bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A control-oriented dynamic wind farm model: WFSim
Authors: Boersma Sjoerd , Doekemeijer Bart , Vali Mehdi , Meyers Johan , van Wingerden Jan-Willem 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Wind turbines are often sited together in wind farms as it is economically advantageous. Controlling the flow within wind farms to reduce the fatigue loads, maximize energy production and provide ancillary services is a challenging control problem due to the underlying time-varying non-linear wake dynamics. In this paper, we present a control-oriented dynamical wind farm model called the WindFarmSimulator (WFSim) that can be used in closed-loop wind farm control algorithms. The three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations were the starting point for deriving the control-oriented dynamic wind farm model. Then, in order to reduce computational complexity, terms involving the vertical dimension were either neglected or estimated in order to partially compensate for neglecting the vertical dimension. Sparsity of and structure in the system matrices make this model relatively computationally inexpensive. We showed that by taking the vertical dimension partially into account, the estimation of flow data generated with a high-fidelity wind farm model is improved relative to when the vertical dimension is completely neglected in WFSim. Moreover, we showed that, for the study cases considered in this work, WFSim is potentially fast enough to be used in an online closed-loop control framework including model parameter updates. Finally we showed that the proposed wind farm model is able to estimate flow and power signals generated by two different 3-D high-fidelity wind farm models.
Judgment Day: The Workers’ Stage and the Popular Front in 1930s Finland
Authors: Seppälä Mikko-Olavi 
Published: March 2018

The Workers’ Stage (in Finnish ‘Työväen Näyttämö’) was an amateur workers’ theatre based in Helsinki. The theatre experienced its height of success when it co-operated with left-wing intellectuals between 1934 and 1939. As an organic part of the Popular Front movement, the theatre brought an international anti-fascist repertoire to Finland. In the performance of Elmer Rice’s Judgment Day (1935) the struggle for civil rights in Finland was put in the larger frame of the international struggle against Fascism. Unit­ing intellectuals and workers, the theatre and its activist personnel also functioned as a platform for the practical organising of counter-hegemonic intervention and under­ground activism. For the activist left-wing opposition, theatre functioned as an exten­sion of their political journals, as a (counter-)public sphere and a vehicle for highlighting contemporary political problems, accelerating public discussion and engaging more people – workers and intellectuals alike – in fruitful interaction. The activism had clear political results in the 1936 elections, although the personal outcome for the activist art­ists and communists turned out to be controversial, as they remained rejected from the new hegemony.
Les difficultés de compréhension en lecture chez les étudiants de la francophonie ontarienne en formation initiale des maîtres
Authors: Carignan Isabelle , Simbagoye Athanase , Chamberland Justin , Roy-Charland Annie 
Published: March 2018

Pour comprendre un document textuel, peu importe le support utilisé, il ne suffit pas de savoir décoder une série de mots; encore faut-il saisir adéquatement le sens général de ce document. L’acte de lire englobe deux constituants : la reconnaissance de mots et la compréhension. En contexte francophone minoritaire, notamment pour les étudiants et les étudiantes en formation initiale des maîtres, lire et comprendre correctement le sens des textes lus en français peut s’avérer une tâche difficile à réaliser. Pourtant, ces futurs enseignants et enseignantes devront évaluer la compréhension en lecture de textes en français de leurs élèves lorsqu’ils seront dans les écoles françaises de l’Ontario. L’objectif de cet article est de déterminer le degré de compréhension en lecture montré par des étudiants en formation initiale des maîtres en milieu francophone minoritaire ontarien par la mise à l’essai d’un outil diagnostique lié à la compréhension en lecture. Les résultats préliminaires montrent que ces étudiants éprouvent davantage de difficulté avec les questions touchant les processus d’intégration et les macroprocessus liés à la lecture. Il sera également question dans cet article de la moyenne obtenue par tous les participants pour les cinq textes lus, des questions ayant reçu le moins de bonnes réponses selon leur catégorie ainsi que des limites de l’étude.
Lube Products: Molecular Characterization of Base Oils
Authors: Abdul Jameel Abdul G. , Sarathy S. Mani 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBase oils used in the formulation of lubricant products are a complex mixture of paraffins, isoparaffins, aromatic, and naphthenic (cycloparaffinic) molecules ranging in carbon number from 20 to 40+. Most automotive crankcase oils, accessory fluids, and many industrial lubricants contain in excess of 80% base oil in their ‘finished’ formulation.The molecular composition of base oils has a major effect on lubricant properties, and its compositional analysis is usually obtained by a two‐step procedure. The first step separates the aromatic and saturated fractions by column chromatography (American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM D2549). The aromatic fraction is then further characterized by mass spectrometry (ASTM D3239), and the saturated subclasses of paraffins and cycloparaffins are measured by a different mass spectrometry method (ASTM D2786).Recently, the lube base oils have been characterized at the molecular level by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The conventional NMR spectra have the problem of signal overlap caused by the presence of CH, CH2, and CH3groups due to the great number of isomers in the base oil composition.To overcome the problem of signal overlap, some selected multiplet subspectral carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analyses were developed, and, in particular, gated spin echo (GASPE) and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) have been applied to obtain quantitative CHnsubspectra in petroleum fractions.Usually the quantitative data obtained from GASPE, which is a spectral editing technique, has a better accuracy than those from DEPT, and it will be shown how GASPE is applied to study the molecular characteristics of the aliphatic moieties of base oils of a different nature.On the basis of the GASPE data and of the average molecular mass obtained via vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), the average number of branches (NB) and aliphatic rings can be calculated. Moreover, on the basis of GASPE, the distribution of side chain lengths and the positions of the methyl groups along the straight chain (methyls are the only groups for which the positions are directly obtained from NMR spectra) were obtained. These data are essential in visualizing average molecular structures of different base oil components.Besides the rich molecular diversity seen in base oils, they also possess high molecular weights (ranging from 300 to 600 Da) along with the presence of sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and other heteroatoms. Data from advanced analytical techniques along with the NMR data can be used to get more detailed information about the composition. Techniques such as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC), and Fourier transform‐ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometry have been used to analyze base oil composition and are discussed in the present work.All these structural features are related to the finished lubricant's performance in both crankcase and industrial applications.
Colors of Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Tilley Richard J.D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn overview of the origin of the colors of inorganic compounds arising from chemical, electron transfer, effects is outlined in this article. Section 2 describes the origin of colors displayed by molecules, including fireworks and flame tests, neon signs, some street lights, and the He–Ne laser. Section 3 includes colors from transition‐metal and lanthanoid cations, particularly crystal‐field colors. This contains information on the gemstones ruby, emerald, and alexandrite, pigments and minerals, including malachite, azurite, and turquoise, as well as inorganic salts. Section 4 is concerned with charge‐transfer colors and contains a description of cation‐to‐cation, anion‐to‐cation, and intra‐anion charge‐transfer processes. Some pigments that are colored by charge transfer, such as ultramarine and Prussian Blue, as well as the origin of Blueprints are covered. Section 5 is focused on the colors owing to the band structure of solids, including insulators, semiconductors, and metals. The generation of color in colorless parent insulators by the formation of defect color centers is outlined. The section also includes a description of the many colors exhibited by inorganic sulfides, historically widely used as pigments, as well as the colors of the coinage metals.
Bandgap Engineering of Stable Lead‐Free Oxide Double Perovskites for Photovoltaics
Authors: Sun Qingde , Wang Jing , Yin Wan‐Jian , Yan Yanfa 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite the rapid progress in solar power conversion efficiency of archetype organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3‐based solar cells, the long‐term stability and toxicity of Pb remain the main challenges for the industrial deployment, leading to more uncertainties for global commercialization. The poor stabilities of CH3NH3PbI3‐based solar cells may not only be attributed to the organic molecules but also the halides themself, most of which exhibit intrinsic instability under moisture and light. As an alternative, the possibility of oxide perovskites for photovoltaic applications is explored here. The class of lead‐free stable oxide double perovskites A2M(III)M(V)O6 (A = Ca, Sr, Ba; M(III) = Sb3+ or Bi3+; M(V) = V5+, Nb5+, or Ta5+) is comprehensively explored with regard to their stability and their electronic and optical properties. Apart from the strong stability, this class of double perovskites exhibits direct bandgaps ranging from 0.3 to 3.8 eV. With proper B site alloying, the bandgap can be tuned within the range of 1.0–1.6 eV with optical absorptions as strong as CH3NH3PbI3, making them suitable for efficient single‐junction thin‐film solar cell application.
On the Electron‐Transfer Mechanism in the Contact‐Electrification Effect
Authors: Xu Cheng , Zi Yunlong , Wang Aurelia Chi , Zou Haiyang , Dai Yejing , He Xu , Wang Peihong , Wang Yi‐Cheng , Feng Peizhong , Li Dawei , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA long debate on the charge identity and the associated mechanisms occurring in contact‐electrification (CE) (or triboelectrification) has persisted for many decades, while a conclusive model has not yet been reached for explaining this phenomenon known for more than 2600 years! Here, a new method is reported to quantitatively investigate real‐time charge transfer in CE via triboelectric nanogenerator as a function of temperature, which reveals that electron transfer is the dominant process for CE between two inorganic solids. A study on the surface charge density evolution with time at various high temperatures is consistent with the electron thermionic emission theory for triboelectric pairs composed of Ti–SiO2 and Ti–Al2O3. Moreover, it is found that a potential barrier exists at the surface that prevents the charges generated by CE from flowing back to the solid where they are escaping from the surface after the contacting. This pinpoints the main reason why the charges generated in CE are readily retained by the material as electrostatic charges for hours at room temperature. Furthermore, an electron‐cloud–potential‐well model is proposed based on the electron‐emission‐dominatedcharge‐transfer mechanism, which can be generally applied to explain all types of CE in conventional materials.
A comprehensive approach of the gender bias in occupational cancer epidemiology: A systematic review of lung cancer studies (2003‐2014)
Authors: Betansedi Charles‐Olivier , Vaca Vasquez Patricia , Counil Emilie 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundIn occupational epidemiology, a male‐centered perspective often predominates. We aimed to describe current research practices in terms of gender consideration at different stages of epidemiological studies.MethodsA systematic review of occupational lung cancer publications indexed in PubMed was conducted over the period 2003‐2014. Articles were described according to the sex composition of their study sample.ResultsIn 243 studies, 7 (3%) were women‐only, 101 (41%) were mixed, with a disproportionate men‐to‐women ratio (P50 = 3.5; P75 = 12.4). A shift was observed from mixed and unspecified source populations to men‐only final samples. Our results also suggest implicit generalization of results from men‐only studies, a lack of tests of interaction and often unjustified sex‐adjustment for mixed studies.ConclusionsThe lower proportion of women in studies cannot be fully explained by their under‐representation in the target populations, since there were large numbers of women among both potentially exposed workers and patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
An analysis of white‐handed gibbon male song reveals speech‐like phrases
Authors: Terleph Thomas A. , Malaivijitnond S. , Reichard U. H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesOur goal was to document song phrases of the white‐handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), an Asian ape that produces elaborate songs, often in well‐coordinated male/female duets. We focused on the male coda, which is produced during vocal turn‐taking with one's mate, and particularly its phrases containing rapid spectral and temporal variation, to investigate if modulation rates resemble those of lip‐smacking in other nonhuman primates and human speech rhythm.Materials and methodsWe produced recordings from a large population of wild gibbons. Using terminology consistent with that used to describe vocalizations in other singing species, we analyzed coda phrases, overall coda properties, coda distinctiveness across individuals, and flexibility of phrase production within song bouts.ResultsOur song phrase‐level analysis showed that male codas differed between individuals and increase in complexity within song bouts by the addition of the only two male‐specific phrases of the species’ repertoire. These phrases differ from all others of the species and from vocalizations typical of the larger, nonhuman great apes, in that they contain rapid within‐phrase modulation. Their modulation rates (6.82 and 7.34 Hz) are similar to that of lip‐smacking in other nonhuman primates and speech in humans and, like human speech, are produced exclusively during exhalation. One phrase type (trills) contains multiple notes per exhalation, another characteristic similar to speech but not most primate vocalizations.DiscussionOur data highlight the complexity and flexibility of gibbon song, and show that particular phrase features likely arose from sexual selection pressures and possess similarities to human speech rhythm.
Egyptian Grave Goods of Kha and Merit Studied by Neutron and Gamma Techniques
Authors: Festa Giulia , Minniti Triestino , Arcidiacono Laura , Borla Matilde , Di Martino Daniela , Facchetti Federica , Ferraris Enrico , Turina Valentina , Kockelmann Winfried , Kelleher Joe , Senesi Roberto , Greco Christian , Andreani Carla 
Published: March 2018

AbstractArtifacts from the Egyptian grave goods of Kha and Merit preserved at the Museo Egizio in Turin were studied through a combination of non‐destructive and non‐invasive neutron and gamma techniques (namely neutron imaging, neutron diffraction and prompt gamma activation analysis). The results provide unprecedented morphological reconstructions of the inner parts of the two alabaster and metallic vases and their isotopic and phase composition, thereby extending our knowledge of the hitherto unknown content of the vases and their functions.
Photocatalyzed ortho‐Alkylation of Pyridine N‐Oxides through Alkene Cleavage
Authors: Zhou Wang , Miura Tomoya , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA photocatalyzed reaction of pyridine N‐oxides with alkenes gives ortho‐alkylated pyridines with cleavage of the carbon–carbon double bond. Benzyl and secondary alkyl groups are incorporated at the ortho position of pyridines in one pot.
Superoxide Stabilization and a Universal KO2 Growth Mechanism in Potassium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Wang Wanwan , Lai Nien‐Chu , Liang Zhuojian , Wang Yu , Lu Yi‐Chun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRechargeable potassium–oxygen (K‐O2) batteries promise to provide higher round‐trip efficiency and cycle life than other alkali–oxygen batteries with satisfactory gravimetric energy density (935 Wh kg−1). Exploiting a strong electron‐donating solvent, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) strongly stabilizes the discharge product (KO2), resulting in significant improvement in electrode kinetics and chemical/electrochemical reversibility. The first DMSO‐based K‐O2 battery demonstrates a much higher energy efficiency and stability than the glyme‐based electrolyte. A universal KO2 growth model is developed and it is demonstrated that the ideal solvent for K‐O2 batteries should strongly stabilize superoxide (strong donor ability) to obtain high electrode kinetics and reversibility while providing fast oxygen diffusion to achieve high discharge capacity. This work elucidates key electrolyte properties that control the efficiency and reversibility of K‐O2 batteries.
Multibiomarker response shows how native and non‐native freshwater bivalves differentially cope with heat‐wave events
Authors: Ferreira‐Rodríguez Noé , Fernández Ignacio , Cancela M. Leonor , Pardo Isabel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Temperature has a key impact on the physiology, food acquisition, metabolic rate, growth, and reproduction of organisms. Thus, exploring the effects of climate change on species physiology is important for the conservation and management of native and non‐native bivalve species.
In this work, an integrative laboratory approach was used to compare the physiological, cellular, and molecular responses of the native Unio delphinus and the invasive non‐native Corbicula fluminea under a natural heat‐wave event.
Whereas the filtration rate in C. fluminea was clearly affected throughout the whole heat‐wave event (from the heat peak onwards), it was only significantly affected during the heat‐wave climax in U. delphinus, and recovered afterwards.
At the cellular level, lysosomal membrane stability was affected during the heat‐wave climax, but recovered afterwards, in both native and non‐native bivalve species.
At the molecular level, hsp70 and hsp90 gene expression were increased and decreased (respectively) in C. fluminea after the heat wave. In contrast, only hsp90 gene expression decreased in U. delphinus during the climax and after the heat wave.
The present work demonstrates that accurate monitoring of native and non‐native species using an integrated biomarker approach provides new insights into how both species might cope with the expected increase in frequency and intensity of heat events in a global warming context.
Direct and indirect impacts of heat waves have been associated with massive mortalities of both native and non‐native species. Despite present results showing that C. fluminea are more sensitive to heat waves than U. delphinus, massive mortality events might act in favour of C. fluminea as it has a higher reproductive capacity.
Although native freshwater mussel species conservation is already threatened by overexploitation, flow regulation and diversions, habitat destruction, and pollution, it is probably also adversely affected by global warming and the presence of invasive non‐native species, such as C. fluminea.
Conserving fluxes of terrestrial invertebrates to trout in streams: A first field experiment on the effects of cattle grazing
Authors: Saunders W. Carl , Fausch Kurt D. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Conserving fluxes of terrestrial invertebrates to streams, which supply about half of the diet of stream fish, is an important goal for aquatic conservation. Riparian land uses such as forestry and grazing could have strong indirect effects on fish, by reducing these prey inputs.
A large‐scale replicated field experiment was conducted in four western US rangeland catchments to test the effects of three levels of cattle grazing in riparian pastures on vegetation, fluxes of invertebrates, trout diets, and trout abundance and biomass. The treatments mimicked common grazing systems.
The grazing treatments reduced riparian vegetation biomass to levels as low as or lower than rotational grazing systems. The most intense treatment also removed two‐thirds of riparian shrubs, thereby reducing overhead cover.
All grazing treatments reduced the inputs of terrestrial and adult aquatic insects to streams, compared with controls, but only reductions caused by the most intense treatment were statistically significant, owing to the high levels of natural variation among control sites. Significant reductions of invertebrate inputs by this treatment during key seasons confirmed that riparian shrubs are an important component in the supply of invertebrates to streams.
All treatments reduced the levels of terrestrial invertebrate prey found in trout diets, by half or more at the end of the experiment. Some reductions appeared to be compensated for by greater foraging of trout on larvae and adults of aquatic invertebrates.
Trout did not respond to reduced prey by adjusting their density or biomass, probably because they were in good body condition, prey inputs were the highest yet recorded to rangeland streams, and trout foraged selectively to buffer the loss.
Conserving fluxes of terrestrial prey to trout in rangeland streams will require the careful management of cattle grazing, especially to sustain riparian shrubs that are likely to serve as sources and vectors for invertebrate inputs to streams.
Impact of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises sustainability practices and performance on economic growth from a managerial perspective: Modeling considerations and empirical analysis results
Authors: Malesios Chrisovalantis , Skouloudis Antonis , Dey Prasanta Kumar , Abdelaziz Fouad Ben , Kantartzis Apostolos , Evangelinos Konstantinos 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study assesses the relationship between social, environmental and operational practices and performance with financial performance, focusing on small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). We seek to establish a relationship between the sustainability and the financial performance of SMEs in economic development, as expressed by the indicators of turnover and business growth. A dataset derived from 119 British, French and Indian firms is used and links between sustainability and the financial performance of SMEs are examined. Bayesian regression modeling was chosen and a model comparison approach was used to assess the robustness of the results to the specific choice of analysis with respect to the shape of the dependent variable's distribution. Overall findings indicate robust regression results especially for the highly significant covariates, but caution should be exercised when interpreting the borderline results. A significant positive association between certain items of sustainability and firms’ financial performance is identified as we found that different indicators of sustainability display associations with the two economic indicators and adoption of the former may influence SME performance.