bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human cognition and the AI revolution
Authors: Paulson Steve , Grosz Barbara J. , Antonsen Roger 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDiscovering the true nature of reality may ultimately hinge on grasping the nature and essence of human understanding. What are the fundamental elements or building blocks of human cognition? And how will the rise of superintelligent machines challenge our ideas about cognition, reality, and the limits of human understanding? Logician/mathematician Roger Antonsen and computer science pioneer Barbara J. Grosz join forces to shed light on these questions and the horizon of artificial intelligence.
Methods and analyzers for hemoglobin measurement in clinical laboratories and field settings
Authors: Whitehead Ralph D. , Mei Zuguo , Mapango Carine , Jefferds Maria Elena D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper describes and compares methods and analyzers used to measure hemoglobin (Hb) in clinical laboratories and field settings. We conducted a literature review for methods used to measure Hb in clinical laboratories and field settings. We described methods to measure Hb and factors influencing results. Automated hematology analyzer (AHA) was reference for all Hb comparisons using evaluation criteria of ±7% set by College of American Pathologists (CAP) and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). Capillary fingerprick blood usually produces higher Hb concentrations compared with venous blood. Individual drops produced lower concentrations than pooled capillary blood. Compared with the AHA: (1) overall cyanmethemoglobin (1.0−8.0 g/L), WHO Colour Scale (0.5−10.0 g/L), paper‐based devices (5.0−7.0 g/L), HemoCue® Hb‐201 (1.0−16.0 g/L) and Hb‐301 (0.5−6.0 g/L), and Masimo Pronto® (0.3−14.0 g/L) overestimated concentrations; (2) Masimo Radical®‐7 both under‐ and overestimated concentrations (0.3−104.0 g/L); and (3) other methods underestimated concentrations (2.0−16.0 g/L). Most mean concentration comparisons varied less than ±7% of the reference. Hb measurements are influenced by several analytical factors. With few exceptions, mean concentration bias was within ±7%, suggesting acceptable performance. Appropriate, high‐quality methods in all settings are necessary to ensure the accuracy of Hb measurements.This paper describes and compares methods and analyzers used to measure hemoglobin (Hb) in clinical laboratories and field settings. With few exceptions, mean concentration bias was within ±7%, suggesting acceptable performance. Appropriate, high‐quality methods in all settings are necessary to ensure the accuracy of Hb measurements.
Tumor‐related leukocytosis predictive of recurrence and survival in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Lee Hojun , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prognostic values of tumor‐related leukocytosis (TRL) as a reliable biomarker predictive of recurrence and survival after definitive surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Materials and methodsThis retrospective study involved 322 patients who underwent tumor extirpation combined with neck dissection for treatment‐naïve OSCC between 2006 and 2014. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the relationship between TRL and pathological variables. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to find associations between factors and disease‐free survival (DFS) or overall survival (OS).ResultsTRL was significantly related to advanced disease status, tumor size, invasion depth, poor differentiation, and T and N classifications, resulting in increased post‐treatment recurrence rate, particularly in the distant site. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that only the T classification was significantly associated with baseline TRL (p = 0.018). Multivariate analyses also showed that the tumor depth of invasion, pathological N classification, extranodal extension, and TRL remained the independent variables predictive of DFS and OS (all p < 0.05). TRL was related to a more than twofold increased risk of post‐treatment recurrence and mortality.ConclusionsTRL is associated with advanced tumor disease and increased recurrence and mortality in OSCC patients.
Quantification of histopathological changes in patients with psoriasis before and after phototherapy
Authors: Noronha‐Neta Maria Isabel , Picciani Bruna Lavinas Sayed , Niemeyer‐Corbellini João Paulo , Ramos‐e‐Silva Márcia , Soares Fernando Augusto , Carneiro Sueli 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundOne of the most used resources for the treatment of psoriasis is ultraviolet radiation (UV) with psoralens (PUVA) and narrow‐band UV (UVB‐NB 311‐312 nm). Although many researchers have assessed the histopathological effects of this therapy modality, none used a morphological classification system specific to psoriasis.PurposeTo assess the clinical and histopathological response in the phototherapy treatment of plaque psoriasis with PUVA and UVB‐NB with use of PASI and TROZAK.MethodsHistopathological changes of plaque psoriasis were quantified with help of the grading system for psoriasis—Trozak in 20 patients of both sexes, before and after 32 PUVA phototherapy sessions (10 patients—GPUVA) and UVB‐NB (10 patients—GUVB‐NB). The severity and extension of psoriasis was evaluated through PASI. The slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin were scanned in an Aperio CS2 scanner (Leica Biosystems) and evaluated through the software ImageScopeTM (Aperio Technologies). Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the program SPSS 22.0, with application of the Wilcoxon and Mann‐Whitney tests.ResultsAll patients presented improvement in psoriatic plaques with decrease in PASI after treatment (P < 0.01) and significant reduction in histopathological changes in psoriasis from 15.4 ± 1.7 to 3.7 ± 3.2 (P < 0.01) in group GPUVA and from 13.2 ± 1.7 to 4.9 ± 5.2 (P < 0,01) in group GUVB‐NB.ConclusionsPhototherapy, regardless of type, is an effective treatment for moderate and severe psoriasis, with possibility of being quantified clinically by PASI and histopathologically by Trozak.
On the existence of leapfrogging pair of circular vortex filaments
Authors: Aiki Masashi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe propose and analyze a system of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the motion of a pair of vortex filaments. As a preliminary analysis, we first consider the case when the filaments are arranged as straight and parallel lines, and explicitly solve the system to show that the motion of the lines resemble that of point vortices moving in a plane. Then, we consider the motion of a pair of coaxial circular vortex filaments. We show that in this case, the system can be reduced to a two‐dimensional Hamiltonian system. Based on this formulation, we give a condition for the initial configuration and parameters of the filaments for leapfrogging to occur, and prove that the condition is in fact necessary and sufficient.
Social Practice and Shared History, Not Social Scale, Structure Cross‐Cultural Complexity in Kinship Systems
Authors: Rácz Péter , Passmore Sam , Jordan Fiona M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHuman populations display remarkable diversity in language and culture, but the variation is not without limit. At the population level, variation between societies may be structured by a range of macro‐evolutionary factors, including ecological and environmental resources, shared ancestry, spatial proximity, and covarying social practices. Kinship terminology systems are varying linguistic paradigms that denote familial social relationships of kin and non‐kin. Systems vary by the kinds of salient distinctions that are made (e.g., age, gender, generation) and the extent to which different kinds of kin are called by the same term. Here, we explore two kinds of explanations for an observed typology of kin terms for cousins. The first one derives the typology from a learning bottleneck linked to population size. This would lead to a correlation between community size and the type of kinship system. The second one derives it from a set of social practices, particularly marriage and transfer of resources that might shape kinship systems. Using a global ethnographic database of over a thousand societies, we show that marriage rules and shared linguistic affiliation have a significant influence on the type of kinship system found in a society. This remains true if we control for the effect of spatial proximity and cultural ancestry. By combining cognitive and historic approaches to this aspect of kinship, we suggest broader implications for the study of human social cognition in general.
From fault creep to slow and fast earthquakes in carbonates
Authors: Passelègue Franҫois X. , Aubry Jérôme , Nicolas Aurélien , Fondriest Michele , Deldicque Damien , Schubnel Alexandre , Di Toro Giulio 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A major part of the seismicity striking the Mediterranean area and other regions worldwide is hosted in carbonate rocks. Recent examples are the destructive earthquakes of L’Aquila (Mw 6.1) in 2009 and Norcia (Mw 6.5) in 2016 in central Italy. Surprisingly, within this region, fast (≈3 km/s) and destructive seismic ruptures coexist with slow (≤10 m/s) and nondestructive rupture phenomena. Despite its relevance for seismic hazard studies, the transition from fault creep to slow and fast seismic rupture propagation is still poorly constrained by seismological and laboratory observations. Here, we reproduced in the laboratory the complete spectrum of natural faulting on samples of dolostones representative of the seismogenic layer in the region. The transitions from fault creep to slow ruptures and from slow to fast ruptures were obtained by increasing both confining pressure (P) and temperature (T) up to conditions encountered at 3–5 km depth (i.e., P = 100 MPa and T = 100 °C), which corresponds to the hypocentral location of slow earthquake swarms and the onset of seismicity in central Italy. The transition from slow to fast rupture is explained by an increase in the ambient temperature, which enhances the elastic loading stiffness of the fault, i.e., the slip velocities during nucleation, allowing flash weakening and, in turn, the propagation of fast ruptures radiating intense high-frequency seismic waves.
Effects of size-dependent sediment mixing on deep-sea records of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
Authors: Hupp Brittany N. , Kelly D. Clay , Zachos James C. , Bralower Timothy J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Stratigraphic features of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) marking the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ca. 55.8 Ma) are used to study ocean-climate change and carbon cycling during this ancient global warming event. Yet discrepancies in its timing and amplitude exist between bulk-carbonate and planktic-foraminifera δ13C records. Here we examine these disparities through the lens of δ13C compositions of size-segregated planktic shells across the pre-CIE to CIE transition in the iconic PETM section of Ocean Drilling Program Site 690 in the Weddell Sea. Our results show that the stratigraphic position of the CIE onset is dependent upon shell size, which we attribute to preferential mixing of smaller shells with pre-CIE δ13C values up into the overlying CIE interval. Hence, the transitory loss of size-dependent δ13C signatures in photosymbiotic planktic foraminifera is a taphonomic artifact, not a geochemical signal of symbiont “bleaching” during the PETM. Our results also indicate that many salient features of the Site 690 bulk-carbonate δ13C record are aberrations caused by size-dependent sediment mixing, and as such, should not be viewed as primary signals of ocean-climate change during what is arguably one of the best ancient analogs for future ocean-climate change.
Southern high-latitude warmth during the Jurassic–Cretaceous: New evidence from clumped isotope thermometry
Authors: Vickers Madeleine L. , Bajnai David , Price Gregory D. , Linckens Jolien , Fiebig Jens 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In order to understand the climate dynamics of the Mesozoic greenhouse world, it is vital to determine paleotemperatures from higher latitudes. For the Jurassic and Cretaceous climate, there are significant discrepancies between different proxies and between proxy data and climate models. We determined paleotemperatures from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous belemnites using the carbonate clumped isotope paleothermometer and compared these values to temperatures derived from TEX86 and other proxies. From our analyses, we infer an average temperature of ∼25 °C for the upper part of the water column of the southern Atlantic Ocean. Our data imply that for mid- to high latitudes, climate models underestimate marine temperatures by >5 °C and, therefore, the amount of warming that would accompany an increase in atmospheric CO2 of more than 4× pre-industrial levels, as is projected for the near future.
Risk of infection associated with intravenous iron preparations: protocol for updating a systematic review
Authors: Shah Akshay , Sugavanam Anita , Reid Jack , Palmer Antony J , Dickson Edward , Brunskill Susan , Doree Carolyn , Oliver Charles M , Acheson Austin , Baikady Ravi Rao , Bampoe Sohail , Litton Edward , Stanworth Simon 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThe benefits and risk of intravenous iron have been documented in previous systematic reviews and continue to be the subject of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). An ongoing issue that continues to be raised is the relationship between administering iron and developing infection. This is supported by biological plausibility from animal models. We propose an update of a previously published systematic review and meta-analysis with the primary focus being infection.Methods and analysisWe will include RCTs and non-randomised studies (NRS) in this review update. We will search the relevant electronic databases. Two reviewers will independently extract data. Risk of bias for RCTs and NRS will be assessed using the relevant tools recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration. Data extracted from RCTs and NRS will be analysed and reported separately. Pooled data from RCTs will be analysed using a random effects model. We will also conduct subgroup analyses to identify any patient populations that may be at increased risk of developing infection. We will provide a narrative synthesis on the definitions, sources and responsible pathogens for infection in the included studies. Overall quality of evidence on the safety outcomes of mortality and infection will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review will only investigate published studies and therefore ethical approval is not required. The results will be broadly distributed through conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.Trial registration numberPROSPERO (CRD42018096023).
External injuries, trauma and avoidable deaths in Agincourt, South Africa: a retrospective observational and qualitative study
Authors: Edem Idara J , Dare Anna J , Byass Peter , D’Ambruoso Lucia , Kahn Kathleen , Leather Andy J M , Tollman Stephen , Whitaker John , Davies Justine 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveInjury burden is highest in low-income and middle-income countries. To reduce avoidable deaths, it is necessary to identify health system deficiencies preventing timely, quality care. We developed criteria to use verbal autopsy (VA) data to identify avoidable deaths and associated health system deficiencies.SettingAgincourt, a rural Bushbuckridge municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.ParticipantsAgincourt Health and Socio-Demographic Surveillance System and healthcare providers (HCPs) from local hospitals.MethodsA literature review to explore definitions of avoidable deaths after trauma and barriers to access to care using the ‘three delays framework’ (seeking, reaching and receiving care) was performed. Based on these definitions, this study developed criteria, applicable for use with VA data, for identifying avoidable death and which of the three delays contributed to avoidable deaths. These criteria were then applied retrospectively to the VA-defined category external injury deaths (EIDs—a subset of which are trauma deaths) from 2012 to 2015. The findings were validated by external expert review. Key informant interviews (KIIs) with HCPs were performed to further explore delays to care.ResultsUsing VA data, avoidable death was defined with a focus on survivability, using level of consciousness at the scene and ability to seek care as indicators. Of 260 EIDs (189 trauma deaths), there were 104 (40%) avoidable EIDs and 78 (30%) avoidable trauma deaths (41% of trauma deaths). Delay in receiving care was the largest contributor to avoidable EIDs (61%) and trauma deaths (59%), followed by delay in seeking care (24% and 23%) and in reaching care (15% and 18%). KIIs revealed context-specific factors contributing to the third delay, including difficult referral systems.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of EIDs and trauma deaths were avoidable, mainly occurring due to facility-based delays in care. Interventions, including strengthening referral networks, may substantially reduce trauma deaths.
The Its Not JUST Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Study (INJUSTIS): description of the protocol for a multicentre prospective observational cohort study identifying biomarkers of progressive fibrotic lung disease
Authors: Khan Fasihul , Stewart Iain , Howard Lucy , McKeever Tricia M , Jones Steve , Hearson Glenn , Braybrooke Rebecca , Edwards Colin , Jenkins Gisli , Saini Gauri 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionThe Its Not JUST Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Study (INJUSTIS) is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. The aims of this study are to identify genetic, serum and other biomarkers that may identify specific molecular mechanisms, reflecting disease endotypes that are shared among patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis regardless of aetiology. Furthermore, it is anticipated that these biomarkers will help predict fibrotic activity that may identify patterns of disease behaviour with greater accuracy than current clinical phenotyping.Methods and analysis200 participants with the multidisciplinary team confirmed fibrotic lung disease (50 each of rheumatoid-interstitial lung disease (ILD), asbestosis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and unclassifiable ILD) and 50 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis participants, recruited as positive controls, will be followed up for 2 years. Participants will have blood samples, lung function tests, quality of life questionnaires and a subgroup will be offered bronchoscopy. Participants will also be given the option of undertaking blinded home handheld spirometry for the first 3 months of the study. The primary end point will be identification of a biomarker that predicts disease progression, defined as 10% relative change in forced vital capacity (FVC) or death at 12 months.Ethics and disseminationThe trial has received ethical approval from the National Research Ethics Committee Nottingham (18/EM/0139). All participants must provide written informed consent. The trial will be overseen by the INJUSTIS steering group that will include a patient representative, and an independent chairperson. The results from this study will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated at regional and national conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03670576.
Analysis of the risk of ovarian torsion in 49 consecutive pediatric patients treated at a single institution
Authors: Sugita Koshiro , Kawano Takafumi , Motoi Mukai , Muraji Toshihiro , Onishi Shun , Moriguchi Tomoe , Yamada Koji , Yamada Waka , Masuya Ryuta , Machigashira Seiro , Nakame Kazuhiko , Kaji Tatsuru , Ieiri Satoshi 
Published: June 2019

PurposeAn early diagnosis of ovarian torsion is sometimes difficult due to variable clinical symptoms and non-specific imaging findings. We retrospectively reviewed patients with pediatric ovarian masses manifesting torsion.MethodsFifty-eight ovarian masses (55 episodes) in 49 non-neonatal patients treated from April 1984 to March 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test were used for the statistical analysis.ResultsThe median age of these 55 episodes was 10.5 years old (range 1.0–23.0). Thirty-three patients presented with abdominal pain. Forty-five tumors and 13 cystic masses were resected and diagnosed pathologically (50 benign and 8 malignant). Torsion was identified in 15 cases (25.9%) at operation. The torsion masses were all benign, and 8 ovaries (53.3%) were successfully preserved. Comparing the torsion cases with the non-torsion cases, only the white cell count was significantly higher in the torsion cases (p=0.0133) and in the patients presented with abdominal pain (p=0.0068). The duration of abdominal pain was significantly shorter in ovary preserved cases than in oophorectomy cases.ConclusionThe white blood cell may be a helpful indicator of the presence of torsion as well as the need for surgery.
Corticospinal excitability to the biceps and triceps brachii during forward and backward arm cycling is direction- and phase-dependent
Authors: Nippard Anna. P. , Lockyer Evan. J. , Button Duane. C. , Power Kevin. E. 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate corticospinal excitability to the biceps and triceps brachii during forward (FWD) and backward (BWD) arm cycling. Corticospinal and spinal excitability were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation and transmastoid electrical stimulation to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary evoked potentials (CMEPs), respectively. MEPs and CMEPs were recorded from the biceps and triceps brachii during FWD and BWD arm cycling at 2 positions, 6 and 12 o’clock. The 6 o’clock position corresponded to mid-elbow flexion and extension during FWD and BWD cycling, respectively, while 12 o’clock corresponded to mid-elbow extension and flexion during FWD and BWD cycling, respectively. During the flexion phase, MEP and CMEP amplitudes of the biceps brachii were higher during FWD cycling. However, during the extension phase, MEP and CMEP amplitudes were higher during BWD cycling. For the triceps brachii, MEP amplitudes were higher during FWD cycling regardless of phase. However, CMEP amplitudes were phase-dependent. During the flexion phase, CMEPs of the triceps brachii were higher during FWD cycling compared with BWD, but during the extension phase CMEPs were higher during BWD cycling compared with FWD. The data suggest that corticospinal and spinal excitability to the biceps brachii is phase- and direction-dependent. In the triceps brachii, spinal, but not corticospinal, excitability is phase-dependent when comparing FWD and BWD cycling. Novelty This is the first study to assess corticospinal excitability during FWD and BWD locomotor output. Corticospinal excitability during arm cycling depends on the direction, phase, and muscle being assessed.