bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clustered shareholder activism
Authors: Artiga González Tanja , Calluzzo Paul 
Published: December 2018

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis study examines activism campaigns where multiple activists simultaneously target the same firm—which we term clustered shareholder activism. Despite the growing influence of shareholder activism on corporate governance, the clustered activism phenomenon has previously only been addressed indirectly, anecdotally, or with limited data. We consider cost sharing motives for clustered activism and whether the phenomenon exerts a positive or negative impact on the performance of the target firm.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a large dataset of shareholder activism events at U.S. firms, we find that clustered activism campaigns are more common at larger firms and among geographically proximate activists, which is consistent with our prediction that activists cluster to reduce the costs associated with activism campaigns. Furthermore, we find that clustered activism produces elevated profitability and abnormal returns, which is consistent with our prediction that activists cluster to address principal–agency costs.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study provides some of the first theoretical and empirical evidence on the clustered activism phenomenon. We contribute to the understanding of the role of shareholder activism by considering their effect on principal–agency and principal–principal problems. Our results also contribute to the literature that examines factors relating to the success of shareholder activism by documenting the effect of clustered activism on activism costs and target firm performance.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur study adds to the debate among practitioners and regulators on the merits (or lack thereof) of clustered activism. Our findings suggest that a regulatory approach that encourages clustered activism can benefit shareholders.Video Abstracthttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/page/journal/14678683/homepage/videoabstracts.htmlyoutubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=0_D-6Pw9sYo
First report of Phytophthora cinnamomi in forest stands in Germany
Authors: Peters Franziska S. , Wunderlich Linda , Metzler Berthold 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPhytophthora cinnamomi was repeatedly isolated from the rhizosphere of recently dead sweet chestnut trees in the upper Rhine valley. Identification was genetically confirmed by RFLP and sequencing of the ITS‐region. This is the first record of P. cinnamomi on forest land in Germany. Mode of introduction of this invasive species and potential factors favouring establishment are discussed.
A vintage model with endogenous growth and human capital
Authors: Benhabib Jess 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe develop an endogenous growth model with vintages of physical capital where human capital is endogenously produced. Under some simplifying assumptions, we can solve the model analytically and study its dynamics. We provide conditions under which a balanced growth path, in the ratio of capital to human capital, exists and is stable, with the transition dynamics exhibiting oscillatory echo effects associated with vintages.
Calcitriol loading before total parathyroidectomy with autotransplant in patients with end‐stage kidney disease: does it prevent postoperative hypocalcaemia?
Authors: Ferreira David , Vilayur Eswari , Gao Michael , Sankoorikal Christy , Bendinelli Cino 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundHungry bone syndrome (HBS) is one of the most serious complications following parathyroidectomy for severe hyperparathyroidism. There is a lack of literature informing the treatment and risk factors for this condition and the ideal pre‐operative strategy for prevention.AimsThe primary aims were to examine the incidence of HBS with pre‐operative calcitriol loading for 10 days and to determine the risk factors for HBS. The secondary aims were to determine the rate of intravenous calcium replacement in those with HBS and to assess whether cinacalcet removal has increased rates of parathyroidectomy in the end‐stage kidney disease population.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study from 2011 to 2018 on 45 patients with end‐stage kidney disease undergoing total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation for severe hyperparathyroidism. This was based at the John Hunter and Newcastle Private Hospitals in New South Wales.Results28.3% of patients with calcitriol loading undergoing parathyroidectomy fulfilled criteria for HBS. Pre‐operative variables that were associated with HBS were elevated parathyroid hormone (P = 0.028) and longer duration of renal replacement therapy (P = 0.033). Rates of total parathyroidectomy were higher after the removal of calcimimetics from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (P = 0.0024).ConclusionsHBS remains a common complication of parathyroidectomy, even with prolonged high‐dose calcitriol loading. This emphasises the need for further trials investigating other targeted therapies, such as bisphosphonates, to prevent HBS. Those most at risk of HBS are patients with high bone turnover and prolonged renal replacement therapy.
Developmental origins of murine γδ T‐cell subsets
Authors: Sumaria Nital , Martin Stefania , Pennington Daniel J. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryMurine γδ T cells display diverse responses to pathogens and tumours through early provision of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐17A (IL‐17) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ). Although it is now clear that acquisition of these cytokine‐secreting effector fates is to a great extent developmentally pre‐programmed in the thymus, the stages through which γδ progenitor cells transition, and the underlying mechanistic processes that govern these commitment events, are still largely unclear. Here, we review recent progress in the field, with particular consideration of how TCR‐γδ signalling impacts on developmental programmes initiated before TCR‐γδ expression.
Inflammatory response under zinc deficiency is exacerbated by dysfunction of the T helper type 2 lymphocyte–M2 macrophage pathway
Authors: Kido Takamasa , Ishiwata Kenji , Suka Machi , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2018

SummaryNutritional zinc deficiency leads to immune dysfunction and aggravates inflammation. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, the relationship between macrophage subtypes (M1 and M2) and helper T lymphocytes (Th1 and Th2) was investigated using the spleen from rats fed zinc‐deficient or standard diet. In experiment I, 5‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a zinc‐deficient diet (without zinc additives) or a standard diet (containing 0·01% zinc) for 6 weeks. In experiment II, the rats were divided into four groups: one group was fed a standard diet for 6 weeks; two groups were fed zinc‐deficient diets and were injected three times a week with either saline or interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) (zinc‐deficient/IL‐4 i.p.); a fourth group (zinc‐deficient/standard) was fed a zinc‐deficient diet for 6 weeks followed by a standard diet for 4 weeks. In experiment I; GATA‐binding protein 3 (GATA‐3) protein level, M2 macrophage, CD3+ CD8+ cells, and IL‐4/IL‐13‐positive cells significantly decreased in the spleens of the zinc‐deficient group. Additionally, IL‐1β and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α) mRNA levels significantly increased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc‐deficient group. In experiment II; M2 macrophages, CD3+ CD8+ cells, IL‐4/IL‐13‐positive cells, and GATA‐3 protein levels significantly increased in the spleens of the zinc‐deficient/IL‐4 i.p. and zinc‐deficient/standard groups. Furthermore, IL‐1β and MIP‐1α mRNA levels decreased in the splenic macrophages of the zinc‐deficient/IL‐4 i.p. and zinc‐deficient/standard groups. Zinc deficiency‐induced aggravated inflammation is related to Th2 lymphocytes and followed by the association with loss of GATA‐3, IL‐4 and anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophages. Importantly, IL‐4 injection or zinc supplementation can reverse the effects of zinc deficiency on immune function.
Compositional control of radionuclide retention in hollandite‐based ceramic waste forms for Cs‐immobilization
Authors: Zhao Mingyang , Xu Yun , Shuller‐Nickles Lindsay , Amoroso Jake , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Li Yuanyuan , Gong Weiping , Lilova Kristina , Navrotsky Alexandra , Brinkman Kyle S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHollandite materials, as a class of crystalline nuclear waste forms, are promising candidates for the immobilization of radioactive elements, such as Cs, Ba, as well as a variety of lanthanide and transition‐metal fission products. In this study, three Ga‐doped titanate hollandite‐type phases, Ba1.33Ga2.67Ti5.33O16, Ba0.667Cs0.667Ga2Ti6O16, and Cs1.33Ga1.33Ti6.67O16, were synthesized using a solid‐state reaction route. All synthesized phases adopted a single phase tetragonal structure, as determined by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis confirmed the measured stoichiometries were close to targeted compositions. Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) was used to determine the local structural features for the framework of octahedrally coordinated cations. EXAFS data indicated that Cs1.33Ga1.33Ti6.67O16 possessed the most disordered local structure centered around the Ga dopant. The enthalpies of formation of all three hollandite phases measured using high‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry were found to be negative, indicating enthalpies of formation of these hollandites from oxides are thermodynamically stable with respect to their constituent oxides. Furthermore, the formation enthalpies were more negative and hence more favorable with increased Cs content. Finally, aqueous leaching tests revealed that high Cs content hollandite phases exhibited greater Cs retention as compared to low Cs content hollandite. While preliminary in nature, this work draws attention to the links between the capacity for radionuclide retention, atomistic level structural features and bulk thermodynamic properties of materials.
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is safe and effective for geriatric patients with chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Hao Lu , Liu Yu , Wang Teng , Guo Hong‐Lei , Wang Dan , Bi Ya‐Wei , Xin Lei , He Lin , Lin Jin‐Huan , Zhang Di , Zeng Xiang‐Peng , Zou Wen‐Bin , Chen Hui , Xie Ting , Li Bai‐Rong , Cong Zhi‐Jie , Wang Li‐Sheng , Liao Zhuan , Xu Zheng‐Lei , Li Zhao‐Shen , Hu Liang‐Hao 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground and AimPancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (P‐ESWL) is a first‐line treatment for chronic pancreatitis (CP) patients with pancreatic stones. However, the performance of P‐EWSL in geriatric patients remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of P‐ESWL for them.MethodsThis prospective study was conducted in painful CP patients who underwent P‐ESWL. Patients aged over 65 years were included in geriatric group; patients aged under 65 years were assigned to control group. For the long‐term follow‐up investigation, geriatric patients were matched with patients from the control group in a 1:1 ratio. Primary outcomes were complications of P‐ESWL and pain relief. Secondary outcomes included stone clearance, physical and mental health, quality of life score, changes in exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function, and survival.ResultsFrom March 2011 to March 2016, P‐ESWL was performed in 1404 patients (72 in the geriatric group and 1332 in the control group). No significant differences were observed in complications of P‐ESWL between the two groups (P = 0.364). Among the 67 (67/72, 93.1%) geriatric patients who underwent follow up for 4.02 years, complete pain relief was achieved in 53 patients, which was not significantly different from that of matched controls (54/70; P = 0.920). The death in the geriatrics was significantly higher (P = 0.007), but none of them were correlated with P‐ESWL.ConclusionsP‐ESWL is safe and effective for geriatric CP patients with pancreatic stones. It can promote significant pain relief and stone clearance and improve quality of life and mental and physical health.
Histopathologic discrepancies between endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection specimens in superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms
Authors: Park Young Joo , Kim Gwang Ha , Park Do Youn , Lee Sojeong , Lee Moon Won , Lee Bong Eun , Song Geun Am 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic forceps biopsy results that reflect the final pathologic results of an entire lesion are essential for making accurate diagnoses and appropriate therapeutic decisions for patients with superficial esophageal squamous neoplasms (SESNs). This study investigated the histopathologic discrepancies between endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection specimens to elucidate the factors contributing to such discrepancies.MethodsThis retrospective observational study involved 77 patients (84 lesions) who underwent endoscopic resections for SESNs, between January 2005 and August 2017, at the Pusan National University Hospital. The SESNs were classified as low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasms (LGINs), high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasms (HGINs), or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Following slide reviews, the histopathologic concordance between endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection specimens was assessed, in each case.ResultsThe histopathologic discrepancy rate between the endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection specimens was 34.5% (29/84 lesions). Among the 29 diagnostically discordant lesions, upgrades and downgrades of the histopathologic diagnoses occurred for 27 and 2 lesions, respectively. The predominant discrepancies results in lesion upgrades from HGIN to SCC (n = 21) and from LGIN to SCC (n = 5). The two downgraded cases included one from SCC to HGIN and one from HGIN to LGIN. Multivariate analyses identified two factors that were significantly associated with the histopathologic discrepancies: upper esophageal location (odds ratio, 7.743; 95% confidence interval, 1.031–58.174; P = 0.047) and tumor area per biopsy ≥ 158.6 mm2/biopsy (odds ratio, 5.933; 95% confidence interval, 1.051–44.483; P = 0.044).ConclusionHistopathologic discrepancies were observed between endoscopic forceps biopsy and endoscopic resection specimens in patients with SESNs. Tumor location and tumor area/biopsy were both significantly associated with the discrepancies.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in older patients with and without dementia: Survival and ethical considerations
Authors: van Bruchem‐Visser Rozemarijn Lidewij , Mattace‐Raso Francesco Umberto Salvatore , de Beaufort Inez Duconia , Kuipers Ernst Johan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackground and AimNotwithstanding multiple recommendations in guidelines, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)‐tube placement is still performed in patients with dementia. In this study, we aim to investigate survival in patients with and without dementia after PEG‐tube placement.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective multicenter study in four different hospitals in the Netherlands. Furthermore, we explored the ethical considerations that may play a role in the decision whether or not to insert a PEG tube in a patient with dementia.ResultsThree‐hundred‐and‐three patients were included, mean age of 77.4 years. Forty‐two (13.9%) patients had dementia. Short‐term complications did not differ between patients with and without cognitive disorders (P 0.224). However, patients with dementia survived significantly shorter after PEG placement than did patients without dementia. Adjusted for age and sex, patients with dementia had a 49% increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.01–2.19). In our exploratory literature search, we found that several ethical concerns and considerations play a role in the decision process of PEG placement. These considerations are both medical and nonmedical and include beliefs regarding the benefits of a PEG tube, a lack of knowledge about the natural course of dementia in both professionals and family of patients, and a fear of letting a patient die hungry.ConclusionsPatients with dementia had higher mortality rates after PEG placement than patients without dementia. Although multiple ethical concerns and considerations play a role, insertion of a PEG tube in patients with dementia is not appropriate.
Unit Leadership and Climates for Evidence‐Based Practice Implementation in Acute Care: A Cross‐Sectional Descriptive Study
Authors: Shuman Clayton J. , Powers Katherine , Banaszak‐Holl Jane , Titler Marita G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeThe purposes of this study were to (a) describe nurse manager (NM) leadership behaviors for evidence‐based practice, NM evidence‐based practice competencies, and unit climates for evidence‐based practice implementation in acute care, and (b) test for differences in NMs’ and staff nurses’ (RNs’) perceptions.DesignA multisite cross‐sectional design was used to collect data from a sample of 24 NMs and 553 RNs from 24 adult medical‐surgical units in seven U.S. community hospitals.MethodsResponses were collected using electronic questionnaires, inclusive of the Nurse Manager Evidence‐Based Practice Competency Scale (NM only), Implementation Leadership Scale, and Implementation Climate Scale. E‐mail reminders and gift card lottery drawings encouraged response. Descriptive statistics described total and subscale scores by role. Differences in perceptions were evaluated using independent t‐tests with Bonferroni correction (α = .05).Findings23 NMs and 287 RNs responded (95.8% and 51.9% response rates, respectively). NMs reported they were “somewhat competent” in evidence‐based practice (M = 1.62 [SD = 0.5]; 0–3 scale). NMs and RNs perceived leadership behaviors (NM: M = 2.73 [SD = 0.46]; RN: M = 2.88 [SD = 0.78]; 0–4 scale) and unit climates for evidence‐based practice implementation (NM: M = 2.16 [SD = 0.67]; RN: M = 2.24 [SD = 0.74]; 0–4 scale) as evident to a “moderate extent.” RN and NM perceptions differed significantly on the Proactive (p = .01) and Knowledgeable (p < .001) leadership subscales.ConclusionsEvidence‐based practice competencies and leadership behaviors of NMs, and unit climates for evidence‐based practice were modest at best and interventions are needed. To close the research to practice gap, future studies should investigate the interplay between social dynamic context factors and implementation strategies to promote uptake of evidence‐based practices.Clinical RelevanceCritical attention is needed to build organizational capacity for evidence‐based practices through development of unit leadership and climate for evidence‐based practice to accelerate routine use of evidence‐based practices for improving care delivery and patient outcomes. The three instruments described herein provide a foundation for nurse leaders to assess these dynamic context factors and design interventions or programs where there is opportunity for improvement.
Newly graduated nurses' experiences of a trainee programme regarding the introduction process and leadership in a hospital setting—A qualitative interview study
Authors: Gellerstedt Linda , Moquist Annelie , Roos Anette , Karin Bergkvist , Craftman Åsa Gransjön 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAim and objectivesThis study aimed to describe newly graduated nurses' experiences of introduction processes and leadership within a hospital trainee programme.BackgroundFor many, being a newly graduated nurse is associated with stress, influenced by the challenge of the transition to independent nurse, coupled with the loss of mentorship due to nurse turnover and rapidly changing demands.MethodsA qualitative design with an inductive approach was chosen, and four focus groups were convened. A total of nineteen nurses were included in the study. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. COREQ was used as EQUATOR checklist.FindingsThe analysis resulted in three themes: Need for an introduction when facing a complex reality, Striving to stand on my own and The importance of having an accessible and multiskilled manager. The transition is a complex, dynamic and demanding process.ConclusionsThe orientation process from student to becoming an independent nurse is a challenging period. A flexible manager and a readily accessible leadership facilitate the newly graduated nurse's striving to become an independent nurse. The study demonstrates that a trainee programme and support are essential in this process. There are indications that today's newly graduated nurses have high expectations of coaching from the manager during the orientation process.Relevance to clinical practiceThe hospital setting and its organisation are rapidly changing in relation to the increasing number of patients and their health status. In addition, there is a need for newly graduated nurses to secure regrowth, to fill the ranks of experienced nurses leaving the field. Newly graduated nurses increasingly perceive a gap between their training and clinical realities, thus necessitating changes in tutoring and their introduction to the work.
Parents’ experiences of donation to their child before kidney transplantation: A qualitative study
Authors: Agerskov Hanne , Thiesson Helle , Specht Kirsten , D. Pedersen Birthe 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAim and objectivesTo explore parents’ experiences of donation to their child before kidney transplantation.BackgroundTransplantation is the treatment of choice for paediatric patients with end‐stage renal disease. Living donor kidney transplantation has shown a higher long‐term transplant survival compared to deceased donor transplantation and entails a more controllable process, with shorter waiting time. Besides complex care and treatment of their child, parents must reflect on the prospects of being a donor for their child. However, little is known about the parent donor and parent caregiver perspective.DesignA qualitative exploratory study taking a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach.MethodThe study was conducted in a Danish university hospital. Interviews were conducted with the parents of seven children, aged between 5–15 years, with end‐stage renal disease in the period before kidney transplantation. Data were analysed with inspiration from Ricoeur's theory of interpretation on three levels: naïve reading, structural analysis and critical interpretation and discussion.ResultsThe decision about donation was experienced as a matter of course and commitment. There were preferences for a kidney from a living donor, including the hope of being accepted as a donor. Being refused as a donor revealed feelings of powerlessness. However, transformation was performed into having a new role providing care and comfort to the child during the transplant process. Asking family and friends about donation could feel like crossing a line.ConclusionThe prospect of donating to one's child had an impact on the well‐being of the entire family. Parents were in a vulnerable situation and in need of support, regarding both living and deceased donation. Waiting time included hopeful thoughts and reflections on a new caregiver role for the child during transplantation.Relevance to clinical practiceHealth professionals’ attention, engagement and dialogue are essential in order to gain extensive and varied knowledge about the individual parent's experiences and the well‐being of the entire family to provide care and support before, during and after the donation and transplantation process.