bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of smart monitoring system in vertical farming
Authors: Chuah Y D , Lee J V , Tan S S , Ng C K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The agriculture industry is facing labour shortage problem due to the difficulty to employ workers for “3D” (dangerous, dirty and difficult) jobs. This will reduce the number of labours needed and minimize the threats associated with the traditional agricultural system. Cyber-physical system (CPS) can provide farmers with a framework to remotely monitor and control the various factors that affect plant growth. The aim of this project is to implement CPS into a vertical farming system in which an Android-based remote monitoring and control (M&C) system is developed based on CPS for optimal production of the plantation system using Arduino ESP32 and sensors through the Internet. Experiments were carried to evaluate the practicality of implementing CPS in vertical farming process. Growth factors that were monitored and controlled in the experiments include ambient temperature, water temperature, humidity, pH level, light and carbon dioxide. In this study, an android application was developed and evaluated. The controlled parameters were display on the phone. The evaluation results shown that, the CPS system is practical to be used in plant growth monitoring (sensors and feedback system) and plant growth optimisation (sensors, feedback system and actuators). In addition, the automation of plant growth monitoring process can overcome the shortage of manpower in agriculture industry.
The effect of pH in the synthesis of carbon quantum dots from rice husk on their photoluminescence properties
Authors: Wongso V , Sambudi N S , Sufian S , Isnaeni  , Abdullah B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The dependence of photoluminescence properties to pH solution of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been widely investigated. However, the influence of pH condition in synthesis process of CQDs was rarely explored, especially in synthesis by using natural precursor. Herein, this report established the synthesis of CQDs from rice husk by using hydrothermal method in varying pH condition (pH 0-14). The oxidation treatment during synthesis process leads to the initiation of surface defect on carbon precursor. Since surface defect plays crucial role in tuning photoluminescence properties, controlling the amount of oxidant agents was suggested to tune distinct photoluminescence properties. According to High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), pH condition during synthesis affects the size of CQDs which has diameter in the range of 3-20 nm. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) spectra revealed that the obtained CQDs were amorphous with (002) plane of graphite, while the presence of silica on CQDs was revealed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) findings. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the variation of pH in synthesis process broadens the photoluminescence properties of CQDs from green region wavelength to cyan – orange region wavelength (510-632 nm). Therefore, this study suggests that the variation of pH is able to tune photoluminescence properties of CQDs that will be beneficial for its application.
Research on the efficacy of integrated fuel cell and distribution static synchronous compensator in improving power quality on distribution networks with photovoltaic systems
Authors: Lam D H C , Wong J , Lim Y S , Thiam H S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The increased penetration of intermittent energy sources has the potential to cause voltage fluctuation and flicker. Static synchronous compensator has been proven to be one of the solutions to solve this issue. Integrating an energy storage system with a static synchronous compensator can increase its performance for real power compensation. While batteries are the preferred solution for photovoltaic power fluctuation mitigation, fuel cells have several advantages over batteries. Based on literature review, integrating a static synchronous compensator with fuel cells can compensate for the fuel cell’s slow response time for transient stability improvement. Hence, this paper presents a model and control scheme of an integrated distribution static synchronous compensator with fuel cell on a distribution network with a grid-connected photovoltaic system. A proportional-integral controller is developed to manipulate the real and reactive power flow for power and voltage regulation. The distribution network is modelled in MATLAB Simulink and the performance of the proposed system for voltage fluctuation and flicker mitigation is evaluated. Results show that the proposed system can reduce flicker levels by more than 80% as well as regulate the voltage on the network at 1.0 p.u.
Energy optimization of sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) systems using an energy harvesting medium access protocol
Authors: Shabana Anjum Shaik , Md Noor Rafidah , Ahmedy Ismail , Hossein Anisi Mohammad 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The process of modelling the energy expenditure for IoT systems is distinct when compared to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), due to a number of factors and metrics. Few of such factors to mention are the IoT layers being different from the Open System Interconnection (OSI) with communication protocols like IPv6 Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN), Routing for Low Power and Lossy networks (RPL) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). This leads to the demand for designing efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to serve the purpose of balance between the performance of the system and minimum energy consumption. The challenge of compatibility of MAC protocols for IoT deployment needs to be addressed. The proposed work is aimed at developing energy efficient framework for optimal balance between energy consumed by connected devices (sensor networks) in a complex and time-critical IoT system through performance monitoring of underlying communication technologies. It also focuses to address the trade-off between energy expenditure and performance of the network for the communicating nodes. An Energy Harvesting MAC protocol is designed and developed after modelling of the nodes using Reinforcement Learning (RL) for time critical IoT systems. The results have shown that the energy expenditure of the IoT devices is considerably minimized and the performance is increased by nearly 80% when compared to the state-of-art energy harvesting solutions for sustainable IoT systems. This research also plays a significant role in matching the energy predictions and the experimentations that validate the IoT systems in a real-world scenario.
Investigation on effective thermal conductivities of porous electrodes for the commercial Li-ion battery
Authors: Lu Z , Yu X L , Xie Y F , Gao S , Zhang L Y , Yang X , Meng X Z , Jin L W 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The effective thermal conductivities (ETCs) of porous electrodes in electrolyte are of rather significance for determining the thermal conductivity of Li-ion battery which is an important factor in designing battery thermal management system and predicting battery thermal behaviour. In this study, the representative Li-ion battery consisting of a Li(NiCoMn)O2 positive electrode and a graphite negative electrode was chosen to explore the ETCs of porous electrodes. The effects of ETCs of porous electrodes on the Li-ion battery’s thermal conductivity were firstly discussed, and the ETCs were analysed based on its internal configuration and basic assumptions. Most importantly, the ETCs bounds of porous electrodes were acquired using basic thermal conductivity models and the limits of ETCs were obtained based on Maxwell 2 model combined with volume fractions of electrolyte. The results show that the ETCs of porous electrodes in electrolyte are obviously lower than the thermal conductivities of active materials, namely Li(NiCoMn)O2 and graphite. In addition, the ETCs of porous electrodes are not constant but variable values caused by the variation of volume fractions of electrolyte in porous electrodes which indicates that the volume fractions of electrolyte should be considered for accurately estimate the thermal conductivity of commercial Li-ion battery.
A porous medium based heat transfer and fluid flow model for thermal energy storage in packed rock beds
Authors: Amiri L , Ghoreishi-Madiseh S A , Sasmito A P , Hassani F P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Thermal energy storage in packed rock beds helps to reduce energy costs and carbon footprint’s on an industrial, commercial and residential scale. Fluid flow and heat transfer in large-size packed rock beds used in mining applications such as heating/cooling of mine intake air or ventilation of block-caved mines have recently received significant attention. Understanding the porous structure of such packed rock beds is a necessity in the design of such systems. The pressure drop across a rock bed directly affects its heat exchange performance, as it requires additional fan power to circulate air during periods of storage/extraction. In this study, the fluid flow behavior inside a packed rock bed thermal energy storage system is investigated by developing a computational fluid dynamics model and a heat transfer model. The model offers useful information for evaluating the performance of rock beds packed with large rocks or in caved zones. Finally, the main goal of this study is to perform a practical energy saving analysis for porous media composed of large particles by changing the physical properties of the porous medium, such as porosity and permeability. The findings of this study also show that while the total thermal energy storage capacity of the system is not significantly affected by the mass flow rate, a lower mass flow rate can provide a longer working period for thermal energy storage systems.
Public Awareness Analysis on Renewable Energy in Malaysia
Authors: Zakaria S U , Basri S , Kamarudin S K , Majid N A A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Renewable energy is growing rapidly and becoming a popular alternative source of energy. Malaysia is looking forward to achieve 50% implementation of renewable energy (RE) by 2050. Sustainable energy development has been related to environmental issues, which can be eradicated by replacing fossil fuels with natural resources such as hydropower, solar, and wind to generate electricity. Public awareness is important towards accomplishing the goal in implementing renewable energy. Thus, this study focused on the survey of renewable energy awareness which was conducted randomly in urban and rural areas in Malaysia. The aims of the study were to identify and explore public awareness of renewable energy based on the respondents’ educational level and area of residence. The perspective on renewable energy by each residential area is related to knowledge and technologies. The survey data was analysed using probability sampling and stratified technique. The results indicated that most of Malaysians realized and are informed about renewable energy which is gradually increasing in terms of sustainability awareness. Therefore, this study is expected to be useful in spreading understanding among citizens about the application of renewable energy by obtaining data on public knowledge and opinions. There were concerns about the environment with 90.3% of the responses showing that the public were aware of the negative impacts of pollution, which indicated a positive use of alternative energy. However, the implementation of renewable energy technologies was not optimised due to the expensive costs involved (98.8%). In achieving the government target, excellent and smart initiatives should be taken to attract the Malaysian public of every level in society by increasing public awareness of renewable energy as well as encouraging the people to adopt renewable technologies in their daily lives and help save the environment.
Solar photovoltaic/thermal-thermoelectric generator performance review
Authors: Zulakmal M Y , Fudholi A , Rukman N S , Mat S , Chan H Y , Sopian K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells are currently limited by the temperature factor that causes the drop of efficiency when the module temperature rises. Many approaches were made to solve the issue so that the performance of the solar cell is improved including the integration of thermoelectric generator (TEG) hybrid. The objective of these improvements is to increase the temperature coefficient that will enhance the efficiency of the solar cells. Some approach may produce other benefits like thermal energy or building integration other than producing electrical energy. Common PV panels only utilize 15-30% of the irradiation received while the rest of it are reflected away or turned into heat waste. In this paper, the relationship of PV heat waste and PV performance relationship is explored. Photovoltaic/thermal-thermoelectric generator (PV/T-TEG) hybrid layouts were compared based on its performances including overall efficiency to identify solutions for this type of application. PV efficiency and losses due to thermal limits will demonstrate the issue as temperature increases. Solar cell that is available in the current market is simulated for its temperature prediction and heat dissipation. This will determine the potential application for a TEG hybrid. Previous conducted experiments and simulations show a 0.14% to 5.2% increment in electrical efficiency. The prediction model will agree with this range of finding. The current advancement in solar PV/T-TEG is compiled and the future approach that can be taken to solve the temperature limits will be discussed.
Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility Management and Strategy to Reshaping Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Lim GN , Arumugam PV 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Plastics have become a major issue to our environment especially the unavoidable usage of plastic straws whenever you buy drinks. Plastic straws, lid and stirrer is not completely biodegrades. Ban the straws is not possible since it is an accessible tool to mankind especially to disable people. This issue can be solved with collective effort amongst the customers and companies to replace plastic straw with biodegradable straws. This paper provides review on the contribution and potential of consumer behaviour concept and marketing capabilities in initiating the right mindset in promoting pro-environmental behaviour. A feasible framework model is proposed to companies especially food and beverages companies. The framework comprise of two key issues (1) sustainable competitive advantage to companies (2) promoting pro-environmental behaviour amongst customers. The first key issue discusses about how companies can benefits from environmental friendly practice. These benefits comprise of sustainable branding, incorporating in corporate social responsible and better business performance. The second key issue discusses systematic perspective for food and beverages companies to promote understanding and changing environmental behaviour of their customers. Huge franchise chain food and beverages companies like McDonald and Starbucks support on biodegradable straw, lid and stirrer would contribute to a snowballing effect worldwide. McDonalds is in 100 countries and having more than 35,000 restaurants worldwide, is more than capable to promote pro-environmental behaviour to their customers. This paper provides a feasible framework for McDonalds and Starbucks to initiate the pro-environment lifestyle and experience towards sustainable competitive advantage. This paper also proposes some strategies suggest to reshaping consumer behaviour which include the government, company and customer. Thus, provide recommendation to carry more studies on Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility Management model and preventive measure in managing plastics issues for future research.
Comparison of woody and non-woody biomass as a fuel source for direct carbon fuel cell
Authors: Palniandy L K , Yoon L W , Wong W Y , Yong S K 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDirect carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is an emerging technology for energy production. The application of biomass in DCFC will be a major transition from the use of coals to generate energy. However, the relationship between biomass or biochar composition and electrochemical performance of DCFC is yet to be studied. The performance of DCFC by using carbon fuel originated from woody and non-woody biomass were compared and investigated in this study. The effect of pyrolysis temperature ranges from 550 °C to 850 °C on the preparation of biochar from rubberwood (RW) and rice husk (RH) was evaluated for power generation. However, the presence of high ash content of more than 30% in RH biochar reduced the cell performance compared to RW biochar with only less than 10%. The presence of impurities such as silica in RH biochar are detrimental for cell performance, and this might be a factor for the production of lower power density (0.07 mW/cm2) compared to a higher power density (0.5 mW/cm2) obtained from RW biochar. The presence of oxygen functional group on the surface of RW biochar might have aided its higher electrochemical performance. This study concludes that woody biochar fuels are feasible for DCFC application, and further optimization of DCFC could be investigated.
Multi-Layer Heat Extraction from Non-Convective Zone of Solar Ponds for Efficiency Enhancement
Authors: Yaakob Y. , Ibrahim D. , Moria H. , Date A. , Akbarzadeh A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Heat from solar pond has been successfully extracted from lower convective zone (LCZ). An attempt to extract the absorbed heat in non-convective zone (NCZ) using external heat exchanger is introduced with aim to enhance the overall efficiency of solar pond. A sets of external heat exchanger system are installed to extract heat at different level in NCZ by withdraw the hot brine and re-injecting it back at the same level. Cold brine from upper convective zone (UCZ) is used to collect the extracted heat from each of heat exchanger. The result shows by extracting heat from NCZ, the thermal efficiency of solar pond could be increased by up to 50% compared to the common heat extraction solely from LCZ and reducing the upward heat lost to surrounding.
Exergy-based Analysis of Diesel Engine when fuelled with Fossil Diesel and Palm Methyl Ester (PME)
Authors: Ng Jo-Han , Chow Kai Jie , Yao Wong Kang , Tung Chong Cheng 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Biomass-based energy sources as an alternative to conventional fossil fuel have gained public attention due to the increasing rate of environmental pollutions and depletion of fossil energy source. For diesel engines, comparisons on fuel sustainability and First Law of Thermodynamics are common to inspect biodiesel’s potential in replacing conventional diesel fuel. However, the present work focuses on the energetic and exergetic comparisons of a light-duty diesel engine fuelled with fossil diesel and neat Palm Methyl Ester (PME). This study also covers emission characteristics and exergy destruction rate under varying engine operating parameters and fuel types. It was revealed that the best engine thermal efficiency when fuelled with fossil diesel and PME are 22.1% (2750 rpm, 1950W) and 24.3% (3000 rpm, 2400W), respectively. Additionally, the exergy efficiencies of the diesel engine at the same operating conditions appear to be approximately 2% lower than their First Law counterparts. This can be attributed to the generation of the entropy in reactions which destroyed the fuels’ potential. The availability destroyed rates were observed to have significant impacts on the exergy efficiencies of the diesel engine. Thus, heat transfer and exhaust exergy rates were investigated since they are the main factors for this outcome. In general, the use of PME fuel will be more beneficial in terms of exergy destruction, engine’s thermal and exergy efficiencies due to its higher oxygen content which improves the fuel combustion process.
Characterization of tar formation during high temperature gasification of different chemical compositions in biomass
Authors: Zubair Yahaya Ahmad , Rao Somalu Mahendra , Muchtar Andanastuti , Anwar Sulaiman Shaharin , Wan Daud Wan Ramli 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The characteristics of tar generated from tropical-plant-based biomass with different chemical compositions during high temperature gasification are crucial to understand the tar formation. In this paper, lignin-rich palm kernel shell (PKS) and hemicellulose and cellulose-rich coconut shell (CS) were gasified in a downdraft fixed-bed reactor at 900 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the functional groups and tar compounds. The results of FT-IR indicate that the PKS tar has a lower intensity peak in the fingerprint region than that of CS. The GC-MS results exhibits that the higher molecular weight of tar compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are higher in CS tar compared to that in PKS tar. PKS tar is susceptible to create a lighter molecular weight of tar compounds, such as phenolics. Both of the materials have a great potential to be used for renewable energy feedstock.
DESIGN OF A SMALL PATCH ANTENNA AT 3.5 GHZ FOR 5G APPLICATION
Authors: Ferdous Nayla , Chin Hock Goh , Hamidah A.Hamid Saidatul , Raman M. Nazri A. , Sieh Kiong Tiong , Ismail Mahamod 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this paper a low profile patch antenna has been designed for 5G communication application. The resonating frequency has been chosen as 3.5 GHz for 5G application. FR4 epoxy material with permittivity of 4.3 has been chosen for the substrate material which has fire redundant property. The size of the substrate is 25.2×48 mm2. The main radiating patch is in a shape of ellipse and the line feed technique is used. The simulation is done by CST microwave studio software. Different parameters like S-Parameter, Antenna Gain, Directivity, Efficiency has been observed. The antenna has a gain of more than 5 dB which is very useful for communication applications. The antenna is designed for 5G communication applications.
Solar-Powered Cooling System for Residential Building
Authors: Yaakob Y , Ibrahim D , Awalludin M A , Moria H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
High power consumption cooling devices such as air conditioners increase electricity power demands. In this project, an alternative solar-powered cooling system is suggested to reduce the air temperature to human comfort level and reduce their household electricity usage. Plants are used in this project to undergo transpiration, which is a natural process where moisture is carried from the roots to the underside of the leave to be evaporated. Heron’s fountain technique was applied to reduce the power consumption of the water pump by lifting up water using gravity. Power consumption is reduced to 23 watts per hour and the air temperature around 1 °C to 2 °C of a 90 square feet single bedroom depending on the surrounding condition. This gives human a range of thermal comfort of 25 °C to 29 °C in residential buildings.