bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MRI and bone scintigraphy for breast cancer bone metastase: a meta-analysis
Authors: Rong Yue , Ren Hong , Ding Xianjun 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance image (MRI) and bone scintigraphy (BS) in the diagnosis of breast cancer bone metastases.

Methods
Searching in the databases including PubMed, Embase about the comparative study of MRI and bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of breast cancer bone metastases during 2000~2018. After we screened further, the extracted effective data were calculated by Meta-Disc 1.4 software.

Results
We obtained 4 articles. The pooled estimates for sensitivity of MRI, BS were 0.99 (95% CI, [0.95, 1.00]) and 0.93 (95% CI, [0.88, 0.97]) respectively; For specificity were 0.99 (95% CI, [0.95, 1.00]) and 0.86 (95% CI, [0.79, 0.92]) respectively. The AUC of SROC curve for MRI and BS were 0.9948 and 0.9675 respectively.

Conclusion
MRI remains to be a satisfactory method for the diagnosis of breast cancer bone metastases and should first be considered for patients.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[diaqua-bis(3-carboxy-5-methoxybenzoato-κO)-(1,2-bis(imidazol-1-yl)ethane-κ2
N:N′)cobalt(II)], C26H28CoN4O12, [Co(C9H6O5)2(H2O)2(C8H10N4)]
Authors: Han Min-Le 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
C26H28CoN4O12, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.5186(10) Å, b = 9.4111(14) Å, c = 12.1777(18) Å, α = 79.365(2)°, β = 77.535(2)°, γ = 89.226(2)°, V = 716.66(19) Å3, Z = 1, R
gt(F) = 0.0304, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0778, T = 296.15 K.
Crystal structure of 4-tert-butyl-1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole, C14H19N3
Authors: Yerima Iliya B. , Zamisa Sizwe J. , Bala Muhammad D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
C14H19N3, orthorhombic, Pca21 (no. 29), a = 22.2821(8) Å, b = 10.8464(4) Å, c = 10.8509(4) Å, V = 2622.5(2) Å3, Z = 8, Rgt
(F) = 0.0318, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0865, T = 100(2) K.
Thermografie zur Detektion von CFK-Schäden – Quantitativer Vergleich der Lock-in- und Puls-Phasen-Thermografie
Authors: Ekanayake Sarah , Wiedbrauck Dennis , Schäferling Marielouise , Häfner Benjamin , Schmitt Robert H. , Lanza Gisela 
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die aktive Thermografie wird zur Detektion von Schäden in kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen (CFK) verwendet. Aufgrund des bildgebenden und tomografischen Messverfahrens wird eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von CFK-Schäden ermöglicht, wie sie z. B. die Serienproduktion von Fahrzeugen fordert. Das indirekte Messverfahren misst die IR-Strahlen infolge einer aktiven Anregung des Prüfobjektes. Anregungsformen, welche im industriellen Umfeld Anwendung finden, sind die sinusförmige Lock-in und die pulsförmige Puls-Phasen Thermografie. In beiden Verfahren wird die erfasste Wärmestrahlung mittels Fast Fourier Transformation in ein Phasenbild überführt. Die quantitative Auswertung erfolgt anhand der gemessenen Phasenwerte und des Phasenbildes.
Während die Lock-in Thermografie den Vorteil der Rauschunterdrückung und Detektion von tieferliegenden Schäden bietet, kann durch die Puls-Phasen Thermografie eine zeiteffizientere und somit wirtschaftlichere Messung erfolgen. In diesem Beitrag wird eine automatisierte Auswertung von Bildaufnahmen mittels Lock-in und Puls-Phasen Thermografie entwickelt und ein quantitativer Vergleich beider Verfahren hinsichtlich messtechnischer und wirtschaftlicher Kriterien der Schadensdetektion von CFK-Strukturen durchgeführt.
Re-reading Westin
Authors: Austin Lisa M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Alan Westin’s work Privacy and Freedom remains foundational to the field of privacy, and Westin is frequently cited for his definition of privacy as control over personal information. However, Westin’s full definition of privacy is much more complex than this statement, describing four states of privacy (solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve) that one achieves through physical or psychological means. The “claim” of privacy involves negotiating a balance between a desire for disclosure and social participation and a desire for withdrawal into one of the “states” of privacy. Influencing this adjustment process are social norms (and surveillance to enforce social norms), environmental conditions, and the curiosity of others. In this Article, I draw upon this complexity in order to reread Westin’s definition of privacy as a claim of control over personal information and use this rereading to understand how the law should protect and promote privacy in the twenty-first century. I argue that the law should focus on securing meaningful privacy choices rather than on individual control over personal information. Meaningful choice requires that our informational infrastructure, and the social practices that it enables, make states of privacy available for choice along with the means of attaining them. To enable such meaningful individual choice, we need to shift our attention from a focus on individuals to a more systemic focus on our public norms and built infrastructure. Otherwise we risk protecting a narrow understanding of individual control, while ignoring a more general and systematic erosion of privacy.
A Process-based Approach to Informational Privacy and the Case of Big Medical Data
Authors: Birnhack Michael 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Data protection law has a linear logic, in that it purports to trace the lifecycle of personal data from creation to collection, processing, transfer, and ultimately its demise, and to regulate each step so as to promote the data subject’s control thereof. Big data defies this linear logic, in that it decontextualizes data from its original environment and conducts an algorithmic nonlinear mix, match, and mine analysis. Applying data protection law to the processing of big data does not work well, to say the least.
This Article examines the case of big medical data. A survey of emerging research practices indicates that studies either ignore data protection law altogether or assume an ex post position, namely that because they are conducted after the data has already been created in the course of providing medical care, and they use de-identified data, they go under the radar of data protection law. These studies focus on the end-point of the lifecycle of big data: if sufficiently anonymous at publication, the previous steps are overlooked, on the claim that they enjoy immunity. I argue that this answer is too crude. To portray data protection law in its best light, we should view it as a process-based attempt to equip data subjects with some power to control personal data about them, in all phases of data processing.
Such control reflects the underlying justification of data protection law as an implementation of human dignity. The process-based approach fits current legal practices and is justified by reflecting dignitarian conceptions of informational privacy.
Effect of Overload and Tapering on Individual Heart Rate Variability, Stress Tolerance, and Intermittent Running Performance in Soccer Players During a Preseason
Authors: Figueiredo Diego H. , Figueiredo Diogo H. , Moreira Alexandre , Gonçalves Helcio R. , Stanganelli Luiz C.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Figueiredo, DH, Figueiredo, DH, Moreira, A, Gonçalves, HR, and Stanganelli, LCR. Effect of overload and tapering on individual heart rate variability, stress tolerance, and intermittent running performance in soccer players during a preseason. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1222–1231, 2019—This study evaluates the weekly natural log of the root-mean-square difference of successive R-R intervals (lnRMSSDmean), its coefficient of variation (lnRMSSDcv), training load (TL), stress tolerance (ST), and changes in intermittent running performance in response to a 2-week overload (OL) followed by a 1-week taper (TP) during a preseason. Additionally, we determined the relationships between these variables. Ultra-short lnRMSSD, psychometric responses, and ratings of perceived exertion were evaluated daily among 16 under-19 soccer players. At the end of each training phase, the athletes performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo). Group analysis showed a decrease in lnRMSSDmean and ST, increases in lnRMSSDcv, and decreases in the Yo-Yo during OL, with a return to baseline levels and a trivial increase in the Yo-Yo during TP. Small to very large correlations were found between lnRMSSDmean and lnRMSSDcv values, with changes in Yo-Yo, TL, monotony, and strain during the preseason (r values ranging from −0.27 to 0.82). No correlation was found between lnRMSSD responses and ST. During OL, athletes with decreases in lnRMSSDmean and increases in lnRMSSDcv accumulated higher perceived TL, with higher monotony and overall stress, and presented a decrease in ST and intermittent running performance, interpreted as a negative adaptation in response to the maintenance of higher TL. During TP, these responses were reversed, leading to an increase in intermittent running performance. In addition, subjective measures of ST may be used to provide early indicators of training adaptation in soccer players.
Cortical Electrocorticogram (ECoG) Is a Local Signal
Authors: Dubey Agrita , Ray Supratim 
Published: March 2019

Electrocorticogram (ECoG), obtained by low-pass filtering the brain signal recorded from a macroelectrode placed on the cortex, is extensively used to find the seizure focus in drug-resistant epilepsy and is of growing importance in cognitive and brain–machine-interfacing studies. To accurately estimate the epileptogenic cortex or to make inferences about cognitive processes, it is important to determine the “spatial spread” of ECoG (i.e., the extent of cortical tissue that contributes to its activity). However, the ECoG spread is currently unknown; even the spread of local field potential (LFP) obtained from microelectrodes is debated, with estimates ranging from a few hundred micrometers to several millimeters. Spatial spread can be estimated by measuring the receptive field (RF) and multiplying by the cortical magnification factor, but this method overestimates the spread because RF size gets inflated due to several factors. This issue can be partially addressed using a model that compares the RFs of two measures, such as LFP and multi-unit activity (MUA). To use this approach for ECoG, we designed a customized array containing both microelectrodes and ECoG electrodes to simultaneously map MUA, LFP, and ECoG RFs from the primary visual cortex of awake monkeys (three femaleMacaca radiata). The spatial spread of ECoG was surprisingly local (diameter ∼3 mm), only 3 times that of the LFP. Similar results were obtained using a model to simulate ECoG as a sum of LFPs of varying electrode sizes. Our results further validate the use of ECoG in clinical and basic cognitive research.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBrains signals capture different attributes of the neural network depending on the size and location of the recording electrode. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), obtained by placing macroelectrodes (typically 2–3 mm diameter) on the exposed surface of the cortex, is widely used by neurosurgeons to identify the source of seizures in drug-resistant epileptic patients. The brain area responsible for seizures is subsequently surgically removed. Accurate estimation of the epileptogenic cortex and its removal requires the estimation of spatial spread of ECoG. Here, we estimated the spatial spread of ECoG in five behaving monkeys using two different approaches. Our results suggest that ECoG is a local signal (diameter of ∼3 mm), which can provide a useful tool for clinical, cognitive neuroscience, and brain–machine-interfacing applications.
MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Sarcopenia in endocrine and non-endocrine disorders
Authors: Borba Victoria Zeghbi Cochenski , Costa Tatiana Lemos , Moreira Carolina Aguiar , Boguszewski Cesar Luiz 
Published: March 2019

Objective
This paper reviews the main mechanisms, diagnostic criteria, treatment options and available data on sarcopenia in endocrine and non-endocrine disorders. The literature notes the presence of sarcopenia as a comorbid condition or a complication of another clinical situation and not a disease that only affects elderly patients.

Method
We performed a literature review, focusing on the following: mechanisms related to sarcopenia in elderly patients, and sarcopenia as it presents in the context of chronic and endocrine diseases; diagnostic tools and methods; aspects of sarcopenia and treatment options specific to chronic diseases and endocrine disorders respectively.

Results
Sarcopenia in chronic and endocrine disorders shares many mechanisms with sarcopenia affecting elderly patients, but certain diseases can have a predominant aspect that leads to sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia varies, depending on different diagnostic criteria, from around 12 to 60% in chronic illnesses and 15 to 90% in endocrine disorders. The interplay between sarcopenia, chronic diseases and elderly patients requires further study, to clarify the impact of each, in terms of prognosis and mortality.

Conclusion
Awareness of the presentation of sarcopenia in the context of other diseases and ages (and not just the elderly) is fundamental to ensure that preventive measures can be deployed.
Chronic Medication Use in Children Insured by Medicaid: A Multistate Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Feinstein James A. , Hall Matt , Antoon James W. , Thomson Joanna , Flores Juan Carlos , Goodman Denise M. , Cohen Eyal , Azuine Romuladus , Agrawal Rishi , Houtrow Amy J. , DeCourcey Danielle D. , Kuo Dennis Z. , Coller Ryan , Gaur Dipika S. , Berry Jay G. 
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Little is known about the use of chronic medications (CMs) in children. We assessed the prevalence of CM use in children and the association of clinical characteristics and health care resource use with the number of CMs used.

METHODS:
This is a retrospective study of children ages 1 to 18 years using Medicaid from 10 states in 2014 grouped by the annual number of CMs (0, 1, 2–4, 5–9, and ≥10 medications), which are defined as a dispensed ≥30-day prescription with ≥2 dispensed refills. Trends in clinical characteristics and health care use by number of CMs were evaluated with the Cochran-Armitage trend test.

RESULTS:
Of 4 594 061 subjects, 18.8% used CMs. CM use was 44.4% in children with a complex chronic condition. Across all children, the most common CM therapeutic class was neurologic (28.9%). Among CM users, 48.8% used multiple CMs (40.3% used 2–4, 7.0% used 5–9, and 0.5% used ≥10). The diversity of medications increased with increasing number of CMs: for 1 CM, amphetamine stimulants were most common (29.0%), and for ≥10 CMs, antiepileptics were most common (7.1%). Of $2.3 billion total pharmacy spending, 59.3% was attributable to children dispensed multiple CMs. Increased CM use (0 to ≥10 medications) was associated with increased emergency department use (32.1% to 56.2%) and hospitalization (2.3% to 36.7%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Nearly 1 in 5 children with Medicaid used CMs. Use of multiple CMs was common and correlated with increased health care use. Understanding CM use in children should be fundamentally important to health care systems when strategizing how to provide safe, evidence-based, and cost-effective pharmaceutical care to children.
Functional identification and subcellular localization of NAD kinase in the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis
Authors: Contreras Rodríguez Luis Ernesto , Jutinico Shubach Laura Laura Marcela , García Castañeda Javier Eduardo , Ramírez Hernández María Helena 
Published: March 2019

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) is an essential biomolecule that participates in the redox homeostasis and synthesis of signaling compounds. NAD kinase (NADK) (EC 2.7.1.23 / 2.7.1.86) is the only enzyme capable of synthesizing NADP. This study offers an approach to the NADP metabolism in the parasite Giardia intestinalis, the etiologicalagent of giardiasis, a disease of high prevalence in America, Asia and Africa. Through bioinformatics tools a NADK enzyme candidate was identified, whose tertiary structure modeling demonstrated distinctive and universal motifs of characterized NADKs. The corresponding recombinant protein (His-GINADK) was expressed in Escherichia coliBL21 (DE3) and its partial purification was achieved by nickel affinity chromatography. Functional identification, which showed NADP synthesis, was completed through enzymatic assays evaluated by RP-HPLC. A cytosolic localization of the endogenous GINADK enzyme was observed in trophozoites throughout indirect immunofluorescence analysis, using polyclonal antibodies produced in mice by its immunization with the His-GINADK protein, purified from inclusion bodies. Taken together, our results contribute to the understanding of the NADP metabolism and the physiological role of NADK in the Giardiamodel.
Role of Targeted Therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Review
Authors: Abdel Karim Nagla , Kelly Karen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAdvanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a complex disease comprising molecularly distinct tumor types, each with a unique biology that is becoming increasingly better characterized. The aim of this review is to present an optimized treatment schema and the accompanying diagnostic testing approach for patients with advanced NSCLC. There are a number of therapies currently approved for patients with advanced NSCLC, including agents that target particular oncogenic drivers, as well as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) that elicit an antitumor response. Identification of genetic alterations (e.g., epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, reactive oxygen species proto-oncogene 1, B-Raf proto-oncogene) or programmed cell death ligand-1 expression levels in NSCLC requires diligent molecular testing at initial diagnosis and, in some cases, at disease progression to ensure the most efficacious treatment is delivered. Accurate molecular diagnostic testing, along with the careful selection of currently approved targeted agents, ICBs, or systemic chemotherapy, provides therapy that is personalized according to patients’ needs to achieve the best possible outcome. Enrollment in clinical trials that further the development of tailored therapies is highly recommended at all stages of treatment.Implications for PracticeTargeted therapies and immune checkpoint blockers provide effective and tailored options for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Careful molecular analysis of tumor samples is necessary to identify the genetic alterations that are present, to ensure that each patient receives the most efficacious treatment for their specific tumor type. Personalized therapy provides each patient with the best probability for prolonged survival. Enrolling patients in clinical trials should be the first consideration before making each treatment decision.
Criminal Responsibility for Collusions at Auctions
Authors: Danilovskaya A. V. , Tenishev A. P. 
Published: March 2019

The anti-monopoly practice concerning agreements prohibited by the Federal Law “On Protection of Competition” traditionally defines the so-called collusions at tenders. Depriving the state of the opportunity to save budget funds, collusions at auctions do not only violate the procedure established by the law, but, by limiting competition, adversely affects the country’s economy.For collusion at an auction, both administrative (Article 14.32 “Conclusion of an agreement restricting competition, the implementation of concerted actions restricting competition, coordination of economic activities” of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation) and criminal responsibility (Article 178 “Restriction of competition”, as well as Articles 159, 285, 286 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) is set.However, the current version of Article 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which is supposed to be the main one in the fight against anti-competitive agreements, has significant drawbacks that make the fight against these dangerous anti-competitive agreements ineffective. The damage from the activities of all cartels (in the commodity markets, during the procurements by state-owned companies and the state, during the bidding for the alienation of state property) is estimated at 1.5-2% of GDP.Meanwhile, when carrying out public procurement and procurement of companies with state participation consume up to 30 trillion rubles a year. If the bidding is held under collusion, the reduction in the initial (maximum) contract price hardly reaches 1%; if the bidding is held in a competitive environment, the price decline reaches 20-30%. Perhaps not so obvious, but this does not mean that the collusion at auctions has a negative effect on competition. Companies compete neither in price nor in quality. Access to the state order, and therefore, an undoubted competitive advantage in the commodity markets, is obtained not by those companies that are better and more efficient, but by those that have been able to come to an agreement. Only in 2016, due to the low level of competition in trading, the budgets of all levels lost more than 180 billion rubles. Moreover, the Federal AntiMonopoly Service (FAS) considers this number underestimated — the application of the methodology adopted in OECD countries brings the figure of damage up to 1 trillion rubles per year.The current situation requires an appropriate response, in particular, introducing changes into the legislation of the Russian Federation that reflect the substantially increased public danger of anti-competitive agreements and will also contribute to the development of the practice of countering them.
Understanding Developmental Characteristics of a Child in Christian Faith among Sunday-School Children in Kenya
Authors: Mambo Alice W. 
Published: March 2019

<p>This paper extensively presents the theme of Christian education with a focus on the Sunday school children in Kenya. The author reviews the developmental stage characteristics of the Sunday school children of the Anglican Church to express the aspect of child Christian education in the contemporary society. While Parents are entrusted with the primary responsibility of nurturing, shaping, training and equipping their children to be God-honoring, obedient, and productive members in society; this responsibility in the modern society has been passed on to secular surrogates who do the educating in their place. It is nonetheless still the key responsibility of parents that their children receive rightful Christian education.The study is limited to children between ages two to eleven years in the church Sunday school in a Kenyan context. More so, the guidelines in this study are limited to the Sunday school for the Christian education of children in the Anglican Church of Kenya with which the author is more conversant.<em></em></p>