bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Hydrocarbon Uptake and Effects on Mackenzie River Fishes Using Bile Analysis
Authors: Morgan J.D. , Vigers G.A. , Nix P.G. , Park J.M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Analysis of bile for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in resident freshwater fishes and experimentally exposed fish in the Mackenzie River indicated that bile analysis provided a more sensitive biochemical indicator of hydrocarbon contamination than analysis of water, sediments or suspended sediments. This paper reports the first estimates of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in bile from controlled in situ exposures of fish to hydrocarbons, as well as preliminary evidence of effects on fish livers.
Northern Water Quality Monitoring Workshop Observations, Conclusions, Recommendations
Authors: Kwiatkowski R.E. , Olding B. , Vaughan H. , Whitfield P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Development continues to occur in the North. With development, there is the potential for ecological damage. This is particularly true in the North, with its harsh environment coupled with its fragile ecosystems. One of these systems, the aguatic ecosystem, is the focal point of this special issue of the Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada. The ten preceedinq papers were presented at the Northern Water Quality Monitoring Workshop, held in Yellowknife, May 4-7, 1987. The Workshop was organized into three basic stages. Day 1 was devoted to invited presentations from data users while days 2 to 4 were devoted to scientific presentations on: General Monitoring, Mining and Hydrocarbons. The scientific presentations were followed by Workgroup Sessions and a Plenary session daily. This paper attempts to highlight the various views and opinions, often without creditation, from the verbatim transcripts of the invited presentations (day 1), Workgroup Sessions and Plenary Sessions (days 2-4) found in Inland Waters/Land Directorate, Technical Workshop Series No. 7, Northern Water Quality Monitoring, 1988.
Bioconcentration of Chlorophenols by Juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Overwintering in the Upper Fraser River: Field and Laboratory Tests
Authors: Rogers I. H. , Servizi J. A. , Levings C. D. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Juvenile chinook salmon were sampled from August 1986 to March 1987 at stations near Prince George and Quesnel, influenced by sewage and pulp mill discharges. Maximum densities of 0.2 fish·mࢤ2 were recorded. Salmon were collected at reference sites in November 1986 and at Agassiz in April 1987.
Fingerling chinook were exposed at 0.7°C to a commercial wood preservative containing 2,3,4,6 - tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the laboratory to simulate winter conditions in the upper Fraser River. Fish exposed for 62 days to 2 ug·Lࢤ1 contained a mean of 224 ng·gࢤ1 TeCP and 431 ng·gࢤ1 PCP.
Chlorophenol uptake in feral fish was low. However, 3,4,5-trichloro-guaiacol levels to 304 ng·gࢤ1 and tetrachloroguaiacol values to 136 ng·gࢤ1 were measured in March. Fish from Agassiz, 518 km downstream of Quesnel, also contained these two substances. Thus chinook salmon can bioconcentrate persistent chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols directly from cold water (&lt; 1°C). The biological consequences are uncertain.
Modelling Stormwater Related Chlorophenol Releases to the Fraser River Using the Motz-Benedict (Moben) Model
Authors: Krahn Peter K. , Shrimpton Julie A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Stormwater runoff from surface treated lumber storage areas on the lower Fraser River was estimated to range from 489,092 m3/yr to 775,794 m3/yr. The loading of total Chlorophenols was estimated to range from 226 kg/yr to 916 kg/yr. The fate of chlorophenol contaminated stormwater released from treated lumber storage yards to the Fraser River is predicted by application of the Motz-Benedict (MOBEN) Model for effluent discharge to a river. The simulation predicted that a plume at 100 ug/L total Chlorophenols could extend up to 12 metres from shore and 60 metres downstream of discharge.
Modelling the Transport and Pathways of Tetrachlorophenol in the Fraser River
Authors: Lam D.C.L. , McCrimmon R.C. , Carey J.H. , Murthy C.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A mathematical model was developed to simulate the advection, sorption, photolysis and sedimentation of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (TeCP) in the Fraser River Estuary. By adjusting the loading estimates, the computed concentration could be brought to within a mean relative error of about 10 to 21% when compared to the observed data measured at three stationary sites during two study periods. For high flows, as in the study period in June, the transport was dominantly in the downstream direction. For low flows, as in the study period in November, both downstream and upstream transports were possible depending on the tidal flows. Because of the relatively low adsorption capacity, most of the TeCP existed in the dissolved phase. Analyses show that, in order of decreasing sensitivity, loading, flow, sorption, photolysis and settling could affect the simulated results. The use of nonstationary data was recommended to improve the temporal and spatial coverage in the water quality monitoring programme.
Water Exchange Between Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour: Water Quality Implications
Authors: Barica J. , Charlton M.N. , Poulton D.J. , Kohli R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Hamilton Harbour is an enclosed body of water situated at the western end of Lake Ontario and containing about 2.8 x 108 m3 of water, polluted by municipal and industrial effluents. It is connected to Lake Ontario by a ship canal, which facilitates a substantial exchange of water between the two water bodies. Exchange of harbour and lake water through the canal reduces the theoretical hydraulic residence time of the harbour and contributes to improvement of the harbour water quality through dilution and oxygenation. Without it, the Hamilton Harbour water quality situation would be more critical. The beneficial effect of dilution by Lake Ontario far exceeds contamination of western Lake Ontario by Hamilton Harbour water.
Satellite Observations of Sediment Transport Patterns in the Lac Saint-Pierre Region of the St. Lawrence River
Authors: Bruton J.E. , Jerome J.H. , Bukata R.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Satellite data from Landsats 4 and 5 were utilized to delineate the seasonal variations of sediment transport zones in the Lac Saint-Pierre region of the St. Lawrence River corridor. A seasonally cyclic succession of patterns displaying persistent, mutually independent, and extensive (in both space and time) turbidity zones was clearly in evidence. Visible and thermal data in both imagery and digital formats were used to show the close relationships existing among the distinct zonal synoptic patterns, the bathymetry of lake and river, and the near surface aquatic temperatures.
Sorption of the Pesticide Aldicarb by Soil: Its Mobility Through a Saturated Medium in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter
Authors: Lafrance P. , Ait-ssi L. , Banton O. , Campbell P.G.C. , Villeneuve J.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Adsorption characteristics of the radiolabeled pesticide aldicarb (2-methyl-2-(methyl-14C-thio)-propionaldehyde-O-methycarbamoyO-oxime) on loamy sand and its mobility through a water-saturated soil column were studied. This study emphasizes the effect of soil organic carbon content and of dissolved humic materials on the sorption characteristics of aldicarb. Dissolved humic substances at 25 mg/L present a very small binding affinity for aldicarb (“association constant” ≈ 20 [nmol/g carbon]/[nmol/g water]) and do not significantly affect the sorption rate for this pesticide. Freundlich isotherms were determined for aldicarb sorption on the original soil (% o.c. = 2.2) and on soil samples treated to reduce the initial soil organic carbon content (% o.c. = 0.8). If linear isotherms are assumed, the adsorption coefficient KD is nearly three-fold higher for the original soil than for the treated soil samples. The ratios of the KD values obtained for adsorption in the presence and in the absence of dissolved humic substances (25 mg/L) were 1.3 and 1.4, respectively, for the original and for the treated soil samples: this indicates that humic substances could modify only slightly aldicarb transport in soil. Effluent concentration profiles for the movement of the radiolabeled pesticide through a 30-cm long saturated soil column indicate a retardation factor R = 1.4. This R value is related to hydrolysis product of aldicarb, since no detectable parent compound was found in the column effluent. Results showed 45% loss of the initial radioactivity applied on the soil column: this could be attributed to irreversible adsorption and to biodegradation of the pesticide compounds.
Review of Field Applications of the Microtox Test in Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Waters
Authors: Kaiser Klaus L.E. , Lum Ken R. , Palabrica Virginia S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Microtox™ toxicity test, a bioassay employing the luminescent marine bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum as the test organism, has previously been used in field and laboratory research for the assessment of water contamination in the Detroit River and in Lake St. Clair. The test results indicated locations and zones of impaired water quality and were found to be useful in connection with other studies of the same areas.
This review presents new Microtox toxicity data on the St. Lawrence River and discusses the results in conjunction with other biological, chemical and physical data collected at the same time. It assesses the advantages and limitations of this bioassay for exploratory work on water contamination in the Great Lakes and in other aquatic organisms.
Determination of Biomass in Activated Sludge Containing Large Quantities of Carbonaceous Solid Carriers
Authors: Senthilnathan PR. , Ganczarczyk J. J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The exact estimation of biomass in the presence of carbonaceous carriers is an unresolved problem. Inaccuracy arises from the use of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) determination as the measure of biomass, due to the volatilization properties of some carrier particles at 550°C. Problems are also associated with the differential ignition technique and nitric acid digestion technique, which are used instead of the MLVSS determination. Therefore, a method of calculating the biomass content by the determination of nitrogen in the mixed liquor suspended solids is proposed. In this paper, the proposed method is compared with the differential ignition technique. The Nitric acid digestion technique was not used in this study due to the explosive nature of one of the carbonaceous carriers when digested with nitric acid. It was found that calculation based on the nitrogen analysis gave a more reliable estimate of biomass in systems containing carbonaceous particles than the differential ignition technique.
Impaired Swimming Performance of Acid-exposed Arctic Charr, Salvelinus Alpinus L.
Authors: Hunter L.A. , Scherer E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) were exposed to five levels of acidity between pH 6 and pH 3.8. Swimming performance as determined by critical swimming speeds was 67.5 cm · sࢤ1 or 4.4 body lengths per second for untreated fish (pH 7.8). Performance declined sharply below pH 4.5; at pH 3.8 it was reduced by 35% after 7 days of exposure. Tailbeat frequencies and ventilation rates showed no dose-response effects. At swimming speeds between 20 and 50 cm · sࢤ1, ventilation rates at all levels of acidity were higher than at the control level.
A Microtox Test Survey of Lake St. Clair Water
Authors: Kaiser Klaus L.E. , Ribo Juan M. , Kwasniewska Kazimiera 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Surface water samples of 67 stations throughout Lake St. Clair and parts of the St. Clair River delta were tested for acute toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum with the Microtox™ test. The results indicate the existence of zones of low toxicity in most of the northern, western and southern nearshore areas (up to approximately 5 km from shore) of the lake, and generally absence of toxicity in the central offshore part and the eastern nearshore area of the lake and in the river.
A Method of Metal Removal
Authors: Kuyucak Nural , Volesky Bohumil 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Selected non-living, inactivated materials of biological origin, such as algae, fungi, bacteria and their products, have been screened for their metal uptake capacity from solutions. Each biomass type exhibited different performance for metal species tested. The biosorbent performance also varied broadly with pH of the solution used.
The biomass of a green alga Halimeda opuntia and a brown alga Sargassum natans have been identified for their extreme potential to concentrate chromium and gold, respectively. The optimum pH was 4-6 for chromium uptake and below 3 for gold uptake. A brown marine alga Ascophyllum nodosum sequestered cobalt well at pH 4.5 outperforming activated carbon and ion exchange resins. The optimum pH for silver uptake by biomass of a red alga Chondris crispus and for arsenic uptake by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae covered a broad range of pH 2-6 and pH 4-9, respectively. A red marine alga Palmaria palmata was the most functional biomass in sequestering platinum at pH below 3.
The biosorptive uptake of chromium and gold was rather specific. It was not affected by the presence of other cations such as Cu2+, UO22+, Ca2+, Ni2+ or anions such as CO32−. Kinetics of the metal uptake, except for gold, was generally very rapid.
Sequestered metals could be eluted from the biomass and the biosorbent material can subsequently be reused many times over. The work demonstrates existing potential of a new group of biosorbent materials of microbial origin which can be effectively applied in a novel process of metal recovery from dilute solutions. The process of biosorption has a commercial potential as documented by several new enterprises currently aggressively entering the field.
Alternative Approaches to the Monitoring of Toxic Organic Compounds in Surface Waters
Authors: Vaughan Hague H. , Zakrevsky Jean-Guy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of present approaches to the monitoring of toxic organic chemicals in surface waters is questioned on the basis of cost and limited analytical or interpretive capabilities. Cursory examination of routinely generated chromatograms shows that a significant number of compounds exist in the environment about which little or nothing is presently known because of an increasingly rooted acceptance of “list” or “target” approaches to environmental chemistry. A redirection towards broad spectrum approaches is advocated. Such approaches would further allow for the simplication of information generation by concentrating analytical and interpretive efforts on those chromatographic peaks which directly reflect the ‘treatment’ or ‘difference’ established through the sampling scheme (e.g., upstream vs downstream, before treatment vs after, inflow vs outflow, toxic vs non-toxic, one season vs another, epilimnion vs hypolimnion, etc.). Upon consideration of existing technology, a plan of action is presented.
Designing Site-Specific Water Quality Objectives and Monitoring
Authors: Valiela D. , Whitfield P. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The development of site-specific water quality guidelines and objectives requires considering seasonal variability, biologically critical periods, interactions with other variables, and effects of cumulative exposure and lags in functional responses. Designing an effective and efficient monitoring program to determine compliance with site-specific objectives involves allocating the sampling effort according to these factors. We outline a hierarchical approach to determining this allocation process.
Identification of Surface Water Acidification Sources in Nova Scotia
Authors: Howell Geoff , Gélinas Ron , Slaats Jan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A microcomputer-based geographic information system (GIS) was used to integrate and analyse water quality and population density data in an attempt to distinguish between local and transboundary acidification sources in Nova Scotia. Using water colour as an indicator of organic acidity and population density as an indicator of local mineral acid sources, a potential local acidification source map was derived. This map indicated that 23% of the 332 lakes considered had a high potential for local source acidification while the other 77% had high LRTAP potential. An acidification response map using the ratio of total alkalinity to excess calcium and magnesium as an indicator of the theoretical loss of pre-acidification alkalinity was then combined with the potential local acidification source map. The resulting source/response map indicated that 46% of the sites have experienced significant LRTAP acidification while a further 20% have been acidified by local/natural sources. The remaining 34% of the sites have exhibited limited acidification response indicating that they are situated in areas of low terrain sensitivity.
Contamination Hazard from Waste Disposal Sites near Receding Great Lakes Shorelines
Authors: Coakley J.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Of the approximately 4000 waste disposal sites in Ontario, more than 230 are located within 5 km of the shoreline of the lower Great Lakes. Sixty sites are within 1 km of the shore. Unlike the more resistant bedrock shores of the Upper Great Lakes, the shoreline between Midland (Georgian Bay) and Kingston (Lake Ontario) is composed primarily of unlithified glacial deposits, and thus is prone to significant erosion. This report presents an examination of the potential for contamination of nearshore lake waters either directly through shoreline recession at the waste site, or indirectly through the transport to the lake of leachates from the nearby sites via groundwater discharges. Recession-related hazards were identified at three sites (two on Lake Ontario and one on Lake Erie). Groundwater contamination hazards were harder to identify due to insufficient subsurface and hydrogeological information. However, 31 sites, less than 0.2 km from the shore, were identified as potentially hazardous; 19 of these were located in the northern Lake Ontario shore zone.
Fate of selected volatile organic substances in aqueous environment
Authors: Chodola Glen R. , Biswas Nihar , Bewtra Jatinder K. , St. Pierre Carl C. , Zytner Richard G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of several processes on the behaviour and fate of synthetic volatile organic chemicals in an aqueous environment. Five organic priority pollutants, benzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene and trichloroethylene, were investigated to determine their susceptibility to the transformation processes of direct photolysis and hydrolysis under various pH, temperatures and concentrations. In addition, benzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene and trichloroethylene were examined for volatilization from the water surface as well as mass flux by diffusion into water.
The experimental findings for direct photolysis indicated that the susceptibility was negligible for all the selected organic compounds. However, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene were found to be susceptible to hydrolysis when the aquatic environment is basic and has an elevated temperature. Benzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene and trichloroethylene exhibited relatively rapid rates of volatilization and these rates were significantly influenced by the area to volume ratio. The overall Liquid film coefficients at the water-air interface for benzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene and trichloroethylene were observed to be 0.21, 0.69, 0.64 and 0.07 m/d, respectively, under the specified conditions.
The mass flux experiments indicated that, under quiescent conditions, the mass transfer occurring at the water-chemical interfaces of submerged pools of tetrachloroethylene and methylene chloride was low, thus providing an opportunity for clean up. Benzene and toluene floated to the surface and rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere. Mathematical equations have been developed to predict mass flux of such substances under given conditions.
Evaluation de la vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines à la contamination par les pesticides. Une Application du Logiciel VULPEST dans la Région de Portneuf (Québec, Canada)
Authors: Banton O. , Lafrance P. , Villeneuve J. -P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Dans les zones d’activités agricoles du Canada, on observe l’apparition de plus en plus fréquente de cas de contamination d’eau de puits municipaux ou privés par des pesticides. L’étude présentée dans cet article constitue une application d’une méthode d’évaluation probabiliste de la vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines réalisée au moyen de la modélisation stochastique. Le logiciel VULPEST, qui est destiné à l’évaluation prédictive de la vulnérabilité, est basé sur la simulation du transport du pesticide dans la zone non-saturée du sol. Il a été appliqué sur un site agricole du Québec présentant une contamination des eaux souterraines par le pesticide aldicarbe avec des concentrations pouvant atteindre 30 µg/L. Pour cette étude, des prélèvements de sol ont été effectués sur neuf stations réparties sur un maillage de 80 m x 80 m, afin de déterminer les caractéristiques des distributions statistiques des principaux paramètres physiques. L’application du logiciel VULPEST sur le site de Ste-Catherine, comté de Portneuf, a montré la vulnérabilité de ce site au pesticide concerné. Les résultats, qui ont été comparés aux mesures de concentration réelles, ont montré la qualité des prévisions qui auraient pûe réalisées grâce au logiciel, avant même l’application du pesticide.
Indirect Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organics from Water Matrix Samples
Authors: Pawliszyn Janusz B. , Alexandrou Nick 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Inexpensive and easy to automate instrumentation and procedures for rapid isolation of environmental pollutants from water matrix is described. In this method the organic contaminants are first adsorbed onto the solid sorbent. After the removal of moisture from the extraction vessel the supercritical fluid extraction of sorbent follows. Then the analyte is transferred directly onto the front of the gas chromatographic capillary column with the help of a piece of small I.D. fused silica capillary. The whole isolation process is controlled by a single ten-port valve. Performance of this technique is evaluated using water spiked with a mixture of polychlorinated benzenes. Full recoveries of analytes are obtained by this simple method. The total time of extraction was about 1 hour per sample. The application of this approach to the analysis of aqueous suspensions is discussed.