Exogenous Apo-Transferrin Reduces Extramedullary and Increases Effectiveness of Erythropoiesis in a Mouse Model of Beta-Thalassemia Major
Authors: Li Huihui , Gardenghi Sara , vonBonsdorff Leni , Rivella Stefano , Ginzburg Yelena 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Abstract 1095
Beta-thalassemia is the most common monogenic diseases world-wide the pathophysiology of which results from beta-globin gene mutations which lead to ineffective erythropoiesis (IE) and anemia and manifest as transfusion-dependence in patients with beta-thalassemia major (TM) or the need for intermittent transfusions in patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia (TI). Many affected patients live in developing countries. As infrastructure improves – in the areas of sanitation, nutrition, and public health care – patients in these countries will live longer and pose an increasing global health problem unless easily implemented inexpensive therapies become available. No such therapies exist currently, with transfusion and chelation therapy still reaching a select group of affected individuals. A more complete understanding of the relationship between erythropoiesis and aberrant iron metabolism in this disease is central to the development of novel therapies. We previously demonstrated that apo-transferrin (Tf) treated beta-thalassemic (th1/th1) mice, a mouse model of TI, demonstrate an increase in hemoglobin (Hb).
To test whether this approach could lead to amelioration of IE, extramedullary erythropoiesis (EMH), and organ iron overload also in mice affected by TM, fetal liver cells (E14 days) from th3/th3 embryos were injected into sub-lethally irradiated C57 BL/6J mice. Following transplant, mice were treated with 10 mg Tf (200 uL) or PBS IP. Because this mouse model is transfusion dependent, we hypothesized that Tf injections would increase Hb in th3/th3 mice receiving weekly transfusions (2–4 mice per group). Untransfused mice were also evaluated to determine if transfusion dependence can be mitigated using Tf injection. After 20 days of injections, end point evaluation included RBC parameters, alpha-globin precipitation on RBC membranes, erythroid precursor differentiation in the bone marrow, hepcidin expression, organ non-heme iron distribution, and liver EMH.
Tf injections lead to a decrease in Tf saturation (P<0.001) and diminished non-heme iron in the sum of bone marrow, spleen, and liver parenchyma (Figure; TX = transfusion) in both transfused and untransfused Tf-treated th3/th3 mice. Tf injections in transfused th3/th3 mice result in a higher Hb (P=0.001) relative to untreated transfused th3/th3 mice. Although transfusions result in complete suppression of EMH in the liver and dramatically increase hepcidin expression, no further increase in hepcidin expression or decrease in splenomegaly or EMH is observed after Tf injections. Tf injections in untransfused th3/th3 mice result in a significant reduction in liver EMH without affecting spleen size. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis reveals that Tf-treated untransfused mice have a higher proportion of mature erythroid precursors in the bone marrow (P=0.05) and a decrease in alpha-globin precipitation on membranes of circulating RBC compared with mice not treated with Tf. Lastly, Tf-treated untransfused mice did not demonstrate an increase in hepcidin expression.
Our findings demonstrate that exogenous Tf decreases iron burden and EMH, results in a higher proportion of mature erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, and leads a larger increase in Hb following transfusion in Tf-treated th3/th3 mice. Taken together, these results support the development and use of Tf in patients with widely different clinical severities of beta-thalassemia syndromes, including those with TM.

Disclosures:
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.