bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governing Digital Trade
Authors: MELTZER JOSHUA P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAs global data flows and digital technologies transform international trade, governments and regulators have to determine how to benefit from these developments while maintaining the integrity of their domestic regulations. Currently, governments are increasingly restricting global data flows and requiring data localization, undermining the economic benefits of digital trade. To address this trend will require a system of digital trade governance that has two key elements. One element is new digital trade rules, some of which exist in the WTO and others which are being developed in free trade agreements. The other is international regulatory cooperation to develop standards and mutual recognition agreements in areas such as privacy and consumer protection that gives domestic regulators confidence that allowing data to leave their jurisdiction will not undermine achievement of domestic regulatory goals. In the absence of such regulatory cooperation, governments are likely to continue to restrict data flows, relying on the exceptions provisions to their digital trade commitments.
Adults’ Responses to Children’s Crying after a Moral Transgression
Authors: Arriaga Patrícia , Murteira Carla , Oliveira Raquel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study investigated how adults respond to a moral transgression committed by a child offender, by examining the role of the child’s sex, emotions, and crying behavior when caught committing a moral transgression on adults’ forgiveness, trust, and disciplinary behaviors. An experimental survey manipulated the children’s sex, crying, and their emotional expressions (fear, sadness, shame, and crying). Participants (N = 847) reported how they would feel, their willingness to forgive (immediately and a week after the event) and to trust the child, estimated recidivism, and the use of disciplinary behaviors. Results showed that participants in the crying conditions reported significantly higher levels of intention to trust and forgive the child a week after the event, and a lower estimation of the child committing a similar act in the future than participants in the non-crying conditions (ps < .05). Compared to men, women anticipated higher intentions to forgive (ps < .05), and more inductive behaviors, less overreactivity and warmth removal towards the child (ps < .001). Overall, the results suggest the functional value of crying in children-adults relations and the importance of the gender of both child and adults in a context of a moral transgression committed by a child.
Nitrogen Oxide Concentrations in Natural Waters on Early Earth
Authors: Ranjan Sukrit , Todd Zoe R. , Rimmer Paul B. , Sasselov Dimitar D. , Babbin Andrew R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA key challenge in origins‐of‐life studies is estimating the abundances of species relevant to the chemical pathways proposed to have contributed to the emergence of life on early Earth. Dissolved nitrogen oxide anions (
), in particular nitrate (
) and nitrite (
), have been invoked in diverse origins‐of‐life chemistry, from the oligomerization of RNA to the emergence of protometabolism. Recent work has calculated the supply of
from the prebiotic atmosphere to the ocean and reported steady state [
] to be high across all plausible parameter space. These findings rest on the assumption that
is stable in natural waters unless processed at a hydrothermal vent. Here, we show that
is unstable in the reducing environment of early Earth. Sinks due to ultraviolet photolysis and reactions with reduced iron (Fe2+) suppress [
] by several orders of magnitude relative to past predictions. For pH = 6.5–8 and T = 0–50 °C, we find that it is most probable that [
] <1μM in the prebiotic ocean. On the other hand, prebiotic ponds with favorable drainage characteristics may have sustained [
] ≥1μM. As on modern Earth, most
on prebiotic Earth should have been present as
, due to its much greater stability. These findings inform the kind of prebiotic chemistries that would have been possible on early Earth. We discuss the implications for proposed prebiotic chemistries and highlight the need for further studies of
kinetics to reduce the considerable uncertainties in predicting [
] on early Earth.
Preliminary evidence of increased striatal dopamine in a nonhuman primate model of maternal immune activation
Authors: Bauman Melissa D. , Lesh Tyler A. , Rowland Douglas J. , Schumann Cynthia M. , Smucny Jason , Kukis David L. , Cherry Simon R. , McAllister A. Kimberley , Carter Cameron S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWomen exposed to a variety of viral and bacterial infections during pregnancy have an increased risk of giving birth to a child with autism, schizophrenia or other neurodevelopmental disorders. Preclinical maternal immune activation (MIA) models are powerful translational tools to investigate mechanisms underlying epidemiological links between infection during pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders. Our previous studies documenting the emergence of aberrant behavior in rhesus monkey offspring born to MIA-treated dams extends the rodent MIA model into a species more closely related to humans. Here we present novel neuroimaging data from these animals to further explore the translational potential of the nonhuman primate MIA model. Nine male MIA-treated offspring and 4 controls from our original cohort underwent in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) scanning at approximately 3.5-years of age using [18F] fluoro-l-m-tyrosine (FMT) to measure presynaptic dopamine levels in the striatum, which are consistently elevated in individuals with schizophrenia. Analysis of [18F]FMT signal in the striatum of these nonhuman primates showed that MIA animals had significantly higher [18F]FMT index of influx compared to control animals. In spite of the modest sample size, this group difference reflects a large effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.998). Nonhuman primates born to MIA-treated dams exhibited increased striatal dopamine in late adolescence—a hallmark molecular biomarker of schizophrenia. These results validate the MIA model in a species more closely related to humans and open up new avenues for understanding the neurodevelopmental biology of schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders associated with prenatal immune challenge.
The relativistic causality versus no-signaling paradigm for multi-party correlations
Authors: Horodecki Paweł , Ramanathan Ravishankar 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe ubiquitous no-signaling constraints state that the probability distributions of outputs of any subset of parties in a Bell experiment are independent of remaining parties’ inputs. These constraints are considered to form ultimate limits for physical correlations and led to the fields of post-quantum cryptography, randomness generation besides identifying information-theoretic principles underlying quantum theory. Here we show that while these constraints are sufficient, they are not necessary to enforce relativistic causality in multi-party correlations, i.e., the rule that correlations do not allow casual loops. Depending on the space-time coordinates of the measurement events, causality only imposes a subset of no-signaling conditions. We first consider the n-party Bell experiment (n > 2) and identify all configurations where subsets of the constraints suffice. Secondly, we examine the implications for device-independent cryptography against an eavesdropper constrained only by relativity, detailing among other effects explicit attacks on well-known randomness amplification and key distribution protocols.
Shaping triple-conducting semiconductor BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ into an electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Xia Chen , Mi Youquan , Wang Baoyuan , Lin Bin , Chen Gang , Zhu Bin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInterest in low-temperature operation of solid oxide fuel cells is growing. Recent advances in perovskite phases have resulted in an efficient H+/O2-/e- triple-conducting electrode BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ for low-temperature fuel cells. Here, we further develop BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ for electrolyte applications by taking advantage of its high ionic conduction while suppressing its electronic conduction through constructing a BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ-ZnO p-n heterostructure. With this approach, it has been demonstrated that BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ can be applied in a fuel cell with good electrolyte functionality, achieving attractive ionic conductivity and cell performance. Further investigation confirms the hybrid H+/O2- conducting capability of BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ-ZnO. An energy band alignment mechanism based on a p-n heterojunction is proposed to explain the suppression of electronic conductivity and promotion of ionic conductivity in the heterostructure. Our findings demonstrate that BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.1Y0.1O3-δ is not only a good electrode but also a highly promising electrolyte. The approach reveals insight for developing advanced low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes.
Out-of-equilibrium quantum magnetism and thermalization in a spin-3 many-body dipolar lattice system
Authors: Lepoutre S. , Schachenmayer J. , Gabardos L. , Zhu B. , Naylor B. , Maréchal E. , Gorceix O. , Rey A. M. , Vernac L. , Laburthe-Tolra B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUnderstanding quantum thermalization through entanglement build up in isolated quantum systems addresses fundamental questions on how unitary dynamics connects to statistical physics. Spin systems made of long-range interacting atoms offer an ideal experimental platform to investigate this question. Here, we study the spin dynamics and approach towards local thermal equilibrium of a macroscopic ensemble of S = 3 chromium atoms pinned in a three dimensional optical lattice and prepared in a pure coherent spin state, under the effect of magnetic dipole–dipole interactions. Our isolated system thermalizes under its own dynamics, reaching a steady state consistent with a thermal ensemble with a temperature dictated from the system’s energy. The build up of quantum correlations during the dynamics is supported by comparison with an improved numerical quantum phase-space method. Our observations are consistent with a scenario of quantum thermalization linked to the growth of entanglement entropy.
What matters to people with COPD: outputs from Working Together for Change
Authors: Early Frances , Lettis Matthew , Winders Sarah-Jane , Fuld Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a negative impact on people’s quality of life affecting daily activities and mental and emotional well-being. Healthcare services need to understand what patients want and need. We used a co-production methodology, Working Together for Change, not previously used in a COPD setting to determine what matters to people with COPD. Forty patients took part in one-to-one discussions to identify what was working well, not working well and what was important for the future in terms of their COPD care. The responses were analysed in two one-day co-production workshops involving COPD patients, carers and professionals. The six highest priority themes around what’s not working well were: ‘I don’t think the right hand knows what the left hand is doing’, ‘I can’t get appointments when I want them’, ‘I’m not treated as a person’, ‘I can’t do what I want to do’, ‘I’m anxious and depressed’ and ‘I can’t eat well.’ Professionals gained powerful insights into the difficulties of COPD through their interactions with patients in the workshops. What mattered to patients encompassed meaning, purpose and relationships beyond immediate medical needs and underlines the need for patient-centred holistic approaches to COPD care and support.
Resource-efficient verification of quantum computing using Serfling’s bound
Authors: Takeuchi Yuki , Mantri Atul , Morimae Tomoyuki , Mizutani Akihiro , Fitzsimons Joseph F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractVerifying quantum states is central to certifying the correct operation of various quantum information processing tasks. In particular, in measurement-based quantum computing, checking whether correct graph states are generated is essential for reliable quantum computing. Several verification protocols for graph states have been proposed, but none of these are particularly resource efficient: multiple copies are required to extract a single state that is guaranteed to be close to the ideal one. The best protocol currently known requires O(n15) copies of the state, where n is the size of the graph state. In this paper, we construct a significantly more resource-efficient verification protocol for graph states that only requires O(n5 log n) copies. The key idea is to employ Serfling’s bound, which is a probability inequality in classical statistics. Utilizing Serfling’s bound also enables us to generalize our protocol for qudit and continuous-variable graph states. Constructing a resource-efficient verification protocol for them is non-trivial. For example, the previous verification protocols for qubit graph states that use the quantum de Finetti theorem cannot be generalized to qudit and continuous-variable graph states without tremendously increasing the resource overhead. This is because the overhead caused by the quantum de Finetti theorem depends on the local dimension. On the other hand, in our protocol, the resource overhead is independent of the local dimension, and therefore generalizing to qudit or continuous-variable graph states does not increase the overhead. The flexibility of Serfling’s bound also makes our protocol robust: our protocol accepts slightly noisy but still useful graph states.
Cement with the addition of charred fermentation residues
Authors: Šál Jiří 
Published: April 2019

This article focuses on the use and disposal of biochar waste from residual and waste biomass. Traditional use of this substance is its addition to arable land to improve its quality. The basic biochar component is a chemically stable carbon, which binds nutrients and other important substances to plant growth.
Positive effects on arable land have been sufficiently demonstrated, unfortunately amount of waste biochar is larger than what can be used in this way. That is why new opportunities need to be searched for. The area in which its use can be found is also building constructions. Recent research already underway focused on the addition of biochar to bricks and use as a plaster.
This paper explores further use of adding burnt fermentation residues to the cement composite. Cement is one of the most important materials in the construction industry, mainly used for concrete production. We live at a time when raw materials begin to vanish and need to be substituted, and at the same time that waste accumulates. That is why in the building constructions it is necessary to look for new ways. The use of high-temperature and fluid ash is already known to replace part of the cement. Using biochar may be another option.
Ultraschallgesteuerte Regionalanästhesie bei Adipositas
Authors: Kessler Paul 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungAdipositas ist mit einer Reihe anästhesierelevanter Risiken verbunden. Regionalanästhesiologische Verfahren bieten viele Vorteile, stellen jedoch auch eine Herausforderung dar. Der Einsatz der Ultraschalltechnik mit der Möglichkeit, die Zielstrukturen zu visualisieren, kann hier hilfreich sein. Allerdings sind viel Erfahrung und ausreichendes Training Voraussetzung, da die Ultraschalltechnologie bei Adipositas physikalisch limitiert ist.
Anästhesie bei Erwachsenen mit Adipositas
Authors: Fudickar Axel , Bein Berthold 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Prävalenz der Adipositas hat in den letzten 10 Jahren weltweit erheblich zugenommen – deshalb wird die perioperative Versorgung auch extrem adipöser Patienten immer häufiger notwendig werden. Dies schließt medizinische, technische und organisatorische Aspekte ein. Dieser Beitrag fasst neue Erkenntnisse und Empfehlungen zur Anästhesie bei Adipositas zusammen.
A deep neural network improves endoscopic detection of early gastric cancer without blind spots
Authors: Wu Lianlian , Zhou Wei , Wan Xinyue , Zhang Jun , Shen Lei , Hu Shan , Ding Qianshan , Mu Ganggang , Yin Anning , Huang Xu , Liu Jun , Jiang Xiaoda , Wang Zhengqiang , Deng Yunchao , Liu Mei , Lin Rong , Ling Tingsheng , Li Peng , Wu Qi , Jin Peng , Chen Jie , Yu Honggang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Background Gastric cancer is the third most lethal malignancy worldwide. A novel deep convolution neural network (DCNN) to perform visual tasks has been recently developed. The aim of this study was to build a system using the DCNN to detect early gastric cancer (EGC) without blind spots during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).
Methods 3170 gastric cancer and 5981 benign images were collected to train the DCNN to detect EGC. A total of 24549 images from different parts of stomach were collected to train the DCNN to monitor blind spots. Class activation maps were developed to automatically cover suspicious cancerous regions. A grid model for the stomach was used to indicate the existence of blind spots in unprocessed EGD videos.
Results The DCNN identified EGC from non-malignancy with an accuracy of 92.5 %, a sensitivity of 94.0 %, a specificity of 91.0 %, a positive predictive value of 91.3 %, and a negative predictive value of 93.8 %, outperforming all levels of endoscopists. In the task of classifying gastric locations into 10 or 26 parts, the DCNN achieved an accuracy of 90 % or 65.9 %, on a par with the performance of experts. In real-time unprocessed EGD videos, the DCNN achieved automated performance for detecting EGC and monitoring blind spots.
Conclusions We developed a system based on a DCNN to accurately detect EGC and recognize gastric locations better than endoscopists, and proactively track suspicious cancerous lesions and monitor blind spots during EGD.
Heilkraft für die Lebensorganisation
Authors: Rosenhauer von Löwensprung Natalie 
Published: April 2019

SummaryGemäß dem anthroposophischen Arzneimittelverständnis wirken Substanzen tierischen Ursprungs auf die Lebensorganisation, das heißt unter anderem auf die Selbstheilungs- und Bildekräfte. Potenzierte tierische Substanzen findet man in der anthroposophischen Arzneimitteltherapie sowohl in Einzelpräparaten als auch in Kombination mit Pflanzen, Mineralien und Metallen. Für den Einsatz der Arzneimittel spielt unter anderem die Höhe der Potenz eine Rolle. Sie entscheidet, ob ein Präparat bei chronischen oder akuten Geschehen oder zur allgemeinen Umstimmung eingesetzt wird.
Innovative Techniken in der Refluxchirurgie
Authors: Heimbucher Johannes 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungPotenzielle unerwünschte Wirkungen der PPI-Therapie (PPI: Protonenpumpeninhibitor) wie auch nicht immer zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse der etablierten Operationsmethoden führen aktuell zu steigendem Interesse an neuen chirurgischen Therapieverfahren zur Refluxtherapie. Die Technik und Ergebnisse der magnetischen Verstärkung (LINX®) und der elektrischen Stimulation (EndoStim®) des unteren ösophagealen Sphinkters werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Beide Verfahren sind wenig invasiv, prinzipiell reversibel und mit ermutigenden mittelfristigen Ergebnissen verbunden. Es wird damit eine erweiterte Indikation zur chirurgischen Therapie der gastroösophagealen Refluxkrankheit (GERD) angenommen. Dies birgt jedoch in Kombination mit der technischen Einfachheit der Verfahren das Risiko inadäquater Indikationen. Zur Gewinnung belastbarer Langzeitergebnisse wird die Etablierung eines verpflichtenden Registers vorgeschlagen.
Aktuelle Therapie der Achalasie 2019
Authors: von Rahden Burkhard 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Therapie der primär idiopathischen Achalasie, der häufigsten der seltenen Ösophagusmotilitätsstörungen, unterliegt derzeit einem Wandel. Zunehmend setzt sich das Prinzip der „Heller-Myotomie“ als Standard durch. Mit der von dem deutschen Chirurgen Ernst Heller im Jahr 1913 erstbeschriebenen Kardiomyotomie lässt sich meist eine sehr gute Symptomkontrolle erzielen. Metaanalysen randomisierter Studien (Level-1A-Evidenz) zeigen die Überlegenheit der laparoskopischen Heller-Myotomie (LHM) gegenüber der pneumatischen Dilatation (PD). Protagonisten der PD beziehen sich zumeist auf die Ergebnisse der europäischen Multicenterstudie, die mit häufig wiederholten PD vergleichbare Ergebnisse wie die LHM erzielt hat, mit allerdings einer (nicht Intention-to-treat inkludierten) initialen PD-Serie mit inakzeptabel hoher Perforationsrate (33%). Zur Prävention eines postoperativen gastroösophagealen Refluxes (GER) nach LHM ist die Hinzunahme einer Fundoplicatio obligat. Die Manschette der Wahl ist die anteriore 180°-Fundoplicatio nach Dor. Allerdings wird dieser Standard (LHM + Dor-Prozedur) nun bereits wieder herausgefordert. Die 2010 durch Haruhiro Inoue eingeführte und seither weltweit klinisch erprobte perorale endoskopische Myotomie (POEM) ermöglicht die Durchführung der „Heller-Myotomie“ auf rein endoskopischem Wege. Die Komplikationsraten von POEM sind gering, die Symptomkontrolle ist in systematischen Reviews der publizierten Serien zur LHM vergleichbar oder sogar diskret überlegen. Vorteile der POEM sind u. a. die Möglichkeit, eine lange Myotomie (erforderlichenfalls des gesamten Ösophagus) durchzuführen und die relativ freie Wählbarkeit der Lokalisation der Myotomie (anteriores/posteriores POEM). Nachteile von POEM sind die bewiesen höhere postoperative Refluxrate nach POEM im Vergleich zur LHM, bei allerdings meist guter Behandelbarkeit des Refluxes mit PPI, erforderlichenfalls (selten) nachträglicher laparoskopischer Dor-Fundoplicatio. (Vorläufige) Ergebnisse von 2 prospektiv randomisierten Studien zeigen die Überlegenheit der POEM gegenüber der PD und Gleichwertigkeit der POEM zu LHM + Dor-Prozedur, bei erhöhtem GER. Im eigenen Vorgehen werden POEM und LHM in einem „Tailored Approach“ (maßgeschneidert) verwendet: POEM wird bevorzugt bei Typ III und Typ II mit Brustschmerzen, LHM bei sigmoidaler Achalasie und morphologischen Begleitveränderungen (Hernie, Divertikel etc.), ansonsten liberalere Verfahrenswahl.
Mitgeschöpf als Medizin
Authors: Bierbach Elvira 
Published: April 2019

SummaryLebende Tiere, die zu Heilzwecken eingesetzt werden, können als Arzneimittel oder Medizinprodukt zugelassen sein. Zu den klassischen tierischen Heilmitteln in der Naturheilkunde gehören unter anderem Blutegel, Ameisensäure, Cantharidenpflaster und homöopathische Zubereitungen. Nicht mehr legal möglich ist der Einsatz von Schlangengiften im Sinne der Enzymtherapie. Bei Zuwiderhandlung drohen haftungsrechtliche Konsequenzen.
The meaning of Old Englishfolcscaruand the compound’s function inBeowulf
Authors: Bammesberger Alfred 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEver sinceKemble (1840),buton folcscare(Beowulf, 73a) has been thought to mean ‘with the exception of the common land’. The Old English compoundfolcscaruis reliably attested in poetic texts in the sense ‘tribe, nation’; secondarily the meaning ‘province, land’ may have arisen, but nowhere does the compound convey the special sense ‘common land, commons’. It can be shown that a meaning in the area of ‘tribe’ makes sense at line 73 ofBeowulfas well, but the genitivegumenarefers to bothfolcscareandfeorum. It is quite conceivable that the line provides a distant echo of ancient Germanic customs concerning limitations of royal authority as adumbrated in Tacitus’Germania.