bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The overkill model and its impact on environmental research
Authors: Nagaoka Lisa , Rick Torben , Wolverton Steve 
Published: September 2018

AbstractResearch on human‐environment interactions that informs ecological practices and guides conservation and restoration has become increasingly interdisciplinary over the last few decades. Fueled in part by the debate over defining a start date for the Anthropocene, historical disciplines like archeology, paleontology, geology, and history are playing an important role in understanding long‐term anthropogenic impacts on the planet. Pleistocene overkill, the notion that humans overhunted megafauna near the end of the Pleistocene in the Americas, Australia, and beyond, is used as prime example of the impact that humans can have on the planet. However, the importance of the overkill model for explaining human–environment interactions and anthropogenic impacts appears to differ across disciplines. There is still considerable debate, particularly within archeology, about the extent to which people may have been the cause of these extinctions. To evaluate how different disciplines interpret and use the overkill model, we conducted a citation analysis of selected works of the main proponent of the overkill model, Paul Martin. We examined the ideas and arguments for which Martin's overkill publications were cited and how they differed between archeologists and ecologists. Archeologists cite overkill as one in a combination of causal mechanisms for the extinctions. In contrast, ecologists are more likely to accept that humans caused the extinctions. Aspects of the overkill argument are also treated as established ecological processes. For some ecologists, overkill provides an analog for modern‐day human impacts and supports the argument that humans have “always” been somewhat selfish overconsumers. The Pleistocene rewilding and de‐extinction movements are built upon these perspectives. The use of overkill in ecological publications suggests that despite increasing interdisciplinarity, communication with disciplines outside of ecology is not always reciprocal or even.
Resolving the paradox of clumped seed dispersal: positive density and distance dependence in a bat‐dispersed species
Authors: Sugiyama Anna , Comita Liza S. , Masaki Takashi , Condit Richard , Hubbell Stephen P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOne of the hypothesized benefits of seed dispersal is to escape density‐ and distance‐responsive, host‐specific, natural enemies near maternal plants where conspecific seed and seedling densities are high. Such high conspecific neighbor densities typically result in lower offspring growth and survival (i.e., negative density‐dependent effects), yet many dispersal modes result in clumped seed distributions. New World leaf‐nosed bats transport fruits to their feeding roosts and deposit seeds, thereby creating high‐density seed/seedling patches beneath feeding roosts in heterospecific trees away from maternal trees, which seemingly nullifies a key benefit of seed dispersal. Such dispersal may still be adaptive if negative density‐dependent effects are reduced under feeding roosts or if the benefit of being dispersed away from maternal trees outweighs negative effects of conspecific seed/seedling density below roosts. We mapped the entire post‐germination population of a bat‐dispersed tree speciesCalophyllum longifolium(Calophyllaceae) in a 50‐ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama in each of three successive years. We tested two hypotheses: (1) distance‐dependent effects are stronger than density‐dependent effects on seedling performance because seedlings far from conspecific adults are more likely to escape natural enemies even when at high densities and (2) negative density‐dependent effects will be reduced far from vs. near conspecific adults. Density and distance were naturally decoupled, as expected. However, in contrast to our expectation, we found positive density effects on seedling survival and density‐dependent effects did not differ with distance from conspecific adults. Both density and distance had positive effects on seedling survival when considered together, while only year had a significant effect on seedling growth. Thus, both being dispersed under bat feeding roosts and escaping the vicinity of conspecific adults were beneficial forC. longifoliumseedling survival, supporting the directed dispersal and escape hypotheses, respectively. Despite resulting in high densities of conspecific seedlings, favorable habitat under bat feeding roosts and lack of negative density‐dependent effects appear to provide evolutionary advantages inC. longifolium.
Fc gamma receptor IIa suppresses type I and III interferon production by human myeloid immune cells
Authors: Newling Melissa , Hoepel Willianne , Vogelpoel Lisa T.C. , Heineke Marieke H. , van Burgsteden Johan A. , Taanman‐Kueter Esther W.M. , Eggink Dirk , Kuijpers Taco W. , Beaumont Tim , van Egmond Marjolein , Kapsenberg Martien L. , Baeten Dominique L.P. , den Dunnen Jeroen , Jong Esther C. de 
Published: September 2018

AbstractType I and type III interferons (IFNs) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but prolonged expression is also detrimental to the host. Therefore, upon viral infection high levels of type I and III IFNs are followed by a strong and rapid decline. However, the mechanisms responsible for this suppression are still largely unknown. Here, we show that IgG opsonization of model viruses influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strongly and selectively suppressed type I and III IFN production by various human antigen‐presenting cells. This suppression was induced by selective inhibition of TLR, RIG‐I‐like receptor, and STING‐dependent type I and III IFN gene transcription. Surprisingly, type I and III IFN suppression was mediated by Syk and PI3K independent inhibitory signaling via FcγRIIa, thereby identifying a novel non‐canonical FcγRIIa pathway in myeloid cells. Together, these results indicate that IgG opsonization of viruses functions as a novel negative feedback mechanism in humans, which may play a role in the selective suppression of type I and III IFN responses during the late‐phase of viral infections. In addition, activation of this pathway may be used as a tool to limit type I IFN‐associated pathology.
An improvement sealing method for gas pressure measurement by drilling a reducing‐nipple borehole
Authors: Wang Long , Wang Zhaofeng , Liu Hai , Chen Jinsheng , Yang Tenglong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGas pressure measurement is one of the crucial steps for CBM resource extraction. However, the previous sealing methods are not applicable for horizontal boreholes owing to the autoshrinkage effect of cement mortar. The autoshrinkage tests of cement specimens with different water‐cement ratios were performed here, and then the gas flow model in an eccentric ring gap was established to analyze the autoshrinkage effect on the hole sealing. Furthermore, the selections of the initial sealing position and the grouting pressure were also discussed through the numerical method. The results show that the shrinkage amount would be decreased with the water‐cement ratio rising in the early setting stage, and the gas leakage amount of the eccentric model is larger than that of the concentric ring model. The initial sealing position should be kept away from the plastic zone around tunnel, which is related to the lithology of surrounding rock, the buried depth and the size of tunnel section. The diffusion radius of cement mortar would be enlarged with an increasing grouting pressure. While the grouting pressure reaching the threshold, the increment of diffusion radius would gradually descent. Eventually, a pressurized sealing method by drilling the reducing‐nipple borehole was successfully applied for the gas pressure measurement of the horizontal borehole in 7# coal seam, Liulong coal mine.
Evolution of a large Baltic beach ridge plain (Neudarss, NE Germany): A continuous record of sea‐level and wind‐field variation since the Homeric Minimum
Authors: Lampe Matthias , Lampe Reinhard 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Neudarss cuspate foreland is one of the largest beach ridge plains in Europe. It comprises about 140 beach ridges which can be divided into eight ridge sets from morphological criteria, trends in course and advance as well as erosional discontinuities. The reconstruction of the foreland's evolution is based on the dating of 33 samples from 14 sites by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and three additional datings on the basis of historical maps and aerial images. The derived progradation model shows variations in the progradation rate which are consistent with past climate and sea‐level changes. Cool (warm) periods correlate with decreased (increased) progradation rates. Both area and volume growth of the ridge sets vary in the same direction. We conclude that the progradation rate is predominantly controlled by the sediment supply which in turn depends on sea‐level variations and wind‐driven wave action. The development of the plain's relief during the last 1000 years is compared with detailed climate parameter reconstructions. The Medieval Warm Period and several phases of the Little Ice Age can clearly be traced in the morphology, thus allowing conclusions concerning predominant wind direction and aeolian activity also on smaller time scales. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a new reduced‐complexity assessment tool to estimate CO2 and brine leakage from reservoir and above‐zone monitoring interval (AZMI) through an abandoned well under geologic carbon storage conditions
Authors: Zhang Liwei , Dilmore Robert , Huerta Nicolas , Soong Yee , Vasylkivska Veronika , Namhata Argha , Wang Yan , Li Xiaochun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study employs a combination of detailed simulations and reduced‐complexity models in the Well Leakage Analysis Tool (WLAT), developed by the National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), US Department of Energy, to investigate how the rates of CO2 and brine leakage through an abandoned well under geologic CO2 storage conditions are affected by various factors. The factors considered in this study include depth of well penetration into the storage system, location relative to the point of injection, and effective permeability of the abandoned well. Location is the primary factor used to identify high‐ and low‐risk abandoned wells. For the typical CO2 injection scenario considered in this study, the potential impact of CO2 and brine leakage through an abandoned well is very low if the abandoned well is 6.2 km or further away from the CO2 injector. Due to the buoyancy of CO2 relative to formation brine, wells intersecting (i.e., accepting flow from) the top of the above‐zone monitoring interval (AZMI), which is the interval immediately above the seal, have a higher chance to become a pathway for CO2 than wells intersecting the bottom of the AZMI. If the permeability of an abandoned well is 10−14 m2 or less, the risk of CO2 and brine leakage through the well becomes very low. Due to the combined effect of pressure increase and buoyancy, the CO2 leakage rate is higher than brine leakage rate within the CO2 plume extent. Specific values reported in this study are site‐specific results and cannot be regarded as general findings. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of brainstem and midbrain nuclei during cognitive control in medicated patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Köhler Stefanie , Wagner Gerd , Bär Karl‐Jürgen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEvidence suggests that cognitive control functions as well as the underlying brain network, anchored by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), are dysfunctional in schizophrenia. Catecholamine producing midbrain and brainstem nuclei are densely connected with the PFC and dACC and exert profound contributions to cognitive control processes. Dysfunctions within the underlying neurotransmitter systems are considered to play a central role in the occurrence of various symptoms of schizophrenia. We sought to investigate the putatively abnormal activation pattern of the dopaminergic midbrain nuclei, that is, ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra as well as that of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in patients with schizophrenia during cognitive control. A total of 28 medicated patients and 27 healthy controls were investigated with the manual version of the Stroop task using event‐related fMRI. The main finding was a reduced BOLD activation in the VTA during both Stroop task conditions in patients in comparison to controls, which correlated significantly with the degree of negative symptoms. We further detected a comparable LC activation in in patients and healthy controls. However, in controls LC activation was significantly correlated with the Stroop interference time, which was not observed in patients. The finding of reduced VTA activation in schizophrenia patients lends further support to the assumed dysfunction of the DA system in schizophrenia. In addition, despite comparable LC activation, the nonsignificant correlation with the Stroop interference time might indicate altered LC functioning in schizophrenia and, thus, needs further investigations.
Functional Characterization of a GGPPS Variant Identified in Atypical Femoral Fracture Patients and Delineation of the Role of GGPPS in Bone-Relevant Cell Types
Authors: Roca-Ayats Neus , Ng Pei Ying , Garcia-Giralt Natàlia , Falcó-Mascaró Maite , Cozar Mónica , Abril Josep Francesc , Quesada Gómez José Manuel , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Nogués Xavier , Dunford James E , Russell R Graham , Baron Roland , Grinberg Daniel , Balcells Susana , Díez-Pérez Adolfo 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) are a rare but potentially devastating event, often but not always linked to bisphosphonate (BP) therapy. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying AFFs remain obscure, and there are no tests available that might assist in identifying those at high risk of AFF. We previously used exome sequencing to explore the genetic background of three sisters with AFFs and three additional unrelated AFF cases, all previously treated with BPs. We detected 37 rare mutations (in 34 genes) shared by the three sisters. Notably, we found a p.Asp188Tyr mutation in the enzyme geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, a component of the mevalonate pathway, which is critical to osteoclast function and is inhibited by N-BPs. In addition, the CYP1A1 gene, responsible for the hydroxylation of 17β-estradiol, estrone, and vitamin D, was also mutated in all three sisters and one unrelated patient. Here we present a detailed list of the variants found and report functional analyses of the GGPS1 p.Asp188Tyr mutation, which showed a severe reduction in enzyme activity together with oligomerization defects. Unlike BP treatment, this genetic mutation will affect all cells in the carriers. RNAi knockdown of GGPS1 in osteoblasts produced a strong mineralization reduction and a reduced expression of osteocalcin, osterix, and RANKL, whereas in osteoclasts, it led to a lower resorption activity. Taken together, the impact of the mutated GGPPS and the relevance of the downstream effects in bone cells make it a strong candidate for AFF susceptibility. We speculate that other genes such as CYP1A1 might be involved in AFF pathogenesis, which remains to be functionally proved. The identification of the genetic background for AFFs provides new insights for future development of novel risk assessment tools. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ionization methods for the mass spectrometry of organometallic compounds
Authors: Vikse Krista L. , Scott McIndoe J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe rapid development of new ionization methods has greatly expanded the ability of mass spectrometry to target diverse areas of chemistry. Synthetic organometallic and inorganic chemists often find themselves with interesting characterization problems that mass spectrometry could potentially find the answer for, but without a guide for choosing the appropriate method of analysis. This tutorial review seeks to provide that guidance via a simple flow chart followed by a brief description of how each common ionization method works. It covers all of the commonly used ionization techniques as well as promising variants and aims to be a resource of first resort for organometallic chemists and analysts tackling a new problem.
Hydroxyproline Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium‐Induced Colitis in Mice: Involvment of the NF‐κB Signaling and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Ji Yun , Dai Zhaolai , Sun Shiqiang , Ma Xiaoshi , Yang Ying , Tso Patrick , Wu Guoyao , Wu Zhenlong 
Published: September 2018

ScopeInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease of gastrointestinal tract in which oxidative stress and overactivation of inflammatory response are implicated. The aim of the present study is to test the hypothesis that hydroxyproline (Hyp), an amino acid with an antioxidative property, attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis in mice.Methods and resultsMale C57BL/6 mice supplemented with or without 1% Hyp are subjected to 2.5% DSS in drinking water to induce colitis. Hyp attenuates the severity of colitis as evidenced by reduced disease activity index scores, decreased myeloperoxidase activity, histological damage, and apoptosis. Furthermore, DSS‐induced increases in reactive oxygen species accumulation, TNF‐α and IL−6 secretion, and malonyldialdehyde activity and a decrease in reduced glutathione in the colon are ameliorated by Hyp. The enhanced phosphorylation of STAT3 and NF−κB following DSS administration is mitigated by Hyp, which is also observed in LPS−treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of Hyp on IL−6 expression is mainly mediated by the NF−κB signaling, because the induction of STAT3 and IL−6 by LPS is markedly reversed by Bay11‐7085, a specific inhibitor NF−κB.ConclusionIn summary, Hyp is a critical nutrient with an ability to attenuate DSS‐induced colonic damage in mice. This beneficial effect of Hyp is partially mediated by inhibiting the NF−κB/IL−6 signaling and the restoration of redox homeostasis.
User perception of a new hydrophilic‐coated male urinary catheter for intermittent use
Authors: Koeter Ingrid , Stensröd Gro , Hunsbedt Nilsen Aud , Lund Rigmor , Haslam Colette , De Sèze Marianne , Sriram Rajagopalan , Heesakkers John ,   the LoFric Origo study group
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimsThis study investigated user perception and adherence related to a hydrophilic‐coated urinary catheter (LoFric® Origo™), available for male patients who practice intermittent catheterization.DesignThe study had a prospective observational design, including patients from 19 European hospitals.MethodsA total of 416 patients were eligible for the study; 179 experienced catheter users and 237 de novo. Two questionnaires were filled out, one describing background data and a second, 8 weeks later, evaluating catheter features.ResultsThe response rate for the second questionnaire was 88% (365 patients). Patients evaluating the new catheter showed a general satisfaction rate of 81% and 72% kept using it. The hygienic grip of the catheter was appreciated by 85% and the foldable feature by 67%. The results show that convenience, ease of use, and hygienic factors are patient‐preferred features for a urinary catheter. These factors were confirmed for the evaluated hydrophilic‐coated catheter.
Molecular and structural bases of interaction between extracellular domains of nectin‐2 and N‐cadherin
Authors: Duraivelan Kheerthana , Basak Aditya J. , Ghosh Amit , Samanta Dibyendu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCell adhesion molecules such as nectins and cadherins play important role in the formation of adherens junction. While nectins interact through their extracellular domains in both homophilic and heterophilic manner among themselves, extracellular domains of cadherins participate only in homophilic fashion to mediate cell‐cell adhesion. It is well established that nectins recruit cadherins in the adhesion sites through an interplay of adaptor molecules in the cytoplasmic side thereby increasing the effective concentration of both the adhesion molecules on the cell surface. This study provides molecular and structural bases of the novel interaction between extracellular domains of nectin‐2 and N‐cadherin, by which nectins can also recruit cadherins at the site of adherens junction through an adaptor‐independent mechanism. Surface plasmon resonance study demonstrates that nectin‐2 can directly recognize N‐cadherin with a KD of 3.5 ± 0.6 μM which is physiologically relevant considering the affinities between other cell adhesion molecules including cadherin dimerization. Furthermore, structural analysis of currently available homodimeric structures of both nectin‐2 and N‐cadherin followed by molecular docking as well as complementary mutagenesis studies revealed the binding interface of this novel interaction.
Characterization on Three‐Dimensional Trajectory of Disk‐Like Gold‐Nickel‐Platinum Nanomotor Using Digital Holographic Imaging
Authors: Hu Liangxing , Rehman Shakil , Tao Kai , Miao Jianmin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSelf‐propelling disk‐like nanomotor consisting of three metallic segments: a non‐catalytic gold (Au), central magnetic nickel (Ni), and a catalytic platinum (Pt), is designed and fabricated with a high‐efficiency layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposition method based on the nano‐electro‐mechanical systems (NMES) technology. A bubble propulsion mechanism, resulting from bubble growth and collapse, is proposed to explain the locomotion of the nanomotor suspended in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution. The autonomous propulsion of Au‐Ni‐Pt nanomotor is characterized by digital holographic imaging and analyzed using Matlab, revealing that oxygen (O2) bubbles are generated and detached from the surface of Pt. In addition, the holographic images are for the first time used to reconstruct the instantaneously three‐dimensional (3D) location and trajectory of the nanomotor.
Stretching for sonographers
Authors: Allwood Richard , Basham Graeme , Gregory Peter 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFor more than 30 years, surveys of sonographers, including cardiac, vascular and general sonographers, have consistently reported a high prevalence of work‐related discomfort and injury. In this study, we developed a task‐specific stretching protocol that can be easily understood and performed in the working environment. A variety of studies were reviewed, as well as visual ergonomic analysis by a physiotherapist to identify areas of the body that were at the greatest risk of injury. A specific stretching programme was developed focusing on these areas. Studies have indicated that 80–95% of sonographers experience work‐related pain during their professional careers. Sonographers reported moderate to severe pain and discomfort mostly from the hip to neck region. Stretching protocols have been suggested to be a useful tool at reducing risk of musculoskeletal injury, pain and repetitive strain injury. Education to prevent work‐related injuries or pain in sonographers needs to improve. Promoting awareness of correct stretching techniques and sitting positions can have immediate effects on the well‐being of individual sonographers. To help reduce the risk of injury and promote awareness, we have developed a task‐specific, regular static stretching protocol to be followed on a daily basis.