bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astrochemical Kinetic Grid Models of Groups of Observed Molecular Abundances: Taurus Molecular Cloud 1 (TMC-1)
Authors: Maffucci Dominique M. , Wenger Trey V. , Gal Romane Le , Herbst Eric 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The emission-line spectra of cyanoacetylene and methanol reveal chemical and physical heterogeneity on very small (<0.1 pc) scales toward the peak in cyanopolyyne emission in the Taurus Molecular Cloud, TMC-1 CP. We generate grids of homogeneous chemical models using a three-phase rate equation approach to obtain all time-dependent abundances spanning the physical conditions determined from molecular tracers of compact and extended regions of emission along this line of sight. Each time-dependent abundance is characterized by one of four features: a maximum/minimum, a monotonic increase/decrease, oscillatory behavior, or inertness. We similarly classify the time-dependent agreement between modeled and observed abundances by calculating both the rms logarithm difference and rms deviation between the modeled and observed abundances at every point in our grid models for three groups of molecules: (i) a composite group of all species present in both the observations and our chemical network G, (ii) the cyanopolyynes C = {HC3N, HC5N, HC7N, HC9N}, and (iii) the oxygen-containing organic species methanol and acetaldehyde S = {CH3OH, CH3CHO}. We discuss how the Bayesian uncertainties in the observed abundances constrain solutions within the grids of chemical models. The calculated best-fit times at each grid point for each group are tabulated to reveal the minimum solution space of the grid models and the effects the Bayesian uncertainties have on the grid model solutions. The results of this approach separate the effects different physical conditions and model-free parameters have on reproducing accurately the abundances of different groups of observed molecular species.
Resonance-broadened Transit Time Damping of Particles in MHD Turbulence
Authors: Xu Siyao , Lazarian A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
As a fundamental astrophysical process, the scattering of particles by turbulent magnetic fields has its physical foundation laid by the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence theory. In the framework of the modern theory of MHD turbulence, we derive a generalized broadened resonance function by taking into account both the magnetic fluctuations and nonlinear decorrelation of turbulent magnetic fields arising in MHD turbulence, and we specify the energy range of particles for the dominance of different broadening mechanisms. The broadened resonance allows for scattering of particles beyond the energy threshold of the linear resonance. By analytically determining the pitch-angle diffusion coefficients for transit time damping (TTD) with slow and fast modes, we demonstrate that the turbulence anisotropy of slow modes suppresses their scattering efficiency. Furthermore, we quantify the dependence of the relative importance between slow and fast modes in TTD scattering on (i) particle energy, (ii) plasma β (the ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure), and (iii) damping of MHD turbulence, and we also provide the parameter space for the dominance of slow modes. To exemplify its applications, we find that among typical partially ionized interstellar phases, in the warm neutral medium slow and fast modes have comparable efficiencies in TTD scattering of cosmic rays. For low-energy particles, e.g., sub-Alfvénic charged grains, we show that slow modes always dominate TTD scattering.
Far-ultraviolet Activity Levels of F, G, K, and M Dwarf Exoplanet Host Stars*
Authors: France Kevin , Arulanantham Nicole , Fossati Luca , Lanza Antonino F. , Loyd R. O. Parke , Redfield Seth , Schneider P. Christian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We present a survey of far-ultraviolet (FUV; 1150–1450 Å) emission line spectra from 71 planet-hosting and 33 non-planet-hosting F, G, K, and M dwarfs with the goals of characterizing their range of FUV activity levels, calibrating the FUV activity level to the 90–360 Å extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) stellar flux, and investigating the potential for FUV emission lines to probe star–planet interactions (SPIs). We build this emission line sample from a combination of new and archival observations with the Hubble Space Telescope-COS and -STIS instruments, targeting the chromospheric and transition region emission lines of Si iii, N v, C ii, and Si iv. We find that the exoplanet host stars, on average, display factors of 5–10 lower UV activity levels compared with the non-planet-hosting sample; this is explained by a combination of observational and astrophysical biases in the selection of stars for radial-velocity planet searches. We demonstrate that UV activity-rotation relation in the full F – M star sample is characterized by a power-law decline (with index α ≈ −1.1), starting at rotation periods ≳3.5 days. Using N v or Si iv spectra and knowledge of the star’s bolometric flux, we present a new analytic relationship to estimate the intrinsic stellar EUV irradiance in the 90–360 Å band with an accuracy of roughly a factor of ≈2. Finally, we study the correlation between SPI strength and UV activity in the context of a principal component analysis that controls for the sample biases. We find that SPIs are not a statistically significant contributor to the observed UV activity levels.
CD155-Transducing Signaling through TIGIT Plays an Important Role in Transmission of Tolerant State and Suppression Capacity
Authors: Negishi Naoko , Sato Takehito , Yamashita-Kanemaru Yumi , Shibuya Kazuko , Uchida Koichiro , Kametani Yoshie , Yagita Hideo , Kitaura Jiro , Okumura Ko , Habu Sonoko 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The precise mechanism of how the regulatory T cell population elicits and maintains tolerant state in activated T cells is poorly understood. To address this issue, we established an in vitro coculture system using mouse T cells and showed that tolerant state is serially passed from preinduced-tolerant T cells into new TCR-stimulated T cells across generations in a dendritic cell–independent manner. In this successive induction process of tolerant state, TIGIT was found to play an important role: TIGIT expression on induced-tolerant T cells was promoted in stimulated T cells cocultured with the tolerant cells. In addition, these stimulated T cells in the coculture also expressed high B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 accompanied by IL-2 suppression. Because CD155, a partner of TIGIT, is known to transduce signaling inside by trans-interaction with its ligands, these phenotypical changes in TCR-stimulated naive T cells were reproduced when naive T cells were double cross-linked by CD3 and CD155. These results indicate that TIGIT enhanced on tolerant T cells may function as a ligand of its paired receptor CD155 to transduce signaling into its expressing naive T cells to accelerate new TIGIT expressions as well as IL-2 suppression via B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 enhancement. In consideration of these results, we propose a novel process in which tolerant state in T cell population is maintained by successive generation of new tolerant T cells from naive T cells as one of the regulating mechanisms in immune responses.
Experiences of school health nurses regarding the provision of the school health service delivery in the Tshwane district
Authors: Dibakwane Selebetswe T. , Peu Mmapheko D. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Irrespective of the provision of an integrated school health policy, the school health nurses continue to experience multiple challenges regarding the provisioning of school health service delivery.Aim: The aim of this paper was to explore and describe the experiences of school health nurses regarding school health service delivery in the Tshwane district.Setting: Schools in the Tshwane district in Pretoria were used in the study.Methods: A qualitative and descriptive phenomenological design was used to conduct the study. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select a sample from the population of school health nurses employed in the Tshwane district and conduct the enquiry because of their knowledge and experience of school health services. The researchers collected data by means of unstructured, one-on-one in-depth interviews. The Tesch data analysis method was used by the researcher and co-coder. The researcher identified categories, subcategories and themes and these were reduced into grouping topics that were related to one another.Results: Positive and negative experiences of school health nurses emerged. It was evident from the findings of the study that the factors affecting the quality of the integrated school health programme (ISHP) provided were interrelated. Most of these factors negatively affected service delivery.Conclusion: It was recommended that the partnership between the National Department of Health and National Department of Basic Education as the main role players should be sustained at all times to ensure the successful implementation of the ISHP.
A Generalization of a Theorem of Swan with Applications to Iwasawa Theory
Authors: Nickel Andreas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLet $p$ be a prime and let $G$ be a finite group. By a celebrated theorem of Swan, two finitely generated projective $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[G]$-modules $P$ and $P^{\prime }$ are isomorphic if and only if $\mathbb{Q}_{p}\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}_{p}}P$ and $\mathbb{Q}_{p}\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}_{p}}P^{\prime }$ are isomorphic as $\mathbb{Q}_{p}[G]$-modules. We prove an Iwasawa-theoretic analogue of this result and apply this to the Iwasawa theory of local and global fields. We thereby determine the structure of natural Iwasawa modules up to (pseudo-)isomorphism.
COOLING STARCH-THICKENED FOOD ITEMS WITH COLD TUBE AGITATION1
Authors: Longree Karla , Moragne Lenora , White James C. 
Published: November 2018

This investigation was concerned with the cooling of 4-gal. batches of food by agitation using a rotating tube as agitator through which flowed refrigerated water. The aim was: (a) to gain information on the total cooling time of various white sauces; and (b) to observe changes in certain quality characteristics affected by this method of cooling such as, relative viscosity, density, whiteness reflectance, and acceptability for service. The variables were the level of flour in the sauces (4, 6, and 12 oz-/gal. milk), the level of fat in the sauces (4, 6, and 12 oz./gal. milk), and the rate of agitation of the cold tube (6, 12, and 18 rpm.)
In general, the rate of cooling increased as the rate of agitation increased. The twenty-four sauces cooled from 140°F. to 60°F. within 5 hours, and half of them within 3 hours. The high-fat sauces cooled more slowly. Changes in relative viscosity were small, and in all but two cases they did not affect the acceptability of the sauces for service.
It appears that efficient cooling can be obtained with the u-tube without obejctionable loss in culinary quality.
An analysis of variance and t test comparisons were carried out.
SANITATION PROBLEMS IN THE NEW PRESSURIZED FOODS1
Authors: Wainess Harold 
Published: November 2018

The amazing acceptance by the consumer of both the pressurized whipped cream container and non-food aerosols is finally leading to the development of many other pressurized foods.
Special public health precautions must be taken, including sanitary design of equipment, temperature controls, aseptic gassing, mechanical valve insertion, and sanitizing of valve and can.
The consumer is convenience-package-minded, but the industry must not neglect to continuously follow basic public health requirements for these new products.
THE CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK THROUGH A SOUND TEST PROGRAM1
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V. 
Published: November 2018

The application of a steady field test program along with proper fieldman supervision markedly reduced the antibiotic incidence in milk at one large New York State fluid milk and cream dairy firm. Using the simple Cornell field antibiotic test kit much of the time, approximately 10,000 milks were tested over a four-month period on about 4,000 farms. The incidence in milk from producer can farms dropped from 6.5 per cent to 0.45 per cent during this period. On producer bulk tank farms the rate of incidence dropped from 5.1 per cent to between 0 and 0.5 per cent. As a result of this significant drop, no over-the-road tanker of milk destined for metropolitan areas contained antibiotics within the sensitivity limits of the tests employed.
Control of the antibiotic contamination of milk apparently is only as effective as the testing program. Because cows are constantly being treated with antibiotics the incidence of these drugs in milk will be a reflection of the constancy of testing.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SOME SELF-SERVICE, PACKAGED, LUNCHEON MEATS2
Authors: Miller W. A. 
Published: November 2018

Microbiological examinations were made on 181 packages of sliced luncheon meats which were collected over a period of 21 months. Packages were obtained from 3 stores. Samples from 26 packages developed defects (sour, yeasty or musty, and sliminess) after storage for 3 to 7 days at 3° to 7.5° C; most of these originated from only one of the three stores.
Microbial counts on several spoiled samples, especially pickle loaf and macaroni-cheese loaf exceeded 2 billion/sq. inch.
THE EFFECT ON BACTERIAL COUNTS OF THE GRADUAL WARMING OF MILK SAMPLES
Authors: Courtney J. L. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Samples of retail pasteurized milk were allowed to stand at room temperature for 4 hr during which the temperature of the samples increased 33 F to an average maximum of 81 F. Coliform and standard plate counts were made during this period. Only 2 samples out of 16 showed extensive coliform growth. Increases in standard plate counts were surprisingly small.
CLEANING INTERIOR SURFACES OF MILKING ROOMS1
Authors: Burkhardt Martin E. , Erbach Donald C. , Witzel S. A. , Calbert H. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The main objective of this work was to determine a management practice that would maintain a visibly clean wall surface in the milking room in the most practical manner. Walls could be kept clean by (a) wetting the surface at the beginning of the milking operation, (b) keeping the surface moist during the milking operations, and (c) immediate wash down of any manure or soil deposited on the surface. Satisfactory results can be attained at normal farm water system temperatures and pressures.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES THAT FORMULATE PUBLIC RELATIONS THEORY1
Authors: Grover Malcolm P. 
Published: November 2018

Public relations theory is the foundation for relations practices which management uses to accrue maximum benefits to all functions of the organization. Through a knowledgeable study of all facts concerning a given situation, a plan can be developed to achieve the end result of good relations. The problem of relations with the many publics in the everyday workings of a sanitarian or sanitation organization cannot be met or dismissed by a press release or speech.
To develop a sound public relations program, the principles of theory must be considered. This paper has discussed three major principles. These are (a) consideration of fundamental matters, (b) organization involvement in decisions, and (c) evaluating the public interest. If these points are balanced with the actions of an organization, as a philosophy of management, the results will bring about the most favorable relations possible.
TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING VECTOR CONTROL MEASURES
Authors: Savage Eldon P. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Monitoring devices for determining population characteristics of the fly, roach, miscellaneous insect pests, and rodents are described along with ecologic factors. Entomologic surveillance of fly populations is accomplished by use of the fly grill, fly trap, and visual observations. These all require periodic evaluations to determine population changes. Cockroach evaluations are made by direct count and observations, coupled with nocturnal inspection of premises timed to coincide with peak roach activity. Other insect populations are monitored for presence or absence by checking sites such as windows for flying insects, and examining floors, pallets, and walls for insects that have emerged. Sacked grains and cereal infestations are checked for insect presence by examining the exteriors of the bags and the stitched ends. Presence or absence of rodents is usually determined by searches for rodent signs. However, total rodent populations can be estimated. Most sanitarians consider the presence of a single fly, rat, or other pest in a milk or food establishment objectional. Until this goal of complete exclusion of insects and rodents is reached, food and milk sanitarians should give serious thought to developing improved monitoring tools based on insect and rodent ecology.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SELF-SERVICE, PREPACKAGED, FRESH PORK SAUSAGE1
Authors: Miller W. A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Ten different brands of self-service, prepackaged shipped-in fresh pork sausage (227 packages) were purchased during 22 months from 4 large volume stores. Bacterial counts at purchase ranged from 10,000 to 180 million per g. Samples taken from packages and stored at 3 to 7.5 C. for 3 to 7 days showed a wide range of bacterial populations, varying from fewer than 100,000 to more than 2 billion per g. Microbacteria and lactobacilli dominated the flora in the majority of packages of wrapped-roll sausages; conversely, Pseudomonas-Achromobacter types dominated in most of the skinless link type sausages.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FILLETING PROCESSES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Tretsven Wayne I. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Pughing of various species of bottom fish was quantitatively evaluated with regard to the incidence of pugh marks, the percentage weight loss in trimming away pugh-damaged area, the rate of spoilage of pugh-damaged areas, the predisposition toward discoloration of these areas, and the bacterial effects of pughing before and after iced storage.
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS1
Authors: Hilbert Morton S. 
Published: November 2018

“Consciously or subconsciously evaluation is an inseparable part of human life and one of the characteristics that distinguishes the behavior of the cerebrating homosapiens from the insect-guided, reflex-conditioned behavior of the lower forms of animal life. Objective, critical, self-evaluation is said to be a hallmark of the emotionally mature adult.
Evaluation is not new in public health. It predates Lemuel Shattuck's report and probably also predates Biblical references to public health. One cannot plan or administer public health programs properly without evaluating them. Although evaluation is not new, methods and tools of measurement change as do attitudes toward and emphasis on evaluation. Thus it is timely in an age when we can measure the energy released by synthetic nuclear fission to renew our efforts at measuring the accomplishments of our public health programs.”
–Editorial: Am. J. Public Health, 45:1480. 1955.
COMPARISON BETWEEN STANDARD METHODS PROCEDURE AND A SURFACE PLATE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK1
Authors: Punch J. D. , Olson J. C. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Psychrophilic population levels were determined by Standard Methods procedure (1) and a surface plate method. Thirty-one samples of raw milk, 47 samples of commercial pasteurized milk, and 94 samples of milk containing pure cultures of selected psychrophiles were used in the comparisons. A statistical evaluation of the results indicated counts obtained by the surface plate method after incubation of the plates for five days at 6C were equivalent to counts obtained by the standard procedure after incubation for 7–8 days at 6C. Colonies on the surface plates were larger, more uniform in size, and consequently easier to count than those on poured plates. Also, enhanced pigmentation and more characteristic colonial morphology was observed with surface plates. Approximately 80% of the pinpoint colonies appearing on the poured plates after 8 days and on the surface plates after 7 days of incubation at 6C were Gram-positive cocci indicating the emergence of colonies of organisms not considered to be psychrophilic species important to the shelf life of milk.
SANITARY STUDIES ON MALTED MILK SHAKES1
Authors: Foltz V. D. , Mickelsen Ross 
Published: November 2018

Summary
One hundred samples of vanilla flavored malted milk shakes were analyzed for the incidence of staphylococci and coliform organisms. Eighty-one samples contained coliform organisms and ten samples contained coagulase positive phage typable strains of staphylococci. A discussion of bacterial sanitary standards for products such as “malts” and “shakes” is presented.
COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF LACTIC STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGES ON VARIOUS SURFACES BY GERMICIDAL AEROSOLS1,2
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A comparison was made of destruction by various germicidal aerosols of lactic streptococcus bacteriophages on a number of different types of representative building surfaces and stainless steel. With the exception of the stainless steel the surfaces were coated either with enamel or epoxy resin. Surfaces were contaminated by fogging with a phage suspension in a test chamber. After 15 min, germicide was fogged into the chamber and phage recovered from surfaces by scrubbing with inactivator solution.
Chlorine compounds as represented by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCCA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were markedly superior to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and phosphoric acid wetting agent (PAWA). Porosity of surface greatly influenced rate of phage inactivation. Aerosols appeared to be most effective on surfaces in the horizontal as compared to the vertical position. Complete inactivation of phage was not realized with either QAC or PAWA at all concentrations tested. However, fogging levels of 2000 ppm DCCA and NaOCl attained 100% of destruction of bacteriophage on horizontal building surfaces and 500 to 1000 ppm accomplished this on stainless steel.
RELATIONSHIP OF FEULGEN-DNA IN MILK AND OF MILK QUALITY TEST (MQT) TO THE NUMBER OF MILK SOMATIC CELLS1
Authors: Paape M. J. , Hafs H. D. , Tucker H. A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The relationships of Feulgen-DNA determinations and Milk Quality Test (MQT) score with the concentration of milk cells were determined from 75 milk samples. The correlation of the number of each cell type with Feulgen-DNA score was consistently higher than with MQT score, but the highest correlation of 0.876 between Feulgen-DNA scores and total cell numbers accounted for 77% of the total variation. Plotting the observed values revealed a linear relationship when both variables were transformed to logarithms. The correlaion of the logarithms of the coded Feulgen-DNA scores with the logarithms of total cell numbers was 0.909. The coefficient of variation for Feulgen-DNA scores was 7%, much less than the 32% for the microscopic estimations of cell concentration. These data indicated that Feulgen-DNA scores may be at least as accurate in estimating milk cell numbers as microscopic estimations.