bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic identification of long non‐coding RNAs during pollen development and fertilization in Brassica rapa
Authors: Huang Li , Dong Heng , Zhou Dong , Li Ming , Liu Yanhong , Zhang Fang , Feng Yaoyao , Yu Dongliang , Lin Sue , Cao Jiashu 
Published: July 2018

SummaryThe importance of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in plant development has been established, but a systematic analysis of lncRNAs expressed during pollen development and fertilization has been elusive. We performed a time series of RNA‐seq experiments at five developmental stages during pollen development and three different time points after pollination in Brassica rapa and identified 12 051 putative lncRNAs. A comprehensive view of dynamic lncRNA expression networks underpinning pollen development and fertilization was provided. B. rapa lncRNAs share many common characteristics of lncRNAs: relatively short length, low expression but specific in narrow time windows, and low evolutionary conservation. Gene modules and key lncRNAs regulating reproductive development such as exine formation were uncovered. Forty‐seven cis‐acting lncRNAs and 451 trans‐acting lncRNAs were revealed to be highly coexpressed with their target protein‐coding genes. Of particular importance are the discoveries of 14 lncRNAs that were highly coexpressed with 10 function‐known pollen‐associated coding genes. Fifteen lncRNAs were predicted as endogenous target mimics for 13 miRNAs, and two lncRNAs were proved to be functional target mimics for miR160 after experimental verification and shown to function in pollen development. Our study provides the systematic identification of lncRNAs during pollen development and fertilization in B. rapa and forms the foundation for future genetic, genomic, and evolutionary studies.
The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas
Authors: Ní Leathlobhair Máire , Perri Angela R. , Irving-Pease Evan K. , Witt Kelsey E. , Linderholm Anna , Haile James , Lebrasseur Ophelie , Ameen Carly , Blick Jeffrey , Boyko Adam R. , Brace Selina , Cortes Yahaira Nunes , Crockford Susan J. , Devault Alison , Dimopoulos Evangelos A. , Eldridge Morley , Enk Jacob , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Gori Kevin , Grimes Vaughan , Guiry Eric , Hansen Anders J. , Hulme-Beaman Ardern , Johnson John , Kitchen Andrew , Kasparov Aleksei K. , Kwon Young-Mi , Nikolskiy Pavel A. , Lope Carlos Peraza , Manin Aurélie , Martin Terrance , Meyer Michael , Myers Kelsey Noack , Omura Mark , Rouillard Jean-Marie , Pavlova Elena Y. , Sciulli Paul , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S. , Strakova Andrea , Ivanova Varvara V. , Widga Christopher , Willerslev Eske , Pitulko Vladimir V. , Barnes Ian , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Dobney Keith M. , Malhi Ripan S. , Murchison Elizabeth P. , Larson Greger , Frantz Laurent A. F. 
Published: July 2018

Lineage losses for man's best friendDogs have been present in North America for at least 9000 years. To better understand how present-day breeds and populations reflect their introduction to the New World, Ní Leathlobhairet al.sequenced the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of ancient dogs (see the Perspective by Goodman and Karlsson). The earliest New World dogs were not domesticated from North American wolves but likely originated from a Siberian ancestor. Furthermore, these lineages date back to a common ancestor that coincides with the first human migrations across Beringia. This lineage appears to have been mostly replaced by dogs introduced by Europeans, with the primary extant lineage remaining as a canine transmissible venereal tumor.Science, this issue p.81; see also p.27
Tandem catalysis for asymmetric coupling of ethylene and enynes to functionalized cyclobutanes
Authors: Pagar Vinayak Vishnu , RajanBabu T. V. 
Published: July 2018

Cyclobutanes sourced right from ethylene
Ethylene is one of the highest-volume commodity chemicals manufactured from fossil fuels. It is mainly used to make plastic, although its ready availability incentivizes its expanded use in pharmaceutical synthesis. Pagar and RajanBabu now report that a cobalt catalyst can couple ethylene with enynes (another comparatively inexpensive feedstock bearing carbon-carbon double and triple bonds) to make complex chiral molecules. Initially, the ethylene reacts with the enyne's triple bond to form an isolable cyclobutene compound. At longer reaction times, the same catalyst can add a second equivalent of ethylene enantioselectively to form cyclobutanes with a quaternary chiral carbon center.

Science
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Comparing the usability of paediatric weight estimation methods: a simulation study
Authors: Marlow Robin D , Wood Dora L B , Lyttle Mark D 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveEstimating weight is essential in order to prepare appropriate sized equipment and doses of resuscitation drugs in cases where children are critically ill or injured. Many methods exist with varying degrees of complexity and accuracy. The most recent version of the Advanced Paediatric Life Support (APLS) course has changed their teaching from an age-based calculation method to the use of a reference table. We aimed to evaluate the potential implications of this change.MethodUsing a bespoke online simulation platform we assessed the ability of acute paediatric staff to apply different methods of weight estimation. Comparing the time taken, rate and magnitude of errors were made using the APLS single and triple age-based formulae, Best Guess and reference table methods. To add urgency and an element of cognitive stress, a time-based competitive component was included.Results57 participants performed a total of 2240 estimates of weight. The reference table was the fastest (25 (22–28) vs 35 (31–38) to 48 (43–51) s) and most preferred, but errors were made using all methods. There was no significant difference in the percentage accuracy between methods (93%–97%) but the magnitude of errors made was significantly smaller using the three APLS formulae 10% (6.5–21) compared with reference table (69% (34–133)) mainly from month/year table confusion.ConclusionIn this exploratory study under psychological stress none of the methods of weight estimation were free from error. Reference tables were the fastest method and also had the largest errors and should be designed to minimise the risk of picking errors.
Vision and visual potential for perifoveal retinoblastoma after optical coherence tomographic-guided sequential laser photocoagulation
Authors: Soliman Sameh E , VandenHoven Cynthia , Mackeen Leslie D , Gallie Brenda L 
Published: July 2018

Background/aimsTo assess tumour control, vision and anatomical visual potential in eyes with perifoveal retinoblastoma treated by sequential photocoagulation from the antifoveal tumour edge inwards, avoiding treatment near the fovea. Patients were monitored for tumour control, foveal and perifoveal anatomy at each treatment session by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and treated for amblyopia when the other eye had better vision.MethodsEyes with perifoveal retinoblastoma treated between 1 January 2011 and 31 May 2017 with laser therapy after chemotherapy for juxtafoveal (fovea clear of tumour but <3000 µm from tumour edge) or foveolar retinoblastoma (tumour underlying fovea) were retrospectively reviewed for tumour control without recurrence, anatomical success (foveal pit preservation and/or restoration with ≥500 µm perifoveal retina free of tumour and scar) and functional success (acceptable (>0.1 decimal) or good (>0.3 decimal) visual acuity (VA)).ResultsTwenty-two eyes (14 juxtafoveal, 8 foveolar tumours) of 20 patients (19 bilateral, 1 familial and 11 females) were included. No juxtafoveal tumour had tumour recurrence, and 13/14 patients showed foveal pit preservation with ≥500 µm of perifoveal retina tumour free. Foveolar tumours had significant worse anatomical outcomes: failure to restore foveal pit or perifoveal retina (8/8, p=0.001) and tumour recurrences (5/8, p=0.001). Functional success with acceptable VA was achieved in 12/14 juxtafoveal and 5/8 foveal tumours eyes (p=0.01). Amblyopia therapy data were insufficient to evaluate impact on VA.ConclusionsAnatomical visual potential and functional vision were better in juxtafoveal than foveolar retinoblastoma treated with foveal-sparing laser photocoagulation guided by OCT. The role of amblyopia therapy requires a prospective study.
‘In a blink of an eye your life can change’: experiences of players sustaining a rugby-related acute spinal cord injury
Authors: Badenhorst Marelise , Verhagen Evert , Lambert Michael Ian , van Mechelen Willem , Brown James Craig 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThough rare, rugby union carries a risk for serious injuries such as acute spinal cord injuries (ASCI), which may result in permanent disability. Various studies have investigated injury mechanisms, prevention programmes and immediate medical management of these injuries. However, relatively scant attention has been placed on the player’s experience of such an injury and the importance of context.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the injury experience and its related context, as perceived by the catastrophically injured player.MethodsA qualitative approach was followed to explore the immediate, postevent injury experience. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 48 (n=48) players who had sustained a rugby-related ASCI.ResultsFour themes were derived from the data. Participants described the context around theinjury incident,which may be valuable to help understand the mechanism of injury and potentially minimise risk. Participants also described certaincontributing factorsto their injury, which included descriptions of foul play and aggression, unaccustomed playing positions, pressure to perform and unpreparedness. Thephysical experienceincluded signs and symptoms of ASCI that is important to recognise by first aiders, fellow teammates, coaches and referees. Lastly, participants described the emotional experiencewhich has implications for all ASCI first responders.SignificanceAll rugby stakeholders, including players, first responders, coaches and referees, may gain valuable information from the experiences of players who have sustained these injuries. This information is also relevant for rugby safety initiatives in shaping education and awareness interventions.
Terroristic sniper shot ocular injuries: military and police casualties: case series
Authors: Guven Soner , Durukan A H 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionSniper shot ocular injuries (SSOI) are rare and result in poor ocular outcomes due to high energy transfer both to the eye and the adjacent brain. To our knowledge, no reports of such injuries in terms of outcomes have been previously described in the literature. The aim of this case series was to describe the treatment performed and ocular outcomes of such injuries.MethodsFive cases of terroristic SSOIs referred to Gulhane Military Medical Academy Department of Ophthalmology between 22 July 2015 and 30 January 2017 were reviewed. Comparisons were made between the location and mechanism of injury, initial and final ocular signs, interventions and additional extraocular injuries.ResultsTwo cases were of police officers and the remaining were Turkish military soldiers. All of our cases were injured in urban district by terrorist snipers hidden in apartments. Four individuals were injured in the right eye and the other was injured bilaterally. Initial visual acuities (VA) ranged from no light perception (NLP) to 0.0 with logMAR. Final VA raised to 0.0 in three patients whereas in two of NLP patients it remained the same. Mean Ocular Trauma Score was 2.2. Two eyes necessitated evisceration and the others underwent vitrectomy surgery.ConclusionsThe prognosis of SSOI is unpredictable and is highly dependent on the trajectory and energy deposition. Primary evisceration or enucleation should be reserved to severely ruptured globe cases with no chance of globe-saving procedures. If the globe remains intact, retinal and vitreal damage should be repaired. Due to risk of associated intracranial injury, all patients should be referred for neurosurgical opinion.
Dynamic communication of attention signals between the LGN and V1
Authors: Mock Vanessa L. , Luke Kimberly L. , Hembrook-Short Jacqueline R. , Briggs Farran 
Published: July 2018

Correlations and inferred causal interactions among local field potentials (LFPs) simultaneously recorded in distinct visual brain areas can provide insight into how visual and cognitive signals are communicated between neuronal populations. Based on the known anatomical connectivity of hierarchically organized visual cortical areas and electrophysiological measurements of LFP interactions, a framework for interareal frequency-specific communication has emerged. Our goals were to test the predictions of this framework in the context of the early visual pathways and to understand how attention modulates communication between the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex. We recorded LFPs simultaneously in retinotopically aligned regions of the visual thalamus and primary visual cortex in alert and behaving macaque monkeys trained on a contrast-change detection task requiring covert shifts in visual spatial attention. Coherence and Granger-causal interactions among early visual circuits varied dynamically over different trial periods. Attention significantly enhanced alpha-, beta-, and gamma-frequency interactions, often in a manner consistent with the known anatomy of early visual circuits. However, attentional modulation of communication among early visual circuits was not consistent with a simple static framework in which distinct frequency bands convey directed inputs. Instead, neuronal network interactions in early visual circuits were flexible and dynamic, perhaps reflecting task-related shifts in attention. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Attention alters the way we perceive the visual world. For example, attention can modulate how visual information is communicated between the thalamus and cortex. We recorded local field potentials simultaneously in the visual thalamus and cortex to quantify the impact of attention on visual information communication. We found that attentional modulation of visual information communication was not static, but dynamic over the time course of trials.
Electrophysiological properties of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens core of prepubertal male and female Drd1a-tdTomato line 6 BAC transgenic mice
Authors: Cao Jinyan , Dorris David M. , Meitzen John 
Published: July 2018

The nucleus accumbens core (AcbC) is a striatal brain region essential for integrating motivated behavior and reward processing with premotor function. In humans and rodents, research has identified sex differences and sex steroid hormone sensitivity in AcbC-mediated behaviors, in disorders, and in rats in the electrophysiological properties of the AcbC output neuron type, the medium spiny neuron (MSN). It is unknown whether the sex differences detected in MSN electrophysiological properties extend to mice. Furthermore, MSNs come in distinct subtypes with subtle differences in electrophysiological properties, and it is unknown whether MSN subtype-specific electrophysiology varies by sex. To address these questions, we used male and female Drd1a-tdTomato line 6 bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice. We made acute brain slices of the AcbC, and performed whole cell patch-clamp recordings across MSN subtypes to comprehensively assess AcbC MSN subtype electrophysiological properties. We found that ( 1 mice MSNs did not exhibit the sex differences detected in rat MSNs, and 2) electrophysiological properties differed between MSN subtypes in both sexes, including rheobase, resting membrane potential, action potential properties, intrinsic excitability, input resistance in both the linear and rectified ranges, and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current properties. These findings significantly extend previous studies of MSN subtypes performed in males or animals of undetermined sex and indicate that the influence of sex upon AcbC MSN properties varies between rodent species. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research provides the most comprehensive assessment of medium spiny neuron subtype electrophysiological properties to date in a critical brain region, the nucleus accumbens core. It additionally represents the first evaluation of whether mouse medium spiny neuron subtype electrophysiological properties differ by sex.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Endothelial Cell Activation and Tissue Factor Production Through Interleukin-1α and Cathepsin G
Authors: Folco Eduardo J. , Mawson Thomas L. , Vromman Amélie , Bernardes-Souza Breno , Franck Grégory , Persson Oscar , Nakamura Momotaro , Newton Gail , Luscinskas Francis W. , Libby Peter 
Published: July 2018

Objective—
Coronary artery thrombosis can occur in the absence of plaque rupture because of superficial erosion. Erosion-prone atheromata associate with more neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) than lesions with stable or rupture-prone characteristics. The effects of NETs on endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory and thrombogenic properties remain unknown. We hypothesized that NETs alter EC functions related to erosion-associated thrombosis.

Approach and Results—
Exposure of human ECs to NETs increased VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary human monocytes bound more avidly to NET-treated human umbilical vein ECs than to unstimulated cells under flow. Treatment of human ECs with NETs augmented the expression of TF (tissue factor) mRNA, increased EC TF activity, and hastened clotting of recalcified plasma. Anti-TF-neutralizing antibody blocked NET-induced acceleration of clotting by ECs. NETs alone did not exhibit TF activity or acceleration of clotting in cell-free assays. Pretreatment of NETs with anti-interleukin (IL)-1α–neutralizing antibody or IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist)—but not with anti-IL-1β–neutralizing antibody or control IgG—blocked NET-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and TF expression. Inhibition of cathepsin G, a serine protease abundant in NETs, also limited the effect of NETs on EC activation. Cathepsin G potentiated the effect of IL-1α on ECs by cleaving the pro-IL-1α precursor and releasing the more potent mature IL-1α form.

Conclusions—
NETs promote EC activation and increased thrombogenicity through concerted action of IL-1α and cathepsin G. Thus, NETs may amplify and propagate EC dysfunction related to thrombosis because of superficial erosion.
Diaspora Engagement in Development
Authors: Mekonnen Mulugeta Bezabih , Lohnert Beate 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
With a tenfold increase in remittance flows over the last 25 years, the diaspora’s role in the development efforts of the countries of the global South has gained broader interest from both researchers and receiving countries. Besides financial remittances, flows of skills, knowledge, and social remittances have also gained more attention, particularly the relevance of diaspora associations as drivers of development processes. In this article, we explore the role of Ethiopian diaspora associations in Germany for their home country, the changing Ethiopian diaspora policy, and the support programs for diaspora engagement from the German side. By looking more closely at two Ethiopian diaspora associations, we investigate their impact under the current political framework conditions.
Evolving Relative Importance of the Southern Ocean and North Atlantic in Anthropogenic Ocean Heat Uptake
Authors: Shi Jia-Rui , Xie Shang-Ping , Talley Lynne D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOcean uptake of anthropogenic heat over the past 15 years has mostly occurred in the Southern Ocean, based on Argo float observations. This agrees with historical simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), where the Southern Ocean (south of 30°S) accounts for 72% ± 28% of global heat uptake, while the contribution from the North Atlantic north of 30°N is only 6%. Aerosols preferentially cool the Northern Hemisphere, and the effect on surface heat flux over the subpolar North Atlantic opposes the greenhouse gas (GHG) effect in nearly equal magnitude. This heat uptake compensation is associated with weakening (strengthening) of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in response to GHG (aerosol) radiative forcing. Aerosols are projected to decline in the near future, reinforcing the greenhouse effect on the North Atlantic heat uptake. As a result, the Southern Ocean, which will continue to take up anthropogenic heat largely through the mean upwelling of water from depth, will be joined by increased relative contribution from the North Atlantic because of substantial AMOC slowdown in the twenty-first century. In the RCP8.5 scenario, the percentage contribution to global uptake is projected to decrease to 48% ± 8% in the Southern Ocean and increase to 26% ± 6% in the northern North Atlantic. Despite the large uncertainty in the magnitude of projected aerosol forcing, our results suggest that anthropogenic aerosols, given their geographic distributions and temporal trajectories, strongly influence the high-latitude ocean heat uptake and interhemispheric asymmetry through AMOC change.
Depth-Average Velocity from Spray Underwater Gliders
Authors: Rudnick Daniel L. , Sherman Jeffrey T. , Wu Alexander P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe depth-average velocity is routinely calculated using data from underwater gliders. The calculation is a dead reckoning, where the difference between the glider’s velocity over ground and its velocity through water yields the water velocity averaged over the glider’s dive path. Given the accuracy of global positioning system navigation and the typical 3–6-h dive cycle, the accuracy of the depth-average velocity is overwhelmingly dependent on the accurate estimation of the glider’s velocity through water. The calculation of glider velocity through water for the Spray underwater glider is described. The accuracy of this calculation is addressed using a method similar to that used with shipboard acoustic Doppler current profilers, where water velocity is compared before and after turns to determine a gain to apply to glider velocity through water. Differences of this gain from an ideal value of one are used to evaluate accuracy. Sustained glider observations of several years off California and Palau consisted of missions involving repeated straight sections, producing hundreds of turns. The root-mean-square accuracy of depth-average velocity is estimated to be in the range of 0.01–0.02 m s−1, consistent with inferences from the early days of underwater glider design.