bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fostering the implementation of green solutions through a Living Lab approach – experiences from the LiLa4Green project
Authors: Tötzer T , Hagen K , Meinharter E , Millinger D , Ratheiser M , Formanek S , Gasienica-Wawrytko B , Brossmann J , Matejka V , Gepp W 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
For dealing with participatory aspects in urban planning, the method of Living Labs (LL) currently turns out to be a most popular and promising approach. In our project LiLa4Green we apply such a Living Lab in the City of Vienna for implementing green solutions in densely built settlement areas characterised by heterogenous ownership and building structures, few public open space and green areas and the dominance of car traffic. In the first year, the potential analysis of the status-quo situation was completed, and the Living Lab had been established. First lessons from the now successfully running LL process can be drawn. The analysis and the initiated process revealed deficits, but also clear potentials for the implementation of green measures which could significantly improve the current situation. So far, the Living Lab process made clear that the people are generally affected and therefore interested in the topic of heat stress and greening the city, but it does not seem to have top priority for them. Although many people could be addressed and involved in discussions, only a small group of people were willing to take part in the first workshop. Confronted with such challenges the strategy for the next stage was to bring the LL process closer to the people’s everyday life context and to extend the participatory methods. Innovative ICT-solutions which help to intuitively visualize and understand green solutions and their effects were tested, as well as a co-decision process for the realization of a first intervention was offered. The higher participation rate in the second green lab indicates that this is a promising approach which will be continued in the further LL process.
The Potential of Greenable Area in the Urban Building Stock
Authors: Stangl R , Minixhofer P , Hoerbinger S , Kermer L 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the context of establishing green infrastructure in cities, urban retrofit has presumably larger area potential than ground-based green. To support the large-scale advancement of urban green, the assessment of greenable potential plots in the building stock, both on horizontal and on vertical scale, provides first indispensable indications for decision-making. However, reliable and solid data to the state of the buildings is currently not available. The research study Urbane GmbA explored a new methodological approach, based on publicly available geo-data, and applied it at two study sites in high-density urban quarters in Vienna. The combination of a GIS-based analysis with digital and on-site photos allowed for the creation of a Level of Detail 2 (LOD2) 3D-model and subsequently the estimation of the green retrofit potential of roofs and facades. Comprehensive maps with the data of the 2D building footprints provide valuable information for planners, including building characteristics and greenable area potential. The approach proved to provide more comprehensive information including building characteristics fundamental to the planning and decision-making process. The achieved results are merged with an evaluation matrix generated for attributing available facade and roof greening systems. This allows for more focused decision support for the retrofit of the building stock towards more sustainable and resilient district development.
Green Resilient City - A framework to integrate the Green and Open Space Factor and climate simulations into everyday planning to support a green and climate-sensitive landscape and urban development
Authors: Reinwald F , Ring Z , Kraus F , Kainz A , Tötzer T , Damyanovic D 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Continued urban growth, densification and the constantly increasing number of days with excessive heat provide challenging conditions for urban green infrastructure (UGI) and intensify the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Therefore, new approaches are required to improve the urban ecological function of buildings and to provide high-quality (urban) open spaces that affect the meso- and microclimate in a positive way. Based on the research project “Green Resilient City”, this paper shows how climate simulations can support landscape and urban planning and development. A proof of concept for a multiscale tool set for the evaluation, regulation, and optimization of green and climate-sensitive urban planning projects is the overall aim. The tool-set combines a Green and Open Space Factor, as an urban planning index and controlling instrument, as well as three climate simulation models on different scales in order to harmonize them: the GREENPASS® as an optimization instrument on parcel and neighborhood level, MUKLIMO_3 on neighborhood and city level and Cosmo-CLM as evaluation tools on mesoclimatic and regional level. Several advantages arise from the unprecedented combination of these four instruments: It transfers the use of climate models to the planning process, enables the testing and optimization of different UGIs with a focus on how they can influence the climatic performance of the proposed design of an urban development or retrofit project and serves as a scientific basis for urban planning decisions on a political level.
Modelling of a sanitary landfill for developing countries to improve the reliability of Life Cycle Assessment studies
Authors: Gutierrez K G , Fernandes M A O , Chernicharo C A L 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In developing countries, such as Brazil, the main destination of municipal solid waste is sanitary landfills. In Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies, the entire life cycle of the product or process is considered, therefore it is necessary to take into account the destination of the waste and by-products of the process in question. For a reliable and representative LCA study, these destinations have to be illustrative of the place where the study is conducted in. Regarding the treatment and disposal of organic solid waste, the main LCA databases, such as Ecoinvent 3.0, consider sanitary landfills modelled in European standards, which include processes that are not common in developing countries. In light of this reality, the aim of this study was to model a sanitary landfill that corresponds to the case of the said countries and provide a methodology to improve the significance of environmental studies, which can also be used with primary data. The model used literature data based on Brazilian reality, considering the operation of the landfill (transport and emissions and diesel usage in the spreading of the waste); biogas generation and treatment; leachate generation and treatment using stabilization lagoons and its emissions. When compared to landfill based on European reality, differences up to 80% can be observed in some potential environmental impacts.
Bike Model District “Alte Neustadt” in Bremen
Authors: Dietz J , Hoppe M , Kollmann S , Mansfeld U 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
How to transform existing urban structures into zero emission cities by 2050 - especially if money is rare? The School of Architecture Bremen (SoAB) at the City’s University of Applied Science have initiated an innovative and collaborative project for the further development of the university’s neighbourhood, the “Alte Neustadt”. SoAB participated in the national climate protection by bicycle traffic competition and was granted funding for the transformation of the district into Germany’s first bicycle zone. In cooperation with the city district, NGO’s, cultural institutions, and other neighbourhood organisations, a network of bicycle streets in connection with new bicycle highways will be installed. By 2020 comprehensive new bicycle parking areas will be finished, as well as new cyclist and pedestrian friendly crossings over the main roads. The campus’ main street will be transformed into an “Open Campus” for the university and the neighbourhood. A multifunctional “Bike Repair Café” with cargo bike sharing and bike rental facilities will enhance the district’s transformation even further, thus creating a space to reflect environmental problems to be solved. The bike model district “Alte Neustadt” is just a small step in the right direction, but a huge improvement of the district’s quality of life.
Public procurement for carbon reduction in infrastructure projects – an international overview
Authors: Kadefors A , Lingegård S , Alkan-Olsson J , Uppenberg S , Balian D 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Carbon emissions emanating from infrastructure construction projects are substantial and stem primarily from production of construction materials and use of energy for construction transport and site activities. In recent years, public infrastructure clients world-wide have begun to include carbon reduction goals in their procurement requirements. This is however a new and complex field where practices vary and are still developing. In this paper, we compare models for carbon reduction requirements in infrastructure construction projects based on case studies of large projects in Australia, USA, the Netherlands, Sweden and UK. We found that open, functional carbon reduction requirements were considered innovative but entailed costs for calculating baselines and risks for speculation. Also, high time pressure in projects limits contractors’ opportunities to explore reduction opportunities. Thus, specific, prescriptive requirements may play an important role in client-led, long-term innovation processes. Organizational competence and resources on the buyer side are essential, and policies for carbon reduction should aim to increase client capacity. Further, procurement practices are developed in mutual interaction between clients and suppliers over longer periods of time, which limits possibilities to transfer procurement policies and requirements between contexts.
Towards a sustainable district: a streamlined Life cycle assessment applied to an Italian urban district
Authors: Palumbo E , Traverso M , Antonini E , Boeri A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The literature shows a lack of environmental indicators able to support the transition from a sustainable to a smart city framework, since the priority area “built environment” is indeed more comprehensively addressed by urban sustainability assessment systems (13%), than by smart city frameworks (4%) [12].
As “smaller cities inside a larger agglomerate” [19], urban districts play a key role in defining effective and innovative paths toward a smarter city, but defining a sustainable urban district is not straightforward, and even less is capturing the induced impacts due to interactions between individual buildings and their surround urban setting [23]. The adoption of a quantitative method for evaluation, such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), emerges as an essential step for this purpose [24].
This article explores the application of a streamlined LCA on the urban district main issues (buildings, energy, water and waste), referring to an urban retrofitting intervention of Bolognina neighbourhood.
A set of mitigation strategies developed by an interdisciplinary research group (joining researcher team from the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna and Institute of Sustainability in Civil Engineering of the RWTH Aachen University) provides the reference framework for the application deepened within the article. This work is a first application of LCA to a case study but it not includes a comprehensive sustainability framework yet, further activities are planned to finalize the analysis, e.g. taking account of social dimension by applying Social Life Cycle Assessment.
BIM for public authorities: Basic research for the standardized implementation of BIM in the building permit process
Authors: Plazza D , Röck M , Malacarne G , Passer A , Marcher C , Matt D T 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The building permit is an indispensable connection between the approval authority and the executive client within the construction process. Moreover, sustainability criteria do not have sufficient regard in the building permit process in the area of research. To lay the foundation for a state-of-the-art digitalization of the building permit process, the study identifies the information requirements relevant to implement the BIM methodology taking into consideration the available sustainability aspects relevant to the process. A detailed evaluation of the building permit process and the analysis of projects that have gained building permission in the last five years in the area of study of South Tyrol (Italy) gives us a better understanding of the organizational structure and responsibilities in the process. The authors use the data of in-depth process analysis to assess a defined catalogue of basic requirements for BIM methodology in the building permit process. As a result, the analysed BIM-integrated approach enables an early-stage identification of approval compliance, which can be evaluated in the building permit process. A good understanding of the current process must be considered a key factor of a successful introduction of BIM for the building permit procedure.
Sustainability Assessment in Architectural Competitions in Switzerland
Authors: Mobiglia M , Cellina F , Castri R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Architectural and urban planning decisions, that have a strong impact on all areas of sustainability, are often set during preliminary phases of project development. This work focuses on the architectural competition, that is traditionally an instrument for enhancing quality in architecture and urban planning in the preliminary phase. However, in Switzerland, only occasionally assessment criteria adopted in such competitions include principles of sustainable development (SD), as there are no specific references to SD in the specific national SIA 142 “Regulation of architecture competitions”.
In the Swiss Canton of Ticino, in some architectural competitions the evaluation criteria of sustainable development have been already clearly enumerated in the tender documents. Those criteria were selected according to existing tools (Sustainable neighbourhood by SMEO, SNBS, SIA 112/1) widely used in Switzerland. In addition to the usual graphic documents each project team had to structure a sustainability report. The presented projects have been then assessed by an interdisciplinary team, after that the resultsin several representations (global index, dimension index, category index, bar graph diagram and spider web diagram) and compared them to show the strengths and weaknesses from an integrated point of view.
A change in the competition culture is needed because the sensitivity for the topic depends strongly on subjectives purposes, namely primarly on the composition of the jury.
Early Design Stage Building LCA using the LCAbyg tool: Comparing Cases for Early Stage and Detailed LCA Approaches
Authors: Kjær Zimmermann R , Kanafani K , Nygaard Rasmussen F , Birgisdóttir H 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used and accepted as a method to assess environmental impacts and resource use of buildings. In practice, LCA is typically used in stages where the design of the building is already finalized. However, LCA-calculations from early design stages can be used actively in design and optimization of the building. One of the obstacles to early stage LCA is that extensive data input on precise material types and amounts is needed, which is limited in early design stages. The simplifications needed for a designer in an early design LCA is addressed in a research project, where an extensive library of predefined building components and installations were developed and integrated into the existing Danish LCAbyg tool. The library assists the user in establishing a full building inventory by simple inputs of geometry of the building and a selection from the library of building element layers. However, the simplified approach to LCA of a building at early design stages inevitably affects results compared with results of a calculation made at later design stages where more, specific data is available. This paper presents an evaluation of building cases, modelled with the same background database and life cycle stages, using the simplified early design LCA approach and a detailed LCA approach. The evaluation includes testing of how well the predefined components in the early design approach fit with the case buildings and comparisons of the total material input and precision of the final LCA results.
Monitoring results of innovative energy-efficient buildings in Austria
Authors: Beermann M , Sauper E 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present real-world energy monitoring and sustainability assessment results of innovative energy-efficient service buildings in Austria. In the investigated buildings, the energy flows for the supply and distribution of heating, hot water and cooling energy, the object-related electricity consumption and, if available, energy generation with PV and solar thermal systems were recorded during a period of at least twelve months. The room parameters temperature and relative humidity, and in some cases the CO2 content were also monitored. The use behavior was described based on the users of the building as well as on the operation and parametrization of mostly fully automated energy facilities. The buildings were classified in a sustainability assessment according to the Austrian Total Quality Building (TQB-) system. The buildings investigated are three office buildings, a research laboratory building, a supermarket, a hotel, a nursing home, a culture and event center and a student dormitory. The main findings presented in this paper include energy efficiency potentials identified in the automated operation of the energy facilities in the investigated service buildings. Recommendations also relate to challenges of energy monitoring itself.
Reducing water footprint of building sector: concrete with seawater and marine aggregates
Authors: Arosio V , Arrigoni A , Dotelli G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Freshwater resources are currently under great pressure all over the world due to many factors, such as climate change and growing urbanization. Industrial products like concrete pauperize a significant share of available freshwater during their life cycle. Therefore, cutting down the amount of freshwater consumed by these products might be a solution to reduce the stress in regions affected by water scarcity. In this study, the potential freshwater savings linked to the adoption of innovative concrete mixtures were investigated via the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. In particular, the use of marine aggregates instead of land-based ones and seawater rather than freshwater in the mixing process of concrete were examined. To improve the validity of the analysis, the applicability to the Italian context using geo-referenced data for the distance to the coastline and the availability of freshwater was explored. Results confirmed the positive effect that the use of seawater and marine aggregates might have in reducing the water footprint of the Italian construction sector, leaving freshwater available for human consumption. Mixing concrete with seawater would lead to a reduction of its water footprint up to 12%. Moreover, if land-won aggregates were replaced with marine ones, an 84% reduction of the water footprint could be achieved. In both cases, possible burden shifting (e.g. increase of greenhouse gases emissions) should be investigated.
Sustainability assessment in Cuban cement sector- a methodological approach
Authors: Sánchez S , Cancio Y , Sánchez I R , Martirena J F , Rosa E R , Habert G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The search of sustainability is a need for human activities in general. Particularly, cement sector as a significant contributor to climate change has to implement strategies to reduce its environmental impacts. But, effective strategies have to be complemented by adequate methodological techniques to assess, guide and certificate sustainability. Amongst all the techniques developed by the scientific community in recent years, life cycle techniques highlight as one of the most used one due to its integrated and holistic philosophy. In Cuba, a new cement based on a combination of calcined clay and limestone to reduce clinker to 50% (Low Carbon Cement, LC3) is been developed as part of an international collaboration project. The main goal of this research is to assess sustainability of cement sector in Cuba using life cycle techniques such as: Life cycle assessment (environmental-LCA), Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), Economic Life Cycle Assessment (EcLCA). As part of the assessment LC3 is compared with traditional produced cements in Cuba OPC and PPC. Results show that LC3 introduction allows increasing sustainability in cement sector by reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, costs and reporting positive effects on society.
Eco-efficiency assessment of conventional OPC/PPC replacement by LC3 in Cuban residential buildings
Authors: Cancio Díaz Y , Sánchez Berriel S , Sánchez Machado I R , Martirena Hernández J F , Habert G 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This paper aims at assessing the sustainability of replacing conventional OPC/PPC by Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in Cuba. Authors conducted an eco-efficiency (E-E) analysis supported by E-E ratios, which in turn are rooted on the environmental assessment (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA) and the economic analysis (Economic Value Added, EVA). Taking case studies in Villa Clara province capital district, three construction methods were compared and further conclusions emerged with regard to economic and ecological criteria. A square meter of built area was employed as functional unit. According to main results, Grand panel technique appears to be the benchmarking method, followed by Forsa system and, finally, concrete block technique. LC3 blend outperforms OPC/PPC from both economic and environmental perspective. Furthermore, productive efficiency potentials were found on the field of material selection and raw material procurement. Authors provided decision-makers with some policy recommendations in order to contribute enhancing the sustainable use of LC3 in Cuban construction sector.
Ecological performance and recycling options of primary structures
Authors: Fadai A , Stephan D 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A sustainably and optimally building material is defined consequently in a well-balanced relation between ecological aspects and structural engineering requirements and should be selected depending on external conditions. By choosing environmentally friendly building materials and joining techniques, at least resource-efficient and sustainable construction can be achieved. As a contribution to the discussion about which building materials offer the most optimal and environmentally friendly properties for the construction industry, this paper gives an overview of sustainable construction. It illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of certain building materials and structural components by comparing their mechanical properties and ecological aspects using various types of life-cycle assessment (LCA). As far as construction materials are concerned, e.g. wood-based materials have the greatest potential in terms of renewable primary energy demand compared to all other constructions materials. Furthermore, due to the high recycling potential, wood has the lowest share of non-renewable primary energy demand, whereas the highest non-renewable primary energy demand is caused by mineral building materials. This paper illustrates how the natural resources can be used both optimally and sustainably. It presents a conceptual framework for scenario development of the LCA of primary structures, their effect on the design and decision-making process.