bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confocal Microscopy for Diagnostic Cytology
Authors: Boon Mathilde E , Kok Lambrecht P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Laser scanning confocal microscopy has been used to analyze cytological specimens for research purposes. However, for many pathologists, its application in diagnostic cytology still is terra incognita. In our laboratory, confocal microscopy has been used for seven years, mainly to solve problems in cervical cytology, in breast aspirates, and for endometrium cytology.
In contrast to histology where we can cut new sections from the block, the cytologic sample is often limited to one smear. Accordingly, when we wish to expand our diagnostic possibilities, we have to extract the desired additional information from that single smear. This is possible by first de-staining the original smear and subsequently re-staining it. In this article, we describe how we restain old slides with the fluorescent dyes Ethidinm Bromide and Eosin, a DNA/protein stain, resulting in staining patterns comparable to the diagnostic Papanicolaou and Giemsa methods in that mere is an optimal distinction between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Rapid Cross-Section TEM Specimen Preparation of III-V Materials
Authors: Beanland R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Cross-section transmission electron microscope (TEM) specimen preparation of Ill-V materials using conventional methods can be a painful and time-consuming activity, with a day or more from receipt of a sample to examination in the TEM being the norm. This article describes the cross-section TEM specimen preparation technique used at Bookham Caswell. The usual time from start to finish is &lt;1 hour. Up to 10 samples can be prepared at once, depending upon sample type. Most of the tools used are widely available and inexpensive, making the technique ideal for use in institutions with limited resources.
The Life and Death of a Tungsten Hairpin Filament
Authors: Chapman Steve 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many words have been written about filament saturation and filament life, not all with years of experience behind them] Sometimes when visiting laboratories one has the feeling that the life of the filament is far more important than the quality of the results, so let us try to demystify filament life?
The life of a tungsten hairpin filament very much depends upon its use and the applications present in a particular laboratory. Medturn to low magnification applications in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) may only require low emission currents (10 to 15 micro amps) with a long filament life resulting. High resolution studies require higher operating currents (20 to 45 micro amps) but, by demanding more emission current the life of the filament will suffer. Whilst a long filament life is good for the laboratory, it is not worthy of boasting, for those who have a short filament life may well be using the instrument near to the limit of its performance, a far more relevant boast!
Another Way to Implement Diffraction Contrast in SEM
Authors: Tao Xiaodong , Eades Alwyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
SEM users are familiar with two forms of contrast in SEM images: topographic contrast and atomic number contrast. We can now add a third form of contrast. Contrast can arise due to the different orientation of grains in the sample. However, in normal operation this con trast is very weak, since in the SEM the beam includes a range of incident angles. This has the effect of averaging out diffraction contrast from the different orientations of the grains. This contrast is generally much stronger when the trast is very weak, since in the SEM the beam includes a range of incident angles. This has the effect of averaging out diffraction contrast from the different orientations of the grains. This contrast is generally much stronger when the incident beam is an ion beam rather than an electron beam — contrast between the grains is strong in ion-beam images but not in normal SEM images.
Choosing a Cantilever for In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Woodward John T 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
What is the best cantilever for intermittent contact mode (often called Tapping Mode™) atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging under water? This is a question I hear often and one that recently generated some interesting discussion on an AFM newsgroup (more on the newsgroup below). The ability of the AFM to image samples En physiologically relevant environments has made it a popular technique in the biological sciences. However, because scanning the AFM tip in contact mode easily perturbs many biological samples, it was the advent of intermittent contact modes that lead to AFM's widespread use in biology.
Use of a New Imaging Technique to Document Deformations Recorded in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: O'Neil Edward F , Jennings Hamlin M , Thomas Jeffrey J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The introduction of the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) greatly Improved the functionality of scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology by allowing objects to be imaged in water-vapor under low vacuum, and without the need for coating to facilitate electrical conductivity. The low vacuum environment allows Imaging of delicate structures, such as needlelike crystals, without fear of damaging the object in the process of viewing it.
The Same Thing That Makes a Carrot Orange Also Makes a Molecular Wire
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used in many ways to extract information from biologic specimens. Now Gerry Leatherman, Edgar Durantini, Devens Gust, Tom Moore, Anna Moore, Simon Stone, Ziniu Zhou, Peter Rez, YangZhang Liu, and Stuart Lindsay have used conduction atomic force microscopy (CAFM) to demonstrate that a molecule of carotene can function as a molecular wire.
Leatherman et al., synthesized carotene and then examined the molecules with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), They could image spots that averaged 2 nm in diameter, although the size of the spots varied widely due to the geometry of the probe tip. Interestingly, the number of spots increased with the concentration of carotene, but the average size of the spots did not change. This made it clear that they were able to image carotene molecules with the STM, and that the carotene did not form large aggregates.
Choosing Your Tools©
Authors: Brinson Bruce E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The increasing availability of the user-friendly black box can present an increased probability of characterization errors. The uninformed choice (e.g., any SEM will see this) or dependence on one instrument can also lead to erroneous results. Failure to understand the limits and advantages of a particular instrument and bias through assumption or desired result can be equally deceptive.
In the example presented here, the objectives are to determine primary particle size and to identify the impurities in a specimen. We will look at the data produced by several instruments and discuss the ways each technology can support or mislead the analysts.
Images were acquired optically by secondary electron (SE), x-ray dot maps and back scattering electrons (BSE). The elemental analysis techniques used were Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry (WDS) and Powder x-ray diffractometry (PXD).
Field emission SEM (FESEM) and optical images are used.
Crystal Orientation Mapping of Copper Interconnects using EBSD
Authors: Dicks Keith 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The semiconductor industry is committed to introducing copper interconnects in place of aluminum for the latest generation of semiconductor devices. With its greater current carrying capacity, the use of copper should enable further reductions in device geometry, power consumption and heat generation, and lead to higher performance and longer battery life in portable devices.
Grain orientations, crystal log raphic ‘texture’ trends and boundary types are crucial in determining properties such as electrical resistively, strength and corrosion resistance. These parameters may be implicated both in the performance of the device and in failure mechanisms, which are of great importance in determining reliability.
Our work demonstrates that high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is now both possible and routinely achievable using both hot and cold field emission gun scanning electron microscopes (FEGSEMs). Our results demonstrate that EBSD can be successfully used to map grain orientation and to reveal and classify grain boundaries for this application.
Height Measurement of Interplanetary Dust Particles by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)
Authors: Joswiak David J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) comprise an important source of extraterrestrial materials available for study of our solar system and originate from either the asteroid belt or from short period comets. IDPs from cometary sources are particularly important as they constitute the only physical samples of comets available; all known meteorites are derived from the asteroids, the Moon or Mars. By measuring the densities of IDPs and using an appropriate atmospheric entry heating model, it is possible to determine whether an individual IDP has been derived from an asteraidal or cometary source region. Calculating the density of an IDP requires knowledge of both its mass and volume, which can be determined by using a combination of secondary and transmission electron microscopy techniques. We have developed methods to measure both of these parameters and thus routinely measure densities for individual IDPS in the size range of 5-15 μm.
Immunohistochemistry and Hematoxylin and Eosin on the Same Slide
Authors: Brooks Amos A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Small tissues are always difficult to work with. The limited size often leads to many technical problems. In spite of the care normally given to a specimen, the unthinkable can happen. A block may be cut through, slides may be broken, and sections may fall off. When this type of tragedy occurs, the creativity and technical abilities of a histology technician are often tested.
An example of this occurred when a technician was cutting a prostate biopsy. Two slides were taken, with two sections on each. The slides were taken, with two sections on each. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and coverslipped with a Tissue Tek automatic coverslipper. This coverslipper uses a plastic film, which causes the film to adhere to the slide with xylene. The slides were then given to the pathologist who then requested an immunohistochemical (IHC) test to be performed. In the process, the specimen was exhausted.
How To Get Some Action (In Photoshop)
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
All of us who work with images understand the enormous amount of time post-processing can require. Before you know it, a few hours can easily slip by even for the most seasoned among us. When so many other things need to be done, it can be frustrating to spend hours on image preparation.
Fortunately, some more frequent steps taken in Photoshop can be automated, and these can be assigned to one of the Function keys (F keys) at the top of the keyboard, or a droplet can be made (Photoshop 6x & 7x only).
Macro Imaging with Digital Cameras
Authors: Burnett Bryan , Blaauw Steven 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Advances in charged couple device (CCD) design, low cast processor power, cheap memory and dropping prices of digital cameras over the last few years have made the CCD digital camera art attractive alternative to the film camera for many imaging applications. This is especially true in macro imaging where it appears likely that digital cameras will replace film cameras (curiously, Long (2001), says otherwise). As will be described here, a digital camera equipped with a quality macro-zoom lens, generates images with a depth of field (e.g., Fig. 1) that greatly surpass images produced by a film camera with a comparable lens system.
Rapid Preparation of a Polymer Fiber and a Free-Standing Polymer Film for Cross-Sectional Microtomy
Authors: Taubert Andreas , Ferris James H , Winey Karen I 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Polymer films and fibers can readily be imaged in a “top-view“ mode by depositing the sample directly on a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) support grid. Sample preparation of thin polymer films and fibers for cross-sectional views in the electron microscope, however, is a major challenge. Owing to their small dimensions, the films or fibers cannot be mounted alone, because they will not remain immobilized In the microtome, even at low temperatures. Brittle polymers complicate sample preparation even further because they tend to break due to the mechanical stresses exerted on them by the microtome sample holder and the knife. Such sections often jump off the knife-edge or the sample film, thus preventing a systematic collection of thin sections. Similar arguments apply for cross-sectional atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Techniques for Combinatorial and High-Throughput Microscopy Part 1: Gradient Specimen Fabrication for Poiymer Thin Film Research
Authors: Sehgal A , Karim A , Stafford C , Fasolka M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Combinatorial and high-throughput (C&HT) approaches accelerate research by addressing multiple experimental parameters in a parallel or otherwise highly efficient fashion. First used by the pharmaceutical industry for product discovery, the C&HT paradigm is being extended to the study of complex materials systems that require measurements of properties and phenomena over a huge number of conditions. As with traditional materials science, microscopy and imaging of morphology are essential for C&HT materials research.
Preparation Of Soil Samples For Light And Transmission Electron Microsopy
Authors: Vrdoljak Gordon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Soil structure influences water supply to plant roots, aeration, water infiltration rates, suitability of soil medium for seed germination and growth, growth of plant roots, drainage, evaporation, mechanical strength, and workability (Dexter 1988). Adequate description of soil structure for cultivation, engineering, or remediation is typically done by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Literature exists in numerous sources for preparation of soils for microscopy, but often preparation steps are left out due to the shortening of Methods Sections in journal articles to conserve print space. I present here, protocols I've used for preparation of tropical soils (Oxisols) for microscopy.
Cleaning a Cold Cathode Gauge Tube
Authors: Mills Owen P 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This topic appeared on the MSA list server In December 2002 and January 2003. While cleaning my gauge tube recently, I documented the steps. In this article I describe cleaning a Varian 524-2 gauge tube. There are a number of other cold cathode and penning style gauge tubes on the market, Edwards CP-25 (old penning), CVC GPH-001A(old cold cathode), Pfeiffer IRK 250 (new cold cathode) to name a few. The cleaning steps are very similar. Consult the instructions that came with the gauge tube or visit the vendor's websites.
Correlative Electron Tomography and Elemental Microanalysis in Biology: A Preview
Authors: Marko Michael , Wagenknecht Terence , Mannella Carmen 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The combination of electron tomography (three-dimensional reconstruction of an individual object from a series of EM tilt images) and elemental mapping (based on element-specific differences in interaction between the primary electron beam and the specimen) is at the very beginning of its application. This article reviews the first published results and considers some requirements and potential uses in biology, employing two examples from our own exploratory work.
An Innovative Method for Imaging and Chemical Analysis of Wet Samples in Scanning Electron Microscopes
Authors: Ruach-Nir Irit 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) of fully wet samples is a valuable tool for studies in the material, medical and biological sciences. In order to appreciate the natural structures of tissues or materials they should be examined in their native wet state, as opposed to a dry form that incorporates artifacts of sample processing. Viewing and analyzing wet samples at high resolution has undergone a significant improvement only recently due to the innovative WETSEMTM technology developed by QuantomiX.
EBSD Sample Preparation: Techniques, Tips, and Tricks
Authors: Nowell Matthew M , Witt Ronald A , True Brian W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Automated analysis of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) patterns for orientation imaging and phase identification in materials and earth sciences has become a widely accepted microstructural analysis tool. To briefly review, EBSD is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based technique where the sample is tilted approximately 70 degrees and the electron beam is positioned in an analytical spot-mode within a selected grain. An EBSD pattern is formed due to the diffraction of the electron beam by select crystallographic planes within the material. The EBSD pattern is representative of both the phase and crystallographic orientation of the selected area. The pattern is imaged by a phosphor screen and recorded with a digital CCD camera and then analyzed.
Energy-Filtered Electron Holography
Authors: Herring Rodney A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When electrons pass through a material, they can pass through without losing energy such as elastically scattered electrons or they can lose or gain energy by inelastically scattering with the material's electrons. The elastically scattered electrons have been used in the simulations of lattice images, which are used to help determine the atomic structure of materials. Inelastically scattered electrons were ignored in the simulations because it was believed that they did not have the required coherence to interfere with themselves and they contributed only to the background intensity. Recently though, a great deal of interest has been generated in knowing whether the inelastically scattered electrons can also contribute to the lattice images in order to help explain the Stobbs factor [1], where the contrast in the lattice images is often three or more times less than the theory predicts. The Stobbs factor makes it difficult, if not impossible, to establish quantitative values to high-resolution lattice images.
Eucentric Stage for Recording Stereo Pair Photomacrographs
Authors: Clarke Ted 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The stereo microscope is the most commonly used microscope. This applies to both the materials science and biological science fields. My past career as a materials engineer depended critically upon the three dimensional imaging of the stereo microscope for studying metal parts and fracture surfaces. Unfortunately our clients had no readily available way to view stereo pairs, so stereo pair recording was not done. Likewise, our electron microscopes were not equipped with costly eucentric stages, which make stereo pair recording easily done.
Microscopy in Costa Rica
Authors: Eades Alwyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Costa Rica is amazing. You probably know that Costa Rica has no armed forces and that fully a quarter of its area is given over to national parks and other protected areas. You probably don't know that Costa Rica is also amazing for its electron microscopy. Almost anonymously Costa Rica has a center for electron microscopy on a par with centers in the United States or Europe.
El Centro de Investigation en Estructuras Microscopicas, CIEMIC (The Center for Microstructural Research) has its own purpose-built building with an infrastructure that would make most of us envious.
Microscopy and Microbes at Plum Island: Protecting America's Livestock
Authors: Burrage Thomas G 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Plum Island Animal Disease Center, located on a small island off the coast of Long Island's North Fork, has been clouded in mystery and misinformation for years. Often the topic of conspiracy theorists, this secret place has generated many myths—from aliens to anthrax and pink eels to secret submarines. But the truth of the center's mission is far less colorful yet far more crucial to the state of the nation's agriculture.
In June 2003, operational responsibility for the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) transferred from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and PIADC became the core of the DHS effort to protect US livestock from foreign animal disease agents.
50th Anniversary Celebrations of Atomic-Resolution Imaging
Authors: Kelly Thomas F , Melmed Allan J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
October 2005 marks 50 years since the first images achieving atomic resolution were obtained by Erwin Miiller and Kanwar Bahadur at the Pennsylvania State University using field ion microscopy. An image from that seminal work is shown in Figure 1. Two separate meetings were held this year to commemorate this important event in the history of microscopy; the 50th Anniversary of Atomic Resolution Microscopy, held June 15-17, 2005 at Penn State and the Golden Anniversary of Atomic Resolution Imaging, a symposium at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu held July 31 to August 4, 2005. These celebrations were timed to coincide also with the World Year of Physics 2005 http://www. wyp2005.org/.
The Microscopy Society Of America's Project MICRO: The Vermont Experience
Authors: Taatjes Douglas J , Schwarz Janet 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Project MICRO (Microscopy in Curriculum - Research Outreach) is an initiative by the Microscopy Society of America (MSA) to connect scientists with middle school teachers in an effort to introduce young students to the scientific method. Through a collaboration with the Lawrence Hall of Science (LHS) at the University of California, Berkeley, a teacher's manual was produced as part of the LHS GEMS (Great Explorations in Math and Science) series. This manual, entitled “Microscopic Explorations”, can be used by scientists and middle school teachers alike to prepare a Project MICRO “Festival” to be presented in the classroom. Detailed information concerning Project MICRO in general, and the Microscopic Explorations manual can be obtained from the Project MICRO web page from MSA (http://www.msa.microscopy.com/ProjectMicro/PMHomePage.html).
Telepresence Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Youngblom J H , Wilkinson J , Youngblom JJ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The advent of the Internet has allowed the development of remote access capabilities to a growing variety of microscopy systems. The Materials MicroCharacterization Collaboratory, for example, has developed an impressive facility that provides remote access to a number of highly sophisticated microscopy and microanalysis instruments, While certain types of microscopes, such as scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, scanning probe microscopes, and others have already been established for telepresence microscopy, no one has yet reported on the development of similar capabilities for the confocal laser scanning microscope.
LR White Flat Embedding Of Cells Grown On Coverslips
Authors: Howard Tamara 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We do this two different ways, using polyethylene (PE) molds or aluminum weigh boats, depending on the sample, You can either heat- or UV-cure these molds-just change the type of “lid” on the embedding mold.
The PE molds are used when the coverslip can be made to fit in the mold. We use JB-4-type molds, available from your favorite microscopy supplier. The key to using these molds is that they have to be pre-treated...fill the inner cup of the mold with LR White, cover with an aluminum JB-4 chuck (try to have enough resin in the mold to come up around the base of the chuck), and polymerize in a 60° C oven for a day or two, until the resin is hard.