bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Typology of US Public Health Work-Education Programs
Authors: White Karen M. , Drainoni Mari-Lynn , Elliott Patricia , Hurley Meredith , Cunnington Stacey , Greece Jacey 
Published: November 2024

Objective:
A pipeline is required to build a qualified and diverse public health workforce. Work-education programs offer public health students experiential learning, training, and a pathway to public health professions. However, there is a gap in the literature to guide public health practice on the types of programs, their components, and their potential impact. By defining and differentiating work-education programs, we aim to provide public health practitioners a useful tool to advance public health careers.

Design:
We conducted a scoping review of US-based public health work-education programs and performed a content analysis to extract, analyze, and synthesize data to develop a typology of programs in the US. We searched CINAHL, ERIC, PsycInfo, PubMed and Web of Science databases for papers published between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2022.

Eligibility Criteria:
Inclusion criteria included programs with a description, intervention design, student characteristics, setting characteristics, and program outcomes if available. Exclusion criteria included programs with no description, that focused on the expansion of a specific clinical profession (ie, dentistry), that were implemented outside of the US, and that targeted exclusively high school students.

Study Selection:
The search resulted in 650 references, which yielded 35 articles from 33 interventions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The main outcome measures were qualitative and included program design, features, and implementation.

Results:
We identified 3 types of programs: those that (1) expose students to public health (n = 6), (2) guide students to specific public health professions (n = 12), and (3) connect students with organizations for public health practice (n = 15). Program types were influenced by student participants, setting, and program components.

Conclusions:
This typology illustrates the spectrum of work-education programs and their variability in design and implementation. The typology has utility for practitioners to identify programmatic aspects that may be feasible and desirable in the context of their practice.
Deep Learning Reconstruction for Enhanced Resolution and Image Quality in Breath-Hold MRCP: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Shiraishi Kaori , Nakaura Takeshi , Yoshida Naofumi , Matsuo Kensei , Kobayashi Naoki , Hokamura Masamichi , Uetani Hiroyuki , Nagayama Yasunori , Kidoh Masafumi , Morita Kosuke , Yamashita Yuichi , Tanaka Yasuhito , Baba Hideo , Hirai Toshinori 
Published: November 2024

Objective
This preliminary study aims to assess the image quality of enhanced-resolution deep learning reconstruction (ER-DLR) in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and compare it with non-ER-DLR MRCP images.

Methods
Our retrospective study incorporated 34 patients diagnosed with biliary and pancreatic disorders. We obtained MRCP images using a single breath-hold MRCP on a 3T MRI system. We reconstructed MRCP images with ER-DLR (matrix = 768 × 960) and without ER-DLR (matrix = 256 × 320). Quantitative evaluation involved measuring the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between the common bile duct and periductal tissues, and slope. Two radiologists independently scored image noise, contrast, artifacts, sharpness, and overall image quality for the 2 image types using a 4-point scale. Results are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR), and we compared quantitative and qualitative scores employing the Wilcoxon test.

Results
In quantitative analyses, ER-DLR significantly improved SNR (21.08 [IQR: 14.85, 31.5] vs 15.07 [IQR: 9.57, 25.23], P < 0.001), CNR (19.29 [IQR: 13.87, 24.98] vs 11.23 [IQR: 8.98, 15.74], P < 0.001), contrast (0.96 [IQR: 0.94, 0.97] vs 0.9 [IQR: 0.87, 0.92], P < 0.001), and slope of MRCP (0.62 [IQR: 0.56, 0.66] vs 0.49 [IQR: 0.45, 0.53], P < 0.001). The qualitative evaluation demonstrated significant improvements in the perceived noise (P < 0.001), contrast (P = 0.013), sharpness (P < 0.001), and overall image quality (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
ER-DLR markedly increased the resolution, SNR, and CNR of breath-hold-MRCP compared to cases without ER-DLR.
Validating a Practical Correction for Intravenous Contrast on Computed Tomography–Based Muscle Density
Authors: Lortie Jevin , Ufearo Deborah , Hetzel Scott , Pickhardt Perry J. , Szczykutowicz Timothy P. , Kuchnia Adam J. 
Published: November 2024

Objective
Computed tomography (CT) measured muscle density is prognostic of health outcomes. However, the use of intravenous contrast obscures prognoses by artificially increasing CT muscle density. We previously established a correction to equalize contrast and noncontrast muscle density measurements. While this correction was validated internally, the objective of this study was to obtain external validation using different patient cohorts, muscle regions, and CT series.

Methods
CT images from 109 patients with kidney tumors who received abdominal CT scans with a multiphase intravenous contrast protocol were analyzed. Paraspinal muscle density measurements taken during noncontrast, venous phase, and delayed phase contrast scans were collected. An a priori correction of −7.5 Hounsfield units (HU) was applied to muscle measurements. Equivalence testing was utilized to determine statistical similarity.

Results
In the sample of 109 patients (mean age: 63 years [SD: 14.3]; 41.3% female), densities in smaller regions of interest within the paraspinal muscles and the entire paraspinal muscle density (PS) in venous and delayed phase contrast scans were higher than in noncontrast. Equivalence testing showed that average corrected contrast and noncontrast muscle densities were within 3 HU for both muscle measures for the total patient sample, and for a majority of male and female subsamples. The correction is suitable for regions of interests of venous contrast (90% CI: −1.90, −0.69 HU) and delayed contrast scans (90% CI: 0.075, 1.29 HU) and within the PS measures of venous contrast (90% CI: −2.04, −0.94 HU) and delayed contrast scans (90% CI: −0.11, 0.89 HU)

Conclusions
The previously established correction for contrast of −7.5 HU was applied in a new patient population, axial muscle region, muscle measurement size, and expanded on previously studied contrast phases. The correction produced contrast-corrected muscle densities that were statistically equivalent to noncontrast muscle densities. The simplicity of the correction gives clinicians a tool that seamlessly integrates into practice or research to improve harmonization of data between contrast and noncontrast scans.
The Utility of Cardiac Computed Tomographic Angiography in Differentiating Between Papillary Fibroelastoma, Infective Endocarditis, and Degeneration of the Aortic Valve
Authors: Hsu Wen-Chi , Kamona Aws , Oncel Dilek , Fishman Elliot K. , Lin Cheng Ting 
Published: November 2024

Purpose
Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has significantly advanced the visualization of cardiac structures, particularly valves. We assessed the diagnostic performance of CCTA in diagnosing the most common disorders affecting the aortic valves requiring surgery—papillary fibroelastoma, infective endocarditis, and degeneration.

Methods
This retrospective study included patients who underwent aortic valve resection between 2016 and 2023 and had a preceding CCTA. Pathologic diagnoses were categorized into the following 3 groups: papillary fibroelastoma, infective endocarditis, and degeneration. Each case was independently evaluated by 3 cardiac-trained radiologists.

Results
The study group consisted of 50 patients with aortic valvular disorder—14 papillary fibroelastoma, 13 endocarditis, and 23 degeneration. Diagnostic accuracy varied from 70% to 74% among the 3 readers, with a pooled accuracy of 71% and consensus accuracy of 76%. Most errors involved small (≤7 mm) papillary fibroelastomas. Both papillary fibroelastomas and endocarditis-related vegetations typically presented with nodules on CT; however, nodule stalks were only observed with papillary fibroelastomas. Echocardiography aided in distinguishing between the disorders by detecting leaflet perforation and aortic regurgitation in cases of infective endocarditis.

Conclusions
This study evaluated cardiac CTA for noninvasive characterization of aortic valvular disorders prior to resection. Reader accuracy ranged from 70% to 74%, improving to 76% with consensus interpretations. Small papillary fibroelastomas (≤7 mm) and overlapping imaging features, such as nodular lesions and leaflet thickening, were diagnostic challenges. Greater awareness of these CT characteristics is essential for accurate diagnosis and clinical management.
Artificial intelligence and stroke imaging
Authors: Rondina Jane , Nachev Parashkev 
Published: November 2024

Purpose of review
Though simple in its fundamental mechanism – a critical disruption of local blood supply – stroke is complicated by the intricate nature of the neural substrate, the neurovascular architecture, and their complex interactions in generating its clinical manifestations. This complexity is adequately described by high-resolution imaging with sensitivity not only to parenchymal macrostructure but also microstructure and functional tissue properties, in conjunction with detailed characterization of vascular topology and dynamics. Such descriptive richness mandates models of commensurate complexity only artificial intelligence could plausibly deliver, if we are to achieve the goal of individually precise, personalized care.

Recent findings
Advances in machine vision technology, especially deep learning, are delivering higher fidelity predictive, descriptive, and inferential tools, incorporating increasingly rich imaging information within ever more flexible models. Impact at the clinical front line remains modest, however, owing to the challenges of delivering models robust to the noisy, incomplete, biased, and comparatively small-scale data characteristic of real-world practice.

Summary
The potential benefit of introducing AI to stroke, in imaging and elsewhere, is now unquestionable, but the optimal approach – and the path to real-world application – remain unsettled. Deep generative models offer a compelling solution to current obstacles and are predicted powerfully to catalyse innovation in the field.
Effect of Sertraline and Vortioxetine on Stress-Induced Brain Injury in Rats: Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluations
Authors: Akyuz Cim Emine Fusun , Suleyman Zeynep , Suleyman Halis , Yazici Gulce Naz , Coban Taha Abdulkadir 
Published: November 2024

Objectives
Our aim was to evaluate the comparative effects of sertraline and vortioxetine against stress-induced brain injury in rats.

Methods
The rats were assigned to a nonstress group (NSG), stress-treated control (StC), sertraline + stress (SSt), and vortioxetine + stress (VSt) groups. Sertraline and vortioxetine (10 mg/kg) were given orally by gavage to the SSt and VSt groups. One hour later, all animals (except NSG) underwent forced immobilization to establish a stress model (2 hours). The drugs were given once a day for 30 days. The animals were killed with ketamine 150 mg/kg, and tissues were removed from the cerebral cortex. One-way analysis of variance and Fisher post hoc least significant difference were conducted for the analysis.

Results
The malondialdehyde (nmol/mL) level was 2.58 ± 0.48 in the NSG, 8.09 ± 0.57 in the StC, 3.84 ± 0.53 in the SSt, and 2.84 ± 0.20 in the VSt group (P < 0.0002). The total glutathione (mmol/g) was 7.15 ± 0.59 in the NSG, 2.41 ± 0.43 in the StC, 4.58 ± 0.26 in the SSt, and 5.98 ± 0.13 in the VSt (P < 0.0002). The total oxidant status (mmol H2O2Eq/L) level was 3.56 ± 0.20 in the NSG, 9.99 ± 0.74 in the StC, 4.97 ± 0.39 in the SSt, and 3.81 ± 0.31 in the VSt (P < 0.0002). The total antioxidant status (mmolTroloxEq/L) level was 8.65 ± 0.37 in the NSG, 3.04 ± 0.22 in the StC, 6.29 ± 0.34 in the SSt, and 7.61 ± 0.40 in the VSt (P < 0.0002). Sertraline reduced pericellular edema in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and decreased perivascular edema, dilatation, and congestion of blood vessels, whereas these were not seen with vortioxetine.

Conclusions
Compared with sertraline, vortioxetine is a neuroprotective antidepressant with higher antioxidant activity and can more effectively prevent stress-induced brain tissue injury.
Clinical and Structural Parameters in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Camós-Carreras Anna , Figueras-Roca Marc , Albà-Arbalat Salut , Alcubierre Rafel , Saint-Gerons Marta , Sánchez-Dalmau Bernardo 
Published: November 2024

Background:
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is a hereditary optic neuropathy characterized by retinal ganglion cell degeneration and optic nerve fiber loss. This study examined the correlation between clinical and structural parameters in patients with ADOA using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and explored potential clinical biomarkers.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, case–control observational study included 27 patients with ADOA and 27 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Clinical examinations, OCT imaging, and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted to establish correlations between clinical and OCT parameters.

Results:
Patients with ADOA exhibited gradual bilateral vision loss, central scotomas, and optic disc pallor. Structural OCT analysis revealed significant reductions in central macular thickness, macular volume, ganglion cell complex (GCC), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer compared with controls. Correlation analysis demonstrated associations between worsening clinical parameters (best corrected visual acuity, Sloan Letters Low Contrast Chart 25%, Pseudoisochromatic Test) and increased OCT damage (structural and OCTA). GCC emerged, at least at exploratory terms, as the most important clinical biomarker in patients with ADOA given its multiple positive functional associations, while OCTA parameters correlated with visual field defects.

Conclusions:
Our study revealed significant correlations between clinical and structural parameters in patients with ADOA, highlighting the importance of OCT in assessing disease severity. GCC measurement shows promise as a clinical biomarker, aiding in disease monitoring. OCTA parameters offer potential early biomarkers for vascular changes. These findings contribute to understanding ADOA pathophysiology and may improve patient diagnosis and management. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore potential therapeutic interventions.
Vibrio choleraelineage and pangenome diversity varies geographically across Bangladesh over one year
Authors: Qin Chuhan , Lypaczewski Patrick , Sayeed Md. Abu , Cuénod Aline C. , Brinkley Lindsey , Creasy-Marrazzo Ashton , Cato Emilee T. , Islam Kamrul , Ul Khabir Md. Imam , Bhuiyan Md. Taufiqur R. , Begum Yasmin , Qadri Firdausi , Khan Ashraful I. , Nelson Eric J. , Shapiro B. Jesse 
Published: November 2024

AbstractCholera is a diarrhoeal disease caused byVibrio cholerae. It remains a major public health challenge in the endemic region around the Bay of Bengal. Over decadal time scales, one lineage typically dominates the others and spreads in global pandemic waves. However, it remains unclear to what extent diverse lineages co-circulate during a single outbreak season. Defining the pool of diversity during finer time scales is important because the selective pressures that impactV. cholerae– namely antibiotics and phages – are dynamic on these time scales. To study the nationwide diversity ofV. cholerae, we long-read sequenced 273V. choleraegenomes from seven hospitals over one year (2018) in Bangladesh. Four majorV. choleraelineages were identified: known lineages BD-1, BD-2a, and BD-2b, and a novel lineage that we call BD-3. In 2022, BD-1 caused a large cholera outbreak in Dhaka, apparently outcompeting BD-2 lineages. We show that, in 2018, BD-1 was already dominant in the five northern regions, including Dhaka, consistent with an origin from India in the north. By contrast, we observed a higher diversity of lineages in the two southern regions near the coast. The four lineages differed in pangenome content, including integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and genes involved in resistance to bacteriophages and antibiotics. Notably, BD-2a lacked an ICE and is predicted to be more sensitive to phages and antibiotics, but nevertheless persisted throughout the year-long sampling period. Genes associated with antibiotic resistance inV. choleraefrom Bangladesh in 2006 were entirely absent from all lineages in 2018-19, suggesting shifting costs and benefits of encoding these genes. Together, our results highlight the dynamic nature of theV. choleraepangenome and the geographic structure of its lineage diversity.
Sparse matrix factorization robust to sample sharing across GWAS reveals interpretable genetic components
Authors: Omdahl Ashton R. , Weinstock Joshua S. , Keener Rebecca , Chhetri Surya B. , Arvanitis Marios , Battle Alexis 
Published: November 2024

AbstractComplex trait-associated genetic variation is highly pleiotropic. This extensive pleiotropy implies that multi-phenotype analyses are informative for characterizing genetic associations, as they facilitate the discovery of trait-shared and trait-specific variants and pathways (“genetic factors”). Previous efforts have estimated genetic factors using matrix factorization (MF) applied to numerous GWAS. However, existing methods are susceptible to spurious factors arising from residual confounding due to sample-sharing in biobank GWAS. Furthermore, MF approaches have historically estimated dense factors, loaded on most traits and variants, that are challenging to map onto interpretable biological pathways. To address these shortcomings, we introduce “GWAS latent embeddings accounting for noise and regularization” (GLEANR), a MF method for detection of sparse genetic factors from summary statistics. GLEANR accounts for sample sharing between studies and uses regularization to estimate a data-driven number of interpretable factors. GLEANR is robust to confounding induced by shared samples and improves the replication of genetic factors derived from distinct biobanks. We used GLEANR to evaluate 137 diverse GWAS from the UK Biobank, identifying 58 factors that decompose the genetic architecture of input traits and have distinct signatures of negative selection and degrees of polygenicity. These sparse factors can be interpreted with respect to disease, cell-type, and pathway enrichment. We highlight three such factors capturing platelet measure phenotypes and enriched for disease-relevant markers corresponding to distinct stages of platelet differentiation. Overall, GLEANR is a powerful tool for discovering both trait-specific and trait-shared pathways underlying complex traits from GWAS summary statistics.
Acute myeloid leukemia risk stratification in younger and older patients through transcriptomic machine learning models
Authors: Silva Raíssa , Riedel Cédric , Amico Maïlis , Reboul Jerome , Guibert Benoit , Sennaoui Camelia , Ruffle Florence , Gilbert Nicolas , Boureux Anthony , Commes Thérèse 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTAcute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that may occur at any age. Although it has been shown that the incidence of AML increases with age and that different genetic alterations are present in younger versus older patients, the current AML classifications do not include age as a factor in classifying patients. In this work, we analyzed 404 RNA-seq samples with AML initial diagnosis to highlight the differences between younger and older patients in favorable and adverse risk using a k-mer-based approach for transcriptomic machine learning models. We predicted the risk of patients with more than 90% accuracy. We also provided lists of genes of interest for AML that were able to distinguish favorable from adverse ELN risks. From these lists, we selected prognostic biomarkers that have an impact on survival. Furthermore, we analyzed the biological context involved in the transcriptome complexity of younger and older patients. We observed differences in tumor profiles as well as in the presence of immune and stromal cell populations with specific features in older patients.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Diarrhea Among Children Under Five Years in Northern Kenya’s Drylands: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mwangi Bonventure , Flax Valerie L. , Thuita Faith , Miller Joshua D. , Lutter Chessa , Amugsi Dickson , Sidze Estelle , Adair Linda , Anono Esther , Odhiambo Hazel , Ekiru Stephen , Chepkwony Gillian , Ng’ang’a Monica , Webale Albert , Kimani-Murage Elizabeth , Wilunda Calistus 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDiarrhea is the third leading cause of malnutrition and mortality in children under five globally. However, a few studies have examined predictors of child diarrheal disease in arid or semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of diarrhea among children under five in the drylands of Northern Kenya.Data are from a longitudinal, population-based study of children younger than 36 months at recruitment (N = 1,211) and their caregivers in Turkana County, Kenya. Households were followed from May 2021 to September 2023, with survey data collected every four months across six waves. Caregivers reported on household conditions and observed episodes of diarrhea among index children in the two weeks before the survey. Trends in the prevalence of diarrhea were stratified by administrative zone, livelihood zone, and child sex. Risk factors of child diarrhea across survey waves were identified using multivariable generalized estimating equations.Diarrhea prevalence decreased from 32.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 28.3%-36.1%] at Wave 1 to 8.7% (95% CI: 6.3%-11.7%) at Wave 6. Risk factors for diarrhea included caregivers alcohol consumption [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.04-1.62], households experiencing three (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.29-2.45) or four (AOR = 2.58; 95% CI: 1.86-3.58) climatic, biological, economic or conflict shocks in the prior 4 months compared to those experiencing less than 2 shocks, households with moderate (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.04-1.50) or high (AOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.22-1.85) water insecurity in the prior 4 weeks compared to those with no-to-marginal water insecurity, and child wasting (AOR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05–1.41).These findings suggest that multisectoral interventions that reduce alcohol consumption among women, improve access to safe water services, manage malnutrition, and mitigate household shocks could reduce the burden of diarrhea among child under five in this region.