bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Movement Assessments Are Not Associated with Risk of Injury During Military Basic Training
Authors: de la Motte Sarah J , Clifton Daniel R , Gribbin Timothy C , Beutler Anthony I , Deuster Patricia A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Musculoskeletal injuries (MSK-I) in the U.S. military accounted for more than four million medical encounters in 2017. The Military Entrance Processing Screen to Assess Risk of Training (MEPSTART) was created to identify MSK-I risk during the first 180 days of military service.

Methods
Active duty applicants to the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps between February 2013 and December 2014 who consented completed a behavioral and injury history questionnaire and the MEPSTART screen [Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Y-Balance Test (YBT), Landing Error Scoring System (LESS), and Overhead Squat assessment (OHS)] the day they shipped to basic training. Male (n = 1,433) and Female (n = 281) applicants were enrolled and MSK-I were tracked for 180 days. Binomial logistic regression and multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to assess relationships among MEPSTART screens and MSK-I independent of age, BMI, sex, Service, injury history, and smoking status. Analyses were finalized and performed in 2017.

Results
The only functional screen related to injury was the LESS score. Compared to those with good LESS scores, applicants with poor LESS scores had lower odds of MSK-I (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.30–0.97, p = 0.04), and a lower instantaneous risk of MSK-I during the first 180 d (HR = 0.58, 95%CI = 0.34–0.96, p = 0.04). However, secondary receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed poor discriminative value (AUC = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.43–0.54).

Conclusions
Functional performance did not predict future injury risk during the first 180 days of service. Poor LESS scores were associated with lower injury risk, but ROC analyses revealed little predictive value and limited clinical usefulness. Comprehensive risk reduction strategies may be preferable for mitigating MSK-I in military training populations.
ASASSN-18tb: a most unusual Type Ia supernova observed by TESS and SALT
Authors: Vallely P J , Fausnaugh M , Jha S W , Tucker M A , Eweis Y , Shappee B J , Kochanek C S , Stanek K Z , Chen Ping , Dong Subo , Prieto J L , Sukhbold T , Thompson Todd A , Brimacombe J , Stritzinger M D , Holoien T W-S , Buckley D A H , Gromadzki M , Bose Subhash 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We present photometric and spectroscopic observations of the unusual Type Ia supernova ASASSN-18tb, including a series of Southern African Large Telescope spectra obtained over the course of nearly six months and the first observations of a supernova by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. We confirm a previous observation by Kollmeier et al. showing that ASASSN-18tb is the first relatively normal Type Ia supernova to exhibit clear broad (∼1000 km s−1) H α emission in its nebular-phase spectra. We find that this event is best explained as a sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosion producing $M_{\mathrm{ Ni}} \approx 0.3\,\, \rm {M}_\odot$. Despite the strong H α signature at late times, we find that the early rise of the supernova shows no evidence for deviations from a single-component power-law and is best fit with a moderately shallow power law of index 1.69 ± 0.04. We find that the H α luminosity remains approximately constant after its initial detection at phase +37 d, and that the H α velocity evolution does not trace that of the Fe iii λ4660 emission. These suggest that the H α emission arises from a circumstellar medium (CSM) rather than swept-up material from a non-degenerate companion. However, ASASSN-18tb is strikingly different from other known CSM-interacting Type Ia supernovae in a number of significant ways. Those objects typically show an H α luminosity two orders of magnitude higher than what is seen in ASASSN-18tb, pushing them away from the empirical light-curve relations that define ‘normal’ Type Ia supernovae. Conversely, ASASSN-18tb exhibits a fairly typical light curve and luminosity for an underluminous or transitional SN Ia, with MR ≈ −18.1 mag. Moreover, ASASSN-18tb is the only SN Ia showing H α from CSM interaction to be discovered in an early-type galaxy.
Faraday rotation measure dependence on galaxy cluster dynamics
Authors: Stasyszyn F A , de los Rios M 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
We study the magnetic fields in galaxy clusters through Faraday rotation measurements crossing systems in different dynamical states. We confirm that magnetic fields are present in those systems and analyse the difference between relaxed and unrelaxed samples with respect to the dispersion between their inherent Faraday rotation measurements (RM). We found an increase of this RM dispersion and a higher RM overlapping frequency for unrelaxed clusters. This fact suggests that a large-scale physical process is involved in the nature of unrelaxed systems and possible depolarization effects are present in the relaxed ones. We show that dynamically unrelaxed systems can enhance magnetic fields to large coherence lengths. In contrast, the results for relaxed systems suggests that a small-scale dynamo can be a dominant mechanism for sustaining magnetic fields, leading to intrinsic depolarization.
Gaia stellar kinematics in the head of the Orion A cloud: runaway stellar groups and gravitational infall
Authors: Getman K V , Feigelson E D , Kuhn M A , Garmire G P 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThis work extends previous kinematic studies of young stars in the head of the Orion A cloud (OMC-1/2/3/4/5). It is based on large samples of infrared, optical, and X-ray selected pre-main-sequence stars with reliable radial velocities and Gaia-derived parallaxes and proper motions. Stellar kinematic groups are identified assuming they mimic the motion of their parental gas. Several groups are found to have peculiar kinematics: the NGC 1977 cluster and two stellar groups in the extended Orion nebula (EON) cavity are caught in the act of departing their birthplaces. The abnormal motion of NGC 1977 may have been caused by a global hierarchical cloud collapse, feedback by massive Ori OB1ab stars, supersonic turbulence, cloud–cloud collision, and/or slingshot effect; the former two models are favoured by us. EON groups might have inherited anomalous motions of their parental cloudlets due to small-scale ‘rocket effects’ from nearby OB stars. We also identify sparse stellar groups to the east and west of Orion A that are drifting from the central region, possibly a slowly expanding halo of the Orion nebula cluster. We confirm previously reported findings of varying line-of-sight distances to different parts of the cloud’s Head with associated differences in gas velocity. 3D movies of star kinematics show contraction of the groups of stars in OMC-1 and global contraction of OMC-123 stars. Overall, the head of Orion A region exhibits complex motions consistent with theoretical models involving hierarchical gravitational collapse in (possibly turbulent) clouds with OB stellar feedback.
Solvent viscosity facilitates replication and ribozyme catalysis from an RNA duplex in a model prebiotic process
Authors: He Christine , Lozoya-Colinas Adriana , Gállego Isaac , Grover Martha A , Hud Nicholas V 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The RNA World hypothesis posits that RNA was once responsible for genetic information storage and catalysis. However, a prebiotic mechanism has yet to be reported for the replication of duplex RNA that could have operated before the emergence of polymerase ribozymes. Previously, we showed that a viscous solvent enables information transfer from one strand of long RNA duplex templates, overcoming ‘the strand inhibition problem'. Here, we demonstrate that the same approach allows simultaneous information transfer from both strands of long duplex templates. An additional challenge for the RNA World is that structured RNAs (like those with catalytic activity) function poorly as templates in model prebiotic RNA synthesis reactions, raising the question of how a single sequence could serve as both a catalyst and as a replication template. Here, we show that a viscous solvent also facilitates the transition of a newly synthesized hammerhead ribozyme sequence from its inactive, duplex state to its active, folded state. These results demonstrate how fluctuating environmental conditions can allow a ribozyme sequence to alternate between acting as a template for replication and functioning as a catalyst, and illustrate the potential for temporally changing environments to enable molecular processes necessary for the origin of life.
Assumption of Risk and the Role of Health Warnings Labels in the United States
Authors: Cummings K Michael , Gdanski Jonathan , Veatch Nichole , Sebrié Ernesto Marcelo 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
This article provides historical context for understanding how the cigarette industry have manipulated language used in health warning labels (HWLs) to protect them in litigation.

Methods
Review of previously secret internal business records from 1964 discussing the role HWLs on cigarettes. Review of the legal challenges made by cigarette manufacturers surrounding HWLs as mandated in the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and the language in corrective statements ordered by US Department of Justice.

Results
Within days after the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee issued its 1964 Report the cigarette companies plotted how they could use HWLs on cigarettes as a defense in future litigation. Industry lawyers discussed drafting legislation that would preempt other government agencies from requiring HWLs on cigarette containers and in cigarette advertising with language mirroring the key findings of the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee report. In July 1965, Congress did pass legislation which mandated a single watered-down cigarette pack HWL which excluded cigarette advertising, just as industry lawyers had recommended. Subsequent HWL laws passed by Congress in 1969 and 1984 along with the more recent history of manufacturers opposing updated graphic HWLs and corrective statements reflects a consistent and continuing effort by cigarette companies to insulate themselves from taking responsibility for harms caused by smoking.

Conclusion
Beginning in the mid-1960s and continuing even through today, lawyers working on behalf of cigarettes companies have worked to manipulate the language of consumer warnings to focus responsibility for the harms caused by smoking on smokers.

Implications
In tobacco litigation, juries should be informed about the industry’s coordinated effort to draft legislation and water down the original caution statements proposed on cigarette containers and in advertising even though Congress ultimately is responsible for the law that was enacted. In addition, even though the 1992 Supreme Court decision in the Cipollone case preempted post-1969 failure to warm claims against cigarette makers, this protection does not apply on pre-1969 warning claims where the evidence shows that cigarette companies understood they were selling a defective product that when used as intended would harm their customers. Thus, those initiating smoking before 1969 and subsequently harmed by cigarettes can hold cigarette makers responsible for their failure to warn them about health risks.
Effects of soy isoflavones on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Cui Chendi , Birru Rahel L , Snitz Beth E , Ihara Masafumi , Kakuta Chikage , Lopresti Brian J , Aizenstein Howard J , Lopez Oscar L , Mathis Chester A , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Kuller Lewis H , Sekikawa Akira 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContextThe results of preclinical and observational studies support the beneficial effect of soy isoflavones on cognition.ObjectiveThis review aimed to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones on cognition in adults.Data SourcesThe PUBMED, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched.Study SelectionTwo researchers independently screened 1955 records, using the PICOS criteria: participants were adults; intervention was dietary sources with soy isoflavones or isolated soy isoflavones; comparator was any comparator; outcome was cognitive function; study type was randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A third researcher was consulted to resolve any discrepancies. Sixteen RCTs were included and their quality assessed.Data ExtractionInformation on study design, characteristics of participants, and outcomes was extracted. PRISMA guidelines were followed.Data AnalysisA random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates across studies. In the 16 RCTs (1386 participants, mean age = 60 y), soy isoflavones were found to improve overall cognitive function (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–0.32) and memory (SMD, 0.15; 95%CI, 0.03–0.26).ConclusionThe results showed that soy isoflavones may improve cognitive function in adults.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42018082070.
Regressive Sin Taxes, with an Application to the Optimal Soda Tax*
Authors: Allcott Hunt , Lockwood Benjamin B , Taubinsky Dmitry 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A common objection to “sin taxes”—corrective taxes on goods that are thought to be overconsumed, such as cigarettes, alcohol, and sugary drinks—is that they often fall disproportionately on low-income consumers. This paper studies the interaction between corrective and redistributive motives in a general optimal taxation framework and delivers empirically implementable formulas for sufficient statistics for the optimal commodity tax. The optimal sin tax is increasing in the price elasticity of demand, increasing in the degree to which lower-income consumers are more biased or more elastic to the tax, decreasing in the extent to which consumption is concentrated among the poor, and decreasing in income effects, because income effects imply that commodity taxes create labor supply distortions. Contrary to common intuitions, stronger preferences for redistribution can increase the optimal sin tax, if lower-income consumers are more responsive to taxes or are more biased. As an application, we estimate the optimal nationwide tax on sugar-sweetened beverages, using Nielsen Homescan data and a specially designed survey measuring nutrition knowledge and self-control. Holding federal income tax rates constant, our estimates imply an optimal federal sugar-sweetened beverage tax of 1 to 2.1 cents per ounce, although optimal city-level taxes could be as much as 60% lower due to cross-border shopping.
‘Action Not Words’: The Conservative Party, Public Opinion and ‘Scientific’ Politics, c.1945–70
Authors: Lockwood Charles 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
From the late 1950s, Conservative research and policy thinkers underwent a conscious intellectual adjustment, which had profound implications for how the party conceived the relationship between politicians and the public during Edward Heath’s period as Conservative leader after 1965. In response to contemporaneous debates regarding ‘modernization’, and as a result of their engagement with the emergent social sciences, a new generation of Conservatives tended to repudiate the party’s traditional preference for idealist and organicist philosophical assumptions in favour of a rationalistic approach to political administration. Their preoccupation with economic management was concomitant of their loss of faith in the formative role of rhetorical and moral appeals in shaping public opinion. This article, by focusing on debates within the party’s research and political apparatus—the Conservative Research Department, the Conservative Political Centre and Swinton College—will contend that, far from being the last gasp of a post-war consensual Conservatism, Heath’s period as leader marked a relatively unique period in the party’s history, in which the conception of the nature of political leadership held by those at the top of the party differed from the conception held by both their predecessors and successors.
Organism-wide single-cell transcriptomics of long-livedC. elegans daf-2-/-mutants reveals tissue-specific reprogramming of gene expression networks
Authors: Preston Jessica L. , Stiffler Nicholas , Weitzman Maggie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA critical requirement for a systems-level understanding of complex biological processes such as aging is the ability to directly characterize interactions between cells and tissues within a multicellular organism.C. elegansnematodes harboring mutations in the insulin-like receptordaf-2exhibit dramatically-increased lifespans. To identify tissue-specific biochemical mechanisms regulating aging plasticity, we single-cell sequenced 3’-mRNA libraries generated from seven populations of whole day-one adult wild-type anddaf-2-/-worms using the 10x ChromiumV1™platform. The age-synchronized samples were bioinformatically merged into a single aligned dataset containing 40,000 age-synchronized wild-type anddaf-2-/-cellular transcriptomes partitioned into 101 clusters, using unsupervised machine-learning algorithms to identify common cell types. Here we describe the basic features of the adultC. eleganssingle-cell transcriptome and summarize functional alterations observed in the gene expression profiles of long-liveddaf-2-/-worms. Comprehensive methods and datasets are provided. This is the first study to directly quantify cell-specific differential gene expression between two age-synchronized, genetically-distinct populations of multicellular organisms. This novel approach answers fundamental questions regarding tissue-specific regulation of gene expression and helps to establish a foundation for a comprehensiveC. eleganssingle-cell gene expression atlas.
Evolutionary loss of foot muscle during development with characteristics of atrophy and no evidence of cell death
Authors: Tran Mai P. , Tsutsumi Rio , Erberich Joel M. , Chen Kevin D. , Flores Michelle D. , Cooper Kimberly L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany species that run or leap across sparsely vegetated habitats, including horses and deer, evolved the severe reduction or complete loss of foot muscles as skeletal elements elongated and digits were lost, and yet the developmental mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report the natural loss of foot muscles in the bipedal jerboa,Jaculus jaculus. Although adults have no muscles in their feet, newborn animals have muscles that rapidly disappear soon after birth. We were surprised to find no evidence of apoptotic or necrotic cell death during stages of peak myofiber loss, countering well-supported assumptions of developmental tissue remodeling. We instead see hallmarks of muscle atrophy, including an ordered disassembly of the sarcomere associated with upregulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligases,MuRF1andAtrogin-1. We propose that the natural loss of muscle, which remodeled foot anatomy during evolution and development, involves cellular mechanisms that are typically associated with disease or injury.
Analysis of Risk Factor Domains in Psychosis Patient Health Records
Authors: Holderness Eben , Miller Nicholas , Cawkwell Philip , Bolton Kirsten , Pustejovsky James , Meteer Marie , Hall Mei-Hua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractReadmission after discharge from a hospital is disruptive and costly, regardless of the reason. However, it can be particularly problematic for psychiatric patients, so predicting which patients may be readmitted is critically important but also very difficult. Clinical narratives in psychiatric electronic health records (EHRs) span a wide range of topics and vocabulary; therefore, a psychiatric readmission prediction model must begin with a robust and interpretable topic extraction component. We created a data pipeline for using document vector similarity metrics to perform topic extraction on psychiatric EHR data in service of our long-term goal of creating a readmission risk classifier. We show initial results for our topic extraction model and identify additional features we will be incorporating in the future.
Human cytomegalovirus nuclear capsid motility is non-directed and independent of nuclear actin bundles
Authors: Flomm Felix , Borst Eva Maria , Günther Thomas , Reimer Rudolph , de Vries Laura , Schneider Carola , Grundhoff Adam , Grünewald Kay , Messerle Martin , Bosse Jens Bern-hard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHerpesvirus genome replication, capsid assembly and packaging take place in the host cell nucleus. Matured capsids leave the nucleus through a unique envelopment-de-envelopment process at the nuclear membranes called nuclear egress. How assembled and DNA-containing herpesvirus capsids reach the sites of nuclear egress is however still controversially discussed, as host chromatin that marginalizes during infection might constitute a major barrier. For alphaherpesviruses, previous work has suggested that nuclear capsids use active transport mediated by nuclear filamentous actin (F-actin). However, direct evidence for nuclear capsid motility on nuclear F-actin was missing. Our subsequent work did not detect nuclear F-actin associated with motile capsids, but instead found evidence for chromatin remodeling to facilitate passive capsid diffusion. A recent report described that human cyto-megalovirus, a betaherpesvirus, induces nuclear F-actin and that the motor protein myosin V localizes to these structures. Direct evidence of capsid recruitment to these structures and motility on them was however missing. In this study, we tested the functional role of HCMV-induced, nuclear actin assemblies for capsid transport. We did not observe transport events along nuclear F-actin. Instead, reproduction of nuclear F-actin was only possible using strong overexpression of the fluorescent marker LifeAct-mCherry-NLS. Also, two alternative fluo-rescent F-actin markers did not detect F-actin in HCMV-infected cells. Furthermore, single particle tracking of nuclear HCMV capsids showed no indication for active transport, which is in line with previous work on alphaherpesviruses.
Metabolic response to Parkinson’s disease recapitulated by the haploinsufficient phenotype of diploid yeast cells hemizygous for the adrenodoxin reductase gene
Authors: Dikicioglu Duygu , Coxon James W. M. T. , Oliver Stephen G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAdrenodoxin reductase, a widely conserved mitochondrial P450 protein, catalyses essential steps in steroid hormone biosynthesis and is highly expressed in the adrenal cortex. The yeast adrenodoxin reductase homolog, Arh1p, is involved in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial iron homeostasis and is required for activity of enzymes containing an Fe-S cluster. In this paper, we investigated the response of yeast to the loss of a single copy ofARH1, an oxidoreductase of the mitochondrial inner membrane, which is among the few mitochondrial proteins that is essential for viability in yeast. The phenotypic, transcriptional, proteomic, and metabolic landscape indicated thatSaccharomyces cerevisiaesuccessfully adapted to this loss, displaying an apparently dosage-insensitive cellular response. However, a considered investigation of transcriptional regulation inARH1-impaired yeast highlighted that a significant hierarchical reorganisation occurred, involving the iron assimilation and tyrosine biosynthetic processes. The interconnected roles of the iron and tyrosine pathways, coupled with oxidative processes, are of interest beyond yeast since they are involved in dopaminergic neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson’s disease. The identification of similar responses in yeast suggest that this simple eukaryote could have potential as a model system for investigating the regulatory mechanisms leading to the initiation and progression of early disease responses in humans.