bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Industrial Ecology to Graduate Students: Experiences at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Authors: Marstrander Rolf , Brattebø Helge , Røine Kjetil , Støren Sigurd 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWe reflect on our experiences in developing and teaching industrial ecology to interdisciplinary classes of M.Sc. and Ph.D. students. During a three‐year period different ways of teaching a course in industrial ecology were tested. We conclude that an industrial ecology course has positive effects on the students' ability to acquire a holistic understanding of life‐cycle environmental performance, a skill much in demand by industry. Such a course should be based on problem‐oriented learning. We recommend the use of thematically‐focused seminars with time for both lectures and workshops. We found that substantial participation by teachers from different disciplines and partners from industry and government is very effective. Such a course also facilitates a broader process of change within the university. Implementing industrial ecology in the university requires a joint effort and collaboration among various faculties and departments, where research activities, student projects, as well as regular student teaching and tutoring, must be complementary elements of a major interdisciplinary strategy. Such a strategy has been employed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) since the first initiatives in this area were taken in 1993, and this has led to our present more comprehensive Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol).
The Pakistan Federal Shariat Court, Section 4 of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, and the Orphaned Grandchild
Authors: Carroll Lucy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSection 4 of the Pakistan Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961, dramatically altered the law of succession applicable to Muslims by granting to the orphaned grandchild(ren) the share that their deceased parent would have taken had s/he survived the propositus. The principle of representation incorporated in the Pakistani solution contrasts with the compulsory bequest relied upon by several Middle Eastern countries to deal with the same problem, although arguably representation more closely reflects the experience and expectations of the people of Pakistan. Nearly two decades later, the Federal Shariat Court was established and endowed with jurisdiction to declare a law contrary to "the Injunctions of Islam" and thus void. Some laws, however, were specifically exempted from the Court's jurisdiction; falling within this category is "Muslim Personal Law." A 1981 decision of the appellate Court (the Shariat Bench of the Supreme Court) held that the provisions of the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance were included within the phrase "Muslim Personal Law," and were thus outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Shariat Court. This position was reversed by another decision of the appellate Court in 1993, and the provisions of the Ordinance were immediately challenged on the basis of their alleged divergence from the "Injunctions of Islam." This essay reviews the provisions of section 4 of the Ordinance and examines the decision of the Shariat Court as regards this particular provision.
KRSNA'S INITIATION AT SĀNDĪPANI'S HERMITAGE
Authors: Couture André 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the Harivamśa 79 [HV], the Visnu-Purāna 5.21 [ViP], the Brahma-Purāna 86 [BrP], and the Bhāgavata-Purāna 10.45 [BhP], immediately after the young Krsna kills Kamsa, Krsna's initiation at Sāndīpani's hermitage takes place. To date, this strange episode has not been studied in its own right. Occasionally mentioned in scholarly works, no attempt has been made to understand the importance or significance of this event within the Krsna tradition. This paper begins with a summary of HV 79, and then moves on to examine the character of Sāndīpani, his connection with Garga/Gārgya, the initiation process and the underlying father/son relationships, as well as variations on these themes. The episode provides a narrative link between Samkarsana and Krsna's childhood and the rest of the story which deals with their adult life as ksatriyas, and as such, helps to clarify the overall structure of the HV. Emphasizing Sāndīpani's role as a guru, this paper uncovers, little by little, his connections with (1) the whole trimūrti comprised of Brahmā, Visnu and Śiva-Rudra, (2) the sacrificial logic which involves one who sacrifices, a deity and an officiant, and (3) the variations on the theme of filiation implied in the narration.
PSALM LX UND PSALM CVIII
Authors: Knauf Ernst Axel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis historical allusions in Ps lx are sufficiently specific to date this psalm to the years 599 or 598 B.C.E.; the psalm may thus be understood as the work of a single author. The repetition of Ps lx 7-12 in Ps cviii 7-14, with due regard for the whole composition of Pss cviii-cx, leads further proof to the dating of Ps cx (and cviii) to the reign of John Hyrcan. Within the (proto-) canonical psalter, Ps lx and cviii read related to each other as promise (Ps lx) and fulfillment (Ps cviii).
Spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus (Squamata, Tropiduridae) in the Cerrado of central Brazil
Authors: Colli Guarino , Vieira Gustavo H.C. , Báo Sônia , Wiederhecker Helga 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe studied the spermiogenesis and testicular cycle of the lizard Tropidurus torquatus, using light and electron microscopy. Males bearing spermatozoa were present practically year-round and spermatogenic activity showed a regenerative phase from late dry season to the end of the rainy season (July to March), with low frequency of initial stages of the spermatogenic cycle, and a brief degenerative phase from April to June, lacking the total regression of seminiferous tubules. These characteristics resemble those from species with continuous reproductive cycles, contrasting with the strongly seasonal reproductive cycle of females. Spermiogenesis includes nuclear elongation, chromatin condensation, acrosomal and flagellar development, and elimination of excessive cytoplasm. We describe some new aspects in the spermiogenesis of T. torquatus, including the interaction between spermatid and Sertoli cell, acrosomal granule, subacrosomal granule, and the fibrous sheath formation. The testicular cycle of T. torquatus is very similar to that of other lizards that inhabit seasonal environments, and its spermiogenesis and ultrastructure of mature sperm display a number of conservative features.
CHANGES IN PREY SIZE PREFERENCES DURING SUCCESSIVE STAGES OF FORAGING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WATER SHREW NEOMYS ANOMALUS
Authors: Rychlik Leszek 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrey size preferences in successive stages of foraging of Mediterranean water shrews Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 were investigated in a terrarium. Seven shrews were tested individually in five experimental variants (simulating different habitat conditions) totally for 504 hours. Water shrews displayed partial preferences for prey size but they were selective from the very beginning of the foraging period. When searching for food, N. anomalus preferred big food portions, abandoning significantly more small than big portions. This tendency was especially strong when few food portions were available on land and there were no natural structures in the terrarium. Selection of big portions was intensified probably by their easier detection. Shrews hoarded proportionally more big than small portions in the scattered hiding-places. This tendency was intensified by the presence of natural structures, dispersion of food and reduction of food quantity placed on land. Later, however, more small than big food portions were eaten, apparently because small portions were easier to manipulate. Scattered food hoarding and preference of large prey are proposed to be the strategy of N. anomalus to maximise the energy net gain and minimise the predation risk and competition for food.
Clay mineral authigenesis along a mid-continental scale fluid conduit in Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks from southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Ziegler K. , Longstaffe F. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRocks above and below the Precambrian-Palaeozoic unconformity at the base of many Palaeozoic sedimentary basins of mid-continental North America are distinguished by secondary K-feldspar, chlorite and illite. Thrusting of the Appalachian foreland is generally considered responsible for the fluid migrations which caused this alteration. We have examined secondary chlorite and illite from Cambro-Ordovician rocks which overlie the unconformity in southern Ontario, Canada. This area is situated along the interface between the Michigan and Appalachian basins. Water involved in chloritic alteration at ~150°C has an O isotope composition compatible with a basinal brine evolved from seawater. Brine migration was probably triggered by the Taconic Orogeny to the east. In comparison, the secondary illite (365–321 Ma) largely postdates the Acadian Orogeny, and the illite-forming fluids have stable isotopic compositions typical of tepid (~40–55°C) meteoric water. We suggest that basement arches beneath southern Ontario were reactivated by this orogeny, which facilitated introduction of meteoric water. Similar alteration in underlying Precambrian rocks shows that fluid flow was focused along the unconformity during the regional Ordovician brine migration, as well as during the localized Mississippian introduction of fresh water.
Influence of exchange cation and layer charge on the isomerization of α-pinene over SWy-2, SAz-1 and Sap-Ca
Authors: Breen C. , Moronta A. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSWy-2 (Wyoming), Sap-Ca saponite (California) and SAz-1 (Cheto, Arizona) were exchanged with different cations (Al, Ni, Mg, Ca and Na). The catalytic activity of these ionexchanged clays was measured directly using the isomerization of α-pinene at 80°C for 2 h to yield camphene, limonene and other minor products. The order of activity for the different cationexchanged forms was Al > Ni > Mg > Ca > Na, which correlated well with the known polarizing power of these cations and the resulting interlayer acidity. Catalysts derived from Sap-Ca were the most active followed by SWy-2, with SAz-1 the least active by a considerable margin. The greater activity of Sap-Ca over SWy-2 was attributed to the high tetrahedral charge in the former. Reduction of the layer charge of SAz-1 using Li fixation caused a significant improvement in the catalytic activity of the Al-exchanged reduced-charge SAz-1.
A far infrared study of K+ ions during K+ ⇋ Ca2+ exchange in vermiculite
Authors: Badreddine R. , Le Dred R. , Prost R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractK+ ⇋ Ca2+ exchange was performed on a mixed-layer (phlogopite-vermiculite) sample from Palabora, Republic of South Africa. Exchange isotherms, X-ray diffraction patterns and far infrared (FIR) spectra of the mineral were obtained. Different mineralogical phases were identified during the exchange process: K-vermiculite, Ca-vermiculite and a regular mixed-layer (VK–VCa) phase. Two types of exchange sites for K+ were identified by FIR during the exchange process. The first type, dominant in the K-vermiculite, gives an absorption band at 76 cm–1. The other, which was the most pronounced site in the mixed-layer phase, gives an absorption band at 72 cm–1. The mixed-layer phase was formed only when oxidation of Fe2+ resulted in the internal compensation of part of the negative charge of vermiculite. This study shows that the high selectivity displayed by vermiculite for K+ is enhanced by the formation of the mixed-layer phase.
Reduction of nitrate to ammonium by sulphate green rust: activation energy and reaction mechanism
Authors: Hansen H. C. B. , Bender Koch C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIron(II)-containing minerals are potential inorganic nitrate reductants in soils and sediments. Specifically, synthetic green rust (Fe4IIFeIII2(OH)12SO4.yH2O, GR) reduces nitrate to ammonium. The reaction of GR with two different nitrate salts, NaNO3and Ba(NO3)2, has been compared. The reaction stoichiometry and the reaction order with respect to Fe(II) in GR does not change in the examined temperature range (15-50°C) irrespective of the nitrate salt used. Activation energies of 83.9±7.6 kJ mol-1and 90.5±6.9 kJ mol-1have been determined for the reaction of GR with NaNO3and Ba(NO3)2, respectively. However, for the latter reaction the rate of reaction is increased 40 times. Based on X-ray and M6ssbauer investigations, this acceleration of the reaction rates is attributed to the forced exchange of sulphate with nitrate in GR interlayers caused by precipitation of BaSO4outside the GR particles, a reaction which does not occur in the presence of NaNO3. This difference in anion exchange behaviour is confirmed by anion exchange experiments with the redox-inactive GR-analogue, pyroaurite. A reaction model initiated by nitrate electrostatically bound at positively charged sites of GR is proposed.
Ga/Al substitutions in synthetic kaolinites and smectites
Authors: Martin F. , Petit S. , Decarreau A. , Ildefonse Ph. , Grauby O. , Beziat D. , de Parseval Ph. , Noack Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Ga for A1 substitution in kaolinites and smectites was studied using clay synthesis from initial gels having an (Al + Ga)/Si ratio of kaolinites andMGa = Ga/(Ga + A1) ratio ranging from 0 to 1. Only kaolinite was obtained for MGa in the range 0-0.10. For higher MGa, synthesized clays were both kaolinite and beidellite, or pure beidellites. The evolution of b cell parameters, and the appearance of avAI-OH-Ga absorption band at 3600 cm-1in FFIR spectra, proves the progressive substitution of AI by Ga in kaolinite. The low substitution of AI by Ga in kaolinite can be correlated with the large difference in ionic radii between Al3+and Ga3+which causes a large increase in cell dimensions. By contrast, the incorporation of Ga in smectites is easy and can be complete.
Mineralogy and chemistry of ochre sediments from an acid mine drainage near a disused mine in Cornwall, UK
Authors: Singh Balwant , Wilson M. J. , McHardy W. J. , Fraser A. R. , Merrington G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOchre sediments from acid mine drainage in Cornwall have been investigated using X-ray diffraction, thermal methods, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and chemical methods in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. Fresh sediments consist of ferrihydrite and goethite. Large fractions of these minerals are dissolved by the ammonium oxalate treatment reflecting their poorly crystalline structure. Fresh sediments contain large amounts of surface-adsorbed SO4 (up to 9.3%) which is readily desorbed by the PO4 treatment. Goethite is the only mineral present in relatively older sediments and the mineral is well crystallized with rod-shaped morphology. Environmental conditions, such as pH and SO4 content, are not favourable for the presence of schwertmannite at the site. Iron minerals appear to be precipitating around filamentous algae and the shape of algae is preserved in the Fe oxide matrix. The ubiquitous presence of algae in close association with Fe minerals indicate their possible role in the crystallization of Fe oxides.
An infrared reflectance study of Si–O vibrations in thermally treated alkali-saturated montmorillonites
Authors: Karakassides M. A. , Gournis D. , Petridis D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInfrared reflectance spectra of Li-, Na-, K-, Rb- and Cs-saturated samples of montmorillonite Zenith-N (Milos, Greece) have been measured in the 400–1300 cm-1 region in an attempt to elucidate the behaviour and migration properties of alkali cations after heating the montmorillonites at 300°C for 24 h. Deconvolution of the complex Si–O stretching band reveals that the component band that arises from the asymmetric stretching vibrations of the silicon-apical oxygen units exhibits the biggest change upon heating the montmorillonites. The normalized absorption area of this band has been correlated with the decrease in the layer charge due to the cation migration. Analysis of the IR data for each alkali-saturated montmorillonite has shown that only Li+ migrates near, or to, vacant octahedral sites.
Amorphous silica from the Rigid Unit Mode approach
Authors: Dove M. T. , Hammonds K. D. , Harris M. J. , Heine V. , Keen D. A. , Pryde A. K. A. , Trachenko K. , Warren M. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe apply the Rigid Unit Mode model, which was initially developed for crystalline silicates, to the study of the flexibility of silica glass. Using a density-of-states approach we show that silica glass has the same flexibility against infinitesimal displacements of crystalline phases. Molecular dynamics simulations also show that parts of the silica structure are able to undergo large spontaneous changes through reorientations of the SiO4 tetrahedra with no energy cost.
The crystal structure of brunogeierite, Fe2GeO4 spinel
Authors: Welch M. D. , Cooper M. A. , Hawthorne F. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBrunogeierite, Fe2GeO4, a = 8.4127(7) Å, V = 595.4(1) Å3, is a rare germanate spinel from Tsumeb, Namibia. Its structure has been refined to an R index of 2.2%. The oxygen parameter, u, is 0.2466(1), indicating nearly ideal cubic close-packing of oxygen atoms. There is exact agreement between the observed a unit-cell dimension and that calculated from the observed Ge–O and Fe–O bond lengths. The cations Ge and Fe are fully ordered at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites, respectively, in keeping with synthetic germanate spinels, all of which are fully-ordered normal spinels.
Crustal anatexis and its relation to the exhumation of collisional orogenic belts, with particular reference to the Himalaya
Authors: Whittington A. G. , Treloar P. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe review the causes, mechanisms and consequences of crustal anatexis during the exhumation of metamorphic terranes, from a petrological perspective. During both prograde and retrograde metamorphism, limited influx of free hydrous fluids may result in small volumes of very hydrous melts, which cannot ascend far (if at all) before reaching their solidus. If thermal conditions for dehydration melting are attained in fertile micaceous crustal layers, much larger volumes of water-undersaturated granitic magmas may result, especially where limited external fluid influx raises water activities above those that may be buffered by dehydrating hydrous phases. Magmas have specific trace element characteristics depending on the reaction which formed them which, combined with accessory phase thermometry, may enable the (P-T) conditions of melting to be ascertained. Small volume-fraction magmas will typically remain as in situ migmatites unless their extraction is assisted by deformation. In turn, deformation will be focused in weaker partially molten zones, so that water-undersaturated magmas may often be mobilized. Once segregated, their ascent is limited by the rate of dyke propagation, and they may reach shallow levels (<2 kbar) before crystallizing. The complex interplay between deformation and melting is exemplified by the Miocene evolution of the central Himalaya, where thrust and normal faulting, melting and exhumation were all simultaneously active processes which were linked by feedback relations. In the Nanga Parbat Massif of the western Himalaya, rapid post-Miocene denudation and vigorous fluid flux enabled rocks to experience more than one episode of melting simultaneously, at different levels of the same exhuming crustal section.
Optical properties and crystal structure of triclinic growth sectors in vesuvianite
Authors: Tanaka T. , Akizuki M. , Kudoh Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSectored vesuvianite showing optically triclinic properties was studied by X-ray and P-FTIR analyses, and the origins of the internal optical texture are discussed. A monoclinic refinement (space groupP2/n) suggests that site occupancies are slightly different among the Al(2) series, though the OH–dipole is randomly oriented in all sectors. A relationship between the surface and internal texture suggests that these sectoral structures were produced during crystal growth, not by phase transitions.
Palladseite and its oxidation: evidence from Au-Pd vein-type mineralization (jacutinga), Cauê iron-ore mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Cabral A. R. , Lehmann B. , Kwitko R. , Galbiatti H. F. , Pereira M. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPalladseite (palladium selenide) and palladian gold occur as euhedral inclusions in specularite and as infill of microfractures and interstices in magnetite aggregates (host rock fragments) within specularite-rich auriferous veins (jacutinga). Palladseite has minor amounts of Pt (0.6–3.5 wt.%), Cu (2.9–3.5 wt.%), Hg (0.9–1.9 wt.%), and Ag (0.3–0.5 wt.%). The palladian gold contains up to 6 wt.% Pd, and minor Cu and Ag. Isomertieite (Pd11Sb2As2) and sudovikovite (PtSe2) are also recorded. The veins cross-cut the main tectonic foliation of the wallrock (itabirite). The feature of fracture infill and the Se-Sb-As-Hg-Cu-Ag geochemical/mineralogical signature of the Au-Pd mineralization point to a post-ductile deformation and possibly low-temperature (epithermal) origin of the jacutinga mineralization style.Palladseite is replaced locally by a Pd-rich oxidation phase. Electron microprobe analysis of alteration halos around palladseite yields 76–80 wt.% Pd. Oxygen calculated by stoichiometry accords with a monoxide compound of the type PdO. However, the measured oxygen content is lower than expected for the PdO stoichiometry, suggesting loss of volatile species, and a more ‘hydrated’ compound, such as an oxyhydroxide.
A computer simulation study of point defects in diopside and the self-diffusion of Mg and Ca by a vacancy mechanism
Authors: Azough Feridoon , Freer Robert , Wright Kate , Jackson Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractComputer simulation techniques have been used to investigate defect formation and the diffusion of Ca and Mg in diopside. It was found that isolated, non-interacting CaO and MgO Schottky defects had the lowest formation energies (3.66 and 3.97 eV respectively); oxygen Frenkel defects are the most favourable oxygen defects (formation energies 3.93 eV). Magnesium and calcium self-diffusion in the c-direction of diopside is easiest by a vacancy mechanism involving either direct jumps along the c-direction, or double jumps in the b-c plane. In the extrinsic regime, diffusion activation energies for Mg are predicted to be 9.82 eV (direct route) and 1.97 eV (double jump route); for Ca diffusion, activation energies are predicted to be 6.62 eV (direct route) and 5.63 eV (double jump route). If additional vacancies (oxygen or magnesium) are present in the vicinity of the diffusion path, Ca migration energies fall to 1.97–2.59 eV. At elevated temperatures in the intrinsic regime, diffusion activation energies of ⩾ 5.95 eV are predicted for Mg self-diffusion and 9.29–10.28 eV for Ca self-diffusion. The values for Ca diffusion are comparable with published experimental data. It is inferred that a divacancy mechanism may operate in diopside crystals.