bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The attitudes of refugee women in Turkey towards family planning
Authors: Alan Dikmen Hacer , Cankaya Seyhan , Dereli Yilmaz Sema 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study was conducted to determine refugee women's attitudes towards family planning and related factors.Design and SampleDesigned in descriptive and cross‐sectional type, the study involved 555 voluntary Syrian refugee women in Turkey.MeasuresA questionnaire and the Family Planning Attitude Scale (FPAS) were used. Independent Sample T test, ANOVA test, and Pearson's correlation analysis were used for data analysis.ResultsA significant association was found between the average FPAS scores with educational status, income level, social security, use of FP methods, spousal support for FP, and training for FP in Syria.ConclusionsIt was determined that the attitudes of women towards family planning were at the medium level, nearly half of them used a kind of family planning and received its training, and that their attitudes towards family planning were affected by their and their husband's educational level, their income level, the availability of social security, the type of family planning, the utilization of family planning, and spousal support. Based on our study findings, refugee women and their partners/husbands should be informed on FP and their attitudes towards and the barriers against FP should be investigated by further studies.
Revisiting the governance of privacy: Contemporary policy instruments in global perspective
Authors: Bennett Colin J. , Raab Charles D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe repertoire of policy instruments within a particular policy sector varies by jurisdiction; some “tools of government” are associated with particular administrative and regulatory traditions and political cultures. It is less clear how the instruments associated with a particular policy sector may change over time, as economic, social, and technological conditions evolve. In the early 2000s, we surveyed and analyzed the global repertoire of policy instruments deployed to protect personal data. In this article, we explore how those instruments have changed as a result of 15 years of social, economic and technological transformations, during which the issue has assumed a far higher global profile, as one of the central policy questions associated with modern networked communications. We review the contemporary range of transnational, regulatory, self‐regulatory, and technical instruments according to the same framework, and conclude that the types of policy instrument have remained relatively stable, even though they are now deployed on a global scale. While the labels remain the same, however, the conceptual foundations for their legitimation and justification are shifting as greater emphases on accountability, risk, ethics, and the social/political value of privacy have gained purchase. Our analysis demonstrates both continuity and change within the governance of privacy, and displays how we would have tackled the same research project today. As a broader case study of regulation, it highlights the importance of going beyond technical and instrumental labels. Change or stability of policy instruments does not take place in isolation from the wider conceptualizations that shape their meaning, purpose, and effect.
A critical review of the (un)conscious basis for system‐supporting attitudes of the disadvantaged
Authors: Owuamalam Chuma Kevin , Rubin Mark , Spears Russell 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIs support for societal systems amongst the disadvantaged driven by an (un)conscious system justification motive that is independent from self‐interests? System justification theory (SJT) is unique in its affirmative answer to this question. SJT proposes (a) that support for societal systems operates in the service of maintaining the status quo, (b) that the evidence for this system justification motive lies with the fact that members of disadvantaged groups (un)consciously support societal systems that are detrimental to their interests, and (c) that these processes are most apparent when group interests are weak. The present article reviews emerging evidence for these propositions and concludes that (a) an unconscious manifestation of system justification is unlikely based on SJT's “strong” dissonance‐based predictions, which assumes that competing group and system motives are cognitively salient, and (b) a conscious system justification motive is also unlikely amongst the disadvantaged when group interests are weak. In addition, we suggest ways in which to explain system justification effects amongst the disadvantaged without recourse to an (un)conscious system justification motive.
Gender Wage Gap Trends Among Information Science Workers*
Authors: Courey Gabriel , Heywood John S. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveWe test whether increasing gender earning differences are associated with the surprising decline in the share of women working in information science (IS).MethodsWe use representative data to estimate the gender earnings differential from 1995 to 2015 for full‐time, private‐sector IS workers in the United States. We decompose the differential within and across years. Time trends isolate the pattern of the unexplained gender differential.ResultsNone of our decompositions or projections reveal increased gender earnings differentials over the sample period. If anything, the unexplained differentials modestly decline.ConclusionDespite contentions that the financial treatment of women explains their departure from IS and engineering, we find no evidence of a trend toward larger earnings differentials. Thus, our data argue that the declining share of women in IS likely has its roots elsewhere.
The Trump Transition: Beginning a Distinctive Presidency
Authors: King James D. , Riddlesperger James W. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveDonald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign was unorthodox by any standard. But does an unorthodox campaign result in an administration different from its predecessors?MethodsWe examine the Trump transition to identify similarities with and differences from previous administrations.ResultsSimilarities include certain patterns in personnel selections, centralization of policy making, and the role of the vice president. Key differences include fewer high‐ranking officials with prior experience in government, the White House chief of staff lacking policy experience, a higher proportion of nominations being challenged in the Senate, and decrease in gender and ethnic diversity among key appointees.ConclusionAn unorthodox presidential campaign produced an administration somewhat different but not wholly different from its predecessors.
Minimal infectious dose and dynamics of Babesia microti parasitemia in a murine model
Authors: Bakkour Sonia , Chafets Daniel M. , Wen Li , Muench Marcus O. , Telford Sam R. , Erwin James L. , Levin Andrew E. , Self Deanna , Brès Vanessa , Linnen Jeffrey M. , Lee Tzong‐Hae , Busch Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND
Babesia microti is a parasite that infects red blood cells (RBCs) in mammals. It is transmitted to humans by tick bites, transfusion, organ transplantation, and congenital acquisition. Although the Babesia natural history and seroprevalence in donors have been well described, gaps in knowledge relevant to transfusion remain.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSMice were infected with dilutions of parasitized blood to address the minimal infectious dose and the kinetics of parasitemia by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and of antibodies by enzyme immunoassay.RESULTSIn immunocompetent DBA/2 mice infected with 100 parasitized RBCs (pRBCs) and in immunodeficient NSG mice infected with 63 pRBCs, parasitemia was detectable in five of five mice each. Peak parasitemia up to 2 × 107 pRBCs/mL at 2 to 3 weeks or 5 × 108 pRBCs/mL at 6 weeks was observed for DBA/2 and NSG mice, respectively. Protracted fluctuating parasitemia was observed for 8 months in DBA/2 mice, whereas NSG mice exhibited a high‐plateau parasitemia. Antibody titers continued to increase until 6 to 18 weeks in DBA/2 mice and remained high through 6 months. This study also investigated the analytical performance of Babesia assays that detect parasite DNA or RNA using a blinded panel. A Babesia assay targeting parasite RNA was approximately 10‐fold more sensitive compared to qPCR targeting DNA.CONCLUSIONThe mice in this study were highly susceptible to Babesia infection using as few as 1 to 2 log pRBCs and maintained chronic parasitemia. If the infectious dose in human transfusion recipients is comparably low, a highly sensitive assay targeting parasite RNA may safeguard the blood supply, particularly before antibody detection.
In vitro evaluation of bovine pericardium after a soft decellularization approach for use in tissue engineering
Authors: Heuschkel Marina Augusto , Leitolis Amanda , Roderjan João Gabriel , Suss Paula Hansen , Luzia César Augusto Oleinik , da Costa Francisco Diniz Affonso , Correa Alejandro , Stimamiglio Marco Augusto 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPericardial membrane derived from bovine heart tissues is a promising source of material for use in tissue‐engineering applications. However, tissue processing is required for its use in humans due to the presence of animal antigens. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural integrity and biocompatibility of the bovine pericardium (BP) after a soft decellularization process with a 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution, with the aim to remove xenoantigens and preserve extracellular matrix (ECM) bioactivity. The decellularization process promoted a mean reduction of 77% of the amount of DNA in the samples in which cell nuclei staining was undetectable. The ECM content was maintained as mostly preserved after decellularization as well as its biomechanical properties. In addition, the decellularization protocol has proven to be efficient in removing the xenoantigen alpha‐gal, which is responsible for immune rejection. The decellularized BP was noncytotoxic in vitro and allowed human adipose‐derived stem cell (hASC) adhesion. Finally, after 7 days in culture, the tissue scaffold became repopulated by hASCs, and after 30 days, the ECM protein pro‐collagen I was seen in the scaffold. Together, these characteristics indicated that soft BP decellularization with 0.1% SDS solution allows the acquirement of a bioactive scaffold suitable for cell repopulation and potentially useful for regenerative medicine.
An Inductive Thematic Analysis of Male Competitive Figure Skaters’ Experiences of Weight Pressure in Sport
Authors: Voelker Dana K. , Reel Justine J. 
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to examine male competitive figure skaters’ experiences of weight pressure in sport. Specifically, male skaters’ perceptions of the ideal skating body, sources of weight pressure in elite figure skating, and the perceived role of their sport in shaping body image, athletic performance, eating, and exercise behaviors were explored. Through a social constructivist lens, an inductive thematic analysis was used to examine the contextual influences of the skating environment. Thirteen male figure skaters ages 16–24 (M = 18.53, SD = 3.33) with an average 10.38 years of skating experience (SD = 4.05) were interviewed. Skaters identified the parameters for the ideal body in skating along with specific weight pressures, body image concerns, and weight management strategies. Similar to female skaters, male skaters perceived that body image affected psychological factors that influence sport performance. Sport psychologists and consultants should be attentive to the skating environment and how specific performance and appearance demands may influence an athlete’s mindset.
Effective physician leaders: an appreciative inquiry into their qualities, capabilities and learning approaches
Authors: Savage Mairi , Storkholm Marie Höjriis , Mazzocato Pamela , Savage Carl 
Published: September 2018

PurposeThe aim of this study was to explore the qualities and capabilities effective physician leaders attribute to their success in leading change and how they developed these.MethodThe authors interviewed 20 emerging and senior leaders using a semistructured interview guide informed by appreciative inquiry. Data were subjected to an inductive qualitative content analysis to identify themes related to qualities, capabilities and learning approaches.ResultsThe qualities identified were clarity of purpose to improve care, endurance, a positive outlook and authenticity. They were considered innate or developed during participants’ upbringing. Capabilities were to ground management in medicine, engage others, catalyse systems by acting on interdependencies and employ a scientific approach to understand problems and measure progress. Capabilities were developed through cross-pollination from a diversity of work experiences, reflection, when education was integrated with practice and when their organisational environment nurtured ambition and learning.ConclusionsThis study reframes current leadership thinking by empirically identifying qualities, capabilities, and learning approaches that can contribute to effective physician leadership. Instead of merely adapting leadership development programmes from other domains, this study suggests there are capabilities unique to effective physician leadership: ground management in medicine and employ a scientific approach to problem identification and solution development. The authors outline practical implications for individuals and organisations to support leader development as a cohesive organisational strategy for learning and change.
A PASSIVE STATE SIMULATION OF AN ANAL SPHINCTER USING SIMMECHANICS
Authors: RIOS ATAXCA BLANCA N. , GARCÍA BELTRÁN CARLOS D. , RODRÍGUEZ LELIS JOSÉ M. , OLIVARES PEREGRINO VÍCTOR H. , DE LA CONCHA BERMEJILLO FLORENCIO , CASTRO GÓMEZ LAURA L. 
Published: September 2018

Nowadays, different mechanical artificial sphincters can be found implanted in human beings, trying to overcome a deficiency in the performance of the natural one. However, they do not take into account the natural anal sphincter’s (AS) dimensions, and autonomous response; they also lack in basic contraction and relaxation properties. In this paper, by addressing the AS behavior, an AS model designed with Matlab/SimMechanics is shown. The model comprises bodies of concentrated mass interconnected by springs. The mass–spring system is arranged in concentric rings where every concentrated mass is interconnected by a spring. Each spring takes specific stiffness, which varies with length, in accordance to an experimental curve. The system described can be loaded or unloaded, describing then the muscle behavior.Each element that forms the model of rings is subject to displacements caused by forces of traction and compression, when a radial force is applied from the center towards the inner ring. The springs of the inner ring experience forces of traction, whereas the springs that connect the body of the inner ring with the outer ring perpendicularly are submitted to compression forces.The data used in the proposed model corresponded to dimensions of the humanAS: width, height, rigidity, stress, tension, basically obtaining an initial deformation behavior according to the sphincter in the passive state. The model remained stable with some mechanical oscillations due to the elastic elements; by modifying one of the parameters, the behavior became unstable and unmanageable. It was verified that it is a sensitive model when modifying the initial conditions that the concrete data requires in case of reproducing the sphincter muscle with particular dimensions.
Theories of Law and Development
Authors: Harding Andrew 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article takes a long look at the law and development movement and its attempts to entrench the rule of law in developing countries in Asia via the means of legal technical assistance (LTA) designed to reform judiciaries and judicial bodies. It does so with special reference to Myanmar, being the latest instance of LTA in Asia. Currently there are more than 30 organisations working directly on rule of law LTA in Myanmar. Such efforts ought to represent the state of the art after half a century of LTA. The article looks at the trajectory of law and development since the 1960s, noting that the phases of law and development have led us through inaugural, critical, revivalist “moments” to a “post-moment” that appears to be pluralistic, and contextually nuanced. It notes that judicial reform has always featured in LTA through all of these “moments”, and discusses whether or in what circumstances judicial reform is the most desirable or justifiably prioritised approach to rule of law LTA. It concludes that in the current phase of law and development too much emphasis is placed on judicial reform, explaining why this is so and why other approaches could be more profitable. The argument leads to a conclusion that we might now usefully identify a “Burmese” moment in law and development—one in which we realise that one size will never fit all cases, that law and development is multi-faceted and needs to be broken down into distinct modes of operation. In this dispensation, the opportunity is offered to secure real and ongoing gains in rule of law technology.
Regulation of Religion and Granting of Public Holidays
Authors: Radics George , Sinha Vineeta 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
During the colonial period, the Straits Settlements government formalised through law the declaration of public holidays marking religious festivals for the different communities. This practice was continued by the post-colonial state, apportioning public holidays “equally” amongst its citizenry. Adopting a historical perspective, this paper theorises the Singapore state’s allocation of public holidays for its citizens with a specific focus on the Singaporean Hindu community. The paper traces the journey of Tai Pucam as a declared public holiday in colonial Singapore to the 1950s when the Hindu community had two gazetted public holidays to 1968 when Tai Pucam was removed from the list of public holidays, a situation which persists into the present. The “making and unmaking of Tai Pucam as a public holiday” remains a controversial issue for Singaporean Hindus who express unhappiness over the fact that their religious community is granted only one religious holiday, when the norm in Singapore is such that each ethnic community has two holidays. This inequality is cited by Hindus and Indians in Singapore as a discriminatory practice. In 2015, a recent case, Vijaya Kumar s/o Rajendran and Others v. Attorney General, the controversial ban on musical instruments during a Tai Pucam celebration triggered yet again the sensitive issue of Tai Pucam as a “non holiday”.
The Use and Misuse of Uneven and Combined Development: A Critique of Anievas and Nişancıoğlu
Authors: Post Charles 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAneivas and Nişancıoğlu’s provocative book,How the West Came to Rule, attempts to provide an alternative account of the origins of capitalism to both ‘Political Marxism’ and ‘World-Systems Theory’. By making uneven and combined development a universal dynamic of human history and by utilising a flawed concept of ‘Eurocentrism’, however, they introduce a high degree of causal pluralism into their analysis. Despite important insights into the specific dynamics of different pre-capitalist forms of social labour, their account of the origins of capitalism inHow the West Came to Rulesuffers from causal indeterminacy and historical inaccuracies.
Institutional Models under Directive 2014/54: Advantages and Disadvantages for Free Movement of Workers and their Family Members
Authors: Jakulevičienė Lyra , Valutytė Regina , Daukšienė Inga 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Despite many efforts to empower the EU citizens and their family members to benefit from the free movement of workers, numerous well-documented obstacles are still present within the EU. The EU intends to eliminate the gap between the rights on paper and in practice in Directive 2014/54 by establishing four procedural pillars—promotion, support, analysis and monitoring. The functions are entrusted to the institution(s) designated by the Member States leaving them a wide discretion to choose the most appropriate institutional model. This article focuses on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of three possible institutional setups—establishment of a new institution, extension of the mandate of an existing body and assignment of the tasks to several existing national bodies. The study examines which model is more suitable to meet the aims of the Directive, taking into consideration the nature and content of the abovementioned pillars and specific situation in the different Member States.
How Well Are Clouds Simulated over Greenland in Climate Models? Consequences for the Surface Cloud Radiative Effect over the Ice Sheet
Authors: Lacour A. , Chepfer H. , Miller N. B. , Shupe M. D. , Noel V. , Fettweis X. , Gallee H. , Kay J. E. , Guzman R. , Cole J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUsing lidar and radiative flux observations from space and ground, and a lidar simulator, we evaluate clouds simulated by climate models over the Greenland ice sheet, including predicted cloud cover, cloud fraction profile, cloud opacity, and surface cloud radiative effects. The representation of clouds over Greenland is a central concern for the models because clouds impact ice sheet surface melt. We find that over Greenland, most of the models have insufficient cloud cover during summer. In addition, all models create too few nonopaque, liquid-containing clouds optically thin enough to let direct solar radiation reach the surface (−1% to −3.5% at the ground level). Some models create too few opaque clouds. In most climate models, the cloud properties biases identified over all Greenland also apply at Summit, Greenland, proving the value of the ground observatory in model evaluation. At Summit, climate models underestimate cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface, especially in summer. The primary driver of the summer CRE biases compared to observations is the underestimation of the cloud cover in summer (−46% to −21%), which leads to an underestimated longwave radiative warming effect (CRELW= −35.7 to −13.6 W m−2compared to the ground observations) and an underestimated shortwave cooling effect (CRESW= +1.5 to +10.5 W m−2compared to the ground observations). Overall, the simulated clouds do not radiatively warm the surface as much as observed.