bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Molar Size and Proportions in the Hominid Lineage: An Inter- and Intraspecific Approach
Authors: D'Addona L A , Bernal V , Gonzalez P N 
Published: November 2024

Synopsis
The implications of the inhibitory cascade (IC) model in dental diversification have been primarily studied at an interspecific or higher level. In contrast, the study of organisms with recent evolutionary divergence or at an interpopulational scale is still very limited. Here, we assess the effect of changes in molar size and the ratio of local activators to inhibitors on molar proportions based on a compilation of data of crown diameters of the first, second, and third lower and upper molars of extinct and extant hominids and modern human populations. The analysis of allometric changes between the size of each tooth and the size of the molar row shows a negative allometry in first molars (M1), isometric changes in second molars (M2), and a positive allometry in third molars (M3) in both hominin phylogeny and modern human populations. On the other hand, the proportions of lower and upper molars of several hominid species fall outside the morphospace defined by the IC model, while most of the modern human populations fall within the morphospace defined by the model as M1 &gt; M2 &gt; M3. We conclude that there is a phylogenetic structuring for molar size, particularly in the maxilla, with a trend toward mesial-to-distal reduction in the molar row area accompanied by allometric changes. Our findings also show the limitations of the IC model for explaining molar proportions in primates, particularly the variation in the relative size at the interspecific scale in the hominid lineage.
Efficacy and tolerability of high-dose cefalexin 45 mg/kg/dose (maximum 1.5 g) three times daily in children with bone and joint infections
Authors: Hikmat Samar , Boast Alison , Curtis Nigel , Gwee Amanda 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Cefalexin, a first-generation cephalosporin, is commonly used as oral continuation therapy for paediatric bone and joint infections (BJIs). The standard four times daily cefalexin dose makes treatment adherence challenging. A pharmacokinetic modelling study found that a cefalexin dose of 45 mg/kg (maximum 1.5 g) three times daily achieves the same pharmacodynamic target.

Objectives
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of three times daily cefalexin dosing in children with BJIs.

Patients and methods
Retrospective audit of children aged 1–18 years who received cefalexin at a dose of 40–50 mg/kg (maximum 1.5 g) three times daily as oral continuation therapy for a haematogenous BJI at a quaternary paediatric hospital in Australia over a 4 year period (January 2019 to December 2022).

Results
Of 149 children with BJIs treated with three times daily cefalexin dosing, the majority (147/149; 99%) achieved cure, with two experiencing recurrence of their infection. Most children tolerated the higher cefalexin dose; 4 children experienced gastrointestinal symptoms and 13 developed neutropenia, which was mild in most cases with no associated complications.

Conclusions
A reduced frequency dosing regimen using a high cefalexin dose of 45 mg/kg (maximum 1.5 g) three times daily is effective and well tolerated in most children with BJIs.
Identifying stigmatizing and positive/preferred language in obstetric clinical notes using natural language processing
Authors: Scroggins Jihye Kim , Hulchafo Ismael I , Harkins Sarah , Scharp Danielle , Moen Hans , Davoudi Anahita , Cato Kenrick , Tadiello Michele , Topaz Maxim , Barcelona Veronica 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify stigmatizing language in obstetric clinical notes using natural language processing (NLP).

Materials and Methods
We analyzed electronic health records from birth admissions in the Northeast United States in 2017. We annotated 1771 clinical notes to generate the initial gold standard dataset. Annotators labeled for exemplars of 5 stigmatizing and 1 positive/preferred language categories. We used a semantic similarity-based search approach to expand the initial dataset by adding additional exemplars, composing an enhanced dataset. We employed traditional classifiers (Support Vector Machine, Decision Trees, and Random Forest) and a transformer-based model, ClinicalBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and BERT base. Models were trained and validated on initial and enhanced datasets and were tested on enhanced testing dataset.

Results
In the initial dataset, we annotated 963 exemplars as stigmatizing or positive/preferred. The most frequently identified category was marginalized language/identities (n = 397, 41%), and the least frequent was questioning patient credibility (n = 51, 5%). After employing a semantic similarity-based search approach, 502 additional exemplars were added, increasing the number of low-frequency categories. All NLP models also showed improved performance, with Decision Trees demonstrating the greatest improvement (21%). ClinicalBERT outperformed other models, with the highest average F1-score of 0.78.

Discussion
Clinical BERT seems to most effectively capture the nuanced and context-dependent stigmatizing language found in obstetric clinical notes, demonstrating its potential clinical applications for real-time monitoring and alerts to prevent usages of stigmatizing language use and reduce healthcare bias. Future research should explore stigmatizing language in diverse geographic locations and clinical settings to further contribute to high-quality and equitable perinatal care.

Conclusion
ClinicalBERT effectively captures the nuanced stigmatizing language in obstetric clinical notes. Our semantic similarity-based search approach to rapidly extract additional exemplars enhanced the performances while reducing the need for labor-intensive annotation.
Using human factors methods to mitigate bias in artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support
Authors: Militello Laura G , Diiulio Julie , Wilson Debbie L , Nguyen Khoa A , Harle Christopher A , Gellad Walid , Lo-Ciganic Wei-Hsuan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To highlight the often overlooked role of user interface (UI) design in mitigating bias in artificial intelligence (AI)-based clinical decision support (CDS).

Materials and Methods
This perspective paper discusses the interdependency between AI-based algorithm development and UI design and proposes strategies for increasing the safety and efficacy of CDS.

Results
The role of design in biasing user behavior is well documented in behavioral economics and other disciplines. We offer an example of how UI designs play a role in how bias manifests in our machine learning-based CDS development.

Discussion
Much discussion on bias in AI revolves around data quality and algorithm design; less attention is given to how UI design can exacerbate or mitigate limitations of AI-based applications.

Conclusion
This work highlights important considerations including the role of UI design in reinforcing/mitigating bias, human factors methods for identifying issues before an application is released, and risk communication strategies.
Development of Paget’s disease of bone in adults inheriting SQSTM1 mutations: a long-term follow-up
Authors: O’Sullivan Susannah , Bolland Mark , Cundy Tim 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In a 2015 study of SQSTM1 mutation carriers who had initial negative bone scintigraphy, we found that the rate of development of Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) over 5 yr was low. We report here an additional 8-yr follow-up of this cohort, exploring the hypothesis that the rate of development of PDB would increase as the cohort aged. In the current study, 21 of 24 subjects from 2015 who had a negative bone scintiscan at baseline and at first follow-up, had a repeat scintiscan and measurement of total serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Two subjects with P392L mutations were identified as having PDB (monostotic in one case, 2 bones involved in the other), giving an incidence during this follow-up period of 1 per 87 patient years or 11.9 per 1000 patient years. This was contrary to our hypothesis, as the rate of development had decreased as the cohort aged. When we compared by survival analysis the age at presentation with symptomatic PDB in the older generation, we found that the age of onset was later and disease severity in the affected relatives was markedly less than in their clinically affected parents (p &lt; .001). Our results are in keeping with other recently published studies and the general secular trend in PDB and support the idea that an important environmental-genetic interaction is involved with the development of PDB and that exposure to the putative environmental factor has substantially reduced.
An experimental investigation of the thermophysical properties of shale reservoirs: a case study of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formation in the Jiaoshiba Area
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiong , Liu Xiaoyu , Zhang Wei , Wu Hua , Liu Zongxun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The production of shale oil and gas is increasingly recognized as being influenced by temperature fields. Hydraulic fracturing involves the injection of substantial amounts of fracturing fluid into the reservoir, which alters the temperature field distribution and, in turn, affects shale gas production. In this work, we study the shale formations of Longmaxi, analyzing the factors that affect the thermophysical properties of shale under normal pressures. Using Hot Disk equipment, thermophysical properties were measured and a thermal conductivity model for shale was formulated from such data. The results reveal that mineral composition, temperature, and bedding characteristics are the primary determinants of shale thermophysical properties, while no significant correlation was found for porosity, permeability, or water saturation. We also identified variations for two distinct temperature ranges, below and above 60°C, as each exhibited different rates of change in thermophysical properties. Notably, pronounced bedding leads to less uniform heat transfer within the reservoir. This study offers theoretical insights into predicting temperature changes during hydraulic fracturing, which may aid oil and gas production.
X-vine models for multivariate extremes
Authors: Kiriliouk Anna , Lee Jeongjin , Segers Johan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Regular vine sequences permit the organization of variables in a random vector along a sequence of trees. Vine-based dependence models have become greatly popular as a way to combine arbitrary bivariate copulas into higher-dimensional ones, offering flexibility, parsimony, and tractability. In this project, we use regular vine sequences to decompose and construct the exponent measure density of a multivariate extreme value distribution, or, equivalently, the tail copula density. Although these densities pose theoretical challenges due to their infinite mass, their homogeneity property offers simplifications. The theory sheds new light on existing parametric families and facilitates the construction of new ones, called X-vines. Computations proceed via recursive formulas in terms of bivariate model components. We develop simulation algorithms for X-vine multivariate Pareto distributions as well as methods for parameter estimation and model selection on the basis of threshold exceedances. The methods are illustrated by Monte Carlo experiments and a case study on US flight delay data.
Multiphasic stochastic epidemic models
Authors: Barmpounakis Petros , Demiris Nikolaos 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, various non-pharmaceutical interventions aimed to reduce infection levels, leading to multiple phases of transmission. The disease reproduction number, Rt, quantifies transmissibility and is central to evaluating these interventions. This article discusses hierarchical stochastic epidemic models with piece-wise constant Rt, suitable for capturing distinct epidemic phases and estimating disease magnitude. The timing and scale of Rt changes are inferred from data, while the number of phases is allowed to vary. The model uses Poisson point processes and Dirichlet process components to learn the number of phases, providing insight into epidemic dynamics. We test the models on synthetic data and apply them to freely available data from the UK, Greece, California, and New York. We estimate the true number of infections and Rt and independently validate this approach via a large seroprevalence study. The results show that key disease characteristics can be derived from publicly available data without imposing strong assumptions.
Musculoskeletal Head and Neck Injuries in U.S. Active Duty Service Members: Prevalence/Incidence, Health Care Utilization, and Cost Analysis Spanning Fiscal Years 2016–2021
Authors: Yuan Xiaoning , Stewart Emma , Colahan Courtney , Pasquina Paul , Isaacson Brad , Pav Veronika , Hando Ben 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Active duty service members (ADSMs) of the U.S. Armed Forces are uniquely at risk for musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) of the Head/Neck region, including the eye and face, from training with head gear, donning Kevlar, operating aircraft, and maintaining sitting or standing postures for prolonged durations. The purposes of this descriptive study were to report the prevalence/incidence, health care utilization, and health care costs attributable to Head/Neck MSKIs across the Services from fiscal years (FYs) 2016 to 2021.

Methods
This was a retrospective, longitudinal population study, including ADSMs from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy. Prevalence and incidence rates for Head/Neck MSKIs, associated health care utilization, and private sector costs were obtained by querying electronic health records from military treatment facilities, private sector care (PC) claims, and theater medical data from October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2021 (FYs 16–21), using the Military Health System Data Repository. Utilization associated with Head/Neck MSKIs in both the direct care and PC settings was classified into mutually exclusive outpatient encounter categories and acute inpatient stays. PC costs related to Head/Neck MSKIs were captured for each year.

Results
In FY21, 109,683 ADSMs sought care for Head/Neck MSKIs, representing 7.3% of the U.S. Armed Forces. The prevalence of Head/Neck MSKIs ranged from 6.9 to 7.8% during FY16–21, with the highest annual prevalence among the Air Force (8.0–9.4%) and Army (7.9–8.8%). Within direct care across the services, Soldiers presented for the highest proportion (45.9–47.9%) of outpatient encounters for Head/Neck MSKI annually. The Air Force relied most heavily on PC for outpatient Head/Neck MSKI care, which accounted for $9,134,741 in PC costs and comprised 37.2% of all PC encounters in FY21.

Conclusions
This retrospective, descriptive study established prevalence/incidence, health care utilization, and PC costs for Head/Neck MSKIs across the services from FY16–21, emphasizing the burden of Head/Neck MSKIs among the U.S. Armed Forces, with PC costs amounting to $42,912,940 in FY21 alone.
Dimerization of the deaminase domain and locking interactions with Cas9 boost base editing efficiency in ABE8e
Authors: Arantes Pablo R , Chen Xiaoyu , Sinha Souvik , Saha Aakash , Patel Amun C , Sample Matthew , Nierzwicki Łukasz , Lapinaite Audrone , Palermo Giulia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
CRISPR-based DNA adenine base editors (ABEs) hold remarkable promises to address human genetic diseases caused by point mutations. ABEs were developed by combining CRISPR-Cas9 with a transfer RNA (tRNA) adenosine deaminase enzyme and through directed evolution, conferring the ability to deaminate DNA. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the efficient DNA deamination in the evolved ABEs remain unresolved. Here, extensive molecular simulations and biochemical experiments reveal the biophysical basis behind the astonishing base editing efficiency of ABE8e, the most efficient ABE to date. We demonstrate that the ABE8e’s DNA deaminase domain, TadA8e, forms remarkably stable dimers compared to its tRNA-deaminating progenitor and that the strength of TadA dimerization is crucial for DNA deamination. The TadA8e dimer forms robust interactions involving its R98 and R129 residues, the RuvC domain of Cas9 and the DNA. These locking interactions are exclusive to ABE8e, distinguishing it from its predecessor, ABE7.10, and are indispensable to boost DNA deamination. Additionally, we identify three critical residues that drive the evolution of ABE8e toward improved base editing by balancing the enzyme’s activity and stability, reinforcing the TadA8e dimer and improving the ABE8e’s functionality. These insights offer new directions to engineer superior ABEs, advancing the design of safer precision genome editing tools.
Growth effects of fiscal policy: an application of the unobserved common factor model
Authors: Kostarakos Ilias , Varthalitis Petros 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study the long-run effects of fiscal policy on growth in a panel of twenty-eight European countries using annual data over the last 25 years. We draw on recent developments from the panel time series econometrics literature and introduce the unobserved common factor framework for the estimation of the growth effects of fiscal policy. This approach accounts for the country-specific impact of global macroeconomic shocks and other sources of unobserved time-varying heterogeneity. Our results indicate that fiscal policy has a significant impact on growth and highlight the importance of tax policy instruments. We furthermore demonstrate that the commonly used estimation approaches lead to a significant underestimation of the effects of fiscal policy changes on growth in our sample. Lastly, our empirical results are robust to substantial changes to the sample.
Overview of the Types of Problem-Solving Courts (with Mia A. Holbrook and Mary Dhondt)
Authors: Holbrook Mia A. , Dhondt Mary 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Over time, the US judicial system has transformed beyond its original adversarial framework. This transformation has been seen worldwide, with court systems adapting and adjusting from their original, more traditional structures. This evolution has seen courts becoming more specialized and integrating approaches that focus on addressing specific issues or specialties to address the needs of the current population. There are many types of problem-solving courts in the United States and around the world. This chapter will discuss the most common types of problem-solving courts, detailing the history, operations, scope of adoption and culture, and science of the court. The problem-solving courts examined include drug courts, DWI/DUI courts, mental health courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, human trafficking courts, gambling courts, prostitution courts, veterans’ treatment courts, Aboriginal courts, child support courts, family dependency treatment courts, reentry courts, animal courts, gun courts, homelessness courts, US tribal courts, and elder protection courts.
The Psychology of Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter includes the discussion of psychological concepts associated with problem-solving courts, specifically, the rational actor model, the psychological legal decision-making model, anticipated emotion, operant conditioning, social support, social norms, authority, and the moralizing nature of the courts. These theories are not necessarily used as the guidelines for problem-solving courts, but they are often used to explain how and why certain court programs are successful while others are not. Moreover, these psychological theories provide foundations for understanding the potential causes and effects of human behavior related to these courts and their participants. Psychological theories also guide and direct scientific research and technological innovations applied to problem-solving courts. By understanding some of the core psychological principles in problem-solving courts, court personnel, community stakeholders, and treatment providers might be better able to predict participants’ compliance and success to help improve their programs.
Why Some Countries Do Not Have Problem-Solving Courts
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Yelderman Logan A. , Holbrook Mia A. , Kulak Kylie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Although problem-solving courts are becoming more commonplace in the United States and beyond, some countries do not have the means, values, or desires to incorporate them. Some factors that might explain why some countries have not adopted problem-solving courts include (1) a lack of case demand or resources; (2) fear of negative outcomes; (3) beliefs that maintaining equality prohibits specialized courts for only some offenders; (4) the legal requirement for all courts to provide rehabilitation; (5) beliefs that it is not the court’s role to help offenders; and (6) current, broader social issues that require more of the country’s attention. This chapter adds an additional factor, which is added to the former typology as (7) community demands. Included interviews from citizens in these countries highlight why the described countries might have not adopted problem-solving courts.
We Wish to Tweet Our Own Cause—Theorizing Black Twitter
Authors: Clark Meredith D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Every bit of Black Twitter’s construction has a larger significance in digital discourses about Black life, from usernames and avatars to hashtags and private-in-public conversations. Using a series of case studies from the early 2010s (#PaulasBestDishes, Juror B37, #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen), this chapter details the multistage process of Black Digital Resistance and discusses the ways that Black Twitter coupled the platform’s affordances with cultural references to create new worlds and counter harmful messages. Analysis of these case studies contributes to a grounded-theory explication of Black Digital Resistance as enacted by Black Twitter, a six-stages process of positively self-identifying as Black; self-selecting into conversations on topics about issues of concern to Black people and communities; signaling participation through the use of key, culturally resonant hashtags and phrases; affirming other speakers in the culturally bound conversation; reaffirming the online messages of resistance in offline spaces, and pursuing vindication for the collective through a series of protest acts and demands.
Arbitrating Debt
Authors: Powers Allison 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the United States used arbitration to secure special economic protections for US nationals in Mexico during the first decades of mass foreign investments in Latin America. In 1868, the United States and Mexico established by treaty an arbitral tribunal designed to settle outstanding diplomatic grievances by awarding monetary compensation for any instance in which either state was found to have violated international legal norms in its treatment of the other’s nationals. Tracing how the resultant United States–Mexico Claims Commission recast definitions of “forced dispossession” from a concept previously interpreted to concern wartime confiscations of property to one that characterized peacetime legislation that limited the profits of foreign corporations as forms of dispossession for which states could be help financially liable, the chapter argues that the decisions of the Claims Commission positioned the United States to invoke arbitration as mechanism through which to secure increasing economic power in the Americas during the final decades of the nineteenth century.