bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of mate‐choice copying in speciation and hybridization
Authors: Varela Susana A. M. , Matos Margarida , Schlupp Ingo 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTMate‐choice copying, a social, non‐genetic mechanism of mate choice, occurs when an individual (typically a female) copies the mate choice of other individualsviaa process of social learning. Over the past 20 years, mate‐choice copying has consistently been shown to affect mate choice in several species, by altering the genetically based expression of mating preferences. This behaviour has been claimed by several authors to have a significant role in evolution. Because it can cause or increase skews in male mating success, it seems to have the potential to induce a rapid change of the directionality and rate of sexual selection, possibly leading to divergent evolution and speciation. Theoretical work has, however, been challenging this view, showing that copying may decelerate sexual selection and that linkage disequilibrium cannot be established between the copied preference and the male trait, because females copy from unrelated individuals in the population, making an invasion of new and potentially fitter male traits difficult. Given this controversy, it is timely to ask about the real impact of mate‐choice copying in speciation. We propose that a solution to this impasse may be the existence of some degree of habitat selection, which would create a spatial structure, causing scenarios of micro‐allopatry and thus overcoming the problem of the lack of linkage disequilibrium. As far as we are aware, the potential role of mate‐choice copying on fostering speciation in micro‐allopatry has not been tackled. Also important is that the role of mate‐choice copying has generally been discussed as being a barrier to gene flow. However, in our view, mate‐choice copying may actually play a key role in facilitating gene flow, thereby fostering hybridization. Yet, the role of mate‐choice copying in hybridization has so far been overlooked, although the conditions under which it might occur are more likely, or less restricted, than those favouring speciation. Hence, a conceptual framework is needed to identify the exact mechanisms and the conditions under which speciation or hybridization are expected. Here, we develop such a framework to be used as a roadmap for future research at the intersection of these research areas.
Notes on a caribou hearing: Spatial marginalization through participatory democracy in western Nunavut
Authors: Tam Chui‐Ling 
Published: February 2018

Key Messages

Public hearings function as rituals of participatory democracy whereby indigenous actors must establish their legitimacy via Western communication ideals.
Environmental communication as data, story, and behaviour in participation exercises reveal shifting cultural ways of knowing and communicating.
Spatial marginalization is related to invited participation in place, the distancing effects of place characteristics, and the experience of being out of place.
Metastatic ability and the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in induced cancer stem‐like hepatoma cells
Authors: Nishiyama Mitsuo , Tsunedomi Ryouichi , Yoshimura Kiyoshi , Hashimoto Noriaki , Matsukuma Satoshi , Ogihara Hiroyuki , Kanekiyo Shinsuke , Iida Michihisa , Sakamoto Kazuhiko , Suzuki Nobuaki , Takeda Shigeru , Yamamoto Shigeru , Yoshino Shigefumi , Ueno Tomio , Hamamoto Yoshihiko , Hazama Shoichi , Nagano Hiroaki 
Published: February 2018

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to play important roles in cancer malignancy. Previously, we successfully induced sphere cancer stem‐like cells (CSLCs) from several cell lines and observed the property of chemoresistance. In the present study, we examined the metastatic potential of these induced CSLCs. Sphere cancer stem‐like cells were induced from a human hepatoma cell line (SK‐HEP‐1) in a unique medium containing neural survival factor‐1. Splenic injection of cells into immune‐deficient mice was used to assess hematogenous liver metastasis. Transcriptomic strand‐specific RNA‐sequencing analysis, quantitative real‐time PCR, and flow cytometry were carried out to examine the expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related genes. Splenic injection of CSLCs resulted in a significantly increased frequency of liver metastasis compared to parental cancer cells (P < .05). In CSLCs, a mesenchymal marker, Vimentin, and EMT‐promoting transcription factors, Snail and Twist1, were upregulated compared to parental cells. Correspondingly, significant enrichment of the molecular signature of the EMT in CSLCs relative to parental cancer cells was shown (q < 0.01) by RNA‐sequencing analysis. This analysis also revealed differential expression of CD44 isoforms between CSLCs and parental cancer cells. Increasing CD44 isoforms containing an extra exon were observed, and the standard CD44 isoform decreased in CSLCs compared to parental cells. Interestingly, another CD44 variant isoform encoding a short cytoplasmic tail was also upregulated in CSLCs (11.7‐fold). Our induced CSLCs possess an increased liver metastatic potential in which promotion of the EMT and upregulation of CD44 variant isoforms, especially short‐tail, were observed.
Lions in the modern arena of CITES
Authors: Bauer Hans , Nowell Kristin , Sillero‐Zubiri Claudio , Macdonald David W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLions have often been discussed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna (CITES). While CITES decisions on species trade regimes are ostensibly based on science, species data are often inconclusive and political considerations inevitably determine outcomes. We present the context of lion conservation and the technical and political processes of CITES to illuminate how a failed uplisting proposal nonetheless resulted in an unprecedented trade restriction as well as conservation initiatives beyond the CITES trade function. We conclude on the limitations of science to guide future directions of CITES debates, leaving politics and ethics to shape decision making.
Elastolysen und Hauterkrankungen mit Verlust der elastischen Fasern
Authors: Tronnier Michael 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDie elastischen Fasern sind neben den kollagenen Fasern der wichtigste Bestandteil des Bindegewebsgerüstes der Haut. Eine Verminderung oder ein Verlust der elastischen Fasern ist bei einer Vielzahl von klinisch sich unterschiedlich präsentierenden Erkrankungen, hereditär oder erworben, beschrieben. Bei den Erkrankungen, die mit einer Entzündung einhergehen ist die Elastophagozytose ein wichtiges histologisches Merkmal. Die Therapie der Erkrankungen dieser Gruppe ist grundsätzlich schwierig.
Molecular diagnosis of skin infections using paraffin‐embedded tissue – review and interdisciplinary consensus
Authors: Sunderkötter Cord , Becker Karsten , Kutzner Heinz , Meyer Thomas , Blödorn‐Schlicht Norbert , Reischl Udo , Nenoff Pietro , Geißdörfer Walter , Gräser Yvonne , Herrmann Mathias , Kühn Joachim , Bogdan Christian 
Published: February 2018

SummaryNucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs), such as PCR, are highly sensitive and specific methods that have become valuable supplements to culture and serology in the diagnosis of infectious disorders. However, especially when using formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue, these techniques are associated with both false‐negative and false‐positive results, a pitfall that is frequently misjudged. Representatives of the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology (DGHM) and the German Society of Dermatology (DDG) therefore set out to develop a consensus – in the form of a review article – on the appropriate indications for NATs using paraffin‐embedded tissue, its contraindications, and the key points to be considered in the pre‐ and post‐analytical phase.Given that fresh, naive tissue is preferably to be used in the workup of a suspected infection, PCR analysis on paraffin sections represents an exception. The latter may be considered if an infection is suspected at a later point in time and fresh tissue has not been preserved or can no longer be obtained. Potential indications include confirmation of histologically suspected infections with Leishmania spp., Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., or in case of ecthyma contagiosum. Infections with, for example, mycobacteria or RNA viruses, on the other hand, are not considered useful indications for NATs using paraffin sections.In order to avoid misinterpretation of test results, it is essential that laboratory reports on NATs using paraffin‐embedded tissue contain information on the indication/diagnostic circumstances, the required and chosen pre‐analytical steps, the limitations of the method, and on diagnostic alternatives.
Diabetes stigma is associated with negative treatment appraisals among adults with insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes: results from the second Diabetes MILES – Australia (MILES‐2) survey
Authors: Holmes‐Truscott E. , Browne J. L. , Ventura A. D. , Pouwer F. , Speight J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimTo explore factors associated with negative insulin appraisals among adults with Type 2 diabetes, including perceived and experienced diabetes stigma.MethodsThe second Diabetes MILES – Australia study (MILES‐2) is a national survey of adults with diabetes, focused on behavioural and psychosocial issues. Subgroup analyses were conducted on the responses of 456 adults with insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes (38% women; mean ± sd age: 61.2 ± 8.8 years; diabetes duration: 14.5 ± 7.5 years; years using insulin: 6.4 ± 5.5). Participants completed validated measures of perceived and experienced diabetes stigma (Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale), insulin appraisals [Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS)] and known correlates of insulin appraisals: diabetes‐specific distress (Problem Areas In Diabetes scale) and diabetes‐specific self‐efficacy (Confidence in Diabetes Self‐care scale). A multiple linear regression was conducted (N = 279) to determine the contribution of those variables found to be associated with ITAS Negative scores.ResultsUnivariable analyses revealed negative insulin appraisals were associated with demographic and self‐care characteristics (age, employment status, BMI, years using insulin, injections per day), self‐efficacy, diabetes‐specific distress and diabetes stigma (all P < 0.01). Number of injections per day [regression coefficient [95% confidence interval]: 0.74 [0.08, 1.40]; P = 0.028], self‐efficacy [−0.12 [−0.19, −0.06]; P < 0.001] and diabetes stigma [0.39 (0.31, 0.46); P < 0.001) significantly and independently contributed to the final multivariable model, explaining 58% of the variance in ITAS Negative scores. The independent contribution of diabetes‐specific distress was suppressed following the inclusion of diabetes stigma.ConclusionsThis study represents the first step in understanding the relationship between perceived and experienced diabetes stigma and negative insulin appraisals, and provides quantitative evidence for the strong, independent relationship between these two important constructs.
Testing the feasibility of a value‐added model of school quality in a low‐income country
Authors: Crawfurd Lee , Elks Phil 
Published: February 2018

AbstractValue‐added models (VAMS) are commonly used in high‐income countries for measuring the quality of teachers and schools, on the grounds that they are a fairer reflection of true quality than simple average test scores, as they account for differences in student intake. Not accounting for student's prior test scores can give a misleading impression of school quality. In this article, we adapt the current VAM of secondary school quality to the Ugandan context, and test its robustness. Using official test score data from Uganda, we test the robustness of the model to a range of different empirical specifications, including sensitivity to the inclusion of controls for student socioeconomic status. We find that the model is robust to a variety of different specifications and control variables. The VAM is low cost and has the potential to provide a clearer signal to parents, teachers, schools, and policy‐makers about how much learning is actually happening in different schools. This approach could be carried out at low cost in a wide range of low‐income countries that have similar testing regimes.
Rebalancing and Regional Economic Performance: Northern Ireland in A Nordic Mirror
Authors: Brownlow Graham , Birnie Esmond 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNorthern Ireland has been characterised as having an excessively large public sector. This characterisation has led some to explain poor regional economic performance in terms of ‘crowding out’. This diagnosis has been used to justify a policy of ‘rebalancing’ and the region copying its southern neighbour's lower rate of corporation tax. The experience of large public sectors in the Nordic economies seems however to suggest that higher public spending is not necessarily damaging. This argument is examined critically. Rodrik's comparative institutional analysis indicates that in the Nordics a large public sector was the result of building a successful tradable private sector rather than its cause. In terms of the possible ‘economic dividend’ from devolution we suggest that a Hayekian insight is better: no ‘silver bullets’ exist.
Role of poor sleep in determining distress in caregivers of individuals with early psychosis
Authors: Smith Lindsay M. , Onwumere Juliana , Craig Thomas , Kuipers Elizabeth 
Published: February 2018

AimLooking after someone in the early stages of psychosis can have a negative impact on caregivers, but there is little clarity about which interventions, if any, caregivers should be offered. This study investigated sleep disturbances in early psychosis caregivers and the relationship between their sleep quality and distress.MethodIn all, 79 caregivers of patients with a recent first episode of psychosis completed self‐report measures including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the RAND 36‐item Health Survey 1.0 (SF‐36) and the Experiences of Caregiving Inventory (ECI).ResultsAll caregivers were living with their relatives with psychosis and had been providing support since the onset of illness (mean duration = 92.5 weeks, SD = 84.0); 60% (47/79) obtained a global PSQI score that exceeded the established cut‐off score for clinically significant sleep problems (>5). Low “sleep duration” and “sleep disturbances” contributed the most to elevated PSQI scores, with 17.7% of participants reporting regular wakening at night due to “stress” or “worries.” When predicting psychological distress (SF‐36) from negative appraisals of caregiving (ECI) and poor sleep (PSQI), a significant unadjusted regression model was obtained, F(2,73) = 29.440, P = .000, R2 of .447. An estimation of the indirect effect of negative thoughts about caregiving on mental distress through poor sleep was also significant (ab = −.05, 95% CI [−.09, −.02], PM = .39).ConclusionCaregivers of people with psychosis may have significant problems with sleep, which relates to distress and negative appraisals about caregiving. Health services need to ask caregivers directly about such issues and consider offering brief interventions to improve sleep quality.
Prediction of deleterious mutations in coding regions of mammals with transfer learning
Authors: Plekhanova Elena , Nuzhdin Sergey V. , Utkin Lev V. , Samsonova Maria G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe genomes of mammals contain thousands of deleterious mutations. It is important to be able to recognize them with high precision. In conservation biology, the small size of fragmented populations results in accumulation of damaging variants. Preserving animals with less damaged genomes could optimize conservation efforts. In breeding of farm animals, trade‐offs between farm performance versus general fitness might be better avoided if deleterious mutations are well classified. In humans, the problem of such a precise classification has been successfully solved, in large part due to large databases of disease‐causing mutations. However, this kind of information is very limited for other mammals. Here, we propose to better use information available on human mutations to enable classification of damaging mutations in other mammalian species. Specifically, we apply transfer learning—machine learning methods—improving small dataset for solving a focal problem (recognizing damaging mutations in our companion and farm animals) due to the use of much large datasets available for solving a related problem (recognizing damaging mutations in humans). We validate our tools using mouse and dog annotated datasets and obtain significantly better results in companion to the SIFT classifier. Then, we apply them to predict deleterious mutations in cattle genomewide dataset.
Turning natural adaptations to oncogenic factors into an ally in the war against cancer
Authors: Vittecoq Marion , Giraudeau Mathieu , Sepp Tuul , Marcogliese David J. , Klaassen Marcel , Renaud François , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBoth field and experimental evolution studies have demonstrated that organisms naturally or artificially exposed to environmental oncogenic factors can, sometimes rapidly, evolve specific adaptations to cope with pollutants and their adverse effects on fitness. Although numerous pollutants are mutagenic and carcinogenic, little attention has been given to exploring the extent to which adaptations displayed by organisms living in oncogenic environments could inspire novel cancer treatments, through mimicking the processes allowing these organisms to prevent or limit malignant progression. Building on a substantial knowledge base from the literature, we here present and discuss this progressive and promising research direction, advocating closer collaboration between the fields of medicine, ecology, and evolution in the war against cancer.
Post‐socialist (auto)mobilities: Modernity, freedom and citizenship
Authors: Tuvikene Tauri 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper investigates the intersection of post‐socialism and mobility to not only widen the scope of “new mobilities paradigm” into “off the map” regions but also to highlight new insights for research on mobility by challenging the assumed borders between past and present and between “East” and “West,” as well as those between different mobilities. This paper discusses post‐socialist mobilities via three topics—modernity, freedom and citizenship—which are evident in automobility and beyond. Modernity denotes a mobile “modern age,” with mobility referring to freedom to move—both of which are then tied to the ways in which individuals are governed as citizens. By analysing the constellations of different mobilities vis‐à‐vis shifting power relations between state and citizens, as they are raised in the emerging research on post‐socialist mobilities, the aim of the paper is to stress the many similarities in terms of practices and regulations of mobility across the often‐assumed boundaries between socialist, post‐socialist, and “western” conditions. While the starting point for the paper is changing patterns of automobility and its governing, the paper also makes references to other mobilities.
How or When Samples Are Collected Affects Measured Arsenic Concentration in New Drinking Water Wells
Authors: Erickson Melinda L. , Malenda Helen F. , Berquist Emily C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractNaturally occurring arsenic can adversely affect water quality in geologically diverse aquifers throughout the world. Chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water is a human health concern due to risks for certain cancers, skin abnormalities, peripheral neuropathy, and other negative health effects. Statewide in Minnesota, USA, 11% of samples from new drinking water wells have arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L; in certain counties more than 35% of tested samples exceed 10 μg/L arsenic. Since 2008, Minnesota well code has required testing water from new wells for arsenic. Sample collection protocols are not specified in the well code, so among 180 well drillers there is variability in sampling methods, including sample collection point and sample collection timing. This study examines the effect of arsenic sample collection protocols on the variability of measured arsenic concentrations in water from new domestic water supply wells. Study wells were drilled between 2014 and 2016 in three regions of Minnesota that commonly have elevated arsenic concentrations in groundwater. Variability in measured arsenic concentration at a well was reduced when samples were (1) filtered, (2) collected from household plumbing instead of from the drill rig pump, or (3) collected several months after well construction (instead of within 4 weeks of well installation). Particulates and fine aquifer sediments entrained in groundwater samples, or other artifacts of drilling disturbance, can cause undesirable variability in measurements. Establishing regulatory protocols requiring sample filtration and/or collection from household plumbing could improve the reliability of information provided to well owners and to secondary data users.
COMPARING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AUCTIONS
Authors: Decarolis Francesco 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article contrasts two auction formats often used in public procurement: first price auctions with ex post screening of bid responsiveness and average bid auctions (ABAs), in which the bidder closest to the average bid wins. The equilibrium analysis reveals that their ranking is ambiguous in terms of revenues, but the ABA is typically less efficient. Using a data set of Italian public procurement auctions run alternately under the two formats, a structural model of bidding is estimated for the subsample of first price auctions and used to quantify the efficiency loss under counterfactual ABAs.
MULTIATTRIBUTE UTILITY THEORY, INTERTEMPORAL UTILITY, AND CORRELATION AVERSION
Authors: Andersen Steffen , Harrison Glenn W. , Lau Morten I. , Rutström E. Elisabet 
Published: February 2018

AbstractConvenient assumptions about qualitative properties of the intertemporal utility function have generated counterintuitive implications for the relationship between atemporal risk aversion and the intertemporal elasticity of substitution. If the intertemporal utility function is additively separable, then the latter two concepts are the inverse of each other. We review a theoretical specification with a long lineage in the literature on multi‐attribute utility and use this theoretical structure to guide the design of a series of experiments that allow us to identify and estimate intertemporal correlation aversion. Our results show that subjects are correlation averse over lotteries with intertemporal income profiles.
Nash equilibria of games when players’ preferences are quasi‐transitive
Authors: Basu Kaushik , Pattanaik Prasanta K. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMuch of game theory is founded on the assumption that individual players are endowed with preferences that can be represented by a real‐valued utility function. However, in reality human preferences are often not transitive. This is especially true for the indifference relation, which can lead an individual to make a series of choices which in their totality would be viewed by the same individual as erroneous. There is a substantial literature that raises intricate questions about individual liberty and the role of government intervention in such contexts. The aim of this paper is not to go into these ethical matters but to provide a formal structure for such analysis by characterizing games where individual preferences are quasi‐transitive. The paper identifies a set of axioms which are sufficient for the existence of Nash equilibria in such “games.”