bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Costs for Osteoporosis‐Related Fractures in High‐Risk Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Kapinos Kandice A. , Fischer Shira H. , Mulcahy Andrew , Hayden Orla , Barron Richard 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVESTo estimate the incremental direct medical care costs associated with first fracture observable in high‐risk older adults.DESIGNRetrospective analysis of claims and survey data over a 3‐year period from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative biennial study of individuals aged 50 and older.SETTINGUnited States.PARTICIPANTSParticipants were HRS respondents who consented to have their Medicare claims data linked to the HRS data, were aged 65 or older, had at least 1 risk factor for fracture observable in the data, and experienced a fracture between 1996 and 2008 (n = 689) and their propensity score–matched controls (n = 689).MEASUREMENTSTotal Medicare, inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, physician office visit, and prescription drug care expenditures were primary outcomes. Two‐staged generalized linear models were estimated using a difference‐in‐differences model.RESULTSFracture cases’ total Medicare expenditures increased by $13,929 (95% confidence interval (CI)=$11,920–15,938, p <.001) more than those of matched controls from the year before the index or fracture date to 1 year after the index date. Inpatient expenditures of $12,751 (95% CI=$10,790–14,7111, p < .001) more for fracture cases than comparison cases primarily drove this increase. Two and 3 years after fracture, there were no significant differences in growth in expenditures between the two groups. Results did not vary according to whether the fracture was at the hip or other site.CONCLUSIONFractures impose a significant economic burden, especially in the first year after the fracture, in Medicare beneficiaries with at least 1 risk factor for fracture. Our sample was limited to community‐dwelling individuals, and we are unable to control for fracture history before the study period. Costs may be greater for those in skilled nursing and similar facilities and for those who have had a previous fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2298–2304, 2018.
The Effects of Placental Transfusion on 12‐Month Brain Myelin Content in Term Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Erickson‐Owens Debra , Mercer Judith S. , Wang Megan 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionImmediate cord clamping (ICC) continues to be the standard practice in the United States. This results in leaving about 30% of the fetal‐placental iron‐rich blood behind in the placenta and puts an infant at risk for lower iron stores. Evidence (animal and human) suggests iron is critical to early brain white matter development as it plays a significant role in myelin formation. The purpose of this study was to determine, at 12 months of age, if infants who received a full placental transfusion at birth differ in myelin content and developmental outcomes compared to infants who received no placental transfusion. The hypothesis was that healthy, term infants who received a full placental transfusion via delayed cord clamping (DCC) will have greater brain myelin content and better neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to infants who received no placental transfusion (ICC) at 12 months of age.MethodsSeventy‐three term pregnant women with singleton fetuses were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial and randomized to either ICC (< 20 s) or DCC (≥ 5 min). At 4 and 12 months, the infants’ hemoglobin and ferritin levels were measured, and the infants underwent a non‐sedated MRI and neurodevelopmental testing.ResultsMaternal and infant demographics were not different between groups. Mean (SD) cord clamping time was 318 (158) seconds in the DCC group versus 10 (5) seconds in the ICC group (P < .0001). At 4 months, infants who received DCC had higher ferritin levels (91 [57] vs 61 [30] ng/mL, P < .04). At 12 months, infants randomized to DCC had significantly greater brain myelin content in the following brain regions: left and right (R) internal capsule, R parietal, R occipital, R frontal, and R orbital areas. The DCC group had a slightly higher social‐emotional performance than the ICC group using the BITSEA Competence score (17 [3] vs 15 [3], P = .08). No differences were seen in ferritin or hemoglobin levels between groups at 12 months.DiscussionAt 12 months, placental transfusion at birth appears to increase brain myelin content in regions involving motor and visual/spatial pathways and sensory processing. Neurodevelopmental testing suggests a trend of better social‐emotional outcomes associated with DCC. In conclusion, the endowment of iron‐rich blood obtained through DCC may offer a longitudinal advantage for early white matter development in the brain.
The Relationship Between Stressful Life Events, Protective Factors, and Depression in Mothers Caring for Young Children in the South Bronx
Authors: Hackley Barbara , Stange Mia , Kavanaugh Monica , Aviles Melanie , Hoffman Arielle , Zero Odette , Shapiro Alan 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionChildren raised by mothers with maternal depression have poorer physical and mental health, experience more developmental delays, and perform worse in school. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to describe predictors of depression in mothers with children aged 5 years of age or younger residing in a low‐income urban community. The specific research questions were to: 1) Describe the prevalence of risk and protective factors associated with depression in mothers in the South Bronx and 2) Determine which social factors are predictive of maternal depression. Understanding factors contributing to maternal depression can improve the development of programs designed to prevent or mitigate maternal depression and its effects on exposed children and families.MethodsA convenience sample of mothers with young children (N = 151) completed an anonymous waiting room survey composed of items from validated questionnaires on depression (PHQ‐2), anxiety (GAD‐2), stress (2‐item scale by Littman), stress management (subscale of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile), adverse life events (Modified ACE, CHADIS Potential Stressors), social support (Bright Futures), and father involvement (Turner) in 2012, while receiving care at a Federally Qualified Health Center located in one of the poorest Congressional districts in the United States.ResultsOn average (SD), women in this study were aged 29.7 (6.4) years and had 2.6 (1.5) children living in their household. Half reported no symptoms of depression or anxiety. Multiple regression models found that 6 out of 12 stressors (childcare, housing, relationship problems, insufficient food, legal problems, and health concerns) accounted for 34% of the variance in depression and anxiety as measured by PHQ‐4 scores (F = 10.3 (6,118), P < .001). A second regression analysis was calculated predicting maternal depression based on number of stressful life events and protective factors (ability to handle stress, numbers of individuals providing social support, father involvement, and use of stress management techniques) (R2 = .38, F = 21(3, 98); P < .001). In this model, the number of stressful events and inability to handle stress were predictive of higher symptoms of depression and anxiety, while use of stress management techniques was associated with significantly less symptomatology.DiscussionPrograms are needed that address the most salient adverse life events associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety, such as lack of resources, relationship problems, and health concerns. Further, programs should also develop strategies that enhance mothers’ ability to cope. These approaches may reduce maternal depression and anxiety, thereby safeguarding the health and well‐being of mothers and children.
Developing the Midwifery Practice Climate Scale: Model Misfit and Item Reduction
Authors: Thumm E. Brie 
Published: October 2018

IntroductionA supportive practice environment is a key driver of workforce stability, care quality, and professional psychological well‐being. The characteristics of a supportive practice environment unique to certified nurse‐midwives and certified midwives have not been identified or tested. The purpose of this study was to identify the key elements of a supportive midwifery practice environment and develop a reliable, valid, and easy‐to‐administer instrument to measure midwives’ perceptions of their practice environment. Hypotheses were that the newly developed Midwifery Practice Climate Scale (MPCS) will demonstrate adequate internal consistency and content, face, structural, and concurrent validity.MethodsThe MPCS was developed through adaptation of items from related scales and generation of new items specific to midwifery guided by a review of the literature. The scale underwent 3 levels of testing: 1) content validity and face validity were tested with 2 small samples (n = 10 and n = 12, respectively); 2) the structure of the scale was established and confirmed through an iterative process of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory analysis; and 3) construct validity was established by testing the MPCS in the job demands‐resources model.ResultsThe original scale developed was 33 items intended to measure 5 elements of the midwifery practice climate identified in the literature: practice leadership, midwife‐physician relations, work control, resources, and midwifery model of care. The items were reduced from 33 to 10 items due to a high degree of covariance and skew. A parsimonious scale structure emerged with 2 subscales: Practice Leadership and Participation and Midwifery Model of Care. The final 10‐item MPCS demonstrated a good fit (χ2 = 60.397, df = 34; P < .001, RMSEA = 0.49 [CI, 0.028‐0.068]; CFI = 0.987) and excellent reliability (α = .92). The concurrent validity was established with Practice Leadership and Participation and Midwifery Model of Care significantly predicted emotional exhaustion (P < .001), work engagement (P < .001), turnover intention (P < .001), and midwife‐perceived quality of care (P < .001).DiscussionThe support of the midwifery philosophy of care is a unique and important element of the midwifery practice climate. The MPCS is reflective of scales developed to measure the midwifery practice climate in Australia and Sweden. The MPCS enables midwives and administrators to quickly and accurately assess the midwifery practice climate in order to guide cost‐effective interventions with widespread implications.
Dealer Networks
Authors: LI DAN , SCHÜRHOFF NORMAN 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTDealers in the over‐the‐counter municipal bond market form trading networks with other dealers to mitigate search frictions. Regulatory data show that this network has a core‐periphery structure with 10 to 30 hubs and over 2,000 peripheral broker‐dealers in which bonds flow from periphery to core and partially back. Central dealers charge investors up to double the round‐trip markups compared to peripheral dealers. In turn, central dealers provide immediacy by matching buyers with sellers more directly and prearranging fewer trades, especially during stress times. Investors thus face a trade‐off between execution cost and speed, consistent with network models of decentralized trade.
Dividend Dynamics, Learning, and Expected Stock Index Returns
Authors: JAGANNATHAN RAVI , LIU BINYING 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTWe present a latent variable model of dividends that predicts, out‐of‐sample, 39.5% to 41.3% of the variation in annual dividend growth rates between 1975 and 2016. Further, when learning about dividend dynamics is incorporated into a long‐run risks model, the model predicts, out‐of‐sample, 25.3% to 27.1% of the variation in annual stock index returns over the same time horizon, with learning contributing approximately half of the predictability in returns. These findings support the view that investors' aversion to long‐run risks and their learning about these risks are important in determining stock index prices and expected returns.
How Crashes Develop: Intradaily Volatility and Crash Evolution
Authors: BATES DAVID S. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper explores whether affine models with volatility jumps estimated on intradaily S&P 500 futures data over 1983 to 2008 can capture major daily outliers such as the 1987 stock market crash. Intradaily jumps in futures prices are typically small; self‐exciting but short‐lived volatility spikes capture intradaily and daily returns better. Multifactor models of the evolution of diffusive variance and jump intensities improve fits substantially, including out‐of‐sample over 2009 to 2016. The models capture reasonably well the conditional distributions of daily returns and realized variance outliers, but underpredict realized variance inliers. I also examine option pricing implications.
Leptin impairs the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: da Rocha Rogério Gonçalves , Santos Eliane Macedo Sobrinho , Santos Eloá Mangabeira , Gomes Emisael Stênio Batista , Ramos Guilherme Veloso , Aguiar Karina Marini , Gonçalves Bruno Rodrigues , Santos Sérgio Henrique Sousa , De Paula Alfredo Maurício Batista , Guimarães André Luiz Sena , Farias Lucyana Conceição 
Published: October 2018

PurposeLeptin, an important hormone controlling energy homeostasis, has been linked to the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Evidence indicates that head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy show decreased leptin levels after radiotherapy treatment. Thus, we investigated, through phenotypic and molecular analyses, whether leptin can compromise the therapeutic effect of ionizing radiation and neoplastic behavior of OSCC cells.MethodsThe human OSCC‐derived cell lines SCC9 and SCC4 were treated with human recombinant leptin and exposed to 6 Gy of irradiation. We performed the in vitro assays of cell migration, death, proliferation, and colony‐forming ability. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and proteome analysis by mass spectrometry were also conducted.ResultsLeptin was able to increase cell proliferation, migration, and colony‐forming ability, despite the suppressive effect induced by irradiation. Furthermore, the leptin promoted a significant reduction of ROS intracellular accumulation, and increased expression of the cancer‐related proteins, as ACTC1, KRT6A, and EEF2 in irradiated OSCC cells.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that leptin impairs responsivity of OSCC cells to the ionizing radiation, reducing the suppressive effects of irradiation on the neoplastic phenotype, and increasing protein expression critical to carcinogenesis.
Role of synovium‐derived fibrous cartilage in temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis
Authors: Li Yingjie , Feng Yaping , Cao Pinyin , Ke Jin , Fang Wei , Cai Hengxing , Deng Mohong , Long Xing 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundSynovial chondromatosis (SC) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) occupies 3% SC cases. In other joints like hip and knee which were composed hyaline cartilage (HC), loose bodies (LBs) were reported to be a HC feature. However, condyle surface and disc in TMJ are fibrous cartilage (FC). Therefore, we proposed a different pathogenesis of TMJSC.MethodsLBs and synovium were collected from seven TMJSC patients, and histological and immunohistological examinations were performed.ResultsThree ways of HC formation were discovered: regular‐shaped cartilaginous nodules (CNs) in sublining layer (SL) of vascularized synovium, regional chondrification of SL, and finger‐like tissue with a tail attaching to synovium. Detached LBs could fuse and were only positively stained by aggrecan. Without synovium attachment to LBs, fused LBs remained a hyaline extracellular matrix (ECM). However, after synovium attachment, transformation from HC to FC occurred. Two types of FC were observed. First type FC was featured by vertical‐distributed type I collagen fibers imbedding few chondrocytes, suggesting mature phase with superior mechanical features. Second type FC was featured by medium‐density chondrocytes with type I collagen and aggrecan‐positive ECM, suggesting primary phase. The transformation process started in appearance of 2nd type FC deriving from synovium covering LB, and gradually replaced HC from periphery to center.ConclusionsThree ways of HC formation were closely related. Different with SC in other joints, hyaline ECM in LBs of TMJSC could be replaced by FC deriving from synovium, during which 2nd type FC first replaced HC and then transformed to 1st type FC.
External preference mapping: A guide for a consumer‐driven approach to apple breeding
Authors: Bowen Amy J. , Blake Amy , Tureček Jessica , Amyotte Beatrice 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis research enabled the creation of a predictive tool to determine consumer preference based on sensory characteristics and to understanding consumer liking for a large and genetically‐diverse apple population. Over two consecutive years, 71 and 83 apples were profiled using descriptive analysis for aroma, taste, and texture attributes. Sensory maps were created, which clustered apples into four groups with common profiles: aromatic‐sweet, acidic, balanced, and mealy. Acceptance data from 219 consumers was collected on a representative subset of 19 apples and related to the sensory properties through external preference mapping. Two consumers groups were identified both preferring juicy, crisp apple but differing in preference for fresh red apple aroma and sweetness (Group 1, 89%) versus more acidic apples with fresh green apple aroma (Group 2, 11%). For both groups, mealy texture was a strong detractor of liking. Preferred sensory characteristics did not differ based on consumer age, gender, or ethnic heritage.Practical applicationsUnderstanding consumer preference for fresh apples is key to developing and selecting novel cultivars that will achieve marketplace success. Results are discussed with relevance to a consumer‐driven approach to apple breeding and evaluation of new varieties for commercialization to meet the needs of an evolving apple market.
Children who soil: A review of the assessment and management of faecal incontinence
Authors: Trajanovska Misel , King Sebastian K , Gibb Susan , Goldfeld Sharon 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSoiling is a common and distressing condition affecting children. In the vast majority of patients, it is associated with constipation. Most constipation is functional and is best thought of as difficulty achieving adequate bowel emptying. In a small minority of patients, there is no associated constipation, so‐called non‐retentive faecal incontinence. The aetiology of this latter condition in children remains unclear. The mainstay of management in all cases is a regular toileting programme, together with laxatives as required. This must be individualised considering the diagnosis, the age of the child and the psychosocial factors affecting the child and family. The diagnosis is made with a thorough history and examination, supplemented in some cases with targeted investigations. Engaging the child and family in a long‐term treatment programme (at least 6 months to 2 years) is essential for treatment success. The following clinical practice guideline and algorithm for the assessment and management of children who soil represents consensus opinion using available evidence.
Delayed cord clamping in term large‐for‐gestational age infants: A prospective randomised study
Authors: Vural Irmak , Ozdemir Hulya , Teker Gulsen , Yoldemir Tevfik , Bilgen Hulya , Ozek Eren 
Published: October 2018

AimTo compare the post‐natal effects of delayed cord clamping (DCC) and early cord clamping (ECC) in term large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) infants.MethodsThis prospective randomised study included 51 term LGA infants. The umbilical cords of these infants were clamped at 15 s in group 1 (ECC group (n = 26)) and at 60 s in group 2 (DCC group (n = 25)). Data for Apgar scores, cord blood, pH and lactate values, second haematocrit, 24th bilirubin levels, duration of hospital stay and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were recorded.ResultsThe demographic characteristics of the infants in the study group were not significantly different. No statistically significant difference was observed in the post‐natal haematocrit and bilirubin levels between the groups. Six infants (group 1, n = 3; group 2, n = 3) were diagnosed with polycythaemia (P = 0.79); however, these infants remained asymptomatic, and no treatment was required. One infant in each group developed hyperbilirubinemia, which required phototherapy (P = 1.00). The infant with hyperbilirubinemia in the DCC group presented with asymptomatic polycythaemia. Three neonates in the DCC group required admission to the NICU for transient tachypnoea.ConclusionsNo significant increase in the rate of post‐natal complications of DCC in term LGA infants was observed in the study. However, before recommending DCC on a routine basis, studies with a larger sample size and long‐term follow‐up are required to elucidate the risks and benefits of DCC in this group of infants.
Facing somatic symptom disorder in the emergency department
Authors: Cozzi Giorgio , Barbi Egidio 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSomatic symptom disorder is a condition in which a patient's subjective report of physical symptoms is associated with distress; disruption of day‐to‐day functioning; or disproportionate thoughts, feelings and behaviours regarding the symptoms, whether or not they are associated with an identified medical condition. While somatic symptom disorder affects a considerable proportion of children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department (ED), it has not been well investigated in the ED literature, nor is there much formal training in, or guidelines for, how to care for affected patients in the ED. The aim of this paper is to highlight the historical clues commonly reported by these patients in order to try to help the emergency physicians recognise patients affected by a somatic symptom disorder. Adolescent age, the presence of daily subjective symptoms presenting daily for weeks or months, a long medical history record, an extensive diagnostic workup and, most of all, disproportionate functional impairment related to the symptoms are all features strongly suggestive of this disorder. Emergency physicians should become used to taking advantage of these clues to formulate a positive diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder according to the most recent diagnostic criteria. Emergency physicians have the unique opportunity to contribute to the correct diagnosis and treatment of these patients and to have a positive impact on their prognosis.
Practices Surrounding Pain Management Among American Indians and Alaska Natives in Rural Southern California: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Luna Juan A.A. , Moore Roland S. , Calac Daniel J. , Grube Joel W. , McGaffigan Richard P. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis exploratory study examined pain management practices among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the service area of a rural tribal clinic in Southern California.MethodsResearchers invited 325 individuals to complete an anonymous survey in clinic waiting rooms and tribal gatherings. Analyses of the 295 eligible responses included calculating frequencies and conducting multiple logistic regressions and a Mantel‐Haenszel analysis.ResultsAmong respondents in this study, being male, younger, and having less education were strong predictors for riskier methods for managing pain.ConclusionsUnderstanding the methods individuals use to manage pain in a rural setting constitute a stepping‐stone to develop strategies for reducing and preventing misuse and abuse of prescription medications and other drugs in rural American Indian and Alaska Native communities.