bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criticality Level Assessment From ILI Data
Authors: Jaya Pedro , Köck Rodolfo 
Published: November 2018

In the last 10 years, technical and economical efforts have been made to improve pipeline integrity management. Those efforts focus on developing “searching tools”, capable of identifying pipe mechanical damage due to slow landslides.
We identified two main tools: geohazard mapping and inline inspection (OCP is using caliper with inertial navigation system INS). The INS system generates a substantial amount of information about pipe’s geometry and deformation, reported as pitch, yaw and distance cover for each run. Since the caliper has been used for years, the pipeline’s path of evolution over the years is already available.
The INS data was merged with pipeline field inspections to develop an assessment tool based on Machine Learning Technology.
This tool was applied to the complete path of the pipeline, analyzing each girth weld, thus obtaining a so called “criticality level” for each weld. Two models were evaluated, which differ on the size of the vicinity considered for each girth weld: 250m and 500m. The highest precision model was found with 250m, which already has allowed improvements in field inspections.
This paper will describe this technique, capable of improving OCP’s pipeline integrity management.
Threshold Geometrical Dimensions of Stage II Cracks Versus Required Resolution of Crack-Detection Techniques
Authors: Chen Weixing , Zhao Jiaxi , Chevil Karina , Gamboa Erwin , Alvarado Bersi 
Published: November 2018

Environmental-assisted cracks in pipeline steels usually undergo the following three sequential stages prior to the failure:
• Stage 1 – crack initiation and early stage crack growth, in which cracks initiate at imperfections but grow slowly depth-wise with time. Crack length may be seen to increase either because of merging with new small cracks in the vicinity of an existing crack or faster crack growth at the crack tip. Some cracks pose little threat to pipeline steel integrity if they remain dormant.
• Stage 2 – Increased crack growth rate where crack growth can be dictated by mechanical driving forces and crack growth rate increases with time.
• Stage 3 – The final stage of crack growth where crack growth rate is very high. Typical crack management programs mitigate cracks prior to entering Stage III.
It is of great importance that pipeline steels with Stage II cracks are detected, monitored, and managed to ensure operational pipeline integrity. Although a range of crack in-line inspection and detection techniques with varied detection limits are available, it is not clear how their detection limits match the threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage 2-cracks. This investigation is aimed to define critical geometrical dimensions of cracks that are considered to be Stage 2 cracks. The determination of critical geometrical dimensions of Stage 2 cracks was made with a consideration of a wide range of situations including pipeline operating conditions, susceptible environments for crack growth, metallurgical, fabrication and construction conditions of pipeline steels. A comparison of the threshold geometrical dimensions of Stage 2 cracks with the crack detection limits of modern crack inspection and detection techniques are made at the end of the paper.
An Integrated Approach for the Verification of Pipeline Material Using the Latest State-of-the-Art Technologies and Engineering Processes
Authors: Slater Simon , Dwyer Katrina , Ginten Markus , Eiken Thomas , Burkinshaw Ollie 
Published: November 2018

Pipeline integrity management systems rely on robust records and data so that the correct decisions are made. The Pipeline industry regulator is intending to ensure operators possess traceable, verifiable and complete (TVC) pipeline records as a basis for sound integrity and risk management. This is being driven by PHMSA in the notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) 49 CFR 192. In recent years, ROSEN has introduced RoMat PGS, an inline inspection service that is capable of determining yield strength and other information relevant for the calculation of maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP).
The data obtained from multiple ILI services forms the fundamental basis for an engineering assessment that integrates ILI data and other pertinent information to assign pipe grade for each individual pipe, within identified populations, with minimized field verification efforts.
For pipeline sections with incomplete records, the addition of strength data to other available information allows reliable identification of different populations along a pipeline. This permits the operator to better optimize integrity and material verification strategies.
In early 2017, Xcel Energy and ROSEN partnered to conduct a materials characterization assessment of a 20″ gas distribution pipeline. This was the second time that Xcel had implemented the service. This pipeline was originally installed in two sections, in 1928 and 1947, and has since been largely replaced over time through a series of reroutes and replacements. With more than 25 different assumed construction dates, the RoMat PGS service was used to identify the different pipe populations and confirm that these align with available records.
This paper presents the results and subsequent analysis. It represents a significant marker in the industry, demonstrating how a cooperative and integrated approach using state-of-the-art technology, engineering processes, and material verification techniques can be used to improve the integrity of operators’ records. The paper discusses the various stages of the process, the significant findings, such as the types of pipes identified and their properties, and — most importantly — how the results were implemented into a pipeline integrity and risk management system.
Development of Strain Demand and Capacity Distributions to Use in Limit States Design for Geotechnical Loads
Authors: Koduru Smitha D. , Nessim Maher A. 
Published: November 2018

A limit states design approach for onshore pipelines has been developed as part of a multi-year joint industry project (JIP). As part of this project, reliability-based design rules were developed for geotechnical loads, including landslides, slope creep, seismic loads, frost heave and thaw settlement. In consideration of the modelling complexity of the soil movement mechanisms and pipe-soil interaction, and to allow for flexibility to incorporate future model developments, the design rule formulation is directly based on the distribution parameters of the strain demand and capacity of the pipeline.
This paper describes the approach used to develop the strain demand and capacity distributions that are required to apply the design rules, as well as the applicable range of distribution parameters. Slope creep was selected as a basis for demonstrating the proposed process, as this loading mechanism occurs more frequently and the data to characterize the necessary uncertainties is available. General guidance related to the development of the strain demand distribution parameters for other geotechnical loads is also provided.
Assessment of Dents Under High Longitudinal Strain
Authors: Wang Bo , Wang Yong-Yi , Ayton Brent , Stephens Mark , Nanney Steve 
Published: November 2018

Pipeline construction activities and in-service interference events can frequently result in dents on the pipe. The pipelines can also experience high longitudinal strain in areas of ground movement and seismic activity. Current assessment procedures for dents were developed and validated under the assumption that the predominant loading is internal pressure and that the level of longitudinal strain is low. The behavior of dents under high longitudinal strain is not known. This paper discusses work funded by US DOT PHMSA on the assessment of dents under high longitudinal strain.
Parametric numerical analyses were conducted to identify and examine key parameters and mechanisms controlling the compressive strain capacity (CSC) of pipes with dents. Selected full-scale tests were also conducted to experimentally examine the impact of dents on CSC. The focus of this work was on CSC because tensile strain capacity is known not to be significantly affected by the presence of dents. Through the parametric analyses and full-scale validation tests, guidelines on the CSC assessment of dented pipes under high longitudinal strain were developed.
Effect of Straining and Ageing on Longitudinal Tensile Properties of Linepipe Suitable for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Marsay Melissa , Connelly Martin , Alderton Graham 
Published: November 2018

The offshore oil and gas industry has seen a continual trend of conservatism in design for applications where a high level of strain is expected during the installation phase, leading to a tightening of the acceptable mechanical property performance of the linepipe. This is especially true with regards to longitudinal tensile properties in the strained and aged condition. Due to the expected change in data seen throughout previous projects, are the tightening expectations realistic for the manufacturers and cost effective for the client?
The current condition that is widely accepted for the release of pipes suitable for high strain events is straining and ageing. However is this appropriate given that pipes are coated (aged), installed (strained) then left over time (aged)? These questions will be investigated through a series of tests and data analysis. For this project a conventional ageing as per the standard and a coating simulation were used, with all test pieces having either 0% or 1% applied strain. The test pieces for this project were tested in one of seven conditions;
• As manufactured
• Aged (at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr)
• Strained and aged (1% strain applied then aged at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr)
• Aged and strained (aged at 200°C/5min or 250°C/1hr then 1% strain applied)
To ensure a direct comparison in the data the comparable test pieces were taken from the same circumferential position on the pipe. All testing for this project was carried out on material of a similar composition and future development of this work will comprise of documenting the effect on different microstructures, t/D ratios and levels of strain. It was clear from the project that changing the conditions used had an impact on the results. This could have implications for the industry in the future and has set up a scheme of development following on from this project to gain a greater understanding.
Mammary Precancerous Stem and Non-Stem Cells Evolve into Cancers of Distinct Subtypes
Authors: Bu Wen , Liu Zhenyu , Jiang Weiyu , Nagi Chandandeep , Huang Shixia , Edwards Dean P. , Jo Eunji , Mo Qianxing , Creighton Chad J. , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Leavitt Andrew D. , Lewis Michael T. , Wong Stephen T. C. , Li Yi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

There are distinct cell subpopulations in normal epithelial tissue, including stem cells, progenitor cells, and more differentiated cells, all of which have been extensively studied for their susceptibility to tumorigenesis. However, normal cells usually have to progress through a precancerous lesion state before becoming a full-blown tumor. Precancerous early lesions are heterogeneous, and the cell subset that is the primary source of the eventual tumor remains largely unknown. By using mouse models that are tailored to address this question, we identified a keratin 6a-expressing precancerous stem cell (PcSC) subset and a more differentiated whey acidic protein-positive (WAP+) cell subset in mammary precancerous lesions initiated by the Wnt1 oncogene. Both cell subsets rapidly progressed to cancer upon introduction of constitutively active versions of either HRAS or BRAF. However, the resulting tumors were dramatically different in protein profiles and histopathology: keratin 6a+ precancerous cells gave rise to adenocarcinoma, whereas WAP+ cells yielded metaplastic carcinoma with severe squamous differentiation and more robust activation of MEK/ERK signaling. Therefore, both stem and non-stem cells in mammary precancerous lesions can contribute to the eventual cancers, but their differentiation status determines the resulting cancer phenotype. This work identifies a previously unknown player in cancer heterogeneity and suggests that cancer prevention should target precancerous cells broadly and not be limited to PcSC.

Significance:
This work uses a novel mouse mammary gland cancer model to show that tumors initiated from different precancerous mammary epithelial cells are distinct.
Incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Fife
Authors: Goudie Colin , Burr Jennifer , Blaikie Andrew 
Published: November 2018

Background and aims Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a clinical syndrome of intracranial hypertension with normal cerebrospinal fluid in the absence of a mass lesion or hydrocephalus on brain imaging. Headache is the most common symptom of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and about 10–15% of patients suffer from irreversible visual impairment. Previous estimates of the annual incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension vary worldwide from 0.03 to 2.2 per 100,000. The major risk factor implicated in idiopathic intracranial hypertension is body mass. Scotland has one of the worst records for obesity in the developed world, and the prevalence of obesity in Fife is higher than the Scottish average. Our aim was to record the incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in NHS Fife over a one-year period. Methods and results Prospective study including every patient who was seen in the ophthalmology department in NHS Fife with a new diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension over a one-year period. Thirteen patients were seen with a new diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension from August 2013 to July 2014 giving an incidence of 3.56 per 100,000. Headache was the most common presenting symptom. Three patients were asymptomatic but were noted to have swollen optic discs during a routine sight test. One patient complained of visual symptoms. All patients were overweight. The mean BMI was 36 (range: 28–49). Conclusion The incidence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in NHS Fife was significantly higher than previous estimates in the literature. This is probably due to a high level of obesity in Fife. Scotland is in the midst of an obesity epidemic and if this continues we may see increasing levels of idiopathic intracranial hypertension nationally with associated increasing incidence of visual impairment in young adults.
Ultrasensitive Doppler as a tool for the diagnosis of testicular ischemia during the Valsalva maneuver: a new way to explore varicoceles?
Authors: Rocher Laurence , Gennisson Jean-Luc , Baranger Jérôme , Rachas Antoine , Criton Aline , Izard Vincent , Bertolloto Michele , Bellin Marie-France , Correas Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2018

Background Varicocele is among the most common causes of male infertility because of various mechanism, including hypoxia. Purpose To evaluate testicular vascularization (TV) with ultrasensitive Doppler before and during the Valsalva maneuver (VM) and correlate TV changes to varicocele’s spermatic venous reflux graduated by color Doppler. Material and Methods From January to February 2016, 69 men (135 testis) referred for scrotal ultrasound were prospectively enrolled. An institutional review board approved the study. As gold standard, the spermatic venous reflux in the supratesticular region was assessed with color Doppler ultrasound and graded from 0 to III. A new ultra-sensitive Doppler (USD) sequence was performed on testicular parenchyma in an axial view. The TV changes before and during the VM were qualitatively graded from 0 to 2 using a visual scale by consensus. The vessels surface was quantified using customized MATLAB® software, and compared to the testicular delineated surface, resulting in a vessels surface ratio (VSR). The absolute and relative VSR difference before and during the VM was calculated. The qualitative scale and the quantitative VSR changes were compared with the spermatic venous reflux grade using an analysis of variance. Results A strong correlation has been found between the spermatic venous reflux grade and TV decrease during the VM using USD, for qualitative graduation as well as for quantitative measurement ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion TV assessed by USD decreased significantly during the VM in patients with varicocele; this decrease was significantly associated with spermatic venous reflux grade.
Combination of the double-microcatheter technique and triaxial system in coil packing for visceral and renal artery aneurysms
Authors: Goto Taeko , Shimohira Masashi , Ohta Kengo , Suzuki Kazushi , Sawada Yusuke , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: November 2018

Background In coil packing for visceral artery aneurysms (VAAs), difficulties are sometimes associated with preserving the patency of the parent artery, particularly for wide-neck aneurysms. However, the double-microcatheter technique effectively prevents coil migration, while the triple-coaxial (triaxial) system is useful for reducing microcatheter kick-back. Purpose To assess the feasibility of combining these two techniques in coil packing for VAAs. Material and Methods Coil packing using the double-microcatheter technique and triaxial system was attempted for seven VAAs in six patients between August 2015 and January 2018. The technical success rate, packing density of aneurysms, complications related to the procedure, and occlusion status were evaluated. Technical success was defined as the completion of coil packing by immediate post-embolic angiography. The occlusion status was evaluated using time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography. Results There were three renal, three splenic, and one anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal aneurysms. The median size of VAAs was 13 mm (range = 8–21 mm), with five being classified as wide-neck aneurysms. The completion of coil packing was confirmed for all VAAs and the technical success rate was 100%. The median packing density was 28% (range = 22–40%). There were no complications related to the procedure. The median follow-up period was 14 months (range = 8–24 months). In six VAAs that were followed up, there were three complete occlusions, three neck remnants, and no body filling; re-treatment was not required in any patient. Conclusion The combination of the double-microcatheter technique and triaxial system is a feasible method of coil packing for VAAs.
Variability of Total Energy and Protein Intake in Rural Bangladesh: Implications for Epidemiological Studies of Diet in Developing Countries
Authors: Torres Alberto , Willett Walter , Orav John , Chen Lincoln , Huq Emdadul 
Published: November 2018

It has been recognized for some time that nutrient intakes show large day-to-day variations within the same individual in industrialized countries. However, little attention has been given to the quantification of within-and between-person components of the variation in developing countries. Within-person variability determines the number of measurements of dietary intake per person that will be needed to adequately represent the dietary intake of an individual over a period of time. A large within-person variation relative to the variation between persons in the intake of a nutrient decreases the strength of the observed association of the latter with an outcome of interest. This study quantified components of variation for 834 people of both sexes and various age groups and found that, although the diet in rural Bangladesh includes a limited number of food items-over 80% of calorie and protein intakes are provided by cereals, with rice being the main staple-the daily variability of nutrient intake in each individual over a year was as large as that reported for industrialized countries. The authors estimate that about seven days would be needed to assess total energy and protein intakes adequately, while much longer measurement periods would be needed for animal protein.
Nutritional Profile of the Population in a Food-For-Work Project Area: A Case Study from Samburu District, Kenya
Authors: Kielmann A. A. , Kielmann N. S. , Jansen A. A. J. , Njama D. N. , Maritim G. K. , Mwadime R. , Saidi K. 
Published: November 2018

The nutrition status of Samburu tribesmen of northern Kenya and the potential nutritional effects of a food-for-work programme were assessed by anthropometric and dietary surveys over a period of five weeks. The investigations were carried out at four input localities, where the programme had provided a daily average of 173 kcal and 5 g protein per capita over the preceding year, and a fifth control area. Compared with Kenya as a whole, the Samburu community showed an unexpectedly high prevalence of wasting: 74% of the surveyed individuals were below 90% of the NCHS weight-for-height median, and 34% were below 80%. Relative wasting was especially prevalent among school-age children, of whom 86% were below 90% and 44% were below 80% of the standard, and among elders, with 88% and 64% below these thresholds respectively. Mid-upper arm circumferences were lowest among school-age children (mean 14.6 cm). Haematocrits were low in all age and social groups. Aside from three preschool children with xerophthalmia, a number of both preschool and school-age children had clinical histories suggestive of earlier vitamin A deficiency. Goitre was more prevalent among the older generations than among school-age or preschool children, suggesting a periodic but not uninterrupted availability of iodized salt. In the input locations, both anthropometric and haematocrit values among the most vulnerable members of the communities, preschool children and women of reproductive age, were significantly higher than those for comparable groups in the control location. Overall, the food-for-work programme was judged to be a worthwhile effort to help Samburus to be once again self-sufficient.