bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recruiting expertise: how surgical trainees engage supervisors for learning in the operating room
Authors: Nieboer Patrick , Huiskes Mike , Cnossen Fokie , Stevens Martin , Bulstra Sjoerd K , Jaarsma Debbie A D C 
Published: March 2019

ContextFor centuries now, the operating room (OR) has been the environment in which surgical trainees come to master procedures. Restricted working hours and insufficient levels of autonomy at the end of their training necessitate a shift towards alternative effective learning strategies. Self‐regulated learning is a promising strategy by which surgical trainees can learn more with fewer exposures. However, the challenge is to understand how surgical trainees regulate their learning in the clinical context of the OR.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to identify and understand the strategies of surgical trainees in engaging their supervisors for learning purposes and how these strategies contribute to effective learning.MethodsTotal hip replacement procedures performed by four surgical trainees and their supervisors were videotaped. Using the iterative inductive process of conversation analysis, each verbal initiative to engage the supervisor was identified, analysed (‘why that now’) and categorised.ResultsSurgical trainees used a range of practices to engage supervisors and recruit expertise, ranging from explicit recruitment to implicit hints. We identified four major categories. Surgical trainees: (i) invite the supervisor to provide an evaluation of the ongoing task; (ii) express an evaluation of the ongoing task and then explicitly invite the supervisor to provide an evaluation; (iii) express an evaluation of the ongoing task and then invite the supervisor to provide confirmation, and (iv) express an evaluation of the ongoing task without engaging the supervisor.ConclusionsSurgical trainees recruit expertise from supervisors using practices of four different categories. Trainees’ actions are provoked by the moment at which they experience insufficient expertise and are focused on the task at hand in the immediate present. Supervisors can and do elaborate on these requests to provide explicit teaching. Insight into these practices provides tools for reflection on OR learning, proficiency assessment and deliberation to adapt guidance in the real time of the procedure.
No genome is an island: toward a 21st century agenda for evolution
Authors: Shapiro James A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractConventional 20th century evolution thinking was based on the idea of isolated genomes for each species. Any possibility of life‐history inputs to the germ line was strictly excluded by Weismann's doctrine, and genome change was attributed to random copying errors. Today, we know that many life‐history events lead to rapid and nonrandom evolutionary change mediated by specific cellular functions. There are many ways that genomes, viruses, cells, and organisms interact to generate evolutionary variation. These include cell mergers and activation of natural genetic engineering by stress, infection, and interspecific hybridization. In addition, we know molecular mechanisms for transmitting life‐history information across generations through gametes. These discoveries require a new agenda for evolutionary theory and novel experimental designs to investigate the genomic impacts of stresses, biotic interactions, and sensory inputs coming from the environment. The review will offer some generic recommendations for enriching evolution experiments to incorporate new knowledge and find answers to previously excluded questions.
What Determines the Sacrifice Ratio? A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach
Authors: Katayama Hajime , Ponomareva Natalia , Sharma Malvin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExisting empirical studies on the sacrifice ratio (measuring the output cost of disinflation) consider a large number of potential explanatory variables including the length of disinflation, various institutional settings, economic conditions, and the political climate. Some results are robust across different studies, while others are not. We address the presence of model uncertainty by using the Bayesian model averaging method to identify the important determinants of the sacrifice ratio, without relying on ad hoc model selection. Our results show that the length of disinflation is the most important variable. This supports the ‘cold turkey’ argument for faster disinflation.
Temperature‐dependence of minimum resource requirements alters competitive hierarchies in phytoplankton
Authors: Lewington‐Pearce Leah , Narwani Anita , Thomas Mridul K. , Kremer Colin T. , Vogler Helena , Kratina Pavel 
Published: March 2019

Resource competition theory is a conceptual framework that provides mechanistic insights into competition and community assembly of species with different resource requirements. However, there has been little exploration of how resource requirements depend on other environmental factors, including temperature. Changes in resource requirements as influenced by environmental temperature would imply that climate warming can alter the outcomes of competition and community assembly.We experimentally demonstrate that environmental temperature alters the minimum light and nitrogen requirements – as well as other growth parameters – of six widespread phytoplankton species from distinct taxonomic groups. We found that species require the most nitrogen at the highest temperatures while light requirements tend to be lowest at intermediate temperatures, although there are substantial interspecific differences in the exact shape of this relationship.We also experimentally parameterize two competition models, which we use to illustrate how temperature, through its effects on species’ traits, alters competitive hierarchies in multispecies assemblages, determining community dynamics.Developing a mechanistic understanding of how temperature influences the ability to compete for limiting resources is a critical step towards improving forecasts of community dynamics under climate warming.
Early detection of electromechanical dysfunction in patients with idiopathic premature ventricular contractions
Authors: Walia Rohit , Chang Shih‐Lin , Lin Yenn‐Jiang , Lo Li‐Wei , Hu Yu Feng , Chao Tze‐Fan , Chung Fa‐Po , Liao Jo‐Nan , Lin Chin‐Yu , Chang Yao‐Ting , Lin Chung‐Hsing , Te Abigail Louise D. , Yamada Shinya , Chen Shih‐Ann , Tsao Hsuan‐Ming 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundPremature ventricular contractions (PVCs) induced by subtle cardiac dysfunction are missed by echocardiography. We evaluated acoustic cardiography for detection of early electromechanical dysfunction in patients with idiopathic PVCs and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and investigated the impact of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in reversing this adverse effect.MethodsEighty‐six patients with PVCs and 33 normal controls having normal LVEF were studied. Fifty PVC patients were in the ablation group and 36 in the nonablation group. %Electromechanical activation time (%EMAT), %left ventricular systolic time (%LVST), third (S3) and fourth heart sound (S4), and systolic dysfunction index (SDI) during sinus rhythm (SR) were measured by acoustic cardiography (Audicor, Inovise Medical, Inc., Beaverton, OR, USA) pre‐ and postablation. In 28 patients, acoustic parameters were compared during SR without PVCs, and SR with single PVC, ≥ 2 PVCs, or ventricular tachycardia over 10‐second Audicor recording in a single patient at different times. Twenty‐four‐hour acoustic cardiographic and acoustic cardiographic Holter recording were used to assess the impact of PVC burden on electromechanical function in 41 patients.Results%EMAT, S3, S4, and SDI showed significant worsening in the PVC versus control group. %EMAT and SDI were worsened with increasing PVC number in a 10‐second strip. %EMAT showed significant linear increment with increasing PVC burden. There was a significant improvement in %EMAT, %LVST, S3, S4, and SDI postablation in patients with PVCs.ConclusionAcoustic cardiography can detect PVC‐induced minor electromechanical dysfunction in patients with normal LVEF. RFA can reverse this adverse effect.
Association of MHC class II haplotypes with reduced faecal nematode egg count and IgA activity in British Texel sheep
Authors: Ali Alsagher O. A. , Murphy Lisa , Stear Abigail , Fairlie‐Clarke Karen , Nikbakht Brujeni Gholamreza , Donskow‐Łysoniewska Katarzyna , Groth David , Buitkamp Johannes , Stear Michael J. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryNematode infection is one of the principal diseases suffered by sheep and the class II region of the MHC has been repeatedly associated with differences in susceptibility and resistance to infection. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MHC class II haplotypes in a flock of Texel sheep with faecal egg counts and antibody responsiveness. Two haplotypes carried the DRB1*11:01 allele which has previously been associated with reduced egg counts in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep. One of the two haplotypes was associated with reduced egg counts in the Texel breed, and both haplotypes were associated with reduced IgA activity against an extract from fourth‐stage larvae. The reduced IgA activity is probably a consequence of reduced numbers of fourth‐stage larvae in sheep carrying the resistance allele. The association of specific MHC alleles with reduced egg counts, reduced worm numbers and decreased IgA activity provides a mechanism for the density‐dependent regulation of parasite growth and fecundity.
Love of Land: Nature Protection, Nationalism, and the Struggle over the Establishment of New Communities in Israel
Authors: Dromi Shai M. , Shani Liron 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough there is burgeoning research on environmental activism, few studies have examined the interrelationship between nationalism and nature protection in detail. This article examines how groups manage the tension between national commitment and caring for the environment. It focuses on two opposing Israeli activist groups: a settler movement that aims to establish new communities in the fast‐dwindling Israeli open expanses and a “green” movement intent on preserving open spaces. Our observations, interviews, and textual analysis show that both groups believe themselves to be committed to the protection of nature, and that both groups see environmental responsibility as an integral aspect of their Zionist identity. However, the Israeli green movement sees abstaining from interventions in nature and adhering to sustainable development as Zionist because it preserves Israel for future generations. Conversely, the settler movement sees active intervention in nature—by building new communities, planting trees, and hiking—as the proper way to protect Israeli natural expanses and to maintain the livelihood of Israeli society. Our case study demonstrates that, although environmental movements often aspire to universalism, local movements also interlace environmentalism and nationalism in ways that generate multiple (and even contradictory) interpretations of the appropriate way to care for nature.
Evolution of fossil and living spider flies based on morphological and molecular data (Diptera, Acroceridae)
Authors: Gillung Jessica P. , Winterton Shaun L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe phylogeny of spider flies is presented based on an analysis of DNA sequence data combined with morphological characters for both living and fossil species. We sampled 40 extant and extinct genera across all major lineages of Acroceridae, which were compared with outgroup taxa from various lower brachyceran families. In all, 81 morphological characters of 60 extant and 10 extinct ingroup species were combined with 7.1 kb of DNA sequences of two nuclear (CAD and 28S rDNA) and two mitochondrial genes (COI and 16S rDNA). Results strongly support the monophyly of Acroceridae, with major clades contained within classified here in five extant subfamilies (Acrocerinae, Cyrtinae stat. rev., Ogcodinae stat. rev., Panopinae and Philopotinae) and one extinct subfamily, Archocyrtinae. The evolution of important spider fly traits is discussed, including genitalia and wing venation. The status of the enigmatic Psilodera Gray and Pterodontia Gray as members of the Panopinae is confirmed based on both molecular and morphological data.
Determining cooling rates from mica 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology data: Effect of cooling path shape
Authors: McDonald Christopher S. , Warren Clare J. , Hanke Felix , Chard Julian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTectonic models are commonly underpinned by metamorphic cooling rates derived from diffusive‐loss thermochronology data. Such cooling ages are usually linked to temperature via Dodson's closure temperature (TC) formulation, which specifies a 1/time‐shaped cooling path (Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 1973, 40, 259). Geologists, however, commonly discuss cooling rates as a linear temperature/time shape. We present the results of a series of simple finite‐difference diffusion models for Ar diffusion in muscovite and biotite that show that the difference in recorded age between 1/t and linear cooling paths increases significantly with hotter starting temperatures, slower cooling rates and smaller grain sizes. Our results show that it is essential to constrain the cooling path shape in order to make meaningful interpretations of the measured data.
ZmbHLH80 and ZmbHLH90 transcription factors act antagonistically and contribute to regulatePEPC1cell‐specific gene expression in maize
Authors: Górska Alicja M. , Gouveia Paulo , Borba Ana R. , Zimmermann Anna , Serra Tânia S. , Lourenço Tiago F. , Margarida Oliveira Maria , Peterhänsel Christoph , Saibo Nelson J. M. 
Published: March 2019

SUMMARYCompartmentation of photosynthetic reactions between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells is a key feature of C4photosynthesis and depends on the cell‐specific accumulation of major C4enzymes, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 1. TheZmPEPC1upstream region, which drives light‐inducible and mesophyll‐specific gene expression in maize, has been shown to keep the same properties when introduced into rice (C3plant), indicating that rice has the transcription factors (TFs) needed to confer C4‐like gene expression. Using a yeast one‐hybrid approach, we identified OsbHLH112, a rice basic Helix‐Loop‐Helix (bHLH) TF that interacts with the maizeZmPEPC1upstream region. Moreover, we found that maize OsbHLH112 homologues, ZmbHLH80, and ZmbHLH90, also interact with theZmPEPC1upstream region, suggesting that these C4regulators were co‐opted from C3plants. A transactivation assay in maize mesophyll protoplasts revealed that ZmbHLH80 represses, whereas ZmbHLH90 activates,ZmPEPC1expression. In addition, ZmbHLH80 was shown to impair theZmPEPC1promoter activation caused by ZmbHLH90. We showed that ZmbHLH80 and ZmbHLH90 bind to the samecis‐element within theZmPEPC1upstream region either as homodimers or heterodimers. The formation of homo‐ and heterodimers with higher oligomeric forms promoted by ZmbHLH80 may explain its negative effect on gene transcription. Gene expression analysis revealed thatZmbHLH80is preferentially expressed in bundle sheath cells, whereasZmbHLH90does not show a clear cell‐specific expression pattern. Altogether, our results led us to propose a model in which ZmbHLH80 contributes to mesophyll‐specificZmPEPC1gene expression by impairing ZmbHLH90‐mediatedZmPEPC1activation in the bundle sheath cells.
A novel strip meniscometry method for measuring aqueous tear volume in dogs: Clinical correlations with the Schirmer tear and phenol red thread tests
Authors: Miyasaka Keiichi , Kazama Yoshiyuki , Iwashita Hiroko , Wakaiki Shinsuke , Saito Akihiko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe strip meniscometry test (SMT) is a novel method for quantitative measurement of tear volume with only five seconds. We aimed to evaluate clinical correlations of SMT with the gold standard Schirmer tear test (STT) and phenol red thread test (PRT) in dogs, including normal and tear‐deficient eyes.Animals studiedLeft eyes from 621 outpatient dogs with and without ocular disorders were evaluated.ProceduresEach subject underwent SMT, PRT, and STT without topical anesthesia in the described order with five‐minute intervals. The total population was divided into four groups by classifying tear deficiency severity based on STT results: “severe” (0‐5 mm/min), “moderate” (6‐10 mm/min), “subclinical” (11‐14 mm/min), and “normal” (15 or more mm/min).ResultsThe strongest correlation coefficient was found between SMT‐STT (0.676), followed by PRT‐STT (0.637) and SMT‐PRT (0.600) pairs. Mean(SD) scores of SMT, PRT, and STT in total population were 9.47 (4.08) mm/5 s, 33.30 (8.52) mm/15 s, and 16.47 (7.01) mm/min. Significant differences were found among STT‐classified groups, both using SMT and PRT results. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves revealed that SMT better agreed with STT than PRT; agreement increased with increasing STT severity. A cutoff for SMT was identified at 10 mm/5 s to discriminate normal eyes from tear‐deficient eyes, yielding high sensitivities and acceptable specificities.ConclusionsSMT could be superior to PRT for discriminating tear‐deficient eyes. The high sensitivity of SMT could be useful as an initial diagnostic tool to rule out normal eyes with the short testing time.
In Vivo Layer-Specific Mechanical Characterization of Porcine Stomach
Tissue Using a Customized Ultrasound Elastography System
Authors: Dargar Saurabh , Rahul  , Kruger Uwe , De Suvranu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents in vivo mechanical characterization of the muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa of the porcine stomach wall under large deformation loading. This is particularly important for the development of gastrointestinal pathology-specific surgical intervention techniques. The study is based on testing the cardiac and fundic glandular stomach regions using a custom-developed compression ultrasound elastography system. Particular attention has been paid to elucidate the heterogeneity and anisotropy of tissue response. A Fung hyperelastic material model has been used to model the mechanical response of each tissue layer. A univariate analysis comparing the initial shear moduli of the three layers indicates that the muscularis (5.69 ± 4.06 kPa) is the stiffest followed by the submucosa (3.04 ± 3.32 kPa) and the mucosa (0.56 ± 0.28 kPa). The muscularis is found to be strongly distinguishable from the mucosa tissue in the cardiac and fundic regions based on a multivariate discriminant analysis. The cardiac muscularis is observed to be stiffer than the fundic muscularis tissue (shear moduli of 7.96 ± 3.82 kPa versus 3.42 ± 2.96 kPa), more anisotropic (anisotropic parameter of 2.21 ± 0.77 versus 1.41 ± 0.38), and strongly distinguishable from its fundic counterpart. The results are consistent with the tissue morphology and are in accordance with our previous ex vivo tissue study. Finally, a univariate comparison of the in vivo and ex vivo initial shear moduli for each layer shows that the muscularis and submucosa tissues are softer while in vivo, but the mucosa tissue is stiffer while in vivo. The results concerning the mechanical properties highlight the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of multilayer stomach tissue.
Transient Vibration Analysis Method for Predicting the Transient Behavior of Milling With Variable Spindle Speeds
Authors: Wang Xinzhi , Bi QingZhen , Chen Tao , Zhu Limin , Ding Han 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Variable spindle speed (VSS) technique is widely adopted for its effective suppression of chatter. However, heavy transient vibrations occur in practical machining operations although the stable machining parameters are selected according to the asymptotic stability analysis methods. In this paper, this problem is addressed through establishing a transient vibration analysis method to predict the transient behavior of VSS milling. Firstly, the discrete dynamical map of VSS milling is constructed, and the response to initial conditions (RTICs) and the response to external forcing (RTEF) can fully describe the general milling dynamics. On this basis, two transient vibration growth phenomena are found and proved that strong transient vibrations are induced by the transient growth of RTIC or RTEF. To fully predict the transient vibration growth phenomenon, the proposed method adopts the transient stability and receptivity analyses to evaluate RTIC and RTEF, respectively. Other than the existing methods, it gives a stability criterion based on both eigenvalues and nonnormal eigenvectors and considers the transient behavior to external excitation. Besides simulations, a real milling test in an existing work and VSS milling experiments are adopted for verification. The results show good agreement with the prediction of the proposed method.
Group B
Streptococcus
(
Streptococcus agalactiae
)
Authors: Raabe Vanessa N. , Shane Andi L. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Invasive disease due to group B
Streptococcus
infection (
Streptococcus agalactiae
) results in a wide spectrum of clinical disease. In North America, serotypes Ia, Ib, II, III, and V are most frequently associated with invasive disease. Group B
Streptococcus
remains a continuing source of morbidity and mortality in high-risk populations, including pregnant women, neonates, and the elderly; an increasing incidence of invasive disease has been observed in nonpregnant adults. Group B
Streptococcus
remains the most common culture-confirmed neonatal bacterial infection in the United States and is a significant source of neonatal morbidity globally. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has reduced the incidence of early-onset neonatal disease without a notable impact on the incidence of late-onset neonatal disease. Penicillin G remains the mainstay of therapy, although reduced penicillin susceptibility has been observed in select isolates. Increased frequency of resistance to non-beta-lactam antibiotics, including clindamycin, erythromycin, and fluoroquinolones, has been observed, with some isolates demonstrating resistance to vancomycin. The development and implementation of strategies to identify hosts, treat judiciously with antimicrobials with the narrowest spectra, and prevent invasive disease, with vaccines, are essential to reduce the burden of group B
Streptococcus
disease.
Antibiotic Resistance and the MRSA Problem
Authors: Vestergaard Martin , Frees Dorte , Ingmer Hanne 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is capable of becoming resistant to all classes of antibiotics clinically available and resistance can develop through
de novo
mutations in chromosomal genes or through acquisition of horizontally transferred resistance determinants. This review covers the most important antibiotics available for treatment of
S. aureus
infections and a special emphasis is dedicated to the current knowledge of the wide variety of resistance mechanisms that
S. aureus
employ to withstand antibiotics. Since resistance development has been inevitable for all currently available antibiotics, new therapies are continuously under development. Besides development of new small molecules affecting cell viability, alternative approaches including anti-virulence and bacteriophage therapeutics are being investigated and may become important tools to combat staphylococcal infections in the future.