bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Help‐seeking Behavior in Socially Conservative and Christian Suicide Decedents
Authors: Waitz‐Kudla Sydney N. , Daruwala Samantha E. , Houtsma Claire , Anestis Michael D. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religious affiliation, political beliefs, and lifetime mental health help‐seeking behavior in a sample of suicide decedents. We hypothesized that Christian decedents would be less likely to have sought help than non‐Christians, and socially conservative individuals would be less likely to have sought help than socially liberal or moderate individuals.MethodSmaller samples (N = 147 for political analyses, N = 218 for religion analyses) were drawn from a larger sample of 267 suicide decedents, for whom data were collected from loss survivors.ResultsLogistic regression analyses showed that Christian and non‐Christian individuals did not differ significantly in help‐seeking behavior prior to death by suicide. Individuals who identified as socially liberal were significantly more likely to have sought mental health care than were individuals who identified as socially conservative.ConclusionsThis is the first study to examine the association between social conservatism and a lack of help‐seeking behavior. These findings show the importance of implementing interventions to increase help‐seeking behavior for suicidality within demographic groups that stigmatize help‐seeking behavior, specifically socially conservative individuals. They also stress the importance of suicide prevention tactics that do not require disclosing suicidal intent within these groups.
Circulating miRNA‐150‐5p is associated with immune‐mediated early β‐cell loss in a humanized mouse model
Authors: Roat Regan , Hossain Md Munir , Christopherson Jenica , Free Colette , Guay Claudiane , Regazzi Romano , Guo Zhiguang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundAberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression levels are associated with various graft rejections. We used our humanized mouse model with transplanted human islets to identify miRNAs in islet grafts related to xenograft rejection and circulating miRNAs associated with xenograft rejection‐mediated β‐cell loss.MethodsDiabetic immunodeficient NOD.scid mice were transplanted with human islets and subsequently achieved stable normoglycemia. Lymphocytes from NOD mice were then adoptively transferred to the humanized mice to induce human β‐cell destruction. Islet graft and plasma were collected immediately once blood glucose reached >200 mg/dL. miRNAs in the islet grafts and in the plasma with or without adoptive lymphocyte transfer (ALT) were measured using NanoString nCounter® miRNA Expression Assay and qPCR.ResultsA set of immune‐related miRNAs was significantly increased in human islet grafts of ALT‐treated mice compared to control mice. Of these miRNAs, miR‐150‐5p was significantly increased in the circulation of ALT‐treated mice at tissue collection and the increase was a result of immune activation rather than simply the presence of lymphocytes in circulation. Furthermore, miR‐150‐5p was significantly increased in human islet graft and circulation prior to the development of hyperglycemia in the ALT‐treated mice.ConclusionsOur data demonstrated that immune‐related miRNAs are associated with human islet xenograft rejection in mice. miR‐150‐5p is increased in human islet graft and in the circulation during islet xenograft rejection and β‐cell destruction prior to hyperglycemia and may be an early biomarker for islet xenograft rejection.
TWO PERSPECTIVES ON ANIMAL MORALITY
Authors: Willows Adam M. , Baynes‐Rock Marcus 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAre animals moral agents? In this article, a theologian and an anthropologist unite to bring the resources of each field to bear on this question. Alas, not all interdisciplinary conversations end harmoniously, and after much discussion the two authors find themselves in substantial disagreement over the answer. The article is therefore presented in two halves, one for each side of the argument. As well as presenting two different positions, our hope is that this article clarifies the different understandings of morality in our respective fields and will help to offset confusion in interdisciplinary dialogue. In what follows, we each present our case. In the first section, Adam Willows argues that moral activity necessarily involves the use of reason, symbolic thought, and language and is on that basis an exclusively human affair. In the second, Marcus Baynes‐Rock discusses his experience of relationality with other creatures; a relationality which, he argues, creates a shared understanding of obligations which are characteristically moral.
MAGNETS, MAGIC, AND OTHER ANOMALIES: IN DEFENSE OF METHODOLOGICAL NATURALISM
Authors: Perry John , Ritchie Sarah Lane 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent critiques of methodological naturalism (MN) claim that it fails by conflicting with Christian belief and being insufficiently humble. We defend MN by tracing the real history of the debate, contending that the story as it is usually told is mythic. We show how MN works in practice, including among real scientists. The debate is a red herring. It only appears problematic because of confusion among its opponents about how scientists respond to experimental anomalies. We conclude by introducing our preferred approach, Science‐Engaged Theology.
Social gradient of birthweight in England assessed using the INTERGROWTH-21st gestational age-specific standard
Authors: Hirst Jane E , Knight Hannah Ellin , Ohuma Eric O , Dwyer Terence , Hennig Benjamin D , Papageorghiou Aris T , Cheikh Ismail Leila , Villar José , Kennedy Stephen H 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the socioeconomic gradient of birthweights in England with reference to the prescriptive INTERGROWTH-21st Birthweight Standard.DesignNational cross-sectional study using data from Hospital Episode Statistics.SettingNational Health Service in England.ParticipantsAll singleton babies, live born between 34 weeks’ gestation and 42 weeks’ gestation, between 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2012.Main outcome measuresBirthweight distribution of babies with a birthweight of <10th centile or >90th centile, that is, small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) using Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles as a proxy for socioeconomic status.ResultsOf 508 230 babies born alive between 1 April 2011 and 31 March 2012, 38 838 (7.6%) were SGA and 81 026 (15.9%) were LGA. Median birthweight was 3405 g, median z-score was 0.25 (SD 1.06). Birthweight z-score demonstrated a social gradient, from 0.26 (SD 1.1) in the most deprived areas to 0.53 (1.0) in the least deprived. Women in the most deprived areas were twice as likely to have SGA babies using the INTERGROWTH-21st chart (OR 1.94; 95% CI 1.87 to 2.01) compared with those in the least deprived areas. If all women had the same rate of SGA equivalent to those living in the least deprived areas, approximately 12 410 (30%) fewer babies would be born SGA in England each year.ConclusionsThis study gives a measure of the social gradient in singleton SGA and LGA babies across England using an international standard of newborn size at birth.
Food sources of fructose-containing sugars and glycaemic control: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies
Authors: Choo Vivian L , Viguiliouk Effie , Blanco Mejia Sonia , Cozma Adrian I , Khan Tauseef A , Ha Vanessa , Wolever Thomas M S , Leiter Lawrence A , Vuksan Vladimir , Kendall Cyril W C , de Souza Russell J , Jenkins David J A , Sievenpiper John L 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of different food sources of fructose-containing sugars on glycaemic control at different levels of energy control.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies.Data sourcesMedine, Embase, and the Cochrane Library up to 25 April 2018.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesControlled intervention studies of at least seven days’ duration and assessing the effect of different food sources of fructose-containing sugars on glycaemic control in people with and without diabetes were included. Four study designs were prespecified on the basis of energy control: substitution studies (sugars in energy matched comparisons with other macronutrients), addition studies (excess energy from sugars added to diets), subtraction studies (energy from sugars subtracted from diets), and ad libitum studies (sugars freely replaced by other macronutrients without control for energy). Outcomes were glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, and fasting blood glucose insulin.Data extraction and synthesisFour independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. Data were pooled by random effects models and overall certainty of the evidence assessed by the GRADE approach (grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation).Results155 study comparisons (n=5086) were included. Total fructose-containing sugars had no harmful effect on any outcome in substitution or subtraction studies, with a decrease seen in HbA1c in substitution studies (mean difference −0.22% (95% confidence interval to −0.35% to −0.08%), −25.9 mmol/mol (−27.3 to −24.4)), but a harmful effect was seen on fasting insulin in addition studies (4.68 pmol/L (1.40 to 7.96)) and ad libitum studies (7.24 pmol/L (0.47 to 14.00)). There was interaction by food source, with specific food sources showing beneficial effects (fruit and fruit juice) or harmful effects (sweetened milk and mixed sources) in substitution studies and harmful effects (sugars-sweetened beverages and fruit juice) in addition studies on at least one outcome. Most of the evidence was low quality.ConclusionsEnergy control and food source appear to mediate the effect of fructose-containing sugars on glycaemic control. Although most food sources of these sugars (especially fruit) do not have a harmful effect in energy matched substitutions with other macronutrients, several food sources of fructose-containing sugars (especially sugars-sweetened beverages) adding excess energy to diets have harmful effects. However, certainty in these estimates is low, and more high quality randomised controlled trials are needed.Study registrationClinicaltrials.gov (NCT02716870).
Evaluation of a staff training programme to reimplement a comprehensive health assessment
Authors: Turcotte Luke A , Tran Jake , Moralejo Joshua , Curtin-Telegdi Nancy , Eckel Leslie , Hirdes John P 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundHealth information systems with applications in patient care planning and decision support depend on high-quality data. A postacute care hospital in Ontario, Canada, conducted data quality assessment and focus group interviews to guide the development of a cross-disciplinary training programme to reimplement the Resident Assessment Instrument–Minimum Data Set (RAI-MDS) 2.0 comprehensive health assessment into the hospital’s clinical workflows.MethodsA hospital-level data quality assessment framework based on time series comparisons against an aggregate of Ontario postacute care hospitals was used to identify areas of concern. Focus groups were used to evaluate assessment practices and the use of health information in care planning and clinical decision support. The data quality assessment and focus groups were repeated to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programme.ResultsInitial data quality assessment and focus group indicated that knowledge, practice and cultural barriers prevented both the collection and use of high-quality clinical data. Following the implementation of the training, there was an improvement in both data quality and the culture surrounding the RAI-MDS 2.0 assessment.ConclusionsIt is important for facilities to evaluate the quality of their health information to ensure that it is suitable for decision-making purposes. This study demonstrates the use of a data quality assessment framework that can be applied for quality improvement planning.
Distinct roles of histamine H1- and H2-receptor signaling pathways in inflammation-associated colonic tumorigenesis
Authors: Shi Zhongcheng , Fultz Robert S. , Engevik Melinda A. , Gao Chunxu , Hall Anne , Major Angela , Mori-Akiyama Yuko , Versalovic James 
Published: November 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a well-known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. Prior studies have demonstrated that microbial histamine can ameliorate intestinal inflammation in mice. We tested the hypothesis whether microbe-derived luminal histamine suppresses inflammation-associated colon cancer in Apcmin/+ mice. Mice were colonized with the human-derived Lactobacillus reuteri. Chronic inflammation was induced by repeated cycles of low-dose dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice that were given histamine-producing L. reuteri via oral gavage developed fewer colonic tumors, despite the presence of a complex mouse gut microbiome. We further demonstrated that administration of a histamine H1-receptor (H1R) antagonist suppressed tumorigenesis, while administration of histamine H2-receptor (H2R) antagonist significantly increased both tumor number and size. The bimodal functions of histamine include protumorigenic effects through H1R and antitumorigenic effects via H2R, and these results were supported by gene expression profiling studies on tumor specimens of patients with colorectal cancer. Greater ratios of gene expression of H2R ( HRH2) vs. H1R ( HRH1) were correlated with improved overall survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Additionally, activation of H2R suppressed phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inhibited chemokine gene expression induced by H1R activation in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, the combination of a H1R antagonist and a H2R agonist yielded potent suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced MAPK signaling in macrophages. Given the impact on intestinal epithelial and immune cells, simultaneous modulation of H1R and H2R signaling pathways may be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Histamine-producing Lactobacillus reuteri can suppress development of inflammation-associated colon cancer in an established mouse model. The net effects of histamine may depend on the relative activity of H1R and H2R signaling pathways in the intestinal mucosa. Our findings suggest that treatment with H1R or H2R antagonists could yield opposite effects. However, by harnessing the ability to block H1R signaling while stimulating H2R signaling, novel strategies for suppression of intestinal inflammation and colorectal neoplasia could be developed.
Intrinsic foot muscles contribute to elastic energy storage and return in the human foot
Authors: Kelly Luke A. , Farris Dominic J. , Cresswell Andrew G. , Lichtwark Glen A. 
Published: November 2018

The human foot is uniquely stiff to enable forward propulsion, yet also possesses sufficient elasticity to act as an energy store, recycling mechanical energy during locomotion. Historically, this dichotomous function has been attributed to the passive contribution of the plantar aponeurosis. However, recent evidence highlights the potential for muscles to modulate the energetic function of the foot actively. Here, we test the hypothesis that the central nervous system can actively control the foot’s energetic function, via activation of the muscles within the foot’s longitudinal arch. We used a custom-built loading apparatus to deliver cyclical loads to human feet in vivo, to deform the arch in a manner similar to that observed in locomotion. We recorded foot motion and forces, alongside muscle activation and ultrasound images from flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), an intrinsic foot muscle that spans the arch. When active, the FDB muscle fascicles contracted in an isometric manner, facilitating elastic energy storage in the tendon, in addition to the energy stored within the plantar aponeurosis. We propose that the human foot is akin to an active suspension system for the human body, with mechanical and energetic properties that can be actively controlled by the central nervous system. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The human foot is renowned for its ability to recycle mechanical energy during locomotion, contributing up to 17% of the energy required to power a stride. This mechanism has long been considered passive in nature, facilitated by the elastic ligaments within the arch of the foot. In this paper, we present the first direct evidence that the intrinsic foot muscles also contribute to elastic energy storage and return within the human foot. Isometric contraction of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle tissue facilitates tendon stretch and recoil during controlled loading of the foot. The significance of these muscles has been greatly debated by evolutionary biologists seeking to understand the origins of upright posture and gait, as well as applied and clinical scientists. The data we present here show a potential function for these muscles in contributing to the energetic function of the human foot.
Virgil, Aeneid 11, Pallas and Camilla, 1–224, 498–521, 532–596, 648–689, 725–835
Authors: Gildenhard Ingo , Henderson John 
Published: November 2018

A dead boy (Pallas) and the death of a girl (Camilla) loom over the opening and the closing part of the eleventh book of the Aeneid. Following the savage slaughter in Aeneid 10, the book opens in a mournful mood as the warring parties revisit yesterday’s killing fields to attend to their dead. One casualty in particular commands attention: Aeneas’ protégé Pallas, killed and despoiled by Turnus in the previous book. His death plunges his father Evander and his surrogate father Aeneas into heart-rending despair – and helps set up the foundational act of sacrificial brutality that caps the poem, when Aeneas seeks to avenge Pallas by slaying Turnus in wrathful fury. Turnus’ departure from the living is prefigured by that of his ally Camilla, a maiden schooled in the martial arts, who sets the mold for warrior princesses such as Xena and Wonder Woman. In the final third of Aeneid 11, she wreaks havoc not just on the battlefield but on gender stereotypes and the conventions of the epic genre, before she too succumbs to a premature death. In the portions of the book selected for discussion here, Virgil offers some of his most emotive (and disturbing) meditations on the tragic nature of human existence – but also knows how to lighten the mood with a bit of drag.
This course book offers the original Latin text, vocabulary aids, study questions, and an extensive commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Ingo Gildenhard’s volume will be of particular interest to students of Latin studying for A-Level or on undergraduate courses. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis to encourage critical engagement with Virgil’s poetry and the most recent scholarly thought.
King's College, Cambridge, has generously contributed to this publication.
Displaced Dental Materials in the Maxillary Sinus: An Original Series. Analysis and Definition of a Surgical Decision-Making Process
Authors: Brescia Giuseppe , Fusetti Stefano , Apolloni Federico , Marioni Gino , Saia Giorgia 
Published: November 2018

Objectives: Displacement of dental materials into the maxillary sinus occurs in daily dental practice; dental implants have become a new common foreign body (FB), as implantation has become routine. The main goal of the present study was to analyze an original series of patients consecutively treated for maxillary sinus FBs. A secondary goal was to propose a decision-making flowchart on the basis of the authors’ experience and a critical analysis of literature to select the most appropriate surgical approach. Methods: Eleven consecutive patients evaluated for maxillary sinus FBs consisting of dental material were considered. Results: For removal of the FBs, a nasal endoscopic approach was preferred in 5 cases, a nasal combined approach in 2 cases, an oronasal combined approach in 2 cases, and a lateral window approach in 2 cases. In 2 of 11 cases, complications were reported. A decision-making flowchart to select the best surgical approach is reported. Conclusions: The correct choice and application of FB removal techniques allow minimization of unfavorable outcomes and creation of an appropriate environment for new dental treatment. Prospective, large series-based studies will be necessary to confirm the safety and clinical efficacy of the proposed decision-making flowchart.
Models of paediatric learning for UK primary care clinicians: An unmet need
Authors: Snelson Edward , Hoskin Julie 
Published: November 2018

Objectives: Despite a long-standing declaration of educational need in the area of paediatrics in primary care, there is little in the way of strategy for delivering high-quality learning relevant to the specific needs of the primary care team. This article seeks to explore various models for delivering primary care centred paediatric education to inform discussion about how to meet this need. Methods: As well as considering various educational modalities, we share the lessons learned from setting up a novel educational model for practitioners working in a primary care setting. We consider the importance of education for those working where they may be operating from a position of uncertainty, which may lead to unnecessary referrals or unsafe practice. We explore the complexities of the interface which occurs between primary and secondary care in designing and delivering education. Results: There are various barriers to the setting up of a programme of education designed specifically for primary care, including time needed, funding and uncertainty of success. While the needs of the whole primary care team needs to be considered, there is a growing number of advanced clinical practitioners and physician associates who are likely to engage with paediatric-specific professional development opportunities, at least as much as the traditional medical workforce. Conclusion: The lack of adequate paediatric education for those working in primary care poses a risk which should not be ignored. In the absence of a coherent strategy in the United Kingdom to identify and meet the learning needs of practicing primary care clinicians, one possible solution is for health regions to develop bespoke initiatives based on an understanding of the local workforce, their learning needs and the local resources available. We explore the various modalities through which this can be achieved and share the lessons learned from the development of a multifaceted programme of paediatric learning for primary care clinicians.