bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Part Two
Authors: Spelman Henry 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This introduction announces the theme of the next three chapters: Pindar’s sense of literary history and specifically his use of other lyric poetry. Pindar capitalizes on his audiences’ familiarity with other lyric to an extent that has perhaps not yet been adequately recognized. His poems use related poetry to tell stories about themselves and their place in life. By examining different sorts of references and allusions across the corpus, one can discern a coherent view of the poetic world, both past and present. Understanding Pindar entails understanding an immanent literary history that reaches into and shapes his present. Methodological and historical questions of early Greek intertextuality are addressed.
Boltzmann’s Kinetic Theory
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Kinetic theory is the branch of statistical physics dealing with the dynamics of non-equilibrium processes and their relaxation to thermodynamic equilibrium. Established by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) in 1872, his eponymous equation stands as its mathematical cornerstone. Originally developed in the framework of dilute gas systems, the Boltzmann equation has spread its wings across many areas of modern statistical physics, including electron transport in semiconductors, neutron transport, quantum-relativistic fluids in condensed matter and even subnuclear plasmas. In this Chapter, a basic introduction to the Boltzmann equation in the context of classical statistical mechanics shall be provided.
Lattice Boltzmann Models with Underlying Boolean Microdynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter takes a walk into the Jurassics of LBE, namely the earliest Lattice Boltzmann model that grew up out in response to the main drawbacks of the underlying LGCA. The earliest LBE was first proposed by G. McNamara and G. Zanetti in 1988, with the explicit intent of sidestepping the statistical noise problem plaguing its LGCA ancestor. The basic idea is simple: just replace the Boolean occupation Numbers with the corresponding ensemble-averaged population. The change in perspective is exactly the same as in Continuum Kinetic Theory (CKT); instead of tracking single Boolean molecules, one contents himself with the time history of a collective population representing a “cloud” of microscopic degrees of freedom.
LBE in the Framework of Computational-Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter outlines the main properties of LB as a numerical scheme within the general framework of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The matter has witnessed significant developments in the past decade, and even though the bottomline picture of LB as a very effective numerical scheme stands intact, a number of assessments made in the previous book need some revision. Since the matter is fairly technical, only general notions shall be discussed, leaving in-depth details to the original literature.
Lattice Boltzmann for reactive flows
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The dynamics of reactive flows lies at the heart of several important applications, such as combustion, heterogeneous catalysis, pollutant conversion, pattern formation in biology and many others. In general, LB is well suited to describe reaction-diffusion applications with flowing species. This chapter provides the basic guidelines to include reactive phenomena within the LBE formalism. Reactive flows obey the usual fluid equations, augmented with a reactive source term, accounting for species transformations due to chemical reactions. Such term comes typically in the form of a polynomial product of the mass densities of the reacting species.
The Fluctuating Lattice Boltzmann
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Fluid flow at nanoscopic scales is characterized by the dominance of thermal fluctuations (Brownian motion) versus directed motion. Thus, at variance with Lattice Boltzmann models for macroscopic flows, where statistical fluctuations had to be eliminated as a major cause of inefficiency, at the nanoscale they have to be summoned back. This Chapter illustrates the “nemesis of the fluctuations” and describe the way they have been inserted back within the LB formalism. The result is one of the most active sectors of current Lattice Boltzmann research.
LB for Flows with Suspended Objects: Fluid–Solid Interactions
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In the recent years the theory of the fluctuating LB, as it was proposed and developed by A.J.C. Ladd in the early 90s, has undergone major developments, both at the level of theoretical foundations and practical implementation. This Chapter provides a cursory view of such developments, with special focus on the general formulation of fluid–solid interactions within the Lattice Boltzmann formalism. Clearly, the rheological behavior of these suspensions is highly accepted by the way the suspended particles interact with the fluid and among themselves. From the mathematical and computational standpoint, this configures a technically thick issue, namely the treatment of fluid-solid moving boundaries, in a more macroscopic-oriented context also known as fluid-structure interactions (FSI). In the sequel, a description of a number of methods which have been developed to include FSI within the LB formalism, is presented. In particular, the case of rigid and deformable bodies, both vital to many applications in science and engineering, shall be covered
Advanced RLB models
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The relativistic LB scheme described in Chapter 34 is based on the top-down approach and limited to weakly relativistic fluids. This chapter presents a systematic derivation of relativistic LB based on the continuum kinetic theory. The resulting scheme can handle relativistic flows with Lorentz factors up to order ten, thereby considerably extending the scope of the method. In addition, the extension of the LB scheme to generalized coordinates for the simulation of flows on curved manifolds, is also illustrated.
Advancing Nursing Education: BSN Completion Messaging Materials for Associate Degree Program Nursing Faculty
Authors: Moody Linda , Teel Cynthia , Peltzer Jill 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

AIM
This project developed a comprehensive set of bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) completion messaging materials that associate degree in nursing (ADN) faculty can use to advise and encourage students to complete the BSN.

BACKGROUND
The Future of Nursing report calls for increasing the proportion of baccalaureate-prepared nurses to 80 percent by 2020. Faculty who teach in ADN programs have opportunities to advise students in advancing their nursing education yet often lack information to guide these conversations.

METHOD
After development of BSN completion messaging materials, the products were evaluated by faculty from two Kansas ADN programs.

RESULTS
ADN faculty positively evaluated the format and content of the messaging materials. They appreciated having a variety of customizable resources to share with students in group and individual sessions.

CONCLUSION
Next steps include disseminating the messaging materials to ADN programs and practice-based nursing leaders to guide education conversations about academic progression of ADN-prepared nurses.
Baccalaureate Nursing Students’ Perceptions of the Use of a Facebook Case Study as a Teaching Strategy
Authors: Ross Jennifer Gunberg , Beckmann Brittany , Goumas Christina 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The millennial generation shows a strong preference for informatics and technology-rich educational environments. The purpose of this descriptive, qualitative study was to understand baccalaureate nursing students’ perceptions of the use of Facebook as a platform to present patient case study data. After following a simulated patient on Facebook and developing a teaching plan based on data collected from the patient’s Facebook page, undergraduate nursing students completed a survey to determine their perceptions of this teaching strategy. Five categories that emerged from the qualitative data were realism, relatability, engagement, uniqueness, and desire for expansion.
The human papilloma vaccine
Authors: Hardwicke Robin L. , Benjamins Laura J. , Grimes Richard M. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:
The human papilloma virus (HPV) causes approximately 30,700 annual cancer cases of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, oral cavity, and anus. Nurse practitioners can use their unique relationships with patients to advocate for the HPV vaccine. The purpose of this article is to update NPs on current knowledge regarding the HPV vaccine while providing appropriate information necessary for counseling patients and parents.
Mothers' Emotional Experiences Providing Care for Their Infants Within the Culture of an Iranian Neonatal Unit
Authors: Jabraeili Mahnaz , Hassankhani Hadi , Negarandeh Reza , Abbaszadeh Mohammad , Cleveland Lisa M. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Each year, 5% to 8% of Iranian newborns require care in a neonatal unit (NU). Reasons for admission include prematurity, infection, and congenital anomalies. Little research has been conducted on the culture of Iranian NUs and the impact this has on mothers' emotional caregiving experiences.

Purpose:
To explore the emotional caregiving experiences of mothers in an Iranian NU.

Methods:
Focused ethnography was used for this study. Mothers (n = 19) of term and preterm infants participated. Data were collected using observations and interviews. Roper and Shapira's 5-step framework was used to analyze the data.

Findings:
Four major themes emerged: (a) fear, (b) loneliness, (c) competence, and (d) pleasure. Fear occurred when mothers felt unprepared to care for their infants. They were afraid of harming their infant or repeating previous mistakes. Loneliness consisted of bearing the burden of care while feeling alone. Competence occurred when the mothers experienced an increasing ability to provide care for their infants and a growing self-confidence. Finally, the mothers described pleasure as they began to feel worthiness as mothers and intense love for their infants.

Implications for Practice:
The sense of fear and loneliness shared by these mothers has significant implications for practice. While it may be a challenge for nurses to provide adequate support for mothers due to the heavy workload of Iranian NUs, close relatives and other support persons may play a key role.

Implications for Research:
Future research should be conducted on the impact of maternal support on mothers' NU experiences in Iran.
ALK Rearrangements Are Infrequent in Cellular Blue Nevus and Deep Penetrating Nevus
Authors: Dunn Andrew L. J. , Gardner Jerad M. , Kaley Jennifer R. , Bellamy William , Shalin Sara C. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:
Recent studies have identified kinase fusions in Spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms, and approximately 10% of Spitzoid neoplasms harbor anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements and corresponding ALK immunoreactivity. Deep penetrating nevi (DPN), a subset of melanocytic neoplasms, have histologic and immunohistochemical overlap that have historically supported classification of DPN with blue/cellular blue nevi (CBN). However, HRAS mutations have rarely been detected in DPN, thereby also linking them to Spitz nevi. The purpose of this study was to see if DPN or CBN possess ALK rearrangements, thereby providing more evidence that these melanocytic lesions may be pathogenetically related to Spitzoid neoplasms. Using ALK immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for ALK rearrangement, the authors examined 26 DPN, 30 CBN, and 4 conventional blue nevi. ALK immunoreactive cases underwent fluorescent in situ hybridization to investigate for the presence of ALK gene rearrangement. Patchy and focal ALK immunostaining was found in only 1 case of DPN (1/26, 3.8%). Seven cases of CBN (7/30; 23%) showed ALK immunostaining (6 focal/patchy, 1 strong and diffuse). Fluorescent in situ hybridization using ALK break-apart probes showed various degrees of gain of 2p23 and rare ALK break-apart signals. Four CBN showed ALK rearrangement in 2%–4% of cells. Two cases of CBN showed gain of 2p23 in 10%–20% of cells. In our study, ALK rearrangements are uncommon in both CBN and DPN, making ALK an unlikely driver in tumorigenesis and classification of these melanocytic variants. However, our study did identify ALK molecular changes and immunohistochemical staining patterns that have not been previously described in CBN or DPN.
Spatial variations in the estimated production of reactive oxygen species in the epithelial lung lining fluid by iron and copper in fine particulate air pollution
Authors: Weichenthal Scott , Shekarrizfard Maryam , Kulka Ryan , Lakey Pascale S. J. , Al-Rijleh Kenan , Anowar Sabreena , Shiraiwa Manabu , Hatzopoulou Marianne 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Certain metals may play an important role in the adverse health effects of fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5), but few models are available to predict spatial variations in these pollutants.

Methods:
We conducted large-scale air monitoring campaigns during summer 2016 and winter 2017 in Toronto, Canada, to characterize spatial variations in iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) concentrations in PM2.5. Information on Fe and Cu concentrations at each site was paired with a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk chemistry in the lung epithelial lining fluid to estimate the possible impact of these metals on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exposed populations. Land use data around each monitoring site were used to develop predictive models for Fe, Cu, and their estimated combined impact on ROS generation.

Results:
Spatial variations in Fe, Cu, and ROS greatly exceeded that of PM2.5 mass concentrations. In addition, Fe, Cu, and estimated ROS concentrations were 15, 18, and 9 times higher during summer compared with winter with little difference observed for PM2.5. In leave-one-out cross-validation procedures, final multivariable models explained the majority of spatial variations in annual mean Fe (R
2 = 0.68), Cu (R
2 =0.79), and ROS (R
2 = 0.65).

Conclusions:
The combined use of PM2.5 metals data with a kinetic multilayer model of surface and bulk chemistry in the human lung epithelial lining fluid may offer a novel means of estimating PM2.5 health impacts beyond simple mass concentrations.
Microglial P2X4R-evoked pain hypersensitivity is sexually dimorphic in rats
Authors: Mapplebeck Josiane C.S. , Dalgarno Rebecca , Tu YuShan , Moriarty Orla , Beggs Simon , Kwok Charlie H.T. , Halievski Katherine , Assi Sofia , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Trang Tuan , Salter Michael W. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Microglia–neuron signalling in the spinal cord is a key mediator of mechanical allodynia caused by peripheral nerve injury. We recently reported sex differences in microglia in pain signalling in mice: spinal mechanisms underlying nerve injury–induced allodynia are microglial dependent in male but not female mice. Whether this sex difference in pain hypersensitivity mechanisms is conserved in other species is unknown. Here, we show that in rats, the spinal mechanisms of nerve injury–induced hypersensitivity in males differ from those in females, with microglial P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) being a key point of divergence. In rats, nerve injury produced comparable allodynia and reactive microgliosis in both sexes. However, inhibiting microglia in the spinal cord reversed allodynia in male rats but not female rats. In addition, pharmacological blockade of P2X4Rs, by an intrathecally administered antagonist, attenuated pain hypersensitivity in male rats only. Consistent with the behavioural findings, nerve injury increased cell surface expression and function of P2X4Rs in acutely isolated spinal microglia from male rats but not from female rats. Moreover, in microglia cultured from male rats, but not in those from female rats, stimulating P2X4Rs drove intracellular signalling through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation–qPCR revealed that the transcription factor IRF5 differentially binds to the P2rx4 promoter region in female rats vs male rats. Finally, mechanical allodynia was produced in otherwise naive rats by intrathecally administering P2X4R-stimulated microglia from male rats but not those from female rats. Together, our findings demonstrate the existence of sexually dimorphic pain signalling in rats, suggesting that this sex difference is evolutionarily conserved, at least across rodent species.
Short article: Hepatitis delta in patients with resolved hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Aguilera Antonio , Rodríguez-Calviño Javier , de Mendoza Carmen , Soriano Vincent 
Published: June 2018

Background
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) causes the most aggressive form of chronic viral hepatitis. As HDV replication requires hepatitis B virus (HBV), HDV screening is limited to HBsAg+ carriers. To date, individuals with HDV-antibodies and markers of resolved hepatitis B are considered cured. However, a subset shows elevated liver enzymes and hepatic fibrosis. Could they represent HBsAg-seronegative occult HDV infections?

Methods
We tested for HDV-antibodies 406 individuals with markers of past HBV exposure.

Results
Overall, 20 (4.9%) were reactive for HDV-antibodies. All were negative for serum HDV-RNA, including four with elevated liver enzymes.

Conclusion
These results support the current policy of screening for hepatitis delta only in HBsAg+ individuals.
Secondary Surgery following Initial Replantation/Revascularization or Completion Amputation in the Hand or Digits
Authors: Chinta Malini S. , Wilkens Suzanne C. , Vlot Margot A. , Chen Neal C. , Eberlin Kyle R. 
Published: June 2018

Background:
The authors studied the rate of secondary surgery following replantation/revascularization or completion amputation in patients with traumatic upper extremity injuries. The authors hypothesized that there are no factors associated with secondary surgery after initial treatment and that travel distance to the authors’ hospital does not influence the number of secondary operations.

Methods:
A multi-institutional retrospective study was performed including patients presenting from 2006 to 2014. The authors included 1254 patients and calculated the incidence of secondary surgery following initial operative management. The authors performed multivariable regression analysis to determine factors associated with secondary surgery and ordinal logistic regression tested the association of living at a further distance (>50 miles) and having zero, one, or multiple secondary operations.

Results:
The rate of secondary surgery was 25 percent for all patients: 51 percent following replantation/revascularization and 22 percent following completion amputation. The authors observed a trend for lower rate of secondary surgery over time among patients who underwent completion amputation. The mean number of secondary operations was 1.2 after replantation/revascularization versus 0.45 operations after completion amputation. Avulsion and multiple-digit injuries were associated with higher odds and Hispanic race was associated with lower odds of secondary surgery. Patients living more than 50 miles from the hospital had a higher likelihood of undergoing one or multiple secondary operations.

Conclusions:
Twenty-five percent of patients with traumatic, dysvascular digital injuries underwent secondary surgery following initial revascularization or completion amputation. Patients undergoing initial revascularization or replantation were more than twice as likely to undergo secondary surgery compared with those undergoing completion amputation.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, III.
Living Donation of Vascularized Composite Allografts
Authors: Pomahac Bohdan , Alhefzi Muayyad , Bueno Ericka M. , McDiarmid Sue V. , Levin L. Scott 
Published: June 2018

Summary:
Living donation has become a medically and ethically accepted practice in solid organ transplantation. Published proceedings from the international kidney transplant community and from the Ethics Committee of The Transplantation Society articulated the general principles and specific recommendations for living donation, which remain the backbone of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network requirements and policies. Meanwhile, there have been major advancements in another revolutionary field of transplant medicine: vascularized composite allotransplantation. Recent interventions have demonstrated potential for superior functional and aesthetic outcomes in a single operation when compared to staged conventional reconstructions. In view of these successes, the indications for vascularized composite allotransplantation are expected to broaden to include less extensive types of transplants, which would introduce the possibility of using living vascularized composite allotransplantation donors. In this article, the authors discuss the feasibility and ethics associated with living donation of vascularized composite allografts. The authors explore the current guidelines and policies set by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network regarding living organ donation. In addition, the authors provide several clinical scenarios in which living donation of vascularized composite allotransplantation could be used to augment the reconstructive ladder currently used by reconstructive surgeons to guide their reconstructive strategies.
The Mitochondria-Targeted H2S-Donor AP39 in a Murine Model of Combined Hemorrhagic Shock and Blunt Chest Trauma
Authors: Wepler Martin , Merz Tamara , Wachter Ulrich , Vogt Josef , Calzia Enrico , Scheuerle Angelika , Möller Peter , Gröger Michael , Kress Sandra , Fink Marina , Lukaschewski Britta , Rumm Grégoire , Stahl Bettina , Georgieff Michael , Huber-Lang Markus , Torregrossa Roberta , Whiteman Matthew , McCook Oscar , Radermacher Peter , Hartmann Clair 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
Hemorrhagic shock (HS) accounts for 30% to 40% of trauma-induced mortality, which is due to multi-organ-failure subsequent to systemic hyper-inflammation, triggered by hypoxemia and tissue ischemia. The slow-releasing, mitochondria-targeted H2S donor AP39 exerted beneficial effects in several models of ischemia-reperfusion injury and acute inflammation. Therefore, we tested the effects of AP39-treatment in a murine model of combined blunt chest trauma (TxT) and HS with subsequent resuscitation.

Methods:
After blast wave-induced TxT or sham procedure, anesthetized and instrumented mice underwent 1 h of hemorrhage followed by 4 h of resuscitation comprising an i.v. bolus injection of 100 or 10 nmol kg−1 AP39 or vehicle, retransfusion of shed blood, fluid resuscitation, and norepinephrine. Lung mechanics and gas exchange were assessed together with hemodynamics, metabolism, and acid-base status. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for cytokine and chemokine levels, western blot, immunohistochemistry, mitochondrial oxygen consumption (JO2), and histological changes.

Results:
High dose AP39 attenuated systemic inflammation and reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IκBα expression in lung tissue. In the combined trauma group (TxT + HS), animals treated with high dose AP39 presented with the lowest mean arterial pressure and thus highest norepinephrine requirements and higher mortality. Low dose AP39 had no effects on hemodynamics, leading to unchanged norepinephrine requirements and mortality rates.

Conclusion:
AP39 is a systemic anti-inflammatory agent. In our model of trauma with HS, there may be a narrow dosing and timing window due to its potent vasodilatory properties, which might result in or contribute to aggravation of circulatory shock-related hypotension.