bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomics within the Anthonotha clade (Detarioideae, Leguminosae) reveals a high diversity in floral trait shifts and a general trend towards organ number reduction
Authors: Ojeda Dario I. , Koenen Erik , Cervantes Sandra , de la Estrella Manuel , Banguera-Hinestroza Eulalia , Janssens Steven B. , Migliore Jeremy , Demenou Boris , Bruneau Anne , Forest Félix , Hardy Olivier J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDetarioideae is well known for its high diversity of floral traits, including flower symmetry, number of organs, and petal size and morphology. This diversity has been characterized and studied at higher taxonomic levels, but limited analyses have been performed among closely related genera with contrasting floral traits due to the lack of fully resolved phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used four representative transcriptomes to develop an exome capture bait for the entire subfamily and applied it to the Anthonotha clade using a complete data set (61 specimens) representing all extant floral diversity. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered congruent topologies using ML and Bayesian methods. The genus Anthonotha was recovered as monophyletic contrary to the remaining three genera (Englerodendron, Isomacrolobium and Pseudomacrolobium), which form a monophyletic group sister to Anthonotha. We inferred a total of 35 transitions for the seven floral traits (pertaining to flower symmetry, petals, stamens and staminodes) that we analyzed, suggesting that at least 30% of the species in this group display transitions from the ancestral condition reconstructed for the Anthonotha clade. The main transitions were towards a reduction in the number of organs (petals, stamens and staminodes). Despite the high number of transitions, our analyses indicate that the seven characters are evolving independently in these lineages. Petal morphology is the most labile floral trait with a total of seven independent transitions in number and seven independent transitions to modification in petal types. The diverse petal morphology along the dorsoventral axis of symmetry within the flower is not associated with differences at the micromorphology of petal surface, suggesting that in this group all petals within the flower might possess the same petal identity at the molecular level. Our results provide a solid evolutionary framework for further detailed analyses of the molecular basis of petal identity.
Towards an optimised processing pipeline for diffusion MRI data: Effects of artefact corrections on diffusion metrics and their age associations in UK Biobank
Authors: Maximov Ivan I. , Alnæs Dag , Westlye Lars T. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIncreasing interest in the structural and functional organization of the human brain in health and disease encourages the acquisition of big datasets consisting of multiple neuroimaging modalities accompanied by additional information obtained from health records, cognitive tests, biomarkers and genotypes. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging data enables a range of promising imaging phenotypes probing structural connections as well as macroanatomical and microstructural properties of the brain. The reliability and biological sensitivity and specificity of diffusion data depend on processing pipeline. A state-of-the-art framework for data processing facilitates crossstudy harmonisation and reduces pipeline-related variability. Using diffusion data from the UK Biobank we provide a comprehensive evaluation of different processing steps that have been suggested to reduce imaging artefacts and improve reliability of diffusion metrics. We consider a general pipeline comprising 7 post-processing blocks: noise correction; Gibbs ringing correction; evaluation of field distortions; susceptibility, eddy-current and motion-induced distortion corrections; bias field correction; spatial smoothing; and final diffusion metric estimations. Based on this evaluation, we suggest an optimised diffusion pipeline for processing of diffusion weighted imaging data.
Role of MPK4 in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered alternative splicing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Bazin Jeremie , Mariappan Kiruthiga , Blein Thomas , Voelz Ronny , Crespi Martin , Hirt Heribert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlternative splicing (AS) of pre-mRNAs in plants is an important mechanism of gene regulation in environmental stress tolerance but plant signals involved are essentially unknown. Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases and the majority of PTI defense genes are regulated by MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6. These responses have been mainly analyzed at the transcriptional level, however many splicing factors are direct targets of MAPKs. Here, we studied alternative splicing induced by the PAMP flagellin in Arabidopsis. We identified 506 PAMP-induced differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) genes. Although many DAS genes are targets of nonsense-mediated degradation (NMD), only 19% are potential NMD targets. Importantly, of the 506 PAMP-induced DAS genes, only 89 overlap with the set of 1849 PAMP-induced differentially expressed genes (DEG), indicating that transcriptome analysis does not identify most DASevents. Global DAS analysis of mpk3, mpk4, and mpk6 mutants revealed that MPK4 is a key regulator of PAMP-induced differential splicing, regulating AS of a number of splicing factors and immunity-related protein kinases, such as the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28, the cysteine-rich receptor like kinases CRK13 and CRK29 or the FLS2 co-receptor SERK4/BKK1. These data suggest that MAP kinase regulation of splicing factors is a key mechanism in PAMP-induced AS regulation of PTI.Significance statementAlternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS) affects plant responses to environmental stresses. So far, however, the regulation of AS is little understood. Here, we studied AS induced by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin in Arabidopsis. We identified 506 differentially alternatively spliced (DAS) genes, 89 of which overlap with the 1849 DEG, indicating that the majority of DAS events go undetected by common transcriptome analysis. PAMP-triggered immunity is mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Global DAS analysis of MAPK mutants revealed that MPK4 is a key regulator of AS by affecting splicing factors and a number of important protein kinases involved in immunity. Since PAMP-triggered phosphorylation of several splicing factors is directly mediated by MAPKs, we discovered a key mechanism of AS regulation.
Are sleep spindles poised on supercritical Hopf bifurcations?
Authors: Ospeck M. 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTSleep spindles are recognized as an important intermediate state of long term memory formation. During non REM sleep, large numbers of thalamic relay neurons synchronize their spike bursts for one half to two seconds, entraining many millions of neurons, and constituting a sleep spindle. Here we study spindle amplification, entrainment, synchronization and decay. Relay neurons have both a high resting state near −60 millivolts (mV) and low resting state near −75 mV. Due to the neuron’s sodium conductance, low-threshold calcium conductance, and calcium-dependent H conductance, it exhibits a number of bifurcations, like its supercritical Hopf at −61 mV. Here low-threshold calcium conductance destabilizes membrane potential to birth a small limit-cycle in the 7-16 Hz range. Supercritical Hopfbifurcations are the underlying mechanism for amplification and frequency selectivity in hearing: hair cells are forced by sinusoidal input currents driving their mainly capacitive loads, with the forcing currents locking at 90 degree phase leads with respect to their oscillating membrane potentials. Here we model a small part of a spindle, with 6 cross-coupled relay neurons all poised on Hopfbifurcations. One neuron is forced by a weak noisy train of periodic current impulses that typically lock at a 90 degree phase lead with respect to its voltage oscillation. It then drives its neighbors, causing them to drive each other at much smaller phase angles, usually less than ±10 degrees. The system of Hopf oscillators exhibit small signal amplification and frequency selectivity, high degrees of synchronization and noise rejection, and switch-ability. These argue in favor of spindling relay neurons poising on, or very near to, supercritical Hopfbifurcations. Also, during the phase-locking of their spike bursts, calcium conductance oscillations increase internal calcium, which turns on slow H current. This depolarizes the relay cells, pushing them below their Hopfbifurcations and terminating the spindle.
The evolution of a super-swarm of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle
Authors: Arzt Jonathan , Fish Ian , Pauszek Steven J. , Johnson Shannon L. , Chain Patrick S. , Rai Devendra K. , Rieder Elizabeth , Goldberg Tony L. , Rodriguez Luis L. , Stenfeldt Carolina 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that severely impacts global food security and is one of the greatest constraints on international trade of animal products. Extensive viral population diversity and rapid, continuous mutation of circulating FMD viruses (FMDVs) pose significant obstacles to the control and ultimate eradication of this important transboundary pathogen. The current study investigated mechanisms contributing to within-host evolution of FMDV in a natural host species (cattle). Specifically, vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were infected with FMDV under controlled, experimental conditions and subsequently sampled for up to 35 days to monitor viral genomic changes as related to phases of disease and experimental cohorts. Consensus-level genomic changes across the entire FMDV coding region were characterized through three previously defined stages of infection: early, transitional, and persistent. The overall conclusion was that viral evolution occurred via a combination of two mechanisms: emergence of full-genomic minority haplotypes from within the inoculum super-swarm, and concurrent continuous point mutations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that individuals were infected with multiple distinct haplogroups that were pre-existent within the ancestral inoculum used to infect all animals. Multiple shifts of dominant viral haplotype took place during the early and transitional phases of infection, whereas few shifts occurred during persistent infection. These insights into FMDV population dynamics have important implications for virus sampling methodology and molecular epidemiology.
Mobile Learning for English Language Learning Assessment and Evaluation: A Review
Authors: Elaish Monther M. , Shuib Liyana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCurrently, one of the dominating languages in this world is English language as it has an enormous impact in practically every area of work. In this world, English language is being regarded as the language which is most commonly spoken and it is an international language for business purposes and the language of the internet which covers about 50% of the internet content. At the same time, mobile technology is becoming more and more prominent, and practitioners as well as researchers in education perceive mobile learning as a wonderful educational tool which may promote learning among students who are studying English as a foreign language. As there is a gap in literature concerning the lack of sufficient research studies which collimate their focus on the latest mobile learning technologies instead of English learning, this review intends to fill this gap. Moreover, this review orients its focus on the research problem, the acquisition of English language skills and the level of study of the participants and also it will provide a concise summary of the previous research studies by taking into consideration of group size, the type of assessment which was adopted and the duration of the experimental study in question. Therefore, this review is going to provide to the readers a thorough analysis of all the existing literature from the year 2010 to 2017 pertaining the utilisation of mobile technologies in order to study English language. This review paper focuses mainly on some key aspects that are the number of participants to be employed in such English language study, the duration of the study as well as the type of assessment and also the integration of all these factors. The result of this review can assist researchers in education sector to design accrue and fit experimental design which mitigate the challenges and facilitate the effective use of mobile learning in English language learning.
β-glucan dependent shuttling of conidia from neutrophils to macrophages occurs during fungal infection establishment
Authors: Pazhakh Vahid , Ellett Felix , O’Donnell Joanne A. , Pase Luke , Schulze Keith E. , Greulich R. Stefan , Reyes-Aldasoro Constantino Carlos , Croker Ben A. , Andrianopoulos Alex , Lieschke Graham J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe initial host response to fungal pathogen invasion is critical to infection establishment and outcome. However, the diversity of leukocyte-pathogen interactions is only recently being appreciated. We describe a new form of interleukocyte conidial exchange called “shuttling”. InTalaromyces marneffeiandAspergillus fumigatuszebrafishin vivoinfections, live imaging demonstrated conidia initially phagocytosed by neutrophils were transferred to macrophages. Shuttling is unidirectional, not a chance event, involves alterations of phagocyte mobility, inter-cellular tethering, and phagosome transfer. Shuttling kinetics were fungal species-specific, implicating a fungal determinant. β-glucan serves as a fungal-derived signal sufficient for shuttling. Murine phagocytes also shuttledin vitro. The impact of shuttling for microbiological outcomes ofin vivoinfections is difficult to specifically assess experimentally, but for these two pathogens, shuttling augments initial conidial redistribution away from fungicidal neutrophils into the favourable macrophage intracellular niche. Shuttling is a frequent host/pathogen interaction contributing to fungal infection establishment patterns.
Stability analysis of the experimental airplane powered by a pulsejet engine
Authors: Pobikrowska Katarzyna , Goetzendorf-Grabowski Tomasz 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to present stability analysis of a small pulsejet-powered airplane. This analysis is a part of a student project dedicated to designing an airplane to test valved pulsejet engine in flight conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
The panel method was chosen to compute the airplane’s aerodynamic coefficients and derivatives for various geometry configurations, as it provides accurate results in a short computational time. Also, the program (PANUKL) that was used allows frequent and easy changes of the geometry. The evaluation of dynamic stability was done using another program (SDSA) equipped with means to formulate and solve eigenvalue problem for various flight speeds.

Findings
As a result of calculations, some geometry corrections were established, such as an increase of the vertical stabilizer’s size and a new wing position. Resulting geometry provides satisfactory dynamic and static stability characteristics for all flight speeds. This conclusion was based on criteria given by MIL-F-8785C specifications. This paper presents the results of the first and the final configuration.

Practical implications
The results shown in this paper are necessary for the continuation of the project. The aircraft’s structure was being designed in the same time as the calculations described in this paper proceeded. With a few modifications to make up for the changes of external geometry, the structure will be ready to be built.

Originality/value
The idea to design an airplane specifically to test a pulsejet in flight is a unique one. Most RC pulsejet-powered constructions that can be heard of are modified versions of already existing models. What adds more to the value of the project is that it is being developed only by students. This allows them to learn various aspects of aircraft design and construction on a soon-to-be real object.
Finger licking good? An observational study of hand hygiene practices of fast food restaurant employees and consumers
Authors: Soon Jan Mei 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
Appropriate hand hygiene technique is a simple and effective method to reduce cross contamination and transmission of foodborne pathogens. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the frequency of hand hygiene activities among food handlers and consumers in fast food restaurants (FFRs).

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 25 FFRs and cafes were visited between May and August 2017 in North West England. A hand hygiene observational tool was adapted and modified from previous studies. The observational tool was designed to record 30 sequential hand activities of consumers and employees. Each transaction consisted of an observed action (e.g. touch with bare hands), object (e.g. exposed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods) and observed hand hygiene practice (e.g. handwashing or cleaning with wipes or sanitisers). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) swabs of hand-contact surfaces of restaurants’ restrooms were carried out.

Findings
Findings revealed that both food handlers and consumers have low-hand hygiene compliance rate in FFRs. Consumers were more likely to clean their hands with napkins after handling exposed RTE food. Food handlers were observed to change into new gloves without washing their hands before handling exposed RTE food. The mean results for all hand-contact surfaces in restrooms were higher than 30 Relative Light Units indicating unhygienic surfaces. Male restroom exit doors’ ATP levels were significantly higher than females.

Originality/value
This study revealed the lack of hand hygiene practices among food handlers and consumers at FFRs and cafes. Restroom hand-contact surfaces revealed high ATP level indicating unhygienic surfaces. This can potentially re-contaminate washed hands upon touching unhygienic surface (e.g. exit door panel/handle) when leaving the restroom.
Lesson study and teachers’ beliefs
Authors: Mayrhofer Edgar 
Published: January 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show, from a theoretical perspective, how lesson study (LS) can initiate processes that have an effect on most fundamental teachers’ (and teacher–students’) personal beliefs which are the basis of a teacher’ interactions. On the basis of research referring to educational beliefs and good practice, the paper’s approach is to bring underlying beliefs into relation to Pierre Bourdieu’s sociocultural concept of the habitus. Awareness of these unconscious fundamentals is a requirement for improvement. Developing a professional habitus will allow inappropriate beliefs to be changed by informed knowledge. LS can support that.Design/methodology/approachThis is a theoretical paper aiming at illustrating the potential of LS to initiate learning and reflection among teachers, and challenge and ultimately affect deep ranging beliefs. Guided by the idea that beliefs are not only a random collection acquired in a biography, the paper applies the Bourdieuian idea of habitus and field, suggesting habitus as the origin and source of beliefs and, therefore, ultimately of classroom practice. The paper defines LS as a tool in teacher education that has the potential to make teachers change inappropriate concepts by reflecting on their habitus and develop a more professional habitus.FindingsResearch agrees that teachers’ decisions and actions are strongly rooted in their unconscious beliefs, which have accumulated during their biographies, especially during their own school days whereas informed knowledge is neglected. The Bourdieuian theory of habitus is a heuristic concept that provides an integrative social perspective on beliefs as both a part and a result of a teacher’s habitus. Reflection on practice and teacher cooperation is essential for teacher learning. LS is an ideal setting providing these essentials, and the paper finds that the negative effects of habitus-rooted unconscious beliefs and practices can be affected by developing awareness through LS.Originality/valueThis paper aims at bringing together Bourdieu’s sociocultural theory of habitus and field, and LS. Inappropriate beliefs guiding practice can hinder informed knowledge on education to be integrated. An analysis of the habitus as the foundation of beliefs can create awareness of the effects resulting from biographical and social sources in both pre- and in-service teacher training. Rather than changing single beliefs, developing a professional habitus allows to integrate informed knowledge and affect a lasting change. The Bourdieuian approach opens up a new perspective of the capacity of LS and makes a relevant contribution in developing a professional habitus.
Leadership, job satisfaction and performance links in private education institutes of Pakistan
Authors: Torlak N. Gökhan , Kuzey Cemil 
Published: January 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to get an insight into which form leadership either transactional leadership (TAL) or transformational leadership (TFL) is most effective in the educational sector of Pakistan and to determine the impact of each on the employee job satisfaction (EJS) and employee job performance (EJP). Given research site observation, appropriate leadership was essential to high-quality education in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachData are collected through a survey based on e-mail/interview from 189 employees working at private education institutes in Pakistan. Analysis methodology includes frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, paired samplest-test, Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis.FindingsOnly management by exception (MBE) and idealized influence (II), inspirational motivation (IM), intellectual stimulation (IS) and individualized consideration (IC) had significant positive association with both EJS and EJP. MBE had a positive significant effect on both EJS and EJP, while contingent rewards had no significant relation with EJS and weak positive significant association with EJP. Furthermore, II, IM, IS and IC had a positive significant impact on EJS and EJP.Research limitations/implicationsRespondents were from major private educational institutes in Islamabad and Lahore. The leadership style – TAL–TFL – was the sole variable to judge EJS/EJP. Multifaceted populations’ perspectives might enhance the attributes of TAL/TFL. This study might influence the authorities to adopt the right leadership style securing high-quality education system for both private and public education institutes in Pakistan.Originality/valueThe study filled the gap in the educational sector of Pakistan, where research works into leadership styles-satisfaction-performance links were few and far between.