bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacier Recession and the Response of Summer Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest United States, 1960–2099
Authors: Frans Chris , Istanbulluoglu Erkan , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Fountain Andrew G. , Riedel Jon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Pacific Northwest is the most highly glacierized region in the conterminous United States (858 glaciers; 466 km2). These glaciers have displayed ubiquitous patterns of retreat since the 1980s mostly in response to warming air temperatures. Glacier melt provides water for downstream uses including agricultural water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and for ecological systems adapted to cold reliable streamflow. While changes in glacier area have been studied within the region over an extended period of time, the hydrologic consequences of these changes are not well defined. We applied a high‐resolution glacio‐hydrological model to predict glacier mass balance, glacier area, and river discharge for the period 1960–2099. Six river basins across the region were modeled to characterize the regional hydrological response to glacier change. Using these results, we generalized past and future glacier area change and discharge across the entire Pacific Northwest using a k‐means cluster analysis. Results show that the rate of regional glacier recession will increase, but the runoff from glacier melt and its relative contribution to streamflow display both positive and negative trends. In high‐elevation river basins enhanced glacier melt will buffer strong declines in seasonal snowpack and decreased late summer streamflow, before the glaciers become too small to support streamflow at historic levels later in the 21st century. Conversely, in lower‐elevation basins, smaller snowpack and the shrinkage of small glaciers result in continued reductions in summer streamflow.
Precipitating Electron Energy Flux and Characteristic Energies in Jupiter's Main Auroral Region as Measured by Juno/JEDI
Authors: Clark G. , Tao C. , Mauk B. H. , Nichols J. , Saur J. , Bunce E. J. , Allegrini F. , Gladstone R. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. , Bonfond B. , Connerney J. , Ebert R. W. , Gershman D. J. , Haggerty D. , Kimura T. , Kollmann P. , Kotsiaros S. , Kurth W. S. , Levin S. , McComas D. J. , Murakami G. , Paranicas C. , Rymer A. , Valek P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe relationship between electron energy flux and the characteristic energy of electron distributions in the main auroral loss cone bridges the gap between predictions made by theory and measurements just recently available from Juno. For decades such relationships have been inferred from remote sensing observations of the Jovian aurora, primarily from the Hubble Space Telescope, and also more recently from Hisaki. However, to infer these quantities, remote sensing techniques had to assume properties of the Jovian atmospheric structure—leading to uncertainties in their profile. Juno's arrival and subsequent auroral passes have allowed us to obtain these relationships unambiguously for the first time, when the spacecraft passes through the auroral acceleration region. Using Juno/Jupiter Energetic particle Detector Instrument (JEDI), an energetic particle instrument, we present these relationships for the 30‐keV to 1‐MeV electron population. Observations presented here show that the electron energy flux in the loss cone is a nonlinear function of the characteristic or mean electron energy and supports both the predictions from Knight (1973, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032‐0633(73)90093‐7) and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence acceleration theories (e.g., Saur et al., 2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015761). Finally, we compare the in situ analyses of Juno with remote Hisaki observations and use them to help constrain Jupiter's atmospheric profile. We find a possible solution that provides the best agreement between these data sets is an atmospheric profile that more efficiently transports the hydrocarbons to higher altitudes. If this is correct, it supports the previously published idea (e.g., Parkinson et al., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JE002539) that precipitating electrons increase the hydrocarbon eddy diffusion coefficients in the auroral regions.
Ultrawideband Rising‐Tone Chorus Waves Observed Inside the Oscillating Plasmapause
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Wang J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrevious observations indicate that there are mainly unstructured plasmaspheric hiss in the high‐density plasmasphere, whereas structured whistler mode chorus waves with the lowest frequency of 0.1fce (fce is the electron gyrofrequency) are observed mostly outside the plasmapause. Here we observed ultrawideband rising‐tone chorus waves with frequencies extending to lower hybrid resonance frequency (fLHR ~ 101 Hz) in a dawnside high‐density region (magnetic local time [MLT] ~ 7 hr and Ne ~ 75 cm−3) inside the oscillating plasmapause. The ultrawideband chorus waves have also typical two‐band structures separated by a power gap at 0.5fce, but their lowest frequency (fLHR ~ 0.023fce) in the high‐density region is much smaller than that of the normal chorus waves (>0.1fce) in the low‐density trough (Ne < 40 cm−3). The Poynting fluxes of the waves indicate that the ultrawideband chorus waves are excited near the magnetic equator. By comparing the linear wave growth rate to the nonlinear growth rate, we found that the ultrawideband chorus waves are probably amplified through the nonlinear excitation mechanism.
Constraining the Emission of Particulate Matter From Indonesian Peatland Burning Using Continuous Observation Data
Authors: Kuwata Mikinori , Neelam‐Naganathan Gautham‐Giri , Miyakawa Takuma , Khan Md Firoz , Kozan Osamu , Kawasaki Masahiro , Sumin Syahrial , Latif Mohd Talib 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTropical peatland, which dominantly distributes in Indonesia and Malaysia, has experienced recurring fires in the last few decades. Constraining the enhancement ratios and emission factors of gas and particulate matter emitted by the wildfires is necessary to evaluate their environmental and climatic impacts. We analyzed continuous observation data at Pekanbaru in Indonesia and Muar in Malaysia to investigate the emissions of gas and particulate matter. The enhancement ratios of particulate matter to carbon monoxide (PM10/CO) of wildfires in Riau province in June 2013 and February–March 2014 were analyzed. The PM10/CO ratios of peatland burning plumes ranged from 77 to 97 μg mg−1 for the event in June 2013, whereas the corresponding value was 127 μg mg−1 in February–March 2014. These enhancement ratios were translated to the emission factors of particulate matter using previous data on the emission factors of CO, assuming that secondary formation was ignorable. The estimated emission factors for PM10 were 13 ± 2 g kg−1 (2013) and 19 ± 2 g kg−1 (2014). These values are comparable to those reported by recent field observations in Indonesia and Malaysia (17.3 ± 6.0 to 34.4 ± 18.8 g kg−1). The estimated emission factors from both the present study and recent field work are consistently higher than that used in the current emission inventory, which suggests that it should be updated. A caveat for this analysis is possible influence of secondary formation, which will still be needed to be investigated in future studies.
Detection of Positive Gross Primary Production Extremes in Terrestrial Ecosystems of China During 1982–2015 and Analysis of Climate Contribution
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Wang Shaoqiang , Wang Junbang , Yan Hao , Mickler Robert A. , Shi Hao , He Honglin , Huang Mei , Zhou Lei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGross primary productivity (GPP) quantifies the photosynthetic uptake of carbon by terrestrial ecosystems. High‐temperature extremes and associated droughts significantly reduce terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake, but there is uncertainty as to whether climatic extremes can be beneficial to ecosystem carbon uptake. In this study, we used three ecological models: the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon flux model, and the Global Production Efficiency Model coupled with the Carbon Exchange between Vegetation, Soil, and the Atmosphere model, to simulate China's terrestrial ecosystem GPP during the study period of 1982–2015. Positive GPP extremes were identified on yearly scales and analyzed for their temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation attributions. We found that the 3 years of positive GPP extremes occurred in 1990, 1998, and 2013, with the detrended GPP anomalies of 0.4 PgC/year, 0.2 PgC/year, and 0.3 PgC/year, respectively. Maximum GPP years were associated with an increased carbon uptake in response to increasing temperature and solar radiation under adequate precipitation for plant growth. China's subtropical‐tropical monsoonal region, a region dominated by managed forests and agricultural lands, contributed the largest in GPP extremes and accounted for 46%, 50%, and 46% of the total detrended GPP anomalies in 1990, 1998, and 2013, respectively. Positive GPP extremes were associated with increasing temperature and solar radiation, indicating favorable positive climate extremes would be beneficial to carbon uptake in China's terrestrial ecosystem. This study provides a method to assess positive GPP extremes in response to global climate change.
Whole-exome sequencing reveals known and novel variants in a cohort of intracranial vertebral–basilar artery dissection (IVAD)
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhao Sen , Zhang Qianqian , Yuan Jian , Liu Jiaqi , Ding Xinghuan , Song Xiaofei , Lin Jiachen , Du Renqian , Zhou Yangzhong , Sugimoto Michihiko , Chen Weisheng , Yuan Bo , Liu Jian , Yan Zihui , Liu Bowen , Zhang Yisen , Li Xiaoxin , Niu Yuchen , Long Bo , Shen Yiping , Zhang Shuyang , Abe Kuniya , Su Jianzhong , Wu Zhihong , Wu Nan , Liu Pengfei , Yang Xinjian ,   Deciphering Disorders Involving Scoliosis & Comorbidities (DISCO) study
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Intracranial vertebral–basilar artery dissection (IVAD) is an arterial disorder leading to life-threatening consequences. Genetic factors are known to be causative to certain syndromic forms of IVAD. However, systematic study of the molecular basis of sporadic and isolated IVAD is lacking. To identify genetic variants contributing to the etiology of IVAD, we enrolled a cohort of 44 unrelated cases with a clinical diagnosis of isolated IVAD and performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) for all the participants; a trio exome sequencing approach was used when samples from both parents were available. Four previously reported disease-causing heterozygous variants (three in COL3A1 and one in FBN1) and seven novel heterozygous variants in IVAD-related genes were identified. In addition, six variants in novel IVAD genes including two de novo heterozygous nonsynonymous variants (each in VPS52 and CDK18), two stop-gain variants (each in MYH9 and LYL1), and two heterozygous biallelic variants in TNXB were considered to be possibly contributing to the phenotype, with unknown significance according to the existing knowledge. A significantly higher mutational rate of IVAD candidate genes was observed in patients versus our in-house controls (P = 0.002) (DISCO study, http://www.discostudy.org/, n = 2248). Our study provided a mutational landscape for patients with isolated IVAD.
Mechanisms regulating intestinal barrier integrity and its pathological implications
Authors: Chelakkot Chaithanya , Ghim Jaewang , Ryu Sung Ho 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract is a specialized organ in which dynamic interactions between host cells and the complex environment occur in addition to food digestion. Together with the chemical barrier of the mucosal layer and the cellular immune system, the epithelial cell layer performs a pivotal role as the first physical barrier against external factors and maintains a symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. The tight junction proteins, including occludin, claudins, and zonula occludens, are crucial for the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. To allow the transport of essential molecules and restrict harmful substances, the intracellular signaling transduction system and a number of extracellular stimuli such as cytokines, small GTPases, and post-translational modifications dynamically modulate the tight junction protein complexes. An imbalance in these regulations leads to compromised barrier integrity and is linked with pathological conditions. Despite the obscurity of the causal relationship, the loss of barrier integrity is considered to contribute to inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and metabolic disorders. The elucidation of the role of diseases in barrier integrity and the underlying regulatory mechanisms have improved our understanding of the intestinal barrier to allow the development of novel and potent therapeutic approaches.
Biological function of eosinophil extracellular traps in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma
Authors: Choi Youngwoo , Le Pham Duy , Lee Dong-Hyun , Lee So-Hee , Kim Seung-Hyun , Park Hae-Sim 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEosinophil extracellular traps (EETs), a complex of DNA fibers and cytotoxic granule proteins, are implicated in the development of asthma; however, the pathophysiological function of EETs in immune responses has not been fully determined. The present study investigated the characteristics of EETs from patients with non-severe asthma (NSA,n = 20) and severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA,n = 20) and evaluated EET function. The percentage of EET-forming peripheral blood eosinophils stimulated with IL-5 and LPS was significantly higher in patients with SEA than in those with NSA(P = 0.009). This percentage negatively correlated with baseline FEV1(r = −0.350,P = 0.027) and positively correlated with serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels in asthmatic subjects (r = 0.437,P = 0.018). In addition, EET formation was markedly associated with reactive oxygen species production (r = 0.750,P < 0.001). These EETs exhibited an autocrine function to induce eosinophil degranulation, which led to granule protein production. Airway epithelial cells stimulated with EETs exhibited increased epithelial detachment and permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. However, EETs were not significantly associated with mast cell activation. The present study suggests that peripheral blood eosinophils from patients with SEA may be more activated to produce EETs than those from patients with NSA, which further induces inflammation in asthmatic airways. Therefore, regulation of EET formation and function may be a novel therapeutic approach for asthma management.
Identification of ADHD risk genes in extended pedigrees by combining linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing
Authors: Corominas Jordi , Klein Marieke , Zayats Tetyana , Rivero Olga , Ziegler Georg C. , Pauper Marc , Neveling Kornelia , Poelmans Geert , Jansch Charline , Svirin Evgeniy , Geissler Julia , Weber Heike , Reif Andreas , Arias Vasquez Alejandro , Galesloot Tessel E. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. L. M. , Buitelaar Jan K. , Ramos-Quiroga Josep-Antoni , Cormand Bru , Ribasés Marta , Hveem Kristian , Gabrielsen Maiken Elvestad , Hoffmann Per , Cichon Sven , Haavik Jan , Johansson Stefan , Jacob Christian P. , Romanos Marcel , Franke Barbara , Lesch Klaus-Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex genetic background, hampering identification of underlying genetic risk factors. We hypothesized that combining linkage analysis and whole-exome sequencing (WES) in multi-generation pedigrees with multiple affected individuals can point toward novel ADHD genes. Three families with multiple ADHD-affected members (Ntotal = 70) and apparent dominant inheritance pattern were included in this study. Genotyping was performed in 37 family members, and WES was additionally carried out in 10 of those. Linkage analysis was performed using multi-point analysis in Superlink Online SNP 1.1. From prioritized linkage regions with a LOD score ≥ 2, a total of 24 genes harboring rare variants were selected. Those genes were taken forward and were jointly analyzed in gene-set analyses of exome-chip data using the MAGMA software in an independent sample of patients with persistent ADHD and healthy controls (N = 9365). The gene-set including all 24 genes together, and particularly the gene-set from one of the three families (12 genes), were significantly associated with persistent ADHD in this sample. Among the latter, gene-wide analysis for the AAED1 gene reached significance. A rare variant (rs151326868) within AAED1 segregated with ADHD in one of the families. The analytic strategy followed here is an effective approach for identifying novel ADHD risk genes. Additionally, this study suggests that both rare and more frequent variants in multiple genes act together in contributing to ADHD risk, even in individual multi-case families.
Functional metagenomics reveals abundant polysaccharide-degrading gene clusters and cellobiose utilization pathways within gut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite
Authors: Liu Ning , Li Hongjie , Chevrette Marc G , Zhang Lei , Cao Lin , Zhou Haokui , Zhou Xuguo , Zhou Zhihua , Pope Phillip B , Currie Cameron R , Huang Yongping , Wang Qian 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Plant cell-wall polysaccharides constitute the most abundant but recalcitrant organic carbon source in nature. Microbes residing in the digestive tract of herbivorous bilaterians are particularly efficient at depolymerizing polysaccharides into fermentable sugars and play a significant support role towards their host’s lifestyle. Here, we combine large-scale functional screening of fosmid libraries, shotgun sequencing, and biochemical assays to interrogate the gut microbiota of the wood-feeding “higher” termite Globitermes brachycerastes. A number of putative polysaccharide utilization gene clusters were identified with multiple fibrolytic genes. Our large-scale functional screening of 50,000 fosmid clones resulted in 464 clones demonstrating plant polysaccharide-degrading activities, including 267 endoglucanase-, 24 exoglucanase-, 72 β-glucosidase-, and 101 endoxylanase-positive clones. We sequenced 173 functionally active clones and identified ~219 genes encoding putative carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) targeting cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Further analyses revealed that 68 of 154 contigs encode one or more CAZyme, which includes 35 examples of putative saccharolytic operons, suggesting that clustering of CAZymes is common in termite gut microbial inhabitants. Biochemical characterization of a representative xylanase cluster demonstrated that constituent enzymes exhibited complementary physicochemical properties and saccharolytic capabilities. Furthermore, diverse cellobiose-metabolizing enzymes include β-glucosidases, cellobiose phosphorylases, and phopho-6-β-glucosidases were identified and functionally verified, indicating that the termite gut micro-ecosystem utilizes diverse metabolic pathways to interconnect hydrolysis and central metabolism. Collectively, these results provide an in-depth view of the adaptation and digestive strategies employed by gut microbiota within this tiny-yet-efficient host-associated ecosystem.
Periodic and coordinated gene expression between a diazotroph and its diatom host
Authors: Harke Matthew J , Frischkorn Kyle R , Haley Sheean T , Aylward Frank O , Zehr Jonathan P , Dyhrman Sonya T 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the surface ocean, light fuels photosynthetic carbon fixation of phytoplankton, playing a critical role in ecosystem processes including carbon export to the deep sea. In oligotrophic oceans, diatom–diazotroph associations (DDAs) play a keystone role in ecosystem function because diazotrophs can provide otherwise scarce biologically available nitrogen to the diatom host, fueling growth and subsequent carbon sequestration. Despite their importance, relatively little is known about the nature of these associations in situ. Here we used metatranscriptomic sequencing of surface samples from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) to reconstruct patterns of gene expression for the diazotrophic symbiont Richelia and we examined how these patterns were integrated with those of the diatom host over day–night transitions. Richelia exhibited significant diel signals for genes related to photosynthesis, N2 fixation, and resource acquisition, among other processes. N2 fixation genes were significantly co-expressed with host nitrogen uptake and metabolism, as well as potential genes involved in carbon transport, which may underpin the exchange of nitrogen and carbon within this association. Patterns of expression suggested cell division was integrated between the host and symbiont across the diel cycle. Collectively these data suggest that symbiont–host physiological ecology is strongly interconnected in the NPSG.
Half-metallic carbon nitride nanosheets with micro grid mode resonance structure for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhou Gang , Shan Yun , Hu Youyou , Xu Xiaoyong , Long Liyuan , Zhang Jinlei , Dai Jun , Guo Junhong , Shen Jiancang , Li Shuang , Liu Lizhe , Wu Xinglong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhotocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water has triggered an intensive search for metal-free semiconducting photocatalysts. However, traditional semiconducting materials suffer from limited hydrogen evolution efficiency owing to low intrinsic electron transfer, rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, and lack of artificial microstructure. Herein, we report a metal-free half-metallic carbon nitride for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The introduced half-metallic features not only effectively facilitate carrier transfer but also provide more active sites for hydrogen evolution reaction. The nanosheets incorporated into a micro grid mode resonance structure via in situ pyrolysis of ionic liquid, which show further enhanced photoelectronic coupling and entire solar energy exploitation, boosts the hydrogen evolution rate reach up to 1009 μmol g−1 h−1. Our findings propose a strategy for micro-structural regulations of half-metallic carbon nitride material, and meanwhile the fundamentals provide inspirations for the steering of electron transfer and solar energy absorption in electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and photovoltaic cells.
Interhemispheric connectivity of primary sensory cortex is associated with motor impairment after stroke
Authors: Frías Ilse , Starrs Faryn , Gisiger Thomas , Minuk Jeffrey , Thiel Alexander , Paquette Caroline 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNeuroimaging-derived markers are used to model post-stroke impairment. Among these, lesion size, corticospinal-tract lesion-load (CST-LL) and resting-state functional-connectivity (rs-FC) have been correlated with impairment. It has been shown that the sensory cortex (S1) is associated with motor learning and is essential for post-stroke recovery; yet stroke-induced changes in S1 connectivity alone are yet to be investigated. We aim to determine whether interhemispheric rs-FC could be used to refine imaging models of stroke-related impairment. Subjects’ post-stroke and age-matched controls underwent rs-fMRI. Stroke-related disability was correlated with lesion size, CST-LL and interhemispheric S1 and M1 rs-FC as independent seeds. Regression analyses were performed to assess the contribution of these markers in stroke-related deficits. Post-stroke subjects showed an asymmetrical pattern of rs-FC in which affected hemisphere S1 and M1 were mostly connected with ipsi-lesional regions. Correlations between rs-FC and stroke-severity were found. Adding rs-FC of S1 to the regression model of impairment decreased the variance 31% compared to lesion size only. After a stroke, S1 interhemispheric connectivity is decreased, with S1 only connected with ipsi-lesional regions. This asymmetry correlates with neurological and motor impairment. Furthermore, when combined with lesion anatomical measures, S1 connectivity might be an important marker in explaining stroke outcome.