bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing rabies knowledge gaps in human and animal healthcare professionals practicing in Washington, DC—A one health approach
Authors: Hennenfent Andrew K. , Iyengar Preetha , Davies‐Cole John 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOnce a person is exposed to the rabies virus, it is universally fatal unless postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is administered promptly. In the United States, determining whether PEP recommeded is often a collaborative effort where health departments work with both animal and human healthcare professionals to enact animal quarantines (or rabies testing), recommending PEP when appropriate. A failure in the knowledge base of either profession can result in incorrect PEP recommendations and an increased risk of adverse outcomes. To assess rabies knowledge in licensed physicians and veterinarians practicing in Washington, DC, we conducted a survey from December 2, 2016, to January 2, 2017, assessing their knowledge of the clinical signs, epidemiology and the primary vectors of rabies. These responses were compared between the two groups. Physician‐specific or veterinary‐specific questions regarding the correct PEP schedule and administration site or animal quarantine recommendations, respectively, were also included. Nine hundred and fifty‐two physicians and 125 veterinarians responded. Veterinarians were more likely to select the correct vectors and clinical signs in animals than physicians. Physicians more likely selected the correct transmission routes. Less than half of physicians identified the correct PEP schedule (39.4%) and administration site (49.0%). Half of veterinarians (50.0%) correctly identified quarantine length for wildlife‐exposed vaccinated dogs compared to only 19.4% for unvaccinated dogs. Several knowledge gaps were identified amongst physicians and veterinarians. Due to the fatal nature of rabies, it is important that all healthcare providers have an understanding of current recommendations. Health departments can work to correct these gaps and serve as a bridge between human and animal healthcare professionals.
A cellular mechanism of muscle memory facilitates mitochondrial remodelling following resistance training
Authors: Lee Hojun , Kim Kijeong , Kim Boa , Shin Junchul , Rajan Sudarsan , Wu Jingwei , Chen Xiongwen , Brown Michael D. , Lee Sukho , Park Joon‐Young 
Published: August 2018

Key points
Referring to the muscle memory theory, previously trained muscles acquire strength and volume much faster than naive muscles.
Using extreme experimental models such as synergist ablation or steroid administration, previous studies have demonstrated that the number of nuclei increases when a muscle becomes enlarged, which serves as a cellular muscle memory mechanism for the muscle.
In the present study, we found that, when rats were subjected to physiologically relevant resistance training, the number of myonuclei increased and was retained during a long‐term detraining period.
The acquired myonuclei were related to a greater degree of muscle hypertrophic and mitochondrial biogenesis processes following subsequent hypertrophic conditions.
Our data suggest a cellular mechanism supporting the notion that exposing young muscles to resistance training would help to restore age‐related muscle loss coupled with mitochondrial dysfunction in later life.
AbstractMuscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training is accompanied by an increase in the number of myonuclei. The acquired myonuclei are viewed as a cellular component of muscle memory by which muscle enlargement is promoted during a re‐training period. In the present study, we investigated the effect of exercise preconditioning on mitochondrial remodelling induced by resistance training. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: untrained control, training, pre‐training or re‐training. The training groups were subjected to weight loaded‐ladder climbing exercise training. Myonuclear numbers were significantly greater (up to 20%) in all trained muscles compared to untrained controls. Muscle mass was significantly higher in the re‐training group compared to the training group (∼2‐fold increase). Mitochondrial content, mitochondrial biogenesis gene expression levels and mitochondrial DNA copy numbers were significantly higher in re‐trained muscles compared to the others. Oxidative myofibres (type I) were significantly increased only in the re‐trained muscles. Furthermore, in vitro studies using insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐treated L6 rat myotubes demonstrated that myotubes with a higher myonuclear number confer greater expression levels of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes encoding for constitutive and regulatory mitochondrial proteins, which also showed a greater mitochondrial respiratory function. These data suggest that myonuclei acquired from previous training facilitate mitochondrial biogenesis in response to subsequent retraining by (at least in part) enhancing cross‐talk between mitochondria and myonuclei in the pre‐conditioned myofibres.
Glaucoma-associated long-term mortality in a rural cohort from India: the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study
Authors: Khanna Rohit C , Murthy Gudlavalleti V S , Giridhar Pyda , Marmamula Srinivas , Pant Hira B , Palamaner Subash Shantha Ghanshyam , Chakrabarti Subhabrata , Gilbert Clare E , Rao Gullapalli Nageswara 
Published: August 2018

AimTo evaluate glaucoma-associated mortality in a rural cohort in India.MethodsThe study cohort comprised individuals aged 40 years and above who took part in the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study (APEDS1) during 1996–2000. All participants underwent detailed comprehensive eye examination. Glaucoma was defined using International Society of Geographic and Epidemiologic Ophthalmology criteria. This cohort was followed up after a decade (June 2009 to January 2010; APEDS2). Mortality HR analysis for ocular risk factors was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression after adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical variables.ResultsIn APEDS1, 2790 individuals aged more than or equal to 40 years were examined. 47.4% were male. Forty-five participants had primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 66 had primary angle closure disease (PACD). Ten years later, 1879 (67.3%) were available, 739 (26.5%) had died and 172 (6.2%) had migrated; whereas 22 of the 45 (48.8%) with POAG and 22 of the 66 (33.3%) with PACD had died. In univariate analysis, a higher mortality was associated with POAG (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.94), pseudoexfoliation (HR 2.79; 95% CI 2.0 to 3.89), myopia (HR 1.78; 95% CI 1.54 to 2.06) and unit increase in cup:disc ratio (HR 4.49; 95% CI 2.64 to 7.64). In multivariable analysis, only cup:disc ratio remained independently associated with mortality (HR 2.5; 95% CI 1.3 to 5.1). The association remained significant when other ocular parameters were included in the model (HR 2.1; 95% CI 1.03 to 4.2).ConclusionsThis is the first longitudinal study to assess the association of glaucoma and mortality in a rural longitudinal cohort in India. Increased cup:disc ratio could be a potential marker for ageing and would need further validation.
Association of plasma vitamin C concentration to total and cause-specific mortality: a 16-year prospective study in China
Authors: Wang Shao-Ming , Fan Jin-Hu , Taylor Philip R , Lam Tram Kim , Dawsey Sanford M , Qiao You-Lin , Abnet Christian C 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundVitamin C insufficiency occurs across many countries and has been hypothesised to increase risk of various diseases. Few prospective studies with measured circulating vitamin C have related deficiency to disease mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsWe randomly selected 948 subjects (473 males and 475 females) aged 53–84 years from a Chinese cohort and measured meta-phosphoric acid-preserved vitamin C concentrations in plasma samples collected in 1999–2000. A total of 551 deaths were accrued from sample collection through 2016, including 141 from cancer, 170 from stroke and 174 from heart diseases. Vitamin C was analysed using season-specific quartiles, as a continuous variable and as a dichotomous variable based on sufficiency status (normal >28 µmol/L vs low ≤28 µmol/L). HRs and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsWe found significant inverse associations between higher plasma vitamin C concentrations and total mortality in quartile (HRQ4 vs Q10.75, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.95), continuous (HRq20umol/L0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99) and dichotomous analyses (HRnormal-vs-low0.77, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.95). We observed significant lower risks of heart disease (ptrend-by-quantile=0.03) and cancer deaths (pglobal-across-quantile=0.04) for higher vitamin C, whereas the association was attenuated for stroke in adjusted models. Similar inverse associations were found when comparing normal versus low vitamin C for heart disease (HRnormal-vs-low0.62, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.89).ConclusionIn this long-term prospective Chinese cohort study, higher plasma vitamin C concentration was associated with lower total mortality, heart disease mortality and cancer mortality. Our results corroborate the importance of adequate vitamin C to human health.
Performance of PML diagnostic criteria in natalizumab-associated PML: data from the Dutch-Belgian cohort
Authors: Wijburg Martijn T , Warnke Clemens , Barkhof Frederik , Uitdehaag Bernard M J , Killestein Joep , Wattjes Mike P 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo test the current progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) diagnostic criteria by applying them to patients previously diagnosed with natalizumab (NTZ)-associated PML in a real-world clinical setting.MethodsPatients from the Dutch-Belgian NTZ-PML cohort (n=28) were reviewed at the time of first diagnostic work-up and during follow-up, using the PML diagnostic criteria as proposed in a consensus statement from the American Academy of Neurology.ResultsAt first diagnostic work-up, 18 patients (64.3%) met the criteria for high diagnostic certainty for PML (‘definite PML’ or ‘probable PML’). During follow-up, this increased to 20 patients (71.4%) as JC virus DNA was detected in cerebrospinal fluid of two additional patients. Nonetheless, 28.6% of patients were still classified as ‘possible PML’ or ‘not PML’ (6 (21.5%) and 2 (7.1%) patients, respectively) despite a very high suspicion for PML based on lesion evolution and signs of PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome on MRI, and development of compatible symptoms.ConclusionsThe current case definition of PML has low sensitivity for diagnosis of NTZ-PML in a real-world clinical setting in which MRI is frequently used for PML screening. This may delay diagnosis and appropriate management of PML, and may complicate a valid estimation of PML incidence during NTZ therapy.
Association between age, deprivation and specific comorbid conditions and the receipt of major surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer in England: A population-based study
Authors: Belot Aurélien , Fowler Helen , Njagi Edmund Njeru , Luque-Fernandez Miguel-Angel , Maringe Camille , Magadi Winnie , Exarchakou Aimilia , Quaresma Manuela , Turculet Adrian , Peake Michael D , Navani Neal , Rachet Bernard 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionWe investigated socioeconomic disparities and the role of the main prognostic factors in receiving major surgical treatment in patients with lung cancer in England.MethodsOur study comprised 31 351 patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer in England in 2012. Data from the national population-based cancer registry were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics and National Lung Cancer Audit data to obtain information on stage, performance status and comorbidities, and to identify patients receiving major surgical treatment. To describe the association between prognostic factors and surgery, we performed two different analyses: one using multivariable logistic regression and one estimating cause-specific hazards for death and surgery. In both analyses, we used multiple imputation to deal with missing data.ResultsWe showed strong evidence that the comorbidities ‘congestive heart failure’, ‘cerebrovascular disease’ and ‘chronic obstructive pulmonary disease’ reduced the receipt of surgery in early stage patients. We also observed gender differences and substantial age differences in the receipt of surgery. Despite accounting for sex, age at diagnosis, comorbidities, stage at diagnosis, performance status and indication of having had a PET-CT scan, the socioeconomic differences persisted in both analyses: more deprived people had lower odds and lower rates of receiving surgery in early stage lung cancer.DiscussionComorbidities play an important role in whether patients undergo surgery, but do not completely explain the socioeconomic difference observed in early stage patients. Future work investigating access to and distance from specialist hospitals, as well as patient perceptions and patient choice in receiving surgery, could help disentangle these persistent socioeconomic inequalities.
Optogenetic manipulation of medullary neurons in the locust optic lobe
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Dewell Richard B. , Ehrengruber Markus U. , Segev Eran , Reimer Jacob , Roukes Michael L. , Gabbiani Fabrizio 
Published: August 2018

The locust is a widely used animal model for studying sensory processing and its relation to behavior. Due to the lack of genomic information, genetic tools to manipulate neural circuits in locusts are not yet available. We examined whether Semliki Forest virus is suitable to mediate exogenous gene expression in neurons of the locust optic lobe. We subcloned a channelrhodopsin variant and the yellow fluorescent protein Venus into a Semliki Forest virus vector and injected the virus into the optic lobe of locusts ( Schistocerca americana). Fluorescence was observed in all injected optic lobes. Most neurons that expressed the recombinant proteins were located in the first two neuropils of the optic lobe, the lamina and medulla. Extracellular recordings demonstrated that laser illumination increased the firing rate of medullary neurons expressing channelrhodopsin. The optogenetic activation of the medullary neurons also triggered excitatory postsynaptic potentials and firing of a postsynaptic, looming-sensitive neuron, the lobula giant movement detector. These results indicate that Semliki Forest virus is efficient at mediating transient exogenous gene expression and provides a tool to manipulate neural circuits in the locust nervous system and likely other insects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using Semliki Forest virus, we efficiently delivered channelrhodopsin into neurons of the locust optic lobe. We demonstrate that laser illumination increases the firing of the medullary neurons expressing channelrhodopsin and elicits excitatory postsynaptic potentials and spiking in an identified postsynaptic target neuron, the lobula giant movement detector neuron. This technique allows the manipulation of neuronal activity in locust neural circuits using optogenetics.
Clinic-Pathologic Features and Renal Outcome of Fabry Disease: Data from a Chinese Cohort
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhang Jiong , Liang Shaoshan , Wang Jinquan , Liu Zhihong 
Published: August 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Fabry disease (FD) with life-threatening complications occurs as a result of organ damage in kidneys, heart, and brain. Only a few studies, especially from Asia, report their long-term outcome. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this monocentric study, patients with Fabry nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy were clinically investigated in a comprehensive manner. The clinic-pathological features, progression, and risk factors for the outcome were analyzed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty-one patients were recruited, after median 62 months (range 8–156 months) follow-up, 23 of them had stable renal function while 8 underwent renal function deterioration. Frequent presenting symptoms included acroparesthesia (58.1%), edema (51.6%), hypo- or anhidrosis (38.7%), and angiokeratoma (32.3%). Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 62.5% patients with renal function deterioration and 17.4% patients with stable renal function (<i>p</i> = 0.03). The renal cumulative survival rate of all patients was 64.5% in 10 years. Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) and segmental sclerosis are independent predictive factors for a more rapid progression of Fabry nephropathy. The receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the area under the curve for the prediction of renal function progression on the basis of MSSI and segmental sclerosis levels in patients with FD was 0.845 and 0.780, respectively. MSSI score ≥18 or segmental sclerosis ≥3.9% in patients with FD positively correlated with poor renal prognosis. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> FD’s clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and nonspecific. The ­10-year cumulative renal survival rate was low in Chinese patients. MSSI score and segmental sclerosis levels predict the renal prognosis of patients with FD sensitively.
American Meteorological Society: 100 Years of Supporting the Scientific Community
Authors: Seitter Keith L. , Nathans Jinny , Mankins Sophie 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Over the past century, the atmospheric and related sciences have seen incredible advances in our understanding of Earth’s environment and our ability to monitor and predict its behavior. These advances have had a profound impact on society and have been integrated into every aspect of daily life. The American Meteorological Society (AMS) has been instrumental in supporting these advances throughout its first 100 years of existence as a scientific and professional society serving the community of professionals in the atmospheric and related oceanic and hydrologic sciences. AMS has provided opportunities for researchers and practitioners to share their scientific findings and build fruitful collaborations to further the science and its application. Through strategic initiatives at key points in its history, AMS has pushed the science forward—highlighting areas ripe for development, creating frameworks for interdisciplinary interactions, and providing innovative approaches to the dissemination of research results. As a society made up of the scientific community and led by many of the most prominent scientists of their time, AMS has been able to respond to, and often anticipate, the needs of its community.
Retrospective Validation and Clinical Implementation of Automated Contouring of Organs at Risk in the Head and Neck: A Step Toward Automated Radiation Treatment Planning for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: McCarroll Rachel E. , Beadle Beth M. , Balter Peter A. , Burger Hester , Cardenas Carlos E. , Dalvie Sameera , Followill David S. , Kisling Kelly D. , Mejia Michael , Naidoo Komeela , Nelson Chris L. , Peterson Christine B. , Vorster Karin , Wetter Julie , Zhang Lifei , Court Laurence E. , Yang Jinzhong 
Published: August 2018

Purpose We assessed automated contouring of normal structures for patients with head-and-neck cancer (HNC) using a multiatlas deformable-image-registration algorithm to better provide a fully automated radiation treatment planning solution for low- and middle-income countries, provide quantitative analysis, and determine acceptability worldwide. Methods Autocontours of eight normal structures (brain, brainstem, cochleae, eyes, lungs, mandible, parotid glands, and spinal cord) from 128 patients with HNC were retrospectively scored by a dedicated HNC radiation oncologist. Contours from a 10-patient subset were evaluated by five additional radiation oncologists from international partner institutions, and interphysician variability was assessed. Quantitative agreement of autocontours with independently physician-drawn structures was assessed using the Dice similarity coefficient and mean surface and Hausdorff distances. Automated contouring was then implemented clinically and has been used for 166 patients, and contours were quantitatively compared with the physician-edited autocontours using the same metrics. Results Retrospectively, 87% of normal structure contours were rated as acceptable for use in dose-volume-histogram–based planning without edit. Upon clinical implementation, 50% of contours were not edited for use in treatment planning. The mean (± standard deviation) Dice similarity coefficient of autocontours compared with physician-edited autocontours for parotid glands (0.92 ± 0.10), brainstem (0.95 ± 0.09), and spinal cord (0.92 ± 0.12) indicate that only minor edits were performed. The average mean surface and Hausdorff distances for all structures were less than 0.15 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively. Conclusion Automated contouring of normal structures generates reliable contours that require only minimal editing, as judged by retrospective ratings from multiple international centers and clinical integration. Autocontours are acceptable for treatment planning with no or, at most, minor edits, suggesting that automated contouring is feasible for clinical use and in the ongoing development of automated radiation treatment planning algorithms.
Root Cause Analysis of Oncology Adverse Events in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Aboumrad Maya , Fuld Alexander , Soncrant Christina , Neily Julia , Paull Douglas , Watts Bradley V. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:Oncology providers are leaders in patient safety. Despite their efforts, oncology-related medical errors still occur, sometimes resulting in patient injury or death. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Center of Patient Safety used data obtained from root cause analysis (RCA) to determine how and why these adverse events occurred in the VHA, and how to prevent future reoccurrence. This study details the types of oncology adverse events reported in VHA hospitals and their root causes and suggests actions for prevention and improvement.Methods:We searched the National Center for Patient Safety adverse event reporting database for RCA related to oncology care from October 1, 2013, to September 8, 2017, to identify event types, root causes, severity of outcomes, care processes, and suggested actions. Two independent reviewers coded these variables, and inter-rater agreement was calculated by κ statistic. Variables were evaluated using descriptive statistics.Results:We identified 48 RCA reports that specifically involved an oncology provider. Event types included care delays (39.5% [n = 19]), issues with chemotherapy (25% [n = 12]) and radiation (12.5% [n = 6]), other (12.5% [n = 6]), and suicide (10.5% [n = 5]). Of the 48 events, 27.1% (n = 13) resulted in death, 4.2% (n = 2) in severe harm, 18.8% (n = 9) in temporary harm, 20.8% (n = 10) in minimal harm, and 2.1% (n = 1) in no harm. The majority of root causes identified a need to improve care processes and policies, interdisciplinary communication, and care coordination.Conclusion:This analysis highlights an opportunity to implement system-wide changes to prevent similar events from reoccurring. These actions include comprehensive cancer clinics, usability testing of medical equipment, and standardization of processes and policies. Additional studies are necessary to assess oncologic adverse events across specialties.