bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legislators Off Their Leash: Cognitive Shirking and Impending Retirement in the U.S. House*
Authors: Romano Michael K. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveThis article investigates whether public officials exhibit “cognitive shirking” prior to announcing retirement by changing the way they communicate during their final term.MethodI analyze monthly speeches made by members of the U.S. House between the 105th and 109th terms, and collect data on psychological indicators found to indicate changes in cognition. A mixed effect logistic regression examines whether these indicators increase the probability of retirement before the end of the term.ResultsThe probability of retirement is amplified by increases in the level of cognitive inconsistency they display in public speeches.ConclusionPublic officials, when deciding whether to retire from politics, display patterns of shifting priorities before and after making their retirement announcement. This suggests that representatives’ justifications for policy choices go through significant reorganization as the electoral connection is severed.
Protecting water and wastewater utilities from cyber‐physical threats
Authors: Clark Robert M. , Hakim Simon , Panguluri Srinivas 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRecent events have highlighted the need to address cybersecurity threats to systems supporting critical infrastructure and federal information systems which are evolving and growing. These threats have become ubiquitous in the United States, and throughout the world. Many information and communications technology (ICT) devices and other components are interdependent so that disruption of one component may have a negative, cascading effect on others. In the United States, the Federal role in cyber‐security has been debated for more than a decade but creating a policy is complicated because in the United States, State and local governments are the major institutions responsible for providing services to their populations. It is important that critical infrastructure such as Publically Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) and Public Water Systems (PWSs) adopt suitable countermeasures to prevent or minimise the consequences of cyber‐attacks. This paper discusses both technological and procedural techniques that can be used to protect against cyber‐threats.
Molecular characterization of unusual bovine rotavirus A strains having high genetic relatedness with human rotavirus: evidence for zooanthroponotic transmission
Authors: Kumar N. , Malik Y. S. , Sharma K. , Dhama K. , Ghosh S. , Bányai K. , Kobayashi N. , Singh R. K. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryWe report here the genomic characterization of two rare rotavirus A (RVAs) G1P[11] and G9P[X] strains detected in cattle calves from two different geographical locations in India during routine rotavirus surveillance. These strains possessed unusual G types (VP7 gene) on a bovine/artiodactyl genotype constellation, G1‐P[11]‐I2‐Rx‐Cx‐Mx‐Ax‐N2‐T6‐E2‐H3 (HR‐B91) and G9‐P[X]‐I2‐Rx‐Cx‐Mx‐Ax‐N2‐T6‐E2‐H3 (WB‐H2). This is the first report on molecular characterization of G9 in cattle, and second report on G1 in cattle. The VP7 gene of HR‐B91 occupied lineage IIc within G1 while that of WB‐H2 occupied IIIb within G9 genotype. The latter was found to be very diverse from other RVA strains of G9 genotype, and this may emerge as a new genotype in due course. The study provides evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of human G1 and G9 RVA genes to calves. Of note, the G9 genotype was found to serve as the ancestral genotype for G1. Phylogenetic analysis of remaining gene segments revealed close relatedness to artiodactyl or artiodactyl‐like human RVA strains. The findings of this study highlight the potential role of interspecies transmission and reassortment events in generating the rare rotavirus strains.
Effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticles in men and women
Authors: Shill Daniel D. , Lansford Kasey A. , Hempel Hannah K. , Call Jarrod A. , Murrow Jonathan R. , Jenkins Nathan T. 
Published: February 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the effect of exercise intensity on circulating microparticle populations in young, healthy men and women?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Acute, moderate‐intensity continuous exercise and high‐intensity interval exercise altered distinct microparticle populations during and after exercise in addition to a sex‐specific response in CD62E+ microparticles. The microparticles studied contribute to cardiovascular disease progression, regulate vascular function and facilitate new blood vessel formation. Thus, characterizing the impact of intensity on exercise‐induced microparticle responses advances our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial vascular adaptations to exercise.

AbstractCirculating microparticles (MPs) are biological vectors of information within the cardiovascular system that elicit both deleterious and beneficial effects on the vasculature. Acute exercise has been shown to alter MP concentrations, probably through a shear stress‐dependent mechanism, but evidence is limited. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise intensity on plasma levels of CD34+ and CD62E+ MPs in young, healthy men and women. Blood samples were collected before, during and after two energy‐matched bouts of acute treadmill exercise: interval exercise (10 × 1 min intervals at ∼95% of maximal oxygen uptake ) and continuous exercise (65% ). Continuous exercise, but not interval exercise, reduced CD62E+ MP concentrations in men and women by 18% immediately after exercise (from 914.5 ± 589.6 to 754.4 ± 390.5 MPs μl−1; P < 0.05), suggesting that mechanisms underlying exercise‐induced CD62E+ MP dynamics are intensity dependent. Furthermore, continuous exercise reduced CD62E+ MPs in women by 19% (from 1030.6 ± 688.1 to 829.9 ± 435.4 MPs μl−1; P < 0.05), but not in men. Although interval exercise did not alter CD62E+ MPs per se, the concentrations after interval exercise were higher than those observed after continuous exercise (P < 0.05). Conversely, CD34+ MPs did not fluctuate in response to short‐duration acute continuous or interval exercise in men or women. Our results suggest that exercise‐induced MP alterations are intensity dependent and sex specific and impact MP populations differentially.
Comparing Global Positioning System and Global Navigation Satellite System Measures of Team-Sport Movements
Authors: Jackson Benjamin M. , Polglaze Ted , Dawson Brian , King Trish , Peeling Peter 
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To compare data from conventional global positioning system (GPS-) and new global navigation satellite system (GNSS-) enabled tracking devices and to examine the interunit reliability of GNSS devices. Methods: Interdevice differences between 10-Hz GPS and GNSS devices were examined during laps (n = 40) of a simulated game circuit and during elite hockey matches (n = 21); GNSS interunit reliability was also examined during laps of the simulated game circuit. Differences in distance values and measures in 3 velocity categories (low <3 m·s−1; moderate 3–5 m·s−1; and high >5 m·s−1) and acceleration/deceleration counts (>1.46 and <−1.46 m·s−2) were examined using 1-way analysis of variance. Interunit GNSS reliability was examined using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: Interdevice differences (P < .05) were found for measures of peak deceleration, low-speed distance, percentage of total distance at low speed, and deceleration count during the simulated game circuit and for all measures except total distance and low-speed distance during hockey matches. Interunit (GNSS) differences (P < .05) were not found. The coefficient of variation was below 5% for total distance, average and peak speeds and distance and percentage of total distance of low-speed running. The GNSS devices had a lower horizontal dilution of precision score than GPS devices in all conditions. Conclusions: These findings suggest that GNSS devices may be more sensitive than GPS devices in quantifying the physical demands of team-sport movements, but further study into the accuracy of GNSS devices is required.
Evidence for Inhibition of Topoisomerase 1A by Gold(III) Macrocycles and Chelates Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Gupta Rashmi , Rodrigues Felix Carolina , Akerman Matthew P. , Akerman Kate J. , Slabber Cathryn A. , Wang Wenjie , Adams Jessie , Shaw Lindsey N. , Tse-Dinh Yuk-Ching , Munro Orde Q. , Rohde Kyle H. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and the fast-growing species
Mycobacterium abscessus
are two important human pathogens causing persistent pulmonary infections that are difficult to cure and require long treatment times. The emergence of drug-resistant
M. tuberculosis
strains and the high level of intrinsic resistance of
M. abscessus
call for novel drug scaffolds that effectively target both pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the activity of bis(pyrrolide-imine) gold(III) macrocycles and chelates, originally designed as DNA intercalators capable of targeting human topoisomerase types I and II (Topo1 and Topo2), against
M. abscessus
and
M. tuberculosis
. We identified a total of 5 noncytotoxic compounds active against both mycobacterial pathogens under replicating
in vitro
conditions. We chose one of these hits, compound 14, for detailed analysis due to its potent bactericidal mode of inhibition and scalable synthesis. The clinical relevance of this compound was demonstrated by its ability to inhibit a panel of diverse
M. tuberculosis
and
M. abscessus
clinical isolates. Prompted by previous data suggesting that compound 14 may target topoisomerase/gyrase enzymes, we demonstrated that it lacked cross-resistance with fluoroquinolones, which target the
M. tuberculosis
gyrase.
In vitro
enzyme assays confirmed the potent activity of compound 14 against bacterial topoisomerase 1A (Topo1) enzymes but not gyrase. Novel scaffolds like compound 14 with potent, selective bactericidal activity against
M. tuberculosis
and
M. abscessus
that act on validated but underexploited targets like Topo1 represent a promising starting point for the development of novel therapeutics for infections by pathogenic mycobacteria.
Depot Subcutaneous Injection with Chalcone CH8-Loaded Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Microspheres as a Single-Dose Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Sousa-Batista Ariane de Jesus , Pacienza-Lima Wallace , Arruda-Costa Natalia , Falcão Camila Alves Bandeira , Ré Maria Ines , Rossi-Bergmann Bartira 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Conventional chemotherapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is based on multiple parenteral or intralesional injections with systemically toxic drugs. Aiming at a single-dose localized therapy, biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles loaded with 7.8% of an antileishmanial nitrochalcone named CH8 (CH8/PLGA) were constructed to promote sustained subcutaneous release.
In vitro
, murine macrophages avidly phagocytosed CH8/PLGA smaller than 6 μm without triggering oxidative mechanisms. Upon 48 h of incubation, both CH8 and CH8/PLGA were 40 times more toxic to intracellular
Leishmania amazonensis
than to macrophages.
In vivo
, BALB/c were given one or three subcutaneous injections in the infected ear with 1.2 mg/kg of CH8 in free or CH8/PLGA forms, whereas controls received three CH8-equivalent doses of naked PLGA microparticles or meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime; Sanofi-Aventis). Although a single injection with CH8/PLGA reduced the parasite loads by 91%, triple injections with free CH8 or CH8/PLGA caused 80 and 97% reductions, respectively, in relation to saline controls. Meglumine antimoniate treatment was the least effective (only 36% reduction) and the most toxic, as indicated by elevated alanine aminotransferase serum levels. Together, these findings show that CH8/PLGA microparticles can be effectively and safely used for single-dose treatment of CL.
Complete Genome Sequence of a
Fusarium graminearum
Double-Stranded RNA Virus in a Newly Proposed Family,
Alternaviridae
Authors: He Hao , Chen Xiaoguang , Li Pengfei , Qiu Dewen , Guo Lihua 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

We describe here a double-stranded RNA mycovirus, termed
Fusarium graminearum alternavirus 1
(FgAV1/AH11), from the isolate AH11 of the phytopathogenic fungus
F. graminearum
. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FgAV1/AH11 belongs to a newly proposed family,
Alternaviridae
. This is the first report of a mycovirus in the family
Alternaviridae
that infects
F. graminearum
.
Plasmid Partitioning by Human Tumor Viruses
Authors: Chiu Ya-Fang , Sugden Bill 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
The human tumor viruses that replicate as plasmids (we use the term plasmid to avoid any confusion in the term episome, which was coined to mean DNA elements that occur both extrachromosomally and as integrated forms during their life cycles, as does phage lambda) share many features in their DNA synthesis. We know less about their mechanisms of maintenance in proliferating cells, but these mechanisms must underlie their partitioning to daughter cells. One amazing implication of how these viruses are thought to maintain themselves is that while host chromosomes commit themselves to partitioning in mitosis, these tumor viruses would commit themselves to partitioning before mitosis and probably in S phase shortly after their synthesis.
Sociocultural and health system factors associated with mortality among febrile inpatients in Tanzania: a prospective social biopsy cohort study
Authors: Snavely Michael E , Maze Michael J , Muiruri Charles , Ngowi Lilian , Mboya Flora , Beamesderfer Julia , Makupa Glory F , Mwingwa Anthon G , Lwezaula Bingileki F , Mmbaga Blandina T , Maro Venance P , Crump John A , Ostermann Jan , Rubach Matthew P 
Published: February 2018

IntroductionCommunicable diseases are the leading causes of death in Tanzania despite the existence of effective treatment tools. We aimed to assess the sociocultural and health system factors associated with mortality from febrile illness in northern Tanzania.MethodsWe interviewed febrile inpatients to determine prevalence of barriers in seeking or receiving care and grouped these barriers using the Three Delays model (delays at home, in transport and at healthcare facilities). We assessed 6-week mortality and, after matching on age, gender and severity of illness, measured the association between delays and mortality using conditional logistic regression.ResultsWe enrolled 475 children, of whom 18 (3.8%) died, and 260 adults, of whom 34 (13.0%) died. For children, home delays were not associated with mortality. Among adults, a delay in care-seeking due to not recognising severe symptoms was associated with mortality (OR: 3.01; 95% CI 1.24 to 7.32). For transport delays, taking >1 hour to reach a facility increased odds of death in children (OR: 3.27; 95% CI 1.11 to 9.66) and adults (OR: 3.03; 95% CI 1.32 to 6.99). For health system delays, each additional facility visited was associated with mortality for children (OR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.38) and adults (OR: 2.00; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.41), as was spending >4 days between the first facility visit and reaching tertiary care (OR: 4.39; 95% CI 1.49 to 12.93).ConclusionOur findings suggest that delays at home, in transport and in accessing tertiary care are risk factors for mortality from febrile illness in northern Tanzania. Interventions that may reduce mortality include community education regarding severe symptoms, expanding transportation infrastructure and streamlining referrals to tertiary care for the sickest patients.
Understanding the gender gap in antibiotic prescribing: a cross-sectional analysis of English primary care
Authors: Smith David R M , Dolk F Christiaan K , Smieszek Timo , Robotham Julie V , Pouwels Koen B 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesTo explore the causes of the gender gap in antibiotic prescribing, and to determine whether women are more likely than men to receive an antibiotic prescription per consultation.DesignCross-sectional analysis of routinely collected electronic medical records from The Health Improvement Network (THIN).SettingEnglish primary care.ParticipantsPatients who consulted general practices registered with THIN between 2013 and 2015.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTotal antibiotic prescribing was measured in children (<19 years), adults (19–64 years) and the elderly (65+ years). For 12 common conditions, the number of adult consultations was measured, and the relative risk (RR) of being prescribed antibiotics when consulting as female or with comorbidity was estimated.ResultsAmong 4.57 million antibiotic prescriptions observed in the data, female patients received 67% more prescriptions than male patients, and 43% more when excluding antibiotics used to treat urinary tract infection (UTI). These gaps were more pronounced in adult women (99% more prescriptions than men; 69% more when excluding UTI) than in children (9%; 0%) or the elderly (67%; 38%). Among adults, women accounted for 64% of consultations (62% among patients with comorbidity), but were not substantially more likely than men to receive an antibiotic prescription when consulting with common conditions such as cough (RR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02), sore throat (RR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01) and lower respiratory tract infection (RR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01). Exceptions were skin conditions: women were less likely to be prescribed antibiotics when consulting with acne (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.69) or impetigo (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.88).ConclusionsThe gender gap in antibiotic prescribing can largely be explained by consultation behaviour. Although in most cases adult men and women are equally likely to be prescribed an antibiotic when consulting primary care, it is unclear whether or not they are equally indicated for antibiotic therapy.
Episodic modes of operation in hydrothermal gold systems: Part I. Deformation, mineral reactions and chaos
Authors: Ord Alison , Hobbs Bruce E. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Episodic fluctuations in fluid pressure and temperature are characteristic of the behaviour of orogenic gold systems and are commonly attributed to processes external to the system, such as seismic events and associated adiabatic fault valve or suction pump/piston behaviour; any temperature changes are attributed to the adiabatic nature of the process. Such processes are commonly associated with fluctuations in fluid pressure with little, if any, changes in temperature. We describe aseismic, non-adiabatic processes internal to the hydrothermal system that lead to episodic modes of temperature and fluid pressure behaviour and the deposition of gold. These gold deposition processes are essentially controlled by localized changes in temperature; such temperature-dependent gold deposition processes are normally thought of as inconsequential. We propose that internal episodic behaviour is fundamental in hydrothermal mineralizing systems associated with orogenic gold deposits. Importantly, the time period for these hydrothermal events appears to be small relative to metamorphic systems, with 1–2 myr as an upper limit. This has important ramifications for rates of heat production and for the resultant kinetics of mineral reactions during alteration and mineralization. We explore these systems as non-linear, non-equilibrium dynamic, open flow systems.
Non-Wilsonian break-up predisposed by transforms: examples from the North Atlantic and Arctic
Authors: Lundin E. R. , Doré A. G. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The Atlantic Ocean margins formed the basis for the seminal Wilson cycle concept, which suggests that oceans close, form fold belts, and later reopen in a concertina-like fashion. However, we observe that continental break-up of the North Atlantic–Arctic region only weakly reflects Wilson's concept. Rather than utilizing fold belts, transforms have been the dominant weaknesses that guided break-up, primarily because less force is required to break a plate via strike-slip related shearing than via rifting. Some transforms were inherited features, whereas others formed as part of the continental break-up process. Regardless of cause, once a transform has formed, the plate is broken and further rifting is not required before seafloor spreading can start. This is particularly well expressed in the NE Atlantic, where the line of Early Eocene break-up is very sharp, with minor or no preceding Paleocene rifting. Other examples include the De Geer, Ungava and Lomonosov transforms. We propose that the transform break-up mechanism is an important adjunct to the Wilson cycle theory and that it provides an explanation for ‘non-Wilson’ oceans, where old collision zones are not reactivated.
Voluntary wheel running increases satellite cell abundance and improves recovery from disuse in gastrocnemius muscles from mice
Authors: Brooks Matthew J. , Hajira Ameena , Mohamed Junaith S. , Alway Stephen E. 
Published: February 2018

Reloading of atrophied muscles after hindlimb suspension unloading (HSU) can induce injury and prolong recovery. Low-impact exercise, such as voluntary wheel running, has been identified as a nondamaging rehabilitation therapy in rodents, but its effects on muscle function, morphology, and satellite cell activity after HSU are unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that low-impact wheel running would increase satellite cell proliferation and improve recovery of muscle structure and function after HSU in mice. Young adult male and female C57BL/6 mice ( n = 6/group) were randomly placed into five groups. These included HSU without recovery (HSU), normal ambulatory recovery for 14 days after HSU (HSU+NoWR), and voluntary wheel running recovery for 14 days after HSU (HSU+WR). Two control groups were used: nonsuspended mouse cage controls (Control) and voluntary wheel running controls (ControlWR). Satellite cell activation was evaluated by providing mice 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) in their drinking water. As expected, HSU significantly reduced in vivo maximal force, decreased in vivo fatigability, and decreased type I and IIa myosin heavy chain (MHC) abundance in plantarflexor muscles. HSU+WR mice significantly improved plantarflexor fatigue resistance, increased type I and IIa MHC abundance, increased fiber cross-sectional area, and increased the percentage of type I and IIA muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle. HSU+WR mice also had a significantly greater percentage of BrdU-positive and Pax 7-positive nuclei inside muscle fibers and a greater MyoD-to-Pax 7 protein ratio compared with HSU+NoWR mice. The mechanotransduction protein Yes-associated protein (YAP) was elevated with reloading after HSU, but HSU+WR mice had lower levels of the inactive phosphorylated YAPserine127, which may have contributed to increased satellite cell activation with reloading after HSU. These results indicate that voluntary wheel running increased YAP signaling and satellite cell activity after HSU and this was associated with improved recovery. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although satellite cell involvement in muscle remodeling has been challenged, the data in this study suggest that voluntary wheel running increased satellite cell activity and suppressed Yes-associated protein (YAP) protein relative to no wheel running and this was associated with improved muscle recovery of force, fatigue resistance, expression of type I myosin heavy chain, and greater fiber cross-sectional area after disuse.