bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-care of elderly people with ostomy by colorectal cancer
Authors: Santos Raul de Paiva , Fava Silvana Maria Coelho Leite , Dázio Eliza Maria Rezende 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Objective To identify in literature the scientific production about self-care in elderly people with ostomies by colorectal cancer.
Method Integrative review, performed with the descriptors “self-care”, “ostomy” and “elderly/aged” with the Boolean operator AND in the following databases: SCOPUS, CINAHL, MEDLINE, LILACS and COCHRANE. For the theoretical basis, Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory was used.
Results A total of 533 papers were found, however, after applying the eligibility criteria, 16 studies composed the final sample of the review.
Conclusion The nurse is one of the professionals closest to the person with the stoma and his family, and should act as a link between the elderly person, the family and the multi-professional health team. In this sense, health professionals, especially nurses, should be trained and competent in assisting the diverse demands of care of this specific population, so that it is effective, resolutive, integral and, above all, humanized, aiming at the improvement of quality of life.
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety Between Hyaluronic Acid and Polylactic Acid Filler Injection in Penile Augmentation: A Multicenter, Patient/Evaluator-Blinded, Randomized Trial
Authors: Yang Dae Yul , Ko Kyungtae , Lee Seong Ho , Lee Won Ki 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Studies about the clinical utility of fillers on penile augmentation (PA) are lacking. Furthermore, no randomized study has compared the utilities of fillers.

Aim
To compare the efficacy and safety between hyaluronic acid (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) filler injection for PA.

Methods
This prospective, randomized patient/evaluator-blind, comparative multicenter study consisted of an initial 2-week baseline period and 48-week patient/evaluator-blind post-injection period. 72 patients with small penis syndrome were enrolled from 3 institutions between March–July 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the HA group, comprising 36 patients injected with HA, and the PLA group, comprising 36 patients injected with PLA.

Main Outcome Measures
Penile girth and satisfaction were assessed at baseline and at 4, 12, 24, and 48 weeks after injection.

Results
Penile girth increases adequately lasted ≤48 weeks in both groups (16.95 ± 10.53 and 13.49 ± 9.98 mm of mean increase in the HA and PLA groups, respectively; P &lt; .001). The mean penile girth increase in the HA group was significantly greater than that in the PLA group at 4 weeks (P &lt; .001). Subsequently, it gradually decreased and was no longer significantly different at 48 weeks (P = .075). Satisfaction levels increased after injection and were maintained ≤48 weeks. No significant differences were observed in the overall satisfaction level between the groups (P &gt; .05). Filler injection–related adverse events were mild and transient and occurred in 1 and 3 patients in the HA and PLA groups, respectively.

Clinical Implications
This study provides an overview of the efficacy and safety of HA and PLA fillers, which are the most commonly used soft tissue fillers for PA.

Strength and Limitations
This study, to our knowledge, is the first to compare the efficacy and safety between different filler injections for human PA. However, it was impossible to perform a researcher-blinded trial because of the unique properties of fillers, and 31 patients (43.1%) were dropped during the study period.

Conclusions
Both HA and PLA filler injections for PA led to a significant augmentative effect without serious adverse events and had clinically comparable efficacy and safety.
Content Validity of the Premature Ejaculation Profile, Original and Per-Event Formats, in Men with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Burbridge Claire , Symonds Tara , Osterloh Ian H. , George Katie , Lloyd-Price Lucy 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
The Premature Ejaculation Profile (PEP) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure that is widely used in clinical research in men with premature ejaculation (PE) but has not been fully validated for men meeting the current International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) definition of lifelong PE.

Aim
To explore the content validity of the PEP (original 1-month recall version and new event-driven version) in men meeting current definitions of lifelong PE and to understand the relevance of the concept of ejaculation control.

Methods
In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 24 men in a stable heterosexual relationship, including 15 with lifelong PE, 4 with acquired PE (with intravaginal ejaculation latency time values confirmed during a 4-week period of no treatment), and 5 with no sexual dysfunction. Initial concept elicitation explored individual experiences of having PE (in those with PE), experiences of control, and impact on sexual life. This was followed by a cognitive debriefing of the PEP versions.

Main Outcome Measure
Thematic analysis was used to identify key concepts of PE, understand the experience of control in men with and without PE, and confirm understanding and relevance of questions from original and event-driven versions of the PEP.

Results
The interviews confirmed substantial negative consequences for men with lifelong PE. Men with and without PE could describe ejaculation control (or lack of it). The PEP was shown to cover the key concepts in PE, and the questions were easily understood in both the original or event-driven versions. The items were comprehensive, and the concept of ejaculation control was confirmed. A 1- or 2-category change in each item of the PEP was considered clinically meaningful.

Clinical Implications
The PEP (original and per-event) has strong content validity for use in clinical research studies of men meeting the ISSM definition of lifelong PE.

Strengths & Limitations
This study addressed gaps in previously published research on the development and validation of the PEP and also confirmed that a new event-driven version is also suitable for use in research. However, the study was limited mainly to men meeting a strict definition of lifelong PE; in addition, homosexual men and those not in stable long-term relationships were not studied.

Conclusion
Both the original and per-event PEP versions were shown to have strong content validity and be acceptable for use in men with lifelong PE.
Erectile Dysfunction: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Risk-Factors, Treatment, and Prevalence Outcomes
Authors: Allen Mark S. , Walter Emma E. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health care problem that has implications for quality of life.

Aim
This umbrella review sought to synthesize all meta-analytic research on risk factors, treatment, and prevalence of ED.

Methods
8 electronic databases were searched for relevant meta-analyses in June 2018. The evidence was graded with 2 measures that use quantitative criteria to establish the quality of report writing and confidence in the effect size reported.

Main Outcome Measures
Lifestyle factors, genetic markers, medical conditions, treatments.

Results
In total, 98 meta-analyses were identified that included 421 meta-analytic effects, 4,188 primary-effects, and 3,971,122 participants. Pooled estimates showed that an unhealthy lifestyle, genetic markers, and medical conditions were associated with an increased risk of ED. Testosterone therapy and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors showed the greatest treatment efficacy, with mild adverse events observed across treatments. Psychological and behavior change interventions produced effect sizes that were comparable to medication but had greater imprecision in effect sizes. There was little evidence that combined treatments were more efficacious than single treatments. Meta-analyses of prevalence estimates showed consistent age trends but were limited to particular regions or clinical samples, meaning that global estimates of ED are difficult to determine.

Clinical Implications
The umbrella review synthesized findings for many treatment options that might aid evidence-based clinical decision-making. Based on prevalence estimates, we recommend that primary care physicians take a proactive approach and enquire about erectile problems in all men over age 40 displaying any health-related issue (eg, overweight, cigarette smoking).

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths include the calculation and comparison of summary estimates across multiple meta-analyses. Limitations include heterogeneity in research quality across research themes limiting effect size comparisons.

Conclusion
The review provides summary estimates for 37 risk factors and 28 treatments. Meta-analyses of risk factors often did not control for important confounders, and meta-analyses of randomized trials were not exclusive to double-blinded trials, active placebo controls, or tests of long-term effects. We recommend further meta-analyses that eliminate lower quality studies and further primary research on behavioral and combined treatments.
Amiloride Relaxes Rat Corpus Cavernosum Relaxation In Vitro and Increases Intracavernous Pressure In Vivo
Authors: Campos Rafael , Claudino Mário A. , de Oliveira Mariana G. , Franco-Penteado Carla F. , Del Grossi Ferraz Carvalho Fernanda , Zaminelli Tiago , Antunes Edson , De Nucci Gilberto 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The antihypertensive effects of thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are commonly associated with erectile dysfunction. The association of hydrochlorothiazide/amiloride is not associated with erectile dysfunction. The hypothesis is that amiloride has beneficial effect in penile erection and, therefore, counterbalances the hydrochlorothiazide-induced disruptive effect.

Aim
To investigate the effects of amiloride and its analogues hexamethylamiloride and benzamil on rat isolated corpus cavernosa (CC) and intracavernous pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats.

Methods
Rat isolated CC were incubated with amiloride, hexamethylamiloride, and benzamil (10 and 100 μmol/L each), followed by phenylephrine, potassium chloride, and electrical field stimulation (EFS). Their effect on the relaxant responses to EFS and sodium nitroprusside were also determined. Oral (30 mg/kg) and intraperitoneal (3 mg/kg) treatments with amiloride were also investigated on nerve-evoked ICP.

Main Outcome Measures
In vitro functional studies and in vivo ICP measurement on rat CC were performed. Additionally, phosphodiesterase type V isoform A1 activity and the mRNA expressions of Na+/H+ pump, epithelial sodium channel exchangers (ENaC) channels (α-, β- and γ subunits) and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers were evaluated in CC tissues.

Results
Amiloride and its analogues significantly reduced the phenylephrine-, potassium chloride–, and EFS-induced CC contractions, which were not changed by nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 μmol/L) or indomethacin (6 μmol/L). In phenylephrine-precontracted CC tissues, amiloride itself caused concentration-dependent relaxation and significantly increased the EFS-induced relaxation. Oral and intraperitoneal treatment with amiloride significantly increased the ICP. Phosphodiesterase type V isoform A1 activity was not affected by amiloride. Na+/H+ pump, ENaC, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger mRNA expressions were all detected in rat CC tissues.

Clinical Implication
Amiloride analogues may have therapeutic potential for erectile dysfunction.

Strength & Limitations
The interesting effect of amiloride in penile erection was observed in both in vitro and in vivo methods. The evidence at the moment is restricted to rat CC.

Conclusion
Amiloride reduces in vitro CC contractility and enhances erectile function after oral and intraperitoneal administration, possibly via inhibition of ENaC.
Recommending or Rejecting “the Dimple”: WPATH-Affiliated Medical Professionals' Experiences and Attitudes Toward Gender-Confirming Vulvoplasty in Transgender Women
Authors: Milrod Christine , Monto Martin , Karasic Dan H. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Rising numbers of trans women are undergoing genital surgeries, such as vulvoplasty or vulvovaginoplasty, to create a neovagina. Medical professionals who adhere to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Standards of Care, Version 7, and who recommend or perform these procedures, are expected to balance best practices with patient preferences, specifically the decision to create or omit the vaginal canal. Due to a paucity of literature on gender-confirming vulvoplasty (GCV) in trans women, there has been no documentation of factors that prompt practitioners to reject or recommend the procedure.

Aim
The aim of the study was to provide descriptive data of WPATH-affiliated medical professionals’ knowledge, experiences, and attitudes toward GCV; surgical risks, benefits, and any considerations when referring transgender women 18–21 years of age for this procedure.

Methods
Purposive sampling of all physicians, surgeons, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and registered nurses listed in the WPATH membership directory was initiated via invitational e-mails. The 32-item survey focused on demographics, medical practices, surgical techniques, and reasons for recommending or rejecting the procedure. Data analysis included frequencies and Pearson’s χ2 test.

Main Outcome Measures
Key outcome measures included frequency of cases performed; reasons for recommending, rejecting, or performing GCV; and differences in attitudes toward the procedure among various medical professionals.

Results
N = 198 (20.7%) of 956 solicited professionals completed the survey. Surgeons (n = 61) comprised 30.8% of the total sample. 46 surgeons (76.7%) reported having performed vulvovaginoplasty, and 25 (41.7%) had performed GCV. “Patient request” was the most common reason for recommending or performing GCV. Surgeons were more likely to either agree and perform (30.4%), or reject (32.1%) GCV in a patient aged 18–21 than other practitioners, who were more likely to be “unsure” (68.5%). These differences were statistically significant (χ2 = 16.467 [2]; n = 193; P &lt; .001).

Clinical Implications
The data identify a lack of standardized terminology and surgical techniques concerning GCV.

Strength & Limitations
This is the first exploratory study to assess medical practitioner experiences and attitudes toward a seldom documented procedure. A larger, more inclusive sample would increase the statistical strength and representative aspect of the study.

Conclusion
The study shows divergence in attitudes and knowledge among medical practitioners who recommend or perform GCV, and uncertainty when the patient is 18–21 years old. The study contributes to an expanded description and specific indications of performing GCV in the updated WPATH SOC Version 8.
GlobSed: Updated Total Sediment Thickness in the World's Oceans
Authors: Straume E. O. , Gaina C. , Medvedev S. , Hochmuth K. , Gohl K. , Whittaker J. M. , Abdul Fattah R. , Doornenbal J. C. , Hopper J. R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present GlobSed, a new global 5‐arc‐minute total sediment thickness grid for the world's oceans and marginal seas. GlobSed covers a larger area than previously published global grids and incorporates updates for the NE Atlantic, Arctic, Southern Ocean, and Mediterranean regions, which results in a 29.7% increase in estimated total oceanic sediment volume. We use this new global grid and a revised global oceanic lithospheric age grid to assess the relationship between the total sediment thickness and age of the underlying oceanic lithosphere and its latitude. An analytical approximation model is used to mathematically describe sedimentation trends in major oceanic basins and to allow paleobathymetric reconstructions at any given geological time. This study provides a much‐needed update of the sediment thickness distribution of the world oceans and delivers a model for sedimentation rates on oceanic crust through time that agrees well with selected drill data used for comparison.
Inflow of Warm Water to the Inner Hornsund Fjord, Svalbard: Exchange Mechanisms and Influence on Local Sea Ice Cover and Glacier Front Melting
Authors: Arntsen Martin , Sundfjord Arild , Skogseth Ragnheid , Błaszczyk Małgorzata , Promińska Agnieszka 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObservational data covering currents and temperature through two contrasting autumn to spring periods (2010/2011 and 2013/2014) at the constricted entrance to the inner basin of the Hornsund fjord, Svalbard, are investigated. This fjord is presently undergoing significant changes, manifested by reduction of the seasonal sea ice cover and retreating tidewater glacier fronts. The data set presented here shows how local wind, tides, and longer period current fluctuations allow warm water of Atlantic origin to reach the innermost basin of the fjord. While the forcing factors of the exchange mechanisms are not seen to vary much between the two studied seasons, the effect of wind events on exchange is assumed to be modified by local stratification and sea ice concentration. The resulting heat transport depends on availability of heat in the central part of the fjord. The observations indicate that available heat in autumn and winter 2013/2014 effectively hindered formation of a stable sea ice cover. While the present data set does not enable direct quantification of the role of oceanic heat in tidewater glacier melting, we find that the net retreat of glacier fronts was 10 times larger in the warm (ocean) period 2013/2014 compared to the colder 2010/2011.
Summertime Connecticut River Water Pathways and Wind Impacts
Authors: Jia Yan , Whitney Michael M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLong Island Sound is a large macrotidal estuary. Connecticut River as the primary freshwater source enters near the sound's mouth. The summertime pathways of river water under low discharge and mild wind conditions are studied through both numerical simulations with a passive dye pulse and field surface drifter observations. Within the 19‐day modeling analysis period a third of the river dye pulse remains in the eastern sound; another third of the pulse moves up‐estuary with the near‐bottom dense inflow into the central and western sound with a spring‐neap tidal modulation; and another third leaves the sound with the near‐surface outflow toward the continental shelf through Block Island Sound. The latter pathway is confirmed by field surface drifter tracks. Three scenarios of wind forcing are tested: a WRF‐ROMS Coupled case, a NARR data forcing case, and a No‐Wind case. The results show though that the sound is tidal mixing dominated, mild winds still alter the position and strength of the estuarine exchange flow, and either enhances by the cross‐estuary winds or lateral straining. On the shelf, winds play a more important role on the fresher estuarine water distribution. The sensitivities of circulation, salinity, and numerical drifter tracks to different atmospheric forcings also are studied. The results suggest that the coupled model has better performance to simulate surface drifter tracks.
Upwelling in the Ocean Basins North of the ACC: 2. How Cool Subantarctic Water Reaches the Surface in the Tropics
Authors: Toggweiler J. R. , Druffel Ellen R. M. , Key Robert M. , Galbraith Eric D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLarge volumes of cool water are drawn up to the surface in the tropical oceans. A companion paper shows that the cool water reaches the surface in or near the upwelling zones off northern and southern Africa and Peru. The cool water has a subantarctic origin and spreads extensively across the Atlantic and Pacific basins after it reaches the surface. Here, we look at the spreading in two low‐resolution ocean general circulation models and find that the spreading in the models is much less extensive than observed. The problem seems to be the way the upwelling and the spreading are connected (or not connected) to the ocean's large‐scale overturning. As proposed here, the cool upwelling develops when warm buoyant water in the western tropics is drawn away to become deep water in the North Atlantic. The “drawing away” shoals the tropical thermocline in a way that allows cool subantarctic water to be drawn up to the surface along the eastern margins. The amounts of upwelling produced this way exceed the amounts generated by the winds in the upwelling zones by as much as 4 times. Flow restrictions make it difficult for the warm buoyant water in our models to be drawn away.
Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol During Aging of Biomass Burning Smoke From Fresh Fuels and Its Relationship to VOC Precursors
Authors: Ahern A. T. , Robinson E. S. , Tkacik D. S. , Saleh R. , Hatch L. E. , Barsanti K. C. , Stockwell C. E. , Yokelson R. J. , Presto A. A. , Robinson A. L. , Sullivan R. C. , Donahue N. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAfter smoke from burning biomass is emitted into the atmosphere, chemical and physical processes change the composition and amount of organic aerosol present in the aged, diluted plume. During the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment, we performed smog‐chamber experiments to investigate formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and multiphase oxidation of primary organic aerosol (POA). We simulated atmospheric aging of diluted smoke from a variety of biomass fuels while measuring particle composition using high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. We quantified SOA formation using a tracer ion for low‐volatility POA as a reference standard (akin to a naturally occurring internal standard). These smoke aging experiments revealed variable organic aerosol (OA) enhancements, even for smoke from similar fuels and aging mechanisms. This variable OA enhancement correlated well with measured differences in the amounts of emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that could subsequently be oxidized to form SOA. For some aging experiments, we were able to predict the SOA production to within a factor of 2 using a fuel‐specific VOC emission inventory that was scaled by burn‐specific toluene measurements. For fires of coniferous fuels that were dominated by needle burning, volatile biogenic compounds were the dominant precursor class. For wiregrass fires, furans were the dominant SOA precursors. We used a POA tracer ion to calculate the amount of mass lost due to gas‐phase oxidation and subsequent volatilization of semivolatile POA. Less than 5% of the POA mass was lost via multiphase oxidation‐driven evaporation during up to 2 hr of equivalent atmospheric oxidation.
Inductively coupled CH4/H2 plasma etching process for mesa delineation of InAs/GaSb type‐II superlattice pixels
Authors: Das Sona , Das Utpal 
Published: March 2019

An inductively coupled plasma etching process for delineation of InAs/GaSb type‐II superlattice pixels is presented. An optimised etch recipe without alternate plasma cleaning step showed an etch rate as high as 0.11 μm/min that results in smooth vertical sidewalls for the type‐II superlattice pixel arrays with 10 μm pitch size and 2.4 μm deep trenches. At 70 K, the dark current density for the mesa etched + SU‐8 polymer passivated type‐II superlattice photodiodes was found to be 0.11 A/cm2 at an applied reverse bias voltage of 0.2 V. The activation energy of 13 meV obtained from the Arrhenius plot and a variable area diode array technique showed that the measured dark current is mainly attributed to bulk tunnelling current. This technique of mesa delineation for the type‐II superlattice pixel arrays with small pitch size is a viable option in realising next‐generation infrared focal plane arrays.