnel syndrome was confirmed by nerve conduction study/electromyography.

Interventions:
PRF stimulation of the right ulnar nerve was performed at the medial epicondyle level under the guidance of ultrasound.

Outcomes:
At the 2-week and 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments after the PRF procedure, the pain of patient 1 was completely relieved. In patient 2, at the 2-week follow-up, the pain was completely relieved, and at the 1-, 2-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up assessments, the NRS score was 1. No adverse effects were observed in either patient.

Lessons:
PRF on the ulnar nerve seems to be a useful tool for treating neuropathic pain due to cubital tunnel syndrome.
Colonic mucinous adenocarcinoma causing intussusception and distant metastasis
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Kong Zhiyuan , Yi Ke , Wang Bing , Lei Qingjun , Wang Yi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Cases of intussusception caused by mucinous carcinoma have been rarely reported, and those caused by colonic mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) with distant metastasis were even fewer.

Patient concerns:
A 60-year-old woman who complained of severe pain around the navel with nausea and vomiting for a week was admitted on November 28, 2017. There were multiple watery stools and abdominal pain was worsened over the prior week.

Diagnosis:
She was diagnosed by abdominal computed tomography, current medical history, and abdominal signs. Her initial diagnosis was acute abdomen, intussusceptions, and intestinal obstruction. The final diagnosis was MAC, which was based on postoperative pathology.

Interventions:
The patient received emergency laparotomy, followed by 5 courses of chemotherapy with oxaliplatin plus capecitabine, and then 6 courses with 5-fluorouracil + oxaliplatin + calcium leucovorin.

Outcomes:
The patient was in good nutritional condition, and no obvious tumor recurrence or metastasis was found until July 9, 2018.

Lessons:
Even though the prognosis of colonic MAC is poor, being able to receive timely surgical treatment, good nutritional status and reasonable postoperative chemotherapy are the key factors to prolonging patient's survival.
Endometriosis on the surface of the uterus mimicking a malignant tumor
Authors: Pang Lihong , Shi Honghui , Wang Tao , Zhu Lan , Lang Jinghe , Fan Qingbo , Liu Haiyuan , Yu Xin , Cao Yang , Xiao Yu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
The purpose of this case report was to raise awareness regarding endometriosis on the surface of the uterus mimicking malignant tumor and thus manage it accurately.

Patient concerns:
A 40-year-old Asian woman with a 2-year history of lower abdomen pain was admitted to our department with elevated serum cancer antigen (CA) 125 level, weight loss, and pelvic mass from 20 days previously. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a high volume of effusion in the pelvic cavity, an irregular occupying lesion on the surface of the fundus of the uterus, and multiple nodules.

Diagnoses:
Postoperative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Interventions:
Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed large crunchy tissue and soft nodules on the surface of the posterior wall of the uterus and approximately 2000 mL of bloody ascites. The result of the frozen-section analysis of the tissue on the surface of the uterus indicated endometriosis. The surgical procedure was converted to laparotomy due to bleeding after biopsy.

Outcomes:
The patient's recovery was uneventful. Three months after the operation, the patient had a good general state without periodic pain, and the CA125 level returned to normal.

Lessons:
A large mass occurring in the pelvic cavity could be indicative of endometriosis, especially if accompanied by a history of period pain. Preoperative positron emission tomography may increase the accuracy of the diagnosis.
Evaluation of Y-site compatibility of home total parenteral nutrition and intravenous loop diuretics
Authors: Watrobska-Swietlikowska Dorota , Pietka Magdalena , Klek Stanislaw 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), the design of the parenteral nutrition (PN) regimen becomes more challenging where only individualized PN is appropriate, coupled with the increased risk of unintended interactions with diuretic therapy. In an effort to ensure safe therapy in the home, we assessed the physical stability of bespoke PN formulations intended for use in CKD in the simultaneous presence of Y-site compatibility of furosemide and torasemide. The patient's daily needs were determined based on both metabolic demands as well as the demand for fluids.
Complete admixtures were subjected to physical stability analysis consisting of visual inspection, a validated light microscope method, pH measurement, zeta potential measurement, and characterization of oily globule size distribution. Y-site compatibility of furosemide and torasemide with the formulated admixtures was also performed.
The total parenteral admixture was stable over 7 days at +4°C and 24 h at +25°C and compatible via the Y-line together with furosemide and torasemide over 12 h at +25°C.
The stability assessment guarantees the safety and efficiency of home PN with loop diuretics therapy in CKD patients. This means that these patients do not need long hospitalization and they can be safely treated at home. Furthermore, this study proved that torasemide is the same safety diuretic as furosemide, which has a great impact on clinical practice.
Prognostic value of long noncoding RNA ROR in patients with cancer in China
Authors: Li Shuai , Yue Xin-Can , Sun Chao-Yan , Qin Hai-Yan , Zhang Xiao-Yang 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
For cancer, it is common that there is usually a dysregulation of the long noncoding RNA regulator of reprogramming (LncRNA ROR). To illustrate the application of LncRNA ROR, which serves as the prognostic marker for the malignant tumors, it is of great importance to conduct a meta-analysis.

Methods:
There were 3 databases being applied. The data used were collected before January 5, 2018. These 3 databases include the OVID, PubMed, and Science databse. To further explore the association between the expression and survival of LncRNA ROR, it calculated the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and hazard ratios (HRs). Meanwhile, the odds ratios (ORs) have been calculated for the evaluation of the correlation between the pathological and expression parameters of LncRNA ROR.

Results:
There were 8 researches participated by 720 patients. According to the HR, it has been implied that there was a high LncRNA ROR expression related with the weak disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 3.48, 95% CI, 2.24–5.41) and overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.47, 95% CI, 1.76–3.47) among the cancer patients with none dramatic heterogeneity. There was also a correlation among lymph node metastasis (OR = 5.38, 95% CI, 2.21–13.12), high tumor stage (OR = 3.80, 95% CI, 1.95–7.41), and larger tumor size (OR = 4.43, 95% CI, 1.26–15.51).

Conclusions:
Thus, it can be predicted about the lymph node metastasis and high tumor stage, larger tumor size, DFS, and poor OS based on the high LncRNA ROR. This suggests that high LncRNA ROR can be used as a new indicator of poor prognosis in cancer.
A case report of a severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity due to an uncommon DPYD variant
Authors: De Falco Vincenzo , Natalicchio Maria Iole , Napolitano Stefania , Coppola Nicola , Conzo Giovanni , Martinelli Erika , Zanaletti Nicoletta , Vitale Pasquale , Giunta Emilio Francesco , Vietri Maria Teresa , Vitiello Pietro Paolo , Ciardiello Davide , Marinaccio Anna , De Vita Ferdinando , Ciardiello Fortunato , Troiani Teresa 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
Fluoropyrimidines such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and its orally active prodrug, capecitabine, are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer, including colorectal cancer. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) plays an important role in the 5-FU metabolism. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD) is a highly polymorphic gene with several hundreds of reported genetic variants and DPD activity levels vary considerably among individuals, with different 5-FU-related efficacy and toxicity. About 5% of the population is deficient in DPD enzyme activity. The most well studied DPYD variant is the IVS14+1G>A, also known as DPYD ∗2A. In this report, we present a case of a patient with a double heterozygote DPYD variant (DPYD activity score: 0,5 according to Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium) who experienced a severe fluoropyrimidine-related toxicity resolved without any consequence.

Patient concerns:
A 46-years-old Caucasian man with diagnosis of left colon adenocarcinoma underwent left hemicolectomy on July 2017: pT3 G3 N1c M0. According to the disease stage, he started an adjuvant therapy with XELOX using capecitabine at 50% of total dose, because of his DPYD IVS14+1G>A variant, detected before the treatment. DIAGNOSIS: After few days, despite of this dose reduction, he experienced life-threatening adverse events such as mucositis G3, diarrhea G3, neutropenia G4, thrombocytopenia G4, and hyperbilirubinemia G3 according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v 5.0.

Interventions:
As first, we set up an intensive rehydration therapy, antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis, Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factors, and supportive blood transfusions. Additional genetic tests revealed a double heterozygote variant of DPYD gene (DPYD IVS14+1G>A and 2846A>T) which is a very rare situation and only 3 cases are described in literature, all of them concluded with patient's death.

Outcomes:
After 3 weeks of intensive therapy, the patient was fully recovered. Furthermore, all the whole-body CT scans performed since discharge from the hospital until now, have confirmed no evidence of disease.

Conclusions:
Recent studies demonstrated that screening strategy for the most common DPYD variants allowed for avoiding toxicities and saving money. This report underlines the importance of genotyping DPYD before treatment and emphasizes the role of genotype-guided dose individualization.