bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radio, Pinter, and Near Nostalgia
Authors: Norman Lance 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Other Places (1982) is Harold Pinter's post-nostalgic trilogy on the potential of the radio play. The trilogy relegates the radio play to a temporal memorial to fecundity as much as a modality. Other Places reflects on the temporal place that can no longer be visited as much more than a museum piece: the radio play. With Family Voices, Other Places begins by questioning what happens to the power and impact of a radio play when it must move on to other places as the radio play ceases to be a viable place for theatrical consumption. Other Places moves on to A Kind of Alaska which offers the most traditionally Pinteresque part of the performance by embracing the Aristotelian unities. In concluding with Victoria Station, Pinter offers a play about radio and leaves his audience with one of the most optimistic visions of community and intimacy in his canon.
“That Shed Out in the Garden”: The Poetics of Reference in Harold Pinter's The Caretaker
Authors: Alderman Nigel 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Harold Pinter's first plays emerge in the wake of the postwar British encounter with European modernist theater that occurred simultaneously with the emergence of disruptive new content in realistic portrayals of working-class and lower-middle-class life. Pinter's early work proceeds from the twin imperatives of an antirealist and a realist drama, both of which were perceived as oppositional and avant-garde: the one primarily because of its form, the other because of its content. This article situates Pinter's style historically in relation to its formal conditions of possibility by using Roman Jakobson's model of the speech event to argue that the historical concurrence of these aesthetic antitheses not only produces the paradox that the poetic and referential functions become one and the same in the language of The Caretaker, but also makes its most audible stylistic imprint in the idiomatic figure and practice of the Pinteresque pause itself.
TheodosiusII(401–450)
Authors: Nechaeva Ekaterina 
Published: May 2018

The diplomacy of Theodosius II (401–450) was mostly determined by two fronts: Persia on the east, and the Huns in the Balkans. Confrontations with the Vandals in Africa, though occasionally requiring East Roman military presence, mostly remained the responsibility of the West Roman government. Relations with Persia throughout the reign of Theodosius II were mainly peaceful, military conflicts were short and relatively successful for the Romans, while diplomatic efforts were focused on safeguarding the safety of groups of Christians under Persian control. An agreement to share the financial burden of defending the passes in the Caucasian Mountains from nomadic raids was reached between Theodosius II and Yazdagard II.The Hunnic front was the major challenge for East Roman diplomacy. Agreements with the dangerous Hun empire forced the Romans to make payments to keep the peace. Continuing threats to the Balkans and the increasing demands of Attila resulted in an unsuccessful assassination attempt on the Hun leader. When clandestine diplomacy failed, Theodosius had to act flexibly, adjusting the rules and acknowledging an important shift in priorities, placing the Huns at the forefront of imperial partners.
Geophagic earths consumed by women in western Kenya contain dangerous levels of lead, arsenic, and iron
Authors: Miller Joshua D. , Collins Shalean M. , Omotayo Moshood , Martin Stephanie L. , Dickin Katherine L. , Young Sera L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesGeophagy is commonly reported by pregnant women and children, yet its causes and consequences remain poorly understood. Therefore, we sought to determine if geophagy could contribute micronutrients and/or be a source of heavy metal exposure by examining the elemental composition of earths consumed in Kakamega, Kenya.MethodsTen samples of earths commonly consumed during pregnancy were collected by study enumerators and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. Samples were either collected at markets or from walls of participants' homes, based on where participants reported most commonly sourcing their consumed earths.ResultsBased on estimated intakes (40 g/day), all samples had lead levels that exceeded the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake, and one sample exceeded the threshold for arsenic. Further, estimated intakes of iron for all samples were at least 8.9 times higher than the established threshold. Elemental concentrations were also compared by the site of sample collection (market vs. household wall); market samples had significantly higher iron concentrations and lower calcium concentrations than wall samples.ConclusionsGeophagic earths in Kakamega may be harmful because of dangerously high levels of lead, arsenic, and iron. The prevalence of geophagy among vulnerable populations underscores the importance of understanding its causes and consequences for accurate public health messaging.
A Minimal Functional Complex of Cytochrome P450 and FBD of Cytochrome P450 Reductase in Nanodiscs
Authors: Prade Elke , Mahajan Mukesh , Im Sang‐Choul , Zhang Meng , Gentry Katherine A. , Anantharamaiah G. M. , Waskell Lucy , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy 
Published: May 2018

AbstractStructural interactions that enable electron transfer to cytochrome‐P450 (CYP450) from its redox partner CYP450‐reductase (CPR) are a vital prerequisite for its catalytic mechanism. The first structural model for the membrane‐bound functional complex to reveal interactions between the full‐length CYP450 and a minimal domain of CPR is now reported. The results suggest that anchorage of the proteins in a lipid bilayer is a minimal requirement for CYP450 catalytic function. Akin to cytochrome‐b5 (cyt‐b5), Arg 125 on the C‐helix of CYP450s is found to be important for effective electron transfer, thus supporting the competitive behavior of redox partners for CYP450s. A general approach is presented to study protein–protein interactions combining the use of nanodiscs with NMR spectroscopy and SAXS. Linking structural details to the mechanism will help unravel the xenobiotic metabolism of diverse microsomal CYP450s in their native environment and facilitate the design of new drug entities.
Übergangsmetallkatalysierte Carboxylierungen mit Kohlendioxid
Authors: Tortajada Andreu , Juliá‐Hernández Francisco , Börjesson Marino , Moragas Toni , Martin Ruben 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat das Interesse an katalytischen Reaktionen zum Einbau von CO2 als allgegenwärtigem und preisgünstigem C1‐Rohstoff in organischen Stoffen aufs Neue zugenommen. Obgleich C‐C‐Kupplungen durch katalytische CO2‐Fixierung für lange Zeit eher begrenzt waren, zeigt die nähere Betrachtung der neueren Literatur, dass katalytische Carboxylierungen in eine Epoche exponentiellen Wachstums eingetreten sind. Es ist das Entstehen einer umfassenden Disziplin abzusehen, die eine Optimierung der Synthese von Carbonsäuren erlaubt, welche äußerst wichtige Zwischenprodukte in industriellen Prozessen darstellen. Die neuen Strategien sind generell breit anwendbar und leicht durchzuführen, jedoch bestehen nach wie vor erhebliche Herausforderungen. Aus diesem Grund werden die metallkatalysierten Carboxylierungen hier auf konzeptionelle und übersichtliche Weise abgehandelt, um ihre grundlegenden Prinzipien aufzuzeigen.
Boronic Acids as Bioorthogonal Probes for Site‐Selective Labeling of Proteins
Authors: Akgun Burcin , Hall Dennis G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOver the past two decades, bioorthogonal chemistry has become a preferred tool to achieve site‐selective modifications of proteins. However, there are only a handful of commonly applied bioorthogonal reactions and they display some limitations, such as slow rates, use of unstable or cytotoxic reagents, and side reactions. Hence, there is significant interest in expanding the bioorthogonal chemistry toolbox. In this regard, boronic acids have recently been introduced in bioorthogonal chemistry and are exploited in three different strategies: 1) boronic ester formation between a boronic acid and a 1,2‐cis diol; 2) iminoboronate formation between 2‐acetyl/formyl‐arylboronic acids and hydrazine/hydroxylamine/semicarbazide derivatives; 3) use of boronic acids as transient groups in a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling or other reactions that leave the boronyl group off the conjugation product. In this Review, we summarize progress made in the use of boronic acids in bioorthogonal chemistry to enable site‐selective labeling of proteins and compare these methods with the most commonly utilized bioorthogonal reactions.
Renewable Polyethers via GaBr3‐Catalyzed Reduction of Polyesters
Authors: Dannecker Patrick‐Kurt , Biermann Ursula , von Czapiewski Marc , Metzger Jürgen O. , Meier Michael A. R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHerein, a novel approach is reported for the synthesis of medium‐ and long‐chain aliphatic polyethers 2 based on the GaBr3‐catalysed reduction of polyesters 1 with TMDS as the reducing agent. Thus, various linear and branched aliphatic polyesters 1 were prepared and systematically investigated for this reduction strategy, demonstrating the applicability and versatility of this new polyether synthesis protocol. Medium‐ and long‐chain chain polyethers were obtained from the respective polyesters without or with minor chain degradation, whereas short‐chain polyesters, such as poly‐l‐lactide 1 i and poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutanoate] 1 j, showed major chain degradation. In this way, previously unavailable and uncommon polyethers were obtained and studied.
An experimental investigation on pressure response and phase transition of supercritical carbon dioxide releases from a small‐scale pipeline
Authors: Yan Xingqing , Zhu Hailong , Yu Jianliang , Chen Shaoyun , Mahgerefteh Haroun 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe prediction of the pressure response and phase transition in the event of an accidental carbon dioxide (CO2) release from a ruptured pipeline is of significant importance for understanding the depressurization behaviour and hence the fracture behaviour. This article presented a small‐scale experimental investigation on the pressure response and phase transition of supercritical CO2 release from a pressurized pipeline with a relief orifice. High‐frequency transducers and thermocouples were used to measure the evolution of CO2 pressures and temperatures at different locations after release. The results indicated that pressures at different locations decreased nearly synchronously after release. No vapour bubble and pressure rebound generated in larger scale release experiments were found in our small‐scale release experiments. The depressurization rate was greatly affected by the phase transition. During the release process, the supercritical CO2 firstly turned into an unstable gas with a very great depressurization rate, then changed into the gas–liquid phase with a lower depressurization rate, and finally changed into gaseous CO2. The larger the relief diameter was, the longer the gas–liquid phase state lasted.
Cellular energy metabolism maintains young status in old queen honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Lu Cheng‐Yen , Qiu Jiantai Timothy , Hsu Chin‐Yuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTrophocytes and oenocytes of queen honey bees are used in studies of cellular longevity, but their cellular energy metabolism with age is poorly understood. In this study, the molecules involved in cellular energy metabolism were evaluated in the trophocytes and oenocytes of young and old queen bees. The findings indicated that there were no significant differences between young and old queen bees in β‐oxidation, glycolysis, and protein synthesis. These results indicate that the cellular energy metabolism of trophocytes and oenocytes in old queen bees is similar to young queen bees and suggests that maintaining cellular energy metabolism in a young status may be associated with the longevity of queen bees. Fat and glycogen accumulation increased with age indicating that old queen bees are older than young queen bees.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Regioselective C(2)−H Difluoroalkylation of Indoles with Difluoroalkyl Bromides
Authors: Soni Vineeta , Sharma Dipesh M. , Punji Benudhar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRegioselective C(2)−H difluoroalkylation of C‐3 unsubstituted indoles with commonly available fluoroalkyl bromides is successfully achieved employing a simple nickel catalyst system, (DME)NiCl2/Xantphos. This methodology shows excellent regioselectivity and exhibits a broad substrate scope. Various functional groups, such as ‐OMe, ‐F, and ‐Br, are tolerated on the indole backbone to give the difluoroalkylated products in moderate to good yields. Preliminary mechanistic findings demonstrate that the reaction is homogeneous in nature and involves a radical manifold. Synthetic utility of this nickel‐catalyzed method is demonstrated by synthesizing melatonin receptor antagonist Luzindole derivative.
Stakeholder pressures and corporate climate change mitigation strategies
Authors: Cadez Simon , Czerny Albert , Letmathe Peter 
Published: May 2018

AbstractClimate change mitigation and its related reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the most important challenges facing society. The major cause of the problem and the key to its solution are GHG‐intensive firms that emit vast amounts of anthropogenic GHG emissions. The study reported herein aims to increase our understanding of the climate change mitigation strategies of these firms, in particular their antecedents and effects. A comprehensive conceptual model is proposed and tested empirically based on a survey of 247 firms that participated in the European Union's Emissions Trading Scheme in the first two trading periods. We find that market pressures for reducing GHG emissions, perceived GHG‐related regulatory uncertainty and environmental strategy focus are important determinants of corporate GHG reduction strategies which, in turn, enhance GHG‐related performance. We also show that the results vary depending on the type of emissions.
Structural Insight into the Allosteric Coupling of Cu1 Site and Trinuclear Cu Cluster in CotA Laccase
Authors: Xie Tian , Liu Zhongchuan , Wang Ganggang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn laccase, type 1 copper (Cu1) was connected to the trinuclear copper center (TNC) by the conserved Cys–His bridge. An allosteric coupling between the two redox sites has been reported; however, the molecular mechanism underlining the allosteric coupling is unknown. In this study, ligands of the two type 3 copper sites, including His491 and His493, in CotA were mutated to Cys or Ala. The crystal structures revealed that mutations at His491 and His493 caused rearrangement of the hydrogen‐bond network and geometric distortion of the TNC, which severely impaired the activities of mutants H493A, H493C, and H491C. In addition, the change in TNC affected hydrogen bonds around Cys492 in the mutants and led to Cu1 being partially reduced. These results not only decipher the mechanism of allosteric coupling between Cu1 and TNC in laccase, but also pave the way for laccase protein engineering.
Selenium‐Based Nanozyme as Biomimetic Antioxidant Machinery
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Liu Zhen , Liu Chaoqun , Zhang Yan , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA self‐assembly nanocomposite was designed to mimic intracellular enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidants‐constituted antioxidant defense machinery. In this work, selenium nanocomponent served as one model to mimic antioxidant enzyme, whereas polydopamine was able to mimic non‐enzymatic antioxidant biomolecule in living systems. With the excellent glutathione peroxidase‐mimic capacity of selenium and the reducibility of polydopamine, this Se@pDA nanozyme could achieve synergetic antioxidative efficiency to protect cellular components against oxidative damage. The pneumonia model of mice further proved the potential of our nanocomposites for anti‐inflammation therapy.
Metal‐Free Acetylene Coupling by the (C6F5)2B−X 1,2‐Halogenoboration Reaction
Authors: Ueno Atsushi , Li Jun , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Kehr Gerald , Erker Gerhard 
Published: May 2018

Abstract(C6F5)2B‐halides were conveniently prepared by treatment of (C6F5)2BH with tritylchloride or ‐bromide, respectively. With cyclopropylacetylene, (C6F5)2BBr underwent sequential cis‐1,2‐halogenoboration followed by 1,2‐carboboration to give the 4‐bromo‐2,4‐dicyclopropylbutadienyl‐B(C6F5)2 product. It reacted further with additional cyclopropylacetylene to give the linear triene and tetraene products in a metal‐free alkyne oligomerization reaction. The pyridine adduct of the initial diene product was characterized by X‐ray diffraction. (C6F5)2BCl reacted analogously. Similar (C6F5)2BX induced oligomerization reactions were carried out with two conjugated enynes.
Enantiomeric composition of nicotine in tobacco leaf, cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and e‐liquid by normal phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Zhang Hongfei , Pang Yongqiang , Luo Yanbo , Li Xiangyu , Chen Huan , Han Shulei , Jiang Xingyi , Zhu Fengpeng , Hou Hongwei , Hu Qingyuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEvaluating the source of nicotine in e‐liquid is a problem. Tobacco‐derived nicotine contains predominantly (S)‐(−)‐nicotine, whereas tobacco‐free nicotine products may not. Thus, we developed a new normal phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method to determinate the enantiomeric composition of nicotine in 10 kinds of flue‐cured tobacco, 3 kinds of burley, 1 kind of cigar tobacco, 2 kinds of oriental tobacco, 5 kinds of Virginia cigarette, 5 kinds of blend cigarette, 10 kinds of e‐liquid, and 4 kinds of smokeless tobacco. The amount of (R)‐(+)‐nicotine ranged from ~0.02% to ~0.76% of total nicotine. An e‐liquid sample had the highest level of (R)‐(+)‐nicotine. The extraction and purification processes used to obtain commercial (S)‐(−)‐nicotine from the tobacco do not decrease the amount of (R)‐(+)‐nicotine in tobacco. So the amount of (R)‐(+)‐nicotine in samples in our work were the same as tobacco samples.
Fragment‐Based Phenotypic Lead Discovery: Cell‐Based Assay to Target Leishmaniasis
Authors: Ayotte Yann , Bilodeau François , Descoteaux Albert , LaPlante Steven R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA rapid and practical approach for the discovery of new chemical matter for targeting pathogens and diseases is described. Fragment‐based phenotypic lead discovery (FPLD) combines aspects of traditional fragment‐based lead discovery (FBLD), which involves the screening of small‐molecule fragment libraries to target specific proteins, with phenotypic lead discovery (PLD), which typically involves the screening of drug‐like compounds in cell‐based assays. To enable FPLD, a diverse library of fragments was first designed, assembled, and curated. This library of soluble, low‐molecular‐weight compounds was then pooled to expedite screening. Axenic cultures of Leishmania promastigotes were screened, and single hits were then tested for leishmanicidal activity against intracellular amastigote forms in infected murine bone‐marrow‐derived macrophages without evidence of toxicity toward mammalian cells. These studies demonstrate that FPLD can be a rapid and effective means to discover hits that can serve as leads for further medicinal chemistry purposes or as tool compounds for identifying known or novel targets.
Trends in incidence and 5‐year mortality in men with newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer—A population‐based analysis of 2 national cohorts
Authors: Helgstrand John T. , Røder Martin A. , Klemann Nina , Toft Birgitte G. , Lichtensztajn Daphne Y. , Brooks James D. , Brasso Klaus , Vainer Ben , Iversen Peter 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUNDEarly detection has increased prostate cancer (PCa) incidence. Randomized trials have demonstrated that early detection reduces the incidence of de novo metastatic PCa. Concurrently, life‐prolonging treatments have been introduced for patients with advanced PCa. On a populations‐based level, the authors analyzed whether early detection and improved treatments changed the incidence and 5‐year mortality of men with de novo metastatic PCa.METHODSMen diagnosed with PCa during the periods 1980 to 2011 and 1995 to 2011 were identified in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry (DaPCaR), respectively, and stratified according to period of diagnosis. Age‐standardized incidence rates were calculated. Five‐year mortality rates for de novo metastatic PCa were analyzed using competing risk analysis.RESULTSTotals of 426,266 and 47,024 men were identified in SEER and DaPCaR, respectively. Of these, 29,555 and 6874 had de novo metastatic PCa. The incidence of de novo metastatic PCa decreased (from 12.0 to 4.4 per 100,000 men) in the SEER cohort (1980‐2011), whereas it increased (from 6.7 to 9.9 per 100,000 men) in the DaPCaR cohort (1995‐2011). Five‐year PCa mortality in the SEER cohort was stable for men diagnosed with de novo metastatic PCa from 1980 to 1994 and increased slightly in the latest periods studied (P < .0001), whereas it decreased by 16.6% (P < .0001) in the DaPCaR cohort.CONCLUSIONSDespite earlier detection, de novo metastatic PCa remains associated with a high risk of 5‐year disease‐specific mortality. The reduced 5‐year PCa mortality in the Danish cohort is largely explained by lead‐time. Early detection strategies do indeed decrease the incidence of de novo metastatic PCa, as observed in the SEER cohort. This achievement, however, must be weighed against the unsolved issue of overdetection and overtreatment of indolent PCa. Cancer 2018;124:2931‐8. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Discontinuation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic myeloid leukemia: Recommendations for clinical practice from the French Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Study Group
Authors: Rea Delphine , Ame Shanti , Berger Marc , Cayuela Jean‐Michel , Charbonnier Aude , Coiteux Valérie , Cony‐Makhoul Pascale , Dubruille Viviane , Dulucq Stéphanie , Etienne Gabriel , Legros Laurence , Nicolini Franck , Roche‐Lestienne Catherine , Escoffre‐Barbe Martine , Gardembas Martine , Guerci‐Bresler Agnès , Johnson‐Ansah Hyacinthe , Rigal‐Huguet Françoise , Rousselot Philippe , Mahon François‐Xavier ,   for the French Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Study Group
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUNDThe ultimate goal of chronic myeloid leukemia management in the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) era for patients who obtain deep molecular responses is maintaining a durable off‐treatment response after treatment discontinuation; this situation is called treatment‐free remission (TFR). Knowledge accumulated during the last 10 years justifies moving TFR strategies from research to clinical practice.METHODSTwenty experts from the French Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Study Group (France Intergroupe des Leucémies Myéloïdes Chroniques), including 17 hematologists, 2 molecular biologists, and 1 cytogeneticist, critically reviewed published data with the goal of developing evidence‐based recommendations for TKI discontinuation in clinical practice.RESULTSClinically relevant questions were addressed, including the selection of candidate patients (with known prognostic factors for outcomes taken into account), detailed monitoring procedures during the treatment‐free phase, a definition of relapse requiring therapy resumption, and monitoring after treatment reintroduction.CONCLUSIONSThis work presents consensus statements with the aim of guiding physicians and biologists by means of pragmatic recommendations for safe TKI discontinuation in daily practice. Cancer 2018;124:2956‐63. © 2018 American Cancer Society.