bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remotely Phototriggered, Transferrin‐Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Jadia Rahul , Kydd Janel , Rai Prakash 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis among all subtypes of breast cancer. Currently, no targeted treatment has been approved for TNBC. The goal of this study was to design a remotely triggered, targeted therapy for TNBC using polymeric nanoparticles and light. Active targeting of TNBC was achieved by conjugating the nanoparticles to a peptide (hTf) that binds to the transferrin receptor, which is overexpressed in TNBC. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was explored for TNBC treatment by remotely triggering benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD), a photosensitizer, using near‐infrared light. In this study, we investigated the use of actively targeting polymeric nanoparticles for PDT against TNBC using in vitro imaging and cytotoxicity studies. Fluorescence imaging confirmed that the BPD‐loaded nanoparticles showed greater fluorescence in TNBC cells compared to free BPD, but more importantly, actively targeted nanoparticles displayed stronger fluorescence compared to passively targeted nanoparticles. Moreover, fluorescence imaging following competition with empty targeted nanoparticles validated the specificity of the targeted nanoparticles for TNBC cells. The PDT killing results were in line with the fluorescence imaging results, where actively targeting nanoparticles exhibited the highest phototriggered cytotoxicity in TNBC cells, making them an attractive nanoplatform for TNBC treatment.
Bridging the Public Service Motivation and Calling Literatures
Authors: Thompson Jeffery A. , Christensen Robert K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPublic administration research suggests there may be disparity in the extent to which public servants experience their work as a calling. The purpose of this article is to better illustrate and integrate calling research, which grows out of the positive organizational scholarship movement, into how we understand public service motives. The calling scholarship offers a productive way to view differences in public servants' orientations toward their work. Integrating calling into the public administration scholarship—particularly the public service motivation scholarship—provides insights to researchers and managers about how to help employees discover a deeper sense of meaningfulness in their work. In presenting the arguments and corresponding conceptual framework, the authors seek to supplement rather than replace the public service motivation construct. The authors articulate a research agenda that they believe will strengthen and enrich research on public servants' experience with their work.
Comparison of risk factors and outcomes of daptomycin‐susceptible and ‐nonsusceptible vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Lewis J.D. , Barros A.J. , Sifri C.D. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundVancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections are common in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). Daptomycin (DAP) is an important treatment for such infections; however, DAP‐nonsusceptible VRE (DNS‐VRE) are increasingly frequent. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of LTRs with infections due to DNS‐VRE and DAP‐susceptible VRE (DS‐VRE).MethodsA single center, retrospective review of patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015 and developed infections due to DS‐VRE or DNS‐VRE post transplant was performed. Patients with DNS‐VRE and DS‐VRE infections were compared using univariate and logistic regression analysis.ResultsFourteen LTRs developed DNS‐VRE and 20 LTRs developed DS‐VRE infection post‐transplantation. No significant differences were observed in demographics, model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) scores, causes of end‐stage liver disease, or rate of pre‐transplant perirectal VRE colonization between groups. Bleeding complications and renal replacement therapy were more common in the DNS‐VRE group than in the DS‐VRE group. The duration of transplant hospitalization and post‐transplant intensive care unit (ICU) admission was longer in the DNS‐VRE group than in the DS‐VRE group. The 30‐day and 6‐month mortality rate associated with DNS‐VRE infection was similar to that associated with DS‐VRE infection.ConclusionsLiver transplant recipients who develop DNS‐VRE infection have higher bleeding complications and longer, more complex hospitalizations compared to those who develop DS‐VRE infection post transplantation; however, mortality at 30 days and 6 months is not significantly worse. Further study is needed to determine optimal strategies for the prevention and treatment of DNS‐VRE infections in LTRs.
A simplified regimen of targeted antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Lavezzo B. , Patrono D. , Tandoi F. , Martini S. , Fop F. , Ballerini V. , Stratta C. , Skurzak S. , Lupo F. , Strignano P. , Donadio P.P. , Salizzoni M. , Romagnoli R. , De Rosa F.G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal infection (IFI) is a severe complication of liver transplantation burdened by high mortality. Guidelines recommend targeted rather than universal antifungal prophylaxis based on tiers of risk.MethodsWe aimed to evaluate IFI incidence, risk factors, and outcome after implementation of a simplified two‐tiered targeted prophylaxis regimen based on a single broad‐spectrum antifungal drug (amphotericin B). Patients presenting 1 or more risk factors according to literature were administered prophylaxis. Prospectively collected data on all adult patients transplanted in Turin from January 2011 to December 2015 were reviewed.ResultsPatients re‐transplanted before postoperative day 7 were considered once, yielding a study cohort of 581 cases. Prophylaxis was administered to 299 (51.4%) patients; adherence to protocol was 94.1%. Sixteen patients developed 18 IFIs for an overall rate of 2.8%. All IFI cases were in targeted prophylaxis group; none of the non‐prophylaxis group developed IFI. Most cases (81.3%) presented within 30 days after transplantation during prophylaxis; predominant pathogens were molds (94.4%). Only 1 case of candidemia was observed. One‐year mortality in IFI patients was 33.3% vs 6.4% in patients without IFI (P = .001); IFI attributable mortality was 6.3%. At multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for IFI were renal replacement therapy (OR = 8.1) and re‐operation (OR = 5.2).ConclusionsThe implementation of a simplified targeted prophylaxis regimen appeared to be safe and applicable and was associated with low IFI incidence and mortality. Association of IFI with re‐operation and renal replacement therapy calls for further studies to identify optimal prophylaxis in this subset of patients.
Clinical profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates and factors associated with complications in culture‐proven typhoid patients admitted to an urban hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Halima , Islam Shoeb Bin , Naila Nurun Nahar , Islam Syed Aminul , Nahar Baitun , Alam Nur Haque , Ahmed Tahmeed 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesTyphoid fever is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in typhoid endemic countries like Bangladesh. However, data on the clinical and microbiological profile as well as factors associated with complications of typhoid in Bangladesh are scarce. We intended to characterise the clinical and microbiological profile of culture‐proven typhoid fever and to identify factors associated with complications.MethodologyRetrospective analysis of clinical data from 431 patients with culture‐confirmed typhoid fever admitted to Dhaka hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between January 2010 and December 2014. Clinical and microbiological profiles of the patients including age, sex, and duration of illness prior to hospital admission, haematological parameters and the antimicrobial resistance profile of the infecting isolate, duration of hospital stay and defervescence time were examined by logistic regression to identify the factors associated with complications.ResultAbout one of three patients were children under 5 years, and 21.5% of them were severely malnourished. During hospitalisation, 17.4% patients developed complications; mainly encephalopathy (6.7%), ileus (6.5%) and pneumonia (3.5%). Among culture‐positive cases, 28.3% isolates showed multidrug resistant (MDR) and more than 90% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and had intermediate sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Five isolates were resistant to azithromycin; all isolates were sensitive to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Complication was independently associated with duration of fever before admission (adjusted odds ratio: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.074–0.97; P < 0.05), thrombocytopenia on admission (AOR: 2.84; 95% CI: 01.06–7.57; P < 0.05), duration of hospital stay (AOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15–1.57; P < 0.01) and defervescence time (AOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70–0.99; P < 0.05).ConclusionThe high prevalence of typhoid fever among under‐five children and complications among hospitalised patients are matters of concern. Sensitivity of Salmonella Typhi to ceftriaxone and cefixime was better than to other conventional antibiotics. Shorter duration of fever and thrombocytopenia on admission can be considered as early signs of complications.
Lyme disease surveillance in the United States: Looking for ways to cut the Gordian knot
Authors: Cartter M. L. , Lynfield R. , Feldman K. A. , Hook S. A. , Hinckley A. F. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryCurrent surveillance methods have been useful to document geographic expansion of Lyme disease in the United States and to monitor the increasing incidence of this major public health problem. Nevertheless, these approaches are resource‐intensive, generate results that are difficult to compare across jurisdictions, and measure less than the total burden of disease. By adopting more efficient methods, resources could be diverted instead to education of at‐risk populations and new approaches to prevention. In this special issue of Zoonoses and Public Health, seven articles are presented that either evaluate traditional Lyme disease surveillance methods or explore alternatives that have the potential to be less costly, more reliable, and sustainable. Twenty‐five years have passed since Lyme disease became a notifiable condition – it is time to reevaluate the purpose and goals of national surveillance.
MAKING SENSE OF EMERGENCE: A CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT WITH LEIDENHAG, LEIDENHAG, AND YONG
Authors: Bradnick David , McCall Bradford 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA number of theologians engaged in the theology and science dialogue—particularly Pentecostal theologian Amos Yong—employ emergence as a framework to discuss special divine action as well as causation initiated by other spiritual realities, such as angels and demons. Mikael and Joanna Leidenhag, however, have issued concerns about its application. They argue that Yong employs supernaturalistic themes with implications that render the concept of emergence obsolete. Further, they claim that Yong's use of emergence theory is inconsistent because he highlights the ontological independence of various spirits in the world concurrently with his advocation of supervenience theory. In view of these concerns, Leidenhag and Leidenhag urge Yong to depart from his application of emergence theory. In what follows, we plan to address each of these criticisms and demonstrate that they are tenuous, if not unwarranted, especially in light of a kenotic‐relational pneumatology.
THE GREAT SCHISM: The Great Divide of the West, the East and Christianity
Authors: Cox Anna M. 
Published: February 2018

The historical tapestry of Medieval Europe was woven together with numerous profoundly influential threads. One of the most fundamental woven threads in the tapestry of this era was the thread of religion, the church and the Christian faith. An intrinsic part to this religious thread in the Medieval tapestry was the immensely profoundly transforming event of the Great Schism in 1054. The Great Schism in its own religious right was one of the most single profoundly fundamental and influential events that resulted in the transformation of a religion, culture and history. Moreover the Great Schism laid the foundation, paved the way and was the religious prequel of Martin’s Luther’s Protestant Reformation. Thus the Great Schism of 1054 had extensive, influential political, cultural, social, religious and historical consequences. The Great Schism’s legacy of disunion would be evident in the church, the Christian faith and religion for many generations to come.
Organization of Dietary Control for Nutrition-Training Intervention Involving Periodized Carbohydrate Availability and Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet
Authors: Mirtschin Joanne G. , Forbes Sara F. , Cato Louise E. , Heikura Ida A. , Strobel Nicki , Hall Rebecca , Burke Louise M. 
Published: February 2018

The authors describe the implementation of a 3-week dietary intervention in elite race walkers at the Australian Institute of Sport, with a focus on the resources and strategies needed to accomplish a complex study of this scale. Interventions involved: traditional guidelines of high carbohydrate (CHO) availability for all training sessions; a periodized CHO diet which integrated sessions with low and high CHO availability within the same total CHO intake; and a ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet. Seven-day menus and recipes were constructed for a communal eating setting to meet nutritional goals as well as individualized food preferences and special needs. Menus also included nutrition support before, during, and after exercise. Daily monitoring, via observation and food checklists, showed that energy and macronutrient targets were achieved. Diets were matched for energy (∼14.8 MJ/d) and protein (∼2.1 g·kg−1·day−1) and achieved desired differences for fat and CHO, with high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability: CHO = 8.5 g·kg−1·day−1, 60% energy, fat = 20% of energy and low-CHO high-fat diet: 0.5 g·kg−1·day−1 CHO, fat = 78% energy. There were no differences in micronutrient intake or density between the high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability diets; however, the micronutrient density of the low-CHO high-fat diet was significantly lower. Daily food costs per athlete were similar for each diet (∼AU$ 27 ± 10). Successful implementation and monitoring of dietary interventions in sports nutrition research of the scale of the present study require meticulous planning and the expertise of chefs and sports dietitians. Different approaches to sports nutrition support raise practical challenges around cost, micronutrient density, accommodation of special needs, and sustainability.
The Use of Microtechnology to Monitor Collision Performance in Professional Rugby Union
Authors: MacLeod Simon J. , Hagan Chris , Egaña Mikel , Davis Jonny , Drake David 
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To determine if microtechnology-derived collision loads discriminate between collision performance and compare the physical and analytical components of collision performance between positional groups. Methods: Thirty-seven professional male rugby union players participated in this study. Collision events from 11 competitive matches were coded using specific tackle and carry classifications based on the ball-carrier’s collision outcome. Collisions were automatically detected using 10 Hz microtechnology units. Collision events were identified, coded (as tackle or carry), and timestamped at the collision contact point using game analysis software. Attacking and defensive performances of 1609 collision events were analyzed. Results: Collision loads were significantly greater during dominant compared with neutral and passive collisions (P < .001; effect size [ES] = 0.53 and 0.80, respectively), tackles (P < .0001; ES = 0.60 and 0.56, respectively), and carries (P < .001; ES = 0.48 and 0.79, respectively). Overall, forwards reported a greater number and frequency of collisions but lower loads per collision and velocities at collision point than did backs. Microtechnology devices can also accurately, sensitively, and specifically identify collision events (93.3%, 93.8%, and 92.8%, respectively). Conclusion: Microtechnology is a valid means of discriminating between tackle and carry performance. Thus, microtechnology-derived collision load data can be utilized to track and monitor collision events in training and games.
The Fit Matters: Influence of Accelerometer Fitting and Training Drill Demands on Load Measures in Rugby League Players
Authors: McLean Blake D. , Cummins Cloe , Conlan Greta , Duthie Grant , Coutts Aaron J. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To determine the relationship between drill type and accelerometer-derived loads during various team-sport activities and examine the influence of unit fitting on these loads. Methods: Sixteen rugby league players were fitted with microtechnology devices in either manufacturer vests or playing jerseys before completing standardized running, agility, and tackling drills. Two-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) accelerometer loads (BodyLoad™) per kilometer were compared across drills and fittings (ie, vest and jersey). Results: When fitted in a vest, 2D BodyLoad was higher during tackling (21.5 [14.8] AU/km) than during running (9.5 [2.5] AU/km) and agility (10.3 [2.7] AU/km). Jersey fitting resulted in more than 2-fold higher BodyLoad during running (2D = 9.5 [2.7] vs 29.3 [14.8] AU/km, 3D = 48.5 [14.8] vs 111.5 [45.4] AU/km) and agility (2D = 10.3 [2.7] vs 21.0 [8.1] AU/km, 3D = 40.4 [13.6] vs 77.7 [26.8] AU/km) compared with a vest fitting. Jersey fitting also produced higher BodyLoad during tackling drills (2D = 21.5 [14.8] vs 27.8 [18.6] AU/km, 3D = 42.0 [21.4] vs 63.2 [33.1] AU/km). Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting the construct validity of 2D BodyLoad for assessing collision/tackling load in rugby league training drills. Conversely, the large values obtained from 3D BodyLoad (which includes the vertical load vector) appear to mask small increases in load during tackling drills, rendering 3D BodyLoad insensitive to changes in contact load. Unit fitting has a large influence on accumulated accelerometer loads during all drills, which is likely related to greater incidental unit movement when units are fitted in jerseys. Therefore, it is recommended that athletes wear microtechnology units in manufacturer-provided vests to provide valid and reliable information.
The Trainability of Adolescent Soccer Players to Brief Periodized Complex Training
Authors: Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Michaloglou Konstantinos , Avloniti Alexandra , Leontsini Diamanda , Deli Chariklia K. , Vlachopoulos Dimitris , Gracia-Marco Luis , Arsenis Sotirios , Athanailidis Ioannis , Draganidis Dimitrios , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Williams Craig A. , Fatouros Ioannis G. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a complex, short-term strength/power training protocol on performance and body composition of elite early adolescent soccer players. Methods: Twenty-two players (14–15 y) were randomly assigned to (1) an experimental group (N = 12; participated in a 5-wk training protocol with traditional multijoint power resistance exercises, Olympic-style lifts, plyometric drills, and speed work; 4 times per week) or (2) a control group (N = 10). Strength and power performance (jumping, speed, change of direction, repeated sprint ability, endurance, isokinetic strength of knee flexors and extensors, maximal strength in various lifts, and speed-endurance) were evaluated pretraining and posttraining. Results: Cessation of training for 5 weeks in the control group induced a marked performance deterioration (∼5%–20%). Training not only prevented strength performance deterioration but also increased it (∼2%–30%). Endurance and repeated sprint ability declined to a smaller extent in experimental group compared with control group (15% vs 7.5%). Isometric strength and body composition remained unaltered in both groups. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that (1) young players exhibit a high level of trainability of their strength/power performance (but not endurance) in response to a short-term complex training protocol during early adolescence, (2) Olympic-style lifts are characterized by increased safety in this age group and appear to be highly effective, (3) lifts incorporating a hip thrust result in increased strength of both knee extensors and flexors, (4) cessation of training for only 5 weeks results in marked deterioration of strength/power and endurance performance, and (5) improvement of strength/power performance may be related to neural-based adaptation as body composition remained unaffected.
The Effects of Filter Cutoff Frequency on Musculoskeletal Simulations of High-Impact Movements
Authors: Tomescu Stefan Sebastian , Bakker Ryan , Beach Tyson A.C. , Chandrashekar Naveen 
Published: February 2018

Estimation of muscle forces through musculoskeletal simulation is important in understanding human movement and injury. Unmatched filter frequencies used to low-pass filter marker and force platform data can create artifacts during inverse dynamics analysis, but their effects on muscle force calculations are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of filter cutoff frequency on simulation parameters and magnitudes of lower-extremity muscle and resultant joint contact forces during a high-impact maneuver. Eight participants performed a single-leg jump landing. Kinematics was captured with a 3D motion capture system, and ground reaction forces were recorded with a force platform. The marker and force platform data were filtered using 2 matched filter frequencies (10–10 Hz and 15–15 Hz) and 2 unmatched filter frequencies (10–50 Hz and 15–50 Hz). Musculoskeletal simulations using computed muscle control were performed in OpenSim. The results revealed significantly higher peak quadriceps (13%), hamstrings (48%), and gastrocnemius forces (69%) in the unmatched (10–50 Hz and 15–50 Hz) conditions than in the matched (10–10 Hz and 15–15 Hz) conditions (P < .05). Resultant joint contact forces and reserve (nonphysiologic) moments were similarly larger in the unmatched filter categories (P < .05). This study demonstrated that artifacts created from filtering with unmatched filter cutoffs result in altered muscle forces and dynamics that are not physiologic.
Comparative
In Vitro
Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates
Authors: Goldstein Ellie J. C. , Citron Diane M. , Tyrrell Kerin L. , Leoncio Eliza , Merriam C. Vreni 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

Omadacycline was tested against 125 isolates recovered from infected cat and dog bites in humans. Its activity was similar to that of other compounds in the tetracycline class, and it was active against strains exhibiting tetracycline resistance. Against anaerobic isolates, resistance to tetracyclines was more prominent and omadacycline was the most active of the group. All isolates had omadacycline MICs of <1 μg/ml, with the exception of
Eikenella corrodens
, which showed reduced susceptibility to the entire tetracycline group.