bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracia, representación política y financiamiento de partidos y campañas electorales en Chile = Democracy, political representation, political parties and electoral campaign funding in Chile
Authors: Nogueira Alcalá Humberto 
Published: July 2018

This article focuses on the constitutional and legal regulation of political parties in Chile, especially from de point of view of the political representation in a democratic system. It also focuses on the actual reform process of the electoral system and the political parties funding in this country.Este trabajo analiza la regulación constitucional y legal de los partidos políticos en Chile, especialmente desde la perspectiva de la representación política que éstos hacen posible en un Estado democrático. El artículo analiza, además, las modificaciones que actualmente se están discutiendo en este país, relativas al sistema electoral y a la financiación de los partidos políticos.
Fatores de risco para hipertensão em jovens universitários
Authors: Santos Alan Magalhães , Porelli Júlia Prata , Jesus Kelvin Edson Marques , Magalhães-Santos Isis Fernandes 
Published: July 2018

<p><strong>RESUMO</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Estudos referentes a fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças coronarianas são bastante discutidos na literatura, pois a hipertensão é considerada uma patologia crônica e que pode atingir indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias. Portanto o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar fatores de risco para hipertensão em jovens universitários, sendo realizado um inquérito epidemiológico com 60 estudantes de farmácia acerca da dieta, atividade física, histórico familiar para hipertensão, tabagismo, etilismo e período noturno de sono. Dados antropométricos como idade, sexo, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e aferição da Pressão Arterial (PA) foram avaliados. Os resultados revelaram que universitários do sexo masculino apresentaram maior prevalência de IMC (31,82%) associado à maior percentual de casos de hipertensão (9,1%), porém sem relevância estatística. O tabagismo, etilismo, atividade física, histórico familiar, período de sono e dieta não foram considerados fatores de risco estatisticamente relevantes para a hipertensão nessa população. Os dados sugerem que embora os rapazes apresentem tendência a desenvolver hipertensão mais que as moças, o fato de serem estudantes da área de saúde pode estar contribuindo para uma maior consciência da importância referente aos cuidados com a saúde.</p><p> </p>
CITY BANKERS, GOLD, AND BANKING PANICS
Authors: JONKERS FRANS 
Published: July 2002

City Bankers, 1890–1914. By Youssef Cassis.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1994. Pp. xv+350. ISBN 0-521-44188-9. £40.00.John Bullion's empire: Britain's gold problem and India
between the wars.
By G. Balachandran.
Richmond: Curzon Press, 1996. Pp. xii+252. ISBN 0-7007-0428-0. £40.00.The banking panics of the Great Depression.
By Elmus Wicker. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1996. Pp. xviii+174. ISBN 0-521-56261-9. £30.00.The front cover of Cassis's book shows the heavily bearded and
mustachioed directors
of the Bank of England, gathered in 1903 in the magnificent Court Room.
The City
was at its peak, the undisputed financial capital of the world. Its interests
were the major
determining influence on British economic policy. The Bank of England directors
were
selected, according to ancient tradition, from the City's most prestigious
trading houses,
including the merchant banks. Towards the end of the nineteenth century
it had
become obvious that banking was undergoing a radical transformation. A
revolution in
the structure of English banking had caused the near-disappearance of the
old country
banker; private family-owned banking firms were under severe pressure and
many had
been absorbed by the joint-stock banks. However, much had remained the
same. It is
one of the virtues of Cassis's book, which focuses on the top layer
of City bankers, that
it shows how much continuity there was. The old private banker fitted smoothly
into the
new, larger banks. The occupation of private banker, carried out within
a family firm,
continued to represent the ideal. Banking remained a not particularly onerous
job. The
typical City banker was a part-timer, who used his position and representation
on the
boards of other financial companies as a means of furthering his own business
interests
– he had to, because a board position alone did not pay enough to
live like a gentleman.
Banking was a respectable way of building up a fortune. The City's
strength was its
private information network of social and business relationships which
made the highly
specialized financial system possible but also created opportunities to
make money
privately. The author shows that the distribution of tasks within the City,
as well as the
reluctance of the big joint-stock banks to develop into continental-style
investment
banks, eminently suited the private interests of the board members, ‘as
though the
primary aim of the big deposit banks... was to make possible the activities
of the private
banking and trading firms and the overseas ventures of the partners of
these firms’.
What is now considered insider trading was an accepted form of business.
There were
few professional bank managers; those there were had generally risen through
the ranks
and had a lower social status. The City's playing field was never
intended to be level and
appears to have become even more slanted in the period before the First
World War.
SHALL WE TAKE THE LINGUISTIC TURN? BRITISH RADICALISM IN THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Authors: STAFFORD WILLIAM 
Published: July 2002

Intertextual war: Edmund Burke and the French Revolution in the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft,
Thomas Paine, and James Mackintosh. By Steven Blakemore. Cranbury, NJ: Associated
University Presses, 1997. Pp. 256. ISBN 0-8386-3751-5. £32.Radical expression: political language, ritual, and symbol in England, 1790–1850. By James
Epstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp. xi+233. ISBN 0-19-506550-6.
£30.Tom Paine: a political life. By John Keane. London: Bloomsbury, 1996. Pp. xxii+644.
ISBN 0-7475-2543-9. £8.99.Gothic images of race in nineteenth-century Britain. By H. L. Malchow. Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 1996. Pp. xii+335. ISBN 0-8047-2664-7. £35 (hb). ISBN
0-8047-2793-7. £12.95 (pb).Popular contention in Great Britain, 1758–1834. By Charles Tilly. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1995. Pp. xvii+476. ISBN 0-674-68980-1. £31.50.Radical culture: discourse, resistance and surveillance, 1790–1820. By David Worrall. Hemel
Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992. Pp. ix+236. ISBN 0-7450-0960-3. £40.Most of these books are influenced by current philosophical or methodological concerns
which might be labelled, according to taste, as poststructuralism, postmodernism, or the
linguistic turn; but they are influenced to very varying degrees. At one end of the
spectrum stands Tilly's substantial study, essentially modernist, rejecting the latest
fashions. At the other stand the books by Blakemore and Malchow, their colours firmly
nailed to the mast of deconstruction. Blakemore teaches in a department of English, and
although Malchow's institutional affiliation is as an historian, his book is a hermeneutic
of literary texts. The great majority of ‘postmodern’ analyses of texts from this period
have come from the stable of literary studies, perhaps especially from scholars concerned,
as Malchow is, with the construction of gender, that great growth area of the present
time. None of these books subscribes in practice to a postmodern relativism, declaring
itself to be merely a construction or representation of the past: all arrive at some kind
of closure, explicitly or implicitly asserting the truth of their interpretations. Historians
concerned to justify their subject to funding bodies may judge this to be prudent;
nevertheless a greater degree of reflexivity, of self-doubt, would have been welcome in
some instances, as we shall see.
Conscription as Military Labour: The Historical Context
Authors: Lucassen Jan , Zürcher Erik Jan 
Published: July 2002

For most of the nineteenth and twentieth century, universal conscription has been by far the predominant system of military recruitment, but the phenomenon has received surprisingly little attention from social historians. This lack of attention is all the more surprising if one considers the interesting position occupied by conscription at the crossroads of wage and non-wage labour and free and unfree labour.The following articles by Khaled Fahmy, Erik Jan Zürcher and Stephanie Cronin deal with the spread of the conscription system in one specific area (the Middle East) where it has been the most prominent feature of the establishment of increased and centralized state control over societies which, until relatively recent times, consisted of largely self-sufficient agrarian communities with very little contact with the outside world. The introduction of universal conscription confronted both states and populations with entirely new demands and problems.
RACE, IDENTITY, POLITICS AND HISTORY
Authors: MUDIMBE V. Y. 
Published: July 2002

Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. By STEPHEN HOWE. London
and New York: Verso, 1998. Pp. x + 337. £22 (ISBN 1-85984-873-7); £15,
paperback (ISBN 1-85984-228-3).Stephen Howe's book is certainly, to date, the most comprehensive study on
Afrocentrism. Its subtitle, Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes, makes quite clear
its object of analysis. Divided into three parts, it dwells successively on ancestors
of the movement and their influences, the new visions heralded by its members
and, finally, today's orientations of Afrocentrism. They are introduced by a
systematic presentation of Afrocentrism as a concept and as a space in which one
finds a multiplicity of trends. But let us suppose that there is such a thing as
Afrocentrism entertained by ‘blacks’, ‘Afro-Americans’, and ‘African-Americans’,
since Howe uses these terms interchangeably and which, as he puts it,
would reproduce in some of its expressions what Walker Connor called ‘ethnonationalism’.
In his introduction, Howe summarizes its complexity and predicaments.
As a matter of fact, this introduction exposes Howe's positions about
Afrocentrism.
The German Democratic Republic
and the State Churches, 1958–1989
Authors: BESIER GERHARD 
Published: July 2002

The role of Protestantism in the German Democratic Republic (the
GDR) has been strongly disputed since the ‘turn’ and reunification
of 1989/90. Many of the disagreements derive from
different interpretations of the relationship between State, Church and
Society in the GDR. This paper first describes the state institutions
which formulated and executed church policies for the Communist Party
of the GDR (the SED), and then surveys relations between Church and
State, offering an explanation for actions and motivations on both sides.
The thesis advanced is that the decisive phase of the transformation of a
‘bourgeois’ Church into a ‘Church within socialism’ took place between
1958 and 1978, and that the preceding and subsequent periods merely had
the character of ‘past history’ and ‘epilogue’.A variety of institutions influenced Church–State policies in the GDR.
First, at government level, there was until 1957 a department for
ecclesiastical affairs controlled by the deputy prime minister ; after that
date, there was an official secretary for church affairs, answerable to the
chairman of the government (Ministerrat). At party level in the SED, there
was a working group for church affairs which was part of the secretariat
of the SED's central committee, answerable to the first secretary or the
secretary-general of the central committee. The central committee office
included a member with specific responsibility for church affairs, generally
the second in line after the party chairman. In the Ministry for State
Security (MfS), those involved were the head of the so-called ‘main
department for social superstructure’, together with a representative of
the minister or the minister himself, and the heads of administration in
individual ‘Lands’ or districts.
An experimental investigation of meniscus roll coating
Authors: GASKELL P. H. , INNES G. E. , SAVAGE M. D. 
Published: July 2002

A two-roll apparatus is used to explore experimentally
the detailed fluid mechanics of
meniscus roll coating in which inlets are starved and flow
rates are small. Both forward
and reverse modes of operation (with contra- and co-rotating
rolls) are investigated
using optical sectioning combined with dye injection and
particle imaging techniques.
That part of parameter space where meniscus coating occurs
is identified by varying
the roll separation and roll speeds and hence flow
rate and capillary number.Key features of the flow structures identified in
the forward mode include two large
eddies (each with saddle point, separatrix and sub-eddies),
a primary fluid transfer
jet and the existence of two critical flow rates
associated with the switching-on of
a second fluid transfer jet and the switching-off of the
primary transfer jet followed
by a change in the flow structure. In the reverse mode, the
key features are a single
large eddy consisting of two sub-eddies, a saddle point
and separatrix, a primary
fluid transfer jet and once again two critical flow rates.
These correspond to (i) the
switching-on of a secondary transfer jet and (ii) the
disappearance of a saddle point
at the nip resulting in the merger of the primary and
secondary transfer jets.Measurements of film thickness and meniscus location made
over a range of speed
ratios and capillary numbers are compared with theoretical
predictions. A plate–roll
apparatus is used to confirm the presence, for very small
flow rates, of a sub-ambient,
almost linear, pressure profile across the bead. Investigated
also is the transition from
inlet-starved to fully flooded roll coating as flow
rate is increased and the changes in
flow structure and pressure profile are observed.
On large-amplitude pulsating fountains
Authors: CLANET CHRISTOPHE 
Published: July 2002

We study the behaviour of an upward vertical water jet of density,
ρ, and surface
tension, σ, injected through a tube of diameter, D, with
a momentum-averaged
velocity, V. These fountains are shown to exhibit large-amplitude
oscillations in the
range 0.1[les ]D/a[les ]1.6, and
20[les ]V2/(gD)[les ]400, where g

is the acceleration due to gravity and a is the capillary length,

a≡(2σ/(ρg))1/2.
The characteristic frequency of
the oscillations, f, and their limits of existence are studied
experimentally. A model
is developed, leading to the expression for the frequency:formula hereThis expression is shown to be in good agreement with existing data
and with
new measurements, conducted over a wide range of Bond
(Bo≡D/a) and Froude
(Fr≡V2/gD) numbers. The

stability of the model is considered and the limits of the
oscillatory regime are related to the hydrodynamic properties of the flow.
Stagnation–saddle points and flow patterns in
Stokes flow between contra-rotating cylinders
Authors: GASKELL P. H. , SAVAGE M. D. , THOMPSON H. M. 
Published: July 2002

The steady flow is considered of a Newtonian fluid, of
viscosity μ, between contra-rotating cylinders with peripheral speeds

U1 and U2. The two-dimensional
velocity
field is determined correct to
O(H0/2R)1/2, where

2H0 is the minimum separation of
the cylinders and R an ‘averaged’ cylinder radius.

For flooded/moderately starved
inlets there are two stagnation–saddle points, located symmetrically
about the nip, and
separated by quasi-unidirectional flow. These stagnation–saddle points
are shown to
divide the gap in the ratio U1[ratio ]U2
and arise at
[mid ]X[mid ]=A where the semi-gap thickness
is H(A) and the streamwise pressure gradient is given
by
dP/dX
=μ(U1+U2)/H2(A).

Several additional results then follow.(i) The effect of non-dimensional flow rate,
λ: A2=2RH0(3λ−1)

and so the stagnation–saddle points are absent for λ<1/3,
coincident for
λ=1/3 and separated for λ>1/3.(ii) The effect of speed ratio,
S=U1/U2:
stagnation–saddle points are located
on the boundary of recirculating flow and are coincident with its leading
edge only
for symmetric flows (S=1). The effect of unequal cylinder speeds
is to introduce a
displacement that increases to a maximum of
O(RH0)1/2 as S→0.Five distinct flow patterns are identified between the nip and the downstream

meniscus. Three are asymmetric flows with a transfer jet conveying fluid
across the
recirculation region and arising due to unequal cylinder speeds, unequal
cylinder radii,
gravity or a combination of these. Two others exhibit no transfer jet and
correspond
to symmetric (S=1) or asymmetric (S≠1)
flow with two asymmetric effects in
balance. Film splitting at the downstream stagnation–saddle point
produces uniform
films, attached to the cylinders, of thickness H1
and H2, whereformula hereprovided the flux in the transfer jet is assumed to be negligible.(iii) The effect of capillary number, Ca: as Ca
is increased the downstream meniscus
advances towards the nip and the stagnation–saddle point either attaches
itself to the
meniscus or disappears via a saddle–node annihilation according to
the flow topology.Theoretical predictions are supported by experimental data and finite
element
computations.
Factors affecting prey handling in lesser octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) feeding on crabs (Carcinus maenas)
Authors: Grisley M.S. , Boyle P.R. , Pierce G.J. , Key L.N. 
Published: July 2002

Octopuses (Eledone cirrhosa) feeding on crabs (Carcinus maenus) may penetrate the crab by a carapace borehole or puncture of the eye. In ad libitum feeding trials (632 crabs eaten), 31% of the predated crabs had a punctured eye, 57% had a borehole in the dorsal carapace. Eye puncture and boring occurred together in 6% of cases but 18% were neither punctured nor bored.Feeding trials in which size of prey and size of octopus were controlled showed that the incidence of boreholes was greatest (>70%) in small crabs (<50 mm carapace width). Incidence of eye puncture (10% in small crabs) rose to 25% in crabs of over 50 mm carapace width and to over 40% in the largest crabs used (65–80 mm carapace width).Large octopuses used eye puncture less frequently than small octopuses. Increasing the proportion of small crabs in the diet increased the subsequent incidence of carapace boring at all crab sizes. The results are discussed in relation to differences in prey handling efficiency at different prey sizes.
Typologie und Typos: Analyse eines schwierigen Verhältnisses
Authors: OSTMEYER KARL-HEINRICH 
Published: July 2002

Hinter dem scheinbar widersprüchlichen Gebrauch des Terminus τυποσ kann ein einheitliches Grundverständnis nachgewiesen werden. Kein Mensch (oder Gegenstand) ist an sich Typos, sondern er wird situationsbezogen dann als Typos bezeichnet, wenn durch ihn oder in ihm etwas unmittelbar sichtbar wird. Weil τυποσ die Relation zwischen Typisierendem und Typisiertem benennt, bedarf es keines Gegenbegriffes. Das erklärt, warum αντιτυποσ nicht als Pendant zu τυποσ verwendet wird. Ein besonderes ‘hermeneutisches Verständnis’ des Begriffes begegnet nicht.Aus der nicht wertenden Auffassung von τυποσ ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit einer Revision des traditionellen Verständnisses der Typologie als hermeneutischer Figur.
Impact of improved depression treatment in primary
care on daily functioning and disability
Authors: SIMON G. E. , KATON W. , RUTTER C. , VonKORFF M. , LIN E. , ROBINSON P. , BUSH T. , WALKER E. A. , LUDMAN E. , RUSSO J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Few data are available regarding the impact
of
improved depression treatment on daily functioning and disability.Methods. In two studies of more intensive depression treatment

in primary care, patients initiating
antidepressant treatment were randomly assigned to either usual care or
to a collaborative
management programme including patient education, on-site mental health
treatment, adjustment
of antidepressant medication, behavioural activation and monitoring of
medication adherence.
Assessments at baseline as well as 4 and 7 months included
several measures of impairment, daily
functioning and disability[ratio ]self-rated overall health, number of
bodily pains, number of somatization
symptoms, changes in work due to health, reduction in leisure activities

due to health, number of
disability days and number of restricted activity days.Results. Average data from the 4- and 7-month assessments in

both studies, intervention patients
reported fewer somatic symptoms (OR 0·68, 95% CI 0·46, 0·99)

and more favourable overall health
(OR 0·50, 95% CI 0·28, 0·91). While intervention patients

fared better on other measures of
functional impairment and disability, none of these differences
reached statistical significance.Conclusions. More effective acute-phase depression treatment

reduced somatic distress and
improved self-rated overall health. The absence of a significant intervention

effect on other disability
measures may reflect the brief treatment and follow-up period and the
influence of other individual and environmental factors on disability.
Different psychopathological models and quantified EEG in schizophrenia
Authors: HARRIS A. W. F. , WILLIAMS L. , GORDON E. , BAHRAMALI H. , SLEWA-YOUNAN S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study compared the ability of two different models of psychopathology in
schizophrenia to account for findings in the quantified electroencephalogram (qEEG) recorded
from midline sites in a group of 40 subjects with schizophrenia. The first model was based on the
positive and negative syndrome dichotomy, the second was a tripartite model that resembled
Liddle's syndromes of psychomotor poverty, disorganization and reality distortion (Liddle, 1987a).Methods. A group of 40 subjects with predominantly chronic schizophrenia was assessed with the
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) prior to the acquisition of their quantified
electroencephalogram. The relationship between EEG data and symptomatology was explored,
initially with the PANSS positive and negative subscales and then with a tripartite model derived
from a principal component analysis of the 14 positive and negative subscale items.Results. The tripartite syndrome model showed a greater concordance with the qEEG of the
subjects than the dichotomous model. ‘Psychomotor poverty’ was significantly positively correlated
with both delta and beta power and ‘reality distortion’ was significantly positively correlated with
alpha-2 power. No significant correlations between the positive and negative syndrome dichotomy
and the qEEG were observed.Conclusions. This study lends support to the factor analysis of psychopathology, and specifically the
tripartite syndrome model of schizophrenia, as a step in explicating the biological dimensions of the
disorder.
The prevalence of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in
children and adolescents with autism: a large scale study
Authors: BARON-COHEN S. , SCAHILL V. L. , IZAGUIRRE J. , HORNSEY H. , ROBERTSON M. M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. An earlier small-scale study of children with autism revealed that 8·1% of such
patients were co-morbid for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). The present study is a large scale
test of whether this result replicates.Method. Four hundred and forty-seven pupils from nine schools for children and adolescents with
autism were screened for the presence of motor and vocal tics.Results. Subsequent family interviews confirmed the co-morbid diagnosis of definite GTS in 19
children, giving a prevalence rate of 4·3%. A further 10 children were diagnosed with probable GTS
(2·2%).Conclusions. These results indicate that the rate of GTS in autism exceeds that expected by chance,
and the combined rate (6·5%) is similar to the rates found in the smaller-scale study. Methodological
considerations and alternative explanations for an increased prevalence are discussed.