bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating Land Based Disposal of Bolivar Reclaimed Water, South Australia
Authors: Schrale G. , Boardman R. , Blaskett M. J. 
Published: May 2018

The Bolivar Sewage Treatment Works (STW) processes the urban and industrial sewage from the northern and eastern suburbs of Adelaide. The treatment capacity is equivalent to the sewage production of 1.1 million people. The disposal of more than 40 000 ML of reclaimed water into the sea has caused a progressive degradation of about 950 ha of seagrass beds which threatens the sustainability of the fisheries and marine ecosystems of Gulf St. Vincent. The current practice will no longer be viable to achieve compliance with the SA Marine Environment Protection Act, 1990.
A Inter-Departmental Working Party recommmended that the Bolivar reclaimed water be disposed by irrigation of suitable land on the coastal plains north of Adelaide. They proposed the construction of two pipelines: a 12 km long pipeline to extend the distribution of reclaimed water in the most intense portion of the 3 500 hectares of irrigated horticulture on the Northern Adelaide Plains, and a second, 18 km long pipeline to deliver the remainder to a more northerly site for irrigation of an estimated 4 000 hectares of hardwood plantations.
The paper summarizes the findings as they relate to public health, environmental, technical and financial aspects of land based disposal. Land based disposal would completely eliminate the marine degradation and also arrest the over-use of the NAP underground water resources for horticulture. The total net costs over thirty years for land based disposal are about $ 21.8 million. The ‘horticultural' pipeline of the land based disposal scheme is expected to be commercially viable. A shortfall in revenue from the afforestation component is expected and may need to be considered as an environmental cost of ceasing marine disposal.
Application of the Streaming Current Detector in Sludge Conditioner Selection and Control
Authors: Dentel S. K. , Abu-Orf M. M. 
Published: May 2018

The streaming current detector (SCD) can be utilized to measure charge characteristics of a suspension or sludge which can be related to zeta potential. In this study, the SCD was used as a tool for polymer selection and dose control toward improved sludge conditioning prior to centrifugation.
In laboratory studies, polymer addition to sludges was followed by controlled mixing then measurement of streaming current (SC) and capillary suction time (CST). Plant studies employed facilities at an 18.8 MGD wastewater treatment facility in Warminster, PA, USA. Anaerobically digested sludge was conditioned with varying doses of cationic polymer and dewatered using two parallel solid-bowl centrifuges.
The polymer caused a transition from negative to positive charge in both conditioned sludge and centrate. The polymer dose range for optimum dewaterability, as indicated by CST and solids recovery, corresponded to near-zero SC in all cases. Even when greater mixing intensities or times increased the polymer demand, the charge transition was similarly related. This correspondence was used to successfully confirm a calculation method establishing velocity gradient and mixing time similitude between jar tests and in-line mixing prior to the centrifuge.
Survival of Plant Pathogens and Weed Seeds during Anaerobic Digestion
Authors: Engeli H. , Edelmann W. , Fuchs J. , Rottermann K. 
Published: May 2018

The survival of Plasmodiophora brassicae was studied at digestion temperatures of 35 °C and 55 °C in laboratory batch digesters within one and two weeks, respectively. The study showed that digestion at 55 °C almost completely reduced the ability of infecting bait plants.
The seeds of Rumex obtusifolius and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (tomatoes) were completely destroyed at 55 °C and a digestion time of 14 days, in laboratory batch digesters.
The experiments carried out in a two stage pilot plant (Leach-Bed Solid Phase batch Digester for hydrolysis and a pulsating dynamic anaerobic filter for methanogenesis) showed that hydrolytic conditions are mainly responsible for the killing of weed seeds. Some additional data on the qualities of different digested substrates are presented.
Potable Water by Use of Swirl Concentrators
Authors: Mashauri D. A. , Viitasaari M. 
Published: May 2018

Water processing for potability purposes is a challenging and expensive exercise. In many cases raw water is in a state which demands elaborate treatment so as to produce clean water - chemically, bacteriologically and physically. The first two analyses are well known and the processes standardized to some extent. The last requirement is taken for granted - that is simple and therefore need not be considered. It is the physical requirements, for example colour, taste, smell and turbidity, that the public cares much for.
In this paper the removal of solid particles, which are the main cause of turbidity and to some extent colour and taste in water, is discussed. The process is based on water power separation mechanism through the use of swirl concentrators. The concentrator uses the fluidic power of raw water to physically separate suspended solids from the raw water thereby rendering the water potable.
Both theoretical or mathematical and physical treatments are provided.
The liquid and particle flow is calculated by a numerical model. The model's equations of motion are solved numerically for a turbulent axissymmetric system of a vortex basin. A uniform computational grid is used when estimating the finite differences for the equations of motion. The mixing length model procedure is utilized to compute turbulence. The results of the numerical model do agree, to some extent, with the measured ones.
Sustainability of Water Supplies in Provincial Egypt
Authors: Nicholson N. F. 
Published: May 2018

Life, health and hygiene all depend on access to a plentiful supply of safe drinking water. Piped water supplies in rural Egypt are insufficient to meet the demands of the existing population. This situation is worsening due to the rapid population growth and failure of existing water supply systems.
There are already areas of the country with severe piped water shortages. If corrective action is not taken soon densely populated villages will become vulnerable to outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Immediate action is needed to reverse the deterioration of water supply systems and to improve the benefits gained from capital works investments in the sector.
This paper promotes the concept that sustainable water systems in rural Egypt depends on a central government and local unit partnership. Also needed are consumer bodies to determine user needs; local units to be given powers to manage the revenue and expenditure accounts; and the central government to concentrate on setting policies and guidelines, and assisting with the implementation of major capital works.
Wastewater Treatment by Infiltration Basins. Case Study: Saint Symphorien de Lay, France
Authors: Guilloteau J. A. , Lienard A. , Vachon A. , Lesavre J. 
Published: May 2018

Domestic wastewater treatment by infiltration basins is a process that is becoming common in France. In the absence of accurate operating data, we felt it would be useful to conduct a case study at an existing plant. The Saint Symphorien de Lay plant, serving a population-equivalent of 500, was chosen because the basins are watertight and drained.
The study revealed 85% TSS, COD and Total Phosphorus removal. Nitrogen yields varied over the flooding period, with a high production of nitrates at the beginning of the period. The rate of decontamination (1 to 2 Log unit) was lower than expected.
The infiltration surface should increase from 1 to 1.5 m2/p.e. and spread over three basins. Research is now focusing on finding the biologically active depth of an infiltration basin.
Second Generation Oxidation Ditches: Advanced Technology in Simple Design
Authors: Petersen G. , Nour El-Din H. , Bundgaard E. 
Published: May 2018

Oxidation ditcb systems for waste water treatment at various demands for effluent quality with regard to BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus are presented.
Simple design for only BOD-removal and nitrification as well as designs for advanced treatment including biological nitrogen and biological phosphorus removal are presented, and full scale results from more than 15 years of operation are shown.
The simple design and price competitive construction can none the less produce effluent qualities below 15 mg BOD/l, 8 mg N/l and 1.5 mg P/l if the right oxidation ditcb combination is used.
Wastewater Treatment/Reuse in Rural Areas
Authors: Kuttab Atallah S. 
Published: May 2018

Proper hygiene leading to good health, in urban as well as rural communities, requires that the consumption of drinking water is raised to acceptable levels (UN organizations put it at 40 liters/cap/day). The increase of water availability necessitates the provision of sewage drainage facilities. Urban areas are normally provided with sewerage schemes (sewer lines, treatment plants, etc.). However, it is unrealistic and not cost feasible to construct such sophisticated systems in villages. This is due to limited resources of public funds available to the responsible government agencies.
In rural areas, the provision of utilities to drain sewage in a safe way lags behind the provision of water for household activities, including drinking water. This creates severe contamination to the environment of the various villages and reduces the impact of water on the improvement of health.
An appropriate wastewater treatment/reuse system, called the Subsurface Drainage Technique (SDT), is described here which was successfully applied, by Save the Children/USA, in several villages on the Israeli Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. The system is applicable for individual households with land available in their immediate vicinity. It consists of a watertight septic tank, where primary treatment occurred, followed by a subsurface drainage field in which the secondary treatment took place. The treated wastewater in the drainage field allowed indirect irrigation (below ground level) for surface plants. Local materials were adopted for the construction of the SDT. Villagers themselves were trained to build the various units and therefore were able to maintain their efficient performance. Ongoing monitoring of the plants grown in the drainage field and the testing for bacteriological contamination ensures the safe performance of the technology.
Performance Assessment of Three Wastewater Treatment Plants Producing Effluents for Irrigation
Authors: Ghobrial Fikry H. 
Published: May 2018

Three wastewater treatment plants, in Kuwait, producing effluents for irrigation were assessed. The assessment was directed to determine the characteristics of the raw wastewater, the quality of the treated effluents, and the efficiency of the various steps of treatment. The assessment of the quality of treated effluents was based on the standards established by the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) according to the reuse plans of the effluents for irrigation. Analyses were carried out for conventional parameters, trace metals, toxic trace organics as well as bacteria. Results of analyses showed that only one plant was producing effluent meeting the requirements of MPW.
The results of this preliminary investigation indicated that despite the toxic constituents in the raw wastewater, they did not constitute a significant problem in the treatment process; two of the three treatment plants violated the reuse standards with respect to the conventional parameters.
Alternative Approaches for Upgrading Effluent Quality for Lagoon Based Systems
Authors: Evans Brian , Nutt Stephen , Ho Tony , Melcer Henryk 
Published: May 2018

The province of Ontario is Canada's most populous province with over 8 million residents out of a total population of 27 million. The province has 512 sewage treatment plants of which 137 or 27% are lagoons. Improved environmental effluent quality standards since the introduction of the lagoons has resulted in many of these being unable to achieve proper effluent quality.
Typical effluent quality requirements across the province require a minimum of secondary treatment, that is 15 mg/l of BOD and suspended solids and 1 mg/l of total phosphorus. The movement towards a clean environment has resulted in phosphorus levels as low as 0.3 mg/l TP and in an increasing number of cases, full nitrification year round. Because many of these lagoons serve small populations in the 100 - 3 000 population equivalents category, the cost of upgrading such lagoons to tertiary quality effluent is significant.
Two approaches for upgrading conventional lagoon systems were evaluated. They are called the Sutton and New Hamburg processes after the towns in Ontario where they were first installed. The Sutton process consists of extended aeration plant, followed by polishing lagoons with waste sludge sent directly to the lagoons, while the New Hamburg process consists of conventional lagoons followed by intermittent sand filtration.
Automatic Regulation of Activated Sludge Aeration – Single-Tank Nitrification-Denitrification
Authors: Lefevre F. , Audic J. M. , Bujon B. 
Published: May 2018

Several activated sludge processes using intermittent aeration were developed during the last decade to improve nitrogen removal. Timers, oxidation-reduction or oxygen probes are often used to switch aeration on and off at preset times or by upper and lower limits. These regulation systems cannot adjust the oxygen supply to the biological oxygen demand and cannot realize the supply when “requested” by the influent. A new controller/regulator system (OGAR: Optimized manaGement of Aeration by Redox) based on the variation with time of the oxidation reduction potential was developed : EH = f(time). This OGAR system controls the aeration periods and therefore optimizes the nitrification and denitrification reactions in the sludge processes.
The operation of the OGAR programmable controller can be summarized by three functions:
It is a true diagnostic tool and a decision making aid. Its simple design enables it to be adapted easily to any site and to be highly user-friendly.
OGAR was applied to an existing wastewater treatment plant located at Nezel-la-Falaise near Paris (west suburb). Overall performance of the plant before and after implementation of automatic aeration control by OGAR yields the following conclusions:removal of COD was improved by 45 % reduction in COD from 100 mg/l to 55 mg/lammonia nitrogen concentration was reduced from 42 mg.l-1 to 2mg.1-1 and nitrate nitrogen concentration was reduced to less than 5 mg.1-1
A New Sewage Treatment System with Fluidized Pellet Bed Separator
Authors: Suzuki Tatsuhiko , Tambo Norihito , Ozawa Genzo 
Published: May 2018

A new sewage treatment system which is composed of a fluidized pellet bed separator, aerobic biological filter and micro–membrane filter was studied.
In the newly proposed system, at the first stage, higher molecular weight organic substances and suspended matter are removed by way of chemical coagulation and flocculation. For the operation, a new fluidized pellet bed separator with high separation rate of 200-300 m/day is introduced to improve the treatment rate. A large percentage of organ ic substances are removed by the new coagulation/flocculation process. Hence, the total BOD load to be applied to the following biological treatment becomes very low. In addition to this, the organic substances in the effluent from the fluidized pellet bed separator are on lylower molecular weight substances which are easily biologically decomposed. Therefore easily decomposing and lower concentration pollutants enable use of a simple biological treatment p rocess such as aerobic biological filter with as short a detention time as 1 hour. Finally, effluent from the biological filter is treated by a micro-membrane filter. By the membrane process, suspended matte rs in the biologically treated water can be removed completely. Phosphate concentration of the treated water is very low, which is caused by aluminum coagulation in the first step and biological intake of the nutrient in the second step followed by complete sol id liquid separation in the third step.
Planning Stormwater Treatment of a Mountainous Urban Area
Authors: Michelbach S. 
Published: May 2018

Within the urban drainage system the sewer system, the wastewater treatment plant and the receiving waters form a functional unit The interactions between these three systems are of importance during the whole planning cycle. In particular, the sensitivity of the receiving waters should be more taken into account than has been done up to now.
The extension of stormwater treatment for a small town in a mountainous area should be planned. A first study done by a different company working only with guidelines recommended specific volumes for stormwater tanks between 30 m3 and 70 m3 per ha impervious area Six new stormwater tanks with a total volume of 5000-6000 m3 were to be installed. For the community these values seemed to be unrealistically high. In discussion with the water management, they wanted to undertake a more realistic planning. The company Umwelt- und Fluid-Technik (UFT) was commissioned to work out a new study taking the specific conditions of the urban catchment into account
Virus Isolation and Identification by PCR in an Outbreak of Hepatitis A: Epidemiological Investigation
Authors: Divizia M. , Gnesivo C. , Bonapasta R. A. , Morace G. , Pisani G. , Panà A. 
Published: May 2018

An outbreak of hepatitis A in a school and in a college in Rome, involving 13 cases, is described. Anti-HAV IgM were identified in 13 out of 14 cases and the epidemic curve suggested a person to person transmission of the virus. Hepatitis A virus was identified in a well-water sample of the college using traditional methods and the PCR test. This water, depending on bacteriological analysis, was classified as undrinkable.
The epidemiological investigation showed that the principal risk factors were to be full-time at the State school and boarders at the college. These differences were statistically significatives.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of a UV Plant for Drinking Water Disinfection
Authors: Sommer R. , Cabaj A. 
Published: May 2018

The effective UV-dose in a UV-reactor depends on the transmission and the flow rate of the water being irradiated as well as on the design of the plant and the hydraulic behavior. Since there is no possibility for a direct and simple dose measurement in such a system, it is necessary to develop a testing procedure which estimates the hygienic safety of such a plant. B. subtilis (ATCC 6633) spores were suspended in potable water and irradiated in a commercially available drinking water UV plant with varying flows (0.5 to 7.5 m3/h) and transmission (3 to 80 %; thickness 10 cm).
Sodium thiosulfate and adenosine were used as transmission reducing substances. Because of the known UV sensitivity of the spores it was possible to calculate the effective dose in the reactor as space radiant exposure for each test. The data resulted in an individual diagram of efficiency. It was shown that this testing procedure is suitable for the evaluation of the disinfection capacity of UV plants and the estimation of the field of application depending upon transmission and flow rate of the water being irradiated.
Technical Guidance for Implementing BMPs in the Coastal Zone
Authors: Frederick R. E. , Dressing S. A. 
Published: May 2018

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released the Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters on January 14, 1993. This document is EPA's technical guidance on the best affordable ways to reduce or prevent nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in the coastal zone. The authors believe that it is currently the most comprehensive summary of best management practices (BMPs) available. The guidance contains BMPs for the control of NPS pollution from agriculture, forestry, urban areas, marinas, and hydromodification (channels, dams, and stream and shoreline erosion). Wetlands, riparian areas, and vegetated treatment systems are addressed in the guidance as additional options to control nonpoint pollution. The guidance also includes monitoring and compliance tracking techniques to accompany the management measures.
EPA and NOAA are developing approaches to help states, local governments, and affected parties understand and use the technical guidance in their coastal nonpoint source programs. Although final decisions have not yet been made, this paper summarizes the current thinking regarding this technical assistance.
Zelivka River Storage and Treatment Complex Supplying the Prague Agglomeration with Drinking Water: Addressing Point and Non-Point Pollution Problems
Authors: Chour V. , Holas J. , Korab J. , Srb O. 
Published: May 2018

Gradual deterioration of stored-water quality and actual danger of critical breakdown of the treatment technology supplying some 1.5 M inhabitants of the Prague-Agglomeration with drinking water are addressed by the conceited governmental action programme proposed in 1992 jointly by the Ministries of Environment and Agriculture of the Czech Republic. The programme is based on hitherto long-term extensive studies and includes additional research, investigation and monitoring works, design and implementation of abatement projects as well as policy, legislation and institutional activities.
Massive growth of phytoplankton biomass throughout the dam reservoir promoted by the unwanted luxurious supply of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds was traced both to point and non-point pollution sources in the watershed. While phosphorus was found to be primarily borne by communal point sources, nitrogen in the yearly amount of 2-3,000 t is mainly an indirect by-product of actual agricultural cropping systems. Long-term research has brought the evidence of complex microbial transformation, mineralization, nitrification and other processes involved in the nitrogen transport to the reservoir. To date other pollutants, e.g. chlorides, sulphates, heavy metals and organics have neither reached safety limits nor displayed excessive growing trends in the reservoir.
Sources of Pollutants in Wisconsin Stormwater
Authors: Bannerman R. T. , Owens D. W. , Dodds R. B. , Hornewer N. J. 
Published: May 2018

Rainfall runoff samples were collected from streets, parking lots, roofs, driveways, and lawns. These five source areas are located in residential, commercial, and industrial land uses in Madison, Wisconsin. Solids, phosphorus, and heavy metals loads were determined for all the source areas using measured concentrations and runoff volumes estimated by the Source Load and Management Model. Source areas with relatively large contaminant loads were identified as critical source areas for each land use.
Streets are critical source areas for most contaminants in all the land uses. Parking lots are critical in the commercial and industrial land uses. Lawns and driveways contribute large phosphorus loads in the residential land use. Roofs produce significant zinc loads in the commercial and industrial land uses.
Identification of critical source areas could reduce the amount of area needing best-management practices in two areas of Madison, Wisconsin. Targeting best-management practices to 14% of the residential area and 40% of the industrial area could significantly reduce contaminant loads by up to 75%.