bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tests of two theories of food intake using growing pigs 1. The effect of ambient temperature on the intake of foods of differing bulk content
Authors: Whittemore E. C. , Kyriazakis I. , Emmans G.C. , Tolkamp B.J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn experiment was carried out on pigs to provide a test of two current conceptual frameworks available for the understanding and prediction of food intake. Framework 1 assumes that food intake will be that which allows potential (genetic) performance to be achieved. If this is not achieved then it is because intake is being constrained. Framework 2 sees food intake as being a consequence of a process of optimization such that biological efficiency (the ratio of net energy ingested to oxygen consumed) is maximized. Both frameworks predict that a reduction in temperature will increase the intake of a high quality food. For a food of low quality framework 2 predicts that intake will also be increased when temperature is decreased while framework 1 predicts that it will not. This difference between the predictions of the two frameworks allows them to be tested by means of an experiment in which foods of different quality were given to animals at different environmental temperatures.Forty pigs were randomly allocated to a control (C) food based on micronized wheat with 13·1 MJ digestible energy (DE) and 232 g crude protein (CP) per kg fresh food, or one of two high bulk foods. The high bulk foods contained either 650 g/kg of unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) or 650 g/kg of wheat bran (WB). Half the pigs were maintained at a thermoneutral temperature of 22ºC for 14 days followed by a cold temperature of 12ºC for 14 days. The other half were maintained at 12ºC for a period of 14 days followed by a temperature of 22ºC for 14 days. Food intake was recorded daily and live weight twice weekly.There was a highly significant food ✕ temperature interaction ( P < 0·001) for food intake. A reduction in temperature resulted in an increase in food intake on C and WB but had no effect on the intake of SBP. There was a highly significant effect of both temperature and food on intake ( P < 0·001). A reduction in temperature resulted in a significant increase in food intake, intake on WB was higher than that of either C or SBP. There was no overall effect of temperature on live-weight gain although a reduction in temperature resulted in a non-significant increase in the gain of C and reduction in the gain of WB and SBP. There was a highly significant effect of food ( P < 0·001) on live-weight gain, as gain on C was higher than that on either WB or SBP.The results of the experiment were in agreement with the predictions set forward by the first framework that growing pigs are eating to achieve maximum performance subject to constraints.
Relationship between dam and calf characteristics with regard to dystocia in Belgian Blue double-muscled cows
Authors: Fiems L. O. , Campeneere S. de , Caelenbergh W. van , Boucqué Ch. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInformation concerning 493 single calvings of the double-muscled beef cow herd of the institute was collected to investigate the relationship between the characteristics of dams and calves with regard to dystocia. Factors affecting dystocia are similar in double-muscled cattle to those in non-double-muscled cattle but the occurrence of dystocia is greatly increased in double-muscled cows. Incidence of caesarean section was significantly correlated with parity (–0·243), age of dam (–0·232), post-partum dam weight (–0·185), and calf birth weight (0·164). Caesarean deliveries were required for 89·5% of the parturitions. Calvings without caesarean section were characterized by higher means for post-partum dam live weight (634·7 kg), age (1675·5 days), parity (3·1) and the ratio of post-partum dam weight to calf birth weight (14·4), compared with 580·2 kg, 1251·1 days, 2·1, and 11·8, respectively for births with caesarean setion, while calf birth weight was lower in non-caesarean calvings (45·8 v. 49·9 kg). Caesarean births involved more male calves than females (55 v. 45%). Even when calf birth weight was 30 kg or lower, and also in multiparous cows, 40 and 86% of the deliveries, respectively, still occurred with a caesarean section.Incidence of caesarean section could not be accurately predicted from pre-partum characteristics such as pre-partum dam weight, age and parity.
Morphometric and hormonal changes following persistent handling in pregnant blue fox vixens (Alopex lagopus)
Authors: Osadchuk L. V. , Braastad B. O. , Hovland A. L. , Bakken M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractModern, intensive fox breeding implies a human-animal relationship but human contact causes stress in farm-bred blue foxes. Handling is a common part of routine farming practices, particularly during the breeding season. The purpose of this study was to determine how handling influences certain morphometric and hormonal parameters of adrenocortical and ovarian function and fertility in pregnant blue foxes and whether these effects are mediated through an increase in plasma concentrations of cortisol. Blue fox females were subjected to a 1-min daily-handling treatment in the last trimester of pregnancy (term = 52 days). Plasma concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone, as well as thein vitroadrenal and gonadal production of steroids were measured by radio-immuno assay in control (C, no. = 6) and handled (H, no. = 7) vixens on days 47 to 48 of pregnancy. In addition, the number of viable and dead foetuses, body, adrenal and ovarian weights in pregnant foxes and body weights of their viable foetuses were recorded. Handling increased plasma concentration of cortisol (C: 6·8 (s.e. 1·6) ng/ml v. H: 22·8 (s.e. 5·9) ng/ml,P< 0·05) as well asin vitroadrenal production of cortisol. In addition, handling decreased the body (C: 7·40 (s.e. 0·48) kg v. H: 6·24 (s.e. 0·13) kg,P< 0·05) and ovarian (C: 3·45 (s.e. 0·26) g v. H: 2·73 (s.e. 0·17) g,P< 0·05) weights of pregnant vixens and also the body weight of viable foetuses (C: 59·1 (s.e. 0·9) g, no. = 73 v. H: 50·6 (s.e. 1·2) g, no. = 58,P< 0·01). Handling did not cause any changes in adrenal weight, plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol orin vitroovarian steroid production. It is concluded that persistent handling of pregnant blue foxes is a mild stressor, which results in an increase in plasma concentration and adrenal production of cortisol and reduces maternal and foetal body weights.
Severe Long‐Lasting Drought Accelerated Carbon Depletion in the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Lu Chaoqun , Tian Hanqin , Zhang Jien , Yu Zhen , Pan Shufen , Dangal Shree , Zhang Bowen , Yang Jia , Pederson Neil , Hessl Amy 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPaleoclimate records identified a severe drought lasting approximately a decade on the Mongolian Plateau during the 2000s, the severity of which was only exceeded by a single drought during the last two millennia. Under high‐emission scenarios, arid and semiarid areas are projected to continue to experience a drying trend over the coming decades; therefore, understanding how ecosystems respond to long‐lasting drought has global implications. Here we used a process‐based ecosystem model to examine the interannual and intra‐annual variations in net ecosystem productivity in response to climate extremes across the Mongolian Plateau. We find that the recent‐decade drought caused Mongolian terrestrial ecosystems to shift from a carbon (C) sink to a C source, canceling 40% of climate‐induced C accumulation over the entire twentieth century. Our study details a shortened C sequestering season, increased summer C source, and accelerated C depletion during the 2000s drought.
Investigating Smoke Aerosol Emission Coefficients Using MODIS Active Fire and Aerosol Products: A Case Study in the CONUS and Indonesia
Authors: Lu Xiaoman , Zhang Xiaoyang , Li Fangjun , Cochrane Mark A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSmoke aerosols released from biomass burning greatly influence air quality, weather, and climate. The total particulate matter (TPM) of smoke aerosols has been demonstrated to be a linear function of fire radiative energy (FRE) during a period of biomass burning via a smoke aerosol emission coefficient (Ce). However, it remains challenging to quantify Ce appropriately through satellite observations. In this study, an innovative approach was put forward to explore Ce by establishing the relationships between FRE and TPM in two regions, the CONtiguous United States and Indonesia. Specifically, we identified 584 isolated fire clusters and smoke plumes in the CONtiguous United States and 248 in Indonesia using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer natural color images, and then calculated FRE from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer active fire product and TPM from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth product for each fire‐smoke matchup during Terra and Aqua overpasses. The relationships between TPM and FRE were constructed to determine Ce using an ordinary least squares regression. The results show that FRE and TPM are significantly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.63, p < 0.001) with the Ce varying across regions and fuel types. In the CONtiguous United States, forest Ce values are 21.3 and 34.1 g/MJ and savanna Ce values are 18.2 and 22.8 g/MJ for western and eastern regions, respectively; additionally, Ce is 20.9 g/MJ for grasslands and 5.0 g/MJ for shrublands. In Indonesia, Ce is 52.4 and 30.0 g/MJ for peatlands and forests, respectively. Overall, this study improves our understanding of Ce variations with fuel types and climate regions.
The Weddell Gyre, Southern Ocean: Present Knowledge and Future Challenges
Authors: Vernet M. , Geibert W. , Hoppema M. , Brown P. J. , Haas C. , Hellmer H. H. , Jokat W. , Jullion L. , Mazloff M. , Bakker D. C. E. , Brearley J. A. , Croot P. , Hattermann T. , Hauck J. , Hillenbrand C.‐D. , Hoppe C. J. M. , Huhn O. , Koch B. P. , Lechtenfeld O. J. , Meredith M. P. , Naveira Garabato A. C. , Nöthig E.‐M. , Peeken I. , Rutgers van der Loeff M. M. , Schmidtko S. , Schröder M. , Strass V. H. , Torres‐Valdés S. , Verdy A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Weddell Gyre (WG) is one of the main oceanographic features of the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which plays an influential role in global ocean circulation as well as gas exchange with the atmosphere. We review the state‐of‐the art knowledge concerning the WG from an interdisciplinary perspective, uncovering critical aspects needed to understand this system's role in shaping the future evolution of oceanic heat and carbon uptake over the next decades. The main limitations in our knowledge are related to the conditions in this extreme and remote environment, where the polar night, very low air temperatures, and presence of sea ice year‐round hamper field and remotely sensed measurements. We highlight the importance of winter and under‐ice conditions in the southern WG, the role that new technology will play to overcome present‐day sampling limitations, the importance of the WG connectivity to the low‐latitude oceans and atmosphere, and the expected intensification of the WG circulation as the westerly winds intensify. Greater international cooperation is needed to define key sampling locations that can be visited by any research vessel in the region. Existing transects sampled since the 1980s along the Prime Meridian and along an East‐West section at ~62°S should be maintained with regularity to provide answers to the relevant questions. This approach will provide long‐term data to determine trends and will improve representation of processes for regional, Antarctic‐wide, and global modeling efforts—thereby enhancing predictions of the WG in global ocean circulation and climate.
Décollements, Detachments, and Rafts in the Extended Crust of Dangerous Ground, South China Sea: The Role of Inherited Contacts
Authors: Liang Yao , Delescluse Matthias , Qiu Yan , Pubellier Manuel , Chamot‐Rooke Nicolas , Wang Jun , Nie Xie , Watremez Louise , Chang Sung‐Ping , Pichot Thibaud , Savva Dimitri , Meresse Florian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe investigate the crustal structure of the Dangerous Ground (South China Sea) through processing and interpretation of coincident wide‐angle reflection and refraction seismic data. Continental crust of Dangerous Ground has been moderately thinned, down to 15 km, so that most of the structures accompanying the early opening of the South China Sea from Cretaceous to Miocene have been preserved. Subbasement reflectors as well as refraction velocities image an interpreted dismantled Mesozoic metamorphic unit in the southernmost section of our study area. A rollover structure indicates that the reflective base of the unit was used as a décollement where low‐angle normal faults root and blocks rafted. The metamorphic unit is discontinued in a nearby basin located immediately to the north, where the refraction velocity model shows thinning of the crust from 20 to 15 km, with the presence of a 5‐km‐high mantle dome. In this deeper basin, mass transport deposits are found lying on a strong amplitude basement reflector interpreted as the footwall of an ~15 km offset crustal detachment surface that we link down to the mantle dome. We infer that the detachment reactivated an inherited low‐angle contact most probably related to the Yanshanian belt. In map view, the reactivated structure forms a half‐graben basin oriented NNE‐SSW oblique to the generally accepted direction of extension. This orientation follows the general trend of a granitic belt that spanned the South China margin prior to extension, related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific.
The Railroad Switch Effect of Seasonally Reversing Currents on the Bay of Bengal High‐Salinity Core
Authors: Sanchez‐Franks A. , Webber B. G. M. , King B. A. , Vinayachandran P. N. , Matthews A. J. , Sheehan P. M. F. , Behara A. , Neema C. P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Southwest Monsoon Current (SMC) flows eastward from the Arabian Sea into the Bay of Bengal (BoB) during summer, advecting a core of high‐salinity water. This high‐salinity core has been linked with Arabian Sea High‐Salinity Water that is presumed to enter the BoB directly from the Arabian Sea via the SMC. Here we show that the high‐salinity core originates primarily from the western equatorial Indian Ocean, reaching the BoB via the Somali Current, the Equatorial Undercurrent, and the SMC. Years with anomalously saline high‐salinity cores are linked with the East Africa Coastal Current and the Somali Current winter convergence and an anomalously strong Equatorial Undercurrent. Seasonal reversals that occur at the Somali Current and SMC junctions act as railroad switches diverting water masses to different basins in the northern Indian Ocean. Interannual fluctuations of the Equatorial Undercurrent are linked to wind stress and El Niño.
An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming
Authors: Rowell David P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTwo outlying projections of the East African Long Rains suggest the seasonal rainfall may double by the late 21st century. Previous work has linked these extremes—found in the IPSL‐CM5A model—to an exceptional March to May warming of the southern Indian Ocean. The current study shows a strong feedback between sea surface temperature (SST) increases and reduced low‐level cloud cover (with similar behavior in other southern subtropical oceans). An observational constraint is developed by demonstrating a correlation across 28 models between the strength of present‐day interannual SST‐cloud sensitivity and future SST response. Verification of the present‐day sensitivity finds that IPSL‐CM5A's feedbacks are very likely overestimated. It is therefore suggested its projections should be discounted for the March to May southern Indian Ocean and East African Long Rains. This narrows the CMIP5 plausible range of Long Rains totals by a third.
Synthesis of Oceanic Crustal Structure From Two‐Dimensional Seismic Profiles
Authors: Christeson G. L. , Goff J. A. , Reece R. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present a new synthesis of oceanic crustal structure from two‐dimensional seismic profiles to explore differences related to spreading rate and age. Primary results are as follows: (1) Layer 2 has an average thickness of 1.84 km but is thicker for young slow‐spreading crust and thinner for young superfast‐spreading crust. At faster‐spreading rates the layer 2/3 boundary likely corresponds to the lithologic boundary between dikes and gabbros. At slow‐spreading centers, the layer 2/3 boundary is interpreted to mark a change in porosity with depth within the dikes. (2) Total crustal thickness averages 6.15 km and is similar across all spreading rates. (3) Velocities at the top of layer 2 increase rapidly from 3.0 km/s at 0 Ma to 4.6 km/s at 10.5 Ma, with a slower increase to 5.0 km/s at 170 Ma. The rapid increase in velocity at young ages is attributed to crack closure by precipitation of hydrothermal alteration products; the increase at older ages suggests that this process persists as the oceanic crust evolves. (4) There is a correlation between velocities at the top of layer 2 and sediment thickness, with velocities of 5.8–5.9 km/s associated with a sediment thickness of 4.0–4.3 km. The thick sediment may collapse large‐scale features such as lava tubes and fractures. (5) Average velocities at the top of layer 3 are lower for young slow‐spreading and intermediate‐spreading oceanic crust (6.1–6.2 km/s) than for older or faster‐spreading oceanic crust (6.5–6.7 km/s). These low velocities are likely associated with faults penetrating into the sheeted dikes.
DNA methylation signatures of monozygotic twins clinically discordant for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Souren Nicole Y. , Gerdes Lisa A. , Lutsik Pavlo , Gasparoni Gilles , Beltrán Eduardo , Salhab Abdulrahman , Kümpfel Tania , Weichenhan Dieter , Plass Christoph , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Walter Jörn 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a modest concordance rate in monozygotic twins, which strongly argues for involvement of epigenetic factors. We observe highly similar peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based methylomes in 45 MS-discordant monozygotic twins. Nevertheless, we identify seven MS-associated differentially methylated positions (DMPs) of which we validate two, including a region in theTMEM232promoter andZBTB16enhancer. In CD4 + T cells we find an MS-associated differentially methylated region inFIRRE. Additionally, 45 regions show large methylation differences in individual pairs, but they do not clearly associate with MS. Furthermore, we present epigenetic biomarkers for current interferon-beta treatment, and extensive validation shows that theZBTB16DMP is a signature for prior glucocorticoid treatment. Taken together, this study represents an important reference for epigenomic MS studies, identifies new candidate epigenetic markers, and highlights treatment effects and genetic background as major confounders.
Optical backaction-evading measurement of a mechanical oscillator
Authors: Shomroni Itay , Qiu Liu , Malz Daniel , Nunnenkamp Andreas , Kippenberg Tobias J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractQuantum mechanics imposes a limit on the precision of a continuous position measurement of a harmonic oscillator, due to backaction arising from quantum fluctuations in the measurement field. This standard quantum limit can be surpassed by monitoring only one of the two non-commuting quadratures of the motion, known as backaction-evading measurement. This technique has not been implemented using optical interferometers to date. Here we demonstrate, in a cavity optomechanical system operating in the optical domain, a continuous two-tone backaction-evading measurement of a localized gigahertz-frequency mechanical mode of a photonic-crystal nanobeam cryogenically and optomechanically cooled close to the ground state. Employing quantum-limited optical heterodyne detection, we explicitly show the transition from conventional to backaction-evading measurement. We observe up to 0.67 dB (14%) reduction of total measurement noise, thereby demonstrating the viability of backaction-evading measurements in nanomechanical resonators for optical ultrasensitive measurements of motion and force.
Synthetic TRuC receptors engaging the complete T cell receptor for potent anti-tumor response
Authors: Baeuerle Patrick A. , Ding Jian , Patel Ekta , Thorausch Niko , Horton Holly , Gierut Jessica , Scarfo Irene , Choudhary Rashmi , Kiner Olga , Krishnamurthy Janani , Le Bonnie , Morath Anna , Baldeviano G. Christian , Quinn Justin , Tavares Patrick , Wei Qi , Weiler Solly , Maus Marcela V. , Getts Daniel , Schamel Wolfgang W. , Hofmeister Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractT cells expressing CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) reveal high efficacy in the treatment of B cell malignancies. Here, we report that T cell receptor fusion constructs (TRuCs) comprising an antibody-based binding domain fused to T cell receptor (TCR) subunits can effectively reprogram an intact TCR complex to recognize tumor surface antigens. Unlike CARs, TRuCs become a functional component of the TCR complex. TRuC-T cells kill tumor cells as potently as second-generation CAR-T cells, but at significant lower cytokine release and despite the absence of an extra co-stimulatory domain. TRuC-T cells demonstrate potent anti-tumor activity in both liquid and solid tumor xenograft models. In several models, TRuC-T cells are more efficacious than respective CAR-T cells. TRuC-T cells are shown to engage the signaling capacity of the entire TCR complex in an HLA-independent manner.
Capturing single-cell heterogeneity via data fusion improves image-based profiling
Authors: Rohban Mohammad H. , Abbasi Hamdah S. , Singh Shantanu , Carpenter Anne E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSingle-cell resolution technologies warrant computational methods that capture cell heterogeneity while allowing efficient comparisons of populations. Here, we summarize cell populations by adding features’ dispersion and covariances to population averages, in the context of image-based profiling. We find that data fusion is critical for these metrics to improve results over the prior alternatives, providing at least ~20% better performance in predicting a compound’s mechanism of action (MoA) and a gene’s pathway.
Overpressure at the Macondo Well and its impact on the Deepwater Horizon blowout
Authors: Pinkston F. William M. , Flemings Peter B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAt the Macondo well, the overpressure (fluid pressure greater than hydrostatic) in the main reservoir is nearly identical to that within a stratigraphically equivalent sandstone at the Galapagos development 21 miles (34 km) to the south; we interpret that the reservoirs share a permeable, laterally extensive, and hydraulically connected aquifer. At Macondo, pore pressure approximately parallels the overburden stress to a depth of 17,640 ft (5,377 m) subsea and thereafter decreases abruptly by 1,200 psi (8.3 MPa) over 370 ft (113 m) as the main sandstone reservoir is approached. In contrast, at Galapagos, pore pressure increases with the overburden stress for the entire well depth. The pore pressure regression at Macondo was responsible for a reduction in the least principal stress. This, in combination with the extreme pore pressures within overlying strata, drastically narrowed the range of safe operational borehole pressures. These geologic phenomena produced challenging conditions for drilling, prevented successful temporary abandonment of the well, and contributed to the well’s failure.