bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil
Authors: Sarno Maria , Iuliano Mariagrazia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil was obtained using Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) lipase (E.C.3.1.1.3) anchored on Fe3O4/Au nanoparticles through physical interactions. A remarkable biodiesel yield of ∼90% was obtained without any pre-treatment and at a lipase concentration of 20%, 45°C reaction temperature, 1:6 oil/methanol molar ratio, after 24 h. The immobilized enzyme showed fast kinetic (the biodiesel yield was already of 34.6% after only 3 h) and activity slightly dependent on the length of the acid chains. The effect of the Au NPs sizes was monitored, to study the role of Au conduction centres in facilitating enzymes favourable orientation. The immobilized lipase activity stays above 74% after the first 3 cycles of use. In particular, the produced biodiesel presents an ester content of 97.8% ± 0.21 and a linolenic methyl ester content of 0.53% ± 0.03, in agreement with EN14214 requirements.
The effect of activation temperature on structure and properties of blue coke-based activated carbon by CO2 activation
Authors: Lan Xinzhe , Jiang Xu , Song Yonghui , Jing Xingpeng , Xing Xiangdong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Blue coke-based activated carbon (BAC) was prepared via CO2 activation with disused blue coke powder as raw materials at high temperature. The factor of activation temperature was intensively studied. The properties of sample were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and the activation mechanism was also proposed. The results showed that, with the increase of temperature, the yield of BAC decreased, while the iodine adsorption increased first and then decreased. The N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms revealed that the BAC had both micropores and mesopores, and the optimal temperature of porosity development was at 900-1000°C. When the activation temperature reached 1000°C, the maximum Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and pore volume of BAC were 636.91 m2·g-1 and 0.3627 cm3·g-1, respectively. The FTIR results indicated that BAC surface contained large amounts of surface functional groups such as hydroxyl, ester, carboxyl, and so on. The content of them decreased with the increase of temperature. Mechanism analysis shows that radial hole-making function happen first then transverd hole-enlarging function as the temperature increases, for the formation of large amount of microporous, the radial activation was the main controlling process.
Optimization of reaction parameters for the green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles using pine tree needles
Authors: Kheshtzar Raziyeh , Berenjian Aydin , Taghizadeh Seyedeh-Masoumeh , Ghasemi Younes , Asad Ali Ghanbari , Ebrahiminezhad Alireza 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the current study, the optimal reaction condition for fabrication of INPs by using pine tree (Pinus eldarica) leaf extract was developed. A fractional factorial design was utilized to screen the effective parameters in the green synthesis reaction, and central composite face design was employed to achieve the optimal reaction condition. Leaf extract and iron precursor concentrations were found to be the most effective parameters for the fabrication of INPs. Physicochemical characteristics of the obtained nanoparticles were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG). The prepared particles were found to be zero-valent iron nanoparticles without any iron oxide impurities. Nanoparticles were spherical in shape with diameters ranging from 8 nm to 34 nm with a mean particle size of 18 nm. The fabricated particles were amorphous with a low magnetization value of 33 memu/g.
From hollow lignin microsphere preparation to simultaneous preparation of urea encapsulation for controlled release using industrial kraft lignin via slow and exhaustive acetone-water evaporation
Authors: Wang Miao , Zhao Yadong , Li Jiebing 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLignin nano/microparticles have recently attracted growing interest for various value-additive applications of lignin, especially encapsulation. In this study, in order to establish a highly efficient and highly productive preparation process to effectively utilize technical lignin, a brand-new, slow and exhaustive solution evaporation process following a simple, self-assembly principle was developed using industrial softwood kraft lignin (SKL) from a starting acetone-water (80/20, v/v) solution to recover 100% of the lignin as homogeneous and well-shaped microspheres. The prepared microspheres had a typical average diameter of 0.81 ± 0.15 μm and were hollow with very thin shells (of nanoscale thickness). Based on this developed technique, encapsulation of urea by these lignin microspheres was directly achieved using the same process as hollow lignin microspheres with urea attached to the outside and entrapped inside of the wall. Two distinct urea release rates were observed for the urea-encapsulated microspheres: a fast release of the urea outside the shell wall and a slow (controlled) release of the urea inside the shell wall. The encapsulation efficiency was as high as 46% of the trapped urea as encapsulated inside the lignin microspheres. The slow and exhaustive solution evaporation procedure reported here is a simple and straightforward method for the valorization of industrial kraft lignin as hollow microspheres with controllable, homogeneous and desired morphologies, and especially for the direct preparation of lignin-based encapsulating fertilizers for controlled release.
Alternative Facts, Fake News, Conflicting Perceptions, & Their Relevance to Library and Information Professionals
Authors: Crowley Bill 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article addresses contemporary and emerging issues involving perceptions of “truth,” particularly truth in social networking and other web environments. It is a work primarily tackling issues concerning perceptions of truth in the United States of America with a lesser emphasis on their impact on other developed nations. Heuristics (trial and error lessons) derived from the author’s tacit knowledge gained in the political arena communicating factual information to legislators and their staff under the American constitutional right to petition for “redress of grievances” are provided. Research dealing with the well-documented predisposition of people, both well and poorly-educated, to seek out information supporting their existing views is considered. Also reviewed are the implications of the increased availability of disinformation and misinformation from hostile, mercenary, illegal, alt-right, alt-left and other contentious online sources. The essay concludes with the examination of the feasibility of a spectrum of possible roles to be played by libraries and information centers and their personnel in support of a broader identification and provision of validated facts at a time of overabundance in often unreliable electronic information.
Solitary Wave Solution of Nonlinear PDEs Arising in Mathematical Physics
Authors: Rani Attia , Khan Nawab , Ayub Kamran , Khan M. Yaqub , Mahmood-Ul-Hassan Qazi , Ahmed Bilal , Ashraf Muhammad 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The solution of nonlinear mathematical models has much importance and in soliton theory its worth has increased. In the present article, we have investigated the Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon and Pochhammer-Chree equations, to discuss the physics of these equations and to attain soliton solutions. The exp(−ϕ(ζ ))-expansion technique is used to construct solitary wave solutions. A wave transformation is applied to convert the problem into the form of an ordinary differential equation. The drawn-out novel type outcomes play an essential role in the transportation of energy. It is noted that in the study, the approach is extremely reliable and it may be extended to further mathematical models signified mostly in nonlinear differential equations.
Spikelets in pyramidal neurons: generating mechanisms, distinguishing properties, and functional implications
Authors: Michalikova Martina , Remme Michiel W.H. , Schmitz Dietmar , Schreiber Susanne , Kempter Richard 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Spikelets are small spike-like depolarizations that are found in somatic recordings of many neuron types. Spikelets have been assigned important functions, ranging from neuronal synchronization to the regulation of synaptic plasticity, which are specific to the particular mechanism of spikelet generation. As spikelets reflect spiking activity in neuronal compartments that are electrotonically distinct from the soma, four modes of spikelet generation can be envisaged: (1) dendritic spikes or (2) axonal action potentials occurring in a single cell as well as action potentials transmitted via (3) gap junctions or (4) ephaptic coupling in pairs of neurons. In one of the best studied neuron type, cortical pyramidal neurons, the origins and functions of spikelets are still unresolved; all four potential mechanisms have been proposed, but the experimental evidence remains ambiguous. Here we attempt to reconcile the scattered experimental findings in a coherent theoretical framework. We review in detail the various mechanisms that can give rise to spikelets. For each mechanism, we present the biophysical underpinnings as well as the resulting properties of spikelets and compare these predictions to experimental data from pyramidal neurons. We also discuss the functional implications of each mechanism. On the example of pyramidal neurons, we illustrate that several independent spikelet-generating mechanisms fulfilling vastly different functions might be operating in a single cell.
Microstructures, interface structure and room temperature tensile properties of magnesium materials reinforced by high content submicron SiCp
Authors: Shen M.J. , Zhang M.F. , Ying T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The present work aims to research the treatment processing of magnesium reinforced with 1 μmsilicon carbide particle (SiCp) using stir casting combined by ultrasonic vibration. Present studies have been done on six different materials: (a) AZ31B alloy without particles, (b) 5 vol.% SiCp/AZ31B composites fabricated with different semi-solid stirring time (5 min, 10 min, 15 min and 20 min), (c) composite with 20 vol.% SiCp. The effects of 1 μm/SiCp pretreatment and stirring time on microstructure and interfacial wettability as well as mechanical properties of the materials were confirmed. Both short and long stirring time for the particle dispersion brought particle agglomeration. Results of SEM microstructure and tensile properties exhibited that the optimal stirring parameters of 625 °C/1500 rpm/15 min are exploited, and 20 vol.% SiCp/AZ31B composite was fabricated by the optimal stirring parameters. The application of optimal stirring parameters for the treatment resulted in homogeneous particle distribution. The addition of SiCp leads to a reduced matrix grain, and 20 vol.% SiCp/AZ31B composite showed smaller grain size than. 5 vol.% SiCp/AZ31B composite. The interface between SiCp and matrix is clear and interfacial wettability well. Tensile test results show that with increasing SiCp content, strengths increase while ductility decreases.
Contract Law and the Liberalism of Fear
Authors: Oman Nathan B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Liberalism’s concern with human freedom seems related to contractual freedom and thus contract law. There are, however, many strands of liberal thought and which of them best justifies contract is a difficult question. In The Choice Theory of Contracts, Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller offer a vision of contract based on autonomy. Drawing on the work of Joseph Raz, they argue that extending autonomy should be the law’s primary concern, which requires that we extend the range of contractual choices available. While there is much to admire in their work, I argue that autonomy as conceived by Dagan and Heller cannot justify contract law. First, there are reasons to doubt the coherence of autonomy as an ideal. Second, given the pluralism of liberal societies, which, for example, often include substantial numbers of religious believers who reject core assumptions of autonomy theory, it is doubtful that such a theory can legitimate contract law. A more modest version of liberalism concerned primarily with protection against cruelty and providing a modus vivendi in pluralistic societies is more tenable. Such a vision of liberalism yields a more modest vision of contract law. Rather than making it into another means of realizing the dream of a more autonomous self, it is enough that contract law facilitates commerce and the marketplace. Markets in turn can serve an important — albeit limited — role in sustaining the peaceful cooperation and coexistence toward which a more realistic liberalism should aim.
Contract Law in a Just Society
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This Article challenges Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller’s choice theory of contract, according to which contract law is autonomy-enhancing. I make three points: first, the choice theory of contract cannot clarify the critical normative distinction between enforceable formal contracts and unenforceable informal promises. Second, I develop the roads/contract-types analogy: instead of promoting individuals’ autonomy and enhancing their choice among different projects, most contract types are justified by the preexisting preferences of citizens. Finally, I outline a teleological justification of contract law that is different from that propounded by Dagan and Heller. On this view, contract law should remain neutral as to which conception of the good is commendable and provide individuals with the means of shaping and pursuing a conception of a good life.
Voluntary Obligation and Contract
Authors: Bagchi Aditi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Absent mistake or misrepresentation, most scholars assume that parties who agree to contract do so voluntarily. Scholars tend further to regard that choice as an important exercise in moral agency. Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller are right to question the quality of our choices. Where the fundamental contours of the transaction are legally determined, parties have little opportunity to exercise autonomous choice over the terms on which they deal with others. To the extent that our choices in contract do not reflect our individual moral constitutions — our values, virtues, vices, the set of reasons we reject and the set of reasons we endorse — we are not justified in regulating contracts reluctantly. Contracts are entitled to the privilege of liberal regulatory deference only to the extent that they are the work product of individual autonomy. The assumption that contract is voluntary does enormous work in most normative theories of contract. This Article takes still more seriously the obstacles to autonomous choice that contracting parties face. The most important constraints are not in contract law itself but in the material and moral imperatives that dictate parties’ contracting preferences. Many contracts are driven by circumstantial considerations or actual background obligations. While these contracts are not wholly lacking in the element of voluntariness, we should distinguish them from those choices — and those contracts — which more fully realize our potential to self-consciously author our relations with others. Autonomous choice in contract requires more than Dagan and Heller imply, and it is likely beyond the power of contract law standing alone to deliver it.
Parol Evidence Rules and the Mechanics of Choice
Authors: Klass Gregory 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Scholars have to date paid relatively little attention to the rules for deciding when a writing is integrated. These integration rules, however, are as dark and full of subtle difficulties as are other parts of parol evidence rules. As a way of thinking about Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller’s The Choice Theory of Contracts, this Article suggests we would do better with tailored integration rules for two transaction types. In negotiated contracts between firms, courts should apply a hard express integration rule, requiring firms to say when they intend a writing to be integrated. In consumer contracts, standard terms should automatically be integrated against consumer-side communications, and never integrated against a business’s communications. The argument for each rule rests on the ways parties make and express contractual choices in these types of transactions. Whereas Dagan and Heller emphasize the different values at stake in different spheres of contracting, differences among parties’ capacities for choice — or the “mechanics of choice” — are at least as important.
Money Talks: Institutional Investors and Voice in Contract
Authors: Kreitner Roy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Contracts are the building blocks of markets, where participation is typically understood through choice: to buy or not to buy, and if so, from whom? In other words, contract choices allow participation by exit, with little need for discussion. However, in some instances markets may be open to a fair degree of voice. Market behavior is not always a take it or leave it endeavor, and market participation does not always entail the kind of passivity associated with the role of the price taker. At least when some contract parties put their minds to it, markets may retreat from the mechanics of pure preference satisfaction and interact with a realm of reasoned deliberation, where some market reasons are significantly public-minded. This essay explores the potential of contracts to become a locus of deliberative participation in the context of institutional investment (primarily by pension funds) and investors’ pursuit of commitments to nonfinancial goals.
Unity and Multiplicity in Contract Law: From General Principles to Transaction-Types
Authors: Benson Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Modern contract law is characterized by a certain kind of unity and multiplicity. On the one hand, it establishes fundamental principles that apply to all contracts in general. But at the same time, it specifies further principles and rules for particular kinds of contracts or transaction-types that mark out their distinctive features, incidents and effects. Clearly, a viable theory of contract law should be able to provide a suitable account of both aspects. The central critical contention of The Choice Theory of Contracts is that all prior approaches, in particular rights-based theories, have failed to do so. Indeed, Dagan and Heller argue that only a theory that explains the settled rules of contract law as teleologically oriented toward facilitating individuals’ pursuit of their different substantive goods, and thus as primarily power-conferring in this particularly robust sense, can provide the needed account. Such a theory, they believe, would be not only interpretatively accurate with respect to the actual law but also fully acceptable as a liberal view of contract. This Article challenges the core contentions of choice theory, suggesting why it may be unable to meet its own goal of explaining how contract law coherently specifies and integrates the general and specific dimensions of enforceable agreements. The Article looks into basic contract doctrines in order to specify a general conception of the contractual relation that can meet this desideratum and it sketches how, beginning with that conception, contract law unfolds a rich multiplicity of transaction-types. The resulting view is liberal but rights-based rather than teleological, and it proposes an alternative understanding of how the rules of contract law are power-conferring as well as duty-imposing.
Freedom, Choice, and Contracts
Authors: Dagan Hanoch , Heller Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In “The Choice Theory of Contracts,” we explain contractual freedom and celebrate the plurality of contract types. Here, we reply to critics by refining choice theory and showing how it fits and shapes what we term the “Contract Canon”.
I. Freedom. (1) Charles Fried challenges our account of Kantian autonomy, but his views, we show, largely converge with choice theory. (2) Nathan Oman argues for a commerce-enhancing account of autonomy. We counter that he arbitrarily slights noncommercial spheres central to human interaction. (3) Yitzhak Benbaji suggests that choice theory’s commitment to autonomy is overly perfectionist. Happily, in response to Benbaji, we can cite with approval Charles Fried’s point that contract types are “enabling our liberties.”
II. Choice. (4) Aditi Bagchi criticizes our inattention to impediments to choice. We show how choice theory’s commitments to both multiplicity and relational justice ameliorate these impediments. (5) Gregory Klass explores parol evidence to highlight the mechanisms of choice. We substantially concur with his position, and show how such mechanisms can ensure voluntariness, an essential element of choice. (6) Oren Bar-Gill and Clayton Gillette question the institutional capacity of existing legal actors to implement choice theory. Working from the example of cohabitation, we offer a somewhat more optimistic view.
III. Contracts. (7) Peter Benson contends our focus on the rational slights the reasonable. Although we did not use this Rawlsian vocabulary, choice theory complies with its strictures — more so than transfer theory. (8) Daniel Markovits and Alan Schwartz claim provocatively that contract theory must: capitulate before pluralism (as they endorse); leverage it; or fall victim to a so-called “embracing” approach (their charge against us). We reject the charge that choice theory is foundationally value-pluralist. Instead, we cabin pluralism and put it to work. (9) The Contract Canon starts on the next big step for choice theory by explaining existing doctrine (rebutting Benson on lack of fit) and helping adjudicate contract practice (countering Markovits and Schwartz on the vices of our pluralism).
Each Article in this Issue advances the field; each prompts us to refine choice theory — all steps, we hope, toward a more just and justified law of contract.
Investigation of relaxation times in 5-fluorouracil and human serum albumin mixtures
Authors: Korunur Sibel , Zengin Bilgin , Yilmaz Ali 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Human serum albumin (HSA) is often selected as a subject of any study because albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma. NMR is recognized as a valuable method to determine the structure of proteins-ligand and protein-drug complexes.

Objective – Aim of the study
In this study, protein drug interactions were investigated using 5-Fluorouracil anti-cancer drug and human serum albumin protein.

Materials and methods
In this context 400 MHz NMR spectrometry was used and NMR relaxation rates in drug-albumin complex were investigated with respect to increase albumin concentration and increase in 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-albumin solution temperature.

Results
The results of this study indicated that 5-FU had a weak association with albumin, and it easily dissociated from the protein to which it was attached.

Conclusion
The obtained results also gave us useful information about molecular dynamics of drug-albumin interactions.