bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Certain gentlemen say…’
Authors: Morrell Kit 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the nature and significance of a debate between Cicero and Cato in 56 bc over the repeal of Clodius’ tribunician laws. By combining close attention to the evidence of Plutarch and Dio with a study of the prosopography and geographical movements of some members of the Roman elite, it seeks to reconstruct the arguments used on each side and suggests identifications for several of the anonymous ‘gentlemen’ elliptically identified as Cicero’s adversaries in the contemporary De prouinciis consularibus. It is argued that Cicero’s attacks on these unnamed opponents relate to a recently-held Senate meeting in which the validity of Clodius’ laws was debated and Cicero’s position rejected both on technical grounds and in the interests of constitutional stability. The repercussions of this debate for Cicero and Cato personally and for Roman politics more broadly are also discussed.
The Politics ofPronuntiatio
Authors: Hilder Jennifer 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the approach to pronuntiatio (delivery) in the anonymous Rhetorica ad Herennium. In the first section, Cicero’s later accounts of oratorical delivery are used to assess whether Auctor is contributing something original to rhetorical theory, with a particular focus on consistency, gestures, and theatricality. Indeed, Auctor’s framing of pronuntiatio is not particularly unusual. In the second section, this is linked to the post-Social War context and Auctor’s concern elsewhere in the text with the murders of (so-called) popularis tribunes. The chapter concludes by arguing that Auctor’s conservative recommendations for pronuntiatio may reflect a need to turn orators away from a dangerous and unsuccessful ‘popularis’ delivery.
Women from the Rostra
Authors: Gladhill Bill 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the role that Fulvia played as a public speaker in the aftermath of the murder of her husband Clodius, and the way in which Cicero presented Fulvia’s actions in his defence of the murderer Milo. It argues that the inuidia which Fulvia directed at Milo through her public lament over Clodius’ body, itself informed by the pompa funebris or traditional mourning practices of women at Rome, fundamentally shaped the positions which both sides took up in the following months as the events reached their judicial conclusion. The episode thus sheds light on female speech, and reveals a fracturing of gender divides and of the distinction between public and private.
Triatomic molecules
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Double ionisation of the triatomic molecules presented in this chapter shows an added degree of complexity. Besides potentially having many more electrons, they have three vibrational degrees of freedom (three normal modes) instead of the single one in a diatomic molecule. For asymmetric and bent triatomic molecules multiple modes can be excited, so the spectral bands may be congested in all forms of electronic spectra, including double ionisation. Double photoionisation spectra of H2O, H2S, HCN, CO2, N2O, OCS, CS2, BrCN, ICN, HgCl2, NO2, and SO2 are presented with analysis to identify the electronic states of the doubly charged ions. The order of the molecules in this chapter is set first by the number of valence electrons, then by the molecular weight.
Mainly aliphatic molecules
Authors: Eland John H.
                            D. , Feifel Raimund 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Double photoionisation spectra of homologous iodides and alcohols, acetonitrile, methyl mercaptan, acetaldehyde, acetone, norbornane, cyclooctatetraene, and TMMD are presented. Effects on the spectra of these molecules from electronic state congestion and geometry changes on ionisation mean that only the lowest dication states can be identified. As little detailed analysis of the individual spectra is possible, this chapter presents the molecules in groups rather than individually. In this chapter, molecules are ordered more thematically than strictly by size. The chapter starts with four homologous iodides and three homologous alcohols. Then this chapter takes some individual molecules with different substituent groups and proceed to a few larger molecules. The chapter demonstrates the dominant effect of the distance to which charges can separate in the dication on the double ionisation threshold.
Fundamental Sources of Growth
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this chapter I provide a methodological framework for the rest of the book to help explain Poland’s long-term economic backwardness, its unprecedented economic success since 1989, and its development prospects. I argue that the existing economic literature largely focuses on the proximate causes of economic growth, but underestimates the fundamental causes of growth—institutions, culture, ideologies, leaders, and luck—which drive economic policies and are ultimately the reasons why some countries are rich while others are poor. I then focus on the role of institutions and culture in explaining economic development. Following Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (ARJ), I distinguish between ‘extractive societies’ and ‘inclusive societies’, and argue that it is rare to move from one type of society equilibrium to another. I extend the ARJ institutional framework and show the conditions necessary for the shift from extractive to inclusive societies and vice versa.
Drivers of Poland’s Successful Transition
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this chapter I explain the proximate drivers of Poland’s economic success since 1989. I divide the transition into the initial period of ‘shock therapy’ during 1989 1991 and then the second period of economic recovery after 1992. I discuss the ongoing debate on the pros and cons of ‘shock therapy’ versus a ‘gradual’ approach to post-communist transition. I use the example of Poland’s ‘shock therapy’ to analyze both approaches. I conclude that that the differences in actual policies were smaller than implied by the rhetoric of both sides of the debate. I then explain why Poland was more successful than other transition economies, and discuss whether Poland could have grown even faster. I argue that on the whole the Polish transition was almost ‘as good as it gets’. I draw the lessons learned and policy insights from Poland’s transition for other countries.
Testimonial Pessimism
Authors: Fraser Rachel Elizabeth 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent epistemological history has inclined towards ‘testimonial optimism’, keen to stress the division of epistemic labour and how ubiquitously we depend upon the words of others. Its counterpart, ‘testimonial pessimism’, marks out a cluster of gloomier views, which stress—in different ways—testimony’s epistemic shortcomings. This chapter’s project is to establish a robust connection between pessimist readings of testimony, and two different commitments one might have in the philosophy of language: ‘emotionism’, and what the author calls ‘strong’ readings of the de re. The author does not aim to say, in this chapter, what she thinks we ought to do with these connections; that is, she aims to remain agnostic on whether we should take the connections she sketches to give us a way of vindicating pessimism, or whether they are better read as part of an error theoretic project.
Boltzmann’s Theory
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this last chapter, the reader will find synthetic reflections on Boltzmann’s sources, on the basic components of his theory, and on the ways it was received. The basic components are arranged according to the natural order in which they occurred in Boltzmann’s theory making: constructive tools, chief constructions, crucial predictions, underlying concepts, bridges between different approaches. To fully understand his enterprise, one must embrace his theory as an entire whole organism. This is a difficult and time-consuming task, which this book is meant to ease. In the past, Boltzmann’s readers fortunately did not need a historian’s thoroughness in order to benefit from his multiple constructs and insights. These elements, even taken out of context, had enough power to propel diverging theoretical projects from Boltzmann’s times to ours. In many ways, Boltzmann’s theory anticipated the richness, diversity, and residual opacity of modern statistical mechanics.
Data at the Tevatron
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Before the LHC, there was the Tevatron, which ran at the high-energy frontier for approximately 25 years. Many of the modern analysis tools used at the LHC were first developed at the Tevatron. In this chapter, benchmark data analyses (and related theoretical tools), such as for W/Z bosons, photons, and jets, are described. The apex of the Tevatron was the discovery of the top quark. Measurements of the top quark cross section and of the top quark mass are examined and tt¯ asymmetry measurements and predictions are reviewed. Although attributed to many Beyond-the-Standard Model scenarios, the ultimate explanation for the larger than expected asymmetry turned out to be higher order QCD. There were very active Higgs boson searches at the Tevatron. Although the Tevatron was able to somewhat exclude the allowed Higgs mass range, time ran out before any observation could be made. This was left to the LHC.
Evidence for Somatic Hypersensitivity in Veterans With Gulf War Illness and Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Authors: Zhou QiQi , Verne Meghan L. , Zhang Buyi , Verne G. Nicholas 
Published: March 2018

Introduction:
Over 25% of Persian Gulf War (PGW) veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI) (chronic health symptoms of undetermined etiology) developed gastrointestinal (GI) (diarrhea and abdominal pain) and other somatic symptoms.

Objectives:
Our study objective was to determine if veterans with GWI and GI symptoms exhibit heightened patterns of somatic pain perception (hypersensitivity) across nociceptive stimuli modalities.

Methods:
Participants were previously deployed GW Veterans with GWI and GI symptoms (n=53); veterans with GWI without GI symptom (n=47); and veteran controls (n=38). We determined pain thresholds for contact thermal, cold pressor, and ischemic stimuli.

Results:
Veterans with GWI and GI symptoms showed lower pain thresholds (P<0.001) for each stimulus. There was also overlap of somatic hypersensitivities among veterans with GI symptoms with 20% having hypersensitivity to all 3 somatic stimuli. Veterans with GWI and GI symptoms also showed a significant correlation between mechanical visual analog scale abdominal pain ratings and heat pain threshold, cold pressor threshold, and ischemic pain threshold/tolerance.

Discussion:
Our findings show that there is widespread somatic hypersensitivity in veterans with GWI/GI symptoms that is positively correlated with abdominal pain ratings. In addition, veterans with somatic hypersensitivity that overlap have the greatest number of extraintestinal symptoms. These findings may have a translational benefit: strategies for developing more effective therapeutic agents that can reduce and/or prevent somatic and GI symptoms in veterans deployed to future military conflicts.
Vascular Tumors in Infants: Case Report and Review of Clinical, Histopathologic, and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of Infantile Hemangioma, Pyogenic Granuloma, Noninvoluting Congenital Hemangioma, Tufted Angioma, and Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma
Authors: Johnson Emma F. , Davis Dawn M. , Tollefson Megha M. , Fritchie Karen , Gibson Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:
Vascular tumors in infants present a diagnostic and treatment dilemma for both clinicians and pathologists. Infantile hemangioma, the most common vascular tumor in infants, can be confused for other less common vascular tumors in infants. Correct and timely diagnosis is important, as some vascular tumors can be associated with life-threatening coagulopathy. We present the cases of 5 vascular tumors that have clinical and histologic overlap: infantile hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, noninvoluting congenital hemangioma, tufted angioma, and kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Typical clinical and histopathologic features of each lesion are summarized. We review the utility and characteristic immunohistochemistry including CD31, CD34, GLUT-1, D2-40, LYVE-1, Prox-1, and WT-1. Collaboration between the clinician and the dermatopathologist correlating the clinical history and histopathologic features can lead to the correct diagnosis, whereas the utility of immunohistochemistry remains in question.
Demonstration of the Effectiveness of Augmented Reality Telesurgery in Complex Hand Reconstruction in Gaza
Authors: Greenfield Max J. , Luck Joshua , Billingsley Michael L. , Heyes Richard , Smith Oliver J. , Mosahebi Afshin , Khoussa Abu , Abu-Sittah Ghassan , Hachach-Haram Nadine 
Published: March 2018

Summary:
Augmented reality (AR) is defined as “a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user’s view of the real world, thus providing a composite view.”
1
This case report describes how emerging AR telesurgery technologies may be used to facilitate international surgeon–surgeon collaboration and training. Here, we illustrate how a remote surgeon in Beirut, Lebanon, was able to offer assistance to a surgeon in Gaza, Palestine, during a complex hand reconstruction case following a bomb-blast injury in an 18-year-old male. We discuss the implications of AR technology on the future of global surgery and how it may be used to reduce structural inequities in access to safe surgical care.
Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention to Increase Human Papillomavirus Knowledge in High-Risk Minority Women
Authors: Suarez Mora Adria , Madrigal Jessica M. , Jordan Lauren , Patel Ashlesha 
Published: March 2018

Objectives
The aims of the study were to evaluate human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer knowledge in a population at high risk for cervical cancer and to determine whether knowledge and attitudes toward HPV vaccination improve after educational intervention.

Materials and Methods
This pre-post survey design study was conducted at the John H. Stroger Hospital of Cook County colposcopy clinic. An HPV knowledge and awareness survey was given to participants before their clinical encounter. Afterward, participants watched an educational video and repeated the survey, which was administered again at the follow-up visit. Knowledge scores and acceptability of HPV vaccination were compared across all surveys.

Results
Among the 104 participants who completed baseline and immediate postintervention surveys, the average baseline score was 9.6 of 20. Knowledge scores improved after the educational intervention (mean = 14.1, p < .0001) and remained elevated in the 44 participants that completed long-term follow-up (mean = 13.5, p < .0001). Acceptability of HPV vaccination for participants themselves increased from 47.1% to 76% (p < .0001) and for children/grandchildren increased from 30.8% to 71.2% (p < .0001) after the intervention. Overall, women were worried about HPV and cervical cancer for themselves and their children/grandchildren at baseline. However, the intervention improved perceptions about HPV vaccination cost, safety, adverse effects, and efficacy.

Conclusions
Knowledge of HPV, cervical cancer, and HPV vaccination is low in this high-risk population and may improve with a simple educational intervention. Increased knowledge was associated with an increase in vaccine acceptability and improved perceptions about HPV vaccination. Educational interventions targeted toward high-risk women are necessary to decrease cervical cancer incidence and mortality.
Insulin Signaling-independent Activation of DAF-16 Shapes the Transcriptome during Normal Aging
Authors: Li Shang-Tong , Zhao Han-Qing , Zhang Pan , Liang Chung-Yi , Zhang Yan-Ping , Hsu Ao-Lin , Dong Meng-Qiu 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe roles and regulatory mechanisms of transriptome changes during aging are unclear. It has been proposed that the transcriptome suffers decay during aging owing to age-associated down-regulation of transcription factors. In this study, we characterized the role of a transcription factor DAF-16, which is a highly conserved lifespan regulator, in the normal aging process of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that DAF-16 translocates into the nucleus in aged wild-type worms and activates the expression of hundreds of genes in response to age-associated cellular stress. Most of the age-dependent DAF-16 targets are different from the canonical DAF-16 targets downstream of insulin signaling, indicating that activation of DAF-16 during aging is not due to reduced insulin signaling from DAF-2. Further analysis showed that it is due to the loss of proteostasis during aging, at least in part. We also found that without daf-16, dramatic gene expression changes occur as early as on adult day 2, indicating that DAF-16 acts to stabilize the transcriptome during normal aging. Our results thus reveal that normal aging is not simply a process in which the gene expression program descends into chaos due to loss of regulatory activities; rather, there is active transcriptional regulation that fights aging.
The Evolutionary Moulding in plant-microbial symbiosis: matching population diversity of rhizobialnodA and legumeNFR5genes
Authors: Igolkina Anna A. , Bazykin Georgii A. , Chizhevskaya Elena P. , Provorov Nikolai A. , Andronov Evgeny E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe propose the Evolutionary Moulding hypothesis that population diversities of partners in nitrogen-fixing rhizobium-legume symbiosis are matched, and tested it in nucleotide polymorphism of symbiotic genes encoding two components of the plant-bacteria signalling system. The first component is the rhizobialnodA acyltransferase involved in the fatty acid tail decoration of Nod factor (rhizobia signalling molecule). The second component is the plantNFR5receptor, putatively required for Nod-factor binding.We collected three wild growing legume species together with soil samples adjacent to the roots (soil pool) from one large 25-year fallow:Vicia sativa, Lathyrus pratensisandTrifolium hybridumnodulated by one of the twoRhizobium leguminosarumbiovars (viciaeandtrifolii). For each plant species we prepared three pools for DNA extraction: the plant pool (30 plant indiv.), the nodule pool (90 nodules) and the soil pool (30 samples).NFR5gene libraries from the plant pool andnodA gene libraries from nodule and soil pools were sequenced by Sanger technology and High-throughput pyrosequencing, respectively. Analysis of the data demonstrated concordance in population diversities of one symbiotic partner (rhizobia) the second partner (legume host), in line with the Evolutionary Moulding hypothesis. This effect was evinced by the following observations for each plant species: (1) significantly increased diversity in the nodulenodA popset (set of gene sequences derived from the nodule population) compared to the soil popset; (2) a monotonic relationship between the diversity in the plantNFR5gene popset and the nodule rhizobialnodA gene popset; and (3) higher topological similarity of theNFR5gene tree with thenodA gene tree of the nodule popset, than with thenodA gene tree of the soil popset. Both nonsynonymous diversity and Tajima’s D were increased in the nodule popsets compared to the soil popsets, consistent with relaxation of negative selection and/or admixture of balancing selection underlying the Evolutionary Moulding effect. We propose that the observed genetic concordance arises from the selection of particular characteristics of the nodulenodA genes by the host plant.
Object-vector coding in the medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Høydal Øyvind Arne , Skytøen Emilie Ranheim , Moser May-Britt , Moser Edvard I. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMammals use distances and directions from local objects to calculate trajectories during navigation but how such vectorial operations are implemented in neural representations of space has not been determined. Here we show in freely moving mice that a population of neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) responds specifically when the animal is at a given distance and direction from a spatially confined object. These ‘object-vector cells’ are tuned similarly to a spectrum of discrete objects, irrespective of their location in the test arena. The vector relationships are expressed from the outset in novel environments with novel objects. Object-vector cells are distinct from grid cells, which use a distal reference frame, but the cells exhibit some mixed selectivity with head-direction and border cells. Collectively, these observations show that object locations are integrated in metric representations of self-location, with specific subsets of MEC neurons encoding vector relationships to individual objects.
Label-free assessment of pre-implantation embryo quality by the Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)-phasor approach
Authors: Ma Ning , de Mochel Nabora Reyes , Pham Paula Duyen Anh , Yoo Tae Yeon , Cho Ken WY. , Digman Michelle A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDevelopment of quantitative, safe and rapid techniques for assessing embryo quality provides significant advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). We apply the phasor-FLIM method to capture endogenous fluorescent biomarkers of pre-implantation embryos as a non-morphological caliber for embryo quality. Here, we identify the developmental, or “D-trajectory”, that consists of fluorescence lifetime from different stages of mouse pre-implantation embryos. The D-trajectory correlates with intrinsic fluorescent species from a distinctive energy metabolism and oxidized lipids, as seen with Third Harmonic Generation (THG) that changes over time. In addition, we have defined an Embryo Viability Index (EVI) to distinguish pre-implantation embryo quality using the Distance Analysis, a machine learning algorithm to process the fluorescence lifetime distribution patterns. We show that the phasor-FLIM approach provides a much-needed non-invasive quantitative technology for identifying healthy embryos at the early compaction stage with 86% accuracy. This may increase embryo implantation success forin vitrofertilization clinics.HighlightsA label-free method of tracking metabolic trajectories during pre-implantation mouse embryo development.A non-invasive approach for assessing embryo quality and viability by a phasor-FLIM analysis.
Do agricultural services contribute to cost saving? Evidence from Chinese rice farmers
Authors: Tang Liqun , Liu Qiang , Yang Wanjiang , Wang Jianying 
Published: March 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to clarify agricultural services into five categories, including agricultural materials supply service, financial service, technical service, machinery service and processing and sales service, and to examine the effect of agricultural services on cost saving of rice production in China.

Design/methodology/approach
Based on a three-year panel data set covering 3,421 rice farmers in 12 Chinese provinces collected from the state rice industry experiment stations’ fixed watch points of China Agriculture Research System, a stochastic frontier model which takes the price vectors of input variables into cost function is developed by stochastic frontier analysis method in the study.

Findings
There is a deviation between the actual cost and the minimum cost on rice production in China due to the loss of cost efficiency, whose score is 0.7983 at the mean. Agricultural services can help improve cost efficiency, thus contributing to cost saving. Specifically, the effect of technical service on cost saving is the highest, followed by processing and sales service, machinery service, financial service and agricultural materials supply service.

Originality/value
The results of this paper are of great significance to the effectiveness and efficiency of the targeted agricultural services and indicate implications for policy improvement under the context of clear upward trend of agricultural production costs.