bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The temporal uses of French devoir and Estonian pidama (‘must’)
Authors: Treikelder Anu , Amon Marri 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Using a parallel corpus, we compare the temporal uses of devoir in French and pidama (‘must’) in Estonian in order to identify possible correspondences in their future time reference. While they share similar properties in their root modality, they differ in their epistemic and postmodal uses. For French, we mostly follow the analysis of Hans Kronning (2001) who distinguishes three types of future-tense uses of devoir: alethic future, “subjective” and “objective” alethic future in the past. Our analysis demonstrates that unlike devoir, pidama does not have the “objective future in the past”. In contrast, the data reveal a high degree of correspondence between the two verbs in the other future-related uses reported for devoir and generally absent in Estonian descriptions.
Expressing sources of information, knowledge and belief in English and Spanish informative financial texts
Authors: Carretero Marta , Berdasco-Gancedo Yolanda 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of expressions of sources of information, knowledge and belief and their combination with grammaticalized devices of future time from the perspective of the present and the past (‘will’, ‘would’ and their Spanish equivalents) in a corpus of English and Spanish informative financial texts belonging to two levels of specialization. The qualitative analysis describes the expressions concerned and their use in the corpus. The quantitative analysis uncovers the influence of language and level of specialization on the relative frequency of different expressions of source of information, knowledge and belief, a tendency for future time devices to occur within their scope, and a positive relation between the relative frequencies of both kinds of expressions.
Embedding evidence in Tagalog and German
Authors: Tan Jennifer , Mursell Johannes 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We compare two particles with similar meaning contributions from two different languages, German wohl and Tagalog yata, both roughly translatable as ‘I infer’. Based on their context usage, we claim that both are inferential evidentials. Despite their identical meaning, we assume a non-uniform treatment of evidentials, in view of their differing behaviors. By applying well-established tests, we determine the level of meaning they operate on, the propositional level for yata and the illocutionary level for wohl. Our data show that the embeddability test needs modification, allowing for illocutionary operators to be embedded, but only in root-like clauses, as wohl does. Yata, being embeddable in both root and non-root clauses, operates on a propositional level, and is thus a modal evidential.
Questions as indirect speech acts in surprise contexts
Authors: Celle Agnès 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter offers an analysis of two types of interrogatives used as indirect speech acts in surprise contexts in English – unresolvable questions and rhetorical questions. The function of these questions is not to request information that is unknown to the speaker. It is argued that surprise-induced unresolvable questions are expressive speech acts devoid of epistemic goals. Surprise-induced rhetorical questions are shown not to suggest an obvious answer, but to request a commitment update from the addressee. Adopting a schema-theoretic approach to surprise, it is shown that unresolvable questions and rhetorical questions can express mirativity, the former at the initial stage of the cognitive processing of unexpectedness, the latter at the last stage.
The perfect in Avar and Andi
Authors: Verhees Samira 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with perfect forms of the verb in Avar and Andi, two East Caucasian languages. The presence of an ergative agent is shown to be an important parameter in distinguishing resultative constructions from resultative perfects in these languages. This distinction is relevant to determine whether current relevance meanings of the perfect are at all represented in these languages, alongside resultative proper and evidential usages. Based on elicitation as well as corpus data, this study shows that the Avar perfect represents a highly polysemic verb form that combines resultative proper, current relevance and indirect evidentiality, while its Andi counterpart shows a more advanced stage of grammaticalization of the indirect evidential meaning.
Reading and digital media
Authors: Deszcz-Tryhubczak Justyna , Huysmans Frank 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The on-going discussion between parents, educators, politicians and academics on the consequences of screen reading as compared to reading from paper is filled with controversy. This chapter aims at providing a factual context for these debates. We first focus on early studies concerning children’s use of media. We then summarise available data on children’s digital media use and media preferences based on national and cross-national surveys conducted in Europe since 2010, including reading in a family context. We also look at evidence related to digital reading in public and school libraries. We conclude by discussing limitations in the available methodologies and possible new approaches to be taken to enhance our understanding of the ways in which reading is changing.
Comprehension processes in digital reading
Authors: Salmerón Ladislao , Strømsø Helge I. , Kammerer Yvonne , Stadtler Marc , van den Broek Paul 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The Internet offers readers the unique opportunity to access rich information scenarios, but doing so requires the use of advanced digital reading skills. Examples of such scenarios are searching and acquiring information from multiple sources (e.g., hypertext, images, videos) and participating in the social exchange of information (e.g., web forums, social networks, commenting newspapers). In such scenarios, the reader has to cope with (a) the constantly growing number of available information sources, (b) the different formats in which digital information is presented, and (c) the varying quality of the information available. To deal with these affordances, individuals need to possess reading skills that go beyond what is needed to understand a single text alone. Such advanced reading skills include: (a) search and navigation skills to select relevant web pages and hyperlinks and to avoid getting lost in hyperspace; (b) the ability to integrate multiple pieces of information and multiple presentation formats (texts from different web pages, text and animations); and (c) critical evaluation skills (e.g., assessing the trustworthiness of information on a web page and evaluating the quality of a comment from a social network). Existing literature suggests that children and adolescents possess some of these skills, but that students at all levels struggle to apply them in complex scenarios. In the present chapter, we aim to review the literature regarding the skills needed to master the affordances of advanced digital reading scenarios.
Learning of Korean honorifics through collaborative tasks
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Lee Hakyoon , Kim YouJin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This study examines the effects of collaborative writing tasks on the development of Korean honorifics among heritage language (HL) and foreign language (FL) learners. Participants were 14 HL learners (HLLs) and 32 FL learners (FLLs) of Korean (i.e., 14 HLL-FLL and 9 FLL-FLL dyads) in beginning-level language classrooms at a university in the U.S.A. They completed a pretest, two collaborative writing tasks, immediate posttests, delayed posttests (administered three weeks after immediate posttests), and a post-interaction questionnaire in their regular classes. Learning outcomes were measured by discourse completion tests and acceptability judgment tests. Interactions of HLL-FLL and FLL-FLL dyads were analyzed for the occurrence of pragmatic related episodes (PREs; Taguchi & Kim, 2016). Findings indicated that both HLLs and FLLs developed their receptive and productive knowledge of Korean honorifics over time. It was also found that HLLs in HLL-FLL dyads had an advantage over FLLs in FLL-FLL dyads in improving their productive knowledge of Korean honorifics in the immediate posttests, but not in the delayed posttests. In terms of PRE occurrences, both HLL-FLL and FLL-FLL dyads focused more on honorific nouns and honorific verb suffixes than honorific verbs and honorific subject particles. In addition, HLLs and FLLs alike had positive attitudes towards their partners in completing collaborative tasks. This study highlights the benefits of collaborative writing tasks for learning pragmatics in FL classrooms where HLLs and FLLs coexist.
Task design and validity evidence for assessment of L2 pragmatics in interaction
Authors: Youn Soo Jung 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
This study examines how clear communicative goals and authentic interaction are ensured in task-based pragmatic assessment practices, particularly in designing role-play assessment tasks and developing task-appropriate rating criteria. Employing a concurrent mixed methods design, conversation analysis (CA) and multi-faceted Rasch measurement were used to investigate whether task-independent interactional features are elicited from role-play interactions and how interaction-specific rating categories function quantitatively. The CA findings indicated that various interactional organizations emerged from role-play task interactions as examinees oriented to the different degree of imposition and contextual variables embedded in the role-plays. Further, the interactional features included in the rating criteria created a substantial amount of variance in distinguishing varying degrees of pragmatic performance. The findings are discussed in terms of designing valid pragmatic assessment tasks and what features need to be included in developing rating criteria to ensure the validity evidence of task-based pragmatic assessment.
The effects of task type and L2 proficiency on discourse appropriacy in oral task performance
Authors: Ekiert Monika , Lampropoulou Sofia , Révész Andrea , Torgersen Eivind 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Conceived within the TBLT framework, the present study examined pedagogic tasks as vehicles for demonstrating L2 learners’ discourse appropriacy in oral production. Eighty ESL learners’ discourse appropriacy was measured using three pragmatically-oriented task types (complaint, refusal, and advice) across four different proficiency levels. The findings showed that, for all task types, as general proficiency increased, ratings of discourse appropriacy also increased. We found that there was a pronounced difference in discourse appropriacy between the intermediate and advanced proficiency levels, and that for learners at higher levels of proficiency, discourse appropriacy did not vary from task to task. In contrast, task type made a difference for less proficient learners in that the refusal task was particularly challenging compared with other tasks.
After the Drought: The Impact of Microinsurance on Consumption Smoothing and Asset Protection
Authors: Janzen Sarah A. , Carter Michael R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTo cope with shocks, poor households with inadequate access to financial markets can sell assets to smooth consumption and, or reduce consumption to protect assets. Both coping strategies can be economically costly and contribute to the transmission of poverty, yet limited evidence exists regarding the effectiveness of insurance to mitigate these costs in risk‐prone developing economies. Utilizing data from an RCT in rural Kenya, this paper estimates that on average an innovative microinsurance scheme reduces both forms of costly coping. Threshold econometrics grounded in theory reveal a more complex pattern: (i) wealthier households primarily cope by selling assets, and insurance makes them 96 percentage points less likely to sell assets following a shock; (ii) poorer households cope primarily by cutting food consumption, and insurance reduces by 49 percentage points their reliance on this strategy.
A Non-varying Phenomenon with an Application to the Wind-Tree Model
Authors: Pardo Angel 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We exhibit a non-varying phenomenon for the counting problem of cylinders, weighted by their area, passing through two marked (regular) Weierstrass points of a translation surface in a hyperelliptic connected component $\mathcal{H}^{hyp}(2g-2)$ or $\mathcal{H}^{hyp}(g-1,g-1)$, $g&gt; 1$. As an application, we obtain the non-varying phenomenon for the counting problem of (weighted) periodic trajectories on the Ehrenfest wind-tree model, a billiard in the plane endowed with $\mathbb{Z}^2$-periodically located identical rectangular obstacles.
Herpes Zoster: Epidemiological Links With Stroke and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Warren-Gash Charlotte 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Routine data from electronic health records (EHRs) provide insights into links between herpes zoster (HZ) and cardiovascular complications such as stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) in different populations worldwide. Evidence from large EHR studies using both self-controlled case series and traditional cohort designs suggests that there is a transient increase in the risk of stroke after HZ, which gradually resolves over 6–12 months. In these studies, herpes zoster ophthalmicus was associated with a higher risk of stroke than HZ at other sites. A larger effect size was seen in people aged under 40 years. Existing studies also suggest that HZ may have a triggering effect on MI, although fewer studies examined this outcome. Further evidence is needed on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccine and antiviral drugs to reduce cardiovascular complications after HZ from studies that are designed to minimize selection biases and confounding by indication.
Soft Tissue and Skin Reinforcement with Acellular Dermal Matrix to Protect Implanted Cardioverters/Defibrillators and Pacemakers
Authors: Rudolph Ross , Curtis Guy 
Published: July 2018

Summary:
Cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverters/defibrillators are often placed in older patients with thin skin and scanty subcutaneous tissue. These devices and cardiac leads are at risk for progressive skin erosion and exposure leading to infection. To prevent this severe complication, we developed a reinforcing insertion of acellular dermal matrix. Twenty-two of 24 patients had successful implantation with long-term avoidance of skin erosion
VITRECTOMY WITH INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE PEELING AND AIR TAMPONADE FOR MYOPIC FOVEOSCHISIS
Authors: Rizzo Stanislao , Giansanti Fabrizio , Finocchio Lucia , Caporossi Tomaso , Barca Francesco , Bacherini Daniela , Cocci Giulia , Vannucchi Martino , Tartaro Ruggero , Virgili Gianni 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes of 23-gauge or 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade for the treatment of myopic foveoschisis.

Methods:
Retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. The records of 29 patients (32 eyes), with myopic foveoschisis who were treated by 23-gauge or 25-gauge 3-port pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade, were reviewed. At each visit, a complete ophthalmic examination, intraocular pressure, best-corrected visual acuity, and central foveal thickness measured using optical coherence tomography were assessed.

Results:
Twenty-five eyes of 23 patients (M:F = 4:19) matched the inclusion criteria, whereas 7 eyes of 6 patients were excluded. The mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity (Snellen equivalent) was 0.62 (20/80) (SE: 0.061), and the mean preoperative central foveal thickness was 619.5 µm (SE: 16.38) at baseline. Visual acuity significantly improved of 5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters (45 letters) at the 1-month follow-up (P < 0.001), 2 lines (50 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) at the 6-month follow-up (P < 0.001), and it reached 55 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters at the 1-year follow-up visit (P < 0.001). Central foveal thickness decreased to 292.4 µm (SE: 15.93), to 227.3 µm (SE: 14.05), and to 208.8 µm (SE: 12.86), respectively, at the 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups (for each P < 0.001). There were no differences in best-corrected visual acuity or central foveal thickness changes between the foveal detachment group and the nonfoveal detachment group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Small-gauge vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling and air tamponade results in favorable anatomical and functional outcomes for patients affected by myopic macular foveoschisis.
CHORIORETINAL CHANGES IN A GENETICALLY CONFIRMED CASE OF BOUCHER–NEUHÄUSER SYNDROME
Authors: DeNaro Brittany B. , Dhrami-Gavazi Elona , Rubaltelli David M. , Freund K. Bailey , Lee Winston , Yannuzzi Lawrence A. , Tsang Stephen H. , Kang Joann J. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
To describe the retinal findings in a 25-year-old white woman in whom a diagnosis of Boucher–Neuhäuser Syndrome (BNS) was supported by genetic testing, which identified a missense and novel nonsense mutation in the PNPLA6 gene.

Methods:
Observational case report of a 25-year-old woman who presented with primary amenorrhea, cerebellar ataxia, and mild retinal pigmentary abnormalities. Neurologic, endocrine, and genetic evaluations established a diagnosis of BNS.

Results:
Clinical examination and multimodal imaging documented focal outer retinal and retinal pigment epithelium changes including bilateral foveal stippling and a circular area of hypopigmentation in the superior macula of the left eye. Optical coherence tomography showed a linear area of outer retinal attenuation superonasal to the fovea and multiple foci of pinpoint outer retinal defects in the temporal macula of the left eye. Humphrey visual field 24-2 testing showed nonspecific defects in both eyes. Full-field electroretinography showed no evidence of a generalized retinal dysfunction.

Conclusion:
Recognition that the chorioretinal abnormalities occurring in BNS can be rather subtle is essential because the diagnosis of BNS may depend on their detection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the ophthalmic literature of mild chorioretinal changes in a patient with BNS testing positive for a mutation in the PNPLA6 gene.
CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA IN THE SETTING OF PRIMARY VITREORETINAL LYMPHOMA
Authors: Deák Gábor G. , Sneed Scott R. , Jampol Lee M. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose:
To present a rare case of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma presenting with cystoid macular edema without previous surgical intervention or radiotherapy.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review of one patient.

Results:
A 74-year-old patient was seen with a history of cataract surgery in 1 eye and presumed ocular inflammation with recurrent cystoid macular edema in both eyes. On examination, subretinal pigment epithelial and intraretinal infiltrates raised the suspicion of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma despite the unusual presentation with cystoid macular edema. A magnetic resonance imaging and brain biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of vitreoretinal lymphoma in the setting of central nervous system lymphoma.

Conclusion:
Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma can present with cystoid macular edema in rare cases.
Unilateral and Bilateral Audiological Benefit With an Adhesively Attached, Noninvasive Bone Conduction Hearing System
Authors: Gawliczek Tom , Munzinger Fabio , Anschuetz Lukas , Caversaccio Marco , Kompis Martin , Wimmer Wilhelm 
Published: July 2018

Objective:
To assess the audiological benefit of a noninvasive, adhesively attached bone conduction device (BCD1) in subjects with induced bilateral conductive hearing loss. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the additional benefit of bilateral fitting compared with unilateral fitting and to compare the outcomes with bone conduction devices attached to a softband (BCD2).

Study Design:
Prospective nonrandomized crossover study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Fifteen subjects with induced bilateral conductive hearing loss.

Main Outcome Measures:
Sound field thresholds, speech understanding in quiet and in multinoise were assessed in unaided, unilateral, and bilateral treatment conditions. In addition, sound localization was evaluated in uni- and bilateral treatment conditions.

Results:
The outcomes of BCD1 and BCD2 were comparable. Sound field thresholds improved by 24.6 dB (BCD1) and 24.8 dB (BCD2) in the unilateral and 26.8 dB (BCD1) and 25.1 dB (BCD2) in the bilateral treatment condition. Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in quiet improved by 20.0 dB (BCD1) and 21.7 dB (BCD2) in the unilateral and by 22.7 dB (BCD1) and 21.5 dB (BCD2) in the bilateral condition. If speech was presented from the front, SRTs in noise were improved by 3.6 dB and 4.2 dB (unilateral) and by 4.5 dB and 4.4 dB (bilateral) for BCD1 and BCD2, respectively. With speech presented from the unilateral side, SRTs were improved by 4.0 dB and 4.7 dB (unilateral) and 3.8 dB and 4.8 dB (bilateral) compared with the unaided situation. If noise was presented from the contralateral side, small differences (−0.6 dB and −0.1 dB) were observed. Bilateral fitting brought additional benefits for speech understanding in noise and sound localization.

Conclusions:
Both bone conduction devices seem to be a valid treatment for patients with conductive hearing loss and minor sensorineural hearing loss component.
Fatal Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation Due to Ingestion of Hydrofluoric Acid
Authors: Ozsoy Gamze , Kendirli Tanil , Ates Ufuk , Perk Oktay , Azapagasi Ebru , Ozcan Serhan , Baran Cagdas , Goktug Aytac , Dindar Huseyin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a colorless and odorless solution of the hydrogen fluoride in water. It is used in some household products. The rapid onset of severe toxicity and death after the ingestion of HF is not reported often. Also, there is no reported fatal pediatric case after HF ingestion. In this case report, we present a 3.5-year-old girls who unintentionally drunk a rust remover that contained 8% HF. She died in a short period as a result of refractory ventricular fibrillation, which was developed due to fluoride intoxication.
Factors Influencing Pediatric Emergency Department Visits for Low-Acuity Conditions
Authors: Long Christina M. , Mehrhoff Casey , Abdel-Latief Eman , Rech Megan , Laubham Matthew 
Published: July 2018

Objectives
Emergency department (ED) overcrowding is a growing problem, and pediatric patients are contributing. In this study, we aimed to determine which factors influence parents or guardians to choose the ED over their primary care physician (PCP).

Methods
A cross-sectional, online survey was administered in an academic hospital pediatric ED from September to October 2017. The 21-question survey was offered to the parents or guardians of pediatric patients triaged as low acuity. The survey assessed establishment and availability of their PCP, perception of illness or injury severity, reasons for choosing the ED, and demographic information.

Results
A total of 101 surveys were collected, with a 95% completion rate. Most patients had an established PCP. More than two-thirds did not attempt to contact their PCP prior to their ED visit. Nearly half stated their PCP did not offer after-hours or weekend availability. Most did not feel their child's condition was serious. Almost half would have waited to see their PCP if they could be seen within 24 hours.

Conclusions
There appears to be a common misperception that PCPs do not offer extended hours. In addition, the parent or guardian's perception of severity was oftentimes more serious than perceived by medical staff. These results suggest that improving health literacy among our patient population by educating them on PCP availability and capability, ancillary services offered by PCP, and appropriate usage of the ED could potentially reduce nonurgent ED visits.