bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive effects of casein micelle size and calcium and citrate content on rennet‐induced coagulation in bovine milk
Authors: Priyashantha Hasitha , Lundh Åse , Höjer Annika , Hetta Mårten , Johansson Monika , Langton Maud 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInteractive effects of casein micelle size and milk calcium and citrate content on rennet‐induced coagulation were investigated. Milk samples containing small (SM) and large (LM) micelles, obtained from individual Holstein cows, were modified by addition of calcium and/or citrate and milk coagulation properties were evaluated in a full factorial design. The results showed that LM milk had a higher relative proportion of casein, coagulated faster, and resulted in a stronger gel than SM milk. Addition of calcium slightly decreased casein micelle size, while addition of citrate slightly increased micelle size. Calcium addition resulted in a shorter coagulation time and the strongest gels, while citrate addition increased the coagulation time and resulted in the weakest gels. Addition of calcium and citrate in combination resulted in intermediate coagulation properties. The interactive effect of micelle size and citrate was significant for gel strength. Microstructural differences between the milk gels were consistent with the rheological properties, for example, the micrographs revealed that a more homogeneous network was formed when calcium was added, resulting in a stronger gel. A more inhomogeneous network structure was formed when citrate was added, resulting in a weaker gel. Thus, variations in casein micelle size and in calcium and citrate content influence rennet‐induced coagulation in bovine milk. The calcium and citrate contents in Swedish milk have changed over time, whereby calcium content has increased and citrate content has decreased. In practical cheese making, calcium is added to cheese milk, most likely altering the role of inherent citrate and possibly influencing casein micelle size. The observed interaction effect between casein micelle size and citrate in this study, suggests that larger micelles with moderate citrate level will result in firmer gels, whereas a higher citrate content reduced gel strength more in case of large than SM. Since firmer gels are likely to retain more protein and fat than less firmer gels, this interaction effect could have implications in practical cheese production.
New‐structuralist exchange‐rate policy and the pattern of specialization in Latin American countries
Authors: Dvoskin Ariel , Feldman Germán David , Ianni Guido 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present article critically examines the transmission channels from real exchange rate undervaluation to output growth adduced by New‐Structuralism (NS). To this end, we slightly modify new‐structuralist canonical model for small open peripheral economies, and make the underlying productive structure depend on income distribution. This allows us both to discuss: (a) the limits of the transmission channels adduced by NS in their own terms, that is, under the assumption that the tradable sector is the modern sector; and (b) the further limitations of these channels when the pattern of trade is more suitable to characterize Latin American countries, whose tradable sector mainly exports primary goods under conditions of differential rent. We conclude that the channels work under highly restrictive assumptions, and therefore the alleged positive relationship between real exchange rate and growth cannot be generally ascertained.
Going home to die from critical care: A case study
Authors: White Lesley 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMuch of the activity in critical care is complex but repetitive. In order to standardize care and maintain safety, delivery of care is often directed by protocols and care bundles. This case study will reflect on an instance where care transcended the standard protocol‐directed path to be more individualized, creative and compassionate. Acts like these can be unique for the practitioners involved and require an element of positive risk taking, which happened here. It will look at the decision‐making, planning and risk involved in preparing for a terminally ill patient, who was inotrope and high‐flow oxygen dependent, to go home to have treatment withdrawn there instead of in the hospital. This was to fulfil his wish to die at home. In unpicking the circumstances where this positive risk taking led to the desired outcome and the relationship between safety, uncertainty and risk, three themes arose. These were the journey to safe uncertainty; decision‐making with uncertain outcomes; and the importance of robust human factors, particularly effective communication and inter‐professional teamwork. If positive risk taking can result in enhanced outcomes for the patient, then the question of how this behaviour can be fostered and encouraged must be addressed.
Purification of fat body glutathione S‐transferase from the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria: investigation of flavonoid inhibitory effects on enzyme activity
Authors: Hamed Ragaa R. , Maharem Tahany M. , Guneidy Rasha A. , Emam Manal A. , Abdel Karim Ghada S. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFocus on the development of botanical insecticides such as polyphenols may represent an alternative method to chemical control. In the present study, total glutathione concentration and its related antioxidant enzymes in foregut, midgut, hindgut and fat body homogenates of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria are examined. Glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity exhibits a significantly higher value in fat bodies compared with other tissues. A simple and reproducible procedure for the purification of S. gregaria fat body GST is established and the purified enzyme is shown to be homogenous. The purified GST displays a typical Michaelis behaviour with respect to its substrates. Characterization of the GST, including optimum pH, substrate specificity and inhibitor effects, is carried out. The ability of some flavonoids to inhibit S. gregaria fat body GST activity is examined. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis indicates that the major components in Glycyrrhiza glabra roots are 18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid, quercetin and rutin, and the major components in Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx are cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside chloride and delphinidin. Quercetin and delphinidin chloride exhibit strong GST inhibition and the inhibition type is determined for both. Rutin shows a smaller inhibitory effect, whereas 18α‐glycyrrhetinic acid and cyanidin have no effect. Inhibition of S. gregaria fat body GST activity would be expected to prevent, or at least delay, the development of resistance to chemical pesticides. Among the examined levels of the antioxidant enzymes, total glutathione concentration and its related enzymes in foregut, midgut, hindgut and fat body crude homogenates of S. gregaria GST activity exhibit a significantly higher value in fat bodies compared with other tissues. Some flavonoids that are detected in H. sabdariffa calyx and G. glabra root extracts are the most effective inhibitors of the purified S. gregaria fat body GST activity. Inhibition of S. gregaria fat body GST activity by quercetin and delphinidin (major compounds detected by HPLC) would be expected to prevent, or at least delay, the development of resistance to chemical pesticides.
An Initiators' Perspective on the Continuity of Citizens' Initiatives in Rural Areas
Authors: Meerstra‐de Haan Erzsi , Haartsen Tialda , Meier Sabine , Strijker Dirk 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of depopulation and the shift toward Big Society, citizens' initiatives in rural areas are believed to be able to mitigate the decline of service provision in rural regions. Consequently, this mitigation requires the continuity of such initiatives. However, so far, we lack an initiators' perspective on the relevance of this continuity and the factors influencing it. From a theoretical standpoint, continuity of citizens' initiatives can be understood at three levels: the participant, group, and initiative levels. Based on empirical data obtained from 157 questionnaires distributed to a variety of initiatives, and using regression analysis, the focus of this paper is twofold. First, how and at which level the initiators understand continuity of an initiative is considered. Second, factors influencing the expected continuity of an initiative are researched. The results reveal that continuity differs from merely being successful and is influenced by other factors as well. Furthermore, continuity on the initiative level—the realization of a certain goal—is most prominent in analyzing expected continuity. In conclusion, we explore the roles that citizens' initiatives can be expected to play in service provision and which levels of continuity align with these expectations.
Clinical, genetic and immunological characteristics of 40 Chinese patients with CD40 ligand deficiency
Authors: Du Xiao , Tang Wenjing , Chen Xuemei , Zeng Ting , Wang Yanping , Chen Zhi , Xu Tao , Zhou Lina , Tang Xuemei , An Yunfei , Zhao Xiaodong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCD40 ligand (CD40L) deficiency is a rare but life‐threatening primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the CD40L gene. Here, we investigated a cohort of 40 genetically diagnosed CD40L‐deficient patients from the Chinese mainland, analysed their clinical and genetic data, and examined CD40L expression, the proportion of T cell subsets, B cell subsets and T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. The aim was to provide a complete picture of CD40L deficiency. Initial presentations of the patient cohort mainly involved recurrent fever (47.5%) and sinopulmonary infection (42.5%). Life‐threatening infections (42.5%), caused by various pathogens, were the most serious threats faced by CD40L‐deficient patients, while neutropenia (57.5%) remained the most common complication. Opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and invasive fungal disease associated with Talaromyces marneffei, were also common in the cohort. In addition, seven patients (17.5%) suffered BCGitis/BCGosis, which is a major problem facing a planned immunization programme in China. It was intriguing that reduced IgM levels were observed in 12.5% of patients, while normal or elevated IgA levels were shown in 47.5% of patients. Thirty‐seven unique mutations were identified in 40 patients; of these, 10 were novel. Furthermore, we observed a lower percentage of NK cells, Tfh cells, and central memory CD4+ T cells, and an extremely small class‐switched memory B cell population, in CD40L‐deficient patients. Patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation experienced better disease remission. Taken together, our data establish the largest database about CD40L deficiency in China and provide genetic, immunologic and clinical information about Chinese CD40L‐deficient patients.
Assessing Sociodemographic Predictors of Climate Change Concern, 1994–2016
Authors: Driscoll Daniel 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveIn this research note, I examine whether the growing influence of political orientation on climate change concern has resulted in the declining influence of the sociodemographic variables that have historically predicted such views.MethodsUtilizing evidence from the 1994, 2000, 2010, and 2016 General Social Surveys, I conduct ordered logit regressions, Wald significance tests, and partition the pseudo‐R2 across years to ensure consistency of findings.ResultsA comparison across three decades reveals that while climate change concern was once grounded in sociodemographic predictors such as age, education, income, sex, race, or size of residential area, the explanatory power of those predictors has declined over time. Climate change concern is now better explained by political orientation variables; once modest in influence, only to rise in prominence over time.ConclusionThese findings are connected to political polarization and the “denial countermovement” and their impact on the American public. This article is the first to explicitly and systematically track the decline of sociodemographic predictors of climate change concern over time.
Evaluation of automated erythrocyte methodology in new world camelids using the ADVIA 2120 hematology analyzer
Authors: Viesselmann Lisa C. , Flatland Bente , Stokol Tracy , Sisson Sandra , Schaefer Deanna M. W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundAccurate erythrocyte measurements with ADVIA hematology analyzers require isovolumetric cell sphering in one reaction and hemolysis in another. However, camelid erythrocytes are resistant to sphering and osmotic lysis, and no published evaluation of ADVIA methods for camelids exists.ObjectivesThe objectives were to demonstrate whether camelid erythrocytes sphere in the ADVIA red blood cell/platelet (RBC/PLT) reagent and lyse in the ADVIA cyanide HGB reagent, and to determine optimal ADVIA settings for camelids.MethodsCamelid and canine blood were diluted to 1:625 in RBC/PLT reagent and evaluated microscopically for erythrocyte sphering. A camelid sample was incubated with the hemoglobin (HGB) reagent at varying dilutions to evaluate hemolysis. The RBC, hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) using three ADVIA species settings (equine, bovine, and caprine) were compared to their respective reference methods: Z2 Coulter impedance counter, packed cell volume, calculated MCV (PCV × 10/Coulter RBC), and calculated MCHC (HGB × 100/PCV). Reference MCV was also compared to MCV calculated using the ADVIA equine RBC count. Comparisons were assessed using Passing‐Bablok regression and Bland‐Altman difference plots.ResultsCamelid erythrocytes did not sphere in the RBC/PLT reagent, but did lyse in the HGB reagent. The ADVIA equine setting RBC count was acceptably close to the Coulter count. Hematocrit, MCV, and MCHC from all settings were significantly different from the reference methods. Mean cell volumes calculated using the equine setting RBC counts were acceptably close to the reference MCV.ConclusionsCamelid ADVIA erythrogram results should be reported as follows: RBC counts and HGB concentrations using the equine setting, spun PCVs, MCVs calculated using the PCV and equine setting RBC, and MCHCs calculated using the PCV and equine setting HGB.
Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia canis in a hospital canine population
Authors: Chochlios Tryfon A. , Angelidou Elisavet , Kritsepi‐Konstantinou Maria , Koutinas Christos K. , Mylonakis Mathios E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundEhrlichia canis (E canis) infection has been documented in a few small canine case series in Greece. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of exposure to, or the potential risk factors associated with E canis seroreactivity in a large native canine population.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate E canis seroprevalence in dogs admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital, and to investigate the potential association between seropositivity and signalment, health status, the serologic assays used, and selected clinical and clinicopathologic abnormalities.MethodsThe medical records of 850 client‐owned dogs, tested using three in‐office serologic assays, were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThe E canis seroprevalence was significantly higher in sick (54.9%) compared with healthy (33.9%) dogs. Seropositivity differed significantly between the serologic assays used in this study (ImmunoComb vs SNAP 3Dx/SNAP 4Dx). Dogs presenting with bleeding tendencies, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, and hyperproteinemia were more likely to be E canis seropositive, and the median hematocrit (HCT), white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, and platelet values were significantly lower in seropositive compared with seronegative dogs.ConclusionsA high E canis seroprevalence was documented in a canine population living in an endemic area. Selected clinicopathologic variables might be useful indicators of E canis exposure and could allow the prioritization of serologic testing in the clinical setting.
The Impact of Different Exercise Intensities on Vasodilation and Shear Rate Patterns in Children
Authors: McManus Ali M. , Sletten Nathan R. , Green Daniel J. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose: The effect of exercise intensity on vasodilator function is poorly understood in children. The authors compared the acute effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) with moderate-intensity steady-state exercise (MISS) on postexercise vasodilation and shear patterns in 7- to 12- year-old children. Methods: Superficial femoral artery diameter, shear rates, and flow-mediated dilation were measured pre, immediately following (post), and 1 hour after (post60) HIIE (six 1-min sprints at 90% peak power [Wmax], with 1-min recovery) and MISS (15 min at 44% Wmax). Results: Baseline superficial femoral artery diameter increased similarly following both HIIE (pre 4.23 [0.41] mm, post 4.73 [0.56] mm) and MISS (pre 4.28 [0.56] mm, post 4.59 [0.64] mm), returning to preexercise values post60. Blood flow and antegrade shear rate were increased post HIIE and MISS, but to a greater extent, post HIIE (P < .05). Retrograde shear rate was attenuated post both exercise conditions and remained post60 (P < .001). There was a decline in flow-mediated dilation postexercise (HIIE Δ −2.9%; MISS Δ −2.4%), which was no longer apparent when corrected for baseline diameter. Conclusion: Acute bouts of external work-matched HIIE or MISS exert a similar impact on shear-mediated conduit artery vasodilation and flow-mediated dilation in children, and this is reversed 1 hour after exercise.
Does enhanced physical rehabilitation following intensive care unit discharge improve outcomes in patients who received mechanical ventilation? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Taito Shunsuke , Yamauchi Kota , Tsujimoto Yasushi , Banno Masahiro , Tsujimoto Hiraku , Kataoka Yuki 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether enhanced physical rehabilitation following intensive care unit (ICU) discharge improves activities-of-daily-living function, quality of life (QOL) and mortality among patients who received mechanical ventilation in the ICU.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, PEDro and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform searched through January 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included randomised controlled trials assessing the effect of post-ICU rehabilitation designed to either commence earlier and/or be more intensive than the protocol employed in the control group. Only adults who received mechanical ventilation for >24 hours were included.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were calculated for QOL, and pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs are provided for mortality. We assessed heterogeneity based on I² and the certainty of evidence based on the GRADE approach.ResultsTen trials (enrolling 1110 patients) compared physical rehabilitation with usual care or no intervention after ICU discharge. Regarding QOL, the SMD (95% CI) between the intervention and control groups for the physical and mental component summary scores was 0.06 (–0.12 to 0.24) and −0.04 (−0.20 to 0.11), respectively. Rehabilitation did not significantly decrease long-term mortality (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.66). The analysed trials did not report activities-of-daily-living data. The certainty of the evidence for QOL and mortality was moderate.ConclusionsEnhanced physical rehabilitation following ICU discharge may make little or no difference to QOL or mortality among patients who received mechanical ventilation in the ICU. Given the wide CIs, further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of intensive post-ICU rehabilitation in selected populations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017080532.
Adding proactive and reactive case detection into the integrated community case management system to optimise diagnosis and treatment of malaria in a high transmission setting of Cameroon: an observational quality improvement study
Authors: Bekolo Cavin Epie , Williams Thomas D’Arcy 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveIntegrated community case management (iCCM) of childhood illness is a powerful intervention to reduce mortality. Yet, only 29% and 59% of children with fever in sub-Saharan Africa had access to malaria testing and treatment between 2015 and 2017. We report how iCCM+ based on incorporating active case detection of malaria into iCCM could help improve testing and treatment.DesignA community-led observational quality improvement study.SettingThe rural community of Bare-Bakem in Cameroon.ParticipantsChildren and adults with fever between April and June 2018.InterventionA modified iCCM programme (iCCM+) comprising a proactive screening of febrile children <5 years old for malaria using rapid diagnostic testing to identify index cases and a reactive screening triggered by these index cases to detect secondary cases in the community.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe proportion of additional malaria cases detected by iCCM+ over iCCM.ResultsWe screened 501 febrile patients of whomPlasmodiuminfection was confirmed in 425 (84.8%) cases. Of these cases, 102 (24.0%) were index cases identified in the community during routine iCCM activity and 36 (8.5%) cases detected passively in health facilities; 38 (8.9%) were index cases identified proactively in schools and 249 (58.6%) were additional cases detected by reactive case detection—computing to a total of 287 (67.5%) additional cases found by iCCM+ over iCCM. The likelihood of finding additional cases increased with increasing family size (adjusted odd ratio (aOR)=1.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 1.3) and with increasing age (aOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.5 to 1.9).ConclusionMost symptomatic cases of malaria remain undetected in the community despite the introduction of CCM of malaria. iCCM+ can be adopted to diagnose and treat more of these undiagnosed cases especially when targeted to schools, older children and larger households.