bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Borrelia
Authors: Aguero‐Rosenfeld Maria E. , Sabljić Eva Ružić 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Borrelia
species constitute a heterogeneous group of organisms that are maintained in nature in animal reservoirs and are transmitted via arthropod vectors.
Borrelia
species are agents of relapsing fever (RF), caused by the RF
Borrelia
group, and Lyme disease, caused by the Lyme borreliosis (LB)
Borrelia
group. A hallmark of
Borrelia
species is a segmented genome consisting of a linear chromosome and a mix of linear and circular plasmids. Although members of LB group of
Borrelia
have similar characteristics, they vary in their ability to cause disease in humans as well as in clinical manifestations. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a common late manifestation of LB in Europe. RF
Borrelia
can be detected in peripheral blood with blood films prepared from blood collected with EDTA. Variable major protein‐like sequences expressed is one of the most specific
Borrelia burgdorferi
antigens and has high significance in LB serology.
Mycoplasma
and
Ureaplasma
Authors: Waites Ken B. , Bébéar Cécile 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Mollicutes
are eubacteria that have evolved from
Clostridium
‐like Gram‐positive cells through genome reduction. The term “mycoplasma” is often used in a trivial way to refer to any members of the class
Mollicutes
, irrespective of whether they actually belong to the genus
Mycoplasma
. Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas of human origin can be classified according to whether they utilize glucose, arginine, or urea. Attachment of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
to host cells in the respiratory tract of humans is a prerequisite for colonization and infection. Urogenital mycoplasmas of clinical importance include
Mycoplasma genitalium
, a sexually transmitted pathogen, and
Mycoplasma hominis
and
Ureaplasma
spp., commensals of the human urogenital tract.
Ureaplasma
species have been shown to cause systemic and sometimes fatal infections leading to hyperammonemia in immunosuppressed persons who have undergone lung transplantation. Serology has been the most common laboratory means for diagnosis of
M. pneumoniae
respiratory tract infections.
Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations
Authors: Turnidge John D. , Jorgensen James H. , Zimmer Barbara A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Determination of the antimicrobial susceptibilities of significant bacterial isolates is one of the most important functions of the clinical microbiology laboratory. The main objective of susceptibility testing is to predict the likely outcome of treatment with the antimicrobial agents tested. Clinical microbiology laboratories can choose from among several conventional and novel methods for the performance of routine antibacterial susceptibility testing. A laboratory may choose to perform rapid detection of some resistance mechanisms by molecular testing or by rapid phenotypic testing. Breakpoints are the values that determine the categories of susceptibility. The approach to setting breakpoints varies by organization or regulatory body. Antimicrobial resistance is becoming widespread among a variety of clinically significant bacterial species. The advent of more readily available molecular techniques, especially whole‐genome sequencing, opens up the possibility of a major shift in the diagnostic laboratory, from phenotypic susceptibility testing to genotypic prediction of resistance.
Molecular Detection of Antibacterial Drug Resistance
Authors: Uprety Priyanka , Kirn Thomas J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The detection of antibiotic resistance is one of the most important responsibilities of the clinical microbiology laboratory. The molecular detection of resistance determinants poses significant challenges, perhaps foremost of which is the genetic complexity of antibiotic resistance. This chapter provides an overview of FDA‐cleared molecular assays for the detection of antibiotic resistance. It discusses some commercial assays in development. In theory, whole‐genome sequencing should be most comprehensive molecular method to detect antimicrobial resistance, because it allows the simultaneous detection of resistance to numerous antibiotic classes. There appears to be limited interest in the commercial development of molecular assays for other resistance determinants. The chapter considers aminoglycoside resistance, resistant anaerobic bacteria, daptomycin resistance, fluoroquinolone resistance, and so on. With a continuing urgent clinical need for the rapid detection of antimicrobial resistance, and with many novel technologies in development, the molecular diagnosis of antibacterial drug resistance is likely to see expanded application in coming years.
Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Virology
Authors: Dunn James J. , Pinsky Benjamin A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes preanalytical steps for viral diagnostics involving specimen selection, collection, transport, and processing, as well as details for collection of specific sample types. Depending on the specimen source and type of testing requested, it may be appropriate to place the sample in viral transport medium (VTM). Liquid specimens, such as amniotic fluid, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, do not generally require VTM. Eye specimens include swabs or scrapings of the conjunctiva, corneal scrapings, and vitreous and aqueous fluids. An oral specimen provides a noninvasive means of detecting infection, and for some viruses, the onset of salivary shedding can indicate recent acquisition. Nonsterile specimens (e.g., upper respiratory tract, skin, lower genital tract, and stool) are obtained from sites that contain normal microbiota, or they are obtained from sterile sites but contact with nonsterile sites is unavoidable during specimen collection.
Reagents, Stains, Media, and Cell Cultures: Virology
Authors: Binnicker Matthew J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the cell lines, reagents, stains, and media used in association with traditional tube and rapid viral culture techniques. In the era of molecular detection and quantification of viral pathogens, the applicability of viral isolation has been questioned. Quality control (QC) in the diagnostic virology laboratory is one component of quality assurance program and refers to the measures included in each assay to verify that the test is working properly and to ensure that a laboratory consistently produces accurate results. Essential to the QC process are the use of internal and external control material and the verification that these controls are performed in accordance with manufacturer criteria for acceptability, adherence to appropriate incubation time and temperatures for the assay, and ensuring that test kits are used prior to expiration. Several commercial sources provide reliable QC material for purchase, including specific strains, purified nucleic acid, antigens, antibodies, and other biological reagents.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus
Authors: Berry Gregory J. , Babady N. Esther 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a member of the genus
Orthopneumovirus
, family
Pneumoviridae
, order
Mononegavirales
. Most general viral specimen collection principles also apply to specimen collection for RSV detection and culture. Although RSV can be visualized by electron microscopy, its application has been limited to research laboratories. However, characteristic syncytial cytopathic effects in lung biopsies can facilitate the diagnosis. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) virus belongs to the order
Mononegavirales
, the family
Pneumoviridae
, and the genus
Metapneumovirus
, which also includes avian metapneumovirus, also known as turkey rhinotracheitis virus, a cause of respiratory tract infections in turkeys, ducks, and chickens. HMPV is the only human pathogen within the genus
Metapneumovirus
.
Orthopneumovirus
, the other genus in the family
Pneumoviridae
, includes the closely related human RSV.
Epstein‐Barr Virus
Authors: Gärtner Barbara C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a wide variety of disease states, ranging from infectious mononucleosis (IM) to autoimmune diseases and malignant disorders. Antibody assays are employed primarily for patients with suspected IM. EBV is associated with a variety of disease states in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. Latex agglutination tests or immunochromatographic assays using erythrocyte antigens are used for heterophile antibody detection. Nucleic acid amplification tests and especially quantitative methods are the most important routine techniques for the detection of EBV in clinical specimens. Serologic testing using EBV‐specific assays remains the routine method of choice for the diagnosis or exclusion of EBV infection. Routine posttransplantation monitoring of EBV viral load has been recommended for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders prevention only in high‐risk settings but not as a routine in all transplant recipients. EBV DNA load can be found in cerebrospinal fluid both in noninfectious and, even more, in infectious underlying disorders including mononucleosis.
Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7
Authors: Greninger Alexander L. , Sedlak Ruth Hall , Jerome Keith R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, HHV‐6B, and HHV‐7 are three distinct virus species that make up the
Roseolovirus
genus. Like HHV‐6, HHV‐7 infection is highly prevalent and infects most individuals during childhood. HHV‐7 DNA has been detected more frequently and at higher loads in affected tissues from non‐immunocompromised patients with interstitial pneumonia. Interpreting HHV‐6 detection by PCR in clinical specimens is complicated by both the ubiquity of subclinical reactivation and inherited chromosomally integrated forms. HHV‐6A and HHV‐6B can be typed through the use of species‐specific monoclonal antibodies and species‐specific PCR assays. The most usual setting for HHV‐6 testing is in the context of immunosuppression, especially hematopoietic cell or solid organ transplantation. Like all herpesviruses, HHV‐7 establishes latency after primary infection, and thus reactivation can later occur, particularly in the setting of immunodeficiency. Cytomegalovirus viremia is also more frequent among recipients with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV‐6.
Taxonomy, Classification, and Nomenclature of Fungi
Authors: Cañete‐Gibas Connie F. , Wiederhold Nathan P. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Fungi form a clade of eukaryotic organisms that differ from other groups in several aspects. Fungi can be either multicellular or unicellular. The basic structural unit of multicellular fungi is a chain of multinucleate, tubular, filament‐like cells. Fungi that exist in the form of microscopic multicellular mycelium are commonly called molds. Identification of fungi solely by phenotypic characteristics requires familiarity with a range of different structures and terminology. However, the advent of rapid molecular and proteomic assays have transformed this process, facilitating the accurate identification of clinical isolates. In addition, these new methods of analysis are having a substantial impact on the taxonomy and nomenclature of fungi, including many medically important species. The advent of molecular phylogenetics has led to a revolution in microbial taxonomy. Yeasts are neither a natural nor a formal taxonomic group but are a growth form found in a wide range of unrelated ascomycetous and basidiomycetous fungi.
Aspergillus
,
Talaromyces
, and
Penicillium
Authors: Chen Sharon C.‐A. , Meyer Wieland , Sorrell Tania C. , Halliday Catriona L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The genus
Aspergillus
is classified in the family Trichocomaceae of the Ascomycota. The majority of human infections due to known
Aspergillus
species are caused by
A. fumigatus
, followed by
A. flavus
,
A. terreus
, and
A. niger
, with recognition that these designations represent complexes of closely related species.
Aspergillus
species are environmental saprophytes that thrive in decaying vegetation and are readily cultured from soil, water, certain foods, and air.
Aspergillus
DNA can be detected in clinical specimens either by nucleic acid amplification methods specifically targeting
Aspergillus
or by panfungal PCR assays followed by DNA sequencing for species identification.
Penicillium sensu lato
is associated with two teleomorphic genera:
Eupenicillium
and
Talaromyces
. Assays have been developed to detect antibodies to
Talaromyces marneffei
,
Talaromyces marneffei
antigen, or both in serum and other body fluids in various test formats, including immunodiffusion, indirect immunofluorescence, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.
General Approaches for Detection and Identification of Parasites
Authors: Garcia Lynne S. , Paltridge Graeme P. , Shimizu Robyn Y. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

This chapter discusses various approaches and diagnostic methods currently used for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. The purpose of a direct wet mount is to confirm the possibility of infection with certain protozoa and helminths, to assess the worm burden of the patient, and to look for organism motility. Immunoassay reagents are available commercially for several of the protozoan parasites, including,
Cryptosporidium
spp., the
Entamoeba histolytica
‐
Entamoeba dispar
group, and
E. histolytica
. Fecal culture methods are especially helpful for the detection of light infections with hookworm,
Strongyloides stercoralis
, and
Trichostrongylus
spp. and for the specific identification of parasites. The agar plate culture is recommended for the recovery of
S. stercoralis
larvae; it tends to be more sensitive than some of the other diagnostic methods and, with the exception of molecular methods, is currently the method of choice. The most widely used procedure for the diagnosis of pinworm infection is the cellulose tape.
Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
Authors: Mathison Blaine A. , Couturier Marc R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Entamoeba histolytica
and
Giardia duodenalis
infections are two of the most common protozoal infections seen worldwide and are of serious concern on a global scale due to their prevalence and the pathogenicity of these causative agents. Microscopic examination of stool specimens continues to be one of the main tools used in the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal amebic, flagellate, and ciliate infections. Antigen detection methods such as enzyme immunoassays, immunochromatographic assays, and direct fluorescent‐antibody assays are available for the detection of pathogens such as the
E. histolytica
/
Entamoeba dispar
group,
E. histolytica
,
Cryptosporidium
spp. and
G. duodenalis
. One of the most important developments related to the molecular detection of parasites is the advent of panels for detection of multiple agents of gastrointestinal disease, including combinations of bacterial, viral, and parasitic agents.
Preparation of Ti6Al4V Slurry for Digital Light Processing 3D Printing
Authors: Zhang Jinshuai , Guo Nana , Li Ling , Zhao Junhui , Chu Wei , Zhao Jie 
Published: December 2024

Ti6Al4V powders have higher light absorption and density, which pose significant challenges for metal light curing. It is necessary to investigate the performance of Ti6Al4V slurries to achieve high‐quality green bodies. To optimize Ti6Al4V slurry for light‐curing printing, the influence of slurry components on the rheological and curing properties of slurry is studied. The viscosity values of slurries are measured under different solid loading, and it is found that the viscosity values of the slurry are proportional to the solids loading. It is found that the curing performance of the slurry with photoinitiators 819 is superior to that of the slurry with diphenyl (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide as the photoinitiator 819. The effect of the concentration of dispersant KOS110 on the viscosity of slurry is measured, and the results show that the viscosity of the slurry is increased due to the bridging flocculation of the dispersant KOS110 in the slurry. It is found that green bodies can be printed successfully when the solid loading of Ti6Al4V slurry is 40 vol%, the concentrations of photoinitiator 819 and dispersant KOS110 are 1 and 3 wt%, respectively. The printing parameters are energy density of 336 mJ cm−2 and a model thickness of 20 μm.
Revisiting Mo‐Doped SrFeO3‐δ Perovskite: The Origination of Cathodic Activity and Longevity for Intermediate‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Yihang , Mushtaq Naveed , Chen Yongjian , Ye Weimin , Zhuang Zechao , Singh Manish , Jing Yifu , Fan Liangdong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe development of cathode materials for rapid and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is of great importance for intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs). Here, we reported a rationally designed minor acidic MoO3 incorporated SrFeO3‐δ‐based perovskite oxide, SrFe0.93Mo0.07O3‐δ instead of normally heavily doped one, with stable cubic phase, exceptional ORR activity, strong Sr segregation resistance and CO2 tolerance as a reliable cathode for IT‐SOFCs through a combined strategy of smith acidity and average metal‐oxygen bond energy regulations. Theoretical investigation on the origin of nonstoichiometric and associated electronic structure properties shows that significant hybridization of the Fe‐3d and O‐2p state, reduced oxygen vacancies formation energy and eased bulk oxide ion diffusivity through controllable amount of Mo‐doping contribute to remarkable ORR activity. The single cell with SrFe0.93Mo0.07O3‐δ cathode exhibits a peak power density of 0.24–1.12 W cm−2 at 600–800 °C, and excellent stability for 270 h at 700 °C. Furthermore, the single cell demonstrates excellent thermal cycling robustness and well‐integrated interfaces without any performance degradation after undergoing 20 rapid temperature fluctuations throughout 500 h. Therefore, this work embodies a combined strategy for designing active perovskite cathode and highlights the great potential for IT‐SOFCs as validated by multiple perspective considerations.
Charge Engineering of Star‐Shaped Organic Photosensitizers Enables Efficient Type‐I Radicals for Photodynamic Therapy of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacterial Infection
Authors: Yu Jie , Xu Wenchang , Chen Huan , Yuan Haitao , Wang Yu , Qian Xiandie , Zhang Jie , Ji Yu , Zhao Qi , Li Shengliang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractInfection induced by multidrug‐resistant bacteria is now the second most common cause of accidental death worldwide. However, identifying a high‐performance strategy with good efficiency and low toxicity is still urgently needed. Antibacterial photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered a non‐invasive and efficient approach with minimal drug resistance. Whereas, the precise molecular design for highly efficient oxygen‐independent type‐I photosensitizers is still undefined. In this work, the regulation of the positive charge of star‐shaped NIR‐emissive organic photosensitizers can boost radical generation for the efficient treatment of wounds infected with multidrug‐resistant bacteria. With positive charge engineering, TPAT‐DNN, which has six positive charges, mainly produces hydroxyl radicals via the type‐I pathway, while TPAT‐DN, which has three positive charges, tends to generate singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals. For multidrug‐resistant bacteria, TPAT‐DNN exhibited specific killing effects on multidrug‐resistant gram‐positive bacteria at low concentrations, while TPAT‐DN is similar antibacterial effects on both multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Furthermore, the efficiency and safety of TPAT‐DNN for eradicating multidrug‐resistant bacteria methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection and accelerating wound healing in an MRSA‐infected mouse model are demonstrated. This work offers a new approach toward manipulating efficient type‐I photosensitizers for MRSA treatment.
Monolayer Magnetic Metal with Scalable Conductivity
Authors: Parfenov Oleg E. , Averyanov Dmitry V. , Sokolov Ivan S. , Mihalyuk Alexey N. , Kondratev Oleg A. , Taldenkov Alexander N. , Tokmachev Andrey M. , Storchak Vyacheslav G. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract2D magnets have emerged as a class of materials highly promising for studies of quantum phenomena and applications in ultra‐compact spintronics. Current research aims at design of 2D magnets with particular functional properties. A formidable challenge is to produce metallic monolayers: the material landscape of layered magnetic systems is strongly dominated by insulators; rare metallic magnets, such as Fe3GeTe2, become insulating as they approach the monolayer limit. Here, electron transport measurements demonstrate that the recently discovered 2D magnet GdAlSi – graphene‐like AlSi layers coupled to layers of Gd atoms – remains metallic down to a single monolayer. Band structure analysis indicates the material to be an electride, which may stabilize the metallic state. Remarkably, the sheet conductance of 2D GdAlSi is proportional to the number of monolayers – a manifestation of scalable conductivity. The GdAlSi layers are epitaxially integrated with silicon, facilitating applications in electronics.
The Significance and Usage Strategies of Macromolecules in 3D Printed Ceramic Composites
Authors: Wang An , Qiao Yuxuan , Chen Tianyi , Wu Wenya , Song Jiangxuan , Wang Tengjiao , Li Peng , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract3D printing technology enables the creation of complex ceramic structures and enhances the efficiency of customized ceramic production. Polymers play a crucial role in 3D‐printed ceramic composites due to their unique processability, yet their significance and application strategies remain underexplored. These polymers not only enable rapid and precise 3D shaping but also offer additional advantages due to their unique and adjustable physicochemical properties. Therefore, the appropriate selection and utilization of polymers are expected to drive new breakthroughs in the field of 3D‐printed ceramic composites. This review provides an overview of relevant additive manufacturing technologies and processes, with a specific focus on the strategies for using polymers in 3D‐printed ceramic composites, including their roles as binders, templates, preceramics, and matrices. Highlighting the critical functionalities and potential value of these ceramic composites from a practical application perspective.
Piezoelectric‐Augmented Thermoelectric Ionogels for Self‐Powered Multimodal Medical Sensors
Authors: Pai Ya‐Hsin , Xu Chen , Zhu Renyang , Ding Xinyi , Bai Shengqiang , Liang Ziqi , Chen Lidong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA paradigm ionogel consisting of ionic liquid (IL) and PVDF−HFP composites is made, which inherently possesses dual‐function ionic thermoelectric (iTE) and piezoelectric (PE) attributes. This study investigates an innovative “PE‐enhanced iTEs” effect, wherein the ionic thermopower exhibits a 58% enhancement while the ionic conductivity arises more than 2× within a PE‐induced internal electric field. By harnessing these multifaceted features, fully self‐powered, multimodal sensors demonstrate their superior energy conversion capabilities, which possessed minimum sensitivities of 0.13 mV kPa−1 and 0.96 mV K−1 in pressure and temperature alterations, respectively. The PE augmentation of iTEs is maximized by ≈3× under rising water pressure. Their swift and sophisticated responses to various in vivo vital signs simultaneously in a hemorrhagic shock scenario, indicative of good prospects in the clinical medicine field are showcased.