bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate promotes leucine metabolism and improves muscle fibre composition in growing pigs
Authors: Duan Yehui H. , Zeng Liming M. , Li Fengnan N. , Kong Xiangfeng F. , Xu Kang , Guo Qiuping P. , Wang Wenlong L. , Zhang Lingyu Y. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess leucine (Leu) vs. its metabolites α‐ketoisocaproate (KIC) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB) on Leu metabolism, muscle fibre composition and muscle growth in growing pigs. Thirty‐two pigs with a similar initial weight (9.55 ± 0.19 kg) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 45 days: basal diet, basal diet + 1.25% L‐Leu, basal diet + 1.25% KIC‐Ca, basal diet + 0.62% HMB‐Ca. Results indicated that relative to the basal diet and HMB groups, Leu and KIC groups exhibited increased Leu concentrations and decreased concentrations of isoleucine, valine and EAAs in selected muscle (p < 0.05) and had lower mRNA levels of MyHC I and higher expression of MyHC IIx/IIb (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the basal and HMB‐supplemented groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of AMPKα and UCP3 were higher but the myostatin mRNA levels were lower in the soleus muscle of the HMB group than those from other groups (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that doubling dietary Leu content exerted growth‐depressing effects in growing pigs; dietary KIC supplementation induced muscular branched‐chain amino acid imbalance and promoted muscle toward a more glycolytic phenotype; while dietary HMB supplementation promoted the generation of more oxidative muscle types and increased muscle growth specially in oxidative skeletal muscle, and these effects of HMB might be associated with the AMPKα‐Sirt1‐PGC‐1α axis and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Collaboration in Inclusive Research: Competencies Considered Important for People With and Without Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Embregts Petri J. C. M. , Taminiau Elsbeth F. , Heerkens Luciënne , Schippers Alice P. , van Hove Geert 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWith inclusive research being an emerging field of interest, there is growing recognition that establishing collaborative relationships between researchers with and without ID entails specific demands. However, since studies on collaboration in inclusive research merely provide individual reports on experiences and challenges in one particular research project, building a shared knowledge base of concrete competencies considered important for those involved merits attention. This study contributes to a shared knowledge base in asking people with and without ID with (experiential) knowledge of inclusive research for competencies they consider important in collaborating in inclusive research in general, that is, without reference to a specific research project they participated in. Researchers with and without ID, coaches, policy makers, and teachers involved in the education of people with ID participated in this study. Data were collected from a focus group, individual interviews, and expert meetings. Qualitative analysis was carried out immediately after each moment of data collection, providing the use of increasing insights in each consecutive phase of data collection. Participants describe that establishing collaborative relationships between researchers with and without ID in inclusive research requires the commitment of both parties. They mentioned concrete competencies they consider important for people with and without ID to collaborate in inclusive research in the categories: building a mutual relationship, communicating, achieving a collaboration in which everyone involved can contribute, being aware of skills and developmental needs, and being aware of impact. Clearly, describing competencies for people with and without ID is not intended to exclude anyone who does not possess these competencies from collaboration in inclusive research. However to avoid “tokenism,” this study might contribute to effective participation of people with ID in inclusive research in providing concrete competencies considered important in collaboration.
Long‐term outcome and recurrence of hepatitis B virus following liver transplantation from hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive donors in a Chinese population
Authors: Wei Lai , Chen Dong , Zhang Bo , Zhao Yuanyuan , Liu Bin , Shi Huibo , Zeng Fanjun , Ming Changsheng , Jiang Jipin , Du Dunfeng , Chen Zhishui 
Published: July 2018

SummaryDue to the severe shortage of the donor pool in China, a large number of patients are waiting for a suitable liver, or even worse lose the opportunity of transplantation. Reasonable use of hepatitis B surface antigen‐positive (HBsAg‐positive) donors is one possible strategy to increase the donor pool but the long‐term outcome in a Chinese population is unknown. To evaluate the safety of using of HBsAg‐positive donor for liver transplantation, we set up a multicentric retrospective study from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012. A total of 8632 patients underwent liver transplantation during the period and 282 (2.97%) received a liver from a HBsAg‐positive donor. A total of 259 cases in both the case and control groups were matched. The incidence of postoperative liver dysfunction, early‐stage and long‐term complications and the 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year patient survival (78.92% vs 85.65%, 60.41% vs 69.14%, 58.08% vs 69.14%, respectively) showed no difference between the two groups (P value > 0.05). However, the 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year HBV recurrence for patients received the HBsAg‐positive donor was higher compared with controls (5.85% vs 1.97%, 11.63% vs 4.46%, 17.94% vs 4.46%, respectively, P value = 0.016). Our results showed the use of HBsAg‐positive donors is feasible and postoperative antiviral therapy should be managed.
Lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with prostate cancer under and after intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Hayama Yuka , Doi Hiroshi , Hasegawa Tae , Minami Yumi , Ichimura Noriko , Koike Mariko , Shiomi Hiroya , Oh Ryoong‐Jin , Oishi Fumiko 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to collect data on the characteristics, degree, and natural course of urinary complications, as well as self‐care for such complications, in patients during and after prostate intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).MethodsQuality of life data were collected retrospectively for all eligible patients who underwent IMRT. In all eligible patients, urinary symptoms were evaluated using questionnaires and face‐to‐face interview. Participants were asked to respond to a self‐administered questionnaire concerning the core lower urinary tract symptom score during the course of IMRT and up to 12 months after the completion of IMRT.ResultsIn all, 29 eligible patients were included in the study. The frequency of urinary symptoms increased over of the course of IMRT, decreased at ≥3 months after completion of IMRT, and disappeared 6 months after IMRT. Responses to the questionnaire revealed a variety of approaches to self‐care and adaptations by patients to manage urinary symptoms.ConclusionsDuring and after IMRT for localized prostate cancer, patients often developed more frequent urination and urgency than at the start of IMRT, and recovered 3–6 months after the completion of IMRT. Based on the present study, clinicians and nurses could help convey this information to patients and thus offer better support.
Value of computed tomography in calculating prostate volume when transrectal ultrasonography is not applicable
Authors: Lee Young Ju , Kim Sung Han , Kim Hwanik , Lee Joong Sub , Piao Songzhe , Oh Seung‐June 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the value of computed tomography (CT) in determining total prostate volume (TPV), as an alternative to transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) when TRUS is not available.MethodsThe patient cohort included patients who underwent both CT and TRUS within a 3‐month interval from January 2012 to December 2013 at a single institution. In all, 67 non‐contrast and 217 contrast‐enhanced CT images were reviewed twice by 3 independent observers 2 months after the initial evaluation. Prostate length and width were measured on axial images and height was measured on sagittal images. To compare differences between CT and TRUS in TPV estimation, the CT/TRUS ratio of TPV was calculated and a Bland–Altman plot was constructed. Inter‐ and intraobserver variabilities and the effect of contrast enhancement were also evaluated statistically.ResultsThe mean (± SD) age of patients was 64.5 ±10.8 years and the mean time interval between CT and TRUS was 16.3 ± 22.6 days. The mean TRUS‐measured TPV was 44.7 ± 24.9 mL and the mean CT/TRUS TPV ratio was 0.80 ± 0.20, indicating that TPV estimated by CT is 20% lower than that determined by TRUS, regardless of contrast enhancement (P > .05). The mean difference in TPV between TRUS and CT was 11.3 ± 14.3 mL, with differences of 1.7, 9.9, and 32.9 mL for prostate volumes of ≤30, >30–60, and >60 mL, respectively. Interobserver variability was excellent (r > 0.9), whereas intraobserver variability was very good (r > 0.7).ConclusionCT is a reliable method for prostate volume measurement and is well correlated with TRUS. Although CT estimates of TPV are 20% lower than those obtained using TRUS, CT can be used as an alternative to TRUS when TRUS is not available.
Identifying genomic hotspots of differentiation and candidate genes involved in the adaptive divergence of pea aphid host races
Authors: Nouhaud Pierre , Gautier Mathieu , Gouin Anaïs , Jaquiéry Julie , Peccoud Jean , Legeai Fabrice , Mieuzet Lucie , Smadja Carole M. , Lemaitre Claire , Vitalis Renaud , Simon Jean‐Christophe 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIdentifying the genomic bases of adaptation to novel environments is a long‐term objective in evolutionary biology. Because genetic differentiation is expected to increase between locally adapted populations at the genes targeted by selection, scanning the genome for elevated levels of differentiation is a first step towards deciphering the genomic architecture underlying adaptive divergence. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum is a model of choice to address this question, as it forms a large complex of plant‐specialized races and cryptic species, resulting from recent adaptive radiation. Here, we characterized genomewide polymorphisms in three pea aphid races specialized on alfalfa, clover and pea crops, respectively, which we sequenced in pools (poolseq). Using a model‐based approach that explicitly accounts for selection, we identified 392 genomic hotspots of differentiation spanning 47.3 Mb and 2,484 genes (respectively, 9.12% of the genome size and 8.10% of its genes). Most of these highly differentiated regions were located on the autosomes, and overall differentiation was weaker on the X chromosome. Within these hotspots, high levels of absolute divergence between races suggest that these regions experienced less gene flow than the rest of the genome, most likely by contributing to reproductive isolation. Moreover, population‐specific analyses showed evidence of selection in every host race, depending on the hotspot considered. These hotspots were significantly enriched for candidate gene categories that control host–plant selection and use. These genes encode 48 salivary proteins, 14 gustatory receptors, 10 odorant receptors, five P450 cytochromes and one chemosensory protein, which represent promising candidates for the genetic basis of host–plant specialization and ecological isolation in the pea aphid complex. Altogether, our findings open new research directions towards functional studies, for validating the role of these genes on adaptive phenotypes.
Evolutionary dynamics of quantitative variation in an adaptive trait at the regional scale: The case of zinc hyperaccumulation in Arabidopsis halleri
Authors: Babst‐Kostecka Alicja , Schat Henk , Saumitou‐Laprade Pierre , Grodzińska Krystyna , Bourceaux Angélique , Pauwels Maxime , Frérot Hélène 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetal hyperaccumulation in plants is an ecological trait whose biological significance remains debated, in particular because the selective pressures that govern its evolutionary dynamics are complex. One of the possible causes of quantitative variation in hyperaccumulation may be local adaptation to metalliferous soils. Here, we explored the population genetic structure of Arabidopsis halleri at fourteen metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sampling sites in southern Poland. The results were integrated with a quantitative assessment of variation in zinc hyperaccumulation to trace local adaptation. We identified a clear hierarchical structure with two distinct genetic groups at the upper level of clustering. Interestingly, these groups corresponded to different geographic subregions, rather than to ecological types (i.e., metallicolous vs. nonmetallicolous). Also, approximate Bayesian computation analyses suggested that the current distribution of A. halleri in southern Poland could be relictual as a result of habitat fragmentation caused by climatic shifts during the Holocene, rather than due to recent colonization of industrially polluted sites. In addition, we find evidence that some nonmetallicolous lowland populations may have actually derived from metallicolous populations. Meanwhile, the distribution of quantitative variation in zinc hyperaccumulation did separate metallicolous and nonmetallicolous accessions, indicating more recent adaptive evolution and diversifying selection between metalliferous and nonmetalliferous habitats. This suggests that zinc hyperaccumulation evolves both ways—towards higher levels at nonmetalliferous sites and lower levels at metalliferous sites. Our results open a new perspective on possible evolutionary relationships between A. halleri edaphic types that may inspire future genetic studies of quantitative variation in metal hyperaccumulation.
Ecology can inform genetics: Disassortative mating contributes to MHC polymorphism in Leach’s storm‐petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa)
Authors: Hoover Brian , Alcaide Miguel , Jennings Sarah , Sin Simon Yung Wa , Edwards Scott V. , Nevitt Gabrielle A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractStudies of MHC‐based mate choice in wild populations often test hypotheses on species exhibiting female choice and male–male competition, which reflects the general prevalence of females as the choosy sex in natural systems. Here, we examined mutual mate‐choice patterns in a small burrow‐nesting seabird, the Leach’s storm‐petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), using the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The life history and ecology of this species are extreme: both partners work together to fledge a single chick during the breeding season, a task that requires regularly travelling hundreds of kilometres to and from foraging grounds over a 6‐ to 8‐week provisioning period. Using a 5‐year data set unprecedented for this species (n = 1078 adults and 925 chicks), we found a positive relationship between variation in the likelihood of female reproductive success and heterozygosity at Ocle‐DAB2, a MHC class IIB locus. Contrary to previous reports rejecting disassortative mating as a mechanism for maintaining genetic polymorphism in this species, here we show that males make significant disassortative mate‐choice decisions. Variability in female reproductive success suggests that the most common homozygous females (Ocle‐DAB2*01/Ocle‐DAB2*01) may be physiologically disadvantaged and, therefore, less preferred as lifelong partners for choosy males. The results from this study support the role of mate choice in maintaining high levels of MHC variability in a wild seabird species and highlight the need to incorporate a broader ecological framework and sufficient sample sizes into studies of MHC‐based mating patterns in wild populations in general.
RaxM regulates the AvrXa21 (RaxX)‐mediated immune response
Authors: Xu Chunli , Wang Yaxin , Liu Shiyao , Xie Qingbiao , He Na , Shi Chenyi , Niu Xiaolei , He Chaozu , Li Chunxia , Tao Jun 
Published: July 2018

SummaryXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causal agent of rice bacterial blight disease, which causes a reduction in rice production. The interaction between Xoo and rice is a model for the study of the gene‐for‐gene hypothesis, in which a resistance (R) gene encoding a product interacts with an effector molecule encoded by a corresponding bacterial avirulence (avr) gene. Rice XA21 functions as a plant innate immune receptor (R protein) and recognizes the avirulence protein (RaxX) of Xoo to induce the immune response and cope with pathogen attack. The sulphuration of RaxX by the tyrosine sulphotransferase RaxST is essential to its activity. The expression of raxST is regulated by the RaxH/RaxR and phoP/phoQ two‐component systems. However, the regulation of raxX expression remains unclear. Here, we showed that a gene (raxM) encodes a small protein, which functions as a regulator of raxX expression. raxX and raxM are located upstream of raxST. Transcriptional analysis indicates that raxX and raxM are separately transcribed and the promoter of raxX is located at the raxM coding region. The RaxM protein regulates its own and raxX expression, and is required for the XA21‐mediated immunity response. Therefore, we identified a regulator of raxX expression and of the Xoo–rice interaction. Our findings suggest that RaxX is not only regulated at the post‐translational level, but also at the transcriptional level.
The Meloidogyne graminicola effector Mg16820 is secreted in the apoplast and cytoplasm to suppress plant host defense responses
Authors: Naalden Diana , Haegeman Annelies , de Almeida‐Engler Janice , Birhane Eshetu Firehiwot , Bauters Lander , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: July 2018

SUMMARYOn invasion of roots, plant‐parasitic nematodes secrete effectors to manipulate the cellular regulation of the host to promote parasitism. The root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is one of the most damaging nematodes of rice. Here, we identified a novel effector of this nematode, named Mg16820, expressed in the nematode subventral glands. We localized the Mg16820 effector in the apoplast during the migration phase of the second‐stage juvenile in rice roots. In addition, during early development of the feeding site, Mg16820 was localized in giant cells, where it accumulated in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we demonstrated that Mg16820 directed to the apoplast was able to suppress flg22‐induced reactive oxygen species production. In addition, expression of Mg16820 in the cytoplasm resulted in the suppression of the R2/Avr2‐ and Mi‐1.2‐induced hypersensitive response. A potential target protein of Mg16820 identified with the yeast two‐hybrid system was the dehydration stress‐inducible protein 1 (DIP1). Bimolecular fluorescence complementation resulted in a strong signal in the nucleus. DIP1 has been described as an abscisic acid (ABA)‐responsive gene and ABA is involved in the biotic and abiotic stress response. Our results demonstrate that Mg16820 is able to act in two cellular compartments as an immune suppressor and targets a protein involved in the stress response, therefore indicating an important role for this effector in parasitism.
Viroid‐derived small RNA induces early flowering in tomato plants by RNA silencing
Authors: Adkar‐Purushothama Charith Raj , Sano Teruo , Perreault Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2018

SummaryViroid infection often leads to early flowering in the host plant. This report describes the targeting of the FRIGIDA‐like protein 3 (FRL3) mRNA in tomato plants by a small RNA derived from the conserved left terminal region of the potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). This targeting leads to the silencing of the FRL3 mRNA. Viroid infection assays using a severe variant of PSTVd induced early flowering in tomato plants by the down‐regulation of greater amounts of the target than did a mild PSTVd variant. The targeting of the FRL3 mRNA by RNA silencing was validated by both an artificial microRNA experiment transiently expressing viroid‐derived small RNAs in tomato plants, and by 5′ RNA ligase‐mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). These data unambiguously demonstrated the role of small RNAs in the early flowering seen in viroid‐infected plants.
Molecular properties of gp100‐reactive T‐cell receptors drive the cytokine profile and antitumor efficacy of transgenic host T cells
Authors: Eby Jonathan M. , Smith Angela R. , Riley Timothy P. , Cosgrove Cormac , Ankney Christian M. , Henning Steven W. , Paulos Chrystal M. , Garrett‐Mayer Elizabeth , Luiten Rosalie M. , Nishimura Michael I. , Baker Brian M. , Le Poole I. Caroline 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTo study the contribution of T‐cell receptors (TCR) to resulting T‐cell responses, we studied three different human αβ TCRs, reactive to the same gp100‐derived peptide presented in the context of HLA‐A*0201. When expressed in primary CD8 T cells, all receptors elicited classic antigen‐induced IFN‐γ responses, which correlated with TCR affinity for peptide–MHC in the order T4H2 > R6C12 > SILv44. However, SILv44 elicited superior IL‐17A release. Importantly, in vivo, SILv44‐transgenic T cells mediated superior antitumor responses to 888‐A2 + human melanoma tumor cells upon adoptive transfer into tumor‐challenged mice while maintaining IL‐17 expression. Modeling of the TCR ternary complexes suggested architectural differences between SILv44 and the other complexes, providing a potential structural basis for the observed differences. Overall, the data reveal a more prominent role for the T‐cell receptor in defining host T‐cell physiology than traditionally assumed, while parameters beyond IFN‐γ secretion and TCR affinity ultimately determine the reactivity of tumor‐reactive T cells.
Older adults’ dependence in activities of daily living: Implications for oral health
Authors: Saintrain Maria Vieira de Lima , Saintrain Suzanne Vieira , Sampaio Edgar Gomes Marques , Ferreira Bruno Souza P. , Nepomuceno Taffarel Canuto , Frota Mirna Albuquerque , Vieira‐Meyer Anya PGF 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship between ADL and oral health status in older adults.Design and SampleQuantitative, analytical, cross‐sectional research with 280 people aged ≥60 in public primary health care centers in the city of Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil.MeasuresCollection of sociodemographic data, oral discomfort data, and general health data and application of the Community Oral Health Indicator—COHI and the activities of daily living scale.ResultsSignificant differences in functional dependence were found between age groups (p < .001), incomes (p = .034), and levels of education (p = .003). Tooth loss (OR = 2.13; p = 0.025), having no teeth (OR = 2.97), difficulties in chewing and swallowing food (OR = 2.56; p = 0.003), problems with taste of food (OR = 2.06; p = .044), poor self‐rated general health (OR = 3.7; p = .001), hearing problems (OR = 2.23; p = .009) and speech problems (OR = 3.15; p = .002) increased chances for functional dependence. Dependent individuals were less likely to use toothpaste, thereby increasing the potential for caries (p = .013). Age 80 or older (p < .001), ages 70–79 (p < .001), three or more visible dental cavities (p = .030) and difficulty chewing and swallowing food (p = .027) remained associated with dependence in ADL in the logistic regression model.ConclusionFunctional dependence in activities of daily living has implications for the oral health status of older people.