bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roads from Calabria: The Arrighian approach to agrarian political economy
Authors: Bair Jennifer , Harris Kevan , Hough Phillip A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractScholars of agrarian change have long debated the nature of capitalist transition in the countryside, including whether the deepened interlinking of local, national, and transnational economic activities make past trajectories of agrarian transformation unlikely to reoccur in the present. This essay makes the case that Giovanni Arrighi's work has much to add to our understanding of the agrarian question in global historical perspective. We focus in particular on Arrighi's research on trajectories of change in the Calabrian region of southern Italy, and his essay “Capitalist Development in Hostile Environments.” In this piece, Arrighi and co‐author Fortunata Piselli develop two key insights. The first is that the pathways to capitalism are diverse, non‐linear, and historically contingent such that within one country—or, in the case of Italy, a single subnational region—multiple trajectories can be found. The second is that the outcomes of capitalist transition vary based on a country's position in the international hierarchy of wealth, meaning that agrarian transformation is compatible with both economic development and underdevelopment. We describe the three methodological principles that enabled Arrighi to develop his analysis of capitalist transition and explain how the papers collected in this special issue reflect and extend the Arrighian approach to agrarian political economy.
Capitalist miners in feudal Europe: A commentary on Marxist agrarian history
Authors: Graulau Jeannette 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMarxist agrarian history conceives of medieval mining as a pre‐capitalist and backward economy isolated from all forms of capitalist change. Mining history says otherwise. Evidence confirms that mining labour enjoyed the conditions for an early emancipation from serfdom, rooted in the ascent of a European silver‐based monetary economy from the eleventh century onwards. Feudal lords were caught between Scylla and Charybdis, vulnerable to the rise of free miners and a mining economy that demanded capital outlays. Drawing upon the case study of mining in the feudal principality of Trent, the article briefly sketches the rise of capitalist miners and the conditions that gave them decisive advantages over feudal lords. The article summarizes general arguments and lines of inquiry for opening the field of Marxist agrarian history to the study of mining and extractive economies.
Afterword: Reflections on “Capitalist development in hostile environments”
Authors: Silver Beverly J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis afterword places the long essay “Capitalist Development in Hostile Environments” in the context of Giovanni Arrighi's overall intellectual trajectory. It highlights several crucial theoretical and methodological contributions to debates, including on the relationship between proletarianization and capitalist development, and between labour migration, class formation, and class conflict; on the interrelationship between “internal” and “external” processes in the explanation of social change; and on the distinction between economic progress, “catching‐up” development, and popular welfare. It concludes with a brief discussion of ways in which Arrighi's later theorization of the longue durée evolution of historical capitalism provides a robust conceptual framework for ongoing studies of proletarianization and capitalist development.
Nonassertive Moral Abolitionism
Authors: Dockstader Jason 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProponents of moral abolitionism, like Richard Garner, qualify their view as an “assertive” version of the position. They counsel moral realists and anti‐realists alike to accept moral error theory, abolish morality, and encourage others to abolish morality. In response, this paper argues that moral error theorists should abolish morality, but become quiet about such abolition. It offers a quietist or nonassertive version of moral abolitionism. It does so by first clarifying and addressing the arguments for and against assertive moral abolitionism. Second, it develops novel criticisms of assertive moral abolitionism and offers nonassertive moral abolitionism in response. Third, it discusses how various metaethical views might respond to nonassertive moral abolitionism. Its basic claim is that nonassertive moral abolitionism provides superior therapeutic benefits over assertive moral abolitionism and other conserving and reforming approaches to moral discourse.
Inarticulate Forgiveness
Authors: O'Hagan Emer 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInfluentially, Pamela Hieronymi has argued that any account of forgiveness must be both articulate and uncompromising. It must articulate the change in judgment that results in the forgiver's loss of resentment without excusing or justifying the misdeed, and without comprising a commitment to the transgressor's responsibility, the wrongness of the action, and the transgressed person's self‐worth. Non‐articulate accounts of forgiveness, which rely on indirect strategies for reducing resentment (for example, reflecting on the transgressor's bad childhood), are said to fail to explain forgiveness. This paper argues that the articulateness condition is not a necessary condition for forgiveness. It responds to numerous objections advanced against non‐articulate accounts, including the claim that the resentment‐mitigating practices they involve amount to excusing. Appealing to P. F. Strawson's distinction between objective and participant attitudes, it argues that forgivers can take transgressors to be detrimentally causally shaped by their past while holding them to be morally responsible.
Association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity: A systematic review
Authors: Xin Junguo , Zhao Li , Wu Tong , Zhang Longhao , Li Yan , Xue Hong , Xiao Qian , Wang Ruiou , Xu Peiyao , Visscher Tommy , Ma Xiao , Jia Peng 
Published: July 2019

SummaryChildhood obesity increases the risk of adulthood obesity and is associated with other adverse health outcomes later in life. It may be influenced by environmental characteristics of neighborhoods where children live, particularly dietary supply–related environmental factors. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association between access to convenience stores and childhood obesity. We searched and filtered relevant literature in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library published before 1 January 2019. Data on the basic characteristics of studies, measures of access to convenience stores, and associations of convenience stores with weight‐related behaviors and outcomes were extracted from 41 included studies. In general, the density of and proximity to convenience stores in children's residential and school neighborhoods were positively associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. However, their associations with children's weight status varied significantly by regions. The association between convenience store access and children's weight status was found to be negative in Canada, rather mixed in the United States and the United Kingdom, and not significant in East Asia. We suggest future research to clearly define the convenience store, better measure the access to convenience store, and also measure children's journey and food purchasing and consumption behaviors, to explain pathways from convenience store access to childhood obesity for designing effective interventions and policies.
Balancing between maintaining and overriding the self: Staff experiences of residents' self‐determination in the palliative phases
Authors: Schenell Ramona , Ozanne Anneli , Strang Susann , Henoch Ingela 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesTo investigate, from the staff perspective, residents' self‐determination during the palliative phase while in residential care.BackgroundResidential care facilities have a high prevalence of palliative care needs and dependency. The ability of residents to make and execute decisions may be hindered by their cognitive and physical limitations. There is a need to investigate how residents' self‐determination is affected during the palliative phase in residential care.MethodTwenty individual, semi‐structured interviews with Registered Nurses, enrolled nurses and physicians working in residential care facilities were analysed with inductive qualitative content analysis.FindingsThe overarching main theme, Balancing between maintaining and overriding the residents' self, illuminated how strengthened self‐determination affected the residents' self in a positive way, while undermined self‐determination affected the residents' self in a negative way. Factors that strengthened self‐determination were facilitating the residents' own decision making, acting in accordance with the residents' wishes and acting as the residents' spokesperson when necessary. Factors that undermined self‐determination were residents' dependence, others setting the terms, for example, being controlled by routines, insufficient communication, for example, lacking end‐of‐life care planning and others crossing the boundaries of one's personal sphere.ConclusionThere are serious threats to residents' self‐determination but also strategies to cope with these threats. Physical and cognitive frailty and other people setting the terms hinder both making and executing decisions. However, staff can strengthen residents' self‐determination and assist in the presentation of residents' self by adopting a relational view of autonomy and by taking personal preconditions into account. There is a need to come to terms with the lack of end‐of‐life care planning and to give residents a voice in these matters. Implementing a palliative approach early in the illness trajectory could facilitate communication about end‐of‐life care both within the group of staff and among the residents, relatives and staff.Implications for practiceTo maintain residents' self‐determination and protect their self, staff need knowledge about residents' life stories and personal preconditions. This in turn requires continuity of care and spending time with residents to build relationships. Implementing an early palliative approach with a focus on factors that promote quality of life for each resident might facilitate communication and enhance decision making both in everyday life and in planning for end‐of‐life care.
Genome mapping and molecular markers identification for yield, yield component and fibre quality traits in tetraploid cotton
Authors: Ramesh U. M. , Methre Ramesh , Kumar N. V. M. , Katageri Ishwarappa S. , Gowda S. Anjan , Adiger Sateesh , Yadava Satish Kumar , Lachagari Vijay B. R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) across different environments is a prerequisite for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in crop improvement programmes. CottonSNP63k Illumina infinium array was used for genotyping 178 inter‐specific recombinant inbred lines and the parents, and identified 1,667 homozygous polymorphic markers between the parents. Of these, 1,430 markers were used for the construction of linkage map after removing 237 redundant markers. The genetic map spans a total genetic length of 3,149.8 cM with an average marker interval size of 2.2 cM. The phenotypic data from five environments were analysed separately using inclusive composite interval mapping which identified a total of 56 QTL explaining phenotypic variances (PVE) in the range of 8.18%–28.91%. There were 11 and 24 major QTL found for fibre quality and yield components, respectively. A total of 64 QTL were identified through Multi‐Environment Trials analysis, of which 34 recorded QTL × Environment interactions.
Advances in non‐invasive positive airway pressure technology
Authors: Piper Amanda J. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTNon‐invasive ventilation (NIV) has become the standard of care for patients with a range of respiratory and sleep breathing disorders. Technological advances have enabled the development of several newer modes of automatically adapting NIV suitable for patients with more complex breathing abnormalities that may be difficult to manage effectively with more traditional positive airway pressure therapy. These modes allow for more stable ventilation when fluctuating ventilation requirements occur such as in positional upper airway obstruction or state‐related variations in respiratory mechanics and drive. Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) is designed for patients with periodic breathing and central apnoeas in whom carbon dioxide levels are normal to low, with the goal of therapy to dampen and stabilize ventilation. In contrast, volume‐assured pressure support is used in diagnostic groups characterized by hypoventilation, where targeting an effective level of ventilation irrespective of sleep stage or body position is required. These newer modes have the potential to simplify and optimize ventilation, although at present there is no evidence that they are clinically superior to standard home ventilation techniques. The complexity and differences in algorithms and features of various device brands, along with a limited evidence base documenting longer term outcomes, complicate decisions around which patient phenotypes are best suited to these newer modes. In‐built sensor and data storage capabilities of newer home ventilation devices provide the opportunity for earlier recognition of issues with ventilation and to guide corrective action. Further work is needed to determine how this impacts longer term clinical outcomes.
Short-term and long-term case-fatality rates for myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke by socioeconomic position and sex: a population-based cohort study in Sweden, 1990–1994 and 2005–2009
Authors: Malki Ninoa , Hägg Sara , Tiikkaja Sanna , Koupil Ilona , Sparén Pär , Ploner Alexander 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveCase-fatality rates (CFRs) for myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke (IS) have decreased over time due to better prevention, medication and hospital care. It is unclear whether these improvements have been equally distributed according to socioeconomic position (SEP) and sex. The aim of this study is to analyse differences in short-term and long-term CFR for MI and IS by SEP and sex between the periods 1990–1994 to 2005–2009 for the entire Swedish population.DesignPopulation-based cohort study based on Swedish national registers.MethodsWe used logistic regression and flexible parametric models to estimate short-term CFR (death before reaching the hospital or on the disease event day) and long-term CFR (1 year case-fatality conditional on surviving short-term) across five distinct SEP groups, as well as CFR differences (CFRDs) between SEP groups for both MI and IS from 1990–1994 to 2005–2009.ResultsOverall short-term CFR for both MI and IS decreased between study periods. For MI, differences in short-term and long-term CFR between the least and most favourable SEP group were generally stable, except in long-term CFR among women; intermediate SEP groups mostly managed to catch up with the most favourable SEP group. For IS, short-term CFRD generally decreased compared with the most favourable group; but long-term CFRD were mostly stable, except for an increase for older subjects.ConclusionDespite a general decline in CFR for MI and IS across all SEP groups and both sexes as well as some reductions in CFRD, we found persistent and even increasing CFRD among the least advantaged SEP groups, older patients and women. We speculate that targeted prevention rather than treatment strategies have the potential to reduce these inequalities.
Protocol of a randomised controlled trial in cardiac surgical patients with endothelial dysfunction aimed to prevent postoperative acute kidney injury by administering nitric oxide gas
Authors: Marrazzo Francesco , Spina Stefano , Zadek Francesco , Lama Tenzing , Xu Changhan , Larson Grant , Rezoagli Emanuele , Malhotra Rajeev , Zheng Hui , Bittner Edward A , Shelton Kenneth , Melnitchouk Serguei , Roy Nathalie , Sundt Thoralf M , Riley William D , Williams Purris , Fisher Daniel , Kacmarek Robert M , Thompson Taylor B , Bonventre Joseph , Zapol Warren , Ichinose Fumito , Berra Lorenzo 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionPostoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in cardiac surgery. Levels of intravascular haemolysis are strongly associated with postoperative AKI and with prolonged (>90 min) use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Ferrous plasma haemoglobin released into the circulation acts as a scavenger of nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial cells. Consequently, the vascular bioavailability of NO is reduced, leading to vasoconstriction and impaired renal function. In patients with cardiovascular risk factors, the endothelium is dysfunctional and cannot replenish the NO deficit. A previous clinical study in young cardiac surgical patients with rheumatic fever, without evidence of endothelial dysfunction, showed that supplementation of NO gas decreases AKI by converting ferrous plasma haemoglobin to ferric methaemoglobin, thus preserving vascular NO. In this current trial, we hypothesised that 24 hours administration of NO gas will reduce AKI following CPB in patients with endothelial dysfunction.MethodsThis is a single-centre, randomised (1:1) controlled, parallel-arm superiority trial that includes patients with endothelial dysfunction, stable kidney function and who are undergoing cardiac surgery procedures with an expected CPB duration >90 min. After randomisation, 80 parts per million (ppm) NO (intervention group) or 80 ppm nitrogen (N2, control group) are added to the gas mixture. Test gases (N2or NO) are delivered during CPB and for 24 hours after surgery. The primary study outcome is the occurrence of AKI among study groups. Key secondary outcomes include AKI severity, occurrence of renal replacement therapy, major adverse kidney events at 6 weeks after surgery and mortality. We are recruiting 250 patients, allowing detection of a 35% AKI relative risk reduction, assuming a two-sided error of 0.05.Ethics and disseminationThe Partners Human Research Committee approved this trial. Recruitment began in February 2017. Dissemination plans include presentations at scientific conferences, scientific publications and advertising flyers and posters at Massachusetts General Hospital.Trial registration numberNCT02836899.
Helping people discontinue long-term antidepressants: views of health professionals in UK primary care
Authors: Bowers Hannah M , Williams Samantha J , Geraghty Adam W A , Maund Emma , O’brien Wendy , Leydon Geraldine , May Carl R , Kendrick Tony 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveThe aims of this paper were to identify, characterise and explain clinician factors that shape decision-making around antidepressant discontinuation in UK primary care.DesignFour focus groups and three interviews were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis.ParticipantsTwenty-one general practitioners (GPs), four GP assistants, seven nurses and six community mental health team workers and psychotherapists took part in focus groups and interviews.SettingParticipants were recruited from seven primary care regions and two National Health Service Trusts providing community mental health services in the South of England.ResultsParticipants highlighted a number of barriers and enablers to discussing discontinuation with patients. They held a range of views around responsibility, with some suggesting it was the responsibility of the health professional (HP) to broach the subject, and others suggesting responsibility rested with the patients. HPs were concerned about destabilising the current situation, discussed how continuity and knowing the patient facilitated discontinuation talks, and discussed how confidence in their professional skills and knowledge affected whether they elected to raise discontinuation in consultations.ConclusionsFindings indicate a need to consider support for HPs in the management of antidepressant medication and discussions of discontinuation in particular. They may also benefit from support around their fears of patient relapse and awareness of when and how to initiate discussions about discontinuation with their patients.
Investigation into repetitive concussion in sport (RECOS): study protocol of a prospective, exploratory, observational cohort study
Authors: Yakoub Kamal M , Davies David J , Su Zhangjie , Bentley Conor , Forcione Mario , Toman Emma , Hammond Douglas , Watson Callum N , Bishop Jon , Cooper Lauren , Barbey Aron K , Sawlani Vijay , Di Pietro Valentina , Grey Michael J , Belli Antonio 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionSport-related concussion management remains a diagnostic dilemma to clinicians in all strata of care, coaching staff and players alike. The lack of objective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and over-reliance on subjective clinical assessments carries a significant health risk of undiagnosed concussive episodes and early return to play before full recovery increasing the risk of sustaining additional concussion, and leading to long-term sequelae and/or unfavourable outcome.ObjectiveTo identify a set of parameters (neuroimaging with neurophysiological, biological and neuropsychological tests) that may support pitch-side and outpatient clinical decision-making in order to objectively diagnose concussion, determine the severity of injury, guide a safe return to play and identify the potential predictors of the long-term sequelae of concussion.Methods and analysisAn exploratory, observational, prospective, cohort study recruiting between 2017 and 2020. The participants will have a baseline preseason screening (brain imaging, neuropsychological assessments, serum, urine and saliva sampling). If a screened player later suffers a concussion and/or multiple concussions then he/she will be assessed again with the same protocol within 72 hours, and their baseline data will be used as internal control as well as normative data. Inferential statistical analysis will be performed to determine correlations between biological, imaging techniques and neuropsychological assessments.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the East of England—Essex Research Ethics Committee on 22 September 2017—REC 17/EE/0275; IRAS 216703. The results of this study will be presented at national and international conferences and submitted for publication in peer reviewed journals.Trial registration numberISRCTN16974791; Pre-results.