bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why don't we trust moral testimony?
Authors: Andow James 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIs there a problem with believing based on moral testimony? The intuition that there is a problem is a starting point for much research on moral testimony. To arbitrate between various attempts to account for intuitions about moral testimony, we need to know the exact nature of those intuitions. The current study investigates this empirically. The study confirms an asymmetry in the way we think about testimony about moral and descriptive matters and explores the extent to which this asymmetry is explained by different metaphysical beliefs about the relevant domains, or beliefs about the relative background levels of deception or disagreement.
Obsessive–compulsive akrasia
Authors: Kampa Samuel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEpistemic akrasia is the phenomenon of voluntarily believing what you think you should not. Whether epistemic akrasia is possible is a matter of controversy. I argue that at least some people who suffer from obsessive–compulsive disorder are genuinely epistemically akratic. I advance an account of epistemic akrasia that explains the clinical data and provides broader insight into the nature of doxastic attitude‐formation.
Experiences of parents providing kangaroo care to a premature infant: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Mu Pei‐Fan , Lee Mei‐Yin , Chen Yong‐Chuan , Yang Hui‐Chuan , Yang Shu‐Hua 
Published: August 2019

AbstractParents who give birth to an unexpected preterm infant not only suffer a psychological impact, but, in addition, their roles as parent are full of uncertainty. As part of family‐centered care, kangaroo care is an important way to support premature infants and their family. This review synthesizes qualitative studies on the experiences of parents who have used kangaroo care for preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units. English and Chinese databases were searched for relevant studies from 1970 to July 2018. The findings of qualitative studies were extracted and pooled using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument. A total of 731 studies were screened, and 9 were included. Five synthesized findings were identified: sense of emptiness of the parent's role, barriers in the translation of parental roles in kangaroo care, preparation enhances parental role expectations, kangaroo care enhances parental competency, and encouragement and support from family and friends. Through the implementation of kangaroo care, nurses are able to help prepare and guide parents, fit parents’ needs, and help improve their ability and self‐confidence in their parental roles.
Cigarette smoke, saliva, the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), and oral cancer
Authors: Nagler Rafael , Weizman Abraham , Gavish Avishai 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) incidence is induced primarily by cigarette smoke (CS). The 5‐year survival rate for advanced OSCC stands at only 20%. Studies exploring underlying mechanisms of OSCC development have suggested free radicals such as reactive oxygen species generated by CS as contributing to OSCC, with effects enhanced by transition metal ions iron and copper contained in the saliva. Located on the outer mitochondrial membrane of various cell types, the 18‐kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is up‐regulated under pathological conditions such as cancer and inflammation. We focused on studying the interaction between TSPO, CS, salivary effects, and OSCC. Increased TSPO expression in OSCC tumors correlates significantly with reduced patient survival rate, indicating the possible role of TSPO in OSCC pathogenesis. We speculate that TSPO in OSCC is dysfunctional or mutated, rendering it ineffective in promoting apoptosis and blocking malignant transformation. Basal, precancer lower function of TSPO may diminish the TSPO capacity for pro‐apoptotic and anti‐cancer activity, resulting in development of OSCC. In order to overcome this, TSPO over‐expression is induced, unfortunately with no benefit, as it is a malfunctioning TSPO, similar to cases where over‐expression of a mutated form of the p53 gene in tumors is associated with carcinogenesis.
Anti‐Osteoporosis Medications Associated with Decreased Mortality after Hip Fracture
Authors: Wang Pei‐wen , Li Yi‐zhong , Zhuang Hua‐feng , Yu Hai‐ming , Cai Si‐qing , Xu Hao , Chen Zhen‐hui , Lin Jin‐kuang , Yao Xue‐dong 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo study the effect of anti‐osteoporosis therapies on mortality after hip fracture.MethodsThis retrospective study was carried out in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University and enrolled 690 patients 50 years of age and older who were admitted with hip fractures between 2010 and 2015. The patients were followed in 2017: 690 patients aged was from 50 to 103 years. There were 456 women and 234 men. There were 335 patients with fractures of the femoral neck and 355 patients with intertrochanteric fractures of the femur. There were 444 (64.35%) patients who also had internal diseases. The Charlson comorbidity index was 0–6. The anti‐osteoporosis medications were classified into no anti‐osteoporosis medication, calcium + vitamin D supplementations, non‐bisphosphonate medication, and bisphosphonate medication. The physicians followed the patients or family members by personal visit and telephone. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were done with known risk factors for mortality of hip fracture, such as gender, age, number of combined internal diseases, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index, to show which anti‐osteoporosis medications had significant effects on mortality after adjustment for these variables.ResultsOut of 690 patients with hip fractures, 149 patients received no anti‐osteoporosis medication, 63 patients received calcium +vitamin D supplementations, 398 patients received non‐bisphosphonate medication, and 80 patients received bisphosphonate medication. The patients were followed between 7 months and 52 months, with the average of 28.53 ± 9.75 months. A total of 166 patients died during the follow‐up period. Of 166 deaths, 43 occurred within 3 months, 65 within 6 months, and 99 within 1 year after the hip fracture. In this study, fracture type, place of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index were not associated with the mortality, and the male gender, age > 75 years, and ≥ 2 combined internal diseases were the independent factors for deaths post‐hip fracture. The cumulative mortality was 36.24% in the patients receiving no anti‐osteoporosis medication. The hazard ratio for mortality after hip fracture with bisphosphonate medication, non‐bisphosphonate medication, and calcium/vitamin D supplementation was 0.355 (95% CI, 0.194–0.648), 0.492 (95% CI, 0.347–0.699) and 0.616 (95% CI, 0.341–1.114), respectively, as compared with no anti‐osteoporosis group. Bisphosphonate and non‐bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with the reduction of cumulative mortality post‐hip fracture (P < 0.01).ConclusionsBisphosphonate and non‐bisphosphonate medications for osteoporosis were significantly associated with decreased mortality after fragility hip fracture.
Pacemaker pocket infection: Innovative conservative treatment in elderly patients with no signs of systemic infection
Authors: Bisignani Antonio , De Bonis Silvana , Mancuso Luigi , Ceravolo Gianluca , Bisignani Giovanni 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe gold standard to treat cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) infections is the complete system removal. The aim of this retrospective analysis is to assess the feasibility and safety of an alternative conservative surgical system revision approach, to be applied in elderly patients who refused the extraction procedure, in case of no signs of systemic infection.MethodsBetween May 2009 and January 2019, we performed system revision of 25 patients (15 men and 10 women, median age 81 [IQ: 75‐85] years) with negative blood culture, no signs of vegetation, who experienced CIED infections.ResultsIn all patients the following surgical procedure was applied: the pocket was opened, the wound's necrotic tissue was dissected en bloc; fibrotic tissue was excised. The pocket was washed with hydrogen peroxide and saline solution. The pocket was then closed without implanting the device and left with a continuous infusion of antibiotics and normal saline for 4 days. Subsequently the new generator was implanted, possibly in a different pocket than the previous one. All patients underwent a median follow up of 24 [IQ: 14‐34] months. In 24 patients out of the 25 observed the procedure was safe and effective, except for one patient who needed the extraction.ConclusionsThe two‐stage surgical revision technique is feasible and safe. It may be considered for elderly patients who refused extraction and presented no signs of systemic infection or in some categories of patients. In case of failure of the procedure, subsequent treatment with complete extraction of the system would not be precluded.
Strong leaf surface basification and CO2limitation of seagrass induced by epiphytic biofilm microenvironments
Authors: Brodersen Kasper Elgetti , Koren Klaus , Revsbech Niels Peter , Kühl Michael 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoastal eutrophication is a growing problem worldwide, leading to increased epiphyte overgrowth of seagrass leaves. Yet little is known about how epiphytes affect key biogeochemical conditions and processes in the seagrass phyllosphere. We used electrochemical microsensors to measure microgradients of O2, pH, and CO2at the bare and epiphyte‐covered leaf surface of seagrass (Zostera marinaL.) to determine effects of epiphytes on the leaf chemical microenvironment. Epiphytes result in extreme daily fluctuations in pH, O2, and inorganic carbon concentrations at the seagrass leaf surface severely hampering the plant's performance. In light, leaf epiphyte biofilms and their diffusive boundary layer lead to strong basification, markedly reducing the CO2and HCO3‐availability at the leaf surface, leading to reduced photosynthetic efficiency as a result of carbon limitation and enhanced photorespiration. With epiphytes, leaf surface pH increased to >10, thereby exceeding final pH levels (~9.62) and CO2compensation points for active photosynthesis. In darkness, epiphyte biofilms resulted in increased CO2and hypoxia at the leaf surface. Epiphytes can lead to severe carbon limitation in seagrasses owing to strong phyllosphere basification leading to CO2depletion and costly, yet limiting, HCO3‐utilization, increasing the risk of plant starvation.
Perseverative cognition, distracted communication, and well‐being in everyday social interaction
Authors: Merolla Andy J. , Hall Jeffrey A. , Bernhold Quinten 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study examined how rumination and worry experienced within varying contexts of everyday life are associated with current‐moment and cross‐moment indicators of subjective well‐being. We also investigated if, in the context of social interaction, distracted communication uniquely predicts subjective well‐being and mediates the link between perseverative cognition and well‐being. Using experience sampling, we found that the effects of rumination and worry on subjective well‐being were social‐context dependent. Rumination experienced alone, relative to during interaction, was a stronger positive predictor of current and later‐in‐the‐day loneliness. In contrast, worry experienced alone, but not during interaction, negatively predicted later loneliness. Distracted communication accounted for unique variance in current affective well‐being and current and later loneliness, but its role as a mediator was uncertain.
Resilience in Social Innovation: Lessons from Women Market Traders
Authors: Upadhyaya Shikha , Rosa Jose Antonio 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveThe article adopts a bottom‐up approach to examine the factors that influence the design, development, and diffusion of social innovation. These factors pertain to sociocultural complexities that complicate the commercial environment.MethodsThis article presents findings from an ethnographic study of women market traders in Fijian informal marketplaces. These informal marketplaces are communal exchange arenas where many economically disadvantaged individuals come to make their living.ResultsFindings highlight the resiliency of these traders in overcoming ambiguities and pressures that exist in these marketplaces.ConclusionAn understanding of women market traders’ experimentation and strategies to manage daily tensions and policy‐related contradictions can potentially open up ideas for innovative business practices.
Co‐selection for antibiotic resistance genes is induced in a soil amended with zinc
Authors: Tongyi Yang , Yanpeng Liu , Xingang Wang , Fen Yang , Jun Lu , Yubin Tang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe likelihood of co‐selection for antibiotic resistance induced by heavy metals is a potential threat to human health, however, direct evidence of heavy metal‐induced co‐selection of antibiotic resistance is lacking in soil. By using a metagenomic sequencing approach, zinc (Zn) driven co‐selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in soil was investigated through a microcosm experiment where Zn salts were added at different levels. The results showed that the abundance and diversity ofARGs had a tendency to increase along the gradient of increasing Zn contents, with the maximum values recorded in the soil amended with 800 mg Zn kg−1. The abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as integrons and insertion sequences was significantly increased by Zn exposure. Network analysis demonstrated significant associations betweenARGs andMGEs, suggesting that Zn treatment might enhance the potential for horizontal transfer ofARGs. Furthermore, structural equation models revealed that the types ofARGs were primarily driven by variations in bacterial compositions and Zn exposure, followed by integrons. Thus, these results indicate that added Zn salts considerably changed the diversity, abundance and mobility potential of antibiotic resistance, and imply that application of amendments containing high levels of Zn to soil could be causing the emergence and release ofARGs to the environment, and should be carefully monitored.
In Defence of Armchair Expertise
Authors: Bach Theodore 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn domains like stock brokerage, clinical psychiatry, and long‐term political forecasting, experts generally fail to outperform novices. Empirical researchers agree on why this is: experts must receive direct or environmental learning feedback during training to develop reliable expertise, and these domains are deficient in this type of feedback. A growing number of philosophers resource this consensus view to argue that, given the absence of direct or environmental philosophical feedback, we should not give the philosophical intuitions or theories of expert philosophers greater credence than those of novice philosophers. This article has three objectives. The first is to explore several overlooked issues concerning the strategy of generalizing from empirical studies of non‐philosophical expertise to the epistemic status of philosophical expertise. The second is to explain why empirical research into a causal relationship between direct learning feedback and enhanced expert performance does not provide good grounds for abandoning a default optimism about the epistemic superiority of expert philosophical theories. The third is to sketch a positive characterization of learning feedback that addresses developmental concerns made salient by the empirical literature on expert performance for specifically theory‐driven or “armchair” domains like philosophy.
The prevalence of an elevated F cell population in a maternal and gynaecology cohort
Authors: Cormack O. M. , Guilfoyle F. , Flynn C. M. 
Published: August 2019

SUMMARYObjectivesThis study aimed to determine F cell prevalence in a cohort of maternal and gynaecology specimens using QuikQuant anti‐HbF flow cytometry (FC) kit and to investigate if the presence of maternal F cells can lead to fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) overestimation.BackgroundThe gold standard to estimate FMH is the Kleihauer–Betke test (KBT). The KBT has proved to be insufficiently sensitive to detect low numbers of circulating fetal cells due to the presence of maternal F cells. At present, the prevalence of false positive KBT results due to raised maternal F cell population, defined as >5%, is poorly characterised.MethodsA total of 120 specimens were tested for the presence of F cells and fetal cells by KBT and anti‐HbF FC. The results calculated were compared to determine FMH overestimation.ResultsOf our cohort, 32% showed an elevated F cell population, of which 69% (27 of 39) were clinically significant according to KBT (>2 mL FMH). The mean FMH volumes by KBT and anti‐HbF FC were 3·90 mL (0·20–35·40 mL) and 4·09 mL (0·20–9·70 mL), respectively.ConclusionThe study highlighted that an elevated F cell level could be found in the cohort tested, with an F cell level of >10% causing significant FMH overestimation by KBT.
PRAYING TOGETHER: CORPORATE PRAYER AND SHARED SITUATIONS
Authors: Cockayne Joshua , Salter Gideon 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this article, we give much needed attention to the nature and value of corporate prayer by drawing together insights from theology, philosophy, and psychology. First, we explain what it is that distinguishes corporate from private prayer by drawing on the psychological literature on joint attention and the philosophical notion of shared situations. We suggest that what is central to corporate prayer is a “sense of sharedness,” which can be established through a variety of means—through bodily interactions or through certain environments. Second, we argue that corporate prayer, when understood as a kind of shared situation, enables common knowledge, as well as a kind of alignment between participants. Through this process, participants’ attention is focused on the same target and affiliation between participants increases. Thus, we suggest, one benefit of understanding corporate prayer as a shared situation is that it establishes and deepens a sense of community in such a way that common purposes and goals can be enacted more effectively.
Cold and dry outbreaks in the eastern Mediterranean 3200 years ago
Authors: Kaniewski David , Marriner Nick , Cheddadi Rachid , Morhange Christophe , Bretschneider Joachim , Jans Greta , Otto Thierry , Luce Frédéric , Van Campo Elise 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCan climate affect societies? This question, of both past and present importance, is encapsulated by the major socioeconomic crisis that affected the Mediterranean 3200 yr ago. The demise of the core civilizations of the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age and the early Iron Age (Dark Ages) is still controversial because it raises the question of climate-change impacts on ancient societies. Although evidence for this climate shift has gradually gained currency, recent attempts to quantify its magnitude remain equivocal. Here we focus on the northern Levant (coastal Syria) where the economic, political, and cultural changes were particularly acute. We quantify past climate changes and find that mean annual temperatures attained anomalies of − 2.3 ± 0.3 °C to − 4.8 ± 0.4 °C compared to present-day conditions. Rainfall regimes displayed an important shift in seasonality, with a 40% decrease in winter precipitation. A 300 yr period of dry and cool climate started ∼3200 yr ago and was coeval with deep social changes in the eastern Mediterranean. These “Little Ice Age”–type conditions affected harvests, leading to severe food shortages that probably aggravated the sociopolitical tensions. This crisis highlights the fragility of societies, both past and present, to major climate-change episodes and their broader consequences.
Brain abscess in children, a two-centre audit: outcomes and controversies
Authors: Gilard Vianney , Beccaria Kévin , Hartley John C , Blanot Stéphane , Marqué Sophie , Bourgeois Marie , Puget Stephanie , Thompson Dominic , Zerah Michel , Tisdall Martin 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to better characterise clinical presentation, management and outcome in infants and children with brain abscess.MethodsThe authors conducted a retrospective, multicentre study in two national reference centres over a 25-year period (1992–2017). During this period, 116 children and 28 infants (age <1 year) with brain abscess were treated.ResultsThe median age at diagnosis was 101.5 (range: 13–213) months in children and 1 (0–11) month in infants. Significant differences were observed between children and infants. The most common predisposing factor was meningitis in infants (64% of cases vs 3% in children), while it was otolaryngology-related infection in children (31% of cases vs 3.6% in infants). Infants presented more frequently with fever and meningism compared with children. 115 patients were treated with aspiration and 11 with excision. Reoperation was required in 29 children vs 1 infant. The overall mortality rate was 4% (3.4% for children, 7.1% for infants). At 3-month follow-up, the outcome was favourable in 86% of children vs in 68% of infants.ConclusionThere is a clear difference between children and infants with brain abscess in terms of predisposing factors, causative organisms and outcome. Despite surgical drainage and directed antibiotic therapy, 25% of patients with brain abscess require reoperation. Mortality is improved compared with historical series; however, long-term morbidity is significant particularly in the infant population.
Decision-making dilemmas of paediatricians: a qualitative study in Japan
Authors: Sasazuki Momoko , Sakai Yasunari , Kira Ryutaro , Toda Naoko , Ichimiya Yuko , Akamine Satoshi , Torio Michiko , Ishizaki Yoshito , Sanefuji Masafumi , Narama Miho , Itai Koichiro , Hara Toshiro , Takada Hidetoshi , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Ohga Shouichi 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo delineate the critical decision-making processes that paediatricians apply when treating children with life-threatening conditions and the psychosocial experience of paediatricians involved in such care.DesignWe conducted semistructured, individual face-to-face interviews for each participant from 2014 to 2015. The content of each interview was subjected to a comprehensive qualitative analysis. The categories of dilemma were extracted from a second-round content analysis.ParticipantsParticipants were board-certified paediatricians with sufficient experience in making decisions in relation to children with severe illnesses or disabilities. We repeated purposive sampling and analyses until we reached saturation of the category data.ResultsWe performed interviews with 15 paediatricians. They each reported both unique and overlapping categories of dilemmas that they encountered when making critical decisions. The dilemmas included five types of causal elements: (1) paediatricians’ convictions; (2) the quest for the best interests of patients; (3) the quest for medically appropriate plans; (4) confronting parents and families and (5) socioenvironmental issues. Dilemmas occurred and developed as conflicting interactions among these five elements. We further categorised these five elements into three principal domains: the decision-maker (decider); consensus making among families, colleagues and society (process) and the consequential output of the decision (consequence).ConclusionsThis is the first qualitative study to demonstrate the framework of paediatricians’ decision-making processes and the complex structures of dilemmas they face. Our data indicate the necessity of establishing and implementing an effective support system for paediatricians, such as structured professional education and arguments for creating social consensus that assist them to reach the best plan for the management of severely ill children.