bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analyses of the complete mitochondrial genomes of Cyathostomum pateratum and Cyathostomum catinatum provide new molecular data for the evolution of Cyathostominae nematodes
Authors: Qiu Y.Y. , Zeng M.H. , Diao P.W. , Wang X.X. , Li Q. , Li Y. , Gao Y. , Wang C.R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe parasiteCyathostomum pateratum, which occurs in the large intestine of equines, is a common species of the subfamily Cyathostominae. Cyathostominae nematodes are a complex nematode group for which only limited genetic information has been reported. To re-examine the phylogenetic relationships among Cyathostominae nematodes, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome ofCy. pateratumand compared it with the mt genome of the congeneric speciesCyathostomum catinatum.The complete mtDNA sequence ofCy. pateratumwas 13,822 bp in length, 16 bp shorter than that ofCy. catinatum.The mtDNA sequences of both species contained 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes and 22 tRNA genes, and all 36 genes were transcribed in the same direction and in the same strand. Pairwise comparisons of the 12 predicted amino acid sequences betweenCy. catinatumandCy. pateratumrevealed differences of 0.4–3.1%; the least conserved sequence was that of cytochromecoxidase subunit 3 (cox3). Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated amino acid sequences using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods showed thatCy. catinatumandCy. pateratumclustered together with very high nodal support, andCylicostephanus goldiwas closer to theCyathostomumnematodes than to other Cyathostominae nematodes. The mtDNA sequence ofCy. pateratumis reported here for the first time. The study will shed some light on the genetic evolution among parasitic nematodes inCyathostomum.
Spared bottom-up but impaired top-down interactive effects during naturalistic language processing in schizophrenia: evidence from the visual-world paradigm
Authors: Rabagliati Hugh , Delaney-Busch Nathaniel , Snedeker Jesse , Kuperberg Gina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundPeople with schizophrenia process language in unusual ways, but the causes of these abnormalities are unclear. In particular, it has proven difficult to empirically disentangle explanations based on impairments in the top-down processing of higher level information from those based on the bottom-up processing of lower level information.MethodsTo distinguish these accounts, we used visual-world eye tracking, a paradigm that measures spoken language processing during real-world interactions. Participants listened to and then acted out syntactically ambiguous spoken instructions (e.g. ‘tickle the frog with the feather’, which could either specify how to tickle a frog, or which frog to tickle). We contrasted how 24 people with schizophrenia and 24 demographically matched controls used two types of lower level information (prosody and lexical representations) and two types of higher level information (pragmatic and discourse-level representations) to resolve the ambiguous meanings of these instructions. Eye tracking allowed us to assess how participants arrived at their interpretation in real time, while recordings of participants’ actions measured how they ultimately interpreted the instructions.ResultsWe found a striking dissociation in participants’ eye movements: the two groups were similarly adept at using lower level information to immediately constrain their interpretations of the instructions, but only controls showed evidence of fast top-down use of higher level information. People with schizophrenia, nonetheless, did eventually reach the same interpretations as controls.ConclusionsThese data suggest that language abnormalities in schizophrenia partially result from a failure to use higher level information in a top-down fashion, to constrain the interpretation of language as it unfolds in real time.
Non-suicidal self-injury prevalence, course, and association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two large, representative samples of US Army soldiers
Authors: Turner Brianna J. , Kleiman Evan M. , Nock Matthew K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) prospectively predicts suicidal thoughts and behaviors in civilian populations. Despite high rates of suicide among US military members, little is known about the prevalence and course of NSSI, or how NSSI relates to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, in military personnel.MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of two representative surveys of active-duty soldiers (N = 21 449) and newly enlisted soldiers (N = 38 507) from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS).ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of NSSI is 6.3% (1.2% 12-month prevalence) in active-duty soldiers and 7.9% (1.3% 12-month prevalence) in new soldiers. Demographic risk factors for lifetime NSSI include female sex, younger age, non-Hispanic white ethnicity, never having married, and lower educational attainment. The association of NSSI with temporally primary internalizing and externalizing disorders varies by service history (new v. active-duty soldiers) and gender (men v. women). In both active-duty and new soldiers, NSSI is associated with increased odds of subsequent onset of suicidal ideation [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.66–1.81] and suicide attempts (adjusted OR = 2.02–2.43), although not with the transition from ideation to attempt (adjusted OR = 0.92–1.36). Soldiers with a history of NSSI are more likely to have made multiple suicide attempts, compared with soldiers without NSSI.ConclusionsNSSI is prevalent among US Army soldiers and is associated with significantly increased odds of later suicidal thoughts and behaviors, even after NSSI has resolved. Suicide risk assessments in military populations should screen for history of NSSI.
Can we predict the direction of sudden shifts in symptoms? Transdiagnostic implications from a complex systems perspective on psychopathology
Authors: Wichers Marieke , Schreuder Marieke J. , Goekoop Rutger , Groen Robin N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecently, there has been renewed interest in the application of assumptions from complex systems theory in the field of psychopathology. One assumption, with high clinical relevance, is that sudden transitions in symptoms may be anticipated by rising instability in the system, which can be detected with early warning signals (EWS). Empirical studies support the idea that this principle also applies to the field of psychopathology. The current manuscript discusses whether assumptions from complex systems theory can additionally be informative with respect to the specific symptom dimension in which such a transition will occur (e.g. whether a transition towards anxious, depressive or manic symptoms is most likely). From a complex systems perspective, both EWS measured in single symptom dynamics and network symptom dynamics at large are hypothesized to provide clues regarding the direction of the transition. Challenging research designs are needed to provide empirical validation of these hypotheses. These designs should be able to follow sudden transitions ‘live’ using frequent observations of symptoms within individuals and apply a transdiagnostic approach to psychopathology. If the assumptions proposed are supported by empirical studies then this will signify a large improvement in the possibility for personalized estimations of the course of psychiatric symptoms. Such information can be extremely useful for early intervention strategies aimed at preventing specific psychiatric problems.
Salience and the emergence of international norms: Napalm and cluster munitions in the inhumane weapons convention
Authors: Rosert Elvira 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article theorises salience – defined as the amount of attention granted to an issue – as an explanatory factor for the emergence and non-emergence of norms, and shows how salience affects existing explanations such as issue adoption by norm entrepreneurs, mobilisation, social pressure, and framing. The relevance of salience is demonstrated by exploring the question of why the norm against incendiary weapons was adopted in the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in 1980, and why the norm against cluster munitions was not, even though both weapons were deemed particularly inhumane and thus, put on the agenda when the CCW negotiations started in 1978. Drawing on secondary sources and on original data from public and institutional discourses, I study the influence of salience on the emergence of the anti-napalm norm and the non-emergence of the anti-cluster munitions norm in the period of 1945–80. The results demonstrate that and how the discrepancy in salience of the napalm and the cluster munitions issues mattered for the outcomes of the two norm-setting processes.
Epidemiological characteristics of asymptomatic Norovirus infection in a population from oyster (Ostrea rivularis Gould) farms in southern China
Authors: Wang Anna , Huang Qiong , Qin Lin , Zhong Xianwu , Li Hui , Chen Rongfeng , Wan Zhuang , Lin Hong , Liang Junhua , Li Jiansen , Zhuang Yali , Zhang Yonghui 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe following paper investigates the prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the population living around oyster farm sites. Two consecutive surveys were conducted from January 2014 to December 2014 and 4549 stool samples were screened during the same time period. The total asymptomatic infection rate was 4.04% (184/4549). Norovirus infection rate was 5.20% in oyster farming population which was significantly higher compared with non-farming population where the infection rate was 3.65% (χ2 = 5.49, P < 0.05). A total of 184 NoV positive samples were identified by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and semi-nested RT-PCR and 136 sequences were obtained. The sequences were clustered into 14 genotypes. GI strains were clustered into six genotypes, including GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GI.6, GI.8 and GI.9; while GII strains were clustered into GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.5, GII.6, GII.8 and GII.13. GI.9 and GII.17 were the predominant and most prevalent genotypes, respectively. The GII.17 genotype replaced GII.4 becoming the dominant genotype in the oyster farming area in 2014. To sum up, long-term monitoring of asymptomatic infection is crucial for the detection of new variant strains and for identifying outbreaks during the early stage.
Point-of-use water treatment improves recovery rates among children with severe acute malnutrition in Pakistan: results from a site-randomized trial
Authors: Doocy Shannon , Tappis Hannah , Villeminot Nicolas , Suk Ann , Kumar Deepak , Fazal Shahid , Grant Angeline , Pietzsch Silke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate effectiveness of point-of-use water treatment in improving treatment of children affected by severe acute malnutrition (SAM).DesignProgramme sites were randomized to one of four intervention arms: (i) standard SAM treatment; (ii) SAM treatment plus flocculent/disinfectant water treatment; (iii) SAM treatment plus chlorine disinfectant; or (iv) SAM treatment plus ceramic water filter. Outcome measures were calculated based on participant status upon exit or after 120d of enrolment, whichever came first. Child anthropometric data were collected during weekly monitoring at programme sites. Child caregivers were interviewed at enrolment and exit. Use of water treatment products was assessed in a home visit 4–6 weeks after enrolment.SettingDadu District, Sindh Province, Pakistan.SubjectsChildren (n 901) aged 6–59 months with SAM and no medical complications.ResultsRecovery rates were 16·7–22·2 % higher among children receiving water treatment compared with the control group. The adjusted odds of recovery were approximately twice as high for those receiving water treatment compared with controls. Mean length of stay until recovery was 73 (sd 24·6) d and mean rate of weight gain was 4·7 (sd 3·0) g/kg per d. Differences in recovery rate, length of stay and rate of weight gain between intervention groups were not statistically significant.ConclusionsIncorporating point-of-use water treatment into outpatient treatment programmes for children with SAM increased nutritional recovery rates. No significant differences in recovery rates were observed between the different intervention groups, indicating that different water treatment approaches were equally effective in improving recovery.
Comparing primary care pediatricians’ perceptions of clinics with and without integrated behavioral health
Authors: Lancaster Blake , Cook Andrew , Bruni Teryn , Sturza Julie , Sevecke Jessica , Ham Hannah , Knight Rachel , Hoffses Kathryn , Wickham Cheryl A. , Orringer Kelly A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate primary care pediatrician (PCP) perceptions of prevalence of, time spent in, and satisfaction with behavioral health services across clinics with and without on-site behavioral health providers (BHPs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was used to examine satisfaction across sites. Data were collected on PCP perceptions of behavioral health services among 60 pediatricians within two academic medical systems. Results: PCPs perceived behavioral health issues are prevalent and a time-consuming aspect of medical appointments and preferred to have on-site BHPs over off-site referral sources. Compared to sites without an on-site BHP, sites with on-site BHPs were more satisfied with behavioral health service availability and resources, felt they spent more time addressing medical concerns, and spent less time providing anticipatory guidance. Discussion: Study limitations included questions surrounding the validity of survey items to accurately assess PCP perceptions, lack of rigorous experimental design, and reliance on self-report data.
Lateral Transport of N‐Rich Dissolved Organic Matter Strengthens Phosphorus Deficiency in Western Subtropical North Atlantic
Authors: Vidal Montserrat , Aspillaga Eneko , Teixidor‐Toneu Irene , Delgado‐Huertas Antonio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe ability of the subtropical North Atlantic to sustain export production despite the lack of available nutrients is fascinating. Subtropical gyres are expected to expand under a global warming scenario, so it is important to understand the mechanisms supplying the required nutrients. Current issues for the region concern the nutrient and metabolic balance, the origin of excess nitrogen and phosphorus shortage, and the maintenance of nitrogen fixation. We report data on the allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus in dissolved and suspended pools, the isotopic δ15N of suspended nitrogen, and the lability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) along a section crossing the eastern seasonally stratified North Atlantic and the western subtropical North Atlantic (NASW). We find extreme P‐deficiency in the NASW, with the highest dissolved inorganic N:P ratios located within the upperthermocline isopycnals (σϴ = 26.3–26.8). Our data indicate an important role of the midlatitude northeast seasonally stratified North Atlantic bringing dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the thermocline of the North Atlantic. The mineralization of N‐rich DOM contributes to the N excess (P deficit) of the upperthermocline of NASW. We find lower concentrations of more reactive DOP in the western than in the eastern part of the transect, indicating an active role of DOP in the nutrition of microbial communities. Our results support recent hypotheses concerning the environmental controls of marine nitrogen fixation identifying the key role of DOP utilization.
Multispecies and Multifluid MHD Approaches for the Study of Ionospheric Escape at Mars
Authors: Regoli L. H. , Dong C. , Ma Y. , Dubinin E. , Manchester W. B. , Bougher S. W. , Welling D. T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA detailed model‐model comparison between the results provided by a multispecies and a multifluid magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code for the escape of heavy ions in the Martian‐induced magnetosphere is presented. The results from the simulations are analyzed and compared against a statistical analysis of the outflow of heavy ions obtained by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN/Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition instrument over an extended period of time in order to estimate the influence of magnetic forces in the ion escape. Both MHD models are run with the same chemical reactions and ion species in a steady state mode under idealized solar conditions. Apart from being able to reproduce the asymmetries observed in the ion escape, it is found that the multifluid approach provides results that are closer to those inferred from the ion data. It is also found that the j × B force term is less effective in accelerating the ions in the models when compared with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN results. Finally, by looking at the contribution of the plume and the ion escape rates at different distances along the tail with the multifluid model, it is also found that the escape of heavy ions has important variabilities along the tail, meaning that the apoapsis of a spacecraft studying atmospheric escape can affect the estimates obtained.
Stream Runoff and Nitrate Recovery Times After Forest Disturbance in the USA and Japan
Authors: Oda Tomoki , Green Mark B. , Urakawa Rieko , Scanlon Todd M. , Sebestyen Stephen D. , McGuire Kevin J. , Katsuyama Masanori , Fukuzawa Karibu , Adams Mary B. , Ohte Nobuhito 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo understand mechanisms of long‐term hydrological and biogeochemical recovery after forest disturbance, it is important to evaluate recovery times (i.e., time scales associated with the return to baseline or predisturbance conditions) of stream runoff and nitrate concentration. Previous studies have focused on either the response of runoff or nitrate concentration, and some have specifically addressed recovery times following disturbance. However, controlling factors have not yet been elucidated. Knowing these relationships will advance our understanding of each recovery process. The objectives of this study were to explore the relationship between runoff and nitrate recovery times and identify potential factors controlling each. We acquired long‐term runoff and stream water nitrate concentration data from 20 sites in the USA and Japan. We then examined the relationship between runoff and nitrate recovery times at these multiple sites and use these relationships to discuss the ecosystem dynamics following forest disturbance. Nitrate response was detected at all study sites, while runoff responses were detected at all sites with disturbance intensities greater than 75% of the catchment area. The runoff recovery time was significantly correlated with the nitrate recovery time for catchments that had a runoff response. For these catchments, hydrological recovery times were slower than nitrate recovery times. The relationship between these two recovery times suggests that forest regeneration was a common control on both recovery times. However, the faster recovery time for nitrate suggests that nitrogen was less available or less mobile in these catchments than water.
Using Matching Methods to Estimate Impacts of Wildfire and Postwildfire Flooding on House Prices
Authors: Mueller Julie M. , Lima Ryan E. , Springer Abraham E. , Schiefer Erik 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe increasing frequency and severity of landscape‐scale wildfire poses new challenges for forested watershed management. The Schultz Fire burned 6,100 ha on the steep slopes of San Francisco Mountain near Flagstaff, AZ, USA in 2010. Within a month of the wildfire, summer monsoon rains created flooding and debris flows 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than prewildfire rainfall events. We estimate a hedonic property model to determine the loss in house prices from the wildfire and postwildfire flooding. While several studies examine the effects of wildfires and flooding on housing prices separately, to our knowledge, no study has determined the effects of postwildfire flooding in a fire‐adapted watershed. Most hedonic property models estimating impacts of wildfire or flooding use regression analysis to predict impacts. We also contribute to the hedonic property model literature by using nonparametric matching techniques. We find a negative and statistically significant average treatment effect of wildfire and post‐wildfire flooding. The treatment effect, however, differs relative to distance to wildfire perimeter and distance to flood zones. For example, houses located within 5 km of the Schultz Fire perimeter have an estimated 31% loss, while houses within 20 km have an estimated 6% loss. In addition, prices for houses located within 100 m of the 5‐year flood drop by 10% after the flood, whereas prices for houses within 2 km drop by 5%. Our results indicate that careful consideration of the impacts of both wildfire and postwildfire flooding is essential for understanding the net benefits of forested watershed restoration.
Thermophysical Properties of Martian Fluvial Sinuous Ridges: Inferences on “Inverted Channel” Induration Agent
Authors: Williams Rebecca M. E. , Moersch Jeffrey E. , Fergason Robin L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn denuded landscapes, terrestrial inverted fluvial landforms are preferentially preserved due to their greater resistance to erosion from clast armoring, lava infilling, or cementation. These induration agents have differing material properties that should influence the thermal response of the surface. Using thermal inertia derived from 2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) data, we find that the thermophysical contrast for 20 large “inverted channels” on Mars is comparable or elevated in comparison to nearby well‐indurated materials. The fluvial sinuous ridge (FSR) thermal signature, together with regional geology and morphology attributes, leads us to disfavor clast armoring as an induration agent for most Martian FSRs. The available evidence is consistent with cementation as the most likely induration agent for FSRs, although lava infilling is a plausible explanation especially for instances of nearby volcanic edifices. FSR cementation, probably by near‐surface solute‐rich groundwater, extends aqueous processes beyond the period of widespread fluvial activity. Future work on the temporal response of the surfaces of inverted channels has the potential to further test the inferred induration mechanism and potentially constrain the grain size distribution.