bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not as distinct as you think: Reasons to doubt that morality comprises a unified and objective conceptual category
Authors: Theriault Jordan , Young Liane 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThat morality comprises a distinct and objective conceptual category is a critical claim for Stanford's target article. We dispute this claim. Statistical conclusions about a distinct moral domain were not justified in prior work, on account of the “stimuli-as-fixed-effects” fallacy. Furthermore, we have found that, behaviorally and neurally, morals share more in common with preferences than facts.
The objectivity of moral norms is a top-down cultural construct
Authors: Voorhees Burton , Read Dwight , Gabora Liane 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEncultured individuals see the behavioral rules of cultural systems of moral norms as objective. In addition to prescriptive regulation of behavior, moral norms provide templates, scripts, and scenarios regulating the expression of feelings and triggered emotions arising from perceptions of norm violation. These allow regulated defensive responses that may arise as moral idea systems co-opt emotionally associated biological survival instincts.
Benzobicyclon as a Post-Flood Option for Weedy Rice Control
Authors: Young Mason L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Scott Robert C. , Bond Jason A. , Heiser James 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBenzobicyclon will be the first 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)–inhibiting herbicide available in US rice production pending registration completion. An observation of benzobicyclon controlling weedy rice in two field trials prompted a greenhouse and field evaluation to determine if benzobicyclon would control weedy rice accessions from Arkansas, Mississippi, and southeastern Missouri. A total of 100 accessions were screened in the greenhouse and field. Percentage mortality was determined in the greenhouse, and percentage control was recorded in the field. Benzobicyclon at 371 g ai ha–1 caused at least 80% mortality of 22 accessions in the greenhouse and at least 80% control of 30 accessions in the field. For most accessions, individual plants within the accession varied in response to benzobicyclon. Based on these results, the sensitivity of weedy rice to benzobicyclon varies across accessions collected in the midsouthern United States, and it may provide an additional control option for weedy rice in some fields.
Characteristics of Equatorial and Low‐Latitude Plasma Irregularities as Investigated Using a Meridional Chain of Radio Experiments Over India
Authors: Sripathi S. , Sreekumar Sreeba , Banola S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe characteristics of equatorial and low‐latitude plasma irregularities are studied using a meridional chain of ionosondes located at Tirunelveli, Hyderabad, and Allahabad and Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers located at Tirunelveli, Mumbai, and Nagpur during the year 2015. The observations suggest that while stronger and longer duration of equatorial spread F irregularities occur in the postsunset sector during equinoxes and winter, they occur mostly in the postmidnight sector during summer, while being weaker in strength and shorter in duration. Further, the postsunset spread F occurs first at the equator followed by their occurrence at low latitudes during equinoxes and winter, while the postmidnight spread F during summer are found to be stronger and earlier at low latitudes followed by their occurrence at the equator. While plasma irregularities are observed by both the ionosondes and GPS receivers during both equinoxes and winter, it is observed mostly by the ionosondes during summer. The results further strengthen the view that while postsunset spread F in equinoxes and winter are generated by the equatorial processes, postmidnight spread F in the summer may be linked to the nonequatorial processes. The results also reemphasize the asymmetric distribution of plasma irregularities or scintillations during equinoxes wherein vernal (autumn) equinox shows more intense plasma irregularities than autumn (vernal) equinox during certain years. Also, using a larger data set of simultaneous GPS and ionosonde observations, the relationship of prereversal enhancement and strength of L‐band scintillations with solar flux, Kp index, and equatorial electrojet strength are examined.
Uncertainties Caused by Major Meteorological Analysis Data Sets in Simulating Air Quality Over India
Authors: Chatani Satoru , Sharma Sumit 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMany places in India suffer from severe air pollution. Regional air quality simulations are essential to develop effective strategies for improving air quality, considering the nonlinear relationships between ambient pollutants and their precursor emissions. Meteorological fields used in simulations are derived from regional meteorological models with analysis data sets as inputs. This study reveals that two major analysis data sets provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) cause significant differences in simulated meteorological fields over India. Especially, relative humidity values simulated using the ECMWF data set are much higher and closer to the observed values than those simulated using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction data set. Results simulated using the ECMWF data set show better model performance for most meteorological parameters over India. Differences in relative humidity originate in the data contained in the analysis data sets through grid nudging. It is not possible to avoid this underestimation by simply turning off grid nudging. The meteorological fields simulated with two major analysis data sets also lead to differences in pollutant concentrations simulated by regional chemical transport models through various physical and chemical processes. Differences originating in the two analysis data sets could be comparable with the uncertainties originating in various emission inventories in some regions and seasons in India. However, discrepancies between observed and simulated pollutant concentrations cannot be explained only by differences of the meteorological fields. Other aspects need to be explored for better performance required to develop effective strategies for India, based on accurate regional air quality simulations.
Effects of Marsh Edge Erosion in Coupled Barrier Island‐Marsh Systems and Geometric Constraints on Marsh Evolution
Authors: Lauzon Rebecca , Murray A. Brad , Moore Laura J. , Walters David C. , Kirwan Matthew L. , Fagherazzi Sergio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrevious results show that overwash provides an important sediment source to back‐barrier marshes, sustaining a narrow marsh state under conditions in which marsh drowning would otherwise occur. We expand the coupled barrier island‐marsh evolution model GEOMBEST+ to explore the effects of wind waves on back‐barrier marshes. We find that the addition of marsh edge erosion leads to wider, more resilient marshes and that horizontal erosion of the marsh edge is a more efficient sediment source than vertical erosion of the marsh surface as it drowns. Where marshes and bays are vertically keeping up with sea level, and the net rate of sediment imported to (or exported from) the basin is known, the rate of marsh edge erosion or progradation can be predicted knowing only the present basin geometry, sea level rise rate, and the net rate of sediment input (without considering the erosion or progradation mechanisms). If the rate of sediment input/export is known, this relationship applies whether sediment exchange with the open ocean is negligible (as in basins dominated by riverine sediment input) or is significant (including the loss of sediment remobilized by waves in the bay). Analysis of these results reveals that geometry and stratigraphy can exert a first‐order control on back‐barrier marsh evolution and on the marsh‐barrier island system as a whole and provides new insights into the resilience of back‐barrier marshes and on the interconnectedness of the barrier‐marsh system.
Editorial: Thank You to the 2017 JGR Space Physics Reviewers
Authors: Liemohn Michael W. , Wang Yuming , Rodger Alan , Balikhin Michael , Kepko Larry 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe Editors of the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics extend a sincere and heartfelt thank you to the 1,448 scientists that conducted 3,511 manuscript reviews for the journal in calendar year 2017. We deeply appreciate the time and effort that you have devoted to the research community.
Radar Sounding of Open Basin Lakes on Mars
Authors: Shoemaker E. S. , Baker D. M. H. , Carter L. M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOrbital observations of the surface of Mars indicate that ancient basins were once host to lakes that may have been depocenters of sedimentary materials, including hydrated minerals like phyllosilicates. Later volcanic and sedimentary resurfacing may have developed a stratigraphy within the basins detectable through radar sounding data from the Shallow Radar instrument. Our radar survey of 61 open basin lakes (OBLs) revealed only one plausible reflector in a single basin east of Hellas Planitia. We investigated possible factors contributing to lack of radar detections in the other basins through detailed analysis of radargrams and subsurface characteristics of OBLs. As possible hosts to previous habitable environments, OBLs on Mars are important sites for future robotic and human missions. A full understanding of the factors influencing the radar signal, as addressed here, is important for more fully characterizing the subsurface structure and geology at these locations.
Phase-matching-free parametric oscillators based on two-dimensional semiconductors
Authors: Ciattoni Alessandro , Marini Andrea , Rizza Carlo , Conti Claudio 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOptical parametric oscillators are widely used as pulsed and continuous-wave tunable sources for innumerable applications, such as quantum technologies, imaging, and biophysics. A key drawback is material dispersion, which imposes a phase-matching condition that generally entails a complex design and setup, thus hindering tunability and miniaturization. Here we show that the burden of phase-matching is surprisingly absent in parametric micro-resonators utilizing mono-layer transition-metal dichalcogenides as quadratic nonlinear materials. By the exact solution of nonlinear Maxwell equations and first-principle calculations of the semiconductor nonlinear response, we devise a novel kind of phase-matching-free miniaturized parametric oscillator operating at conventional pump intensities. We find that different two-dimensional semiconductors yield degenerate and non-degenerate emission at various spectral regions due to doubly resonant mode excitation, which can be tuned by varying the incidence angle of the external pump laser. In addition, we show that high-frequency electrical modulation can be achieved by doping via electrical gating, which can be used to efficiently shift the threshold for parametric oscillation. Our results pave the way for the realization of novel ultra-fast tunable micron-sized sources of entangled photons—a key device underpinning any quantum protocol. Highly miniaturized optical parametric oscillators may also be employed in lab-on-chip technologies for biophysics, detection of environmental pollution and security.
Author Correction: Skull optical clearing window for in vivo imaging of the mouse cortex at synaptic resolution
Authors: Zhao Yan-Jie , Yu Ting-Ting , Zhang Chao , Li Zhao , Luo Qing-Ming , Xu Tong-Hui , Zhu Dan 
Published: May 2018

Correction to:Light: Science & Applications (2018) https://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2017.153 published online on 23 February 2018
Large-scale forward genetics screening identifies Trpa1 as a chemosensor for predator odor-evoked innate fear behaviors
Authors: Wang Yibing , Cao Liqin , Lee Chia-Ying , Matsuo Tomohiko , Wu Kejia , Asher Greg , Tang Lijun , Saitoh Tsuyoshi , Russell Jamie , Klewe-Nebenius Daniela , Wang Li , Soya Shingo , Hasegawa Emi , Chérasse Yoan , Zhou Jiamin , Li Yuwenbin , Wang Tao , Zhan Xiaowei , Miyoshi Chika , Irukayama Yoko , Cao Jie , Meeks Julian P. , Gautron Laurent , Wang Zhiqiang , Sakurai Katsuyasu , Funato Hiromasa , Sakurai Takeshi , Yanagisawa Masashi , Nagase Hiroshi , Kobayakawa Reiko , Kobayakawa Ko , Beutler Bruce , Liu Qinghua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInnate behaviors are genetically encoded, but their underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Predator odor 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT) and its potent analog 2-methyl-2-thiazoline (2MT) are believed to activate specific odorant receptors to elicit innate fear/defensive behaviors in naive mice. Here, we conduct a large-scale recessive genetics screen of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-mutagenized mice. We find that loss of Trpa1, a pungency/irritancy receptor, diminishes TMT/2MT and snake skin-evoked innate fear/defensive responses. Accordingly, Trpa1
−/−
mice fail to effectively activate known fear/stress brain centers upon 2MT exposure, despite their apparent ability to smell and learn to fear 2MT. Moreover, Trpa1 acts as a chemosensor for 2MT/TMT and Trpa1-expressing trigeminal ganglion neurons contribute critically to 2MT-evoked freezing. Our results indicate that Trpa1-mediated nociception plays a crucial role in predator odor-evoked innate fear/defensive behaviors. The work establishes the first forward genetics screen to uncover the molecular mechanism of innate fear, a basic emotion and evolutionarily conserved survival mechanism.
The rice blast resistance gene Ptr encodes an atypical protein required for broad-spectrum disease resistance
Authors: Zhao Haijun , Wang Xueyan , Jia Yulin , Minkenberg Bastian , Wheatley Matthew , Fan Jiangbo , Jia Melissa H. , Famoso Adam , Edwards Jeremy D. , Wamishe Yeshi , Valent Barbara , Wang Guo-Liang , Yang Yinong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPlant resistance genes typically encode proteins with nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NLR) domains. Here we show that Ptr is an atypical resistance gene encoding a protein with four Armadillo repeats. Ptr is required for broad-spectrum blast resistance mediated by the NLR R gene Pi-ta and by the associated R gene Pi-ta2. Ptr is expressed constitutively and encodes two isoforms that are mainly localized in the cytoplasm. A two base pair deletion within the Ptr coding region in the fast neutron-generated mutant line M2354 creates a truncated protein, resulting in susceptibility to M. oryzae. Targeted mutation of Ptr in a resistant cultivar using CRISPR/Cas9 leads to blast susceptibility, further confirming its resistance function. The cloning of Ptr may aid in the development of broad spectrum blast resistant rice.
A20 critically controls microglia activation and inhibits inflammasome-dependent neuroinflammation
Authors: Voet Sofie , Mc Guire Conor , Hagemeyer Nora , Martens Arne , Schroeder Anna , Wieghofer Peter , Daems Carmen , Staszewski Ori , Vande Walle Lieselotte , Jordao Marta Joana Costa , Sze Mozes , Vikkula Hanna-Kaisa , Demeestere Delphine , Van Imschoot Griet , Scott Charlotte L. , Hoste Esther , Gonçalves Amanda , Guilliams Martin , Lippens Saskia , Libert Claude , Vandenbroucke Roos E. , Kim Ki-Wook , Jung Steffen , Callaerts-Vegh Zsuzsanna , Callaerts Patrick , de Wit Joris , Lamkanfi Mohamed , Prinz Marco , van Loo Geert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMicroglia, the mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), are important for the maintenance of CNS homeostasis, but also critically contribute to CNS pathology. Here we demonstrate that the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) regulatory protein A20 is crucial in regulating microglia activation during CNS homeostasis and pathology. In mice, deletion of A20 in microglia increases microglial cell number and affects microglial regulation of neuronal synaptic function. Administration of a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharide induces massive microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and lethality in mice with microglia-confined A20 deficiency. Microglia A20 deficiency also exacerbates multiple sclerosis (MS)-like disease, due to hyperactivation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome leading to enhanced interleukin-1β secretion and CNS inflammation. Finally, we confirm a Nlrp3 inflammasome signature and IL-1β expression in brain and cerebrospinal fluid from MS patients. Collectively, these data reveal a critical role for A20 in the control of microglia activation and neuroinflammation.
Combining laser capture microdissection and proteomics reveals an active translation machinery controlling invadosome formation
Authors: Ezzoukhry Zakaria , Henriet Elodie , Cordelières Fabrice P. , Dupuy Jean-William , Maître Marlène , Gay Nathan , Di-Tommaso Sylvaine , Mercier Luc , Goetz Jacky G. , Peter Marion , Bard Frédéric , Moreau Violaine , Raymond Anne-Aurélie , Saltel Frédéric 
Published: May 2018

AbstractInvadosomes are F-actin-based structures involved in extracellular matrix degradation, cell invasion, and metastasis formation. Analyzing their proteome is crucial to decipher their molecular composition, to understand their mechanisms, and to find specific elements to target them. However, the specific analysis of invadosomes is challenging, because it is difficult to maintain their integrity during isolation. In addition, classical purification methods often suffer from contaminations, which may impair data validation. To ensure the specific identification of invadosome components, we here develop a method that combines laser microdissection and mass spectrometry, enabling the analysis of subcellular structures in their native state based on low amounts of input material. Using this combinatorial method, we show that invadosomes contain specific components of the translational machinery, in addition to known marker proteins. Moreover, functional validation reveals that protein translation activity is an inherent property of invadosomes, which is required to maintain invadosome structure and activity.
Ancient acquisition of “alginate utilization loci” by human gut microbiota
Authors: Mathieu Sophie , Touvrey-Loiodice Mélanie , Poulet Laurent , Drouillard Sophie , Vincentelli Renaud , Henrissat Bernard , Skjåk-Bræk Gudmund , Helbert William 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes, the genes coding for enzymes involved in polysaccharide degradation are often colocalized and coregulated in so-called “polysaccharide utilization loci” (PULs). PULs dedicated to the degradation of marine polysaccharides (e.g. laminaran, ulvan, alginate and porphyran) have been characterized in marine bacteria. Interestingly, the gut microbiome of Japanese individuals acquired, by lateral transfer from marine bacteria, the genes involved in the breakdown of porphyran, the cell wall polysaccharide of the red seaweed used in maki. Sequence similarity analyses predict that the human gut microbiome also encodes enzymes for the degradation of alginate, the main cell wall polysaccharide of brown algae. We undertook the functional characterization of diverse polysaccharide lyases from family PL17, frequently found in marine bacteria as well as those of human gut bacteria. We demonstrate here that this family is polyspecific. Our phylogenetic analysis of family PL17 reveals that all alginate lyases, which have all the same specificity and mode of action, cluster together in a very distinct subfamily. The alginate lyases found in human gut bacteria group together in a single clade which is rooted deeply in the PL17 tree. These enzymes were found in PULs containing PL6 enzymes, which also clustered together in the phylogenetic tree of PL6. Together, biochemical and bioinformatics analyses suggest that acquisition of this system appears ancient and, because only traces of two successful transfers were detected upon inspection of PL6 and PL17 families, the pace of acquisition of marine polysaccharide degradation system is probably very slow.
An integrated model of gene-culture coevolution of language mediated by phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Azumagakito Tsubasa , Suzuki Reiji , Arita Takaya 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an agent-based model for investigating possible scenarios of genetic and cultural language evolution based on an integrated gene-culture coevolutionary framework. We focused on the following problems: (1) how communicative ability can evolve directionally under positive frequency-dependent selection and (2) how much of the directional effect there is between language and biological evolution. In our evolutionary experiments and analysis, we discovered a coevolutionary scenario involving the biological evolution of phenotypic plasticity and a cyclic coevolutionary dynamic between genetic and cultural evolution that is mediated by phenotypic plasticity. Furthermore, we discovered that the rates of cultural change are usually faster than the biological rates and fluctuate on a short time scale; on a long time scale, however, cultural rates tend to be slow. This implies that biological evolution can maintain the pace with language evolution. Finally, we analyzed the transfer entropy for a quantitative discussion of the directional effects between both evolutions. The results showed that biological evolution appears to be unable to maintain the pace with language evolution on short time scales, while their mutual directional effects are in the same range on long time scales. This implies that language and the relevant biology could coevolve.
Conserved RNA binding activity of a Yin-Yang 1 homologue in the ova of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Authors: Belak Zachery R. , Ovsenek Nicholas , Eskiw Christopher H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractYin-Yang 1 (YY1) is a highly conserved transcription factor possessing RNA-binding activity. A putative YY1 homologue was previously identified in the developmental model organism Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (the purple sea urchin) by genomic sequencing. We identified a high degree of sequence similarity with YY1 homologues of vertebrate origin which shared 100% protein sequence identity over the DNA- and RNA-binding zinc-finger region with high similarity in the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain. SpYY1 demonstrated identical DNA- and RNA-binding characteristics between Xenopus laevis and S. purpuratus indicating that it maintains similar functional and biochemical properties across widely divergent deuterostome species. SpYY1 binds to the consensus YY1 DNA element, and also to U-rich RNA sequences. Although we detected SpYY1 RNA-binding activity in ova lysates and observed cytoplasmic localization, SpYY1 was not associated with maternal mRNA in ova. SpYY1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes was excluded from the nucleus and associated with maternally expressed cytoplasmic mRNA molecules. These data demonstrate the existence of an YY1 homologue in S. purpuratus with similar structural and biochemical features to those of the well-studied vertebrate YY1; however, the data reveal major differences in the biological role of YY1 in the regulation of maternally expressed mRNA in the two species.