bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basal ganglia contributions during the learning of a visuomotor rotation: Effect of dopamine, deep brain stimulation and reinforcement
Authors: Singh Puneet , Lenka Abhishek , Stezin Albert , Jhunjhunwala Ketan , Pal Pramod Kumar , Ghosal Ashitava , Murthy Aditya 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is commonly thought that visuomotor adaptation is mediated by the cerebellum while reinforcement learning is mediated by the basal ganglia. In contrast to this strict dichotomy, we demonstrate a role for the basal ganglia in visuomotor adaptation (error‐based motor learning) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing the degree of motor learning in the presence and absence of dopamine medication. We further show similar modulation of learning rates in the presence and absence of subthalamic deep brain stimulation. We also report that reinforcement is an essential component of visuomotor adaptation by demonstrating the lack of motor learning in patients with PD during the ON‐dopamine state relative to the OFF‐dopamine state in the absence of a reinforcement signal. Taken together, these results raise the possibility that the basal ganglia modulate the gain of visuomotor adaptation based on the reinforcement received at the end of the trial.
Music genre recognition using convolutional recurrent neural network architecture
Authors: Bisharad Dipjyoti , Laskar Rabul Hussain 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe genre is an abstract feature, but still, it is considered to be one of the important characteristics of music. Genre recognition forms an essential component for a large number of commercial music applications. Most of the existing music genre recognition algorithms are based on manual feature extraction techniques. These extracted features are used to develop a classifier model to identify the genre. However, in many cases, it has been observed that a set of features giving excellent accuracy fails to explain the underlying typical characteristics of music genres. It has also been observed that some of the features provide a satisfactory level of performance on a particular dataset but fail to provide similar performance on other datasets. Hence, each dataset mostly requires manual selection of appropriate acoustic features to achieve an adequate level of performance on it. In this paper, we propose a genre recognition algorithm that uses almost no handcrafted features. The convolutional recurrent neural network‐based model proposed in this study is trained on melspectrogram extracted from 3‐s duration audio clips taken from GTZAN dataset. The proposed model provides an accuracy of 85.36% on 10‐class genre classification. The same model has been trained and tested on 10 genres of MagnaTagATune dataset having 18,476 clips of 29‐s duration. The model has yielded an accuracy of 86.06%. The experimental results suggest that the proposed architecture with melspectrogram as input feature is capable of providing consistent performances across the different datasets
Bone biology: insights from osteogenesis imperfecta and related rare fragility syndromes
Authors: Besio Roberta , Chow Chi‐Wing , Tonelli Francesca , Marini Joan C. , Forlino Antonella 
Published: June 2019

The limited accessibility of bone and its mineralized nature have restricted deep investigation of its biology. Recent breakthroughs in identification of mutant proteins affecting bone tissue homeostasis in rare skeletal diseases have revealed novel pathways involved in skeletal development and maintenance. The characterization of new dominant, recessive and X‐linked forms of the rare brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and otherOI‐related bone fragility disorders was a key player in this advance. The development ofin vitromodels for these diseases along with the generation and characterization of murine and zebrafish models contributed to dissecting previously unknown pathways. Here, we describe the most recent advances in the understanding of processes involved in abnormal bone mineralization, collagen processing and osteoblast function, as illustrated by the characterization of new causative genes forOIandOI‐related fragility syndromes. The coordinated role of the integral membrane proteinBRILand of the secreted proteinPEDFin modulating bone mineralization as well as the function and cross‐talk of the collagen‐specific chaperonesHSP47 andFKBP65 in collagen processing and secretion are discussed. We address the significance ofWNTligand, the importance of maintaining endoplasmic reticulum membrane potential and of regulating intramembrane proteolysis in osteoblast homeostasis. Moreover, we also examine the relevance of the cytoskeletal protein plastin‐3 and of the nucleotidyltransferaseFAM46A. Thanks to these advances, new targets for the development of novel therapies for currently incurable rare bone diseases have been and, likely, will be identified, supporting the important role of basic science for translational approaches.
Continental‐scale determinants of population trends in European amphibians and reptiles
Authors: Falaschi Mattia , Manenti Raoul , Thuiller Wilfried , Ficetola Gentile Francesco 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe continuous decline of biodiversity is determined by the complex and joint effects of multiple environmental drivers. Still, a large part of past global change studies reporting and explaining biodiversity trends have focused on a single driver. Therefore, we are often unable to attribute biodiversity changes to different drivers, since a multivariable design is required to disentangle joint effects and interactions. In this work, we used a meta‐regression within a Bayesian framework to analyze 843 time series of population abundance from 17 European amphibian and reptile species over the last 45 years. We investigated the relative effects of climate change, alien species, habitat availability, and habitat change in driving trends of population abundance over time, and evaluated how the importance of these factors differs across species. A large number of populations (54%) declined, but differences between species were strong, with some species showing positive trends. Populations declined more often in areas with a high number of alien species, and in areas where climate change has caused loss of suitability. Habitat features showed small variation over the last 25 years, with an average loss of suitable habitat of 0.1%/year per population. Still, a strong interaction between habitat availability and the richness of alien species indicated that the negative impact of alien species was particularly strong for populations living in landscapes with less suitable habitat. Furthermore, when excluding the two commonest species, habitat loss was the main correlate of negative population trends for the remaining species. By analyzing trends for multiple species across a broad spatial scale, we identify alien species, climate change, and habitat changes as the major drivers of European amphibian and reptile decline.
Root dentine demineralisation according to frequency of sucrose exposure using high‐fluoride dentifrice
Authors: Rolim Fabiana , Melo Clésio , Silva Miquéias , Tabchoury Cinthia , Vale Glauber 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate root dentine demineralisation, biomass and loosely bound fluoride (CaF2) concentration according to different frequencies of sucrose exposure using a high‐fluoride dentifrice.BackgroundAlthough high‐fluoride dentifrice has been recommended to arrest root dentine lesions, it is not clear whether it can protect dentine from increased frequencies of sucrose exposure.MethodsAn in situ, crossover, split‐mouth study was conducted in 3 phases with 7 days each, in which 10 volunteers used a palatal device containing 4 bovine root dentine slabs (2 on each side) with predetermined initial hardness. Cariogenic challenge consisted in dripping a 20% sucrose solution 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 times/d in each block. Volunteers used high‐fluoride dentifrice (NaF, 5000 µg F/g) 3 times/d. After each phase, final hardness was measured and the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) calculated. Also, biomass and CaF2 concentration on dentine were determined. The data were processed and analysed by ANOVA and Tukey test with significance level set at 5%. The relationship between the variables was analysed by linear regression and Pearson correlation (r).Results%SHL and biomass were significantly greater than control for sucrose frequencies higher than 6 times/d (P < 0.001), while CaF2 concentration decreased from sucrose frequency higher than 2 times/d (P < 0.001). Regression analysis data showed a significant linear fit between sucrose exposure frequency and the studied variables with a strong correlation (r) for %SHL and CaF2 and moderate for biomass (P < 0.05).ConclusionHigh‐fluoride dentifrice is able to reduce root dentine demineralisation if sucrose consumption is not higher than 6 times/d.
Investigation of e‐commerce in China in a geographical perspective
Authors: Zhang Xiang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn recent years, e‐commerce has become a phenomenal symbol for the ongoing socio‐economic transformation in China. Driven by the growth of the Internet and cyberspace, e‐commerce changes both the traditional patterns of economic transactions and the social relations embedded in social activities. E‐commerce is a new catalyst for economic growth in China as it reduces restrictions to market access and the costs of transaction. This research examines the geography of e‐commerce in China within a theoretical framework grounded by social theory and neoclassical economics. After presenting a background of the development of e‐commerce in China, the spatiality of e‐commerce and its correlation to socio‐economic variables are examined with both quantitative and geovisualization techniques. Results of this research address that the growth of e‐commerce in China presents a nationwide inequality constrained by local economic, politic, and infrastructure conditions. The growth of e‐commerce in China presents a hybrid feature in terms of spatiality, which relies on structures in both cyberspace and physical space. Policy implications and suggestions for future research were suggested based on these empirical results. A discussion of limitations associated with this research and a concluding note close the research.
Dissolution, bioactivity behavior, and cytotoxicity of rare earth‐containing bioactive glasses (RE = Gd, Yb)
Authors: Zambanini Telma , Borges Roger , Faria Pamela C. , Delpino Giulia P. , Pereira Isis S. , Marques Márcia M. , Marchi Juliana 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRare earth‐containing bioactive glasses (RE‐BGs) have been poorly explored in the biomaterials field, although RE has optical, nuclear, and magnetic properties that could be used in different biomedical applications. In order to verify whether these glasses can be promising as biomaterials, we studied the dissolution, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity of RE‐BGs based on the SiO2–Na2O–CaO–P2O5–RE2O3 (RE = Gd, Yb) system. The glasses were obtained by melting‐quenching and their particle size was determined by laser diffraction. Their dissolution behavior was studied in Tris‐HCl, while bioactivity was performed in simulated body fluid solution under physiological conditions during several periods. The cytotoxicity test was performed using glass‐derived conditioned medium and mesenchymal stem cell derived from deciduous teeth. The dissolution results showed that the glasses dissolved under two different kinetics, which are lower for rare earth‐containing glasses, due to the more covalent character of Si–O–RE bonds. The bioactivity results evidenced that all glasses showed bioactivity after 24 hours. However, gadolinium and ytterbium promoted a more calcium phosphate deposition, which contrasts with the slower dissolution kinetics of rare earth‐containing glasses. All the glasses were considered biocompatible, showing cell viability higher than 80%. The overall results showed that RE‐BGs are promising materials for applications that require bioactivity and/or biocompatibility.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the effect of acitretin and systemic steroid treatments on Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 levels in cutaneous lichen planus patients
Authors: Ozturk Murat , Ozaydın Yavuz Goknur , Yavuz İbrahim H. , Erten Remzi , Gunes Bilgili Serap , An Isa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundLichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease that affects skin, hair follicles, mucous membranes, and nails. Ki‐67 is an antigen associated with the proliferation of cells in all stages of cell cycle except G0. Bcl‐2 is a protooncogene that protects cells from apoptosis. COX‐2 is an antiapoptotic protein that increases in inflammation. The infiltration of T cells in LP seems to be responsible in the apoptosis of the basal keratinocytes.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prednisolone and acitretin treatments on Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 expression and apoptosis in patients with LP and the role of Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2 proteins in LP.MethodsFifty‐eight patients with clinically and histopathologically diagnosed LP who had not been treated with systemic treatment before and 15 healthy volunteers were evaluated prospectively. Pretreatment and posttreatment biopsies were immunohistochemically stained with Ki‐67, Bcl‐2, and COX‐2. The percentage of the stained cells were calculated and recorded.ResultsAlthough the percentage of staining with Ki‐67 and Bcl‐2 after treatment with prednisolone and acitretin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in both groups, there was no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05). COX‐2 decreased but was not statistically significant.ConclusionsWith this study in cutaneous lichen planus, prednisolone and acitretin treatments reduced Bcl‐2 and Ki‐67 levels and did not effect COX‐2 levels. It should be clarified whether these results can be obtained with any treatment effective in cutaneous lichen planus.
Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus rehabilitation and husbandry at Santos Municipal Aquarium, Brazil
Authors: de Mendonça Santos N. B. , de Carvalho D. M. R. , dos Santos Ribeiro A. S. L. , Dutra G. H. P. , Nascimento C. L. , da Silva A. N. E. , Silvestre Martins R. 
Published: June 2019

Between late austral autumn and early winter, some of the Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus population foraging on the Patagonian continental shelf move towards the southern Brazilian coast (22–32°S). Many of these vagrant birds wash ashore in very poor health condition. The Santos Municipal Aquarium, Brazil, takes in some of those stranded individuals and provides a programme of rehabilitation. The surviving birds are retained for public exhibition and environmental education. This study describes the husbandry practices and veterinary care for the penguins developed at the Aquarium, including data on survivorship, sex, ontogeny, death rates, reproduction and time in captivity. Most of the received penguins were found in Santos (23·9°S), but there were animals collected between Bertioga and Cananéia (23·7–25·3°S). The highest incidence of stranded animals was recorded in 2008. Most animals were collected during austral winter and no penguins were received in March and April. Most animals were juvenile on arrival at the institution. The average time rehabilitated birds remained in captivity (i.e. the quarantine period plus time on public exhibition) was 294 days, with a longest time of 3681 days. The most common diseases recorded in captivity were bumblefoot and aspergillosis, whereas helminth parasite infestations were the commonest ailment recorded in newly rescued birds. One individual hatched at the Aquarium in 2001 and two others in 2017.
The persistence of welfare stigma: Does the passing of time and subsequent employment moderate the negative perceptions associated with unemployment benefit receipt?
Authors: Schofield Timothy P. , Haslam Nick , Butterworth Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPeople receiving welfare payments are stigmatized. However, previous studies of welfare recipient stereotypes have not examined whether the stigma endures after payments are no longer received and have rarely considered the stigma associated with specific categories of welfare payments. We examined whether welfare stigma endures in three experiments (total N = 873) focused on one category of welfare recipient, people receiving government income support due to their unemployment. To test if this stigmatized identity marked or scarred how people are perceived, we compared evaluations of currently unemployed benefit recipients to currently employed people who either previously received this benefit or who had no stated history of benefit receipt. Across the three experiments, we found that current recipients of unemployment benefits were evaluated as much less conscientious, less human, and poorer workers, but as somewhat more extraverted than currently employed individuals irrespective of their welfare history. Moreover, we found that currently employed individuals were evaluated similarly, regardless of whether they had a prior history of benefit receipt, and the recency of this prior benefit experience. This pattern of results suggests that receiving unemployment benefits does not scar how a person is perceived by others, but only temporarily marks how they are perceived. These findings suggest that welfare stigma may create an evaluative barrier to returning to work, but that if this barrier can be overcome there are no negative evaluations of former recipients’ character. Overall, community members seem accepting of prior benefit receipt once a person returns to work.
Technological viability of biobased films formulated with cassava by‐product and Spirulina platensis
Authors: Cardoso Taís , Esmerino Luís Antônio , Bolanho Beatriz Cervejeira , Demiate Ivo Mottin , Danesi Eliane Dalva Godoy 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBiobased films are alternative packaging formed with starch and other polymers that can be used for extending the shelf life of food and reducing the use of non‐renewable materials. The aim of this study was to produce films with mixtures of gelatin, cassava bagasse, and Spirulina platensis, using cassava starch and glycerol as a basis solution. There was not differences (p > 0.10) for grammage. Spirulina platensis and cassava bagasse addition influenced the color, viscosity, solubility, thickness, and the moisture of the films. The swelling increased during the period of 60 min, with the highest values recorded in acid medium. The maximum elongation value was found in the biobased films that had 66% of S. platensis, 17% of cassava bagasse, and 17% of gelatin. The micrographs showed the effect of fiber addition from cassava bagasse and rectangular structure of S. platensis. The films developed showed potential to be applied as food package.Practical applicationsThe use of biobased films as coating is an attractive method of preserving fresh foods. The applicability becomes of greater interest when using low‐value raw materials, as cassava bagasse, making the packaging of value industrially competitive. At same time, the addition of S. platensis can be attractive due to its functional properties. This work seeks to establish the best formulation among the biobased films produced based on the measurement of their technological properties to apply them in practice as cover or coating for foods.
Hind foot drumming: morphological adaptations of the muscles and bones of the hind limb in three African mole‐rat species
Authors: Sahd L. , Bennett N. C. , Kotzé S. H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSeismic signalling in the form of hind foot drumming plays an integral role in the communication of several species of African mole‐rats (Bathyergidae). To produce these vibrational signals, alternating hind limbs strike the ground repetitively at high speeds by flexion and extension of the hip and knee. This descriptive study aimed to determine whether anatomical differences in hind limb osteology and/or musculature between drumming and non‐drumming species of three Bathyergidae species could be detected. Formalin‐fixed left and right hind limbs of 24 animals (N = 48) consisting of three species (n = 16 each) of two drumming species, Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus, and one non‐drumming species, Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis, were dissected to determine the origins and insertions of individual muscles. After dissection, all soft tissue was removed by maceration. Hind limb bones, including the pelvis, were photographed, and the exact muscle origin and insertion points were electronically mapped onto the images using imaging software. On lateral view, the acetabular position was parallel to the sacrum in G. capensis, while being more ventral in position in the other two species. The shape of the femur head was spherical and the neck defined in all species. The distal shaft of the femur was gracile and the epicondyles were robust and prominent in the non‐drumming C. h. natalensis compared with the drumming species. Shallow and relatively wide patellar grooves were observed in all three species. In the two drumming species, m. gracilis was single, whereas it was double in C. h. natalensis. In all three species, m. tensor fasciae latae was absent. The more dorsal positioning of the acetabulum in G. capensis may be needed to increase the stability of the spine and allow for more force to be exerted on the pelvis during drumming. It is unlikely that m. gracilis plays a role in drumming, as the singularity or doubling thereof is variable among rodents. It is additionally postulated that m. gluteus superficialis has taken the hip rotator role of m. tensor fasciae latae as it partially inserted onto the lateral fascia of the thigh. The more robust ilia, femoral shafts and tibiae observed in the two drumming species studied here are possible adaptations for hind foot drumming, as robust bones are able to withstand the additional biomechanical loading during drumming.
No rose without a thorn: Hedonic testing of live rose plants
Authors: Grygorczyk Alexandra , Jenkins Amy E. , Bowen Amy J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSensory and consumer testing of live rose bushes presents several unique logistical challenges due to product size and the need to present roses during a small window of opportunity when they are in full bloom, the timing of which differs from plant to plant. The current study determined whether online (close up photographs of rose blooms) and in‐person (live plants) liking tests produced comparable results and discusses the logistical considerations of in‐person testing. Three studies were conducted: two in‐person to compare two different study design strategies (n = 199, n = 206) and one online (n = 209). Photos of rose blooms evaluated online did not correlate with in‐person liking evaluations (R2 = .00003). The best approach for in‐person testing (completing testing in 1 week with only blooming roses versus spreading out testing over 3 weeks) depended on the project budget and whether a particular rose of interest needed to be in the sample set.Practical ApplicationsMany consumer studies on nonfoods have used photographs of products to obtain consumer feedback rather than presenting a live prototype as this approach is more resource‐efficient. However, the present study demonstrates that a photograph of rose blooms (as shown in rose catalogues and plant tags) does not yield comparable liking scores to in‐person evaluation. Because rose bushes are large, highly variable and have fine details, it is challenging to evaluate them from photos that fit on a computer screen.The current study also describes a protocol for in‐person consumer hedonic testing of flowering plants. A new experimental design (Sudoku design) is presented, suitable for products that are too large to fit in a sensory booth or otherwise immobile requiring panelists to move around the room from product to product to make their evaluations. Two approaches are discussed which account for the difference in timing of rose blooming across cultivars.