bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lambs Grazing With Adult Ewes Prefer Forbs With High‐Nutrient Content in Native Grasslands Dominated by Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis
Authors: Li Pengzhen , Zhang Zhenhao , Monaco Thomas A. , Rong Yuping 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTGrazing livestock in grasslands face the challenge of obtaining sufficient nutrition due to uneven distribution of plant species and fluctuating vegetation productivity and nutrient levels. In northern China, Leymus chinensis and Stipa grandis are the dominant perennial species in native grasslands, but they provide limited nutrition compared to forbs with higher crude protein (CP) content. While dietary ingredients can affect the nutritional intake of grazing livestock, the influence of different grazing strategies on dietary selection remains unclear. In this study, three sheep grazing strategies (lambs alone, mixed lambs and ewes, and ewes alone) were used to explore dietary selection. We investigated the influence of vegetation characteristic (above‐ground biomass production, height, and species diversity) and foraging behavior (feed intake, organic matter digestibility, and daily grazing time) on the mechanisms of dietary selection (taxonomic family richness and composition). Forage consumption across the grazing strategies revealed that species from Poaceae, Rosaceae, and Cyperaceae families were frequently consumed. Both ewes and lambs in the mixed‐grazing strategy preferentially consumed forbs with diverse species composition (Jacob's D > 0), which contained higher CP than those available in the overall vegetation (p < 0.05). In addition, dietary richness was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by vegetation species diversity except for animals in the lambs alone strategy. Compared to lambs in mixed‐grazing, lambs alone had both greater daily grazing time and consumption of grass with lower digestibility (p < 0.05). Our study is the first to demonstrate that lambs can develop a similar dietary selection and behavioral pattern when grazing with adult ewes in temperate grasslands. Our study indicates that the conservation of species diversity in native grasslands is critically beneficial to livestock nutrition.
Flame‐Retarded Poly (Lactic Acid) Containing Phosphating Chitosan
Authors: Li Baochai , Sun Huijuan , Zhang Li , Zhao Xiaoya , Bakar Aznizam Abu , Mohamad Zurina 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTPoly (lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising thermoplastic aliphatic polyester to replace petroleum‐based polymers in many fields. However, its flammability has limited its application in areas where fire safety is crucial. Chitosan (CS) is a type of natural alkaline polysaccharide with abundant content and good biocompatibility. In this study, a bio‐based flame‐retardant phosphating chitosan (PCS) was prepared and the effects of PCS on the flammability, mechanical and thermal properties of PLA were evaluated. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PLA/PCS blend containing 9 wt% PCS reached 28.9% which was relatively higher than LOI of pure PLA of 20% and passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating. PCS accelerated the carbonization of PLA matrix, and increased the char residue at 800°C. The combustion process was further investigated by cone calorimeter test, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were significantly decreased. X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer and thermogravimetric‐infrared analysis were used to analyze the composition of char residue and pyrolysis products, which further confirmed that the flame‐retardant mechanism of PCS was the combination of condensed phase and gas phase. However, the mechanical properties of PLA/PCS blend inevitably decreased with increasing of PCS content.
Optimizing Multiparametric MRI Protocols for Prostate Cancer Detection: A Comprehensive Assessment Aligned with PI‐RADS Guidelines
Authors: Jamshidi Mohammad Hossein , Fatemi Ali , Karami Aida , Ghanavati Sepehr , Dhruba Durjoy D. , Negarestanian Mohammad H. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTBackground and AimMultiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is recognized as the most indicative method for diagnosing prostate cancer. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation aligned with the Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System (PI‐RADS) guidelines, offering an in‐depth insight into the various MRI sequences used in a standard mpMRI protocol. Additionally, it outlines the critical technical requirements necessary to perform a standard mpMRI examination of the prostate, as defined by the PI‐RADS specifications.MethodsEuropean Society of Urogenital Radiology has released PI‐RADS guideline detailing its suggestions aimed at improving the standards of the procedure. The purpose of this guideline is to establish a standard strategy for MRI protocols and image interpretation, aiming to prevent variability in each of the imaging and interpretation stages.ResultsA standard mpMRI protocol comprises morphological sequences and functional sequences. Morphological sequences which encompass T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, and various functional sequences include diffusion‐weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI. The PI‐RADS recommendations assert that having a standard and uniform protocol for all MRI centers is imperative. Furthermore, the existence of a standardized checklist for interpreting MRI images can foster greater consensus in the process of diagnosing and treating patients.ConclusionStandardized protocols and checklists for mpMRI interpretation are essential for achieving greater consensus among radiologists, ultimately leading to improved diagnostic outcomes in prostate cancer.
The Effectiveness of Mini‐Pulse Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Patients With COVID‐19 in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Mohammadi‐kebar Yousef , Habibzadeh Shahram , Hoseininia Saeid , Ghobadi Hasan , Samadi Alihossein , Mohammadikebar Sousan , Azami Ahad , Fouladi Shahnaz , Amani‐marani Yousef , Habibzadeh Afshin 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the effect of mini‐pulse methylprednisolone in the treatment of patients with COVID‐19 hospitalized in the intensive care units (ICU).MethodsThis is a single‐blind parallel non‐randomized clinical trial that will be carried out on 60 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients and conducted between February 2020 and December 2020 in Ardabil City Hospital, Ardabil, Iran. The t‐test and chi‐square test were used to compare the results of the two groups. A p‐value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software.ResultsThe mean (±SD) age of patients was 57.53 ± 13.71 years. Thirty‐five patients (58.3%) were male and 25 (14.7%) were female. Twenty‐eight patients had fever. During admission, the mean (±SD) of the oxygen saturation was 80.73 ± 8.31. No significant relationship was observed between the study variables in the two groups at baseline.ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that in patients treated with methylprednisolone, blood oxygen saturation increased and heart rate and breathing rate decreased significantly. Also, mini‐pulse treatment with methylprednisolone significantly reduced the number of days of hospitalization and the incidence of mortality.
Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Drimia indica: Insights Into Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Ameen Fuad , Almalki Norah Salem , Alshalan Rawan , Sakayanathan Penislusshiyan 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTSelenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have garnered significant interest as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. The aqueous extract of medicinal plant Drimia indica leaves (DI‐LAE) was used to synthesize SeNPs (DI‐SeNPs) that were extensively characterized by UV–visible absorbance, TEM, EDX, XRD, zeta potential measurements, and FTIR. DI‐SeNPs exhibited dose‐dependent toxicity against the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549; IC50 of 43.21 μg/mL). DI‐SeNPs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in A549 cells. DI‐SeNPs caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and increased DNA damage in A549 cells, ultimately driving these cells toward apoptosis. DI‐SeNPs significantly increased p53 levels, decreasing Akt levels and elevating cleaved caspase 3 levels in A549 cells. Additionally, DI‐SeNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi. These findings suggest that DI‐SeNPs possess significant anticancer and antimicrobial properties, mediated through mechanisms involving ROS generation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction.
In Situ Surface Exsolution of Chang'e‐5 Lunar Soil Architected by the Trinity Effect of Electron Beam
Authors: Jiang Zhou , Li Xiujuan , Liu Meiqi , Cao Hongtao , Yue Nailin , Zhang Rui , Hu Zhenyu , Liu Li , Zou Meng , Zhang Wei 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTIt is known that the interaction between electron beam and material surface enables a variety of physical phenomena, which hold significant inspiration for functional application. Herein, the process of in situ surface exsolution was observed and documented for the basalt phase in the Chang'e‐5 lunar samples via scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the main existence of metal oxides such as plagioclase and pyroxene. Under electron beam irradiation, these components have undergone in situ dynamic mass loss and radiation decomposition, leading to an interesting in situ surface exsolution, as the energy of the electron beam exceeds the dissociation energy of metal‐oxide bonds. It is clarified that the thermal effect of the electron beam is negligible under the experimental conditions. Alternatively, the “trinity” of electron beam‐induced electric field‐radiolysis‐electron beam deposition is the key factor driving the surface exsolution. Our result not only deepens our understanding of the physical and chemical properties of lunar soil but also lays the groundwork for future applications of lunar soil for functional application.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis, Characterization, and Protonation of Two Zinc Phthalocyanines With Unsaturated Groups
Authors: Han Mengyao , Shang Zhiqiang , Cong Fangdi , Zhang Dajuan , Shen Zhaowang , Yang Wei , Jiang Lu , Wang Yingchao , Zhang Liwang , Wang Zhongli , Liu Bingqian , Liu Daying 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTTo explore the room‐temperature synthesis of metal phthalocyanines with unsaturated substituents, two zinc phthalocyanines with unsaturated alkoxy groups were synthesized in a reaction system composed of 4‐citronellol‐oxy‐phthalonitrile or 4‐geraniol‐oxy‐phthalonitrile, Zn(OAc)2⋅2H2O, DBU, and ethanol, at room temperature. The synthetic reactions lasted for 7 days and the yields of two phthalocyanine derivatives reached 21% and 18%, respectively, and they are inclined to protonation in a non‐coordinated organic solvent, for example, CHCl3. By the way, the phthalocyanine compounds with other metals, such as Cu, Ni, and Co, cannot be prepared. This work will provide preference for improving the synthetic method in the future, so as to synthesize many new phthalocyanine compounds in general laboratories.
Real‐World Pharmacovigilance Study Identifies Drugs Linked to Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation
Authors: Wang Jie , Jiang He , Zhang Guoqi , Dai Xiahong , Gao Hainv , Li Lanjuan 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTHepatitis B virus reactivation (HBVr) can be a serious clinical complication that has not been fully characterized in terms of the drugs associated with this adverse effect. Leveraging the expansive data available in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) databases, we conducted a retrospective analysis to identify drugs significantly linked to HBVr using three disproportionality analyses. Our study identified 44 drugs associated with HBVr, of which 35 did not have warnings in their product labels. The majority of these drugs were antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, with a tendency for early occurrence of HBVr, particularly among antineoplastic agents and systemic corticosteroids. Additionally, entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil and tenofovir alafenamide demonstrated better safety profiles in preventing HBVr. These findings enhance our understanding of the demographic characteristics of patients at risk for HBVr, the drugs that pose a high risk for HBVr, the timing of such events, and the appropriate preventive medications. This knowledge contributes to the development of better prevention and treatment strategies, ultimately optimizing patient outcomes.
Highly Intelligent Forward Design of Metamaterials Empowered by Circuit‐Physics‐Driven Deep Learning
Authors: Yan Yiming , Li Fajun , Shen Jiaqing , Zhuang Mingyong , Gao Yuan , Chen Wei , Li Yuyang , Wu Zhilin , Dong Zhaogang , Zhu Jinfeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe field of advanced metamaterial design has witnessed the great progress of artificial intelligence (AI) for science. Typically, the widely used deep learning is a purely data‐driven approach. However, it is often assumed as a black box performing interpolation among training data in a fuzzy way, which suffers from poor generalization outside the training domain of critical physical parameters. Inspired by physics‐guided deep learning, a circuit‐theory‐informed neural network (CTINN) in order to strengthen the generalization of metamaterial design is proposed. A series of plasmonic stack metamaterials (PSMs) are taken as learning paradigms of CTINN. Compared to conventional deep learning, the scheme decreases one‐order lower test loss of spectral prediction beyond the structure training span, and it possesses an extraordinary function to predict spectra of the extrapolated wavelength range. Due to the physics‐informed mechanism, the CTINN only adopts 10% training samples of the pure data‐driven counterpart, while it reduces >50% test loss. Moreover, the CTINN design is used to guide the PSM experiments and demonstrate its great potential for metamaterial development. This work introduces the theory of equivalent circuits into the neural network, empowers physics supervision to AI, and accomplishes the smart and powerful design of PSMs.
Highly Reversible Tuning of Light‐Matter Interactions in Van der Waals Materials Coupled with Hydrogel‐Assisted Optical Cavity
Authors: Xu Lanxin , Wang Jiaqi , Li Zishun , Xie Peng , Ding Qi , An Minghao , Zhao Yingjie , Tang Yiheng , Li Lan , Guo Chengchen , Wang Wei , Zheng Xiaorui 
Published: November 2024

AbstractControlling light‐matter interactions via cavity systems manifested by Rabi splitting is paramount important for nanophotonics. However, achieving conveniently accessible and active tuning of light‐matter interactions remains a formidable challenge. Traditional approaches often necessitate either sophisticated design or meticulous nanofabrication to address this issue. Here, a handy strategy is experimentally demonstrated to build an adjustable coupling system featuring reversibly modulated responses based on dielectric‐hydrogel‐metal resonators. By controlling the top tungsten disulfide layer thickness, the flexible manipulation of weak‐intermediate‐strong transitions in exciton‐cavity interactions is revealed on a large‐scale hydrogel membrane without nanopositioning or lithography. Crucially, by leveraging the inflation sensitivity of the hydrogel, the coupling strength can be reversibly tailored with excellent reproducibility by modulating the resonator's dry/immersed states. The combined merits of captivating design and daily stimulus render the novel hydrogel‐based nanocavities as a groundbreaking step toward the development of active and practical integrated optical devices, such as polariton lasing, switches, and sensors.
Recent Advancements in the Characterization of D‐Amino Acid and Isoaspartate Post‐Translational Modifications
Authors: Okyem Samuel , Sweedler Jonathan V. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTOne of the great triumphs of mass spectrometry‐based peptide and protein characterization is the characterization of their modifications as most modifications have a characteristic mass shift. What happens when the modification does not change the mass of the peptide? Here, the characterization of several peptide and proteins modifications that do not involve a mass shift are highlighted. Protein and peptide synthesis on ribosomes involves L‐amino acids; however, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) can convert these L‐amino acids into their D‐isomers. As another example, nonenzymatic PTM of aspartate leads to the formation of three different isomers, with isoaspartate being the most prevalent. Both modifications do not alter the mass of the peptide and yet can have profound impact on the physicochemical characteristics of the peptide. Several MS and ion mobility techniques are highlighted, as are other methods such as chromatography, enzymatic enrichment, and labeling. The challenges inherent to these analytical methods and prospective developments in bioinformatics and computational strategies are discussed for these zero‐dalton PTMs.
Impact of Language Barriers and Age on English Hearing Test App Accuracy for Polish Users
Authors: Pastucha Małgorzata , Gos Elżbieta , Skarżyński Henryk , Jedrzejczak W. Wiktor 
Published: November 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe development of health applications (apps) includes those for testing hearing, although most of them are available only in English. This study investigates whether poor English language proficiency creates a barrier for Polish users in the accuracy of such an app in measuring self‐determined hearing thresholds.Study DesignThe study compared hearing thresholds measured by an English‐language app and a professionally conducted reference test, with attention to participants' English proficiency and age.SettingThe English‐language app “Hearing test, Audiogram,” was used to determine hearing thresholds. A reference test was performed by an audiologist using specialized equipment.MethodsParticipants were 87 nonnative English language speakers aged 16 to 88. They were divided into 3 groups based on their proficiency in English: no knowledge (Group 1), basic (Group 2), and advanced (Group 3). The mean differences between hearing thresholds determined using the app and the reference tests were measured for each group.ResultsThe accuracy of the results varied according to the level of English proficiency. A statistically significant difference was found between Group 1 (no knowledge) and Group 3 (advanced), with mean differences of 13.6, 9.3, and 6.7 dB for Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, meaning that discrepancies were larger in the less proficient groups. However, when participant age was considered, language proficiency was less important and was no longer a significant factor.ConclusionThis study revealed that English language proficiency does affect the accuracy of mobile app‐based hearing tests, but age of the user is also important.
Effect of Unknown and Fragmented Tokens on the Performance of Multilingual Language Models at Low-Resource Tasks
Authors: Nag Arijit , Samanta Bidisha , Mukherjee Animesh , Ganguly Niloy , Chakrabarty Soumen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMultilingual language models (MLLMs) like mBERT promise to extend the benefits of NLP research to low-resource languages (LRLs). However, LRL vocabulary is often seriously under-represented in the workpiece dictionaries of MLLMs. This leads to many LRL words being replaced by UNK (unknown tokens) or concatenated from morphologically unrelated wordpieces, consequently leading to low task accuracy. Pre-training MLLMs after including LRL documents is extremely resource-intensive in terms of both human inputs and computational resources. In this chapter, we study intuitive strategies to seek and protect “vulnerable words” in LRLs by introducing them into MLLM dictionaries, providing reasonable initialisations of their embeddings, followed by limited fine-tuning, subject to the limits of available LRL corpora. Our experiments show some significant performance improvements and also some surprising limits to such vocabulary augmentation strategies in various classification tasks in multiple diverse LRLs as well as code-mixed datasets. We release the code and data to enable further research.
Who’s the Expert Here? Negotiating Expertise in Palliative Care and Transplant Medicine
Authors: Rehsmann Julia 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores how different understandings of expert knowledge shape ethnographic research and knowledge production in biomedical contexts, drawing on long-term fieldwork conducted in a transplant clinic in Germany and a palliative care centre in Switzerland. These settings represent distinct forms of biomedical practice, with transplant medicine emphasising high-tech surgical interventions and palliative care focusing on holistic patient care. By comparing these settings, the chapter examines the methodological and epistemological implications of differing conceptions of expertise. I argue that while methodological differences can be explained by research foci and medical fields explored, they also shed light on different understandings of expertise within these settings. The first part of the chapter examines methodological specificities in biomedical contexts and how they influence fieldwork practices, including considerations such as wardrobe choices and the symbolism of white coats. The second part focuses on the post-fieldwork phase, highlighting the challenges anthropologists face in publishing their research across disciplinary boundaries. I conclude by highlighting the evolving nature of expertise over the course of an academic career, and the importance of experiential knowledge and participatory approaches in fostering interdisciplinary dialogue within biomedicine and anthropology.
Agents of the State? Migration Networks of Theatre Practitioners in Galicia and Banat
Authors: Hopp Jorit Jens 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a strong methodological argument for the use of network research methods in the analysis of historical migration patterns of theatre artists. By discussing the application of network research methods in other areas, Hopp shows the problems, but also the advantages of adapting these methods to theatre historiography. Finally, using data on theatre professionals in the Austrian crown lands of Bohemia, Galicia and Banat between 1848 and 1859, Hopp demonstrates how the visualisation of networks can be used to test hypotheses about the influence of centralisation measures on migration patterns.
The Times and Toils of Moyshe Hurwitz
Authors: Abeliovich Ruthie 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Yiddish playwright and impresario Moyshe Hurwitz (1844–1910) was among the central theatre makers of the Yiddish popular theatre scene. This chapter explores Hurwitz’s migration, his business initiatives, production activities, theatre writings and influence on the Yiddish popular theatre scene, in order to understand how his theatre created and navigated the formation of a migratory community. As this chapter shows, Hurwitz created performative models that fictionalized the theatre as a home for Jewish migrants and as a mode of participation in community-building processes.
Defining the Theatre Migrant: A Concept Developed Through the Lens of Nineteenth-Century Theatre Practices
Authors: Szymanski-Düll Berenika 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDrawing from an analysis of the highly mobile nineteenth-century theatre practices, this chapter analyses notions of migration and mobility and argues that neither is sufficient to capture the lived experiences of theatre professionals of that time. It therefore proposes the concept of the theatre migrant. By examining the biographies and mobilities of European-born actors, the introduction of this concept aims not only to shed light on a unique historical phenomenon but also to highlight that different forms of mobility need to be distinguished within the broader discourse on migration. In this context, this chapter identifies the complexity of the reasons for theatre migration, emphasizing the complex interplay of individual motivations, structural factors, and external influences.