bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia During Pregnancy With Hemolytic Disease in the Newborn
Authors: Baumann Rolf , Rubin Harry 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A young woman had idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia occurring in the last weeks of pregnancy. The hemolytic process was quite severe in the mother but responded to steroid therapy and transfusions. The baby was born with a mild form of hemolytic disease with elevated indirect bilirubin levels, increased normoblasts and reticulocytes, and a positive direct antiglobulin test. The child did not require any exchange transfusions, and although the hemoglobin fell to a low of 9.7 g/100 ml 1 mo after delivery, it continued to rise to normal levels after that. The child is developing normally. The antibody was an IgG globulin, presumably 7S, and crossed the placenta to react with the fetal red cells. The antibody showed no specificity when tested with a panel of cells, including Rh null cells.
Defective DNA Synthesis in Human Megaloblastic Bone Marrow: Effects of Hydroxy-B12 5'-Deoxyadenosyl-B12 and Methyl-B12
Authors: Van Der Weyden Martin B. , Cooper Mary , Firkin Barry G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In cobalamin deficiency, inadequate DNA-thymine synthesis appears to result from decreased conversion of N5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF). The N5-methyl THF conversion catalyzed by N5-methyl THF-homocysteine methyltransferase requires a cobalamin coenzyme, presumed to be methylcobalamin (methyl-B12). In support of the above, in B12-deficient marrow cultures, methyl-B12 appears to be the most effective cobalamin form to correct defective DNA-thymine synthesis. This was measured by the ability of deoxyuridine to suppress tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA. While methyl-B12 produced complete correction of defective DNA synthesis, 5'-deoxyadenosyl cobalamin (5'-deoxyadenosyl-B12), cyanocobalamin (cyano-B12), and hydroxycobalamin (hydroxy-B12) effected only partial correction. The methyl-B12-mediated correction was blocked by methotrexate (MTX). The effect of MTX, in turn, was reversed by THF. In folate-deficient marrows, the B12 analogues did not correct defective DNA-thymine synthesis. The differential effects of hydroxy-B12 and methyl-B12 in correcting defective DNA-thymine synthesis in B12-deficient marrows suggest that the complex mechanisms for N5-methyl THF-homocysteine methyltransferase activation in Escherichia coli may not predominate in human hemopoietic tissue. Since methyl-B12 is the main component of plasma cobalamins, the critical determinant for megaloblastic maturation in B12 deficiency may be the delivery rate of methyl-B12 to marrow cells and its direct activation of N5-methyl THF-homocysteine methyltransferase.
Changes in Globin Synthesis With Erythroid Cell Maturation in Sickle Thalassemia
Authors: Bank A. , Dow L. W. , Farace M. G. , ÓDonnell J. V. , Ford S. , Natta C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Biochemical studies of different groups of patients with sickle β-thalassemia (S-thal) are described. In a group of relatively asymptomatic black patients with sickle thalassemia, there is mild anemia and no clinical symptomatology. α and β-type (βA,βS, and γ) globin chain synthesis in these patients is balanced in bone marrow cells, although there is an excess of α-over β-type chain synthesis in peripheral blood. These mildly affected patients are in contrast to two other groups of S-thal patients of both Mediterranean and black extraction who have anemia and clinical symptomatology and in whom there is absent or more decreased βA-chain production.
Reaction of Normal Human Lymphocytes and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells With an Antithymocyte Antiserum
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Bloch Kurt J. , Long John C. , Colvin Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An antiserum against human fetal thymus was prepared in rabbits and absorbed with liver cells from the thymus donor and lymphocytes from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The antiserum reacted with 80%-95% of the peripheral small lymphocytes from 12 normal controls but with only 1%-11% of cells from 12 patients with CLL. The antithymocyte antiserum demonstrates a cell surface antigen present on the majority of normal human lymphocytes, but absent from the neoplastic CLL cell. This finding is consistent with the view that the CLL lymphocyte is devoid of T-cell antigen and with other evidence that this lymphocyte closely resembles the B-cell of experimental animals. It appears likely that leukemic cells will prove useful in preparing an antihuman thymocyte antiserum that reacts exclusively with $$Word$$ cells by removing B-cell reactivity.
An Unusual Cytoplasmic Ribosomal Structure in Pathologic Lymphocytes
Authors: Anday George J. , Goodman Joseph R. , Tishkoff Garson H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blood slides of a 70-yr-old woman with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia showed 10%-40% notched-split nucleated lymphocytes. A few round, nucleated lymphocytes contained a round or oval body close to the nucleus. The electron microscopic counterpart of this body was a complex tubular structure described previously by D. Zucker-Franklin. The walls of this structure are composed of granules on concentric layers of membranes around a central "core." The ribosomal nature of this structure is evidenced by: (1) similarity of the particles ot ribosomes, (2) the structure’s connections with endoplasmic reticulum, and (3) the ribonuclease effect on the corresponding paranuclear bodies in the blood slides. As an incidental finding, a very few round nucleated lymphocytes showed nuclear blebs only.
The Impaired Responsiveness of Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia Lymphocytes to Allogeneic Lymphocytes
Authors: Smith Martin J. , Browne Elizabeth , Slungaard Arne 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Normal lymphocytes respond to the presence of allogeneic lymphocytes in culture with a high uptake of 3H-thymidine. We present a study of the interaction of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) lymphocytes with normal allogeneic lymphocytes using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture technique of Bach. The lymphocytes of 11 patients with CLL were tested separately against those of four normal subjects. In all 11 patients an impaired responsiveness was found. The mean response of CLL lymphocytes to those of the control panel was 19,805 cpm, whereas the mean response of panel lymphocytes to CLL lymphocytes was 90,319 cpm (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the mean response of panel lymphocytes to CLL lymphocytes and to those of other panel members (81,630 cpm). Therefore, CLL lymphocytes display an impaired responsiveness to allogeneic lymphocytes, while their capacity to stimulate is intact. These results are in accord with their previously demonstrated impaired reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, a less specific mitogenic stimulus, and serve as further evidence of defective cellular immune response in CLL.
Dihydroxyacetone Metabolism by Human Erythrocytes: Demonstration of Triokinase Activity and Its Characterization
Authors: Beutler Ernest , Guinto Enriqueta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was found rapidly to enter human erythrocytes. When incubated with intact red cells, 14C-labeled DHA rapidly appeared in intermediate metabolites and in lactate. Crude hemolysates were found to phosphorylate DHA and glyceraldehyde (GA) but not glycerol. Fifty-fold purification of the phosphorlylating enzyme was achieved by removal of hemoglobin on CM-52 and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. During purification there was no change in the ratio of DHA to GA utilization. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 6,6, a Km of 0.5 µM for DHA, and a Km of 11 µM for GA. With GA as substrate, the Km for (ATP-MG)2- complex was 1.45 mM, and no cooperative interaction was observed. With DHA as a substrate, cooperative interaction with respect to (ATP-Mg)2- complex was found with an n value of 1.4 and a K of 0.44 mM. At temperatures between 15° and 40°C, the enzyme activity gave a linear Arrhenius plot, with deviation from linearity at lower temperature levels. The activity of the enzyme was 0.151 ± 0.011 U/g Hb in five normal subjects, and only slightly increased levels were observed in a patient with marked reticulocytosis. The DHA-phosphorylating activity of erythrocytes is attributed to the activity of triokinase (ATP: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphotransferase; E.C.2.7.1. 28). Although DHA is rapidly cleared from blood after injection into rabbits, substantial metabolism is possible for a prolonged time after administration because of the very low Km of the enzyme for DHA. The capacity of red cells to utilize DHA may prove to be useful in the maintenance of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels during blood storage and in the in vivo manipulation of red cell 2,3-DPG levels.
IgA-induced Anaphylactic Transfusion Reactions: A Report of Four Cases
Authors: Leikola Juhani , Koistinen Jukka , Lehtinen Marja , Virolainen Martti 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Anaphylactic reactions after transfusion of a small amount of red cell compatible blood is described. Typical manifestations were substernal pain, dyspnea, and severe normovolemic shock. All the four patients lacked IgA and were found to have antibodies to IgA with titers from 500 to 16,000, as determined by a passive hemagglutination assay. In immunodiffusion against IgA, a single precipitation line was produced by three of the four serums. The antibodies were shown to be IgG by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, immunoelectrophoresis, and ion exchange chromatography. The antigen-antibody complexes were able to fix complement. Lack of cell-bound immunity was suggested by the failure of IgA to stimulate lymphocytes from one patient. Two of the patients received IgA-deficient blood or plasma; both tolerated the transfusion without ill effects. Twice-washed erythrocytes from normal blood provoked a reaction in the third patient, but after three additional washings, no reaction was observed.
Evaluation of Opsonic and Leukocyte Function With a Spectrophotometric Test in Patients With Infection and With Phagocytic Disorders
Authors: Stossel Thomas P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Paraffin oil droplets containing Oil Red O and coated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide were ingested rapidly by human peripheral blood phagocytes only if they were pretreated with normal serum. This property formed the basis of a screening test in which lipopolysaccharide-coated particles were opsonized with patients’ serums and then were added to autologous leukocytes suspended in two portions, one of which contained nitroblue tetrazolium. After these incubations the cells were washed and extracted with dioxane. Oil Red O and nitroblue tetrazolium formazan in the dioxane extracts were spectrophotometrically assayed, thereby providing simultaneous determinations of the initial rates of ingestion and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction. The test differentiated opsonically-deficient serums and chronic granulomatous disease phagocytes from normals. Serums from individuals with bacterial infections had supernormal opsonic activity, and leukocytes from these patients had increased rates of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to ingestion.
Thrombogenic Activity of Leukocytes
Authors: Niemetz J. , Fani K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Peritoneal leukocytes from rabbits that had been pretreated with endotoxin have a considerable procoagulant activity in vitro. To determine whether these leukocytes were thrombogenic, the leukocytes were infused into normal rabbits. When the leukocytes were infused intravenously, pulmonary emboli and death occurred. When similar numbers of leukocytes derived from control rabbits were infused, no thrombi were found. To investigate the effect of an infusion of leukocytes into the arterial circulation leukocytes were infused into the aorta. When leukocytes from control rabbits were infused, minimal renal cortical necrosis was observed in two out of nine cases; no other thrombi were found, and coagulation changes were minimal. When peritoneal leukocytes derived from endotoxin-primed rabbits were infused into the aorta, renal cortical necrosis occurred in six out of ten cases, and infarction or thrombosis occurred in the lung, liver, spleen, and myocardium. Coagulation test showed changes compatible with the defibrination syndrome, including a fall in the platelet count, fibrinogen level, and levels of factor V and factor VIII, and prolongation of the prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. Very high doses of heparin were required to prevent the thrombogenic effect of leukocytes. The relative ineffectiveness of heparin is attributed to an antiheparin effect of the leukocyte. Infusion of rabbit brain thromboplastin extract, which had a tissue factor activity similar to that of infused leukocytes from endotoxin-treated rabbits, caused renal cortical necrosis in 9 out of 15 cases, but the coagulation changes were slight.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Regulation. I. Acute Effects of Hypoxic-Hypoxia on CFU Kinetics
Authors: Murphy Martin J. , Lord Brian I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper, the first of a series on the regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell, examines the effects of stem cell kinetics during an acute exposure to hypoxic-hypoxia. This physiologic perturbation was chosen because of the well-established role it plays in influencing erythropoiesis. BDF1 male mice were exposed to a simulated altitude of 22,000 ft for periods of time ranging from 3 to 48 hr. The following parameters were assessed: Packed red cell volume, number of nucleated cells per femur and spleen, relative and total number of colony-forming units (CFU, i.e., stem cells) in the femoral shaft and whole spleen, as well as the turnover of this population of cells using the "3H-thymidine-killing" technique. The spleen responds by releasing more than one-half (i.e., approximately 108 cells) of its prehypoxic complement of nucleated cells. On the other hand, the femoral cellularity did not decrease but showed a moderate increase. Within 12 hr of hypoxia exposure the total femoral CFU had markedly risen, in some cases between 50% and 75% above control levels. There were, nevertheless, great fluctuations over a short period of time. The population turnover kinetics revealed that after 3 hr of hypoxia an average of 25% of the CFU in both marrow and spleen were in the DNA synthetic phase. It is clear that stem cells are capable of responding rapidly to hypoxia. The possible regulatory mechanisms are discussed in terms of what is known about the kinetics of erythropoietin generation.
A New Human Low Molecular Weight Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Activity
Authors: Price G. B. , McCulloch E. A. , Till J. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fractionation of conditioned medium derived from cultures of human peripheral blood leukocytes by ultrafiltration yielded material of low molecular weight, capable of stimulating the formation of granulopoietic colonies by human marrow cells in culture. The molecular weight of the active material was found to be less than that of vitamin B12 (1330 mol wt) on the basis of gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The low molecular weight colony-stimulating activity (LMW-CSA) was trypsin-sensitive, and extractable into chloroform or diethyl ether. Unlike unfractionated leukocyte-conditioned medium, the LMW-CSA showed no colony-stimulating activity when tested on mouse, rather than human, marrow cell cultures.
Chronic Hemolytic Anemia Due to Cold Agglutinins: A 20-Year History of Benign Gammopathy With Response to Chlorambucil
Authors: Evans Robert S. , Baxter Elizabeth , Gilliland Bruce C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A male, 47, developed chronic hemolytic anemia in association with high titers of cold agglutinins in 1966. His symptoms of the cold agglutinin syndrome began in 1951 with cyanosis of the extremities and face after exposure to cold. In 1956, hemoglobinuria was first noted after chilling. In 1962, the cold agglutinin titer was 1:16,000, and his red cells were coated with complement globulins. In 1966, he developed chronic hemolytic anemia and a macroglobulin M component appeared in the serum protein electrophoresis. The titer of cold agglutinins was 1:64,000. The hemolytic anemia responded to chlorambucil with a decrease in cold agglutinin titer and the level of macroglobulin. Serum complement (C) values returned toward normal. Cessation of chlorambucil was followed by relapse. There was a second response to chlorambucil, but reactivation of the hemolytic anemia occurred following a respiratory infection, despite the reduced titer of cold agglutinin. Chlorambucil was discontinued and has not been administered since. There have been remissions and exacerbations of the hemolytic anemia and a return of the macroglobulin and cold agglutinins toward pretreatment levels. During the past 2 yr there has been spontaneous improvement in his symptoms, and the level of macroglobulin has decreased. Despite the appearance of a monoclonal macroglobulin having kappa light chain and with cold agglutinin activity, there is reason to classify his abnormal immunoglobulin production as benign.
Hemoglobin Function in the Horse: The Role of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate in Modifying the Oxygen Affinity of Maternal and Fetal Blood
Authors: Bunn H. Franklin , Kitchen Hyram 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The blood of the newborn horse was found to have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of the mother. This difference was due to the fact that the red cells of newborn foals contained 36% lower 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) than red cells from their respective mares. The ATP levels of foal and maternal red cells did not differ significantly. Following birth a prompt rise in the foal's red cell 2,3-DPG occurred, approaching normal (maternal) levels within 5 days. Unlike many other species, the hemoglobins of the newborn and adult horse have been shown to be structurally identical. Furthermore, phosphate-free solutions of newborn and maternal hemoglobins had identical oxygen saturation curves in the absence and presence of added 2,3-DPG. This study demonstrates that, in contrast to other species. the increased oxygen affinity of horse fetal red cells is due to a lower level of the cofactor 2,3-DPG rather than to the presence of fetal hemoglobin.
Serial In Vitro Marrow Culture in Acute Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Bull J. M. , Duttera M. J. , Stashick E. D. , Northup J. , Henderson E. , Carbone P. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vitro granulocyte colony-forming ability of bone marrow from 19 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) was studied at the time of initial diagnosis and serially. Initially 18 of the 19 patients grew scant numbers of colonies, one produced large numbers of colonies. When clinical remission was attained and leukemic blasts in the marrow were reduced to <5%, colony forming ability usually returned to normal. Eight such patients who achieved clinical remission were serially studied during remission. Normal in vitro colony formation ensued in five of the eight patients studied. Three patients did not produce normal numbers of colonies, and it was noted that these patients relapsed within 2 mo. The repeated observation of normal numbers of granulocyte colonies appears to distinguish patients whose remissions are stable from those patients who relapse quickly.
Unbalanced Globin Chain Synthesis in Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
Authors: Hruby Marilyn A. , Mason R. George , Honig George R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hematologic evaluation of a 5-yr-old girl with lifelong anemia demonstrated the characteristic findings of congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) type II. Globin chain synthesis was studied in vitro by measuring the incorporation of L-leucine-14C into globin by peripheral blood and bone marrow erythroid cells. In cells from the child and from both of her parents an abnormal balance between the synthesis of the α and non-α globin components of hemoglobin was observed, the α chains being synthesized in excess. Neither parent demonstrated microcytosis, hypochromia, or other findings suggestive of β-thalassemia trait.
Abnormalities of Megakaryocytes in W/Wv Mice
Authors: Ebbe Shirley , Phalen Elizabeth , Stohlman Frederick 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Megakaryocytopoiesis was evaluated in genetically anemic mice of the W/Wv genotype and was found to be abnormal. Concentration and size of blood platelets were normal. Megakaryocytes were decreased in number in tibial marrow and spleen, and the size of mature megakaryocytes was increased.
Isolation and Properties of Human Platelet Mitochondria
Authors: Fukami Miriam H. , Salganicoff Leon 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A mitochondrial fraction of human platelets that exhibited respiration coupled to ADP utilization has been isolated. These activities were sensitive to classical inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Pyridine nucleotide-linked substrates were oxidized at low rates (4-7 natoms/min/ mg), but succinate and α-glycerophosphate were oxidized more rapidly (16 and 38 natoms/min/mg, respectively). Difference spectra showed the presence of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cytochromes, c1 + c, b, and a + a3. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of intact mitochondria with well-preserved outer membranes, as well as various α-granules. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between these human platelet mitochondria and pig platelet mitochondria isolated by the same procedure.
Megakaryocytopoiesis in Experimental Iron Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Choi Sun I , Simone Joseph V. , Jackson C. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is associated with increased platelet production. The megakaryocytic response to both moderate and severe iron deficiency anemia has been assessed in rats maintained on a low-iron diet. In animals with moderate anemia, the proportion of immature megakaryocytes and 24-hr tritiated thymidine labeling index were increased with no change in megakaryocyte concentration, size, or mitotic index. This indicates that increased platelet production is achieved by an increased rate of influx of precursor cells into the megakaryocyte compartment with an increased rate of efflux. In severe anemia, however, not only were the labeling index and the proportion of immature cells increased, but megakaryocyte size and mitotic index were significantly increased with a marked decrease in megakaryocyte concentration. This suggests that the circulating platelet mass is maintained by an increased platelet output per megakaryocyte with higher ploidy. Thus, in chronic iron deficiency anemia, megakaryocytopoiesis changes depending on the duration and degree of iron deficiency, with a more rapid turnover at first and increased polyploidy later.