bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of 4‐(1,2,4‐Triazole‐5‐yl)furazan Derivatives as High‐Performance Insensitive Energetic Materials
Authors: Xu Zhen , Cheng Guangbin , Yang Hongwei , Zhang Jiaheng , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract3‐Nitro‐4‐(5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)furazan (2), N,N′‐bis(trinitroethyl)‐3,5′‐diamino‐4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)furazan (3), N,N′‐bis(trinitroethyl)‐3,5′‐dinitramino‐4‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)furazan (4) and eighteen nitrogen‐rich salts (5 a, 5 b, 5 d–5 i, 5 g‐1, 6 a–6 i) were designed and synthesized. These 4‐(1,2,4‐triazole‐5‐yl)furazan derivatives were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectra, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The solid‐state structures of 2, 5 d, 5 e, 5 h, 5 g‐1, 6 g, and 6 i were confirmed via single crystal X‐ray analysis. Detonation performance (detonation velocities and pressures) of these energetic compounds was evaluated and the impact and friction sensitivities were measured using standard BAM technology. Some of the compounds, for example, 2 (D: 9152 m s−1, P=37.1 GPa) and 4 (D: 9355 m s−1, P=40.1 GPa) exhibit excellent detonation performance, which are comparable to the highly explosive benchmarks such as RDX (D: 8795 m s−1, P=34.9 GPa) and HMX (D: 9144 m s−1, P=39.2 GPa).
N‐Arylamines Coupled with Aldehydes, Ketones, and Imines by Means of Photocatalytic Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Xia Qing , Tian Hao , Dong Jianyang , Qu Yi , Li Lili , Song Hongjian , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA photoredox‐catalyzed umpolung strategy for coupling reactions between aldehydes, ketones, imines, and N‐arylamines is reported. These reactions proceed by a Brønsted acid‐activated proton‐coupled electron transfer pathway, and the protocol was used to synthesize a broad scope of 1,2‐amino alcohols and vicinal diamines, both of which are common motifs in biologically active natural products, pharmaceutically active molecules, and ligands.
Recurrence rate of atrial fibrillation after the first clinical episode: A prospective evaluation using continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring
Authors: Simantirakis Emmanuel N. , Papakonstantinou Panteleimon E. , Kanoupakis Emmanuel , Chlouverakis Gregory I. , Tzeis Stylianos , Vardas Panos E. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundDecision making regarding a patient who has experienced a first clinical episode of atrial fibrillation (AF) is challenging, and the AF recurrences should be a significant consideration. Continuous long‐term rhythm monitoring via implantable loop recorders (ILRs) has enabled us to evaluate the AF recurrence profile after the first clinical episode and to investigate clinical parameters associated with the course of the arrhythmia.HypothesisContinuous rhythm monitoring via ILRs in AF patients after the first clinical episode is of clinical significance and precisely evaluate the AF recurrence profile.MethodsThirty consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF received an ILR after their first symptomatic episode. We evaluated the maximum duration of episodes and the recurrence rate of the arrhythmia during a follow‐up period of 3 years.ResultsThree patients (10%) had no AF recurrence, whereas 4 patients (13.3%) presented only 1 episode. Almost half of the patients (46.7%) had a low recurrence rate (<5 episodes/year), whereas the majority of patients (19/30) suffered from episodes with maximum duration ≤24 hours. Eleven patients (36.7%) presented either no episode or a low recurrence rate with episodes lasting ≤24 hours. The use of statins was greater in patients with a low recurrence rate (P = 0.025).ConclusionsA significant percentage of patients either suffer no AF recurrence after their first symptomatic episode or show a low recurrence rate. Most patients present episodes of short duration. If these findings are confirmed in larger studies, they could have clinical implications ensuring individualized management of the arrhythmia in the future.
Distinct timing of neurogenesis of ipsilateral and contralateral retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Marcucci Florencia , Soares Célia A. , Mason Carol 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn higher vertebrates, the circuit formed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) projecting ipsilaterally (iRGCs) or contralaterally (cRGCs) to the brain permits binocular vision and depth perception. iRGCs and cRGCs differ in their position within the retina and in expression of transcription, guidance and activity‐related factors. To parse whether these two populations also differ in the timing of their genesis, a feature of distinct neural subtypes and associated projections, we used newer birthdating methods and cell subtype specific markers to determine birthdate and cell cycle exit more precisely than previously. In the ventrotemporal (VT) retina, i‐ and cRGCs intermingle and neurogenesis in this zone lags behind RGC production in the rest of the retina where only cRGCs are positioned. In addition, within the VT retina, i‐ and cRGC populations are born at distinct times: neurogenesis of iRGCs surges at E13, and cRGCs arise as early as E14, not later in embryogenesis as reported. Moreover, in the ventral ciliary margin zone (CMZ), which contains progenitors that give rise to some iRGCs in ventral neural retina (Marcucci et al., 2016), cell cycle exit is slower than in other retinal regions in which progenitors give rise only to cRGCs. Further, when the cell cycle regulator Cyclin D2 is missing, cell cycle length in the CMZ is further reduced, mirroring the reduction of both i‐ and cRGCs in the Cyclin D2 mutant. These results strengthen the view that differential regulation of cell cycle dynamics at the progenitor level is associated with specific RGC fates and laterality of axonal projection.
Supramolecular Gluing of Polymeric Hydrogels
Authors: Lovrak Matija , Picken Stephen J. , Eelkema Rienk , van Esch Jan H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe report a simple method for gluing polymer hydrogels together, based on supramolecular chemistry. The gluing is achieved by reactive self‐assembly of a low molecular weight gelator at the interface of the two polymer hydrogels. Formation and assembly of the hydrazine‐based gelator into fibers at the polymer gel interface leads to a greatly increased detachment stress.
Self‐Assembled Organic Crystalline Microring Cavities with High Q‐Factors
Authors: Bando Kazuki , Fujii Honami , Mizuno Kei , Narushima Kaishi , Miyazaki Akihito , Sasaki Fumio , Hotta Shu , Yanagi Hisao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOrganic crystalline microstructures are recently a target of intense research from the point of view of photonic devices such as microcavities and optical waveguides. A bottom‐up method based upon self‐assembly produces organic microstructures including oriented needles. A top‐down approach, in turn, enabled the fabrication of microstructures of different morphologies and configurations such as microrings and microdisks. In the present study, by using a bottom‐up technique we have developed organic microrings of high crystallinity with minimized crystal imperfections. We have found out that the said microrings function as resonators with high quality (Q) factors. We observe a series of sharply resolved peaks in their photoluminescence spectra and assign those peaks to whispering gallery modes formed in the microrings. Their mode numbers are precisely determined from their mode spacings with the maximum of Q‐factor being ∼2000. The number is extremely high compared with those of other organic microrings of the same size.
Separating Extreme pH Gradients Using Amphiphilic Copolymer Membranes
Authors: Ruiz‐Pérez Lorena , Hurley Claire , Tomas Salvador , Battaglia Giuseppe 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPolymeric vesicles, also called polymersomes, are highly efficient biomimetic systems. They can generate compartmentalized volumes at the nanoscale supported by synthetic amphiphilic membranes that closely mimic their biological counterparts. Membrane permeability and the ability to separate extreme pH gradients is a crucial condition a successful biomimetic system must meet. We show that polymersomes formed by non‐ionic polybutadiene‐b‐polyethylene oxide (PBd‐b‐PEO) amphiphilic block copolymers engineer robust and stable membranes that are able to sustain pH gradients of 10 for a minimum of eight days. The cells′ endo‐lysomal compartments separate gradients between three and one, while we generated a pH gradient of threefold as great. This feature clearly is of great importance for applications as nanoreactors and drug‐delivery systems where separating different aqueous volumes at the nanoscale level is an essential requirement.
Genetic differences between type 1 diabetes with and without other autoimmune diseases
Authors: Shimura Kanako , Miura Junnosuke , Kawamoto Manabu , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Yamanaka Hisashi , Uchigata Yasuko 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundClusters of autoimmune diseases (ADs) are present in some people with type 1 diabetes. This clustering suggests the existence of common genetic backgrounds for abnormal autoimmunity in these individuals. However, the genetic differences between type 1 diabetes patients with and without other ADs are not well known.MethodsTo investigate the clinical background and genetic differences between type 1 diabetes patients with and without other ADs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA4, SUMO4, PTPN22, IRF5, STAT4, and BLK genes were analysed by using either a TaqMan assay or direct sequencing. The frequencies of alleles, genotypes of each gene, and the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype were analysed to investigate differences among 3 groups: type 1 diabetes with systemic ADs (group A), type 1 diabetes with other organ‐specific ADs (group B), and type 1 diabetes without other ADs (group C).ResultsThe frequency of the C allele in the ‐1123G > C SNP in the PTPN22 gene promoter was significantly higher in groups A and B than in group C (P = .0258 and .0207, respectively). The allele frequencies of the other SNPs were comparable.The frequency of HLA DRB1*0405‐DQB1*0401 was significantly higher in groups A and B than in group C (P = .021 and .0395, respectively).ConclusionsThe ‐1123G > C SNP in the PTPN22 gene promoter and HLA DRB1*0405‐DQB1*0401 might influence the concurrence of systemic and organ‐specific ADs in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Electroanalysis of an Iron@Graphene‐Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Material
Authors: Soto Dayana , Alzate Manuela , Gallego Jaime , Orozco Jahir 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHybrid nanomaterials have outstanding properties that are superior to the corresponding constituents working alone. This work reports on the electroanalysis of a hybrid material‐decorated screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) that consists of iron nanoparticles supported at multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), coated with graphene layers, named Fe@G‐MWCNT. Electrochemical and morphological characterizations were carried out by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, respectively. After optimizing the amount of hybrid material to be drop casted at the SPCE, its electrochemical activation in sulphuric acid produced an enhanced response. The resultant electrochemically reduced Fe@G‐MWCNT‐e‐modified electrode exhibited a diffusion‐controlled redox process with an enhanced heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate constant of 3.21×10−2 cm⋅s−1, which was superior to that from the MWCNT counterpart. However, it was slightly lower than that from a Fe‐MWCNT‐decorated electrode. The graphene coating limited slightly the electron‐transfer process, but works as a protective layer that prevent the loss of Fe catalytic activity. The electrochemical response of the hybrid with graphene coated Fe decreased only a 24.3 % after one week, respect to 51.9 % of the uncoated one. In addition, the hybrid material‐modified electrode exhibited electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2 in a linear range of 0.5 mM to 9.8 mM, with sensitivity of 7.97 μA⋅mM−1 and LOD of 0.65 mM, thereby opening an avenue for the development of more specific and highly sensitive Fe@G‐MWCNT hybrid‐based (bio) sensors.
A Graphene‐based Electrochemical Sensor for the Individual, Selective and Simultaneous Determination of Total Chlorogenic Acids, Vanillin and Caffeine in Food and Beverage Samples
Authors: Yiğit Aydın , Alpar Nurcan , Yardım Yavuz , Çelebi Metin , Şentürk Zühre 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor based on the electrocatalytic activity of graphene (GR) was prepared, and used for the individual, selective and simultaneous determination of 5‐O‐Caffeoylquinic acid (5‐CQA) that is major compound of chlorogenic acids in coffee, vanillin (VAN) and caffeine (CAF). The electrochemical behaviors of these compounds on GR modified glassy carbon electrode (GR/GCE) were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and square‐wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry. By using stripping conditions after 30 s accumulation under open‐circuit voltage, the electrochemical oxidation peaks appeared at +0.53, 0.83 and 1.39 V in phosphate buffer pH 2.5, and good linear current responses were obtained with detection limits of 4.4×10−9, 5.0×10−7, and 3.0×10−7 M for 5‐CQA, VAN and CAF, respectively. The potential applicability of the proposed method was illustrated in commercial food and beverage samples.
HPLC−EC Analysis of Estrogenic Compounds: A Comparison of Diamond and Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Electrode Performance
Authors: Aigaje Espinosa Elizabeth K. , Qiu Joy , Jarošová Romana , Castiaux Andre , Swain Greg M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHigh pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with amperometric detection was used to quantify estrogenic compounds in water samples. The main goal was to compare the detection figures of merit for boron‐doped diamond thin‐film (BDD) and nitrogen‐incorporated tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta‐C : N) thin‐film electrodes. The target analytes were estrone, estradiol, and estriol. The BDD and ta‐C : N electrodes were investigated because of their excellent properties, which include a wide potential window, low background current, microstructural stability at high potentials, low limits of detection, weak molecular adsorption, fouling resistance and response reproducibility. ta‐C : N electrodes have not yet been investigated extensively in electroanalysis and are receiving increasing interest because they exhibit many of the excellent electrochemical properties of BDD electrodes and they can be deposited at room temperature by physical vapor deposition. The results reveal as low or lower background current and noise for the ta‐C : N electrode, as compared to the BDD electrode, and comparable or superior analytical detection figures of merit for all three emerging pollutants. The linear dynamic range for both electrodes was from 0.2 to 100 μmol L−1 for estriol, and 0.4 to 100 μmol L−1 for estradiol and estrone, and the sensitivity ranged from 9.1 to 11.2 mA mol L−1. For all three analytes, the limit of detection (S/N=3) ranged from 0.16–0.35 μmol L−1 (45‐95 ppb) for BDD and 0.20–0.34 μmol L−1 (58‐95 ppb) for ta‐C : N.
Impact of Polarization Dynamics and Charged Defects on the Electrocaloric Response of Ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Weyland Florian , Bradeško Andraž , Ma Yang‐Bin , Koruza Jurij , Xu Bai‐Xiang , Albe Karsten , Rojac Tadej , Novak Nikola 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe impact of charged point defects on the electrocaloric response of morphotropic Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) ceramics is investigated using direct electrocaloric and polarization hysteresis measurements. The electrocaloric response determined for undoped, hard‐, and soft‐doped PZT is rationalized by considering the dipolar entropy change over polarization change and hysteresis losses. The highest electrocaloric effect is observed in poled hard PZT with the field applied along the poling direction, which is related to the reduced hysteresis losses caused by internal electric fields associated with defect complexes. The weak hysteretic dependency of polarization as function of the electric field in hard PZT also allows inducing an inverse electrocaloric effect. The experimental results are compared with model calculations that provide a physical interpretation. The results reveal how the electrocaloric response of ferroelectrics can be optimized by defect engineering.
Discontinuation of carbamazepine due to concerns of long‐term consequences of enzyme induction
Authors: Mäkinen Jussi , Rainesalo Sirpa , Raitanen Jani , Saarinen Jukka , Sandell Satu , Peltola Jukka 
Published: May 2018

SummaryObjectiveTreatment with carbamazepine (CBZ), a potent enzyme inducer, is known to affect the lipid profile, steroid, and vitamin D metabolism. Consequently, it has been postulated that patients on CBZ should be switched to noninducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, little is known about the seizure outcome following a CBZ switch in seizure‐free patients. We aimed to address this issue using a controlled observational study design.MethodsFifty‐eight patients taking CBZ for focal epilepsy were assessed for discontinuing CBZ treatment due to concerns of long‐term adverse‐effects; 34 discontinued its therapy and 24 continued with CBZ. Six‐month seizure freedom was the primary end point. Furthermore, serum samples (total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), free testosterone, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels from before and at least 3 months after discontinuation or continuation were obtained from all patients.ResultsSeizure‐free patients had a 5‐fold elevated odds of seizure recurrence if CBZ was discontinued (95% confidence interval [CI 0.51–49.3; p = 0.17). A significant decrease in serum levels of TC, LDL, HDL, and SHBG as well as a significant increase in that of free testosterone were found in the discontinuation group compared with those who continued CBZ. Nonsignificant changes in triglycerides and vitamin D levels were detected.SignificanceDiscontinuation of CBZ in seizure‐free patients seems to carry a moderate, but legitimate, risk of relapse. Conversely, our results indicate that CBZ might have unfavorable effects on serum levels of TC, LDL, HDL, SHBG, and free testosterone.
Dynamic behavior of a smart device on a surface subjected to earthquake motion
Authors: Na Yunsu , El-Tawil Sherif , Ibrahim Ahmed , Eltawil Ahmed 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThis paper leverages concepts from an existing model to simulate the planar response of a smart device subjected to friction forces induced by an underlying moving plane. An interpolation technique is used to enhance detection of transition points (between sticking and sliding states), which must be accurately identified because of the frequency of their occurrence during seismic motion. The behavior of a smart device on an unconstrained table or desk, which is itself on a moving floor, is introduced and discussed. After validation of the results using experimental data, the revised model is used to study the sliding potential of smart devices on a surface during strong seismic events. Sliding spectra associated with selected ground motions are presented and extended to incorporate the effect of vertical accelerations with the purpose of assessing their influence. It is shown that vertical accelerations have a minimal effect on the sliding behavior of smart devices and that a “probability of exceeding the slip limit” curve can be developed to relate the probability of sticking to a demand parameter that represents the ground motion.
Conditional depletion of GSK3b protects oligodendrocytes from apoptosis and lessens demyelination in the acute cuprizone model
Authors: Xing Bin , Brink Lauren E. , Maers Kelly , Sullivan Mara L. , Bodnar Richard J. , Stolz Donna B. , Cambi Franca 
Published: May 2018

AbstractApoptosis is recognized as the main mechanism of oligodendrocyte loss in Multiple Sclerosis caused either by immune mediated injury (Barnett & Prineas, ) or a direct degenerative process (oligodendrogliapathy; Lucchinetti et al., ). Cuprizone induced demyelination is the result of non‐immune mediated apoptosis of oligodendrocytes (OL) and represents a model of oligodendrogliapathy (Simmons, Pierson, Lee, & Goverman, ). Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3b has been shown to be pro‐apoptotic for cells other than OL. Here, we sought to investigate whether GSK3b plays a role in cuprizone‐induced apoptosis of OL by using a novel inducible conditional knockout (cKO) of GSK3b in mature OL. While depletion of GSK3b has no effect on survival of uninjured OL, it increases survival of mature OL exposed to cuprizone. We show that GSK3b‐deficient OLs are protected against caspase‐dependent, but not against caspase‐independent apoptosis. Active GSK3b is present in the nuclei of OL at peak of caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Significant preservation of myelinated axons is associated with GSK3b depletion and glial cell activation is markedly reduced. Collectively, the data show that GSK3b is pro‐apoptotic for caspase‐dependent cell death, likely through activation of nuclear GSK3b and its depletion promotes survival of oligodendrocytes and attenuates myelin loss.
Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic indicator in head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tham Tristan , Bardash Yonatan , Herman Saori Wendy , Costantino Peter David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe purposes of this systematic review and meta‐analysis were to investigate the relationship between the neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and prognosis in head and neck cancer.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis were done to investigate the role of NLR in overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), disease‐free survival (DFS), and progression‐free survival (PFS).ResultsFor qualitative analysis, 33 cohorts with over 10 072 patients were included. For quantitative analysis, 15 studies were included with 5562 patients. The pooled data demonstrated that an elevated NLR significantly predicted poorer OS and DSS.ConclusionAn elevated pretreatment NLR is a prognostic marker for head and neck cancer. It represents a simple and easily obtained marker that could be used to stratify groups of high‐risk patients who might benefit from adjuvant therapy.
Quantification of the seasonal hillslope water storage that does not drive streamflow
Authors: Dralle David N. , Hahm W. Jesse , Rempe Daniella M. , Karst Nathaniel J. , Thompson Sally E. , Dietrich William E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe relationship between seasonal catchment water storage and discharge is typically nonunique due to water storage that is not directly hydraulically connected to streams. Hydraulically disconnected water volumes are often ecologically and hydrologically important but cannot be explicitly estimated using current storage–discharge techniques. Here, we propose that discharge is explicitly sensitive to changes in only some fraction of seasonally dynamic storage that we call “direct storage,” whereas the remaining storage (“indirect storage”) varies without directly influencing discharge. We use a coupled mass balance and storage–discharge function approach to partition seasonally dynamic storage between these 2 pools in the Northern California Coast Ranges. We find that indirect storage constitutes the vast majority of dynamic catchment storage, even at the wettest times of the year. Indirect storage exhibits lower variability over the course of the wet season (and in successive winter periods) than does direct storage. Predicted indirect storage volumes and dynamics match field observations. Comparison of 2 neighbouring field sites reveals that indirect storage volumes can occur as unsaturated storage held under tension in soils and weathered bedrock and as near‐surface saturated storage that remains on hillslopes (and is eventually evapotranspired). Indirect storage volumes (including moisture in the weathered bedrock) may support plant transpiration, and our method indicates that this important water source could be quantified from precipitation and stream discharge records.