bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional versus local drivers of water quality in the Windermere catchment, Lake District, United Kingdom: The dominant influence of wastewater pollution over the past 200 years
Authors: Moorhouse Heather L. , McGowan Suzanne , Taranu Zofia E. , Gregory‐Eaves Irene , Leavitt Peter R. , Jones Matthew D. , Barker Philip , Brayshaw Susan A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFreshwater ecosystems are threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors acting over different spatial and temporal scales, resulting in toxic algal blooms, reduced water quality and hypoxia. However, while catchment characteristics act as a ‘filter’ modifying lake response to disturbance, little is known of the relative importance of different drivers and possible differentiation in the response of upland remote lakes in comparison to lowland, impacted lakes. Moreover, many studies have focussed on single lakes rather than looking at responses across a set of individual, yet connected lake basins. Here we used sedimentary algal pigments as an index of changes in primary producer assemblages over the last ~200 years in a northern temperate watershed consisting of 11 upland and lowland lakes within the Lake District, United Kingdom, to test our hypotheses about landscape drivers. Specifically, we expected that the magnitude of change in phototrophic assemblages would be greatest in lowland rather than upland lakes due to more intensive human activities in the watersheds of the former (agriculture, urbanization). Regional parameters, such as climate dynamics, would be the predominant factors regulating lake primary producers in remote upland lakes and thus, synchronize the dynamic of primary producer assemblages in these basins. We found broad support for the hypotheses pertaining to lowland sites as wastewater treatment was the main predictor of changes to primary producer assemblages in lowland lakes. In contrast, upland headwaters responded weakly to variation in atmospheric temperature, and dynamics in primary producers across upland lakes were asynchronous. Collectively, these findings show that nutrient inputs from point sources overwhelm climatic controls of algae and nuisance cyanobacteria, but highlights that large‐scale stressors do not always initiate coherent regional lake response. Furthermore, a lake's position in its landscape, its connectivity and proximity to point nutrients are important determinants of changes in production and composition of phototrophic assemblages.
A spatially explicit representation of conservation agriculture for application in global change studies
Authors: Prestele Reinhard , Hirsch Annette L. , Davin Edouard L. , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Verburg Peter H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) is widely promoted as a sustainable agricultural management strategy with the potential to alleviate some of the adverse effects of modern, industrial agriculture such as large‐scale soil erosion, nutrient leaching and overexploitation of water resources. Moreover, agricultural land managed under CA is proposed to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation through reduced emission of greenhouse gases, increased solar radiation reflection, and the sustainable use of soil and water resources. Due to the lack of official reporting schemes, the amount of agricultural land managed under CA systems is uncertain and spatially explicit information about the distribution of CA required for various modeling studies is missing. Here, we present an approach to downscale present‐day national‐level estimates of CA to a 5 arcminute regular grid, based on multicriteria analysis. We provide a best estimate of CA distribution and an uncertainty range in the form of a low and high estimate of CA distribution, reflecting the inconsistency in CA definitions. We also design two scenarios of the potential future development of CA combining present‐day data and an assessment of the potential for implementation using biophysical and socioeconomic factors. By our estimates, 122–215 Mha or 9%–15% of global arable land is currently managed under CA systems. The lower end of the range represents CA as an integrated system of permanent no‐tillage, crop residue management and crop rotations, while the high estimate includes a wider range of areas primarily devoted to temporary no‐tillage or reduced tillage operations. Our scenario analysis suggests a future potential of CA in the range of 533–1130 Mha (38%–81% of global arable land). Our estimates can be used in various ecosystem modeling applications and are expected to help identifying more realistic climate mitigation and adaptation potentials of agricultural practices.
Fire in sub‐Saharan Africa: The fuel, cure and connectivity hypothesis
Authors: Kahiu M. Njoki , Hanan N. P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimPast analyses of satellite‐based fire activity in tropical savannas support the intermediate fire–productivity hypothesis (IFP), which posits a close correlation with estimates of total net primary productivity in drier savannas and declines towards the extremes. However, these analyses ignore the distinct roles played by herbaceous and woody vegetation in fire ignition and spread. We hypothesize that, as herbaceous vegetation provides the primary fuel, fire activity in African savannas is asymptotically correlated with herbaceous production. Conversely, woody production affects fires indirectly through effects on herbaceous production and its connectivity. In contrast to the IFP, we propose the fuel, cure and connectivity (FCC) conceptual model for tropical fire activity. The FCC model makes explicit the distinct role of herbaceous and woody fuels, avoiding the confounding interpretation of the role of total production, while providing opportunities to quantify fuel curability, effects of trees on herbaceous fuel growth and connectivity, and human management.LocationSub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).Time period2003–2015.Major taxa studiedWoody and herbaceous vegetation.MethodsWe used boosted regression tree analysis to test competing models explaining fire activity: (a) aggregate fuel loads; and (b) partitioned woody and herbaceous fuel loads; both derived from MODIS leaf area index.ResultsHerbaceous fuel load was consistently most influential, providing more explanatory power than overall biomass in fire activity. Fuel curability rated second, then human population density (HPD), and woody biomass was least important. We observed an asymptotic relationship between herbaceous fuel load and fire activity consistent with the FCC model; trees promote fires at low densites but suppress fires at higher densities; fires were rare in wetter regions, emphasizing the need for fuel to cure; and fires were concentrated in areas of low human population, underscoring the crucial role of land management.ConclusionsThe proposed FCC framework provides a more nuanced understanding of fire activity in tropical ecosystems, where herbaceous biomass is the key determinant of fire activity.
Mediated remittances: transnational economic contributions from second‐generation Filipino Americans
Authors: GUTIERREZ ARMAND 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this article, I explore the varying logic of second‐generation Filipino‐Americans' decisions to send economic support to family members in the Philippines. I extend the conceptual framework of remittance scripts to that of second‐generation migrants. I find that second‐generation Filipino Americans rely heavily on their first‐generation migrant parents to mediate both remittance requests and sending. As a result, respondents send what I refer to as ‘mediated remittances’. This type of remittance among second‐generation migrants leads to material, relational, and emotional aspects of a transaction being directed towards both first‐generation migrants, as well as non‐migrant recipients. Furthermore, I discuss the repertoire of scripts that second‐generation migrants employ when refusing the request to remit. Analysis of the emotional milieu associated with decisions to remit or not remit reveals an additional dimension beyond the sender–recipient dyad with the inclusion of a mediator. In doing so, this article sheds light on how second‐generation migrants participate in the transnational social field.
Building history: Historiography of architectural history in South Asia
Authors: Sohoni Pushkar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractArchitectural history informed the colonial government in their creation of an Indian empire, helped the self‐fashioning of the princely states, and eventually became the source of national narratives for the countries of India and Pakistan as they were carved from British India. The historiography of architecture in South Asia is therefore significant as a tool to understand political processes. Several studies on architecture in South Asia are limited to debates about built forms and their chronology, and not as reflections of society at large. The reception of architecture through time is at least as important as the creation of architecture, and the scholarship on architecture is a societal index of this reception. This essay reviews the study of architectural history in South Asia in order to trace the trajectory of the field. South Asia commonly includes the present‐day nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives and was largely congruous with British India in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
A protracted war for order:Police violence in the twentieth century United States
Authors: Ponton David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough a formal historiography of police violence has yet to develop, historians have had much to say about police brutality. Building on the insights of race theorists from critical legal, critical race, and sociological studies on racial formation and the law, they have argued that police violence has been constitutive to racial formation in the United States, that is has been a primary means through which crime is socially constructed, that is has always been employed in the interest of preserving “order,” that it has inspired sustained movements of resistance, and that its militarization and sustained patterns of brutality are a collective telltale sign of the failures of Great Society liberalism and the fragility of neoliberalism and neoconservatism. This article synthesizes the scattered historical literature to plainly articulate these prevailing arguments about the form, function, and consequences of police violence, much of which has been produced by scholars of Black American and labor histories, but which is also appearing more frequently in other ethnic histories as well as queer and gender histories. Historians can continue to take an interdisciplinary approach to shaping research questions and producing a body of work that attends specifically to the history of police violence. We will need to borrow sources from other disciplines and re‐imagine data as evidence; create new archives, even as we rediscover old ones as we face the near‐insurmountable challenge of extracting police misconduct information from police department archives; and consider that the challenge for developing a police brutality historiography is not in determining the magnitude of violence, but rather in teasing out the political and legal apparatuses that make such violence immune to reform.
Les différences de salaire au sein de l'Union européenne
Authors: PEREIRA João , GALEGO Aurora 
Published: May 2018

RésuméLes auteurs recherchent les déterminants des écarts salariaux au sein de l'Union européenne selon la position dans la distribution des salaires, suivant en cela la méthode proposée par Firpo, Fortin et Lemieux (2009) et par Fortin, Lemieux et Firpo (2011). Ils expliquent ces écarts à la fois par un effet de composition et par un effet de structure. Ce dernier effet, plus puissant, dépend surtout des facteurs non observés, alors que l'effet de composition peut ětre attribué principalement au niveau de diplôme, à la profession, à la fréquence des fonctions d'encadrement et, dans une moindre mesure, au secteur d'activité.
Syndicats et inégalités de salaire: la naissance du «salaire familial»
Authors: LURIE Lilach 
Published: May 2018

RésuméDans de nombreux pays de l'OCDE, la législation consacre le droit des hommes et des femmes à percevoir une rémunération égale pour un travail de valeur égale. Pourtant, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, employeurs et syndicats ont parfois défendu l'idée d'un «salaire familial» synonyme d'inégalité salariale. L'auteure retrace les origines historiques et sociologiques de ce système, à la fois dans une perspective comparative et à partir de documents d'archive sur la situation en Israël. Elle met en lumière le rôle complexe des syndicats, guidés dans leur défense du salaire familial à la fois par une vision patriarcale et par des valeurs socialistes.
La segregación ocupacional por horas de trabajo en Europa
Authors: SPARREBOOM Theo 
Published: May 2018

ResumenEn este artículo se cuantifican los niveles de segregación ocupacional entre el trabajo a tiempo parcial y a tiempo completo según los datos de la Encuesta Europea de Población Activa para quince países europeos, tratando de identificar algunos determinantes de la segregación mediante un análisis de regresión con tres grupos de indicadores (cantidad de empleo, calidad del empleo y factores institucionales). Por lo general, la segregación ocupacional por horas de trabajo es más alta para los hombres que para las mujeres y más alta para los trabajadores jóvenes que para los adultos. Así como entre los hombres la segregación se correlaciona solamente con la cantidad de empleo, en el caso de las mujeres adultas y los trabajadores jóvenes inciden variables asociadas a los tres grupos de indicadores.
La brecha salarial de género al inicio de la vida activa. Análisis basado en datos de Alemania
Authors: BEHR Andreas , THEUNE Katja 
Published: May 2018

ResumenSe investigan las diferencias salariales entre hombres y mujeres graduados universitarios al inicio de la vida activa en todos los percentiles de la distribución salarial. Tales diferencias se descomponen según el modelo de índice único de DiNardo, Fortin y Lemieux (1996) y Fortin y Lemieux (1998), analizando los efectos de la dotación, el precio y la función de rendimiento de competencias. Los salarios iniciales de los varones son más altos en todos los percentiles, con una brecha de magnitud variable. Los efectos de la dotación y el precio son favorables a los hombres. La diferencia en la función de rendimiento de competencias es ventajosa para las graduadas.
Diferencias salariales en una ocupación mayoritariamente femenina. El trabajo doméstico informal y flexible en Portugal
Authors: SULEMAN Fátima , FIGUEIREDO Maria da Conceição 
Published: May 2018

ResumenSe investigan los efectos de las modalidades contractuales informales y flexibles sobre los salarios de los trabajadores domésticos contratados por empleadores privados en Portugal, a partir de una muestra de datos transversales originales. Las estimaciones MCO indican que la formalidad beneficia a los trabajadores tanto en contratos estables como flexibles. Los procesos sociales y del mercado de trabajo tienden a perpetuar la desigualdad, principalmente en detrimento de los trabajadores migrantes. Aunque las competencias están infravaloradas y mal retribuidas, los trabajadores eventuales que prestan servicio a múltiples empleadores o cuidan de los ancianos perciben salarios más altos y, aun así, están sujetos a explotación e inseguridad.
El sindicalismo y la desigualdad salarial en el régimen de «salario familiar»
Authors: LURIE Lilach 
Published: May 2018

ResumenLas leyes de igualdad salarial de numerosos países de la OCDE consagran el principio de igualdad de remuneración para hombres y mujeres por un trabajo de igual valor. Sin embargo, durante la primera mitad del siglo xx, antes de la promulgación de esas leyes, empleadores y sindicatos promovieron la desigualdad a través del régimen de «salario familiar». Se investigan los orígenes históricos y sociológicos del «salario familiar» desde una perspectiva comparativa e histórica, esta última referida al caso de Israel. La compleja decisión sindical de promover este complemento salarial reflejaba una concepción patriarcal de la sociedad y se regía por principios socialistas.
Molecular characterization, expression pattern and metabolic activity of flavin‐dependent monooxygenases inSpodoptera exigua
Authors: Tian X. , Zhao S. , Guo Z. , Hu B. , Wei Q. , Tang Y. , Su J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEnhanced detoxification is one of the important mechanisms for insecticide resistance. Most research in this field to date has focused on the role of cytochrome P450s. Our previous work revealed that flavin‐dependent monooxygenases (FMOs) were involved in metabolic resistance ofSpodoptera exigua. In the present study we investigated the molecular characteristics, expression patterns and oxidative activities of SeFMO on insecticides. Three FMO genes, which encode proteins with the typical FMO motifs, were cloned fromS. exigua. The oxidative activities of eukaryotically expressed SeFMO enzymes were verified with the model substrate of FMO. Importantly, the SeFMOs had significantly higher oxidative activities on metaflumizone and lambda‐cyhalothrin than on model substrates and other insecticides tested. The three SeFMOs were mainly expressed in the midgut, fat body and Malpighian tubules. The tissues responsible for xenobiotic metabolism and their expression characteristics were similar to those of P450s acting as detoxification genes. The study also revealed that the expression of SeFMOs could be induced by insecticide exposure, and that SeFMOs were over‐expressed in a metaflumizone‐resistant strain ofS. exigua. These results suggest that SeFMOs are important insecticide detoxifying enzymes, and that over‐expression of FMO genes may be one of the mechanisms for metabolic resistance inS. exigua.
Policies for Recruiting Talented Professionals from the Diaspora: India and China Compared
Authors: Li Wei , Bakshi Kanika , Tan Yining , Huang Xuanyu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite the continuous asymmetrical power relations between the Global North and South, the “global race for talent” is no longer a privilege enjoyed only by developed countries. Comparative analysis of policy content and effectiveness has attracted increasing interest. The examination of policy initiatives resulting in return migration of highly‐skilled migrants from the Global North to the Global South, however, remains inadequate. In this article, we provide a comparative analysis of policies targeting high‐level Chinese and Indian professionals including full‐time returnees. Two key differences in policy instruments and outcomes in the two countries are identified and they have implications for migration policies in other countries in the Global South and North.
Salivary‐gland‐protective regulatory T‐cell dysfunction underlies female‐specific sialadenitis in the non‐obese diabetic mouse model of Sjögren syndrome
Authors: Barr Jennifer Y. , Wang Xiaofang , Kreiger Portia A. , Lieberman Scott M. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryImmune cell‐mediated destruction of salivary glands is a hallmark feature of Sjögren syndrome. Similar to the female predominance in humans, female non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice develop spontaneous salivary gland autoimmunity. However, in both humans and mice it is unclear what factors contribute to the initial immune infiltration of the salivary glands. Here, we used an adoptive transfer model of Sjögren syndrome to determine if female mice harbor a sex‐specific defect in salivary‐gland‐protective regulatory T (Treg) cells. Transfer of cervical lymph node (LN) cells from female NOD mice into sex‐matched NOD‐severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) recipients resulted in sialadenitis, regardless of the presence or absence of Treg cells. In contrast, transfer of cervical LN cells from male NOD mice into sex‐matched NOD‐SCID recipients only resulted in sialadenitis when Treg cells were depleted before transfer, suggesting that male NOD mice have functional salivary‐gland‐protective Treg cells. Notably, the host environment affected the ability of Treg cells to prevent sialadenitis with testosterone promoting salivary gland protection. Treg cells from male mice did not protect against sialadenitis in female recipients. Testosterone treatment of female recipients of bulk cervical LN cells decreased sialadenitis, and Treg cells from female mice were capable of protecting against development of sialadenitis in male recipients. Hence, our data demonstrate that female NOD mice develop sialadenitis through a defect in salivary‐gland‐protective Treg cells that can be reversed in the presence of testosterone.
The relationship of renal function to segmental vascular stiffness, ankle‐brachial index, and peripheral artery disease
Authors: Lin Yueh‐Hung , Sung Kuo‐Tzu , Tsai Cheng‐Ting , Wu Pei‐Chen , Lai Yau‐Huei , Lo Chi‐In , Yu Fa‐Chang , Wu Hsu‐Ping , Lan Wei‐Ran , Kuo Jen‐Yuan , Hou Charles Jia‐Yin , Yen Chi‐Hsuan , Peng Ming‐Cheng , Hung Ta‐Chuan , Hung Chung‐Lieh , Lai Edward , Yeh Hung‐I 
Published: May 2018

The authors consecutively assessed various arterial pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) indices and ankle‐brachial index (ABI) by an automatic device (VP2000, OMRON Health Care Co. Ltd., Kyota, Japan) in outpatients with ≥ 1 cardiovascular risk. PAD was defined as ABI ≤ 0.9. Among 2309 outpatients (mean age 62.4 years), worse renal function was associated with higher brachial‐ankle PWV, heart‐carotid PWV, heart‐femoral PWV (hf‐PWV), and lower ABI (all P < .001). Multivariate regression models showed independent associations between lower eGFR, lower ABI (Coef: 0.42 & 0.41 for right and left), higher hf‐PWV (Coef: −11.4 [95% CI: −15.4, −7.3]) and greater PAD risk (adjusted OR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.76, 0.91], all P < .05). eGFR set at 77 mL/min/1.73m2 was observed to be useful clinical cutoff (c‐statistics: 0.67) for identifying PAD (P for ΔAUROC: .009; likelihood X2: 93.82 to 137.43, P < .001) when superimposed on clinical risks. This study suggested early renal insufficiency is tightly linked to region‐specific vascular stiffness and PAD.
Using forecast modelling to evaluate treatment effects in single‐group interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Linden Ariel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesInterrupted time series analysis (ITSA) is an evaluation methodology in which a single treatment unit's outcome is studied serially over time and the intervention is expected to “interrupt” the level and/or trend of that outcome. ITSA is commonly evaluated using methods which may produce biased results if model assumptions are violated. In this paper, treatment effects are alternatively assessed by using forecasting methods to closely fit the preintervention observations and then forecast the post‐intervention trend. A treatment effect may be inferred if the actual post‐intervention observations diverge from the forecasts by some specified amount.MethodThe forecasting approach is demonstrated using the effect of California's Proposition 99 for reducing cigarette sales. Three forecast models are fit to the preintervention series—linear regression (REG), Holt‐Winters (HW) non‐seasonal smoothing, and autoregressive moving average (ARIMA)—and forecasts are generated into the post‐intervention period. The actual observations are then compared with the forecasts to assess intervention effects.ResultsThe preintervention data were fit best by HW, followed closely by ARIMA. REG fit the data poorly. The actual post‐intervention observations were above the forecasts in HW and ARIMA, suggesting no intervention effect, but below the forecasts in the REG (suggesting a treatment effect), thereby raising doubts about any definitive conclusion of a treatment effect.ConclusionsIn a single‐group ITSA, treatment effects are likely to be biased if the model is misspecified. Therefore, evaluators should consider using forecast models to accurately fit the preintervention data and generate plausible counterfactual forecasts, thereby improving causal inference of treatment effects in single‐group ITSA studies.