bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic parameters of plasma and ruminal volatile fatty acids in sheep fed alfalfa pellets and genetic correlations with enteric methane emissions1
Authors: Jonker Arjan , Hickey Sharon M , McEwan John C , Rowe Suzanne J , Janssen Peter H , MacLean Sarah , Sandoval Edgar , Lewis Sarah , Kjestrup Holly , Molano German , Agnew Michael , Young Emilly A , Dodds Ken G , Knowler Kevin , Pinares-Patiño Cesar S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Animal-to-animal variation in methane (CH4) emissions determined in respiration chambers has a genetic basis, but rapid phenotyping methods that can be applied on-farm are required to enable increased genetic progress by the farming industry. Fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen results in the formation of VFA with hydrogen (H2) as a byproduct that is used for CH4 formation. Generally, fermentation pathways leading to acetate are associated with the most H2 production, less H2 formation is associated with butyrate production, and propionate and valerate production are associated with reduced H2 production. Therefore, VFA may constitute a potential correlated proxy for CH4 emissions to enable high-throughput animal screening. The objective of the present study was to determine the genetic parameters for ruminal and plasma VFA concentrations in sheep fed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) pellets and their genetic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations with CH4 emissions. Measurements of CH4 emissions in respiration chambers and ruminal (stomach tubing 18 h from last meal) and blood plasma (3 h post-feeding) VFA concentrations were made on 1,538 lambs from 5 birth years (2007 and 2009 to 2012) aged between 5 and 10 mo, while the animals were fed alfalfa pellets at 2.0 times maintenance requirements in 2 equal size meals (0900 and 1500 h). These measurements were repeated twice (rounds) 14 d apart. Mean (± SD) CH4 production was 24.4 ± 3.08 g/d, and the mean CH4 yield was 15.8 ± 1.51 g/kg DMI. Mean concentration of total ruminal VFA was 52.2 mM, with concentrations of acetate, propionate and butyrate of 35.97, 8.83, and 4.02 mM, respectively. Ruminal total VFA concentration had heritability (h2) and repeatability estimates (± SE) of 0.24 ± 0.05 and 0.35 ± 0.03, respectively, and similar estimates were found for acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Blood plasma concentrations of VFA had much lower estimates of h2 and repeatability than ruminal VFA. Genetic correlations with CH4 yield were greatest for total concentrations of ruminal VFA and acetate, with 0.54 ± 0.12 and 0.56 ± 0.12, respectively, which were much greater than their corresponding rp. The rp and rg of ruminal VFA proportions and blood VFAs with CH4 emissions were in general lower than for ruminal VFA concentrations. However, minor ruminal VFA proportions had also moderate rg with CH4 yield. Pre-feeding concentrations of total VFA and acetate were the strongest correlated proxies to select sheep that are genetically low CH4 emitters.
Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on muscle metabolism of growing pigs1
Authors: Helm Emma T , Curry Shelby M , De Mille Carson M , Schweer Wesley P , Burrough Eric R , Zuber Elizabeth A , Lonergan Steven M , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. However, the metabolic explanation for reductions in tissue accretion observed in growing pigs remains poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus challenge is often accompanied by reduced feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus vs. feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS challenge and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (13.1 ± 1.97 kg BW) and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At days postinoculation (dpi) 10 and 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis (LM only), protein synthesis (LM only), oxidative stress (LM only), gluconeogenesis (liver), and glycogen concentrations (LM and liver). Growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency were all reduced in both PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.001). Furthermore, growth performance and feed efficiency were additionally reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs (P < 0.05). Activity of most markers of LM proteolysis (μ-calpain, 20S proteasome, and caspase 3/7) was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs, although activity of m-calpain was increased in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs (P = 0.025) at dpi 17. Muscle reactive oxygen species production was not increased (P > 0.10) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs. However, phosphorylation of protein synthesis markers was decreased in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad (P < 0.05) and PF (P < 0.05) pigs. Liver gluconeogenesis was not increased as a result of PRRS; however, liver glycogen was decreased (P < 0.01) in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad and PF pigs at both time points. Taken together, this work demonstrates the differential impact a viral challenge and nutrient restriction have on metabolism of growing pigs. Although markers of skeletal muscle proteolysis showed limited evidence of increase, markers of skeletal muscle synthesis were reduced during PRRS viral challenge. Furthermore, liver glycogenolysis seems to provide PRRS+ pigs with glucose needed to fuel the immune response during viral challenge.
Effect of Sugarcane Cultivar and Foliar Insecticide Treatment on Infestations of the Invasive Sugarcane Thrips, Fulmekiola serrata (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Florida
Authors: Beuzelin J M , VanWeelden M T , Soto-Adames F N , Sandhu H S , Davidson R W , Baucum L , Swanson S 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFulmekiola serrata (Kobus) was observed infesting sugarcane, Saccharum spp. hybrids, in the United States for the first time in January 2017 in Florida. Field studies were conducted to determine F. serrata infestation levels on popular sugarcane cultivars and to determine the efficacy of foliar insecticide treatments that could be used for management. Cultivar evaluations comparing six and five commercial cultivars representing &gt;46% of the sugarcane production area in Florida were conducted in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Fulmekiola serrata infestation levels did not differ among cultivars in 2017. However, infestation levels on CP 00-1101 were greater than on CP 96-1252 grown on organic soils, and infestation levels on CP 96-1252 were greater than on CPCL 97-2730 grown on mineral soils in 2018. Three insecticide evaluations, two in 2017 and one in 2018, were conducted. The pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin, which is registered for use on sugarcane, was consistently associated with the greatest decreases in F. serrata infestation levels. The neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, as well as the butenolide flupyradifurone, decreased infestation levels but to a lesser extent than did lambda-cyhalothrin. The spinosyn spinetoram was associated with the lowest decreases in F. serrata infestation levels. Our results supported short-term F. serrata management recommendations: Popular Florida sugarcane cultivars should be considered equally susceptible to F. serrata until additional evaluations are conducted and F. serrata outbreaks can be treated with lambda-cyhalothrin when infestations stress the crop beyond acceptable levels.
The Evolution of Public Policy and Judicial Function in English Law
Authors: Brekoulakis Stavros 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This article is concerned with the function of English judges in employing the doctrine of public policy to decide cases under common law. For the first time, the article offers a critical appraisal of the recent evolution of public policy and decision making under English law from a structured doctrine of legal rules and limited judicial discretion to an open-ended principle of subjective evaluations. The main thesis of the article is that the latest judicial amendment of the nature of the public policy inquiry constitutes a radical and unnecessary departure from generally accepted propositions on the appropriate function of English judges in addressing issues of public policy.
Integrating Drones into a Natural-Resource Curriculum at Stephen F. Austin State University
Authors: Unger Daniel R , Kulhavy David L , Hung I-Kuai , Zhang Yanli , Stephens Williams Pat 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFaculty within the Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture (ATCOFA) at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas are integrating drone technology into their curriculum to introduce students to the use of high-end technology within a natural-resource-based decisionmaking process. Drones are currently being integrated across the curriculum within ATCOFA, including 10 geographic information systems (GIS) courses for students pursuing the B.S. in Spatial Science and within six non-GIS specific courses for students pursuing the B.S. in Forestry. Results indicate that drone technology can be an effective tool in enhancing a student’s academic experience and provides students with a skill set required for future natural-resource professionals.
Safety and Tolerability of Clofazimine in a Cohort of Children With Odontogenic Mycobacterium abscessus Infection
Authors: Adler-Shohet Felice C , Singh Jasjit , Nieves Delma , Ashouri Negar , Tran M Tuan , Flores M Cathy , Arrieta Antonio 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus infections can be challenging to treat. Clofazimine has excellent in vitro activity against M abscessus, but reports of its use, particularly in children, have been limited. In this study, clofazimine was given to 27 children during an outbreak of odontogenic mycobacterial infections and seemed to be well tolerated as part of a multidrug regimen.
In vitro and in vivo characterization of two nonsporulating Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates from immunocompetent patients
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Jiang Yuan , Chen Jun , Chen Peiying , Kong Qingtao , Lu Ling , Sang Hong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a pathogenic fungus responsible for invasive aspergillosis (IA). Typically, it can produce abundant conidia to survive and spread. The infection by A. fumigatus usually occurs in immunocompromised patients due to failed clearance of inhaled conidia. However, the incidence of aspergillosis in immunocompetent hosts has been increasing, the pathogenesis of which is still unknown. Our team previously obtained two clinical nonsporulating A. fumigatus isolates from non-immunocompromised patients, which only have the form of hyphae. This present study demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the two nonsporulating A. fumigatus isolates and verified that their conidiation defects are associated to abolished expression of the sporulation-related central regulatory pathway brlA gene. In addition, we confirmed the mutation site of brlA gene (c.657_660delTCCT) contributes to the nonsporulating phenotype in one clinical isolate. Plate assay showed that the two nonsporulating isolates have a similar resistance to antifungal drugs, cell wall disturbing substances, and oxidative stress compared with the wild-type reference Af293. Most important of all, we employed an immunocompetent mouse model to mimic the pathogenesis of pulmonary aspergillosis in non-immunocompromised patients. It revealed that the hyphae of two nonsporulating isolates and Af293 have similar virulence in immunocompetent hosts. Interestingly, the hyphae fragments of Af293 but not conidia are able to induce invasive aspergillosis in immunocompetent mice. In conclusion, our study indicate that the form of hyphae may play a dominant causative role in pulmonary aspergillosis of immunocompetent hosts rather than conidia.
Radio pulsar polarization as a coherent sum of orthogonal proper mode waves
Authors: Dyks J 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Radio pulsar polarization exhibits a number of complex phenomena that are classified into the realm of ‘beyond the rotating vector model’ (RVM). It is shown that these effects can be understood in geometrical terms, as a result of coherent and quasi-coherent addition of elliptically polarized natural mode waves. The coherent summation implies that the observed tracks of polarization angle (PA) do not always correspond to the natural propagation mode (NPM) waves. Instead, they are statistical average of coherent sum of the NPM waves, and can be observed at any (and frequency-dependent) distance from the natural modes. Therefore, the observed tracks of PA can wander arbitrarily far from the RVM, and may be non-orthogonal. For equal amplitudes of the NPM waves two pairs of orthogonal polarization modes (OPMs), displaced by 45°, can be observed, depending on the width of lag distribution. Observed pulsar polarization mainly results from two independent effects: the change of mode amplitude ratio and the change of phase lag. In the core region both effects are superposed on each other, which can produce so complex behaviour as observed in the cores of PSR B1933+16, B1237+25, and J0437−4715. Change of the phase lag with frequency ν is mostly responsible for the observed strong evolution of these features with ν. The coherent addition of orthogonal natural waves is a useful interpretive tool for the observed radio pulsar polarization.
Assessing for and managing chronic insomnia in primary care settings
Authors: Cadet Myriam , Tucker Lorna , Allen Deborah H. , Lawal Ekaete , Dickson Darlene , Denis Anne Marie 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
Chronic insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. Improper or delayed diagnosis can lead to serious health problems. Early accurate assessment is essential to guide and provide safe treatment. This article reviews assessment and management of insomnia in the primary care setting.
Pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System is Equivalent to Scoliosis Research Society-22 in Assessing Health Status in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Fedorak Graham T. , Larkin Kevin , Heflin John A. , Xu Julie , Hung Man 
Published: June 2019

Study Design.
This was a correlational study.

Objective.
Determine the range of pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores for patients treated for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and assess correlation with Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) domain scores.

Summary of Background Data.
Patient reported outcome (PRO) measures are important metrics for measuring health status in diverse patient populations. PROMIS is increasingly being used in orthopedic practice. Existing literature compares PROMIS measures favorably to legacy measures in numerous adult orthopedic conditions. This study sought to define the range of PROMIS mobility, pain interference, and peer relationships scores for adolescents treated for AIS. Furthermore, correlations between these domains and equivalent domains in the legacy PRO, SRS-22, were determined.

Methods.
Pediatric PROMIS and SRS-22 were obtained at routine clinical visits for AIS at a tertiary care children's hospital from January 2017 to October 2017. Spearman correlations were performed to examine the associations between three pediatric PROMIS domains and the SRS-22 domains. Only patients who completed both PRO measures were included in the analyses. Radiographic measurements were performed at each visit assessing sagittal and coronal deformity and overall spinal balance.

Results.
One hundred thirteen patients with a mean age of 14.4 (standard deviation [SD] = 2.1) years completed the assessments. The mean pediatric PROMIS domain scores included: mobility 50.9 (interquartile range [IQR] 36.2–65.6); pain interference 45.9 (IQR 28.9–62.9); peer relations 52.6 (IQR 38.3–64.9).
PROMIS mobility was strongly correlated with SRS-22 function (r = 0.65; P < 0.001). PROMIS pain interference was strongly correlated with SRS-22 pain (r = 0.70; P < 0.001). PROMIS peer relations was moderately correlated with SRS-22 Mental Health (r = 0.41; P < 0.001) and self-image (r = 0.34; P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
In AIS patients pediatric PROMIS pain interference and mobility correlate strongly with SRS-22 pain and function domains, while PROMIS peer relationships demonstrates moderate correlations with SRS-22 mental health and self-image.

Level of Evidence: 2
Cost-effectiveness of Operative versus Nonoperative Treatment of Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Scoliosis an Intent-to-treat Analysis at 5-year Follow-up
Authors: Carreon Leah Y. , Glassman Steven D. , Lurie Jon , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Kelly Michael P. , Baldus Christine R. , Bratcher Kelly R. , Crawford Charles H. , Yanik Elizabeth L. , Bridwell Keith H. 
Published: June 2019

Study Design.
Secondary analysis using data from the NIH-sponsored study on adult symptomatic lumbar scoliosis (ASLS) that included randomized and observational arms.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to perform an intent-to-treat cost-effectiveness study comparing operative (Op) versus nonoperative (NonOp) care for ASLS.

Summary of Background Data.
The appropriate treatment approach for ASLS continues to be ill-defined. NonOp care has not been shown to improve outcomes. Surgical treatment has been shown to improve outcomes, but is costly with high revision rates.

Methods.
Patients with at least 5-year follow-up data were included. Data collected every 3 months included use of NonOp modalities, medications, and employment status. Costs for index and revision surgeries and NonOp modalities were determined using Medicare Allowable rates. Medication costs were determined using the RedBook and indirect costs were calculated based on reported employment status and income. Qualityadjusted life year (QALY) was determined using the SF6D.

Results.
There were 81 of 95 cases in the Op and 81 of 95 in the NonOp group with complete 5-year follow-up data. Not all patients were eligible 5-year follow-up at the time of the analysis. All patients in the Op and 24 (30%) in the NonOp group had surgery by 5 years. At 5 years, the cumulative cost for Op was $96,000 with a QALY gain of 2.44 and for NonOp the cumulative cost was $49,546 with a QALY gain of 0.75 with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $27,480 per QALY gain.

Conclusion.
In an intent-to-treat analysis, neither treatment was dominant, as the greater gains in QALY in the surgery group come at a greater cost. The ICER for Op compared to NonOp treatment was above the threshold generally considered cost-effective in the first 3 years of the study but improved over time and was highly cost-effective at 4 and 5 years.

Level of Evidence: 2
Role of BIOCHIP Indirect Immunofluorescence Test in Cutaneous Vesiculobullous Diseases
Authors: Tirumalae Rajalakshmi , Kalegowda Inchara Yeliur 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
BIOCHIP mosaics for indirect immunofluorescence in cutaneous vesiculobullous diseases provide antibody profiles in a single run and can be an alternative to performing multistep assays. There is scanty data regarding their utility. BIOCHIP tests performed over 4 years were compared with biopsy and/or direct immunofluorescence (DIF). Of 209 BIOCHIP tests, 108 were positive. Pemphigus vulgaris and Bullous pemphigoid were the commonest. Dsg3 was the commonest positive substrate in pemphigus group (86%) with 100% sensitivity. Intercellular space pattern on BIOCHIP primate esophagus was seen only in 49%. BP 180 was the commonest positive substrate in pemphigoid (95%) with 78% sensitivity. In 68 cases, corresponding biopsy/DIF was available with concordance of 89% in pemphigus and 93% in pemphigoid groups. In 40 cases where BIOCHIP was positive without biopsy/DIF, 97.5% were concordant with clinical diagnosis. Among the negative results, 13 had biopsy/DIF that were diagnostic. The overall positivity of BIOCHIP was 92% for pemphigus and 84% for pemphigoid groups. Indirect immunofluorescence by BIOCHIP method shows good concordance with histopathology/DIF. However, the sensitivity of some of the substrates varies. It is an effective screening tool to identify cases requiring further ELISA/immunoblots or where biopsy is not feasible.
Adjustment for Urinary Creatinine or Serum Lipids for Analytes Assayed in Pooled Specimens
Authors: Weinberg Clarice R. , Shi Min , O’Brien Katie M. , Umbach David M. 
Published: June 2019

Background:
For case–control studies, pooling biologic specimens (cases with cases and controls with controls) can make it affordable to study a biomarker that is expensive to assay, while conserving quantities of archived specimens. For a fixed number of participants, pooling designs incur little loss of estimation precision, and they can even improve precision by enabling inclusion of more participants with the same number of assays. A limitation that has discouraged the use of these methods in environmental epidemiology, however, is the lack of a valid way to adjust for creatinine (urinary dilution) when assaying a biomarker in urine or to adjust for serum lipids when assaying a lipophilic biomarker in serum. We aimed to develop practical strategies to accomplish those adjustments.

Methods:
Our strategies either differentially dilute specimens before pooling equal aliquots or, alternatively, pool deliberately unequal aliquots from each specimen, where prior determinations of the adjustment factor in each individual specimen inform their differential dilution or unequal aliquot volumes. In addition, we show how to modify these strategies if, instead of just adjusting for creatinine per se, one needs to account for factors that influence creatinine. We carry out simulations under several causal scenarios.

Results:
We demonstrate that the proposed strategies perform well in estimating the same adjusted association parameter as would be estimated by using individually-assayed specimens.

Conclusion:
By implementing the proposed strategies when forming specimen pools, one can greatly improve the efficiency of case–control studies that involve an expensive-to-assay exposure measured in biospecimens.
Practical Approach and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers
Authors: Rohrich Rod J. , Bartlett Erica L. , Dayan Erez 
Published: June 2019

Summary:
Soft-tissue filler use has grown considerably related to the increasing popularity of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Hyaluronic acid products are currently the most utilized soft-tissue fillers. Proper working knowledge of individual products, limitations to use, and anatomic principles can improve outcomes. Prevention is key to minimize complications; however, when present, complications must be managed methodically. Complications are categorized based on the timing of presentation and include early, late, and delayed. Vascular compromise and tissue necrosis are among the most devastating complications seen with filler use. Nodules can be related to an inflammatory or infectious etiology but should be distinguished as treatment varies. Hyaluronidase is mandatory to have available as a reversal agent for hyaluronic acid products and can be used in treatment for many complications and untoward sequela.