bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Gradient Forests to summarize patterns in species turnover across large spatial scales and inform conservation planning
Authors: Stephenson Fabrice , Leathwick John R. , Geange Shane W. , Bulmer Richard H. , Hewitt Judi E. , Anderson Owen F. , Rowden Ashley A. , Lundquist Carolyn J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimProducing quantitative descriptions of large‐scale biodiversity patterns is challenging, particularly where biological sampling is sparse or inadequate. This issue is particularly problematic in marine environments, where sampling is both difficult and expensive, often resulting in patchy and/or uneven coverage. Here, we evaluate the ability of Gradient Forest (GF) modelling to describe broad‐scale marine biodiversity patterns, using a large dataset that also provided opportunity to investigate the effects of sample size on model stability.LocationNew Zealand's Extended Continental Shelf to depths of 2,000 m.MethodsGF models were used to analyse and predict spatial patterns of demersal fish species turnover (beta diversity) using an extensive demersal fish dataset (>27,000 research trawls) and high‐resolution environmental data layers (1 km2 grid resolution). GF models were fitted using various sized, mutually exclusive subsets of the demersal fish data to explore the effect of variation in numbers of training observations on model performance and stability. A final GF model using 13,917 samples was used to transform the environmental layers, which were then classified to produce 30 spatial groups; the ability of these groups to identify fish samples with similar composition was evaluated using independent sample data.ResultsModel fitting using varying sized subsets of the data indicated only minimal changes in model outcomes when using >7,000 observations. A multiscale spatial classification of marine environments created using results from a final GF model fitted using ~14,000 samples was highly effective at summarizing spatial variation in both fish assemblage composition and species turnover.Main conclusionsThe hierarchical nature of the classification supports its use at varying levels of classification detail, which is advantageous for conservation planning at differing spatial scales. This approach also facilitates the incorporation of information on intergroup similarities into conservation planning, allowing greater protection of distinctive groups likely to support unusual assemblages of species.
The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease
Authors: Segal Anthony W. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) is caused by a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms that allows faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. In CD the failure of acute inflammation results in the failure to recruit neutrophils to the inflammatory site, as a consequence of which the clearance of bacteria from the tissues is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. Impaired of digestion of bacteria and fungi by CGD neutrophils can result in a similar pathological and clinical picture. The neutrophils in CD are normal and their inadequate accumulation at sites of inflammation generally results from diminished secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages consequent upon disordered vesicle trafficking.
A complex network approach to clinical science
Authors: Hofmann Stefan G. , Curtiss Joshua 
Published: June 2018

AbstractContemporary classification systems assume that psychiatric disorders are expressions of latent disease entities. However, some critics point to the comorbidity problem and other issues that question the validity of the latent disease model. An alternative to this traditional view is the complex network approach. This approach assumes that disorders exist as systems of inter‐connected elements, without requiring that the elements are expressions of latent disease entities. Depending on the structure of the network, change can occur abruptly once the network reaches a tipping point. A dynamic complex network approach could be used to develop a functional analytic case conceptualization that may predict treatment change, relapse and recovery, thereby linking nosology and treatment. In conclusion, the complex network perspective offers an alternative and less restrictive approach to the latent disease model, while offering exciting new directions for future research in psychiatry.
European Association of Nuclear Medicine and European Academy of Neurology recommendations for the use of brain 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in neurodegenerative cognitive impairment and dementia: Delphi consensus
Authors: Nobili F. , Arbizu J. , Bouwman F. , Drzezga A. , Agosta F. , Nestor P. , Walker Z. , Boccardi M. ,   the EANM‐EAN Task Force for the Prescription of FDG‐PET for Dementing Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published: June 2018

Background and purposeRecommendations for using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) to support the diagnosis of dementing neurodegenerative disorders are sparse and poorly structured.MethodsTwenty‐one questions on diagnostic issues and on semi‐automated analysis to assist visual reading were defined. Literature was reviewed to assess study design, risk of bias, inconsistency, imprecision, indirectness and effect size. Critical outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive/negative predictive value, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and positive/negative likelihood ratio of FDG‐PET in detecting the target conditions. Using the Delphi method, an expert panel voted for/against the use of FDG‐PET based on published evidence and expert opinion.ResultsOf the 1435 papers, 58 papers provided proper quantitative assessment of test performance. The panel agreed on recommending FDG‐PET for 14 questions: diagnosing mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); diagnosing atypical AD and pseudo‐dementia; differentiating between AD and DLB, FTLD or vascular dementia, between DLB and FTLD, and between Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy; suggesting underlying pathophysiology in corticobasal degeneration and progressive primary aphasia, and cortical dysfunction in Parkinson's disease; using semi‐automated assessment to assist visual reading. Panellists did not support FDG‐PET use for pre‐clinical stages of neurodegenerative disorders, for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington disease diagnoses, and for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Huntington‐disease‐related cognitive decline.ConclusionsDespite limited formal evidence, panellists deemed FDG‐PET useful in the early and differential diagnosis of the main neurodegenerative disorders, and semi‐automated assessment helpful to assist visual reading. These decisions are proposed as interim recommendations.
Success of aphid parasitoids and their hosts varies with ant attendance: A field study
Authors: Sadeghi‐Namaghi Hussein , Amiri‐Jami Alireza 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAphid–ant associations are often described as mutually beneficial interactions in which honeydew is traded for protection from predators and parasitoids. The aim of the present study was to determine parasitization avoidance in ant‐tended aphid colonies. Field experiments were carried out on two host plants: hoary cress Lepidium draba (Brassicaceae) and Canadian teasel Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae). Lepidium was host to Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Aphididae) tended by the ant Lasius turcicus (Formicidae) and attacked by two parasitoids, Trioxys asiaticus (Braconidae) and Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae). Cirsium was host to Brachycaudus cardui tended by Crematogaster sordidula and attacked by L. fabarum and Aphidius colemani (Braconidae). The per capita population growth rate of A. gossypii was significantly higher in the presence of ants, while B. cardui was negatively affected, albeit non‐significantly. The parasitism rate of A. gossypii decreased significantly when tended by Lasius turcicus, but the presence of Crematogaster sordidula in colonies of B. cardui significantly increased parasitism. Our results indicate that the effects of ant attendance vary between different aphid–ant interactions. Moreover, parasitoids can benefit from the presence of ants under some conditions.
Using the same fish with different rules: A science‐based approach for improving management of recreational fisheries in a biodiversity hotspot of the Western South Atlantic
Authors: Garrone‐Neto Domingos , Sanches Eduardo Antonio , Daros Felippe Alexandre Lisboa de Miranda , Imanobu Cleber Mikio Rosa , Moro Pietro Simon 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this study we tested the hypothesis that Centropomus parallelus Poey moves between areas where fishing tourism is important, but the management rules for recreational fisheries are different. Fieldwork was conducted from May 2014 to June 2017 in an estuary located in the border between the states of São Paulo and Paraná, South‐Southeastern Brazil. Through a mark and recapture experiment, 2.000 individuals were tagged, of which 42 were recaptured. Among these, six fish were recaptured in Paraná, after being tagged in São Paulo, and a fish was recaptured in São Paulo, after being tagged in Paraná. These results support the hypothesis tested and indicate an uneven use of C. parallelus by anglers in both states. Thus, the use of the species and the recreational fisheries regulations need to be reviewed in the study area, taking into account the ability of C. parallelus to move across political boundaries and the importance of a fish‐oriented fisheries management regime.
The potential of informal institutions for marine fisheries management—A case study of a coastal commune in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Dang Bach , Momtaz Salim , Pham Nhung Thi Hong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe potential of informal institutions for sustainable management of marine fisheries was examined. The study is based on both primary data collected through two group discussions and interviews and secondary information, including material related to fishing gear operation and whale worship. It shows that informal institutions, including fisher groups, fishing community norms, fisher's knowledge and whale worship have potential to strengthen institutional, ecological, social and community aspects of sustainable fisheries development. Although these informal institutions are not able to fix completely all the problems faced by formal institutions, they are able to complement and consolidate formal institutions to manage marine fisheries effectively. The findings of this study suggest it is imperative that formal institutions should be improved simultaneously with informal institutions to enhance current management for sustainable marine fisheries development.
Effects of differing ground‐truth data, transect design and statistical analysis on the repeatability of hydroacoustic assessments of pollan Coregonus autumnalis pollan
Authors: Morrissey‐McCaffrey Emma , Rocks Kieran , Kelly Fiona L. , Kelly‐Quinn Mary 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPollan, Coregonus autumnalis pollan Thompson, requires an appropriate standardised sampling protocol for conservation assessments. The suitability of hydroacoustics with gillnetting was evaluated, and the effects of sampling design, effort and statistical analysis on the repeatability of results were tested. Summer hydroacoustic surveys appear appropriate as pollan were not abundant in acoustically unsampled areas. However, pollan density estimates were significantly affected by the gillnet sampling design used to ground‐truth the acoustic data. Density estimates from the >12‐ m layer were more robust to gillnet design than estimates from the 3‐ to 12‐ m layer. Estimates from different transect designs yielded some statistically significant results. Comparison of transects common to both transect designs suggests that observed differences reflect temporal changes rather than transect design effects. The reduction in the systematic parallel transect effort by half significantly affected target strength distributions but not pollan density estimates. Density estimates were affected by statistical analysis method where pollan density was highest, with geostatistical analysis providing higher estimates than the arithmetic mean. Hydroacoustic assessments may provide a reliable index of pollan abundance over time and between lakes but future research should investigate the effects of temporal and abiotic factors.
Safety and therapeutic efficacy of mirabegron 25 mg in older patients with overactive bladder and multiple comorbidities
Authors: Lee Yu Khun , Kuo Hann‐Chorng 
Published: June 2018

AimThe present study assessed the therapeutic efficacy and safety of mirabegron 25 mg in older patients aged ≥80 years with overactive bladder and multiple comorbidities.MethodsPatients with overactive bladder were prospectively treated with 25 mg of mirabegron once daily. The patients were divided into a younger group (aged 40–60 years) and an older group (aged ≥80 years), and their underlying comorbidities were recorded. The primary efficacy end‐point was the change in symptom score from baseline to the third month. Safety assessments included adverse events and post‐void residual urine volume.ResultsA total of 217 patients (younger, n = 62; older, n = 155) were included. The older patients had more comorbidities than the younger patients. Statistically significant improvements in the Quality of Life index and Patient Perception of Bladder Condition were noted in the younger patients from 1 month after treatment, whereas the International Prostate Symptom Score‐Voiding subscore, International Prostate Symptom Score‐Total, Quality of Life index, post‐void residual urine volume and Patient Perception of Bladder Condition were all significantly decreased in the older patients after 3 months of treatment. The mean changes in the International Prostate Symptom Score‐Voiding subscore, maximal flow rate, post‐void residual urine volume, nocturia and Urgency Severity Score were significantly different between the two groups. The younger patients experienced more minor adverse events than the older patients (41.94% vs 24.62%) during treatment. Nevertheless, the adverse event rate was acceptably low in both groups.ConclusionsMirabegron 25 mg once daily is a safe and effective treatment for older patients with overactive bladder. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1330–1333.
In vivo evidence that the cannabinoid receptor 2–63 RR variant is associated with the acquisition and/or expansion of HIV infection
Authors: Sagnelli C , Uberti‐Foppa C , Hasson H , Bellini G , Minichini C , Salpietro S , Messina E , Barbanotti D , Merli M , Punzo F , Coppola N , Lazzarin A , Sagnelli E , Rossi F 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate whether the rs35761398 variants of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) gene may influence the acquisition of HIV infection and the clinical presentation of HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection.MethodsWe compared 166 HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients with 186 HCV‐monoinfected patients, all with biopsy‐proven chronic hepatitis (using the Ishak scoring system), naïve for anti‐HCV treatment and tested for the CB2 rs35761398 polymorphism (using the TaqMan assay).ResultsThe HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients were more frequently male (P < 0.002), were younger (P < 0.001), and had lower median BMI (P < 0.001) and HCV RNA (P < 0.05) and higher median aspartate aminotransferase (AST; P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; P < 0.001) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT; P < 0.001) levels than the HCV‐monoinfected patients. The CB2 RR variant predominated in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients (45.8% vs. 31.2% in HCV‐monoinfected patients; P < 0.001) and the CB2 QR variant in HCV‐monoinfected patients (57.5% vs. 38.6% in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients; P < 0.00001), and the CB2 QQ variant was equally distributed. Focusing on patients with the CB2 QQ variant, the 26 HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients, compared with the 21 HCV‐monoinfected patients, showed less severe liver necroinflammation [lower histological activity index (HAI)] (P < 0.05). Of the patients with the CB2 RR variant, the 76 HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients, compared with the 58 HCV‐monoinfected patients, were more frequently male (P < 0.05), were younger (P < 0.001), and had a lower median body mass index (BMI; P < 0.001), a higher median AST level (P < 0.001), a higher mean HAI score (P < 0.05) and a higher rate of cases with severe steatosis (P = 0.05). In an analysis of variance (anova) of HCV/HIV‐coinfected and HCV‐monoinfected patient data, those with the CB2 RR variant (P = 0.003) and of male sex (P = 0.002) were more prevalent in the HCV/HIV‐coinfected group.ConclusionsThere is the suggestion of a positive effect of the CB2 RR variant on HIV acquisition and/or spread, which is in accordance with previous in vitro observations.
Effects of roasting treatment on non‐volatile compounds and taste of green tea
Authors: Mao Ajing , Su Huan , Fang Shimao , Chen Xu , Ning Jingming , Ho Chitang , Wan Xiaochun 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe effects of roasting treatment on sensory quality and related compounds in green tea were investigated. The combined application of roasting temperature and time 100 °C for 90 min, 120 °C for 60 min and 140 °C for 30 min achieved the most satisfying sensory quality. The HPLC analysis showed that the contents of cis‐catechins, bitter and umami amino acids reduced with increase in temperature, while the contents of trans‐catechins and soluble sugar increased with the temperature rise. The content of caffeine and sweet amino acids did not change significantly compared with untreated tea sample. The decrease in cis‐catechins, total polyphenols and bitter amino acids reduced the bitterness and astringency of the green tea, while the increase in total soluble sugars improved the sweetness and mellow taste. The sensory evaluation results showed that the sensory quality of the tea was significantly enhanced through roasting treatment.
Reinforcement of banana flour biocomposite film with beeswax and montmorillonite and effects on water barrier and physical properties
Authors: Orsuwan Aungkana , Sothornvit Rungsinee 
Published: June 2018

SummaryUnripe banana flour (BF) has potential as an edible film but its hydrophilic nature requires amendment to provide a better water barrier. Beeswax (BW) and montmorillonite Na+ (MMT) are typically applied as reinforcing additives to obtain a water barrier, water solubility and mechanical strength in a biopolymer. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of BW, MMT and their combination on banana biocomposite film properties. The results suggested that the addition of BW enhanced the film transparency and water barrier properties. However, the incorporation of MMT increased the water resistance as expressed through low water solubility. Nonetheless, the addition of BW and BW‐MMT reduced the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of BF‐BW and BF‐BW‐MMT films. Nonetheless, the added MMT did not change the mechanical properties of the BF film due to the poor dispersion quality of MMT as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
Risk Preferences and Immigration Attitudes: Evidence from Four East Asian Countries
Authors: Shim Kyusun , Lee Yun‐Suk 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEconomic interests, such as increased job market competition or tax burden in the host countries, often explain attitudes toward immigration. Some empirical studies that have adopted this economic perspective report, however, that an individual's economic circumstances are not directly linked to his or her attitudes toward immigration, emphasizing that people can have different interpretations even under the same circumstances. We argue that risk preferences (i.e., willingness to take risks) shape personal perceptions about the costs and benefits of immigrant workers in the job market and immigration. Using the 2008 East Asian Social Survey from China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, we find that individuals who like to take more risks are more likely to be positive about immigration. Our study indicates the importance of psychological tendency in the formation of native citizens' attitudes toward immigration.
Localization of Fe‐S Biosynthesis Machinery in Cryptosporidium parvum Mitosome
Authors: Miller Christopher N. , Jossé Lyne , Tsaousis Anastasios D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCryptosporidium is a protozoan, apicomplexan, parasite that poses significant risk to humans and animals, as a common cause of potentially fatal diarrhea in immunodeficient hosts. The parasites have evolved a number of unique biological features that allow them to thrive in a highly specialized parasitic lifestyle. For example, the genome of Cryptosporidium parvum is highly reduced, encoding only 3,805 proteins, which is also reflected in its reduced cellular and organellar content and functions. As such, its remnant mitochondrion, dubbed a mitosome, is one of the smallest mitochondria yet found. While numerous studies have attempted to discover the function(s) of the C. parvum mitosome, most of them have been focused on in silico predictions. Here, we have localized components of a biochemical pathway in the C. parvum mitosome, in our investigations into the functions of this peculiar mitochondrial organelle. We have shown that three proteins involved in the mitochondrial iron‐sulfur cluster biosynthetic pathway are localized in the organelle, and one of them can functionally replace its yeast homolog. Thus, it seems that the C. parvum mitosome is involved in iron‐sulfur cluster biosynthesis, supporting the organellar and cytosolic apoproteins. These results spearhead further research on elucidating the functions of the mitosome and broaden our understanding in the minimalistic adaptations of these organelles.
Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on periodontitis
Authors: Adachi Kyoichi , Notsu Takumi , Mishiro Tomoko , Yoshikawa Hiroo , Kinoshita Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThe relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection with periodontitis was examined.MethodsThe study subjects were 686 individuals (males 504, females 182; mean age 53.8 years) who underwent a screening test for periodontitis between April 2015 and March 2018 and whose H. pylori infection status could be determined. The periodontitis test was performed by examining saliva concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and hemoglobin (Hb), with a lactate dehydrogenase level ≥ 350 U/L and/or hemoglobin level ≥ 2 μg/mL defined as positive for periodontitis.ResultsAmong subjects found positive in screening for periodontitis, those classified as negative and positive for H. pylori infection, as well as post‐eradicated were 81 (39.7%), 30 (14.7%), and 93 (45.6%), respectively, while those among subjects shown negative for periodontitis numbered 241 (50.0%), 52 (10.8%), and 189 (39.2%), respectively. Subjects noted as negative, positive, and post‐eradicated for H. pylori infection comprised 25.2%, 36.6%, and 32.9%, respectively, of all shown positive for periodontitis. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk for positive in the periodontitis test was higher among subjects with H. pylori infection as compared with those without, while post‐eradicated status tended to reduce that risk. Repeated examinations performed following H. pylori eradication showed that the number of subjects positive for periodontitis was decreased among those who underwent successful eradication.ConclusionHelicobacter pylori infection increases the risk for occurrence of periodontitis, which can be reduced by successful eradication.