bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platinum Nanosheets between Graphite Layers
Authors: Shirai Masayuki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTwo‐dimensional platinum nanosheets were obtained by the hydrogen reduction of platinum tetrachloride intercalated between graphite layers, the latter was prepared by the treatment of the mixture of platinum tetrachloride and graphite powder under chlorine atmosphere. The size of platinum nanosheets was 1–3 nm in thickness with a width in the range of 5–300 nm. These nanosheets contain a number of hexagonal holes and edges with an angle of 120°. This review discusses the reduction and oxidation behavior of platinum species and structure of platinum nanosheets between graphite layers. The selective hydrogenation catalyzed by these platinum nanosheets entrapped between the graphite layers is also demonstrated.
Chromatin imaging and new technologies for imaging the nucleome
Authors: Szydlowski Nicole A. , Go Jane S. , Hu Ying S. 
Published: November 2018

Synergistic developments in advanced fluorescent imaging and labeling techniques enable direct visualization of the chromatin structure and dynamics at the nanoscale level and in live cells. Super‐resolution imaging encompasses a class of constantly evolving techniques that break the diffraction limit of fluorescence microscopy. Structured illumination microscopy provides a twofold resolution improvement and can readily achieve live multicolor imaging using conventional fluorophores. Single‐molecule localization microscopy increases the spatial resolution by approximately 10‐fold at the expense of slower acquisition speed. Stimulated emission‐depletion microscopy generates a roughly fivefold resolution improvement with an imaging speed proportional to the scanning area. In parallel, advanced labeling strategies have been developed to “light up” global and sequence‐specific DNA regions. DNA binding dyes have been exploited to achieve high labeling densities in single‐molecule localization microscopy and enhance contrast in correlated light and electron microscopy. New‐generation Oligopaint utilizes bioinformatics analyses to optimize the design of fluorescence in situ hybridization probes. Through sequential and combinatorial labeling, direct characterization of the DNA domain volume and length as well as the spatial organization of distinct topologically associated domains has been reported. In live cells, locus‐specific labeling has been achieved by either inserting artificial loci next to the gene of interest, such as the repressor–operator array systems, or utilizing genome editing tools, including zinc finer proteins, transcription activator‐like effectors, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats systems. Combined with single‐molecule tracking, these labeling techniques enable direct visualization of intra‐ and inter‐chromatin interactions.This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Imaging
Can forest structural diversity be a response to anthropogenic stress? A case study in old-growth fir Abies alba Mill. stands
Authors: Podlaski Rafał 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Key message
From 1973 to 1991, Polish SO
2
emissions above 3250 Gg/year resulted in a decline of firAbies albaMill. After stresses connected with these emissions, five main diameter at breast height (DBH) structural types were described. This type of heterogeneous forest structure is supposed to increase forest resistance and resilience to abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic disturbances.

Context
The analyses of forest structure are important under the current scenario of global change, since heterogeneous structures allow for better responses to disturbances. Forests with more complex structures should present greater vitality.

Aims
The main hypotheses were as follows: (1) the temporal changes of atmospheric SO2 emissions caused (a) the abrupt changes in the tree DBH radial increment and (b) the death of fir trees; and (2) atmospheric SO2 emissions and related fir decline and recovery processes ultimately result in the development of stands characterised by diverse DBH structures.

Methods
Radial growth trends of 49 and 215 fir trees in the older and younger generations, respectively, and 85 dead fir trees were evaluated. Using data collected in 32 stands, the DBH structural types were identified, and the shapes of these types were illustrated.

Results
The structural diversification of forest patches may influence forest resistance and resilience to disturbances; five main structural types were identified: ML1 and ML2 represent DBH distributions of multi-layered stands, and OS, TS1 and TS2 represent DBH distributions of one- and two-storied stands.

Conclusion
Structural diversity of forests was a response to SO2 emissions; fir trees had the ability to increase their radial growth, although there were still high SO2 emissions.
New Canadian guideline provides evidence-based approach to non-occupational HIV prophylaxis
Authors: O’Donnell Shannon , Tan Darrell H. S. , Hull Mark W. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe incidence of HIV infections in Canada has increased yearly since 2014. New cases of HIV have resulted almost exclusively from non-occupational exposures, including sexual contact and needle sharing. Appropriate HIV post-exposure prophylaxis is under-prescribed to patients who present to the emergency department after a high-risk exposure. In November of 2017, a Canadian guideline on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) was published. The guideline presents a standardized, evidence-based approach to assessing risk for HIV transmission and prescribing HIV prophylaxis. This summary highlights the key points from the guideline that are relevant to the practice of emergency medicine in Canada.
Density-dependent distribution of parasitism risk among underground hosts
Authors: Okuyama T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractVariation in parasitism risk among hosts can arise from between-patch and within-patch factors, but considerably less information is known about the latter. This study investigated how distributions of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis influenced its parasitism by the pupal parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii in the laboratory. Because B. dorsalis larvae pupate underground, pupation depth was considered as an important factor that affects the risk of parasitism. When the density of B. dorsalis larvae was varied (1, 10, and 100 larvae per arena), average pupation depth increased with the density. When the depth of pupae was manipulated, the rate of parasitism differed by depths. Parasitism at 0 cm differed from the random parasitoid model expectation, but parasitism at 1 cm was not different from the model expectation. Few pupae at 2 cm were parasitized. In another experiment, when pupae were simultaneously presented at 0 cm and 1 cm depths, parasitism at 1 cm was weakened by the presence of puape at 0 cm. These results imply that the density of the host influences pupation depth as well as the distribution of parasitism and plays an important role in host-parasitoid dynamics.
Weight change increases the odds of psychological distress in middle age: bidirectional analyses from the Whitehall II Study
Authors: Knüppel Anika , Shipley Martin J. , Llewellyn Clare H. , Brunner Eric J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundMood disorders and adiposity are major public health challenges. Few studies have investigated the bidirectional association of weight and waist circumference (WC) change with psychological distress in middle age, while taking into account the potential U-shape of the association. The aim of this study was to examine the bidirectional association between psychological distress and categorical change in objectively measured weight and WC.MethodsWe analysed repeated measures (up to 17 522 person-observations in adjusted analyses) of psychological distress, weight and WC from the Whitehall II cohort. Participants were recruited at age 35–55 and 67% male. Psychological distress was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire. We used random-effects regressions to model the association between weight and WC changes and psychological distress, with and without a 5-year lag period.ResultsPsychological distress was associated with weight and WC gain over the subsequent 5 years but not the second 5-year period. Weight gainandloss were associated with increased odds for incident psychological distress in models with and without time-lag [odds ratio (OR) for incident psychological distress after 5-year time-lag: loss 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.43; gain>5% 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.40]. WC changes were only associated with psychological distress in models without time-lag (OR for incident psychological distress: loss 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.64; gain>5% 1.33, 95% CI 1.11–1.58).ConclusionsWeight gainandloss increase the odds for psychological distress compared with stable weight over subsequent 10 years. In contrast, the association between psychological distress and subsequent weight and WC changes was limited to the first 5 years of follow-up.
Course of Cognitive Functioning in Institutionalized Persons With Moderate to Severe Dementia: Evidence From the Severe Impairment Battery Short Version
Authors: Wolf Evelien T. , Weeda Wouter D. , Wetzels Roland B. , de Jonghe Jos F. M. , Koopmans Raymond C. T. M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectives: To adequately monitor the course of cognitive functioning in persons with moderate to severe dementia, relevant cognitive tests for the advanced dementia stages are needed. We examined the ability of a test developed for the advanced dementia stages, the Severe Impairment Battery Short version (SIB-S), to measure cognitive change over time. Second, we examined type of memory impairment measured with the SIB-S in different dementia stages. Methods: Participants were institutionalized persons with moderate to severe dementia (N = 217). The SIB-S was administered at 6-month intervals during a 2-year period. Dementia severity at baseline was classified according to Global Deterioration Scale criteria. We used mixed models to evaluate the course of SIB-S total and domain scores, and whether dementia stage at baseline affected these courses. Results: SIB-S total scores declined significantly over time, and the course of decline differed significantly between dementia stages at baseline. Persons with moderately severe dementia declined faster in mean SIB-S total scores than persons with moderate or severe dementia. Between persons with moderate and moderately severe dementia, there was only a difference in the rate of decline of semantic items, but not episodic and non-semantic items. Conclusions: Although modest floor and slight ceiling effects were noted in severe and milder cases, respectively, the SIB-S proved to be one of few available adequate measures of cognitive change in institutionalized persons with moderate to severe dementia. (JINS, 2019, 25, 204–214)
New cranial material ofDiscosauriscus pulcherrimus(Seymouriamorpha, Discosauriscidae) from the Lower Permian of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic)
Authors: KLEMBARA Jozef , MIKUDÍKOVÁ Marika 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTWe describe four newly discovered and three-dimensionally preserved specimens of the discosauriscid seymouriamorphDiscosauriscus pulcherrimusfrom the Lower Permian lacustrine sediments of the Boskovice Basin (Czech Republic). Their excellent preservation revealed new cranial features that allowed us to present a new skull reconstruction of middle-sized specimens of this tetrapod. The new features include: (1) the sculpturing of the anterior wedge-like process of the parasphenoid consisting of irregular ridges, grooves, low elevations and pits; and (2) the presence of a pair of semicircular crests on the posterodorsal surface of the parasphenoidal plate. We discuss the intraspecific variability of several characters, such as the type of dermal cranial ornamentation, and the morphology of the sensory grooves, nasolacrimal canal, dentition on the pterygoids and parasphenoid. The lengths of the skulls of four new specimens range from about 18 to 31mm and represent larval ontogenetic stages.
Evaluation of POST-Directed Applications of Flumioxazin in New Mexico Chile Pepper
Authors: Schutte Brian J. , Lehnhoff Erik A. , Beck Leslie L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe objective for this study was to determine if POST-directed applications of flumioxazin reduce fruit yield for chile pepper produced on coarse- and fine-textured soils irrigated by furrow. This objective was addressed with a multiyear (2015, 2016, 2017) field study that compared flumioxazin effects on fruit yield against a commercial standard (POST-directed carfentrazone) and the absence of a POST-directed herbicide. The field study occurred at two university research farms that differed in soil texture. On fine-textured soil, treatments included the no POST–directed herbicide control and the following four POST-directed herbicides applied to raised beds: (1) flumioxazin at 107 g ai ha–1applied 4 wk after crop thinning, (2) carfentrazone at 35 g ai ha–1applied 4 wk after crop thinning, (3) flumioxazin at 70 g ai ha–1applied 4 and 6 wk after crop thinning, (4) carfentrazone at 35 g ai ha–1applied 4 and 6 wk after crop thinning. On coarse-textured soil, treatments included the no POST–directed herbicide control and the following three POST-directed herbicides applied 4 wk after crop thinning: (1) flumioxazin at 107 g ai ha–1applied to raised beds, (2) flumioxazin at 107 g ai ha–1applied to furrows, (3) carfentrazone at 35 g ai ha–1applied to raised beds. On fine-textured soil, treatment did not affect fruit yield. On coarse-textured soil, flumioxazin applied to furrows did not reduce fruit yield, but flumioxazin on raised beds reduced fruit yield of some cultivars in 2015 and 2017. Year-to-year variability in both flumioxazin-induced yield loss and soil characteristics suggested that chile pepper sensitivity to flumioxazin was negatively associated with soil organic matter content. In a follow-up greenhouse study, soil organic matter lessened flumioxazin-induced crop injury. In general, this study indicates that recommendations for POST-directed flumioxazin in New Mexico chile pepper will need to be soil-type specific.
The Changing Character of the California Sierra Nevada as a Natural Reservoir
Authors: Rhoades Alan M. , Jones Andrew D. , Ullrich Paul A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe mountains of the Western United States provide a vital natural service through the storage and release of mountain snowpack, lessening impacts of seasonal aridity and satiating summer water demand. However, climate change continues to undermine these important processes. To understand how snowpack may change in the headwaters of California's major reservoirs, the North American Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment is analyzed to assess peak water volume, peak timing, accumulation rate, melt rate, and snow season length across both latitudinal and elevational gradients. Under a high‐emissions scenario, end‐of‐century peak snowpack timing occurs 4 weeks earlier and peak water volume is 79.3% lower. The largest reductions are above Shasta, Oroville, and Folsom and between 0‐ and 2,000‐m elevations. Regional climate model and global forcing data set choice is important in determining historical snowpack character, yet by end century all models show a significant and similar decline in mountain snowpack.
Apigenin suppresses the stem cell-like properties of triple-negative breast cancer cells by inhibiting YAP/TAZ activity
Authors: Li Ying-Wei , Xu Jian , Zhu Guo-Yuan , Huang Zhu-Juan , Lu Yan , Li Xian-Qian , Wang Neng , Zhang Feng-Xue 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a clinical challenge because of the absence of effective therapeutic targets. In TNBC, overexpression of YAP and TAZ correlates with bioactivities of cancer stem cells (CSCs), high histological grade, resistance to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Thus, YAP/TAZ may serve as potential therapeutic targets in TNBC. To identify YAP/TAZ inhibitors, in previous experiments, we screened a library of natural compounds by using YAP/TAZ luciferase reporter assay and identified apigenin as a potential inhibitor. In this study, we demonstrated that apigenin significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that apigenin inhibited stemness features of TNBC cells in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Our mechanism study demonstrated that apigenin decreased YAP/TAZ activity and the expression of target genes, such as CTGF and CYR61, in TNBC cells. We also showed that apigenin disrupted the YAP/TAZ-TEADs protein–protein interaction and decreased expression of TAZ sensitized TNBC cells to apigenin treatment. Collectively, our studies suggest that apigenin is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of TNBC patients with high YAP/TAZ activity.
Identification of a Small Interface between the Methyltransferase and RNA Polymerase of NS5 that is Essential for Zika Virus Replication
Authors: Rusanov Timur , Kent Tatiana , Saeed Mohsan , Hoang Trung M. , Thomas Crystal , Rice Charles M. , Pomerantz Richard T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused an international health emergency due to its ability to cause microcephaly in infants. Yet, our knowledge of how ZIKV replicates at the molecular level is limited. For example, how the non-structural protein 5 (NS5) performs replication, and in particular whether the N-terminal methytransferase (MTase) domain is essential for the function of the C-terminal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) remains unclear. In contrast to previous reports, we find that MTase is absolutely essential for all activities of RdRp in vitro. For instance, the MTase domain confers stability onto the RdRp elongation complex (EC) and and is required for de novo RNA synthesis and nucleotide incorporation by RdRp. Finally, structure function analyses identify key conserved residues at the MTase-RdRp interface that specifically activate RdRp elongation and are essential for ZIKV replication in Huh-7.5 cells. These data demonstrate the requirement for the MTase-RdRp interface in ZIKV replication and identify a specific site within this region as a potential site for therapeutic development.
Numerical investigations of an ultra-compact polarization beam splitter based on augmented low-index guiding and subwavelength grating structures
Authors: Huang Chia-Chien 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe report the design of an ultra-compact polarization beam splitter with high performance that is based on augmented low-index guiding and subwavelength grating (SWG) structures. The transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes are confined in high-index silicon (Si) and low-index silicon nitride (Si3N4), respectively. They are separated by using, respectively, a gradually curved Si waveguide and a Si3N4 SWG structure with optimal grating-element. The footprint of the proposed polarization beam splitters (PBS) is 2.9 × 2.25 μm2. The device offers high polarization extinction ratios (PERs) of ~18 dB for the two polarizations, with low insertion losses of ~0.22 dB (~0.71 dB) for the TE (TM) mode at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Over the broad band from λ = 1500–1650 nm, the PERs of the TE and TM modes are above 17 and 16 dB, respectively. By narrowing the operating band to the range from λ = 1500 to 1600 nm, the proposed PBS provides PERs of >17 dB for both polarizations. Finally, the fabrication tolerance of the designed PBS is also addressed and discussed in detail.
Structural basis for activation of plasma-membrane Ca2+-ATPase by calmodulin
Authors: Nitsche Julius , Josts Inokentijs , Heidemann Johannes , Mertens Haydyn D. , Maric Selma , Moulin Martine , Haertlein Michael , Busch Sebastian , Forsyth V. Trevor , Svergun Dmitri I. , Uetrecht Charlotte , Tidow Henning 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlasma-membrane Ca2+-ATPases expel Ca2+ from the cytoplasm and are key regulators of Ca2+ homeostasis in eukaryotes. They are autoinhibited under low Ca2+ concentrations. Calmodulin (CaM)-binding to a unique regulatory domain releases the autoinhibition and activates the pump. However, the structural basis for this activation, including the overall structure of this calcium pump and its complex with calmodulin, is unknown. We previously determined the high-resolution structure of calmodulin in complex with the regulatory domain of the plasma-membrane Ca2+-ATPase ACA8 and revealed a bimodular mechanism of calcium control in eukaryotes. Here we show that activation of ACA8 by CaM involves large conformational changes. Combining advanced modeling of neutron scattering data acquired from stealth nanodiscs and native mass spectrometry with detailed dissection of binding constants, we present a structural model for the full-length ACA8 Ca2+ pump in its calmodulin-activated state illustrating a displacement of the regulatory domain from the core enzyme.
GloPL, a global data base on pollen limitation of plant reproduction
Authors: Bennett J. M. , Steets J. A. , Burns J. H. , Durka W. , Vamosi J. C. , Arceo-Gómez G. , Burd M. , Burkle L. A. , Ellis A. G. , Freitas L. , Li J. , Rodger J. G. , Wolowski M. , Xia J. , Ashman T-L. , Knight T. M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlant reproduction relies on transfer of pollen from anthers to stigmas, and the majority of flowering plants depend on biotic or abiotic agents for this transfer. A key metric for characterizing if pollen receipt is insufficient for reproduction is pollen limitation, which is assessed by pollen supplementation experiments. In a pollen supplementation experiment, fruit or seed production by flowers exposed to natural pollination is compared to that following hand pollination either by pollen supplementation (i.e. manual outcross pollen addition without bagging) or manual outcrossing of bagged flowers, which excludes natural pollination. The GloPL database brings together data from 2969 unique pollen supplementation experiments reported in 927 publications published from 1981 to 2015, allowing assessment of the strength and variability of pollen limitation in 1265 wild plant species across all biomes and geographic regions globally. The GloPL database will be updated and curated with the aim of enabling the continued study of pollen limitation in natural ecosystems and highlighting significant gaps in our understanding of pollen limitation.