bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fingerprinting the contribution of quarrying to fine‐grained bed sediment in a mountainous catchment, Iran
Authors: Nosrati Kazem , Collins Adrian L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe contribution of quarrying in the context of multiple catchment sources of fine‐grained sediment has rarely been investigated. This study assessed the relative importance of quarrying as a sediment source alongside rangeland surface soils and channel banks in a mountainous catchment in northern Tehran, Iran, using fingerprinting. Eight geochemical tracers were measured on 24 potential sediment source samples and four fine‐grained sediment samples. Statistical analysis to select three different composite fingerprints for discriminating the potential sediment sources comprised: (a) the Kruskal–Wallis H test (KW‐H), (b) a combination of KW‐H and discriminant function analysis (DFA), and (c) a combination of KW‐H and principal components and classification analysis (PCCA). A Bayesian unmixing model was used to apportion sediment source contributions using the three composite fingerprints. Using the KW‐H composite signature, the respective relative contributions (with uncertainty ranges) from channel banks, rangeland surface soils, and quarrying were estimated as 28.4% (10.9–46.8), 15.1% (6.6–22.7), and 56.6% (38.3–74.2), compared with 35.4% (11.9–60.1), 13.4% (4.1–22.2), and 51.3% (26.5–74.3) using a composite signature selected using a combination of KW‐H and DFA, or 20.7% (3.9–41.7), 17.2% (4.4–29.9), and 61.4% (44–78.8) using a fingerprint selected using KW‐H and PCCA. The different composite signatures therefore all consistently suggested that quarrying is the dominant source of the fine‐grained sediment samples. Potential mitigation measures targeting this land use include closure to permit revegetation to reduce exposure of bare surfaces to sediment mobilization. Limitations and uncertainties associated with this preliminary investigation are briefly discussed.
Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor Based on Separation of Overlapped Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lee Jaeyong , Pyo Soonjae , Kwon Dae‐Sung , Jo Eunhwan , Kim Wondo , Kim Jongbaeg 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough there have been remarkable improvements in stretchable strain sensors, the development of strain sensors with scalable fabrication techniques and which both high sensitivity and stretchability simultaneously is still challenging. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on overlapped carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles coupled with a silicone elastomer is presented. The strain sensor with overlapped CNTs is prepared by synthesizing line‐patterned vertically aligned CNT bundles and rolling and transferring them to the silicone elastomer. With the sliding and disconnection of the overlapped CNTs, the strain sensor performs excellently with a broad sensing range (≥145% strain), ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor of 42 300 at a strain of 125–145%), high repeatability, and durability. The performance of the sensor is also tunable by controlling the overlapped area of CNT bundles. Detailed mechanisms of the sensor and its applications in human motion detection are also further investigated. With the novel structure and mechanism, the sensor can detect a wide range of strains with high sensitivity, demonstrating the potential for numerous applications including wearable healthcare devices.
A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Eriocaulaceae: Evidence from nuclear (ITS) and plastid (psbA-trnH and trnL-F) DNA sequences
Authors: de Andrade Maria José Gomes , Giulietti Ana Maria , Rapini Alessandro , de Queiroz Luciano Paganucci , Conceição Adilva de Souza , de Almeida Paulo Ricardo Machado , van den Berg Cássio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Eriocaulaceae are easily recognized because of the small unisexual flowers in long–pedunculate heads and spiraperturate pollen grains. Their monophyly has never been disputed but internal relationships within the family have not been broadly explored and genera are typically distinguished by few floral characters. Here, we present the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of Eriocaulaceae based on individual and combined molecular datasets, including the plastid psbA–trnH and trnL–F and the nuclear ITS. Results are largely congruent among DNA regions and support the internal dichotomy between the two subfamilies: Eriocauloideae and Paepalanthoideae. Eriocaulon and Leiothrix are strongly supported as monophyletic, whereas Paepalanthus, Blastocaulon, and Syngonanthus are not monophyletic. The phylogenetic nature of Actinocephalus is not resolved and Lachnocaulon, Mesanthemum, Philodice, Rondonanthus, and Tonina (monospecific) are represented in our analyses by a single species each. Based on our results, we suggest two principal generic realignments in the family. The first is the division of Syngonanthus in two genera: Syngonanthus s.str., including Philodice (conserving the former name against the latter), and Comanthera, which is being reinstated to include two sections segregated from Syngonanthus: S. sect. Eulepis and S. sect. Thysanocephalus. The second realignment suggested is the amalgamation of Actinocephalus, Blastocaulon, Lachnocaulon, and Tonina into Paepalanthus s.l. Three 'stat. nov.' within Paepalanthus are published (P. ser. Leptocephali, P. ser. Rosulati, and P. ser. Dimeri).
The South American Biogeographic Transition Zone: An analysis from Asteraceae
Authors: Urtubey Estrella , Stuessy Tod F. , Tremetsberger Karin , Morrone Juan J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn order to elucidate the biotic diversification of Asteraceae inhabiting the South American Transition Zone, we undertook a panbiogeographic analysis (based on a parsimony analysis of endemicity) and a cladistic biogeographic analysis. The study units were the six biogeographic provinces of this zone plus the seven subregions of the Neotropical and Andean regions, considered as “outgroups”. Species analyzed belonged to the generaArnaldoa, Barnadesia, Belloa, Berroa, Chevreulia, Chuquiraga, Cuatrecasiella, Dasyphyllum, Doniophyton, Duseniella, Facellis, Fulcaldea, Gamochaetopsis, Huarpea, Hypochaeris, Jalcophila, Lucilia, Luciliocline, andSchlechtendalia. A parsimony analysis of endemicity, based on presence/absence data of the 66 individual tracks ranged on two or more areas, allowed to identify four generalized tracks: (1) Coastal Peruvian Desert and Puna provinces; (2) Central Chilean, Patagonian, and Subantarctic subregions; (3) Amazonian, Chacoan, and Parana subregions; and (4) Puna province and Parana and Chacoan subregions. The Puna and Parana provinces, connected with two different generalized tracks each, constitute nodes. A cladistic biogeographic analysis, based on the paralogy–free subtrees extracted from the taxonomic area cladograms ofBarnadesia, Chuquiraga, Dasyphyllum, Hypochaeris, and the Lucilia group, allowed obtaining a general area cladogram, which indicates a basic separation between the Atacama, Monte, and Prepuna provinces closely related to the Andean region, and the North Andean Paramo, Coastal Peruvian Desert, and Puna provinces closely related to the Neotropical region. Our results corroborate once again the transitional character of the provinces assigned to the South American Transition Zone, and allow speculating on their close affinities with the Andean and Neotropical regions.
Discovery of a new, recurrently formed Potamogeton hybrid in Europe and Africa: Molecular evidence and morphological comparison of different clones
Authors: Zalewska-Gałosz Joanna , Ronikier Michał , Kaplan Zdenek 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA new Potamogeton hybrid resulting from crossing between P. nodosus and P. perfoliatus, and occurring in Europe and Africa is described here as P. ×assidens. The hybrid identity was unequivocally confirmed by molecular study of ITS and selected chloroplast DNA regions. In European populations, for which the maternal taxon was identified based on cpDNA as P. nodosus, maternally driven expression of characters may account to a large degree for shaping the range of morphological variability of the hybrid taxon. This was accompanied by a matroclinal concerted evolution observed at the molecular level in the ITS sequences. Our observations may suggest the presence of some genetic mechanisms that promote a higher impact of the maternal lineage on the expression and evolution of the hybrid variability both at the molecular (direction of concerted evolution in hybrids) and the morphological level. Distinctive characters of P. ×assidens and other morphologically close Potamogeton hybrids are discussed. The hybrid most similar to P. ×assidens, namely P. ×rectifolius, is typified.
The genesis of IOPB: A personal memoir
Authors: Heywood Vernon H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAn account is given of the circumstances that led to the decision to create the International Organization of Plant Biosystematics. The pioneer work of biologists on both sides of the Atlantic in biosystematics and experimental taxonomy is outlined, especially that of the San Francisco Bay group in the U.S.A.and that of J. S. L. Gilmour, G. Turesson, and J. W. Gregor on genecology and the deme terminology in Europe. The continuing need for a biosystematics perspective in our understanding of taxonomy at the species level and below is stressed.
Biosystematic relationships and the formation of polyploids
Authors: Buggs Richard J.A. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSince the discovery of polyploidy (the presence of more than two chromosome sets in a nucleus) a century ago, scientists have investigated and speculated about the factors that could promote polyploid formation. One of the oldest and most enduring ideas is that hybridization promotes whole‐genome doubling. First suggested by Ø. Winge, this concept was developed and refined by the major plant evolutionary biologists of the last century, and especially in the biosystematic thinking of J. Clausen, D. D. Keck and W. M. Hiesey. In the past few years, this issue has been revisited by various authors, using molecular systematic methods to study patterns of parental divergence in relation to the formation of polyploids. Progress in molecular genetics and genome evolution also allows re‐appraisal of the mechanistic arguments put forward by earlier researchers. Here we survey and critically appraise developments in this field over the past century, and conclude that in the light of recent progress there is not currently persuasive evidence that hybridization between divergent parents serves as a driver for polyploidization.
Challenges in polyploid phylogenetic reconstruction: A case story from the arctic‐alpineCerastium alpinumcomplex
Authors: Brysting Anne K. , Mathiesen Cecilie , Marcussen Thomas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHere we illustrate and discuss the major challenges involved in reticulate phylogenetic reconstruction, with special reference to single‐ and low‐copy nuclear data (the RNA polymerase genes) produced for the polyploid Cerastium alpinum group and close relatives. The dynamic nature of polyploid genomes paves the way for evolutionary novelty, and is obviously an important clue for the evolutionary success of polyploid plants, but at the same time it also creates problems in reconstructing the evolutionary history of polyploids. Nascent allopolyploids will hold two homoeologous copies of every gene that is initially single‐copy in the parental species; however, immediately after the polyploidization event, modification of the polyploid genome starts, involving gene silencing, pseudogenization and divergence of duplicated genes. Identifying the signatures of reticulation, especially when dealing with old polyploids, may thus be a huge challenge. Sorting of ancestral/diploid variation in the polyploids and additional gene losses and duplications not associated with polyploidy may further complicate the case. Besides these general problems related to incongruent gene and organism lineage phylogenies, there are also several methodological challenges connected with retrieving sequence information from polyploids, such as polymerase errors, differential amplification of homoeologs (PCR selection), generation of chimeric sequences during PCR, and selection of shorter and more common fragments and insertion of incorrect fragments during the cloning reaction.
The first phylogenetic analysis of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch., the host of Rafflesiaceae
Authors: Chen Pingting , Chen Longqing , Wen Jun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTetrastigma (Vitaceae) comprises about 95 species widely distributed throughout subtropical and tropical Asia, and extending to Australia. The genus is best known for being the host plants of Rafflesia, with the largest flower in the world, and other members of Rafflesiaceae. The phylogeny of Tetrastigma, however, remains poorly known. Four plastid markers (atpB‐ rbcL, psbA‐trnH, trnL‐trnF intergenic spacers, rps16 intron) were employed to infer the first phylogeny of Tetrastigma. Our sampling included eleven reported host species of Rafflesiaceae, being scattered in seven major clades throughout the Tetrastigma tree. A Templeton test rejected the hypothesis of a single origin of the parasite‐host relationship between Rafflesiaceae and Tetrastigma. Analysis of 114 accessions representing 53 species and four varieties throughout the distributional range of the genus provided robust support for the monophyly of Tetrastigma, yet Tetrastigma was found to be nested within Cayratia. Tetrastigma subg. Palmicirrata from the Sino‐Himalayan region was nested within the large and widely distributed T. subg. Tetrastigma. Two major clades (clades A and F) in our phylogeny correspond to T. sect. Tetrastigma and T. sect. Carinata of subgenus Tetrastigma, respectively.
Western Eurasian–western North American disjunct plant taxa: The dry‐adapted ends of formerly widespread north temperate mesic lineages—and examples of long‐distance dispersal
Authors: Kadereit Joachim W. , Baldwin Bruce G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBy reviewing 25 cases of western Eurasian–western North American disjunct flowering plant taxa, we sought to improve understanding of the origin of this type of biogeographic pattern. In nine of the groups studied, phylogenetic and other evidence (often circumstantial) was found for parallel evolutionary shifts of widespread Northern Hemisphere lineages into dry environments in western Eurasia and western North America (Asteraceae‐Cichorieae, Chenopodiaceae‐Betoideae, Descurainia, Ericaceae‐Arbutoideae, Papaver, Platanus, Antirrhineae‐Maurandya group, Anemone, Styrax). Lotus s.l. also represents independent evolution of dryland taxa but is polyphyletic. Six taxa (Daucus, Erodium, Oligomeris, Plantago, Polycarpon, Senecio) and probably four others (Chenopodiaceae‐Camphorosmeae, California, Antirrhineae‐Gambelia group, Antirrhineae‐Antirrhinum group) are likely examples of long‐distance dispersal between western Eurasia and western North America. In Asteraceae‐Gnaphalieae either parallel evolution or long‐distance dispersal might explain the disjunction. Migration across a Beringian or North Atlantic Land Bridge appears a possible explanation for only three of the 25 disjunctions (Datisca, Cicendia, Zeltnera/Exaculum/Schenkia) based on taxon ecology and divergence times. The disjunction in Cercis remains unexplained. In short, independent ecological shifts to dry environments and long‐distance dispersal probably account for the majority of taxon‐disjunctions studied; migration of lineages (pre)adapted to dry conditions across either the Beringian or the North Atlantic Land Bridges, much discussed in the literature, only rarely needs to be invoked. Based on the similar times of origin of disjunctions between western Eurasian and western North American taxa and those between East Asian and eastern North American plants, we conclude that these two patterns are best regarded as parts of an ecological, geographical, and temporal continuum.
Polyploidy, infraspecific cytotype variation, and speciation in Goldenrods: The cytogeography of Solidago subsect. Humiles (Asteraceae) in North America
Authors: Peirson Jess A. , Reznicek Anton A. , Semple John C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPolyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in plants, and in some genera (e.g., Solidago in Asteraceae) it is particularly widespread and is hypothesized to have played a major role in diversification. Goldenrods are notorious for their ploidy variation, with roughly 14% and 32% of recognized North American species being polyploid or including multiple cytotypes, respectively. We used traditional chromosome counts and flow cytometry to examine cytogeographic patterns, biogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses, and species boundaries in S. subsect. Humiles. Chromosome numbers and DNA ploidy determinations are reported for 337 individuals, including 148 new reports. Cytotypes show significant geographic structuring. Solidago simplex and S. spathulata were uniformly diploid (2n = 18) in western North America, while cytogeographic patterns in eastern North America were regionally complex and included 2n, 4n, and 6n cytotypes. Cytotypes within S. simplex were ecogeographically segregated and mixed‐ploidy populations were rare. Data from this study and additional biosystematic data indicate that cytotypes in S. simplex fulfill the requirements of multiple species concepts and should best be treated as distinct species. Polyploid cytotypes possibly formed recurrently, however, and evolution and species boundaries within poly ploid S. simplex will require additional study. Results from this study and accumulated data from other studies suggest that biological species diversity in Solidago is considerably higher than currently recognized taxonomically.
Phylogeny of the Turneraceae clade (Passifloraceae s.l.): Trans–Atlantic disjunctions and two new genera in Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats , Razafimandimbison Sylvain G. , Chafe Paul , Heidari Nahid , Kool Anneleen , Shore Joel S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTurneraceae, with just over 200 species in 10 genera, is today often included in a widely circumscribed Passifloraceae. The vast majority of the species are found in the New World, whereas generic diversity is largest in the Old World. According to current circumscriptions, three of the genera show trans–Atlantic disjunctions:Turnerawith over 135 species in America and two species in Africa (one in the south–western and one in the north–eastern part),Piriquetawith 44 species in America and one in southern Africa, andErblichiawith one species in Central America and four in Madagascar. The phylogeny of Turneraceae is reconstructed based on DNA sequences from plastidtrnL–Fand nuclear ITS and sampling for all genera, including both New and Old World species for the trans–Atlantic groups to test their monophyly. The genera of Turneraceae form a strongly supported monophyletic group, the Turneraceae clade, within Passifloraceae s.l. The phylogeny is geographically structured, with one clade comprising American species only, except for the two African species ofTurnera, and another clade with all other African species plus the Central AmericanErblichia odorata. Turnerais retrieved as monophyletic with the two African species appearing as close relatives ofT. ulmifolia,the type ofTurnera.The existence of a trans–Atlantic disjunction inTurnerais therefore supported. It is most likely caused by long–distance dispersal and estimated to be not older than late Miocene. InPiriquetaonly the American species are supported as a monophyletic group, whereas the single African species is resolved as a member of the African clade. The trans–Atlantic disjunction inPiriquetais therefore not supported and the African species is proposed to be placed in a genus of its own,Afroquetagen. nov., asAfroqueta capensiscomb. nov.Erblichiaon Madagascar is supported as sister toMathurina,a genus endemic to Rodrigues Island in the Mascarenes, and does not group withE. odoratain Central America, the type ofErblichia.The trans–Atlantic disjunction inErblichiais therefore not supported either and the genusArboagen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the four Malagasy species,Arboa integrifoliacomb. nov.,Arboa bernerianacomb. nov.,Arboa madagascariensiscomb. nov., andArboa antsingyaecomb. nov.
The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae
Authors: Becerra Judith X. , Noge Kogi , Olivier Sarai , Venable D. Lawrence 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best–studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic. New calculations of the age of Burseraceae date the beginning of its diversification to at least 93 million years ago.
Phylogenetic position of Wenchengia (Lamiaceae): A taxonomically enigmatic and critically endangered genus
Authors: Li Bo , Xu Weixiang , Tu Tieyao , Wang Zhongsheng , Olmstead Richard G. , Peng Hua , Francisco-Ortega Javier , Cantino Philip D. , Zhang Dianxiang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Wenchengia has long been controversial. It variously has been assigned to a monotypic subfamily Wenchengioideae, treated as a member of subfamily Scutellarioideae, or suggested to be related to Lamioideae or Ajugoideae. The recent rediscovery of Wenchengia alternifolia from its type locality provided an opportunity to infer its phylogenetic position using evidence from two plastid DNA regions (rbcL, ndhF), morphological data, and anatomical and cytological characters. Both the molecular data and a combination of the molecular and the morphological data suggested a close relationship of the genus to a clade consisting of Holmskioldia, Tinnea, and Scutellaria representing Scutellarioideae. This relationship is also supported by a striking similarity in gross morphological, anatomical, and cytological characters between Wenchengia and other genera of Scutellarioideae, suggesting that it should be more appropriate to treat the genus as a member of Scutellarioideae, rather than assigning it to a monotypic subfamily.