bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viable C5 and C6 Proximal Stump Use in Reconstructive Surgery of the Adult Brachial Plexus Traction Injuries
Authors: Rasulić Lukas , Savić Andrija , Lepić Milan , Kovačević Vojin , Vitošević Filip , Novaković Nenad , Mandić-Rajčević Stefan , Samardžić Miroslav 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
In patients with only upper (C5, C6) brachial plexus palsy (BPP), the pooled international data strongly favor nerve transfers over nerve grafts. In patients with complete BPP, some authors favor nerve grafts for the restoration of priority functions whenever there is a viable proximal stump.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate functional recovery in cases of upper and complete BPP where only direct graft repair from viable proximal stumps was performed.

METHODS
The study included 36 patients (24 with complete BPP and 12 with only upper BPP) operated on over a 15-yr period. In all cases, direct graft repair from C5 to the musculocutaneous and the axillary nerve was performed. In cases with complete BPP, additional procedures included either direct graft repair from C6 to the radial nerve and the medial pectoral nerve or the dorsal scapular nerve transfer to the branch for the long head of the triceps.

RESULTS
The use of C5 proximal stump grafts (in both complete and upper BPP) resulted in satisfactory elbow flexion in 26 patients (72.2%) and satisfactory shoulder abduction in 22 patients (61.1%). The use of C6 proximal stump grafts in patients with complete BPP resulted in satisfactory elbow extension in 5 (50%) and satisfactory shoulder adduction in another 5 (50%) patients.

CONCLUSION
Although nerve transfers generally enable better restoration of priority functions, in cases of infraganglionary injuries, especially in shorter defects, it is also necessary to consider direct graft repair, or at least its combination with nerve transfers, as a potentially beneficial treatment modality.
A Microhistory of the Global Empire of Cotton: Ivanovo, The ‘Russian Manchester’*
Authors: Smith Alison K 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The serf village of Ivanovo became one of the major centres of cotton production in tsarist Russia. This unexpected juxtaposition of serfdom and the beginnings of capitalist industry has made Ivanovo into an object of curiosity within histories of the Russian economy and of Russian serfdom. Thinking about Ivanovo as both a site of microhistory–the study of the ‘typical exception’–and as part of the global world of cotton both helps to explain Ivanovo’s development and helps to disrupt the notion of distinct phases of economic development that necessarily go along with distinct phases of political development. This article focuses on one period of Ivanovo’s history: a period beginning in the late 1820s, when Ivanovo’s owner, Count Sheremetev, began to manumit some of his wealthy serf industrialists. Many of them remained in the village and continued to produce the cotton calico that had already brought them their wealth and the village its fame. Although a feeling of a village society divided into separate classes had already begun to develop, this process gave new form to that development. In particular, the very institutional form of serfdom helped to create a stronger vision of a separate working class and industrial class.
Caesarean section and neonatal survival and neurodevelopmental impairments in preterm singleton neonates
Authors: Lodha Abhay , Ediger Krystyna , Creighton Dianne , Tang Selphee , Lodha Arijit , Wood Stephen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroductionEvidence is lacking regarding the benefit of caesarean section (CS) for long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in singleton preterm neonates. Therefore, uncertainty remains regarding obstetrical best practice in the delivery of premature neonates.ObjectiveOur objective was to determine the association between the mode of delivery and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm singleton neonates who were delivered by vaginal route (VR), CS with labour (CS-L), or CS without labour (CS-NL).MethodsSingleton neonates of less than 29 weeks’ gestation born January 1995 through December 2010 and admitted to our NICU and then assessed at neonatal follow-up clinic were studied. The primary outcome was neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) defined as cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, major or minor visual impairment, or hearing impairment or deafness at 36 months’ corrected age.ResultsIn this retrospective cohort study of 1,452 neonates, 1,000 were eligible for the study and 881 (88.1%) were available for follow-up. There was no significant difference in mortality between VR group, CS-L group, and CS-NL group. At 3 years, there was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of NDI. The odds of composite outcome of mortality or NDI for neonates born via CS-NL versus VR, and CS–L versus VR were 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59 to 1.37) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.72 to 1.61), respectively. Propensity score-based matched-pair analyses did not show a significant association between the composite outcome and CS with or without labour.ConclusionsCS was not associated with increased survival or decreased risk of NDI in premature singleton neonates born at less than 29 weeks’ gestation.
The Prehistory of Schneider’s First-Rank Symptoms: Texts From 1810 to 1932
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S , Mishara Aaron 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Importance
First-rank symptoms (FRS), proposed by Kurt Schneider in 1939, subsequently became influential in schizophrenia diagnosis. We know little of their prehistory. How often were FRS described before 1939 and in which countries and time periods? Which FRS was most frequently noted?

Observations
Forty psychiatric texts from 37 authors, published 1810–1932, were identified that described FRS. In a systematic subsample, half of the textbooks examined contained such descriptions with little differences between countries or over time. Somatic passivity was most commonly noted, followed by thought insertion, thought withdrawal, and made actions. This pattern resembled that reported in recent studies of schizophrenia. A novel term—delusions of unseen agency—was seen in psychiatric texts and then found, from 1842 to 1905, in a range of official reports, and psychiatric, medical, and general audience publications. The Early Heidelberg School (Gruhle, Mayer-Gross, Beringer) first systematically described “self-disturbances” (Ichstörungen), many of which Schneider incorporated into FRS.

Conclusions and Relevance
From the beginning of Western descriptive psychopathology in the early 19th century, symptoms have been observed later described as first-rank by Schneider. A term “delusion of unseen agency”—closely related to Schneider’s first-rank concept—was popular in the second half of the 19th century and described in publications as prominent as the Encyclopedia Britannica and New England Journal of Medicine. The descriptions of these specific symptoms, with substantial continuity, over more than 2 centuries and many countries, suggest that an understanding of their etiology would teach us something foundational about the psychotic illness.
A randomized controlled trial of azithromycin and sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine as prophylaxis against malaria in pregnancy among human immunodeficiency virus–positive women
Authors: Akinyotu Oriyomi , Bello Folasade , Abdus-Salam Rukiyat , Arowojolu Ayodele 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Malaria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in pregnancy are important and major contributing factors to maternal morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention of malaria in HIV-positive pregnant woman will reduce the burden of malaria–HIV comorbidity. The objective of this study was to compare effects and safety of azithromycin (AZ) with sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) for intermittent preventive therapy for malaria in HIV-positive pregnant women.

Methods
We performed a randomized, controlled, open-label pregnancy trial of 140 HIV-positive pregnant patients attending antenatal clinics at the University College Hospital and Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Participants were enrolled from a gestational age of 16 weeks and randomized to receive AZ or SP. The primary outcome was peripheral parasitaemia at delivery. Secondary outcomes were drug tolerability, foetal outcome and birthweight. The χ2 test (or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate) and Student’s t test were used in the per-protocol analysis. The level of statistical significance was p<0.05.

Results
A total of 123 participants (87.9%) completed the study: 60 participants received AZ and 63 received SP. The incidence of malaria parasitaemia at delivery in the AZ group was 6 (10.0%), compared with 7 (11.1%) in the SP group (relative risk 0.89 [95% confidence interval 0.28 to 2.82], p=0.84). Placental parasitization was demonstrated in 1 (1.6%) participant in the SP group compared with 3 (5.0%) in the AZ group (p=0.36).

Conclusions
The findings suggest that AZ is comparable to SP in malaria prevention and safety in HIV-positive pregnant women.
Uncommon Histopathological Variants of Malignant Melanoma. Part 2
Authors: Saggini Andrea , Cota Carlo , Lora Viviana , Kutzner Heinz , Rütten Arno , Sangüeza Omar , Requena Luis , Cerroni Lorenzo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract:Despite new horizons opened by recent advances in molecular pathology, histological evaluation still remains the diagnostic gold standard regarding cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms. Several histological variants of melanoma have been described, and their knowledge is crucial for accurate diagnosis and classification of cases with unusual clinico-pathological features. Uncommon histological variants of melanoma have been described based on a broad constellation of features, including architectural pattern, stromal alterations, cytological attributes, and other morphological properties. This review is aimed at providing an extensive discussion of unusual but distinctive histopathological variants of melanoma.
Clinical and Demographic Trends in Cardiac Rehabilitation: 1996-2015
Authors: Gaalema Diann E. , Savage Patrick D. , Leadholm Kevin , Rengo Jason , Naud Shelly , Priest Jeffrey S. , Ades Philip A. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
Clinical interventions in programs such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are guided by clinical characteristics of participating patients. This study describes changes in CR participant characteristics over 20 yr.

Methods:
To examine changes in patient characteristics over time, we analyzed data from 1996 to 2015 (n = 5396) garnered from a systematically and prospectively gathered database. Linear, logistic, multinomial logistic or negative binomial regression was used, as appropriate. Effects of sex and index diagnosis were considered both as interactions and as additive effects.

Results:
Analyses revealed that mean age increased (from 60.7 to 64.2 yr), enrollment of women increased (from 26.8% to 29.6%), and index diagnosis has shifted; coronary artery bypass surgery decreased (from 37.2% to 21.6%), whereas heart valve repair/replacement increased (from 0% to 10.6%). Risk factors also shifted with increases in body mass index (28.7 vs 29.6 kg/m2), obesity (from 33.2% to 39.6%), hypertension (from 51% to 62.5%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (from 17.3% to 21.7%), and those reporting current smoking (from 6.6% to 8.4%). Directly measured peak aerobic capacity remained relatively stable throughout. The proportion of patients on statin therapy increased from 63.6% to 98.9%, coinciding with significant improvements in lipid levels.

Conclusions:
Compared with 1996, participants entering CR in 2015 were older, more overweight, and had a higher prevalence of coronary risk factors. Lipid values improved substantially concurrent with increased statin use. While the percentage of female participants increased, they continue to be underrepresented. Patients with heart valve repair/replacement now constitute 10.6% of the patients enrolled. Clinical programs need to recognize changing characteristics of attendees to best tailor interventions.
Effects of Soft Toric, Rigid Gas-Permeable, and Mini-Scleral Lenses on Corneal Microstructure Using Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Alipour Fateme , Soleimanzade Mahya , Latifi Golshan , Aghaie Sepideh Haji , Kasiri Maryam , Dehghani Shima 
Published: April 2019

Objective:
To determine effects of wearing soft toric silicone hydrogel, rigid gas-permeable (RGP), and mini-scleral lenses on corneal microstructure using confocal microscopy.

Method:
A prospective cohort study was conducted on 33 neophyte patients fitted with contact lenses (avg. age: 26±7 years) in the tertiary eye center. Patients were instructed to wear soft toric silicone hydrogel, RGP, or mini-scleral lenses based on clinical diagnoses. Inclusion criteria were age greater than 18 years and best-corrected visual acuity ≥3/10. Patients with a history of eye-involving systemic diseases were excluded. Baseline examinations included log of minimal angle of resolution visual acuity (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study chart), refraction, slit-lamp, and fundoscopy. Confocal microscopy was used to measure subbasal nerve (SBN) density (mm/mm2), keratocyte cell density (cells/mm2), basal epithelial cell density (cells/mm2), and endothelial cell density (cells/mm2). Data were gathered on the first and follow-up visits. The follow-up visit happened after 6 months when the subjects had stopped wearing contact lenses for 12 hr. Comparative analysis was conducted within each group using the paired t test.

Results:
The changes in visual acuity, SBN, and keratocyte cell density were insignificant after 6 months of wearing lenses in all three groups. The basal epithelial cell density significantly decreased (P<0.05) in RGP and mini-scleral groups. In addition, the endothelial cell density decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the RGP group. No significant changes were detected in soft toric silicone hydrogel lens wearers.

Conclusions:
Soft toric silicone hydrogel lenses seemed to have the least impact on the corneal cellular microstructure for a wear period of 6 months, controlling confounding factors of prior cross-sectional investigations. The coarse (three layers) versus fine (five layers) division of stroma, the repeatability and reproducibility of stromal layers' demarcation, and the cohort size and its diversity in terms of initial corneal diagnoses (particularly in the mini-scleral wearing group) can potentially influence the outcomes, and their impact remains to be further investigated.
Improving Pharmacology Standardized Test and Final Examination Scores Through Team-Based Learning
Authors: El-Banna Majeda M. , Whitlow Malinda , McNelis Angela M. 
Published: April 2019

Background
Team-based learning (TBL) is a collaborative teaching and learning strategy emphasizing student engagement and application of knowledge.

Purpose
The purpose of the study was to compare the differences in scores on pharmacology course final and standardized criterion-referenced examinations between students taught in a traditional lecture-based approach and those taught under the TBL approach.

Methods
Using a before-and-after design, 338 prelicensure students were taught pharmacology using either a traditional lecture-based approach or a TBL approach.

Results
Significant differences on course final and standardized examination scores were found between the groups, with students taught using TBL scoring higher than students in the traditional lecture-based group.

Conclusions
Team-based learning had a positive impact on learning outcomes. Moreover, TBL may be a more efficient approach to teaching, as students in the TBL group had only 3 credit hours of content versus students in the traditional lecture-based group, who had 4 credit hours.
Memory inception and preservation in slime moulds: the quest for a common mechanism
Authors: Boussard A. , Delescluse J. , Pérez-Escudero A. , Dussutour A. 
Published: April 2019

Learning and memory are indisputably key features of animal success. Using information about past experiences is critical for optimal decision-making in a fluctuating environment. Those abilities are usually believed to be limited to organisms with a nervous system, precluding their existence in non-neural organisms. However, recent studies showed that the slime mouldPhysarum polycephalum, despite being unicellular, displays habituation, a simple form of learning. In this paper, we studied the possible substrate of both short- and long-term habituation in slime moulds. We habituated slime moulds to sodium, a known repellent, using a 6 day training and turned them into a dormant state named sclerotia. Those slime moulds were then revived and tested for habituation. We showed that information acquired during the training was preserved through the dormant stage as slime moulds still showed habituation after a one-month dormancy period. Chemical analyses indicated a continuous uptake of sodium during the process of habituation and showed that sodium was retained throughout the dormant stage. Lastly, we showed that memory inception via constrained absorption of sodium for 2 h elicited habituation. Our results suggest that slime moulds absorbed the repellent and used it as a ‘circulating memory’.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information’.
Phigaro: high throughput prophage sequence annotation
Authors: Starikova Elizaveta V. , Tikhonova Polina O. , Prianichnikov Nikita A. , Rands Chris M. , Zdobnov Evgeny M. , Govorun Vadim M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSummaryPhigaro is a standalone command-line application that is able to detect prophage regions taking raw genome and metagenome assemblies as an input. It also produces dynamic annotated “prophage genome maps” and marks possible transposon insertion spots inside prophages. It provides putative taxonomic annotations that can distinguish tailed from non-tailed phages. It is applicable for mining prophage regions from large metagenomic datasets.AvailabilitySource code for Phigaro is freely available for download at https://github.com/bobeobibo/phigaro along with test data. The code is written in Python.
No evidence for disruption of global patterns of nest predation in shorebirds
Authors: Bulla Martin , Reneerkens Jeroen , Weiser Emily L. , Sokolov Aleksandr , Taylor Audrey R. , Sittler Benoît , McCaffery Brian J. , Ruthrauff Dan R. , Catlin Daniel H. , Payer David C. , Ward David H. , Solovyeva Diana V. , Santos Eduardo S.A. , Rakhimberdiev Eldar , Nol Erica , Kwon Eunbi , Brown Glen S. , Hevia Glenda D. , Gates H. River , Johnson James A. , van Gils Jan A. , Hansen Jannik , Lamarre Jean-François , Rausch Jennie , Conklin Jesse R. , Liebezeit Joe , Bêty Joёl , Lang Johannes , Alves José A. , Fernández-Elipe Juan , Michael-Exo Klaus , Bollache Loïc , Bertellotti Marcelo , Giroux Marie-Andrée , van de Pol Martijn , Johnson Matthew , Boldenow Megan L. , Valcu Mihai , Soloviev Mikhail , Sokolova Natalya , Senner Nathan R. , Lecomte Nicolas , Meyer Nicolas , Schmidt Niels Martin , Gilg Olivier , Smith Paul A. , Machín Paula , McGuire Rebecca L. , Cerboncini Ricardo A.S. , Ottvall Richard , van Bemmelen Rob S.A. , Swift Rose J. , Saalfeld Sarah T. , Jamieson Sarah E. , Brown Stephen , Piersma Theunis , Albrecht Tomas , D’Amico Verónica , Lanctot Richard B. , Kempenaers Bart 
Published: April 2019

AbstractKubelka et al. (Science, 9 November 2018, p. 680-683) claim that climate change has disrupted patterns of nest predation in shorebirds. They report that predation rates have increased since the 1950s, especially in the Arctic. We describe methodological problems with their analyses and argue that there is no solid statistical support for their claims.
Excess significance bias in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation literature for neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Amad Ali , Jardri Renaud , Rousseau Chloé , Larochelle Yann , Ioannidis John P.A. , Naudet Florian 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been widely tested and promoted for use in multiple neuropsychiatric conditions, but as for many other medical devices, some gaps may exist in the literature and the evidence base for rTMS clinical efficacy remains under debate. We aimed to empirically test for an excess number of statistically significant results in the literature on rTMS therapeutic efficacy across a wide range of meta-analyses and to characterize the power of studies included in these meta-analyses.MethodsBased on power calculations, we computed the expected number of “positive” datasets for a medium effect-size (standardized mean difference, SMD=0.30) and compared it with the number of observed “positive” datasets. Sensitivity analyses considered small (SMD=0.20), modest (SMD=0.50), and large (SMD=0.80) effect sizes.Results14 meta-analyses with 228 datasets (110 for neurological disorders and 118 for psychiatric disorders) were assessed. For SMD=0.3, the number of observed “positive” studies (n=94) was larger than expected (n=35). We found evidence for an excess of significant findings overall (p<0.0001) and in 8/14 meta-analyses. Evidence for an excess of significant findings was also observed for SMD=0.5 for neurological disorders. 0 (0 %), 0 (0 %), 3 (1 %), and 53 (23 %) of the 228 datasets had power >0.80, respectively for SMDs of 0.30, 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80.ConclusionMost studies in the rTMS literature are underpowered. This results in fragmentation and waste of research efforts. The somewhat high frequency of “positive” results seems spurious and may reflect bias.Trial Registration: PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017056694
A Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensor Enables Real-time Detection of the Intracellular GTP:GDP Ratio
Authors: Zhang Jiayuan , Song Yuxin , Liu Shuzhang , Wang Weibo , Zhang Meiqi , Yang Guangfu , Zou Peng , Wang Jing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe interconversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanosine diphosphate (GDP) is integral to a wide variety of biological cellular activities. However, analytical methods which directly detect the ratio of intracellular GTP and GDP concentrations have not been available. Herein, we report GNEPS, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that enables real-time monitoring of the GTP:GDP ratio, which is a fusion protein comprising a eukaryotic G-protein and a circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein. GNEPS has distinct fluorescence spectra between its GTP-bound and GDP-bound states. Its apparent fluorescence signal therefore depends upon the competitive binding of GTP and GDP. Live cell imaging experiments demonstrated that GNEPS can be used to monitor spatiotemporal changes in the intracellular GTP:GDP ratio in various cell types and organelles in response to metabolic perturbations. We anticipate that GNEPS will become a valuable tool for understanding the metabolic and regulatory contributions of guanosine nucleotides.