bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock formation in two-layer equal-density viscous gravity currents
Authors: Dauck Tim-Frederik , Box Finn , Gell Laura , Neufeld Jerome A. , Lister John R. 
Published: January 2019

The flow of a viscous gravity current over a lubricating layer of fluid is modelled using lubrication theory. We study the case of an axisymmetric current with constant influx which allows for a similarity solution, which depends on three parameters: a non-dimensional influx rate ${\mathcal{Q}}$; a viscosity ratio $m$ between the lower and upper layer fluid; and a relative density difference $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$. The limit of equal densities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}=0$ is singular, as the interfacial evolution equation changes nature from parabolic to hyperbolic. Theoretical analysis of this limit reveals that a discontinuity, or shock, in the interfacial height forms above a critical viscosity ratio $m_{crit}=3/2$, i.e. for a sufficiently less viscous upper-layer fluid. The physical mechanism for shock formation is described, which is based on advective steepening of the interface between the two fluids and relies on the lack of a contribution to the pressure gradient from the interfacial slope for equal-density fluids. In the limit of small but non-zero density differences, local travelling-wave solutions are found which regularise the singular structure of a potential shock and lead to a constraint on the possible shock heights in the form of an Oleinik entropy condition. Calculation of a simplified time-dependent system reveals the appropriate boundary conditions for the late-time similarity solution, which includes a shock at the nose of the current for $m>3/2$. The numerically calculated similarity solutions compare well to experimental measurements with respect to the predictions of self-similarity, the radial extent and the self-similar top-surface shapes of the current.
The regulatory space of equality and human rights in Britain: the role of the Equality and Human Rights Commission
Authors: Barrett David 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Equality and Human Rights Commission was created in 2006 with wide-ranging powers to protect human rights, promote equal opportunities and encourage mutual respect between different groups. Alongside the Commission, individuals through the courts, and sector-specific enforcers (such as ombudsmen and regulators) have also been given equality and human rights enforcement powers. Within this enforcement landscape, the Commission has struggled to craft an enforcement role for itself. For the first time, this paper, through the mapping of these different actors in their shared regulatory space, outlines a role for the Commission in equality and human rights enforcement. This role consists of three primary tasks: (i) taking action that courts and sector-specific enforcers are unable to perform; (ii) overcoming some of the limitations of private enforcement in the courts; and (iii) coordinating and supporting sector-specific enforcers. The paper concludes by exploring how the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) can effectively fulfil this role.
Existence and non-existence of minimal graphic and p-harmonic functions
Authors: Casteras Jean-Baptiste , Heinonen Esko , Holopainen Ilkka 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe prove that every entire solution of the minimal graph equation that is bounded from below and has at most linear growth must be constant on a complete Riemannian manifold M with only one end if M has asymptotically non-negative sectional curvature. On the other hand, we prove the existence of bounded non-constant minimal graphic and p-harmonic functions on rotationally symmetric Cartan-Hadamard manifolds under optimal assumptions on the sectional curvatures.
Neuropsychological Characteristics of the Confusional State Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Keelan Rachel E. , Mahoney Elaine J. , Sherer Mark , Hart Tessa , Giacino Joseph , Bodien Yelena G. , Nakase-Richardson Risa , Dams-O’Connor Kristen , Novack Thomas A. , Vanderploeg Rodney D. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectives: Individuals with moderate–severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) experience a transitory state of impaired consciousness and confusion often called posttraumatic confusional state (PTCS). This study examined the neuropsychological profile of PTCS. Methods: Neuropsychometric profiles of 349 individuals in the TBI Model Systems National Database were examined 4 weeks post-TBI (±2 weeks). The PTCS group was subdivided into Low (n=46) and High Performing PTCS (n=45) via median split on an orientation/amnesia measure, and compared to participants who had emerged from PTCS (n=258). Neuropsychological patterns were examined using multivariate analyses of variance and mixed model analyses of covariance. Results: All groups were globally impaired, but severity differed across groups (F(40,506)=3.44; p<.001; ŋp2 =.206). Rate of forgetting (memory consolidation) was impaired in all groups, but failed to differentiate them (F(4,684)=0.46; p=.762). In contrast, executive memory control was significantly more impaired in PTCS groups than the emerged group: Intrusion errors: F(2,343)=8.78; p<.001; ŋp2=.049; False positive recognition errors: F(2,343)=3.70; p<.05; ŋp2=.021. However, non-memory executive control and other executive memory processes did not differentiate those in versus emerged from PTCS. Conclusions: Executive memory control deficits in the context of globally impaired cognition characterize PTCS. This pattern differentiates individuals in and emerged from PTCS during the acute recovery period following TBI. (JINS, 2019, 25, 302–313)
Discretionary intake among Australian adults: prevalence of intake, top food groups, time of consumption and its association with sociodemographic, lifestyle and adiposity measures
Authors: Fayet-Moore Flavia , McConnell Andrew , Cassettari Tim , Tuck Kate , Petocz Peter , Kim Jean 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo profile discretionary food and beverage (DF) consumption among Australian adults.DesignCross-sectional analysis. Dietary and sociodemographic data were used to profile DF intake. Prevalence of DF consumption, DF servings (1 serving=600 kJ), nutrient contribution from DF and top DF food groups by self-reported eating occasions were determined. DF consumers (&gt;0 g) were classified according to quartile of DF intake and general linear models adjusted for age and sex were used to determine associations.Setting2011–12 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NNPAS).ParticipantsAdults aged ≥19 years (n 9341) who participated in the NNPAS 2011–12.ResultsMost adults consumed DF (98 %) and over 60 % exceeded 3 DF servings/d, with a mean of 5·0 (se 0·0) DF servings/d. Cakes, muffins, scones, cake-type desserts contributed the most DF energy (8·4 %) of all food groups, followed by wines (8·1 %), pastries (8·0 %) and beers (6·1 %), with all these food groups consumed in large portions (2·3–3·0 DF servings). Lunch and dinner together contributed 45 % of total DF energy intake. High DF consumers had an average of 10 DF servings, and this group contained more younger adults, males, low socio-economic status, lower usual fruit intake and higher mean waist circumference, but not higher BMI.ConclusionsA focus on DF consumed in large portions at lunch and dinner may help improve interventions aimed at reducing DF intake and addressing negative adiposity-related measures found in high DF consumers.
Trade Rules for the Digital Economy: Charting New Waters at the WTO
Authors: NEERAJ R. S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis Article attempts to explore the challenges in situating a multilateral digital trade agreement within the legal framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Section 1 of the article discusses the broad challenges that digitization poses for the international legal framework for trade regulation. I argue first that the traditional classification of products into goods and services under the WTO system is structurally incompatible with the digital economy. I also argue that striking the appropriate balance between trade liberalization and the pursuit of legitimate public policy objectives in a digital trade agreement will be uniquely challenging because certain features that are intrinsic to the digital industry and business strategies of established players in the digital market raise serious anticompetition challenges. A multilateral agreement regulating digital trade needs to acknowledge and address these challenges. Section 2 surveys the efforts that have been undertaken to regulate digital trade as manifested in the WTO Work Program on Electronic Commerce. Acknowledging that the digital trade agenda of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement could be used as a benchmark for discussions on e-commerce at the WTO, I argue that future negotiations for a multilateral digital trade policy will not benefit from using the TPP's digital trade agenda as a benchmark. The TPP does not reconcile systemic tensions between the digital economy and the extant WTO system or address the anticompetition challenges that are unique to the digital ecosystem.
Beware of Inertial Instability Masquerading as Gravity Waves in Stratospheric Temperature Perturbations
Authors: Harvey V. Lynn , Knox John A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRapp, Dörnbrack, and Preusse (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079142) uses radio occultation observations and meteorological data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting to quantify the effect of inertial instability on stratospheric temperature variability. A very interesting by‐product of their study is the take‐away message that inertial instability “pancake structures” may be misidentified as being caused by gravity waves. We place this result in the context of inertial instability research. We concur with Rapp et al.'s caution to researchers to first examine the large‐scale meteorological environment to rule out inertial instability when analyzing temperature fluctuations that appear to be gravity wave signals in vertical profile data.
On the Close Correspondence Between Storm Time ULF Wave Power and the POES VLF Chorus Wave Amplitude Proxy
Authors: Dimitrakoudis Stavros , Mann Ian R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGround‐based Pc5 ultralow frequency (ULF) wave power in multiple ground‐based meridians is compared to the very low frequency (VLF) wave amplitude proxy, derived from Polar Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) precipitation, for the 33 storms studied by Li et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065342). The results reveal common L‐shell and time profiles for the ULF waves and VLF proxy for every single storm, especially at L ≤ 6, and identical discrimination between efficient and inefficient radiation belt electron acceleration. The observations imply either ULF waves play a role in driving precipitation, which is falsely interpreted as VLF wave power in the proxy, ULF waves drive VLF waves (the reverse being energetically unfeasible), or both have a common driver with nearly identical L‐shell and time dependence. Global ground‐based ULF wave power coherence implies that a small number of meridians can be used to estimate storm time radial diffusion coefficients. However, the strong correspondence between ULF wave power and VLF wave proxy complicates causative assessments of electron acceleration.
Leukemic transformation among 1306 patients with primary myelofibrosis: risk factors and development of a predictive model
Authors: Vallapureddy Rangit R. , Mudireddy Mythri , Penna Domenico , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy M. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Begna Kebede H. , Gangat Naseema , Pardanani Animesh , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAmong 1306 patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF), we sought to identify risk factors that predicted leukemic transformation (LT) in the first 5 years of disease and also over the course of the disease. 149 (11%) LT were documented; patients who subsequently developed LT (n = 149), compared to those who remained in chronic phase disease (n = 1,157), were more likely to be males (p = 0.02) and display higher circulating blasts (p = 0.03), ASXL1 (p = 0.01), SRSF2 (p = 0.001) and IDH1 (p = 0.02) mutations. Logistic regression analysis identified IDH1, ASXL1 and SRSF2 mutations, very high-risk karyotype, age > 70 years, male sex, circulating blasts ≥ 3%, presence of moderate or severe anemia and constitutional symptoms, as predictors of LT in the first 5 years of diagnosis. Time-to-event Cox analysis confirmed LT prediction for IDH1 mutation (HR 4.3), circulating blasts ≥ 3% (HR 3.3), SRSF2 mutation (HR 3.0), age > 70 years (HR 2.1), ASXL1 mutation (HR 2.0) and presence of moderate or severe anemia (HR 1.9). HR-based risk point allocation resulted in a three-tiered LT risk model: high-risk (LT incidence 57%; HR 39.3, 95% CI 10.8–114), intermediate-risk (LT incidence 17%; HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4–7.3) and low-risk (LT incidence 8%). The current study provides a highly discriminating LT predictive model for PMF.
The association between genetic variants of angiopoietin-like 3 and risk of diabetes mellitus is modified by dietary factors in Koreans
Authors: Park Clara Yongjoo , Moon Jiyoung , Jo Garam , Lee Juhee , Kim Oh Yoen , Oh Hannah , Lim Hyunjung , Shin Min-Jeong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe role of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) in blood lipid levels, cardiovascular disease risk, and glucose metabolism has received wide attention. This study aimed to examine whether rs11207997 in ANGPTL3 is associated with a 10-year risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) and if the association is modified by the consumption of certain food groups or nutrients. A prospective cohort study was designed using the Ansan–Ansung data of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (n = 7,358; age ≥40 years at baseline). Participants with the T allele of rs11207997, particularly TT homozygotes, had lower triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels than those with CC. There was no association with fasting blood glucose or other biochemical parameters. ANGPTL3 mRNA was positively associated with circulating TG levels and blood pressure (all p < 0.05). Cox proportional hazard models showed that the rs11207997 T allele is associated with a lower risk of DM after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.812–0.998, p = 0.046). Furthermore, the association between rs11207997 and the risk of DM was modified by dietary factors. These associations were no longer statistically significant when additionally adjusted for baseline TG, a potential mediator. Our data suggest that genetic variation of rs11207997 in the ANGPTL3 gene is associated with risk of DM, possibly through contributing to a lifelong set point of TG.
Characterization of recombinant fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene mutations: evidence of inhibition/activation of FBPase protein by gene mutation
Authors: Topaz Gemma , Epiter-Smith Victor , Robalo Cristina , Emad Megan , Ford Vanessa , Daley Jadine , Byron Jennifer , Stieglitz Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Specific residues of the highly regulated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) enzyme serve as important contributors to the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Previous clinical studies exploring the genetic basis of hypoglycemia revealed two significant mutations in the coding region of the FBPase gene in patients with hypoglycemia, linking the AMP-binding site to the active site of the enzyme. In the present study, a full kinetic analysis of similar mutants was performed. Kinetic results of mutants Y164A and M177A revealed an approximate two to three-fold decrease in inhibitory constants (Ki’s) for natural inhibitors AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6-BP) compared with the Wild-type enzyme (WT). A separate mutation (M248D) was performed in the active site of the enzyme to investigate whether the enzyme could be activated. This mutant displayed an approximate seven-fold increase in Ki for F2,6-BP. Interfacial mutants L56A and L73A exhibited an increase in Ki for F2,6-BP by approximately five-fold. Mutations in the AMP-binding site (K112A and Y113A) demonstrated an eight to nine-fold decrease in AMP inhibition. Additionally, mutant M248D displayed a four-fold decrease in its apparent Michelis constant (Km), and a six-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (CE). The importance—and medical relevance—of specific residues for FBPase structural/functional relationships in both the catalytic site and AMP-binding site is discussed.
Embedded dual switched‐capacitor based continuous input current switched‐inverter for renewable energy application
Authors: Ahmad Anish , Singh Rajeev Kumar 
Published: January 2019

This study presents a high voltage gain embedded dual switched‐capacitor‐based continuous input current impedance source inverter for renewable energy applications. Renewable energy resources have low‐output voltage generation capability, and the converter needs to operate on the extreme duty cycle for high voltage requirements. To achieve high voltage gain, a conventional impedance source inverter needs to operate on a high duty cycle, which leads to the reduction in modulation index. Operating at a reduced value of modulation index leads to poor inversion operation with poor output power quality. In order to take care of this issue, an embedded dual switched‐capacitor‐based inverter is presented for high voltage gain in low shoot‐through duty cycle. The proposed inverter is suitable for DC–AC power conversions such as solar photovoltaic where a low‐input voltage is available, and it needs to be converted into high DC–AC output voltages. Anatomisation of operating principle, steady‐state analysis, passive design criteria, and comparison are discussed. The proposed inverter also has less capacitor voltage stress, less diode current stress, and higher efficiency than other impedance‐source inverters. The operation of the proposed inverter is verified through simulations and experimental results with a 600 W prototype.
Application of Self Mass Damper in multi-story concrete building
Authors: Widarda Dina Rubiana , Hidajat Maria Yvonne 
Published: January 2019

Comfort is one among several aspects in building design. Comfort of the occupant can be measured from the dynamic performance of the building during earthquake. This performance can be increased by installing vibration control to reduce dynamic responses of the building.Considering the space-use efficiency, the building is utilizing certain floors to act as mass dampers. The floors are able to move back and forth independently to counter building vibration. Utilizing an existing floor slab as a mass damper is known as passive vibration control or in particularly named self mass damper (SMD). A 14-story reinforced concrete building is modeled as a case study. The movable floor placement is varied in 3 configurations. The modeled building is excited by El Centro 1940 and Denpasar 1979 ground accelerations, independently. The study compares the dynamic responses of building without SMD and with SMD in three different placements.Placing SMD in 4 top floors (13th,12th, 11th, 10th) gives the best result in reducing building’s dynamic response compared to SMD in 4 mid-height floors (11th,10th, 8th, 7th) or separate group (13th, 12th, 6th, 5th). It is shown that the building has a tendency to response conforming 1st mode of the building.From the analysis, it can be concluded that applied SMD system gives greater reduction on building’s displacement, velocity, and acceleration in response to Denpasar ground acceleration rather than El Centro 1940.
Tympanolith in the Middle Ear
Authors: Nagalingeswaran Ahilasamy , Kumar Rajendran Dinesh 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Background A tympanolith is a calcified body within the middle ear cavity, arising as a result of calcification as a possible nidus (extrinsic or intrinsic).
Case Report A male patient with a known history of diabetes presented with painless, non-foul smelling, chronically discharging right ear more than 20 years duration with an associated hearing loss. Routine investigations were within normal limits, pure tone audiometry findings were suggestive of profound hearing loss in the affected ear. Otoendoscopy revealed a tympanolith, which was removed, following which a moderate size central perforation with an edematous middle ear mucosa was noted.
Discussion Tympanolith is a rare condition which is known to occur in a chronically discharging ear, it’s usually hard, gritty with a smooth surface.
Conclusion In chronically discharging ears with a calcified mass lesion, tympanolith should be considered as differential diagnosis.
Concurrence of Two Rare Conditions: Simultaneous Bilateral Spontaneous Pneumothorax and Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation
Authors: Konca Capan , Tekin Mehmet , Elmas Oksan Cebeci 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSimultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax (SBSP) is a very rare type of pneumothorax. Most reported cases are associated with underlying lung diseases. In a small number of pediatric studies, SBSP was found to be associated with human bocavirus bronchiolitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The present work examines an interesting case of type 2 congenital pulmonary airway malformation presenting with SBSP and bilateral multiple parenchymal cysts.
18.10.15 Thiocarbonic Acids and Derivatives (Update 2018)
Authors: Aitken R. A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 18.10) describing methods for the synthesis of thiocarbonic acids and derivatives and their applications in organic synthesis. In addition to new methods and applications for the more common derivatives covered in the original chapter, synthesis and applications of several less common systems are included for the first time.
30.3.4.3 1,3-Dithianes (Update 2018)
Authors: Saikawa Y. , Nakata M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract1,3-Dithianes are widely used as carbonyl protecting groups as they are stable under both acidic and basic conditions. They are intermediates in desulfurization reactions and they also enable carbonyl umpolung by metalation. This chapter discusses advances in 1,3-dithiane synthesis published since 2007, including solid-supported thioacetalization reactions.
30.4.3 S,N-Acetals (α-Amino Sulfur Derivatives) (Update 2018)
Authors: Mutoh Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.4) describing methods for the synthesis of S,N-acetals (also known as N,S-acetals or α-amino sulfur derivatives) that have been reported since 2003. One of the major recent developments involves the enantioselective synthesis of S,N-acetals by organocatalysis.
30.6.3 N,N-Acetals (Aminals) (Update 2018)
Authors: Mutoh Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 30.6) de- scribing methods for the synthesis of N,N-acetals (also known as aminals) that have been reported since 2003. The major recent advances include methods for the enantioselective synthesis of N,N-acetals by organocatalysis and by transition-metal catalysis.
Limits of multifunctionality in tunable networks
Authors: Rocks Jason W. , Ronellenfitsch Henrik , Liu Andrea J. , Nagel Sidney R. , Katifori Eleni 
Published: January 2019

Significance
Functionally optimized networks are ubiquitous in nature, e.g., in allosteric proteins that change conformation upon binding to a ligand or vascular networks that distribute oxygen and nutrients in animals or plants. Many of these networks are multifunctional, with proteins that can catalyze more than one substrate or vascular networks that can deliver enhanced flow to more than one localized region of the network. This work investigates the question of how many simultaneous functions a given network can be designed to fulfill, uncovering a phase transition that is related to other constraint–satisfaction transitions such as the jamming transition.