bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hydrological Initial Conditions on Atmospheric River Floods in the Russian River Basin
Authors: Cao Qian , Mehran Ali , Ralph F. Martin , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A body of work over the last decade or so has demonstrated that most major floods along the U.S. West Coast are attributable to atmospheric rivers (ARs). Recent studies suggest that observed changes in extreme precipitation associated with a general warming of the western United States have not necessarily led to corresponding changes in floods, and changes in antecedent hydrological conditions could be a primary missing link. Here we examine the role of antecedent soil moisture (ASM) conditions on historical AR flooding on California’s Russian River basin, a coastal watershed whose winter precipitation extremes are dominated by ARs. We examined the effect of observed warming on ASM for the period 1950–2017. We first constructed an hourly precipitation product at 1/32° spatial resolution. We used the Distributed Hydrology Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM) to estimate storm total runoff volumes and soil moisture. We found that up to 95% of peaks-over-threshold (POT) extreme discharge events were associated with ARs. The storm runoff–precipitation ratio generally increased with wetter prestorm conditions, and the relationship was stronger as drainage area increased. We found no trends in extreme precipitation but weak downward trends in extreme discharge. The latter were mostly consistent with weak downward trends in the first 2-day storm precipitation. We found no trends in ASM; however, ASM was significantly correlated with peak flow. The ASM was affected more by antecedent precipitation than evapotranspiration, and hence temperature increases had weak effects on ASM.
Glider Observations of a Mesoscale Oceanic Island Wake
Authors: Zeiden Kristin L. , Rudnick Daniel L. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, a 2-yr time series of velocity profiles to 1000 m from meridional glider surveys is used to characterize the wake in the lee of a large island in the western tropical North Pacific Ocean, Palau. Surveys were completed along sections to the east and west of the island to capture both upstream and downstream conditions. Objectively mapped in time and space, mean sections of velocity show the incident westward North Equatorial Current accelerating around the island of Palau, increasing from 0.1 to 0.2 m s−1 at the surface. Downstream of the island, elevated velocity variability and return flow in the lee are indicative of boundary layer separation. Isolating for periods of depth-average westward flow reveals a length scale in the wake that reflects local details of the topography. Eastward flow is shown to produce an asymmetric wake. Depth-average velocity time series indicate that energetic events (on time scales from weeks to months) are prevalent. These events are associated with mean vorticity values in the wake up to 0.3f near the surface and with instantaneous values that can exceed f (the local Coriolis frequency) during periods of sustained, anomalously strong westward flow. Thus, ageostrophic effects become important to first order.
How the Speed and Latitude of the Jet Stream Affect the Downstream Response to Recurving Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Finocchio Peter M. , Doyle James D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecurving tropical cyclones (TCs) that interact with the jet stream can trigger Rossby wave packets that amplify the flow far downstream, but the extent to which the jet stream modulates TC–jet interactions and the development of the downstream response remains unclear. This study uses 25 idealized simulations from the COAMPS-TC model to examine how the latitude and maximum wind speed of an initially zonal jet stream affect the downstream response to recurving TCs. During the first 5 days of the simulations, the formation of a jet streak and a ridge immediately downstream of the TC occurs earlier on low-latitude jets than on high-latitude jets. This is due to weaker TC inertial stability at low latitudes, which promotes negative potential vorticity advection by the irrotational outflow along the jet. Increasing the speed of the jet locally reduces inertial stability poleward of the TC, but does not profoundly affect the ability of the TC to perturb the jet. Beyond 5 days, the highest-latitude and fastest jets, which have the largest baroclinic growth rates, exhibit the highest-amplitude Rossby waves and the most rapidly intensifying surface cyclones farther downstream of the TCs. Both measures of the downstream response are more sensitive to changing the speed than the latitude of the jet. Deactivating condensational heating, shortly after TCs trigger a Rossby wave packet, decreases the amplitude and variability of the downstream flow by up to 3 times relative to the fully moist simulations. This result emphasizes the importance of moist diabatic processes for generating an amplified downstream response to recurving TCs within 7–10 days.
Knowledge of Fentanyl and Perceived Risk of Overdose Among Persons Who Use Drugs in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Moallef Soroush , Nosova Ekaterina , Milloy M. J. , DeBeck Kora , Fairbairn Nadia , Wood Evan , Kerr Thomas , Hayashi Kanna 
Published: June 2019

Objectives: In North America, the illicit drug supply is increasingly contaminated by illicitly manufactured fentanyl. We sought to assess the level and source of fentanyl risk knowledge, defined as knowledge of the overdose risks associated with fentanyl, and characterize the prevalence and correlates of perceived risk of personally having a fentanyl overdose among persons who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in Vancouver, British Columbia. Methods: We derived data from 3 prospective cohorts of PWUD in Vancouver from December 2016 through May 2017. We used multivariable ordinal regression analysis to identify factors associated with a lower perceived risk of having a fentanyl overdose. Results: Of 1166 participants, 1095 (93.9%) had fentanyl risk knowledge. Of 1137 participants who answered questions about their perceived risk of having a fentanyl overdose, 398 (35.0%) perceived having no risk, 426 (37.5%) perceived having low risk, and 313 (27.5%) perceived having moderate or high risk. Never or rarely using opioids (n = 541, 65.7%) was the most common reason for reporting no or low perceived risk (n = 824), whereas 137 (16.6%) participants reported daily heroin use. In multivariable analysis, compared with participants who perceived a moderate or high risk, participants who perceived a lower risk were less likely to report a recent nonfatal overdose (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28; P < .001), recent injection drug use (aOR = 0.34; P < .001), and awareness of recent exposure to fentanyl (aOR = 0.34; P < .001). Conclusion: Despite a high level of fentanyl risk knowledge, most study participants did not translate this knowledge into a risk of having an overdose. Although participants who perceived a lower risk were less likely to have had an overdose, a considerable proportion was engaged in daily opioid use, suggesting the need to improve overdose prevention efforts.
Diabetes Education Impact on Hypoglycemia Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Evidence and Gaps in the Literature
Authors: LaManna Jacqueline , Litchman Michelle L. , Dickinson Jane K. , Todd Andrew , Julius Mary M. , Whitehouse Christina R. , Hyer Suzanne , Kavookjian Jan 
Published: June 2019

Purpose The primary purpose of this study is to report a systematic review of evidence and gaps in the literature among well-conducted studies assessing the impact of diabetes education on hypoglycemia outcomes and secondarily reporting the impact on other included target outcomes. Methods The authors used a modified Cochrane method to systematically search and review English-language titles, abstracts, and full-text articles published in the United States between January 2001 and December 2017, with diabetes education specified as an intervention and a directly measurable outcome for hypoglycemia risk or events included. Results Fourteen quasi-experimental, experimental, and case-control studies met the inclusion criteria, with 8 articles reporting a positive impact of diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) on hypoglycemia outcomes; 2 of the 8 reported decreased hypoglycemia events, and 1 reported decreased events in both the intervention and control groups. In addition, 5 studies targeted change in reported hypoglycemia symptoms, with all 5 reporting a significant decrease. DSMES also demonstrated an impact on intermediate (knowledge gain, behavior change) and long-term (humanistic and economic/utilization) outcomes. An absence of common hypoglycemia measures and terminology and suboptimal descriptions of DSMES programs for content, delivery, duration, practitioner types, and participants were identified as gaps in the literature. Conclusions Most retained studies reported that diabetes education positively affected varied measures of hypoglycemia outcomes (number of events, reported symptoms) as well as other targeted outcomes. Diabetes education is an important intervention for reducing hypoglycemia events and/or symptoms and should be included as a component of future hypoglycemia risk mitigation studies.
Impact of an educational digital storytelling intervention on HIV risk perception among Nigerian adolescents
Authors: Ofoegbu Theresa Onyema , Otu Mkpoikanke Sunday , Christopher Ibenegbu , Uche Asogwa , Nwabuko Linus Okechukwu , Ebere Ibe , Dike Ibiwari Caroline , Ngozi Obiyo , Chinedozie Uwakwe , Muhammed Abdullahi 
Published: June 2019

Objective The study objective was to investigate the impact of an educational digital storytelling intervention (EDSI) on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk perception and knowledge among Nigerian adolescents. Methods Using a randomized controlled trial design procedure, we recruited 98 Nigerian adolescents who were college students. Data were collected using the Perceived Risk of HIV Scale and the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire and were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results The results showed that the EDSI was effective in increasing HIV risk perception and knowledge among adolescents in the treatment group compared with those in the no-treatment control group. Conclusion The EDSI is a useful tool to help adolescents to increase their HIV risk perception and knowledge. Further research and policy changes are needed to support the full implementation of the EDSI in different sectors of Nigerian society and in other parts of the world.
Evaluating an Internet-based video cognitive processing therapy intervention for veterans with PTSD: A pilot study
Authors: Murphy Dominic , Turgoose David 
Published: June 2019

Introduction There remain a number of UK military veterans who are not able to access psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some of these barriers are practical, including the need to balance work and other life commitments with attendance at residential or outpatient appointments. There is a need to investigate more accessible and flexible methods of delivering psychological therapies to veterans. One such alternative is to use remote-access video technology, often referred to as tele-therapy. The aims of the present study were to explore the feasibility of using tele-therapy in this population, whilst also reporting mental health outcomes for those who accessed the intervention. Methods Participants were recruited from a UK veterans mental health charity. The intervention consisted of 12 sessions of cognitive processing therapy delivered via Skype. Participants completed various measures of mental health, including PTSD at three time points: pre-treatment, post-treatment and at three months follow-up. A measure of therapeutic alliance was also completed by participants and the clinician. Results A total of 27 participants engaged in tele-therapy, with a treatment completion rate of 79% and a ‘did not attend’ rate of 12%, which compared well against similar outpatient services. All mental health outcomes showed maintained improvement at three months follow-up, with the highest effect size recorded for PTSD. Therapeutic alliance was also rated highly by both participants and the clinician. Discussion The findings suggest that tele-therapy could provide a viable alternative format for delivering trauma-focused psychological therapies to veterans. Limitations and recommendations for future research are also presented.
Considering B7-CD28 as a family through sequence and structure
Authors: West Sean M , Deng Xiaodi A 
Published: June 2019

With the emergence of immuno-oncology, new therapeutic agents that modulate immune activation and regulation are being used to treat cancer patients with durable response. It is well known that following T-cell receptor (TCR) activation, many co-receptors can augment or suppress the TCR signal, and therapeutically targeting these co-receptors has proven effective. The B7-CD28 family is comprised of such immune-regulatory receptors, and antibodies against its members programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) have revolutionized cancer treatment. These therapies promote an immune response against tumor cells, which demonstrated better long-term survival and tolerability compared to traditional cancer treatments. In this review we describe the history of the expanding B7-CD28 family, and by comparison of sequence and structure reveal that it is a non-traditional family. The family has grown to include proteins that share low sequence identity, generally grouped by regulation of immune response, which utilize the common immunoglobulin fold. This low level of commonality has provided additional challenges to the drug discovery process as the mechanisms and therapeutic potency between family members can vary greatly.Impact statementImmunotherapy as a field has dramatically expanded in the last decade in the area of oncology with efficacy demonstrated by PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 blockade. With all three “checkpoint blockade” receptors being in the B7-CD28 family, there has been increased interest in targeting other members in this family due to redundancy in immune regulation, i.e., the combination of therapeutic agents targeting multiple co-inhibitory receptors may yield additional antitumor efficacy. Therefore significant resources are being dedicated to developing additional B7-CD28 treatment options.
Multimodal analgesia for treatment of allodynia and hyperalgesia after major trauma in a cat
Authors: Goich Mariela , Bascuñán Alejandra , Faúndez Patricio , Valdés Alicia 
Published: June 2019

Case summary A 2-year-old polytraumatized male cat was admitted to a teaching hospital for correction of a defective inguinal herniorrhaphy. Upon arrival, the cat showed signs of neuropathic pain, including allodynia and hyperalgesia. Analgesic therapy was initiated with methadone and metamizole; however, 24 h later, the signs of pain continued. Reparative surgery was performed, and a multimodal analgesic regimen was administered (methadone, ketamine, wound catheter and epidural anesthesia). Postoperatively, the cat showed signs of severe pain, assessed using the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale. Rescue analgesia was initiated, which included methadone, bupivacaine (subcutaneous wound-diffusion catheter) and transversus abdominis plane block. Because the response was incomplete, co-adjuvant therapy (pregabalin and electroacupuncture) was then implemented. Fourteen days after admission, the patient was discharged with oral tramadol and pregabalin for at-home treatment. Relevance and novel information Neuropathic pain is caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system and is a well-described complication following trauma, surgical procedures such as hernia repair, and inadequate analgesia. The aims of this report are to: (1) describe a presentation of neuropathic pain to highlight the recognition of clinical signs such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in cats; and (2) describe treatment of multi-origin, severe, long-standing, ‘mixed’ pain (acute inflammatory with a neuropathic component). The patient was managed using multiple analgesic strategies (multimodal analgesia), including opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, locoregional anesthesia, co-adjuvant drugs and non-pharmacological therapy (electroacupuncture).
The history and future of Kham: Perspectives based on a historical anthropological reading of Alai's four novels
Authors: Zheng Shaoxiong 
Published: June 2019

Up to the present, the distinguished Tibetan writer, Alai, has published four full-length novels – King Gesar, Nyarong (Zhandui), Red Poppies, and the Hollow Mountain series – which have, to a great extent, shaped outsiders’ impressions of Kham, or Eastern Tibet, one of the three traditional divisions of ‘cultural Tibet’ or ‘ethnographical Tibet’. Based on a historical anthropological perspective, this article examines the spatial and temporal dimensions of Kham history reflected in these four novels. On the one hand, it shows how the native Khampa's senses of space, referring to surrounding political entities, changed first from an ancient model of ‘four regimes in four directions’, then to a dual model of the central Han and local Tibetan polities on opposing sides during late Imperial China and the Republican Period, and finally to the unitary model of a single central government in the contemporary period. In addition, this article shows how Khampa have experienced changing senses of time, from circulatory Tibetan Buddhist time to the dynastic time of Chinese Empires to modern linear time. Beyond revealing the transformations in the spatial and temporal senses of the Khampa people, Alai also implicitly describes the alternative models in Sino-Tibetan relations as both historical reality and ideality: Spatially, in the process of forced integration, Han Chinese and Tibetan people have simultaneously experienced ethnic distinction, which has been recognized by elite Khampa agents; Temporally, free borderland markets, acting in the role of historical transcendence, have been protective and under control, especially for the sake of the Tibetan side. The above narratives are both empirical facts and Alai's expectations and construction. On the one hand, as an ethnic-minority writer and native speaker (Tibetan dialect rGyalrong), Alai loves his fellow Tibetans and tends to understand their conditions from the bottom up; on the other hand, raised in a peripheral Tibetan village near a Han area, educated in modern Mandarin schools and a Mandarin college, and unable to practice writing in his mother language, Alai has a conception of history that has been generated from the top down. It is easy to understand how, faced with issues of frontiers and ethnic minorities, native elites like Alai are quite likely to develop a historical construction of literary complexity. This complexity further diversifies outsiders' impressions of Tibet.
In vitro evaluation of loop design influencing the sliding of orthodontic wires: A preliminary study
Authors: Savoldi Fabio , Paganelli Corrado 
Published: June 2019

Aim: Resistance to sliding between bracket and wire is present, in a different magnitude, in most orthodontic treatments and it affects the biomechanics of the tooth movement. However, the influence of loop design on resistance to sliding is currently unknown. Methods: In total, 12 stainless steel orthodontic wires of different sizes (0.016″×0.022″; 0.017″×0.025″), loop height (6mm, 8mm, 10mm), and loop type (open, close) were analyzed. Wires were tied with elastic ligatures to a bracket and tested during sliding at 0.5 mm/min. Straight wires were used as controls. Differences in the force to start the sliding ( N), force during the sliding ( N), and displacement to start the sliding (mm), were evaluated with Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney tests (α=0.05). Results: Open loops had a lower force to start the sliding compared to straight wires ( p<0.05), and some closed loops showed a similar trend. Open loops had lower force during the sliding compared to straight wires, but closed loops were less predictable. Displacement to start the sliding increased with loop height, and differences were present between loops and straight wires ( p<0.001). Force to start the sliding and force during the sliding changed relative to loop type ( p<0.05), and closed loops showed higher resistance to sliding. Differences were also found in force to start the sliding and force during the sliding between wire sizes, with larger wires associated with higher forces ( p<0.05). Conclusions: Loops should be considered as significant variables in the resistance to sliding, as they can influence both the amount of force and the onset of sliding. Compared to straight wires, rectangular wires with open loops may help clinicians reduce resistance to sliding. Further studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
Myoclonic jerks complicating treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: case report and literature review
Authors: Rhee John Y. , Tremblay Douglas , Chan Amy M. , Tallman Martin S. , Mascarenhas John 
Published: June 2019

Key Points
Myoclonic jerks and inattentiveness may be rare neurologic complications of ATO toxicity. Clinicians must be aware of this rare toxicity given that the ATO and ATRA combination is now standard-of-care treatment of low-risk APL.
Light pollution affects space use and interaction of two small mammal species irrespective of personality
Authors: Hoffmann Julia , Schirmer Annika , Eccard Jana Anja 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Background
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one form of human-induced rapid environmental changes (HIREC) and is strongly interfering with natural dark–light cycles. Some personality types within a species might be better suited to cope with environmental change and therefore might be selected upon under ongoing urbanization.

Results
We used LED street lamps in a large outdoor enclosure to experimentally investigate the effects of ALAN on activity patterns, movement and interaction of individuals of two species, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius). We analyzed effects combined with individual boldness score. Both species reduced their activity budget during daylight hours. While under natural light conditions home ranges were larger during daylight than during nighttime, this difference vanished under ALAN. Conspecifics showed reduced home range overlap, proximity and activity synchrony when subjected to nighttime illumination. Changes in movement patterns in reaction to ALAN were not associated with differences in boldness score of individuals.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that light pollution can lead to changes in movement patterns and individual interactions in small mammals. This could lead to fitness consequences on the population level.