bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Examining Postdisaster School Recovery
Authors: Esnard Ann‐Margaret , Lai Betty 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis perspectives article uses a postdisaster school recovery research domain to examine two tenets of interdisciplinary research (IDR): integrative problem formulation and synthesis. Advancing interdisciplinary knowledge requires a “roadmap” of commonalities between disciplinary domains and outcomes of interest. Four school recovery domains—child trauma, educational learning outcomes, school safety, and household and community recovery—are presented to highlight common frameworks for IDR. A case study is also used to illustrate the value of interdisciplinary research and mixed‐methods approaches, including statistics, geospatial analysis, and spatial statistics, for answering questions regarding how school contexts and location influence school recovery patterns.
Risk factors for peripartum blood transfusion in South Africa: a case‐control study
Authors: Bloch Evan M. , Ingram Charlotte , Hull Jennifer , Fawcus Susan , Anthony John , Green‐Thompson Randolph , Crookes Robert L. , Ngcobo Solomuzi , V. Creel Darryl , Courtney Lauren , Bellairs Greg R.M. , Murphy Edward L. ,   for the South Africa Program of the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUNDObstetric hemorrhage (OH) and access to peripartum blood transfusion remains a global health challenge. The rates of peripartum transfusion in South Africa exceed those in high‐income countries despite comparable rates of OH. We sought to evaluate factors associated with peripartum transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA case‐control study was conducted at four large South African hospitals. Transfused peripartum women (cases) and nontransfused controls were stratum matched 1:2 by hospital and delivery date. Data on obstetric, transfusion, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) history were abstracted from medical records. Blood was obtained for laboratory evaluation. We calculated unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for transfusion using logistic regression.RESULTSA total of 1200 transfused cases and 2434 controls were evaluated. Antepartum hemorrhage (OR, 197.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 104.27‐375.78), hemorrhage with vaginal delivery (OR, 136.46; 95% CI, 75.87‐245.18), prenatal anemia (OR, 22.76; 95% CI, 12.34‐41.93 for prenatal hemoglobin level < 7 g/dL), and failed access to prenatal care (OR, 6.71; 95% CI, 4.32‐10.42) were the major risk factors for transfusion. Platelet (PLT) count (ORs, 4.10, 2.66, and 1.77 for ≤50 × 109, 51 × 109‐100 × 109, and 101 × 109‐150 × 109 cells/L, respectively), HIV infection (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.62), and admitting hospital (twofold variation) were also associated with transfusion. Mode of delivery, race, age category, gravidity, parity, gestational age, and birthweight were not independently associated with transfusion.CONCLUSIONMajor risk factors of peripartum transfusion in South Africa, namely, prenatal anemia and access to prenatal care, may be amenable to intervention. HIV infection and moderately low PLT count are novel risk factors that merit further investigation.
Redox‐regulation of haemostasis in hypoxic exercising humans: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled antioxidant study
Authors: Fall Lewis , Brugniaux Julien V. , Davis Danielle , Marley Christopher J. , Davies Bruce , New Karl J. , McEneny Jane , Young Ian S. , Bailey Damian M. 
Published: July 2018

Key points
In vitro evidence has identified that coagulation is activated by increased oxidative stress, though the link and underlying mechanism in humans have yet to be established.
We conducted the first randomised controlled trial in healthy participants to examine if oral antioxidant prophylaxis alters the haemostatic responses to hypoxia and exercise given their synergistic capacity to promote free radical formation.
Systemic free radical formation was shown to increase during hypoxia and was further compounded by exercise, responses that were attenuated by antioxidant prophylaxis.
In contrast, antioxidant prophylaxis increased thrombin generation at rest in normoxia, and this was normalised only in the face of prevailing oxidation.
Collectively, these findings suggest that human free radical formation is an adaptive phenomenon that serves to maintain vascular haemostasis.
AbstractIn vitro evidence suggests that blood coagulation is activated by increased oxidative stress although the link and underlying mechanism in humans have yet to be established. We conducted the first randomised controlled trial to examine if oral antioxidant prophylaxis alters the haemostatic responses to hypoxia and exercise. Healthy males were randomly assigned double‐blind to either an antioxidant (n = 20) or placebo group (n = 16). The antioxidant group ingested two capsules/day that each contained 500 mg of l‐ascorbic acid and 450 international units (IU) of dl‐α‐tocopherol acetate for 8 weeks. The placebo group ingested capsules of identical external appearance, taste and smell (cellulose). Both groups were subsequently exposed to acute hypoxia and maximal physical exercise with venous blood sampled pre‐supplementation (normoxia), post‐supplementation at rest (normoxia and hypoxia) and following maximal exercise (hypoxia). Systemic free radical formation (electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of the ascorbate radical (A•−)) increased during hypoxia (15,152 ± 1193 AU vs. 14,076 ± 810 AU at rest, P < 0.05) and was further compounded by exercise (16,569 ± 1616 AU vs. rest, P < 0.05), responses that were attenuated by antioxidant prophylaxis. In contrast, antioxidant prophylaxis increased thrombin generation as measured by thrombin–antithrombin complex, at rest in normoxia (28.7 ± 6.4 vs. 4.3 ± 0.2 μg mL−1 pre‐intervention, P < 0.05) and was restored but only in the face of prevailing oxidation. Collectively, these findings are the first to suggest that human free radical formation likely reflects an adaptive response that serves to maintain vascular haemostasis.
Emergency volunteering willingness and participation: a cross-sectional survey of residents in northern China
Authors: Shi Mengli , Xu Wei , Gao Lijun , Kang Zheng , Ning Ning , Liu Chaojie , Liang Chao , Sun Hong , Jiao Mingli , Liang Libo , Li Ye , Cui Yu , Zhao Xiaowen , Fei Jie , Wei Qiuyu , Yi Ming , Hao Yanhua , Wu Qunhong 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify factors that influence people’s willingness to volunteer and participation in emergency volunteering in northern China.Design/SettingThis study was conducted in Heilongjiang province in September and October 2014 using a mixed methods approach, which included a cross-sectional questionnaire survey on community residents and in–depth interviews with community residents and relevant organisational managers and officials in relation to emergency responses. A stratified cluster sampling strategy was employed to select questionnaire respondents.Participants2686 respondents completed the questionnaire survey; 19 key informants were interviewed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWillingness to volunteer was the major concern of this study. Self-reported past experience of the participants in emergency volunteering served as a secondary outcome.Results65.7% of respondents were willing to volunteer in emergencies. 24.3% of respondents had participated in emergency actions. Higher levels of willingness to volunteer and participation in volunteering were found in those who resided in rural areas (OR=1.308 (1.064 to 1.608) for willingness; OR=1.518 (1.208 to 1.908) for participation), had stronger community attachment (OR=1.720 (1.429 to 2.069) for willingness; OR=1.547 (1.266 to 1.890) for participation), had higher recognition of responsibility (OR=1.981 (1.498 to 2.619) for willingness; OR=1.517 (1.177 to 1.955) for participation), demonstrated preparedness behaviour (OR=1.714 (1.424 to 2.064) for willingness; OR=1.391 (1.151 to 1.681) for participation) and were covered by injury insurance (OR=1.335 (1.102 to 1.619) for willingness; OR=1.822 (1.500 to 2.214) for participation). The in-depth interviews revealed that an inappropriate policy environment and poor volunteer organisational management were major barriers for converting willingness into actions.ConclusionA relatively high level of willingness to volunteer in emergencies in northern China is associated with a range of individual, community and institutional factors. Efforts should be made to translate willingness into effective contributions to the emergency response system. This can be done through improving policies, regulations, coordination mechanisms and volunteer training and support.
Detecting concurrent mood in daily contact networks: an online participatory cohort study with a diary approach
Authors: Chan Ta-Chien , Yen Tso-Jung , Hu Tsuey-Hwa , Fu Yang-chih , Hwang Jing-Shiang 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesThis paper examines how people express personal mood concurrently with those connected with them by one or two degrees of separation.DesignParticipatory cohort study.SettingOnline contact diary.Participants133 participants kept online diaries for 7 months in 2014, which included 127 455 contacts with 12 070 persons.Main outcome measuresDiary keepers rated a contacted person’s mood during each specific contact, as well as the strength of ties between any pairs of such contacted persons. Such rich information about ties and contacts enable us to construct a complete contact network for each diary keeper, along with the network members’ mood and tie strength. We calculate one’s overall mood by that person’s average mood score during the study period and take the shortest path between any given pair of contacted persons as the degree of separation. We further assume that two connecting persons in a contact network have made contact with each other during the study period, which allows us to examine whether and how personal moods occur concurrently within these contact networks.ResultsUsing mixed-effects models while controlling for covariates at individual, tie and contact levels, we show that personal mood score positively and significantly correlates with the average mood among those directly tied to the person. The same effect remains positive and significant for those connected to the person by two degrees, although the effect size is reduced by about one-half. The mood of anyone separated by more than two degrees is statistically irrelevant.ConclusionsApplying network perspectives and rich data at both tie and contact levels to inquiries about subjective well-being, the current study sheds new light on how an improved diary approach can help explain the sophisticated ways in which individuals express their personal moods concurrently during social interactions in everyday life, contact by contact.
Cohort profile: prescriptions dispensed in the community linked to the national cancer registry in England
Authors: Henson Katherine E , Brock Rachael , Shand Brian , Coupland Victoria H , Elliss-Brookes Lucy , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Godfrey Philip , Haigh Abigail , Hunter Kelvin , McCabe Martin G , Mitchell Graham , Monckton Nina , Robson Robert , Round Thomas , Wong Kwok , Rashbass Jem 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe linked prescriptions cancer registry data resource was set up to extend our understanding of the pathway for patients with cancer past secondary care into the community, to ultimately improve patient outcomes.ParticipantsThe linked prescriptions cancer registry data resource is currently available for April to July 2015, for all patients diagnosed with cancer in England with a dispensed prescription in that time frame.The dispensed prescriptions data are collected by National Health Service (NHS) Prescription Services, and the cancer registry data are processed by Public Health England. All data are routine healthcare data, used for secondary purposes, linked using a pseudonymised version of the patient’s NHS number and date of birth.Detailed demographic and clinical information on the type of cancer diagnosed and treatment is collected by the cancer registry. The dispensed prescriptions data contain basic demographic information, geography measures of the dispensed prescription, drug information (quantity, strength and presentation), cost of the drug and the date that the dispensed prescription was submitted to NHS Business Services Authority.Findings to dateFindings include a study of end of life prescribing in the community among patients with cancer, an investigation of repeat prescriptions to derive measures of prior morbidity status in patients with cancer and studies of prescription activity surrounding the date of cancer diagnosis.Future plansThis English linked resource could be used for cancer epidemiological studies of diagnostic pathways, health outcomes and inequalities; to establish primary care comorbidity indices and for guideline concordance studies of treatment, particularly hormonal therapy, as a major treatment modality for breast and prostate cancer which has been largely delivered in the community setting for a number of years.
A retrospective study of the clinical features of new syphilis infections in an HIV-positive cohort in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Lang Raynell , Read Ron , Krentz Hartmut B , Peng Mingkai , Ramazani Soheil , Vu Quang , Gill M John 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesSyphilis is a global health concern with an estimated 12 million infections occurring annually. Due to the increasing rates of new syphilis infections being reported in patients infected with HIV, and their higher risk for atypical and severe presentations, periodic screening has been recommended as a routine component of HIV care. We aimed to characterise incident syphilis presentation, serological features and treatment response in a well-defined, HIV-infected population over 11 years.MethodsSince 2006, as routine practice of both the Southern Alberta Clinic and Calgary STI programmes, syphilis screening has accompanied HIV viral load measures every 4 months. All records of patients who, while in HIV care, either converted from being syphilis seronegative to a confirmed seropositive or were reinfected as evidenced by a fourfold increase in rapid plasma reagin (RPR) after past successful treatment, were reviewed.ResultsWe identified 249 incident syphilis infections in 194 different individuals infected with HIV; 72% were initial infections whereas 28% were reinfections. Half (50.8%) of the infections were asymptomatic and identified only by routine screening. Symptomatic syphilis was more common when RPR titres were higher (p=0.03). In patients with recurrent syphilis infection, a trend was noted favouring symptomatic presentation (62%, p=0.07). All 10 patients with central nervous system (CNS) syphilis involvement presented with an RPR titre ≥1:32. Following syphilis infection, a decline of 42 cells/mm3in CD4 (p=0.004) was found, but no significant changes in viral load occurred. No association was found with the stage of syphilis or symptoms at presentation and antiretroviral therapy use, CD4 count or virological suppression.ConclusionRoutine screening of our HIV-infected population identified many asymptomatic syphilis infections. The interaction of HIV and syphilis infection appears to be bidirectional with effects noted on both HIV and syphilis clinical and serological markers.
Endovascular treatment for symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Xue , Yang Kun , Zhang Jing , Luo Jichang , Gao Peng , Ma Yan , Jiao Liqun , Ling Feng 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionAtherosclerotic intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS) is one of most common causes of stroke, which is the second-leading cause of death worldwide. Medical, surgical and endovascular therapy are three major treatments for ICAS. Currently, medical therapy is considered as the standard of care for most patients with ICAS, while extracranial to intracranial bypass is only used in rare situations. Balloon angioplasty alone, balloon-mounted stent and self-expanding stent, collectively called endovascular treatment, have shown promising potentials in treating specific subgroups of patients with symptomatic ICAS; however, their comparative safety and efficacy is still unclear. Therefore, a systematic review with network meta-analysis is needed to establish a hierarchy of these endovascular treatments.Methods and analysisThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols was followed to establish this protocol. The search will be limited to studies published from 1 January 2000 to the formal search date. Major databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, conference proceedings and grey literature database will be searched for clinical studies comparing at least two interventions for patients with symptomatic ICAS. Primary outcomes include short-term and long-term mortality or stroke rate. Random effects pairwise and network meta-analyses of included studies will be performed on STATA (V.14, StataCorp, 2015). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve and mean rank will be calculated in order to establish a hierarchy of the endovascular treatments. Evaluation of the risk of bias, heterogeneity, consistency, transitivity and quality of evidence will follow the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not needed as systematic review is based on published studies. Study findings will be presented at international conferences and published on a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018084055; Pre-results.
Role of personality traits in reporting the development of adverse drug reactions: a prospective cohort study of the Estonian general population
Authors: Realo Anu , van Middendorp Henriët , Kööts-Ausmees Liisi , Allik Jüri , Evers Andrea W M 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo examine the role of the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits in reporting the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when controlling for sociodemographic variables and health status.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu.Participants814 women and 543 men (mean age=47.9 years;SD=15.2) who after the initial enrolment in the Estonian Biobank were re-contacted for follow-up purposes about 5.3 years after the enrolment and for whom both self- and informant-reported personality data were available.Main outcome measureParticipants who did not report having any ADRs at baseline but who reported ADRs at the follow-up about 5.3 years later versus participants who did not report any ADRs at either time point. The reports of developing ADRs were predicted from the FFM personality traits after statistically controlling for sociodemographic variables (age, gender and education), baseline indicators of health status (number of diagnoses and medicines taken, body mass index and blood pressure), and the change in health status between the two measurements.ResultsThe results of a hierarchical binary logistic regression analysis showed that participants who reported the development of ADRs between the two measurements had higher levels of conscientiousness, were more likely to be women, were taking more medicines at baseline and had a higher increase in the number of medicines taken during the study period than participants who did not report any ADRs at either time point (all p values <0.05). Higher neuroticism (p=0.067) and a higher number of diagnosed diseases at baseline (p=0.053) also made marginal contributions to predicting the development of ADRs.ConclusionsThis study shows for the first time that higher levels of conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with reporting the development of ADRs.
UK nationals who received their medical degrees abroad: selection into, and subsequent performance in postgraduate training: a national data linkage study
Authors: Tiffin Paul A , Orr James , Paton Lewis W , Smith Daniel T , Norcini John J 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo compare the likelihood of success at selection into specialty training for doctors who were UK nationals but obtained their primary medical qualification (PMQ) from outside the UK (‘UK overseas graduates’) with other graduate groups based on their nationality and where they gained their PMQ. We also compared subsequent educational performance during postgraduate training between the graduate groups.DesignObservational study linking UK medical specialty recruitment data with postgraduate educational performance (Annual Review of Competence Progression (ARCP) ratings).SettingDoctors recruited into national programmes of postgraduate specialist training in the UK from 2012 to 2016.Participants34 755 UK-based trainee doctors recruited into national specialty training programmes with at least one subsequent ARCP outcome reported during the study period, including 1108 UK overseas graduates.Main outcome measuresOdds of being deemed appointable at specialty selection and subsequent odds of obtaining a less versus more satisfactory category of ARCP outcome.ResultsUK overseas graduates were more likely to be deemed appointable compared with non-EU medical graduates who were not UK citizens (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.42), although less so than UK (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.27) or European graduates (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.75). However, UK overseas graduates were subsequently more likely to receive a less satisfactory outcome at ARCP than other graduate groups. Adjusting for age, sex, experience and the economic disparity between country of nationality and place of qualification reduced intergroup differences.ConclusionsThe failure of recruitment patterns to mirror the ARCP data raises issues regarding consistency in selection and the deaneries’ subsequent annual reviews. Excessive weight is possibly given to interview performance at specialty recruitment. Regulators and selectors should continue to develop robust processes for selection and assessment of doctors in training. Further support could be considered for UK overseas graduates returning to practice in the UK.