bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priorities Related to Improving Healthcare Safety Through Simulation
Authors: Paige John T. , Terry Fairbanks Rollin J. , Gaba David M. 
Published: June 2018

Summary Statement
Improving healthcare safety is a worthwhile and important endeavor. Simulation-based activities can help with such a goal through research and training. In this manner, it can focus on education and training, assessment and metrics, process improvement, and culture change to help move forward both patient safety and quality of care.
This article will address the following three main topics: (1) designing simulation-based activities to promote high reliability in healthcare, (2) developing simulation-based activities to foster resilience in healthcare systems, and (3) evaluating the impact of adverse events in healthcare and how simulation-based activities can be used to determine and potentially to prevent their cause. These topics will be treated sequentially, providing synopses of concepts and giving examples of research currently being undertaken. It will then highlight current priorities for simulation-based research in this domain by drawing from insights obtained and a targeted literature review.
Center-driven and Clinically Driven Variation in US Liver Transplant Maintenance Immunosuppression Therapy: A National Practice Patterns Analysis
Authors: Nazzal Mustafa , Lentine Krista L. , Naik Abhijit S. , Ouseph Rosemary , Schnitzler Mark A. , Zhang Zidong , Randall Henry , Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Segev Dorry L. , Kasiske Bertram L. , Hess Gregory P. , Alhamad Tarek , McAdams-Demarco Mara , Axelrod David A. 
Published: June 2018

Background
Variation in the use of immunosuppression regimens after liver transplant has not been well described.

Methods
Immunosuppression regimens used after liver transplant were identified in a novel database integrating national transplant registry and pharmacy fill records for 24 238 recipients (2006-2014). Bilevel hierarchical models were developed to quantify the effects of transplant program, recipient, and donor characteristics on regimen choice.

Results
In the first 6 months after transplant, triple immunosuppression (tacrolimus, antimetabolite, corticosteroids) was the most common regimen (42.9%). By months 7 to 12, immunosuppression regimens were more commonly antimetabolite sparing (33.7%) or steroid sparing (26.9%), followed by triple (14.4%), mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi)-based (12.1%), or cyclosporine-based (9.2%). Based on intraclass correlation analysis, clinical characteristics explained less than 10% of the variation in immunosuppression choice, whereas program preference/practice explained 23% of steroid sparing, 26% of antimetabolite sparing, 28% of mTORi, and 21% of cyclosporine-based regimen use. Although case factors were not dominant practice drivers, triple immunosuppression in months 7 to 12 was more common among retransplant recipients and those with prior acute rejection. Hepatocellular carcinoma as cause of liver failure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.15; P<0.001), cancer within 6 months (aOR, 6.07; P<0.001), and 6-month estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min per 1.3 m2 (aOR, 1.98; P<0.001) were associated with mTORi use compared with triple immunosuppression in months 7 to 12, whereas acute rejection predicted lower use (aOR, 0.72; P=0.003).

Conclusions
Liver transplant immunosuppression is dominantly driven by program preference, but case factors also affect regimen choice. This variation frames a natural experiment for future evaluations of comparative efficacy.
First Scandinavian Protocol for Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death Using Normothermic Regional Perfusion
Authors: Foss Stein , Nordheim Espen , Sørensen Dag W. , Syversen Torgunn B. , Midtvedt Karsten , Åsberg Anders , Dahl Thorleif , Bakkan Per A. , Foss Aksel E. , Geiran Odd R. , Fiane Arnt E. , Line Pål-Dag 
Published: June 2018

Background
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) can increase the pool of available organs for transplantation. This pilot study evaluates the implementation of a controlled DCD (cDCD) protocol using normothermic regional perfusion in Norway.

Methods
Patients aged 16 to 60 years that are in coma with documented devastating brain injury in need of mechanical ventilation, who would most likely attain cardiac arrest within 60 minutes after extubation, were eligible. With the acceptance from the next of kin and their wish for organ donation, life support was withdrawn and cardiac arrest observed. After a 5-minute no-touch period, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for post mortem regional normothermic regional perfusion was established. Cerebral and cardiac reperfusion was prevented by an aortic occlusion catheter. Measured glomerular filtration rates 1 year postengraftment were compared between cDCD grafts and age-matched grafts donated after brain death (DBD).

Results
Eight cDCD were performed from 2014 to 2015. Circulation ceased median 12 (range, 6-24) minutes after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Fourteen kidneys and 2 livers were retrieved and subsequently transplanted. Functional warm ischemic time was 26 (20-51) minutes. Regional perfusion was applied for 97 minutes (54-106 minutes). Measured glomerular filtration rate 1 year postengraftment was not significantly different between cDCD and donation after brain death organs, 75 (65-76) vs 60 (37-112) mL/min per 1.73 m2 (P = 0.23). No complications have been observed in the 2 cDCD livers.

Conclusion
A protocol for cDCD is successfully established in Norway. Excellent transplant outcomes have encouraged us to continue this work addressing the shortage of organs for transplantation.
Extracellular Vesicles promote host immunity during an M. tuberculosis infection through RNA Sensing
Authors: Cheng Yong , Schorey Jeffery S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to carry microbial components and function in the host defense against infections. In this study, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) RNA is delivered into macrophage-derived EVs through an M.tb SecA2-dependent pathway, and that EVs released from M.tb-infected macrophages stimulate a host RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 RNA sensing pathway, leading to type I interferon production in recipient cells. These EVs also promote, in a RIG-I/MAVS-dependent manner, the maturation of M.tb-containing phagosomes through a noncanonical LC3 modification, leading to increased bacterial killing. Moreover, treatment of M.tb-infected macrophages or mice with a combination of moxifloxacin and EVs, isolated from M.tb-infected macrophages, significantly lowered bacterial burden relative to either treatment alone. We propose that EVs, which are preferentially removed by macrophages in vivo, may be developed in combination with effective antibiotics as a novel approach to treat drug-resistant TB.
Oscillations in spontaneous and visually evoked neuronal activity in the superficial layers of the cat’s superior colliculus
Authors: Foik Andrzej T. , Ghazaryan Anaida , Waleszczyk Wioletta J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOscillations are ubiquitous features of neuronal activity in sensory systems and are considered as a substrate for the integration of sensory information. Several studies have described oscillatory activity in the geniculate visual pathway, but little is known about this phenomenon in the extrageniculate visual pathway. We describe oscillations in evoked and background activity in the cat’s superficial layers of the superior colliculus, a retinorecipient structure in the extrageniculate visual pathway. Extracellular singleunit activity was recorded during periods with and without visual stimulation under isoflurane anesthesia in the mixture of N2O/O2. Autocorrelation, FFT and renewal density analyses were used to detect and characterize oscillations in the neuronal activity. Oscillations were common in the background and stimulus-evoked activity. Frequency range of background oscillations spanned between 5 – 90 Hz. Oscillations in evoked activity were observed in about half of the cells and could appear in two forms – stimulus-phase-locked (10 – 100 Hz), and stimulus-phase-independent (8 – 100 Hz) oscillations. Stimulus-phase-independent and background oscillatory frequencies were very similar within activity of particular neurons suggesting that stimulus-phase-independent oscillations may be a form of enhanced “spontaneous” oscillations. Stimulus-phase-locked oscillations were present in responses to moving and flashing stimuli. In contrast to stimulus-phase-independent oscillations, the strength of stimulus-phase-locked oscillations was positively correlated with stimulus velocity and neuronal firing rate. Our results suggest that in the superficial layers of the superior colliculus stimulus-phase-independent oscillations may be generated by the same mechanism(s) that lie in the base of “spontaneous” oscillations, while stimulus-phase-locked oscillations may result from interactions within the intra-collicular network and/or from a phase reset of oscillations present in the background activity.
Explaining how leadership and justice influence employee innovative behaviours
Authors: Khaola Peter , Coldwell David 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe mechanisms through which leaders influence innovative work behaviours (IWB) are important in innovation management. The purpose of this paper is to explain how leadership and justice relate to IWB through the successive mediating roles of affective commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB).Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on survey of a random sample of 300 employees selected from 652 employees from a public university, and a convenience sample of 159 employees from predominantly service-based enterprises in Lesotho (n=263). The Statistical Package for Social Sciences and the analysis of moment structures version 24 are used to analyse data. Specifically, the study uses factor analysis; correlation; structural equation modelling and bootstrapping techniques to examine the hypothesised relationships.FindingsThe results suggest that the model that fits data well is the one which shows that the effects of both leadership and organisational justice on IWBs are successively mediated by affective commitment and OCB. Because of its social and affiliation-oriented nature, the study submits that OCB is an effective explanatory factor between predictors and IWBs.Originality/valueThe study makes a novel contribution to the extant literature by evaluating the serial mediating roles of affective commitment and OCB between leadership and IWB on one hand, and justice and IWB on the other hand.
Stating the obvious
Authors: Spencer Thomas , Hayden Jo , Murphy Peter , Glennon Russ 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the form, content and reporting arrangements of “statements of assurance” required from Fire and Rescue Authorities in England since their introduction in 2012 and identify potential improvements for future implementation.

Design/methodology/approach
A multi-method approach was adopted which commenced with an analysis of the current official guidance, an exploration of the accessibility and structure of the current statements produced; followed by a review of those statements through a desk based analysis complemented by a series of elite interviews.

Findings
The current guidance was found to be too broad and open to interpretation to be fit for purpose. This has led to some significant variations in reporting, limiting the statements’ usefulness to key users and stakeholders. Most authorities provided some form of report on their website but inconsistencies in respect of length, structure, name and content, limit their value. The research found that 30 per cent of authorities did not have an up to date statement available online. These findings were supported by the series of interviews. The result has led to confusion amongst authorities as to the statement’s role and the risk of it being perceived as a “box ticking” exercise rather than a real contribution to public assurance.

Practical implications
This paper provides potential lessons which could be adopted to inform future guidance in respect of the preparation and publication of the statement of assurance and its role within the wider public assurance regime for fire and rescue authorities. If adopted, these would improve the accountability, transparency and public assurance of Fire and Rescue Authorities which is a key objective of their governance arrangements.

Originality/value
The statement of assurance has only been a requirement of authorities since the current National Framework for Fire and Rescue was published in July 2012 and has not been subject to independent research since its inception. The government have recently issued a consultation on a new national framework, but this proposes changes to the statements of assurance. The findings will therefore be of value to the government, the fire and rescue sector and the recently appointed regulators for the service Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire and Rescue Services.
Does size matter? Hiring discrimination and firm size
Authors: Baert Stijn , De Meyer Ann-Sofie , Moerman Yentl , Omey Eddy 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the association between firm size and hiring discrimination against women, ethnic minorities and older job candidates.Design/methodology/approachThe authors merge field experimental measures on unequal treatment with firm-level data. The resulting data enable the authors to assess whether discrimination varies by indicators of firm size, keeping other firm characteristics constant.FindingsIn contrast with the theoretical expectations, the authors find no evidence for an association between firm size and hiring discrimination. On the other hand, the authors do find suggestive evidence for hiring discrimination being lower in respect of public or non-profit firms (compared to commercial firms).Social implicationsTo effectively combat hiring discrimination, one needs to understand its driving factors. In other words, to design adequate policy actions, targeted to the right employers in the right way, one has to gain insight into when individuals are discriminated in particular, i.e. into the moderators of labour market discrimination. In this study, the authors focus on firm size as a moderator of hiring discrimination.Originality/valueFormer contributions investigated this association within the context of ethnic discrimination only and included hardly any controls for other firm-level drivers of discrimination. The authors are the first to study the heterogeneity in discrimination by firm size with respect to multiple discrimination grounds and control for additional firm characteristics.
Do photos help or hinder field experiments of discrimination?
Authors: Rich Judith 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess field experiments of labour and product markets that have attached photos to identify applicants (in the case of labour markets) or sellers/crowd funders (in the case of product markets).Design/methodology/approachThe experiments seek to identify the contribution of attractiveness, race/ethnicity, skin colour, sexual orientation or religion to the behaviour of agents in markets. These experiments attach photos to CV to signal attractiveness, or the basis of being tested such as race/ethnicity, skin colour or religion.FindingsMany experiments report significant findings for the impact of attractiveness or the identity revealed on positive callbacks to applicants.Research limitations/implicationsThe issue considered here, however, is to what extent it is attractiveness or other perceived characteristics that may have had an impact on the behaviour recorded in the experiments. The results of the studies covered in this paper, to a lesser extent those of Weichselbaumer (2004) and Baert (2017), are compromised by including photos, with the possibility the responses received were influenced not only by the basis being tested such as attractiveness, race/ethnicity or religion but by some other characteristic unintended by the researcher but conveyed by the photo.Practical implicationsThere is evidence in the experimental work of a range of characteristics that photos convey of individuals and their impact on labour and product market outcomes such as success in obtaining a positive response to job applications and success in obtaining funding to finance projects in the product market. Suggestions are made for future experiments: evaluation of photos for a range of characteristics; use of a “no photo” application together with the photo applications; and evaluation of responses for any bias from unobservable characteristics using Neumark (2012).Originality/valueThis paper discusses for the first time three questions with some tentative answers. First, the researcher faces introducing further unobservable characteristics by using photos. Second, the researcher cannot fully control the experimental approach when using photos. Third, the researcher is able to accurately evaluate the impact of the photos used on the response/probability of call back. Field experiments using photos need to ensure they do this for the range of factors that have been shown to affect judgments and therefore potentially influence call back response. However, the issue remains whether the researcher has, in fact, identified all potential characteristics conveyed by the photos.
Risky business
Authors: Donovan Stephanie , Duncan Jordan , Patterson Sue 
Published: June 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe the experiences of non-clinical staff working in psychiatric settings, particularly in relation to exposure to context-specific hazards, and perceived safety.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative interviews with 23 administrative and operational staff were analysed using a framework approach.

Findings
Analysis demonstrated extensive exposure to occupational violence, including assault and verbal abuse within and/or beyond the workplace and concern about infectious disease. Impact of exposure was wide ranging, dependent on type and circumstances of violence and personal resources, with several participants experiencing ongoing psychological distress. Participants employed a range of problem- and emotion-focused strategies, typically seeking support from peers, to manage work-related stress but felt neglected by the organisation. They sought inclusion in or access to processes, such as supervision and debrief, routinely available to clinicians and to information about risk associated with patients.

Research limitations/implications
Generalisability is constrained by conduct of this study in a particular setting with non-random sample.

Practical implications
The findings of this paper indicate a pressing need for administrators to ensure efforts to address safety encompass all staff, and the need for further research. Particular attention should be given to enabling non-clinical staff to examine ethical questions, ensuring access to support mechanisms and development of an inclusive culture.

Originality/value
While exposure to, and impact of workplace violence on clinical staff have been extensively studied, this paper is the first to qualitatively examine the safety of a commonly forgotten workforce.
Health-relevant personality traits in relation to adherence to a web-based occupational health promotion and stress management intervention
Authors: Villaume Karin , Tafvelin Susanne , Hasson Dan 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible associations between health-relevant personality traits and adherence; and if these traits predict adherence to a web-based occupational health intervention.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 563 participants were analyzed using the Health-relevant Personality Inventory. Adherence measures were: logins, utilization of self-help exercises and time spent logged in.FindingsHigher levels of antagonism (a facet of agreeableness) and impulsivity (a facet of conscientiousness) correlated to fewer logins, and higher levels of negative affectivity (a facet of neuroticism) and impulsivity correlated to a higher utilization of self-help exercises. Alexithymia (a facet of openness) negatively predicted self-help exercise utilization and antagonism was a positive predictor. Negative affectivity was a positive predictor of time spent logged in to the intervention. There were sex-related differences in outcomes.Originality/valueThis is the first study to investigate health-relevant personality traits in relation to adherence to a web-based occupational health intervention. The practical implications are that intervention developers could benefit from taking personality into consideration to better understand and improve adherence.
Human capital flows in failing organizations: an integrated conceptual framework
Authors: Amankwah-Amoah Joseph 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics of human capital accumulation and human capital depletion in the processes leading to business failure.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on the human capital theory, strategic human resource and business failure literature, this paper develops a conceptual framework which links the inward and outward dimensions of human capital flows in the business failure process.FindingsThe analysis sheds light on why some highly skilled individuals may opt to flee declining firms to avoid being stigmatised whilst others become motivated to joint such firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper suggests that understanding the nature and dynamics of both flows are essential when seeking to avert collapse.Originality/valueIn spite of a growing body of research on business failure and intense competition for top talent, much of the existing literature has circumvented the relationship between them. This study develops a unified model towards enhancing our understanding of the human capital flows.