bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Multi Wells Geomechanics Feasibility in Burgan Field to Drill High Angle Wells
Authors: Al-Ajmi Khaled , Al-Omani Shaikha , Al-Shuaibi Nawaf , Tuhami Mohamed , Belhouchet Mohamed 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A mechanical earth model was constructed for an oilfield in Kuwait that has a history of borehole related problems and prone to significant non-productive time in the highly deviated wells, the typical sidetrack wells took more than 100% of the time compared to the low deviated wells. The field is geologically complex, tectonically stressed with faults, fractures, unstable shales and anomalous pore pressures. Wells drilled within the structure are highly deviated with trajectories that almost parallel reservoir bedding planes, and that are aligned with the direction of minimum geomechanical stress.
A comprehensive study was conducted to better understand the stability issues and to investigate the feasibility of drilling numerous additional high deviation wells. Data from selected offset wells was collated, analyzed and combined with field and regional information to construct a geological model which could then be used to predict and mitigate drilling related problems. The equivalent mud weight is arguably the most critical drilling variable and an element of the new plan would take account of stress dynamics and formation strengths to develop a mud program for vertical and horizontal sections.
A geological model was developed using data from offset wells combined with field and regional knowledge. Well logs, mud logs and operational reports were analyzed, while unstable zones and failure mechanisms identified and incorporated into the earth model. A well plan was developed which included a comprehensive mud program and operational contingency actions for unplanned events. The planned well was drilled and monitored in real time, with emphasis on mud weight and mud rheology through the unstable and reactive shales.
Multiple failure mechanisms such as stress induced wellbore instability, invasion of drilling fluids into weak bedding / micro-fractures and osmotic sensitivity, were found to be the root cause of wellbore instability across reactive shale formations especially during drilling of highly deviated wells.
Correct mud weight and type prediction was one key factor during the drilling stage to keep the wellbore stable and deliver good borehole geometry, including the water phase salinity and fluid properties. The key objectives of the study were to define a safe MW program for the vertical and deviated sections of the planned well by conducting a wellbore stability study and to determine a real-time strategy to mitigate or manage wellbore instability problems as they arise.
The paper describes the process of optimizing drilling practices and the application of real-time geomechanical monitoring for successful drilling. This application promises to open the prospect of drilling additional complex trajectory well while mitigating against non-productive time.
Heavy Organic Deposit Formation Damage Control, Analysis and Remediation Techniques
Authors: Al-Qasim Abdulaziz , Alsubhi Mutaz , Al-Anazi Amer 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Formation damage resulting from organic and inorganic depositions, such as calcium carbonate, asphaltene and paraffin, is one of the most commonly encountered types of damage in the oil and gas industry. These depositions are usually associated with a decrease in crude productivity, accelerated failure of production completions, such as from electric submersible pumps (ESPs), and less footage coverage while running with production and flow profile logging tools. The major concern highlighted is the increased probability of having more organic deposits in the wellbore as a result of the increased scale of the inorganic deposits.
A thick, heterogeneous sludge mix of hydrocarbons and solid materials is a critical subject for characterization and solubility measurements. Analyzed deposit samples were collected either while running with production logging tools, when pulling out a failed ESP, or when lowering the completion equipment. The hydrocarbon phase was removed by organic solvent and the precipitated solid materials were collected for a lab analysis and solubility test. The solid phase analyses included X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The composition of organic deposit samples was investigated using saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) characterization, Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTMS). The sludge sample solubility tests were conducted over a variety of organic solvents at different temperatures, up to 300°F with a solid mass/liquid volume ratio of 1:10.
The paper presents a typical analysis procedure of organic deposits collected from downhole equipment. The XRD analysis of solid debris materials (inorganic) present in collected sticky materials samples showed that the materials contained mainly carbonate compounds; for instance, calcite-CaCO3, dolomite-CaMg(CO3)2, and Halite-NaCl. These materials were completely soluble in acids like 15 wt% of HCl at reservoir conditions. Calcite scale would have been a problem in cases where the calcium content exceeded 12,000 mg/L. Low solubility results were obtained with static reaction of organic solvents recipes with the sticky materials around 17 to 50 wt%. This, in turn, increased solubility up to 98% as observed from the reaction in dynamic conditions.
Strengthening routine immunization in Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional provincial assessment of front-line services.
Authors: Morgan Christopher , Saweri Olga PM , Larme Nicholas , Peach Elizabeth , Melepia Pele , Au Lucy , Michelle Scoullar JL , Mohammad Reza S , Vallely Lisa M , McPake Barbara A , Beeson James G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background

Routine immunization programs face many challenges in settings such as Papua New Guinea with dispersed rural populations, rugged geography and limited resources for transport and health. Low routine coverage contributes to disease outbreaks such as measles and the polio that re-appeared in 2018. We report on an in-depth local assessment that aimed to document immunization service provision so as to review a new national strategy, and consider how routine immunization could be better strengthened.Methods

In East New Britain Province, over 2016 and 17, we carried out a cross-sectional assessment of 12 rural health facilities, staff and clients. The study was timed to follow implementation of a new national strategy for strengthening routine immunization. We used interview, structured observation, and records review, informed by theory-based evaluation, a World Health Organization quality checklist, and other health services research tools.Results

We documented strengths and weaknesses across six categories of program performance relevant to national immunization strategy and global standards. We found an immunization service with an operational level of staff, equipment and procedures in place; but one that could reach only half to two thirds of its target population. Stronger routine services require improvement in: understanding of population catchments, tracking the unvaccinated, reach and efficiency of outreach visits, staff knowledge of vaccination at birth and beyond the first year of life, handling of multi-dose vials, and engagement of community members. Many local suggestions to enhance national plans, including more reliable on-demand services, integration of other family health services and increased involvement of men.Conclusions

The national strategy addresses most local gaps, but implementation and resourcing requires greater commitment. Long-term strengthening requires a major increase in centrally-allocated resources, however there are immediate locally feasible steps within current resources that could boost coverage and quality of routine immunization especially through better population-based local planning, and stronger community engagement. Our results also suggest areas where vaccination campaigns in PNG can contribute to routine immunization services.
Molecular characterization of Blastocystis subtypes in HIV-positive patients and evaluation of risk factors for colonization
Authors: Sulekova Lucia Fontanelli , Gabrielli Simona , Furzi Federica , Milardi Giovanni Luigi , Biliotti Elisa , De Angelis Maurizio , Iaiani Giancarlo , Fimiani Caterina , Maiorano Myriam , Mattiucci Simonetta , Taliani Gloria 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Blastocystis is one of the most common intestinal protozoa in human faecal samples with uncertain impact on public health. Studies on the prevalence of Blastocystis in HIV-positive patients are limited and dated.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 156 HIV-positive patients to evaluate the prevalence of Blastocystis-subtypes by molecular amplification and sequencing the small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA), to identify the risk factors for its transmission, to examine the relationship between the presence of the protist and gastrointestinal disorders. Furthermore, the evaluation of the faecal calprotectin by immunoassay from a sample of subjects was performed to evaluate the gut inflammation in Blastocystis-carriers.
Results: Blastocystis-subtypes ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4 were identified in 39 HIV-positive patients (25%). No correlation was found between the presence of the protist and virological or epidemiological risk factors. Blastocystis was more frequently detected in homosexual subjects (p=0.037) infected by other enteric protozoa (p= 0.0001) and with flatulence (p=0.024). No significant differences in calprotectin level was found between Blastocystis-carriers and free ones.
Conclusions: Blastocystis is quite common in HIV-positive patients on ART showing in examined patients 25% prevalence. Homosexual behaviour may represent a risk factor for its transmission, while CD4 count and viremia didn’t correlate with the presence of the protist. The pathogenetic role of Blastocystis remains unclear and no gut inflammation status was detected in Blastocystis-carriers. The only symptom associated with Blastocystis was the flatulence, evidencing a link between the presence of the protist and the composition and stability of gut microbiota.
Keywords: Blastocystis, subtype, PCR, HIV, Italy
Analysis of reporting completeness in exercise cancer trials a systematic review
Authors: Meneses-Echavez Jose F , Rodriguez-Prieto Indira , Elkins Mark , Martinez-Torres Javier , Bidonde Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Exercise is an effective therapeutic intervention for cancer survivors. Concerns about the completeness of reporting of exercise interventions have been raised in the literature, but without any formal analysis. This study aimed to evaluate the completeness of reporting of exercise interventions for cancer survivors in a representative sample of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Methods We developed a pre-defined protocol. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL for exercise trials in oncology between 2010 and 2017. Pairs of independent researchers screened the records, extracted study characteristics, and TIDieR criteria. The 12-item TIDieR checklist was used to generate a score of reporting completeness, based on how much of the recommended content was reported in the included trials. Because Item 5 on the checklist has two components and Item 8 has four components, the derived score was calculated as how many of the 16 components were reported, converted to a percentage. Results We included 131 RCTs reporting 138 interventions in the analysis. Breast cancer was the most common type of cancer (69, 50%), and aerobic exercise was the most studied exercise modality (43, 30%) followed by combined aerobic and resistance training (40, 28%). Completeness of reporting ranged from 42% to 96% among the TIDieR items; none of the items was fully reported. ‘Intervention length’ was the most reported item across interventions (133, 96%), followed by ‘rationale’ (131, 95%), whereas ‘provider’ (58, 42%) and ‘how well (planned)’ (63, 46%) were the two least reported items. Half of the TIDieR items were completely reported in 50% to 70% of the interventions, and only four items were reported in more than 80% of the interventions (Items 2 and 8a to c). The seven items deemed to be core for replication (Items 3 to 9) exhibited a mean reporting of 71%, ranging from 42% to 96%. Conclusion Exercise training interventions for cancer survivors are incompletely reported across RCTs published between 2010 and 2017. The reporting of information about the provider, materials, and modifications require urgent improvements. Stronger reporting will enhance usability of trial reports by both healthcare providers and survivors, and will help to reduce research waste.
Women’s retention on the Continuum of Maternal Care Pathway in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia: Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Emiru Amanu Aragaw , Alene Getu Degu , Debelew Gurmesa Tura 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: The continuum of maternal care has been one of the effective approaches for improving the health of mothers and newborns. Although a large numbers of Ethiopian women do not use maternal health services, points of drop out along the continuum are not understood well. Understanding of a particular point of maternal care dropout on the continuum, however, helps governments make effective interventions. This study aimed to assess the extent of women’s service use and the factors affecting retention on the continuum of care in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia.
Methods: A community based survey linked to health facility data was conducted in June 2018. Data were obtained from 1281 mothers who gave birth to their last baby within the preceding 12 months from a two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a pretested questionnaire. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of individual and cluster-level factors on key elements of the continuum of care. The measure of fixed effects was expressed as Odds Ratio with 95 % confidence interval.
Results: The study revealed that only 12.1% of women completed the continuum of care (ANC4+, SBA, PNC within 48 hours after birth); while, 25.1% reported not having care at any stage for their most recent birth. There were commonalities and differences in the predictors of the three indicators of maternal health service utilization. Variables related to services received during antenatal care such as early initiation of ANC (AOR=7.53, 95%CI, 2.94, 19.29) and receiving proper contents (AOR=3.31, 95%CI, 1.08, 10.16) were among the predictors significantly associated with the completion of the continuum of care.
Conclusions: The continuum of maternal care completion rate was extremely low, indicating that women were not getting the maximum possible health benefit from existing health services. Factors influencing each of the three indicators of maternal care service revealed to operate at various levels - individual, household, community, and facility. Since antenatal care is one of the basic gateways for subsequent use of maternal services, strategies that aimed to improve maternal health service utilization should target early initiation and antenatal care quality.
Impact of secondary roads on wildlife of coastal center region Portugal and differences between before and post fire.
Authors: Cruz Tiago Miguel Regateiro , Lima Joana , Luis António , Azeiteiro Ulisses Miranda 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Anthropogenic activities affect ecosystems creating stress and new disturbances. Among these anthropogenic activities, we highlight roads that are main cause of habitat segmentation. As roads were built to accommodate traffic in rural areas, rate of vehicle-wildlife collisions has significantly expanded, thereby causing a direct decrease in population size. This study was conducted in Portugal (country's western central coast) and assessed impact of secondary roads on wildlife, as well as the influence that a catastrophic event, like a great fire, has on this wildlife. Practical work was carried out during 15 months (from October 2016 to December 2017), two consecutive days per week, first day being used for "road cleaning", that is, collection of all animals found on road, followed of their identification, and second day for morning and afternoon collection and identification of dead animals found on same tracks. Results In Agricultural Zone, vertebrate deaths on the road covered 17 species. Birds were the most affected , followed by amphibians, mammals and reptiles. The most fragile species were Passer domesticus and Salamandra salamandra. Two hotspots were recognized, one on each road. In Forestral Zone, vertebrate deaths on road included 26 species. Mammals were most vulnerable in this area followed by birds, amphibians and reptiles. Bufo bufo and Salamandra salamandra were the most vulnerable species. On the contrary, differences between roads composition were clear: there were only deaths on asphalted roads. Differences between before and after fire are evident Conclusions In this study, it was concluded that different zones and therefore different habitats should be worked on separately and that mitigation measures should be implemented as a priority in so-called "hotspots". This work highlights importance of secondary roads as a source of mortality for wildlife, and these should not be ignored. As far as macadam roads are concerned, they are not a threat to vertebrate populations in municipality of Mira. In future, it would be important to improve this work by including volume of traffic on roads and recording kilometers at which animals were collected. Results before and after fire illustrate the impact of this catastrophic event on wildlife.
Cytological evidence of BSD2 functioning in both chloroplast division and dimorphic chloroplast formation in maize leave
Authors: Li Heying , Bai Mei , Jiang Xingshan , Shen Rongxin , Wang Huina , Wang Haiyang , Wu Hong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Maize bsd2 ( bundle sheath defective2 ) is a classical C 4 mutant with defective C 4 photosynthesis, accompanied with reduced accumulation of Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) and aberrant mature chloroplast morphology in the bundle sheath (BS) cells. However, as a hypothetical chloroplast chaperone, the effects of BSD2 on C 4 chloroplast development have not been fully examined yet, which precludes a full appreciation of BSD2 function in C 4 photosynthesis. The aims of our study are to find out the role of BSD2 in regulating chloroplasts development in maize leaves, and to add new insights into our understanding of C 4 biology. Results: We found that at the chloroplast maturation stage, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in the BS and mesophyll (M) cells became significantly looser, and the grana of chloroplasts in the M cells became thinner stacking in the bsd2 mutant when compared with the wild type plant. Moreover, at the early chloroplast development stage, the number of dividing chloroplasts and the chloroplast division rate are both reduced in the bsd2 mutant, compared with wild type. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of both thylakoid formation-related genes and chloroplast division-related genes is significantly reduced in the bsd2 mutants. Further, we showed that BSD2 interacts physically with the large submit of Rubisco (LS) in Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay. Conclusions: Our combined results suggest that BSD2 plays an essential role in regulating the division and differentiation of the dimorphic BS and M chloroplasts, and that it acts at a post-transcriptional level to regulate LS stability or assembly of Rubisco.
Partial Plantar Fasciotomy Using Endoscope with Inner Two-Channel Portals Produced Better Functional Outcomes Than Mini-Open Procedures for The Treatment of Refractory Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Feng Shi-Ming , Wang Ai-Guo , Zhang Zai-Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of partial fasciotomy using two-channel arthroscope in the treatment of refractory plantar fasciitis, and to compare it with the clinical effects of partial fasciotomy using minimally invasive open. Methods: Sixty-two patients with refractory fasciitis admitted from January 2015 to July 2017 were randomly assigned to the arthroscopic group and the open surgery group. Arthroscopic partial section was performed using endoscope with inner two-channel portals. The open surgery group underwent partial sacral fascia resection with minimally invasive medial incision. Then compare the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), the American foot and ankle surgery association score (AOFAS), the calcaneodynia score (CS), and the medical outcomes short form 36-item (SF-36) health survey between the two groups. Results: All patients were followed up for at least 24 months, and there was no difference in follow-up between two groups. At the last follow-up, the patient's plantar pain symptoms completely disappeared. There was no recurrence of the bone spurs, and the ankle and foot movements were normal. There was no statistically significant difference in VAS, AOFAS, and CS scores between the two groups. The SF-36 score of the arthroscopy group is significantly higher than the open surgery group. Conclusions: Arthroscopic partial fascia resection with medial access provides better clinical outcomes than the open minimally-invasive surgery. Arthroscopic partial fasciotomy with the medial access provides a new option better than the open minimally-invasive surgery for postoperative daily life.
Spontaneous malignant transformation of ovarian surface epithelial cells correlates with EMT alteration and stemness acquisition
Authors: Li Bingyan , Zhang Hemei , Guo Yi , Liu Lizhi , Hou Yongfeng , Wang Ping , Jiang Fei , Zhang Zengli , Hei Tom K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background In order to complete the physiological function of postovulatory repair during repeated ovulation, the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) not only has to undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also possess the properties of somatic stem-like cells. However, there is no evidence to indicate that both EMT alteration and stemness acquisition are linked to epithelial ovarian carcinomas.Methods In this study, we established a cell model of spontaneous oncogenic transformation of mouse OSE (MOSE). The cell proliferation was assessed using clonogenic survival and soft agar. The self-renewal of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) was determined by spheroid culture. CD44 + /CD117 + cells were analyzed using flow cytometer. The PCR array was used to determine the EMT-related mRNA level. Expression of pan-keratin, vimentin, E-cadherin, Snail1 and Slug were detected using western-blotting and immunofluorescences, respectively. The tumorigenesis were monitored by limiting dilution assay in vitro and in vivo .Results Based on morphological change, chromosomal number and proliferating ability, we defined three sequential stages of transformed cells as early, intermediate and late MOSE cells, respectively. We found that MOSE cells had dual characteristics of not only epithelial but mesenchymal nature as well. Over time, MOSE cells spontaneously developed characteristics of malignant cells and generated tumor nodules expressing both Pan-keratin and Vimentin. Furthermore, we found that the neoplastic transformation of MOSE was accompanied by continuous EMT-inducing signals including Snail1 and Slug. Concurrently, the increase of CD44 + /CD117 + cells and their self-renewal ability were associated with the progression of spontaneous neoplastic transformation of MOSE cells in vitro. Conclusion These results indicated that both EMT alteration and stemness acquisition were closely correlated with the spontaneous malignant progression of MOSE cells. Our findings provide new insights into the future to combat epithelial ovarian carcinomas.