bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and type of cereal on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flow continuous culture fermentation system
Authors: Moya Diego , Ferret Alfred , Blanch Marta , Fuentes Mari Carmen , Fandiño Jose Ignacio , Calsamiglia Sergio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLive yeast additives may help optimize ruminal fermentation of high‐grain diets, especially when the starch of the ration is highly fermentable. Eight dual flow continuous culture fermenters were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design in two replicated periods of 9 days (six for adaptation and three for sampling) to determine the effect of live yeast and type of cereal on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient digestibility. Main factors were the addition of live yeast: no yeast (NY) vs. 2 × 107 CFU of yeast/g of diet (LY); and type of cereal in the diet: corn (CO) vs. barley (BA). All fermenters were fed 80 g dry matter/day of a 10–90 forage to concentrate diet and pH was allowed to fluctuate with an upper (6.6) and lower (5.5) limit. Treatment BA increased OM digestion, valerate proportion, peptides and ammonia N fractions, ammonia N flow, crude protein degradation and target copies of Megasphaera elsdenii; and decreased NDF digestion, propionate proportion, branched‐chain VFA (BCVFA) concentration, AA‐N fraction and nonammonia N flow. Treatment LY increased BCVFA and decreased ammonia N fraction and flow, and the target copies of Streptococcus bovis. Treatment LY decreased the slope of pH drop, the area under pH 6.0 and the gas production. These results suggest potential benefits of LY in stabilizing the fermentation of BA‐based diets.
Ca2+ and innate immune pathways are activated and differentially expressed in childhood asthma phenotypes
Authors: Boeck Andreas , Landgraf‐Rauf Katja , Vogelsang Vanessa , Siemens Diana , Prazeres da Costa Olivia , Klucker Elisabeth , von Mutius Erika , Buch Thorsten , Mansmann Ulrich , Schaub Bianca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundAsthma is the most common chronic disease in children. Underlying immunologic mechanisms—in particular of different phenotypes—are still just partly understood. The objective of the study was the identification of distinct cellular pathways in allergic asthmatics (AA) and nonallergic asthmatics (NA) vs healthy controls (HC).MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of steroid‐naïve children (n(AA/NA/HC) = 35/13/34)) from the CLARA study (n = 275) were stimulated (anti‐CD3/CD28, LpA) or kept unstimulated. Gene expression was investigated by transcriptomics and quantitative RT‐PCR. Differentially regulated pathways between phenotypes were assessed after adjustment for sex and age (KEGG pathways). Networks based on correlations of gene expression were built using force‐directed graph drawing.ResultsAllergic asthmatics vs NA and asthmatics overall vs HC showed significantly different expression of Ca2+ and innate immunity‐associated pathways. PCR analysis confirmed significantly increased Ca2+‐associated gene regulation (ORMDL3 and ATP2A3) in asthmatics vs HC, most prominent in AA. Innate immunity receptors (LY75, TLR7), relevant for virus infection, were also upregulated in AA and NA compared to HC. AA and NA could be differentiated by increased ATP2A3 and FPR2 in AA, decreased CLEC4E in AA, and increased IFIH1 expression in NA following anti‐CD3/28 stimulation vs unstimulated (fold change).ConclusionsCa2+ regulation and innate immunity response pattern to viruses were activated in PBMCs of asthmatics. Asthma phenotypes were differentially characterized by distinct regulation of ATP2A3 and expression of innate immune receptors (FPR2, CLEC4E, IFIH1). These genes may present promising targets for future in‐depth investigation with the long‐term goal of more phenotype‐specific therapeutic interventions in asthmatics.
Vivax infection alters peripheral B‐cell profile and induces persistent serum IgM
Authors: Patgaonkar Mandar , Herbert Fabien , Powale Krushali , Gandhe Prajakta , Gogtay Nithya , Thatte Urmila , Pied Sylviane , Sharma Shobhona , Pathak Sulabha 
Published: August 2018

SummaryB cell–mediated humoral responses are essential for controlling malarial infection. Studies have addressed the effects of Plasmodium falciparum infection on peripheral B‐cell subsets but not much is known for P. vivax infection. Furthermore, majority of the studies investigate changes during acute infection, but not after parasite clearance. In this prospective study, we analysed peripheral B‐cell profiles and antibody responses during acute P. vivax infection and upon recovery (30 days post‐treatment) in a low‐transmission area in India. Dengue patients were included as febrile‐condition controls. Both dengue and malaria patients showed a transient increase in atypical memory B cells during acute infection. However, transient B cell‐activating factor (BAFF)–independent increase in the percentage of total and activated immature B cells was observed in malaria patients. Naïve B cells from malaria patients also showed increased TLR4 expression. Total IgM levels remained unchanged during acute infection but increased significantly at recovery. Serum antibody profiling showed a parasite‐specific IgM response that persisted at recovery. A persistent IgM autoantibody response was also observed in malaria but not dengue patients. Our data suggest that in hypoendemic regions acute P. vivax infection skews peripheral B‐cell subsets and results in a persistent parasite‐specific and autoreactive IgM response.
Semi‐dominant mutation in the cysteine‐rich receptor‐like kinase gene, ALS1, conducts constitutive defence response in rice
Authors: Du D. , Liu M. , Xing Y. , Chen X. , Zhang Y. , Zhu M. , Lu X. , Zhang Q. , Ling Y. , Sang X. , Li Y. , Zhang C. , He G. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Plants have evolved a sophisticated two‐branch defence system to prevent the growth and spread of pathogen infection. The novel Cys‐rich repeat (CRR) containing receptor‐like kinases, known as CRKs, were reported to mediate defence resistance in plants. For rice, there are only two reports of CRKs. A semi‐dominant lesion mimic mutant als1 (apoptosis leaf and sheath 1) in rice was identified to demonstrate spontaneous lesions on the leaf blade and sheath.

A map‐based cloning strategy was used for fine mapping and cloning of ALS1, which was confirmed to be a typical CRK in rice. Functional studies of ALS1 were conducted, including phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis, subcellular location and blast resistance identification.

Most pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes and other defence‐related genes were activated and up‐regulated to a high degree. ALS1 was expressed mainly in the leaf blade and sheath, in which further study revealed that ALS1 was present in the vascular bundles. ALS1 was located in the cell membrane of rice protoplasts, and its mutation did not change its subcellular location. Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation were observed in als1, and enhanced blast resistance was also observed.

The mutation of ALS1 caused a constitutively activated defence response in als1. The results of our study imply that ALS1 participates in a defence response resembling the common SA‐, JA‐ and NH1‐mediated defence responses in rice.
Genetic diversity and aggressiveness of Erwinia psidii on Eucalyptus spp. in Brazil
Authors: Montoya‐Estrada C. N. , Hermenegildo P. S. , Alvarez‐Romero P. I. , Badel J. L. , Guimarães L. M. S. , Alfenas A. C. 
Published: August 2018

The genetic variability and aggressiveness of Brazilian Erwinia psidii isolates from Eucalyptus spp. was studied and compared with reference isolates from guava (Psidium guajava). Repetitive element sequence (rep)‐based PCR markers of 101 isolates from Eucalyptus spp. and five from guava showed that the populations of E. psidii displayed a relatively low genetic variability. No correlation of genetic clustering based on rep‐PCR analysis with geographic origin or host of origin was observed, indicating that genome rearrangements associated with adaptation to a particular host were not detected by these molecular markers. A higher genotypic richness was detected in the Mato Grosso do Sul population, probably reflecting a pathogen dissemination associated with the recent expansion in eucalypt plantations. Wilcoxon and ANOVA tests of disease severity data indicated differences in aggressiveness among isolates and an isolate × clone interaction. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and disease severity for some isolates were significantly different between two susceptible clones tested. Notably, isolate LPF681 from guava was not able to cause disease on a susceptible Eucalyptus urophylla clone, suggesting that some co‐evolution between pathogen and host has taken place. The variability in aggressiveness and virulence among isolates of E. psidii observed in this study will be important for the establishment of appropriate screening approaches to select for disease resistance.
What is palliative care? Perceptions of healthcare professionals
Authors: Wallerstedt Birgitta , Benzein Eva , Schildmeijer Kristina , Sandgren Anna 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundDespite increased attention and knowledge in palliative care, there is still confusion concerning how to interpret the concept of palliative care and implement it in practice. This can result in difficulties for healthcare professionals in identifying patients whom would benefit from palliative care, which, in turn, could lead to a delay in meeting patients’ needs.AimTo explore healthcare professionals’ perceptions of palliative care.MethodData were collected through twelve interprofessional focus group interviews in community care and hospital wards in south Sweden (n = 74). All interviews were analysed with latent content analysis.ResultsThree domains were revealed: first, a blurred conceptual understanding as participants described palliative care using synonyms, diagnoses, phases, natural care and holism; second, a challenge to communicate transitions concerned the importance of how and when the transition to palliative care was communicated and documented; finally, a need for interprofessional collaboration was described as well as the consequences for severely ill persons, relatives and healthcare professionals when it was not established.ConclusionThe perceptions about how to interpret palliative care differed as well as when palliative care should be offered and decided, which might have practical consequences. How long a person has left to live is of great significance for decision‐making, caregiving and preparation in palliative care. The challenge is to use interprofessional communication to promote understanding and collaborate across varied care levels. Integrating palliative care across diverse care levels could be one way to reduce the ambiguity of palliative care.
Pheno‐Deep Counter: a unified and versatile deep learning architecture for leaf counting
Authors: Giuffrida Mario Valerio , Doerner Peter , Tsaftaris Sotirios A. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryDirect observation of morphological plant traits is tedious and a bottleneck for high‐throughput phenotyping. Hence, interest in image‐based analysis is increasing, with the requirement for software that can reliably extract plant traits, such as leaf count, preferably across a variety of species and growth conditions. However, current leaf counting methods do not work across species or conditions and therefore may lack broad utility. In this paper, we present Pheno‐Deep Counter, a single deep network that can predict leaf count in two‐dimensional (2D) plant images of different species with a rosette‐shaped appearance. We demonstrate that our architecture can count leaves from multi‐modal 2D images, such as visible light, fluorescence and near‐infrared. Our network design is flexible, allowing for inputs to be added or removed to accommodate new modalities. Furthermore, our architecture can be used as is without requiring dataset‐specific customization of the internal structure of the network, opening its use to new scenarios. Pheno‐Deep Counter is able to produce accurate predictions in many plant species and, once trained, can count leaves in a few seconds. Through our universal and open source approach to deep counting we aim to broaden utilization of machine learning‐based approaches to leaf counting. Our implementation can be downloaded at https://bitbucket.org/tuttoweb/pheno-deep-counter.
Here, there, and everywhere: The importance of ER membrane contact sites
Authors: Wu Haoxi , Carvalho Pedro , Voeltz Gia K. 
Published: August 2018

It's all about your contactsMembrane contact sites have recently come to the fore of our understanding of interorganelle communication. Wuet al.review how these important structures help to promote a variety of key functions, including organelle division and lipid transfer. Focusing on contacts between the endoplasmic reticulum and a variety of organelles or the plasma membrane reveals the generality and importance of these contacts in cellular homeostasis and organismal health.Science, this issue p.eaan5835
Ancient convergent losses ofParaoxonase 1yield potential risks for modern marine mammals
Authors: Meyer Wynn K. , Jamison Jerrica , Richter Rebecca , Woods Stacy E. , Partha Raghavendran , Kowalczyk Amanda , Kronk Charles , Chikina Maria , Bonde Robert K. , Crocker Daniel E. , Gaspard Joseph , Lanyon Janet M. , Marsillach Judit , Furlong Clement E. , Clark Nathan L. 
Published: August 2018

Adaptive conflicts with the modern worldMammals evolved in terrestrial environments. Those that now live in the marine environment have had to adapt to the particular selective pressures that this environment imposes. Meyeret al.surveyed the genomes of several marine mammal species to identify regions of convergent change. Multiple losses of theParaoxonase 1gene are evident in marine mammals, likely resulting from remodeling of lipid metabolism or antioxidant networks. The multiple occurrences of this loss of function across taxa indicate an evolutionary benefit. However,Paraoxonase 1is the primary mammalian defense against organophosphorus toxicity. Marine mammals may be at a great disadvantage in the Anthropocene if run-off of this agricultural product into the marine environment continues.Science, this issue p.591
Computational and neurobiological foundations of leadership decisions
Authors: Edelson Micah G. , Polania Rafael , Ruff Christian C. , Fehr Ernst , Hare Todd A. 
Published: August 2018

Leadership and responsibilityLeadership of groups is of paramount importance and pervades almost every aspect of society. Leadership research has rarely used computational modeling or neuroimaging techniques to examine mechanistic or neurobiological underpinnings of leadership choices. Edelsonet al.found empirically and theoretically that the choice to lead rests on a metacognitive process (see the Perspective by Fleming and Bang). Individuals who showed less “responsibility aversion” had higher leadership scores. A computational model combining signal detection theory with prospect theory provided a mechanistic understanding of this preference. Neuroimaging experiments showed how the key theoretical concepts are encoded in the activity and connectivity of a brain network that comprises the medial prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, the temporal parietal junction, and the anterior insula.Science, this issue p.467; see also p.eaat0036
Maternal mental health and childhood injury: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Hope Steven , Deighton Jessica , Micali Nadia , Law Catherine 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveWe assessed whether maternal mental health problems increased rates for child injury during the preschool years and mid-childhood, and the extent to which associations could be accounted for by a range of potential explanatory factors.DesignWe analysed the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample with data collected throughout childhood. Multinomial regression was used to investigate whether two measures of maternal mental health (diagnosed depression/anxiety and psychological distress) were associated with subsequent childhood injury. Models adjusted for sociodemographics, parenting and child externalising behaviours.Main outcome measureMaternal report of unintentional injuries (none, 1, 2+) recorded at three data collection periods (3–5 years; 5–7 years; 7–11 years).ResultsThe analytic sample comprised n=9240 families who participated 3–11 years with complete data on exposures and outcomes (multiply imputing missing covariates). Exposure to maternal mental health problems was associated with increased rates of subsequent childhood injuries. Associations attenuated after adjustment for potential explanatory factors, although they remained elevated. For example, high maternal distress was associated with injuries 3–5 years (adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR): 1 injury=1.18, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.61; 2+ injuries=2.22, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.02); injuries 5–7 years (aRRR: 1 injury=1.31, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.76; 2+ injuries=1.84, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.09); and injuries 7–11 years (aRRR: 1 injury=1.03, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.31; 2+ injuries=1.33, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.81).ConclusionsChildren exposed to mothers with mental health problems had higher rates of childhood injury than those not exposed. If further investigation of this association suggests causality then it will be important to test measures that address mothers’ mental health issues with a view to reducing injuries among their children.
Falls in paediatric Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a 6-month prospective cohort study
Authors: Kennedy Rachel A , Carroll Kate , Hepworth Graham , Paterson Kade L , Ryan Monique M , McGinley Jennifer L 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo prospectively study falls in children and adolescents with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingNeuromuscular outpatient clinic of a tertiary paediatric hospital.PatientsSixty children and adolescents (‘children’) aged 4–18 years, 30 with CMT and 30 typically developing (TD).Main outcome measuresFalls rate over 6 months and falls characteristics questionnaire.ResultsTwenty-two children with CMT reported falling at least once in 6 months compared with eight TD children (CMT 2819 (0–1915), TD 31 (0–6) total falls (range)). Detailed falls characteristics were collected from 242 individual falls (CMT 216, TD 26). Injurious falls were reported by 19 children with CMT (74 falls) compared with 2 TD children (3 falls), with cuts, grazes and bruising most common. No fractures were sustained and no child required hospitalisation. However, 12 injuries from falls in children with CMT required management by a healthcare provider, versus none in TD children. Tripping was the most common mechanism of falls in both groups. Age was the strongest predictor of falls (ρ=−0.53, p=0.006) with all children (CMT and TD) aged <7 years falling. Balance was the strongest impairment-related predictor of falls (ρ=−0.47, p=0.02). The conservative estimate of risk of falls in children and adolescents with CMT was 33 times higher than their TD peers (incidence rate ratio=32.8, 95% CI 10.2 to 106.0).ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with CMT fall more often than TD peers and sustain more injuries when they fall.
Impact of sharing electronic health records with patients on the quality and safety of care: a systematic review and narrative synthesis protocol
Authors: Neves Ana Luisa , Carter Alexander W , Freise Lisa , Laranjo Liliana , Darzi Ara , Mayer Erik K 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionProviding patients with access to electronic health records (EHRs) has emerged as a promising solution to improve quality of care and safety. As the efforts to develop and implement EHR-based data sharing platforms mature and scale up worldwide, there is a need to evaluate the impact of these interventions and to weigh their relative risks and benefits, in order to inform evidence-based health policies. The aim of this work is to systematically characterise and appraise the demonstrated benefits and risks of sharing EHR with patients, by mapping them across the six domains of quality of care of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) analytical framework (ie, patient-centredness, effectiveness, efficiency, timeliness, equity and safety).Methods and analysisCINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, HMIC, Medline/PubMed and PsycINFO databases will be searched from January 1997 to August 2017. Primary outcomes will include measures related with the six domains of quality of care of the IOM analytical framework. The quality of the studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, the ROBINS-I Tool and the Drummond’s checklist. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Subgroup analysis will be performed by domain of quality of care domain and by time scale (ie, short-term, medium-term or long-term impact). The body of evidence will be summarised in a Summary of Findings table and its strength assessed according to the GRADE criteria.Ethics and disseminationThis review does not require ethical approval as it will summarise published studies with non-identifiable data. This protocol complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines. Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations, and patient partners will be included in summarising the research findings into lay summaries and reports.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017070092.
A call for Applied Knowledge and Lived Interdisciplinarity in the medical care of depressed employees: a cross-sectional survey with German occupational physicians and psychotherapists
Authors: Nassri Lina , Schneider Isabell , Gaum Petra Maria , Lang Jessica 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo identify approaches for an effective patient-centred care of depressed employees, we investigated occupational physicians’ (OPs) and psychotherapists’ (PTs) knowledge about job stressors on the development of depression, application of this knowledge, interdisciplinary cooperation and perceived barriers.Study designA cross-sectional online survey.ParticipantsOPs (163; 48.5% male) and PTs (69; 43.5% male) providing complete data on the survey out of 257 OPs and 112 PTs who started the survey. There have been 458 (OPs) and 821 (PTs) initial clicks.MethodsMain outcome measures were the importance ratings of specific job stressors, the frequency of asking patients about those stressors, the need for interdisciplinary cooperation, as well as perceived barriers for cooperation. We performed multivariate analysis of variance, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Spearman’s rank-order correlations.ResultsThe achieved response rate for OPs was 56.1% and for PTs 13.6%. Both disciplines agreed on the importance of job stressors regarding depression (ICC=0.90; 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.98), but both ranked these factors differently from the current state of research. As to knowledge application, OPs showed positive associations between the importance of job stressors and the frequency of asking employees about them (eg, job insecurity (rs=0.20, p=0.005)) and PTs for social stressors (eg, interpersonal conflicts (rs=0.38, p=0.001)). OPs (mean=3.41) reported a higher necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation than PTs (mean=3.17; F(1,230)=7.02, p=0.009). Furthermore, cooperation was reported as difficult to implement. PTs perceived barriers (eg, time restriction) as more hindering (mean=3.2) than OPs (mean=2.8; F(1,171)=8.16, p=0.005).ConclusionsBoth disciplines are aware of the relevance of job stressors as risk factors for depression, but should be encouraged to ask employees more frequently about them. The need for interdisciplinary cooperation and possible barriers are discussed. It is crucial to emphasise the meaning of sufficient cooperation, since closing this gap for improving patient-centred care especially for employees suffering from depression is necessary.