bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Friction and Wear of Seals
Authors: Nikas George K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Seals are mechanical components that prevent the leakage, diffusion, transfer, or mixing of different liquid, gas, solid, and multiphasic substances. This article begins by discussing the classifications of seals: static and dynamic. Static seals involve both self-energizing elastomeric materials such as O-rings, which merely react to a sealed fluid pressure, and passive materials that require clamping forces to achieve sealing, such as gaskets. The types of dynamic seals include rotary seals and reciprocating seals. The article describes the factors affecting seal wear and failure. It provides a list of some common seal wear modes and failures, namely abrasion, cavitation damage, chemical attack, compression set, corrosion, damage during abrupt decompression, dieseling damage, extrusion damage, installation damage, spiral or rolling damage, and vaporization damage. The article concludes with specific recommendations for reducting of seal friction and wear.
Sliding and Adhesive Wear
Authors: Blau P.J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of sliding and adhesive wear, its processes, and its control, with special attention to three general classes of materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers. It discusses the ways in which materials can be damaged and removed during sliding contact. The article explains the physical and chemical nature of sliding surfaces. It presents wear equations, design criteria, and criteria for selection of materials. The article also describes the factors that affect wear performance of hybrid sliding systems. It concludes by providing general guidelines to prevent the sliding and adhesive wear in metals, polymers, and ceramics.
Friction Stir Processing and Surfacing
Authors: Ajayi Oyelayo O. , Lorenzo-Martin Cinta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the application of friction stir processing (FSP) and friction surfacing for tribological components. It describes the three critical aspects involved in the application of FSP for near-surface material modifications intended for tribological applications. These include tools, processing parameters, and machines. The article also discusses the equipment and processing parameters for friction surfacing. It describes various hybrid stir processing techniques that involve preheating of the workpiece material, especially relatively hard and high-strength ones. The article presents a partial list of surface-modification methods based on FSP. The partial list includes surface hardening, surface composites, and additive coating. The article also provides information on generation of residual stresses in metallic materials and alloys form different variants of FSP.
Electroplated Coatings for Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology
Authors: Yelton William G. , Harper Jason C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the fundamentals of electroplating processes, including pre-electroplating and surface-preparation processes. It illustrates the four layers of a plating system, namely, top or finish coat, undercoat, strike or flash, and base material layers. The article describes various plating methods, such as pulse electroplating, electroless plating, brush plating, and jet plating. It reviews the types of electrodeposited coatings, including hard coatings and soft coatings. The article also details the materials available for electroplating, including electroplated chromium, electroplated nickel, electroless (autocatalytic) nickel, electroless nickel composite coatings, electroplated gold, and platinum group coatings. These are specifically tailored toward plated coatings for friction, lubrication, and wear technology. The article concludes with a discussion on the common issues encountered with electroplating.
Frictional Heating in Dry and Lubricated Contacts
Authors: Sukumaran Jacob , De Baets Patrick , Fauconnier Dieter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides an overview of experimental, analytical, and numerical tools for temperature evaluation of dry and lubricated systems. It describes the analytical methods and numerical techniques for frictional heating and temperature estimation, as well as viscous heating in full-film lubrication. The article also discusses the viscous heating temperature measurements and numerical analysis of viscous heating.
Friction and Wear of Rolling-Element Bearings
Authors: DuPont Pierre , Lampman Steven 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Rolling-element bearings, also called rolling bearings and antifriction bearings, tend to have very low friction characteristics compared to plain bearings or simple sliding bearings. This article discusses the types of rolling-element bearings, namely, ball bearings and roller bearings. It provides information on the bearing component materials. The article describes the lubrication requirements and lubrication methods, namely, elastohydrodynamic lubrication and grease lubrication. It reviews the adjustment factors influencing fatigue life of the bearing. The article also provides information on bearing load ratings, standard bearing geometries, rolling bearing friction factors, and wear and its control methods. It concludes with a discussion on damage modes of bearings.
Electrical and Motor-Current Signature Analysis
Authors: Penrose Howard W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThrough detection of the wear, risk assessment can be performed, along with a related time to failure estimation through technologies such as electrical signature analysis (ESA) and motor current signature analysis. This article discusses the principle of operation of data collectors for ESA measurements and illustrates the evaluation of broken rotor bars and a broken shaft. It describes the detection of faults in bearings using ESA and provides information on the investigation of gearboxes and related components in a wind generator.
Fatigue Failure in Metals
Authors: Fine Morris E. , Chung Yip-Wah 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Fatigue damage in metals is caused by the simultaneous action of cyclic stress, tensile stress, and plastic strain. This article details the fundamental aspects of the stages of the fatigue failure process. These include cyclic plastic deformation prior to fatigue crack initiation, initiation of one or more microcracks, propagation or coalescence of microcracks to form one or more microcracks, and propagation of one or more macrocracks.
Corrosion Fatigue Testing
Authors: Andresen Peter L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion fatigue testing of steel in high-temperature water and discusses critical experimental issues associated with it. It provides information on the fundamental aspects of environmental crack advancement in general. The article explains the concepts and role of environmentally assisted crack growth in corrosion fatigue. It also discusses the fatigue test methods, including crack initiation testing and crack propagation testing. The article describes the specific types and influence rankings of experimental variables in corrosion fatigue.
Statistical Considerations in Fatigue
Authors: Veers Paul S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There are two parts to deal with uncertainty in fatigue design: determining the distributions of possible values for all uncertain inputs and calculating the probability of failure due to all the uncertain inputs. This article discusses the sources of uncertainty in a fatigue analysis, such as the material properties, distribution of applied stress levels within a given environment, environments or loading intensities, and modeling or prediction. It presents a probabilistic approach for analyzing the uncertainties and determining the level of reliability (probability of failure).
Fatigue of Springs
Authors: Hayes Mark 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the failure mechanism of springs. It describes the critical application factors that affect spring fatigue performance. These include: material type and strength; stress conditions; surface quality; manufacturing processes; rate of application of load; and embrittlement or cracking. The article summarizes the methods of statistical analysis of S-N data for general comparisons of fatigue strength of spring steels. The fatigue performance of springs is illustrated by Goodman diagrams. The article also exemplifies the examination of failed springs.
Fracture Mechanics in Failure Analysis
Authors: Rosenfield Alan R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article illustrates the role that fracture mechanics can play in failure analysis. It describes the important failure criteria as relations between design and materials factors, which are used to correlate fracture mechanics analysis to the observations of a failure analysis. Descriptions include an indication of how the factors are typically evaluated. The article also provides information on subcritical fracture mechanics. Finally, a group of failure analysis examples explain how fracture mechanics parameters can be determined and how they may be fitted into an overall failure investigation.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen Embrittlement
Authors: Koch Gerhardus H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStress-corrosion cracking (SCC) is a cracking phenomenon that occurs in susceptible alloys, and is caused by the conjoint action of tensile stress and the presence of a specific corrosive environment. This article provides an overview of the anodic dissolution mechanisms and cathodic mechanisms for SCC. It discusses the materials, environmental, and mechanical factors that control hydrogen embrittlement and SCC behavior of different engineering materials with emphasis on carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Elevated-Temperature Crack Growth
Authors: Norris Richard H. , Grover Parmeet S. , Hamilton B. Carter , Saxena Ashok 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the concepts for characterizing and predicting elevated-temperature crack growth in structural materials. It discusses both creep and creep-fatigue crack growth and focuses mainly on creep crack growth tests that are carried out in accordance with ASTM E 1457. The article provides information on typical test procedures and equipment used for these tests. It concludes with information on crack growth correlations.
Life Extension and Damage Tolerance of Aircraft
Authors: Kaplan Mitchell P. , Wolff Timothy A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes two analysis methods that are used to determine the life of aircrafts: fatigue life and fracture mechanics methods. The life limiting factors that control the durability of the aircraft are also discussed. The article provides an overview of the various approaches to corrosion identification and prevention. These include safe-life, fail-safe, and damage tolerance approaches. The article discusses their application to the process of extending the life of aircraft structural components.
Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Heat-Resistant (Cr-Mo) Ferritic Steels
Authors: Swindeman R.W. , Ren W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cr-Mo steels are preferred in the construction of high-temperature components because they possess excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance relative to carbon steels and most low-alloy steels. This article discusses the composition and metallurgy of the heat-resistant Cr-Mo steels. It details the Charpy V-notch (CVN) toughness properties of Cr-Mo steels relevant to fatigue and fracture resistance. The fracture mechanics of Cr-Mo steels are reviewed. The article analyzes the characterization of low-cycle fatigue based on fatigue damage calculations. It concludes with information on fatigue crack growth and fatigue behavior of weldments.
Fatigue and Fracture Properties of Stainless Steels
Authors: Lampman S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article summarizes the key mechanical characteristics of various types of stainless steel, including ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, precipitation hardening, and duplex steels. Particular emphasis is on fracture properties and corrosion fatigue. The article tabulates typical room-temperature mechanical properties and fatigue endurance limits of stainless steels. Stainless steels are susceptible to embrittlement during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service. The article discusses embrittlement in terms of sensitization, 475 deg C embrittlement, and sigma-phase embrittlement. It also describes the effect of environment on fatigue crack growth rate.
Fracture Toughness of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Their Welds
Authors: Mills W.J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the fracture toughness behavior of austenitic stainless steels and their welds at ambient, elevated, and cryogenic temperatures. Minimum expected toughness values are provided for use in fracture mechanics evaluations. The article explains the effect of crack orientation, strain rate, thermal aging, and neutron irradiation on base metal and weld toughness. It discusses the effect of cold-work-induced strengthening on fracture toughness. The article examines the fracture toughness behavior of aged base metal and welding-induced heat-affected zones. It concludes with a discussion on the Charpy energy correlations for aged stainless steels.
Fatigue and Fracture of Nickel-Base Superalloys
Authors: Antolovich Bruce F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article discusses fracture, fatigue, and creep of nickel-base superalloys with additional emphasis on directionally solidified and single-crystal applications. It analyzes the physical metallurgy of these alloys. The effects of grain boundary and grain size on failure are summarized. The article also discusses the effects of microstructure and extrinsic parameters on fatigue crack propagation (FCP). It details the modeling of FCP rates and creep and creep-fatigue crack growth rates.
Fatigue of Solders and Electronic Materials
Authors: Zubelewicz Aleksander , Vaynman Semyon , Rao Srinivas T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article focuses on the isothermal fatigue of solder materials. It discusses the effect of strain range, frequency, hold time, temperature, and environment on isothermal fatigue life. The article provides information on various isothermal fatigue testing methods used to assess solder joint reliability. These include the accelerated thermal cycling test and isothermal mechanical deflection system test.
Fracture and Fatigue of DRA Composites
Authors: Lewandowski John J. , Singh Preet M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the tensile properties and toughness characteristics of discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) composites in terms of particle spacing, particle size, volume fraction, matrix alloy, and matrix microstructure. Both fracture toughness data and impact toughness data of the DRA composites are summarized. The article discusses the effects of confining pressure on the ductility of the DRA materials. It describes the fatigue behavior, such as stress-life behavior, strain-life behavior, and fatigue crack propagation, of the DRA.
Summary of Stress-Intensity Factors
Authors: Liu Alan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The stress-intensity concept is based on the parameter that quantifies the stresses at a crack tip. This article summarizes some stress-intensity factors for various crack geometries commonly found in structural components. Through-the-thickness cracks may be located in the middle of a plate; at the edge of a plate; or at the edge of a hole inside a plate. The article discusses uniform farfield loading in terms of point loading of a center crack and point loading of an edge crack. It tabulates the correction factors for stress intensity at shallow surface cracks under tension. Farfield tensile loading and part-through crack in a finite plate are also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on through-the-thickness crack and part-through crack in a pressurized cylinder.
Ceramic Fibers
Authors: Wilson D.M. , DiCarlo J.A. , Yun H.M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the production methods, properties, and applications of two main types of commercially available continuous-length ceramic fibers, namely, oxide fibers based on the alumina-silica system and on alpha-alumina, and nonoxide fibers based primarily on beta-phase silicon carbide. It provides a discussion on factors that are considered in understanding thermostructural capability of ceramic fiber for high-temperature ceramic-matrix composites (CMC) applications. The article tabulates other commercial oxide and nonoxide fiber types for CMC reinforcement.
Ceramic Matrices
Authors: Petrak Daniel R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the process methods and matrix chemistries of ceramic-matrix composites. These methods include pressure-assisted densification, chemical vapor infiltration, melt infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, and sol-gel processing. The article discusses the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties.
Characterizing Strength from a Structural Design Perspective
Authors: Hart-Smith L.J. , Gosse J.H. , Christensen S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article presents a comprehendable and comprehensive physics-based approach for characterizing the strength of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. It begins with background information on the goals and attributes of this method. The article then addresses the characterization of fiber failures in laminates, because these are at the highest strengths that can be attained and, therefore, are usually the design objective. An exception would be if the design goal is to maximize energy absorption, rather than static strength. The discussion proceeds to situations in which the matrix fails first, either by intent, by design error, or because of impact damage. The state of the modeling propagation and arrest of matrix damage follows. Comparisons of this physics-based approach are then made to empirically based failure theories.
Vacuum Infusion
Authors: Hoebergen Arlen , Holmberg J. Anders 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Vacuum infusion is a resin injection technique derived from resin transfer molding. This article discusses the characteristics of the technique and its applications. It presents the theory and background of the technique and provides an illustration of how parts are made. The article provides information on the equipment and material used for vacuum infusion. It describes the mechanical properties of components and summarizes the influence of production on the properties. The article concludes with a discussion on design guidelines.
Reinforcing Material Lay-Up Quality Control
Authors: Van West Barry P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In-process inspection during composite material lay-up is essential if the structural, dimensional, and environmental performance designed into a part is to be consistently achieved. This article discusses the requirements to be met by the facilities and equipment to produce high-quality composites. It reviews the procedures that are allowed and prohibited in controlled-contamination areas of lay-up. The article emphasizes significant areas, such as material control and lay-up process, in which quality-control personnel can be effective in preventing production problems. It concludes with a discussion on automated tape laying and fiber placement, as well as the numerically aided lay-up process.
Cure Monitoring and Control
Authors: Heider Dirk , Don Roderick , Thostensen E.T. , Tackitt Kirk , Belk John H. , Munns Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the attempts made by the industry to create sensing approaches for modeling a process, part, and chemistry and kinetics. It reviews microwave curing of thick-section composites and the resin cure sensors that are used for resin cure monitoring. These include dielectric cure sensors, fiberoptics-based resin cure sensors, ultrasonics-based resin cure sensors, and dosimetry-based resin cure sensors. The article provides information on the resin cure control flow sensing, flow modeling, flow mapping, and resin flow. It addresses some practical issues in sensing resin cure and flow.
Nondestructive Testing
Authors:   ASM International Committee on Nondestructive Testing of Composites, Bossi R.H. , Bowles D.E. , Bar-Cohen Y. , Drake T.E. , Emahiser D. , Engelbart R.W. , Georgeson G.E. , Henneke E.G. , Lawson R.D. , Lih S.-S. , Lorraine P.W. , Mal A.K. , Shepard S.M. , Tucker J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation of composite materials. These include ultrasonic testing (UT), air-coupled UT, laser UT, ultrasonic spectroscopy, leaky lamb wave method, acousto-ultrasonics, radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability to other types of composites such as metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites.
Test Program Planning
Authors: Rousseau Carl 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A test plan specifies material properties to be evaluated, selects test methods, eliminates options offered by standard test methods by selecting specific specimen and test configurations, and defines success criteria. This article discusses various testing objectives that affect the execution of testing programs. The testing objectives include development of test matrices, testing standards, specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, instrumentation and data acquisition, failure modes, and data interpretation and recording.
Full-Scale Structural Testing
Authors: McCarty John E. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article describes the role of the full-scale testing in assessing composite structural systems of aircraft and qualifying them for in-service use. The typical full-scale tests include static, durability, and damage tolerance. The article discusses the parameters to be considered when developing the basic requirements for the static test. These parameters consist of material considerations, moisture and temperature effects, structure size, load application alternatives, instrumentation requirements, test procedure considerations, ultimate load requirements, and test results correlation. The basic requirements common for durability and damage tolerance tests, including environmental effects and inspection requirements, are also discussed.
Visual Analysis, Nondestructive Testing, and Destructive Testing
Authors: Stumpff Patricia L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Mechanical and environmental loadings cause a variety of failure modes in composites, including matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, delamination between plies, and fiber breakage. This article summarizes visual analysis and nondestructive testing methods for the failure analysis of composites. These methods include radiography, ultrasonic techniques, acoustic emission, and thermograph. The article also provides information on destructive test techniques.