bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arches cluster revisited
Authors: Clark J. S. , Lohr M. E. , Najarro F. , Dong H. , Martins F. 
Published: April 2018

Context. Located within the central region of the Galaxy, the Arches cluster appears to be one of the youngest, densest, and most massive stellar aggregates within the Milky Way. As such, it has the potential to be uniquely instructive laboratory for the study of star formation in extreme environments and the physics of very massive stars.
Aims. To realise this possibility, the fundamental physical properties of both cluster and constituent stars need to be robustly determined; tasks we attempt here.
Methods. In order to accomplish these goals we provide and analyse new multi-epoch near-IR spectroscopic data obtained with the VLT/SINFONI and photometry from the HST/WFC3. We are able to stack multiple epochs of spectroscopy for individual stars in order to obtain the deepest view of the cluster members ever obtained.
Results. We present spectral classifications for 88 cluster members, all of which are WNLh or O stars: a factor of three increase over previous studies. We find no further examples of Wolf–Rayet stars within the cluster; importantly no H-free examples were identified. The smooth and continuous progression in spectral morphologies from O super/hypergiants through to the WNLh cohort implies a direct evolutionary connection. We identify candidate giant and main sequence O stars spectroscopically for the first time. No products of binary evolution may be unambiguously identified despite the presence of massive binaries within the Arches.
Conclusions. Notwithstanding difficulties imposed by the highly uncertain (differential) reddening to the Arches, we infer a main sequence/luminosity class V turn-off mass of ~30−38 M⊙ via the distribution of spectral types. Analysis of the eclipsing binary F2 suggests current masses of ~80 M⊙ and ~60 M⊙ for the WNLh and O hypergiant cohorts, respectively; we conclude that all classified stars have masses >20 M⊙. An age of ~2.0−3.3 Myr is suggested by the turn-off between ~O4-5 V; constraints imposed by the supergiant population and the lack of H-free WRs are consistent with this estimate. While the absence of highly evolved WC stars strongly argues against the prior occurrence of SNe within the Arches, the derived age does accommodate such events for exceptionally massive stars. Further progress will require quantitative analysis of multiple individual cluster members in addition to further spectroscopic observations to better constrain the binary and main sequence populations; nevertheless it is abundantly clear that the Arches offers an unprecedented insight into the formation, evolution and death of the most massive stars nature allows to form.
Flugmedizinische Bedeutung des obstruktiven Schlafapnoesyndroms
Authors: Knöffler Andreas 
Published: April 2018

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn zunehmendem Maße, gerade was die Nutzung unbemannter Luftfahrzeuge (UAV; Drohnen etc.) angeht, muss die Bedeutung schlafbezogener Atemstörungen mit in die flugmedizinische Bewertung des Personals einbezogen werden. Das Gleiche gilt natürlich auch für Piloten, Fluglotsen und Kabinenpersonal. Ein obstruktives Schlafapnoe-syndrom (OSAS) muss richtig diagnostiziert und festgestellt werden. Im Folgenden soll die häufigste Form der schlafbezogenen Atemstörungen für militärische Piloten, militärische Fluglotsen und zivile Klasse 1 und 2 Piloten sowie Kabinenpersonal vorgestellt, die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen sowohl der Diagnostik als auch der Therapie dargestellt und die Bedeutung für die Flugmedizin erklärt werden.
Metallic Stent for Malignant Colorectal Obstruction
Authors: Inaba Yoshitaka , Sato Yozo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAcute colorectal obstruction has been often reported as a secondary outcome of left-colonic malignancy. It is considered as a common emergency condition. Self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement is widely used as a palliative treatment for the management of malignant colorectal obstruction (MCRO). SEMS placement is also deliberated as a bridge to surgery. With advances in technology, several recent studies of SEMS placement for MCRO indicated high technical (94–98%) and clinical (91–93%) success rates. The complication rate associated with SEMS is quite acceptable. However, long-term outcomes are still unclear. The symptoms should be carefully monitored before application of SEMS, particularly in patients who are eligible for systemic chemotherapy and in patients with a long life expectancy because of late complications such as reobstruction, stent migration, and perforation. Appropriate patient selection and placement technique are keys for the successful implementation of SEMS.
Implementing Obstetric Early Warning Systems
Authors: Friedman Alexander , Campbell Mary , Kline Carolyn , Wiesner Suzanne , D'Alton Mary , Shields Laurence 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSevere maternal morbidity and mortality are often preventable and obstetric early warning systems that alert care providers of potential impending critical illness may improve maternal safety. While literature on outcomes and test characteristics of maternal early warning systems is evolving, there is limited guidance on implementation. Given current interest in early warning systems and their potential role in care, the 2017 Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Annual Meeting dedicated a session to exploring early warning implementation across a wide range of hospital settings. This manuscript reports on key points from this session. While implementation experiences varied based on factors specific to individual sites, common themes relevant to all hospitals presenting were identified. Successful implementation of early warnings systems requires administrative and leadership support, dedication of resources, improved coordination between nurses, providers, and ancillary staff, optimization of information technology, effective education, evaluation of and change in hospital culture and practices, and support in provider decision-making. Evolving data on outcomes on early warning systems suggest that maternal risk may be reduced. To effectively reduce maternal, risk early warning systems that capture deterioration from a broad range of conditions may be required in addition to bundles tailored to specific conditions such as hemorrhage, thromboembolism, and hypertension.
Instrumente richten
Authors: Wagenhäuser Kirsten , Wagenhäuser Karl-Heinz 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungWie Sie die Instrumente koordiniert aus dem Sieb auf dem Instrumentiertisch richten und dabei möglichst wenig Handgriffe ausführen, zeigen wir Ihnen im zweiten
Teil unserer Serie. Auf unseren Fotos stellen wir das Richten der Instrumente beispielhaft anhand einer Leistenhernie in der Viszeralchirurgie dar.
Liquid metal embrittlement during resistance spot welding of Zn-coated high-strength steels
Authors: Bhattacharya Diptak 
Published: April 2018

Liquid Zn-assisted embrittlement during resistance spot welding of Zn-coated high strength steels induces risks of surface cracking. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the surface crack evolution due to liquid metal embrittlement during spot welding. Several aspects of cracking have been discussed such as macroscopic and microscopic features of liquid Zn-assisted cracks, prevalent crack locations in spot welds, sensitivity to welding conditions, and susceptibility of different types of steels and Zn-based coatings. Subsequently, the influence of governing factors like temperature, stress, microstructure, and nature of coating are presented by correlating thermo-mechanical studies with actual spot welding investigations on Zn-coated steels. Finally, the possible mechanisms of embrittlement are discussed and suitable methods to suppress surface crack formation during spot welding are suggested. This is the winning review of the 2018 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.
Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reforms, Spatial Market Integration, and Welfare: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Ethiopia
Authors: Fuje Habtamu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn light of climate change and tight fiscal conditions after the 2008 crises, fuel subsidy reform has become a popular policy. The G20 leaders, in their Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania meeting in 2009, committed to phase out inefficient fuel subsidies. However, little is known about the implications of removing subsidies on food prices and welfare. I study the welfare effects of such reforms through their impacts on the spatial dispersion of food prices using a “natural experiment” from Ethiopia. I employ time‐regression discontinuity design using a highly disaggregated monthly grain price data (1996–2013) from 300 locations. I find the following: (a) the reform substantially increased grain price dispersion; (b) there are notable spatial heterogeneities in the treatment effect; (c) even if the reform has had no impact on overall price levels, it increased cross‐sectional spatial price differences; and (d) net‐sellers of grain in remote districts and some urban households experienced welfare losses.
Estimation of the spawning biomass of myctophids based on larval production and reproductive parameters: the case study of Benthosema pterotum in the East China Sea
Authors: Sassa Chiyuki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study estimated the spawning biomass of a myctophid by applying the daily egg production method (DEPM) based on data of larval fish surveys and reproductive parameters. Benthosema pterotum in the central part of the East China Sea shelf was used as the model species, as ecological and reproductive data are available in the literature. This study used data of the larvae and adults sampled in late summer when the primary spawning occurs. Daily egg production was estimated by back-projection of the daily production of larvae at hatching by 10 h, assuming that the mortality rate during the egg stage is the same to that of the larval stage. This study determined the sex ratio, batch fecundity, and spawning fraction. As a result, spawning biomass of B. pterotum in the East China Sea shelf was estimated to be 9036 tons. The study also assesses and discusses several sources of potential uncertainty. The relative sensitivity of estimates of spawning biomass to variations in each parameter showed a four fold difference between the lowest and highest estimates (4066–16 265 tons). Since this was comparable to the biomass estimated by a swept-area trawl survey, the approximate estimation of biomass would be possible by applying this method. Considering that larval fish surveys have been conducted in the world’s oceans and myctophids have always dominated in the samples, application of the DEPM is a potential option for estimating the order of magnitude of the biomass of myctophids.
Consequences of Strong Stability of Minimal Submanifolds
Authors: Lotay Jason D , Schulze Felix 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this note we show that the recent dynamical stability result for small $C^1$-perturbations of strongly stable minimal submanifolds of C.-J. Tsai and M.-T. Wang [12] directly extends to the enhanced Brakke flows of Ilmanen [5]. We illustrate applications of this result, including a local uniqueness statement for strongly stable minimal submanifolds amongst stationary varifolds, and a mechanism to flow through some singularities of Lagrangian mean curvature flow, which are proved to occur by Neves [7].
Using Large-Scale Social Media Experiments in Public Administration: Assessing Charitable Consequences of Government Funding of Nonprofits
Authors: Jilke Sebastian , Lu Jiahuan , Xu Chengxin , Shinohara Shugo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this article, we introduce and showcase how social media can be used to implement experiments in public administration research. To do so, we pre-registered a placebo-controlled field experiment and implemented it on the social media platform Facebook. The purpose of the experiment was to examine whether government funding to nonprofit organizations has an effect on charitable donations. Theories on the interaction between government funding and charitable donations stipulate that government funding of nonprofit organizations either decreases (crowding-out), or increases (crowding-in) private donations. To test these competing theoretical predictions, we used Facebook’s advertisement facilities and implemented an online field experiment among 296,121 Facebook users nested in 600 clusters. Through the process of cluster-randomization, groups of Facebook users were randomly assigned to different nonprofit donation solicitation ads, experimentally manipulating information cues of nonprofit funding. Contrary to theoretical predictions, we find that government funding does not seem to matter; providing information about government support to nonprofit organizations neither increases nor decreases people’s propensity to donate. We discuss the implications of our empirical application, as well as the merits of using social media to conduct experiments in public administration more generally. Finally, we outline a research agenda of how social media can be used to implement public administration experiments.
The Effects of Interprofessional Pediatric End-of-Life Simulation on Communication and Role Understanding in Health Professions Students
Authors: Stout-Aguilar Jacqueline , Pittman Alison , Bentley Regina , Livingston Jerry , Watzak Bree 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of interprofessional pediatric end-of life simulations for health professions students. A quasiexperimental design was used with three TeamSTEPPS® tools. Forty-one students were enrolled (nursing = 20, medicine = 10, pharmacy = 10, public health = 1). TeamSTEPPS 2.0 Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire and Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire analysis indicated a significant difference in mean pretest and posttest scores (p = .015 and p = .028, respectively). The Team Performance Observation Tool indicated statistical significance between simulations (p < .001, df = 18, r = .8). Simulations were significantly related to an increase in faculty observation scores, TeamSTEPPS 2.0 Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire pre-post scores, and TeamSTEPPS 2.0 Teamwork Perceptions Questionnaire pre-post scores.
Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Cerebral Vasospasm and Associated Biomarkers in a Rat Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model
Authors: Song Young , Lim Beom Jin , Kim Do-Hyeong , Ju Jin Woo , Han Dong Woo 
Published: April 2018

Background:
The α2 adrenergic agonist dexmedetomidine (DEX) has huge potential for protecting against cerebral vasospasm, a leading cause of death and disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Biomarker assays for SAH have recently emerged as tools for predicting vasospasm and outcomes. We investigated the effects of DEX on vasospasm and assessed relevant biomarkers in a rat SAH model.

Methods:
Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to sham (n=10), vehicle (n=10), SAH (n=10), or SAH+ DEX (n=10) groups. The SAH and SAH+DEX groups received 0.3 mL injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna, followed by intraperitoneal injections of normal saline or 10 μg/kg DEX. Forty-eight hours later, neurological deficits as well as the basilar artery (BA) wall thickness and cross-sectional area were measured. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were obtained to assess concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), endothelin-1, and S100-β using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results:
The SAH and SAH+DEX groups exhibited deteriorated neurological function as well as structural and morphological BA vasospasm. The SAH+DEX group showed an improved neurological function score (ie, a 52% decrease), a 10% reduction in wall thickness, and a BA cross-sectional area enlarged by 157%. Compared with the sham group, CSF levels of IL-6 and CRP in the SAH and SAH+DEX groups, as well as serum IL-6 and CRP levels in the SAH group, were significantly elevated. The SAH+DEX group showed significantly lower CSF IL-6 levels than the SAH group. Serum and CSF levels of endothelin-1 and S100-β were similar across all groups.

Conclusions:
DEX administration reduced the severity of cerebral vasospasm and improved neurological function in SAH rats; this may be closely linked to reduced CSF IL-6 levels.
Oral Tranexamic Acid for the Treatment of Melasma: A Review
Authors: Bala Harini R. , Lee Senhong , Wong Celestine , Pandya Amit.G. , Rodrigues Michelle 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND
Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation that commonly affects those with skin of color. Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a novel treatment for melasma that has a multimodal mechanism of action.

OBJECTIVE
To provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the evidence on the mode of action, safety profile, and efficacy of TXA in the treatment of melasma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature was searched for publications on TXA in the treatment of melasma using MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar.

RESULTS
Oral TXA has clearly demonstrated the efficacy for melasma in Asian skin, even in low doses (e.g., 500 mg daily) over short periods (8–12 weeks). It is also a safe therapeutic option, which is easy to administer with few and mild side effects. Studies have shown that TXA does not increase the thromboembolic risk, although patients should be screened carefully for contraindications and risk factors prior to commencement of the therapy.

CONCLUSION
Oral TXA is a safe and efficacious treatment for refractory melasma. It should be considered in cases that are unresponsive to topical hydroquinone and combination topical therapy over a period of approximately 12 weeks and without contraindications to oral TXA.
Time-Dependent Decline in Serum Phenytoin Concentration With Heightened Convulsive Seizure Risk by Prolonged Administration of Fosphenytoin in Japanese: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ohno Yuta , Niwa Takashi , Hirai Keita , Suzuki Keiko , Yamada Yuto , Hayashi Yuichi , Hayashi Hideki , Suzuki Akio , Itoh Yoshinori 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Because clinical data to confirm the safety and effectiveness of fosphenytoin, a prodrug of phenytoin, are insufficient, the length of administration of fosphenytoin is restricted. Nevertheless, some cases require fosphenytoin administration for more than a few days. The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the serum concentration of phenytoin in adult Japanese patients who received intravenous fosphenytoin therapy for more than 3 days.

Methods:
Patients injected with intravenous fosphenytoin for more than 3 days at Gifu University Hospital between January 2012 and September 2014 were enrolled. Individual pharmacokinetic parameters were predicted by Bayesian estimation using NONMEM software, and the maintenance dose of fosphenytoin required to maintain the therapeutic trough concentration (10–20 mcg/mL) was calculated from the parameters.

Results:
Among a total of 8 patients, the serum trough concentration of phenytoin decreased with each day after repeated injection of fosphenytoin. The incidence rate of significant convulsive seizures was increased time dependently (0% on day 1, 12.5% on day 2, 25% on day 3, and 66.7% on day 4 and after). Phenytoin clearance showed a time-dependent increase. The maintenance dose of fosphenytoin required to maintain the therapeutic trough concentration was simulated to be 779.8 ± 316.8 mg/d, a dose that was markedly higher than the actual maintenance dose (414.1 ± 55.7 mg/d).

Conclusions:
Prolonged use of fosphenytoin, for such patients as those with autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy accompanied with reflux disease and/or ileus, time dependently decreased the serum concentration of phenytoin and increased the risk of convulsion. Therefore, the maintenance dose should be increased to maintain the therapeutic serum concentration.
Goldilocks Mastectomy with Bilateral In Situ Nipple Preservation Via Dermal Pedicle
Authors: Richardson Heather , Aronowitz Joel A. 
Published: April 2018

Summary:
Patients who don’t want or can’t have formal breast reconstruction after mastectomy surgery can be considered for a Goldilocks mastectomy, where the breast fullness is recreated from what is left behind after the gland tissue is removed from underneath the skin in a breast reduction pattern. A Goldilocks mastectomy does not require the use of implants or tissue transfer from other parts of the body and may be completed in a single surgery. This is best suited for larger breasted women who are willing to have much smaller breasts as a result. Previously, it was a challenge to be able to preserve the nipples when this operation was performed; however, this article describes a patient who had a bilateral Goldilocks mastectomy for right breast cancer who was able to save her nipples by keeping the blood flow in place from the surrounding skin. Conventional breast reconstruction after mastectomy is a challenge for larger breasted women. The Goldilocks mastectomy technique was designed to make best use of the redundant lower pole skin and subcutaneous fat to recreate a breast mound without a prosthetic implant or autologous tissue transfer. In its original description, the Goldilocks mastectomy did not include a means for nipple preservation. In this report, we describe the further refinement of the Goldilocks procedure that preserves the nipple areolar complex using a dermal pedicle. A patient with large pendulous breasts and right breast carcinoma underwent a bilateral Goldilocks nipple-sparing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction without an implant or flap.
New Surgical Modality for Management of Corneal Perforation Using Bowman Membrane
Authors: Choudhary Dharamveer Singh , Agrawal Nikhil 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:
To describe a new surgical modality, “Bowman membrane tuck-in,” for management of small to medium sized corneal perforation of a noninfectious etiology.

Methods:
Two patients with corneal perforation of a noninfectious etiology and less than 4 mm in size underwent Bowman membrane tuck-in, a new surgical procedure. In this technique, Bowman membrane harvested from the donor cornea was tucked inside the stromal pocket of host tissue, which was prepared by 360-degree anterior stromal lamellar dissection. Patients were followed up for 6 months and were examined for best-corrected visual acuity, epithelialization time, anterior chamber stability, and graft-related complications.

Results:
During 6-month follow-up, best-corrected visual acuity improved from PL+ (positive) to 20/120 and 20/200 in patient 1 and patient 2, respectively, and epithelialization was completed within a 2-week period in both patients. Surgery was uneventful in both cases; however, anterior chamber re-formation and graft repositioning were performed in patient 1. None of the patients showed signs of rejection or graft failure at 6-month follow-up.

Conclusions:
Bowman membrane tuck-in is an effective sutureless and glueless technique for management of corneal perforation of a noninfectious etiology, which may be used in emergency settings for the management of noninfectious corneal perforation of size less than 4 mm.