bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State‐Led Gentrification
Authors: López‐Morales Ernesto 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
State‐led gentrification is a form of gentrification planned, commanded, or promoted by state agencies at national, regional, metropolitan or municipal level, as part of either a nationwide or local‐level restructuring agenda, aimed at generating specific urban and land conditions for gentrification to occur. It is the result of one of several policies designed to promote the opening of economic opportunities for upper income housing production, or even the prescription or direct application of social displacement policies on originally low income residential areas or public spaces now zoned for upgrading redevelopment. The strong presence of the state in this form of gentrification is increasingly prevalent globally. State‐led gentrification is a different phenomenon from the classical narratives of gentrification which were seen in the 1960s and 1970s in the Western hemisphere, where it was agent‐led neighborhood‐level forms of redevelopment that formed the basis of gentrification; however, its roots can be tracked in the nineteenth‐century Haussmann Plan for Paris as a first well‐documented case of urban gentrification proper.
Subprime Lending/Foreclosure Crisis
Authors: Rugh Jacob S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSubprime mortgage lending in the USA rose alongside home prices and lasted about 15 years, ending abruptly in late 2007, setting off a national foreclosure crisis. Between 2007 and 2012 there were 9 to 12 million foreclosures filings and 4 to 5 million completed foreclosures. The ensuing foreclosure crisis stemmed more from falling home prices but its unequal distribution across society by race and space was also the product of legacies of exclusion and a shared consensus on the expansion of mortgage credit and homeownership. Modest federal interventions to buffer communities and homeowners from the crisis likely reinforced the unequal impact.
Suburbia/Postsuburbia
Authors: Herzog Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSuburbia/postsuburbia refers to both the physical spaces lying outside of traditional downtowns and the sociocultural and urban planning narratives these spaces embody. The first significant suburbs emerged on the edges of industrializing cities in the late nineteenth century. After World War II, a wave of mass‐produced, very low density suburbs unfolded across the USA; meanwhile the peripheries of cities in Europe and other parts of the world were experiencing suburban growth, but at much higher densities. By the 1990s, the era of postsuburbia had begun; in southern California and elsewhere in the USA, the new suburbs were no longer dependent on the central city. There are two challenges facing suburbia/postsuburbia in the twenty‐first century. First, how to overcome the unsustainability and nonresilience of oil‐dependent, autocentric urban sprawl. Second, how to address the growing sociospatial polarization of the rich and poor in the new global suburbs that are spreading across the planet.
Technopole
Authors: Pelkonen Antti 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Technopole is a broad concept that can be loosely defined as a geographically limited area whose existence is dominated by the presence of high technology in the form of research, development, or manufacturing activities. Technopoles typically aim at spatially gathering high tech firms and R&D organizations and hence creating synergies and collaboration, especially between universities and industry. In practice, however, there is a lot of variation among technopoles, and various terms have been used to to denote them, such as science park, technology park, science city, technopark, incubation center, and so on. Inspired by the example of Silicon Valley, technopoles have been widely used around the world as an instrument to support high technology development, technology transfer, and regional economic growth. While technopoles were very popular among policy‐makers, especially in the 1980s and 1990s in the USA, Europe, and Asia, as a concept and approach it still has an important role in regional technology and innovation policies.
Transnational Urbanism
Authors: Collins Francis L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Transnational urbanism refers to the ways in which mobilities and connections that cross borders are involved in the political economy, social and cultural formations, and everyday life of cities. Transnational urbanism has been most commonly used to explore the connections between migrants and cities, but it also has applicability to other kinds of urban developments that connect with material and imaginative processes that cross borders. It is a term and an approach that places emphasis on agency and everyday practices as key components of connecting cities into globalizing or transnational affairs. The value of this approach rests principally on the invocation to recognize the ways in which seemingly global and transnational affairs are generated in local settings and the wide range of actors that are involved in establishing and negotiating the contested politics of urban places.
Urban Art
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban art is a broad term, which this entry approaches on several scales. First, it discusses the general historical relationship between the city and the arts and the role of cities and urban communities in the development of particular art movements and vice versa. Next, it describes important contemporary forms of art that are explicitly or inextricably urban, most notably graffiti and street art, but also hip‐hop culture, muralism, and public and interventionist art. Finally, the entry describes the place of the arts in urban planning and political economy, including the role of artists and art scenes in neighborhood identity, economic development, and gentrification.
Urban Bonds
Authors: Andreotti Alberta 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Urban relations in the city have been conceptualized in different ways over time. At the end of the nineteenth century, social relations in cities were described as segmented, short, and instrumental. At the end of the twentieth century social relations are described again as superficial, elusive, and deterritorialized. The specific features of the city – size, social and spatial density, heterogeneity – were considered as major causes of the weakening of social relations in the nineteenth century, these same features are considered crucial to give new vitality to urban bonds in present times. This is visible in the emerging practices of the sharing or collaborative economy that are spreading in cities, based on trusting relations and reciprocity,
and
fostered by spatial proximity and density.
Urban Disaster
Authors: Hardoy Jorgelina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Disasters are the result of the interaction of hazards and vulnerable conditions and as such the product of the social, political, and economic environments. When disasters affect cities or urban areas (nonrural contexts) they are referred to as urban disasters. There is general agreement that urban disasters and risk are linked to broader development processes, and disaster risk reduction should be mainstreamed into the general development process. Risk is becoming highly urbanized, with increasing populations and assets exposed to hazards, combined with difficulties in addressing vulnerability and risk drivers, especially in low and middle income countries. The quality and capacity of city governments is highly relevant to the distribution of local risk levels, those associated with everyday life as well as less frequent, more extreme events. Tackling urban disasters and creating more resilient cities capable of managing disaster risk and climate change requires good governance.
Urban Economy
Authors: Kourtit Karima , Nijkamp Peter , Westlund Hans 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry provides a broad overview of contemporaneous issues in modern cities and city systems, seen from an economic perspective. In our “urban century,” cities tend to become engines of economic, social, and political influence which may even have global footprints. On the basis of an extensive literature review, the strategic role of cities in the current dynamic and technologically advanced space economy is highlighted.
Urban Justice
Authors: Lois González Rubén C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban justice indicates a set of policies and interventions in the city aimed at correcting the problems of social and spatial segregation and equal access to space. Urban justice expresses the general objective of correcting the imbalances that accompany the functioning of today's cities in any part of the world. Thus, in Latin America, Africa, or South Asia, it emerges as a constant demand for the eradication of poverty and exclusion, access to decent housing, a minimum wage guarantee, and necessary public services for the population. Urban justice stands as a central claim against the existence of very marked social inequalities. Among the developed countries, the expression tries to combat the processes of marginalization of minority, unemployed, or vulnerable groups. It also tries to correct the dynamics of real estate speculation and the contrasts in the treatment of the different neighborhoods of the city by local governments. In many cases, urban justice is presented as a utopian approach, although its objectives encourage concrete interventions in the correction of inequalities between the population and a set of reformist principles of improvement in the daily management of cities.
Urban Knowledge Economy
Authors: Winther Lars 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The urban knowledge economy describes how urban areas support knowledge production and concentrations of knowledge‐intensive industries and human capital which draw on agglomeration economies. The “knowledge economy” is an economy in which the acquisition, creation, and utilization of knowledge are the key factors explaining the competitive advantages of firms, industries, and cities and regions. In this entry the term “the knowledge economy” is introduced, together with “urbanization economies” and “localization economies.” Two interrelated themes are then presented. First, the focus is on knowledge production, innovation, competitiveness, and urban and regional growth, including the recent emphasis on human capital and the creative class as a key input factor – this is a regional perspective. Second, there are a wide range of new economic sectors and industries whose location and contemporary urbanization are explained by a variety of urbanization economies, knowledge spillovers and modes of access to input–output relations, transportation, and communication networks – this is an industry perspective. Knowledge‐intensive business services provide a case study. Finally, some remarks are offered on the state of the urban knowledge economy since the financial crisis and its importance for small and medium‐size cities.
Urban Mobilities
Authors: Collins Francis L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Movement is one of the defining features of urban life. The study of urban mobility focuses on a range of ways in which people, objects, and ideas move through urban space. Within this it is the movement of people through migration and settlement that has been most notable in urban scholarship. Initially viewed as a relatively linear process of arrival and settlement, migration is increasingly associated with more complex and uneven forms of urban mobility as migrants become increasingly transnationally involved and states take an active role in governing the presence and practices of different mobile subjects.
Urban Risks and Violence
Authors: Dallorso Nicolás Santiago 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban risk is the possibility of harm more or less likely to affect life in the city. Likewise, urban violence encompasses actions (and omissions) causing harm to things, individuals, or groups and aimed at maintaining disparities of power in the city. In order to map urban violence and risks, at least five areas of social practices in cities should be included: predatory street crimes, violence against women, racially or ethnically motivated violence, institutional violence, and environmental damage.
Urban System
Authors: van Meeteren Michiel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban systems research utilizes the language of systems theory to grasp the complexity of the urban and the city. This entry explains the basic principles of urban systems theory and outlines some important pitfalls. Depending on research focus and priority, urban systems have been bracketed geographically and conceptually in different ways in different time periods. In the past, defining the city as a bounded entity was uncontroversial and the difference between interurban and intraurban processes seemed self‐evident. As urbanization intensifies, urban boundaries blur, prompting us to continuously scrutinize the scales of urban systems. The usefulness of urban systems thinking is illustrated through an appreciation of the historical urban systems models of American geographer Allan Pred from the 1960s and 1970s. Pred's work is contextualized in the present by briefly comparing it in terms of continuity and change with world city analysis, an important contemporary application of urban systems analysis.
Vernacular Architecture
Authors: Tjahjono Gunawan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractVernacular architecture has held a significant place in architectural discussions for more than half a century. Although it has gained gradual appreciation in architectural theory, it is still considered a minor subject of architecture. The undeniable fact is that vernacular architecture prevails, which further underlines its endurance and the existence of widely spread buildings in urban and rural environments. Yet, the existence of vernacular architecture is severely challenged by rapid, deterministic urban development. This entry emphasizes various aspects in the discussion of vernacular architecture and the virtue of comprehending its relevance. Its endurance provides valuable lessons for architects and urban planners as well as academia.
Village in the City
Authors: Liu Yuting 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

A new type of urban neighborhood, namely the “urban village” or “village in the city” (
chengzhongcun
), has grown out of China's rapid urbanization which is characterized by large‐scale rural–urban migration and radial expansion of urban built‐up areas. The “village in the city” is considered as a community of interest for urbanized villagers, a migrant settlement with low rent housing, and an urban self‐organized grassroots unit, respectively related to the ambiguous property rights, an informal rental market, and the vacuum of state regulation. It is therefore viewed as an unregulated asset despite its unruliness and disorder. In this sense, “village in the city” can be seen as a transitional neighborhood, characterized by unstable land rights and a mixture of rural and urban society.
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Authors: Chigurupati Ramachandraiah 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Economic zones in various forms have undergone significant changes over the years, from isolated enclaves administered by government agencies to wider areas; from import‐substitution policy environments to more open and trade liberalization regimes with emphasis on integration with the host economy. Zone development has accelerated fast since the 1980s in the Asia Pacific region. Special economic zones (SEZs) are characterized by concentration in a few countries, a few product areas, and a heavy reliance on female labor. The success/failure of the zones has been linked to the policy and incentive framework, location, development, and management. India's implementation of SEZ policy has been characterized by approval of a large number of SEZs and land acquisition on an unprecedented scale. The SEZs also fell short significantly in fulfilling the stated objectives in investments, exports, and employment generation. Resistance to forcible acquisition of lands, and active involvement of social movements, led to the enactment of a new law for land acquisition and rehabilitation in India in 2013.
Suburban Poverty
Authors: Kneebone Elizabeth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
During the 2000s, America's suburbs became home to the nation's largest poor population. A number of factors contributed to the growth of poverty in the suburbs, from shifts in the location of affordable housing and jobs to structural and cyclical economic changes. Many suburbs lack the capacity, infrastructure, and resources to address the needs of a growing poor population. Government and philanthropic funding have often been slow to adapt to the rapidly changing geography of poverty.
Abu‐Lughod, Janet
Authors: Lin Jan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Janet Abu‐Lughod (1928–2013) was a great figure in twentieth‐century sociology with expertise in community and urban sociology, comparative/historical sociology, and the sociology of the world‐system. She brought a more global scope to American urban sociology and more attention to non‐Western arenas like the Middle East and Central Asia in the study of the emergence of modern capitalism. She published over 100 articles and 13 books including significant titles on Cairo, Rabat, the thirteenth‐century world‐system, the East Village of New York, and US global cities. She engaged in scholarship on Palestinian issues with her husband Ibrahim Abu‐Lughod, an activist scholar on Middle East affairs, and was known as a passionate teacher and mentor.
Community Studies
Authors: Christmann Gabriela B. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Community studies consists of empirically based analyses in which a regional, relatively closely circumscribed local social context is researched. The spatial units can be larger cities (mainly neighborhoods), medium‐sized cities, small towns, or villages. The subjects of investigation are social groups, institutions, and organizations from the local context, whereby typically it is being asked what relationships, social orders, thoughts, actions, or lifestyles are established within and among them, and how they are realigning. Community studies pursues the goal of analyzing macrosocial processes paradigmatically, in miniature, and among circumscribed local groups, in the context of their specific theoretical interests, and in times of social change – for example during processes of urbanization, industrialization, and modernization. In terms of methodology, this field is characterized mostly by ethnographic research designs. This does not exclude the possibility that community studies would not require extensive participatory observation. However, in each case community studies is characterized by complex multimethod approaches.
Creative City
Authors: d'Ovidio Marianna 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe creative city is the iconic city of the post‐Fordist era and is often used to highlight the transition to an era where the urban economy is based on immaterial cultural production. The term has three different meanings. First, the creative city can be understood as a theoretical model that focuses on the shift from an economy based on manufacturing to an urban economy based on immaterial production. The second meaning conceives of the creative city as a model of development for post‐Fordist cities that need to revamp their economies and promote growth and competitiveness. Third and finally, the creative city is also a brand used to sell and promote the image of the city in the international arena.
Deindustrialization
Authors: Lois González Rubén C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A generic expression used to refer to the loss of significant industrial activities in a city, deindustrialization is a classic phenomenon of European and North American cities, which had strong economic growth in the late nineteenth century and much of the twentieth, as concentrations of many major factories in the booming industrial sectors throughout this period. However, in the last few decades the cities and regions of steel, chemical, shipbuilding, and textile industries, which used to employ a large number of workers, have suffered from the consequences of factory closures and mass unemployment. High labor prices and the obsolescence of many facilities are causes of this process. It has created landscapes of abandoned industrial estates and large isolated plants, which continue through progressively empty residential neighborhoods. Deindustrialization is reflected in urban decline and in the emergence of new categories of analysis, such as the shrinking city.
Ethnoburb
Authors: Li Wei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEthnoburbs (ethnic suburbs) are clusters of suburban ethnic residential and business districts in metropolitan areas in the United States. They are multiethnic communities in which one ethnic minority has a significant concentration without necessarily being the majority group. Ethnoburbs are dynamic communities and can grow by having a higher concentration and expand spatially, or can diminish in size and scale. They are dependent on the size and pace of the inflow of newcomers (international migrants and domestic minorities), the growth or shrinkage of ethnic economies, the welcoming or discouraging attitude and behavior of long‐term residents, and policies that facilitate or hinder ethnoburban development. Research on this phenomenon has been conducted in the major English‐speaking immigrant countries, in other European countries, and in the global cities of some developing countries.
Ghetto
Authors: Hutchison Ray 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe ghetto has been an important (and contested) concept in urban studies, from its original use in describing the ethnic Jewish ghettos of the early modern era to the racial ghetto of the present day. Drawing from an extensive literature on residential segregation, recent study has focused on comparisons of social exclusion and marginality across cities, countries, and continents, with continuing debate as to whether the black ghetto is a proper reference point for other ethnic and racial groups, and for the patterns of residential segregation found outside the United States.
H
awley,
A
mos
Authors: Appold Stephen J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Amos Henry Hawley (1910–2009) was a key figure in twentieth‐century urban studies whose most enduring contribution is the codification and extension of human ecological theory. Human ecology offers a powerful holistic view of community social structure and change, linking social relations with spatial distributions, which finds its most common application in the study of urban regions. The origins of the theory, its central core – three basic propositions building on five assumptions – and some contemporary applications are discussed.
Insurgent Citizenship
Authors: Lebuhn Henrik 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe concept of insurgent citizenship emerged in the 1990s; it represents an attempt to better understand practices and discourses addressing entrenched regimes of inegalitarian citizenship. In contrast to much of the social movement literature, insurgent citizenship emphasizes the spatial dimension of citizenship movements as well as citizens' everyday practices in urban space. Hence the concept links concerns about urban planning and development to fundamental questions of social and political change. It also forms part of a broader trend to explore citizenship as a bottom‐up process of participation and contestation rather then a formalized status. Empirically, much of the work on insurgent citizenship has focused on struggles for rights and recognition in Brazilian metrolopolises, but recently scholars have also made use of the concept in exploring urban conflicts over citizenship in other countries of the Global South, as well as in the Global North.