bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender difference and informal competition: evidence from India
Authors: Farooq Omar , Satt Harit , Ramid Souhail 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to document how male and female managers respond to competition posed by informal firms.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology uses the ordered logistic regression and the data provided by the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey to test the arguments for firms headquartered in India.FindingsThe findings show that firms managed by females are more likely to consider informal competition as a bigger obstacle for their operations than firms managed by males. It also shows that this relationship is more pronounced in provinces with weak institutional infrastructure. Lastly, the paper shows that firms managed by females respond to competition from the informal sector by undertaking more innovations than firms managed by males.Originality/valueThis research extends the literature on gender differences in response to competition by documenting how female managers respond to external competition in emerging markets.
Taking stock of firm-level and country-level benefits from foreign direct investment
Authors: Bruno Randolph L. , Campos Nauro F. , Estrin Saul 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to conduct a systematic meta-analysis on emerging economies to summarize these effects and throw light on the strength and heterogeneity of these conditionalities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes a new methodological framework that allows country- and firm-level effects to be combined. The authors hand collected information from 175 studies and around 1,100 estimates in Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America and Africa from 1940 to 2008.FindingsThe two main findings indicate that “macro” effects are much larger than enterprise-level ones, by a factor of at least six and the benefits from foreign direct investment (FDI) into emerging economies are substantially less “conditional” than commonly thought.Originality/valueThe empirical literature has not reached a conclusion as to whether FDI yields spillovers when the host economies are emerging. Instead, the results are often viewed as conditional. For macro studies, this means that the existence and scale of spillover effects are contingent on the levels of institutional, financial or human capital development attained by the host economies. For enterprise-level studies, conditionality relates to the type of inter-firm linkages, namely, forwards, backwards or horizontal.
Book-to-Market Ratio, return on equity and Brazilian Stock Returns
Authors: Cordeiro da Cunha Araújo Rebeca , André Veras Machado Márcio 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
This study aims to analyze the influence of future expectations of the book-to-market ratio (B/M) and return on equity (ROE) in explaining the Brazilian capital market returns.

Design/methodology/approach
The study analyzed the explanatory power of risk-factor approach variables such as beta, size, B/M ratio, momentum and liquidity.

Findings
The results show that future expectations of the B/M ratio and ROE, when combined with proxies for risk factors, were able to explain part of the variations of Brazilian stock returns. With respect to risk factors approach variables, the authors verified the existence of size and B/M effects and a liquidity premium in the Brazilian capital market, during the period analyzed.

Research limitations/implications
This research was limited to the non-financial companies with shares traded at Brasil, Bolsa and Balcão, from January 1, 1995 to June 30, 2015. This way, the conclusions reached are limited to the sample used herein.

Practical implications
The evidences herein presented can also contribute to establishing investment strategies, considering that the B/M ratio may be calculated through accounting information announced by companies. Besides, using historical data enable investors, in a specific year, to calculate the predictor variables for the B/M ratio and ROE in the next year, which enhance the explanatory power of the current B/M, when combined in the form of an aggregate predictor variable for stock returns.

Originality/value
The main contribution of this study to the literature is to demonstrate how the expected future B/M ratio and ROE may improve the explanatory capacity of the stock return, when compared with the variables traditionally studied in the literature.
Co-creation experiences in social media brand communities
Authors: Rialti Riccardo , Caliandro Alessandro , Zollo Lamberto , Ciappei Cristiano 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
This paper presents an in-depth investigation on how brands may concur to the co-creation of consumers’ experiences. In particular, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the main types of co-created experiences that consumers may encounter as a result of social media brand communities.

Design/methodology/approach
To identify the main types of co-created experiences, a digital investigation has been used as the main method of analysis. The authors draw their digital investigation on the digital methods paradigm.

Findings
Four principal types of co-created experiences have been identified and conceptualized, namely, brand’s products’ individual usage experiences, auto-celebrative experiences, brand’s products’ communal usage experiences and collective celebration experiences.

Originality/value
Results stress the importance for brand strategists to involve members of social media brand communities to stimulate co-creation experiences. Specifically, it emerges that the simultaneous interaction among members of the community and the brand may directly affect co-creation experiences.
Effectiveness of temozolomide combined with whole brain radiotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer brain metastases
Authors: Zhu Ying , Fu Lei , Jing Wang , Guo Dong , Kong Li , Yu Jinming 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundWe performed a retrospective analysis to compare the efficacy of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) combined with temozolomide (TMZ) versus WBRT alone as first‐line treatment for brain metastases (BM).MethodsSeventy‐eight non‐small cell lung cancer patients with BM were observed, including 45 patients who received WBRT plus TMZ (TMZ + WBRT) and 33 patients who received WBRT alone (WBRT). The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). Secondary outcomes included progression‐free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events.ResultsThe TMZ + WBRT arm achieved significant improvement in ORR (P = 0.0108) compared to the WBRT arm. PFS in the TMZ + WBRT arm was significantly longer than in the RT arm (6.0 vs. 3.5 months; P = 0.038). OS was not significantly different between the two arms. Although increased adverse reactions were experienced in the TMZ + WBRT arm, patients were tolerant of the side effects. Statistically significant differences in neurocognitive function and quality of life were observed between the arms at six months.ConclusionConcomitant TMZ + WBRT compared to WBRT alone significantly increases ORR and median PFS in patients with BM, but no remarkable difference in median OS was found. Adding TMZ to the treatment strategy could prevent neurocognitive function and quality of life from deteriorating. Although the addition of TMZ increases the incidence of adverse effects, no significant difference was observed. Thus, TMZ is safe and effective.
Finding turning‐points in ultra‐high‐resolution animal movement data
Authors: Potts Jonathan R. , Börger Luca , Scantlebury D. Michael , Bennett Nigel C. , Alagaili Abdulaziz , Wilson Rory P. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Recent advances in biologging have resulted in animal location data at unprecedentedly high temporal resolutions, sometimes many times per second. However, many current methods for analysing animal movement (e.g. step selection analysis or state‐space modelling) were developed with lower‐resolution data in mind. To make such methods usable with high‐resolution data, we require techniques to identify features within the trajectory where movement deviates from a straight line.

We propose that the intricacies of movement paths, and particularly turns, reflect decisions made by animals so that turn points are particularly relevant to behavioural ecologists. As such, we introduce a fast, accurate algorithm for inferring turning‐points in high‐resolution data. For analysing big data, speed and scalability are vitally important. We test our algorithm on simulated data, where varying amounts of noise were added to paths of straight‐line segments interspersed with turns. We also demonstrate our algorithm on data of free‐ranging oryx Oryx leucoryx. We compare our algorithm to existing statistical techniques for break‐point inference.

The algorithm scales linearly and can analyse several hundred‐thousand data points in a few seconds on a mid‐range desktop computer. It identified turnpoints in simulated data with complete accuracy when the noise in the headings had a standard deviation of ±8∘, well within the tolerance of many modern biologgers. It has comparable accuracy to the existing algorithms tested, and is up to three orders of magnitude faster.

Our algorithm, freely available in R and Python, serves as an initial step in processing ultra high‐resolution animal movement data, resulting in a rarefied path that can be used as an input into many existing step‐and‐turn methods of analysis. The resulting path consists of points where the animal makes a clear turn, and thereby provides valuable data on decisions underlying movement patterns. As such, it provides an important breakthrough required as a starting point for analysing subsecond resolution data.
Intraoperative ketamine administration to prevent delirium or postoperative cognitive dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hovaguimian F. , Tschopp C. , Beck‐Schimmer B. , Puhan M. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPostoperative cognitive complications are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Ketamine has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in various settings. This systematic review evaluates the effects of intraoperative ketamine administration on postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).MethodsMedline, Embase and Central were searched to 4 March 2018 without date or language restrictions. We considered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing intraoperative ketamine administration versus no intervention in adults undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia. Primary outcomes were postoperative delirium and POCD. Non‐cognitive adverse events, mortality and length of stay were considered as secondary outcomes. Data were independently extracted. The quality of the evidence (GRADE approach) was assessed following recommendations from the Cochrane collaboration. Risk ratios were calculated for binary outcomes, mean differences for continuous outcomes. We planned to explore the effects of age, specific anaesthesia regimen, depth of anaesthesia and intraoperative haemodynamic events through subgroup analyses.ResultsSix RCTs were included. The incidence of postoperative delirium did not differ between groups (4 trials, 557 patients, RR 0.83, 95% CI [0.25, 2.80]), but patients receiving ketamine seemed at lower risk of POCD (3 trials, 163 patients, RR 0.34, 95% CI [0.15, 0.73]). However, both analyses presented limitations. Therefore, the quality of the evidence (GRADE) was deemed low (postoperative delirium) and very low (POCD).ConclusionThe effect of ketamine on postoperative delirium remains unclear but its administration may offer some protection towards POCD. Large, well‐designed randomised trials are urgently needed to further clarify the efficacy of ketamine on neurocognitive outcomes.
Providers' Perceptions of Caring for Pediatric Patients in Community Hospital Emergency Departments: A Mixed‐methods Analysis
Authors: Goldman Michael P. , Wong Ambrose H. , Bhatnagar Ambika , Emerson Beth L. , Brown Linda L. , Auerbach Marc A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundApproximately 90% of pediatric emergency care is provided in community emergency departments (CEDs) that care for both adults and children. Paradoxically, the majority of pediatric emergency medicine knowledge generation, quality improvement work, and clinical training occurs in children's hospitals. There is a paucity of information of perceptions on pediatric care from CED providers. This information is needed to guide the development of strategies to improve CED pediatric readiness.ObjectiveThe objective was to explore interprofessional CED providers' perceptions of caring for pediatric patients.MethodsA preparticipation survey collected data on demographics, experience, and comfort in caring for children. Emergency pediatric simulations were then utilized to prime interprofessional teams for debriefings. These discussions underwent qualitative analysis by three blinded authors who coded transcripts into themes through an inductive method derived from grounded theory. The other authors participated in confirmability and dependability checks.ResultsA total of 171 community hospital providers from six CEDs completed surveys (49% nurses, 22% physicians, 23% technicians). The majority were PALS trained (70%) and experienced fewer than five pediatric resuscitations in their careers (61%). Most self‐reported comfort in caring for acutely ill and injured children. From the debriefings, three major challenge themes emerged: 1) knowledge and skill limitations attributed to infrequency of training and actual clinical events, 2) the emotional toll of caring for a sick child, and 3) acknowledgment of pediatric specific quality and safety deficits. Subthemes focused on causes and potential mitigating factors contributing to these challenges. A solution theme highlighted novel partnering opportunities with local children's hospitals.ConclusionInterprofessional CED providers perceive that caring for pediatric patients is challenging due to case infrequency, the emotional toll of caring for sick children, and pediatric quality and safety deficits in their systems. These areas of focus can be used to generate specific strategies for improving CED pediatric readiness.
Expression of Concern: The effects of melatonin supplementation on mental health, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment
Authors: Ghaderi Amir , Banafshe Hamid Reza , Mirhosseini Naghmeh , Motmaen Maryam , Mehrzad Fatemeh , Bahmani Fereshteh , Aghadavod Esmat , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Reiter Russel J. , Karimi Mohammad‐Amin , Asemi Zatollah 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis investigation was designed to determine the effect of melatonin supplementation on mental health parameters, metabolic and genetic profiles in patients under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, clinical trial was conducted among 54 patients under MMT. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either 10 mg melatonin (2 melatonin capsules, 5 mg each) (n = 26) or placebo (n = 28) once a day, 1 hour before bedtime for 12 weeks. Melatonin supplementation significantly decreased Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (β −4.08; 95 percent CI, −5.51, −2.65; P < 0.001), Beck Depression Inventory index (β −5.46; 95% CI, −8.92, −2.00; P = 0.003) and Beck Anxiety Inventory index (β −3.87; 95% CI, −5.96, −1.77; P = 0.001) and significantly increased International Index of Erectile Functions (β 5.59; 95% CI, 1.76, 9.42; P = 0.005) compared with the placebo. Subjects who received melatonin supplements had significantly lower serum insulin levels (β −2.53; 95% CI, −4.48, −0.59; P = 0.01), homeostasis model of assessment‐insulin resistance (β −0.56; 95% CI, −1.03, −0.09; P = 0.01) and higher quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (β 0.01; 95% CI, 0.004, 0.02; P = 0.009) and HDL‐cholesterol levels (β 3.71; 95% CI, 1.77, 5.64; P = 0.002) compared to placebo. Additionally, melatonin intake resulted in a significant reduction in serum high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (β −0.15; 95% CI, −0.27, −0.02; P = 0.02), malondialdehyde (β −0.31; 95% CI, −0.57, −0.05; P = 0.02) and protein carbonyl (β −0.06; 95% CI, −0.09, −0.04; P < 0.001). This trial indicated that taking melatonin supplements for 12 weeks by patients under MMT had beneficial effects on their mental health metabolic profiles.
Does a nutritious diet cost more in food deserts?
Authors: Fan Linlin , Baylis Kathy , Gundersen Craig , Ploeg Michele Ver 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFood deserts and their potential effects on diet and nutrition have received much attention from policymakers. While some research has found a correlation between food deserts and consumer outcomes, it is unclear whether food deserts truly affect consumer choices. In this article, we compare food prices in food deserts, defined as low‐income, low‐access census tracts, and nonfood deserts to observe whether and to what extent consumers face higher prices for a complete diet in food deserts. If a nutritionally complete diet costs significantly more in food deserts, resident consumers may be constrained from consuming healthier foods. We use store‐level scanner data from a nationally representative sample and calculate a census‐tract level Exact Price Index (EPI) based on a food basket defined by the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP). The EPI addresses potential biases from both product heterogeneity and variety availability. We find that the overall price impact of living in a food desert is small; low‐access areas have only 3.5% higher EPI than high‐access counterparts. However, consumers who are constrained to shop within their own census tracts face a much higher EPI than high‐access counterparts (9.2%). The higher EPI primarily comes from lower variety availability in food deserts.
Computer‐assisted analysis of tongue thickness of golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) following topical chronic exposure to distilled alcoholic beverages
Authors: Moreira Rafaela N. , Marinho Sandra A. , Verli Flaviana D. , Douglas‐de‐Oliveira Dhelfeson W. , Mesquita Ana Terezinha , Lima Nádia L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to measure changes in epithelial thickness in the lingual mucosa of golden hamsters submitted to the topical application of distilled alcoholic beverages. Forty golden hamsters were randomly divided into: Group 1—cachaça 48° GL and Group 2—whisky 40° GL. Alcohol was applied to the right side of the tongue, the left side served as control. Seventy microscopic fields were evaluated. The data were submitted to descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon test and the Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05). In Group 1, there was a significant difference in mean total epithelial thickness between the test side and control side (p = 0.044), with significant reductions in the thickness of the epithelial and corneal layers (p < 0.001 and p = 0.021, respectively). At 13 weeks, statistically significant reductions were found in the thickness of both the corneal and epithelial layers (p = 0.032 and p < 001, respectively). At 20 weeks, a statistically significant reduction was found in only the epithelial layer (p = 0.002). In the whisky group, significant increases were found in the thickness of the corneal and epithelial layers (p = 0.015 and p = 0.012, respectively) at 13 weeks. Cachaça 48° GL promoted epithelial atrophy, whereas whisky 40° GL promoted epithelial hyperplasia. Based on the present findings, different types of distilled alcoholic beverages cause different morphometric and morphological changes in the lingual mucosa. Cachaça caused epithelial atrophy, which may facilitate the penetration of carcinogenic agents, whereas whisky caused epithelial hyperplasia, especially in the basal layer, which suggests the onset of the development of premalignant lesions.
Mediating role of neuroticism in the association between loneliness and cognitive function among community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Foong Hui Foh , Hamid Tengku Aizan , Ibrahim Rahimah , Haron Sharifah Azizah 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to examine whether neuroticism mediates the association between loneliness and cognitive function in older adults.MethodsThis study involved 2322 representative community residents aged 60–92 years in Peninsular Malaysia. Cognition was measured by Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), loneliness was assessed by three‐item loneliness scale, and neuroticism was assessed by the Short‐Form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple linear regression and Sobel tests were used for mediation analyses.ResultsBoth loneliness (β = −0.04, P = 0.03) and neuroticism (β = −0.07, P < 0.001) were negatively and significantly associated with cognitive function, and most importantly, neuroticism mediated the association between loneliness and cognition (from β = −0.04, P = 0.03 to β = −0.03, P = 0.10).ConclusionNeuroticism may be the potential mechanism underlying the relationship between loneliness and cognitive function in older persons.
Re‐inventing the randomized controlled trial in medical oncology: The registry‐based trial
Authors: Foroughi Siavash , Wong Hui‐li , Gately Lucy , Lee Margaret , Simons Koen , Tie Jeanne , Burgess Antony Wilks , Gibbs Peter 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSubstantial progress has recently been made in optimizing the management of cancer patients, resulting in major gains in survival and quality of life. Much of this progress has resulted from the serial testing of promising treatment strategies, typically using prospective randomized controlled trials to compare outcomes achieved with the new approach versus the current standard(s) of care. However, there is an ever‐expanding list of important questions that are difficult to investigate, particularly with respect to determining the optimal sequencing and combination of proven active agents. With the rapidly growing list of clinical, pathologic and molecular characteristics that promise to predict treatment benefit and/or risk for defined patient subsets, many new questions regarding how best to personalize our approach to treatment selection are emerging. These questions can be investigated in the context of registry‐based randomized clinical trials. Recently, the potential of registry‐based randomized clinical trials was demonstrated in cardiology, highlighting the ability to rapidly recruit large numbers of patients to a trial addressing an important clinical question, with minimal cost and high external validity. In this review, we discuss the challenges and limitations of conventional clinical trials in multidisciplinary cancer care, describe the potential advantages of registry‐based randomized trials, and highlight several registry‐based oncology studies that are already underway to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
When Toleration Becomes a Vice: Naming Aristotle's Third Unnamed Virtue
Authors: Avramenko Richard , Promisel Michael 
Published: June 2018

AbstractToleration is lauded as a chief virtue of contemporary liberalism. Without this virtue, it seems, citizens are ill‐equipped to reconcile ethical disagreements appropriately in pluralistic societies. In recent scholarship and practice, however, toleration has undergone significant transformation. The tolerant citizen, we are told, avoids causing the discomfort or pain associated with uncomfortable conversations, criticism, or even difference of opinion. Regrettably, this understanding of toleration hinders rather than facilitates dialogue and conflates pain or discomfort with cruelty. To offer a more viable theoretical grounding for toleration, this article turns to the third unnamed virtue of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. When conceptualized as an Aristotelian moral virtue with vices of both deficiency and excess, it is clear how toleration, taken too far, becomes a vice. Moreover, Aristotle's principles of contextual sensitivity, other‐regarding virtue, and non‐cruel pain constitute a better foundation for restoring toleration as a healthy virtue for liberal citizens.