bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8.5 Source of Protein Supplementation for Various Forages
Authors: Smith T. , Broster W. H. , Siviter J. W. 
Published: June 2019

To make the best use of forages, it is necessary to consider the need for, and source of, nitrogen supplementation of the diet. This paper describes a study of the use of spring barley straw and other forages in the diet of the dairy heifer between 9-18 months of age, 200-300 kg live weight and required to grow at 0.5-0.7 kg per day. In the feeding trials, fixed amounts of the diets were fed.In the first series of experiments, it was demonstrated that spring barley straw could supply up to 70% of the dry matter (DM) intake in mixed straw:concentrate diets when an adequate protein content was supplied. Thus, when fish meal was added, the required growth rates were obtained, as demonstrated in Figure 8.5.1 (Smith, Broster and Siviter, 1980), comparing favourably with estimates of energy requirements for growth (MAFF, 1975). With low straw (< 50%) diets, the response to fish meal was less.
Meeting consumer demands for milk and identifying research priorities
Authors: Leaver J. D. , Flores J. Santos , Anderson S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe demand for dairy products is rising steeply in developing countries with increasing per capita incomes, in particular in Asia and Latin America. In contrast consumption is relatively static in developed countries. Only about 6% of global milk production is traded with the European Union (EU) being the major exporter, followed by New Zealand and Australia.A conceptual model of driving force, state and response (DSR) is used to describe the dynamic in which research agendas have to be set within the milk production and consumption environment. Two countries with contrasting dairy industries, Mexico and the United Kingdom (UK) are discussed in relation to the DSR model and the implications for their research agendas. Mexico is a large importer of milk powder and has a milk production industry which consists of predominantly small- to medium-sized farms in a range of climatic regions, with poor farmer to consumer infrastructure. The UK has a well developed industry from farmer to consumer but has problems of milk quota restrictions, declining subsidies and the impact of BSE. Consumer demand in Mexico is in general for more dairy products at competitive prices, whereas in the UK, consumer demand is declining and there is a greater emphasis on food safety, animal welfare and environmental implications of dairying. Consequently the research agendas for the two countries have to be different.In both countries, researchers dominate the research agendas, having a substantial influence on research priorities and the topics and modes of research. If the problems relating to the milk production and consumption environment are to be addressed, the relevant stakeholders within the DSR model need to be participants in setting research agendas. This should lead to less inappropriate research being carried out and to improved adoption pathways. Participatory approaches to research agendas involve stakeholders both in the prioritization of research and in its implementation.
Livestock and their interaction with the environment: an overview
Authors: Steinfeld H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper draws on a recent multi-donor study on livestock and the environment and highlights how its findings might impact on research agendas worldwide. The soaring demand for meat and milk puts great pressure on the global natural resource base. About one-quarter of the world's total land area is used for grazing livestock. In addition, about one-fifth of the world's arable land is used for growing cereals for livestock food. Livestock production is the world's largest land user and may soon he its most important agricultural activity in terms of economic output. Livestock produce 13 billion tons of waste each year. A large part of this is recycled but, where animal concentrations are high, waste poses an environmental hazard. Water, already scarce in many parts of the world, is required not only for animals' drinking but also to grow food crops and for waste disposal. Pollution of land and water is another concern as is the impact by livestock, directly or indirectly, on biodiversity. Greenhouse gases from livestock and livestock waste contribute to global warming.The paper provides an overview of critical livestock environment interactions, so-called hotspots, notably the overgrazing/degradation issue, deforestation, the ‘involution’ of mixed farming systems and the waste problem in areas of high animal concentrations. Measures that tackle only the superficial effects of environmental damage will never be as effective as a policy which attacks the underlying causes. Those causes are often deeply entrenched in what has become an almost universal fact: those who gain benefits from over-exploitation and degradation of the environment have not paid the full cost. Incorporating the environmental cost into the price of livestock products is critical to achieving sustainable development. The technological opportunities, and, therefore, the scope, for increasing livestock production, while simultaneously reducing the use of natural resources per unit of product, are enormous. Research needs to be channelled to reflect real scarcities of natural resources while respecting the need to maintain and improve livelihoods.
The consumer, the citizen and animal welfare
Authors: Layton R. , Bonney R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn answer to the question ‘who writes the rules?’ relative to animal welfare the only accurate answer there can be is that the animal writes the rules. However in deciding the current animal welfare standards adopted by society the consumer plays a key rôle as the retail market is constantly working to meet the consumer's concerns. The consumer has a real, if often uninformed, concern regarding animal welfare. Animal welfare science clearly demonstrates that current systems are often at odds with the needs of animals. Ethical sectors of the food chain will put in place systems which reflect knowledge of animal welfare science as far as is currently possible and not merely the consumer perception in this area. The ability to deliver good animal welfare depends upon the willingness of the food chain to provide and the consumer to pay. The development of assurance schemes which truly address animal welfare science, translated into accurate labelling and backed by an awareness programme will make it easy for consumers to take the responsibility which, as citizens, they wish to do. We will then have an accurate picture of society's concerns to which the food chain can respond.
Long-term changes in some benthic species in the Firth of Clyde, with particular reference to Tellina tenuis da Costa
Authors: Barnett P. R. O. , Watson J. 
Published: June 2019

SynopisPresent knowledge of long-term changes in benthic species in the Firth of Clyde is reviewed.Recent work on the annual variations in seasonal cycles of the sand-dwelling bivalve Tellina tenuis da Costa shows some correlations with natural and man-made variations in seawater temperature. Between 1973 and 1984 inclusive good settlements of young occurred on the two beaches examined in the autumns of years when higher mean seawater temperatures occurred in June and July. The implications are discussed in relation to cycles of climatic change. In general, settlements at Hunterston, a thermally enriched area, were considerably greater than at Kames Bay, a site affected only by natural temperature changes. However, T. tenuis at Kames Bay grew to much larger maximum sizes than at Hunterston, except in 1979, when Hunterston animals were larger. The possible interactions of food availability and the modifying effects of heated discharges are discussed.Earlier results by Dr A. C. Stephen between 1926 and 1951 are reassessed in the light of present knowledge.
Clyde Nephrops: biology and fisheries
Authors: Bailey N. , Howard F. G. , Chapman C. J. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe fishery for Norway lobsters Nephrops norvegicus began in the 1950s and has since become one of the most valuable assets of the Clyde Sea Area. Landings of Nephrops reached a peak of 26001 in 1972. Following a decline in landings up to 1975 there has been a further increase to over 45001 in 1983, valued at £4–5 million. Most of the landings are made by inshore trawlers working from Ayr, Troon, Girvan, Largs, Campbeltown and Tarbert. Recently a small creel fishery has developed in some sea lochs. The abundance of the stock appears to have been maintained; landings per unit of fishing effort have fluctuated without any obvious trend.Since September, 1979. several aspects of the biology of Nephrops have been studied in an area south of the Little Cumbrae at the north end of the east Arran Basin. Data are presented on the density, size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology and feeding of Nephrops in this area. The results are compared with those obtained for other Nephrops populations, revealing some unusual features of Clyde Nephrops. In the Clyde, densities were lower than in a number of other areas, while growth rate was much higher and animals grew to larger sizes. Sexual maturity was attained at a larger size in Clyde Nephrops and studies of ovary development revealed that considerable numbers of large females did not reproduce annually, in contrast to some other areas. Recent observations suggest that the biological characteristics of Nephrops populations in an area may be influenced by features of the local physical environment such as the particle size distribution and organic carbon content of the sediment. Differences between Clyde Nephrops and those from other areas are discussed in relation to this.
Contemporary Alternative Systems for Laying Fowls: Production Data and Behavioural Findings
Authors: Gibson S.W. , Dun P. , Hogarth G. , Anderson J.A. , Whittemore C.T. , Hughes B.O. 
Published: June 2019

Over 95% of laying fowls in the UK are now housed in conventional battery cages. In recent years the general public and more specifically an Agricultural Committee on Animal Welfare in Poultry (1981) have raised doubts concerning the welfare of hens maintained this way and have called for further studies on alternative systems.Consequently investigations into three alternatives to battery cages have been initiated: a range and covered strawyard system at The West of Scotland Agricultural College and a modified deep litter system at The East of Scotland College of Agriculture. The main objective of these investigations is to determine the practical feasibility and welfare consequences of the respective systems as alternatives to cages for keeping laying fowls. As well as recording productivity, the behavioural activities and distribution of wing-tagged birds have been monitored within the flocks of both the strawyard and deep litter systems. In all three studies ISA Brown layers were used and compared with sister stock housed in cages.
A Comparison of two Upland Systems of Management for a breeding herd of Red Deer
Authors: Hamilton W. J. , Maxwell T.J. 
Published: June 2019

A study was initiated to explore the possibility of farming red deer more intensively on upland sown pastures. It was recognised that economic viability would depend not only upon high levels of animal performance but also on low winter feed costs; the study was concerned essentially therefore In comparing two different wintering systems.Recognised that economic viability would depend not only upon high levels of animal performance but also on low winter feed costs; the study was concerned essentially therefore In comparing two different wintering systems.Two groups of 34 hinds each were kept on two systems of management which differed In two respects, for a period of two years. Both groups were grazed at 10 hinds per hectare on sown upland pasture from mid May; calving took place In late May and June. A proportion of the grazed area was used for conservation in the early summer. However, one group of hinds, System A, was mated (October) and then wintered on a heather dominant hill pasture of approximately 11 hectares. The second group of hinds, (System B), was mated on Its sown pasture area and then wintered in a small paddock where it was fed daily.Liveweight loss during the winter in both herds was controlled where necessary by feeding additional hay and concentrate as required to achieve a liveweight of 80.0 kg by the end of March.
The ability of lambs to recover from a period of underfeeding
Authors: Cropper M. , Lloyd M. , Emmans G.C. , Hinks C. 
Published: June 2019

Growing lambs are frequently subject to varying planes of nutrition. Knowledge of the response of lambs to the restoration of non-limiting feeding conditions following a period of feed restriction is necessary in order to determine economic systems for finishing lambs.Thirty Blackface wether lambs (birth weight 3.8 kg s.d. 0.38 kg) were treated in two ways from birth to 25 kg live weight (LW). One half were reared by well-fed ewes at grass (treatment UR). The other lambs sucked poorly-fed ewes up to weaning at 18.2 kg LW (s.d. 1.9); thereafter R lambs were given 700 g/day of a high quality pelleted feed (F) to 25 kg LW. Feed F contained 158 g crude protein/kg dry matter (DM) and had an estimated metabolisable energy yield of 12.5 MJ/kg DM.From 25kg LW both UR and R lambs had ad libitum access to feed F to a final LW of 45 kg unless slaughtered earlier. The feed intakes and LW of individual sheep were measured weekly. Six lambs from each treatment were slaughtered at 25 kg LW in order to assess the effect of treatment on body composition. Three lambs from each treatment were subsequently slaughtered at 35 kg, 40 kg and 45 kg LW. Weights of gut-fill and organs were recorded and the cold carcass (CC) dissected into lean, bone and fat.
II. Le vin du « Layon »
Authors: Wagret Paul , le Theule Joël 
Published: June 2019

Parmi les vins d'Anjou, le « Layon » a acquis une réputation qui dépasse le cadre de la province. Ce vin « comparable au Sauternes, de 12 à 13°, titrant 60 à 80 g. de sucre, d'une teinte or vert », a une saveur qui se prolonge en s'affinant dans le palais, « saveur de miel ou de coing ». C'est le produit paradoxal en apparence d'un de ces vignobles d'exception « où la vigne est près de sortir de son domaine naturel », où le travail est un art et a donné naissance à un milieu social particulier.Certes, pour aider à la création de ce vignoble d'exception, il a fallu que la géographie collabore : elle apportait des conditions privilégiées, quand on pense que la vigne ne réussit plus guère à une trentaine de kilomètres plus au Nord.
Artificial Intelligence and International Security: The Long View
Authors: Gill Amandeep Singh 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHow will emerging autonomous and intelligent systems affect the international landscape of power and coercion two decades from now? Will the world see a new set of artificial intelligence (AI) hegemons just as it saw a handful of nuclear powers for most of the twentieth century? Will autonomous weapon systems make conflict more likely or will states find ways to control proliferation and build deterrence, as they have done (fitfully) with nuclear weapons? And importantly, will multilateral forums find ways to engage the technology holders, states as well as industry, in norm setting and other forms of controlling the competition? The answers to these questions lie not only in the scope and spread of military applications of AI technologies but also in how pervasive their civilian applications will be. Just as civil nuclear energy and peaceful uses of outer space have cut into and often shaped discussions on nuclear weapons and missiles, the burgeoning uses of AI in consumer products and services, health, education, and public infrastructure will shape views on norm setting and arms control. New mechanisms for trust and confidence-building measures might be needed not only between China and the United States—the top competitors in comprehensive national strength today—but also among a larger group of AI players, including Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United Kingdom.
Artificial Intelligence in Global Health
Authors: Davies Sara E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is reaching into every aspect of global health. In this essay, I examine one example of AI's potential contributions and limitations in global health: the prediction, treatment, and containment of a global influenza outbreak. The potential advantages are clear. AI can aid global influenza surveillance platforms by improving the capacity of organizations to look for novel influenza outbreak strains in the right places, to identify populations most likely to spread influenza, and to produce real-time information about the disease's spread by monitoring social media communications to track outbreak events. There are also very real limitations to what AI can do, and it is crucial that AI not be used as an excuse not to invest in strengthening health systems and other traditional components of global healthcare. AI may also be able to improve our understanding of who should receive a vaccine and what is most effective for large-scale vaccine delivery, but there will always be blind spots that the data cannot fill. Investment in healthcare, with attention to the danger of minimal access to care for minority groups that are at risk and in fragile situations, remains the best chance to prepare communities for outbreak detection, surveillance, and containment.
Effects of melatonin on production of reactive oxygen species and developmental competence of bovine oocytes exposed to heat shock and oxidative stress duringin vitromaturation
Authors: Cavallari Fernanda de Castro , Leal Cláudia Lima Verde , Zvi Roth , Hansen Peter J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryHeat shock may disrupt oocyte function by increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We evaluated the capacity of the antioxidant melatonin to protect oocytes using two models of oxidative stress – heat shock and the pro-oxidant menadione. Bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were exposed in the presence or absence of 1 µM melatonin to the following treatments during maturation: 38.5°C, 41°C and 38.5°C+5 µM menadione. In the first experiment, COC were matured for 3 h with 5 µM CellROX® and analyzed by epifluorescence microscopy to quantify production of ROS. The intensity of ROS was greater for oocytes exposed to heat shock and menadione than for control oocytes. Melatonin reduced ROS intensity for heat-shocked oocytes and oocytes exposed to menadione, but not for control oocytes. In the second experiment, COC were matured for 22 h. After maturation, oocytes were fertilized and the embryos cultured for 7.5 days. The proportion of oocytes that cleaved after fertilization was lower for oocytes exposed to heat shock and menadione than for control oocytes. Melatonin increased cleavage for heat-shocked oocytes and oocytes exposed to menadione, but not for control oocytes. Melatonin tended to increase the developmental competence of embryos from heat-shocked oocytes but not for embryos from oocytes exposed to menadione or from control oocytes. In conclusion, melatonin reduced production of ROS of maturing oocytes and protected oocytes from deleterious effects of both stresses on competence of the oocyte to cleave after coincubation with sperm. These results suggest that excessive production of ROS compromises oocyte function.
What's on the menu? Options for strengthening the policy and regulatory framework for the exchange, use and conservation of animal genetic resources
Authors: Hiemstra S.J. , Drucker A.G. , Tvedt M.W. , Louwaars N. , Oldenbroek J.K. , Awgichew K. , Kebede S. Abegaz , Bhat P.N. , da Silva Mariante A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis paper addresses major issues and challenges for Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) and the livestock sector, as well as options for further development of policies or regulatory approaches. Three main areas were identified, i) how we can halt the further erosion of genetic diversity and promote sustainable breeding and use, ii) whether there is a need to regulate the exchange of genetic material and iii) how to balance different systems of rights (e.g. sovereign rights of nations, intellectual property rights, communal rights or rights of livestock keepers).To halt further erosion, complementary ex-situ and in-situ conservation approaches are needed and breeding and marketing of local breeds should be strengthened. Secondly, recognizing the importance of the exchange of AnGR, broad access and responsible and equitable exchange mechanisms should be further promoted. Thirdly, regarding intellectual property rights, there is a need to adapt the application of the patent system to the special circumstances inherent in animal breeding. Moreover, possible sui generis systems should be further explored in order to better balance different rights systems.Rather than developing a new or adapted internationally legally binding framework, the intergovernmental process under FAO may instead wish to focus, in the first instance, on the development of voluntary instruments to strengthen national policies and the implementation of action at national levels.Debates and developments related to international agreements in the crop sector have also tended to frame the debate for AnGR. However, before launching into a discussion on whether or not an ‘FAO Animal Treaty’ would be needed, one should first of all clarify the problems to be dealt with and regulated via an international regime.
Beyond determinism. A case for complex explanations and human scale in framing archaeological causal explanations
Authors: Ion Alexandra 
Published: June 2019

In a recent intervention, Romanian philosopher and essayist Andrei Pleşu (2018) writes on the topic of destiny,
We are not caught blindly in a network of ‘fatal’ causes and effects, rather we are integrated in an ‘epic’ structure, on a pathway which includes an ‘intrigue’, a host of significant events, sometimes stimulating, while at other times destabilising, in a ‘story’ whose makeup can only be revealed at the end of the ‘spectacle’.
Archaeology is a discipline in the privileged position of engaging with things when they have seen their end lives and conclusions, at the end of the ‘spectacle’. The downside is that sometimes too much time has passed, and traces have got lost, while at other times we forget that any story had a development, alongside moments when things could have turned out quite differently. Thus, upon trying to interpret change in the past, we sometimes end up with what Arponen and colleagues tackle in their article, namely deterministic explanations. Their article raises some points directly related to the implications of a particular kind of data set – palaeo-environmental studies – for framing historical explanations. This range of studies has become more important in recent years, as part of a wider resurgence of scientific technologies applied to interpreting the past. This trend has been accompanied by important implications, revealing the problem of integrating data sets of different kinds, from natural sciences to social sciences towards explaining historical processes. As the authors highlight, most often the explanation proceeds by identifying patterns in different data sets, climate record and archaeology, which are then correlated, and if they match they are interpreted in a causal key. But is life that simple?