bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Thermal Pollution on the Egg Survival of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus Clupeaformis [Mitchill])
Authors: Ash Gary R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Lake Wabamun, located approximately 64 km west of Edmonton, Alberta, has two thermal electric generating stations situated upon it which utilize lake water for cooling purposes. The fishery for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis [Mitchill]) in the lake is important due to its high commercial and sport value. Since lake whitefish eggs require low temperatures throughout the winter for successful incubation, and since the major spawning area in the lake is located across a small bay from one of the power plants, it was feared that the heated water discharge would reduce lake whitefish egg survival on the spawning grounds. Since the whitefish are subject to heavy fishing pressure in the lake, it was thought that such a reduction in egg survival might cause a gradual reduction in the whitefish population.
During preliminary fishery investigation in the lake it was discovered that large numbers of lake whitefish were spawning on an organic ooze substrate in the heated area.
To determine the survival of eggs spawned on the ooze substrate in one of the heated areas , and also on the major spawning grounds (a rock and sand shoal), fertilized lake whitefish eggs were incubated in situ in enclosed trays in these areas and at control sites located in the portion of the lake not influenced by the power plants. The effects of substrate type, water temperature, and siltation on egg survival and their relation to the heated water discharge areas are discussed.
Polyelectrolytes in Wastewater Treatment the Settleability of Iron Precipitated Phosphorus Flocs
Authors: Bancsi J.J. , Benedek A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents fundamental data on the settling of the iron phosphate precipitate in the presence and the absence of polyelectrolytes. Supernatant “equilibrium” phosphorus concentrations are also examined. Tests were conducted with model phosphate solutions in a modified jar test apparatus. The results show that adequate phosphorus removal (greater than 90%) required a minimum molar iron to phosphorus ratio of 1.5. The settling rate of iron phosphate flocs is such that complete settling in clarifiers operated at overflow rates of 600-800 igpd/ft2 cannot be ensured. The addition of a polyelectrolyte increases settling rate at least 5 fold. Phosphorus removal was less effective in the presence of condensed phosphates. Both ultimate phosphorus removal and settling rates were adversely affected by the presence of SO4= ions. An equation is developed to predict the maximum permissible iron dosage for a given initial solution alkalinity.
Biological Consequences in Streams of Aerial Spraying with Fenitrothion Against Spruce Budworm in New Brunswick
Authors: Hall H.A. , Eidt D.C. , Symons P.E.K. , Banks D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effects of the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion in streams in New Brunswick from operational spraying against spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), have been investigated for four years. A number of streams have been studied and several agencies have documented insecticide concentrations in streams, effects of the insecticide on benthos drift and mortality, changes in benthos standing crop, and changes in fish populations, biomass, and growth.
The concentration of fenitrothion found in streams immediately following forest spraying by aircraft varies greatly and is influenced by spray regime, weather conditions, forest cover, and water depth. At application rates of 210 g/ha or two applications of 140 g/ha, fenitrothion concentrations in streams with one exception were less than 15 ppb. Concentrations in streams usually peaked within the first hour following spray application and diminished to less than 1.0 ppb within 24 to 48 hrs. Insecticide applications at 210 g/ha have resulted in measurable concentrations of fenitrothion in streams as far as 4.0 km from the area of application.
Using nets, sharply increased numbers of drifting Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera were measured in several streams that had peak fenitrothion concentrations up to 7 .6 ppb, following operational sprays over all or part of the drainage basins.
Benthic sampling in one stream sprayed with fenitrothion in 1971, 1972, and 1973, but not in 1974, indicated a substantial decline in benthos between 1971 and 1972, and that recovery had not occurred by 1974. Kill of arthropods in another stream, containing a peak fenitrothion concentration of 6.38 ppb, was measured using drift nets. The stoneflies Leuctra spp. , Amphinemoura spp., and the mayflies, Baetis spp. were most strongly affected, although benthos sampling did not indicate a decline in numbers.
Field studies in three sprayed streams suggested that early summer increases in fish biomass may be slowed by the spray program. In field and laboratory experiments, extreme doses were necessary to affect fish behaviour and survival. Evidence indicates that at worst the forest spray program in New Brunswick may sometimes reduce normal summer increases in fish biomass through a reduction in fish-food organisms.
It is concluded that in streams the consequences of spruce budworm spraying with fenitrothion by the methods and rates studied in New Brunswick are environmentally tolerable.
A Quantitative Study of Nitrogen Loss From Water of a Small, Spring-Fed Stream
Authors: Kaushik N.K. , Robinson J.B. , Sain P. , Whiteley H.R. , Stammers W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
With a view to determining nitrogen sink processes, if any, in streams and the factors that govern these processes, nitrogen transport was studied in a 2 km-long, perennial, spring-fed stream during the summer months of 1973 and 1974. Concentrations of ammonium, nitrite and Kjeldahl nitrogen were small but those of nitrate nitrogen were unusually high. However, as the water moved downstream it progressively lost nitrate N. This loss represented 59.4% and 46.7% of the respective inputs during 1973 and 1974. The decrease in the concentration of nitrate N could neither be attributed to dilution nor to nitrogen immobilization during decomposition of organic matter nor to the uptake by aquatic macrophytes. Laboratory experiment showed that the stream sediments have significant, capacity for denitrification of nitrate in water overlying them, even when the water is thoroughly oxygenated. Although the role of riparian plants in the uptake of nitrogen has not been fully elucidated, it seems that denitrification in the stream sediment may act as an important permanent nitrogen sink.
The Effects of Chronic Cyanide Poisoning on the Tolerance of Rainbow Trout to Varying Salinity
Authors: Leduc Gérard , Chan Kenneth K.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effects of cyanide on iono- and osmoregulation are soon established and last long after the period of exposure to the toxicant is over. The effects are of the order of 4 to 8 percent changes in blood plasma osmolality and chloride ions, changes which are indicative of serious physiological impairment, having costly energetic implications. The deleterious effects of cyanide were detected at concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/l HCN in water of pH 7.5.
Juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were first exposed to various concentrations of cyanide ranging from 0.01 to 0.037 mg/1 HCN for 28 days in fresh water in flow-through aquaria at 10?C. After this exposure period the fish together with untreated fresh water controls were transferred into 18.9 ppt salt water for 260 hours during which blood plasma osmolality and chloride were monitored. By the end of the salinity tolerance tests the poisoned fish had experienced greater loss of water than the controls but no change of chloride were observed. Upon return to fresh water for 100 hours all the fish lost chloride ions, the effect being much greater in the cyanide exposed fish. When the fish were first adapted to salt water then transferred to fresh water cyanide they also experienced loss of chloride and dilution of plasma greater than the controls did.
Colour and Heavy Metal Removal From Dyebath Effluents by Lime Precipitation
Authors: Netzer A. , Beszedits S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Effluents from textile mills, carpet and hat dyeing operations create some of the worst industrial pollution. Not only are these discharges characterized by the presence of obnoxious and persistent colours, but they also contain high concentrations of dissolved organics and considerable amounts of such heavy metals as Zn, Cr, Hg, Pb, Cu and Co. An effective and economical reduction in the colour intensity and heavy metals concentration of these wastes can often be achieved with lime precipitation.
Ten different dyebath effluents from various dyeing operations were treated with both massive lime dosages as well as controlled lime dosages to study the effect of pH upon decolourization and the removal of soluble organics and heavy metals. Colour intensity was evaluated by a novel approach proposed recently by the American Dye Manufacturers' Institute.
The results indicate that all free heavy metals present in these wastewaters can be removed virtually 100% by lime precipitation. In some cases, excellent colour and good TOC removals were attained as well. Therefore, very often, but not always, treatment of dyebath effluents with lime can achieve a substantial degree of purification.
Effect of Wheat Starch Plant Waste on Biological Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Rosehart R.G. , Chu R. , Breeze R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An activated sludge pilot plant has been operated on a feed consisting of mixtures of domestic and starch plant wastes. The effects of the industrial waste addition on the performance of the biological treatment system have been monitored. Results indicate that the optimal plant performance is obtained with a 1% (V/V) starch waste addition to domestic sewage. It was observed that the addition of the starch plant effluent improved the efficiency of BOD5 removal and also improved settling characteristics of the activated sludge. A shock loading did not affect the plant performance.
The results of the study indicate that it is feasible to combine the treatment of municipal sewage and wheat starch waste in a biological treatment process.
Biological and Physical-Chemical Treatment of Leachate From Sanitary Landfills
Authors: Spencer G.S. , Farquhar G.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This research was undertaken to study the treatability of leachate from sanitary landfills using aerobic biological processes and physical-chemical treatment methods. Treatment for polishing effluents from aerobic biological systems was also evaluated.
To ensure uniform characteristics throughout these treatability studies, leachate was collected from a laboratory lysimeter in the Water Resources Laboratory at the University of Waterloo.
The effectiveness of aerobic biological treatment was investigated using both batch and continuous flow bench-scale reactors for COD concentrations in the range of 8000 to 12000 mg/l. Removal of COD efficiencies greater than 95% was achieved. The mean hydraulic residence time was of the order of 10 days and mixed liquor suspended solids ranged from 2500 to 5500 mg/1. Phosphorus was found to be deficient and supplements were required to promote sludge growth. Design parameters were developed to model process performance and unit costs were estimated for a range of flow rates and influent COD concentrations.
Physical-chemical treatment studies were performed using a conventional jar test apparatus. Lime and alum were found to be ineffective in treating raw leachate. Lime, used in conjunction with polyelectrolyte coagulant aids, was effective for removal of suspended solids from the effluents of the biological reactor.
Activated carbon adsorption was evaluated as a tertiary process for polishing biological effluents and was shown to be effective for removing residual concentrations of COD, colour, suspended solids and trace concentrations of metallic ions.
Removal of Soluble Phosphates From Water
Authors: Wan Chia-Su , Adelman Maurice 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chemical treatment using ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate in combination with calcium hydroxide has been studied for the purpose of removing phosphorus from ortho-phosphate, ortho-and pyro-phosphate and ortho- pyro- and tripoly-phosphate solutions in the pH range 7.5 to 9.5.
The data showed that pyro- and tripoly-phosphate could be more easily removed than ortho-phosphate in the experimental pH range. The data also showed that the combination of ferric chloride and calcium hydroxide had better settling ability than the combination of aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide.
With a molar ratio of 1:1 between iron or aluminum and phosphorus as ortho-phosphate and 150 mg/1 of calcium hydroxide, a supernatant of about 1 mg/1 P was obtained from a phosphorus solution of 10 mg/1 P as ortho-phosphate, 4 mg/1 P as pyro-phosphate and 6 mg/1 P as tripoly-phosphate near pH 9. After filtration through a sand column, the residual phosphorus was reduced to about 0.6 mg/1 P. The residual phosphorus could be further reduced to less than 0.2 mg/l P during the first eight hours and about 0.3 mg/1 P even after 24 hours by using a mixed column of sand and soil to replace the sand column.
Computer Simulation of P Removal From Wastewater Using Lime
Authors: Witteman J.P. , Kramer J.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A simplistic equilibrium, computer model was devised to simulate the removal of orthophosphates from wastewater. Data from laboratory experiments were tested in the model to determine the apparent solubility constants (activity products) of calcite, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and brucite. It was found that the degree of supersaturation of hydroxyapatite was between 15 to 20 orders of magnitude dependent on the aqueous species included in the calculations. The pK values for different sets of data showed the mean activity products ranging from 95 to 102.5, standard deviations 2.0 to 5.0. The inclusion of aqueous ion complexes Ca2.HPO4.Co30 and Ca2.PO4.CO3− when calculating the apparent activity products results in a pK value of 102.5 which does not vary with pH or the presence of magnesium. The pK mean of beta tricalcium phosphate was 26.8 which compared favourably with the pK of 27.0 quoted in the literature. When hydroxyapatite precipitated, there was a minimum residual phosphate between pH 8.5-9.0, followed by an increase of phosphates in solution due to calcium being removed by the precipitation of calcite. Beyond pH 10, the phosphate concentration in solution decreased as there was an increase in the precipitation of hydroxyapatite. The use of apparent activity products compared to literature solubility products results in 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater phosphate residuals in solution.
Toxicity of Oil Sands Plant Wastewaters and Associated Organic Contaminants
Authors: Hrudey S.E. , Sergy G.A. , Thackeray T. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Acute toxicity testing using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) was conducted on two wastewater streams from an oil sands extraction and upgrading plant. The main effluent stream from the upgrading plant was non-acutely toxic in flow-through bioassay while the construction drainage from the tailings pond dyke was acutely lethal in static bioassay with an extrapolated LC50 of 11% (by volume). With no obvious toxicant present, trace organic analysis was undertaken based on the high indeterminate organic carbon content of the sample. Analysis by GC-MS of the sample was able to identify four compounds: 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, (BHT); di-n-butyl phthalate, (DBP); bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, (BEHA); and bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, (BEHP). Toxicity testing of the compounds required the evaluation of various schemes for the preparation of the test mixtures. Direct emulsion of the test compounds in water was ultimately adopted. Ninety-six hour static bioassays with rainbow trout indicated LC50 values of 540 mg/l for BEHP, 3 mg/l for BHT, 1.2 mg/l for DBP, and an approximate range of 54–110 mg/l for BEHA. Loss of emulsified components from the test mixture during the bioassays suggested that calculated LC50 values likely underestimate the actual toxicity of the compounds. The contribution by BEHA and BEHP to the whole effluent toxicity was likely minor while BHT and DBP indicated sufficient acute lethal toxicity to warrant further consideration. The feasibility of trace organic analysis and component toxicity testing as a means for conducting longer term research on oil sands wastewaters was demonstrated.
Treatment of Dyebath Effluents by Polymeric Resin Adsorbents and Ion-Exchange Resins
Authors: Netzer A. , Beszedits S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Exhausted dyebath effluents were collected from various textile mills. The samples were characterized by high levels of TOC, COD, colour and various heavy metals, most notably copper, zinc and chromium. Contacting these wastewater samples with polymeric adsorbent and ion-exchange resins indicated that very of ten excellent treatment results can be obtained. Removal of TOC by the adsorbent resins varied from about 15 to 65%, while COD removals ranged from 15 to 85%. The ion-exchange resins seldom provided significant TOC or COD removal. Zinc was not only present in the highest concentrations, but was also the most difficult to remove. Most importantly, for virtually every effluent there was at least one adsorbent or ion-exchange resin which was capable of attaining almost 100% decolourization.
The Effects of pH on Lake Water Chemistry and Phytoplankton in a LaCloche Mountain Lake
Authors: Yan N.D. , Stokes P.M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Some LaCloche Mountain Lakes and other soft water Shield lakes in the vicinity of Killarney Provincial Park (some 50–310 km south west of Sudbury, Ontario) have for the last decade been the subject of research on lake acidification. Acid precipitation (mainly from sulphur oxides) and lake waters of low buffering capacity apparently compound the problem. Typical pH values for such lakes range from 6.0–6.5, but pH values over the range 3.8–5.0 are not now uncommon. Loss of fish populations especially as a result of reproductive failure and changes in Zooplankton species composition have accompanied the lowering of pH which has occurred rapidly over the last two decades.
The present study was on Carlyle Lake (Killarney Provincial Park) during the spring, summer, fall and winter of 1974–75. The pH values of water in cylinders floating in the lake were maintained at 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.5 respectively, for periods of six weeks, by additions of sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide. Phytoplankton biomass was estimated by utermöhl technique, species identified and quantified at regular intervals during experiments.
Maximum algal biomass in the cylinders occurred at pH 5.0 (close to the present pH of the lake). All major taxa had biomass maxima close to pH 5.0, with the exception of Cryptomonas ovata Ehrenberg, Chroomonas caudata Geit and Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemm. which had maxima at pH 4.0.
A preliminary comparison between the species composition and diversity of phytoplankton populations in LaCloche Lakes and in recently acidified lakes in similar geological rock basins in Western Europe is made.
A Standard Primary Toxicity Bioassay Using Daphnia Magna as a Test Species
Authors: Behie L.A. , Zajic J.E. , Berk D. , Brouzes R.J.P. , Naish V.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although Daphnia magna have been widely used in the determination of the toxicity of various substances, there are no reports in the literature that describe a rigorous bioassay method using this organism as a test species. The test described herein involves the standariza-tion of various important aspects of the method such as the age of the test organisms, and the dilution water used for the preparation of the various toxicant concentrations. Also described is a simple method for the statistical analysis of the results. The sensitivity of the proposed bioassay is demonstrated by determining the toxicity of various pulp and paper effluents. Finally, extensive bioassays were carried out simultaneously with rainbow trout and Daphnia magna indicating that Daphnia are as good a biological indicator of acute toxicity as fish.
Experimental Studies of Sedimentation Basin Dynamics
Authors: Cordoba-Molina J.F. , Silveston P.L. , Hudgins R. R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A simple Flow Model is proposed to describe the dynamic response of sedimentation basins. The response predicted by this model is linear as opposed to the real response of the basin which is nonlinear. However, the real response of the basin is highly correlated with its densimetric Froude number, and as a consequence our linear model effectively predicts the response of the basin in a restricted densimetric Froude Number range. Our experiments show that the response of the basin becomes more sluggish and erratic as the densimetric Froude number decreases.
Methylation du plomb en milieu aquatique
Authors: Dumas J.-P. , Pazdernik LeRoy , Belloncik S. , Bouchard D. , Vaillancourt G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Une équipe du Centre Canadien des Eaux Intérieures publia en janvier 1975, un article dans lequel ils font mention de la synthèse de Me4Pb à partir de sédiments provenant des Grands-Lacs et de Pb (NO3)2 De plus, ils affirment que des cultures bactériennes isolées des sédiments, et ensemencées sur un bouillon nutritif additionné de Me3PbAc, donnent dans tous les cas du Me4Pb. La méthylation selon eux, serait biologique. Suite à ces résultats, une équipe anglaise publie en mai, 1975, un article dans lequel ils affirment que des échantillons de sédiments provenant des îles britanniques, additionnés de Pb(NO3)2 ne donnent en aucun cas du tétraméthyl. Par contre, le remplacement du Pb(NO3)2 par du Me3PbAc donnait dans tous les cas du Me4Pb. Voulant aller plus loin, ils avançaient l’hypothèse que la transformation du triméthyl acétate en tétraméthyl était une réaction chimique catalysée par des ions sulfures. Nous avons donc voulu vérifier les assertions de ces deux équipes et nous avons pu observer que des bactéries de quelques échantillons de sédiments provenant du fleuve Saint-Laurent: a) dégagent des sulfures qui catalysent la disproportionation de Me3Pb+ en Me4Pb; b) transforment le plomb ionique en Me4 Pb via Me3Pb+. Comme le plomb ionique ne peut être méthylé par la méthyl-cobalamine et que le Me2Pb++ une fois formé peut, par disproportionnation, donner finalement du Me4Pb, nous devons conclure que la fixation des 2 premiers groupes méthyles sur l’ion Pb++ doit se faire par un mécanisme biologique qui est actuellement inconnu.
Formulation and Testing of a New Water Quality Index
Authors: Ibbotson B. , Adams B.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The necessity of protecting our environment has promoted the development of new ways to communicate environmental information to both policy makers and the general public. In response to an increased interest in environmental indices, this paper forwards a new formulation which translates water quality parameter values into simple numerical results which can then be summed to give water quality index scores. The mechanism uses the matrix format to organize and display results with water quality parameters on one axis and common water activities on the other. The mechanism's task is then to assess the suitability of each parameter to each activity, and subsequently, to render the results into simple scores. The index can be applied to any situation in which water quality is a consideration. Its applicability lies in its offering to the perspective user the opportunity to calibrate the index to the needs of a specific situation.
The procedure offers a systematic approach that is highly flexible and that generates results which are easily understood. The principal reasons for developing this index mechanism are to enable presentation of a simplified measure of water quality and to augment expert assessment of raw water quality data, not to supplant this important aspect of water quality management.