bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sharing of Radio Frequencies between Canada and the United States: the Case of AM Broadcasting
Authors: Gravel Sylvie J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryBecause of the physical nature of the radio spectrum, the sharing of radio frequencies between Canada and the United States is a necessary but delicate process. Using the example of AM broadcasting, the purpose of this article is to give an overview of the bilateral agreements concluded between the two countries during the last sixty years. Multilateral conventions, as well as agreements and arrangements, are also reviewed in order to permit an adequate understanding of the evolution of the bilateral relation. The review of those conventions also indicates the legal principles applicable to the sharing of frequencies for broadcasting purposes.From the initial chaos to “first come, first served” and, finally, to the “a priori” planning of the spectrum, the relative situation of Canada vis-à-vis the United States gradually improves. It is through the negotiation of technical agreements that Canada can obtain access to a natural resource necessary for the expression of its national identity and using a broadcasting system of its own.
The Extradition of Canadian Citizens and Sections 1 and 6(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Castel J.-G. , Williams Sharon A. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLes auteurs soutiennent que l'extradition d'un citoyen canadien qui a commis un acte criminel pour lequel il pourrait être poursuivi au Canada ne constitue pas une violation de l'article 6, premier alinéa de la Charte canadienne des Droits et Libertés, qui stipule que tout citoyen canadien a le droit de demeurer au Canada. Même si, à première vue, l'extradition devait violer ce droit, les auteurs estiment qu'en vertu de l'article 1 de la Charte, il peut être restreint par une règle de droit dans des limites raisonnables et dont la justification peut se démontrer dans le cadre d'une société libre et démocratique.
The UN Drug Trafficking Convention: An Ambitious Step
Authors: Sproule D.W. , St-Denis Paul 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLa Convention des Nations unies contre le trafic illicite de stupéfiants et de substances psychotropes a été adoptée le 19 décembre 1988. L’adoption de cette Convention marquait l’aboutissement de plus de deux années de négociation. Les conventions internationales sur les drogues qui sont présentement en vigueur, notamment la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961 telle que modifiée par le Protocole de 1972 et la Convention de 1971 sur les substances psychotropes, sont reconnues comme étant insuffisantes pour contrôler un trafic illicite de drogue devenu de plus en plus complexe et sophistiqué. La nouvelle Convention contre le trafic illicite comporte plusieurs éléments essentiels à l’exercice d’un contrôle efficace sur le trafic illicite de la drogue à l’échelon international. La Convention comprend trois parties, la première, soit les articles 1 à 19, traite des questions de fond. La deuxième partie, soit les articles 20 à 25, traite de la mise en œuvre de la Convention. La dernière partie, soit les articles 26 à 34, comporte les dispositions finales de la Convention et traite notamment de l’adhésion, de la ratification, de l’entrée en vigueur et du règlement des différends. Les articles les plus importants de cette Convention traitent de l’établissement des infractions en matière de drogue et des sanctions, des questions de compétence, du gel et de la confiscation des produits, de l’extradition, de l’entraide judiciaire et des livraisons surveillées. La Convention contient les éléments nécessaires pour constituer un instrument efficace dans la lutte contre le trafic international de la drogue. L’avenir seul nous dira combien de pays y accéderont et dans quelle mesure divers pays sont disposés à voir ces dispositions s’appliquer chez eux.
Le Canada et l’unification Internationale du droit privé
Authors: Verdon Christiane 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article reviews Canada's participation in the international unification of private law and private international law that is carried out by international organizations such as The Hague Conference on Private International Law, Unidroit, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, and the Specialized Conferences on Private International Law of the Organization of American States. It describes the new mechanisms that have been established to facilitate this participation, since the conventions developed in these organizations often deal with matters that fall within provincial kgislative competence and thus need to be implemented by the provinces. The new “territorial federal State clause” that Canada has had inserted in these conventions and the federal-provincial consultation mechanisms that have been put in place have been instrumental in facilitating Canada's ratification of conventions that unify private law and private international law.
Trials, Tribulations, and Triumphs: Major Developments in 1997 at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Robinson Darryl 
Published: June 2019

SummaryNineteen ninety-seven was marked by several important developments at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. A series of arrests and voluntary surrenders have increased the Tribunal's workload and credibility. The landmark Tadic judgment has clarified international humanitarian law, particularly with respect to crimes against humanity. The Erdemovic decision considered the defence of duress with respect to the murder of civilians and the use ofguilty pleas in international criminal law. Finally, the Blaskic decision has considered the use of subpoenas in international law.
Following Suit: A Comparison of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms under NAFTA Chapter 20 and the Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Baranes Yair 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Free Trade Agreement between Canada and Israel bases its dispute settlement mechanism on Chapter 20 of NAFTA. There are accordingly many similarities between the two regimes. In certain areas, however, such as consultations and Panel composition, the Canada-Israel dispute settlement regime was clearly intended to differ from the NAFTA regime.
Liberalized Trade and International Environmental Law and Policy: Australia’s Negotiations under the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Bishop Kirsten 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article addresses the difficulties to be faced in reconciling the international law and policy of trade regulation with that of environmental protection. It reviews the recent environment-related cases brought before the GATT/WTO dispute settlement panel and Appellate Body and provides a critical analysis of the results in the context of the relevant GATT/WTO rules. Such a review informs the case study, which is undertaken in the article, addressing the Australian government's use of trade policy in negotiating its position under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The article argues that it is crucial for environmental regulators to work cooperatively with free trade proponents to better clarify and strengthen the position of environmental law and policy within the free trade regime. The article concludes that, although this debate continues to remain polarized, there does appear to be signs of movement towards such a cooperative approach.
The Continuing Contributions of Ronald St. J. Macdonald to UN Charter and Peace and Security Issues
Authors: Currie John H. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this article, the author focuses in particular on Macdonald’s writings on the relationship between the International Court of Justice and the UN Security Council. After considering the continuing uncertainties in that relationship, the author argues that the emerging practice of “evolving reinterpretation” of Security Council Chapter VII resolutions suggests yet another important role for the court — that of guardian of Security Council authority through authoritative, judicial interpretation of purported Security Council authorizations to use force.
Nova Scotia-Newfoundland Dispute over Offshore Areas: The Delimitation Phase
Authors: Hughes Valerie 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOn March 26, 2002, an ad hoc arbitration tribunal determined the line of delimitation dividing the respective offshore areas of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the province of Nova Scotia. In making its decision, the tribunal, which was established by the federal minister of natural resources, applied the principles of international law governing maritime boundary delimitation and, pursuant to its terms of reference, treated the two provinces as if they were states subject to the same rights and obligations as the government of Canada. The tribunal had issued a Wrst decision in May 2001, ruling that the delimitation line had not already been established by agreement between the provinces, as Nova Scotia had contended. The tribunal’s decision on the boundary line is Wnal and binding on the two provinces. It awards to Newfoundland and Labrador the greater part of the offshore area that had been in dispute. The tribunal’s decision marked the end of the uncertainty created by the provincial disagreement and paved the way for the commencement of hydrocarbon exploration in the formerly disputed area.
Le Système interaméricain et la protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des personnes et des groupes vivant dans des conditions particulières de vulnérabilité
Authors: Duhaime Bernard 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLe Système interaméricain dispose de toute une série de normes, d’institutions et de mécanismes visant un meilleur respect des droits de la personne dans les Amériques, entre autres en matière de droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Cet article propose d’analyser les diverses approches employées par les instances interaméricaines pour évaluer le respect de ces droits par les États, notamment quant aux personnes et aux groupes vivant dans des conditions particulières de vulnérabilité.
III. Investissement
Authors: Côté Charles-Emmanuel 
Published: June 2019

Une date importante pour le droit international de l’investissement a marqué l’année 2005, avec le 40e anniversaire de la signature de la Convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d’autres États (Convention CIRDI). Paradoxalement, le Canada n’a toujours pas adhéré à ce traité majeur, lui qui est pourtant à l’avant-plan du développement de ce droit, avec entre autres le chapitre 11 de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) ou encore son nouveau traité-type sur l’investissement.Aucun nouveau traité sur l’investissement n’a été conclu par le Canada au cours de l’année. Si les négociations multilatérales sur l’investissement sont maintenant totalement arrêtées, les efforts les plus porteurs du Canada à cet égard se sont déployés sur le plan bilatéral. Le Centre international pour le règlement des différends liés aux investissements (CIRDI) à quant à lui intensifié ses travaux de réflexion sur l’amélioration de ses règles de procédures en publiant un document de travail sur des propositions de modifications.
The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers, and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?
Authors: Oosterveld Valerie 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article considers the first two trial, and corresponding first two appeal, judgments issued by the Special Court for Sierra Leone in what are commonly referred to as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and Civil Defence Forces (CDF) cases. These judgments are noteworthy for having been the first to adjudicate at the international level the war crime of conscription or enlistment of children under the age of fifteen or using them to participate actively in hostilities and the gender-based crime against humanity of forced marriage. Beginning with the issue of child soldiers, this article explores how the Special Court addressed the applicable elements of crime, the abduction of children, the role of initiation within the act of conscription or enlistment of child soldiers, and the definition of use of children to participate actively in hostilities. The second part of this article discusses how the AFRC judgments addressed the crime against humanity of forced marriage. In comparison, the CDF Trial Chamber avoided consideration of this crime, and the Appeals Chamber’s partial criticism of this approach could not correct the negative silence created within the Special Court’s record of gender-based atrocities by the CDF. The article concludes that the AFRC and CDF judgments raise issues that require further consideration. For example, what is the legal linkage between abductions and child soldier recruitment, and how does one distinguish between active and non-active participation of children under fifteen in hostilities? These judgments also point to the dangers involved in misunderstanding a gender-based crime such as forced marriage solely as a crime of a sexual nature, and the way in which a trial record can be irrevocably altered by the unbalanced exclusion of gender-based crimes.
Pushing the Boundaries: Rethinking International Law in Light of Cosmopolitan Obligations to Developing Countries
Authors: Mayeda Graham 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article argues for a change in the normative assumptions of international law so as to attenuate the historical marginalization of developing countries. It describes a form of collective responsibility called “cooperative cosmopolitanism” that requires individuals and states to take responsibility for harms to those beyond their borders. Cooperative cosmopolitanism entails obligations shared by all that are realized collectively and cooperatively. Taking a phenomenological approach and relying on examples of areas of international law (especially international investment law) that have a disproportionately negative impact on developing countries, the article suggests five ways in which international law should evolve in order to take better account of our cosmopolitan obligations: (1) widening the ambit of international law beyond state-based issues; (2) de-emphasizing state practice andopinio jurisas criteria for creating international law; (3) recognizing an increased role for equity in international law; (4) broadening state responsibility to include harms caused by their nationals abroad; and (5) articulating a cosmopolitan understanding of the responsibility to protect foreign nationals.
The Definition of Damage Resulting from Transboundary Movements of Living Modified Organisms in Light of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Authors: Espinosa Juan-Francisco Escudero 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe concept of risk requires preventative measures as well as measures of liability and redress in the case that damage is actually caused. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosecurity limits itself in Article 27 to the establishment of a mandate for the elaboration of norms and procedures in regard to liability and redress. The fulfillment of this mandate requires, first, a definition of the concept of damage to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; second, a survey of the extent of damage to health; and, third, the consideration of socio-economic aspects. In this context, this article analyzes the concept of damage in the international instruments that deal with this material, taking into account levels of implantation. The article concludes by presenting a definition of damage for use in the context of the development of the content of Article 27, using an administrative focus in regard to the concept of damage for civil liability in domestic law.
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State for Serious Violations of International Human Rights Law or the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Mora Paul David 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn its recent decision in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v Italy: Greece Intervening), the International Court of Justice (ICJ) held that Italy had failed to respect immunities enjoyed by Germany under international law when the Italian courts allowed civil actions to be brought against Germany for alleged violations of international human rights law (IHRL) and the law of armed conflict (LOAC) committed during the Second World War. This article evaluates the three arguments raised by Italy to justify its denial of immunity: first, that peremptory norms of international law prevail over international rules on jurisdictional immunities; second, that customary international law recognizes an exception to immunity for serious violations of IHRL or the LOAC; and third, that customary international law recognizes an exception to immunity for torts committed by foreign armed forces on the territory of the forum state in the course of an armed conflict. The author concludes that the ICJ was correct to find that none of these arguments deprived Germany of its right under international law to immunity from the civil jurisdiction of the Italian courts.
L’accord-cadre entre le Canada et les Communautés européennes: une première juridique
Authors: Grenon Jean-Yves 
Published: June 2019

“Les événements m’ont enseigné que la nature humaine se découvre faible et imprévisible lorsque les règles lui manquent et que les institutions défaillent.” (Jean Monnet)Lorsque le 6 juillet 1976 le Canada et les Communautés européennes signaient un accord-cadre de coopération commerciale et économique, le fait passait pratiquement inaperçu dans les annales juridiques canadiennes. Pourtant, cet instrument — en apparence anodin — représente un élément significatif dans le développement progressif du droit des relations extérieures de la CEE et sa mise en oeuvre au Canada pourrait bien ouvrir de nouvelles voies de coopération non seulement avec l’Europe mais également entre les gouvernements de la fédération. Après avoir rappelé les fondements du droit communautaire en matière de relations extérieures, en particulier ce qui a trait au “treaty-making power,” nous analyserons les dispositions de l’accord pour ensuite en dégager la portée juridique tant au plan communautaire qu’au plan canadien, l’accent étant mis sur l’obligation de consulter dans le cadre du Comité mixte (créé en vertu de l’Article 4).
Recent Taurus Results on Hα Velocities in M83
Authors: Allen R. J. , Atherton P. D. , Oosterloo T. A. , Taylor K. 
Published: June 2019

Preliminary Hα observations with the TAURUS imaging spectrometer confirm a pattern of systematic radial motions in a section of spiral arm in M83. The velocity gradients are not consistent with those predicted for the neutral gas.Non-circular motions have also been discovered in the central regions of the galaxy.
Catalogue of Radial Velocities of Galaxies
Authors: Palumbo G. , Tanzella-Nitti G. , Vettolani G. 
Published: June 2019

A catalogue of radial velocities of galaxies has been completed which lists all radial velocities published until the end of December, 1980, for galaxies in both the northern and the southern hemispheres.For each galaxy the catalogue provides R.A. and Declination, name(s) of the galaxy (NGC, IC, 3 CR, etc.), each known heliocentric radial velocity with its reference, and the type of observation (whether optical or radio).
Observational Tests of Baryon Symmetric Cosmology
Authors: Stecker F. W. 
Published: June 2019

To the gods alone belongs it never to be old or die. But all things else melt with all-powerful time….SophoclesWith the advent of grand unified theories (GUTs) has come the concept (among others) that baryons (protons, etc.) can decay by changing into leptons (“Diamonds are not forever.”) and vice versa, baryonic matter can be created from the thermal blackbody radiation in the early universe (provided, of course, that the hot big-bang model is basically correct). Using this concept, models have been suggested to generate a universal baryon asymmetry, with the consequence that no important amount of antimatter would be left in the universe at the present time (see, e.g. Langacker 1981 and references therein). These models have been motivated by observational constraints on antimatter, at least in our little corner of the universe (Steigman 1976). However, some of these constraints have been shown to be overrestrlctive (Stecker 1978, Allen 1981) and an alternative model, also based on GUTs, has been suggested which maintains matter-antimatter (I.e., baryon) symmetry on a universal scale, but results in separate “fossil domains” of clusters of matter galaxies and clusters of antimatter galaxies.
Massive Stars and Galactic Evolution
Authors: Matteucci Francesca 
Published: June 2019

The evolution and nucleosynthesis in massive stars are briefly reviewed, and compared with the information derived from SN1987A in LMC. Most of the theoretical models agree with the measured abundances and they can be used in models of galactic evolution.Models of chemical evolution of galaxies are presented and the role of massive stars in their evolution is discussed.Finally, the role of Wolf-Rayet stars in galactic evolution is studied, particularly from the point of view of their final fate. It is shown that, if Wolf-Rayet were the progenitors of type Ib supernovae, the Galactic chemical evolution would not change substantially with respect to the case of white dwarfs being the progenitors of type Ib supernovae. However, the predicted frequency of type Ib supernovae in the Wolf- Rayet case would be far too low in comparison with observational estimates.
The Calibration of Luminosity Criteria
Authors: Blaauw A. 
Published: June 2019

Attention is drawn to important systematic effects in the calibration procedure due to the accidental errors in the measured luminosity criteria. The present state of the luminosity calibrations in the MK system is reviewed with reference to recent work based on proper motions and radial velocities, and on trigonometric parallaxes, resulting in evidence for corrections of about −0.4 mag. for the K0–K5, III stars. Brief reference is made to the developments with regard to the Mv(K) system.The present report summarizes the principal elements of the review presented at the symposium.
Infrared Arrays at the European Southern Observatory
Authors: Finger G. , Nicolini G. , Biereichel P. , Meyer M. , Moorwood A. F. M. 
Published: June 2019

This paper gives an overview of infrared array detectors which have been tested and used at ESO. The performance of arrays using Reticon type readouts, CCD readouts and switched FET multiplexers have been evaluated for both InSb and Hg1−xCdxTe detectors. Performance limitations specific to the NICMOS3 256 × 256 Hg1−xCdxTe detector installed in the ESO infrared array camera IRAC2 are addressed. The first test results with a high well capacity SBRC 256 × 256 InSb array are also presented.Advanced readout techniques for image sharpening tested on a 2.2-m telescope are discussed briefly. A new generation of instruments being built for the VLT, the very large telescope project of ESO, is designed to house large format 1024 × 1024 IR arrays. A fast data acquisition system is currently being developed at ESO. The system is capable of handling the high data rates generated in the thermal infrared by large format low well capacity arrays. It can also cope with the low read noise required for flux levels of ≤ one photon/sec. It will first be installed in ISAAC, the Infrared Array Camera and Spectrometer built for the VLT (Moorwood 1993). The present status of both the detector developments and the data acquisition system is reviewed.