bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal ecosystem metabolism across shallow benthic habitats measured by aquatic eddy covariance
Authors: Attard Karl M. , Rodil Iván F. , Glud Ronnie N. , Berg Peter , Norkko Joanna , Norkko Alf 
Published: April 2019

AbstractShallow benthic habitats are hotspots for carbon cycling and energy flow, but metabolism (primary production and respiration) dynamics and habitat‐specific differences remain poorly understood. We investigated daily, seasonal, and annual metabolism in six key benthic habitats in the Baltic Sea using ~ 2900 h of in situ aquatic eddy covariance oxygen flux measurements. Rocky substrates had the highest metabolism rates. Habitat‐specific annual primary production per m2 was in the order Fucus vesiculosus canopy > Mytilus trossulus reef > Zostera marina canopy > mixed macrophytes canopy > sands, whereas respiration was in the order M. trossulus > F. vesiculosus > Z. marina > mixed macrophytes > sands > aphotic sediments. Winter metabolism contributed 22–31% of annual rates. Spatial upscaling revealed that benthic habitats drive > 90% of ecosystem metabolism in waters ≤5 m depth, highlighting their central role in carbon and nutrient cycling in shallow waters.
Influence of grinding parameters on the corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Reinemann Steffi , Rosemann Paul , Babutzka Martin , Lehmann Jens , Burkert Andreas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSamples of the austenitic stainless steel grade X5CrNi18‐10 (1.4301, AISI 304) were ground industrially with various grinding parameters to study their influence on corrosion resistance. The ability of the mechanically ground surfaces to form a stable passive layer was evaluated by KorroPad test and a modified electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation test based on a single loop (EPR‐SL). Furthermore, the surfaces were characterized by surface analytical methods. The main influence was determined regarding abrasive belt type. Surfaces mechanically ground with granulate abrasive belts constantly had a lower corrosion resistance than surfaces ground with single‐coated grain. The granulate abrasive belts generated more sensitized surface areas and left formations of welded sample material on the mechanically ground surfaces. A post‐treatment with a nonwoven abrasive proved to be an effective finishing process by which the surface defects and sensitized material got removed and the surfaces regained the expected corrosion resistance.
Preparation and Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Poly(butylene succinate)/Talc Composites for Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Zhou Yunhong , Xia Xinshu , Liu Xinping , Huang Baoquan , Xiao Liren , Qian Qingrong , Chen Qinghua 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this paper, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) with a low melting point and a similar performance to polyethylene is employed as a printing material; talc is introduced into the matrix to enhance the melt strength of pure PBS during printing. The PBS/talc composite 3D printing filament is prepared by melt extrusion, and the thermal, mechanical, morphological, and rheological properties of the composites are investigated. The results show that the addition of talc to PBS leads to an increase in crystallization temperature. In addition, the tensile and flexural strengths of the injection‐molded specimens increase when the talc concentration increases. However, the mechanical properties of the printed specimens exhibit an opposite variation trend due to their distinct forming process. The printing temperature is 135 °C, which is far lower than those of commercial grade polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) printing filaments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that increasing the talc concentration creates better printed formability and well‐organized fracture surface structures. By comparing printed fishbones, the results suggest that the presence of talc leads to a good printing performance with the composite. Furthermore, the rheological results reveal that η*, G′, and G″ are enhanced by the addition of talc.
Potentially functional genetic variants in the TNF/TNFR signaling pathway genes predict survival of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer in the PLCO cancer screening trial
Authors: Guo Yi , Feng Yun , Liu Hongliang , Luo Sheng , Clarke Jeffrey W. , Moorman Patricia G. , Su Li , Shen Sipeng , Christiani David C. , Wei Qingyi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway is known to influence survival of patients with cancer. We hypothesize that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TNF/TNFR pathway genes related to apoptosis are associated with survival of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used 1185 patients with NSCLC in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial and 984 patients with NSCLC in the Harvard Lung Cancer Susceptibility Study as the discovery and validation datasets, respectively. We selected 6788 SNPs in 71 genes in the TNF/TNFR signaling pathway and extracted their genotyping data from the PLCO genowide‐association study (GWAS) dataset. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to evaluate associations between the identified SNPs and survival and validated the significant SNPs, which were further analyzed for their functional relevance. We found that genotypes of two validated SNPs,IKBKAPrs4978754 CT + TT andTNFRSF1Brs677844 TC + CC, as well as their combined genotypes predicted a better overall survival (P= 0.004, 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). These two validated SNPs were predicted by the RegulomeDB score to be potentially functional. In addition,IKBKAPmRNA expression levels were significantly higher, whileTNFRSF1BmRNA expression levels were significantly lower in lung cancer tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (P< 0.001). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)‐based expression quantitative trait loci analysis showed thatIKBKAPrs4978754 andTNFRSF1Brs677844 genotypes were significantly associated with their corresponding mRNA expression levels in lung cancer tissues in a recessive model (P= 0.035 and 0.045, respectively). Therefore, we identified two potentially functional SNPs (IKBKAPrs4978754 C > T andTNFRSF1Brs677844 T > C) to be associated with survival of patients with NSCLC.
Fish Assemblages and Fisheries Resources in Puerto Rico's Riverine Estuaries
Authors: Engman Augustin C. , Kwak Thomas J. , Fischer Jesse R. , Lilyestrom Craig G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Tropical estuaries are diverse and productive habitats with respect to their fish assemblages and associated fisheries, but these ecosystems and fisheries are imperiled by multiple anthropogenic threats. Despite the economic, social, and biodiversity value of tropical estuarine fish assemblages, they are poorly understood, especially those on Caribbean islands. We sampled the fish assemblages of four estuaries that were broadly representative of riverine estuaries in Puerto Rico, including the Río Grande de Arecibo, Río Espiritu Santo, Río Mameyes, and Río Sabana. We used a combination of passive (gill nets) and active (seine) gears at locations that spanned the salinity gradient of each estuary during July–October 2013–2014 (rainy season) and March 2015 (dry season). Fish species richness among the riverine estuaries varied from 18 to 29 and was highest in the Río Espiritu Santo estuary. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling differentiated fish assemblages among estuaries but not by season or consistently by location within an estuary. Spearman's rank correlation analysis also revealed dissimilarity among each estuary's fish assemblage, as most pairwise correlations between the species compositions were not significant. We identified common and widespread species among estuaries, including sport fishes, such as the Tarpon Megalops atlanticus and Common Snook Centropomus undecimalis. As the only multi-river assessment of riverine estuary fish assemblages in Puerto Rico, our results provide the best available information about the spatial variability of assemblages and fisheries resources. This information will benefit future conservation and fisheries management efforts, which are needed due to increasing anthropogenic impacts, such as illegal harvest, invasive species, and water diversions.
ULTRASOUND IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: A REVIEW
Authors: Hobson‐Webb Lisa D. , Simmons Zachary 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTNeuromuscular ultrasound is complementary to electrodiagnostic (EDx) testing and is useful in enhancing the diagnosis of mononeuropathies, peripheral nerve trauma, and demyelinating polyneuropathies. There is increasing interest in using ultrasound both to aid in the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and to monitor its progression. In this article we review the relevant literature on ultrasound in ALS. Ultrasound is more sensitive than EDx in identifying fasciculations in patients with ALS. It can detect decreased muscle thickness, increased muscle echointensity and echovariance, and reduced peripheral nerve size in these patients. Ultrasound is also a helpful tool in assessment of diaphragm function. Although additional studies are required to define the exact role of ultrasound in the evaluation and monitoring of ALS, it can improve the diagnostic yield in patients when ALS is suspected, but insufficiently supported, by clinical and EDx examinations. Muscle Nerve 60: 114–123, 2019
Nutrition Management in Patients With Chronic Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Lehmann Sara , Ferrie Suzie , Carey Sharon 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to systematically review effects of nutrition interventions on outcomes in patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders. There is currently a lack of evidence‐based guidelines for nutrition management in this group, likely a result of the rarity of the conditions.MethodsA systematic review of all study types to evaluate current evidence‐based nutrition interventions was performed using Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases. Two independent reviewers participated in the process of this systematic review. A total of 15 studies and a total of 524 subjects were included.ResultsBest treatment of this population group was found to include a stepwise process, progressing from oral nutrition to jejunal nutrition and lastly to parenteral nutrition. Small particle, low‐fat diets were significantly better tolerated than the converse, with jejunal nutrition prior to consuming oral food significantly improving oral intake and motility. In more progressive cases, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension nutrition had lower reported symptoms than other enteral routes. Exclusive long‐term parenteral nutrition is a feasible option for advanced cases, with a 68% survival rate at 15 years duration, though oral intake with parenteral nutrition is associated with higher survival rates.ConclusionTreatment of patients with GI motility disorders should first trial oral nutrition. For patients who progress to jejunal or parenteral feeds, the primary aim should be to maintain or reinstate oral intake to reduce morbidity and mortality risk. Higher‐quality studies are still required in this area, particularly in the areas of chronic intestinal pseudo‐obstruction and systemic sclerosis.
Easy Room Temperature Synthesis of High Surface Area Anatase Nanowires with Different Morphologies
Authors: Schneider Christopher , Liu Ning , Romeis Stefan , Peukert Wolfgang , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAnatase nanowires were synthesized in solution by using a simple mixing of titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate), lactic acid and sodium hydroxide at room temperature. We discuss effects of reaction parameters and post treatment (annealing) on the nanowire morphology, surface area, and crystallinity, as well as the competing morphology directing effects of lactic acid and sodium hydroxide. Then the room temperature nanowires were directly grown onto fluoride doped tin oxide (FTO) glass to form photoanodes. Photoelectrochemical measurements of the different nanowires were performed and compared to conventional nanowires produced by high temperature synthesis. Clearly the nanowires introduced in this work show a significant increase in the maximum photocurrent, compared to classic hydrothermal nanowire layers.
Payer and race/ethnicity influence length and cost of childhood cancer hospitalizations
Authors: Whittle Sarah B. , Lopez Michelle A. , Russell Heidi V. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundHealth disparities related to race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and insurance status impact quality, access, and health outcomes for children. Medicaid is a proxy for poverty and restricted access to health care. The goal of this study was to determine if there are discrepancies in the length and cost of hospitalizations between admissions covered by Medicaid or commercial insurance for pediatric patients with cancer.MethodsChildhood cancer‐related admissions were identified from the 2012 Kids Inpatient Database (KID) using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision. Length of hospitalization and cost of hospitalization were compared among hospitalizations paid by Medicaid or commercial insurance. Total admission charges were converted to costs using cost‐to‐charge ratios, and survey weighting methods were used for all analyses. Linear multiple regression models for both length of hospitalization and cost were developed to include patient‐level factors (race, sex, age, diagnosis, reason for admission).ResultsIn 2012, there were 104 597 childhood cancer‐related admissions. Hospitalizations paid by Medicaid were significantly longer than those paid by commercial insurance. Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher cost of hospitalization regardless of payer, and black race was associated with higher costs within the Medicaid population.ConclusionsThis analysis identifies differences in healthcare utilization for pediatric cancer‐related admissions paid for by Medicaid compared with commercial insurance. Prolonged hospitalizations and increased costs create burdens on children and their families, medical delivery systems, and third‐party payers. Further exploration into the causes of these disparities is warranted.
Incidence of acute kidney injury among pediatric hematology/oncology patients receiving vancomycin in combination with piperacillin/tazobactam or cefepime
Authors: Quach Henry T. , Esbenshade Adam J. , Zhao Zhiguo , Banerjee Ritu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that combination of antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (pip/tazo) is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). To determine whether vancomycin plus pip/tazo is associated with higher rates of AKI compared to vancomycin plus cefepime among pediatric hematology/oncology (heme/onc) patients, we examined 121 heme/onc patients receiving at least two consecutive days of therapy with vancomycin and either pip/tazo or cefepime. Rate of AKI was higher in the pip/tazo than the cefepime group (4/27 [14.8%] vs 2/94 [2.1%], P = 0.022).
Context and Implications Document for: Mindfulness in and as education: A map of a developing academic discourse from 2002 to 2017
Authors: Ergas Oren , Hadar Linor L. 
Published: April 2019

This guide accompanies the following article:Oren Ergas and Linor L.Hadar, Mindfulness in and as education: A map of a developing academic discourse from 2002 to 2017, Review of Education, https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3169.
Slightly subcritical hypercube percolation
Authors: Hulshof Tim , Nachmias Asaf 
Published: April 2019

We study bond percolation on the hypercube {0,1}m in the slightly subcritical regime where p = pc(1 − εm) and εm = o(1) but εm ≫ 2−m/3 and study the clusters of largest volume and diameter. We establish that with high probability the largest component has cardinality , that the maximal diameter of all clusters is , and that the maximal mixing time of all clusters is .These results hold in different levels of generality, and in particular, some of the estimates hold for various classes of graphs such as high‐dimensional tori, expanders of high degree and girth, products of complete graphs, and infinite lattices in high dimensions.
Usage of polystyrene disposable food dishes in the lightweight concrete making
Authors: Asadollahfardi Gholamreza , Delnavaz Mohammad , Gonabadi Niloofar , Asadi Mohsen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe increasing use and subsequent accumulation of polystyrene containers has triggered a substantial environmental problem. This study investigated using varied percentages of solid waste polystyrene disposable food dishes in the production of lightweight concrete samples with 350 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3) of cement and a density of 1,300 kg/m3. The polystyrene disposable dishes were ground into beads of 0–3 millimeters (mm) and 3–6 mm in size. First, the characteristics of Type II Portland cement, polystyrene, and aggregates were examined. The following characteristics of concrete using ASTM International and British Standards Institution standards were tested: slump, compressive strength, ability to resist chloride ion penetration, and resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing cycles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analytical techniques were also used. The slump of samples varied between 40 and 70 mm and was not dependent on either the polystyrene percentage or the size of the polystyrene beads in the concrete samples (p‐value > .05). The compressive strength of the concrete samples after 90 days of curing, and using different percentages of polystyrene, varied between 96 and 113 kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2). The resistance of the samples to the freezing and thawing cycle and chloride ion penetration were affected unfavorably by the presence of the polystyrene. The SEM technique indicated that concrete samples containing 15% and 25% polystyrene had denser crystals and less void than concrete samples with 40% and 55% polystyrene.
RNA regulation of the antiviral protein 2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase
Authors: Schwartz Samantha L. , Conn Graeme L. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe innate immune system is a broad collection of critical intra‐ and extra‐cellular processes that limit the infectivity of diverse pathogens. The 2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) family of enzymes are important sensors of cytosolic double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) that play a critical role in limiting viral infection by activating the latent ribonuclease (RNase L) to halt viral replication and establish an antiviral state. Attesting to the importance of the OAS/RNase L pathway, diverse viruses have developed numerous distinct strategies to evade the effects of OAS activation. How OAS proteins are regulated by viral or cellular RNAs is not fully understood but several recent studies have provided important new insights into the molecular mechanisms of OAS activation by dsRNA. Other studies have revealed unanticipated features of RNA sequence and structure that strongly enhance activation of at least one OAS family member. While these discoveries represent important advances, they also underscore the fact that much remains to be learned about RNA‐mediated regulation of the OAS/RNase L pathway. In particular, defining the full complement of RNA molecular signatures that activate OAS is essential to our understanding of how these proteins maximize their protective role against pathogens while still accurately discriminating host molecules to avoid inadvertent activation by cellular RNAs. A more complete knowledge of OAS regulation may also serve as a foundation for the development of novel antiviral therapeutic strategies and lead the way to a deeper understanding of currently unappreciated cellular functions of the OAS/RNase L pathway in the absence of infection.This article is categorized under:
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Translation > Translation Regulation
Youth Transitions of Descendants of Turkish Immigrants
Authors: Keskiner Elif 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis open access book studies the youth transitions of descendants of migrants from Turkey living in Amsterdam and Strasbourg. It pursues a comparative mixed-methods research design and contributes to the theoretical discussions in youth sociology and second-generation research. The introductory chapter begins the book with a critical review of the literature on the Turkish second generation and youth transitions, illustrating how the book fills the gap in both fields. The comparative design is presented showing how it reveals the distinctive roles of macro-institutional structures in the youth transitions of descendants of Turkish migrants, while the mixed-methods approach is outlined to show how it marries the strengths of quantitative and qualitative research, conveying a profound understanding of the youth transition experience. The theoretical tools of the study section outlines the social structures such as social class, ethnicity and gender in shaping the youth transition experience. Special attention is attributed to the capital theory of Bourdieu and how it is applied in the book to make sense of the forms of capital and resources that were critical in the youth transitions of descendants of Turkish migrants.
A Typology of Transition Trajectories
Authors: Keskiner Elif 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate among youth sociologists on whether transition processes still take the form of traditional sequences or diverge from conventional patterns. Traditional transitions are generally described as smooth processes that follow institutionally predictable, linear pathways from school to work (Evans K, Heinz W. Becoming adults in England and Germany. Anglo-German Foundation, London, 1994). Young people may, however, diverge from linear trajectories by experiencing periods of unemployment, shifting between different employment statuses or by changing direction. The discussion centres on whether shifting transitions are caused by a desire to try alternative pathways or if structural conditions are forcing young people into precarious situations. In this chapter, TIES Survey is analyzed using an advance methodology called Latent Class Analysis and a typology is developed based on how respondents’ transitions proceeded after leaving school. Next using biographical interviews; the typology is elaborated and revised according to the motivations and experiences of respondents. The chapter shows that almost all of the respondents in this study were motivated to seek stability in the labour market and wanted to pursue institutionally defined “traditional pathways”, prompted by both labour market conditions and job insecurity. Personal experiences of instability motivated them to stick at a job once they had secured a permanent position. Lack of security dragged other respondents into shifting transitions, not out of choice but born of necessity.
Thom Isotopy Theorem for Nonproper Maps and Computation of Sets of Stratified Generalized Critical Values
Authors: Ðinh Sĩ Tiệp , Jelonek Zbigniew 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLet$$X\subset {\mathbb {C}}^n$$X⊂Cnbe an affine variety and$$f:X\rightarrow {\mathbb {C}}^m$$f:X→Cmbe the restriction toXof a polynomial map$${\mathbb {C}}^n\rightarrow {\mathbb {C}}^m$$Cn→Cm. We construct an affine Whitney stratification ofX. The setK(f) of stratified generalized critical values offcan also be computed. We show thatK(f) is a nowhere dense subset of$${\mathbb {C}}^m$$Cmwhich contains the setB(f) of bifurcation values offby proving a version of the Thom isotopy lemma for nonproper polynomial maps on singular varieties.