bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The strongly interacting binary scenarios of the enigmatic supernova iPTF14hls
Authors: Gofman Roni Anna , Soker Noam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We argue that some scenarios for the enigmatic supernova (SN) iPTF14hls and its progenitor require a strong binary interaction. We examine scenarios that attribute the extra power of iPTF14hls to a magnetar, to a late fallback on to the neutron star (NS) that launches jets, to an interaction of the ejecta with a circumstellar matter (CSM), or to a common envelope jets SN (CEJSN). For each of these four scenarios, we study the crucial process that supplies the extra energy and conclude that a binary companion to the progenitor must be present. For the magnetar scenario and late jets we claim that a companion should spin-up the pre-collapse core, in the ejecta-CSM scenario we find that the formation of the equatorial CSM requires a companion, and in the CEJSN where a NS spirals-in inside the giant envelope of the progenitor and launches jets the strong binary interaction is built-in. We argue that these types of strong binary interactions make the scenarios rare and explain the enigmatic nature of iPTF14hls. We further study processes that might accompany the binary interaction, in particular, the launching of jets before, during and after the explosion and their observational consequences. We do not consider the difficulties of the different scenarios and neither do we determine the best scenario for iPTF14hls. We rather focus on the binary nature of these scenarios that might as well explain other rare types of SNe.
Bacteremia in Childhood Life-Threatening Infections in Urban Gambia: EUCLIDS in West Africa
Authors: Secka F , Herberg J A , Sarr I , Darboe S , Sey G , Saidykhan M , Wathuo M , Kaforou M , Antonio M , Roca A , Zaman S M A , Cebey-López M , Boeddha N P , Paulus S , Kohlfürst D S , Emonts M , Zenz W , Carrol E D , de Groot R , Schlapbach L , Martinon-Torres F , Bojang K , Levin M , van der Flier M , Anderson S T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
The limited availability of microbiology services in sub-Saharan Africa impedes accurate diagnosis of bacterial pathogens and understanding of trends in prevalence and antibiotic sensitivities. We aimed to characterize bacteremia among hospitalized children in The Gambia and to identify factors associated with bacteremia and mortality.

Methods
We prospectively studied children presenting with suspected severe infection to 2 urban hospitals in The Gambia, between January 2013 and September 2015. Demographic and anthropometric data, clinical features, management, and blood culture results were documented. Urine screens for antibiotic activity were performed in a subset of participants.

Results
Of 411 children enrolled (median age, 29 months; interquartile range, 11–82), 79.5% (325 of 409) reported prehospital antibiotic use. Antimicrobial activity by urinary screen for antibiotic activity was detected in 70.8% (n = 80 of 113). Sixty-six bacterial pathogens were identified in 65 (15.8%) participants and Staphylococcus aureus predominated. Gram-positive organisms were more commonly identified than Gram-negative (P &lt; .01). Antibiotic resistance against first-line antimicrobials (ampicillin and gentamicin) was common among Gram-negative bacteria (39%; range, 25%–100%). Factors significantly associated with bacteremia included the following: gender, hydration status, musculoskeletal examination findings, admission to the Medical Research Council The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine hospital, and meeting sepsis criteria. Those associated with increased mortality were presence of a comorbidity, clinical pallor, tachypnea, and altered consciousness. Tachycardia was associated with reduced mortality.

Conclusions
The bacteremia rate in children with suspected childhood life-threatening infectious diseases in The Gambia is high. The pattern of pathogen prevalence and antimicrobial resistance has changed over time compared with previous studies illustrating the importance of robust bacterial surveillance programs in resource-limited settings.
Recent Trends and Effectiveness of Antiretroviral Regimens Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With HIV in the United States: The Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) 2008–2017
Authors: Li Xiuhong , Brown Todd T , Ho Kenneth S , Witt Mallory D , Phair John , Jacobson Lisa P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
We evaluated trends and population effectiveness (tolerability, HIV suppression) of current combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens mindful of treatment guidelines.

Method
Trend analyses included 18 017 person-visits (1457 men) on cART during 2008–2017 in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Effectiveness analyses of current regimens used 3598 person-visit–pairs (745 men) on cART in 2014–2017. Inverse-probability-of-treatment-and-censoring weighted Poisson regression with robust variances was used to evaluate the association between regimens and switching, adherence and HIV RNA &lt;20 copies/mL.

Results
Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen usage has increased since 2008. Almost 90% of cART initiators started with INSTI-cART in 2016–2017; cART adherence was stable around 90% and 83%–85% suppressed virus (&lt;20 cp/mL). Commonly used regimens in 2014–2017 contained disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) backbone with efavirenz (EFV, n = 1161 person-visits), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c, n = 551), rilpivirine (RPV, n = 492), darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r, n = 351), or atazanavir (ATV)/r (n = 333). Others were dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (DTG/ABC/3TC, n = 401) and EVG/c/tenofovir alafenamide/FTC (EVG/c/TAF/FTC, n = 309). Compared to EFV/TDF/FTC users, ATV/r+TDF/FTC users switched more (rate ratio [RR] = 1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17–2.76), while those on DTG/ABC/3TC (RR [95% CI] = 0.16 [0.08–0.31]) or EVG/c/TAF/FTC (RR [95% CI] = 0.12 [0.06–0.27]) switched less. The rate of suppressed HIV RNA was 15% (95% CI, 2%–26%) lower among younger EVG/c/TDF/FTC users and 18% (95% CI, 3%–34%) higher in older DRV/r+TDF/FTC users; adherence did not differ by regimen.

Conclusions
Consistent with guidelines, recent cART initiators started with INSTI-cART, which was associated with less switching early after initiation. Factors beyond those studied here, such as need for salvage therapy, unique personal characteristics, drug interactions, and cost may influence treatment decisions.
Lessons Learned From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Short-Course Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy for Erysipelas and Cellulitis of the Lower Limb (Switch Trial)
Authors: Clarke Marcus C , Cheng Allen C , Pollard James Gd , Birch Mark , Cowan Raquel U , Linke Jake A , Walton Aaron L , Friedman N Deborah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis of cellulitis is made clinically without a gold standard diagnostic test, and cellulitis has many disease mimics. There is currently no consensus for optimal antimicrobial treatment duration or method of antimicrobial delivery.

Methods
This was a randomized controlled open-label multicenter trial to determine the safety and efficacy of 24 hours of intravenous (IV) therapy compared with ≥72 hours of IV therapy, both followed by oral therapy to a maximum of 7–10 days’ duration for the treatment of lower limb cellulitis.

Results
Over 40 months, 80 patients were recruited. Thirty-nine patients were assigned to 24 hours of IV antibiotics and 41 to ≥72 hours of IV antibiotics. The mean duration (range) of IV antibiotics in the 24-hour group was 25.5 (17–40) hours, and in the ≥72-hour group it was 78 (41.5–210) hours. Three patients in the 24-hour arm and 4 patients in the ≥72-hour arm were excluded from the analysis due to withdrawal from the trial. Analysis of the remaining patients revealed that 6 patients (4 in the intervention arm and 2 in the control arm) did not achieve an adequate response to therapy. Only 1 patient experienced self-limiting adverse effects of treatment.

Conclusions
The noninferiority of short-course IV therapy cannot be determined from this trial. Challenges included resource limitations for recruitment, misdiagnosis, participant withdrawal, and subjective responses to therapy based on visual assessment by treating clinicians. Further studies are needed to determine if short-course IV therapy is a suitable treatment option.

Australia Council of Clinical Trials Registry No
ACTRN12613001366741.
Impact of Tenofovir-Based Pre-exposure Prophylaxis on Biomarkers of Bone Formation, Bone Resorption, and Bone Mineral Metabolism in HIV-Negative Adults
Authors: Nickolas Thomas L , Yin Michael T , Hong Ting , Mugwanya Kenneth K , Branch Andrea D , Heffron Renee , Ramalho Janaina , Nandakumar Renu , Dworakowski Elzbieta , Wanga Valentine , Mugo Nelly R , Ronald Allan , Celum Connie , Donnell Deborah , Baeten Jared M , Wyatt Christina M ,   Partners PrEP Study Team, Celum Connie , Baeten Jared M , Donnell Deborah , Coombs Robert W , Frenkel Lisa , Hendrix Craig W , Lingappa Jairam R , McElrath M Juliana , Fife Kenneth H , Were Edwin , Tumwesigye Elioda , Ndase Patrick , Katabira Elly , Ronald Allan , Bukusi Elizabeth , Cohen Craig R , Wangisi Jonathan , Campbell James D , Tappero Jordan W , Kiarie James , Farquhar Carey , John-Stewart Grace , Mugo Nelly R , Campbell James D , Tappero Jordan W , Wangisi Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) reduces the risk of HIV seroconversion but may promote bone mineral density (BMD) decline. The mechanisms of BMD decline with FTC/TDF remain unclear, and studies in HIV-positive individuals have been confounded by the effects of HIV and concomitant antiretroviral medications. We evaluated the impact of FTC/TDF on biomarkers of bone remodeling and bone mineral metabolism in HIV-negative men and women enrolled in the Partners PrEP Study.

Methods
In a random sample of HIV-negative participants randomized to FTC/TDF PrEP (n = 50) or placebo (n = 50), serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone biomarkers (C-telopeptide, procollagen 1 intact N-terminal propeptide, and sclerostin), and plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 were measured at baseline and month 24, and the percentage change was compared between groups. In a complementary analysis, we compared the change in biomarkers between participants with and without a 25% decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) on FTC/TDF.

Results
Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups (median age, 38 years; 40% women). Vitamin D insufficiency was common, but baseline GFR and PTH were in the normal range. We observed a significantly greater percent increase in serum C-telopeptide in participants randomized to FTC/TDF vs placebo (P = .03), suggesting an increase in bone remodeling. We observed no differences in the other biomarkers, or in a separate analysis comparing participants with and without a decline in GFR.

Conclusions
Increased bone remodeling may mediate the BMD decline observed with tenofovir-containing PrEP and antiretroviral therapy, independent of a TDF-mediated decrease in kidney function.
Clinical Impact of Revised Cefepime Breakpoint in Patients With Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia
Authors: Foong Kap Sum , Carlson Abigail L , Munigala Satish , Burnham Carey-Ann D , Warren David K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The impact of the revised Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute interpretative criteria for cefepime in Enterobacteriaceae remains unclear. We applied the new breakpoint on 644 previously defined cefepime-susceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates. We found no differences in mortality or microbiological failure, regardless of isolates being susceptible or cefepime-susceptible dose-dependent by current criteria.
Eight-Year-Old Male With Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Authors: Vareechon Chairut , Tarro Thomas , Polanco Claudia , Anand Vikram , Pannaraj Pia S , Dien Bard Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic free-living amoeba that is found in warm, fresh water and causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The following report demonstrates the rapid and destructive clinical features of PAM in an 8-year-old male who presented with severe headaches approximately 12 days after swimming in a hot spring.
Contrast Dispersion on Epidurography May Be Associated with Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Epidural Neuroplasty Using an Inflatable Balloon Catheter
Authors: Kim Doo-Hwan , Ji Gyu Yeul , Kwon Hyun-Jung , Na Taejun , Shin Jin-Woo , Shin Dong Ah , Choi Seong-Soo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundContrast dispersion pattern on epidurography may be associated with clinical improvement after epidural neuroplasty. However, insufficient evidence supports this theory. The current study aims to evaluate the relevance of contrast dispersion and clinical improvement after percutaneous epidural neuroplasty using an inflatable balloon catheter.MethodsOne hundred patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent combined balloon decompression and epidural adhesiolysis between March 2015 to December 2015 participated in the present study. Participants were divided into two groups by contrast dispersion pattern on postprocedural epidurography: the complete contrast dispersion (CCD) and incomplete contrast dispersion (ICCD) groups. The numeric rating scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and global perceived effects (GPE) were each assessed before and one, three, six, nine, and 12 months after the intervention.ResultsAfter combined balloon decompression and adhesiolysis, significant pain reduction and functional improvement were maintained up to 12 months in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. NRS and GPE in the CCD group were significantly lower than in the ICCD group from six to 12 months after the intervention. The ODI in the CCD group was also significantly lower compared with that in the ICCD group from one to 12 months after the intervention.ConclusionsCombined balloon decompression and adhesiolysis with the inflatable balloon catheter can provide noteworthy pain reduction and improvement of physical function for a long-term period in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Because CCD showed better clinical improvement compared with ICCD, a contrast dispersion pattern may be associated with an improved clinical outcome.
Practice Patterns in Perioperative Nonopioid Analgesic Administration by Anesthesiologists in a Veterans Affairs Hospital
Authors: Kwong Jereen Z , Mudumbai Seshadri C , Hernandez-Boussard Tina , Popat Rita A , Mariano Edward R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Although multimodal analgesia (MMA) is recommended for perioperative pain management, previous studies have found substantial variability in its utilization. To better understand the factors that influence anesthesiologists’ choices, we assessed the associations between patient or surgical characteristics and number of nonopioid analgesic modes received intraoperatively across a variety of surgeries in a university-affiliated Veteran Affairs hospital.

Methods
We included elective inpatient surgeries (orthopedic, thoracic, spine, abdominal, and pelvic procedures) that used at least one nonopioid analgesic within a one-year period. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We also described the combinations of analgesia used in each surgical subtype and conducted exploratory analyses to test the associations between the number of modes used and postoperative outcomes.

Results
Of the 1,087 procedures identified, 33%, 53%, and 14% were managed with one, two, and three or more modes, respectively. Older patients had lower odds of receiving three or more modes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.15–0.52), as were patients with more comorbidities (two modes: aOR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79–0.96; three or more modes: aOR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71–0.94). Utilization varied across surgical subtypes P < 0.0001). Increasing the number of modes, particularly use of regional anesthesia, was associated with shorter length of stay.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that age, comorbidities, and surgical type contribute to variability in MMA utilization. Risks and benefits of multiple modes should be carefully considered for older and sicker patients. Future directions include developing patient- and procedure-specific perioperative MMA recommendations.
Research Synthesis
Authors: Roberts Caroline , Gilbert Emily , Allum Nick , Eisner Léïla 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHerbert Simon’s (1956) concept of satisficing provides an intuitive explanation for the reasons why respondents to surveys sometimes adopt response strategies that can lead to a reduction in data quality. As such, the concept rapidly gained popularity among researchers after it was first introduced to the field of survey methodology by Krosnick and Alwin (1987), and it has become a widely cited buzzword linked to different forms of response error. In this article, we present the findings of a systematic review involving a content analysis of journal articles published in English-language journals between 1987 and 2015 that have drawn on the satisficing concept to evaluate survey data quality. Based on extensive searches of online databases, and an initial screening exercise to apply the study’s inclusion criteria, 141 relevant articles were identified. Guided by the theory of survey satisficing described by Krosnick (1991), the methodological features of the shortlisted articles were coded, including the indicators of satisficing analyzed, the main predictors of satisficing, and the presence of main or interaction effects on the prevalence of satisficing involving indicators of task difficulty, respondent ability, and respondent motivation. Our analysis sheds light on potential differences in the extent to which satisficing theory holds for different types of response error, and highlights a number of avenues for future research.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates inflammatory response and oxidative stress in hyperoxic lung injury by regulating NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways
Authors: Fang Y , Gao F , Liu Z 
Published: August 2019

Summary

Objective
To investigate the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in hyperoxic lung injury.

Methods
Adult mice were exposed to 95% O2 for 72 h to induce hyperoxic lung injury, and simultaneously treated with ACE2 agonist diminazene aceturate (DIZE) or inhibitor MLN-4760. ACE2 expression/activity in lung tissue and angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7)/Ang II in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the severity of hyperoxic lung injury were evaluated. The levels of inflammatory factors in BALF and lung tissue and the expression levels of phospho-p65, p65 and IkBα were measured. Oxidative parameter and antioxidant enzyme levels in lung tissue were measured to assess oxidative stress. Finally, the expression levels of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2), NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured using Western blotting.

Results
Hyperoxia treatment significantly decreased lung ACE2 expression/activity and increased the Ang II/Ang-(1–7) ratio, while co-treatment with hyperoxia and DIZE significantly increased lung ACE2 expression/activity and decreased the Ang II/Ang-(1–7) ratio. By contrast, co-treatment with hyperoxia and MLN-4760 significantly decreased lung ACE2 expression/activity and increased the Ang II/Ang-(1–7) ratio. Hyperoxia treatment induced significant lung injury, inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which were attenuated by DIZE but aggravated by MLN-4760. The NF-κB pathways were activated by hyperoxia and MLN-4760 but inhibited by DIZE. The Nrf2 pathway and its downstream proteins NQO1 and HO-1 were activated by DIZE but inhibited by MLN-4760.

Conclusion
Activation of ACE2 can reduce the severity of hyperoxic lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress. ACE2 can inhibit the NF-κB pathway and activate the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 pathway, which may be involved in the underlying mechanism.
Tuberculosis in people with rheumatic disease in Finland 1995–2007: a nationwide retrospective register study
Authors: Vuorela Marjo , Mars Nina J , Salonen Juha , Kauppi Markku J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesRA and its medication, especially TNF-α inhibitors, increase the risk of clinical tuberculosis (TB) infection. We aimed to investigate the clinical manifestations, incidence and temporal changes in TB occurring concurrently with rheumatic diseases (RDs) between 1995 and 2007.MethodsWe combined the register of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland and the National Infectious Disease Register to find adult patients with reimbursed DMARDs and with a TB notification between 1995 and 2007. After reviewing the medical records, we described their clinical manifestations and medications, explored TB incidence trends using Poisson regression, and compared the incidence of TB with that of the general population.ResultsWe identified 291 patients with both TB and rheumatic disease (RD), 196 of whom had RA. Between 1995 and 2007, the incidence of TB in adult RD decreased from 58.8 to 30.0 per 100 000 (trend P < 0.001, average marginal effect −3.4/100 000 per year, 95% CI −4.4, −2.4). Compared with the general population, the incidence was ∼4-fold. Among RD patients, pulmonary TB was the most common form of TB (72.6%). Disseminated TB was present in 56 (19.6%) patients.ConclusionThe incidence of TB among RD patients was ∼4-fold that of the general population, and it declined between 1995 and 2007. Disseminated TB was present in nearly 20% of patients.
Haematological abnormalities in new-onset rheumatoid arthritis and risk of common infections: a population-based study
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , de Lusignan Simon , Mallen Christian , Khavandi Kaivan , Roberts Jacqueline , Buckley Christopher D , Galloway James , Raza Karim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the prevalence of haematological abnormalities in individuals with RA at the point of diagnosis in primary care and the associations between haematological abnormalities, vaccinations and subsequent risk of common infections.

Methods
We studied 6591 individuals with newly diagnosed RA between 2004 and 2016 inclusive using the UK Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre primary care database. The prevalence of haematological abnormalities at diagnosis (anaemia, neutropenia and lymphopenia) was established. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between each haematological abnormality and time to common infections and the influence of vaccination status (influenza and pneumococcal vaccine) on time to common infections in individuals with RA compared with a matched cohort of individuals without RA.

Results
Anaemia was common at RA diagnosis (16.1% of individuals), with neutropenia (0.6%) and lymphopenia (1.4%) less so. Lymphopenia and anaemia were associated with increased infection risk [hazard ratio (HR) 1.18 (95% CI 1.08, 1.29) and HR 1.37 (95% CI 1.08, 1.73), respectively]. There was no evidence of an association between neutropenia and infection risk [HR 0.94 (95% CI 0.60, 1.47)]. Pneumonia was much more common in individuals with early RA compared with controls. Influenza vaccination was associated with reduced risk of influenza-like illness only for individuals with RA [HR 0.58 (95% CI 0.37, 0.90)].

Conclusion
At diagnosis, anaemia and lymphopenia, but not neutropenia, increase the risk of common infections in individuals with RA. Our data support the effectiveness of the influenza vaccination in individuals with RA.