bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
کاریگەری پەیوەندییەکانی تورکیا و ئێران لەسەر ڕەوشی تەندروستی و خوێندن لە کوردستاندا (توێژینەوەیەکی مێژووییە لە نێوان ساڵانی ١٩٢٣ – ١٩٤٥ )
Authors: كاكه‌أمين دارا توفيق , احمد لقمان برایم 
Published: June 2019

گرنگی هەڵبژاردنی توێژینەوە: لەکاتی هەڵبژاردنی توێژینەوەدا پێویستە توێژەر بەدوای بابەتێکی گرنگدا بگەڕێت، بۆ ئەوەی توێژینەوەی لەسەر بکات و بیکاتە سەرچاوەیەک، بۆ ئەوەی کۆمەڵگا سوودی لێ ببینێت، بۆ ئەو مەبەستە توێژینەوەیەکمان لەسەر ڕەوشی تەندروستی و خوێندن لە کوردستانلە ژێر کاریگەری سیاسەتەکانی تورکیا و ئێران لە نێوان ساڵانی ١٩٢٣- ١٩٤٥ بە پێویست زانی.
هەروەک دیارە ئەو دوو لایەنە لە ژێر کاریگەری ئەو دوو دەوڵەتە لە ڕەوتی پێشکەوتن دابڕان و ئاوڕیان لێ نەدرایەوە، لایەنی تەندروستی لە ناوچە کوردیەکانی بە بەراورد بە ناوچە تورک و فارس نشینەکان لە ناو هەردوو دەوڵەت زۆر دواکەوتوو بوو، ڕەوشی خوێندنیش باشتر نەبوو لە ڕەوشی تەندروستی، هەردوو دەوڵەت بە ئامانجی تواندنەوەی گەلی کورد لە بۆتەی تورک و فارس، خوێندن و پەروەردەیان بە زمانی کوردی لە ناوچە کوردیەکان قەدەغە کرد، ئەمەش بابەتێک بوو پێویستی بەوە دەکرد توێژینەوەی لەسەر بکرێت، بۆ ئەوەی هەڵوێستی هەردوو دەوڵەت لەو ماوانەدا لە ئاست کێشەی کورد لە ڕووی تەندروستی و خوێندن بخرێتە ناو لاپەڕەکانی مێژوو.

ئامانجی توێژینەوە: بێگومان هەر توێژینەوەیەک ئامانجی خۆی هەیە، ئامانجی ئێمەش لەو توێژینەوەیە خستنە ڕووی ئەو ڕووداوانەیە کە لەژێر کاریگەری هەردوو دەوڵەت، دۆخی تەندروستی و خوێندنیان بەرەو دواوە بردبوو، ئەمەش پێویستی بەوە دەکرد ئەم دوو لایەنە لە چوارچێوەی توێژینەوەیەکی زانستی بخرێنە ڕوو.

میتۆدی توێژینەوە: لەو توێژینەوەیەدا میتۆدی وەسفی مێژوویی بەکار هاتووە، لەگەڵ شیکردنەوەی ئەو رووداوانەی کاریگەرییان هەبووە لەسەر دۆخی تەندروستی و خوێندن، بۆ گەیشتن بە ڕاستیەکانیش سەرچاوەی پێویست بەکار هاتوون.

ناوەڕۆکی توێژینەوە: ئەم توێژینەوەیە لە پێشەکی و دوو باس پێک هاتووە، لەگەڵ ئەنجام و لیستی سەرچاوە، بەم شێوەیەی خوارەوە:
''کاریگەری پەیوەندیەکانی تورکیا و ئێران لەسەر ڕەوشی تەندروستی و خوێندن لە کوردستاندا'' ئەم بابەتە کراوە بە دوو باس، باسی یەکەم تایبەتە بە ڕەوشی تەندروستی و بەگوێرەی پێویست باسی ئەو لایەنە کراوە لە ژێر کاریگەری هەردوو دەوڵەت، لە باسی دووەمیشدا لایەنی خوێندن خراوەتە ڕوو کە چۆن لە ژێر کاریگەری تورکیا و ئێران ئەو لایەنە پاشەکشێی کردووە، هەردوو دەوڵەت بە ئامانجی تواندنەوەی گەلی کورد خوێندن و پەروەردەیان بە زمانی کوردی قەدەغە کردبوو.

لە کۆتاییدا دەبیت ئەو ڕاستیە لەبەرچاو بگرین، کە ئەم توێژینەوەیە بێ کەموکۆڕی نیە، ئەگەرچی هەوڵێکی زۆر درا بۆ نەهێشتنی ئەو کەموکوڕیانە، بەڵام ئەو ئامانجە تەواو نەهاتە دی، هەرچەندە هەندێک لە کەموکوڕیەکان لە پێزانین و توانای توێژەران بەدەر نین، بەڵام هیوادارین توانیبێتمان خزمەتێکی زانستی بچوک پێشکەش بکەین، لە ڕێگەی شۆڕبونەوە بە قوڵایی دیرۆکی ناوچەو شوێنەکانی کوردستان.
Estudo comparativo entre revestimentos de gesso e argamassa mista manual e projetada
Authors: Sampaio Girlândia De Morais , Lima Netto Clóvis  Lima Netto Dos Santos , Batista Keny Rodrigues , Bizerris Rosimery 
Published: July 2019

A necessidade de acelerar e aperfeiçoar os processos construtivos da construção civil, induz os agentes envolvidos buscar novos métodos que auxiliem no maior desempenho dos materiais utilizados. Este artigo objetiva analisar a viabilidade da implantação do método de projeção de argamassas e gesso para revestimento interno, comparada com o revestimento aplicado manualmente, considerando produtividade e custo, bem como a qualidade construtiva de cada método. O comparativo foi realizado numa edificação vertical na cidade de João Pessoa – PB. O processo de projeção da argamassa mista trouxe significativos ganhos de eficiência, se comparado aos demais processos estudados, uma vez que mesmo associado a um custo final maior, destacou-se por apresentar um bom acabamento final e maior área revestida no mesmo tempo. Verificou-se também os procedimentos necessários para emprego dos equipamentos utilizados no revestimento projetado e manual. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível a escolha do revestimento interno a ser utilizado na edificação vertical.
Estudo de Caso: Análise Sinótica de um Evento Extremo de Precipitação Ocorrida no Estado de Pernambuco entre os dias 17 A 19 de Junho de 2010 (Case Study: Synoptic Analysis of an Extreme Event of Precipitation in the Pernambuco State between the 17 to 19 June 2010)
Authors: Sodré Giordani Rafael Conceição , Souza Filho José Danilo Costa 
Published: July 2019

Utilizando parâmetros meteorológicos na investigação da atuação dos mecanismos atmosféricos moduladores da precipitação no período de inverno sobre o Nordeste Brasileiro (NEB), e caracterizar qual fenômeno modulou aprecipitação intensa ocorrida entre os dias 17/06/2010 e 19/06/2010 por meio de dados de reanálise do NCEP/NCAR, dados de precipitação da Plataforma de Coleta de Dados (PCD’s), do Instituto Nacional deMeteorologia (INMET) e imagens de satélite do Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (CPTEC/INPE). Observou-se através dos campos gerados pelo software Grads, as características atmosféricas propícias ao favorecimento da convecção sobre o NEB no mês de junho e em específico nos dias 17, 18 e 19 de junho onde foram registrados os valores mais elevados de precipitação, foi realizado o diagnóstico dos sistemas sinóticos atuantes nos três dias, em estudo, caracterizando as perturbações vindas de leste como o sistema responsável pela formação do complexo convectivo que atuou sobre o estado de Pernambuco. AbstractThe use of meteorological parameters is important to investigate its function on the atmospheric modulators mechanisms of precipitation during the winter over the Northeast Brazil (NEB). This study aimed to characterize the phenomena which modulates the intense precipitation occurred between the days 17 to 19/06/2010 through the reanalysis data of NCEP / NCAR precipitation data of the Platform for Data Collection (PCDs), the National Institutes of Meteorology (INMET) and satellite images of the Center for Weather Forecasting and Climate Studies, National Institute for Space Research (CPTEC / INPE). It was observed, through the fields generated by the software Grads, that the atmospheric characteristics that permit the convection over the NEB in June and, in particular, on days 17, 18 and 19 June when was we registered the highest values of precipitation, when the diagnosis of synoptic systems operating in three days was performed; itcharacterized the disturbances coming from the east, as the system responsible for the formation of convective complex that occurred on the State of Pernambuco.
RADEC Learning Model (Read-Answer-Discuss-Explain And Create): The Importance of Building Critical Thinking Skills In Indonesian Context
Authors: Pratama Yoga Adi , Sopandi Wahyu , Hidayah Yayuk 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of writing this article was to describe RADEC learning model in building critical thinking skills. This study was conducted because of the need for a learning model that fits the Indonesian context to build critical thinking skills that can be used at elementary school level. This study used the literature review. This study produced one solution to be able to build critical thinking skills using RADEC learning model (read-answer-discuss-explain and create). The approach in learning done by the teacher plays a role in improving critical thinking skills. The teacher needs to use a learning model that can stimulate students' critical thinking skills.
Uji aktivitas ekstrak biji ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.) terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah mencit Jantan (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: As'ari Hasyim , Kurnia Tristi Indah Dwi 
Published: July 2019

Abstrak

Latar Belakang: Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit kronis yang disebabkan oleh ketidak mampuan tubuh dalam memproduksi insulin dan/atau insulin yang dihasilkan oleh tubuh tidak dapat bekerja secara optimal. Penderita diabetes rawan terhadap pajanan radikal bebas sehingga menimbulkan dampak komplikasi yang mendorong kerusakan organ. Glukosa darah pada penderita diabetes harus distabilkan salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai obat alami diabetes adalah biji ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.). Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa biji ganitri mengandung senyawa kimia seperti glikosida, alkaloid, steroid, dan flavonoid. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut memiliki efek farmakologi diantaranya dapat digunakan sebagai obat penenang, hipnotis, tranquillizing, anticonvulsive, antiepilepsi, aktivitas antihipertensi dan antidiabetes. Berdasarkan hal tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi aktivitas ekstrak biji ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.) terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah, serta kolesterol dan trigliserida pada mencit (Mus musculus L.) jantan diabetes.
Metode: Dosis ekstrak biji ganitri yang digunkan yaitu 650 mg/kg BB, 1300 mg/kg BB dan 2600 mg/kg BB, sedangkan kontrol terdiri dari kontrol positif (K+) yaitu perlakuan berupa pemberian suspensi glibenklamid 0,013 mg/kg BB dalam aquades dan kontrol negatif (K-) berupa aquades. Parameter yang diamati adalah kadar gula darah, kolestrol dan trigliserida. Pengukuran kadar gula darah, kolesterol, dan trigliserida mencit selama perlakuan dilakukan pada hari ke-17 dan 25.
Hasil: Perlakuan yang efektif dalam menurunkan gula darah, kolesterol, dan trigliserida adalah dosis 2600 mg/kg BB, ditunjukkan dengan penuruanan kadar gula darah yang relative sama dengan kontrol positif glibenklamide. Rata-rata kadar gula darah mengalami penurunan dari sebelumnya antara 258,9-264,3 mg/dl menjadi 165,2 mg/dl, kadar kolesterol sebelumnya antara 135 -149,1 mg/dl menjadi 82,1 mg/dl, serta kadar trigliserida sebelumnya antara 153,8 -159,6 mg/dl menjadi 79,3 mg/dl.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak biji ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.) terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah, kadar kolesterol, dan trigliserida. Semakin tinggi dosis yang diberikan maka semakin tinggi penuruanan kadar gula darah, kadar kolesterol dan trigliserida mencit jantan.
Monitoring penggunaan antibiotik di Bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUD Kerinci
Authors: Pratama Septa 
Published: July 2019

Latar Belakang : Tingginya penggunaan antibiotik akan meningkatkan potensi penggunaannya yang tidak rasional dan berdampak pada tingkat mortalitas, biaya, kejadian efek samping obat dan resistensi. ATC/DDD merupakan standar yang telah di tetapkan WHO untuk menilai kuantitas penggunaan antibiotik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pola penggunaan antibiotik di bangsal bedah rumah sakit umum daerah Kerinci tahun 2016 dan 2017
Metode : Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif dengan metode purposif sampling. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebanyak 578 pada tahun 2016 dan 643 pada tahun 2017 dan kemudian diolah dengan metode ATC/DDD dan DU 90%
Hasil : Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total DDD/100 patient day tahun 2016 sebesar (49,66 DDD/100 patient day) dan mengalami penurunan pada tahun 2017 menjadi (45,43 DDD/100 patient day). Antibiotik yang masuk kedalam segmen DU 90% tahun 2016 yaitu sefotaksim sebesar 83,83% (41,63 DDD/100 patient day) dan seftriakson sebesar 6,69% (3,32 DDD/100 patient day) dan pada tahun 2017 masih sama yaitu sefotaksim sebesar 81,02% (36,81 DDD/100 patient day) dan seftriakson sebesar 10,77% (4,89 DDD/100 patient day).
Kesimpulan : Penggunaan antibiotic sangat tinggi dan yang masuk kedalam segman DU 90% berpotensi mengalami resistensi sehingga perlu diawasi penggunaannya.

Kata kunci: Kata kunci : ATC/DDD, DU 90%, Antibotik, Farmakoepidimiologi.
Marketing Strategy Based on Image of Hang Tuah University Dental and Oral Hospital in 2015
Authors: Hariyanto Dwi , Aprilia Aprilia , Pertiwi Annisa Mutiara 
Published: July 2019

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Individuals in our contemporary society tend to depend on various types of services, including health care service. Managers of health care services must be aware of this situation to improve image and reputation as a public’s choice services. Image is an award obtained by a company for their excellence in services. In improving the image, a company needs the public’s or consumer’s appraisals for a marketing strategy formation. <strong>Purpose: </strong>As information to develop the image of Dental and Oral Hospital of Hang Tuah University, Surabaya. </em><strong><em>Materials and </em></strong><strong><em>Method</em></strong><strong><em>s</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>descriptive analysis with cross sectional research design was used in this study. Simple random sampling of probability sampling technique was used to choose 100 respondents of this study. Respondents were given a questionnaire to assess the image of Dental and Oral Hospital, Hang Tuah University Surabaya. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. <strong>Result:</strong> Results on the image of Dental and Oral Hospital of Hang Tuah University showed that 83 respondents rated moderately good image, while 17 respondents rated poor image. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on the SWOT matrix, it can be concluded that several development through consideration of internal and external factors can be beneficial to the progress of Dental and Oral Hospital of Hang Tuah University, Surabaya.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Image, Marketing Strategy, Consumer Behavior, SWOT Analysis</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence</em></strong><em>: Dwi Hariyanto, Public Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arief Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone 031-5912191. Email: </em><a href="mailto:dwi-surabaya@yahoo.com"><em>dwi-surabaya@yahoo.com</em></a><strong><em></em></strong></p>
The Effect of Pluchea indica Less Leaves Extract Againts Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum In Vitro
Authors: Pargaputri Agni Febrina , Munadziroh Elly , Indrawati Retno 
Published: July 2019

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum are the most common bacteria found in infected root canal teeth and most of them often caused failure in endodontic treatments. These bacteria can form biofilm which makes them more resistant against antibacterial agents. Biofilm formation also causes a decrease in antibiotics and antimicrobials sensitivity. Pluchea indica Less leaves is a species of plants that has several chemical properties. It consists of flavonoids and polyphenols which have benefits to inhibit biofilm formation. Because of its benefits, the extract of Pluchea indica Less leaves can be potentially developed as one of sterilization dressing in root canal teeth. <strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine biofilm formation inhibition of Pluchea indica Less leaves extract against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>The dilution method was done first to show the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract. The inhibition biolfilm formation was tested using microtitter plate assay by measuring the bacterial biofilm Optical Density (OD) from ELISA reader’s results and using autoagregation assay to show the inhibition of adherance bacteria. The Pluchea indica Less leaves extract concentration used for inhibition of biofilm formation were 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, and 6,25%. <strong>Results:</strong> The result of biofilm formation inhibition showed that Pluchea indica Less leaves extract were able to inhibit Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum’ biofilm formation with strong moderate effect. The autoagregation assay showed a decrease in autoagregation percentation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pluchea indica Less leaves extract has effect to inhibit biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Pluchea indica Less leaves extract, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, biofilm.</em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> Agni Febrina Pargaputri, Department of Oral Biology, </em><em>Faculty of Dentistry, Hang Tuah University, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Phone.031-5912191</em><em>, Email: <span style="text-decoration: underline;">agni_febrina@yahoo.com</span></em><strong><em></em></strong></p>
Effectivity of the Gold Sea Cucumber Supplementation (Stichopus hermanii) of Catalase Activity in Wistar Rat’s Submandibular with Oral Candidiasis
Authors: Khairina Ajeng Hanun Winny , Revianti Syamsulina , Nafi’ah Nafi’ah 
Published: July 2019

<p class="Default"><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Oral candidiasis is common opportunistic infection in oral cavity caused by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans </em><em>and it can develop to malignant such as a candida leukoplakia if it’s affected by cigarette smoke exposure. <strong>Purpose: </strong>To analysis the effectivity of Stichopus hermanii supplementation of catalase activity in Wistar rats submandibular with oral candidiasis. <strong>Materials and </strong><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was post-test-only control group design, using 35 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups, Group1 is negative control, Group2 is positive control, Group3 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,0225 mg/g BB powder, Group4 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,045 mg/g BB powder) Group5 is treatment control with Stichopus hermanii 0,09 mg/kg BB powder). Oral candida infection was achieved by spray and cotton swab rolled over all parts of the mouth. After treatment, rats were euthanized and submandibular were biopsied to make histopathology slide for measure activity of enzim catalase with spectrophotometer λ 280 nm. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Tukey LSD test. <strong>Results: </strong></em><em>There are significantly differences catalase activity between K1&amp;K2, K2&amp;K3, K4&amp;K1, K2&amp;K4, K2&amp;K5.</em><strong><em> Conclusion:</em></strong> <em>Suplementation of Stichopus hermanii<strong> </strong>effectiv of catalase activity in wistar rat’s submandibular with Candida albicans A infection.</em></p><p class="Default"><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Oral candidiasis, catalase activity, Stichopus hermanii, Candida albicans</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Correspondence:</em></strong><em> Syamsulina<strong> </strong></em><em>Revianti, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Hang Tuah, Arif Rahman Hakim 150 Surabaya, Telepon 031-5945864, 5912191, Email: <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="mailto:syamsulinarevianti16@gmail.com">syamsulinarevianti16@gmail.com</a></span></em></p>
A Glimpse of Light in the Mid of Darkness Perspectives of Hope in the poetry of E. A. Robinson
Authors: Abdullah Abdulrahman Salih 
Published: June 2019

This paper examines the concept of the light as a symbol of hope and a guide in the poetry of E. A. Robinson who is considered to be America’s first modern poet. Robinson lived in an age that witnessed the decadence and the disintegration of America and the whole world at all levels: social, political, economic, and spiritual. Unimpeachably, his role as a poet demanded for him to reflect upon the problems arising and to inseminate in the people of his time a glimmer of hope which would help them continue living. Such an optimistic vision manifests itself in his concept of light which is symptomatic of hope. The individuals he portrays in his poetry are led by this guiding light whose absence testifies to the fact that darkness dominates the situation. For example, Credo, Richard Cory, and other characters seem to have lost sight of the inner light, a light that is parallel to faith. They move between moments of despair and hope, pessimism and optimism, darkness and light. Eventually, the paper concludes that Robinson presented in his poetry a kind of optimistic philosophy that was an urgent necessity in his age in order to encounter the pressures of life with bravery, fortitude, and determination.
İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Matematik Öğrenmede Sıkıntı Yaşama Düzeyleri İle Yazma Kalitesi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
Authors: DOĞAN TEMUR Özlem , KILIÇ ŞAHİN Handan , ÖZDEMİR Kemal 
Published: June 2019

İlkokul 4. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Matematik Öğrenmede Sıkıntı Yaşama Düzeyleri İle Yazma Kalitesi Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi ÖZ Bu çalışmanın amacı, matematik öğrenmede sıkıntı yaşadığı düşünülen öğrencilerin matematik öğrenmede sıkıntı yaşama düzeyleri ile yazma kalitesi düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma genel tarama modellerinden ilişkisel tarama modelindedir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örneklemeye göre belirlenmiş, Kütahya Merkez ile bir ilçesinde bulunan 5 ilkokuldan seçilmiş 4. Sınıf düzeyinde matematik öğrenme sürecinde sıkıntı yaşayan 49 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri Matematik Öğrenme Güçlüğü Kontrol Listesi ve Yazma Kalitesi Dereceli Puanlama Anahtarı aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Her iki araçtan elde edilen puanlar düşük, orta ve yüksek olmak üzere üç kategori altında toplanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesinde ki-kare testi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre matematik öğrenmede yaşanan sıkıntı düzeyi ile yazma kalitesi düzeyleri arasında bir ilişkinin var olduğu ve bu ilişkinin doğrusal yönde pozitif olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Matematik öğrenmede sıkıntı yaşama düzeyi arttıkça yazma kalitesi düzeyi de düşmektedir.
Effect of Microwave Treatment in Graphite Anode for Microbial Fuel Cell and Its Application in Biosensor
Authors: Abdalameer Lafta Hamzah , K. H. AL-Mashhadani Mahmood 
Published: June 2019

The electrode in the microbial fuel cell has a significant effect on cell performance. The treatment of the electrode is a crucial step to make the electrode surface more habitable for bacteria growth, thus, increases the power production as well as waste treatment. In the current study, two graphite electrodes were treated by a microwave. The first electrode was treated with 100W microwave energy, while the second one was treated with 600W microwave energy. There is a significant enhancement in the surface of the graphite anode after the pretreatment process. The results show an increase in the power density from 10 mW/m2 to 15 mW/m2 with 100w treatment and to 13.47 mW/m2 with 600w treatment. An organic sensor was obtained for the same waste material used, where the sensitivity was weak, ranging from 100 mg/L for organic matter to 150 g /L. The sensor was used once again for each substance with better results. The sensitivity ranged from 25 g/L per liter to 150 g/L, while successful linearity has been gain. Therefore, it can conclude that the microbial fuel cell with dual chamber can be designed for a biosensor with the available and cost-effective material.
Quản lý đóng góp và sử dụng kinh phí bảo trì nhà chung cư ở Việt Nam
Authors: Mùi Trần Văn , Giang Hoàng Vân , Nam Trần Phương 
Published: July 2019

Ngày nay có nhiều nhà chung cư được xây dựng với quy mô ngày càng lớn nhằm đáp ứng nhu cầu ở trong quá trình đô thị hóa nhanh ở Việt Nam. Để duy trì chất lượng nhà chung cư như ban đầu trong suốt quá trình sử dụng cần thiết phải thực hiện bảo trì nhà chung cư. Nhưng việc đóng góp và quản lý kinh phí bảo trì nhà chung cư là một trong những vướng mắc lớn, phức tạp xảy ra ngày càng nhiều giữa người sở hữu, người thuê mua căn hộ với chủ đầu tư, giữa Ban quản trị nhà chung cư với chủ đầu tư gây bất bình trong xã hội, mất trật tự đô thị. Vì vậy nghiên cứu trong bài báo này có tính cấp thiết cả về cơ sở pháp lý và thực tiễn, vừa đảm bảo văn minh đô thị, thực hiện tốt bảo trì nhà chung cư, vừa giải quyết triệt để mâu thuẫn giữa chủ đầu tư và cư dân.
Từ khóa:
quản lý; kinh phí; kinh phí bảo trì; sử dụng kinh phí; nhà chung cư.