bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergroup Contact Attitudes Across Peer Networks in School: Selection, Influence, and Implications for Cross‐Group Friendships
Authors: Rivas‐Drake Deborah , Saleem Muniba , Schaefer David R. , Medina Michael , Jagers Robert 
Published: May 2018

This study offers new insights into the power of peer networks for shaping intergroup relations in a diverse school. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of sixth–eighth graders (N = 524; MageT1 = 11.87; 48% girls; 9% Asian American/Pacific Islander, 28% African American, 13% Latino, 1% Native American, 31% White, 5% Other, and 11% Multiracial) in the Midwestern United States. Students with more positive intergroup contact attitudes (ICA) were most likely to be friends with similarly minded students. Students with more positive ICA were less likely to select friends of the same race/ethnicity than those with less positive ICA. Finally, students’ ICA became more similar to their friends’ ICA over time. Results implicate school‐level norms and contagion in students’ ICA.
Novel genes and insights in complete asthma remission: A genome‐wide association study on clinical and complete asthma remission
Authors: Vonk J. M. , Nieuwenhuis M. A. E. , Dijk F. N. , Boudier A. , Siroux V. , Bouzigon E. , Probst‐Hensch N. , Imboden M. , Keidel D. , Sin D. , Bossé Y. , Hao K. , van den Berge M. , Faiz A. , Koppelman G. H. , Postma D. S. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundAsthma is a chronic respiratory disease without a cure, although there exists spontaneous remission. Genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have pinpointed genes associated with asthma development, but did not investigate asthma remission.ObjectiveWe performed a GWA study to develop insights in asthma remission.MethodsClinical remission (ClinR) was defined by the absence of asthma treatment and wheezing in the last year and asthma attacks in the last 3 years and complete remission (ComR) similarly but additionally with normal lung function and absence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). A GWA study on both ClinR and ComR was performed in 790 asthmatics with initial doctor diagnosis of asthma and BHR and long‐term follow‐up. We assessed replication of the 25 top single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2 independent cohorts (total n = 456), followed by expression quantitative loci (eQTL) analyses of the 4 replicated SNPs in lung tissue and epithelium.ResultsOf the 790 asthmatics, 178 (23%) had ClinR and 55 ComR (7%) after median follow‐up of 15.5 (range 3.3‐47.8) years. In ClinR, 1 of the 25 SNPs, rs2740102, replicated in a meta‐analysis of the replication cohorts, which was an eQTL for POLI in lung tissue. In ComR, 3 SNPs replicated in a meta‐analysis of the replication cohorts. The top‐hit, rs6581895, almost reached genome‐wide significance (P‐value 4.68 × 10−7) and was an eQTL for FRS2 and CCT in lung tissue. Rs1420101 was a cis‐eQTL in lung tissue for IL1RL1 and IL18R1 and a trans‐eQTL for IL13.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceBy defining a strict remission phenotype, we identified 3 SNPs to be associated with complete asthma remission, where 2 SNPs have plausible biological relevance in FRS2, CCT, IL1RL1, IL18R1 and IL13.
The Mental Representation of Human Action
Authors: Levine Sydney , Leslie Alan M. , Mikhail John 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVarious theories of moral cognition posit that moral intuitions can be understood as the output of a computational process performed over structured mental representations of human action. We propose that action plan diagrams—“act trees”—can be a useful tool for theorists to succinctly and clearly present their hypotheses about the information contained in these representations. We then develop a methodology for using a series of linguistic probes to test the theories embodied in the act trees. In Study 1, we validate the method by testing a specific hypothesis (diagrammed by act trees) about how subjects are representing two classic moral dilemmas and finding that the data support the hypothesis. In Studies 2–4, we explore possible explanations for discrete and surprising findings that our hypothesis did not predict. In Study 5, we apply the method to a less well‐studied case and show how new experiments generated by our method can be used to settle debates about how actions are mentally represented. In Study 6, we argue that our method captures the mental representation of human action better than an alternative approach. A brief conclusion suggests that act trees can be profitably used in various fields interested in complex representations of human action, including law, philosophy, psychology, linguistics, neuroscience, computer science, robotics, and artificial intelligence.
Lexical Learning May Contribute to Phonetic Learning in Infants: A Corpus Analysis of Maternal Spanish
Authors: Swingley Daniel , Alarcon Claudia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn their first year, infants begin to learn the speech sounds of their language. This process is typically modeled as an unsupervised clustering problem in which phonetically similar speech‐sound tokens are grouped into phonetic categories by infants using their domain‐general inference abilities. We argue here that maternal speech is too phonetically variable for this account to be plausible, and we provide phonetic evidence from Spanish showing that infant‐directed Spanish vowels are more readily clustered over word types than over vowel tokens. The results suggest that infants’ early adaptation to native‐language phonetics depends on their word‐form lexicon, implicating a much wider range of potential sources of influence on infants’ developmental trajectories in language learning.
In vitro formation of the Merkel cell‐neurite complex in embryonic mouse whiskers using organotypic co‐cultures
Authors: Ishida Kentaro , Saito Tetsuichiro , Mitsui Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2018

A Merkel cell‐neurite complex is a touch receptor composed of specialized epithelial cells named Merkel cells and peripheral sensory nerves in the skin. Merkel cells are found in touch‐sensitive skin components including whisker follicles. The nerve fibers that innervate Merkel cells of a whisker follicle extend from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal ganglion. Whiskers as a sensory organ attribute to the complicated architecture of the Merkel cell‐neurite complex, and therefore it is intriguing how the structure is formed. However, observing the dynamic process of the formation of a Merkel cell‐neurite complex in whiskers during embryonic development is still difficult. In this study, we tried to develop an organotypic co‐culture method of a whisker pad and a trigeminal ganglion explant to form the Merkel cell‐neurite complex in vitro. We initially developed two distinct culture methods of a single whisker row and a trigeminal ganglion explant, and then combined them. By dissecting and cultivating a single row from a whisker pad, the morphogenesis of whisker follicles could be observed under a microscope. After the co‐cultivation of the whisker row with a trigeminal ganglion explant, a Merkel cell‐neurite complex composed of Merkel cells, which were positive for both cytokeratin 8 and SOX2, Neurofilament‐H‐positive trigeminal nerve fibers and Schwann cells expressing Nestin, SOX2 and SOX10 was observed via immunohistochemical analyses. These results suggest that the process for the formation of a Merkel cell‐neurite complex can be observed under a microscope using our organotypic co‐culture method.
Longitudinal growth of receptive language in children with cerebral palsy between 18 months and 54 months of age
Authors: Hustad Katherine C , Sakash Ashley , Broman Aimee Teo , Rathouz Paul J 
Published: May 2018

AimWe examined receptive language developmental trajectories between 18 months and 54 months for three clinical speech‐language profile groups of children with cerebral palsy (those with speech motor involvement, without speech motor involvement, and with anarthria) and quantified differences from age‐level expectations. We identified latent classes of comprehension development, related these classes to clinical profile groups, and examined how well early receptive language predicted outcomes.MethodWe used a prospective longitudinal design. Eighty‐five children with cerebral palsy (43 females, 42 males) were followed longitudinally from 18 to 54 months of age. Children were seen two to eight times (322 data points). Children were classified into clinical profile groups. Language comprehension age‐equivalent scores were the primary measures of interest.ResultsChildren with anarthria had significant language delays, limited developmental change over time, and comprised their own latent class. Children with speech motor impairment had slight receptive language delays over time. Children with no speech motor impairment had age‐appropriate receptive language over time. Early language comprehension scores were highly predictive of later latent profile group membership.InterpretationEarly language comprehension abilities are highly predictive of language comprehension growth trajectory and suggest that children with early language delay, particularly those who are non‐speaking, should receive language intervention to support development.What this paper addsThere are two growth trajectories for language comprehension among children with cerebral palsy.Children with speech motor impairment had a constant 6‐month receptive language delay.Children without speech motor impairment had age‐appropriate receptive language.Non‐speaking children had significant receptive language delay.Early language comprehension change was highly predictive of later trajectory group.
Dealing with food shortage: larval dispersal behaviour and survival on non‐prey food of the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus
Authors: Vosteen Ilka , Gershenzon Jonathan , Kunert Grit 
Published: May 2018

1. Predatory larvae often have to face food shortages during their development, and thus the ability to disperse and find new feeding sites is crucial for survival. However, the dispersal capacity of predatory larvae, the host finding cues employed, and their use of alternative food sources are largely unknown. These aspects of the foraging behaviour of the aphidophagous hoverfly (Episyrphus balteatus De Geer) larvae were investigated in the present study.2. It was shown that these hoverfly larvae do not leave a plant as long as there are aphids available, but that dispersing larvae are able to find other aphid colonies in the field. Dispersing hoverfly larvae accumulated on large aphid colonies, but did not distinguish between different pea aphid race–plant species combinations. Large aphid colonies might be easier to detect because of intensified searching by hoverfly larvae following the encounter of aphid cues like honeydew that accumulate around large colonies.3. It was further shown that non‐prey food, such as diluted honey or pollen, was insufficient for hoverfly larvae to gain weight, but prolonged the survival of the larvae compared with unfed individuals. As soon as larvae were switched back to an aphid diet, they rapidly gained weight and some pupated after a few days. Although pupation and adult hatching rates were strongly reduced compared with hoverflies continuously fed with aphids, the consumption of non‐prey food most probably increases the probability that hoverfly larvae find an aphid colony and complete their development.
Targeted next generation sequencing for the diagnosis of patients with rare congenital anemias
Authors: Shefer Averbuch Noa , Steinberg‐Shemer Orna , Dgany Orly , Krasnov Tanya , Noy‐Lotan Sharon , Yacobovich Joanne , Kuperman Amir A. , Kattamis Antonis , Ben Barak Ayelet , Roth‐Jelinek Batia , Chubar Evgeni , Shabad Evelyn , Dufort Gustavo , Ellis Martin , Wolach Ofir , Pazgal Idit , Abu Quider Abed , Miskin Hagit , Tamary Hannah 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundMost patients with anemia are diagnosed through clinical phenotype and basic laboratory testing. Nonetheless, in cases of rare congenital anemias, some patients remain undiagnosed despite undergoing an exhaustive workup. Genetic testing is complicated by the large number of genes involved in rare anemias and the similarities in the clinical presentation of the different syndromes.ObjectiveWe aimed to enhance the diagnosis of patients with congenital anemias by using targeted next‐generation sequencing.MethodsGenetic diagnosis was performed by gene capture followed by next‐generation sequencing of 76 genes known to cause anemia syndromes.ResultsGenetic diagnosis was achieved in 13 out of 21 patients (62%). Six patients were diagnosed with pyruvate kinase deficiency, 4 with dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, 2 with sideroblastic anemia, and 1 with CDA type IV. Eight novel mutations were found. In 7 patients, the genetic diagnosis differed from the pretest presumed diagnosis. The mean lag time from presentation to diagnosis was over 13 years.ConclusionsTargeted next‐generation sequencing led to an accurate diagnosis in over 60% of patients with rare anemias. These patients do not need further diagnostic workup. Earlier incorporation of this method into the workup of patients with congenital anemia may improve patients’ care and enable genetic counseling.
Neuroplasticity in stroke recovery. The role of microglia in engaging and modifying synapses and networks
Authors: Sandvig Ioanna , Augestad Ingrid Lovise , Håberg Asta Kristine , Sandvig Axel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNeuroplasticity after ischaemic injury involves both spontaneous rewiring of neural networks and circuits as well as functional responses in neurogenic niches. These events involve complex interactions with activated microglia, which evolve in a dynamic manner over time. Although the exact mechanisms underlying these interactions remain poorly understood, increasing experimental evidence suggests a determining role of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory microglial activation profiles in shaping both synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. While the inflammatory response of microglia was thought to be detrimental, a more complex profile of the role of microglia in tissue remodelling is emerging. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia in response to injury can rapidly modify neuronal activity and modulate synaptic function, as well as be beneficial for the proliferation and integration of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from endogenous neurogenic niches into functional networks thereby supporting stroke recovery. The manner in which microglia contribute towards sculpting neural synapses and networks, both in terms of activity‐dependent and homeostatic plasticity, suggests that microglia‐mediated pro‐ and/or anti‐inflammatory activity may significantly contribute towards spontaneous neuronal plasticity after ischaemic lesions. In this review, we first introduce some of the key cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neuroplasticity in stroke and then proceed to discuss the crosstalk between microglia and endogenous neuroplasticity in response to brain ischaemia with special focus on the engagement of synapses and neural networks and their implications for grey matter integrity and function in stroke repair.
Soil respiration in Chinese tea gardens: autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration
Authors: Fan L. C. , Han W. Y. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryTo obtain an improved understanding of the response of soil respiration (RS) to soil temperature and water content, we used a trenching treatment that could divide RS into autotrophic (RA) and heterotrophic respiration (RH) components in Chinese tea gardens in 2013. The results of the linear and non‐linear relations of RH and RA with soil temperature and water content showed that temperature rather than water content was the main factor controlling the seasonality of RH and RA in Chinese tea gardens. The rates of RH and RA were fitted well in 14 models that took soil temperature or water content into account. Exponential models of soil temperature–moisture could explain the seasonal variation in RH and RA better than the single‐factor models. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) values between RH and RA were not significantly different. The relative contribution (RC) of RA to RS in the tea gardens was 50–63%. This study will facilitate the development of models to investigate components of respiration in soil in general, and also improve our understanding of the response of these components to soil temperature and moisture.HighlightsRespiration in soil of Chinese tea gardens was partitioned to autotrophic and heterotrophic.
Autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration were fitted in 14 models with soil temperature or moisture.
Exponential temperature–moisture models fitted autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration better than single factor models.
Autotrophic respiration is as sensitive to temperature as heterotrophic respiration.
Evolution of lobar abnormalities of cerebral glucose metabolism in 41 children with drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Govil‐Dalela Tuhina , Kumar Ajay , Behen Michael E. , Chugani Harry T. , Juhász Csaba 
Published: May 2018

SummaryObjectiveWe analyzed long‐term changes of lobar glucose metabolic abnormalities in relation to clinical seizure variables and development in a large group of children with medically refractory epilepsy.MethodsForty‐one children (25 males) with drug‐resistant epilepsy had a baseline positron emission tomography (PET) scan at a median age of 4.7 years; the scans were repeated after a median of 4.3 years. Children with progressive neurological disorders or space‐occupying lesion–related epilepsy and those who had undergone epilepsy surgery were excluded. The number of affected lobes on 2‐deoxy‐2(18F)‐fluoro‐D‐glucose–PET at baseline and follow‐up was correlated with epilepsy variables and developmental outcome.ResultsOn the initial PET scan, 24 children had unilateral and 13 had bilateral glucose hypometabolism, whereas 4 children had normal scans. On the follow‐up scan, 63% of the children showed an interval expansion of the hypometabolic region, and this progression was associated with persistent seizures. In contrast, 27% showed less extensive glucose hypometabolism at follow‐up; most of these subjects manifested a major interval decrease in seizure frequency. Delayed development was observed in 21 children (51%) at baseline and 28 (68%) at follow‐up. The extent of glucose hypometabolism at baseline correlated with developmental levels at the time of both baseline (r = .31, P = .05) and follow‐up scans (r = .27, P = .09).SignificanceIn this PET study of unoperated children with focal epilepsy, the lobar pattern of glucose hypometabolism changed over time in 90% of the cases. The results support the notion of an expansion of metabolic dysfunction in children with persistent frequent seizures and its association with developmental delay, and support that optimized medical treatment to control seizures may contribute to better neurocognitive outcome if no surgery can be offered.
Recent evolution of the human skin barrier
Authors: Brettmann Erin A. , de Guzman Strong Cristina 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe skin is the first line of defense against the environment, with the epidermis as the outermost tissue providing much of the barrier function. Given its direct exposure to and encounters with the environment, the epidermis must evolve to provide an optimal barrier for the survival of an organism. Recent advances in genomics have identified a number of genes for the human skin barrier that have undergone evolutionary changes since humans diverged from chimpanzees. Here, we highlight a selection of key and innovative genetic findings for skin barrier evolution in our divergence from our primate ancestors and among modern human populations.
A bald statement — Current approaches to manipulate miniaturisation focus only on promoting hair growth
Authors: Pantelireis Nikolaos , Higgins Claire A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHair plays a large part in communication and society with its role changing through time and across cultures. Most people do not leave the house before combing their hair or shaving their beard and for many hair loss or irregular hair growth can have a significant impact on their psychological health. Somewhat unsurprisingly, according to GMR Data, today’s global hair care industry is worth an estimated $87 Billion, with hair loss estimated at $2.8 Billion. Considering that no current hair loss‐related products can completely reverse hair loss, it is reasonable to believe this market could expand significantly with the discovery of a comprehensive therapy. As such, a great deal of research focuses on overcoming hair loss, and in particular, a common form of hair loss known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) or male pattern baldness. In AGA, hair follicles miniaturise in a large step change from a terminal to a vellus state. Within this viewpoint article, we discuss how influx and efflux of cells into and out from the dermal papilla (DP) can modulate DP size during the hair cycle. As DP size is positively correlated with the size of the hair fibre produced by a follicle, we argue here that therapies for treating AGA should be developed which can alter DP size, rather than just promote hair growth. We also discuss current therapeutics for AGA and emphasise the importance of using the right model systems to analyse miniaturisation.
Community disassembly under global change: Evidence in favor of the stress‐dominance hypothesis
Authors: Kuczynski Lucie , Grenouillet Gaël 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEcological theory suggests that communities are not random combinations of species but rather the results of community assembly processes filtering and sorting species that are able to coexist together. To date, such processes (i.e., assembly rules) have been inferred from observed spatial patterns of biodiversity combined with null model approaches, but relatively few attempts have been made to assess how these processes may be changing through time. Specifically, in the context of the ongoing biodiversity crisis and global change, understanding how processes shaping communities may be changing and identifying the potential drivers underlying these changes become increasingly critical. Here, we used time series of 460 French freshwater fish communities and assessed both functional and phylogenetic diversity patterns to determine the relative importance of two key assembly rules (i.e., habitat filtering and limiting similarity) in shaping these communities over the last two decades. We aimed to (a) describe the temporal changes in both functional and phylogenetic diversity patterns, (b) determine to what extent temporal changes in processes inferred through the use of standardized diversity indices were congruent, and (c) test the relationships between the dynamics of assembly rules and both climatic and biotic drivers. Our results revealed that habitat filtering, although already largely predominant over limiting similarity, became more widespread over time. We also highlighted that phylogenetic and trait‐based approaches offered complementary information about temporal changes in assembly rules. Finally, we found that increased environmental harshness over the study period (especially higher seasonality of temperature) led to an increase in habitat filtering and that biological invasions increased functional redundancy within communities. Overall, these findings underlie the need to develop temporal perspectives in community assembly studies, as understanding ongoing temporal changes could provide a better vision about the way communities could respond to future global changes.