bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance and clonal selection among Allium sativum L. germplasm resources to Delia antiqua M. and its correlation with allicin content
Authors: Wang Haiping , Wu Yahong , Liu Xiuhui , Du Zhenzhen , Qiu Yang , Song Jiangping , Zhang Xiaohui , Li Xixiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDGarlic is the second largest allium crop after onion and is grown all over the world. The onion maggot (Delia antiqua M.) is a pest that seriously affects the yield and quality of garlic. Cultural controls and insecticides have several potential problems, including pesticide residue and development of resistance. Screening resistant varieties is an ideal alternative method.RESULTSThe resistance of 213 accessions of garlic clones against onion maggot was identified. The results showed that the pest index was between 5.56% and 91.11%, with classification into six groups by cluster analysis: HR (highly resistant), R (resistant), MR (moderately resistant), MS (moderately susceptible), S (susceptible) and HS (highly susceptible). Among these accessions, 9 and 30 were HR and R to onion maggot, respectively. Comparing the resistances of seven pairs of accessions between the original accessions and their progenies showed that single bulb clonal selection could be an effective way to improve allicin content, onion maggot resistance and most morphological traits. The relationship between allicin content and resistance was investigated, and a significant positive relationship was found. Accessions with a high content of allicin have great potential as resistant accessions.CONCLUSIONThis study showed significant differences among garlic germplasm in their response to Delia antiqua M. Some accessions were highly resistant and tolerant. Utilization of these accessions will help minimize environmental pollution, preserve agro‐ecosystems and biodiversity, and make management processes more economical. Furthermore, these accessions could be used in breeding programs to develop new maggot‐resistant onion cultivars. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Ultrafine Silver Nanoparticles Embedded in Cyclodextrin Metal‐Organic Frameworks with GRGDS Functionalization to Promote Antibacterial and Wound Healing Application
Authors: Shakya Shailendra , He Yaping , Ren Xiaohong , Guo Tao , Maharjan Abi , Luo Ting , Wang Tingting , Dhakhwa Ramesh , Regmi Balmukunda , Li Haiyan , Gref Ruxandra , Zhang Jiwen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe challenge of bacterial infection increases the risk of mortality and morbidity in acute and chronic wound healing. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are a promising new version of conventional antibacterial nanosystem to fight against the bacterial resistance in concern of the drug discovery void. However, there are several challenges in controlling the size and colloidal stability of Ag NPs, which readily aggregate or coalesce in both solid and aqueous state. In this study, a template‐guided synthesis of ultrafine Ag NPs of around 2 nm using water‐soluble and biocompatible γ‐cyclodextrin metal‐organic frameworks (CD‐MOFs) is reported. The CD‐MOF based synthetic strategy integrates AgNO3 reduction and Ag NPs immobilization in one pot achieving dual functions of reduced particle size and enhanced stability. Meanwhile, the synthesized Ag NPs are easily dispersible in aqueous media and exhibit effective bacterial inhibition. The surface modification of cross‐linked CD‐MOF particles with GRGDS peptide boosts the hemostatic effect that further enhances wound healing in synergy with the antibacterial effect. Hence, the strategy of ultrafine Ag NPs synthesis and immobilization in CD‐MOFs together with GRGDS modification holds promising potential for the rational design of effective wound healing devices.
Performance and bacterial community composition of volcanic scoria particles (VSP) in a biological aerated filter (BAF) for micro‐polluted source water treatment
Authors: Xie Kang , Wang Bin , Qiu Liping , Zhang Shoubin , Wang Jiabin , Liu Guicai , Sun Shaofang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA laboratory‐scale biological aerated filter (BAF), using volcanic scoria particles (VSP), was used for treating micro‐polluted source water. The system reached a steady‐state stage and performed better at removing pollutants. In steady‐state stage, the effluent ammonia () and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were consistently maintained below 0.3 and 3 mg/L, respectively. Both the and COD removal efficiencies decreased with shorter hydraulic retention time (HRT). The effluent and COD exceeded health standards at 15 min of HRT. Although performance was relatively poor for VSP‐BAF at low temperature, the removal still achieved the drinking water quality standard. The influences of influent and COD concentration changes were similar to that of temperature. A better performance was observed in removal under higher influent concentrations. In contrast, the effluent COD was more than 3 mg/L when the influent COD concentrations increased to about 9 mg/L. The phylogenetic and cluster analyses indicated that the effect of HRT on bacteria community structure was higher than that of temperature, while the ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are sensitive to temperature. The main phyla identified in total bacteria communities were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Nitrospirae. The main AOB were Nitrosomonadales and an uncultured ammonia‐oxidizing bacterium.Practitioner points

The BAF using VSP obtained a good performance for treating micro‐polluted source water.

The influence of HRT on the system was more significant than that of temperature.

The system is resistant to concentration shocks while is unable to withstand the COD increasing.

The effect of HRT on bacteria community structure was significantly higher than that of temperature.
The Effect of Electronic Word of Mouth Communications on Intention to Buy: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ismagilova Elvira , Slade Emma L. , Rana Nripendra P. , Dwivedi Yogesh K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe aim of this research is to synthesise findings from previous studies by employing weight and meta-analysis to reconcile conflicting evidence and draw a “big picture” of eWOM factors influencing consumers’ intention to buy. By using the findings from 69 studies, this research identified best (e.g. argument quality, valence, eWOM usefulness, trust in message), promising (e.g. eWOM credibility, emotional trust, attitude towards website) and least effective (e.g. volume, existing eWOM, source credibility) predictors of intention to buy in eWOM research. Additionally, the effect size of each predictor was calculated by performing meta-analysis. For academics, understanding what influences consumers’ intention to buy will help set the agenda for future research directions; for practitioners, it will provide benefit in terms of practical guidance based on detailed analysis of specific factors influencing consumers’ intention to buy, which could enhance their marketing activities.
Does exposure to alternative decision rules change gaze patterns and behavioral strategies in games?
Authors: Zonca Joshua , Coricelli Giorgio , Polonio Luca 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe run an eye-tracking experiment to investigate whether players change their gaze patterns and choices after they experience alternative models of choice in one-shot games. In phase 1 and 3, participants play 2 × 2 matrix games with a human counterpart; in phase 2, they apply specific decision rules while playing with a computer with known behavior. We classify participants in types based on their gaze patterns in phase 1 and explore attentional shifts in phase 3, after players were exposed to the alternative decision rules. Results show that less sophisticated players, who focus mainly on their own payoffs, change their gaze patterns towards the evaluation of others’ incentives in phase 3. This attentional shift predicts an increase in equilibrium responses in relevant classes of games. Conversely, cooperative players do not change their visual analysis. Our results shed new light on theories of bounded rationality and on theories of social preferences.
Testosterone Deficiency: A Review and Comparison of Current Guidelines
Authors: Kwong Jethro C.C. , Krakowsky Yonah , Grober Ethan 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
There is much controversy regarding the appropriate evaluation and management of testosterone deficiency (TD).

Aim
To compare current guidelines on the evaluation and management of TD to provide clarity for patients and clinicians, as well as to highlight areas of controversy.

Methods
A literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and various association websites was performed to identify guidelines for TD.

Outcomes
Key aspects in the approach were compared, with a focus on the biochemical definition (cutoff) for low testosterone (T), principles of management, and recommendations for testosterone therapy (TTh) in special patient populations.

Results
Guidelines from the Canadian Medical Association Journal, American Urological Association, European Association of Urology, Endocrine Society, International Society for Sexual Medicine, and British Society for Sexual Medicine were included for review. Recommendations were generally consistent across guidelines. Key differences include the biochemical cutoff for low T, and recommendations for patients with low to normal T, prostate cancer, or cardiovascular disease. We highlight several case scenarios in which management differs depending on the guideline adopted.

Clinical Implications
Although general diagnostic and management principles are in agreement across the guidelines, notable differences may impact patient diagnosis and eligibility for TTh.

Strengths & Limitations
Only guidelines written in English were included. The quality of the included guidelines was not evaluated, but this was beyond the scope of this review.

Conclusion
We highlight the limitations of relying exclusively on guidelines in managing patients with TD.
A dam break driven by a moving source: a simple model for a powder snow avalanche
Authors: Billingham John 
Published: May 2019

We study the two-dimensional, irrotational flow of an inviscid, incompressible fluid injected from a line source moving at constant speed along a horizontal boundary, into a second, immiscible, inviscid fluid of lower density. A semi-infinite, horizontal layer sustained by the moving source has previously been studied as a simple model for a powder snow avalanche, an example of an eruption current, Carroll et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 24, 2012, 066603). We show that with fluids of unequal densities, in a frame of reference moving with the source, no steady solution exists, and formulate an initial/boundary value problem that allows us to study the evolution of the flow. After considering the limit of small density difference, we study the fully nonlinear initial/boundary value problem and find that the flow at the head of the layer is effectively a dam break for the initial conditions that we have used. We study the dynamics of this in detail for small times using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Finally, we solve the fully nonlinear free boundary problem numerically using an adaptive vortex blob method, after regularising the flow by modifying the initial interface to include a thin layer of the denser fluid that extends to infinity ahead of the source. We find that the disturbance of the interface in the linear theory develops into a dispersive shock in the fully nonlinear initial/boundary value problem, which then overturns. For sufficiently large Richardson number, overturning can also occur at the head of the layer.
Whey protein concentrate improves antioxidant capacity, faecal microbiota and fatty acid profile of growing piglets
Authors: Kafantaris I. , Stagos D. , Kotsampasi B. , Kantas D. , Koukoumis V. , Moschonas N. D. , Skaperda Z. , Gerasopoulos K. , Makri S. , Goutzourelas N. , Mitsagga C. , Giavasis I. , Petrotos K. , Kokkas S. , Kouretas D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA feeding trial involving growing piglets was undertaken to establish whether feed supplemented with whey protein concentrate (WPC), exhibiting antioxidant properties, had any effects on welfare and meat quality. For that purpose, 48 weaned piglets (20-days-old) were assigned to two experimental groups receiving standard or experimental diet for 30 days. Blood and tissue collection were performed at various time-points. The following oxidative stress markers were assessed: reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (CARB) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition activity. The effects on bacterial growth and the fatty acid profile of meat were also assessed. Results showed that piglets fed with the WPC-supplemented diet had significantly increased antioxidant mechanisms in almost all tissues tested, as indicated by increases in GSH, H2O2 decomposition activity and TAC compared with the control group. Piglets fed with the experimental diet exhibited decreased oxidative stress-induced damage to lipids and proteins, as shown by decreases in TBARS and CARB in the WPC group compared with the control group. In addition, the experimental diet enhanced growth of facultative probiotic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria and inhibited growth of pathogen populations. In addition, WPC inclusion in piglets' diet increased n-3 fatty acids significantly and decreased n-6/n-3 ratio significantly compared with the control group. The current study showed that WPC inclusion in the diet had a significant effect on welfare and meat quality of growing piglets.
Posterior nasoseptal flap in the reconstruction of skull base defects following endonasal surgery
Authors: Singh C , Shah N 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo study the clinical outcomes of a posterior nasoseptal flap used in the endonasal reconstruction of anterior skull base defects.MethodsThe early harvested flap was used to reconstruct anterior skull base defects in patients with high-flow on-table cerebrospinal fluid leak. Post-operatively, the patients were analysed for cerebrospinal fluid leak and bleeding.ResultsOf the 100 patients, 87 had macro defects while 13 had micro defects. Non-secretary lesions were present in 60 patients, while secretary lesions were present in 40 patients. Cerebrospinal fluid leak was present in all the patients undergoing surgery, and the majority of them had a lumbar drain fitted. Post-operatively, two patients experienced bleeding and only two patients had a cerebrospinal fluid leak.ConclusionThe use of a posterior nasoseptal flap for reconstruction of the anterior skull base amongst patients with a high-flow intra-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak can help prevent post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak. Its applicability to wide patient profiles, with respect to age, size of defect and diagnosis, make it a versatile choice for reconstruction after endonasal anterior skull base surgical procedures.
Parasite adaptation to extreme conditions in a desert environment
Authors: Tinsley R. C. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYDeserts represent universally recognized extreme environments for animal life. This paper documents the highly specialized adaptations of Pseudodiplorchis americanus, a monogenean parasite of the desert toad, Scaphiopus couchii. Building on a long-term record of parasite population ecology (continuing since the early 1980s), field studies focus on the effects of severe drought in the Sonoran Desert, Arizona, in the mid 1990s. This provides a test of the ability of the host-parasite system to tolerate exceptional perturbation. The analysis provides new insight into parasite infection dynamics in a natural wildlife system through integration of host and parasite population age structure. The environmental check interrupted host recruitment in 1993–95 and parasite recruitment in 1995–97. This produced an imprint in age structure and infection levels recognizable over several years: parasite recruitment failure reduced transmission 2–3 years later. The host (maximum life span 17 years) tolerated the disruption but the impact was more serious for the parasite (life span 3 years) leading to extinction of some previously stable populations. Despite this demonstration of a rare event exacerbating external environmental constraints, experimental studies suggest that the internal (host) environment normally creates the most severe conditions affecting P. americanus. Only about 3 % of parasites survive from invasion until first reproduction. Post-invasion factors including host immunity, characteristic of most parasite life cycles, constitute a greater constraint upon survival than external conditions, even in a desert environment.
The survival of monogenean (platyhelminth) parasites on fish skin
Authors: Kearn G. C. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYThis review deals with the problems faced by those monogenean (platyhelminth) parasites that attach themselves to fish skin. The structure of the skin and the ways in which the posterior hook-bearing haptor achieves virtually permanent attachment to the skin are considered. Small marginal hooklets are specialized for attachment to superficial host epidermal cells, finding anchorage in the terminal web of keratinous tonofilaments, while large hooks (hamuli) may penetrate into and lodge in the collagenous dermis. The complementary roles of suction and sticky secretions in haptor attachment and the role of the pharynx in temporary attachment during feeding are also considered. During leech-like locomotion the haptor is briefly detached and, at this critical time, the anterior end is strongly fixed to the wet, current-swept and possibly slimy skin by a sticky secretion. This secretion is deployed on paired pads or discs, the latter sometimes backed up by suction. After attachment by the haptor is re-established, the special tegument covering the anterior adhesive areas may be instrumental in their instant release. The role of fish skin in the phenomenon of host specificity and in the generation of a defensive response against monogeneans is considered and site-specificity of parasites on the host's body is discussed. Possible selection pressures exerted by predatory ‘cleaner’ organisms are briefly evaluated.
Pentastomids and the tetrapod lung
Authors: Riley J. , Henderson R. J. 
Published: May 2019

SUMMARYPentastomids comprise a highly specialized taxon of arthropod-like parasites that probably became adapted to the lungs of amphibians and reptiles early in their long evolutionary history. Few other macroparasites exploit this particular niche. Pentastomids are often large, long-lived and yet they cause little observable pathology in lungs, despite being haematophagous. The lungs of all tetrapods are lined with pulmonary surfactant, a remarkable biological material consisting of a complex mixture of phospholipids, neutral lipids and proteins that has the unique ability to disperse over the air-liquid lining of the lung. In the lower tetrapods it acts as an anti-glue preventing adhesion of respiratory surfaces when lungs collapse during swallowing prey or upon expiration. In mammals, pulmonary surfactant also plays a critical role regulating the activity of alveolar macrophages, the predominant phagocytes of the lower airways and alveoli. This review outlines the evidence suggesting that lung-dwelling pentastomids, and also nymphs encysted in the tissues of mammalian intermediate hosts, evade immune surveillance and reduce inflammation by coating the chitinous cuticle with a their own stage-specific surfactant. The lipid composition of surfactant derived from lung instars of the pentastomidPorocephalus crotaliculturedin vitrois very similar to that recovered from the lung of its snake host. Pentastomid surfactant, visualised as lamellate droplets within sub-parietal cells, is delivered to the cuticle via chitin-lined efferent ducts that erupt at a surface density of < 400 mm-2. The fidelity of the system, which ensures that every part of the cuticle surface is membrane-coated, testifies to its strategic importance. Two other extensive glands discharge membrane-associated (hydrophobic ?) proteins onto the hooks and head; some have been purified and partly characterized but their role in minimising inflammatory responses is, as yet, undetermined.
HYPOPHILOSOPHY
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:The more obvious forms of corruption are often preceded and explained by the etiolation of a practice: as its participants lose track of the point of their activities, their moral immune system is disabled. The argument is developed via a case study, philosophy itself. After advancing the hypothesis that philosophy is in the first instance the machine tool industry of the intellect—that its task is making the intellectual tools that make the intellectual tools—we consider what becomes of such an enterprise when this objective slips out of focus.
A TAXONOMY OF INSTITUTIONAL CORRUPTION
Authors: Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:In this essay I take issue with the problem of institutional corruption. A number of scholars have recently established a discontinuity thesis, according to which an institution may be corrupt even if its members are not. Against this view, I defend a continuity thesis and argue that institutional corruption can always be traced back to the blameworthy corrupt behavior of individual agents. Certain instances of corrupt behavior spread their effects and tip in a way that subvert (and not simply violate) the public rules that govern an institution. This occurs, I argue, following either summative, morphological, or systemic modalities. I show that such a taxonomy of institutional corruption is useful for the purpose of disentangling and understanding the variety of mechanisms that generate the phenomenon. Most importantly, the taxonomy allows for a more nuanced way of attributing responsibility for political corruption, including collective responsibility. I conclude that a continuity approach offers the tools for diagnosing institutional corruption, but also facilitates the task of formulating answers to political corruption, both from a backward-looking and from a forward-looking perspective.
Application of a long short-term memory neural network: a burgeoning method of deep learning in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi, China
Authors: Wang G. , Wei W. , Jiang J. , Ning C. , Chen H. , Huang J. , Liang B. , Zang N. , Liao Y. , Chen R. , Lai J. , Zhou O. , Han J. , Liang H. , Ye L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGuangxi, a province in southwestern China, has the second highest reported number of HIV/AIDS cases in China. This study aimed to develop an accurate and effective model to describe the tendency of HIV and to predict its incidence in Guangxi. HIV incidence data of Guangxi from 2005 to 2016 were obtained from the database of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network models, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models, generalised regression neural network (GRNN) models and exponential smoothing (ES) were used to fit the incidence data. Data from 2015 and 2016 were used to validate the most suitable models. The model performances were evaluated by evaluating metrics, including mean square error (MSE), root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean absolute percentage error. The LSTM model had the lowest MSE when the N value (time step) was 12. The most appropriate ARIMA models for incidence in 2015 and 2016 were ARIMA (1, 1, 2) (0, 1, 2)12and ARIMA (2, 1, 0) (1, 1, 2)12, respectively. The accuracy of GRNN and ES models in forecasting HIV incidence in Guangxi was relatively poor. Four performance metrics of the LSTM model were all lower than the ARIMA, GRNN and ES models. The LSTM model was more effective than other time-series models and is important for the monitoring and control of local HIV epidemics.