bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the corrosion behaviour of the magnesium alloys EV31A, WE43B, and ZE41A
Authors: Soltan Akif , Dargusch Matthew S. , Shi Zhiming , Gerrard Darren , Atrens Andrej 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe corrosion rates of the Mg alloys immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 were in the following increasing order: WE43B (0.23 mm/y) < EV31A (0.88 mm/y) < pure‐Mg (1.6 mm/y) < ZE41A (8.5 mm/y). The average corrosion rate for WE43B was somewhat lower than the intrinsic corrosion rate of Mg as shown by high‐purity Mg, attributed to (a) no corrosion acceleration by the small second phase particles, and (b) a more protective surface film. The high corrosion rates of ZE41A were attributed to the presence of a coarse semicontinuous T‐phase, which served as strong cathodic sites.
Power behind the throne: A clinical trial simulation study evaluating the impact of controllable design factors on the power of antidepressant trials
Authors: Chevance Astrid , Naudet Florian , Gaillard Raphaël , Ravaud Philippe , Porcher Raphaël 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of controllable design factors on the power of antidepressants trials.MethodsUsing clinical trial simulation (CTS), we analyzed the combined impact on the power of trials of controllable design factors (sample size, outcome metrics, and disease severity at inclusion) and uncontrollable parameters (heterogeneity of diseases labeled “depression” in the source population and selective effects of drugs on items of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS], the most used outcome measurement tool). We elaborated 3,840 scenarios calibrated with real data, particularly the publication bias‐corrected effect size.ResultsFor an effect size of 0.26, simulations revealed that in trials with ≤650 participants, power was less than 80%. Among the tested outcome metrics, the “remission” outcome provided more robustness for sample heterogeneity, whereas the continuous outcome “HDRS changes” provided more robustness when investigating drugs with a selective effect on the HDRS items. For the “remission” outcome, the power of trials increased with increasing HDRS threshold at inclusion but decreased with the outcomes “response” and “HDRS changes. Drugs with a selective effect on the HDRS items could not reach the same power as for the reference drug.ConclusionOur study allows for drawing recommendations to avoid underpowered trials of antidepressants.
The influence of delay elimination communication on the prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis—a survey from Mainland China
Authors: Wang Xi Zheng , Wen Yi Bo , Shang Xiao Ping , Wang Yi He , Li Yan Wei , Li Tian Fang , Li Shou Lin , Yang Jing , Liu Yan Jin , Lou Xiao Ping , Zhou Wei , Li Xing , Zhang Jian Jiang , Song Cui Ping , Jorgensen Cecilie Siggaard , Rittig Soren , Bauer Stuart , Mosiello Giovanni , Wang Qing Wei , Wen Jian Guo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsA pilot survey shows that primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) prevalence has increased significantly during the past decade in Mainland China. Whether it is related to the delay of elimination communication (EC) is unclear. This study retrospectively investigated the influence of delayed EC on the PNE prevalence in children and adolescents in mainland China.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of PNE prevalence was performed by distributing 19 500 anonymous self‐administered questionnaires to parents in five provinces of mainland China from July 2017 to October 2017. The questionnaires included sociodemographic data, family caregivers’ information, and details about the disposable diapers (DD) usage, EC commencement date, psychological disorders, lower urinary tract symptoms, and family history of PNE in children and adolescents. The 2017 PNE prevalence was compared with that of 2006 in Mainland China.ResultsThe total response rate was 97.04% (18 631 of 19 500) and 92.39% (18 016 of 19 500) qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence in 2017 has increased significantly compared to that of 2006 (7.30% vs 4.07%, P < 0.001). The PNE prevalence in children with EC starting before 6 months of age was significantly lower than those who start after 12 months of age. The longer DD were used and the later the beginning of EC, the higher the PNE prevalence was found.ConclusionsThe PNE prevalence in Mainland China has increased significantly during the past 10 years. A longer use of DD and later onset of EC may be risk factors for PNE.
Carbon dioxide diffusion coefficient in noninvasive high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation
Authors: Schäfer Christoph , Schumann Stefan , Fuchs Hans , Klotz Daniel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion coefficient (DCO
2) reflects CO
2 removal during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV). We hypothesized that despite leak flow during noninvasive HFOV (nHFOV) DCO
2 continues to indicate ventilation efficacy.MethodsA neonatal airway model including CO2 production and an adjustable oropharyngeal leak was connected to a ventilator via bi‐nasal prongs. Pressures and gas flows were measured at prongs, trachea, and leak. Oscillatory tidal volumes below (V
T trachea) and above the leak (V
T prong) were calculated from tracheal and leak flows. DCO
2 was calculated using V
T trachea (DCO
2 trachea) and V
T prong (DCO
2 prong) and compared with CO
2 partial pressure (pCO
2). Effects of leak flow (0, 5, or 10 L/min) on DCO
2 were assessed at fixed pressure amplitudes or predefined oscillatory volumes under steady‐state pCO
2 conditions in the modeled lung.ResultsDCO2 trachea correlated strongly with pCO
2, independent of the leak flow level (P < 0.0001). DCO
2 prong correlated with pCO
2 without and with moderate leak (P < 0.0001) but not with maximum leak (P = 0.1432). V
T trachea correlated with the quotient of tracheal pressure amplitude and frequency irrespective of the leak (P < 0.0001). Based on the pressure amplitude at prong level (A
prong) V
T trachea continued to follow a linear model of which the slopes decreased with increasing leak flow. V
T prong correlated with the quotient of A
prong and frequency, irrespective of the leak (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsDCO2 obtained at the airway opening at prong level reflects ventilation efficacy during nHFOV even in the presence of moderate oropharyngeal leak.
Transfer Methods of Graphene from Metal Substrates: A Review
Authors: Ma Lai‐Peng , Ren Wencai , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGraphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on metal substrates has attracted tremendous attention due to its high growth‐quality, scalability, and high structural tunability, which holds great promise in a wide range of applications. In most cases, CVD graphene on metals must be transferred to target substrates and the intact/clean and efficient transfer of large‐area graphene remains challenging, thus greatly hindering the practical applications of CVD‐grown graphene in high‐performance devices. Here, the representative methods of transferring CVD graphene are discussed from the perspective of their impacts on the structural integrity and contamination of graphene as well as their scalability. Particularly, the principles, advantages, and limitations are highlighted in various methods.
Transformation of Polyoxometalate into 3D Porous Li‐Containing Oxide: A Case Study of γ‐LiV2O5 for High‐Performance Cathodes of Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bayaguud Aruuhan , Zhang Zhibo , Geng Maoning , Fu Yanpeng , Yu Yan , Zhu Changbao 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe development of cathode materials with high Li storage capacity and fast Li‐ion diffusion kinetics is considered to be a promising way to extend the energy and power densities of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). As potential high‐capacity cathode materials for LIBs, polyoxometalates (POMs) suffer greatly from inherent drawbacks. Therefore, another possibility for the application of POMs in LIBs is shown, which is to transform POMs into relevant 3D porous Li‐containing oxides. Here, a unique 3D porous γ‐LiV2O5 film is successfully prepared by combining the electrostatic spray deposition technique and the POM as a precursor. Outstanding high capacity with stable cycling performance and excellent rate capability is realized based on 3D porous nanostructure and thin‐film morphology, which effectively facilitate the transport of both lithium ion and electron. Moreover, this work demonstrates the feasibility of achieving high‐performance metal oxide cathode by the transformation of POMs and also shows the superiority of γ‐phase over α‐phase as a starting cathode material in LIBs as well.
LiDAR‐based characterization of mid‐altitude wind conditions for airborne wind energy systems
Authors: Sommerfeld Markus , Crawford Curran , Monahan Adam , Bastigkeit Ilona 
Published: April 2019

SummaryEngineers and researchers working on the development of airborne wind energy systems (AWES) still rely on oversimplified wind speed approximations and coarsely sampled reanalysis data because of a lack of high‐resolution wind data at altitudes above 200 m. Ten‐minute average wind speed LiDAR measurements up to an altitude of 1100 m and data from nearby weather stations were investigated with regard to wind energy generation and impact on LiDAR measurements. Data were gathered by a long‐range pulsed Doppler LiDAR device installed on flat terrain. Because of the low overall carrier‐to‐noise ratio, a custom‐filtering technique was applied. Our analyses show that diurnal variation and atmospheric stability significantly affect wind conditions aloft which cause a wide range of wind speeds and a multimodal probability distribution that cannot be represented by a simple Weibull distribution fit. A better representation of the actual wind conditions can be achieved by fitting Weibull distributions separately to stable and unstable conditions. Splitting and clustering the data by simulated surface heat flux reveals substate stratification responsible for the multimodality. We classify different wind conditions based on these substates, which result in different wind energy potential. We assess optimal traction power and optimal operating altitudes statistically as well as for specific days based on a simplified AWES model. Using measured wind speed standard deviation, we estimate average turbulence intensity and show its variation with altitude and time. Selected short‐term data sets illustrate temporal changes in wind conditions and atmospheric stratification with a high temporal and vertical resolution.
Supersymmetry breaking warped throats and the weak gravity conjecture
Authors: Buratti Ginevra , García-Valdecasas Eduardo , Uranga Angel M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We generalize the swampland criterion forbidding stable non-supersymmetric AdS vacua and propose a new swampland conjecture forbidding stable non-supersymmetric “locally AdS” warped throats. The conjecture is motivated by the properties of systems of fractional D3-branes at singularities, and can be used to rule out large classes of warped throats with supersymmetry breaking ingredients, and their possible application to de Sitter uplift. In particular, this allows to reinterpret the runaway instabilities of the gravity dual of fractional branes in the dP1 theory, and to rule out warped throats with Dynamical Supersymmetry Breaking D-brane sectors at their bottom. We also discuss the instabilities of warped throats with supersymmetry broken by the introduction of anti-orientifold planes. These examples lead to novel decay mechanisms in explicit non-supersymmetric examples of locally AdS warped throats, and also of pure AdS backgrounds.
Vulnerability, Resilience and ‘Systemic Interest’: a Connectivity Approach
Authors: Cardinale Ivano 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper analyzes the socio-economic dimension of vulnerability and resilience from the viewpoint of connectivity. While no consensus has yet emerged on the definitions of vulnerability and resilience or on their relationship, it has been recognized that both have an important normative dimension, in that whether a system is considered vulnerable or resilient depends on the interests of the stakeholders involved. The paper proposes a dimension of resilience and vulnerability that is likely to be shared across a significant spectrum of stakeholders. To do so, the paper analyses connectivity within social-ecological systems from a “Structural Political Economy” viewpoint. A key concept in this regard is “systemic interest”, which is defined as the interest of stakeholders in keeping viable the system of connections within which they act. Systemic interest has desirable properties to conceptualize the normative dimension of vulnerability and resilience and leads to problematize their link with connectivity. In fact, it raises the question of what features of connectivity can be expected to lead to systemic interest, and how this impinges on vulnerability and resilience in different contexts. On the one hand, one might expect that a more interconnected system is more vulnerable to shocks, which propagate more easily throughout the system. On the other hand, such system might have a stronger systemic interest, so that a shock would trigger stakeholders’ reaction to counteract its effects and avoid systemic consequences. The paper points to the institutional conditions that might make either outcome more likely in any given context.
Just Another Level? Comparing Quantitative Patterns of Global Expansion of School and Higher Education Attainment
Authors: Barakat Bilal , Shields Robin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe expansion of higher education enrollment and attainment is a key uncertainty in the education profile of future populations. Many studies have examined cross-national determinants of higher education expansion as well the understanding of expansion through the relationship between higher education and the labor market. Early work established a typology for levels of enrollment, but recent empirical studies on the global growth of higher education attainment are scarce, and available projections resort to imposing ad hoc limits on future expansion. This study addresses this gap by comparing the trajectories of higher education expansion with those experienced at other levels on their course to universal or near-universal access. We demonstrate that a population-level model of expansion toward universal access fits higher education as well as lower levels of education (i.e., primary and secondary education). In other words, that there is no prima facie evidence of a ceiling in higher education enrollment that would indicate saturation significantly below 100 % participation. Claims that are premised on such a ceiling should therefore consider empirical evidence for this assumption in their analysis. These findings contribute to discussions on higher education expansion as well as studies of higher education and the labor market.
PP012 Efficacy And Safety Of The ELIPSE Gastric Balloon For Weight Loss
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez Luis María , Luengo-Matos Setefilla , Polo-Desantos Mar , Orrego Juan Pablo Chalco 
Published: April 2019

INTRODUCTION:Conventional gastric balloons for weight loss require endoscopy for placement and removal. The ELIPSETM is a new gastric balloon designed for weight loss that is swallowed and does not require endoscopy or anesthesia. The device is designed to remain in the stomach and be expelled after a predetermined time of 4 months. The objective of this work is to assess the efficacy and safety of the ELIPSETM procedureless gastric balloon for weight loss.METHODS:The ELIPSETM procedureless gastric balloon was identified by the early Awareness and Alert System, “SINTESIS-new technologies,” of The Instituto De Salud Carlos III (AETS-ISCIII). An early assessment of the technology was conducted. The searched databases were: MEDLINE (PubMed), Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and the Cochrane Library. Clinical studies using the device published in any language until 10 January 2017 were reviewed.RESULTS:A prospective, non-randomized, open label study supported by industry was retrieved. Thirty-four patients were enrolled. Six patients treated with an experimental device were excluded. Twenty-eight patients successfully swallowed the device. No endoscopy or anesthesia was required. All devices were excreted safely. Of the twenty-five patients finally studied, the mean percent total body weight loss was 10 percent (95 percent Confidence Interval, CI 7.3–12.7) and the mean waist circumference was reduced by 8.4cm (95 percent CI 5.7-11.8) at 4 months. Improvements were also seen in metabolic parameters (HbA1c, Low density lipoprotein, triglycerides and blood pressure). All aspects of quality of life measured by the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQoL) questionnaire demonstrated significant improvements. About safety, there were no serious adverse events or serious adverse device effects, however 64 percent of patients had vomiting, 54 percent experienced nausea, 25 percent had abdominal pain and 2 patients were excluded because of symptoms.CONCLUSIONS:The ELIPSETM gastric balloon for weight loss seems to be an effective therapy with an acceptable safety profile. However it would be necessary to continue further studies to confirm these results, including comparative studies with current treatments.
Mineral Alteration and Fracture Influence on the Elastic Properties of Volcaniclastic Rocks
Authors: Durán Evert L. , Adam Ludmila , Wallis Irene C. , Barnhoorn Auke 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn geothermal environments, the physical properties of rocks, such as porosity and alteration, are highly variable and control the reservoir's elastic and hydraulic properties. Elastic wave velocity in volcaniclastic rocks and their relation to fractures, pore shapes, and mineral alteration is mostly unknown. We measure ultrasonic P and S wave speeds on volcanic rocks from the Ngatamariki Geothermal Reservoir, New Zealand. Data clustering of wave speed versus porosity and density allow us to classify lithotypes of variable propylitic and phyllic mineral alteration. Wave speeds increase first due to porosity reduction as a result of mineral alteration and welding and, second, due to the high elasticity of alteration minerals (epidote, chlorite, and carbonates). We model the rock porosity as composed of equant pores and oblate‐spheroidal microfractures following an elastic effective medium model. For our samples, microfracture porosities range from 4% in the volcaniclastic tuffs to less than 1% in the ignimbrites, which we validate with pycnometer porosity data under effective pressure. We quantify that within one geological volcaniclastic formation, wave speeds vary up to 47% due to rock alteration and welding, while the effect of microfractures and changes in effective stress on wave speeds is secondary (up to 11%) but not negligible. From the experimental and numerical results we show that equant pores remain open at reservoir conditions (2,000 m) and can retain considerable porosity (10%). Our analysis has implications for microfracture and pore network characterization in geothermal reservoirs, in particular, in vapor‐dominated systems where matrix porosity and permeability play a role.
Bromocriptine and cabergoline induce cell death in prolactinoma cells via the ERK/EGR1 and AKT/mTOR pathway respectively
Authors: Tang Chao , Sun Ruixin , Wen Guodao , Zhong Chunyu , Yang Jin , Zhu Junhao , Cong Zixiang , Luo Xiaoying , Ma Chiyuan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe treatment of hyperprolactinemia is based on the use of dopamine agonists, mainly bromocriptine (BRC) and cabergoline (CAB). They reduce tumour size effectively and restore gonadal function. However, there is a difference in drug sensitivity between CAB and BRC in patients with prolactinoma, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Thus, we investigated whether there are differences in tumour sensitivity to CAB and BRC and their possible differential mechanisms in two prolactinoma cell lines. In our study, we found that GH3 cells are more sensitive to BRC and that MMQ cells are more sensitive to CAB. Moreover, BRC and CAB elicited cell death via different pathways; BRC induced prolactinoma cell death mainly through the apoptosis pathway, and CAB induced pituitary prolactinoma cell death mainly via the autophagic cell death pathway. Using gene microarray analysis, we found that BRC induces the apoptosis of prolactinoma cells through the ERK/EGR1 signalling pathway, whereas CAB induces autophagic death by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Our study showed the difference in tumour sensitivity and differential mechanisms in BRC- and CAB-treated prolactinoma cells, which provides a theoretical basis for the accurate treatment of prolactinoma.
Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy
Authors: Rong Yuluo , Liu Wei , Wang Jiaxing , Fan Jin , Luo Yongjun , Li Linwei , Kong Fanqi , Chen Jian , Tang Pengyu , Cai Weihua 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) can cause severe irreversible motor dysfunction and even death. Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can promote functional recovery after acute SCI in experimental animals, but numerous issues, including low-transplanted cell survival rate, cell de-differentiation, and tumor formation need to be resolved before routine clinical application is feasible. Recent studies have shown that transplanted stem cells facilitate regeneration through release of paracrine factors. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the smallest known membrane-bound nanovesicles, are involved in complex intercellular communication systems and are an important vehicle for paracrine delivery of therapeutic agents. However, the application of NSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (NSC-sEVs) to SCI treatment has not been reported. We demonstrate that NSC-sEVs can significantly reduce the extent of SCI, improve functional recovery, and reduce neuronal apoptosis, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation in rats. Furthermore, our study suggests that NSC-sEVs can regulate apoptosis and inflammatory processes by inducing autophagy. In brief, NSC-sEVs increased the expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3B and beclin-1, and promoted autophagosome formation. Following NSC-sEV infusion, the SCI area was significantly reduced, and the expression levels of the proapoptotic protein Bax, the apoptosis effector cleaved caspase-3, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were significantly reduced, whereas the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was upregulated. In the presence of the autophagy inhibitor 3MA, however, these inhibitory effects of NSC-sEVs on apoptosis and neuroinflammation were significantly reversed. Our results show for the first time that NSC-sEV treatment has the potential to reduce neuronal apoptosis, inhibit neuroinflammation, and promote functional recovery in SCI model rats at an early stage by promoting autophagy.