bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implication from Chemical study of Magnetic Spherules from a Thin Ferruginous Layer Located in Fatehgarh Formation of Barmer Basin, India
Authors: Mathur Sonal , Tripathi R. P. , Mathur S. C. , Mathur Saurabh , Gaur S. D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A unique thin ferruginous layer exist in late Maastrichtian sedimentary sequence of Fatehgarh Formation in Barmer basin, India. Magnetic separation of this layer yielded presence of magnetic glassy spherules of millimetre size. In the present study, XRF, EDXA, INNA are employed to understand the possible origin of these magnetic spherules obtained from this layer. Chemical composition of these spherules strongly favour their volcanic origin.
Terrain Characteristics and their Influence on the Temporal Behaviour of Hydraulic Heads in Kallada River Basin, Kerala
Authors: Aju C. D. , Reghunath Rajesh , Prasannakumar V. , Chandran Subeesh 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The terrain characteristics of an area play vital role in the spatial and temporal behaviour of the hydraulic heads of groundwater body. The present study was carried out to understand the influence of major terrain parameters such as slope, drainage, geology and soil characteristics on the seasonal variations of the hydraulic head in the Kallada river basin, South Kerala, India. Water table was measured at 166 open wells in the study area during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods to accomplish the objectives. Hydraulic heads in the study area varied seasonally from 0 to 4.33m during the study period. Wells with very less change in hydraulic head fall in the midland area, where the drainage frequency is very low to low. Areas with very high slope are characterized by less recharge and the wells at such areas show highest change in hydraulic head. Also, the wells with higher variation in hydraulic heads are associated with Kodumon, Mynagapally and Ummannur soil series.
Application of Geochemical Mapping in Unraveling Paleoweathering and Provenance of Karewa Deposits of South Kashmir, NW Himalaya, India
Authors: Bhat Nadeem A. , Singh B. P. , Bhat Aijaz A. , Nath Som , Guha D. B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Ninety Six composite stream sediment samples of Karewa deposits from parts of Pulwama and Budgam districts of south Kashmir were analysed for major, trace and rare earth elements to understand the nature of weathering and provenance. A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM plots of the samples indicate almost similar contents in Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, K2O and MgO as those of upper crust, reflecting very poor to moderate weathering history. Similarly, the low to moderate chemical index of alteration (CIA) values (33.97 to 68.87), chemical index of weathering (CIW) values (57.68 to 84.80) and plagioclase index of weathering (PIA) values (31.49 to 75.67) suggest a low to moderate intensity of weathering in source area. The discriminant function diagrams revealed quartzose sedimentary provenance, with some of the samples falling in intermediate igneous source, probably reflecting recycled orogen provenance. The sample data show fractionated REE patterns with (La/Yb)cn varying from 7.42 to 9.52 and a negative Eu anomaly 0.64 – 0.71, is regarded as evidence for a differentiated source. In La–Th–Sc diagram, sediments fall in a region of mixed source rocks with two samples falling in basic source rock area. The samples fall close to the values of UCC, PAAS and NASC, indicating large provenance with variable geographical and geological setting. On La/Th plot, the sediment data fall into the range of UCC, indicating that the sediments did not have a uniform provenance.
A GIS-based Approach in Drainage and Morphometric Analysis of Ken River Basin and Sub-basins, Central India
Authors: Panda Balakrushna , Venkatesh Madavi , Kumar Bijendra , Anshumali  
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Morphometric characterization of the Ken River basin (KRB) in Central India was carried out by analyzing SRTM DEM and topographical maps using geographic information system (GIS). The Ken river basin and sub-basins comprise a dendritic drainage pattern with highest stream order varying from third order to sixth order, and the mean bifurcation ratio (2.09) showed that the drainage pattern was not affected by structural disturbances. Coarse texture, low relief, elongated shape of the basin and gentle terrain condition were found to be dominant morphometric parameters. These results could be utilized in restoration and conservation of natural resources in Ken river basin.
Studies on Deformation Characteristics of Conglomerate along Jonk River, Sonakhan, Balodabazaar District, Chhattisgarh
Authors: Chourasia Ketan , Diwan Prabhat 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Jonk river conglomerate occurs along the river Jonk of the late Archean-Paleoproterozoic Sonakhan greenstone belt in the northern-eastern part of the central India craton (CIC)/Bastar block of Central India. To quantify finite strain, the Rf/ϕ and Fry techniques were used. For the 3D strain analysis, conventional Flinn diagram was computed, on which variation of finite strain as computed from harmonic mean for the different localities, that most of the pebble shapes designates at the oblate field and have nearly plain strain ellipsoid.
Provenance Studies of Ilmenite from Red Sediments, Bhimunipatnam Coast, East Coast of India
Authors: Rao P. Ganapati , Reddy K. S. N. , Sekhar Ch. Ravi , Naidu K. Bangaku , Krishna K. N. Murali , Reddy G. V. R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Mineral chemistry of the ilmenites, drawn from the red sediments along the Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India was determined by EPMA technique. The major constituents are TiO2 and FeO, and the value of Ti/(Ti + Fe) &lt; 0.5 of these ilmenites indicate that they are relatively fresh ‘ferrian ilmenites’ and were contributed recently to the red sediments in the study area. Using the mineral chemical data, the end-member composition of the analyzed ilmenites was calculated, which reveals that they are of ‘ilmenite - hematite’ and ‘ilmenite - geikielite - hematite’ composition, derived from calc-alkaline magma-sourced charnockites and metapelitic khondalite suite of rocks respectively of the Eastern Ghats granulite belt. The TiO2 content and Mn/Mg ratio of the study ilmenites indicate that these rocks constitute their provenance in the Gosthani river basin. Their back scattered electron (BSE) and scanning electron (SEM) images show their prominent sub-angular to sub-rounded shape, corroborating the study under microscope, with some preserving signatures of exsolution intergrowth, earlier deformation and rounded shape, all of which are attributed to their transportation by the Gosthani river, after their liberation from their provenance rocks.
In-situ Observation and Nitrate-N Load Assessment in Madhubani District, Bihar, India
Authors: Kumari Binita , Gupta Pankaj Kumar , Kumar Deepak 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Fertilizers may leach through the vadose zone and eventually reach groundwater in agriculturally intensive areas. Thus, the main focus of this study was to investigate Nitrate-N load and vulnerability of groundwater resources using in-situ observed hydrogeological data. Soil water flow and contaminant transport equation was numerically simulated using HYDRUS 1D for constant head and atmospheric top boundary conditions. Sub-surface materials were distributed based on the lithologs of the target area. Observed water table locations were considered as bottom boundary condition to respective numerical domain. The time taken by Nitrate-N to reach groundwater table was considered to estimate vulnerability index. The results show that Nitrate-N load is higher in constant head boundary conditions than atmospheric boundary conditions. The eastern part of the study area shows high vulnerability than northern part followed by western part. In-situ observed nitrate concentrations were well matched with simulated results. The high vulnerability in eastern and northern part is due to alluvial sandy lithologs and very shallow groundwater table. These findings are in line with the observed low water table depths, less runoff, and higher hydraulic conductivity of the vadose zone material in these area. In western part, forest cover dominated land use causes low pollution vulnerabilities to groundwater resources. This study may help to frame agricultural and soil-water conservation practices with more sustainable remedial techniques.
On the probabilities of branch durations and stratigraphic gaps in phylogenies of fossil taxa when rates of diversification and sampling vary over time
Authors: Wagner Peter J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe time separating the first appearances of species from their divergences from related taxa affects assessments of macroevolutionary hypotheses about rates of anatomical or ecological change. Branch durations necessarily posit stratigraphic gaps in sampling within a clade over which we have failed to sample predecessors (ancestors) and over which there are no divergences leading to sampled relatives (sister taxa). The former reflects only sampling rates, whereas the latter reflects sampling, origination, and extinction rates. Because all three rates vary over time, the probability of a branch duration of any particular length will differ depending on when in the Phanerozoic that branch duration spans. Here, I present a birth–death-sampling model allowing interval-to-interval variation in diversification and sampling rates. Increasing either origination or sampling rates increases the probability of finding sister taxa that diverge both during and before intervals of high sampling/origination. Conversely, elevated extinction reduces the probability of divergences from sampled sister taxa before and during intervals of elevated extinction. In the case of total extinction, a Signor-Lipps will reduce expected sister taxa leading up to the extinction, with the possible effect stretching back many millions of years when sampling is low. Simulations indicate that this approach provides reasonable estimates of branch duration probabilities under a variety of circumstances. Because current probability models for describing morphological evolution are less advanced than methods for inferring diversification and sampling rates, branch duration priors allowing for time-varying diversification could be a potent tool for phylogenetic inference with fossil data.
From Acolyte toṢaḥābī?: Christian Monks as Symbols of Early Confessional Fluidity in the Conversion Story of Salmān al-Fārisī
Authors: Bowman Bradley 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper will examine the narrative of Salmān al-Fārisī/”the Persian” and his conversion to Islam, as recounted in the eighth-centurySīraof Ibn Isḥāq, as a lens into the laudatory interpretation of Christian monasticism by early Muslims. This account of Salmān al-Fārisī (d. 656 CE), an originalCompanion(ṣaḥābī) of the Prophet Muḥammad, vividly describes his rejection of his Zoroastrian heritage, his initial embrace of Christianity, and his departure from his homeland of Isfahan in search of a deeper understanding of the Christian faith. This quest leads the young Persian on a great arc across the Near East into Iraq, Asia Minor, and Syria, during which he studies under various Christian monks and serves as their acolyte. Upon each master’s death, Salmān is directed toward another mystical authority, on a passage that parallels the “monastic sojourns” of late antique Christian literature. At the conclusion of the narrative a monk sends Salmān to seek out a “new Prophet who has arisen among the Arabs.” The monks, therefore, appear to be interpreted as “proto-Muslims,” as links in a chain leading to enlightenment, regardless of their confessional distinction. This narrative could then suggest that pietistic concerns, shared between these communities, superseded specific doctrinal boundaries in the highly fluid and malleable religious culture of the late antique and early Islamic Near East.
The Voices of Moses: Theologies of Revelation in an Early Hasidic Circle
Authors: Mayse Ariel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe subject of revelation appears with striking frequency in the writings and sermons of the early Hasidic masters. Their attempts to reimagine Sinai and to redefine its spiritual significance were key to their theological project. The present article examines the theophany at Sinai as presented in the teachings of three important Hasidic leaders: Menaḥem Naḥum of Chernobil, Ze’ev Wolf of Zhitomir, and Levi Yitsḥak of Barditshev, all of whom were students of Rabbi Dov Ber Friedman, the Maggid of Mezritsh. Each of the three constructed their teachings upon foundational elements of the Maggid’s theology. This shared inheritance links Dov Ber’s students to one another, but careful consideration of these Hasidic sources will reveal important differences in foci and ideational message. These homilies refer to revelation as an unfolding process in which the ineffable divine is continuously translated into human language, reflecting upon—and justifying—the emergence of Hasidism and its theology through reimagining revelation. Such fundamental questions of language and devotion also throb at the heart of religious revivals the world over. When read critically and carefully, these Hasidic sources have much to offer scholars interested in the interface of renewal, exegesis, and revelation more broadly.
Performance difference in verbal fluency in bilingual and monolingual speakers
Authors: Patra Abhijeet , Bose Arpita , Marinis Theodoros 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResearch has shown that bilinguals can perform similarly, better or poorly on verbal fluency task compared to monolinguals. Verbal fluency data for semantic (animals, fruits and vegetables, and clothing) and letter fluency (F, A, S) were collected from 25 Bengali–English bilinguals and 25 English monolinguals in English. The groups were matched for receptive vocabulary, age, education and non-verbal intelligence. We used a wide range of measures to characterize fluency performance: number of correct, fluency difference score, time-course analysis (1st RT, Sub-RT, initiation, slope), clustering, and switching. Participants completed three executive control measures tapping into inhibitory control, mental-set shifting and working memory. Differences between the groups were significant when executive control demands were higher such as number of correct responses in letter fluency, fluency difference score, Sub-RT, slope and cluster size for letter fluency, such that bilinguals outperform the monolinguals. Stroop performance correlated positively with the slope only for the bilinguals.
On the Lack of Real Consequences in Consumer Choice Research
Authors: Klein Sina A. , Hilbig Benjamin E. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Experimental tasks measure actual behavior when the consequences that follow actions and choices mirror those of real-life behavior. Consequently, choice tasks in consumer research would need to include both costs (losing a previously earned endowment) and gains (actually receiving what was chosen) to structurally resemble real-life consumer choices. A literature review of studies ( k = 446) in consumer research confirms that full implementation of consequences is rare. The extent to which presence versus absence of these consequences systematically affects observable behavior is tested in an experiment ( N = 669) comparing a fully consequential (cost and gain consequences), a partially consequential (gain consequence only), and a hypothetical (no consequences) consumer choice task. Results show that consequences, once real, affect both the general willingness to purchase and the relative preferences for different products. Hence, it would seem advisable to more carefully consider the role of consequences in future consumer research.
The Mighty Susquehanna—Extreme Floods in Eastern North America During the Past Two Millennia
Authors: Toomey Michael , Cantwell Meagan , Colman Steven , Cronin Thomas , Donnelly Jeffrey , Giosan Liviu , Heil Clifford , Korty Robert , Marot Marci , Willard Debra 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe hazards posed by infrequent major floods to communities along the Susquehanna River and the ecological health of Chesapeake Bay remain largely unconstrained due to the short length of streamgage records. Here we develop a history of high‐flow events on the Susquehanna River during the late Holocene from flood deposits contained in MD99‐2209, a sediment core recovered in 26 m of water from Chesapeake Bay near Annapolis, Maryland, United States. We identify coarse‐grained deposits left by Hurricane Agnes (1972) and the Great Flood of 1936, as well as during three intervals that predate instrumental flood records (~1800–1500, 1300–1100, and 400–0 CE). Comparison to sedimentary proxy data (pollen and ostracode Mg/Ca ratios) from the same core site indicates that prehistoric flooding on the Susquehanna often accompanied cooler‐than‐usual winter/spring temperatures near Chesapeake Bay—typical of negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation and conditions thought to foster hurricane landfalls along the East Coast.
Volumetric and Shear Strain Localization in Mt. Etna Basalt
Authors: McBeck Jessica A. , Cordonnier Benoît , Vinciguerra Sergio , Renard François 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo examine the impact of preexisting weaknesses on fracture coalescence during volcanic edifice deformation, we triaxially compressed Mount Etna basalt while acquiring in situ dynamic X‐ray microtomograms and calculated the internal strain tensor fields using image correlation. Contraction localization preceded dilation and shear strain localization into the protofault zone. This onset of strain localization preceded macroscopic yielding and coincided with increases in the magnitude and volume of rock experiencing dilation, and spatial clustering of the strain populations. The exploitation of weaknesses by propagating fractures enabled the dominant shear strain to switch senses as propagating fractures lengthened along 30–60° fromσ1. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal pore‐emanated fractures, and fractures linking pores. These experiments provide evidence of internal contraction preceding dilation and shear, consistent with inferences from field and laboratory observations. The transition from contraction to dilation may provide a precursory signal of volcanic flank eruption.
Pace and Process of Active Folding and Fluvial Incision Across the Kantishna Hills Anticline, Central Alaska
Authors: Bender A. M. , Lease R. O. , Haeussler P. J. , Rittenour T. , Corbett L. B. , Bierman P. R. , Caffee M. W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRates of northern Alaska Range thrust system deformation are poorly constrained. Shortening at the system's west end is focused on the Kantishna Hills anticline. Where the McKinley River cuts across the anticline, the landscape records both Late Pleistocene deformation and climatic change. New optically stimulated luminescence and cosmogenic 10Be depth profile dates of three McKinley River terrace levels (~22, ~18, and ~14–9 ka) match independently determined ages of local glacial maxima, consistent with climate‐driven terrace formation. Terrace ages quantify rates of differential bedrock incision, uplift, and shortening based on fault depth inferred from microseismicity. Differential rock uplift and incision (≤1.4 m/kyr) drive significant channel width narrowing in response to ongoing folding at a shortening rate of ~1.2 m/kyr. Our results constrain northern Alaska Range thrust system deformation rates, and elucidate superimposed landscape responses to Late Pleistocene climate change and active folding with broad geomorphic implications.
Eddy‐Induced Temperature and Salinity Variability in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Trott Corinne B. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Chaigneau Alexis , Roman‐Stork Heather L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe eddy field in the Arabian Sea experiences seasonal wind‐driven intensification during the summer monsoon season from June through September. These strong eddies strengthen local currents like the Somali Current and strongly impact regional upper‐level vertical and lateral advection. To investigate the multivariate response to eddying, we apply a closed‐contour eddy‐tracking algorithm to sea level anomaly maps and then examine sea surface temperature and salinity of the identified eddies to infer whether they are surface or subsurface intensified in the Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon. A complete understanding of the temperature and salinity signatures reveals how Arabian Sea eddies alter upper‐ocean stratification. Though both intensification types are identified, we find a dominance of likely surface‐intensified eddies characterized by relatively warm and fresh cores for anticyclonic eddies and relatively cool and saline cores for cyclonic eddies, particularly in the northwestern Arabian Sea and Somali Current region.
The Relation Between Aerosol Vertical Distribution and Temperature Inversions in the Arctic in Winter and Spring
Authors: Thomas Manu Anna , Devasthale Abhay , Tjernström Michael , Ekman Annica M. L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTemperature inversions, being a common meteorological phenomenon in the Arctic, especially during winter and spring, play a special role in regulating the distribution of aerosols. Using 10 years of collocated satellite observations, we evaluate the covariability of the vertical distribution of aerosol extinction and different atmospheric stability regimes. It is observed that as the atmospheric stability increases, more aerosols are trapped below inversions over the majority of the Arctic (except in the Pacific sector) during winter, indicating low‐level transport from lower latitudes into the Arctic. In contrast, additional aerosol layers are accumulated above inversion layers during spring in the Eurasian and Pacific sectors as the stability increases, indicating long‐range transport at higher altitudes. In this study, satellite observations are, for the first time, used as sole evidence to support the hypothesis that low‐level transport dominates in winter and free tropospheric transport dominates in spring.
Temporal Resolution of Wind Forcing Required for River Plume Simulations
Authors: Qu Lixin , Hetland Robert D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWind is a primary forcing agent for river plume variability. Consequently, the temporal resolution of wind forcing is an important factor to consider for river plume simulations. This study evaluates river plume simulation errors caused by temporal subsampling of wind forcing data. We use an idealized model of a river plume over a continental shelf and force the model with temporally filtered winds to quantify the effect of temporal subsampling on simulation accuracy. The simulation error is proportional to the fraction of energy missing in the high‐frequency wind absent from the forcing. These results set requirements for temporal wind resolution in realistic simulations of river plumes. Spectral analysis of observed wind records at the Mississippi River, Columbia River, and Merrimack River regions indicates that, for simulation errors due to insufficient temporal wind resolution to be smaller than 5% of the variance, 3‐hourly or 4‐hourly wind data are reasonable. Though horizontal variations in wind forcing are lost, analyzing fast Fourier transformation spectrum of a single‐point wind measurement in the simulation region is helpful for estimating simulation errors due to temporal resolution and hence aid in properly selecting temporal resolutions.