bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogel Paint
Authors: Yao Xi , Liu Junjie , Yang Canhui , Yang Xuxu , Wei Jichang , Xia Yin , Gong Xiaoyan , Suo Zhigang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor a hydrogel coating on a substrate to be stable, covalent bonds polymerize monomer units into polymer chains, crosslink the polymer chains into a polymer network, and interlink the polymer network to the substrate. The three processes—polymerization, crosslinking, and interlinking—usually concur. This concurrency hinders widespread applications of hydrogel coatings. Here a principle is described to create hydrogel paints that decouple polymerization from crosslinking and interlinking. Like a common paint, a hydrogel paint divides the labor between the paint maker and the paint user. The paint maker formulates the hydrogel paint by copolymerizing monomer units and coupling agents into polymer chains, but does not crosslink them. The paint user applies the paint on various materials (elastomer, plastic, glass, ceramic, or metal), and by various operations (brush, cast, dip, spin, or spray). During cure, the coupling agents crosslink the polymer chains into a network and interlink the polymer network to the substrate. As an example, hydrogels with thickness in the range of 2–20 µm are dip coated on medical nitinol wires. The coated wires reduce friction by eightfold, and remain stable over 50 test cycles. Also demonstrated are several proof‐of‐concept applications, including stimuli‐responsive structures and antifouling model boats.
High‐Efficiency Single‐Component Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors
Authors: Qin Zhengsheng , Gao Haikuo , Liu Jinyu , Zhou Ke , Li Jie , Dang Yangyang , Huang Le , Deng Huixiong , Zhang Xiaotao , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractConstruction of high‐performance organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) remains challenging due to the limited desired organic semiconductor materials. Here, two superior high mobility emissive organic semiconductors, 2,6‐diphenylanthracene (DPA) and 2,6‐di(2‐naphthyl) anthracene (dNaAnt), are introduced into the construction of OLETs. By optimizing the device geometry for balanced ambipolar efficient charge transport and using high‐quality DPA and dNaAnt single crystals as active layers, high‐efficiency single‐component OLETs are successfully fabricated, with the demonstration of strong and spatially controlled light emission within both p‐ and n‐ conducting channels and output of high external quantum efficiency (EQE). The obtained EQE values in current devices are approaching 1.61% for DPA‐OLETs and 1.75% for dNaAnt‐based OLETs, respectively, which are the highest EQE values for single‐component OLETs in the common device configuration reported so far. Moreover, high brightnesses of 1210 and 3180 cd m−2 with current densities up to 1.3 and 8.4 kA cm−2 are also achieved for DPA‐ and dNaAnt‐based OLETs, respectively. These results demonstrate the great potential applications of high mobility emissive organic semiconductors for next‐generation rapid development of high‐performance single‐component OLETs and their related organic integrated electro‐optical devices.
BIOMOSAIC Film: Artificial Biofilms with Catalytic and Self‐Sealing Properties
Authors: Park Joseph P. , Do Minjae , Hong Sang Hyeon , Ryu Jaewook , Kang Dongyeop , Rho Kyeongha , Ahn Jung Hoon , Lee Haeshin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBiofilms are a self‐organized, self‐structured community of microorganisms that are enclosed in a self‐produced polymeric matrix. Due to the intrinsic complexity of biofilms, their artificial preparation has remained a challenge despite practical usefulness as reservoirs for biocatalysts. Herein, autonomously generated artificial biofilms termed BIOMOSAIC (BioInspired, Oxygen‐induced Microbial Organization through Self‐Assembly at the air/liquid Interface as a Catalyst) films are reported. Similar to bacterial homing, a large number of cells are spontaneously recruited and immobilized into the film, which is autonomously generated at air/liquid interfaces by simple mixing of phenolic polyamine and tyrosinase‐expressing Pseudomonas fluorescens. BIOMOSAIC films are self‐regenerated, portable, reusable, and freestanding. They are multifunctional depending on types of gene expressions from the cells, catalyzing various reactions such as l‐DOPA production, dephosphorylation, and lipid hydrolysis. Furthermore, BIOMOSAIC film exhibits effective crude oil degradation properties, indicating that it can be a new self‐producing and self‐sustaining platform for bioremediation.
Patterned Quantum Dot Photosensitive FETs for Medium Frequency Optoelectronics
Authors: Shulga Artem G. , Yamamura Akifumi , Tsuzuku Kotaro , Dragoman Ryan M. , Dirin Dmitry N. , Watanabe Shun , Kovalenko Maksym V. , Takeya Jun , Loi Maria A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe use of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) as active layers for the transistors in integrated circuits is often impeded by the poor compatibility of CQDs films with the standard lithographic processing. Successful patterning of tetrabutylammonium iodide‐treated PbS CQDs films is demonstrated on (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) functionalized glass or aluminum oxide surfaces, using lithography. Short‐channel (4 µm) field‐effect transistors (FETs) with patterned gate electrode and patterned CQDs film as active layer with electron mobility of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, threshold voltage of −0.29 V, and cutoff frequency of 400 kHz are demonstrated. Furthermore, the lithographic processing does not compromise the optical properties of the film, as evidenced by the photoresponse measurements of the FETs (11.6 mA W−1 at 920 nm and 26.7 mA W−1 at 440 nm). These results further demonstrate CQDs as a potential material for optoelectronic applications, where medium frequency operation is required.
3D Printing of Self‐Wiring Conductive Ink with High Stretchability and Stackability for Customized Wearable Devices
Authors: Yoon In Seon , Oh Youngsu , Kim Sun Hong , Choi Junhee , Hwang Yooji , Park Cheol Hwee , Ju Byeong‐Kwon 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe progress in 3D printing research has led to significant developments ranging from customized printing to rapid prototyping. However, the 3D printing of electrodes, especially stretchable electrodes for the fabrication of 3D printable electronic devices, is challenging due to the inherent weakness with respect to the printing material. A novel preparation method is reported for a 3D printable conductive ink with a self‐wiring effect during heat treatment, which pushes the silicone rubber outward and results in the accumulation of the conductors within the wire. This effect results in the formation of a polymer shell around the conductor, thus yielding conductors with larger stretchability and soft passivation characteristics. The conductive ink is prepared via the following steps: i) mixing of conductive filler, silicone rubbers, and solvent; followed by ii) soft heat treatment for soft curing and solvent evaporation. Furthermore, a capacitive sensor is fabricated using this dielectric polymer layer. As a demonstration, a mouse controller is fabricated using a capacitive sensor array prepared using the conductors developed in this study.
Sacrificial Polymer Substrates in Photopolymerization‐Based Micro 3D Printing for Fabrication and Release of Complex Micro Components
Authors: Vaut Lukas , Zeng Guanghong , Tosello Guido , Boisen Anja 
Published: August 2019

Abstract3D printing technology is widely employed in various scientific disciplines as well as industrial applications such as hearing aid manufacturing. While technological advances and increasing resolution are making 3D printing accessible for microfabrication purposes, one question remains: how can small and delicate components like microgears, lattices, or micromedical devices be released from the build surface of the 3D printer without manual intervention? Herein, a method for 3D printing on top of water‐soluble sacrificial substrates made from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is presented. Prefabricated sacrificial PVA substrates can be mounted onto a customized holder and serve as a build surface during the 3D printing operation. The substrates do not only facilitate a mild release of 3D printed objects after dissolution of the sacrificial material, they also potentially allow for a convenient manipulation and further array‐based processing of predetermined patterns of printed structures subsequent to the 3D printing procedure. This, in turn, may enable a full integration into automated production lines. The fabrication of PVA substrates is thoroughly characterized and the 3D printing of various exemplary structures on sacrificial substrates is demonstrated. Finally, the release of 3D printed objects from PVA substrates is shown.
Using Aliphatic Alcohols to Tune Benzene Adsorption in MAF‐6
Authors: Martin‐Calvo Ana , Gutierrez‐Sevillano Juan Jose , Dubbeldam David , Calero Sofia 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis simulation study deals with benzene adsorption in the metal azolate framework, MAF‐6, and on the inversion of the adsorption behavior in presence of aliphatic alcohols with varying chain length. To this aim, a new set of Lennard‐Jones interacting parameters for the MAF structure with benzene, methanol, ethanol, and 1‐propanol is developed in order to reproduce experimental adsorption. Pure component and binary benzene/alcohol mixtures are analyzed using Monte Carlo simulations. The distribution of the molecules inside the structure is studied in terms of radial distribution functions, calculated to understand the adsorption mechanisms. Adsorption selectivity provides a better understanding of the effect exerted by the adsorption of alcohols. It is found that the adsorption of benzene from benzene/methanol mixtures is similar to its pure component isotherm. However, for increasing length of the aliphatic chain of the alcohols the adsorption behavior is reversed preventing benzene to be adsorbed. The effect of open metal sites is discarded as main responsible for the preferential adsorption of alcohols, while the entropy and the molecular packing of alcohols are revealed as the reason for the different adsorption behavior of benzene.
Efficient Nanostructured TiO2/SnS Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Yun Hyun‐Sung , Park Byung‐wook , Choi Yong Chan , Im Jino , Shin Tae Joo , Seok Sang Il 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTin sulfide (SnS) is one of the most promising solar cell materials, as it is abundant, environment friendly, available at low cost, and offers long‐term stability. However, the highest efficiency of the SnS solar cell reported so far remains at 4.36% even using the expensive atomic layer deposition process. This study reports on the fabrication of SnS solar cells by a solution process that employs rapid thermal treatment for few seconds under Ar gas flow after spin‐coating a precursor solution of SnCl2 and thiourea dissolved in dimethylformamide onto a nanostructured thin TiO2 electrode. The best‐performing cell exhibits power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.8% under 1 sun radiation conditions (AM1.5G). Moreover, secondary treatment using SnCl2 results in a significant improvement of 4.8% in PCE, which is one of the highest efficiencies among SnS‐based solar cells, especially with TiO2 electrodes. The thin film properties of SnS after SnCl2 secondary treatment are analyzed using grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and high‐resolution transmittance electron microscopy.
Direct Nanoscale Characterization of Deep Levels in AgCuInGaSe2 Using Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Deitz Julia I. , Paul Pran K. , Farshchi Rouin , Poplavskyy Dmitry , Bailey Jeff , Arehart Aaron R. , McComb David W. , Grassman Tyler J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA new experimental framework for the characterization of defects in semiconductors is demonstrated. Through the direct, energy‐resolved correlation of three analytical techniques spanning six orders of magnitude in spatial resolution, a critical mid‐bandgap electronic trap level (EV + 0.56 eV) within Ag0.2Cu0.8In1−xGaxSe2 is traced to its nanoscale physical location and chemical source. This is achieved through a stepwise, site‐specific correlated characterization workflow consisting of device‐scale (≈1 mm2) deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) to survey the traps present, scanning probe–based DLTS (scanning‐DLTS) for mesoscale‐resolved (hundreds of nanometers) mapping of the target trap state's spatial distribution, and scanning transmission electron microscope based electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (STEM‐EELS) and X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy for nanoscale energy‐, structure, and chemical‐resolved investigation of the defect source. This first demonstration of the direct observation of sub‐bandgap defect levels via STEM‐EELS, combined with the DLTS methods, provides strong evidence that the long‐suspected CuIn/Ga substitutional defects are indeed the most likely source of the EV + 0.56 eV trap state and serves as a key example of this approach for the fundamental identification of defects within semiconductors, in general.
Early life growth and adult telomere length in a Filipino cohort study
Authors: Masterson Erin E. , Hayes M. Geoffrey , Kuzawa Christopher W. , Lee Nanette R. , Eisenberg Dan T.A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe investigated the relationship between early life growth patterns and blood telomere length (TL) in adulthood using conditional measures of lean and fat mass growth to evaluate potentially sensitive periods of early life growth.MethodsThis study included data from 1562 individuals (53% male; age 20‐22 years) participating in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, located in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. Primary exposures included length‐for‐agez‐score (HAZ) and weight‐for‐agez‐score (WAZ) at birth and conditional measures of linear growth and weight gain during four postnatal periods: 0‐6, 6‐12, and 12‐24 months, and 24 months to 8.5 years. TL was measured at ~21 years of age. We estimated associations using linear regression.ResultsThe study sample had an average gestational age (38.5 ± 2 weeks) and birth size (HAZ = –0.2 ± 1.1, WAZ = –0.7 ± 1.0), but by age 8.5 years had stunted linear growth (HAZ = –2.1 ± 0.9) and borderline low weight (WAZ = –1.9 ± 1.0) relative to World Health Organization references. Heavier birth weight was associated with longer TL in early adulthood (P= .03), but this association was attenuated when maternal age at birth was included in the model (P= .07). Accelerated linear growth between 6 and 12 months was associated with longer TL in adulthood (P= .006), whereas weight gain between 12 and 24 months was associated with shorter TL in adulthood (P= .047).ConclusionsIn Cebu, individuals who were born heavier have longer TL in early adulthood, but that birthweight itself may not explain the association. Findings suggest that childhood growth is associated with the cellular senescence process in adulthood, implying early life well‐being may be linked to adult health.
Reconsidering osteoarthritis as a skeletal indicator of age at death
Authors: Winburn Allysha P. , Stock Michala K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesOsteoarthritis (OA) generally increases with age, but it is a complex, multifactorial disease. This study investigated whether obesity, physical activity, and antemortem trauma preclude the use of OA for skeletal age estimation.Materials and MethodsThe temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and all appendicular joints were scored for skeletal indicators of OA in 408 modern European‐Americans (Bass Collection, TN). Binomial generalized linear models (GLMs) assessed the contributions of self‐reported demographic data to OA, including: age; body mass index (BMI); and metabolic values for physical activities. Repeated resampling tested whether observed mean OA scores for joints with trauma consistently exceeded mean scores for unaffected joints. Single‐variable GLM probit models were generated for OA presence/absence data in relevant joints.ResultsAge was the only statistically significant predictor of OA in most multivariable GLMs. Occupation and age were both significant predictors of male hand OA; BMI was the only significant predictor of female ankle OA. Trauma significantly affected OA in most joints. Age cut‐offs calculated from the single‐variable probit models (representing ages of transition to “OA present”) ranged from 29.7 to 77.3 years (90%) and 32.7 to 96.6 years (95%), but were problematic for the male TMJ.DiscussionAnkle OA should not be used to age females; TMJ OA should not be used to age males. For other joints, using OA to inform age estimates appears valid (in absence of antemortem trauma). While skeletal evidence of OA is not a primary age indicator, its presence can refine age ranges and provide essential age data in fragmentary cases.
A comparison of relief estimates used in three‐dimensional dental topography
Authors: Thiery Ghislain , Guy Franck , Lazzari Vincent 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesTopographic estimates of dental relief are now commonly used to make dietary inferences from the teeth of extant and extinct primates. We thoroughly compared commonly used relief estimates in an effort to help researchers decide which variable best suits their objectives.Materials and methodsWe combined a total of three datasets: five theoretical models built to compare the effect of tooth complexity and basin depth on relief estimates, a dataset of 110 lower molars of prosimians, and a dataset of 25 upper molars of apes. We investigated intra‐mesh variation and tooth average relief, estimated from slope and three different relief indices, according to four criteria: (1) the ability to map relief on topographic maps, (2) the correlation with other relief estimates, (3) the ability to separate high‐relief molars of folivores from deep‐relief molars of insectivores in prosimians, and (4) the influence of surface complexity on relief estimates in apes.ResultsWe found that polygon slope and relief index are linked by a mathematical relation. Tooth average slope and all relief indices are strongly correlated. In contrast, relief estimates are moderately correlated to cusp elevation. One relief index of four relief estimates had an excellent ability to separate high‐relief from deep‐relief molars in prosimians, whereas slope could not separate them. No significant effect of tooth complexity on dental relief could be detected in apes.ConclusionsBecause slope and relief indices are highly correlated, it is strongly recommended not to combine them in multivariate analysis. Still, slope and relief indices show interesting differences in scaling, graphical representation, computation method, and ability to separate high‐relief and deep‐relief molars. Our results also suggest that slope and relief indices can vary independently of tooth complexity and are moderately affected by mean cusp elevation in apes.
Sorbenten zur direkten Gewinnung von CO2 aus der Umgebungsluft
Authors: Shi Xiaoyang , Xiao Hang , Azarabadi Habib , Song Juzheng , Wu Xiaolong , Chen Xi , Lackner Klaus S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDie Dringlichkeit, den durch Treibhausgasemissionen verursachten globalen Klimawandel anzugehen, wächst von Tag zu Tag. Insbesondere der Anstieg der atmosphärischen CO2‐Werte löst Alarm aus. Technologien zum Absorbieren von CO2 aus der Umgebungsluft, oder “Direct Air Capture” (DAC), haben kürzlich gezeigt, dass sie zu “negativen Kohlenstoffemissionen” beitragen können. Die jüngsten Fortschritte in der Oberflächenchemie und der Materialsynthese haben neue Generationen von CO2‐Sorptionsmitteln ermöglicht, die möglicherweise die Zukunft von DAC und seiner großangelegten Verwendung vorantreiben können. In diesem Aufsatz werden die wichtigsten Arten von Sorptionsmitteln zur Gewinnung von CO2 aus der Umgebungsluft beschrieben und nach Sorptionsmechanismen kategorisiert: Physisorption, Chemisorption und Feuchtigkeitswechsel‐Sorption.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryl Fluorides Bearing α,β‐Unsaturated Amides
Authors: Yasui Kosuke , Kamitani Miharu , Tobisu Mamoru 
Published: August 2019

AbstractConcerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (CSNAr) has emerged as a powerful mechanistic manifold, in which nucleophilic aromatic substitution can proceed in one step without the need to form a Meisenheimer intermediate. However, all of the CSNAr reactions reported thus far require a stoichiometric strong base or activating reagent, and no catalytic variants have yet been reported. Herein, we report an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of acrylamides that contain a 2‐fluorophenyl group on the nitrogen through a CSNAr reaction. By using this catalytic method, it is possible to synthesize an array of quinolin‐2‐one derivatives, which are common structural motifs in pharmaceuticals and organic materials. DFT calculations unambiguously revealed that this reaction proceeds through the concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution of aryl fluorides, in which a stereoelectronic σ (Cipso‐Cβ)→ σ*(Cipso‐F) interaction critically contributes to the stabilization of the transition state for the cyclization.
A pH‐Neutral, Metal‐Free Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery Employing an Ammonium Anthraquinone Anolyte
Authors: Hu Bo , Luo Jian , Hu Maowei , Yuan Bing , Liu T. Leo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRedox‐active anthraquinone molecules represent promising anolyte materials in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). However, the chemical stability issue and corrosion nature of anthraquinone‐based anolytes in reported acidic and alkaline AORFBs constitute a roadblock for their practical applications in energy storage. A feasible strategy to overcome these issues is migrating to pH‐neutral conditions and employing soluble AQDS salts. Herein, we report the 9,10‐anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulfonic diammonium salt AQDS(NH4)2, as an anolyte material for pH‐neutral AORFBs with solubility of 1.9 m in water, which is more than 3 times that of the corresponding sodium salt. Paired with an NH4I catholyte, the resulting pH‐neutral AORFB with an energy density of 12.5 Wh L−1 displayed outstanding cycling stability over 300 cycles. Even at the pH‐neutral condition, the AQDS(NH4)2 /NH4I AORFB delivered an impressive energy efficiency of 70.6 % at 60 mA cm−2 and a high power density of 91.5 mW cm−2 at 100 % SOC. The present AQDS(NH4)2 flow battery chemistry opens a new avenue to apply anthraquinone molecules in developing low‐cost and benign pH‐neutral flow batteries for scalable energy storage.
A Competing Hydrogen Bonding Pattern to Yield a Thermo‐Thickening Supramolecular Polymer
Authors: Ayzac Virgile , Sallembien Quentin , Raynal Matthieu , Isare Benjamin , Jestin Jacques , Bouteiller Laurent 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroduction of competing interactions in the design of a supramolecular polymer (SP) creates pathway complexity. Ester–bis‐ureas contain both a strong bis‐urea sticker that is responsible for the build‐up of long rod‐like objects by hydrogen bonding and ester groups that can interfere with this main pattern in a subtle way. Spectroscopic (FTIR and CD), calorimetric (DSC), and scattering (SANS) techniques show that such ester–bis‐ureas self‐assemble into three competing rod‐like SPs. The previously unreported low‐temperature SP is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the interfering ester groups and the urea moieties. It also features a weak macroscopic alignment of the rods. The other structures form isotropic dispersions of rods stabilized by the more classical urea‐urea hydrogen bonding pattern. The transition from the low‐temperature structure to the next occurs reversibly by heating and is accompanied by an increase in viscosity, a rare feature for solutions in hydrocarbons.