bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le « comité » et l’assistance aux pauvres à La Rochelle au XVIIIe siècle (1775-1792)
Authors: Poton Didier 
Published: July 2019

Entre 1755 et 1761, les protestants de La Rochelle se dotent d’un règlement ecclésiastique qui confie le gouvernement de l’Église à un « comité ». Le dépouillement des sept petits cahiers où sont transcrites les notes prises par les secrétaires successifs de cette institution permet d’appréhender son action. Un comptage des affaires débattues aboutit à conclure que l’assistance aux pauvres domine avant l’encadrement ecclésiastique. Dans un contexte où la pratique cultuelle se déroule au sein de trente-huit « sociétés », fruit d’un compromis entre les élites réformées et les représentants de la monarchie pendant la guerre de Sept Ans, il semble bien que l’assistance s’impose comme un élément d’unité et de dynamisme d’une communauté qui fonde le seul hôpital protestant du royaume dans cette période et dont une bonne part du fonctionnement repose sur le travail de diaconesses, épouses ou veuves de grands négociants. L’exemple rochelais permet de mettre en évidence le processus qui voit émerger la pratique de la philanthropie portée par des élites, ici de confession réformée, qui défendent de plus en plus ouvertement une politique de sécularisation de l’assistance aux pauvres.
Role of interventional radiology in the diagnosis and management of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts: Two case reports
Authors: Mathai Sheetal V , Kondray Victor , Salloum Elias , Kukreja Kamlesh , Tavri Sidhartha 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCongenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (CEPS) is a rare splanchnic venous malformation, wherein the portal venous outflow drains into the systemic venous circulation via a pathologic shunt. CEPS exhibits heterogeneous clinical behavior and angiography is the gold standard for evaluation of the portomesenteric communication to systemic vasculature. The potential severity of complications necessitates shunt closure. Here, we present two cases of CEPS. The first patient presented with an asymptomatic hyperammonemia and was found to have a Type 1 CEPS with absence of intrahepatic portal system. The second patient was asymptomatic and was incidentally found to have a Type 2 CEPS on imaging with normal intrahepatic portal system. Both patients were successfully treated with endovascular occlusion of the CEPS.
Study of Serum Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde Levels during Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Kaur Manjeet , Bassi Roopam , Mehta Kiran , Kaur Deepinder 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pregnancy is accompanied by a high-energy demand of all body functions and an increased oxygen requirement, which can give rise to increased levels of oxidative stress.

Aims and objectives
The present study was done to assess the levels of oxidative stress in healthy pregnant females by estimating serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and comparing these with nonpregnant females.

Materials and methods
The study was conducted on 88 female subjects in the age group of 20 to 40 years, who were placed in two groups. Group I consisted of 50 healthy nonpregnant females. Group II consisted of healthy pregnant females further subdivided into three subgroups: Group IIa (1st trimester) n = 38, group IIb (2nd trimester) n = 32, and group IIc (3rd trimester) n = 30. The same subjects were followed up till the 3rd trimester. There was a drop in the number of subjects from 38 to 32 in the 2nd trimester and from 32 to 30 in the 3rd trimester due to noncompliance and development of complications of pregnancy. The subjects were assessed for hemoglobin (Hb), MDA, a marker for lipid peroxidation, and SOD, an antioxidant enzyme along with certain physiological parameters like height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure in the three trimesters.

Results
The levels of SOD and MDA were significantly raised with the progression of pregnancy. There was a fall in Hb levels in the 3rd trimester. But no significant correlation could be drawn between the measured parameters in all the trimesters.

Conclusion
Pregnancy is definitely associated with oxidative stress to the body. Both peroxidation and antioxidation reactions are enhanced during pregnancy. With these findings, we therefore conclude that antioxidant supplements should be prescribed in early pregnancy to prevent the overwhelming of oxidative stress in pregnant females.

How to cite this article
Bassi R, Sharma S, Mehta K, Kaur M, Kaur D. Study of Serum Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde Levels during Normal Pregnancy. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):1-5.
Occipitalization of Atlas: A Case Report with its Ontogenic Basis and Review of Literature
Authors: Piplani Sanjay , Kullar JS 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Anatomy of the cervical vertebrae allows free flexion, extension, and rotation, which take place almost entirely in the first two cervical vertebrae. Variation in the articulation of upper cervical spine-like congenital fusion of the atlas to the base of the occiput, i.e., occipitalization of the atlas, is one of the common skeletal abnormalities. Such variations will produce irregular motion and at times a definite instability of the joint involved.

Conclusion
Considering the nature and functional importance of the joints in relation to these bones, the resulting disability is one of the rare occurrences and deserves special attention. Such patients exhibit neurological signs and symptoms usually no sooner than the second decade. Thus, anatomy, variations, and anomalies of the craniocervical junction are of high clinical importance to many specialties like anatomists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, and manipulative therapists, as they markedly influence mobility and stability of the cervical region.

How to cite this article
Lalit M, Piplani S, Mahajan A, Kullar JS. Occipitalization of Atlas: A Case Report with its Ontogenic Basis and Review of Literature. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):34-37.
Appendicular Mucocele—A Diagnostic Dilemma: Managed Laparoscopically
Authors: Gurpreet Bhangu , Kamal Sachdeva 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Appendicular mucocele is obstructive dilatation of the appendicular lumen by mucinous secretions. In most of the cases, it is caused by Mucinous cystadenoma and rarely by Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. This rare disorder has a varied clinical presentation, with more than half of the patients being asymptomatic. We report the case of a 65-year-old man who presented with intermittent abdominal colicky pain and altered bowel habits. In spite of extensive preoperative investigations, no definitive diagnosis was made. On diagnostic laparoscopy it was found to be appendicular mucocele. We electively performed a laparoscopic appendectomy. As there is a risk of malignancy in the mucocele, we used an endobag to retrieve the specimen. Histological examination confirmed it as a Mucinous cystadenoma.

How to cite this article
Darpan B, Gurpreet B, Kamal S. Appendicular Mucocele—A Diagnostic Dilemma: Managed Laparoscopically. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):38-39.
Students' Perceptions to Introduction of Problem-based Learning Modules in Anatomy
Authors: Sharma Punita , Sachdeva Kanika 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It is necessary for core knowledge of anatomy to be assimilated by all doctors in order to practice, but if it can improve their understanding of what they do and why they do it, this surely has to be of benefit for both the safety of the patient and satisfaction of the doctor as a professional. This intervention aimed to study whether problem-based learning (PBL) as an educational strategy can help in improving the quality of gross anatomy teaching and the attitude of students toward the learning method in India.

Materials and methods
The study sample included 100 students who were assigned to 10 groups (10 students in each group). Each PBL tutorial was conducted over three sessions. Pre- and post-tutorial tests were conducted. Data collection was done by a questionnaire survey to examine the students' learning attitudes and perceptions toward this platform as a possible learning tool. The obtained data were compared, and the main themes were determined.

Results
We found out the satisfaction of students with this learning method and the students' interest and ability for improvement after this teaching method. Also, the problems and obstacles the students faced in this learning mode were highlighted.

Conclusion
The study clearly pointed out that PBL benefits a lot of students in the study of gross anatomy despite the existing problems. In future, we should implement PBL combined with the characteristics of traditional anatomy teaching.

How to cite this article
Sharma P, Sachdeva K. Students' Perceptions to Introduction of Problem-based Learning Modules in Anatomy. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):42-45.
Health Manpower Planning
Authors: Chhina Rajoo S , Chhina Rajdeep S , Sidhu Ananat , Bansal Amit 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Manpower is the most crucial resource toward delivery of health planning. Health manpower refers to people who are trained to promote health, to prevent and to cure diseases, and to rehabilitate the sick. The aim of manpower planning is to make available the right kind of personnel in the right number with appropriate skills at the right place at the right time doing the right job. Various types of health resources are doctors, nurses, pharmacists, lab technicians, radiographer health assistants, health workers, auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM), accredited social health activists (ASHAs), anganwadi workers, trained dais, and so on. Currently, developing countries including India lag behind suggested norms of required health manpower. Presently, India produces 30,000 doctors, 18,000 specialists, 30,000 Ayurveda, Yoga and naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH) graduates, 54,000 nurses, 15,000 ANMs, and 36,000 pharmacists annually. This production is not equal across the states, leading to unequal distribution of doctors. Such a skewed distribution results in large gaps in demand and availability. Various reasons for this are skewed production of health manpower, uneven human resource deployment and distribution, disconnected education and training, lack of job satisfaction, professional isolation, and lack of rural experience. The 12th Plan should aim to expand facilities for medical, nursing, and paramedical education; create new skilled health worker categories; enable AYUSH graduates to provide essential health care by upgrading their skills in modern medicine through bridge courses; establish a management system for human resource in health to actualize improved methods for recruitment, retention, and performance; put in place incentive-based structures; create career tracks for professional advancement based on competence; and, finally, build an independent and professional regulatory environment.

How to cite this article
Chhina RS, Chhina RS, Sidhu A, Bansal A. Health Manpower Planning. Curr Trends Diagn Treat 2017;1(1):53-57.
Polyphyly and homoplasic structures in rhizosolenioid diatom genera: a review
Authors: Jordan Richard W. , Ashworth Matt P. , Uezato Yuki , Manning Schonna R. 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – Traditionally, extant rhizosolenioid diatom genera have been placed in a single family, the Rhizosoleniaceae. However, preliminary molecular data suggested that the family might be polyphyletic. Therefore, a literature review of the morphological, ultrastructural and molecular data of the rhizosolenioid genera was undertaken.
Methods – In addition to the literature survey, the location of the rimoportula in a number of rhizosolenioid genera was investigated by breaking the valves and observing the fragments in the scanning electron microscope.
Key results – The data provides strong support for the previous separation of Proboscia and Rhizosolenia at the family level (Probosciaceae vs. Rhizosoleniaceae), with the rimoportula being located at the tip of the proboscis in Proboscia, or with an internal labia at the base of the hollow tubular rimoportula (= spine or process) in Rhizosolenia and Pseudosolenia.
Conclusions – The data suggests that a number of rhizosolenioid genera should be transferred to other families, and that gene sequences of two genera (Dactyliosolen and Neocalyptrella) are needed as their morphological features differ markedly from those of the Rhizosoleniceae s. str. (Rhizosolenia, Guinardia, Pseudosolenia).
Gomphonella olivacea (Bacillariophyceae) – a new phylogenetic position for a well-known taxon, its typification, new species and combinations
Authors: Jahn Regine , Kusber Wolf-Henning , Skibbe Oliver , Zimmermann Jonas , Van Anh Tu , Buczkó Krisztina , Abarca Nélida 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – Within the project “German Barcode of Life – Diatoms” common diatoms of German waters were routinely isolated and cultivated. In order to understand the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Gomphonema, one of the most common taxa of Central Europe, known currently either under the name Gomphonema olivaceum in Europe or Gomphoneis olivacea in America, was studied.
Methods – Twenty unialgal strains were established from five different water bodies in Germany and one from Lake Balaton, Hungary, which supplied molecular data (18S V4 and rbcL) besides morphometric and ultrastructural data. In addition, on eight populations from different water bodies including the type from Denmark, morphometric and micromorphological studies by light and scanning electron microscopy were performed.
Key results – Molecular and micromorphological data show that the target taxon neither belongs to Gomphonema Ehrenb. nor to Gomphoneis Cleve. By reinstating the genus name Gomphonella Rabenh., the nomenclatural and taxonomic enigma of this taxon is solved, and with the presentation of the type by Hornemann the authorship of the epithet is clarified. Molecular data for the unialgal strains and several environmental clones show that there is more diversity in the Gomphonella olivacea clade than can be identified morphologically. In addition, the establishment of the new species Gomphonella coxiae and Gomphonella acsiae is supported. The molecular data classified Gomphonella species as belonging to the Cymbellales but not to the Gomphonemataceae. In addition, molecular data put Gomphoneis tegelensis R.Jahn & N.Abarca also into Gomphonella. In order to make the genera Gomphoneis and Gomphonema monophyletic, their astigmate members are transferred to Gomphonella.
Conclusions – The results clarify that the gomphonemoid outline is not restricted to the family Gomphonemataceae but seem to be distributed across the entire order Cymbellales. This is shown in this paper for the revived genus Gomphonella, which contains the astigmate group of Gomphoneis and Gomphonema besides the longly disputed G. olivacea. Only a polyphasic approach, combining molecular and micromorphological data for taxonomy, nomenclatural evaluation, and observations from clonal cultures can reveal the full intricacies of evolutionary relations.
Morphological reconsideration of the araphid genus Pseudostaurosira (Bacillariophyceae), a revision of Gedaniella, Popovskayella and Serratifera, and a description of a new Nanofrustulum species
Authors: Morales Eduardo A. , Wetzel Carlos E. , Novais Maria Helena , Buczkó Krisztina , Morais M. Manuela , Ector Luc 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – As a result of the description of many new species, reanalyses of type material, and information becoming available on valve morphogenesis in small araphid diatoms lacking a rimoportulae, the existing classification scheme at the genus level needs revision. Because morphological information has increased manyfold since the system provided by Williams & Round (1987), it may now be possible to find distinguishing characters in order to produce a more stable and useful framework, encompassing a morphogenetic perspective, which could then guide the placement of newly discovered taxa. This new framework could also be used to help assess the molecular information generated for the group, based on which many new genera are being erected, but perhaps without proper pondering of morphological data.
Methods – A thorough review was made of available published information on the ultrastructure of small-celled araphid diatoms lacking rimoportulae. In addition, image databases were searched, and new light and scanning electron microscopical observations made of some hitherto undescribed species.
Key results and conclusions – We provide a table of putative distinguishing features for nine genera (Nanofrustulum, Opephora, Pseudostaurosira, Pseudostaurosiropsis, Punctastriata, Sarcophagodes, Stauroforma, Staurosira and Staurosirella), together with a discussion on their value for discriminating these small diatoms using a morphogenetic perspective. Based on our findings, we amend the genus Pseudostaurosira, establishing wide and short vimines as its most characteristic feature. We use our system in describing a new species from Bolivia, which we place in Nanofrustulum based on its quasifract copulae, the distinguishing trait of the genus. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by its heteropolar valves, apical pore field features, and the multiseriate areolae. We also examine the three genera Popovskayella, Gedaniella, and Serratifera, the latter two recently erected based on molecular information. Since none of these latter genera pass the morphogenetic evaluation we think is essential, we place them in synonymy with other genera and provide the consequent nomenclatural changes. Finally, we make several new combinations in Nanofrustulum, Pseudostaurosira, Sarcophagodes and Staurosirella.
Novel marine diatom ssRNA virus NitRevRNAV infecting Nitzschia reversa
Authors: Toyoda Kensuke , Kimura Kei , Osada Keigo , Williams David M. , Adachi Tomoko , Yamada Katsumasa , Tomaru Yuji 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – Diatoms are one of the most species rich groups of organisms on Earth. They are fundamental in supporting the biomass of the natural environment. The presence of marine viruses can greatly influence diatom diversity in their natural environment and has attracted interest from multi-disciplinary research teams after a diatom infected virus was reported for the first time in the 21st century. As initial research in this field demonstrated, for the acquisition of a new virus it is important to learn about their infect hosts. Therefore, we have been searching for new viruses that infect diatoms.
Methods – A clonal host species Nitzschia reversa was isolated from natural sea water. Aliquots of the filtrates obtained from this sea water were inoculated to yield the exponentially-growing isolated host species. The resultant lysate was used as a clonal lysate and treated as a clonal virus suspension. The suspension was then used for further analysis of various biochemical studies.
Key results – We discovered and isolated a new virus that infected the pennate diatom Nitzschia reversa. Since this newly discovered virus was a single strand RNA virus, it has capsid proteins with 30 nm size icosahedron without an envelope. The species epithet is NitRevRNAV.
Conclusions – In this study, we described the morphology, genome type and partial sequences, as well as lytic activities, of the new species NitRevRNAV. Of note, the virus harbours a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. These features were highly similar to those of previously known diatom RNA viruses therefore NitRevRNAV is a new member of the genus Bacillarnavirus in the Order Picornavirales.
Adlafia neoniana (Naviculaceae), a new diatom species from forest streams in Puerto Rico
Authors: Ciugulea Ionel , Burroughs Summyr , Defrancesco Chiara , Spitale Daniel , Charles Donald F. , Lange-Bertalot Horst , Cantonati Marco 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – The samples on which this study is based were collected in two streams in Puerto Rico as part of a long-term monitoring program conducted by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). Detailed study of the diatom assemblages revealed the occurrence of a new diatom species belonging to the genus Adlafia.
Methods – The study considered 82 samples of epilithic diatoms from two streams in Puerto Rico (Rio Cupeyes and Rio Guilarte) subjected to different degrees of anthropogenic impacts. The new species description is based on high-quality Nomarski (DIC) LM micrographs which document the full spectrum of shape variability along the size diminution series (including girdle views), and SEM images documenting valve ultrastructure (including detailed internal views). In addition we provide information about ecological preferences with respect to trophic state / nutrients, habitat within the stream channel / microhabitat (riffle, run, pool), and season of maximum occurrence.
Key results – The new species is described as Adlafia neoniana Cantonati sp. nov. It resembles A. drouetiana but has lanceolate (instead of triundulate) outline, slightly-subcapitate to subrostrate ends (instead of subcapitate to capitate), and higher stria density. It is also similar to A. muscora but differs by elliptic-lanceolate (instead of linear-lanceolate) outline, broader valves, and higher stria density. Moreover, the new species was most abundant in an undisturbed, oligotrophic, shaded forest stream whilst A. drouetiana is known from Brazil to be tolerant to organic pollution and eutrophication.
Conclusions – Adlafia neoniana can be differentiated from other similar species in the light microscope by recognizable characters or character combinations. Its discovery and characterization is a contribution to the knowledge of the still understudied biodiversity of microorganisms in tropical streams.
On the identity of the rare Fragilaria subconstricta (Fragilariaceae), with Fragilaria species forming ribbon-like colonies shortly reconsidered
Authors: Heudre David , Wetzel Carlos E. , Moreau Laura , Van de Vijver Bart , Ector Luc 
Published: July 2019

Background and aims – During phytoplankton surveys of a freshwater pond in Northeastern France, Fragilaria subconstricta (Bacillariophyceae) was observed. This rare diatom was present in large numbers in several plankton samples from Lachaussée Pond in the French Grand Est region.
Methods – The morphology of Fragilaria subconstricta was examined in detail using light and scanning electron microscopy. Its identity is discussed and it is compared to the morphologically most similar species, especially Fragilaria capucina, F. mesolepta Rabenhorst, F. neointermedia and F. tenuistriata.
Key results – Fragilaria subconstricta produces ribbon-like colonies and has narrow linear-lanceolate valves with slightly rostrate ends. The central area is rectangular, usually small or even absent. Spatulate linking spines are present all along the valve margins and a single rimoportula is located near one apex at the valve face-mantle junction. An amended diagnosis and new synonyms are proposed for this species. Additionally, the type material of Fragilaria mesolepta and a population of the very rare species Fragilaria capucina have been investigated and illustrated.
Conclusions – Fragilaria subconstricta and F. tenuistriata are synonyms. Fragilaria capucina s. str. is a rare species in Europe, and the majority of records for this species should be considered part of the Fragilaria capucina “Sippenkomplex” sensu Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991).