The efficacy of cognitive stimulation, cognitive training, and cognitive rehabilitation for people living with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Paggetti Alice , Druda Ylenia , Sciancalepore Francesco , Della Gatta Francesco , Ancidoni Antonio , Locuratolo Nicoletta , Piscopo Paola , Vignatelli Luca , Sagliocca Luciano , Guaita Antonio , Secreto Piero , Stracciari Andrea , Caffarra Paola , Vanacore Nicola , Fabrizi Elisa , Lacorte Eleonora ,   the Italian Dementia Guideline Working Group, Caffarra P. , Guaita A. , Secreto P. , Stracciari A. , Vanacore N. , Sagliocca L. , Vignatelli L. , Battista P. , Borgarelli C. , Cerami C. , Chiari A. , Corbo M. , Costa A. , Cotelli M. , Dodich A. , Faè E. , Favaretto E. , Frisardi V. , Fubini L. , Gandelli M. , Gollin D. , Imperiale D. , Ivaldi C. , Izzicupo F. , Lanzoni A. , Lavermicocca V. , Lazzarino M. , Liperoti R. , Massaia M. , Menabue G. , Molinari M. A. , Morelli A. , Peruzzi A. , Piazza F. , Possenti M. , Ricci C. , Russo S. , Spadin P. , Spalletta G. , Zenaro D. , Ancidoni A , Della Gatta F , Fabrizi E , Lacorte E , Locuratolo N , Piscopo P. , Coclite D. , Fauci A. , Napoletano A. , Bacigalupo I. , Bellomo G. , Canevelli M. , Carbone E. , Crestini A. , Distaso E. , Druda Y. , Esposito S. , Fumagalli G. , Morelli S. , Paggetti A. , Remoli G. , Rivabene R. , Salemme S. , Sciancalepore F. , Valletta M. , Veronese N. , Zaccaria V. , Bini C. , Mennini F. V. , Sciattella P. , Ceccarini A. , Mitrova Z. , Pizzarelli S. , Saulle R. , Gainotti S. , Riva L. , Petrini C. , De Masi S. , Nonino F. , Martelli G. , Porrello M. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cognition-oriented treatments (COTs) are a group of non-pharmacological treatments aimed at maintaining or improving cognitive functioning. Specific recommendations on the use of these interventions in people living with dementia (PLwD) are included in the Italian Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment, developed by the Italian National Institute of Health. This systematic review and meta-analysis, based on the GRADE methodology, is part of the guideline. Considered outcomes included the cognitive functions, quality of life, and functional abilities of PLwD, taking into account disease severity, modality and system of delivery, and form of the intervention. The effectiveness of these interventions on caregivers’ outcomes was also assessed. Both group and individual cognitive stimulation were reported as effective in supporting cognitive functions in PLwD at any degree of severity. Individual cognitive training and group cognitive training were reported as effective in improving global cognitive functions in people with mild dementia. Cognitive rehabilitation appeared to be effective only in improving the functional abilities of people with mild dementia. Cognitive rehabilitation appeared to be the most effective in improving caregivers’ outcomes, with results suggesting a reduction in care burden. The observed differences in the effectiveness of these interventions in people with different disease severity can be explained by the intrinsic characteristics of each intervention. Despite the large number of available studies, a high clinical, statistical, and methodological heterogeneity was observed. More methodologically rigorous studies are needed to clarify the effectiveness of each protocol and modality of intervention.