bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and burglary: Do community differences matter?
Authors: Gulma Usman L. , Evans Andy , Heppenstall Alison , Malleson Nick 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDiversity within a population has been linked to levels of both social cohesion and crime. Neighborhood crimes are the result of a complex set of factors, one of which is weak community cohesion. This article seeks to explore the impacts of diversity on burglary crime in a range of neighborhoods, using Leeds, UK as a case study. We propose a new approach to quantifying the correlates of burglary in urban areas through the use of diversity metrics. This approach is useful in unveiling the relationship between burglary and diversity in urban communities. Specifically, we employ stepwise multiple regression models to quantify the relationships between a number of neighborhood diversity variables and burglary crime rates. The results of the analyses show that the variables that represent diversity were more significant when regressed against burglary crime rates than standard socio‐demographic data traditionally used in crime studies, which do not generally use diversity variables. The findings of this study highlight the importance of neighborhood cohesion in the crime system, and the key place for diversity statistics in quantifying the relationships between neighborhood diversities and burglary. The study highlights the importance of policy planning aimed at encouraging community building in promoting neighborhood safety.
The use of whole blood in US military operations in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan since the introduction of low‐titer Type O whole blood: feasibility, acceptability, challenges
Authors: Vanderspurt Cecily K. , Spinella Philip C. , Cap Andrew P. , Hill Ronnie , Matthews Sarah A. , Corley Jason B. , Gurney Jennifer M. 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUNDHemorrhage is the leading cause of preventable death in military and civilian traumatic injury. Blood product resuscitation improves survival. Low‐titer Type O Whole Blood (LTOWB) was recently re‐introduced to the combat theater as a universal resuscitation product for hemorrhagic shock. This study assessed the utilization patterns of LTOWB compared to warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) and blood component therapy (CT) in US Military Operations in Iraq/Syria and Afghanistan known as Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) and Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) respectively. We hypothesized LTOWB utilization would increase over time given its advantages.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSUsing the Theater Medical Data Store, patients receiving blood products between January 2016 and December 2017 were identified. Product utilization ratios (PUR) for LTOWB, WFWB, and CT were compared across Area of Operations (AORs), medical treatment facilities (Role 2 vs. Role 3), and time. PUR was defined as number of blood products transfused/(number of blood products transfused + number of blood products wasted).RESULTSThe overall PUR for all blood products was 17.4%; the LTOWB PUR was 14.3%. Over the study period, the total number of blood products transfused increased 133%. Although the total whole blood (WB) increased from 2.1% to 6.6% of all products transfused, WFWB use remained at 2% while LTOWB transfusions increased from 0.5% to 4%. Transfusion of LTOWB occurred more in austere Role 2 facilities compared to Role 3 hospitals.CONCLUSIONSLTOWB transfusion is feasible in austere, far‐forward environments. Further investigation is needed regarding the safety, clinical outcomes, and drivers of LTOWB transfusions.
Histamine causes influx via T-type voltage-gated calcium channels in an enterochromaffin tumor cell line: potential therapeutic target in adverse food reactions
Authors: Pfanzagl Beatrix , Zevallos Victor F. , Schuppan Detlef , Pfragner Roswitha , Jensen-Jarolim Erika 
Published: December 2018

The P-STS human ileal neuroendocrine tumor cells, as a model for gut enterochromaffin cells, are strongly and synergistically activated by histamine plus acetylcholine (ACh), presumably via histamine 4 receptors, and weakly activated by histamine alone. Sensing these signals, enterochromaffin cells could participate in intestinal intolerance or allergic reactions to food constituents associated with elevated histamine levels. In this study we aimed to analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms. Inhibition by mepyramine and mibefradil indicated that histamine alone caused a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) via histamine 1 receptors involving T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). Sensitivity to histamine was enhanced by pretreatment with the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In accordance with the relief it offers some inflammatory bowel disease patients, otilonium bromide, a gut-impermeable inhibitor of T-type (and L-type) VGCCs and muscarinic ACh receptors, efficiently inhibited the [Ca2+]i responses induced by histamine plus ACh or by histamine alone in P-STS cells. It will take clinical studies to show whether otilonium bromide has promise for the treatment of adverse food reactions. The cells did not react to the nutrient constituents glutamate, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, or amylase-trypsin inhibitors and the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 4 agonist GSK-1016790A. The bacterial product butyrate evoked a rise in [Ca2+]i only when added together with ACh. Lipopolysaccharide had no effect on [Ca2+]i despite the presence of Toll-like receptor 4 protein. Our results indicate that inflammatory conditions with elevated levels of TNF-α might enhance histamine-induced serotonin release from intestinal neuroendocrine cells. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that histamine synergistically enhances the intracellular calcium response to the physiological agonist acetylcholine in human ileal enterochromaffin tumor cells. This synergistic activation and cell activation by histamine alone largely depend on T-type voltage-gated calcium channels and are inhibited by the antispasmodic otilonium bromide. The cells showed no response to wheat amylase-trypsin inhibitors, suggesting that enterochromaffin cells are not directly involved in nongluten wheat sensitivity.
Slowed sensory reweighting and postural illusions in older adults: the moving platform illusion
Authors: Craig Chesney E. , Doumas Michail 
Published: December 2018

We investigated whether postural aftereffects witnessed during transitions from a moving to a stable support are accompanied by a delayed perception of platform stabilization in older adults, in two experiments. In experiment 1, postural sway and muscle cocontraction were assessed in 11 healthy young, 11 healthy older, and 11 fall-prone older adults during blindfolded stance on a fixed platform, followed by a sway-referenced platform and then by a fixed platform again. The sway-referenced platform was more compliant for young adults, to induce similar levels of postural sway in both age groups. Participants were asked to press a button whenever they perceived that the platform had stopped moving. Both older groups showed significantly larger and longer postural sway aftereffects during platform stabilization compared with young adults, which were pronounced in fall-prone older adults. In both older groups elevated muscle cocontraction aftereffect was also witnessed. Importantly, these aftereffects were accompanied by an illusory perception of prolonged platform movement. After this, experiment 2 examined whether this illusory perception was a robust age effect or an experimental confound due to greater surface compliance in young adults, which could create a larger perceptual discrepancy between moving and stable conditions. Despite exposure to the same surface compliance levels during sway-reference, the perceptual illusion was maintained in experiment 2 in a new group of 14 healthy older adults compared with 11 young adults. In both studies, older adults took five times longer than young adults to perceive platform stabilization. This supports that sensory reweighting is inefficient in older adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first paper to show that postural sway aftereffects witnessed in older adults after platform stabilization may be due to a perceptual illusion of platform movement. Surprisingly, in both experiments presented it took older adults five times longer than young adults to perceive platform stabilization. This supports a hypothesis of less efficient sensory reintegration in this age group, which may delay the formation of an accurate postural percept.
Automated home cage training of mice in a hold-still center-out reach task
Authors: Bollu Tejapratap , Whitehead Samuel C. , Prasad Nikil , Walker Jackson , Shyamkumar Nitin , Subramaniam Raghav , Kardon Brian , Cohen Itai , Goldberg Jesse H. 
Published: December 2018

An obstacle to understanding neural mechanisms of movement is the complex, distributed nature of the mammalian motor system. Here we present a novel behavioral paradigm for high-throughput dissection of neural circuits underlying mouse forelimb control. Custom touch-sensing joysticks were used to quantify mouse forelimb trajectories with micron-millisecond spatiotemporal resolution. Joysticks were integrated into computer-controlled, rack-mountable home cages, enabling batches of mice to be trained in parallel. Closed loop behavioral analysis enabled online control of reward delivery for automated training. We used this system to show that mice can learn, with no human handling, a direction-specific hold-still center-out reach task in which a mouse first held its right forepaw still before reaching out to learned spatial targets. Stabilogram diffusion analysis of submillimeter-scale micromovements produced during the hold demonstrate that an active control process, akin to upright balance, was implemented to maintain forepaw stability. Trajectory decomposition methods, previously used in primates, were used to segment hundreds of thousands of forelimb trajectories into millions of constituent kinematic primitives. This system enables rapid dissection of neural circuits for controlling motion primitives from which forelimb sequences are built. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel joystick design resolves mouse forelimb kinematics with micron-millisecond precision. Home cage training is used to train mice in a hold-still center-out reach task. Analytical methods, previously used in primates, are used to decompose mouse forelimb trajectories into kinematic primitives.
Goal-setting in geriatric rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Smit Ewout B , Bouwstra Hylco , Hertogh Cees MPM , Wattel Elizabeth M , van der Wouden Johannes C 
Published: December 2018

Objective: To explore the effect of goal-setting on physical functioning, quality of life and duration of rehabilitation in geriatric rehabilitation compared to care as usual. Data sources: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched from initiation to October 2018. Methods: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before–after studies and studies using historic controls of older patients (mean age ⩾55 years) receiving rehabilitation for acquired disabilities. Our primary outcome was physical functioning; secondary outcomes were quality of life and rehabilitation duration. Cochrane guidelines were used to assess the risk of bias of the studies and extract data. Only RCT data were pooled using standardized mean difference (SMD). Results: We included 14 studies consisting of a total of 1915 participants with a mean age ranging from 55 to 83 years. Ten out of the 14 studies had a randomized controlled design, 7 of which could be pooled for the primary outcome. The risk of bias was judged high in several domains in all included studies. The meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences between goal-setting and care as usual for physical functioning (SMD −0.11 (−0.32 to 0.10)), quality of life (SMD 0.09 (−0.56 to 0.75)) and rehabilitation duration (MD 13.46 days (−2.46 to 29.38)). Conclusion: We found low-quality evidence that goal-setting does not result in better physical functioning compared to care as usual in geriatric rehabilitation. For quality of life and duration of rehabilitation, we could not exclude a clinically relevant effect.
Towards a conceptual history of the present: Democracy, rights, and freedom in the recent Catalan conflict
Authors: Wagner Peter 
Published: December 2018

Reinhart Koselleck showed that the decades around 1800 witnessed a major transformation of political language. Around 1800, the horizon of expectations gained distance from the space of the experiences that human beings were making, and thus possibilities for the future opened up widely. In particular, the future would be the time during which ‘peoples’ would gain their capacity for self-determination, called popular sovereignty. This would occur in two particular versions that crystallized in the course of the 19th century, namely as ‘nations’ that would unify or liberate themselves from monarchical and/or imperial domination to form the polities proper to them, or as a ‘class’ that embodied the universal interest of humankind and would assert itself in a second revolution, following up on the French Revolution. Political concepts acquired during that period the meaning that they still had in the late 20th century, i.e. the time when Koselleck developed his approach to the history of concepts, but they may be challenged in the present time, and with them the entire self-understanding of modern polities. The recent Catalan conflict serves to better understand this challenge. ‘People’ and ‘nation’ are there used in ways that are reminiscent of this politico-conceptual tradition, but in a highly ambiguous way. On the one hand, they are employed in exactly their historical meaning: the Catalan people and nation are seen to be finally fulfilling their historical role of reaching political self-determination. On the other hand, these concepts are re-deployed to place them in the current context of existing democratic commitments and institutions as well as high interdependence between polities, all the while claiming that Catalan independence opens up a new normative horizon of democracy, rights, and freedom. This article will try to show that this undeclared ambiguity is characteristic of our current situation in general. This is a situation in which the historically created political concepts have sedimented in institutions, and thus appear to have ‘consolidated’ and moved beyond their historicity. At the same time, they remain impregnated with particular historical experiences that can be re-interpreted to be mobilized in political struggles of the present. To assess the validity and acceptability of any such re-interpretation requires explicit reflection about the persistence of historicity in political concepts.
Using intracameral vital dye as a guide for venting incision in acute corneal hydrops
Authors: Soleimani Mohammad , Mirshahi Reza , Tabatabaei Seyed Ali , Momenaei Bita , Salabati Mirataollah , Ghomi Mohammad Reza 
Published: December 2018

Purpose: To introduce a new surgical technique for the localization of corneal bulla to drain a massive corneal hydrops. Methods: Four consecutive cases with acute large protruded hydrops were selected. A limbal paracentesis was made via 15° blade. Afterward, trypan blue with a concentration of 0.1% was injected into the anterior chamber. Upon pooling trypan blue in the bulla, the surgeon immediately marked the primary site of stromal staining before further spreading of the dye. Anterior chamber irrigation was then carried out using balanced salt solution, and the excess of trypan blue was washed out. Subsequently, the surgeon made a beveled venting incision to decompress bulla via 15° blade resulting in a stream of dye egressed from the venting incision. At the end of the surgery, 20% diluted SF6 was injected into the anterior chamber. Results: Postoperatively, Descemet’s membrane was attached up to the second postoperative day. The corneal edema was resolved up to 3 weeks. Contact lens–corrected visual acuity was improved in all cases. Conclusion: Venting incision under the guide of injected trypan blue into the anterior chamber combined with intracameral SF6 injection could be effectively used for a large acute hydrops. This technique could prevent other interventions like passing full-thickness corneal suturing and subsequent complications.
Predictors of venous stenosis or occlusion following first transvenous cardiac device implantation: Prospective observational study
Authors: Cacko Andrzej , Kozyra-Pydyś Eliza , Gawałko Monika , Opolski Grzegorz , Grabowski Marcin 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Venous stenosis or occlusion related to an intracardiac device is a well-known complication of that procedure. There are numerous studies tried to determine predictors of venous stenosis or occlusion; however, most of them investigate the venous system prior to device upgrade, generator replacement, or transvenous lead extraction. Therefore, we aimed to assess the prevalence and determine the predictors of venous stenosis or occlusion following first transevnous cardiac device implantation. Methods: Observational, prospective study included 71 consecutive patients admitted for first transvenous cardiac device implantation. All patients were followed up for 6 months after operation. Results: Implanted device systems comprised cardioverter defibrillator (n = 26), single-chamber or dual-chamber pacemakers (n = 34), and biventricular pacemakers (n = 11); 88.5% of implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads were single-coils and 11.5% were dual-coils. The incidence of venous stenosis or occlusion within 6-month follow-up was 21.1%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that only diabetes or prediabetes (p = 0.033, odds ratio: 0.17, 95% confidence interval: 0.04–0.87), prolonged procedure time (p = 0.046, odds ratio: 4.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–20.12), and perioperative complications (p = 0.021, odds ratio: 7.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.35–36.85) were predictors of venous stenosis or occlusion. Conclusion: Prolonged implantation time (>60 min) and perioperative complications are associated with an increased risk of venous stenosis or occlusion, whereas diabetes and prediabetes significantly reduce the risk of venous stenosis or occlusion.
Ageing influences the relationship of circulating miR-33a and miR-33b levels with insulin resistance and adiposity
Authors: Corona-Meraz Fernanda-Isadora , Vázquez-Del Mercado Mónica , Ortega Francisco José , Ruiz-Quezada Sandra-Luz , Guzmán-Ornelas Milton-Omar , Navarro-Hernández Rosa-Elena 
Published: December 2018

Objective: The identification of circulating microRNAs related to abnormal metabolic function may be useful in the context of ageing, adiposity and insulin resistance. The miR-33 a/b has been shown to control the expression of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, impaired metabolism and insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to identify differences in circulating miR-33 a/b levels according to age-related metabolic impairment and increased adiposity. Methods: This study included 80 individuals (30.2% with obesity, 70% females) classified according to insulin resistance (Stern’s criteria) and age [young (20–39 years) and senior (40–59 years)]. Body fat was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance, biochemical markers by colorimetric, enzymatic and immuno-turbidimetry methods. TaqMan measures of circulating miR-33 a and miR-33 b with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in serum were assessed in association with clinical outputs. Results: Circulating miR-33 a and miR-33 b levels showed significant association with fatness, the lipid profile and biomarkers of impaired glucose metabolism. Both miR-33 a and miR-33 b were associated with visceral adiposity index in non-insulin resistance and insulin resistance individuals. More important, for miR-33 a circulating levels in senior group, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses showed area under the curve 0.804 ( p = 0.010; 95% confidence interval = 0.655–0.952). Conclusion: Ageing influenced the relationship of circulating miR-33 a and miR-33 b with insulin resistance and increased adiposity.
External bleeding versus dermal pocketing for distal digital replantation without venous anastomosis
Authors: Lim Rebecca , Lee Ellen , Lim Joel , Chong Alphonsus K. S. , Sebastin Sandeep J. , Foo Anthony 
Published: December 2018

Venous congestion in distal digital replantations is a common problem as suitable veins are not always available. We compared two methods of venous decongestion, external bleeding ( n = 15) and dermal pocketing ( n = 28) carried out when venous anastomosis was not possible. The findings of this small study suggest that neither method of venous decongestion is clearly better than the other. Level of evidence: IV
Athletes With Musculoskeletal Injuries Identified at the NFL Scouting Combine and Prediction of Outcomes in the NFL: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang Dean , Weiss Leigh J. , Abrams Madeline , Barnes Ronnie P. , Warren Russell F. , Rodeo Scott A. , Taylor Samuel A. 
Published: December 2018

Background: Prior to the annual National Football League (NFL) Draft, the top college football prospects are evaluated by medical personnel from each team at the NFL Scouting Combine. On the basis of these evaluations, each athlete is assigned an orthopaedic grade from the medical staff of each club, which aims to predict the impact of an athlete’s injury history on his ability to participate in the NFL. Purpose: (1) To identify clinical predictors of signs, symptoms, and subsequent professional participation associated with football-related injuries identified at the NFL Combine and (2) to assess the methodological quality of the evidence currently published. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We reviewed all studies that examined musculoskeletal injuries identified among athletes at the NFL Combine and associated outcomes. Data on signs, symptoms, and subsequent NFL participation were collected, and the methodological quality of the studies was assessed. Results: Overall, 32 studies, including 30 injury-specific studies, met the inclusion criteria. Twenty studies analyzed data collected at the NFL Combine from 2009 and later. When compared with matched controls, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, superior labrum anterior-posterior repair, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, full-thickness chondral lesions of the knee, or Lisfranc injury played in significantly fewer games early in their NFL careers. Additionally, athletes with a history of a cervical or lumbar spine injury, rotator cuff repair, and navicular injury had decreased career lengths versus controls. Defensive players and linemen were found to have decreased participation in the NFL for several injuries, including prior meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and shoulder instability. Career length follow-up, measures of athletic participation, and matching criteria were highly variable among studies. Conclusion: For medical professionals caring for professional football athletes, this information can help guide orthopaedic grading of prospects at the NFL Combine and counseling of athletes on the potential impact of prior injuries on their professional careers. For future studies, improvements in study methodology will provide greater insight into the efficacy of current treatments and areas that require further understanding.