bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of the causes of disasters
Authors: Sawalha Ihab Hanna 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The term “causes” of disasters is used interchangeably very often with other terms, such as “types” of disasters. Also, causes of disasters are usually explained in the literature in an individualistic fashion relating every single disaster with its own causes only. This limits the ability to identify the real causes of disasters. Second, it reduces the ability to create any kind of grouping for the causes of disasters. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss causes of disasters in a more categorical manner.

Design/methodology/approach
An extensive review of the existing literature has been made in order to identify, introduce and discuss theories related to the causes of disasters. Overall, the approach taken is based on theoretical reasoning informed by the literature.

Findings
Disasters, even those which seem to be composite and complex, are not mysterious incidents that cannot be explained or analyzed. Literally, almost all disasters can be diagnosed and the causes of disasters can be identified in a systematic and reasonable manner.

Practical implications
This study provides a better conceptualization and understanding of the causes of disasters. It is believed that this study will improve the decision-making process accompanied with the disaster risk reduction processes by understanding the exact causes of disasters. The study also clarifies the differences between the causes, sources and types of disasters which is extremely significant in disaster lifecycle modeling.

Originality/value
To the author’s knowledge, very few attempts have been made in the literature to capture causes of disasters in a categorical and systematic manner. Almost all disaster occurrences have been discussed in the literature in an individualistic fashion relating every single disaster with its own causes only.
Conditions for workplace learning in professional work
Authors: Parding Karolina , Berg-Jansson Anna 
Published: March 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to examine and discuss learning conditions for teachers, in the context of choice and decentralisation reforms.Design/methodology/approachThis article is based on analyses of 30 interviews with Swedish upper secondary teachers focusing on their experiences of their conditions for learning.FindingsThis paper shows how teachers at upper secondary level identify their subjects as the most important to learn more within. Secondly, we also show that spatial and temporal aspects of organisation of work seem to influence the conditions for subject learning, where the interviewees in many ways contrast their own view to how they describe their work being organised.Research limitations/implicationsOur findings may have currency for other professional groups with similar governance-contexts, and teachers in other similar governance-contexts.Practical implicationsThese findings indicate the need to further develop workplace learning strategies founded upon the understanding of schools as workplaces, taking occupational values into account. Furthermore, these strategies should be seen as a core Human Resource Management issue, as they can potentially enhance the work environment, thus increasing the profession’s attractiveness.Originality/valueWe show that spatial and temporal aspects of organisation of work seem to influence the conditions for the sought after subject learning, and that the teachers and the school management seem to identify with different and clashing ideals in terms of what, when, how and with whom to learn.
Homicide in a Horse Barn?
Authors: Prahlow Samuel P. , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAs forensic scientists and physicians, forensic pathologists are duty‐bound to perform their examinations with integrity and professionalism. The practice of medicine requires knowledge regarding the history and presentation of the patient. In forensic pathology, the history includes scene and other investigative information, and the decedent's medical and social history. Such information is important for the correct certification of the cause and manner of death. Herein, the authors present a case originally thought by police and death investigators to represent a sexual‐assault‐related homicide, as an elderly female's body was found partially nude, and apparently beaten, on the muddy floor of her horse barn. At autopsy, some of the injuries were determined to be postmortem and caused by horses. Additionally, gastric Wishnewsky spots indicated hypothermia as a probable mechanism of death. Finally, an acute hip fracture was identified, which explained why she was incapable of moving from her potentially dangerous environment.
Properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in relation to age and physiological function in master cyclists aged 55–79 years
Authors: Pollock Ross D. , O'Brien Katie A. , Daniels Lorna J. , Nielsen Kathrine B. , Rowlerson Anthea , Duggal Niharika A. , Lazarus Norman R. , Lord Janet M. , Philp Andrew , Harridge Stephen D. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn this study, results are reported from the analyses of vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples obtained from a subset (n = 90) of 125 previously phenotyped, highly active male and female cyclists aged 55–79 years in regard to age. We then subsequently attempted to uncover associations between the findings in muscle and in vivo physiological functions. Muscle fibre type and composition (ATPase histochemistry), size (morphometry), capillary density (immunohistochemistry) and mitochondrial protein content (Western blot) in relation to age were determined in the biopsy specimens. Aside from an age‐related change in capillary density in males (r = −.299; p = .02), no other parameter measured in the muscle samples showed an association with age. However, in males type I fibres and capillarity (p < .05) were significantly associated with training volume, maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake kinetics and ventilatory threshold. In females, the only association observed was between capillarity and training volume (p < .05). In males, both type II fibre proportion and area (p < .05) were associated with peak power during sprint cycling and with maximal rate of torque development during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Mitochondrial protein content was not associated with any cardiorespiratory parameter in either males or females (p > .05). We conclude in this highly active cohort, selected to mitigate most of the effects of inactivity, that there is little evidence of age‐related changes in the properties of VL muscle across the age range studied. By contrast, some of these muscle characteristics were correlated with in vivo physiological indices.
Major features of immunesenescence, including reduced thymic output, are ameliorated by high levels of physical activity in adulthood
Authors: Duggal Niharika Arora , Pollock Ross D. , Lazarus Norman R. , Harridge Stephen , Lord Janet M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIt is widely accepted that aging is accompanied by remodelling of the immune system including thymic atrophy and increased frequency of senescent T cells, leading to immune compromise. However, physical activity, which influences immunity but declines dramatically with age, is not considered in this literature. We assessed immune profiles in 125 adults (55–79 years) who had maintained a high level of physical activity (cycling) for much of their adult lives, 75 age‐matched older adults and 55 young adults not involved in regular exercise. The frequency of naïve T cells and recent thymic emigrants (RTE) were both higher in cyclists compared with inactive elders, and RTE frequency in cyclists was no different to young adults. Compared with their less active counterparts, the cyclists had significantly higher serum levels of the thymoprotective cytokine IL‐7 and lower IL‐6, which promotes thymic atrophy. Cyclists also showed additional evidence of reduced immunesenescence, namely lower Th17 polarization and higher B regulatory cell frequency than inactive elders. Physical activity did not protect against all aspects of immunesenescence: CD28−veCD57+ve senescent CD8 T‐cell frequency did not differ between cyclists and inactive elders. We conclude that many features of immunesenescence may be driven by reduced physical activity with age.
Prospective Validation of Clinical Criteria to Identify Emergency Department Patients at High Risk for Adverse Drug Events
Authors: Hohl Corinne M. , Badke Katherin , Zhao Amy , Wickham Maeve E. , Woo Stephanie A. , Sivilotti Marco L.A. , Perry Jeffrey J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesAdverse drug events (ADEs) cause or contribute to one in nine emergency department (ED) presentations in North America and are often misdiagnosed. EDs have insufficient clinical pharmacists to complete medication reviews in all incoming patients, even though pharmacist‐led medications reviews have been associated with improved health outcomes. Our objective was to validate clinical decision rules to identify patients presenting with ADEs so they could be prioritized for pharmacist‐led medication review.MethodsThis multicenter, prospective study was conducted in two tertiary and one community hospital in Canada. We enrolled 1,529 adults presenting to EDs over 12 months. We applied two clinical decision rules and collected baseline variables prior to assessments by clinical pharmacists and physicians. We compared the physician and pharmacist diagnoses with the decision rule results. The primary outcome was a moderate or severe ADE, defined as an unintended and harmful event related to medication use or misuse, which required a change in medical therapy, diagnostic testing, consultation, or admission. An independent committee adjudicated uncertain and discordant cases. We calculated the diagnostic accuracy of both rules.ResultsAmong 1,529 patients, 184 (12.0%) were diagnosed with an ADE. Rule 1 contained the variables 1) having a preexisting medical condition or having taken antibiotics within 1 week and 2) age > 80 years or having a medication change within 28 days. They had a sensitivity of 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 86.3%–95.0%) and a specificity of 37.9% (95% CI = 35.3%–40.6%) for ADEs.ConclusionsOur study validated clinical decision rules that can be applied by clinical pharmacists to limit the number of patients requiring medication review, while identifying the majority of patients presenting with clinically significant ADEs.
Methamphetamine psychosis: insights from the past
Authors: McKetin Rebecca 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsTo review early case reports and experimental inductions of amphetamine and methamphetamine psychosis, prior to the prohibition of these drugs, to gain a better understanding of the nature and aetiology of methamphetamine psychosis.MethodsPapers considered were historical case reports and case series of psychosis relating to the use and misuse of prescription amphetamine, focusing upon papers by Young & Scoville (1938), Connell (1958), and three subsequent experimental studies published in the early 1970s (Griffith 1972, Angrist & Gershon 1970 and Bell 1973), where psychosis was induced in volunteers using high‐dose amphetamine and methamphetamine.ResultsHigh‐dose methamphetamine and amphetamine can result in a paranoid psychosis which remits rapidly (within days) of discontinuing use. The central feature is paranoia occurring in a clear state of consciousness. This may be accompanied by other psychotic symptoms (e.g. hallucinations). Pre‐existing schizophrenia is not necessary, and the syndrome is not due to sleep deprivation.ConclusionsResearch findings from the 1930s to the 1970s suggest that paranoid psychosis should be considered a probable consequence of high‐dose methamphetamine use. Individuals who experience psychotic symptoms for any substantive period after intoxication has ended should be suspected of having a functional non‐organic psychosis, or a latent vulnerability thereto.
Silencing of dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK180) obliterates pregnancy by interfering with decidualization due to blockage of nuclear entry of autoimmune regulator (AIRE)
Authors: Mohan Jasna Jagan , Narayan Prashanth , Padmanabhan Renjini Ambika , Joseph Selin , Kumar Pradeep G. , Laloraya Malini 
Published: March 2018

ProblemDedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK 180) involved in cytoskeletal reorganization is primarily a cytosolic molecule. It is recently shown to be nuclear in HeLa cells but its nuclear function is not known.Method of studyThe spatiotemporal distribution of DOCK180 in uterus was studied in uterine cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments during the “window of implantation.” The functional significance of nuclear DOCK180 was explored by homology modeling, co‐immunoprecipitation assays, and mass spectrometric analysis. Dock180's role in early pregnancy was ascertained by Dock 180 silencing and subsequent quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blotting analysis.ResultsOur study shows a nuclear DOCK180 in the uterus during “window of implantation.” Estrogen and progesterone mediate expression and nuclear translocation of DOCK180. The nuclear function of DOCK180 is attributed to its ability to import autoimmune regulator (AIRE) into the nucleus. Silencing of Dock180 inhibited AIRE nuclear shuttling which influenced its downstream targets, thereby affecting decidualization with AIRE and HOXA‐10 as the major players as well as lack of implantation site formation due to impact on angiogenesis‐associated genes.ConclusionDOCK180 has an indispensable role in pregnancy establishment as knocking down Dock180 abrogates pregnancy by a consolidated impact on decidualization and angiogenesis by regulating AIRE nuclear entry.
Ulnar Nerve Conduction Block Using Surface Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Springer Shmuel , Kozol Zvi , Reznic Zvi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the effects of kilohertz frequency alternating current (KHFAC) surface stimulation applied to the ulnar nerve on force and myoelectrical activity of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle. Eighteen healthy volunteers (age: 27.6 ± 7.9 years; 10 males, 8 females) were included in the study. Each subject participated in one session during which a biphasic 7 kHz rectangular pulse was delivered above the medial epicondyle of the humerus to induce ulnar nerve blocking. ADM electromyographic (EMG) activity and contraction force were measured before (Pre), immediately after, and following 5 and 10 min post stimulation (post 1, post 2). The results showed that EMG activity decreased immediately after stimulation compared to prestimulation, it returned to the level of prestimulation at 5 min (post 1), and decreased again at 10 min (post 2). Furthermore, analysis of compound adjusted z‐score indicated significant decrease of force and myoelectrical activity immediately, and 10 min post stimulation. The findings, which demonstrate that KHFAC surface stimulation of the ulnar nerve may decrease the motor activity of intrinsic hand muscle, can help to develop future methods of neuromodulation to treat hand spasticity.
Artificial Organs 2017: A Year in Review
Authors: Malchesky Paul S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this Editor's Review, articles published in 2017 are organized by category and summarized. We provide a brief reflection of the research and progress in artificial organs intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of these technologies and methods. Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders “to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level.” Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. Peer‐reviewed Special Issues this year included contributions from the 12th International Conference on Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems and Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Perfusion edited by Dr. Akif Undar, Artificial Oxygen Carriers edited by Drs. Akira Kawaguchi and Jan Simoni, the 24th Congress of the International Society for Mechanical Circulatory Support edited by Dr. Toru Masuzawa, Challenges in the Field of Biomedical Devices: A Multidisciplinary Perspective edited by Dr. Vincenzo Piemonte and colleagues and Functional Electrical Stimulation edited by Dr. Winfried Mayr and colleagues. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, John Wiley & Sons for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. We look forward to reporting further advances in the coming years.
Human Stakeholders and the Use of Animals in Drug Development
Authors: Kramer Lisa A. , Greek Ray 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPharmaceutical firms seek to fulfill their responsibilities to stakeholders by developing drugs that treat diseases. We evaluate the social and financial costs of developing new drugs relative to the realized benefits and find the industry falls short of its potential. This is primarily due to legislation‐mandated reliance on animal test results in early stages of the drug development process, leading to a mere 10 percent success rate for new drugs entering human clinical trials. We cite hundreds of biomedical studies from journals includingNature,Science, and theJournal of the American Medical Associationto show animal modeling is ineffective, misleading to scientists, unable to prevent the development of dangerous drugs, and prone to prevent the development of useful drugs. Legislation still requires animal testing prior to human testing even though the pharmaceutical sector has better options that were unavailable when animal modeling was first mandated. We propose that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Congress should work together to abolish regulations and policies that require animal use. Doing so will benefit pharmaceutical industry stakeholders, including patients whose health depends on drugs and the many people who rely on the financial well‐being of pharmaceutical firms.
The Diamond Model of Authentic Green Marketing: Evidence from the Sustainable Architecture Industry
Authors: Parkman Ian D. , Krause Alan J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhile “green marketing” has emerged as powerful competitive force, many markets lack clear institutional standards or knowledgeable customers to allow firms committed to sustainable practices to differentiate themselves from opportunistic, green‐washing competitors. Within these contexts we propose a firm‐level lens based on authentic firm reputation as an important, yet poorly understood, competitive force. Drawing on interview data from the architectural design services context we identify the elements that firms use to communicate their own authenticity, as well as discourage green‐washing behavior of peers, and present these elements as the “Diamond” model of authentic green marketing, consisting of: (1) The ability to appear above commercial considerations; (2) The ability to frame production methods as craft; (3) The use of corporate visual identity; and (4) An organization's social network of stakeholders. We conclude by discussing the generalizability and implications of our framework for practitioners as well as opportunities for future research.
Institutional Determinants of Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility: Are Multinational Entities Taking Advantage of Weak Environmental Enforcement in Lower‐Income Nations?
Authors: Luxmore Stephen R. , Hull Clyde Eirikur , Tang Zhi 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMultinational enterprises (MNEs) are often accused of taking advantage of lax environmental regulations in developing countries. However, no quantitative analysis of the impact of doing business in nations of different income levels on environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) has been done prior to this study. Incorporating institutional factors in our approach, we argue that endoisomorphic and exoisomorphic pressures relating to ECSR impact MNEs differently according to the MNEs' level of activity in low‐, lower‐middle‐, upper‐middle‐, and high‐income nations. We predict and, using data from 113 companies, find that selling in poorer nations is positively associated with increased levels of ECSR. Our research suggests that MNEs may not be participating in a “race to the bottom” but may instead be responding to global institutional pressure by exceeding local norms for environmental stewardship. Alternative interpretations of our findings are discussed.
Pim1 supports human colorectal cancer growth during glucose deprivation by enhancing the Warburg effect
Authors: Zhang Meng , Liu Tingting , Sun Hui , Weng Weiwei , Zhang Qiongyan , Liu Chenchen , Han Yang , Sheng Weiqi 
Published: March 2018

Cancer cells metabolize glucose mainly by glycolysis and are well adapted to metabolic stress. Pim1 is an oncogene that promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and metastasis, and its expression is positively correlated with CRC progression. However, the mechanism underlying Pim1 overexpression during CRC progression and the role of Pim1 in CRC metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, we discovered that Pim1 expression was significantly upregulated in response to glucose deprivation‐induced metabolic stress by AMP‐activated protein kinase signaling. Pim1 promoted CRC cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Clinical observations showed that Pim1 expression was higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Pim1 overexpression in CRC tissues not only predicted CRC prognosis in patients but also showed a positive relationship with 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Further in vitro experiments showed that Pim1 promoted the Warburg effect and that Pim1 expression was positively correlated with hexokinase 2 and lactate dehydrogenase A expression. Pim1‐silenced cells were more vulnerable to glucose starvation, and Pim1‐induced tumor proliferation or tolerance to glucose starvation was attenuated by blocking the Warburg effect. In conclusion, glucose deprivation is one of the mechanisms that leads to elevated Pim1 expression in CRC, and Pim1 upregulation ensures CRC growth in response to glucose deprivation by facilitating the Warburg effect in a compensatory way.
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 2,3‐diphenyl acrylonitriles‐bearing halogen as selective anticancer agents
Authors: Li Jia‐Jun , Ma Jun , Xin Ya‐Bing , Quan Zhe‐Shan , Tian Yu‐Shun 
Published: March 2018

Eighteen novel 2,3‐diphenyl acrylonitrile derivatives bearing halogens were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for biological activity. Preliminary in vitro results indicated that the majority of the compounds with apara‐substituted halogen had considerable antiproliferative activity against five human cancer cell lines, includingMGC‐803,AGS, andBEL‐7402, withIC50values in the range of 0.46–100 μm. No significant toxic effects on the non‐cancerous human liver cell line L‐02 were observed. The selective inhibitory activities against cancer cells were significantly better than that of the control lead compoundCA‐4 andCA‐4P. Particularly, potent activities were found for the derivatives of 3‐(4‐halogen phenyl)‐2‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile, such as5c(4‐fluoro),5f(4‐bromo),5h(4‐chloro), and5k(4‐trifluoro‐ methyl), forAGSwithIC50values of 0.75 ± 0.24, 0.68 ± 0.21, 0.41 ± 0.05, and 1.49 ± 0.92 μm, respectively. The antiproliferative effects of5fwere attributed to cell‐cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, induction of cellular apoptosis, suppression of cell migration, and inhibition of cell colony formation inAGScells.