bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filosofie in de rechtszaal
Authors: van Roermund Bert 
Published: February 2018

Filosofie in de rechtszaal
Naar aanleiding van het optreden van Paul Cliteur in het Wilders II-proces rijst de vraag hoe de inzet van een rechtsgang zich verhoudt tot de eigen aard van de filosofie. Aan de ene kant vertolkt filosofie precies dat register van waarheid dat in het recht aan de orde is. Aan de andere kant is die vertolking zo oneindig open dat ze strijdt met het gesloten karakter van het recht als een proces dat conflicten moet beëindigen door gezagvolle beslissingen. Socrates’ optreden in zijn eigen proces toont aan: de slechtste dienst die de filosofie het recht kan bewijzen, is het verlengstuk te worden van het positieve recht en zich bij voorbaat beschikbaar te stellen als een vindplaats van argumenten wanneer de juridische argumenten op zijn. De slotparagraaf argumenteert dat Cliteur deze socratische les terzijde legt. Als gevolg daarvan geeft hij een geforceerde lezing van het Felter-arrest en mist hij de kern van het begrip ‘onverdraagzaamheid’.
Revisited analysis of a SHIVA01 trial cohort using functional mutational analyses successfully predicted treatment outcome
Authors: Kamal Maud , Tarcic Gabi , Dureau Sylvain , Edelheit Oded , Barbash Zohar , Lecerf Charlotte , Morel Claire , Miron Benjamin , Callens Celine , Servant Nicolas , Bieche Ivan , Vidne Michael , Le Tourneau Christophe 
Published: February 2018

It still remains to be demonstrated that using molecular profiling to guide therapy improves patient outcome in oncology. Classification of somatic variants is not straightforward, rendering treatment decisions based on variants with unknown significance (VUS) hard to implement. The oncogenic activity of VUS and mutations identified in 12 patients treated with molecularly targeted agents (MTAs) in the frame of SHIVA01 trial was assessed using Functional Annotation for Cancer Treatment (FACT). MTA response prediction was measured in vitro, blinded to the actual clinical trial results, and survival predictions according to FACT were correlated with the actual PFS of SHIVA01 patients. Patients with positive prediction had a median PFS of 5.8 months versus 1.7 months in patients with negative prediction (P < 0.05). Our results highlight the role of the functional interpretation of molecular profiles to predict MTA response.
Understanding the Changes in Global Crop Yields Through Changes in Climate and Technology
Authors: Najafi Ehsan , Devineni Naresh , Khanbilvardi Reza M. , Kogan Felix 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDuring the last few decades, the global agricultural production has risen and technology enhancement is still contributing to yield growth. However, population growth, water crisis, deforestation, and climate change threaten the global food security. An understanding of the variables that caused past changes in crop yields can help improve future crop prediction models. In this article, we present a comprehensive global analysis of the changes in the crop yields and how they relate to different large‐scale and regional climate variables, climate change variables and technology in a unified framework. A new multilevel model for yield prediction at the country level is developed and demonstrated. The structural relationships between average yield and climate attributes as well as trends are estimated simultaneously. All countries are modeled in a single multilevel model with partial pooling to automatically group and reduce estimation uncertainties. El Niño‐southern oscillation (ENSO), Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), geopotential height anomalies (GPH), historical carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and country‐based time series of GDP per capita as an approximation of technology measurement are used as predictors to estimate annual agricultural crop yields for each country from 1961 to 2013. Results indicate that these variables can explain the variability in historical crop yields for most of the countries and the model performs well under out‐of‐sample verifications. While some countries were not generally affected by climatic factors, PDSI and GPH acted both positively and negatively in different regions for crop yields in many countries.
Responses of Solar Irradiance and the Ionosphere to an Intense Activity Region
Authors: Chen Yiding , Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSolar rotation (SR) variation dominates solar extremely ultraviolet (EUV) changes on the timescale of days. The F10.7 index is usually used as an indicator for solar EUV. The SR variation of F10.7 significantly enhanced during the 2008th–2009th Carrington rotations (CRs) owing to an intense active region; F10.7 increased about 180 units during that SR period. That was the most prominent SR variation of F10.7 during solar cycle 23. In this paper, global electron content (GEC) is used to investigate ionospheric response to that strong variation of solar irradiance indicated by F10.7. The variation of GEC with F10.7 was anomalous (GEC‐F10.7 slope significantly decreased) during the 2008th–2009th CRs; however, GEC versus EUV variation during that period was consistent with that during adjacent time intervals when using Solar Heliospheric Observatory/Solar EUV Monitor 26–34 nm EUV measurements. The reason is that F10.7 response to that intense active region was much stronger than EUV response; thus, the EUV‐F10.7 slope decreased. We confirmed decreased EUV‐F10.7 slope during the 2008th–2009th CRs for different wavelengths within 27–120 nm using Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Solar EUV Experiment high spectral resolution EUV measurements. And on the basis of Solar Heliospheric Observatory/Solar EUV Monitor EUV measurements during solar cycle 23, we further presented that EUV‐F10.7 slope statistically tends to decrease when the SR variation of F10.7 significantly enhances. Moreover, we found that ionospheric time lag effect to EUV is exaggerated when using F10.7, owing to the time lag effect of EUV to F10.7.
Effect of Southern Hemisphere Sudden Stratospheric Warmings on Antarctica Mesospheric Tides: First Observational Study
Authors: Eswaraiah S. , Kim Yong Ha , Lee Jaewook , Ratnam M. Vankat , Rao S. V. B. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe analyzed the structure and variability of observed winds and tides in the Antarctica mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) during the 2002 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) and the 2010 minor SSWs. We noted the effect of SSW on the variability of MLT tides for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been well recognized in the Northern Hemisphere. We utilized the winds measured by Rothera (68°S, 68°W) medium frequency radar and King Sejong Station (62.22°S, 58.78°W) meteor radar for estimating the tidal components (diurnal, semi‐diurnal, and ter‐diurnal) in the MLT region. The unusual behavior of diurnal tide (DT) and semidiurnal tide (SDT) was observed in 2002. Zonal SDT amplitudes were enhanced up to 27 m/s after 18 days from the associated SSW day. However, the meridional tidal amplitudes of both DT and SDT suddenly decreased during the peak SSW, and SDT amplitudes slightly increased to 18 m/s afterward. In the normal years, SDT amplitude stays below 15 m/s. During the 2010 SSW, SDT zonal amplitudes increased up to 40 m/s and 50 m/s at altitudes of 80 km and 90 km, respectively, ~30 days after the associated SSW. Similar but weaker effect is noticed in the meridional components. The ter‐diurnal tide does not show any significant variation during the SSW. The two SSWs offered a challenging issue to answer: why tidal amplitudes are enhanced with a delay after the SSW. The reasons for the delay are discussed in accordance with theoretical predictions.
An Inverse Model for Estimating the Optical Absorption and Backscattering Coefficients of Seawater From Remote‐Sensing Reflectance Over a Broad Range of Oceanic and Coastal Marine Environments
Authors: Loisel Hubert , Stramski Dariusz , Dessailly David , Jamet Cédric , Li Linhai , Reynolds Rick A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe present an inverse model (referred to as LS2) for estimating the inherent optical properties (IOPs) of seawater, specifically the spectral absorption, a(λ), and backscattering, bb(λ), coefficients within the ocean surface layer, from measurements of ocean remote‐sensing reflectance, Rrs(λ). The nonwater absorption, anw(λ), and particulate backscattering, bbp(λ), coefficients can be derived after subtracting pure seawater contributions. The LS2 requires no spectral assumptions about IOPs and provides solutions at arbitrary light wavelengths in the visible spectrum independently of one another. As the LS2 can operate with the inputs of Rrs(λ) and solar zenith angle it is applicable to satellite ocean color remote sensing. The model can also operate with additional input of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of downward irradiance, which provides somewhat improved model performance for applications using in situ radiometric measurements as inputs. The evaluation of LS2 with a synthetic data set that is free of measurement errors indicates good performance for IOPs in the visible spectrum, except for anw(λ) in the long‐wavelength portion of the spectrum where anw(λ) contributes only a few percent to a(λ) under typical open ocean conditions. The good performance is characterized by a median absolute percent difference between the model‐derived and true values of IOPs, which is generally <20%, and the median ratio of model‐derived to true values <10%. The satisfactory model performance is also demonstrated through validation analysis based on extensive data sets comprising coincident in situ measurements of Rrs(λ) and IOPs as well as a match‐up data set comprising satellite‐derived Rrs(λ) and in situ IOP measurements.
Influence of Emissions and Aqueous Processing on Particles Containing Black Carbon in a Polluted Urban Environment: Insights From a Soot Particle‐Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Collier Sonya , Williams Leah R. , Onasch Timothy B. , Cappa Christopher D. , Zhang Xiaolu , Russell Lynn M. , Chen Chia‐Li , Sanchez Kevin J. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Zhang Qi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractInorganic and organic coatings on black carbon (BC) particles can enhance light absorption and affect atmospheric lifetimes of BC‐containing particles and thus have significant implications for climate. To study the physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric BC and BC‐associated coatings, a soot particle‐aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed during the winter of 2014–2015 in Fresno, a city located in the San Joaquin Valley of California, to selectively analyze BC‐containing particles. Comparing soot particle‐aerosol mass spectrometer measurements to those from the collocated single‐particle soot photometer (SP2) and high‐resolution aerosol mass spectrometer, we found that 17% of total submicrometer aerosol mass was associated with BC‐containing particles, suggesting that a majority of the fine particles in Fresno contained no BC. Most BC‐containing particles appeared to be associated with residential wood burning and vehicular traffic. These particles typically had a bulk‐average mass ratio of coating to BC (Rcoat/rBC) less than 2. However, during periods of persistent fog larger Rcoat/rBC values were observed, with the coatings primarily composed of secondary inorganic and organic components that likely resulted from aqueous‐phase processing. Specifically, compared to periods with less fog, the BC coating increased in concentration and contained a larger fraction of nitrate and oxidized organic matter. The size distributions of BC and associated organic coating were generally centered around 300 nm in vacuum aerodynamic diameter. However, during foggy periods BC had an additional peak at ~400 nm and organics and nitrate displayed a prominent mode in the accumulation size range.
Influence of Western Tibetan Plateau Summer Snow Cover on East Asian Summer Rainfall
Authors: Wang Zhibiao , Wu Renguang , Chen Shangfeng , Huang Gang , Liu Ge , Zhu Lihua 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe influence of boreal winter‐spring eastern Tibetan Plateau snow anomalies on the East Asian summer rainfall variability has been the focus of previous studies. The present study documents the impacts of boreal summer western and southern Tibetan Plateau snow cover anomalies on summer rainfall over East Asia. Analysis shows that more snow cover in the western and southern Tibetan Plateau induces anomalous cooling in the overlying atmospheric column. The induced atmospheric circulation changes are different corresponding to more snow cover in the western and southern Tibetan Plateau. The atmospheric circulation changes accompanying the western Plateau snow cover anomalies are more obvious over the midlatitude Asia, whereas those corresponding to the southern Plateau snow cover anomalies are more prominent over the tropics. As such, the western and southern Tibetan Plateau snow cover anomalies influence the East Asian summer circulation and precipitation through different pathways. Nevertheless, the East Asian summer circulation and precipitation anomalies induced by the western and southern Plateau snow cover anomalies tend to display similar distribution so that they are more pronounced when the western and southern Plateau snow cover anomalies work in coherence. Analysis indicates that the summer snow cover anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau may be related to late spring snow anomalies due to the persistence. The late spring snow anomalies are related to an obvious wave train originating from the western North Atlantic that may be partly associated with sea surface temperature anomalies in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Application and Evaluation of an Explicit Prognostic Cloud‐Cover Scheme in GRAPES Global Forecast System
Authors: Ma Zhanshan , Liu Qijun , Zhao Chuanfeng , Shen Xueshun , Wang Yuan , Jiang Jonathan H. , Li Zhe , Yung Yuk 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn explicit prognostic cloud‐cover scheme (PROGCS) is implemented into the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) for global middle‐range numerical weather predication system (GRAPES_GFS) to improve the model performance in simulating cloud cover and radiation. Unlike the previous diagnostic cloud‐cover scheme (DIAGCS), PROGCS considers the formation and dissipation of cloud cover by physically connecting it to the cumulus convection and large‐scale stratiform condensation processes. Our simulation results show that clouds in mid‐high latitudes arise mainly from large‐scale stratiform condensation processes, while cumulus convection and large‐scale condensation processes jointly determine cloud cover in low latitudes. Compared with DIAGCS, PROGCS captures more consistent vertical distributions of cloud cover with the observations from Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) program at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site and simulates more realistic diurnal cycle of marine stratocumulus with the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. The low, high, and total cloud covers that are determined via PROGCS appear to be more realistic than those simulated via DIAGCS when both are compared with satellite retrievals though the former maintains slight negative biases. In addition, the simulations of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) from PROGCS runs have been considerably improved as well, resulting in less biases in radiative heating rates at heights below 850 hPa and above 400 hPa of GRAPES_GFS. Our results indicate that a prognostic method of cloud‐cover calculation has significant advantage over the conventional diagnostic one, and it should be adopted in both weather and climate simulation and forecast.
Using Extreme Value Theory for Determining the Probability of Carrington‐Like Solar Flares
Authors: Elvidge S. , Angling M. J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBy their very nature, extreme space weather events occur rarely, and therefore, statistical methods are required to determine the probability of their occurrence. Space weather events can be characterized by a number of natural phenomena such as X‐ray (solar) flares, solar energetic particle fluxes, coronal mass ejections, and various geophysical indices (such as Dst, Kp, and F10.7). In this paper extreme value theory (EVT) is used to investigate the probability of extreme solar flares. Previous work has assumed that the distribution of solar flares follows a power law. However, such an approach can lead to a poor estimation of the return times of flares due to uncertainties in the tails of the probability distribution function. Using EVT and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites X‐ray flux data, it is shown that the expected 150 year return level is approximately an X60 flare while a Carrington‐like flare is a one in a 100 year event. In the worst case the 150 year return level is an X90 flare while a Carrington flare is a one in 30 year event. It is also shown that the EVT results are consistent with flare data from the Kepler space telescope mission.
The Radial Propagation Characteristics of the Injection Front: A Statistical Study Based On BD‐IES and Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Liu Z. Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Hao Y. X. , Liu Y. , Chen X.‐R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractElectron flux measurements outside geosynchronous orbit (GSO) obtained by the BeiDa Imaging Electron Spectrometer instrument on board a 55° inclined GSO satellite and inside GSO obtained by the Van Allen Probes are analyzed to investigate the temporal and spatial evolutions of the substorm injection region. In 1 year data started from October 2015, 63 injection events are identified. First, our study shows that the injection signatures can be detected in a large radial extent in one single event, for example, from L ∼ 4.1 to L ∼ 9.3. Second, injection onset times are derived from the energy dispersion of particle injection signatures of each satellite. The difference of the onset times among satellites reveals that the injection boundary, termed as “injection front” in this paper, can propagate both earthward and tailward with a speed varying from a few km/s to ∼100 km/s. Third, evolutions of the upper‐cutoff magnetic moments (μuc) of injected electrons are analyzed, upon which the injection events are classified into two categories. In one category, the μuc observed by two radially separated satellites are equal taking into account the error caused by the finite width of energy channels, whereas in the other category, μuc at lower L shells are smaller than those at higher L shells.
Evaluation of the WRF‐Urban Modeling System Coupled to Noah and Noah‐MP Land Surface Models Over a Semiarid Urban Environment
Authors: Salamanca Francisco , Zhang Yizhou , Barlage Michael , Chen Fei , Mahalov Alex , Miao Shiguang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe have augmented the existing capabilities of the integrated Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)‐urban modeling system by coupling three urban canopy models (UCMs) available in the WRF model with the new community Noah with multiparameterization options (Noah‐MP) land surface model (LSM). The WRF‐urban modeling system's performance has been evaluated by conducting six numerical experiments at high spatial resolution (1 km horizontal grid spacing) during a 15 day clear‐sky summertime period for a semiarid urban environment. To assess the relative importance of representing urban surfaces, three different urban parameterizations are used with the Noah and Noah‐MP LSMs, respectively, over the two major cities of Arizona: Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas. Our results demonstrate that Noah‐MP reproduces somewhat better than Noah the daily evolution of surface skin temperature and near‐surface air temperature (especially nighttime temperature) and wind speed. Concerning the urban areas, bulk urban parameterization overestimates nighttime 2 m air temperature compared to the single‐layer and multilayer UCMs that reproduce more accurately the daily evolution of near‐surface air temperature. Regarding near‐surface wind speed, only the multilayer UCM was able to reproduce realistically the daily evolution of wind speed, although maximum winds were slightly overestimated, while both the single‐layer and bulk urban parameterizations overestimated wind speed considerably. Based on these results, this paper demonstrates that the new community Noah‐MP LSM coupled to an UCM is a promising physics‐based predictive modeling tool for urban applications.
Molybdenum Phosphide/Carbon Nanotube Hybrids as pH‐Universal Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Xing , Yu Xiaolu , Zhang Linjie , Zhou Feng , Liang Yongye , Wang Ruihu 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMolybdenum phosphide (MoP) has received increasing attention due to its high catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, it remains difficult to construct well‐defined MoP nanostructures with large density of active sites and high intrinsic activity. Here, a facile and general method is reported to synthesize an MoP/carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid featuring small‐sized and well‐crystallized MoP nanoparticles uniformly coated on the sidewalls of multiwalled CNT. The MoP/CNT hybrid exhibits impressive HER activities in pH‐universal electrolytes, and requires the overpotentials as low as 83, 102, and 86 mV to achieve a cathodic current density of 10 mA cm−2 in acidic 0.5 m H2SO4, neutral 1 m phosphate buffer solution, and alkaline 1 m KOH electrolytes, respectively. It is found that the crystallinity of MoP has significant influence on HER activity. This study provides a new design strategy to construct MoP nanostructures for optimizing its catalytic performance.
1 + 1 >> 2: Dramatically Enhancing the Emission Efficiency of TPE‐Based AIEgens but Keeping their Emission Color through Tailored Alkyl Linkages
Authors: Dang Dongfeng , Qiu Zijie , Han Ting , Liu Yong , Chen Ming , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCurrently, the development of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens (AIEgens) has enabled us to “see” never before seen scenery. However, not all AIEgens exhibit the impressive emission efficiency in aggregated states. Moreover, the emission color of AIEgens can be seriously affected when their performance is improved. Therefore, to overcome this limitation, an efficient method is proposed here through the tailored alkyl linkages to greatly improve the emission efficiency of tetraphenylethene (TPE)‐based AIEgens but retain their emission color. Encouragingly, significantly enhanced emission efficiency is achieved with the quantum yield up to 68.19% and 65.20% for BTPE‐C4 and BTPE‐C8, respectively, in contrast to that of TPE (25.32%), demonstrating the proverb that one plus one is much larger than two (1 + 1 >> 2). Interestingly, when alkyl linkages in skeletons are fine‐tuned, self‐assembled nanorods, nanosheets, and nanofibers are successfully achieved for BTPE‐C1, BTPE‐C4, and BTPE‐C8 in tetrahydrofuran and water system. Also, these developed emissive AIEgens not only exhibit impressive response to the environmental stimuli of mechanical force, viscosity, temperature, and light, but can also be used to dynamically monitor and control the phase‐separated morphology in polymeric blends.