bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of high‐pressure carbon dioxide on thermal conversion process of polydimethylsilane to Si–C backbone polymers
Authors: Narisawa Masaki , Yamada Kouya , Sakura Ukyo , Inoue Hirofumi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolycarbosilane (PCS) is synthesized from polydimethylsilane (PDMS) by thermal condensation reaction in an inert atmosphere. In the new process described in this article, CO2 at high pressure (2–10 bar) was introduced into the system before the condensation reaction of PDMS. Si–C backbone formation process was accelerated at 340‐360ºC, and brown “PCS” liquid was obtained at 380ºC. Polymer recovery increased from 60% (in a pressure vessel with a N2 atmosphere) to >95% in CO2 atmosphere at 10 bar. The apparent viscosity also increased at high CO2 pressures. Spectrum analysis indicates the existence of the Si–CH2–Si, Si–O–Si bridges, and Si–H bonds in the heat‐treated product. The viscous liquid “PCS” obtained at 380ºC is stable up to 200ºC. However, at temperatures of 200–600ºC, the volatilization of macromolecular species proceeded, and the resulting ceramic yield at 1000ºC was 29 mass%. In the CO2 treatment, product solidified at 420ºC and ceramic yield increased to 56%. The volatilization of macromolecules, however, proceeded in two steps at 200–400ºC and 600–800ºC. When the product was heated beyond 400ºC, it probably contained infinite PCS network with shorter chains.
Large enhancement of piezoelectric properties and resistivity in Cu/Ta co‐doped Bi4Ti3O12 high‐temperature piezoceramics
Authors: Li Xudong , Chen Zhenning , Sheng Linsheng , Du Juan , Bai Wangfeng , Li Lili , Wen Fei , Zheng Peng , Wu Wei , Zheng Liang , Zhang Yang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, the electrical properties of Bi4Ti3O12‐based Aurivillius‐type ceramics were tailored by a B‐site co‐doping strategy combining high valence Ta5+ and low valence Cu2+. A series of Bi4Ti3−x(Cu1/3Ta2/3)xO12 (BTCT) (x = 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, and 0.03) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction method. The effect of Cu/Ta co‐doping on the crystal structure, microstructure, dielectric properties, piezoelectric properties, ferroelectric properties, and electrical conductivity of these ceramics was systematically investigated. Co‐doping significantly enhanced the piezoelectric properties and DC electrical resistivity of the resulting composites. The optimized comprehensive performances were obtained at x = 0.015 with a large piezoelectric coefficient (34 pC/N) and a relatively high resistivity of 9.02 × 106 Ω cm at 500°C. Furthermore, the ceramic also exhibited stable thermal annealing behaviors and excellent fatigue resistance. The results of this study demonstrated great potential of the Cu/Ta co‐doped Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics for high‐temperature piezoelectric device applications.
The flickering connectivity system of the north Andean páramos
Authors: Flantua Suzette G.A. , O'Dea Aaron , Onstein Renske E. , Giraldo Catalina , Hooghiemstra Henry 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimTo quantify the effect of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on habitat connectivity across páramos in the Northern Andes.LocationNorthern Andes.MethodsThe unique páramos habitat underwent dynamic shifts in elevation in response to changing climate conditions during the Pleistocene. The lower boundary of the páramos is defined by the upper forest line, which is known to be highly responsive to temperature. Here, we reconstruct the extent and connectivity of páramos over the last 1 million years (Myr) by reconstructing the upper forest line from the long fossil pollen record of Funza09, Colombia, and applying it to spatial mapping on modern topographies across the Northern Andes for 752 time slices. Data provide an estimate of how often and for how long different elevations were occupied by páramos and estimate their connectivity to provide insights into the role of topography in biogeographical patterns of páramos.ResultsOur findings show that connectivity amongst páramos of the Northern Andes was highly dynamic, both within and across mountain ranges. Connectivity amongst páramos peaked during extreme glacial periods but intermediate cool stadials and mild interstadials dominated the climate system. These variable degrees of connectivity through time result in what we term the ‘flickering connectivity system’. We provide a visualization (video) to showcase this phenomenon. Patterns of connectivity in the Northern Andes contradict patterns observed in other mountain ranges of differing topographies.Main conclusionsPleistocene climate change was the driver of significant elevational and spatial shifts in páramos causing dynamic changes in habitat connectivity across and within all mountain ranges. Some generalities emerge, including the fact that connectivity was greatest during the most ephemeral of times. However, the timing, duration and degree of connectivity varied substantially among mountain ranges depending on their topographical configuration. The flickering connectivity system of the páramos uncovers the dynamic settings in which evolutionary radiations shaped the most diverse alpine biome on Earth.
Influencing factors of knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding antibiotic use in children with upper respiratory tract infections in Dubai
Authors: Al‐Saleh Samar , Abu Hammour Khawla , Abu Hammour Walid 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe main leading cause of the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is viral infection. However, parental attitudes often lead to inappropriate prescription of antibiotics contributing to development of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study is to assess parental knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards the use of antibiotics in Dubai and to reveal the associated factors.MethodQuestionnaires were distributed to 500 parents of children who were visiting Al Jalila Children's Specialty Hospital in Dubai.ResultA total of 467 subjects agreed to participate in the study. Family income, educational level, nationality, age of the respondents, and numbers of children were identified as factors that significantly associated with inadequate knowledge, negative attitude, or malpractice.ConclusionThe study has identified key factors associated with misuse of URTI antibiotics and highlights the importance of targeting those groups with intervention programs and campaigns to increase awareness and decrease misconception of antibiotic use.
Pasteurization of verjuice by UV‐C irradiation and mild heat treatment
Authors: Kaya Zehra , Unluturk Sevcan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVerjuice is a highly acidic juice and more prone to yeast spoilage. In this study, the efficacy of individual and combination processes of UV‐C irradiation (UV) and mild heat treatment (MH) for pasteurization of verjuice were assessed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NRRL Y‐139) was selected as the target microorganism and kinetic parameters for MH, UV, and combined UV + MH inactivation treatments were determined. The UV treatment alone at a UV dose of 0.57 J/cm2 (energy of 2.30 J/mL), provided only 0.54 ± 0.02 log CFU/mL reduction of S. cerevisiae. In contrast, the combined treatment (UV + MH2) substantially reduced the number of S. cerevisiae in verjuice, 5.16 ± 0.24 log CFU/mL reduction was achieved at 0.25 J/cm2 UV dose (energy of 1.01 J/mL) and 51.25 ± 1.47°C. The percentage of synergism for the UV + MH inactivation of S. cerevisiae in verjuice was maximized at 51.25°C (50.79% of synergistic effect). Inactivation kinetics of S. cerevisiae was best described by Weibull model with the smallest RMSE and AIC values. D value was decreased from 13.66 to 1.94 min when UV was combined with mild heating. The results showed that UV‐C light assisted by mild heat treatment can be a potential alternative to thermal pasteurization of verjuice.Practical applicationsFruit juices are prone to spoilage by yeasts, molds, and some acid‐tolerant bacteria. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a heat resistant spoilage microorganism and found in some spoiled juices. Thermal pasteurization is widely used for the preservation of fruit juices but results in losses of essential nutrients and changes in physicochemical and organoleptic properties. This study illustrated that the combined UV‐C light assisted by mild heat treatment can deliver the required microbial reduction in verjuice. The synergistic effect of two processing methods is suggested for controlling the growth of spoilage microflora of fruit juices.
Two‐step drying based on air jet impingement and microwave vacuum for apple slices
Authors: Yin Xu , Jiao Shunshan , Sun Zhongqi , Qiu Gan , Tu Kang , Peng Jing , Pan Leiqing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this study, a novel two‐step drying method using a combination of air jet impingement (AJID) and microwave vacuum drying (MVD) was proposed for drying apple slices. Chemical (vitamin C, total phenolic, soluble solid content, and titratable acid) and physical properties (energy consumption, color, and rehydration ratio) were assessed and compared with those of apples dried solely by hot air drying, freeze‐drying, AJID, and MVD, respectively. Results showed that the optimal conditions for drying apple slices using air jet impingement were 65°C drying temperature, 2.3 m/s air velocity, and 6 mm thickness; the optimal combination was used first for 60 min AJID, followed by 40 min MVD, with final moisture content of 12.65 ± 0.63%. Based on the quality of apple slices and the energy consumption of the drying equipment, combined AJID‐MVD appears to be a promising method for drying apple slices.Practical applicationsIn practical production, the enterprise usually buys semidried apple slices for producing apple chips. This study aimed to study the effect of different drying methods such as hot air drying, freeze‐drying, air jet impingement drying, and microwave vacuum drying on the quality of apple slices, and optimize the drying parameters. The results presented can be used for guiding semidry apple slice production using suitable drying methods based on the quality of the apple slices and energy consumption.
Life cycle assessment and socioeconomic evaluation of the illicit crop substitution policy in Colombia
Authors: Barrera‐Ramírez Juanita , Prado Valentina , Solheim Håvar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe peace treaty of Colombia contemplates a crop substitution policy seeking to replace coca crops with legal alternatives. Although crop substitution diverts funding of illegal activities and provides an income to farmers, it is important to understand how the change to a variety of legal crops (coffee, sugarcane, and cacao) affects the income of farmers, and whether there is an environmental advantage of a crop over another. This study applies life cycle assessment (LCA) coupled with socioeconomic indicators to two regions, Putumayo and Catatumbo, over different policy scenarios. LCA results show that a policy success does not ensure a lower environmental impact across the board. Legal crops consume less fuel than coca crops, which reduce fuel‐related impacts, but the use of fertilizer in coffee and pesticide use in sugarcane increase toxicity‐related impacts. The results, however, are affected by a lack of characterization factors of agrochemicals, but once these are replaced by proxies, coca crops appear to have greater toxicity impacts. In terms of individual crops, cacao crops have a lower environmental impact than coffee and sugarcane, but it also takes the longest to harvest, which may pose a financial risk to farmers. The socioeconomic analysis reveals that for Catatumbo farmers, a policy success reduces the income, whereas for Putumayo farmers, a policy success increases income and job generation. In general, it was observed that the dynamics of the illegal supply chain vary for each region, influencing the environmental and socioeconomic outcome of the substitution policy.
Early reversal of ketamine/dexmedetomidine chemical immobilization by atipamezole in golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
Authors: Ferraro Mario A. R. , Molina Camila V. , Gris Vanessa N. , Kierulff Maria C. M. , Bueno Marina Galvão , Cortopassi Silvia R. G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundA smooth and rapid recovery from anesthesia allowing safe release is desirable, especially for wild species. This study describes the clinical effects of the combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine and the partial reversal with atipamezole in golden‐headed lion tamarins.MethodsDexmedetomidine 10 μg kg−1 and ketamine 15 mg kg−1 were administered to 45 golden‐headed lion tamarins undergoing vasectomy. Following surgery, animals were assigned to three groups: control (SAL; 0.9% NaCl), atipamezole 20 μg kg−1 (ATI20), and atipamezole 40 μg kg−1 (ATI40).Results and ConclusionsAll animals presented great scores of sedation and muscle relaxation during the procedure. Recovery in the control group was smooth and uneventful. Salivation, muscle tremors, and head movements were observed in ATI 20 and ATI40. The administration of atipamezole did not change total recovery times (ATI20 69 ± 23 minutes; ATI40 72 ± 45 minutes; SAL 57 ± 23 minutes).
Strategies nurses use when caring for patients with moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury who have cognitive impairments
Authors: Oyesanya Tolu O. , Thomas Mitchell A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesAdults with moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have immediate and chronic cognitive impairments that require use of specific nursing strategies. Nurses must be knowledgeable about strategies to use to accommodate these impairments. However, available clinical guidelines and research lack information to direct nonacute nursing management of cognition, limiting guidance for nurses when developing their care plans. The purpose of this study was to investigate strategies nurses use when caring for patients with moderate‐to‐severe TBI who have cognitive impairments.DesignCross‐sectional, exploratory study.MethodsA total of 692 nurses from three hospitals answered the following open‐ended question via electronic survey: “Imagine you are caring for a patient with moderate‐to‐severe TBI who has problems with cognition (e.g., issues with memory, attention, and executive function). Please state your typical nursing routine to care for this type of patient.” Data were analysed using summative content analysis. Methods are reported using COREQ guidelines (See File S1).ResultsMost respondents were female (89%), middle‐aged (40.3 years), staff registered nurses (77%) practicing on an inpatient unit (51%) with prior experience caring for patients with moderate‐to‐severe TBI (95%). Nurses described 189 strategies used in their care plan when caring for patients with TBI who have cognitive impairments, including the following: (a) cognitive techniques; (b) communication techniques; (c) patient safety techniques; (d) agitation and behaviour management techniques; and (e) education techniques.ConclusionsFindings have implications for education and training of nurses, direction for future research aimed at determining the effectiveness of nursing strategies with this patient population, and for development of clinical guidelines for nonacute nursing management of patients with moderate‐to‐severe TBI who have cognitive impairments.Relevance to clinical practiceFindings provide foundational knowledge on strategies nurses use when caring for patients with TBI who have cognitive impairments, which could be used to direct evidence‐based nursing care of this patient population.
The influence of mathematics self‐efficacy on numeracy performance in first‐year nursing students: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Gregory Linda , Villarosa Amy R. , Ramjan Lucie M. , Hughes Mitch , O’Reilly Rebecca , Stunden Annette , Daly Miranda , Raymond Debra , Fatayer Mais , Salamonson Yenna 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAim and objectivesTo examine the factors that influence nursing students’ mathematics self‐efficacy, the effect of numeracy instruction on self‐efficacy, and the association between self‐efficacy and numeracy test performance.BackgroundMedication administration errors, including administering incorrect dosages or infusion rates, can result in serious harm to patients. Hence, it is essential that nursing students are adequately prepared with the necessary numeracy skills during their nursing program.DesignThis quasi‐experimental cohort study used a pre‐ and post‐test survey design. The study complied with the STROBE checklist for cohort research.MethodsIn total, n = 715 undergraduate first year nursing students participated in the study from June to October 2017 at a single multi‐campus university in the Western Sydney region of Australia. Data were collected at three time‐points: (a) baseline, including assessing pre‐instruction mathematics self‐efficacy (NSE‐Math scale); (b) 6‐week follow‐up; including assessing post‐instruction mathematics self‐efficacy; and (c) numeracy test performance was collected at 7‐week follow‐up.FindingsAt baseline, those with high NSE‐Math scale scores were more likely to be male and have at least high school advanced mathematics level education. Following structured numeracy instruction, NSE‐Math scale scores increased significantly, and those who obtained a satisfactory grade in their numeracy assessment were more likely to have high NSE‐Math scale scores and high academic performance in the previous semester.ConclusionThe study shows that structured numeracy instruction improved mathematics self‐efficacy, which in turn influenced numeracy test performance.Relevance to clinical practiceUsing a structured medication numeracy pedagogical approach, to teach skills in nursing undergraduate programs, provides students with the foundations to improve mathematics self‐efficacy and to be successful and safe with medication numeracy calculations and administration in clinical practice.
From Cultural Differences to Identity Politics: A Critical Discursive Approach to National Identity in Multinational Corporations
Authors: Vaara Eero , Tienari Janne , Koveshnikov Alexei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere is a paucity of knowledge of one key aspect of diversity in and around international organizations: national identity. This is especially the case with research on multinational corporations (MNC) that has focused on cultural differences instead of processes of national identification or national identity construction. Drawing on a critical discursive approach, this paper offers four perspectives that can help to advance this area of research. First, MNCs can be viewed as sites of identity politics, within which one can study ‘us vs. them’ constructions and the reproduction of inequalities. Second, MNCs can be seen as actors engaged in identity building and legitimation vis‐à‐vis external stakeholders, and the analysis of the discursive dynamics involved illuminates important aspects of identity politics between the organization and its environment. Third, MNCs can be viewed as part of international relations between nations and nationalities, and analysis of discursive dynamics in the media can elucidate key aspects of the international struggles encountered. Fourth, MNCs can be seen as agents of broader issues and changes, which enables us to comprehend how MNCs advance neocolonialism or promote positive change in society.
A review and guide to drug‐associated oral adverse effects—Dental, salivary and neurosensory reactions. Part 1
Authors: Teoh Leanne , Moses Geraldine , McCullough Michael John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNumerous adverse drug reactions (ADR) manifest in the oral cavity and orofacial region. Dentists and other health professionals commonly encounter and manage these adverse effects however, due to lack of awareness and training, they are not always recognised as being drug‐induced nor reported to pharmacovigilance agencies. The broad diversity and increasing number of medications for which dental pharmacovigilance is needed can be overwhelming for all health professionals. Thus, the aim of this review and guide was to outline the common medications associated with orofacial side effects so as to improve recognition, management and reporting of ADR. Adverse effects discussed in Part 1 include drug‐induced bruxism, tardive dyskinesia, hairy tongue, gingival enlargement, hypersalivation, xerostomia, tooth discolouration and taste disturbance.
On the value of Medicaid in providing access to long‐term care
Authors: Fels Markus 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe crowding‐out by Medicaid has been identified as a possible reason for the low demand for private long‐term care (LTC) insurance in the USA. I extend the previous analysis to the case in which budget constraints inhibit access to care. This reduces the role of the implicit tax and fundamentally changes the nature, scope, and welfare implications of crowding‐out. It suggests a large value of Medicaid that a private insurance market is unable to offer due to a dilemma prevalent in—but not exclusive to—the market for LTC insurance: a dilemma between access and affordability.
HIV co‐infection is associated with increased transmission risk in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus
Authors: Ragonnet‐Cronin Manon , Hostager Reilly , Hedskog Charlotte , Osinusi Ana , Svarovskaia Eugenia , Wertheim Joel O. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMolecular epidemiological analysis of viral pathogens can identify factors associated with increased transmission risk. We investigated the frequency of genetic clustering in a large data set of NS34A, NS5A, and NS5B viral sequences from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Within a subset of patients with longitudinal samples, Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied which identified a threshold of 0.02 substitutions/site as most appropriate for clustering. From the 7457 patients with chronic HCV infection included in this analysis, we inferred 256 clusters comprising 541 patients (7.3%). We found that HCV/HIV co‐infection, young age, and high HCV viral load were all associated with increased clustering frequency, an indicator of increased transmission risk. In light of previous work on HCV/HIV co‐infection in acute HCV cohorts, our results suggest that patients with HCV/HIV co‐infection may disproportionately be the source of new HCV infections and treatment efforts should be geared towards viral elimination in this vulnerable population.
Pharmacokinetics of single doses of maropitant citrate in adult horses
Authors: Berryhill Emily H. , Knych Heather , Edman Judy M. , Magdesian K. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe neurokinin‐1 (NK) receptor antagonist, maropitant citrate, mitigates nausea and vomiting in dogs and cats. Nausea is poorly understood and likely under‐recognized in horses. Use ofNK‐1 receptor antagonists in horses has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of maropitant in seven adult horses after single intravenous (IV; 1 mg/kg) and intragastric (IG; 2 mg/kg) doses. A randomized, crossover design was performed. Serial blood samples were collected after dosing; maropitant concentrations were measured usingLC‐MS/MS. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis. The mean plasma maropitant concentration 3 min afterIVadministration was 800 ± 140 ng/ml, elimination half‐life was 10.37 ± 2.07 h, and volume of distribution was 6.54 ± 1.84 L/kg. The maximum concentration followingIGadministration was 80 ± 40 ng/ml, and elimination half‐life was 9.64 ± 1.27 hr. Oral bioavailability was variable at 13.3 ± 5.3%. Maropitant concentrations achieved afterIGadministration were comparable to those in small animals. Concentrations afterIVadministration were lower than in dogs and cats. Elimination half‐life was longer than in dogs and shorter than in cats. This study is the basis for further investigations into using maropitant in horses.