bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined resistance to oxidative stress and reduced antenna size enhance light-to-biomass conversion efficiency in Chlorella vulgaris cultures
Authors: Dall’Osto Luca , Cazzaniga Stefano , Guardini Zeno , Barera Simone , Benedetti Manuel , Mannino Giuseppe , Maffei Massimo E. , Bassi Roberto 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Microalgae are efficient producers of lipid-rich biomass, making them a key component in developing a sustainable energy source, and an alternative to fossil fuels. Chlorella species are of special interest because of their fast growth rate in photobioreactors. However, biological constraints still cast a significant gap between the high cost of biofuel and cheap oil, thus hampering perspective of producing CO2-neutral biofuels. A key issue is the inefficient use of light caused by its uneven distribution in the culture that generates photoinhibition of the surface-exposed cells and darkening of the inner layers. Efficient biofuel production, thus, requires domestication, including traits which reduce optical density of cultures and enhance photoprotection.

Results
We applied two steps of mutagenesis and phenotypic selection to the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. First, a pale-green mutant (PG-14) was selected, with a 50% reduction of both chlorophyll content per cell and LHCII complement per PSII, with respect to WT. PG-14 showed a 30% increased photon conversion into biomass efficiency vs. WT. A second step of mutagenesis of PG-14, followed by selection for higher tolerance to Rose Bengal, led to the isolation of pale-green genotypes, exhibiting higher resistance to singlet oxygen (strains SOR). Growth in photobioreactors under high light conditions showed an enhanced biomass production of SOR strains with respect to PG-14. When compared to WT strain, biomass yield of the pale green + sor genotype was enhanced by 68%.

Conclusions
Domestication of microalgae like Chlorella vulgaris, by optimizing both light distribution and ROS resistance, yielded an enhanced carbon assimilation rate in photobioreactor.
Improved maximal strength is not associated with improvements in sprint time or jump height in high-level female football players: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pedersen Sigurd , Heitmann Kim Arne , Sagelv Edvard H. , Johansen Dag , Pettersen Svein Arne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Maximal strength increments are reported to result in improvements in sprint speed and jump height in elite male football players. Although similar effects are expected in females, this is yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of maximal strength training on sprint speed and jump height in high-level female football players.

Methods
Two female football teams were team-cluster-randomized to a training group (TG) performing maximal strength training (MST) twice a week for 5 weeks, or control group (CG) doing their regular pre-season preparations. The MST consisted of 3–4 sets of 4–6 repetitions at ≥85% of 1 repetitions maximum (1RM) in a squat exercise. Sprint speed and jump height were assessed in 5-, 10- and 15 m sprints and a counter-movement jump (CMJ) test, respectively. Nineteen participants in TG (18.3 ± 2.7 years) and 14 in CG (18.3 ± 2.4 years) completed pre- and posttests and were carried forward for final analyses.

Results
There was no improvement in neither of the sprint times (p > 0.36), nor jump height (p = 0.87). The players increased their 1RM in squats (main of effect of time: p < 0.00, pη2 = 0.704), and an interaction effect of time x group was observed (p < 0.00, pη2 = 0.516) where the TG increased their 1RM more than the CT (between subjects effects: p < 0.001, pη2 = 0.965).

Conclusions
MST improved maximal strength in female football players to a large extent; however, the improvement in maximal strength did not result in any transference to sprint speed or jump height.

Trial registration
This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov PRS (Protocol registration and results System) with the code NCT04048928, 07.08.2019, retrospectively registered.
High-dependency units play a key role in the treatment of a Chinese military patient who developed liver failure while abroad
Authors: Li Chen , Su Hai-Bin , Liu Xiao-Yan , Zhang Li-Na , Hu Jin-Hua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
High-dependency units (HDUs) provide high-level care to patients who suffer from single organ failure, with the exception of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation; HDUs serve as an intermediary between general wards and Intensive Care Units. Due to military and civilian needs, our hospital has established a unique HDU for patients with liver disease in China. A Chinese military officer in the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in South Sudan was transferred to our HDU for liver failure treatment in 2018. The patient’s disease status, nutrition, sleep habits, and psychological behaviour were monitored on different scales. The patient was provided with vascular monitoring, telemetry, pulse oximetry, drug treatment, nutritional support, sleep intervention, psychological intervention, and humanistic care by a multidisciplinary treatment team. After treatment, the patient recovered and avoided liver transplantation. Based on the experience with this HDU, this new model may create an efficient treatment process for military and civilian patients with severe liver disease at home or abroad.
T1 inversion recovery pulse sequence: could it replace T1 spin echo sequence in neuroimaging by improving tissue contrast?
Authors: Shawky Mohamed , Habib Rehab , Elsawaf Ahmed 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
T1 inversion recovery (T1IR) sequence improved tissue contrast by providing higher gray matter-white matter contrast ratio (GM-WM contrast ratio) and higher lesion contrast noise ratio (CNR). This study aims to highlight its significance in the evaluation of space-occupying lesions whether intra-axial or extra-axial and also in multiple sclerosis (MS) by comparing it with T1 spin echo (T1SE) sequence.

Result
In a total of 50 patients, 14 patients with extra-axial lesions, 18 patients with intra-axial lesions, and 18 patients with multiple sclerosis were included. The CNR was significantly higher for pre-contrast T1IR images than for pre-contrast T1SE (− 13.04 (1.20) vs − 7.73 (0.70); p value < 0.01). After giving intravenous contrast media, CNR in T1SE was higher than T1IR (11.14 (1.75) vs 9.41 (1.83)) without statistical significance (p value = 0.19) and CNR was higher in T1IR than T1SE in lesions with low enhancement ratio (ER). As well, the overall number of lesions was higher on T1IR especially in MS (10.67 (2.26) vs 3.89 (1.05); p value < 0.01).

Conclusion
On pre-contrast sequences, T1IR could be used as an added sequence in most brain lesions giving higher lesion CNR. After giving intravenous contrast media, T1IR could be used in lesions with low ER. It also could be used in situations in which gadolinium injection is contraindicated and also could be used in follow-up of MS patient by detecting a higher number of lesions that can be easily missed in T1SE.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Enteromorpha prolifera for Bio-Crude Production: An Experimental Study on Aqueous Phase Recirculation
Authors: Zhang Jixiang , Qian Cheng , Yan Kelei , Song Jianfei , Jiang Baohui 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this study, catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of with aqueous phase recirculation (APR) was tested in order to improve bio-crude yield and reduce catalyst dosage. Bio-crude yields of 17.0% and 18.5% were obtained at 300°C in 30 min of non-catalytic HTL and catalytic HTL with 5.0% NaOH, respectively. Determination of alkali metals showed that 76.7% of the Na was recovered in the aqueous phase, indicating that APR provided the possibility for catalyst recycling. Bio-crude yields were increased to 20.0% and 22.7% when performing APR for non-catalytic and catalytic HTL, respectively. To investigate the effects of recycled catalyst and volatile aqueous products (VAPs), a different APR experiment with VAPs removal for catalytic HTL was conducted, and a bio-crude yield of 17.8% was achieved. It was concluded that bio-crude yield increased with APR, mainly due to the effects of VAPs. Keywords: Alkali metal, Aqueous phase recirculation, Hydrothermal liquefaction.
Highly Efficient Biodiesel Conversion from Soybean Oil Using Liquid-Phase Plasma Discharge Technology
Authors: Wu Sarah , Bashir Muhammad Aamir , Hsieh Hsiang , Krosuri Anilkumar , McDonald Armando 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this study, the use of liquid-phase plasma discharge (LPPD) technology to accelerate the transesterification process was explored. An innovative LPPD reactor was first evaluated by varying the conductive opening size on the dielectric plate (0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 mm) coupled with five methanol to oil molar ratios (MOMR; 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) and two liquid flowrates through the reactor (2.7 and 4.1 mL s-1) at a given catalyst (NaOH) to oil ratio (NaOR) of 0.8% (w/w). The optimal combination of opening size (1.0 mm), MOMR (5), and flowrate (2.7 mL s-1) was then fixed while the NaOR was varied from 0.4% to 1.2% (w/w) in 0.2% increments to determine the best NaOR for the reactor. The results showed that the best combination of the four operating parameters was an opening size of 1.0 mm, MOMR of 5, liquid flowrate of 2.7 mL s-1, and NaOR of 0.6% (w/w), with which a biodiesel conversion rate of 99.5% was obtained at an applied voltage of 1.2 kV. The transesterification reaction time was found to be only 923 ms. The developed LPPD technology has potential to position biodiesel competitively against petroleum diesel. Keywords: Biodiesel conversion, Liquid-phase plasma discharge, Soybean oil, Transesterification
International Constitutional Law and Judicial Review of Domestic Human Rights Legislation
Authors: Enonchong Laura-Stella 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article discusses the idea of international human rights law as ‘constitutional law’. It applies the French concept of Le contrôle de conventionnalité des lois, to demonstrate the constitutional potentials of international human rights law in the domestic sphere. In most monist constitutional systems based on the French civilian model, international law takes precedence over acts of parliament and other domestic legislation. Due in part to that hierarchy, conventionnalité permits the courts to review domestic law for compatibility with international law. From that perspective, international human rights norms can be said to have assumed a ‘para-constitutional’ function. Using two case studies from francophone Africa, this article argues that conventionnalité has the potential to play a significant role in the domestic implementation of international human rights and ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive domestic human rights regime.
A numerical method for an inverse source problem for parabolic equations and its application to a coefficient inverse problem
Authors: Nguyen Phuong Mai , Nguyen Loc Hoang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Two main aims of this paper are to develop a numerical method to solve an inverse source problem for parabolic equations and apply it to solve a nonlinear coefficient inverse problem.
The inverse source problem in this paper is the problem to reconstruct a source term from external observations.
Our method to solve this inverse source problem consists of two stages. We first establish an equation of the derivative of the solution to the parabolic equation with respect to the time variable.
Then, in the second stage, we solve this equation by the quasi-reversibility method.
The inverse source problem considered in this paper is the linearization of a nonlinear coefficient inverse problem.
Hence, iteratively solving the inverse source problem provides the numerical solution to that coefficient inverse problem.
Numerical results for the inverse source problem under consideration and the corresponding nonlinear coefficient inverse problem are presented.
Crystal structure of poly[diaqua-(μ4-4-(3,5-dicarboxy-κ1
O-phenoxy)phthalato-κ3
O:O′:O′)cadmium(II)], C16H12CdO11
Authors: Sun Tao , Li Ke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C16H12CdO11, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.6977(6) Å, b = 5.9706(2) Å, c = 20.7220(10) Å, β = 109.802(5)°, V = 1710.91(13) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0456, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1583, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of (2-([1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxyethyl]iminomethyl)-5-(n-decyl)phenolato)-dimethyl-tin(IV), C23H39NO5Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
C23H39NO5Sn, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 6.0101(2) Å, b = 9.2999(2) Å, c = 22.3110(6) Å, α = 91.482(2)°, β = 90.594(3)°, γ = 102.631(2)°, V = 1216.28(6) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0425, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1158, T = 100(2) K.
Monumental Absences in Ancient Historiography
Authors: Spielberg Lydia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article demonstrates that ancient historians did not simply draw upon inscriptions and statues as sources, but also subverted the original messages of these artefacts by placing their own spin on events. These readings ‘against the grain’ take place both where the historical monument exists and has been seen by the historian, as in Thucydides’ digression on the Peisistratids’ inscriptions and decrees, and where the monument is either inaccessible or nonexistent (e. g. Livy’s discussion of the 493 BC Latin treaty and Tacitus’ analysis of the senate-decrees issued for Germanicus’ funeral). By reinterpreting monuments, historians enable sources to transcend their semiotic function and elevate them into commemorative objects. However, this process of reframing and negotiation does not only occur to individual monuments; as this chapter demonstrates, Classical historiography also includes more general commentary on the usefulness of material sources as transmitters of the past.
Intermediality in the Metamorphoses
Authors: Dinter Martin T. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article provides an intermedial re-reading of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, treating a wide range of passages from Echo and Narcissus in Book 2 to the final sphragis which rounds off Book 15. As its title indicates, the Metamorphoses is at heart a poem about transformations. It is therefore imbued with a sense of dynamism and volatility, which in turn renders it a fertile source of represented intermedial transposition. This chapter explores three processes relating to this wider concept: ‘creation’, where a medial product is woven, painted, or sculpted, ‘human-to-media transformations’, which provide a subversive take on intermediality due to their negative connotations, and ‘meta-intermediality’, through which Ovid comments on media and their narratological potential within the wider poem. By thus problematising medial communication, Ovid identifies and advocates a hierarchy of art forms based on their effectiveness as monumentalising devices: within this system, engravings – owing to their permanence – take precedence over woven or written products. This tendency comes to the fore in the final book of the Metamorphoses, in which Ovid links his poetry to the Fates’ records on ‘brass and solid iron’ (Ov. Met. 15.808–815). In so doing, he does not only assert the authority which his work possesses as a prophecy for Rome’s greatness, but also appoints himself as a renowned bard for the ages.
Stories from the Frontier: Bridging Past and Present at Hadrian’s Wall
Authors: Stocks Claire 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A corn modius, excavated in 1915 at Carvoran Roman fort, survives as an enduring testament to the memory sanctions applied to the emperor Domitian after his death. Domitian’s name has been hammered out, even though the rest of the engraved text – which reveals the capacity of this measuring vessel – has been preserved. Taking this case study as its springboard, this article reflects on how artefacts act as battlegrounds for the parallel processes of commemoration and censorship. It exemplifies, moreover, how a modern video-game for school-aged children which Stocks co-designed about Vindolanda, an Imperial-era Roman fort at Hadrian’s Wall, can serve a similar function. By translating the physical realities of that site into virtual images, and challenging players to solve a fictional murder mystery within this simulated environment, the game creates a new means through which students might be led into the past: it allows them to co-create history by selecting narrative paths and engaging intermedially with ancient Vindolanda. Far from being all ‘fun and games’, this process is especially effective as a pedagogical tool: players experience history not as readers, spectators, or listeners, but as visitors, endowed with first-person access to the stories and places of Britain’s Roman past.
Effect of xylitol on gut microbiota in an in vitro colonic simulation
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Chen Yi , Xiang Shasha , Ye Kun , Bao Xuan , Zhu Xuan , Ge Yin , Shi Lihua , Lin Mengyi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
Xylitol has been commonly used as a sweetener and dental caries protective agent. However, how xylitol influences the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota is not known yet. This study aimed to dissect the changes of microbiota and their metabolites under xylitol supplementation in an in vitro colonic simulation.

Materials and methods
A single-phase continuous fermentation model was used to culture human fecal flora and the 16s rDNA and short chain fatty acid were analyzed.

Results and discussion
It was found that gut microbiota composition differentiated after xylitol supplementation only for the beginning 3 days. Xylitol significantly enhanced the relative amount of butyrate synthesizing bacteria such as Clostridium and Phascolarctobacterium. Meanwhile, xylitol increased the production of propionic acid and butyrate. An increase of Escherichia population sizes after xylitol supplementation was beyond expectation. By Spearman analysis, a positive relationship between Escherichia and Bifidobacterium was found.

Conclusion
xylitol can rapidly enhance the total amount of short chain fatty acids, but its influence will disappear after 3 days of fermentation. Results of this investigation can be a guideline for the further investigations on xylitol in relation to gut microbiota and the daily intake determinations.
Wer kanndenn schon jasagen?
Authors: Viesel Yvonne , Freitag Constantin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe article explores German discourse particles (DiPs) in rhetorical wh-questions (wh-RQs). Whileschon(roughly ‘unexpectedly’) only marks rhetorical wh-questions,denn(roughly ‘I wonder’) marks contextually arising information-seeking or rhetorical Questions under Discussion (QuDs), with or withoutschon. Sinceja(roughly ‘unquestionably’) marks shared information, it is incompatible with questions by itself, but occasionally occurs in wh-RQs left of DiPs likeschoninstead ofdenn. The results of two acceptability judgment experiments confirm thatjais strongly dispreferred in RQs, the presence ofschonimproves RQs with and withoutja, anddennhas no effect on acceptability. A follow-up study further indicated the rhetorical reading of our target questions to prevail independently from DiPs. We conclude thatjain RQs operates on the information contributed by elements likeschon, denoting roughly that the issue in question arises ‘unquestionably against expectations’. Our contexts were neutral regarding the discourse functions ofjaanddenn(side remarks vs. QuDs), unlike the contexts of the findings, from which we deduce that the markedja schon-RQs, while grammatical, require specific felicity conditions. A first attempt to confirm this experimentally was globally unsuccessful and could only reveal potential hints in an exploratory analysis.
Avalanche Dynamics in Piles of Two Types of Sand
Authors: Elgazzar A. S. , Ahmed E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The avalanche statistics of some piles of two types of sand are studied theoretically. Both symmetrical and asymmetrical piles do not preserve the behaviour of self-organized critically. We suggest a distribution (we call it Fisher distribution) interpolating between fractal and Levy-Weibull distributions which describes these dynamics.
Depletion of Caveolin-1 in Type 2 Diabetes Model Induces Alzheimer's Disease Pathology Precursors
Authors: Bonds Jacqueline A. , Shetti Aashutosh , Bheri Abdullah , Chen Zhenlong , Disouky Ahmed , Tai Leon , Mao Mao , Head Brian P. , Bonini Marcelo G. , Haus Jacob M. , Minshall Richard D. , Lazarov Orly 
Published: September 2019

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the development of late-onset AD is largely unknown. Here we show that levels of the endothelial-enriched protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) are reduced in the brains of T2DM patients compared with healthy aging, and inversely correlated with levels of β-amyloid (Aβ). Depletion of Cav-1 is recapitulated in the brains ofdb/db(Leprdb) diabetic mice and corresponds with recognition memory deficits as well as the upregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), BACE-1, a trending increase in β-amyloid Aβ42/40ratio and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) species. Importantly, we show that restoration of Cav-1 levels in the brains of maledb/dbmice using adenovirus overexpressing Cav-1 (AAV-Cav-1) rescues learning and memory deficits and reduces pathology (i.e., APP, BACE-1 and p-tau levels). Knocking down Cav-1 using shRNA in HEK cells expressing the familial AD-linked APPswe mutant variant upregulates APP, APP carboxyl terminal fragments, and Aβ levels. In turn, rescue of Cav-1 levels restores APP metabolism. Together, these results suggest that Cav-1 regulates APP metabolism, and that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM promotes the amyloidogenic processing of APP and hyperphosphorylation of tau. This may suggest that depletion of Cav-1 in T2DM underlies, at least in part, the development of AD and imply that restoration of Cav-1 may be a therapeutic target for diabetic-associated sporadic AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMore than 95% of the Alzheimer's patients have the sporadic late-onset form (LOAD). The cause for late-onset Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus have considerably higher incidence of cognitive decline and AD compared with the general population, suggesting a common mechanism. Here we show that the expression of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is reduced in the brain in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In turn, reduced Cav-1 levels induce AD-associated neuropathology and learning and memory deficits. Restoration of Cav-1 levels rescues these deficits. This study unravels signals underlying LOAD and suggests that restoration of Cav-1 may be an effective therapeutic target.