bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Winter Storms Encountered by Columbus in 1493 Near the Azores*
Authors: Brooks Charles F. 
Published: August 2018

Synopsis
The two severe storms that overtook Columbus on the return portion of his first voyage, when examined in the light of modern frontal theory, do not appear to have been simple circular storms, as previously thought, but disturbances marked by well developed fronts. The centers of both passed north of Columbus; he apparently experienced the warm sectors of both. The February storm seems to have had two cold fronts, and the March one a very sharp cold front. Storms of both kinds have been observed in the same portion of the Atlantic in recent years.
The Winds over New England in Relation to Topography*
Authors: Eustis Richard S. 
Published: August 2018

Synopsis
When wind velocities obtained by pilot balloons are compared with those by kites and with observations on mountains, it is found that the speeds by pilot balloons, and to a lesser extent by kites, are quite deficient above 3 km, and to a lesser extent above 2 km, and even above 1 km, in the strongest winds. The ratios of mountain-top to free-air velocities in summer are approximately 1.2 at 1 km and 1.35 at 2 km; and in winter, 1.5 and 1.75, resp. Extreme velocities are estimated as essentially the observed balloon values of 40 m/s at ½ km, 50 m/s, slightly greater than by balloon, at 1 km, and 62, 74 and 88 m/s, up to double the greatest observed balloon, at 1½, 2, and 2½ km.—C. F. B.
Tropopause Disappearance During the Antarctic Winter*
Authors: Court Arnold 
Published: August 2018

Tropopause disappearance during the final months of the Antarctic winter, and the large annual range (35°C at 15 km.) of stratosphere temperatures, as revealed by 190 radiosonde ascents during 1940–1 at Littie America III, the West Base of the U. S. Antarctic Service, are not paralleled in the Northern Hemisphere and indicate that the Antarctic atmosphere has little exchange of air with the rest of the world.
Other evidences of divorce from the world circulation are the coldness of the Antarctic troposphere compared to the Arctic, lower oxygen content of the Antarctic air than that of the rest of the world, asymmetry in world ozone distribution, and the general low pressure prevailing throughout the Antarctic.
Influence of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on the Northern Hemisphere Surface Temperature Response to Radiative Forcing
Authors: Maroon Elizabeth A. , Kay Jennifer E. , Karnauskas Kristopher B. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTMany modeling studies have shown that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) will weaken under increased greenhouse gas forcing, but the influence of AMOC internal variability on climate change in the context of a large initial condition ensemble has received less attention. Here, the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM LE) is used to separate the AMOC-forced response from AMOC internal variability, and then assess their joint influence on surface warming. Similar to other models, the CESM LE projects a weakening AMOC in response to increased greenhouse gas forcing caused by freshening and decreased buoyancy fluxes in the North Atlantic. Yet if this forced response is removed using the ensemble mean, there is a positive relationship between global surface warming and AMOC strength. In other words, when the AMOC strengthens relative to the ensemble mean (i.e., weakens less), global surface warming increases relative to the ensemble mean response. This unforced surface warming occurs in northern Eurasia and in the Nordic and Barents Seas near the sea ice edge. Comparison of CESM simulations with and without a dynamic ocean shows that the unforced surface warming in the Nordic and Barents Seas results from both ocean and atmospheric circulation variability. In contrast, this comparison suggests that AMOC-associated Eurasian warming results from atmospheric circulation variability alone. In sum, the AMOC-forced response and AMOC internal variability have distinct relationships with surface temperature. Forced AMOC weakening decreases with surface warming, while unforced AMOC strengthening leads to surface warming.
Assessments of Surface Winds and Waves from the NCEP Ensemble Forecast System
Authors: Campos Ricardo Martins , Alves Jose-Henrique G. M. , Penny Stephen G. , Krasnopolsky Vladimir 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The error characteristics of surface waves and winds produced by ensemble forecasts issued by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction are analyzed as a function of forecast range and severity. Eight error metrics are compared, separating the scatter component of the error from the systematic bias. Ensemble forecasts of extreme winds and extreme waves are compared to deterministic forecasts for long lead times, up to 10 days. A total of 29 metocean buoys is used to assess 1 year of forecasts (2016). The Global Wave Ensemble Forecast System (GWES) performs 10-day forecasts four times per day, with a spatial resolution of 0.5° and a temporal resolution of 3 h, using a 20-member ensemble plus a control member (deterministic) forecast. The largest errors in GWES, beyond forecast day 3, are found to be associated with winds above 14 m s−1 and waves above 5 m. Extreme percentiles after the day-8 forecast reach 30% of underestimation for both 10-m-height wind (U10) and significant wave height (Hs). The comparison of probabilistic wave forecasts with deterministic runs shows an impressive improvement of predictability on the scatter component of the errors. The error for surface winds drops from 5 m s−1 in the deterministic runs, associated with extreme events at longer forecast ranges, to values around 3 m s−1 using the ensemble approach. As a result, GWES waves are better predicted, with a reduction in error from 2 m to less than 1.5 m for Hs. Nevertheless, under extreme conditions, critical systematic and scatter errors are identified beyond the day-6 and day-3 forecasts, respectively.
Use of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator During Preoperative Risk Discussion: The Patient Perspective
Authors: Raymond Britany L. , Wanderer Jonathan P. , Hawkins Alexander T. , Geiger Timothy M. , Ehrenfeld Jesse M. , Stokes John W. , McEvoy Matthew D. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND:
The American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Surgical Risk Calculator (ACS Calculator) provides empirically derived, patient-specific risks for common adverse perioperative outcomes. The ACS Calculator is promoted as a tool to improve shared decision-making and informed consent for patients undergoing elective operations. However, to our knowledge, no data exist regarding the use of this tool in actual preoperative risk discussions with patients. Accordingly, we performed a survey to assess (1) whether patients find the tool easy to interpret, (2) how accurately patients can predict their surgical risks, and (3) the impact of risk disclosure on levels of anxiety and future motivations to decrease personal risk.

METHODS:
Patients (N = 150) recruited from a preoperative clinic completed an initial survey where they estimated their hospital length of stay and personal perioperative risks of the 12 clinical complications analyzed by the ACS Calculator. Next, risk calculation was performed by entering participants’ demographics into the ACS Calculator. Participants reviewed their individualized risk reports in detail and then completed a follow-up survey to evaluate their perceptions.

RESULTS:
Nearly 90% of participants desire to review their ACS Calculator report before future surgical consents. High-risk patients were 3 times more likely to underestimate their risk of any complication, serious complication, and length of stay compared to low-risk patients (P < .001). After reviewing their calculated risks, 70% stated that they would consider participating in prehabilitation to decrease perioperative risk, and nearly 40% would delay their surgery to do so. Knowledge of personal ACS risk calculations had no effect on anxiety in 20% and decreased anxiety in 71% of participants.

CONCLUSIONS:
The ACS Calculator may be of particular benefit to high-risk surgical populations by providing realistic expectations of outcomes and recovery. Use of this tool may also provide motivation for patients to participate in risk reduction strategies.
Anticipated Rates and Costs of Guideline-Concordant Preoperative Stress Testing
Authors: Pappas Matthew A. , Sessler Daniel I. , Rothberg Michael B. 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND:
Current guidelines recommend that patients have preoperative assessment of cardiac risk and functional status, and that patients at “elevated” cardiac risk with poor or unknown functional status be referred for preoperative stress testing. Little is known about current rates of testing or resultant medical costs. We set out to estimate the expected rates of preoperative stress testing and resultant costs if physicians in the United States were to follow current guidelines and to investigate differences that would arise from 2 risk prediction methods included in current guidelines.

METHODS:
We applied 2 risk prediction tools (Revised Cardiac Risk Index and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest) included in current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines to a multicenter prospective registry of patients undergoing surgery in the United States in 2009. We then calculated expected rates of preoperative cardiac stress testing if physicians were to follow American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, expected nationwide direct medical expenditures that would result (in 2017 US dollars), and agreement beyond chance between the 2 risk prediction tools.

RESULTS:
Current guidelines recommend considerable spending on preoperative stress testing. Guideline-recommended spending would differ substantially depending on the risk prediction tool used and the reliability of the functional status assessment. Rates of testing and resultant spending are likely much greater among patients at “elevated” risk, compared with patients at “low” risk. Two guideline-recommended risk assessment tools, Revised Cardiac Risk Index and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest, have poor agreement beyond chance across the currently recommended risk threshold.

CONCLUSIONS:
Preoperative stress testing is likely a considerable source of medical spending, despite unproven benefit. Which perioperative risk assessment tool clinicians should use, what risk thresholds are appropriate for patient selection, and the reliability of the functional status assessment all warrant further attention.
Neutron Diffraction Study on Partial Pair Correlation Functions of Water at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Amo Yuko , Usuki Takeshi , Umebayashi Yasuhiro , Ikeda Kazutaka , Otomo Toshiya 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A new determination is presented for the intermolecular partial pair correlation functions of liquid water at ambient temperature. Time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction measurements with excellent statistical accuracies have been carried out for liquid H2O, HDO, and D2O at 25 °C employing a high performance total scattering spectrometer installed at a high-power pulsed spallation neutron source. The intermolecular partial pair correlation functions, gHHinter(r), gOHinter(r), and gOOinter(r), have successfully been deduced from direct Fourier transformation of observed intermolecular interference terms. The nearest neighbor intermolecular H⋯H, O⋯H, and O⋯O distances are determined to be 2.44, 1.84, and 2.86 Å, respectively. These values are significantly longer than those predicted by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies employing classical water-water potentials. Evidence on the deviation of the electron distribution from the spherical one around atoms in the liquid water has been experimentally derived from the combination of the present partial structure functions and high precision X-ray data of water obtained from synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction.
The Avon patellofemoral joint arthroplasty
Authors: Metcalfe A. J. , Ahearn N. , Hassaballa M. A. , Parsons N. , Ackroyd C. E. , Murray J. R. , Robinson J. R. , Eldridge J. D. , Porteous A. J. 
Published: August 2018

Aims This study reports on the medium- to long-term implant survivorship and patient-reported outcomes for the Avon patellofemoral joint (PFJ) arthroplasty. Patients and Methods A total of 558 Avon PFJ arthroplasties in 431 patients, with minimum two-year follow-up, were identified from a prospective database. Patient-reported outcomes and implant survivorship were analyzed, with follow-up of up to 18 years. Results Outcomes were recorded for 483 implants (368 patients), representing an 86% follow-up rate. The median postoperative Oxford Knee Score (0 to 48 scale) was 35 (interquartile range (IQR) 25.5 to 43) and the median Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC, 0 to 100 scale) was 35 (IQR 25 to 53) at two years. There were 105 revisions, 61 (58%) for progression of osteoarthritis. All documented revisions were to primary knee systems without augmentation. The implant survival rate was 77.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 72.4 to 81.7, number at risk 204) at ten years and 67.4% (95% CI 72.4 to 81.7 number at risk 45) at 15 years. Regression analysis of explanatory data variable showed that cases performed in the last nine years had improved survival compared with the first nine years of the cohort, but the individual operating surgeon had the strongest effect on survivorship. Conclusion Satisfactory long-term results can be obtained with the Avon PFJ arthroplasty, with maintenance of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), satisfactory survival, and low rates of loosening and wear. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1162–7.
Glenosphere design affects range of movement and risk of friction-type scapular impingement in reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Werner B. S. , Chaoui J. , Walch G. 
Published: August 2018

Aims Scapular notching is a frequently observed radiographic phenomenon in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), signifying impingement of components. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of glenoid component size and glenosphere type on impingement-free range of movement (ROM) for extension and internal and external rotation in a virtual RSA model, and to determine the optimal configuration to reduce the incidence of friction-type scapular notching. Materials and Methods Preoperative CT scans obtained in 21 patients (three male, 18 female) with primary osteoarthritis were analyzed using modelling software. Two concurrent factors were tested for impingement-free ROM and translation of the centre of rotation: glenosphere diameter (36 mm vs 39 mm) and type (centred, 2 mm inferior eccentric offset, 10° inferior tilt). Results Glenosphere size was most predictive of increased extension and external rotation, whereas lateralization of the centre of rotation was the most predictive factor for internal rotation. A larger diameter of glenosphere combined with a 10° tilted configuration demonstrated superior values for extension and external rotation, whereas the eccentric component improved internal rotation by a mean 8.9° (standard deviation 2.7°) compared with a standard concentric glenosphere. Conclusion Glenosphere configuration can be modified to increase range of movement in RSA. Friction-type scapular notching was most effectively reduced by use of a large-diameter glenosphere with 10° inferior tilt. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1182–6.
IMPORTANCE OF ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES ACT 2013 IN TAKAFUL INDUSTRY AFTER THE REPELLED TAKAFUL ACT 1984
Authors: Jamil Siti Norshila , Jamal Jasri 
Published: August 2018

The new Malaysian Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (Act 759) (‘IFSA 2013’) came into force on the 30th June 2013. Its main objectives are to promote financial stability and compliance to Shariah and further strengthen the regulation of Islamic financial institutions. By this, the IFSA 2013 aims to strengthen consumer protection and further increase the confidence of the public in Takaful. At the same time, it remains to be seen if the IFSA 2013 will also encourage Takaful Operators to take their social and religious responsibility more into consideration, which is fundamental behind the concept of Takaful. Keywords: Takaful, Islamic Financial Services Act 2013
REVEALING RELATIONSHIP CAPITALISM, DEMOCRACY AND GLOBALIZATION IN CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES APPROACH
Authors: Samekto FX.Adji 
Published: August 2018

The dominance of global capitalism is the result of a long historical process in Western Europe since the Enlightenment in the seventeenth century, the philosophers led by a very large influence on the political-economic thought and legal relationship with the state and its citizens.Capitalism and free market mechanisms become increasingly strong with sustained legal concept of rule of law. The principle of the rule of law actually originally not intended to be a means of achieving public objectives or to solve the problems of society such as the problem of poverty. Rule of law is intended to create a stable structure for individuals and businesses associated with economic activities.Linkage between laissez faire, the rule of law is logically implicated in the growth of the view that the existence of the state is to protect the free market. That is phenomena of globalization. The dominance of the rules of law which is intended to facilitate the interests of the free market encourage the implementation of adjustment programs by the state in Third World. As a result, however, it become difficult to realize policies in favor of poverty, meeting basic needs and alignments on the rights of local communities, the embodiment of social justice and environmental protection.
Jak je český národ charakterizován v kinematografii (Glosa s využitým etnonymickým názvoslovím)
Authors: Hampl Lubomír 
Published: August 2018

Autor článku chce především ukázat, jak jsou Češi obecně vnímáni a charakterizováni v okruhu popisované domény kinematografie. Vybral si pro účel tohoto příspěvku český komediální televizní seriál pojmenovaný Hospoda, ve kterém je hodně příkladů týkajících se autocharakteristiky vlastností českého etnika. Všechny uvedené českojazyčné příklady s vyprofilovaným „národnostním komponentem” jsou vážně brány současnou lingvistikou jako ukazatel stereotypu, který je pevně zakotven v kulturně jazykovém kódu. Ve většině analyzovaných příkladů všichni herci v tomto zaprezentovaném seriálu poukazovali na lidské vady a jejich nedokonalosti a právě díky nim si český divák (reprezentující příslušníky zmíněného národa) může své nedostatky lépe uvědomovat.
Application of NMR metabolomics to search for human disease biomarkers in blood
Authors: Song Zikuan , Wang Haoyu , Yin Xiaotong , Deng Pengchi , Jiang Wei 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Recently, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)-based metabolomics analysis and multivariate statistical techniques have been incorporated into a multidisciplinary approach to profile changes in small molecules associated with the onset and progression of human diseases. The purpose of these efforts is to identify unique metabolite biomarkers in a specific human disease so as to (1) accurately predict and diagnose diseases, including separating distinct disease stages; (2) provide insights into underlying pathways in the pathogenesis and progression of the malady and (3) aid in disease treatment and evaluate the efficacy of drugs. In this review we discuss recent developments in the application of NMR-based metabolomics in searching disease biomarkers in human blood samples in the last 5 years.
Random walks on weakly hyperbolic groups
Authors: Maher Joseph , Tiozzo Giulio 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Let G be a countable
group which acts by isometries on a separable,
but not necessarily proper, Gromov hyperbolic space X. We say the
action of G is weakly hyperbolic if G contains two independent
hyperbolic isometries. We show that a random walk on such G converges to
the Gromov boundary almost surely. We apply the convergence result to
show linear progress and linear growth of translation length, without
any assumptions on the moments of the random walk.
If the action is acylindrical, and the random walk has finite entropy
and finite logarithmic moment, we show that the Gromov boundary with
the hitting measure is the Poisson boundary.
Invisible Coattails: Presidential Approval and Gubernatorial Elections, 1994–2014
Authors: Fullmer Elliott , Daniel Rebecca 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Hoping to insulate their contests from national politics, thirty-six states hold their gubernatorial elections in national midterm election years. Many scholars have assessed whether presidential evaluations nevertheless have an effect on these races, though findings have varied. We offer a new approach to examining this question, relying on underutilized state-level presidential approval data preceding 143 gubernatorial races across six national midterm election cycles. Accounting for the effects of state ideology, gubernatorial approval, campaign spending, state economic performance, and incumbency, we report that presidential approval has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the presidential party in gubernatorial races. The substantive effects are modest, though still potentially meaningful. In the primary specification, an additional six points of presidential approval is associated with about one additional point of gubernatorial vote share.
The Trump Effect: Filing Deadlines and the Decision to Run in the 2016 Congressional Elections
Authors: Riley Gavin , Smith Jacob 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we examine whether the nomination of Donald Trump for president affected decisions to run for Congress in 2016 in states with later filing deadlines. We theorize that the perception among potential candidates that Donald Trump would be a weak nominee had the potential to entice high-quality Democratic candidates (defined as those who have previously held an elective office) to run for Congress as it became increasingly clear that Donald Trump would be the Republican presidential nominee. We also examine an alternative hypothesis that the impending Trump nomination enhanced political amateurs’ perception they could win in 2016, enticing them to run for Congress. Using a novel dataset from PredictIt, we find support for the second hypothesis, with more political amateurs running as the Trump nomination became more likely. These findings suggest that Donald Trump’s nomination had important consequences that went beyond the presidential race.