bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agenda for VAT Modernization
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 18 sums up the arguments for the widely shared belief that VAT’s role in the tax system primarily is to raise revenue, predictably and efficiently. Accordingly, African VATs would benefit from a thorough review of the standard and non-standard exemptions, exclusions and zero rates, which depress tax collections, distort consumer and producer choices, discriminate against exports, favour imports, greatly increase administrative complexity, and promote tax avoidance. The case for VAT base-broadening is greatly strengthened by the findings of incidence studies that show that the net result of fiscal systems can be equalizing if the revenue from broad-based VATs is used to finance in-kind transfers, such as healthcare and education. Importantly, the emphasis on VAT policy should not detract from the centrality of VAT administration in shaping desirable outcomes. But better VAT design should lay the groundwork for better VAT administration. Last but not least, modernizing VAT systems requires a change in mindsets.
Talking Dirty
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the late eighteenth century, a prize was offered for a new vocabulary to scientifically describe smells. The challenge of describing smells was one which vexed several eighteenth-century writers. This chapter offers a survey of the shifting languages used to describe smells, using close readings alongside some quantification of vocabularies using digital databases. The shifting meanings of smell, odour, odoriferous, odorous, effluvia, perfume, aromatic, agreeable, and disagreeable, all demonstrate some crucial changes in the way scents were described across the eighteenth century. A shift towards more emotive vocabularies of smell and an adjectival intensification in the description of odours were connected to new consumer practices, discourses of politeness, and changing understandings of sensory acuity.
Air and Odour
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Starting with the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s experience of the Royal Institution lectures of 1802, this chapter sets out the relationship between smell, chemistry, and environmental medicine in the period from the 1660s to the 1820s. Putridity and putrefaction had long been associated with bad smell, but what the chemical investigations of the mid-eighteenth century succeeded in doing was separating the stink of putridity from its unhealthy qualities. Eudiometers, devices for measuring the quality of air that enjoyed a short vogue in the later eighteenth century, were one way of replacing the, now untrustworthy, sense of smell. Ultimately smell became a useful analogy for thinking about airborne disease or contagious particles, but by the early nineteenth century most physicians and chemists no longer believed that all smell was disease.
Metaphoric Odours
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The association of smelling with intimate, instinctual, knowledge and the ascription of moral value meant that political and religious polemic made great use of attacks on bad odour or celebrations of the liberty to stink. Case studies of the Sacheverell affair and resistance to Walpolean corruption offer two examples of this. The smell of corruption could be found out by liberty-loving noses. But the liberty of citizens to make what smells they please and not have the government stick their noses in their business became a useful trope during the 1790s. Incense, on the other hand, became a handy metaphor for flattery, manners, and forms of gendered identity. Despite attacks on censing, sweet smells were still celebrated in the Protestant sensorium—as natural theological texts showed. Both political and religious invocations of scent testified to an increasing recognition of the subjectivity of smelling and worries about sensory privacy and publicity.
Tobacco’s Publics
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the coffee house the smell of tobacco created an intimate public, bound together by the common consumption of smoke, that excluded the nerves of women and sensitive fops who were said to abhor tobacco smoking’s scent. Yet the growth of new, mixed-sex, sociable spaces encouraged attacks on tobacco consumption as unmannered and unmanly. In its place rose snuff—a way of managing the idiosyncratic nerves without invading others’ atmospheres. Snuff had problems—it was dirty and noisy. But it worked well in a society in which increasing emphasis was based on managing the olfactory boundaries of the body and its circumambient space. The coffee house played witness to this shift: where once long tables covered in pipes had been surrounded by tobacco-smoking patrons, by the end of the eighteenth century men took snuff to protect their nerves against smells as they sat in their solitary, silent, boxes.
Introduction
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
After setting out the broader arguments and structure of the book, this introduction goes on to discuss the historiographical context and theoretical innovations on which the study builds. It uses two examples—sulphur and paint—to illustrate the importance of habituation, sensitization, and attention as conceptual categories for thinking about causation, change, and the archive in sensory history. These categories undergird the arguments of the book, but they also offer future historians a convincing way of confronting the problem of how to historicize ‘experience’. Language remains crucial to this project—naming, writing, and reading smells were experiences that framed and were framed by perceptual categories.
The Crown and Urban Corporations, c. 1413–35
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the first of four chronological chapters examining periodic shifts in the density, membership, and nature of the ‘urban sector’. During the reign of Henry V and minority of Henry VI, municipal governments (rather than individual merchants and lawyers) tended to be the most active protagonists within the urban sector. Moreover, relationships between towns within the urban sector were mediated through the organs of royal government rather than through horizontal ‘networked’ relationships. The first section of the chapter examines how the peculiarly bureaucratic and institutional character of the urban sector can be seen in the operation of naval defence, finance, parliament, and political communication in 1413–35. The second section goes on to explore the ways in which the urban sector of 1413–35 facilitated a shared political culture at urban and national levels, with particular emphasis on the use of councils and the public suppression of dissent.
Mercantile Politics and the Ascendancy of Networks, c. 1435–50
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Over the 1430s and 1440s, a subtle but important shift occurred in the nature of urban political agency. In 1413–35, the dramatis personae in the theatre of the English urban political sector were civic governments, but in the years after 1435 collective political action was coordinated instead through informal networks of wealthy merchants. This chapter examines the causes and consequences of this shift in urban involvement in national politics, from public and corporation-based to private and mercantile. The first section examines why the Crown came to rely on mercantile resources in the years following the 1435–6 Burgundian assault on Calais and how merchants used their political leverage to influence royal policy. The second section goes on to investigate the effects that these lateral networks between members of the merchant elite had on the complexion of urban internal politics.
Edward IV, the Earl of Warwick, and a Changing Urban Sector, 1461–71
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the 1460s the urban political sector altered dramatically. The first three sections of this chapter explain how and why these changes occurred. Two of the features that had discouraged urban political engagement in the 1450s—the failure of royal institutions to facilitate inter-urban contact and the lack of a financial stake for townspeople in the success of royal government—no longer existed. The beginning of Edward IV’s reign also coincided with economic changes that brought artisans and gentlemen into municipal politics, many of whom were highly critical of civic governments. In these circumstances, urban and national politics frequently merged and conflict escalated easily. The final section of the chapter focuses on the significant role played by the urban sector in the civil wars of 1469–71, in which townspeople influenced the discourse employed by the earl of Warwick and dictated the course of events.
Economic Bubbles
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 address the higher-education cost bubble, why it is unsustainable, and the ways it will likely burst, using a computational model of research universities to explore possible futures for these universities. It is not possible to predict what mix of the scenarios of interest will actually emerge, although the forces driving these changes are already evident. Universities need strategies and investments that enable robust responses to whatever mix of scenarios emerges. The higher-education cost bubble will inevitably burst, probably facilitated by increasingly powerful and sophisticated technology platforms. Universities need the right portfolio of investments in the hedges that will assure success despite the bursting of the bubble. Without such changes, many institutions of higher education will disappear amidst this “creative destruction.”
Intelligent Systems
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ways in which human intelligence in routine and partly routine jobs can be augmented rather than replaced. The design of aids should begin with defining the user experience, proceed to designing the user interface to support this experience, and then focus on the enabling technologies. Intelligent aids should be considered for enhancing human performance; the extent of success will depend on the domain of application and the potential performance of the aid. Intelligent aids are inherently model based, drawing upon symbolic logic, mathematical paradigms, and/or statistical models; understanding the underlying modeling assumptions is key to establishing confidence in and trust of such aids. Intelligent systems technology has much promise but also many perils that warrant attention; its prospects depend on well-reasoned strategies for development and adoption.
Exploring Possible Futures
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of exploring possible futures, not in terms of case studies, but with a higher-level view of the overall process. Six themes—investments, stakeholders, change, decisions, design, and prediction—are reflected in most of the key points in this book. Clearly, exploring possible futures concerns investments in pursuing these futures involving multiple stakeholders and significant change. Models are employed to frame decisions, assess alternative designs, and make predictions about what might happen. Typical explorations involve planning new generations of existing product lines and new application domains for existing technology capabilities, assessing technology options for enabling new offerings, and addressing major enterprise challenges. Explorations should begin by focusing on desirability in terms of the “preference space” of major stakeholders. At the same time, avoid consideration of feasibility in the sense of what is achievable in the “physical space” of the domain of interest.
Models of Quantum Matter
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis book focuses on the theory of quantum matter, strongly interacting systems of quantum many–particle physics, particularly on their study using exactly solvable and quantum integrable models with Bethe ansatz methods. Part 1 explores the fundamental methods of statistical physics and quantum many–particle physics required for an understanding of quantum matter. It also presents a selection of the most important model systems to describe quantum matter ranging from the Hubbard model of condensed matter physics to the Rabi model of quantum optics. The remaining five parts of the book examines appropriate special cases of these models with respect to their exact solutions using Bethe ansatz methods for the ground state, finite–size, and finite temperature properties. They also demonstrate the quantum integrability of an exemplary model, the Heisenberg quantum spin chain, within the framework of the quantum inverse scattering method and through the algebraic Bethe ansatz. Further models, whose Bethe ansatz solutions are derived and examined, include the Bose and Fermi gases in one dimension, the one–dimensional Hubbard model, the Kondo model, and the quantum Tavis–Cummings model, the latter a model descendent from the Rabi model.
Quantum Many-Particle Systems and Second Quantization
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 2 provides a review of pertinent aspects of the quantum mechanics of systems composed of many particles. It focuses on the foundations of quantum many-particle physics, the many-particle Hilbert spaces to describe large assemblies of interacting systems composed of Bosons or Fermions, which lead to the versatile formalism of second quantization as a convenient and eminently practical language ubiquitous in the mathematical formulation of the theory of many-particle systems of quantum matter. The main objects in which the formalism of second quantization is expressed are the Bosonic or Fermionic creation and annihilation operators that become, in the position basis, the quantum field operators.
Angular Momentum
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn order to prepare for the discussion of quantum many-particle Hamiltonians, for example the Heisenberg quantum spin chain Hamiltonian, this chapter examines the concept of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, especially the coupling of spin-2 operators for several quantum spins. It begins with the general theory of angular momentum for a single quantum particle, especially for a single spin-1, described by Pauli spin matrices, and then extends to the theory of angular momentum for several particles, again especially for several spins1.
Phase Transitions, Critical Phenomena, and Finite-Size Scaling
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInteracting many-particle systems may undergo phase transitions and exhibit critical phenomena in the limit of infinite system size, while the precursors of these phenomena are studied in the theory of finite-size scaling. After surveying the basic notions of phases, phase diagrams, and phase transitions, this chapter focuses on critical behaviour at a second-order phase transition. The Landau-Ginzburg theory and the concept of scaling prepare readers for an elementary introduction to the concepts of the renormalization group, followed by an introduction into the field of quantum phase transitions where quantum fluctuations take over the role of thermal fluctuations.
Models of Strongly Interacting Quantum Matter
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces a select number of models of strongly interacting quantum many-particle physics and examines their basic properties. These models represent Bosonic and Fermionic systems as well as systems where magnetic moments, i.e. spins, interact. The main selection criterion has been the existence of a variant of the model that is quantum integrable using Bethe ansatz methods. After studying the Bose fluid, the Landau Fermi liquid, and the one-dimensional concept of the Luttinger liquid, it reviews some of the major models of condensed matter theory, including the Hubbard model describing itinerant magnetism, the Heisenberg model describing localized magnetism, and the Kondo model describing the interaction of a magnetic impurity and band electrons. It also presents the Rabi model and some of its descendants in order to describe the interaction of light and quantum matter in quantum optics.
Ice Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe crystal structure of several of the phases of ice shows a peculiarity associated with a special type of disorder: the one hydrogen atom between the two oxygen atoms is closer to one or the other of the two. This peculiarity depends only on the configuration and is independent of temperature. It gives rise to a finite entropy of ice, even at zero temperature, i.e. the residual entropy. This observation is used as a physical motivation to study a certain type of two-dimensional statistical mechanical models, the so-called vertex models, the exemplary vertex model being the ice model, for which we introduce the ice rule.
Megachurch: An American Original (Almost)
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Megachurches are not a new phenomenon; in fact, they have been around for a long time in some form. We trace their history back to the beginning of the Christian faith and describe their trajectory through key historical figures, examining how the Wesley brothers, Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Charles Haddon Spurgeon, D. L. Moody, Charles Grandison Finney, Russell H. Conwell, and Aimee Semple McPherson produced and nurtured megachurch forms. We describe and argue that Christian churches, and megachurches in particular, are particularly potent in illumining American religious history, and that congregational studies reveal and explain core attributes of American social life.
The Micro-sociology of Interaction Rituals within Megachurches
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We describe the paradigm of micro-sociology using Randall Collins’s work on interaction ritual chains to understand how emotional energy is produced in megachurches. We argue that individuals are motivated to participate in megachurches through a process of interaction ritual chains that produce and evoke deep desires satisfied through emotional energy, which attracts and keeps so many coming to megachurches. We describe Collins’s ingredients for successful rituals (co-presence, a shared mood, a mutual focus of attention, and barriers to outsiders) and how megachurches meet or transform these ingredients for their purposes. As we narrate Collins’s interactive ritual structure, we briefly outline the ways in which the six desires, described in Chapter 3, are met in a cyclical manner within megachurches. We show how they are evoked and addressed in overlapping and synchronic ways, which reinforces the power of the collective effervescence of these churches.
Desire for Acceptance and Belonging
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we show how megachurches meet their attendees’ desire for acceptance and belonging. It all begins with co-presence—being together at the same place and time—in an atmosphere of excitement and acceptance as one is welcomed and invited into the worship service. Megachurches have crafted particular strategies to make attendees feel welcome, which include having few barriers to entry. The entire experience is designed to require no prior knowledge and to make individuals feel comfortable. This is accomplished in part by incorporating aspects of secular culture. In this way, megachurches both embody the world (i.e., secularity), and introduce and bring out the sacred at the heart of the secular.
Desire for Wow, or Hacking the Happy
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we show how megachurches meet attendees’ desire for “wow” and awe. The data show that megachurch members are overwhelmingly “in love” with megachurch worship. Worship time is often an outward expression of praise and the sharing of joy—a time for generating collective effervescence. The collective effervescence evoked during the worship service is intensified by the fact that there are thousands of people contributing to it. Megachurch services are fields of wonder that energize and synchronize human bodies and feelings with remarkable acuity. The intense emotional energy produced prepares attendees for the pastor’s message, which follows the worship service.
Desire for Deliverance
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we identify how megachurches meet attendees’ desire for deliverance. The preaching and music produce high levels of emotional energy that need to be released. In particular, altar calls and healing services are the emotional peaks of the church service, following the worship singing and sermons. These moments allow attendees to release the emotional energy that has built up from the service and in their lives. These are collective experiences in which individuals transform and watch others do the same. In response to the experience of deliverance, individuals are asked to serve their church and communities as an expression of their faith.
The Shaping of Policy
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores patterns of policy enforcement of the variable border: where it is enforced and with what effectiveness. Policies reflect intentions to control migration patterns across the variable border, and to shape and constrain how the border actually functions. The chapter examines how the implementation of border controls reshapes policy on the ground. Control appears to be effective on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, a large number of migrants have gained access for long-term residence. Effective controls have shaped migration, but have also permitted large numbers of immigrants to enter from year to year. Most decision-making on entry has been externalized to countries of origin, where most people desiring to enter are granted visas. Most rejections are at land and sea ports, in part because these applications for admission are made for asylum, which is governed by more demanding rules and a different process.
Minnowbrook at 50: A Post-Script
Authors: Carboni Julia L , Nabatchi Tina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This essay closes the special issue on the Minnowbrook at 50 conference hosted by the Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. We first discuss areas of concord and discord at Minnowbrook at 50, paying particular attention to commonalities among the articles in this issue, as well as to topics addressed at the conference but not written about here. We then discuss our efforts over 2018 and 2019 to expand and extend the Minnowbrook at 50 conversation through interactive roundtable sessions at other conferences, a series of online discussions, and social media.