bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A bidirectional corneoconjunctival transposition for the treatment of feline corneal sequestrum
Authors: Yang Vanessa Y. , Labelle Amber L. , Breaux Carrie B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA case is presented of a 1‐year‐old Persian cat with a corneal sequestrum treated with a bidirectional corneoconjunctival transposition. The size of this lesion precluded use of a traditional corneoconjunctival transposition. At the time of writing, the patient maintained a clear visual axis with minimal scarring and no recurrence 6 months post‐operatively. This report describes a novel surgical technique used to successfully treat a large feline corneal sequestrum.
Ventilatory and integrated physiological responses to chronic hypercapnia in goats
Authors: Burgraff Nicholas J. , Neumueller Suzanne E. , Buchholz Kirstyn , Langer Thomas M. , Hodges Matthew R. , Pan Lawrence , Forster Hubert V. 
Published: September 2018

Key points
Chronic hypercapnia per se has distinct effects on the mechanisms regulating steady‐state ventilation and the CO2/H+ chemoreflex.
Chronic hypercapnia leads to sustained hyperpnoea that exceeds predicted ventilation based upon the CO2/H+ chemoreflex.
There is an integrative ventilatory, cardiovascular and metabolic physiological response to chronic hypercapnia.
Chronic hypercapnia leads to deterioration of cognitive function.
AbstractRespiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often lead to chronic hypercapnia which may exacerbate progression of the disease, increase risk of mortality and contribute to comorbidities such as cognitive dysfunction. Determining the contribution of hypercapnia per se to adaptations in ventilation and cognitive dysfunction within this patient population is complicated by the presence of multiple comorbidities. Herein, we sought to determine the role of chronic hypercapnia per se on the temporal pattern of ventilation and the ventilatory CO2/H+ chemoreflex by exposing healthy goats to either room air or an elevated inspired CO2 (InCO2) of 6% for 30 days. A second objective was to determine whether chronic hypercapnia per se contributes to cognitive dysfunction. During 30 days of exposure to 6% InCO2, steady‐state (SS) ventilation (I) initially increased to 335% of control, and then within 1–5 days decreased and stabilized at ∼230% of control. There was an initial respiratory acidosis that was partially mitigated over time due to increased arterial [HCO3−]. There was a transient decrease in the ventilatory CO2/H+ chemoreflex, followed by return to pre‐exposure levels. The SS I during chronic hypercapnia was greater than predicted from the acute CO2/H+ chemoreflex, suggesting separate mechanisms regulating SS I and the chemoreflex. Finally, as assessed by a shape discrimination test, we found a sustained decrease in cognitive function during chronic hypercapnia. We conclude that chronic hypercapnia per se results in: (1) a disconnect between SS I and the CO2/H+ chemoreflex, and (2) deterioration of cognitive function.
IL-15 regulates fibrosis and inflammation in a mouse model of chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Manohar Murli , Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar , Verma Alok Kumar , Mishra Anil 
Published: September 2018

Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the induction of several proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-1. Recently, the multifunctional innate cytokine IL-15 has been implicated in the protection of several diseases, including cancer. Tissue fibrosis is one of the major problems in successfully treating chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that recombinant IL-15 (rIL-15) treatment may induce innate tissue responses and its overexpression will improve the pathogenesis of cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis, associated remodeling, and fibrosis. We observed atrophy of acinar cells, increased inflammation, and increased deposition of perivascular collagen, the upregulated protein level of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and collagen-1 in cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in mice. Furthermore, we reported that rIL-15 treatment protects mice from the cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis, including acinar cell atrophy, and perivascular accumulation of tissue collagen followed by downregulation of profibrotic genes such as TGF-β1, α-SMA, collagen-1, collagen-3, and fibronectin in cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in mice. Mechanistically, we show that IL-15-mediated increase of interferon-γ-responsive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in the blood and tissue protects cerulein-induced pancreatic pathogenesis in mice. Of note, a reduction in iNKT cells was also observed in human chronic pancreatitis compared with normal individuals. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-15 treatment may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating chronic pancreatitis pathogenesis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pancreatic fibrosis is a major concern for the successful treatment of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Therefore, restriction in the progression of fibrosis is the promising approach to manage the pancreatitis pathogenesis. Herein, we present in vivo evidences that pharmacological treatment of recombinant interleukin-15 improves remodeling and fibrosis in cerulein-induced chronic pancreatitis in mice. Our observations indicate that interleukin-15 immunotherapy may be a possible and potential strategy for restricting the progression of fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis.
Effect of reflexive activation of motor units on torque development during electrically-evoked contractions of the triceps surae muscle
Authors: Vitry Florian , Martin Alain , Deley Gaëlle , Papaiordanidou Maria 
Published: September 2018

The aim of the study was to identify stimulation conditions permitting the occurrence of extra torque (ET) and to examine their impact on spinal and corticospinal excitabilities. Twelve subjects received stimulation trains over the tibial nerve (20 s duration, 1 ms pulse duration) that were delivered at 3 stimulation frequencies (20, 50, and 100 Hz) and at 5 intensities (110%, 120%, 130%, 140%, and 150% of the motor threshold). Torque-time integral (TTI) of each stimulation train was calculated. Spinal [maximum H-reflex (Hmax)/maximal M-wave (Mmax)] and corticospinal [maximal motor evoked potential amplitude (MEPmax)/Mmax] excitabilities were assessed at rest before and after each stimulation train by tibial nerve stimulation and by transcranial magnetic stimulation, respectively. Moreover, a twitch at each stimulation intensity was delivered before and after each stimulation train. The EMG activity associated with this twitch was analyzed to identify the initial motor unit (MU) recruitment pathway before each stimulation train and discriminate trials to H-trials (indirect recruitment) and M-trials (direct recruitment). TTI was higher for H-trials compared with M-trials for all tested frequencies. There was a decrease in Hmax/Mmax for the 20 Hz-H trials and an increase for the 100 Hz-H trials, whereas MEPmax/Mmax remained unchanged at post measurements. Present results demonstrate that the initial MU recruitment pattern plays a main role in the ET occurrence, with the indirect recruitment via the afferent volley being substantial for its development. The modulations of Hmax/Mmax without changes in MEPmax/Mmax suggest that the ET development affects spinal excitability and that these changes are frequency dependent. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study brings new insights into the stimulation conditions permitting the development of extra torque. An initial indirect recruitment of motor units, inducing reflex activation of spinal neurons through Ia afferent solicitation, appears a prerequisite for extra torque development. Under these conditions, spinal excitability modulations were frequency dependent.
Development and Validation of Lifestyle-Based Models to Predict Incidence of the Most Common Potentially Preventable Cancers
Authors: Usher-Smith Juliet A. , Sharp Stephen J. , Luben Robert , Griffin Simon J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background:
Most risk models for cancer are either specific to individual cancers or include complex or predominantly non-modifiable risk factors.

Methods:
We developed lifestyle-based models for the five cancers for which the most cases are potentially preventable through lifestyle change in the UK (lung, colorectal, bladder, kidney, and esophageal for men and breast, lung, colorectal, endometrial, and kidney for women). We selected lifestyle risk factors from the European Code against Cancer and obtained estimates of relative risks from meta-analyses of observational studies. We used mean values for risk factors from nationally representative samples and mean 10-year estimated absolute risks from routinely available sources. We then assessed the performance of the models in 23,768 participants in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort who had no history of the five selected cancers at baseline.

Results:
In men, the combined risk model showed good discrimination [AUC, 0.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69–0.73] and calibration. Discrimination was lower in women (AUC, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.57–0.61), but calibration was good. In both sexes, the individual models for lung cancer had the highest AUCs (0.83; 95% CI, 0.80–0.85 for men and 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76–0.87 for women). The lowest AUCs were for breast cancer in women and kidney cancer in men.

Conclusions:
The discrimination and calibration of the models are both reasonable, with the discrimination for individual cancers comparable or better than many other published risk models.

Impact:
These models could be used to demonstrate the potential impact of lifestyle change on risk of cancer to promote behavior change.
Treatment of Oesophageal Varices in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Sauerbruch Tilman , Wong Florence 
Published: September 2018

Background: The development of cirrhosis with resultant portal hypertension can lead to oesophageal varices at a rate of 7% per annum. Bleeding from varices happens when the portal pressure is ≥12 mm Hg and can threaten life. Summary: Eliminating the aetiology of cirrhosis is a pivotal step to prevent the formation of varices. In patients with established varices, primary prophylaxis with non-selective beta blockers (NSBB) may slow down the progression of varices and prevent the first variceal bleed. NSBB, similar to other agents such as renin/angiotensin blockers, statins, and rifaximin, may have the additional advantage of blunting inflammatory stimuli, which can contribute to the progression of varices. Variceal band ligation is an alternative for primary bleeding prophylaxis with excellent results. Any acute variceal bleed should be managed with band ligation after careful resuscitation. Early pre-emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in decompensated cirrhotic patients is very effective in controlling the bleeding and improves survival. Secondary prophylaxis against further variceal bleeding using NSBB and band ligation is recommended in most other patients. TIPS may be considered in appropriate patients as a secondary prophylaxis against recurrent variceal bleed. Future research should be directed towards the prevention of varices and targeting inflammation to reduce cirrhotic complications. Key Messages: Treatment strategies depend on the stage the patient is at along the natural history of varices: NSBB or band ligation for primary prophylaxis; band ligation or early TIPS for acute bleed; and a combination of NSBB + band ligation or TIPS for secondary prophylaxis (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>).
Ceticismo e empirismo
Authors: Bolzani Filho Roberto 
Published: September 2018

A partir de uma análise das noções de empiria(empeiría), fenômeno (phainómenon) e arte(tékhne) presentes nos textos de Sexto Empírico, trata-se de mostrar que o ceticismo pirrônico é detentor de uma dimensão positiva que sustenta estreitas afinidades com o modelo científico desenvolvido pelo empirismo inglês. Para isso, faz-se uma comparação dos resultados alcançados por essa análise com certas características comuns às filosofias de Berkeley e Hume.
A luz em Claudino
Authors: Kossovitch Leon 
Published: September 2018

A pintura da luz de José Claudino da Nóbrega propõe reflexão heurística: luz indivisa e luz da coisa são reﬂetidas analogicamente na história de doutrinas e artes diversas. O Século de Justiniano tem realce: as ecfrases de panegírico, as articulações de metafísica e, principalmente, os mosaicos de ouro que então se produzem distinguem a téssera. Simultaneamente cubo, senha e jogo, a téssera e o análogo principal da pintura da luz indivisa, oposta à luz determinada.
A correspondência entre Locke e Molyneux
Authors: Lennon Thomas M. , Larivière D. Anthony 
Published: September 2018

A correspondência entre J. Locke e W. Molyneux é conhecida principalmente como a fonte da famosa questão relativa ao que pode ser aprendido por um homem cego de nascença e que depois ganha a visão. Curiosamente, a correspondência oferece muito pouco esclarecimento sobre a questão. Outros tópicos importantes, entretanto, são apontados e explorados: entusiasmo pela obra de Malebranche, liberdade e responsabilidade, identidade pessoal, etc. Além disso, a correspondência oferece um conhecimento profundo da recepção histórica do Ensaio de Locke, como estes dois correspondentes, que tinham obviamente muita simpatia um para com o outro, discutem a tradução da obra de Locke, suas futuras edições, e as críticas feitas a ela por Synge, King, Sergeant, Stllingfleet, Leibniz, etc.
A política na correspondência de Espinosa
Authors: Aurélio Pires Diogo 
Published: September 2018

O objetivo do artigo é discutir o pensamento político de Espinosa confrontando-o, por um lado, com o que poderíamos chamar a “ideologia dominante" da época, o pensamento cristão, aqui examinado a partir da correspondência com o dinamarquês N. Stensen, e, por outro lado, com o quadro teórico em que a questão política está então a ser recolocada, o pensamento de Hobbes. Além da conhecida explicitação do que o distingue em relação a Hobbes (Carta L, a J. Jelles), é na Correspondência que Espinosa expõe a articulação entre a política e os grandes temas de sua metafísica, como são a doutrina da causa imanente e o binômio liberdade/necessidade. Lugar privilegiado de auscultação da opinião dominante e, por isso, exercício em si mesmo exemplarmente político, as cartas são também o espaço textual em que a metafísica se expõe às suas consequências políticas e a teoria se confronta com a prática, oferecendo uma visão de Espinosa que, se está longe do "positivista" hobbesiano, não está menos longe do visionário afastado da realidade que o circunda e o condiciona.
Materialismo no singular ou no plural
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: September 2018

O artigo busca localizar Diderot na tradição materialista do século XVIII.Em torno de tal abordagem diversas de suas obras são analisadas, incluindo alguns verbetes da Enciclopédia, em sua relação com a metafísica e o materialismo de seu tempo, lançando luzes principalmente sobre a tradição leibniziana e o pensamento do BarãoD’Holbach.
A encenação do corpo
Authors: Aguilera Yanet 
Published: September 2018

A adaptação cinematográfica que Jacques Rivette fez de A Religiosa, de Denis Diderot, traz ao primeiro plano relações inesperadas entre cinema, filosofia e literatura. A vida trágica de Suzanne Simonin é, para Rivette, uma ocasião de se debruçar sobre os tableaux que Diderot constrói incessantemente nesta história. Assim, a análise do romance se fundamenta, pela primeira vez, num diálogo entre a imagem cinematográfica e a literária.
Hobbes e a redução da justiça
Authors: Hirata Celi 
Published: September 2018

Diante da objeção do bispo Bramhall de que a tese da necessidade de todas as coisas resulta na destruição da justiça e bondade divinas, Hobbes argumenta que o poder divino justifica todas as suas ações e que a sua bondade nada mais é do que o poder que possui para se fazer amado. É essa redução dos atributos divinos à sua onipotência que será tratada neste artigo e a sua articulação com a rejeição hobbesiana das causas finais.
Preference Changes in New Liberalism: The Impact of Changes of Government on US Trade Negotiations with South Korea and Colombia
Authors: Janusch Holger 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn classical two-level games, international cooperation is less likely when there is large programmatic distance and smaller domestic win-sets as a result of changing preferences. TheUStrade negotiations with South Korea and Colombia question this hypothesis and emphasize two empirical insights that can be integrated into the two-level game to improve its explanatory power. First, smaller win-sets due to preference changes can mitigate conflicts of distribution and make cooperation more likely if the negotiators are aware of the smaller win-sets. Second, when negotiators perceive the already achieved bargaining results as a new status quo, former positive sum games can transform into zero sum games, which makes cooperation more difficult, irrespective of the size of the win-sets. Negotiators who perceive conflicts as zero sum games will put more effort into avoiding losses and, as a result, domestic constraints cannot be used as bargaining levers vis-à-vis a foreign country.
Components of Upper-Ocean Salt Transport by the Gyres and the Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Jones C. S. , Cessi Paola 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe salt transport by the wind-driven gyres and the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is studied in an idealized-geometry primitive equation ocean model. Two narrow continents, running along meridians, divide the model domain into two basins of different widths connected by a re-entrant channel south of 52.5°S. One of the continents, representing the Americas, is longer than the other, representing Europe/Africa. Two different configurations of the model are used: the “standard” one, in which the short continent is west of the wide basin, and the “exchanged” one, in which the short continent is west of the narrow basin. In both cases, deep water is formed in the basin to the west of the short continent. Most residual transport of the MOC’s upper branch enters this basin by flowing along open streamlines that pass westward south of the short continent before proceeding northward. The meridional salt transport in the upper ocean of the sinking basin is decomposed into two portions: transport along open streamlines and transport by closed streamlines (gyres). In the Northern Hemisphere of the basin in which deep water is formed, the total northward salt transport per unit width along open streamlines is larger in the standard configuration than in the exchanged configuration. This larger salt transport is caused by two factors: a larger northward advection of salt by the interbasin transport and a larger cross-streamline salt transport out of the subpolar gyre. It is concluded that increasing interbasin flow south of Africa would likely bring more salt into the Atlantic Ocean.
Exploiting the Convergence of Evidence in Satellite Data for Advanced Weather Index Insurance Design
Authors: Enenkel Markus , Osgood Daniel , Anderson Martha , Powell Bristol , McCarty Jessica , Neigh Christopher , Carroll Mark , Wooten Margaret , Husak Greg , Hain Christopher , Brown Molly 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe goal of drought-related weather index insurance (WII) is to protect smallholder farmers against the risk of weather shocks and to increase their agricultural productivity. Estimates of precipitation and vegetation greenness are the two dominant satellite datasets. However, ignoring additional moisture- and energy-related processes that influence the response of vegetation to rainfall leads to an incomplete representation of the hydrologic cycle. This study evaluates the added value of considering multiple independent satellite-based variables to design, calibrate, and validate weather insurance indices on the African continent. The satellite data include two rainfall datasets, soil moisture, the evaporative stress index (ESI), and vegetation greenness. We limit artificial advantages by resampling all datasets to the same spatial (0.25°) and temporal (monthly) resolution, although datasets with a higher spatial resolution might have an added value, if considered as the single source of information for localized applications. A higher correlation coefficient between the moisture-focused variables and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), an indicator for vegetation vigor, provides evidence for the datasets’ capability to capture agricultural drought conditions on the ground. The Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) rainfall dataset, soil moisture, and ESI show higher correlations with the (lagged) NDVI in large parts of Africa, for different land covers and various climate zones, than the African Rainfall Climatology, version 2 (ARC2), rainfall dataset, which is often used in WII. A comparison to drought years as reported by farmers in Ethiopia, Senegal, and Zambia indicates a high “hit rate” of all satellite-derived anomalies regarding the detection of severe droughts but limitations regarding moderate drought events.
Addition of cyclosporine/tacrolimus for pediatric relapsed lupus nephritis during mycophenolate mofetil maintenance therapy
Authors: Mao Youying , Yin Lei , Huang Hua , Zhou Zhengyu , Chen Tongxin , Zhou Wei 
Published: September 2018

Objective We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose cyclosporine (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tac) in children with proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) during maintenance therapy. Methods A low dose of CsA or Tac was added to 11 children who relapsed during mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) maintenance therapy. Renal remission was analyzed at 3 and 6 months, and at 1, 2, and 3 years after CsA/Tac addition. Adverse effects were recorded. Results The clinical response rates were 81.9%, 100%, 90.0%, 100%, and 100% at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after CsA/Tac addition, respectively. Complete renal remission rates were 45.5%, 45.5%, 40.0%, 44.4%, and 71.4% at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after CsA/Tac addition, respectively. None of the patients had severe adverse events. Conclusion Low-dose CsA/Tac combined with MMF shows a promising effect in renal remission with acceptable safety in children with PLN. Therefore, this combination would be a good choice for children with lupus nephritis who relapse or have suboptimal MMF maintenance therapy.