bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming a Good Citizen for a Better Life: Why Does the Middle Class Prefer Negotiation over Rightful Resistance in Shanghai?
Authors: XIONG YIHAN 
Published: May 2018

Abstract‘Rightful resistance’ has become a mainstream theoretical framework for understanding social protests in contemporary China. However, the middle class in Shanghai is more inclined to protect its rights through ‘loyal appealing’ than rightful resistance. The middle class has had to express its loyalty and its ‘voice’ at the same time to minimize its political risk. Rightful resistance and ‘loyal appealing’ differ in several respects. First, rightful resistance professes loyalty only to the central government, whereas loyal appealing professes loyalty to the local government. Second, rightful resistance considers the local government an object to confront, whereas loyal appealing considers it a potential ally. Finally, activists who engage in rightful resistance use central government policies as their weapon, whereas activists who engage in loyal appealing use the local government's political performance as a bargaining chip. However, the middle class has not completely relinquished its right to rightful resistance; instead, rightful resistance is a backup to ensure the effectiveness of loyal appealing.
Complexions: A Revolutionary Taxonomy for Grain Boundaries
Authors: Eades Alwyn 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Taxonomy: Classification, especially in relation to its general laws or principles. (OED)
The world has far too many things in it to treat them all individually. One way we make progress is through taxonomy. We group things so as to be able to discuss them usefully and understand them. The best-known taxonomy is that of living things: we group them as mammals, reptiles, grasses, trees. We group crystals based on their symmetry: cubic, hexagonal, orthorhombic.
Grain boundaries remain one of the main outstanding problems in materials science. We understand crystals rather well, but we do not have a good science of grain boundaries yet. It would help to have a taxonomy of grain boundaries.
Improved Techniques For Imaging Of Three-Dimensional Transparent Specimens In Advanced Darkfield And Interference Contrast Modes
Authors: Piper Jörg 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In light microscopy, dark field and interference contrast are widely used for examination of transparent specimens. These methods both suffer from various limitations when photomicrographs have to be taken from fine details, especially in three-dimensional specimens requiring a large depth of field.
In common dark field illumination, the condenser either is not equipped with an aperture diaphragm, or an existing condenser diaphragm has to remain in the wide-open position. Thus, the depth of field is lower than in bright field images. Moreover, dark field imaging is associated with marginal blooming, especially in linear structures exhibiting with large differences in phase or density (e.g. cell walls, edges in crystals and other mineralogical material).
A Versatile and Affordable Plunge Freezing Instrument for Preparing Frozen Hydrated Specimens for Cryo Transmission Electron Microscopy (CryoEM)
Authors: Melanson Linda 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCryoEM is a powerful tool in the arsenal of structural biologists and soft polymer chemists. Hydrated specimens require a preservation method that will counteract the effects of the electron beam and the high vacuum environment of the electron microscope. Classical specimen preparation techniques using chemical fixatives are not able to capture the native structure of the once hydrated specimen perfectly. In contrast to classical methods for preserving specimens for electron microscopy, rapid freezing of radiation-sensitive specimens such as dispersed biological macromolecular assemblies, 2D crystals, and colloids allows the structural details of the specimen to be captured in their essentially native state to near atomic resolution.
Direct Visualisation, Sizing and Counting of Virus and Phage Particles in Liquids
Authors: Carr Bob , Griffiths Duncan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A laser-based, single nano-particle tracking analysis system was described in the March issue of Microscopy Today. The LM series of analyzers from NanoSight allows nanoscale particles such as viruses to be directly and individually visualised in liquids in real time, from which high-resolution particle size distribution profiles can be obtained, figure 1. The technique is fast, robust, accurate, and low cost representing an attractive alternative or complement to expensive and more complex methods of nano-particle analysis such as dynamic light scattering (photon correlation spectroscopy) or electron microscopy.
By simultaneously and directly measuring the diffusion coefficient of each and every particle, the dedicated Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) software suite allows the user to automatically count and size the viruses in a sample. Results are displayed as graphs of size against count of individual particles (or size versus relative brightness), thus overcoming the limitations inherent in other particle analysis systems that generate only mean particle size distribution data with resolution.
Single-Molecule DNA Stretching Using Optical Tweezers
Authors: van Mameren Joost , Wozniak Anna , Ragona Sid 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The advent of techniques to mechanically manipulate single (bio)molecules has sparked large efforts to precisely study the mechanical and elastic properties of proteins, protein fibers, DNA, RNA, etc. Two widely used techniques in this area are atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers. Optical tweezers complement AFM at the lower end of the force regime: forces of typically a few hundred picoNewtons down to fractions of a picoNewton can be assessed using optical tweezers. This has allowed for, among other things, the precise measurement of forces and displacements exerted by individual motor proteins. In this report, we focus on the use of optical tweezers for force spectroscopy on single DNA molecules, and on the range of applications that this technique offers to learn not only about DNA itself, but also about the mechanics and thermodynamics of protein-DNA interaction.
Preventing the Sale of Fraudulent Gemstones using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluoresence Spectroscopy
Authors: Goldman Mary S , Davis Dan L , Clifford Robert H 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
As the old adage goes, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Ultimately, in the world of jewelry, the unwitting buyer uses his or her naked eye to decide which baubles are the most beautiful and worthy of wear. The expert jeweler and gemologist, however, know that each gem is subjected to rigorous scientific examinations and standards to determine its value and authenticity.
As the number of methods for altering gems grows with technology, methods to counteract counterfeiters, who can take a worthless stone and alter it to make it appear like a more expensive gem, are essential to gem buyers and traders. They must be able to detect artificial stones.
Gemologists assess gemstones based on several standards such as chemical composition and purity. Chemical composition plays a significant role in evaluating gems, as two of the same gemstone can differ chemically. One of the most well known methods of non-destructive testing for detecting gem quality is X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. Increasingly in demand, XRF spectroscopy is an ideal technique for fighting the battle against fraud.
Addressing the protection and assistance needs of migrants: The ICRC approach to migration
Authors: Le Bihan Stéphanie 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe vulnerability of migrants and the threats to which they are exposed during their journey, on land, at sea, or in countries where they have settled, raise serious humanitarian concerns that cannot be ignored. In view of the transregional nature of migration, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and other components of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement) draw on their presence all along migration routes to contribute to the humanitarian response and alleviate the suffering of vulnerable migrants. The Movement's proximity to vulnerable migrants through its solid and experienced network of responders along migratory routes is one of its specific advantages. The aim of this article is to explain the ICRC's view on and approach to migration. It underlines that the ICRC's response is dictated by humanitarian needs, and stresses that these needs can be greatly reduced when States abide by their commitments under international law and adopt and implement policies that take into account the protection and assistance needs of migrants. It acknowledges the diverse and complex human realities behind migration and outlines the main protection and assistance concerns of migrants in countries and regions where the ICRC operates.
Mobilising the Movement: Australian Red Cross, migration, and the role of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement around humanitarian response
Authors: Mau Vicki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEstablished in war, embedded in communities and operational in every major natural and man-made disaster, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (the Movement) – including 191 National Societies – is uniquely positioned to address the humanitarian needs of migrants at all points of their journey. With migration on the rise and an area of intense debate, this article examines the work of Australian Red Cross and the collective efforts of the International Federation of Red Cross Red and Red Crescent Societies, the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Asia Pacific Migration Network, particularly across 2015-17, to support the Movement in the region in providing assistance and protection to those who are most vulnerable. It considers the progress made so far, and the potential of the Movement to engage more effectively and collaboratively on opportunities and challenges into the future.
Assistance for and protection of migrants: Experience of the Honduran Red Cross
Authors: Ponce Arnaldo , Archila Norma 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Honduran Red Cross began working in the area of migration in July 2012, when it set up the Migrant Assistance Module in Corinto for Honduran migrants returning over land at the Honduran–Guatemalan border. The Honduran Red Cross has helped hundreds of returning and irregular migrants, thanks to agreements with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Migration Institute. It has also worked with other National Red Cross Societies in the region, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross, which have helped it to strengthen its capacity and build a comprehensive vision for the protection and assistance of migrants. This article summarizes the action that the Honduran Red Cross has undertaken with respect to migration and explores the services provided at the Corinto module, the Honduran Red Cross's subsequent management of the Returning Migrant Assistance Centre in Omoa and other care centres for migrants returning because of their irregular status, and the development and implementation of projects on migration and related topics.
Impact of Land‐Sea Thermal Contrast on the Inland Penetration of Sea Fog Over the Coastal Area Around the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Lee Ho‐Yeon , Chang Eun‐Chul 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBased on the difference between sea surface temperature (SST) and sea air temperature (SAT), sea fog can be classified as cold sea fog (SST < SAT) or warm sea fog (SST > SAT). First, two sea fog events over the Yellow Sea are selected and simulated using Weather Research and Forecasting model. The two sea fogs are designated as cold and warm types, and cooling and moistening rates of each case are calculated to understand the contributions of major factors to the sea fog formation. Turbulence plays a role in the cooling (warming) of the sea air, while advection is responsible for sea air warming (cooling) during the cold (warm) sea fog event. Thus, these two effects cancel each other out. However, the longwave radiative cooling effect is as stronger as or stronger than the other effects in both cases. We conducted sensitivity tests of SST and land skin temperature, which induced obvious changes in turbulent heat flux and land‐sea thermal contrast, respectively. In the increased (decreased) SST experiments, sea fog evaporates (expands) because of more (less) heat transfer from sea to air. The land skin temperature experiments show that increases (decreases) in land‐sea air temperature differences hinder (favor) sea fog penetration.
Temporal Characteristics of Actual Evapotranspiration Over China Under Global Warming
Authors: Feng Taichen , Su Tao , Ji Fei , Zhi Rong , Han Zixuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this study, an assessment is made of the trends of actual evapotranspiration (AE) over China under global warming from an ensemble of the following data sets: National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis I, National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐Department of Energy reanalysis II, Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), MERRA Version 2, European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re‐Analysis, and Japanese 55‐year Reanalysis. For China as a whole, annual AE exhibited a significant increasing trend from 1979 to 2015, and the rate of increase was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. By subdividing China into six climatic regions using the aridity index, significant increasing trends in AE are found over the hyperarid, arid, and humid regions, but slightly decrease over the dry subhumid and subhumid regions. For the hyperarid and arid regions, the increases in potential evapotranspiration and the water supply from melting glaciers due to both climate warming and human activities might be the main contributors to the AE increases. An increase in potential evapotranspiration driven by global warming is the main cause of the increased AE over the humid region. On a seasonal basis, most AE over China occurs in summer. However, increasing AE trends have been observed mainly in autumn and winter, and the increase is statistically significant over all of China's six climatic regions in winter. In view of data availability, reanalyses are compared with the results from Mezentsev‐Choudhury‐Yang equation (AE_Budyko). The correlations between individual reanalyses and AE_Budyko tend to be higher over the arid region.
Global Extent of Early Eocene Hyperthermal Events: A New Pacific Benthic Foraminiferal Isotope Record From Shatsky Rise (ODP Site 1209)
Authors: Westerhold T. , Röhl U. , Donner B. , Zachos J. C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractStudying the dynamics of past global warming events during the late Paleocene to middle Eocene informs our understanding of Earth's carbon cycle behavior under elevated atmospheric pCO2 conditions. Due to sparse data coverage, the spatial character of numerous hyperthermal events during this period is still poorly constrained. Here we present a high‐resolution, benthic foraminiferal stable isotope record for northwest Pacific ODP Site 1209 (Leg 198) spanning 44 to 56 Ma with 5 kyr resolution. An existing Paleocene section was extended into the middle Eocene creating an unprecedented 22 Myr single‐site record. Several identified carbon isotope excursions correspond in timing and magnitude to hyperthermal layers previously described elsewhere. Maxima in scanning X‐ray fluorescence Fe intensities and pronounced minima in the wt% coarse fraction characterize carbonate dissolution for all of the hyperthermal events. The new astronomically calibrated stable oxygen isotope record assists in defining the onset, duration, and demise of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, 49.14 to 53.26 Ma) and the onset of global cooling after the EECO (49.14 Ma). The cooling trend was interrupted by two warming episodes at 47.2 and 46.7 Ma. A major positive shift in the benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope record occurring from 51.2 to 51.0 Ma is now confirmed to be global. Benthic foraminiferal δ13C records from Atlantic and Pacific Oceans converge from 52.0 to 47.5 Ma pointing to a closer connection of deepwater convection initiating well in advance of the final connection ~40 Ma ago or an increase in bottom water formation around Antarctica.
Mantle Transition Zone Thickness Beneath the Middle East: Evidence for Segmented Tethyan Slabs, Delaminated Lithosphere, and Lower Mantle Upwelling
Authors: Kaviani Ayoub , Sandvol Eric , Moradi Ali , Rümpker Georg , Tang Zheng , Mai Paul Martin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe use a very large seismic data set to provide a comprehensive image of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath the Middle East. We utilized the technique of Common Conversion Point stacking of P wave receiver functions to investigate the topography on the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities defining the upper and lower boundaries of the MTZ. Our results show significant topography on the 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities and corresponding variations in the MTZ thickness. The MTZ topography is broadly consistent with the results of seismic tomography studies, implying the presence of both cold thermal anomalies imparted by detached Tethyan slabs and lithospheric segments and hot thermal anomalies induced by upwelling of lower mantle material. The MTZ topography in the northern Middle East is dominated by the presence of patches of cold material that are intermittently separated by regions of hot to normal MTZ. Our results suggest that instead of a continuous slab, the Tethyan slab in the Middle East is strongly segmented along the strike of the subduction boundary. Furthermore, we find evidence for a significant gap in subduction extending from the eastern edge of the Cyprean arc to NW Iran. The southern Middle East is dominated by the processes related to the mantle upwelling beneath the Afar depression. Our results imply that buoyant lower mantle material enters the MTZ beneath the Afar depression and then spreads laterally to the northeast beneath the western Arabia, flowing within the MTZ and in the upper mantle.
The Density of the Medusae Fossae Formation: Implications for its Composition, Origin, and Importance in Martian History
Authors: Ojha Lujendra , Lewis Kevin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) is one of the largest sedimentary deposits on Mars. The origin of the MFF is uncertain, though several processes including volcanic, eolian, and ice‐related mechanisms have been proposed in its formation. Here we localize the gravity and topography signature of the MFF and place the first direct constraint on its density. We find that the MFF is a relatively porous unit with a bulk density of 1,765 ± 105 kg m−3. When combined with previous radar measurements, our density constraint rules out the presence of ice as the cause of unusual radar permittivity. Rather, we find the joint radar and gravity constraints imply a dry and highly porous rock unit. Based on the relatively low density, lack of ice, and the previously known enrichment of volatile elements associated with volcanic emissions (Cl and S), we propose that the MFF was deposited by pyroclastic eruptions. Using our density estimate, the mass of the MFF is found to be 2 orders of magnitude greater than the largest terrestrial pyroclastic deposit, making it the largest known pyroclastic deposit in the solar system. Outgassing of volatiles such as CO2 and H2O from the MFF would have substantially contributed to the Martian atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Geology and Scientific Significance of the Rümker Region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum: China's Chang'E‐5 Landing Region
Authors: Qian Y. Q. , Xiao L. , Zhao S. Y. , Zhao J. N. , Huang J. , Flahaut J. , Martinot M. , Head J. W. , Hiesinger H. , Wang G. X. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Rümker region (41–45°N, 49–69°W) is located in northern Oceanus Procellarum of the Moon. Mons Rümker is the most distinctive geological feature in the area. The region is characterized by prolonged lunar volcanism (Late Imbrian Period to Eratosthenian Period), forming multiple geologic units in the area, including very low‐Ti to low‐Ti mare basalts, high‐Ti mare basalts, and volcanic complexes. Each geologic unit has distinct element composition and mineral assemblages. The Rümker region, overlying the Procellarum KREEP Terrain, was selected as the landing region for China's Chang'E‐5 lunar sample return mission. Prelanding analyses of the geologic context and scientific potential are reported in this contribution. We conducted detailed geological mapping using image, spectral, and altimetry data. Fourteen geological units were defined, a geologic map was constructed, and the geologic history was outlined. The western mare units (Im1, Im2, and Im3) are Imbrian‐aged (~3.4–3.5 Ga) representing the major stage of lunar mare eruptive volcanism. The eastern young mare units (Em3 and Em4; <2 Ga) are among the youngest mare basalts on the Moon. They have never been explored in situ or studied in the laboratory. We suggest that samples returned from the eastern mare unit (Em4) could answer many fundamental questions and that this unit should be listed as the top priority landing site for Chang'E‐5 sample return mission.
Affinity kinetics of leptin-reactive immunoglobulins are associated with plasma leptin and markers of obesity and diabetes
Authors: Bouhajja Houda , Bougacha-Elleuch Noura , Lucas Nicolas , Legrand Romain , Marrakchi Rim , Kaveri Srini V. , Jamoussi Kamel , Ayadi Hammadi , Abid Mohamed , Mnif-Feki Mouna , Fetissov Sergueï O. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObese subjects display elevated plasma levels of leptin reflecting the phenomenon of leptin resistance. Here, we aimed to determine whether leptin-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig) are present in obese and type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients and whether their plasma levels and affinity kinetics may correlate with obesity and diabetes markers. We show that leptin levels are increased in obese patients with and without T2D. Although mean plasma levels of leptin-reactive IgG were similar between study groups, IgG in obese non-diabetic patients had increased dissociation rate and lower affinity (increased dissociation equilibrium constant value; KD). In controls and diabetic patients, the association rates of leptin IgG correlated negatively with obesity and diabetes markers, respectively. In contrast, KD values correlated positively with plasma leptin levels and obesity traits in our cohort, and with diabetes markers in both the total cohort and in the obese T2D group. Taken together, our data reveal that leptin-reactive IgG are present in healthy subjects, obese, and diabetic patients but display altered affinity kinetics in obesity. Increased IgG binding to leptin in healthy subjects associated with lower body mass index (BMI) suggests an enhancing role of IgG in leptin signaling. Accordingly, a decreased affinity of IgG for leptin, found in obese patients, can be relevant to leptin resistance.