bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Philosophy? Prolegomena to a Sociological Metaphilosophy
Authors: Norrie Stephen J. E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe question “What is philosophy?” is difficult to answer because it seems to presuppose answers to long‐standing and controversial philosophical questions. As answers to these questions affect one’s metaphilosophy, apparently irresolvable philosophical disagreements are then converted into deadlock concerning the nature of the discipline. As this problem is unique to philosophy, however, this difficulty itself reveals something of philosophy’s essential nature. As, under analysis, it turns out to arise from a definite way of posing problems, philosophy can initially be defined by a particular mode of problematisation. This essay establishes this argument and proposes a method for developing this insight into a fully realised, socio‐historical metaphilosophy. This involves stages of (a) hermeneutical analysis and (b) historical contextualisation, both of which increase the account’s empirical adequacy. A conclusion discusses the extent to which philosophy is on trial here and argues that questioning the future of philosophy is not inherently philistine.
How (Not) to Theorize About Multiple Realization
Authors: Barrett David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThough multiple realization has been an important concept in the philosophy of mind and philosophy of psychology for more than fifty years, it has not been until quite recently that anyone proposed an actual theory of what multiple realization is. This paper argues that the most dominant current theories of multiple realization are unacceptable. It does so by mainly arguing for a particular methodology for theorizing about multiple realization. Rather than being mostly constrained by intuitions, as theorizing about folk notions usually is, theorizing about multiple realization is, it argues, constrained by the theoretical context in which the concept was born. By the lights of this method for constructing theories of multiple realization, these current theories are unacceptable.
The density of odontocete integument depends on blubber lipid composition and temperature
Authors: Lonati Gina L. , Singleton Emily M. , Phelps Caitlin E. , Koopman Heather N. , Pabst D. Ann 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCetacean integument serves many functional roles, including contribution to whole body buoyancy. The blubber of the integument of different cetacean species contains varying concentrations of triacylglycerols (TAG) and wax esters (WE); generally, these lipid classes have different densities. Integument can also experience a wide range of temperatures during a dive, so its density may change with depth. The goals of this study were to measure integument density and isolated blubber lipid density in three deep‐diving odontocete species (n = 3–4)—short‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps), and Gervais' beaked whales (Mesoplodon europeaus)—at different temperatures (6°C–35°C), and to relate these densities to lipid content and composition. Kogia and Mesoplodon integument and isolated lipids had high WE content (78.7–99.5 wt%) and were less dense (by 1.7%–9.3%) than those of Globicephala, which were composed predominately of TAG. Generally, densities increased as temperature decreased. Changes in integument densities mirrored those of isolated lipid densities, suggesting that blubber lipids are largely responsible for the buoyant properties of cetacean integument. These data demonstrate that the contribution of the integument to whole body density depends on lipid class and temperature, and therefore may provide useful, species‐specific correction factors for diving energetics models.
Tafamidis improves bladder function in hereditary ATTR amyloidosis
Authors: Lee Fang‐Ching , Sakakibara Ryuji , Tateno Fuyuki , Aiba Yosuke , Kishi Masahiko , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Shimizu Ayami , Takahashi Osamu , Takada Nobuo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA 71‐year‐old man with a family history of hereditary ATTR (ATTRm) amyloidosis, began to have sensory disturbance in his extremities at age 65. Although he had no cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms, a head‐up tilt test, ultrasound echography, myocardial scintigraphy, and upper gastric biopsy showed abnormality. This, together with the findings of nerve conduction study and gene analysis, confirmed a diagnosis of ATTRm. He was started on 20 mg/day tafamidis meglumine, a transthyretin tetramer stabilizer, and 0.5 mg/day clonazepam, a GABAergic drug. Somatic nerve functions were unchanged or slightly worsened. However, his bladder autonomic nerve function, as assessed by a urodynamic test, showed mild improvements characterized by recovery of bladder sensation and contractility.
Heart‐rate modulations reveal attention and consciousness interactions
Authors: Cobos María I. , Guerra Pedro M. , Vila Jaime , Chica Ana B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOur environment is constantly overloaded with information, although we cannot consciously process all the stimulation reaching our senses. Current theoretical models are focused on the cognitive and neural processes underlying conscious perception. However, cognitive processes do not occur in an isolated brain but in a complex interaction between the environment, the brain, and the organism. The brain‐body interaction has largely been neglected in the study of conscious perception. The aim of the present study was to explore if heart rate and skin conductance (SC) are modulated by the interaction between phasic alertness and conscious perception. We presented near‐threshold visual stimuli that could be preceded by an alerting tone on 50% of the trials. Behaviorally, phasic alerting improved perceptual sensitivity for detecting a near‐threshold stimulus (along with changes in response criterion). Following the alerting tone, a cardiac deceleration‐acceleration pattern was observed, which was more pronounced when the near‐threshold stimulus was consciously perceived in comparison with unconsciously perceived stimuli. SC results further showed some degree of subliminal processing of unseen stimuli. These results reveal that cardiac activity could be a marker of attention and consciousness interactions, emphasizing the need for taking into account brain‐body interactions for current theoretical models of consciousness.
On Cross-Validation for Sparse Reduced Rank Regression
Authors: She Yiyuan , Tran Hoang 
Published: October 2018

SummaryIn high dimensional data analysis, regularization methods pursuing sparsity and/or low rank have received much attention recently. To provide a proper amount of shrinkage, it is typical to use a grid search and a model comparison criterion to find the optimal regularization parameters. However, we show that fixing the parameters across all folds may result in an inconsistency issue, and it is more appropriate to cross-validate projection–selection patterns to obtain the best coefficient estimate. Our in-sample error studies in jointly sparse and rank deficient models lead to a new class of information criteria with four scale-free forms to bypass the estimation of the noise level. By use of an identity, we propose a novel scale-free calibration to help cross-validation to achieve the minimax optimal error rate non-asymptotically. Experiments support the efficacy of the methods proposed.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase β‐subunit production rate and ATP synthase specific activity are reduced in skeletal muscle of humans with obesity
Authors: Tran Lee , Langlais Paul R. , Hoffman Nyssa , Roust Lori , Katsanos Christos S. 
Published: October 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Humans with obesity have lower ATP synthesis in muscle along with lower content of the β‐subunit of the ATP synthase (β‐F1‐ATPase), the catalytic component of the ATP synthase. Does lower synthesis rate of β‐F1‐ATPase in muscle contribute to these responses in humans with obesity?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Humans with obesity have a lower synthesis rate of β‐F1‐ATPase and ATP synthase specific activity in muscle. These findings indicate that reduced production of subunits forming the ATP synthase in muscle may contribute to impaired generation of ATP in obesity.

AbstractThe content of the β‐subunit of the ATP synthase (β‐F1‐ATPase), which forms the catalytic site of the enzyme ATP synthase, is reduced in muscle of obese humans, along with a reduced capacity for ATP synthesis. We studied 18 young (37 ± 8 years) subjects of which nine were lean (BMI = 23 ± 2 kg m−2) and nine were obese (BMI = 34 ± 3 kg m−2) to determine the fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and gene expression of β‐F1‐ATPase, as well as the specific activity of the ATP synthase. FSR of β‐F1‐ATPase was determined using a combination of isotope tracer infusion and muscle biopsies. Gene expression of β‐F1‐ATPase and specific activity of the ATP synthase were determined in the muscle biopsies. When compared to lean, obese subjects had lower muscle β‐F1‐ATPase FSR (0.10 ± 0.05 vs. 0.06 ± 0.03% h−1; P < 0.05) and protein expression (P < 0.05), but not mRNA expression (P > 0.05). Across subjects, abundance of β‐F1‐ATPase correlated with the FSR of β‐F1‐ATPase (P < 0.05). The specific activity of muscle ATP synthase was lower in obese compared to lean subjects (0.035 ± 0.004 vs. 0.042 ± 0.007 arbitrary units; P < 0.05), but this difference was not significant after the activity of the ATP synthase was adjusted to the β‐F1‐ATPase content (P > 0.05). Obesity impairs the synthesis of β‐F1‐ATPase in muscle at the translational level, reducing the content of β‐F1‐ATPase in parallel with reduced capacity for ATP generation via the ATP synthase complex.
Consideration on Tempering and PWHT Temperatures of C-Mn and Low Alloy Steels Used for the Fabrication of Pressure Vessels: Smart Tuning of Heat Treatment Parameters
Authors: Pillot Sylvain , Sakata Mikihiro , Coudreuse Lionel , Ngomo Valéry 
Published: October 2018

For many years, process licensors and/or end-users have frequently specified that the tempering temperature of C-Mn alloys and low alloy steels (i.e. Cr-Mo, Mn-Mo-Ni alloys) should be greater than the post-weld heat treatments (PWHT). Most of the time, tempering temperature is then required as much as 30°C (54°F) above the PWHT temperature, making it very difficult for steelmakers to be able to supply compliant materials, especially for heavy wall components.
Application of rules in the applicable codes often leads steelmakers to request for deviations in cases where they become not compatible with material capabilities. This report is intended to illustrate the combined effect of tempering and PWHT on materials properties and to provide recommendations on how to tune smart the tempering treatment with the aim of proposing the most efficient complete heat treatment sequence.
Data provided within this paper for C-Mn steels and low alloy grades (Cr-Mo and Mn-Mo-Ni alloys) prove that tempering can be performed at temperatures below, at or above one of PWHT without any adverse effect. Data from actual mill production records show that stringent material specifications can be met by steelmakers when they are allowed to tune smartly the heat treatment parameters (tempering temperature) in accordance with applicable construction codes.
The data also demonstrate that limiting the tempering temperature in the lower range of allowed temperatures may be beneficial to customers as it gives more safety margins for fabrication and maintenance (i.e. potential repairs/modifications) of pressure vessels. It permits either to consider more cycles for PWHT or to perform PWHT at higher temperatures or for longer durations, while on the opposite, current trend imposing high tempering temperatures limits flexibility.
Hydrogen Transfer Line Structural Analysis
Authors: Rosenblad Peter M. , Buchanan L. P. , Bett C. R. 
Published: October 2018

This paper presents the design and analysis of the Hydrogen Transfer Lines (HTL) in the Spallation Neutron Source Facility (SNS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. SNS is a Neutron Accelerator providing intense pulsed neutron beams for scientific research into the behavior of materials. The use of supercritical Hydrogen provides moderation of these neutron beam lines. This is facilitated by the HTL, which consists of six coaxial tubes transporting supercritical hydrogen to and from the Moderators surrounding the Mercury Target inside the Core Vessel (CV). Each Hydrogen line is surrounded by a vacuum tube in order to preserve the supercritical Hydrogen temperature of −425°F (−254° C/19 K). An inert Helium tube and a Water Jacket surround the Outer Vacuum Jacket.
The Hydrogen boundary is considered the primary containment boundary, with the vacuum tubing being the secondary containment boundary both considered to be safety significant. The HTL assembly tubing must be qualified as Performance Category 3 to the requirements of Department of Energy Standard 1020-1994 for Natural Phenomena Hazards. This requires a detailed dynamic analysis. The HTL must also be qualified to ASCE 43-05 for Limit State consideration for abnormal events and ASME B31.3 for sustained and occasional (upset) loadings. The design basis includes consideration of normal sustained loadings such as deadweight and pressure, as well as thermal expansion/contraction, a Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) with associated Anchor Movements (SAM) and the potential physical interaction between coaxial tubes. Intermittent spacers are provided between some of the tubes, providing a functional interspace between the Hydrogen tubing and the Vacuum Jackets. The analytical methodology involves supplementing unaddressed criteria per ASME B31.3 thus requiring the application of more detailed rules found in ASME Section III, NC-3600, ASCE/SEI 43 – 05 as well as Regulatory Requirements such as USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.61 and 1.92. To assess the potential of a postulated failure of the primary Hydrogen boundary inside the Core Vessel, NUREG 0800, Section 3.6.3, Leak-Before-Break Evaluation Procedures are employed.
The Influence of Elevated Temperature in Creep Relaxation of Various PTFE Gaskets Production Methods
Authors: Silva Ana C. , Werner Florian , Xavier Lucas 
Published: October 2018

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) products have been widely used for industrial sealing applications due to their outstanding chemical resistance as well as their electrical, anti-stick, impact resistance and low friction properties. Diverse PTFE flat gaskets production methods are available in the industry, which include the combination of a selected Resin Type and a determined manufacturing process, being able to provide a wide range of several types of PTFE gaskets, with different mechanical characteristics.
The production method has significant impact on the mechanical properties of the PTFE gaskets, especially the creep relaxation property at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the gasket behavior at high temperatures and, consequently, the bolted flanged joint (BFJ) performance, directly depends on both selected Resin Type and gasket manufacturing process.
One of the most used PTFE gasket types is produced from multiaxially expanded PTFE sheets. As it is known, different types of stretching, among other factors, confer to the gasket particular mechanical characteristics. This type of gasket exhibits a very low gasket seating stress, and it is the preferred type for most low bolt load flanges.
This paper presents a study of the creep relaxation property at room and elevated temperatures of expanded PTFE gaskets manufactured by different Resin Types and processes of expanding PTFE materials. Experimental results are presented comparing EN 13555 [1] Qsmax, PQR and ΔeGc parameters of the produced PTFE gaskets.
Weld Rod Fatigue Analysis Using Effective Notch Stress Method
Authors: Karpanan Kumarswamy , Weber Kirk Allison , Hershman Gerald 
Published: October 2018

Welds are one of the commonly used joint types and are employed extensively in subsea oil and gas production equipment. Commonly used weld joints in subsea components are fillet, butt, full-penetration, plug, and girth. Fatigue is one of the critical failure modes for welded joints. Welded joints are complex to analyze for fatigue loading due to the microstructure change during the welding process. The welding process also induces residual stress in the heat affected zone (HAZ) surrounding the weld. This, in turn, can adversely affects the fatigue life of the joint.
The S-N fatigue approach is commonly used for weld fatigue analysis due to the simplicity of this method. Industry standards such as DNV, IIW, BS-7608, and ASME BPVC Sec VIII Div. -2 or -3 are typical references for this type of analysis. For subsea specific applications, DNV-RP-C203 and BS-7608 are generally used because these two standards provide S-N curves for welds in “air” as well as in “seawater with cathodic protection”. These two codes also provide S-N curves for various weld geometries ranging from simple fillet welds to complex tubular joints. Some of the weld fatigue analysis techniques used in the subsea industry are the: nominal stress approach, structural hot spot stress approach, effective notch stress approach (ENS), structural stress method (ASME VIII-2, -3) and the Fracture mechanics based fatigue crack propagation (FCG) approach.
This paper presents the fatigue analysis of fillet welds in bore inserts using the ENS method. In the ENS method, a 1mm radius notch is modelled at the weld root or toe, see Figure 1, which yields a finite weld root stress. The stress analysis is carried out using FEA and the stresses on the notch along with the appropriate fatigue curve are used to estimate the weld root fatigue life.
Efficiency Diagram Alternative Rule for Ratchetting: Historical Background, Overview, On-Going Developments
Authors: Martin A. , Pétesch C. , Lejeail Y. , Lamagnère P. , Lebarbé T. , Muñoz Garcia J. E. , Aiello G. 
Published: October 2018

RCC-MRx Code is the result of the merger of the RCC-MX 2008, developed in the context of the research reactor Jules Horowitz Reactor project, and the RCC-MR 2007, which established rules applicable to the design of components operating at high temperature and to the Vacuum Vessel of ITER.
This code has been issued in French and English versions by AFCEN (Association Française pour les règles de Conception et de Construction des Matériels des Chaudières Electro-nucléaires) in 2012, 2015, and a new edition will be published by the end of 2018.
This new edition integrates a significant evolution for the rules dedicated to the ratchetting evaluation through the so-called “efficiency diagram rule”. This rule was initially developed to present a less penalizing rule than the classical “3 Sm” rule and to analyze the interaction between creep and ratchetting in the high temperature domain.
Since the first edition of RCC-MR code, several modifications have been made to this rule to improve its representativeness for this kind of damage. These modifications were motivated and justified by numerous experimental tests.
The last significant evolution is thus the occasion to present through this article, the background of this rule, the major evolutions already incorporated in the code and also the on-going developments.
Low Cycle Fatigue (EAF) of AISI 304L and 347 in PWR Water
Authors: Seppänen Tommi , Alhainen Jouni , Arilahti Esko , Solin Jussi 
Published: October 2018

The update of the ASME III design fatigue curve for stainless steel in conjunction with the Fen model described in the NUREG/CR-6909 report has been criticized since publication. Data used to develop curves and models raises more questions than it answers.
Material testing in a simulated light water reactor environment is difficult due to the temperature and pressure involved. The experimental challenge makes it tempting to take shortcuts where they should least be taken. Facing and overcoming the challenges, direct strain-controlled fatigue testing has been performed at VTT using a unique tailored-for-purpose EAF facility. The applicable ASTM standards E 606 and E1012 are followed to provide results that are directly compatible with ASME Code Section III.
Several earlier PVP papers (PVP2016-63291, PVP2017-65374) report lower than calculated experimental Fen factors for stabilized stainless steels. In this paper new results, in line with the previous years’ conclusions, are presented for nonstabilized AISI 304L tested with dual strain rate waveforms.
To model environmental effects more accurately, an approach accounting for the damaging effect of plastic strain is proposed. A draft Fen model, similar in structure to the NUREG model but with additional parameters, is shown to significantly improve the accuracy of Fen prediction.
Use of UNS N07718 Bolting in ASME Pressure Vessel Applications in Wet Sour Services
Authors: Shargay Cathleen , Tiru Ramakrishnan , Antalffy Leslie , Panchal Anilkumar , Daru Kuntak 
Published: October 2018

UNS N07718 (commonly known as Grade 718) is an age-hardenable nickel-chromium alloy which primarily has applications in aircraft components and engine parts, cryogenic tankages, and for downhole and wellhead components in oil and gas. It also has been used primarily as bolting for ASME Section VIII vessels, exchangers and other high strength applications. ASME SB-637, UNS N07718(1) has the highest design allowable stresses of all the bolting materials in ASME Section II, Part D(2), Table 3.
There is a second industry standard which covers UNS N07718 components, namely API 6ACRA(3), which was developed for Oil and Gas equipment. Since this standard is for very different applications compared to the ASME applications, the recommended heat treatments and required mechanical properties of the two standards vary considerably. Bolting to either standard can be specified to meet “NACE hardness limits” for wet sour services, but for the ASME materials, this requires strict controls of the various heat treatment steps as the “box” for meeting all the required properties is tight.
The NACE standards and requirements for wet sour service are discussed in the paper, along with the specified heat treatments and mechanical properties required by the two industry standards. The paper will review the effect of the heat treatments on the expected microstructures and properties. By using testing results of N07718 materials specified to both the materials standards, the heat treatment and properties were optimized for a specific application that was specified to meet NACE hardness limits as well as ASME Code strength requirements.
The paper also makes a recommendation to ASME and ASTM committees to consider incorporating an additional grade of N07718 bolting with lower yield and tensile strength requirements and subsequently slightly lower allowable stresses which will provide lower hardness levels, improved toughness and improved ductility, and make it easier to source a viable N07718 bolting that is endorsed by the Code for wet sour services, and improved for low temperature, cryogenic and other services.