bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General defense system in the plant kingdom III.
Authors: Szarka J. , Sárdi E. , Szarka E. , Csilléry G. 
Published: December 2018

Our observations regarding the symptoms not fitting into, significantly differing from the hypersensitive defense system, which we noticed during the judgment of several plant species, symptoms provoked on several million plants have constituted a unified entity. They have provided evidence for the existence of a different plant defense system. We called this so far unknown basic response of plants to biotic effects as general defense system. This system defends them from the attack of numerous microbe species in the environment.
The evolutionary intermediate phase between the general and the specific, the two defense systems is the susceptible host—pathogen relation. The vertical resistance system of plants escaping from the susceptible host—pathogen relation, based on specific hypersensitive reaction also suggested the existence of a more original, general defense system and the susceptible host—pathogen relation developed as a result of the collapse of that system.
The evolutionary relation of the two defense systems is proved by the only recessive inheritance of the older general defense system and in the majority of cases dominant hereditary course of the specific defense system. In our experiences, the modifying genes of the recessive general defense system, in most cases, are behind the specific defense systems, which are known to have monogenic dominant hereditary course and react with hypersensitive tissue destruction. This seemingly striking genetic fact is explained by the following: the general defense system less dependent on environmental effects regulates much faster pathophysiological reaction than the specific resistance genes strongly dependant on environmental effects coding dominant hypersensitive reaction.
The general and specific defense reactions, the processes excluding the microbes attacking plants with compacting of cell growth and tissue destruction, which mean two opposite strategies, building on and regulating each other constitute the entity of resistance to plant disease.
Propagation of plum rootstocks by hardwood cuttings
Authors: Szecskó V. , Csikós A. , Hrotkó K. 
Published: December 2018

Vegetative propagation by hardwood cuttings is a very simple and cheap method for production of plum rootstocks. The aim of this study was to examine if this propagation technique is suitable for practice of three plum rootstocks and find the time or period when the percent of rooted cuttings is maximal. Based on our results, hardwood cuttings of the rootstocks tested have the rooting potential acceptable for practice, however, for Fehér besztercei in the previous literature leafy cuttings are recommended. Fehér besztercei reached 74.0% rooting, cuttings of Sainte Julien GF 655/2 rooted in as high percentage as 78.3%, and Marianna GF 8-1 had 88.3% rooted cuttings. Rooting potential of hardwood cuttings depends on more factors, one of them can be their dissimilar sensitivity for the diverse environmental circumstances at the different propagating dates, affecting through the internal biochemical changes that can be in relation with the differences in their dormancy.
The cuttings of Marianna GF 8-1 take root easily, but in some years the conditions were less favourable for reaching maximal rooting. For taking cuttings the period from the beginning of October until December was optimal. For Fehér besztercei the optimal date of cutting collection was around the end of October, but in some years the rooting in the middle of December was also high. Sainte Julien GF 655/2 definitely rooted best in October. The treatments with different IBA concentrations in two years affected differently the rooting percentage. The rooting of Marianna GF 8-1 and Sainte Julien GF 655/2 is barely influenced by the different hormone dose in both years. Hardwood cuttings of Fehér besztercei rooted definitely better when treated with 2000 ppm IBA in comparison to untreated ones, while in 2001-2002 there was no difference between 2000 and 4000 ppm.
Effects of crop load on tree water use in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.)
Authors: Lakatos T. , Bubán T. 
Published: December 2018

Sap flow rate measurements were carried out during two consecutive ('on' and 'off') years in an apple orchard cv. 'Florina' M.26 to analyse the effects of various crop load on tree water use. Sap flow rate was measured by thermal dissipation method in trunks of nine trees from June to the harvest. Crop load was between 0.2-9.0 fruits • cm -2 of trunk cross section area (equal to 0.5-35.0 fruits•m-2 of leaf area), trunk diameter varied between 4.7-8.7 cm.
Total leaf area was estimated by leaf counting or using shoot girth and leaf area relationship. In both years, fruit growth rate was determined by measuring diameter of 280 marked fruits with 7 days frequency. Fruit volume calculated as a function of fruit diameter based on a previously determined relationship.
Total leaf area of trees ranged from 4.4 to 19.5 m2 and it was closely related to trunk cross section area. At high crop load the fruit growth rate peaked in August with 0.51.tree-l.day-1 and the leaf area specific total fruit volume reached 61 m2 before the harvest.
There was a linear relationship between total leaf area and daily water use, while the leaf area specific water use was influenced by crop load rate. The relationship was described by piecewise linear regression with the breakpoint at crop load rate of 12 fruits•m2 of leaf area. At low crop load the slope of the fitted regression line was less than at high crop load rate.
Production technology and fruit tree nutrition
Authors: Gonda I. 
Published: December 2018

Fruit yield quality and quantity are effectively enhanced if healthy vegetative conditions are ensured. These optimal conditions — i.e. the balance between shoot development and yield — can be achieved by the rationalization of the production technologies, such as:

reduction of the size of the crown
adaptation of the severity and method of pruning to the conditions of the actual year
removal of the shoot tips
timely fruit thinning

By establishing an improved level of plant nutrient uptake, this will ensure a healthy balance between shoot growth and yield.
Study on the Penicillin-content of botrytized wines and noble rotted berries in Tokaj-region
Authors: Kállay M. , Bene Zs. 
Published: December 2018

Favourable parameters are offered to the formation of noble rot caused by Botrytis cinerea by the climatic conditions, soil circumstances and grape-varietes of Tokaj-region. As the result of noble rot, aszú-berries represent the most important raw material of the world-wide known Tokaji Aszú Wine. The objective of this study was to measure the penicillin-content of aszú-berries and Tokaj Wine Specialities. As the result of infection of Botrytis free way can be opened in front of other mould strains, especially Penicillium and Aspergillus. There is a possibility to the presence of Penicillium chrysogenum on the surface of aszú-berries during noble rotting process. P. chrysogenum was found to produce the so called Naturally Derived Penicillins such as Penicillin-V (phenoximethyl-penicillin).
According to our findings the Penicillin-V content was detected between 0.4 and 26 mg/1 wine and 0-74 mg/kg aszú-berry. These values do net have therapeutic effect, but physiological benefit and it can be a basis to the qualification of the raw material of Tokaj Wine Specialities naturally together with the other component of noble rotted berries and botrytized wines.
Determination of biogenic amine content of Tokaj Wine Specialities
Authors: Kállay M. 
Published: December 2018

The knowledge of the finest composition of the Tokaj Wine Specialities is an indispensable task. The presence of the biogenic amines as an eventual combination of hygiene, technology and activity of Botrytis cinerea is a very important point of view in the future. The objective of this study was to measure the biogenic amine-content of Tokaj Wine Specialities.
According to our findings, the histamine-concentration remained lower than the prescribed end values, but ill the case of serotonine, there were significant measured values. During the fermentation period, in the first cycle there was a decrease in the concentration of biogenic amines, but with the advancement of fermentation, an increase was found.
China Economic Development and its Impact on the Indonesian Economy
Authors: Abimanyu Yoopi 
Published: December 2018

Ekonomi China terus bertumbuh selama tiga decade ini.Â Analisa kwalitatif menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi China untuk tahun 2014, 2015, dan 2016, tetap tinggi meskipun ekonomi dunia terus melemah. Karena besarnya peran China dalam perdagangan internasional Indonesia, pertumbuhan ekonomi China sangat penting bagi ekonomi Indonesia. Dengan hipotesa bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi China akan memiliki dampak positif terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China, analisa kwantitatif dengan menggunakan two stages least squares antara China Produk Domestik Bruto per kapita dengan ekspor Indonesia ke China menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan China Produk Domestik Bruto per kapita sebesar satu persen saja akan mendorong naiknya ekspor Indonesia ke China sebesar 2,43 persen
Potensi dan Tantangan Badan Layanan Umum di Bidang Penelitian dan Pengembangan Panas Bumi
Authors: Putriyana Lia 
Published: December 2018

Penerapan pola pengelolaan keuangan Badan Layanan Umum (BLU) untuk penyediaan layanan barang dan jasa sedang dilakukan di beberapa lembaga pemerintah, salah satunya di lembaga penelitian dan pengembangan (litbang) di bidang panas bumi. Di lain sisi, pemerintah juga telah menyusun target pemanfaatan panas bumi dalam Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN), dan regulasi yang mendukung pengembangan panas bumi,Â sehingga iklim bisnis panas bumi di Indonesia saat ini cukup kondusif. Tujuan kajian ini adalah menyusun strategi dan rekomendasi untuk pengembangan BLU litbang panas bumi dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk memaparkan tentang potensi, tantangan, dan strategi pengembangan BLU litbang panas bumi, serta rekomendasi untuk dapat melakukan strategi pengembangannya. Tantangan utama dalam kegiatan BLU di bidang litbang panas bumi adalah regulasi, perubahan pola pikir, dan keterbatasan kompetensi yang dimiliki. Potensi terbesar BLU litbang panas bumi adalah kondisi pemanfaatan energi panas bumi yang masih sangat sedikit dibanding jumlah cadangan yang ada, sehingga peluang bisnis sangat terbuka, ditambah keuntungan secara birokrasi yang dimiliki BLU sebagai lembaga pemerintah. Secara garis besar strategi pengembangannya lebih dititikberatkan pada analisis terhadap kebutuhan pasar untuk pengembangan panas bumi yang dapat dijadikan peluang oleh BLU litbang panas bumi. Rekomendasi untuk BLU litbang panas bumi telah disusun di akhir kajian agar dapat mendukung strategi pengembangannya.
PENERAPAN MODEL PROJECT BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN SOFT SKILLS DAN KUALITAS HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (PAI) DI SMA AVICENNA CINERE
Authors: Saifullah Aep 
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan soft skills dan meningkatkan kualitas hasil belajar siswa dengan menerapkan pembelajaran yang inovatif yaitu Project Based Learning (PBL). Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas XIII Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial yang mengikuti pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) yang terdiri dari kelas IPS 1 dan kelas IPS 2. Sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas XII IPS 2 yang berjumlah 21 orang. Instrumen pengumpul data berupa kuesioner penilaian diri, form ceck list dan pencatatan obeservasi perilaku siswa, diskusi mendalam, evaluasi antarteman dan tes kemampuan berpikir koseptual. Data dianalisis dengan teknik diskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui pembelajaran berbasis proyek dapat mengembangkan soft skills dan meningkatkan kualitas hasil belajar siswa. Demikian pula tanggapan siswa terhadap pembelajaran adalah positif.
إختبار الدور التفاعلي للموارد المالية في العلاقة بين استراتيجية التنويع وقيمة المنشأة(*)
Authors: حمود العنزي سعد علي , اسماعيل مصطفى منير 
Published: December 2018

المستخلص
يهدف البحث الى تقديم تفسيرات جديدة لظاهرة التنويع وتأثيراتها المحتملة في قيمة المنشأة. وتوج ذلك بالإفصاح عن الدور المميز للمنظور المستند الى الموارد في دراسة العلاقة بين المتغيرين بعد أنْ خضعت لها عينة ممثلة من كبريات الشركات العالمية المدرجة ضمن مؤشر (Fortune 500)على طول المدة الزمنية الممتدة بين الأعوام (2005-2011) في محاولة أولى من نوعها على المستوى المحلي، استندت الى أسلوب الدمج بين البيانات المقطعية وبيانات السلاسل الزمنية بغية تفسير التباين المتوقع في قيمة المنشأة ببعديه المكاني والزماني، لعلها تسهم في إبداء تصور واضح، بقوة الوصف والتفسير والتنبؤ، يساعد على حل التناقض والالتباس في الكشف عن طبيعة العلاقة الصحيحة بين المتغيرين المذكورين، وهو هدف استراتيجي تنشده منظمات الأعمال متعددة القطاعات، رويداً وإستباقاً صوب القصد من البقاء والاستمرار في بيئة القرن الحادي والعشرين. وإستفهاماً لمشكلة البحث ووعياً بأبعدها من جهة، ومحاولة تذليلها من جهة أخرى، جرى إستنباط مجموعة فرضيات سُخِّر مضمونها لتفسير العلاقة بين التنويع وقيمة المنشأة، تخللتها مجموعة متغيرات تفاعلية توافقت مع طروحات نظرية إعتمادية الموارد الداخلية. وبعد إجراء التحليلات الإحصائية اللازمة لاختبار فرضيات التأثير التفاعلي للموارد المالية تحديداً، تبيَّنَ صحة فرضيتي التأثير المباشر وتوافر الموارد المالية، والتي يُستدل منها على الدور التفاعلي المعُدِّل للموارد المالية عالية المرونة في تلك العلاقة بين التنويع غير المترابط، في الدرجة الأولى، وقيمة المنشأة.
تقدير نماذج الأنحدار الحيزي لنسب الفقر في أقضية العراق للعام 2012
Authors: علي عمر عبد المحسن , هادي سوسن قاسم 
Published: December 2018

تناول البحث نموذج الانحدار الذاتي الحيزي ونموذج الخطأ الحيزي في محاولة لتقديم دليل عملي يوضح اهمية التحليل الحيزي، مع التركيز بصفة خاصة على أهمية استعمال نماذج الانحدار الحيزي والتي تضم كل منها الاعتمادية الحيزية التي يتم أختبار وجودها من عدمه بأختبار موران، وان تجاهل هذه الاعتمادية قد يؤدي إلى ضياع معلومات مهمة عن تلك الظاهرة تنعكس في نهاية المطاف على قوة تقدير المؤشر الإحصائي المستخرج، تعدّ هذه النماذج حلقة الوصل بين نماذج الأنحدار المعتادة مع نماذج السلاسل الزمنية. وتم تطبيق التحليل الحيزي على بيانات المـسح الأجـتماعي والأقـتصادي لـلأسرة فـي العراق 2012. ولقياس افضلية النماذج المستعملة في البحث تم استعمال معايير مقارنة مثل: الجذر التربيعي لمتوسط مربعات الخطأ ومتوسط الخطأ النسبي المطلق ومعامل التحديد المعدل، وبمصفوفات وزن مختلفة (ثنائية و معدلّة) تأخذ بعين الأعتبار تأثير الجوارات بين الأقضية.
اثر التطور المالي على الفقر في العراق للمدة (1980- 2010)
Authors: نجم سعد عبد , علي ازهار حسن 
Published: December 2018

اشارت العديد من الدراسات الاقتصادية التطبيقية الى الدور الايجابي للتطور المالي في التخفيف من مشكلة الفقر في البلدان النامية. وقد شهد العراق ارتفاعات في معدلات الفقر طيلة مدة الدراسة نتيجة لتأثير عوامل عديدة منها عوامل خارجية تشمل الحروب والحصار الاقتصادي ، وعوامل داخلية تشمل التضخم والبطالة وعدم الاستقرار الامني والسياسي ، مما استوجب البحث عن السبل اللازمة لمعالجة هذه المشكلة والتي تعد احد اساليب معالجتها هو التطور المالي. اذ يسهم التطور المالي في تقليل معدلات الفقر بطريقة مباشرة من خلال منح القروض و التسهيلات المصرفية الى الفقراء، وطريقة غير مباشرة عن طريق قناة وسيطة هي النمو الاقتصادي، اذ يساهم التطور المالي بدعم التنمية الاقتصادية من خلال تعبئة الاموال وتوجيهها الى الانشطة الاكثر كفاءة وذات عائد اقتصادي واجتماعي مرتفع ، كما يخفض النمو الاقتصادي الفقر من خلال قناتين الا ولى مباشرة من خلال زيادة عوامل الانتاج التي يمتلكها الفقراء وتحسين الظروف في القطاعات والمناطق التي يعيش فيها الفقراء، والثانية غير مباشرة من خلال اعادة توزيع الدخول المتحققة من النمو الاقتصادي فضلا عن الدخول المتحققة من زيادة الايرادات الحكومية والتي تستعمل لتحويل المدفوعات وتحسين مصادر العيش. توصل البحث الى ارتفاع مؤشرات الفقر في العراق طيلة مدة الدراسة وانخفاض مؤشرات التطور المالي ، كما ان التطور المالي والنمو الاقتصادي لا يساهمان في تقليل الفقر في العراق وان هناك عوامل اخرى تساهم في تقليل الفقر في العراق كمعدلات التضخم المنخفضة وتخفيض معدلات البطالة وتحقيق الاستقرار الامني والسياسي.
Knowledge Management dan Kinerja Organisasi Sektor Publik: Studi Empiris pada Entitas Akuntansi di Indonesia
Authors: Farid Muhammad , Aryani Y. Anni 
Published: December 2018

This study aims to investigate the effect of knowledge management enablers on the performance of accounting entities in Indonesia. Knowledge management enablers consist of ICT know-how and skills, job training, job rotation, knowledge management technology and knowledge sharing. The sample of the study comprises 229 accounting entities in Indonesia. Data was collected by online survey method and analyzed using AMOS 22 software for structural equation modelling (SEM). The results show that four knowledge management enablers, namely ICT know-how and skills, job training, knowledge management technology and knowledge sharing, have significant influences on the performance of accounting entities. Meanwhile, job rotation does not affect the performance of the accounting entities. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh knowledge management enablers terhadap kinerja entitas akuntansi di Indonesia. Knowledge management enablers dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari ICT know-how dan skills, job training, job rotation, knowledge management technology, dan knowledge sharing. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 229 penyusun laporan keuangan pada entitas akuntansi di Indonesia. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode survei online. Data dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan software AMOS 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa empat knowledge management enablers yaitu ICT know-how dan skills, job training, knowledge management technology, dan knowledge sharing berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja entitas akuntansi di Indonesia. Sementara itu, satu knowledge management enablers yaitu job rotation tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja entitas akuntansi di Indonesia.
Efektivitas Penerbitan Sukuk Negara Sebagai Instrumen Pembiayaan APBN
Authors: Hariyanto Eri 
Published: December 2018

Sukuk Negara has become a part of budget financing instruments since 2008. After implementation of this financing instrument for eight years, the total issuance of Sukuk Negara was Rp565 trilion as of November 2016. With the increase of Sukuk Negara issuance, it is necessary to evaluate whether this issuance policy has been implemented accordance with the purpose of issuance as mandated by the law of Islamic Bonds (SBSN), and what will be the impact of Sukuk Negara issuance to the Indonesian economy. This research uses a descriptive qualitative methodology. The research revealed that the issuance of SBSN was in accordance with its purpose, which were to finance the budget deficit and to finance the development of government projects. Also, Sukuk Negara provides a wide range of positive impact on the Indonesia economy, namely: to the development of the Islamic financial industry, to support the governance of State Asset management, to expand the portion of infrastructure financing, and finally, to give an option of investment instrument alternatives. Abstrak Sukuk Negara telah menjadi bagian dari instrumen pembiayaan anggaran sejak tahun 2008. Setelah implementasi kebijakan ini berjalan delapan tahun, jumlah penerbitan Sukuk Negara telah mencapai Rp565 triliun pada bulan November 2016. Dengan terus berkembangnya jumlah penerbitan, kiranya perlu dilakukan suatu evaluasi apakah kebijakan ini telah dilaksanakan sesuai dengan tujuan dari penerbitan sebagaimana diamanahkan dalam UU Surat Berharga Syariah Negara (SBSN) dan apa dampak penerbitan terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Karya tulis ini menggunakan metodologi peneltian kualitatif deskriptif. Melalui kajian dalam karya tulis ini, diketahui bahwa penerbitan SBSN telah sesuai dengan tujuan dari penerbitan SBSN yaitu untuk membiayai defisit APBN dan membiayai pembangunan proyek-proyek Pemerintah. Penerbitan Sukuk Negara juga memberikan berbagai dampak posistif dalam perekonomian Indonesia, diantaranya: penerbitan Sukuk Negara bermanfaat bagi pengembangan keuangan syariah, mendorong tertib pengelolaan Barang Milik Negara, meningkatkan porsi pembiayaan infrastruktur, dan menambah alternatif instrumen investasi.
Strategi Peningkatan Sistem Pengendalian Intern Belanja Subsidi Bunga Kredit Program di Ditjen Perbendaharaan Kementerian Keuangan
Authors: Falah Samsul , Hakim Dedi Budiman , Falatehan A Faroby 
Published: December 2018

The Law number 1/2004 on State Treasury mandated the head of government to organize and maintain Internal Control System. This study aims to give alternative policy to increase the Internal Control System in expenditure of Credit Program Interest Subsidy in the Directorate General of Treasury at the Ministry of Finance. The primary and secondary data were obtained from questionnaire and interview and reports that associated with Intern Control System and expenditure in Credit Program Interest Subsidy. Both data were selected by purposive sampling. The Model was evaluated by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result of this study has shown that priority policy to make internal control system adequated was by making integrated information system in the verification and accuracy of the target. Abstrak Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2004 tentang Perbendaharaan Negara telah mengamanatkan kepada kepala pemerintahan untuk mengatur dan menyelenggarakan Sistem Pengendalian Intern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan alternatif kebijakan dalam meningkatkan sistem pengendalian intern belanja subsidi bunga kredit program di Direktorat Jenderal Perbendaharaan, Kementerian Keuangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui kuesioner dan wawancara laporan terkait sistem pengendalian intern dan belanja subsidi bunga kredit program. Kedua data dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Model dalam penelitian ini dievaluasi dengan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prioritas kebijakan yang harus dilakukan adalah pembuatan sistem informasi yang terintegrasi dalam verifikasi dan ketepatan sasaran belanja subsidi bunga kredit program.