bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coercion, Internalization, Decolonization
Authors: Lange Felix 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses competing narratives of ‘rise’ and ‘decline’ of international law in the historical writings of international lawyers and historians. The author proposes a contextual approach to the history of international law which takes the terminology of the actors of the past seriously, but also leaves room for an assessment of functional equivalents. The author applies his contextual approach to the story of international law’s universalization. He claims that from the seventeenth century, European international law universalized via processes of forceful coercion by Western powers, internalization through non-Western states, and decolonization after the Second World War.
The BRICS as ‘Rising Powers’ and the Development of International Law
Authors: Rajput Aniruddha 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the influence of the BRICS countries as ‘rising powers’ on international law. It argues that a focus on these powers provides an appropriate index for the current development of international law. It studies the participation and influence of BRICS in the shaping of legal norms and institutions, thereby throwing light on their conceptualization of international law and the future of international law. It concludes that the activities of BRICS countries and other rising powers represent qualitative as well as quantitative progress. For the author, the current state of international law may appear to be in a state or crisis or stagnation, but has potential for rising.
Liberal or Not?
Authors: Zürn Michael 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a comment on Jean d’Aspremont’s suggestion that the very question of the rise and decline of international law is an expression of liberal thinking as predominant in international law and that the conception of non-state actors depends on liberal theory. While there is no doubt that both the question about the rise and decline of international law and the very concept of non-state actors is compatible with liberal theory, the chapter argues that the connection is much looser than assumed by d’Aspremont. In doing so, this chapter discusses different versions of liberal theory and then goes on to show that different social theories may have varying notions of the law, but most of them are definitely interested in the question of the rise or decline of law. Similarly, the relationship between the rise of international law and non-state actors is multifaceted and of potential interest for liberal, realist, and critical theory.
How Should the European Court of Human Rights Respond to Criticism?
Authors: Ulfstein Geir 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a comment on Angelika Nußberger’s chapter on the rule of human rights law in Europe in an ever more hostile environment. It argues that the Court, in its effective interpretation, should avoid interfering in issues that are not of such a gravity to merit international supervision. In its evolutive interpretation, the Court should also clarify its use of a European consensus and abandon its unfettered discretion in using international legal instruments for this purpose. This could alleviate uneasiness with respect to the ECtHR as an activist Court. Moreover, the Court should treat states equally with respect to benefitting from the margin of appreciation. However, it is also essential for the Court to ensure that deference to domestic decision-makers does not undermine effective implementation of the ECHR.
Is There a Compliance Trilemma in International Law?
Authors: Jachtenfuchs Markus 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a comment on Jeffrey L Dunoff’s discussion of the compliance trilemma. It emphasizes that one needs to continue studying fuzzy concepts even if they are difficult to measure. Moreover, it argues that the compliance trilemma is a parsimonious tool for understanding tensions in global governance but not an inescapable structural constraint in an anarchic international system. Its tensions can be mediated or overcome by the clever design of international agreements or institutions.
The Rule of International (Environmental) Law and Complex Problems
Authors: Brunnée Jutta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter highlights the main features of climate change as a complex policy challenge. Drawing on the interactional account of international law it sets out the key traits of legality and the rule of law in the international context. It focuses primarily on how treaty-based law has evolved to grapple with complexity on the one hand, and meeting the demands of the rule of law on the other. The 2015 Paris Agreement, which was adopted under the auspices of the FCCC and employs an unprecedented range of legal ‘modes’, is taken as the key example. It is argued that the ‘hard’ vs ‘soft’ law distinction is not the most informative metric when it comes to exploring the trajectory of the international rule of law. Analytic attention is most fruitfully directed to the distinctive traits of legal norms and practices; traits that transcend traditional conceptions of formality and informality.
International Law, Informal Law-Making, and Global Governance in Times of Anti-Globalism and Populism
Authors: Wouters Jan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the impact of globalization on public international law in times of anti-globalism and populism, where globalization itself has increasingly become contested. It submits that traditional public international law has been dangerously unreceptive in capturing new transnational regulatory actors and normative dynamics, which makes it more vulnerable to anti-globalist and populist attacks. It looks into the corresponding rise and certain features of ‘informal international law-making’ and ‘global governance’, as they may offer some responses to, or at least some defences against, anti-globalist and populist politics. It also addresses the current challenges which traditional forms of international law-making, like treaties and customary international law, are currently going through. It concludes that public international law will have to adapt to both the challenges of globalization and anti-globalism, if it is to remain relevant in regulating international life in the twenty-first century.
Ensuring Access to Information: International Law’s Contribution to Global Justice
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of international law in promoting indirectly global (and domestic) distributive justice. The focus on institutions and processes at the global level is grounded on the assumption that questions about the just allocation and reallocation of resources are ultimately resolved through processes of public deliberation (including through the involvement of courts). The author argues that the key to approaching a more just allocation of resources is by addressing the democratic deficits that underlie the skewed distribution (or the lack of redistribution) of assets and opportunities. He suggests that international law can play a role in the political empowerment of weak constituencies (within and between states). In doing so, international law can indirectly shape the distribution and redistribution of resources, in a manner that is more dignified and preferable to handing charitable contributions.
A Theory of Legal Personhood
Authors: Kurki Visa AJ 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Legal personhood is a foundational concept of Western legal thought. It has recently become highly topical, underpinning contemporary debates over the legal status of animals, corporations, foetuses, natural objects, and artificial intelligences. The notion is furthermore crucial in explaining the historical legal statuses of women and slaves. Rather than addressing who or what should be a legal person, this book examines the concept itself. The book consists of an Introduction and three parts. The Introduction presents the Western doctrine of legal personhood, the relevant terms and concepts, and the methodology employed in the book. Part I shows, first, how legal personhood came to be understood synonymously with the holding of legal rights and/or duties. It then subjects this understanding of legal personhood to a rigorous scrutiny, exposing numerous problems afflicting the view. Part II provides a completely new, general theory of legal personhood, arguing that legal personhood is best understood as a cluster property, consisting of distinct incidents. The final part applies the new theory to explain and structure the numerous debates surrounding legal personhood, explaining what is at stake in the animal legal personhood trials taking place in the US and elsewhere.
Collectivities as Legal Persons
Authors: Kurki Visa A.J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines corporate legal personhood as well as the legal status of collectivities in general. It exposes a number of problems the Orthodox View has as regards the rights and duties of collectivities. For instance, many constitutions and human rights documents recognize the rights of minorities, but minorities are regardless generally not taken to be corporations or legal persons. The chapter offers a different explanation of corporations. It applies social ontology to argue that even non-incorporated group agents can hold legal rights. Regardless, such groups are not legal persons. What distinguishes corporations from other groups is not that they hold rights, but rather that they are endowed with a significant number of the incidents of legal personhood: they can own property, sue, and so on. The chapter concludes by considering whether collectives that are not group agents could be legal persons.
Arab Telephone
Authors: Asseraf Arthur 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The telegraph was introduced to connect Algeria to France. Yet the effects of the telegraph cables were double: they brought European Algerians closer to France at the same time as they brought Algerian Muslims closer to other Muslims around the world. Through the example of an incident in the town of Rébeval in Kabylia during the Greek–Ottoman War in 1897, we see how telegraphic news inserted itself into existing networks and allowed people in Algeria to connect their local problems with the rest of the Muslim world. As colonized Algerians were increasingly defined by French law as ‘Muslims’, they used this category to situate themselves within global events, leading to a ‘pan-Islamism’ from below. While French authorities remained convinced that this pan-Islamism was coming from outside, intermediaries employed by the French state were at the centre of this shift in the meaning of ‘Muslim’.
Non-Standard Exemptions and Zero Rates
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 provides a detailed review and analysis of the manifold non-standard exemptions and zero rates found around the African continent, which are most costly in terms of revenue forgone. One table lists the non-standard exemptions of unprocessed foodstuffs, agricultural inputs, medical supplies, utilities, print, fuel, and some other goods and services on a country-by-country basis. For each item, some indication is provided about the reach of each exemption or zero/lower rate. A second table does the same for the zero or positive but reduced rates on the same items. The chapter concludes with an overview of the VAT reforms in four countries—Benin, Kenya, Senegal, and Tanzania—that have eliminated most, if not all, non-standard exemptions and zero rates, a move that other African countries may wish to consider too.
Governments and Activities in the Public Interest
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 11 discusses the EU legacy of taxing public bodies, illustrated by the African experience. The EU’s out-of-scope approach is bedevilled by distortions arising from the self-supply bias, the investment disincentive, and, somewhat more remotely, unfair competition vis-à-vis the private sector. Outside Africa, countries with VAT have addressed these issues differently. Various EU countries and Canada, for example, have designed input tax refund mechanisms to eliminate the self-supply bias and the investment disincentive. Still other countries, such as New Zealand, tax governments and activities in the public interest in full and have thus come to terms with the unfair competition issue, too. A concluding section summarizes the characteristics and effects of the various approaches and attempts to formulate a recommendation for African countries.
Individual Atmospheres
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The eighteenth century witnessed a number of changes in attitudes to the making and wearing of perfume. Growing unease about perfume’s ability to disguise medical or social disabilities contributed to an attack on its artificiality. The use of strong perfumes was increasingly condemned—not because of their animal ingredients or a fear that they were unhealthy, but because they were an intrusive affront to codes of politeness and mitigated against the ability get along in increasingly anonymous, tightly packed, social spaces. A case study of the eighteenth century’s ultimate perfume addict—the Macaroni—and the pleasure gardens in which he roamed, demonstrates the degree to which perfumery could be construed as an atmospheric aggression against new codes of privacy in public.
Conclusion
Authors: Tullett William 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This conclusion restates and explains the broader arguments of the book. It argues for the importance of a new idea of ‘privacy in public’ which would go on to become a key part of the modern social imaginary, urban forms of governmentality, and sociable self-management. A number of changes are connected to this shift: a closer imbrication of the emotions and the senses; a more circumscribed idea of the body’s boundaries; a re-gendering of smell; a re-spatialization of odours; and a new focus on sensory idiosyncrasy. In many of these respects England was very different from France, on which influential work has already focused, during this period. The ideas in this book nuance recent visions of Britain’s modernity as a ‘society of [sensory] strangers’.
A Basic Framework for the English Urban Sector
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
What features of the English polity facilitated links between towns and promoted collective urban influence on national politics? Firstly, this chapter traces the ways in which charters and law courts moulded the relationships that townspeople had with the Crown, aristocratic landholders, and (crucially) one another. Secondly, it considers the inter-urban links generated by domestic and international trade, as well as the role in shaping royal policy that townspeople assumed through their mercantile activities. Thirdly, it examines parliament as a venue for interaction between residents of different towns and as a vehicle for the formation of collective goals. Lastly, the chapter explores the role of towns themselves as spaces for the dissemination of political messages.
The Urban Sector and the Beginning of the Wars of the Roses, 1450–61
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Typically, periods of political crisis in medieval England—such as the Barons’ War of the 1250s and 1260s or the troubles of Edward II’s reign—brought towns and their residents to the forefront of national politics, but the early years of the Wars of the Roses proved a notable exception to this rule. The first section of this chapter demonstrates that weakened links between towns, combined with the local dominance of mercantile elites in 1435–50, meant that the urban sector had neither the means nor the will to influence the brewing conflict between the duke of York and the monarchy in 1450–5. The second section, however, shows that the late 1450s saw a return to urban collective action and a ‘politicization’ of townspeople. The re-emergence of a ‘politicized’ urban sector in the Wars of the Roses proved to be a crucial factor in breaking the political stalemate of the 1450s.
Conclusion
Authors: Hartrich Eliza 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
By studying the urban political sector—a framework within which towns and the people who lived in them could pool their collective resources to influence national politics, and in which the internal governance and political experiences of different individual towns could influence those of others within the sector—it becomes possible to write a history of late medieval English politics that is not focused exclusively on aristocratic landholders. An urban sector model allows for the political might of smaller towns in a centralized monarchy (such as was the case in fifteenth-century England) to be compared more profitably to that exercised by the more celebrated towns and urban leagues of Northern Italy and Flanders. Also, this book’s emphasis on frequent fluctuations in the nature of the English urban sector, rather than long-term trajectories, serves to question evolutionary narratives concerning the transition from the ‘medieval’ to ‘early modern’ English town.
Enterprise Transformation
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the topic of enterprise transformation. Successful adoption of the model-based approaches presented in this book can be helped or hindered by the nature of the enterprise using them. It is very difficult to successfully innovate when new offerings obsolete the current offerings. Enterprise transformation is driven by experienced and/or anticipated value deficiencies. The ends, means, and scope of transformation influence the difficulties, costs, and time required for fundamental change. Overall strategy choices include predicting better, learning faster, and acting faster; returns on investments in these areas depend on market conditions. Successful transformation initiatives usually require competencies in vision, leadership, strategy, planning, culture, collaboration, and teamwork.
Introduction
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides general introductory information on the book as whole, offering the reader an overview of and orientation within the book. It is deliberately short to avoid redundancies, and it briefly outlines the book’s six parts. The book’s focus is on selected concepts, methods, and mathematical techniques in the area of strongly interacting quantum matter systems, especially the various Bethe ansatz techniques, and also aims to provide guidance for the understanding of other strongly interacting systems.
The Anisotropic Heisenberg Quantum Spin Chain
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Heisenberg model, a fully quantum mechanical model that describes the magnetism of localized magnetic moments. The one-dimensional version of the Heisenberg model, the Heisenberg quantum spin chain, provides a good picture of magnetic materials that belong to a class of insulating magnetic materials where the interaction of the magnetic moments in one particular direction is much larger than in the perpendicular directions, and which can be described with high accuracy as quasi- one-dimensional magnets. A detailed description of the Heisenberg quantum spin chain is followed by a discussion of its various special cases, in particular the special case of the anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chain, the so-called XXZ quantum spin chain. It considers the solution of eigenvalue problem of this quantum spin and leads to Bethe’s conjecture for the wave function.
Mathematical Tools
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChapter 19 introduces the mathematical techniques required to extract analytic infor- mation from the Bethe ansatz equations for a Heisenberg quantum spin chain of finite length. It discusses how the Bernoulli numbers are needed as a prerequisite for the Euler– Maclaurin summation formula, which allows to transform finite sums into integrals plus, in a systematic way, corrections taking into account the finite size of the system. Applying this mathematical technique to the Bethe ansatz equations results in linear integral equations of the Wiener–Hopf type for the solution of which an elaborate mathematical technique exists, the Wiener–Hopf technique.
Megachurch: The Drug That Works
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Megachurches are growing in size and number in the United States with no indication of slowing down. We argue that their success is due to motivating their congregations with emotional energy that stimulates intense loyalty and a desire to come back repeatedly to get recharged. Megachurches are like drug dealers offering members and nonmembers alike their next hit of emotional energy. Ritual life is critical for the generation of emotional energy, but so are the minimally counterintuitive ideas that capture attention, channel the emotional energy, and rally loyalty and motivation to keep coming back for more. However, these ideas are not sufficient on their own but need to be charged with emotional energy from rituals to inspire loyalty from participants.
The Problem of Cooperation and Homo Duplex
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Humans are homo duplex—they are both individual and social—and they struggle with the coexistence and/or integration of these two sides to their human nature. Given this, what encourages cooperation among strangers? Our claim is that religion is the most effective method of facilitating human cooperation and that megachurches are particularly successful at doing so. Megachurches provide attendees with rituals and opportunities to discipline and increase self-control, selfless behavior, and cooperation. At the same time, they focus on the other side of homo duplex—the need to exert the ego—which is evident in how they lift the individual and nurture each person’s gifts and talents.
Defining Religion: Sacred Moral Communities
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We provide and support our definition of religion. Religion is (1) a social enactment of a desire for the ultimate. It is (2) embodied in ritual practices; (3) described by systems of symbols and beliefs; (4) developed in communal settings, and often institutionally legitimated. (5) Religion interacts and negotiates with powers and forces that are experienced as within and beyond the self and group. (6) This power or force is most often referred to as god/spirit or gods/spirits. (7) The affective experience of ritual, and the symbolic and social boundaries constructed in rites, mobilize group identity and bind the group into a moral community. Last, (8) these moral communities produce networks of solidarity, and carry the potential for tension and, more rarely, conflict and violence within and between groups.
Desire to Re-member
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we show how megachurches satisfy attendees’ desire to belong in a community of like-minded others. We describe the process by which attendees go from being spectators to being active members, and the key role that small groups play in this process. Small groups connect attendees to others, allow them to feel accepted, make a large church feel small, and provide them with emotional energy in between weekend services. Megachurches offer a wide variety of small group options in an effort to meet their attendees’ every need, which include small groups focusing on marriage that become a critical factor in creating what we call megachurch marriage culture.