bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the vascular anatomy of the left‐sided colon focused on the accessory middle colic artery: a single‐centre study of 734 patients
Authors: Miyake H. , Murono K. , Kawai K. , Hata K. , Tanaka T. , Nishikawa T. , Otani K. , Sasaki K. , Kaneko M. , Emoto S. , Nozawa H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimSurgery for colorectal cancer located in the splenic flexure is difficult to perform because of the complex anatomy. Recently, in addition to the middle colic artery and left colic artery (LCA), the accessory middle colic artery (AMCA) has been recognized as a feeding artery for the left‐sided colon. This study aimed to evaluate the vascular anatomy of the splenic flexure focusing on the AMCA in a large number of patients.MethodA total of 734 patients who underwent CT before surgery for colorectal cancer were enrolled. We retrospectively evaluated the vascular anatomy using both two‐ and three‐dimensional CT angiography.ResultsThe AMCA existed in 36.4% of the cases (n = 267). In many cases, it originated from the superior mesenteric artery (n = 228, 85.4%). The AMCA had a common trunk with the transverse pancreatic artery in 54 patients (20.2%). The frequency of the presence of the AMCA was associated with the branching pattern of the LCA, and was more frequent when the LCA was absent (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe presence of the AMCA is not rare and the AMCA has some branching patterns; therefore, recognizing it preoperatively and intra‐operatively is important, being especially careful when the LCA is absent.
CEO compensation and mortgage origination in the banking industry
Authors: Sun Yuanyuan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractManuscript TypeEmpiricalResearch Question/IssueThis study examines the relationship between bank CEO compensation and mortgage origination practices before the 2008 financial crisis. It extends the discussion about the degree of responsibility of executive compensation for the crisis, by testing whether bank CEO equity incentives contributed to the growth in high‐risk mortgages before the collapse of the mortgage market.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a unique dataset of comprehensive loan origination records and CEO compensation in an inclusive sample of publicly traded U.S. banks, this study finds strong evidence that CEO compensation vega is positively associated with the riskiness of mortgages before the collapse of the mortgage market and some evidence that compensation delta is negatively associated with the riskiness of mortgages.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study contributes to the understanding of the role of executive compensation in the 2008 financial crisis. Consistent with prior research, it provides further empirical support that compensation vega induces risk‐taking. Moreover, in the context of the financial industry, the findings illustrate the potential adverse effect of high‐vega compensation of bank CEOs, as such compensation may have contributed to the build‐up of high‐risk mortgages prior to the crisis.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsFollowing the financial crisis, a series of policy changes towards regulating and reforming executive compensation in financial firms has been implemented. This study offers important insights for the reform and design of executive compensation in the financial sector. In particular, practitioners and policymakers should examine the incentive structures of bank executives (such as compensation delta and vega) in order to appropriately influence risk‐taking.
Prediction of Safety Margin and Optimization of Dosing Protocol for a Novel Antibiotic using Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Modeling
Authors: Woodhead Jeffrey L. , Paech Franziska , Maurer Martina , Engelhardt Marc , Schmitt‐Hoffmann Anne H. , Spickermann Jochen , Messner Simon , Wind Mathias , Witschi Anne‐Therese , Krähenbühl Stephan , Siler Scott Q. , Watkins Paul B. , Howell Brett A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractElevations of liver enzymes have been observed in clinical trials with BAL30072, a novel antibiotic. In vitro assays have identified potential mechanisms for the observed hepatotoxicity, including electron transport chain (ETC) inhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. DILIsym, a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model of drug‐induced liver injury, has been used to predict the likelihood that each mechanism explains the observed toxicity. DILIsym was also used to predict the safety margin for a novel BAL30072 dosing scheme; it was predicted to be low. DILIsym was then used to recommend potential modifications to this dosing scheme; weight‐adjusted dosing and a requirement to assay plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) daily and stop dosing as soon as ALT increases were observed improved the predicted safety margin of BAL30072 and decreased the predicted likelihood of severe injury. This research demonstrates a potential application for QSP modeling in improving the safety profile of candidate drugs.
Tutorial on Monoclonal Antibody Pharmacokinetics and Its Considerations in Early Development
Authors: Ovacik Meric , Lin Kedan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe tutorial introduces the readers to the fundamentals of antibody pharmacokinetics (PK) in the context of drug development. Topics covered include an overview of antibody development, PK characteristics, and the application of antibody PK/pharmacodynamics (PD) in research and development decision‐making. We also discuss the general considerations for planning a nonclinical PK program and describe the types of PK studies that should be performed during early development of monoclonal antibodies.
The independent and interacting effects of socioeconomic status and dual‐language use on brain structure and cognition
Authors: Brito Natalie H. , Noble Kimberly G. ,   the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, Genetics Study
Published: June 2018

AbstractFamily socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with children's cognitive development, and past studies have reported socioeconomic disparities in both neurocognitive skills and brain structure across childhood. In other studies, bilingualism has been associated with cognitive advantages and differences in brain structure across the lifespan. The aim of the current study is to concurrently examine the joint and independent associations between family SES and dual‐language use with brain structure and cognitive skills during childhood. A subset of data from the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics (PING) study was analyzed; propensity score matching established an equal sample (N = 562) of monolinguals and dual‐language users with similar socio‐demographic characteristics (Mage = 13.5, Range = 3–20 years). When collapsing across all ages, SES was linked to both brain structure and cognitive skills. When examining differences by age group, brain structure was significantly associated with both income and dual‐language use during adolescence, but not earlier in childhood. Additionally, in adolescence, a significant interaction between dual‐language use and SES was found, with no difference in cortical surface area (SA) between language groups of higher‐SES backgrounds but significantly increased SA for dual‐language users from lower‐SES families compared to SES‐matched monolinguals. These results suggest both independent and interacting associations between SES and dual‐language use with brain development. To our knowledge, this is the first study to concurrently examine dual‐language use and socioeconomic differences in brain structure during childhood and adolescence.
Flight morphology corresponds to both surrounding landscape structure and local patch conditions in a highly specialized peatland butterfly (Lycaena epixanthe)
Authors: Crawford Lindsay A. , Keyghobadi Nusha 
Published: June 2018

1. Movement mediates the response of populations and communities to landscape and habitat spatial structure, yet movement capability may itself be modified by selection pressures accompanying landscape change. Insect flight morphology can be affected by both the landscape surrounding habitat patches and the distribution of resources within habitat patches.2. This study investigated the relative influence of local habitat patch conditions and surrounding landscape structure on variation in morphological traits associated with flight in the bog copper (Lycaena epixanthe), a butterfly endemic to temperate Nearctic peatlands.3. Eight habitat patches were sampled to assess the influence of the surrounding landscape (connectivity of potential habitat and matrix composition) and patch size (an integrated proxy of resource density and spatial distribution) on investment into flight, measured by thorax and abdomen mass, and wing area.4. The results revealed an effect of both local habitat conditions and landscape structure on flight‐related morphological traits. Increasing forest cover in the surrounding landscape, indicative of increased habitat patch isolation, corresponded with less mobile phenotypes in both sexes. Surrounding landscapes with more water were also generally associated with less mobile phenotypes. Investment into flight was greater in smaller peatlands in which host plant density is higher and more homogeneously distributed.5. The present study highlights that morphological traits associated with mobility may be responding to both local habitat patch characteristics and surrounding landscape structure. It also supports the hypothesis that local habitat conditions contribute to morphological variation in butterflies.
Oral Medicine for undergraduate dental students in the United Kingdom and Ireland—A curriculum
Authors: Mighell A. J. , Freeman C. , Atkin P. A. , Bennett J. H. , Buchanan J. A. G. , Carrozzo M. , Crighton A. J. , Escudier M. P. , Gibson J. , Healy C. M. , Hegarty A. M. , Kerr J. S. , McCreary C. E. , Pemberton M. N. , Rajlawat B. , Richards A. , Staines K. , Theaker E. D. , Willis A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIntroductionOral Medicine focuses on care for patients with chronic, recurrent and medically related disorders of the orofacial region that are distinct from diseases of the periodontal and tooth tissues, with an emphasis on non‐surgical management. At present, there are no shared outcomes for Oral Medicine to define the standards to be achieved before new graduates become registered dentists engaged with ongoing professional development.CurriculumWe present a consensus undergraduate curriculum in Oral Medicine agreed by representatives from 18 Dental Schools in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. The scope of Oral Medicine practice includes conditions involving the oral mucosa, salivary glands, neurological system or musculoskeletal tissues that are not directly attributable to dental (tooth and periodontium) pathology. Account is taken of the priorities for practice and learning opportunities needed to support development of relevance to independent clinical practice. The outcomes triangulate with the requirements set out by the respective regulatory bodies in the UK and Republic of Ireland prior to first registration and are consistent with the framework for European undergraduate dental education and greater harmonisation of dental education.ConclusionsThis curriculum will act as a foundation for an increasingly shared approach between centres with respect to the outcomes to be achieved in Oral Medicine. The curriculum may also be of interest to others, such as those responsible for the training of dental hygienists and dental therapists. It provides a platform for future collective developments with the overarching goal of raising the quality of patient care.
Upper Ordovician continuous lithological succession in outer‐shelf facies, Yangtze Platform, South China: Facies changes and oceanographic reconstruction up to the Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation
Authors: Yu Shenyang , Chen Qing , Kershaw Stephen , Li Yue , Li Chao 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOrdovician sequences at Huanghuachang, northern Yichang City of Hubei Province, Central China, are representative of an outer‐shelf setting of the Yangtze epicontinental sea, South China Block. Continuous drill cores of the Well Yihuang 1 penetrated the Upper Ordovician units of the Miaopo, Pagoda, Linhsiang, Wufeng, and Kuanyinchiao Formations in ascending order. Such a continuous succession gives valuable insights into environmental changes and an extinction event through Late Ordovician time. Results suggest that sluggish circulation and oligotrophic conditions were characteristic of the region from Sandbian to early Hirnantian Epochs of the Late Ordovician. Thin‐bedded limestones within the Miaopo Formation shales and nodular limestones of the Pagoda and Linhsiang Formations are mainly wackestones and mudstones with sparse and fine‐grained trilobite, cephalopod, gastropod, ostracod, and crinoid bioclasts with rare brachiopod and bivalve bioclasts, further showing gradual decreasing in abundance and grain size upwards through the succession. Such biological and lithological changes are interpreted as a trend towards a deeper and calmer seafloor below storm wave‐base. The Kwangsian Orogeny of the late Katian Epoch altered the geography of the region, creating a large embayment in the area of the Well Yihuang 1 core. Thus the sequence developed upwards to the Wufeng Formation graptolitic black shales consistent with formation in a dysoxic and stagnant embayment that excluded carbonate production and benthic biota, but ideal for preservation of planktic graptolite fossils. Bioclastic packstone and quartz grain lenses interlayered with the black shales are occasionally sourced from southeastward shallow submarine highs closed to the Cathaysian Land. Change from this interpreted sluggish ocean circulation affecting the ocean floor was delayed to the early Hirnantian Epoch, when active circulation is related to the onset of the latest Ordovician glaciation which resulted in an oxygenated ocean floor during regression, favorable for the thriving shelly Hirnantia Fauna.
Off‐grid: solar powered LED illumination impacts epigeal arthropods
Authors: Eccard Jana A. , Scheffler Ingo , Franke Steffen , Hoffmann Julia 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Advances in LED technology combined with solar, storable energy bring light to places remote from electricity grids. Worldwide more than 1.3 billion of people are living off‐grid, often in developing regions of high insect biodiversity. In developed countries, dark refuges for wildlife are threatened by ornamental garden lights. Solar powered LEDs (SPLEDs) are cheaply available, dim, and often used to illuminate foot paths, but little is known on their effects on ground living (epigeal) arthropods.

We used off‐the‐shelf garden lamps with a single ‘white’ LED (colour temperature 7250 K) to experimentally investigate effects on attraction and nocturnal activity of ground beetles (Carabidae).

We found two disparate and species‐specific effects of SPLEDs. (i) Some nocturnal, phototactic species were not reducing activity under illumination and were strongly attracted to lamps (>20‐fold increase in captures compared to dark controls). Such species aggregate in lit areas and SPLEDs may become ecological traps, while the species is drawn from nearby, unlit assemblages. (ii) Other nocturnal species were reducing mobility and activity under illumination without being attracted to light, which may cause fitness reduction in lit areas.

Both reactions offer mechanistic explanations on how outdoor illumination can change population densities of specific predatory arthropods, which may have cascading effects on epigeal arthropod assemblages. The technology may thus increase the area of artificial light at night (ALAN) impacting insect biodiversity.

Measures are needed to mitigate effects, such as adjustment of light colour temperature and automated switch‐offs.
Cost‐effective porous ceramic tubes fabricated through a phase inversion/casting process using calcined bauxite
Authors: Zhu Zhiwen , Cao Yanxin , Dong Xudong , Meng Xiangeng , Zhao Yujun , Ding Zhijie , Wei Zhaoling 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCost‐effective ceramic tubes based on low‐price commercial calcined bauxite for economical separation were fabricated by a new phase‐inversion casting method. The thermal shrinkage and weight loss during heating of the green tubes were characterized by dilatometric analysis and TG, respectively. Three shrinkage stages appear successively, corresponding to the viscous deformation of polymeric binder at 200‐300°C, significant combustion loss of ~5.2 wt% at 500‐620°C and sintering shrinkage over 800°C, respectively. However, due to high enough viscosity of the casting suspension that can guarantee the green tube against collapse or deformation during the phase inversion/casting process, the sintered tubes display nearly uniform microstructure instead of characteristic asymmetrical structure of the phase inversion process. The influence of sintering temperature on the pore property (including pore size and porosity) and mechanical strength was investigated. As the sintering temperature increases from 1200 to 1400°C, the porosity and average pore size decrease from 46.4% to 37.0% and from 0.98 to 0.81 μm, respectively, and the flexural strength increases from 25.8 to 65.1 MPa. The cost‐effective ceramic tube sintering at the range of 1250‐1400°C can be capable of functioning as a microfiltration membrane or an ultrafiltration membrane support.
Bioactive compounds andin vitroantioxidant activities of peel, flesh and seed powder of kiwi fruit
Authors: Wang Yutang , Li Lixia , Liu Hua , Zhao Tong , Meng Chenshuo , Liu Zhande , Liu Xuebo 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe aim of this work was to assess the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential of powder obtained by the lyophilisation of the peel, flesh and seeds of kiwi fruit. Eight typical varieties of kiwi fruit in Shaanxi, China, were selected, and thepHvalue, content of Vc, total polyphenols, and flavonoids of different parts of the kiwi fruit were analysed. The content of phenols was determined byHPLC. The results revealed that phenolic compounds, such as protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and quercetin, were rich in different parts of kiwi fruit and highest in the peel. The Vc content was highest in the flesh. The antioxidant activities show the same trend as the total polyphenol content. The kiwi fruit peel and seed can be used to reduce agro‐industrial waste and are promising ingredients for use in the enrichment of products providing dietary fibre, bioactive compounds and antioxidant action.
Tailoring the nanostructure of anodic aluminum oxide cladding on optical fiber
Authors: Liu Kai , Ma Yiwei , Du Henry 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe report a comprehensive investigation of fabricating nanostructured anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) cladding on optical fiber. We show that the pore size and interpore distance in the AAO cladding with pore channels vertically aligned to fiber surface can be readily controlled by applied voltage, the type, and concentration of electrolytic acid during anodization of aluminum‐coated optical fiber. The structural characteristics of the AAO cladding were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analyzed using ImageJ software. Processing maps correlating AAO growth and anodization parameters were established. Compared to planar AAO growth on aluminum foil, higher growth rate as well as larger pore diameter and interpore distance were observed for AAO cladding formation on optical fiber under identical anodization conditions due to circumferential tensile stress in the AAO growth front at the convex AAO/aluminum interface. This tensile stress also contributed to radial cracking of the AAO cladding upon exceeding some threshold thickness.
Who should be on the $10 and $20 bills? Preferences based on gender, sexism, race, racism, political affiliation, and political ideology
Authors: Bushman Brad J. , Collier Kevin M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn June 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced that a woman would replace Hamilton on the $10 bill. In April 2016, it announced that Harriet Tubman would replace Andrew Jackson on the $20 bill, instead. After each announcement, we surveyed nationally representative samples of American adults and asked them what they thought of these proposed changes for the $10 bill (Study 1, N = 209) and the $20 bill (Study 2, N = 208). Predictors of currency preferences were gender, race, political affiliation and their respective prejudices and biases—sexism, racism, and political ideology. On the basis of social identity, system justification, and social dominance theories we predicted that privileged groups (i.e., males, Whites) and groups who desire to maintain the status quo (i.e., Republicans, conservatives, sexist and racist individuals) would prefer to leave Hamilton on the $10 bill and Jackson on the $20 bill. Results were consistent with these predictions: Overall, we found that under‐represented groups and more liberal individuals support the proposals from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. These findings suggest a bill of money is not just a piece of paper. The person depicted on U.S. currency can be perceived as an in‐group or out‐group member and this can affect judgements in line with relevant social psychological theories.
Evidence for lower plasticity in CTMAX at warmer developmental temperatures
Authors: Kellermann Vanessa , Sgrò Carla M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the capacity for different species to reduce their susceptibility to climate change via phenotypic plasticity is essential for accurately predicting species extinction risk. The climatic variability hypothesis suggests that spatial and temporal variation in climatic variables should select for more plastic phenotypes. However, empirical support for this hypothesis is limited. Here, we examine the capacity for ten Drosophila species to increase their critical thermal maxima (CTMAX) through developmental acclimation and/or adult heat hardening. Using four fluctuating developmental temperature regimes, ranging from 13 to 33 °C, we find that most species can increase their CTMAX via developmental acclimation and adult hardening, but found no relationship between climatic variables and absolute measures of plasticity. However, when plasticity was dissected across developmental temperatures, a positive association between plasticity and one measure of climatic variability (temperature seasonality) was found when development took place between 26 and 28 °C, whereas a negative relationship was found when development took place between 20 and 23 °C. In addition, a decline in CTMAX and egg‐to‐adult viability, a proxy for fitness, was observed in tropical species at the warmer developmental temperatures (26–28 °C); this suggests that tropical species may be at even greater risk from climate change than currently predicted. The combined effects of developmental acclimation and adult hardening on CTMAX were small, contributing to a <0.60 °C shift in CTMAX. Although small shifts in CTMAX may increase population persistence in the shorter term, the degree to which they can contribute to meaningful responses in the long term is unclear.