bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Responses of Aspen to Fire and Mechanical Treatments in Interior Alaska
Authors: Paragi Thomas F. , Haggstrom Dale A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fire suppression and limited timber markets presently hinder maintenance of the early successional broad-leaved forest for wildlife habitat near settlements in interior Alaska. During 1999ߝ2003, we evaluated the efficacy of prescribed burning, felling, and shearblading (with and without debris removal) to regenerate quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Treatments were conducted largely during the dormant period for aspen: prescribed burns in mid-May and mechanical treatments in late August through early April. Prescribed burns on loess hills produced 40,900ߝ233,000 stems/ha by the second growing season. Low relative humidity, slope of more than 10°, southerly aspect, and juxtaposition to open areas produced fire behavior adequate to ensure top killing and vigorous sprouting response. Felling by chainsaw on loess hills produced 34,800ߝ89,800 stems/ha, whereas dozer shearblading on glacial outwash (loam over gravel) produced 74,200ߝ209,200 stems/ha (cleared portions and windrows combined) and a sandy loam floodplain produced 31,400ߝ64,800 stems/ha. Pushing debris into windrows or scraping thick moss allowed warmer soils and produced greater sprouting on cleared sites relative to sections where debris or moss remained. Mechanical treatments were 25ߝ75% of current prescribed fire costs, but debris accumulation may hinder access by browsing species and attract terrestrial predators of gallinaceous birds.
Effects of Population Pressures on Wood Procurement and Logging Opportunities in Northern New England
Authors: Egan Andrew , Taggart Deryth , Annis Isaac 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The availability of raw material for harvest and use by wood-consuming mills in northern New England is a concern of the region's forest products community. Shifting populations, as well as shifting priorities for and values of land uses in the region, have placed pressures on landowners to subdivide and sell their forestland, resulting in concern about future wood supply in some areas of the region. Wood procurement managers and professional loggers, key participants in supplying raw material to wood-consuming mills, were surveyed to better understand the relationships between phenomena such as land development and the availability of logging and wood procurement opportunities. Results suggested concern about sprawl among approximately one-half of the logger respondents in the region, particularly in New Hampshire, where 60% of respondents indicated that there will be less logging in their area in 10 years because of sprawl. Three-quarters of procurement managers said that uncertainty about the future of the region's wood supply was an important or very important barrier to maintaining or expanding their businesses, and over one-half of respondents from New Hampshire indicated that too much development was a barrier. In addition, sawmills receiving at least one-half of their raw material from nonindustrial private forests were more concerned about their future wood supply than those that did not. However, stumpage prices and regulations were cited as important factors affecting mills' wood supplies more often than factors related to population pressures, such as sprawl, development, and shrinking woodlot sizes.
A Product Ratio Calculator for Northeastern Tree Species
Authors: Kershaw John A. , Richards Evelyn , Larusic John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
PRCalc is a stand-alone Microsoft Windows-based program that calculates percent volume of timber products for a given tree list or stand table and product specifications. The program uses Honer's merchantable volume ratios approach. It can be used to assess stand value and to examine effects of varying dimensional species specifications for timber products. PRCalc develops merchantable ratios for both metric and imperial units.
Quick Volume Coefficient Determination for Point Sampling
Authors: Dahl Christopher , Harding Brent , Wiant Harry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Grosenbaugh developed a formula for making quick point-sample estimates of sawtimber volume without measuring diameter. Local coefficients were created for a study area in central Pennsylvania hardwoods and were compared with volume estimates using a range of previously published coefficients. Results indicate that a general constant coefficient of 66 produces sawtimber volume estimates that are as good as using species-specific local coefficients for Pennsylvania hardwoods.
Efficacy of Stem Injection Treatments on Striped Maple in Central West Virginia
Authors: Kochenderfer Jeffrey D. , Kochenderfer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hack-and-squirt injection treatments were applied to individual striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.) stems and to the largest stem in sprout clumps in a 25-year-old clearcut in central West Virginia to evaluate seasonal efficacy of imazapyr as Arsenal (28.7%) and glyphosate as Glypro Plus (41.0%) in water carriers. Complete control of injected stems was achieved with all treatments. However, the Arsenal treatments resulted in greater control of basal sprouting, untreated striped maple stems, and sprout clumps. Treatment efficacies were higher in Septemberthan in June. Land managers can use the application methods described here and a 6% solution of Arsenal to effectively control individual striped maple stems and sprout clumps.
Forest Vegetation Simulator Ingrowth Tool: Incorporating Ingrowth Tree Lists into Forest Vegetation Simulator Growth Projections
Authors: Arseneault Justin E. , Kershaw John A. , McCarter James B. , MacLean David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article describes the Forest Vegetation Simulator Ingrowth Tool (FVS_IT), software developed in the Python language 5 and tested using the Northeast variant of FVS (FVS-NE). This tool incorporates specified ingrowth tree lists, stored in secondary tree list files, into FVS projections. It functions by retrieving information from an FVS keyword file, which is then modified to project data in a stepwise manner using user-defined time intervals. Between each time step in a simulation, FVS_IT incorporates ingrowth into projections by appending ingrowth tree records to projected tree lists and compiles a new tree list for the next time step. Outputs include both appended tree lists and stand summaries from FVS so that users can conduct further analyses. The FVS_IT application is useful when assessing and calibrating FVS using continuous forest inventory or permanent sample plots where periodic remeasurements include ingrowth trees.
Practical Extension of a Lake States Tree Height Model
Authors: Bragg Don C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By adapting data from national and state champion lists and the predictions of an existing height model, an exponential function was developed to improve tree height estimation. As a case study, comparisons between the original and redesigned model were made with eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). For example, the heights predicted by the new design varied by centimeters from the original until the pines were more than 25 cm dbh, after which the differences increased notably. On a very good site (50-year base age site index [SI50] = 27.4 m) at the upper end of the range of basal area (BA; 68.9 m2/ha) for the region, the redesigned model predicted a champion-sized eastern white pine (actual measurements: 97.0 cm dbh, 50.9 m tall) to be 51.3 m tall, compared with 38.8 m using the original formulation under the same conditions. The NORTHWDS Individual Response Model (NIRM) individual tree model further highlighted the influence of these differences with long-term simulations of eastern white pine height. On a moderate site (SI50 = 18.7 m) with intermediate (BA = 15 m2/ha) stand density, NIRM results show that the original model consistently predicts heights to be 20–30% lower for mature white pine.
Circular Distribution of Branches from Plantation Grown Black Spruce in Ontario
Authors: Benjamin Jeffrey G. , Chui Ying Hei , Kershaw John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The literature is not consistent in descriptions related to branch location around a stem and, consequently, few models exist to predict distribution of branch azimuth. The objective of this study was to determine if branches in black spruce are uniformly distributed around the stem at the tree, log, and whorl levels with respect to branch size. Branch size limits were selected to reflect the largest branch per whorl and knot size limits were established by visual grading rules for 2 × 3 and 2 × 4 dimension lumber. Using Rayleigh's test of uniformity, branches are considered to be uniformly distributed around the stem for all branch size limits: between 40 and 80% at the tree level, over 70% at the log level, and virtually 100% at the whorl level. The findings of this study indicate that a simple random assignment (from a uniform distribution) of branches around the stem within each whorl is sufficient to properly describe branch location within black spruce tree growth models.
Financial Incentive Programs' Influence in Promoting Sustainable Forestry in the Northern Region
Authors: Jacobson Michael G. , Straka Thomas J. , Greene John L. , Kilgore Michael A. , Daniels Steven E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Selected forestry officials in each of the 20 northern states were surveyed concerning their opinions on the public and private financial incentive programs available to nonindustrial private forest owners in their state. The officials were asked to name and describe the programs and to assess forest owners' awareness of each one, its appeal among the owners aware of it, its effectiveness in encouraging sustainable forestry and enabling owners to meet their objectives, and the percentage of program practices that remain in place and enrolled acres that remain in forest over time. They also were asked to suggest ways to improve the programs. The Forest Stewardship, Forest Land Enhancement, and Forest Legacy Programs were among the top-rated federal programs, scoring well for all measures and attributes. Programs sponsored by states and private organizations tended to be more narrowly targeted than federal programs and scored well for specific attributes. The forestry officials' suggestions for program improvement centered largely on program visibility and availability, increasing and ensuring long-term consistency in program funding, and simplifying the application and approval processes.
Influence of Soil Site Class on Growth and Decay of Northern White-Cedar and Two Associates in Maine
Authors: Hofmeyer Philip V. , Seymour Robert S. , Kenefic Laura S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Basal area growth of outwardly sound northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) was compared with that of balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) across site and light exposure class gradients on 60 sites throughout northern Maine. Once adjusted for sapwood area, northern white-cedar basal area growth was not strongly affected by site or light exposure class; growth was similar to that of red spruce but generally lower than that of balsam fir. Site index did not differ appreciably among soil drainage classes for red spruce and northern white-cedar, although small sample size limited analysis on upland site classes. Incidence of central decay was higher in northern white-cedar than balsam fir, which was higher than red spruce. Incidence of decay in outwardly sound northern white-cedar and balsam fir was highest on well-drained mineral soils, and mean proportion of basal area decayed at breast height increased in outwardly sound northern white-cedar as drainage improved from poorly drained to well-drained soils. These data suggest that northern white-cedar on lowland organic and poorly drained mineral soils in Maine have less decay, similar basal area growth, and similar site index relative to upland northern white-cedar communities.
Northern Pin Oak Stump Sprouting Frequency on Scrub Oak Sites of Central Wisconsin
Authors: Mujuri Elijah , Demchik Michael C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stump sprouts are an important component of the regeneration for northern pin oak on scrub oak sites in Central Wisconsin, but there exists little quantitative information about their actual contribution. This study examines the occurrence of sprouting from northern pin oak stumps remaining after overstory removal in four stands in Central Wisconsin. On average, 85% of all stumps sprouted. Sprouting frequency diminished significantly (P < 0.0001) as stump diameter increased, but even the largest stumps sprouted at rates of 71% or better. With stump sprouting rates this high, coppice regeneration could fill much of the regeneration need for similar scrub oak sites.
Expected Rates of Value Growth for Individual Sugar Maple Crop Trees in the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Webster Charles E. , Reed David D. , Orr Blair D. , Schmierer James M. , Pickens James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sugar maple single-stem real value growth was examined using various published models, original data, and recent harvest information. Trees with dbh of 14, 16, and 18 in. were examined, and it was assumed that trained foresters are able to judge the vigor and quality of individual trees and the likelihood of a stem's tree grade improving, staying the same, or declining over the next cutting cycle. Results indicate that a grade 1 tree will return 5.1‐7.8% if it improves to veneer grade, 1.2‐3.7% if it remains grade 1, and −0.2 to −2.6% if it declines to grade 2. Trees have greater rates of return and should be retained to larger diameters on higher quality sites.
Seventy Years of Understory Development by Elevation Class in a New Hampshire Mixed Forest: Management Implications
Authors: Leak William B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
New England forest managers are faced with numerous environmental issues, such as global warming, nutrient depletion, and species declines that could influence the choice of appropriate silvicultural techniques and objectives. On the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, 70 yearsof change on more than 400 remeasured cruise plots by elevation classes ranging from 600 to 2,700 ft showed no evidence of environmental impacts. The major, and only dominant, agent of change was natural succession. Time-tested silvicultural approaches remain valid.
Evaluating Height‐Age Determination Methods for Jack Pine and Black Spruce Plantations Using Stem Analysis Data
Authors: Subedi Nirmal , Sharma Mahadev 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Six height‐age determination methods (Graves, Lenhart, Carmean, Newberry, ratio, and ISSA) were evaluated for their accuracy and sensitivity to sample size in determining height‐age pairs using stem analysis data from plantation-grown black spruce (Picea mariana[Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from Ontario, Canada. Twenty-three disks (sections) were used from 102 jack pine and 93 black spruce trees each for evaluation. The Graves, ratio, and Newberry methods were unbiased for determining height‐age pairs forboth black spruce and jack pine across the site productivity gradient and different crown classes. However, on the basis of the magnitude of height prediction bias, reconstructed tree profiles, and the amount of information required for height‐age determination, the Graves method withat least 13 stem sections is recommended for height‐age determination.
A Comparison of Residual Stand Damage along Yarding Trails in a Group Selection Harvest Using Four Different Yarding Methods
Authors: Bustos Oscar , Egan Andrew , Hedstrom Warren 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study of residual stand damage along yarding trails associated with four harvest methods—harvester/forwarder and cable skidder, tractor, and bulldozer with chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. Tractive yardingmethods were associated with greater numbers of damaged trees per meter of trail length. In addition, the bulldozer method resulted in the largest number of damaged boles per 100 m2 of near-trail space, whereas the smallest number of damaged boles per 100 m2 was associatedwith the forwarder method. The tractor method resulted in the most root damage, and the forwarder method resulted in the largest trail width. These results have implications for equipment selection and the planning of harvests and harvest access systems.
Private Forest Landowner Attitudes toward Off-Highway Vehicle Access: A Minnesota Case Study
Authors: Becker Dennis R. , Wilson Grant L. , Snyder Stephanie A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Off-highway vehicle (OHV) riding has increased dramatically in the past decade, creating challenges for finding suitable places to ride, particularly where access to public lands is limited. This research examines the attitudes and willingness of private forest and seasonal recreationlandowners to provide OHV access. A series of focus groups was conducted to inform a survey questionnaire mailed to a random sample of landowners in north central Minnesota. Results indicate low willingness among landowners to provide public OHV riding opportunities. Approximately 3% of respondentscurrently allow public access, but that increases significantly if OHV riding behaviors are to reflect lowered noise levels, increased age of riders, low speeds, and small group sizes. Results also indicate that landowner attitudes regarding OHV effects and rider behaviors differ when ridersare family and friends versus the public.
Form Class and Its Use in Estimating Sawtimber Volume of Sugar Maple Trees
Authors: Nyland Ralph D. , Kiernan Diane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Mesavage-Girard form class for a composite of 242 sugar maple sawtimber trees in New York averaged 82 (±5.3), differing significantly from the regional average form class of 79 originally recommended in the Mesavage-Girard form class volume tables. Also, for 8 of 16 stands, the measured form class differed significantly from the recommended regional average. Findings suggest a need to estimate form class for each tree when making an inventory of sawtimber volume. A regression analysis using data from the 242 sample trees provided a prediction equation for estimating diameter inside bark at 17 ft height on the basis of dbh. That allows determination of a unique Mesavage-Girard form class for each diameter class of sugar maple trees and use of that diameter class average when computing the board-foot volume of standing trees.
Vertical Point Sampling with a Camera
Authors: Ducey Mark J. , Kershaw John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vertical point sampling has seen relatively little use in practical forestry, in part because existing field techniques are difficult. We show how vertical point sampling can be implemented quickly and easily using a camera. We give tables and equations for calculating the height-squared factor, which plays a role similar to that of the basal area factor in horizontal point sampling. Some suggestions for choosing a height-squared factor are discussed, along with potential applications for further exploration. We illustrate the technique using a case study in southern Maine. Direct estimates with no statistically detectable bias were obtained using height-squared factors greater than 3. The results also suggested that the technique could be used as a correlate in double sampling for variables such as cubic volume, stand density index, and biomass, and possibly board foot volume as well.
Stand Structure and Composition 32 Years after Precommercial Thinning Treatments in a Mixed Northern Conifer Stand in Central Maine
Authors: Weiskittel Aaron R. , Kenefic Laura S. , Li Rongxia , Brissette John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of four precommercial thinning (PCT) treatments on an even-aged northern conifer stand in Maine were investigated by examining stand structure and composition 32 years after treatment. Replicated treatments applied in 1976 included: (1) control (no PCT), (2) row thinning (rowthin; 5-ft-wide row removal with 3-ft-wide residual strips), (3) row thinning with crop tree release (rowthin+CTR; 5-ft-wide row removal with crop tree release at 8-ft intervals in 3-ft-wide residual strips), and (4) crop tree release (CTR; release of selected crop trees at 8×8-ft intervals). PCT plots had more large trees and fewer small trees than the control in 2008. There were no other significant differences between the rowthin and control. The rowthin+CTR and CTR treatments had lower total and hardwood basal area (BA) and higher merchantable conifer BA than the control. CTR also resulted in more red spruce (Picea rubens [Sarg.]) and less balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.]) than the other treatments. Although stand structures for rowthin+CTR and CTR were similar, the percentage of spruce in CTR was greater. Although the less-intensive rowthin+CTR treatment may provide many of the same benefits as CTR, the latter would be the preferred treatment if increasing the spruce component of a stand is an objective. Overall, early thinning treatments were found to have long-term effects on key stand attributes, even more than 30 years after treatment in areas with mixed species composition and moderate site potential.
Rating Introgression between Lodgepole and Jack Pine at the Individual Tree Level Using Morphological Traits
Authors: Bleiker Katherine P. , Carroll Allan L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Introgressive hybridization between species generates novel gene combinations and phenotypes. We required an accessible, objective method of rating introgression between lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia [Engelm.] Critchfield) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) for individual trees where their ranges overlap in Canada for use in another study on host species effects on resistance to an eruptive herbivore that has recently expanded its range. We adapted, simplified, and fully quantified a morphological index developed to rate introgression of pine populations and applied it to individual trees. In addition to principal component analysis (PCA), we also used discriminant function analysis (DFA), a potentially more powerful method given a priori knowledge of parent taxa, to generate introgression ratings. Among-tree variation in morphological traits and introgression was high at sites within the hybrid zone but very low at pure parent sites. PCA and DFA produced similar introgression ratings at the stand level, but ratings differed substantially for some individual trees. Certain morphological traits may be omitted from both PCA and DFA with little impact on stand-level ratings. The discriminant functions presented here are based on easy-to-measure, fully quantifiable morphological traits and can be used by other researchers to produce relative introgression ratings for lodgepole and jack pine. The approach may also be applied to other plant hybrid systems.