bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological analysis of 4th grade students’ interests and aptitudes for useful work
Authors: Stonys B. 
Published: January 2019

The article analyses children’s interests and aptitudes for different types of useful work that have formed in the occupational education family and under the effect of primary grades of secondary school. Having used a method of individual discussion with the 4th grade urban (100 students) and rural (50 students) school students, the author of the article presents materials describing an initial psychological preparedness of children at our republic and discloses in part some psychological peculiarities for the formation of occupational interests and aptitudes.
When analyzing the prevailing interests, two types of students were identified: 1) children with expressed interests for different types of mental work, and 2) children with interests for different types of physical work. The majority of children surveyed were attributed to the first type.
Conversations showed that only 28% of 4th grade students systemically perform job assignments within their families (except for learning tasks) or perform them accidently at the order of adults. It is characteristic that children who are not taught useful work within their family are also characterized for poorer academic progress at school.
4th grade students insufficiently perceive and appreciate the significance of adult work. Two-thirds of the children surveyed indicated that adults work only for their personal interest in the satisfaction of family needs.
Insufficiently developed children’s interests and aptitudes for physical work, specific blue-color occupations, show specific shortcomings of occupational education in the family and at school. Together with the identified psychological peculiarities, the author also provides specific pedagogical recommendations for parents and primary grade teachers seeking to improve psychological preparedness for work of the future communism builders.
Linguistic substantiation of learning Russian pronunciation (from work experience by teaching Lithuanian students)
Authors: Plakunova T. 
Published: January 2019

1. When teaching the Russian language to Lithuanian students, it is important not only to develop their skills to correctly pronounce the sounds of Russian, but also to teach them correct writing in Russian.
2. When teaching the literary pronunciation of the Russian language to Lithuanians, it is not advisable to teach them pronounce single separate sounds. Because every sound occupies a certain place in the language system, improvement of correct pronunciation of sounds must rely on comparison of phonetic and phonological systems of the Russian and Lithuanian languages.
3. The method of comparison requires the learner’s conscious control of articulation unconventional to him/her and simultaneous refusal of pronunciation of sounds of own mother tongue when assimilating the sounds of a studied language.
It is especially difficult to control such sounds and sound combinations of a learned language which at first seem to be similar to one’s mother tongue, but actually such “similarity” is only supposed.
4. When teaching Lithuanians to pronounce vowels of the Russian language, attention should be firstly paid to the following aspects:
a) General lax of the organs of speech
b) Qualitative change of Russian vowel sounds in unstressed position and elongation of vowels depending on their position
c) Qualitative promiscuity of vowels, the tendency of stressed Russian vowels to breaking, the influence of the phonetic environment on the quality of vowels (especially on the vowel e)
5. When teaching Lithuanians to pronounce the consonants of the Russian language, the attention should be paid to assimilation of: a) the hushing ш and ж before u and pronunciation of e, also the pronunciation of ш and ж in combinations шё and жё; b) pronunciation of the soft consonants т' and б' , especially before vowels u and e; c) pronunciation of the consonant л before the soft consonants and pronunciation of the soft л‘ before hard consonants; d) pronunciation of the soft consonants at the end of the word, especially of the soft consonant ф‘; e) the character of consonant palatalization before vowels u and e; f ) assimilation of the pronunciation of long consonants, first of all, in morpheme junctions and a consonant with the subsequent compound.
Craftsmen training issues for Lithuania in the middle of the nineteenth century
Authors: Endzinas A. 
Published: January 2019

Vilnius University attached great importance to practical handcrafted and crafts skills training at the educational institutions in the Vilnius School District. Reactionary school regulations made it possible to teach a trade in 1828, but after political events, the suppression of the 1830–1831 uprising, only half of the reactionary provisions were implemented in Lithuania. Handiwork and craftsmanship were not given the attention or special training in these subjects require. This is why only the 21st folk school in the Vilnius School District Governorate taught craftsmanship in the 19th century.
Economic developments in the country, especially in 1860 when Russian exports and imports were moving primarily through Lithuanian lands by land and river, rail and road construction required a larger number of workers with craft work skills. In the absence of craft schools, rural and urban artisans, individuals trained by craftsmen or trained by their parents, the military, or self-taught people filled in the ranks of such workers. Governorate state property agencies tried to get orphans and boys from poor families into craftsmen apprenticeships. A craftsman would take on an apprentice with room and board for free provided the apprentice would learn at his side for a given period. There was a relatively good number of such apprentices learning the trade this way, 357 in the Vilnius Governorate in 1853. Due to long military service, most of the returnees were not able-bodied and couldn't work hard. Furthermore, the skills they'd acquired there were not very diverse.
So what craftsmen demand of them amounted to a line of work they could live with. Pushing poor and landless peasants' children into craftsmanship partly contributed to solving social problems. The 1853 craftsmen regulations also helped. The 19th century writer Motiejus Valančius encouraged learning craftsmanship in "Palangos Juzė" (named for a hotel) and "Paaugusių žmonių knygelė" (The Little Book of Older Folks). He said that young people learning a trade need to let their knowledgeable boss be in charge. But the craft must be chosen with regard to adolescent inclinations. Interest in learning crafts began to grow. Individual apprenticeship training opportunities in master workshops were insufficient to meet demand. The country's economic development required linking the acquisition of practical skills with theoretical preparation.
The perception performance of visual signal stimuli when their density is changing
Authors: Penkauskas A. 
Published: January 2019

The paper was intended to investigate the effectiveness of visual stimuli signal perception while their density field is changing.
The study was performed using the response time measurement method. The density constant in the field of vision and visual field size were changed in the experiment.
The study showed that the perception of effectiveness decreased with increasing visual stimuli signal density, while when the density decreases it increased. Optimum and critical density were identified.
Perception of visual signal stimuli, while changing its density, takes place directly in both grouping and counting.
Motives issues some primary school students have in learning some foreign languages
Authors: Čiurlienė M. 
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the peculiarities of foreign language learning motives of some primary school children.
The survey results show that almost all primary school students who learn foreign languages have quite clearly expressed motives. The school environment helps to form learning motives and can give behavior purposefulness. Nearly two-thirds of primary school students have a negative opinion about foreign language learning.
Psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of The Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES-R)
Authors: Kazlauskas Evaldas , Gailienė Danutė , Domanskaitė-Gota Vėjūnė , Trofimova Jelena 
Published: January 2019

Objective: The impact of Event Scale–Revised is widely used self-report measure for assessment of PTSD symptoms after a variety of traumatic events. The aim of this study was to examined the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised.Method: A non-clinical population sample of 406 young adults participated in the study. All participants were exposed to at least one life-time traumatic event meeting A criteria of PTSD according to DSM-IV. Traumatic experiences were assessed using the list of life-time traumatic experiences.Results: The Lithuanian version of Impact of Event Scale–Revised has a good internal consistency. The coefficient alpha for the instrusion subscale was .88, for avoidance subscale alpha .82, and for hyperarousal subscale alpha .85. The Coefficient alpha for the total of Impact of Event Scale–Revised was .93. Subscale intercorrelations were: Intrusion with Avoidance r = .62, Intrusion with Hyperarousal r = .79, and Avoidance with Hyperarousal r = .60. A series of factor principal component analysis using varimax rotation with forced two-, three- and four- factor solutions was undertaken. The two-factor solution explained 49.1% of variance – comprising two gactors Instruction (including Hyperarousal) and Avoidance. The three-factor solution accounted for 54.8% of the variance consistent with three symptom criteria of PTSD: Intrusion, Hyperarousal and Avoidance. Items 2, 12 and 20 loaded on improper factors; item 7 did not load on any of the factors. The four-factor solution explained 59.5% of the variance, yielding four factors: Hyperarausal, Avoidance, Intrusion and Numbing.Conclusions: The Lithuanian version of Impact of Event Scale–Revised was found to have satisfactory psychometric properties. We conclude that the new self-report means of post-traumatic stress is adapted for useon Lithuanian population. Issues concerning norms of Impact of Event Scale–Revised and the limitations of the present study are discussed.
Peculiarities of health control locus and sense of coherence among adults suffering from chronic diseases
Authors: Petrulytė Ala , Pileckaitė-Markovienė Margarita , Lazdauskas Tomas 
Published: January 2019

The main purpose of this research was to analyse the peculiarities of Health Locus of Control and Sense of Coherence (SOC) among adults suffering from chronic diseases. The survey was held in 2004–05. Among 378 participants aged 20–60 years, 174 had chronic diseases and 204 were healthy. Adults having chronic diseases were on hospital treatment in neurology, nephrology, cardiology and other departments. The survey was held with each participant individually.Methods:1. „Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale“ (MHLC), by K. Wallston (1978).2. „Orientation to Life Questionnaire“, by A. Antonovsky (1987).Hypotheses:1. Adults suffering from chronic diseases have a higher index of external Health Locus of Control and of lower Sense of Coherence than healthy ones.2. The Health Locus of Control is connected with the Sense of Coherence and its three dimensions.The results confirmed both hypotheses. They showed that adults suffering from chronic diseases have a lower Sense of Coherence (p < 0.01) and are inclined to put responsibility for their health on external factors such as Chance (p < 0.01) and Powerful Others (p < 0.01). There was a statistically significant correlation between the Health Locus of Control and Sense of Coherence dimensions and the general level (p < 0.05).The general level of Sense of Coherence is connected with Internality (one of the dimensions of Health Locus of Control) (p < 0.05), and has a negative relation to Chance (p < 0.01) and Powerful Other (p < 0.01).The investigation contributes, both theoretically and practically, to forming the internal Health Locus of Control for adults suffering from chronic diseases, enhancing the inner Sense of Coherence in order to improve health and activate the recovery process. It would be relevant to continue the investigation by analysing subscales of both Health Locus of Control and Sense of Coherence in the context of the disease process, differentiating participants by disease types.
The relationship among sleep quality, sleep-related behaviour and personality traits in older schoolchildren
Authors: Vosylis Rimantas , Perminas Aidas , Žukauskienė Rita 
Published: January 2019

Objectives. Adolescence is a period of various physical, cognitive activities, emotional and social alterations, which need additional bodily resources and naturally good and sufficient sleep for renewing these resources. However, increased requirements in school, new social interests, biological alterations make adolescents’ sleep not sufficiently long and qualitative enough, so achievements at school and the quality of life generally suffer. There are a lot of researches on this topic in foreign countries, but we couldn’t find any in Lithuania. Little research, both in Lithuania and abroad, has been done on personality and sleep quality relations in adolescence and on how personality traits can be related to sleep quality, how this relation can be affected by sleep-related behaviour.Purpose. To evaluate the relationship of personality features to sleep quality and sleep-related behaviour in older schoolchildren. The research involved 88 boys and 124 girls from two Kaunas schools. Methods. A questionnaire was prepared to evaluatesleep quality. It contained 31 questions concerning various sleep quality aspects. Four indices (troubles in falling asleep, night rest satisfaction, daytime fatigue, habit to sleep in the daytime) were selected after a factor analysis. Additionally, 12 questions concerning sleep-related behaviour were asked, from which four indices (use of psychoactive substances, sport, PC games and watching TV, relaxation activity before sleep) were constructed after factor analysis and used in this study. The NEO PI-R questionnaire was used to measure personality traits.Results. In boys and girls, neuroticism is related with the difficulties of falling asleep and less satisfaction with night’s rest independently of sleep-related behaviour. Girls’ openness to experience is related to daytime fatigue, and their extraversion and smaller agreeableness are related with difficulties of falling asleep, but this association is affected by the use of psychoactive substances. Boys’ conscientiousness is related to daytime sleeping, but this relation is affected by engaging in sport activities. Girls’ engagement in the activities that help relax before sleep is related to their higher conscientiousness, higher agreeableness, more frequent difficulties with falling asleep and daytime sleeping. Boys’ extraversion, openness, agreeableness and sleep quality are not related to each other.
Beginning of a psychologist’s professional career: Expectations regarding education
Authors: Lepeškienė Vitalija , Bulotaitė Laima 
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the issue of the expectations of the freshmen psychology students regarding the possible impact of the studies on their personal and professional life. Since students’ subjective expectations were the issue of interest, the Q-methodology was used in the research. Forty-eight students (41 females and 7 males) sorted 48 statements answering the question: “How, in your opinion, your studies will affect your future personal and professional life?” The statements were formulated to create a representative sample of the ideas about the influence of the psychologist’s profession on students’ personality qualities, relationships, skills, values and life in general. The statements were meant to represent influences on four levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal [with a the closest people], professional and interpersonal [with wider social environment]) and three areas – knowledge, skills and values.Forty-eight complete Q-sorts were factor analyzed using Q-method factor analysis program for Q methodology, version 2.11; 40 subjects (83%) defined four factors (groups of students) representing different expectations of the students. The views of the factors were briefly expressed as follows: Group I (4 subjects, 10.0%): knowledge is not the most important thing. I want to better understand myself and to grow;Group II (15 subjects, 37.5%): there is no need for me to change. Most important is to acquire professional skills; Group III (8 subjects, 20.0%): it doesn’t matter what kind of a professional I shall become. Solving my own problems is what really matters; Group IV (13 subjects, 32.5%): respect for a human being is the most important value. Work and personal life have nothing in common. Thus, the research revealed different expectations of the students regarding the influence of the studies. A rather substantial percentage of freshmen students expect the studies to help clarify their motifs, resolve inner contradictions, help in the process of personal growth and change in desired direction. Some students have unrealistic expectations regarding the possibility to separate personal and professional life. In order to help the students meet their expectations, the program of training future psychologists must be reoriented so that the students not only could acquire knowledge and skills, but also expand their self-awareness.
Learning disabilities: Different theoretical approaches and ways of treatment
Authors: Rimkutė E. , Dovydaitienė M. 
Published: January 2019

The article examines some methodological problems of research and treatment of learning disabilities. Analytic and holistic approaches to learning disabilities are introduced. Mainstream academic psychology is currently dominated by the analytic approach, which seeks to reduce complex phenomena to its parts in order to study and understand existing interactions between them. A review of literature reveals, that generally learning disabilities are defined in terms of deficits of various cognitive and language abilities and skills necessary for learning. Most often offered treatment procedures are based on programs that focus on improving deficient skills through repetition of various cognitive exercises. We put special emphasis on holistic approach which is presented through theorizing and the treatment of learning disabilities by French audio-psycho-phonologist Alfred Tomatis. According to A. Tomatis, neither normal nor abnormal behaviour can be understood without relating it to 1) the functioning of the whole organism, and 2) the historical and individual developmental processes. From his point of view, language, as a tool for communication, plays a very important role in the humanization of an individual. Individual personal development also confirms that the need for communication emerges already in the prenatal stage, when the link between foetus and mother is maintained, as the foetus hears from the 5th month of intrauterine life. The desire to communicate is implicit in the realization of human consciousness. Considering learning difficulties which are related with written language A. Tomatis claims that it is communication — primarily listening — disorder. The treatment, proposed by A. Tomatis, consists in teaching a person to use his ear as an apparatus capable of listening. He developed an electronic device called Electronic Ear designed to modify the way in which a subject listened and to help him improve language, learning and communication skills. Practitioners using A. Tomatis method confirm its effectiveness. However, it would be very difficult to evaluate his method through analitical experiments that would satisfy academic psychology, which remains skeptical. To contribute to the progress in understanding and treatment of learning disabilities academic psychology should pay more attention to the ideas approved in practice and to find more flexible ways of detection and evaluation of personal change.
Self-murder and self-murderers in social representations of young Russians: An exploratory study
Authors: Dvoryanchikov Nikolay , Bovina Inna , Vikhristuck Olesya , Berezina Elizaveta , Bannikov Gennady , Konopleva Inga 
Published: January 2019

Premature death caused by self-murder is one of the most serious problems of public health in the world. About one million people disappear for this reason each year, and the further estimations are quite pessimistic. There are no doubts that the current situation is extremely serious and complex; as a result, the importance of the further development and realization of the preventive measures is obvious. Each preventive program in the field of public health should be based on the results of social psychological studies concerning the problem. In the presented paper, we discuss the results of the exploratory study based on the ideas of the social representations theory. The objective of the exploratory study was to analyze the specificity of the social representations of self-murder and self-murderers in two groups of young Russians. A total of 106 subjects (67 females and 39 males) aged 18 to 35 participated in the study. It was supposed that the social representation of self-murder and of self-murderers would be less shared in the group of subjects who have friends or acquaintances among people with self-murder experience (committed self-murder or attempted it); it means that the structure of the social representations would be more complex (the central system would be composed of more elements that correspond to different themes on self-murder), whereas, the social representation of self-murder and of self-murderers in the group of subjects who have no friends or acquaintances with self-murder experience (committed self-murder or attempted it) would be more shared (the central system would consist of less themes) and less complex. The different themes that form the social representations of self-murder and of self-murderers in two groups were revealed. The suppositions got empirical support.
Adolescent Mental Health and the Choking Game
Authors: Michel Grégory , Garcia Mathieu , Aubron Valérie , Bernadet Sabrina , Salla Julie , Purper-Ouakil Diane 
Published: January 2019

OBJECTIVES:
To examine the demographic and health risk factors associated with participation in the choking game (CG), a dangerous and potentially fatal strangulation activity in which pressure is applied to the carotid artery to temporarily limit blood flow and oxygen.

METHODS:
We obtained data from 2 cross-sectional studies realized respectively in 2009 and 2013 among French middle school students. The 2009 (n = 746) and 2013 (n = 1025) data sets were merged (N = 1771), and multivariate modeling was conducted to examine demographic and clinical characteristics of youth reporting a lifetime participation in the CG. The 2 studies included questions about risk-taking behaviors and substance use, and standardized assessments were used to collect conduct disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms.

RESULTS:
In the merged 2009 and 2013 data set, the lifetime prevalence of CG participation was 9.7%, with no statistically significant differences between boys and girls. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that higher levels of conduct disorder symptoms (odds ratio: 2.33; P &lt; .001) and greater rates of depressive symptoms (odds ratio: 2.18; P &lt; .001) were both significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting CG participation.

CONCLUSIONS:
The significant relationship between elevated levels of depressive symptoms and participation in the CG sheds new light on the function of self-asphyxial activities. However, with the finding that higher rates of conduct disorder symptoms were the most important predictor of CG participation, it is suggested that the profile and the underlying motivations of youth who engage in this activity should be reexamined.