bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molybdenum gratings as a high‐temperature refractory platform for plasmonic heat generators in the infrared
Authors: Nunez‐Sanchez Sara , Dominguez Andrade Hugo , Harwood Jan , Bickerton Ian , Fox Neil A. , Cryan Martin J. 
Published: June 2018

The aim of this work is to study the heating efficiency of refractory microstructures by excitation of surface plasmon polaritons in the far infrared that can be used for high‐temperature applications. The work has designed metal grating couplers on molybdenum films to maximise the absorption of a 10.6 µm CO2 laser light source. Molybdenum has been chosen since it is an industrial refractory metal combined with the fact that its optical properties in the far infrared are similar to gold but with stable high‐temperature performance. Linear gratings have been used as plasmonic couplers on large area substrates produced by laser milling. Real‐time absolute temperature measurements have been performed showing a 42% increase in the maximum achievable temperature from 702 to 985 K.
Signifikante Verbesserung des atopischen Ekzems durch Therapie mit synbiotischem Badezusatz
Authors: Axt-Gadermann M. 
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Aktuelle Untersuchungen belegen, dass sowohl das intestinale als auch das dermale Mikrobiom für die menschliche Gesundheit von Bedeutung sind. Das intestinale Mikrobiom beeinflusst zahlreiche Immunfunktionen und ist wahrscheinlich auch in die Entwicklung atopischer Erkrankungen involviert. Daneben sind aber auch Interaktionen zwischen dermalen Mikroorganismen und dem spezifischen Immunsystem bekannt. In den vergangenen Jahren sind die Effekte von Pro- und Präbiotika ausführlich untersucht worden. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass sowohl die interne als auch die externe Anwendung pro- oder präbiotischer Präparate bei der Behandlung atopischer Erkrankungen wirksam sein könnte.
Fragestellung Wir überprüften in der vorliegenden, randomisierten, einfachblinden, placebokontrollierten Studie, ob ein synbiotisches Nahrungsergänzungsmittel (Madena Darmkur®), das wir als Badezusatz verwendeten, Einfluss auf typische Symptome des atopischen Ekzems hat.
Material und Methode 30 Probanden mit atopischem Ekzem wurden über einen Zeitraum von zwei Wochen mit einem Synbiotikum bzw. Placebo lokal behandelt. Am Anfang, nach einer Woche und am Ende der Studie wurde der Schweregrad von Pruritus, allgemeiner Hautbeschaffenheit, Trockenheit, Exkoriation, Abschuppung und Einschränkungen beim manuellen Arbeiten oder Gehen bestimmt.
Ergebnis Die Behandlung mit synbiotischen Bädern führte zu signifikanten und relevanten Veränderungen aller Parameter sowohl nach einer als auch nach zwei Wochen topischer Anwendung. In der Kontrollgruppe traten keinerlei signifikante Verbesserungen auf.
Diskussion Synbiotische Externa erschließen zukünftig möglicherweise neue Ansätze für die Therapie des atopischen Ekzems. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um geeignete Bakterienstämme zu identifizieren und mehr Informationen über Dosierung und Wirkmechanismen zu erhalten.
Optoacoustic Imaging Detects Hormone-Related Physiological Changes of Breast Parenchyma
Authors: Abeyakoon Oshaani , Morscher Stefan , Dalhaus Nina , Ford Steven J. , Mendichovszky Iosif A. , Manavaki Roido , Wallis Matthew , Moyle Penelope , Woitek Ramona , Patterson Andrew , Torheim Turid , Joseph James , Gonzalez Isabel Quiros , Bohndiek Sarah , Gilbert Fiona J. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Purpose Optoacoustic imaging with ultrasound (OPUS) can assess in-vivo perfusion/oxygenation through surrogate measures of oxy, deoxy and total hemoglobin content in tissues. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the ability of OPUS to detect physiological changes in the breast during the menstrual cycle and to determine qualitative/quantitative metrics of normal parenchymal tissue in pre-/post-menopausal women. The secondary aim was to assess the technique’s repeatability.
Materials and Methods We performed a prospective ethically approved study in volunteers using OPUS (700, 800 and 850 nm wavelengths) in the proliferative/follicular and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on the most superficial region of fibroglandular tissue and same-day intra-observer repeatability was assessed. We used t-tests to interrogate differences in the OPUS measurements due to hormonal changes and interclass correlation coefficients/Bland-Altman plots to evaluate the repeatability of mean ROI signal intensities.
Results 22 pre-menopausal and 8 post-menopausal volunteers were recruited. 21 participants underwent repeatability examinations. OPUS intensity values were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) at all excitation wavelengths in the secretory compared to the proliferative/follicular phase. Post-menopausal volunteers showed similar optoacoustic values to the proliferative/follicular phase of pre-menopausal volunteers. The repeatability of the technique was comparable to other handheld ultrasound modalities.
Conclusion OPUS detects changes in perfusion/vascularity related to the menstrual cycle and menopausal status of breast parenchyma.
Die Ultrastruktur der Thrombozyten bei der konstitutionellen Thrombopathie (v. Willebrand-Jürgens) mit einem Beitrag zur submikroskopischen Orthologie der Thrombozyten
Authors: Schulz H , Jürgens R , Hiepler E 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungVon 6 genealogisch stark belasteten Fällen mit hereditärer konstitutioneller Thrombopathie (v. Willebrand-Jürgens) sowie von 8 Kontrollen wurde eine reine Fraktion aus unbeschädigten Thrombozyten hergestellt und mit der Ultrafeinschnittmethode elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht.Die Thrombozyten weisen bei konstitutioneller Thrombopathie eine geringe Anisozytose mit vielen etwa 1,3 bis 1,8 μ großen Mikroplättchen und einigen bis zu 5 μ großen Riesenplättchen auf. Die Zellmembran der Thrombozyten mißt 60 Å und ist intakt. Das Granulomer setzt sich normalerweise aus vier verschiedenen Bestandteilen, die wir als Granulomer α, ß, γ, δ bezeichnen, zusammen. Die meisten Granula der Thrombozyten gehören zum Granulomer α. Sie sind ovale Körper mit einer dichten, homogenen Grundsubstanz und einer 50 Å dicken Außenmembran. Zum Granulomer β rechnen wir die in geringer Anzahl vorkommenden Mitochondrien. Das Granulomer γ setzt sich aus herdförmig angeordneten Mikrobläschen, die manchmal zu Tubuli erweitert sind, zusammen. Das Granulomer δ besteht aus ovalen Zytosomen mit gespeichertem Ferritin.Die schwersten Veränderungen bei der konstitutionellen Thrombopathie finden sich an den ovalen Granula des Granulomers α, so daß man von einer Labilität des Granulomers α sprechen kann. Die ovalen Granula sind kleiner als in den Kontrollfällen und haben einen Längsdurchmesser von 177 mμ der Querdurchmesser beträgt 100 mμ. Die Grundsubstanz einiger ovaler Granula ist aufgehellt. Andere Granula haben die Gestalt eines Trommelschlegels. Der Stab des Trommelschlegels ist gewöhnlich 0,35 μ lang, kann aber auch bis zu 0,8 μ lang sein. Die Stabbreite beträgt regelmäßig 410 Å. Im Kopf des Trommelschlegels beobachtet man hin und wieder ein 75 Å breites Netzwerk. Die Mitochondrien sowie die Zytosomen mit gespeichertem Ferritin sind nur sehr selten nachweisbar. Die Mikrobläschen messen 250 bis 540 Å. Im Gegensatz zu normalen Thrombozyten sind sie um 100 Å größer und bilden kein endoplasmatisches tubuläres System.Das Hyalomer besteht normalerweise und bei der konstitutionellen Thrombopathie aus einer grauen homogenen bis fein granulären Grundsubstanz und mehreren Pseudopodien, die kein Granulomer enthalten. In der Thrombozytenfrak-tion finden sich bei der konstitutionellen Thrombopathie außerdem Reste von Endothelblasen, die als Zeichen einer vaskulären Schädigung anzusehen sind.
The Inactivation of Plasma-Thromboplastin
Authors: Deutsch E , Mammen E 
Published: June 2018

Summary1. Anti-plasmathromboplastin activity is found in plasma and in serum.2. The anti-plasmathromboplastin activity was increased in the majority of patients with hemophilia A and B, with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia, uremia, and in the cases of obstetrical afibrinogenemia, obstructive jaundice and Morbus Addison examined. It was reduced in patients with hepatitis and with cirrhosis of the liver.3. The anti-plasmathromboplastin of serum is stable on storage; it is inactivated at temperatures over 60° C; it is partially adsorbed on the ion exchange resins ICR 50 and XE 64; it is not adsorbed on BaSO4, Al2O3, Al(OH)3, Kaolin and asbestos filter pads; its activity is increased after treatment with the ion exchange resin XE 88. It is not dialysable and not soluble in ether. It inactivates plasmathromboplastin gradually. After repeated additions of plasmathromboplastin its activity is exhausted.4. Two materials with anti-plasmathromboplastin activity could be separated by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, with ethanol or by changing the pH. These two materials differ in their physical properties and in their mode of action.Anti-plasmathromboplastin I is precipitated with 33% saturated ammonium sulfate, with 15% saturation with ethanol, or at pH 6.0; it is unstable on storage, it is inactivated at 70° C; it is partially adsorbed on the cation exchange resins XE 88 and ICR 50, and completely on XE 64. It inactivates plasmathromboplastin gradually. It is more stable, when oxygen is absent or cystein is added.Anti-plasmathromboplastin II remains in solution after 80% saturation with ammonium sulfate, 53.3% saturation with ethanol, or at pH 5.0. It is storage and heat stable; it is dialysable; it is not adsorbed on cation exchange resin ICR 50; its activity is increased by treatment with ion exchange resins XE 64 and XE 88. Its action is immediate,Both anti-plasmathromboplastins migrate with the α-globulin-fraction.5. The anti-plasmathromboplastin has no phosphatase activity. It does not inactivate platelet equivalents before they have reacted with plasma and serum factors to form plasmathromboplastin. Its action seems to be stoichiometric. The action is not influenced by calcium concentrations in a range from 3 to 14 mg%.6. The difference in the degree of inactivation of plasmathromboplastin with the use of our method as compared to the method of E g l i is due to the difference in the proportions of plasmathromboplastin and anti-plasmathromboplastin used in the tests.
Control of Anticoagulant Treatment
Authors: Winterstein A 
Published: June 2018

RésuméLes thrombokinases cérébrales humaines sont le plus indiquées à la méthode de Quick. Elles font connaître une spécification individuelle, une specification des tissus et des espèces. En plus leur activité est influencée par le mode de fabrication, par le degré de sèchement, par la concentration, par la température lors de l’extraction, par la vitesse de centrifugation et par la température du bain-marie. Les thrombokinases sont surtout propres à être utilisées si les temps de coagulation sont courts et si les différences des temps de coagulation entre le sang de 100% et de 25% sont longues.
Über einen neuen Accelerator der Blntthrombokinasebildimg
Authors: Fisch U 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungEs wird eine Methode beschrieben, welche die ersten Stufen der Blutthrombokinasebildung zu analysieren gestattet (der Zwischenprodukt-I-Bildungstest).Die im Normalserum vorhandenen und an BaSO4 adsorbierbaren Gerinnungsfaktoren werden papierelektrophoretisch getrennt und ihr Verhalten im Zwischenprodukt-I-Bildungstest untersucht.Es wird dabei ein neuer Accelerator der Blutthrombokinasebildung nachgewiesen, für den wir den Namen Vorphasenaccelerator vorschlagen.Der Vorphasenaccelerator wird mit der einstufigen F.-IX-Bestimmungs-methode nach Geiger, Duckert und Koller (16) erfaßt. Er ist aber vom F. IX verschieden, da er im Gegensatz zu letzterem nur auf die Geschwindigkeit der Blutthrombokinasebildung einwirkt und die Menge der entstehenden Thrombokinase unbeeinflußt läßt. Er ist auch nicht imstande, den Gerinnungsdefekt eines Hämophilie-B-Blutes zu normalisieren.Die physiologischen und physikalisch-chemischen Eigenschaften des Vorphasenaccelerators werden beschrieben und seine Beziehungen zu anderen bekannten Gerinnungsfaktoren und besonders zum ,,Faktor-X-Phänomen” diskutiert.
Histologische Untersuchungen über die Retraktion
Authors: Benthaus J , Grünberg H 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungDie morphologischen Veränderungen, die sich an Fibrin und Blutplättchen während der Retraktion von Plasmagerinnseln abspielen, werden an Präparaten demonstriert, die mit histologischer Technik gewonnen wurden. Verminderung des strukturierten Fibrins und Zunahme der Plättchengröße sind die wesentlichsten Befunde. Daraus wird eine Hypothese über den Mechanismus der Retraktion abgeleitet.
The Mode of Action of Thrombin
Authors: Laki K , Gladner Jules A. , Folk J. E , Kominz D. R 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe peptides liberated from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin have been isolated on modified cellulose adsorbents. These peptides have been characterized by sedimentation-diffusion measurements by quantitative amino acid analysis, and by C-terminal analysis. Both peptides were found to contain arginine as C-terminal amino acid. Thrombin thus splits specific arginyl-glycine bonds in the fibrinogen molecule. The specificity of thrombin is discussed in view of the finding that the active center of thrombin is similar to that of trypsin and chymotrypsin.
Finite-time robust decentralized control for uncertain singular large-scale systems with exogenous disturbances
Authors: Wo Songlin , Han Xiaoxin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of finite-time robust decentralized control for uncertain continuous-time singular large-scale systems with exogenous disturbances (UCSLSSED). The concept of finite-time robust decentralized stabilization for UCSLSSED is introduced by definition of finite-time stability for uncertain continuous-time large-scale systems with exogenous disturbances. The analyses of finite-time robust bounded and finite-time robust stabilization for UCSLSSED are done. The design approach of finite-time robust decentralized state feedback controller is also given. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Musicians’ Strategies for Sustaining Creativity over the Lifespan
Authors: Kozbelt Aaron 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the claim that high-level creativity may be sustained throughout musicians’ lifespans. It describes two theories of lifespan creativity, the “expertise acquisition” and “blind variation and selective retention” views, and examines historiometric evidence on typical patterns of lifespan creativity, largely based on classical composers. Many results to date suggest that composers often show longitudinal improvement and sustainability as a general trend, but with wide-ranging individual differences in their career trajectories. The chapter also surveys perspectives on cognitive processes undergirding musical creativity and provides some illustrative examples of variability in composers’ creative processes, focusing on self-regulatory themes of evaluation and monitoring as means by which some creators may achieve greater creative sustainability. Finally, the chapter extends the discussion of self-regulation and metacognition to sustainability in other modes of musical creativity: performance and improvisation.
Timbre/Techne
Authors: Rehding Alexander 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
One long-standing criticism of our understanding of timbre has been its subordination to the parameter of pitch. While this criticism is articulated most clearly in the twentieth century and is largely associated with synthesized sounds, this chapter explores the time before synthesizers. In three vignettes from Berlioz, Wagner, and Saint-Saëns, orchestral works are explored from the perspective of how timbral aspects may take on a constitutive function in the music that cannot be reduced simply to pitch. The discussion of these musical passages engages psychoacoustical phenomena, such as auditory scene analysis, emergent timbre, and auditory illusions. Curiously, all three examples employ the piano sound—typically assumed to be somehow neutral—as a kind of control in their experimental setup. The chapter is framed by broader epistemic questions that seem particularly relevant to the study of timbre, lodged as it is between art and science, including episteme versus techne, consilience, and aisthesis.
Futurist Timbres
Authors: Williams Gavin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter tracks timbre through the mediated public sphere of Milan, as it came to congeal in Italian Futurism. Long mythologized as the origin of noisy art, sound scholars have yet to consider what the movement’s timbres meant in their time. They emerged beneath the rubric of “musical sensibility”—a coinage that harked back to timbre’s eighteenth-century emergence under the sign of aesthetic attention within Western modernities. The Futurists’ activities can thus be broadly historicized; vice versa, in their own context, timbre becomes estranged as a centuries-old concern. The Futurists’ interest in timbre dates them; it also proves their undoing: they set out to colonize the world of timbre, but social and technological factors intervene. Thus, while Futurism may not yield origins for modernism, it underscores the relational nature of listening—especially listening for timbre, which, as the social organization of concentrated listening, unexpectedly manifests when aesthetic attention breaks down.
Extraction of Auditory Information by Modulation of Neuronal Ion Channels
Authors: Kaczmarek Leonard K. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.
All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.
Reformed
Authors: Small Joseph D. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the ecumenical paradox found at the heart of the Reformed tradition: outward commitment to ecclesial unity coupled with internal fragmentation. Both sides of the paradox have roots in Reformed characteristics that developed from Calvin’s originating vision. Attention is given to the centrality and ambiguity of Reformed confessions, doctrinal integrity, and conciliar governance. Contemporary developments are examined, including commitment to ecumenical councils, acceptance of popular versions of the ‘invisible church’, and distrust of ‘confessionalism’. The bilateral dialogues between Reformed and Orthodox and Pentecostals, respectively, are presented as positive models for an ecumenical future that is more theological than procedural. Finally, the chapter points to prospects for renewed communion among separated and often alienated churches within the Reformed family.
Ministry
Authors: Puglisi James F. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The chapter describes the achievements of interconfessional theological dialogues on ordained ministry and considers various issues that remain. Achievements include the recovery of an understanding of ordained ministry within an ecclesiological context developed with a renewed pneumatological and eschatological emphasis and based on a balanced christological foundation. Greater convergence in understanding ordained ministry has led to clarification of the relationship between apostolic continuity in the church and apostolic succession in ministry. Other areas of growing consensus include forms of ordination, the relationship between the ministerial nature of the church and special or ordained ministry, the Trinitarian and diaconal nature of all ministry, and the threefold ministry. Remaining issues include the ordination of women, mutual recognition of ministry, the relationship between such recognition and the reciprocal recognition of baptism, and the role of the bishop of Rome with regard to the unity of the church.
The Formalization of Organizational Capabilities and Learning
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Faillo Marco , Marengo Luigi , Moschella Daniele , Cecchini Manara Virginia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis work presents a critical overview of the achievements and challenges ahead facing explicit formalizations of organizational capabilities and learning. We first present the main characteristics both of NK models and of the approach based on classifier systems, focusing on their early applications to organization studies. We then discuss how the use of these models has contributed, in recent years, to the formal analysis of the development and change of firm’s dynamic capabilities by improving our understanding of processes of organizational learning, the representation of the cognitive and problem-solving capabilities of the organization, the link between capabilities and governance issues, in particular in presence of asymmetric power distributions.
The Central Mediterranean and the Aegean
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The early Iron Age in the Aegean has traditionally been perceived as a period of decline, in contrast to the splendour of the palatial societies of the later Bronze Age, and concomitantly is often presented as a ‘Dark Age’—a time of regionalism and isolation. Recent investigations across the Mediterranean region are, however, revealing a different and far more complex picture. A considerable amount of human and material interaction occurred between eastern and western Mediterranean societies in the period 1100–500 BC, and people, objects, and ideas were not travelling only in one direction. Links between so-called ‘Mediterranean’ and other European societies are also undergoing substantial re-evaluation. Adopting a regional approach, this chapter explores the developments which transformed Iron Age societies in the Aegean and central Mediterranean, and also examines how regional trajectories interlinked and converged through cross-cultural encounters, resulting in substantial material (including technological), social and political innovations.