bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of marine Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas for penguins around the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands
Authors: Dias Maria P. , Carneiro Ana Paula Bertoldi , Warwick‐Evans Victoria , Harris Colin , Lorenz Katharina , Lascelles Ben , Clewlow Harriet L. , Dunn Michael J. , Hinke Jefferson T. , Kim Jeong‐Hoon , Kokubun Nobuo , Manco Fabrizio , Ratcliffe Norman , Santos Mercedes , Takahashi Akinori , Trivelpiece Wayne , Trathan Philip N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAimTo provide a method of analyzing penguin tracking data to identify priority at‐sea areas for seabird conservation (marine IBAs), based on pre‐existing approaches for flying seabirds but revised according to the specific ecology of Pygoscelis penguin species.LocationWaters around the Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland, and South Orkney archipelagos (FAO Subareas 48.1 and 48.2).MethodsWe made key improvements to the pre‐existing protocol for identifying marine IBAs that include refining the track interpolation method and revision of parameters for the kernel analysis (smoothing factor and utilization distribution) using sensitivity tests. We applied the revised method to 24 datasets of tracking data on penguins (three species, seven colonies, and three different breeding stages—incubation, brood, and crèche).ResultsWe identified five new marine IBAs for seabirds in the study area, estimated to hold ca. 600,000 adult penguins.Main conclusionsThe results demonstrate the efficacy of a new method for the designation of a network of marine IBAs in Antarctic waters for penguins based on tracking data, which can contribute to an evidence‐based, precautionary, management framework for krill fisheries.
Crop competition in winter wheat has a higher potential than farming practices to regulate weeds
Authors: Gaba Sabrina , Caneill Jacques , Nicolardot Bernard , Perronne Rémi , Bretagnolle Vincent 
Published: October 2018

AbstractManagement of biotic interactions has been recognized as a potential substitute for costly agrochemical inputs. Competition is one of the most important biotic interactions known to regulate populations and govern species assemblages. However, although theoretical and empirical work has been produced on competition, in situ experimental evidence is much scantier, mainly because of the difficulty of manipulating competition in the field. Arable weeds offer an outstanding opportunity to meet this challenge, because of the relative ease of in situ experimental manipulation and because of the urgent need to find sustainable weed management strategies. Here, we assess the importance of crop competition and two main conventional farming practices (N fertilizer and weed control) on weed species richness, abundance, and biomass. We set up an experiment with a design with two factors, presence/absence of crops and presence/absence of N fertilizer and weed control, in working farm fields with winter cereals as the target crop. We found that the crop competition reduced weed biomass production by almost 65%, as a result of the crop's competitive advantage from its greater ability to take up N, while the effect on weed species richness was less important. Our results also show that the effect of crop competition on the weed assemblage was much stronger than the effect of N fertilizer and weed control. The decrease in weed abundance and biomass mainly resulted from a strong effect of the crop on the dominant species, while the abundance of intermediate species tended to be much less affected, a result consistent with studies in grasslands where the removal of the dominant species provides a competitive release for subordinate ones. Our results further give experimental support for crop competition as a way to reduce costly agricultural inputs for weed control. Conducting experiments with farmers in their field is a valuable approach to generate knowledge for the future delivery of sustainable management.
Horizontal policy coherence starts with problem definition: Unpacking the EU integrated energy‐climate approach
Authors: Kurze Kristina , Lenschow Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe existing policy coherence literature usually takes problem definition for granted. Building on the case of the Energy Policy for Europe we argue that a focus on shifting problem definitions adds depth to the analysis of policy coherence as it allows us to problematize the standard on which the judgment of coherence is based. We further argue that problem definition is instrumental in enabling certain horizontal policy options. Empirically, the European Union's (EU's) support of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies illustrates that policy coherence between EU energy and environmental policies is increasingly conceptualized as an integrated approach headed for climate change mitigation and a low‐carbon economy. We show that by shifting the focus of policy integration and coherence from environment to climate policy, CCS moved from the margins to the center of available policy options. Arguably, this comes at the expense of coherence if viewed from a broader sustainable development perspective.
A new combined approach to improved lipid production using a strictly aerobic and oleaginous yeast
Authors: Guerreiro Fábio , Constantino Ana , Lima‐Costa Emília , Raposo Sara 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMicrobial lipids have potential applications in energy, and food industry, because most of those lipids are triacylglycerol with long‐chain fatty‐acids that are comparable to conventional vegetable oils and can be obtained without arable land requirement. Rhodosporidium toruloides is a strictly aerobic strain, where oxygen plays a crucial role in growth, maintenance, and metabolite production, such as lipids and carotenoids. Dissolved oxygen concentration is one of the major factors affecting yeast physiological and biochemical characteristics. In this context, different approaches have been developed to increase available oxygen by the increasing the aeration and the addition of an oxygen‐vector. The growth of R. toruloides in 2‐L mechanical stirred tank reactor equipped with 1 or 2 porous spargers and a 70 C/N ratio, revealed a lipid content of 0.47 and 0.52 g/g and a lipidic productivity of 0.16 and 0.17 g/L day, respectively. The oxygen‐vector addition, increased the lipidic productivity for 0.20 g/L day and a lipid contend of 0.51 g of lipids/g of biomass. The combined approach, combining high aeration (AA), and 1% of n‐dodecane addition (DA), produced a significant improvement in the lipid accumulation (62%, w/w), when compared with the DA (51%, w/w) and the AA (52%, w/w) approaches. The increasing of lipids accumulation and smaller culture time are key factors for the success of scale‐up and profitability of a bioprocess.
An aerodynamic ROM of the blade subjected to wake based on Fourier method for flow
Authors: Li Li‐zhou , Zhang Jun , Luo Xiao , Yuan Mei‐ni , Wang Xin‐mei 
Published: October 2018

SummaryA reduced‐order model (ROM) is presented based on Fourier method for flow to predict aerodynamic forces of blades subjected to periodic time‐varying upstream wakes. In the method, a time‐varying wake is decomposed into harmonic waves by fast Fourier transformation. Using the Fourier method for flow and neglecting the cross‐coupling between harmonics, the aerodynamic forces caused by the wake are represented by a linear combination of harmonics with the same frequencies as the wake. The coefficients of the aerodynamic force harmonics are interpolated at the per‐fitted curves of the normalized Fourier coefficients (coefficients of aerodynamic forces harmonics corresponding to a unit simple harmonic excitation)–frequency relationship. A blade example is used to show the ability of the proposed method. The results indicate that the ROM method can predict the aerodynamic forces of blades caused by wakes efficiently and accurately. The amplitude levels of wakes have a linear impact on the accuracy of the ROM. Neglecting the higher‐order cross‐coupling between the harmonics in the ROM method is acceptable.
Crossing U.S. Borders While Pregnant: An Increasingly Complex Reality
Authors: Reed‐Sandoval Amy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn response to the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland, which states that the fetus and the mother have equal rights to life and that nearly all abortions are therefore illegal, many Irish feminists sported luggage tags that read “HEALTHCARE NOT AIRFARE.” The expression—which recently became a popular twitter hashtag for pro‐choice citizens of Ireland leading up to the historic referendum to repeal that abortion ban—refers to the fact that pregnant women from Ireland have long been forced to travel to other European countries in order to legally terminate their pregnancies. In the United States, there is also a deep and challenging relationship between borders and reproductive health. However, that relationship is not understood as clearly as it appears to be in the Irish context. We urgently need to pay careful attention to the interconnections between U.S. border politics and reproductive health care access and to take concrete steps to address resultant injustices.
When Societal Structural Issues Become Patient Problems: The Role of Clinical Ethics Consultation
Authors: Milliken Aimee , Jurchak Martha , Sadovnikoff Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe debate about health insurance coverage and the related issue of unequal access to health care turn on fundamental questions of justice, but for an individual patient like DM, the abstract question about who is deserving of health insurance becomes a very concrete problem that has a profound impact on care and livelihood. DM's circumstances left him stuck in the hospital. A satisfactory discharge plan remained elusive; his insurance coverage severely limited the number and type of facilities that would accept him; and his inadequate engagement in his own rehabilitation process limited discharge options even further. Despite extensive involvement with the psychiatry, social work, physical therapy, and occupational therapy teams, DM consistently made “bad” decisions. He repeatedly refused antibiotics and did not consistently work with rehab services to improve his strength and mobility. Although the clinicians wanted to provide him with the best care possible, he often seemed unwilling to do the things necessary to achieve this care—or perhaps his depression rendered him unable to do so. He also tended to take out his frustration on staff members caring for him. All of this was, in turn, very frustrating for the staff. It may be easy, however, to make too much of DM's role, to see his choices as more important than his circumstances. A major goal of the ethics consultants was to reframe DM's predicament for the staff members involved in his care.
How Bioethics Can Shape Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Authors: Nabi Junaid 
Published: October 2018

AbstractArtificial intelligence and machine learning have the potential to revolutionize the delivery of health care. But designing machine learning‐based decision support systems is not a merely technical challenge. It also requires attention to bioethical principles. As AI and machine learning advance, bioethical frameworks need to be tailored to address the problems that these evolving systems might pose, and the development of these automated systems also needs to be tailored to incorporate bioethical principles.
Justifying Conscience Clauses
Authors: Wicclair Mark R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn “Disentangling Conscience Protections,” in this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Nadia Sawicki offers a taxonomy of conscience protection laws (conscience clauses) that highlights the expansive protections they can offer to health professionals who refuse to provide a medical service for reasons of conscience. Conscience clauses can protect health professionals from adverse actions by public actors (such as administrative agencies, prosecutors, and government funders) or private actors (such as employers, private professional associations, and injured patients), and they can also protect health professionals from being subject to adverse actions for their beliefs, their conduct, or harm that results from their conduct. This taxonomy provides an accurate description of the broad range of protections conscience clauses can offer and thereby is a valuable contribution to the scholarly literature on conscientious objection in health care. But it remains to consider whether the distinctions Sawicki identifies disentangle conscience protections beyond merely providing a taxonomy. In particular, does the taxonomy identify relevant distinctions in relation to determining whether a conscience clause is justified?
Whom to Engage in Patient‐Engaged Research? Reflection on Selection
Authors: Morain Stephanie R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractEngaging patients in research has come to be viewed as a vital component of high‐quality research, and funders now regard engaging patients and other stakeholders as a core criterion for funding decisions. In response, numerous empirical and conceptual papers have emerged to guide the process of engagement. However, as Emily Largent and colleagues rightly note, the inquiry of whom to engage has received less attention. While several teams have suggested that the selection of patients for engagement is an important consideration, researchers generally have little guidance on how to undertake this process. To that end, Largent and colleagues offer an important contribution to the literature. I agree with their argument regarding the centrality of critically examining which patients to engage in research and with their recommendations to maximize the positive goals of patient engagement. However, three issues warrant further consideration.
Investing in Parenthood
Authors: Blustein Jeffrey 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe recent child custody case Weisberger v Weisberger raises a number of ethical issues concerning the rights and responsibilities of parents. Chavie Weisberger, thirty‐five, and her husband, both members of an ultraorthodox Hasidic community, appeared before a religious court in 2008 to obtain a divorce. There are two sharply contrasting legal rulings in this case. Setting aside the legally significant fact that Chavie had signed the divorce agreement with the clause requiring her to raise her children Hasidic, which decision is ethically more defensible and why? Were Chavie's parental rights violated when the court removed her children from her care? Should her ex‐husband have been awarded full custody on the ground that this was in the children's best interest, and is this the right standard to use in making custody decisions? What parental responsibilities did Chavie and her ex‐husband have, and were they satisfactorily discharging them? A theory of the moral foundations of parenthood should provide answers to these questions among others. Joseph Millum, in his excellent new book The Moral Foundations of Parenthood, does this and more. His theory encompasses accounts of the foundation and content of parental rights and responsibilities, the acquisition of parental responsibilities, and the standards governing parental decision‐making.
Solidarity: Careful What We Wish For
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn his well‐researched new book, Solidarity and Justice in Health and Social Care, Ruud ter Meulen traces the history of the concept of solidarity and describes the important role that it can play in health care. He contrasts solidarity with other normative concepts, such as autonomy and justice. According to ter Meulen, solidarity entails a commitment and willingness to help others who are “in need of it due to circumstances out of their control” (p. 170). Thus, solidarity exists when people act for the sake of other people who are vulnerable in some way. Ter Meulen treats solidarity as a distinct normative concept and believes that it is critical for health care. No doubt insofar as social ties and cohesion are good for health, so is solidarity.
Amyloid in the Brain, Alzheimer's on the Mind
Authors: Karlawish Jason 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTwenty percent of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease by experts like me in fact don't have elevated amyloid and so, in fact, don't have Alzheimer's. What they do have is the subject of intense research, and there are many possibilities. A recent study of one thousand brain autopsies from older adults with a range of cognitive impairment showed at least 230 combinations of neuropathology. The point is that while the disease will be treatable, we're unlikely to defeat it as we did polio and smallpox. We're going to have to learn how to live with Alzheimer's as an at least somewhat treatable disease. To do so, we need to think outside the biomedical box.
The Extended Body: On Aging, Disability, and Well‐being
Authors: Reynolds Joel Michael 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInsofar as many older adults fit some definition of disability, disability studies and gerontology would seem to have common interests and goals. However, there has been little discussion between these fields. The aim of this paper is to open up the insights of disability studies as well as philosophy of disability to discussions in gerontology. In doing so, I hope to contribute to thinking about the good life in late life by more critically reflecting upon the meaning of the body, ability, and the variability of each. My central argument is that we should conceptualize age‐associated bodily variations and abilities not in terms of individual capacity, but in terms of what I call “the extended body.” It is in light of the meaning of embodiment and ability in general that we must think differently and more capaciously about the meaning of late life in particular.
Taking a Systems Approach to Chronic Illness in Old Age
Authors: Walker Tom 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe are living through a demographic transition from a world in which there were lots of young people and very few older adults to one in which the numbers in these age groups are becoming more evenly balanced. One reason for this is that more of us are living into our seventies, eighties, nineties, and beyond. That is the good news. Unfortunately, the chance of developing chronic illnesses (including diabetes, arthritis, and dementia) is typically higher for people in these older age groups than for those who are younger. Because we do not know how to cure these illnesses, many of us will spend at least some of this extra time with one or more chronic illness. While we are more likely than in the past to live into older age, we are likely to be living with illness when we get there. That raises a challenge: how should we respond to this change?
Age‐Friendly Initiatives, Social Inequalities, and Spatial Justice
Authors: Greenfield Emily A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDiscourse on communities and aging traditionally has focused on the availability, accessibility, and quality of local services to support older adults in need of assistance. More recently, however, a growing worldwide “age‐friendly” movement has pushed the conceptualization of community supports for an aging society beyond service provision. The term “age friendly” is used in considering how various aspects of a community facilitate or impede the health and well‐being of individuals as they experience long lives.Frameworks on age friendliness include attention to health and community services for older adults but also encompass other aspects of communities, such as the physical design of outdoor spaces and buildings, the diversity of mobility options for drivers and nondrivers alike, and the availability of safe, affordable, and various types of housing. Age‐friendly frameworks also highlight how the very social fabric of a community can influence older residents’ quality of life. Over the past decade, a growing number of cities and communities have launched age‐friendly initiatives as organized and comprehensive efforts to make localities better for residents as they age. This essay begins to explore how AFIs can address social inequalities in health and aging. It concludes by describing how embedding a spatial justice lens within age‐friendly efforts could help AFIs realize more fully the changes that they seek to create at the local, national, and global levels.
How Do We Fund Flourishing? Maybe Not through Health Care
Authors: Taylor Lauren A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe health policy community has a growing interest in the impact of nonmedical determinants of health, such as housing, nutrition, and social supports, on both health outcomes and costs. This interest has been spurred by the Affordable Care Act’s emphasis on prevention, Robert Wood Johnson’s grant‐making focus on a Culture of Health, and an uptick of research demonstrating the potential returns to health care from investments in social services. Much of this policy‐making, grant making, and research has focused on older Americans.The direct policy implications of this strategy can be elusive. It has become clear that more than medicine will be necessary to improve older Americans’ health status. Real improvement likely requires the development of additional social service offerings, including housing that is accessible to people with disabilities, Meals on Wheels‐type nutrition supports, and transportation. But who should bear the costs and control the finances associated with these programs? In this essay, I explore the question of how policy‐makers should consider financing nonmedical investments in older Americans’ health. As the reader will recognize, I stop short of arguing for what will work. Rather, I identify the strands of an emerging strategy—namely, for health care dollars to be diverted into social service programming—and offer several cautions. It may be that policy‐makers still wish to continue down this path, but my hope is that this essay will allow them to so with greater attention to the risks and unintended consequences of that strategy.
“Tho’ much is taken, much abides”: A Good Life within Dementia
Authors: Powell Tia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn writing these essays, we were asked to consider, “What makes a good life in late life?” I thought instantly, perhaps like many people, of photos and stories of older people taking up new careers and new hobbies—running marathons and soup kitchens, starting organic farms. This response is right and proper. Older people can leverage wisdom and creativity to make wonderful contributions to their communities and should be celebrated for doing so. But this happy picture is incomplete. We live longer than ever before, and with that long life, many of us can expect disability. This is the product of medical success. We are less likely to die from cancer, a heart attack, or a stroke; we survive with chronic illnesses and their associated disabilities. A good life in late life, for many of us, will be a life with disability.For this essay, I focus on dementia, a common and ultimately fatal illness, and one that typically lasts many years from the start of symptoms to the end. More than five million Americans currently suffer from dementia; fifteen million paid and volunteer caregivers help support them. What would a good life with dementia look like? How would it change from the early phase, when cognitive impairment and other challenges are relatively modest, to the final phase marked by severe cognitive and physical decline?