bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catch-up and Constraints in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries
Authors: Wade Robert H. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModern business technology appears to have become far more widely available than in the post-war decades; producers in many developing countries have entered into global or regional value chains as subordinate producers; and developing countries as a bloc have become far more integrated into the world economy than before. ‘Globalization’ theory, derived from neoclassical economics, presumes—with some qualifications—that these trends will yield a more equal world. Yet ‘catch-up’, in the sense of developing countries coming close to or entering the ranks of developed countries, is notable more for its absence in the seven decades since the Second World War than for its presence as a pattern in the world economy. This chapter tackles the question of why.
Industrial Policy and Learning
Authors: Peres Wilson , Primi Annalisa 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the understanding of how nations learn by looking at Latin America. It focuses on the experiences of some of the most advanced countries in the region, notably Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Mexico, and Uruguay. Industrial policies have been no strangers in these countries, however, diversifying the economy and catching up are still pending challenges. The analysis of the evolution of policies for industrialization and technological development from the 1950s onward clarifies why, in most cases, they had limited impact on domestic learning and catching-up dynamics. The review of some recent successful cases (from Chile, Uruguay, and Mexico) sheds light on which specific institutional and political economy dynamics enabled the activation of learning and change in the economy. The achievements and the persistent shortcomings of the region contribute to identifying lessons for growth and development whose relevance goes beyond Latin America and contributes to the overall global debate on how countries can achieve prosperity.
Global Currencies and Domestic Regulation
Authors: Dimitropoulos Georgios 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter identifies cryptocurrencies and other virtual currencies as global currencies that could have a major impact on national jurisdictions. Regulation concerning cryptocurrencies can be described in the terms of the ‘double movement’ that Karl Polanyi identified for the expansion of the market society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Cryptocurrencies have been developed by anti-establishment individuals and groups, and other opponents of the global financial system that—in Polanyi’s terms—belong to a collectivist counter-movement. The effect they have produced, though, is rather to expand global markets and the market system. This has spurred a counter-movement to the counter-movement, or what could be called the ‘anti-countermovement’. The response of the anti-countermovement to the expansion and influence of the global currencies is paradoxical, if not schizophrenic. The anti-countermovement treats global currencies both as currencies and as a technology. This has led to various regulatory measures in different jurisdictions. When viewed as currency, cryptocurrencies are regulated both as money and commodities, leading to an indifferent approach to their regulation or a command-and-control approach or various intermediate approaches. When viewed as a technology, different jurisdictions have taken an enabling approach to the regulation of cryptocurrencies by establishing ‘innovation hubs’ and ‘regulatory sandboxes’ for FinTech companies. This chapter concludes by discussing the dangers of embedding cryptocurrencies through enabling them, namely the problem of more finance, and possibly an internal clash of domestic agencies. The way to mitigate the dangers of embedding through enabling is by regulating the new cryptocurrency intermediaries.
Regulating the Shadow Payment System
Authors: Greenacre Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent years has seen the growth of the ‘shadow payment system’. This system includes Bitcoin exchanges, PayPal, Alipay in China, and mobile money services in Africa. On current projections, this global ‘shadow payment system’ will perform an ever-greater portion of payments in most economies in the world. This chapter explores what legal tools can be used to protect users’ funds stored within the shadow payment system. It provides a framework for identifying risks to users’ funds, the range of relevant legal tools and their effectiveness, and uses this framework to make three claims. First, insolvency of an actor in the shadow payment system exposes users’ funds to two risks. One is loss of value, which means the potential write-down of funds when users are characterized as unsecured creditors. The other is illiquidity, meaning users face a delay in converting or transferring funds during bankruptcy proceedings. Second, there is little information about legal tools currently used in the shadow payment system and their effectiveness. There is also little guidance on the desirability of using ex post tools, such as deposit insurance and lender of last resort, to protect users’ funds. This is because the policy community is yet to identify the benefits and costs of different roles for the shadow payment system in an economy. Is it an investment asset, alternative retail funds transfer system, vital payment infrastructure on which the economy relies, or something else? Third, mobile money can provide insights into discussions about using legal tools to protect users’ funds. This is because over the past ten years, this shadow payment system has become subject to increasingly sophisticated legal and regulatory regimes. A key insight from mobile money is ex ante and ex post tools appear required to address loss of value and illiquidity risks. A similar package of reforms may be needed to build strong, stable shadow payment systems in Japan, the United States, and other developed countries. The chapter uses mobile money in Malawi as a case study for developing this point.
Regulation of Blockchain Token Sales in the United States
Authors: Shadab Houman B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how US securities regulation applies to the sale of cryptographic tokens using a distributed ledger, so-called initial coin offerings. Token sale transactions that meet the definition of ‘investment contract’ qualify as regulated securities transactions following the seminal 1946 court decision in the Securities Exchange Commission’s lawsuit against the W. J. Howey company. Currently, there exists substantial legal uncertainty regarding the regulatory classification of token sales involving utility tokens that provide their holders with non-financial, software-based functionality. As implied in a June 2018 speech by a high-ranking SEC official, sales of tokens may initially qualify as regulated securities transactions, yet later fail to qualify as regulated investment contracts if the tokens’ underlying network becomes sufficiently decentralized. Distributed ledger technology is disrupting the nature and operation of early-stage fundraising and access to software services and enabling the sale of digital tokens that operate as a cryptocurrency or provide access to a software service through the use of a blockchain or distributed ledger. The sale of such tokens, so-called initial coin offerings (‘ICOs’), is often in exchange for cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum or Bitcoin (however, tokens could be sold in exchange for fiat currency). From January to May 2018, globally US$13.7 billion in tokens were sold by 537 companies or projects, an amount greater than all previous time periods combined. This chapter discusses under what circumstances US securities law applies to the sale of such tokens.
The Judicialization of the Blockchain
Authors: Ortolani Pietro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that blockchain technologies structurally tend towards ‘judicialization’ and challenge the traditional, state-centric notions of jurisdiction and enforcement. After an introductory section, section II sets the scene by locating the emergence of blockchain technologies within the broader debate concerning the relationship between national and transnational law. Such a contextualization is crucial in order to develop a reliable understanding of the impact of this set of technologies on the state’s capacity to preserve its central role in the administration of justice through a system of courts. Against this background, section III investigates the effect of blockchains and smart contracts on the notion of jurisdiction, drawing lessons from the historical evolution of the concept and applying them to the current technological reality. Relying on empirical data, it is argued that the growth of blockchain technologies has given rise to a proliferation of private arbitral systems, generating a new division of labour between state courts and private adjudication. Finally, section IV of the chapter considers the emergence of self-enforcing smart contracts and its consequences for the traditional view whereby the state maintains a monopoly over the use of force.
‘Let Us Cease’: Early Reflections on the Spectacle’s End
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the two major episodes of Book 7, both of which have often been criticized as ill-motivated and disconnected, and both of which feature prominent scenes of divine viewing and discussion: the formal duel between Hector and Aias; and the truce for the burial of the dead, during which the Achaeans build a defensive wall. The chapter shows that the two episodes can in fact be read as both well-motivated and connected, if seen in metaperformative terms: as an extended reflection on how the Iliad’s battlefield spectacle ends. The second duel offers a mise en abyme, by which the poet dramatizes tension between two types of response to the conflict at this point: desire for Achaean victory, and pity for the doomed Trojans. The duel is normally seen as the second of two formal duels, but is best understood as the second of three ‘spectacular duels’, the third being between Hector and Achilles in Book 22. Then, through the building of the Achaean wall as viewed by the gods, the poet reflects upon tension between (a) the Iliad’s insistence that its central spectacle is playing out in real time, before our eyes, and (b) its equally powerful investment in the idea that its action is not ephemeral, but permanent.
The Divided Line
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains Plato’s famous (and very controversial) image of the divided line. Also explains why what Plato says about this image is not amenable to consistent interpretation, thus revealing its own limitations as an image. The problem may be seen in the different ways in which Plato has Socrates talk about the relationships between the second-highest subsegment, which he associates with thinking, and the two subsegments just above and below that one. On the one hand, it sees he wants to have the different lengths of the segments and subsegments represent varying degrees of clarity and truth. But he then creates a proportion in which the two middle subsegments are equal in length. When he later (in Book VII) compares thinking with opinion, he declares thinking to be clearer than opinion, and associates opinion with both of the lower subsegments of the line. The proportions given in Book VI, accordingly, cannot be applied to what Plato really thinks about the advantages of thinking over opinion. Describes the different cognitive conditions that result from using cognitive powers on images (thinking and imaging), rather than their originals, producing the four cognitive conditions of understanding, thinking, belief, and imaging. Explains Plato’s discussion of hypotheses.
Higher Education
Authors: Smith Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Explains the curricula included in the proposed higher education of the future rulers: arithmetic, geometry, stereometry, astronomy, harmony, and dialectic. Once again addresses questions of what Plato thought about mathematical objects and how he talks about these in Book VII of the Republic. Considers debates about just how and why Plato assigned such an important role to mathematical studies in the training of the power of knowledge for the future rulers. Considers the relationship of “formal” as opposed to “empirical” study, particularly in Plato’s requirement of astronomy as the penultimate mathematical study. Discusses what we can discern about Plato’s conception of dialectic and how that fits as the final element in the “highest studies” that prepare the future rulers to begin to engage in political rule. Shows how in spite of these studies culminating in the highest cognitive achievements, they must be followed by fifteen years of political apprenticeship, and why only after this training can Plato’s best students become philosopher rulers.
Reforming the Social Circle
Authors: Blair Kirstie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whistle-Binkie is a collection of poetry and song, continually reissued in different formats and with new content throughout the nineteenth century, which has often been considered to exemplify the problems with popular Scottish Victorian literature. This chapter therefore concentrates on reassessing this key text and demonstrating that it is not purely a sentimental, nostalgic, and conservative selection of verse. The chapter shows how the first edition of Whistle-Binkie was part of the culture of Reform politics, and how its radical bent was toned down in later decades. It uses unpublished manuscript material to discuss the importance of Whistle-Binkie in encouraging working-class poets into print and fostering networks between them. A long concluding session focuses on the Whistle-Binkie spin-off, Songs from the Nursery, and assesses how and why ‘nursery verse’ became so important to Scottish working-class poetics in this period.
Equivocation, Donne, and the Political Interior
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As a tactic that sought to enable individuals to answer judicial interrogatories while simultaneously disguising the full substance and meaning of their answers, the Catholic doctrine of equivocation responded to the precarious position of Catholics in the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. In providing a highly contested model for the shielding of one’s thoughts, equivocation also demonstrates the centrality of human cognition to the religious and political conflicts of the seventeenth century. Writers such as John Donne (Ignatius His Conclave) and Francis Bacon (Essays) evidence a similarly deep concern with the mind and its deliberative processes as marking boundaries for political citizenship and royal power. Viewed in these terms, mental reservation and equivocation become less a matter of theology than one of statecraft.
The Moderation of Oath-Taking in Jacobean England
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot Jacobean authorities imposed the Oath of Allegiance as a means to secure the realm against not just its foreign enemies but also those who might undermine it from within. Highly coercive in its effects, the Oath generated repeated attempts by English Catholics to manage its theological and cognitive demands. Responding to these maneuvers was John Donne, who develops in Pseudo-Martyr a compelling and cognitively focused case for the Oath and royal power. As a close reading of his later sermon on the Book of Esther then reveals, Donne’s consideration of the intersection between thought, conscience, and monarchical authority importantly represents not just a response to the immediate catalyst of the Gunpowder Plot but an initial theorization of political authority that could encompass Catholics and Protestants alike.
The Politics and Genre of Captured Correspondence
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the civil war, the publication of captured correspondence developed into a literary and political genre of its own, one in which interception and revelation became essential components of that material’s polemical effect and helped inform the publication and reception of more elevated correspondence. Early controversies regarding the capture and review of royal and royalist correspondence by Parliament established interpretative paradigms regarding personal and institutional liberty that would subsequently inform the famous controversy over the publication of royal letters captured at the Battle of Naseby. In particular, the publication of intercepted letters offered Parliament opportunities to reassert both its conciliar prerogatives and its traditional role as guarantor of the nation’s liberties. In response, Charles and his advisors sought instead to align interpretative authority with authorial intent, binding the meaning of a letter’s content to its individual origins rather than submitting to more public and potentially variable processes of reading.
Naseby, Milton, and the Politics of Marital Intimacy
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses the relationship between King Charles and Queen Henrietta Maria to examine how perceptions of marital intimacies informed debates over political intellection in the mid-seventeenth century. Royalist defenses of the king and queen’s correspondence emphasize the necessary intimacy of a couple’s mutual thoughts as foundational to any healthy marriage, arguments that had their roots in long-standing cultural expectations regarding the equality that should attend marital decision-making. While supportive of conversational intimacy, John Milton’s ambivalence toward this argument’s political implications would lead him to emphasize masculine headship in ways more consonant with Parliament’s presumptive position as the primary source of deliberative authority within the nation. Milton’s depiction in Paradise Lost of a world in which individuals cannot fully control the reception and distribution of their inner thoughts seems deliberately calibrated to rebut royalist claims regarding the king and queen’s marriage advanced in the aftermath of the Naseby debacle.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Concerns over equivocation, captured letters, and religious division continued to attend the relationship between thought, expression, and political obedience throughout the Restoration. The concern in early Stuart England for political intellection was thus not simply a product of its immediate moment but the catalyst for a more fundamental recognition of deliberation and other forms of individual and institutional thought as being arenas for political action. In looking backward, then, we might recognize the early Stuart era’s continual attention to the means by which monarchs and subjects alike thought through their political dilemmas to be something of a precursor to a more modern interest in political decision-making, and the extent to which processes of the mind remain integral to the operation—proper or otherwise—of contemporary democracies.
Testing massive-field modifications of gravity via gravitational waves
Authors: Yamada Kei , Narikawa Tatsuya , Tanaka Takahiro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The direct detection of gravitational waves now provides a new channel for testing gravity theories. Despite that the parametrized post-Einsteinian framework is a powerful tool to quantitatively investigate the effects of modifications to gravity theory, the gravitational waveform in this framework is still extendable. One such extension is to take into account the gradual activation of dipole radiation due to massive fields, which are still only very weakly constrained if their mass $m$ is greater than $10^{-16}$$\,$eV from pulsar observations. Ground-based gravitational-wave detectors (LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA) are sensitive to this activation in the mass range $10^{-14}$$\,$eV $\lesssim m \lesssim 10^{-13}$$\,$eV. Hence, we discuss a dedicated test for dipole radiation due to a massive field using the LIGO/Virgo collaboration’s open data. In addition, assuming Einstein dilaton Gauss Bonnet (EdGB) type coupling, we combine the results of the analysis of binary black hole events to obtain 90% confidence level constraints on the coupling parameter $\alpha_{\rm EdGB}$ as $\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm EdGB}} \lesssim 2.47$$\,$km for any mass less than $6 \times 10^{-14}$$\,$eV for the first time, including $\sqrt{\alpha_{\rm EdGB}} \lesssim 1.85$$\,$km in the massless limit.
Predictors of Early Onset Neonatal Sepsis among Neonates in Dodoma, Tanzania: A Case Control Study
Authors: Masanja Pendo P , Kibusi Stephen M , Mkhoi Mkhoi L 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the predictors of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) among neonates in Dodoma Tanzania.MethodsA hospital-based case-control study of randomly selected 105 cases and 217 controls in three hospitals in Dodoma region. Cases were neonates diagnosed with neonatal sepsis. Controls were matched to the cases by mother’s age and parity at a ratio of 1 case to 2 controls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the potential mother, neonate and interventional predictors of EONS. Both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were employed to test for independent associationResultsMost (92.5%) of neonates were born at term (≥37 weeks) and 84% had normal birth weight of ≥3 kg. After adjusting for confounders, the maternal factors which showed significant association with EONS were maternal history of chorioamnionitis [adjusted odds ratios (AOR) = 1.910, p = 0.042, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0223.56], HIV status (AOR = 2.909, p = 0.012, 95% CI: 1.020–8.296), prolonged rupture of membrane (AOR = 2.857, p = 0.014, 95% CI: 1.233–6.619) and multiple digital vaginal examinations during labor (AOR = 5.178, p = 0.026, 95% CI: 1.220–21.986). The neonatal history of perinatal asphyxia was observed to have a significant association with EONS (AOR = 6.781, p = 0.006, 95% CI: 1.725–26.652).ConclusionBoth maternal and neonatal predictors had significant contribution to EONS. Results shed light on critical factors for consideration to prevent this disease and poor outcomes.
A Meeting of Hearts and Minds: A Critical Reflection on Building, Enhancing, and Sustaining Global Partnerships in Nursing Education
Authors: Horton-Deutsch Sara , Van Rensburg Gisela 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to engage in a critical reflective dialogue through a purposeful and strategic process to build, enhance, and sustain global partnerships.

BACKGROUND
Expanding global health through partnerships necessitates a critical dialogue on shared values and understandings. Appreciating philosophical orientations, ethical perspectives, and broadening what counts as evidence serves to further inform scholarship and practice partnerships.

METHOD
We engaged in a critical reflective dialogue by exploring our experiences through a purposeful and strategic process where we described, examined, and articulated the learning that informs our partnership.

RESULTS
By listening to each other’s stories, reflecting individually, and dialoguing together, we have shared and compared experiences that gave us more insight into how to build, enhance, and sustain our partnership.

CONCLUSION
Continuously examining issues and discussions around partnerships through a critical reflective process supports the development of shared values and meaning, strengthens connections, and leads to new knowledge for sustaining global health partnerships.