bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of wind in secondary settling tanks for wastewater treatment—A computational fluid dynamics study. Part I: Circular secondary settling tanks
Authors: Gao Haiwen , Stenstrom Michael K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics model is used to understand the impact of wind on the performance of a secondary settling tank (SST) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Unlike most of the previous modeling studies which evaluated the wind effect on the settling tank in a water treatment plant, this study evaluates a circular SST in a WWTP at different current velocities and flow conditions. Performance indicators, such as effluent suspended solids and sludge blanket height, and three‐dimensional hydrodynamics profiles are compared among different windy conditions and the calm condition and under different wind directions and flow conditions. The simulation results show that the existence of wind has strong negative impacts on the overall performance of the circular SST. The prediction of ESS is doubled in the circular SST under the mild wind condition. Moreover, the circular SST is more sensitive to the wind along the inlet port direction.Practitioner points

This is the first comparison of wind effects on a circular secondary settling tank

Detailed computational fluid dynamics solution procedures to simulate a secondary settling tank

Wind effects are investigated under multiple flow conditions, current velocities, and wind directions

The performance of a circular secondary settling tank is very sensitive to the wind

Wind along the inlet port direction has stronger negative impacts than it along 45° to the inlet direction
Changes in Tracheal Tube Cuff Pressure and Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Conductivity During Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Taylor James W. , Soeyland Kathleen , Ball Christine , Lee James C. , Serpell Jonathan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aetiology of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) neurapraxia is unclear in most RLN palsies post‐thyroidectomy. We hypothesised that high intralaryngeal pressures impede RLN conductivity, in turn contributing to RLN palsy. Therefore, we measured tracheal tube (TT) cuff pressure (as a surrogate for intralaryngeal pressure) and RLN conduction during ten standard manoeuvres in thyroidectomy, to assess for correlation between cuff pressure and RLN conductivity.MethodsA prospective cohort study of thyroidectomy during 2018. For each thyroid lobe, TT cuff pressure was continuously measured via an air pressure transducer. RLN conduction (amplitude and latency) was measured using continuous neuromonitoring. Changes in mean TT cuff pressure and median nerve conduction from baseline measurements were analysed using Student's t test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsIn a total of 50 RLNs, the mean baseline TT cuff pressure of 19.5 ± 8.9 mmHg increased significantly to 22.0 mmHg during anteromedial rotation of the thyroid (p < 0.05). RLN conduction changed during manipulation of the superior thyroid pole with shortening of latency (−0.49% from baseline, p = 0.05) and reduction in amplitude (−12.0% from baseline, p = 0.02). The timing of these deviations did not correlate with the increased TT cuff pressure. In three cases of temporary RLN palsy, the mean cumulative case TT cuff pressure was significantly higher (24.8 mmHg, p = 0.02).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that TT cuff pressure and RLN conductivity can change significantly with manipulation of the thyroid and that high TT cuff pressures may be associated with RLN injuries.
Effects of Interrupting Prolonged Sitting with Physical Activity Breaks on Blood Glucose, Insulin and Triacylglycerol Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Loh Roland , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Folkerts Dirk , Allgrove Judith E. , Moir Hannah J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity (PA) breaks in sitting time might attenuate metabolic markers relevant to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this paper was to systematically review and meta-analyse trials that compared the effects of breaking up prolonged sitting with bouts of PA throughout the day (INT) versus continuous sitting (SIT) on glucose, insulin and triacylglycerol (TAG) measures. A second aim was to compare the effects of INT versus continuous exercise (EX) on glucose, insulin and TAG measures.MethodsThe review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Eligibility criteria consisted of trials comparing INT vs. SIT or INT vs. one bout of EX before or after sitting, in participants aged 18 or above, who were classified as either metabolically healthy or impaired, but not with other major health conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or peripheral arterial disease.ResultsA total of 42 studies were included in the overall review, whereas a total of 37 studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a standardised mean difference (SMD) of − 0.54 (95% CI − 0.70, − 0.37,p = 0.00001) in favour of INT compared to SIT for glucose. With respect to insulin, there was an SMD of − 0.56 (95% CI − 0.74, − 0.38,p = 0.00001) in favour of INT. For TAG, there was an SMD of − 0.26 (95% CI − 0.44, − 0.09,p = 0.002) in favour of INT. Body mass index (BMI) was associated with glucose responses (β = − 0.05, 95% CI − 0.09, − 0.01,p = 0.01), and insulin (β = − 0.05, 95% CI − 0.10, − 0.006,p = 0.03), but not TAG (β = 0.02, 95% CI − 0.02, 0.06,p = 0.37). When energy expenditure was matched, there was an SMD of − 0.26 (95% CI − 0.50, − 0.02,p = 0.03) in favour of INT for glucose, but no statistically significant SMDs for insulin, i.e. 0.35 (95% CI − 0.37, 1.07,p = 0.35), or TAG i.e. 0.08 (95% CI − 0.22, 0.37,p = 0.62). It is worth noting that there was possible publication bias for TAG outcomes when PA breaks were compared with sitting.ConclusionThe use of PA breaks during sitting moderately attenuated post-prandial glucose, insulin, and TAG, with greater glycaemic attenuation in people with higher BMI. There was a statistically significant small advantage for PA breaks over continuous exercise for attenuating glucose measures when exercise protocols were energy matched, but no statistically significant differences for insulin and TAG. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42017080982.PROSPERO RegistrationCRD42017080982.
Auceps syllabarum: A Digital Analysis of Latin Prose Rhythm
Authors: Keeline Tom , Kirby Tyler 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this article we describe a series of computer algorithms that generate prose rhythm data for any digitised corpus of Latin texts. Using these algorithms, we present prose rhythm data for most major extant Latin prose authors from Cato the Elder through the second centurya.d. Next we offer a new approach to determining the statistical significance of such data. We show that, while only some Latin authors adhere to the Ciceronian rhythmic canon, every Latin author is ‘rhythmical’ — they just choose different rhythms. Then we give answers to some particular questions based on our data and statistical approach, focusing on Cicero, Sallust, Tacitus and Pliny the Younger. In addition to providing comprehensive new data on Latin prose rhythm, presenting new results based on that data and confirming certain long-standing beliefs, we hope to make a contribution to a discussion of digital and statistical methodology in the study of Latin prose rhythm and in Classics more generally. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0075435819000881) contains an appendix with tables, data and code. This appendix constitutes a static ‘version of record’ for the data presented in this article, but we expect to continue to update our code and data; updates can be found in the repository of the Classical Language Toolkit (https://github.com/cltk/cltk).
How Many Citations to Women Is “Enough”? Estimates of Gender Representation in Political Science
Authors: Dion Michelle L. , Mitchell Sara McLaughlin 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTRecent studies identified gendered citation gaps in political science journal articles, with male scholars being less likely to cite work by female scholars in comparison to their female peers. Although journal editors, editorial boards, and political scientists are becoming more aware of implicit biases and adopting strategies to remedy them, we know less about the proper baselines for citations in subfields and research areas of political science. Without information about how many women should be cited in a research field, it is difficult to know whether the distribution is biased. Using the gender distribution of membership in professional political science organizations and article authors in 38 political science journals, we provide scholars with suggested minimum baselines for gender representation in citations. We also show that women represent a larger share of organization members than the authors in sponsoring organizations’ journals.
Total vegetation control: a comprehensive summary of herbicides, application timings, and resistance management options
Authors: Sebastian Derek J. , Clark Shannon L. , Nissen Scott J. , Lauer Dwight K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTotal vegetation control (TVC) is an essential management practice to eliminate all vegetation for the purpose of protecting infrastructure, people, or natural resources on sites where vegetation poses major fire, visibility, and infrastructure risks. TVC is implemented on sites such as railroads, power substations, airports, roadsides, and oil and gas facilities. Current research has identified that tank-mixing two effective mechanisms of action is a superior resistance management strategy compared to rotating mechanisms of action; however, effective tank mixes for TVC have not been thoroughly evaluated. A field experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2014 at five sites in Colorado to compare 32 treatment combinations to two industry standards for TVC. Research objectives were (1) to identify herbicide tank-mix combinations for TVC with multiple effective mechanisms of action for resistance management, (2) to evaluate lower use rate alternatives to minimize nontarget impacts, and (3) to determine the efficacy of fall versus spring application timings. Seven treatments were identified as top-ranking treatments, averaging 96% bare-ground (BG) across five sites and two application timings. Four out of the seven top-ranked treatments included aminocyclopyrachlor, chlorsulfuron, and indaziflam. The industry standard diuron plus imazapyr was in the top ranking, whereas the other industry standard bromacil plus diuron performed inconsistently across sites. Probability modeling was used to predict the probability of achieving 97% or 100% BG with various treatment combinations. The combination of aminocyclopyrachlor, chlorsulfuron, indaziflam, and imazapyr had the highest predicted BG probability, with 88% predicted probability of achieving 100% BG, compared to 67% and 52% predicted probabilities for the industry standards diuron plus imazapyr and bromacil plus diuron, respectively. In three of the five sites, fall applications outperformed the same treatments applied in the spring. Several top-ranking treatments represent newer, lower use rate herbicide combinations that provide multiple mechanisms of action to manage herbicide-resistant weeds and minimize nontarget impacts.
Improved technique for sheath supported contralateral limb gate	cannulation in endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Pakeliani David , Lachat Mario , Blohmé Linus , Kobayashi Misato , Chaykovska Lyubov , Pfammatter Thomas , Veith Frank J. , Pecoraro Felice 
Published: September 2019

Summary: Background: To present a technique of sheath supported contralateral limb gate (CLG) cannulation of modular bifurcated stent-graft in endovascular abdominal aortic repair. Materials and methods: After totally percutaneous bilateral femoral access, the 9F introducer sheath is exchanged to a 30 cm 12 fr introducer sheath over a stiff wire contralateral to the intended main stent-graft insertion side and advanced into the aorta below the lowest renal artery. Parallel to the stiff wire within the sheath an additional standard J-tip guidewire with a 5 fr Pigtail angiographic catheter is advanced to the level of the renal arteries. After main body deployment, the 12 fr introducer sheath and J-tip wire with pigtail catheter are retracted until the CLG opening level, maintaining the stiff “buddy” wire in position to support the 12 fr sheath, maintaining its distal opening close to the contralateral gate opening to achieve easy cannulation. Results: Retrospective analysis of video archive from July 2016 to February 2018 evidenced 55 recorded EVAR cases. All CLG cannulations were obtained with Standard J-tip or Terumo Glidewire wires and with Pig-Tail or Berenstein catheters. Technical success was 100 %. Mean fluoroscopy time to accomplish CLG cannulation was 37.6 33 (range 1–105) seconds. The aortic carrefour angulation on coronal axis strongly correlates with cannulation time p = <.001, with longer cannulation time for higher carrefour angulations on coronal axis (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.47). Conclusions: The use of 12 fr sheath with parallel wire introduction technique, appears to be a safe and reliable tool to facilitate CLG cannulation during EVAR procedures.
Nitrogen fertilizer regulates soil respiration by altering the organic carbon storage in root and topsoil in alpine meadow of the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Li Wen , Wang Jinlan , Li Xiaolong , Wang Shilin , Liu Wenhui , Shi Shangli , Cao Wenxia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSoil respiration (Rs) plays a critical role in the global carbon (C) balance, especially in the context of globally increasing nitrogen (N) deposition. However, how N-addition influences C cycle remains unclear. Here, we applied seven levels of N application (0 (N0), 54 (N1), 90 (N2), 126 (N3), 144 (N4), 180 (N5) and 216 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N6)) to quantify their impacts on Rs and its components (autotrophic respiration (Ra) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh)) and C and N storage in vegetation and soil in alpine meadow on the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We used a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the relative contributions of C and N storage, soil temperature and soil moisture and their direct and indirect pathways in regulating soil respiration. Our results revealed that the Rs, Ra and Rh, C and N storage in plant, root and soil (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) all showed initial increases and then tended to decrease at the threshold level of 180 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The SEM results indicated that soil temperature had a greater impact on Rs than did volumetric soil moisture. Moreover, SEM also showed that C storage (in root, 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil layers) was the most important factor driving Rs. Furthermore, multiple linear regression model showed that the combined root C storage, 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layer C storage explained 97.4–97.6% variations in Rs; explained 94.5–96% variations in Ra; and explained 96.3–98.1% in Rh. Therefore, the growing season soil respiration and its components can be well predicted by the organic C storage in root and topsoil in alpine meadow of the north-eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Our study reveals the importance of topsoil and root C storage in driving growing season Rs in alpine meadow on the northeast margin of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
Early urine proteome changes in the Walker-256 tail-vein injection rat model
Authors: Wei Jing , Ni Na , Meng Wenshu , Gao Youhe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDetection of cancer at its early stage is important for treatment. Urine, which is not regulated by homeostatic mechanisms, reflects early systemic changes throughout the whole body and can be used for the early detection of cancer. In this study, the Walker-256 tail-vein injection rat model was established to find whether the urine proteome could reflect early changes if tumor grown in lung. Urine samples from the control group (n = 7) and Walker-256 tail-vein injection group (n = 7) on days 2, 4, 6 and 9 were analyzed by label-free proteomic quantitative methods. On day 2, when lung tumor nodules did not appear, 62 differential proteins were identified. They were associated with epithelial cell differentiation, regulation of immune system processes and the classical complement activation pathway. On day 4, when lung tumor nodules appeared, 72 differential proteins were identified. They were associated with the innate immune response and positive regulation of phagocytosis. On day 6, when body weight began to decrease, 117 differential proteins were identified. On day 9, the identified 125 differential proteins were associated with the B cell receptor signaling pathway and the positive regulation of B cell activation. Our results indicate that (1) the urine proteome changed even on the second day after tail-vein injection of Walker-256 cells and that (2) compared to previous studies, the urine proteomes were different when the same cancer cells were grown in different organs.
Radio spectral index distribution of SDSS-FIRST sources across optical diagnostic diagrams
Authors: Zajaček Michal , Busch Gerold , Valencia-S. Mónica , Eckart Andreas , Britzen Silke , Fuhrmann Lars , Schneeloch Jana , Fazeli Nastaran , Harrington Kevin C. , Zensus J. Anton 
Published: September 2019

Context. The empirical relations between supermassive black holes and their host spheroids point towards the crucial role of galactic nuclei in affecting the properties of their hosts. A detailed understanding of how the activity of a galactic nucleus regulates the growth of its host is still missing.
Aims. To understand the activity and the types of accretion of supermassive black holes in different hosts, it is essential to study the radio-optical properties of a large sample of extragalactic sources. In particular, we aim to study the radio spectral index trends across the optical emission line diagnostic diagrams to search for potential (anti)correlations.
Methods. To this goal, we combined flux densities from the radio FIRST survey at 1.4 GHz (with the flux density range 10 mJy ≤ F1.4 ≤ 100 mJy) for 396 SDSS sources at intermediate redshift (0.04 ≤ z ≤ 0.4) with the Effelsberg radiotelescope measurements at 4.85 GHz and 10.45 GHz. The information about the optical emission-line ratios is obtained from the SDSS-DR7 catalogue.
Results. Using the Effelsberg data, we were able to infer the two-point radio spectral index distributions for star-forming galaxies, composite galaxies (with a combined contribution to the line emission from the star formation and AGN activity), Seyferts, and low ionization narrow emission region (LINER) galaxies.
Conclusions. While studying the distribution of steep, flat, and inverted sources across optical diagnostic diagrams, we found three distinct classes of radio emitters for our sample: (i) sources with a steep radio index, high ionization ratio, and high radio loudness, (ii) sources with a flat radio index, lower ionization ratio, and intermediate radio loudness, (iii) sources with an inverted radio index, low ionization ratio, and low radio loudness. The classes (i), (ii), and (iii) cluster mainly along the transition from Seyfert to LINER sources in the optical diagnostic (Baldwin, Phillips & Telervich; BPT) diagram. We interpret these groups as a result of the recurrent nuclear-jet activity.
Pulsations, eruptions, and evolution of four yellow hypergiants
Authors: van Genderen A. M. , Lobel A. , Nieuwenhuijzen H. , Henry G. W. , de Jager C. , Blown E. , Di Scala G. , van Ballegoij E. J. 
Published: September 2019

Aims. We aim to explore the variable photometric and stellar properties of four yellow hypergiants (YHGs), HR 8752, HR 5171A, ρ Cas, and HD 179821, and their pulsations of hundreds of days, and long-term variations (LTVs) of years. We also aim to explore light and colour curves for characteristics betraying evolutionary loops and eruptive episodes and to investigate trends of quasi-periods and the possible need for distance revisions.
Methods. We tackled multi-colour and visual photometric data sets, looked for photometric indications betraying eruptions or enhanced mass-loss episodes, calculated stellar properties mainly using a previously published temperature calibration, and investigated the nature of LTVs and their influence on quasi-periods and stellar properties.
Results. Based on driven one-zone stellar oscillation models, the pulsations can be characterised as “weakly chaotic”. The BV photometry revealed a high-opacity layer in the atmospheres. When the temperature rises the mass loss increases as well, consequently, as the density of the high-opacity layer. As a result, the absorption in B and V grow. The absorption in B, presumably of the order of one to a few 0.m 1, is always higher than in V. This difference renders redder and variable (B − V) colour indexes, but the absorption law is unknown. This property of YHGs is unpredictable and explains why spectroscopic temperatures (reddening independent) are always higher than photometric ones, but the difference decreases with the temperature. A new (weak) eruption of ρ Cas has been identified. We propose shorter distances for ρ Cas and HR 5171A than the accepted ones. Therefore, a correction to decrease the blue luminescence of HR 5171A by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules is necessary, and HR 5171A would no longer be a member of the cluster Gum48d. HR 5171A is only subject to one source of light variation, not by two as the literature suggests. Eruptive episodes (lasting one to two years), of YHGs prefer relatively cool circumstances when a red evolutionary loop (RL) has shifted the star to the red on the HR diagram. After the eruption, a blue loop evolution (BL) is triggered lasting one to a few decades. We claim that in addition to HR 8752, also the other three YHGs have shown similar cycles over the last 70 years. This supports the suspicion that HD 179821 might be a YHG (with a possible eruptive episode between 1925 and 1960). The range in temperature of these cyclic Teff variations is 3000 K–4000 K. LTVs mainly consist of such BL and RL evolutions, which are responsible for a decrease and increase, respectively, of the quasi-periods. The reddening episode of HR 5171A between 1960 and 1974 was most likely due to a red loop evolution, and the reddening after the 1975 eruption was likely due to a shell ejection, taking place simultaneously with a blue loop evolution.