bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do big countries always win a tariff war? A reappraisal
Authors: Kilolo Jean‐Marc Malambwe 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn their seminal paper, Kennan and Riezman () show that a “sufficiently” big country is better off under a tariff war compared to free trade. This prediction derived in a setting where market power stems from differences in factor endowments, is somehow puzzling, as the majority of free trade agreements notified to the GATT/WTO are initiated by large rather than small economies. To resolve this puzzle, I use a modified version of the Kennan and Riezman () model to show that the outcomes of a tariff war depend not only on countries’ endowment sizes, but also on consumption requirements. In particular, free trade benefits two asymmetric countries if the subsistence level of consumption in the large country is sufficiently higher than in the small country. In addition, free trade between symmetric countries may harm the country with a lower subsistence level of consumption. The theoretical framework presented in this paper supports the idea that even small countries enjoy some market power and thus helps understand why large economies seek free trade in natural resources with smaller commercial partners.
Examining Patterns of Change in the Acquired Capability for Suicide Among Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: Velkoff Elizabeth A. , Smith April R. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveSeveral models of suicidal behavior posit that, to transition from suicidal ideation to attempting suicide, individuals must have an acquired capability for suicide (ACS), comprised of fearlessness about death (FAD) and pain tolerance. ACS is hypothesized to increase monotonically through exposure to painful and provocative experiences. However, recent research suggests that ACS can decrease, bringing into question the hypothesis of monotonic increase. This study examined the nature of change in ACS over time within a sample of patients with eating disorder (ED). We predicted that there would be two classes of change in ACS: one high and increasing and one moderate and stable.MethodOne hundred female patients with ED reported on ACS at admission and weekly during treatment.ResultsGrowth mixture modeling to test models of FAD and pain tolerance identified that, for both factors, a one‐class intercept‐only model was the best‐fitting model, suggesting that patients entered treatment with midlevel ACS and experienced no significant linear change over the course of treatment.ConclusionsAcquired capability for suicide demonstrated stability in this study; results highlight the need for additional research examining ACS across different timescales and in varied populations.
Reexamining the Mental Pain–Suicidality Link in Adolescence: The Role of Tolerance for Mental Pain
Authors: Becker Gideon , Orbach Israel , Mikulincer Mario , Iohan Maya , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva , Grossman‐Giron Ariella 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveIn this study, we reexamine the mental pain–suicidality link in adolescence, by focusing on mental pain tolerance as a critical factor in explaining youth suicidal behavior.MethodIn a series of three studies, participants completed measures of mental pain (tolerance and intensity), emotional regulation, depression, and suicidality. Study 1 included a nonclinical sample of 183 Israeli adolescents. Study 2 included a nonclinical sample of 139 Israeli adolescents, who completed additional measures of self‐esteem, optimism, mindfulness, meaning in life, positive affectivity, and life satisfaction. Study 3 included suicidal psychiatric inpatients (N = 24), nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients (N = 24), and nonclinical adolescents (N = 24).ResultsIn Study 1, mental pain tolerance was significantly associated with depression, suicidality, and emotion‐regulation skills. In Study 2, mental pain tolerance was significantly associated with measures of psychological resources. In Study 3, we found that suicidal psychiatric inpatients reported significantly lower levels of mental pain tolerance than nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients and nonclinical adolescents. No significant group difference was found in the reported intensity of mental pain.ConclusionsFindings imply that mental pain tolerance may be a better indicator for suicidal behavior during adolescence than reported pain intensity.
Damage detection in a laboratory wind turbine blade using techniques of ultrasonic NDT and SHM
Authors: Yang Kai , Rongong Jem A. , Worden Keith 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a case study in the use of ultrasonic NDE/SHM techniques for detecting and locating damage in a real (but small) wind turbine blade. Two techniques are considered: (1) non‐linear acoustics, and (2) guided‐wave “pitch‐catch” SHM. While the non‐linear acoustics approach proved disappointingly insensitive to damage induced experimentally in the blade, the guided‐wave approach not only detected the damage but also proved capable of locating it, using a “network of novelty detectors” methodology. A first, slightly ill‐conceived, programme of guided‐wave tests actually provided valuable insight into attenuation of waves in the structure of interest and supported the idea that actuator‐sensor networks of a feasible density could be used for wind turbine blade SHM.
Time‐domain imaging system in the terahertz range for immovable cultural heritage materials
Authors: Giovannacci David , Cheung Hoi Ching , Walker Gillian C. , Bowen John W. , Martos‐Levif Dominique , Brissaud Didier , Cristofol Lilian , Mélinge Yannik 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the field of cultural heritage science, the use of non‐destructive and contact‐free techniques has increased sharply over the past 10 years. Compared with conventional spectroscopic and imaging techniques such as X‐ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and laser spectroscopy, terahertz time‐domain imaging (THz‐TDI) is an innovative, non‐invasive, and safe technique, which provides good penetration depth (~1 cm) and broad spectral bandwidth (0.1–10 THz). This paper sets out the protocol and methodology for the application of THz‐TDI to immovable cultural heritage, illustrated by a series of case studies. The case studies demonstrate the efficacy of the technique in providing structural and material information for conservators.
Intense silicification of Ordovician carbonates in the Tarim Basin: Constraints from fluid inclusion Rb–Sr isotope dating and geochemistry of quartz
Authors: Dong Shaofeng , You Donghua , Guo Zenghui , Guo Chuan , Chen Daizhao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn unconventional porous silicified carbonate reservoir was unveiled in the Middle Ordovician fractured limestone within a strike‐slip fault zone in the Tarim Basin, NW China. The silicified carbonates are mainly composed of fine‐ to medium‐crystalline fascicular quartz matrix and coarse crystalline bladed to columnar quartz cement. Fluid inclusion leachate‐residue paired Rb–Sr isotopic dating of the quartz cement yields an isochron age of 167 ± 15 Ma, attesting to a causal link to the Jurassic (Yanshanian) orogeny. Pervasive replacement of matrix quartz and subsequent precipitation of cement quartz through nonisothermal effervescence probably induced by episodic influxes of the hot silica‐ and 87Sr‐rich basinal brines from the neighbouring deeper Manjiaer depression. This study thus signifies the usefulness of using Rb–Sr isotope dating method in constraining the timing of carbonate alteration, enabling to establish the deterministic relationship of basinal fluid evolution with the major tectonic activity.
An approach to induction of tolerance to pig cardiac xenografts in neonates
Authors: Cooper David K. C. , Hara Hidetaka , Iwase Hayato , Banks Charles Adam , Cleveland David C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is a continuing need for donor hearts for infants with complex congenital heart defects. The transplantation of hearts from neonatal pigs would be an alternative to human organs, particularly if donor‐specific immunological tolerance could be achieved. The great majority of infant humans do not make natural (preformed) antibodies against triple‐knockout (TKO) pigs (that do not express any of the three known pig antigens against which humans have natural anti‐pig antibodies). The transplantation of a heart from a TKO pig into an infant would therefore minimize any risk of early antibody‐mediated rejection, and, with adequate immunosuppressive therapy, prolonged graft survival may well be achieved. Total host thymectomy (commonly carried out at the time of orthotopic heart transplantation in this age group) ± residual T‐cell depletion and donor‐specific pig thymus tissue transplantation might induce T‐cell tolerance and allow immunosuppressive therapy to be discontinued (if there is in vitro evidence of T‐cell and B‐cell nonresponsiveness to donor‐specific pig cells). Even if tolerance were not achieved, with continuing immunosuppressive therapy, the graft would likely “bridge” the patient until a suitable allograft became available or be associated with prolonged xenograft function.
An EPIC journey to locate single‐copy nuclear markers in sea anemones
Authors: Brugler Mercer R. , González‐Muñoz Ricardo E. , Tessler Michael , Rodríguez Estefanía 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSea anemones (Order Actiniaria) are among the most diverse members of the subclass Hexacorallia and are an emerging model system. Unfortunately, defining species and creating robust phylogenies remain a serious challenge due to simple body plans that reduce the number of available morphological characters, slow mitochondrial sequence evolution and a complete absence of nuclear markers in the actiniarian molecular toolkit other than the ribosomal cistron. Defining species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships is imperative for advancing our understanding of sea anemone taxonomy and systematics. Herein, we utilized EPIC (exon‐priming intron‐crossing) primers, in addition to non‐standard PCR profiling conditions, to obtain sequence data for seven nuclear introns located within Calmodulin, Calpain, Nck Associated Protein 1 Homolog, Pescadillo Homolog, Signal Recognition Particle 54‐kDa Subunit, Transferase and Vacuolar ATP Synthase Subunit B. These new markers were employed to evaluate whether morphological variability in marginal tentacle protuberances is indicative of intraspecific variation or cryptic species in the shallow‐water anemone Phymanthus crucifer. Variability within these nuclear introns was compared to mitochondrial 12S, 16S and cox3, and nuclear 18S and 28S. PCR products of all nuclear introns were cloned to determine copy number and the resulting variability among clones was consistent with single‐copy markers. We also amplified and sequenced six of the seven introns in a sister species, Phymanthus loligo, to determine the degree of interspecific variation. In addition, we evaluate the applicability of a subset of these markers within Actinostola and conclude with a review of putative single‐copy markers used in octocoral and scleractinian phylogenetics.
Management of full thickness rotator cuff tears in the elderly: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Nganga Michael , Lizarondo Lucylynn , Krishnan Jegan , Stephenson Matthew 
Published: August 2018

Review question/objective:
The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of non-surgical and surgical treatment on the clinical and functional outcomes of elderly patients with full thickness rotator cuff tear.
Prevalence of mental disorders in Uganda: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Opio John Nelson , Tufanaru Catalin , Aromataris Edoardo 
Published: August 2018

Review question:
The questions to be addressed by this systematic review are:i) What is the prevalence of mental disorders in children under 18 years in Uganda?ii) What is the prevalence of mental disorders in adults 18 years and over in Uganda?iii) What are the common mental disorders among children and adults in Uganda?
The Demise of an Australian Physical Activity Alliance
Authors: Reynolds Rebecca , Santhya  , Menzies David 
Published: August 2018

Background: Physical activity health promotion coalitions are uncommon but important for beneficial collective impact on public health. The authors sought to obtain the viewpoints of member organizations of an Australian physical activity alliance, the National Physical Activity Alliance. Methods: The authors conducted an online survey regarding member agenda, commitment, and vision for the alliance. Questions were mostly open ended (eg, “What are the 3 areas of priority related to physical activity that you would like The Alliance to focus on?”). A total of 11 Australian organizations involved in physical activity public health (eg, the nongovernment organization Alzheimer’s Australia and the professional fitness association Fitness Australia). Results: 82% of members responded to the survey. Member programs and goals were diverse and overlapping. There was agreement among members that the main priority area for alliance focus was a national exercise referral scheme. Barriers for members achieving their own goals as well as alliance goals focused on governmental issues, including inadequate government funding for physical activity public health. Conclusions: This novel survey highlights the promise and difficulties of a physical activity coalition, with the difficulties, namely lack of governmental funding, resulting in a stagnation of the alliance’s activities since the study was carried out.
Increased Osmolarity in Biofilm Triggers RcsB-Dependent Lipid A Palmitoylation in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Szczesny Magdalena , Beloin Christophe , Ghigo Jean-Marc 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

Biofilms are often described as protective shelters that preserve bacteria from hostile surroundings. However, biofilm bacteria are also exposed to various stresses and need to adjust to the heterogeneous physicochemical conditions prevailing within biofilms. In Gram-negative bacteria, such adaptations can result in modifications of the lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane characterized by a highly dynamic structure responding to environmental changes. We previously showed that Gram-negative biofilm bacteria undergo an increase in lipid A palmitoylation mediated by the PagP enzyme, contributing to increased resistance to host defenses. Here we describe a regulatory pathway leading to transcriptional induction of
pagP
in response to specific conditions created in the biofilm environment. We show that
pagP
expression is induced via the Rcs envelope stress system independently of the Rcs phosphorelay cascade and that it requires the GadE auxiliary regulator. Moreover, we identify an increase in osmolarity (i.e., ionic stress) as a signal able to induce
pagP
expression in an RcsB-dependent manner. Consistently, we show that the biofilm is a hyperosmolar environment and that RcsB-dependent
pagP
induction can be dampened in the presence of an osmoprotectant. These results provide new insights into the adaptive mechanisms of bacterial differentiation in biofilm.

IMPORTANCE
The development of the dense bacterial communities called biofilms creates a highly heterogeneous environment in which bacteria are subjected to a variety of physicochemical stresses. We investigated the mechanisms of a widespread and biofilm-associated chemical modification of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of all Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. This modification corresponds to the incorporation, mediated by the enzyme PagP, of a palmitate chain into lipid A (palmitoylation) that reduces bacterial recognition by host immune responses. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we demonstrate that a significant part of biofilm-associated lipid A palmitoylation is triggered upon induction of
pagP
transcription by the hyperosmolar biofilm environment.
pagP
induction is regulated by RcsB, the response regulator of the Rcs stress response pathway, and is not observed under planktonic conditions. Our report provides new insights into how physiological adaptations to local biofilm microenvironments can contribute to decreases in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and host immune defenses.
High-Throughput Screening Identifies Genes Required for
Candida albicans
Induction of Macrophage Pyroptosis
Authors: O’Meara Teresa R. , Duah Kwamaa , Guo Cynthia X. , Maxson Michelle E. , Gaudet Ryan G. , Koselny Kristy , Wellington Melanie , Powers Michael E. , MacAlpine Jessie , O’Meara Matthew J. , Veri Amanda O. , Grinstein Sergio , Noble Suzanne M. , Krysan Damian , Gray-Owen Scott D. , Cowen Leah E. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invasive fungal infections. As a consequence, many successful fungal pathogens have evolved elegant strategies to interact with host immune cells. For example,
Candida albicans
undergoes a morphogenetic switch coupled to cell wall remodeling upon phagocytosis by macrophages and then induces macrophage pyroptosis, an inflammatory cell death program. To elucidate the genetic circuitry through which
C. albicans
orchestrates this host response, we performed the first large-scale analysis of
C. albicans
interactions with mammalian immune cells. We identified 98
C. albicans
genes that enable macrophage pyroptosis without influencing fungal cell morphology in the macrophage, including specific determinants of cell wall biogenesis and the Hog1 signaling cascade. Using these mutated genes, we discovered that defects in the activation of pyroptosis affect immune cell recruitment during infection. Examining host circuitry required for pyroptosis in response to
C. albicans
infection, we discovered that inflammasome priming and activation can be decoupled. Finally, we observed that
a
poptosis-associated
s
peck-like protein containing a
C
ARD (ASC) oligomerization can occur prior to phagolysosomal rupture by
C. albicans
hyphae, demonstrating that phagolysosomal rupture is not the inflammasome activating signal. Taking the data together, this work defines genes that enable fungal cell wall remodeling and activation of macrophage pyroptosis independently of effects on morphogenesis and identifies macrophage signaling components that are required for pyroptosis in response to
C. albicans
infection.

IMPORTANCE
Candida albicans
is a natural member of the human mucosal microbiota that can also cause superficial infections and life-threatening systemic infections, both of which are characterized by inflammation. Host defense relies mainly on the ingestion and destruction of
C. albicans
by innate immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils. Although some
C. albicans
cells are killed by macrophages, most undergo a morphological change and escape by inducing macrophage pyroptosis. Here, we investigated the
C. albicans
genes and host factors that promote macrophage pyroptosis in response to intracellular fungi. This work provides a foundation for understanding how host immune cells interact with
C. albicans
and may lead to effective strategies to modulate inflammation induced by fungal infections.
Protocol of economic evaluation and equity impact analysis of mHealth and community groups for prevention and control of diabetes in rural Bangladesh in a three-arm cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Haghparast-Bidgoli Hassan , Shaha Sanjit Kumar , Kuddus Abdul , Chowdhury Md Alimul Reza , Jennings Hannah , Ahmed Naveed , Morrison Joanna , Akter Kohenour , Nahar Badrun , Nahar Tasmin , King Carina , Skordis-Worrall Jolene , Batura Neha , Khan Jahangir A , Mansaray Anthony , Hunter Rachael , Khan A K Azad , Costello Anthony , Azad Kishwar , Fottrell Edward 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, generating substantial economic burden for people with diabetes and their families, and to health systems and national economies. Bangladesh has one of the largest numbers of adults with diabetes in the South Asian region. This paper describes the planned economic evaluation of a three-arm cluster randomised control trial of mHealth and community mobilisation interventions to prevent and control T2DM and non-communicable diseases’ risk factors in rural Bangladesh (D-Magic trial).Methods and analysisThe economic evaluation will be conducted as a within-trial analysis to evaluate the incremental costs and health outcomes of mHealth and community mobilisation interventions compared with the status quo. The analyses will be conducted from a societal perspective, assessing the economic impact for all parties affected by the interventions, including implementing agencies (programme costs), healthcare providers, and participants and their households. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) will be calculated in terms of cost per case of intermediate hyperglycaemia and T2DM prevented and cost per case of diabetes prevented among individuals with intermediate hyperglycaemia at baseline and cost per mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure. In addition to ICERs, the economic evaluation will be presented as a cost–consequence analysis where the incremental costs and all statistically significant outcomes will be listed separately. Robustness of the results will be assessed through sensitivity analyses. In addition, an analysis of equity impact of the interventions will be conducted.Ethics and disseminationThe approval to conduct the study was obtained by the University College London Research Ethics Committee (4766/002) and by the Ethical Review Committee of the Diabetic Association of Bangladesh (BADAS-ERC/EC/t5100246). The findings of this study will be disseminated through different means within academia and the wider policy sphere.Trial registration numberISRCTN41083256; Pre-results.
14 Enabling tailored and coordinated support for family carers of people with motor neurone disease through adaptation of a carer support needs assessment tool (CSNAT) intervention
Authors: Ewing Gail , Croke Sarah , Rowland Christine , Grande Gunn 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionFamily carers provide vital support for people with Motor Neurone Disease (MND) but caregiving can be very physically and mentally demanding. It is therefore crucial to ensure healthcare practitioners (HCPs) can provide timely support to carers fitting their individual needs. Currently there are no UK interventions for this.AimTo adapt an existing carer support needs assessment tool (CSNAT) intervention to support the needs and situation of family carers of people with MND.MethodsStages:Focus groups and interviews with 33 carers (14 bereaved 19 current carers) to capture support needs key points of change during patient’s illness and main support services.Workshops with HCPs (N=17 recruited to date) and carer advisors (N=19) to inform materials and procedures for MND carer assessment and support.ResultsStage 1: Carers’ experience was one of dealing with a devastating diagnosis a constantly changing situation with heavy dependence on them as carers and with little consideration of their separate support needs. Carers’ support needs mainly mapped onto CSNAT domains but MND carers may experience relationship issues warranting further consideration. Stage 2 will integrate HCP and carers’ views on when where how and by whom MND carer assessment and support should best be provided.ConclusionsFindings to be presented from Stages 1 and 2 will provide insights into how MND carers want to be assessed and supported. This will form the basis for an intervention to be tested in a future Stage 3 feasibility study.FunderMarie Curie Research Fund/Motor Neurone Disease Association