bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Risk of First Acute Myocardial Infarction: The HUNT Study
Authors: Shigdel Rajesh , Dalen Håvard , Sui Xuemei , Lavie Carl J. , Wisløff Ulrik , Ernstsen Linda 
Published: April 2019

Background

The majority of studies evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness (
CRF
) as a cardiovascular risk factor use cardiovascular mortality and not cardiovascular disease events as the primary end point, and generally do not include women. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of estimated
CRF
(
eCRF
) with the risk of first acute myocardial infarction (
AMI
).

Methods and Results

We included 26 163 participants (51.5% women) from the HUNT study (Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study), with a mean age of 55.7 years, without cardiovascular disease at baseline. Baseline
eCRF
was grouped into tertiles.
AMI
was derived from hospital records and deaths from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. We used Fine and Gray regression modeling to estimate subdistribution hazards ratio (
SHR
) of
AMI
, accounting for competing risk of death. During a mean (range) follow‐up of 13 (0.02–15.40) years (347 462 person‐years), 1566
AMI
events were recorded. In fully adjusted models men in the 2 highest
eCRF
had 4% (
SHR
: 0.96, 95%
CI
: 0.83–1.11) and 10% (
SHR
: 0.90, 95%
CI
: 0.77–1.05) lower
SHR
of
AMI
, respectively, when compared with men in the lowest tertile. The corresponding numbers in women were 12% (
SHR
: 0.88, 95%
CI
: 0.72–1.08) and 25% (
SHR
: 0.75, 95%
CI
: 0.60–0.95).

Conclusions

eCRF
was inversely associated with risk of
AMI
event among women but not in men. Our data suggest that high
eCRF
may have substantial benefit in reducing the risk of
AMI
. Therefore, our data suggest that an increased focus on
eCRF
as a cardiovascular disease risk marker in middle‐aged and older adults is warranted.
Redescription and molecular characterisation of Hemicriconemoides rosae Rathour, Sharma, Singh & Ganguly, 2003 from rhizosphere of sugarcane in India
Authors: Khan Matiyar Rahaman , Phani Victor , Chauhan Khushbu , Somvanshi Vishal Singh , Pervez Rashid , Walia Raman Kumar 
Published: April 2019

Summary
A population of a Hemicriconemoides species was found from the rhizosphere of sugarcane in the Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Preliminary morphological studies led to the identification of the species as H. rosae. Further morphological and morphometric characterisation of the species was carried out by light microscopy. The gross morphology was consistent with the description of H. rosae except for some deviations in measurements. Here we present an amended description of the species together with illustrations and additional morphometric and morphological characters. The diagnostic relationship of H. rosae is given based on morphological and molecular information and a comparative study of paratype and holotype females. In addition, ITS rRNA and D2-D3 sequences were used for the construction of evolutionary relationship by Bayesian inference. The present study provides molecular data and a redescription of H. rosae collected from the rhizosphere of sugarcane in India.
Description of Discocriconemella sinensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from the rhizosphere of Camellia sinensis in China
Authors: Maria Munawar , Cai Ruihang , Subbotin Sergei A. , Zheng Jingwu 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Discocriconemella sinensis n. sp. isolated in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, from the rhizosphere of Camellia sinenis is described. The new species was characterised morphologically and molecularly. Important morphological details were elucidated by SEM photographs. The new species is characterised by an uninterrupted rounded cephalic disc, en face showing a rectangular labial plate with slit-like oral apertures, labial plate surrounded by slightly elevated projections resembling rudimentary lobes, R = 66 (64-69), Rex = 21 (17-24), stylet 74 (67-81) μm long, excretory pore located at the base of the pharyngeal bulb, vulva open, tail short and conoid with a lobed terminus. The species belongs to the group 1 lip pattern. Morphologically, it is most similar to D. discolabia, D. mauritiensis, D. mineira and D. perseae. This is the first new Discocriconemella species described from China. Phylogenetic analyses based on analysis of the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, partial 18S rRNA, and COI gene revealed that the new species formed a separate clade from other criconematid species, thereby supporting its status as a new species of the genus. The new species showed close relationships with Criconemoides informis.
The Permo-Carboniferous genus Sagenodus and the beginning of modern lungfish
Authors: Schultze H.-P. , Chorn J. 
Published: April 2019

The lungfish Sagenodus is a widespread Permo-Carboniferous genus found in Europe and North America. Important localities in the U.S.A. include Middle Pennsylvanian coals near Linton, Ohio, Upper Pennsylvanian deposits near Robinson and Hamilton, Kansas, and Peoria, Illinois; Lower Permian sediments near Cameron, Ohio; and Lower Permian “Red Beds” of Texas and Oklahoma. At least three species of Sagenodus were present in North America S. copeanus, S. periprion, S. serratus). S. ohiensis is represented solely by one skull.
Knowledge of the osteology of Sagenodus is enhanced by the study of well-preserved but disassociated elements from Robinson, Kansas (S. copeanus) and Little Bitter Creek, Texas (S. serratus). The orbital series is now known to be comprised of six elements and the sensory canal system is more complex than previously realized. The only known articulated skeleton of this genus, from Hamilton Quarry, Kansas, permits a restoration of the entire animal including the median fins. The dorsal and anal fins are not separate; there is instead, a continuous fin around the caudal end of the body, as found in other post-Devonian lungfishes.
Sagenodus is structurally intermediate between more primitive Devonian dipnoans and post-Paleozoic lungfishes. Evident trends can be seen in the reduction of bone (both number of bones and degree of ossification), the loss of cosmine, the nature of the scales, the structure and histology of tooth plates, and the configuration of the median fins. Sagenodus is a member of a euryhaline faunal assemblage that can be found from shallow marine to freshwater deposits.
Does Counterterrorism Trump Human Rights? An Analysis of US Foreign Aid Hearings Pre- and Post-9/11
Authors: Rumsey Jessie G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article empirically evaluates the comparative importance of human rights and counterterrorism during Senate subcommittee hearings on US foreign aid. Drawing on, and further developing, international regime theory, the article predicts that the human rights regime will be resilient to the September 11 shock to the international system. Qualitative content analysis of discourse during the seven years before and after the 9/11 attacks demonstrates the predominance of the human rights regime—even post-9/11, when the counterterrorism regime emerged as a competitor. The article explains why this is the case and offers insight to the human rights regime’s resilience.
Minilateralism Revisited: MIKTA as Slender Diplomacy in a Multiplex World
Authors: Kim Sung-Mi , Haug Sebastian , Harris Rimmer Susan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Based on over seventy interviews with diplomats and experts from all five MIKTA member countries, we find that MIKTA is used as a value-for-money minilateral mechanism for the world’s lesser powers grappling with the heightened global uncertainty and deepening interdependency. MIKTA foreign ministries have used the group as an ad hoc capacity-building and network-sharing scheme; and as a low-cost toolkit to diversify their traditional diplomatic channels and increase global visibility in various multilateral forums. However, MIKTA’s flexible, but precarious, institutional realities also suggest that minilateral arrangements that share MIKTA’s operational characteristics are likely to be short-lived and suffer from weak member commitment, resource constraints, forum-shopping risks, and a leadership vacuum.
Re-evaluating Theory and Methods in Diplomatic History: Bringing in Psychology, Neuroscience, Micro-Sociology, and Quantum
Authors: Holmes Marcus 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The discipline of international relations (ir) is not known for the prominence given to diplomatic history. Yet, recent trends in behavioral science have resulted in the emergence of a renewed focus on diplomacy in ir, in particular with regard to the emotions and psychology of international actors.
Shapes and Fall Orientations of Ice Particle Aggregates
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Verlinde Johannes , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Aydin Kultegin , Schmitt Carl 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Testing the often-made assumption that ice particle aggregates (snowflakes) are well represented by oblate spheroids, ellipsoid fits are applied to aggregate images. An algorithm to retrieve both the ellipsoidal parameters and the orientations of the fitted ellipsoids is applied to Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements of ice particle aggregates observed in Alaska. The resulting ellipsoids have shapes closer to prolate spheroids than the oft-assumed oblate spheroids. A robust linear relationship exists between the two characteristic aspect ratios of the ellipsoids. The most probable orientation of the maximum dimension of the retrieved ellipsoids is not in the horizontal plane, and the rotational angles of the maximum dimensions in the horizontal plane are not uniform, but instead display some correlation with the wind direction at the times of the measurements. The retrieval results can be used to improve the representation of aggregates in microphysics and/or electromagnetic radiation scattering models applicable to radar and satellite measurements.
Theoretical Analysis of the Entrainment–Mixing Process at Cloud Boundaries. Part II: Motion of Cloud Interface
Authors: Pinsky Mark , Khain Alexander 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The entrainment–mixing process leads to formation of a cloud–environment interface zone, consisting of the cloud dilution zone, where the liquid water content decreases as the distance from the cloud interior increases, and a humid shell with higher humidity in comparison with the dry environment. The time evolution of the location and width of these zones is analyzed by solving the diffusion–evaporation equation for the open region in the vicinity of the cloud–dry air interface. Upon normalization, the problem is reduced to a one-parametric one, the governing parameter being the potential evaporation parameter R &lt; 0, which is proportional to the ratio of saturation deficit in the dry air to the available liquid water content in the cloud air. It is shown that the widths of the dilution zone and the humid shell increase with time. At R &lt; −1, the interface between the dilution zone and the humid shell (i.e., the cloud edge) moves toward the cloud interior (i.e., the cloud dissipates). If R &gt; −1, the cloud edge moves outward; that is, the mixing leads to an increase in the cloud volume. It is shown that the relative humidity remains high within most of the cloud dilution zone, and the effective radius changes only slightly, especially in growing clouds, where the effective radius changes by less than 10% within more than 80% of the cloud dilution zone. The strong decrease in the LWC is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the droplet concentration. The study is illustrated by means of two examples of clouds: a small cumulus (Cu) typical of the trade wind zone and a deep convective cloud typical of the monsoon period over India. It is shown that while the small Cu tends to dissipate, the deep convective cloud expands. The characteristic sizes of the dilution zone and the humid shell are several tens of meters for the small Cu and several hundred meters for the deep convective cloud.
Short-Term and Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Memory Time Scales Are Spatially Anticorrelated at Global Scales
Authors: McColl Kaighin A. , He Qing , Lu Hui , Entekhabi Dara 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Land–atmosphere feedbacks occurring on daily to weekly time scales can magnify the intensity and duration of extreme weather events, such as droughts, heat waves, and convective storms. For such feedbacks to occur, the coupled land–atmosphere system must exhibit sufficient memory of soil moisture anomalies associated with the extreme event. The soil moisture autocorrelation e-folding time scale has been used previously to estimate soil moisture memory. However, the theoretical basis for this metric (i.e., that the land water budget is reasonably approximated by a red noise process) does not apply at finer spatial and temporal resolutions relevant to modern satellite observations and models. In this study, two memory time scale metrics are introduced that are relevant to modern satellite observations and models: the “long-term memory” τL and the “short-term memory” τS. Short- and long-term surface soil moisture (SSM) memory time scales are spatially anticorrelated at global scales in both a model and satellite observations, suggesting hot spots of land–atmosphere coupling will be located in different regions, depending on the time scale of the feedback. Furthermore, the spatial anticorrelation between τS and τL demonstrates the importance of characterizing these memory time scales separately, rather than mixing them as in previous studies.
On the Observed Inverse Relationship between Rainfall Amount and Dissolved Mineral Content
Authors: Stout John E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRainfall samples collected on the high plains of West Texas exhibit a high degree of variability with respect to the concentration of dissolved solids. That such variations should occur is to be expected, but there remains some uncertainty regarding factors that influence the ionic composition of individual samples. Measurements often show a distinct decrease in concentration with increasing precipitation amount. The reason for this inverse relationship is not intuitively obvious; however, it can be explained from a theoretical perspective. A theory was proposed that describes the concentration of dissolved solids in a collected rainfall sample. The theoretical basis of the derived equation rests upon fundamental principles of conservation of fluid volume and conservation of mass. This equation, which provides valuable insight into the process, suggests that if the rain sampling tube is absolutely clean at the start of a rain event, then the rainfall sample will not be altered by its collection and, therefore, will provide a true measure of rainfall chemistry. However, if windblown dust or other impurities are allowed to deposit in the rain gauge prior to or during the early stages of a rain event, then the concentration of dissolved solids can be very large for small sample volumes and not at all representative of the true concentration within the rain cloud. Results suggest that impurities in the rain sample can be appreciably diluted by the addition of relatively pure rainwater such that the concentration will asymptotically approach the true concentration as the rainfall sample volume increases.
Generation of Internal Lee Waves by Lateral Circulation in a Coastal Plain Estuary
Authors: Xie Xiaohui , Li Ming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent mooring observations at a cross-channel section in Chesapeake Bay showed that internal solitary waves regularly appeared during certain phases of a tidal cycle and propagated from the deep channel to the shallow shoal. It was hypothesized that these waves resulted from the nonlinear steepening of internal lee waves generated by lateral currents over channel-shoal topography. In this study numerical modeling is conducted to investigate the interaction between lateral circulation and cross-channel topography and discern the generation mechanism of the internal lee waves. During ebb tides, lateral bottom Ekman forcing drives a counterclockwise (looking into estuary) lateral circulation, with strong currents advecting stratified water over the western flank of the deep channel and producing large isopycnal displacements. When the lateral flow becomes supercritical with respect to mode-2 internal waves, a mode-2 internal lee wave is generated on the flank of the deep channel and subsequently propagates onto the western shoal. When the bottom lateral flow becomes near-critical or supercritical with respect to mode-1 internal waves, the lee wave evolves into an internal hydraulic jump. On the shallow shoal, the lee waves or jumps evolve into internal bores of elevation.
Decomposition of Vertical Velocity for Nutrient Transport in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Freilich Mara A. , Mahadevan Amala 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWithin the pycnocline, where diapycnal mixing is suppressed, both the vertical movement (uplift) of isopycnal surfaces and upward motion along sloping isopycnals supply nutrients to the euphotic layer, but the relative importance of each of these mechanisms is unknown. We present a method for decomposing vertical velocity w into two components in a Lagrangian frame: vertical velocity along sloping isopycnal surfaces and the adiabatic vertical velocity of isopycnal surfaces . We show that , where is the isopycnal slope and is the geometric aspect ratio of the flow, and that accounts for 10%–25% of the total vertical velocity w for isopycnal slopes representative of the midlatitude pycnocline. We perform the decomposition of w in a process study model of a midlatitude eddying flow field generated with a range of isopycnal slopes. A spectral decomposition of the velocity components shows that while is the largest contributor to vertical velocity, is of comparable magnitude at horizontal scales less than about 10 km, that is, at submesoscales. Increasing the horizontal grid resolution of models is known to increase vertical velocity; this increase is disproportionately due to better resolution of , as is shown here by comparing 1- and 4-km resolution model runs. Along-isopycnal vertical transport can be an important contributor to the vertical flux of tracers, including oxygen, nutrients, and chlorophyll, although we find weak covariance between vertical velocity and nutrient anomaly in our model.
Harmonised collection of data in youth mental health: Towards large datasets
Authors: Lavoie Suzie , Allott Kelly , Amminger Paul , Bartholomeusz Cali , Berger Maximus , Breakspear Michael , Henders Anjali K , Lee Rico , Lin Ashleigh , McGorry Patrick , Rice Simon , Schmaal Lianne , Wood Stephen J 
Published: April 2019

Objective: The current international trend is to create large datasets with existing data and/or deposit newly collected data into repositories accessible to the scientific community. These practices lead to more efficient data sharing, better detection of small effects, modelling of confounders, establishment of sample generalizability and identification of differences between any given disorders. In Australia, to facilitate such data-sharing and collaborative opportunities, the Neurobiology in Youth Mental Health Partnership was created. This initiative brings together specialised researchers from around Australia to work towards a better understanding of the cross-diagnostic neurobiology of youth mental health and the translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. One of the mandates of the partnership was to develop a protocol for harmonised prospective collection of data across research centres in the field of youth mental health in order to create large datasets. Methods: Four key research modalities were identified: clinical assessments, brain imaging, neurocognitive assessment and collection of blood samples. This paper presents the consensus set of assessments/data collection that has been selected by experts in each domain. Conclusion: The use of this core set of data will facilitate the pooling of psychopathological and neurobiological data into large datasets allowing researchers to tackle important questions requiring very large numbers. The aspiration of this transdiagnostic approach is a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying mental illnesses.
Comparing executive functioning and clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of people with schizophrenia who hold a driver’s license to those who do not
Authors: Hellinger Nurit , Lipskaya-Velikovsky Lena , Weizman Abraham , Ratzon Navah Z. 
Published: April 2019

Background. Community engagement requires driving. However, there is paucity of research focusing on the potential to drive for people with schizophrenia. Purpose. This study aimed to characterize people with schizophrenia by comparing clinical signs, executive functions (EF), and sociodemographic aspects of those holding a driver’s license to those without one. Method. This cross-sectional study used convenience sampling to select 60 ambulatory individuals to participate: 31 with a driver’s license and 29 without one. They completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) for evaluation of EF and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for symptoms severity evaluation. Data were analyzed using multivariate analyses of covariance and logistic regression models. Findings. Participants with a license had less severe negative symptoms and general psychopathology and better EF and sociodemographic aspects compared to those without a license. Logistic regression revealed significant odds ratios (OR) in general psychopathology (PANSS; OR = 0.963, p = .011) and in the WCST (OR = 0.504, p = .027). Implications. This study offers occupational therapists a data-driven perspective on evaluating potential fitness to drive to enable participation in daily life and well-being of people with schizophrenia.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, visceral fat, and body fat, but not dietary inflammatory index, are related to C-reactive protein in cancer survivors
Authors: Christensen Matthew A , Smoak Peter , Lisano Jonathon K , Hayward Reid , Coronado Craig , Kage Katie , Shackelford Daniel , Stewart Laura K 
Published: April 2019

Background: The control of chronic inflammation has emerged as a target for improving the health of cancer survivors (CS). Aim: To examine differences in fitness and dietary characteristics of CS when grouped by low vs. moderate to high serum C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods: CS ( N = 26, mean age = 68 ± 12 years) were evaluated for body mass index (BMI), body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, dietary intake, dietary inflammatory index (DII), and serum CRP. Participants were assigned to one of two groups based on serum CRP concentrations: low CRP (≤1 mg/L) (LWC; n = 13) or moderate to high (CRP > 1 mg/L) (MHC; n = 13) and t-tests compared them. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Results: LWC had higher VO2peak values (mL/kg/min) ( p = 0.0003), and lower visceral fat area (cm2) ( p = 0.02) and body fat mass (kg) ( p = 0.04). Secondary analysis using Pearson’s correlation coefficients, including all current study participant data, found significant negative relationships between CRP and total dietary fat intake ( p = 0.02), saturated fat ( p = 0.03), and polyunsaturated fat ( p = 0.03). Conclusion: CS with moderate to high serum CRP concentrations had higher fat mass, visceral fat mass, and lower cardiorespiratory fitness. There was a significant negative relationship between dietary, fat, polyunsaturated and saturated fat, and CRP. However, these dietary fat related findings warrant further investigation. To summarize, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, maintaining lower body fat, may be helpful in altering chronic inflammation in CS.