bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of compression on thermal protection of firefighting protective clothing under flame exposure
Authors: Su Yun , Yang Jie , Li Rui , Song Guowen , Li Jun 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe applied compression on firefighting protective clothing affects the physical properties of the designed system, which in return the thermal protective performance (TPP) could be changed. A modified TPP tester was proposed to investigate the effect of compression on performance of protective clothing. Three stages of heat exchange during firefighting, including heat exposure, heat discharge, and skin cooling, were defined to examine contribution of each stage to skin burn injury. Additionally, the influence of compression on thermal protection was compared under planar and cylindrical configurations. The results demonstrated that the applied compression significantly exacerbated skin burn injuries, while the further increase of the pressure had no significant effect on skin burn injuries. The thermal energy during heat discharge ranged from 42.2% to 64.5% of the maximum thermal energy, highly depending on the fabric properties, the applied compression, the heat discharge time, and the body configuration. The decrease of thermal energy during skin cooling stage only composed a small portion of total absorbed thermal energy, which was increased by the applied compression. The conclusions from this study could contribute to understanding the principle of thermal protection in different firefighting stages for reducing skin burn injury.
A facile method for preparation of PGS@ZB‐N and gas‐sol alternating synergistic effect for fire resistance of EVA
Authors: Wei Hong , Li Li , Ma Ya‐Li , Liu Ru‐Xue , Meng Shuang‐Yan , Niu Li‐Tong , Zhang Zhe , Yang Zhi‐Wang 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThrough the simple precipitation of palygorskite (PGS) by zinc borate (ZB) (to make PGS@ZB) and the decoration of PGS@ZB by dodecylamine (N), a novel organic‐inorganic@inorganic hybrid flame retardant of PGS@ZB‐N was prepared and was incorporated with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) to improve its flame retardance. The structure and morphology of PGS@ZB‐N were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and it was confirmed that the PGS@ZB‐N hybrid had been successfully prepared. The flame retardancy and burning behavior of EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG (EG = expandable graphite) composite were studied through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 (by the vertical burning test), and cone calorimeter test (CCT) characterizations. The prepared EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG composite obtained an LOI value of 41.2% with the addition of 30 wt% PGS@ZB‐N/EG. It was found that EVA/PGS@ZB‐N/EG was protected through a gas phase and condensed phase alternating synergistic effect mechanism.
Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the Shanghulin Basin within the north‐western Great Xing'an Range, NE China: Constraints from geochronology and geochemistry
Authors: Mao An‐Qi , Sun De‐You , Yang Dong‐Guang , Tang Zong‐Yuan , Zheng Han 
Published: July 2019

This study presents new zircon U–Pb ages, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data, and whole‐rock geochemical data obtained from the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks from the north‐western Great Xing'an Range, Northeast China, to constrain the late Mesozoic magmatism and geodynamic setting of this region, which is located in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Zircon U–Pb age determinations show that the studied samples formed at 124–114 Ma with an Early Cretaceous magmatic event produced voluminous felsic and minor mafic volcanic rocks. The mafic rocks are dominantly basalt and basaltic andesite, with relatively low SiO2 contents (49.88–56.64 wt.%). These rocks are enriched in Th, U, large‐ion lithophile elements (LILE; e.g., Rb, Ba, and K) and light rare‐earth elements (REEs), and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (HFSE; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and heavy REEs (Yb and Lu). The rocks have εNd(t) values of 0.44–0.75 and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.70499–0.70548. These results indicate that the mafic rocks were derived from the partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle that had been previously metasomatized by subduction‐related fluids and experienced variable amounts of fractional crystallization and moderate crustal contamination. In contrast to the mafic rocks, the felsic rocks are dominantly peraluminous trachytes, rhyolites, and dacites with high SiO2 contents and low MgO contents. These felsic rocks display enriched and variable concentrations of LILEs and REEs, show negative Eu anomalies, and have εHf(t) values of +2.6 to +8.3 with TDM2 ages of 1,014–655 Ma, indicating they were derived from partial melting of juvenile crustal materials. These Early Cretaceous igneous rock assemblages record a post‐collisional lithospheric extensional setting resulting from the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean, consistent with the results of previous studies on the contemporaneous tectono‐magmatic activities in NE China.
Mode of delivery among nulliparous women with single, cephalic, term pregnancies: The WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health, 2004–2008
Authors: Harrison Margo S. , Betrán Ana Pilar , Vogel Joshua P. , Goldenberg Robert L. , Gülmezoglu A. Metin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine risk factors associated with cesarean delivery among nulliparous women in spontaneous labor with a single, cephalic, term pregnancy (Robson group 1).MethodsData were assessed from the WHO Global Survey of Maternal and Perinatal Health conducted in 2004–2008.ResultsAmong 82 280 women in Robson group 1, 67 698 (82.3%) had vaginal and 14 578 (17.7%) had cesarean delivery. In adjusted analyses, maternal factors associated with cesarean included age older than 18 years, being overweight or obese, being married or cohabitating, attending four prenatal visits or more, and being medically high risk (P<0.001). Women who were obstetrically high risk, referred during labor, or at 39 gestational weeks or more were also more likely to undergo cesarean (all P<0.001). Facility‐level factors associated with cesarean were availability of an anesthesia service 24/7, being a teaching facility, requirement of fees for cesarean, availability of electronic fetal monitoring, and having providers skilled in operative vaginal delivery (all P<0.01).ConclusionThe analysis highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy pre‐pregnancy and pregnancy weight, optimizing management of women with medical problems, and ensuring clear referral mechanisms for women with intrapartum complications. The association between fees and cesarean delivery warrants further exploration.
Enhanced contrast acoustic‐resolution photoacoustic microscopy using double‐stage delay‐multiply‐and‐sum beamformer for vasculature imaging
Authors: Mozaffarzadeh Moein , Varnosfaderani Mehdi H. H. , Sharma Arunima , Pramanik Manojit , de Jong Nico , Verweij Martin D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn acoustic‐resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR‐PAM) systems, the lateral resolution in the focal zone of the ultrasound (US) transducer is determined by the numerical aperture (NA) of the transducer. To have a high lateral resolution, a large NA is used. However, the larger the NA, the smaller the depth of focus [DOF]. As a result, the lateral resolution is deteriorated at depths out of the focal region. The synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) along with a beamformer can be used to improve the resolution outside the focal region. In this work, for image formation in AR‐PAM, we propose the double‐stage delay‐multiply‐and‐sum (DS_DMAS) algorithm to be combined with SAFT. The proposed method is evaluated experimentally using hair targets and in vivo vasculature imaging. It is shown that DS_DMAS provides a higher resolution and contrast compared to other methods. For the B‐mode images obtained using the hair phantom, the proposed method reduces the average noise level for all the depths by about 134%, 57% and 23%, compared to the original low‐ resolution, SAFT+DAS and SAFT+DMAS methods, respectively. All the results indicate that the proposed method can be an appropriate algorithm for image formation in AR‐PAM systems.
High‐charge‐capacity sputtered iridium oxide neural stimulation electrodes deposited using water vapor as a reactive plasma constituent
Authors: Maeng Jimin , Chakraborty Bitan , Geramifard Negar , Kang Tong , Rihani Rashed T. , Joshi‐Imre Alexandra , Cogan Stuart F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe deposition and properties of sputtered iridium oxide films (SIROFs) using water vapor as a reactive gas constituent are investigated for their potential as high‐charge‐capacity neural stimulation electrodes. Systematic investigation through a series of optical and electrochemical measurements reveals that the incorporation of water vapor as a reactive gas constituent, along with oxygen, alters the reduction–oxidation (redox) state of the plasma as well as its morphology and the electrochemical characteristics, including the cathodal charge‐storage capacity (CSCc) and charge‐injection capacity (CIC), of the SIROF. An apparent optimal O2:H2O gas ratio of 1:3 produced SIROF with a CSCc of 182.0 mC cm−2 μm−1 (median, Q1 = 172.5, Q3 = 193.4, n = 15) and a CIC of 3.57 mC cm−2 (median, Q1 = 2.97, Q3 = 4.58, n = 12) for 300‐nm‐thick films. These values are higher than those obtained with SIROFs deposited using no water vapor by a factor of 2.3 and 1.7 for the CSCc and CIC, respectively. Additionally, the SIROF showed minimal changes in electrochemical characteristics over 109 pulses of constant current stimulation and showed no indication of cytotoxicity toward primary cortical neurons in a cell viability assay. These results warrant investigation of the chronic recording and stimulation capabilities of the SIROF for implantable microelectrode arrays.
MiR-146a Deletion Protects From Bone Loss in OVX Mice by Suppressing RANKL/OPG and M-CSF in Bone Microenvironment
Authors: Zhao Jingyu , Huang Mingjian , Zhang Xudong , Xu Jiajia , Hu Guoli , Zhao Xiaoying , Cui Penglei , Zhang Xiaoling 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
MicroRNAs play important roles in osteoporosis and show great potential for diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-146a affects osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC) formation. However, these findings have yet to be identified in vivo, and it is unclear whether miR-146a is related to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrated that miR-146a knockout protects bone loss in mouse model of estrogen-deficient osteoporosis, and miR-146a inhibits OB and OC activities in vitro and in vivo. MiR-146a−/− mice displayed the same bone mass as the wild type (WT) but exhibited a stronger bone turnover than the WT did under normal conditions. Nevertheless, miR-146a−/− mice showed an increase in bone mass after undergoing ovariectomy (OVX) compared with those subjected to sham operation. OC activities were impaired in the miR-146a−/− mice exposed to estrogen deficiency, which was diametrically opposite to the enhanced bone resorption ability of WT. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) from a bone microenvironment affect this extraordinary phenomenon. Therefore, our results implicate that miR-146a plays a key role in estrogen deficiency–induced osteoporosis, and the inhibition of this molecule provides skeleton protection. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
ssc‐miR‐204 regulates porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis by targeting TGFBR1 and TGFBR2
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Wang Wei , Liu Jian‐Bo , Wang Ying , Hao Jin‐Dong , Huang Yi‐Jie , Gao Yan , Jiang Hao , Yuan Bao , Zhang Jia‐Bao 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) take part in a variety of biological processes by regulating target genes. Transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and TGFBR2 are crucial members of the TGF‐β family and are serine/threonine kinase receptors. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of ssc‐miR‐204 in porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis with regard to the TGFβ/Smad pathway. We identified miRNAs predicted to target TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 using a database and selected ssc‐miR‐204 as a candidate miRNA. ssc‐miR‐204 overexpression dramatically reduced the levels of TGFBR1 and TGFBR2. However, after transfection with ssc‐miR‐204 inhibitor, TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 levels were dramatically increased. ssc‐miR‐204 overexpression dramatically promoted porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis. After transfection with ssc‐miR‐204 inhibitor, porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis were dramatically inhibited. After transfection with ssc‐miR‐204 mimics, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, p‐Smad2, and p‐Smad3 protein levels significantly decreased, and adipogenesis was regulated by inhibiting the TGF‐β/Smad3 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results verified that ssc‐miR‐204 regulates porcine preadipocyte differentiation and apoptosis by targeting TGFBR1 and TGFBR2.
A rare late progression form of Sly syndrome mucopolysaccharidosis
Authors: Guffon Nathalie , Froissart Roseline , Fouilhoux Alain 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMucopolysaccharidoses VII, or Sly syndrome, is linked to mutations in the beta‐glucuronidase encoding gene. Sly syndrome is a rare condition and presentation is highly variable, ranging from a prenatal form with severe, lethal fetal hydrops to more benign adolescent or adult forms with simple thoracic kyphosis. Molecular diagnosis of this adult male patient identified two missense mutations in the GUSB gene that led to a deficiency in beta‐glucuronidase catalytic activity and the resulting accumulation of chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. During childhood, bilateral inguinal hernia was repaired at 1 year of age and gait abnormalities were noted, leading to a bilateral femoral varization osteotomy due to a bilateral coxa valga with hip subluxation at the age of 7.5. The patient suffered regular upper respiratory infections and required numerous orthopedic surgeries. Despite learning difficulties with visual and hearing deficits, the patient worked full‐time and undertook regular leisure activities. At 33 years of age, the patient's health deteriorated; a hip replacement and glaucoma leading to reductions in his visual field limited his capacity to travel independently. The patient was hospitalized at 51. Although he remained self‐sufficient for taking meals, he needed help with many daily activities. Following a period marked by major asthenia with a general loss of autonomy, the patient died at 52 years of age. With the advent of new enzyme replacement therapies, this medical history of this rare untreated attenuated patient may provide benchmarks to judge the efficacy of treatment in future patients.
The research on 220‐GHz signal detecting system
Authors: Niu Zhongqian , Zhang Bo , Fan Yong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents our investigation into a 220‐GHz signal monitoring system. The detectable frequency band of the proposed system is 220 to 230 GHz with the ability to distinguish mirror frequency. The detectable signal ranging from one tone signal to 1 GHz and the frequency accuracy is 1 KHz. More importantly, the terahertz monitoring system can accurately estimate the center frequencies of monotone signals and common modulation signals. The modulation methods including BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, 32QAM, and 64QAM. The front end of the receiver consists of a 220‐GHz subharmonic mixer and a 110‐GHz tripler that are based on Schottky diodes. Both the mixer and the tripler show great performance and guarantees the well operation of the monitoring system. In addition, the baseband algorithm is modified to improve efficiency and reduce computation. The experiment of signal detection shows the system can identify the frequency, power, bandwidth, and the modulation mode of the unknown signal during the operation band.
Developmental origins of cortical hyperexcitability in Huntington's disease: Review and new observations
Authors: Cepeda Carlos , Oikonomou Katerina D. , Cummings Damian , Barry Joshua , Yazon Vannah‐Wila , Chen Dickson T. , Asai Janelle , Williams Christopher K. , Vinters Harry V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD), an inherited neurodegenerative disorder that principally affects striatum and cerebral cortex, is generally thought to have an adult onset. However, a small percentage of cases develop symptoms before 20 years of age. This juvenile variant suggests that brain development may be altered in HD. Indeed, recent evidence supports an important role of normal huntingtin during embryonic brain development and mutations in this protein cause cortical abnormalities. Functional studies also demonstrated that the cerebral cortex becomes hyperexcitable with disease progression. In this review, we examine clinical and experimental evidence that cortical development is altered in HD. We also provide preliminary evidence that cortical pyramidal neurons from R6/2 mice, a model of juvenile HD, are hyperexcitable and display dysmorphic processes as early as postnatal day 7. Further, some symptomatic mice present with anatomical abnormalities reminiscent of human focal cortical dysplasia, which could explain the occurrence of epileptic seizures in this genetic mouse model and in children with juvenile HD. Finally, we discuss recent treatments aimed at correcting abnormal brain development.
The relationship between atmospheric blocking and temperature anomalies in Turkey between 1977 and 2016
Authors: Efe Bahtiyar , Sezen İsmail , Lupo Anthony R. , Deniz Ali 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe relationship between the character of atmospheric blocking and surface temperature has not been studied in depth for Turkey. Here, these relationships are investigated for the period 1977–2016. The seasonal mean temperature anomalies for all stations during blocked days varies between −2.1 and 0.8°C. There are four main patterns representing the mean seasonal temperature anomalies for all stations during blocked and non‐blocked days. The annual cycle for each group is nearly opposite, and this indicates the impact of blocking on observed temperature, as blocked days comprised 30% of the study period. When focusing on the spatial distribution of mean seasonal anomalies, the winter and fall seasons show that, almost all stations have negative temperature anomalies although anomalies are close to zero during warm seasons (spring and summer). The composite analysis shows that the western part of the country is strongly affected by cold air advection during upstream blocking events and the eastern part of the country is affected by warm temperature advection for downstream blocking events. There is a statistically significant (95% confidence level) negative correlation between blocking intensity and temperature anomalies in all seasons except spring. There is no relationship between both blocking duration and longitudinal extent and the seasonal mean temperature anomaly except during winter, which has a significant negative correlation. The temperature anomaly distribution stratified by season shows that strong positive anomalies are rarely observed in all seasons. Only winter and spring were associated with very strong positive anomalies and only at a few stations. Rex‐type atmospheric blocking events are observed during the period of not only the maximum temperature anomaly but also for minimum anomalies. However, the location of the blocking event differed from the typical situation above, with the cold and warm events being located downstream and upstream of Turkey, respectively.
Raman measurements using a field‐widened spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer
Authors: Qiu Jun , Qi Xiangdong , Li Xiaotian , Xu Wenhui , Zhao Meihong , Tang Yuguo , Cheng Yixue , Li Wenhao , Jirigalantu  , Bayinheshig  
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpatial heterodyne Raman spectroscopy has become a useful spectroscopic detection technique that is particularly suitable for Raman measurements. This method uses the Fourier transform of the interferogram imaged on the detector by stationary diffraction gratings. Spatial heterodyne Raman spectroscopy has the same characteristic of conventional Fourier‐transform spectroscopy, which is that the field of view is limited. We propose a two‐dimensional spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS) that uses a field widening prism to effectively increase the throughput or sensitivity without sacrificing the spectral resolution for Raman measurements while broadening the bandpass. The signal‐to‐noise ratio is measured under different integrations or laser powers and shows that the system exhibits good stability and fair repeatability. Raman spectra obtained from the field‐widened SHRS and a commercialized Raman instrument are compared, and the field‐widened SHRS and the SHRS using the same instrumental parameters without field widening are also compared. A higher signal‐to‐noise ratio can be achieved using the field‐widened SHRS. In our measurements, the field‐widened SHRS can be operated under the slightly more complex conditions required for wide‐field measurements with short integration times and low laser power. Raman spectra of a pure inorganic target or a target contained in glass and a plastic bottle are observed. A sulfate is investigated in two states: solid salt and aqueous solution. Several mixture liquids, mixture solids, minerals, and anti‐Stokes Raman shifts are also investigated. The results show that the field‐widened SHRS exhibits a good performance to successfully perform wide‐field Raman measurements.
Reactions of nitronium sulfates: Hunting for dinitro sulfate
Authors: Zelenov Victor P. , Khakimov Dmitry V. , Fedyanin Ivan V. , Troyan Ivan A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNearly 70 years ago, it was shown that the reaction between equimolar amounts of SO3 and N2O5 results in dinitronium disulfate (NO2)2S2O7 rather than monosulfate (NO2)2SO4. Because SO3 can dimerize, it was believed for long that this feature is the main cause of the formation of nitronium disulfate. Then, it was discovered that the reaction of NOSO3Cl with N2O5 results in dinitronium disulfate, and (NO2)2SO4 was suggested as an intermediate. The development of Raman spectroscopy made it possible for us to solve the fundamental problem of the existence of an elusive dinitro sulfate. The inevitability of dinitro sulfate formation was demonstrated by the transformations of nitronium sulfates (NO2)2S2O7, NO2HSO4, and (NO2)[CF3C(O)OSO3], and the Raman spectroscopy technique has shown the presence of the compound in the solid reaction products. In order to establish the structure of solid dinitro sulfate, quantum chemical calculations of the nitro ester form (O2NOSO3NO2) and of the [OSO3NO2]− anion were performed, but the conclusions about the diionic structure [NO2]+2[SO4]2− were made only due to the synthesis of the related nitronium sulfates K (NO2)SO4 and K (NO2)S2O7 whose Raman spectra were compared with that of dinitro sulfate. The decomposition pathways of all these unstable molecules were established. Reactions of nitronium disulfates, (NO2)2S2O7 or (NO2)[CF3C(O)OS2O6], with CF3COOH showed that, unlike HNO3, the organic acid does not destroy the sulfate chains but can substitute terminal groups including nitronium ion. So the chemistry of nitronium monosulfates was studied for the first time, and the existence of an unstable dinitronium sulfate was proved using Raman spectroscopy.