bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanding the chemistry of single‐ion conducting poly(ionic liquid)s with polyhedral boron anions
Authors: Lozinskaya Elena I , Cotessat Merlin , Shmalko Akim V , Ponkratov Denis O , Gumileva Lyudmila V , Sivaev Igor B , Shaplov Alexander S 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of a new family of single‐ion conducting random copolymers bearing polyhedral boron anions is reported. For this purpose two novel ionic monomers, namely [B12H11(OCH2CH2)2OC(O)C(CH3)CH2]2−[(C4H9)4N+]2 and [8‐(OCH2CH2)2OC(O)C(CH3)CH2‐3,3′‐Co(1,2‐C2B9H10)(1′,2′‐C2B9H11)]−K+, having methacrylate function, diethylene glycol bridge and closo‐dodecaborate or cobalt bis(1,2‐dicarbollide) anions were designed. Such monomers differ from previously reported ones by (i) chemically attached highly delocalized boron anions, by (ii) valency of the anion (divalent anion and monovalent one) and by (iii) the presence of oxyethylene flexible spacer between the methacrylate group and bonded anion. Their free radical copolymerization with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate and subsequent ion exchange provided lithium‐ion conducting polyelectrolytes showing low glass transition temperature (−53 to −49 °C), ionic conductivity up to 9.1 × 10−7 S cm−1, lithium transference number up to 0.61 (70 °C) and electrochemical stability up to 4.1 V versus Li+/Li (70 °C). The incorporation of propylene carbonate (20–40 wt%) into the copolymers resulted in the enhancement of their ionic conductivity by one order of magnitude and significantly increased their electrochemical stability up to 4.7 V versus Li+/Li (70 °C). © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Control of thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of three‐component maleimide copolymers by steric bulkiness and hydrogen bonding
Authors: Nagase Soichiro , Miyama Koki , Matsumoto Akikazu 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
N‐substituted maleimides polymerize in the presence of a radical initiator to give polymers with excellent thermal stabilities and transparency. In this study, we synthesized various maleimide copolymers with styrenes and acrylic monomers to control their thermal and mechanical properties by the introduction of bulky substituents and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Three‐component copolymers of N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)maleimide in combination with styrene, α‐methylstyrene (MSt), or 1‐methylenebenzocyclopentane (BC5) as the styrene derivatives, and n‐butyl acrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate, or acrylic acid as the acrylic monomers were prepared by radical copolymerization. These copolymers were revealed to exhibit excellent heat resistance by thermogravimetric analysis. Glass transition temperatures increased by the introduction of bulky MSt and BC5 repeating units. The mechanical properties of the copolymer films were improved by the introduction of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Optical properties, such as transmittance, refractive index, Abbe number, and birefringence, were determined for the copolymers. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1569–1579
Physiotherapist prediction of extubation outcome in the adult intensive care unit
Authors: Cork Gabriella , Camporota Luigi , Osman Leyla , Shannon Harriet 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveMost patients requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation are extubated successfully at the first attempt; however, a minority experience extubation failure, which is associated with increased risk of ventilator‐associated pneumonia, prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay and mortality. Physiotherapists have expertise to assess cough strength, work of breathing, respiratory muscle strength, and respiratory secretion load, which are important factors in the outcome of extubation. Accurate prediction of extubation outcome could help to inform management plans pre‐extubation and postextubation. The primary objective of this service evaluation was to report the accuracy of physiotherapists' prediction of extubation outcome in the adult ICU.MethodsA single‐centre case note review was undertaken. All subjects who received a physiotherapy assessment of extubation suitability prior to extubation between January and March 2016 in the adult ICU of a large teaching hospital in the United Kingdom were included. Assessment, by both specialist and nonspecialist physiotherapists—which included risk stratification of extubation failure as “high,” “moderate,” or “low”—was undertaken prior to extubation. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which pre‐extubation factors were predictive of extubation outcome.ResultsDuring the evaluation period, 68 subjects were extubated following a physiotherapy assessment. Physiotherapy risk stratification as “high risk” (OR 4; 95% confidence interval, CI, [1.312]; p=0.009) and “inappropriate” neurological status (OR 3.3; 95% CI [1.0410]; p=0.037) were the only pre‐extubation factors significantly associated with extubation failure. Assessment by specialist physiotherapists demonstrated greater sensitivity (100% vs. 22%) but lower specificity (68% vs. 95%) to detect extubation failure compared with the assessment performed by nonspecialist physiotherapists.ConclusionPatients classified as “high risk” of extubation failure by a physiotherapist are significantly more likely to fail extubation. Specialist physiotherapists should be involved in the decision to extubate patients in the adult ICU.
Walking with rhythmic auditory stimulation in chronic patients after stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elsner Bernhard , Schöler Almut , Kon Thomas , Mehrholz Jan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesThere is a lack of studies that evaluate the effects of different gait training (GT) interventions for patients after stroke in an outpatient setting. The aim of the present trial therefore was to evaluate the effects of two different outpatient GT programmes after chronic stroke.MethodsWe randomly allocated patients into two groups of either a 4‐week overground GT with rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS, n = 6) of 30 min, three times a week over 4 weeks or an overground GT without RAS (GT, n = 6) with same duration and intensity. Primary outcomes were walking velocity and capacity; secondary outcomes were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and stride length before and after interventions and at 12 weeks follow‐up.ResultsTwelve patients after stroke (nine females; mean [SD] age 67 [9] years; duration of illness 67 [69] months; all left‐sided strokes) were included. Patients improved their walking velocity from baseline until the end of GT (RAS: median difference 0.05 m/s [interquartile range, IQR 0.06] and GT: 0.12 m/s [0.29]) and walking capacity (RAS: median difference 14 m [IQR 14] and GT: 41 m [79]). However, RAS and GT did not differ significantly (p = .30 and p = .30, respectively). Patients improved from baseline until the end of intervention in BBS (RAS: median difference 4 points [IQR 4] and GT: 1 point [3]) and stride length (RAS: median difference 6.3 cm [IQR 12.1] and GT: 5.5 cm [8.8]). However, BBS and stride length did not differ significantly between groups (p = .08 and p = .58, respectively).ConclusionWalking with rhythmic auditory stimulation in chronic patients after stroke does not provide a beneficial effect on walking when compared with walking without rhythmic auditory stimulation.
High‐precision in situ silicon isotopic analyses by multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometry in olivine and low‐calcium pyroxene
Authors: Villeneuve Johan , Chaussidon Marc , Marrocchi Yves , Deng Zhengbin , Watson E. Bruce 
Published: June 2019

RationaleHigh‐precision determination of silicon isotopes can be achieved by in situ multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometry (MS‐SIMS). The accuracy of the analyses is, however, sensitive to ion yields and instrumental mass fractionations (IMFs) induced by the analytical procedure. These effects vary from one instrument to another, with the analytical settings, and with the composition and nature of the sample. Because ion yields and IMF effects are not predictable and rely on empirical calibrations, high‐accuracy analyses require suitable sets of standards.MethodsHere, we document calibrations of ion yields and matrix effects in a set of 23 olivine standards and 3 low‐Ca pyroxene for silicon isotopic measurements in both polarities using Cameca IMS 1270 E7 and IMS 1280 HR2 ion probes set with the cesium (Cs) or radiofrequency (RF) source.ResultsSilicon ion yields show (i) strong variations with the chemical composition, and (ii) an opposite behavior between the secondary positive and negative polarities. The magnitude of IMF along the fayalite‐forsterite (olivine) series shows a complex behavior, increasing overall by ≈7‰ (secondary positive) and ≈15‰ (secondary negative) with increasing olivine Mg#. A drastic change in olivine IMF occurs at Mg# ≈ 70 in both polarities. The magnitude of IMF for low‐Ca pyroxene from Mg# = 70–100 is almost constant in both polarities, i.e. ≈0.1‰ in secondary positive and ≈0.15‰ in secondary negative. The analytical uncertainties on individual analyses were ± 0.05–0.15‰ (2 S.E.) with both sources, and the external errors for each standard material were ≈ ±0.05–0.5‰ (2 S.E.) with the Cs source and ≈ ±0.03–0.15‰ (2 S.E.) with the RF source.ConclusionsThe IMF effect of Si isotopes in silicates shows complex behaviors that vary with the chemistry and the settings of the instrument. We developed a suitable set of standards in order to perform high‐accuracy in situ measurements of Si isotopes in olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene characterized by varying chemical compositions by MC‐SIMS.
The analysis of chromosomal abnormalities in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss, focusing on the prognosis of patients with inversion of chromosome (9)
Authors: Nonaka Taro , Takahashi Makiko , Nonaka Chika , Enomoto Takayuki , Takakuwa Koichi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPurposeInversion of chromosome 9 (inv[9]) is considered to be a normal variant, and the inv(9) in patients or husbands with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is believed to be harmless. However, there are few reports concerning the outcomes of pregnancy in patients with RPL when the patient or their partner has inv(9). In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of pregnancy in this patient population.MethodsChromosomal karyotyping was performed for 2006 couples with RPL (two or more consecutive early pregnancy losses including non‐visualized cases) with their informed consent. The frequency of various chromosomal abnormalities in the patient population was then analyzed, and the outcomes of pregnancy in patients with inv(9) were investigated.ResultsThe frequency of inv(9) in the overall population was 2.6% (52/2006). Thus far, 32 patients have conceived repetitively, resulting in live births in 23 cases and early pregnancy losses in nine cases. Four of the nine cases obtained a good outcome in the subsequent pregnancy. Thus, a successful outcome was obtained in 27 of the 32 (84.4%) cases.ConclusionsThis study suggests that inv(9) has no adverse influence on subsequent pregnancy.
How does FSC forest certification affect the acoustically active fauna in Madre de Dios, Peru?
Authors: Campos‐Cerqueira Marconi , Mena Jose Luis , Tejeda‐Gómez Vania , Aguilar‐Amuchastegui Naikoa , Gutierrez Nelson , Aide T. Mitchell 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDespite several efforts to quantify the effectiveness of forest certification in developing sustainable use of forest resources, there is little evidence that certified forests are more effective in conserving fauna than non‐certified managed forest. To evaluate the impact of forest certification on the fauna, we compared the biodiversity in reference sites (n = 23), Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified management sites (n = 24) and non‐FSCmanagement sites (n = 20) in the Tahuamanu region of Peru, during the dry season of 2017. Specifically, we determined if the acoustic space used (ASU), soundscapes composition, and the bird richness and composition significantly varied among the three management types. Variation inASUwas best explained by management type and meanASUin theFSCsites was significantly greater than the reference and non‐FSCsites, possibly suggesting greater richness of acoustically active species. An ordination analysis of the soundscapes showed that there was a significant difference among the three management types. There was greater dissimilarity in soundscape composition between theFSCand non‐FSCsites, and greater overlap betweenFSCand reference sites. Bird identifications resulted in 11,300 detections of 226 bird species. Bird species richness and composition were not significantly different among the management types, indicating, in this context, that birds may not be the best indicators of different management strategies. The weak discrimination by the bird community is likely due to their dispersal ability, undisturbed primary forest matrix, and the occurrence of bamboo patches. The differences inASUamong the management types were most likely due to differences in acoustically active insects, which may be more sensitive to changes in microhabitat differences. Our findings correspond with the conclusions of other studies that certified forests can maintain levels of fauna biodiversity similar to those of undisturbed primary forest in the Amazon region.
Dahlia‐liked Carbon Nanohorns Decorated Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposite and Its Derived Nitrogen‐doped Carbon for High‐performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Lü Qiu‐Feng , Wang Shuhao , Zhou Jing , Duan Fang‐Fang , Yang Haijun , Liu Rui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA dahlia‐liked carbon nanohorns (CNHs) decorated graphene/polyaniline (CGP) nanocomposite was prepared via in situ chemical oxidation and hydrazine hydrate reducing. Firstly, dahlia‐liked CNHs decorated graphene oxide/polyaniline (CGOP) composite was synthesized from the polymerization of aniline monomers on the surface of graphene oxide with spherical dahlia‐liked carbon nanohorns as spacers. Then, the CGP composite was obtained by reducing CGOP using hydrazine hydrate. CGP exhibited a uniform three‐dimensional nanostructure because long cone‐shaped tips of dahlia‐liked CNHs spacers can boost the isolation effect of the nanocomposite. The maximum specific capacitance of CGP was up to 769 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 when served as supercapacitors electrodes. Importantly, CGP also performed a good rate capability and high stability. Furthermore, a CGP‐based asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled and delivered an energy density of 19.1 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1504.9 W kg−1.
Extracellular Vesicles from Activated Dermal Fibroblasts Stimulate Hair Follicle Growth Through Dermal Papilla-Secreted Norrin
Authors: Riche Alizée , Aberdam Edith , Marchand Laëtitia , Frank Elie , Jahoda Colin , Petit Isabelle , Bordes Sylvie , Closs Brigitte , Aberdam Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Dermal papilla cells (DPCs) play a pivotal role in the regulation of hair follicle (HF) growth, formation, and cycling, mainly through paracrine mechanisms. In the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a new paracrine mechanism that can modify the physiological state of recipient cells by transferring biological material. Herein, we investigated the effect of EVs isolated from stimulated human dermal fibroblasts (DFs) on DPC activation and HF growth. We found that these EVs (st-EVs) enhanced HF growth ex vivo. Comparative transcriptomic analysis on DPCs identified specific activation of the NDP gene, encoding the non-Wnt ligand Norrin. We found that Norrin was secreted by st-EVs-stimulated DPCs activating in a noncell autonomous manner β-catenin pathway in follicular keratinocytes (human HF keratinocyte [HHFK]) and hair growth ex vivo. Although Norrin-specific receptor Frizzled4 was barely detected in HHFK, we found its presence in DF-EVs. Accordingly, DF-EVs provided Frizzled4 to potentiate Norrin effects ex vivo. Our study identifies DF-EVs as efficient activators of DPCs and Norrin as a novel modulatory player in HF physiopathology. Stem Cells 2019;37:1166–1175
Clinical impact of Doppler reference charts on management of small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses: need for standardization
Authors: Ruiz‐Martinez S. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Staines‐Urias E. , Villar J. , Gonzalez De Agüero R. , Oros D. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess clinical variability in the management of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses according to different published Doppler reference charts for umbilical artery (UA) and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR).MethodsWe performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Web of Science databases from 1954 to 2018 for studies with the sole aim of creating fetal Doppler reference values for UA, MCA and CPR. The top cited articles for each Doppler parameter were included. Variability in Doppler values at the following clinically relevant cut‐offs was assessed: UA‐pulsatility index (PI) > 95th percentile; MCA‐PI < 5th percentile; and CPR < 5th percentile. Variability was calculated for each week of gestation and expressed as the percentage difference between the highest and lowest Doppler value at the clinically relevant cut‐offs. Simulation analysis was performed in a cohort of SGA fetuses (n = 617) to evaluate the impact of this variability on clinical management.ResultsFrom a total of 40 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 19 were analyzed (13 for UA‐PI, 10 for MCA‐PI and five for CPR). Wide discrepancies in reported Doppler reference values at clinically relevant cut‐offs were found. MCA‐PI showed the greatest variability, with differences of up to 51% in the 5th percentile value at term. Variability in the 95th percentile of UA‐PI and the 5th percentile of CPR at each gestational week ranged from 21% to 41% and 15% to 33%, respectively. As expected, on simulation analysis, these differences in Doppler cut‐off values were associated with significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, despite using the same protocol.ConclusionsThe choice of Doppler reference chart can result in significant variation in the clinical management of SGA fetuses, which may lead to suboptimal outcomes and inaccurate research conclusions. Therefore, an attempt to standardize fetal Doppler reference ranges is needed. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prediction of contaminant transport in fractured carbonate aquifer types: a case study of the Permian Magnesian Limestone Group (NE England, UK)
Authors: Medici Giacomo , West Landis Jared , Chapman Pippa Joanne , Banwart Steven Allan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractViruses and bacteria which are characterized by finite lives in the subsurface are rapidly transported via fractures and cavities in fractured and karst aquifers. Here, we demonstrate how the coupling of a robust outcrop characterization and hydrogeophysical borehole testing is essential for prediction of contaminant velocities and hence wellhead protection areas. To show this, we use the dolostones of the Permian Magnesian Limestone aquifer in NE England, where we incorporated such information in a groundwater flow and particle tracking model. Within this aquifer, flow in relatively narrow (mechanical aperture of ~ 10−1–1 mm) fractures is coupled with that in pipe cavities (~ 0.20-m diameter) following normal faults. Karstic cavities and narrow fractures are hydraulically very different. Thus, the solutional features are represented within the model by a pipe network (which accounts for turbulence) embedded within an equivalent porous medium representing Darcian flowing fractures. Incorporation of fault conduits in a groundwater model shows that they strongly influence particle tracking results. Despite this, away from faulted areas, the effective flow porosity of the equivalent porous medium remains a crucial parameter. Here, we recommend as most appropriate a relatively low value of effective porosity (of 2.8 × 10−4) based on borehole hydrogeophysical testing. This contrasts with earlier studies using particle tracking analyses on analogous carbonate aquifers, which used much higher values of effective porosity, typically ~ 102 times higher than our value, resulting in highly non-conservative estimates of aquifer vulnerability. Low values of effective flow porosities yield modelled flow velocities ranging from ~ 100 up to ~ 500 m/day in un-faulted areas. However, the high fracturing density and presence of karstic cavities yield modelled flow velocities up to ~ 9000 m/day in fault zones. The combination of such flow velocities along particle traces results in 400-day particle traces up to 8-km length, implying the need for large well protection areas and high aquifer vulnerability to slowly degrading contaminants.
Muslim–Non-Muslim Locational Attainment in Philadelphia: A New Fault Line in Residential Inequality?
Authors: Friedman Samantha , Yucel Recai M. , Wynn Colleen E. , Gibbons Joseph R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study examines Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment. We pool data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Survey. These data contain respondents’ religious identities and are geocoded at the census-tract level, allowing us to merge American Community Survey data and examine neighborhood-level outcomes to gauge respondents’ locational attainment. Net of controls, our multivariate analyses reveal that among blacks and nonblacks, Muslims live in neighborhoods that have significantly lower shares of whites and greater representations of blacks. Among blacks, Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to reside in suburbs. The Muslim disadvantages for blacks and nonblacks in neighborhood poverty and neighborhood median income, however, become insignificant. Our results provide support for the tenets of the spatial assimilation and place stratification models and suggest that Muslim–non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment define a new fault line in residential stratification.
Lay attitudes toward involuntary organ procurement from death-row prisoners: no, but
Authors: BAR-HILLEL MAYA , LAVEE JACOB 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA multi-item questionnaire concerning lay people's attitudes toward organ procurement without consent from executed prisoners was given to several hundred respondents. The items ranged from all-out condemnation (“It is tantamount to murder”) to enthusiasm (“It is great to have this organ supply”). Overall, we found two guiding principles upheld by most respondents: (1) Convicts have as much a right to their bodies and organs as other people, so the practice should be judged by the same standards as those that guide organ procurement from any donor. Procuring organs without consent is wrong. (2) Benefiting from those organs should be held to more lenient standards than are demanded for their procurement. So, benefitting from these ill-gotten organs should be tolerated.
Conservative Economic Nationalism and the National Policy: Rae, Buchanan and Early Canadian Protectionist Thought
Authors: Helleiner Eric 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTwo distinct strands of conservative Canadian economic nationalism—associated with the ideas of John Rae and Isaac Buchanan—helped to inform the country's protectionist National Policy of 1879. These strands of nationalism were much less influenced by Listian ideas than was economic nationalist thought in many other countries at this time. This study of their content, intellectual sources and influence contributes empirically and analytically to debates in Canadian political economy and international political economy, while also advancing historical scholarship. The arguments also have some potential contemporary relevance in an age when protectionist economic nationalism is rising in the US and elsewhere.