bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Operation Reinhard
Authors: Russell Nestar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, Russell details what evolved into the large-scale gassing programs in the East, with a particular emphasis on Operation Reinhard—the extermination of Jews in the city ghettos of the General Government. What follows shares much in common with the pattern of escalation depicted in the previous chapters: initially low rates of killing, top-down pressure to increase those rates, the application of formal rationality from the bottom-up (increased experimentation, bureaucratization, and the honing of a less stressful killing process), resulting in increased kill rates that only served to stimulate new top-down pressures to meet new and even more ambitious goals, thus occasioning an ever-expanding cycle of destruction.
The Solution to the Jewish Question—Auschwitz-Birkenau
Authors: Russell Nestar 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAt face value, Operation Reinhard and the Auschwitz concentration camp system appear similar: both aimed to kill massive numbers of human beings. Then again, both were governed by different policy objectives: Operation Reinhard’s policy was to kill all the “useless mouths” in the Polish ghettos while Auschwitz focused on extermination through work. As Russell shows in this chapter, although both camp systems were different, Auschwitz moved toward its objective using the same mechanism as Operation Reinhard and, later, Milgram did—the application of intuition, past experience, and pilot testing. As this chapter will also demonstrate, for three main reasons Auschwitz became the most preferred solution to Germany’s “Jewish problem”: greater efficiency, profitability, and (from the Nazi perspective) “humaneness.”
A single-institution experience of performing bloodless transplant in Jehovah’s Witness patients
Authors: Coltoff Alexander , Shreenivas Aditya , Afshar Solmaz , Steinberg Amir 
Published: December 2018

Objective/Background:
Autologous stem cell transplant has been shown to prolong survival in multiple myeloma (MM). A common complication of the pre-transplant conditioning chemotherapy is severe multi-lineage cytopenias, resulting in significant transfusion requirements. Jehovah’s Witnesses are members of a religious group that do not accept the transfusion of blood products. Many large transplant centers refuse to perform transplantation in Jehovah’s Witnesses due to the complexity of treating cytopenic patients without blood product transfusions. However, some transplant centers that specialize in “bloodless” medicine and surgery have successfully transplanted in Jehovah’s Witnesses without transfusion support.

Methods:
In order to maximize successful outcomes in this population, potential transplant candidates are treated with a variety of agents to maximize baseline hemoglobin and platelet counts. In preparation for the first two “bloodless” transplants for MM at our institution, we conducted a retrospective study of patients with MM who underwent a transplant in the preceding year.

Results:
Of the 60 patients reviewed, only six required packed red blood cell transfusion, whereas 39 required at least one platelet transfusion. These findings helped us to design a novel protocol for a “bloodless” autologous transplant. We administered romiplostim, a thrombopoietin (TPO) agonist, along with aminocaproic acid, desmopressin, and vitamin K post-transplant to two Jehovah’s Witness patients to mitigate the risk of thrombocytopenia. Neither patient experienced significant bleeding nor qualified for platelet transfusion, and underwent successful and uncomplicated transplantation.

Conclusion:
We propose that the use of romiplostim or similar TPO agonists can be used to maximize the chance of a successful “bloodless” transplant for stem cell recipients.
Reacting flow analysis of a cavity-based scramjet combustor using a Jacobian-free Newton–Krylov method
Authors: Rouzbar R. , Eyi S. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe scramjet is a rather a new technology and there are many issues related to their operation, especially when it comes to the combustion processes. Combustion in high-speed flows causes various problems such as flame instability and poor fuel–air mixing efficiency. One of the methods used to overcome these problems is to recess a cavity in the combustor wall where a secondary flow is generated. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is developed to analyse the reacting flow passing through the cavity-based scramjet combustor. The developed code is based on three-dimensional coupled Navier–Stokes and finite rate chemistry equations. An ethylene-air reduced chemical reaction model is used as a fuel–air combination. The Spalart–Allmaras model is utilised for turbulence closure. The non-dimensional form of the flow and chemical reaction equations are discretised using a finite volume method. The Jacobian-Free Newton–Krylov (JFNK) method is used to solve the coupled system of non-linear equations. The JFNK is a matrix-free solution method which improves the computational cost of Newton’s method. The parameters that affect the performance of the JFNK method are studied in the analysis of a scramjet combustor. The influence of the forcing term on the convergence of the JFNK method is studied in the analysis of scramjet combustor. Different upwind flux vector splitting methods are utilised. Various flux limiter techniques are employed for the calculations of higher order flux vectors. The effects of flux vector splitting and flux limiter methods on the convergence and accuracy of the JFNK method are evaluated. Moreover, the variations of the mixing efficiency with fuel injection angles are studied.
Le rôle du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS) dans la vulnérabilisation des travailleurs migrants au Canada
Authors: Gagnon Cindy , Couture Gagnon Alexandre 
Published: December 2018

RésuméChaque année, plus de 25 000 personnes originaires du Mexique et des Antilles migrent au Canada par l’intermédiaire du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS) dans le but d’occuper un emploi dans une ferme canadienne. Dans quelle mesure le PTAS, en tant qu’institution, exerce-t-il une incidence sur la vulnérabilisation des travailleurs migrants agricoles? L’éclairage apporté par les trois branches de la théorie néo-institutionnaliste propose des explications qui permettent de mieux appréhender la complexité des facteurs économiques et sociohistoriques générés par le PTAS qui influent sur la situation des travailleurs migrants. Il est mis en évidence que ce programme a créé et perpétue un contexte dans lequel il est difficile pour ces travailleurs d’avoir un pouvoir d’agir sur leurs conditions de travail.
Dynamic stabilization of plasma instability
Authors: Kawata S. , Karino T. , Gu Y. J. 
Published: December 2018

The paper presents a review of dynamic stabilization mechanisms for plasma instabilities. One of the dynamic stabilization mechanisms for plasma instability was proposed in the paper [Kawata, Phys. Plasmas 19, 024503 (2012)], based on a perturbation phase control. In general, instabilities emerge from the perturbations. Normally the perturbation phase is unknown, and so the instability growth rate is discussed. However, if the perturbation phase is known, the instability growth can be controlled by a superimposition of perturbations imposed actively. Based on this mechanism we present the application results of the dynamic stabilization mechanism to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI) and to the filamentation instability as typical examples in this paper. On the other hand, in the paper [Boris, Comments Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 3, 1 (1977)] another mechanism was proposed to stabilize RTI, and was realized by the pulse train or the laser intensity modulation in laser inertial fusion [Betti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3131 (1993)]. In this latter mechanism, an oscillating strong force is applied to modify the basic equation, and consequently the new stabilization window is created. Originally the latter was proposed by Kapitza. We review the two stabilization mechanisms, and present the application results of the former dynamic stabilization mechanism.
‘Horrid’ and ‘infamous’ practices: the kidnapping and stripping of children,c.1730–c.1840
Authors: Kelly James 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAmong the abuses experienced by children in Ireland in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, kidnapping and stripping stand out both for what they reveal of the changing nature of the manner in which children were preyed upon and contemporary attitudes to children and child welfare. Though it is misleadingly presented as evidence of the existence of a vibrant trade in ‘white slaves’, children were not only kidnapped so they could be ‘sold’ in the crown’s Caribbean and American colonies. They were also targeted domestically for a variety of pursuits in which children laboured – among which begging and chimney sweeping stand out. In any event, the diminished visibility of child kidnapping after the 1780s suggests it was not pursued actively thereafter. Children continued to be targeted, but the primary object of those who did so was to strip them of the clothes and jewellery they wore in order to realise the monetary value of these goods. Pursued primarily by female offenders, the fact that a majority of the reported incidents occurred in Dublin, Belfast, Limerick and Cork indicates that it was first and foremost an urban crime. Its identification attests both to the vulnerability of children to exploitation, and to the active engagement of adults in that exploitation.
The leading manufacturing firms in the Irish Free State in 1929
Authors: Barry Frank 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe manufacturing sector of the 1920s Irish Free State was substantially more complex in structure than occasional references to a ‘beer and biscuits’ economy suggest. There were nine factories employing 500 workers or more in 1929, while the larger firms in sectors such as bacon curing, flour milling and fertilisers each operated more than a single factory. This article identifies the largest manufacturing firms and establishments of the era, as well as the largest within each industrial sector. Twenty-two firms had workforces of a minimum of around 400. Three of the five largest were foreign subsidiaries, the most significant of which – the Ford Motor Company – employed, at one stage, more than twice as many workers as Guinness. Of the larger indigenous companies, the majority were Protestant-owned, though Catholic-owned firms dominated in certain industrial segments.
Select document: Catholic ownership of tithes: a County Wexford widow’s dispensation, 1595
Authors: Mac Cuarta Brian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDown to the mid-nineteenth century, the rural population in Ireland was obliged by law to contribute to the upkeep of the Church of Ireland clergy by means of tithes, a measure denoting a proportion of annual agricultural produce. The document illustrates what was happening in the late sixteenth century, as separate ecclesial structures were emerging, and Catholics were beginning to determine how to support their own clergy. Control of ecclesiastical resources was a major issue for the Catholic community in the century after the introduction of the Reformation. However, for want of documentation the use of tithes to support Catholic priests, much less the impact of this issue on relationships within that community, between ecclesiastics and propertied laity, has been little noted. This text – a dispensation to hold parish revenues, signed by a papally-appointed bishop ministering in the south-east – illustrates how the recusant community in an anglicised part of Ireland addressed some issues posed by Catholic ownership of tithes in the 1590s. It exemplifies the confusion, competing claims, and anxiety of conscience among some who benefited from the secularisation of the church’s medieval patrimony; it also preserves the official response of the relevant Catholic ecclesiastical authority to an individual situation.
A mean field equation involving positively supported probability measures: blow-up phenomena and variational aspects
Authors: Jevnikar Aleks , Yang Wen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe are concerned with an elliptic problem which describes a mean field equation of the equilibrium turbulence of vortices with variable intensities. In the first part of the paper, we describe the blow-up picture and highlight the differences from the standard mean field equation as we observe non-quantization phenomenon. In the second part, we discuss the Moser–Trudinger inequality in terms of the blow-up masses and get the existence of solutions in a non-coercive regime by means of a variational argument, which is based on some improved Moser–Trudinger inequalities.
Asymptotic analysis of the Ginzburg–Landau functional on point clouds
Authors: Thorpe Matthew , Theil Florian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Ginzburg–Landau functional is a phase transition model which is suitable for classification type problems. We study the asymptotics of a sequence of Ginzburg–Landau functionals with anisotropic interaction potentials on point clouds Ψnwherendenotes the number data points. In particular, we show the limiting problem, in the sense of Γ-convergence, is related to the total variation norm restricted to functions taking binary values, which can be understood as a surface energy. We generalize the result known for isotropic interaction potentials to the anisotropic case and add a result concerning the rate of convergence.
Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler 𝕊3 × 𝕊3 from minimal surfaces in 𝕊3
Authors: Bektaş Burcu , Moruz Marilena , Van der Veken Joeri , Vrancken Luc 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe study non-totally geodesic Lagrangian submanifolds of the nearly Kähler 𝕊3× 𝕊3for which the projection on the first component is nowhere of maximal rank. We show that this property can be expressed in terms of the so-called angle functions and that such Lagrangian submanifolds are closely related to minimal surfaces in 𝕊3. Indeed, starting from an arbitrary minimal surface, we can construct locally a large family of such Lagrangian immersions, including one exceptional example. We also show that locally all such Lagrangian submanifolds can be obtained in this way.
A problem of integer partitions and numerical semigroups
Authors: Rosales J. C. , Branco M. B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLet C be a set of positive integers. In this paper, we obtain an algorithm for computing all subsets A of positive integers which are minimals with the condition that if x1 + … + xn is a partition of an element in C, then at least a summand of this partition belongs to A. We use techniques of numerical semigroups to solve this problem because it is equivalent to give an algorithm that allows us to compute all the numerical semigroups which are maximals with the condition that has an empty intersection with the set C.
PólyaS3-extensions of ℚ
Authors: Maarefparvar Abbas , Rajaei Ali 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA number fieldKwith a ring of integers 𝒪Kis called a Pólya field, if the 𝒪K-module of integer-valued polynomials on 𝒪Khas a regular basis, or equivalently all its Bhargava factorial ideals are principal [1]. We generalize Leriche's criterion [8] for Pólya-ness of Galois closures of pure cubic fields, to generalS3-extensions of ℚ. Also, we prove for a real (resp. imaginary) PólyaS3-extensionLof ℚ, at most four (resp. three) primes can be ramified. Moreover, depending on the solvability of unit norm equation over the quadratic subfield ofL, we determine when these sharp upper bounds can occur.
Quaternary tephra from the Valles caldera in the volcanic field of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico identified in western Canada
Authors: Westgate John A. , WoldeGabriel Giday , Halls Henry C. , Bray Colin J. , Barendregt René W. , Pearce Nicholas J.G. , Sarna-Wojcicki Andrei M. , Gorton Michael P. , Kelley Richard E. , Schultz-Fellenz Emily 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA fine-grained, up to 3-m-thick tephra bed in southwestern Saskatchewan, herein named Duncairn tephra (Dt), is derived from an early Pleistocene eruption in the Jemez Mountains volcanic field of New Mexico, requiring a trajectory of northward tephra dispersal of ~1500 km. An unusually low CaO content in its glass shards denies a source in the closer Yellowstone and Heise volcanic fields, whereas a Pleistocene tephra bed (LSMt) in the La Sal Mountains of Utah has a very similar glass chemistry to that of the Dt, supporting a more southerly source. Comprehensive characterization of these two distal tephra beds along with samples collected near the Valles caldera in New Mexico, including grain size, mineral assemblage, major- and trace-element composition of glass and minerals, paleomagnetism, and fission-track dating, justify this correlation. Two glass populations each exist in the Dt and LSMt. The proximal correlative of Dt1 is the plinian Tsankawi Pumice and co-ignimbritic ash of the first ignimbrite (Qbt1g) of the 1.24 Ma Tshirege Member of the Bandelier Tuff. The correlative of Dt2 and LSMt is the co-ignimbritic ash of Qbt2. Mixing of Dt1 and Dt2 probably occurred during northward transport in a jet stream.
Longitudinal association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with adipokines and markers of glucose metabolism among Brazilian pregnant women
Authors: Benaim Camila , Cocate Paula Guedes , de Barros Erica Guimarães , Alves-Santos Nadya Helena , Figueiredo Amanda Caroline Cunha , Franco-Sena Ana Beatriz , Lepsch Jaqueline , Adegboye Amanda Rodrigues Amorim , Mokhtar Rana , Holick Michael F. , Kac Gilberto 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal association of vitamin D status with glycaemia, insulin, homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, adiponectin and leptin. A prospective cohort with 181 healthy, pregnant Brazilian women was followed at the 5th–13th, 20th–26th and 30th–36th gestational weeks. In this cohort, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) plasma concentrations were analysed using liquid chromatography–tandem MS. Vitamin D status was categorised as sufficient or insufficient using the Endocrine Society Practice Guidelines (≥75/<75 nmol/l) and the Institute of Medicine (≥50/<50 nmol/l) thresholds. Linear mixed-effect regression models were employed to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and each outcome, considering interaction terms between vitamin D status and gestational age (P<0·1). At baseline, 70·7 % of pregnant women had 25(OH)D levels <75 nmol/l and 16 % had levels <50 nmol/l. Women with sufficient vitamin D status at baseline, using both thresholds, presented lower glycaemia than those with insufficient 25(OH)D. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/l showed lower insulin (β=−0·12; 95 % CI −0·251, 0·009;P=0·069) and adiponectin (β=−0·070; 95 % CI −0·150, 0·010;P=0·085) concentrations throughout pregnancy than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/l. Pregnant women with 25(OH)D <50 nmol/l at baseline presented significantly higher leptin concentrations than those with 25(OH)D levels ≥50 nmol/l (β=−0·253; 95 % CI −0·044, 0·550;P=0·095). The baseline status of vitamin D influences the biomarkers involved in glucose metabolism. Vitamin D-sufficient women at baseline had higher increases in insulin and adiponectin changes throughout gestation than those who were insufficient.
‘GREETINGS, CICERO!’: CAESAR AND PLATO ON WRITING AND MEMORY
Authors: Krebs Christopher B. 
Published: December 2018

In his digression on the Gauls in Book 6 of theGallic War, Caesar includes a portrait of the Druids (BGall.6.13.3sed de his duobus generibus[sc. quae aliquo sunt numero atque honore]alterum estdruidum) and their public roles first and foremost in religious and legal affairs (6.13.4–5illirebus diuinisintersunt,sacrificiapublica ac priuata procurant,religionesinterpretantur … fere de omnibuscontrouersiispublicis priuatisque constituunt), not forgetting their philosophical doctrine (6.14.6multa …disputantet iuuentuti tradunt). He emphasizes the strictly oral form their teaching takes (6.14.4), how ‘they do not deem it appropriate to commit it [their learning] to writing even though in almost everything else, in public and private affairs, they resort to Greek writing (neque fas esse existimantea litteris mandare, cum in reliquis fere rebus, publicis priuatisque rationibus Graecis litteris utantur)’, about the reasons for which he then proceeds to speculate (6.14.4):idmihiduabus de causis instituisseuidentur, quod neque in uulgum disciplinam efferri uelint neque eos qui discunt litteris confisos minus memoriae studere: quodfere plerisque accidit, ut praesidio litterarum diligentiam in perdiscendo ac memoriam remittant.This [sc. practice] they seem to me to have instituted for two reasons: they do not wish either that their teaching be revealed to the general public or that those who are learning it, having become reliant on writing, give less attention to memorization; and it does, as a rule, happen to many that, because of the prop offered by writing, they relax their diligence in thoroughly committing things to memory.
Unitary and Symmetric Units of a Commutative Group Algebra
Authors: Bovdi V. A. , Grishkov A. N. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLetFbe a field of characteristic two andGa finite abelian 2-group with an involutory automorphismη. IfG=H×Dwith non-trivial subgroupsHandDofGsuch that η inverts the elements ofH(Hwithout a direct factor of order 2) and fixesDelement-wise, then the linear extension ofηto the group algebraFGis called anice involution. This determines the groups of unitary and symmetric normalized units ofFG. We calculate the orders and the invariants of these subgroups.
Cow responses and evolution of the rumen bacterial and methanogen community following a complete rumen content transfer
Authors: De Mulder T. , Vandaele L. , Peiren N. , Haegeman A. , Ruttink T. , De Campeneere S. , Van De Wiele T. , Goossens K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the rumen microbial ecosystem requires the identification of factors that influence the community structure, such as nutrition, physiological condition of the host and host–microbiome interactions. The objective of the current study was to describe the rumen microbial communities before, during and after a complete rumen content transfer. The rumen contents of one donor cow were removed completely and used as inoculum for the emptied rumen of the donor itself and three acceptor cows under identical physiological and nutritional conditions. Temporal changes in microbiome composition and rumen function were analysed for each of four cows over a period of 6 weeks. Shortly after transfer, the cows showed different responses to perturbation of their rumen content. Feed intake depression in the first 2 weeks after transfer resulted in short-term changes in milk production, methane emission, fatty acid composition and rumen bacterial community composition. These effects were more pronounced in two cows, whose microbiome composition showed reduced diversity. The fermentation metrics and microbiome diversity of the other two cows were not affected. Their rumen bacterial community initially resembled the composition of the donor but evolved to a new community profile that resembled neither the donor nor their original composition. Descriptive data presented in the current paper show that the rumen bacterial community composition can quickly recover from a reduction in microbiome diversity after a severe perturbation. In contrast to the bacteria, methanogenic communities were more stable over time and unaffected by stress or host effects.