bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Rising 2010–16
Authors: Kenny Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The 2010 general election generated a new set of challenges for the system of territorial government that Labour built. Following the SNP’s advent to power in Scotland in 2011, Conservative Prime Minister David Cameron agreed to hold a referendum on Scotland’s place in the UK and the British state was faced with the challenge of compiling and communicating the case for the Union. Initially, support for independence was a minority view in Scotland, but support grew, culminating in a 2014 referendum where 45% voted for independence – an outcome that few on the British side anticipated. Cameron's decision to allow the referendum has been much criticized, but should be understood in the context of the gradual acceptance by many Conservatives that this is a union based on consent. The campaign exposed the UK government's unpreparedness and the difficulty of engaging large parts of Whitehall in this cause. It also laid bare the lack of connection between central state and local political unionists, a challenge that was accentuated by the decay of the Labour party political machine in Scotland.
The Indochina Crisis
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 builds on the previous chapter by explaining how a spiralling crisis in Southeast Asia led to India’s increasing opposition to the Eisenhower administration’s policy of containment in Asia. The American response to France’s military defeat in Indochina in early 1954 fuelled Indian fears that the United States might take precipitate action to prevent Indochina from falling under communist control, thus triggering a major conflict in Asia. This chapter provides the necessary context to understand the course of Indian foreign policy in the following months. More specifically, it reveals how the Indochina crisis, following hot on the heels of the US-Pakistan defense pact, compelled Nehru to act as a counterbalance to American containment and promote a different vision of regional order and security, based on his concept of areas of peace and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
Entrenching Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 builds on the preceding chapter by discussing Zhou Enlai’s short visit to Rangoon, which served as a litmus test for China’s peaceful intentions and the validity of Nehru’s assumptions. Although it was still uncertain in late June 1954 whether an Asian-African conference would ever occur, Zhou’s talks with Burmese leader U Nu were, in retrospect, a significant step in that direction. These talks not only made Nehru more optimistic about Chinese behavior but also led him to view China as a stakeholder in regional security rather than a threat. As Chapter 5 demonstrates, Nehru’s main concern in the late summer of 1954 was the direction of Western policy in Asia. The American decision to establish SEATO in September 1954 strengthened his conviction that the United States, rather than China, hindered his efforts to create a regional area of peace. It was at this point that he began to attach greater importance to the notion of an Asian-African summit, viewing it as an opportunity to advance his vision of a neutralized Asia in opposition to the American containment of China.
Nehru’s Visit to China
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Nehru’s visit to China in October 1954 was crucial in advancing his vision of a neutralized Asia. As Chapter 7 explains, his talks with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai in Beijing reassured him that China was genuinely committed to peaceful coexistence. During the visit, he gained further evidence of Beijing’s commitment to the Five Principles and his concept of areas of peace. He also noticed a significant degree of convergence on various Cold War issues. As India and China appeared to share similar regional objectives, Nehru saw increased value in inviting China to a future Asian-African conference. He reasoned that a conference that included China would do much to consolidate peaceful coexistence, reassure China’s Asian neighbors, and overcome Cold War divisions. By the time he left China, he was increasingly convinced that regional stability depended significantly on Beijing’s constructive engagement in international affairs.
The Bandung Conference
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 provides a detailed account of the Bandung Conference and its proceedings. It also examines the role played by Nehru and the Indian delegation and how they tried to establish a neutralized Asia. Contrary to Nehru’s expectations, however, non-communist delegations spoke out against communism, questioned Nehru’s neutralism and expressed support for defensive alliances. During the conference’s deliberations, the Five Principles became a bone of contention due to the attendees’ differing views on crucial Cold War issues. This situation clearly underscored the challenge faced by India in leading an Afro-Asian grouping between superpower blocs. On the other hand, Nehru’s efforts to engage China and push it to commit unequivocally to peaceful coexistence appeared successful. Zhou’s calm demeanour impressed Nehru, as did his proclamations that China desired peace, sought no expansion, and had no intention of subverting its neighbors.
Epilogue
Authors: Benvenuti Andrea 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 traces Bandung’s legacy on Nehru’s foreign policy. It does so by assessing the role of the Afro-Asian caucus in addressing key Indian Cold War concerns and by examining the evolution of Sino-Indian relations between the late 1950s and early 1960s. After Bandung, Nehru no longer set great store by Afro-Asian solidarity to advance India’s national interests, given the diverse agendas and persistent disagreements among Afro-Asian nations. Furthermore, India and China grew apart within a few years of Bandung. India continued to view Afro-Asian cooperation as a mechanism to create neutralized areas of peace and avoid Cold War conflict. In contrast, China shifted from advocating peaceful coexistence to promoting violent national liberation struggles throughout the Afro-Asian world. To compound the growing chasm in Sino-Indian approaches to regional security, serious misunderstandings emerged over Tibet and their yet-to-be demarcated border. However, while the border question undoubtedly triggered the rapid unravelling of Sino-Indian ties, the relationship between India and China was already built on shaky ground, given the different premiums they placed on peace and stability, and their clashing visions for the postcolonial Afro-Asian world.
Revisiting Putin’s 2022 Invasion of Ukraine
Authors: Echevarria Antulio 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines four of the major themes common to strategic and security studies against the backdrop of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. These four themes include: the waning of major war; strategic coercion; war among, against, and by the people; and war's changing character and dynamic nature. This conflict, as unfortunate and egregiously destructive as it is, has nonetheless provided important data which will aid scholars to expand their understanding of each of these important themes.
After Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The war in Ukraine and the China challenge brings back the question of whether the world is becoming more peaceful. Realists’ claim that “we told you so” compares oranges with cabbages. Today’s world is divided into a “zone of peace”, encompassing all the developed countries, and a “zone of war”, comprising less developed countries. Within the former, interstate wars, civil wars, and the “security dilemma” have all disappeared.
The Next War Would Be a Cyberwar, Right?
Authors: Ducheine Paul , Pijpers Peter , Arnold Kraesten 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Given the integration of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) in modern societies, armed forces have developed cyber capabilities for warfare. Especially after officially declaring cyberspace a warfighting domain, the prediction that “the next war will be fought in cyberspace (too)” was not an absurd idea. Since the “next” war was the armed conflict between the Russian Federation and Ukraine, the validity of this prediction is debatable. An important question concerns the degree to which cyber capabilities have been used in the war, and if so, what effects were sought, by whom, and against what. As expected, soft-cyberoperations have been used by both parties. Unexpected is the seemingly rather limited number of “hacks” or hard-cyberoperations so far that can be attributed to the warring armed forces. Unforeseen is the number of non-state hacktivist groups, such as the IT Army of Ukraine, that have joined the wider conflict on both sides with soft- and hard-cyberoperations. Most notably are the numerous public and commercial ICT-service and infrastructure providers that—in various ways—are actively engaged in this war. Hence, the “next” war was indeed conducted in cyberspace too, however, in other ways than predicted.
Military-Technological Innovation in the Digital Age
Authors: Cronin Audrey 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The fast-changing landscape of digital technological innovation is changing the present and future of warfare. To remain competitive, Western democracies must address critical blind spots to develop a national security framework supported by an informed and resilient populace capable of weathering future conflicts. Key weaknesses include relying on outdated historical frameworks (particularly those from the Cold War); failing to address cultural and organizational challenges (such as superficial technological expertise among Western policymakers); and undervaluing the role of accessible commercial technology (in contrast to high-capital systems). Ways to address these challenges include fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among engineers, computer scientists, historians, and social scientists; enhancing the digital literacy of military and civilian leaders to enable smarter decision-making; and ensuring academics and policymakers rigorously analyze emerging technologies’ strategic implications. This multifaceted approach transcends simple resource battles, political divisions and techno-optimism debates that currently distract and predominate.
Artificial Intelligence and the Nature of War
Authors: Payne Kenneth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Artificial Intelligence is poised to change war’s nature, not just its character. This chapter explores the psychology of strategic decision-making in humans, other animals, and now AI. It argues that strategy demands social intelligence, and in particular “theory of mind”—the ability to intuit what others are thinking, the better to weigh their likely actions. Today’s large language models embed “world models,” including models of other minds. As these develop, the near future of strategy will involve human-machine teams, speaking a common language but with radically different underlying processes. Some implications are discussed, including the role of AI in co-creating our social milieu.
The Past as Guide to the Future
Authors: Heuser Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
History does not unfold in a linear fashion. We cannot confidently predict a future trajectory from past developments, even if in the recent past a development was fairly linear. One can, however, identify potential trajectories and developments, some of them contradictory and mutually exclusive, where one or the other may dominate in the near future, but the other’s turn may come thereafter. In predicting individual leaders’ decisions, one person’s behavioral patterns do not predict another’s in a similar situation. Even the past actions of one person may not reflect his or her own future actions in very different circumstances. By contrast, institutional cultures and standard operational procedures can be remarkably constant across regime changes and indeed revolutionary transformation of state and society. Patterns of past institutional behavior may thus help interpret present and future patterns. Finally, “new” wars may follow older patterns familiar to those with a wider historical knowledge.
Forecasting the Future of War
Authors: Meisel Collin J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Could Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, have been predicted—and, if so, with how much advance notice? This chapter seeks to answer these questions with a review of past attempts to forecast war initiation over long time horizons and a discussion of patterns of knowability—complexity, measurability, equilibration, stochasticity, and tractability—and a structural, systems-based analysis built around these patterns. This analysis suggests that while the invasion could not have been predicted over a long time horizon, knowable factors contributing toward an armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine were generally increasing prior to 2022 and were expected to continue to increase in the coming years. This logic applies to other potential future conflicts.
The War in Ukraine and the Apocalyptic Imaginary
Authors: Mitchell Jeni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the sources of twenty-first-century visions of apocalypse (i.e., contemporary “apocalyptic imaginaries”) and the ways in which they influence policymaking and strategic decision-making by state actors. It presents a brief history of apocalyptic imaginaries and a typology of today’s apocalyptic threat perceptions. It argues that the current war in Ukraine demonstrates the real-world impact of apocalyptic threat perceptions on strategy, while having a somewhat limited influence on contemporary ideations of the end of the world.
The Radical Redemption Model
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
What do convicted terrorists really believe when they say they committed their acts in the name of a higher authority? This book deploys a cutting-edge combined approach of (oral) history and social psychology toward religiously inspired terrorism, and develops a radical redemption model. Beatrice de Graaf went into prisons to talk to terrorist convicts. She listened to their stories about their frustration with their own lives, their anger at injustices done to them, and their decision to join the terrorist fight, and she questioned them specifically about their extreme beliefs. The stories they told her reveal that the actual, lived and believed practice of radical redemption is crucial to understanding terrorists’ actions. On the basis of interviews with terrorist detainees from the Netherlands, Syria, Pakistan, and Indonesia—mostly jihadists and some right-wing extremists—life stories of surrender, struggle, sacrifice, and redemption are reconstructed. In this way, the nexus between extreme beliefs and terrorist activity is unraveled, and a grounded theory of radical redemption is developed. In addition, important questions are explored; for example, when and how do radical religious and ideological beliefs inspire and trigger people to engage in a holy war? And what happens when the longed-for redemption fails to materialize? This book combines historical research and a deep reading of past incidents of terrorist actions with insights gleaned from the interviews with current-generation terrorists, pivoting around the notion of the terrorists’ extreme beliefs. It is a history of the most recent period of terrorist violence, but it also offers a new understanding of the elusive and perennial connection between religion and violence, between radical beliefs and terrorism.
The Second Panel
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the second panel of the triptych model of radical redemption: devotion and struggle. It examines how the pull factors of influential terrorist organizations (including an accessible conflict zone) combined with the push factors of young people looking for meaning and a better and purer life, and keen to earn points for the afterlife. What appealed greatly to all the interviewed (ex)detainees was the ethical opportunity that radical redemption provided to purify their own lives and give them greater meaning, not only in their own eyes but also in the eyes of their parents, the community, the worldwide ummah, and, ultimately, Allah. This chapter explores how the available options to achieve this redemption in practice changed over time, beginning with the first wave of international jihadists, who went to fight in Afghanistan, and ending with the last generation, who sought redemption in Syria and Iraq.
The Third Panel
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the third panel in the radical redemption model: validation. Only through a radical praxis of atonement or revenge can redemption and deliverance be achieved. When sacrifices are made, there must be religious or ideological templates that validate the acts of redemption; otherwise, the narrative of redemption becomes a narrative of contamination and disappointment. For most of the interviewed (ex)detainees, the quest for meaning through devotion and struggle resulted primarily in disappointment and deception, sometimes because their own understanding changed, but much more often because parents, friends, or the community refused to acknowledge their acts of radical redemption and urged them to return home. When their act of redemption failed, was not acknowledged, or did not bring them the sense of fulfillment they had expected, the interviewees experienced disappointment and, sometimes, denial. In a few cases, it led to a reappraisal of other forms of engagement.
Toward a Grounded Theory of Radical Redemption
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the findings and identifies the threads running through the terrorists’ accounts that indicate the shaping role of religion and the radical redemption narrative in their radicalization processes. On the basis of their accounts of redemption, a grounded theory approach (GTA) is developed to give the accounts a systematic basis. The chapter explores how radical redemption acts as a moderator in the radicalization process, when it leads to validation and when to contamination, and how this helps us in understanding recidivism and in mapping out strategies for deradicalization, disengagement, and reintegration of former terrorist detainees. With the data collected and analyzed in the previous seven chapters, chapter 8 compares the profiles and life histories of the interviewed terrorists, charts relationships, and identifies trends. The findings are presented in a tentative model as a first step toward further research.
Phylogeny-Dependent Analysis
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the author first gives an overall review of the basic concepts and terminologies in phylogeny. In the following sections, four major classes of tree-making methods are introduced: distance methods; parsimony methods, maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian methods. The rest of this chapter introduces the concept of ancestral sequence inference, and the estimation of rate variation among sites, which are important in phylogenetic analysis.
Neutrality Testing when Some Amino Acid Sites are Strongly Constrained
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The common dN/dS ratio (nonsynonymous-to-synonymous rates) can be used to statistically detect adaptive evolution (or purifying selection) if dN/dS&gt;1 (or dN/dS&lt;1). However, due to strong structural constraints imposed on amino acid sites, the statistical power for testing dN/dS=1 may be insufficient to distinguish between different selection modes. Here, a more powerful test is introduced, called dN/dS-H, in which a new parameter H, a relative measure of rate variation among sites, is introduced. Given the condition of strong purifying selections at some sites, the dN/dS-H model predicts dN/dS=1-H for neutral evolution, dN/dS&lt;1-H for nearly neutral selection, and dN/dS&gt;1-H for adaptive evolution.
Functional Divergence after Gene Duplication
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Since gene duplication is thought to have provided the raw materials for functional innovations, it is desirable to identify amino acid sites that are responsible for functional divergence from the sequence analysis of a gene family. As most amino acid substitutions are not related to the functional divergence but only represent neutral evolution, it becomes crucial how to statistically distinguish between these two possibilities. In this chapter, the author first gives an overall review of the basic concepts and terminologies for modeling functional divergence. It provides concise descriptions of the statistical methods for two major types of functional divergence, as well as detailed examples.
Rank of Genotype-Phenotype Map and Effective Gene Pleiotropy Estimation
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Like many biological terminologies, the concept of pleiotropy is easy to understand but difficult to measure. Practically, biologists address this issue by experimentally identifying distinct phenotypes, caused by the same mutation (mutational pleiotropy) or mutations from the same gene (gene pleiotropy). In this chapter we discuss extensively the statistical method that was developed to estimate gene pleiotropy effectively from the phylogenetic protein sequence analysis. There is also discussion of which conditions yield results from the statistical procedures that can be interpreted as a proxy for a reference measure of gene pleiotropy.
Evolution of Genetic Robustness after Gene Duplication
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To investigate the evolution of genetic robustness after gene duplication, we have to consider two evolutionary scenarios: (i) when a dispensable gene is duplicated (referred to as the ancestral dispensability denoted byO+), genetic buffering and duplicate compensation together maintain the duplicate redundancy, and (ii) the duplicate compensation is the only mechanism when an essential gene is duplicated (referred to as the ancestral essentiality denoted byO−). This chapter introduces a simple mixture model for analyzing duplicate pairs with one of the following states: double dispensable (DD), semi-dispensable (one dispensable, one essential; DE), or double essential (EE). These studies together support the hypothesis that both sub-functionalization and neo-functionalization may play some roles after gene duplication, though the former may be much faster than the latter.
Ancestral Transcriptome Inference
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
With the help of high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, ancestral transcriptome reconstruction is helpful to understand the complexity of transcriptional regulatory systems that underlies the evolution of multiple cellular metazoans with sophisticated functions and distinctive morphologies. To this end, this chapter discusses a new method of ancestral state inference. The new method uses the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) model, which is biologically realistic, and is suitable for multitranscriptome data. This work will be integrated into a unified, statistically-sound phylogenetic framework to study the evolution of many other molecular phenomics, such as proteomics, chromatin accessibility, methylation status, and metabolomics.