bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crustal‐Scale Fault Interaction at Rifted Margins and the Formation of Domain‐Bounding Breakaway Complexes: Insights From Offshore Norway
Authors: Osmundsen P. T. , Péron‐Pinvidic G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe large‐magnitude faults that control crustal thinning and excision at rifted margins combine into laterally persistent structural boundaries that separate margin domains of contrasting morphology and structure. We term them breakaway complexes. At the Mid‐Norwegian margin, we identify five principal breakaway complexes that separate the proximal, necking, distal, and outer margin domains. Downdip and lateral interactions between the faults that constitute breakaway complexes became fundamental to the evolution of the 3‐D margin architecture. Different types of fault interaction are observed along and between these faults, but simple models for fault growth will not fully describe their evolution. These structures operate on the crustal scale, cut large thicknesses of heterogeneously layered lithosphere, and facilitate fundamental margin processes such as deformation coupling and exhumation. Variations in large‐magnitude fault geometry, erosional footwall incision, and subsequent differential subsidence along the main breakaway complexes likely record the variable efficiency of these processes.
Self‐Assembled Quasi‐3D Nanocomposite: A Novel p‐Type Hole Transport Layer for High Performance Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Cheng Jiaqi , Zhang Hong , Zhao Yong , Mao Jian , Li Can , Zhang Shaoqing , Wong Kam Sing , Hou Jianhui , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHole transport layer (HTL) plays a critical role for achieving high performance solution‐processed optoelectronics including organic electronics. For organic solar cells (OSCs), the inverted structure has been widely adopted to achieve prolonged stability. However, there are limited studies of p‐type effective HTL on top of the organic active layer (hereafter named as top HTL) for inverted OSCs. Currently, p‐type top HTLs are mainly 2D materials, which have an intrinsic vertical conduction limitation and are too thin to function as practical HTL for large area optoelectronic applications. In the present study, a novel self‐assembled quasi‐3D nanocomposite is demonstrated as a p‐type top HTL. Remarkably, the novel HTL achieves ≈15 times enhanced conductivity and ≈16 times extended thickness compared to the 2D counterpart. By applying this novel HTL in inverted OSCs covering fullerene and non‐fullerene systems, device performance is significantly improved. The champion power conversion efficiency reaches 12.13%, which is the highest reported performance of solution processed HTL based inverted OSCs. Furthermore, the stability of OSCs is dramatically enhanced compared with conventional devices. The work contributes to not only evolving the highly stable and large scale OSCs for practical applications but also diversifying the strategies to improve device performance.
Injectable, Tough Alginate Cryogels as Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Shih Ting‐Yu , Blacklow Serena O. , Li Aileen W. , Freedman Benjamin R. , Bencherif Sidi , Koshy Sandeep T. , Darnell Max C. , Mooney David J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA covalently crosslinked methacrylated (MA)‐alginate cryogel vaccine has been previously shown to generate a potent response against murine melanoma, but is not mechanically robust and requires a large 16G needle for delivery. Here, covalent and ionic crosslinking of cryogels are combined with the hypothesis that this will result in a tough MA‐alginate cryogel with improved injectability. All tough cryogels can be injected through a smaller, 18G needle without sustaining any damage, while covalently crosslinked‐only cryogels break after injection. Cytosine‐phosphodiester‐guanine (CpG)‐delivering tough cryogels effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs). Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor releasing tough cryogels recruit four times more DCs than blank gels by day 7 in vivo. The tough cryogel vaccine induces strong antigen‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte and humoral responses. These vaccines prevent tumor formation in 80% of mice inoculated with HER2/neu‐overexpressing DD breast cancer cells. The MA‐alginate tough cryogels provide a promising minimally invasive delivery platform for cancer vaccinations.
Flourishing Bioinspired Antifogging Materials with Superwettability: Progresses and Challenges
Authors: Han Zhiwu , Feng Xiaoming , Guo Zhiguang , Niu Shichao , Ren Luquan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAntifogging (AF) structure materials found in nature have great potential for enabling novel and emerging products and technologies to facilitate the daily life of human societies, attracting enormous research interests owing to their potential applications in display devices, traffics, agricultural greenhouse, food packaging, solar products, and other fields. The outstanding performance of biological AF surfaces encourages the rapid development and wide application of new AF materials. In fact, AF properties are inextricably associated with their surface superwettability. Generally, the superwettability of AF materials depends on a combination of their surface geometrical structures and surface chemical compositions. To explore their general design principles, recent progresses in the investigation of bioinspired AF materials are summarized herein. Recent developments of the mechanism, fabrication, and applications of bioinspired AF materials with superwettability are also a focus. This includes information on constructing superwetting AF materials based on designing the topographical structure and regulating the surface chemical composition. Finally, the remaining challenges and promising breakthroughs in this field are also briefly discussed.
Small‐Scale Machines Driven by External Power Sources
Authors: Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Jang Bumjin , Ahmed Daniel , Hu Chengzhi , De Marco Carmela , Hoop Marcus , Mushtaq Fajer , Nelson Bradley J. , Pané Salvador 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMicro‐ and nanorobots have shown great potential for applications in various fields, including minimally invasive surgery, targeted therapy, cell manipulation, environmental monitoring, and water remediation. Recent progress in the design, fabrication, and operation of these miniaturized devices has greatly enhanced their versatility. In this report, the most recent progress on the manipulation of small‐scale robots based on power sources, such as magnetic fields, light, acoustic waves, electric fields, thermal energy, or combinations of these, is surveyed. The design and propulsion mechanism of micro‐ and nanorobots are the focus of this article. Their fabrication and applications are also briefly discussed.
Plasma‐Assisted Synthesis and Surface Modification of Electrode Materials for Renewable Energy
Authors: Dou Shuo , Tao Li , Wang Ruilun , El Hankari Samir , Chen Ru , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRenewable energy technology has been considered as a “MUST” option to lower the use of fossil fuels for industry and daily life. Designing critical and sophisticated materials is of great importance in order to realize high‐performance energy technology. Typically, efficient synthesis and soft surface modification of nanomaterials are important for energy technology. Therefore, there are increasing demands on the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts or electrode materials, which are the key for scalable and practical electrochemical energy devices. Nevertheless, the development of versatile and cheap strategies is one of the main challenges to achieve the aforementioned goals. Accordingly, plasma technology has recently appeared as an extremely promising alternative for the synthesis and surface modification of nanomaterials for electrochemical devices. Here, the recent progress on the development of nonthermal plasma technology is highlighted for the synthesis and surface modification of advanced electrode materials for renewable energy technology including electrocatalysts for fuel cells, water splitting, metal–air batteries, and electrode materials for batteries and supercapacitors, etc.
Biodegradable Spheres Protect Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Alleviating the Glutamate‐Induced Excitotoxicity
Authors: Liu Dongfei , Chen Jian , Jiang Tao , Li Wei , Huang Yao , Lu Xiyi , Liu Zehua , Zhang Weixia , Zhou Zheng , Ding Qirui , Santos Hélder A. , Yin Guoyong , Fan Jin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNew treatment strategies for spinal cord injury with good therapeutic efficacy are actively pursued. Here, acetalated dextran (AcDX), a biodegradable polymer obtained by modifying vicinal diols of dextran, is demonstrated to protect the traumatically injured spinal cord. To facilitate its administration, AcDX is formulated into microspheres (≈7.2 µm in diameter) by the droplet microfluidic technique. Intrathecally injected AcDX microspheres effectively reduce the traumatic lesion volume and inflammatory response in the injured spinal cord, protect the spinal cord neurons from apoptosis, and ultimately, recover the locomotor function of injured rats. The neuroprotective feature of AcDX microspheres is achieved by sequestering glutamate and calcium ions in cerebrospinal fluid. The scavenging of glutamate and calcium ion reduces the influx of calcium ions into neurons and inhibits the formation of reactive oxygen species. Consequently, AcDX microspheres attenuate the expression of proapoptotic proteins, Calpain, and Bax, and enhance the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl‐2. Overall, AcDX microspheres protect traumatically injured spinal cord by alleviating the glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity. This study opens an exciting perspective toward the application of neuroprotective AcDX for the treatment of severe neurological diseases.
A Thermally Insulating Textile Inspired by Polar Bear Hair
Authors: Cui Ying , Gong Huaxin , Wang Yujie , Li Dewen , Bai Hao 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnimals living in the extremely cold environment, such as polar bears, have shown amazing capability to keep warm, benefiting from their hollow hairs. Mimicking such a strategy in synthetic fibers would stimulate smart textiles for efficient personal thermal management, which plays an important role in preventing heat loss and improving efficiency in house warming energy consumption. Here, a “freeze‐spinning” technique is used to realize continuous and large‐scale fabrication of fibers with aligned porous structure, mimicking polar bear hairs, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. A textile woven with such biomimetic fibers shows an excellent thermal insulation property as well as good breathability and wearability. In addition to passively insulating heat loss, the textile can also function as a wearable heater, when doped with electroheating materials such as carbon nanotubes, to induce fast thermal response and uniform electroheating while maintaining its soft and porous nature for comfortable wearing.
Synthesis of Sub‐2 nm Iron‐Doped NiSe2 Nanowires and Their Surface‐Confined Oxidation for Oxygen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Gu Chao , Hu Shaojin , Zheng Xusheng , Gao Min‐Rui , Zheng Ya‐Rong , Shi Lei , Gao Qiang , Zheng Xiao , Chu Wangsheng , Yao Hong‐Bin , Zhu Junfa , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUltrathin nanostructures are attractive for diverse applications owing to their unique properties compared to their bulk materials. Transition‐metal chalcogenides are promising electrocatalysts, yet it remains difficult to make ultrathin structures (sub‐2 nm), and the realization of their chemical doping is even more challenging. Herein we describe a soft‐template mediated colloidal synthesis of Fe‐doped NiSe2 ultrathin nanowires (UNWs) with diameter down to 1.7 nm. The synergistic interplay between oleylamine and 1‐dodecanethiol is crucial to yield these UNWs. The in situ formed amorphous hydroxide layers that is confined to the surface of the ultrathin scaffolds enable efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysis. The UNWs exhibit a very low overpotential of 268 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 0.1 m KOH, as well as remarkable long‐term stability, representing one of the most efficient noble‐metal‐free catalysts.
Recent advances in core/shell bicomponent fibers and nanofibers: A review
Authors: Naeimirad Mohammadreza , Zadhoush Ali , Kotek Richard , Esmaeely Neisiany Rasoul , Nouri Khorasani Saied , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThere has been a steady progress in developing synthetic fibers in the past few years. Bicomponent fibers and nanofibers in a core/shell (C/S) configuration, including two dissimilar materials have presented unusual potential for use in many novel applications. These fibers can be produced using a variety of materials via different techniques i.e., coaxial melt spinning and electrospinning. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in C/S fibers and nanofibers’ production. The first part has been assigned to the bicomponent fibers manufacturing technology, while production and applications of C/S nanofibers have been described in the second part. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46265.
High damping epoxized natural rubber/diallyl adiallyl phthalate prepolymer (ENR/DAP‐A) blends engineered by interphase crosslinking
Authors: Lu Xun , Yang Yilin , Cheng Bo , Li Tao 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTWhile a great diversity of rubber/plastic damping blends have been reported, the damping trough resulted from phase incompatibility, which usually exists between the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of each component, remains an unsolved problem by separating the effective temperature range of damping blends. Herein, we reported a new and facile way of preparing rubber/plastic binary blends with high damping property by eliminating the inherent damping trough. Specifically, we envisaged that peroxides can trigger free radical reactions both within and between epoxidized natural rubber/diallyl phthalate prepolymer moieties, which serve as the co‐vulcanizer to generate interphase reactions thus enhancing phase compatibility. Accordingly, apart from the resulting high damping epoxidized natural rubber40/diallyl phthalate prepolymer binary blends with an effective (tan δmin > 0.35) temperature range of 178 °C from −33 to 145 °C, the proposal has also been demonstrated via the support of broadband dielectric spectrometer testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46300.
Experimental Assessment and Modeling of the Solubility of Malonic Acid in Different Solvents
Authors: Yu Xiaoxi , Wu Yining , Wang Jingkang , Ulrich Joachim 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMalonic acid is widely applied in the pharmaceutical industry as a drug intermediate and for acidity control in drug production. Its solubility in five pure solvents and one binary solvent mixture was measured. The results reveal that, in the solvents studied, the solubility increases with increasing temperature. Different thermodynamic models were applied to correlate the solubility data in the pure and binary solvents and were found to match well with the experimental data. Computational investigations performed using molecular dynamics simulations showed that, in the pure alcohol solvents, both the solute‐solvent interaction and the solvent‐solvent interaction affect the solubility behavior, while in the case of the pure solvents acetone and acetonitrile, the solute‐solvent interaction is the key factor.
Organocatalytic C−F Bond Activation with Alanes
Authors: Jaeger Alma D. , Ehm Christian , Lentz Dieter 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHydrodefluorination reactions (HDF) of per‐ and polyfluorinated olefins and arenes by cheap aluminum alkyl hydrides in non‐coordinating solvents can be catalyzed by O and N donors. TONs with respect to the organocatalysts of up to 87 have been observed. Depending on substrate and concentration, high selectivities can be achieved. For the prototypical hexafluoropropene, however, low selectivities are observed (E/Z≈2). DFT studies show that the preferred HDF mechanism for this substrate in the presence of donor solvents proceeds from the dimer Me4Al2(μ‐H)2⋅THF by nucleophilic vinylic substitution (SNV)‐like transition states with low selectivity and without formation of an intermediate, not via hydrometallation or σ‐bond metathesis. In the absence of donor solvents, hydrometallation is preferred but this is associated with inaccessibly high activation barriers at low temperatures. Donor solvents activate the aluminum hydride bond, lower the barrier for HDF significantly, and switch the product preference from Z to E. The exact nature of the donor has only a minimal influence on the selectivity at low concentrations, as the donor is located far away from the active center in the transition states. The mechanism changes at higher donor concentrations and proceeds from Me2AlH⋅THF via SNV and formation of a stable intermediate, from which elimination is unselective, which results in a loss of selectivity.
One‐Pot Generation of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanols and Cyclohexanones by Double Interrupted Nazarov Reactions
Authors: Gelozia Shorena , Kwon Yonghoon , McDonald Robert , West F. G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOrganoaluminum‐mediated double interrupted Nazarov cyclization to access bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanols via nucleophilic methyl attack followed by Simmons–Smith‐type electrophilic cyclopropanation is reported. These alcohols can undergo ring opening to afford cyclohexanones or cyclohexenones, broadening the range of scaffolds available via interrupted Nazarov reaction beyond the usual cyclopentanoid products. Throughout the sequence, a total of four new C−C bonds are formed, along with four new stereogenic centers.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bazedoxifene in Hepatically Impaired and Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Authors: McKeand William , Baird‐Bellaire Susan , Ermer James , Patat Alain 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBazedoxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator with proestrogenic effects on bone and lipid metabolism and antiestrogenic effects on the breast and endometrium, is a treatment option for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is extensively metabolized by the liver; therefore, a decrease in liver function was expected to decrease bazedoxifene clearance. This single‐dose, open‐label, inpatient/outpatient, nonrandomized study assessed the pharmacokinetics of bazedoxifene 20 mg in 18 postmenopausal women with hepatic impairment and 18 matched healthy postmenopausal women. Bazedoxifene elimination was slower, and exposure was higher, in hepatically impaired subjects compared with healthy subjects. In subjects with severe (Child‐Pugh C) liver impairment, bazedoxifene mean half‐life was 50% longer than that of healthy subjects. Area under the concentration‐time curve geometric mean ratios (90%CI) for Child‐Pugh A, B, and C liver impairment vs healthy subjects were 243% (156‐379), 209% (135‐326), and 368% (236‐572), respectively. Although there were no severe adverse events in this study, bazedoxifene use in patients with hepatic impairment is not recommended.
Detection of Adrenaline in Blood Plasma as Biomarker for Adrenal Venous Sampling
Authors: Molinnus Denise , Hardt Gabriel , Siegert Petra , Willenberg Holger S. , Poghossian Arshak , Keusgen Michael , Schöning Michael J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn amperometric bi‐enzyme biosensor based on substrate recycling principle for the amplification of the sensor signal has been developed for the detection of adrenaline in blood. Adrenaline can be used as biomarker verifying successful adrenal venous sampling procedure. The adrenaline biosensor has been realized via modification of a galvanic oxygen sensor with a bi‐enzyme membrane combining a genetically modified laccase and a pyrroloquinoline quinone‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase. The measurement conditions such as pH value and temperature were optimized to enhance the sensor performance. A high sensitivity and a low detection limit of about 0.5–1 nM adrenaline have been achieved in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, relevant for measurements in blood samples. The sensitivity of the biosensor to other catecholamines such as noradrenaline, dopamine and dobutamine has been studied. Finally, the sensor has been successfully applied for the detection of adrenaline in human blood plasma.
Parallel evolution of gene expression between trophic specialists despite divergent genotypes and morphologies
Authors: McGirr Joseph A. , Martin Christopher H. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractParallel evolution of gene expression commonly underlies convergent niche specialization, but parallel changes in expression could also underlie divergent specialization. We investigated divergence in gene expression and whole-genome genetic variation across three sympatric Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas. This recent radiation consists of a generalist and two derived specialists adapted to novel niches: a scale-eating and a snail-eating pupfish. We sampled total mRNA from all three species at two early developmental stages and compared gene expression with whole-genome genetic differentiation among all three species in 42 resequenced genomes. Eighty percent of genes that were differentially expressed between snail-eaters and generalists were up or down regulated in the same direction between scale-eaters and generalists; however, there were no fixed variants shared between species underlying these parallel changes in expression. Genes showing parallel evolution of expression were enriched for effects on metabolic processes, whereas genes showing divergent expression were enriched for effects on cranial skeleton development and pigment biosynthesis, reflecting the most divergent phenotypes observed between specialist species. Our findings reveal that even divergent niche specialists may exhibit convergent adaptation to higher trophic levels through shared genetic pathways. This counterintuitive result suggests that parallel evolution in gene expression can accompany divergent ecological speciation during adaptive radiation.
Severe pleuritis and pericarditis associated with very‐late‐onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ikushima Hiroaki , Mitsutake Akihiko , Hideyama Takuto , Sato Tatsuya , Katsumata Junko , Seki Tomonari , Maekawa Risa , Kishida Yukiko , Shiio Yasushi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disorder, which occurs mostly in young women. However, late‐onset SLE does exist and sometimes presents with an atypical, diversified course. We describe an 85‐year‐old woman who was admitted to our hospital for lower extremity edema and hand grip weakness. Chest computed tomography scan 4 days after admission demonstrated rapid accumulation of pleural and pericardial effusions, which did not exist on admission. She was diagnosed with pleuritis and pericarditis associated with very‐late‐onset SLE. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy resulted in a drastic improvement in serositis. Our case exemplifies the fact that patients with late‐onset SLE sometimes follow an atypical course, which makes the clinical diagnosis difficult.