bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I Commerce
Authors: Ouellet Richard 
Published: June 2019

I IntroductionL’année 2006 s’annonçait propice à des changements dans la politique commerciale canadienne. Le 23 janvier, à l’issue d’élections générales déclenchées à la fin de l’année 2005, le Parti conservateur faisait élire 124 députés sur les 308 sièges en jeu et devenait le parti politique avec la plus importante représentation à la Chambre des communes. Le chef du parti, Stephen Harper, était donc appelé à devenir Premier ministre et à former un gouvernement minoritaire.L’arrivée aux affaires de ce gouvernement conservateur laissait présager une certaine rupture avec la politique étrangère canadienne telle qu’elle était pratiquée depuis Lester B. Pearson. Pendant la campagne électorale, M. Harper n’avait pas fait mystère de son intention de rapprocher à maints égards la politique étrangère canadienne de celle des États-Unis et de réchauffer les relations canado-américaines, notamment en réglant le conflit du bois d’oeuvre par la voie diplomatique plutôt que par la voie arbitrale.
Un nouveau chantier transatlantique: l’entente France-Québec sur la reconnaissance des qualifications professionnelles
Authors: Côté Charles-Emmanuel 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL’Entente entre le Québec et la France en matière de reconnaissance mutuelle des qualifications professionnelles de 2008est sans doute la plus importante que le Québec a conclue au cours des dernières années. Celle-ci met en place un système franco-québécois de reconnaissance mutuelle des titres professionnels acquis en France ou au Québec, afin de permettre l’établissement permanent des professionnels sur le territoire d’accueil. Ce système, qui s’inscrit dans la nouvelle politique internationale du Québec, a subi l’influence significative du système général de reconnaissance mutuelle des qualifications professionnelles de la Communauté européenne. Les deux systèmes sont fondés sur le principe qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’harmoniser le contenu des formations pour opérer leur reconnaissance, mais que des mesures de compensation peuvent cependant être prescrites aux professionnels migrants. L’étude de la mise en oeuvre de l’ Entente montre que les ordres professionnels sont activement engagés dans la conclusion d’arrangements de reconnaissance mutuelle, mais que les mesures de compensation prescrites varient grandement d’une profession à l’autre. Certaines dispositions ambigües de l’Entente pourraient également s’avérer problématiques, quant à son champ d’application en particulier. Le fait que le système franco-québécois porte exclusivement sur l’établissement permanent des professionnels migrants signifie que celui-ci apparaît compatible avec le droit international économique et le droit communautaire, mais certaines difficultés pourraient survenir avec le droit international de l’investissement. Le nouveau chantier transatlantique qui est ouvert par l’Entente pourrait être un modèle à suivre, en plus de constituer un exemple où l’action international du Québec renforce celle du Canada sur la scène internationale, alors que celui-ci s’engage actuellement dans des négociations commerciales avec l’Union européenne..
Where Precision Is the Aim: Locating the Targeted Killing Policies of the United States and Israel within International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Elliot Michael 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIf state practice is any indication, targeted killing is increasingly becoming regarded as a viable and effective response to the threat posed by terrorist organizations. Its growing role in armed conflict makes it particularly important that international humanitarian law (IHL) prove capable of providing an effective framework within which this practice may be governed. As it is currently conceived, however, IHL has shown itself ill-suited to the particular nature of armed conflicts between states and terrorist organizations on a broad level and, more specifically, to the practice of targeted killing. This article examines the decision of the Israeli supreme Court in Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel as an example of an effort to fit targeted killing within IHL, focusing on its characterization of “terrorists” and its imposition of the “least harmful means” requirement. The author suggests that, while the former exposes the difficulty of reconciling this development in armed conflict with existing rules, the latter demonstrates the benefits of relying on fundamental principles of IHL, in this case that of military necessity. The article concludes by contending that it is these principles, rather than existing rules, that should be viewed as the appropriate mechanism by which to accommodate targeted killing within IHL.
The International Law Commission
Authors: Gotlieb A. E. 
Published: June 2019

One of the principal achievements of the United Nations is its work in codifying and developing international law. The International Law Commission, created in 1949, a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly, is the chief agency of the United Nations for achieving these tasks. The Chairman of the Commission at its sixteenth session, Professor Roberto Ago of Italy, stated in the Commission on July 16, 1964, that if the codification work which was now taking place in that body could be completed and accepted by states, progress would have been made without precedent since the time of Grotius.So well-established has the International Law Commission become on the international scene that it is almost surprising to recall that the existence of this body rests, not on any specific wording of the United Nations Charter calling for the creation of such a body of experts, but on the general phraseology of Article 13 of the Charter which provides that “the General Assembly shall initiate studies and make recommendations for the purpose of: (a) promoting … and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification.” In the space of seventeen years the International Law Commission has achieved widespread recognition for the high quality of its work; it would be no exaggeration to say that it has come to be regarded as rivaling in importance the work of the International Court of Justice. As “the principal judicial organ of the United Nations,” as successor to the Permanent Court of Justice — a new feature of international institutions in the modern era — and as the highest international judicial tribunal, the International Court of Justice is regarded, in the general scheme of the Charter, as an exceptionally prestigious body.
Anti-Dumping Duties in Canada
Authors: Mackenzie K. C. 
Published: June 2019

The regulation of international price discrimination, commonly referred to as “dumping,” has been one of the most vexing technical problems to trouble international trade in this century. A favourite weapon of a firm or cartel bent on coercing or eliminating competition has been the price war — sales at below cost for the purpose of driving competitors into line or out of the market. This type of unfair trade practice is not limited by national boundaries, but the normal techniques of controlling it, through antitrust or anti-combines legislation, are largely confined to domestic economies as national governments lack authority to regulate competitors operating exclusively in foreign jurisdictions.Canadian manufacturers have been particularly sensitive to dumping because of the presence next door of large and powerful American competitors and of the close economic proximity of the industries of Britain and continental Europe. Consequently, it is not surprising that Canada pioneered in the field of legislation against dumping, enacting the original provisions in 1904. At that time the government was under considerable pressure from Canadian industry to increase tariffs generally and the introduction of anti-dumping legislation was designed to pacify this group without resorting to an overall increase in customs duties.
The Abuse of Ambiguity: The Uncertain Status of Omar Khadr under International Law
Authors: Liss Ryan 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article addresses the unresolved question of the international legal status, and resulting rights, of Omar Khadr — a Canadian national detained by the United States on the battlefield in Afghanistan at the age of fifteen and subsequently incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay. The article focuses primarily on Khadr’s potential status as an “unlawful combatant” and as a child soldier. Acknowledging that there has been a great deal of scholarly debate surrounding these issues, it provides an overview of this debate through the lens of Khadr’s particular case. As the author observes, international law surrounding each aspect of Khadr’s status is far from clear. However, even accepting the existence of controversy and ambiguity surrounding Khadr’s status, the author argues that the United States and Canada have, seemingly, sought to exploit this ambiguity in order to justify disregard for his rights. The article concludes by observing that this approach is, in itself, contrary to the foundational principles of international humanitarian law.
Canadian Cases in Public International Law in 2012 / Jurisprudence canadienne en matière de droit international public en 2012
Authors: van Ert Gib , Allen Greg J. , Patel Eileen 
Published: June 2019

Service of process — Hague Convention on Service Abroad — relationship with Ontario rules of courtKhan Resources Inc v Atomredmetzoloto JSC, 2012 ONSC 1522 (9 March 2012) (Ontario Superior Court of Justice)At issue in this case, as in the Alberta Court of Appeal’s decision in Metcalfe Estate v Yamaha Motor Powered Products, also treated in this volume, is the ability of the court to resort to its domestic rules in order to effect service on a foreign defendant where the Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial Matters (Service Convention) applies.
Radio Polarization of the Crab Nebula
Authors: Conway R. G. 
Published: June 2019

Optical and radio measurements of polarization can be combined to find the configuration of the magnetic field throughout the Crab Nebula. The component in the line of sight is found from the radio rotation measure.New measurements of polarisation at 11 cm with a resolution of 7′ x 14′ are combined with previous results to show that the rotation measure is fairly uniform and near −25 rad m−2 near the centre, but that it becomes irregular near the edges. It rises to 300 rad m−2 in the filaments, possibly indicating a concentration of electrons about 10–100 cm−3.
Physical Processes and Parameters in the Magnetosphere of NP 0532
Authors: Pacini F. 
Published: June 2019

The Crab Nebula pulsar conforms to the model of a rotating magnetised neutron star in the rate of energy generation and the exponent of the rotation law.It is suggested that the main pulse is due to electrons and the precursor to protons. Both must radiate in coherent bunches. Optical and X-ray radiation is by the synchrotron process.The wisps observed in the Nebula may represent the release of an instability storing about 1043 erg and 1047–48 particles.Finally, some considerations are made about the general relation between supernova remnants and rotating neutron stars.
Low Mode Coherent Synchrotron Radiation and Pulsar Models
Authors: Eastlund Bernard J. 
Published: June 2019

The radio pulses from pulsars are considered to be formed from the beamed radiation from relativistic electrons. This radiation is in low order harmonics of the gyro frequency, giving pulse shapes and polarisations which agree with observation.A possible connection between the shapes of radio pulses and the emission of optical pulses, via the electron energy, leads to a suggested means of searching for visible pulsars with improved sensitivity.
Morphology, Stellar Kinematics and Dynamics of Barred Galaxies
Authors: Kormendy John 
Published: June 2019

A brief review is given of the morphology of barred galaxies, following Kormendy (1981, 1982). The features illustrated include bulges, bars, disks, lenses, and inner and outer rings.Most of the paper is devoted to a detailed discussion of the absorption-line velocity field of the prototypical SBO galaxy NGC 936. The stars in the bar region show systematic non-circular streaming motions, with average orbits which are elongated parallel to the bar. Beyond the end of the bar, the data are consistent with circular orbits. The bar region also shows large random motions: the velocity dispersion at one-half of the radius of the bar is 1/2–2/3 as large as the maximum circular velocity. The observed kinematics are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the behavior of n-body models by Miller and Smith (1979) and by Hohl and Zang (1979). The galaxy and the models show similar radial dependences of simple dimensionless parameters that characterize the dynamics. These include the local ratio of rotation velocity to velocity dispersion, which measures the relative importance of the ordered and random motions discussed above. Also similar are the residual streaming motions (relative to the circular velocity) in a frame of reference rotating with the bar. Circulation is in the same direction as rotation in all galaxies studied to date. Thus, except for the fact that NGC 936 has a slightly larger velocity dispersion, both n-body models are good first-order approximations to bars. Thus bars are different from elliptical galaxies, which in general are also triaxial, but which rotate slowly. This study of NGC 936 will be published in Kormendy (1983).A brief discussion is given of the kinematics of lens components. In both barred and unbarred galaxies, the velocity dispersions in the inner parts of lenses are large. The ratio of rotational to random kinetic energy is ∼ 1/2 at 1/3–1/2 of the radius of the lens. This ratio then decreases to small values at the rim of the lens. Thus at least some kinds of disk components have large stellar velocity dispersions, even in unbarred galaxies.
Structure and Dynamics of Magellanic Type Galaxies
Authors: Feitzinger J. V. 
Published: June 2019

In continuation of former work (Feitzinger 1980) the morphological structure of 68 SB(s)m systems, greater than 2!5 on ESO/SRC survey plates, was investigated. Three morphological features should be mentioned:
1.Stellar bars located asymmetrically with respect to the disk are found in 70% of the cases; the displacement relative to the disk diameter is Λ = 0.1 − 0.35.2.The disk is populated in 45 % of the cases by chains of HII regions (spiral arm filaments).3.Though not very frequent nearly 25 % of the SBm systems have a dominating HII region near the outer periphery and predominantly near one end of the bar.
The Problem of the Redshifts
Authors: Burbidge Geoffrey 
Published: June 2019

It is my intention in this brief paper to present once again some of the evidence which appears to show that a major contribution to the redshifts of QSOs and perhaps some galaxies is not associated with the expansion of the universe. The evidence continues to grow and it is of four kinds:
(a)Evidence concerning galaxies with discrepant redshifts.(b)Connections between QSOs and galaxies.(c)Statistical information concerning the association of QSOs with galaxies.(d)Individual and very striking examples of pairings between QSOs and bright galaxies.
Black Holes and the Fate of a Closed Universe
Authors: Kazanas Demosthenes 
Published: June 2019

To date observations have not yet unequivocally determined whether the universe is open or closed. Although for the luminous matter Ω≲0.1, the possibility of existence of non-luminous matter (especially if the neutrino has a non-zero mass) leaves ground for considering that the universe may indeed be closed. In this case the universe is expected to recollapse and become again, at a time to, radiation dominated. Hence R(t) ∼ (tf−t)1/2 ∼ 1/T (t), where tf is the time of collapse to the singularity and T is the temperature. During this new radiation dominated era, a black hole of mass Mo will accrete at a rate
where ρ(t) ⋍ αT4 (t) and r(t) = 2GM(t)/c2. Eq (1) upon integration yields
(All subscript zero quantities are taken at t = to). Eq (2) shows that the mass of the black hole diverges when τo/τ ∼ Mo/4πro2 ρo cρo where τo = tf − to.
Compact X-ray Sources in the IMC: Optical Identifications
Authors: Pakull Manfred W. 
Published: June 2019

In addition to the bright sources LMC X-1–X-4 and A0538–66 fifteen EINSTEIN X-ray sources in the field of the LMC appear to be non-extended and have been accurately positioned with the HRI to make optical follow-up studies feasible. At least twelve of these are not associated with the LMC, including one Seyfert galaxy at redshift 0.076 and eleven late-type galactic foreground stars, some showing photometric variability typical for RS CVn and BY Dra stars.The sources 1E 0524.5–7013 and 0543.8–6823 are identified with variable faint blue stellar objects, the latter has been observed to exhibit variable He II and Balmer emission lines being reminiscent of the low mass X-ray binary LMC X-2. The optical counterpart of LMC X-1 is a highly reddened (V=14.5, E(B-V)=0.61) 0 7–9 type giant with variable He II and N III emission. The IPC source 1E 0501.6–7037 is probably associated with the LMC OB emission line star SK-70 36 which shows ellipsoidal light variations with a period of 6.94 days.Further possible identifications of IPC sources with stellar objects and globular clusters in the LMC are discussed. The results indicate that only a small fraction of the non-extended X-ray sources are associated with the LMC and that a gap in the X-ray binary luminosity function exists between 1036 and 1038 erg/s.A full account of this work will be published elsewhere.
Excitation of Dynamo Modes
Authors: Hoyng P. 
Published: June 2019

After the very suggestive results of the early days, the theory of the solar dynamo has now entered a period of re-evaluation. It is clear that our initial expectations have been too high. I shall review some of the recent attempts to formulate nonlinear and stochastic mode excitation theoretically. We now have evidence from synoptic observations that the solar dynamo features many periods. Periods both shorter and longer than the fundamental 22 yr cycle have been claimed. The phase stability of any of these periods is uncertain. The phase memory of the 22 yr period may be as short as ~ 10 cycles, but could also be much longer. Linear mean field theories permit only one marginally stable mode; they predict one period with an infinitely long phase memory. Attempts to explain multiperiodicity and finite phase memory effects fall in two categories:(1). Nonlinear models. These feature a few nonlinearly coupled variables and may exhibit a multiperiodic or chaotic behaviour; (2). If the number of relevant variables is very high, then the dynamo behaves stochastically. It has been argued that this takes the form of stochastic excitation of many dynamo modes (overtones).
The Stellar Association LH 99
Authors: Lortet M.C. , Testor G. , Schild H. 
Published: June 2019

The stellar content of this stellar association, related to the supernova remnant N 157B = SNR 0538-691, was up to now unknown, except for three Wolf-Rayet stars and a few red supergiant candidates. A thorough study based on UBV photometry, spectra of 95 stars and nebular spectra will be described elsewhere (see also Schild et al. in these Proceedings).The outstanding properties of this region are :A. the presence of a shell-shaped supernova, which dominates the thermal radio continuum. It is relatively faint in [OUI], strong in [Sil], [Fe 4658] and He II 4686. The expansion velocity reported by Chu and Kennicutt (1988) is 180 km/s. In addition, many extensions and filaments are found all over a wide area, and possibly there has been more than one supernova responsible.
The Lick Observatory Two Micron Camera
Authors: Gilmore K. , Rank D. , Temi P. 
Published: June 2019

Lick Observatory has recently developed a near infrared camera for astronomical imaging. The new camera has been built around a Rockwell NICMOSII 256 × 256 HgCdTe focal plane array. The dewar and optics were manufactured by Infrared Laboratories in Tucson, Arizona while the electronics and data system were designed and fabricated at Lick Observatory.The new instrument was designed to image faint galaxies and other astronomical objects as well as embedded infrared sources in star formation regions. The camera has cold focal plane scales of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 arcseconds per pixel when used at the telescope. Standard H, J and K as well as narrow band special purpose filters are contained in two independent motorized filter wheels.The camera performance with different plate scales and filters as well as the mechanical, optical and electrical lay-out will be shown. M 42 will be used for characterization of the camera's performance.
Kinetic Theory of Alfvén Wave Heating
Authors: Mahajan S. M. 
Published: June 2019

In a magnetohydrodynamic description of a plasma, the shear Alfvén wave is characterized by a continuous spectrum (the MHD continuum) which results from a singularity at ω ≃ k||(r)VA(r), where ω is the frequency, k||is the wave number along the direction of the magnetic field and VA= B0/(4ρπ)1/2is the Alfvén speed, and r is the direction of inhomo-geniety. The associated electromagnetic fields become large at this resonance layer [in fact, in ideal MHD they become singular], and if some dissipation is allowed, the transfer of energy from the waves to the electrons can take place. These continuum modes are localized in space, and can be effective in heating plasmas in narrow regions around the resonanct surface. Recently,1-3a new class of nonsingular global eigenmodes of the plasma have been discovered which are wide spread in the plasma, and could effectively transfer energy to the bulk of the plasma. These modes arise because of a strong coupling between the shear and the evanascent compressional mode. The coupling is provided by gradients of density, equilibrium current and nonideal effects like finite ω/ωci, where ωciis the ion cyclotron frequency. In order to understand the effectiveness of these modes to heat plasmas, i.e., to determine the effective impedance, the energy deposition profiles, parametric dependence of the heating efficiency, etc., a kinetic theory with the electron parallel dynamics is needed. We have developed a detailed kinetic theory to study the structure of the continuum as well as global eigenmodes in an inhomogenous current carrying plasma. The global modes are comparatively much less damped than the continuum modes (which become discrete in the kinetic theory) and hence are easier to excite. The implication, of course, is that the large part of energy transfer in a Alfvén Wave experiment would be mediated through these global modes. This theoretical conjecture is already confirmed in laboratory experiments on PRETEXT Tokamak.I will present the basic theoretical analysis as well as discuss the implications of these findings.